Patent Publication Number: US-2004050047-A1

Title: Low speed turbo EGR

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
     [0001] This application claims the benefit of the filing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/404,975, entitled “Low speed turbo/EGR”, filed on Aug. 21, 2002, and the specification thereof is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] 1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field)  
       [0003] The present invention relates to the field of internal combustion engine exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for emissions improvement and increased operating efficiency, including increased fuel economy. More particularly, the invention provides a system and method for a new type of intermediate pressure EGR loop that is enabled by a two stage compressor.  
       [0004] 2. Description of Related Art  
       [0005] EGR is a known method for reducing the NOX emissions in internal combustion engines. For effective use, an EGR system must overcome the adverse pressure gradient created by a positive pressure gradient across the engine which is typical of modern high efficiency diesel engines in at least a portion of their operating range. Various approaches to implementing EGR have included pumping of a portion of the exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold. Pumping has been accomplished by introducing the exhaust gas into the compression inlet of a conventional turbocharger or supercharger present on the engine or, alternatively, providing a separate compressor receiving the exhaust gas and pressurizing it to a suitable pressure for insertion into the charge air downstream of the charge air boosting system on the engine. Some fuel consumption penalty is generally incurred by these systems.  
       [0006] EGR also requires adequate mixing of recirculated exhaust gas with the incoming intake air charge to avoid performance degradation and to minimize mixing losses to avoid additional fuel consumption penalties. Further, positive control of the recirculated exhaust gas flow is required to assure proper proportions in the charge air mixture supplied to the engine intake manifold under varying operating conditions. Additionally, the components and features of an EGR system must be accommodated within the constraints of limited volume available for allocation in modern engine compartments.  
       [0007] Low pressure loop EGR typically takes exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold, downstream of particulate traps and other emission control devices, and injects the exhaust gas into the compressor. The resulting compressed gas, typically mixed with intake air, is delivered to the intake manifold of the engine. Low pressure loop EGR works well at low power or load settings, reducing the fuel economy penalty that a high pressure loop would incur at low loads, and allowing very high EGR rates to be achieved. However, at high power or load settings low pressure loop EGR incurs a very large fuel penalty due to the need for flow ranges outside the capabilities of turbine-driven compressors, a poor turbine-to-compressor flow match and excessive heat loads, as well as the increase in back pressure caused by the need to boost the EGR exhaust gas to a pressure greater than that of the intake manifold. Multiple single stage turbochargers are not preferred as a solution because of the added cost and space and reliability requirements necessary to achieve high compression ratios.  
       [0008] Similarly, high pressure loop EGR works best at moderate to high loads, minimizing the boost pressure required. However, at low loads, high pressure loop EGR systems suffer from a large reduction in fuel economy due to the negative pressure differential required to drive the required high EGR rates.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009] The invention provides an intermediate pressure EGR system for an internal combustion engine, preferably a diesel engine, comprising a turbocharger including a compressor having more than one stage, and preferably having two stages. Unlike traditional high or low pressure EGR systems, the present invention provides increased fuel economy under all load conditions. A control valve determines the proportion of exhaust gas to be recirculated, and helps to control the pressure of the exhaust gas. The remainder of the exhaust gas turns the turbine of the turbocharger and is discharged to the environment. The turbine is optionally a variable geometry turbine. The discharge gas optionally flows through one or more emissions control devices. The exhaust turbine pressure ratio maintains the EGR flow at the turbine inlet pressure, which is less than the pressure at the intake manifold of the engine. The recirculated exhaust gas preferably flows through a diesel particulate filter and is optionally cooled by an EGR cooler. The diesel particulate filter is optionally a miniature diesel particulate filter. The first stage of the compressor boosts the intake air to an intermediate pressure. The compressed intake air is optionally cooled by an air/air charge cooler. The intake air and exhaust gas to be recirculated are then mixed, preferably by an EGR mixer. The mixture is optionally cooled by an Air/EGR cooler, then injected into the second stage of the two stage compressor, which boosts the mixture pressure to a level sufficient to satisfy the mass flow demand of the engine. The mixture is cooled with an air/air charge cooler before entering the intake manifold.  
       [0010] The invention also provides an EGR system wherein a turbocharger maintains a pressure of exhaust gas at an intermediate pressure lower than the pressure at the intake manifold, thereby improving the fuel economy over other low or high pressure EGR systems. The exhaust gas pressure is greater than the pressure of intake air, which has been compressed by the first stage of a two stage compressor. The exhaust gas to be recirculated is mixed with the intake air and the mixture is compressed by the second stage of the compressor to a pressure required to provide the desired mass flow to the engine.  
       [0011] The invention further provides a method of providing exhaust gas recirculation to an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of maintaining the exhaust gas at an intermediate pressure less than the pressure at the intake manifold, optionally filtering the exhaust gas, optionally cooling the exhaust gas, using the first stage of a multiple stage compressor to increase the pressure of intake air to a pressure less than the intermediate pressure of the exhaust gas, mixing the exhaust gas and intake air, and boosting the pressure of the mixture to a pressure sufficient to meet the mass flow demand of the engine. Maintaining the pressure of the exhaust gas is preferably accomplished by using back pressure from a turbocharger turbine. The pressure of the mixture is preferably boosted by a secondary stage of the compressor.  
       [0012] Other objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0013] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating one or more preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings:  
     [0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an engine and EGR system employing the components of the present invention; and  
     [0015]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0016] Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an internal combustion engine system  10  including the intermediate pressure loop EGR system of this invention. Internal combustion engine  14  has at least one cylinder in communication with exhaust manifold  18  and intake manifold  16 . Exhaust manifold  18  is connected to exhaust line  20  which in turn is connected to control valve  22 , which controls the relative amount of exhaust gas entering either the intermediate pressure EGR loop line  50  or the exhaust turbine line  24 . Control valve  22  also partially controls the pressure within the EGR line. Exhaust gas not diverted to intermediate pressure EGR loop line  50  by control valve  22  is directed by means of exhaust turbine inlet line  24  to exhaust turbine  32 . Exhaust gas entering exhaust turbine  32  produces rotational energy, thereby driving two-stage compressor  80  which comprises first stage  34  and second stage  36 . Exhaust gas exits turbine  32  by means of exhaust line  38  and is discharged into the atmosphere, optionally through various emission control devices (not pictured), including but not limited to a catalytic converter, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a lean NOX trap (LNT), and/or a diesel particulate filter (DPF).  
     [0017] Turbocharger  100 , which comprises two stage compressor  80 , connecting shaft  30 , and exhaust turbine  32 , is optionally a variable geometry turbocharger. In one embodiment of a variable geometry turbocharger the vanes of exhaust turbine  32  are actuated by an actuator, such as a hydraulic actuator, so that the efficiency or operational flow range of exhaust turbine  32  can be varied during operation, thereby providing for optimal system efficiency and mass flow control. A variable geometry turbocharger provides for increased system efficiencies not readily obtainable with standard turbochargers. A variable geometry turbocharger is disclosed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,269,642, issued Aug. 7, 2001, and incorporated herein by reference. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the variable geometry turbocharger of U.S. Pat. No. 6,269,642, and that other variable geometry turbochargers may be employed, and further that turbochargers not providing for variable geometry may be employed.  
     [0018] Exhaust gas in intermediate pressure EGR loop line  50  is maintained by exhaust turbine  32  at an intermediate pressure less than the pressure at the intake manifold  16  of engine  14 . Exhaust gas diverted to intermediate pressure EGR loop line  50  passes through DPF  52 , which DPF  52  is optionally miniature in size, and is cooled by EGR cooler  54 . Intake air enters first stage  34  at air intake  40 , is compressed by first stage  34  to an intermediate pressure less than the pressure at the intake manifold, exits through air line  42 , and is cooled by air/air charge cooler  44 . The exhaust gas pressure in intermediate pressure EGR loop line  50  is sufficiently higher than the discharge pressure of the first stage  34  to eliminate the need for creating a negative pressure gradient to enable the EGR to flow in the correct direction. However, that exhaust gas pressure is less than the pressure at intake manifold  64 .  
     [0019] The cooled intake air and exhaust gas are mixed together by EGR mixer  46  to form an Air/EGR mixture. The pressures within loop line  50  and air line  42  are each at an intermediate pressure lower than that at intake manifold  16 , with the pressures being matched by control valve  22 . Thus, the back pressure at the exhaust manifold  18  is lower than it would be if the exhaust gas had been restricted, raising it above the pressure at intake manifold  16 , thus thereby reducing the work required to be done by engine  14 . The lower back pressure and reduced work improve fuel economy greatly over known low or high pressure EGR systems.  
     [0020] The Air/EGR mixture exit EGR mixer  46  by means of second stage inlet line  48  and enters second stage  36  of compressor  80 . Second stage  36  compresses the Air/EGR mixture to a pressure required by the engine to transit the desired mass flow. The Air/EGR mixture is cooled by air/air charge cooler  62  and proceeds through intake line  64  to enter intake manifold  16 .  
     [0021] Commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,028, issued May 16, 2000, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a low speed, high compression ratio turbocharger with minimal packaging size comprising a two stage compressor. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the turbocharger of U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,028, and that other two stage compressor turbochargers, or turbochargers with more than two stages, may be employed.  
     [0022]FIG. 2 shows an internal combustion engine system  12  including an alternative embodiment of the low pressure loop EGR system of this invention. This embodiment is identical to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, except that exhaust gas exiting DPF  52  proceeds directly to high temperature EGR mixer  72  without first being cooled. Similarly, intake air compressed by first stage  34  of compressor  80  passes through air line  70  directly to high temperature EGR mixer  72  without first being cooled. After the compressed intake air and exhaust gas are mixed together by high temperature EGR mixer  72  to form an Air/EGR mixture, the mixture is then cooled by Air/EGR cooler  76  and proceeds along second stage inlet line  78  and enters second stage  36  of compressor  80  as described above.  
     [0023] Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all references, applications, patents, and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference.