Patent Publication Number: US-2022224710-A1

Title: System and method for cybersecurity analysis and score generation for insurance purposes

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Priority is claimed in the application data sheet to the following patents or patent applications, the entire written description of each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:
         Ser. No. 16/890,745   Ser. No. 15/818,733   Ser. No. 15/725,274   Ser. No. 15/655,113   Ser. No. 15/616,427   Ser. No. 14/925,974   Ser. No. 15/237,625   Ser. No. 15/206,195   Ser. No. 15/186,453   Ser. No. 15/166,158   Ser. No. 15/141,752   Ser. No. 15/091,563   Ser. No. 14/986,536       

     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Art 
     The disclosure relates to the field of cybersecurity, and more particularly to the fields of cyber insurance and data collection. 
     Discussion of the State of the Art 
     In the previous 20 years since the widespread advent of the internet and growth of internet-capable assets, multiple corporations, interest groups, and government agencies have come to take advantage of this connectivity for increased functionality and abilities. At the same time, the complexity and frequency of attacks on such assets and against such groups has increased, resulting numerous times in data loss, data corruption, compromised assets, data theft, loss of funds or resources, and in some cases increased intelligence by a rival group, including foreign governments and their agencies. It is currently possible to examine the state of a corporation or other group&#39;s network and determine basic security needs, inadequacies and goals, with various tools in the field today. This and similar efforts in cybersecurity are important not just for protecting assets, but for insurance purposes, to determine the likelihood of data loss, potential asset compromises, and thereby determine the needs for increased security, and the needs and potential cost for insurance for a group in the event of a cybersecurity incident. There are limitations to such efforts to acquire information about groups&#39; network capabilities and vulnerabilities however, in both the data recorded and the method the data is recorded. Time-graphs and machine learning are not employed along with comprehensive, holistic reconnaissance efforts to establish full security profiles for clients. Data from many sources is not gathered properly due to the heterogeneous nature of the data, with sources of useful data differing in data content, format, the timespan in which new data is recorded or emitted, and scale and quantity of available data. 
     What is needed is a system or systems capable of recording comprehensive, total data about potential network threats, network security capabilities, and trends in cybersecurity, with time-graphs to record changes in behavior from potential attacking sources, as well as to record changes and patterns of change in capabilities and behaviors of their own networks and known assets, with the ability to accurately procure and record information from heterogeneous sources over time, with varying scale, for network security scoring purposes, to give organizations an accurate representation of how secure—or insecure—they are in today&#39;s growing cyber-enabled world. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the inventor has conceived and reduced to practice, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a system and method for cybersecurity analysis and score generation for insurance purposes. The following non-limiting summary of the invention is provided for clarity, and should be construed consistently with embodiments described in the detailed description below. 
     To solve the problem of groups, organizations and corporations not having a holistic, comprehensive method to determine their cybersecurity, a system has been devised, comprising a plurality of sensors, scanning technologies, multi-dimensional time-series databases (MDTSDB&#39;s), and a cybersecurity scoring engine, to create a cybersecurity rating for target networks and groups of devices, wherein multiple tools and methods are used to gather information and probe the target network and technologies for vulnerabilities, and wherein social networks, internet resources, search engines, and public or open-source databases are crawled and collated for data on the target and for data on vulnerabilities which might be relevant to the target. This will allow organizations of varying sizes and scope to determine their cybersecurity pitfalls and needs, while simultaneously informing cyber insurance providers of their risks and strengths, and giving them a score produced from a cybersecurity scoring engine, similar in concept to a credit score. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a system for comprehensive cybersecurity analysis and rating based on heterogeneous data and reconnaissance, comprising a multidimensional time-series data server comprising at least a processor, a memory, and a plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory and operating on the processor, wherein the programmable instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the processor to create a dataset with at least time-series data gathered from passive network reconnaissance of a client; and a cybersecurity scoring engine comprising at least a processor, a memory, and a plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory and operating on the processor, wherein the programmable instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the processor to retrieve the dataset from the multidimensional time-series data server, process the dataset using at least computational graph analysis, and generate an aggregated cybersecurity score based at least on results of processing the dataset. 
     In another embodiment of the aspect, the system further comprises a task scheduling engine comprising at least a processor, a memory, and a plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory and operating on the processor, wherein the programmable instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the processor to schedule computer tasks and programs to run at certain intervals. 
     In another embodiment of the aspect, at least a portion of the dataset comprises active network reconnaissance. In another embodiment of the aspect, at least a portion of the dataset comprises leaked domain name system information. In another embodiment of the aspect, at least a portion of the dataset comprises information pertaining to web application usage. In another embodiment of the aspect, at least a portion of the dataset comprises information from Internet-of-Things devices. In another embodiment of the aspect, at least a portion of the dataset comprises information from social network information. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a method for comprehensive cybersecurity analysis and rating based on heterogeneous data and reconnaissance, comprising the steps of: (a) creating a dataset with at least time-series data gathered from passive network reconnaissance of a client, using a multidimensional time-series data server, (b) retrieving the dataset from the multidimensional time-series data server, using a cybersecurity scoring engine; (c) processing the dataset using at least computational graph analysis, using the cybersecurity scoring engine; and (d) generating an aggregated cybersecurity score based at least on results of processing the dataset, using the cybersecurity scoring engine. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate several aspects and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention according to the aspects. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the particular arrangements illustrated in the drawings are merely exemplary, and are not to be considered as limiting of the scope of the invention or the claims herein in any way. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a system for the capture and storage of time series data from sensors with heterogeneous reporting profiles according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a business operating system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a cybersecurity analysis system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a method diagram illustrating key steps in passive cyber reconnaissance activities, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 5  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in network and internet active reconnaissance, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 6  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in gathering leaked Domain Name Serve (“DNS”) information for reconnaissance and control purposes, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 7  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in gathering information on web applications and technologies through active reconnaissance, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 8  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in reconnaissance and information gathering on Internet-of-Things (“IOT”) devices and other device endpoints, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 9  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in gathering intelligence through reconnaissance of social network and open-source intelligence feeds (“OSINT”), according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 10  is a method diagram illustrating the congregation of information from previous methods into a comprehensive cybersecurity score, using a scoring engine, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device. 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary logical architecture for a client device. 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram showing an exemplary architectural arrangement of clients, servers, and external services. 
         FIG. 14  is another block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The inventor has conceived, and reduced to practice, a system and method for cybersecurity analysis, reconnaissance, and numerical rating for an organization&#39;s internet-capable devices and networks. 
     One or more different aspects may be described in the present application. Further, for one or more of the aspects described herein, numerous alternative arrangements may be described; it should be appreciated that these are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting of the aspects contained herein or the claims presented herein in any way. One or more of the arrangements may be widely applicable to numerous aspects, as may be readily apparent from the disclosure. In general, arrangements are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice one or more of the aspects, and it should be appreciated that other arrangements may be utilized and that structural, logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the particular aspects. Particular features of one or more of the aspects described herein may be described with reference to one or more particular aspects or figures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific arrangements of one or more of the aspects. It should be appreciated, however, that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular aspects or figures with reference to which they are described. The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all arrangements of one or more of the aspects nor a listing of features of one or more of the aspects that must be present in all arrangements. 
     Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more communication means or intermediaries, logical or physical. 
     A description of an aspect with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. To the contrary, a variety of optional components may be described to illustrate a wide variety of possible aspects and in order to more fully illustrate one or more aspects. Similarly, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may generally be configured to work in alternate orders, unless specifically stated to the contrary. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in this patent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of described processes may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the aspects, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. Also, steps are generally described once per aspect, but this does not mean they must occur once, or that they may only occur once each time a process, method, or algorithm is carried out or executed. Some steps may be omitted in some aspects or some occurrences, or some steps may be executed more than once in a given aspect or occurrence. 
     When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article. 
     The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Thus, other aspects need not include the device itself. 
     Techniques and mechanisms described or referenced herein will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be appreciated that particular aspects may include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. Process descriptions or blocks in figures should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Alternate implementations are included within the scope of various aspects in which, for example, functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Definition 
     As used herein, a “swimlane” is a communication channel between a time series sensor data reception and apportioning device and a data store meant to hold the apportioned data time series sensor data. A swimlane is able to move a specific, finite amount of data between the two devices. For example a single swimlane might reliably carry and have incorporated into the data store, the data equivalent of 5 seconds worth of data from 10 sensors in 5 seconds, this being its capacity. Attempts to place 5 seconds worth of data received from 6 sensors using one swimlane would result in data loss. 
     As used herein, a “metaswimlane” is an as-needed logical combination of transfer capacity of two or more real swimlanes that is transparent to the requesting process. Sensor studies where the amount of data received per unit time is expected to be highly heterogeneous over time may be initiated to use metaswimlanes. Using the example used above that a single real swimlane can transfer and incorporate the 5 seconds worth of data of 10 sensors without data loss, the sudden receipt of incoming sensor data from 13 sensors during a 5 second interval would cause the system to create a two swimlane metaswimlane to accommodate the standard 10 sensors of data in one real swimlane and the 3 sensor data overage in the second, transparently added real swimlane, however no changes to the data receipt logic would be needed as the data reception and apportionment device would add the additional real swimlane transparently. 
     Conceptual Architecture 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a system for the capture and storage of time series data from sensors with heterogeneous reporting profiles according to an embodiment of the invention  100 . In this embodiment, a plurality of sensor devices  110   a - n  stream data to a collection device, in this case a web server acting as a network gateway  115 . These sensors  110   a - n  can be of several forms, some non-exhaustive examples being: physical sensors measuring humidity, pressure, temperature, orientation, and presence of a gas; or virtual such as programming measuring a level of network traffic, memory usage in a controller, and number of times the word “refill” is used in a stream of email messages on a particular network segment, to name a small few of the many diverse forms known to the art. In the embodiment, the sensor data is passed without transformation to the data management engine  120 , where it is aggregated and organized for storage in a specific type of data store  125  designed to handle the multidimensional time series data resultant from sensor data. Raw sensor data can exhibit highly different delivery characteristics. Some sensor sets may deliver low to moderate volumes of data continuously. It would be infeasible to attempt to store the data in this continuous fashion to a data store as attempting to assign identifying keys and the to store real time data from multiple sensors would invariably lead to significant data loss. In this circumstance, the data stream management engine  120  would hold incoming data in memory, keeping only the parameters, or “dimensions” from within the larger sensor stream that are pre-decided by the administrator of the study as important and instructions to store them transmitted from the administration device  112 . The data stream management engine  120  would then aggregate the data from multiple individual sensors and apportion that data at a predetermined interval, for example, every 10 seconds, using the timestamp as the key when storing the data to a multidimensional time series data store over a single swimlane of sufficient size. This highly ordered delivery of a foreseeable amount of data per unit time is particularly amenable to data capture and storage but patterns where delivery of data from sensors occurs irregularly and the amount of data is extremely heterogeneous are quite prevalent. In these situations, the data stream management engine cannot successfully use strictly single time interval over a single swimlane mode of data storage. In addition to the single time interval method the invention also can make use of event based storage triggers where a predetermined number of data receipt events, as set at the administration device  112 , triggers transfer of a data block consisting of the apportioned number of events as one dimension and a number of sensor ids as the other. In the embodiment, the system time at commitment or a time stamp that is part of the sensor data received is used as the key for the data block value of the value-key pair. The invention can also accept a raw data stream with commitment occurring when the accumulated stream data reaches a predesigned size set at the administration device  112 . 
     It is also likely that that during times of heavy reporting from a moderate to large array of sensors, the instantaneous load of data to be committed will exceed what can be reliably transferred over a single swimlane. The embodiment of the invention can, if capture parameters pre-set at the administration device  112 , combine the data movement capacity of two or more swimlanes, the combined bandwidth dubbed a metaswimlane, transparently to the committing process, to accommodate the influx of data in need of commitment. All sensor data, regardless of delivery circumstances are stored in a multidimensional time series data store  125  which is designed for very low overhead and rapid data storage and minimal maintenance needs to sap resources. The embodiment uses a key-value pair data store examples of which are Riak, Redis and Berkeley DB for their low overhead and speed, although the invention is not specifically tied to a single data store type to the exclusion of others known in the art should another data store with better response and feature characteristics emerge. Due to factors easily surmised by those knowledgeable in the art, data store commitment reliability is dependent on data store data size under the conditions intrinsic to time series sensor data analysis. The number of data records must be kept relatively low for the herein disclosed purpose. As an example one group of developers restrict the size of their multidimensional time series key-value pair data store to approximately 8.64×10 4  records, equivalent to 24 hours of 1 second interval sensor readings or 60 days of 1 minute interval readings. In this development system the oldest data is deleted from the data store and lost. This loss of data is acceptable under development conditions but in a production environment, the loss of the older data is almost always significant and unacceptable. The invention accounts for this need to retain older data by stipulating that aged data be placed in long term storage. In the embodiment, the archival storage is included 130. This archival storage might be locally provided by the user, might be cloud based such as that offered by Amazon Web Services or Google or could be any other available very large capacity storage method known to those skilled in the art. 
     Reliably capturing and storing sensor data as well as providing for longer term, offline, storage of the data, while important, is only an exercise without methods to repetitively retrieve and analyze most likely differing but specific sets of data over time. The invention provides for this requirement with a robust query language that both provides straightforward language to retrieve data sets bounded by multiple parameters, but to then invoke several transformations on that data set prior to output. In the embodiment isolation of desired data sets and transformations applied to that data occurs using pre-defined query commands issued from the administration device  112  and acted upon within the database by the structured query interpreter  135 . Below is a highly simplified example statement to illustrate the method by which a very small number of options that are available using the structured query interpreter  135  might be accessed. 
     SELECT [STREAMING|EVENTS] data_spec FROM [unit] timestamp TO timestamp GROUPBY (sensor_id, identifier) FILTER [filter_identifier] FORMAT [sensor [AS identifier] [, sensor [AS identifier]] . . . ] (TEXT|JSON|FUNNEL|KML|GEOJSON|TOPOJSON); 
     Here “data_spec” might be replaced by a list of individual sensors from a larger array of sensors and each sensor in the list might be given a human readable identifier in the format “sensor AS identifier”. “unit” allows the researcher to assign a periodicity for the sensor data such as second (s), minute (m), hour (h). One or more transformational filters, which include but a not limited to: mean, median, variance, standard deviation, standard linear interpolation, or Kalman filtering and smoothing, may be applied and then data formatted in one or more formats examples of with are text, JSON, KML, GEOJSON and TOPOJSON among others known to the art, depending on the intended use of the data. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a business operating system  200  according to an embodiment of the invention. Client access to the system  205  both for system control and for interaction with system output such as automated predictive decision making and planning and alternate pathway simulations, occurs through the system&#39;s highly distributed, very high bandwidth cloud interface  210  which is application driven through the use of the Scala/Lift development environment and web interaction operation mediated by AWS ELASTIC BEANSTALK™, both used for standards compliance and ease of development. Much of the business data analyzed by the system both from sources within the confines of the client business, and from cloud based sources, also enter the system through the cloud interface  210 , data being passed to the analysis and transformation components of the system, the directed computational graph module  255 , high volume web crawling module  215  and multidimensional time series database  220 . The directed computational graph retrieves one or more streams of data from a plurality of sources, which includes, but is in no way not limited to, a number of physical sensors, web based questionnaires and surveys, monitoring of electronic infrastructure, crowd sourcing campaigns, and human input device information. Within the directed computational graph, data may be split into two identical streams, wherein one sub-stream may be sent for batch processing and storage while the other sub-stream may be reformatted for transformation pipeline analysis. The data is then transferred to general transformer service  260  for linear data transformation as part of analysis or decomposable transformer service  250  for branching or iterative transformations that are part of analysis. The directed computational graph  255  represents all data as directed graphs where the transformations are nodes and the result messages between transformations edges of the graph. These graphs which contain considerable intermediate transformation data are stored and further analyzed within graph stack module  245 . High volume web crawling module  215  uses multiple server hosted preprogrammed web spiders to find and retrieve data of interest from web based sources that are not well tagged by conventional web crawling technology. Multiple dimension time series database module  220  receives data from a large plurality of sensors that may be of several different types. The module is designed to accommodate irregular and high volume surges by dynamically allotting network bandwidth and server processing channels to process the incoming data. Data retrieved by the multidimensional time series database  220  and the high volume web crawling module  215  may be further analyzed and transformed into task optimized results by the directed computational graph  255  and associated general transformer service  250  and decomposable transformer service  260  modules. 
     Results of the transformative analysis process may then be combined with further client directives, additional business rules and practices relevant to the analysis and situational information external to the already available data in the automated planning service module  230  which also runs powerful predictive statistics functions and machine learning algorithms to allow future trends and outcomes to be rapidly forecast based upon the current system derived results and choosing each a plurality of possible business decisions. Using all available data, the automated planning service module  230  may propose business decisions most likely to result is the most favorable business outcome with a usably high level of certainty. Closely related to the automated planning service module in the use of system derived results in conjunction with possible externally supplied additional information in the assistance of end user business decision making, the business outcome simulation module  225  coupled with the end user facing observation and state estimation service  240  allows business decision makers to investigate the probable outcomes of choosing one pending course of action over another based upon analysis of the current available data. For example, the pipelines operations department has reported a very small reduction in crude oil pressure in a section of pipeline in a highly remote section of territory. Many believe the issue is entirely due to a fouled, possibly failing flow sensor, others believe that it is a proximal upstream pump that may have foreign material stuck in it. Correction of both of these possibilities is to increase the output of the effected pump to hopefully clean out it or the fouled sensor. A failing sensor will have to be replaced at the next maintenance cycle. A few, however, feel that the pressure drop is due to a break in the pipeline, probably small at this point, but even so, crude oil is leaking and the remedy for the fouled sensor or pump option could make the leak much worse and waste much time afterwards. The company does have a contractor about 8 hours away, or could rent satellite time to look but both of those are expensive for a probable sensor issue, significantly less than cleaning up an oil spill though and then with significant negative public exposure. These sensor issues have happened before and the business operating system  200  has data from them, which no one really studied due to the great volume of columnar figures, so the alternative courses  225 ,  240  of action are run. The system, based on all available data predicts that the fouled sensor or pump are unlikely the root cause this time due to other available data and the contractor is dispatched. She finds a small breach in the pipeline. There will be a small cleanup and the pipeline needs to be shutdown for repair but multiple tens of millions of dollars have been saved. This is just one example of a great many of the possible use of the business operating system, those knowledgeable in the art will easily formulate more. 
       FIG. 3  is a system diagram, illustrating the connections between crucial components, according to an aspect of the invention. Core components include a scheduling task engine  310  which will run any processes and continue with any steps desired by the client, as described in further methods and diagrams in the disclosure. Tasks may be scheduled to run at specific times, or run for certain given amounts of time, which is commonplace for task scheduling software and systems in the art. This task engine  310  is then connected to the internet, and possibly to a single or plurality of local Multi-Dimensional Time-Series Databases (MDTSDB)  125 . It is also possible to be connected to remotely hosted and controlled MDTSDB&#39;s  125  through the Internet, the physical location or proximity of the MDTSDB for this disclosure not being a limiting factor. In such cases as the MDTSDB  125  is not hosted locally, it must also maintain a connection to the Internet or another form of network for communication with the task engine  310 . Device endpoints  330 , especially Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, are also by definition connected to the internet, and in methods described in later figures will be used for cybersecurity analysis and risk assessment. The task engine  310  which will perform the scheduling and running of the methods described herein also maintains a connection to the scoring engine  320 , which will be used to evaluate data gathered from the analysis and reconnaissance tasks run by the task scheduling engine  310 . 
       FIG. 4  is a method diagram illustrating basic reconnaissance activities to establish network information for any given client. A first activity in establishing network boundaries and information is to identify Internet Protocol (“IF”) addresses and subdomains  410  of the target network, to establish a scope for the remainder of activities directed at the network. Once you have established network “boundaries” by probing and identifying the target IP addresses and subdomains  410 , one can probe for and establish what relationships between the target and third-party or external websites and networks exist  420 , if any. It is especially important to examine trust relationships and/or authoritative DNS record resolvers that resolve to external sites and/or networks. A next key step, according to an aspect, is to identify personnel involved with the target network, such as names, email addresses, phone numbers, and other personal information  430 , which can be useful for social engineering activities, including illegal activities such as blackmail in extreme cases. After identifying personnel affiliated with the target network, another process in the method, according to an aspect, could be to identify versions and other information about systems, tools, and software applications in use by the target organization  440 . This may be accomplished in a variety of ways, whether by examining web pages or database entries if publicly accessible, or by scraping information from the web about job descriptions associated with the organization or similar organizations—other methods to attain this information exist and may be used however. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, may be to identify content of interest  450  associated with the target, such as web and email portals, log files, backup or archived files, or sensitive information contained within Hypertext Markup Language (“HTML”) comments or client-side scripts, such as ADOBE FLASH™ scripts for example. Using the gathered information and other publicly available information (including information which will be gathered in techniques illustrated in other figures), it is possible and critical to then identify vulnerabilities  460  from this available data, which can be exploited. 
       FIG. 5  is a method diagram illustrating and describing many activities and steps for network and internet based reconnaissance for cybersecurity purposes. The first step, according to an aspect, would be to use Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to resolve what IP address each domain of the target resolves as  501 . According to an aspect, another process in the method would be to perform a DNS forward lookup  502 , using the list of subdomains of the target as input, generating a list of IP addresses as output. It is then possible to see if the IP addresses returned are within the net ranges discovered by a whois—which is a protocol used for querying databases for information related to assignees of an internet resource, including an IP address block, or domain name—check of the target&#39;s domain  503 , and if not, perform additional whois lookups to determine if new associated net ranges are of interest, and then you may run a reverse DNS Lookup to determine the domains to which those addresses belong. A second use for whois lookups  503  is to determine where the site is hosted, and with what service—for example in the cloud, with Amazon Web Services, Cloudflare, or hosted by the target corporation itself. The next overall step in the process, according to an aspect, is to examine DNS records  504 , with reverse IP lookups, and using certain tools such as dnscheck.ripe.net it is possible to see if other organizations share hosting space with the target. Other DNS record checks  504  include checking the Mail Exchange (“MX”) record, for the Sender Policy Framework (“SPF”) to determine if the domain is protected against emails from unauthorized domains, known commonly as phishing or spam, and other forms of email attack. Further examining the DNS MX record  504  allows one to examine if the target is self-hosting their email or if it is hosted in the cloud by another service, such as, for example, Google. DNS text records  504  may also be gathered for additional information, as defined by an aspect. The next overall step in the process is to conduct a port scan on the target network  505 , and of any devices immediately recognizable, to find insecure or open ports on target IP addresses. Multiple tools for this exist, or may be constructed. Next, collecting the identity of the target&#39;s DNS registrar  506  should be done, to determine more information about their hosting practices. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to leverage the technology and technique of DNS sinkholing  507 , a situation where a DNS server is set up to spread false information to clients that query information from it. For these purposes, the DNS sinkhole  507  may be used to redirect attackers from examining or connecting to certain target IP addresses and domains, or it can be set up as a DNS proxy for a customer in an initial profiling phase. There are possible future uses for DNS sinkholes  507  in the overall cybersecurity space, such as potentially, for example, allowing a customer to route their own requests through their own DNS server for increased security. The next overall step in network and internet reconnaissance, according to an aspect, is to use Réseaux IP Européens (“RIPE”) datasets  508  or similar datasets for analytics, such as RIPE Atlas Raw Data, RIS Raw Data, Reverse DNS Delegations, IPv6 Web Statistics, RIPE NCC Active Measurements Of World IPv6 Day Dataset, RIPE NCC Active Measurements of World IPv6 Launch Dataset, iPlane traceroute Dataset, NLANR AMP Data, NLANR PMA Data, and WITS Passive Datasets. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect information from other public datasets  509  from scanning projects produced by academia and the government. These projects, and others, provide valuable data about the internet, about publicly accessible networks, and more, which may be acquired independently or not, but is provided for the public regardless to use for research purposes, such as cybersecurity evaluations. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to monitor the news events from the root server  510 , for anomalies and important data which may be relevant to the security of the server. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect data from DatCat  511 , an internet measurement data catalogue, which publicly makes available measurement data gathered from various scans of the internet, for research purposes. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to enumerate DNS records  512  from many groups which host website traffic, including Cloudflare, Akamai, and others, using methods and tools already publicly available on websites such as github. Technologies such as DNSRecon and DNSEnum exist for this purpose as well, as recommended by Akamai. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect and crawl Google search results  513  in an effort to build a profile for the target corporation or group, including finding any subdomains still not found. There is an entire category of exploit with Google searches that exploits the Google search technique and may allow access to some servers and web assets. Other exploits found online may be used to help assess a target&#39;s security. It is important to see if the target is vulnerable to any of these exploits. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect information from Impact Cyber Trust  514 , which possesses an index of data from many internet providers and may be useful for analyzing and probing certain networks. 
       FIG. 6  is a method diagram illustrating key steps in collection of DNS leak information. A first step in this process would be, according to an aspect, to collect periodic disclosures of DNS leak information  601 , whereby a user&#39;s privacy is insecure because of improper network configuration. A second step, according to an aspect, is to top-level domain records and information about top-level domain record health  602 , such as reported by open-source projects available on websites such as Github. Another process in the method is to create a Trust Tree map  603  of the target domain, which is an open-source project available on Github but other implementations may be used of the same general process. A Trust Tree in this context is a graph generated by following all possible delegation paths for the target domain and generating the relationships between nameservers it comes across. This Trust Tree will output its data to a Graphstack Multidimensional Time-Series Database (“MDTSDB”), which grants the ability to record data at different times so as to properly understand changing data and behaviors of these records. The next step in this process is anomaly detection  604  within the Tree Trust graphs, using algorithms to detect if new references are being created in records (possible because of the use of MDTSDB&#39;s recording data over time), which may help with alerting one to numerous vulnerabilities that may be exploited, such as if a top level domain is hijacked through DNS record manipulation, and other uses are possible. 
       FIG. 7  is a method diagram illustrating numerous actions and steps to take for web application reconnaissance. A first step, according to an aspect, is to make manual Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) requests  701 , known as HTTP/1.1 requests. Questions that are useful for network reconnaissance on the target that may be answered include whether the web server announces itself, and version number returned by the server, how often the version number changes which often indicates patches or technology updates, as examples of data possibly returned by such a request. A second step in the process is to look for a robots.txt file  702 , a common type of file used to provide metadata to search engines and web crawlers of many types (including Google). This allows, among other possible things, to possibly determine what content management system (if any) the target may be using, such as Blogger by Google, or the website creation service Wix. Another process in the method for intelligence gathering on the target, is to fingerprint the application layer by looking at file extensions  703 , HTML source, and server response headers, to determine what methods and technologies are used to construct the application layer. Another step is to examine and look for/admin pages  704  that are accessible and open to the public internet, which may be a major security concern for many websites and web-enabled technologies. The next step in this category of reconnaissance is to profile the web application of the target based on the specific toolset it was constructed with  705 , for example, relevant information might be the WORDPRESS™ version and plugins they use if applicable, what version of ASP.NET™ used if applicable, and more. One can identify technologies from the target from many sources, including file extensions, server responses to various requests, job postings found online, directory listings, login splash pages (many services used to create websites and web applications have common templates used by many users for example), the content of a website, and more. Profiling such technology is useful in determining if they are using outdated or vulnerable technology, or for determining what manner of attacks are likely or targeted towards their specific technologies and platforms. 
       FIG. 8  is a method diagram illustrating steps to take for scanning the target for Internet Of Things (IoT) devices and other user device endpoints. The first step, according to an aspect, is to scan the target network for IoT devices  801 , recognizable often by data returned upon scanning them. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to check IoT devices reached to see if they are using default factory-set credentials and configurations  802 , the ability to do this being available in open-source scanners such as on the website Github. Default settings and/or credentials for devices in many times may be exploited. The next step, according to an aspect, is to establish fingerprints for user endpoint devices  803 , meaning to establish identities and information about the devices connected over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”) that are often used by users such as laptops or tablets, and other devices that are internet access endpoints. It is important to establish versions of technology used by these devices when fingerprinting them, to notice and record changes in the MDTSDB in future scans. 
       FIG. 9  is a method diagram illustrating steps and actions to take to gather information on, and perform reconnaissance on, social networks and open-source intelligence feeds (OSINT). A first step is to scrape the professional social network LinkedIn  901  for useful information, including job affiliations, corporate affiliations, affiliations between educational universities, and more, to establish links between many actors which may be relevant to the security of the target. A second step to take, according to an aspect, is to perform a sentiment analysis on the popular social networks Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter  902 . A sentiment analysis may, with proper technology and precision, provide information on potential attackers and agents which may be important to the security of the target, as well as establishing a time-series graph of behavioral changes which may affect the environment of the cybersecurity of the target. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to perform a job description analysis/parse  903 , from the combination of social networks reviewed, so as to identify multiple pieces of relevant information for the target—such as known technologies used by the target, and possible actors that may be relevant to the target&#39;s cybersecurity. More than this, it is also possible that one can find information on actors related to the target that may be used against the target, for example in cases of industrial espionage. Other uses for such information exist relevant to the field of the invention, as in most cases of reconnaissance mentioned thus far. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to search domains on Pastebin and other open-source feeds  904 . Finding useful information such as personal identifying information, domains of websites, and other hidden information or not-easily-obtained information on public sources such as Pastebin, is of incredible use for cybersecurity purposes. Such feeds and sources of public information are known as OSINT and are known to the field. Other information scrapable from Pastebin includes credentials to applications, websites, services, and more 905, which must be scraped and identified in order to properly mitigate such security concerns. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a basic system for congregating information from several previous methodologies into a comprehensive cybersecurity score of the analyzed target/customer. It is important to note that this scoring only aggregates information and thus scores the security of the target based on externally visible data sets. Once complete and comprehensive reconnaissance has been performed, all information from the internet reconnaissance  1010 ,  FIG. 2 , web application security  1020 ,  FIG. 7 , patching frequency of the target websites and technologies  1030 ,  FIG. 7 , Endpoint and IoT security  1040 ,  FIG. 8 , social network security and sentiment analysis results  1050 ,  FIG. 9 , and OSINT reconnaissance results  1060 ,  FIG. 9 . All of these sources of information are gathered and aggregated into a score, similar to a credit score, for cybersecurity  1070 , the scoring method of which may be changed, fine-tuned, and otherwise altered either to suit customer needs or to suit the evolving field of technologies and information relevant to cybersecurity. This score represents the sum total of security from the reconnaissance performed, as far as externally visible data is concerned, a higher score indicating higher security, from a range of 250 to 850. Up to 400 points may be accrued for internet security  1010 , up to 200 points may be accrued for web application security  1020 , 100 points may be gained for a satisfactory patching frequency of technologies  1030 , and all remaining factors  1040 ,  1050 ,  1060  of the score may award up to 50 points for the target, if perfectly secure. 
     Hardware Architecture 
     Generally, the techniques disclosed herein may be implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, on an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), or on a network interface card. 
     Software/hardware hybrid implementations of at least some of the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable network-resident machine (which should be understood to include intermittently connected network-aware machines) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces that may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols. A general architecture for some of these machines may be described herein in order to illustrate one or more exemplary means by which a given unit of functionality may be implemented. According to specific aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose computers associated with one or more networks, such as for example an end-user computer system, a client computer, a network server or other server system, a mobile computing device (e.g., tablet computing device, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, or other appropriate computing device), a consumer electronic device, a music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or other suitable device, or any combination thereof. In at least some aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, virtual machines hosted on one or more physical computing machines, or other appropriate virtual environments). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary computing device  10  suitable for implementing at least a portion of the features or functionalities disclosed herein. Computing device  10  may be, for example, any one of the computing machines listed in the previous paragraph, or indeed any other electronic device capable of executing software- or hardware-based instructions according to one or more programs stored in memory. Computing device  10  may be configured to communicate with a plurality of other computing devices, such as clients or servers, over communications networks such as a wide area network a metropolitan area network, a local area network, a wireless network, the Internet, or any other network, using known protocols for such communication, whether wireless or wired. 
     In one embodiment, computing device  10  includes one or more central processing units (CPU)  12 , one or more interfaces  15 , and one or more busses  14  (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU  12  may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine. For example, in at least one embodiment, a computing device  10  may be configured or designed to function as a server system utilizing CPU  12 , local memory  11  and/or remote memory  16 , and interface(s)  15 . In at least one embodiment, CPU  12  may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of functions and/or operations under the control of software modules or components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and the like. 
     CPU  12  may include one or more processors  13  such as, for example, a processor from one of the Intel, ARM, Qualcomm, and AMD families of microprocessors. In some embodiments, processors  13  may include specially designed hardware such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and so forth, for controlling operations of computing device  10 . In a specific embodiment, a local memory  11  (such as non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM), including for example one or more levels of cached memory) may also form part of CPU  12 . However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled to system  10 . Memory  11  may be used for a variety of purposes such as, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions, and the like. It should be further appreciated that CPU  12  may be one of a variety of system-on-a-chip (SOC) type hardware that may include additional hardware such as memory or graphics processing chips, such as a QUALCOMM SNAPDRAGON™ or SAMSUNG EXYNOS™ CPU as are becoming increasingly common in the art, such as for use in mobile devices or integrated devices. 
     As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, a mobile processor, or a microprocessor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any other programmable circuit. 
     In one embodiment, interfaces  15  are provided as network interface cards (NICs). Generally, NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces  15  may for example support other peripherals used with computing device  10 . Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, graphics interfaces, and the like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, FIREWIRE™, THUNDERBOLT™, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, Serial ATA (SATA) or external SATA (ESATA) interfaces, high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI, digital visual interface (DVI), analog or digital audio interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, such interfaces  15  may include physical ports appropriate for communication with appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor (such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A/V hardware interfaces) and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM). 
     Although the system shown in  FIG. 11  illustrates one specific architecture for a computing device  10  for implementing one or more of the inventions described herein, it is by no means the only device architecture on which at least a portion of the features and techniques described herein may be implemented. For example, architectures having one or any number of processors  13  may be used, and such processors  13  may be present in a single device or distributed among any number of devices. In one embodiment, a single processor  13  handles communications as well as routing computations, while in other embodiments a separate dedicated communications processor may be provided. In various embodiments, different types of features or functionalities may be implemented in a system according to the invention that includes a client device (such as a tablet device or smartphone running client software) and server systems (such as a server system described in more detail below). 
     Regardless of network device configuration, the system of the present invention may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, remote memory block  16  and local memory  11 ) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations, or other information relating to the functionality of the embodiments described herein (or any combinations of the above). Program instructions may control execution of or comprise an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. Memory  16  or memories  11 ,  16  may also be configured to store data structures, configuration data, encryption data, historical system operations information, or any other specific or generic non-program information described herein. 
     Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement one or more systems or methods described herein, at least some network device embodiments may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, may be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitory machine-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as optical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory (as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems), solid state drives (SSD) and “hybrid SSD” storage drives that may combine physical components of solid state and hard disk drives in a single hardware device (as are becoming increasingly common in the art with regard to personal computers), memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like. It should be appreciated that such storage means may be integral and non-removable (such as RAM hardware modules that may be soldered onto a motherboard or otherwise integrated into an electronic device), or they may be removable such as swappable flash memory modules (such as “thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices), “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or other such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably. Examples of program instructions include both object code, such as may be produced by a compiler, machine code, such as may be produced by an assembler or a linker, byte code, such as may be generated by for example a JAVA™ compiler and may be executed using a java virtual machine or equivalent, or files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter (for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy, or any other scripting language). 
     In some embodiments, systems according to the present invention may be implemented on a standalone computing system. Referring now to  FIG. 12 , there is shown a block diagram depicting a typical exemplary architecture of one or more embodiments or components thereof on a standalone computing system. Computing device  20  includes processors  21  that may run software that carry out one or more functions or applications of embodiments of the invention, such as for example a client application  24 . Processors  21  may carry out computing instructions under control of an operating system  22  such as, for example, a version of MICROSOFT WINDOWS™ operating system, APPLE OSX™ or iOS™ operating systems, some variety of the Linux operating system, ANDROID™ operating system, or the like. In many cases, one or more shared services  23  may be operable in system  20 , and may be useful for providing common services to client applications  24 . Services  23  may for example be WINDOWS™ services, user-space common services in a Linux environment, or any other type of common service architecture used with operating system  21 . Input devices  28  may be of any type suitable for receiving user input, including for example a keyboard, touchscreen, microphone (for example, for voice input), mouse, touchpad, trackball, or any combination thereof. Output devices  27  may be of any type suitable for providing output to one or more users, whether remote or local to system  20 , and may include for example one or more screens for visual output, speakers, printers, or any combination thereof. Memory  25  may be random-access memory having any structure and architecture known in the art, for use by processors  21 , for example to run software. Storage devices  26  may be any magnetic, optical, mechanical, memristor, or electrical storage device for storage of data in digital form (such as those described above, referring to  FIG. 11 ). Examples of storage devices  26  include flash memory, magnetic hard drive, CD-ROM, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, systems of the present invention may be implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers. Referring now to  FIG. 13 , there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary architecture  30  for implementing at least a portion of a system according to an embodiment of the invention on a distributed computing network. According to the embodiment, any number of clients  33  may be provided. Each client  33  may run software for implementing client-side portions of the present invention; clients may comprise a system  20  such as that illustrated in  FIG. 12 . In addition, any number of servers  32  may be provided for handling requests received from one or more clients  33 . Clients  33  and servers  32  may communicate with one another via one or more electronic networks  31 , which may be in various embodiments any of the Internet, a wide area network, a mobile telephony network (such as CDMA or GSM cellular networks), a wireless network (such as WiFi, WiMAX, LTE, and so forth), or a local area network (or indeed any network topology known in the art; the invention does not prefer any one network topology over any other). Networks  31  may be implemented using any known network protocols, including for example wired and/or wireless protocols. 
     In addition, in some embodiments, servers  32  may call external services  37  when needed to obtain additional information, or to refer to additional data concerning a particular call. Communications with external services  37  may take place, for example, via one or more networks  31 . In various embodiments, external services  37  may comprise web-enabled services or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in an embodiment where client applications  24  are implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, client applications  24  may obtain information stored in a server system  32  in the cloud or on an external service  37  deployed on one or more of a particular enterprise&#39;s or user&#39;s premises. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, clients  33  or servers  32  (or both) may make use of one or more specialized services or appliances that may be deployed locally or remotely across one or more networks  31 . For example, one or more databases  34  may be used or referred to by one or more embodiments of the invention. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that databases  34  may be arranged in a wide variety of architectures and using a wide variety of data access and manipulation means. For example, in various embodiments one or more databases  34  may comprise a relational database system using a structured query language (SQL), while others may comprise an alternative data storage technology such as those referred to in the art as “NoSQL” (for example, HADOOP CASSANDRA™, GOOGLE BIGTABLE™, and so forth). In some embodiments, variant database architectures such as column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, clustered databases, distributed databases, or even flat file data repositories may be used according to the invention. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any combination of known or future database technologies may be used as appropriate, unless a specific database technology or a specific arrangement of components is specified for a particular embodiment herein. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the term “database” as used herein may refer to a physical database machine, a cluster of machines acting as a single database system, or a logical database within an overall database management system. Unless a specific meaning is specified for a given use of the term “database”, it should be construed to mean any of these senses of the word, all of which are understood as a plain meaning of the term “database” by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Similarly, most embodiments of the invention may make use of one or more security systems  36  and configuration systems  35 . Security and configuration management are common information technology (IT) and web functions, and some amount of each are generally associated with any IT or web systems. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that any configuration or security subsystems known in the art now or in the future may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention without limitation, unless a specific security  36  or configuration system  35  or approach is specifically required by the description of any specific embodiment. 
       FIG. 14  shows an exemplary overview of a computer system  40  as may be used in any of the various locations throughout the system. It is exemplary of any computer that may execute code to process data. Various modifications and changes may be made to computer system  40  without departing from the broader scope of the system and method disclosed herein. Central processor unit (CPU)  41  is connected to bus  42 , to which bus is also connected memory  43 , nonvolatile memory  44 , display  47 , input/output (I/O) unit  48 , and network interface card (NIC)  53 . I/O unit  48  may, typically, be connected to keyboard  49 , pointing device  50 , hard disk  52 , and real-time clock  51 . NIC  53  connects to network  54 , which may be the Internet or a local network, which local network may or may not have connections to the Internet. Also shown as part of system  40  is power supply unit  45  connected, in this example, to a main alternating current (AC) supply  46 . Not shown are batteries that could be present, and many other devices and modifications that are well known but are not applicable to the specific novel functions of the current system and method disclosed herein. It should be appreciated that some or all components illustrated may be combined, such as in various integrated applications, for example Qualcomm or Samsung system-on-a-chip (SOC) devices, or whenever it may be appropriate to combine multiple capabilities or functions into a single hardware device (for instance, in mobile devices such as smartphones, video game consoles, in-vehicle computer systems such as navigation or multimedia systems in automobiles, or other integrated hardware devices). 
     In various embodiments, functionality for implementing systems or methods of the present invention may be distributed among any number of client and/or server components. For example, various software modules may be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the present invention, and such modules may be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components. 
     The skilled person will be aware of a range of possible modifications of the various embodiments described above. Accordingly, the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.