Patent Publication Number: US-2022224863-A1

Title: Methods and apparatus to perform remote monitoring

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/870,604 (now U.S. Pat. No. ______), which is titled “METHODS AND APPARATUS TO PERFORM REMOTE MONITORING,” and which was filed on May 8, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/197,239 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,666,909), which is titled “METHODS AND APPARATUS TO PERFORM REMOTE MONITORING,” and which was filed on Mar. 31, 2017. Priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/870,604 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/197,239 is claimed. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/870,604 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/197,239 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This disclosure relates generally to remote monitoring objects of interest, and, more particularly, to performing remote monitoring in constrained networks. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The proliferation of wireless communication technologies has enhanced the ability to communicate information from remote locations that are off-the-grid (in terms of wired communication networks) to central facilities/base stations at which the information can be analyzed. The expansion of such wireless communication technologies is, in turn, spurring the development of monitoring technologies designed to monitor geographically remote objects of interest. Such monitoring technologies leverage available wireless communication technologies to transmit monitoring data to a central facility for processing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example remote monitoring system having an example remote monitor in communication with an example base station. 
         FIG. 2  is block diagram of the example remote monitor of  FIG. 1  having an example image capture controller, an example image analyzer and an example image packager. 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of an example first image, an example second image, and an example difference image created by the example image capture controller of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of an example captured image and an example modified version of the captured image. 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of an example set of frames into which the example modified difference image has been divided. 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of an example first punctured frame and an example second punctured frame. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed to implement the example remote monitor  102  of  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 8  is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed to implement the example image capture controller of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 9  is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed to implement the example image analyzer of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 10  is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed to implement the example frame packager of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of an example processor platform capable of executing the instructions of  FIGS. 7, 8, 9 and 10  to implement the example remote monitor of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     
    
    
     The figures are not to scale. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The proliferation of wireless communication technologies has enhanced the ability to communicate information from remote locations that are off-the-grid (in terms of wired communications) to central facilities/base stations at which the information can be analyzed. The expansion of such wireless communication technologies is, in turn, spurring the development of monitoring technologies designed to monitor geographically remote objects of interest. Such monitoring technologies leverage available wireless communication technologies to transmit monitoring data to a central facility for processing. In some applications, various circumstances, including the geographical locations of objects to be monitored and/or the environment in which such objects are located present challenges. For example, the amount of data being collected by remote monitoring system(s) are often quite large and the geographical locations of the monitors typically requires transmission of data over long distances. Unfortunately, in some cases, traditional wireless networks (e.g., 4G, WiFi, microwave, etc.) are not available in such locations, do not provide sufficient coverage in such locations, and/or are not energy/cost effective. Although, less sophisticated wireless communication networks/equipment are available, such communication technologies are typically bandwidth constrained and are unable to reliably transmit large quantities of data. Even in cases where system bandwidth is sufficient to transmit the remote monitoring data, limited access to power sources in remote regions further reduce the viability of currently available remote monitoring solutions. 
     Methods, system, apparatus, and articles of manufacture disclosed herein perform low power remote monitoring using bandwidth-constrained wireless communication technologies. The disclosed methods perform image capture at a rate that is adjustable based on an amount of activity occurring within a field of interest. Adjusting the rate of image capture in this manner reduces the amount of data that is captured, processed and ultimately transmitted to the remote base station when the amount of activity occurring in the field of interest is less than a threshold amount and increases the amount of data that is captured, processed and ultimately transmitted to the remote base station when the amount of activity occurring in the field of interest is greater than a threshold amount. Thus, the systems and methods disclosed herein conserve energy by providing a greater emphasis on information that identifies activity occurring in the field of interest and less emphasis on information that indicates a lack of activity occurring in the field. 
     The methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture disclosed herein are further configured to reduce the amount of monitoring information transmitted to the base station by removing extraneous detail from captured images. For example, in an application in which the presence of insects in an agricultural environment are being monitored, information illustrating the number of insects and the shape of the insects is retained, but detailed information about the monitored insects (e.g., the color of the insects, the texture of the insects, etc.) is removed. 
     To further reduce the amount of information transmitted to the base station an image is divided into multiple frames and frames having less than a threshold amount of relevant information are not transmitted. For example, some of the frames may include few or no insects, such that transmitting such frames is not helpful to understanding activity occurring in the area of interest. The amount of information to be transmitted is even further reduced using a pixel removal method by which pattern(s) of pixels are removed from the images/frames prior to transmission to the base station. In some examples, the pattern of pixels to be removed is selected in a manner that reduces impact on the ability of a technician to discern meaningful information in the image. 
     Bandwidth constrained long range (25 km) communication networks are often unreliable, thereby resulting in the loss of multiple, consecutive frames during transmission. The technologies disclosed herein attempt to reduce the impact of such frame loss by randomly ordering the frames prior to transmission. The randomly ordered frames can be transmitted with a seed value that is used at the base station to obtain the original ordering of the frames. Thus, if a set of consecutively transmitted frames are lost during transmission, the loss is less likely to negatively impact the information conveyed than if the frames had been transmitted in the original order. 
     The technologies disclosed herein further convey battery charge information to the base station which can be used to identify when a technician is to be sent to the remote monitor to change the battery. This eliminates the need to periodically send personnel to the remote monitors to determine whether a battery requires changing. The technologies disclosed herein can be used in a broad range of applications including military, security, industrial monitoring, wildlife exploration, agriculture, etc. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example remote monitoring system  100  having an example remote monitor  102  in communication with an example base station  104 . In some examples, the remote monitor  102  includes an example first wireless radio transceiver  106  configured to communicate wirelessly with an example second wireless radio transceiver  108  disposed in the base station  104 . The first and second wireless transceivers  106 ,  108  can be implemented using any type of wireless transceiver capable of communicating in any type of wireless communication protocol. In some applications, the first and second wireless radio transceivers  106 ,  108  are implemented using any type of low-power wide area network transceiver that allows long range (e.g., 25 km) communications at a low bit rate. Such transceivers can operate at any of a set of frequently bands (e.g., 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz, etc.). 
     In some examples, the remote monitor  102  additionally includes an example image sensor  110  that captures images of a field of interest. In some examples, the field of interest is an area being monitored for the presence (or absence) of objects, also referred to as “monitored objects.” For illustration purposes only, the remote monitoring system  100  is described as being used in an agricultural application in which the monitored objects are insects that land on an insect trap (e.g., the field of interest). 
     The images of the field of interest are subsequently processed by an example remote monitor controller  112 . In some examples, the remote monitor controller  112  is implemented using a microcontroller unit such as, for example, any of the microcontrollers in the Intel® Quark™ family of microcontroller units, any of the Intel® low-power processing platforms, etc. The remote monitor controller  112  and/or the image sensor  110  cause the captured images to be stored in an image storage  114 . 
     An example base station controller  116  receives and processes the images received from the remote monitor  102  via the second radio transceiver  108 . The processed images are stored in an example base station storage  118 . In some examples, an example battery  120  powers the remote monitor  102  and an example battery monitor  122  determines an amount of charge remaining in the battery  120 . The battery  120  is coupled via any suitable wiring (not shown) to the components residing in the remote monitor  102 . At the base station  104  the received images are processed and action is taken, if needed. For example, if a significant number of insects appear in a received image, additional pesticide may be dispatched to crops located in the region in which the remote monitor  102  is positioned. Additionally, the type of pesticide dispatched can be selected based on the types of insects appearing in the received image. Thus, based on the remote monitoring system  100  pesticides can be applied to the crops on an as-needed basis, thereby reducing the total amount of pesticide that would otherwise be applied to the crops. 
     The example remote monitoring system  100  is illustrated in  FIG. 1  as having a single remote monitor  102  and a single base station  104  for purposes of example only. In many example applications, the remote monitoring system  100  will include a plurality of the remote monitors  102  and a single base station  104  or a plurality of the remote monitors  102  and a plurality of the base stations  104 . 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the example remote monitor  102  of  FIG. 1 . In some examples, the example remote monitor controller  112  of the remote monitor  102  includes an example image capture controller  202 , an example image analyzer  204 , and an example frame packager  206 . In some examples, the image capture controller  202  is coupled to and controls the rate at which the example image sensor  110  captures images. In some examples, the image capture controller  202  includes an example image difference generator  208 , an example comparator  210 , an example image capture scheduler  212 , and an example data storage device  214 . In some examples, the image analyzer  204  includes an example edge detector  216 , an example image divider  218 , and an example information estimator  220 . In some examples, the example frame packager  206  includes an example frame prioritizer  222 , an example puncturing tool  224 , an example frame order generator  226 , and an example data embedder  228 . 
     In some examples, the example image capture controller  202  identifies an example rate at which images will be captured by the example image sensor  110 . In some such examples, the example image capture scheduler  212  is configured to capture images of the field of interest at an initial capture rate and controls the image sensor  110  in accordance with that initial capture rate. In some examples, the image capture scheduler  212  receives the initial capture rate via an input device  230  disposed, for example, on the exterior of the remote monitor  102 . In some examples, the remote monitor  102  is pre-programmed with the initial capture rate. In some examples, the initial capture rate is transmitted from the example base station  104  (see  FIG. 1 ) via the example base station transceiver  108  (see  FIG. 1 ) and received at the example first wireless radio transceiver  106  for input to the image capture scheduler  212 . The image capture scheduler  212  causes the image sensor  110  to capture images at the initial capture rate. The images of the field of interest collected by the image sensor  110  are supplied to the example image memory  114  for storage. 
     In some examples, the example image difference generator  208  monitors the image memory  114  to determine when new images are stored therein. In some examples, the image sensor  110  notifies the difference generator  208  when new images are stored in the image memory  114 . 
     Referring also to  FIG. 3  which illustrates example images collected and generated by the remote monitor  102 , when an example first image  302  and a subsequently collected example second image  304  have been stored in the image memory  114 , the image difference generator  208  performs an image subtraction operation to create a difference image  306  that illustrates the differences between the first and second images  302 ,  304 . As a result, the difference image  306  represents visual changes (in the object being monitored) between a first time at which the first image  302  was collected and a second time at which the second image  304  was collected. For example, if, the field of interest includes six monitored objects at the first time, the first image  302  will include the six monitored objects. Similarly, if the field of interest includes 10 monitored objects at the second time, the second image  304  will include the ten monitored objects. In such an example, the difference image  306  containing the differences between the first image  302  and the second image  304  will include the four monitored objects that appear in the second image  306  but not the first image  302 . The image difference generator  208  supplies the difference image  306  to the comparator  210  which determines an amount of data contained in the difference image  306  (e.g., the size, in bytes, of an electronic image file containing the difference image  306 ). In addition, the comparator  210  obtains one or more threshold image data values from the data storage  214  and compares the amount of data contained in the difference image  306  to the threshold image data values. The comparator  210  supplies the results of the comparison to the image capture scheduler  212 . The image capture scheduler  210  responds to the results from the comparator  210  by adjusting, if needed, the rate at which the image sensor  110  collects images. Thus, the remote monitor  102 , by comparing the amount of data contained in the difference image  306  to the threshold image data values, is able to determine when the field of interest has experienced a change sufficient to warrant adjusting the rate at which the image sensor  110  collects images. 
     In some examples, when the activity (e.g., the number of monitored objects) in the field of interest increases, the remote monitor  102  increases the image capture rate, and when the activity in the field of interest decreases, the remote monitor  102  decreases the image capture rate. In some such examples, when the amount of data contained in the difference image equals or exceeds a first threshold image data value, the image capture scheduler  212  increases the rate at which images of the monitored object are collected. Increasing the image capture rate ensures that the activity causing the difference image to exceed the first threshold image data value is captured in sufficient detail. Conversely, when the amount of data contained in the difference image  306  is less or equal to a second threshold image data value, the image capture scheduler  212  decreases the image capture rate. In some examples, when the amount of data contained in the difference image  306  is less than or equal to the first threshold image data value and greater than or equal to the second threshold image data value, the image capture scheduler  212  causes the image sensor  110  to maintain the same image capture rate (i.e., the image capture rate is not adjusted). In some examples, the image data comparator  210  compares the amount of data contained in the difference image  306  to a single threshold image data value and adjusts (either up or down) the image capture rate based on the results of the comparison. In this manner, the remote monitor  102  conserves power by decreasing the number of images collected (and subsequently processed, as described below) when there is less activity occurring in the field of interest. 
     In some examples, the example image analyzer  204  is configured to analyze/process the difference images stored in the example image memory  114 . The image analyzer  204  can be configured to identify the presence of the difference image  306  stored in the image memory  114  in any number of ways. For example, the example image capture controller  202  can be configured to notify the example image analyzer  204  when the new difference image  306  has been stored in the image memory  114 . In some examples, any of the example image difference generator  208 , the example image comparator  210 , and/or the example image capture scheduler  212  cause the difference image  306  to be supplied directly to the image analyzer  204  for analysis/processing. In some examples, the image analyzer  204  is configured to monitor the storage activity occurring in the image memory  114  and is configured to extract newly stored difference image  306  from the image memory  114  for processing. 
     In some examples, the example image detector  216  of the example image analyzer  204  uses any known edge detection technique to modify the difference image  306  extracted from the example image memory  114  thereby creating a modified difference image. In the modified difference image, the pixels contained inside an outline of a monitored object (e.g., an insect) are black and the pixels lying outside an outline of a monitored object (e.g., an insect) are white. Example edge detection techniques include Canny edge detection, edge thinning techniques, differential edge detection, phase congruency based edge detection, subpixel edge detection, etc. As a result, the modified difference image contain outlines of the monitored insects but lacks further detail (e.g., texture, color variations, etc.) about the monitored insects. Thus, in some examples the modified difference image is monochromatic and has a smaller file size than the unmodified difference image.  FIG. 4  includes a captured image  402  and a modified image  404  on which edge detection has been performed thereby illustrating example details that can be removed from an image as a result of using edge detection. 
     The modified difference image  502  (see  FIG. 5 ) is supplied by the example edge detector  216  to the example image divider  218  which sub-divides the modified image  404  into a configurable number of frames  504  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The image frames  504  are supplied by the image divider  218  to the example information estimator  220 . The information estimator  220  estimates the amount of information contained in each of the frames  504 . In some examples, the information estimator  220  estimates the amount of information contained in each frame  504  by counting the number of pixels in each frame  504 , the number of black pixels in each frame  504  and/or the total number of white pixels in each frame  504  and then calculates the percentage of black pixels relative to both black and white pixels included in each frame  504 . 
     In some examples, the example information estimator  220  supplies the percentage of black pixels calculated for each of the example frames  504  associated with the example modified difference image  404  (see  FIG. 4 ) to the example frame prioritizer  222 . The frame prioritizer  222  uses the percentage of black pixels of the frames  504  to identify a priority for each such frame  504 . In some examples, the frame prioritizer  222  identifies a configurable number of the frames  504  having the highest percentage of black pixels (as compared to the other frames) as being higher priority than the other frames of the set of frames  504 . In some examples, the frame prioritizer  222  may identify any number of the frames  504  having the highest percentage of black pixels as being higher priority than the remaining frames  504  in the set of the frames  504 . The frame prioritizer  222  supplies the frames  504  and associated priority information to the example puncturing tool  224 . In some examples, only the frames  504  deemed to be high priority frames are supplied to the puncturing tool  224  for subsequent processing and transmission to the example base station  104 . 
     The example puncturing tool  224  reduces the amount of image content that will subsequently be transmitted by the example remote monitor  102  to the example base station  104  by creating a punctured version of the example frames  504  to be transmitted to the example base station  104 . A punctured version of each such frame  504  includes a fewer number of pixels than a pre-punctured version of the same frame. The pixels to be omitted from the punctured version can be selected in a manner that minimizes impact on the meaning conveyed by the content of the punctured image. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , in some examples, every 2 nd  pixel in the pre-punctured version of a frame is omitted from a punctured version  602  of the same frame thereby creating a checkered effect. As further illustrated in  FIG. 6 , in some examples, every 2 nd  non-white pixel in the pre-punctured frame is omitted from the punctured frame  604 . Due to the omission of pixels, the punctured frames  602 .  604  have significantly less data than the pre-punctured frames and, thus, are significantly smaller in size. 
     The example punctured frames  602 .  604  are supplied by the example puncturing tool  224  to the example frame order generator  226 . The frame order generator  226  determines a random order in which the punctured frames  602 ,  604  are to be transmitted by the example remote monitor  102  to the example base station  104 . Transmitting the punctured frames  602 ,  604  in a random (e.g., non-sequential order) order helps to lessen the effects of information loss that would occur if the frames were instead transmitted in consecutive order and a number of the consecutive frames were lost during transmission on a volatile, lossy link. In some examples, the frame order generator  226  uses a seed value to generate the random order of the punctured frames. In some such examples, the frame order generator generates a random order using a random number generator technique performs mathematical manipulations on the seed value to determine a first of the random numbers, and then performs mathematical manipulations on the first of the random numbers to generate a second of the random numbers, etc. In some examples, the random number generator technique is configured to operate on a number represented using a specified number of bits. In some such examples, the seed value can be any number represented using the specified number of bits. The seed value can be any number. The example data embedder  228  creates a header for the set of punctured frames  602 ,  604  to be transmitted. In some examples, the data embedder  226  includes the seed value as well as the total number of punctured frames to be transmitted in a frame header payload. In some examples, the data embedder  228  uses a JPEG file interchange format (JFIF) (or any other desired format) to arrange the frames for transmission to the example base station  104 . In some examples, the example battery monitor  122  supplies the state of charge of the example battery  120  installed in the remote monitor  102  and appends information identifying the battery charge information to the JFIF frame header payload. 
     While an example manner of implementing the remote monitoring system  100  is illustrated in  FIG. 1  and the remote monitor  102  of  FIG. 1  is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2  may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the example remote monitor  102 , the example remote monitoring base station  104 , the example first wireless radio transceiver  106 , the example second wireless radio transceiver  108 , the example image sensor  110 , the example remote monitor  112 , the example image storage  114 , the example base station controller  116 , the example base station storage  118 , the example image capture controller  202 , the example image analyzer  204 , the example frame packager  206 , the example image difference generator  208 , the example comparator  210 , the example image capture scheduler  212 , the example data storage  214 , the example edge detector  216 , the example image divider  218 , the example information estimator  220 , the example frame prioritizer  222 , the example puncturing tool  224 , the example frame order generator  226 , the example data embedder  228 , and/or, more generally, the example remote monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1  may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the example remote monitor  102 , the example remote monitoring base station  104 , the example first wireless radio transceiver  106 , the example second wireless radio transceiver  108 , the example image sensor  110 , the example remote monitor  112 , the example image storage  114 , the example base station controller  116 , the example base station storage  118 , the example image capture controller  202 , the example image analyzer  204 , the example frame packager  206 , the example image difference generator  208 , the example comparator  210 , the example image capture scheduler  212 , the example data storage  214 , the example edge detector  216 , the example image divider  218 , the example information estimator  220 , the example frame prioritizer  222 , the example puncturing tool  224 , the example frame order generator  226 , the example data embedder  228 , and/or, more generally, the example remote monitoring system  100  could be implemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)). 
     When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example, example remote monitor  102 , the example remote monitoring base station  104 , the example first wireless radio transceiver  106 , the example second wireless radio transceiver  108 , the example image sensor  110 , the example remote monitor  112 , the example image storage  114 , the example base station controller  116 , the example base station storage  118 , the example image capture controller  202 , the example image analyzer  204 , the example frame packager  206 , the example image difference generator  208 , the example comparator  210 , the example image capture scheduler  212 , the example data storage  214 , the example edge detector  216 , the example image divider  218 , the example information estimator  220 , the example frame prioritizer  222 , the example puncturing tool  224 , the example frame order generator  226 , the example data embedder  228 , is/are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computer readable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example remote monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1  may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in  FIG. 2 , and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices. 
     Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions for implementing the remote monitoring system  100  of  FIG. 1  are shown in  FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 . In these examples, the machine readable instructions comprise a program(s) for execution by a processor such as the processor  1112  shown in the example processor platform  1100  discussed below in connection with  FIG. 11 . The program(s) may be embodied in software stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor  1112 , but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor  1112  and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program is described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 , many other methods of implementing the example remote monitoring system  110  and the remote monitor  102  may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined. 
     As mentioned above, the example processes of  FIGS. 7, 8, 9 and 10  may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, a random-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and transmission media. As used herein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangible machine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10  may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/or machine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and transmission media. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” is open ended. 
     The program  700  of  FIG. 7  begins at block  702  at which the example image capture scheduler  202  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the example remote monitor  102  (see  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ) causes the example image sensor  110  (see  FIG. 1 ) to capture images of an example field of interest in which objects to be monitored (“monitored objects”) reside. The image capture scheduler  202  determines and analyzes a rate of change in the field of interest and, if needed, adjusts an image capture rate at which images are captured by the image sensor  110  (see block  704 ). In some examples, the example image analyzer  204  (see  FIG. 2 ) analyzes and processes image information supplied by the image capture scheduler  202 . In some examples, the processing may include reducing the amount of data used to represent the image, dividing the image into frames and estimating the amount of information included in the frames (see block  706 ). The example frame packager  206  (see  FIG. 2 ) packages the frames for transmission to the base station  104  (see  FIG. 1 ) (see block  708 ). In some examples, packaging the frames includes identifying high priority frames, reducing the data included in the high priority frames, generating an order of frame transmission, appending additional information, etc. The example first wireless radio transceiver  106  (see  FIG. 1 ) subsequently transmits the frames to the example second wireless radio transceiver  108  of the example base station  104  (see block  710 ). The base station  104  operates to arrange the received frames in an order suitable for analysis and proceeds to analyze the arranged frames (see block  712 ). The base station controller additionally actuates, if needed, additional equipment in response to the frame analysis (see block  714 ). Thereafter the program returns to the block  702 . 
     The program  700  of  FIG. 7  provides example operations performed by the example remote monitor  102  (see  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ) whereas the program  800  of  FIG. 8  provides example operations performed by the example image controller  202  (see  FIG. 2 ). The program  800  of  FIG. 8  begins at block  802  at which an initial image capture schedule is installed in the example image capture scheduler  202  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the example remote monitor  102  (see  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ). In some examples, the image capture schedule is set by a field operator using the keypad/touchscreen  230  (see  FIG. 2 ) disposed on the remote monitor  102 . In some examples, the image capture schedule is installed prior to installation of the remote monitor in the field. In some examples, the image capture schedule is supplied to the remote monitor  102  from the base station  104  via wireless communication. The image capture scheduler  202  captures a first image at a first time and a second image at a second time wherein the first times and the second times and/or the amount of time between the first and second times are selected in accordance with the image capture schedule (see block  804 ). The example image difference generator  208  creates a difference image using the first and second image (see block  806 ). The difference image represents the changes that occurred in the field of interest in the time intervening between the first time and the second time. The example comparator  210  determines an amount of information (e.g., a byte size) used to represent the difference image and compares the amount of information to one or more threshold image data values stored in the data storage  214  (see  FIG. 1 ) (see block  808 ). As described with respect to  FIG. 2 , depending on the results of the comparison, the image capture scheduler  212  adjusts (if needed) the rate at which the image sensor  110  subsequently captures image (see block  810 ). The image capture controller  202  subsequently supplies the difference image to the image analyzer  204  or otherwise notifies the image analyzer that the difference image is available in the image storage  114  for processing/analysis (see block  812 ). Thereafter, the method returns to the block  804  at which a next set of images (e.g., a third and a fourth image are captured). 
     The program  900  of  FIG. 9  provides example operations performed by the example image analyzer  204  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the remote monitor  102  (see  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ). The program  900  of  FIG. 9  begins at block  902  at which the example edge detector  216  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the example image analyzer  204  performs edge detection on the difference image generated by the image capture controller  202  (see block  902 ). The edge detector uses edge detection to identify the edges (e.g., outlines) of the monitored objects included in the difference image. The regions of the difference image that are interior to the outlines are populated with pixels having a first color (e.g., black pixels) and the regions of the difference image that are exterior to the outline are populated with pixels of a different color (e.g., white). Performing edge detection in this manner reduces the size of the difference image. The example image divider  218  (see  FIG. 2 ) divides the image into a set of frames (see block  904 ). Each of the frames is assigned a number indicating an order in which the frames are to be assembled to form the difference image. The example information estimator  220  (see  FIG. 2 ) estimates an amount of meaningful information included in each of the frames (see block  906 ). In some examples, the amount of meaningful information included in each frame is estimated by determining the number of black pixels to the number of white pixels. The information estimator  220  supplies the frames and estimated information values corresponding to each to the frame packager  206  (see block  908 ). The method  900  of  FIG. 9  returns to block  902  to process/analyze a next difference image. 
     The program  1000  of  FIG. 10  provides example operations performed by the example frame packager  206  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the remote monitor  102  (see  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ). The program  1000  of  FIG. 10  begins at block  1002  at which the example frame prioritizer  222  (see  FIG. 2 ) of the example frame packager  206  uses the estimated information values corresponding to each frame supplied by the example image analyzer  204  to determine a priority of the frames. In some examples, the frames having the highest estimated amount of information are given a higher priority than other frames. In some examples, the higher priority frames are to be transmitted to the base station  104 , as described below, and the lower priority frames are not transmitted to the base station  104 . The example puncturing tool  224  punctures pixels of the priority images (as supplied by the frame prioritizer  222 ) by removing a select number of the pixels from the priority images (block  1004 ). The removed pixels do not negatively impact the amount of meaningful information conveyed by the priority images. In some examples the puncturing tool  224  removes pixels in a defined pattern (e.g., every other white pixels is removed thereby creating a checkerboard effect, every other black pixel is removed, etc.). The example frame order generator  226  uses a random number generating technique to determine a random order in which the punctured priority frames are to be transmitted to the base station  104  (block  1006 ). In some examples, the random number generation technique used by the frame order generator  226  is based on a seed value that can be used at the base station  104  to reorder the punctured priority frames in the order/sequence to reform the difference image. In some such examples, the frame order generator  226  supplies the punctured frames in the randomly generated order along with the corresponding seed value to the example data embedder  228  (see block  1008 ). The example data embedder  228  adds information to frame header to be transmitted with the frames. In some examples, the information in the frame header includes the seed value, a total number of frames being transmitted, and data identifying an amount of charge remaining in an example battery  120  (see  FIG. 2 ). In some such examples, the data embedder  228  obtains the amount of battery charge from the example battery monitor  122  (see  FIG. 2 ) that monitors the example battery  120  (see block  1010 ). Any other information (e.g., frame/image pixel counts, start of image markers, etc.) may additionally be included in the header. The frames and frame header(s) are then supplied to the first wireless radio transceiver  106  which transmits the frames and frame headers to the base station  104  (see block  1012 ). Thereafter, the method returns to the block  1002  at which a next set of frames associated with a next difference image are prioritized. 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram of an example processor platform  1100  capable of executing the instructions of  FIGS. 7, 8, 9 and 10  to implement the remote monitor  102  of  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . The processor platform  1100  can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, a smart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CD player, a digital video recorder, a Blu-ray player, a gaming console, a personal video recorder, a set top box, a microcontroller unit or any other type of computing device. 
     The processor platform  1100  of the illustrated example includes a processor  1112 . The processor  1112  of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor  1112  can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. In some examples, the processor  1112  includes the example remote monitor controller  112 , the example image capture controller  202 , the example image analyzer  204 , the example frame packager  206 , the example image difference generator  208 , the example comparator  210 , the example image capture scheduler  212 , the example data storage  214 , the example edge detector  216 , the example image divider  218 , the example information estimator  220 , the example frame prioritizer  222 , the example image puncturing tool  224 , the example frame order generator  226 , the example data embedder  228 , and the example battery monitor  122 . 
     The processor  1112  of the illustrated example includes a local memory  1113  (e.g., a cache). The processor  1112  of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory  1114  and a non-volatile memory  1116  via a bus  1118 . The volatile memory  1114  may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory  1116  may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory  1114 ,  1116  is controlled by a memory controller. In some examples, the volatile memory  1114  is used to implement the example image storage  114  and/or the example data storage  214 . In some examples, the non-volatile memory  1116  is used to implement the data storage  214 . 
     The processor platform  1100  of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit  1120 . The interface circuit  1120  may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface. 
     In the illustrated example, one or more input devices  1122  are connected to the interface circuit  1120 . The input device(s)  1122  can be implemented with the example keyboard/touch pad  230  and permit(s) a user to enter data and commands into the processor  1112 . In some examples, the input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, an image sensor (still or video) such as the example image sensor  110 , a keyboard (such as the keypad  230 ), a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system. 
     One or more output devices  1124  are also connected to the interface circuit  1120  of the illustrated example. The output devices  1124  can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactile output device, a light emitting diode (LED), a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit  1120  of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip or a graphics driver processor. 
     The interface circuit  1120  of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network  1126  (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, a low power wireless area network, etc.). In some examples, the example first wireless transceiver  106  is implemented using the interface circuit  1120 . 
     The processor platform  1100  of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices  1128  for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices  1128  include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAID systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. In some examples, the example image storage  114  and the example data storage  214  are implemented using the mass storage devices  1128 . 
     The coded instructions  1132  of  FIGS. 6, 7 and 8  may be stored in the mass storage device  1128 , in the volatile memory  1114 , in the non-volatile memory  1116 , and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD. 
     From the foregoing, it will appreciated that the above disclosed methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture permit monitoring of remote fields of interest in a low-power manner using lossy volatile communication networks. The example remote monitoring methods, systems, apparatus and articles of manufacture disclosed herein are configured to capture and process monitoring data for transmission via lossy, volatile networks including low power wide area networks. Such example remote monitoring systems are configured to adjust a rate at which monitoring data in the form of images are collected based on an amount of activity occurring in a field of interest. In some examples, an increase in the amount of activity in the field of interest cause an increase in a rate at which images are captured. Likewise, a reduction in the amount of activity occurring in the field of interests causes a reduction in the rate at which images of the field of interest are captured. In this manner, the energy used by the example monitors to capture, process and transmit information (e.g., the images) is conserved while preserving the ability to capture and transmit meaningful data. In addition, the disclosed remote monitoring technologies are configured to reduce the size of the transmitted image data sets while still conveying an amount of data sufficient to inform system personnel about the status of monitored objects. Image/data size reduction techniques include the creation of difference images that focus on differences occurring between two images taken at different times thereby negating the need to send both images to a base station. Additionally, only portions of image (e.g., frames) that illustrate changes in the field of interest are prioritized for transmission to the base station. Still further, image puncturing techniques are used to remove image pixels in a manner that minimizes impact on the meaning conveyed by the image. Additionally, the frames are transmitted in a random order to lessen impact of a loss of consecutively transmitted frames. The state of charge and other data is appended to the frames prior to transmission to the base station thereby reducing the manpower needed to periodically check the status of batteries installed in the remote monitors. 
     An example method for processing image data disclosed herein adjusting an image capture rate at which an image sensor captures images based on a difference image. The difference image contains differences between a first image of a first set of objects and a second image of a second set of objects. Example methods further includes reducing a file size of the difference image using an edge detection technique, and prioritizing one or more of a set of frames based on an amount of information contained in the frames. The frames are subdivisions of the image. In some examples methods, the first image is taken at a first time and the second image is taken at a second, later time and the method further includes subtracting the first image from the second image to generate the difference image. In further example methods, adjusting the image capture rate includes determining the file size of the difference image, and generating a comparison between the file size to a threshold value. In some such example methods, the adjusting of the image capture rate depends on the comparison. In still further example methods, reducing the file size of the difference image includes using the edge detection technique to determine a set of outlines of a corresponding set of objects appearing in the difference image, causing a first set of pixels located within the outlines to be a first color, and causing a second set of pixels located outside of the outlines to a second color. In some example methods, prioritizing one or more of the set of frames includes dividing the difference image into the set of frames, estimating an amount of information included in each frame of the set of frames, and assigning a priority to each frame of the set of frames based on the amount of estimated information included each frame of the set of frames. 
     Some example methods further include selecting at least one of the frames of the set of frames to be transmitted to a base station based on the prioritizing, arranging the at least one of the frames to be transmitted in a randomly generated order based on a seed value and appending information to the at least one of the frames to be transmitted. The information can include a state of charge of a battery, a number of frames to be transmitted, and the seed value. 
     An example apparatus disclosed herein includes means to perform any of the methods disclosed above. Examples disclosed herein further include a machine readable storage medium storing machine readable instructions which, when executed, cause the machine to implement any of the methods disclosed herein. 
     Example apparatus disclosed herein further include means to adjust an image capture rate at which an image sensor captures images based on a difference image. The difference image contains differences between a first image of a first set of objects and a second image of a second set of objects. Additional example apparatus include means to reduce a file size of the difference image using an edge detection technique, means to prioritize one or more of a set of frames based on an amount of information contained in the frames, the frames being subdivisions of the image and means to select at least one of the frames of the set of frames to be transmitted to a base station based on the prioritizing. Further example apparatus include means to arrange the at least one of the frames to be transmitted in a randomly generated order based on a seed value, and means to append information to the at least one of the frames to be transmitted. The information can include a state of charge of a battery, a number of frames to be transmitted, and the seed value. 
     Some example apparatus take the first image at a first time and the second image at a second, later time, and subtract the first image from the second image to generate the difference image. Further example apparatus reduce the file size of the difference image by using the edge detection technique to determine a set of outlines of a corresponding set of objects appearing in the difference image, causing a first set of pixels located within the outlines to be a first color, and causing a second set of pixels located outside of the outlines to a second color. Some example apparatus prioritize one or more of the set of frames by dividing the difference image into the set of frames, estimating an amount of information included in each frame of the set of frames, and assigning a priority to each frame of the set of frames based on the amount of estimated information included each frame of the set of frames. 
     Example remote monitors for monitoring a field of interest disclosed herein include an image capture controller to cause an image sensor to capture images of the field of interest at a rate that varies based on an amount of activity occurring in the field of interest. Some such example remote monitors also include an image analyzer to reduce an amount of data used to represent an image of a set of objects appearing in the field of interest between a first time and a second time. The image analyzer further reduces an amount of data used to represent an image of a set of objects appearing in the field of interest by dividing the image into a set of frames. Example remote monitors also estimate an amount of information associated with each frame and use a frame packager to prioritize a subset of the frames. The prioritized subset of frames are packaged with data to transmitted to a transceiver. 
     In some example remote monitors, the image capture controller includes a difference generator to create a difference image identifying differences between a first image taken at the first time and a second image taken at the second time. Such example image capture controllers also include a comparator to generate a comparison between a file size of the difference image an threshold data value and an image capture scheduler to adjust the rate at which images are captured by the image sensor based on the comparison. The image capture scheduler can increase the rate at which images are captured if the comparison indicates that the file size of the difference image is equal to or exceeds the threshold data value. 
     The example image analyzer of the example remote monitors disclosed herein can include an edge detector to differentiate the set of objects appearing in the image from a background of the image and an image divider to divide the image into the set of frames. Additionally, an information estimator estimates the amount of information associated with each frame. The amount of information associated with each frame can be based on a first number of pixels representing the objects in each frame and a second number of pixels representing the background in the each frame. In some example remote monitors, the frame packager includes a prioritizer to identify at least some of the subset of frames as being priority frames based on the estimated amount of information associated with each of the subset of frames. An example puncturing tool removes pixels from the priority frames and an order generator generates an order in which the priority frames are to be transmitted to a remote base station. In yet further examples, a data embedder appends data to the priority frames before transmission of the priority frames to the remote base station. In some examples, the order generator uses a seed value to generate the order and the data embedder appends the seed value to the priority frames. In still further examples, the remote monitor includes a battery to power the remote monitor and a battery monitor to determine a state of charge of the battery. The state of the charge of the battery is to be transmitted to the transceiver. 
     Example tangible machine readable storage medium including instructions are also disclosed herein. Some such example instructions, when executed, cause a machine to, based on the rate of change of an amount of activity occurring within a field of interest, adjust an image capture rate at which an image sensor captures images of the field of interest. In addition, the instructions cause the machine to reduce a file size of a difference image illustrating changes occurring in the field of interest between a first time and a second time and prioritize each of a set of frames based on a quality of information contained in each frame. The set of frames together form the image. Instructions additionally cause the machine to package at least some of the frames for transmission to a remote transceiver based on a priority assigned to each frame. 
     Example instructions further cause the machine to determine the rate of change of the amount of activity occurring within the field of interest by generating the difference image. The difference image is generated by subtracting a first image taken at the first time from a second image taken at the second time. In some examples, the instructions cause the machine to increase the image capture rate when the amount of activity in the field of interest between the first time and the second time exceeds a threshold. In some examples, the instructions cause the machine to reduce the file size of the difference image by removing a first set of details from the difference image while retaining a second set of details in the difference image. Further example instructions cause the machine to determine the quality of information contained in each frame by comparing a first number of pixels representing an object appearing in the frame to a second number of pixels representing a background appearing in the frame. 
     Some example instructions cause the machine to package the frames selected for transmission to the remote transceiver by reducing the size of the frames selected for transmission by removing selected pixels from the frames selected for transmission, arranging the frames selected for transmission in a random order, and appending information to the frames selected for transmission. Further instructions cause the machine to determine a state of charge of a battery, and append information identifying the state of charge to the frames selected for transmission. 
     Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.