Patent Publication Number: US-2019183397-A1

Title: Ophthalmic lens with a microfluidic system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a division of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/896,708, filed May 17, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF USE 
     This invention describes a method and system for an Ophthalmic Devices with microfluidic components, and more specifically, the microfluidic components which are capable of performing ocular fluid analysis. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Traditionally, an ophthalmic device, such as a contact lens, an intraocular lens, or a punctal plug, included a biocompatible device with a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic quality. A contact lens, for example, may provide one or more of vision correcting functionality, cosmetic enhancement, and therapeutic effects. Each function is provided by a physical characteristic of the lens. A design incorporating a refractive quality into a lens may provide a vision corrective function. A pigment incorporated into the lens may provide a cosmetic enhancement. An active agent incorporated into a lens may provide a therapeutic functionality. Such physical characteristics are accomplished without the lens entering into an energized state. An ophthalmic device has traditionally been a passive device. 
     Novel ophthalmic devices based on energized ophthalmic inserts have recently been described. These devices may use the energization function to power active optical components. For example, a wearable lens may incorporate a lens assembly having an electronically adjustable focus to augment or enhance performance of the eye. 
     Moreover, as electronic devices continue to be miniaturized, it is becoming increasingly more likely to create wearable or embeddable microelectronic devices for a variety of uses. For example, in one unrelated field, components which include microfluidic regions have become useful tools for diverse purposes. Amongst those purposes, the function of performing the analysis of an analyte in a fluid sample may be possible. 
     Testing of ocular fluid samples have demonstrated that it contains various chemical constituents that can be useful to identify biomarkers therein. However, the sampling and testing of ocular fluid requires abrasive procedures to the patient and complex equipment. As a result, an ophthalmic device that can incorporate microfluidic elements to perform ocular fluid analytical procedures in convenient and useful ways that are innocuous to a user are desired. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, the foregoing needs are met, to a great extent, by the methods and systems of the present disclosure. In accordance with some embodiments, an ophthalmic device can include a Media Insert with microfluidic analytical systems that can enable small volume fluid sample control. 
     According to some aspects of the present disclosure, an ocular fluid analysis system for an ophthalmic device can include an energy source capable of energizing the ophthalmic device. The energized ophthalmic device can be suitable to be worn while placed in contact with ocular fluid of a user&#39;s eye and includes a microfluidic analytical system in electrical communication with the energy source. Further, the microfluidic analytical system can be configured operatively to measure one or more properties of an ocular fluid sample using a processor capable of executing a program. The program which can include preprogrammed threshold values for one or more of the ocular fluid properties and output a signal when the received measurements are outside the corresponding preprogrammed threshold values. 
     According to additional aspects of the present disclosure, a method of treating abnormal glucose levels is disclosed. The method which can include: programming glucose biomarkers normal concentrations level thresholds, placing an ophthalmic device in contact with an anterior ocular surface of an eye, obtaining an ocular fluid sample using a microfluidic element of the ophthalmic device, measuring one or more properties of the ocular fluid using one or more sensor components of the ophthalmic device, processing the measurements of the one or more properties of the ocular fluid to determine whether the concentration of glucose biomarkers are within the preprogrammed thresholds, and outputting a signal to a medicament dispensing device based on the measurement. In some embodiments, the method can include the use of an algorithm that is capable of compensating for a time delay in the change of the measured properties to a condition causing the abnormal level. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a top view of an exemplary Media Insert  100  for an energized ophthalmic device. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary energized Ophthalmic Device  150  with two partial cross sections. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a top view of an exemplary multi-piece annular shaped form insert  200 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a top view of an exemplary Microfluidic Analytical System  300  of an ophthalmic device. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a magnified top view partial section of the Microfluidic Analytical System  300  of  FIG. 3  with an exemplary pumping mechanism  400  as well as sampling regions and controlling components. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a top view partial section of an exemplary Microfluidic Analytical System  500  with a fluid sample being flowed through the microfluidic analysis component. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a top view section of an exemplary Microfluidic Analytical System component  600  with a waste storage element  630 . 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a top view section of an exemplary pumping mechanism  700  for a Microfluidic Analytical System using lab on a chip components. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic design of an exemplary pumping system  800  that may be useful for implementing aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a schematic design of an exemplary artificial pore  900  for an energized ophthalmic device capable of receiving a fluid sample into a Microfluidic Analytical System. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary cross section of a stacked die integrated components implementing microfluidic elements incorporated within ophthalmic devices. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic diagram of a processor that may be used to implement some aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates exemplary method steps that may be used to monitor glucose levels of a user wearing the ophthalmic lens according to aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates exemplary method steps that may be used to treat the glucose levels of a user wearing the ophthalmic lens according to aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an ophthalmic device having microfluidic elements and a system that can be used to perform analysis of ocular fluid while in contact with an ocular surface. In the following sections detailed descriptions of embodiments of the invention will be given. The description of both preferred and alternative embodiments are exemplary embodiments only, and it is understood that to those skilled in the art that variations, modifications and alterations may be apparent. It is therefore to be understood that said exemplary embodiments do not limit the scope of the underlying invention. 
     GLOSSARY 
     In this description and claims directed to the presented invention, various terms may be used for which the following definitions will apply: 
     Electro-wetting on Dielectric or EWOD: as used herein refers to a class of devices or a class of portions of devices where a combination of immiscible fluids or liquids, a surface region with defined surface free energy and an electro-potential field are present. Typically, the electro-potential field will alter the surface free energy of the surface region, which may alter the interaction of the immiscible fluids with the surface region. 
     Energized: as used herein refers to the state of being able to supply electrical current to or to have electrical energy stored within. 
     Energy: as used herein refers to the capacity of a physical system to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to the said capacity being able to perform electrical actions in doing work. 
     Energy Source: as used herein refers to a device or layer that is capable of supplying Energy or placing a logical or electrical device in an Energized state. 
     Energy Harvester: as used herein refers to a device capable of extracting energy from the environment and converting it to electrical energy. 
     Functionalized: as used herein refers to making a layer or device able to perform a function including for example, energization, activation, or control. 
     Leakage: as used herein refers to unwanted loss of energy. 
     Lens or Ophthalmic Device: as used herein refers to any device that resides in or on the eye. These devices may provide optical correction, may be cosmetic, or may provide functionality unrelated to the eye. For example, the term lens may refer to a contact lens, intraocular lens, overlay lens, ocular insert, optical insert, or other similar device through which vision is corrected or modified, or through which eye physiology is cosmetically enhanced (e.g. iris color) without impeding vision. Alternatively, the Lens may provide non-optic functions such as, for example, monitoring glucose or administrating medicine. In some embodiments, the preferred lenses of the invention are soft contact lenses are made from silicone elastomers or hydrogels, which include, for example, silicone hydrogels, and fluorohydrogels. 
     Lithium Ion Cell: as used herein refers to an electrochemical cell where Lithium ions move through the cell to generate electrical energy. This electrochemical cell, typically called a battery, may be reenergized or recharged in its typical forms. 
     Media Insert: as used herein refers to an encapsulated insert that will be included in an energized ophthalmic device. The energization elements and circuitry may be incorporated in the Media Insert. The Media Insert defines the primary purpose of the energized ophthalmic device. For example, in embodiments where the energized ophthalmic device allows the user to adjust the optic power, the Media Insert may include energization elements that control a liquid meniscus portion in the Optical Zone. Alternatively, a Media Insert may be annular so that the Optical Zone is void of material. In such embodiments, the energized function of the Lens may not be optic quality but may be, for example, monitoring glucose or administering medicine. 
     Microfluidic Analytical Systems: as used herein can refer to a low energy consumption system including one or more pore(s) from which a fluid sample may be collected from, and in some embodiments, moved through a channel or diffused, for the characterization of one or more properties of the fluid sample. In some embodiments, the Microfluidic Analytical Systems can include active microfluidic components, such as micro-pumps and micro-valves. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, droplets may be controlled, for example, using electrowetting and/or electrophoresis techniques. 
     Operating Mode: as used herein refers to a high current draw state where the current over a circuit allows the device to perform its primary energized function. 
     Optical Zone: as used herein refers to an area of an ophthalmic lens through which a wearer of the ophthalmic lens sees. 
     Power: as used herein refers to work done or energy transferred per unit of time. 
     Rechargeable or Re-energizable: as used herein refers to a capability of being restored to a state with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to the capability of being restored with the ability to flow electrical current at a certain rate and for a certain, reestablished period. 
     Reenergize or Recharge: as used herein refers to restoring to a state with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to restoring a device to the capability to flow electrical current at a certain rate and for a certain, reestablished period. 
     Reference: as use herein refers to a circuit which produces an, ideally, fixed and stable voltage or current output suitable for use in other circuits. A reference may be derived from a bandgap, may be compensated for temperature, supply, and process variation, and may be tailored specifically to a particular application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). 
     Reset Function: as used herein refers to a self-triggering algorithmic mechanism to set a circuit to a specific predetermined state, including, for example, logic state or an energization state. A Reset Function may include, for example, a power-on reset circuit, which may work in conjunction with the Switching Mechanism to ensure proper bring-up of the chip, both on initial connection to the power source and on wakeup from Storage Mode. 
     Sleep Mode or Standby Mode: as used herein refers to a low current draw state of an energized device after the Switching Mechanism has been closed that allows for energy conservation when Operating Mode is not required. 
     Stacked: as used herein means to place at least two component layers in proximity to each other such that at least a portion of one surface of one of the layers contacts a first surface of a second layer. In some embodiments, a film, whether for adhesion or other functions may reside between the two layers that are in contact with each other through said film. 
     Stacked Integrated Component Devices or SIC Devices: as used herein refers to the products of packaging technologies that assemble thin layers of substrates that may contain electrical and electromechanical devices into operative-integrated devices by means of stacking at least a portion of each layer upon each other. The layers may comprise component devices of various types, materials, shapes, and sizes. Furthermore, the layers may be made of various device production technologies to fit and assume various contours. 
     Storage Mode: as used herein refers to a state of a system comprising electronic components where a power source is supplying or is required to supply a minimal designed load current. This term is not interchangeable with Standby Mode. 
     Substrate Insert: as used herein refers to a formable or rigid substrate capable of supporting an Energy Source within an ophthalmic lens. In some embodiments, the Substrate insert also supports one or more components. 
     Switching Mechanism: as used herein refers to a component integrated with the circuit providing various levels of resistance that may be responsive to an outside stimulus, which is independent of the ophthalmic device. 
     Energized Ophthalmic Device 
     Proceeding to  FIG. 1A , a top view of an exemplary Media Insert  100  for an energized ophthalmic device is depicted. The Media Insert  100  may comprise an Optical Zone  120  that may or may not be functional to provide vision correction. Where the energized function of the ophthalmic device is unrelated to vision, the Optical Zone  120  of the Media Insert  100  may be void of material. In some embodiments, the Media Insert  100  may include a portion not in the Optical Zone  120  comprising a substrate  115  incorporated with energization elements  110  and electronic components  105 . 
     In some embodiments, a power source  110 , which may be, for example, a battery, and a load  105 , which may be, for example, a semiconductor die, may be attached to the substrate  115 . Conductive traces  125  and  130  may electrically interconnect the electronic components  105  and the energization elements  110 . In some embodiments, the Media Insert  100  can be fully encapsulated to protect and contain the energization elements  110 , traces  125  and  130 , and electronic components  105 . In some embodiments, the encapsulating material may be semi-permeable, for example, to prevent specific substances, such as water, from entering the Media Insert  100  and to allow specific substances, such as ambient gasses, fluid samples, and/or the byproducts of reactions within energization elements  110 , to penetrate and/or escape from the Media Insert  100 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1B , an isometric view of an exemplary energized Ophthalmic Device  150  with two partial cross sections is depicted. In some embodiments, the Media Insert  100  may be included in/or an Ophthalmic Device  150 , which may comprise a polymeric biocompatible material. The Ophthalmic Device  150  may include a rigid center, soft skirt design wherein a central rigid optical element comprises the Media Insert  100 . In some specific embodiments, the Media Insert  100  may be in direct contact with the atmosphere and the corneal surface on respective anterior and posterior surfaces, or alternatively, the Media Insert  100  may be encapsulated in the Ophthalmic Device  150 . The periphery  155  of the Ophthalmic Device  150  may be a soft skirt material, including, for example, a hydrogel material. The infrastructure of the Media Insert  100  and the Ophthalmic Device  150  can provide an environment to perform analysis of ocular fluid while in contact with an ocular surface according to aspects of the present invention. Ocular fluid samples can include any one, or a combination of: tear fluid, aqueous humour, vitreous humour, and other interstitial fluids located in the eye. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2A , a top view of an exemplary multi-piece annular shaped insert  200  is depicted. As depicted, the exemplary multi-piece annular shaped insert  200  may be a ring of material around a central optical zone that is devoid of material. Moreover, the annular shaped insert  200  may be defined by an exterior extent  220  and an internal annulus edge  230 . Included in between the exterior extend  220  and the internal annulus edge  230  may be found energization elements  240 , interconnect features  245  of various types and/or an electronic circuit element  250 . 
     In some embodiments, the front insert piece  291  and the rear insert piece  292  may be joined and sealed together. In different embodiments, other structural features and means can be implemented to join both pieces together. Also in an encapsulated location may be an integrated circuit element  293  connected to interconnection elements. 
     A gap or pore may be formed to allow some portion of the interior of the annular shaped insert  200  to be open to an external environment. There may be numerous components  298  that may connect to this opening, and can themselves be encapsulated within the annular shaped insert  200 . Accordingly, the ability to allow component(s)  298  to be situated within the annular shaped insert  200  to controllably interface with fluids and/or gasses in their exterior environment can, in some embodiments, enable for the incorporation of microfluidic elements within ophthalmic device. 
     Microfluidic Elements for Analyte Analysis 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a top view of an exemplary Microfluidic Analytical System  300  of an ophthalmic device is depicted upon an ophthalmic Media Insert. In addition to energization elements  320 , control circuitry  310 , and interconnect features  340 , in some embodiments, the Media Insert can include a Microfluidic Analytical System  300  including a waste fluid retention component  335 . The Microfluidic Analytical System  300  may be capable of determining an analyte/biomarker, in terms of its presence or its concentration, in a fluid sample. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a magnified top view partial section of the Microfluidic Analytical System  300  of  FIG. 3  with an exemplary pumping mechanism  400  as well as sampling regions and controlling components is depicted. As shown, in some embodiments control circuitry  440  may be electrically connected to components of the microfluidic analytical system through interconnect(s)  420 . A control element  450  for a pore (not shown) may be included and be useful for connecting the Microfluidic Analytical System  300  to fluid (not shown) outside of the insert. Exemplary aspects of different designs of pores may be found in following sections; however, the pore may allow fluid samples to be passed from outside the insert environment to a pumping element  460 . 
     In some embodiments, the pumping element  460  may have an activating or driving component  430  that can be capable of engaging the pump  460 . In one example, the pump element  460  may comprise a flexible and collapsible membrane that may be activated by the application of pressure upon the membrane. There may be numerous manners for driving the application of pressure upon the membrane. For example, a fluid may fill a cavity  431  and flow through a tube  435  connecting the cavity  431  to the pumping element  460 . Accordingly, the cavity  431  may include features allowing the application of pressure upon the fluid contained within. For example, piezoelectric components may be used to expand volume on the application of voltage thus pressurizing the contained fluid. In other embodiments, thermo-compressive materials may respond to a temperature change that may be controlled by the application of electric energy to a heating element. In a yet another embodiment, an Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) component may exert a pressure on the fluid by a change in the wetting characteristics of a surface in cavity  431  upon the application of a potential. There may also be other means of driving a pump mechanism that may also be directly engaged at the pump element  460  itself. Still further diversity may derive from the use of EWOD components to influence the flow of fluids themselves rather than the use of mechanical pumping means. 
     The pump element  460  may force fluid to flow through a channel  470  and subsequently into an analyzing chamber  405  of the Microfluidic Analytical System  400 . Further detail of the components in such chambers  405  will be described in following sections, but briefly stated the fluid may flow through the analyzing chamber  405  and cause influences to occur on electrode(s)  410  which may be part of the components. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a top view partial section of an exemplary Microfluidic Analytical System  500  with a fluid sample being flowed through the microfluidic analysis component is illustrated. Because of the nature of an annular system, the components may be observed to be deployed in a curvilinear fashion as there may be numerous details that change in a curvilinear system including, for example, the exact shapes of electrodes and chamber cross sections. In other embodiments, however, linear analytical systems may be formed that have dimensions that allow them to fit in the ocular environment. Further, in additional embodiments, regardless of the nature of the system along the analysis chamber, the entire substrate that the chamber rests upon can be curved allowing it to rest upon the roughly spherical surface of an eye. The details of the three dimensional nature of the analysis chamber may factor into models related to the performance of the systems. For illustration purposes, however, this description declares these nuances, but will illustrate an exemplary embodiment by curving the features of a linear Microfluidic Analytical System  500 . 
     Depicted in the portion of the Microfluidic Analytical System  500 , a micro-channel  550  for receiving and transporting fluid samples is shown. These fluid samples may be pumped, for example, by the previously discussed pumping system (e.g.  460  in  FIG. 4 ) from an external location. For example, fluid samples may be sampled from ocular fluid that may surround a contact lens containing the Microfluidic Analytic System  500 . An analyte sensor  570  may be found for example along the micro-channel. This analyte sensor  570  may be capable of performing one or more of: an electrochemical analysis step, a photometric analysis step or other analytical steps upon fluid samples. In an exemplary embodiment, the analysis step may relate to a photometric sensing of glucose concentration based on a fluorescence sensor typology using one or more components. In another example, the sensor may detect the presence of reaction products from a glucose oxidase interaction with portions of the analyte sensor  570  and the fluid sample. There may be numerous electrical interconnections  520  which connect the sensing element  570  to control electronics. 
     Fluid may flow into the micro-channel  550  from a pump channel  540 . As the fluid flows into the micro-channel it may displace other fluid in a particular region, or on an initial use may displace ambient gas in the channel. As a fluid flows, it may be sensed by a pre-sensor micro-channel portion comprising electrodes  560  and  561  as well as a post-sensor portion comprising electrodes  562  and  563 . In some embodiments the measurement of impedence between electrodes such as  560  and  561  may be used to sense the flow of material. In other embodiments, the resistance of a chain of electrodes  562  and  563  may be altered by the presence of a fluid within the micro-channel  550 , or the presence of a front between two fluids of different characteristics residing in the micro-channel  550 . A fluid  580  may flow through the micro-channel from an empty region of the micro-channel  590  to be sampled. Alternatively, micro-channel portion at  590  may represent a different solution of fluid that may for example have different concentration of electrolytes, and therefore, conductivity than that of typical tear fluid. 
     In general, measuring impedances, or ohmic resistances, between position electrodes  560 - 563  in embodiments of the present invention can be accomplished by applying a voltage therebetween and measuring the resulting current. Either a constant voltage or an alternating voltage can be applied between the position electrodes  560 - 563  and the resulting direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), respectively, measured. The resulting DC or AC current can then be used to calculate the impedance or ohmic resistance. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will recognize that measuring impedance can involve measuring both an ohmic drop (i.e., resistance [R] in Ohms or voltage/current) and measuring capacitance (i.e., capacitance in Farads or coulombs/volt). In practice, impedance can be measured, for example, by applying an alternating current to the position electrode(s)  560 - 563  and measuring the resulting current. At different frequencies of alternating current, either resistive or capacitive effects prevail in determining the measured impedance. The pure resistive component can prevail at lower frequencies while the pure capacitive component can prevail at higher frequencies. To distinguish between the resistive and capacitive components, the phase difference between the applied alternating current and the measured resulting current can be determined. If there is zero phase shift, the pure resistive component is prevailing. If the phase shift indicates that the current lags the voltage, then the capacitive component is significant. Therefore, depending on the frequency of an applied alternating current and position electrode configuration, it can be beneficial to measure either resistance or a combination of resistance and capacitance. 
     Referring back to the specific example of  FIG. 5 , impedance measurements can be performed by, for example, applying an alternating voltage between first position electrode  530  and a final position electrode connection  510  and measuring the resulting alternating current. Since the chain of electrodes including  560 ,  561 ,  562  and  563  can be a portion of a capacitor, (along with any substance [e.g., air or a liquid sample] within micro-channel  550  between subsequent position electrodes and any layers that may be separating the position electrodes from direct contact with the fluid in the micro-channel  550 ), the measured current can be used to calculate the impedance. The presence or absence of a liquid sample in micro-channel  550 ,  590  between electrodes will affect the measured current and impedance. The frequency and amplitude of the alternating voltage applied between a first and second position electrodes  560 - 563  can be predetermined such that the presence of a liquid sample between a first and second position electrodes  560 - 563  can be detected by a significant increase in measured current. 
     With respect to the measurement of impedance or resistance, the magnitude of the applied voltage can be, for example, in range from about 10 mV to about 2 volts for the circumstance of an ophthalmic tear fluid sample and carbon-based or silver-based ink position electrodes. The lower and upper limits of the applied voltage range are dependent on the onset of electrolysis or electrochemical decomposition of the liquid sample. In instances where an alternating voltage is employed, the alternating voltage can be applied, for example, at a frequency that results in a negligible net change in the liquid sample&#39;s properties due to one or more electrochemical reaction. Such a frequency range can be, for example, from about 10 Hz to about 100 kHz with a voltage waveform symmetrical around 0 Volts (i.e., the RMS value of the alternating voltage is approximately zero). 
     As depicted, analyte sensor  570  and position electrodes  560 - 563  can each be in operative communication with the micro-channel  550 . It should be noted that position electrodes  560 - 563  employed in embodiments of the present invention can be formed of any suitable conductive material known to those skilled in the art, including conductive materials conventionally used as analytical electrode materials and, in particular, conductive materials known as suitable for use in flexible circuits, photolithographic manufacturing techniques, screen printing techniques and flexo-printing techniques. Suitable conductive materials include, for example, carbon, noble metals (e.g., gold, platinum and palladium), noble metal alloys, conductive potential-forming metal oxides and metal salts. Position electrodes can be formed, for example, from conductive silver ink, such as the commercially available conductive silver ink Electrodag 418 SS. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a top view section of an exemplary Microfluidic Analytical System component  600  with a waste storage element  630  is depicted. In the exemplary embodiments, electrode  610  for measuring the flow rate of fluid in the system may be an end electrode of many others (not depicted in  FIG. 6 ). Fluid may flow through the micro-channel  620  and continue to a fluid retention vessel  630 . The fluid rentention vessel may be used, for example, for higher volume of fluid analysis therein. In some embodiments, a pore  640  can include a pore control element  645  for connecting the fluid retention vessel  630 , which may be also be used as a waste storage element,  630  to regions located external to the insert. In addition, in some embodiments the pore control element  645  connection may be useful for equalizing gas pressure as the microfluidic components fill with fluid. In other embodiments, the pore  640  and pore control element  645  may be useful for emitting fluid from the ophthalmic device. The pore  640  may also be useful for connecting an end of the Microfluidic Analytical System to its external region in an eye environment, which can allow for continuous monitoring without the removal of the ophthalmic device. In other embodiments, the pore  640  and pore control element  645  may be useful for flow control through the Microfluidic Analytical System in a storage location, such as the fluid retention vessel  630 . For example, while in storage, the Microfluidic Analytical System may be cleansed or refreshed by the flowing of solutions through the system and, in some embodiments, subjected to calibration protocols. Control of these functions may be performed by the integrated circuit components within the lens which may also be in communication with external controlling systems. 
     Energized Ophthalmic Devices with Lab on a Chip Components 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a top view section of an exemplary pumping mechanism  700  for a Microfluidic Analystical System using lab on a chip component  710  is depicted. A lab on a chip component  710  may share many aspects with the embodiment of the Microfluidic Analytical System that has been previously discussed. Similarly, however, in some embodiments small droplets may be moved around within the lab on a chip  710  not through the action of a pump  760  but by control of the droplets with EWOD components. Droplets may be combined in elements of the lab on a chip component  710  to perform chemical processing. Numerous analysis techniques that may be performed. For example, in some embodiments the analysis of glucose as an analyte may be performed. The technique for this analysis may include, for example, an electrochemical or photometric technique as described or other techniques that may relate to the mixing of chemical substances that may be initially stored in the lab on a chip component  710 . 
     Various components such as energization elements (not shown), interconnects  740 , and sealing aspects previously described may take place in the annular Media Insert piece of the present example. Further, an electronic circuit  720  capable of controlling various components including a lab on a chip component  710  can be implemented. A pore  750  and a pore control system  755  may control the sampling of fluid samples from the ophthalmic device environment. A pump actuator  730  may actuate a pump  760  which may be mechanical in nature such as a membrane based pump. Droplets of a fluid sample may be pumped into micro-channel  715  for metering of the volume and sample flow rate through the use of electrodes such as electrode  716  as described in the present disclosure. The droplets may be provided to the lab on a chip component  710  through a channel  711  where it may be further processed. The lab on a chip component  710  may use the pumped action on the sample to control flow within itself, or in other embodiments, it may control the flow rate of the sample provided to it on its own. 
     In additional embodiments, the lab on a chip component  710  may be able to sense fluid in its environment without the need of an external pumping systems. However, a pore such as item  750  can still be useful to provide control over flow of external fluid into the environment of the lab on a chip component. Thereafter the lab on a chip component  710  may sample the introduced sample on its own, for example, by the control through electrowetting on dielectric or electrophoresis features that can attract and move fluid samples. 
     The lab on a chip component  710  may comprise a design that can be consistent with the present description including, for example, very thin lab on chip flexible components to allow for the deformation into a shape consistent with the three dimensional shape of an ocular surface. In some embodiments, the shape and thickness of the lab on a chip component  710  may allow it to be included in a planar form within the ophthalmic insert device. 
     Energized Pumping Systems for Microfluidic Components 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a schematic design of an exemplary pumping system  800  that may be useful for implementing aspects of the disclosure is depicted. As previously mentioned, in some embodiments it is useful to provide a means of pumping fluid samples both in and out of an ophthalmic device and also within components located inside an ophthalmic device. In the present example, pumping system  800  may have an inlet for fluid samples with a flow controlling system  880 . When fluid is allowed to flow by flow controlling system  880  it can proceed through a channel  870 . A membrane component  820  may be included so that when deflected by a force upon it, it can cause gas and/or liquid fluids to be compressed and act to pump them. In some embodiments, the membrane component  820  may be located on a fluid path  840  between a system of check valves  850  and  860 , which may be included in the pumping system  800  to ensure the flow in a preferred direction. In other embodiments, the design and geometry of the flow regions may effect a preferred flow condition. For example, as fluid is compressed in flow path region  840 , which is a continuation of a flow path region  870 , liquid sample can flow towards other regions of the Microfluidic Analytic System. 
     A force upon a surface of the membrane component  820  can cause actuation of the pumping system  800 . The force may be applied, for example, by an active component  810  that can provide the deflection. In some embodiments a fluid may be capable of providing the force for deflection. Through the use of hydraulic principles, for example a larger volume of fluid may be concentrated down to match up with the surface of the membrane component  820 . In these types of embodiments, elements that pressurize the larger volume fluid may perform the required task. Mechanical piston activation where electrostatic or magnetostatic forces are used may also be included in some embodiments. Also, thermal expansion and electrically (Piezoelectric) activated expansion of materials that surround the fluid may also be used to provide a means of pressurizing the fluid. For example, in some embodiments, Electrowetting on dielectrics may be employed to pressurize the fluid. A chamber  810  may be formed to have a surface treatment that under the lack of an electric potential favors the attraction of the fluid included in the chamber  810 . With an electrode (not shown) in contact with the fluid and another beneath the treated surface, a potential field may be established across the surface region. As the wetting of the region is changed by the application of the potential field, the fluid may become pressurized and with a hydraulic concentration, the resulting pressure on the membrane component  820  may deflect it and effect a pumping stroke. By reducing the potential field, the effect may be reversed on the hydraulic fluid with the result being a relaxation of the membrane component  820  and the completion of a pumping cycle. 
     Other numerous means for pumping small amounts of fluids within an ophthalmic device are also in the scope with the present disclosure. The mechanical membrane based system is an example but direct utilization of Electrowetting on dielectrics may provide other alternatives. For example, in still further embodiments, micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) may also provide pumping functions by compressing fluid samples or imparting impulse upon fluid samples. 
     Energized Artificial Pores for Control of the Introduction of Fluids into Ophthalmic Devices 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a schematic design of an exemplary artificial pore  900  for an energized ophthalmic device capable of receiving a fluid sample into a microfluidic component is depicted. A sample fluid may reside in a region schematically demonstrated above pore access  910 . In the operation of the artificial pore  900 , at desired times the fluid may be allowed to flow from that region and into and ultimately through a fluid path channel  970 . There may be numerous manners to control the flow of fluids through the channel including mechanical based mechanisms that may constrict or eliminate the cross sectional profile of the fluid path channel  970  in regions that may block flow. 
     In the present example, Electrowetting on dielectric effects may be used to create a repellant region in the pore access  910  region. A treated or formed surface  940  to be hydrophobic in nature may decrease the ability of hydrophilic or polar solvents to transverse the pore into fluid path channel  970 . An electrode  960  may interact with fluids as they enter the pore region. A corresponding electrode  930  may also be located around the hydrophobic surface. This electrode  930  may be connected electrically To allow for the application of an electrical field, across electrodes  960  and  980 , the surface wetting characteristic of the hydrophobic surface  940  may be altered to better allow flow through the region. 
     In some embodiments, an additional feature may be added to the artificial pore  900  to allow for the non-energized blocking of fluids preventing them from flowing through the pore access  910 . This may be particularly useful when a device including the artificial pore  900  is in an initial storage after being produced. For example, the pore access  910  may be a thin film metal blocking feature. The film metal blocking feature may be connected through interconnect features  920  and  990 . It may be possible that upon removal of the device containing the artificial pore  900  from a storage, that an activation signal may be communicated and received by the ophthalmic device. In some embodiments, when the ophthalmic device is ready to receive fluid samples for the first time, it may provide an electric potential across the metal interconnects  920  and  990  in such a manner that the current flow may be directed across the thin metal film  910 . In some embodiments, this current flow may cause the thin metal film  910  to melt or evaporate, in either case exposing the underlying channel region  970  of the artificial pore  900 . 
     Microfluidic Components in Stacked Integrated Die Embodiments 
     Reference has been made to electronic circuits making up part of the componentry of ophthalmic devices incorporating microfluidic elements. In some embodiments according to aspects of the disclosure, a single and/or multiple discrete electronic devices may be included as discrete chips, for example, in the ophthalmic Media Inserts. In other embodiments, the energized electronic elements can be included in the Media Insert in the form of Stacked Integrated Components. Accordingly and referring now to  FIG. 10 , a schematic diagram of an exemplary cross section of a Stacked Integrated Components implementing microfluidic elements incorporated within ophthalmic devices is depicted. In particular, the Media Insert may include numerous layers of different types which are encapsulated into contours consistent with the ophthalmic environment that they will occupy. In some embodiments, these Media Inserts with Stacked Integrated Component layers may assume the entire annular shape of the Media Insert. Alternatively in some cases, the Media Insert may be an annulus whereas the Stacked Integrated Components may occupy just a portion of the volume within the entire shape. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , there may be thin film batteries used to provide energization. In some embodiments, these thin film batteries may comprise one or more of the layers that can be stacked upon each other, in this case layers  1030  may represent the battery layers, with multiple components in the layers and interconnections therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, there may be additional interconnections between two layers that are stacked upon each other. In the state of the art there may be numerous manners to make these interconnections; however, as demonstrated the interconnection may be made through solder ball interconnections between the layers. In some embodiments only these connections may be required; however, in other cases the solder balls may contact other interconnection elements, as for example with a component having through layer vias. 
     In other layers of the Stacked Integrated Component Media Insert, a layer  1025  may be dedicated for the interconnections two or more of the various components in the interconnect layers. The interconnect layer  1025  may contain, vias and routing lines that can pass signals from various components to others. For example, interconnect layer  1025  may provide the various battery elements connections to a power management unit  1020  that may be present in a technology layer  1015 . Other components in the technology layer  1015  can include, for example, a transceiver  1045 , control components  1050  and the like. In addition, the interconnect layer  1025  may function to make connections between components in the technology layer  1015  as well as components outside the technology layer  1015 ; as may exist for example in the Integrated Passive Device  1055 . There may be numerous manners for routing of electrical signals that may be supported by the presence of dedicated interconnect layers such as interconnect layer  1025 . 
     In some embodiments, the technology layer  1015 , like other layer components, may be included as multiple layers as these features represent a diversity of technology options that may be included in Media Inserts. In some embodiments, one of the layers may include CMOS, BiCMOS, Bipolar, or memory based technologies whereas the other layer may include a different technology. Alternatively, the two layers may represent different technology families within a same overall family; as for example one layer may include electronic elements produced using a 0.5 micron CMOS technology and another layer may include elements produced using a 20 nanometer CMOS technology. It may be apparent that many other combinations of various electronic technology types would be consistent within the art described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the Media Insert may include locations for electrical interconnections to components outside the insert. In other examples, however, the Media Insert may also include an interconnection to external components in a wireless manner. In such cases, the use of antennas in an antenna layer  1035  may provide exemplary manners of wireless communication. In many cases, such an antenna layer  1035  may be located, for example, on the top or bottom of the stacked integrated component device within the Media Insert. 
     In some of the embodiments discussed herein, the battery elements  1030  may be included as elements in at least one of the stacked layers themselves. It may be noted as well that other embodiments may be possible where the battery elements  1030  are located externally to the stacked integrated component layers. Still further diversity in embodiments may derive from the fact that a separate battery or other energization component may also exist within the Media Insert, or alternatively these separate energization components may also be located externally to the Media Insert. 
     A microfluidic element  1010  may be included in a Stacked Integrated Component architecture. In some embodiments, the microfluidic element  1010  component may be attached as a portion of a layer. In other embodiments, the entire microfluidic element  1010  may also comprise a similarly shaped component as the other Stacked Integrated Components. The various diversity of types of microfluidic elements  1010  that have been discussed herein may be consistent with a Stacked Integrated Component Device, where other features such as pumps, pores and the like are either a portion of a layer or alternatively attached either to the microfluidic cell or the layer that it attaches to. 
     Control Systems for Ophthalmic Devices with Integrated Microfluidic Components 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11  a controller  1100  is illustrated that may be used in some embodiments of the present disclosure. The controller  1100  can include one or more processors  1110 , which may include one or more processor components coupled to a communication device  1120 . In some embodiments, a controller  1100  can be used to transmit energy to the Energy Source placed in the ophthalmic lens. 
     The processors  1110  are coupled to a communication device configured to communicate energy via a communication channel. The communication device may be used to electronically communicate with components within the ophthalmic insert within the ophthalmic device. The communication device  1120  may also be used to communicate, for example, with one or more controller apparatus or programming/interface device components. 
     The processor  1110  is also in communication with a storage device  1130 . The storage device  1130  may comprise any appropriate information storage device, including combinations of magnetic storage devices (e.g., magnetic tape and hard disk drives), optical storage devices, and/or semiconductor memory devices such as Random Access Memory (RAM) devices and Read Only Memory (ROM) devices. 
     The storage device  1130  can store a program  1140  for controlling the processor  1110 . The processor  1110  performs instructions of a software program  1140 , and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. For example, the processor  1110  may receive information descriptive of Media Insert placement, component placement, and the like. The storage device  1130  can also store ophthalmic related data in one or more databases  1150  and  1160 . The database may include, for example, customized Media Insert designs, predetermined ocular fluid sample measurement thresholds, metrology data, and specific control sequences for controlling energy to and from a Media Insert. The database may also include parameters and controlling algorithms for the control of microfluidic analysis components that may reside in the ophthalmic device as well as data that result from their action. In some embodiments, that data may be ultimately communicated to an external reception device. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , exemplary method steps that may be used to monitor glucose levels of a user wearing the ophthalmic lens according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. At step  1201 , thresholds values can be programmed into a software program. According to aspects of the present disclosure, threshold values can include, for example, acceptable levels for the concentration of glucose biomarkers in ocular fluid. The use of other biomarkers used to monitor different conditions such as depression, high blood pressure, and the such, are also within the inventive scope of aspects of the present disclosure. In addition, depending on whether the ocular fluid sample targeted is, for example, tear fluid or an interstitial fluid, the preprogrammed levels can be different. The program may be stored and executed using one or both a processor forming part of the Media Insert of the ophthalmic device and an exterior device in communication with the processor of the Media Insert. An exterior device may include a smart phone device, a PC, an ophthalmic device user interface, and the such, and can be configured to include executable code useful to monitor properties of ocular fluid samples. Ocular fluid properties can be measured by one or more sensors contained in the ophthalmic device. Sensors may include electrochemical sensors and/or photometric sensors. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor analysis step may relate to a photometric sensing of glucose concentration based on a fluorescence sensor typology. In another example, the sensor may detect the presence of reaction products from a glucose oxidase interaction with portions of the analyte sensor and the fluid sample. 
     At step  1205 , the ophthalmic device including a microfluidic system may be placed in contact with a portion of the anterior ocular surface of the eye and worn by a user. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic device can be in a form of an energized contact lens and the step may be achieved when the contact lens is placed on the eye surface. In other embodiments, the ophthalmic device may be, for example, in the form of an intraocular lens or a punctal plug, and still include aspects of the microfluidic analytical system described in the present disclosure. Although the ophthalmic device is described throughout the specification in singular form, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that two ophthalmic devices (e.g. contact lenses), one placed on each eye, may function together to provide functionality aspects of the present disclosure. 
     At step  1210 , concentration changes of biomarkers can be monitored using the one or more sensors. The monitoring of the biomarkers may occur at a predetermined frequency or upon demand through a user interface and/or an activation sensor in the ophthalmic device. Biomarkers can include those correlated to glucose levels, depression, blood pressure and the such. At step  1220 , the processor of the ophthalmic device can record the measured property/condition from a sample of ocular fluid. In some embodiments, the processor of the ophthalmic device may store it and/or send it to one or more device(s) in communication with the ophthalmic device. At step  1215 , the value recorded can be stored and analyzed in the user interface in communication with the ophthalmic lens, and/or, at step  1225 , the analysis and recording can take place in the ophthalmic device. 
     At step  1230 , one or both the ophthalmic device and the user interface can alert the user, and/or a practitioner, of the measured concentration. The alert can be programmed to occur when the levels measured are outside the predetermined threshold values programmed, received and/or calculated by the ophthalmic device. In addition in some embodiments, the data and alerts may be analyzed to perform one or more steps of: a) change measurement frequency according to the time of the day, b) identify personal patters in the changes of concentration levels measures, and c) change the measurement frequency according to the changes in concentrations measured. At step  1235 , the time of the day may change the frequency of measurements. For example, if the ophthalmic device is one that would remain in the eye during sleep, the number of measurements during 10 pm and 6 am can decrease or stop. Similarly, during lunch and dinner times the frequency may increase to detect changes due to the food consumption of the user. At step  1240 , patterns in changes of the concentration levels may be identified by the system. Using the identified patterns, the system may alert the user of causes and/or, at step  1245 , change the frequency according to the identified changes so that the system is more alert during critical identified conditions. Critical conditions can include events that would trigger a significant increase or decrease in glucose levels. Events can include, for example, holiday dates, exercise, location, time of the day, consumption of medicaments and the like. 
     In some embodiments, at step  1250 , the originally programmed values may be customized, periodically or in real time, according to identified patterns/conditions. This ability may allow the system to increase its effectiveness by eliminating false alarms and increasing sensitivity at a critical condition. Effectiveness can promote user participation with the system thereby maximizing the benefits of the ophthalmic device and thereby providing a safe monitoring system. At step  1255 , data relating to the user including, for example, the identified patterns, measurements, and/or preferences may become part of the medical history of the user. Medical history may be stored securely by encrypting the data and/or restricting its access. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , exemplary method steps that may be used to treat the glucose levels of a user wearing the ophthalmic lens according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. At step  1301 , an ophthalmic device including a microfluidic analytical system is placed in contact with ocular fluid. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic device can be in a form of an energized contact lens and the step may be achieved when the contact lens is placed on the eye surface. In other embodiments, the ophthalmic device may be, for example, in the form of an intraocular lens or a punctal plug, and still include aspects of the microfluidic analytical system described in the present disclosure. 
     At step  1305 , changes in biomarkers in the ocular fluid can be monitored. Methods of monitoring the biomarker changes can include, for example, steps illustrated in  FIG. 12 . At step  1310 , measured changes can be communicated in real time to a medicament-dispensing device in direct or indirect communication with the ophthalmic device. Although the changes in concentration of the monitored biomarkers in ocular fluid may include a time delay in relation to the concentration changes in the bloodstream of the user, upon detection, at step  1315  the medicament-dispensing device may administer a medicament capable of lowering or raising concentrations to a normal level. For example, glucose levels may be monitored and treated when they are outside a normal level. Continuous monitoring can prevent uncontrolled blood sugar levels which can damage the vessels that supply blood to important organs, like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Because an individual whose glucose levels may reach a level that exposes him/her to said risks may feel ok, aspects of the present disclosure can help take action upon early detection of the condition. Early detection may not only bring back levels to a normal conditions and/or make the user aware, but additionally prevent the more dramatic and permanent consequences including, for example, a heart attack or stroke, kidney failure, and blindness which have been known to occur when abnormal glucose levels are left untreated. 
     In addition, in some embodiments the medicament-administering device may send an alert to the user through its interface or using component of the ophthalmic device. For example, in some ophthalmic device embodiments the Media Insert may include a light projection system, such as one or more LEDs, capable of sending a signal to the user. 
     Subsequently at step  1320 , any further drug administering can be suspended to prevent overdosing of the system due to the time delay of the effect of the drug and the effect to be reflected in the tear fluid. For example, the medicament may require  10 - 30  minutes to counteract the abnormal level, and upon its effect, may take another  20  minutes to equalize concentrations in tear fluid. Consequently, programmed algorithms capable of correlating the condition, time delay, and appropriate subsequent dosing of medicaments can be programmed in the system to function safely. At step  1325 , data relating to one or both the measured conditions and the medicament administration to the user may be stored and used as part of a treatment and/or medical history of the user. 
     Specific examples and method steps have been described to explain and enable different aspects of the present invention. These method steps and examples are for illustration purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any manner. Accordingly, the description is intended to embrace all embodiments that may be apparent to those skilled in the art.