Patent Publication Number: US-10769009-B2

Title: Root cause analysis for correlated development and operations data

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention generally relates to development and operations data, and more specifically, to root cause analysis for correlated development and operations data. 
     Customers, typically, want to identify the root-cause and risk factors associated with performance issues. However, some transactions are too complex to review. With thousands of artifacts and very complex call graphs, review can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially when analyzing graphs and metrics manually. Also, there are no correlations of different levels of data to help a customer find and understand a root-cause. While transaction composition and static analysis data are available, the amount of data can be very large and present difficulties when users drill down to whole application and application parts levels to try and find the problem themselves. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer-implemented method for root cause analysis. A non-limiting example of the computer-implemented method includes receiving, by a processor, operations data associated with a plurality of applications. A trend analysis is performed on the operations data to determine an operations issue associated with at least one of the plurality of applications. And a root-cause analysis is performed on the operations issue to identify a set of candidate applications from the plurality of applications that may be a cause of the operations issue. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system for root cause analysis. A non-limiting example of the system includes receiving, by a processor, operations data associated with a plurality of applications. A trend analysis is performed on the operations data to determine an operations issue associated with at least one of the plurality of applications. And a root-cause analysis is performed on the operations issue to identify a set of candidate applications from the plurality of applications that may be a cause of the operations issue. 
     Embodiments of the invention are directed to a computer program product for root cause analysis, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions are executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method. A non-limiting example of the method includes receiving, by a processor, operations data associated with a plurality of applications. A trend analysis is performed on the operations data to determine an operations issue associated with at least one of the plurality of applications. And a root-cause analysis is performed on the operations issue to identify a set of candidate applications from the plurality of applications that may be a cause of the operations issue. 
     Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a cloud computing environment according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts abstraction model layers according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a block diagram of a computer system for use in implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a block diagram of a system for root cause analysis according to one or more embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram of a trend classification model according to one or more embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a block diagram of an example of supervised learning based root-cause analysis according to one or more embodiments of the invention; and 
         FIG. 7  depicts a flow diagram of a method for root cause analysis according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments of the invention can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. 
     The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. 
     Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” may include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.” 
     The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value. 
     For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details. 
     It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  54 A-N shown in  FIG. 1  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG. 1 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 2  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and performing root cause analysis  96 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , there is shown an embodiment of a processing system  300  for implementing the teachings herein. In this embodiment, the system  300  has one or more central processing units (processors)  21   a ,  21   b ,  21   c , etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s)  21 ). In one or more embodiments, each processor  21  may include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Processors  21  are coupled to system memory  34  and various other components via a system bus  33 . Read only memory (ROM)  22  is coupled to the system bus  33  and may include a basic input/output system (BIOS), which controls certain basic functions of system  300 . 
       FIG. 3  further depicts an input/output (I/O) adapter  27  and a network adapter  26  coupled to the system bus  33 . I/O adapter  27  may be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk  23  and/or tape storage drive  25  or any other similar component. I/O adapter  27 , hard disk  23 , and tape storage device  25  are collectively referred to herein as mass storage  24 . Operating system  40  for execution on the processing system  300  may be stored in mass storage  24 . A network adapter  26  interconnects bus  33  with an outside network  36  enabling data processing system  300  to communicate with other such systems. A screen (e.g., a display monitor)  35  is connected to system bus  33  by display adaptor  32 , which may include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller. In one embodiment, adapters  27 ,  26 , and  32  may be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus  33  via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown). Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus  33  via user interface adapter  28  and display adapter  32 . A keyboard  29 , mouse  30 , and speaker  31  all interconnected to bus  33  via user interface adapter  28 , which may include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the processing system  300  includes a graphics processing unit  41 . Graphics processing unit  41  is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. In general, graphics processing unit  41  is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. 
     Thus, as configured in  FIG. 3 , the system  300  includes processing capability in the form of processors  21 , storage capability including system memory  34  and mass storage  24 , input means such as keyboard  29  and mouse  30 , and output capability including speaker  31  and display  35 . In one embodiment, a portion of system memory  34  and mass storage  24  collectively store an operating system coordinate the functions of the various components shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the invention, throughout the development and operations (DevOps) lifecycle, a large amount of data is produced, including code, requirements, designs, test artifacts, program artifacts, and operational information about applications. Customers want to be proactively notified or alerted as early as possible on operational (Ops) issues (such as large application response time or CPU time) and be able to efficiently identify the root-cause and risk factors of those issues, and act accordingly. Several challenges exist related to root-cause and risk factor analysis. One challenge is that Ops data with large volume, high variety, and high velocity is a real-world big data problem. For example, one medium sized banking institution can have millions of transactions per hour. Each transaction could have dozens of operational metrics to monitor such as CPU time or response time. Effective methods and systems are needed to proactively analyze risky patterns in such time-series Ops data, or even predict the Ops hazards such as server crashes. Another challenge is that the compositions of enterprise applications and transactions are normally very complex, e.g., involve tens of thousands of program artifacts and complex call relationships and structures. Even when the transaction composition and program static analysis data are available, the amount of data could be huge and presents difficulties when users drill down to whole application and application parts level and try to find the problem themselves. Thus, it could be very time-consuming and labor-intensive for customers to analyze the graph and metrics manually. In addition, there are no correlations of DevOps data to help them find and understand the root-cause and risk factors. Lastly, once root-cause and risk factors are identified with confidence, how can actionable recommendations be generated to alleviate or resolve the Ops issues. 
     Turning now to an overview of the aspects of the invention, one or more embodiments of the invention address the above-described shortcomings of the prior art by providing visual analytics technologies and machine learning based methods and systems to perform root cause and risk factors in correlated development (Dev) and operations (Ops) data. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a block diagram of a system for root cause analysis according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The system  400  includes operations data  402 , a trend analysis engine  404 , a root cause analysis engine  406 , machine learning models  408 , an interactive dashboard  412 , a training data knowledge base  414 , and a domain knowledge base  416 . 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the trend analysis engine  404  and the root cause analysis engine can be implemented on the processing system  300  found in  FIG. 3 . Additionally, the cloud computing system  50  can be in wired or wireless electronic communication with one or all of the elements of the system  400 . Cloud  50  can supplement, support or replace some or all of the functionality of the elements of the system  400 . Additionally, some or all of the functionality of the elements of system  400  can be implemented as a node  10  (shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) of cloud  50 . Cloud computing node  10  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. 
     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the system  400  identifies operations issues taken from operations data  402 . As described herein, the trend analysis engine  404  analyzes operations data  402  to identify an operations issue based on identifying certain trends or patterns that can indicate an operations issue. The operations data  402  includes large volume, high variety, and high velocity data about a host of applications and modules running in a software system. For example, a user purchasing a product online may be dealing with a long wait time for his or her transaction to process. For the purchase of the product, many software applications need to work together to complete the purchase online. Multiple long wait times constitutes a trend in the operation data  402  that needs to be identified to show that the many software applications have a potential operations issue. Once the operations issue is identified by the trend analysis engine  404 , a root cause analysis is performed by the root cause analysis engine  406 . A root cause could be something going wrong in a software program, excessive wait time on a database operation, a logical error, and the like. Certain features (e.g., risk factors candidates) for a program that might be a root cause include program complexity, maintainability index, number of lines of code, calls to a database, any recent changes to a program, code coverage, and the like. For both the trend analysis engine  404  and the root cause analysis engine  406 , a set of machine learning models  408  can be employed. The machine learning models  408  can utilize training data from a training data knowledge base  414  to train the parameters in the models. The training data can be either labelled or unlabeled training data. Labelled training data can include historical root cause analysis data taken from historical root causes associated with applications or other operations data. The system  400  can create actionable recommendations for the dashboard  412  based on the root cause analysis and domain knowledge taken from the domain knowledge database  416 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the system  400  highlights transaction-level operations (Ops) issues identified from operations data  402  using an interactive dashboard  412  to enable manual trend analysis and thresholds comparisons. Ops issues (such as CPU response time peaks in line charts) can be revealed visually via visualization technologies and user explorations. Utilize visualization technologies and machine learning models  408 , such as time-series analysis, to find risky patterns in trends. Risky Ops patterns can be found utilizing supervised or unsupervised machine learning algorithms or models  408 . An example algorithm can include peak or spike detection algorithms facilitated in the trend analysis engine  404 . Peaks or spikes in a trend are strong indications of abnormal behaviors of a transaction. Peak detection algorithms can proactively detect peaks and spikes in a trend, such as high CPU time or response time, and notify or alert users (system administrators) with detected peaks or spikes through the interactive dashboard  412  or any other means. Another type of machine learning algorithms includes peak or spike prediction algorithms. Machine learning predictive analysis models  408  can be utilized to predict peaks or spikes which are likely to happen in the near future and notify or alert users with upcoming peaks or spikes. Methods such as auto-regressions can be used to perform peak or spike prediction tasks. Peak and spike prediction is a supervised learning task. Auto-regression, neural networks, or even deep learning can be trained to predict the future operational metrics (such as CPU wait time in the next 30 minutes), based on the historical operational metrics or lags (e.g., features). A lag represents a time interval, such as 5 or 10 minutes. The peak or spike prediction are linear or non-linear combinations of operational data in historical lags. Another type of Ops issue detection algorithm includes trend outlier detection. Trend outlier detection finds outlier or anomaly of trends. For example, the response time trend of a transaction on a Tuesday has a different pattern than other days in the week. Methods such as clustering or classification algorithms could be used to find trend outliers or anomalies. Moreover, trend classification based health check can also be utilized to classify whether a trend segment is healthy or unhealthy, under a certain context. Trend classification aims to perform a health check on trends. Trend classification is also a supervised learning task. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forests, Logistic Regression or Deep Learning can be trained to classify a trend to be “healthy” or “unhealthy”. Should shallow models, such as SVM or logistic regression, be used, time series feature vectors need to be defined and extracted in OPS data such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, energy preserving features from discrete Fourier transforms (DFT), and the like. Should deep learning be utilized, time series feature extraction might not be needed. 
       FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram of a trend classification model according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The classification model  508  can be implemented on the system  400  depicted in  FIG. 4 . In the illustrated example, there are three trend graphs  502  inputted in to the trained classification model  508  which analyzes the trend graphs and classifies the trends into predefined categories  512 , for example: 1) Good, 2) Acceptable, or 3) Bad. Once bad trends are discovered, customer alerts can be generated and sent to the customer or displayed on the dashboard  412 . The predefined categories  512  can assist with defining Ops issues types. In one or more embodiments of the invention, each Ops issue can be defined asp, which belongs to a set of predefined Ops issue set P. Ops issue types include but are not limited to peak, outlier, or trend as described above. Problematic patterns in Ops trends can be different, i.e., different issues in different applications Ops trends could be different. For example, a busy and fully-loaded CPU trend during Boxing Day can be considered as normal but such trends are not normal in a regular holiday. Thus, trend classification is context-dependent, and different models and training data need to be tailored under specific contexts. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, a root cause and risk factor analysis can be performed. A program artifact can be represented using the following four types of attributes or features: S: Static analysis metrics about a program such as the number of lines of source code, program complexity index, program maintainability index, etc. M: Recently modified. Whether this program has added lines, deleted lines, modified lines, or any other kinds of revisions. A recently changed and poorly-tested program could cause functionality or performance regressions. R: Call reference information. The call reference means the list of other artifacts calling it and the list of other artifacts it calls out. For example, one program calls out databases and is also being called by other artifacts. C: Code coverage. A measure of how much of code in a program or file is being executed as part of a test or test case. The result can contain coverage for one or more programs or files, depending on how the test is structured 
     Thus, a program artifact can be represented by using a feature vector F: F=(S, R, C). This feature vector F can be further expanded with more features or attributes to represent a program with more details, to discriminative a program more comprehensively. For the outcome of root cause analysis, a correlation, coefficient, or weight is found for each feature with respect to an Ops issue p, and the probability or likelihood of a program to be root-cause will be generated based on the summary of coefficients of all features 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, correlations can be determined heuristically using domain knowledge or empirically with data and machine learning models. Performing a root-cause analysis can include transaction composition graph and transaction composition table, a visual analytics tool intelligently displays the call graph of programs on the dashboard  412  for a user. For this root-cause analysis, users can manually perform risk analysis on the graph to explore the potential root-cause and risk factors. 
     In another embodiment, the root-cause analysis can be a machine learning based program level root-cause analysis utilizing a set of machine learning models  408 . This type of cognitive approach aims to automatically find the root-causes of an Ops issue, which contains two types of methods, e.g., supervised learning methods and unsupervised learning methods. 
     In one or more embodiments, if labeled root-cause training data under specific contexts are available, supervised machine learning methods can be used to find the root-cause and risk factors of Ops issues. Each training data entry can be described as one (P, F) pair. This pair includes historical records of root-causes of Ops issues. For example, high database wait time can be caused by poor-written database query statements, etc. Supervised learning methods calculate the coefficient or weight of each feature in feature vector F as risk factor candidate and the likelihood of being the root-cause of an Ops issue. A program artifact with the largest likelihood will be returned as root-cause and the features with large coefficients or weights will be returned as risk factors. 
     Supervised classification models (such as Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), RandomForest, and Deep learning) can be utilized to classify each program and predict its probability or likelihood to be the cause of the problem. For example, a logistic regression model is a linear predictive classification model. The logistic regression model can calculate the coefficient of each feature in feature vector F based on historical training data, and then calculate the likelihood of each program artifact to be the root-cause. Program artifacts can be ranked by their likelihood and customers can be recommended to review the top-ranked artifacts. While only a few supervised classification models are mentioned herein, any supervised classification model can be used. Examples presented herein are intended to be illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the techniques described. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a block diagram of an example of supervised learning based root-cause analysis according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The diagram  600  includes an identified operations issue  602  which in the illustrative example is a high database waiting time. A set of features  604  are defined for a program HCZRP1 with calculated weights  606  or coefficients for each feature in the set of features  604 . In one or more embodiments of the invention, suppose a high database wait time issue has been detected, and a trained logistic regression model calculates the likelihood of all program artifacts based on learned coefficients of features (from historical training data). The features “Calls to database”, “Recently changed”, “Code coverage” have the largest coefficients 2.5, 2.0, and 1.8 respectively, which mean they are risk factors to the Ops issue. Then logistic regression calculates the linear combination of coefficients and feature values and outputs the likelihood of HCZRP1 being the root-cause to be 90%. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, unsupervised learning methods could also be utilized. If the labeled training data, i.e., the historical (P, F) records are not available. Unsupervised clustering or outlier detection and multi-columns numeric sorting to can be performed to rank the program artifacts by the root cause analysis engine  406 . The top-ranked artifacts are likely to be the root-cause of Ops issues. For each identified (p, f) pair, i.e., the root cause of an Ops issue, specific actionable recommendations are generated based on rules in a domain knowledge base. For example, if the root-cause of an Ops issue is low code coverage of a program, an actionable recommendation can be to suggest customers to write more test cases to improve code coverage 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, an actionable recommendation can be performed automatically based on the root-cause. For example, if a code section which has poor query language and the root-cause returns the calls to the database as a likely root-cause of the operational issue, the poor query language can be commented out of the code and flagged for a developer to address during operational down time. The actionable recommendation can be performed automatically based on an analysis that the action does not affect operation of the system applications. Other example actionable recommendation can include inserting commented code into the code to address the portion of the code that is likely the root-cause. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a flow diagram of a method for root cause analysis according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The method  700  includes receiving, by a processor, operations data associated with a plurality of applications, as shown in block  702 . At block  704 , the method  700  includes performing a trend analysis on the operations data to determine an operations issue associated with at least one of the plurality of applications. The method  700 , at block  706 , includes performing a root-cause analysis on the operations issue to identify a set of candidate applications from the plurality of applications that may be a cause of the operations issue. 
     Additional processes may also be included. It should be understood that the processes depicted in  FIG. 7  represent illustrations, and that other processes may be added or existing processes may be removed, modified, or rearranged without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.