Patent Publication Number: US-2022238839-A1

Title: Organic light emitting display device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/465,520, filed on Mar. 21, 2017, which claims priority from and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0103290, filed on Aug. 12, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The invention relates generally to organic light emitting display devices, and, more particularly, to organic light emitting display devices that are flexible and resistant to damage or defects due to static electricity. 
     Discussion of the Background 
     Flat panel display (FPD) devices are widely used as a display device of an electronic device because the FPD device is lightweight and thin compared to a cathode-ray tube (CRT) display device. Typical examples of the FPD devices are a liquid crystal display (LCD) device and an organic light emitting display (OLED) device. 
     Recently, a flexible OLED device has been developed that is capable of bending or folding a portion of a display device by including lower and upper substrates which have flexible materials. For example, the lower substrate included in the display panel may be formed of a flexible substrate, and the upper substrate included in the display panel may have a thin film encapsulation structure. In addition, the flexible display device may further include an upper structure that is located on an upper surface of the display panel and a lower protection film that is located on a lower surface of the display panel. Here, the lower protection film may include an adhesive layer and a protection film that protects the adhesive layer. 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the inventive concepts, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     SUMMARY 
     Applicants have discovered that when the lower protection film of a flexible OLED adheres to the lower surface of the display panel, it may adhere after the protection film has become detached from the adhesive layer. In this case, static electricity may be generated as the protective film is detached from the adhesive layer, and the flexible display device may be damaged by the static electricity. Additionally, the presence of non-uniform static electric may cause a displayed image to be non-uniform. 
     One or more exemplary embodiments of the invention provide an organic light emitting display device having an adhesive layer that includes an antistatic material having a surface resistance that enables static electric charges to achieve a uniform distribution in the adhesive layer and/or migrate to a grounded process device. Accordingly, the performance of the device may be improved by reducing or eliminating some or all of the problems caused by static electricity. Further, a weight ratio of the antistatic material with respect to the total weight of the adhesive layer may be in a range that enables some or all of problems caused by the static electricity to be overcome without adding much weight to the device. 
     Additional aspects or benefits will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and, in part, will be apparent from the disclosure, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concepts. 
     According to a one aspect of the invention, an organic light emitting display (OLED) device includes a flexible display panel, an upper structure, and a lower protection film. The display panel has a display region where a plurality of pixels are disposed and a pad region where pad electrodes that are electrically connected to an external device are disposed. The pad region is located at a side of the display region. The display panel is configurable to have a curved shape where a flexible portion of the display region is bent. The upper structure is disposed in the display region of the display panel. The lower protection film is disposed on a lower surface of the display panel, and includes an adhesive layer and a protection layer. The adhesive layer is in direct contact with the lower surface of the display panel, and includes an antistatic material. The protection layer is disposed under the adhesive layer. 
     In example embodiments, the display region may have a first width extending in a first direction, and the pad region may have a second width extending in the first direction when viewed in a plan view of the OLED device. The second width may be less than the first width. 
     In example embodiments, the display region may include a first sub-display region having opposed lateral portions, second and third sub-display regions, a fourth sub-display region, and a fifth sub-display region. The first sub-display region may be located in a center of the display region. The second sub-display region may be located at one of the opposed lateral portions of the first sub-display region and the third sub-display region may be located at the other opposed lateral portion. The second and third sub-display regions may be configured to have a shape that is bent on an axis with respect to a second direction. The second direction may be perpendicular to the first direction. The fourth sub-display region may be located adjacent to the second sub-display region, and may extend in a third direction that is orthogonal to both the first direction and the second direction. The fifth sub-display region may be located adjacent to the third sub-display region, and may extend in the third direction. 
     In example embodiments, the second and fourth sub-display regions and the third and fifth sub-display regions may be symmetrical to each other with respect to the first sub-display region. 
     In example embodiments, the display region may include a light emitting region configured to emit light and a peripheral region surrounding the light emitting region. The first sub-display region, the second sub-display region, and the third sub-display region may be located in the light emitting region, and the fourth sub-display region and the fifth sub-display region may be located in the peripheral region. 
     In example embodiments, the lower protection film may be disposed on a portion of the lower surface of the display panel that is located in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sub-display regions or on substantially the entire lower surface of the display panel that is located in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sub-display regions. 
     In example embodiments, a neutral plane of the lower protection film, the display panel, and the upper structure in the second and third sub-display regions are located within the display panel. 
     In example embodiments, a thickness of the adhesive layer of the lower protection film may be in a range between about 11 and about 15 micrometers, and a thickness of the protection layer of the lower protection film may be in a range between about 74 and about 76 micrometers. 
     In example embodiments, a plurality of wirings may be disposed in the peripheral region, and the plurality of wirings may electrically connect the pad electrodes and the pixels. 
     In example embodiments, the pad region may include a bending region located in a first portion of the pad region that is adjacent to the display region and a pad electrode region where the pad electrodes are disposed in a second portion of the pad region. 
     In example embodiments, the OLED device may further include a bending protection layer and connection electrodes. The bending protection layer may be disposed in a portion of the display region, the bending region, and a portion of the pad electrode region. The connection electrodes may be disposed between the bending protection layer and the display panel, and may electrically connect the pixels and the pad electrodes. 
     In example embodiments, the lower protection film may expose a portion of the lower surface of the display panel that is located in the bending region. 
     In example embodiments, the lower protection film may include a first lower protection film pattern and a second lower protection film pattern. The first lower protection film pattern may be disposed in the display region. The second lower protection film pattern may be disposed in the pad electrode region of the pad region such that the portion of the lower surface of the display panel that is located in the bending region is exposed. 
     In example embodiments, the first lower protection film pattern and the second lower protection film pattern may be spaced apart from each other. 
     In example embodiments, the bending region may be bent on an axis with respect to the first direction, and the second lower protection film pattern may be disposed on a lower surface of the first lower protection film pattern. 
     In example embodiments, a bending radius of the bending region may be less than a bending radius of a portion of the display region where the display region is bent. 
     In example embodiments, the lower protection film may define a groove in the bending region. 
     In example embodiments, the adhesive layer included in the lower protection film may be entirely disposed on the lower surface of the display panel. The protection layer included in the lower protection film may include a first protection layer and a second protection layer. The first protection layer may be disposed in the display region. The second protection layer may be disposed in the pad region. The first protection layer and the second protection layer may define an opening exposing a lower surface of the adhesive layer located in the bending region. The first protection layer and the second protection layer may be spaced apart from each other on the lower surface of the adhesive layer. 
     In example embodiments, each of the pixels included in the display panel may include a substrate on the lower protection film, a semiconductor element on the substrate, a lower electrode on the semiconductor element, a light emitting layer on the lower electrode, an upper electrode on the light emitting layer, and a thin film encapsulation structure on the upper electrode. 
     In example embodiments, the semiconductor element may include an active layer, a gate insulation layer, a gate electrode, an insulating interlayer, and source and drain electrodes. The active layer may be disposed on the substrate. The gate insulation layer may be disposed on the active layer. The gate electrode may be disposed on the gate insulation layer. The insulating interlayer may be disposed on the gate electrode, and the gate insulation layer and the insulating layer may define an opening that exposes an upper surface of the substrate that is located in the bending region. The source and drain electrodes may be disposed on the insulating interlayer. 
     In example embodiments, the upper structure may include a touch screen electrode layer and a polarizing layer on the thin film encapsulation structure. 
     In example embodiments, the polarizing layer may be disposed on the touch screen electrode layer. 
     In example embodiments, the touch screen electrode layer may be disposed on the polarizing layer. 
     In example embodiments, the lower protection film may further include an antistatic layer under the protection layer. 
     In example embodiments, a thickness of the protection layer may be greater than a thickness of the adhesive layer, and the thickness of the adhesive layer may be greater than a thickness of the antistatic layer. 
     In example embodiments, a surface resistance of an upper surface of the lower protection film that is in direct contact with the display panel may be less than about 1×10 11  ohm/sq. 
     In example embodiments, a weight ratio of the antistatic material based on a total weight of the adhesive layer may be in a range between about 1 wt % and about 3 wt %. 
     In example embodiments, the protection layer may further include a light blocking material. 
     In example embodiments, the light blocking material may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon black, titanium nitride oxide, titanium black, phenylene black, aniline black, cyanine black, and nigrosine acid black. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, an OLED device includes a display panel, an upper structure, and a lower protection film. The display panel has a display region where a plurality of pixels are disposed and a pad region where pad electrodes that are electrically connected to an external device are disposed. The pad region is located at a first side of the display region. The display panel is configurable to have a curved shape where a flexible portion of the display region is bent. The upper structure is disposed in the display region of the display panel. The lower protection film is disposed on a lower surface of the display panel, and includes an adhesive layer and a protection layer. The adhesive layer is in direct contact with the lower surface of the display panel, and includes an antistatic material. The protection layer is disposed under the adhesive layer. The pad region includes a bending region located in a first portion of the pad region that is adjacent to the display region and a pad electrode region where the pad electrodes are disposed in a second portion of the pad region. The lower protection film includes a first lower protection film pattern and a second lower protection film pattern. The first lower protection film pattern is disposed in the display region. The second lower protection film pattern is disposed in the pad electrode region of the pad region such that the portion of the lower surface of the display panel that is located in the bending region is exposed. The antistatic material is included in the first lower protection film pattern, and the second lower protection film pattern does not include the antistatic material. 
     The foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive concepts, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts, and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the inventive concepts. 
         FIG. 1A  is a plan view of a first embodiment of an organic light emitting display (OLED) device constructed according to the principles of the invention in which the OLED has a flat shape before any bending of the display region; 
         FIG. 1B  is a plan view of a peripheral region included in the OLED device of  FIG. 1A  illustrating the OLED after a portion of the display region has been bent; 
         FIG. 1C  is a block diagram of an external device electrically connected to the OLED device of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line I-I′ of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2B  is a cross sectional view illustrating part of the structure of the display panel of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 2C  is a cross sectional view illustrating a first example of a bent portion of the display panel of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 2D  is a cross sectional view illustrating a second example of a bent portion of the display panel of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 2E  is a cross sectional view illustrating a third example of a bent portion of the display panel of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 2F  is a cross sectional view illustrating a fourth example of a bent portion of the display panel of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line II-IF of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a bent shape of the OLED device of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 4A  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of region ‘A’ of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 4B  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of region ‘B’ of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 6, 7, and 8  are cross-sectional views illustrating various stages of an exemplary method of manufacturing an OLED device according to the principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an OLED device constructed according to the principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of an OLED device constructed according to the principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of an OLED device constructed according to the principles of the invention; and 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment of an OLED device constructed according to the principles of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various exemplary embodiments. It is apparent, however, that various exemplary embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with one or more equivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various exemplary embodiments. 
     In the accompanying figures, the size and relative sizes of layers, films, panels, regions, etc., may be exaggerated for clarity and descriptive purposes. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements. 
     When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an element or layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. For the purposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least one selected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z, such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, and/or section from another element, component, region, layer, and/or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, and/or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, and/or section without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/or manufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Various exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized exemplary embodiments and/or intermediate structures. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein should not be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapes of regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from, for instance, manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the drawings are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to be limiting. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments constructed according to the principles of the invention will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C , an OLED device  100  may include a display panel, an upper structure, a lower protection film, etc., as will be described in greater detail below. 
     The display panel may have a display region  10  and a pad region  20 . A plurality of pixels P may be disposed in the display region  10 , and the pad region  20  may be located in a first side of the display region  10 . A width of the pad region  20  may be less than a width of the display region  10 , and pad electrodes  470  that are electrically connected to an external device  101  may be disposed in the pad region  20 . The display region  10  may have a first width W 1  extending in a first direction D 1  that is parallel to an upper surface of the OLED device  100  when viewed in a plan view of the OLED device  100 . In addition, the pad region  20  may have a second width W 2  extending in the first direction D 1  when viewed in a plan view of the OLED device  100 , and the second width W 2  may be less than the first width W 1 . 
     The display region  10  may include a light emitting region  30  where a light is emitted and a peripheral region  40  that surrounds the light emitting region  30 . The pixels P emitting a light may be disposed in the light emitting region  30 , and a plurality of wirings may be disposed in the peripheral region  40 . The wirings may be electrically connected to the pad electrodes  470  and the pixels P. For example, the wirings may include data signal wirings, scan signal wirings, light emission signal wirings, power supply voltage wirings, and so on. In addition, a scan driver, a data driver, and other components may be disposed in the peripheral region  40 . 
     The width of the peripheral region  40  surrounding the light emitting region  30  of  FIG. 1B  may be the same on each side of the light emitting region  30 ; or, the width of the peripheral region  40  may be different on different sides of the light emitting region. For example, the peripheral region  40  may include a first region extending in the first direction D 1  and a second region extending in a second direction D 2  that is perpendicular to the first direction D 1 . In other words, the first region of the peripheral region  40  may be located adjacent to the top of the display panel  200  and a bending region  50 , and the second region of the peripheral region  40  may be located in both lateral portions of the display panel  200 . Here, a width extending in the first direction D 1  of the second region may be relatively less than a width extending in the second direction D 2  of the first region. 
     The pad region  20  may include a bending region  50  located in a portion of the pad region  20  that is adjacent to the display region  10  and a pad electrode region  60  located in a remaining portion of the pad region  20 . For example, the bending region  50  may be interposed between the display region  10  and the pad electrode region  60 , and the pad electrodes  470  may be disposed in the pad electrode region  60 . As the bending region  50  is bent, the pad electrode region  60  may be located on a lower surface of the OLED device  100 . As described in further detail below, the OLED device  100  may further include a bending protection layer and connection electrodes. The bending protection layer may be disposed in a portion of the display region  10 , the bending region  50 , and a portion of the pad electrode region  60  on the display panel as will be described in greater detail below. The connection electrodes may be disposed between the bending protection layer and the display panel, and may be electrically connected to the wirings and the pad electrodes  470 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1C , the pixels P disposed in the light emitting region  30  and an external device  101  that is electrically connected to the pad electrodes  470  may be electrically connected through the connection electrodes disposed in the bending region  50  and the wirings disposed in the peripheral region  40 . For example, the external device  101  and the OLED device  100  may be electrically connected through a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). The external device  101  may provide a data signal, a scan signal, a light emission signal, a power supply voltage, and so on, to the OLED device  100 . In addition, a driving integrated circuit may be mounted (e.g., installed) in the FPCB. In some example embodiments, the driving integrated circuit may be mounted in the display panel  200  that is located adjacent to the pad electrodes  470 . 
     The upper structure may be disposed in the display region  10  on the display panel. As will be described in greater detail below, the upper structure may include a touch screen electrode layer, a polarizing layer, and so on. In example embodiments, the touch screen electrode layer may be disposed on the display panel, and the polarizing layer may be disposed on the touch screen electrode layer. 
     As described below, the lower protection film may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel, and may include an adhesive layer and a protection layer. The adhesive layer may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel, and may include an antistatic material. In addition, the protection layer may be disposed under the adhesive layer. 
     Because the OLED device  100  includes an adhesive layer having antistatic material, the OLED device  100  may protect the display panel from a static electricity. 
     Referring to FIGS,  1 A,  2 A, and  2 B, an upper structure  400  may be disposed in a display region  10  on a display panel  200  included in an OLED device  100 , and a first lower protection film pattern  351  included in a lower protection film may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The upper structure  400  may include a touch screen electrode layer  410  and a polarizing layer  430 . In addition, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may include a first protection layer  301  and a first adhesive layer  302 . The touch screen electrode layer  410  may be disposed on the display panel  200 , and the polarizing layer  430  may be disposed on the touch screen electrode layer  410 . In addition, the first adhesive layer  302  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 , and the first protection layer  301  may be disposed under the first adhesive layer  302 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2B , the display panel  200  may have the display region  10 , and the display region  10  may include a light emitting region  30  and a peripheral region  40 . The display region  10  may include a first sub-display region  31 , a second sub-display region  32 , a third sub-display region  33 , a fourth sub-display region  34 , and a fifth sub-display region  35 . For example, the first sub-display region  31 , the second sub-display region  32 , and the third sub-display region  33  may be included in the light emitting region  30 , and the fourth sub-display region  34  and the fifth sub-display region  35  may be included in the peripheral region  40 . The first sub-display region  31  may be located in the center of the display region  10 , and the second sub-display region  32  and the third sub-display region  33  may be located in lateral portions of the first sub-display region  31 . Each of the second sub-display region  32  and the third sub-display region  33  may have a shape that is bent on an axis with respect to a second direction D 2  which may be perpendicular to a first direction D 1 . The fourth sub-display region  34  may be located adjacent to the second sub-display region  32 , and may extend in a third direction D 3  that may be vertical to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2 . The fifth sub-display region  35  may be located adjacent to the third sub-display region  33 , and may extend in the third direction D 3 . In example embodiments, the second and fourth sub-display regions  32  and  34  and the third and fifth sub-display regions  33  and  35  may be symmetrical to each other with respect to the first sub-display region  31 . The first lower protection film pattern  351  may be partially or entirely disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200  that may be located in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sub-display regions  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 , and  35 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F , variously shaped patterns may be formed by removing at least a portion of a lower protection film  300  in a portion where the display region  10  is bent. These patterns may be formed by alternating convex projections separated by concave spaces between the convex projections, but other shape projections may also be employed. In other words, the lower protection film  300  may have the variously shaped patterns defined therein. For example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 2C and 2E , the patterns may be formed by removing a portion of the first protection layer  301 . Alternatively, as illustrated in  FIGS. 2D and 2F , the patterns may be formed by partially or completely removing the first protection layer  301  and the first adhesive layer  302  such that the display panel  200  is exposed in a particular location where the display region  10  is bent. Examples of the shape of the patterns as depicted in  FIGS. 2C, 2D, and 2E  include a trapezoidal shape and a tetragonal shape. It should be apparent that the shapes formed by the removal of the portion of the lower protection film  300  may be different in other embodiments. Thus, in other embodiments, the shape of the patterns may vary from the shapes depicted in  FIGS. 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A, 3A, and 3B , the OLED device  100  may include a display panel  200 , a lower protection film  300 , an upper structure  400 , a bending protection layer  460 , a pad electrode  470 , and so on. Here, the lower protection film  300  may include a first lower protection film pattern  351  and a second lower protection film pattern  352 . In addition, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may include a first protection layer  301  and a first adhesive layer  302 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may include a second protection layer  303  and a second adhesive layer  304 . Further, the upper structure  400  may include a polarizing layer  430  and a touch screen electrode layer  410 . 
     As described above, the display panel  200  may have a display region  10  and a pad region  20 . The display region  10  may include a light emitting region  30  and a peripheral region  40 ; and, the pad region  20  may include a bending region  50  and a pad electrode region  60 . 
     Pixels P where a light is emitted may be disposed in the light emitting region  30 ; and, a plurality of wirings may be disposed in the peripheral region  40 . The wirings may be electrically connected to the pad electrode  470  and the pixels P. 
     The bending region  50  of the pad region  20  may be interposed between the pad electrode region  60  and the peripheral region  40  of the display region  10 , and the pad electrode  470  may be disposed in the pad electrode region  60 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , as the bending region  50  is bent, the pad electrode region  60  may be located on a lower portion of the OLED device  100 . For example, the bending region  50  may be bent on an axis with respect to a first direction D 1 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may be disposed on a lower surface of the first lower protection film pattern  351 . In addition, a bending radius of the bending region  50  may be less than a bending radius of a portion having a shape where the display region  10  is bent. That is, the portion where the display region  10  is bent has a gradual slope whereas the bending region  50  may have a relatively steep slope. Alternatively, after the bending region  50  is bent, an adhesive tape may be interposed between the second lower protection film pattern  352  and the first lower protection film pattern  351 . In this case, the second lower protection film pattern  352  and the first lower protection film pattern  351  may be fixed by the adhesive tape. A thickness of the adhesive tape may be identical to or greater than a thickness of the lower protection film  300 . In addition, the adhesive tape may absorb shock. For example, the adhesive tape may include urethane, rubber, and/or the like. 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 1A and 3A , the upper structure  400  may be disposed in the display region  10  on the display panel  200 . The touch screen electrode layer  410  may be disposed on the display panel  200 ; and, the polarizing layer  430  may be disposed on the touch screen electrode layer  410 . 
     The lower protection film  300  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . In example embodiments, the lower protection film  300  may include the first lower protection film pattern  351  that is disposed in the display region  10  and the second lower protection film pattern  352  that is disposed in the pad electrode region  60  such that a lower surface of the display panel  200  located in the bending region  50  is exposed. In other words, the lower protection film  300  may have an opening exposing a lower surface of the display panel  200  in the bending region  50 . In addition, the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel  200 , and may include antistatic materials. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may be disposed under the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304 , respectively. 
     The bending protection layer  460  may be disposed in a portion of the display region  10 , the bending region  50 , and a portion of the pad electrode region  60  on the display panel  200 . Connection electrodes may be disposed between the bending protection layer  460  and the display panel  200 . The connection electrodes may be electrically connected to the wirings disposed in the peripheral region  40  and the pad electrode  470 . Pixels P disposed in the light emitting region  30  and an external device  101  that is electrically connected to the pad electrode  470  may be electrically connected through the connection electrodes disposed in the bending region  50  and through the wirings disposed in the peripheral region  40 . A thickness of the bending protection layer  460  may be determined such that a neutral plane in the bending region  50  is located within a portion where the connection electrodes are disposed. For example, when the bending region  50  is bent, the connection electrodes might not be broken (or, cut) because the neutral plane of the bending region  50  may be located within the portion where the connection electrodes are disposed. 
     The pad electrode  470  may be disposed in the pad electrode region  60  on the display panel  200 . The pad electrode  470  may be electrically connected to the external device  101 , and may provide a data signal, a scan signal, a light emission signal, a power supply voltage, and so on, which may be applied from the external device  101 , to the pixels P. 
     The upper structure  400  may include the touch screen electrode layer  410  and the polarizing layer  430 ; and, in some embodiments, the upper structure  400  may further include a plurality of layers. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , an OLED device  100  may include a display panel  200 , a lower protection film  300 , an upper structure  400 , a bending protection layer  460 , and so on. The display panel  200  may include a substrate  110 , a semiconductor element  250 , a planarization layer  270 , a pixel defining layer  310 , a lower electrode  290 , a light emitting layer  330 , an upper electrode  340 , and a thin film encapsulation (TFE) structure  450 . In addition, the upper structure  400  may include a touch screen electrode layer  410  and a polarizing layer  430 . Further, the semiconductor element  250  may include an active layer  130 , a gate insulation layer  150 , a gate electrode  170 , an insulating interlayer  190 , a source electrode  210 , and a drain electrode  230 ; and, the TFE structure  450  may include first TFE layer  451 , a second TFE layer  452 , and a third TFE layer  453 . 
     When the OLED device  100  includes the flexible substrate 110  and the TFE structure  450 , the OLED device  100  may serve as a flexible display device. 
     The substrate  110  may be provided. The substrate  110  may include transparent materials or opaque materials. The substrate  110  may be formed of a flexible transparent material such as a flexible transparent resin substrate (e.g., a polyimide substrate). For example, the polyimide substrate may include a first polyimide layer, a first barrier film layer, a second polyimide layer, a second barrier film layer, and so on. Because the polyimide substrate is relatively thin and flexible, the polyimide substrate may be disposed on a rigid glass substrate to help support the formation of the semiconductor element  250  and the light emitting structure (e.g., the lower electrode  290 , the light emitting layer  330 , the upper electrode  340 , and so on). That is, the substrate  110  may have a structure in which the first polyimide layer, the first barrier film layer, the second polyimide layer, and the second barrier film layer are stacked on the rigid glass substrate. In manufacturing the OLED device  100 , after an insulating layer (e.g., a buffer layer) is provided on the second barrier layer of the polyimide substrate, the semiconductor element  250  and the light emitting structure may be disposed on the insulating layer. After the semiconductor element  250  and the light emitting structure are formed on the insulating layer, the rigid glass substrate on which the polyimide substrate is disposed may be removed. It may be difficult to directly form the semiconductor element  250  and the light emitting structure on the polyimide substrate when the polyimide substrate is relatively thin and flexible. Accordingly, the semiconductor element  250  and the light emitting structure may be formed on the polyimide substrate and the rigid glass substrate, and then the polyimide substrate may serve as the substrate  110  of the OLED device  100  after the removal of the rigid glass substrate. Alternatively, the substrate  110  may include a quartz substrate, a synthetic quartz substrate, a calcium fluoride substrate, a fluoride-doped quartz substrate, a sodalime glass substrate, a non-alkali glass substrate and so on. 
     A buffer layer may be disposed on the substrate  110 . The buffer layer may be disposed on a part of or the entire substrate  110 . The buffer layer may prevent the diffusion of metal atoms and/or impurities from the substrate  110  into the semiconductor element  250 . Additionally, the buffer layer may control a rate of heat transfer in a crystallization process for forming the active layer  130 , thereby obtaining a substantially uniform active layer  130 . Furthermore, the buffer layer may improve a surface flatness of the substrate  110  when a surface of the substrate  110  is relatively irregular. Depending on the form of the substrate  110 , at least two buffer layers may be provided on the substrate  110 , or, alternatively, the buffer layer might be omitted. The buffer layer may include silicon compound, metal oxide, and so on. 
     The semiconductor element  250  may be disposed on the substrate  110 . The active layer  130  may be disposed on the substrate  110 . The active layer  130  may include an oxide semiconductor, an inorganic semiconductor (e.g., amorphous silicon, polysilicon, and/or the like), an organic semiconductor, and so on. 
     The gate insulation layer  150  may be disposed on the active layer  130 . The gate insulation layer  150  may cover the active layer  130 , and may be disposed on the substrate  110 . For example, the gate insulation layer  150  may sufficiently cover the active layer  130  on the substrate  110 , and may have a substantially level surface without a step around the active layer  130 . Alternatively, the gate insulation layer  150  may cover the active layer  130 , and may be disposed as a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the active layer  130 . The gate insulation layer  150  may include an opening that exposes an upper surface of the substrate 110 . The upper surface of the substrate  110  may be located in a portion of the peripheral region  40 , the bending region  50 , and a portion of pad electrode region  60 . The gate insulation layer  150  may include silicon compound, metal oxide, and so on. For example, the gate insulation layer  150  may include silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), silicon oxycarbide (SiOxCy), silicon carbon nitride (SiCxNy), aluminum oxide (AlOx), aluminum nitride (AlNx), tantalum oxide (TaOx), hafnium oxide (HfOx), zirconium oxide (ZrOx), titanium oxide (TiOx), and/or the like. 
     The gate electrode  170  may be disposed on a portion of the gate insulation layer  150  under which the active layer  130  may be located. The gate electrode  170  may include a metal, a metal alloy, metal nitride, conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and so on. For example, the gate electrode  170  may include gold (Au), an alloy of gold, silver (Ag), an alloy of silver, aluminum (Al), an alloy of aluminum, aluminum nitride (AlNx), tungsten (W), tungsten nitride (WNx), copper (Cu), an alloy of copper, nickel (Ni), chrome (Cr), chrome nitride (CrNx), molybdenum (Mo), an alloy of molybdenum, titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiNx), platinum (Pt), tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaNx), neodymium (Nd), scandium (Sc), strontium ruthenium oxide (SRO), zinc oxide (ZnOx), stannum oxide (SnOx), indium oxide (InOx), gallium oxide (GaOx), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and/or the like. These may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. The gate electrode  170  may have a multi-layered or single layered structure. 
     The insulating interlayer  190  may be disposed on the gate electrode  170 . The insulating interlayer  190  may cover the gate electrode  170 , and may be disposed on the gate insulation layer  150 . For example, the insulating interlayer  190  may sufficiently cover the gate electrode  170  on the gate insulation layer  150 , and may have a substantially level surface without a step around the gate electrode  170 . Alternatively, the insulating interlayer  190  may cover the gate electrode  170  on the gate insulation layer  150 , and may be disposed as a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the gate electrode  170 . The insulating interlayer  190  may expose an upper surface of the substrate 110 ; and, the upper surface of the substrate  110  may be located in a portion of the peripheral region  40 , the bending region  50 , and a portion of pad electrode region  60 . In addition, a width, extending in the second direction D 2 , of an opening defined by the gate insulation layer  150  and the insulating interlayer  190  that expose an upper surface of the display panel  200  may be greater than a with extending the second direction D 2  of an opening defined by the lower protection film  300  that exposes a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The insulating interlayer  190  may include a silicon compound, a metal oxide, and so on. 
     The source electrode  210  and the drain electrode  230  may be disposed on the insulating interlayer  190 . The source electrode  210  may be in direct contact with a first side of the active layer  130  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the gate insulation layer  150  and the insulating interlayer  190 . The drain electrode  230  may be in direct contact with a second side of the active layer  130  via a contact hole formed by removing another portion of the gate insulation layer  150  and the insulating interlayer  190 . The source electrode  210  and the drain electrode  230  may include a metal, an alloy, metal nitride, conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and/or the like. These may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. Each of the source and drain electrodes  210  and  230  may have a multi-layered structure. Accordingly, the semiconductor element  250  including the active layer  130 , the gate insulation layer  150 , the gate electrode  170 , the insulating interlayer  190 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230  may be disposed. 
     The semiconductor element  250  may or might not have a top gate structure. Likewise, the semiconductor element  250  may or might not have a bottom gate structure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4B , a first conductive pattern  172  may be disposed in the peripheral region  40  on the gate insulation layer  150 . As described above, the first conductive pattern  172  may be one among a plurality of the wirings. For example, the first conductive pattern  172  may include a data signal wiring, a scan signal wiring, a light emission signal wiring, a power supply wiring, and so on. 
     A second conductive pattern  174  may be disposed in the pad electrode region  60  on the gate insulation layer  150 . The second conductive pattern  174  may be electrically connected to the pad electrode  470 . 
     A connection electrode  212  may be disposed in a portion of the peripheral region  40 , the bending region  50 , and the a portion of the pad electrode region  60  on the insulating interlayer  190  to overlap the first conductive pattern  172  and the second conductive pattern  174 . The connection electrode  212  may be in contact with the first conductive pattern  172  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the insulating interlayer  190  located in the peripheral region  40 , and may be in contact with the second conductive pattern  174  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the insulating interlayer  190  located in the pad electrode region  60 . The first conductive pattern  172 , the second conductive pattern  174 , and the gate electrode  170  may be simultaneously (i.e., concurrently) formed using the same material. In addition, the connection electrode  212 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230  may be simultaneously formed using the same material. 
     Accordingly, an external device  101  and the OLED device  100  may be electrically connected through the pad electrode  470  and a FPCB, and the external device  101  may provide a data signal, a scan signal, a light emission signal, a power supply voltage, and so on, to the pixels through the second conductive pattern  174 , the connection electrode  212 , and the first conductive pattern  172 . 
     Referring again to FIGS,  4 A and  4 B, the planarization layer  270  may be disposed on the connection electrode  212 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230 . The planarization layer  270  may cover the connection electrode  212 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230 , and may be disposed on a part of or the entire insulating interlayer  190 . The planarization layer  270  may be formed with a thickness sufficient to cover at least a portion of the connection electrode  212  and the source and drain electrodes  210  and  230 . The planarization layer  270  may have a substantially flat upper surface; and, a planarization process may be further performed on the planarization layer  270  to obtain the flat upper surface of the planarization layer  270 . Alternatively, the planarization layer  270  may cover the connection electrode  212  and the source and drain electrodes  210  and  230 , and may be disposed as a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the connection electrode  212  and the source and drain electrodes  210  and  230 . The planarization layer  270  may include organic materials and/or inorganic materials. Thus, in some embodiments the planarization layer  270  may include only organic materials. 
     The lower electrode  290  may be disposed on the planarization layer  270 . The lower electrode  290  may be in contact with the drain electrode  230  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the planarization layer  270 . In addition, the lower electrode  290  may be electrically connected to the semiconductor element  250 . The lower electrode  290  may include a metal, a metal alloy, metal nitride, conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and so on. These may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. The lower electrode  290  may or might not have a multi-layered structure. 
     The pixel defining layer  310  may be disposed on the planarization layer  270  and may expose a portion of the lower electrode  290 . The light emitting layer  330  may be disposed on the portion of the lower electrode  290  exposed by the pixel defining layer  310 . The pixel defining layer  310  may expose the bending region  50  and the pad electrode region  60 . The pixel defining layer  310  may include organic materials and/or inorganic materials. Thus, in some embodiments, the pixel defining layer  310  may include only organic materials. 
     The light emitting layer  330  may be disposed in a portion where the portion of the lower electrode  290  is exposed. The light emitting layer  330  may be formed using at least one of certain light emitting materials capable of generating different colors of light (e.g., a red color of light, a blue color of light, a green color of light, and so on) according to sub-pixels. Alternatively, the light emitting layer  330  may generate a generally white color of light by stacking a plurality of light emitting materials capable of generating different colors of light such as a red color of light, a green color of light, a blue color of light, and so on. A color filter may be disposed on the light emitting layer  330 . The color filter may be selected from a red color filter, a green color filter, and a blue color filter. Alternatively, the color filter may include a yellow color filter, a cyan color filter, and a magenta color filter. The color filter may include a photosensitive resin (or color photoresist), and so on. 
     The upper electrode  340  may be disposed on the pixel defining layer  310  and the light emitting layer  330 . The upper electrode  340  may include a metal, a metal alloy, metal nitride, conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and so on. 
     The TFE structure  450  may be disposed on the upper electrode  340 . The TFE structure  450  may include the first TFE layer  451 , the second TFE layer  452 , and the third TFE layer  453 . The second TFE layer  452  may be disposed on the first TFE layer  451 ; and, the third TFE layer  453  may be disposed on the second TFE layer  452 . The first TFE layer  451  may be disposed on the upper electrode  340 . The first TFE layer  451  may cover the upper electrode  340 , and may be disposed as a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the upper electrode  340 . The first TFE layer  451  may prevent the light emitting structure from being deteriorated by the permeation thereto of moisture, water, oxygen, and so on. In addition, the first TFE layer  451  may protect the light emitting structure from damage caused by an external impact. The first TFE layer  451  may or might not include inorganic materials. 
     The second TFE layer  452  may be disposed on the first TFE layer  451 . The second TFE layer  452  may improve the flatness of the OLED device  100  and may protect the light emitting structure. The second TFE layer  452  may or might not include organic materials. 
     The third TFE layer  453  may be disposed on the second TFE layer  452 . The third TFE layer  453  may cover the second TFE layer  452  and may be disposed as a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the second TFE layer  452 . The third TFE layer  453  together with the first TFE layer  451  and the second TFE layer  452  may prevent the light emitting structure from being deteriorated by the permeation thereto of moisture, water, oxygen, and so on. In addition, the third TFE layer  453  together with the first TFE layer  451  and the second TFE layer  452  may protect the light emitting structure from damage caused by an external impact. The third TFE layer  453  may or might not include inorganic materials. Accordingly, the TFE structure  450  including the first TFE layer  451 , the second TFE layer  452 , and the third TFE layer  453  may be disposed. In addition, the display panel  200  including the substrate  110 , the semiconductor element  250 , the planarization layer  270 , the lower electrode  290 , the pixel defining layer  310 , the light emitting layer  330 , the upper electrode  340 , and the TFE structure  450  may be disposed. 
     Alternatively, the TFE structure  450  may have a five layer structure where the first to fifth TFE layers may be stacked, or a seven layer structure where the first to seventh TFE layers may be stacked. 
     The touch screen electrode layer  410  may be disposed on the TFE structure  450  (or the display panel  200 ). The touch screen electrode layer  410  may include a bottom polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, touch screen electrodes, and a top PET film, and so on. The bottom PET film and/or the top PET film may protect the touch screen electrodes. For example, the top PET film and the bottom PET film may include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polysulfone (PSul), polyethyene (PE), polyphthalamide (PPA), polyethersulfone (PES), polyarylate (PAR), polycarbonate oxide (PCO), modified polyphenylene oxide (MPPO), and so on. The touch screen electrodes may have a substantially metal mesh structure. For example, the touch screen electrodes may include carbon nanotube (CNT), transparent conductive oxide (TCO), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), graphene, silver nanowire (AgNW), copper (Cu), chrome (Cr), and so on. Alternatively, the touch screen electrodes may be disposed directly on the TFE structure  450 . The bottom PET film may or might not be disposed on the TFE structure  450 . 
     The polarizing layer  430  may be disposed on the touch screen electrode layer  410 . The polarizing layer  430  may include a linearly polarized film and a λ/4 phase retardation film. Here, the λ/4 phase retardation film may be disposed on the touch screen electrode layer  410 . The λ/4 phase retardation film may convert a phase of the light. For example, the λ/4 phase retardation film may convert the light vibrating up and down or the light vibrating left and right into right-circularly polarized light or left-circularly polarized light, respectively. In addition, the λ/4 phase retardation film may convert the right-circularly polarized light or the left-circularly polarized light into the light vibrating up and down or the light vibrating left and right, respectively. The λ/4 phase retardation film may include a birefringent film containing polymer, an orientation film of a liquid crystal polymer, an alignment layer of a liquid crystal polymer, and so on. 
     The linearly polarized film may be disposed on the λ/4 phase retardation film. The linearly polarized film may selectively transmit the incident light. For example, the linearly polarized film may transmit the light vibrating up and down or vibrating left and right. The linearly polarized film may include a pattern of horizontal stripes or vertical stripes. When the linearly polarized film includes a pattern of horizontal stripes, the linearly polarized film may block the light vibrating up and down, and may transmit the light vibrating left and right. When the linearly polarized film includes a pattern of vertical stripes, the linearly polarized film may block the light vibrating left and right, and may transmit the light vibrating up and down. 
     The light transmitted from the linearly polarized film may also be transmitted from the λ/4 phase retardation film. As described above, the λ/4 phase retardation film may convert a phase of the light. For example, when the incident light vibrating up, down, left, and right passes through the linearly polarized film, the linearly polarized film including a pattern of the horizontal stripes may transmit the light vibrating left and right. When the incident light vibrating left and right passes through the λ/4 phase retardation film, the incident light vibrating left and right may be converted into the left-circularly polarized light. The incident light including the left-circularly polarized light may be reflected at the cathode electrode (e.g., the upper electrode  340 ) of the display panel  200 , and then the incident light may be converted into the right-circularly polarized light. When the incident light including the right-circularly polarized light passes through the λ/4 phase retardation film, the incident light may be converted into the light vibrating up and down. Here, the light vibrating up and down may be blocked by the linearly polarized film including the pattern of horizontal stripes. Accordingly, the incident light may or might not be entirely removed by the linearly polarized film and the λ/4 phase retardation film (i.e., the polarizing layer  430 ). The linearly polarized film may include iodine-based materials, materials containing dye, polyene-based materials, and so on. Accordingly, the upper structure  400  including the touch screen electrode layer  410  and the polarizing layer  430  may be disposed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4B , the bending protection layer  460  may be disposed in the peripheral region  40 , the bending region  50 , and a portion of the pad electrode region  60  on the planarization layer  270 . The bending protection layer  460  may protect the connection electrode  212 , and may rise in a direction which may be opposite to the third direction D 3 , a neutral plane of the bending region  50 . For example, when the bending region  50  is bent, the connection electrodes might not be broken because the neutral plane of the bending region  50  may be located within a portion where the connection electrodes are disposed. The bending protection layer  460  may or might not include organic materials. 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the lower protection film  300  may be disposed in a lower surface of the substrate  110 . The lower protection film  300  may protect the display panel  200  from damage caused by an external impact. 
     The lower protection film  300  may include the first lower protection film pattern  351  and the second lower protection film pattern  352 . The first lower protection film pattern  351  may be partially or entirely disposed in the display region  10 , and the second lower protection film pattern  352  may be disposed only in the pad electrode region  60  such that a lower surface of the display panel  200  located in the bending region  50  may be exposed. In other words, the lower protection film  300  may expose a lower surface of the display panel  200  in the bending region  50 , and the first lower protection film pattern  351  may be spaced apart from the second lower protection film pattern  352 . The spaced apart portion may be an opening defined by the lower protection film  300 , and a width extending in the second direction D 2  of the opening defined by the lower protection film  300  may be less than a width extending in the second direction D 2  of an opening defined by the gate insulation layer  150  and the insulating interlayer  190  that expose an upper surface of the display panel  200 . The first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel  200 . For example, the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may include optical clear adhesives (OCA), pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA), and so on, including acryl-based adhesives, silicon-based adhesives, urethane-based adhesives, rubber-based adhesives, vinyl ether-based adhesives, and the like. In addition, an antistatic material may be added in the OCA or the PSA. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the first adhesive layer  302  may be disposed under the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304 , respectively. For example, each of the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may include PET, PEN, PP, PC, PS, PSul, PE, PPA, PES, PAR, PCO, MPPO, and so on. 
     In a process where the lower protection film  300  is attached to a lower surface of the display panel  200 , a release film may be disposed on the lower protection film  300  to protect the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304 . Static electricity may be non-uniformly distributed in the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  by a process where the release film is detached from the lower protection film  300 . In other words, electric charges located in the release film may migrate to the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  when the release film is detached from the lower protection film  300 ; and, a relatively large amount of electric charges may be distributed at a portion (e.g., a distal end portion of the lower protection film  300 ) where the release film is finally (or lastly) detached from the lower protection film  300 . An image displayed by the OLED device  100  may be degraded by the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges. In particular, a luminance of light emitted from the display panel  200  may be undesirably high in a portion having the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges. 
     When the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  include the antistatic material, a surface resistance of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be decreased. For example, when the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  do not include the antistatic material, the surface resistance of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be greater than about 1×10 13  ohm/sq. In contrast, when the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  include the antistatic material, a surface resistance of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be less than about 1×10 11  ohm/sq. A weight ratio of the antistatic material based on a total weight of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be in a range between about 1 wt % and about 3 wt % (of the total weight). Thus, the electric charges may achieve a uniform distribution in the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  having a low surface resistance and/or may migrate to a grounded process device. Accordingly, the performance of the OLED device  100  may be improved by reducing or eliminating the problems associated with the presence of static electricity as described in greater detail elsewhere herein. 
     The thickness of the lower protection film  300  may be in a range between about 85 and about 91 micrometers. the thickness of each of the first and second protection layers  301  and  302  may be in a range between about 74 and about 76 micrometers; and, the thickness of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be in a range between about 11 and about 13 micrometers. As illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the display region  10  may include the second sub-display region  32  and the third sub-display region  33  that have a shape which is bent on an axis with respect with the second direction D 2 . A neutral plane of the lower protection film  300 , the display panel  200 , and the upper structure  400  in the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  may be located within the display panel  200 . That is, the thickness of the lower protection film  300  may be determined such that the neutral plane in the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  is located within the display panel  200 . For example, when the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  are bent, the display panel  200  might not be damaged because the neutral plane of the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  is located within the display panel  200 . 
     The antistatic material included in the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may include carbon nanotube, graphene, metal oxide, conductive polymer, and similar materials. The metal oxide may include zinc oxide (ZnO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), indium tin oxide (ITO), and the like. In addition, the conductive polymer may include polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrene, polyazulene, polynaphthalene, polyacetylene (PAC), poly-p-phenylene vinyl (PPV), polypyrrole (PPY), polycarbazole, polyindole, polyzepine, poly (thienylene vinylene), polythiophene, Polyaniline (PANT), poly (thiophene), poly (p-phenylene sulfide), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT: PSS) doped with poly (styrenesulfonate)-tetramethacrylate (PEDOT-TMA), polyfuran, and similar materials. These materials may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. 
     As will be described in greater detail below, the OLED device  100  may include the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304 , including an antistatic material; and, the OLED device  100  may be protected from static electricity generated due to a detachment of a release film from the lower protection film  300 . In addition, as the thickness of the lower protection film  300  is known, the neutral plane of the display panel  200  and the upper structure  400  in the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  of the display panel  200  having a bent shape may be located within the display panel  200 . Accordingly, although a portion of the display region  10  may be bent, the display panel  200  might not be damaged due to the inclusion of the neutral plane within the display panel  200 . 
     Referring to exemplary method stages shown in  FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C , a display panel  200 , a lower film  105  disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 , a touch screen electrode layer  410  disposed in a light emitting region  30  on the display panel  200 , and an upper film  107  disposed on the display panel  200  may be provided. For example, when a mother substrate including a plurality of display panels is cut by a cell cutting process, the upper film  107  may be disposed to protect an upper surface of the display panels and the lower film  105  may be disposed to protect a lower surface of the mother substrate.  FIG. 5A  illustrates a preliminary OLED device  100  after the cell cutting and pad cutting. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 5B and 5C , a substrate  110  including transparent materials may be located on the lower film  105 . The substrate 110  may be formed using a flexible transparent material such as a flexible transparent resin substrate (e.g., a polyimide substrate). 
     A buffer layer may be formed on the substrate  110 . The buffer layer may be formed on a part of or the entire substrate  110 . The buffer layer may prevent the diffusion of metal atoms and/or impurities from the substrate  110  into the semiconductor element  250 . Additionally, the buffer layer may control a rate of a heat transfer in a crystallization process for forming the active layer  130 , thereby obtaining a substantially uniform active layer  130 . Furthermore, the buffer layer may improve a surface flatness of the substrate  110  when a surface of the substrate  110  is relatively irregular. The buffer layer may be formed using a silicon compound, a metal oxide, and similar materials. 
     An active layer  130  may be formed on the substrate 110 , and the active layer  130  may be formed using an oxide semiconductor, an inorganic semiconductor, an organic semiconductor, and similar materials. 
     A gate insulation layer  150  may be formed on the active layer  130 . The gate insulation layer  150  may cover the active layer  130 , and may be formed on the substrate  110 . In addition, the gate insulation layer  150  may include an opening that exposes an upper surface of the substrate  110  in a bending region  50 . The gate insulation layer  150  may be formed using silicon compound, metal oxide, and similar materials. 
     A gate electrode  170  may be formed on a portion of the gate insulation layer  150  under which the active layer  130  may be located. The gate electrode  170  may be formed using a metal, a metal alloy, metal nitride, a conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and similar materials. 
     A first conductive pattern  172  may be formed in a peripheral region  40  on the gate insulation layer  150 . The first conductive pattern  172  may include a data signal wiring, a scan signal wiring, a light emission signal wiring, a power supply wiring, and other components. A second conductive pattern  174  may be formed in the pad electrode region  60  on the gate insulation layer  150 . The second conductive pattern  174  may be electrically connected to a pad electrode  470 . The first conductive pattern  172 , the second conductive pattern  174 , and the gate electrode  170  may be simultaneously formed using the same material. 
     An insulating interlayer  190  may be formed on the gate electrode  170 , the first conductive pattern  172  and the second conductive pattern  174 . The insulating interlayer  190  may cover the gate electrode  170 , the first conductive pattern  172  and the second conductive pattern  174 , and may be formed on the gate insulation layer  150 . In addition, the insulating interlayer  190  may include an opening that exposes an upper surface of the substrate) l 0  in the bending region  50 . The insulating interlayer  190  may be formed using a silicon compound, a metal oxide, and similar materials. 
     A source electrode  210  and a drain electrode  230  may be formed on the insulating interlayer  190 . The source electrode  210  may be in direct contact with a first side of the active layer  130  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the gate insulation layer  150  and the insulating interlayer  190 . The drain electrode  230  may be in direct contact with a second side of the active layer  130  via a contact hole formed by removing another portion of the gate insulation layer  150  and the insulating interlayer  190 . The source electrode  210  and the drain electrode  230  may be formed using a metal, an alloy, a metal nitride, a conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and similar materials. These may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. Each of the source and drain electrodes  210  and  230  may or might not have a multi-layered structure. Accordingly, a semiconductor element  250  including the active layer  130 , the gate insulation layer  150 , the gate electrode  170 , the insulating interlayer  190 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230  may be formed. 
     A connection electrode  212  may be formed in a portion of the peripheral region  40 , the bending region  50 , and the a portion of the pad electrode region  60  on the insulating interlayer  190  to overlap the first conductive pattern  172  and the second conductive pattern  174 . The connection electrode  212  may be in contact with the first conductive pattern  172  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the insulating interlayer  190  located in the peripheral region  40 , and may be in contact with the second conductive pattern  174  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the insulating interlayer  190  located in the pad electrode region  60 . The connection electrode  212 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230  may be simultaneously formed using the same material. 
     A planarization layer  270  may be formed on the connection electrode  212 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230 . The planarization layer  270  may cover the connection electrode  212 , the source electrode  210 , and the drain electrode  230 , and may be formed on a part of or the entire insulating interlayer  190 . The planarization layer  270  may be formed with a thickness sufficient to cover the connection electrode  212  and the source and drain electrodes  210  and  230 . The planarization layer  270  may have a substantially flat upper surface; and, a planarization process may be further performed on the planarization layer  270  to obtain a flat upper surface of the planarization layer  270 . The planarization layer  270  may or might not be formed using organic materials. 
     A lower electrode  290  may be formed on the planarization layer  270 . The lower electrode  290  may be in contact with the drain electrode  230  via a contact hole formed by removing a portion of the planarization layer  270 . The lower electrode  290  may be formed using a metal, a metal alloy, a metal nitride, a conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and similar materials. These may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. The lower electrode  290  may or might not have a multi-layered structure. 
     A pixel defining layer  310  may be formed on the planarization layer  270 , and may expose a portion of the lower electrode  290 . The pixel defining layer  310  may expose the bending region  50  and the pad electrode region  60 . The pixel defining layer  310  may or might not be formed using organic materials. 
     A light emitting layer  330  may be formed in an area corresponding to where the portion of the lower electrode  290  may be exposed. The light emitting layer  330  may be formed using at least one of light emitting materials capable of generating different colors of light (e.g., a red color, a blue color, and a green color, and so on) according to sub-pixels. Alternatively, the light emitting layer  330  may generate a generally white color of light by stacking a plurality of light emitting materials capable of generating different colors of light such as a red color, a green color, a blue color, and so on. A color filter may be disposed on the light emitting layer  330 . The color filter may include at least one selected from a red color filter, a green color filter, and a blue color filter. Alternatively, the color filter may include a yellow color filter, a cyan color filter, and a magenta color filter. The color filter may be formed using a photosensitive resin (or color photoresist), etc. 
     An upper electrode  340  may be formed on the pixel defining layer  310  and the light emitting layer  330 . The upper electrode  340  may be formed using a metal, a metal alloy, a metal nitride, a conductive metal oxide, transparent conductive materials, and similar materials. 
     A first TFE layer  451  may be formed on the upper electrode  340 . The first TFE layer  451  may cover the upper electrode  340 , and may be formed with a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the upper electrode  340 . The first TFE layer  451  may prevent a light emitting structure (e.g., the semiconductor element  250 , the lower electrode  290 , the light emitting layer  330 , the upper electrode  340 , and so on) from being deteriorated by the permeation of moisture, water, oxygen, and so forth. In addition, the first TFE layer  451  may protect the light emitting structure from damage caused by an external impact. The first TFE layer  451  may or might not be formed using one or more inorganic materials. 
     A second TFE layer  452  may be formed on the first TFE layer  451 . The second TFE layer  452  may improve the flatness of an OLED device  100 , and may protect the light emitting structure. The second TFE layer  452  may be formed using organic materials. 
     A third TFE layer  453  may be formed on the second TFE layer  452 . The third TFE layer  453  may cover the second TFE layer  452 , and may be formed with a substantially uniform thickness along a profile of the second TFE layer  452 . The third TFE layer  453  together with the first TFE layer  451  and the second TFE layer  452  may prevent the light emitting structure from being deteriorated by the permeation thereto of moisture, water, oxygen, and similar materials. In addition, the third TFE layer  453  together with the first TFE layer  451  and the second TFE layer  452  may protect the light emitting structure from damage caused by an external impact. The third TFE layer  453  may or might not be formed using inorganic materials. Accordingly, a TFE structure  450  including the first TFE layer  451 , the second TFE layer  452 , and the third TFE layer  453  may be formed. In addition, a display panel  200  including the substrate  110 , the semiconductor element  250 , the planarization layer  270 , the lower electrode  290 , the pixel defining layer  310 , the light emitting layer  330 , the upper electrode  340 , and the TFE structure  450  may be formed. 
     A touch screen electrode layer  410  may be formed on the TFE structure  450  (or the display panel  200 ). The touch screen electrode layer  410  may include a bottom PET film, touch screen electrodes, a top PET film, and similar materials. The bottom PET film and/or the top PET film may protect the touch screen electrodes. The touch screen electrodes may have a substantially metal mesh structure. Alternatively, the touch screen electrodes may be formed directly on the TFE structure  450 . Thus, the bottom PET film might not be formed on the TFE structure  450 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a lower protection film  300 , a release film  530  disposed on the lower protection film  300 , and a carrier film  510  disposed a lower surface of the lower protection film  300  may be provided. The lower protection film  300  may protect a lower surface of the display panel  200 ; and, the release film  530  may protect an adhesive layer (e.g., first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304 ) of the lower protection film  300 . In addition, the carrier film  510  may support the lower protection film  300 . 
     The lower protection film  300  may include a first lower protection film pattern  351  and a second lower protection film pattern  352 . The first lower protection film pattern  351  may include a first protection layer  301  and a first adhesive layer  302 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may include a second protection layer  303  and a second adhesive layer  304 . The release film  530  may include a PET film where silicon is laminated in a surface of the PET film; and, the carrier film  510  may include an adhesive layer  511  including an antistatic material and a PET film  512 . An adhesive force of the adhesive layer  511  may be less than that of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , after the lower film  105  located on a lower surface of the display panel  200  is removed from the display panel  200 , the lower protection film  300  and the carrier film  510  may be formed on a lower surface of the display panel  200  by removing the release film  530  on the lower protection film  300 . 
     The first lower protection film pattern  351  of the lower protection film  300  may be formed in the display region  10 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may be formed in the pad electrode region  60  such that a lower surface of the display panel  200  located in the bending region  50  is exposed. In other words, the lower protection film  300  may expose a lower surface of the display panel  200  in the bending region  50 ; and, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may be spaced apart from the second lower protection film pattern  352 . In addition, the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel  200 , and may include an antistatic material. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the first adhesive layer  302  may be located under the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304 , respectively. For example, the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be formed using the OCA, the PSA, and similar materials, including acryl-based adhesives, silicon-based adhesives, urethane-based adhesives, rubber-based adhesives, vinyl ether-based adhesives, and the like. In addition, an antistatic material may be added in the OCA or the PSA. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may be formed using PET, PEN, PP, PC, PS, PSul, PE, PPA, PES, PAR, PCO, MPPO, etc. 
     When the lower protection film  300  is attached to a lower surface of the display panel  200 , static electricity may be non-uniformly distributed in the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  when the release film  530  is detached from the lower protection film  300 . In other words, electric charges located in the release film  530  may migrate to the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  when the release film  530  is detached from the lower protection film  300 ; and, a relatively large amount of electric charges may be distributed at a portion (e.g., a distal end portion of the lower protection film  300 ) where the release film is detached from the lower protection film  300 . An image displayed by the OLED device  100  may be degraded by the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges. In particular, a luminance of a light emitted from the display panel  200  may be undesirably high in a portion having the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges. 
     When the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  include the antistatic material, a surface resistance of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be decreased. For example, when the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  do not include the antistatic material, a surface resistance of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be greater than about 1×10 13  ohm/sq. In contrast, when the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  include the antistatic material, a surface resistance of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be less than about 1×10 11  ohm/sq. The weight ratio of the antistatic material based on a total weight of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be in a range between about 1 wt % and about 3 wt % (of the total weight). Thus, the electric charges may achieve a uniform distribution in the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  having a low surface resistance and/or may migrate to a grounded process device. Accordingly, the performance of the OLED device  100  may be improved as described herein. 
     The thickness of the lower protection film  300  may be in a range between about 85 and about 91 micrometers. The thickness of each of the first and second protection layers  301  and  302  may be in a range between about 74 and about 76 micrometers; and, the thickness of the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may be in a range between about 11 and about 13 micrometers. As illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the display region  10  may include the second sub-display region  32  and the third sub-display region  33  that have a shape which is bent on an axis with respect with the second direction D 2 . The neutral plane of the lower protection film  300 , the display panel  200 , and the upper structure  400  in the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  may be located within the display panel  200 . That is, a thickness of the lower protection film  300  may be determined such that the neutral plane in the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  is located within the display panel  200 . For example, when the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  are bent, the display panel  200  might not be damaged because a neutral plane of the second and third sub-display regions  32  and  33  is located within the display panel  200 . 
     The antistatic material included in the first and second adhesive layers  302  and  304  may include a carbon nanotube, a graphene, a metal oxide, a conductive polymer, and similar materials. The metal oxide may include ZnO, ATO, ITO, etc. In addition, the conductive polymer may include polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrene, polyazulene, polynaphthalene, PAC, PPV, PPY, polycarbazole, polyindole, polyzepine, poly (thienylene vinylene), polythiophene, PANI, poly (thiophene), poly (p-phenylene sulfide), PEDOT, PEDOT:PSS doped with PEDOT-TMA, polyfuran, or the like. These may be used alone or in a suitable combination thereof. 
     Referring  FIG. 8 , the upper film  107  may be removed on the display panel  200 , and a polarizing layer  430  may be formed on the touch screen electrode layer  410 . Accordingly, an upper structure  400  including the touch screen electrode layer  410  and the polarizing layer  430  may be formed. In addition, the carrier film  510  may be removed on a lower surface of the lower protection film  300 . Accordingly, the OLED device  100  of  FIG. 3A  may be manufactured. 
     An OLED device  600  illustrated in  FIG. 9  may have a configuration substantially the same as, or similar to, that of the OLED device  100  described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B . In  FIG. 9 , detailed descriptions for elements that are substantially the same as, or similar to, elements described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B  may not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , an OLED device  600  may include a display panel  200 , a lower protection film  300 , an upper structure  400 , a bending protection layer  460 , a pad electrode  470 , and other components. The lower protection film  300  may include a first lower protection film pattern  351  and a second lower protection film pattern  352 . In addition, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may include a first protection layer  301  and a first adhesive layer  302 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may include a second protection layer  303  and a second adhesive layer  304 . Further, the upper structure  400  may include a polarizing layer  430  and a touch screen electrode layer  410 . 
     As described above, the display panel  200  may have a display region  10  and a pad region  20 . The display region  10  may include a light emitting region  30  and a peripheral region  40 , and the pad region  20  may include a bending region  50  and a pad electrode region  60 . 
     The upper structure  400  may be disposed in the display region  10  on the display panel  200 . The polarizing layer  430  may be disposed on the display panel  200 ; and, the touch screen electrode layer  410  may be disposed on the polarizing layer  430 . 
     The lower protection film  300  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The lower protection film  300  may include the first lower protection film pattern  351  that may be disposed in the display region  10  and the second lower protection film pattern  352  that may be disposed in the pad electrode region  60  such that a lower surface of the display panel  200  located in the bending region  50  may be exposed. In other words, the lower protection film  300  may include an opening that exposes a lower surface of the display panel  200  in the bending region  50 . In addition, the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel  200 , and may include antistatic materials. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may be disposed under the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304 , respectively. 
     The first lower protection film pattern  351  may further include a light blocking material. The light blocking material may be added to the first protection layer  301  and/or the first adhesive layer  302  of the first lower protection film pattern  351 . For example, the light blocking material may include at least one of carbon black, titanium nitride oxide, titanium black, phenylene black, aniline black, cyanine black, and nigrosine acid black. 
     After the OLED device  600  is manufactured, a black film may be additionally disposed on a lower surface of the OLED device  600  (e.g., a lower surface of the lower protection film  300 ). The black film may prevent pixels P disposed in the inside of the display panel  200  from being visible to a user of the OLED device  600 . When the first lower protection film pattern  351  includes the light blocking material, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may serve as the black film. Accordingly, a manufacturing cost of the OLED device  600  may be reduced because the black film might not need to be disposed on a lower surface of the OLED device  600 . 
     An OLED device  700  illustrated in  FIG. 10  may have a configuration substantially the same as, or similar to, that of an OLED device  100  described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B  except for the inclusion a second adhesive layer  305 . In  FIG. 10 , detailed descriptions for elements that are substantially the same as, or similar to, elements described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B  may not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , an OLED device  700  may include a display panel  200 , a lower protection film  300 , an upper structure  400 , a bending protection layer  460 , a pad electrode  470 , and other components. The lower protection film  300  may include a first lower protection film pattern  351  and a second lower protection film pattern  352 . In addition, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may include a first protection layer  301  and a first adhesive layer  302 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may include a second protection layer  303  and a second adhesive layer  305 . Further, the upper structure  400  may include a polarizing layer  430  and a touch screen electrode layer  410 . 
     The lower protection film  300  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The lower protection film  300  may include the first lower protection film pattern  351  disposed in the display region  10  and the second lower protection film pattern  352  disposed in the pad electrode region  60  such that a lower surface of the display panel  200  located in the bending region  50  is exposed. In other words, the lower protection film  300  may include an opening that exposes a lower surface of the display panel  200  in the bending region  50 . In addition, the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  305  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel  200 , and, in some embodiments, only the first adhesive layer  302  includes antistatic materials. That is, the second adhesive layer  305  might not include the antistatic material. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may be disposed under the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  305 , respectively. 
     When the lower protection film  300  is attached to a lower surface of the display panel  200 , a release film may be disposed on the lower protection film  300  to protect the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  305 . Static electricity may be non-uniformly distributed in the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  305  as the release film is detached from the lower protection film  300 . In other words, electric charges located in the release film may migrate to the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  305  as the release film is detached from the lower protection film  300 ; and, a relatively large amount of electric charges may be distributed at a location where the release film is finally completely detached from the lower protection film  300 . A displayed image of the OLED device  700  may be degraded by the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges. In particular, a luminance of light emitted from the display panel  200  may be undesirably high in a portion of the display having the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges. Accordingly, because a defect in the performance of the OLED device  700  caused by the non-uniform distribution of the electric charges does not occur in the pad electrode region  60  where the second adhesive layer  304  is disposed, the antistatic material may be omitted in the second adhesive layer  305 . As a result, a process for adding the antistatic material in the second adhesive layer  305  may also be omitted. Accordingly, the cost of the lower protection film  300  may be reduced because the antistatic material may be included in a portion of the lower protection film  300  rather than in the second adhesive layer  305 , and the manufacturing cost of the OLED device  700  having the antistatic material may also be decreased. 
     An OLED device  800  illustrated in  FIG. 11  may have a configuration substantially the same as or similar to that of an OLED device  100  described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B  except for the inclusion of an adhesive layer  306 . In  FIG. 11 , detailed descriptions for elements that are substantially the same as, or similar to, elements described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B  may not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , an OLED device  800  may include a display panel  200 , a lower protection film  300 , an upper structure  400 , a bending protection layer  460 , a pad electrode  470 , and other components. The lower protection film  300  may include a first protection layer  301 , a second protection layer  303 , and an adhesive layer  306 . Further, the upper structure  400  may include a polarizing layer  430  and a touch screen electrode layer  410 . 
     The lower protection film  300  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The lower protection film  300  may define a groove in the bending region  50 . 
     The adhesive layer  306  may be partially or entirely disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The first protection layer  301  may be disposed in the display region  10 , and the second protection layer  303  may be disposed in the pad electrode region  60  defining the groove there between such that a lower surface of the adhesive layer  306  located in the bending region  50  is exposed in the groove. The first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may be spaced apart from each other on the adhesive layer  306  to define the groove there between. 
     When the lower protection film  300  is attached to a lower surface of the display panel  200 , the lower protection film  300  may be partially or entirely disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 ; and, a protection layer removal pattern located in the bending region  50  may be removed from the adhesive layer  306  before the bending region  50  is bent. To prevent impurities from penetrating an empty space defined between the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  in a manufacturing process, the protection layer removal pattern may be disposed on the adhesive layer  306 , and the protection layer removal pattern may be removed before the bending region  50  is bent. Alternatively, in a process for removing the protection layer removal pattern, a portion of the adhesive layer  306  may be simultaneously removed. That is, at least a portion of the adhesive layer  306  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200  that is located in the bending region  50 . 
     An OLED device  900  illustrated in  FIG. 12  may have a configuration substantially the same as, or similar to, that of the OLED device  100  described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B , except for the inclusion of an antistatic layer  307 . In  FIG. 12 , detailed descriptions for elements that are substantially the same as, or similar to, elements described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B  may not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , an OLED device  900  may include a display panel  200 , a lower protection film  300 , an upper structure  400 , a bending protection layer  460 , a pad electrode  470 , and similar components. The lower protection film  300  may include a first lower protection film pattern  351 , a second lower protection film pattern  352 , and the antistatic layer  307 . In addition, the first lower protection film pattern  351  may include a first protection layer  301  and a first adhesive layer  302 ; and, the second lower protection film pattern  352  may include a second protection layer  303  and a second adhesive layer  304 . Further, the upper structure  400  may include a polarizing layer  430  and a touch screen electrode layer  410 . 
     The lower protection film  300  may be disposed on a lower surface of the display panel  200 . The lower protection film  300  may include the first lower protection film pattern  351  that is disposed in the display region  10 , the second lower protection film pattern  352  that is disposed in the pad electrode region  60  such that a lower surface of the display panel  200  located in the bending region  50  is exposed there between, and the antistatic layer  307  that is disposed under the first lower protection film pattern  351  and the second lower protection film pattern  352 . In other words, an opening in the lower protection film  300  may expose a lower surface of the display panel  200  in the bending region  50 . In addition, the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the display panel  200 , and may include antistatic materials. Further, each of the first protection layer  301  and the second protection layer  303  may be disposed under the first adhesive layer  302  and the second adhesive layer  304 , respectively. The antistatic layer  307  including an antistatic material may be disposed under the first protection layer  301  and under the second protection layer  303 . 
     When a carrier film  510  is removed from the lower protection film  300 , electric charges located in the carrier film  510  may migrate to the antistatic layer  307 . These electric charges achieve a uniform distribution in the antistatic layer  307  having a reduced surface resistance or may migrate to a grounded process device. 
     The inventive concepts described herein may be applied to various display devices including an organic light emitting display device. For example, the inventive concepts described herein may be applied to a vehicle-display device, a ship-display device, an aircraft-display device, portable communication devices, display devices for information transfer, a medical-display device, and similar devices. 
     Although certain exemplary embodiments and implementations have been described herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparent from this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are not limited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the presented claims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements.