Patent Publication Number: US-2023149399-A1

Title: Treatment of cancer, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/049,948, filed Jul. 9, 2020, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the United States alone, it is estimated that in 2020, more than 1.8 million new cancer cases will be diagnosed and more than 600,000 lives will be lost due to cancer. Cancer affects a large portion of the population about 40% of people in the US will develop cancer in their lifetime. See “Cancer Costs and Figures” by the American Cancer Society. Inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases also afflict millions of people worldwide and remain a significant threat to people&#39;s health. While substantial progress in the treatment of these diseases have been made in recent years, there are still needs for identifying new methods for treating, preventing or reducing risk of developing cancer, inflammatory disease or autoimmune disease. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Each of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII; XIII, XIV or XV; Compounds 1-35, 37-39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47-97, 98-123, 124a, 124b, 125-213, Va-Vz, Vaa-Vii, VIa-VIy, XILIa-XIIIz, XIVa or XVa-XVin; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, as disclosed herein, is a “compound of the invention”. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein 
     Hal is —Cl, or —Br; 
     x is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 1  is independently —Cl, —F, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O— C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CN, —CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C═CCH 2 OH; 
     y is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 2  is independently —Cl, —F, —Br, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C═CCH 2 OH; 
     R 3  is —H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-phenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —C 2 -C 6  alkenyl), —C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-C(O)R 4 . —(C 1 -C 6 alkylene)-R 5 , 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 4  is —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH), —NH((C 1 -C 6 alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-CN), —N(C 1 -C 6  (alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; 
     b is an integer ranging from 0 to 8; 
     c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention also provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; 
     x is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 1  is independently —Cl, —F, —I, —Br, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CN, —CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C≡CCH 2 OH; 
     R 3  is —H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-phenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —(C 1 -C 6  alkenyl, —C 2 -C 6  alkylene)-C(O)R 4 , —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-R 5 . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 4  is —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 6  aklyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-CN), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)(((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; 
     b is an integer ranging from 0 to 8; 
     c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; 
     R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and 
     each R 6  and R 7  is independently —H or —I, wherein at least one of R 6  and R 7  is —I, and wherein when R 3  is —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, then R 7  is —H; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of Compound 46, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering, to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula IV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula V: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 1  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 2  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; and 
     a is 0, 1, or 2; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula VI: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 3  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b is 0 or 1; and 
     c is 1 or 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula VII: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 4  is —I; 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XIII: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 5  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 6  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br, and 
     a is 0, 1, or 2; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XIV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 7  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b is 0 or 1; and 
     c is 1 or 2: 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 8  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any of Compounds 44, 112, 113, and 116-123, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating cancer, preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of Compound 114 or 115, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein 
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; 
     x is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 1  is independently —Cl, —F, —I, —Br, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CN, —CR 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C≡CCH 2 OH; 
     y is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 2  is independently —Cl, —F, —Br, —C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CN, —CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C≡CCH 2 OH; 
     R 3  is —H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-phenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-C(O)R 4 , —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-R 5 , 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 6  is —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH), —NH((—(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —N((—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-CN), —N(—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((—(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —NH(—(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; 
     b is an integer ranging from 0 to 8; 
     c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; and 
     R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; 
     x is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 1  is independently —Cl, —F, —I, —Br, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CN, —CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C≡CCH 2 OH; 
     R 3  is —H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-phenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-C(O)R 4 , —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-R 5 , 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 4  is —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-CN), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; 
     b is an integer ranging from 0 to 8; 
     c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; 
     R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and 
     each R 6  and R 7  is independently —H or —I, wherein at least one of R 6  and R 7  is —I, and wherein when R 3  is —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, then R 7  is —H. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of Compound 46, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula IV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula V: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 1  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 2  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; and 
     a is 0, 1, or 2. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula VI: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 3  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b is 0 or 1, and 
     c is 1 or 2. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula VII: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 4  is —I; 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XIII: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 5  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 6  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —Im or —Br; and 
     a is 0, 1, or 2. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XIV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 7  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b is 0 or 1; and 
     c is 1 or 2. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 
     R 8  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any of Compounds 44, 112, 113, and 116-123, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of Compound 114 or Compound 115, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Definitions 
     The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon group. Illustrative alkyl groups include —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 —CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —C(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 C(CF 13 ) 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2  and —CH(CH 3 )C(CH 3 ) 3  groups. 
     The term “alkylene” refers to an alkyl group bonded to another atom or group. Illustrative alkylene groups include —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH(CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 — and —C(CH 3 ) 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 — groups. 
     The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon group having one or more double bonds. Illustrative alkenyl groups include —CH═CH 2 , —CH 2 CH═CH 2 , cis —CH═CHCH 3 , trans —CH═CHCH 3 , —C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , cis —CH═CHCH 2 CH 3 , trans —CH═CHCH 2 CH 3 , cis —CH 2 CH═CHCH 3 , trans —CH 2 CH═CHCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH—CH 2 , cis —CH—CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , trans —CH═CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , cis —CH 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 3 , trans —CH 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH═CH 2 , —CH 2 CH═C(CH 3 ) 2 , cis —CH═CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CCH 3 , trans —CH═CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , cis —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 3 , trans —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH═CH 2 , and —CH 2 CH 2 CH═C(CH 3 ) 2 , groups. 
     The word “about” when immediately preceding a numerical value means a range of plus or minus 10% of that value, e.g., “about 100 mg” means 90 rig to 110 mg, “about 300 mg” means 270 mg to 330 mg, etc. 
     Abbreviations 
     
         
         DCM dichlorotnethane 
         DEAD diethyl azodicarboxylate 
         DIPEA diisopropylethylamine 
         DMF dimethylformamide 
         DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide 
         ESI Electrospray ionization 
         ESI-TOF Electrospray ionization-Time-of-flight 
         HATU 2-(7-Aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate 
         HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography 
         LCMS Liquid Chromatography-mass spectrometry 
         LDA lithium diisopropyl amide 
         m/z Mass-to-charge ratio 
         MS Mass spectrometry 
         R 1  Retention time 
         TFA trifluoroacetic acid 
         THF tetrahydrofuran 
       
    
     The term “effective amount” means an amount of a compound of the invention that is effective to treat or prevent cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or to lower risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, where another therapeutic or prophylactic agent is administered prior to, subsequent to or concurrently with administration of a compound of the invention, the “effective amount” is the total amount of (i) the compound of the invention and (ii) the other therapeutic or prophylactic agent that is effective to treat or prevent cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or to lower risk developing of cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease. 
     A “subject” is a mammal, including a species-rich order, e.g., a primate, such as a human; a Rodentia species, such as a mouse, a rat or a guinea pig; a Carnivora species such as a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, Felts sp., e.g., a cat, weasel, bear or seal; a non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, baboon or rhesus; a  Chiroptera  species, such as a bat; a  Soricomorpha  species, such as a shrew, mole or solenodon; and a  Cetartiodactyla  species, such as a whale. In one embodiment, the subject is a human. In another embodiment, the human is a human fetus. 
     Compounds of the Invention 
     Compounds of Formula I 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
 
wherein R is fluoro, chloro, iodo, methyl, methoxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, or —(CO)NH(CH 3 ).
 
     In one embodiment, R of Formula I is in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In one embodiment. R of Formula I is in the meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In one embodiment, R of Formula I is in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     Compounds of Formula II 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; 
     x is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 1  is independently —Cl, —F, —I, —Br, —C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —CN, —CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C═CCH 2 OH; 
     y is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 2  is independently —Cl, —F, —Br, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —CN, CF 3 , —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C═CCH 2 OH; 
     R 3  is —H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH, —(C 1 -C 6 alkylene)-phenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 alkylene)-C(O)R 4 , —(C 1 -C 6 alkylene)-R 5 , 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 4  is —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH), —NH((C 1 -C 6 alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-CN), —N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; 
     b is an integer ranging from 0 to 8; 
     c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; and 
     R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, Hal is —Cl. In yet another embodiment, x and y are 0. 
     In certain embodiments, x and Y are 0, x is 0 and is 1, x is 1 and y is 2, x is 1 and y is 0, x is 1 and v is 1, x is 1 and y is 2, x is 2 and y is 0, x is 2 and y is 1, or x is 2 and y is 2. 
     In certain embodiments, Hal is —Cl and: x and y are 0, x is 0 and y is 1, x is 1 and y is 2, x is 1 and y is 0, x is 1 and Y is 1, x is 1 and Y is 2, x is 2 and y is 0, x is 2 and y is 1, or x is 2 and y is 2. 
     In particular embodiments, x is 1 and R 1  is in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In certain embodiments, x is 1 and R 1  is in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In further embodiments, x is 1 and R 1  is in the meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In particular embodiments, y is 1 and R 2  is in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In certain embodiments, y is 1 and R 2  is in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In further embodiments, y is 1 and R 2  is in the meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In particular embodiments, x is 2 and R 1  is in the ortho and meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In certain embodiments, x is 2 and R 1  is in the ortho and para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In further embodiments, x is 2 and R 1  is in the para and meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In particular embodiments, y is 2 and R 2  is in the ortho and meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In certain embodiments, y is 2 and R 2  is in the ortho and para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In further embodiments, y is 2 and R 2  is in the para and meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In yet other embodiments, R 1  is chloro. In certain embodiments, R 1  is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R 1  is iodo. In other embodiments, R 1  is —Br. In further embodiments, R is —OCH 3 . In other embodiments, R 1  is —CH 3 . In yet other embodiments. R 1  is —C(O)N(H)CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R is —CF 3 . In further embodiments, R 1  is —CN. In additional embodiments, R 1  is —C═CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, x is 1 or 2, and R 1  is —Cl, —F, —Br, —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —C(O)N(H)CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CN or —C═CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, Hal is —Cl, x is 1 or 2, and R 1  is —F, —Br, —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —C(O)N(H)CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CN or —C≡CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, R 2  is —Cl. In certain embodiments, R 2  is —F. In other embodiments, R 2  is —Br. In further embodiments, R 2  is —OCH 3 . In other embodiments, R 2  is —CH 3 . In yet other embodiments, R 2  is —C(O)N(H)CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 2  is —CF 3 . In further embodiments, R 2  is —CN. In additional embodiments, R 2  is —C═CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, y is 1 or 2, and R 2  is —Cl, —F, —Br, —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —C(O)N(H)CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CN or —C≡CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, Hal is —Cl, y is 1 or 2, and R 2  is —Cl, —F, —Br, —OCH 3 , 
     —CH 3 , —C(O)N(H)CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CN or —C═CCH 2 OH. 
     In particular embodiments. R 3  is —H. In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 3 . In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH 3 . In still further embodiments, R 3  is —CHCH 2 . In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH 2 OH. In particular embodiments. R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 C 6 H 5 . In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)OH. In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ). 
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 3 N(CH 3 ) 2 ). In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(CH 3 )CH 2 CN. In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)NH 2 . In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 2 OH). In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 ). In still further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 OH. In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 . In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 . In still further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH 2 OH. In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH. 
     In further embodiments, R 1  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments. R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is, —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments of the invention, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments of the invention, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, invention, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, a is an integer ranging from 0 to 5. In some embodiments, b is an integer ranging from 0 to 4. In some embodiments, c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6. 
     Illustrative Compounds of Formula II 
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula II has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula III 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br, 
     x is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; 
     each R 1  is independently —Cl, —F, —I, —Br, —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 3  alkyl; —CN; —CF 3 . —C(O)NH(CH 3 ), or —C═CCH 2 OH; 
     R 3  is —H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-phenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-C(O)R 4 , —(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-R 5 , 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 4  is —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —NH(—(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-OH), —NH(—(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —N—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-CN), —N—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl)((C 1 -C 6  alkylene)N(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) 2 ), —NH—(C 1 -C 6  alkylene)-O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; 
     b is an integer ranging from 0 to 8; 
     c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; 
     R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each R 6  and R 7  is independently —H or —I, wherein at least one of R 6  and R 7  is —I, and 
     wherein when R 3  is —C 1 -C 3  alkyl, R 7  is —H. 
     In certain embodiments, one R 6  in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system is iodo and the remaining R 6  and R 7  groups are hydrogen. In other embodiments, one R 6  in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system is iodo and the remaining R 6  and R 7  groups are hydrogen. In further embodiments, one R 6  in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system and one R 6  in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system are iodo and the remaining R 6  and R 7  groups are hydrogen. In further embodiments, the two R 6  groups in the ortho positions relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system and one R 6  in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system are iodo and the remaining R 6  and R 7  groups are hydrogen. In further embodiments, the two R 6  groups in the para positions relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system and one R 6  in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system are iodo and the remaining R 6  and R 7  are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, all R 6  groups are iodo and R 7  is hydrogen. In yet further embodiments, R 7  is iodo and the R 6  groups are hydrogen. 
     In a particular embodiment, one R 6  in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system is iodo and R 3  is —CH 3 . 
     In certain embodiments, Hal is —Cl. In yet another embodiment, x is 0. In another embodiment, x is 1. In a certain embodiments, x is 2. 
     In particular embodiments, x is 1 and R 1  is in the ortho position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In certain embodiments, x is 1 and R 1  is in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In further embodiments, x is 1 and R 1  is in the meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In particular embodiments, x is 2 and R 1  is in the ortho and meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In certain embodiments, x is 2 and R 1  is in the ortho and para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In further embodiments, x is 2 and R 1  is in the para and meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In yet other embodiments, R 1  is —Cl. In certain embodiments, R 1  is —F. In certain embodiments. R 1  is —I. In further embodiments, R 1  is —OCH 3 . In other embodiments, R 1  is —CH 3 . In yet other embodiments, R 1  is —C(O)N(H)CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1  is —CF 3 . In further embodiments, R 1  is —CN. In additional embodiments, R 1  is —C═CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, x is 1 or 2, and R 1  is —Cl, —F, —Br, —I, —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —C(O)N(H)CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CN or —C≡CCH 2 OH. 
     In yet other embodiments, Hal is x is 1 or 2, and R 1  is —Cl, —F, —Br, —I, —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —C(O)N(H)CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CN or 
     In particular embodiments. R 3  is —H. In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 3 . In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH 3 . In still further embodiments. R 3  is —CHCH 2 . In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH 2 OH. In particular embodiments. R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 C 6 H 5 . In other embodiments, R is —CH 2 C(O)OH. In yet other embodiments. R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ). In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 3 N(CH 3 ) 2 ). In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(CH 3 )CH 2 CN. In particular embodiments. R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)NH 2 . In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 2 OH). In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)N(H)((CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 ). In still further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 OH. In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 . In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 . In still further embodiments, R is —CH 2 CH 2 OH. In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CF(CH 3 )CH 2 OH. 
     In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 1  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments of the invention, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments of the invention, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments of the invention, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 3  is —CH 2 C(O)R 4  and R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, invention, R 3  is —(CH 2 ) 2 R 5  and R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, a is an integer ranging from 0 to 5. In some embodiments, b is an integer ranging from 0 to 4. In some embodiments, c is an integer ranging from 0 to 6. 
     In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula III is Compound 3, which has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula IV 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula IV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 8  is —C 1 -C 3  alkyl. 
     In certain embodiments of the invention, R 8  is —CH 3 , in yet further embodiments of the invention, R 8  is —CH 2 CH 3 . In other embodiments of the invention, R 8  is CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 . In other embodiments of the invention. R 8  is —CH(CH 3 ) 2 . 
     In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is Compound 43, which has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula V 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing, risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula V: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 1  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 2  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; and
         a is 0, 1, or 2.       

     In particular embodiments, R 1  is —I. In other embodiments, R 1  is —H. In yet other embodiments, R 1  is —CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1  is —CF 3 . 
     In yet other embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 2  is —H. In yet other embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a=1, and Hal is —F. 
     In certain embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 2  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, when a is 2, each Hal is the same or different. 
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula V has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula VI 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula VI: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 3  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b is 0 or 1; and 
     c is 1 or 2. 
     In particular embodiments, b is 0. In other embodiments b is 1 and the —F is in the meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In yet other embodiments b is 1 and the —F is in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In particular embodiments R 3  is —CF 3 . In certain embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and c=1. In still further embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and c=2. In yet other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula VI has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula VII 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula VII: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 4  is —I; 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 4  is —I (iodo). In particular embodiments R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 4  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula VII has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula XIII 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XIII: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 5  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 6  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hal is —Cl, —F, —I, or —Br; and 
     a is 0, 1, or 2. 
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is —I. In other embodiments, R 5  is —H. In yet other embodiments, R 5  is —CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 5  is —CF 3 . 
     In yet other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 5  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and a=0. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII s a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, R 6  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments, when a is 2, each Hal is the same or different. 
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula XIII has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In other embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds of Formula XIV 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XIV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 7  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     b is 0 or 1; and 
     c is 1 or 2. 
     In particular embodiments, b is 0. In other embodiments b is 1 and the —F is in the meta position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. In yet other embodiments b is 1 and the —F is in the para position relative to the pyrazolopyridazino ring system. 
     In particular embodiments R 7  is —CF 3 . In certain embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in certain embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and c=1. In still further embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and c=2. In yet other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 7  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula XIV has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds of Formula XV 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula XV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 
     wherein R 8  is: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In particular embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In other embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet other embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In further embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In still further embodiments R 8  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments the compound of Formula XV has the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 
     Other Compounds 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Non-Pyrazolopyridazine Compounds 
     A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Table below is a non-pyrazolopyridazine compound. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides non-pyrazolopyridazine compounds. In a further embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, or for reducing risk of developing cancer, an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a non-Pyrazolopyridazine compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Non-Pyrazolopyridazine compounds of the invention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Com- 
                   
               
               
                 pound 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Structure 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 175 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 176 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 177 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 179 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 180 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 182 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 183 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 184 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 185 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 186 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 187 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 188 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 189 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
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     Some of the compounds disclosed herein, for example, Compounds 44, 63, 72, 74, 83, 88, 89, 98-101, 111, 124a, 124b, Vp, Vq, Vt, VIj, VIt, VIu, VIx, VIy, XIIIa, MIIIe, XIIIf, XIIIg, XIIIh, XIIIi XIIIv, and XIIIw are depicted having a bold or hatched wedge, indicating absolute stereochemistry. 
     In some embodiments, each of one or more hydrogen atoms of a compound of the invention is replaced with a deuterium atom. 
     The compounds of the invention can be in the form of a salt. In some embodiments, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, for example, acid-addition salts and base-addition salts. The acid that forms an acid-addition salt can be an organic acid or an inorganic acid. A base that forms a base-addition salt can be an organic base or an inorganic base. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a metal salt. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an ammonium salt. 
     Acid-addition salts can arise from the addition of an acid to the free-base form of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the acid is organic. In some embodiments, the acid is inorganic. Non-limiting examples of suitable acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, a phosphoric acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, gentisinic acid, gluconic acid, glucaronic acid, saccaric acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, glutamic acid, pantothenic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, glycolic acid, malic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, phenylacetic acid, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2-phosphoglyceric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, glucose-6-phosphoric acid, and an amino acid. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable acid-addition salts include a hydrochloride salt, a hydrobromide salt, a hydroiodide salt, a nitrate salt, a nitrite salt, a sulfate salt, a sulfite salt, a phosphate salt, a hydrogen phosphate salt, a dihydrogen phosphate salt, a carbonate salt, a bicarbonate salt, a nicotinate salt, an isonicotinate salt, a lactate salt, a salicylate salt, a 4-aminosalicylate salt, a tartrate salt, an ascorbate salt, a gentisinate salt, a gluconate salt, a glucaronate salt, a saccarate salt, a formate salt, a benzoate salt, a glutamate salt, a pantothenate salt, an acetate salt, a propionate salt, a butyrate salt, a fumarate salt, a succinate salt, a citrate salt, an oxalate salt, a maleate salt, a hydroxymaleate salt, a methylmaleate salt, a glycolate salt, a malate salt, a cinnamate salt, a mandelate salt, a 2-phenoxybenzoate salt, a 2-acetoxybenzoate salt, an embonate salt, a phenylacetate salt, an N-cyclohexylsulfamate salt, a methanesulfonate salt, an ethanesulfonate salt, a benzenesulfonate salt, a p-toluenesulfonate salt, a 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate salt, an ethane-1,2-disulfonate salt, a 4-methylbenzenesulfonate salt, a naphthalene-2-sulfonate salt, a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate salt, a 2-phosphoglycerate salt, a 3-phosphoglycerate salt, a glucose-6-phosphate salt, and an amino acid salt. 
     Metal salts can arise from the addition of an inorganic base to a compound of the invention having a carboxyl group. The inorganic base consists of a metal cation paired with a basic counterion, such as, for example, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or phosphate. The metal can be an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, or main group metal. Non-limiting examples of suitable metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, cerium, magnesium, manganese, iron, calcium, strontium, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, copper, cadmium, and zinc. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable metal salts include a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a cesium salt, a cerium salt, a magnesium salt, a manganese salt, an iron salt, a calcium salt, a strontium salt, a cobalt salt, a titanium salt, an aluminum salt, a copper salt, a cadmium salt, and a zinc salt. 
     Ammonium salts can arise from the addition of ammonia or an organic amine to a compound of the invention having a carboxyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable organic amines include triethyl amine, diisopropyl amine, ethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, morpholine. N-methylmorpholine, piperidine, N-methylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, dibenzyl amine, piperazine, pyridine, pyrrazole, imidazole, pyrazine, pipyrazine, ethylenediamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylene diamine, procaine, chloroprocaine, choline, dicyclohexyl amine, and N-methylglucamine. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable ammonium salts include is a triethylammonium salt, a diisopropylammonium salt, an ethanolammonium salt, a diethanolammonium salt, a triethanol ammonium salt, a morpholinium salt, an N-methylmorpholinium salt, a piperidinium salt, an N-methylpiperidinium salt, an N-ethylpiperidinium salt, a dibenzylammonium salt, a piperazinium salt, a pyridinium salt, a pyrrazolium salt, an imidazolium salt, a pyrazinium salt, an ethylenediammonium salt, an N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium salt, a procaine salt, a chloroprocaine salt, a choline salt, a dicyclohexylammonium salt, and a N-methylglucamine salt. 
     Methods for Treatment or Prevention 
     The present invention provides methods for treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, and in some embodiments, the subject is a felts sp., e.g., a cat. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The present invention provides methods for preventing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, and in some embodiments, the subject is a  Felis  sp., e.g., a cat. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The present invention provides methods for reducing risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, and in some embodiments, the subject is a  Felis  sp., e.g., a cat. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, colorectal cancer is colorectal adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, primary colorectal lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma of the colon or the rectum, or melanoma of the colon or the rectum. 
     In some embodiments, glioblastoma is primary glioblastoma or secondary glioblastoma. 
     In some embodiments, lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), lung carcinoid tumor, adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lungs, lymphoma of the lungs, or sarcoma of the lungs. In some embodiments, NSCLC is adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma or sarcomatoid carcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, ovarian cancer is epithelial ovarian carcinoma, an ovarian germ cell tumor, an ovarian stromal tumor, primary peritoneal carcinoma (also known as extra-ovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma or serous surface papillary carcinoma), or fallopian tube cancer. In some embodiments, epithelial ovarian carcinoma is serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma. In some embodiments, epithelial ovarian carcinoma is Grade 1 epithelial ovarian carcinoma or Grade 3 epithelial ovarian carcinoma. In some embodiments, the ovarian germ cell tumor is a teratoma, dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumor, or choriocarcinoma. In some embodiments, the ovarian stromal tumor is a granulosa cell tumor, granulosa-theca tumor, or Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. 
     In some embodiments, pancreatic cancer is cancer of the exocrine pancreas or ampullary cancer. In some embodiments, cancer of the exocrine pancreas is pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an adenosquamous carcinoma, a squamous cell carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, or undifferentiated carcinoma with giant cells. In some embodiments, pancreatic cancer is pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or adenosquamous carcinoma (also known as mixed carcinoma). In some embodiments, cervical cancer is melanoma developed in the cervix, sarcoma developed in the cervix, or lymphoma developed in the cervix. 
     In some embodiments, prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, a neuroendocrine tumor (other than a small cell carcinoma), transitional cell carcinoma, or sarcoma. In some embodiments, prostate cancer is prostatic adenocarcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, breast cancer is invasive breast cancer, noninvasive breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer, sarcoma of the breast, metaplastic carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, phyllodes tumor or angiosarcoma. In some embodiments, breast cancer is estrogen-positive, HER2-positive, or triple-negative. 
     In some embodiments, gastric cancer (also known as stomach cancer) is gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), a carcinoid tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, or leiomyosarcoma. In some embodiments, gastric cancer is gastric adenocarcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, head and neck cancer is head and neck squamous cell cancer. In some embodiments, head and neck cancer is cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the hyarynx, cancer of the larynx, cancer of the paranasal sinuses, cancer of the nasal cavity, or cancer of the salivary glands. In some embodiments, head and neck cancer is metastatic squamous neck cancer with unknown (occult) primary. 
     In some embodiments, liver cancer is primary liver cancer or secondary liver cancer (also known as metastatic liver cancer). In some embodiments, primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer), angiosarcoma of the liver, hemangiosarcoma of the liver, or hepatoblastoma. 
     In some embodiments, melanoma is skin melanoma. In some embodiments, skin melanoma is superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, or acral lentiginous melanoma. In some embodiments, melanoma is melanoma formed in the eyes, mouth, genitals, or anal area. 
     In some embodiments, lymphopoietic cancer is lymphosarcoma, reticulosarcoma, Hodgkin&#39;s disease, leukaemia, aleukaemia, or cancer of the lymphatic tissue. 
     In some embodiments, hematopoietic cancer is leukemia, lymphoma or myeloma. In some embodiments, hematopoietic cancer is non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma (NHL), Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma (BL), multiple myeloma (MM), B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), B and T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), T cell lymphoma (TCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), Hodgkin&#39;s Lymphoma (HL), or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). 
     In some embodiments, soft tissue cancer is angiosarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, epithelioid sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, myxofibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor, synovial sarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, adult fibrosarcoma, alveolar soft-part sarcoma, clear cell sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, fibromyxoid sarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma, or malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. In some embodiments, angiosarcoma is hemangiosarcoma or lymphangiosarcoma. In some embodiments, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is neurofibrosarcoma, malignant schwannoma, or neurogenic sarcoma. 
     In some embodiments, the osteosarcoma (also known as osteogenic sarcoma) is osteoblastic osteosarcoma, chondroblastic osteosarcoma, fibroblastic osteosarcoma, cell vsarcoma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma, high-grade surface (juxtacortical high grade) osteosarcoma, pagetoid osteosarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma, post-radiation osteosarcoma, periosteal Juxtacortical intermediate grade) osteosarcoma, parosteal (juxtacortical low grade) osteosarcoma, or intramedullary or intraosseous well differentiated osteosarcoma. 
     In some embodiments, the methods fir treating osteosarcoma, preventing osteosarcoma, or reducing risk of developing osteosarcoma is in a  Canis  sp, e.g., a dog. In some embodiments, the dog weighs about 10 pounds or greater, about 30 pounds or greater, about 50 pounds or greater, or about 110 pounds or greater. In some embodiments, the dog is of the breed or mixture comprising the breed of Irish Wolfhound, Greyhound, Akbash, Saint Bernard, Leonberger, Rottweiler, Caucasian Ovtcharka, Scottish Deerhound, Curly-Coated Retriever, Anatolian Shepherd, Mastiff, Great Pyrenees, Tosa (Japanese Mastiff), Great Dane, Flat-Coated Retriever, Mastiff (Bull), Brazilian Fila, Irish Setter, Irish Water Spaniel, Mastiff (Tibetian), Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Great Dane, Boxers, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, Bernese Mountain dog, Samoyed, Borzoi, Weimaraner, Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel, or Cairn Terrier. In some embodiments, the dog&#39;s age is in the range of about 4 to about 18 years old. In some embodiment, the dog&#39;s age is in the range of about 5 to about 14 years old. 
     In some embodiments, cancer is characterized by one or more mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) or breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes, and encode proteins involved in DNA damage repair. Mutations that alter expression or activity of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 proteins may lead to the accumulation of genetic alterations in a cell, and can lead to cancer in a subject. Such mutations are referred to herein as “disease-associated mutations.” In some embodiments, the cancer is characterized one or more mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In some embodiments, the cancer is characterized one or more mutations in BRCA1 gene but has no mutations in BRCA2 gene. In some embodiments, the cancer is characterized one or more mutations in BRCA2 gene but has no mutations in BRCA1 gene. In some embodiments, the cancer has no mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. 
     In some embodiments, cancer is characterized by one or more disease-associated mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. In some embodiments, cancer is characterized by one or more disease-associated mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. In some embodiments, cancer is characterized by one or more disease-associated mutations in BRCA1 but harbors no disease-associated mutations in BRCA2. In some embodiments, cancer is characterized by one or more disease-associated mutations in BRCA2 but harbors no disease-associated mutations in BRCA1. In some embodiments, cancer is characterized by one or more disease-associated mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. 
     In some embodiments, cancer has one or more deficiencies in BRCA1 or BRCA2. In some embodiments, cancer has one or more deficiencies in BRCA1 and BRCA2. In some embodiments, cancer has one or more deficiencies in BRCA1 but harbors no deficiencies BRCA2. In some embodiments, cancer has one or more deficiencies in BRCA2 but harbors no deficiencies BRCA1. In some embodiments, cancer has no deficiencies in BRCA1 or BRCA2. 
     In some embodiments, cancer is BRCA-driven cancer. In some embodiments, cancer is BRCA1-driven cancer. In some embodiments, cancer is BRCA2-driven cancer. In some embodiments, cancer is BRCA1- and BRCA2-driven cancer. In some embodiments, cancer is neither BRCA1- nor BRCA2-driven cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the present methods for treating cancer, for preventing cancer, or reducing risk of developing cancer, further comprise administering to the subject another anti-cancer therapy. In some embodiments, the other anti-cancer therapy is administered before administering the compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the other anti-cancer therapy is administered concurrently with the administration of the compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the other anti-cancer therapy is administered subsequent to administering the compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the other anti-cancer therapy is neoadjuvant therapy. In some embodiments, the other anti-cancer therapy is an adjuvant therapy. 
     In some embodiments, the other anti-cancer therapy is chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, T-cell therapy, or stem cell therapy. 
     In some embodiments, the chemotherapy is an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite, an anthracycline antibiotic, a non-anthracycline antibiotic, a topoisomerase inhibitor, a mitotic inhibitor, or a corticosteroid. 
     In some embodiments, the alkylating agent is cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, oxaliplatin, temozolomide, or a nitrosourea. 
     In some embodiments, the antimetabolite is azacitidine, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea or methotrexate. 
     In some embodiments, the anthracycline or non-anthracycline antibiotic is daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin or bleomycin. 
     In some embodiments, the topoisomerase inhibitor is irinotecan, topotecan, etoposide (VP-16), or mitoxantrone. 
     In some embodiments, the mitotic inhibitor is docetaxel, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine or vinorelbine. 
     In some embodiments, the corticosteroid is prednisone, methylprednisolone or dexamethasone. 
     In some embodiments, the targeted therapy is herceptin, mabthera, or avastin. 
     In some embodiments, the hormone therapy is tamoxifen or triptorelin. 
     In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA4 antibody. 
     In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, envafolimab, BMS-936559 (BMS), MEDI-4736 (MedImmune) MPDL3280A (Genentech/Roche), or (Affymetrix eBioscience (catalog No. 16.5983.82)). 
     In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, lambrolizumab, avelumab, tisielizumab, cemiplimab, cetrelimab, camrelizumab, spartalizumab, sintilimab, toripalimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, zimberehmab, AMP-224 (Medimmune), AMP 514 (MedImmune), BMS-936559 (BMS), MEDI4736 (Roche/Genentech), or Sym021 (Symphogen). 
     In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 antibody is ipilimumab or tremelimumab 
     In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cosibelimab, envafolimab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, lambrolizumab, avelumab, tislelizumab, cetniplimab, cetrelimab, camrelizumab, spartalizumab, sintilimab, toripalimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, zimberelimab, ipilimumab or tremelimumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, ibritumomab tiuxetan, brentuximab vedotin, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, denileukin diftitox, or blinatumomab. 
     In some embodiments, the stem cell therapy is blood-forming stem cells. 
     The present invention provides methods for treating an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, and in some embodiments, the subject is a  Felis  sp., e.g., a cat. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The present invention provides methods for preventing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, and in some embodiments, the subject is a Felts sp., e.g., a cat. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The present invention provides methods for reducing risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a  Canis  sp., e.g., a dog, and in some embodiments, the subject is a  Felis  sp., e.g., a cat. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or the autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, colitis, atherosclerosis, cardiac myopathy, Crohn&#39;s disease, celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, autoimmune blistering disease, epidermolysis bullosa, type 1 diabetes, asthma, lupus, dermatomyositis, alopecia areata, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, demyelinating polyneuropathy, psoriasis, Graves&#39;s disease, Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory myopathy, primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma, Sjögren&#39;s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vitiligo. 
     In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, colitis, atherosclerosis, cardiac myopathy, Crohn&#39;s disease, celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, autoimmune blistering disease, epidermolysis bullosa, asthma, lupus, dermatomyositis, alopecia areata, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, demyelinating polyneuropathy, psoriasis, Graves&#39;s disease, Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory myopathy, primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma, Sjögren&#39;s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vitiligo. 
     In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, colitis, atherosclerosis, cardiac myopathy, Crohn&#39;s disease, celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, autoimmune blistering disease, epidermolysis bullosa, type 1 diabetes, asthma, lupus, dermatomyositis, alopecia areata, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, demyelinating polyneuropathy, psoriasis, Graves&#39;s disease, Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory myopathy, primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma, Sjögren&#39;s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vitiligo. 
     In some embodiments, the autoimmune blistering disease is autoimmune blistering skin disease. 
     In some embodiments of any of the methods disclosed herein, the compound of the invention is any of Compounds 1-35, 37-39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47-97, 98-123, 124a, 124b, 125-213, Va-Vz, Vaa-Vii, VIa-VIy, VIIa-VIId, XIIIa-XIIIz, XIVa, and XVa-XVm, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments of any of the methods disclosed herein, the compound of the invention has the structure of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, XIII, XIV or XV, or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments of any of the methods disclosed herein, the compound of the invention has the structure of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments of any of the methods disclosed herein, the compound of the invention is Compound 85, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Heat Shock Proteins 
     Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are classified according to their molecular weight and include the small Hsps, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp100 families (Table 2). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Illustrative Families of Heat Shock Proteins 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Approximate 
                   
               
               
                 molecular weight (kD) 
                 Heat shock protein 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 kD 
                 Hsp10 
               
               
                 20-30 kD 
                 HspB group, includes Hsp27 
               
               
                 40 kD 
                 Hsp40 
               
               
                 60 kD 
                 Hsp60 
               
               
                 70 kD 
                 HspA group, includes Hsp71, Hsp70,  
               
               
                   
                 Hsp72, Grp78 (BiP), Hsx70 in primates 
               
               
                 70 kD 
                 Ribosome-associated complex (RAC) 
               
               
                 90 kD 
                 HspC group, includes Hsp90, Grp94 
               
               
                 100 kD  
                 HspH group, includes Hsp104, Hsp110 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, a compound of the invention or a metabolite thereof binds to an Hsp. In some embodiments, a compound of the invention or a metabolite thereof covalently binds to an Hsp. 
     In some embodiments, the binding of a compound of the invention or a metabolite thereof to an Hsp results in the treatment, prevention, or reduction of risk of developing cancer, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, lymphopoietic cancer, hematopoietic cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the binding of a compound of the invention or a metabolite thereof to an Hsp results in the treatment, prevention, or reduction of risk of developing an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the Hsp is a member of the Hsp10 family, Hsp40 family, Hsp60 family, Hsp70 family, Hsp90 family, or Hsp100 family. 
     Compositions of the Invention 
     The compound of the invention can be administered to a subject as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. Non-limiting examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers or vehicles include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, buffered water, and phosphate buffered saline. These compositions can be administered as, for example, drops, solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, and sustained-release formulations. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise, for example, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl and propylhydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil. The compositions can additionally comprise lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents or flavoring agents. 
     The compositions can comprise an effective amount of a compound of the invention. The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form that comprises an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise, for example, from about 1 ng to about 1,000 mg of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise from about 100 mg to about 1,000 mg of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise from about 100 mg to about 500 mg of a compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise from about 200 mg to about 300 mg of a compound of the invention. 
     The dosage of a compound of the invention can vary depending on the symptoms, age, and body weight of the subject, the nature and severity of cancer, inflammatory disease, and/or autoimmune disease, the route of administration, and the form of the composition. The compositions described herein can be administered in a single dose or in divided doses. In some embodiments, the dosage of a compound of the invention ranges from about 0.01 ng to about 10 g per kg body mass of the subject, from about 1 ng to about 0.1 g per kg, or from about 100 ng to about 10 mg per kg. 
     Administration can be, for example, topical, intraaural, intraocular, parenteral, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial, intraorbital, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, suppository, or oral. Formulations for oral use include tablets containing a compound of the invention in a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These excipients can be, for example, inert diluents or fillers (e.g., sucrose and sorbitol), lubricating agents, glidants, and antiadhesives (e.g., magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas, hydrogenated vegetable oils, or talc). Formulations for ocular use can be in the form of eyedrops. 
     A compound of the invention can be provided in lyophilized form for reconstituting, for instance, in isotonic, aqueous, or saline buffers for parental, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, or intravenous administration. A composition can also be in the form of a liquid preparation useful for oral, intraaural, nasal, or sublingual administration, such as a suspension, syrup or elixir. A composition can also be in a form suitable for oral administration, such as a capsule, tablet, pill, and chewable solid formulation. A composition can also be prepared as a cream for dermal administration as a liquid, a viscous liquid, a paste, or a powder. A composition can also be prepared as a powder for pulmonary administration with or without an aerosolizing component. 
     The compositions can be in oral, intraaural, intranasal, sublingual, intraduodenal, subcutaneous, buccal, intracolonic, rectal, vaginal, mucosal, pulmonary, transdermal, intradermal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular and ocular dosage forms as well as being able to traverse the blood-brain barrier. 
     The compositions can be administered by various means known in the art. For example, the compositions can be administered orally, and can be formulated as tablets, capsules, granules, powders or syrups. Alternatively, compositions can be administered parenterally as injections (for example, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous), drop infusion preparations or suppositories. For ophthalmic application compositions can be formulated as eye drops or eye ointments. Aural compositions can be formulated as ear drops, ointments, creams, liquids, gels, or salves for application to the ear, either internally or superficially. These formulations can be prepared by conventional means, and the compositions can be mixed with any conventional additive, such as an excipient, a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a solubilizing agent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying agent, or a coating agent. 
     Compositions can include wetting agents, emulsifiers, and lubricants, coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants. 
     Compositions can be suitable, for example, for oral, intraaural, intraocular, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, aerosol and/or parenteral administration. The compositions can be provided in a unit dosage form, and can be prepared by any methods known in the art. 
     Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges, powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia. Compositions can also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste. 
     Additional examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles include: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia (3) humectants, such as glycerol: (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as acetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; (10) coloring agents; and (11) buffering agents. Similar compositions can be employed as fillers in soft- or hard-filled gelatin capsules. 
     Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, gels, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. The liquid dosage form can contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, diethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils such as, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils, glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. 
     Suspension dosage forms can contain suspending, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof. 
     The dosage forms for transdermal administration of a subject composition include drops, powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, and patches. The ointments, pastes, creams, and gels can contain excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffin, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonite, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. 
     Powders and sprays can contain excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, polyamide powder, or mixtures thereof. Sprays may additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane. 
     Compositions can be administered by aerosol of solid particles. A non-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be used. Some nebulizers can be used because they minimize exposure to shear, which might cause degradation. 
     An aqueous aerosol can be made by formulating an aqueous solution or suspension of a compound of the invention with any conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles such non-ionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol); proteins such as serum albumin; sorbitan esters; fatty acids; lecithin; amino acids; buffers; salts; sugars; or sugar alcohols. 
     Compositions suitable for parenteral administration comprise a compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions, or sterile powders which can be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, or solutes, which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the subject, and suspending or thickening agents. 
     In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is Compound 85 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Having described the invention with reference to certain embodiments, other embodiments will become apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     Methods for Making the Compounds of the Invention 
     Methods for making the compounds of the invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,227,976, 9,079,909 and 8,765762, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Compound 85 can be synthesized according to Example 78 of U.S. Pat. No. 9,079,909. 
     Compound 114 can be synthesized according to Vasilevsky, S. F. Tretyakov, E. V. Cinnolines and pyrazolopyridazines.—Novel synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the Richter reaction. Liebigs Annalen 1995, 775-779 (1995). 
     Non-limiting examples of synthetic schema that are useful for synthesizing the compounds of the invention include the following. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme 1 generally describes the preparation of compounds of the invention having a 1-N-methyl group and where R′ and R″ are independently an unsubstituted or a substituted phenyl group. For example, a 2-cyanocarbonyl compound in which R′ is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl is condensed with N-methylhydrazine to provide a 3-substituted-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine. The 5-amino group is acylated, for example, with acetic anhydride in the presence of a base, such as pyridine, to provide a 5-amido compound. The 5-amido compound is iodinated, for example, with a mixture of iodine and iodic acid in a solvent such as ethanol (EtOH) to provide an N-(3-substituted-4-iodo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide. A palladium-mediated cross-coupling, such as a Sonagashira cross-coupling, of the acetamide with an R″-substituted terminal alkyne, catalyzed, for example, by a palladium complex such as palladium (II) bistriphenylphosphine dichloride in the presence of copper (I) iodide in a solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) with a base such as triethylamine provides a disubstituted alkyne in which R″ is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl. Saponification of the alkyne acetamide with a base such as sodium hydroxide in a solvent such as ethanol provides the primary amine. Diazotization of the primary amine with sodium nitrite in concentrated hydrochloric acid provides a diazo intermediate, which cyclizes to provide a compound having a 1-N-methyl group and where R′ and R″ are independently an unsubstituted or a substituted phenyl group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme 2 generally describes the preparation of compounds of the invention having an R 3  group and in which R′ is an unsubstituted or a substituted phenyl group. R′ and R 3  can be the same or different. For example, 4,6-dichloro-3-phenylpyridazine is deprotonated with a base such as lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA) in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), and the resultant 5-lithio species is condensed with an unsubstituted or a substituted benzaldehyde to provide a secondary alcohol. The alcohol is oxidized to a ketone with an oxidizing agent such as manganese dioxide in a solvent such as toluene. The ketone is condensed with an R 3 -substituted hydrazine in a solvent such as ethanol to provide an intermediate hydrazone, which cyclizes to provide a compound having a 1-N—R 3  group, in which R 8  is defined as in Formulas II and III and in which R′ is an unsubstituted or a substituted phenyl group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme 3 generally describes the preparation of compounds of the invention having a 1-N-methyl group and where R′ is a cyano group, an alkyne, an alkene or an aryl group. For example, 1-methyl-3-iodophenyl-4-chloro-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazine is coupled with a suitable coupling partner, such as a cyanide salt, a terminal alkyne, an alkenyl halide, or an aryl halide, optionally in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as a palladium complex, optionally in the presence of a non-palladium transition metal salt such as a zinc or copper salt, optionally in the presence of an additive such as triphenylphosphine or an organic amine base, to provide a compound having a 1-N-methyl group and where R′ is a cyano group, an alkyne, an alkene or an aryl group. The position of R′, i.e., ortho, meta or porn, in the product is the same as the position of the iodo group in the starting material. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme 4 generally describes the preparation of compounds of the invention. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme A generally describes the preparation of Ethyl 2-[5-acetamido-3-phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetate and N-[3-Phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]acetamide from benzoylacetonitrile. 
     Compound 8A of Scheme A: Ethyl 2-(5-amino-3-(phenyl)-1-pyrazol yl)acetate 
     A mixture of benzoylacetonitrile (7A, 44 g, 304 mmol) and ethyl hydrazinoacetate hydrochloride (47 g, 304 mmol) in ethanol (400 mL) is heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture is partitioned between CH 2 Cl 2  (400 mL) and saturated NaHCO 3  (aq). The aqueous phase is extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  and the organic phases are combined, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated to give compound 8A as a solid (70 g, 95% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 7.73 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 3.7 (s, 2H), 1.28 (s, 3H). 
     Compound 10A of Scheme A: Ethyl 2-(5-acetamido-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetate 
     To a solution of ethyl 2-(5-amino-3-(phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (84, 41.7 g, 0.17 mol) in pyridine (200 mL) is added acetic anhydride (17.4 g, 0.17 mol) dropwise at 0° C. wider an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature (RT) for 16 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  and water. The layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with water and brine, dried (MaSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. CH 2 Cl 2  is added to the residue and the solid is collected by filtration, yielding compound 104 as a solid (22 g, 45% yield). The mother liquors are concentrated in vacuo and washed with cold CH 2 Cl 2  to give a second batch of compound 10A (15 g, 31% yield),  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 10.13 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.22 (q, =7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). 
     Compound 11A of Scheme A: N-(3-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide 
     To a solution of 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (9, 18.6 g, 0.117 mol) and N-methylmorpholine (30.8 mL, 0.281 mol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (250 mL) is added acetyl chloride (20 mL, 0.281 mol) dropwise at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  and water. The layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with water and brine, dried (phase separator cartridge) and concentrated in vacuo. Diethyl ether is added to the residue and the solid is collected by filtration, yielding compound 11A as a solid (25.1 g, 88% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 12.79 (s, 1H), 10.40 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (dd, J=7.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (s, 2.02 (s, 3H). 
     Compound 12A of Scheme A: Ethyl 2-(5-acetamido-4-iodo-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetate 
     A suspension of compound 104 (37 g, 129 mmol), iodic acid (5.6 g. 32 mmol) and iodine (19.7 g, 77 mmol) in ethanol (400 mL) is heated at 50° C. for 2 h and cooled to RT. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is eluted through a pad of silica gel with CH 2 Cl 2 /diethyl ether (1:0 to 97:3). The residue is partitioned between CH 2 Cl 2  and 2 M Na 2 S 2 O 3  solution (aq). The layers are separated and the organic washed is dried (MaSO 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo to give a residue that is partially purified by chromatography (silica gel, CH 2 Cl 2 /isohexane 1:1 to 1:0, then CH 2 Cl 2 /diethyl ether 9:1 to 8:2), then triturated with diethyl ether yielding compound 124 as an off-white solid (43 g, 81% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) as a 3:1 mixture of rotamers δ (ppm) 7.81 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.15 (br s, 0.75H), 6.85 (br s, 0.25H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.25 (q, 3=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.24 (s, 2.25H), 2.04 (s, 0.75H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). 
     Compound 134 of Scheme A: N-(4-Iodo-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide 
     A suspension of compound 114 (25.1 g, 0.103 mol), iodic acid (4.5 g, 0.026 mol) and iodine (15.7 g, 0.062 mol) in ethanol (250 mL) is heated at 50° C. for 3 h and cooled to RT. The reaction mixture i concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between CH 2 Cl 2  and 2 M Na 2 S 2 O 3  solution (aq). The layers are separated and the organic washed with brine, dried (phase separator cartridge), and concentrated in vacuo to give a mixture of compound 134 and starting material 11A (2.2:1, 30.3 g). The mixture is put in reaction again using iodic acid, (1.6 g, 9.6 mmol) and iodine (9.7 g, 38 mmol) in ethanol (250 mL) under the same conditions, to give compound 134 as a solid (31.9 g, 84% yield).  1 H NMR, (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 11.74-11.74 (m, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.38 (m, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H). 
     Compound 14A of Scheme A: Ethyl 2-[5-acetamido-3-phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetate 
     Nitrogen is bubbled through a mixture of compound 124 (18.6 g, 45 mmol j, phenyl acetylene (9.2 g, 90 mmol), copper iodide (860 mg, 4.5 mmol), triethylamine (200 mL) and DMF (75 mL) for 15 min. Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (1.6 g, 2.25 mmol) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at 90° C. under nitrogen for 4.5 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to RT, diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase is washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is partially purified by column chromatography (silica gel, CH 2 Cl 2 , then isohexane/ethyl acetate 1:1 followed by CH 2 Cl 2 /ethyl acetate 9:1 to 8:2), then triturated with diethyl ether yielding compound 144 as a solid (13 g, 75% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) (ppm) 10.38 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.44 (m, 8H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.23 (q, 3=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). 
     Compound 15A of Scheme A: N-[3-Phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]acetamide 
     By a similar procedure to that described for the synthesis of compound 14A, compound 15A (12.5 g, 48% yield) is obtained from compound 13A (31.87 g, 86 mmol).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 11.57-11.57 (m, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=1.9, 5.0 Hz, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme B generally describes the preparation of compound 3B and compound 4B. 
     Compound 16B of Scheme B: Sodium 2-[5-amino-3-phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetate 
     A mixture of compound 14B (13 g, 34 mmol), ethanol (150 mL) and 25% NaOH solution (ail) (150 mL) is stirred and heated to 80° C. for 8 h and cooled to RT. Upon cooling, a precipitate is formed. The precipitate is filtered and washed with a cooled mixture of ethyl acetate/water (1:1). The solid is further triturated with diethyl ether, filtered and dried (MgSO 4 ), yielding compound 16B as a solid (9.8 g, 85% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 8.06 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.50-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 2H), 4.31 (s, 2H). 
     Compound 17B of Scheme B: 2-[5-Amino-3-phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl-1H-)pyrazol-1-yl]ethan1-ol 
     To a suspension of compound 14B (22.4 g, 58 mmol) in ethanol (290 mL) is added sodium borohydride (11 g, 289 mmol) and the reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture is partially concentrated to a final volume of 250 mL, A 25% NaOH solution (aq) (250 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture is cooled down to room temperature and phases are separated. The aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl acetate three times and the organic phases combined, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is triturated from diethyl ether (20 mL) and the product is filtered and dried in vacuo yielding compound 17B as an off-white solid (9.96 g, 57% yield). The mother liquor is concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, gradient 0 to 100% ethyl acetate/isohexane) yielding a further crop (1.79 g, 10% yield). NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 7.78-7.74 (m, 4H), 7.55-7.48 (m, 6H), 4.98 (1, 0.1=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (m, 2H), 3.03 (t, 0.1=6.4 Hz, 1H). 
     Compound 18B of Scheme B: 3-Phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine 
     By a similar procedure to that described for the synthesis of compound 16B, compound 188 (5.4 g, 50% yield) is obtained from compound 15B (12.5 g, 41 mmol).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 7.87 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 4H), 4.09 (s, 2H). 
     Compound 19B of Scheme B: 2-(4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-1-yl)acetic acid 
     Sodium nitrite (1.86 g, 26.9 mmol) is added portion-wise to concentrated HCl (30 mL) at 0° C. and stirred for 15 min and then compound 16B (3 g, 8.85 mmol) is added as a solid to the reaction mixture, portion-wise. The suspension is then stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  and washed with water and brine. The organic layer is dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel, diethyl ether/CH 2 Cl 2  1:9) yielding compound 19B as a solid (1.7 g, 53% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 7.80-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.56-7.47 (m, 6H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 2.10 (s, 1H). 
     Compound 3B of Scheme B: 2-(4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-1-yl)ethan-1-ol 
     Sodium nitrite (4.58 g, 66.3 mmol) is added portion-wise to concentrated HCl (220 mL) at −10° C. and stirred for 10 min. Compound 17B (6.7 g, 22.1 mmol) is added as a solid. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm up, is sonicated for 5 min then stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  and water and the aqueous phase is extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic phases are combined, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in sumo. The residue is partially purified by column chromatography (silica gel, gradient 0 to 100% ethyl acetate/isohexane). The resulting residue is triturated from diethyl ether then from ethyl acetate, yielding compound 3B as a solid (900 mg, 12% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 7.79-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.55-7.46 (m, 6H), 4.98 (m, 2H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 2H), 3.04 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),  13 C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ) d (ppm) 153.09, 151.98, 143.65, 134.48, 130.11, 129.35, 129.33, 129.06, 128.29, 128.17, 127.39, 127.33, 113.70, 60.64, 50.63. LC-MS (analytical method 1: HPLC (Phenomenex Luna 5 μm C18, 100×4.6 mm) with gradient of 5-95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% formic acid in each mobile phase)) R t  4.14 min; mlz 351 [M+H] 99.04% purity. 
     Compound 21B of Scheme B: N-(1-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide 
     To a solution of compound 14B (1.0 g, 2.58 mmol) in THF (26 mL) is added methyl magnesium chloride (3 M solution in THF, 3 mL, 9 mmol) at 0° C. The solution obtained is stirred at RT for 3.5 h then successively diluted with ethyl acetate and quenched by addition of 1 M (aq). The aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is purified using chromatography (silica gel, gradient 0 to 75% ethyl acetate/isohexane) yielding compound 21B as a solid (529 mg, 55% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) as a 1.5:1 mixture of compound 21B δ (ppm) 8.11 (dd, J=7.5, 12.3 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.31 (m, 4H), 4.15-4.07 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.23 (m, 3H), 1.28 (s, 6H) and N-[2-acetonyl-5-phenyl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)pyrazol-3-yl]acetamide δ (ppm) 8.11 (dd, J=7.5, 12.3 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.31 (m, 4H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 2.24-2.23 (m, 3H), 1.28 (s, 6H). 
     Compound 22B of Scheme B: 1-(5-Amino-3-phenyl-4-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol 
     Compound 22B (310 mg, yield 59%) is synthesized from compound 21B (597 mg, 1.6 mmol) following similar procedures outlined in the synthesis of compound 16B.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 8.11-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=7, 5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.29 (m, 4H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 2H), 2.70 (s, 1H), 1.32-1.31 (m, 6H). 
     Compound 4B of Scheme B: 1-(4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazoto[3,4-c]pyridazin-1-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol 
     To cooled (cooling bath −15° C.) concentrated HOCl (9 mL) is added sodium nitrite in one portion (121 mg, 1.75 mmol) and the suspension is left to stir for 10 min after which compound 22B (290 mg, 0.88 mmol) is added. After 5 min, the cooling bath is removed and the reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction is cooled again (0° C.) and CH 2 Cl 2  is added followed by water. The aqueous phase is extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  and the organic phases are combined, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Crude material is purified by column chromatography (silica gel, gradient 0 to 50% ethyl acetate/isohexane) yielding compound 4B as orange oil (56 mg), The material obtained is further purified by preparative HPLC, yielding compound 4B as a solid (34 mg, 10% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 7.81-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 6H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 1H), 1.36 (s, 6H).  13 C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 154.36, 152.91, 144.60, 135.42, 130.96, 130.29, 130.28, 129.93, 129.23, 129.07, 128.29, 128.24, 114.16, 71.52, 58.60, 27.26. LCMS (analytical method 1: HPLC (Phenomenex Luna 5 μm C18, 100×4.6 mm) with gradient of 5-95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% formic acid in each mobile phase)) R t  4.49 min; m/z 379 [M+H] 99.71% purity. 
     Compound 20B of Scheme B: 4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazine 
     Sodium nitrite (2.88 g, 42 mmol) is added portion-wise to concentrated HCl (314 mL) at −15° C. and stirred for 15 min. Compound 18B (5.4 g, 21 mmol) is added as a solid, followed by the addition of CH 2 Cl 2  (10 mL). The reaction mixture is allowed to warm up and stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  (44 mL) and NaCl (2.7 g) is added. The reaction mixture is heated to 50° C. for 1 d. The layers are separated and the organic layer is washed with water, dried (phase separator cartridge) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel, isohexane/ethyl acetate 4:1, then CH 2 Cl 2 /ethyl acetate 1:0 to 4:1) yielding compound 20B as a solid (3.0 g, 47% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 15.08 (s, 1H), 7.81-7.73 (m, 4H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 6H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme C generally describes the preparation of compound 5C. 
     Compound 25C of Scheme C: tert-Butyl (3-(5-43aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamido)propyl)carbamate 
     To a solution of biotin (23C, 350 mg, 1.43 mmol) in DMF (7.2 mL) are added tert-butyl N-(3-aminopropyl)carbamate (24C, 250 mg, 1.43 mmol), DIPEA (0.375 mL, 2.15 mmol) and HATU (816 mg, 2.15 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 20 h, and then diluted with ethyl acetate and 4% LiCl aqueous solution. The aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl acetate twice, and the combined organic layers are dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is purified using chromatography (silica gel, gradient 0 to 12% 7 M NH 3  in MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) yielding compound 25C as a solid (180 mg, 31% yield),  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 7.75 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 4.38-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.23 (d, =5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (dq, J=6.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dd, J=6.8, 12.9 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (dd, J=6.6, 13.0 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (dd, J=5.2, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 5H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.40-1.29 (m, 2H). 
     Compound 26C of Scheme C: N-(3-Aminopropyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide 
     To a solution of compound 25C (166 mg, 0.415 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (1 mL) is added TEA (1 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 2 h, then concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2  (2 mL) and Biotage MP-carbonate resin (550 mg, 1.66 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 30 min, Beads are filtered off and washed with CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (1:1, 2 mL) and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to afford compound 26C as a colorless oil (124 mg, 100% yield), which is used as such in the next step. 
     Compound 5C of Scheme C: N-(3-(2-(4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-1-ypl)acetamido)propyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide 
     To a solution of compound 26C (124 mg, 0.415 mmol) in DME (2 mL) are added compound 19B (151 mg, 0.415 mmol), DIPEA (0.11 mL, 0.62 mmol) and HATU (236 mg, 0.62 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 1.5 h and then diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  and 4% LiCl aqueous solution. The aqueous phase is extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  twice, and the combined organic layers are dried (phase separation) and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is first purified by prep HPLC yielding 70 mg, which is further purified by silica gel chromatography, yielding the desired compound 5C as a solid (44 mg, 16% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 8.39 (dd, J=5.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.78 (m, 5H), 7.64-7.57 (m, 6H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 4.33 (dd, J=5.3, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.13 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.08 (m, 5H), 2.85 (dd, J=5.2, 12.5 Hz. 1H), 2.61 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.10 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.39-1.28 (m, 2H).  13 C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 172.51, 166.25, 163.16, 154.31, 152.75, 144.06, 135.95, 131.35, 130.58, 130.52, 129.58, 129.44, 129.42, 128.75, 128.70, 114.18, 61.47, 59.64, 55.85, 50.91, 37.21, 36.66, 35.66, 29.64, 28.66, 28.48, 25.75. LCMS (analytical method 1: HPLC (Phenomenex Luna 5 μm C18, 100×4.6 mm) with gradient of 5-95% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% formic acid in each mobile phase)) R t  3.52 min; m/z. 647 [M+H] 98.38% purity. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme D generally describes the preparation of compound 6D. 
     Compound 27D of Scheme D: 4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazine 
     To a mixture of compound 20B (345 mg, 1.13 mmol), 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (520 mg, 2.26 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (888 mg, 2.26 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8.4 mL) is slowly added to diethyl azodicarboxylate (0355 mL, 2.26 mmol) at RT. The reaction mixture is then heated using microwave irradiation to 120° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture is cooled down to RT and 4 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 4 h, diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  (10 mL) and the solution is loaded onto a Biotage SCX-2 cartridge (20 g), eluted with methanol, then 7 M NH 3  in methanol. Fractions were concentrated in Vacuo to give compound 27D in a 1:1 ratio with 2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (950 mg, 100% yield) and is used as such in the next step. 
     Compound 28D of Scheme D: (3aS,4S,6aR)-4-(5-(4-(2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-1-yl)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentyl)tetrahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-2(3H)-one 
     To a solution of compound 27D (950 mg crude, 1.13 mmol) in DMF (5.7 mL), DIPEA (0.59 mL, 3.39 mmol), biotin (678 mg, 2.78 mmol) and HATU (1.29 g, 3.39 mmol) are added. The reaction mixture is stirred at RT for 24 h and then diluted with DMSO (5 mL). NaOH (2 M, 5 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is heated to 40° C. for 1 h, then stirred at RT for 2 days. The reaction mixture is purified by preparative HPLC to yield compound 28D (100 mg, 14% yield).  1 H NMR 
     Compound 60 of Scheme D: (3aS,4S,6aR)-4-(5-((4-(2-(4-Chloro-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-1-yl)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentyl)tetrahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-2(3H)-one 
     A solution of compound 28D (97 mg, 0,155 mmol) in phosphorous oxychloride (6 mL) is stirred at RT for 2 days. The reaction mixture is diluted with CH 2 Cl 2  and 2 M Na 2 CO 3  solution. The aqueous phase is extracted twice with CH 2 Cl 2 . Combined organic layers are dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is purified using chromatography (silica gel, gradient 0 to 12% 7 M NH 3  in MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) yielding compound 60 as a solid (42 mg, 42% yield).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm) 7.86-7.78 (m, 4H), 7.66-7.56 (m, 6H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 5.01-4.94 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.87 (dd, J=12.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (d, 0.1=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.38 (m, 2H), 1.27-1.17 (m, 1H).  13 C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm) 170.51, 162.70, 153.69, 151.95, 143.18, 135.52, 131.06, 130.15, 130.11, 129.03, 128.94, 128.84, 128.26, 128.20, 113.42, 61.04, 59.76, 59.19, 56.16, 55.48, 52.71, 52.28, 45.27, 32.05, 28.29, 28.11, 24.85. LCMS (analytical method 2: HPLC (Hichrom ACE 3 C18-AR mixed mode column 100×4.6 mm) with gradient of 2-100% acetonitrile in water (with 0.1% formic acid in each mobile phase)) R t  9.77 min; m/z 645 [M+H] 93.27% purity. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1. In Vitro Anti-Cancer Assay of Compound 85 
     Compound 85 was assessed in 10 human tumor cell lines (see Table 3) for anti-cancer activity in vitro using a CellTiter-Blue® based 2D monolayer assay. 
     CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay: Tumor cells were grown at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2  in RPMI medium, supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum and 50 μg/ml gentamicin (140 μl/well). Cultures were incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO 2  in a humidified atmosphere. After 24 hours, 10 μl of Compound 85 was added, and left on the cells for another 72 hours (incubation period). Compound 85 was tested at 5 concentrations (0.003 μM, 0.03 μM, 0.3 μM, 3 μM, and 30 μM) and serially diluted in DMSO, mixed with cell culture medium, and added to the assay plates by using a Tecan Freedom EVO 200 robotic platform. The DMSO concentration was kept constant at 0.3% yip across the assay plate. Every 96 well plate included six DMSO-treated control wells and Compound 85-treated wells in duplicate at 5 concentrations. Viability of cells was quantified using the CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay (Promega G8081). After incubation of cells, the CellTiter-Blue® reagent was brought to ambient temperature. Next, 20 μl of CellTiter-Blue® reagent were added to each well. After incubation tier up to 4 hours, fluorescence (FU) was measured using the EnSpire® multimode plate reader (Perkin Elmer) (excitation λ=600 nm). 
     Data Evaluation: Sigmoidal concentration-response curves were fitted to the data points (test-versus-control; T/C values) obtained for each tumor model using 4 parameter non-linear curve fit (Charles River DRS Datawarehouse Software). Drug effects are expressed in terms of the percentage of the fluorescence signal, obtained by comparison of the mean signal in the treated wells with the mean signal of the untreated controls (T/C-value [%]) (Table 4). IC 50  and IC 70  values were reported as relative and absolute IC 50  and IC 70  values (Table 5). The absolute IC 50  and IC 70  values reflect the concentration of Compound 85 that achieves T/C=50% and T/C=30%, respectively. The relative 1050 value is the concentration of Compound 85 that gives a response half way between the top and bottom plateau of the sigmoidal concentration-response curve (inflection point of the curve). 
     Compound 85 showed concentration-dependent inhibition of the tumor cell growth in all cell lines of Table 3, with a geometric mean absolute IC 50  value of 0.95 μM. The curves were very steep and Compound 85 showed fairly similar concentration-response curve in all the cell lines tested, with IC 50  values ranging from 0.215 μM (CXF LS 174T) to 1.847 μM (PAXF 1657). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Cancer Activity of Compound 85 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cell Line 
                 Tumor type 
                 BRCA mutation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PRXF 
                 PC-3 
                 Prostate 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 PRXF 
                 DU-145 
                 Prostate 
                 BRCA2 mutation 
               
               
                   
                 PAXF 
                 HUP-T3 
                 Pancreas 
                 BRCA2 mutation 
               
               
                   
                 PAXF 
                 1657 
                 Pancreas 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 OVXF 
                 A2780 
                 Ovarian 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 OVXF 
                 899 
                 Ovarian 
                 BRCA1 mutation 
               
               
                   
                 CXF 
                 LS 174T 
                 Colon 
                 BRCA1 mutation 
               
               
                   
                 CXF 
                 HCC-2998 
                 Colon 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 CNXF 
                 U-87 MG 
                 Glioblastoma 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 CNXF 
                 498 
                 Glioblastoma 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test-versus-Control Values for  
               
               
                 Compound 85 at Different Concentrations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test/Control (%) at Drug Concentration [μM] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cell Line 
                 0.003 
                 0.03 
                 0.3 
                 3 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PRXF  
                 PC-3 
                 104 
                 103 
                 103 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 PRXF  
                 DU-145 
                 100 
                 110 
                 102 
                 11 
                 6 
               
               
                 PAXF 
                 HUP-T3 
                 100 
                 101 
                 79 
                 16 
                 6 
               
               
                 PAXF 
                 1657 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 OVXF 
                 A2780 
                 101 
                 94 
                 101 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 OVXF 
                 899 
                 108 
                 106 
                 86 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 CXF 
                 LS 174T 
                 103 
                 101 
                 35 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 CXF 
                 HCC-2998 
                 97 
                 100 
                 90 
                 13 
                 1 
               
               
                 CNXF 
                 U-87 MG 
                 99 
                 102 
                 102 
                 1 
                 4 
               
               
                 CNXF 
                 498 
                 106 
                 107 
                 113 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Cancer Activity of Compound 85 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Top 
                 Bot. 
                   
                 Rel. 
                 Rel. 
                 Abs. 
                 Abs. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cell Line 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 Unit 
                 IC 50   
                 IC 70   
                 IC 50   
                 IC 70   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PRXF 
                 PC-3 
                 103 
                 1 
                 μM 
                 1.076 
                 1.326 
                 1.096 
                 1.349 
               
               
                 PRXF 
                 DU-145 
                 105 
                 6 
                 μM 
                 1.005 
                 1.376 
                 1.088 
                 1.528 
               
               
                 PAXF 
                 HUP-T3 
                 101 
                 0 
                 μM 
                 0.785 
                 1.505 
                 0.794 
                 1.518 
               
               
                 PAXF 
                 1657 
                 100 
                 1 
                 μM 
                 1.841 
                 2.043 
                 1.847 
                 2.055 
               
               
                 OVXF 
                 A2780 
                 99 
                 0 
                 μM 
                 1.699 
                 1.872 
                 1.694 
                 1.868 
               
               
                 OVXF 
                 899 
                 107 
                 1 
                 μM 
                 0.522 
                 0.739 
                 0.553 
                 0.775 
               
               
                 CXF 
                 LS 174T 
                 103 
                 1 
                 μM 
                 0.204 
                 0.328 
                 0.215 
                 0.346 
               
               
                 CXF 
                 HCC-2998 
                 99 
                 1 
                 μM 
                 1.031 
                 1.630 
                 1.022 
                 1.628 
               
               
                 CNXF 
                 U-87 MG 
                 101 
                 3 
                 μM 
                 0.935 
                 0.987 
                 0.940 
                 0.994 
               
               
                 CNXF 
                 498 
                 109 
                 1 
                 μM 
                 1.706 
                 1.868 
                 1.740 
                 1.901 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Geometric mean IC value [μM]: 
                 0.926 
                 1.226 
                 0.948 
                 1.258 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2. Cell Viability Assay of Compound 85 
     The CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay was used to assess the viability of cells from various cancer cell lines, in the presence or absence of Compound 85 (at different concentrations). This assay provides a homogeneous, fluorometric method for estimating the number of viable cells present in multi-well plates. Viable cells retain the ability to reduce resazurin to resorufin, which is highly fluorescent. Nonviable cells rapidly lose metabolic capacity, do not reduce the indicator dye (resazurin) due to the lack of energy in the form of ATP, and thus do not generate a fluorescent signal. The fluorescence produced is proportional to the number of viable cells. There is a linear relationship between cell number and fluorescence. 
     Cancer cells (see Table 6) were harvested from exponential phase cultures, counted and plated in 96 well flat-bottom microtiter plates, at a cell density 6,000-20,000 cells/well, depending on the cell line&#39;s growth rate. The culture medium was supplemented with 10% (v/v) foetal calf serum and 50 μg/mL gentamicin (140 μL/well). Cultures were incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO 2  in a humidified atmosphere. 
     Compound 85 was serially diluted in DMSO, and five Compound 85 concentrations in half-log increments were used: 0.03 μM, 0.09 μM, 0.30 μM, 1.0 μM, and 3.0 μM. After 24 h, 10 μL of Compound 85 (dissolved in DMSO) or control (DMSO) medium were added, in duplicates, and left on the cells for another 72 h. Compound 85 solutions were added to the assay plates using a Tecan Freedom EVO 200 robotic platform. The DMSO concentration was kept constant at 0.3% v/v across the assay plate. 
     After incubation of up to 72 hours, fluorescence (FU) was measured using the EnSpire® multimode plate reader (Perkin Elmer) (excitation λ=570 nm, emission 2; 600 nm). 
     Cancer cell lines used: Compound 85&#39;s anti-cancer effect was tested in 20 human cancer-cell lines representing nine cancer types (Table 6). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Cancer Types and Cell Lines 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tumour type 
                 Cell line 1 
                 Cell line 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 glioblastoma 
                 CNXF-498 
                 CNXF-478 MG 
               
               
                 pancreas 
                 PAXF hup-T3 (BRCA2) 
                 PAXF-1657 
               
               
                 prostate 
                 PRXF-du-145b (BRCA2) 
                 PRXF-Pc-3-CDX 
               
               
                 ovarian 
                 OVXf-A2780 
                 OVXF-899 (BRCA1) 
               
               
                 colon 
                 CXF-HCC-2998 
                 CXF-LS174T (BRCA1, MS) 
               
               
                 breast 
                 MAXFHER JIMT-1 
                 MAXFHER BT474 *(BRCA2,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 SC) 
               
               
                   
                 MAXFTN MDA-MB-453 
                 MAXFTN-401 **(BRCA1, n FS) 
               
               
                 melanoma 
                 MEXF 1737 
                 MEXF 1341 (BRCA1/BRCA2,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 both has FS) 
               
               
                 soft tissue 
                 SXFS 1301 
                 SXFS-Hs 729 (BRCA1/BRCA2,  
               
               
                 sarcoma 
                   
                 both has MS) 
               
               
                 osteosarcoma 
                 SXFO 678L 
                 SXFO Saos-2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA = BReast CAncer gene, MS = missense mutation, SC = stop codon mutation, FS = frameshift mutation 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results, Results are presented as:
         (i) Percentage of viable cells (T/C %).   (ii) Relative and absolute IC 50  and IC 70  values, and   (iii) Concentration-effect curves/plots for individual cancers.       

     Percentage of Viable Cells 
     The percentage of viable cells in the presence of Compound 85 (Test condition, T), at different concentrations, are presented in Table 7 and expressed as a percentage of the number of viable cells in the presence of DMSO without Compound 85 (Control condition, C). 
     Where T/C percentage is about 100, there is no effect of Compound 85 on the cancer-cell growth. A value below 100% indicates an anti-cancer effect, while a value above 100% indicates enhancement of cancer growth. Small changes in the % are not considered significant. The data show that at concentration of 0.95 μM, Compound 85 has significant anti-cancer activity in 20 human cancer-cell lines representing nine cancer types. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 T/C % at Different Concentration of Compound 85 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Concentration of  
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Compound 85 (μM) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Type 
                 Cell line 
                 0.03 
                 0.095 
                 0.3 
                 0.95 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Colon 
                 CXF 
                 HCC- 
                 98 
                 99 
                 98 
                 40 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2998 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 colon 
                 CXF 
                 LS 174T 
                 96 
                 96 
                 72 
                 5 
                 3 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFHER 
                 BT-474 
                 101 
                 106 
                 99 
                 46 
                 17 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFHER 
                 JIMT-1 
                 97 
                 97 
                 96 
                 30 
                 14 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFTN 
                 401 
                 99 
                 99 
                 87 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFTN 
                 MDA- 
                 101 
                 97 
                 101 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MB-453 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 MEXF 
                 1341 
                 97 
                 91 
                 82 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 MEXF 
                 1737 
                 99 
                 97 
                 101 
                 27 
                 16 
               
               
                 Ovarian 
                 OVXF 
                 899 
                 98 
                 94 
                 65 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 Ovarian 
                 OVXF 
                 A2780 
                 102 
                 96 
                 87 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Pancreatic 
                 PAXF 
                 1657 
                 97 
                 94 
                 97 
                 66 
                 1 
               
               
                 Pancreatic 
                 PAXF 
                 HUP-T3 
                 95 
                 102 
                 88 
                 21 
                 16 
               
               
                 Glioblastoma 
                 CNXF 
                 U-87 MG 
                 99 
                 102 
                 102 
                 1 
                 4 
               
               
                 Glioblastoma 
                 CNXF 
                 498 
                 106 
                 107 
                 113 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 Prostate 
                 PRXF 
                 PC-3 
                 104 
                 103 
                 103 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 Prostate 
                 PRXF 
                 DU-145 
                 100 
                 110 
                 102 
                 11 
                 6 
               
               
                 Soft tissues 
                 SXFS 
                 1301 
                 105 
                 106 
                 102 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 Sarcoma 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Soft tissues 
                 SXFS- 
                 Hs 729 
                 99 
                 99 
                 99 
                 13 
                 7 
               
               
                 Sarcoma 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Osteosarcoma 
                 SXFO 
                 678 
                 101 
                 97 
                 91 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 Osteosarcoma 
                 SXFO 
                 Saos-2 
                 97 
                 93 
                 99 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Relative and Absolute IC 50  and IC 70  Values 
     The relative IC 50  is determined as the Compound 85 concentration giving a response halfway between the maximum cell viability signal (i.e., a 100% cell viability, no Compound 85 response) and the minimal viability signal (i.e. maximum cell viability inhibition achieved by Compound 85), in a sigmoidal concentration-effect curve. 
     The absolute IC 50  is determined as the concentration that is associated with a T/C ratio of 50%. 
     Table 8, below, shows values for absolute and relative IC 50  and IC 70  in different human cancer cell lines. The geometric means for relative and absolute IC 50  values were 0.583 μM and 0.596 μM, respectively. It is accepted that for most anti-cancer therapeutics a mean IC 50  of &lt;1.0 μM indicates a cancer cell line that is sensitive to the therapy. The Geometric means for relative and absolute IC 70  values were 0.675 and 0.712 μM, respectively, 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Absolute and relative IC 50  and IC 70  values (μM) of Compound  
               
               
                 85 in different human cancer cell lines 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Relative 
                 Relative 
                 Absolute 
                 Absolute 
               
               
                 Cancer Type 
                 Cell line 
                 IC 50   
                 IC 70   
                 IC 50   
                 IC 70   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Colon 
                 CXF 
                 HCC- 
                 0.765 
                 0.891 
                 0.844 
                 1.125 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2998 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Colon 
                 CXF 
                 LS 174T 
                 0.384 
                 0.467 
                 0.383 
                 0.474 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFHER 
                 BT-474 
                 0.766 
                 1.01 
                 0.886 
                 1.316 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFHER 
                 JIMT-1 
                 0.702 
                 0.844 
                 0.742 
                 0.957 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFTN 
                 401 
                 0.429 
                 0.5 
                 0.429 
                 0.503 
               
               
                 Breast 
                 MAXFTN 
                 MDA- 
                 0.717 
                 0.763 
                 0.719 
                 0.765 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MB-453 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 MEXF 
                 1341 
                 0.399 
                 0.451 
                 0.391 
                 0.445 
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 MEXF 
                 1737 
                 0.799 
                 0.864 
                 0.826 
                 0.925 
               
               
                 Ovarian 
                 OVXF 
                 899 
                 0.352 
                 0.423 
                 0.346 
                 0.418 
               
               
                 Ovarian 
                 OVXF 
                 A2780 
                 0.406 
                 0.463 
                 0.405 
                 0.463 
               
               
                 Pancreatic 
                 PAXF 
                 1657 
                 1.049 
                 1.169 
                 1.041 
                 1.166 
               
               
                 Pancreatic 
                 PAXF 
                 HUP-T3 
                 0.487 
                 0.602 
                 0.532 
                 0.723 
               
               
                 Osteosarcoma 
                 SXFO 
                 678 
                 0.458 
                 0.531 
                 0.458 
                 0.532 
               
               
                 Osteosarcoma 
                 SXFO 
                 Saos-2 
                 0.712 
                 0.75 
                 0.709 
                 0.747 
               
               
                 Soft tissue 
                 SXFS 
                 1301 
                 0.49 
                 0.558 
                 0.501 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 sarcoma 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Soft tissue 
                 SXFS 
                 Hs 729 
                 0.724 
                 0.789 
                 0.733 
                 0.808 
               
               
                 sarcoma 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Prostate 
                 PRXF 
                 PC-3 
                 1.07585 
                 1.32629 
                 1.09606 
                 1.34929 
               
               
                 Prostate 
                 PRXF 
                 DU-145 
                 1.0054 
                 1.37576 
                 1.0883 
                 1.52792 
               
               
                 Glioblastoma 
                 CNXF 
                 U-87 MG 
                 0.93519 
                 0.98695 
                 0.93966 
                 0.99376 
               
               
                 Glioblastoma 
                 CNXF 
                 498 
                 1.70611 
                 1.86824 
                 1.74025 
                 1.90105 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Compound 85 showed concentration dependent anti-cancer activity in all of the 20 human cancer cell lines tested, with an absolute geometric mean IC 50  value of 0.6 μM. Individual absolute IC 50  values were in the range of 0.35 μM and 1.0 μM, indicating that Compound 85 has significant anti-cancer activity. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     Each reference disclosed in this application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.