Patent Publication Number: US-2019198419-A1

Title: Thermally insulating composition and electronic devices assembled therewith

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Provided herein is a thermally insulative composition, which is particularly useful to assemble consumer electronic devices. 
     Brief Description of Related Technology 
     As microelectronic circuitry continues to shrink in size and the capacity of the circuitry in terms of functionality continues to increase, the heat generated by the circuitry when in use becomes more and more of a problem for manufacturers and end users. Put another way, the level of heat generated is related to the performance of the semiconductor package, with more highly performing devices generating greater levels of heat. For instance, the semiconductor packages assembled on the circuit board within the consumer electronic device, for instance, such as those found in central and graphics processing units, chipsets, battery and voltage regulators, all generate heat as a normal by-product of operation. The semiconductor packages generate heat that needs to be managed in order to increase the life of the package, minimize design limitations and increase performance of the package, and consequently the life and performance of the consumer electronic device. 
     Thermal management materials are well known for dissipating heat generated by the circuitry and fans placed at strategic locations within the electronic device also draws heat away from the circuitry, or thermal module. The excess heat is diverted away from the semiconductor package to a heat sink or the thermal module with a thermal interface material (“TIM”), oftentimes disposed between the semiconductor package and the heat sink or thermal module. 
     However, these strategies to manage generated heat have created new problems, as the hot air is directed away from the immediate environment of the semiconductor package toward the interior of the housing of the device. 
     More specifically, in a conventional laptop or notebook computer (shown in  FIG. 2 ), a housing exists under which are the components below the keyboard (shown in  FIG. 3 ). The components include a heat sink, a heat pipe (disposed above a CPU chip), a fan, a slot for the PCMIA card, a hard drive, a battery, and a bay for a DVD drive. The hard drive is disposed under the left palm rest and the battery under the right. Oftentimes, the hard drive operates at high temperatures, resulting in uncomfortable palm rest touch temperatures, despite the use of cooling components to dissipate this heat. This may lead to end user consumer discomfort due to hot temperatures attained at certain portions of the exterior of the device when the devices are used. 
     One solution to mute the high in use temperatures observed by the end user at the palm rest position, for instance, is to use natural graphite heat spreaders disposed at strategic locations. These heat spreaders are reported to distribute heat evenly while providing thermal insulation through the thickness of the material. One such graphite material is available commercially as eGrar® SpreaderShield™, from GrafTech Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. [See M. Smalc et al., “Thermal Performance Of Natural Graphite Heat Spreaders”, Proc. IPACK2005, Interpack 2005-73073 (July, 2005); see also U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,520.] 
     Alternative solutions are desirable and would be advantageous, as there is a growing need in the marketplace for ways in which to manage the heat generated by such semiconductor packages used in electronic devices so that end user consumers do not feel discomfort due to the generated heat when they are used. Balanced against this need is the recognition that designers of semiconductor chips will continue to reduce the size and geometry of the semiconductor chips and semiconductor packages but increase their capacity, so as to make the electronic devices appealing for the consumer, but in so doing causing the semiconductor chips and semiconductor packages to continue to operate at elevated temperature conditions. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to satisfy this growing, unmet need, with alternative technologies to encourage the design and development of even more powerful consumer electronic devices, which are not hot to the touch in operation. 
     This need has been unmet. Until now. 
     SUMMARY 
     Provided herein is a thermally insulative composition. The insulative composition may be dispensed onto a substrate or between two substrates. The substrate(s) may serve as a support or may serve as a heat spreader, in which case the support may be constructed from a conductive material which is a metal or a metal-coated polymeric substrate, or graphite. 
     The thermally insulative composition may be used in a consumer electronic article of manufacture comprising: 
     A housing comprising at least one substrate having an interior surface and an exterior surface; 
     A layer of thermally insulative composition comprising thermally insulating elements dispersed within a matrix of a phase change material laid upon a substrate, which as noted above may serve as a support or provide thermal conductivity to aid in spreading the generated heat, which layer is disposed on at least a portion of the interior surface of the at least one substrate; and 
     At least one semiconductor package comprising an assembly comprising at least one of
     I.   

     a semiconductor chip; 
     a heat spreader; and 
     a thermal interface material therebetween (also known as a TIM1 application)
     II.   

     a heat spreader; 
     a heat sink; and 
     a thermal interface material therebetween (also known as a TIM2 application). 
     Also, provided herein is a method of manufacturing such a consumer electronic device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  depicts a cut away view of a circuit board on which is disposed a plurality of semiconductor packages and circuitry, together with electronic materials ordinarily used in the assembly of the packages themselves and the assembly of the packages onto the board. Reference numbers  1 - 18  refer to some electronic materials used in the packaging and assembly of semiconductors and printed circuit boards. 
         FIG. 2A  depicts a notebook personal computer in the open position. 
         FIG. 2B  depicts a notebook personal computer in the open position and the underside of the notebook personal computer, where the reference numbers  1 - 7  on the open position of the notebook personal computer and reference numbers  8 - 16  on the underside of the notebook personal computer here represent locations at which skin temperature readings are taken. 
         FIG. 3  depicts a top view of the contents of the laptop personal computer, beneath the keyboard and palm rests thereof. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a general schematic diagram of an electronic device. 
         FIG. 5  depicts a bar chart of skin temperature readings taken on various positions of notebook personal computer. In  FIG. 5 , one set of data is taken where no attempt is made at providing temperature insulation; another set of data is taken where simply a phase change material is used, though without thermally insulative elements, and the last being a set of data taken with the inventive composition used. 
         FIG. 6  depicts a bar chart of skin temperature readings taken on various positions of notebook personal computer. Heat absorber performance significantly enhanced when used in conjunction with graphite film. In  FIG. 6 , one set of data is taken where no attempt is made at providing temperature insulation; another set of data is taken with the inventive composition together with the graphite film used; another set of data is taken with a graphite film used; and the last being a set of data taken with the inventive composition together with the graphite film used. The 16 locations where temperature measurements were taken represented the spots which the highest skin temperatures are recorded. They are in the general vicinity of where the CPU, heat pipe, heat-sink are housed. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As noted above, provided herein is a thermally insulative composition. The thermally insulative composition may be dispensed onto a substrate or between two substrates. The substrate(s) may serve as a support or may serve as a heat spreader, in which case the support may be constructed from a conductive material which is metal or metal-coated polymeric substrate, or graphite. 
     Thermally insulative compositions are provided, which impede the transfer of heat. These compositions include:
         a) 10% to 80% by volume of a phase change material (“PCM”); and   b) 20% to 90% by volume of thermally insulating elements.       

     PCMs may be composed of organic or inorganic materials. For instance, organic materials useful in PCMs include paraffin, fatty acids, esters, alcohols, glycols, or organic eutectics. And petrolatum, beeswax, palm wax, mineral waxes, glycerin and/or certain vegetable oils may also be used. Inorganic materials useful in PCMs include salt hydrates and low melting metal eutectics. In order to select a PCM for a specific application, the operating temperature of heating or cooling device should be matched to the transition temperature of the PCM. 
     The paraffin may be a standard commercial grade and should include a paraffin wax having a melting point below about 40° C. Use of such a paraffin wax permits the matrix to transition from its solid to liquid state at a temperature below about 37° C. In addition to paraffin, as noted above, petrolatum, beeswax, palm wax, mineral waxes, glycerin and/or certain vegetable oils may be used to form a PCM. For instance, the paraffin and petrolatum components may be blended together such that the ratio of such components (i.e., paraffin to petrolatum) is between approximately 1.0:0 to 3.0:1% by weight. In this regard, as the petrolatum component is increased relative say to the paraffin component, the PCM should increase in softness. 
     Optionally, a resin may be used in the PCMs. In such case, up to about 5% by weight of the resin may be used; desirably about 2% to about 4% by weight is used. The resin may be a thermoplastic, such as an ELVAX-brand synthetic resinous plastic material available commercially from E.I. DUPONT DE NEMORES &amp; COMPANY, Wilmington, Del. or ethylene-butylene copolymer from JSR Corp. The chosen resin should have appropriate melting temperatures may additionally be blended with the paraffin to thus form a matrix having a desired hardness or softness, as may be advantageous for a given application. 
     The PCM, with or without resin, should be such that a phase change from solid or non-flowable to liquid or flowable occurs within a given temperature range. 
     Advantageously, the melting point of the constituents used in the PCM is selected to be below the temperature at which most consumer electronic devices operate. In this regard, a PCM in which a paraffin component is used assumes a liquid state during the operation of the consumer electronic device, and only during such time as the device operates at such elevated temperatures. As a result, heat absorption and release is modulated between the liquid and solid states, respectively, across the operating temperature range of the consumer electronic device in which the present invention is placed. 
     As will be appreciated, the thermally insulative compositions of the present invention will have the desired phase change property of remaining in a solid phase while in the range of normal room temperature, but as the temperature rises will become plastic or more fluid. In this respect, by assuming a liquid state during operation of the consumer electronic device, the thermally insulative composition will better absorb heat generated during operation thereof. 
     Representative examples of thermally insulative elements include spheres or tubes in which the central portion is hollow or filled in gas. Commercially available examples of such thermally insulating elements include those sold under the DUALITE tradename by Henkel Corporation, such as DUALITE E, or the EXPANCEL tradename by Akzo Nobel. DUALITE E (specific density=0.13 g/cc) is promoted to lower the thermal conductivity of the final product in which it is used and as a cost reducing or weight saving component. Using DUALITE E is reported to introduce stable, hollow, closed-cell voids into the final product. 
     In addition, representative examples of thermally insulative elements include solid materials having porosity or interstices in which gas is disposed. The thermally insulating elements in this regard may comprise a gas disposed within interstices of a substantially solid sphere-like particle. Representative commercially available examples of such thermally insulating elements include those sold under the AEROGEL NANOGEL tradename by Degussa Corporation. They are described by the manufacturer as lightweight, insulating silica materials, composed of a lattice network of glass strands with very small pores, composed from up to 5% solids and 95% air. This structure, it is reported, creates superior insulating, light transmitting and water repelling properties. The silica materials are a nanoporous silica with an average pore size of 20 nanometers. The small pore size and structure traps the flow of air to prevent heat loss and solar heat gain. 
     As the PCM matrix undergoes its phase transition from a solid to a liquid state, the matrix absorbs heat until the matrix is transformed into the liquid state, which in this case at the operating temperature of the consumer electronic device is ordinarily a gel like state. 
     As the PCM matrix changes from a liquid to a solid state; the liquid state releases the absorbed heat until the matrix is transformed into solid state. 
     The melting temperature of the PCM matrix should be in the desired operating temperature range of the consumer electronic device. 
     The PCM matrix should also have a high latent heat of diffusion. 
     The PCM matrix should not degrade after multiples freeze-melt cycles. 
     As noted above, provided herein is a consumer electronic article of manufacture. This article of manufacture (or “device”) may be selected from notebook personal computers, tablet personal computers or handheld devices, for instance, music players, video players, still image players, game players, other media players, music recorders, video recorders, cameras, other media recorders, radios, medical equipment, domestic appliances, transportation vehicle instruments, musical instruments, calculators, cellular telephones, other wireless communication devices, personal digital assistants, remote controls, pagers, monitors, televisions, stereo equipment, set up boxes, set-top boxes, boom boxes, modems, routers, keyboards, mice, speakers, printers, and combinations thereof. 
     The device includes: 
     A housing comprising at least one substrate having an interior surface and an exterior surface; 
     A layer of thermally insulative composition comprising thermally insulating elements dispersed within a matrix of a phase change material laid upon a substrate, which as noted above may serve as a support or provide thermal conductivity to aid in spreading the generated heat, which layer is disposed on at least a portion of the interior surface of the at least one substrate; and 
     At least one semiconductor package comprising an assembly comprising at least one of
     I.   

     a semiconductor chip; 
     a heat spreader; and 
     a thermal interface material therebetween, or
     II.   

     a heat spreader; 
     a heat sink; and 
     a thermal interface material therebetween. 
     The device may also include a venting element to disperse heat generated from the semiconductor assembly away from the device. 
     Of course, the consumer electronic device is provided with a power source to energize the semiconductor package(s). 
     The semiconductor package may be formed with a die attach material disposed between a semiconductor chip and a circuit board to securely adhere the chip to the board. Wire bonding forms the electrical interconnection between the chip and the board. This die attach material is oftentimes a highly filled material with a thermosetting resin matrix. The matrix may be composed of epoxy, maleimide, itaconimide, nadimide and/or (meth)acrylate. The filler may be conductive or non-conductive. In some instances, the die attach material is thermally conductive, in which case it too aids in dissipating heat away from the semiconductor package. Representative commercially available examples of such die attach materials include QMI519HT from Henkel Corporation. 
     Alternatively, the semiconductor package may be formed with a semiconductor chip electrically connected to a circuit board with solder interconnects in a space therebetween. In that space an underfill sealant may be disposed. The underfill sealant will also have a thermosetting matrix resin, which like the die attach material may be composed of epoxy, maleimide, itaconimide, nadimide and/or (meth)acrylate. The underfill sealant is ordinarily also filled. However, the filler is generally non-conductive and used for the purpose of accommodating differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the semiconductor die and the circuit board. Representative commercially available examples of such underfill sealants include HYSOL FP4549HT from Henkel Corporation. 
     Once the semiconductor package has been positioned onto the circuit board and attached thereto oftentimes by a surface mount adhesive, a chip bonder, or chip scale package underfill sealant, the package may be overmolded with mold compound in order to protect the package from among other things environmental contaminants. The mold compound is oftentimes epoxy or benzoxazine based. GR750 is an example of an epoxy mold compound, available commercially from Henkel Corporation, designed to improve thermal management in semiconductor devices. 
     Solder pastes are used at various portions on the circuit board to attach semiconductor packages and assemblies, in an electrically interconnected manner. One such solder paste is available commercially from Henkel Corporation under the tradename MULTICORE Bi58LM100. This lead free solder paste is designed for applications where thermal management is desirable. 
     To effectively manage the heat generated by semiconductor chips and semiconductor packages, a thermal interface material may be used with any heat-generating component for which heat dissipation is required, and in particular, for heat-generating components in semiconductor devices. In such devices, the thermal interface material forms a layer between the heat-generating component and the heat sink and transfers the heat to be dissipated to the heat sink. The thermal interface material may also be used in a device containing a heat spreader. In such a device, a layer of thermal interface material is placed between the heat-generating component and the heat spreader, and a second layer of thermal interface material is placed between the heat spreader and the heat sink. 
     The thermal interface material may be a phase change material, such as one commercially available from Henkel Corporation under the tradenames POWERSTRATE EXTREME, PowerstrateXtreme or PSX. Packaged as a free-standing film between two release liners and supplied as a die cut perform to match a wide variety of applications, this thermal interface material is a reworkable phase change material suitable for use for instance between a heat sink and variety heat dissipating components. The material flows at the phase change temperature, conforming to the surface features of the components. The thermal interface material when in the form of a phase change material has a melting point of approximately 51° C. or 60° C. 
     Upon flow, air is expelled from the interface, reducing thermal impedance, performing as a highly efficient thermal transfer material. 
     The thermal interface material may be constructed from (a) 60% to 90% by weight of paraffin; (b) 0% to 5% by weight of resin; and (c) 10% to 40% by weight of metal particle, such as an electrically-conductive filler. The electrically-conductive filler is ordinarily one selected from graphite, diamond, silver, and copper. Alternatively, the electrically-conductive filler may be aluminum, such as a spherical alumina. 
     The metal particles suitable for use in the thermal interface material may be fusible metal particles, typically low melting point metals or metal alloys used as solders. Examples of such metals include bismuth, tin, and indium, and may also include silver, zinc, copper, antimony, and silver coated boron nitride. In one embodiment the metal particles are selected from tin, bismuth, or both. In another embodiment, indium will also be present. Alloys of the above metals also can be used. 
     An eutectic alloy of tin and bismuth powder (melting point 138° C.), in a weight ratio of tin to bismuth of Sn48Bi52 may also be used, particularly in combination with indium powder (melting point 158° C.), in which the indium is present in a weight ratio of 1:1 with the Sn:Bi alloy. 
     The metal particles and/or alloys should be present in the composition in a range from 50 to 95 weight percent of the thermal interface material. 
     The thermal interface material may also be a thermal grease, such as one commercially available from Henkel Corporation under the trade designations TG100, COT20232-36I1 or COT20232-36E1. TG100 is a thermal grease designed for high-temperature heat transfer. In use, TG100 is placed between heat generating devices and the surfaces to which they are mounted or other heat dissipating surfaces. This product delivers excellent thermal resistance, offers high thermal conductivity and virtually no evaporation over a wide operating temperature range. In addition, COT20232-36E1 and COT20232-36I1 are TIM1 type materials, designed in this instance for high power flip chip applications. These products contain a soft gel polymer or curable matrix, which after cure forms an interpenetrating network with a low melting point alloy therewithin. The low melting point alloy may be fusible metal solder particles, particularly those substantially devoid of added lead, comprising an elemental solder powder and optionally a solder alloy. 
     The thermal interface material in use should have a thermal impedance of less than 0.2 (° C. cm 2 /Watt). 
     The housing comprises at least two substrates and oftentimes a plurality of substrates. The substrates are dimensioned and disposed to engage one another. 
     The layer of thermally insulating elements dispersed within a matrix of a phase change material laid upon a thermally conductive sheet, which layer is disposed on at least a portion of the interior surface of the at least one substrate that comprises the housing, the complementary exterior surface of which comes into contact with the end user when in use. So, with reference to  FIG. 2 , palm rests would be good examples of this location on a lap top or notebook personal computer. The thermally insulating elements may comprise a gas, such as air. The gas may be housed within a hollow sphere-like vessel. 
     In one embodiment, the layer of thermally insulating elements dispersed within a matrix of a phase change material is laid upon a thermally conductive sheet, which layer is disposed on at least a portion of the interior surface of the at least one substrate that comprises the housing, the complementary exterior surface of which comes into contact with the end user when in use. 
     The substrate, upon which is disposed the matrix within which are dispersed the thermally insulating elements, may serve as a support for the thermally insulative composition. The thermally insulative composition may be disposed between two or more substrates as well. The substrate may be constructed from a metal or a metal-coated foil or sheet, such as a MYLAR-branded one, to render the substrate thermally conductive and thus able to spread heat generated from the inner workings of the consumer electronic device. Alternatively, the substrate may be constructed of graphite. In these arrangements, the thermally insulative composition disposed on at least one substrate, particularly where at least one of the substrates is thermally conductive, should be positioned within the housing of the consumer electronic device such that the thermally conductive substrate is facing the inner workings of the consumer electronic device. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , a cut way view of a circuit board is shown. On the circuit board is disposed a plurality of semiconductor packages and circuitry, together with electronic materials ordinarily used in the assembly of the packages themselves and the assembly of the packages onto the board, and a portion of the housing of the electronic, device in which the circuit board is to be used. In  FIG. 1, 1  refers to surface mount adhesives (such as LOCTITE 3609 and 3619);  2  refers to thermal interface materials, as described in more detail herein;  3  refers to low pressure molding materials (such as MM6208);  4  refers to flip chip on board underfill such as HYSOL FP4531);  5  refers to liquid encapsulants glob top (such as HYSOL E01016 and E01072);  6  refers to silicone encapsulants (such as LOCTITE 5210);  7  refers to gasketing compounds (such as LOCTITE 5089);  8  refers to a chip scale package/ball grid array underfill (such as HYSOL UF3808 and E1216);  9  refers to a flip chip air package underfill (such as HYSOL FP4549 HT);  10  refers to coating powder (such as HYSOL DK7-0953M);  11  refers to mechanic molding compound (such as HYSOL LL-1000-3NP and GR2310);  12  refers to potting compound (such as E&amp;C 2850FT);  13  refers to optoelectronic (such as ABLESTIK AA50T);  14  refers to die attach (such as ABLESTICK 0084-1LM1SR4, 8290 and HYSOL OMI529HT);  15  refers to conformal coating (such as LOCTITE 5293 and PC40-UMF);  16  refers to photonic component and assembly materials (such as STYLAST 2017M4 and HYSOL OTO149-3);  17  refers to semiconductor mold compound ; and  18  refers to solder (such as Multicore BI58LM100AAS90V and 97SCLF318AGS88.5). Each of these products is available for sale commercially from Henkel Corporation, Irvine, Calif. 
     The circuit board A of  FIG. 1  is disposed within the interior of the housing of an electronic device (not shown). On at least a portion of an inwardly facing surface of a substrate which comprises the housing of the electronic device is coated a layer of thermally insulating elements (not shown). 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , electronic device  100  may include housing  101 , processor  102 , memory  104 , power supply  106 , communications circuitry  108 - 1 , bus  109 , input component  110 , output component  112 , and cooling component  118 . Bus  109  may include one or more wired or wireless links that provide paths for transmitting data and/or power, to, from, or between various components of electronic device  100  including, for example, processor  102 , memory  104 , power supply  106 , communications circuitry  108 - 1 , input component  110 , output component  112 , and cooling component  118 . 
     Memory  104  may include one or more storage mediums, including, but not limited to, a hard-drive, flash memory, permanent memory such as read-only memory (“ROM”), semi-permanent memory such as random access memory (“RAM”), any other suitable type of storage component, and any combinations thereof. Memory  104  may include cache memory, which may be one or more different types of memory used for temporarily storing data for electronic device applications. 
     Power supply  106  may provide power to the electronic components of electronic device  100 , either by one or more batteries or from a natural source, such as solar power using solar cells). 
     One or more input components  110  may be provided to permit a user to interact or interface with device  100 , such as by way of an electronic device pad, dial, click wheel, scroll wheel, touch screen, one or more buttons (e.g., a keyboard), mouse, joy stick, track ball, microphone, camera, video recorder, and any combinations thereof. 
     One or more output components  112  can be provided to present information (e.g., textual, graphical, audible, and/or tactile information) to a user of device  100 , such as by way of audio speakers, headphones, signal line-outs, visual displays, antennas, infrared ports, rumblers, vibrators, and any combinations thereof. 
     One or more cooling components  118  can be provided to help dissipate heat generated by the various electronic components of electronic device  100 . These cooling components  118  may take various forms, such as fans, heat sinks, heat spreaders, heat pipes, vents or openings in housing  101  of electronic device  100 , and any combinations thereof. 
     Processor  102  of device  100  may control the operation of many functions and other circuitry provided by device  100 . For example, processor  102  can receive input signals from input component  110  and/or drive output signals through output component  112 . 
     Housing  101  should provide at least a partial enclosure to one or more of the various electronic components that operate electronic device  100 . Housing  100  protects the electronic components from debris and other degrading forces external to device  100 . Housing  101  may include one or more walls  120  that define a cavity  103  within which various electronic components of device  100  can be disposed. Housing openings  151  may also allow certain fluids (e.g., air) to be drawn into and discharged from cavity  103  of electronic device  100  for helping to manage the internal temperature of device  100 . Housing  101  can be constructed from a variety of materials, such as metals (e.g., steel, copper, titanium, aluminum, and various metal alloys), ceramics, plastics, and any combinations thereof. 
     Rather than being provided as a single enclosure, housing  101  may also be provided as two or more housing components. Processor  102 , memory  104 , power supply  106 , communications circuitry  108 - 1 , input component  110 , and cooling component  118  may be at least partially contained within a first housing component  101   a , for instance, while output component  112  may be at least partially contained within a second housing component  101   b.    
     EXAMPLES 
     The constituents listed in Table 1 below were placed in a vessel with stirring to form a mixture. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample Nos./Amt (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Constituents 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 M7332 Wax (Tm = 54° C.) 
                 85 
                 85 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Octadecane (Tm = 29° C.) 
                   
                   
                 85 
               
               
                 Nonadecane (Tm = 34° C.) 
                   
                   
                   
                 85 
               
               
                 Eicosane (Tm = 37° C.) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 85 
                 85 
                 70 
               
               
                 AEROGEL AX1001 
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 DUALITE E 135-040D (specific 
                   
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                   
                 25 
               
               
                 density 0.13 g/cc) 
               
               
                 Organotitanate wetting agent (KR- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 TTS) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each mixture was stirred for a period of time of 60 minutes to disperse the AEROGEL- or DUALITE-branded particles and form the numbered samples. 
     A 0.03 mm coating of each sample was placed on a test die, and exposed to a temperature of 50° C. to produce a temperature drop of 6-8° C. A composition prepared in a similar manner though without the DUALITE-branded particles and likewise placed on a test die produced a temperature drop of about 2-3° C. 
     In Table 2 below, Sample Nos. 1-7 were placed at the 16 locations shown in  FIG. 2B , and the following measured properties were recorded and are listed in the leftmost column. The values shown as skin temperatures are an average of the 16 separate readings taken. The values for Samples No. 1-7 are presented. 
     One control formulation used a phase change matrix (Eicosane) without any thermally insulating elements (Control Sample No. 2). Another control was the notebook personal computer itself without any thermal insulation (Control Sample No. 1). And a third control was a 0.2 mm layer of graphite (Control Sample No. 3). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample Nos. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Properties 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tm, ° C. 
                 54 
                 54 
                 29 
                 34 
                 37 
                   
                 37 
               
               
                 Latent Heat of Fusion, 
                 250 
                 250 
                 244 
                 222 
                 246 
                   
                 240 
               
               
                 J/g 
               
               
                 Average Notebook Skin 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 Temperature Reduction, 
               
               
                 ° C. 1   
               
               
                 Average Notebook Skin 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                 Temperature Reduction, 
               
               
                 ° C. 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Laminated with PET film, total tape thickness = 0.2 mm; 0.1 mm (PET) + 0.1 mm (PCM) 
               
               
                   2 Laminated with aluminized PET film; total tape thickness = 0.2 mm; 0.1 mm (alumnized PET) + 0.1 mm PCM. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The values for the three control samples are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control Sample Nos. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Properties 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Tm, ° C. 
                   
                 37 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 
                   
                 240 
               
               
                   
                 Average Notebook Skin 
                 0 
                 1 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature Reduction, ° C. 1   
               
               
                   
                 Average Notebook Skin 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature Reduction, ° C. 2   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Significant reduction in skin temperature was observed for Sample Nos. 1-7. By combining both heat absorbing and heat spreading features even more significant reductions were observed. These reductions may be seen more clearly in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
     Reference to  FIGS. 5-6  shows performance of the inventive composition applied to portions of the inner fencing housing elements of a notebook personal computer compared to that of the same assembly with no composition, with the phase change matrix without only thermal insulating elements and a competitive commercial product constructed of a graphite sheet. In some users, the inventive compositions are used together with the graphite sheet. 
     For instance,  FIG. 5  shows that the inventive composition decreased the skin temperature to a lower number than the two controls of each of the sixteen separate locations. And,  FIG. 6  shows similar results. Though more specifically  FIG. 6  shows improved results with the inventive composition, which are further improved when coupled with graphite as the substrate upon which the inventive composition is dispersed.