Patent Publication Number: US-11656538-B2

Title: Folded zoom camera module with adaptive aperture

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/939,943 filed Nov. 25, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Embodiments disclosed herein relate in general to digital cameras, and in particular to thin folded zoom camera modules. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Personal computing and/or communication devices (such as smartphones), also referred to as “mobile electronic devices” often have dual-aperture zoom cameras on their backside, in which one camera (“Wide camera”) has a “Wide” field of view (FOV W ) and the other camera (“Tele camera”) has a narrow or “Tele” field of view (FOV T ). 
       FIG.  1    shows a known art optical lens module numbered  100  of a folded Tele camera with a cut lens design, disclosed for example in commonly owned PCT patent application PCT/IB2018/050988. Optical lens module  100  comprises a plurality of lens elements  104 , at least some located in a lens barrel  102 . Sides  106  in the front view on the lens elements  104  are substantially straight lines along axis X, where the sides  108  are curved. The design shown here that satisfies the condition H L &lt;W L  is referred to as “cut lens” design, H L  being the height of the lens element and W L  being the width of the lens element. Typically, cut lens ratios W L /H L  are in the range of 1.1 to 2. Preferably, cut lens ratios W L /H L  are 1.1 to 1.5. 
       FIG.  2 A  shows in perspective a known folded Tele camera  200 . Camera  200  comprises an optical path folding element (OPFE)  202  included in an OPFE housing  204 , an optical Tele lens module  206  carrying a lens  208 , and a Tele image sensor  210 . For simplicity, in the following description, the term “Tele” is removed sometimes, leaving e.g. “optical lens module” or just “lens module” and “image sensor” or just “sensor”. Optical lens module  206 , shown also separately in  FIG.  2 B , has a “native” (non-adaptive) Tele aperture  212 , surrounded by an optical lens module housing  214 . As used herein, the term “native aperture” refers to the size and geometry of the aperture of the lens module in the case where there is/are no additional element(s) that act(s) intentionally or unintentionally as aperture, i.e. there is/are no additional element(s) that block(s) light which would have reached the sensor in case of the absence of the element(s). With a cut lens design as in  FIG.  1   , a low module height H M  can be achieved simultaneously with a large native Tele aperture. 
     Known folded Tele cameras (also referred to herein as “native” folded Tele cameras) for electronics mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) may have a focal length of e.g. 10 mm-30 mm, and at the same time are able to keep low module height and an aperture as large as possible, beneficial e.g. for imaging in low-light conditions and with high optical resolution. An exemplary aperture diameter may be 6 mm. In folded Tele cameras with a cut Tele lens, the aperture size may range, for example, from 3 mm to 8 mm in width, and more preferably from 6 mm to 7 mm in width. 
     A folded Tele camera with such a long focal length and with a relatively large aperture may result in an image with a very shallow depth of field (DOF). This may be desired for the purpose of creating optical Bokeh, but may cause a problem in scenes with objects that are spread over a certain range of distances from the cameras, for which it is required to keep all in focus. For example, a folded Tele camera with 30 mm effective focal length (EFL) and a f-number (“f/#”) of f/4 (“camera 1”), focusing on an object that is 3 m away, will have an object-side DOF of about 10 cm (assuming a 2 μm circle of confusion). In folded Tele cameras, typical f-numbers are in the range f/1.5 to f/5. 
     Slight misalignment in the position of the lens may cause significant defocus to the object intended to be in focus. 
     There is therefore a need for, and it would be beneficial to expand the capabilities of folded Tele cameras to control (i) the amount of light reaching the Tele sensor and (ii) the DOF of the Tele image by adapting the camera&#39;s f-number. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments disclosed herein teach folded Tele cameras with adaptive apertures that (i) adapt the Tele aperture according to scene conditions, and (ii) still support the condition of low folded camera module height (no additional height penalty for the camera module due to the adaptive aperture). Such systems comprise a dedicated, adaptive, controllable aperture (henceforth, “adaptive Tele aperture” or simply “adaptive aperture” or “AA”) that can be added to the folded Tele camera. Such systems may be used with lenses with cut lens designs or with lenses without cut lens designs. 
     In various embodiments, an adaptive aperture disclosed herein is formed by a linearly sliding diaphragm using a single pair of linearly sliding blades or a plurality of overlapping linearly sliding blades to provide an aperture of a desired size. The terms “adaptive aperture” and “diaphragm” reflect the same entity. 
     In various embodiments there are provided systems comprising a folded camera that includes a lens module with a native aperture, the lens module having a height H M , an adaptive aperture located between the native aperture and an optical path folding element, and an adaptive aperture forming mechanism for forming the adaptive aperture, wherein the AA forming mechanism has a height H AA  not larger than H M . 
     In various embodiments, the AA forming mechanism includes an actuator and at least one pair of blades. 
     In some embodiments, the actuator is operative to move the at least one pair of blades linearly to a given position to form the adaptive aperture. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one pair of blades includes a plurality of pair of blades, each pair of the plurality operative to be moved to different positions. 
     In some embodiments, the lens module includes a folded Tele lens with a cut lens design. 
     In some embodiments, the folded camera is a scanning folded Tele camera. In some embodiments, the scanning folded Tele camera captures a plurality of images of a scene with different fields of view. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to control the adaptive aperture so that the plurality of images have similar depth of field. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to stitch the plurality of images to one or more images having a larger field of view than any single image. 
     In some embodiments, the adaptive aperture does not limit the native aperture. 
     In some embodiments, the adaptive aperture is round in a closed position. 
     In some embodiments, the adaptive aperture is rectangular in a closed position. 
     In some embodiments, the adaptive aperture is square in a closed position. 
     In various embodiments, a system further comprises a processor configured for controlling the AA forming mechanism. In some embodiments, the controlling is based on the lightning conditions of a scene. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to control the adaptive aperture so that an image captured with the folded camera has a depth of field similar to a depth of field of an image simultaneously captured with a second camera. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to control the adaptive aperture so that each image captured in a focus stack with the folded camera has a depth of field similar to a depth of field of all other images captured in the focus stack. 
     In some embodiments, the folded camera is operational to capture objects at object-image distances of less than 50 cm, of less than 25 cm, or of less than 15 cm. 
     In some embodiments, the folded camera includes a sensor for detecting the lightning conditions. In some embodiments, the lightning conditions are detected with a sensor of a second camera. In some embodiments, the lightning conditions are detected using an illumination estimation. 
     In some embodiments, the processor is configured to control the AA forming mechanism based on scene depth. The scene depth may be detected with a sensor of the folded camera or with a sensor of a second camera. In some embodiments, the second camera may be a Time-of-Flight camera. 
     In some embodiments, the processor is configured to calculate the scene depth from stereo camera data provided by the folded Tele camera and by a second camera, from stereo camera data provided by a second camera and by a third camera, by depth from motion estimation, wherein the depth from motion estimation uses image data provided by the folded camera or by a second camera, or from a plurality of images captured under different adaptive aperture settings. 
     In some embodiments, the folded camera is a Tele camera and the processor is configured to calculate the scene depth from phase detection autofocus data of the folded Tele camera or from phase detection autofocus data of a second camera. 
     In some embodiments, the processor is configured to retrieve the scene depth information from an application programming interface. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting examples of embodiments disclosed herein are described below with reference to figures attached hereto that are listed following this paragraph. The drawings and descriptions are meant to illuminate and clarify embodiments disclosed herein and should not be considered limiting in any way. Like elements in different drawings may be indicated by like numerals. Elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1    shows a schematic view on a known optical lens module of a folded Tele camera with a cut lens design; 
         FIG.  2 A  shows in perspective a known folded Tele camera with an optical lens module with a native, non-adaptive aperture; 
         FIG.  2 B  shows in more detail the optical lens module with the native aperture of the folded camera in  FIG.  2 A ; 
         FIG.  3 A  shows in perspective an embodiment of a folded Tele camera with an optical lens module having an AA disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  3 B  shows the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 A , with the AA in an open state; 
         FIG.  3 C  shows the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 B  in front view; 
         FIG.  3 D  shows in perspective the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 A , with the AA in a first closed state; 
         FIG.  3 E  shows the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 D  in front view; 
         FIG.  3 F  shows in perspective the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 A , with the AA in a second closed state; 
         FIG.  3 G  shows the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 F  in front view; 
         FIG.  3 H  shows in perspective the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 A , with the AA in a third closed state; 
         FIG.  3 I  shows the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 H  in front view; 
         FIG.  3 J  shows another embodiment of a folded Tele camera with an optical lens module having an AA disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  3 K  shows the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  3 J  in front view; 
         FIG.  4 A  shows another embodiment of an adaptive aperture disclosed herein in front view in an open state; 
         FIG.  4 B  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  4 A  in a perspective view; 
         FIG.  4 C  shows the AA of  FIG.  4 A  in first closed state; 
         FIG.  4 D  shows the AA of  FIG.  4 A  in second closed state; 
         FIG.  4 E  shows the AA of  FIG.  4 A  in third closed state; 
         FIG.  5 A  shows in perspective yet another embodiment of an embodiment of a folded Tele camera with an optical lens module having an adaptive aperture disclosed herein, with the AA in an open state; 
         FIG.  5 B  shows in perspective the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  5 A , with the AA in a first closed state; 
         FIG.  5 C  shows in perspective the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  5 A , with the AA in a second closed state; 
         FIG.  5 D  shows in perspective the optical lens module and the AA of  FIG.  5 A , with the AA in a third closed state; 
         FIG.  6 A  shows a perspective view and a front view of yet another embodiment of an optical lens module with an adaptive aperture disclosed herein, with the AA in an open state; 
         FIG.  6 B  shows the optical lens module with an adaptive aperture of  FIG.  6 A  with the AA in a first closed state; 
         FIG.  6 C  shows the optical lens module with an adaptive aperture of  FIG.  6 A  in a second closed state; 
         FIG.  6 D  shows a perspective view and a front view of yet another embodiment of an optical lens module with an adaptive aperture disclosed herein, with the AA in an open state; 
         FIG.  6 E  shows the optical lens module with an adaptive aperture of  FIG.  6 D , with the AA in a first closed state; 
         FIG.  6 F  shows a cross-sectional view on the embodiment shown in  FIG.  6 D  and  FIG.  6 E ; 
         FIG.  7    shows schematically in a block diagram an embodiment of a system disclosed herein; 
         FIG.  8    shows schematically in a flow chart an embodiment of a method disclosed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  3 A  shows in perspective an embodiment of a folded Tele camera with an optical lens module having an adaptive aperture (AA) disclosed herein and numbered  300 . Camera  300  may include some elements similar to elements in camera  200 , for example an OPFE, an optical lens module and an image sensor, which are therefore numbered with same numerals as in  FIG.  2 A . In contrast with camera  200  and in addition, camera  300  comprises an AA  302  located between OPFE  204  and optical lens module  206  and an adaptive aperture forming mechanism (“AA forming mechanism” or simply “AA mechanism”)  310 . In some embodiments, AA  302  is positioned close to native aperture  212  (i.e. external and close to a front panel  216  of an optical module housing  214 ), for example at a distance close enough to prevent stray light from entering the lens module. In some embodiments, the AA may be a part of (integral with) the lens module. In some embodiments, the AA may be attached physically to the lens module. 
     Adaptive apertures and AA mechanisms like  310  are characterized in that: a) when fully open, the AA does not limit the native aperture, and b) AA mechanism  310  does not increase a total folded Tele camera module height H M  (shown in the Y direction). 
       FIG.  3 B  shows a perspective view of AA  302  and optical lens module  206  in an open state or position, where AA  302  corresponds to native aperture  212 .  FIG.  3 C  shows the same in a front view. AA mechanism  310  comprises six blades  304   a ,  304   b ,  306   a ,  306   b ,  308   a  and  308   b , divided into left hand blades ( 304   a ,  306   a  and  308   a ) and right hand ( 304   b ,  306   b  and  308   b ) blades, and one or more actuators (se e.g.  714  in  FIG.  7   ) and position sensors (not shown). The blades can slide inside respective sliding rails, (recesses) e.g. in a linear movement. Thus, blade  308   a  can slide in rails  312   a  and blade  308   b  can slide in rails  312   b , blade  306   a  can slide in rails  314   a  and blade  306   b  can slide in rails  314   b , blade  304   a  can slide in rails  316   a  and blade  304   b  can slide in rails  316   b . The blades may be part of an actuator (not shown here). A pair of blades can be referred to by a single number. That is, blades  304   a  and  304   b  can be referred to as “blades  304 ”, blades  306   a  and  306   b  can be referred to as “blades  306 ” and blades  308   a  and  308   b  can be referred to as “blades  308 ”. A height of AA mechanism  310  H AA  does not exceed a total folded Tele camera module height H M . 
     Mechanism  310  supports opening the AA to a size that is larger than the size of native lens aperture  212 , so that, when it is open widely, AA mechanism  310  does not block light that would have otherwise (had the AA mechanism not been included in the Tele camera) reached native lens aperture  212 . This property allows to set the adaptive aperture  302  to a large size in order to fully utilize the native Tele lens aperture size, in case it is important to collect as much light as possible, or in case a very shallow DOF is desired. Blades  304 ,  306 ,  308  have each an open state and a closed state. Blades  304  have to be closed in order to effectively close blades  306 , and blades  306  have to be closed in order to effectively close blades  308 , i.e. the overlapping of the blades underlies the functionality of AA mechanism  310 . 
       FIG.  3 D  shows a more detailed perspective view of adaptive aperture  302  and optical lens module  206  of camera  300  in a first closed state, different from the one in  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B .  FIG.  3 E  shows the same in a front view. In these figures, blades  304   a  and  304   b  are closed while other blades, such as blades  306  and  308  are open. The folded Tele lens has an adaptive Tele aperture  302  that is rotationally symmetric. The folded Tele lens with adaptive aperture  302  and with blades  304  closed is smaller than the native Tele lens aperture  212 , corresponding to a lower amount of light reaching the sensor and a deeper DOF than in the case of native Tele lens aperture  212 . In an example, a stroke of the linear movement of each of the blades  304   a  and  304   b  for forming a first closed state may be in the range of 0.1 mm to 2 mm. 
       FIG.  3 F  shows optical lens module  206  in a second closed state, with blades  306   a  and  306   b  (as well as  304   a  and  304   b ) closed.  FIG.  3 G  shows the same in a front view. Here, the size of AA  302  is smaller than in the case of  FIG.  3 D , and AA is rotationally symmetric. In an example, a stroke of the linear movement of each of the blades  306   a  and  306   b  for forming a second closed state may be in the range of 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm. 
       FIG.  3 H  shows optical lens module  206  in a third closed state with blades  308   a  and  308   b  (as well as  304   a ,  304   b ,  306   a  and  306   b ) closed.  FIG.  3 I  shows the same in a front view. Here, the size of AA is even smaller than in the case of  FIG.  3 F , and AA is rotationally symmetric. The case shown in  FIGS.  3 H and  3 I  (with three blades of varying size), provides the lowest amount of light and the deepest DOF that can be adapted by this design. In an example, a stroke of the linear movement of each of the blades  308   a  and  308   b  for forming a third closed state may be in the range of 0.5 mm to 4 mm. 
       FIG.  3 J  shows in perspective view another embodiment of an optical lens module  206  with an AA mechanism  310 ′.  FIG.  3 K  shows the same in a front view. AA mechanism  310 ′ comprises six blades  304 ′ a ,  304 ′ b ,  306 ′ a ,  306 ′ b ,  308 ′ a  and  308 ′ b , divided into left hand blades ( 304 ′ a ,  306 ′ a  and  308 ′ a ) and right hand ( 304 ′ b ,  306 ′ b  and  308 ′ b ) blades, and one or more actuators (se e.g.  714  in  FIG.  7   ) and position sensors (not shown). The functionality is identical to what is shown in  FIG.  3 B  to  FIG.  3 I . For the sake of illustration, the blades are in an intermediate state, which is not desired for photography. Here AA mechanism  310  supports the formation of the adaptive aperture such that: 1) when fully open, the adaptive aperture does not limit the native aperture, 2) the adaptive aperture does not increase a total folded Tele camera module height H M , and 3) a width of AA mechanism  310  W AA  does not increase a total folded Tele camera module width W M , i.e. W AA ≤W M . 
     The design shown in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 H  allows for four different, discrete adaptive aperture sizes formed by overlapping blades. 
       FIG.  4 A  shows in front view of another embodiment of an adaptive aperture numbered  402  together with optical lens module  206  in an open state.  FIG.  4 B  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  4 A  in a perspective view, showing also image sensor  210 . “Open state” means here that the adaptive aperture  402  has the same size as the native aperture  212 . An adaptive aperture forming mechanism  410  comprises only one blade pair  404   a  and  404   b  designed to form a semi-elliptic shape that corresponds to the non-symmetrical width and height of the native Tele lens aperture, as well an actuator (see  FIG.  7   ). Blades  404   a  and  404   b  move linearly inside, respectively, rails  414   a  and  414   b . In this embodiment, the rails are external to front panel  216  of optical module housing  214 .  FIG.  4 C  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  4 A  and  FIG.  4 B  with blades  404   a  and  404   b  partly closed in a first closed position. In this embodiment, the adaptive Tele aperture is non-rotationally symmetric. The semi-elliptic shape of the resulting aperture is retained when the adaptive aperture is in a different “closed” position but not fully closed as in  FIG.  4 D , as long as the adaptive Tele aperture width is larger than the native Tele lens aperture height. 
       FIG.  4 D  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  4 A  and  FIG.  4 B  with blades  404   a  and  404   b  in a second closed position more closed that the first closed position. The blades close in a way that forms a rotationally symmetric, round aperture shape. 
       FIG.  4 E  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  4 A  and  FIG.  4 B  with blades  404   a  and  404   b  in a third closed position more closed that the second closed position. In this embodiment, a folded Tele camera with a faceted folded Tele lens has an adaptive Tele aperture that is non-rotationally symmetric. 
     The design shown in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 E  allows for continuously controlling the adaptive aperture size by linear actuation of the blades. In an example, a stroke of the linear actuation of each of the blades  404   a  and  404   b  to form adaptive apertures as shown here may be more than 0.1 mm and less than 4 mm. 
       FIG.  5 A  shows a perspective view of yet another embodiment numbered of an optical lens module with cut lens design with an adaptive aperture  502  in open state or position. Image sensor  210  is also shown. Here, an AA forming mechanism  510  comprises (like AA  302 ) six blades  504   a,b ,  506   a,b  and  508   a,b , divided into left (a) and right (b) blades and one or more actuators (se e.g.  714  in  FIG.  7   ) and position sensors (not shown). 
       FIG.  5 B  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  5 A  in a first closed state, with blades  504   a  and  504   b  closed. In this embodiment, adaptive Tele aperture  502  is rectangular. The folded Tele lens has a smaller aperture than native Tele lens aperture  212 , corresponding to a lower amount of light reaching the sensor and a deeper DOF than in case of native Tele lens aperture  212 . In an example, a stroke of the linear movement of the blades  504   a  and  504   b  for forming a first closed state may be in the range of 0.1 mm to 2 mm. 
       FIG.  5 C  shows adaptive aperture  502  with blades  506   a  and  506   b  in a second closed state, closed. In this case, the folded Tele lens has a smaller aperture than in the case of  FIG.  5 B . 
       FIG.  5 D  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  5 A  with blades in a third closed state,  508   a  and  508   b  closed. As above, aperture  502  is rectangular and the adaptive aperture is smaller than in the case of  FIG.  5 C . For the embodiment shown here (with three blades of varying size), this is the lowest amount of light and the deepest depth of field that can be adapted. In an example, a stroke of the linear movement of the blades  508   a  and  508   b  for forming a third closed state may be in the range of 0.5 mm to 4 mm. 
     In another embodiment, the rectangular shape may form a square aperture (not shown), i.e. an aperture with identical height and width. 
     The design shown in  FIG.  5 A - FIG.  5 D  allows for four different, discrete adaptive aperture sizes formed by overlapping blades. 
       FIG.  6 A  shows a perspective view and a front view of yet another embodiment of an optical lens module  206  with cut lens design with an adaptive aperture  602 . Image sensor  210  is also shown. An AA forming mechanism  610  comprises only one pair of blades  604   a  and  604   b , which in  FIG.  6 A  are in open position. An actuator (not shown) can move the blade pair  604   a  and  604   b  in a continuous manner, so that the AA mechanism supports opening and closing the adaptive Tele aperture with the properties that: 1) when fully open, adaptive Tele aperture  602  corresponds to native Tele lens aperture  212 , and 2) AA mechanism  610  does not increase the total folded Tele camera module height. 
       FIG.  6 B  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  6 A  with blades  604   a  and  604   b  in a first closed position more closed than in  FIG.  6 A . In this embodiment, the adaptive Tele aperture has a rectangular shape.  FIG.  6 C  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  6 A  with blades  604   a  and  604   b  in a second closed position more closed that the first closed position. The design shown in  FIG.  6 A - FIG.  6 C  allows for continuously controlling the AA size. In an example, a stroke of the linear actuation of blades  604   a  and  604   b  to form AAs as shown here may be less than 4 mm. 
       FIG.  6 D  shows a perspective view and a front view of yet another embodiment of an optical lens module with cut lens design with an adaptive aperture  602 . Image sensor  210  is also shown. An AA forming mechanism  610 ′ comprises one pair of blades  604 ′ a  and  604 ′ b , both in open position.  FIG.  6 E  shows the embodiment of  FIG.  6 D  with blades  604 &#39;s and  604 ′ b  in a first closed position.  FIG.  6 F  shows a cross-sectional view on the embodiment shown in  FIG.  6 D  and  FIG.  6 E . An actuator (not shown) can move blade pair  604 ′ a  and  604 ′ b  linearly and in a continuous manner inside rails  614 ′ a  and  614 ′ b . AA mechanism  610 ′ supports opening and closing of the AA with the properties that: 1) when fully open, adaptive Tele aperture  602  corresponds to the native Tele lens aperture  212 ; 2) AA mechanism  610 ′ does not increase the total folded Tele camera module height, H; and 3) a width W AA  of AA mechanism  310  does not increase a total folded Tele camera module width W M , i.e. W AA ≤W M . 
       FIG.  7    shows schematically in a block diagram an embodiment of a system disclosed herein and numbered  750 . System  750  comprises a folded Tele camera  700  with an image sensor  702 , a lens module  704 , an adaptive aperture  706  and an OPFE  708 . An AA forming mechanism  710  comprises AA blades  712  (as shown e.g. in  FIGS.  3 - 6   ) and one or more AA actuators  714 . The AA actuator(s) is/are mechanically coupled to the AA blades and may be realized by deploying actuator technologies such as voice coil motor (VCM), stepper motor, or shaped memory alloy (SMA) actuator technologies. Position sensors (e.g. Hall sensors, not shown in  FIG.  7   ) may be part of the actuator. A human machine interface (HMI)  716  allows a human user to choose specific AA settings, which are passed as specific control commands to AA mechanism  710 . In an embodiment, the human user may choose a specific imaging mode out of some possible imaging modes which are saved in a processing unit or “processor”  718  (e.g. a CPU or an application processor). In this case, processing unit  718  receives the human user input, optionally determines some optimized settings based on the human user input, and passes this information as specific control commands to AA mechanism  710 . In another embodiment, processor  718  may determine optimized adaptive aperture settings e.g. based on the available scene information, on object detection algorithms, or on typical human user behavior, and pass this information as specific control commands to AA mechanism  710 . 
     System  750  may be included in an electronic mobile device (not shown) such as a smartphone. The Tele camera may be included with one or more additional cameras in a multi-camera. The additional camera(s) may be a Wide camera having a diagonal FOV of e.g. 50-100 degree and/or an Ultra-Wide camera having a diagonal FOV of e.g. 70-140 degree and/or a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera. To clarify, a multi-camera may include any combination of two or more cameras where one camera is the Tele camera. In some embodiments, one or more of the cameras may be capable to capture image data that can be used to estimate a depth of scene or “scene depth”. Scene depth refers to the respective object-lens distance (or “focus distance”) between the objects within a scene and system  750 . The scene depth may be represented by a RGB-D map, i.e. by a data array that assigns a particular depth value to each RGB pixel (or to each group of RGB pixels). In general, the pixel resolution of a RGB image is higher than the resolution of a depth map. 
     Image data used for estimating scene depth may be for example:
         Phase detection auto focus (PDAF) data, e.g. from the Tele camera or from an additional camera;   Stereo image data, e.g. from the Tele camera and from an additional camera;   Focus stacking visual image data;   Focus stacking PDAF data;   Visual image data from the Tele camera and/or from an additional camera (for estimating depth from defocus);   Visual image data from the Tele camera and/or from an additional camera (for estimating depth from motion);   Depth data from a ToF camera.       

     In some embodiments, scene depth may be provided by an application programming interface (“API”), e.g. Google&#39;s “Depth API”. Knowledge on a scene depth may be desired as of the quadratic dependence of the DOF from the focus distance, i.e. from the depth of the object in focus. 
       FIG.  8    presents a flow chart illustrating steps of a method performed in a folded Tele camera with adaptive aperture disclosed herein. 
     In a scene sensing step  802  the camera&#39;s image sensors are used to detect the conditions and properties of a scene (e.g. lightning conditions, scene depth, visual content, etc.), which is done in pre-capture or preview mode. In some embodiments, additional sensor data (e.g. of ToF sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, radar sensors etc.), e.g. of sensors present in the camera hosting device, may be read-out in the scene sensing step  802 . Data generated in step  802  is fed into a processor (e.g. CPU, application processor) where a scene evaluation step  804  is executed. In step  804 , the data is evaluated with the goal of determining ideal settings for the adaptive aperture, given the input of the human user or a dedicated algorithm. The term “ideal settings” refers here to settings that provide a maximum degree of user experience, e.g. a high image quality, or a high uniformity along stitching borders of panorama images. In case that the camera is operated in a mode highly reliant on automated image capturing, other steps may be performed besides sensor data evaluation. In some examples, ROIs and OOIs may be detected and automatically selected as focus targets by an algorithm in scene evaluation step  804 . The ideal settings from step  804  are fed into an AA mechanism such as  710 . The AA is set up according to these settings in an aperture adjustment step  806 . The scene is then captured in a scene capture step  808 . Steps  802  to  806  ensure improved user experience. 
     In an example, processor  718  calculates control commands concerning the size of the adaptive Tele aperture based on Wide camera image information and/or Tele camera image information, while one or both cameras operate in preview and/or video recording mode. In another example, AA mechanism  710  receives, from the user or from an automated detection method, a desired ROI or OOI, for example where Wide and Tele cameras are focused on, or intend to focus on. The processor  718  detects OOIs or ROIs (for example faces of persons) in a Wide camera image (or alternatively, receives information about OOIs or ROIs detected by another module) by means of dedicated algorithms, and estimates the relative or absolute distance between the objects, for example, by comparing the size of faces or properties of landmarks in each face. The processor then calculates the desired aperture size to keep at least part of said objects of interest in focus, and submits these ideal aperture settings to AA mechanism  710 , which configures the adaptive Tele aperture to this aperture size. 
     In another example, control software running on processor  718  calculates a depth map of part of the scene (or alternatively, receives such a depth map calculated by another module), for example, based on stereo information between a Wide camera image and a Tele camera image, or based on information from phase detection autofocus (PDAF) pixels in the Wide camera sensor, or based on a ToF camera. A dedicated algorithm running on processor  718  determines the required range of distances to be in focus from the depth map, and calculates the desired aperture size to keep at least some of the OOIs in focus. The information is transmitted to AA mechanism  710 , which configures the adaptive Tele aperture to this aperture size. 
     In yet another example, the software may take into account the light levels in the scene, by analyzing the Wide camera image and the Tele camera image (for example, by calculating a histogram of intensity levels), or by receiving an estimation for the illumination in the scene (for example, LUX estimation, or the Wide sensor and/or Tele sensor analog gain) and calculates the ideal adaptive Tele aperture size based on the illumination estimation. 
     In yet another example, the software may receive indications from the user (for example, by switching the camera between different imaging modes, e.g. to a dedicated portrait-mode or stitching mode, or by changing some parameter in the camera application) regarding the required DOF and aperture configuration, and may take this information into account to calculate ideal settings for the adaptive Tele aperture size to fulfill these requirements. 
     In yet another example with the folded Tele camera being a scanning folded camera with an adjustable FOV, when operating the camera in a scanning mode, i.e. capturing Tele camera images having different FOVs and stitching the Tele camera images together to create an image with a larger FOV (as e.g. for a high resolution panoramic image), for example as described in U.S. provisional patent application 63/026,097, software running on processor  718  determines the ideal adaptive Tele aperture size before scanning starts and updates this value throughout the scanning and capturing of the images to be stitched. This may be desired e.g. for achieving a similar DOF for all captured Tele images or to achieve similar lightning for all captured Tele images. 
     In yet another example, when operating the camera in a scanning mode and stitching the Tele camera images together to create an image with a larger FOV, for example as described in PCT/IB2018/050988, software running on processor  718  determines the ideal AA in a way such that single Tele images captured with this AA have very similar optical Bokeh, leading to a stitched image with larger FOV and very uniform appearance in terms of Bokeh, including along single Tele image borders. 
     In yet another example, for supplying an image with Wide camera FOV and Tele camera resolution for specific ROIs or OOIs, the ROIs and OIs are captured by the Tele camera and these Tele images are stitched into the Wide camera image with large FOV. To supply a natural or seamless transition between the two images, software running on processor  718  determines the ideal AA size so that the optical Bokeh of the Tele image to be stitched is very similar to the optical Bokeh of the Wide image. 
     In yet another example, the adaptive Tele aperture is modified by AA mechanism  710  between two consecutive Tele image captures, (or between two Tele camera preview frames) to obtain two frames of largely the same scene with different depths of field and to estimate depth from the two images, for example by identifying features in one of these images that correspond to features in the other image, comparing the contrast in the local area of the image and based on this, calculating relative depth for the image region. Relevant methods are discussed in “Elder, J. and Zucker, S. 1998. Local scale control for edge detection and blur estimation” and “Depth Estimation from Blur Estimation, Tim Zaman, 2012”. 
     In yet another example, a software running on processor  718  may calculate the ideal AA settings from the distance between the camera and the object that the camera is focused on. For example, Hall sensors provide the information on the focus position. As DOF has a quadratic dependence on the focus distance, and in order to supply sufficient DOF in the image to be captured, the control software may assign smaller AA setting to closer objects and larger AA setting to objects farther away. 
     In yet another example, the camera may be operated in the native aperture state for high quality Tele images in low light conditions. To achieve the DOF necessary for achieving a crisp appearance of a specific ROI or OOI, an image series may be taken, whereas the focus scans the necessary DOF range and captures an image at each one of the different scan states, a technique known in the art as “focus stacking” to create a “focus stack”. In a second (computational) step, the output image may be assembled by stitching the crisp segments of the ROI or OOI from the series of images in a way so that the entire ROI or OOI appears crisp. In some examples, focus stacking may be also used for estimating scene depth. 
     In conclusion, adaptive apertures and methods of use described herein expand the capabilities of folded Tele cameras to control the amount of light reaching the Tele sensor and the DOF of the Tele image by adapting the camera&#39;s f-number. In particular, they provide solutions to problems of very shallow DOF, particularly in more severe cases, for example:
         a) when using a scanning camera with a relatively long focal length (for example, the scanning camera in PCT/IB2016/057366);   b) when using a plurality of images captured by a scanning camera such as described in co-owned U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/026,097. For example, using camera with specifications of “camera 1” above for scanning and capturing a scene in the X and Y directions and stitching 9 images together may result in a FOV equivalent to that of a camera with 10 mm EFL. This mix of a larger FOV with a very shallow DOF may result in a non-natural user experience (i.e. user experience that is very different from that of using a single shot of a wide camera)—objects at different distances from the camera will appear blurry over the stitched, larger FOV;   c) when using a Tele camera having an EFL&gt;10 mm and with-capability to focus to close objects (“Macro objects”), it may be desired to adapt the f/#, e.g. for achieving a higher DOF so that a larger part of a Macro object is at focus. Lens designs for such a Macro Tele camera are described in co-owned U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/070,501. Methods relating to such a Macro Tele camera are described in co-owned U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/032,576; and   d) when solving focus miss that arises from the very shallow DOF associated with a long focal length folded Tele lens: when the autofocus engine moves the folded Tele lens for focus, a small mismatch in the position of the lens (for example, due to an error in the position sensing mechanism in a closed-loop autofocus actuator of the folded Tele lens) may result in focus miss—i.e. the important object in the scene will not be in-focus.       

     While the description above refers in detail to adaptive apertures for folded Tele lenses with a cut lens design, it is to be understood that the various embodiments of adaptive apertures and AA mechanisms therefor disclosed herein are not limited to cut lens designs. Adaptive apertures and AA mechanisms therefor disclosed herein may work with, and be applied to, non-cut lens designs (i.e. lenses without a cut). 
     Unless otherwise stated, the use of the expression “and/or” between the last two members of a list of options for selection indicates that a selection of one or more of the listed options is appropriate and may be made. 
     It should be understood that where the claims or specification refer to “a” or “an” element, such reference is not to be construed as there being only one of that elements. 
     All patents, patent applications and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual patent, patent application or publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present disclosure.