Patent Publication Number: US-10781770-B2

Title: Cylinder system with relative motion occupying structure

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. non-provisional patent application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/847,711, filed on Dec. 19, 2017, which is incorporated-by-reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to mechanical devices used to perform work, and more particularly to hydraulic and combustion cylinders. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A wide variety of devices utilize cylinders to perform mechanical functions and produce useful work. A typical internal combustion engine (ICE), for example, employs a number of cylinders in which a fuel-air mixture is compressed and combusted to produce work that is imparted to a respective reciprocating piston. Each piston may be coupled to a crankshaft, with which forces imparted to the pistons can be transmitted, through various intermediate devices, to the wheels of a vehicle to thereby propel the vehicle. 
     Non-ICE engines and other devices may utilize cylinders in producing work. A hydraulic system, for example, may employ a cylinder having a piston operable to push hydraulic fluid in the cylinder, where pressure applied to the hydraulic fluid by the piston can be transmitted to other components in the hydraulic system in accordance with Pascal&#39;s principle. As a specific example, a hydraulic lift may employ two hydraulic cylinders in fluidic communication to obtain a multiplication in output force: an output cylinder used to lift an object such as a vehicle may be configured with a larger area throughout which the output force is distributed so as to multiply the input force applied to an input cylinder having a relatively smaller area throughout which the input force is applied. 
     When configured for use in an ICE, hydraulic system, or in other contexts, a typical cylinder produces output (e.g., power, force) that is proportional to its stroke volume (e.g., the volume through which a piston surface travels) which is the product of a piston surface and stroke distance (e.g., the axial distance through which the piston surface travels). Accordingly, previous systems (e.g., gasoline and diesel ICEs) have turned to increased stroke volumes and/or distances to increase cylinder output. Increasing stroke volume and/or distance may stipulate an increase in cylinder dimensions and thus cylinder mass, however, reducing the overall economy of an engine and vehicle in which such enlarged cylinders are used. 
     Other approaches to increasing engine/vehicle economy may include the use of a recovery system. Hydraulic cylinders, for example, may be coupled to a hydraulic or turbo charger or to an electrical recovery system, though such recovery systems frequently exhibit limited efficiencies (e.g., 20-30%) especially when they work against a high initial pressure around 1000 psi. In the case of a hydraulic recovery system, in which unused mechanical forces may be redirected to pump fluids into a pressure accumulating storage chamber for later cylinder intake, the operating fluid intake may be originally accumulated under low efficiency recycling methods based on pumping against high head accumulators. Minimizing requirements of the upper limits of compression ratios is a way to provide better energy recovery results in a vehicle. While pressurized fluid input or cylinder input pressure can be reduced to increase overall hydraulic system efficiency, cylinder output may correspondingly decrease, as in some configurations the output power of a hydraulic cylinder is proportional to the product of effective head pressure and fluid flow. Moreover, the limited efficiency of cylinder-based systems is further compounded when considering the energy expended in producing the compressed fluids provided as input to a cylinder, such as the energy required to accumulate pressurized fluid for hydraulic cylinders, and the energy required to refine and transport combustible fuel for combustion cylinders. 
     Direct injection engine methods have been implemented for the purpose of satisfying clean environment requirements, but it has become more challenging to satisfy such requirements. Two stroke engines, for example, which are desired for having lesser moving parts, are completely prohibited in certain areas due to their tendency of releasing excessive amounts of non-completely burned exhaust and it is also not energy effective due to losing compressed fluids before they enter into a next combustion phase. Wankel rotary engines are favorable because they have less parts, but are limited in their energy output. 
     The existing throttle method for slowing down a vehicle is usually done through releasing a non-completely burned fluid during expansion cylinder stroke to release pressure that is acting on its piston. Fluid intake pathways in direct injection engines, suffer from buildup of unburned exhaust that may leak backward within the engine. Further, releasing non-burned fluid causes pollution and is a waste of fuel. Further, it is known that higher initial pressures in supercharged engines cause high temperatures and subsequent damage due to high temperatures. 
     In view of the above, there exists a need for a mechanism to meet environmental requirements of a combustion engine by optimizing cylinder pressure while minimizing the release of unburned fluids or losing compressed fluids, while still achieving excellent power output. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a cylinder system is disclosed, the cylinder system comprising a mechanical cylinder including an internal space in which a fluid is introduced, and a crankshaft piston configured for reciprocating motion in the internal space; and a cylinder occupying structure including an insertion rod, wherein the insertion rod is variably advanced into, and retracted from, the internal space of the cylinder in correspondence with the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft piston and wherein the insertion rod partially or completely contains or surrounds a combustion space. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod displaces a portion of the internal space, such that a volume of the internal space occupied by the fluid is less than an intrinsic volume of the internal space. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod reduces a fluid intake corresponding to a given stroke of the crankshaft piston. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod may be a fixed structure, or it may perform as a second piston that may, through a mechanical link, magnetic control, or hydraulic communication, add a secondary force to selectively, dynamically, and controllably increase and/or decrease cylinder internal pressure during expansion or compression strokes, respectively, as required by the particular application of the system. 
     In another aspect, triggering the electromagnetic actuator at each mechanical cycle is substantially initiated by mechanical or magnetic sensors that monitor and respond to throttle pedal position. 
     In another aspect, the cylinder system further comprises a controller mechanism configured to control the cylinder occupying structure via an electromagnetic actuator. 
     In another aspect, the electromagnetic actuator includes, in one embodiment, an electrical system configured to supply a DC current to a coil and thereby generate a magnetic field, and comprising a non-alternating poles orientation configured to apply its forces as either a repelling or attraction action to change or enforce the movement of the insertion rod during an expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the magnetic field interacts with a permanent magnet in the insertion rod to variably remove the insertion rod from, the internal space of the cylinder during the expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod is variably advanced into the internal space of the cylinder via a mechanical actuator, or via a hydraulic charger. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod is advanced into the internal space of the cylinder during an expansion stroke of the cylinder, the expansion stroke primarily initiated by forces of combustion, and the insertion rod is retracted from the internal space of the cylinder during a compression stroke of the cylinder, along with the retracting crankshaft piston. 
     In another aspect, the cylinder is a hydraulic cylinder, and the fluid is a hydraulic fluid primarily injected within a space surrounded by a crankshaft piston and the insertion rod (occupying structure). 
     In another aspect, the cylinder is a combustion cylinder, and the fluid is a combustible fluid. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod undergoes motion at a substantially same rate as the crankshaft piston and in the same or opposite direction of the crankshaft piston&#39;s location during an expansion stroke and in the same direction as the crankshaft piston&#39;s location during the compression stroke. 
     In another example, disclosed is cylinder system, comprising: a mechanical engine cylinder including an internal space in which a fluid is introduced, and a crankshaft piston configured for reciprocating motion in the internal space, and a cylinder occupying structure including an insertion rod being a second piston, wherein the insertion rod is variably advanced into, and retracted from, the internal space of the cylinder in correspondence with the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft piston. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod displaces a portion of the internal space, such that a volume of the internal space occupied by the fluid is less than an intrinsic volume of the internal space. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod reduces a fluid intake corresponding to a given stroke of the crankshaft piston. 
     In another aspect, the system further comprises a controller configured to control the cylinder occupying structure via an electromagnetic actuator or via a hydraulic or turbo charger. 
     In another aspect, the electromagnetic actuator includes an electrical system configured to supply a DC current to a coil and thereby generate a magnetic field dedicated to provide dedicated repelling or attraction forces. 
     In another aspect, the magnetic field interacts with a permanent magnet in the insertion rod to variably advance or retract the insertion within, the internal space of the cylinder during an expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod is variably inserted into, and retracted from, the internal space of the cylinder via a mechanical actuator. 
     In another aspect, the mechanical hydraulic or turbo actuator includes a spring that converts kinetic energy of the insertion rod into potential energy of the spring. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod is advanced into the internal space of the cylinder during an expansion stroke of the cylinder, and wherein the insertion rod is completely retracted from the internal space of the cylinder during a compression stroke of the cylinder; and wherein the insertion rod is further advanced or retracted from a certain position during an expansion stroke. 
     Disclosed as yet another example is: at a mechanical cylinder system including a cylinder, a method, comprising: actuating a crankshaft piston of the cylinder during an expansion stroke in a first direction, during the expansion stroke, advancing a cylinder occupying structure into an internal space of the cylinder in correspondence with motion of the crankshaft piston, actuating the crankshaft piston of the cylinder during a compression stroke in a second direction substantially opposite to the first direction, and during the compression stroke, retracting the cylinder occupying structure from the internal space of the cylinder in correspondence with the motion of the crankshaft piston. 
     In another aspect, the combustion space is partially contained or surrounded by the body of the insertion rod. 
     In another aspect, the internal surface of the actuating crankshaft piston partly or completely has a cone shape. 
     In another aspect, the insertion rod is a second cylinder that may change the direction of its acceleration during an expansion stroke. 
     Disclosed as another example is, a method of performing 2 engine strokes per cylinder combustion, using 2 internal pistons where such two pistons provide four stroke functions of a four-stroke engine including air intake, air compression, power stroke and exhaust strokes. 
     Disclosed as another example is, a method of increasing engine acceleration by increasing the internal cylinder pressure through the delivery of compressed fluid in the space behind an insertion rod. 
     As another example, disclosed is a method of decelerating an engine through moving an insertion rod piston in an opposite direction of the crank shaft, causing a decrease in cylinder internal pressure and a decrease in crank shaft power without the need for an early release of the unburned exhaust. 
     In another aspect, the cylinder occupying structure is further advanced and retracted via an electromagnetic actuator, hydraulic press supercharger or turbocharger. 
     In another example, disclosed is a method for hybrid electromagnet-petrol cylinder drive, or hybrid hydraulic-petrol cylinder drive where a second piston communicates secondary pressure forces to a crank shaft linked piston. 
     In another aspect, the electromagnetic actuator includes an electrical system configured to supply current to one or more coils and thereby generate one or more magnetic fields. 
     Disclosed in another example is a method of enhancing an energy return of a second piston linked electromagnet by assigning such electromagnet a one repelling or attraction task. 
     In another aspect, the cylinder occupying structure is advanced and retracted via a mechanical actuator. 
     In another aspect, the mechanical actuator includes a spring that converts kinetic energy of the insertion rod into potential energy of the spring. 
     In another aspect, the cylinder is a combustion cylinder, the method further comprising injecting a combustible fuel into the cylinder prior to the compression stroke. 
     In another aspect, the cylinder is a hydraulic cylinder, the method further comprising compressing, via the cylinder, a hydraulic fluid during the compression stroke. 
     Disclosed in another example is a cylinder system comprising: a mechanical engine cylinder including an internal space in which a fixed non-moving occupying structure is installed surrounding a combustion space, engaged with part of the reciprocating crankshaft piston in a way where combustion pressure is applied to smaller surface area of the crankshaft piston during an early part of the expansion stroke and to bigger surface area of the crankshaft piston during a later part of the expansion stroke. 
     Disclosed in yet another example is a cylinder system, comprising: a mechanical engine cylinder including an internal space in which a fluid is introduced, and a crankshaft piston configured for reciprocating motion in the internal space, a cylinder occupying structure including an insertion rod as a second piston, wherein the insertion rod is variably advanced as a second piston in a first direction during an expansion stroke of the cylinder, and retracted from in a second direction substantially opposite to first direction during a compression stroke wherein the insertion rod partially surrounds the combustion space, wherein the cylinder occupying structure is moved initially by the combustion forces to a certain distance after which it further advances or retracts by an electromagnetic or hydraulic actuator. 
     Disclosed as yet another example, is a mechanical engine cylinder system, comprising: a cylinder including an internal space, an occupying structure, and a crankshaft piston, wherein the internal space of the cylinder is modified by the occupying structure such that combustion pressure applied to the crankshaft piston is applied to a smaller surface area of the crankshaft piston during an early part of an expansion stroke and to a larger surface area of the crankshaft piston during a later part of the expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured such that combustion occurs within a cavity of the occupying structure to apply combustion pressure to both the occupying structure and the crankshaft piston. 
     In another aspect, the occupying structure is a movable structure relative to the cylinder, and wherein movement of the occupying structure controlled by one or more forces applied by a force application mechanism. 
     In another aspect, the force application mechanism is responsive to throttle position by way of throttle position sensors such that one or more forces applied to the occupying structure are dependent on throttle position. 
     In another aspect, the force application mechanism is configured to apply a retracting force to the occupying structure during the expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the force application mechanism is configured to apply an advancing force to the occupying structure during the expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to partially execute a compression stroke function during the expansion stroke by pumping fresh air behind the occupying structure via the force application mechanism. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to perform intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust functions within two strokes per combustion. 
     In another aspect, the force application mechanism includes an electromagnetic actuator. 
     In another aspect, the force application mechanism includes a hydraulic system. 
     In another aspect, the force application mechanism includes a forced induction system. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to deliver fluid to an intake side of the occupying structure to increase cylinder pressure and engine acceleration. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to cause engine deceleration by applying a retracting force to the occupying structure. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to cause engine acceleration by applying an advancing force to the occupying structure. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to have the initial movement of the occupying structure drag the combustion fluids and forces in the direction of the camshaft piston to absorb part of the engine vibration forces. 
     In another aspect, the occupying structure changes direction during the expansion stroke. 
     In another aspect, the system is configured to perform intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust functions within two strokes per combustion. 
     These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the attached drawings and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments, which follow. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The preferred embodiments of the claimed subject matter will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings provided to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter, where like designations denote like elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  schematically shows an example of an engine system including an improved cylinder system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows a first exemplary cylinder occupying structure, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows a cross sectional view taken along plane  1 A- 1 A in  FIG. 2 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  shows a second exemplary cylinder occupying system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  shows a cross sectional view taken along plane  2 A- 2 A in  FIG. 4 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  shows a detail view of detail  2 B of the second exemplary cylinder occupying system of  FIG. 5 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  schematically shows various components of an exemplary cylinder occupying system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  schematically shows how a crankshaft piston moves during an expansion stroke, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  shows a third example of a cylinder occupying system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  shows a cross sectional view of cross section  5 A- 5 A of  FIG. 9 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  shows a fourth example of a cylinder occupying system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  shows a cross sectional view of cross section  6 A- 6 A of  FIG. 11 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  shows a fifth example of a cylinder occupying system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  shows a cross sectional view of cross section  7 A- 7 A of  FIG. 13 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15  shows an indication of a camshaft rotation diameter, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 16  schematically shows a cross sectional view of a sixth example of a cylinder occupying system, where the cross section is taken longitudinally along a cylinder, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 17 and 18  schematically show a magnetic arrangement for attracting or repelling a cylinder occupying structure, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19  schematically shows a cylinder occupying method using any of the disclosed cylinder occupying structures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 20-32  show various graphs and a table showing the benefits of the disclosed cylinder occupying systems (D 2 , D 3 , D 4 ) over conventional systems (D 1 ); and 
         FIG. 33  shows a Galilean and Lorentz transformation, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     It is to be understood that like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the described embodiments or the application and uses of the described embodiments. As used herein, the word “exemplary” or “illustrative” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. All of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise. 
     It is to be understood that “downward” with respect to  FIG. 7  corresponds to “rightward” or “right” with respect to  FIGS. 2-6, and 8-18 , and vice versa. 
     Disclosed is a cylinder occupying structure. An example provides a cylinder system comprising a mechanical cylinder including an internal space in which a fluid is introduced, and a crankshaft piston configured for reciprocating motion in the internal space, and a cylinder occupying structure including an insertion rod, wherein the insertion rod is variably inserted into, and retracted from, the internal space of the cylinder in correspondence with the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft piston. As shown in the figures, a combustion space is located within walls of an occupying structure. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 1  presents an exemplary system that employs a cylinder-based engine  102  to produce useful work. As non-limiting examples, engine  102  may be utilized to propel a vehicle; including but not limited to seafaring vessels, wheeled vehicles, and aircraft; actuate various devices, such as hydraulic lifts, forklift arms, and backhoe arms, among other components of excavating devices and industrial machinery; and/or for any other suitable purpose. The illustration of  FIG. 1  schematically shows the inclusion in engine  102  of one or more cylinders  104 , with which useful work may be derived to perform such functions. 
     In some examples, engine  102  may be an internal combustion engine (ICE) configured produce useful work by combusting fuel in cylinder(s)  104 . Cylinder(s)  104  may be arranged in any suitable configuration (e.g., 1-4, V6, V8, V12), in a linear or circular arrangement. While not shown in the illustration of  FIG. 1 , in some examples engine  102  may be assisted by an electrical system comprising an energy source (e.g., battery) and a motor operatively coupled to one or more wheels of a vehicle in which the engine may be implemented. Such a configuration may be referred to as a “hybrid” configuration, and may employ techniques such as regenerative braking to charge the energy source. 
     Cylinder(s)  104  may include pistons (e.g. first and second pistons in one cylinder) that undergo reciprocating motion caused by fuel combustion therein. In some examples, the reciprocating crankshaft piston motion may be converted to rotational motion of a crankshaft, which may be coupled to one or more vehicle wheels via a transmission to thereby provide vehicle propulsion. In other examples, the reciprocating crankshaft piston motion may be converted to other components and/or other forms of motion, including but not limited to articulation of an arm of an industrial vehicle (e.g., forklift, backhoe) and linear actuation. To this end, the illustration of  FIG. 1  shows an output  108  produced by engine  102 , which may include the rotational motion, articulation, or actuation described above, or any other suitable output. 
     An intake passage may be pneumatically coupled to engine  102  to provide intake air to the engine, enabling mixing of the air with fuel to thereby form charge air for in-cylinder combustion. Intake air of fluid may be compressed in an intake space behind the occupying structure and advanced into a combustion space within the occupying structure when the occupying structure is retracted toward the intake passage. To this end, the illustration of  FIG. 1  shows the reception at engine  102  of an input  106 , which may comprise the fuel/air mixture. Input  106  may include any suitable combination of fuels, including but not limited to gasoline, diesel, nitrous oxide, ethanol, and natural gas. An intake throttle may be arranged in the intake passage and configured to variably control the air ingested into engine  102 —e.g., as a function of mass airflow, volume, pressure. The intake passage may include various components, including but not limited to a charge air cooler, a compressor (e.g., of a turbocharger or supercharger), an intake manifold, etc. Respective intake valves may variably control the ingestion of charge air into cylinder(s)  104 . A fuel system may be provided for storing and supplying the fuel(s) supplied to engine  102 . 
     An exhaust passage may be pneumatically coupled to engine  102  to provide a path by which the products of charge air combustion are exhausted from the engine and to the surrounding environment. Various aftertreatment devices may be arranged in the exhaust passage to treat exhaust gasses, including but not limited to a NOx trap, particulate filter, catalyst, etc. For implementations in which engine  102  is boosted via a turbocharger, a turbine may be arranged in the exhaust passage to drive the turbocharger compressor. Respective exhaust valves may variably control the expulsion of exhaust gasses from cylinder(s)  104 . 
     A controller  110  may be operatively coupled to various components in engine  102  for receiving sensor input, actuating devices, and generally effecting operation of the engine. As such, controller  110  may be referred to as an “engine control unit” (ECU). As examples, ECU may receive one or more of the following inputs: throttle position, barometric pressure, transmission operating gear, engine temperature, and engine speed. As described in further detail below, controller  110  may control the operation of a cylinder operation structure that is variably introduced into the internal space of cylinder(s)  104  in accordance with the operating cycle of the cylinder(s). 
     Controller  110  may be implemented in any suitable manner. As an example, controller  110  may include a logic machine and a storage machine holding machine-readable instructions executable by the logic machine to effect the approaches described herein. The logic machine may be implemented as a controller, processor, system-on-a-chip (SoC), etc. The storage machine may be implemented as read-only memory (ROM, such as electronically-erasable-programmable ROM), and may comprise random-access memory (RAM). Controller  110  may include an input/output (I/O) interface for receiving inputs and issuing outputs (e.g., control signals for actuating components). 
     Engine  102  may assume other forms. For example, engine  102  may be configured for hydraulic operation, where cylinder(s)  104  include respective crankshaft pistons that undergo reciprocating motion to variably compress a hydraulic fluid therein. In this example, input  106  may include a hydraulic fluid that is supplied to cylinder(s)  104 , such as oil, water, and/or any other suitable fluid(s). Output  108  may include rotational motion, articulation, actuation, or any other suitable type of mechanical output. Alternatively or in addition to mechanical output, output  108  may be considered to include hydraulic fluid that is pressurized by cylinder(s)  104 , where the pressure applied by the cylinders may be transmitted to hydraulic fluid in other components that are in at least partial fluidic communication with the cylinders. Such hydraulic output may in turn be utilized to generate mechanical output, as in a hydraulic lift, for example. For implementations in which engine  102  is configured for hydraulic operation, the engine, and/or other elements that may form a hydraulic circuit, may include any suitable combination of hydraulic components, including but not limited to a pump, valve, accumulator, reservoir, filter, etc. In such implementations, controller  110  may be configured to control the operation of hydraulic cylinder(s)  104 , engine  102 , and/or other components of a hydraulic circuit, based on any suitable sensor output(s) (e.g., pressure, valve state, flow rate). 
     To increase cylinder output and avoid the drawbacks described above associated with existing approaches to increasing cylinder output, cylinder(s)  104  include a cylinder occupying structure  202  (i.e. insertion rod) that is variably inserted in, and removed from, the internal space of the cylinder(s) in which the operative fluid(s) (e.g., hydraulic fluid, combustible fuel) used to produce output are introduced. The figures show exemplary implementations of the cylinder occupying structure for a combustion cylinder, where the occupying structure configured to be subjected to a retracting and/or advancing force toward a combustion space, and/or toward a crankshaft piston (e.g. downward in  FIG. 7 ) by an electromagnetic actuator, hydraulic charger, turbo charger, or the like. 
     The figures show cylinder  104  including a cylinder occupying structure  202 , also referred to herein as an insertion rod or second piston. The cylinder occupying structure  202  acts as a second piston in addition to crankshaft piston  204  (e.g. the crankshaft piston  204  is a first piston), and the occupying structure  202  partially surrounds a combustion chamber. 
     Crankshaft piston  204  is coupled to a connecting rod, which may be coupled to another device such as a crankshaft to thereby translate reciprocating motion of the crankshaft piston to rotational crankshaft motion or another form of motion, which in turn may be used to propel a vehicle, actuate a device, etc. Reciprocating motion of crankshaft piston  204  may be caused by charge air combustion in an internal space  208  of cylinder  104 . Combustion may be controlled in part by an intake valve  210  actuated via an intake camshaft, which is operable to selectively inject charge air into internal space  208  for compression and ignition therein. A spark or glow plug may be controlled to cause ignition of injected charge air. Combustion products may be exhausted via an exhaust valve  216  actuated via an exhaust camshaft. To draw heat away from cylinder  104  in the course of charge air combustion, and thereby maintain desired operating temperatures and avoid thermal degradation, a coolant jacket may be arranged between the inner cylinder wall that defines internal space  208  and the outer cylinder wall that defines the exterior of the cylinder. A suitable coolant, which may comprise any suitable substance(s) such as water, antifreeze, etc., may be circulated through coolant jacket via a cooling system. The cooling system may include a radiator that radiates heated coolant to an exterior environment, for example. 
     As described above, cylinder  104  includes a cylinder occupying structure  202  that is variably inserted into internal space  208  to increase cylinder output and efficiency. In particular, structure  202  is an insertion rod that is variably inserted into internal space  208  in correspondence with the reciprocating movement of crankshaft piston  204 . In some examples, insertion rod  202  may be progressively inserted into internal space  208  as crankshaft piston  204  moves downward (with respect to  FIG. 7  for example) through the internal space. The insertion rod (i.e. occupying structure) may have a fluid accumulation space, or compartment, behind it near an intake side (upper side,  FIG. 7 ), and is configured to have four stroke functions performed in two crank shaft motions. However, cylinder  104  may be configured according to any suitable operating cycle, based on which the introduction of insertion rod  202  into internal space  208  may be controlled. Generally, insertion rod  202  may be inserted into internal space  208  as crankshaft piston  204  moves downward (with respect to  FIG. 7 ). 
     Cylinder  104  may execute a compression stroke (e.g., for a two or four-stroke operating cycle) or exhaust stroke (e.g., for a four-stroke operating cycle). The insertion rod  202  may be variably inserted in and removed from internal space  208  in correspondence with movement of crankshaft piston  204  downward and upward (with respect to  FIG. 7 ), respectively. The correspondence between movement of insertion rod  202  and crankshaft piston  204  may assume any suitable form. In some examples, the movement of insertion rod  202  and crankshaft piston  204  may be substantially synchronized, such that the insertion rod is actuated at substantially the same rate and direction as the crankshaft piston. As crankshaft piston  204  changes direction—i.e., stops moving upward or downward, and begins moving downward or upward, respectively—so too may insertion rod  202  accordingly change direction. 
     By placing insertion rod  202  in cylinder  104  during operating cycle portions in which a working fluid (e.g., hydraulic fluid, combustible fuel) is introduced into internal space  208 , or an accumulation compartment or space behind the occupying structure toward an intake side, the volume of the internal space available to be occupied by the fluid is reduced by its partial occupancy by the insertion rod. The intrinsic volume of internal space  208  and cylinder  104  remains unchanged, however. In this way, the fluid mass introduced into cylinder  104  is reduced, without changing other cylinder parameters that affect cylinder output, such as stroke volume, stroke distance, stroke force, and crankshaft piston surface area. Put another way, insertion rod  202  enables a reduction in the intake requirement of cylinder  104 , and, as a result of its occupancy of internal space  208 , the insertion rod further causes the volume of the internal space that is utilized in a combustion or hydraulic process—the so-called “combustion volume” or “hydraulic volume”—to be less than the intrinsic volume of the internal space itself. The intrinsic volume of cylinder  104  may be considered the volume defined by the inner walls of the cylinder, and in some contexts the volume above the upper surface of crankshaft piston  204 . 
     An electromagnetic system may add retracting or advancing forces to the occupying structure  202 . In this implementation, insertion rod  202  is variably removed from internal space  208  during an expansion stroke via a solenoid-type electromagnetic actuator comprising a coil  224  that is coupled at top and bottom ends to an electrical system  226 . An electromagnetic core may be dedicated to applying a retraction force to the occupying structure (e.g. a force toward the intake side, or in other words a force away from the combustion space, upward in  FIG. 7 ). 
     An electromagnet may be dedicated for either repelling or attracting the occupying structure, depending on a specific application. Whichever (repelling or attracting) the electromagnet is dedicated to, the remaining function (e.g. repelling or attracting) may be passive in functionality. The electromagnetic force may be used to retract the occupying structure in an early stage of an expansion stroke for the purpose of responding to an engine, vehicle, or throttle slow down command, to avoid having to release exhaust early. In this implementation, insertion rod  202  includes a magnet  227  (e.g., a permanent magnet) to enable interaction with magnetic fields generated by electrical currents transmitted through coil  224 , and the solenoid-type electromagnetic extension and retraction of the insertion rod. Magnetic force lines produced by coil  224 —specifically the portions thereof within the internal space of the coil below the upper end of the coil and above the lower end of the coil—may be substantially parallel with the direction in which insertion rod  202  extends and retracts. To facilitate the electromagnetic actuation of insertion rod  202  described herein, electrical system  226  may include a current source with which current is selectively provided to coil  224 . Electrical system  226  is operatively coupled to a controller  110 , which may control the electrical system to selectively position insertion rod  202 , and/or provide retracting or advancing forces to the occupying structure  202 , in accordance with the operating cycle of cylinder  104  as described above, and/or based on any other suitable inputs (e.g., camshaft timing, valve timing, intake or charge air variables, other operating conditions). In some examples, controller  110  may be controller  110  of  FIG. 1 , but may also include various devices and systems to subject the occupying structure  202  to retracting or advancing forces, or to add pressure to an upper side (e.g. intake side of  FIG. 7 ) of the occupying structure  202 . Such devices and systems of the controller  110  may be hydraulic or turbo chargers, electromagnetic actuators, or any appropriate system that can control forces that the occupying structure  202  is subjected to, generally referred to herein as “force application mechanisms”. One or more of coil  224 , electrical system  226 , magnet  227 , and controller  110  may form what is referred to herein as an “electromagnetic actuator”. In some examples, the electromagnetic actuator may be considered a solenoid, where insertion rod  202  acts as a slug translated by the electromagnetic actuator. It is to be understood that, as shown in  FIG. 7 , the retraction and advancing forces are applied to the body of insertion rod  202 . 
     Other electromagnetic configurations for actuating insertion rod  202  are contemplated. For example, cylinder occupying structure  202  may be configured with an electromagnetic actuator without a permanent magnet included in insertion rod  202 , where electrical current is selectively applied to the electromagnetic actuator to variably generate a magnetic field. Electromagnetic force may be fed by recovering wasted energy from the system. Generally, any suitable electromagnetic mechanism may be used to actuate insertion rod  202 . 
     Cylinder  104  may be configured with other aspects that increase cylinder output, such as configuring the occupying structure and/or the crankshaft piston to have a cone shape or profile at their distal ends. For example, a distal end may be an end that is facing toward a combustion space. 
     An internal surface of the crankshaft piston may include dents and/or protrusions to increase the shear stress forces during a relative motion of the crankshaft piston. Further, the internal surface of the crankshaft piston may include a second lighter density metal to increase a distance between the gravity or weight center and the geometric center of the crankshaft piston, providing partial advantage in the stroke distance relative to the cylinder internal space volume. 
     Coil  224  may be arranged in a housing, which interfaces with an insulation barrier that enables low-friction movement of insertion rod  202  and substantial sealing between internal space  208  and the housing. Coil  224  is electrically driven by an electrical system  226 , which is coupled to a controller  110 . 
     A magnet  407  ( FIG. 17 ) creates a magnetic field between a positively charged portion of the insertion rod  202  and the magnet  407 . The magnetic field is shown via magnetic force lines. It is to be understood that the mechanical movement of the insertion rod is parallel with the magnetic force lines shown in  FIG. 17 . Therefore, a movement vector of the insertion rod  202  would not cross the magnetic force lines. The coil  224  provides another magnetic field responsible for controlling the reciprocal movement controls, while the coil or magnet  407  provides a field responsible for providing a driving force of the insertion rod  202 . Therefore, in addition to the magnetic field provided by a solenoid, the system would also need to control the frequency of insertion rod movement, and the advancing force or the motion of the insertion rod may be gained from another field provided by magnet  407 . 
     In one example, a spring may be coupled to the insertion rod  202  that is variably introduced into and retracted from an internal space  208  of cylinder  104  for the purpose to prevent an early retraction of the insertion rod during the expansion stroke. 
     The occupying structure  202  may be made of any one or more parts or cylindrical layers. The occupying structure may be of different sizes in different engine cylinders. For example, some occupying structure  202  shapes may be designed for higher torque requirements, as a non-limiting example. 
     The cylinder occupying structure  202  and cylinder implementations described herein are provided as examples and are not intended to be limiting in any way. Numerous modifications are within the scope of this disclosure. “Cylinder” as used herein does not require cylindrical geometry, but rather refers to a mechanical device in which reciprocating crankshaft piston motion is used to produce useful work and output. Non-spherical geometries, such as hemispherical or wedged geometries may be employed, for example. Various cylinder components may be added, removed, or modified, including cylinder head components, valves, etc. Further, alternative insertion rod configurations are contemplated. For example, the insertion rods disclosed herein may enter a cylinder internal space from the bottom, side, or from any other direction, including at oblique angles. The cylinder  104  may itself have a curved shape as part of a circular shape engine with the piston and insertion rod following a circular or curved path during a stroke motion. Still further, implementations are possible in which both spring-based and electromagnetic actuation is employed to control an insertion rod. In some hydraulic implementations, a hybrid solution may be employed in which fluid is mechanically pumped as well as magnetically advanced against a crankshaft piston. For example, fluid may be pressed against a crankshaft piston plunger without using a hydraulic pump during an active press. 
     The cylinder occupying structure implementations described herein may produce various technical effects and advantages. For example, the cylinder occupying structure may reduce the required fluid intake (e.g., fluid mass, fluid volume) into a cylinder (e.g., the required intake to perform a given stroke or travel a given stroke distance), where the required fluid intake is, in some contexts, initially stipulated by crankshaft piston movement and shape. A reduced fluid intake may be used to maintain a similar stroke force relative to that associated with an initially larger fluid intake. In other examples, the cylinder occupying structure may allow using a similar fluid volume for a larger distance stroke. Further, the cylinder occupying structure may enable the application of a larger force per square inch on a crankshaft piston&#39;s internal surface. In some examples, one or more insertion rods may add to a crankshaft piston&#39;s effective surface area to increase force and power output. In some examples, such as those that employ electromagnetic actuation, the cylinder occupying structure may maintain combustion pressure magnitude, by holding an insertion rod steadily in place, with a magnetic field being initiated with fuel combustion. In some examples, the cylinder occupying structure may enable increases in stroke distance and crankshaft piston momentum via progressive rod insertion into a cylinder internal space. In some examples, the cylinder occupying structure may facilitate laminar crankshaft piston movement with a slower pressure decline. In some examples, the cylinder occupying structure may enable an increase in power input magnitude from a static electric or static magnetic force. In some examples, the cylinder occupying structure may undergo motion parallel to magnetic force lines, without consuming electric power as long as an insertion rod does not cross the magnetic force lines. In some examples, such as those that employ mechanical spring-based actuation, the cylinder occupying structure may enable increased stroke distance, increased momentum, more laminar crankshaft piston movement with decreased pressure variations, an increase of power input from insertion rod inertia and spring expansion momentum. In hydraulic implementations, an insertion rod may reduce the pressurized hydraulic fluid intake from a pump, as the fluid moved against a crankshaft piston plunger is larger in calculated mass than the pumped fluid. These and other technical effects may increase the economy of a vehicle in which the cylinder occupying structure is implemented. 
     The herein described steps, tasks, and methods may be repeated throughout operation of the cylinder, at any suitable frequency, interval, duty cycle, etc., which may include continuous operation or may be interrupted (e.g., in response to controller input, operator input). 
     The insertion rod  202  and the crankshaft piston  204  may have a cone shape at surfaces where they interface. The insertion rod  202  may partially contain and/or partially surround the combustion space. The insertion rod  202  may be mechanically connected to an electromagnetic actuator or other force application mechanism controlled by the controller  110 . The cone shape of the internal surface of the crankshaft piston  204  provides better performance in torque and speed, when compared with ordinary shaped cylindrical bodies commonly used. 
     The disclosed cylinder system may employ a cylinder-based engine  102  to produce useful work. Combustion space  208  may be surrounded by parts of the insertion rod and the crankshaft piston, making the combustion compartment itself relatively move or change in shape and size within the cylinder with respect to the cylinder. 
     Dedicating an electromagnet to act only with a repelling task, or only with an attraction task, the magnetic core would then keep its poles orientation unchanged and its electrons gathering would stay on one side all the time. If such arrangement is adopted, then it is expected that the magnetic field strength added to a solenoid component could be hundreds of times in force magnitude greater than the field created by the current and voltage of a comparable alternating poles magnet and such enhancement can reflect tremendous benefits on energy recovery gained from the properties of a permanent magnet that is not alternating poles. This would be of great benefit to the overall engine energy return. 
     The occupying structure (i.e. insertion rod) may act as a second moving piston within the cylinder. A solution for decreasing the cylinder internal pressure would be moving the second piston in an opposite direction (e.g. away from) the crank shaft linked piston instead of releasing unburned exhaust, by using a secondary force from an electromagnet or other force source. Timing such an arrangement is easier when the insertion rod partially surrounds the combustion space and becomes a participant part of the initial acceleration as a second piston, with surface special shaping, making the insertion rod change direction when subjected to pressure from the front side, which will bring such insertion rod to stop during the expansion stroke and slowly start reversing direction. Controlling its position may be done using secondary supporting devices like an electromagnetic motor for stronger retraction or a turbo charger or hydraulic charger for stronger and longer advancement. 
     Having a second piston (insertion body or occupying structure) positioned between intake pathways and a combustion space, along with continuously maintaining higher fluid pressure at the intake side than exhaust side of the occupying structure during retraction of a camshaft driving piston helps keep intake pathways cleaner and more reliable for a long time. 
     When the insertion rod surrounds the combustion chamber it advances as part of the initial acceleration as a second piston, the insertion rod may change direction when subjected to pressure from the crankshaft side after the two pistons disengage, making the insertion rod stop during the expansions stroke and slowly start reversing direction. 
     It is to be understood that the phrase “moving in a direction of the crankshaft piston” may refer to a direction pointing to a location of the crankshaft piston, rather than a direction of movement of the crankshaft piston. 
     The system provides the herein disclosed benefits because energy applied to move a similar load to a similar distance using a same route allows energy expenditure to be time independent, meaning if displacement happens slow or fast, a same energy value may be used to perform work. The fluid accumulation compartment behind the occupying structure allows four strokes performed in two crankshaft motions. The system provides not only energy saving configurations but also an alternative way to manage engine acceleration and deceleration with decreased pollution emissions. 
     To execute four strokes in two crankshaft motions, fresh air or premix fluid is initially introduced behind the space occupying structure during an expansion stroke in a port injection chamber to add driving force to the expansion stroke and also (as part of the compression stage) to partly compress the air. When the compression stroke starts, this partly compressed fluid will move into the combustion space as an indirect injection method with further compression (e.g. complete compression) through the communication channel installed behind the space occupier. In another method (direct injection) a special channel may reach directly along with a spark plug to the combustion chamber. An exhaust outlet  216  may have various positions and configurations. It is to be understood that the definition of “premix” fluid may be port injection fluid or indirect injection fluid, and a “premix chamber” may be a port chamber. 
     In other words, fresh air fluid is initially introduced behind the space occupier during the expansion stroke in a port injection chamber  201  ( FIG. 3 ) using a turbo charger or supercharger to add driving force to the space occupier and also as part of compression stage to partly compress the air in one or more compartments. When the compression stroke starts and pistons start to retract, this partly compressed air will move to the combustion space with further compression through the inlet valve position  203  so that it drives exhaust fluid away to area between the two pistons, toward exhaust valve, and by the time the pistons start to engage, the combustion space is clean from exhaust, then fuel fluid will be completely or partly injected into one of the port injection chambers to mix with the fresh air, and with complete piston retraction, the air-fuel mix will move to the combustion chamber as an indirect injection method. In another method direct injection through special channel or path fuel may reach directly along with spark plug to the combustion chamber, through a center or side space in or near the space occupier and fuel injection will apply to the combustion space rather than the port-injection chamber. Exhaust outlet  216  may have different positions however it may align with the area between the two pistons as the start to engage during the compression stroke. A spark plug may also be used in non-diesel fuel with direct or indirect injection. 
     The illustrations of  FIGS. 2-18  will now be described in more detail below. 
     Shown in  FIGS. 2-18  are various examples, components, and features that may be included in a cylinder occupying system. For example, the cylinder  104  may include an internal space  208 , an occupying structure  202 , and a crankshaft piston  204 . The internal space  208  of the cylinder  104  is modified by the occupying structure  202  such that combustion pressure applied to the crankshaft piston  204  is applied to a smaller surface area of the crankshaft piston  204  during an early part of an expansion stroke and to a larger surface area of the crankshaft piston  204  during a later part of the expansion stroke. 
     For example, as seen in  FIG. 8 , on the left, a smaller surface area  802  is exposed to combustion in a combustion cavity  804  in an early point in time of an expansion stroke. And on the right, a later point in time of an expansion stroke is shown, where a larger surface area  806  is exposed to combustion that originated in the combustion cavity  804 . This concept is applied to all examples shown in the figures. The partial cone shape or profile of the crankshaft piston provides a grater surface area exposed to the advancing combustion pressure wave compared to a right-angle profile, due to the geometry of angled surfaces relative to cylinder walls. However, even the right-angled profile crankshaft pistons shown in  FIGS. 4, 5, 6, and 10  benefit from the changes of combustion surface area exposed to the crankshaft pistons at early and later times during a combustion stroke. 
     For example, the crankshaft piston may include an end portion that changes from a thinner dimension  808  to a thicker dimension  810 , such that the thinner dimension portion is what is exposed to the combustion pressure early, and the thicker portion is exposed to the combustion pressure later, as shown in  FIG. 8 . The thinner portion may be inserted into the combustion space, or alternatively placed right next to an end of the combustion space at the moment of combustion. The profile of the occupying structure may exactly, match, be congruent to, or generally match, that of the crankshaft piston. The thinner portion may be distally located (e.g. toward the left in  FIG. 8 ) with respect to the thicker portion. 
     The system may be configured such that combustion occurs within a cavity  804  of the occupying structure  202  to apply combustion pressure to both the occupying structure  202  and the crankshaft piston  204 . 
     The occupying structure  202  may be a movable structure relative to the cylinder  104 . Movement of the occupying structure  202  may be controlled by one or more forces applied by a force application mechanism  702 . The occupying structure  202  may change direction during the expansion stroke. 
     The force application mechanism  702  may be responsive to throttle position (e.g. of a vehicle) by way of throttle position sensors such that one or more forces applied to the occupying structure  202  are dependent on throttle position. The force application mechanism  702  may be configured to apply a retracting force to the occupying structure  202  during the expansion stroke. The force application mechanism  702  may be configured to apply an advancing force to the occupying structure during the expansion stroke. 
     The force application mechanism  702  may include an electromagnetic actuator, a hydraulic system, and/or a forced induction system. Examples of forced induction systems are turbo chargers, hydraulic chargers, and super chargers. The occupying structure may be mechanically coupled to the electromagnetic actuator. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 18  shows a first electromagnet  1802  that may be activated during crankshaft piston expansion providing a repelling action (advancing force). A second electromagnet  1804  may be activated during crankshaft piston retraction, providing an attracting action (retracting force). 
     The system may be configured to partially execute a compression stroke, by compressing fluid at the intake side, during the expansion stroke which also means applying a force to the occupying structure  202  via the force application mechanism  702 . As such, the system may be configured to perform intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust functions within two strokes per combustion. 
     The system may be configured to deliver fluid to an intake side  704  of the occupying structure  202  to increase cylinder pressure and engine acceleration. The system may be configured to cause engine deceleration by applying a retracting force to the occupying structure  202 . The system may be configured to cause engine acceleration by applying an advancing force to the occupying structure  202 . Further, as shown in  FIG. 7 , a fluid channel  706  allows fluid to travel from the intake side  704  to the combustion chamber  804 . 
     The fluid channel  706 , also referable as a communication channel, may have a control valve to separate the timing between: stage 1 and stage 2 of fluid management. Stage 1 includes fluid accumulation behind the space occupier (insertion body) during the expansion stroke which partly compresses fresh air using a turbo or super charger, applying secondary driving forces to the pistons, or premix fluid while applying driving force to pistons. Stage 2 includes transferring partly compressed fresh air or premixed fluid to the combustion space within the space occupier through a communication channel which may contain multiple valves and pathways. The communication channel, or channels, may include a path to fresh air entry and another path to an exhaust outlet. Using a space occupying structure, the exhaust pathways may fit through the communication channel, where the communication channel may be equipped with multiple pathways and connections to fresh air entry or premix fluid entry as well as to the exhaust pathway. 
     The communication channel may have a one way valve, and the valve may open to allow partially compressed fluid to move to combustion space, and the valve may close during expansion stroke. A port injection compartment may expand in size during an expansion stroke. 
     The system may be configured to, due to combustion pressure between the crankshaft piston  204  and the occupying structure  202 , allow the occupying structure  202  to accelerate in a retracting direction away from the crankshaft piston  204  to absorb part of combustion forces that would otherwise be applied to the crankshaft piston  204 . The system may be configured to perform intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust functions within two strokes per combustion. 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , disclosed method includes, at  1902  starting combustion within boundaries of moving parts enclosed between a piston and a cylinder occupying structure, at  1904 , accelerating both parts into a cylinder internal space until acceleration of the cylinder occupying structure changes direction and subsequently comes to a complete stop during an expansion stroke, at  1906  further advancing or retracting the cylinder occupying structure by way of a force application by a secondary device such as an electromagnetic actuator, hydraulic system, or a turbocharger, and at  1908  compressing and moving precombustion fluid by completely retracting the occupying structure during a compression stroke. 
     The graphs of  FIGS. 20-32  show various beneficial attributes of the disclosed cylinder system. If any features of  FIGS. 20-32  are not explicitly discussed herein, it is to be understood that any information relevant to the disclosure should be gleaned from the shown graphs and their accompanying titles or accompanying text. It is to be understood that D 1 -D 3  refers to Design  1 -Test  3  of the disclosed cylinder system, and reflect different embodiments. T 1 -T 3 , for example, refers to “Design  3 ”-“Test  10 ”. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 20  shows metrics of ordinary piston, as an example to compare with metrics of the disclosed piston system, which can be seen compared in  FIG. 25 . 
     The illustration of  FIG. 21  shows a pressure vs. distance graph. The test was done without resisting load. The disclosed system has much greater area under the curve of D 2 -T 1 , as compared to a conventional cylinder system of D 1 -T 1 . During the expansion stroke, when the cylinder is continuously maintaining higher internal pressure by 300%-400%, this shall reflect as a higher thermal efficiency, higher desirable ratio of NO2/NOx of about 50% and more complete breakdown of the hydro-carbon particles (mass fraction of HC deceased to half with the cylinder occupying structure design). When the test was repeated under resisting load applied to crankshaft piston, the area under graph D 2 -T 1  (named then D 2 -T 3 ) was showing further increase of cylinder internal pressure when compared with the ordinary cylinder. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 22  shows a pressure advantage of curve D 2 -T 1 , where D 2 -T 1  means a first test of a second embodiment of the disclosed system. Further,  FIG. 22  shows a pressure vs. time graph. The test was done without resisting load. The disclosed system has much greater area (about 5 times greater) under the curve of D 2 -T 1 , as compared to a conventional cylinder system of D 1 -T 1 . Similarly this graph informs us of the great potential of cleaner exhaust burning. Although not shown in  FIG. 22 , it is to be understood that using premix fluid, pressure will increase to 1500 psi and drops to zero by 0.007 seconds. However, the piston speed will be considerably faster than D 1 -T 3  causing fluid freeze and bad pollution. 
     Therefore, the disclosed invention slows the piston by applying an initial force to a smaller surface, while increasing internal combustion pressure, to decrease the fluid freeze and pollution, allowing partially premixed fluid through the indirect port injection method to be used with less pollution and fluid freeze. Therefore, direct injection of fuel in the combustion chamber may be partially replaced or assisted by premix method of fuel and fresh air, for the purpose of higher internal pressure while maintaining cleaner fuel burning by decreasing piston speed. Using the disclosed space occupier, and applying a combustion force during the early stage of the expansion stroke to a smaller or partial area of the camshaft piston causes slower motion with the gain of work energy rather than loss. Therefore, the disclosed system and method may partially allow the use of indirect injection to benefit higher force input with a slower piston movement to benefit cleaner burning. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 23  shows a pressure vs. time graph. The test was done without resisting load. In design D 3 -T 1  the combustion space is only facing surface  802  ( FIG. 8 ) without surrounding the element  808  ( FIG. 8 ). In design D 2 -T 1  the combustion space initially surrounds element  808 . For design D 3 -T 1  the graph shows that the internal cylinder pressure remains about twice higher than the conventional cylinder, however it is about twice lesser than D 2 -T 1 . While there was a decline in internal pressure, the D 3 -T 1  design offered better work energy return than D 2 -T 1 . This graph informs us that a working design may be greatly based on energy return and clean burning requirements where one design may be preferred over the other. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 24  shows a Force vs. Distance graph. This graph shows that D 3 -T 1 , where the combustion space initially does not surround element  808  ( FIG. 8 ) offers higher force during the expansion stroke than D 2 -T 1  but less than an ordinary piston. This graph shall not be confused for energy assessment between new and conventional designs, because work energy performance shall be assessed based on (Force*Distance/sec), and that we may call (work/sec) which can be presented as work vs. time. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 25  shows a work energy assessment graph using direct injection and that the new design D 3  offers a bigger area under the work vs. time graph than ordinary cylinder design. That is about 200% better work energy efficiency according the area difference. Design D 3 -T 1  has a bigger combustion exposure area ( 802   FIG. 8 ) at the beginning of the expansion stroke than D 3 -T 2  due to bigger diameter of the engagement head (element  808   FIG. 8 ). For that we see that D 3 -T 1  offers higher work energy at the beginning of the expansion stroke and lower work energy later on. When using indirect injection for D 1 -T 3  (graph not shown) the available energy was better and almost twice in the direct injection method compared with indirect premix injection. For that reason, the enhancement accomplished, after we started using direct injection, better energy return and better exhaust compliance, and can now be taken a further step with the disclosed method for better energy return and cleaner exhaust fluid. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 26  shows a table of exhaust mass fractions using ANSYS analysis, and it can be seen that CO reduced 2.5 times, CO2 increased 1.4 times, NO increased 1.08 times, NO2 increased 3.2 times, and C12H23 reduced 5.45 times. Immediately below is a list of information relevant to the table of  FIG. 26 . 
     Using similar Initial parameters of Injection Fuel (C12H23) at design D 1 -T 3  and D 3 -T 10  using ANSYS analysis: 
     Mass Flow Injection=0.05 kg/s; 
     Time of Injection=0.001 sec; 
     Pressure of Injection=17405 PSI; 
     Temperature of fuel=300 K; 
     Mass of Injection fuel=50 mg; 
     Nozzle diameter=1 mm; 
     Approx. Rotation of Engine=4000 RPM. 
     Initial Parameters of Compressed Air: 
     Initial Volume=4.81 inch{circumflex over ( )}3; 
     Pressure of Air=500 PSI; 
     Temperature of Air=830 K; 
     Mass Concentration of N2=0.7675 
     Mass Concentration of O2=0.2325 
     Resistance Pressure=20 PSI (1074 N of resistance on crank shaft piston) 
     Results: Hydrocarbons output in exhaust (HC) decreased by 5.45 times. If we expect to reduce fuel consumption to 50%, then the overall HC output would be cut by 1100%. CO was decreased by 2.5 times. NO remained at the same level, however that is another potential enhancement with decreasing fuel consumption. CO2 increased by 30%, that is a desirable result especially when it is a result of decreasing HC and CO, and still that is considered another potential decrease with decreasing fuel consumption. NO2 is desirably increased by 3.2 for which manageable product exhaust filters can easily convert to N2 (more expensive filters equipped with early filter working stage may convert NO to NO2). Manageable NO2 and CO2 is OK to increase when such increase is in expense of non-manageable CO, NO and Hydrocarbons. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 27  shows, for D 3 -T 2 , a work vs. time graph, where the engagement head  808  ( FIG. 8 ) is 2.5″ long. The graph shows that work energy is higher at the end of the expansion stroke than the ordinary piston and also than new designs with a shorter head. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 28 , for D 4 -T 1 , compares a zero length engagement head with an ordinary piston. The length of element  808  ( FIG. 8 ) in this test is zero and the only engagement between crankshaft piston and the occupying structure was the cone shape center of about 0.5 inch depth. In this arrangement, the occupying structure will not advance and will act as a stationary occupying structure that can be adopted to avoid the complications of more advance engines. The graph still shows a better work energy return. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 29  shows, for D 2 -T 3 , in the new design, when we apply pressure to smaller surface of working camshaft piston, energy area under graph is not wasted during the first 10% of power stroke like in the ordinary piston. The more balanced distribution of force along the stroke time in the new design creates better opportunity to modify the amounts of combustion fluid needed for different loads and better ways to save on diesel or petrol. Also the changing size of surface  802  ( FIG. 8 ) gives us design controls on complimenting the requirements of force distribution, the lower the initial force is the more we have available later on during the expansion stroke and the lesser engine vibration we have. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 30  shows, for D 3 -Test  9 , we had 1100 N of resisting load, and we borrowed 8000 N of secondary driving force applied to occupying structure (second piston) at 0.005 second of the expansion stroke. This type of applied force provided a spike of driving force and velocity of the crankshaft piston at about 80% of energy recovery potential, which appeared on the force vs. velocity graph by increasing the crankshaft piston force from 1000 to 8000 N. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 30 , for D 3 -T 10  we had 1100 N of resisting load and we borrowed 2222 N of secondary driving force applied to occupying structure (second piston) all the time during the expansion stroke. This type of applied force provided a continuous enhancement of crankshaft piston drive with more than 70% of energy recovery potential. In this test the occupying structure and piston did not disengage during the expansion stroke and piston had a higher pressure and higher driving force toward the end of the stroke. The secondary force of 2222 N, may have been borrowed from recovered exhaust energy and when applied to assist the advance of the occupying structure most of the 2222 Newtons were translated as about 1500 Newton of driving force of the crankshaft piston. 
     This graph Also shows that assisting exhaust recovery turbo charge forces or magnetic forces may provide unique benefits where energy can be spent only when needed, providing an engine with much higher capacities without the need to increase the number of cylinders 
     The illustration of  FIG. 31  shows, for D 3 -T 10  that the graph of the crankshaft piston drive can be continuously positive offering enhancement for lower engine vibration and more uniform motion of crankshaft. The final part of the expansion stroke of a piston can still have enough power to apply to a second piston compression stroke in a laminar non-impulse mechanical motion. 
     The illustration of  FIG. 32  shows a velocity of the piston, and that crankshaft piston speed in the conventional working cylinder is in average about 30-40 meter/second, while without secondary force assistance, crankshaft piston speed with using the occupying structure is about 16 meter/second. From controlled combustion studies, we know the faster the piston expands, the faster and more rapid the cylinder fuel mixture cools down resulting in great decrease in the chemical reaction (often termed as frozen mixture) leaving the exhaust far from chemical equilibrium. Higher levels of NOx, if compared for a given cylinder design with only variable is piston speed, is an example of chemical products that is frozen. We learned that uniform increase of piston speed causes incomplete fuel burning and bad pollution testing results. Therefore, the disclosed model of applying a big force later on after the first half of the expansion stroke, may result in a very big increase in piston speed, however when this increase happens after a period of slow piston motion and after enough time of complete burning, then such increase in piston speed may not negatively affect the goals of better results on cutting pollution. 
     Further testing shows that lowering speed can be achieved by decreasing crankshaft-piston head diameter (e.g.  802  in  FIG. 8 ) and to have the piston performing at a desired speed, the piston was moving lower than a suggested goal of 16 meter/sec when its engagement head was less that 0.9 inch in diameter. 
     With respect to pollution and legislations, hydrocarbons (HC) make a challenging pollution issue and we have the best results in cutting its output by 550% using a cylinder equipped with occupying structure. Legislatively on pollution, one of the most important pollutants is NOx (N2, NO2, NO). The ratio of NO2/Total Nitrogen oxides NOx in most vehicles exhaust is usually about 5-10% and optimum would be over 50%. Modern filter treatments of exhaust include an early stage filter intended to convert NO to NO2 and the final process would be converting NO2 to N2. We have a number of design tools to implement for the purpose of increasing the NO2/Nox ratio to the desired ratios and decreasing overall mass of NOx. With a cylinder occupying structure design as disclosed, the main advantages about pollution is mainly comes from reducing the overall fuel usage and enhancing mileage travel per unit of fuel which results in a decrease in the overall heat output where heat is the main factor in pollution output. 
     In the disclosed method of increasing cylinder internal pressure and decreasing piston speed dynamics, we have hydrocarbon mass fraction being cut by 550%. The NO2 was at a desirably higher rate, where we believe in this method NO2 increase was on the expense of CO rather than NO. NO output with the occupying structure cylinder was about the same of the levels of NO in conventional cylinder at speed cycling less than 6000 rpm however it was decreased when we partly used indirect injection, while N2 desirably doubled the level taking away more nitrogen fraction from the harmful oxidized form, which is also a desirable result reflecting balanced chemical reaction and a process we expect to see from the disclosed system. 
     When two similar energies are spent to drive two similar weight objects to a similar distance between two points A and B under similar conditions energy is time independent meaning same energy will be spent regardless of how much time it takes to perform such task. If the path is changed however and we spent twice as much energy between A and B, we know we had to work more and if all other variables remain the same, then we know spending twice as much energy is equivalent to doing the same work under same (corrected) conditions for double the distance (and double the time). 
     In the cylinder example, we use similar physical distance A-B of crank-shaft motion, but with an occupying structure, we change the pressure and surface and according to Pascal that can be adjusted or corrected to similar force and different relative-distance where such different relative distance is called A′-B′ and where according to D&#39;Limbert who explains that a similar physical distance can be calculated differently in relative motion and a different relative motion between A and B may cause spending different amount of energy based on the value of the relative motion distance A′-B′ and that is time dependent energy because the coordinate distance is not the same. 
     In a piston equipped with a space occupying structure, we do have a relative motion, and the physical distance of the crank-shaft shall be adjusted, not because the distance of its motion is changed but because the path between the start and end of its motion is changed in surface and pressure values. 
     One way to enhance the energy of a piston output is by using as a second piston, an occupying structure that is in relative motion with the cylinder, which is the subject of this application. Simulation charts show effective energy enhancement with potential to either lower fuel requirement to perform a certain task done by a conventional cylinder or by using similar fuel volume to out-perform the conventional cylinder while driving a bigger load. 
     Using a similar combustion fluid volume and similar weight crank-shaft piston, for driving a similar load, in a similar diameter cylinder, we find that crank-shaft piston speed would be lower by about half in a cylinder equipped with the occupying structure, with some design variables. If we try to compare a crank shaft motion energy between a conventional cylinder and one with occupying structure using similar combustion fluid, similar resisting load, similar cylinder diameter, for a similar clock time and similar distance using an equation of kinetic energy of the moving piston body (E=0.5*m* v 2 ) it would seem that the crank-shaft piston motion in the cylinder with occupying structure is of lesser kinetic energy because the piston motion velocity (v) is less all the time with (m) and is the same for the mass of the combustion fluid or the mass of the piston. But, logic says we have the combustion force deployed in a smaller volume inside the cylinder and it shall compensate by driving the piston and its load for a longer physical distance. Test results also show bigger area under work energy graph where work means ([force*distance]/time). 
     The immediate conclusion for this discrepancy shall suggest that we are to reform the kinetic energy equation to serve the case of calculating work energy rather than kinetic energy, Where velocity is replaced by acceleration and time and where time include the time period of work (rather than unit of time) which we will call a coordinate time. 
     Energy=0.5*mass*(acceleration*time)/time=0.5*mass*acceleration 2 *time. The unit of energy measure of the equation becomes: Kg*m 2 /s 3  or (Kg*m 2 /s 2 )/s which is an expression of energy spent per second or work performed per second or even the power of work. 
     While we know that work energy needed for moving similar load for a similar physical distance is time independent, it shall be clear that when such distance is changed physically or due to a relative motion then the work energy becomes time dependent and for traveling double the distance we need to double time and energy consumptions. For the occupying structure we use similar physical distance, however to calculate work energy according to Pascal, we can adjust pressure and surface for distance, and to do so we need to build motion coordinates, where we can adjust force and acceleration to similar reference and then the only variable is the distance, where energy consumption becomes dependent on the relative coordinate distance of the crank-shaft motion and its coordinate work time. 
     Because we are changing the internal volume of the cylinder, we will replace the term fuel mas with the value of mass force (mf) of the moving piston which is measured by Kg*m/s as a time independent dimension of work. 
     Another adjustment we shall consider is a universal acceleration for both cylinders in comparison to be able to create a comparable motion coordinates and to minimize the variables of such coordinates down to time (t). Any acceleration could be used as universal reference, however the one that is familiar to human observer may be the acceleration of gravity (g). To adjust any acceleration to another with energy preservation in mind we may say, for piston 1: A 1 *T 1 =g*t 1 , and for piston 2: A2*T 2 =g*t 2 . The equation that can compare work energy of the relative motion of two cylinders look like: Energy 1 =0.5*mf 1 *g 2 *t 1  and Energy 2 =0.5*mf 2 *g 2 *t 2  also we can have this equation measured by work energy coordinate where (mf=z, time independent dimension of work energy measured by Kg*m/s), (g=y, universal acceleration measured by m/s 2 ), (t=x, Time dependent dimension of work energy measured by s). 
     The illustration of  FIG. 33  shows coordinates for equation E=½*mf*g 2 *t where mf=mass force on z (g) is universal acceleration reference on y universal time coordinate (t) on x. To clarify the concept of gaining energy from relative motion without breaking the rules of energy preservation, we can call E=thermal energy of the fuel used for combustion. When we use similar fuel in two different pistons, then E 1  is for piston 1 and E2 is for piston 2. Therefore, E1=E2 and 0.5 mf 1 *g 2 *t 1 =0.5* mf 2 *g 2 *t 2  
 
 mf   1   *t   1   =mf   2   *t   2 (time independent work energy of piston 1*time 1 of work=time independent work energy of piston 2*time 2 of work)
 
     When t 1  for conventional cylinder=4 second (where average piston speed=39.2 m/s); t 2  of modified cylinder=2 second (where average piston speed=19.6 m/s). when time 2 is smaller, then its associate work energy mf 2  is bigger and such work energy is available independent of time. 
     When mass is replaced by mass force, then mass force of 1 kg is estimated by 1 Kg-meter/second and this force is called work energy per second with a value independent of time. The available work energy for a conventional piston (the mass force acting on the piston during the expansion stroke, per meter per second) is half the value of mass force work energy acting on piston in the modified cylinder. Note that the average speed of the piston in the modified cylinder as claimed is lower than the average speed of the piston of the conventional (ordinary) cylinder. 
     Further the illustration of  FIG. 33  compares motion coordinates between conventional cylinder xyz and a cylinder with occupying structure x′y′z′ and for the purpose of analyzing the relative motion for better system design controls, we tried using coordinates of the relative motion in a first method based on our understanding of special relativity where we shall use independent time reference of each cylinder (t and t′) for coordinates and where acceleration adjustments are not allowed because all accelerations where adjusted to its final destiny “C=the speed of light” which resulted in the famous equation (E=m*C 2 ) and where clock time become the variable to adjust according to Lorentz formula for t and t′ in a second method, using our understanding of Galilean transformation of assigning a universal time for both coordinates. With X′Y′Z′ representing the motion with occupying structure, pistons of different acceleration are adjusted to (g) instead of (c) the speed of light, t 1  and t 2  represent adjusted time of the average velocity of the crank-shaft pistons to its comparable value under the universal acceleration of (g) meaning if a piston average velocity is 19.6 m/s that is like t=2 second which is the time lapse needed by a free falling object to reach 19.6 m/s. XYZ and X′Y′Z′ represent the dimensions of a suggested relative energy equation (E=0.5 mf*g 2 *t) that may compare work energies of two motions, where (t) is the acceleration adjusted time on x, (g) is the universal acceleration on y (in special relativity this would be C), mf is the force (pressure *surface* physical distance/sec) on z. Using similar elapsed clock time of motion we find that using occupying structure (with a slower measured piston speed) we need lesser coordinate time(t) of acceleration to match similar work force per second of a conventional cylinder. 
     Calculating energy savings from the use of the disclosed occupying structure of a piston in a second coordinate x′y′z′ according to Lorentz transformation and the special relativity method, shows that the relative time adjustments of (t′ to t) is infinitely small due to the huge difference between the speed of a piston and the speed of light. 
     While adjusting time (t 1  and t 2  to t) in reference to piston speed of a first and second cylinders in relevance to gravity (g) according to Newtonian relativity-Galilean transformation is in correlation with test results where t 1 /t 2  explains the difference of areas under graph of work energy. The equation Work energy=½*mf*g 2 *t measured by (Kg*m 2 /s 3 ) makes a design and control tool needed to decide the size of surfaces and occupying structure needed to provide a certain performance. 
     Test results show that the ratio of t 1 /t 2  using Newtonian-Galilean relativity reflects energy savings proportionate to ratio of area under the curve of work energy as measured by computer simulation, while using the special relativity method was giving results frozen in time not reflecting energy differences regardless of design. 
     It is to be understood that when work energy is greater under graph of a cylinder equipped with occupying structure, then lesser coordinate time of acceleration (t 2 ) is needed on x to achieve similar energy levels of a comparable conventional cylinder and in that meaning we may express that in relative motion, energy saving is in exchange with time according to Newtonian relativity and the fact that time is a true form of energy. 
     The disclosed method and system decreases hydrocarbon and CO in exhaust fluid by means of structural and pressure modification at the cylinder level of an engine by using a space occupying structure within a cylinder. Further, fuel requirements are decreased to perform certain mechanical work tasks by means of having the combustion space contained within a moving body that is in relative motion with the cylinder. The system and method uses relative motion for saving energy, where such saving is in exchange with time according to Newtonian relativity and Galilean transformation. 
     The herein disclosed methods may include: 1) a hybrid engine method utilizing two sources of force at the cylinder level. 2) A method of exhaust fluid filter work at the cylinder level by converting bigger portion of CO and free hydrocarbon radicals into manageable CO2, N2, and NO2 by increasing the relative internal pressure and decreasing crank-shaft piston speed. 3) a method of cutting on vibration by using an occupying structure as a shock absorber. 4) A method of saving energy by means of using an occupying structure as a second frame in a Newton-Galilean relativity. 5) a time dependency method of energy exchange and savings. 
     Since many modifications, variations, and changes in detail can be made to the described preferred embodiments of the invention, it is intended that all matters in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.