Patent Publication Number: US-2021171943-A1

Title: Compositions and methods for treating disorders of genomic imprinting

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/596,397, filed Dec. 8, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating genetic diseases such as disorders of genomic imprinting. 
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Dec. 7, 2018 is named “209670-9024-WO01 Sequence Listing” and is 9,816 bytes in size. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 to 30,000 people and maps to chromosome 15. It is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, and later in development, hyperphagia and consequent obesity as well as obsessive-compulsive behaviors and temper tantrums. Through a normal process called genomic imprinting, the chromosome 15 that is inherited from the father has a set of genes that are switched on while the same set of genes on the chromosome 15 inherited from the mother are switched off. In Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), there is no normal copy of the paternal chromosome 15, so patients only have the silent copies inherited from the mother. PWS is a disorder of genomic imprinting, an epigenetic process by which the chromosome 15 that is inherited from the father has a set of genes that are transcriptionally active while the same set of genes on the chromosome 15 inherited from the mother are transcriptionally silenced. In PWS, there is no normal copy of the paternal chromosome 15, so patients only have the silent copies inherited from the mother. 
     PWS diagnosis can be confirmed within the first week of life by using a widespread diagnostic test based on DNA methylation. The DNA methylation test is prescribed for all newborns displaying hypotonia or developmental delay. As a result, new cases of PWS are frequently diagnosed early in the prenatal period. Most individuals with PWS display a growth hormone deficiency. Recombinant human growth hormone (HGH) therapy has been used since 2000 with several benefits including increased height and muscle mass and decreased body fat. HGH therapy involves daily subcutaneous injections and, despite some therapeutic benefit, there remains a major obstacle in controlling food intake in PWS adolescents and adults, There are also drugs to treat PWS features such as daytime sleepiness, and there is a clinical trial for control of hyperphagia with oxytocin. The behavioral and psychiatric abnormalities associated with PWS remain a major therapeutic challenge. There is currently no cure for PWS and no current therapeutic strategies for activating the silenced maternal RNA transcripts at the PWS locus. Thus, there remains an unmet need for an effective treatment for PWS and its several manifestations. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule comprising a polynucleotides sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48 or SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     The present disclosure also relates to a DNA targeting system that binds to a ZNF274 binding site. The DNA targeting system comprises at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a DNA targeting system that binds to a gene encoding a ZNF274 protein. The DNA targeting system comprises at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, or variant thereof. 
     The present disclosure further relates to an isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising the gRNA molecule described above. 
     The present disclosure further relates to an isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding the DNA targeting system described above. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide sequence described above. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a vector encoding the gRNA molecule described above and a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated (Cas) protein. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a cell comprising the gRNA described above, the DNA targeting system described above, the isolated polynucleotide sequence described above, the vector described above, or a combination thereof. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a kit comprising the gRNA described above, the DNA targeting system described above, the isolated polynucleotide sequence described above, the vector described above, the cell described above, or a combination thereof. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the gRNA described above, the DNA targeting system described above, the isolated polynucleotide sequence described above, the vector described above, the cell described above, or a combination thereof. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a method for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject. The method comprises: modifying a zinc-finger protein 274 (ZNF274) binding site on maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject, such that the binding of a ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is reduced relative to a control, wherein the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 42. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a method for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject. The method comprises: administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of an agent that reduces the interaction of a ZNF274 protein with a ZNF274 binding site on maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject relative to a control, wherein the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 42. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a formulation for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject. The formulation comprises an agent that reduces relative to a control the binding of a ZNF274 protein to a ZNF274 binding site on a maternal nucleotide sequence, the ZNF274 binding site comprising a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 42. 
     The disclosure provides for other aspects and embodiments that will be apparent in light of the following detailed description and accompanying Figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1C  show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knock-Out of ZNF274 reduces H3K9me3 and activates SNORD116 expression in PWS iPSCs. ( FIG. 1A ) Simplified genetic and allelic expression map of 15q11.2-q13. Active and inactive (repressed) transcripts are denoted by open and closed boxes, respectively. Arrows indicate the direction of transcription. A solid black line represents paternal SNURF/SNRPN transcripts expressed in most cell types, whereas a dashed black line indicates neuron-specific transcripts, including upstream exons of SNRPN and UBE3A-ATS. UBE3A is maternally expressed in neurons whereas other genes are only paternally expressed in all cell types. The PWS-IC is denoted by the black (methylated)/white (un-methylated) circle. Orange dashes under the SNORD116 cluster represent the six ZNF274 binding sites within the SNORN116s classified as Group 1 (SNOG1-BS1 to SNOG1-BS6), ( FIG. 1B ) ChIP assay for ZNF274 in iPSCs. Here and in subsequent figures, PWS patient lines are shown in black, their corresponding ZNF274 KO lines in green, control (CTRL) cell lines in blue and AS, used as a negative control, in white. Here and in subsequent figures, quantification of ChIP was performed and calculated as percent input for each sample. Binding at ZNF180, a previously reported ZNF274 binding site associated with high levels of H3K9mc3 signal, was used as a positive control and, for each line, all other binding sites were normalized to this one. The PWS parental line was set as 1 for each panel and relative normalization to this positive sample was done for each cell line. A minimum of 2 biological replicates per cell line were performed. Significance was calculated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two large deletion (LD) KOs to PWS LD and the three UPD KOs to PWS UPD. Here and in subsequent figures, *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01, ***P&lt;0.001, ****P&lt;0.0001. ( FIG. 1C ) ChIP assay for the repressive histone modification H3K9me3 in iPSCs. The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used for AS, CTRLs, PWS, and ZNF274 KO cell lines. 
         FIGS. 2A-2D  show the effect of ZNF274 KO on SNRPN expression and PWS-IC methylation in iPSCs.  FIG. 2A ) Gene expression of the SNRPN U exons (U4/ex2), ( FIG. 2B ) SNRPN major promoter (ex 1/2), and ( FIG. 2C ) SNRPN mRNA (cx3/4) in iPSCs. The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used. Here and in subsequent figures, gene expression was assessed using the comparative CT method, GAPDH was used as an endogenous control. Data were normalized to CTRL1 for each panel and plotted as the mean with Standard Deviation (SD). A minimum of 3 biological replicates per cell line were performed. Significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD and the three UPD KOs to PWS UPD. ( FIG. 2D ) DNA methylation level at the PWS-IC in iPSCs was evaluated using a quantitative restriction endonuclease assay (EpiMark 5hmC and 5mC Analysis Kit) that measures the relative levels of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and unmodified cytosine (C). As expected, CTRL iPSCs show approximately equal levels of 5mC and Cat the PWS-IC whereas PWS LD and AS iPSCs display respectively, almost complete (5mC) and almost no (C) methylation. Although a slight shift from 5mC to 5hmC is apparent, there is almost complete methylation (5mC) of the maternal PWS-IC in the ZNF274 KO PWS iPSCs. A minimum of 2 biological replicates per cell line were performed. Significance was calculated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD. 
         FIGS. 3A-3C  show ZNF274 KO-mediated activation of maternal 116HGGJ transcripts during in vitro neurogenesis. Gene expression of the SNORD116 Host Gene Group I (116HGGI) in each cell line through the differentiation process: in ( FIG. 3A ) iPSCs (n=3 minimum), ( FIG. 3B ) 4-week-old neural precursor cells (NPCs) (n=1 minimum), and ( FIG. 3C ) mature 10-week-old neurons (n=2 minimum). The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used. Data were normalized to CTRL1 or CTRL2 for each panel and plotted as the mean with Standard Deviation (SD). Significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD and the three UPD KOs to PWS UPD. 
         FIGS. 4A-4C  show ZNF274 KO activates transcription in PWS neurons across chromosome 15q11.2-q13. Gene expression of 17 transcripts across the 15q11.2-q13 region in mature 10-week-old neurons. qRT-PCR data was combined from two normal cell lines (CTRLs) and ZNF274 KO from each parental line: ( FIG. 4A ) LD KOs and ( FIG. 4B ) UPD KOs.  FIG. 4C  shows the combined data. The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used. Significance was calculated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the combined LD KOs to PWS LD and the combined UPD KOs to PWS UPD. 
         FIGS. 5A-5E  show ZNF274 KO activates SNRPN upstream promoters in PWS iPSC-derived neurons without decreasing DNA methylation of the PWS-IC. ( FIG. 5A ) Gene expression of the SNRPNU exons (U4/cx2), ( FIG. 5B ) SNRPN major promoter (ex112), and ( FIG. 5C ) SNRPN transcript body (ex3/4) in neurons. The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used. Data were normalized to CTRL1 or CTRL2 for each panel and plotted as the mean with Standard Deviation (SD). A minimum of 2 biological replicates per cell line were performed. Significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD and the three UPD KOs to PWS UPD.  FIG. 5D  shows schematics of expression and splicing of 5′ SNRPN exons in ZNF274 KO neurons. ( FIG. 5E ) DNA methylation level at the PWS-IC in mature 10-week-old neurons evaluated as in  FIG. 2B . As expected, CTRL neurons show approximately equal levels of 5mC and C at the PWS-IC whereas PWS (LD and UPD) and AS neurons display, respectively, almost complete (5mC) and almost no (C) methylation. There is almost complete methylation (5mC) of the maternal PWS-IC in the ZNF274 KO PWS neurons. A minimum of 2 biological replicates per cell line were performed. Significance was calculated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD and the UPD KO to PWS UPD. 
         FIG. 6  shows ZNF274 KO activates SNRPN upstream promoters during neuronal differentiation of PWS iPSCs. Gene expression of the SNRPN U exons (U4/ex2) in iPSCs, NPCs, and neurons. The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used. Data were normalized to CTRL1 or CTRL2 neurons for each panel and plotted as the mean with Standard Deviation (SD). A minimum of 3, 1, and 2 biological replicates per cell line for iPSCs, NPCs, and neurons; respectively; were performed. Significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD and the three UPD KOs to PWS UPD. 
         FIG. 7  shows a model of ZNF274-mediated silencing at the PWS locus. Open and closed boxes denote expressed and silenced 15q11.2-q13 genes, respectively; for the CTRL and PWS ZNF274 KO lines in iPSCs and neurons. The closed (methylated-5mC)/open (un-methylated-C) circles denote the PWS-IC. Arrows indicate the transcription start sites of SNRPN (we did not add arrows to other genes for clarity in the figure); thickness is relative to the degree of expression. Gene names are denoted sequentially between the CTRL and PWS ZNF274 KO lines. Red lollipops represent H3K9me3 signal. ZNF274 is denoted by the magenta ellipse. Colored segment over SNORD116 represents a putative regulatory element acting in cis on the SNRPN upstream exons. Yellow circles represent potential brain specific transcription factors activating the SNRPN upstream exons. 
         FIGS. 8A-8B  show stem cell model generation. ( FIG. 8A ) Genetic map of the 8 exons of the ZNF274 gene. KRAB, SCAN, and DBD domains. The blue box represents the coding region. Arrows represent the start codons for the two major isoforms. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ZNF274 was performed in PWS LD and PWS UPD, by designing two different single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), in exon 2 and 6 of the ZNF274 gene (NM_133502) to target the two major isoforms of ZNF274 (TABLE 4). 5 clonal iPSC clones were selected after screening for non-homologous end-joining-mediated insertions/deletions (indels) resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon, Magenta lines represent the positions of the guide RNAs. ( FIG. 8B ) Pluripotency validation of novel reprogrammed and engineered stem cell lines in this work. Phase images, DAPI, OCT4, and SSEA4 staining were viewed on an inverted Microscope at 10×, Olympus CKX41. 
         FIGS. 9A-9D  show the effect of H3K9me3 accumulation upon ZNF274 KO. ( FIG. 9A ) ChIP assay of ZNF274 binding in iPSCs to four chromosome 19 ZNF274 binding sites, Same experimental conditions as for  FIG. 1B  ( FIG. 9B  and  FIG. 9C ) ChIP assay for the repressive histone modification H3K9me3 in iPSCs at the four ZNF274 chromosome 19 binding sites, and at the SNORD116 cluster Group 2 and 3 (G2 and G3) subregions as well as the PWS-IC. Same experimental conditions as for  FIG. 1 a    ( FIG. 9D ) Gene expression of the SNORD116 Host Gene Group 1 (116HGG1) in each cell line in iPSCs. The same color code as in  FIG. 1B  is used for PWS and ZNF274 KO cell lines. Gene expression was assessed using the comparative CT method, GAPDH was used as an endogenous control. Data were normalized to the PWS parental line for each panel and plotted as the mean with Standard Deviation (SD). A minimum of 3 biological replicates per cell line were performed. Significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a Dunnett post-test to compare the two LD KOs to PWS LD and the three UPD KOs to PWS UPD, 
         FIG. 10  shows CRISPR-mediated knock out of ZNF274 in neurons from PWS iPSCs re-activated expression of maternal transcripts. The ZNF274 knockout clonal derivatives of PWS1-7 (B17-21 and ZKL6) and UPD1-2 (ZKU4B and ZKU21A) iPSCs were generated using LentiGuide CRISPR vectors with guide RNAs targeting the ZNF274. RNA was isolated from these neurons after 10 weeks of differentiation of PWS 1-7, B17-21, ZKL6, UPD1-2, ZKU4B, ZKU21A, and the normal control lines LcNL-1 and MCH2-10. Steady state RNA levels of SNORD116, IPW, and SNORD115 were measured by RT-qPCR using Taqman (ABl) assays. 
         FIG. 11  shows Group 1 SNORD116s share a 48 nt segment of DNA sequence identity except for single base pair substitutions within the yellow-highlighted ZNF274 motif. ZNF274 is highly enriched at SNORD116-3, -5, -7, -8, &amp; -9. 
         FIG. 12  shows activation of maternal SNRPN and the remaining copies of SNORD116 in neurons from engineered stem cell lines with altered ZNF274 binding sites at the SNORD116 locus (30-5bis1, SNOG1del #10 and SNOG1del #84). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described herein are compositions and methods for studying or treating a disorder of genomic imprinting, such as Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), The inventors discovered a component of the switch off mechanism, a protein called ZNF274 (zinc-finger protein ZNF274), which tethers a complex to the maternal PWS critical region (PWSCR). The PWSCR is a region on chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13 that encompasses the cluster of 30 SNORD116 small nucleolar RNAs, Binding of the ZNF274 complex to the maternal PWSCR silences the genes encoded therein and silences RNA transcripts that are needed for normal development. Deletion of the ZNF274 protein or gene, as disclosed herein, can be used as a tool for further examination of disorders of genomic imprinting such as PWS. 
     In one disclosed example, ZNF274 was targeted for destruction in neurons derived from PWS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells, resulting in fully activating the maternal transcripts within the PWSCR. The inventors targeted ZNF274 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and followed the impact of the knockout on maternal allele expression in PWS-specific iPSCs through the process of neuronal differentiation. 
     The inventors also discovered the nucleotide sequence of the binding site for ZNF274, which is involved in the pathology of PWS. Modification of the ZNF274 binding site can restore the expression of the silenced maternal genes within region 15q11-q13 and can be used as a treatment for PWS. As disclosed herein, activation of maternal PWSCR transcripts by blocking the interaction of a specific protein to DNA is a completely novel strategy and method of treating PWS. The identity of this DNA sequence greatly enables the disclosed therapeutic approach to PWS in which agents are developed, formulated, and administered to block the interaction between ZNF274 and the PWSCR. 
     1. DEFINITIONS 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present invention. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. 
     The terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” “having,” “has,” “can,” “contain(s),” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments “comprising,” “consisting of,” and “consisting essentially of,” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not. 
     All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently combinable with each other. Each range disclosed herein constitutes a disclosure of any point or sub-range lying within the disclosed range. For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and words of a similar nature in the context of describing the improvements disclosed herein (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Further, it should further be noted that the terms “first,” “second,” and the like herein do not denote any order, quantity, or relative importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. 
     The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., it includes, at a minimum the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). The term “about” as used herein as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain aspects, the term “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value). 
     All methods described herein can be performed in a suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”), is intended merely to better illustrate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. 
     Chemical compounds are described using standard nomenclature. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. 
     “Adeno-associated virus” or “AAV” as used interchangeably herein refers to a small virus belonging to the genus Dependovirus of the Parvoviridae family that infects humans and some other primate species. AAV is not currently known to cause disease and consequently the virus causes a very mild immune response. 
     “Amino acid” as used herein refers to naturally occurring and non-natural synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code. Amino acids can be referred to herein by either their commonly known three-letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Amino acids include the side chain and polypeptide backbone portions. 
     “Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats” and “CRISPRs”, as used interchangeably herein, refers to loci containing multiple short direct repeats that are found in the genomes of approximately 40% of sequenced bacteria and 90% of sequenced archaea. 
     “Coding sequence” or “encoding nucleic acid” as used herein means the nucleic acids (RNA or DNA molecule) that comprise a nucleotide sequence which encodes a protein. The coding sequence can further include initiation and termination signals operably linked to regulatory elements including a promoter and polyadenylation signal capable of directing expression in the cells of an individual or mammal to which the nucleic acid is administered. The coding sequence may be codon optimized. 
     “Complement” or “complementary” as used herein means a nucleic acid can mean Watson-Crick (e.g., A-T/U and C-G) or Hoogsteen base pairing between nucleotides or nucleotide analogs of nucleic acid molecules. “Complementarity” refers to a property shared between two nucleic acid sequences, such that when they are aligned antiparallel to each other, the nucleotide bases at each position will be complementary. 
     “Complement” as used herein can mean 100% complementarity (fully complementary) with the comparator nucleotide sequence or it can mean less than 100% complementarity (e.g., substantial complementarity)(e.g., about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and the like, complementarity). Complement can also be used in terms of a “complement” to or “complementing” a mutation. 
     The terms “control,” “reference level,” and “reference” are used herein interchangeably. The reference level may be a predetermined value or range, which is employed as a benchmark against which to assess the measured result. “Control group” as used herein refers to a group of control subjects. The predetermined level may be a cutoff value from a control group. The predetermined level may be an average from a control group. Cutoff values (or predetermined cutoff values) may be determined by Adaptive Index Model (AIM) methodology. Cutoff values (or predetermined cutoff values) may be determined by a receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis from biological samples of the patient group. ROC analysis, as generally known in the biological arts, is a determination of the ability of a test to discriminate one condition from another. A description of ROC analysis is provided in P. J. Heagerty et al. ( Biometrics  2000, 56, 337-44), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, cutoff values may be determined by a quartile analysis of biological samples of a patient group. For example, a cutoff value may be determined by selecting a value that corresponds to any value in the 25th-75th percentile range, preferably a value that corresponds to the 25th percentile, the 50th percentile or the 75th percentile, and more preferably the 75th percentile. Such statistical analyses may be performed using any method known in the art and can be implemented through any number of commercially available software packages (e.g., from Analyse-it Software Ltd., Leeds, UK; StataCorp LP, College Station, Tex.; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.). The healthy or normal levels or ranges for a target, gene expression, or for a protein activity may be defined in accordance with standard practice. A control may be a subject or cell without an agent or DNA targeting system as detailed herein. A control may be a subject or cell without a modified ZNF274 binding site as detailed herein. A control may be a subject or cell without a deleted ZNF274 as detailed herein. A control may be a subject, or a sample therefrom, whose disease state is known. The subject, or sample therefrom, may be healthy, diseased, diseased prior to treatment; diseased during treatment, or diseased after treatment, or a combination thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of being used to produce mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, anti-microRNA, regulatory RNA, and the like. Genes may or may not be capable of being used to produce a functional protein or gene product. Genes can include both coding and non-coding regions (e.g., introns, regulatory elements, promoters, enhancers, termination sequences and/or 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions). A gene can be “isolated” by which is meant a nucleic acid that is substantially or essentially free from components normally found in association with the nucleic acid in its natural state. Such components include other cellular material, culture medium from recombinant production; and/or various chemicals used in chemically synthesizing the nucleic acid. 
     “Genetic construct” as used herein refers to the DNA or RNA molecules that comprise a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein. The coding sequence includes initiation and termination signals operably linked to regulatory elements including a promoter and polyadenylation signal capable of directing expression in the cells of the individual to whom the nucleic acid molecule is administered. As used herein, the term “expressible form” refers to gene constructs that contain the necessary regulatory elements operable linked to a coding sequence that encodes a protein such that when present in the cell of the individual, the coding sequence will be expressed. 
     The term “genome” as used herein includes an organism&#39;s chromosomal/nuclear genome as well as any mitochondrial, and/or plasmid genome. 
     “Identical” or “identity” as used herein in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences means that the sequences have a specified percentage of residues that are the same over a specified region. The percentage may be calculated by optimally aligning the two sequences, comparing the two sequences over the specified region, determining the number of positions at which the identical residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the specified region, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. In cases where the two sequences are of different lengths or the alignment produces one or more staggered ends and the specified region of comparison includes only a single sequence, the residues of single sequence are included in the denominator but not the numerator of the calculation. When comparing DNA and RNA, thymine (T) and uracil (U) may be considered equivalent. Identity may be performed manually or by using a computer sequence algorithm such as BLAST or BLAST 2.0. 
     As used herein, the terms “increase,” “increasing,” “increased,” “enhance,” “enhanced,” “enhancing,” and “enhancement” (and grammatical variations thereof) describe an elevation of at least about 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500% or more as compared to a control. 
     An “isolated” polynucleotide or an “isolated” polypeptide is a nucleotide sequence or polypeptide sequence that, by the hand of man, exists apart from its native environment and is therefore not a product of nature. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the disclosure are “isolated.” An isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide can exist in a purified form that is at least partially separated from at least some of the other components of the naturally occurring organism or virus, for example, the cell or viral structural components or other polypeptides or polynucleotides commonly found associated with the polypeptide or polynucleotide. In representative embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide and/or the isolated polypeptide is at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or more pure. 
     In other embodiments, an isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide can exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a recombinant host cell. Thus, for example, with respect to nucleotide sequences, the term “isolated” means that it is separated from the chromosome and/or cell in which it naturally occurs. A polynucleotide is also isolated if it is separated from the chromosome and/or cell in which it naturally occurs in and is then inserted into a genetic context, a chromosome and/or a cell in which it does not naturally occur (e.g., a different host cell, different regulatory sequences, and/or different position in the genome than as found in nature). Accordingly, the polynucleotides and their encoded polypeptides are “isolated” in that, by the hand of man, they exist apart from their native environment and therefore are not products of nature, however, in some embodiments, they can be introduced into and exist in a recombinant host cell. 
     “Nucleic acid” or “oligonucleotide” or “polynucleotide” as used herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. The depiction of a single strand also defines the sequence of the complementary strand. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses the complementary strand of a depicted single strand. Many variants of a nucleic acid may be used for the same purpose as a given nucleic acid. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses substantially identical nucleic acids and complements thereof. A single strand provides a probe that may hybridize to a target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses a probe that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions. 
     Nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, or may contain portions of both double stranded and single stranded sequence. The nucleic acid may be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid may contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine and isoguanine. Nucleic acids may be obtained by chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods. 
     “Operably linked” as used herein means that expression of a gene is under the control of a promoter with which it is spatially connected. A promoter may be positioned 5′ (upstream) or 3′ (downstream) of a gene under its control. The distance between the promoter and a gene may be approximately the same as the distance between that promoter and the gene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As is known in the art, variation in this distance may be accommodated without loss of promoter function. 
     As used herein, the term “percent sequence identity” or “percent identity” refers to the percentage of identical nucleotides in a linear polynucleotide of a reference (“query”) polynucleotide molecule (or its complementary strand) as compared to a test (“subject”) polynucleotide molecule (or its complementary strand) when the two sequences are optimally aligned. In some embodiments, “percent identity” can refer to the percentage of identical amino acids in an amino acid sequence. 
     As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” refers to a heteropolymer of nucleotides or the sequence of these nucleotides from the 5′ to 3′ end of a nucleic acid molecule and includes DNA or RNA molecules, including cDNA, a DNA fragment or portion, genomic DNA, synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA, plasmid DNA, mRNA, and anti-sense RNA, any of which can be single stranded or double stranded. The terms “polynucleotide,” “nucleotide sequence” “nucleic acid,” “nucleic acid molecule,” and “oligonucleotide” are also used interchangeably herein to refer to a heteropolymer of nucleotides. Except as otherwise indicated, nucleic acid molecules and/or polynucleotides provided herein are presented herein in the 5′ to 3′ direction; from left to right and are represented using the standard code for representing the nucleotide characters as set forth in the U.S. sequence rules, 37 CFR §§ 1.821-1.825 and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25. 
     The polynucleotide can be nucleic acid, natural or synthetic, DNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the polynucleotide can contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases including uracil, adenine, thymine; cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine, and isoguanine. Polynucleotides can be obtained by chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods. 
     A “peptide” or “polypeptide” is a linked sequence of two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The polypeptide can be natural, synthetic, or a modification or combination of natural and synthetic. Peptides and polypeptides include proteins such as binding proteins, receptors, and antibodies. The terms “polypeptide”, “protein,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably herein. “Primary structure” refers to the amino acid sequence of a particular peptide. “Secondary structure” refers to locally ordered, three dimensional structures within a polypeptide. These structures are commonly known as domains, e.g., enzymatic domains, extracellular domains, transmembrane domains, pore domains, and cytoplasmic tail domains. “Domains” are portions of a polypeptide that form a compact unit of the polypeptide and are typically 15 to 350 amino acids long. Exemplary domains include domains with enzymatic activity or ligand binding activity. Typical domains are made up of sections of lesser organization such as stretches of beta-sheet and alpha-helices. “Tertiary structure” refers to the complete three dimensional structure of a polypeptide monomer. “Quaternary structure” refers to the three dimensional structure formed by the noncovalent association of independent tertiary units. A “motif” is a portion of a polypeptide sequence and includes at least two amino acids. A motif may be 2 to 20, 2 to 15, or 2 to 10 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, a motif includes 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 sequential amino acids. A domain may be comprised of a series of the same type of motif. 
     “Promoter” as used herein means a synthetic or naturally-derived molecule which is capable of conferring, activating or enhancing expression of a nucleic acid in a cell. A promoter may comprise one or more specific transcriptional regulatory sequences to further enhance expression and/or to alter the spatial expression and/or temporal expression of same. A promoter may also comprise distal enhancer or repressor elements, which may be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A promoter may be derived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants, insects, and animals. A promoter may regulate the expression of a gene component constitutively, or differentially with respect to cell, the tissue, or organ in which expression occurs or, with respect to the developmental stage at which expression occurs, or in response to external stimuli such as physiological stresses, pathogens, metal ions, or inducing agents. Representative examples of promoters include the EFS promoter, bacteriophage T7 promoter, bacteriophage T3 promoter, SP6 promoter, lac operator-promoter, tac promoter, SV40 late promoter, SV40 early promoter, RSV-LTR promoter, CMV IE promoter, SV40 early promoter or SV40 late promoter, human U6 (hU6) promoter, and CMV IE promoter. 
     A “protospacer sequence” refers to the target double stranded DNA and specifically to the portion of the target DNA (e.g., or target region in the genome) that is fully or substantially complementary (and hybridizes) to the spacer sequence of the CRISPR arrays. A spacer is designed to be complementary to the protospacer. 
     A “protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)” is a short motif of 2-4 base pairs present immediately 3′ or 5′ to the protospacer. 
     As used herein, the terms “reduce,” “reduced,” “reducing,” “reduction,” “diminish,” “suppress,” and “decrease” (and grammatical variations thereof), describe, for example, a decrease of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% as compared to a control. In particular embodiments, the reduction results in no or essentially no (i.e., an insignificant amount, e.g., less than about 10% or even less than about 5%) detectable activity or amount. 
     “Sample” or “test sample” as used herein can mean any sample in which the presence and/or level of a target is to be detected or determined or any sample comprising an agent, DNA targeting system, gene, or gene product as detailed herein. Samples may include liquids, solutions, emulsions, or suspensions. Samples may include a medical sample. Samples may include any biological fluid or tissue, such as blood, whole blood, fractions of blood such as plasma and serum, muscle, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, tears, synovial fluid, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal secretions, sputum, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, gastric lavage, emesis, fecal matter, lung tissue, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, total white blood cells, lymph node cells, spleen cells, tonsil cells, cancer cells, tumor cells, bile, digestive fluid, skin, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the sample comprises an aliquot. In other embodiments, the sample comprises a biological fluid. Samples can be obtained by any means known in the art. The sample can be used directly as obtained from a patient or can be pre-treated; such as by filtration, distillation, extraction, concentration, centrifugation, inactivation of interfering components, addition of reagents, and the like, to modify the character of the sample in some manner as discussed herein or otherwise as is known in the art. 
     As used herein “sequence identity” refers to the extent to which two optimally aligned polynucleotide or peptide sequences are invariant throughout a window of alignment of components, e.g., nucleotides or amino acids. “Identity” can be readily calculated by known methods including; but not limited to; those described in:  Computational Molecular Biology  (Lesk, A. M., ed.) Oxford University Press; New York (1988);  Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects  (Smith, D. W., ed.) Academic Press, New York (1993);  Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I  (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds.) Humana Press, New Jersey (1994);  Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology  (von Heinje, G., ed.) Academic Press (1987); and  Sequence Analysis Primer  (Gribskov, M. and Devereux; J., eds.) Stockton Press; New York (1991). 
     “Subject” as used herein can mean a mammal that wants or is in need of the herein described agents or methods. The subject may be diploid. The subject may be a patient. The subject may be a human or a non-human animal. The subject may be a mammal. The mammal may be a primate or a non-primate. The mammal can be a primate such as a human; a non-primate such as, for example, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, mouse; rat, camel, llama; goat, rabbit, sheep, hamster, and guinea pig; or non-human primate such as, for example, monkey, chimpanzee; gorilla; orangutan, and gibbon. The subject may be of any age or stage of development, such as, for example, an adult, an adolescent, or an infant. In some embodiments, the subject has a specific genetic marker. 
     “Substantially identical” can mean that a first and second amino acid sequence are at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% over a region of 1, 2; 3, 4, 5, 6; 7; 8, 9, 10, 11; 12, 13, 14; 15, 16, 17, 18; 19, 20, 21; 22, 23, 24, 25; 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55; 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90; 95, 100, 200; 300, 400, 500, 600, 700; 800, 900, 1000, 1100 amino acids. 
     The terms “transformation,” “transfection,” and “transduction” as used interchangeably herein refer to the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid molecule into a cell. Such introduction into a cell can be stable or transient. Thus; in some embodiments, a host cell or host organism is stably transformed with a polynucleotide of the disclosure. In other embodiments, a host cell or host organism is transiently transformed with a polynucleotide of the disclosure. “Transient transformation” in the context of a polynucleotide means that a polynucleotide is introduced into the cell and does not integrate into the genome of the cell. By “stably introducing” or “stably introduced” in the context of a polynucleotide introduced into a cell is intended that the introduced polynucleotide is stably incorporated into the genome of the cell, and thus the cell is stably transformed with the polynucleotide. “Stable transformation” or “stably transformed” as used herein means that a nucleic acid molecule is introduced into a cell and integrates into the genome of the cell. As such, the integrated nucleic acid molecule is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof, more particularly, by the progeny of multiple successive generations. “Genome” as used herein also includes the nuclear, the plasmid, and the plastid genome, and therefore includes integration of the nucleic acid construct into, for example, the chloroplast or mitochondrial genome. Stable transformation as used herein can also refer to a transgene that is maintained extrachromasomally, for example, as a minichromosome or a plasmid. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequences, constructs, expression cassettes can be expressed transiently and/or they can be stably incorporated into the genome of the host organism. 
     “Treatment” or “treating,” when referring to protection of a subject from a disease, means suppressing, repressing, ameliorating, or completely eliminating the disease. Preventing the disease involves administering a composition of the present invention to a subject prior to onset of the disease. Suppressing the disease involves administering a composition of the present invention to a subject after induction of the disease but before its clinical appearance. Repressing or ameliorating the disease involves administering a composition of the present invention to a subject after clinical appearance of the disease. 
     “Variant” as used herein with respect to a polynucleotide means (i) a portion or fragment of a referenced nucleotide sequence; (ii) the complement of a referenced nucleotide sequence or portion thereof; (iii) a polynucleotide that is substantially identical to a referenced polynucleotide or the complement thereof; or (iv) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the referenced polynucleotide, complement thereof, or a sequences substantially identical thereto. 
     A “variant” can further be defined as a peptide or polypeptide that differs in amino acid sequence by the insertion, deletion, or conservative substitution of amino acids, but retain at least one biological activity. Representative examples of “biological activity” include the ability to be bound by a specific antibody or polypeptide or to promote an immune response. Variant can mean a substantially identical sequence. Variant can mean a functional fragment thereof. Variant can also mean multiple copies of a polypeptide. The multiple copies can be in tandem or separated by a linker, Variant can also mean a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to a referenced polypeptide with an amino acid sequence that retains at least one biological activity. A conservative substitution of an amino acid, i.e., replacing an amino acid with a different amino acid of similar properties (e.g., hydrophilicity, degree and distribution of charged regions) is recognized in the art as typically involving a minor change. These minor changes can be identified, in part, by considering the hydropathic index of amino acids. See Kyte et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.  1982, 157, 105-132. The hydropathic index of an amino acid is based on a consideration of its hydrophobicity and charge. It is known in the art that amino acids of similar hydropathic indexes can be substituted and still retain protein function. In one aspect, amino acids having hydropathic indices of ±2 are substituted. The hydrophobicity of amino acids can also be used to reveal substitutions that would result in polypeptides retaining biological function. A consideration of the hydrophilicity of amino acids in the context of a polypeptide permits calculation of the greatest local average hydrophilicity of that polypeptide, a useful measure that has been reported to correlate well with antigenicity and immunogenicity, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. Substitution of amino acids having similar hydrophilicity values can result in polypeptides retaining biological activity, for example immunogenicity, as is understood in the art. Substitutions can be performed with amino acids having hydrophilicity values within ±2 of each other. Both the hydrophobicity index and the hydrophilicity value of amino acids are influenced by the particular side chain of that amino acid, Consistent with that observation, amino acid substitutions that are compatible with biological function are understood to depend on the relative similarity of the amino acids, and particularly the side chains of those amino acids, as revealed by the hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and other properties. 
     A variant can be a polynucleotide sequence that is substantially identical over the full length of the full gene sequence or a fragment thereof. The polynucleotide sequence can be 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical over the full length of the gene sequence or a fragment thereof. A variant can be an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical over the full length of the amino acid sequence or fragment thereof. The amino acid sequence can be 80%, 81%, 82$%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical over the full length of the amino acid sequence or a fragment thereof. 
     “Vector” as used herein means a nucleic acid sequence containing an origin of replication. A vector can be a viral vector, bacteriophage, bacterial artificial chromosome, or yeast artificial chromosome. A vector can be a DNA or RNA vector. A vector can be a self-replicating extrachromosomal vector, and preferably, is a DNA plasmid. 
     2. DISORDER OF GENOMIC IMPRINTING 
     Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating disorders of genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process in diploid organisms wherein a gene is expressed or not expressed (silenced) based on the parent from which the gene originated. In diploid organisms, somatic cells have two copies of the genome, one inherited from the father and one from the mother. Each autosomal gene is therefore represented by two copies, or alleles, with one copy inherited from each parent at fertilization. For most autosomal genes in a diploid organism, expression of a gene occurs from both alleles simultaneously. In mammals, however, some genes are imprinted, meaning that gene expression occurs from only one allele. The expressed allele is dependent upon its parental origin. Various disorders may arise when, for example, the expressed allele is missing while the allele still present is silenced. Disorders of genomic imprinting include, for example, Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), and Angelman Syndrome. 
     a) Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) 
     Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a disorder of genomic imprinting. In healthy subjects, chromosome 15 that is inherited from the father has a set of genes that are transcriptionally active while the same set of genes on the chromosome 15 inherited from the mother are transcriptionally silenced. In PWS, there is no normal copy of the paternal chromosome 15, so subjects only have the silent copies inherited from the mother. More specifically, PWS is caused by the absence of a normal paternal contribution to chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13. In some embodiments, the absence of paternal chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13 is due to a large deletion (LD) of the approximately 5,000 kb imprinted paternal region. In other embodiments, the absence of paternal chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13 is due to maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) of chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13. UPD is when a subject has two copies of a chromosome or portion thereof from one parent, and no copy of the chromosome or portion thereof from the other parent. 
     PWS may be characterized by neonatal hypotonia, failure to thrive during infancy, developmental delay, hyperphagia, obesity, cognitive disability, behavioral abnormalities, or a combination thereof. 
     Angelman Syndrome is caused by an inherited deletion of maternal chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13, or by paternal UPD of chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13. Angelman Syndrome is characterized by seizures, movement difficulty, cognitive disability, failure to speak, or a combination thereof. 
     b) Genes 
     The PWS Critical Region (PWSCR) is a region on chromosome 15 within position 15q11-q13. The germline imprint of chromosome 15 at region 15q11-q13 is a differentially methylated CG-rich segment, termed the PWS-IC, which is located in the first exon of the gene encoding small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN). SNRPN is a bicistronic transcript that also encodes SNURF (also referred to as SNRPN). In the brain, a long non-coding RNA (Inc RNA) initiates at upstream (U) exons of SNRPN ( FIG. 1A ), extends &gt;600 kb distally to overlap UBE3A, and silences the paternal UBE3A allele via an antisense-mediated mechanism. 
     The PWSCR has been narrowed to a 91 kb segment encompassing the SNORD116 cluster and the IPW (imprinted In Prader-Willi Syndrome) transcript. The SNORD116 cluster is a polynucleotide encoding 30 SNORD116 small nucleolar RNAs. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, such as ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and small nuclear RNAs. The two main classes of snoRNA are the C/D box snoRNAs, which are associated with methylation, and the H/ACA box snoRNAs, which are associated with pseudouridylation. The long non-coding antisense RNA (IncRNA) serves as the host gene (HG) to several box CID class small nucleolar RNAs including the SNORD116 and SNORD115 clusters. 
     The cluster of 30 copies of SNORD116s in the PWSCR are classified into three groups based on DNA sequence similarity. Group 1 (SNOG1) includes SNORD116 1-9. Group 2 (SNOG2) includes SNORD116 10-24. Group 3 (SNOG3) includes SNORD116 25-30. Loss of SNORD116 in both human iPSC deletion and mouse models of PWS have a deficiency of prohormone convertase PC1 that may potentially be associated with the neuroendocrine dysfunction in PWS, which may indicate an association between SNORD116 deletion and PWS. 
     c) Zinc Finger Protein 274 (ZNF274) 
     Zinc Finger Protein 274 (ZNF274) is a component of the silencing mechanism of maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13. ZNF274 tethers a complex to maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 that silences RNA transcripts that are needed for normal development. The complex may include the SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1) histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase. The complex of ZNF274 and the methyltransferase may mediate the deposition of the repressive H3K9me3 chromatin mark on the maternal allele. 
     i. ZNF274 Binding Site 
     The ZNF274 protein binds to a ZNF274 binding site that comprises a polynucleotide sequence on chromosome 15 within position 15q11-q13: The ZNF274 consensus binding sequence is contained within the 48-nucleotide sequence of SNORD116-3, -5, -7, -8 and -9. The functionality of the predicted binding ZNF274 binding site at SNORD116 has been confirmed by genome editing technology. The 48-nucleotide ZNF274 consensus sequence in the PWSCR is conserved in nonhuman primates and, thus, the disclosed strategy and methods could be applied in animal models. In one aspect of developing agents for treatment of PWS, compounds are selected or designed based on their ability to interfere with ZNF274 binding to the PWSCR and thereby activate the maternal PWSCR RNA transcripts. 
     As detailed herein, a computational approach was used to identify the 14-nucleotide consensus binding site sequence that is recognized by ZNF274 for binding to DNA throughout the human genome. This 14-nucleotide consensus binding site sequence was used to find the precise ZNF274 binding sites in chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13. The ZNF274 binding site in chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 is a 18-nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1, TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC) that is contained within the 48-nucleotide sequence of each of the Group 1 SNORD116s (SNORD116-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). The 48-nucleotide sequences of SNORD116-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are identical, except fora single nucleotide change in SNORD116-1, 2, 4 and 6. This single nucleotide difference is within the ZNF274 binding site (TABLE 1;  FIG. 11 ). ZNF274 can bind to SNORD116-3, 5, 7, 8 and 9 in the maternal copy of the SNORD116 cluster, as confirmed by ChIP-Seq analysis (Crunivel et al.  Hum. Mol. Genet.  2014, 23, 4674-85). SNORD116-2, 4, and 6 each display a G to A substitution at position 8 in the ZNF274 binding site and can also be bound by ZNF274 according to ChIP-Seq data. SNORD116-1 contains a different single nucleotide change from the consensus ZNF274 binding site. The 48-nucleotide conserved sequence of the Group 1 SNORD116s in the PWSCR is conserved in nonhuman primates, except for the substitutions within the ZNF274 binding site. The ZNF274 binding site may comprises a polynucleotide having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site consists of a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site consists of a polynucleotide corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequences of the Group 1 SNORD116s 
               
               
                 (SNORD116-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9), 
               
               
                 with the ZNF274 binding site underlined. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
               
               
                 SNORD 
                   
                 ID 
               
               
                 116- 
                 SEQUENCE 
                 NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGAGAACTCATA A C 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGA A AACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                  6 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                  7 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGA A AACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                  8 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                  9 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGA A AACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 AAAAACATTCCTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAA 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC 
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     3. AGENT THAT REDUCES INTERACTION OF ZNF274 PROTEIN WITH ZNF274 BINDING SITE 
     Provided herein are agents that reduce the interaction of ZNF274 protein with the ZNF274 binding site. In some embodiments, the agent deletes the ZNF274 protein. In other embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site is modified. In some embodiments, the agent is a zinc finger nuclease, a TAL effector nuclease, or DNA targeting system, such as a CRISPR/Cas9 DNA targeting system. 
     a) Deletion of ZNF274 Protein 
     Also disclosed herein is a technology for generating PWS-specific iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cells) and their neuronal differentiation to study aspects of epigenetic regulation and the PWS disease mechanism. A ZNF274/SETDB1-containing epigenetic complex was discovered that binds maternal PWSCR to effect epigenetic silencing via the accumulation of H3K9me3 at the PWSCR. In some embodiments, CRISPR lentiviral vectors can be used to target ZNF274 and generate ZNF274 knock out clonal derivatives of the PWS iPSC lines, PNA/S1-7 large deletion (B17-21 and ZKL6), and UPD 1-2 (ZKU4B and ZKU21A). In some embodiments, the two parental PWS iPSC lines and each of their two ZNF274 KO clonal derivatives as well as two normal controls (LcNL-1 and MCH2-10) can be differentiated into neurons. 
     In some embodiments, the agent deletes the ZNF274 protein from a subject. The agent may delete the ZNF274 gene from a subject&#39;s genome. Without the ZNF274 gene or protein present, expression of genes from maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 may be expressed and no longer silenced. Deletion of ZNF274 may activate expression of maternal transcripts from the PWSCR. Deletion of ZNF274 may re-activate expression of silent maternal transcripts from the PWSCR. Deletion of ZNF274 may result in a reduction of H3K9me3 binding within the PWSCR. In some embodiments, deletion of ZNF274 induces expression of transcripts from maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 such that the expression level is the same as in a control, the control being, for example, a cell from a non-PWS or healthy subject. Activation of expression upon ZNF274 deletion may be not only within the PWSCR but also throughout the chromosome 15q11-q13 imprinted region. 
     In some embodiments upon ZNF274 knock out, a complete re-activation of neuronal transcripts is achieved for RNA transcripts from the PWS region, such as, for example, SNORD116, IPW, and SNORD115. In some embodiments, deletion of ZNF274 increases or activates expression of both MAGEL2 and MKRN3. In some embodiments, deletion of ZNF274 increases or activates expression of both MAGEL2 and MKRN3 in PWS LD and UPD neurons. 
     Knockout of the ZNF274 protein may rescue the expression of silent maternal alleles without affecting DNA methylation at the PWS-Imprinting Center (PWS-IC). The ZNF274 complex may be a separate imprinting mark that represses maternal PWS gene expression in neurons. 
     Knockout of the ZNF274 protein as detailed herein may be used as a research tool or to screen various potential therapies for disorders such as PWS. Genome-wide knockout of the ZNF274 protein is not a feasible approach to treat PWS. ZNF274 can bind to genome locations other than chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13, and so genome-wide knockout of the ZNF274 protein in subjects with PWS would likely have additional unfavorable complications. 
     b) Modification of ZNF274 Binding Site 
     In some embodiments, the binding of the ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is inhibited by modifications to the ZNF274 binding site. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding sites in chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 are modified, while other ZNF274 binding sites elsewhere in the genome are not modified. Modifications may include full deletion of the ZNF274 binding site, partial deletion of the ZNF274 binding site, mutation of one or more nucleotides of the ZNF274 binding site, cutting the ZNF274 binding site at one or more nucleotide positions, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, binding of the ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is reduced at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% relative to a control. 
     4. DNA TARGETING SYSTEM 
     In some embodiments, the agent comprises a DNA targeting system. The DNA targeting system may comprise at least one gRNA. The DNA targeting system may further comprise a Cas protein. 
     a) Guide RNA (gRNA) 
     The DNA targeting system may comprise at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence. In embodiments wherein the ZNF274 binding is modified, the gRNA binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, complement thereof, or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence having at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, complement thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, complement thereof, or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence having at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or complement thereof. 
     In embodiments wherein the ZNF274 protein is deleted, the gRNA binds to a gene encoding a ZNF274 protein. The gRNA may bind and target a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, complement thereof, or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence having at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identity to the polynucleotide sequence of corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, or complement thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a polynucleotides sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, complement thereof, or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a polynucleotides sequence having at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identity to the polynucleotide sequence of corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, or complement thereof. 
     b) CRISPR-based Nuclease 
     The DNA targeting system may include a CRISPR-based nuclease or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CRISPR-based nuclease. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a CRISPR-based nuclease is DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a CRISPR-based nuclease is RNA, The CRISPR system is a microbial nuclease system involved in the defense against invading phages and plasmids and provides a form of acquired immunity. The CRISPR loci in microbial hosts contain a combination of CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes as well as non-coding RNA elements responsible for the specificity of the CRISPR-mediated nucleic acid cleavage. 
     CRISPR systems are organized into two classes, each composed of 3 system types with are further divided into 19 different subtypes. Class 1 systems use a complex of multiple Cas proteins to aid in the cleavage of foreign nucleic acids. Class 2 uses a single large Cas protein for the same purpose. Since class 2 only requires a single Cas protein, class 2 Cas proteins have been exploited and adapted for use in eukaryotic systems. Each type and most subtypes are characterized by a ‘signature gene’ found almost exclusively in that category. CRISPR/Cas9 is the most well-known class 2 protein used for genome engineering. 
     The CRISPR-based nuclease forms a complex with the 3′ end of a gRNA. The specificity of the CRISPR-based system depends on two factors: the target sequence and the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). The target sequence is located on the 5′ end of the gRNA and is designed to bond with base pairs on the host DNA at the correct DNA sequence known as the protospacer. By simply exchanging the recognition sequence of the gRNA, the CRISPR-based nuclease can be directed to new genomic targets. The PAM sequence is located on the DNA to be cleaved and is recognized by a CRISPR-based nuclease, PAM recognition sequences of the CRISPR-based nuclease can be species specific. In some embodiments, the CRISPR-based nuclease can be a Cas9 protein or molecule or a Cpf1 protein or molecule, such as a Cas9 endonuclease or a Cpf1 endonuclease. 
     In some embodiments, the CRISPR-based nuclease is a Cas9 endonuclease derived from a bacterial genus of  Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Brevibacillus, Corynebacter, Sutterella, Legionella, Francisella, Treponema, Filifactor, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Flaviivola, Flavobacterium, Sphaerochaeta, Azospirillum, Gluconacetobacter, Neisseria, Roseburia, Parvibaculum, Staphylococcus, Nitratifractor, Mycoplasma , or  Campylobacter . In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein is selected from the group, including, but not limited to,  Streptococcus pyogenes, Francisella novicida, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus thermophiles, Treponema denticola, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Campylobacter jejuni, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Eubacterium ventriosum, Streptococcus pasteurianus, Lactobacillus farciminis, Sphaerochaeta globus, Azospirillum, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Neisseria cinerea, Roseburia intestinalis, Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Nitratifractor salsuginis , and  Campylobacter lari.    
     In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein or molecule is selected from the group including, but not limited to,  Streptococcus pyogenes  Cas9 (SpCas9) endonuclease, a  Francisella novicida  Cas9 (FnCas9) endonuclease, a  Staphylococcus aureus  Cas9 (SaCas9) endonuclease,  Neisseria meningitides  Cas9 (NmCas9) endonuclease,  Streptococcus  thermophiles Cas9 (StCas9) endonuclease,  Treponema denticola  Cas9 (TdCas9) endonuclease.  Brevibacillus laterosporus  Cas9 (BlatCas9) endonuclease,  Campylobacter jejuni  Cas9 (CjCas9) endonuclease, a variant endonuclease thereof, or a chimera endonuclease thereof. In some embodiments, the Cas9 endonuclease is a SpCas9 variant endonuclease. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variant is a SpCas9 VQR variant endonuclease, a SpCas9 Cas9 VRER variant endonuclease, a SpCas9 Cas9 EQR variant endonuclease, a SpCas9-HF1 variant endonuclease, or an eSpCas9(1.1) variant endonuclease. 
     i. PAM Sequence Recognition 
     The CRISPR nuclease complex unwinds a DNA duplex and searches for sequences complementary to the gRNA and the correct PAM. The nuclease only mediates cleavage of the target DNA if both conditions are met. By specifying the type of CRISPR-based nuclease and the sequence of one or more gRNA molecules, DNA cleavage sites can be localized to a specific target domain. Given that PAM sequences are variant and species specific, target sequences can be engineered to be recognized by only certain CRISPR-based nucleases. 
     In some embodiments, the Cas9 endonuclease can recognize a PAM sequence NGG (SEQ ID NO: 2) or NGA (SEQ ID NO: 3). In some embodiments, the Cas9 endonuclease is a SpCas9 endonuclease and recognizes the PAM sequence of NGG (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the Cas9 endonuclease is a SpCas9 VQR variant endonuclease and recognizes the PAM sequence of NGA (SEQ ID NO: 3), NGAN (SEQ ID NO: 49) or NGNG (SEQ ID NO: 50). 
     5. POLL/NUCLEOTIDES 
     Further provided herein is an isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising a gRNA. Also provided herein is an isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding a DNA targeting system. The polynucleotide sequence may be comprised within a vector. The vector may encode a gRNA molecule and a Cas protein. In some embodiments, the vector can be an expression vector or system to produce protein by routine techniques and readily available starting materials including Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning and Laboratory Manual, Second Ed., Cold Spring Harbor (1989). In some embodiments, the vector can comprise the nucleic acid sequence encoding the gRNA and/or a Cas protein or molecule. 
     a) Constructs and Plasmids 
     The genetic construct, such as a plasmid, expression cassette or vector, can comprise a nucleic acid that encodes the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system, as disclosed herein. The genetic construct can be present in the cell as a functioning extrachromosomal molecule. The genetic construct can be a linear minichromosome including centromere, telomeres or plasmids or cosmids. In some embodiments, the genetic construct can include at least one polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 43-48, and/or combinations thereof. 
     The genetic construct can also be part of a genome of a recombinant viral vector, including recombinant lentivirus, recombinant adenovirus, recombinant adenovirus associated virus, and recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV). The genetic construct can be part of the genetic material in attenuated live microorganisms or recombinant microbial vectors which live in cells. The compositions, as described above, can comprise genetic constructs that encode the modified lentiviral vector and a nucleic acid sequence that encodes gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system, as disclosed herein. 
     The nucleic acid sequences can make up a genetic construct that can be a vector. The vector can be capable of expressing the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system in the cell of a mammal. The vector can be recombinant. The vector can comprise heterologous nucleic acid encoding the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system. The vector can be a plasmid. The vector can be useful for transfecting cells with nucleic acid encoding the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system, which the transformed host cell is cultured and maintained under conditions wherein expression of the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system takes place. 
     In further embodiments of the disclosure, the genetic constructs and polynucleotides comprising polynucleotides encoding gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system can be operatively associated with a variety of promoters, terminators and other regulatory elements for expression in various organisms or cells. In some embodiments, the genetic constructs can comprise regulatory elements for gene expression of the coding sequences of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the regulatory elements can be a promoter, an enhancer, an initiation codon, a stop codon, or a polyadenylation signal. 
     In representative embodiments, at least one promoter and/or terminator can be operably linked to a polynucleotide of the disclosure. Any promoter useful with this disclosure can be used and includes, for example, promoters functional with the organism of interest including but not limited to constitutive, inducible, developmentally regulated, and the like, as described herein. A regulatory element as used herein can be endogenous or heterologous. In some embodiments, an endogenous regulatory element derived from the subject organism can be inserted into a genetic context in which it does not naturally occur (e.g., a different position in the genome than as found in nature), thereby producing a recombinant or non-native nucleic acid. 
     An expression cassette also can optionally include a transcriptional and/or translational termination region (i.e., termination region) that is functional in the selected host cell. A variety of transcriptional terminators is available for use in expression cassettes and can be responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest. The termination region can be native to the transcriptional initiation region, can be native to the operably linked nucleotide sequence of interest, can be native to the host cell, or can be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, to the nucleotide sequence of interest, to the host, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments of this disclosure, terminators can be operably linked to a recombinant polynucleotide(s) encoding the DNA targeting system. 
     In addition to expression cassettes, the recombinant polynucleotides described herein (e.g., polynucleotides comprising a polynucleotide encoding CRISPR-based nuclease) can be used in connection with vectors. The term “vector” refers to a composition for transferring, delivering or introducing a nucleic acid (or nucleic acids) into a cell. A vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence(s) to be transferred, delivered or introduced. A vector as defined herein can transform a eukaryotic host either by integration into the cellular genome or exist as an extrachromosomal element (e.g., minichromosome). In some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotides described herein can be delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex. 
     The vector can comprise heterologous nucleic acid encoding the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system, and can further comprise an initiation codon, which can be upstream of the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system, and a stop codon, which can be downstream of the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system. The initiation and termination codon can be in frame with the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system. The vector can also comprise a promoter that is operably linked to the gRNA and/or the DNA targeting system.
         b) Viral Packaging       

     In some embodiments, the gRNA or DNA targeting system may be packaged in a viral vector. In some embodiments, the gRNA and the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas protein or molecule are packaged in the same viral vector. In some embodiments, the gRNA and the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas protein or molecule are packaged in different viral vectors. In some embodiments, the vector may be an adeno-associated virus (AAV) or a lentiviral vector. 
     i. Modified Lentiviral Vector 
     Lentiviral vector is a vector belonging to the lentivirus family of retroviruses that are able to infect human and other mammalian species. The compositions for gene editing can include a modified lentiviral vector. The modified lentiviral vector can include one or more polynucleotide sequences encoding the gRNA and/or the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas protein or molecule. The modified lentiviral vector can include a first polynucleotide sequence encoding the gRNA and a second polynucleotide sequence encoding the Cas protein or molecule. The one or more polynucleotide sequences can be operably linked to a eukaryotic promoter. The promoter can be a constitutive promoter, an inducible promoter, a repressible promoter, or a regulatable promoter. 
     ii. Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors 
     The AAV vector is a small virus belonging to the genus Dependovirus of the Parvoviridae family that infects humans and some other primate species. AAV can be used to deliver the compositions to the cell using various construct configurations. For example, AAV can deliver genetic constructs encoding CRISPR-based nucleases, inserts, and/or gRNA expression cassettes on separate vectors. The composition, as described above, includes a modified adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. The modified AAV vector can be capable of delivering and expressing the CRISPR-based nuclease in the cell of a mammal. For example, the modified AAV vector can be an AAV-SASTG vector (Piacentino et al. (2012) Human Gene Therapy 23:635-646). The modified AAV vector can be based on one or more of several capsid types, including AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, AAV8, AAV9, and AAV-PHP.eB. 
     6. METHODS OF DELIVERY 
     The gRNA, DNA targeting system, isolated polynucleotide sequence, vector, or combination thereof, as disclosed in the present invention may be delivered using any method of DNA delivery to cells, including non-viral and viral methods. Common non-viral delivery methods include transformation and transfection. Non-viral gene delivery can be mediated by physical methods such as electroporation, microinjection, particle-medicated gene transfer (‘gene gun’), impalefection, hydrostatic pressure, continuous infusion, sonication, chemical transfection, lipofection, or DNA injection (DNA vaccination) with and without in vivo electroporation. Viral mediated gene delivery, or viral transduction, utilizes the ability of a virus to inject its DNA inside a host cell. The genetic constructs intended for delivery are packaged into a replication-deficient viral particle. Common viruses used include retrovirus, lentivirus, adneovirus, adeno-associated virus, and herpes simplex virus. In some embodiments of the present invention, the adeno-associated virus is used for delivery of the genetic constructs. 
     7. CELLS 
     Further provided herein are cells. Any of the delivery methods can be utilized with a myriad of cell types, including, but not limited to, eukaryotic cells, like animal cells, such as mouse, rat, hamster, non-human primate, pig, or human cells. In some embodiments, the cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. The cells may be used to study aspects of epigenetic regulation, genomic imprinting; the PWS disease mechanism, or a combination thereof. The cell may comprise a gRNA, a DNA targeting system, an isolated polynucleotide sequence, a vector, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cell is an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC). The IPSO may be from a Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) patient. The iPSC may be differentiated into neurons. The IPSO may be from a PWS1-7 large deletion cell line or UPD 1-2 cell line. In some embodiments, the cell is a neuronal cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a neuronal progenitor cell (NPC). 
     8. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS 
     Further provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition. The agents and systems as detailed herein may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with standard techniques well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical art. The composition may comprise an agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” as used herein, means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. The pharmaceutical composition may include a gRNA, a DNA targeting system, an isolated polynucleotide sequence, a vector, a cell, or a combination thereof. 
     The pharmaceutical composition may comprise about 1 ng to about 10 mg of DNA encoding the gRNA, the DNA targeting system, the isolated polynucleotide sequence, or the vector. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention are formulated according to the mode of administration to be used. In cases where pharmaceutical compositions are injectable pharmaceutical compositions, they are sterile, pyrogen free, and particulate free. An isotonic formulation is preferably used. Generally, additives for isotonicity may include sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose. In some cases, isotonic solutions such as phosphate buffered saline are preferred. Stabilizers include gelatin and albumin. In some embodiments, a vasoconstriction agent is added to the formulation. 
     The pharmaceutical composition containing the gRNA, the DNA targeting system, the isolated polynucleotide sequence, or the vector may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be functional molecules as vehicles, adjuvants, carriers, or diluents. The method of administration will dictate the type of carrier to be used. Any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the desired method of administration may be used. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be a transfection facilitating agent. The transfection facilitating agent may include surface active agents, such as immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS), Freunds incomplete adjuvant, LPS analog including monophosphoryl lipid A, muramyl peptides, quinone analogs, vesicles such as squalene and squalene, hyaluronic acid, lipids, liposomes, calcium ions, viral proteins, polyanions, polycations, or nanoparticles, or other known transfection facilitating agents. The transfection facilitating agent may be a polyanion, polycation, including poly-L-glutamate (LGS), or lipid. The transfection facilitating agent may be poly-L-glutamate. The poly-L-glutamate may be present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration less than 6 mg/mL. The pharmaceutical composition may include transfection facilitating agent such as lipids, liposomes, including lecithin liposomes or other liposomes known in the art, as a DNA-liposome mixture (see for example WO9324640), calcium ions, viral proteins, polyanions, polycations, or nanoparticles, or other known transfection facilitating agents. Preferably, the transfection facilitating agent is a polyanion, polycation, including poly-L-glutamate (LGS), or lipid. 
     The route by which the disclosed agents are administered and the form of the composition will dictate the type of carrier to be used. The pharmaceutical composition may be in a variety of forms, suitable, for example, for systemic administration (e.g., oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal, implants, intranasal, intravaginal, transdermal, intravenous, intraarterial, intratumoral, intraperitoneal, or parenteral) or topical administration (e.g., dermal, pulmonary, nasal, aural, ocular, liposome delivery systems, or iontophoresis). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for administration to a subject&#39;s central nervous system. Techniques and formulations may generally be found in “Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences,” (Meade Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). Pharmaceutical compositions must typically be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. All carriers are optional in the compositions. 
     Other embodiments of the agents disclosed herein include formulations and compositions comprising the agents disclosed herein, wherein those formulations and compositions may also comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and other ingredients, which may be active or inactive. For oral administration, the pharmaceutical preparation can be in liquid form, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or can be presented as a drug product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Preparations for oral administration can be suitably formulated to give controlled release of active compounds. 
     9. ADMINISTRATION 
     The agents as detailed herein, or the pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, may be administered to a subject. Such compositions comprising an agent can be administered in dosages and by techniques well known to those skilled in the medical arts taking into consideration such factors as the age, sex, weight, and condition of the particular subject, and the route of administration. 
     The specific therapeutically effective amount for a particular patient of an agent, composition or formulation disclosed herein will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy. Concentrations of the agents described herein found in therapeutic compositions will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the dosage of the drug to be administered, the chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity) of the compounds employed, and the route of administration. 
     The agent can be administered prophylactically or therapeutically. In prophylactic administration, the agent can be administered in an amount sufficient to induce a response. In therapeutic applications, the agents are administered to a subject in need thereof in an amount sufficient to elicit a therapeutic effect. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as “therapeutically effective amount.” Amounts effective for this use will depend on, e.g., the particular composition of the compound regimen administered, the manner of administration, the stage and severity of the disease, the general state of health of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of an agent are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount. 
     For example, a therapeutically effective amount of an agent, may be about 1 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg to about 950 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 900 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg to about 850 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg to about 800 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg to about 750 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg to about 700 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg to about 650 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg to about 600 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg to about 550 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, about 55 mg/kg to about 450 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg, about 65 mg/kg to about 350 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg to about 300 mg/kg, about 75 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, about 85 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg, and about 90 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. 
     The agent can be administered by methods well known in the art as described in Donnelly et al. (Ann. Rev. Immunol. 1997, 15, 617-648); Feigner et al, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859, issued Dec. 3, 1996); Feigner (U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,055, issued Dec. 30, 1997); and Carson et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,647, issued Oct. 21, 1997), the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The agent can be complexed to particles or beads that can be administered to an individual, for example, using a vaccine gun. One skilled in the art would know that the choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable compound, depends, for example, on the route of administration. 
     The agent can be delivered via a variety of routes. Typical delivery routes include parenteral administration, e.g., intradermal, intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery. Other routes include oral administration, intranasal, intravaginal, transdermal, intravenous, intraarterial, intratumoral, intraperitoneal, and epidermal routes. In some embodiments, the agent is administered intravenously, intraarterially, or intraperitoneally to the subject. In some embodiments, the agent is administered to the central nervous system of the subject. In some embodiments, the agent is administered to the subject orally. 
     In other embodiments compositions can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, and such formulations can be presented in unit dosage form, with or without an added preservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. 
     10. KITS 
     Further provided herein is a kit. The kit may include a gRNA, a DNA targeting system, an isolated polynucleotide sequence, a vector, a cell, or a combination thereof. The kit may further include instructions for use. Instructions included in kits may be affixed to packaging material or may be included as a package insert. While the instructions are typically written or printed materials they are not limited to such. Any medium capable of storing such instructions and communicating them to an end user is contemplated by this disclosure. Such media include, but are not limited to, electronic storage media (e.g., magnetic discs, tapes, cartridges, chips), optical media (e.g., CD ROM), and the like. As used herein, the term “instructions” may include the address of an internet site that provides the instructions. 
     11. METHODS OF USING THE AGENTS 
     a) Methods for Treating a Disorder of Genomic Imprinting in a Subject 
     Provided herein are methods for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject. The method may include modifying a ZNF274 binding site on maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject, such that the binding of a ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is reduced relative to a control. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or complement thereof. 
     In some embodiments, binding of the ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is reduced by at least 90% relative to a control. In some embodiments, binding of the ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is eliminated. In some embodiments, the maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject is silenced prior to modification of the ZNF274 binding site. In some embodiments, the disorder comprises Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). 
     In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site is modified by fully deleting the ZNF274 binding site, partially deleting the ZNF274 binding site, mutating one or more nucleotides of the ZNF274 binding site, cutting the ZNF274 binding site at one or more nucleotide positions, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site is modified by administering to the subject or a cell of the subject a DNA targeting system, as described herein, that binds to the ZNF274 binding site, wherein the DNA targeting system comprises at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, complement thereof, or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the ZNF274 binding site is modified by administering an isolated polynucleotide encoding a DNA targeting system that binds to the ZNF274 binding site, the DNA targeting system comprising at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, complement thereof, or variant thereof. 
     In other embodiments, the method may include administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of an agent that reduces the interaction of a ZNF274 protein with a ZNF274 binding site on maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject relative to a control, wherein the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or complement thereof. In some embodiments, the agent comprises a sequence-specific nuclease, or a polynucleotide sequence encoding a sequence-specific nuclease. In some embodiments, the sequence-specific nuclease comprises a zinc finger nuclease, a TAL effector nuclease, or a CRISPR/Cas9 DNA targeting system. 
     In some embodiments, the expression of at least one gene within 15q11-q13 is increased. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one gene within the Prader-Will Syndrome critical region (PWSCR) of 15q11-q13 is increased. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one RNA transcript selected from the genome coordinates hg19 chr15:25,012,961-25,685,253 or chr15:23,695,603-25,026,558 is increased. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one RNA transcript selected from SNORD116, IPW, SNORD115, SNHG14, UBE3A-ATS, ora combination thereof, is increased. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one of SNRPN exon 2, SNRPN exon 3, SNRPN exon 4, UBE3A, MAGEL2, MKRN3, SNRPN exon U4, NDN, or a combination thereof, is increased. In some embodiments, the initiation of transcription from the SNRPN U1A promoter, the SNRPN U1B promoter, or a combination thereof, is increased. In some embodiments, the binding of H3K9me3 is reduced. 
     b) Methods for Screening 
     Further provided herein is a method of screening compounds for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting. Agents may be selected or designed based on their ability to interfere with ZNF274 binding to the ZNF274 binding site, and thereby activate the maternal PWSCR RNA transcripts. 
     12. EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Materials and Methods 
     Culture conditions of iPSCs and neuronal differentiation. iPSCs were grown on irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts and fed daily with conventional hESC medium composed of DMEM-F12 supplemented with knock-out serum replacer, nonessential amino acids, L-glutamine, β-mercaptoethanol, and basic FGF. iPSCs were cultured in a humid incubator at 37° C. with 5% CO 2  and manually passaged once a week. 
     Neuronal differentiation of iPSCs was performed using a monolayer differentiation protocol with some modifications. Briefly, iPSC colonies were cultured in hESC medium for 24 h before switching to N2B27 medium. Cells were fed every other day with N2B27 medium containing Neurobasal Medium, 2% B-27 supplement, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1% Insulin-transferrin-selenium, 1% N2 supplement, 0.5% Pen-strep, and was supplemented with fresh noggin at 500 ng/mL. After three weeks of neural differentiation, neural progenitors were plated on tissue culture plates coated with poly-ornithine/laminin. The neural differentiation medium consisted of Neurobasal Medium, B-27 supplement, nonessential amino acids, and L-glutamine, and was supplemented with 1 μM ascorbic acid, 200 μM cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 10 ng/mL brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and 10 ng/mL glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Unless otherwise specified, cells were harvested once neural cultures reached at least 10 weeks of age. 
     Lentiviral production, transduction, and clone screening, sgRNAs were designed using a web-based CRISPR design tool and cloned into lentiCRISPR (Addgene Plasmid 49535 and 52961; Addgene, Watertown, Mass.) and lentiGuidePuro (Addgene Plasmid 52963, Addgene, Watertown, Mass.). Lentiviral particles were made by transfecting 293FT cells with 2nd generation packaging systems using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Prior to transduction, iPSCs were treated with 10 μM ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, overnight. The next day, iPSCs were singlized using Accutase (Millipore, Burlington, Mass.) and transduced with lentivirus in suspension in the presence of 8 μg/mL polybrene in a low-attachment dish for two hours. Then, the iPSCs/lentivirus mixture were diluted 1:1 in hESC medium and plated on puromycin-resistant (DR4) MEF feeders at a low density, supplemented with 10 μM ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, overnight. Attached cells were cultured in hESC medium for an additional 72 hours before starting drug selection using puromycin at 0.5 μg/mL during the first week and at 1 μg/mL during the second week. Puromycin-resistant iPSC colonies were individually picked into a new feeder well and screened for indels by performing FOR on genomic DNA and sequencing. The pluripotency of gene edited iPSCs was validated by immunocytochemistry using mouse anti-human stage specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) and rabbit anti-human OCT3/4, both from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oreg.), as previously described (Chen, et al. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25368). Karyotyping and Affymetrix HD 6.0 array were performed by the Genetics and Genomics Division of the UCONN Stem Cell Core. Twenty G-banded metaphase cells from each iPSC line were examined to generate a karyotype for each line. 
     CRISPRs were transiently introduced by nucleofecting hESCs engineered to have PWS-like deletions (deletion of paternal SNORD116 or deletion of paternal SNRPN to SNORD116) or PWS iPSCs with two constructs carrying Cas9, gRNAs targeting ZNF274 or ZNF274 binding sites, and a puromycin resistance cassette. The hESC/iPSCs are selected for 48 hours with puromycin and resulting clones are screened for specific deletions using FOR spanning the deletion breakpoints. 
     RNA isolation and RT reaction. RNA was isolated from cells using RNA-Bee (Tel Test, Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Samples were DNase-treated as needed with Amplification Grade DNasel (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) at 37° C. for 45 minutes, and cDNA was synthesized using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     RT-qPCR and expression arrays. For single gene expression assay, expression levels of target genes were examined using TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) on the Step One Plus (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) or on the BioRAD CFX96 Real Time FOR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). An amount of RT reaction corresponding to 30 ng of RNA was used in a volume of 20 ul per reaction. Reactions were performed in technical duplicates or triplicates and the GAPDH Endogenous Control TaqMan Assay was used as an endogenous control, following the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Relative quantity (RQ) value was calculated as 2 −ΔΔCt  using the normal cell lines CTRL1 or CTRL2 as the calibrator sample. 
     Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA) technology was used to investigate gene expression levels over the entire 15q11.2-q13 region in our 10-week-old neurons. A custom-formatted Taqman low-density arrays (TLDA) was designed with 48 target genes, including two housekeeping genes, allowing for 8 samples (including CTRL2) per card. All primer/probe sets are inventoried in TABLE 8. Gene expression assays were supplied by Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). For TLDA analysis, 400 ng of DNAsc-treated RNA was used per RT reaction, according to the manufacturer&#39;s directions, A cDNA sample, equivalent to 150 ng effective RNA, ribonuclease-free water, and PCR master mix were loaded into each TLDA-card fill port. The samples were distributed on the plate by centrifugation. Real-time PCR was performed on the 7900HT or ViiA7 Real-Time PCR systems (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The same CTRL2 sample as our calibrator or Internal Positive Control (IPC) was systematically loaded into each card, and the Thermo Fisher Cloud interface was used to analyze the data with the IPC settings to normalize Cq values across the different plates. 
     Chromatin Immunoprecipitations. ChIP assays were performed as described (Cruvinel, et al.  Hum. Mal. Genet.  2014, 23, 4674-4685; Cotney, et al.  Cold Spring Harh. Protoc.  2015, 191-199; Martins-Taylor, et al.  Epigenetics  2012, 7, 71-82). The antibodies anti-ZNF274 (Abnova, Cat #H00010782-M01; Abnova, Taiwan) and anti-trimethyl histone H3 (Lys9) (H3K9mc3; Millipore, Cat #07-442; Millipore, Burlington, Mass.) were used. Quantification of ChIPs was performed using SYBR Green quantitative PCR. PCR primers used to amplify the purified DNA can be found in TABLE 2. The enrichment of the DNA was calculated as percent input, as previously described (Martins-Taylor, et al.  Epigenetics  2012, 7, 71-82). Normal rabbit IgG was used for the isotype controls and showed no enrichment. Data were presented as means with SD and represent the average of at least two biological replicates from independent cultures. 
     Detection of 5hmc levels. Percentages of 5-methyleytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and unmodified cytosine (C) in DNA were assessed using the EpiMark 5-hmC and 5-mC Analysis Kit (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.; catalog #E33I 7S). qPCR primers used in these assays are denoted in TABLE 2. TABLE 2 lists the SYBR primers sequences used. Reported values represent the average of at least two independent experiments, each analyzed in triplicate by quantitative FOR. Data were presented as means and SD of independent experiments. 
     Statistical tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using Prism software (GraphPad). For each condition shown, averaged values from a minimum of two biological replicates from independent cultures were calculated and the resulting standard deviation (SD) was reported in the error bars. Unless otherwise specified, for each experiment, averaged values for each sample were compared to that of the parental PWS cell line of the same genotype (PWS LD or PWS UPD) and the significance for each un-manipulated vs. KO pair was calculated using the one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Dunnett post-test. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers designed for ChIP and 5 mC analyses 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SIZE 
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 Primer 
                 (BP) 
                 Use 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SNOG1- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28) 
                 120 
                 ChIP- 
               
               
                 BS1 
                 GAGTGAGGGACAACTTCCACTGA 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCCACCCATGTACCTCACA 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SNOG1- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) 
                 120 
                 ChIP- 
               
               
                 BS2 
                 AACTGAGGTCCAGCACATTGCC 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGCCTGTGATGTGAGACTTTCA 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SNOG1- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) 
                 120 
                 ChIP- 
               
               
                 BS3 
                 TCTTCAAATGTGCTTGGATCGA 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCAACGTGCTGGACCTCAGT 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SNOG1- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31) 
                 120 
                 ChIP- 
               
               
                 BS4 
                 TGCCTCTTCGAACGTGCTT 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGTGCTGGACCTCAGTTCTG 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SNOG1- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32) 
                 120 
                 ChIP- 
               
               
                 BS5 
                 GGCATCCACAGGCCAAAGT 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCATGGCTGCCACACCATA 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SNOG1- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33) 
                 120 
                 ChIP- 
               
               
                 BS6 
                 TGAGGGTGTCTTTGGGATTCC 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCTGTGCCACTGAGCAAAA 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PWS- 
                 Forward 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34) 
                  84 
                 5hmC- 
               
               
                 IC 
                 ATCTGTCTGAGGAGCGGTCAGT 
                   
                 qPCR 
               
               
                   
                 Reverse 5′→3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCCCAGGCTGTCTCTTGAG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Generation and Characterization of ZNF274 KO Lines 
     In addition to the previously characterized PWS LD iPSCs (Chamberlain, et al.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  2010, 107, 17668-17673), iPSC lines were generated from a PWS UPD patient ( FIG. 8B  and TABLE 3y 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Karyotyping and Affymetrix HD 6.0 array 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Analysis 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 cell lines 
                 Karyotype 
                 Affymetrix HD 6.0 array 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PWS LD 
                 46, XX 
                 Previously published 
               
               
                   
                 LD KO1 
                 46, XX 
                 arr[hg19] 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 15q11.2q13.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (23,286,571-28,644,578) × 1 
               
               
                   
                 LD KO2 
                 46, XX 
                 arr[hg19] 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 15q11.2q13.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (23,286,571-28,659,911) × 1 
               
               
                   
                 PWS UPD 
                 46, XX 
                 na 
               
               
                   
                 UPD KO1 
                 46, XX 
                 na 
               
               
                   
                 UPD KO2 
                 46, XX 
                 na 
               
               
                   
                 UPD KO3 
                 46, XX 
                 na 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ZNF274 was performed in PWS-specific iPSCs in order to determine the impact of ZNF274 depletion on H3K9me3 accumulation at the SNORD116 locus. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ZNF274 was performed in PWS LD and PWS UPD, by designing two different single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), in exon 2 and 6 of the ZNF274 gene (NM_133502) to target the two major isoforms of ZNF274 ( FIG. 8A ; TABLE 4). 5 clonal iPSC clones were selected after screening for non-homologous end-joining-mediated insertions/deletions (indels) resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon (Shalem et al., Science, 342:84-87 (2014)). As an additional control for lentiviral transduction and CRISPR/Cas9 integration and expression in the PWS LD line, a previously validated scrambled sgRNA that has no match in the human genome was used (TABLES 4 and 5). A clonal derivative, PWS LD sc1, was selected to confirm that introduction of the CRISPR constructs did not affect gene expression in the parental PWS LD line. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sgRNA sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sense/ 
                 Targeting 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PAM 
                 anti- 
                 exon in 
               
               
                   
                 Sequence 
                 used 
                 sense 
                 NM_133502 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 CCTCCAGGCTTCCGA 
                 TGG 
                 sense 
                 exon 2 
               
               
                 Guide-1 
                 CGGCC 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 CCTGCAGGACAACCT 
                 GGG 
                 sense 
                 exon 6 
               
               
                 Guide-2 
                 GCCGA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Scramble 
                 CAGTCGGGCGTCATC 
                 none 
                 none 
                 none 
               
               
                 Guide 
                 ATGAT 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Transduced cell lines information 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cell lines 
                 Guide RNA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NM1 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 NM2 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 PWS LD 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 PWS LD sc1 
                 Scramble 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Guide 
               
               
                   
                 LD KO1 
                 ZNF274 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Guide-1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and-2 
               
               
                   
                 LD KO2 
                 ZNF274 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Guide-2 
               
               
                   
                 PWS UPD 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 UPD KO1 
                 ZNF274 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Guide-2 
               
               
                   
                 UPD KO2 
                 ZNF274 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Guide-2 
               
               
                   
                 UPD KO3 
                 ZNF274 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Guide-2 
               
               
                   
                 AS 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The genetic alterations induced by ZNF274 knockout (ZNF274 KO) are summarized in TABLE 6 for the PWS LD ZNF274 KO lines (LD KO1 and LD KO2) and UPD ZNF274 KO lines (UPD KO1, UPD KO2, and UPD KO3). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mutations generated 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Indels with Guide-1 
                 Indels with Guide-2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cell lines 
                 allele 1 
                 allele 2 
                 allele 1 
                 allele 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LD KO1 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
               
               
                   
                 c.15_18del, 
                 c.14_23del, 
                 c.757_763delins 
                 c.761dup, 
               
               
                   
                 p.Pro6Argfs*6 
                 p.Leu5Profs*5 
                 GA, 
                 p.Glu255Argfs*30 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 p.Pro253Glufs*30 
               
               
                 LD KO2 
                 none 
                 none 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 c.761_762insA, 
                 c.761_762insA, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 p.Glu255Argfs*30 
                 p.Glu255Argfs*30 
               
               
                 UPD KO1 
                 none 
                 none 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 c.761_762insA, 
                 c.753_766del, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 p.Glu255Argfs*30 
                 p.Gln252Hisfs*27 
               
               
                 UPD KO2 
                 none 
                 none 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 c.762_777del, 
                 c.762_777del, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 p.Glu255Argfs*20 
                 p.Glu255Argfs*20 
               
               
                 UPD KO3 
                 none 
                 none 
                 NM_133502: 
                 NM_133502: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 c.761_762insT, 
                 c.756_771del, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 p.Glu255Argfs*30 
                 p.Glu255Alafs*20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Karyotypic analysis of the engineered iPSC lines showed no detectable abnormalities (TABLE 3). Routine testing for pluripotency was performed ( FIG. 8B ), and no sequence changes within the top potential off-target loci were observed (TABLE 7). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Off-target sequences predicted by the Zhang 
               
               
                 lab software (Hsu et al., Nat Biotechnol, 
               
               
                 31:827-832 (2013)) for both ZHF274 sgRNAs, 
               
               
                 which were tested for sequence changes at and 
               
               
                 around those loci. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ZNF274 Guide-1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 CCTGCAGGCCTCGGACGGCCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 CACCCAGGCCCCCGACGGCCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 GCTCAAGTCTTCCGACCGCCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 GCCCCAGGCCTCCGACTGCCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 CCGCGAGGCTTCCGAGGGCCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ZNF274 Guide-2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 TGGGCAGGAAAACCTGCCGAGGG (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 CCTGGAGGAGAACCTGCCGTGAG (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 CCTCAAGGACAACCTGCCCATAG (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 CCAGCAGGTCAACCTGACGATGG (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 CCACCAGGAAACCCTGCCGAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 27) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knock Out of ZNF274 Depletes H3K9Me3 at the SNORD116 Locus in PWS-Specific iPSCs 
     Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP) was performed on the PWS LD and UPD iPSCs and their derivative ZNF274 KO clones as well as from iPSCs from control individuals (CTR1 and CTRL2) and an Angelman syndrom (AS) patient with a large deletion of the maternal chromosome 15q11-q13 and a complete absence of ZNF274 binding to all PWS LD and UPD ZNF274 KO clones at all the 12 known ZNF274 binding sites was observed, demonstrating an efficient ZNF274 KO ( FIG. 1B  and  FIG. 9A ). This absence of ZNF274 binding was associated with a marked reduction of H3K9me3 at the six ZNF274 binding sites (BSs) (SNOG1-BS1 to SNOG1-BS6) in all PWS LD and UPD ZNF274 KO clones, demonstrating the efficient disruption of ZNF274 function at the SNORD116 locus in the KO iPSC lines. Although a complete absence of the ZNF274 protein was observed at all the known ZNF274 BSs tested, the level of H3K9me3 was not reduced at the ZNF274 BS in the ZNF18Q 3′UTR that was used as a reference. 
     A likely explanation is that ZNF274 BSs are most often shared with a second zinc finger protein (ZNF75D). In fact, 89.1% of ZNF274 binding sites in KRAB domain-containing zinc finger protein genes are shared with ZNF75D. For example, the 3′ UTR of ZNF180 and ZNF554 are two target regions bound by both ZNF274 and ZNF75D, and little or no effect on H3K9me3 levels was observed at those sites ( FIG. 9B ). The 3′-ends of ZNF781 and ZNF90, on the other hand, are two of the rare sites that were bound only by ZNF274 and; consistent with this observation, a more marked reduction of H3K9me3 was detected for those two BSs ( FIG. 9B ). The levels of H3K9me3 were also reduced in the PWS LD and UPD ZNF274 KO clones at SNOG2 and SNOG3, which are SNORD116 class group 2 and 3 loci located downstream of SNOG1-BS1 to SNOG1-8S6 ( FIG. 9C ). The spread of H3K9me3 deposition at the maternal-specific SNOG1 ZNF274 BSs was consistent with previous observations (Cruvinel, et al.  Hum. Mol. Genet.  2014, 23, 4674-4685). A concomitant activation of expression of the SNORD116 host gene Group1 (116HGG1) transcript was observed in the ZNF274 KO PWS LD and UPD iPSCs ( FIG. 9D ). 
     These results suggested that ZNF274 KO in PWS iPSCs reduced H3K9me3, leading to chromatin de-condensation and partial transcriptional activation of 116HGG1 within the PWS locus. 
     Example 4 
     Impact of ZNF274 KO on SNRPN Activation in PWS-Specific iPSCs 
     The mechanism by which ZNF274 KO activates 116HGG1 expression by examining the regulatory elements of the PWS IncRNA was also investigated. For this, SNRPN transcripts driven by the major promoter in exon 1 and by its alternative upstream exon promoters, U1B and U1A, that drive PWS incRNA predominantly in brain were analyzed. SNRPN transcripts driven by U1B and U1A skip exon 1 and splice into axon 2. We assayed for RNAs that splice from exon U4 to exon 2 since the U4 internal exon is included in most SNRPN U1B and U1A transcripts, ZNF274 KO-mediated activation of U4/exon 2 ( FIG. 2A ) was detected but no activation was detected of exon 1/exon 2 SNRPN transcripts ( FIG. 2B ), a finding that suggested that the ZNF274 complex represses maternal PWS transcripts through its action on the U1B and U1A promoters rather than the major SNRPN exon 1 promoter, Consistent with this suggestion, only partial activation of the SNRPN exon 3-4 coding transcript was detected ( FIG. 2C ) in the absence of SNRPN major exon 1 promoter usage ( FIG. 2B ). To further understand the impact of ZNF274 KO on the regulation of SNRPN and PWS, DNA methylation in the PWS-IC, which is contained within SNRPN exon 1 ( FIG. 2D ) was examined. In PWS LD iPSCs and their ZNF274 KO derivatives, almost identical levels of CpG methylation at the maternal PWS-IC ( FIG. 2D ) were observed. These findings were not only consistent with the observation that the maternal SNRPN exon 1 promoter was not activated by ZNF274 KO but suggested, importantly, that ZNF274 is an epigenetic regulator of chromosome 15q11-q13 imprinting that acts independently of the PWS-IC. 
     Example 5 
     ZNF274 KO Restores Maternal Gene Expression in PWS Neurons 
     Given that the SNRPN exon U1B and U1A are active mainly in the brain, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons were derived from the iPSC lines to further understand the mechanism of the rescue of maternal PWS transcripts by ZNF274 KO ( FIG. 3 ). Although ZNF274 KO increased the expression of maternal 116HGG1 by ≥100× in PWS iPSCs ( FIG. 9D ), the levels attained were much lower than those in CTRL IPSC lines for 116HGG1 ( FIG. 3A ). However, a more robust activation was observed upon neural differentiation with 116HGG1 expression almost reaching control levels in ZNF274 KO NPCs and attaining or surpassing these in rescued neurons ( FIG. 3B  and  FIG. 3C ), ZNF274 KO in PWS LD and UPD lines resulted in a marked increase of 116HGG1 expression relative to CTRL lines after 4 weeks of differentiation ( FIG. 3B ) and restored normal levels of expression in neurons after 10 weeks of differentiation ( FIG. 3C ). 
     The expression of transcripts across chromosome 15q11-q13 was examined in iPSC-derived neurons from PWS LD and UPD, their ZNF274 KO derivatives, CTRLs and the AS LD, After exclusion of failed data points, all the lines were normalized to the same sample that was run in each single array: CTRL2. To validate the expression of neuronal genes, PAX6, FOXG1, RBFOXI, RBFOX3, and SOX2 were assayed in our samples (orange rows).  FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C  show that ZNF274 KO activates the transcription in PWS neurons across chromosome 15q11.2-q13.  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B  show large deletion and UPD PWS data separately while  FIG. 4C  shows the combined data. In  FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C , the AS in white and CTRLs in blue showed expected expression coming from the paternal allele, whereas PWSs in black and KOs in green showed expected expression coming from the maternal allele. With the KOs in green, there was expression of the majority of the 15q11-q13 region which indicated the general reactivation of the 15q11-q13 region from the maternal allele. Most of the transcripts of the 15q11-q13 region were re-expressed in ZNF274 KO PWS neurons with the exception of 2 transcripts. One of them was SNRPN exon1/2 transcript (no green expression=no rescue of this transcript upon ZNF2754 KO). TABLE 8 shows the Taqman assay list and color code. TABLE 9 shows the Ct values list. TABLE 10 shows the RQ values list. TABLE 11 shows the RQ mean values list. TABLE 12 shows the statistics. 
     Like 116HGG1, other transcripts (SNORD116-1 and IPW) within the PWS locus, were expressed in ZNF274 KO neurons at the same level as those in CTRL neurons ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). Similar levels of ZNF274 KO-mediated reactivation of maternal neuronal transcripts were also detected downstream of the PWS locus (SNORD115-1, its 115HG host gene and the antisense overlapping UBE3A, UBE3A-ATS) ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12), While ZNF274 KO activated neuronal UBE3A-ATS to normal levels, a concomitant decrease in UBE3A expression was not observed at least relative to normal control UBE3A mRNA levels ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). 
     The SNRPN U4/exon 2 transcripts were completely rescued by ZNF274 KO in neurons while SNRPN transcripts utilizing exon 1 remained silent and exon 3/4 transcripts were partially activated ( FIG. 4 ,  FIGS. 5A-5C  and TABLES 8-12). These results were consistent with the hypothesis that the ZNF274 complex regulates PWS transcripts via the SNRPN upstream promoters. The upstream exons are preferentially used in neurons and NPCs. In support of this, higher levels of SNRPN U4/exon 2 expression were attained in neurons and NPCs upon ZNF274 KO than in iPSCs ( FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B ) in accord with the reports that the U1B and U1A promoters are highly active in the brain ( FIG. 6 ). While ZNF274 KO in PWS LD and UPD neurons activated robust expression of most maternal PWS transcripts ( FIG. 4 ,  FIGS. 5A-5C ,  FIG. 6  and TABLES 8-12), there was no change in 5mC levels at the PWS-IC ( FIG. 2D  and  FIG. 5E ); a finding consistent with the observation that ZNF274 KO did not activate SNRPN exon 1 transcription ( FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 5B  and TABLES 8-12) and with the contention that ZNF274 binding to the maternal PWS locus mediated silencing by a mechanism independent of the PWS-IC. The hypothesis is consistent with reports that deletion of the PWS-IC does not result in the loss of imprinted expression in brain. 
     Further upstream in the imprinted PWS region, expression of MAGEL2 and MKRN3 was detected in PWS LD and UPD neurons and an up-regulation of both upon ZNF274 KO ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). NON was not detected in PWS LD and UPD neurons and was not activated by ZNF274 KO ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). The latter result would suggest that, like SNRPN exon 1 but not other PWS transcripts, NON imprinting was regulated by the PWS-TC, consistent with a mouse model in which deletion of the maternal PWS-TC activated Ndn expression. CYFIP1 and CHRNA7, genes outside the 15q11-q13 imprinted region, were expressed in neurons derived from all iPSC lines. The mRNA levels of both genes were the same in PWS LD and UPD, and were not affected in their ZNF274 KO derivatives ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). These results suggested a role for ZNF274-mediated repression of most neuronal transcripts within but not outside of the imprinted chromosome 15q11-q13 region. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Taqman assay list and color code 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Genes short names 
                 Card Names 
                 Class 
                 Imprinting 
                 Allele 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 CYFIP1 
                 CXFIP1-Hs00383158_m1 
                 outside 15q11.2-q13 region (BP1-BP2) 
               
               
                 NIPA1 
                 NIPA1-Hs00331974_m1 
                 outside 15q11.2-q13 region (BP1-BP2) 
               
               
                 GOLGA6L2 
                 GOLGA6L2-Hs00704434_s1 
                 outside 15q11.2-q13 region (BP1-BP2) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 MKRN3 
                 MKRN3-Hs00271653_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 MAGEL2 
                 MAGEL2-Hs00255922_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 NDN 
                 NDN-Hs00267349_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 PWRN1 
                 PWRN1-Hs03676742_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 NPAP1 
                 NPAP1-Hs00255840_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1B/U2 
                 SNRPN-Hs00909633_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1A/U2 
                 SNRPN-Hs00266087_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNRPN U2/U4 
                 SNRPN-Hs00309634_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNRPN U4/ex 2 
                 SNRPN-Hs00909636_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 1/2 
                 SNURF,SNRPN-Hs00243205   
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 3/4 
                 SNURF,SNRPN-Hs00256090   
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 PWARS 
                 PWARS-Hs03453340_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 PWARS/HBT8 
                 LOC100506965-hS00297979   
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 116HGG1 
                 SNRPN-Hs03454084_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNORD116GG1 (-1) 
                 SNORD116-1-Hs03463102_g1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 116HGG2 
                 SNRPN-Hs03454228_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNORD116GG2 (-11) 
                 SNORD116-11-Hs04275268_   
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 116HGG3 
                 SNRPN-Hs01374551_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNORD116GG3 (-29) 
                 SNORD116-23-Hs03300097_   
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 IPW 
                 IPW-Hs03455409_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 IPW ex2/3 
                 SNRPN,IPW-Hs01374548_g1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 PWAR1 
                 PWAR1-Hs03309977_s1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 115HG 
                 SNRPN-Hs03454279_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 SNORD115-1 
                 SNORD115-1-Hs04231709_g   
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 115-109HG 
                 SNRPN-Hs01372958_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 UBE3A-ATS 
                 SNRPN-Hs01372960_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Paternal expression 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 11/12 
                 UBE3A-Hs00963664_g1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Maternal expression 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in neurons 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 7/8 
                 UBE3A-Hs00166580_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 Maternal expression 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in neurons 
               
               
                 ATP10A 
                 ATP10A-Hs00257114_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS   
                 Genes submitted to parental   
                 controversial 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GABRB3 
                 GABRB3-Hs00241459_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS LD 
                   
               
               
                 GABRA5 
                 GABRA5-Hs00181291_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS LD 
               
               
                 GABRG3 
                 GABRG3-Hs00264276_m1 
                 15q11.2-q13 region deleted in PWS LD 
               
               
                 CHRNA7 
                 CHRNA7-Hs01063373_m1 
                 outside 15q11.2-q13 region (BP4-BP5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 FOXG1 
                 FOXG1-Hs01850784_s1 
                 neuronal marker 
                   
                   
               
               
                 RBFOX1 
                 RBFOX1-Hs01125659_m1 
                 neuronal marker 
               
               
                 RBFOX3 
                 RBFOX3-Hs013700653_m1 
                 neuronal marker 
               
               
                 NPY 
                 NPY-Hs00173470_m1 
                 neuronal marker 
               
               
                 SOX2 
                 SOX2-Hs01053049_s1 
                 neuronal marker 
               
               
                 HTR2C 
                 HTR2C-Hs00968672_m1 
                 neuronal marker 
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 ZNF274-Hs00249453_m1 
                 Target gene 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ZNF180 
                 ZNF180-Hs00997627_m1 
                 Expected Downstream target 
                   
               
               
                 ZNF554 
                 ZNF554-Hs01014440_m1 
                 Expected Downstream target 
               
               
                 GAPDH 
                 GAPDH-Hs02758991_g1 
                 second internal calibrator assay 
               
               
                 GAPDH- 
                 GAPDH-Hs99999905_m1 
                 endogenous gene = used as calibrator 
               
               
                 calibrator 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CT values list 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CTR.L2 = reference 
               
               
                   
                 Biological replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Technical replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Genes short names 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CYFIP1 
                 26.480686 
                 26.609007 
                 26.28538 
                 26.671919 
                 26.893164 
                 27.071867 
                 26.002958 
                 26.78815 
               
               
                 NIPA1 
                 29.772608 
                 30.461052 
                 30.88137 
                 31.299295 
                 31.747791 
                 30.766388 
                 29.03148 
                 31.278374 
               
               
                 GOLGA6L2 
                 ND 
                 34.76067 
                 34.03716 
                 34.00156 
                 33.73146 
                 34.23765 
                 ND 
                 33.13554 
               
               
                 MKRN3 
                 25.992939 
                 26.875992 
                 26.346405 
                 26.695805 
                 26.69024 
                 26.644539 
                 25.595844 
                 26.439054 
               
               
                 MAGEL2 
                 27.702837 
                 28.040808 
                 
                   
                 
                 27.955694 
                 28.393623 
                 28.048744 
                 27.584694 
                 29.07255 
               
               
                 NDN 
                 25.133844 
                 25.653016 
                 25.20057 
                 25.42243 
                 24.970661 
                 25.632611 
                 24.333992 
                 25.86526 
               
               
                 PWRN1 
               
               
                 NPAP1 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1B/U2 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1A/U2 
                 26.231577 
                 26.573927 
                 26.962015 
                 26.729408 
                 24.92182 
                 27.206545 
                 25.997068 
                 26.83809 
               
               
                 SNRPN U2/U4 
                 ND 
                 24.490181 
                 24.191236 
                 24.942046 
                 Omitted 
                 26.756815 
                 ND 
                 25.13091 
               
               
                 SNRPN U4/ex 2 
                 27.785774 
                 27.59442 
                 27.990515 
                 28.07801 
                 Omitted 
                 28.11807 
                 27.034859 
                 27.292852 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 1/2 
                 23.734818 
                 23.58067 
                 21.962234 
                 24.88214 
                 Omitted 
                 23.887335 
                 22.732279 
                 23.440395 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 3/4 
                 23.718401 
                 23.516106 
                 23.874062 
                 23.177275 
                 24.376688 
                 25.64473 
                 23.961107 
                 24.128504 
               
               
                 PWAR5 
                 ND 
                 24.04749 
                 23.912054 
                 24.046764 
                 24.560589 
                 24.948488 
                 ND 
                 24.45945 
               
               
                 PWAR6/HBT8 
                 23.34317 
                 23.170412 
                 23.201069 
                 22.951668 
                 23.503712 
                 23.813454 
                 22.22644 
                 23.4713 
               
               
                 116HGG1 
                 27.096735 
                 27.372774 
                 27.491112 
                 27.321346 
                 27.517607 
                 27.79899 
                 26.04551 
                 27.146055 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG1 (-1) 
                 21.209124 
                 20.557287 
                 20.289179 
                 20.134262 
                 20.915354 
                 20.719255 
                 19.731356 
                 21.404074 
               
               
                 116HGG2 
                 24.44691 
                 
                   
                 
                 24.27932 
                 24.116323 
                 24.432854 
                 24.48332 
                 23.240923 
                 24.439741 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG2 (-11) 
                 27.622147 
                 
                   
                 
                 28.092163 
                 25.572536 
                 26.952675 
                 26.597994 
                 26.731564 
                 27.42035 
               
               
                 116HGG3 
                 25.95773 
                 26.569239 
                 26.636862 
                 26.207361 
                 
                   
                 
                 27.10693 
                 25.636295 
                 26.264036 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG3 (-29) 
                 24.925589 
                 
                   
                 
                 23.877728 
                 23.838678 
                 25.308273 
                 25.23528 
                 23.911364 
                 24.874504 
               
               
                 IPW 
                 25.620756 
                 25.576328 
                 25.688171 
                 25.999369 
                 26.593628 
                 25.994139 
                 24.779993 
                 25.418089 
               
               
                 IPW ex2/3 
                 25.705717 
                 25.649437 
                 25.900547 
                 25.299376 
                 25.212244 
                 26.211044 
                 24.474379 
                 25.734821 
               
               
                 PWAR1 
                 26.843637 
                 26.650043 
                 26.827644 
                 26.83137 
                 27.78033 
                 27.601366 
                 26.161963 
                 27.648773 
               
               
                 115HG 
                 
                   
                 
                 26.709625 
                 27.31334 
                 27.265523 
                 26.945013 
                 27.413378 
                 26.3064 
                 27.797619 
               
               
                 SNORD115-1 
                 19.01794 
                 20.115414 
                 19.406189 
                 
                   
                 
                 19.740253 
                 19.557661 
                 18.519503 
                 21.15373 
               
               
                 115-109HG 
                 ND 
                 24.863844 
                 25.490976 
                 25.369408 
                 25.726519 
                 26.24809 
                 ND 
                 26.174343 
               
               
                 UBE3A-ATS 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 11/12 
                 25.730135 
                 25.024763 
                 25.67173 
                 25.759333 
                 26.008219 
                 26.389225 
                 25.161955 
                 26.129337 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 7/8 
                 25.888016 
                 26.377218 
                 26.550234 
                 26.224686 
                 26.84011 
                 26.699636 
                 25.278322 
                 26.689522 
               
               
                 ATP10A 
                 31.309206 
                 31.59965 
                 31.51412 
                 
                   
                 
                 31.92915 
                 31.63144 
                 32.50826 
                 34.52629 
               
               
                 GABRB3 
                 26.086983 
                 25.883589 
                 25.907064 
                 26.226212 
                 26.398952 
                 26.330416 
                 25.173512 
                 26.589338 
               
               
                 GABRA5 
                 28.777285 
                 28.535019 
                 28.948584 
                 28.820704 
                 27.691633 
                 28.869352 
                 28.753052 
                 29.77183 
               
               
                 GABRG3 
                 30.153616 
                 30.41996 
                 30.62335 
                 30.6275 
                 29.63678 
                 30.81438 
                 29.72072 
                 31.69794 
               
               
                 CHRNA7 
                 ND 
                 30.08985 
                 30.39262 
                 30.21716 
                 30.05886 
                 30.39859 
                 ND 
                 30.02143 
               
               
                 FOXG1 
                 22.243864 
                 22.35907 
                 22.282621 
                 22.109735 
                 22.597328 
                 22.855604 
                 24.569414 
                 24.359978 
               
               
                 RBFOX1 
                 30.36486 
                 30.981283 
                 31.009476 
                 30.433092 
                 30.778242 
                 31.101437 
                 30.489977 
                 33.035408 
               
               
                 RBFOX3 
                 28.034452 
                 28.449575 
                 28.533897 
                 28.090963 
                 28.53066 
                 28.77857 
                 28.042582 
                 29.772762 
               
               
                 NPY 
                 28.66647 
                 28.230799 
                 28.169308 
                 28.416462 
                 28.600035 
                 28.460361 
                 28.378944 
                 30.348448 
               
               
                 SOX2 
                 ND 
                 21.016968 
                 20.928877 
                 20.615635 
                 21.26141 
                 22.35113 
                 ND 
                 21.360062 
               
               
                 HTR2C 
                 34.77221 
                 34.81884 
                 35.25441 
                 35.18988 
                 35.54013 
                 35.09008 
                 36.92302 
                 37.0071 
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 27.04338 
                 28.903107 
                 26.980833 
                 26.80467 
                 27.016258 
                 27.343533 
                 26.196585 
                 26.880066 
               
               
                 ZNF180 
                 27.972372 
                 28.269459 
                 28.323238 
                 28.38838 
                 28.346088 
                 28.75915 
                 26.676165 
                 28.455437 
               
               
                 ZNF554 
                 28.297579 
                 28.154257 
                 28.08486 
                 28.168854 
                 28.159172 
                 28.845984 
                 27.852283 
                 28.854652 
               
               
                 GAPDH 
                 ND 
                 21.577618 
                 22.314138 
                 21.715225 
                 21.254545 
                 22.452402 
                 ND 
                 21.867243 
               
               
                 GAPDH- 
                 20.180447 
                 20.78053 
                 20.78053 
                 20.78053 
                 29.78053 
                 29.81019 
                 19.80259 
                 21.11595 
               
               
                 calibrator 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Undetermined = Ct &gt;40 or no expression 
               
               
                 Omitted = reaction parameters abnormal 
               
               
                 / = Ct &gt;30 for controls 
               
               
                 // = Ct &gt;32 for controls 
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RQ values list 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CTR.L2 = reference 
                 CTRL1 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Biological replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Technical replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Genes short names 
                 1-6 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CYFIP1 
                 1 
                 1.072 
                 1.119 
                 2.052 
                 0.963 
                 1.082 
                 0.845 
               
               
                 NIPA1 
                 1 
                 1.286 
                 1.113 
                 1.993 
                 1.979 
                 0.856 
                 0.613 
               
               
                 GOLGA6L2 
               
               
                 MKRN3 
                 1 
                 1.013 
                 1.463 
                 0.563 
                 0.271 
                 0.484 
                 0.738 
               
               
                 MAGEL2 
                 1 
                 0.835 
                 1.365 
                 1.424 
                 0.8 
                 0.276 
                 0.949 
               
               
                 NDN 
                 1 
                 1.34 
                 0.86 
                 0.451 
                 0.566 
                 0.199 
                 1.071 
               
               
                 PWRN1 
               
               
                 NPAP1 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1B/U2 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1A/U2 
                 1 
                 0.905 
                 0.866 
                 0.939 
                 1.087 
                 0.863 
                 0.011 
               
               
                 SNRPN U2/U4 
                 1 
                 ND 
                 0.81 
                 0.865 
                 0.809 
                 0.436 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 SNRPN U4/ex 2 
                 1 
                 1.295 
                 1.906 
                 1.417 
                 1.424 
                 0.919 
                 ND 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 1/2 
                 1 
                 1.542 
                 1.292 
                 0.779 
                 1.211 
                 0.669 
                 0.652 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 3/4 
                 1 
                 0.65 
                 0.961 
                 0.756 
                 0.806 
                 0.363 
                 0.707 
               
               
                 PWAR5 
                 1 
                 ND 
                 1.012 
                 0.732 
                 1.403 
                 0.919 
                 1.187 
               
               
                 PWAR6/HBT8 
                 1 
                 1.669 
                 1.05 
                 0.646 
                 0.973 
                 0.591 
                 1.184 
               
               
                 116HGG1 
                 1 
                 1.595 
                 1.532 
                 1.5 
                 1.643 
                 1.156 
                 1.857 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG1 (-1) 
                 1 
                 2.143 
                 0.662 
                 1.205 
                 0.707 
                 0.992 
                 1.254 
               
               
                 116HGG2 
                 1 
                 1.775 
                 1.115 
                 1.355 
                 1.205 
                 0.693 
                 0.778 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG2 (-11) 
                 1 
                 1.427 
                 0.45 
                 2.543 
                 0.81 
                 0.492 
                 0.562 
               
               
                 116HGG3 
                 1 
                 0.962 
                 1.513 
                 1.062 
                 0.954 
                 0.665 
                 0.854 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG3 (-29) 
                 1 
                 1.564 
                 0.782 
                 0.81 
                 0.509 
                 0.555 
                 0.728 
               
               
                 IPW 
                 1 
                 1.378 
                 1.843 
                 1.349 
                 1.603 
                 0.98 
                 1.185 
               
               
                 IPW ex2/3 
                 1 
                 1.807 
                 1.084 
                 0.733 
                 0.682 
                 0.477 
                 0.891 
               
               
                 PWAR1 
                 1 
                 1.234 
                 0.817 
                 0.949 
                 1.046 
                 0.767 
                 1.074 
               
               
                 115HG 
                 1 
                 1.342 
                 0.756 
                 0.656 
                 0.935 
                 0.548 
                 1.528 
               
               
                 SNORD115-1 
                 1 
                 1.087 
                 0.476 
                 0.806 
                 0.886 
                 0.253 
                 1.672 
               
               
                 115-109HG 
                 1 
                 ND 
                 0.719 
                 0.58 
                 0.938 
                 0.394 
                 1.201 
               
               
                 UBE3A-ATS 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 11/12 
                 1 
                 1.141 
                 0.884 
                 0.641 
                 0.671 
                 0.449 
                 1.044 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 7/8 
                 1 
                 1.174 
                 1.105 
                 1.149 
                 1.062 
                 0.859 
                 0.599 
               
               
                 ATP10A 
                 1 
                 0.335 
                 0.159 
                 3.842 
                 1.85 
                 0.937 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 GABRB3 
                 1 
                 1.45 
                 0.901 
                 0.654 
                 1.755 
                 0.293 
                 1.421 
               
               
                 GABRA5 
                 1 
                 0.783 
                 0.522 
                 1.029 
                 3.125 
                 0.396 
                 1.852 
               
               
                 GABRG3 
                 1 
                 1.039 
                 0.488 
                 2.142 
                 5.729 
                 0.33 
                 0.738 
               
               
                 CHRNA7 
                 1 
                 ND 
                 1.418 
                 1.031 
                 0.83 
                 0.209 
                 5.188 
               
               
                 FOXG1 
                 1 
                 0.154 
                 0.31 
                 1.824 
                 1.279 
                 2.273 
                 0.136 
               
               
                 RBFOX1 
                 1 
                 0.706 
                 0.268 
                 14.207 
                 30.092 
                 14.877 
                 25.441 
               
               
                 RBFOX3 
                 1 
                 0.765 
                 0.488 
                 1.255 
                 3.397 
                 0.476 
                 1.249 
               
               
                 NPΥ 
                 1 
                 0.939 
                 0.317 
                 4.038 
                 3.557 
                 4.092 
                 0.737 
               
               
                 SOX2 
                 1 
                 ND 
                 0.953 
                 0.778 
                 0.439 
                 0.755 
                 0.564 
               
               
                 HTR2C 
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 1 
                 1.384 
                 1.303 
                 1.228 
                 0.829 
                 0.522 
                 1.224 
               
               
                 ZNF180 
                 1 
                 1.89 
                 1.158 
                 1.05 
                 1.071 
                 0.815 
                 1.458 
               
               
                 ZNF554 
                 1 
                 1.048 
                 0.77 
                 1.663 
                 1.046 
                 1.119 
                 1.057 
               
               
                 GAPDH 
                 1 
                 ND 
                 1.136 
                 1.572 
                 0.916 
                 0.92 
                 1.472 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 / = Ct &gt;30 for controls 
               
               
                 // = Ct &gt;32 for controls 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RQ mean values list 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                    TRL2 = 
                   
                   
                 PWS 
                 PWS 
                 PWS 
                 LD 
               
               
                   
                 referenc   
                 CTRL1 
                 AS 
                 LD 
                 LD-S   
                 UPD 
                 KO1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Biological replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Technical replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Genes short names 
                 5, 1, 1 
                 1 each 
                 1 each 
                 1 each 
                 1 each 
                 1 each 
                 1 each 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CYFIP1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.893 
                 2.205334 
                 0.724 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.458867 
               
               
                 NIPA1 
                 1.133 
                 1.6093334 
                 0.6843333 
                 2.460667 
                 0.865 
                 3.845 
                 6.633333 
               
               
                 GOLGA6L2 
                 1.7695 
                 0.3643333 
                 0.7013333 
                 0 
                 0.565 
                 0.387 
                 2.496 
               
               
                 MKRN3 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.5743334 
                 0.487 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.173 
               
               
                 MAGEL2 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.187 
                 0.07 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 NDN 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 PWRN1 
                 0.33333334 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 NPAP1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 0.0573333 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1B/U2 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 0 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1A/U2 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.113 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.05 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SNRPN U2/U4 
                 0.905 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.0023333 
                 0.112 
                 0.488 
                 0.0333333 
                 2.954 
               
               
                 SNRPN U4/ex 2 
                 1.4003334 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.1403333 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 1/1 
                 1.273 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 3/4 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.5243334 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.203 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.4673334 
               
               
                 PWARS 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.018 
                 1.1193334 
                 0.007 
                 0.112 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 PWARS-HBT 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.094 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.959353 
               
               
                 116HGG1 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.433 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 3.168 
               
               
                 SNORD116GG1 (-1) 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.045 
                 0.012 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 116HGG2 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.37 
               
               
                 SNORD116GG2 (-11) 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.043 
                 0.021 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.211 
               
               
                 116HGG3 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SNORD116GG3 (-29) 
                 1.112 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.05 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 IPW 
                 1.4070001 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 IPW ex2/3 
                 1.297 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 PWAR1 
                 1.017 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.675 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.141 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 115HG 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.713 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.11 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SNORD115-1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.372 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 115-109HG 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.001 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 UBE3A-ATS 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 11/12 
                 1.0083333 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.443 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.647 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 7/8 
                 1.093 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.3713334 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.178 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 ATP10A 
                 0.498 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.557 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 GABRB3 
                 1.117 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.1123333 
                 2.214333 
                 1.056 
                 2.892 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 GABRA5 
                 0.7683334 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.416 
                 6.376 
                 2.388 
                 3.584867 
                 6.300334 
               
               
                 GABRG3 
                 0.8423333 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.7393333 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.916 
                 5.373867 
                 6.844667 
               
               
                 CHRNA7 
                 0.488 
                 0.69 
                 4.112 
                 2.623 
                 0.905 
                 2.535 
                 2.94 
               
               
                 FOXG1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.0453333 
                 
                   
                 
                 8.644 
                 1.013333 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 RBFOX1 
                 0.751 
                 19.725332 
                 19.335 
                 10.04433 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.493 
                 9.399333 
               
               
                 RBFOX3 
                 0.75200003 
                 1.7093334 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.846 
                 2.201 
                 
                   
                 
                 4.609 
               
               
                 NPY 
                 0.97850003 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 3.206 
                 0.211 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 SOX2 
                 0.46800002 
                 0.6573333 
                 0.532 
                 1.322 
                 1.335 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 HTR2C 
                 1.229 
                 
                   
                 
                 6.726334 
                 5.684333 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 22.83167 
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.265 
                 1.809 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 ZNF180 
                 0.93933328 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.98 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 ZNF554 
                 1.0630001 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.77 
                 2.643333 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 3.29 
               
               
                 GAPDH 
                 1.068 
                 1.136 
                 0.993 
                 0.943 
                 1.567 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.768 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 LD 
                 UPD 
                 UPD 
                 UPD 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 KO2 
                 KO1 
                 KO2 
                 KO3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Biological replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                    w 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Technical replicate # 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Genes short names 
                 1 each 
                 1 each 
                 1 
                 1-2 
                 expression? 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CYFIP1 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.787 
                 1.4043335 
                 1.434 
               
               
                   
                 NIPA1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.646 
               
               
                   
                 GOLGA6L2 
                 1.58 
                 6.039333 
                 0 
                   
                 // 
               
               
                   
                 MKRN3 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 MAGEL2 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.32 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.301 
               
               
                   
                 NDN 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 PWRN1 
                 1.131 
                 
                   
                 
                 0 
                 0 
                 // 
               
               
                   
                 NPAP1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.081 
                 0 
                 // 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN U1B/U2 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.9073333 
                 0 
                 0.52 
                 // 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN U1A/U2 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.250667 
                 1.228 
                 0.861 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN U2/U4 
                 0.842 
                 0.728 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN U4/ex 2 
                 2.735 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.412 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN ex 1/1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN ex 3/4 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.1613333 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.254 
               
               
                   
                 PWARS 
                 0.401 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.722 
               
               
                   
                 PWARS-HBT 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.453 
               
               
                   
                 116HGG1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.745 
               
               
                   
                 SNORD116GG1 (-1) 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.6173333 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.642 
               
               
                   
                 116HGG2 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 SNORD116GG2 (-11) 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.457 
               
               
                   
                 116HGG3 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 SNORD116GG3 (-29) 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.824 
               
               
                   
                 IPW 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 IPW ex2/3 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.623334 
                 0.204 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 PWAR1 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.9966887 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.579 
               
               
                   
                 115HG 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.151333 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.204 
               
               
                   
                 SNORD115-1 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 115-109HG 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 UBE3A-ATS 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.402 
                 / 
               
               
                   
                 UBE3A ex 11/12 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.784 
               
               
                   
                 UBE3A ex 7/8 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.231 
               
               
                   
                 ATP10A 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.27 
                 / 
               
               
                   
                 GABRB3 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.779 
                 0.755 
               
               
                   
                 GABRA5 
                 
                   
                 
                 4.641 
                 1.3026667 
                 1.186 
               
               
                   
                 GABRG3 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.176 
                 0.4503334 
                 0.464 
                 / 
               
               
                   
                 CHRNA7 
                 1.783 
                 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.143 
                 / 
               
               
                   
                 FOXG1 
                 2.025333 
                 4.179333 
                 0.0026687 
                 0.019 
               
               
                   
                 RBFOX1 
                 1.718687 
                 14.40033 
                 7.0433335 
                 4.76 
               
               
                   
                 RBFOX3 
                 1.233 
                 1.163333 
                 0.4203334 
                 0.683 
               
               
                   
                 NPY 
                 0.114 
                 0.3086667 
                 
                   
                 
                 0.106 
               
               
                   
                 SOX2 
                 1.268 
                 1.220333 
                 0.5333334 
                 0.298 
               
               
                   
                 HTR2C 
                 1.038333 
                 
                   
                 
                   
                 11.395 
                 // 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF274 
                 0.8183333 
                 0.7183334 
                 0.8373334 
                 0.683 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF180 
                 
                   
                 
                 2.645333 
                 1.2316667 
                 1.187 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF554 
                 1.531333 
                 1.417 
                 1.281 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 GAPDH 
                 1.142 
                 0.6336667 
                 0.7116666 
                 0.685 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 / = Ct &gt;30 controls 
               
               
                   
                 // = Ct &gt;32 controls 
               
               
                   
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Statistics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Genes short names 
                 LD KO1 
                 LD KO2 
                 UPD KO1 
                 UPD KO2 
                 UPD KO3 
                 low expression? 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CYFIP1 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
                   
               
               
                 NIPA1 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
               
               
                 GOLGA6L2 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 // 
               
               
                 MKRN3 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 MAGEL2 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 NDN 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 PWRN1 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 // 
               
               
                 NPAP1 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 // 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1B/U2 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 // 
               
               
                 SNRPN U1A/U2 
                 **** 
                 ** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNRPN UA/U4 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNRPN U4/ex 2 
                 **** 
                 **** 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 1/2 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNRPN ex 3/4 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 PWAR5 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 PWAR6/HBT8 
                 ** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 116HGG1 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG1 (-1) 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 116HGG2 
                 *** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG2 (-11) 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 116HGG3 
                 ** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNORD116HGG3 (-29) 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 IPW 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 IPW ex2/3 
                 *** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 PWAR1 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 115HG 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SNORD115-1 
                 ** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 115-109HG 
                 ** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 UBE3A-ATS 
                 **** 
                 ** 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 na 
                 / 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 11/12 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ** 
                 na 
               
               
                 UBE3A ex 7/8 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 * 
                 na 
               
               
                 ATP10A 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 na 
                 / 
               
               
                 GABRB3 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ** 
                 na 
               
               
                 GABRA5 
                 ns 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 *** 
                 na 
               
               
                 GABRG3 
                 **** 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 **** 
                 na 
                 / 
               
               
                 CHRNA7 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
                 / 
               
               
                 FOXG1 
                 ns 
                 * 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 RBFOX1 
                 ns 
                 ** 
                 **** 
                 * 
                 na 
               
               
                 RBFOX3 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 NPY 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 SOX2 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 HTR2C 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 na 
                 // 
               
               
                 ZNF274 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 ZNF180 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 ZNF554 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                 GAPDH 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 ns 
                 na 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * P &lt; 0.05, 
               
               
                 ** P &lt; 0.01, 
               
               
                 *** P &lt; 0.001, 
               
               
                 *** P &lt; 0.0001 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     Discussion 
     Maternally inherited silent PWS transcripts were activated by CRISPR-mediated knockout of ZNF274. Loss of ZNF274 resulted in a reduction of H3K9mc3 within the PWS locus ( FIG. 1B ,  FIG. 1C , and  FIG. 9 ) and activated expression of maternal transcripts in PWS iPSCs, NPCs, and neurons ( FIGS. 1-6  and TABLES 8-12). Expression of maternal transcripts induced by ZNF274 KO in PWS neurons attained normal levels, and robust activation was observed not only within the PWS locus but also throughout the chromosome 15q11-q13 imprinted region ( FIGS. 3-6  and TABLES 8-12). Two PWS maternal mRNAs that were not rescued by ZNF274 KO were the SNRPN transcript driven by the exon 1 promoter and NDN ( FIG. 2B ,  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 5B  and TABLES 8-12), For SNRPN, the ZNF274 KO may not have altered CpG methylation of the maternal PWS-IC ( FIG. 2D  and  FIG. 5E ) and, hence, did not activate the major SNRPN exon 1 promoter. NDN expression was not rescued by ZNF274 KO. The expression of both MAGEL2 and MKRN3 were up regulated in PWS LD and UPD neurons by ZNF274 KO ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12) suggesting that ZNF274 binding to the SNORD116 cluster contributed to silencing of maternal alleles ( FIG. 7 ). 
     A decrease in the levels of UBE3A was not detected despite robust activation of UBE3A-ATS ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). UBE3AATS mediated silencing of UBE3A may not have been detectable due to the relative immaturity of the neurons differentiated from the iPSCs or because the level of expression of the maternal UBE3A mRNA was intrinsically higher than that of the paternal allele and thus was more resistant to antisense-mediated silencing. In this regard, UBE3A expression in both PWS LD and UPD iPSC-derived neurons was increased relative to CTRLs ( FIG. 4  and TABLES 8-12). 
     The activation of maternal transcripts in human PWS fibroblasts and a mouse model of PWS was demonstrated by using novel compounds that target histone methyltransferase G9a. The activation of maternal PWS RNAs via G9a inhibition was associated with reduced levels of H3K9me3 and H3K9me2 at the SNORD116 locus as well as reduced levels of H3K9mc2 at the PWS-IC, without affecting DNA methylation levels at the PWS-IC. At least in humans, the ZNF274/SETDB1 complex was also required for H3K9me3-mediated silencing of maternal chromosome 15q11-q13 transcripts. While it remains to be determined if the G9a- and ZNF274/SETDB 1-histone methylation are mutually independent or complimentary, there appear to be mechanistic differences. For example, NDN and SNRPN exon 1 were activated by G9a inhibition but not by ZNF274 KO ( FIG. 2B ,  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 5B , and TABLES 8-12). This difference could be that the ZNF274/SETDB1 complex specifically regulated brain-specific PWS IncRNA promoters whereas for using the novel compounds, H3K9me2 reduction at the PWS-IC was responsible for NON and SNRPN exon 1 expression, independently of the cell type. 
     The ZNF274 complex may repress a cis-acting regulatory element that is required for initiating transcription from the SNRPN U1B and U1A promoters ( FIG. 7 ). The regulatory element repressed by the ZNF274-complex could be an enhancer that activates the SNRPN U1B/U1A promoters. Alternatively, the element could be 116NG IncRNA cloud that functions to regulate the transcription of other genes. In our model ( FIG. 7 ), a low level of expression of transcripts driven by the SNRPN upstream promoters in ZNF274 KO iFSCs was upregulated upon neuronal differentiation by brain-specific transcription factors. The activation of normally silent maternal PWS neuronal transcripts in the stem cell knockout model indicates that ZNF274 may be a potential target for future therapeutic application in PWS. The data ( FIG. 1B ,  FIG. 9A , and  FIG. 9B ) was consistent with the observation that ZNF274 acts in concert with other ZNF proteins to deposit H3K9me3 at genomic target sites. ZNF274 KO may result in complete loss of H3K9me3 at only about 10% of its target sites. 
     Example 7 
     Also disclosed herein is a technology for generating PWS-specific IPSO (induced pluripotent stem cells) and their neuronal differentiation to study aspects of epigenetic regulation and the PWS disease mechanism. A ZNF274/SETDB1-containing epigenetic complex that binds maternal PWSCR was discovered to effect epigenetic silencing via the accumulation of H3K9me3 at the PWSCR. CRISPR lentiviral vectors were used to target ZNF274 and generated ZNF274 knock out clonal derivatives of the PWS iPSC lines, PWSI-7 large deletion (B17-21 and ZKL6), and UPD 1-2 (ZKU4B and ZKU21A). The two parental PWS iPSC lines and each of their 2 ZNF274 KO clonal derivatives as well as 2 normal controls (LcNL-1 and MCH2-10) have been differentiated into neurons. The RT-qPCR analyses ( FIG. 10 ) indicates that upon ZNF274 knock out, a complete re-activation of neuronal transcripts was achieved for the 3 RNA transcripts form the PWS region, SNORD116, IPW, and SNORD115. These findings indicate that CRISPR-mediated KO of ZNF274 efficiently re-activated silent maternal PWSCR transcripts (SNORD116 and IPW) in neurons derived from PWS iPSCs. 
     Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of PWS, an epigenetic complex was discovered that is comprised of the zinc-finger protein ZNF274 and the SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1) histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase and that silences the maternal alleles at the PWS locus. ZNF274 was knocked out and rescued the expression of silent maternal alleles in neurons derived from PWS iPSC lines, without affecting DNA methylation at the PWS-Imprinting Center (PWS-IC). The ZNF274 complex can be a separate imprinting mark that represses maternal PWS gene expression in neurons and can be a target for therapeutic applications to rescue the PWS phenotype. 
     Example 8 
     Deletion of ZNF274 binding sites restores maternal SNRPN and SNORD116 expression in neurons derived from PWS IPSCs 
     In order to develop an approach to activating PWSCR RNA transcripts by blocking the binding of ZNF274, a computational approach was developed to search fora consensus DNA binding site for ZNF274. 21 ZNF274 ChIP-Seq datasets were analyzed from 8 different cultured cell lines performed by the ENCODE Consortium, and 1572 reproducibly bound sites in the human genome were identified. The sequence was extracted of each of these sites from the reference human genome, and this set was analyzed with the Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation (MEME) suite. A single binding motif for ZNF274 that was strongly enriched in these putative binding regions was identified. Using this consensus binding site, all ZNF274 binding sites genome-wide were predicted using the Find Individual Motif Occurences (FIMO) routine from the MEME suite. The ZNF274 motif (TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC) was identified within 5 of the SNORD116s. There was a cluster of 30 SNORD116s in the PWSCR that have been classified into 3 groups based on DNA sequence similarity. Group 1 consists of SNORD116s 1 through 9 ( FIG. 11 ), and the ZNF274 motif was identified in SNORD116-3, -5, -7, -8, and -9. ZNF274 binds to these 5 SNORD116 regions as shown by ChIP-Seq (Crunivel et al., Hum Mol Genet. 23: 4674-85, 2014). SNORD116-2, -4, and -6 each displayed a G to A substitution at position 8 in this motif ( FIG. 11 ) and were not identified as being bound by ZNF274 in ChIP-Seq data. SNORD116-1 contained a different single nucleotide change from the ZNF274 consensus binding site ( FIG. 11 ) and its potential to be bound by ZNF274 was currently undetermined. There was a 48 nt of sequence identity between the Group1 SNORD116s except for those substitutions within the ZNF274 motif ( FIG. 11 ) thus allowing the design of blocking molecules that specifically target SNORD116 and not other genomic ZNF274 binding sites. 
     The ZNF274 binding site over SNORD116 was determined to specifically block or deplete ZNF274 binding at the PWS locus to reactivate maternal transcripts. In terms of relevance to animal models, the ZNF274 motif is conserved at the SNORD116 Group 1s of all nonhuman primate species that we have analyzed, including all nine Group1 SNORD116s in rhesus. In other disclosed aspects the ZNF274 binding motif to the PWSCR SNORD116s was validated in cells using guide RNAs to target CRISPR/Cas9 to cleave the binding site and reduce ZNF274 binding. 
     The ZNF274 binding sites comprising the ZNF274 binding consensus motif TGAGTGAGAACTCATACC (SEQ ID NO: 1) on chromosome 15 was deleted from various cell lines using CRISPR using gRNAs targeted to different parts of CTTGGAAAAGCTGAACAAAATGAGTGAGAACTCATACCGTCGTTCTCATCAGAACTGAG (SEQ ID NO: 42), which includes the ZNF274 binding consensus and 20 nucleotides on either side of it, which confers specificity to the ZNF274 binding sites within SNORD116. The cell lines used included LcNL1, MCH2-10, PWS1-7, B17-21, and ZDL17, which are described above. LcNL1 and MCH2-10 are iPSCs from two different neurotypical individuals. PWS 1-7 is an iPSC line derived from an individual with PWS caused by a large deletion of 15q11-q13. B17-21 is a derivative of PWS1-7 in which ZNF274 was knocked out by sequential use of two different CRISPRs (CCTCCAGGCTTCCGACGGCC (SEQ ID NO: 13) and CCTGCAGGACAACCTGCCGA (SEQ ID NO: 14)) to mutate (frameshift) ZNF274. ZDL17 is a derivative of PWS1-7 in which the two CRISPRs (SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14) were used simultaneously to delete ZNF274. Another pair of gRNAs (CTGCGGTTCCACCATCACGC (SEQ ID NO: 47) and AGCAGCCTTAGGTCCGGTGA (SEQ ID NO: 48)) were also used simultaneously to delete ZNF274. 
     30-5 bis1 was a derivative of PWS1-7 in which the VQR variant of SpCas9 (NGAN (SEQ ID NO: 49) or NGNG (SEQ ID NO: 50) PAM sequence) was used with a gRNA (GAAAAGCTGAACAAAATGAG, SEQ ID NO: 43) in a lentiviral vector to delete 5 of 6 ZNF274 binding sites. Binding site 6 was partially mutated, as well, in this cell line. A gRNA (CTCAGTTCCGATGAGAACGA, SEQ ID NO: 44) was also used with canonical spCas9. SNOG1del #10 and SNOG1del #84 were derivatives of PWS1-7 in which the full cluster of 6 ZNF274 binding sites were deleted (as well as intervening sequence) using two CRISPRs (canonical SpCas9, NGG PAM sequence) and the gRNAs in GCCACTCTCATTCAGCACGT (SEQ ID NO: 45) and GCAGATTTCATATGTACCAC (SEQ ID NO: 46) simultaneously. 
     All cells were differentiated into 10-week forebrain glutamatergic neurons. RNA was isolated from the neurons and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR using commercially-available TaqMan probe-primer sets to detect SNORD116HGG2 (group 2 of SNORD116, SNOG2), SNRPN exons 1 and 2 (canonical 1st and 2nd exons of SNRPN), SNRPN exons 3 and 4 (gene body of SNRPN), and SNRPN exons U4 to exon 2 (transcripts originating from upstream exons of SNRPN). The probe primer sets used were as described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , deletion of the ZNF274 binding sites restored maternal SNRPN and SNORD116 expression in neurons derived from PWS iPSCs. The results from B17-21 and ZDL17 using the ZNF274 KO is described above. When five of six ZNF274 binding sites were deleted from maternal SNORD116 in PWS iPSCs or when the full cluster of six ZNF274 binding sites were deleted from maternal SNORD116 in PWS iPSCs (including the intervening sequences), full expression activation of maternal SNRPN and the remaining pieces of SNORD116 resulted. This activation occurred due to the activation of upstream exons of SNRPN rather than activation of the canonical SNRPN promoter, which is also known as the PWS imprinting center. The same expression results that were achieved using the ZNF274 KO described above were achieved by mutating the ZNF274 binding sites in maternal SNORD116. 
     The foregoing description of the specific aspects will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific aspects, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present disclosure. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed aspects, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. 
     The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary aspects, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
     All publications, patents, patent applications, and/or other documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, patent application, and/or other document were individually indicated to be incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
     For reasons of completeness, various aspects of the invention are set out in the following numbered clauses: 
     Clause 1. A guide RNA (gRNA) molecule comprising a polynucleotides sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48 or SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     Clause 2. A DNA targeting system that binds to a ZNF274 binding site, the DNA targeting system comprising at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 3. The DNA targeting system of clause 2, wherein the at least one gRNA comprises a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 4. A DNA targeting system that binds to a gene encoding a ZNF274 protein, the DNA targeting system comprising at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 5. The DNA targeting system of clause 4, wherein the at least one gRNA comprises a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 48, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 6. The DNA targeting system of any one of clauses 2-5, further comprising a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated (Cas) protein. 
     Clause 7. The DNA targeting system of clause 6, wherein the Cas protein comprises a  Streptococcus pyogenes  Cas9 molecule, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 8. The DNA targeting system of clause 7, wherein the Cas protein comprises a VQR variant of the  S. pyogenes  Cas9 molecule. 
     Clause 9. The DNA targeting system of clause 6, wherein the Cas protein comprises a Cas9 that recognizes a Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) of NGG (SEQ ID NO: 2), NGA (SEQ ID NO: 3), NGAN (SEQ ID NO: 49) or NGNG (SEQ ID NO: 50). 
     Clause 10. An isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising the gRNA molecule of clause 1. 
     Clause 11. An isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding the DNA targeting system of any one of clauses 2-9. 
     Clause 12. A vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide sequence of clause 10 or 
     Clause 13, A vector encoding the gRNA molecule of clause 1 and a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated (Cas) protein. 
     Clause 14. The vector of clause 13, wherein the Cas protein comprises a  Streptococcus pyogenes  Cas9 molecule, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 15. The vector of clause 14, wherein the Cas protein comprises a VQR variant of the  S. pyogenes  Cas9 molecule. 
     Clause 16, A cell comprising the gRNA of clause 1, the DNA targeting system of any one of clauses 2-9, the isolated polynucleotide sequence of clause 10 or 11, or the vector of any one of clauses 12-15, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 17. The cell of clause 16, wherein the cell is an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) from a Prader-Will syndrome (PWS) patient. 
     Clause 18, The cell of clause 17, wherein the iPSC is a PWS1-7 large deletion cell line or UPD 1-2 cell line. 
     Clause 19. A kit comprising the gRNA of clause 1, the DNA targeting system of any one of clauses 2-9, the isolated polynucleotide sequence of clause 10 or 11, or the vector of any one of clauses 12-15, or the cell of any one of clauses 16-18, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 20, A pharmaceutical composition comprising the gRNA of clause 1, the DNA targeting system of any one of clauses 2-9, the isolated polynucleotide sequence of clause 10 or 11, or the vector of any one of clauses 12-15, or the cell of any one of clauses 16-18, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 21. A method for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject, the method comprising: modifying a zinc-finger protein 274 (ZNF274) binding site on maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject, such that the binding of a ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is reduced relative to a control, wherein the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 42. 
     Clause 22. The method of clause 21, wherein binding of the ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is reduced by at least 90% relative to a control. 
     Clause 23. The method of clause 21, wherein binding of the ZNF274 protein to the ZNF274 binding site is eliminated. 
     Clause 24. The method of any one of clauses 21-23, wherein the maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject is silenced prior to modification of the ZNF274 binding site. 
     Clause 25. The method of any one of clauses 21-24, wherein the disorder comprises Prader-Will syndrome (PWS). 
     Clause 26. The method of any one of clauses 21-25, wherein the ZNF274 binding site is modified by fully deleting the ZNF274 binding site, partially deleting the ZNF274 binding site, mutating one or more nucleotides of the ZNF274 binding site, cutting the ZNF274 binding site at one or more nucleotide positions, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 27, The method of any one of clauses 21-26, wherein the ZNF274 binding site is modified by administering to the subject or a cell of the subject a DNA targeting system that binds to the ZNF274 binding site, wherein the DNA targeting system comprises at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 28, The method of any one of clauses 21-26, wherein the ZNF274 binding site is modified by administering an isolated polynucleotide encoding a DNA targeting system that binds to the ZNF274 binding site, the DNA targeting system comprising at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 29, The method of clause 27 or 28, wherein the DNA targeting system comprises at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 30. The method of any one clauses 27-29, wherein the at least one gRNA comprises a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 31. The method of any one clauses 27-30, wherein the DNA targeting system further comprises a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated (Gas) protein. 
     Clause 32, A method for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of an agent that reduces the interaction of a ZNF274 protein with a ZNF274 binding site on maternal chromosome 15 at position 15q11-q13 of the subject relative to a control, wherein the ZNF274 binding site comprises a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 42. 
     Clause 33. The method of clause 32, wherein the agent comprises a sequence-specific nuclease, or a polynucleotide sequence encoding a sequence-specific nuclease. 
     Clause 34, The method of clause 33, wherein the sequence-specific nuclease comprises a zinc finger nuclease, a TAL effector nuclease, or a CRISPR/Cas9 DNA targeting system. 
     Clause 35. The method of clause 34, wherein the CRISPR/Cas9 DNA targeting system binds to the ZNF274 binding site and comprises at least one gRNA that binds and targets a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 36. The method of clause 34 or 35, wherein the at least one gRNA comprises a polynucleotide sequence corresponding to at least one of SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 37, The method of any one of clauses 34-36, wherein the CRISPR/Cas9 DNA targeting system further comprises a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated (Cas) protein. 
     Clause 38. The method of clause 37, wherein the Cas protein comprises a Cas9. 
     Clause 39. The method of clause 37 or 38, wherein the Cas protein comprises a  Streptococcus pyogenes  Cas9 molecule, or variant thereof. 
     Clause 40. The method of clause 39, wherein the Cas protein comprises a VQR variant of the  S. pyogenes  Cas9 molecule. 
     Clause 41. The method of any one of clauses 21-40 where the expression of at least one gene within 15q11-q13 is increased. 
     Clause 42. The method of any one of clauses 21-40, where the expression of at least one gene within the Prader-Will Syndrome critical region (PWSCR) of 15q11-q13 is increased. 
     Clause 43. The method of any one of clauses 21-40, wherein the expression of at least one RNA transcript selected from the genome coordinates hg19 chr15:25,012,961-25,685,253 or chr15:23,695,603-25,026,558 is increased. 
     Clause 44. The method of any one of clauses 21-40, wherein the expression of at least one RNA transcript selected from SNORD116, IPW, SNORD115, SNHG14, UBE3A-ATS, or a combination thereof, is increased. 
     Clause 45. The method of any one of clauses 21-40, wherein the expression of at least one of SNRPN exon 2, SNRPN exon 3, SNRPN exon 4, UBE3A, MAGEL2, MKRN3, SNRPN exon U4, NDN, or a combination thereof, is increased. 
     Clause 46. The method of any one of clauses 21-40, wherein the initiation of transcription from the SNRPN U1A promoter, the SNRPN U1B promoter, or a combination thereof, is increased. 
     Clause 47. The method of any one of clauses 21-40, wherein the binding of H3K9me3 is reduced. 
     Clause 48. A formulation for treating a disorder of genomic imprinting in a subject, the formulation comprising an agent that reduces relative to a control the binding of a ZNF274 protein to a ZNF274 binding site on a maternal nucleotide sequence, the ZNF274 binding site comprising a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 42. 
     Clause 49, The formulation of clause 48, wherein the disorder is Prader-Will syndrome (PWS). 
     Clause 50. The formulation of clause 48, where the agent activates expression of at least one gene within 15q11-q13. 
     Clause 51. The formulation of clause 48, where the agent activates expression of at least one gene within the Prader-Will Syndrome critical region (PWSCR) of 15q11-q13. 
     Clause 52. The formulation of clause 45, wherein the agent activates the expression of at least one RNA transcript selected from the genome coordinates hg19 chr15:25,012,961-25,685,253 or chr15:23,695,603-25,026,558 is increased. 
     Clause 53. The formulation of clause 48, wherein the agent activates expression of at least one RNA transcript selected from SNORD116, IPW, SNORD115, SNHG14, UBE3A-ATS, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 54. The formulation of clause 48, wherein the agent activates expression of at least one of SNRPN exon 2, SNRPN exon 3, SNRPN exon 4, UBE3A, MAGEL2, MKRN3, SNRPN exon U4, NDN, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 55, The formulation of clause 48, wherein the agent activates the initiation of transcription from the SNRPN U1A promoter, the SNRPN U1B promoter, or a combination thereof. 
     Clause 56. The formulation of clause 48, wherein the agent reduces the binding of H3K9me3. 
     Clause 57. The method of any one of clauses 21-47 or the formulation of any one of clauses 48-56 wherein the control comprises a ZNF274 binding site that has not been modified.