Patent Publication Number: US-11661694-B2

Title: Variable or multi-gauge cut pile tufting with backing shifting

Description:
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/849,838 filed May 18, 2019. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to tufting machines and more particularly to a method for creating cut pile or cut/loop pile greige while shifting the backing fabric during tufting in a fashion that can allow for increasing (or decreasing) the density of the pile fabric produced, and at greater densities than the gauge of the needle bar. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the production of tufted fabrics, a plurality of spaced yarn carrying needles extend transversely across the machine and are reciprocated cyclically to penetrate and insert pile into a backing material fed longitudinally beneath the needles. During each penetration of the backing material a row of pile is produced transversely across the backing. Successive penetrations result in longitudinal columns of pile tufts produced by each needle. This basic method of tufting limits the aesthetic appearance of tufted fabrics. Thus, the prior art has developed various procedures for initiating relative lateral movement between the backing material and the needles in order to laterally displace longitudinal rows of stitching and thereby create various pattern effects, to conceal and display selected yarns, to selectively cut loops of yarn, to break up the unattractive alignment of the longitudinal rows of tufts, and to reduce the effects of streaking which results from variations in coloration of the yarn. 
     The tufting industry has long sought easy and efficient methods of producing new visual patterns on tufted fabrics. In particular, the industry has sought to tuft multiple colors so that any selected yarns of multiple colors could be made to appear in any desired location on the fabric. Significant progress toward the goal of creating carpets and tufted fabrics selectively displaying one of a plurality of yarns came with the introduction of a servo motor driven yard feed attachments. Notable among these attachments are the servo scroll attachment described in Morgante, U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,203 and related patents; the single end servo scroll of Morgante, U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,141 and related patents; and the double end servo scroll of Frost, U.S. Pat. No. 6,550,407. 
     In operation the servo scroll yarn feed attachment, when alternating needles are threaded with A and B yarns respectively, allows the control of tufting of heights of yarns so that at a given location on the surface of the tufted fabric, either or both of the A and B yarns may be visible. However, a servo scroll yarn feed carries several yarns on each servo driven yarn feed roll so that the pattern must repeat several times across the width of the fabric and a yarn tube bank must be used to distribute the yarns. The implementation of the single end scroll pattern attachment, and the similar double end servo scroll pattern attachment, permitted the tufting machine to be configured with A and B yarns fed to alternating needles on a front needle bar while C and D yarns were fed to alternating needles on a rear needle bar in order to create color representations on tufted fabrics. 
     The single end scroll yarn feed could create patterns that extended across the entire width of the backing fabric. However, in the full color application described above, these efforts require that if a solid area of one color is to be displayed, only one of every four stitches is tufted to substantial height and the remaining three colors were “buried” by tufting the corresponding yarn bights to an extremely low height or removing the buries tufts from the backing entirely. With only one of four stitches emerging to substantial height above the backing fabric it is generally necessary to compensate by slowing the backing fabric feed to make multiple penetrations of the backing within the longitudinal progression of a single gauge length so that the resulting tufted fabric has adequate face yarn, although without proper optimization excessive yarn may be “wasted” on the back of the greige due to the increased number and lateral displacement of backstitches. A technique that failed to optimize backstitch yarns was described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,141,505 to Hall. 
     The principal alternative to these servo yarn drive configurations has been the use of a pneumatic system to direct one of a plurality of yarns through a hollow needle on each penetration of the backing fabric, as typified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,496. Such hollow needle, pneumatic tufting machines were traditionally most suitable for producing cut pile tufted fabrics and have been subject to limitations involving the sizes of fabrics that can be tufted, the production speed for those fabrics, and the maintenance of the tufting machines due to the mechanical complexity attendant to the machines&#39; operation. Accordingly, the tufting industry has had a long felt need for a tufting machine that could operate efficiently to display one of several yarns at a selected location in either cut or loop pile, while maintaining a suitable density of face yarns and an output of tufted fabrics at speeds approaching those of conventional tufting machines. 
     It should be noted that the pneumatic tufting machines utilizing hollow needles as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,496 generally tuft laterally for between about one-half to four inches before backing fabric is advanced, or alternatively the backing fabric is advanced at a gradual rate as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,520. Because the yarn being tufted is cut at least every time the color yarn tufted through a particular needle is changed, there is a minimum of unnecessary yarn placed as back stitches on the bottom of the tufted fabric. However, when attempts have been made to utilize a regular tufting machine configuration with a needle bar carrying a transverse row of needles in a similar fashion, the yarns are not selected for tufting and cut after tufting, but instead each yarn is tufted in every reciprocal cycle of the needle bar. Therefore, yarn carrying needles all penetrate the backing fabric on every cycle. The yarns are selected for display by a yarn pattern device feeding the yarn to be displayed and backrobbing the yarns that are not to be visible thereby burying the resulting yarn bights or tufts very close to the surface of the backing fabric. If several reciprocations are made as the needle bar moves laterally with respect to the backing fabric, then back stitch yarn for each of the colors of yarn is carried for each reciprocation and this results in considerable “waste” of yarn on the bottom of the resulting tufted fabric or greige. Independently Controlled Needle (ICN) tufting machines typified by Kaju, U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,723 and related patents, operate similarly, except the selection of the needles for tufting determines the yarns that will be displayed. 
     It is also possible to create a similar color placement effect in a cut/loop pile fabric utilizing the level cut loop configuration of U.S. Pat. No. 7,222,576 tufted on a tufting machine having about a 1/10th gauge needle bar with a four-color repeating thread-up. The tufting machine is operated to tuft laterally four times while advancing the backing only about one fourth of the gauge distance on each reciprocation of the needle bar. A yarn color chosen for display may be either a cut or loop bight while the yarn colors not to be shown on the face of the carpet are backrobbed, leaving only very low tufts of those yarns. Three or more than four different yarns may be used in the thread-up with a corresponding adjustment in the number of lateral shifts and the rate of backing fabric advance. In this method of operation, there is again considerable excess yarn carried on the bottom of the backing fabric. 
     An additional problem presented by the conventional tufting techniques using high stitch rates is the sheer number of penetrations of the backing fabric which results in degradation or slicing of nonwoven backing fabric materials that may be utilized in the manufacture of tufted fabrics for carpet tiles and special applications such as automotive carpets. 
     Finally, to overcome these shortcomings, an alternative to produce similar fabrics with yarn placement has been achieved with a staggered needle configuration having front and rear rows of needles offset or staggered from one another. A staggered needle bar typically consists of two rows of needles extending transversely across the tufting machine. The rows of needles are generally spaced with a 0.25 inch offset in the longitudinal direction and are staggered so that the needles in the rear transverse row are longitudinally spaced between the needles in the front transverse row. Alternatively, two sliding needle bars each carrying a single transverse row of needles may be configured in a staggered alignment. Particularly when two sliding needle bars are used, the longitudinal offset between the rows of needles may be greater than 0.25 inches, and even about 0.50 inches. 
     In operation the needle bar is reciprocated so that the needles penetrate and insert loops of yarn in a backing material fed longitudinally beneath the needles. The loops of yarn are seized by loopers or hooks moving in timed relationship with the needles beneath the fabric. In most tufting machines with two rows of needles, there are front loopers which cooperate with the front needles and rear loopers which cooperate with the rear needles. In a loop pile machine, it may be possible to have two separate rows of loopers such as those illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,841,886 where loopers in the front hook bar cooperate with the front needles and loopers in the rear hook bar cooperate with rear needles. Similar looper constructions have been used in tufting machines with separate independently shiftable front and rear needle bars, so that there are specifically designated front loopers to cooperate with front needles and specifically designated rear loopers to cooperate with rear needles. To achieve maximum density of needle penetrations, and to minimize the possibility of tufting front and rear needles through the same penetrations of the backing fabric, it is desirable to stagger the front loopers from the rear loopers by a half gauge unit. 
     The result of having loopers co-operable with only a given row of needles on a gauge tufting machine with two independently shiftable needle bars is that it is only possible to move a particular needle laterally by a multiple of the gauge of the needles on the relevant needle bar. Thus, for a fairly common 0.20 inch (⅕ th ) gauge row of needles with corresponding loopers set at 0.20 inch gauge, the needles must be shifted in increments of 0.20 inches. This is so even though in a staggered needle bar with two longitudinally offset rows of 0.20 inch gauge needles the composite gauge of the staggered needle bar is 0.10 inch gauge. The necessity of shifting the rows of needles twice the gauge of the composite needle assembly results in patterns with less definition than could be obtained if it were possible to shift in increments of the composite gauge, and additional wasted backstitch yarn. 
     One effort to reduce the gauge of tufting has been to use smaller and more precise parts. Furthermore, in order to overcome the problem of double gauge shifting, U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,434 teaches a tufting machine with front loopers spaced equal to the composite gauge and rear loopers spaced equal to the composite gauge. Thus on a tufting machine with two rows of 0.20 inch gauge needles there would be a row of front loopers spaced at 0.10 inch gauge and a row of rear loopers spaced at 0.10 inch gauge. Although this allows the shifting of each row of needles in increments equal to the composite gauge, this solution was limited in by difficulties in creating cut and loop pile tufts from both the front needles and the rear needles. 
     Taking the arrangement of staggered needle bars shiftable at a composite gauge, and threading front needles with A and B yarns and rear needles with C and D yarns to form a repeat, a high volume of tufted fabric with selectively placed colored yarns can be manufactured with minimal wasted yarn used in the back stitching. This is because it is only necessary to shift each row of needles by a single lateral step in order to place all four A, B, C and D yarns in the desired location as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,240,263. 
     In current tufting, most backing shifting has been directed to tufting machines that have needles capable of supplying one of several yarns with such needles spaced apart from one another by a half-inch or more. Typical of such machines are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,254,718; 5,165,352; 5,588,383; and 6,273,011, and embodied in commercial tufting machines sold by Tapistron, or in the later iTron tufting machines from Tuftco. 
     The backing shifters in these tufting machines of the type that select from one of several yarns to tuft are different from conventional broadloom tufting machines. Conventional broadloom tufting machines usually have needle plates placed below the needles with yarn being fed downward through openings in the eyes of the needles and then reciprocated between fingers or openings in the needle plates. In a broadloom loop pile machine, the loopers are positioned below the needle plate. The backing goes over the top of the needle plates with needle plate fingers being used to support the backing when it is pushed downward by the penetration load of the yarn carrying needles. The penetration load is substantial because the needles are usually spaced between ¼ and 1/12 inch apart, and because yarns carried by the needles may drag on the backing as the yarns are carried through the backing to be seized by the loopers or other gauge parts. 
     In other tufting applications, backing shifting has been relatively uncommon. In previous decades “jute-shifters” were employed as a technique to increase stitch density or break up straight lines of tufts. Such shifters were typically cam-driven in synchronization with the main stitch drive and were neither precise nor readily adjustable. Backing shifters have also been deployed on artificial turf tufting machines. Tufting machines optimized to produce artificial turf are characterized by large yarn carrying needles having a wide gauge spacing, often about one-half inch. The needle stroke is long as cut pile artificial turf may have two-inch-high tufts (even 2.65 inches in some applications), generally necessitating an even longer needle stroke. To position the cut pile bights of artificial turf from typical ⅜ths to ¾ths gauge needle bars in suitable proximity to cover the backing fabric, the stitch rate will be run at perhaps 4 to 8 stitches per inch, and the backing fabric may be shifted from side to side by cams operating in linkage with the main tufting drive, most typically producing a wave or s-shape positioning of the needle relative to the fabric within the gauge space between needles. 
     Since the loops on conventional broadloom tufting machines are continuous as they are formed on the base below the backing, it is not possible to effectuate an efficient backing shift in the needle area because of the needle plate location with needle plate fingers between columns of pile tufts. Attempting to shift the backing to any substantial degree, even a single gauge unit of the needle bar, causes the tufted face yarns to interfere with the needle plate fingers. Accordingly, in such a tufting machine, there have been attempts to use a pin roll positioned at a distance permitting tangential engagement of the backing layer, approximately two or three inches from the needle location, to move the backing a considerable distance to achieve a smaller movement of the fabric at the needle. Due to both the location of the pin rolls and the natural drag which is encountered because loops are positioned between needle plate fingers in proximity of the tufting zone it has not been possible to efficiently and precisely shift backing. 
     Co-owned U.S. Ser. No. 15/721,906 [PCT/US2017/054683], which is incorporated herein in its entirety, is directed to a backing shifter for use on broadloom tufting machine that is able to operate in a fashion that permits the shifting of the backing fabric relative to the needles and gauge parts without undo interference and thereby permits shifting not simply in gauge increments, but in a fashion that allows the creation of variable gauge and novel fabrics. This allows the tufting machine to create patterns similar to those created on a number of different tufting machines and it can be utilized to provide additional capacity for many desired product lines in the event of the need for extra capacity. However, it was initially believed that the method of operation in the variable gauge backing apparatus would be much less suitable for cut pile tufting, because cut pile manufacture has generally required holding about two to four yarn loops on the hook gauge part as the loops proceed to the cutting action. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is desired to combine the variable gauge tufting of U.S. Ser. No. 15/721,906 [PCT/US2017/054683] in traditional tufting practices with the operation of cut pile and cut/loop tufting apparatus, and the yarn placement techniques of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,141,505; 8,240,263; 9,556,548; 9,663,885 and their related families of patents and pattern rescaling methods as described below. This combination allows for the more efficient and varied production of patterned textiles from a single tufting machine. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Particular features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a partial sectional end view of a prior art tufting machine with a single row of needles that can be operated to place yarns in the manufacture of fabrics with cut and loop face yarns; 
         FIG.  2 A  is a prior art schematic illustration of the operative components of a tufting machine equipped with a pattern control yarn feed. 
         FIG.  2 B  is a prior art schematic illustration of the operative components of an alternative tufting machine embodiment equipped with a pattern control yarn feed. 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 F  are sequential front plan view of a tufting cycle of shifting backing feed and reciprocating needle plate through a tufting cycle. 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 F  are sequential side plan views of a tufting cycle corresponding to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 F . 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 F  are sequential front perspective views of a tufting cycle corresponding to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 F . 
         FIG.  6 A  is a top plan illustration of the needles and needle plate fingers of a reciprocating needle plate for a single row of needles. 
         FIG.  6 B  is a top plan illustration of the location of the needles and needle plate fingers of a reciprocating needle plate for two rows of needles. 
         FIG.  7 A  is a side elevation view of a prior art cut pile gauge part configuration, shown with three loops of yarn carried by the hook. 
         FIG.  7 B  is a side elevation view of a cut pile hook carrying three loops of yarn, with the knife removed. 
         FIG.  7 C  is a front elevation view of the cut pile hook of  FIG.  7 B . 
         FIG.  7 D  is a bottom perspective view of the cut pile hook of  FIG.  7 B . 
         FIG.  7 E  is a side elevation of the cut pile hook of  FIG.  7 B  with the knife in place. 
         FIG.  8 A  is an operator interface STYLE screen from a tufting machine operable to produce fabrics with yarn placement functionality, showing a synchronous shift pattern for two needle bars and basic tufting parameters. 
         FIG.  8 B  is an operator interface PATTERN screen from a tufting machine operable to produce fabrics with yarn placement functionality, showing a four yarn threadup. 
         FIG.  8 C  is an operator interface PATTERN screen from a tufting machine operable to produce fabrics with yarn placement functionality, showing yarn feed and placement parameters for removed and tacking stitches, and offset. 
         FIG.  9 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating the input of pattern data and processing to create pattern instructions for a tufting machine operable to produce fabrics with yarn placement functionality. 
         FIG.  9 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating the data inputs and processing to create pattern instructions for a tufting machine operable to produce variable gauge fabrics with yarn placement functionality. 
         FIG.  10    is a photograph of a tufted fabric a tufting machine operable to produce variable gauge fabrics with yarn placement functionality where the pattern has been tufted at two different gauges. 
         FIG.  11 A  is an exemplary operator CONFIGURATION screen showing input of LCL or gated hook information utilized with information from  FIG.  11 B  in computing the calculation of pattern details. 
         FIG.  11 B  is an exemplary operator CONFIGURATION screen showing input of machine parameters that are utilized in calculation of pattern details. 
         FIG.  12    is an exemplary operator PATTERN screen showing pattern input with sewing gauge and step parameters, along with yarn placement stitch parameters. 
         FIG.  13    is an exemplary operator PATTERN screen showing yarn thread-up, feed rates and cut/loop inputs together with pattern imagery. 
         FIG.  14    is an exemplary operator STYLE screen showing stepping patterns for two needle bars and a backing shifter. 
         FIG.  15    is a pattern simulation screen to facilitate operator viewing of the input pattern at a stitch by stitch level. 
         FIG.  16    is a flow chart of pattern manipulation for rescaling including cut/loop capabilities. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates the scaling of a design from half gauge to quarter gauge where the optical appearance of the design is changed. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings in more detail,  FIG.  1    discloses a multiple needle tufting machine  10  including an elongated transverse needle bar carrier  11  supporting a needle bar  12 . The needle bar  12  supports a row of transversely spaced needles  14 . The needle bar carrier  11  is connected to a plurality of push rods  16  adapted to be vertically reciprocated by conventional needle drive mechanism, not shown, within the upper housing  26 . 
     Yarns  18  are supplied to the corresponding needles  14  through corresponding apertures in the yarn guide plate  19  from a yarn supply, not shown, such as yarn feed rolls, beams, creels, or other known yarn supply means, preferably passing through pattern yarn feed control  21  though simpler yarn feed arrangements such as roll feeds may be employed. The yarn feed control  21  interfaces with a controller to feed yarns in accordance with pattern information and in synchronization with the needle drive, shifters, yarn seizing/cutting mechanisms and backing fabric feed. 
     The needle bar  12  may be fixedly mounted to the needle bar carrier  11  or may slide within the needle bar carrier  11  for transverse or lateral shifting movement by appropriate pattern control needle shifter mechanisms, in well-known manners. The backing fabric  35  is supported upon the needle plate  25  having rearward projecting transversely spaced front needle plate fingers  22 , the fabric  35  being adopted for longitudinal movement from front-to-rear in a feeding direction, indicated by the arrow  27 , through the tufting machine  10 . The needle bar may have a single row of gauge spaced needles as shown, or may be a staggered needle bar with front and rear rows of needles, or may even be two separate needle bars, each with a row of needles and each being operable by needle shifter mechanisms. 
     The needle drive mechanism, not shown, is designed to actuate the push rods  16  to vertically reciprocate the needle bar  12  to cause the needles  14  to simultaneously penetrate the backing fabric  35  far enough to carry the respective yarns  18  through the back-stitch side  44  of backing fabric  35  to form loops on the face  45  thereof. After the loops are formed in this tufting zone, the needles  14  are vertically withdrawn to their elevated, retracted positions. A yarn seizing apparatus  40  in accordance with this illustration includes a plurality of gated hooks  41 , there preferably being at least one gated hook  41  for each needle  14 . 
     Each gated hook  41  is provided with a shank received in a corresponding slot in a hook bar  33  in a conventional manner. The gated hooks  41  may have the same transverse spacing or gauge as the needles  14  and are arranged so that the bill of a hook  41  is adapted to cross and engage with each corresponding needle  14  when the needle  14  is in its lower most position. Gated hooks  41  operate to seize the yarn  18  and form a loop therein when the sliding gate is closed by an associated driver, such as pneumatic cylinder  55 , and to shed the loop as the gated hooks  41  are rocked. 
     The elongated, transverse hook bar  33  and associated pneumatic assembly are mounted on the upper end portion of a C-shaped rocker arm  47 . The lower end of the rocker arm  47  is fixed by a clamp bracket  28  to a transverse shaft  49 . The upper portion of the rocker arm  47  is connected by a pivot pin  42  to a link bar  48 , the opposite end of which is connected to be driven or reciprocally rotated by conventional looper drive. Adapted to cooperate with each hook  41  is a knife  36  supported in a knife holder  37  fixed to knife block  20 . The knife blocks  20  are fixed by brackets  39  to the knife shaft  38  adapted to be reciprocally rotated in timed relationship with the driven rocker arm  47  in a conventional manner. Each knife  36  is adapted to cut loops formed by each needle  14  upon the bill of the hook  41  from the yarn  18  when gates are retracted and yarn loops are received on the hooks  41 . A preferred gated hook assembly is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,222,576 which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     It can be seen in  FIG.  1    that the tufted greige  35  with backstitch side  44  and face side  45  is lifted away from the tufting zone after passing presser foot  101 . When employing a backing shifter, it is necessary to move the face side  45  away from the hook apparatus of a cut pile or cut loop configuration as the lateral shifting of the backing could cause interference between the tufted yarns on the face  45  and the hooks  41 . For the purposes of using the backing shifting apparatus of the invention of U.S. Ser. No. 15/721,906 [PCT/US2017/054683], it was stated to preferable that the yarn seizing gauge parts be loopers that are disengaged from the loops of yarn after each stitch rather than hooks that often need to carry a yarn for one or more additional stitches to effect a cut pile. 
     A variety of techniques can now be practiced that make it possible to operate a backing shifting apparatus with cut pile, or cut/loop, gauge parts in a practical fashion. Generally, by using a relatively large gauge needle bar, such as one-half to ⅜ths gauge, and preferably one-quarter gauge (¼ th  inch needle spacing), and tufting at a stitch rate that is at least about two times the gauge (so tufting a ¼ th  gauge needle bar at a stitch rate of at least about 8 stitches per inch), and keeping the lateral shifting of the backing within a gauge width (so tufting a ¼ th  gauge needle bar without shifting the backing fabric more than ¼ th  inch to the left or right), a cut pile greige may be produced. Furthermore, the patterning techniques used for scaling patterns may be employed to determine the operation of gated hooks in the creation of cut/loop fabrics, and the cut/loop or cut pile hooks may be configured to co-operate with either a single large gauge needle bar, or a graphics configuration with two large gauge needle bars. 
       FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  illustrate the control systems for tufting machines capable of single or double end yarn control on a stitch by stitch basis, and capable of selective yarn placement. As indicated in  FIG.  2 A , the tufting machine  11  includes a tufting machine controller or control unit  26 , such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,979,344 in the case of machines manufactured by Card Monroe Corp., that monitors and controls the various operative elements of the tufting machine, such as the reciprocation of the needle bars, backing feed, shifting of the needle bars, bedplate position, etc. Such a machine controller  26  typically includes a cabinet or work station  27  housing a control computer or processor  28 , and a user interface  29  that can include a monitor  31  and an input device  32 , such as a keyboard, mouse, keypad, drawing tablet, or similar input device or system. The tufting machine controller  26  controls and monitors feedback from various operative or drive elements of the tufting machine such as receiving feedback from a main shaft encoder  33  for controlling a main shaft drive motor  34  so as to control the reciprocation of the needles, and monitoring feedback from a backing feed encoder  36  for use in controlling the drive motor  37  for the backing feed rolls to control the stitch rate or feed rate for the backing material. A needle sensor or proximity switch (not shown) also can be mounted to the frame in a position to provide further position feedback regarding the needles. In addition, for shiftable needle bar tufting machines, the controller  26  further will monitor and control the operation of needle bar shifter mechanism(s)  38  for shifting the needle bars  17  according to programmed pattern instructions. 
     The tufting machine controller  26  receives and stores such programmed pattern instructions or information for a series of different carpet patterns. These pattern instructions can be stored as a data file in memory at the tufting machine controller itself for recall by an operator, or can be downloaded or otherwise input into the tufting machine controller by the means of a digital recording medium such as a USB flash drive, direct input by an operator at the tufting machine controller, or from a network server via network connection. In addition, the tufting machine controller can receive inputs directly from or through a network connection from a design center  40 . The design center  40  can include a separate or stand-alone design center or work station computer  41  with monitor  42  and user input  43 , such as a keyboard, drawing tablet, mouse, etc., through which an operator can design and create various tufted carpet patterns. This design center functionality also can be located with or at the tufting machine or can be much more remote from the tufting machine. 
     An operator can create a pattern data file or graphic representations of the desired carpet pattern at the design center computer  41 , which will calculate the various parameters required for tufting such a carpet pattern at the tufting machine, including calculating yarn feed rates, pile heights, backing feed or stitch rate, and other required parameters for tufting the pattern. These pattern data files typically then will be downloaded or transferred to the machine controller, to a thumb drive or similar recording medium, or can be stored in memory either at the design center or on a network server for later transfer and/or downloading to the tufting machine controller. Further, for design center located work stations and/or where the machine controller has design center functionality or components programmed therein, it is preferable, although not necessarily required, that the design center  40  and/or machine controller  26  be programmed with and use common Internet protocols (i.e., web browser, FTP, etc.) and have a modem, Internet, or network connection to enable remote access and trouble shooting. 
     The yarn feed system  10  comprises a yarn feed unit or attachment  50  that can be constructed as a substantially standardized, self-contained unit or attachment capable of being releasably mounted to and removable from the tufting machine frame  16  as a one-piece unit or attachment. This enables the manufacture of substantially standardized yarn-feed units capable of controlling the feeding of individual yarns to a predetermined number or set of needles of the tufting machine. 
     The yarn feed unit  50  further includes a series of yarn feed devices  70  that are received and removably mounted within the housing  56  of the yarn feed unit. The yarn feed devices engage and feed individual yarns to associated needles of the tufting machine for individual or single end yarn feed control, although in some configurations, the yarn feed devices also can be used to feed multiple yarns to selected sets or groups of needles. For example, in a machine with 2,000 needles, each yarn feed unit could control two or more yarns such that 1,000 or fewer yarn feed units can be used to feed the yarns to the needles. Such multiple yarn configurations usefully create mirrored patterns or patterns with multiple repeats across the width of the greige. Each of the yarn feed devices  70  includes a drive motor  71  that is received or releasably mounted within a motor mounting plate  72 , mounted to the frame  51  of the yarn feed unit  50  along the front face or side  59  of the housing  56 . The motor mounting plates  72  include a series of openings or apertures  73  in which a drive motor  71  is received for mounting. 
     In some cases, yarns may be directed from the yarn feed device  70  to needles  14  in a direct fashion. In other cases, a series of yarn feed tubes are extended along the open interior area  62  of the yarn feed unit housing  56 . Each of the yarn feed tubes  105  is formed from a metal such as aluminum or may be formed from various other types of metals or synthetic materials having reduced frictional coefficients so as to reduce the drag exerted on the yarns. The yarn feed tubes  105  extend from an upper or first end  106  adjacent a yarn guide plate  107  mounted to the front face or surface of the housing  56 , and extend at varying lengths, each terminating at a lower or terminal end  108  adjacent a drive motor  71 . 
     The system controller communicates with each of the yarn feed controllers via the network cables  173 , 174  and  176 , 177 , with feedback reports being provided from the yarn feed controllers to the system controller over the first, feedback or real-time network (via network cable  173 ) so as to provide a substantially constant stream of information/feedback regarding the drive motors  71 . Pattern control instructions or motor gearing/ratio change information for causing the motor controllers  152  to increase or decrease the speed of the drive motors  71  and thus change the rate of feed of the yarns as needed to produce the desired pattern step(s), are sent to the control processors  152  of the yarn feed controllers  140  over the pattern control information network cables  174 . 
     The system controller further can be accessed or connected to the design center computer  40  through such communications package or system, either remotely or through a LAN/WAN connection to enable patterns or designs saved at the design center itself to be downloaded or transferred to the system controller for operation of the yarn feed unit. The system design center computer further has, in addition to drawing or pattern design functions or capabilities, operational controls that allow it to enable or disable the yarn feed motors, change yarn feed parameters, check and clear error conditions, and guide the yarn feed motors. As discussed above, such a design center component, including the ability to draw or program/create patterns also can be provided at the tufting machine controller  26 , which can then communicate the programmed pattern instructions to the system controller, or further can be programmed or installed on the system controller itself. Thus, the system controller can be provided with design center capability so as to enable an operator to draw and create desired carpet patterns directly at the system controller. 
     In operation of the yarn feed control system  10 , in an initial step, the system controller  165  of the yarn feed controller system  10 , and the tufting machine controller  26  are powered on, after which the tufting machine controller proceeds to establish existing machine parameters such as reciprocation of the needles, backing feed, bed rail height, etc. The operator then selects a carpet pattern to be run on the tufting machine. This carpet pattern can be selected from memory, stored at a network server from which a carpet pattern data file will be downloaded to internal memory of the tufting machine or system controller, or stored directly in memory at the tufting machine controller or system controller. 
     Alternatively, the pattern or pattern data file can be created at a design center. The design center calculates yarn feed rates and/or ratios, and pile heights for each pattern step, and will create a pattern data file, which is then saved to memory. After the desired carpet pattern has been selected, the pattern information typically is then loaded into the system controller  165  of the yarn feed control system  10 . Alternatively, as explained below in connection with the rescaling methods the operator can scale the desired carpet pattern. The operator then starts the operation of the yarn feed control system, whereupon the yarn feed devices  70  pull and feed yarns from a creel (not shown) at varying rates according to the programmed pattern information, which yarns are fed to puller rolls  22 , which in turn, feed the yarns directly to the individual needles  13  of the tufting machine  11 . The system controller sends pattern control instructions or signals regarding yarn feed rates or motor gearing/feed that are rationed to the rotation of the main drive shaft of the tufting machine, individual yarns to the yarn feed controllers  140  via control information network cables  174 . Such pattern control instructions or signals/information are received by the control processors  152 , which route specific pattern control instructions to the motor controllers or drives  153 , which accordingly cause their drive motors  71  to increase or decrease the feeding of the yarns  12 , as indicated at  221 , as required for pattern step. 
     As further indicated at  223 , the motor controllers monitor each of the drive motors under their control and provide substantially real-time feedback information  224  to the system controller, which is further receiving control and/or position information regarding the operation of the main shaft and the backing feed from the tufting machine controller that is monitoring the main shaft and backing feed encoders, needle bar shift mechanism(s) and other operative elements of the tufting machine. This feedback information is used by the system controller to increase or decrease the feed rates for individual yarns, as needed for each upcoming pattern step for the formation of the desired or programmed carpet pattern. After the pattern has been completed, the operation of the yarn feed control system will be halted or powered off, as indicated in  225 . 
     Turning now to  FIG.  2 B , a general electrical diagram is shown of a computerized tufting machine with main drive motor  19  and drive shaft  17 . A personal computer  60  may be provided as a user interface, and this computer  60  may also be used to create, modify, display and install patterns in the tufting machine  10  by communication with the tufting machine master controller  42 . Due to the very complex patterns that can be tufted when individually controlling each end of yarn, many patterns will comprise large data files that are advantageously loaded to the master controller by a network connection  61 ; and preferably a high bandwidth network connection. 
     Master controller  42  preferably interfaces with machine logic  63 , so that various operational interlocks will be activated if, for instance, the controller  42  is signaled that the tufting machine  10  is turned off, or if the “jog” button is depressed to incrementally move the needle bar, or a housing panel is open, or the like. Master controller  42  may also interface with a bed height controller  62  on the tufting machine to automatically effect changes in the bed height when patterns are changed. Master controller  42  also receives information from encoder  68  relative to the position of the main drive shaft  17  and preferably sends pattern commands to and receives status information from controllers  76 ,  77  for backing tension motor  78  and backing feed motor  79  respectively. Said motors  78 ,  79  are powered by power supply  70 . Finally, master controller  42 , for the purposes, sends ratiometric pattern information to the servo motor controller boards  65 . The master controller  42  will signal particular servo motor controller board  65  that it needs to spin its particular servo motors  31  at given revolutions for the next revolution of the main drive shaft  17  in order to control the pattern design. The servo motors  31  in turn provide positional control information to their servo motor controller board  65  thus allowing two-way processing of positional information. Power supplies  67 ,  66  are associated with each servo motor controller board  65  and motor  31 . 
     Master controller  42  also receives information relative to the position of the main drive shaft  17 . Servo motor controller boards  65  process the ratiometric information and main drive shaft positional information from master controller  42  to direct servo motors  31  to rotate yarn feed rolls  28  the distance required to feed the appropriate yarn amount for each stitch. 
     When adapted for use with a reciprocating needleplate as in U.S. Ser. No. 15/721,906 [PCT/US2017/054683], the master controller also has to provide signals to control the additional axis for the rotation of the cam in a fashion that is essentially rotating a cam profile through a single revolution for each tufting cycle. The cam profile and speed of rotation determines the longitudinal movement imparted to the needleplate and the speed of movement. 
       FIGS.  3 A-F  and corresponding views in  FIGS.  4 A-F  and  5 A-F illustrate the tufting zone movement of the needle plate fingers  22  in the new shiftable backing fabric design. It can be observed in  FIGS.  3 A,  4 A,  5 A  that the needle plate finger  22  extends essentially to the presser foot and through much of the diameter of the needle  14  passing behind the needle plate finger. As the needle  14  moves upward retracting from the backing fabric, the needle plate finger is similarly retracted toward the front of the tufting machine as shown in  FIGS.  3 B,  4 B,  5 B . In  FIGS.  3 C,  4 C,  5 C , the needle is free of the backing fabric and space exists between the needle plate fingers  22  and presser foot. As the needles  14  again move downward in  FIGS.  3 D,  4 D,  5 D , the needle plate fingers  22  move forward to support the backing fabric and remain in that position through the downward stroke as shown in  FIGS.  3 E,  4 E,  5 E  but again begin to retract as needles  14  are removed from the backing fabric in  FIGS.  3 F,  4 F,  5 F . 
       FIGS.  6 A and  6 B  show the relative locations of needle plate fingers  22  and needles  14  in exemplary arrangements of one row of needles ( FIG.  6 A ) and two rows of needles ( FIG.  6 B ). When using a single row of needles  14  the needles are directly between needle plate fingers  22   a ,  22   b  at the time of penetrating the backing fabric. However, when two rows of needles are used, the front row of needles  14   a  are directly between needle plate fingers  22   a  at the time of penetrating the backing fabric. However the rear row of needles  14   b  are located just beyond the ends of needle plate fingers  22   a . Thus, the backing fabric near front needles  14   a  is supported by needle plate fingers  22   a  on either side, but the fabric near rear needles  14   b  is supported only by the end of the adjacent needle plate finger  22   a . To improve the fabric support, in either case, it is sometimes helpful to place a riser beneath the face of the tufted greige to lift the tufted fabric upward as soon after the presser bar as practicable. 
     Advantageously, and different from prior usage in broadloom tufting machines, the backing assembly can be precisely shifted for substantial distances, typically on the order of 1 to 2.5 inches in each direction from center. This provides tufting machine with great versatility. While it is apparent that a quarter gauge tufting machine may simulate a ⅛ th  gauge tufting machine by simply doubling the number of needle bar reciprocations and shifting the backing by ⅛ th  inch, precision backing shifting and provides numerous less readily appreciated advantages. patterning advantages. 
     For instance, a ⅛ th  gauge tufting machine can very nearly imitate a 1/10 th  gauge tufting machine, although all stitches may not appear in perfectly aligned rows. By way of example, a ⅛ th  gauge machine will most commonly tuft at a stitch rate of about 8 stitches per inch, thereby placing 64 stitches in a square inch of backing. A 1/10 th  gauge machine will most commonly tuft at about 10 stitches per inch with a resulting 100 stitches being placed in a square inch of backing. However, by increasing the stitch rate of a ⅛ th  gauge tufting machine equipped with backing shifter and reciprocating needle plate to 12.5 stitches per inch, a stitch density of 100 stitches per square inch. In cases where the stitch rate is being increased by a multiple of the gauge of the backing shifter and reciprocating needle plate equipped machine, there may be a perfect pattern alignment. In other cases, the stitches may not align in exact longitudinal rows as there may be some rounding adjustments in changing stitch densities and locations. 
     The failure to align in exact longitudinal rows may be perceived as an advantage in some tufting applications. For instance, solid color shifting is used when manufacturing solid color carpets to break up any streaks or irregularities in the yarns that might otherwise be noticeable. Residential solid color carpets are sometimes sewn on 5/32nds or 3/16 th  inch gauge staggered needle bars with two rows of needles. These needle bars require shifts of 0.375 or 0.3125 inches for the streak break-up shifting. With a backing shifter and reciprocating needle plate equipped tufting machine, shifts of as little as 0.10 inches, and perhaps 0.05 inches, could be employed. The smaller shifts permit greater machine speed and require less lateral yarn on the backstitch that is effectively lost to effective use. 
     It was initially thought that the use of a reciprocating support and backing shifter would not be practical with cut pile fabrics because, as reflected in prior art  FIG.  7 A , several loops of yarn typically remain on the hook  141  until coming into contact with knife  36  and being cut. In this figure, it can be seen that the backstiches  23   a ,  23   b ,  23   c  are spaced apart by a typical gauge distance, and the length of the hook is unlikely to carry more than about three or possibly four loops of yarn before cutting. The tip  24  of the hook  141  keeps the loops of yarn from escaping from the hook as it rocks back and forth in synchronization with the needle penetrations to seize loops of yarn, 
     In practice, it seems there are two effective options for cut pile operation with backing shifting. In one fashion, a relatively large gauge needle bar for carpet, such as ¼ th  gauge, is used (or possibly two ¼ th  gauge needle bars in a graphics arrangement. The use of a relatively large gauge facilitates the operation of the cutting apparatus, as 1/12 th  gauge single needlebar cut pile is extraordinarily demanding, and even 1/10 th  gauge cut piles may limit the choice of yarns to relatively compact size and material choices. With a needle spacing of ¼ th  inch, the backing fabric can be shifted within the width of the gauge without pushing the yarns across a needle plate finger  22  and with this limited range of lateral shifting it is not even generally necessary to reciprocate the needle plate fingers  22  so that the reciprocating assembly can be stopped and the tufting machine may be operable at slightly higher speed. 
     The second option is to permit the customary lateral shifting of the backing for cumulative distances exceeding the gauge width and reciprocating the needle plate fingers  22  and pulling the tufted cut pile greige up and away from the gauge part action as soon as practicable. However, as reflected in  FIGS.  7 B- 7 E , these techniques generate an additional concern. Unlike  FIG.  7 A , where the longitudinal movement of the backing fabric brings the seized loops of yarn into contact with the cutting mechanism within two or three stitches, a large gauge needle bar may be operating at a much higher stitch rate with very little longitudinal advancement of the backing on each reciprocation of the needlebar. This could especially be the case if multiple colors of yarn are threaded in a repeat that is to be used for color placement, and stitch rates of 40 stitches per inch are not uncommon. The phenomena is readily observed in comparing the longitudinal backstiches of  FIG.  7 A   23   a ,  23   b ,  23   c , with the backstiches of  FIG.  7 C  showing lateral backstitch distances relatively greater than the longitudinal distances shown in  FIG.  7 E . 
     The result is that a hook  141  used in high stitch rate tufting may be carrying significantly more than four loops of yarn before the loops are brought into the cutting action. When too many yarn loops are carried, the tufting machine tends to bind, making it more difficult to laterally shift the backing. Accordingly, the technique of shortening the distance on the hook  141  to the cutting action to ensure that less than eight loops of yarn are being carried is desirable. Ideally, the yarns will be cut before the lateral movement between the needle and backing has moved more than about ¼ th  inch, or the gauge spacing of the relatively large gauge needle bar. 
       FIG.  8 A  shows an operator interface screen for a tufting machine useful to create patterns involving yarn placement capabilities. Patterns can be created with one or two rows of needles. The operator can specify shift patterns for one or two needle bars (or both). In  FIG.  8 A , the stitch rate is nominally set at 10 stitches per inch, however the actual number of stitches per inch will be 10 (spi) multiplied by the number of different yarns multiplied by the reciprocal of the gauge selected for the pattern. 
       FIG.  8 B  shows the operator interface screen where the yarn thread up is assigned to the pattern and yarn pile heights assigned to different pile heights for each yarn. Illustrated is a four color threadup (ABCD) with high pile heights for each yarn and medium pile heights for two of the yarns. 
       FIG.  9 A  provides an overview of how the data input from the pattern file is combined with the operator inputs to create pattern information files that are transmitted from the operator interface computer to the controllers for the appropriate axes of movement that cause the shifting, feeding, and reciprocation of parts that results in tufted fabrics. 
       FIG.  9 B  provides an overview of additional sew gauge data input combined with pattern file, machine configuration, and conventional operator inputs (including independent needlebar gauges) to create pattern information files for rescaled or variable gauge patterns. 
     As shown in  FIG.  10   , a single pattern can be tufted at different gauges on the same tufting machine. The machine used was a two-needlebar machine, each needle bar having a ⅕ th  inch gauge and being offset from one another by a half gauge to create a composite 1/10 th  gauge machine. The right side is tufted at an effective 1/12 th  gauge and an effective 10 stitches per inch rate. The left side is also tufted at an effective 10 stitches per inch, but is tufted at the natural 1/10 th  gauge of the machine. The resulting weight of the 1/12 th  gauge fabric is 38 ounces, while the weight of the 10 th  gauge fabric is only 31 ounces. 
       FIG.  11 A  is exemplary operator configuration page for cut loop patterning. The LCL button has been selected and the operator/designer must specify the number of cut/loop or gated hooks that will be operated in the pattern—in the exemplary page, that number is 72.  FIG.  11 B  is an additional operator configuration page with various machine parameters such as the needle bar offset in the case of a double needle bar or staggered needle bar configuration is input. The number of needles will often be the same number specified on the LLC operator page, but could be a larger number, if for instance, gates are only operated in the central portion of the pattern or if only one of two needlebars cooperates with gated hooks. In addition, because of the rescaling algorithm, many approximations must be made to a pattern. To achieve the most aesthetic pattern, the ability to select from a variety of rounding behaviors for these approximations is desirable. The typical alternatives are round mid-to-even, round up, round down, and round mid away from zero. 
       FIG.  12    shows another exemplary operator screen on which the operator specifies the gauge at which the pattern is desired to be tufted. In this instance, ⅛ gauge is specified. The number of steps is calculated based upon multiplying the physical gauge of the tufting machine by the number of yarns (or colors) in a repeat, and then dividing that product by the “sew gauge” or gauge at which the pattern is to be tufted, and using the user specified rounding method. So, in the example of a ⅕ and ⅕ machine, the composite gauge is 1/10 gauge. In the pattern with two colors, 1/10 is multiplied by 2 resulting in the product ⅕ or in decimal form 0.2. This amount is then divided by the desired gauge appearance, or in this case, ⅛.
 
(⅕)/(⅛)=(8/5)=1.6
 
This would round to 2, so long as an unusual rounding method was not being employed.
 
     The stitch set up has a default rate entry for stitches that are left on the back of the greige, tacking interval in inches and a tack rate for the yarn feed amount to supply for a tacking stitch. The front offset is simply the row of pattern that the tufting machine will start on and the actual stitch offset can be calculated automatically by the tufting machine based upon the calculated stitch rate and the needle bar offset that is provided in the machine configuration, for example in the exemplary operator screen of  FIG.  11 B . A pattern rescale changes the pattern to preserve the optical integrity of the original pattern while changing the gauge or density of its stitching. In the example, the pixel size is being specified at 0.25 inches in width and length. 
       FIG.  13    shows an exemplary operator screen that has a two-color pattern loaded with an AB thread-up and with the tufting machine designated to run a cut/loop apparatus in the variable gauge backing shifting mode described in connection with  FIGS.  3  through  6   . In the example, yarn feed rates for A and B yarns are specified and the selection of C or L allows the designation of cut or loop yarn bights to be formed by operation of gated hook or similar cut/loop apparatus. The image has a designated size of 300 stitches in width and 20 stitches in height. Since each pixel in  FIG.  12    was designed to have 0.25 inch sides, this means that each of the two pixels in the height of the image contains 10 stitches. It is equally possible to utilize the technique in connection with a standard tufting machine configuration that is tufting with the yarn placement techniques of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,240,263; 9,556,549; 9,663,885 and their related families of patents. The technique is also useful in working with hollow needle tufting machines and ICN tufting machines. Essentially, the pattern can be designed with a variable gauge backing shifting or with the standard gauge needle bar shifting for the purposes of this scaling method. The technique allows the mapping of yarn placement patterns from one gauge to another. 
       FIG.  14    is an exemplary operator screen showing how a needle bar stepping patterns can be input for front needle bar, back needle bar, both needle bars, or the cloth feed. The cloth feed shifting would be utilized on a pattern operating with the variable gauge backing shifting described in  FIGS.  3 - 6   , and also would be typical on hollow needle tufting machines. The filters tab allows for viewing of the stepping pattern of only a selected needle bar or backing shifter and the edit mode is selected for the particular lateral axis that the operator will be entering the shift pattern. Lateral shift patterns may be entered for any combination of needle bars and backing that the tufting machine is equipped to control. The backing stitch rate is the number of stitches that appear longitudinally but in the case of four-color pattern on a conventional tufting machine employing the placement technique of U.S. Pat. No. 8,141,505, actually four times as many stitches per inch are introduced into the backing with three-fourths of those stitches typically removed or tufted at imperceptibly low stitch heights. 
       FIG.  15    provides a pattern simulation and allows the viewing of which yarn is intended to be prominent on a particular stitch. Every penetration of the needle bar(s) is shown so that the overall length of the simulated pattern with two colors is two times its actual length. The pattern simulation provides a useful debugging tool for operator or designer. 
       FIG.  16    provides a schematic illustration of the logic flow that is desired in scaling a pattern. Specifically, the customary preliminary steps are taken where the configuration of the tufting machine is entered into the software  201 ,  202 . For a cut/loop tufting configuration, this feature should be specified so that control information is generated to the apparatus controlling the cut and loop gauge parts. Then a bitmap pattern is loaded  203 . The tufting industry presently favors the PCX file format for bitmap files because it has a limited pallet of 256 colors. Thus, the use of the PCX file format assures a limited number of yarn/pile height combinations will be included in a pattern. When the pattern is loaded, the threadup is specified for a conventional (or ICN) tufting machine, generally in an alphabetic sequence corresponding to the number of yarns, i.e. AB for two yarns, ABC for three yarns, ABCD for four yarns.  204 . The yarn feed rates are also set  205 . There is an option for the type of tufting machine configuration. A single machine could be equipped to operate with variable gauge backing shifting or graphics (or even single) needlebar shifting. Hollow needle or ICN type machines would typically be specified in the configuration setting, as those machine types would be exclusive of other alternatives. 
     The particulars for stitches are confirmed  207 , and with single or graphics needlebar yarn placement, this will typically include a yarn feed rate for stitches that are removed from the backing, a yarn feed increment for tacking stitches, and a tacking interval to insure that unused yarns remain bonded to the backing fabric. An offset is specified, which in the illustrated  FIG.  12    need only specify the longitudinal row of stitches that the pattern will commence on and the software can compute the pattern offset required by spacing between needle bars based upon machine configuration information. A critical component for rescaling patterns is the specification of a sewing gauge and the number of colors in repeats  208 . Sewing gauge can be precisely specified for backing shifting machines as described in connection with  FIGS.  3 - 6    and for hollow needle machines that also typically utilize backing shifting. 
     Yarn placement practiced by standard tufting machines in single needle bar, as in U.S. Pat. No. 8,141,505 and continuations, or in graphics configurations, as in U.S. Pat. No. 9,663,885 and continuations, is rarely precisely scalable. Certainly, a fifth gauge (⅕ th  inch needle spacing) tufting machine can scale precisely to tuft at tenth gauge, however, a tenth gauge single or graphics needlebar machine cannot precisely scale to twelfth gauge—so some approximation is implemented. The pattern is processed to map the pattern pixels to the yarns that the needles will be tufting in the rescaled pattern  209 . ICN tufting machines are also not precisely scalable apart from similar doubling of the machine gauge. The pattern rescale feature effectively maps the pattern at the size and tuft density that it was designed to the same size and a newly specified tuft density, preferably using an algorithm similar to that explained in connection with  FIG.  17   . Without rescaling, transitioning a tenth gauge pattern to twelfth gauge makes the size of the pattern graphics smaller. Simulations of the pattern in original and rescaled versions, and with stitch by stitch visualizations may be graphically depicted.  210 . The rescaled pattern is verified and may be saved for immediate and future use.  211 . 
     The ability to rescale patterns is of increasing importance in a tufting industry driven to operate at maximum efficiency, and numerous applications exist for rescaled patterns. In one example, if a tufting facility has both tenth and twelfth gauge graphics tufting machines and all of the twelfth gauge machines are operating at full capacity while the tenth gauge machines are only operating for a single daily shift, there exists the possibility to rescale some twelfth gauge patterns to tenth gauge and obtain extra production. The resulting rescaled tenth gauge patterns will have the same appearance but a reduced tuft density and resulting cost. The possibility also exists to scale tenth gauge patterns to be tufted on a twelfth gauge machine in a fashion that closely approximates tenth gauge appearance and density. Thus, pattern rescaling allows tufting mills to operate at higher capacity without the necessity of changing out all of a tufting machine&#39;s gauge parts and reconfiguring the machine. A tufting machine with variable backing shifting can with a fair degree of precision emulate the gauge and appearance of shifted single needle bar or graphics tufting machines of a variety of gauges. 
     Also, to optimize carpet costs, a fabric with the same appearance can be offered at a variety of densities that can be selected according to their intended use. So, for instance a residential use or even use in a hotel room may be entirely suitable with a lower density than carpet designed for use in a hotel lobby or hallway. Similarly, a manufacturer can offer carpet tiles of the same pattern in different densities at different price points. 
       FIG.  17    provides a simple example of the alternating yarn tufts for eight tufts of yarn, nominally at one-half inch gauge (two needles per inch) over four inches of carpet width. Of course, this is a wider needle gauge than used in practice, but it keeps the example small. So, starting with needle position zero in the first row of stitches, the even needle positions are tufting dark and the odd needle positions are tufting light. When the pattern from the one-half inch gauge is scaled to be tufted at one-fourth inch gauge, where there was a single stitch of dark or light yarn, there are now two stitches in two adjacent needle positions. The two colors shown in the pattern could be different heights for the same yarn, or different treatments (cut and loop) for the same yarn, or could be different colors of yarns, In the case of different cut or loop treatments, the control information creating the difference in appearance would be directed to the gated hook apparatus. 
     Algorithmically, the tufting machine knows from the original pattern that the first 0.5 inch position is dark. Accordingly, at the new gauge the tufting machine calculates the physical needle position based upon the machine gauge and shift and if the needle is between 0.0 and 0.5 inches in location and carrying dark yarn, then a stitch will be tufted. So, in the example of  FIG.  17   , the one-fourth gauge needle zero will tuft in position zero and when it is shifted to position 1 (where it is at position 0.25). The backing feed can be determined in a similar algorithmic fashion but is more readily adjusted proportionately to the gauge adjustment. In this instance, with two color yarn placement at half gauge, the typical backing feed would be one fourth inch per row of stitching. When changing to fourth gauge, the typical backing feed would be halved to one eighth inch per row of stitching. Similarly, needle  4  on the one-fourth gauge needle bar is physically located displaced one inch from the left of the pattern and will tuft dark yarn in the first two rows of stitches when it is between 1.0 and 1.5 inches. If needle  4  carries dark yarn and initially shifts left to a displacement of only 0.75, then it would not tuft as yarn would only be dispensed at a no sew or tacking rate. 
     In each case, the rescaling determines which longitudinal row of stitching is being addressed and the lateral displacement of each needle based upon physical gauge and the number of shifted steps at the specified sewing gauge. In rescaling from a tenth gauge pattern to a twelfth gauge density in a four-color thread up, on a tufting machine having either a single tenth gauge needle bar or a composite tenth gauge graphics machine with two fifth gauge needle bars it will be realized that a great deal of approximation is required. So for instance, in the four color thread up at tenth gauge, a pattern might be tufted with 40 longitudinal stitches per inch, with four sequential shifted stitches needed for each line of tufts in the pattern, but at twelfth gauge would adjust to 48 stitches per inch. As a result, the fifth line of tufts in the pattern would be the 21-24th reciprocations in the tenth gauge pattern, but the 25-28 th  reciprocations in the twelfth gauge pattern. In the intermediate longitudinal stitching, the alignment would be inexact and some rounding is required. 
     The same rounding issues occur with respect to the lateral position of the needles. The inexact position could be a result of tufting on a tenth gauge machine with only shiftable needles, or tufting on a variable backing shifting machine with a tenth gauge needle bar assembly. In either case, not all of the needles will align precisely on twelfth gauge. Instead, the lateral position of needle must be computed and mapped to the corresponding element of the tenth gauge pattern. When the tenth gauge needles on a needle shifting machine are laterally shifted four positions, or 0.4 inches, and cover four lateral pixels in a line of the pattern, they very nearly transverse the positions that are occupied by five lateral pixels in a twelfth gauge pattern. The calculation of the needle position evaluates the position of the needle at its neutral location, so the needle in the tenth position on a fifth gauge needle bar is at 2.0 inches. This is the physical machine location. Assuming the sew gauge of the needle bar is also fifth gauge, when the needle is shifted three steps to the right it will be at 2.6 inches. If the scale gauge is twelfth gauge, then the 2.6 will be divided by 1/12 and the needle will be in pixel position 31.2 of the twelfth gauge pattern. This leads to the need to determine whether this should be treated as position 31 or 32 for the purposes of tufting, and as might be expected, 31 is generally the best approximation. Even on a tufting machine with variable backing shifting, where shifting could be applied at optimal lateral increments, a problem exists tufting twelfth gauge fabric on a tenth gauge needle bar because there are only ten needles in a width where twelve stitches should be tufted. Approximation is required to produce the best fit of the physical stitch locations to the rescaled pattern. 
     Accordingly, after computing the physical needle location relative to the pattern a rounding mechanism is applied. The preferred rounding algorithms round fractions to the nearest integer with either mid-to-even (i.e., both 1.5 and 2.5 round to 2.0) or mid-away-from zero (i.e., 1.5 rounds to 2.0 and 2.5 rounds to 3.0). Other alternatives such as round up (i.e., both 2.2 and 2.8 round to 3.0) or round down (i.e., both 2.2 and 2.8 round to 2.0) may be desirable in some instances. Quirks of individual patterns may warrant experimentation with rounding to produce the most aesthetically suitable fit. 
     The result is the use of conventional pattern information together with a specified sew gauge and scale gauge to scale patterns from one stitch density to another while maintaining the optical integrity of the pattern. Rescaling in this fashion allows designers to create patterns of the size they intend, and the size will not be distorted when the pattern is adapted to a variety of tufting machines. Designs will be better realized and tufting machines may be used more adaptably by the implementation of these rescaling design techniques. 
     Numerous alterations of the structure herein described will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. It will be understood that the details and arrangements of the parts that have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention are not to be construed as any limitation of the invention. All such alterations which do not depart from the spirit of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.