Patent Publication Number: US-11643800-B2

Title: Liquid run-off disposal system

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an improved liquid run-off disposal system and relates particularly, though not exclusively, to such a disposal system for disposing of stormwater run-off and grey water effluent. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     In Perth, Western Australia, because of the generally sandy soil, one of the most common methods for disposing of stormwater is to employ soakwells. A typical soakwell consists of a cylindrical section that is installed in a vertical orientation in the soil. It may have a plurality of apertures provided in the side wall, and it is open at the bottom to provide a maximum infiltration area, so that when water collects in the soakwell it can rapidly soak into the soil underneath. Downpipes connected to drains from roof guttering or road drains are plumbed into the side wall of the soakwell so that stormwater run-off is safely directed and disposed of away from building foundations and roadway surfaces. Soakwells may also collect rainwater run-off from car park areas. 
     Other types of infiltration devices/apparatus have been developed to provide liquid run-off disposal for various applications. An important factor in the design and installation of infiltration devices/apparatus relates to groundwater levels. For infiltration devices/apparatus to provide effective performance they need to have a measure of vertical separation for stormwater run-off or effluent to infiltrate into the soils below and then disperse into the groundwater table. The degree of separation can vary from location to location or Local Council to Local Council and can be as little as ≤0.5 metres or as high as ≥2.0 metres separation depending on the application such as rainwater or effluent grey water disposal. 
     Where there is a high groundwater table level the infiltration device/apparatus may not have the measure of separation required by engineering standards or policy levels such as Local, State or Federal Government levels (separation level nominated by law makers or Standards requirements or simply good design practices). Engineers may design for a level of separation, but there are instances where a storm event or higher than normal tides (tidal surges) may occur which raises the levels of ground water flow through the soils and the peak water levels may be greater or exceed the original design invert level (bottom) intent of the effluent storage/infiltration apparatus for short periods. Rising sea levels are also an issue. 
     Currently, the issue of ingress of soils in both water-affected and dry areas is mitigated by the use of Geosynthetic cloths wrapped around the external perimeter of the infiltration apparatus. The Geosynthetic material is designed to stop soils from entering after backfill and compaction, or suspended solids from the surrounding soil being carried in the groundwater back into the device/apparatus/chamber. Current devices/apparatus do not provide any protection against such groundwater backflow as the louvre design is ineffective to mitigate such backflow in its own right. However Geosynthetic cloths are proven to block-up over time from “fines” in the soils, which results in reduced infiltration from the apparatus into the surrounding soils and eventually renders the apparatus inoperable and not fit for purpose. Blocked Geosynthetic cloths cause the disposal system to retain effluent rather than infiltrate it into the soils, which in turn causes the system to back-up resulting in serious damage to property and surrounding locations. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,100 (La Monica) is an example of a prior art leaching chamber unit for a soil absorption system. La Monica describes a leaching chamber having a plurality of perforations molded into the sidewalls of the chamber through which effluent can flow from the interior of the chamber into the surrounding soil. FIG. 8 of La Monica shows a preferred form of upwardly angled wall perforation 15′ wherein the lower edge 48 of the opening on the inside of the wall is higher than the upper edge 49 of the outer side of the opening to prevent the ingress of stone into the chamber interior. A problem with the perforations of La Monica is that the very small overlap of the lower edge 48 and upper edge 49 is insufficient to prevent the ingress of sand and other soil particles, particularly in the presence of groundwater. With this kind of system the use of Geosynthetic cloth is essential to inhibit backflow of soil into the interior of the leaching chamber. 
     Commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 9,290,964 discloses a liquid run-off disposal system comprising an elongate tank structure having one or more culvert sections adapted to be arranged end to end in a substantially horizontal orientation below ground. Each culvert section includes a plurality of apertures provided in the sidewalls thereof wherein, in use, when liquid run-off is piped into the tank structure it can drain away by soaking into the surrounding soil. In several embodiments the louvre-shaped apertures are provided in the form of louvre-shaped inserts, which may be mass-produced from injection moulded plastics material as a separate component. The louvre-shaped inserts are of cylindrical shape and comprise an upper surface and a lower surface that are substantially parallel to each other and are angled downwards from the inside to the outside of the culvert section. Advantageously the upper and lower surfaces are angled at such an angle, and are of a length, so as to substantially overlap when viewed in a horizontal direction. In one embodiment about one half of the length of the respective upper and lower surfaces overlap, measured in a vertical direction. One problem with the culvert sections of U.S. Pat. No. 9,290,964 is that the inserts are relatively expensive to manufacture and install as a separate component, compared to a product in which the apertures are formed integral to the sidewalls of the section. 
     The present invention was developed with a view to providing an improved liquid run-off disposal system that can be used in any situation without the use of Geosynthetic cloth, and that is particularly applicable where liquid run-off or effluent disposal by infiltration is applied in locations where there is the presence of groundwater. 
     References to prior art documents in this specification are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not to be taken as an admission that such prior art is part of the common general knowledge in Australia or elsewhere. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided an improved liquid run-off disposal system comprising: 
     an infiltration chamber having first and second sidewalls, in cross-sectional view the first and second sidewalls each include an inner surface facing an inside of the chamber and outer surface facing an outside of the chamber chamber, and wherein the infiltration chamber is manufactured from a moulded plastics material; 
     the first and second sidewalls each include a plurality of louvre-shaped apertures provided integrally therein, wherein in cross-sectional view each louvre-shaped aperture includes an upper surface and a lower surface which are substantially planar and angled upwards from the outer surface towards the inside of the chamber; and, 
     the upper and lower surfaces each comprising one or more angled sections, each angled section extending at an angle relative to an adjacent section of the upper and/or lower surfaces respectively and being arranged so as to form a substantially vertical flow path through a portion only of the louvre-shaped aperture resulting in a serpentine flow path through the louvre-shaped aperture the angled sections of the upper and lower surfaces being arranged at an angle and of a length so as to substantially overlap when viewed in a horizontal direction so that the apertures admit the exit of water but substantially inhibit the entry of soil wherein, in use, when liquid run-off is piped into the infiltration chamber it can drain away by passing through the apertures and infiltrating into the surrounding soil. 
     In one embodiment the portion of the aperture forming a substantially vertical flow path comprises a first substantially vertical angled section of the upper surface. Preferably the first substantially vertical angled section of the upper surface is provided adjacent the outer surface of the sidewall. Preferably a second substantially vertical angled section is provided on the lower surface adjacent the inner surface of the sidewall so as to face the first substantially vertical angled section. 
     In another embodiment the first substantially vertical angled section of the upper surface is spaced from the outer surface of the sidewall. Typically the first substantially vertical angled section is spaced from the outer surface of the sidewall by a distance of about ⅓ of a total thickness of the side wall. Preferably a second substantially vertical angled section of the lower surface is provided adjacent the inner surface of the sidewall so as to face the first substantially vertical angled section. 
     In another embodiment a first substantially planar angled section of the lower surface faces a second substantially planar angled section of the upper surface. Preferably the first angled section is substantially longer than the second angled section, and this difference in length corresponds to a gap forming an inner opening of the louver-shaped aperture. Typically this inner opening faces in a generally upwards direction within the infiltration chamber, and corresponds to the portion of the aperture forming a substantially vertical flow path. 
     Advantageously the portion of the aperture forming a substantially vertical flow path creates a serpentine flow path through the louvre-shaped aperture so that any backflow of groundwater and/or soil held in suspension into an opening of the louvre-shaped aperture at the outer surface must flow substantially vertically upwards, for a distance of “Y”, providing a region where gravitational forces acting downwards will inhibit the ingress of soil particles up and through the aperture, inhibiting the soil from entering the chamber. 
     Preferably the distance “Y” is greater than or equal (≥) to “X”, where “X” is an effective height of the opening of the aperture at the outer surface of the sidewall. Preferably the distance “Z” is less than or equal (≤) to “X”, where “Z” is an effective height of an opening of the aperture at the inner surface of the sidewall. 
     Preferably the second vertical angled section of the lower surface is provided on the same wall section of the sidewall as the inner surface of the sidewall, but on the inner face of this wall section. Hence the inner surface of the side wall is provided on the outer face of this wall section. Advantageously, this wall section is also formed with an inwardly curved lip, which further inhibits the ingress of any soil particles through the opening of the aperture at the inner surface, thus further preventing the soil from entering the chamber. 
     In one embodiment the sidewalls of the infiltration chamber are angled upwards at an angle of between 0° to 30° to the vertical. Typically the sidewalls are angled upwards at an angle of between 5° and 15° to the vertical. 
     In one embodiment the louvre-shaped apertures are of rectangular shape when viewed facing the sidewalls. Preferably the louvre-shaped apertures are provided in a uniform rectangular array comprising a plurality of rows and columns in the sidewalls. 
     In another embodiment the louvre-shaped apertures are of trapezoidal shape when viewed facing the outer surface of the sidewall. 
     Preferably the infiltration chamber is formed with a plurality of reinforcing ribs, each rib extending from one side to the other of the chamber and is integral to, and forms part of, the sidewalls of the chamber. In one embodiment the reinforcing ribs are of parabolic or semi-elliptical shape corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of the infiltration chamber. Advantageously each reinforcing rib is formed with facing sidewalls that are curved inwards, with a maximum spacing at the base and a minimum spacing at the apex of the chamber. 
     Throughout the specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Likewise the word “preferably” or variations such as “preferred”, will be understood to imply that a stated integer or group of integers is desirable but not essential to the working of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The nature of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of several specific embodiments of the improved liquid disposal system, given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a side elevation view of part of a side wall of a first embodiment of the improved liquid run-off disposal system according to the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    is a cross-section view of part of the side wall of  FIG.  1    through the line A-A; 
         FIG.  3    is a top perspective view of part of the side wall of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  4    is a top perspective view of a first embodiment of an infiltration chamber of the improved liquid run-off disposal system according to the present invention, in the form of a culvert section; 
         FIG.  5    is a perspective view of the culvert section of  FIG.  4   ; 
         FIG.  6    is a side elevation view of the culvert section of  FIG.  4   ; 
         FIG.  7    is an enlargement of detail ‘B’ in  FIG.  6   ; 
         FIG.  8    is an enlargement of detail ‘C’ in  FIG.  9   ; 
         FIG.  9    is a section view along the line A-A through the culvert section of  FIG.  6   ; 
         FIG.  10    is a side elevation view of part of a side wall of a second embodiment of the improved liquid run-off disposal system according to the present invention; 
         FIG.  11    is a full cross-section view of part of the side wall of FIG. through the line A-A; 
         FIG.  12    is a partial cross-section view of part of the side wall of  FIG.  10    through the line A-A; 
         FIG.  13    is a perspective view of part of the side wall of  FIG.  10   , showing a section through the line A-A; 
         FIG.  14    is a top perspective view of a second embodiment of an infiltration chamber of the improved liquid run-off disposal system according to the present invention, in the form of a culvert section; 
         FIG.  15    is a side elevation view of the culvert section of  FIG.  14   ; 
         FIG.  16    is a top plan view of the culvert section of  FIG.  14   ; 
         FIG.  17    is a section view along the line A-A through the culvert section of  FIG.  16   ; 
         FIG.  18    is an enlargement of detail ‘C’ in  FIG.  17   , shown in full section view; and, 
         FIG.  19    is an enlargement of detail ‘C’ in  FIG.  17   , shown in partial section view. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A first embodiment of the improved liquid run-off disposal system  10  in accordance with the invention, as illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  9   , comprises an infiltration chamber  12  having first and second sidewalls  14   a  and  14   b . In cross-sectional view the first and second sidewalls  14  each include an inner surface  16  and outer surface  18  (see  FIG.  2   ). The first and second sidewalls  14  each include a plurality of louvre-shaped apertures  20  provided therein. In cross-sectional view each louvre-shaped aperture  20  includes an upper surface  22  and a lower surface  24  which are substantially parallel to each other and are angled upwards from the outer surface  18  to the inner surface  16 . 
     The upper and lower surfaces  22 ,  24  each comprise a plurality of angled sections, and the upper surface  22  includes a first substantially vertical section  26   a . The angled sections of the upper and lower surfaces  22 ,  24  are arranged at an angle and of a length so as to substantially overlap when viewed in a horizontal direction, as can be seen most clearly in  FIG.  2   . The overlapping region is identified as “Y” in  FIG.  2   . It is this overlap “Y” which ensures that the apertures  20  will admit the exit of water but substantially inhibit the entry of soil wherein, in use, when liquid run-off is piped into the infiltration chamber  10  it can drain away by passing through the apertures  20  and infiltrating into the surrounding soil. 
     In this embodiment the first substantially vertical angled section  26   a  of the upper surface  22  is provided adjacent the outer surface  18  of the sidewall  14 . Preferably a second substantially vertical angled section  26   b  of the lower surface  24  is provided adjacent the inner surface  16  of the sidewall  14  so as to face the first substantially vertical angled section  26   a . The two substantially vertical angled sections  26  together form a dogleg bend in the cross-sectional shape of the louvre-shaped aperture  20 , so as to create a substantially vertical flow path through a portion of the aperture. The portion of the aperture forming a substantially vertical flow path results in a serpentine flow path through the louvre-shaped aperture so that any backflow of groundwater and/or soil into the opening of the louvre-shaped aperture  20  at the outer surface  18  must flow substantially vertically upwards, for a distance of “Y”, in order to enter the interior of the chamber  12 . Vertical sections  26   a  and  26   b  provide a region where gravitational forces acting downwards will inhibit the ingress of soil particles up and through the opening of the aperture  20  on the inner surface  16 , preventing the soil from entering the chamber. The vertical sections  26   a  and  26   b  will also allow particles of soil large enough to drop back down due to gravitational forces, not allowing those particles to enter the chamber which may have a detrimental effect on the design performance of the chamber and cause silting within the chamber which would reduce the chamber capacity/storage over time. 
     Preferably the distance “Y” is greater than or equal (≥) to “X”, where “X” is the effective height of the opening of the aperture  20  at the outer surface  18  of the sidewall  14 . Dimensions “X” and “Y” will vary depending on the wall thickness of the chamber design. As can be seen in  FIGS.  1  and  3   , in this embodiment louvre-shaped apertures  20  are of rectangular shape when viewed facing the sidewalls. Preferably the louvre-shaped apertures  20  are provided in a uniform rectangular array comprising a plurality of rows and columns in the sidewalls  14 . Dimension “T” is the thickness of the sidewall  14 . 
     Dimensions “X” and “Y” can be any shape and any size desired depending on the wall thickness of the chamber design, but must follow the design performance criteria of the chamber  12 , i.e. ratios relationships between “X” and “Y” only. If measurement “Y” was to be increased to a minimum of 2×“X” or greater, it would negate the need for vertical wall sections  26   a  and  26   b , i.e. it would allow a straight line louvre to perform in the same manner as if they were not removed. 
     In one embodiment the sidewalls of the infiltration chamber are angled upwards at an angle θ° of between 0° to 30° to the vertical. Typically the sidewalls are angled upwards at an angle θ° of between 5° and 15° to the vertical. Typically the louvre-shaped apertures  20  are angled at an angle α° of between 20° and 65° to the horizontal. More typically the louvre-shaped apertures  20  are angled at an angle α° of between 35° and 50° to the horizontal. Angles θ° and α° may vary from design to design, depending on the wall thickness of the infiltration chamber  12 , so as to maintain the “Y” dimension in line with the above functionality of the chamber design. 
     Typically for each aperture the distance between the upper surface  22  and the lower surface  24  at the outer surface  18  is the same as the distance between the upper surface  22  and the lower surface  24  at the inner surface  16 , i.e. the height “X” of the opening of the louvre-shaped aperture  20  is the same at the inner surface  16  and outer surface  18 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  3   , the opening of the louvre-shaped aperture  20  at both the outer surface  18  and the inner surface  16  has a shallow step  28   a  and  28   b  respectively provided adjacent to it. The shallow step  28   a  at the outer surface  18  is formed on the rear of the first substantially vertical section  26   a  of an adjacent louvre-shaped aperture  20 ′ (the one below), whilst the shallow step  28   b  at the inner surface  16  is formed on the rear of the second substantially vertical section  26   b  of an adjacent louvre-shaped aperture  20 ″ (the one above). This is an artefact of the molding technique used to manufacture the chamber. In fact, the upper surface  22  may continue in one plane from the first substantially vertical section  26   a  all the way to the inner surface  16  of the sidewall  14 . The lower surface  24  may likewise continue in one plane from the second substantially vertical section  26   b  all the way to the outer surface  18  of the sidewall  14 . 
     A first embodiment of an infiltration chamber  12  of the improved liquid run-off disposal system  10  according to the present invention is illustrated in  FIGS.  4  to  9   . Typically the liquid run-off disposal system  10  comprises a plurality of the infiltration chambers  12  adapted to be arranged end to end in a substantially horizontal orientation so as to form an elongate tank structure below ground. Each infiltration chamber  12  has a plurality of louvre-shaped apertures  20  provided in the sidewalls  14  thereof wherein, in use, when run-off is piped into the chambers  12  it can drain away by infiltrating the surrounding soil through the apertures  20 . In this embodiment each chamber is in the form of an arch-shaped culvert section  12  and is typically open at the base, as can be seen most clearly in  FIG.  9   . 
     It can be seen how the culvert sections  12  thus perform a similar function to a prior art soakwell, in that stormwater run-off can infiltrate the surrounding soil through the open base and the apertures  20  in the sidewalls. However, unlike a soakwell, the liquid run-off disposal system  10  is scalable in that any number of the culvert sections  12  can be joined end to end to increase the capacity of the system longitudinally rather than vertically. This scalability also overcomes the requirement of soakwells having to be a minimum of 1800 mm apart to optimise performance, thereby saving space on site. Furthermore the height, length and width of the culvert sections  12  can be varied more readily to suit the application and achieve the required volume capacity. 
     Preferably each culvert section  12  is of elongate construction and has interlocking edges provided at each end adapted to interlock with an adjoining culvert section  12 . Support for the culvert sections will be determined by the Civil Engineer to suit the subterranean soil conditions prior to site installation. 
     Each culvert section  12  of this embodiment has a plurality of rectangular louvre-shaped apertures  20  formed in sidewalls  14  thereof in a uniform array, as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  6  and  7   . Each culvert section  12  of this embodiment typically has an arch cross-sectional shape, as can be seen most clearly in  FIG.  9   , and has an internal width of approximately 760 mm and an internal height of approximately 490 mm, and is about 1.2 m in length. If the chamber capacity is increased or decreased by design, then these dimensions will vary significantly. The sidewalls  14  are of substantially constant thickness. The culvert section  12  has two substantially planar sidewalls  14  and an arc-shaped roof  19 . 
     Preferably each culvert section  12  is formed with a plurality of reinforcing ribs  30 , which extend from one side to the other of the section. The reinforcing ribs  30  are of isosceles trapezoid cross-sectional shape, and are integral to, and form part of, the sidewalls  14  and roof  19  of the culvert section  12 . Each reinforcing rib  30  is of similar width to the spacing between the ribs, so that the effect is to create a corrugated cross-section for the sidewalls  14  and roof  19 . The reinforcing ribs  30  are also formed with louvre-shaped apertures  20  in the sidewalls  14 . The arch-shaped design and corrugated cross-section substantially increases the strength of the culvert section  12  so that it can withstand heavy vehicular traffic and earth loadings without necessarily requiring concrete or other support footings. 
     The louvre-shaped apertures  20  in the sidewalls  14  are similar to the apertures  20  illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  3   , and will not be described again in detail (see detailed enlargements in  FIGS.  7  and  8   ). 
     Preferably each culvert section  12  has interlocking edges provided at each end and adapted to interlock with an adjoining culvert section  12 . A male edge is typically proved at one end, and is designed to interlock with a female edge provided at the other end of each culvert section  12 . 
     The culvert sections  12  are preferably manufactured from either polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) materials depending on the moulding technique chosen, and may have a greater wall thickness for heavy loads and a reduced wall thickness for lighter loads. Wall thicknesses will vary depending on the size and the end-user application. 
     The infiltration chamber  12  need not be in the form of a culvert section, but may be of any suitable shape or configuration. It may be open or closed at the bottom and at each or one end. The sidewalls need not be planar, but may be, for example, of parabolic or semi-elliptical shape. 
     A second embodiment of the improved liquid run-off disposal system in accordance with the invention, as illustrated in  FIGS.  10  to  13   , comprises an infiltration chamber having first and second sidewalls  44 . In this embodiment the sidewalls are of parabolic or semi-elliptical shape, as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  11  and  12   . In cross-sectional view the first and second sidewalls  44  each include an inner surface  46  and outer surface  48  (see  FIG.  11   ). The first and second sidewalls  44  each include a plurality of louvre-shaped apertures  50  provided integrally therein. In cross-sectional view each louvre-shaped aperture  50  includes an upper surface  52  and a lower surface  54  which are substantially parallel to each other and are angled upwards from the outer surface  48  to the inner surface  46 . 
     The upper and lower surfaces  52 ,  54  each comprise a plurality of angled sections, and the upper surface  52  includes a first substantially vertical angled section  56 . The angled sections of the upper and lower surfaces  52 ,  54  are arranged at an angle and of a length so as to substantially overlap when viewed in a horizontal direction, as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  11  and  12   . The overlapping region is identified as “Y” in  FIG.  12   . It is this overlap “Y” which ensures that the apertures  50  will admit the exit of water but substantially inhibit the entry of soil wherein, in use, when liquid run-off is piped into the infiltration chamber it can drain away by passing through the apertures  50  and infiltrating into the surrounding soil. 
     In this embodiment the first substantially vertical angled section  56  of the upper surface  22  is spaced from the outer surface  48  of the sidewall  44 . As can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  11  and  12   , the vertical section  56  is spaced from the outer surface  48  of the sidewall  44  about ⅓ of the total thickness of the side wall  44 . Preferably a second substantially vertical section  58  of the lower surface  44  is provided adjacent the inner surface  46  of the sidewall  44  so as to face the first substantially vertical section  56 . The two substantially vertical angled sections  56 ,  58  together form a dogleg bend in the cross-sectional shape of the louvre-shaped aperture  50 , so as to create a substantially vertical flow path through a portion of the aperture. The portion of the aperture forming a substantially vertical flow path results in a serpentine flow path through the louvre-shaped aperture so that any backflow of groundwater and/or soil into the opening of the louvre-shaped aperture  50  at the outer surface  48  must flow substantially vertically upwards, for a distance of “Y”, in order to enter the interior of the chamber. Vertical sections  56  and  58  provide a region where gravitational forces acting downwards will inhibit the ingress of soil particles up and through the opening of the aperture  50  on the inner surface  46 , preventing the soil from entering the chamber. The vertical sections  56  and  58  will also allow particles of soil large enough to drop back down due to gravitational forces, not allowing those particles to enter the chamber which may have a detrimental effect on the design performance of the chamber and cause silting within the chamber which would reduce the chamber capacity/storage over time. 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS.  10  to  13   , the second vertical section  58  of the lower surface  54  is provided on the same wall section of the sidewall  44  as the inner surface  46  of the sidewall  44 , but on the inner face of this wall section. The inner surface  46  of the side wall  44  is provided on the outer face of this wall section. Advantageously, this wall section is also formed with an inwardly curved lip  60 , which further inhibits the ingress of any soil particles through the opening of the aperture  50  on the inner surface  46 , thus further preventing the soil from entering the chamber. 
     Preferably the distance “Y” is greater than or equal (≥) to “X”, where “X” is the effective height of the opening of the aperture  50  at the outer surface  48  of the sidewall  44  (see  FIG.  12   ). Dimensions “X” and “y” will vary depending on the wall thickness of the chamber design. Dimension “Z” is the effective height of the opening of the aperture  50  at the inner surface  46  of the sidewall  44 . In this embodiment, dimension “Z” is approximately half the size of dimension “X”. Dimensions “X”, “Y” and “Z” can be any shape and any size desired depending on the wall thickness of the chamber design, but must follow the design performance criteria of the chamber, i.e. ratios relationships between “X” and “Y” only. 
     In this embodiment dimension “X” is typically between mm to 70 mm, and dimension “Y” is typically between 50 mm to 80 mm. More typically dimension “X” is between 50 mm to 60 mm, and dimension “Y” is between mm to 70 mm. In the illustrated embodiment dimension “X” is about 58.1 mm, and dimension “Y” is about 65.8 mm. Dimension Z may vary significantly depending on how high the wall section with inwardly curved lip  60  is designed to be, so as to permit sufficient outflow of liquid runoff from within the infiltration chamber. In the illustrated embodiment dimension “Z” is about 33.9 mm. 
     As can be seen in  FIGS.  10  and  13   , in this embodiment louvre-shaped apertures  50  are of trapezoidal shape, with rounded vertices, when viewed facing the outer surface  46  of sidewall  44 . Preferably the louvre-shaped apertures  50  are provided in a uniform array comprising a plurality of columns of apertures in the sidewalls  44 . Typically each column of apertures  50  is offset vertically relative to its adjacent column. 
     A second embodiment of an infiltration chamber  72  of the improved liquid run-off disposal system  70  according to the present invention is illustrated in  FIGS.  14  to  19   . Typically the liquid run-off disposal system  70  comprises a plurality of the infiltration chambers  72  adapted to be arranged end to end in a substantially horizontal orientation so as to form an elongate tank structure below ground. Each infiltration chamber  72  has a plurality of louvre-shaped apertures  80  provided in sidewalls  74  thereof wherein, in use, when run-off is piped into the chambers  72  it can drain away by infiltrating the surrounding soil through the apertures  80 . In this embodiment also each chamber is in the form of an arch-shaped culvert section  72  and is typically open at the base, as can be seen most clearly in  FIG.  14   . 
     Each culvert section  72  of this embodiment has a plurality of rectangular louvre-shaped apertures  80  formed integrally in sidewalls  74  thereof in a uniform array, as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  14  and  15   . In this embodiment each culvert section  72  typically has an arch cross-sectional shape, as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  14  and  17   , and has an internal width of approximately 1330 mm and an internal height of approximately 930 mm, and is about 1.05 m in length. The illustrated culvert section  72  has an external height of approximately 1090 mm. If the chamber capacity is increased or decreased by design, then these dimensions will vary significantly. The sidewalls  74  are of substantially constant thickness. The infiltration chamber  72  of this embodiment has sidewalls  74  of parabolic or semi-elliptical shape, as can be seen most clearly in  FIG.  17   . 
     Preferably each infiltration chamber  72  is formed with a plurality of reinforcing ribs  96 , which extend from one side to the other of the chamber. The reinforcing ribs  96  are of isosceles trapezoid cross-sectional shape, and are integral to, and form part of, the sidewalls  74  of the culvert section  72 . As such, the reinforcing ribs  96  are also of parabolic or semi-elliptical shape, as can be seen most clearly in  FIG.  17   . Each reinforcing rib  96  is also formed with facing sidewalls that are curved inwards forming a maximum spacing at the base to a minimum spacing at the apex of the chamber  72 . The reinforcing ribs  96  are also formed with louvre-shaped apertures  80  in the sidewalls  74 . The arch-shaped design and the curvature of the sidewalls of the ribs  96  substantially increases the load-bearing capacity and the strength of the culvert section  72  so that it can withstand heavy vehicular traffic and earth loadings without necessarily requiring concrete or other support footings. 
     Preferably each culvert section  72  has interlocking edges provided at each end and adapted to interlock with an adjoining culvert section  72 . A male edge is typically proved at one end, and is designed to interlock with a female edge provided at the other end of each culvert section  72 . In other respects the culvert section  72  is similar to the culvert section  12 , illustrated in  FIGS.  5  to  9   , and will not be described again in detail. 
     In cross-sectional view the first and second sidewalls  74  each include an inner surface  76  and outer surface  78  (see  FIGS.  17  and  18   ). In cross-sectional view each louvre-shaped aperture  80  includes an upper surface  82  and a lower surface  84  which are substantially parallel to each other and are angled upwards from the outer surface  78  and protrude inwards from the inner surface  76  into the interior of the infiltration chamber  72 . The upper and lower surfaces  82 ,  84  comprise a plurality of angled sections, the angled sections being arranged so as to form a substantially vertical flow path through a portion of the aperture. The angled sections of the upper and lower surfaces  82 ,  84  are arranged at an angle and of a length so as to substantially overlap when viewed in a horizontal direction, as can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  18  and  19   . The overlapping region is identified as “Y 1 ” in  FIGS.  18  and  19   . It is this overlap “Y 1 ” which ensures that the apertures  80  will admit the exit of water but substantially inhibit the entry of soil wherein, in use, when liquid run-off is piped into the infiltration chamber it can drain away by passing through the apertures  80  and infiltrating into the surrounding soil. 
     In this embodiment a first substantially planar angled section  86  of the lower surface  84  faces a second substantially planar angled section  88  of the upper surface  82 . As can be seen most clearly in  FIGS.  18  and  19   , the first angled section  86  is about twice as long as the second angled section  88 , and this difference in length is identified as “Y 2 ” in  FIGS.  18  and  19   . “Y 2 ” corresponds to a gap forming an inner opening  90  of the aperture  80 , and this opening  90  faces in a generally upwards direction within the infiltration chamber  72 . In this embodiment, the distance “Y 2 ” also corresponds to the portion of the aperture  80  forming a substantially vertical flow path. This results in a serpentine flow path through the louvre-shaped aperture  80 , as indicated by the arrow in  FIGS.  18  and  19   . The serpentine flow path means that any backflow of groundwater and/or soil held in suspension into an opening of the louvre-shaped aperture  80  at the outer surface  78  must flow substantially vertically upwards, for a distance of “Y 2 ”, in order to enter the interior of the chamber  72 . This provides a region where gravitational forces acting downwards will inhibit the ingress of soil particles up and through the opening  90  of the aperture  80 , preventing the soil from entering the chamber  72 . The portion of the aperture  80  forming a substantially vertical flow path will allow particles of soil large enough to drop back down due to gravitational forces, inhibiting those particles from entering the chamber, which may have a detrimental effect on the design performance of the chamber by causing silting which would reduce the chamber capacity/storage overtime. 
     Advantageously, the first angled section  86  is also formed with an inwardly curved lip  92 , which further inhibits the ingress of any soil particles through the inner opening  90  of the aperture  80 , thus further preventing the soil from entering the chamber  72 . 
     Preferably the distance “Y” (=“Y 1 ”+“Y 2 ”) is greater than or equal (≥) to “X”, where “X” is the effective height of the opening of the aperture  80  at the outer surface  78  of the sidewall  74  (see  FIGS.  18  and  19   ). Dimensions “X” and “Y” will vary depending on the wall thickness of the chamber design. Dimension “Z” is the effective height of the opening between aperture  80  and its upper adjacent aperture  80 , protruding inwards from the inner surface  76  of the sidewall  74 . In this embodiment, dimension “Z” is approximately the same size as dimension “X”. Dimensions “X”, “Y” and “Z” can be any shape and any size desired depending on the angle of inclination of the louvre-shaped apertures  80  and the curvature of the wall  74  of the chamber, but must follow the design performance criteria of the chamber, i.e. ratios relationships between “X” and “Y” only. 
     In this embodiment dimension “X” is typically between 15 mm to 35 mm, and dimension “Y 1 ” is typically between 15 mm to 35 mm. More typically dimension “X” is between 20 mm to 30 mm, and dimension “Y 2 ” is between 20 mm to 30 mm. In the illustrated embodiment dimension “X” is about 23 mm, and dimension “Y 1 ” is about 25 mm. Dimension Z may vary significantly depending on how long the angled section  86  with inwardly curved lip  92  is designed to be, so as to permit sufficient outflow of liquid runoff from within the infiltration chamber. In the illustrated embodiment dimension “Z” is about 23 mm. 
     As can be seen in  FIGS.  14  and  15   , in this embodiment louvre-shaped apertures  80  are of rectangular shape, when viewed facing the outer surface  76  of sidewall  74 . Preferably the louvre-shaped apertures  80  are provided in a uniform array comprising a plurality of columns of apertures in the sidewalls  84 . In this embodiment each column of apertures  80  is vertically aligned with an adjacent column. 
     It will be understood that each of the above-described embodiments the infiltration chambers can be manufactured from any suitably rigid and strong material, including suitable plastics products such as HDPE, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane filament additives and thermoplastics. Other suitable materials include various synthetic compounds, polymers, petrochemical derivatives, and fibreglass compounds. Advantageously the infiltration chambers with integral louvre-shaped apertures are manufactured using a moulding technique, for example, injection moulding or rotational moulding (roto-moulding). 
     Now that preferred embodiments of the improved liquid run-off disposal system have been described in detail, it will be apparent that it provides a number of advantages over the prior art, including the following:
         (i) Each of the embodiments is fully scalable in that the number of sections as well as the shape, height, length and width of the sections can be varied to suit the application.   (ii) The scalability of the system can provide for greater land use by developers and local councils as it can do away with age old system designs such as compensating basins in subdivisions.   (iii) The louvre-shaped apertures, in particular their downward angle together with the overlapping surfaces and vertical section(s), obviate the need for the use of Geosynthetic cloth to prevent the ingress of most soil types, even in locations with high groundwater levels and substantiality extend the life of infiltration into the soils.   (iv) The culvert sections are simple and easy to install, compared to prior art soakwells to achieve equivalent volumetric capacities.   (v) The excavated material from the installation of the present system is easily quantifiable for reuse by earthmovers.   (vi) The sections may be readily mass-produced from various materials, thus reducing manufacturing costs.       

     It will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the relevant arts that various modifications and improvements may be made to the foregoing embodiments, in addition to those already described, without departing from the basic inventive concepts of the present invention. For example, in the illustrated embodiments the louvre-shaped apertures are of rectangular shape or trapezoid shape. However the apertures may be of any suitable shape, for example, circular or oval-shaped. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described.