Patent Publication Number: US-11647516-B2

Title: Transport block size (TBS) determination in full-dimension multiple-input multiple-output (FD MIMO) networks

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/933,700, filed Jul. 20, 2020, entitled “Transport Block Size (TBS) Determination in Full-Dimension Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (FD MIMO) Networks”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/371,970, filed Apr. 1, 2019, entitled “Transport Block Size (TBS) Determination in Full-Dimension Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (FD MIMO) Networks” (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,736,132), which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/653,971, filed Apr. 6, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/659,548, filed Apr. 18, 2018, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     The claims in the instant application are different than those of the parent application or other related applications. The Applicant therefore rescinds any disclaimer of claim scope made in the parent application or any predecessor application in relation to the instant application. The Examiner is therefore advised that any such previous disclaimer and the cited references that it was made to avoid, may need to be revisited. Further, any disclaimer made in the instant application should not be read into or against the parent application or other related applications. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments relate to cellular communication networks including 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) networks, 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks, 3GPP LTE-A (LTE Advanced) networks, New Radio (NR) networks, and 5G networks, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. Some embodiments relate to transport blocks. Some embodiments relate to full-dimension multiple-input multiple-output (FD MIMO) communication. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Efficient use of the resources of a wireless network is important to provide bandwidth and acceptable response times to the users of the wireless network. However, often there are many devices trying to share the same resources and some devices may be limited by the communication protocol they use or by their hardware bandwidth. Moreover, wireless devices may need to operate with both newer protocols and with legacy device protocols. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  is a functional diagram of an example network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  1 B  is a functional diagram of another example network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a block diagram of an example machine in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a user device in accordance with some aspects; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a base station in accordance with some aspects; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an exemplary communication circuitry according to some aspects; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a radio frame structure in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  7 A  and  FIG.  7 B  illustrate example frequency resources in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates the operation of another method of communication in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates example elements in accordance with some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  11    illustrates example operations in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a functional diagram of an example network in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG.  1 B  is a functional diagram of another example network in accordance with some embodiments. In references herein, “ FIG.  1   ” may include  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  1 B . In some embodiments, the network  100  may be a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network. In some embodiments, the network  150  may be a 3GPP network. In a non-limiting example, the network  150  may be a new radio (NR) network. It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to usage of 3GPP networks, however, as other networks may be used in some embodiments. As an example, a Fifth Generation (5G) network may be used in some cases. As another example, a New Radio (NR) network may be used in some cases. As another example, a wireless local area network (WLAN) may be used in some cases. Embodiments are not limited to these example networks, however, as other networks may be used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a network may include one or more components shown in  FIG.  1 A . Some embodiments may not necessarily include all components shown in  FIG.  1 A , and some embodiments may include additional components not shown in  FIG.  1 A . In some embodiments, a network may include one or more components shown in  FIG.  1 B . Some embodiments may not necessarily include all components shown in  FIG.  1 B , and some embodiments may include additional components not shown in  FIG.  1 B . In some embodiments, a network may include one or more components shown in  FIG.  1 A  and one or more components shown in  FIG.  1 B . In some embodiments, a network may include one or more components shown in  FIG.  1 A , one or more components shown in  FIG.  1 B  and one or more additional components. 
     The network  100  may comprise a radio access network (RAN)  101  and the core network  120  (e.g., shown as an evolved packet core (EPC)) coupled together through an S1 interface  115 . For convenience and brevity sake, only a portion of the core network  120 , as well as the RAN  101 , is shown. In a non-limiting example, the RAN  101  may be an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). In another non-limiting example, the RAN  101  may include one or more components of a New Radio (NR) network. In another non-limiting example, the RAN  101  may include one or more components of an E-UTRAN and one or more components of another network (including but not limited to an NR network). 
     The core network  120  may include a mobility management entity (MME)  122 , a serving gateway (serving GW)  124 , and packet data network gateway (PDN GW)  126 . In some embodiments, the network  100  may include (and/or support) one or more Evolved Node-B&#39;s (eNBs)  104  (which may operate as base stations) for communicating with User Equipment (UE)  102 . The eNBs  104  may include macro eNBs and low power (LP) eNBs, in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the network  100  may include (and/or support) one or more Next Generation Node-B&#39;s (gNBs)  105 . In some embodiments, one or more eNBs  104  may be configured to operate as gNBs  105 . Embodiments are not limited to the number of eNBs  104  shown in  FIG.  1 A  or to the number of gNBs  105  shown in  FIG.  1 A . In some embodiments, the network  100  may not necessarily include eNBs  104 . Embodiments are also not limited to the connectivity of components shown in  FIG.  1 A . 
     It should be noted that references herein to an eNB  104  or to a gNB  105  are not limiting. In some embodiments, one or more operations, methods and/or techniques (such as those described herein) may be practiced by a base station component (and/or other component), including but not limited to a gNB  105 , an eNB  104 , a serving cell, a transmit receive point (TRP) and/or other. In some embodiments, the base station component may be configured to operate in accordance with a New Radio (NR) protocol and/or NR standard, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the base station component may be configured to operate in accordance with a Fifth Generation (5G) protocol and/or 5G standard, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, one or more of the UEs  102 , gNBs  105 , and/or eNBs  104  may be configured to operate in accordance with an NR protocol and/or NR techniques. References to a UE  102 , eNB  104 , and/or gNB  105  as part of descriptions herein are not limiting. For instance, descriptions of one or more operations, techniques and/or methods practiced by a gNB  105  are not limiting. In some embodiments, one or more of those operations, techniques and/or methods may be practiced by an eNB  104  and/or other base station component. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may transmit signals (data, control and/or other) to the gNB  105 , and may receive signals (data, control and/or other) from the gNB  105 . In some embodiments, the UE  102  may transmit signals (data, control and/or other) to the eNB  104 , and may receive signals (data, control and/or other) from the eNB  104 . These embodiments will be described in more detail below. 
     The MME  122  is similar in function to the control plane of legacy Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN). The MME  122  manages mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The serving GW  124  terminates the interface toward the RAN  101 , and routes data packets between the RAN  101  and the core network  120 . In addition, it may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-eNB handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The serving GW  124  and the MME  122  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. The PDN GW  126  terminates an SGi interface toward the packet data network (PDN). The PDN GW  126  routes data packets between the EPC  120  and the external PDN, and may be a key node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. It may also provide an anchor point for mobility with non-LTE accesses. The external PDN can be any kind of IP network, as well as an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) domain. The PDN GW  126  and the serving GW  124  may be implemented in one physical node or separated physical nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the eNBs  104  (macro and micro) terminate the air interface protocol and may be the first point of contact for a UE  102 . In some embodiments, an eNB  104  may fulfill various logical functions for the network  100 , including but not limited to RNC (radio network controller functions) such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In some embodiments, UEs  102  may be configured to communicate Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with an eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique. In some embodiments, eNBs  104  and/or gNBs  105  may be configured to communicate OFDM communication signals with a UE  102  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with an OFDMA communication technique. The OFDM signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     The S1 interface  115  is the interface that separates the RAN  101  and the EPC  120 . It may be split into two parts: the S1-U, which carries traffic data between the eNBs  104  and the serving GW  124 , and the S1-MME, which is a signaling interface between the eNBs  104  and the MME  122 . The X2 interface is the interface between eNBs  104 . The X2 interface comprises two parts, the X2-C and X2-U. The X2-C is the control plane interface between the eNBs  104 , while the X2-U is the user plane interface between the eNBs  104 . 
     In some embodiments, similar functionality and/or connectivity described for the eNB  104  may be used for the gNB  105 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In a non-limiting example, the S1 interface  115  (and/or similar interface) may be split into two parts: the S1-U, which carries traffic data between the gNBs  105  and the serving GW  124 , and the S1-MME, which is a signaling interface between the gNBs  104  and the MME  122 . The X2 interface (and/or similar interface) may enable communication between eNBs  104 , communication between gNBs  105  and/or communication between an eNB  104  and a gNB  105 . 
     With cellular networks, LP cells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations. As used herein, the term low power (LP) eNB refers to any suitable relatively low power eNB for implementing a narrower cell (narrower than a macro cell) such as a femtocell, a picocell, or a micro cell. Femtocell eNBs are typically provided by a mobile network operator to its residential or enterprise customers. A femtocell is typically the size of a residential gateway or smaller and generally connects to the user&#39;s broadband line. Once plugged in, the femtocell connects to the mobile operator&#39;s mobile network and provides extra coverage in a range of typically 30 to 50 meters for residential femtocells. Thus, a LP eNB might be a femtocell eNB since it is coupled through the PDN GW  126 . Similarly, a picocell is a wireless communication system typically covering a small area, such as in-building (offices, shopping malls, train stations, etc.), or more recently in-aircraft. A picocell eNB can generally connect through the X2 link to another eNB such as a macro eNB through its base station controller (BSC) functionality. Thus, LP eNB may be implemented with a picocell eNB since it is coupled to a macro eNB via an X2 interface. Picocell eNBs or other LP eNBs may incorporate some or all functionality of a macro eNB. In some cases, this may be referred to as an access point base station or enterprise femtocell. In some embodiments, various types of gNBs  105  may be used, including but not limited to one or more of the eNB types described above. 
     In some embodiments, the network  150  may include one or more components configured to operate in accordance with one or more 3GPP standards, including but not limited to an NR standard. The network  150  shown in  FIG.  1 B  may include a next generation RAN (NG-RAN)  155 , which may include one or more gNBs  105 . In some embodiments, the network  150  may include the E-UTRAN  160 , which may include one or more eNBs. The E-UTRAN  160  may be similar to the RAN  101  described herein, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the network  150  may include the MME  165 . The MME  165  may be similar to the MME  122  described herein, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. The MME  165  may perform one or more operations or functionality similar to those described herein regarding the MME  122 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the network  150  may include the SGW  170 . The SGW  170  may be similar to the SGW  124  described herein, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. The SGW  170  may perform one or more operations or functionality similar to those described herein regarding the SGW  124 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the network  150  may include component(s) and/or module(s) for functionality for a user plane function (UPF) and user plane functionality for PGW (PGW-U), as indicated by  175 . In some embodiments, the network  150  may include component(s) and/or module(s) for functionality for a session management function (SMF) and control plane functionality for PGW (PGW-C), as indicated by  180 . In some embodiments, the component(s) and/or module(s) indicated by  175  and/or  180  may be similar to the PGW  126  described herein, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. The component(s) and/or module(s) indicated by  175  and/or  180  may perform one or more operations or functionality similar to those described herein regarding the PGW  126 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. One or both of the components  170 ,  172  may perform at least a portion of the functionality described herein for the PGW  126 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     Embodiments are not limited to the number or type of components shown in  FIG.  1 B . Embodiments are also not limited to the connectivity of components shown in  FIG.  1 B . 
     In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from an eNB  104  to a UE  102 , while uplink transmission from the UE  102  to the eNB  104  may utilize similar techniques. In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from a gNB  105  to a UE  102 , while uplink transmission from the UE  102  to the gNB  105  may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid correspond to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element (RE). There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. With particular relevance to this disclosure, two of these physical downlink channels are the physical downlink shared channel and the physical down link control channel. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a block diagram of an example machine in accordance with some embodiments. The machine  200  is an example machine upon which any one or more of the techniques and/or methodologies discussed herein may be performed. In alternative embodiments, the machine  200  may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine  200  may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine  200  may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine  200  may be a UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , access point (AP), station (STA), user, device, mobile device, base station, personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations. 
     Examples as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations. In an example, the software may reside on a machine readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations. 
     Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering examples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time. 
     The machine (e.g., computer system)  200  may include a hardware processor  202  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory  204  and a static memory  206 , some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus)  208 . The machine  200  may further include a display unit  210 , an alphanumeric input device  212  (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device  214  (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit  210 , input device  212  and UI navigation device  214  may be a touch screen display. The machine  200  may additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit)  216 , a signal generation device  218  (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device  220 , and one or more sensors  221 , such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine  200  may include an output controller  228 , such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). 
     The storage device  216  may include a machine readable medium  222  on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions  224  (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions  224  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  204 , within static memory  206 , or within the hardware processor  202  during execution thereof by the machine  200 . In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor  202 , the main memory  204 , the static memory  206 , or the storage device  216  may constitute machine readable media. In some embodiments, the machine readable medium may be or may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the machine readable medium may be or may include a computer-readable storage medium. 
     While the machine readable medium  222  is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions  224 . The term “machine readable medium” may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine  200  and that cause the machine  200  to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples, machine readable media may include non-transitory machine readable media. In some examples, machine readable media may include machine readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal. 
     The instructions  224  may further be transmitted or received over a communications network  226  using a transmission medium via the network interface device  220  utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device  220  may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network  226 . In an example, the network interface device  220  may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device  220  may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine  200 , and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a user device in accordance with some aspects. In some embodiments, the user device  300  may be a mobile device. In some embodiments, the user device  300  may be or may be configured to operate as a User Equipment (UE). In some embodiments, the user device  300  may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. In some embodiments, the user device  300  may be arranged to operate in accordance with a Third Generation Partnership Protocol (3GPP) protocol. The user device  300  may be suitable for use as a UE  102  as depicted in  FIG.  1   , in some embodiments. It should be noted that in some embodiments, a UE, an apparatus of a UE, a user device or an apparatus of a user device may include one or more of the components shown in one or more of  FIGS.  2 ,  3 , and  5   . In some embodiments, such a UE, user device and/or apparatus may include one or more additional components. 
     In some aspects, the user device  300  may include an application processor  305 , baseband processor  310  (also referred to as a baseband module), radio front end module (RFEM)  315 , memory  320 , connectivity module  325 , near field communication (NFC) controller  330 , audio driver  335 , camera driver  340 , touch screen  345 , display driver  350 , sensors  355 , removable memory  360 , power management integrated circuit (PMIC)  365  and smart battery  370 . In some aspects, the user device  300  may be a User Equipment (UE). 
     In some aspects, application processor  305  may include, for example, one or more CPU cores and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as serial peripheral interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I 2 C) or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input-output (IO), memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. 
     In some aspects, baseband module  310  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board, and/or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a base station in accordance with some aspects. In some embodiments, the base station  400  may be or may be configured to operate as an Evolved Node-B (eNB). In some embodiments, the base station  400  may be or may be configured to operate as a Next Generation Node-B (gNB). In some embodiments, the base station  400  may be arranged to operate in accordance with a new radio (NR) protocol. In some embodiments, the base station  400  may be arranged to operate in accordance with a Third Generation Partnership Protocol (3GPP) protocol. It should be noted that in some embodiments, the base station  400  may be a stationary non-mobile device. The base station  400  may be suitable for use as an eNB  104  as depicted in  FIG.  1   , in some embodiments. The base station  400  may be suitable for use as a gNB  105  as depicted in  FIG.  1   , in some embodiments. It should be noted that in some embodiments, an eNB, an apparatus of an eNB, a gNB, an apparatus of a gNB, a base station and/or an apparatus of a base station may include one or more of the components shown in one or more of  FIGS.  2 ,  4 , and  5   . In some embodiments, such an eNB, gNB, base station and/or apparatus may include one or more additional components. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a base station or infrastructure equipment radio head  400  in accordance with some aspects. The base station  400  may include one or more of application processor  405 , baseband modules  410 , one or more radio front end modules  415 , memory  420 , power management circuitry  425 , power tee circuitry  430 , network controller  435 , network interface connector  440 , satellite navigation receiver module  445 , and user interface  450 . In some aspects, the base station  400  may be an Evolved Node-B (eNB), which may be arranged to operate in accordance with a 3GPP protocol, new radio (NR) protocol and/or Fifth Generation (5G) protocol. In some aspects, the base station  400  may be a Next Generation Node-B (gNB), which may be arranged to operate in accordance with a 3GPP protocol, new radio (NR) protocol and/or Fifth Generation (5G) protocol. 
     In some aspects, application processor  405  may include one or more CPU cores and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I 2 C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose IO, memory card controllers such as SD/MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. 
     In some aspects, baseband processor  410  may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. 
     In some aspects, memory  420  may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magneto-resistive random access memory (MRAM) and/or a three-dimensional cross-point memory. Memory  420  may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards. 
     In some aspects, power management integrated circuitry  425  may include one or more of voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. Power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. 
     In some aspects, power tee circuitry  430  may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the base station  400  using a single cable. In some aspects, network controller  435  may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet. Network connectivity may be provided using a physical connection which is one of electrical (commonly referred to as copper interconnect), optical or wireless. 
     In some aspects, satellite navigation receiver module  445  may include circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted by one or more navigation satellite constellations such as the global positioning system (GPS), Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS), Galileo and/or BeiDou. The receiver  445  may provide data to application processor  405  which may include one or more of position data or time data. Application processor  405  may use time data to synchronize operations with other radio base stations. In some aspects, user interface  450  may include one or more of physical or virtual buttons, such as a reset button, one or more indicators such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a display screen. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an exemplary communication circuitry according to some aspects. Circuitry  500  is alternatively grouped according to functions. Components as shown in  500  are shown here for illustrative purposes and may include other components not shown here in  FIG.  5   . In some aspects, the communication circuitry  500  may be used for millimeter wave communication, although aspects are not limited to millimeter wave communication. Communication at any suitable frequency may be performed by the communication circuitry  500  in some aspects. 
     It should be noted that a device, such as a UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , the user device  300 , the base station  400 , the machine  200  and/or other device may include one or more components of the communication circuitry  500 , in some aspects. 
     The communication circuitry  500  may include protocol processing circuitry  505 , which may implement one or more of medium access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio resource control (RRC) and non-access stratum (NAS) functions. Protocol processing circuitry  505  may include one or more processing cores (not shown) to execute instructions and one or more memory structures (not shown) to store program and data information. 
     The communication circuitry  500  may further include digital baseband circuitry  510 , which may implement physical layer (PHY) functions including one or more of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) functions, scrambling and/or descrambling, coding and/or decoding, layer mapping and/or de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol and/or bit metric determination, multi-antenna port pre-coding and/or decoding which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation and/or detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation and/or detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions. 
     The communication circuitry  500  may further include transmit circuitry  515 , receive circuitry  520  and/or antenna array circuitry  530 . The communication circuitry  500  may further include radio frequency (RF) circuitry  525 . In an aspect of the disclosure, RF circuitry  525  may include multiple parallel RF chains for one or more of transmit or receive functions, each connected to one or more antennas of the antenna array  530 . 
     In an aspect of the disclosure, protocol processing circuitry  505  may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for one or more of digital baseband circuitry  510 , transmit circuitry  515 , receive circuitry  520 , and/or radio frequency circuitry  525 . 
     In some embodiments, processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein and/or other operation(s). In a non-limiting example, the processing circuitry may include one or more components such as the processor  202 , application processor  305 , baseband module  310 , application processor  405 , baseband module  410 , protocol processing circuitry  505 , digital baseband circuitry  510 , similar component(s) and/or other component(s). 
     In some embodiments, a transceiver may transmit one or more elements (including but not limited to those described herein) and/or receive one or more elements (including but not limited to those described herein). In a non-limiting example, the transceiver may include one or more components such as the radio front end module  315 , radio front end module  415 , transmit circuitry  515 , receive circuitry  520 , radio frequency circuitry  525 , similar component(s) and/or other component(s). 
     One or more antennas (such as  230 ,  312 ,  412 ,  530  and/or others) may comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, one or more of the antennas (such as  230 ,  312 ,  412 ,  530  and/or others) may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , user device  300 , base station  400 , machine  200  and/or other device described herein may be a mobile device and/or portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a wearable device such as a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or other device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly. In some embodiments, the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , user device  300 , base station  400 , machine  200  and/or other device described herein may be configured to operate in accordance with 3GPP standards, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , user device  300 , base station  400 , machine  200  and/or other device described herein may be configured to operate in accordance with new radio (NR) standards, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , user device  300 , base station  400 , machine  200  and/or other device described herein may be configured to operate according to other protocols or standards, including IEEE 802.11 or other IEEE standards. In some embodiments, the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , user device  300 , base station  400 , machine  200  and/or other device described herein may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen. 
     Although the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , user device  300 , base station  400 , machine  200  and/or other device described herein may each be illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements. 
     Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. Some embodiments may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device. 
     It should be noted that in some embodiments, an apparatus of the UE  102 , eNB  104 , gNB  105 , machine  200 , user device  300  and/or base station  400  may include various components shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5   . Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the UE  102  may be applicable to an apparatus of a UE. In addition, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the eNB  104  may be applicable to an apparatus of an eNB. In addition, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the gNB  105  may be applicable to an apparatus of a gNB. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a radio frame structure in accordance with some embodiments.  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B  illustrate example frequency resources in accordance with some embodiments. In references herein, “ FIG.  7   ” may include  FIG.  7 A  and  FIG.  7 B . It should be noted that the examples shown in  FIGS.  6 - 7    may illustrate some or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in some cases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering, arrangement and/or other aspects of the time resources, symbol periods, frequency resources, PRBs and other elements as shown in  FIGS.  6 - 7   . Although some of the elements shown in the examples of  FIGS.  6 - 7    may be included in a 3GPP LTE standard, 5G standard, NR standard and/or other standard, embodiments are not limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards. 
     An example of a radio frame structure that may be used in some aspects is shown in  FIG.  6   . In this example, radio frame  600  has a duration of 10 ms. Radio frame  600  is divided into slots  602  each of duration 0.5 ms, and numbered from 0 to 19. Additionally, each pair of adjacent slots  602  numbered 2i and 2i+1, where i is an integer, is referred to as a subframe  601 . 
     In some aspects using the radio frame format of  FIG.  6   , each subframe  601  may include a combination of one or more of downlink control information, downlink data information, uplink control information and uplink data information. The combination of information types and direction may be selected independently for each subframe  602 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B , in some aspects, a sub-component of a transmitted signal consisting of one subcarrier in the frequency domain and one symbol interval in the time domain may be termed a resource element. Resource elements may be depicted in a grid form as shown in  FIG.  7 A  and  FIG.  7 B . 
     In some aspects, illustrated in  FIG.  7 A , resource elements may be grouped into rectangular resource blocks  700  consisting of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and the P symbols in the time domain, where P may correspond to the number of symbols contained in one slot, and may be 6, 7, or any other suitable number of symbols. 
     In some alternative aspects, illustrated in  FIG.  7 B , resource elements may be grouped into resource blocks  700  consisting of 12 subcarriers (as indicated by  702 ) in the frequency domain and one symbol in the time domain. In the depictions of  FIG.  7 A  and  FIG.  7 B , each resource element  705  may be indexed as (k, 1) where k is the index number of subcarrier, in the range 0 to N·M−1 (as indicated by  703 ), where N is the number of subcarriers in a resource block, and M is the number of resource blocks spanning a component carrier in the frequency domain. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, if a higher layer parameter altMCS-Table is configured, and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is assigned by a downlink control information (DCI) format that is one of 1, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the DCI format is scrambled by a cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), and if a transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in the DwPTS of the frame, and the frame is of type 2 frame structure, or if the transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in one or more subframes of a duration that is the same as a duration of a DwPTS of a special subframe in frames of type 3 frame structure, the UE  102  may determine a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) for the transport block as a maximum of: 1; and a floor function applied to a product of a total number of allocated PRBs, a parameter dependent on a special subframe configuration, and a scaling parameter. Otherwise, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as a maximum of: 1; and the floor function applied to a product of the total number of allocated PRBs and the scaling parameter. These embodiments are described in more detail below. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG.  9    illustrates the operation of another method of communication in accordance with some embodiments. It is important to note that embodiments of the methods  800 ,  900  may include additional or even fewer operations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in  FIGS.  8 - 9   . In addition, embodiments of the methods  800 ,  900  are not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in  FIGS.  8 - 9   . In describing the methods  800 ,  900 , reference may be made to one or more figures, although it is understood that the methods  800 ,  900  may be practiced with any other suitable systems, interfaces and components. 
     In some embodiments, a UE  102  may perform one or more operations of the method  800 , but embodiments are not limited to performance of the method  800  and/or operations of it by the UE  102 . In some embodiments, another device and/or component may perform one or more operations of the method  800 . In some embodiments, another device and/or component may perform one or more operations that may be similar to one or more operations of the method  800 . In some embodiments, another device and/or component may perform one or more operations that may be reciprocal to one or more operations of the method  800 . In a non-limiting example, the gNB  105  may perform an operation that may be the same as, similar to, reciprocal to and/or related to an operation of the method  800 , in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, a gNB  105  may perform one or more operations of the method  900 , but embodiments are not limited to performance of the method  900  and/or operations of it by the gNB  105 . In some embodiments, another device and/or component may perform one or more operations of the method  900 . In some embodiments, another device and/or component may perform one or more operations that may be similar to one or more operations of the method  900 . In some embodiments, another device and/or component may perform one or more operations that may be reciprocal to one or more operations of the method  900 . In a non-limiting example, the UE  102  may perform an operation that may be the same as, similar to, reciprocal to and/or related to an operation of the method  900 , in some embodiments. In another non-limiting example, the eNB  104  may perform an operation that may be the same as, similar to, reciprocal to and/or related to an operation of the method  900 , in some embodiments 
     It should be noted that one or more operations of one of the methods  800 ,  900  may be the same as, similar to and/or reciprocal to one or more operations of the other method. For instance, an operation of the method  800  may be the same as, similar to and/or reciprocal to an operation of the method  900 , in some embodiments. In a non-limiting example, an operation of the method  800  may include reception of an element (such as a frame, block, message and/or other) by the UE  102 , and an operation of the method  900  may include transmission of a same element (and/or similar element) by the gNB  105 . In some cases, descriptions of operations and techniques described as part of one of the methods  800 ,  900  may be relevant to the other method. 
     Discussion of various operations, techniques and/or concepts regarding one of the methods  800 ,  900  and/or other method may be applicable to one of the other methods, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Such operations, techniques and/or concepts may be related to PRBs, transport blocks, PDSCH, DCI, MCS, modulation order, FD MIMO, BL/CE, and/or other. 
     The methods  800 ,  900  and other methods described herein may refer to eNBs  104 , gNBs  105  and/or UEs  102  operating in accordance with 3GPP standards, 5G standards, NR standards and/or other standards. However, embodiments are not limited to performance of those methods by those components, and may also be performed by other devices, such as a Wi-Fi access point (AP) or user station (STA). In addition, the methods  800 ,  900  and other methods described herein may be practiced by wireless devices configured to operate in other suitable types of wireless communication systems, including systems configured to operate according to various IEEE standards such as IEEE 802.11. The methods  800 ,  900  may also be applicable to an apparatus of a UE  102 , an apparatus of an eNB  104 , an apparatus of a gNB  105  and/or an apparatus of another device described above. 
     It should also be noted that embodiments are not limited by references herein (such as in descriptions of the methods  800 ,  900  and/or other descriptions herein) to transmission, reception and/or exchanging of elements such as frames, messages, requests, indicators, signals or other elements. In some embodiments, such an element may be generated, encoded or otherwise processed by processing circuitry (such as by a baseband processor included in the processing circuitry) for transmission. The transmission may be performed by a transceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, such an element may be decoded, detected or otherwise processed by the processing circuitry (such as by the baseband processor). The element may be received by a transceiver or other component, in some cases. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry and the transceiver may be included in a same apparatus. The scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect, however, as the transceiver may be separate from the apparatus that comprises the processing circuitry, in some embodiments. 
     One or more of the elements (such as messages, operations and/or other) described herein may be included in a standard and/or protocol, including but not limited to Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), Fourth Generation (4G), Fifth Generation (5G), New Radio (NR) and/or other. Embodiments are not limited to usage of those elements, however. In some embodiments, other elements may be used, including other element(s) in a same standard/protocol, other element(s) in another standard/protocol and/or other. In addition, the scope of embodiments is not limited to usage of elements that are included in standards. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may be configured to operate in accordance with a full dimension multiple-input multiple-output (FD MIMO) antenna configuration. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may be a bandwidth-reduced low-complexity coverage enhancement (BL/CE) UE. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may be configured to operate as a BL/CE UE. 
     At operation  805 , the UE  102  may receive downlink control information (DCI). In some embodiments, the UE  102  may receive the DCI from the gNB  105  or from the eNB  104 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. At operation  810 , the UE  102  may receive control signaling. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may receive the control signaling from the gNB  105  or from the eNB  104 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the DCI and/or control signaling may include parameters, information and/or other elements related to one or more of: scaling parameter(s), frame configuration(s), subframe configuration(s), MCS, modulation order, time resources for transmission/reception of one or more elements, frequency resources for transmission/reception of one or more elements, and/or other. 
     At operation  815 , the UE  102  may determine a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) for a transport block. At operation  820 , the UE  102  may determine a size of the transport block. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may determine the size of the transport block taking into account the number of allocated PRBs and scaling factor configured for the UE  102 . In some embodiments, the UE  102  may determine the size of the transport block taking into account the number of allocated PRBs and scaling factor configured for the UE  102  using higher layers (e.g. by RRC). 
     Example techniques for determination of the number of PRBs for the transport block are described herein, but embodiments are not limited to those techniques and are also not limited to numbers, parameters and/or other elements used in those techniques in descriptions herein. Some embodiments may use one or more of those techniques, one or more similar techniques (such as with different parameter(s), different value(s), different chronological order, different operations and/or other), one or more alternate techniques, and/or portion(s) of one or more of those techniques. 
     In some embodiments, if a higher layer parameter altMCS-Table is configured, and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is assigned by a DCI format that is one of 1, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the DCI format is scrambled by a cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for a transport block of the PDSCH as follows. A) If the transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in the DwPTS of the frame, and the frame is of type 2 frame structure, or if the transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in one or more subframes of a duration that is the same as a duration of a DwPTS of a special subframe in frames of type 3 frame structure, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as a maximum of: 1; and a floor function applied to a product of a total number of allocated PRBs, a parameter dependent on a special subframe configuration, and a scaling parameter. B) Otherwise, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as a maximum of: 1; and the floor function applied to a product of the total number of allocated PRBs and the scaling parameter. 
     In a non-limiting example, the parameter dependent on the special subframe configuration may be equal to: 0.375, if the special subframe is of special subframe configuration 9 and uses a normal cyclic prefix, or if the special subframe is of special subframe configuration 10 and uses a normal cyclic prefix, or if the special subframe is of special subframe configuration 7 and uses an extended cyclic prefix; and 0.75, otherwise. 
     In a non-limiting example, the scaling parameter may be equal to: a higher layer parameter altMCS-Table-scaling, if a modulation coding scheme (MCS) index of the PDSCH is greater than or equal to 44 and is less than or equal to 58; and 1.0 otherwise. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may determine a transport block size (TBS) based at least partly on the determined number of PRBs for the transport block and the MCS index of the PDSCH. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may receive a DCI and/or DCI format that indicates the scaling parameter, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the scaling parameter may be indicated by other control signaling. In some embodiments, the scaling parameter may be predefined, predetermined and/or included in a standard. 
     In some embodiments, the scaling parameter may be configurable to reduce a transport block size (TBS) in comparison to a corresponding TBS for a legacy antenna configuration. In some embodiments, such a reduction may enable an increased number of channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) in comparison to a corresponding number of CSI-RSs for the legacy antenna configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the special subframe may include the DwPTS, a guard period (GP), and an uplink portion of the special subframe (UpPTS). 
     In some embodiments, if a higher layer parameter altMCS-Table is configured, for a PDSCH assigned by a DCI format that is one of 1, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, and if a transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in a downlink portion of a special subframe (DwPTS) of a frame, and the frame is of type 2 frame structure, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as a maximum of: 1; and a floor function applied to a product of a total number of allocated PRBs, the parameter dependent on a special subframe configuration, and the scaling parameter. 
     In some embodiments, if the higher layer parameter altMCS-Table is configured, for a PDSCH assigned by a DCI format that is one of 1, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, if the transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in one or more subframes of a duration that is the same as a duration of a DwPTS of a special subframe in frames of type 3 frame structure, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as the maximum of 1 and the floor function applied to the product of the total number of allocated PRBs, the parameter dependent on the special subframe configuration, and the scaling parameter. 
     In some embodiments, if the transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in the DwPTS of the frame, and the frame is of type 2 frame structure, or if the transport block of the PDSCH is transmitted in one or more subframes of a duration that is the same as a duration of a DwPTS of a special subframe in frames of type 3 frame structure, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as the maximum of 1 and the floor function applied to the product of the total number of allocated PRBs, the parameter dependent on the special subframe configuration, and the scaling parameter. Otherwise, the UE  102  may determine the number of PRBs for the transport block as the maximum of 1 and the floor function applied to a product of the total number of allocated PRBs and the scaling parameter. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may use one or more of the techniques described above for determination of the number of PRBs if a CRC of the DCI format is scrambled by a C-RNTI, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     At operation  825 , the UE  102  may determine a modulation order of the PDSCH. Example techniques for determination of the modulation order of the PDSCH are described herein, but embodiments are not limited to those techniques and are also not limited to numbers, parameters and/or other elements used in those techniques in descriptions herein. Some embodiments may use one or more of those techniques, one or more similar techniques (such as with different parameter(s), different value(s), different chronological order, different operations and/or other), one or more alternate techniques, and/or portion(s) of one or more of those techniques. 
     In some embodiments, if a higher layer parameter altMCS-Table is configured, and if a PDSCH is assigned by a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) with downlink control information (DCI) format that is one of 1, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D, wherein a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the DCI format is scrambled by a C-RNTI, the UE  102  may determine a modulation order for the PDSCH based on a modulation coding scheme (MCS) index of the PDSCH and a table that includes, for each MCS index of candidate MCS indexes, a first modulation order and a second modulation order. In some embodiments, if the PDSCH is transmitted only in a second slot of a subframe, the modulation order for the PDSCH may be determined as the second modulation order that corresponds to the MCS index of the PDSCH. Otherwise, the modulation order for the PDSCH may be determined as the first modulation order that corresponds to the MCS index of the PDSCH. 
     In a non-limiting example, the candidate MCS indexes may include at least a range of integers that begins at  46  and ends at  48 . For each of the candidate MCS indexes in the range of integers that begins at  46  and ends at  48 , the corresponding first modulation order is less than the corresponding second modulation order. For instance, the second modulation orders for indexes  46 ,  47 , and  48  may be equal to 6 and the first modulation orders for indexes  46 ,  47 , and  48  may be equal to 4. 
     Extending the above example, the range of integers that begins at  46  and ends at  48  may be referred to (for clarity) as a first range of integers. The candidate MCS indexes may further include another range of integers (referred to as a second range of integers, for clarity). The second range of integers may include 44 and 45 and integers in another range that begins at  49  and ends at  58 . For each of the candidate MCS indexes in the second range of integers, the corresponding first modulation order may be equal to the corresponding second modulation order. 
     In a non-limiting example, the candidate MCS indexes may include all integers in increasing order in a range of integers that begins at  44  and ends at  58 . The first modulation orders that correspond to the integers of the range of integers that begins at  44  and ends at  58  may be: 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10 and 10. The second modulation orders that correspond to the integers of the range of integers that begins at  44  and ends at  58  may be: 2, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10 and 10. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may determine the modulation order for the PDSCH based on: A) the modulation order is restricted to not be 1024 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) unless the UE  102  is configured with an altCQI-Table-1024QAM-r15 parameter; and B) the modulation order is restricted to not be 256 QAM unless the UE  102  is configured with an altCQI-Table-r12 parameter or an altCQI-Table-1024QAM-r15 parameter. 
     At operation  830 , the UE  102  may receive the transport block and/or PDSCH. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may receive the transport block and/or PDSCH from the gNB  105  or from the eNB  104 , although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may receive the transport block and/or PDSCH in accordance with one or more of: the determined number of PRBs, the determined TBS, the determined modulation order and/or other. 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus of a UE  102  may comprise memory. The memory may be configurable to store information related to the number of PRBs for the transport block. The memory may store one or more other elements and the apparatus may use them for performance of one or more operations. The apparatus may include processing circuitry, which may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operation(s) of the method  800  and/or other methods described herein). The processing circuitry may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry and/or the processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein, including but not limited to determination of the number of PRBs for the transport block. The apparatus may include a transceiver to receive the transport block. The transceiver may transmit and/or receive other blocks, messages and/or other elements. 
     At operation  905 , the eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  transmit DCI. At operation  910 , the eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  may receive control signaling. At operation  915 , the eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  may determine the number of PRBs for a transport block. At operation  920 , the eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  may determine the size of the transport block. At operation  925 , the eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  may determine the modulation order of the PDSCH. At operation  930 , the eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  may transmit the transport block and/or PDSCH 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus of an eNB  104  and/or gNB  105  may comprise memory. The memory may be configurable to store information related to the number of PRBs for the transport block. The memory may store one or more other elements and the apparatus may use them for performance of one or more operations. The apparatus may include processing circuitry, which may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operation(s) of the method  900  and/or other methods described herein). The processing circuitry may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry and/or the processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein, including but not limited to determination of the number of PRBs for the transport block. The apparatus may include a transceiver to transmit the transport block. The transceiver may transmit and/or receive other blocks, messages and/or other elements. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates example elements in accordance with some embodiments.  FIG.  11    illustrates example operations in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted that the examples shown in  FIGS.  10 - 11    may illustrate some or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in some cases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering, arrangement of elements (such as devices, operations, messages and/or other elements) shown in  FIGS.  10 - 11   . Although some of the elements shown in the examples of  FIGS.  10 - 11    may be included in a 3GPP LTE standard, 5G standard, NR standard and/or other standard, embodiments are not limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards. 
     Beamforming/FD-MIMO for downlink data transmission was introduced for the LTE in Rel-13. The Rel-13 operation of Elevation Beamforming/FD MIMO is based on two types of the CSI feedback schemes with: non-precoded Channel State Information Reference signal (CSI-RS), i.e. Class A FD-MIMO; or beamformed CSI-RS, i.e. Class B FD-MIMO. 
     In Class A, each CSI-RS antenna port of CSI-RS resource is transmitted by the evolved Node B (eNB)  104  without beamforming, while in Class B the beamforming on CSI-RS antenna ports is used. The beamforming on CSI-RS antenna ports may provide an additional coverage advantage of Class B over Class A schemes. The maximum number of antenna ports that are supported in Rel-14 for Class A FD-MIMO is 32. At most 3 CSI-RS resource can be configured for the UE  102  for Class A FD-MIMO. In Class B FD-MIMO, up to 8 CSI-RS resources can be configured for the UE  102  per CSI process, where each CSI-RS resource may contain up to 8 antenna ports. If multiple CSI processes are considered, that maximum number of CSI-RS resources can be more than 8. 
     Transport block size (TBS) selection for a downlink subframe may be performed. In Rel-10 NZP, CSI-RS were considered as low density and low overhead signals due to limited number of the used REs in the subframe (up to 8 REs per PRB pair in the subframe). As a result, the same MCS to TBS mapping for subframes with and without CSI-RS was considered. In Rel-14, with possible introduction of the larger number of CSI-RS antenna ports (32 ports), for Class A FD-MIMO, such low overhead assumption may not be valid and another TBS selection for downlink subframe containing CSI-RS may be considered. An example  1000  of CSI-RS with 32 antenna ports is shown in  FIG.  10   , wherein 32 REs may be allocated for CSI-RS transmission.  FIG.  10    may illustrate Class A NZP CSI-RS resource REs. A grid  1005  of OFDM symbols  1010  in the horizontal dimension and REs  1015  in the vertical direction is illustrated in  FIG.  10   . The legend  1020  illustrates corresponding elements of the grid  1005  in the example  1000 . Embodiments are not limited to the arrangement, ordering distribution and other aspect(s) of the elements in the grid  1005  illustrated in  FIG.  10   . 
     When all CSI-RS REs are used in the subframe, the effective number of OFDM symbols is reduced by almost 2 OFDM symbols. As a result, the number of effective OFDM symbols becomes 12, similar to special subframe configuration 4 in TDD. 
     TBS selection for special subframes may be performed. In frame structure type 2, special subframes are supported, wherein the subframe comprises downlink, uplink and guard period. Different special subframe configurations are supported. For example, for special subframe configurations 0, 5 the number of OFDM symbols is 3; for special subframe configuration 9 the number of OFDM symbols 6; for special subframe configurations 1,6 the number of OFDM symbols is 9; for special subframe configurations 2,7 the number of OFDM symbols is 10; for special subframe configurations 3,8 the number of OFDM symbols is 11; and for special subframe configurations 4 the number of OFDM symbols is 12. 
     If the transport block is transmitted in DwPTS of the special subframe in frame structure type 2, then the TBS is selected based on the reduced number of RBs comparing the actual resource allocation. For special subframe configuration 9 with normal cyclic prefix or special subframe configuration 7 with extended cyclic prefix, set the Table 7.1.7.2.1-1 (of TS 36.213) column indicator as follows:
 
 N   PRB =max{┐ N   PRB ′×0.375┘,1}
 
     For other special subframe configurations, set the Table 7.1.7.2.1-1 column indicator as follows:
 
 N   PRB =max{└ N   PRB ′×0.75┘,1}
 
     In some embodiments, in the downlink subframes containing CSI-RS, a TBS selection procedure based on the scaled (reduced) number of RB (PRBs) may be performed. The scaling value may depend on one or more of: a number of CSI-RS antenna ports; a number of symbols for PDCCH; a number of CRS ports; a number of DM-RS antenna ports; whether a subframe is a MBSFN or non MBSFN subframe; and/or other. The scaling may also be indicated explicitly using DCI. 
     In some embodiments, in downlink subframes containing CSI-RS, a TBS selection procedure may be based on the scaled (reduced) number of resource blocks (RBs). In some embodiments, a scaling factor may depend on a number of CSI-RS antenna ports. For example, if CSI-RS with 32 antenna ports is transmitted in a current downlink subframe, the scaling factor may be 0.75, i.e. the TBS may be selected using the following:
 
 N   PRB =max{└ N   PRB ′×0.75┘,1}
 
     In the above N REP ′ is a number of RBs for PDSCH transmission indicated to the UE  102  in Downlink Control Information (DCI). 
     In some embodiments, the scaling factor may also depend on a number of symbols allocated for PDCCH. In a non-limiting example, the number of symbols allocated for PDCCH may be a number of symbol in a DL subframe minus a PDSCH starting symbol, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     The table below illustrates example scaling values depending on the number of CSI-RS antenna ports and number of symbols allocated for PDCCH (denoted as CFI). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CSI-RS 
                 8 &lt; CSI-RS 
                 CSI-RS 
               
               
                   
                 ports &lt; 8 
                 ports &lt;= 16 
                 ports &lt;= 32 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 &lt;= CFI &lt; 3 
                 1 
                 0.8 
                 0.8  
               
               
                 CFI = 3 
                 1 
                 0.8 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the scaling factor may also depend on one or more of: a number of CRS ports; a number of DM-RS antenna ports; a type of subframe (including but not limited to whether the subframe is MBSFN or non MBSFN); and/or other. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates example operations that may be performed by the UE  102 . In some embodiments, the UE  102  may perform one or more of operations  1105 ,  1110 ,  1115  and  1120 . In some embodiments, the UE  102  may perform one or more additional operations. In some embodiments, the UE  102  may not necessarily perform all of operations  1105 - 1120 . 
     In some embodiments, the TBS scaling may be indicated in DCI using X bits. For example, if X=1 bit, the TBS scaling may take two values. These two values can be pre-determined in the spec or configured by high layers (e.g. by RRC). In a non-limiting example, those values may be 1 or 0.8. In case X=2, the TBS scaling may take four values. In a non-limiting example, the values may be 1, 0.8, 1.2, 0.75. The specific value(s) may be configured by higher layers or fixed in the specification or may depend on other configurations such as CSI-RS. 
     In some embodiments, a method of TBS selection for downlink sub frames with channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) may include one or more of: configuration by the serving cell of the CSI-RS parameters at the user equipment (UE) that determines the downlink subframes that are used for CSI-RS transmission and the number of CSI-RS antenna ports; reception, at the UE  102 , downlink control information indicating transmission of the downlink shared channel in the downlink subframe containing CSI-RS and the size of the resource allocation; calculation, at the UE  102 , of the transport block size (TBS) according to the resource allocation size, the number of CSI-RS antenna ports and other parameters; determination of the number of available resource elements for data transmission in a subframe; reception of physical downlink shared channel according to the calculated TBS; and/or other. 
     In some embodiments, the resource allocation size may be the number of scheduled resource blocks. In some embodiments, the resource allocation size for TBS calculation may be changed depending on the number of the CSI-RS antenna ports. In some embodiments, the resource allocation size may be scaled by at least one value from the set of {0.5, 0.75, 0.8} for determination of the transport block size. In some embodiments, the PDSCH transmission and reception may be performed for a resource allocation with the size indicted in the downlink control information. 
     In some embodiments, the scaling may be 1.0 if the total number of antenna CSI-RS antenna ports in the subframe is less than 8. In some embodiments, the scaling may be less than 1.0 if the total number of antenna CSI-RS antenna ports in the subframe is more than 8. 
     In some embodiments, the scaling factor may be determined by number of symbols allocated for PDCCH or number of symbol in DL subframe minus PDSCH starting symbol. In some embodiments, the scaling factor may be determined based on one or more of: number of CRS ports; number of DM-RS antenna ports; type of subframe (MBSFN or non MBSFN); and/or other. 
     In some embodiments, a method of TBS selection for downlink sub frames may include one or more of: identification, by the serving cell, of one or more scaling parameters for transport block size (TBS) selection and indication for the UE  102  of a scaling value in downlink control information (DCI); receiving, at the UE  102 , downlink control information indicating transmission of the downlink shared channel in the downlink subframe and scaling value for TBS selection; calculation, at the UE  102 , of the transport block size (TBS) according to the resource allocation size and scaling factor; receiving physical downlink shared channel according to the calculated TBS; and/or other. 
     The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section 1.72(b) requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.