Patent Publication Number: US-2023143761-A1

Title: Object tracking using semantic attributes

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The disclosed technology provides solutions for improving object tracking and in particular, for improving object tracking using semantic object attributes that identified/determined using a machine-learning network. 
     2. Introduction 
     Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are vehicles having computers and control systems that perform driving and navigation tasks conventionally performed by a human driver. As AV technologies advance, they will be increasingly used to improve transportation efficiency and safety. As such, AVs will need to perform many of the functions conventionally performed by human drivers, such as navigation and routing tasks necessary to provide a safe and efficient transportation. Such tasks may require the collection and processing of large quantities of data using various sensor types, including but not limited to cameras and/or Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors disposed on the AV. In some instances, the collected data can be used by the AV to perform tasks relating to the understanding of a surrounding environment, such as by tracking the movement of various objects over time. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Certain features of the subject technology are set forth in the appended claims. However, the accompanying drawings, which are included to provide further understanding, illustrate disclosed aspects and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the subject technology. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1    conceptually illustrates an example environment in which object tracking can be performed, for example, by an autonomous vehicle (AV), according to some aspects of the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example setup of a machine-learning model that can be used to produce feature embedding attributes for different object types, according to some aspects of the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  2 B  conceptually illustrates an example implementation of an object tracker that is used to track one or more object using a variety of object attributes, including feature embedding attributes, according to some aspects of the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a block diagram of an example process for performing object tracking based on object feature embeddings, according to some aspects of the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example system environment that can be used to facilitate AV dispatch and operations, according to some aspects of the disclosed technology. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example processor-based system with which some aspects of the subject technology can be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology can be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a more thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be clear and apparent that the subject technology is not limited to the specific details set forth herein and may be practiced without these details. In some instances, structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. 
     As described herein, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve quality and experience. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information. The present disclosure contemplates that the entities involved with such personal information respect and value privacy policies and practices. 
     Object tracking is an important function for any perception system that must reason about complex or dynamic environments. Conventional tracking systems, which may rely on computer-vision techniques, operate by making comparisons between attributes for encountered objects at various times. However, because conventional trackers are limited in the types of attributes they detect, and therefore consider when making such comparisons, tracking performance can be poor in scenarios where object behavior and visibility are changing or intermittent, such as when objects become occluded, or change kinematic characteristics. 
     Aspects of the disclosed technology address the limitations of conventional object tracking approaches by providing tracking solutions that utilize semantic characteristics/attributes to improve performance. The semantic characteristics (also: semantic attributes, or intrinsic attributes) of an object can be learned through a machine-learning (ML) training process that generates feature vectors (feature embeddings) that encode semantic representations about tracked objects. As discussed in further detail below, feature embeddings for a given object can be generated/learned through training performed using a generative ML architecture, such as using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that employs an autoencoder architecture. By using feature embedding attributes, semantic properties can be used by a tracking system, such as an ML based tracker, to recognize object continuity for objects that become occluded, or change behaviors over time, such as is common for entities (e.g., vehicles, pedestrians, etc.) commonly tracked by an AV perception stack in typical driving scenarios. By utilizing the feature embeddings, tracking performance can be greatly improved for objects that exhibit behaviors or characteristics that confound conventional tracking systems. 
       FIG.  1    conceptually illustrates an example environment  100  in which object tracking can be performed. Environment  100  represents a driving scenario in which an ego vehicle  102 , such as an autonomous vehicle (AV), can track one or more objects in the environment  100 , such as other traffic (or non-traffic participants). Although the scenario illustrated in environment  100  includes only vehicles, e.g., truck  104 , truck  106 , and double-parked vehicle (DPV)  108 , it is understood that any number (or variety) of entity types may be included. For example, environment  100  could include one or more pedestrians, bicycles, scooters, vehicles, or any other type of moving object, without departing from the scope of the disclosed technology. 
     In the example of  FIG.  1   , ego vehicle  102  can be configured to track the movement of each traffic participant, i.e., trucks  104 ,  106 , and double-parked vehicle (DPV)  108 . In the illustrated scenario, the location of truck  104  is shown at two different points in time, e.g., at a first position  104 A, and later at a second position  104 B. Given the locations of the other scene objects (e.g., trucks  106 ,  108 ), direct visibility of truck  104  by ego vehicle  102  may be intermittent or sporadic. For example, as the trajectory of truck  104  changes from first position  104 A to second position  104 B, it may become occluded by truck  106 . In this arrangement, the movement of truck  104  could also cause changes to its kinematic attributes. For example, kinematic attributes (speed, velocity, acceleration, etc.) of truck  104  at the first position  104 A can be different from those detected by the ego vehicle  102  at second position  104 B. Due to the occlusion of truck  104 , as well as the dynamic changes in certain attributes (e.g., kinematic attributes), conventional object tracking systems may have difficulty identifying object continuity as between different temporal points. That is, conventional object tracking systems may have difficulty resolving that truck  104  at first position  104 A is the same object as truck  104  later detected at position  104 B. 
     In practice, ego vehicle  102  can utilize an improved object tracking system, for example, that utilizes internal (semantic) features of the tracked object (e.g., truck  104 ) in order to better reason about object continuity. The semantic attributes can be encoded as feature vectors, such as feature embeddings, for example that are produced using a generative ML training approach. A further discussion of some techniques for producing feature embeddings for various object types is provided in relation to  FIG.  2 A , below. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example setup  200  of a machine-learning network that can be used to produce feature embedding attributes (or feature embeddings)  210  for different object types. In some implementations, training can be performed on sparse input data  204 , such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and/or camera data associated with a given object. In some approaches, pre-processing of the input data can be performed generate voxelized inputs  206 , for example, in which the input data (e.g., LiDAR point cloud and/or image data) is mapped onto a three-dimensional (3D) grid. Depending on the voxelization methodology used, each cell or grid in the voxelized representation may represent some quantity of LiDAR and/or point cloud data, e.g., of the object, at a corresponding location. In some implementations, the voxelization approach may utilize statistical representations (e.g., averages, minimums, or maximums) of various sensor data at a given voxel grid location. For example, voxelization of sparse LiDAR point cloud data ( 204 ) may utilize a mapping of LiDAR points into corresponding cells in the 3D (voxel) grid, whereby the value at each cell can represent by an average return beam intensity for one or more corresponding LiDAR points at the cell location. By way of further example, the value at each cell may be represented by the median return beam intensity of the corresponding LiDAR points. It is understood that other statistical values may be used, without departing from the scope of the disclosed technology. 
     Once sparse input data  204  has been preprocessed to generate voxelized input  206 , voxelized input  206  can be provided to generative machine-learning network  202 . In some approaches, generative (adversarial) machine-learning network (GAN)  202  can utilize an autoencoder network layer, which produces semantic (vector) representations of intrinsic object characteristics, i.e., feature embeddings  210 . That is, the autoencoder network can be implemented as one or more network layers that are internal to GAN  202 , from which the feature embeddings  210  are extracted. In practice, the feature embeddings  210  are generated as a consequence of training performed based on the generative ML network  202 , e.g., using a database of high-resolution object data. As used herein, high-resolution object data can include voxelized object representations in which each cell of the voxel is populated with a data value. By comparing outputs of the generative ML network  202 , e.g., up-sampled object output  208 , with high-resolution training data, the generative ML network  202  can be updated (trained) to understand various semantic (intrinsic) characteristics of a given object. As illustrated in the example of  FIG.  2 A , these semantic characteristics (or feature embeddings) can be represented as vectors encoded in one or more layers of the generative ML model  202 , i.e., feature embeddings  210 . As discussed in further detail with respect to  FIG.  2 B , the feature embeddings  210  for a given object—or object class—can be used by an object tracker to improve object tracking accuracy. 
       FIG.  2 B  conceptually illustrates an example of an object tracking network  250  that is used to track one or more objects, for example, by determining a variety of object attributes  252 , including feature embedding attributes ( 210 ), based on input sensor data  251 . Similar to the above discussion of  FIG.  2 A , sensor data  251  can also be pre-processed, e.g., to generate voxelized sensor data inputs. Based on the input data, tracking network  250  can be configured to identify a variety of object attributes (e.g., for one or more objects corresponding with the sensor data), and utilize those attributes to perform tracking over time. Depending on the desired implementation, the tracking network  250  may be configured to receive a variety of input dimensions, for example, that correspond with different object attribute types. Depending on the desired implementation, object attributes  252  can include data indicating one or more of: a three-dimensional (3D) bounding box size or object size, a bounding box location (or object location), object pose, object color, object type (e.g., an object classification label), kinematic attributes, and/or object 3D voxelized geometry, etc. 
     In practice, tracking can be performed by comparing object attributes  252  that are identified based on received sensor data  251  at different points in time, i.e., to determine if there is continuity between the object as witnessed at different times. Further to the example discussed above with respect to  FIG.  1   , tracking network  250  can receive sensor data  251  acquired about truck  104 , at first position  104 A. Based on the sensor data corresponding with first position  104 A, a variety of attributes, including one or more feature embedding attributes, can be determined for truck  104 . Subsequently, tracking network  250  can receive sensor data  251  that is acquired about truck  104 , at second position  104 B. By comparing attributes, and notably feature embedding attributes, for sensor data associated with first position  104 A, and second position  104 B, tracking network can decide about object continuity (perform) tracking, that is provided by output  254 . 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a block diagram of an example process  300  for performing object tracking based on object feature embeddings, according to some aspects of the disclosed technology. Process  300  begins with step  302  in which a first set of LiDAR point cloud data, corresponding with an object to be tracked, is received, e.g., by an object tracking ML network of the disclosed technology. In some aspects, the received sensor data can include data of other sensor modality types; for example, the received sensor data may include camera data, radar data, accelerometer data, or the like. At step  304 , the process  300  includes providing the first set of LiDAR point cloud data to an autoencoder neural network, e.g., to generate a first set of feature embeddings. As discussed above, the feature embeddings can include one or more vector representations of one or more intrinsic (or internal) semantic characteristics of the corresponding object. Additionally, as discussed above, the neural network can include a generative network architecture, for example, that has been trained on objects or object classes that are similar (or identical) to those of the object for the LiDAR point cloud data. 
     At step  306 , the process  300  includes tracking a trajectory of the object based on the first set of feature embeddings. Tracking can performed across two or more points in time, for example, that can include sensor data that is collected (e.g., by a tracking AV) at a (later) point in time subsequent to when the first set of (LiDAR point cloud) sensor data was acquired (e.g., at step  302 ). That is, tracking can be performed across two or more points in time, based on feature embedding attributes that are detected at those respective intervals. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  4    illustrates an example of an AV management system  500 . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that, for the AV management system  400  and any system discussed in the present disclosure, there can be additional or fewer components in similar or alternative configurations. The illustrations and examples provided in the present disclosure are for conciseness and clarity. Other embodiments may include different numbers and/or types of elements, but one of ordinary skill the art will appreciate that such variations do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In this example, the AV management system  400  includes an AV  402 , a data center  450 , and a client computing device  470 . The AV  402 , the data center  450 , and the client computing device  470  can communicate with one another over one or more networks (not shown), such as a public network (e.g., the Internet, an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) network, a Platform as a Service (PaaS) network, a Software as a Service (SaaS) network, other Cloud Service Provider (CSP) network, etc.), a private network (e.g., a Local Area Network (LAN), a private cloud, a Virtual Private Network (VPN), etc.), and/or a hybrid network (e.g., a multi-cloud or hybrid cloud network, etc.). 
     AV  402  can navigate about roadways without a human driver based on sensor signals generated by multiple sensor systems  404 ,  406 , and  408 . The sensor systems  404 - 408  can include different types of sensors and can be arranged about the AV  402 . For instance, the sensor systems  404 - 408  can comprise Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), cameras (e.g., still image cameras, video cameras, etc.), light sensors (e.g., LIDAR systems, ambient light sensors, infrared sensors, etc.), RADAR systems, GPS receivers, audio sensors (e.g., microphones, Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) systems, ultrasonic sensors, etc.), engine sensors, speedometers, tachometers, odometers, altimeters, tilt sensors, impact sensors, airbag sensors, seat occupancy sensors, open/closed door sensors, tire pressure sensors, rain sensors, and so forth. For example, the sensor system  404  can be a camera system, the sensor system  406  can be a LIDAR system, and the sensor system  408  can be a RADAR system. Other embodiments may include any other number and type of sensors. 
     AV  402  can also include several mechanical systems that can be used to maneuver or operate AV  402 . For instance, the mechanical systems can include vehicle propulsion system  430 , braking system  432 , steering system  434 , safety system  436 , and cabin system  438 , among other systems. Vehicle propulsion system  430  can include an electric motor, an internal combustion engine, or both. The braking system  432  can include an engine brake, brake pads, actuators, and/or any other suitable componentry configured to assist in decelerating AV  402 . The steering system  434  can include suitable componentry configured to control the direction of movement of the AV  402  during navigation. Safety system  436  can include lights and signal indicators, a parking brake, airbags, and so forth. The cabin system  438  can include cabin temperature control systems, in-cabin entertainment systems, and so forth. In some embodiments, the AV  402  may not include human driver actuators (e.g., steering wheel, handbrake, foot brake pedal, foot accelerator pedal, turn signal lever, window wipers, etc.) for controlling the AV  402 . Instead, the cabin system  438  can include one or more client interfaces (e.g., Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), Voice User Interfaces (VUIs), etc.) for controlling certain aspects of the mechanical systems  430 - 438 . 
     AV  402  can additionally include a local computing device  410  that is in communication with the sensor systems  404 - 408 , the mechanical systems  430 - 438 , the data center  450 , and the client computing device  470 , among other systems. The local computing device  410  can include one or more processors and memory, including instructions that can be executed by the one or more processors. The instructions can make up one or more software stacks or components responsible for controlling the AV  402 ; communicating with the data center  450 , the client computing device  470 , and other systems; receiving inputs from riders, passengers, and other entities within the AV&#39;s environment; logging metrics collected by the sensor systems  404 - 408 ; and so forth. In this example, the local computing device  410  includes a perception stack  412 , a mapping and localization stack  414 , a planning stack  416 , a control stack  418 , a communications stack  420 , an HD geospatial database  422 , and an AV operational database  424 , among other stacks and systems. 
     Perception stack  412  can enable the AV  402  to “see” (e.g., via cameras, LIDAR sensors, infrared sensors, etc.), “hear” (e.g., via microphones, ultrasonic sensors, RADAR, etc.), and “feel” (e.g., pressure sensors, force sensors, impact sensors, etc.) its environment using information from the sensor systems  404 - 408 , the mapping and localization stack  414 , the HD geospatial database  422 , other components of the AV, and other data sources (e.g., the data center  450 , the client computing device  470 , third-party data sources, etc.). The perception stack  412  can detect and classify objects and determine their current and predicted locations, speeds, directions, and the like. In addition, the perception stack  412  can determine the free space around the AV  402  (e.g., to maintain a safe distance from other objects, change lanes, park the AV, etc.). The perception stack  412  can also identify environmental uncertainties, such as where to look for moving objects, flag areas that may be obscured or blocked from view, and so forth. 
     Mapping and localization stack  414  can determine the AV&#39;s position and orientation (pose) using different methods from multiple systems (e.g., GPS, IMUs, cameras, LIDAR, RADAR, ultrasonic sensors, the HD geospatial database  422 , etc.). For example, in some embodiments, the AV  402  can compare sensor data captured in real-time by the sensor systems  404 - 408  to data in the HD geospatial database  422  to determine its precise (e.g., accurate to the order of a few centimeters or less) position and orientation. The AV  402  can focus its search based on sensor data from one or more first sensor systems (e.g., GPS) by matching sensor data from one or more second sensor systems (e.g., LIDAR). If the mapping and localization information from one system is unavailable, the AV  402  can use mapping and localization information from a redundant system and/or from remote data sources. 
     The planning stack  416  can determine how to maneuver or operate the AV  402  safely and efficiently in its environment. For example, the planning stack  416  can receive the location, speed, and direction of the AV  402 , geospatial data, data regarding objects sharing the road with the AV  402  (e.g., pedestrians, bicycles, vehicles, ambulances, buses, cable cars, trains, traffic lights, lanes, road markings, etc.) or certain events occurring during a trip (e.g., emergency vehicle blaring a siren, intersections, occluded areas, street closures for construction or street repairs, double-parked cars, etc.), traffic rules and other safety standards or practices for the road, user input, and other relevant data for directing the AV  402  from one point to another. The planning stack  416  can determine multiple sets of one or more mechanical operations that the AV  402  can perform (e.g., go straight at a specified rate of acceleration, including maintaining the same speed or decelerating; turn on the left blinker, decelerate if the AV is above a threshold range for turning, and turn left; turn on the right blinker, accelerate if the AV is stopped or below the threshold range for turning, and turn right; decelerate until completely stopped and reverse; etc.), and select the best one to meet changing road conditions and events. If something unexpected happens, the planning stack  416  can select from multiple backup plans to carry out. For example, while preparing to change lanes to turn right at an intersection, another vehicle may aggressively cut into the destination lane, making the lane change unsafe. The planning stack  416  could have already determined an alternative plan for such an event, and upon its occurrence, help to direct the AV  402  to go around the block instead of blocking a current lane while waiting for an opening to change lanes. 
     The control stack  418  can manage the operation of the vehicle propulsion system  430 , the braking system  432 , the steering system  434 , the safety system  436 , and the cabin system  438 . The control stack  418  can receive sensor signals from the sensor systems  404 - 408  as well as communicate with other stacks or components of the local computing device  410  or a remote system (e.g., the data center  450 ) to effectuate operation of the AV  402 . For example, the control stack  418  can implement the final path or actions from the multiple paths or actions provided by the planning stack  416 . This can involve turning the routes and decisions from the planning stack  416  into commands for the actuators that control the AV&#39;s steering, throttle, brake, and drive unit. 
     The communication stack  420  can transmit and receive signals between the various stacks and other components of the AV  402  and between the AV  402 , the data center  450 , the client computing device  470 , and other remote systems. The communication stack  420  can enable the local computing device  410  to exchange information remotely over a network, such as through an antenna array or interface that can provide a metropolitan WIFI network connection, a mobile or cellular network connection (e.g., Third Generation (3G), Fourth Generation (4G), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 5th Generation (5G), etc.), and/or other wireless network connection (e.g., License Assisted Access (LAA), Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), MULTEFIRE, etc.). The communication stack  420  can also facilitate local exchange of information, such as through a wired connection (e.g., a user&#39;s mobile computing device docked in an in-car docking station or connected via Universal Serial Bus (USB), etc.) or a local wireless connection (e.g., Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Bluetooth®, infrared, etc.). 
     The HD geospatial database  422  can store HD maps and related data of the streets upon which the AV  402  travels. In some embodiments, the HD maps and related data can comprise multiple layers, such as an areas layer, a lanes and boundaries layer, an intersections layer, a traffic controls layer, and so forth. The areas layer can include geospatial information indicating geographic areas that are drivable (e.g., roads, parking areas, shoulders, etc.) or not drivable (e.g., medians, sidewalks, buildings, etc.), drivable areas that constitute links or connections (e.g., drivable areas that form the same road) versus intersections (e.g., drivable areas where two or more roads intersect), and so on. The lanes and boundaries layer can include geospatial information of road lanes (e.g., lane centerline, lane boundaries, type of lane boundaries, etc.) and related attributes (e.g., direction of travel, speed limit, lane type, etc.). The lanes and boundaries layer can also include 3D attributes related to lanes (e.g., slope, elevation, curvature, etc.). The intersections layer can include geospatial information of intersections (e.g., crosswalks, stop lines, turning lane centerlines and/or boundaries, etc.) and related attributes (e.g., permissive, protected/permissive, or protected only left turn lanes; legal or illegal U-turn lanes; permissive or protected only right turn lanes; etc.). The traffic controls lane can include geospatial information of traffic signal lights, traffic signs, and other road objects and related attributes. 
     The AV operational database  424  can store raw AV data generated by the sensor systems  404 - 408  and other components of the AV  402  and/or data received by the AV  402  from remote systems (e.g., the data center  450 , the client computing device  470 , etc.). In some embodiments, the raw AV data can include HD LIDAR point cloud data, image data, RADAR data, GPS data, and other sensor data that the data center  450  can use for creating or updating AV geospatial data as discussed further below with respect to  FIG.  2    and elsewhere in the present disclosure. 
     The data center  450  can be a private cloud (e.g., an enterprise network, a co-location provider network, etc.), a public cloud (e.g., an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) network, a Platform as a Service (PaaS) network, a Software as a Service (SaaS) network, or other Cloud Service Provider (CSP) network), a hybrid cloud, a multi-cloud, and so forth. The data center  450  can include one or more computing devices remote to the local computing device  410  for managing a fleet of AVs and AV-related services. For example, in addition to managing the AV  402 , the data center  450  may also support a ridesharing service, a delivery service, a remote/roadside assistance service, street services (e.g., street mapping, street patrol, street cleaning, street metering, parking reservation, etc.), and the like. 
     The data center  450  can send and receive various signals to and from the AV  402  and client computing device  470 . These signals can include sensor data captured by the sensor systems  404 - 408 , roadside assistance requests, software updates, ridesharing pick-up and drop-off instructions, and so forth. In this example, the data center  450  includes a data management platform  452 , an Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) platform  454 , a simulation platform  456 , a remote assistance platform  458 , a ridesharing platform  460 , and map management system platform  462 , among other systems. 
     Data management platform  452  can be a “big data” system capable of receiving and transmitting data at high velocities (e.g., near real-time or real-time), processing a large variety of data, and storing large volumes of data (e.g., terabytes, petabytes, or more of data). The varieties of data can include data having different structure (e.g., structured, semi-structured, unstructured, etc.), data of different types (e.g., sensor data, mechanical system data, ridesharing service, map data, audio, video, etc.), data associated with different types of data stores (e.g., relational databases, key-value stores, document databases, graph databases, column-family databases, data analytic stores, search engine databases, time series databases, object stores, file systems, etc.), data originating from different sources (e.g., AVs, enterprise systems, social networks, etc.), data having different rates of change (e.g., batch, streaming, etc.), or data having other heterogeneous characteristics. The various platforms and systems of the data center  450  can access data stored by the data management platform  452  to provide their respective services. 
     The AI/ML platform  454  can provide the infrastructure for training and evaluating machine learning algorithms for operating the AV  402 , the simulation platform  456 , the remote assistance platform  458 , the ridesharing platform  460 , the map management system platform  462 , and other platforms and systems. Using the AI/ML platform  454 , data scientists can prepare data sets from the data management platform  452 ; select, design, and train machine learning models; evaluate, refine, and deploy the models; maintain, monitor, and retrain the models; and so on. 
     The simulation platform  456  can enable testing and validation of the algorithms, machine learning models, neural networks, and other development efforts for the AV  402 , the remote assistance platform  458 , the ridesharing platform  460 , the map management system platform  462 , and other platforms and systems. The simulation platform  456  can replicate a variety of driving environments and/or reproduce real-world scenarios from data captured by the AV  402 , including rendering geospatial information and road infrastructure (e.g., streets, lanes, crosswalks, traffic lights, stop signs, etc.) obtained from the map management system platform  462 ; modeling the behavior of other vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, and other dynamic elements; simulating inclement weather conditions, different traffic scenarios; and so on. 
     The remote assistance platform  458  can generate and transmit instructions regarding the operation of the AV  402 . For example, in response to an output of the AI/ML platform  454  or other system of the data center  450 , the remote assistance platform  458  can prepare instructions for one or more stacks or other components of the AV  402 . 
     The ridesharing platform  460  can interact with a customer of a ridesharing service via a ridesharing application  472  executing on the client computing device  470 . The client computing device  470  can be any type of computing system, including a server, desktop computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone, smart wearable device (e.g., smart watch, smart eyeglasses or other Head-Mounted Display (HMD), smart ear pods or other smart in-ear, on-ear, or over-ear device, etc.), gaming system, or other general purpose computing device for accessing the ridesharing application  472 . The client computing device  470  can be a customer&#39;s mobile computing device or a computing device integrated with the AV  402  (e.g., the local computing device  410 ). The ridesharing platform  460  can receive requests to be picked up or dropped off from the ridesharing application  472  and dispatch the AV  402  for the trip. 
     Map management system platform  462  can provide a set of tools for the manipulation and management of geographic and spatial (geospatial) and related attribute data. The data management platform  452  can receive LIDAR point cloud data, image data (e.g., still image, video, etc.), RADAR data, GPS data, and other sensor data (e.g., raw data) from one or more AVs  402 , UAVs, satellites, third-party mapping services, and other sources of geospatially referenced data. The raw data can be processed, and map management system platform  462  can render base representations (e.g., tiles (2D), bounding volumes (3D), etc.) of the AV geospatial data to enable users to view, query, label, edit, and otherwise interact with the data. Map management system platform  462  can manage workflows and tasks for operating on the AV geospatial data. Map management system platform  462  can control access to the AV geospatial data, including granting or limiting access to the AV geospatial data based on user-based, role-based, group-based, task-based, and other attribute-based access control mechanisms. Map management system platform  462  can provide version control for the AV geospatial data, such as to track specific changes that (human or machine) map editors have made to the data and to revert changes when necessary. Map management system platform  462  can administer release management of the AV geospatial data, including distributing suitable iterations of the data to different users, computing devices, AVs, and other consumers of HD maps. Map management system platform  462  can provide analytics regarding the AV geospatial data and related data, such as to generate insights relating to the throughput and quality of mapping tasks. 
     In some embodiments, the map viewing services of map management system platform  462  can be modularized and deployed as part of one or more of the platforms and systems of the data center  450 . For example, the AI/ML platform  454  may incorporate the map viewing services for visualizing the effectiveness of various object detection or object classification models, the simulation platform  456  may incorporate the map viewing services for recreating and visualizing certain driving scenarios, the remote assistance platform  458  may incorporate the map viewing services for replaying traffic incidents to facilitate and coordinate aid, the ridesharing platform  460  may incorporate the map viewing services into the client application  472  to enable passengers to view the AV  402  in transit en route to a pick-up or drop-off location, and so on. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example processor-based system with which some aspects of the subject technology can be implemented. For example, processor-based system  500  can be any computing device making up internal computing system  510 , remote computing system  550 , a passenger device executing the rideshare app  570 , internal computing device  530 , or any component thereof in which the components of the system are in communication with each other using connection  505 . Connection  505  can be a physical connection via a bus, or a direct connection into processor  510 , such as in a chipset architecture. Connection  505  can also be a virtual connection, networked connection, or logical connection. 
     In some embodiments, computing system  500  is a distributed system in which the functions described in this disclosure can be distributed within a datacenter, multiple data centers, a peer network, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the described system components represents many such components each performing some or all of the function for which the component is described. In some embodiments, the components can be physical or virtual devices. 
     Example system  500  includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor)  510  and connection  505  that couples various system components including system memory  515 , such as read-only memory (ROM)  520  and random-access memory (RAM)  525  to processor  510 . Computing system  500  can include a cache of high-speed memory  512  connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of processor  510 . 
     Processor  510  can include any general-purpose processor and a hardware service or software service, such as services  532 ,  534 , and  536  stored in storage device  530 , configured to control processor  510  as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor  510  may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric. 
     To enable user interaction, computing system  500  includes an input device  545 , which can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech, etc. Computing system  500  can also include output device  535 , which can be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art. In some instances, multimodal systems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input/output to communicate with computing system  500 . Computing system  500  can include communications interface  540 , which can generally govern and manage the user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receipt and/or transmission wired or wireless communications via wired and/or wireless transceivers, including those making use of an audio jack/plug, a microphone jack/plug, a universal serial bus (USB) port/plug, an Apple® Lightning® port/plug, an Ethernet port/plug, a fiber optic port/plug, a proprietary wired port/plug, a BLUETOOTH® wireless signal transfer, a BLUETOOTH® low energy (BLE) wireless signal transfer, an IBEACON® wireless signal transfer, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transfer, near-field communications (NFC) wireless signal transfer, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transfer, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transfer, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transfer, Visible Light Communication (VLC), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transfer, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signal transfer, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) signal transfer, 3G/4G/5G/LTE cellular data network wireless signal transfer, ad-hoc network signal transfer, radio wave signal transfer, microwave signal transfer, infrared signal transfer, visible light signal transfer, ultraviolet light signal transfer, wireless signal transfer along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof. 
     Communication interface  540  may also include one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers or transceivers that are used to determine a location of the computing system  500  based on receipt of one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the US-based Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russia-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the China-based BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the Europe-based Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed. 
     Storage device  530  can be a non-volatile and/or non-transitory and/or computer-readable memory device and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, a magnetic strip/stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disc, a rewritable compact disc (CD) optical disc, digital video disk (DVD) optical disc, a blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disc, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, a Memory Stick® card, a smartcard chip, a EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini/micro/nano/pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip/card, random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash EPROM (FLASHEPROM), cache memory (L1/L2/L3/L4/L5/L#), resistive random-access memory (RRAM/ReRAM), phase change memory (PCM), spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or cartridge, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Storage device  530  can include software services, servers, services, etc., that when the code that defines such software is executed by the processor  510 , it causes the system to perform a function. In some embodiments, a hardware service that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as processor  510 , connection  505 , output device  535 , etc., to carry out the function. 
     As understood by those of skill in the art, machine-learning based classification techniques can vary depending on the desired implementation. For example, machine-learning classification schemes can utilize one or more of the following, alone or in combination: hidden Markov models; recurrent neural networks; convolutional neural networks (CNNs); deep learning; Bayesian symbolic methods; general adversarial networks (GANs); support vector machines; image registration methods; applicable rule-based system. Where regression algorithms are used, they may include including but are not limited to: a Stochastic Gradient Descent Regressor, and/or a Passive Aggressive Regressor, etc. 
     Machine learning classification models can also be based on clustering algorithms (e.g., a Mini-batch K-means clustering algorithm), a recommendation algorithm (e.g., a Miniwise Hashing algorithm, or Euclidean Locality-Sensitive Hashing (LSH) algorithm), and/or an anomaly detection algorithm, such as a Local outlier factor. Additionally, machine-learning models can employ a dimensionality reduction approach, such as, one or more of: a Mini-batch Dictionary Learning algorithm, an Incremental Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm, a Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, and/or a Mini-batch K-means algorithm, etc. 
     Embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure may also include tangible and/or non-transitory computer-readable storage media or devices for carrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such tangible computer-readable storage devices can be any available device that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer, including the functional design of any special purpose processor as described above. By way of example, and not limitation, such tangible computer-readable devices can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other device which can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of computer-executable instructions, data structures, or processor chip design. When information or instructions are provided via a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or combination thereof) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of the computer-readable storage devices. 
     Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Computer-executable instructions also include program modules that are executed by computers in stand-alone or network environments. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, objects, and the functions inherent in the design of special-purpose processors, etc. that perform tasks or implement abstract data types. Computer-executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules represent examples of the program code means for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding acts for implementing the functions described in such steps. 
     Other embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in network computing environments with many types of computer system configurations, including personal computers, hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Embodiments may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by local and remote processing devices that are linked (either by hardwired links, wireless links, or by a combination thereof) through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. For example, the principles herein apply equally to optimization as well as general improvements. Various modifications and changes may be made to the principles described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Claim language reciting “at least one of” a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set satisfy the claim.