Patent Publication Number: US-6338433-B1

Title: Method for laser writing multiple updatable miniature 2-D barcode data bases for electronic commerce

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/389,397, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,145,742 filed Sep. 3, 1999. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method of laser writing multiple updatable 2-D bar codes on optical memory cards and labels which are readable with a photo-detector array such as a CCD array. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     The commercial fields for linear optical data storage include optical memory cards, two-dimensional bar codes, and digital sound on motion picture films. 
     The PDF-417 (Portable Data File), two-dimensional bar code has become a widely accepted way of storing data on cards, documents, and packages. It is used to encode graphics, including fingerprints. It has begun to be used as a form of postage stamp printed by a laser printer connected to a personal computer following authorization over the Internet. The PDF-417 specification was disclosed in 1991. PDF-417 utilizes images with minimum dimensions of about 150 microns. An earlier, higher resolution form of two-dimensional bar code was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,850 entitled, “Quad Density Optical Data Systems,” assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation, which was filed Nov. 4, 1985, and issued Jan. 6, 1987. A closely related patent is U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,792 issued Nov. 22, 1988, which is also assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation. These two patents relate to reading a high-resolution form of two-dimensional bar codes with image dimensions of 3 to 35 microns compared with the 150-micron image dimension of PDF-417. Examples of patents directly related to the PDF-417 system are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,243,655, 5,304,786, and 5,319,181 filed from 1990 to 1992 and issued 1993 and 1994, which are assigned to Symbol Technologies Inc. 
     Other 2-D bar code products, in addition to PDF-417, include Aztec, Code 16K and Code 49. When PDF-417 is referred to in this application, it is meant when applicable, to include other 2-D bar code products as well. A nine-page article entitled “Fundamentals of Scanning New 2-D Codes with CCD Area Imagers”, has been published by Auto Image ID, Inc. of Cherry Hill, N.J., 08003. 
     Three patents have been assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation which involve the laser recording on reflective optical data storage medium using a microscopic laser beam of one to a few microns in diameter to create eye-visible images formed from pixels (picture elements), which in turn are formed from groups of 4, 9, or 16 closely-spaced laser-recorded microscopic spots. These pixels are used to create visual alpha-numeric characters or images, including portrait images of people. The three Drexler Technology patents are U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,459 entitled, “Updatable Micrographic Pocket Data Card,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,594 entitled, “Updatable Micrographic Pocket Data Card,” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,619 entitled, “Laser Imaged Identification Card.” 
     Methods and apparatus involving linear optical data storage of data on motion picture film are described in the following seven U.S. patents. In these cases the digital optical data represents motion picture digital sound. Two of those patents, assigned to Drexler Technology, are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,503,135 and 4,603,099. Patents assigned to Sony Corporation in this field include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,471,263, 5,523,996, 5,543,868, and 5,666,185. One of the relevant motion picture sound patents assigned to Dolby Laboratories is U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,752. 
     Another relevant patent is recently-issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,865 assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation, which is entitled, “Anti-Counterfeit Validation Method for Electronic Cash Cards Employing an Optical Memory Stripe.” Two sentences in the abstract point out the relevant features of this patent; namely, “Such counterfeiting can be inhibited by bonding an optical memory stripe to the smart card with pre-recorded or post-recorded validation data on the card. This optical validation data would be read with a photodetector array and could be transmitted to the recipient during funds transfer and/or used locally to control dispensing of cash.” This patent explains the importance of laser recording data which are readable with CCD arrays, but does not disclose the method of the present invention. 
     Typical optical memory cards utilize a 35 mm or 16 mm wide, reflective optical memory recording stripe which stores about one to four megabytes of data when 2.5 micron spots and 12 micron track-to-track spacings are used. The reader/writer device sells for about $2,500, and read-only devices for those cards are also expensive because of the precision required to track the digital data on the optical card with a low power laser diode. Customers have requested an inexpensive, read-only device for the optical memory cards, and it is believed some customers would probably accept a somewhat lower data-storage-capacity card if that would lead to an inexpensive read-only device. 
     It is the object of the present invention to devise a method and apparatus for laser recording of a single or multiple two-dimensional bar code(s) readable with CCD or other photodetector arrays and with data storage capacities ranging from about 15 to more than 500 times greater than that of PDF-417 bar codes. Another object is to utilize data-pixel-based two-dimensional bar codes on cards or labels for authentication, validation, authorization, or identification involving Internet and Intranet E-Commerce transactions, documents, communications, and manufactured products. Another object of the invention is to devise a method and apparatus to make CCD-read data-pixel-based two-dimensional bar codes updatable. Another object is for an optical memory card to be utilized in reading and writing microscopic data spots that can be grouped into large data pixels to form single dimension bar codes known as 1-D bar codes. The 1-D bar code product types include Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Code 11, Code B, Coda Bar, EAN, UPC, MSI, PostNet, Royal Mail (RM 45CC), and Telepen. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The above objectives have been met by a pre-formatted, laser-recordable optical memory stripe or patch being bonded to a plastic card, or to a label medium coated with an adhesive. The laser recording material should be of the DRAW (direct-read-after-writing) type where laser data is instantly recorded without a post processing operation. The pre-formatted data tracks on the optical memory stripe or patch would be separated by a distance of about 5 microns to 40 microns and preferably, to accommodate existing commercial equipment such spacing should be about 12 microns, which represents an ISO standard for optical memory cards. The 12 micron spacing would include a linear edge region 2 microns wide and a linear recordable region 10 microns and thus an edge-to-edge spacing of 12 microns. 
     The laser-recorded microscopic data spots are defined as in the range of between 0.6 microns to 3 microns in diameter but more typically for optical memory cards at about 2.5 microns in diameter. The number of microscopic data spots that could fit across a track width could be as small as two and as many as seventy, with about two to six being preferred. 
     Whereas read-only devices utilizing laser tracking of pre-formatted tracks are expensive, a read-only device using a linear CCD array to read multiple tracks encompassing large data pixels can be inexpensive under the right design conditions. To minimize data errors, at least two or three photosensitive detectors of the photodetector array should read each data pixel. The use of 7- to 10-micron size data spots with a CCD array would work technically but might not lead to the lowest price read-only device today, owing to the cost of the required CCD array. CCD arrays become lower in cost when the size of the data spots being read are greater than 10 microns, but data storage capacity of an optical memory card is reduced for larger data spots by the square of the data spot size. If the data pixels are used to form miniature versions of standard one-dimensional or two-dimensional bar codes are large enough they can be scanned and read with a laser beam and one or more single photodetector(s). 
     The objects of the invention are achieved by creating an array of uniform data spot pixels, or simply data pixels, whose linear size might be as small as seven microns or greater than 50 microns by use of properly arranged groups of spots, preferably about 2.5 microns in diameter. Smaller spots can be used, but then more of them would have to be utilized to create the large data pixels. Larger spots could be used, but laser diodes have limited output powers, and spreading the beam to larger diameters would reduce recording efficiency. The method involves the recording of a series of 2.5 micron spots in sequence without the normal 2.5 micron spacing between them so as to create a continuous data bar of lower reflectivity, for example, 25 microns long and 2.5 microns wide. For commercial optical memory cards, the recorded spots are recorded in the center of the 10-micron wide, highly reflective flat track defined by a 2-micron wide, low reflectivity border region along each edge of the 10-micron wide data track. Thus the center-to-center spacing between spots centered in adjacent tracks is 12 microns. Since the goal is to transform a 10 micron by 25 micron region of a track from high reflectivity to low reflectivity to create a data pixel, the first 2.5 micron by 25 micron bar may not necessarily be recorded in the center of the 10-micron track. Recording it anywhere in the track leaves room for a second, and probably a third, 2.5 micron by 25 micron bar to be recorded in the same track. Thus in that 25-micron long, 10-micron wide reflective track, 5 to 7.5 microns of width are taken up by the low reflectivity laser-recorded data bars. The remaining unrecorded track would remain at a high reflectivity, perhaps in the range of 40% to 50%. reflectivity, while the laser-recorded data bars might have a reflectivity of about 10%. 
     By this procedure, a lowered reflectivity region is created of about 12 microns in width and 25 microns in length. To create the desired 24 micron by 25 micron data pixel, the above procedure must be repeated with one adjacent track containing two to three similar low reflectivity data bars. One 24 micron by 25 micron data pixel is thus created by four to six laser-recorded data bars 2.5 microns wide and 25 microns long, distributed over two adjacent tracks with two to three of the low reflectivity data bars in each track. This lowered reflectivity 24 micron by 25 micron region is designated a data pixel and would represent a binary “one,” while a similar size, high reflectivity data pixel without any laser recorded data bars would represent a binary “zero.” The objective would be for the contrast ratio between the reflectivity of a “one” data pixel and the reflectivity of a “zero” data pixel to be in the range of about 1.5:1 to 2:1, which would be sufficient for data detection with low error rate. 
     The use of a large data pixel reduces the typical data capacity of four megabytes for an optical memory card with a 35 mm storage stripe on it. For example, a 24 micron by 25 micron data pixel would normally contain five data spots per track, and thus the two tracks would normally have contained ten data spots where now there is only one data pixel. Thus for the 24 by 25 micron pixel, the data pixel storage capacity of the same optical memory card would be reduced to about a factor of 10 to 400 kilobytes for a 35 mm -wide optical stripe and to about 180 kilobytes for a 16 mm-wide optical stripe. 
     The data storage capacity has been reduced. However, for a 16 mm stripe, it is 90 times greater than the two kilobytes stored on plastic cards using a PDF-417 patch and 22 times greater than the 8-kilobyte storage of a microchip smart card. The data storage capacity increases to about 1600 kilobytes for a 35 mm stripe and about 720 kilobytes for a 16 mm stripe if a data pixel size of 12.5 microns by 12 microns is used. 
     The method and apparatus for reading the data pixels from a data-pixel card or data-pixel label will involve either CCD arrays or other photodetector arrays. The photodetector array could be of the linear variety, in which case the card would have to be in motion when read. In the case of a two-dimensional photodetector array the card would not require motion but instead would be scanned electronically. The use of two-dimensional CCD arrays to read data from an optical memory is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,745,484 and 4,864,630. The use of a linear photodetector array to read optical memory is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,850. 
     A standard one or four-megabyte optical memory card can be used with a standard card reader/writer to create a data-pixel card. The desired data can be recorded on a card as 2.5 micron data spots. Then a software program would be loaded into a PC which controls the card reader/writer which would read the desired data on the card and in a step-by-step process translate the microscopic spot data into the data pixel format. That data can then be used to record the data on the same card or another card in the form of large data pixels that can be formed into groups or a series of 2-D or 1-D bar codes. 
     The use of the laser-created large data pixels in conjunction with a CCD array to read the pixels is estimated to reduce the cost of the read-only device by a factor of four from a laser-based, read-only device tracking 2.5 micron data spots. It also permits the read-only device to be portable for use, for example, in reading personally-carried medical records in an ambulance, or by military medics, or in the event of automobile accidents or other catastrophes. The use of the data pixels permits border crossing visa cards to be read in the field by inspectors, and for digital driver&#39;s licenses to be checked for validity easily. A small, inexpensive, read-only device would open the optical memory card market to pay-per-use home T.V. and Internet services and to authorize purchases by welfare recipients in retail establishments. 
     Also, data-pixel-based two-dimensional bar codes on smart/optical cards can be used for authentication, validation, authorization, or identification involving Internet or Intranet E-Commerce transactions as explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,865, assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation. The data-pixel-based information may be in the form of a portable data file database of medical, financial information or software wherein some of which read by the photodetector array is transferred to the microprocessor chip or to a personal computer or network such as the Internet with which said microprocessor chip is interacting for utilization of said data-pixel-based information. Said data-pixel-based information might, for example, include the card holders demographics, a card serial number, date of card issuance, geographical location of the issuer, types of purchases permitted or not permitted, date of expiration, maximum dollar value of individual purchases or purchases over a period of time or any other data related to authentication, validation, authorizations and identification that raises the security of E-Commerce transactions. 
     Another object of the invention is to devise a method and system to make CCD-read data-pixel-based two-dimensional bar codes updatable. This is accomplished by utilizing a laser-recordable optical memory card that uses a DRAW (direct-read-after-write) laser recording material. A DRAW material records immediately after laser beam exposure and does not require a processing operation like photographic film. The optical memory card is preferably formatted to facilitate the recording of the microscopic data spots precisely in the required locations, which will be grouped into data pixels. By recording of the initial amount of data which does not fill the data capacity of the card, at a later time new data may be added. As indicated previously, a 16 mm optical stripe on a commercially-available optical memory card using 24 by 25 micron data pixels would store 180 kilobytes of data, representing about 90 single-spaced typewritten pages. Thus, for example, if the equivalent of five typewritten pages were recorded for each data entry, a total of 18 such data entries could be made. If a miniature two kilobyte PDF-417 format is utilized the 180 kilobyte data capacity would permit 90 such miniature PDF-417 patterns to be recorded over a period of time. 
     Another object is for an optical memory card to be utilized in reading and writing microscopic data spots during some time periods and writing and reading large data pixels during other time periods. This is accomplished by using a laser-recordable, pre-formatted optical memory card which uses a DRAW (direct-read-after-write) material. The pre-formatting of recording tracks and separator bands can be accomplished by molding, pressing, or by the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,542,288 and 4,304,848, assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation. The DRAW material is important, since it requires no post-processing after laser recording and therefore permits hundreds and thousands of data entries over months or years. The track pre-formatting on the optical memory card is desirable since it facilitates precise location of the laser-written microscopic data spots so they can later be precisely aligned into groups of data spots that create the required large data pixels. The standard for commercial optical memory cards is to record the microscopic spots on the tracks at the lower end of the optical memory stripe first. Thus to accommodate writing and reading both microscopic data spots and the large data pixels, the latter should be recorded on the upper tracks. By this means, a 35 mm optical stripe using 2.5 micron data spots and 24 by 25 micron data pixels could record and store, for example, about two megabytes of microscopic data spots and about 200 kilobytes of data pixels. 
     When an optical memory card is subject to severe environmental conditions or misuse such as scratching, high temperature, moisture, chemical or ultraviolet light exposure, particularly over extended periods of time, some of the microscopic data spots can be lost. Error detection and correction (EDAC) systems are usually used to compensate for such situations. Also, additional microscopic spot data can be recorded redundantly on the card as a backup to the primary data in the event that critical data is lost. An even more secure approach to the problem is to record some of the critical data redundantly in the form of large data pixels on the same card. Thus if the primary critical data is lost, the large data pixels can be used for recovery. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a top plan view of an optical data card or label of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a side elevation detail of the data card or label of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan of a system for reading and writing the data card or label of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a magnified top plan view of the data card shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 5 is another magnified top plan view of the data card shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 6 is a photodetector readable version of a magnified 2-D bar code on data card shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 7 is a photodetector readable version of a magnified one-dimensional bar code on data card shown in FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     With reference to FIG. 1, an optical memory card  11  is illustrated having a size common to most credit cards. The card&#39;s substrate material  13  is a dielectric, usually a plastic. Polycarbonate is preferred. The surface finish of the base should have low specular reflectivity, preferably less than 10%. 
     Substrate  13  carries strip or patch  17 . The strip is typically 35 mm or 16 mm wide and extends the length of the card. Alternatively, the strip or patch may have other sizes and orientations. The strip is relatively thin, typically 60-200 microns, although this is not critical. Strips or patches of laser recording material may be applied to both sides of card  11 . The stripe or patch may be applied to the card by any convenient method which achieves flatness. 
     The strip or patch  17  is adhered to the card with an adhesive and is covered by a transparent laminating sheet  76  seen in FIG. 2 which serves to keep strip  17  flat, as well as protecting the strip from dust and scratches. Sheet  76  is a thin, transparent plastic sheet laminating material or a coating, such as a transparent lacquer. The material is preferably made of polycarbonate plastic. 
     The high resolution laser recording material  74  which forms strip  17  may be any of the reflective recording material which have been developed for use as direct-read-after-write (DRAW) optical disks, so long as the materials can be formed on thin substrates. An advantage of reflective materials over transmissive materials is that the read/write equipment is all on one side of the card, the data storage capacity can be doubled by using both sides, and automatic focus is easier. For example, the high resolution material described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,939 issued to de Bont, et al. teaches a thin metallic recording layer of reflective metals such as Bi, Te, Ind, Sn, Cu, Al, Pt, Au, Rh, As, Sb, Ge, Se, Ga. 
     Materials which are preferred are those having high reflectivity and low melting point, particularly Cd, Sn, Tl, Ind, Bi, and amalgams. Suspensions of reflective metal surfaces in organic colloids also form low melting temperature laser recording media. Silver is one such metal. Typical recording media are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,314,260, 4,298,684, 4,278,758, 4,278,756 and 4,269,917, all assigned to the assignee of the present invention. 
     The laser recording material which is selected should be compatible with the laser which is used for writing on it. Some materials are more sensitive than others at certain wavelengths. Good sensitivity to near infrared light is preferred because near infrared is affected least by scratches and dirt on the transparent laminating sheet. The selected recording material should have a favorable signal-to-noise ratio and form high contrast data bits with the read/write system with which it is used. 
     The material should not lose data when subjected to temperatures of about 180° F. (82° C.) for long periods. The material should also be capable of recording at speeds of at least several thousand bits/second. This generally precludes the use of materials that require long heating times or that rely on slow chemical reactions in the presence of heat, which may permit recording of only a few bits/second. A large number of highly reflective laser recording materials have been used for optical data disk applications. 
     Data is recorded by forming microscopic data spots in the field of the reflective layer itself, thereby altering the reflectivity in the data spot. Data is read by detecting the optical reflective contrast between the surrounding reflective field of unrecorded areas and the recorded spots. Spot reflectivity of less than half the reflectivity of the surrounding field produces a contrast ratio of at least two to one, which is more than sufficient contrast for reading. Reflectivity of the strip field of about 40% to 50% is preferred with reflectivity of a spot in the reflective field being less than 10%, thus creating a contrast ratio of four or five to one. Alternatively, data may also be recorded by increasing the reflectivity of the strip. For example, the recording laser can melt a field of dull microscopic spikes on the strip to create flat, shiny spots. This method is described in SPIE, Vol. 329, optical Disk Technology (1982), p. 202. A spot reflectivity of more than twice the surrounding spiked field reflectivity produces a contrast ratio of at least two to one, which is sufficient contrast for reading. 
     Data strip  17  is intended to provide a data record and has digital information indicia. Digital machine readable data is written in individual tracks extending in a longitudinal direction, as indicated by the spot patterns  19  and are usually read in reflection, rather than in transmission. The information density is great because each of the spots in the spot pattern is approximately 0.6 to 3 microns in diameter with a typical spacing of about 0.6 to 3 microns between spots. The spots are recorded by a laser in the usual way, for example, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,756 to Bouldin et al. 
     FIG. 1 also represents a laser recordable label, which is technically very similar to an optical memory card, but could be in the form of individual labels on in the form of a tape of labels called a label tape. 
     With reference to FIG. 2, a card substrate  70  carries an optional secondary substrate  72  which is a thin flexible material, only a few mils thick carrying a laser recording material  74 . The secondary substrate  72  is adhered to the primary substrate  70  by means of an adhesive or sticky substance. The laser recording material may be any of the materials previously discussed. A protective coating  76  is applied over the laser recording material. 
     A laser writing apparatus is illustrated in FIG. 3 which illustrates the side view of the lengthwise dimension of the medium of FIG. 1 consisting of a data strip having digital information in combination with microscopic data spot information on a card. The data strip portion  41  of the medium is usually received in a movable holder  42  which brings the strip into the trajectory of a laser beam. A laser light source  43 , preferably a pulsed semiconductor laser of near infrared or red wavelength emits a beam  45  which passes through collimating and focusing optics  47 . The beam is sampled by a beam splitter  49  which transmits a portion of the beam through a focusing lens  51  to a photodetector  53 . The detector  53  confirms laser writing. The beam is then directed to a first servo controlled mirror  55  which is mounted for rotation along axis  57  in the direction indicated by arrows B. The purpose of the mirror  55  is to find the lateral edges of the data strip in a coarse mode of operation and then in a fine mode of operation identify data paths or sites which exist predetermined distances from the edges. 
     From mirror  55 , the beam is directed toward a mirror  61 . This mirror is mounted for rotation at pivot  63 . The purpose of mirror  55  is for fine control of motion of the beam along the length of the data strip. Coarse control of the lengthwise portion of the data strip relative to the beam is achieved by motion of the movable holder  42 . The position of the holder may be established by a linear motor and used by a closed loop position servo system of the type used in magnetic disk drives. Reference position information in the form of reflective data tracks is prerecorded or pre-formatted on the card so that position error signals may be generated and used as feedback in motor control. Upon reading one data path, the mirror  55  is slightly rotated. The motor moves holder  42  lengthwise so that the path can be read again, and so on. 
     For writing microscopic data spots, mirror  55  is used to identify sites at predetermined distances from the edges. Mirror  57  moves the scanning beam lengthwise from site to site. Upon reading one row of sites, mirror  55  is slightly rotated. Within a site, mirrors  55  and  57  cooperate to move the beam in either a zig-zag pattern or a raster-like pattern. Laser data spots are written at designated locations within a data track. When one site is written, mirrors  55  and  57  move the beam to the next site. 
     As light is scattered and reflected from data spots in the laser recording material, the percentage of reflected light from the incident beam changes relative to surrounding material where no spots exist. The incident laser beam should deliver sufficient laser energy to the surface of the recording material to create microscopic data spots in the data writing mode, but should not cause significant disruption of the surface so as to cause difficulty in the lower beam power data reading mode. The wavelength of the laser should be compatible with the recording material to achieve this purpose. In the read mode, power is approximately 5% to 10% of the recording or writing power. 
     Differences in reflectivity between a data spot and surrounding material are detected by well-known methods. 
     For the most common commercial optical memory cards, the recorded data spots on the optical memory strip, patch or stripe are approximately 2.5 microns in diameter; the highly reflective track is 10 microns wide and is separated by low reflectivity, 2-micron wide bands. The reflectivity of the recording track is in the range of 40% to 50%, and the reflectivity of the separating bands and data spots is about 10%. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates how the microscopic laser-recorded data spots on an optical memory strip, patch or stripe are grouped to form large data pixels capable of being read with photodetector arrays such as CCD arrays. The three 10-micron wide reflective tracks  74  are used to record microscopic data spots  71 . The 2-micron wide, low reflectivity bands  75  separate the 10-micron wide reflective data tracks. The low reflectivity large data pixels  72  illustrate how a binary “one” is created by the recording of 15 microscopic spots in a track length section approximately equal to the full track width including separator bands. The group of five data spots in a row is designated a data bar. The high reflectivity large data pixels  73  illustrate how a binary “zero” is created. The contrast ratio between data pixels  72  and data pixels  73  range between 1.5:1 to 2:1. Since the data spots are about 2.5 microns in diameter and there are five in a row, the data pixel dimension is 12.5 microns by 12 microns in size. 
     FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 4, but the larger data pixel dimensions are 25 microns by 24 microns, exactly twice as big linearly but four times the area of the FIG. 4 data pixels. Note that these data pixels are spread over two tracks of an optical memory strip, patch or stripe whereas those in FIG. 4 occupy one track. Data pixel  82  represents a binary “one,” and data pixel  83  represents a binary “zero.” 
     FIG. 6 illustrates an optical memory card  91  containing binary “ones” and “zeros” in a pattern that can-be called a quad-density data format  95  as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,634,850 and 4,786,792 assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation or it can take the form of a 2-D bar code or a group or series of miniature PDF-417 bar codes. These two patents explain how such data pixels are read by a linear photodetector array such as a CCD array. An area photodetector array such as a CCD area array also can be used as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,745,484 and 4,864,630, both assigned to Drexler Technology Corporation. If the data pixels are large enough a laser can scan the data pixels by raster scanning and the reflected laser light can be detected by one or more photodetectors. 
     Substrate  93  carries optical memory strip, patch or stripe  97 . The preferred dimensions of the data pixels of the present invention fall within the upper range of the preferred linear dimensions of the &#39;850 and &#39;792 patents, namely, 10 microns to 35 microns. The method of reading such quad-density patterns with linear CCD arrays is explained in detail in those two patents. A key point is that to minimize errors at least two photosensitive detectors in the photodetector or CCD array should view each data pixel. Thus to be practical, at least three such photodetectors would be preferred. To read the data pixels with linear photodetectors or CCD arrays, there must be linear motion of the card and its quad-density pattern across the photodetectors as explained in the two referenced quad-density-related &#39;850 and &#39;792 patents. Also, under selected system design conditions, two-dimensional photodetector arrays such as CCD arrays can be used to read encoded stationary optical memory cards by the techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,745,484 and 4,864,630. Also, note that the quad-density or miniature 2-D bar code format patterns of the present invention result in much higher data storage capacities than the PDF-417 format since they use data pixel sizes about one order of magnitude smaller than the PDF-417 two-dimensional bar code patterns whose smallest pixel size appears to be about 150 microns. 
     FIG. 7 is similar to FIG. 6 except that the data pixels were assembled as a one-dimensional bar code 105 rather than a 2-D bar code. If the one dimensional bar code is large enough it can be read with a laser beam scanner and one or more single photodetector(s). An optical memory card or label  101  carries a laser recordable optical memory stripe or patch  107  mounted on a plastic card base  103 . The directions of the wide and narrow lines comprising the one-dimensional bar codes can be either parallel to or perpendicular to the pre-formattedtracks in the laser-recordable media. These wide and narrow 1-D bar code lines are formed from data pixels which in turn are formed from groups of laser-recorded spots on an optical storage medium as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. 
     Consider the example where the wide and narrow lines of a one-dimensional bar code are parallel to the pre-formatted tracks in the laser-recordable media. Some of these lines are wide, representing one data state, while other lines are narrow representing another data state. The narrow lines are written by a series of adjacent spots along the length of the track in order to provide optical contrast. Some tracks are filled in the widthwise direction, forming a wide line, and some tracks only partly filled in the widthwise direction, forming a narrow line. Where narrow and wide lines can be formed in each track forming two data states, then empty tracks can represent a third data state. Note that in this example with a one-dimensional bar code instead of relying upon optical contrast for ones and zeros, now the ones and zeros are represented by thick and thin lines. The absence of a line in a track is yet a third information state which can be present so that tracks can contain a wide line, a narrow line or no line. This third information state can be used as a marker for control information, distinguishing such digits from user data. Note that when the word “track” is used in this paragraph, when applicable, it can refer to groups of tracks.