Patent Publication Number: US-2023146664-A1

Title: KINETICALLY ENHANCED ENGINEERED FnCas9 AND ITS USES THEREOF

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 111(a) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/853,353, filed Jun. 29, 2022, which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Indian Patent Application No. 202111029109, filed Jun. 29, 2021, both of which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The contents of the electronic sequence listing having file name EnFnCas9-CSIR0078NA.xml (701,842 bytes), created Oct. 25, 2022, is incorporated herein by reference. The nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard abbreviations as defined in 37 C.F.R. § 1.822. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure provides a kinetically enhanced engineered fncas9 and a method for gene editing using the engineered Cas9 protein obtained from  Francisella novicida . This engineered version of FnCas9 (enFnCas9) has a faster kinetics, stronger binding and a broader PAM binding specificity compared to wild type FnCas9 which widens the use of CRISPR-Cas for gene targeting. The applications of enFnCas9 are diverse and have potential impact for advancements in the following but not limited to these settings: health sector, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, biotechnology, and food sector. 
     BACKGROUND 
     CRISPR-Cas system has revolutionized the gene editing technology making it easier to dissect out molecular pathways, understanding functions by controlling expression and correcting mutations with a potential to treat multiple genetic diseases. The major limitations of the CRISPR-Cas system include the off-target effects and the limitation of targeting being restricted by the requirement of a specific PAM sequence. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to an engineered Cas9 protein from  Francisella novicida  (FnCas9) that has enhanced kinetic activity. The engineered Cas9 has higher activity on a polynucleotide with respect to binding and cleavage of the target. The engineered variant will also have a very high specificity to mismatches in the target making it suitable for fields such as but not limited to therapeutic genome editing, disease diagnosis and genome regulation. The higher kinetic activity of the engineered protein will enable editing of nucleotide loci previously inaccessible to the enzyme. 
     The principal objective of this disclosure is to provide a kinetically enhanced engineered fncas9. 
     Another objective of this disclosure is to provide a method for gene editing using the engineered Cas9 protein obtained from  Francisella novicida  and develop a highly precise, efficient, and PAM-flexible gene editing method. 
     Another objective of this disclosure is to provide use of the gene editing tools to correct pathogenic mutations inside eukaryotic cells. 
     Another objective of this disclosure is to use the gene editing method for modifying nucleic acids under in vivo conditions. 
     Another objective of this disclosure is to use the method for detecting the presence of pathogenic nucleotide sequences. 
     Another objective of this disclosure is to use the method for discriminating between two similar nucleotide sequences. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1   : In-vitro cleavage activities of Wild-type (WT) FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) with sgRNA bearing 20-24-nt long guide-RNA (sg20-24, SEQ ID NOS:198-202). Cleavage activity is shown by percent cleavage (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis). 
         FIG.  2   : Crystal structure of FnCas9 (PDB: 5B20) with highlighted WED-PI domain. WED-PI domain is zoomed in to show amino acid residues changed for engineering purposes. 
         FIG.  3   : Bar Plot of percent cleavage (y-axis) vs time (x-axis) showing the in vitro cleavage screening of FnCas9 (WT) and enFn variants (SEQ ID NOS:1-50) using GGG PAM containing DNA substrate expressed as cleavage percentage for 0.5 and 1 min. 
         FIG.  4   : Crystal structure of FnCas9 (PDB: 5B2O) showing amino acid positions of chosen FnCas9 variants from in-vitro cleavage screening assay. The WED-PI domain is highlighted by a dotted circle. 
         FIG.  5   : Coomassie gel showing purified FnCas9 (Seq ID No. 1) and enFnCas9 protein variants (SEQ ID NOS:2-5, 16, 31, 40, 47) used in the study. 
         FIG.  6   : In vitro cleavage assay of FnCas9 (Seq ID No.1) and a subset of nine enFnCas9 variants (SEQ ID NOS:2-5, 16, 31, 40, 47) on GGG PAM containing PCR linearized DNA substrate expressed as percentage cleavage (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis). Error bars represent SD (three independent experiments). 
         FIG.  7   : Sequence logos showing the results obtained after PAM discovery assay for WT and enFn variants (SEQ ID NOS:1, 16, 31, 34, 40). Bases showing up in the logos represent the preference of the PAM bases recognition by Cas9. 
         FIG.  8   : Bar Plot of percent cleavage (y-axis) vs time (x-axis) showing the in vitro cleavage screening of FnCas9 (WT) and enFn variants (SEQ ID NOS:30, 31, 33-40, 42-47) using GGA PAM containing DNA substrate. 
         FIG.  9   : Bar plot showing in vitro cleavage assay using GGA PAM containing DNA substrate expressed as cleavage percentage (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis). Error bars represent SD (three independent experiments). 
         FIG.  10   : Structural models showing interaction between substituted amino acids and PAM duplex. Interactions of en1 (E1369R, SEQ ID NO:2) and en15 (E1603H, SEQ ID NO:16) are shown. 
         FIG.  11   : Structural models showing interaction between substituted amino acids and PAM duplex. Interaction of en4 (G1243T, SEQ ID NO:5) with +1 Phosphate group. 
         FIG.  12   : Structural models showing interaction between substituted amino acids and PAM duplex. Interactions of en31 (E1369R/E1603H/G1243T, SEQ ID NO:31) with PAM duplex and PLL loop. 
         FIGS.  13 A and  13 B : Bar plots showing the in vitro cleavage outcome of FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1), en1 (SEQ ID NO:2), en15 (SEQ ID NO:16) and en31 (SEQ ID NO:31) on HBB and its mutant substrates (SEQ ID NOS:283, 284). Each substrate is harbouring a single mutation (position is indicated by counting away from PAM) across the target length. 25 nM of DNA substrates was incubated with respective 100 nM RNPs for 15 min at 37° C. 
         FIGS.  14 A,  14 B, and  14 C : Micro Scale Thermophoresis results showing affinity of WT dFnCas9GFP and variants to VEGFA3 DNA substrate, expressed as fraction bound (y-axis) as a function of varying concentrations of DNA substrate (x-axis) Seq ID No. 281, 282. 
         FIG.  15   : INDEL events as percent editing in HEK293T cells by respective Cas9s on EMX1, HBB and RUNX1 loci and respective off-targets (OTs). SEQ ID NOS:285-300. Error bars represent SEM (three independent experiments). 
         FIG.  16   : Micro Scale Thermophoresis result showing the comparative binding affinity between FnCas9 and en15 on VEGFA3 substrate DNA (SEQ ID NOS:281, 282). Data is represented as a fraction bound RNP (y-axis) with respect to purified DNA substrate (Molar units M, x-axis). Error bars represent SD (three independent experiments). Indel events (expressed in percentage) as obtained from amplicon sequencing upon targeting FANCF locus in HEK293T cells (SEQ ID NOS:297-300). Untransfected cells serve as control. Error bars represent SEM (three independent experiments). 
         FIG.  17   : REC2 truncation (using SEQ ID NOS:275, 276) retains activity and specificity of enFnCas9 variants. (A) Schematics of FnCas9 domain organization with partial REC2 deletion. (B) Crystal structure of FnCas9 in complex with DNA and RNA (PDB: 52B0) is shown in ribbon model with space fill overlay. Truncated REC2 domain (AS112-A297) is highlighted in red and marked by a dotted circle. (C) Bar plot showing in vitro cleavage efficiency of en1 (SEQ ID NO:2), FnCas9ΔREC2 and en1ΔREC2 (SEQ ID NO:51) on GGG PAM containing DNA substrate. The 5 nM DNA substrate was incubated with 100 nM RNPs for 1 hr at 37° C. Error bars represent SD (three independent experiments). Student&#39;s unpaired t-test p-values are represented for **&lt;0.01, ***&lt;0.001. (D) Outcome of lateral flow assay (LFA) for SCD detection by FELUDA using en1ΔREC2. Corresponding TOPSE values are given at the bottom. 
         FIG.  18   : (A) Control subtracted A&gt;G base substitution percentage as obtained from amplicon sequencing upon targeting EMX1 (using) in HEK293T cells by Fn-ABE and en31-ABE (SEQ ID NO:129). (B) Control subtracted A&gt;G base substitution percentage as obtained from amplicon sequencing (SEQ ID NOS:301, 302) upon targeting—111 HBG1/2 promoter (using SEQ ID NOS:212, 213) responsible for recreating Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) in HEK293T cells by en31-ABE. 
         FIG.  19   : Control subtracted C&gt;T base substitution percentage as obtained from amplicon sequencing (using SEQ ID NOS:303, 304) upon targeting BCL11A enhancer by two different gRNAs (sg1 and sg2; SEQ ID NOS:214, 215) in HEK293T cells for respective Cas9-CBEs. 
         FIG.  20   : Ex-vivo method for gene editing. Patient derived iPSCs are cultured. Proliferated cells after incubation are exposed to the CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. The complex induces double-strand DNA breaks in the targeted genomic region. The modification is corrected via the natural DNA-repair mechanisms. Successfully treated cells are then processed as per clinical standards. For example, in case of a hemoglobin disorder, CD34+ HSCs are isolated and cultured in appropriate media such as TeSR, DMEM under defined incubation conditions. Following expansion of cells, electroporation is conducted creating pores in the cell membrane through which CRISPR/Cas9 complex can be introduced. This complex will target the sequence in the gene to be edited and make desired cuts. Repair mechanisms such as HDR or NHEJ will support correction. Once expressed, successfully edited cells will undergo expansion and will be introduced again to the recipient following clinically approved practices. 
         FIG.  21   : In-vivo method for gene editing. The patient is introduced the CRISPR-Cas9 construct, specifically designed to target the gene to be edited via the AAV vector. The complex after associating with the targeted cells could result in desired transgene expression. A downstream follow-up of symptom-reversal or desired phenotype via correct protein formation in the patient can be observed while adhering to clinically approved practices. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments herein are directed to ribonucleoprotein complexes for gene editing, to variants including the ribonucleoprotein complexes, to methods for gene editing by the ribonucleoprotein complex, to methods for base editing by the ribonucleoprotein complex, and to kits for gene editing including the ribonucleoprotein complexes. 
     Ribonucleoprotein complexes comprise or consist of (a) an engineered FnCas9 protein effector selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:2-197; and (b) a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA), comprising: a crispr RNA (crRNA), wherein the crRNA is transcribed in vitro using a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:198-215, and a trans-activating crispr RNA (tracrRNA) having SEQ ID NO:305. 
     In non-limiting examples, the ribonucleoprotein complex may be bound to a PAM sequence selected from the group consisting of NGG, NGA, GGA, and GGG. 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO:2. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:2 has a point mutation, such that a glutamic acid (glu; E) at amino acid position 1369 of wild type FnCas9 is replaced by arginine (arg; R). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO:3. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:3 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1449 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by histidine (his; H). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is ID NO:4. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:4 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1369 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by arginine (arg; R) and at amino acid position 1449 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid is replaced by histidine. 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO:5. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:5 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1243 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glycine (gly; G) is replaced by threonine (thr; T). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO:16. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:16 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1603 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by histidine (his; H). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO: 31. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:31 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1369 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by arginine (arg; R), and at amino acid position 1449 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by histidine (his; H), and at amino acid position 1243 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glycine (gly; G) is replaced by threonine (thr; T). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO:40. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:40 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1369 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by arginine (arg; R) and at position 1243 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glycine (gly; G) is replaced by threonine (thr; T). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is SEQ ID NO:47. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequence having SEQ ID NO:47 has a point mutation, such that at amino acid position 1603 of wild type FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) a glutamic acid (glu; E) is replaced by histidine (his; H), and at amino acid position 1243 of wild type FnCas9a (SEQ ID NO:1) glycine (gly; G) is replaced by threonine (thr; T). 
     In non-limiting examples, the engineered FnCas9 protein effector of the ribonucleoprotein complex is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:51-99. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector sequences having SEQ ID NOS:51-99 have a REC2 deletion. 
     Example variants comprise a ribonucleoprotein complex, as described herein, where the ribonucleoprotein complex is bound to a PAM sequence selected from the group consisting of NGG, NGA, GGA, and GGG. 
     Methods for gene editing by the ribonucleoprotein complexes described herein include delivering the engineered FnCas9 protein effector to living cells. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector may be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:2-99. The methods for gene editing further include breaking DNA at a genetic target using the sgRNA, where the crRNA is transcribed with a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:198-211. The methods for gene editing further include sealing the break by repair machinery of the cell, optionally comprising a repair DNA template. 
     Methods for base editing by the ribonucleoprotein complexes described herein include delivering the engineered FnCas9 protein effector to living cells. The engineered FnCas9 protein effector is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:100-197. The methods for base editing further include modifying a target base using the sgRNA, where the crRNA is transcribed with a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:212-215, and wherein modifying the target base is accomplished without breaking the DNA. 
     Kits for gene editing, according to embodiments herein, may comprise or consist of (a) an engineered FnCas9 protein effector selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:2-197; and (b) a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA). The sgRNA comprises or consists of a crispr RNA (crRNA), wherein the crRNA is transcribed in vitro using a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:198-215, and a trans-activating crispr RNA (tracrRNA) having SEQ ID NO:305. The kits may further include a Homology Directed Repair (HDR) template. The kits may further include at least one buffer or buffer solution suitable for performing a gene editing using the components of the kit in combination. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are given by way of illustration and therefore should not be constructed to limit the scope of the present disclosure or the appended claims. 
     All materials reported in this disclosure have been synthesized in lab, no biological materials in its natural form have been used. 
     Example 1 
     Plasmid Construction for Engineering FnCas9 
     Point mutations and deletions were done by inverse PCR method on FnCas9 (SEQ ID NO:1) cloned in pE-Sumo vector backbone (LifeSensors) (Hirano et al., 2016) where changes were made on the forward primer and the entire plasmid and amplified ( FIGS.  2 , 4 , and  10 - 12   ). The variants generated are shown in TABLE 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fn variants 
                 Amino acid position 
                 Primers used for SDM 
                 amino acid change 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 en1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
                 1369 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216 and 217 
                 E &gt; R 
               
               
                 en2 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                 1449 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 218 and 219 
                 E &gt; H 
               
               
                 en3 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
                 1369, 1449 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216 to 220 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H 
               
               
                 en4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
                 1243 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 221 and 222 
                 G &gt; T 
               
               
                 en5 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
                 1369 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 222 and 223 
                 E &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en6 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
                 1392 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 224 and 225 
                 G &gt; R 
               
               
                 en7 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
                 1392 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 225 and 226 
                 G &gt; K 
               
               
                 en8 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
                 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 227 and 228 
                 N &gt; R 
               
               
                 en9 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
                 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 228 and 229 
                 N &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en10 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
                 1451_1452 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 230 and 231 
                 ins V 
               
               
                 en11 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
                 1473 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 232 and 233 
                 S &gt; T 
               
               
                 en12 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
                 1553 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 234 and 235 
                 N &gt; V 
               
               
                 en13 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
                 1586 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 236 and 237 
                 Y &gt; H 
               
               
                 en14 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
                 1586 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 237 and 238 
                 Y &gt; R 
               
               
                 en15 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
                 1603 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239 and 240 
                 E &gt; H 
               
               
                 en17 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
                 1369, 1449, 1556 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 241 and 242 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H, R &gt; T 
               
               
                 en18 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
                 1233 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 243 and 244 
                 F &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en19 (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
                 1475 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 245 and 246 
                 A &gt; F 
               
               
                 en20 (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
                 1499 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 247 and 248 
                 S &gt; H 
               
               
                 en21 (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
                 1580 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 249 and 250 
                 S &gt; R 
               
               
                 en22 (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
                 1583 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 251 and 252 
                 K &gt; R 
               
               
                 en23 (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
                 1609 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 253 and 254 
                 K &gt; V 
               
               
                 en24 (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
                 1609 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 254 and 255 
                 K &gt; S 
               
               
                 en25 (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
                 1609 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 254 and 256 
                 K &gt; N 
               
               
                 en26 (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
                 1605 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 257 and 258 
                 S &gt; F 
               
               
                 en27 (SEQ ID NO: 27) 
                 1605 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 258 and 259 
                 S &gt; R 
               
               
                 en28 (SEQ ID NO: 28) 
                 1386_1387 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 260 and 261 
                 ins RR 
               
               
                 en29 (SEQ ID NO: 29) 
                 1586, 1603 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 236, 237, 239 and 240 
                 Y &gt; H, E &gt; H 
               
               
                 en30 (SEQ ID NO: 30) 
                 1392, 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 226, 227, 229 and 230 
                 G &gt; K, N &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en31 (SEQ ID NO: 31) 
                 1369, 1449, 1243 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216 to 222 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H, G &gt; T 
               
               
                 en32 (SEQ ID NO: 32) 
                 1369, 1449, 1392 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216 to 219, 225 and 226 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H, G &gt; K 
               
               
                 en33 (SEQ ID NO: 33) 
                 1369, 1449, 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216 to 219, 228 and 229 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H, N &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en34 (SEQ ID NO: 34) 
                 1369, 1603 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 239 and 240 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H 
               
               
                 en35 (SEQ ID NO: 35) 
                 1369, 1392 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 225 and 226 
                 E &gt; R, G &gt; K 
               
               
                 en36 (SEQ ID NO: 36) 
                 1369, 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 227 and 228 
                 E &gt; R, N &gt; R 
               
               
                 en37 (SEQ ID NO: 37) 
                 1369, 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 228 and 229 
                 E &gt; R, N &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en38 (SEQ ID NO: 38) 
                 1369, 1475 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 244 and 245 
                 E &gt; R, A &gt; F 
               
               
                 en39 (SEQ ID NO: 39) 
                 1369, 1580 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 249 and 250 
                 E &gt; R, S &gt; R 
               
               
                 en40 (SEQ ID NO: 40) 
                 1369, 1243 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 221 and 222 
                 E &gt; R, G &gt; T 
               
               
                 en41 (SEQ ID NO: 41) 
                 1369, 1556 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216, 217, 225 and 226 
                 E &gt; R, R &gt; Q 
               
               
                 en42 (SEQ ID NO: 42) 
                 1603, 1392 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 225 and 226 
                 E &gt; H, G &gt; K 
               
               
                 en43 (SEQ ID NO: 43) 
                 1603, 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 227 and 228 
                 E &gt; H, N &gt; R 
               
               
                 en44 (SEQ ID NO: 44) 
                 1603, 1448 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 228 and 229 
                 E &gt; H, N &gt; Y 
               
               
                 en45 (SEQ ID NO: 45) 
                 1603, 1475 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 245 and 246 
                 E &gt; H, A &gt; F 
               
               
                 en46 (SEQ ID NO: 46) 
                 1603, 1580 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 239 and 250 
                 E &gt; H, S &gt; R 
               
               
                 en47 (SEQ ID NO: 47) 
                 1603, 1243 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 221 and 222 
                 E &gt; H, G &gt; T 
               
               
                 en48 (SEQ ID NO: 48) 
                 1603, 1556 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 239, 240, 242 and 262 
                 E &gt; H, R &gt; Q 
               
               
                 en49 (SEQ ID NO: 49) 
                 1556 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 242 and 262 
                 R &gt; Q 
               
               
                 en50 (SEQ ID NO: 50) 
                 1369, 1449, 1556 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 216 to 219, 242 and 262 
                 E &gt; R, E &gt; H, R &gt; Q 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Point mutations on synthetically constructed pET-His6-dFnCas9GFP backbone and PX458-3xHA-FnCas9 backbone (Addgene 130969) was done by essentially following the method described in (Acharya et al., 2019). Mammalian specific sequences were generated using SEQ ID NOS:263-274. FnCas9 truncations shown in  FIG.  17   , parts A and B (SEQ ID NOS:51-99) were generated using SEQ ID NO:275 and SEQ ID NO:276. Fn/enFnCas9 base editors were also synthetically constructed and cloned in PX458-3xHA-FnCas9 backbone (SEQ ID NOS:100-197). 
     Example 2 
     Cas9 Protein and sgRNA Purification [PK1] 
     The proteins used in this study were purified as reported previously (Nishimasu et al., 2018; Acharya et al., 2019) Briefly, plasmids for Cas9 from  Francisella novicida  were expressed in  Escherichia coli  Rosetta2 (DE3) (Novagen). The protein expressing Rosetta2 (DE3) cells were cultured at 37° C. in LB medium (supplemented with 50 mg/L kanamycin) until OD 600  reached 0.6 and protein expression was induced by addition of 0.5 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). 
     The Rosetta2 (DE3) cells (DSS Takara) were further cultured at 18° C. overnight and harvested by centrifugation. The  E. coli  cells were resuspended in buffer A (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 20 mM imidazole, and 1 M NaCl), and lysed by sonication and centrifuged. The lysate was mixed with Ni-NTA beads (Roche), the mixture was loaded into a Poly-Prep Column (BioRad) and the protein was eluted by buffer B (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.3 M imidazole, and 0.3 M NaCl). The affinity eluted protein was mixed with ion-exchange beads (SP Sepharose Fast Flow, GE Healthcare) equilibrated with buffer C (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 0.15 M NaCl) and the protein was eluted by buffer D (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 1 M NaCl). The concentration of purified protein was measured by Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The purified proteins were stored at −80° C. until further use. Some of the purified FnCas9/en FnCas9 variant proteins (SEQ ID NOS:1-50) can be seen on polyacrylamide gel in  FIG.  5   . 
     In vitro transcribed sgRNAs were synthesized using MegaScript T7 Transcription kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using T7 promoter containing template as substrates. IVT reactions were incubated overnight at 37° C. followed by NucAway spin column (Thermo Fisher Scientific) purification as described earlier (Acharya et al., 2019). IVT sgRNAs were stored at −20° C. until further use. Primers used SEQ ID NOS:198-202, 277. 
     Example 3 
     In Vitro Cleavage (IVC) Assay 
     For kinetic study, the pUC119 plasmid (Nureki lab, Japan) containing the target sequence and the respective PAM sequence (generated by PCR based cloning) (mentioned in respective legends) was used as the substrate for in vitro cleavage experiments. The linearized pUC119 plasmid (50 ng or ˜5 nM) was incubated at 37° C. for 0.5-5 min with the Cas9-sgRNA complex (50 nM) in 10 μL of reaction buffer, containing 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM DTT, and 5% glycerol. 
     The reaction was stopped by the addition of quenching buffer, containing EDTA (20 mM nal concentration) and Proteinase K (40 ng). The reaction products were resolved, visualized, and quantified with a MultiNA microchip electrophoresis device (SHIMADZU) (Nishimasu et al., 2018).  FIGS.  1 ,  3 ,  6 - 9 , and  13    illustrate some of the IVC experiments performed for the screening of guide RNAs, enFnCas9 variants, and PAM flexibility. 
     Rest of the IVC assays were done as described earlier (Acharya et al., 2019). Details of substrates, concentrations, and incubation time are mentioned in respective figure legends. 
     Example 4 
     PAM Discovery Assay 
     The PAM discovery assays ( FIG.  7   ) were performed, as previously described (Nishimasu et al., 2018). Briefly, a library of pUC119 plasmids containing eight randomized nucleotides downstream of the target sequence was incubated at 37° C. for 5 min with the FnCas9-sgRNA complex (50 nM), in 50 μL of the reaction buffer. The reactions were quenched by the addition of Proteinase K, and then purified using a Wizard DNA Clean-Up System (Promega). The purified DNA samples were amplified for 25 cycles, using primers containing common adapter sequences. After column purification, each PCR product (˜5 ng) was subjected to a second round of PCR for 15 cycles, to add custom Illumina TruSeq adapters and sample indices. 
     The sequencing libraries were quantified by qPCR (KAPA Biosystems), and then subjected to paired-end sequencing on a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina) with 20% PhiX spike-in (Illumina). The sequencing reads were demultiplexed by primer sequences and sample indices, using NCBI Blast+ (version 2.8.1) with the blastn-short option. For each sequencing sample, the number of reads for every possible 8-nt PAM sequence pattern (4 8 =65,536 patterns in total) was counted and normalized by the total number of reads in each sample. For a given PAM sequence, the enrichment score was calculated as log 2-fold enrichment as compared to the untreated sample. PAM sequences with enrichment scores of −2.0 or less were used to generate the sequence logo representation, using WebLogo (version 3.7.1). 
     Example 5 
     Binding Assay 
     Micro Scale Thermophoresis ( FIGS.  14 A,  14 B,  14 C, and  16   ) was performed as described previously (Acharya et al., 2019). Briefly, dFnCas9-GFP protein was complexed with PAGE purified respective IVT sgRNAs (purified by 12% Urea-PAGE). The binding affinities of the Cas9 proteins and sgRNA RNP complexes were calculated using Monolith NT. 115 (NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany). RNP complex (Protein:sgRNA molar ratio, 1:1) was reconstituted at 25 for 10 mins in reaction buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM KCl, 1 mM DTT, 10 mM MgCl 2 ) HPLC purified 30 bp dsDNA (IDT) of different genomic loci with varying concentrations (ranging from 0.09 nM to 30 μM) were incubated with RNP complex at 37° C. temperature for 30 minutes in reaction buffer. The sample was loaded into NanoTemper standard treated capillaries and measurements were performed at 25° C. using 20% LED power and 40% MST power. Data analyses were done using NanoTemper analysis software. Oligos are SEQ ID NO:281 and SEQ ID NO:282. 
     Example 6 
     In Cellulo Genome Editing Analysis 
     HEK293T cells (ATCC) were grown in DMEM media supplemented with high glucose (Invitrogen), 2 mM GlutaMax, 10% FBS (Invitrogen), 1×antibiotic and antimycotic (Invitrogen) at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 . Transfections of mammalian cells were performed using Lipofectamine 3000 Reagent (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 48 hrs post-transfection GFP-positive cells were FACS sorted (BD FACS Melody Cell Sorter) and gDNA was isolated (Lucigen QuickExtract Extraction solution). 
     The respective loci were PCR amplified using forward and reverse primers containing overhang adapter sequences using Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher). The 16S Metagenomic sequencing library preparation protocol was adapted for library preparation. Briefly, AMPure XP beads (A63881, Beckman Coulter) were used to separate out amplicons from free primers and primer dimers. 
     Dual indexing was done using Nextera XT V2 index kit followed by another round of bead-based purification. The libraries were quantified using a Qubit dsDNA HS Assay kit (Invitrogen, Q32853) and 1 μL was run on a Bioanalyzer (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer) for quality check. Libraries were normalized, pooled and were loaded onto illumina MiniSeq platform for a 150-bp paired-end sequencing run ( FIGS.  15 ,  18 , and  19   ). 
     Example 7 
     Method of Gene Editing 
     As mentioned in Example 6, a kit for gene editing can be prepared using the following to perform ex vivo ( FIGS.  20  and  21   ):
         1. Cas9 effector.   2. single-guide(sg)RNA or dual crRNA:tracrRNA dissolved in nuclease free water (NFW).   3. Homology Directed Repair (HDR) template dissolved in NFW if nuclease in ‘1’ is used.   4. NFW is present if DNA is used in ‘1’.   5. 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 is present if mRNA is used in ‘1’.   6. Protein storage buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM KCl, 10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT) is present if protein is used in ‘1’.       

     Thus, the present disclosure provides, among other features:
         1. An engineered FnCas9 variant having higher specificity owing to its stable binding to DNA and undetectable off-target editing;   2. The broader PAM recognition widening the scope of FnCas9 variant for targeting sequences that the wild type enzyme cannot recognize; and   3. Engineered FnCas9 variants and derivatives ensuring that both double strand-break based editing as well as break-free editing works with high efficiency inside cells.       

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