Patent Publication Number: US-2021175935-A1

Title: System and Method for Multi-Antenna Communications

Description:
This patent application is a national phase filing under section 371 of PCT/CN2019/075721 filed Feb. 21, 2019 and entitled “Apparatus and Method for Multi-Antenna Communications, ” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/711,240, filed on Jul. 27, 2018, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Multi-Antenna Communications,” and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/796,669, filed on Jan. 25, 2019, entitled “System and Method for Multi-Antenna Communications,” both of which applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to a system and method for digital communications, and, in particular embodiments, to a system and method for multi-antenna communications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Modern communications systems, especially those with high path loss (such as those operating at millimeter wavelength frequencies and above), use multiple radio frequency (RF) chains and beamforming to improve communications system performance. Beamformed communications use precoding to shape transmit or receive beams to increase signal gain. However, use of multiple RF chains and beamformed communications may increase the complexity of communications and power consumption by requiring additional communications overhead to determine which precoders to use at the transmitting device or the receiving device to maximize performance. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect, a computer-implemented method for operating an access node is provided. The method includes receiving, by the access node, from a user equipment (UE), information on a maximum number of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) layers supported by the UE for an operation bandwidth within a system bandwidth operated by the access node, scheduling, by the access node, for the UE, a bandwidth in accordance with the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE, sending, by the access node, to the UE, allocation information related to the bandwidth, and communicating, by the access node, with the UE, a data frame on the bandwidth. 
     In a first implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the first aspect as such, wherein the information is received in a message. 
     In a second implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the first aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the first aspect, further comprising negotiating, by the access node, with the UE to determine the maximum number of MIMO layers. 
     In a third implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the first aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the first aspect, wherein the operation bandwidth is a bandwidth part (BWP). 
     In a fourth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the first aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the first aspect, wherein the operation bandwidth is a component carrier. 
     In a fifth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the first aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the first aspect, further comprising configuring, by the access node, a maximum number of MIMO layers for the operation bandwidth in accordance with the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for the operation bandwidth. 
     In a sixth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the first aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the first aspect, wherein the maximum number of MIMO layers for the operation bandwidth is less than or equal to the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for the operation bandwidth. 
     According to a second aspect, a computer-implemented method for operating a UE is provided. The method includes receiving, by the UE, from an access node, an allocation information for a first bandwidth, configuring, by the UE, RF chains of the UE in accordance with the first bandwidth, a second bandwidth supported by each RF chain, a maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for a first operation bandwidth within a system bandwidth that the access node operates, and the first operation bandwidth, and communicating, by the UE, with the access node, a data frame on the first bandwidth using the configured RF chains. 
     In a first implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such, further comprising indicating, by the UE, first information on the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for the first operation bandwidth. 
     In a second implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein indicating the first information comprises sending, by the UE, a message including the first information. 
     In a third implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein indicating the first information comprises negotiating, by the UE, with the access node to determine the maximum number of MIMO layers. 
     In a fourth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein configuring the RF chains comprises determining, by the UE, that the first bandwidth is less than or equal to the second bandwidth, and based thereon, configuring at least two RF chains with the same center frequency, with each RF chain spanning the first bandwidth. 
     In a fifth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein configuring the RF chains comprises determining, by the UE, that the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth, and based thereon, configuring at least two RF chains with different center frequencies, wherein a combined bandwidth of the at least two RF chains spans the first bandwidth. 
     In a sixth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein configuring the RF chains comprises determining, by the UE, that the second bandwidth is less than the first operation bandwidth, and based thereon, configuring at least two RF chains with different center frequencies, wherein a combined bandwidth of the at least two RF chains spans the first operation bandwidth. 
     In a seventh implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, further comprising indicating, by the UE, second information on a maximum number of MIMO layers for a second operation bandwidth is one. 
     In an eighth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein configuring the RF chains comprises determining, by the UE, that the first operation bandwidth and the second operation bandwidth are the same equal, and based thereon, configuring, by the UE, one RF chain. 
     In a ninth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein configuring the RF chains comprises determining, by the UE, that the first operation bandwidth and the second operation bandwidth are different operation bandwidths, and based thereon, configuring the RF chains in accordance with the first bandwidth, the second bandwidth, the second operation bandwidth, and the maximum number of MIMO layers. 
     In a tenth implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, further comprising monitoring, by the UE, for a control channel in the second operation bandwidth using the one RF chain. 
     In an eleventh implementation form of the computer-implemented method according to the second aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the second aspect, wherein indicating the first information comprises negotiating, by the UE, with the access node to schedule only single MIMO layer communications in the first operation bandwidth. 
     According to a third aspect, an access node is provided. The access node includes a non-transitory memory storage comprising instructions, and one or more processors in communication with the memory storage. The one or more processors execute the instructions to receive from a UE, information on a maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for an operation bandwidth within a system bandwidth operated by the access node, schedule for the UE, a bandwidth in accordance with the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE, send to the UE, allocation information related to the bandwidth, and communicate with the UE, a data frame on the bandwidth. 
     In a first implementation form of the access node according to the third aspect as such, wherein the information is received in a message. 
     In a second implementation form of the access node according to the third aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the third aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to negotiate with the UE to determine the maximum number of MIMO layers. 
     In a third implementation form of the access node according to the third aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the third aspect, wherein the operation bandwidth is a BWP. 
     In a fourth implementation form of the access node according to the third aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the third aspect, wherein the operation bandwidth is a component carrier. 
     In a fifth implementation form of the access node according to the third aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the third aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to configure a maximum number of MIMO layers for the operation bandwidth in accordance with the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for the operation bandwidth. 
     In a sixth implementation form of the access node according to the third aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the third aspect, wherein the maximum number of MIMO layers for the operation bandwidth is less than or equal to the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for the operation bandwidth. 
     According to a fourth aspect, a UE is provided. The UE includes a non-transitory memory storage comprising instructions, and one or more processors in communication with the memory storage. The one or more processors execute the instructions to receive from an access node, an allocation information for a first bandwidth, configure RF chains of the UE in accordance with the first bandwidth, a second bandwidth supported by each RF chain, a maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for a first operation bandwidth within a system bandwidth that the access node operates, and the first operation bandwidth, and communicate with the access node, a data frame on the first bandwidth using the configured RF chains. 
     In a first implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to indicate first information on the maximum number of MIMO layers supported by the UE for the first operation bandwidth. 
     In a second implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to send a message including the first information. 
     In a third implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to negotiate with the access node to determine the maximum number of MIMO layers. 
     In a fourth implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to determine that the first bandwidth is less than or equal to the second bandwidth, and based thereon, configure at least two RF chains with the same center frequency, with each RF chain spanning the first bandwidth. 
     In a fifth implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to determine that the first bandwidth is greater than the second bandwidth, and based thereon, configure at least two RF chains with different center frequencies, wherein a combined bandwidth of the at least two RF chains spans the first bandwidth. 
     In a sixth implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to determine that the second bandwidth is less than the first operation bandwidth, and based thereon, configure at least two RF chains with different center frequencies, wherein a combined bandwidth of the at least two RF chains spans the first operation bandwidth. 
     In a seventh implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to indicate second information on a maximum number of MIMO layers for a second operation bandwidth is one. 
     In an eighth implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to determine that the first operation bandwidth and the second operation bandwidth are the same equal, and based thereon, configure one RF chain. 
     In a ninth implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to determine that the first operation bandwidth and the second operation bandwidth are different operation bandwidths, and based thereon, configure the RF chains in accordance with the first bandwidth, the second bandwidth, the second operation bandwidth, and the maximum number of MIMO layers. 
     In a tenth implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to monitor for a control channel in the second operation bandwidth using the one RF chain. 
     In an eleventh implementation form of the UE according to the fourth aspect as such or any preceding implementation form of the fourth aspect, wherein the one or more processors further execute the instructions to negotiate with the access node to schedule only single MIMO layer communications in the first operation bandwidth. 
     An advantage of a preferred embodiment is that the power consumption associated with communicating over wide bandwidth operation bandwidths with multiple radio frequency chains is reduced, thereby reducing the overall power consumption of a communications device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example wireless communications system; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a communications system highlighting an example channel structure between an access node and a UE; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate an example of DRX operation; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a UE having multiple transceivers; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate a UE operation of receiving downlink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein; 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  illustrate a second UE operation of receiving downlink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a third UE operation of receiving downlink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate diagrams of UE operation of transmitting uplink frame from the UE accordingly; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a flow diagram of example operations occurring in a gNB scheduling a downlink frame accordingly; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a flow diagram of example operations occurring in a UE scheduled for downlink frame according to example embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example communication system according to example embodiments described herein; 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrate example devices that may implement the methods and teachings according to this disclosure; and 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a computing system that may be used for implementing the devices and methods disclosed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     The making and using of the disclosed embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present disclosure provides many applicable concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the embodiments, and do not limit the scope of the disclosure. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example communications system  100 . Communications system  100  includes an access node  105  serving a plurality of user equipments (UEs), including UEs  110 ,  112 ,  114 , and  116 . In a first operating mode, communications to and from a UE that is served by access node  105 , pass through access node  105 . In a second operating mode, UEs can communicate directly with one another without having access node  105  serving as an intermediary, however, access node  105  typically allocates resources used by UE  115  to communicate. Access nodes may also be commonly referred to as Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), next generation (NG) Node Bs (gNBs), master eNBs (MeNBs), secondary eNBs (SeNBs), master gNBs (MgNBs), secondary gNBs (SgNBs), network controllers, control nodes, base stations, access points, transmission points (TPs), transmission-reception points (TRPs), cells, carriers, macro cells, femtocells, pico cells, and so on, while UEs may also be commonly referred to as mobile stations, mobiles, terminals, users, subscribers, stations, and the like. Access nodes may provide wireless access in accordance with one or more wireless communication protocols, e.g., the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced (LTE-A), 5G, 5G LTE, 5G NR, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ax/ay, etc. While it is understood that communications systems may employ multiple eNBs capable of communicating with a number of UEs, only one eNB and multiple UEs are illustrated for simplicity. 
     A beam may be a pre-defined set of beamforming weights in the context of codebook-based precoding or a dynamically defined set of beamforming weights in the context of non-codebook based precoding (e.g., Eigen-based beamforming (EBB)). A beam may also be a pre-defined set of phase shift preprocessors combining signals from the antenna array in the radio frequency (RF) domain. It should be appreciated that a UE may rely on codebook-based precoding to transmit uplink signals and receive downlink signals, while a TRP may rely on non-codebook based precoding to form certain radiation patterns to transmit downlink signals and/or receive uplink signals. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a communications system  200  highlighting an example channel structure between an access node  205  and a UE  210 . In a bi-directional communications implementation, there is a downlink channel  220  and an uplink channel  230  between access node  205  and UE  210 . Downlink channel  220  and uplink channel  230  may each include a plurality of unidirectional channels. As shown in  FIG. 2 , downlink channel  220  includes a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)  222  and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)  224  among others, while uplink channel  230  includes a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)  232  and a physical random access channel (PRACH)  234  among others. Other channels may be present in downlink channel  220  or uplink channel  230  but are not shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Typically, communications in a communications system involves a first device transmitting to a second device, which receives the transmission. Therefore, in downlink communications, an access node transmits a transmission to a UE and the UE receives the transmission from the access node. In uplink communications, a UE transmits a transmission to an access node and the access node receives the transmission from the UE. 
     Modern communications systems such as New Radio (NR) standard that is being developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) use multiple stream transmissions for both downlink and uplink. These NR standards are hereby referred to herein as 3GPP NR. To support multiple stream transmissions, a UE needs to support multiple transceiver chains for RX path (for downlink) or for transmit (TX) path (for uplink) or for both TX and RX paths. However, use of multiple transceiver chains (either TX path or RX path) increases UE&#39;s power consumption compared to single transceiver chain operation. In terms of UE&#39;s power consumption, it is well known that each transceiver chain consumes almost separate power and only small amount of power is shared among multiple transceiver chains in ordinary UE implementation. Therefore, modern UE&#39;s power consumption is expected to be much higher than that of previous generation UEs. 
     During the standardization activities of 3GPP NR, a Discontinuous Reception (DRX) operation is determined for saving power consumption from UE side. The basic media access control (MAC) layer operation for DRX utilizes the following parameters:
         drx-onDurationTimer: the duration at the beginning of a DRX Cycle;   drx-SlotOffset: the delay before starting the drx-onDurationTimer;   drx-InactivityTimer: the duration after the PDCCH occasion in which a PDCCH indicates a new UL or DL transmission for the MAC entity;   drx-RetransmissionTimerDL (per DL HARQ process except for the broadcast process): the maximum duration until a DL retransmission is received;   drx-RetransmissionTimerUL (per UL HARQ process): the maximum duration until a grant for UL retransmission is received;   drx-LongCycleStartOffset: the Long DRX cycle and drx-StartOffset which defines the subframe where the Long and Short DRX Cycle starts;   drx-ShortCycle (optional): the Short DRX cycle;   drx-ShortCycleTimer (optional): the duration the UE shall follow the Short DRX cycle;   drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL (per DL HARQ process except for the broadcast process): the minimum duration before a DL assignment for HARQ retransmission is expected by the MAC entity;   drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL (per UL HARQ process): the minimum duration before a UL HARQ retransmission grant is expected by the MAC entity.       

     When a DRX cycle is configured, the Active Time includes the time while:
         drx-onDurationTimer or drx-InactivityTimer or drx-RetransmissionTimerDL or drx-RetransmissionTimerUL or ra-ContentionResolutionTimer (as described in subclause 5.1.5 of 3GPP TS 38.421 V15.4.0, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference) is running; or   a Scheduling Request is sent on PUCCH and is pending (as described in subclause 5.4.4 of 3GPP TS 38.421 V15.4.0, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference); or   a PDCCH indicating a new transmission addressed to the C-RNTI of the MAC entity has not been received after successful reception of a Random Access Response for the Random Access Preamble not selected by the MAC entity among the contention-based Random Access Preamble (as described in subclause 5.1.4, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference).       

     When DRX is configured, the MAC entity may: 
     1&gt; if a MAC PDU is received in a configured downlink assignment:
         2&gt; start the drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL for the corresponding HARQ process in the first symbol after the end of the corresponding transmission carrying the DL HARQ feedback;   2&gt; stop the drx-RetransmissionTimerDL for the corresponding HARQ process.       

     1&gt; if a MAC PDU is transmitted in a configured uplink grant:
         2&gt; start the drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL for the corresponding HARQ process in the first symbol after the first repetition of the corresponding PUSCH transmission;   2&gt; stop the drx-RetransmissionTimerUL for the corresponding HARQ process.       

     1&gt; if a drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL expires:
         2&gt; if the data of the corresponding HARQ process was not successfully decoded:
           3&gt; start the drx-RetransmissionTimerDL for the corresponding HARQ process in the first symbol after the expiry of drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL.   
               

     1&gt; if a drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL expires:
         2&gt; start the drx-RetransmissionTimerUL for the corresponding HARQ process in the first symbol after the expiry of drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL.       

     1&gt; if a DRX Command MAC CE or a Long DRX Command MAC CE is received:
         2&gt; stop drx-onDurationTimer;   2&gt; stop drx-InactivityTimer.       

     1&gt; if drx-InactivityTimer expires or a DRX Command MAC CE is received:
         2&gt; if the Short DRX cycle is configured:
           3&gt; start or restart drx-ShortCycleTimer in the first symbol after the expiry of drx-InactivityTimer or in the first symbol after the end of DRX Command MAC CE reception;   3&gt; use the Short DRX Cycle.   
           2&gt;else:
           3&gt; use the Long DRX cycle.   
               

     1&gt; if drx-ShortCycleTimer expires:
         2&gt; use the Long DRX cycle.       

     1&gt; if a Long DRX Command MAC CE is received:
         2&gt; stop drx-ShortCycleTimer;   2&gt; use the Long DRX cycle.       

     1&gt; if the Short DRX Cycle is used, and [(SFN×10)+subframe number]modulo (drx-ShortCycle)=(drx-StartOffset) modulo (drx-ShortCycle); or 
     1&gt; if the Long DRX Cycle is used, and [(SFN×10)+subframe number]modulo (drx-LongCycle)=drx-StartOffset:
         2&gt; start drx-onDurationTimer after drx-SlotOffset from the beginning of the subframe.       

     1&gt; if the MAC entity is in Active Time:
         2&gt; monitor the PDCCH;   2&gt; if the PDCCH indicates a DL transmission:
           3&gt; start the drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL for the corresponding HARQ process in the first symbol after the end of the corresponding transmission carrying the DL HARQ feedback;   3&gt; stop the drx-RetransmissionTimerDL for the corresponding HARQ process.   
           2&gt; if the PDCCH indicates a UL transmission:
           3&gt; start the drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL for the corresponding HARQ process in the first symbol after the end of the first repetition of the corresponding PUSCH transmission;   3&gt; stop the drx-RetransmissionTimerUL for the corresponding HARQ process.   
           2&gt; if the PDCCH indicates a new transmission (DL or UL):
           3&gt; start or restart drx-InactivityTimer in the first symbol after the end of the PDCCH reception.   
               

     1&gt; in current symbol n, if the MAC entity would not be in Active Time considering grants/assignments/DRX Command MAC CE/Long DRX Command MAC CE received and Scheduling Request sent 4 ms prior to symbol n when evaluating all DRX Active Time conditions as specified in this subclause:
         2&gt; not transmit periodic SRS and semi-persistent SRS defined in 3GPP TS 38.214.       

     1&gt; if CSI masking (cqi-Mask) is setup by upper layers:
         2&gt; in current symbol n, if onDurationTimer would not be running considering grants/assignments/DRX Command MAC CE/Long DRX Command MAC CE received 4 ms prior to symbol n when evaluating all DRX Active Time conditions as specified in this subclause:
           3&gt; not report CSI on PUCCH.   
               

     1&gt; else:
         2&gt; in current symbol n, if the MAC entity would not be in Active Time considering grants/assignments/DRX Command MAC CE/Long DRX Command MAC CE received and Scheduling Request sent 4 ms prior to symbol n when evaluating all DRX Active Time conditions as specified in this subclause:
           3&gt; not report CSI on PUCCH and semi-persistent CSI on PUSCH.   
               

       FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate diagrams  300  and  320  of a first example of DRX operation based on the above mentioned MAC procedure. A UE switches its state between DRX ON state and DRX OFF state. When the UE is in DRX ON state, the UE monitors a wireless channel for frame exchange. However, when the UE is in DRX OFF state, the UE is not required to monitor the wireless channel based on the assumption that a serving base station will not initiate data transmission during the DRX OFF state.  FIG. 3A  illustrates a case where only a Long DRX Cycle (drx-Long Cycle) is configured and the serving base station does not send a PDCCH during DRX ON duration. For each DRX cycle T1  314 - 316 , the UE monitors PDCCH during T0  310 - 312  until drx-onDuration Timer expires. After T0  310 - 312  when drx-onDurationTimer expires, the UE goes to DRX OFF state again and is not monitoring the wireless medium. Therefore, during Long DRX cycle T1  314 - 316 , the UE only monitors the wireless medium during T0  310 - 312 , which can save power consumption in the UE side. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a case where only a Long DRX Cycle (drx-LongCycle) is configured and the serving base station sends a PDCCH during DRX ON duration. For each DRX cycle T1  334 - 336 , the UE monitors PDCCH during T0  330 - 332  until drx-onDuration Timer expires. If a PDCCH  340  is detected before drx-onDurationTimer expires, the UE monitors the wireless medium further during T2  338  until another timer (drx-InactivityTimer) expires to check any follow up DL transmission. When drx-InactivityTimer expires and there&#39;s no follow up data exchange, then the UE goes to DRX OFF state again and is not monitoring the wireless medium. 
     It is noted that a RX chain or a RX path in this disclosure implies a RF chain for a RX path or a RF and a digital circuit related to a RX path interchangeably. Similarly, it needs to be noted that a TX chain or a TX path in this disclosure implies a RF chain for a TX path or a RF and a digital circuit related to a TX path interchangeably. 
     A UE can occupy only a subset of a system bandwidth based on bandwidth part (BWP) operation in 3GPP NR standard. A BWP is a subset of contiguous common resource blocks in 3GPP NR standard for a given numerology on a given carrier (system bandwidth). A BWP can be defined by a starting position and the number of resource blocks that forms the BWP within the given carrier, for example. A UE can be configured with multiple BWPs in downlink and also in uplink. Moreover, the UE is not expected to receive PDSCH, PDCCH, or CSI-RS outside an active downlink BWP. If a UE is configured with a supplementary uplink, the UE can in addition be configured with multiple BWPs in the supplementary uplink with a single supplementary uplink BWP being active at a given time. The UE shall not transmit PUSCH or PUCCH outside an active BWP. For an active cell, the UE shall not transmit SRS outside an active BWP. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a diagram  400  of a UE having multiple transceivers. In this example, the UE has two transceivers ( 420  and  422 ) connected to a baseband unit  410 . And, each transceiver  420  or  422  is composed of a TX chain ( 430  or  432 ) and an RX chain ( 440  or  442 ). Each of the transceiver can operate on bandwidth B  452 . As the UE has two RX chains  440  and  442 , the UE can receive 2 layers of MIMO streams simultaneously (i.e., the UE receives a rank 2 transmission from a serving gNB). Similarly, as the UE has two TX chains  430  and  432 , the UE can transmit 2 layers of MIMO streams simultaneously (i.e., a rank 2 transmission from the UE). And, these 2 layer MIMO transmissions can occupy up to the operation bandwidth of B  452 . In this example, even though the operation bandwidth equals to B  452 , the system bandwidth B_sys  450  that the gNB supports can be greater than B  452 , and the gNB only allocates downlink or uplink transmissions within bandwidth of B  452 . 
     As the UE supports bandwidth B  452  within the system bandwidth B_sys  450 , both transceiver chains can support its bandwidth up to B  452 . As the supported bandwidth B  452  becomes larger, the power consumption for the UE also increases because the power consumption is proportional to the occupied bandwidth. Moreover, to support larger bandwidth, each component of the transceiver needs to support larger bandwidth, which cause increase of the component cost. Meanwhile, the chance of both transceiver chains being used for wide bandwidth is not high. This is mainly because scheduling of higher rank transmission (either uplink or downlink) requires high signal quality, and thus, it requires high transmission power to schedule a traffic with rank 2 transmission on wide bandwidth to have high signal quality for the wide bandwidth unless the UE is located close to the gNB. Therefore, unless the UE is located close to the gNB, due to transmission power limitation, the chance of higher rank transmission on wide bandwidth is not good. This implies that in most of the times, the bandwidth of the scheduled downlink or uplink transmission for the UE is far narrower than the bandwidth that the UE&#39;s transceiver can support, or the transmission rank of the scheduled downlink or uplink transmission for the UE is less than the number of layers that the UE can support. 
     According to an example embodiment, a UE indicates different UE capability regarding a maximum number of MIMO layers depending on supported bandwidth. In one embodiment, the maximum number of MIMO layers the UE supports is N1 for a first bandwidth and the maximum number of MIMO layers the UE supports is N2 for a second bandwidth, wherein N1 is greater than N2 and the first bandwidth is smaller than the second bandwidth. In general, the UE indicating its UE capability may involve the UE sending information (in a message, for example) regarding its UE capability to another device or negotiating with the other device to determine and share its UE capability. As an example, a UE sends information (in a message, for example) about its UE capability to its serving gNB. As another example, a UE and its serving gNB exchange information (in messages, for example) about the UE&#39;s capability to determine and share information about the UE&#39;s capability. As yet another example, a UE sends information (in a message, for example) about its UE capability pertaining to a feature to its serving gNB and the serving gNB configures the feature to meet the capability of the UE. Examples of features may include supported MIMO layers, supported bandwidth, maximum data rate or MCS rate, and so on. 
     In conventional solutions, a UE&#39;s capability on maximum number of MIMO layers are defined and indicated per each component carrier. In various embodiments, however, the maximum number of MIMO layers is defined per operation bandwidth or per BWP within a component carrier. Therefore, flexible operation for a UE is provided such that the UE can adaptively configure its TX chains or RX chains within a component carrier to save power consumption. 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate diagrams  500  and  525  of UE operation of receiving downlink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein. In this example, the UE has 2 RX chains (RX chain #1  510  and RX chain #2  512 ), and both RX chains support bandwidth of up to B  520 . The UE is connected to a gNB whose system bandwidth is B_sys  522 . The UE indicates to a serving gNB that the UE can support maximum of 2 MIMO layers if the operating bandwidth is less than B  520 , and the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layer if the operating bandwidth is between B  520  and B2  524 . 
       FIG. 5A  shows an example where the gNB schedules a DL transmission whose scheduled bandwidth  540  is less than B  520 . In this case, both RX chains of the UE are set to the same center frequency  530 , where scheduled bandwidth  540  is spanned by a frequency range that is B  520  bandwidth wide and centered a center frequency  530 . Thus both of RX chain #1  510  and RX chain #2  512  can cover the scheduled bandwidth  540 . At each frequency-time resource within the scheduled bandwidth  540 , the UE can have received signal from both RX chain #1  510  and RX chain #2  512 . Therefore, the gNB can schedule downlink transmission with its MIMO layer up to 2 (or, rank 2 transmission). 
       FIG. 5B  shows an example that the gNB schedules a DL transmission whose scheduled bandwidth  542  is greater than B  520  of  FIG. 5A . As shown in  FIG. 5B , scheduled bandwidth  542  has bandwidth that is greater than bandwidth B  520 . In this case, the center frequency of RX chain #1  510  is set to  530  and the center frequency of RX chain #2  512  is set to  532  such that combined bandwidth of RX chain #1  510  and RX chain #2  512  centered at center frequencies  530  and  532 , respectively, is greater than the scheduled bandwidth  542 . The combined bandwidth of RX chain #1  510  and RX chain #2  512  is shown as bandwidth B2  524 . At each frequency-time resource within the scheduled bandwidth  542 , the UE can have received signal from (i) RX chain #1  510 , (ii) RX chain #2  512 , or (iii) both RX chain #1  510  and RX chain #2  512 . Therefore, the gNB can schedule downlink transmission with its MIMO layer only up to 1 (or, rank 1 transmission). 
     According to an example embodiment, a UE indicates separate capability on a maximum number of MIMO layers depending on supported BWP. In one embodiment, the maximum number of MIMO layers the UE supports is N1 for a first BWP and the maximum number of MIMO layers the UE supports is N2 for a second BWP, wherein N1 and N2 can be different. As discussed previously, the UE indicating its UE capability may involve the UE sending information regarding its UE capability to another device or negotiating with the other device to determine and share its UE capability. 
       FIGS. 6A-6C  illustrate diagrams  600 ,  602 , and  604  of a second UE operation of receiving downlink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein. In this example, the UE has 2 RX chains (RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612 ), and both RX chains support bandwidth of up to B  620 . The UE is connected to a gNB whose system bandwidth is B_sys  622 . The UE indicates to a serving gNB that the UE can support maximum of 2 MIMO layers if the UE operates in a configured BWP of BWP #1  650 , and the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layer if the UE operates in a configured BWP of BWP #2  652 . 
       FIG. 6A  shows an example where the UE&#39;s active BWP is BWP #1  650  and the gNB schedules a DL transmission with a scheduled bandwidth  640 . In this case, as the UE has indicated that the UE can support maximum of 2 MIMO layers in BWP #1, both RX chains of the UE are set to the same center frequency  630 , and thus both of RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612  can cover the configured BWP #1  650  which includes scheduled bandwidth  640 . Therefore, the gNB can schedule downlink transmission with its MIMO layer up to 2 (or, rank 2 transmission). 
       FIG. 6B  shows an example where the UE&#39;s active BWP is BWP #2  652  and the gNB schedules a DL transmission with a scheduled bandwidth  642 . In this case, as the UE has indicated that the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layer in BWP #2, the center frequency of RX chain #1  610  is set to center frequency  632  and the center frequency of RX chain #2  612  is set to center frequency  634  such that combined bandwidth of RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612 , when centered at center frequencies  632  and  634 , respectively, span bandwidth B2  624  and can cover the configured BWP #2  652 , wherein the configured BWP #2  652  includes scheduled bandwidth  642 . Therefore, the gNB can schedule downlink transmission with its MIMO layer set to 1 (or, rank 1 transmission). 
       FIG. 6C  shows an example that the UE&#39;s active BWP is BWP #2  652  and the gNB schedules a DL transmission with a scheduled bandwidth  644 . In this case, as the UE has indicated that the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layer in BWP #2  652 , the gNB schedules downlink transmission with its MIMO layer only up to 1 (or, rank 1 transmission). However, as the scheduled bandwidth  644  is less than the bandwidth of RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612 , the UE sets the center frequency of both RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612  to center frequency  636  such that both RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612  cover the scheduled bandwidth  644 . Therefore, the UE receives the scheduled downlink data with both RX chain #1  610  and RX chain #2  612 . 
     According to an example embodiment, a UE indicates a first value as its capability regarding a maximum number of MIMO layers to a serving gNB. In addition, the UE further indicates a second value to the gNB, where the maximum number of MIMO layers for a first operation bandwidth is restricted to the second value, wherein the second value is smaller than the first value. In one embodiment, the first operation bandwidth is defined as a unit of BWP. In one embodiment, the first operation bandwidth is defined as a unit of component carrier. 
     According to an example embodiment, a UE indicates a first value as its capability regarding a maximum number of MIMO layers to a serving gNB. In addition, the gNB and the UE have an agreement that the the maximum number of MIMO layers is limited to a second value on a first BWP. Then, the UE operates in C-DRX mode wherein at the beginning of DRX ON duration, the UE monitors PDCCH on the first BWP, and wherein the gNB may schedule data transmission on the first BWP with the number of MIMO layers up to the second value. During the DRX ON duration, the gNB schedules data transmission on a second BWP which is different from the first BWP, wherein the gNB schedules frame with the number of MIMO layers up to the first value. If there&#39;s no more data transmission scheduled, the UE goes to DRX OFF state and the UE switches its active BWP from the second BWP to the first BWP if the gNB switched the active BWP of the UE from the first BWP to the second BWP. In an embodiment, the first value is greater than the second value. In an embodiment, the second value is set to 1. In one embodiment, the first BWP is a predetermined BWP (e.g., initial BWP or default BWP). In an example embodiment, the agreement can be made based on multiple bases:
         on a gNB&#39;s indication of maximum number of MIMO layers for the first BWP;   on a gNB&#39;s indication of C-DRX mode operation;   on a UE&#39;s indication of the UE&#39;s capability on the maximum number of MIMO layers for the first BWP; or   on a standard defined way without explicit indication.       

     According to an example embodiment, a UE indicates its maximum number of MIMO layers for each BWP to a serving gNB, with exception to the maximum number of MIMO layers on a first BWP, which is limited to a second value. In other words, the maximum number of MIMO layers on a first BWP is the second value, while the maximum number of MIMO layers on other BWPs are potentially different first values. Then, the UE operates in C-DRX mode wherein at the beginning of DRX ON duration, the UE monitors PDCCH on the first BWP, and wherein the gNB may schedule data transmission on the first BWP with the number of MIMO layers up to the second value. During the DRX ON duration, the gNB schedules data transmission on a second BWP which is different from the first BWP, wherein the gNB schedules frame with the number of MIMO layers up to a first value associated with the second BWP. If there&#39;s no more data transmission scheduled, the UE goes to DRX OFF state and the UE switches its active BWP from the second BWP to the first BWP if the gNB switched the active BWP of the UE from the first BWP to the second BWP. In an embodiment, the first value is greater than the second value. In an embodiment, the second value is set to 1. In one embodiment, the first BWP is a predetermined BWP (e.g., initial BWP or default BWP). In one embodiment, the agreement can be made based on multiple bases:
         on a gNB&#39;s indication of maximum number of MIMO layers for the first BWP;   on a gNB&#39;s indication of C-DRX mode operation;   on a UE&#39;s indication of the UE&#39;s capability on the maximum number of MIMO layers for the first BWP; or   on a standard defined way without explicit indication.       

       FIG. 7  illustrates a diagram  700  of a third UE operation of receiving downlink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein. In this example, the UE has 2 RX chains (RX chain #1  710  and RX chain #2  712 ). The UE indicates to a serving gNB that the UE can support maximum of 2 MIMO layers. The UE further indicates to the gNB that the maximum number of MIMO layers the UE supports is limited to 1 if active BWP is BWP #1  730 . The UE operates in discontinuous reception (DRX) mode. Thus, the UE switches between DRX ON period (T1  720  and T3  724 , for example) and DRX OFF period (T2  722 , for example), and the UE monitors PDCCH only during DRX ON period. At the beginning of a DRX ON period T1  720 , BWP #1  730  is configured as an active BWP for the UE. As the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layer in BWP #1  730 , the gNB only transmits downlink frame with maximum of 1 MIMO layer (or, rank 1 transmission), and the UE only activates RX chain #1  710  (operation bandwidth  740 ) and RX chain #2  712  is not activated for reception (operation bandwidth  742 ) to save power consumption. Therefore, the operation bandwidth of RX chain #1  710  during time T1  720 , operation bandwidth  740  covers BWP #1  730 , and thus the UE can monitor PDCCH using RX chain #1. 
     In this example, there&#39;s no PDCCH received during T1  720 . Therefore, the RX chain #2  712  was not activated during T1  720 . After a DRX OFF period T2  722 , at the beginning of following DRX ON period T3  724 , BWP #1  730  also used as an active BWP for the UE. As the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layer in BWP #1  730 , the gNB only transmits downlink frame with maximum of 1 MIMO layer (or, rank 1 transmission), and the UE only activates RX chain #1  710  (operation bandwidth  744 ) and RX chain #2  712  is not activated for reception (operation bandwidth  746 ) to save power consumption. At time T_P  726 , the UE receives a PDCCH scheduling downlink data transmission from the gNB in BWP #2  732 . As the UE can support maximum of 2 MIMO layers in BWP #2  732 , the gNB schedules rank 2 transmission in BWP #2  732  during T3  724  period. After receiving the PDCCH at T_P  726 , the UE activates both RX chain #1  710  with operation bandwidth  748  and RX chain #2  712  with operation bandwidth  750  in a way so that both RX chains can cover BWP #2  732 . Therefore, the UE can receive rank 2 transmission from the gNB using both RX chain #1  710  and RX chain #2  712 . At the end of DRX ON duration T3  724 , the UE deactivates both RX chain #1  710  and RX chain #2  712  for power saving until next DRX ON duration. Although it is shown in  FIG. 7  as occurring at substantially the same time as the scheduled rank 2 transmission in BWP #2  732 , there may be a gap present between the reception of PDCCH at T_P  726  and the scheduled rank 2 transmission in BWP #2  732  to allow for a delay associated with the activation of RX chain #2  712 . 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate diagrams Boo and  825  of a UE operation of transmitting uplink frame from the UE according to example embodiments described herein. In this example, the UE has 2 TX chains (TX chain #1  810  and TX chain #2  812 ), and both TX chains support bandwidth of up to B  820 . The UE is connected to a gNB whose system bandwidth is B_sys  822 . The UE indicates to a serving gNB that the UE can support maximum of 2 MIMO layers if the operating bandwidth is less than B  820 , and the UE can support maximum of 1 MIMO layers if the operating bandwidth is between B  820  and B2  824 . 
       FIG. 8A  shows an example that the gNB schedules a UL transmission whose scheduled bandwidth  840  is less than B  820 . In this case, both TX chains of the UE is set to the same center frequency  830 , and thus both of TX chain #1  810  and TX chain #2  812  can cover the scheduled bandwidth  840 . At each frequency-time resource within the scheduled bandwidth  840 , the UE can transmit signal from both TX chain #1  810  and TX chain #2  812 . Therefore, the gNB can schedule uplink transmission with its MIMO layer up to 2 (or, rank 2 transmission). 
       FIG. 8B  shows an example that the gNB schedules a UL transmission whose scheduled bandwidth  842  is less than B2  824  but more than B  820 . In this case, the center frequency of TX chain #1 is set to  830  and the center frequency of TX chain #2 is set to  832  such that combined bandwidth of TX chain #1  810  and TX chain #2  812  is greater than the scheduled bandwidth  842 . In other words, the bandwidths of TX chain #1  810  and TX chain #2  812  span scheduled bandwidth  842 . At each frequency-time resource within the scheduled bandwidth  842 , the UE can transmit signal from (i) TX chain #1  810 , (ii) TX chain #2  812 , or (iii) both TX chain #1  810  and TX chain #2  812 . Therefore, the gNB can schedule uplink transmission with its MIMO layer only up to 1 (or, rank 1 transmission). 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a flow diagram of example operations  900  occurring in a gNB scheduling a downlink frame accordingly. The gNB receives an information on the capability from a UE that the maximum number of MIMO layers for PDSCH equals to N1 (block  905 ). And, the gNB further receives another information on the capability from the UE that the maximum number of MIMO layers for PDSCH is restricted to N2 if configured active BWP equals to BWP1 (block  907 ). When the gNB configures a BWP as an active BWP (block  909 ), the gNB checks if the active BWP is BWP1 (block  911 ). If the active BWP is BWP1, the gNB schedules downlink data transmission with transmission rank limited to N2 (block  913 ). If the active BWP is not BWP1, the gNB schedules downlink data transmission with transmission rank limited to N1 ( 915 ). At the scheduled resource, the gNB transmits downlink data with the transmission rank determined based on previous blocks (block  917 ). 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a flow diagram of example operations  1000  occurring in a UE scheduled for downlink frame accordingly. The UE indicates an information on the capability that the maximum number of MIMO layers for PDSCH equals to Ni for operation bandwidth Bi where i=1, . . . , M (block  1005 ). The UE is configured to an operation bandwidth of Bj where 1≤j≤M (block  1007 ). As the operation bandwidth is set to Bj, the UE configures its RX chains in a way that at least Nj RX chains can cover the operation bandwidth Bj simultaneously (block  1009 ). Then, the UE receives downlink data frames in the operation bandwidth Bj (block  1011 ). 
     It is noted that even though some of the example embodiments above explain the operation of RX chains for downlink transmission only, the similar mechanism can be applied to TX chains for uplink transmission from a UE without loss of generality. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example communication system  1100 . In general, the system  1100  enables multiple wireless or wired users to transmit and receive data and other content. The system  1100  may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), or non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). 
     In this example, the communication system  1100  includes electronic devices (ED)  1110   a - 1110   c , radio access networks (RANs)  1120   a - 1120   b,  a core network  1130 , a public switched telephone network (PSTN)  1140 , the Internet  1150 , and other networks  1160 . While certain numbers of these components or elements are shown in  FIG. 11 , any number of these components or elements may be included in the system  1100 . 
     The EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  are configured to operate or communicate in the system  1100 . For example, the EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  are configured to transmit or receive via wireless or wired communication channels. Each ED  1110   a - 1110   c  represents any suitable end user device and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment or device (UE), wireless transmit or receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular telephone, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop, computer, touchpad, wireless sensor, or consumer electronics device. 
     The RANs  1120   a - 1120   b  here include base stations  1170   a - 1170   b,  respectively. Each base station  1170   a - 1170   b  is configured to wirelessly interface with one or more of the EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  to enable access to the core network  1130 , the PSTN  1140 , the Internet  1150 , or the other networks  1160 . For example, the base stations  1170   a - 1170   b  may include (or be) one or more of several well-known devices, such as a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NodeB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB), a Next Generation (NG) NodeB (gNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), or a wireless router. The EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  are configured to interface and communicate with the Internet  1150  and may access the core network  1130 , the PSTN  1140 , or the other networks  1160 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 11 , the base station  1170   a  forms part of the RAN  1120   a,  which may include other base stations, elements, or devices. Also, the base station  1170   b  forms part of the RAN  1120   b , which may include other base stations, elements, or devices. Each base station  1170   a - 1170   b  operates to transmit or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell.” In some embodiments, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology may be employed having multiple transceivers for each cell. 
     The base stations  1170   a - 1170   b  communicate with one or more of the EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  over one or more air interfaces  1190  using wireless communication links. The air interfaces  1190  may utilize any suitable radio access technology. 
     It is contemplated that the system  1100  may use multiple channel access functionality, including such schemes as described above. In particular embodiments, the base stations and EDs implement 5G New Radio (NR), LTE, LTE-A, or LTE-B. Of course, other multiple access schemes and wireless protocols may be utilized. 
     The RANs  1120   a - 1120   b  are in communication with the core network  1130  to provide the EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  with voice, data, application, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), or other services. Understandably, the RANs  1120   a - 1120   b  or the core network  1130  may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown). The core network  1130  may also serve as a gateway access for other networks (such as the PSTN  1140 , the Internet  1150 , and the other networks  1160 ). In addition, some or all of the EDs  1110   a - 1110   c  may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto), the EDs may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown), and to the Internet  1150 . 
     Although  FIG. 11  illustrates one example of a communication system, various changes may be made to  FIG. 11 . For example, the communication system  1100  could include any number of EDs, base stations, networks, or other components in any suitable configuration. 
       FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrate example devices that may implement the methods and teachings according to this disclosure. In particular,  FIG. 12A  illustrates an example ED  1210 , and  FIG. 12B  illustrates an example base station  1270 . These components could be used in the system  1100  or in any other suitable system. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12A , the ED  1210  includes at least one processing unit  1200 . The processing unit  1200  implements various processing operations of the ED  1210 . For example, the processing unit  1200  could perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, or any other functionality enabling the ED  1210  to operate in the system  1100 . The processing unit  1200  also supports the methods and teachings described in more detail above. Each processing unit  1200  includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processing unit  1200  could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array, or application specific integrated circuit. 
     The ED  1210  also includes at least one transceiver  1202 . The transceiver  1202  is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna or NIC (Network Interface Controller)  1204 . The transceiver  1202  is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna  1204 . Each transceiver  1202  includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna  1204  includes any suitable structure for transmitting or receiving wireless or wired signals. One or multiple transceivers  1202  could be used in the ED  1210 , and one or multiple antennas  1204  could be used in the ED  1210 . Although shown as a single functional unit, a transceiver  1202  could also be implemented using at least one transmitter and at least one separate receiver. 
     The ED  1210  further includes one or more input/output devices  1206  or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet  1150 ). The input/output devices  1206  facilitate interaction with a user or other devices (network communications) in the network. Each input/output device  1206  includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, such as a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, or touch screen, including network interface communications. 
     In addition, the ED  1210  includes at least one memory  1208 . The memory  1208  stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED  1210 . For example, the memory  1208  could store software or firmware instructions executed by the processing unit(s)  1200  and data used to reduce or eliminate interference in incoming signals. Each memory  1208  includes any suitable volatile or non-volatile storage and retrieval device(s). Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , the base station  1270  includes at least one processing unit  1250 , at least one transceiver  1252 , which includes functionality for a transmitter and a receiver, one or more antennas  1256 , at least one memory  1258 , and one or more input/output devices or interfaces  1266 . A scheduler, which would be understood by one skilled in the art, is coupled to the processing unit  1250 . The scheduler could be included within or operated separately from the base station  1270 . The processing unit  1250  implements various processing operations of the base station  1270 , such as signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, or any other functionality. The processing unit  1250  can also support the methods and teachings described in more detail above. Each processing unit  1250  includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processing unit  1250  could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array, or application specific integrated circuit. 
     Each transceiver  1252  includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission to one or more EDs or other devices. Each transceiver  1252  further includes any suitable structure for processing signals received wirelessly or by wire from one or more EDs or other devices. Although shown combined as a transceiver  1252 , a transmitter and a receiver could be separate components. Each antenna  1256  includes any suitable structure for transmitting or receiving wireless or wired signals. While a common antenna  1256  is shown here as being coupled to the transceiver  1252 , one or more antennas  1256  could be coupled to the transceiver(s)  1252 , allowing separate antennas  1256  to be coupled to the transmitter and the receiver if equipped as separate components. Each memory  1258  includes any suitable volatile or non-volatile storage and retrieval device(s). Each input/output device  1266  facilitates interaction with a user or other devices (network communications) in the network. Each input/output device  1266  includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving/providing information from a user, including network interface communications. 
       FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a computing system  1300  that may be used for implementing the devices and methods disclosed herein. For example, the computing system can be any entity of UE, access network (AN), mobility management (MM), session management (SM), user plane gateway (UPGW), or access stratum (AS). Specific devices may utilize all of the components shown or only a subset of the components, and levels of integration may vary from device to device. Furthermore, a device may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processing units, processors, memories, transmitters, receivers, etc. The computing system  1300  includes a processing unit  1302 . The processing unit includes a central processing unit (CPU)  1314 , memory  1308 , and may further include a mass storage device  1304 , a video adapter  1310 , and an I/O interface  1312  connected to a bus  1320 . 
     The bus  1320  may be one or more of any type of several bus architectures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, or a video bus. The CPU  1314  may comprise any type of electronic data processor. The memory  1308  may comprise any type of non-transitory system memory such as static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the memory  1308  may include ROM for use at boot-up, and DRAM for program and data storage for use while executing programs. 
     The mass storage  1304  may comprise any type of non-transitory storage device configured to store data, programs, and other information and to make the data, programs, and other information accessible via the bus  1320 . The mass storage  1304  may comprise, for example, one or more of a solid state drive, hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, or an optical disk drive. 
     The video adapter  1310  and the I/O interface  1312  provide interfaces to couple external input and output devices to the processing unit  1302 . As illustrated, examples of input and output devices include a display  1318  coupled to the video adapter  1310  and a mouse, keyboard, or printer  1316  coupled to the I/O interface  1312 . Other devices may be coupled to the processing unit  1302 , and additional or fewer interface cards may be utilized. For example, a serial interface such as Universal Serial Bus (USB) (not shown) may be used to provide an interface for an external device. 
     The processing unit  1302  also includes one or more network interfaces  1306 , which may comprise wired links, such as an Ethernet cable, or wireless links to access nodes or different networks. The network interfaces  1306  allow the processing unit  1302  to communicate with remote units via the networks. For example, the network interfaces  1306  may provide wireless communication via one or more transmitters/transmit antennas and one or more receivers/receive antennas. In an embodiment, the processing unit  1302  is coupled to a local-area network  1322  or a wide-area network for data processing and communications with remote devices, such as other processing units, the Internet, or remote storage facilities. 
     It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an indicating unit or module, a configuring unit or module, a communicating unit or module, a monitoring unit or module, a determining unit or module, or a negotiating unit or module. The respective units or modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). 
     Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.