Patent Publication Number: US-10314364-B2

Title: Soil-shedding article of footwear, and method of using the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/813,553, filed Jul. 30, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/042,744, filed Aug. 27, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/042,719, filed Aug. 27, 2014, which are all hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This application generally relates to articles of manufacture such as footwear, and more specifically to articles of manufacture such as footwear and components thereof, including outsoles, that may be used in conditions conducive to the accumulation of soil on the outsoles. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Articles of manufacture, such as, for example, footwear of various types are frequently used for a variety of activities including outdoor activities, military use, and competitive sports. The outsoles of these types of footwear often are designed to provide traction on soft and slippery surfaces, such as unpaved surfaces including grass and dirt. For example, exaggerated tread patterns, lugs, or cleats (both integral and removable), and rubber formulations which provide improved traction under wet conditions, have been used to improve the level of traction provided by the outsoles. While these conventional means generally help give footwear improved traction, the outsoles often accumulate soil (e.g., inorganic materials such as mud, dirt, sand and gravel, organic material such as grass, turf, and other vegetation, and combinations of inorganic and organic materials) when the footwear is used on unpaved surfaces. In some instances, the soil can accumulate in the tread pattern (when a tread pattern is present), around and between lugs (when lugs are present), or on shafts of the cleats, in the spaces surrounding the cleats, and in the interstitial regions between the cleats (when cleats are present). The accumulations of soil can weigh down the footwear and interfere with the traction between the outsole and the ground. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a bottom isometric view of an article of footwear in an aspect of the present disclosure having an outsole including a material (e.g., a film) in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a bottom view of the outsole of the article of footwear shown in  FIG. 1 , where an upper of the footwear is omitted; 
         FIG. 3  is a lateral side view of the outsole shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a medial side view of the outsole shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 5  is an expanded sectional view of a portion of the outsole, illustrating a material in accordance with the present disclosure secured to a backing plate adjacent to a traction element (e.g., a cleat); 
         FIGS. 6-9  are expanded sectional views of the portion of the outsole shown in  FIG. 5 , illustrating the soil-shedding performance of the outsole during a foot strike motion on an unpaved surface; 
         FIG. 10  is a side cross-sectional view of an outsole in an aspect according to the disclosure including a soil-shedding material and soil being shed therefrom, during impact with a ground surface; 
         FIG. 11  is a bottom view of an article of footwear in another aspect of the present disclosure having an outsole including a material in accordance with the present disclosure, the material having discrete and separate sub-segments; 
         FIG. 12  is an expanded sectional view of a portion of an outsole in another aspect of the present disclosure, which includes a material in accordance with the present disclosure, the material being present in a recessed pocket of an outsole backing plate; 
         FIG. 13  is an expanded sectional view of a portion of an outsole in another aspect of the present disclosure, which includes an outsole backing plate having one or more indentations, and a material in accordance with the present disclosure, the material being present in and over the indentations; 
         FIG. 14  is an expanded sectional view of a portion of an outsole in another aspect of the present disclosure, which includes an outsole backing plate having one or more indentations having locking members, and a material in accordance with the present disclosure, the material being present in and over the indentations; 
         FIG. 15  is a bottom view of an article of footwear in another aspect of the present disclosure, which illustrates an example golf shoe application; 
         FIG. 16  is a bottom perspective view of an article of footwear in another aspect of the present disclosure, which illustrates an example baseball shoe application; 
         FIG. 17  is a bottom perspective view of an article of footwear in another aspect of the present disclosure, which illustrates an example American football shoe application; 
         FIG. 18  is a bottom perspective view of an article of footwear in another aspect of the present disclosure, which illustrates an example hiking shoe application; 
         FIGS. 19A-F  include photographs of articles of footwear with and without a material according to the disclosure after being worn and used during wet and muddy game conditions: 
         FIG. 20  is a view of a portion of an open-cell foam material between a substrate body and a mesh component; 
         FIGS. 21A-D  are side cross-sectional views of the substrate body including a shaft, open-cell foam material, and mesh component; and 
         FIG. 22  is a bottom view of the outsole of the article of footwear shown in  FIG. 1  where an upper of the footwear is omitted and further includes the mesh component. 
     
    
    
     The articles of footwear shown in the figures are illustrated for use with a user&#39;s right foot. However, it is understood that the following discussion applies correspondingly to left-footed articles of footwear as well. Further, directional orientations for an article, such as “upward,” “downward,” “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right,” and the like, are used for ease of discussion, and are not intended to limit the use of the article to any particular orientation. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     It has now been discovered that particular materials disposed on a ground-facing surface of an outsole of an article of footwear can be effective at preventing or reducing the accumulation of soil on the outsole during wear on unpaved surfaces. Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to articles of footwear and footwear components (e.g., footwear outsoles, and the like) at least a portion of which are composed of an open-cell foam material and a mesh component. It has been discovered that it is advantageous to cover a portion of the open-cell foam material with a mesh component. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, the mesh component may assist in soil-shedding by causing the soil deposited into the open-cell foam material to form smaller pieces that may be easier to detach from the article. The mesh component may also act as a spacer between the open-cell foam material and the soil, causing the soil to form weaker interfacial bonds with the article. By acting as a spacer, the mesh component may decrease the abrasion experienced by the open-cell foam material during use. The mesh component may also assist in uniformly transferring any load exerted on the article throughout the article to improve the disruptive forces between the soil and the article. Further details of the mesh component are discussed herein. 
     The mesh component can be formed using various techniques known in the art. For example, the mesh component can be formed using metallic materials in the form of wire, or using polymeric materials in the form of monofilament or yarn. The wire, monofilament or yarn can be formed into a woven, knit, braided, or non-woven form such as, for example, a woven screen or textile, a knit textile, a braided textile, or a non-woven textile. Alternatively, a metallic or polymeric material can be formed directly into a mesh by extrusion, co-extrusion, solvent casting, injection molding, lamination, spray coating, and the like. 
     In particular examples, the open-cell foam material can comprise an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component consisting of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of two or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers. The concentration of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component present in the material can be from 40 to 80 parts per hundred by weight based on a total polymer content of the material. 
     As discussed below, it has been found that the inclusion of an open-cell foam material and a mesh component in articles of footwear and components of footwear can prevent or reduce the accumulation of soil on the outsole during wear on unpaved surfaces. Preventing or reducing soil accumulation on the outsole can help preserve traction during wear. Preventing or reducing soil accumulation on outsoles during wear on unpaved surfaces also can significantly affect the weight of accumulated soil adhered to the outsole during wear, reducing fatigue to the wearer caused by the adhered soil. 
     The terms “article of footwear,” “articles of footwear,” and “footwear” are intended to be used interchangeably to refer to the same article. Typically, the term “article of footwear” will be used in a first instance, and the term “footwear” may be subsequently used to refer to the same article for ease of readability. 
     As used herein, “ground-facing” is understood to refer to the position of an element or surface when the element or surface is present on a component of an article of footwear or on an article of footwear as the article of footwear is conventionally worn on a foot. For example, a ground-facing surface or side of an outsole is the side or surface of the outsole which faces the ground when the outsole is part of a conventional article of footwear, and the article of footwear is worn on a foot in a conventional manner. 
     References herein to “soil” include any of a variety of materials commonly present on a ground or playing surface and which might otherwise adhere to an outsole or areas adjacent to an outsole such as an exposed midsole of an article of footwear. Soil can include inorganic materials such as mud, sand, dirt, and gravel; organic matter such as grass, turf, leaves, other vegetation, and excrement; combinations of inorganic and organic materials such as clay; other materials such as ground rubber particles, and any combinations thereof. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the material as described herein can exhibit a lower level of adhesion to soil as compared to other materials. In aspects of the present disclosure, the material can provide compressive compliance when present on an outsole. Additionally, when the material is present in the form of an open-cell foam, the open-cell foam can take up and expel water. In particular, it is believed that the compressive compliance provided by the material, the chemical nature of the material, or both in combination, can disrupt the adhesion of soil on the outsoles and the cohesion of soil particles to each other. Additionally, when the material is present in the form of an open-cell foam which takes up water, the expulsion of water from the foam, alone or in combination with the foam&#39;s compressive compliance and/or its chemical nature, can further disrupt the adhesion of soil on the outsoles and the cohesion of soil particles to each other. 
     The disruption in the adhesion and/or cohesion of soil are believed to be mechanisms at least partially responsible for preventing (or otherwise reducing) soil from accumulating on the outsoles—mechanisms achieved due to the presence of the material. As can be appreciated, preventing soil from accumulating on an outsole can improve the performance of traction elements present on the outsole during wear on unpaved surfaces, can prevent the footwear from gaining weight due to accumulated soil during wear, can preserve ball handling performance of the outsole, and thus can provide significant benefits to a wearer as compared to an article of footwear without the material present on the outsole. 
     In a first aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an article of manufacture comprising a substrate body. An open-cell foam material has a first side secured to the substrate body and an opposing second side. A mesh component is present on and/or adjacent to the second side of the open-cell foam material. The mesh component covers a first portion of the open-cell foam material while leaving a second portion of the open-cell foam material uncovered, such that a first side of the mesh component covers the first portion and an opposing second side of the mesh component forms at least a part of an external surface of the article. The second portion of the open-cell foam material forms at least another part of the external surface. 
     In a second aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing an article. The method comprises receiving a substrate body. A first side of an open-cell foam material is secured to the substrate body. The open-cell foam material has a second side opposing the first side. A mesh component is secured to the substrate body or to the open-cell foam material or to both, such that the mesh component is present on and/or adjacent to the second side of the open-cell foam material. The mesh component covers a first portion of the open-cell foam material while leaving a second portion of the open-cell foam material uncovered. A first side of the mesh component covers the first portion and an opposing second side of the mesh component forms at least a part of an external surface of the article. The second portion of the open-cell foam material forms at least another part of the external surface. 
     The method steps discussed herein can occur in varying orders. For example, the mesh component, the open-cell foam material, and the substrate body could be pre-formed, and subsequently secured together. The open-cell foam material can be secured to the substrate body, and the mesh component can be secured above or to one side of or to a portion of one side of the open-cell foam material, or to a portion of the substrate body, or to both a portion of the open-cell foam material and a portion of the substrate body. 
     In a third aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of use of an article of manufacture. The method comprises providing the article of manufacture. The article has an external surface and comprises an open-cell foam material and a mesh component present on and/or adjacent to the open-cell foam material. The mesh component covers a first portion of the open-cell foam material while leaving a second portion of the open-cell foam material uncovered, such that a first side of the mesh component covers the first portion and an opposing second side of the mesh component forms at least a part of an external surface of the article. The second portion of the open-cell foam material forms at least another part of the external surface. The article is used under conditions in which the external surface comes into direct contact with wet soil. The article prevents or reduces soil accumulation on the external surface such that the article retains at least 10% less soil by weight as compared to a second article of manufacture used under identical conditions. The second article of manufacture is identical to the article of manufacture except that the second article of manufacture is free of the open-cell foam material and the mesh component. In one example, the mesh component covering the first surface portion of the open-cell foam material can be adjacent to the open-cell foam material. In this example, the mesh component covering can be bonded only to the substrate body, and/or can be bonded to the open-cell foam material at a limited number of points, such as around the perimeter of the open-cell foam material or at the location of a traction element. In another example, substantially all of the mesh component can be bonded to the open-cell foam material, or the mesh component can be integrally formed with the open-cell foam material. Alternatively or in addition, the mesh component can be embedded into the open-cell foam material. Additional aspects and description of the materials, outsoles, articles, uses and methods of the present disclosure can be found below. 
     In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an outsole for an article of footwear, the outsole comprising: a ground-facing surface of the outsole and a surface of the outsole opposing the ground-facing surface, the opposing surface configured to be secured to an upper for an article of footwear, wherein a material is present on at least a portion of the ground-facing surface of the outsole, the material compositionally comprising an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component consisting of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of two or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers, wherein a concentration of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component present in the material is from 40 to 80 parts per hundred by weight based on a total polymer content of the material. 
     The term “polymer” refers to a molecule having polymerized units of one or more species of monomer. The term “polymer” is understood to include homopolymers and copolymers. The term “copolymer” refers to a polymer having polymerized units of two or more species of monomer, and is understood to include terpolymers or other polymers formed from multiple different monomers. 
     The open-cell foam material of the present disclosure can be present as one or more layers disposed on, or otherwise affixed to, at least a portion of a surface (e.g., a surface of an outsole of an article of footwear). In some aspects, the layer(s) is provided as a single continuous segment on, or affixed to, the surface. Alternatively, the layer(s) is provided in multiple discontinuous segments on, or affixed to, the surface. The disposition of the material on the surface is not intended to be limited by any application process (e.g., extrusion, co-extrusion, injection molding, lamination, spray coating, etc.) by which the material is applied to affixed to the surface. 
     The open-cell foam material can have a density of greater than 1.5 pounds per cubic foot (lbs./ft. 3 ). For example, the density of the open-cell foam material can be from 1.5 lbs./ft. 3  to 2 lbs./ft. 3 . Further, the open-cell foam material can have an average cell diameter ranging from 0.65 millimeters (mm) to 1.4 mm. Still further, the open-cell foam material can have an oil absorption weight capacity of at least 27 (as determined according to the Oil Absorption Test, described herein). 
     The ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component of the open-cell foam material can comprise or consist essentially of a copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate, or a copolymer of ethylene and ethyl acrylate, or a combination of both. The ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component can comprise or consist essentially of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer having an alkyl acrylate content of between 3% and 45% based on a total weight of the copolymer. The ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component can comprise or consist essentially of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer having an alkyl acrylate content of between 15% and 25% based on a total weight of the copolymer. The ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component can comprise or consist essentially of ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA), ethylene-ethyl acrylate (EEA), and combinations thereof. The ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component can comprise or consist essentially of ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA). Alternatively or in addition, the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component can comprise or consist essentially of at least one ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer having a melt flow rate of from 0.5 grams per ten minutes (g/10 mins.) to 4 g/10 mins., as determined according to ASTM D1238 using a 2160 gram (g) weight and a temperature of 190° C. (Unless otherwise specified, temperatures referred to herein are based on atmospheric pressure (i.e. one atmosphere).) 
     The terms “at least one” and “one or more of” an element are used interchangeably, and have the same meaning that includes a single element and a plurality of the elements, and may also be represented by the suffix “(s)” at the end of the element. For example, “at least one ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer,” “one or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers,” and “ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer(s)” may be used interchangeably and have the same meaning. 
     The open-cell foam material can further comprise a polyethylene component. The polyethylene component can comprise or consist essentially of at least one polyethylene having a density of from 0.91 grams per cubic centimeters (g/cc) to 0.95 g/cc, and a melt flow rate, as determined according to ASTM D1238 using a 2160 g weight and a temperature of 190° C., of from 0.910 g/10 mins. to 0.950 g/10 mins., from 0.917 g/10 mins. to 0.930 g/10 mins., or from 0.917 g/10 mins. to 0.923 g/10 mins. 
     The open-cell foam material can comprise from 20% to 80% by weight of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component, and from 20% to 80% by weight of the polyethylene component. The material can comprise from 40% to 60% by weight of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component, and from 20% to 80% by weight of the polyethylene component. The material can comprise from 50% to 60% by weight of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component, and from 20% to 80% by weight of the polyethylene component. The recitations of a numerical range by endpoints include the endpoints and all numbers within that numerical range. For example, a concentration ranging from 40% by weight to 60% by weight includes 40% by weight, 60% by weight, and all values between 40% by weight and 60% by weight (e.g., 40.1%, 41%, 45%, 50%, 52.5%, 55%, 59%, etc.). Additionally, as used herein, a reference to a material, element, etc. having a value of a property within a range is generally understood to mean that the property has a single value which is encompassed within the described range. 
     References to “a” chemical compound refers one or more molecules of the chemical compound, rather than being limited to a single molecule of the chemical compound. Furthermore, the one or more molecules may or may not be identical, so long as they fall under the category of the chemical compound. Thus, for example, “a” polyethylene or polyethylene component is interpreted to include one or more polymer molecules of the polyethylene, where the polymer molecules may or may not be identical (e.g., different molecular weights and/or isomers). 
     At least a portion of the polymer component of the open-cell foam material can be crosslinked. For example, the ethylene-alkyl acrylate component can be crosslinked to itself. When present, a polyester component can be crosslinked to itself. Alternatively or in addition, when present, at least a portion of the polyester component can be crosslinked to at least a portion of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate component. When present, at least a portion of an elastomer can be crosslinked to itself. Alternatively or in addition, when present, at least a portion of the elastomer can be crosslinked to at least a portion of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate component. 
     The outsole of the present disclosure can be an outsole wherein the open-cell foam material in combination with the mesh component exhibits an impact energy of from 0 Joules to 0.6 Joules, as determined according to the Impact Energy Test disclosed herein. Alternatively or in addition, an article of footwear containing the outsole can be an article that, after running in the article on a wet or damp soil surface, has at least 10% less soil by weight adhered to its outsole as compared to a second article of footwear that is identical except that it does not include an outsole having the open-cell foam material and the mesh component. 
     In a fifth aspect, the present disclosure is also directed to an article of footwear, the article comprising: an outsole having a first surface at least partially secured to the upper and an opposing second surface, wherein a material is present on at least a portion of the second surface, the material compositionally comprising an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component consisting of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of two or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers, wherein a concentration of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component present in the material is from 40 to 80 parts per hundred by weight based on a total polymer content of the material. 
     The second surface of the outsole can be the ground-facing surface of the outsole. The article of footwear can further comprise a plurality of cleats, wherein a portion of the plurality of cleats are integrally formed with the second surface of the outsole, are separately formed from the second surface of the outsole and permanently attached to the second surface of the outsole, are separately formed from the second surface of the outsole and are removably attached to the second surface of the outsole, or combinations thereof. The article of footwear can further comprise a midsole disposed at least partially between the upper and the first surface of the outsole, wherein the first surface of the outsole is operably secured to the upper with the midsole. The term “operably secured to,” such as for an outsole that is operably secured to an upper, refers collectively to direct connections, indirect connections, integral formations, and combinations thereof. For instance, for an outsole that is operably secured to an upper, the outsole can be directly connected to the upper (e.g., with an adhesive), the outsole can be indirectly connected to the upper (e.g., with an intermediate midsole), can be integrally formed with the upper (e.g., as a unitary component), and combinations thereof. 
     In a sixth aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing an article of footwear, comprising: providing an outsole, the outsole having a first surface and an opposing ground-facing surface, a material present on the ground-facing surface of the outsole, the material compositionally comprising an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component consisting of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of two or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers, wherein a concentration of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component present in the material is from 40 to 80 parts per hundred by weight based on a total polymer content of the material; providing an upper; and, securing the upper to at least a portion of the first surface of outsole. The step of securing the material can comprise stock fitting the material to the ground-facing surface of the outsole, for example, such that the material defines an external surface of the outsole. The step of providing an outsole can comprise forming at least a portion of the outsole from a second material, and the step of securing the material can comprise thermoforming the material and securing the material to the ground-facing surface of the outsole. The term “providing,” such as for “providing an outsole,” when recited in the claims, is not intended to require any particular delivery or receipt of the provided item. Rather, the term “providing” is merely used to recite items that will be referred to in subsequent elements of the claim(s), for purposes of clarity and ease of readability. 
     In a seventh aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an article of footwear, the article comprising: an outsole having a ground-facing surface, an open-cell foam material secured to at least a portion of the ground-facing surface, wherein the open-cell foam material has an average cell diameter ranging from 0.65 millimeter (mm) to 1.4 mm; and an upper secured to the outsole; wherein the article of footwear prevents or reduces soil accumulation on the outsole such that the article of footwear retains at least 10% less soil by weight as compared to a second article of footwear which is identical to the article of footwear except that the second article of footwear is free of the open-cell foam material. The article can be an article wherein the outsole further comprises a plurality of cleats. The article can be an article wherein the material is not present on or in direct contact with the plurality of cleats. The article can be an article wherein a sample of the outsole obtained in accordance with the Footwear Sampling Procedure exhibits an impact energy of from 0 Joules to 0.6 Joules, as determined according to the Impact Energy Test. The article can be an article wherein the open-cell foam material comprises an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component consisting of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of two or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers. The article can be an article wherein a concentration of the ethylene-acrylate copolymer component present in the open-cell foam is from 40 to 80 parts per hundred by weight based on a total polymer content of the open-cell foam. The article can be an article wherein ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component comprises a copolymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate, or a copolymer of ethylene and ethyl acrylate, or a combination of both. The article can be an article wherein the ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component comprises an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer having an alkyl acrylate content of between 3% and 45%, based on a total weight of the copolymer. 
     The article can be an article wherein a sample of the open-cell foam material obtained in accordance with the Footwear Sampling Procedure or the Neat Material Sampling Procedure has an absorption weight capacity of SAE 10W-30 oil of at least 27 times its weight of the open-cell foam material, as determined according to the Oil Absorption Test. The article can be an article wherein the open-cell foam material has a melt flow rate in a range of between about 0.5 g/10 mins. and about 100 grams/10 mins., as determined according to ASTM D1238 using a 2160 g weight and a temperature of 190° C. The article can be an article wherein the open-cell foam material has a thickness in a dry state of about 0.1 mm to about 12 mm. The article can be an article wherein the open-cell foam material has a tensile strength of 75 kiloPascals (kPa) to 250 kPa, as determined according to ASTM D882. The article can be an article wherein the open-cell foam material has a Young&#39;s modulus of from 0.4 megaPascals (MPa) to 2.5 MPa. 
     In an eighth aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of use of an article of footwear, the method comprising: providing an article of footwear comprising an outsole having a ground-facing surface, an open-cell foam material secured to at least a portion of the ground-facing surface, wherein the open-cell foam material has an average cell diameter ranging from 0.65 mm to 1.4 mm; and wearing the article of footwear under conditions in which the outsole comes into direct contact with wet soil, wherein the article of footwear prevents or reduces accumulation of the soil on the outsole such that the article of footwear retains at least 20% less soil by weight as compared to a second article of footwear worn under identical conditions wherein the second article of footwear is identical to the article of footwear except that the second article of footwear is free of the open-cell foam material. The method can be a method wherein the outsole further comprises a plurality of cleats. The method can be a method wherein the open-cell foam is not present on or in direct contact with the plurality of cleats. The method can be a method wherein a sample of the outsole obtained in accordance with the Footwear Sampling Procedure exhibits an impact energy of from 0 Joules to 0.6 Joules, as determined according to the Impact Energy Test. The method can be a method wherein a sample of the outsole obtained in accordance with the Footwear Sampling Procedure exhibits an impact energy of from 0.2 Joules to 0.4 Joules, as determined according to the Impact Energy Test. The method can be a method wherein the open-cell foam material comprises an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer component consisting of an ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of two or more ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymers. The method can be a method wherein a concentration of the ethylene-acrylate copolymer component present in the open-cell foam material is from 40 to 80 parts per hundred by weight based on a total polymer content of the open-cell foam material. 
     The article of footwear of the present disclosure may be designed for a variety of uses, such as sporting, athletic, military, work-related, recreational, or casual use. Primarily, the article of footwear is intended for outdoor use on unpaved surfaces (in part or in whole), such as on a ground surface including one or more of grass, turf, gravel, sand, dirt, clay, mud, and the like, whether as an athletic performance surface or as a general outdoor surface. However, the article of footwear may also be desirable for indoor applications, such as indoor sports including dirt playing surfaces for example (e.g., indoor baseball fields with dirt infields). In preferred aspects, the article of footwear is designed for use in outdoor sporting activities, such as global football/soccer, golf, American football, rugby, baseball, running, track and field, cycling (e.g., road cycling and mountain biking), and the like. The terms “preferred” and “preferably” refer to aspects of the invention that may afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other aspects may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred aspects does not imply that other aspects are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other aspects from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The article of footwear optionally includes traction elements (e.g., lugs, cleats, studs, spikes, fins, blades, and the like) to provide traction on soft and slippery surfaces. Traction elements are commonly included in footwear designed for use in sports such as global football/soccer, golf, American football, rugby, baseball, and the like, which are frequently played on unpaved surfaces. Lugs and/or exaggerated tread patterns are commonly included in footwear including shoes and boots design for use under rugged outdoor conditions, such as trail running, hiking, and military use. 
       FIGS. 1-4  illustrate an example article of footwear of the present disclosure, referred to as an article of footwear  100 , and which is depicted as footwear for use in global football/soccer applications. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the footwear  100  includes an upper  110  and an outsole  112  as footwear article components, where outsole  112  includes a plurality of traction elements  114  (e.g., cleats) and an open-cell foam material  116  secured to the outsole  112  at an external or ground-facing side of the outsole  112 . While many of the footwear of the present disclosure preferably include traction elements such as cleats, it is to be understood that in other aspects, the incorporation of cleats is optional. 
     The upper  110  of the footwear  100  has a body  118  which may be fabricated from materials known in the art for making articles of footwear, and is configured to receive a user&#39;s foot. For example, the upper body  118  may be made from or include one or more components made from one or more of natural leather; a knit, braided, woven, or non-woven textile made in whole or in part of a natural fiber; a knit, braided, woven or non-woven textile made in whole or in part of a synthetic polymer or a synthetic polymer film; and combinations thereof. The upper  110  and components of the upper  110  may be manufactured according to conventional techniques (e.g., molding, extrusion, thermoforming, stitching, knitting). While illustrated in  FIG. 1  with a generic design, the upper  110  may alternatively have any desired aesthetic design, functional design, brand designators, and the like. 
     The outsole  112  may be directly or otherwise operably secured to the upper  110  using any suitable mechanism or method. For example, the upper  110  may be stitched to the outsole  112 , or the upper  110  may be glued to the outsole  112 , such as at or near a bite line  120  of the upper  110 . The footwear  100  can further include a midsole (not shown) secured between the upper  110  and the outsole  112 , or can be enclosed by the outsole  112 . When a midsole is present, the upper  110  may be stitched, glued, or otherwise attached to the midsole at any suitable location, such as at or below the bite line  120 . 
     As further shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the layout of outsole  112  can be segregated into a forefoot region  122 , a midfoot region  124 , and a heel region  126 . The forefoot region  122  is disposed proximate a wearer&#39;s forefoot, the midfoot region  124  is disposed between the forefoot region  122  and the heel region  126 , and the heel region  126  is disposed proximate a wearer&#39;s heel and opposite the forefoot region  122 . The outsole  112  may also include a forward edge  128  at the forefoot region  122  and a rearward edge  130  at the heel region  126 . In addition to these longitudinal designations, the left/right sides of outsole  112  can also be respectively designated by a medial side  132  and a lateral side  134 . Each of these designations can also apply to the upper  110  and more generally to the footwear  100 , and are not intended to particularly define structures or boundaries of the footwear  100 , the upper  110 , or the outsole  112 . 
     The outsole  112  can optionally include a backing plate  136 , which, in the shown example, extends across the forefoot region  122 , the midfoot region  124 , and the heel region  126 . The backing plate  136  is an example backing plate member or outsole backing member for use in an article of footwear, and can provide structural integrity to the outsole  112 . However, the backing plate  136  can also be flexible enough, at least in particular locations, to conform to the flexion of a wearer&#39;s foot during the dynamic motions produced during wear. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the backing plate  136  may include a flex region  138  at the forefoot region  122 , which can facilitate flexion of the wearer&#39;s toes relative to the foot in active use of the footwear  100 . 
     The optional backing plate  136  may have a top (or first) surface  142  (best shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 ), a bottom (or second) surface  144 , and a sidewall  146 , where the sidewall  146  can extend around the perimeter of the backing plate  136  at the forward edge  128 , the rearward edge  130 , the medial side  132 , and the lateral side  134 . The top surface  142  is the region of the backing plate  136  (and the outsole  112  more generally) that may be in contact with and operably secured to the upper  110  and/or to any present midsole or insole. 
     The bottom surface  144  is a ground-facing surface of the backing plate  136  that is covered (or at least partially covered) by the material  116 , and would otherwise be configured to contact a ground surface, whether indoors or outdoors, if the material  116  were otherwise omitted. The bottom surface  144  is also the portion of outsole  112  that the traction elements  114  can extend from, as discussed below. 
     The optional backing plate  136  can be manufactured with one or more layers, may be produced from any suitable material(s), and can provide a good interfacial bond to the material  116 , as discussed below. Examples of suitable materials for the backing plate  136  include one or more of thermoplastic elastomers, thermoset polymers, elastomeric polymers, silicone polymers, natural and synthetic rubbers, composite materials (including polymers reinforced with carbon fiber and/or glass), natural leather, and metals (such as aluminum, steel and the like). 
     In particular aspects, the optional backing plate  136  is manufactured from one or more polymers having similar chemistries to the polymers of the material  116 . In other words, the backing plate and the material disclosed herein can both comprise or consist essentially of polymers having the same or similar functional groups, and/or can both comprise or consist essentially of polymers having the same or similar levels of polarity, or can both comprise or consist essentially of thermopolymers, or combinations thereof. For example, the backing plate and the material can both comprise or consist essentially of one or more ethyl-alkyl copolymers, one or more polyolefins (e.g., thermoplastic polyolefins), or the like. The backing plate and the material can both comprise or consist essentially of thermopolymers having levels of polarity within 20% of each other, or within 10% of each other. The types of similar polymers can be beneficial for improving manufacturing compatibilities between the material  116  and the backing plate  136 , and also for improving the interfacial bond strength between the polymers. Alternatively, one or more tie layers (not shown) can be applied between the backing plate  136  and the material  116  in order to improve their interlayer bonding. 
     The traction elements  114  may each include any suitable cleat, stud, spike, lug, fin, blade, or similar element configured to enhance traction for a wearer during cutting, turning, stopping, accelerating, and backward movement. The traction elements  114  can be arranged in any suitable pattern along the bottom surface  144  of the backing plate  136 . For instance, the traction elements  114  can be distributed in groups or clusters along the outsole  112  (e.g., clusters of 2-8 traction elements  114 ). As best shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the traction elements  114  can be grouped into a cluster  147 A at the forefoot region  122 , a cluster  147 B at the midfoot region  124 , and a cluster  147 C at the heel region  126 . In this example, six of the traction elements  114  are substantially aligned along the medial side  132  of the outsole  112 , and the other six traction elements  114  are substantially aligned along the lateral side  134  of the outsole  112 . 
     The traction elements  114  may alternatively be arranged along the outsole  112  symmetrically or non-symmetrically between the medial side  132  and the lateral side  134 , as desired. Moreover, one or more of the traction elements  114  may be arranged along a centerline of outsole  112  between the medial side  132  and the lateral side  134 , such as a blade  114 A, as desired to enhance or otherwise modify performance. 
     Alternatively (or additionally), traction elements can also include one or more front-edge traction elements  114 , such as one or more blades  114 B, one or more fins  114 C, and/or one or more cleats (not shown) operably secured to (e.g., integrally formed with) the backing plate  136  at a front-edge region between forefoot region  122  and cluster  147 A. In this application, the material  116  can optionally extend across the bottom surface  144  at this front-edge region while maintaining good traction performance. 
     Furthermore, the traction elements  114  may each independently have any suitable dimension (e.g., shape and size). For instance, in some designs, each traction element  114  within a given cluster (e.g., clusters  147 A,  147 B, and  147 C) may have the same or substantially the same dimensions, and/or each traction element  114  across the entirety of the outsole  112  may have the same or substantially the same dimensions. Alternatively, the traction elements  114  within each cluster may have different dimensions, and/or each traction element  114  across the entirety of the outsole  112  may have different dimensions. 
     Examples of suitable shapes for the traction elements  114  include rectangular, hexagonal, cylindrical, conical, circular, square, triangular, trapezoidal, diamond, ovoid, as well as other regular or irregular shapes (e.g., curved lines, C-shapes, etc. . . . ). The traction elements  114  may also have the same or different heights, widths, and/or thicknesses as each other, as further discussed below. Further examples of suitable dimensions for the traction elements  114  and their arrangements along the backing plate  136  include those provided in soccer/global football footwear commercially available under the tradenames “TIEMPO,” “HYPERVENOM,” “MAGISTA,” and “MERCURIAL” from Nike, Inc. of Beaverton, Oreg. 
     The traction elements  114  may be incorporated into the outsole or optional backing plate  136  of the outsole by any suitable mechanism such that the traction elements  114  preferably extend from the bottom surface  144 . For example, as discussed below, the traction elements  114  may be integrally formed with the backing plate  136  through a molding process. Alternatively, the outsole or optional backing plate  136  may be configured to receive removable traction elements  114 , such as screw-in or snap-in traction elements  114 . In these aspects, the backing plate  136  may include receiving holes (e.g., threaded or snap-fit holes, not shown), and the traction elements  114  can be screwed or snapped into the receiving holes to secure the traction elements  114  to the outsole or backing plate  136 . In some applications, the receiving holes may be raised or otherwise protrude from the general plane of the bottom surface  144  of the outsole or backing plate  136  (e.g., for soft ground (SG) footwear). Alternatively, the receiving holes may be flush with the bottom surface  144 . 
     In further examples, a first portion of the traction elements  114  can be integrally formed with the outsole or optional backing plate  136  and a second portion of the traction elements  114  can be secured with screw-in, snap-in, or other similar mechanisms (e.g., for SG pro footwear). The traction elements  114  may also be configured as short studs for use with artificial ground (AG) footwear, if desired. In some applications, the receiving holes may be raised or otherwise protrude from the general plane of the bottom surface  144  of the backing plate  136 . Alternatively, the receiving holes may be flush with the bottom surface  144 . 
     The traction elements  114  can be fabricated from any suitable material for use with the outsole  112  or optional backing plate  136 . For example, the traction elements  114  may include one or more of thermoplastic elastomers, thermoset polymers, elastomeric polymers, silicone polymers, natural and synthetic rubbers, composite materials (including polymers reinforced with carbon fiber and/or glass), natural leather, and metals (such as aluminum, steel and the like). In aspects in which the traction elements  114  are integrally formed with the outsole or backing plate  112  (e.g., molded together), the traction elements  114  preferably include the same materials as “the outsole  112  or backing plate  136 ” (e.g., thermoplastic elastomers). Alternatively, in aspects in which the traction elements  114  are separate and insertable into receiving holes of the backing plate  112 , the traction elements  114  can include any suitable materials that can be secured in the receiving holes of the outsole or backing plate  112  (e.g., metals and thermoplastic elastomers). 
     The optional backing plate  136  (and more generally, the outsole  112 ) may also include other features other than the traction elements  114  that can provide support or flexibility to the outsole and/or for aesthetic design purposes. For instance, the backing plate  136  may also include ridges  148  that may be raised or otherwise protrude from the general plane of the bottom surface  144 . As shown, ridges  148  can extend along the arrangement pathways of the traction elements  114 , if desired. These features (e.g., ridges  148 ) can be integrally formed into the backing plate  136 , or alternatively, be removable features that are securable to the backing plate  136 . Suitable materials for these features include those discussed above for the traction elements  114 . 
     The optional backing plate  136  (and more generally, the outsole  112 ) may also include other features such as exaggerated tread patterns, lugs, and the like, which are configured to contact the ground or playing surface to increase traction, to enhance performance, or for aesthetic design purposes. These other features can be present on the outsole in place of or in addition to the traction elements  114 , and can be formed from the suitable materials discussed above for the traction elements  114 . 
     As further shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the traction elements  114  can be arranged such that when footwear  100  rests on a flat surface  149 , the ground-facing surface  144  of the outsole or optional backing plate  136  and the material  116  are offset from the flat surface  149 . As such, the traction elements  114  can receive the greatest levels of shear and abrasive contact with surfaces during use, such as by digging into soil during cutting, turning, stopping, accelerating, backward movements, and the like. In comparison, the material  116  at its offset location can remain partially protected from a significant portion of these shear and abrasive conditions, thereby preserving its integrity during use. 
       FIG. 5  is an expanded sectional view of the material  116  and the ground-facing surface  144  of the outsole or backing plate  136  at one of the traction elements  114 . In this shown example, the traction element  114 , which can be representative of one or more of the other traction elements  114 , is integrally molded with the backing plate  136  and includes a shaft  150  that protrudes downward beyond the ground-facing surface  144  and the material  116 . The shaft  150  itself may include an outer side surface  152  and a terminal edge  154 . The terminal edge  154  of the shaft  150  is the distal end of the traction element  114 , opposite from the ground-facing surface  144 , and is the portion of the traction element  114  that can initially contact and penetrate into a playing or ground surface. 
     As mentioned above, the traction element  114  may have any suitable dimensions and shape, where the shaft  150  (and the outer side surface  152 ) can correspondingly have rectangular, hexagonal, cylindrical, conical, circular, square, triangular, trapezoidal, diamond, ovoid, as well as other regular or irregular shapes (e.g., curved lines, C-shapes, etc. . . . ). Similarly, the terminal edge  154  can have dimensions and sizes that correspond to those of the outer side surface  152 , and can be substantially flat, sloped, rounded, and the like. Furthermore, in some aspects, the terminal edge  154  can be substantially parallel to the bottom surface  144  and/or the “Traction element  114 ”. 
     Examples of suitable average lengths  156  for each shaft  150  relative to bottom surface  144  range from 1 mm to 5 mm, from 5 mm to 10 mm or from 10 mm to 15 mm, where, as mentioned above, each traction element  114  can have different dimensions and sizes (i.e., the shafts  150  of the various traction elements  114  can have different lengths). 
     In the example shown in  FIGS. 1-5 , the material  116  is present on the entire ground-facing surface  144  of the backing plate  136  (or outsole) between (but not including) the traction elements  114 . For instance, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the material  116  can cover the ground-facing surface  144  at locations around the shaft  150  of each traction element  114 , such that material  116  does not cover the outer side surface  152  or the terminal edge  154  of the traction element  114 , other than optionally at a base region  158  of the shaft  150 . This can preserve the integrity of the material  116  and preserve traction performance of the traction elements  114 . In some aspects, the material  116  does not cover or contact any portion of the outer side surface  152  of the shaft  150 . In other aspects, the base region  158  that the material  116  covers and contacts the outer side surface  152  is less than 25%, less than 15%, or less than 10% of the length of the shaft  150 , as an average distance measured from the bottom surface  144  at the traction element  114 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , the material  116  can be present as a thin layer (thin relative to the length of the shaft of the traction element  114 ) to minimize or otherwise reduce its impact on the traction elements  114 . Examples of suitable average thicknesses for the material  116  range from about 0.0025 mm, about 0.025 mm, or about 0.1 mm to about 0.15 mm, about 0.25 mm, about 0.35 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 5.0 mm, or about 12 mm. The terms “about” and “substantially” are used herein with respect to measurable values and ranges due to expected variations known to those skilled in the art (e.g., limitations and variability in measurements). The thickness of the layer of the material  116  as present on the outsole can range from about 0.1 mm to about 12 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, or from about 1 mm to about 7 mm. As depicted, the thicknesses for the material  116  are measured between the interfacial bond at the bottom surface  144  of the backing plate  136  and an exterior surface of the material  116  (referred to as a material surface  162 ). 
     In some alternative aspects, the material  116  can also (or alternatively) be present on one or more regions of the traction elements  114 . This can be beneficial, for example, in applications where the traction element  114  has a central base with multiple shafts  150  that protrude from the periphery of the central base, such as is found on some types of spikes used on golf shoes. In such aspects, the material  116  can be present on at least the central base of the traction element  114 . For example, when the multiple shafts  150  of the traction element are configured to be ground-contacting during wear, but the central base of the traction element is ground-facing but not configured to be ground-contacting during wear, the material  116  can be present on only the central base of the traction element, and not on the multiple shafts  150  of the traction elements. Furthermore, for some applications, the material  116  may also cover the entirety of one or more of the traction elements  114  (e.g., on the shaft  150 ). Alternatively, the traction elements  114  can be free of the material. 
     The presence of the material  116  on the ground-facing side of outsole  112  (i.e., on bottom surface  144 ) allows the material  116  to come into contact with soil (e.g., mud) during use, which is believed to enhance the soil-shedding performance for the footwear  100 , as explained herein. However, the material  116  can also optionally be present on one or more locations of the sidewall  146  of the outsole or backing plate  136 , on one or more locations of an included midsole (not shown), on one or more locations on the upper  110 , and combinations thereof. 
     In some aspects, when the material is present in the form of an open-cell foam, the material  116  can take up water that is in contact with the material  116 . For instance, the material  116  may take up water from mud, wetted soil, and wet grass, such as during a warm up prior to a competitive match, as well as during a competitive match. The terms “take up,” “taking up,” “uptake,” “uptaking,” “absorb”, “re-absorb” and the like means the material can draw a liquid (e.g., water) from an external source, such as by absorption, adsorption, capillary action, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, the term “water” refers to an aqueous liquid that can be pure water, or can be an aqueous carrier with lesser amounts of dissolved, dispersed or otherwise suspended materials (e.g., particulates, other liquids, and the like). 
     The amount of water that the material  116  can take up depends on a variety of factors, such as its composition (e.g., its relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity), its cross-linking density, its thickness, and its interfacial bond to the backing plate  136 . In addition, the presence of larger pore sizes on the surface of an open-cell foam can increase the amount of surface water available. This can be achieved through foam processing parameters (e.g., the amount of blowing agent, processing temperature or pressure) or through post-processing (e.g., roll milling or needle puncturing). 
     Foams of low density are highly compliant and compressible. The term “compliant” refers to the stiffness of a material, and can be determined by Young&#39;s modulus. The lower the degree of crosslinking in a material, or the greater the distance between crosslinks in a material, the more compliant the material. In addition, the use of an open-cell foam (as material  116 , for example) allows for macroscopic uptake of water into the surface pores. The compliance, and surface water, and water present in the pores of the open-cell foam accordingly can allow the material  116 , when in open-cell foam form, to readily compress under an applied pressure (e.g., during a foot strike on the ground), which compression can quickly expel at least a portion of its retained water (depending on the extent of compression). While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that this combination of compressive compliance and water expulsion can disrupt the adhesion and cohesion of soil at outsole  112 , which prevents or otherwise reduces the accumulation of soil on outsole  112 . 
     In addition to expelling water, the compressed material  116 , when present in the form of an open-cell foam, may also re-absorb water when the compression is released (e.g., liftoff from a foot strike during normal use). As such, during use in a moisture-containing environment (e.g., a muddy or wet ground), the material  116 , when present in the form of an open-cell foam, can be dynamically expelling and re-absorbing water over successive foot strikes. This can accordingly allow the open-cell foam material  116  to continue to prevent soil accumulation over extended periods of time (e.g., during an entire competitive match) so long as there is ground water available for re-absorption. 
       FIGS. 6 to 9  illustrate an example method of using footwear  100  with a muddy or wet ground  166 , which depict the believed mechanism for preventing soil accumulation on the outsole  112 . It is known that the soil of the ground  166  can accumulate on an outsole (e.g., between the traction elements) during normal athletic or casual use, in particular when the ground  166  is wet. The soil is believed to accumulate on the outsole due to a combination of adhesion of the soil particles to the surface of the outsole and cohesion of the soil particles to each other. In order to break these adhesive/cohesive forces, the soil particles need to be subjected to stresses high enough to exceed their adhesive/cohesive activation energies. When this is achieved, the soil particles can then move or flow under the applied stresses, which dislodge or otherwise shed portions of the soil from the outsole. 
     However, during typical use of conventional cleated footwear, such as during competitive sporting events (e.g., global football/soccer matches, golfing events, and American football games), the actions of walking and running are not always sufficient to dislodge the soil from the outsole. This can result in the soil sticking to the outsoles, particularly in the interstitial regions between the individual traction elements. As can be appreciated, this soil can quickly accumulate to increase the weight of the footwear and reduce the effectiveness of the traction elements (e.g., because they have less axial or normal extent capable of engaging with the ground  166 ), each of which can have a significant impact on athletic performance. 
     The incorporation of the (polymeric) material  116  to the outsole  112 , however, is believed to disrupt the adhesion and cohesion of soil at the outsole  112 , thereby reducing the adhesive/cohesive activation energies otherwise required to induce the flow of the soil particles. As shown in  FIG. 6 , when the material is in the form of an open-cell foam, the footwear  100  can be provided in a pre-conditioned state where water is present in the open-cells of the foam material  116 . This can be accomplished in a variety of manners, such as spraying the outsole  112  with water, soaking the outsole  112  in water, or otherwise exposing the material  116  to water in a sufficient amount for a sufficient duration. Alternatively (or additionally), when water or wet materials are present on the ground  166 , footwear  100  can be used in a conventional manner on the ground  166  until the material  116  takes up a sufficient amount of water from the ground  166  or wet materials to reach its pre-conditioned state. 
     During a foot strike, the downward motion of the footwear  100  (illustrated by arrow  168 ) causes the traction element  114  to contact the ground  166 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the continued applied pressure of the foot strike can cause the traction element  114  to penetrate into the softer soil of the ground  166  until the material surface  162  of the material  116  contacts the ground  166 . As shown in  FIG. 8 , further applied pressure of the foot strike can press the material  116  into the ground  166 , thereby at least partially compressing the material  116  under the applied pressure (illustrated by arrows  170 ). As can be seen, this compression of the material  116  into the soil of the ground  166  typically compacts the soil, increasing the potential for the soil particles to adhere to outsole  112  and to cohesively adhere to each other (clumping together). 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , when the footwear  100  is lifted following the foot strike (illustrated by arrow  174 ), it is believed that the compression applied to the material  116  is released, and so the material  116  can be free to expand to its pre-compression thickness. In some examples, it has been found that, when the outsole  112  is lifted apart from the ground  166 , a thin water layer can remain in contact with the material surface  162 , which can be taken back up into the open-cell foam material  116 . This re-uptake of water from the open-cell foam material surface  162  (after compression is removed (e.g., within about 1, 2, or 5 seconds)) can be taken back into the open-cell foam material  116 . 
     This cyclic compression and expansion from repeated, rapid, and/or forceful foot strikes during use of the footwear  100  can also mechanically disrupt the adhesion of any soil still adhered to the material surface  162 , despite the presence of the material  116  in a relatively thin layer. In particular, the increased compliance is believed, under some conditions, to lead to inhomogeneous shear states in the soil when compressed in the normal or vertical direction, which can also lead to increased interfacial shear stresses and a decrease in soil accumulation. 
     In addition to the absorption, compression, and reabsorption cycle discussed above, the compliance of the material  116 , for example elongational compliance in the longitudinal direction, may allow the material  116  to be malleable and stretchable. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , during a foot rotation in a foot strike (e.g., as the foot generally rolls from heel to toe during a stride), the outsole  112  and the material  116  are correspondingly flexed (e.g., inducing compression forces illustrated by arrows  170 ). 
     The increased elongation or stretchiness of the material  116  can increase the extent that the material  116  stretches during this flexing, which can induce additional shear on any soil adhered to the material surface  162 . As illustrated, a rolling ground strike creates a curved outsole  112  and curved compressed layer of the material  116 , with the water being expelled therefrom (when present as an open-cell foam) and transverse material  116  stretching forces being induced to pull apart and shed the soil. The compression forces (illustrated by arrows  170 ) on the material  116 , which can help to expel the water (when the material is present as an open-cell foam) are particularly strong at points of contact with the ground  166  and/or where the radius of curvature of the curved outsole  112 /curved material  116  is relatively small or at its minimum, and so the inclusion of the material  116  in these locations can help to keep at least these portions of the outsole clear of soil during wear. 
     In addition to being effective at preventing soil accumulation on the outsole, the material  116  has also been found to be sufficiently durable for its intended use on the ground-contacting side of the outsole  112 . Durability is based on the nature and strength of the interfacial bond of the material  116  to the bottom surface  144  of the backing plate  136 , as well as the physical properties of the material  116  itself. For many examples, during the useful life of the outsoles and/or articles of footwear, the material  116  will not delaminate from the backing plate  136 , and it is substantially abrasion- and wear-resistant (e.g., maintaining its structural integrity without rupturing or tearing). In various aspects, the useful life of the material  116  (and the outsole  112  and footwear  100  containing it) is at least 10 hours, 20 hours, 50 hours, 100 hours, 150 hours, or 200 hours of wear. For example, the useful lifetime of the material  116  can be from 10 hours to 200 hours of wear. In other applications, the useful lifetime of the material  116  can be from 20 hours to 150 hours of wear. In further applications, the useful lifetime of the material can be from 50 to 150 hours of wear. In many aspects, the outsoles and articles of footwear of the present disclosure retain their soil-shedding ability for the useful lifetime. 
     While the material  116  is illustrated above in  FIGS. 1-4  as extending across the entire bottom surface  144  of the outsole  112  of the footwear  100 , in alternative aspects, the material  116  can alternatively be present as one or more segments that are present at separate, discrete locations on the bottom surface  144  of the outsole  112 . For instance, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the material  116  can alternatively be present as a first segment  116 A secured to the bottom surface  144  at the forefoot region  122 , such as in the interstitial region between the traction elements  114  of cluster  147 A; a second segment  116 B secured to the bottom surface  144  at the midfoot region  124 , such as in the interstitial region between the traction elements  114  of cluster  147 B; and/or a third segment  116 C secured to the bottom surface  144  at the heel region  126 , such as in the interstitial region between the traction elements  114  of cluster  147 C. In each of these examples, the remaining regions of the bottom surface  144  can be free of the material  116 . 
     In some arrangements, the material  116  may include one or more segments secured to the bottom surface  144  at a region  178  between the clusters  147 A and  147 B, at a region  180  between the clusters  147 B and  147 C, or both. For example, the material  116  may include a first segment present on the bottom surface  144  that encompasses the locations of segment  116 A, the region  178 , and segment  116 B as well at the location of region  178 ; and a second segment corresponding to the segment  116 B (at the cluster  147 C). As also shown in  FIG. 11 , the segments of the material  116  (e.g., segments  116 A,  116 B, and  116 C) can optionally have surface dimensions that conform to the overall geometry of the backing plate  136 , such as to conform to the contours of the ridges  148 , the traction elements  114 , and the like. 
     In another arrangement, the bottom surface  144  may include a front edge region  182  between the front edge  128  and the cluster  147 A (and optionally include a front portion of the cluster  147 A) that is free of the material  116 . For some uses, soil accumulation is typically most prominent in the interstitial regions of the clusters  147 A,  147 B, and  147 C, in comparison to the front edge  128 . 
     Furthermore, the backing plate  136  can also include one or more recessed pockets, such as a pocket  188  shown in  FIG. 12 , in which the material  116  or a sub-segment of the material  116  can reside. This can potentially increase the durability of the material  116  by protecting it from lateral delamination stresses. For instance, the backing plate  136  can include a pocket  188  in the interstitial region of cluster  147 C, where the sub-segment  116 C of the material  116  can be secured to the bottom surface  144  within the pocket  188 . In this case, the dry-state thickness  160  of the material  116  can vary relative to a depth  190  of the pocket  188 . 
     In some aspects, the depth  190  of the pocket  188  can range from 80% to 120%, from 90% to 110%, or from 95% to 105% of the dry-state thickness  160  of the material  116 . Moreover, in aspects in which the backing plate  136  includes multiple pockets  188 , each pocket  188  may have the same depth  190  or the depths  190  may independently vary as desired.  FIG. 13  illustrates an alternative design for the engagement between the material  116  and the bottom surface  144 . In this case, the backing plate  136  can include one or more recessed indentations  192  having any suitable pattern(s), and in which portions of the material  116  extend into the indentations  192  to increase the interfacial bond surface area between the material  116  and the bottom surface  144  of the backing plate  136 . For example, the indentations  192  can be present as one or more geometrically-shaped holes (e.g., circular, rectangular, or other geometric shapes) or irregularly-shaped holes in the backing plate  136 , one or more trenches or channels extending partially or fully along the backing plate  136  (in the lateral, longitudinal, or diagonal directions), and the like. 
     In these aspects, the material  116  can have two (or more) thicknesses depending on whether a given portion of the material  116  extends into one of the indentations. For ease of discussion and readability, the dry-state thickness  160  of the material  116 , as used herein, refers to a portion of the material  116  (in a dry state) that does not extend into one of the indentations, such as at locations  194 . As such, the dry-state thickness  160  shown in  FIG. 13  is the same as the dry-state thickness  160  shown above in  FIG. 5 . 
     Each indentation  192  may independently have a depth  196 , which can range from 1% to 200%, from 25% to 150%, or from 50% to 100% of the dry-state thickness  160  of the material  116 . In these locations, the dry-state thickness of the material  116  is the sum of the dry-state thickness  160  and the depth  196 .  FIG. 14  illustrates a variation on the indentations  192  shown above in  FIG. 13 . In the design shown in  FIG. 14 , the indentations  192  can also extend in-plane with the backing plate  136  to form locking members  200  (e.g., arms or flanged heads). This design can also be produced with co-extrusion or injection molding techniques, and can further assist in mechanically securing the material  116  to the backing plate  136 . 
     As discussed above, the outsole  112  with the material  116  is particularly suitable for use in global football/soccer applications. However, the material  116  can also be used in combination with other types of footwear  100 , such as for articles of footwear  100  for golf (shown in  FIG. 15 ), for baseball (shown in  FIG. 16 ), and for American football (shown in  FIG. 17 ), each of which can include traction elements  114  as cleats, studs, and the like. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates an aspect in which the material  116  is positioned on one or more portions of the outsole  112  and/or cleats  114  in an article of golf footwear  100 . In some cases, the material  116  is present on one or more locations of the ground-facing surface of the outsole  112  except the cleats  114  (e.g., a non-cleated surface, such as generally illustrated in  FIG. 1  for the global football/soccer footwear  100 ). Alternatively or additionally, the material  116  can be present as one or more film segments  116 D on one or more surfaces between tread patterns  202  on ground-facing surface of the outsole  112 . Alternatively or additionally, the material  116  can be incorporated onto one or more surfaces of the cleats  114 . For example, the material  116  can also be on central region of cleat  114  between the shafts/spikes  150 A, such as where each cleat  114  is screwed into or otherwise mounted to the outsole  112  backing plate  136 , and has a generally flat central base region  158 A (i.e., where the material  116  is located) and three shafts/spikes  150 A arranged around the perimeter of the central region  158 A. In such aspects, remaining regions of the outsole  112  can be free of the material  116 . For example, the cleats  114  having material  116  can be separate components that can be secured to the outsole  112  (e.g., screwed or snapped in), where the outsole  112  itself can be free of the material  116 . In other words, the material-covered cleats  114  can be provided as components for use with standard footwear not otherwise containing the  116  (e.g., golf shoes or otherwise). 
       FIG. 16  illustrates an aspect in which the material  116  is positioned on one or more portions of the outsole  112  in an article of baseball footwear  100 . In some cases, the material  116  is present on one or more locations of the ground-facing surface of the outsole  112  except the cleats  114  (e.g., a non-cleated surface, such as generally illustrated in  FIG. 1  for the global football/soccer footwear  100 ). Alternatively or additionally, the material  116  can be present as one or more film segments  116 D on one or more recessed surfaces  204  in the ground-facing surface of the outsole  112 , which recessed surfaces  204  can include the cleats  114  therein (e.g., material  116  is located only in one or more of the recessed surfaces  204 , but not substantially on the cleats). 
       FIG. 17  illustrates an aspect in which the material  116  is positioned on one or more portions of the outsole  112  in an article of American football footwear  100 . In some cases, the material  116  is present on one or more locations of the ground-facing surface of the outsole  112  except the cleats  114  (e.g., a non-cleated surface, such as generally illustrated in  FIG. 1  for the global football/soccer footwear  100 ). Alternatively or additionally, the material  116  can be present as one or more film segments  116 D on one or more recessed surfaces  204  in the ground-facing surface of the outsole  112 , which recessed surfaces  204  can include the cleats  114  therein (e.g., material  116  is located only in one or more of the recessed surfaces  204 , but not substantially on the cleats). 
       FIG. 18  illustrates an aspect in which the material  116  is positioned on one or more portions of the outsole  112  in an article of hiking footwear  100  (e.g., hiking shoes or boots). As illustrated, the traction elements  114  are in the form of lugs  114 D which are integrally formed with and protrude from the outsole  112  bottom surface  144 . In some cases, the material  116  is present on one or more locations of the bottom surface  144  of the outsole  112  except the lugs  114 D. For example, the material  116  can be located on recessed surfaces  204  between adjacent lugs  114 D (e.g., but not substantially on the  114 D). 
     The foregoing discussions of footwear  100  and outsole  112  have been made above in the context of footwear having traction elements (e.g., traction elements  114 ), such as cleats, studs, spikes, lugs, and the like. However, footwear  100  having material  116  can also be designed for any suitable activity, such as running, track and field, rugby, cycling, tennis, and the like. In these aspects, one or more segments of the material  116  are preferably located in interstitial regions between the traction elements, such as in the interstitial grooves of a running shoe tread pattern. 
     The outsoles and/or articles of footwear of the present disclosure, including the material present on (secured to) the outsoles and/or articles of footwear described herein, can be characterized based on various properties, for example, soil shedding ability, water uptake, durability, melt flow rate, density, and/or various dynamic mechanical properties. 
     The combination of the open-cell foam material with the mesh component, or of the open-cell foam material alone, can be characterized by its ability to shed soil as determined by the impact energy required to dislodge soil from a sample of open-cell foam material (with or without the mesh component overlaying the foam), and as measured according to the Impact Energy Test disclosed herein. The combination or just the open-cell foam material can be tested either in neat material form or on a test sample taken from an outsole in accordance with the Sampling Procedures disclosed herein. As shown in Table I (below), when tested according to the Impact Energy Test, the impact energy required to dislodge soil from a sample of an open-cell foam material according to the present disclosure (without the mesh component) was 0 Joules (i.e., the soil did not adhere to the sample). In comparison, the impact energy required to dislodge soil from a sample of a material not in accordance with the present disclosure (and having a thickness of 0.7 mm) was 0.55 Joules. Further, the impact energy required to dislodge soil from another sample of a material not in accordance with the present disclosure (and having a thickness of 0.9 mm) was 0.36 Joules. Accordingly, in some aspects, the impact energy required to dislodge soil from either the open-cell material disclosed herein alone, or from the combination of the open-cell foam material with the mesh component, can range from 0 Joules to 0.6 Joules, from 0 Joules to 0.4 Joules, from 0 Joules to 0.2 Joules, or from 0.2 Joules to 0.4 Joules. 
     The ability of the open-cell foam material alone or in combination with the mesh component to take up water can reflect its ability prevent soil accumulation during use with an article of footwear (e.g., footwear  100 ). As discussed above, in some aspects when the open-cell foam material is used alone or in combination with the mesh component, it can take up water. When the material alone or with the mesh component is then subjected to an application of pressure, either compressive or flexing, the material can reduce in volume to expel at least a portion of its water. 
     This expelled water is believed to reduce the adhesive/cohesive forces of soil particles at the outsole, which taken alone, or more preferably in combination with the material compliance, can prevent or otherwise reduce soil accumulation at the outsole. Accordingly, the material can undergo dynamic transitions during and between foot strikes, such as while a wearer is running or walking. 
     The material alone or in combination with the mesh component also can be characterized based by the durability of its soil-shedding ability. The durability of the material alone or in combination with the mesh component can be assessed using the Impact Energy Test, before use and after a certain specified period of time of use during normal activity conditions (e.g., in-game use). For example, the impact energy required to shed soil from the material alone or in combination with the mesh component can remain the same as when tested before use or vary by less than 10% of the impact energy required to dislodge soil before use and following 90 minutes, 10 hours, 20 hours, 40 hours, 80 hours, 100 hours, or 200 hours (e.g., at least 80-100 hours) of game play, as characterized by the Impact Energy Test using the Footwear Sampling Procedure. 
     The open-cell foam material, as well as components of the material, can be characterized based on melt flow rate. The melt flow rate melt flow rate of the material can be determined according to ASTM D1238 using a 2160 g weight and a temperature of 190° C. The melt flow rate of the material, according to ASTM D1238 using a 2160 g weight and a temperature of 190° C., can be from 0.4 g/10 mins. to 125 g/10 mins., or from 0.5 g/10 mins. to 100 g/10 mins. 
     The open-cell foam material can be characterized based on its density. The density of the material can be determined using standard gravimetric and volumetric procedures. The density of the material can be from 0.5 lbs./ft. 3  to 5 lbs./ft. 3 , or from 1 lb./ft. 3  to 3.5 lbs./ft. 3 . 
     The open-cell foam material can be characterized based on its tensile strength. The tensile strength of the material can be determined on standard tensile specimens of the material using a standard method such as ASTM D882. The tensile strength of the material, according to ASTM D882, can be from 75 kPa to 250 kPa, or from 100 kPa to 200 kPa. 
     The open-cell foam material can be characterized based on its Young&#39;s modulus (i.e., tensile modulus). The Young&#39;s modulus of the material can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the extensional strain of the material, which can be obtained from a stress-strain curve for the material as determined using standard procedures. The Young&#39;s modulus of the material can be from 0.4 MPa to 2.5 MPa, or from 0.5 MPa to 2 MPa. 
     The open-cell foam material  116  is composed of a polymer material that optionally can be formulated with an agent for cross-linking. The material can comprise a blend of polymers and optionally non-polymeric materials. The material is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,853,289, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Therein the material is described in the context of cleaning up oil spills. There is no disclosure, teaching, or suggestion therein, however, that the material can be used in the manner now discovered as an article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear. The material is believed to be commercially available from OPFLEX Technologies LLC (Indianapolis, Ind.), the assignee of the &#39;289 patent. 
     In some aspects, the open-cell foam material is low or medium density polyethylene in combination with (e.g., blended with) an ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymer or a combination of alkyl acrylate copolymers. In one aspect, the ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-methyl acrylate, ethylene-ethyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof. These materials have a density ranging from about 0.85 to about 0.95. Specifically, elastomers, such as polyolefin elastomers and ethylene-styrene copolymers have a density of about 0.85, and a melting point of about 45° C. Very low density polyethylene has a density of about 0.89, and a melting point of about 93° C. Low density and linear low density polyethylene has a density of about 0.91, and a melting point of about 100° C. Medium density polyethylene has a density of about 0.92, and a melting point of about 112° C. In contrast high density polyethylene has a density of about 0.93, and a melting point of about 120° C. 
     In one aspect, when the open-cell foam material comprises polyethylene, the polyethylene is selected from polyethylene resins with a density of from about 0.91 grams/cubic centimeter (g/cc) to about 0.950 g/cc, or of from about 0.917 g/cc to about 0.930 g/cc, or from about 0.917 g/cc to about 0.923 g/cc. The material when in the form of a foam (e.g., open-cell foam) can have a foamed density of about 1.5 pounds per cubic foot. The melt flow rate, as determined according to ASTM D1238 using a 2160 g weight and a temperature of 190° C., can be in the range of from about 0.5 g/10 mins. to about 100 g/10 mins., or from about 0.5 g/10 mins. to about 10 g/10 mins., or from about 1 g/10 mins. to about 4 g/10 min. Polyethylene resins suitable for use are commercially available from a variety of manufacturers, such as Nova Chemical, Exxon Mobil, and Westlake Chemical. These resins are believed to be produced using a high pressure polyethylene process normally manufactured on either tubular or autoclave reactors. 
     The ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymers of the open-cell foam material can be copolymers of ethylene and methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate or mixtures thereof. These copolymers can have alkyl acrylate content of from about 3% to about 45%, based on the total weight of copolymer. The alkyl acrylate content can be from about 15% to about 25%. The melt flow rate as measured above is similar to the polyethylene melt flow rate. The melt flow rate range can be from about 0.5 g/10 mins. to about 4 g/10 mins. 
     The open-cell foam material can contain (a) about 20% to about 80% of the copolymer or a combination of two or more copolymers, and (b) about 80% to about 20% of the polyethylene. The range can be about 40% to about 60% copolymer(s), or about 50% to about 60% copolymer(s). The combination also may contain other polymers to enhance properties (e.g., durability). Examples of other polymers include polyethylene, polyethylene acrylate, and ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM). EPDM is a synthetic rubber analog that can enhance the elongational properties (e.g., elongation to yield or break) and, therefore, can enhance durability properties. 
     An agent suitable to cross-link the polymer (a crosslinking agent) may also be included. Suitable chemical crosslinking agents include organic peroxides, silanes, vinyl monomers, organo-titanates, organo-zirconates, and p-quinone dioximes. One method of cross-linking employs an organic peroxide, examples of which include dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,2′-bis(t-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene, 4,4′-bis(t-butylperoxy)butylvalerate, t-butylperbenzoate, t-butylpaterephthalate, and t-butyl peroxide. Preferably, the peroxide cross-linking agent is dicumyl peroxide or 2,2′-bis(t-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene. 
     The cross-linked polymer optionally can be grafted. Generally, grafting involves attaching monomer(s) or polymer(s) to the original polymer resin chains. Grafting is accomplished by forming active grafting sites on the original polymer chains in the presence of monomers that can further polymerize as branches from the original polymer chains. Active grafting sites can be formed, for example, by free radicals or anions. A graft can include other monomers, such as di- and tri-allyl cyanurates and isocyanurates, alkyl di- and tri-acrylates and methacrylates, zinc dimethacrylates and diacrylates, styrenes, divinylbenzene, vinyl silanes with at least two hydrolysable groups, and butadiene. Silane-grafted polymer materials can be cross-linked by reaction with moisture. The polymer may also be grafted with maleic anhydride to modify the absorption properties. 
     A polyolefin elastomer optionally may be included in the material. Polyolefin elastomers are modifiers that provide improvements in impact strength and other properties. In one aspect, the polyolefin elastomer is a metallocene polymer, such as Engage™ (available from The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Mich.)), or equivalent. In an aspect, a portion or all of the ethylene-alkyl acrylate may be replaced with a metallocene polymer. 
     Unimpregnated polyethylene-polystyrene (UPES) also may be included in the material. UPES is compatible with various polymers and improves processability. UPES may provide additional flexibility, improved melt strength, increased temperature range, density potential, and source reduction. 
     Chemical blowing agents also may be used to form the open-cell foam material. Chemical blowing agents may include, for example, azodicarbonamide, p-p′-oxybis(benezene)sulfonyl hydrazide, p-toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide, 5-plienyltetrazole, ethyl-5-phenyltetrazole, dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine, and other azo, N-nitroso, semicarbazide, sulfonyl hydrazides, carbonate, and bicarbonate compounds that decompose to form a gas when heated. Chemical blowing agents, such as azodicarbonamide, can be used. Maleic anhydride can be added to the material to increase the polarity of the material composition to further improve water absorption. 
     The open-cell foam material also may include additives. Additives may include inert fillers such as calcium carbonate, talc, zinc oxide, or the like. These fillers can serve to lower the ultimate elongation of the foam walls, yielding easier crushing tendency. Silicone oil also can be added to modify the integrity of the cell wall and to create an even cellular structure. In an aspect, zinc stearate may be included to act as a blowing agent activator. In an aspect, stearic acid may be used as a releasing agent. Other additives, alone or in combination, can be added to the open-cell foam material including antioxidants, ultra-violet stabilizers, thermal stabilizers, antistatic components, flame retardants, dyes, pigments or colorants, and other processing aids. 
     The open-cell foam material has an interconnecting cell structure. In one example, the foam is prepared by mixing the polyethylene and copolymer with a blowing agent, cross-linker and any desired additive. The cross-linker effects cross-linking of the material of polyethylene and copolymer. The mixture is then directed to a mold under high pressure where the mixture is subjected to heat and pressure where the cross-linking is initiated. The mixture then is directed to a second step expansion chamber where it is steam heated and water cooled. In this process, there is no direct contact with the heating and cooling fluids. In this step the blowing agent decomposes into a gas while cross-linking is continued. The foam mixture is then cooled and removed for further processing. The foam is then crushed to puncture its skin and then compressed to break the closed cells. The foam then optionally can be crushed or punctured with needles to increase the number and size of the open cells. 
     Alternatively, the foam can be continuously produced through extrusion foaming. In such a process, all of the ingredient components are added to an extruder as neat resin/filler or as masterbatches from a previous compounding step. The components form a molten resin that flows through an extruder and later exits through an extrusion die. As the molten resin exits the die a large pressure drop results and acts to separate a gas phase from the solid material. Thereafter, post-processing can be used to alter the skin properties or emboss the material on a macroscale. 
     The articles of footwear of the present disclosure can be manufactured using a variety of different footwear manufacturing techniques. For example, the open-cell foam material (e.g., material  116 ) and the optional backing plate or substrate can be formed using methods such as injection molding, cast molding, thermoforming, vacuum forming, extrusion, spray coating, and the like. 
     In a first example, the outsole is formed with the use of a co-extruded outsole plate. In this case, the open-cell foam material can be laminated with a thermoplastic material used to form a thin backing substrate, where the resulting laminate can be provided in a web or sheet form. The web or sheet can then be placed in a vacuum thermoforming tool to produce the three-dimensional geometry of the outsole ground-facing side (referred to as an outsole face precursor). The backing substrate provides a first function in this step by creating a structural support for the relatively thinner and weaker material (e.g. open-cell foam material  116 ). The outsole face precursor can then be trimmed to form its perimeter and orifices to receive traction elements, thereby providing an outsole face. 
     The outsole face can then be placed in a mold cavity, where the open-cell foam material is preferably positioned away from the injection sprues. Another thermoplastic material can then be back injected into the mold to bond to the backing substrate, opposite of the open-cell foam material (e.g., material  116 ). This illustrates the second function of the backing substrate, namely to protect the material (e.g., material  116 ) from the injection pressure. The injected thermoplastic material can be the same or different from the material used to produce the backing substrate. Preferably, they include the same or similar materials (e.g., both being thermoplastic polyurethanes). As such, the backing substrate and the injected material in the mold form the outsole backing plate, which is secured to the material disclosed herein (e.g., material  116 ) (during the lamination step). 
     In a second example, the outsole is formed with the use of injection molding. In this case, a substrate material is preferably injected into a mold to produce the outsole backing plate. The outsole backing plate can then be back injected with an open-cell foam precursor material to produce which can be foamed as part of the injection molding process or during a subsequent foaming step to produce open-cell foam material bonded to the outsole backing plate. 
     In either example, after the outsole is manufactured, it can be directly or indirectly secured to a footwear upper to provide the article of footwear of the present disclosure. In particular, material disclosed herein (e.g., material  116 ) can function as a ground-facing surface of the outsole, which is positioned on the opposite side of the outsole backing plate from the upper. 
       FIG. 20  depicts layered compositions according to this disclosure. As shown generally in  FIG. 20 , the article includes a substrate body  203 , an open-cell foam material  116 , and a mesh component  19 . The substrate body  203  forms at least a portion of the article, and is in direct contact with the open-cell foam material  116 . 
     The open-cell foam material  116  has a first side  11  secured to the substrate body  203  and an opposing second side  13 . The second side  13  of the open-cell foam material opposes the first side  11 . The mesh component  19  is present on and/or adjacent to the second side  13  of the open-cell foam material. The mesh component  19  covers a first surface portion of the open-cell foam material and leaves uncovered a second surface portion of the open-cell foam material  29  (e.g. with opening  21  in the mesh component). The mesh component  19  covering the first surface portion has a first side  23  defining part of an external surface of the article, and a second side  27  opposing the first side. At least a portion of the second side  27  of the mesh component is in direct contact with the second side  13  of the open-cell foam material  116 . An uncovered second portion  29 of the second surface  13  of the open-cell foam material is not covered by the mesh component  19  and is exposed through the opening  21  in the mesh component. This uncovered second surface portion of the open-cell foam material ( 29 ) defines another part of the external surface. Thus, the external surface of the article is defined in part by the first side  23  of the mesh component, and in another part by the uncovered second surface portions  29  of the open-cell foam material. The substrate body, the open-cell foam material, and the mesh component define a layered structure  25 . 
     In some cases, the mesh component  19  can cover substantially all of the open-cell foam material  116 . Alternatively, the uncovered second surface portion of the open-cell foam material  116  is larger than the covered first surface portion of the open-cell foam material  116 . If the article is an outsole, the mesh component  19  can cover substantially all of an exterior surface of the outsole or just a portion of an exterior surface of the outsole. In one example, the uncovered second surface portion of the open-cell foam material  116  is at least about 50% of the exterior surface of the outsole. In another example, the open-cell foam material  116  forms a larger portion of the exterior surface of the outsole than the mesh component  19 . The second surface portion is uncovered by or exposed through openings  21  defined by the mesh component  19 , in which the openings  21  effectively each have a surface area defined between the elongate bodies (e.g., wires, strands, filaments, yarns) that form the mesh component  19 . The plurality of openings  21  in the mesh component  19  allow portions of the second side  13  of the open-cell foam material  116  to be uncovered by the mesh and exposed. The openings (e.g.  21 ) can have an opening surface area for each opening  21  of from about 1 mm 2  to about 15 mm 2 . More specifically, the opening area can be from about 1 mm 2  to about 2 mm 2 , or from about 3 mm 2  to about 7 mm 2 . The diameter of an elongate body of the mesh component can be less than 2.0 mm. Specifically, the diameter can be about 0.001 mm to about 2.0 mm; more specifically, about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm. For example and as previously discussed above,  FIGS. 1-4  illustrate an example article of footwear of the present disclosure, referred to as an article of footwear  100 , and which is depicted as footwear for use in global football/soccer applications. Additionally,  FIG. 22  depicts an outsole for an article of footwear similar to the article of footwear  100  depicted in  FIGS. 1-4  but including the mesh component  19  present on the second side of the open-cell foam material  116 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the footwear  100  includes an upper  110  and an outsole  112  as footwear article components, where outsole  112  includes a plurality of traction elements  114  (e.g., cleats) and a material comprising the open-cell foam material  116  at its external or ground-facing side or surface. While many of the embodied footwear of the present disclosure preferably include traction elements such as cleats, it is to be understood that in other aspects, the incorporation of cleats is optional. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , the mesh component  19  covers a first surface portion of the open-cell foam material  116 , defining a part of an external surface of the article. In  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the traction elements  114  can be arranged such that when footwear  100  rests on a flat surface  149 , the bottom surface  144  of backing plate  136 , and the open-cell foam material  116  (forming the layered structure) are offset from the flat surface  149 . As such, the traction elements  114  can receive the greatest levels of shear and abrasive contact with surfaces during use, such as by digging into soil during cutting, turning, stopping, accelerating, backward movements, and the like. In comparison, the open-cell foam material  116  at its offset location can remain partially protected from a significant portion of these shear and abrasive conditions, thereby preserving its integrity during use. 
     Similarly to  FIG. 20 ,  FIGS. 21A-21D  are partial, side views of a substrate body  203 , the open-cell foam material  116 , and the mesh component  19 . In  FIGS. 21A-21B , the mesh component  19  may be partially embedded into the open-cell foam material  116 . “Embedding” refers to having portions of at least two sides or a portion of a cross-sectional area of a first layer (e.g. the mesh component and/or open-cell foam material) surrounded by an adjacent layer (e.g. the open-cell foam material and/or the substrate body). A portion of the mesh component can be embedded into the open-cell foam material and/or in the substrate body, for example, around the edge of the substrate body, and/or at one or more point on the external surface, such as at a location of a traction element. The traction element can also have a lip  22  forming an outermost surface  24 . 
     In  FIGS. 21C-21D , the mesh component  19  and the open-cell foam material  116  are embedded into the substrate body  203 . At least a portion of the mesh component  19  can be embedded into the substrate body  203 , defining a first embedded portion. Additionally, at least a portion of the open-cell foam material  116  can be embedded into the substrate body  203 , defining a second embedded portion  14 . The substrate body  203  comprises a first side  10  and one or more traction elements (e.g. shaft  20 ) extending from the first side  10  such that the embedded portions of the mesh component  19  and the embedded portion  14  of the open-cell foam material  116  are at least partially embedded into the one or more traction elements. 
     In order to form one or more embedded portions, a portion of an adjacent layer (e.g. open-cell foam material or substrate body) may be molded around the embedded portion(s). Such molding techniques include injection molding or cast molding the open-cell foam material and/or the substrate body onto or in the presence of the embedded portion. For example, a molten thermoplastic polymeric material which will form the substrate body can be deposited below, above, or both below and above the embedded portion(s) of the mesh component and/or open-cell foam material. Following cooling and solidification of the molten thermoplastic polymeric material, the portions are embedded by the solidified polymeric material of the substrate body. 
     In another example, the embedded portions can be embedded by, first, forming the a ridge or channel, and securing the embedded portion against the ridge or within the channel, thereby surrounding or trapping the embedded portion with the channel on at least two sides. Specifically, the substrate body or the open-cell foam material or both can be formed with a ridge, and the mesh component secured at the base of the ridge. 
     Additionally, the mesh component can be secured to the open-cell foam material, or the substrate body, or both, by any means known in the art. For example, the mesh component  19  may be glued to or integrally formed with the open-cell foam material and/or the substrate body. Such integral formation may include forming the mesh component with at least one other element of the article by way of injection molding, cast molding, solvent casting, thermoforming, vacuum forming, extrusion, co-extrusion, spray coating, and the like. 
     In one example, if the article includes one or more traction elements (e.g. shaft  20 ) the mesh component  19  could be formed with the substrate body (e.g. injection or cast molded). The one or more traction elements could be back injection molded around and/or through the mesh component  19 . 
     The mesh component can be made or formed of a variety of materials, including metals and polymeric materials, and the like. The mesh component can be a textile. Such textiles may be woven, knit, braided, or non-woven. If the mesh material is formed of a polymeric material, the polymeric material can have a water uptake capacity of less than about 10% by weight, as characterized by the Water Uptake Capacity Test with the Sampling Procedure. The polymeric material of the mesh component can be a thermoplastic polymeric material. The polymeric material can be a polyester. The polymeric material can be a polyamide. In a specific example, the polymeric material can be an aramid, such as those commercially available under the tradename Kevlar® (E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company). 
     Property Analysis and Characterization Procedures 
     Various properties can be determined for the material secured to the outsole according to the following methodologies. 
     The terms “Footwear Sampling Procedure,” “Neat Material Sampling Procedure,” “Water Uptake Capacity Test,” and “Impact Energy Test,” as used herein refer to the respective sampling procedures and test methodologies described below. These sampling procedures and test methodologies characterize the properties of the recited materials, outsoles, footwear, and the like, and are not required to be performed as active steps in the claims. 
     1. Sampling Procedures 
     As mentioned above, it has been found that when the open-cell foam material is secured to another substrate, the interfacial bond can restrict the extent that the material can take up water. As such, various properties of the material can be characterized using samples prepared with the following sampling procedures: 
     A. Footwear Sampling Procedure 
     This procedure can be used to obtain a sample of the open-cell foam material when the material is used alone or in combination with a mesh component as a component of a footwear outsole or article of footwear (e.g., bonded to an outsole substrate, such as an outsole backing plate). An outsole sample including the material in a dry state (e.g., at 25° C. and 20% relative humidity) is cut from the article of footwear using a blade. This process is performed by separating the outsole from an associated footwear upper, and removing any materials from the outsole top surface (e.g., corresponding to the top surface  142 ) that can uptake water and potentially skew the water uptake measurements of the open-cell foam material, or the combination of the open-cell foam material and the mesh component. For example, the outsole top surface can be skinned, abraded, scraped, or otherwise cleaned to remove any upper adhesives, yarns, fibers, foams, and the like that could potentially take up water themselves. 
     The resulting sample includes the open-cell foam material alone or in combination with the mesh component, and any outsole substrate bonded to the material, and maintains the interfacial bond between the material and the associated substrate. As such, this test can simulate how the material will perform as part of an article of footwear. Additionally, this sample is also useful in cases where the interfacial bond between the material and the outsole substrate is less defined, such as where the material is highly diffused into the outsole substrate material (e.g., with a concentration gradient). 
     The sample is taken at a location along the outsole that provides a substantially constant open-cell foam material thickness (within +/−10% of the average material thickness), such as in a forefoot region, midfoot region, or a heel region of the outsole, and has a surface area of 4 square centimeters (cm 2 ). In cases where the material is not present on the outsole in any segment having a 4 cm 2  surface area, sample sizes with smaller cross-sectional surface areas can be taken and the area-specific measurements are adjusted accordingly. 
     B. Neat Material Sampling Procedure 
     This procedure can be used to obtain a sample of an open-cell foam material when the material is isolated in a neat form (i.e., without any bonded substrate). In this case, the material is extruded as a web or sheet having a substantially constant thickness (within +/−10% of the average material thickness), and cooled to solidify the resulting web or sheet. A sample of the material having a surface area of 4 cm 2  is then cut from the resulting web or sheet. 
     Alternatively, if a source of the material is not available in a neat form, the material can be cut from an outsole substrate of a footwear outsole, or from a backing substrate of a co-extruded sheet or web, thereby isolating the material. In either case, a sample of the material having a surface area of 4 cm 2  is then cut from the resulting isolated material. 
     2. Water Uptake Capacity Test 
     This test measures the water uptake capacity of the open-cell foam material alone or in combination with a mesh component after a given soaking duration for a sample taken with the above-discussed Footwear Sampling Procedure, or the Neat Material Sampling Procedure. The sample is initially dried at 60° C. until there is no weight change for consecutive measurement intervals of at least 30 minutes apart (e.g., a 24-hour drying period at 60° C. is typically a suitable duration). The total weight of the dried sample (Wt, sample,dry ) is then measured in grams. The dried sample is then allowed to cool down to 25° C., and is fully immersed in a deionized water bath maintained at 25° C. After a given soaking duration, the sample is removed from the deionized water bath, blotted with a cloth to remove surface water, and the total weight of the soaked sample (Wt, sample,wet ) is measured in grams. 
     Any suitable soaking duration can be used, where a 24-hour soaking duration is believed to simulate saturation conditions for the material of the present disclosure. Accordingly, as used herein, the expression “having a water uptake capacity at 5 minutes of . . . ” refers to a soaking duration of 5 minutes, having a water uptake capacity at 1 hour of . . . ” refers to a soaking duration of 1 hour, the expression “having a water uptake capacity at 24 hours of . . . ” refers to a soaking duration of 24 hours, and the like. 
     As can be appreciated, the total weight of a sample taken pursuant to the Footwear Sampling Procedure includes the weight of the material of the present disclosure as dried or soaked (Wt, mat.,dry  or Wt, mat.,wet ) and the weight of the outsole or backing substrate (Wt, substrate ). In order to determine a change in weight of the material of the present disclosure due to water uptake, the weight of the substrate (Wt, substrate ) needs to be subtracted from the sample measurements. 
     The weight of the substrate (Wt, substrate ) is calculated using the sample surface area (e.g., 4 cm 2 ), an average measured thickness of the substrate in the sample, and the average density of the substrate material. Alternatively, if the density of the material for the substrate is not known or obtainable, the weight of the substrate (Wt, substrate ) is determined by taking a second sample using the same sampling procedure as used for the primary sample, and having the same dimensions (surface area and film/substrate thicknesses) as the primary sample. The outsole film of the second sample is then cut apart from the substrate of the second sample with a blade to provide an isolated substrate. The isolated substrate is then dried at 60° C. for 24 hours, which can be performed at the same time as the primary sample drying. The weight of the isolated substrate (Wt, substrate ) is then measured in grams. 
     The resulting substrate weight (Wt, substrate ) is then subtracted from the weights of the dried and soaked primary sample (Wt, sample,dry  and Wt, sample,wet ) to provide the weights of the material of the present disclosure as dried and soaked (W,t mat.,dry  and Wt, mat.,wet ), as depicted below by Equations 1 and 2:
 
Wt, mat.,dry =Wt, sample,dry −Wt, substrate    (Equation 1)
 
Wt, mat.,wet =Wt, sample,wet −Wt, substrate    (Equation 2)
 
     For material samples taken pursuant to the Neat Material Sampling Procedure, the outsole/backing substrate weight (Wt, substrate ) is zero. As such, Equation 1 collapses to Wt, mat.,dry =Wt, sample,dry , and Equation 2 collapses to Wt, mat.,wet =Wt, sample,wet . 
     The weight of the dried material (Wt, mat.,dry ) is then subtracted from the weight of the soaked material (Wt, mat.,wet ) to provide the weight of water that was taken up by the material, which is then divided by the weight of the dried material (Wt, mat.,dry ) to provide the water uptake capacity for the given soaking duration as a percentage, as depicted below by Equation 3: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Water 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     Uptake 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     Capacity 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         Wt 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           , 
                           
                             
                               mat 
                               . 
                             
                             , 
                             wet 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           - 
                           Wt 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           , 
                           
                             
                               mat 
                               . 
                             
                             , 
                             dry 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         Wt 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           , 
                           
                             
                               mat 
                               . 
                             
                             , 
                             dry 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         100 
                         ⁢ 
                         % 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     For example, a water uptake capacity of 50% at 1 hour means that the soaked material weighed 1.5 times more than its dry-state weight after soaking for 1 hour, where there is a 1:2 weight ratio of water to material. Similarly, a water uptake capacity of 500% at 24 hours means that the soaked material weighed 5 times more than its dry-state weight after soaking for 24 hours, where there is a 4:1 weight ratio of water to material. 
     3. Impact Energy Test 
     This test measures the ability of a sample of the open-cell foam material alone or in combination with a mesh component to shed soil under particular test conditions, where the sample is prepared using the Neat Film Sampling Procedure (to obtain a suitable sample surface area). Initially, the sample is fully immersed in a water bath maintained at 25° C. for 24 hours), and then removed from the bath and blotted with a cloth to remove surface water. 
     The saturated test sample is then adhered to an aluminum block model outsole having a 25.4-millimeter thickness and a 76.2 millimeters×76.2 millimeters surface area, using a room temperature-curing two-part epoxy adhesive commercially available under the tradename “LOCTITE 608” from Henkel, Dusseldorf, Germany. The adhesive is used to maintain the planarity of the soaked sample, which can curl when saturated. 
     Four polyurethane cleats, which are commercially available under the trade name “MARKWORT M12-EP” 0.5-inch (12.7 millimeter) tall cleats from Markwort Sporting Goods Company, St. Louis, Mo., are then screwed into the bottom of the block in a square pattern with a 1.56-inch (39.6-millimeter) pitch. As a control reference, four identical cleats are attached to an aluminum block model outsole without having attached a sample of the material of the present disclosure. 
     To clog the model outsole cleats, a bed of soil of about 75 millimeters in height is placed on top of a flat plastic plate. The soil is commercially available under the tradename “TIMBERLINE TOP SOIL,” model 50051562, from Timberline (subsidiary of Old Castle, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) and was sifted with a square mesh with a pore dimension of 1.5 millimeter on each side. The model outsole is then compressed into the soil under body weight and twisting motion until the cleats touch the plastic plate. The weight is removed from the model outsole, and the model outsole is then twisted by 90 degrees in the plane of the plate and then lifted vertically. If no soil clogs the model outsole, no further testing is conducted. 
     However, if soil does clog the model outsole, the soil is knocked loose by dropping a 25.4-millimeter diameter steel ball weighing 67 grams onto the top side of the model outsole (opposite of the test sample and clogged soil). The initial drop height is 152 millimeters (6 inches) above the model outsole. If the soil does not come loose, the ball drop height is increased by an additional 152 millimeters (6 inches) and dropped again. This procedure of increasing the ball drop height by 152 millimeter (6 inch) increments is repeated until the soil on the bottom of the outsole model is knocked loose. 
     This test is run 10 times per test sample. For each run, the ball drop height can be converted into unclogging impact energy by multiplying the ball drop height by the ball mass (67 grams) and the acceleration of gravity (9.8 meters/second 2 ). The unclogging impact energy in Joules equals the ball drop height in inches multiplied by 0.0167. The procedure is performed on both the model outsole with the sample of material of the present disclosure and a control model outsole without this sample, and the relative ball drop height, and therefore relative impact energy, is determined as the ball drop height for the model outsole with the sample divided by the control model outsole without the sample. A result of zero for the relative ball drop height (or relative impact energy) indicates that no soil clogged to the model outsole initially when the model outsole was compressed into the test soil (i.e., in which case the ball drop and control model outsole portions of the test are omitted). 
     4. Average Cell Diameter Determination 
     As previously noted herein, the open-cell foam material, can have a specified average cell diameter. That diameter can be determined in accordance with an art-recognized procedure. Specifically, cell morphology can be assessed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that offers the ability to determine the average cell diameter of an open-cell foam. Three samples may be cut to dimensions of 100×100×7.5 mm at various locations along a sample of the foam. Image capture of cross-sectional cell structure on the foam surface can be facilitated by evenly applying a thin layer of black paint on the top of each test sample. An arbitrary square frame test area (of, for example, 247 square millimeters) may be chosen and data may be obtained from the measurement of about 500 cells within this test area. 
     Image analysis can be conducted using a Quantimet Image Analyzer offered by Leica Microsystems (Cambridge, UK). The image that may appear on a computer screen may need to be manipulated by adjusting the gray scale until most of the cell walls appear to be intact. When the image at an appropriate threshold has been defined, it may then be reconstructed into a form in which the computer can distinguish the features of interest and make the measurements for any specified requirement. This reconstruction can be accomplished by various image processing commands built into the analyzer&#39;s software. This software can also estimate various parameters, including, for example, cell area, equivalent cell diameter, and the aspect ratio. These parameters, as well as an average cell diameter, can be calculated according to the equations described below. 
     The mean area (A) of a set of open-cells with individual area (A i ) (where i=1 to n) is defined by Equation (5): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   A 
                   = 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         n 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           A 
                           i 
                         
                         n 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     5 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Even though the cells within the foam may not be spherical, it is common practice to consider the equivalent cell diameter (D equiv ) as a characteristic dimension, calculated according to Equation (6): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     D 
                     
                       equiv 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         4 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           A 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       π 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     6 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     An average cell diameter (D) can be determined by Equation (7): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   D 
                   = 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         n 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           D 
                           
                             equiv 
                             , 
                             i 
                           
                         
                         n 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     7 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The aspect ratio, if desired, can be determined by the ratio of the maximum length to the minimum width of a truncated cell. Thus, when the ratio is 1, the cell shape can be considered to be circular, or almost circular. 
     5. Oil Absorption Test 
     The Oil Absorption Test may be used to determine the capacity of the open-cell foam material to absorb oil. This test uses SAE 10W-30 weight oil. The testing is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,853,239, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. As described there, three samples of foam approximately 3×3×0.25 inches are used for each test. The samples may be obtained according to the Footwear Sampling Procedure or the Neat Material Sampling Procedure, described above. 
     The samples are floated on the oil surface for approximately six hours. The samples should not be squeezed or manipulated during the test. The samples are weighed before and after the test. The samples are pressed to a thickness of approximately 0.015 inch to remove oil, or some other thickness so long as each sample is similarly pressed. The sample is then placed between two polyethylene plates and squeezed using a mechanical vise. The samples are then doubled over and re-squeezed and weighed. The samples are then immediately returned to the oil. The samples are removed from the oil after approximately 6 hours and again weighed. The squeezing procedure can be repeated and the samples can be re-weighed. The samples are then returned to oil for a third time, for 24 hours, to determine maximum oil absorption. The oil is allowed to drip from the sample for approximately one minute prior to weighing so that only retained oil is included in the weight measurement. 
     The oil absorption weight capacity of the sample is the ratio of (i) the weight of the sample plus the oil to (ii) the original weight of the sample. As noted above, the material, when present in the form of an open-cell foam, can absorb as much as 27 times its own weight in oil, according to the Oil Absorption Test. Thus, the open-cell foam material obtained in accordance with the Footwear Sampling Procedure or the Neat Material Sampling Procedure can have an oil absorption weight capacity of SAE 10W-30 oil of least 27 times its weight, as determined according to the Oil Absorption Test. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present disclosure is more particularly described in the following examples that are intended as illustrations only, since numerous modifications and variations within the scope of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following examples are on a weight basis, and all reagents used in the examples were obtained, or are available, from the chemical suppliers described below, or may be synthesized by conventional techniques. 
     Water Uptake 
     A sample of Oplex Foam (obtained from OPFLEX Technologies LLC (Indianapolis, Ind.)) was analyzed for the water uptake rate procedure described above after soaking the dried sample in deionized water for 60 minutes. The sample was circular, about 25 mm in diameter. The sample exhibited a 15% weight gain of material at 60 minutes. 
     Impact Energy 
     Three samples of open-cell foams were analyzed for soil shedding according to the Impact Energy Test described above using an aluminum model outsole to which each of the samples was affixed. The results for impact energy calculated from ball drop height are shown in Table I below. A sample of Oplex Foam was obtained from OPFLEX Technologies LLC (Indianapolis, Ind.). 
                     TABLE I                  Impact Energy Test Data                             Sample   Impact Energy (Joules)                                         OpFlex   0           Polypropylene foam 0.7 mm   0.55           Polypropylene foam 0.9 mm   0.36                        
Field Test
 
     Standard soccer boots with thermoplastic polyurethane outsoles were modified by affixing open-cell foam material according to the disclosure to the ground-facing surfaces of their outsoles, including the cleats. In one field test, three pairs of boots included an Opflex Foam layer having a thickness of 3 mm, another three pairs of boots included an Opflex Foam layer having a thickness of 1 mm, and yet another pair of boots—control boots—did not include any such layer (i.e., the control soccer boots were identical to the test boots except the control boots did not include the material on the ground-facing surface of their outsoles). The boots, all initially clear of all debris, were then worn by players in a controlled outdoor setting while playing soccer for 90 minutes during a rainy day. 45 minutes were played on a natural grass field, and 45 minutes were played on an organic/sand/clay mix field. After the 90-minute playing session, the boots were investigated for the accumulation of soil (including debris) over the course of the game.  FIG. 19  depicts the boots after this playing session.  FIGS. 19A and 19B  show the pairs of boots with the Opflex Foam layer. Specifically,  FIG. 19A  shows the ground-facing surface of the outsole having the 3 mm thick Opflex Foam layer.  FIG. 19B  shows the ground-facing surface of the outsole having the 1 mm thick Opflex Foam layer.  FIGS. 19C, 19D, 19E, and 19F  each show the ground-facing outsoles of the control pair of boots. As seen from the images in  FIG. 19 , the pairs of boots with the Oplex Foam accumulated little to no soil, while the pair of control boots accumulated a substantial amount of soil. 
     In another field test, the weight of boots with outsoles including the open-cell foam material according to the disclosure was compared to the weight of boots (control boots) that lacked the material according to the disclosure. The control pair of boots were soccer boots which were identical to the test boots except that they lacked any material (according to the disclosure). The test boots were identical to the control boots, except that greater than 80% of the ground-facing outsole thereof had affixed to it an Opflex Foam layer having a thickness of 1 mm. The boots, both initially clear of all soil, were initially weight and then were worn by players in a controlled outdoor setting while playing soccer for 45 minutes during a rainy day on a natural grass field. After the 45-minute playing session, the boots were again weighed. The control boots increased in weight by 31%. In contrast, the test boots increased in weight by only 11%. In each case, the weight gain was attributed to accumulated soil, including grass clippings. Thus, the article of footwear having the material (in this case, open-cell foam material) secured to a ground-facing surface prevents or reduces soil accumulation on the outsole of the footwear, such that the article of footwear retains at least 10% or at least 20% less soil by weight as compared to a second article of footwear which is identical except that the second article of footwear is free of the open-cell foam material, when the two articles of footwear are worn under identical conditions. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.