Patent Publication Number: US-10316575-B2

Title: Reserve cladding biasing

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 62/435,215, filed Dec. 16, 2016, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Various architectural elements, such as windows and doors, may include cladding attached to a frame of the architectural element. The cladding may be an external finish to the architectural element and may be exposed to environmental conditions. In certain instances, the frame of the architectural element and the cladding may be formed of different materials that may differently react to the environmental conditions. For example, one of the frame of the architectural element and the cladding may change shape or arrangement (e.g., expand or contract) in response to a hot or cold environment (compared to room temperature) or the frame of the architectural element and the cladding may change shape or arrangement at different rates. The change in shape or arrangement may affect the functionality of the frame of the architectural element and the cladding. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward apparatuses, systems, and methods of maintaining a configuration of a cladding arrangement of a fenestration apparatus. Aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward a fenestration apparatus that includes a frame configured to house a glass pane and having a first coefficient of thermal expansion. The fenestration apparatuses may also include two or more sections of cladding arranged on the frame and perpendicular to one another. The two or more sections of cladding may have a second coefficient of thermal expansion with the second coefficient of thermal expansion being different than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition, the fenestration apparatuses may include one or more springs arranged between the frame and the two or more sections of cladding and configured to mitigate against movement of the two or more sections of cladding relative to the frame in response to a force between the two or more sections of cladding. 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward fenestration apparatuses that may include a frame configured to house a glass pane and a cladding arrangement arranged on the frame having a plurality of components. The plurality of components may include a first vertical component, a second vertical component, and horizontal components therebetween. In addition, the frame and the cladding arrangement may have different coefficients of thermal expansion. The fenestration apparatuses may also include a first spring arranged between the frame and the cladding arrangement and a second spring arranged between the frame and the cladding arrangement. The first spring and the second spring may be configured to maintain a configuration of the cladding arrangement in response to a force between the plurality of components of the cladding arrangement. 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure are also directed toward methods of maintaining a configuration of a cladding arrangement of a fenestration apparatus. The methods may include arranging the cladding arrangement on a frame. The frame may be configured to house a glass pane and having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding arrangement having a second coefficient of thermal expansion with the second coefficient of thermal expansion being different than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition, the methods may include absorbing forces on the cladding arrangement with one or more springs arranged between the frame and the cladding arrangement to maintain the configuration of the cladding arrangement. 
     While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an example double hung window in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is an example casement window in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is an example cladding arrangement in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is an example cross section of fenestration assembly in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is another example cross section of fenestration assembly in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is another example cross section of fenestration assembly in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail below. The intention, however, is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward a fenestration assembly having a cladding arrangement. The fenestration assembly may include a glass pane and a frame, with the cladding arrangement arranged on the frame. The cladding arrangement and the frame may react differently to forces that occur on within the fenestration assembly. These forces may be the result of shifting or movement of the building in which the fenestration assembly is installed, temperatures changes, or other forces between the cladding arrangement and the frame. Temperature changes may cause the cladding arrangement and the frame to change shape or configuration (e.g., expand or contract) at different rates. Thus, aspects of the present disclosure may include one or more springs arranged with the fenestration assembly to maintain a configuration of the components of the fenestration assembly in response to forces that may be applied thereto. 
       FIG. 1  is an example hung window  100  in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. The hung window  100  may include a head  102 , a sill  104 , and jambs  106  extending therebetween. The hung window  100  may be a single hung window or a double hung window, which includes sashes  108 ,  110 . One or both of the sashes  108 ,  110  may be moveable. The sashes  108 ,  110  may include a frame configured to house one or more glass panes  112 ,  114  therein. Each of the sashes  108 ,  110  may include cladding arrangements  116 ,  118  arranged thereon. In addition, cladding may also be arranged on the head  102 , the sill  104 , and the jambs  106 . 
       FIG. 2  is an example casement window  200  in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. The casement window  200  may include a frame  202  that is configured to house one or more glass panes  204  therein. The casement window  200  may include a cladding arrangement  206  arranged on the frame  202 . 
       FIG. 3  is an example cladding arrangement  300  in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. The cladding arrangement  300  may be coupled or affixed to a frame of a fenestration apparatus (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 1-2 ). The cladding arrangement  300  may have a configuration or shape. In certain instances, the cladding arrangement  300  may include vertical rails  302 ,  304  and horizontal rails  306 ,  308  such that the configuration or shape of the cladding arrangement is a four-sided structure. The cladding arrangement  300  may be square or rectangular in certain instances. In other instances, the cladding arrangement  300  may have a shape of the frame of the fenestration apparatus (e.g., circle, oval, triangular). In certain instances, the cladding arrangement  300  may also include mullions (not shown) arranged within the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . 
     In certain instances, the vertical rails  302 ,  304  may have a greater length than the horizontal rails  306 ,  308  such that the horizontal rails  306 ,  308  are arranged within the bounds of the vertical rails  302 ,  304  as is shown in  FIG. 3 . In other instances, horizontal rails  306 ,  308  may have a greater length than the vertical rails  302 ,  304  such that the vertical rails  302 ,  304  are arranged within the bounds of the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . In addition, the vertical rails  302 ,  304  may be uncoupled or unattached from the horizontal rails  306 ,  308  such that the cladding arrangement  300  includes gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  between the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . The gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  may be small or negligible compared to the lengths of the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . For example, the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  may be between approximately 0.01 inches and approximately 0.1 inches. 
     In certain instances, one or more springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may be arranged with the cladding arrangement  300 . In certain instances, the one or more springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may be an elastomeric material that is resistant to forces similar to the springs shown herein. Similar to the cladding arrangement  300 , the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may also be coupled or affixed to the frame of the fenestration apparatus (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 1-2 ). In certain instances, the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may include one, two, three, four, or up to eight springs. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  includes four springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324 . In certain instances, the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may be arranged such that one of the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  is arranged at a position relative to a section of the cladding arrangement  300  with another of the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  arranged at a corresponding position relative to an opposite section of the cladding arrangement  300 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , spring  318  and spring  320  are arranged at substantially the same position on opposite sections of the cladding arrangement  300 . In addition, spring  318  and spring  324  are arranged with vertical rail  306  and spring  320  and spring  322  are arranged with vertical rail  304 . A similar arrangement may occur if the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  or additional springs are arranged with the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . 
     The springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may be arranged between the frame of the fenestration assembly (not shown) and the cladding arrangement  300 , as shown in further detail in  FIGS. 4-6 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  are arranged with the vertical rails  302 ,  304 . In other instances, the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may be similarly arranged with the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . Further, the horizontal rails  306 ,  308  may include additional springs in addition the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  are arranged with the vertical rails  302 ,  304 . The springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may be configured to mitigate against movement of the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308  and the in response to a force between one or more of the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . In certain instances, the forces may occur from a physical push or pull (in the direction of the arrows shown in  FIG. 3 ) to the cladding arrangement  300 . In other instances, the forces may be due to environmental conditions on the cladding arrangement  300 . The environmental conditions, for example, may be the result of a temperature change that alters the properties of the frame of the fenestration assembly (not shown) and the cladding arrangement  300 . 
     In certain instances, the frame of the fenestration assembly may have a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding arrangement  300  may have a second coefficient of thermal expansion being different than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. Thus, the frame of the fenestration assembly (not shown) and the cladding arrangement  300  may react (e.g., expand, contract, shift, move) differently to temperature changes and shift (in the direction of the arrows shown in  FIG. 3 ) relative to frame. In certain instances, the differences in the coefficients of thermal expansions may be due to the frame of the fenestration assembly being formed of a different material than the cladding arrangement  300 . 
     For example, the cladding arrangement  300  may be formed from aluminum and the frame of the fenestration assembly (not shown) may be formed from wood (or fiberglass). The aluminum cladding arrangement  300  may be exposed to the exterior portion of a building and therefore the exterior temperature, with the wood (or fiberglass) frame may be exposed to temperature of the interior of the building (e.g., room temperature). Aluminum is a better thermal conductor than wood (or fiberglass). Thus, the aluminum cladding arrangement  300  may carry a negligible amount of the temperature gradient with the majority of the temperature gradient being carried on the wood (or fiberglass) frame. As a result, the aluminum cladding arrangement  300  may expand/contract with the wood (or fiberglass) frame being configured to expand/contract be at a proportion of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the wood (or fiberglass) frame. In certain instances, the wood (or fiberglass) frame may be considered to include a zero or negligible coefficient of thermal expansion. In certain instances, the frame of the fenestration assembly may be formed of wood, vinyl, or fiberglass, and the cladding arrangement  300  may be formed of aluminum or another metal. 
     The springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may mitigate against the movement of the cladding arrangement  300  and maintain the configuration or shape thereof. In addition, the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may absorb and dampen the forces that result from the temperature changes (or other forces) such that the configuration or shape of the cladding arrangement  300  may be maintained. In certain instances, the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may maintain the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  between the components (the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 ) of the cladding arrangement  300 . As noted above, the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  may be between approximately 0.01 inches and approximately 0.1 inches. For example, the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  may be maintained between 0.000 inches to 0.030 inches are more particularly about 0.010 inches. The maintained size of the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  may not be dependent on the size of the cladding arrangement  300  or fenestration. 
     The springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may damper the forces between the components (the vertical rails  302 ,  304  and the horizontal rails  306 ,  308 ) of the cladding arrangement  300  such that the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  do not substantially expand. Substantially expanding the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  would be a between approximately 0.03 inches and approximately 0.06 inches expansion. In certain instances, the temperature change resulting in forces may be up to a 100° F. swing from manufactured temperature (e.g., room temperature) of the cladding arrangement  300 . Substantially expanding the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  would be a between approximately 0.065% of the length of horizontal rails  306 ,  308 . The springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  may act independently of one another to dampen the forces that may occur. For example, forces occurring nearest one of the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  will cause the nearest spring to absorb more force than the others of the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324 . 
     The springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  being configured to mitigate expansion of the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  assists in the maintaining the configuration or shape of the cladding arrangement  300  thereby maintaining the aesthetics of the cladding arrangement  300 . A person viewing the fenestration assembly may see no discernable change in the look and shape of the fenestration assembly and cladding arrangement  300 . In addition, the springs  318 ,  320 ,  322 ,  324  being configured to mitigate expansion of the gaps  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316  assists in the maintaining the functionality of the cladding arrangement  300 . 
       FIG. 4  is an example cross section of fenestration assembly  400  in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. The fenestration assembly  400  may include a frame  406  configured to house a glass pane (not shown). The fenestration assembly  400  may also include a cladding component  402  arranged on the frame  406 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the cladding component  402  may be arranged to hold or clasp onto the frame  406 . The frame  406  may have a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding component  402  may have a second coefficient of thermal expansion being different than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition, the fenestration assembly  400  may include one or more additional sections of the cladding component  402  such the additional section of the cladding component  402  is perpendicular to the cladding component  402  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The cladding component  402  may be one of a plurality of components in a cladding arrangement (e.g., a first vertical cladding component  402 , a second vertical cladding component  402 , a first horizontal cladding component  402 , and a second cladding component  402  as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The frame  406  includes a channel  408  for a glass pane or panes. 
     The fenestration assembly  400  may also include a spring  404  arranged between the frame  406  and the cladding component  402 . The spring  404  may be configured to mitigate movement of the cladding component  402  and the additional cladding component(s) (not shown) relative to the frame  406  in response to a force acting on the cladding component  402  and the additional cladding component(s). In certain instances, the spring  404  may absorb and dampen forces that act to move the cladding component  402  relative to the frame  406  such that a configuration of the cladding component  402  (and additional cladding component(s)) is maintained. For example, the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s)may include one or more gaps therebetween depending on the number of additional cladding component(s) (as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The spring  404  may be configured to mitigate expansion of the gap(s) to maintain the configuration of shape of the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s). In certain instances, the cladding component  402  may be arranged on the frame  406  such that the cladding component  402  absorbs and dampens forces that act to move the cladding component  402  relative to the frame  406  such that a configuration of the cladding component  402  (and additional cladding component(s)) is maintained. The cladding component  402  may include a spring-like or dampening structure that allows the cladding component  402  to absorb and dampen the forces. 
     In certain instances, the forces may occur from a physical push or pull) to the cladding component  402 . In other instances, the forces may be due to environmental conditions on the cladding component  402  (or additional cladding component(s)). The environmental conditions, for example, may be the result of a temperature change that alters the properties of the frame  406  and the cladding component  402 . The frame  406  and the cladding component  402  having different coefficients of thermal expansions cause the frame  406  and/or the cladding component  402  to react (e.g., expand, contract, shift, move) differently to temperature changes and shift the cladding component  402  (or additional cladding component(s)) relative to frame  406 . The spring  404  may maintain dampen the forces that result from the temperature changes (or other forces) such that the configuration or shape of the cladding component  402  (and additional cladding component(s)) may be maintained. In addition, the spring  404  mitigates against the frame  406  bowing or otherwise changing shape. The spring  404  dampens the forces that may occur and allows for the cladding component  402  to shift relative to the frame  406  while maintaining a configuration of the cladding component  402  (and other additional cladding component(s) arranged therewith). The spring  404  may be configured to absorb up to between 15 to 30 pounds of force in response to a temperature change. 
     In certain instances, the spring  404  may be arranged within a portion of the frame  406 . The frame  406 , for example, may include a slot  410  that is cut-away from the frame  406  into which the spring  404  may be arranged. In addition, the spring  404  may be arranged within the slot  410  such that the spring is angled outwardly relative to the frame  406 . The spring  404  may be configured to press the cladding component  402  outwardly from the frame  406 . Portions  412 ,  414  of the cladding component  402  may be configured to grasp or grip the frame  406  to hold the cladding component  402  tight on and against the frame  406 . The spring  404  may be arranged at an angle  416  between 10 degrees and 30 degrees outwardly relative to the frame  406 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the spring  404  is arranged at a 15 degree angle relative to the frame  406 . 
     The spring  404  being configured to mitigate expansion of the gaps between the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s) assists in the maintaining the configuration or shape of the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s) thereby maintaining the aesthetics of the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s) (e.g., a cladding arrangement). A person viewing the fenestration assembly may see no discernable change in the look and shape of the fenestration assembly and the cladding arrangement. In addition, the spring  404  being configured to maintain the configuration or shape of the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s) assists in the maintaining the functionality of the cladding arrangement. For example, the cladding component  402  and additional cladding component(s) may be used for aesthetic purposes and/or to provide a protective material layer against the infiltration of weather elements. The spring  404  mitigating against expansion of gaps within the cladding arrangement (gaps between the cladding component  402  and the additional cladding component(s) as shown in  FIG. 3 ) mitigate against infiltration of weather elements that would occur if the gaps would expand. In addition, the spring  404  also reduces stress on frame  406  by absorbing and dampening forces that occur within the fenestration assembly  400 . 
     The illustrative components shown in  FIG. 4  are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Neither should the illustrative components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement related to any single component or combination of components illustrated therein. Additionally, any one or more of the components depicted in any of the  FIG. 4  may be, in embodiments, integrated with various other components depicted therein (and/or components not illustrated), all of which are considered to be within the ambit of the disclosed subject matter. For example, the spring  404  may be one of multiple springs as is shown in  FIG. 3 . In these instances, the additional springs function in substantially the same manner as described with reference to the spring  404 . In addition, the cladding component  402  may be one of multiple cladding components as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 5  is another example cross section of fenestration assembly  500  in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. The fenestration assembly  500  may include a cladding component  502 , a spring  504 , and a frame  506 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , the cladding component  502  may be arranged on the frame  506  with the spring  504  arranged therebetween. The frame  506  may have a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding component  502  may have a second coefficient of thermal expansion being different than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition, the cladding component  502  may be one of a plurality of components in a cladding arrangement (e.g., a first vertical cladding component  502 , a second vertical cladding component  502 , a first horizontal cladding component  502 , and a second cladding component  502  as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The frame  506  may be configured to house a glass pane or panes. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the frame  506  is configured to house a double pane  508  of glass. The pane  508  of glass of may be held in place within the frame  506  by a sealant  510 . 
     The spring  504  may be configured to mitigate movement of the cladding component  502  and the additional cladding component(s) (not shown) relative to the frame  506  in response to a force acting on the cladding component  502  and the additional cladding component(s). In certain instances, the spring  504  may absorb and dampen forces that act to move the cladding component  502  (or the additional cladding component(s)) relative to the frame  506  such that a configuration of the cladding component  502  (and additional cladding component(s)) is maintained. For example, the cladding component  502  and additional cladding component(s) may include one or more gaps therebetween depending on the number of additional cladding components (as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The spring  504  may be configured to mitigate expansion of the gap(s) to maintain the configuration of shape of the cladding component  502  and additional cladding component(s). Movement of the cladding component  502  and additional cladding component(s) occurs within the plane of the pane  508  of glass. 
     In certain instances, the forces may be due to environmental conditions (such as temperature changes). Temperature changes may cause the frame  506  and/or the cladding component  502  to react (e.g., expand, contract, shift, move) differently to temperature changes and shift the cladding component  502  (or additional cladding component(s)) relative to frame  506 . The spring  504  may maintain dampen the forces that result from the temperature changes (or other forces) such that the configuration or shape of the cladding component  502  (and additional cladding component(s)) may be maintained. In addition, the spring  504  mitigates against the frame  506  bowing or otherwise changing shape. The spring  504  dampens the forces that may occur and allows for the cladding component  502  to shift relative to the frame  506  while maintaining a configuration of the cladding component  502  (and other additional cladding component(s) arranged therewith). 
     The illustrative components shown in  FIG. 5  are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Neither should the illustrative components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement related to any single component or combination of components illustrated therein. Additionally, any one or more of the components depicted in any of the  FIG. 5  may be, in embodiments, integrated with various other components depicted therein (and/or components not illustrated), all of which are considered to be within the ambit of the disclosed subject matter. For example, the spring  504  may be one of multiple springs as is shown in  FIG. 3 . In these instances, the additional springs function in substantially the same manner as described with reference to the spring  504 . In addition, the cladding component  502  may be one of multiple cladding components as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 6  is another example cross section of fenestration assembly  600  in accordance various aspects of the present disclosure. The fenestration assembly  600  may include a cladding component  602 , a spring  604 , and a frame  606 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the cladding component  602  may be arranged on the frame  606 . The spring  604  is shown apart from the frame  606 , however, the spring  604  may be arranged within a slot  608  in the frame  606 . In addition, the cladding component  602  may be one of a plurality of components in a cladding arrangement (e.g., a first vertical cladding component  602 , a second vertical cladding component  602 , a first horizontal cladding component  602 , and a second cladding component  602  as shown in  FIG. 3 ). Thus, one of the first vertical cladding component  602  and the second vertical cladding component  602  may be arranged on the frame  606 . The frame  606  may be configured to house a glass pane  610 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the spring  604  is a leaf spring. In other instances, the spring  604  may be a flat leaf spring, a linear leaf spring, a coil spring, or a wire spring. The spring  604  may be configured to mitigate movement of the cladding component  602  and the additional cladding components (not shown) relative to the frame  606  in response to a force acting on the cladding component  602  and the additional cladding components. In certain instances, the spring  604 , when arranged in the slot  608 , may absorb and dampen forces that act to move the cladding component  602  and the additional cladding component(s)) relative to the frame  606  such that a configuration of the cladding component  602  and additional cladding components is maintained. For example, the cladding component  602  and additional cladding components) may include gaps therebetween depending on the number of additional cladding components (as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The spring  604  may be configured to mitigate expansion of the gaps to maintain the configuration of shape of the cladding component  602  and the additional cladding components. Movement of the cladding component  602  and additional cladding components occurs within the plane of the slot  608  of glass. 
     Various modifications and additions can be made to the exemplary embodiments discussed without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer to particular features, the scope of this invention also includes embodiments having different combinations of features and embodiments that do not include all of the described features. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the scope of the claims, together with all equivalents thereof.