Patent Publication Number: US-2019199700-A1

Title: System and method for block chain encrypted communication and identification

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional 62/588,710, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a decentralized data structure, and, more particularly, a data structure that maintains a continuously growing list of records, or blocks, in a blockchain format. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A cryptographic currency is a digital medium of exchange that enables distributed, rapid, cryptographically secure, confirmed transactions for goods and/or services. One of the first cryptographic currencies was Bitcoin, which is based on a peer-to-peer network, in 2009. Since then, numerous cryptographic currencies have become available. Fundamentally, cryptographic currencies are specifications regarding the use of currency that seek to incorporate principles of cryptography (e.g., public-key cryptography) to implement a distributed and decentralized information economy. A digital currency, e.g., a bitcoin used in Bitcoin, is computationally brought into existence by an issuer (e.g., a bitcoin is “mined”). 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides method of secure communications, comprising writing into a block associated with a distributed ledger at least one sequence of characters representative of a message, the distributed ledger having at least one second block, further comprising at least one credential, sending the distributed ledger to a communication device through at least one network, authenticating, by one of the plurality of network nodes resident on the at least one network, the at least one credential, writing into the distributed ledger at least one indication indicative of the authenticating and displaying the message and the at least one indication on the communication device 
     It shall be noted that using the block chain to communicate information and messages has several benefits. First, messages can be sent to a device, from a device, or both. Second, it does not rely on a centralized authority. Third, once a message is added to the block chain, it cannot be altered or removed. Fourth, it is decentralized so it is difficult, if not impossible, to block access to it. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       This disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying figure(s). The figure(s) may, alone or in combination, illustrate one or more embodiments of the disclosure. Elements illustrated in the figure(s) are not necessarily drawn to scale. Reference labels may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. 
       The detailed description makes reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system for use in accordance with herein described systems and methods; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an exemplary networked computing environment for use in accordance with herein described systems and methods; 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of a distributed ledger for use in the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of a distributed ledger for use in the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of a distributed ledger use environment; 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of an exemplary networked system environment for use in accordance with herein described systems and methods; and 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing an exemplary networked computing environment for use in accordance with herein described systems and methods. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The figures and descriptions provided herein may have been simplified to illustrate aspects that are relevant for a clear understanding of the herein described apparatuses, systems, and methods, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, other aspects that may be found in typical similar devices, systems, and methods. Those of ordinary skill may thus recognize that other elements and/or operations may be desirable and/or necessary to implement the devices, systems, and methods described herein. But because such elements and operations are known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, for the sake of brevity a discussion of such elements and operations may not be provided herein. However, the present disclosure is deemed to nevertheless include all such elements, variations, and modifications to the described aspects that would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Embodiments are provided throughout so that this disclosure is sufficiently thorough and fully conveys the scope of the disclosed embodiments to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth, such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. Nevertheless, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain specific disclosed details need not be employed, and that exemplary embodiments may be embodied in different forms. As such, the exemplary embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. As referenced above, in some exemplary embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies may not be described in detail. 
     Components, or modules, shown in diagrams are illustrative of exemplary embodiments of the invention and are meant to avoid obscuring the invention. It shall also be understood that throughout this discussion that components may be described as separate functional units, which may comprise sub-units, but those skilled in the art will recognize that various components, or portions thereof, may be divided into separate components or may be integrated together, including integrated within a single system or component. It should be noted that functions or operations discussed herein may be implemented as components. Components may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof. 
     Furthermore, connections between components or systems within the figures are not intended to be limited to direct connections. Rather, data between these components may be modified, re-formatted, or otherwise changed by intermediary components. Also, additional or fewer connections may be used. It shall also be noted that the terms “coupled,” “connected,” or “communicatively coupled” shall be understood to include direct connections, indirect connections through one or more intermediary devices, and wireless connections. 
     The use of certain terms in various places in the specification is for illustration and should not be construed as limiting. A service, function, or resource is not limited to a single service, function, or resource; usage of these terms may refer to a grouping of related services, functions, or resources, which may be distributed or aggregated. 
     The terms “messages,” “blocks,” and “data,” shall be understood to mean a group of bits, which may be transported across a network. These terms shall not be interpreted as limiting embodiments of the present invention to particular configuration; and, these terms along with similar terms such as “data,” “data traffic,” “information,” “cell,” etc. may be replaced by other terminologies referring to a group a bits, and may be used interchangeably. The terms “include,” “including,” “comprise,” and “comprising” shall be understood to be open terms and any lists the follow are examples and not meant to be limited to the listed items. Any headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and shall not be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their respective performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as a preferred or required order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed, in place of or in conjunction with the disclosed aspects. 
     When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present, unless clearly indicated otherwise. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). Further, as used herein the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Yet further, although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments. 
     A computer-implemented platform and methods of use are disclosed that provide networked access to a plurality of types of digital content, including but not limited to video, audio, and document content, and that track and deliver the accessed content, such as via one or more applications, or “apps.” Described embodiments are intended to be exemplary and not limiting. As such, it is contemplated that the herein described systems and methods can be adapted to provide many types of users with access and delivery of many types of domain data, and can be extended to provide enhancements and/or additions to the exemplary services described. The invention is intended to include all such extensions. Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary and illustrative embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary computing system  100  that can be used in accordance with herein described system and methods. Computing system  100  is capable of executing software, such as an operating system (OS) and a variety of computing applications  190 . The operation of exemplary computing system  100  is controlled primarily by computer readable instructions, such as instructions stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as hard disk drive (HDD)  115 , optical disk (not shown) such as a CD or DVD, solid state drive (not shown) such as a USB “thumb drive,” or the like. Such instructions may be executed within central processing unit (CPU)  110  to cause computing system  100  to perform operations. In many known computer servers, workstations, personal computers, mobile devices, and the like, CPU  110  is implemented in an integrated circuit called a processor. 
     It is appreciated that, although exemplary computing system  100  is shown to comprise a single CPU  110 , such description is merely illustrative as computing system  100  may comprise a plurality of CPUs  110 . Additionally, computing system  100  may exploit the resources of remote CPUs (not shown), for example, through communications network  170  or some other data communications means. 
     In operation, CPU  110  fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from a computer readable storage medium such as HDD  115 . Such instructions can be included in software such as an operating system (OS), executable programs, and the like. Information, such as computer instructions and other computer readable data, is transferred between components of computing system  100  via the system&#39;s main data-transfer path. The main data-transfer path may use a system bus architecture  105 , although other computer architectures (not shown) can be used, such as architectures using serializers and deserializers and crossbar switches to communicate data between devices over serial communication paths. System bus  105  can include data lines for sending data, address lines for sending addresses, and control lines for sending interrupts and for operating the system bus. Some busses provide bus arbitration that regulates access to the bus by extension cards, controllers, and CPU  110 . Devices that attach to the busses and arbitrate access to the bus are called bus masters. Bus master support also allows multiprocessor configurations of the busses to be created by the addition of bus master adapters containing processors and support chips. 
     Memory devices coupled to system bus  105  can include random access memory (RAM)  125  and read only memory (ROM)  130 . Such memories include circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved. ROMs  130  generally contain stored data that cannot be modified. Data stored in RAM  125  can be read or changed by CPU  110  or other hardware devices. Access to RAM  125  and/or ROM  130  may be controlled by memory controller  120 . Memory controller  120  may provide an address translation function that translates virtual addresses into physical addresses as instructions are executed. Memory controller  120  may also provide a memory protection function that isolates processes within the system and isolates system processes from user processes. Thus, a program running in user mode can normally access only memory mapped by its own process virtual address space; it cannot access memory within another process&#39; virtual address space unless memory sharing between the processes has been set up. 
     In addition, computing system  100  may contain peripheral controller  135  responsible for communicating instructions using a peripheral bus from CPU  110  to peripherals, such as printer  140 , keyboard  145 , and mouse  150 . An example of a peripheral bus is the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
     Display  160 , which is controlled by display controller  155 , can be used to display visual output generated by computing system  100 . Such visual output may include text, graphics, animated graphics, and/or video, for example. Display  160  may be implemented with a CRT-based video display, an LCD-based display, gas plasma-based display, touch-panel, or the like. Display controller  155  includes electronic components required to generate a video signal that is sent to display  160 . 
     Further, computing system  100  may contain network adapter  165  which may be used to couple computing system  100  to an external communication network  170 , which may include or provide access to the Internet, and hence which may provide or include tracking of and access to the domain data discussed herein. Communications network  170  may provide user access to computing system  100  with means of communicating and transferring software and information electronically, and may be coupled directly to computing system  100 , or indirectly to computing system  100 , such as via PSTN or cellular network  180 . For example, users may communicate with computing system  100  using communication means such as email, direct data connection, virtual private network (VPN), Skype or other online video conferencing services, or the like. Additionally, communications network  170  may provide for distributed processing, which involves several computers and the sharing of workloads or cooperative efforts in performing a task. It is appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing communications links between computing system  100  and remote users may be used. 
     It is appreciated that exemplary computing system  100  is merely illustrative of a computing environment in which the herein described systems and methods may operate and does not limit the implementation of the herein described systems and methods in computing environments having differing components and configurations, as the inventive concepts described herein may be implemented in various computing environments using various components and configurations. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , computing system  100  can be deployed in networked computing environment  200 . In general, the above description for computing system  100  applies to server, client, and peer computers deployed in a networked environment, for example, server  205 , laptop computer  210 , and desktop computer  230 .  FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary illustrative networked computing environment  200 , with a server in communication with client computing and/or communicating devices via a communications network, in which the herein described apparatus and methods may be employed. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , server  205  may be interconnected via a communications network  240  (which may include any of, or any combination of, a fixed-wire or wireless LAN, WAN, intranet, extranet, peer-to-peer network, virtual private network, the Internet, or other communications network such as POTS, ISDN, VoIP, PSTN, etc.) with a number of client computing/communication devices such as laptop computer  210 , wireless mobile telephone  215 , wired telephone  220 , personal digital assistant  225 , user desktop computer  230 , and/or other communication enabled devices (not shown). Server  205  can comprise dedicated servers operable to process and communicate data such as digital content  250  to and from client devices  210 ,  215 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230 , etc. using any of a number of known protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), simple object access protocol (SOAP), wireless application protocol (WAP), or the like. Additionally, networked computing environment  200  can utilize various data security protocols such as secured socket layer (SSL), pretty good privacy (PGP), virtual private network (VPN) security, or the like. Each client device  210 ,  215 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230 , etc. can be equipped with an operating system operable to support one or more computing and/or communication applications, such as a web browser (not shown), email (not shown), or independently developed applications, the like, to interact with server  205 . 
     The server  205  may thus deliver applications specifically designed for mobile client devices, such as, for example, client device  225 . A client device  225  may be any mobile telephone, PDA, tablet or smart phone and may have any device compatible operating system. Such operating systems may include, for example, Symbian, RIM Blackberry OS, Android, Apple iOS, Windows Phone, Palm webOS, Maemo, bada, MeeGo, Brew OS, and Linux for smartphones and tablets. Although many mobile operating systems may be programmed in C++, some may be programmed in Java and .NET, for example. Some operating systems may or may not allow for the use of a proxy server and some may or may not have on-device encryption. Of course, because many of the aforementioned operating systems are proprietary, in prior art embodiments server  205  delivered to client device  225  only those applications and that content applicable to the operating system and platform communication relevant to that client device  225  type. 
     JavaScript Serialized Object Notation (JSON), a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data-interchange format, is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262, 3.sup.rd Edition, dated December 1999. JSON syntax is a text format defined with a collection of name/value pairs and an ordered list of values. JSON is very useful for sending structured data over wire (e.g., the Internet) that is lightweight and easy to parse. It is language and platform independent, but uses conventions that are familiar to C-family programming conventions. The JSON language is thus compatible with a great many operating systems (a list of such systems is available at www.json.org). 
     The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication networks, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SCFDMA, and other wireless networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often used interchangeably herein. By way of example, a CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, and the like. For example, an OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 8011 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMÒ, and the like. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, as well as long term evolution (LTE) and other cellular techniques, are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP) and “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2), such as, for example, the mobile standards for 5G which will begin in the 3GPP Release 15. 
     “WiFi” stands for “Wireless Fidelity.” WiFi is typically deployed as a wireless local area network (WLAN) that may extend home and business networks to wireless medium. As referenced, the IEEE 802.11 standard defines WiFi communications as between devices, and as between devices and access points. WiFi typically provides aggregate user data speeds from 2 Mbps (for 802.11b) to approximately 150 Mbps (for 802.11n). Typical speeds for WiFi are around 15 Mbps, and latency (i.e., packet delay) averages around 10 ms with no load WiFi may link devices, and/or devices and access points, over distances from a few feet to several miles. By way of contrast, LTE, as mentioned above, typically provides WAN connectivity that may stretch for much greater distances, but is typically not preferred for LAN communications. Of note, the techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above, as well as for other wireless networks and radio technologies. 
     WiFi networks, herein also referred to as IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, may operate in two modes: infrastructure mode and ad-hoc mode. In infrastructure mode, a device connects to an access point (AP) that serves as a hub for connecting wireless devices to the network infrastructure, including, for example, connecting wireless devices to Internet access. Infrastructure mode thus uses a client-server architecture to provide connectivity to the other wireless devices. In contrast to the client-server architecture of infrastructure mode, in ad-hoc mode wireless devices have direct connections to each other in a peer-to-peer architecture. 
     In various embodiments, a blockchain, or distributed ledger, provides a decentralized approach to tracking information. By eliminating the need for a central authority, information and transactions therewith may be circulated and verified over a network. A blockchain may provide a secure solution for tracking, for example, the ownership and transfer of assets. In a simplified example, a blockchain may provide proof of who owns what at any given point in time and be replicated on hundreds or thousands of computing nodes. 
     Blockchain structure offers solutions to the dilemma of balancing data, identity, and transaction-based privacy and security. By way of example, security and privacy breaches have occurred, and may continue to happen, within large, often centrally organized entities, such as, for example, big box store retailers, social networks, closed networks, governments and militaries. For consumer facing entities, the privacy and security of customer information, payment information, and transaction histories may be paramount to the success of the business. For closed networks, governments and military networks, the security of data is often directly related to the safety and security of a group of people. 
     As described herein, blockchain and the related decentralized applications based on blockchain may provide solutions to data security, for example, when using cryptographically-secured encryption as a part of the blockchain used in the particular applications, especially as related to the data parts. Although current systems and networks encrypt data, the decentralizing of various aspects of an information architecture may allow for unintended breaches in currently employed encryption chains and layers as, for example, individual users manipulate and interact with their own data. Using blockchain to hold data, authentication information, and encryption aspects, user data and central repositories may be less vulnerable to data losses or breaches. For example, blockchains may store encrypted information and coded pointers to distributed storage locations that may be spread across distributed computer networks. Such a method may prevent those seeking to access or alter the information in an unauthorized manner from doing so by creating a highly distributed temporal infrastructure which may be impractical to reconstruct or, for example, impossible to reconstruct even if the unauthorized user is able to obtain a portion of the information associated with the blockchain. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, the blockchain systems and methods described herein may be used within consensus engines, decentralized architectures and peer-to-peer clients, for example. Similarly, the blockchain systems and methods described herein may be used to facilitate secure communication within the Internet of Things, which may include devices subject to security breaches which arise from the vulnerabilities created by allowing unsecure and vulnerable data exchanges with a device and remote computing resources. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, blockchain and AI processing may be used to provide, for example, robust validation techniques to prevent such things as Sybil attacks, for example, and dismiss masquerading hostile entities by providing a secure identity and/or authorization mechanism. For example, a local entity may accept a remote encrypted identity blockchain based on a central authority which may ensure a one-to-one correspondence between an identity and an entity and may even provide a reverse lookup. The identity may be validated either directly or indirectly. In direct validation the local entity queries the central authority to validate the remote identities. In indirect validation the local entity relies on already accepted identities which in turn vouch for the validity of the remote identity in question. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , blockchain  300  is an illustrative example in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention. Blockchain  300  illustrates a blockchain having 3 blocks,  302 ,  304 , and  306 . Block  302  is the first block and is therefore considered to be the genesis block. Each block may include certain information, such as an Identification, or hash, that uniquely identifies the block, a timeline identifying previous blocks (e.g., the hash numbers of previous blocks) in chronological order, transactions to record all transfers between a sender and a receiver, and a public key that identifies at least one sender and at least one receiver. Hash values may be combined into a Merkle tree. The linked blocks therefore form a chain where each link, or block, in the chain uniquely identifies a previous link, or block, by including the hash or the prior link, or block. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, a distributed secure transaction ledger, in the form of a block chain, may be used to communicate data between parties. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a block chain or decentralized secure transaction ledger  405  may be one that is maintained by nodes in a distributed network. Although each block of ledger  405  may contain differentiated information and may crave distinct purposes, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , block  410  contains a sample communication or message according to embodiments of the present invention. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, ledger  405  may be used to send messages between at least two users of a system through, fix example, nodes in a network. By way of non-limiting example only, a message in block  420  of the ledger  405  may contain a header  422  and contents  430 . The header  422  may comprises at least one block ID  424  for block  420 , a block ID  426  of the previous block, and a nonce value  428 , an arbitrary number that may be used as a cryptographic hash function. These values and block information may be used in linking blocks together to form a chain. 
     The contents  430  may comprise one or more messages  432  and may also include other data  434 . In an embodiment on the present invention, a message  432  may comprise a unique identifier of the owner/originator/sender of the message. This information may be used for one or more purposes, such as, for example, to identify the owner or sender to provide a way by which a third-party node or nodes that handle and or process the ledger  405 . Additionally, the identifier of the owner/sender may be used or linked to an authentication module and/or server associated with using the block chain as a communication channel, or for other actions. Indeed, block  420  may include any number of identifiers which may for example, be used to indicate whether or not the ledger  405  should be directed to a different identifier than the originator of the message  432 . As would be appreciated by those skilled in the art, message  432  may include data for processing, which may be obfuscated using, for example, homomorphy transformation. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, ledger  440  may be used to send encrypted and secure messages between users through public systems, private/closed systems, or a combination thereof. Similar to the message(s) in block  420 , the contents of ledger  440  may comprises one or more messages and may also comprise other encryption/authentication data. In an embodiment of the present invention, a message contained in ledger  440  may comprise a unique identifier of the recipient of the message, which may be the originator of the initial message or another entity. The message may include a unique identifier of the node that submitted the message. Such may be used for one or more purposes. For example, the identifier may help identify who sent the message. Additionally, the identifier may be used or linked to an authentication server/module associated with using the block chain as a communication channel, for performing security, authentication, resolving, or other actions. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, the message  432  may include a digitally signed message checksum as way to verify the message. For example, the sender of the message may digitally sign a checksum or hash of the message using his or her private key. A receiving device can verify the integrity of the data by verifying the checksum or hash using the sender&#39;s public key. Those having skill in the art shall recognize that other methods for verifying the data&#39;s integrity may also be employed herein. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram depicting an example blockchain environment  500 , illustrating a simplified example of how a distributed ledger, or blockchain (such as blockchain  405 ) may be distributed, or replicated, on a network. Environment  500  may include a first user  502 , a second user  504 , another entity, such as a bank  508 , and another third party entity  510  privy to the blockchain  506 . The first/second user may be a buyer or seller, based on the transaction. Entities may include, but are not limited to, consumers, bankers, merchants, and investors. Blockchain  506  may be replicated in an agreed-upon manner or in real-time (e.g., after each transaction). 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, a distributed ledger may be used as a communication means in distributed communication system and remain secure. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a wireless network  600  may be used to interconnect nearby devices by employing widely used networking protocols, such as using the IEEE 802.11 wireless protocol family, for example. 
     In one aspect, wireless network  600  operating in infrastructure mode may comprise various devices  620   x,    620   y,    620   z  (which may be considered nodes), and an access point  602  serves a coverage area forming Wi-Fi cell  610   a.  An access point, as used herein, is a station that supports communication for wireless devices associated with that access point. An access point may also be referred to as a base station. Each access point may be identified by an access point identity (APID), which may be a globally unique Medium Access Control (MAC) address (i.e., an address the provides a unique identifier in the MAC protocol layer) that is included in frames transmitted by the access point  602 . For example, the MAC address may correspond to an Internet Protocol (IP) address, or the like. Access point  602  may directly or indirectly couple to a network server that may perform various functions. The network server may be a single network entity or a collection of network entities. 
     A wireless device, or “device,” refers herein to a station that can communicate with another station via a wireless medium. A device may be stationary or mobile, and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment, a subscriber station, etc. A device may be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device, a wireless device, a laptop computer, a wireless modem, a cordless phone, a telemetry device, a tracking device, etc. A device, and/or an access point, may also receive signals for satellites, which may be part of the United States Global Positioning System (GPS), the European Galileo system, the Russian Glonass system, or some other satellite Positioning System (SPS). A device may measure signals for access point  302 , for other devices, and/or signals from the aforementioned satellites. The measurements may be used to determine the location and/or the connectivity of the device, the other devices, and/or the access points. 
     In the description herein, WLAN communication refers to communication between a device and an access point, i.e., communication in the aforementioned infrastructure mode, such as for a call between the device and a remote entity, such as another device, via the access point. A WLAN link, and variants thereof, as used herein, thus refers to a communication link between a device and an access point. 
     In contrast, in ad hoc mode, also referred to herein as peer-to-peer (P2P) mode, one of the devices may provide some or all of the communication and communication management responsibilities of the access point  602  and/or of the network server. Each of these points within the network may provide authentication and/or authorization keys and/or lookup tables to validate one or more messages of a ledger traveling in the communications network  600 . Although a ledger may be verified at a specific time and or location, ledgers and the clocks therein may be subject to a periodic beaconing process, and the authentication of new blocks, by way of non-limiting example. Accordingly, by limiting the constancy of authentication, the location of such authentication and the timing of such authentication, for example, the system may allow for in more efficient and expedient encrypted communications utilizing distributed ledger authentication protocols. This may also allow P2P networks to more easily and securely connect mobile devices together when there is no operating or present access point. 
     Authentication techniques of distributed ledger based messages may incorporate keys and other known encryption aspects, but may also include real-time location information. For example, if you are messaging back and forth with a colleague who you expect to be in a certain location, the authentication means used in the present invention my include confirming that the communication received was sent from the location and at the time expected. 
     Technology for locating wireless devices (e.g., cell phones) with high accuracy began to be widely deployed in response to the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Enhanced 9-1-1 Phase II mandate. Wireless location technologies include both network-based and handset based technologies. The network-based high accuracy technologies use the uplink (mobile-to-base station) radio signaling from the handset with Time-of-Arrival (TOA), Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA), and/or Angie of Arrival (AoA) techniques to locate a mobile device. High accuracy location technologies may include the use of a timing beacon systems such as a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the prime example being the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS). Use of GNSS signals and signaling from the wireless communications network allow for Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) which lowers the time needed to generate a position fix over conventional GPS and can increase receiver sensitivity. 
     Medium accuracy location technologies are sometimes used for localization of transmitters either as a fallback method or in conjunction with a high accuracy localization technique. These techniques include the network-based techniques of cell-ID localization and may include the addition of timing or power ranging Signal-Strength-Measurement (SSM) with calibrated RF fingerprinting (a pattern matching technique). The handset-based medium accuracy technologies include downlink radio signal techniques such as Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT), and Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA). 
     Hybridization of location technologies may also be used. Various combinations of U-TDOA, AoA, AFLT, A-GPS, TOA, SSM, and OTDOA have been successfully fielded while other combinations of the high or high/medium accuracy handset and network location techniques have been proposed. 
     Passive Location using network-used wireless location techniques relies on the monitoring of the radio air interface or WCN links and waiting for the mobile device to execute a network transaction either on the control channel or traffic channel. These network transactions include periodic re-registration, as well as ad hoc events such as call or data connection related events (initiation, termination, handover) and roaming events such as location updating. 
     Active Location using network-based wireless location techniques relies on cooperation or co-opting of the wireless location system. Cooperative arrangements include polling or auditing via system messaging examples of which include Identity Request, Any_Time_interrogation (ATI) (as part of the Mobile Terminated Location Request Procedure), Null SMS pinging or simply calling or messaging the mobile in question. 
     Each of the above discussed location technologies may provide information which may be written into a block in a distributed ledger which may subsequently be authenticated by a node in the communication system and/or by the receiver of the ledger. 
       FIG. 7  is an example of a simplified functional block diagram of a computer system  700 . The functional descriptions of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software or some combination thereof. For example, a recommendation engine and an integration engine of the present invention can be implemented using a computer system. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the computer system  700  includes a processor  702 , a memory system  704  and one or more input/output (I/O) devices  706  in communication by a communication ‘fabric’. The communication fabric can be implemented in a variety of ways and may include one or more computer buses  708 ,  710  and/or bridge and/or router devices  712  as shown in  FIG. 7 . The I/O devices  706  can include network adapters and/or mass storage devices from which the computer system  700  can send and receive data for generating and transmitting advertisements with endorsements and associated news. The computer system  700  may be in communication with the Internet via the I/O devices  708 . 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations of the present invention may be implemented without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modification and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 
     The various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules, and engines, described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), air application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     Further, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium may be coupled to the processor, such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. Further, in some aspects, the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. Additionally, the ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. Additionally, in some aspects, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of instructions on a machine readable medium and/or computer readable medium. 
     Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the herein described apparatuses, engines, devices, systems and methods are susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions. There is no intention to limit the scope of the invention to the specific constructions described herein. Rather, the herein described systems and methods are intended to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the scope and spirit of the disclosure, any appended claims and any equivalents thereto. 
     In the foregoing detailed description, it may be that various features are grouped together in individual embodiments for the purpose of brevity in the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that any subsequently claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited. 
     Further, the descriptions of the disclosure are provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosed embodiments. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein, but rather is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.