Patent Publication Number: US-11021291-B1

Title: Refracting bottle

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/808,252 entitled “REFRACTING BOTTLE,” filed on Feb. 20, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/836,409 entitled “REFRACTING BOTTLE,” filed on Apr. 19, 2019, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to bottles, and more specifically to bottles capable of refraction. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Bottles are generally known in the art. Conventional bottles are typically designed with certain consideration factors such as, for example, shelf placement and weight for shipping. Such conventional bottles, however, are more basic and utilitarian in nature. 
     Accordingly, there is an unmet need for an improved bottle. The present disclosure seeks to overcome some limitations and other drawbacks of the prior art, and to provide new features not heretofore available. A full discussion of the features and advantages of the present disclosure is deferred to the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is directed to a bottle that is capable of refraction. In certain aspects, the bottle is designed to receive effervescent tablets. In certain aspects, the bottle includes an inner wall with a curved base that is configured to receive the effervescent tablet. The curved base is designed in such a way that a unique effect is produced when the effervescent tablet reacts with liquid contained in the bottle. In certain aspects, the curved base is contoured with a narrowing concave area to not only add effect to the effervescence, but to allow the tablet to more efficiently dissolve. This is accomplished by allowing the tablet to naturally center within the chamber (i.e., not get trapped outside of the concave area) and thus will dissolve more quickly and completely. In certain aspects, such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 1-11 , for example, the curved base receives the tube from the spray head in such a manner that liquid in the bottle collects at the curved base and, during operation of the spray head, the tube gathers more of the liquid in the bottle. The bottle also includes an outer wall that surrounds the inner wall. Both the outer wall and the inner wall are clear such that liquid contained within the inner wall is visible through the outer wall. In certain aspects, a thickness separates the inner wall from the outer wall. In certain aspects, the thickness is non-uniform. In certain aspects, the shape of the inner wall intersections with the curved base to allow fluid to circulate more turbulently near the curved base to again provide more efficient dissolution of the tablet. 
     The outer wall of the bottle includes an outer base that includes a pad. In certain aspects, the pad includes selective coloring. In such aspects, the selective coloring is not a straight forward pantone color. In such aspects, the selective coloring is designed to create a refraction effect with specific colors of liquid contained in the bottle. In certain aspects, the selective coloring includes pigments and/or paints that are cradle-to-cradle certified. In certain aspects, the bottle itself is also cradle-to-cradle certified. In certain aspects, the bottle includes a reverse draft angle such that the overall weight of the bottle is reduced. 
     In certain aspects, the bottle is designed to contain 20 ounces of liquid although other amounts of liquid are certainly within the scope of the disclosure. In certain aspects, the bottle is not more than 11 inches in height although other heights of the bottle are within the scope of the disclosure. 
     In certain aspects, the bottle is lightweight. In certain aspects, the bottle includes a reverse draft angle as illustrated, for example, in  FIGS. 1-11 . In certain aspects, the bottle is formed of acrylic or other similar materials well known in the industry. 
     In certain aspects, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1-11 , the spray head includes an off-gassing inner nozzle mechanism. In certain aspects, as illustrated in  FIGS. 12-22 , the dispenser head includes an off-gassing inner nozzle mechanism. 
     In certain aspects, the bottom of the bottle is injection molded to achieve a thicker bottom in comparison to the rest of the bottle. 
     In certain aspects, the spray head includes an off-gassing nozzle mechanism that includes a water tight gasket, such that air may pass through, but liquid contained within the bottle does not escape. 
     In certain aspects, the bottle is manufactured with environmentally friendly certified materials. 
     In certain aspects, the bottle is designed to accept one or more effervescent tablets up to 7 grams/tablet. The tablets may be dropped in to the bottle through a bottleneck having an opening diameter of at least about 21.5 mm or about 21.5 mm to about 28 mm. 
     According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, a bottle is provided. The bottle includes an outer wall. An inner wall is surrounded by the outer wall and is separated from the outer wall by a first distance. A curved base extends from the inner wall. The curved base includes a concave area centrally disposed with respect to the inner wall. The concave area is configured to receive a tablet. 
     According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, a bottle is provided. The bottle includes an outer wall extending between an outer neck and an outer base. An inner wall is surrounded by the outer wall. The inner wall is separated from the outer wall by a first distance. A bottleneck is formed of the outer neck and an inner neck extending from the inner wall. The bottleneck terminates at an opening. A curved base extends from the inner wall. The curved base includes a concave area centrally disposed with respect to the inner wall and centrally aligned with the opening of the bottleneck. The concave area is configured to receive a tablet. The curved base is separated from the outer base by a second distance. The first distance gradually increases as the inner wall transitions towards the curved base such that the inner wall narrows transitionally towards the curved base. 
     According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, a bottle is provided. The bottle includes an outer wall extending between an outer neck and an outer base. An inner wall is surrounded by the outer wall. The inner wall is separated from the outer wall by a first distance. A bottleneck is formed of the outer neck and an inner neck extending from the inner wall. The bottleneck terminates at an opening. A curved base extends from the inner wall. The curved base includes a concave area centrally disposed with respect to the inner wall and centrally aligned with the opening of the bottleneck. A spray head removably coupled to the bottleneck. The concave area is configured to receive a tablet. The curved base is separated from the outer base by a second distance. The first distance gradually increases as the inner wall transitions towards the curved base such that the inner wall narrows transitionally towards the curved base. A pad is disposed at the outer base. The pad includes a selective coloring refractable through the curved base, the inner wall, and the outer wall. 
     It is understood that other configurations of the subject technology will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein various configurations of the subject technology are shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the subject technology is capable of other and different configurations and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide further understanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate disclosed embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of a bottle according to certain aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a front view of the bottle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a rear view of the bottle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a left side view of the bottle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a right side view of the bottle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a top plan view of the bottle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a bottom plan view of the bottle of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  8 - 8  in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  9 - 9  in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  10 - 10  in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  11 - 11  in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a perspective view of a bottle according to certain alternative aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a front view of the bottle of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a rear view of the bottle of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a left side view of the bottle of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a right side view of the bottle of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a top plan view of the bottle of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a bottom plan view of the bottle of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  19 - 19  in  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  20 - 20  in  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  21 - 21  in  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken long line  22 - 22  in  FIG. 13 . 
     
    
    
     In one or more implementations, not all of the depicted components in each figure may be required, and one or more implementations may include additional components not shown in a figure. Variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made without departing from the scope of the subject disclosure. Additional components, different components, or fewer components may be utilized within the scope of the subject disclosure. 
     In addition, each of the drawings is a schematic diagram and thus is not necessarily strictly illustrated. In each of the drawings, substantially the same structural components are assigned with the same reference signs, and redundant descriptions will be omitted or simplified. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various implementations and is not intended to represent the only implementations in which the subject technology may be practiced. As those skilled in the art would realize, the described implementations may be modified in various different ways, all without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, while the refracting bottle discussed herein may be implemented in many different forms, the disclosure will show in the drawings, and will herein describe in detail, implementations with the understanding that the present description is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the refracting bottle and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the disclosure to the implementations illustrated. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-11 , an example bottle  100  is illustrated according to certain aspects of the disclosure. The bottle  100  is configured for refraction as will be described in more detail below. In certain aspects, the bottle  100  is a spray bottle, as exemplarily illustrated in  FIGS. 1-11 . The bottle  100  includes a body  10  and a spray head  12 . The body  10  includes an inner wall  14  and an outer wall  16  surrounding the inner wall  14 . The inner wall  14  transitions into a curved base  18 . The curved base  18  extends from the inner wall  14 . The inner wall  14  extends between the curved base  18  and an inner neck  20  (see  FIG. 8 ) to collectively form a chamber  22  of the bottle  100 . In certain aspects, the curved base  18  is contoured with a concave area  24 . In certain aspects, the chamber  22  of the bottle  100  is configured to hold 20 ounces of fluid although other amounts are certainly within the scope of the disclosure. 
     The outer wall  16  transitions into an outer base  26 . The outer wall  16  extends between the outer base  26  and an outer neck  28  (see  FIG. 8 ) to collectively surround the inner wall  14 , the curved base  18 , and the inner neck  20  such that the outer wall  16  and the inner wall  14  are separated by a distance D. In certain aspects, the distance D is a variable distance. In other aspects, the distance D is a uniform distance. The outer base  26  and the curved base  18  are similarly separated by a distance B (see  FIG. 2 ). In certain aspects, the distance B is greater than the distance D such that a bottom section of the bottle  100  is thicker than other portions of the bottle  100 . In certain aspects, the distance D is equal to the distance B. In other aspects, the distance D is greater than the distance B. In certain aspects, the bottle  100  includes a reverse draft angle substantially proximate the curved base  18 , such as, for example, where the distance D intersects the distance B. In such aspects, the reverse draft angle allows for reduction of the overall weight of the bottle  100 . 
     The outer neck  28  and the inner neck  20  form a bottleneck  30  of the bottle  100  and terminate at an opening  32 . The opening  32  of the bottleneck  30  is configured to receive one or more effervescent tablets (not shown). The effervescent tablet can be approximately 7 grams or less. In certain aspects, the opening  32  includes a diameter that is approximately at least 21.5 mm. In other aspects, the opening  32  includes a diameter that is approximately in the range of 21.5 mm to 28 mm. In certain aspects, a plurality of threads  34  are disposed on an exterior of the outer neck  28  and is configured to matingly engage with corresponding threads on the spray head  12  for removable coupling of the spray head  12  to the body  10  of the bottle  100 . 
     While the distance D between the inner wall  14  and the outer wall  16  is substantially uniform along a majority length of the bottle  100 , the distance D gradually increases as the inner wall  14  transitions into the curved base  18 . The narrowing of the inner wall  14  as it transitions towards the curved base  18  forms the contour of the concave area  24 . The concave area  24  is substantially centrally aligned with the opening  32  of the bottleneck  30 . The concave area  24  of the curved base  18  is configured to receive the one or more effervescent tablets inserted into the opening  32  of the bottleneck  30 . The concave area  24  of the curved base  18  is designed in such a manner that a unique effect is produced when the effervescent tablet reacts with fluid contained in the chamber  22  at the curved base  18 . The narrowing of the inner wall  14  as it transitions towards the concave area  24  of the curved base  18  not only adds effect to the effervescence, but also allows the effervescent tablet to efficiently dissolve by centrally positioning the effervescent tablet within the bottle  100 . For example, with the effervescent tablet inserted into the opening  32  of the bottleneck  30 , the effervescent tablet passes through fluid in the chamber  22  and naturally center towards the concave area  24  of the curved base  18  such that it will dissolve quickly and completely. In certain aspects, the narrowing of the inner wall  14  as it transitions towards the concave area  24  of the curved base  18  provides a profile allowing fluid to circulate more turbulently during the effervescent reaction near the curved base  18  and, in turn, provide more efficient dissolution of the effervescent tablet. 
     The outer wall  16  and the inner wall  14  are both formed from clear material such that fluid contained in the chamber  22  is visible through both the inner wall  14  and the outer wall  16  of the bottle  100 . In certain aspects, the inner wall  14  and the outer wall  16  are formed of, but not limited to, acrylic, polymer, non-polymer, glass, polycarbonate, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PTCG for example, or other similar well-known materials in the industry. In certain aspects, the body  10 , and/or the bottle  100  itself, is manufactured with environmentally friendly certified materials. In such aspects, the body  10 , and/or the bottle  100  itself, can be cradle-to-cradle certified. In certain aspects, the height of the bottle  100  is not more than 11 inches although other heights are within the scope of this disclosure. 
     The outer base  26  includes a pad  36  (see  FIG. 8 ). In certain aspects, the pad  36  includes selective coloring. The pad  36  can be, for example, but is not limited to, a physical pad, paint, a coating, and other such coloring features that are well known in the industry. In such aspects, the selective coloring is not a straight forward color selected from a commercially available palette, but is instead strategically designed to create a refraction effect with specific colors of liquid contained in the chamber  22  of the bottle  100 . The selective coloring of the pad  36  of the outer base  26  is refractable through the curved base  18 , the inner wall  14 , and the outer wall  16 . In certain aspects, the selective coloring includes pigments and/or paints that are cradle-to-cradle certified. In certain aspects, the pad  36  is injection molded with the outer base  26 . It should be understood that the refraction effect is possible regardless of whether the distance D is variable or uniform. 
     The spray head  12  includes a tube  38  and a plurality of threads  40 . The plurality of threads  40  (see  FIG. 8 ) are configured to matingly engage with the plurality of threads  34  disposed on the outer neck  28  for removable coupling of the spray head  12  to the body  10  of the bottle  100 . When the spray head  12  is removably coupled to the body  10  the tube  38  extends through the chamber  22  towards the curved base  18 . In certain aspects, the tube  38  is disposed within the chamber  22  such that an end  42  of the tube  38  is separated from and not in contact with the curved base  18 . In other aspects, the tube  38  is disposed within the chamber  22  such that the end  42  of the tube  38  contacts the curved base  18 . In such aspects, with the fluid in the chamber  22  centrally collected or concentrated at the concave area  24  of the curved base  18 , the tube  38  contacts the fluid at the concave area  24  of the curved base  18  and, during operation of the spray head  12 , is configured to transfer more of the fluid in the bottle  100  via the spray head  12 . In certain aspects, the spray head  12  includes an off-gassing nozzle  44  (see  FIG. 8 ) including a water tight gasket (not shown). The off-gassing nozzle  44  is configured such that air may pass through, but fluid contained within the chamber  22  of the bottle  100  does not escape. 
     In operation, the spray head  12  is uncoupled from the bottleneck  30  to expose the opening  32 . With fluid in the chamber  22  of the bottle  100 , one or more effervescent tablets is inserted through the opening  32  of the bottleneck  30 . The one or more effervescent tablets passes centrally through the fluid, with respect to the inner wall  14 , towards the concave area  24  of the curved base  18 . The one or more effervescent tablets settles at a substantially central portion of the curved base  18 . The central positioning of the one or more effervescent tablets with respect to the curved base  18  and inner wall  14  allows the one or more effervescent tablets to dissolve efficiently and completely. The central positioning of the one or more effervescent tablets at the curved base  18  also allows the effervescence to evenly distribute along the inner wall  14  towards the bottleneck  30 . Because both the inner wall  14  and the outer wall are clear, the effervescence is visible through the bottle  100 . Additionally, the selective coloring of the pad  36  is specifically paired with the color of the fluid in the chamber  22  to create a refraction effect with the effervescence and the color of the fluid. 
     In an alternative implementation, the body  10  is formed of an upper portion and a lower portion such that the spray head  12  is permanently integrated to the upper portion. Further, the upper portion is removably couplable to the lower portion. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 12-22 , an alternative example bottle  200  is illustrated according to certain aspects of the disclosure. The bottle  200  is configured for refraction as will be described in more detail below. While the bottle  200  holds the same principles as those described above with respect to the bottle  100 , the bottle  200  is a dispenser bottle instead of a spray bottle. The bottle  200  includes a body  210  and a dispenser head  212 . The body  210  includes an inner wall  214  and an outer wall  216  surrounding the inner wall  214 . The inner wall  214  transitions into a curved base  218 . The curved base  218  extends from the inner wall  214 . The inner wall  214  extends between the curved base  218  and an inner neck  220  (see  FIG. 19 ) to collectively form a chamber  222  of the bottle  200 . In certain aspects, the curved base  218  is contoured with a concave area  224 . In certain aspects, the chamber  222  of the bottle  200  is configured to hold 20 ounces of fluid although other amounts are certainly within the scope of the disclosure. 
     The outer wall  216  transitions into an outer base  226 . The outer wall  216  extends between the outer base  226  and an outer neck  228  (see  FIG. 19 ) to collectively surround the inner wall  14 , the curved base  226 , and the inner neck  220  such that the outer wall  216  and the inner wall  214  are separated by a distance D′. In certain aspects, the distance D′ is a variable distance. In other aspects, the distance D′ is a uniform distance. The outer base  226  and the curved base  218  are similarly separated by a distance B′ (see  FIG. 13 ). In certain aspects, the distance B′ is greater than the distance D′ such that the bottom section of the bottle  200  is thicker than other portions of the bottle  200 . In certain aspects, the distance D′ is equal to the distance B′. In other aspects, the distance D′ is greater than the distance B′. In certain aspects, the bottle  200  includes a reverse draft angle substantially proximate the curved base  218 , such as, for example, where the distance D′ intersects the distance B′. In such aspects, the reverse draft angle allows for reduction of the overall weight of the bottle  200 . 
     The outer neck  228  and the inner neck  220  form a bottleneck  230  of the bottle  200  and terminate at an opening  232 . The opening  232  of the bottleneck  230  is configured to receive one or more effervescent tablets (not shown). The effervescent tablet can be approximately 7 grams or less. In certain aspects, the opening  232  includes a diameter that is approximately at least 21.5 mm. In other aspects, the opening  232  include a diameter that is approximately in the range of 21.5 mm to 28 mm. In certain aspects, the bottleneck  230  is configured to operatively engage with the dispenser head  212  for removable coupling with the bottleneck  230  in sealing engagement. 
     While the distance D′ between the inner wall  214  and the outer wall  216  is substantially uniform along portions of the length of the bottle  200 , the distance D′ gradually increases as the inner wall  214  transitions into the curved base  218 . The narrowing of the inner wall  214  as it transitions towards the curved base  218  forms the contour of the concave area  224 . The concave area  224  of the curved base  218  is configured to receive the one or more effervescent tablets inserted into the opening  232  of the bottleneck  230 . The concave area  224  of the curved base is designed in such a manner that a unique effect is produced when the effervescent tablet reacts with the fluid contained in the chamber  222  at the curved base  218 . The narrowing of the inner wall  214  as it transitions towards the concave area  224  of the curved base  218  not only adds effect to the effervescence, but also allows the effervescent tablet to efficiently dissolve by centrally positioning the effervescent tablet within the bottle  200 . For example, with the effervescent tablet inserted into the opening  232  of the bottleneck  230 , the effervescent tablet passes through the fluid in the chamber  222  and naturally center towards the concave area  224  of the curved base  218  such that it will dissolve quickly and completely. In certain aspects, the narrowing of the inner wall  214  as it transitions towards the concave area  224  of the curved base  218  provides a profile allowing fluid to circulate more turbulently during the effervescent reaction near the curved base  218  and, in turn, provide more efficient dissolution of the effervescent tablet. 
     The outer wall  216  and the inner wall  214  are both formed from clear material such that fluid contained in the chamber  222  is visible through both the inner wall  214  and the outer wall  216  of the bottle  200 . In certain aspects, the inner wall  214  and the outer wall  216  are formed of, but not limited to, acrylic, polymer, non-polymer, glass, polycarbonate, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PTCG for example, or other similar well-known materials in the industry. In certain aspects, the body  210 , and/or the bottle  200  itself, is manufactured with environmentally friendly certified materials. In such aspects, the body  210 , and/or the bottle  200  itself, can be cradle-to-cradle certified. In certain aspects, the height of the bottle  200  is not more than 11 inches although other heights are within the scope of this disclosure. 
     The outer base  226  includes a pad  236  (see  FIG. 19 ). In certain aspects, the pad  236  includes selective coloring. The pad  236  can be, for example, but is not limited to, a physical pad, paint, a coating, and other such coloring features that are well known in the industry. In such aspects, the selective coloring is not a straight forward color selected from a commercially available palette, but is instead strategically designed to create a refraction effect with specific colors of fluid contained in the chamber  222  of the bottle  200 . The selective coloring of the pad  236  of the outer base  226  is refractable through the curved base  218 , the inner wall  214 , and the outer wall  216 . In certain aspects, the selective coloring includes pigments and/or paints that are cradle-to-cradle certified. In certain aspects, the pad  236  is injection molded with the outer base  226 . It should be understood that the refraction effect is possible regardless of whether the distance D′ is variable or uniform. 
     The dispenser head  212  is configured to cause the fluid contained in the chamber  222  to be dispensed as a pre-lathered foam. In certain aspects, the dispenser head  212  includes an off-gassing nozzle  244  (see  FIG. 19 ) including a water tight gasket (not shown). The off-gassing nozzle  244  is configured such that air may pass through, but fluid contained within the chamber  222  of the bottle  200  does not escape. 
     In operation, the dispenser head  212  is uncoupled from the bottleneck  230  to expose the opening  232 . With fluid in the chamber  222  of the bottle  200 , one or more effervescent tablets is inserted through the opening  232  of the bottleneck  230 . The one or more effervescent tablets passes centrally through the fluid, with respect to the inner wall  214 , towards the concave area  224  of the curved base  218 . The one or more effervescent tablets settles at a substantially central portion of the curved base  218 . The central positioning of the one or more effervescent tablets with respect to the curved base  218  and inner wall  214  allows the one or more effervescent tablets to dissolve efficiently and completely. The central positioning of the one or more effervescent tablets at the curved base  218  also allows the effervescence to evenly distribute along the inner wall  214  towards the bottleneck  230 . Because both the inner wall  214  and the outer wall are clear, the effervescence is visible through the bottle  200 . Additionally, the selective coloring of the pad  238  is specifically paired with the color of the fluid in the chamber  222  to create a refraction effect with the effervescence and the color of the fluid. 
     In an alternative implementation, the body  210  is formed of an upper portion and a lower portion such that the dispenser head  212  is permanently integrated to the upper portion. Further, the upper portion is removably couplable to the lower portion. 
     While some implementations have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind without significantly departing from the spirit of the disclosure, and the scope of protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying claims. Terms such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “rear,” “upper,” “lower,” and the like as used in this disclosure should be understood as referring to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, a top surface, a bottom surface, a front surface, and a rear surface may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, or horizontally in a gravitational frame of reference. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. 
     The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, another implementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, an embodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, the subject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that a disclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subject technology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa, and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases. 
     A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically stated, but rather “one or more.” Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. The term “some” refers to one or more. Underlined and/or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various configurations described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by the subject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description. 
     While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
     The subject matter of this specification has been described in terms of particular aspects, but other aspects can be implemented and are within the scope of the following claims. For example, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. The actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the aspects described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all aspects, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. 
     The title, background, brief description of the drawings, abstract, and drawings are hereby incorporated into the disclosure and are provided as illustrative examples of the disclosure, not as restrictive descriptions. It is submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the detailed description, it can be seen that the description provides illustrative examples and the various features are grouped together in various implementations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed configuration or operation. The claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter. 
     The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims and to encompass all legal equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirements of the applicable patent law, nor should they be interpreted in such a way. 
     The disclosed systems and methods are well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular implementations disclosed above are illustrative only, as the teachings of the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative implementations disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope of the present disclosure. The systems and methods illustratively disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted. 
     As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each article of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.