Patent Publication Number: US-2009232881-A1

Title: Enhanced Delivery of Skin Benefit Agents

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to a system for enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents, more particularly, to a pro-vesicle for enhanced delivery of skin lightening or UV blocking agents to the skin. The invention also relates to a cosmetic composition comprising the delivery system of the invention. 
     BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 
     Liposomes have been known since the 1960s and are reported to be used in various applications. Liposomes are small microencapsulates formed from certain surface active molecules, most commonly phospholipids, which in aqueous media arrange themselves into a bi-layered membrane defining a microscopic closed vesicle. Liposomes are known to have good penetration capability through the skin and therefore are employed to deliver actives transdermally. They have been exploited to a large extent in the field of transdermal and targeted delivery of drugs and therapeutic agents in the field of medicine. Liposomes, in the recent past, have also been used in cosmetic formulations such as skin creams. 
     WO 95/35095 (Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) describes a cosmetic or medical composition for topical application to the skin comprising a phospholipid, a lower aliphatic alcohol of two to four carbon atoms and optionally a glycol and at least 20% water. This publication teaches delivery of active ingredients which may have medicinal properties or cosmetic benefits like anti-aging, tanning among others. 
     US 2002/0012647 (Cannell et al) describes a composition comprising at least one organic phospholipid capable of forming bilayers in aqueous solution, at least one amphoteric surfactant present in an amount greater than the phospholipid and at least one non-ionic surfactant present in an amount greater than the phospholipid, wherein the combined amounts of the essential ingredients is such as to allow at least one water-insoluble ingredient selected from waxes, unneutralised and partially neutralised water-insoluble polymers, resins and latexes to be incorporated into an aqueous solution. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,888 (Morancais et al) describes a process, composition and kit for limiting the penetration into the skin and/or other keratinous fibers of at least one cosmetically and/or pharmaceutically active agent. The composition comprises along with the base composition an effective amount of a dispersion of vesicles in a medium, the vesicles comprising at least one ceramide of formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  is chosen from saturated and unsaturated, linear and branched C 1 -C 32  alkyl groups and R 2  is chosen from saturated and unsaturated, linear and branched C 1  to C 50  alkyl groups. 
     While many methods and compositions have been described for penetration of skin benefit and skin care actives through liposomes, there exists a need to develop better and more effective methods and compositions to achieve these ends. It is thus an object of the invention to provide for a composition that provides for enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents to the skin. It is another object of the invention to provide for a composition that while providing enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents to the skin, is stable by virtue of being encapsulated in the delivery system of the cosmetic composition. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Thus according to one aspect of the invention there is provided a pro-vesicle for enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents through formation of a vesicular phase in the presence of water in topically applied cosmetic products, said pro-vesicle comprising: 
     (i) the benefit agent to be delivered;
 
(ii) a phospholipid;
 
(iii) a mono-, di- or tri-ester of glycerol;
 
(iv) a straight or branched chain propyl or butyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid; and
 
(v) a cosmetically acceptable base.
 
     According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a cosmetic composition for enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents comprising the pro-vesicle of the invention and water such that the weight ratio of water to pro-vesicle is at least 1:1. 
     According to yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the preparation of the pro-vesicle of the invention comprising the steps of:
     (i) preparing a slurry of said benefit agent, said phospholipid, said mono-, di- or tri-ester of glycerol and said straight or branched chain propyl or butyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid in a non-aqueous solvent;   (ii) mixing said slurry with the cosmetically acceptable base to form a mixture; and   (iii) separating the non-aqueous solvent from said mixture to form granular pro-vesicle.   

     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The first aspect of the invention provides a pro-vesicle for enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents through formation of a vesicular phase in the presence of water in topically applied cosmetic products. By “pro-vesicle” is meant a lipid assembly on a carrier system, which in the presence of water spontaneously provides a vesicular phase. The pro-vesicle comprises the benefit agent to be delivered, a phospholipid, a mono-, di- or tri-ester of glycerol and a straight or branched chain propyl or butyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid and a cosmetically acceptable base. The benefit agent to be delivered may be a hydrophobic or hydrophilic benefit agent, preferably a skin lightening agent, a sun screen or a UV blocking agent. A suitable example of a skin lightening agent which is delivered by the pro-vesicle of the invention is niacinamide and a suitable sun screen or UV blocking agent is 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (Parsol™ MCX) or butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane (Parsol™ 1789). These skin benefit agents are present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 40% by weight of the pro-vesicle. 
     The Phospholipid 
     The phospholipid of the invention is derived from a lecithin, which could be from any source, preferably from soy lecithin. It is preferred that the lecithin comprises at least 32% phospholipid. The phospholipid is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.5 to 50% by weight of the pro-vesicle. 
     Mono-, Di- or Tri-Ester of Glycerol 
     Another essential component of the pro-vesicle of the invention is a mono-, di- or tri-ester of glycerol, preferably a monoester of glycerol. The glycerol is preferably esterified with a fatty acid having 14 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 16 to 18 carbon atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated. Thus the preferred glycerol esters are glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate or glycerol monopalmitate of which glycerol monostearate is the most preferred. The mono-, di- or tri-ester of glycerol is present in an amount in the range of 2 to 25% by weight of the pro-vesicle. 
     Propyl or Butyl Ester of C 14  to C 18  Fatty Acid 
     The pro-vesicle of the invention comprises a straight or branched chain propyl or butyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid, preferably an isopropyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid. The compounds that are more preferred include isopropyl myristate, isopropyl ester of hydrogenated 12-hydroxystearic acid or isopropyl palmitate, of which the isopropyl ester of hydrogenated 12-hydroxystearic acid is the most highly preferred compound. The propyl or butyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.5 to 15% by weight of the pro-vesicle. 
     Cosmetically Acceptable Base 
     The pro-vesicle of the invention comprises a cosmetically acceptable base. A cosmetically acceptable base is a solid material (at ambient temperature) on to which the other components are deposited. Suitable examples which are preferred include glucose, sorbitol, talc or stearic acid. The cosmetically acceptable base is present in an amount in the range of 30 to 96% by weight of the pro-vesicle. 
     Sterol 
     The pro-vesicle of the invention optionally comprises a sterol. It has been observed that the inclusion of the sterol in the pro-vesicle of the invention enhances the stability of the pro-vesicle. The sterol may be a phytosterol or a cholesterol, preferably a cholesterol. When present, the sterol is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 8% by weight of the pro-vesicle. 
     Process for the Preparation of the Pro-Vesicle 
     The process for the preparation of the pro-vesicle of the invention comprises the steps of:
     (i) preparing a slurry of the benefit agent, the phospholipid, the mono-, di- or tri-ester of glycerol and said straight or branched chain propyl or butyl ester of C 14  to C 18  fatty acid in a non-aqueous solvent;   (ii) mixing said slurry with the cosmetically acceptable base to form a mixture; and   (iii) separating the non-aqueous solvent from said mixture to form granular pro-vesicle.   

     The slurry is preferably prepared at a temperature greater than 40° C. The non-aqueous solvent is preferably a straight or branched chain alcohol with a carbon chain length of 1 to 4, of which ethanol is the most preferred solvent. The non-aqueous solvent is preferably present in an amount in the range of 5 to 40%, more preferably 10 to 30% by weight of the slurry. The non-aqueous solvent is separated from the mixture by drying preferably under vacuum. 
     Cosmetic Composition 
     A cosmetic composition as per the invention comprises the pro-vesicle of the invention and water such that the weight ratio of water to pro-vesicle is at least 1:1, preferably at least 4:1. The cosmetic composition may optionally comprise other cosmetic benefit agents e.g. one or more of emollients, humectants, or thickeners. The cosmetic composition of the invention is prepared by mixing the pro-vesicle of the invention with the water and the other optional ingredients, if present. The pro-vesicle is preferably added to the composition at the end of the mixing preferably at low shear. The temperature at which this process is carried out is preferably in the range of 50 to 70° C. 
     The cosmetic composition may also comprise other components to act as a diluant, dispersant or carrier for other materials present in the composition, so as to facilitate their distribution when the composition is applied to the skin. 
     These additional materials, other than water, can include liquid or solid emollients, solvents, humectants, thickeners and powders. Examples of each of these types of additional materials, which can be used singly or as mixtures, are provided hereinbelow. 
     Emollients are illustrated by but not limited to stearyl alcohol, glyceryl monoricinoleate, mink oil, cetyl alcohol, isopropyl isostearate, stearic acid, isobutyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, oleyl alcohol, isopropyl laurate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, octadecan-2-ol, isocetyl alcohol, eicosanyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate, silicone oils such as dimethylpolysiloxane, di-n-butyl sebacate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, butyl stearate, polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, lanolin, cocoa butter, corn oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, palm kernel oil, rape seed oil, safflower seed oil, evening primrose oil, soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, avocado oil, sesame seed oil, coconut oil, arachis oil, castor oil, acetylated lanolin alcohols, petroleum jelly, mineral oil, butyl myristate, isostearic acid, palmitic acid, isopropyl linoleate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate and myristyl myristate. 
     Propellants are illustrated by but not limited to propane, butane, isobutane, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. 
     Solvents are illustrated by but not limited to ethyl alcohol, isopropanol, acetone, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 
     Powders are illustrated by but not limited to chalk, talc, fullers earth, kaolin, starch, gums, colloidal silica sodium polyacrylate, tetraalkyl and/or trialkyl aryl ammonium smectites, chemically modified magnesium aluminium silicate, organically modified montmorillonite clay, hydrated aluminium silicate, fumed silica, carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and ethylene glycol monostearate. 
     These additional materials are preferably present at from 10 to 99.9%, preferably from 50 to 99% by weight of the cosmetic composition, and can, in the absence of other cosmetic adjuncts, form the balance of the composition. 
     Optional Skin Benefit Agents 
     Skin lightening ingredients can be advantageously included in the composition to provide skin lightening effects, other than as provided through the pro-vesicle of the invention. These may include vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin A or their precursors and mixtures. An especially preferred additional vitamin is vitamin B6. Other skin lightening actives known in the art can also be employed in the invention. Non-limiting examples of skin lightening actives useful herein include aloe extract, ammonium lactate, azelaic acid, kojic acid, lactic acid, linoleic acid, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, 5-octanoyl salicylic acid, 2,4-resorcinol derivatives, 3,5-resorcinol derivatives, salicylic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzyl derivatives and mixtures thereof. The composition preferably comprises from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, of a skin lightening ingredient. 
     The composition of the invention may include an effective amount of a sunscreen or sun-block agent, other than that provided through the pro-vesicle of the invention. Organic and inorganic sunscreens/sun-blocks may be suitably employed in the composition. Suitable organic sunscreen agents include 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid and mixtures thereof. A safe and effective amount of sunscreen may be used in the compositions useful in the subject invention. The composition preferably comprises from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, of a sunscreen agent. 
     Inorganic sun-blocks are also preferably used in the present invention. These include, for example, zinc oxide, iron oxide, silica, such as fumed silica, and titanium dioxide. Ultrafine titanium dioxide in either of its two forms, namely water-dispersible titanium dioxide and oil-dispersible titanium dioxide is especially suitable for the invention. Water-dispersible titanium dioxide is ultra-fine titanium dioxide, the particles of which are non-coated or which are coated with a material to impart a hydrophilic surface property to the particles. Examples of such materials include aluminium oxide and aluminium silicate. Oil-dispersible titanium dioxide is ultrafine titanium dioxide, the particles of which exhibit a hydrophobic surface property, and which, for this purpose, can be coated with metal soaps such as aluminium stearate, aluminium laurate or zinc stearate, or with organosilicone compounds. 
     By “ultrafine titanium dioxide” is meant particles of titanium dioxide having an average particle size of less than 100 nm, preferably 70 nm or less, more preferably from 10 to 40 nm and most preferably from 15 to 25 nm. 
     Ultrafine titanium dioxide is the preferred inorganic sun-block agent. The total amount of sun block that is preferably incorporated in the composition according to the invention is from 0.1 to 5% by weight of the composition. 
     Optional Cosmetic Ingredients 
     The compositions of the present invention can comprise a wide range of other optional components. The CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, Second Edition, 1992, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, describes a wide variety of non-limiting cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients commonly used in the skin care industry, which are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention. Examples include: antioxidants; binders; biological additives; buffering agents; colorants; thickeners; polymers; astringents; fragrance; humectants; opacifying agents; conditioners; exfoliating agents; pH adjusters; preservatives; natural extracts; essential oils; skin sensates; skin soothing agents and skin healing agents. 
    
    
     
       The invention will now be illustrated with the following non-limiting examples and figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a transmission electron microscopy image at 80K magnification of the pro-vesicles present in the cream prepared as example 17; and 
         FIG. 2  is a transmission electron microscopy image at 80K magnification of the vesicular phase obtained by addition of the pro-vesicles of the invention to water. 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     The vesicles as listed in table 1 were prepared in accordance with the procedure detailed below. Comparative examples 1-10 are outside the scope of the invention. Examples 11-15 are according to the invention. 
     The materials (lecithin, the benefit agent niacinamide (1 gram), the esters and sterol) listed under each example were placed in a beaker and mixed with the ethanol to a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was then sprayed on to stearic acid after which it was vacuum dried for 5 hours to prepare the pro-vesicles. The encapsulation efficiency of the niacinamide was determined as follows. 
     Efficiency of Encapsulation of Niacinamide 
     Each pro-vesicle sample was dispersed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS of pH 7.4) by stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature. The total niacinamide content of the dispersion (A) was measured by HPLC. Part of the dispersion was centrifuged several times until all the solid material was separated. The supernatant was injected into an HPLC column to measure the unencapsulated niacinamide content (B). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined by EE %=(A−B)/A*100 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Soy- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Stearic 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin 
                 Surfactant 
                 Surfactant 
                 Thatmat 
                 Ethanol 
                 acid 
                 Sterol 
               
               
                 Example No. 
                 (grams) 
                 type 
                 (grams) 
                 (grams) 
                 (grams) 
                 (grams) 
                 (grams) 
                 EE % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  1 (Comparative) 
                 5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 8 
               
               
                  2 (Comparative) 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 5 
                 15 
                 1.0 
                 15 
               
               
                  3 (Comparative) 
                 5 
                 Span-60 
                 4 
                 — 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 10 
               
               
                  4 (Comparative) 
                 10 
                 Span-60 
                 6 
                 — 
                 5 
                 15 
                 1 
                 17 
               
               
                  5 (Comparative) 
                 5 
                 BDHA 
                 0.5   
                 — 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 5 
               
               
                  6 (Comparative) 
                 10 
                 BDHA 
                 2 
                 — 
                 5 
                 15 
                 1.0 
                 12 
               
               
                  7 (Comparative) 
                 5 
                 DHP + 
                 0.5 + 0.2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTAB 
               
               
                  8 (Comparative) 
                 10 
                 DHP + 
                 2 + 1 
                 — 
                 5 
                 15 
                 1.0 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTAB 
               
               
                  9 (Comparative) 
                 5 
                 GMS 
                 2 
                 — 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 18 
               
               
                 10 (Comparative) 
                 5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 15 
               
               
                 11 
                 5 
                 GMS 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 10 
                 — 
                 40 
               
               
                 12 
                 5 
                 GMS 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 55 
               
               
                 13 
                 10 
                 GMS 
                 8 
                 3 
                 5 
                 15 
                 1.0 
                 60 
               
               
                 14 
                 5 
                 GMO 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
                 10 
                 0.5 
                 45 
               
               
                 15 
                 10 
                 GMO 
                 8 
                 3 
                 5 
                 15 
                 1 
                 50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thatmat: Isopropyl ester of hydrogenated 12-hydroxystearic acid 
               
               
                 BDHA: Benzyl dimethyl hexadecyl ammonium chloride 
               
               
                 DHP: Di-hexadecyl phosphate 
               
               
                 GMS: Glycerol monostearate 
               
               
                 GMO Glycerol monooleate 
               
               
                 Span-60: Sorbitan monostearate (from SD Fine chemicals) 
               
               
                 CTAB: Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data in table 1 indicates that examples outside the scope of the invention (comparative examples 1 to 10) have poor encapsulation efficiencies, in the range of 5 to 20%. However a pro-vesicle prepared as per the invention (example 11) provides for a very high encapsulation efficiency of 40% which displays synergistic behaviour as compared to the encapsulation efficiencies obtained when pro-vesicles are prepared with each of the ingredients taken individually (comparative examples 9 and 10). The encapsulation efficiency is further improved by the inclusion of the optional ingredient which is sterol (example 12). Examples 13 to 15 are other examples within the scope of the invention which display very high encapsulation efficiencies. 
     Cosmetic Compositions 
     Cosmetic compositions were prepared without (comparative example 16) and with the pro-vesicle (example 17) of the invention and the compositions are summarized in table 2. The composition of the pro-vesicle as used in example 17 is given in table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative example 16 
                 Example 17 
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Stearic Acid 
                 10.0 
                 2.0 and balance 8% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 through pro-vesicle 
               
               
                 Glycerine 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Potassium hydroxide 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Preservatives, methyl 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 and propyl paraben 
               
               
                 Other minors 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Niacinamide 
                 1.0 
                 Through pro-vesicle 
               
               
                 Parsol ™ MCX 
                 0.75 
                 Through Pro-vesicle 
               
               
                 Parsol ™ 1789 
                 0.4 
                 Through Pro-vesicle 
               
               
                 Provesicle 
                 Not included 
                 Included 
               
               
                 Water 
                 To 100 
                 To 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % by weight of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cosmetic 
               
               
                   
                 Pro-vesicle ingredients 
                 composition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Lecithin 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 Thatmat 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 GMS 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Cholesterol 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Stearic acid 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Niacinamide 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Parsol ™ MCX 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Parsol ™ 1789 
                 0.40 
               
               
                   
                 CTAB 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Tocopherol Acetate 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 12.951 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A Franz diffusion cell experiment was conducted using a pig&#39;s back skin model to compare the amount of niacinamide present in the skin after application of the cosmetic compositions of comparative example 16 and example 17. The Franz diffusion cell experiment is described below. 
     Franz Diffusion Cell Experiment: 
     Pig&#39;s back skin was used as the model skin for the studies. Freshly available pig&#39;s back skin was taken and the epidermis was separated from the dermis while keeping the stratum corneum intact. The epidermis was thoroughly washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS of pH 7.4). It was placed between a donor and a receptor compartment. The receptor compartment was filled with PBS and the temperature of the receptor was maintained at about 32° C. The example (about 200 mg) was applied on the donor side of skin. After three hours, the receptor solution was collected (W). The donor side of the skin was washed five times with 5 ml of PBS (X). The skin was chopped into small pieces and washed four times with 5 ml of PBS (Y) and soaked overnight in PBS and methanol (Z). Samples W-Z were analysed for niacinamide content by HPLC. 
     The analysis indicated that the permeated niacinamide content for comparative example 16, i.e. the sum of the niacinamide contents of samples W and Z, expressed as a percentage of the total amount of niacinamide (W+X+Y+Z) was 5% while that of example 17 gave a niacinamide content of about 20%. The invention thus provides a composition that provides for enhanced delivery of skin benefit agents to the skin. 
     A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) picture at 80K magnification of the pro-vesicles present in example 17 is shown in  FIG. 1  clearly indicating the vesicular phase with an average diameter of about 300 nm. Evidence to show that this vesicular phase can also be prepared by addition of the pro-vesicles to water is provided in  FIG. 2  (also TEM at 80K magnification).