Patent Publication Number: US-2009220844-A1

Title: Electrolyte Membrane and Solid Polymer Fuel Cell

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to an electrolyte membrane to be used for a solid polymer fuel cell. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In solid polymer fuel cells, a fuel gas (hydrogen or the like) is supplied to one side and an oxidizing gas (air or the like) are supplied to the other face of a polymer electrolyte membrane on which electrodes are laminated and they are reacted to take electricity. 
     Generally, as the ion exchange capacity of an electrolyte membrane is higher, the proton conductivity becomes higher and the electric resistance becomes lower. However, on the other hand, the electrolyte membrane tends to contain water and be easily swollen to result in significant size alteration and mechanical strength decrease. To keep balance thereof, electrolyte membranes with an ion exchange capacity of 0.9 meq/g (that is, equivalent weight (EW) of about 1100 g/eq) to 1.1 meq/g (EW of about 900 g/eq) have been employed. 
     It further improve the mechanical strength of electrolyte membranes, it has been proposed to reinforce the electrolyte membranes with porous membranes (e.g. JP-A-H11(1999)-501964, JP-A-2000-510510 and the like). In JP-A-H11(1999)-501964, an electrolyte membrane with 0.91 meq/g (EW of 1100 g/eq) is reinforced with a porous membrane. In JP-A-2000-510510, electrolyte membranes with about 0.67 to 1.05 meq/g (EW of 950 to 1500 g/eq) are reinforced with porous membranes. 
     On the other hand, in recent years, electrolyte membranes hard to be hydrated although having a high ion exchange capacity have been developed (e.g., JP-A-2005-511830). In Examples of JP-A-2005-511830, it is substantially described that the ion exchange capacity can be increased to about 1.16 to 1.43 meq/g (EW of 698 to 862 g/eq). 
     On the other hand, JP-A-H10(1998)-79257 discloses that decrease of membrane strength due to humidification can be prevented and at the same time high output can be achieved in the case that an electrolyte membrane (ion exchange membrane) is made to have a three-layer structure and the ion exchange capacity of an ion exchange membrane in the inner layer is made higher than that in the outer layer. Specifically, in the case of using an ion exchange membrane with an ion exchange capacity of 0.92 meq/g (EW of 1090 g/eq) for the outer layer, ion exchange membranes with an ion exchange capacity of 1.67 to 2.35 meq/g (EW of 430 to 600 g/eq) are used for the inner layer. 
     However, according to the investigations carried out by the inventors of the present invention, it is found that although the output capabilities of the electrolyte membranes can certainly be increased by the method described in JP-A-H10(1998)-79257, the improvement is extremely slight. Particularly, it is found that although improvement is slightly observed in the case of operation under low humidified conditions, the output capabilities are scarcely improved in the case of high output operation even in low humidified conditions. 
     The present invention was made in view of the above-mentioned various circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide an electrolyte membrane that can provide both of output performance and durability at a high level, and a solid polymer fuel cell using the electrolyte membrane. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The inventors of the present invention have made investigations to solve the above-mentioned problems and have found that the output performance can significantly be improved by increasing the ion exchange capacity of an inner layer in the case that a part of a layer (particularly the inner layer) is reinforced with a porous body, whereas, as described in JP-A-H10(1998)-79257, the output performance is slightly improved by increasing the ion exchange capacity of a part of layer (particularly the inner layer) without reinforcement by the porous body and the finding has led to completion of the invention. 
     That is, an electrolyte membrane for a solid polymer fuel cell according to the invention is characterized in that it is a laminated body of (1) a first layer comprising an ion exchange resin and (2) second layer comprising a porous body and an ion exchange resin filled into the fine pores of the porous body, and that the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the second layer is higher than the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the first layer. 
     It is preferable that the first layer and the second layer are reciprocally laminated and the outermost layer is the first layer. A difference of the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the second layer and the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the first layer is, for example, 0.05 meq/g or higher. The ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the first layer is preferably 1.0 to 1.3 meq/g and the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the second layer is preferably 1.15 meq/g or higher. 
     As the above-mentioned ion exchange resins, perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid resins may be used. As the above-mentioned porous body, those having a porosity of 50 to 95%, an average pore diameter of 0.05 to 10 μm, and a weight per unit surface area of 2 to 20 g/m 2  can be employed and a porous polytetrafluoroethylene can be preferably used. A tensile strength of the porous body is, for example, 5 to 100 MPa. 
     A thickness of the first layer is, for example, 0.1 to 30 μm and a thickness of the second layer is, for example, 1 to 50 μm and a thickness of the electrolyte membrane is, for example, 5 to 100 μm. 
     The invention also includes a solid polymer fuel cell using the above-mentioned electrolyte membrane. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one example of an electrolyte membrane of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of an electrolyte membrane of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing electric power generation characteristic of electrolyte membranes obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples under highly humidified conditions. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing electric power generation characteristic of electrolyte membranes obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples under low humidified conditions. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, an electrolyte membrane of the invention will be described more in detail with reference to drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one example of an electrolyte membrane of the invention. The electrolyte membrane  1  of  FIG. 1  is composed by laminating an ion exchange resin membrane (a first layer; hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as ion exchange resin membrane)  11  which is not reinforced with a porous membrane on both faces of a layer (a second layer; hereinafter sometimes referred to as reinforced layer)  12  of an ion exchange resin reinforced with a porous membrane. To say more accurately, the reinforced layer  12  is a porous body of which the fine pores are filled with an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the reinforced layer  12  is higher than the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin membrane  11 . If the reinforced layer and ion exchange resin membrane are laminated and the ion exchange capacity of the reinforced layer is made higher, both of output performance and durability can be simultaneously achieved at a high level. The reason for that is unclear; however, it is supposed that the ion exchange resin with a high ion exchange capacity is excellent in the penetration (impregnation) into the reinforcing material (porous body). That is, when a coating solution of an ion exchange resin is prepared for impregnation of the reinforcing material (the porous body) with the coating solution, as the ion exchange capacity is higher, the ion exchange resin is easier to be dissolved in a solvent (e.g., alcohols such as ethanol and propanol, and alcohol-water mixed solvents) and the viscosity of the solution becomes lower. As a result, the ion exchange resin can be packed at a high filling ratio at the time of impregnation of the reinforcing material (porous body). In general, it is thought that if a porous body is used, the durability is improved and on the contrary, the output performance is decreased; however, if an ion exchange resin with a high ion exchange capacity is used, we suppose that since the filling ratio of the ion exchange resin is increased, durability can be improved while the high output performance is kept as it is with scarce deterioration of the output performance. 
     In the present invention, the order of lamination and the number of lamination are not particularly limited as long as the ion exchange resin membrane  11  with a relatively low ion exchange capacity and the reinforced layer  12  with a relatively high ion exchange capacity are laminated, however, it is recommended to use the ion exchange resin membrane  11  in one or both of the outermost layers of the electrolyte membrane. If the ion exchange resin membrane  11  with a low ion exchange capacity is used for the outermost layers, swelling of the electrolyte membrane with water can be prevented to a high extent. In a particularly preferable electrolyte membrane, two or more ion exchange resin membranes  11  and one or more reinforced layer  12  are reciprocally laminated and the ion exchange resin membranes  11  compose the outermost layers in both of the front and rear faces. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of an electrolyte membrane using the ion exchange resin membrane  11  in the outermost layers of both of the front and rear faces. In the electrolyte membrane  2 , the ion exchange resin membranes  11  and the reinforced layers  12  are reciprocally laminated in the total of 5 layers. The number of the layers may be an odd number of 7 or higher. If it is an odd number, the ion exchange resin membranes  11  can be used in the outermost layers of both of the front and rear faces. 
     A difference of the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the reinforced layer  12  and the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin of the ion exchange resin membrane  11  (=former−latter) D IEC  is, for example, 0.05 meq/g or higher (e.g., about 0.07 to 1.2 meq/g, preferably about 0.1 to 0.5 meq/g, and further preferably about 0.1 to 0.3 meq/g). Both of the output performance and durability can be simultaneously achieved at a high level by making the ion exchange capacity of the reinforced layer  12  higher than that of the ion exchange resin membrane  11 . Particularly, in the case that the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin membrane  11  is low, it is recommended that the difference D IEC  is made large. For example, the following are recommended: in the case that the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin membrane  11  is about 0.7 to 0.85 meq/g, the difference D IEC  is adjusted to be 0.2 meq/g or higher (particularly, about 0.2 to 0.4 meq/g), in the case that the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin membrane  11  is about 0.85 to 1.0 meq/g, the difference D IEC  is adjusted to be about 0.1 meq/g or higher (particularly, about 0.1 to 0.3 meq/g), and in the case that the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin membrane  11  is about 1.0 to 1.3 meq/g, the difference D IEC  is adjusted to be about 0.05 meq/g or higher (particularly, about 0.05 to 0.2 meq/g). 
     An ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin to be used for the ion exchange resin membrane  11  is, for example, about 0.7 to 1.3 meq/g, preferably 0.9 to 1.2 meq/g, and further preferably 1.0 meq/g or higher and less than 1.15 meq/g. 
     On the other hand, an ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin to be used for the reinforced layer  12  is not particularly limited as long as it is higher than that of the ion exchange resin  11  and the above-mentioned difference D IEC  preferably satisfies the prescribed value and for example, it may be selected from a range of 1.15 meq/g or higher, preferably 1.18 meq/g or higher, and further preferably 1.2 meq/g or higher. In the case that the ion exchange capacity of the reinforced layer  12  is about 1.1 meq/g (EW of 900 g/eq), if the ion exchange resin is reinforced with a porous membrane, the output performance is considerably lowered, and on the other hand, as the ion exchange capacity becomes higher (e.g., in the case of 1.15 meq/g or higher, particularly 1.2 meq/g or higher), even if the ion exchange resin is reinforced with a porous membrane, the output performance is scarcely lowered. The upper limit of the ion exchange capacity is not particularly limited, however, it is e.g. about 2 meq/g, preferably about 1.7 meq/g, more preferably about 1.5 meq/g, and even more preferably about 1.3 meq/g. 
     As the ion exchange resin, known various kinds of ion exchange resins (e.g. non-fluororesin type ion exchange resins, fluororesin type ion exchange resins and the like) can be used as long as they can achieve the above-mentioned ion exchange capacity. The non-fluororesin type ion exchange resins may include polyalkylene oxide, poly(vinyl alcohol), and styrene-divinylbenzene type ion exchange resins and their metal salts (e.g., polyalkylene oxide-alkali metal salt composites (particularly, resins obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide oligomers in the co-existence of an alkali metal salt such as lithium chlorate)). The fluororesin type ion exchange resins may include perfluorosulfonic acid resins (perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid resins), perfluorocarboxylic acid resins, and the like. Preferable ion exchange resins are fluororesin type ion exchange resins (particularly perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid resins). 
     In the present invention, since an ion exchange resin with a high ion exchange capacity is used for the reinforced layer  12 , the water-proofness of the resin is lowered. Therefore, use of an ion exchange resin having a high ion exchange capacity and hard to be hydrated is recommended for the reinforced layer  12  (e.g., the ion exchange resins (particularly perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid resins) disclosed in JP-A-2005-511830). The apparent characteristic of this ion exchange resin is its production method: that is, the method involves carrying out high shearing and mixing to form oil droplets with a sub-micron size at the time of emulsion polymerization of a monomer having a group changeable to an ion exchange group (sulfonic acid group or the like) (e.g., a perfluoromonomer having a SO 2 F group and a polymerizable ethylene group) and tetrafluoroethylene gas in the presence of water, an oil type solvent (perfluorohydrocarbon or the like) and a surfactant. The average colloidal particle diameter of the obtained copolymer is extremely small and, for example, about 250 nm or smaller (particularly about 100 to 200 nm). 
     The average colloidal particle diameter can be measured using a laser light scattering submicron particle size analyzer manufactured by Brookhaven Instrument Corporation (BIC). More particularly, an emulsion of a copolymer is diluted with deionized water to adjust the concentration of the copolymer to be 1 to 50% by mass, the obtained emulsion is set in a regular tetragonal acrylic cell standardized by BIC and attached to the measurement instrument, and the average particle diameter is measured Laser beam is radiated to the cell at a scattering angle of 90 degrees and the average particle diameter reported by 90 Plus Particle Sizing Software is employed as the average colloidal particle diameter. 
     The above-mentioned copolymer becomes an ion exchange resin by changing the group changeable to an ion exchange group by proper means (e.g., hydrolysis or the like) to the ion exchange group. 
     The porous body (the porous membrane) for the reinforced layer  12  can be produced by foaming a resin and thus forming continuous cells and also eluting island parts of a resin with a sea-island structure having continuous island parts. Further, the porous structure can be formed by drawing (expanding) in accordance with the characteristics of the resin. The porous body (porous membrane) may be a non-fluororesin type porous body (porous membrane), however it is preferably a fluororesin type porous body (porous membrane), particularly, a porous body made of a polytetrafluoroethylene (porous polytetrafluoroethylene). 
     A porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane can be produced by drawing (expanding) a PTFE resin sheet obtained by extruding a paste and the detail is disclosed in JP-B-S51(1976)-18991. The drawing (expanding) may be carried out by uniaxial or biaxial drawing (expanding). A uniaxially expanded porous PTFE resin can be characterized in that there are fine island-like nodes (folded crystals) approximately at right angles to the drawing (expanding) direction in a micro view and chick blind-like fibrils (linear molecule bundles formed by dissolving and puling out the above-mentioned folded crystals by the drawing (expanding)) connecting these nodes are oriented in the drawing (expanding) direction. Further, a biaxially expanded porous PTFE resin can be characterized in that fibrils are spread radially and nodes connecting the fibrils are spotted like islands and there are many spaces defined by the fibrils and nodes to form a spider&#39;s nest-like fibrous structure in a micro view. 
     As the porosity and average pore diameter of the porous body become higher, it becomes easier to increase the content of the ion exchange resin but simultaneously the mechanical strength is lowered. Accordingly, the porosity and average pore diameter of the porous body can be determined from a viewpoint of the balance of the content (output property) and mechanical strength (durability). A porosity of the porous body is, for example, about 50% or higher (preferably 60% or higher and more preferably 70% or higher) and about 95% or lower (preferably 93% or lower and more preferably 90% or lower). Further, an average pore diameter of the porous body is, for example, about 0.05 to 10 μm, preferably about 0.1 to 5 μm, and more preferably about 0.2 to 1 μm. 
     The above-mentioned porosity can be calculated according to the following equation using a bulk density D (D=W/V:unit is g/cm 3 ) calculated by measuring the weight W of the porous body and the apparent volume V including the void parts and the density with no void formation at all (true density) D standard  (2.2 g/cm 3  in the case of PTFE resin). 
       Porosity(%)=[1−( D/D   standard )]×100 
     The average pore diameter can be measured using a Coulter Porometer manufactured by Coulter Electronics. 
     A ratio of the porous body (porous membrane) and the ion exchange resin which is filled into the pores of the porous body can be determined from a viewpoint of the balance of the output property and durability. As the ratio of the porous body is higher, the durability is improved more and as the ratio of the ion exchange resin is higher, the output performance is improved more. A ratio of the porous body and the filled ion exchange resin (porous body/filed ion exchange resin) can be selected from a range of, for example, about 2/98 to 50/50 (mass ratio), preferably about 5/95 to 40/60 (mass ratio), and more preferably about 10/90 to 35/65 (mass ratio). 
     A tensile strength of the porous body (porous membrane) is, for example, about 5 to 100 MPa, preferably about 10 to 75 MPa, and more preferably about 15 to 75 MPa. As the tensile strength of the porous body is higher, the creep can be made smaller and the durability can be improved to be higher. 
     A weight per unit surface area of the porous body (porous membrane) is, for example, about 2 to 20 g/m 2 , preferably about 3 to 10 g/m 2 , and more preferably about 4 to 8 g/m 2 . As the weight per unit surface area is higher, it becomes easier to improve the strength (durability) of the electrolyte membrane and as the weight per unit surface area is lower, it becomes easier to improve the output property of the electrolyte membrane. 
     The porous body may be subjected to surface treatment (e.g., corona discharge treatment, plasma treatment, or the like) as necessary. If corona discharge treatment, plasma-treatment, or the like is carried out, adhesiveness of the porous body and the ion exchange resin can be heightened. 
     A thickness of the reinforced layer (porous membrane)  12  is, for example, about 1 to 50 μm, preferably about 5 to 30 μm, and more preferably about 10 to 20 μm. As it is thicker, it becomes easier to improve the strength (durability) of the electrolyte membrane and as it is thinner, it becomes easier to improve the output property of the electrolyte membrane. 
     On the other hand, a thickness of the ion exchange resin membrane  11  may be selected from a range of, for example, about 0.1 to 30 μm, preferably about 0.5 to 20 μm, and more preferably about 1 to 10 μm. Further, a thickness of the electrolyte membrane is, for example, about 5 to 100 μm, preferably about 7 to 70 μm, and more preferably about 10 to 50 μm. 
     The ion exchange resin membrane  11  may be reinforced by a filler or the like as necessary. 
     According to the invention, in the ion exchange membrane composed of a layer (the first layer) not reinforced by a porous body and a layer (the second layer) reinforced by a porous body, sine the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin for the reinforced layer (the second layer) is made high, both of the output performance and durability can be achieved at a high level. Particularly, the output performance and durability at the time of high output operation under low humidified conditions can be simultaneously achieved at a high level. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Hereinafter, the invention will be described more substantially with reference to Examples, however it is not intended that the invention be limited to the illustrated Examples. Modifications and substitutions to specific process conditions and structures can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention includes such modifications and substitutions. 
     The following ion exchange resins were used for Examples and Comparative Examples. 
     (1) Ion Exchange Resin A (IEC=1.09 meq/g, EW=920 g/eq) 
     After 14900 g of deionized water, 375 g of an aqueous solution of 20% by mass of perfluorooctanoic acid ammonium salt, 1200 g of CF 2 ═CF—O—CF 2 CF(CF 3 )—O—CF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F monomer, and 300 g of a perfluorohydrocarbon (trade name “Fluorinert FC-77”, manufactured by 3M Ltd.) were mixed, the mixed liquid was passed through a homogenization module of a Micro-Fluidizer in total of six times using an air motor using compresses air of about 276 kPa (40 psi) to obtain a water-based mini-emulsion. The water-based mini-emulsion was a semi-transparent liquid with extremely pale blue. Next, the water-based mini-emulsion was added to a 4 L-reaction vessel and the reaction vessel was opened three times and the inside was purged with tetrafluoroethylene gas every time. The oxygen content in the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm immediately before the introduction of tetrafluoroethylene gas. Then, the water-based mini-emulsion was transferred to a 30 L-pressurized reaction vessel and the reaction vessel was opened three times and the inside was purged with tetrafluoroethylene gas every time. The oxygen content in the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm immediately before the introduction of tetrafluoroethylene gas. 
     The stirring speed of the reaction vessel was set to be at 500 rpm through the entire reaction and the water-based mini-emulsion was heated at about 83° C. Tetrafluoroethylene gas was introduced into the pressurized reaction vessel and the pressure was increased to 1.5 MPa. After about 0.6 g of ammonium persulfate was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water and 400 ml of deionized water was further added, the obtained solution was sent to the reaction vessel by a pump to initiate a reaction. The reaction temperature was kept at 82 to 84° C. through the entire polymerization. After the pressure of tetrafluoroethylene was kept at about the initial value for about 70 minutes, the supply of tetrafluoroethylene was stopped. In the state that tetrafluoroethylene supply to the reaction vessel was stopped, the reaction was continued further for about 95 minutes. The reaction pressure gradually decreased to 0.55 MPa from 1.5 MPa for this 95 minutes. Next, the reaction temperature was lowered to less than 50° C. and the reaction system was opened to the atmospheric air. The total weight of the obtained reaction mixed liquid (dispersion) was 18.4 kg, the polymer concentration was 11.5% by mass, and the average colloidal particle diameter was 195 nm. 
     The obtained dispersion was frozen at a temperature of about −50° C. to break the emulsion and flocculate the polymer. After the thawing, the polymer agglomerates (polymer sponge) were recovered by filtration and washed with water and finely cut. Again the polymer agglomerates were washed with water and left in air to dry them to a certain extent and successively they were set in a vacuum oven purged with nitrogen and dried at a temperature of 85° C. for 48 hours to obtain 2.1 kg of a product (precursor polymer). 
     The precursor polymer was put in 10 L of an aqueous solution in which 15% by mass of potassium hydroxide and 30% by mass of dimethyl sulfoxide were dissolved and the resulting solution was stirred at a temperature of 60° C. for 4 hours to carry out alkali hydrolysis treatment. After the hydrolyzed polymer was recovered by filtration and stirred in 2 N hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 60° C. for 3 hours, the hydrolyzed polymer was washed with ion exchanged water and dried (temperature of 85° C. for 4 hours) to obtain 2.0 kg of a objective polymer. 
     (2). Ion Exchange Resin B (IEC=1.25 meq/g, EW=800 g/eq) 
     After 14900 g of deionized water, 375 g of an aqueous solution of 20% by weight of perfluorooctanoic acid ammonium salt, 1200 g of CF 2 ═CF—O—CF 2 CF(CF 3 )—O—CF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F monomer, and 300 g of a perfluorohydrocarbon (trade name “Fluorinert FC-77”, manufactured by 3M Ltd.) were mixed, the mixed liquid was passed through a homogenization module of a Micro-Fluidizer in total of six times using an air motor using compresses air of about 276 kPa (40 psi) to obtain a water-based mini-emulsion. The water-based mini-emulsion was a semi-transparent liquid with extremely pale blue. Next, the water-based mini-emulsion was added to a 4 L-reaction vessel and the reaction vessel was opened three times and the inside was purged with tetrafluoroethylene gas every time. The oxygen content in the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm immediately before the introduction of tetrafluoroethylene gas. Then, the aqueous mini-emulsion was transferred to a 30 L-pressurized reaction vessel, and the reaction vessel was opened three times and the inside was purged with tetrafluoroethylene gas every time. The oxygen content in the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm immediately before the introduction of tetrafluoroethylene gas. 
     The stirring speed of the reaction vessel was set to be at 500 rpm through the entire reaction and the water-based mini-emulsion was heated at about 83° C. Tetrafluoroethylene gas was introduced into the pressurized reaction vessel and the pressure was increased to 1.2 MPa. About 0.6 g of ammonium persulfate was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water and 400 ml of deionized water was further added, the obtained solution was then sent to the reaction vessel by a pump to initiate a reaction. The reaction temperature was kept at 82 to 84° C. through the entire polymerization. After the pressure of tetrafluoroethylene was kept at about the initial value for about 60 minutes, the supply of tetrafluoroethylene was stopped. In the state that tetrafluoroethylene supply to the reaction vessel was stopped, the reaction was continued further for about 65 minutes. The reaction pressure gradually decreased to 0.60 MPa from 1.2 MPa for those 65 minutes. Next, the reaction temperature was lowered to less than 50° C. and the reaction system was opened to the atmospheric air. The total weight of the obtained reaction mixed liquid (dispersion) was 17.7 kg, the polymer concentration was 9.3% by mass, and the average colloidal particle diameter was 163 nm. 
     The obtained dispersion was frozen at a temperature of about −5° C. to break the emulsion and flocculate the polymer. After the thawing, the polymer agglomerates (polymer sponge) were recovered by filtration and washed with water and finely cut. Again the polymer agglomerates were washed with water and left in air to dry them to a certain extent and successively they were set in a vacuum oven purged with nitrogen and dried at a temperature of 85° C. for 48 hours to obtain 1.6 kg of a product (precursor polymer). 
     The precursor polymer was put in 10 L of an aqueous solution in which 15% by mass of potassium hydroxide and 30% by mass of dimethyl sulfoxide were dissolved and the resulting solution was stirred at a temperature of 60° C. for 4 hours to carry out alkali hydrolysis treatment. The hydrolyzed polymer was recovered by filtration and stirred in 2 N hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 60° C. for 3 hours, and the hydrolyzed polymer was then washed with ion exchanged water and dried (temperature of 85° C. for 4 hours) to obtain 1.5 kg of a objective polymer. 
     Example 1 
     An ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin A (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on a release film (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film) and dried (layer i, thickness of 3 μm). 
     A expanded porous PTFE membrane (manufactured by Japan Gore-Tex Inc., thickness of 10 μm, porosity of 70%, average pore diameter of 0.2 μm, tensile strength of 30 MPa, and weight per unit surface area of 6.5 g/m 2 ) was impregnated with an ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin B (concentration of 15% by mass) (expanded porous PTFE/filled ion exchange resin=35/65 (mass ratio after drying). The impregnated membrane (hereinafter, referred to as impregnated membrane B) (layer ii) was laminated on the above-mentioned layer i and dried in a hot air blow oven. 
     A layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer iii, thickness of 4 μM) was formed on the layer ii in the same manner as the layer i. A layer of the impregnated membrane B (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm) was formed on the layer iii in the same manner as the layer ii. Further, a layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer v, thickness of 3 μm) was formed on the layer iv in the same manner as the layer i. 
     The electrolyte membrane obtained in the above-mentioned manner was a membrane having a total thickness of 30 μm and a five-layer structure of the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer i, thickness of 3 μm)/the layer of the impregnated membrane B (layer ii, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer iii, thickness of 4 μm)/the layer of the impregnated membrane B (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer v, thickness of 3 μm). 
     The thicknesses were values measured using a thickness meter (1/1000 mm Dial Thickness Gauge; manufactured by Teclock Co., Ltd.) (hereinafter the same as above). 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A expanded porous PTFE membrane (manufactured by Japan Gore-Tex Inc., thickness of 10 μm, porosity of 70%, average pore diameter of 0.2 W1™, tensile strength of 30 MPa, and weight per unit surface area of 6.5 g/m 2 ) was impregnated with an ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin A (concentration of 15% by mass) (expanded porous PTFE/filled ion exchange resin=35/65 (mass ratio after drying). The same process as that of Example 1 was carried out, except that this impregnated membrane (hereinafter, referred to as impregnated membrane A) was used for the layer ii and layer iv. 
     The electrolyte membrane obtained in the above-mentioned manner was a membrane having a total thickness of 30 μm and a five-layer structure of the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer i, thickness of 3 μm)/the layer of the impregnated membrane A (layer ii, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer iii, thickness of 4 μm)/the layer of the impregnated membrane A (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer v, thickness of 3 μm). 
     Comparative Example 2 
     An ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin B (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on a release film (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film) and dried (layer i, thickness of 3 μm. 
     The impregnated membrane B (layer ii) was laminated on the layer i and dried in a hot air blow oven. 
     A layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer iii, thickness of 4 μm) was formed on the layer ii in the same manner as the layer i. A layer of the impregnated membrane B (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm) was formed on the layer iii in the same manner as the layer ii. Further, a layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer v, thickness of 3 μm) was formed on the layer iv in the same manner as the layer i. 
     The electrolyte membrane obtained in the above-mentioned manner was a membrane having a total thickness of 30 μM and a five-layer structure of the layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer i, thickness of 3 μm)/the layer of the impregnated membrane B (layer ii, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer iii, thickness of 4 μm)/the layer of the impregnated membrane B (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer v, thickness of 3 μm). 
     Comparative Example 3 
     An ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin A (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on a release film (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film) and dried (thickness of 30 μm). 
     Comparative Example 4 
     An ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin B (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on a release film (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film) and dried (thickness of 30 μm). 
     Comparative Example 5 
     An ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin A (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on a release film (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film) and dried (layer i, thickness of 3 μm). 
     An ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin B (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on the layer i and dried (layer ii, thickness of 10 μm). 
     Next, an ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin A (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on the layer ii and dried (layer iii, thickness of 4μm). 
     Further, an ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin B (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on the layer iii and dried (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm). 
     Successively, an ethanol solution of the ion exchange resin A (concentration of 15% by mass) was applied on the layer iv and dried (layer v, thickness of 3 μm). 
     The electrolyte membrane obtained in the above-mentioned manner was a membrane having a total thickness of 30 μm and a five-layer structure of the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer i, thickness of 3 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer ii, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer iii, thickness of 5 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin B (layer iv, thickness of 10 μm)/the layer of the ion exchange resin A (layer v, thickness of 3 μm). 
     The characteristics of the electrolyte membranes obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples were evaluated as follows. 
     1) Electric Power Generation Performance 
     A platinum-bearing carbon electrode (registered trade name “PRIMEA” 5510, manufactured by Japan Gore-Tex Inc., platinum deposition amount: 0.3 mg/cm 2 , size 5 cm×5 cm) was laminated on both faces of each electrolyte membrane and a gas diffusion layer (registered trade name “Car Bell CL”, manufactured by Japan Gore-Tex Inc., size 5 cm×5 cm) was laminated further on both faces in the outside. Each of the obtained laminated bodies was mounted on a single cell for a fuel cell having an active area of 5 cm×5 cm and a hydrogen gas controlled to give a prescribed dew point was supplied to the anode side and air controlled to give a prescribed dew point was supplied to the cathode side to measure the electric power generation performance. 
     The measurement of the electric power generation performance was carried out in two conditions; a highly humidified condition and a low humidified condition. In the highly humidified condition, the cell temperature was set at 80° C. and the dew point of hydrogen gas and air was controlled to be 80° C. (relative humidity was controlled to be 100% RH). In the low humidified condition, the cell temperature was set at 80° C. and the dew point of hydrogen gas and air was controlled to be 54.9° C. (relative humidity was controlled to be 30% RH). 
     Further, the cell voltage was investigated in the case of operation at high output (current density of 1.2 A/cm 2 ) in the low humidified condition (80° C., 30% RH). 
     2) Proton Conductivity 
     Each electrolyte membrane was immersed in pure water at a temperature of 25° C. The electrolyte membrane sufficiently impregnated with water was pressed to platinum wires at 10 mm interval to measure the impedance between the platinum wires. The measurement was carried out three times and the average value was employed. 
     3) Durability (Accelerated Life Test) 
     The same fuel cells (single cells) as those for the above-mentioned electric power generation performance were produced and continuously operated in conditions of a cell temperature of 95° C., a relative humidity of a hydrogen gas and air of 75% RH, and an electric current density of 0.5 A/cm 2  to measure the time until the operation became impossible. 
     4) Property of Resistance to Dissolution in Hot Water 
     Each electrolyte membrane cut in 10 cm×10 cm was immersed in 500 g of water heated to a temperature of 120° C. in a pressure resistant container and left for 30 minutes. The weights before and after the immersion were measured to calculate the weight alteration ratio according to the following equation. The measurement was repeated three times and the average value was employed. 
       Weight alteration ratio(%)= W 2 /W 1×100 
     (wherein, W1 denotes the dry weight of the electrolyte membrane before immersion in hot water and W2 denotes the dry weight of the electrolyte membrane after immersion in hot water). 
     Results are shown in Table 1 and  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Layer i 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
               
               
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
               
               
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
               
               
                 Layer ii 
                 Ion 
                 ePTFE 
                 Ion 
                 ePTFE 
                 Ion 
                 ePTFE 
               
               
                   
                 exchange 
                 reinforce- 
                 exchange 
                 reinforce- 
                 exchange 
                 reinforce- 
               
               
                   
                 resin B 
                 ment 
                 resin A 
                 ment 
                 resin B 
                 ment 
               
               
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
               
               
                 Layer iii 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
               
               
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
               
               
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
               
               
                 Layer iv 
                 Ion 
                 ePTFE 
                 Ion 
                 ePTFE 
                 Ion 
                 ePTFE 
               
               
                   
                 exchange 
                 reinforce- 
                 exchange 
                 reinforce- 
                 exchange 
                 reinforce- 
               
               
                   
                 resin B 
                 ment 
                 resin A 
                 ment 
                 resin B 
                 ment 
               
               
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25meq/g 
               
               
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
               
               
                 Layer v 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
               
               
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
               
               
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Electric power 
                 Voltage 
                 407 
                 275 
                 418 
               
               
                 generation 
                 (mV) 
               
               
                 performance at 
                 Relative 
                 93% 
                 63% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 the time of low 
                 value 
               
               
                 humidification 
               
               
                 and high output 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Proton conductivity (S/cm) 
                 0.110 
                 0.085 
                 0.135 
               
               
                 Durability (accelerated life) 
                 2000 hr or more 
                 2000 hr or more 
                 1200 hr 
               
               
                 Property of resistance to 
                 99.0 
                 100.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                 dissolution in hot water 
               
               
                 (% by mass) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 Example 4 
                 Example 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Layer i 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
                   
                 resin A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW920 
               
               
                   
                 Layer ii 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
               
               
                   
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
                   
                 resin B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW800 
               
               
                   
                 Layer iii 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
               
               
                   
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
                   
                 resin A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW920 
               
               
                   
                 Layer iv 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
               
               
                   
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
                   
                 resin B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW800 
               
               
                   
                 Layer v 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
                 Ion 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
                   
                 exchange 
               
               
                   
                   
                 resin A 
                   
                 resin B 
                   
                 resin A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
                   
                 1.25 meq/g 
                   
                 1.09 meq/g 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EW920 
                   
                 EW800 
                   
                 EW920 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Electric power 
                 Voltage 
                 429 
                 439 
                 435 
               
               
                   
                 generation 
                 (mV) 
               
               
                   
                 performance at 
                 Relative 
                 98% 
                 100% 
                 99% 
               
               
                   
                 the time of low 
                 value 
               
               
                   
                 humidification 
               
               
                   
                 and high output 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Proton conductivity (S/cm) 
                 0.108 
                 0.145 
                 0.137 
               
               
                   
                 Durability (accelerated life) 
                 600 hr 
                 300 hr 
                 500 hr 
               
               
                   
                 Property of resistance to 
                 99.5 
                 10.0 
                 80.3 
               
               
                   
                 dissolution in hot water 
               
               
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As being made clear by comparison of Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 5, if only the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin layers as the inner layers is simply increased, only the electric power generation performance is slightly improved at the time of low humidification (see  FIGS. 3 and 4 ) and particularly in the case of high output operation, the improvement ratio of the electric power generation performance (voltage) is only as high as 1% (=99/98−1)×100) (see Table 1). 
     On the other hand, as being made clear by comparison of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1, if the ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin layers as the inner layers is increased in combination with reinforcement of the inner layers with the porous body, the improvement ratio of the electric power generation performance (voltage) is increased to no less than 48% (=93/63−1)×100) (see Table 1). 
     In addition, as being made clear by comparison of Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 1, in the case that ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin is 1.09 meq/g, if the ion exchange resin is reinforced with the porous membrane, the electric power generation performance is considerably decreased and on the other hand, as being made clear by comparison of Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 2, in the case that ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin is 1.25 meq/g, even if the ion exchange resin is reinforced with the porous membrane, the electric power generation performance is scarcely decreased. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The electrolyte membrane of the present invention may be used as it is for a solid polymer fuel cell and also the electrolyte membrane of the invention may be used in form of a membrane electrode-bonded body by previously laminating the electrolyte membrane and a catalyst layer (and if necessary, diffusion layers) for a solid polymer fuel cell. 
     The fuel cell obtained in the above-mentioned manner can provide both of the high output performance and durability at a high level since the electrolyte membrane of the invention is used. Particularly, both of the output performance and durability can be achieved at a high level in operation under low humidified conditions (e.g., a relative humidity of the fuel gas and oxidizing agent gas of about 10 to 50% RH), and further preferably in operation at high output (e.g., a current density of about 1 to 1.5 A/cm 2 ).