Patent Publication Number: US-2011076798-A1

Title: Dichalcogenide ink containing selenium and methods of making and using same

Description:
The present invention relates to a selenium ink comprising, as initial components: a selenium component comprising selenium, an organic chalcogenide component having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH; and a liquid carrier; wherein the selenium ink comprises ≧1 wt % selenium; wherein the selenium ink is a stable dispersion and wherein the selenium ink is hydrazine and hydrazinium free. The present invention further relates to a method of preparing the selenium ink and for using the selenium ink to deposit selenium on a substrate. 
     Selenium is deposited onto substrates for use in a variety of chalcogenide containing semiconductor materials, for example, thin film transistors (TFTs), light emitting diodes (LEDs); and photo responsive devices {e.g., electrophotography (e.g., laser printers and copiers), rectifiers, photographic exposure meters and photovoltaic cells}. Selenium is also deposited onto substrates for use in the manufacture of phase change alloys for use in phase change memory devices. 
     One very promising application for selenium is in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells for the conversion of sunlight into electricity. In particular, the use of selenium in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells based on Group 1a-1b-3a-6a mixed-metal chalcogenide materials, including for example, copper-indium-diselenide (CuInSe 2 ), copper-gallium-diselenide (CuGaSe 2 ) and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 ), are of considerable interest because of their high solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies. The Group 1a-1b-3a-6a mixed metal chalcogenide semiconductors are sometimes referred to generically as CIGS materials. Conventional CIGS solar cells include a back electrode followed by a layer of molybdenum, a CIGS absorber layer, a CdS junction partner layer, and a transparent conductive oxide layer electrode (e.g., ZnO x  or SnO 2 ); wherein the molybdenum layer is deposited over the back electrode, the CIGS absorber layer is interposed between the molybdenum layer and the CdS junction partner and the CdS junction partner is interposed between the CIGS absorber layer and the transparent conductive oxide layer electrode. 
     The CIGS absorber layer used in photovoltaic devices contain an excess of selenium relative to the other constituents of that layer. One challenge for this promising application for selenium is the development of cost-effective manufacturing techniques for producing the CIGS materials. Conventional methods for depositing selenium typically involve the use of vacuum-based processes, including, for example, vacuum-evaporation, sputtering and chemical vapor deposition. Such deposition techniques exhibit low throughput capabilities and high cost. To facilitate the large scale, high throughput, low cost, manufacture of selenium containing semiconductor materials (in particular CIGS materials), it would be desirable to provide liquid based selenium deposition techniques. 
     One liquid deposition method for depositing selenium in the manufacture of a CIGS material is disclosed by Mitzi, et al. in  A High - Efficiency Solution - Deposited Thin - Film Photovoltaic Device , A DVANCED  M ATERIALS , vol. 20, pp. 3657-62 (2008)(“Mitzi I”). Mitzi I discloses the use of a selenium ink comprising hydrazine, inter alia, as a liquid vehicle for depositing selenium in the manufacture of a thin film CIGS layer. Hydrazine, however, is a highly toxic and explosive material. Accordingly, the Mitzi I process has limited value for use in the large scale manufacture of selenium containing semiconductor devices. 
     An alternative to the hydrazine containing selenium ink described in Mitzi I is disclosed by Mitzi, et al. in  Low - Voltage Transistor Employing a High - Mobility Spin - Coated Chalcogenide Semiconductor , A DVANCED  M ATERIALS  vol. 17, pp. 1285-89 (2005)(“Mitzi II”). Mitzi II discloses the use of a hydrazinium precursor material for deposition of indium selenide to form an indium selenide channel of a thin film transistor. Mitzi II further asserts that its hydrazinium approach is likely extendable to other chalcogenides besides SnS 2−x Se x , GeSe 2 , and In 2 Se 3  systems. 
     The hydrazinium precursor materials disclosed by Mitzi II remove hydrazine from the manufacturing step to produce selenium containing semiconductor films. Notwithstanding, Mitzi II does not eliminate the need for hydrazine. Rather, Mitzi II still utilizes hydrazine in the preparation of the hydrazinium precursor materials. Moreover, hydrazinium ion precursors pose a significant explosion risk, as documented by Eckart W. Schmidt in his book,  Hydrazine and Its Derivatives: Preparation, Properties, and Applications , J OHN  W ILEY  &amp; S ONS  pp 392-401 (1984). The presence of numerous metal ions exacerbates the risk of hydrazinium explosion or detonation. This can be a problem because residual hydrazinium salts may accumulate in process equipment during manufacture, presenting an unacceptable safety risk. Hence, there remains a need for a hydrazine free, hydrazinium free, selenium containing ink for use in the manufacture of selenium containing semiconductor materials and phase change alloys. 
     In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a selenium ink, comprising, as initial components: a selenium component comprising selenium; an organic chalcogenide component having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH; wherein Z and Z′ are each independently selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium; wherein R is selected from H, C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; wherein R′ and R 2  are selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; and, a liquid carrier; wherein the selenium ink comprises ≧1 wt % selenium; wherein the selenium ink is a stable dispersion and wherein the selenium ink is hydrazine and hydrazinium free. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing a selenium ink, comprising: providing a selenium component, comprising selenium; providing an organic chalcogenide having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH; wherein Z and Z′ are each independently selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium; wherein R is selected from H, C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; wherein R′ and R 2  are selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; and providing a liquid carrier; combining the selenium component, the organic chalcogenide component and the liquid carrier; heating the combination with agitation to produce a combined selenium/organic chalcogenide component; wherein the combined selenium/organic chalcogenide component is stably dispersed in the liquid carrier; and, wherein the selenium ink is hydrazine free and hydrazinium free. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for depositing selenium on a substrate, comprising: providing a substrate; providing a selenium ink of the present invention; applying the selenium ink to the substrate forming a selenium material on the substrate; and treating the selenium material to remove the liquid carrier depositing selenium on the substrate. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material, comprising: providing a substrate; optionally, providing a Group 1a source comprising sodium; providing a Group 1b source; providing a Group 3a source; optionally, providing a Group 6a sulfur source; providing a Group 6a selenium source, wherein the Group 6a selenium source includes a selenium ink of the present invention; forming at least one Group 1a-1b-3a-6a precursor material on the substrate by optionally using the Group 1a source to apply sodium to the substrate, using the Group 1b source to apply a Group 1b material to the substrate, using the Group 3a source to apply a Group 3a material to the substrate, optionally using the Group 6a sulfur source to apply a sulfur material to the substrate and using the Group 6a selenium source to apply a selenium material to the substrate; treating the precursor material to form a Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material having a formula Na L X m Y n S p Se q ; wherein X is at least one Group 1b element selected from copper and silver; Y is at least one Group 3a element selected from aluminum, gallium and indium; 0≦L≦0.75; 0.25≦m≦1.5; n is 1; 0≦p≦2.5; 0≦q≦2.5; and, 1.8≦(p+q)≦2.5. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The term “stable” as used herein and in the appended claims in reference to the selenium ink means that the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component in the liquid carrier does not form a precipitate during storage of the selenium ink at 22° C. under nitrogen for a period of at least thirty (30) minutes. 
     The term “storage stable” as used herein and in the appended claims in reference to the selenium ink means that the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component in the liquid carrier does not form a precipitate during storage of the selenium ink at 22° C. under nitrogen for a period of at least sixteen (16) hours. 
     The term “extended stability” as used herein and in the appended claims in reference to the selenium ink means that the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component in the liquid carrier does not form a precipitate during storage of the selenium ink at 22° C. under nitrogen for a period of at least 5 days. 
     The term “hydrazine free” as used herein and in the appended claims in reference to the selenium ink means that the selenium ink contains &lt;100 ppm hydrazine. 
     The term “hydrazinium free or (N 2 H 5 ) +  free” as used herein and in the appended claims in reference to the selenium ink means that the selenium ink contains &lt;100 ppm hydrazinium complexed with selenium. 
     The present invention relates to a selenium ink, the preparation of the selenium ink and the use of selenium ink in the manufacture of selenium containing devices such as thin film transistors (TFTs), light emitting diodes (LEDs); phase change alloys for use in memory devices; and photo responsive devices {e.g., electrophotography (e.g., laser printers and copiers), rectifiers, photographic exposure meters and photovoltaic cells}. The following detailed description focuses on the use of the selenium inks of the present invention in the preparation of CIGS materials designed for use in photovoltaic cells. 
     The selenium component of the present invention comprises selenium. Preferably, the selenium component comprises selenium powder. 
     The optional organic chalcogenide component has a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH; wherein Z and Z′ are each independently selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium (preferably sulfur and selenium; most preferably sulfur); wherein R is selected from H, a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group (preferably R is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, a C 7-20  arylether group and a C 3-20  alkylether group; more preferably R is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group and a C 6-20  aryl group; still more preferably R is a C 1-10  alkyl group; most preferably R is a C 1-5  alkyl group); wherein R′ is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group (preferably R′ is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, a C 7-20  arylether group and a C 3-20  alkylether group; more preferably R′ is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group and a C 6-20  aryl group; still more preferably R′ is a C 1-10  alkyl group; most preferably R′ is a C 1-5  alkyl group). Optionally, R, R′ and R 2  are selected to enhance the solubility of the organic chalcogenide in the liquid carrier. 
     The optional organic chalcogenide component is believed to provide the selenium ink of the present invention with enhanced stability. The molar ratio of selenium to the organic chalcogenide having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH in the selenium ink is selected to tailor the properties of the selenium ink as desired. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that a higher molar ratio of organic chalcogenide having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH to selenium in the selenium ink of the present invention correlates with greater stability of the selenium ink. Preferably, the molar ratio of selenium to the organic chalcogenide having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH in the selenium ink is 2:1 to 20:1, more preferably 2:1 to 14:1, still more preferably 2:1 to 10:1, most preferably 2:1 to 6:1. 
     Optionally, Z and Z′ are both sulfur. Preferably, when both Z and Z′ are sulfur, R and R′ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, an isopropyl group and a tert-butyl group. More preferably, when both Z and Z′ are sulfur, R and R′ are both a butyl group. 
     Optionally, Z and Z′ are both selenium. Preferably, when both Z and Z′ are selenium, R and R′ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, an isopropyl group and a tert-butyl group. More preferably, when both Z and Z′ are selenium, R and R′ are both a phenyl group. 
     The selenide content of the selenium ink of the present invention can be selectively provided to suit the particular application need and the processing technology and equipment to be used to apply the selenium ink to a given substrate. Optionally, the selenium ink exhibits a selenide content selected from 1 to 50 wt %; 1 to 5 wt %; 4 to 15 wt % and 5 to 10 wt % (based on the weight of the selenium ink). Optionally, the selenium ink exhibits a selenide content of 1 to 50 wt % (based on the weight of the selenium ink). Optionally, the selenium ink exhibits a selenide content of 1 to 5 wt % (based on the weight of the selenium ink). Optionally, the selenium ink exhibits a selenide content of 4 to 15 wt % (based on the weight of the selenium ink). Optionally, the selenium ink exhibits a selenide content of 5 to 10 wt % (based on the weight of the selenium ink). 
     The average size of the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component in the selenium ink of the present invention can be selectively provided to suit the particular application need and the processing technology and equipment to be used to apply the selenium ink to a given substrate. Optionally, the average size of the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component is selected from 0.05 to 10 microns; 0.05 to 1 micron; 0.05 to 0.4 micron; 0.1 to 0.4 micron and &lt;1 micron. Optionally, the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component exhibits an average particle size of 0.05 to 10 microns. Optionally, the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component exhibits an average particle size of 0.05 to 1 micron. Optionally, the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component exhibits an average particle size of 0.05 to 0.4 micron. Optionally, the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component exhibits an average particle size of 0.4 micron. The average particle size of the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component can be selected to, for example: facilitate the deposition of small particle size material when codepositing with Cu, In and or Ga inks in the preparation of a CIGS material to facilitate intimate mixing of the CIGS components; to facilitate clog free spraying of the selenium ink; or to facilitate extended shelf-life of the selenium ink. 
     Optionally, the selenium ink of the present invention is a sterically stabilized suspension. That is, the selenium ink is a heterogeneous fluid, wherein the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component comprises a plurality of particles having an average particle size of &gt;1 micron. Preferably, particles of the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component in the sterically stabilized suspension that settle out over time can be readily redispersed. The term “readily redispersible” as used herein and in the appended claims in reference to the selenium ink means that any material settling out of the selenium ink overtime can be redispersed with agitation or sonication (i.e., the settled material does not form persistent agglomerates). 
     Optionally, the selenium ink is a sol. That is, the selenium ink is a colloidal dispersion, wherein the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component comprises a plurality of particles having an average size between 1 to 500 nm. 
     Optionally, the selenium ink of the present invention is dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous medium comprising the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component, wherein at least one of R and R′ or R 2  comprises an ether group, wherein the ether group comprises an ethylene oxide oligomer with 2-20 repeat units. 
     Liquid carrier used in the selenium ink of the present invention can be any solvent in which the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component are both stably dispersable. Optionally, the liquid carrier used is selected from water, ethers, polyethers, amide solvents (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide), N-methylpyrrolidone, keto-solvents (e.g., methylisobutylketone), aryl solvents (e.g., toluene), cresols and xylene. Optionally, the liquid carrier used is selected from ethers, polyethers, amide solvents (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide), N-methylpyrrolidone, keto-solvents (e.g., methylisobutylketone), aryl solvents (e.g., toluene), cresols, xylene and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier is a nitrogen containing solvent or a combination of nitrogen containing solvents. Optionally, the liquid carrier used comprises a liquid amine having a formula NR 3 , wherein each R is independently selected from a H, a C 1-10  alkyl group, a C 6-10  aryl group, a C 3-10  cycloalkylamino group (e.g., 1,2-diamino cyclohexane) and a C 1-10  alkylamino group. Optionally, the liquid carrier used in the preparation of the selenium/Group 1b ink of the present invention is selected from ethylene diamine; diethylenetriamine; tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; triethylenetetramine; n-butylamine; n-hexylamine; octylamine; 2-ethyl-1-hexylamine; 3-amino-1-propanol; 1,3-diaminopropane; 1,2-diaminopropane; 1,2-diaminocyclohexane; pyridine; pyrrolidine; 1-methylimidazole; tetramethylguanidine and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier is selected from ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; triethylenetetramine, n-hexylamine, pyrrolidine, n-butylamine and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier is selected from ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, pyrrolidine, n-butylamine and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier is selected from ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier is ethylene diamine. 
     Optionally, when the liquid carrier is water, at least one of R and R′ or R 2  comprises an ether, wherein the ether group comprises an ethylene oxide oligomer with 2-20 repeat units. 
     Optionally, the selenium ink of the present invention is a non-aqueous ink (i.e., contains ≧10 wt %, preferably ≧1 wt %, most preferably ≧0.1 wt % water). 
     The selenium ink of the present invention can, optionally, further comprise a cosolvent. Cosolvents suitable for use with the present invention are miscible with the liquid carrier. Preferred cosolvents exhibit a boiling point within 30° C. of the boiling point of the liquid carrier. 
     The selenium ink of the present invention can, optionally, further comprise at least one optional additive selected from a dispersant, a wetting agent, a polymer, a binder, an anti-foaming agent, an emulsifying agent, a drying agent, a filler, an extender, a film conditioning agent, an antioxidant, a plasticizer, a preservative, a thickening agent, a flow control agent, a leveling agent, a corrosion inhibitor and a dopant (e.g., sodium to improve electrical performance of CIGS materials). Optional additives can be incorporated into the selenium ink of the present invention to, for example, facilitate increased shelf life, to improve flow characteristics to facilitate the method of application to a substrate (e.g., printing, spraying), to modify the wetting/spreading characteristics of the ink onto the substrate, to enhance the compatibility of the selenium ink with other inks used to deposit other components on the substrate (e.g., other constituents of a CIGS material, such as Cu, In, Ga, and S), and to modify the decomposition temperature of the selenium ink. 
     A method of preparing a selenium ink of the present invention, comprises: providing selenium, providing an organic chalcogenide having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH, and providing a liquid carrier; combining the selenium, the organic chalcogenide and the liquid carrier; heating the combination (preferably to a temperature within 25° C. of the boiling point temperature of the liquid carrier; most preferably, heating the combination to reflux) with agitation (preferably for a period of 0.1 to 40 hrs). Preferably, the molar ratio of selenium to the organic chalcogenide having a formula selected from RZ—Z′R′ and R 2 —SH is 2:1 to 20:1, more preferably 2:1 to 14:1, still more preferably 2:1 to 10:1, most preferably 2:1 to 6:1. 
     In providing the selenium ink of the present invention, the organic chalcogenide provided is selected from a thiol and an organic dichalcogenide. When a thiol is used, the thiol preferably has a formula R 2 —SH, wherein R 2  is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group; preferably R 2  is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, a C 7-20  arylether group and a C 3-20  alkylether group; more preferably R 2  is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group and a C 6-20  aryl group; still more preferably R 2  is a C 1-10  alkyl group; most preferably R 2  is a C 1-5  alkyl group. When an organic dichalcogenide is used, the organic dichalcogenide preferably has a formula RZ—Z′R′, wherein R is selected from H, a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group (preferably R is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, a C 7-20  arylether group and a C 3-20  alkylether group; more preferably R is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group and a C 6-20  aryl group; still more preferably R is a C 1-10  alkyl group; most preferably R is a C 1-5  alkyl group); wherein R′ is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, an arylether group and an alkylether group (preferably R′ is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group, a C 6-20  aryl group, a C 1-20  alkylhydroxy group, a C 7-20  arylether group and a C 3-20  alkylether group; more preferably R′ is selected from a C 1-20  alkyl group and a C 6-20  aryl group; still more preferably R′ is a C 1-10  alkyl group; most preferably R′ is a C 1-5  alkyl group); and, wherein Z and Z′ are each independently selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium; preferably sulfur and selenium; most preferably sulfur. The R 2 , R and R′ groups in the thiol and organic dichalcogenide used can be selected to enhance the solubility of the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component in the liquid carrier. 
     Preferably, in providing the selenium ink of the present invention, the timing of the addition of the organic chalcogenide component depends on the physical state of the organic chalcogenide used. For solid organic chalcogenides, the solid organic chalcogenide is preferably combined with the selenium before addition of the liquid carrier. For liquid organic chalcogenides, the liquid organic chalcogenide is preferably added to the combined selenium and liquid carrier. 
     When using a liquid organic chalcogenide, providing the selenium ink of the present invention, optionally, further comprises heating the combined selenium and liquid carrier before adding the liquid organic chalcogenide. Preferably, providing the selenium ink of the present invention, optionally, further comprises: heating the combined liquid carrier and selenium before and during the addition of the liquid organic chalcogenide. More preferably, the combined liquid carrier and selenium powder are maintained at a temperature of 20 to 240° C. during the addition of the liquid organic chalcogenide. Most preferably, any liquid organic chalcogenides are added to the combined selenium and liquid carrier by gradually adding the liquid organic chalcogenide to the combined selenium and liquid carrier with continuous agitation and heating to reflux. 
     Preferably, the selenium component used in making the selenium ink of the present invention is selenium powder. 
     Preferably, the selenium used in making the selenium ink of the present invention contributes 1 to 50 wt %, 1 to 20 wt %, 1 to 5 wt %, 4 to 15 wt %, or 5 to 10 wt % of the selenium ink produced. 
     Optionally, the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention, further comprises: providing a cosolvent; and, combining the cosolvent with the liquid carrier. 
     Optionally, the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention, further comprises: providing at least one optional additive; and, combining the at least one optional additive with the liquid carrier; wherein the at least one optional additive is selected from a dispersant, a wetting agent, a polymer, a binder, an anti-foaming agent, an emulsifying agent, a drying agent, a filler, an extender, a film conditioning agent, an antioxidant, a plasticizer, a preservative, a thickening agent, a flow control agent, a leveling agent, a corrosion inhibitor and a dopant. 
     Preferably, in the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention, the selenium and the liquid carrier are combined by adding the liquid carrier to the selenium. More preferably, the selenium and liquid carrier are combined using inert techniques, followed with continuous agitation and heating. Preferably, the liquid carrier is maintained at a temperature of 20 to 240° C. during the combining of the liquid carrier and the selenium powder. Optionally, the liquid carrier and selenium can be heated above the melting point of selenium (220° C.) during the combining process. 
     Preferably, in the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention, the timing of the addition of the organic chalcogenide depends on the physical state of the organic chalcogenide used. For solid organic chalcogenides, the solid organic chalcogenide is preferably combined with the selenium before addition of the liquid carrier. For liquid organic chalcogenides, the liquid organic chalcogenide is preferably added to the combined selenium and liquid carrier. 
     When using a liquid organic chalcogenide, the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention optionally further comprises heating the combined selenium and liquid carrier before adding the liquid organic chalcogenide. Preferably, the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention optionally further comprises: heating the combined liquid carrier and selenium powder before and during the addition of the liquid organic chalcogenide. More preferably, the combined liquid carrier and selenium powder are maintained at a temperature of 20 to 240° C. during the addition of the liquid organic chalcogenide. Optionally, any liquid organic chalcogenides are added to the combined selenium and liquid carrier by gradually adding the liquid organic chalcogenide to the combined selenium and liquid carrier with continuous agitation, heating and reflux. 
     In the method of preparing the selenium ink of the present invention, the liquid carrier used is any solvent or combination of solvents in which the product formed by the combination of the selenium component and the organic chalcogenide component is stably dispersible. Optionally, the liquid carrier used is selected from water, ethers, polyethers, amide solvents (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide), N-methylpyrrolidone, keto-solvents (e.g., methylisobutylketone), aryl solvents (e.g., toluene), cresols, xylene and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the liquid carrier used is selected from ethers, polyethers, amide solvents (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide), N-methylpyrrolidone, keto-solvents (e.g., methylisobutylketone), aryl solvents (e.g., toluene), cresols, xylene and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the liquid carrier is a nitrogen containing solvent or a mixture of nitrogen containing solvents. Optionally, the liquid carrier used comprises a liquid amine having a formula NR 3 , wherein each R is independently selected from a H, a C 1-10  alkyl group, a C 6-10  aryl group, a C 3-10  cycloalkylamino group (e.g., 1,2-diamino cyclohexane) and a C 1-10  alkylamino group. Still more preferably, the liquid carrier used is selected from ethylene diamine; diethylenetriamine; tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; triethylenetetramine; n-butylamine; n-hexylamine; octylamine; 2-ethyl-1-hexylamine; 3-amino-1-propanol; 1,3-diaminopropane; 1,2-diaminopropane; 1,2-diaminocyclohexane; pyridine; pyrrolidine; 1-methylimidazole; tetramethylguanidine and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier used is selected from ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, n-hexylamine, pyrrolidine, n-butylamine and mixtures thereof. Optionally, the liquid carrier used is selected from ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, pyrrolidine, n-butylamine and mixtures thereof. Most preferably, the liquid carrier used is selected from ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine and mixtures thereof. 
     The selenium ink of the present invention can be used in the preparation of a variety of semiconductor materials comprising selenium (e.g., thin layer transistors, solar cells, electrophotography components, rectifiers, photographic exposure meters, photocopying media) and in the preparation of chalcogenide containing phase change memory devices. 
     The method of depositing selenium on a substrate using a selenium ink of the present invention, comprises: providing a substrate; providing a selenium ink of the present invention; applying the selenium ink to the substrate forming a selenium material on the substrate; treating the selenium material to remove the liquid carrier depositing selenium on the substrate. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the selenium deposited on the substrate by this method has a formal oxidation state of zero (i.e., wherein the selenium deposited on the substrate is Se 0 . 
     The selenium ink of the present invention can be deposited onto a substrate using conventional processing techniques such as wet coating, spray coating, spin coating, doctor blade coating, contact printing, top feed reverse printing, bottom feed reverse printing, nozzle feed reverse printing, gravure printing, microgravure printing, reverse microgravure printing, comma direct printing, roller coating, slot die coating, meyerbar coating, lip direct coating, dual lip direct coating, capillary coating, ink jet printing, jet deposition, spray pyrolysis and spray deposition. Preferably, the selenium ink of the present invention is deposited onto a substrate using conventional spray pyrolysis techniques. Preferably, the selenium ink of the present invention is deposited onto a substrate under an inert atmosphere (e.g., under nitrogen). 
     Preferably, when treating the selenium material to remove the liquid carrier, the selenium material is heated to a temperature above the boiling point temperature of the liquid carrier. Optionally, the selenium material is heated to a temperature of 5 to 200° C. Optionally, the selenium material is heated to a temperature of 5 to 200° C. under vacuum. Optionally, the selenium material is heated to a temperature above 220° C., both melting the selenium and volatilizing the liquid carrier to facilitate its removal. 
     A method of the present invention for preparing a Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material, comprises: providing a substrate; optionally, providing a Group 1a source comprising sodium; providing a Group 1b source; providing a Group 3a source; optionally providing a Group 6a sulfur source; providing a Group 6a selenium source, wherein the Group 6a selenium source includes a selenium ink of the present invention; forming a Group 1a-1b-3a-6a precursor material on the substrate by optionally using the Group 1a source to apply sodium to the substrate, using the Group 1b source to apply a Group 1b material to the substrate, using the Group 3a source to apply a Group 3a material to the substrate, optionally using the Group 6a sulfur source to apply a sulfur material to the substrate and using the Group 6a selenium source to apply a selenium material to the substrate; treating the precursor material to form a Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material having a formula Na L X m Y n S p Se q ; wherein X is at least one Group 1b material selected from copper and silver (preferably copper); Y is at least one Group 3a material selected from aluminum, gallium and indium (preferably indium and gallium); 0≦L≦0.75; 0.25≦m≦1.5; n is 1; 0≦p&lt;2.5; and, 0&lt;q≦2.5. Preferably, 0.5≦(L+m)≦1.5 and 1.8≦(p+q)≦2.5. Preferably, Y is (In 1−b Ga b ), wherein 0≦b≦1. More preferably, the Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material is according to the formula Na L Cu m In (1−d) Ga d S (2+e)(1−f) Se (2+e)f ; wherein 0≦L≦0.75, 0.25≦m≦1.5, 0≦d≦1, −0.2≦e≦0.5, 0&lt;f≦1; wherein 0.5≦(L+m)≦1.5 and 1.8≦{(2+e)f+(2+e)(1−f)}≦2.5. Optionally, one or more of the Group 1a source, the Group 6a selenium source, the Group 3a source and the Group 6a sulfur source are combined before application to the substrate. The components of the precursor material can be treated by known methods to form the Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material having formula Na L X m Y n S p Se q . The components of the precursor material can be treated individually or in various combinations. Annealing temperatures for the deposited components can range from 200 to 650° C. with annealing times of 0.5 to 60 minutes. Optionally, additional Group 6a material can be introduced during the annealing process in the form of at least one of a selenium ink of the present invention, selenium vapor, selenium powder, hydrogen selenide gas, sulfur powder and hydrogen sulfide gas. The precursor materials can optionally be heated to the annealing temperature by use of a rapid thermal processing protocol, such as with the use of a high-powered quartz lamp, a laser or microwave heating methods. The precursor materials can optionally be heated to the annealing temperature using traditional heating methods, for example in a furnace. 
     A preferred type of Group 1a-1b-3a-6a material is a CIGS material. A preferred method of the present invention comprises a method for preparing a CIGS material, comprises: providing a substrate; providing a copper source; optionally, providing an indium source; optionally, providing a gallium source; optionally, providing a sulfur source and providing a selenium ink of the present invention; forming at least one CIGS precursor layer on the substrate by depositing a copper material on the substrate using the copper source, optionally depositing an indium material on the substrate using the indium source, optionally depositing a gallium material on the substrate using the gallium source, optionally depositing a sulfur material on the substrate using the sulfur source and depositing a selenium material on the substrate using the selenium ink; treating the at least one CIGS precursor layer to form a CIGS material having a formula Cu v In x Ga x Se y S z ; wherein 0.5≦v≦1.5 (preferably 0.85≦v≦0.95), 0≦w≦1 (preferably 0.68≦w≦0.75, more preferably w is 0.7), 0≦x≦1 (preferably 0.25≦x≦0.32, more preferably x is 0.3), 0&lt;y≦2.5; and, 0≦z&lt;2.5. Preferably (w+x)=1 and 1.8≦(y+z)≦2.5. More preferably, the CIGS material prepared has a formula CuIn 1−b Ga b Se 2−c S c , wherein 0≦b≦1 and 0≦c&lt;2. The components of the CIGS precursor layer(s) can be treated by known methods to form the CIGS material having formula Cu v In w Ga x S y Se z . When multiple CIGS precursor layers are applied, the layers can be treated individually or in various combinations. For example, a selenium ink of the present invention and at least one of a copper source, an indium source and a gallium source can be sequentially- or co-deposited on a substrate to form a CIGS precursor layer, followed by heating of the precursor layer to a temperature of 200 to 650° C. for 0.5 to 60 minutes; followed by deposition onto the substrate of another CIGS precursor layer using more selenium ink of the present invention and at least one of a copper source, an indium source and a gallium source, followed by heating to a temperature of 200 to 650° C. for 0.5 to 60 minutes. In another approach, the components of the CIGS precursor layer(s) are all applied to the substrate before annealing. Annealing temperatures can range from 200 to 650° C. with annealing times of 0.5 to 60 minutes. Optionally, additional selenium can be introduced during the annealing process in the form of at least one of selenium ink, selenium powder and hydrogen selenide gas. The CIGS precursor layer(s) can optionally be heated to the annealing temperature by use of a rapid thermal processing protocol, such as with the use of a high-powered quartz lamp, a laser or microwave heating methods. The CIGS precursor layer(s) can optionally be heated to the annealing temperature using traditional heating methods, for example in a furnace. 
     Optionally, at least two of the copper source, the indium source, the gallium source, the sulfur source and the selenium ink of the present invention can be combined before using them to deposit material on the substrate. Optionally, at least three of the copper source, the indium source, the gallium source, sulfur source and the selenium ink can be combined before using them to deposit material on the substrate. Optionally, the copper source, the indium source, the gallium source, the sulfur source and the selenium ink are combined before using them to deposit material on the substrate. 
     Optionally, at least two of the selenium material, the copper material, the indium material, the gallium material and the sulfur material are codeposited on the substrate to provide the desired CIGS material composition. The term “codeposited” as used herein and in the appended claims means that the selenium material, the copper material, the indium material, the gallium material and the sulfur material that are being codeposited on the substrate are simultaneously, separately deposited on the substrate (i.e., the materials are combined immediately before, or simultaneously as, they are being deposited on the substrate). 
     To facilitate the combination of two or more material sources prior to deposition on a substrate or to facilitate the codeposition of two or more material sources, the material sources used are preferably formulated to exhibit similar decomposition temperatures. Preferably, the decomposition temperatures (i.e., boiling point temperatures for the liquid carrier and liquid vehicle(s) in the material sources) of the combined or codeposited material sources are within 50° C., more preferably within 25° C. 
     Group 1a sources suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include any conventional vehicles for depositing sodium (a Group 1a material) on a substrate using liquid deposition techniques, vacuum-evaporation techniques, chemical vapor deposition techniques, sputtering techniques or any other conventional process for depositing sodium on a substrate. Preferably, the Group 1a source can be incorporated with one or more of the Group 1b source, the Group 3a source, the Group 6a sulfur source or the Group 6a selenium source. Alternatively, the sodium may be deposited on a substrate using a separate Group 1a source. 
     Group 1b sources suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include any conventional vehicles for depositing a Group 1b material on a substrate using liquid deposition techniques, vacuum-evaporation techniques, chemical vapor deposition techniques, sputtering techniques or any other conventional process for depositing a Group 1b material on the substrate. Preferably, the Group 1b material includes at least one of copper and silver; more preferably copper. Optionally, the Group 1b source contains selenium in addition to a Group 1b material (e.g., Cu h Se j , Ag h Se j ). 
     Group 3a sources suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include any conventional vehicles for depositing a Group 3a material on a substrate using liquid deposition techniques, vacuum-evaporation techniques, chemical vapor deposition techniques, sputtering techniques or any other conventional process for depositing a Group 3a material onto a substrate. Preferably, the Group 3a material includes at least one of gallium, indium and aluminum; more preferably gallium and indium. Optionally, the Group 3a source contains selenium in addition to the Group 3a material (e.g., InSe, GaSe). Optionally, the Group 3a source contains copper and selenium in addition to the Group 3a material (e.g., CIGS nanoparticles). 
     Group 6a sulfur sources suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include any conventional vehicles for depositing sulfur on a substrate using liquid deposition techniques, vacuum-evaporation techniques, chemical vapor deposition techniques, sputtering techniques or any other conventional process for depositing sulfur onto a substrate. 
     The substrate used can be selected from conventional materials used in conjunction with the preparation of a semiconductor comprising selenium or in conjunction with chalcogenide containing phase change memory devices. For use in some applications, the substrate can be preferably selected from molybdenum, aluminum and copper. For use in the preparation of CIGS materials for use in photovoltaic devices, the substrate is most preferably molybdenum. In some applications, the molybdenum, aluminum or copper substrate can be a coating on a carrier substance, such as, glass, foil, and plastic (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate and polyimides). Optionally, the substrate is sufficiently flexible to facilitate roll-to-roll production of CIGS materials for use in photovoltaic devices. 
     In the method of the present invention for forming a CIGS material on a substrate, 1 to 20 CIGS precursor layers are deposited on the substrate to form the CIGS material. Preferably 2 to 8, CIGS precursor layers are deposited on the substrate to form the CIGS material. The individual CIGS precursor layers each comprise at least one of a copper, silver, gallium, indium, sulfur and selenium. Optionally, at least one of the CIGS precursor layers comprise at least one Group 1b material selected from copper and silver; at least one Group 3a material selected from gallium and indium and at least one Group 6a material selected from sulfur and selenium. 
     Using the method of depositing selenium of the present invention, it is possible to provide uniform or graded semiconductor films comprising selenium (e.g., a CIGS material). For example, a graded CIGS material can be prepared by depositing varying concentrations of the components deposited (i.e., by depositing multiple layers of the precursor materials in different compositions). In the preparation of CIGS materials it is sometimes desirable to provide graded films (e.g., with respect to Ga concentration). It is conventional to provide a graded Ga/(Ga+In) ratio as a function of depth in a CIGS material for use in photovoltaic devices to facilitate improved separation of the photogenerated charge carriers and to facilitate reduced recombination at the back contact. Accordingly, it is believed to be desirable to tailor the CIGS material composition to achieve the desired grain structure and the highest efficiency photovoltaic device characteristics. 
     Examples 1-32 
     Selenium Ink Synthesis 
     Selenium inks were prepared using the components and amounts identified in Table 1 using the following method. Selenium powder was weighed out into a reaction vessel in air. For Examples using a solid organic dichalcogenide, the solid organic dichalcogenide was then weighed into the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel was then purged with nitrogen. The liquid carrier was then added without agitation to the reaction vessel using inert techniques in a glove box. For Examples using a liquid organic dichalcogenide, the liquid organic dichalcogenide was then added to the reaction vessel using inert techniques (i.e., via a syringe through a rubber septa). The contents of the reaction vessel were then treated according to the reaction conditions set forth in Table 1. Observations regarding the product formed are provided in Table 1. Formation of a selenium ink was indicated by a distinctive brown color formation in the liquid carrier and a lack of solids on the bottom of the reaction vessel. Note that some selenium inks are air sensitive and will decompose upon exposure to air. Accordingly, the selenium inks were prepared and stored in a nitrogen atmosphere. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organic di- 
                 OD 
                 Mass 
                 Liquid 
                 Mass 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Se 
                 chalcogenide 
                 liquid—(l) 
                 OD 
                 Carrier 
                 LC 
                 react. 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 (g) 
                 (“OD”) 
                 solid—(s) 
                 (g) 
                 (“LC”) 
                 (g) 
                 cond. 
                 observ. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0.112 
                 Dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 ethylene 
                 3.32 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.127 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.048 
                 ethylene 
                 3.32 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.136 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.039 
                 ethylene 
                 3.32 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.088 
                 diphenyl 
                 (s) 
                 0.087 
                 ethylene 
                 3.32 
                 A 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diselenide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.105 
                 diphenyl 
                 (s) 
                 0.070 
                 ethylene 
                 3.32 
                 A 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diselenide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.117 
                 diphenyl 
                 (s) 
                 0.058 
                 ethylene 
                 3.32 
                 A 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diselenide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.361 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.163 
                 ethylene 
                 2.98 
                 D 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.246 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.111 
                 ethylene 
                 3.14 
                 D 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.175 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.066 
                 ethylene 
                 3.23 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.350 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.198 
                 ethylene 
                 2.95 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.525 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.296 
                 ethylene 
                 2.68 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 12 
                 0.700 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.395 
                 ethylene 
                 2.40 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.876 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.494 
                 ethylene 
                 2.13 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 14 
                 1.05 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.593 
                 ethylene 
                 1.86 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 15 
                 1.40 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.791 
                 ethylene 
                 1.31 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.525 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.148 
                 ethylene 
                 2.83 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 17 
                 0.164 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.046 
                 ethylene 
                 3.29 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 18 
                 0.143 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.032 
                 ethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.151 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.024 
                 ethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 20 
                 0.112 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 hexylamine 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 I 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
               
               
                 21 
                 0.112 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 tetramethyl 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 guanidine 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.112 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 pyridine 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 J 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
               
               
                 23 
                 0.112 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 1-methyl 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 imidazole 
               
               
                 24 
                 0.112 
                 dibutyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 xylenes 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 I 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
               
               
                 25 
                 0.104 
                 dibutyl 
                 (s) 
                 0.072 
                 ethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 26 
                 0.104 
                 dibutyl 
                 (s) 
                 0.072 
                 xylenes 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 K 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
               
               
                 27 
                 0.127 
                 diisopropyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.048 
                 ethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 28 
                 0.127 
                 diisopropyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.048 
                 n-hexyl 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 amine 
               
               
                 29 
                 0.112 
                 di-t-butyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 ethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 30 
                 0.112 
                 di-t-butyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.063 
                 n-hexyl 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 amine 
               
               
                 31 
                 0.118 
                 2-hydroxyethyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.057 
                 ethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 diamine 
               
               
                 32 
                 0.118 
                 2-hydroxyethyl 
                 (l) 
                 0.057 
                 diethylene 
                 3.33 
                 E 
                 I 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disulfide 
                   
                   
                 glycol 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dimethyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ether 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A. Heated contents of reaction vessel on hot plate set at 120° C. for 6.5 hours; then raised hot plate set point temperature to 130° C. and continued heating for 2 more hours. 
               
               
                 B. Brown solution. No solids observed upon reaction completion. 
               
               
                 C. Partial dissolution. Some solids on bottom of reaction vessel upon reaction completion 
               
               
                 D. Heated contents of reaction vessel on hot plate set at 80° C. for 2 hours; raised hot plate set point temperature to 125° C. and continued heating for 2.3 hrs; raised hot plate set point temperature to 135° C. and continued heating for 3.2 hrs. 
               
               
                 E. Heated contents of reaction vessel on hot plate set at 120° C. for 4 hours; raised hot plate set point temperature to 130° C. for 8 hrs. 
               
               
                 F. Brown solution. No solids observed upon reaction completion. Clear phase separates from brown solution over time. 
               
               
                 I. Clear solution. Selenium did not substantially dissolve into solution. 
               
               
                 J. Very slight brown solution. Slight amount of selenium dissolved. 
               
               
                 K. Clear solution. Selenium did not substantially dissolve into solution. 
               
               
                 L. Brown solution. Some solids remained upon reaction completion, not completely dissolved. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 33-49 
     Filtration 
     The selenium inks prepared according to the Examples noted in Table 2 were filtered through a 1.2 micron glass syringe filter following synthesis of the ink with the result noted in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Se Ink of Ex. 
                 Hold Time 
                 Filter size (in μ) 
                 Result 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 33 
                 9 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 34 
                 10 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 35 
                 11 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 36 
                 12 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 37 
                 13 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 38 
                 14 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 39 
                 15 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 40 
                 16 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 41 
                 17 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 42 
                 18 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 43 
                 19 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 44 
                 21 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 45 
                 23 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 46 
                 25 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 47 
                 27 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 48 
                 29 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                 49 
                 31 
                 16 hrs 
                 1.2 
                 M 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M. No aggregation or settling observed following the noted hold time. The selenium ink passed through the filter with no hold up (i.e., all material passed through the filter). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 50 
     Preparation of Selenide Film on Molybdenum Substrate 
     The following procedure was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere. A molybdenum foil substrate was preheated on a hotplate set at 120° C. Several drops of the selenium ink prepared according to Example 2 were deposited on the preheated molybdenum foil substrate. The hotplate temperature set point was retained at 120° C. for five minutes following deposition of the selenium ink. The hotplate temperature set point was then increased to 220° C. and held there for five minutes. The molybdenum substrate was then removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool. The substrate was then removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting product was analyzed by x-ray defraction (2-theta scan) using a Rigaku D/MAX 2500 at 50 kV/200 mA of nickel filtered copper Kα radiation. The sample was scanned from 5 to 90 degrees of 20 in steps of 0.03 degrees at 0.75 degrees/minute. Reflection geometry was used and the sample was rotated at 20 RPM. The scan output was then compared with scans for compounds in standard crystallography databases to verify that crystalline selenium was formed on the surface of the substrate. 
     Example 51 
     Preparation of Copper Selenide Film on Copper Substrate 
     The following procedure was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere. A copper foil substrate was preheated on a hotplate set at 100° C. Several drops of the selenium ink prepared according to Example 2 were deposited on the preheated copper foil substrate. The hotplate temperature set point was retained at 100° C. for five minutes following deposition of the selenium ink. The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 220° C. and held there for five minutes. The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 298° C. and held there for five minutes. The substrate was then removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting product was analyzed by x-ray defraction (2-theta scan) using a Rigaku D/MAX 2500 at 50 kV/200 mA of nickel filtered copper Kα radiation. The samples were scanned from 5 to 90 degrees of 20 in steps of 0.03 degrees at 0.75 degrees/minute. Reflection geometry was used and samples were rotated at 20 RPM. The scan output was then compared with scans for compounds in standard crystallography databases to verify that copper selenide was formed on the surface of the substrate. 
     Example 52 
     Preparation of Copper Selenide Film on Molybdenum Substrate 
     The following procedure was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere. A molybdenum foil substrate was preheated on a hotplate set at 100° C. A copper ink was prepared by dissolving 0.50 g of copper(II) acetylacetonate in 9.5 g of ethylene diamine with stirring at 40° C. until the copper (II) acetylacetonate dissolved. One drop of the selenium ink prepared according to Example 2 was deposited with four drops of the copper ink on the molybdenum foil substrate. The hotplate temperature set point was retained at 100° C. for five minutes following deposition of the inks The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 220° C. and held there for five minutes. The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 298° C. and held there for five minutes. The substrate was then removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting product was analyzed by x-ray defraction (2-theta scan) using the same equipment and settings noted in Example 51. The scan output was then compared with scans for compounds in standard crystallography databases to verify that copper selenide was formed on the surface of the substrate. 
     Example 53 
     Preparation of Copper Selenide Film on Molybdenum Substrate 
     The following procedure was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere. A molybdenum foil substrate was preheated on a hotplate set at 100° C. A copper ink was prepared by dissolving 0.35 g of copper(II) ethylhexanoate in 6.65 g of hexylamine with stirring at 40° C. until the copper (II) ethylhexanoate dissolved. One drop of the selenium ink prepared according to Example 2 was deposited with four drops of the copper ink on the molybdenum foil substrate. The hotplate temperature set point was retained at 100° C. for five minutes following deposition of the inks The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 220° C. and held there for five minutes. The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 298° C. and held there for five minutes. The substrate was then removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting product was analyzed by x-ray defraction (2-theta scan) using the same equipment and settings noted in Example 51. The scan output was then compared with scans for compounds in standard crystallography databases to verify that cupper selenide was formed on the surface of the substrate. 
     Example 54 
     Preparation of Copper Selenide Film on Molybdenum Substrate 
     The following procedure was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere. A molybdenum foil substrate was preheated on a hotplate set at 100° C. A copper ink was prepared by dissolving 1.59 g of copper(II) formate in 7.37 g of n-butylamine with stirring at 40° C. until the copper (II) formate dissolved. One drop of the selenium ink prepared according to Example 2 was deposited with four drops of the copper ink on the molybdenum foil substrate. The hotplate temperature set point was retained at 100° C. for five minutes following deposition of the inks The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 220° C. and held there for five minutes. The hotplate set point temperature was then raised to 298° C. and held there for five minutes. The substrate was then removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting product was analyzed by x-ray defraction (2-theta scan) using the same equipment and settings noted in Example 51. The scan output was then compared with scans for compounds in standard crystallography databases to verify that cupper selenide was formed on the surface of the substrate.