Patent Publication Number: US-2023147031-A1

Title: Strain gauge

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a strain gauge. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     A strain gauge, which includes a resistor on a substrate, is known to be attached to a measured object to detect strain of the measured object. For example, the strain gauge is used in a sensor application, such as a sensor to detect strain of material or a sensor to detect ambient temperature (see, for example, Patent Document 1). 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Document 
     [Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-221696 
     SUMMARY 
     However, in addition to the sensor application, the strain gauge is used in a weighing application, in some cases. In such cases, it is necessary to satisfy more stringent standards concerning creep, compared to the sensor application. Thus, there are cases where even the strain gauge capable of being used in the sensor application cannot be used in the weighing application. 
     In view of the point described above, an object of the present invention is to provide a strain gauge that is capable of being used in the weighing application. 
     A strain gauge includes a flexible resin substrate and a resistor formed of a film that includes Cr, CrN, and Cr 2 N, the resistor being situated on or above the substrate. A film thickness of the resistor is greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm. 
     Effect of the Invention 
     According to a disclosed technique, a strain gauge capable of being used in a weighing application can be provided. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a plan view of an example of a strain gauge according to a first embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    is a cross-sectional view (first part) of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view (second part) of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram for describing a method of measuring a creep amount and a creep recovery amount; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating results obtained in a first example; and 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating results obtained in a second example. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     One or more embodiments will be described below with reference to the drawings. In each figure, the same numerals denote the same components, and accordingly, duplicative description of thereof may be omitted. 
     First Embodiment 
       FIG.  1    is a plan view of an example of a strain gauge according to a first embodiment.  FIG.  2    is a cross-sectional view of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment, and illustrates the cross section taken along the A-A line in  FIG.  1   . Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  2   , a strain gauge  1  includes a substrate  10 , a resistor  30 , and terminal sections  41 . 
     In the present embodiment, for the sake of convenience, for the strain gauge  1 , the side of the substrate  10  where the resistor  30  is provided is referred to as an upper side or one side, and the side of the substrate  10  where the resistor  30  is not provided is referred to as a lower side or another side. Further, for each component, the surface on the side where the resistor  30  is provided is referred to as one surface or an upper surface, and the surface on the side where the resistor  30  is not provided is referred to as another surface or a lower surface. However, the strain gauge  1  can be used in a state of being upside down, or can be disposed at any angle. Further, a plan view means that an object is viewed in a direction normal to an upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , and a planar shape refers to a shape of an object when viewed in the direction normal to the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 . 
     The substrate  10  is a member that is a base layer for forming the resistor  30  or the like, and is flexible. The film thickness of the substrate  10  is not particularly restricted and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. For example, such a thickness can be approximately 5 µm to 500 µm. In particular, when the film thickness of the substrate  10  is 5 µm to 200 µm, it is preferable in terms of strain transfer from a flexure element surface that is bonded to a lower surface of the substrate  10  via an adhesive layer or the like and of dimensional stability with respect to environment, and when the film thickness is 10 µm or more, it is further preferable in terms of insulation. 
     The substrate  10  can be formed of an insulating resin film such as a PI (polyimide) resin, an epoxy resin, a PEEK (polyether ether ketone) resin, a PEN (polyethylene naphthalate) resin, a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) resin, a PPS (polyphenylene sulfide) resin, or a polyolefin resin. The film refers to a flexible member having a film thickness of about 500 µm or less. 
     Here, the “formed of an insulating resin film” is not intended to preclude the substrate  10  from containing fillers, impurities, or the like in the insulating resin film. The substrate  10  may be formed of, for example, an insulating resin film containing fillers such as silica or alumina. 
     The resistor  30  is a thin film formed in a predetermined pattern and is a sensitive section where resistance varies in accordance with strain. The resistor  30  may be formed directly on the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , or may be formed above the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , via another layer. In  FIG.  1   , for the sake of convenience, the resistor  30  is illustrated in a crepe pattern. 
     The resistor  30  can be formed of, for example, material including Cr (chromium), material including Ni (nickel), or material including both Cr and Ni. In other words, the resistor  30  can be formed of material including at least one of Cr or Ni. An example of the material including Cr includes a Cr composite film. An example of the material including nickel includes Cu—Ni (copper nickel). An example of the material including both Cr and Ni includes Ni-Cr (nickel chromium). 
     Here, the Cr composite film is a composite film of Cr, CrN, and Cr 2 N, and the like. The Cr composite film may include incidental impurities such as chromium oxide. 
     For example, when the resistor  30  is a Cr composite film, the resistor  30  is formed with α—Cr (alpha-chromium), as a main component, that has a stable crystalline phase, and thus stability of the gauge characteristics can be improved. By forming the resistor  30  with α—Cr as the main component, the gauge factor of the strain gauge  1  can be  10  or more, as well as the gauge factor temperature coefficient TCS and temperature coefficient of resistance TCR being able to be each in the range of from -1000 ppm/°C to +1000 ppm/°C. Here, the main component means that a target substance is at 50% by weight or more of total substances that constitute the resistor. The resistor  30  preferably includes α—Cr at 80% by weight or more, from the viewpoint of improving the gauge characteristics. More preferably, the resistor  30  includes α—Cr at 90% by weight or more. The α—Cr is Cr having a bcc structure (body-centered cubic structure). 
     When the resistor  30  is the Cr composite film, CrN and Cr 2 N included in the Cr composite film are preferably at 20% by weight or less. When CrN and Cr 2 N included in the Cr composite film are at 20% by weight or less, reductions in the gauge factor can be suppressed. 
     A percentage of Cr 2 N in the CrN and Cr 2 N is preferably greater than or equal to 80% by weight and less than 90% by weight, and more preferably greater than or equal to 90% by weight and less than 95% by weight. When the percentage of Cr 2 N in the CrN and Cr 2 N is greater than or equal to 90% by weight and less than 95% by weight, TCR (negative TCR) is further reduced significantly by Cr 2 N having a semiconductor characteristic. Further, with reductions in making of ceramics, brittle fracture is reduced. 
     When a trace amount of N 2  or atomic N, which is mixed into a given film, is present, the external environment (e.g., in a high temperature environment) causes the trace amount of N 2  or atomic N to escape from the given film, thereby resulting in changes in film stress. By creating chemically stable CrN, a stable strain gauge can be obtained without forming the unstable N. 
     The terminal sections  41  respectively extend from both end portions of the resistor  30  and are each wider than the resistor  30  to be in an approximately rectangular shape, in a plan view. The terminal sections  41  are a pair of electrodes for externally outputting changes in a resistance value of the resistor  30  in accordance with strain, and for example, a lead wire or the like for an external connection is joined to each terminal section. For example, the resistor  30  extends from one terminal section  41 , with zigzagged hairpin turns, to be connected to another terminal section  41 . The upper surface of each terminal section  41  may be coated with a metal allowing for better solderability than the terminal section  41 . For the sake of convenience, the resistor  30  and the terminal sections  41  are indicated by different numerals. However, the resistor and the terminal sections can be integrally formed of the same material, in the same process. 
     A cover layer  60  (insulating resin layer) may be disposed on and above the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , such that the resistor  30  is coated and the terminal sections  41  are exposed. With the cover layer  60  being provided, mechanical damage and the like can be prevented from occurring in the resistor  30 . Additionally, with the cover layer  60  being provided, the resistor  30  can be protected against moisture and the like. The cover layer  60  may be provided to cover all portions except for the terminal sections  41 . 
     The cover layer  60  can be formed of an insulating resin such as a PI resin, an epoxy resin, a PEEK resin, a PEN resin, a PET resin, or a PPS resin, a composite resin (e.g., a silicone resin or a polyolefin resin). The cover layer  60  may contain fillers or pigments. The thickness of the cover layer  60  is not particularly restricted and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. For example, the thickness can be approximately 2 µm to 30 um. 
     A preferable thickness of the resistor  30  will be described below. When the strain gauge  1  is used in the sensor application, the film thickness of the resistor  30  is not particularly restricted and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. The film thickness can be, for example, approximately 50 nm to 2000 nm. In particular, when the film thickness of the resistor  30  is 100 nm or more, it is preferable in terms of improvement in crystallinity (e.g., crystallinity of α—Cr) of a crystal that constitutes the resistor  30 , and when the film thickness of the resistor  30  is 1000 nm or less, it is further preferable in terms of reductions in cracks of a given film caused by internal stress of the film that constitutes the resistor  30 , or of reductions in warp in the substrate  10 . 
     When the strain gauge  1  is used in the weighing application, it needs to conform to the standards required in creep. The standards required in creep include, for example, accuracy class C1 (hereinafter referred to as the C1 standard) specified by OIML R60, and include accuracy class C2 (hereinafter referred to as the C2 standard) specified by OIML R60. 
     In the C1 standard, each of a given creep amount and a given creep recovery amount requires to correspond to ±0.0735% or less. In the C2 standard, each of a given creep amount and a given creep recovery amount requires to correspond to ±0.0368% or less. When the strain gauge  1  is used in the sensor application, each of a given creep amount and a given creep recovery amount is specified to correspond to about ±0.5%. 
     As a result of intensive investigation, the inventors have found that the creep highly depends on the film thickness of the resistor  30 . In this case, in order to satisfy the C1 standard and the C2 standard, the film thickness of the resistor  30  needs to be set within a range that is narrower than the range of 50 nm to 2000 nm. 
     Specifically, in order to satisfy the C1 standard, the film thickness of the resistor  30  is preferably greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm, in consideration of a given film thickness that causes improvement in crystallinity of a crystal that constitutes the resistor  30 , as discussed above. 
     In order to satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the resistor  30  is preferably greater than or equal to 150 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm. Further, in order to reliably satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the resistor  30  is preferably greater than or equal to 250 nm and less than or equal to 400 nm, in consideration of a margin of 50% (that is, in order to satisfy a value that is half that specified by the C2 standard). 
     As a result of intensive investigation by the inventors, creep is also dependent on the film thickness of the substrate  10 , but not as much as the creep is dependent on the film thickness of the resistor  30 . With this arrangement, when the film thickness of the resistor  30  is within the above range, and further the film thickness of the substrate  10  is within a range that is narrower than the above range of 5 µm to 500 µm, each of a given creep amount and a given recovery amount can be further reduced. 
     Specifically, in order to satisfy the C1 standard, the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 5 µm and less than or equal to 130 µm. In order to satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 5 µm and less than or equal to 100 µm. 
     In any case, by setting a lower limit for the film thickness of the substrate  10  to be 10 µm or more, an effect of providing good insulation can be also obtained. That is, in order to satisfy the C1 standard, the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 10 µm and less than or equal to 130 µm, in consideration of ensuring the insulation. Also, in order to satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 10 µm and less than or equal to 100 µm. 
     Further, in order to reliably satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 30 µm and less than or equal to 70 µm, in consideration of a margin of 50% (that is, in order to satisfy a value that is half a value specified by the C2 standard). 
     As described above, the strain gauge  1  can be used in the weighing application, by defining the film thickness of the resistor  30  more strictly than before. Further, the strain gauge  1  can be used in the weighing application, with a sufficient margin, by defining the film thickness of the resistor  30  more strictly than before and further by defining the film thickness of the substrate  10  more strictly than before. However, the strain gauge  1  may be used in the sensor application. 
     In order to manufacture the strain gauge  1 , first, the substrate  10  is prepared and a metallic layer (referred to as a metallic layer A for the sake of convenience) is formed on the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 . The metallic layer A is a layer that is finally patterned to become the resistor  30  and terminal sections  41 . With this arrangement, the material and thickness of the metallic layer A are the same as the material and thickness for each of the resistor  30  and the terminal sections  41  as described above. 
     The metallic layer A can be deposited by magnetron sputtering in which, for example, a source material capable of forming the metallic layer A is a target. Instead of the magnetron sputtering, the metallic layer A may be deposited by reactive sputtering, vapor deposition, arc ion plating, pulsed laser deposition, or the like. 
     From the viewpoint of stabilizing the gauge characteristics, before the depositing of the metallic layer A, a functional layer, as a base layer, that has a predetermined film thickness, is preferably vacuum-deposited on the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , by conventional sputtering, for example. 
     In the present application, the functional layer refers to a layer that has a function of promoting crystal growth of the metallic layer A (resistor  30 ) that is at least an upper layer. Also, the functional layer preferably has a function of preventing oxidation of the metallic layer A caused by oxygen and moisture that are contained in the substrate  10 , as well as a function of improving adhesion between the substrate10 and the metallic layer A. The functional layer may further have any other function. 
     The insulating resin film that constitutes the substrate  10  contains oxygen and moisture. In this regard, particularly when the metallic layer A includes Cr, it is effective for the functional layer to have a function of preventing oxidation of the metallic layer A, because Cr forms an autoxidized film. 
     The material of the functional layer is not particularly restricted as long as that material is material having a function of promoting crystal growth of the metallic layer A (resistor  30 ) that is at least an upper layer. Such material can be appropriately selected for any purpose and includes one or more metals selected from the group consisting of, for example, Cr (chromium), Ti (titanium), V (vanadium), Nb (niobium), Ta (tantalum), Ni (nickel), Y (yttrium), Zr (zirconium), Hf (hafnium), Si (silicon), C (carbon), Zn (zinc), Cu (copper), Bi (bismuth), Fe (iron), Mo (molybdenum), W (tungsten), Ru (ruthenium), Rh (rhodium), Re (rhenium), Os (osmium), Ir (iridium), Pt (platinum), Pd (palladium), Ag (silver), Au (gold), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), and Al (aluminum); an alloy of any metals among the group; or a compound of any metal among the group. 
     Examples of the above alloy include FeCr, TiAl, FeNi, NiCr, CrCu, and the like. Examples of the above compound include TiN, TaN, Si 3 N 4 , TiO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , SiO 2 , and the like. 
     When the functional layer is formed of a conductive material such as a metal or an alloy, the film thickness of the functional layer is preferably one-twentieth or less the film thickness of the resistor. When such a range is set, crystal growth of α—Cr can be promoted, and further, a portion of the current flowing through the resistor flows through the functional layer. Thus, reductions in detection sensitivity of strain can be prevented. 
     More preferably, when the functional layer is formed of the conductive material such as a metal or an alloy, the film thickness of the functional layer is one-fiftieth or less the film thickness of the resistor. When such a range is set, crystal growth of α—Cr can be promoted, and further, a portion of the current flowing through the resistor flows through the functional layer. Thus, reductions in detection sensitivity of strain can be further prevented. 
     When the functional layer is formed of the conductive material such as a metal or an alloy, the film thickness of the functional layer is further preferably one-hundredth or less the film thickness of the resistor. When such a range is set, a portion of the current flowing through the resistor flows through the functional layer, and thus reductions in detection sensitivity of strain can be further prevented. 
     When the functional layer is formed of an insulating material such as an oxide or a nitride, the film thickness of the functional layer is preferably 1 nm to 1 µm. When such a range is set, crystal growth of α—Cr can be promoted, and a given film can be easily formed without having any cracks in the functional layer. 
     When the functional layer is formed of the insulating material such as an oxide or a nitride, the film thickness of the functional layer is preferably 1 nm to 0.8 µm. When such a range is set, crystal growth of α—Cr can be promoted, and a given film can be further easily formed without having any cracks in the functional layer. 
     When the functional layer is formed of the insulating material such as an oxide or a nitride, the film thickness of the functional layer is more preferably 1 nm to 0.5 µm. When such a range is set, crystal growth of α—Cr can be promoted, and further, a given film can be formed more easily without having any cracks in the functional layer. 
     The planar shape of the functional layer is patterned to be substantially the same as the planar shape of the resistor as illustrated in  FIG.  1   . However, the planar shape of the functional layer is not limited when it is substantially the same as the planar shape of the resistor. When the functional layer is formed of an insulating material, the planar shape of the functional layer may not be patterned to be the same shape as the planar shape of the resistor. In this case, the functional layer may be solidly formed to correspond to a region where at least the resistor is formed. Alternatively, the functional layer may be solidly formed on the entire top surface of the substrate  10 . 
     When the functional layer is formed of an insulating material, the functional layer is formed to be relatively thick such that the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 50 nm and less than or equal to 1 µm, and further, the functional layer is formed solidly. With this arrangement, the thickness and surface area of the functional layer are increased, and thus heat obtained when the resistor generates the heat can be dissipated toward the substrate  10 . As a result, in the strain gauge  1 , reductions in measurement accuracy due to self-heating of the resistor can be suppressed. 
     The functional layer can be vacuum-deposited by, for example, conventional sputtering in which a source material capable of forming the functional layer is the target and in which an Ar (argon) gas is supplied to a chamber. By using conventional sputtering, the functional layer is deposited while the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10  is etched with Ar. Thus, a deposited amount of the film of the functional layer is minimized and thus the effect of improving adhesion can be obtained. 
     However, this is an example of a method of depositing the functional layer, and the functional layer may be formed by any other method. For example, before depositing of the functional layer, the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10  is activated by plasma treatment or the like using Ar or the like to thereby obtain the effect of improving the adhesion, and subsequently, the functional layer may be vacuum-deposited by magnetron sputtering. 
     A combination of the material of the functional layer and the material of the metallic layer A is not particularly restricted, and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. For example, Ti is used for the functional layer, and a Cr composite film formed with α—Cr (alpha-chromium) as the main component can be deposited as the metallic layer A. 
     In this case, the metallic layer A can be deposited by, for example, magnetron sputtering in which a source material capable of forming the Cr composite film is the target and in which an Ar gas is supplied to a chamber. Alternatively, the metallic layer A may be deposited by reactive sputtering in which pure Cr is the target and in which an appropriate amount of nitrogen gas, as well as an Ar gas, are supplied to a chamber. In this case, by changing a supplied amount of the nitrogen gas or pressure (nitrogen partial pressure) of the nitrogen gas, or by providing a heating process to adjust heating temperature, a percentage of CrN and Cr 2 N included in the Cr composite film, as well as a percentage of Cr 2 N in CrN and Cr 2 N, can be adjusted. 
     In such methods, a growth face of the Cr composite film is defined by the functional layer formed of Ti, and the Cr composite film that is formed with α—Cr as the main component having a stable crystalline structure can be deposited. Also, Ti that constitutes the functional layer is diffused into the Cr composite film, so that the gauge characteristics are improved. For example, the gauge factor of the strain gauge  1  can be  10  or more, as well as the gauge factor temperature coefficient TCS and temperature coefficient of resistance TCR being able to be each in the range of from -1000 ppm/°C to +1000.ppm/°C. When the functional layer is formed of Ti, the Cr composite film may include Ti or TiN (titanium nitride). 
     When the metallic layer A is the Cr composite film, the functional layer formed of Ti includes all functions of a function of promoting crystal growth of the metallic layer A, a function of preventing oxidation of the metallic layer A caused by oxygen or moisture contained in the substrate  10 , and a function of improving adhesion between the substrate  10  and the metallic layer A. Instead of Ti, when the functional layer is formed of Ta, Si, Al, or Fe, the functional layer also includes the same functions. 
     As described above, with the functional layer being provided in the lower layer of the metallic layer A, the crystal growth of the metallic layer A can be promoted and thus the metallic layer A having a stable crystalline phase can be fabricated. As a result, for the strain gauge  1 , stability of the gauge characteristics can be improved. Also, a given material that constitutes the functional layer is diffused into the metallic layer A, and thus the gauge characteristics of the strain gauge  1  can be improved. 
     Then, the metallic layer A is patterned by photolithography and thus the resistor  30  and terminal sections  41  that have the planar shape, as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , are formed. 
     After forming of the resistor  30  and the terminal sections  41 , the cover layer  60 , with which the resistor  30  is coated and through which the terminal sections  41  are exposed, is formed on and above the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , as necessary, so that the strain gauge  1  is completed. For example, the cover layer  60  can be fabricated by laminating, on the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , a thermosetting insulating resin film in a semi-cured state such that the resistor  30  is coated therewith and the terminal sections  41  are exposed, and by performing heating to cure the thermosetting insulating resin. The cover layer  60  may be formed by applying, to the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , a thermosetting insulating resin that is liquid or paste-like, such that the resistor  30  is coated therewith and the terminal sections  41  are exposed, and by performing heating to cure the thermosetting insulating resin. 
     When the functional layer, as a base layer of the resistor  30  and the terminal sections  41 , is provided on the upper surface  10   a  of the substrate  10 , the strain gauge  1  has a cross-section shape illustrated in  FIG.  3   . A layer indicated by the numeral  20  expresses the functional layer. When the functional layer  20  is provided, the planar shape of the strain gauge  1  is illustrated as in  FIG.  1   , for example. However, as described above, the functional layer  20  may be solidly formed on a portion or entire of the upper surface of the substrate  10 . 
     First Example 
     In a first example, a suitable film thickness of the resistor  30  to cause reductions in the creep amount and the recovery amount was studied. Specifically, multiple strain gauges  1 , each having a resistor  30  with a different film thickness, were fabricated, and each of the strain gauges  1  was attached to a strain body that was made of SUS304. With this arrangement, creep amounts and recovery amounts were measured. As the substrate  10 , a polyimide resin film having the film thickness of 25 µm was used. 
     Each of the creep amount and the creep recovery amount is an amount (strain amount) that changes over time of an elastically deformed amount of a given surface of the strain gauge  1  on which the resistor  30  is provided. With this arrangement, the creep amount and the recovery amount can be measured by monitoring a given voltage that is obtained in accordance with strain and is calculated based on the output between a pair of terminal sections  41 . This will be described in detail with reference to  FIG.  4   . 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating a method of measuring the creep amount and the creep recovery amount. In  FIG.  4   , the horizontal axis represents the time, and the vertical axis represents the voltage obtained in accordance with strain [mV]. 
     First, 10 seconds after a measurement apparatus is powered on, a loading of 150% is applied to the strain gauge  1  attached to a flexure element, for 10 seconds, and subsequently, the loading is removed. After removal of the load, when 20 minutes elapses, a loading of 100% is applied to the strain gauge  1  that is attached to a flexure element, for 20 minutes, and subsequently, the loading is removed. After removal of the load, it waits for 20 minutes to elapse. 
     The voltage obtained due to the strain varies, for example, as illustrated in  FIG.  4   . In  FIG.  4   , an absolute value B of a difference between a voltage, which is obtained due to strain and is obtained at a timing at which 20 minutes has elapsed after removal of the loading of 150%, and a voltage that is obtained due to strain and is obtained immediately after application of the loading of 100%, is measured. Also, an absolute value ΔA of a difference between the voltage that is obtained due to the strain and is obtained immediately after the application of the loading of 100%, and a voltage that is obtained due to strain and is obtained 20 minutes after the application of the loading of 100%, is measured. At this time, ΔA/B is a given creep amount. Next,an absolute value ΔC of the difference between the voltage that is due to strain and is obtained immediately after removal of the loading of 100%, and a voltage that is obtained due to strain and is obtained 20 minutes after the removal of the loading of 100%, is measured. At this time, ΔC/B is a given creep recovery amount. 
     The loading of 100% corresponds to 3 kg, and the loading of 150% is 1.5 times the loading of 100%. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating the results obtained in the first example. The results are summarized, where the creep amount and the creep recovery amount were measured by the measurement method as illustrated in  FIG.  4   , for each of the strain gauges  1  for which a different film thickness of the resistor  30  was set. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , when the film thickness of the resistor  30  is 700 nm or less, the creep amount and the creep recovery amount, as specified by the C1 standard, can be satisfied. In consideration of the fact that crystallinity of a crystal that constitutes the resistor  30  is improved when the film thickness of the resistor  30  is 100 nm or more as described above, it has been seen that the film thickness of the resistor  30  is preferably greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm, in order to satisfy the C1 standard. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG.  5   , when the film thickness of the resistor  30  is greater than or equal to 150 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm, the creep amount and the creep recovery amount, as specified by the C2 standard, can be satisfied. Also, in order to reliably satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the resistor  30  is preferably greater than or equal to 250 nm and less than or equal to 400 nm, in consideration of a margin of 50% (that is, in order to satisfy a value that is half a value specified by the C2 standard). 
     Second Example 
     In a second example, a suitable film thickness of the substrate  10  to cause reductions in the creep amount and the recovery amount was studied. Specifically, multiple strain gauges  1  for each of which a different film thickness of the substrate  10  was set were fabricated, and each of the strain gauges  1  was attached to a flexure element that was made of SUS304. With this arrangement, creep amounts and recovery amounts were measured. As the resistor  30 , a Cr composite film having a film thickness of 220 nm was used. 
       FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating the results obtained in the second example. The results are summarized, where the creep amount and the creep recovery amount were measured by the measurement method as illustrated in  FIG.  4   , for each of the strain gauges  1  for which a different film thickness of the substrate  10  was set. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6   , when the film thickness of the substrate  10  is greater than or equal to 5 µm and less than or equal to 130 µm, the creep amount and the creep recovery amount, as specified by the C1 standard, can be satisfied. In consideration of the fact that insulation becomes better when the film thickness of the substrate  10  is 10 µm or more as described above, it has been seen that the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 10 µm and less than or equal to 130 µm, in order to satisfy the C1 standard. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG.  6   , when the film thickness of the substrate  10  is greater than or equal to 5 µm and less than or equal to 100 µm, the creep amount and the creep recovery amount, as specified by the C2 standard, can be satisfied. In consideration of the fact that insulation becomes better when the film thickness of the substrate  10  is 10 µm or more as described above, it has been seen that the film thickness of the substrate  10  is preferably greater than or equal to 10 µm and less than or equal to 100 µm, in order to satisfy the C2 standard. 
     Further, in order to reliably satisfy the C2 standard, the film thickness of the substrate  10  is greater than or equal to 30 µm and less than or equal to 70 µm, in consideration of a margin of 50% (that is, in order to satisfy a value that is half a value specified by the C2 standard). 
     Although the preferred embodiments and the like have been described above in detail, these embodiments and the like are not limiting. Various modifications and alternatives to the above embodiments and the like can be made without departing from a scope set forth in the claims. 
     This International application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-060534, filed Mar. 30, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     Reference Signs List 
       1  strain gauge,  10  substrate,  10   a  upper surface,  20  functional layer,  30  resistor,  41  terminal section,  60  cover layer