Patent Publication Number: US-7716100-B2

Title: Methods and systems for computing platform

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/741,680, filed on Dec. 2, 2005, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to methods and systems for providing a unique and alternative computing platform operable to address the needs of high performance computing areas. Financial industry is just one example of such a field where there exists such a need for high performance computing. Currently, high performance problems are solved through computer clusters, scalable grids etc. whose costs increase exponentially as the number of units involved in the processing increase. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   At present, all industries utilize a variety of extremely costly computer platforms to address certain computationally-intensive solutions such as numerical analysis, monte-carlo simulations and related problems. For example Value at Risk (VaR) problems are addressed in the finance industry through deployment of very powerful (and expensive) services employing multiple CPU&#39;s and a number of multithreaded programs that utilize these CPU&#39;s. The disadvantage to this process is the fact that as the number of CPU&#39;s are increased beyond a critical number (e.g., eight), the costs of such a server and associated services increase exponentially. At the same time, the need for “number crunching” continues to increase due to (a) an increasing number of investment managers; (b) an increasing number of portfolios per investment manager; (c) the kind and the volumes of complex derivatives and (c) an increase in available historical data. 
   It is desirable to provide methods and systems that overcome this disadvantage, as well as a solution that can be applicable to any industry and can be utilized by accessing the computing power through widely known programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and Ruby, with potential gains of 10-200 times performance improvement for ⅓rd the cost. The details in the following sections consider Financial Industry as an example to explain the benefits of the present invention. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention addresses the foregoing problems of the prior art. In particular, the present invention provides a computer method and apparatus for analytical financial computing (computational processing) and more generally for a hardware accelerated numerical system and analysis. 
   In a preferred embodiment, the invention analytical computing apparatus comprises (a) one or more analytical processing units and (b) an application interface enabling use of respective desired ones of the analytical processing units by one or more computer application programs. Different computer application programs utilize different ones of the analytical processing units, and each computer application program performs a respective analytical computation. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, each processing unit is formed of a respective field programmable gate (FPGA) array and performs a respective analytical operation. 
   In other embodiments, a computer system comprises a mother board hosting a multiplicity of processing cards. Each card carries respective analytical processing units (FPGA&#39;s). One subset of the FPGA&#39;s provides numerical algebra operations (e.g., matrix mathematics, eigen values, eigen vectors, etc.) and linear equations. Another subset of the FPGA&#39;s provides statistical operations (e.g., random number generator, variance-covariance matrix construction, maximum likelihood estimator, etc.) A third subset of the FPGA&#39;s provides real time matrix operations for data stream (continuous) and time rate data feeds (e.g., foreign exchange rate estimator, interest rate estimator, etc.) 
   In accordance with one aspect, the present invention facilitates high performance computing (ranging from ten to two hundred times performance improvement and approximately one-third of the “hard” costs for an equivalent grid computing solution) in three fundamental areas: 
   1) Numerical algebra comprising entire matrix operations including eigen value decomposition and a linear equation solver. This portion unto itself can be considered as “numerical recipes in hardware”. 
   2) Monte Carlo simulations and general equilibrium model 
   3) Real time high frequency data (trades and quotes, TAQ, data in financial industry) normalization and associated trigger generation. 
   Applicant applies the above three fundamental technology blocks to the following functional areas within the financial industry (as a sample set): 
   1) Identification of correlation and cointegration among different instruments (pairs, groups) and subsequent trigger generation based on real time data 
   2) Instantaneous capability of performing complex calculations such as marginal and incremental value at risk 
   3) Interpolation results of TAQ data for further analysis 
   4) Prediction of interest rate paths and correspondingly, currency exchange rates 
   5) Algorithmic trading 
   6) Complex derivative pricing 
   The above functional areas are of interest to and part of the responsibilities of business units such as 
   Quantitive research; 
   High frequency trading; 
   Trading desks; and 
   Risk management 
   in traditional asset management firms, hedge funds, banks (credit risk) and insurance companies and the like. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing an overview of a system according to the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a computer network in which embodiments of the present invention operate. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a computer node in the network of  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a computer system embodying the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   A description of example embodiments of the invention follows. 
   The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of prior systems by using FPGA&#39;s (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) to solve financial industry analytical problems and related computational processing. An FPGA is a semiconductor device containing programmable logic components and programmable interconnects. The programmable logic components can be programmed to duplicate the functionality of basic logic gates (such as AND, OR, XOR, INVERT) or more complex combinatorial functions such as decoders or simple math functions. In most FPGA&#39;s these programmable logic components (or logic blocks, in FPGA parlance) also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memories. 
   A hierarchy of programmable interconnects allows the logic blocks of an FPGA to be interconnected as needed by the system designer, somewhat like a one-chip programmable breadboard. These logic blocks and interconnects can be programmed after the manufacturing process by the customer/designer (hence the term “field-programmable”) so that the FPGA can perform whatever logical function is needed. 
   FPGA&#39;s are commercially available, for example, from Altera Corporation of San Jose, Calif. 
   In accordance with the present invention, FPGA&#39;s are employed in a financial industry analytical computing or processing system  10  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The illustrated system  10  is formed of (a) a PCI card or board  12  hosting one or more analytical processing units (or building blocks)  15 ; and (b) an application interface  14  built using any common programming language such as Java, C++, Jscript, etc., that interacts between industry applications  11  desired and the PCI card  12 . 
   The analytical processing units or building blocks  15  are FPGA&#39;s programmed to solve different financial industry problems of interest (e.g., analytical financial problems). In one embodiment, there are three categories or sets of analytical processing units/building blocks  15  implemented on the FPGA&#39;s using known techniques, processor routines and/or algorithms. One category or subset of FPGA building blocks  15  performs or otherwise implements linear algebra (algebraic) operations such as functional matrix operations and linear equation solving. Another category or subset of building blocks/FPGA&#39;s  15  provides statistical operations such as random number generators, variance-covariance matrix construction and correlation matrix construction, maximum likelihood estimation and non-stationary correlator among a time series. Preferably a third category or subset of building blocks/FPGA&#39;s  15  implements real-time matrix building. 
   With regard to the linear algebra processing units  15  included are FPGA&#39;s that respectively implement matrix addition, matrix subtraction, matrix transpose, matrix trace, matrix extraction (as to form or compute a minor, adjoin and cofactor), matrix multiplication (including inner product and direct/outer product), matrix determinant (indicating if singular), matrix inverse (if not singular), matrix decomposition (including solving eigen-values and eigen-vectors), matrix inertial and linear equation solvers. 
   In the preferred embodiment, a scalar is a 1 by 1 matrix (0-dimension tensor), and a vector is a 1 by N or N by 1 matrix (1-dimension tensor) and a planar matrix has 2-dimension tensor. Further the matrix inertial processing unit  15  outputs three numbers, namely the number of eigen values &gt;0, the number of eigen values=0 and those &lt;0. The matrix multiplication preferably follows the Winograd or similar suitable method. In matrix decomposition, use of Jacobian matrixes is preferred and output includes the diagonal, an eigen value matrix and a matrix of the corresponding eigen vectors. The decomposition may be performed using SVD (singular value decomposition), Cholesky&#39;s algorithm or the like. Using SVD the output is U, B, V where A=U T BV. Assuming a covariance matrix is already built, there will be situations whereby a new row needs to be added to the covariance matrix that corresponds to a new instrument and subsequently SVD decomposition is applied again. 
   Further the linear equation solvers preferably include implementation of Gauss-Jordan algorithm, Gauss elimination, Jordan elimination and various approximation algorithms (iterations, Seidal, relaxation and the like). 
   With regard to the statistical operations implemented by respective FPGA&#39;s  15 , preferably the random number generators generate an output in a matrix format with variables as rows and realizations as columns, or vice versa. There is a uniform distribution within (0,1) and a standard normal distribution (mean=0, standard deviation=1, skewness=0, kurtosis=3). In the variance-covariance and correlation (paired correlation, not the one through SVD) matrix construction, the exponential-weighted moving average algorithm is preferably used as follows. 
   To arrive at a variance-covariance matrix Σ, the element of the matrix is written as: 
                   σ     i   ,   j   ,   T     2     =         1   -   λ       1   -     λ     N   +   1           ⁢       ∑     t   =   0     N     ⁢       λ   t     ⁢     r     i   ,     T   -   t         ⁢     r     j   ,     T   -   t                       (   1   )               
When the decay factor λ is set to 0.9, one needs roughly 20-day historical data; for λ=0.99 roughly 250-days historical data is needed, depending upon resolution desired.
 
   Use the SVD decomposition to get the correlation matrix C, i.e., Σ=C T C, where C is from SVD (theoretically the same as principal component decomposition, for Σ is real and symmetric matrix). C=Λ 1/2 U, where Λ is the eigen-value matrix and U is the eigen-vector matrix. Note: Here, returns are log returns, i.e., r=ln(1+r total ). 
   In the preferred embodiment, the maximum likelihood estimator (processing unit  15 ) first estimates four parameters k, θ, σ, γ using the general equilibrium model detailed below. Second, when all four parameters are decided, the maximum likelihood estimator starts iterations day by day to simulate future interest rate paths using a random matrix. 
   Input includes: 
   (a) Historical interest rates (grid-level: 1 month, 3 month, 2 year, 5 year, 10 year) is a G×N matrix where G is the number of grid levels and N is the number of historical rates. This is for purposes of illustration, not limitation; G could be larger. 
   (b) Range and increments for the four parameters k, θ, σ, γ is (4*3=12) 
   (c) Number of forecast horizon days is D 
   (d) Number of simulations is S 
   (e) Default value for Δt is 1/365, i.e., year as the unit 
   Output is then: 
   (i) A G×D1 matrix, each row representing the grid level, and D1 representing the mean of expected value from simulations. 
   (ii) A G×D2 matrix, each row representing the grid level, and D2 representing the standard deviation of expected value from simulations. 
   (iii) Optionally a list (of K elements) G×S matrices. 
   General Equilibrium Model for interest rates forecast modeling 
   For a single term interest rate,
 
 r   t+1   −r   t   +k (θ− r   t )Δ t+σr   t   γ   z   t   √{square root over (Δt)}   (2)
 
where one needs to evaluate the four parameters k, θ, σ, γ, using historical data and maximum likelihood estimation. Note the correlated random number matrix z is a linear combination of standard normal variables, when considering the correlations among different term interest rates. That is, r should be a vector when representing a term structure, and each term has its own four parameters of k, θ, σ, γ.
 
   Z is calculated as U T *SQRT(B)*Normal distribution, i.e., correlation matrix decomposed from SVD decomposition multiplied by normal random number matrix. 
   Maximum likelihood estimation algorithm: 
   From equation (2), one knows: 
   The expectation:
 
 E[r   t+1   ]=r   t   +k (θ− r   t )Δ t   (3)
 
The standard deviation:
 
StdDev[ r   t+1   ]=σr   t   γ   √{square root over (Δt)}   (4)
 
Then the probability
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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   Trying N historical days, one gets a joint probability JP=p[r t−N ]p[r t−N+1 ] . . . p[r t−1 ], then select the combination of k, θ, σ, γ, which maximize JP. 
   It is noted that the above processing needs different seeds for each of the G grids, and a G X G covariance matrix needs building. If one has a 5×10,000 matrix for day 1, for the next day create a new random matrix of 5×10,000 (or reuse a previous random matrix in some way such as by shuffling) and use the simulated previous day grid values (G r values) to get the next day simulated results. 
   The goal is to have, for each day, for each grid, all the 10,000 simulated results, arranged in matrix format—a list of matrices. For example, assuming 30 days, one should see 30×5×100,000 double precision numbers. 
   Further, an example embodiment of the non-stationary correlation among time series processing unit  15  follows the algorithm (code) in Appendix I. 
   With regard to real time matrix building operations, respective building blocks FPGA&#39;s  15  implement Black-Scholes algorithm (routine or calculation) for option pricing, an algorithm for pricing mortgage backed securities and an algorithm for predicting interest rates. In the preferred embodiment, these FPGA&#39;s  15  receive as input real time TAQ (Trades and Quotes) data streams, time rate data feeds (e.g., from Reuters Company) and similar continuous data. Other input includes historical interest rates and/or historical foreign exchange rates. Output then includes a matrix of future foreign exchange rates and/or simulated future interest rates. Preferably future exchange rates are estimated through interest rates as follows. 
   Exchange Rates Modeling 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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   DC/FC means the ratio of domestic currency to foreign currency, and r D  and r F  mean the domestic and foreign term interest rates, respectively. 
   One knows spot exchange rate and uses the simulated results from equation (3) above for both domestic and foreign interest rates, so can arrive at future arbitrage-free exchange rates. If one cannot simulate the foreign interest rates because of data availability issues, then one has to reasonably estimate it. 
   Implied Volatility Modeling 
   If one has sufficient option pricing data, one can use Black-Scholes model to calculate the expected implied volatility. If not, one uses historical underlying return data and a standard deviation measure on it as the estimate of volatility as above in Equation (1). 
   Returning to  FIG. 1 , using the processing units/building blocks  15 , different application programs  11  of interest (e.g., financial applications) are built. In particular, known algorithms are used in conjunction with the present invention FPGA building blocks  15  to implement the following applications  11 :
         Portfolio VaR (Value at Risk) calculations   Portfolio Optimization   Alpha Back testing   Algorithm trading   Monte Carlo simulation       

   Other example financial applications utilizing building blocks  15  include multi-variant regression analysis and other analytical financial programs or processing routines. 
   Restated, each financial application  11  needs different ones of the FPGA building blocks  15 . API layer  14  enables a programmer to utilize the appropriate FPGA building blocks  15  to build a desired application  11 . Alternatively, the application  11  of interest may be programmed or “burned into” one or more of the FPGA&#39;s  15  on the PCI card/board  12 . 
   An example building block  15  is a pure random number generation model that can be used in a Monte Carlo simulation for example. Application  11  may utilize the random number output in conjunction with some matrix algebra that may vary from application to application in solving a specific problem. Initially, by way of non-limiting example, the following focuses on one specific problem, Value at Risk (VaR) for a number of portfolios, based on a covariance matrix. 
   Step One—Random Number Generation 
   Random number generation in accordance with the present invention has two parts:
         1. A C program that generates these random numbers—it may be useful to generate these random numbers based on different algorithms (e.g., the KCM algorithm) that are reflected in different C programs. (See, e.g., Chapman, “Fast integer multipliers fit in FPGAs,”  EDN Magazine , May 1994; and Boullis, et al., “Some Optimizations of Hardware Multiplication by Constant Matrices,” both of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their entireties).
 
and
   2. A number of random sequences—close to 14,000 sequences, with each sequence being around 100,000 observations.       

   There is no data involved in this process. All that is required is a simple C program that can be modified from application to application. A single program can be written with different functions that can be called, based on the argument (variable values, coefficients, etc.) that is passed. 
   Step Two—Covariance Matrix Generation—Once a Day 
   Data Size is: 
   
       
       
         
           6 GB—worst case (2.5 MB (each day for 80,000 securities)×10 (number of years)×252 (number of days)); 
           1 GB—best case (universe of securities is limited to about 14,000, which is more of the norm and more practical). 
         
       
     
  
   Program: Assuming that the universe of securities is limited to 14,000, the end result is a 14,000×14,000 matrix with each cell representing a double. Each cell is again created through a C program, and the process can be run in parallel since computation of a single cell in the above matrix is independent and all computations of cells use the above data set. 
   Step Three—Covariance Matrix Decomposition—Once a Day 
   A minimum of 10 runs of a C program that decomposes the above matrix—resulting in a 14,000×14,000 matrix each time. Each run also stores the decomposed matrices in a suitable memory, data store or the like. 
   Step Four—Portfolio Analysis 
   For portfolio analysis there are two possible scenarios: 
   1. batch mode; 
   2. interactive. 
   In both cases, inputs is a list of securities and their corresponding active weights. A C program uses data from Step 1, Step 2 and Step 4 to compute and generate portfolio analytics. In batch mode, analytics is done for multiple portfolios in parallel. 
   The above Steps 1 through 4 are essentially a definition of a specific problem that the present invention addresses through an FPGA (building blocks  15 ) solution. Though Steps 2 through 4 may change from applied problem to problem, Step 1 can be used as the common denominator for many such problems. Any design should consider flexibility in changes to C programs in all of the above steps in general and specifically to Step 1 in particular. 
   Pseudo code further illustrating the API layer  14  interaction with FPGA building blocks  15  and example financial applications  11  (specifically a multivariable attribution program and a VaR program calculation in Java) follow. 
   
     
       
         
             
             
           
             
                 
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
               KBSFPGAInterface.java 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               package com.kbs.fpga; 
             
             
               public interface KBSFPGAInterface 
             
             
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public DataSet UploadSecurityData(Vector securities, Matrix 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               secReturns); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public Matrix GenerateCovarianceMatrix(Vector securities, 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               DataSet dataset); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public Matrix GenerateRandomMatrix(int numOfRiskFactors, int 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               numOfScenarios); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public Matrix DecomposeCovarianceMatrix(Matrix 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               covarianceMatrix); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public Matrix GetReturnMatrix(Matrix 
             
             
                 
               decomposedCovarianceMatrix, 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Matrix randomMatrix); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public Matrix MultiplyMatrix(Matrix lhs, Matrix rhs); 
             
             
                 
               public Vector MultiVariateRegression(Matrix observations, 
             
             
                 
               Vector 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               targets); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public Matrix GaussJordanSolver(Matrix coefficients, Matrix 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               solutions); 
             
             
               } 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               mvattribution.java 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               import com.kbs.fpga.*; 
             
             
               public class mvattribution 
             
             
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public static void main(String args[ ]) 
             
             
                 
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               /* 
             
             
                 
                * Assume we have the observations for the various factors 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               (independent variables) and the target (dependent variable) available 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
                * Also, assume there is an implementation for the 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGAInterface called KBSFPGAInterfaceImplementation 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
                */ 
             
             
                 
               KBSFPGAInterface fpgaInterface = (KBSFPGAInterface) 
             
             
                 
               new 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGAInterfaceImplementation( ); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Matrix observations = 
             
             
                 
               Vision.getAlphaFactorObservations( ); 
             
             
                 
               Vector targets = Vision.getRegressionTargets( ); 
             
             
                 
               /* Multivariate Regression involves Matrix inversion 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               routines */ 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Vector coefficients = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               fpgaInterface.MultiVariateRegression(observations, targets); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               } 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               } 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               var.java 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               import com.kbs.fpga.*; 
             
             
               public class var 
             
             
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               public static void main(String args[ ]) 
             
             
                 
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               /* 
             
             
                 
                * Assume security data and return data for securities are 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               available from some repository, say - Vision 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
                * Also, assume there is an implementation for the 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGAInterface called KBSFPGAInterfaceImplementation 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
                */ 
             
             
                 
               KBSFPGAInterface fpgaInterface = (KBSFPGAInterface) 
             
             
                 
               new 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGAInterfaceImplementation( ); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Vector securities = Vision.getSecurities( ); 
             
             
                 
               Matrix secReturns = Vision.getSecReturnDataFor 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               (securities); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               DataSet dataset = fpgaInterface.UploadSecurityData 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               (securities, secReturns); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Vector portSecurities = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Vision.getSecuritiesInPortfolio(“MY_PORTFOLIO“); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Matrix covarianceMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               fpgaInterface.GenerateCovarianceMatrix(portSecurities, dataset); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Matrix zMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               fpgaInterface.GenerateRandomMatrix(portSecurities.length, 100000); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Matrix decomposedCovarianceMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               fpgaInterface.DecomposeCovarianceMatrix(covarianceMatrix); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Matrix returnMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               fpgaInterface.GetReturnMatrix(decomposedCovarianceMatrix, zMatrix); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               } 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               } 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   Further examples of pseudo code in other programming languages for building blocks  15 , API layer  14  and applications  11  are: 
   
     
       
         
             
             
           
             
                 
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
               kbsfpga.h 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               #ifndef _kbsfpga_h_included —   
             
             
               #define _kbsfpga_h_included —   
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to upload historical return data for a set of securities. 
             
             
                * Returns a handle to this security dataset. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* KBSFPGA_UploadSecurityData(Vector securities, Matrix 
             
             
               secReturns); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to generate the covariance matrix for securities in the 
             
             
               dataset. 
             
             
                * This covariance matrix is used as a lookup by the FPGA. 
             
             
                * Returns the ‘sub-matrix’ of covariances for securities. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* KBSFPGA_GenerateCovarianceMatix(Vector securities, void* 
             
             
               dataset); 
             
             
               void KBSFPGA_GenerateCovarianceMatix(Vector securities, void* 
             
             
               dataset, 
             
             
               Matrix* covarianceMatrix); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to generate a z-matrix i.e. a matrix of independent standard 
             
             
               normal distribution random numbers. 
             
             
                * The rows is determined by the numOfRiskFactors and the columns is 
             
             
               determined by the numOfScenarios. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* KBSFPGA_GenerateRandomMatrix(int numOfRiskFactors, int 
             
             
               numOfScenarios); 
             
             
               void KBSFPGA_GenerateRandomMatrix(int numOfRiskFactors, int 
             
             
               numOfScenarios, Matrix* randomMatrix); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to decompose the covariance matrix. 
             
             
                * The covariance matrix is decomposed using Singular Value 
             
             
               Decomposition (SVD). 
             
             
                * Returns the decomposed form - sqrt(s) transpose(u) of the 
             
             
               covariance matrix 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* KBSFPGA_DecomposeCovarianceMatrix(void* covarianceMatrix); 
             
             
               void KBSFPGA_DecomposeCovarianceMatrix(void* covarianceMatrix, 
             
             
               Matrix* 
             
             
               decomposedCovarianceMatrix); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to generate the 1-day return vector for the risk 
             
             
                factors. 
             
             
                * Returns the return vector for the different risk factors. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               Matrix KBSFPGA_GetReturnMatrix(void* 
             
             
               decomposedCovarianceMatrix, void* 
             
             
               randomMatrix); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to multiply two matrices. 
             
             
                * Returns the result of multiplying the two matrices. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* KBSFPGA_MultiplyMatrix(void* lhs, void* rhs); 
             
             
               void KBSFPGA_MultiplyMatrix(void* lhs, void* rhs, Matrix* result); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to perform multivariate regression. 
             
             
                * Returns the coefficients of the regression. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* KBSFPGA_MultiVariateRegression(Matrix observations, 
             
             
               Vector 
             
             
               targets); 
             
             
               void KBSFPGA_MultiVariateRegression(Matrix observations, 
             
             
               Vector 
             
             
               targets, Vector coefficients); 
             
             
               /* 
             
             
                * Used to solve a system of linear equations by Gauss-Jordan 
             
             
               elimination. 
             
             
                * We can also provide other methods that can solve a 
             
             
                system of linear 
             
             
               equations. 
             
             
                * Here Gauss-Jordan elimination method is provided as an example. 
             
             
                * Returns the work matrix. 
             
             
                */ 
             
             
               void* GaussJordanSolver(Matrix coefficients, Vector 
             
             
               solutions); 
             
             
               void GaussJordanSolver(Matrix coefficients, Vector solutions, 
             
             
               Matrix 
             
             
               workMatrix); 
             
             
               #endif 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               mvattribution.c 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               #include &lt;kbsfpga.h&gt; 
             
             
               int main( ) 
             
             
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               /* 
             
             
                 
                * Assume we have the observations for the various 
             
             
                 
                factors 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               (independent variables) and the target (dependent variable) available 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
                */ 
             
             
                 
               Matrix observations = getAlphaFactorObservations( ); 
             
             
                 
               Vector targets = getRegressionTargets( ); 
             
             
                 
               void* coefficients = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGA_MultiVariateRegression(observations, targets); 
             
             
               } 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               var.c 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               #include &lt;kbsfpga.h&gt; 
             
             
               int main( ) 
             
             
               { 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               /* 
             
             
                 
                * Assume security data and return data for securities are 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               available from some repository, say - Vision 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
                */ 
             
             
                 
               Vector securities = getSecurities( ); 
             
             
                 
               Matrix secReturns = getSecReturnDataFor(securities); 
             
             
                 
               void* dataset = KBSFPGA_UploadSecurityData(securities, 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               secReturns); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Vector portSecurities = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               getSecuritiesInPortfolio(“MY_PORTFOLIO”); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               void* covarianceMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGA_GenerateCovarianceMatrix(portSecurities, dataset); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               void* zMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGA_GenerateRandomMatrix(portSecurities.count, 100000); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               void* decomposedCovarianceMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGA_DecomposeCovarianceMatrix(covarianceMatrix); 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               Matrix returnMatrix = 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               KBSFPGA_GetReturnMatrix(decomposedCovarianceMatrix, zMatrix); 
             
             
               } 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   Referring back to  FIG. 1 , system  10  communicates to host computer through an I/O interface  13 . The host computer may be a computer node  60 ,  50  in a network of computers as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a generalized computer network or similar digital processing environment in which the present invention may be implemented. Client computer(s)/devices  50  and server computer(s)  60  provide processing, storage, and input/output devices executing application programs and the like. Client computer(s)/devices  50  can also be linked through communications network  70  to other computing devices, including other client devices/processes  50  and server computer(s)  60 . Communications network  70  can be part of a remote access network, a global network (e.g., the Internet), a worldwide collection of computers, Local area or Wide area networks, and gateways that currently use respective protocols (TCP/IP, Bluetooth, etc.) to communicate with one another. Other electronic device/computer network architectures are suitable. 
     FIG. 3  is a diagram of the internal structure of a computer (e.g., client processor/device  50  or server computers  60 ) in the computer system of  FIG. 2 . Each computer  50 ,  60  contains system bus  79 , where a bus is a set of hardware lines used for data transfer among the components of a computer or processing system. Bus  79  is essentially a shared conduit that connects different elements of a computer system (e.g., processor, disk storage, memory, input/output ports, network ports, etc.) that enables the transfer of information between the elements. Attached to system bus  79  is I/O device interface  82  for connecting various input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, displays, printers, speakers, etc.) to the computer  50 ,  60 . Network interface  86  allows the computer to connect to various other devices attached to a network (e.g., network  70  of  FIG. 2 ). Memory  90  provides volatile storage for computer software instructions  92  and data  94  used to implement an embodiment of the present invention (e.g., FPGA building blocks  15 , API&#39;s  14  and applications  11  detailed above). Disk storage  95  provides non-volatile storage for computer software instructions  92  and data  94  used to implement an embodiment of the present invention. Central processor unit (CPU)  84  is also attached to system bus  79  and provides for the execution of computer instructions. 
   In one embodiment, the processor routines  92  and data  94  are a computer program product (generally referenced  92 ), including a computer readable medium (e.g., a removable storage medium such as one or more DVD-ROM&#39;s, CD-ROM&#39;s, diskettes, tapes, etc.) that provides at least a portion of the software instructions for the invention system. Computer program product  92  can be installed by any suitable software installation procedure, as is well known in the art. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the software instructions may also be downloaded over a cable, communication and/or wireless connection. In other embodiments, the invention programs are a computer program propagated signal product  107  embodied on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., a radio wave, an infrared wave, a laser wave, a sound wave, or an electrical wave propagated over a global network such as the Internet, or other network(s)). Such carrier medium or signals provide at least a portion of the software instructions for the present invention routines/program  92 . 
   In alternate embodiments, the propagated signal is an analog carrier wave or digital signal carried on the propagated medium. For example, the propagated signal may be a digitized signal propagated over a global network (e.g., the Internet), a telecommunications network, or other network. In one embodiment, the propagated signal is a signal that is transmitted over the propagation medium over a period of time, such as the instructions for a software application sent in packets over a network over a period of milliseconds, seconds, minutes, or longer. In another embodiment, the computer readable medium of computer program product  92  is a propagation medium that the computer system  50  may receive and read, such as by receiving the propagation medium and identifying a propagated signal embodied in the propagation medium, as described above for computer program propagated signal product. 
   Generally speaking, the term “carrier medium” or transient carrier encompasses the foregoing transient signals, propagated signals, propagated medium, storage medium and the like. 
   In other embodiments, building blocks  15  may be distributed on one or more computers  50 ,  60 . Alternatively, a computer node  50 ,  60  may be dedicated to a respective building block  15 . Further, one or more PCI cards/boards  12  may be employed to carry the FPGA building blocks  15 . Accordingly, a computer  50 ,  60  may be customized having certain PCI cards/boards  12  with desired ones of the FPGA building blocks  15 . 
   Illustrated in  FIG. 4  is yet another embodiment of the present invention. Presented is a computer system  40  having a mother board  42  carrying a CPU  30 , typical SCSI interface  32  (for I/O and network communications) and working or storage memory  46 . Also coupled to or otherwise carried on mother board  42  is a plurality of PCI boards  12  holding invention FPGA&#39;s/processing units  15 . Preferably there are sixteen PCI boards  12  and each PCI board  12  holds four FPGA&#39;s  15 . The FPGA&#39;s are programmed as described above to respectively implement fundamental algebraic operations, statistical operations and real time matrix building operations employed by desired applications for financial or other computing, quantitative analyses and the like. 
   In some embodiments computer system  40  employs a Windows™ (Microsoft) operating system and in other embodiments a Linux operating system. Other operating systems and board configurations are suitable. 
   While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 
   Other configurations, combinations and computer architectures (stand alone or networked) are suitable and in the purview of one skilled in the art given the foregoing description. 
   APPENDIX I 
   
       
       /*PROC JOHANSEN 
       Pedro J. F. de Lima, May 1993 
       Department of Economics, The Johns Hopkins University
       This code is written and submitted for public, non-commercial use.   There are no performance guarantees.   Please acknowledge this code (and its author)   if you find it useful in your own work   
     
       FORMAT
       {tr, 1_max, z}=johansen (levels, nlags);   
     
       INPUT
       levels—levels of N series to test for cointegration   nlags—number of lags in the VAR specification   
     
       OUTPUT
       tr—Trace Statistic, for the hypothesis that there are at most q=0, 1, 2, . . . , n−1 cointegrating vectors against the completely unrestricted VAR(P) model.
           That is Ho: r&lt;=q H1: 0&lt;=q&lt;n.   
           1-max—1 max statistic for the null hypothesis that there are at most r&lt;=q cointegrating vectors (q=0, 1, . . . , n−1) against the alternative that only one additional cointegrating vector exists.   z—N×N*3 matrix with the following three N×N matrices:
           —E=N×N matrix of normalized eigenvectors (E&#39;Spp E=I), the first column of E giving the eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue and so on.   —S00=N×N matrix with the product moment matrix S00   —S0p=N×N matrix with the product moment matrix S0p   
           These matrices are required to compute the cointegrating vectors á, the parameters à, the long run matrix ã=àá, and the variance matrix of the residuals, once r, the # of cointegrating vectors, is defined.   
     
     
  
   See the procedure COINTEGR
     */   proc (3)-johansen(levels,p);   local N,T,diff,x,i,y0t,ypt,q,r0t,rpt,s00,s0p,sp00,spp,c,cc, lamda,vlambda,lr;   N=cols(levels);   T=rows(levels);   diff=(levels-lag1(levels));   x=diff;   i=1;do while i&lt;=p−1;   x=x˜lagn(diff,i);   i=i+1;   endo;   x=packr(x);   y0t=x[.,1:N];   ypt=packr(lagn(levels,p));   x=x[.,N+1:p*N];   q=invpd(x′x);   R0t=y0t−x*q*x′y0t;   Rpt=ypt−x*q*x′ypt;   s00=r0t′r0t/T;   s0p=r0t′rpt/T;   sp0=s0p′;   spp=rpt′rpt/T;   c=chol(spp)′;   c=inv(c);   {lambda, vlambda}=eigrs2(cc*sp0*invpd(s00)*s0p*cc′);   retp(rev(−T*cumsumc(ln(1-lambda))),rev(-T*1n(1-lambda)), (rev((cc′vlambda)′)′)˜s00˜s0p);   endp;   /*PROC CI_VEC   Pedro J. F. de Lima, May 1993   Department of Economics, The Johns Hopkins University   FORMAT
       {beta, alpha, lrun, omega}=ci_vec(mat,r);   
       INPUT
       mat—n×3n matrix=to various as defined in proc johansen   r—number of cointegrating vectors   
       OUTPUT
       beta-estimate of the cointegrating vector á.   alpha-estimate of à.   Irun-estimate of the long run matrix ã=áà   omega-estimate of ê, the variance matrix of the VAR(P) innovations   
       */   proc (4)=ci_vec(mat,r);   local e,n,beta,alpha;   beta=mat[.,1:r];   n=rows(mat);   alpha=−mat[.,2*n+1:3*n]*beta;   retp(beta,alpha,−mat[.,2*n+1:3*n]*beta*beta′,mat[.,n+1:2*n]-alpha*alpha′); endp;