Patent Publication Number: US-2023164571-A1

Title: Managing Sidelink Communication Security

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosure relates to methods for managing sidelink communication security and entities configured to operate in accordance with those methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description. 
     The 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifies Long Term Evolution Device-to-Device (LTE D2D services, also known as Proximity Services (ProSe), in the Release 12 and 13 of LTE. Later, in Release 14 and 15, LTE Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) related enhancements targeting the specific characteristics of vehicular communications are specified. The 3GPP started a new work item (WI) in August 2018, within the scope of Release 16, to develop a new radio (NR) version of V2X communications. The NR version of V2X communications mainly targets advanced V2X services, which can be categorized into four use case groups: vehicles platooning, extended sensors, advanced driving, and remote driving. The advanced V2X services require an enhanced NR system and a new NR sidelink to meet stringent requirements in terms of latency and reliability. NR V2X systems are also expected to have higher system capacity and better coverage and to allow for easy extension to support the future development of further advanced V2X services and other services. 
     Given the targeted services of NR V2X, it is commonly recognized that groupcast/multicast and unicast transmissions are desired, in which the intended receiver of a message consists of only a subset of the vehicles in proximity to the transmitter (groupcast) or of a single vehicle (unicast). For example, in a platooning service there are certain messages that are only of interest of the member of the platoon, making the members of the platoon a natural groupcast. In another example, the see-through use case most likely involves only a pair of vehicles, for which unicast transmissions naturally fit. Therefore, NR sidelink can support broadcast (as in LTE), groupcast and unicast transmissions. Furthermore, NR sidelink is designed in such a way that its operation is possible with and without network coverage and with varying degrees of interaction between user equipments (UEs) and the network (NW), including support for standalone, network-less operation. 
     In the 3GPP, Release 17 discussions are taking place and national security and public safety (NSPS) is considered to be one of the use cases which can benefit from the already developed NR sidelink. Therefore, it is most likely that the 3GPP will specify enhancements related to the NSPS use case taking NR Release 16 sidelink as a baseline. 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic illustrating NR SL unicast links between two UEs. For NR sidelink (SL), unicast at the access stratum is supported for services requiring high reliability. Between the same UE pair, there can be multiple SL unicast links and each link can support multiple SL Quality of Service (QoS) flows/radio bearers as illustrated in  FIG.  1   . 
     At the access stratum, each link can be identified by a source and destination Layer 2 identity (L2 ID). For instance, the PC5 unicast link 1 in  FIG.  1    can be identified by the pair of L2 ID1 (i.e. corresponding to application ID1) and L2 ID2 (i.e. corresponding to application ID2). 
       FIG.  2    is a signaling diagram illustrating PC5 radio resource control (RRC) signaling to configure a SL radio bearer. For each NR SL unicast link, there can be multiple PC5 QoS flows, and one or multiple PC5 QoS flow(s) can be mapped to the same SL radio bearer. The SL radio bearer setup is done using PC5-RRC signaling as shown in  FIG.  2   . More specifically, with reference to  FIG.  2   , the initiating UE  202  sends a message (RRCReconfigurationSidelink message)  206  over PC5-RRC to the peer UE  204 , including parameters related to SL radio bearer configuration and the associated PC5 QoS flow. The peer UE  204  may reply with a message (RRCReconfigurationCompleteSidelink message)  208  if the initiated SL radio bearer configuration is accepted. 
     TS 33.536 v1.0.0 describes security establishment during connection set-up.  FIG.  3    illustrates a signaling flow of how security is established during connection set-up. That is,  FIG.  3    is a signaling diagram illustrating security establishment at connection set-up. The steps illustrated in  FIG.  3    will now be described. 
     As illustrated by arrow  302  of  FIG.  3   , a first UE (UE_ 1 ) sends a message (Direct Communication Request) to a second UE (UE_ 2 ). This message includes a first nonce (Nonce_ 1 ) (for generating a session key, K NRP-sess ), UE_ 1  security capabilities (the list of algorithms that UE_ 1  accepts for this connection), UE_ 1   s  signaling security policy and the most significant 8-bits of the K NRP_sess  identifier (ID). These bits are chosen such that UE_ 1  is able to locally identify a security context that is created by this procedure. The message may also include a key identifier (K NRP  ID) if the UE_ 1  has an existing key (K NRP ) for the UE that it is trying to communicate with. The absence of the K NRP  ID parameter indicates that UE_ 1  does not have a K NRP  for UE_ 2 . The message also contains key establishment information (Key_Est_Info). 
     As illustrated by arrow  304  of  FIG.  3   , UE_ 2  may initiate a direct authorization and key establishment (Direct Auth and Key Establish) procedure with UE_ 1 . This is mandatory if the UE_ 2  does not have the K NRP  and K NRP  ID pair indicated in step  302 , and signaling is needed to establish the keys for the particular use case. 
     As illustrated by arrow  306  of  FIG.  3   , UE_ 2  sends a message (Direct Security Mode Command message) to UE_ 1 . This message may only contain the most significant bit (MSB), optionally the Key_Est_Info of the K NRP  ID, and optionally the Key_Est_Info if a fresh K NRP  is to be generated. UE_ 2  includes a second nonce (Nonce_ 2 ) to allow a session key to be calculated and a parameter (Chosen_algs parameter) to indicate which security algorithms the UE uses to protect the data in the message. The Chosen-algs parameter may only indicate the use of a NULL integrity algorithm if UE_ 2 &#39;s signaling security policy has integrity as OFF or PREFERRED. UE_ 2  also returns the UE_ 1  security capabilities and UE_ 1 &#39;s signaling security policy to provide protection against bidding down attacks. UE_ 2  also includes the least significant 8-bits of the K NRP_sess  ID in the message. These bits are chosen so that UE_ 2  is able to locally identify a security context that is created by this procedure. UE_ 2  calculates the K NRP_sess  from the K NRP  and both Nonce_ 1  and Nonce_ 2  (see Annex X.Y of TS 33.536 v1.0.0) and then derives the confidentiality and integrity keys based on the chosen algorithms (see Annex X.Y of TS 33.536 v1.0.0). UE_ 2  integrity protects a command (Direct Security Mode Command) before sending it to UE_ 1 . As illustrated by block  308  of  FIG.  3   , UE_ 2  is then ready to receive both signaling and user plane traffic protected with the new security context. UE_ 2  forms the K NRP_sess  ID from the most significant bits it received in message at step  302  and least significant bits it sent in the message at step  306 . 
     Although not illustrated in  FIG.  3   , on receiving the Direct Security Mode Command, UE_1 first checks that the received least significant bit (LSB) of the K NPR_sess  ID is unique, i.e. has not been sent by another UE responding to this Direct Communication Request. If the LSB of the K NPR_sess  ID is not unique, then UE_1 responds with a Direct Security Mode Reject message including a cause value to specify that the LSB of the K NPR_sess  ID is not unique. The peer UE-2 receiving a Direct Security Mode Reject message inspects the cause value and, if the cause is related to the session identifier uniqueness then, UE-2 generates a new LSB of the K NPR_sess  ID and replies to UE-1 again (i.e., UE-2 sends a Direct Security Mode Command message with the new LSB of the K NPR_sess  ID). UE-2 erases the former LSB of the K NPR_sess  ID from its memory. On receiving this new Direct Security Mode Command, UE_1 processes the message from the start of step  310 . If the LSB of the K NPR_sess  ID is unique, UE_1 calculates the K NRP_sess  and the confidentiality and integrity keys in the same way as UE_2. UE_1 checks that the returned UE_1 security capabilities and UE_1&#39;s signaling security policy are the same as those it sent in step  306 . UE_1 also checks the integrity protection on the message. UE_1 may only accept the NULL integrity algorithm if its security policy for signaling indicates that integrity protection is OFF or PREFERRED. If both these checks pass, then UE_1 is ready to send and receive signaling and user plane traffic with the new security context, as illustrated by block  310  of  FIG.  3   . As illustrated by arrow  312  of  FIG.  3   , UE_1 sends a message (Direct Security Mode Complete message), which is integrity protected and confidentiality protected (with the chosen algorithm which may be the null algorithm), to UE_2. UE_1 forms the K NRP_sess  ID from the most significant bits it sent in the message at step  302  and the least significant bits it received in the message at step  306 . 
     Although not illustrated in  FIG.  3   , UE_2 checks the integrity protection on the received Direct Security Mode Complete message. If this passes, as illustrated by block  314  of  FIG.  3   , UE_2 is now ready to send user plane data and control signaling protected with the new security context. As also illustrated by block  314  of  FIG.  3   , UE_2 deletes any old security context it has for UE_1. 
     The K NRP  may be a 256-bit root key that is shared between the two UEs (or any other entities) that communicate using PC5 NR unicast communications. It may be refreshed by re-running the authentication signaling using the long-term credentials. In order to generate a K NRP_sess  (the next layer of keys), nonces can be exchanged between the communicating entities. The K NRP  may be kept even when the UEs have no active unicast communication session between them. The K NRP  ID is used to identify the K NRP . 
     TS 33.536 v1.0.0 describes security establishment during re-keying. By rekeying, the UEs ensure fresh session keys, K NRP-sess , are used. Optionally, the rekeying can also enforce a refresh of the K NRP . Either UE may rekey the connection at any time. This may be performed before the counter for a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) bearer repeats with the current keys. A rekeying operation refreshes the K NRP_sess  and NR PC5 Encryption Key (NRPEK) and NR PC5 Integrity Key (NRPIK), and may refresh the K NRP . The NRPEK and NRPIK may be used in chosen confidentiality and integrity algorithms respectively for protecting PC5-S signaling, PC5 RRC signaling, and PC5 UP traffic. They can be derived from the K NRP_sess . They can be refreshed automatically every time the K NRP_sess  is changed. A rekeying operation follows the flows given in  FIG.  4   .  FIG.  4    is a signaling diagram illustrating security establishment during rekeying. The steps illustrated in  FIG.  4    will now be described. 
     As illustrated by arrow  402  of  FIG.  4   , a first UE (UE_1) sends a message (Direct Rekey Request) to a second UE (UE_2). This message includes a first nonce (Nonce_ 1 ) (for session key generation), UE_1 security capabilities (the list of algorithms that UE_1 accepts for this connection) and the most significant 8-bits of the K NRP-sess  ID. These bits are chosen such that UE_1 is able to locally identify a security context that is created by this procedure. The message may also include a reauthorization flag (Re-auth Flag) if UE_1 wants to rekey the K NRP . The message also contains key establishment information (Key_Est_Info). 
     As illustrated by arrow  404  of  FIG.  4   , UE_2 may initiate a direct authorization and key establishment (Direct Auth Key Establish) procedure with UE_1. This is mandatory if UE_1 included the Re-auth Flag and signaling is needed to establish K NRP . 
     As illustrated by arrows  406  and  408  of  FIG.  4   , the steps described earlier with reference to steps  306  and  308  of  FIG.  3    respectively are performed, except that the chosen integrity algorithm may only be NULL if the NULL integrity algorithm is currently in use and UE_1&#39;s signaling security policy is not included in this message. 
     As illustrated by arrows  410  and  412  of  FIG.  4   , the steps described earlier with reference to steps  310  and  312  of  FIG.  3    respectively are performed, except that UE_1 may only accept the NULL integrity algorithm if the NULL integrity algorithm is currently in use and UE_1 does not check the returned signaling security policy (as it is not sent in this case). 
     As illustrated by block  414  of  FIG.  4   , the step described earlier with reference to step  314  of  FIG.  3    is performed. As illustrated by block  416  of  FIG.  4   , when UE_1 receives the message, which is integrity protected with the new security context, it deletes any old security context it still has stored for UE_2. 
     TS 33.536 v1.0.0 describes security establishment for user plane bearers. At initial connection or adding a V2X service, the initiating UE includes its user plane security policy in the Direct Security Mode Complete or Link Modification request message respectively. The receiving UE rejects the connection setup or Link Modification Request if the received user plane security policy had either confidentiality/integrity set to OFF and its own corresponding policy is set to REQUIRED or if the received user plane security policy had either confidentiality/integrity set to REQUIRED and its own corresponding policy is set to OFF. Otherwise, the receiving UE may accept the connection setup or Link Modification Request. 
     The UE initiating the establishment of a user plane bearer selects a logical channel identifier (LCID) whose associated value of bearer for input to the security algorithms has not been used with the current keys, NRPEK and NRPIK. If this is not possible the UE initiates a re-keying before establishing the user plane bearer. 
     When establishing the user plane bearer, the initiating UE indicates the configuration of confidentiality and integrity protection in the PC5-RRC message. The confidentiality and integrity protection algorithms are same as those selected for protecting the signaling bearers. 
     Both UEs ensure that the user plane for each V2X service is only sent or received (e.g. dropped if received on a bearer with incorrect security) on user plane bearers with the necessary security. 
     There is also the possibility of integrity protection. UEs implement the integrity algorithms NIA0, 128-NIA1 and 128-NIA2 and may implement the integrity algorithm 128-NIA3 for integrity protection of the relevant bearers. The integrity algorithms identified from TS 33.501 are reused for PC5-S, PC5-RRC, and PC5-U. These integrity algorithms are as specified in TS 33.501 and are used with the following modifications:
         The key used is NRPIK;   Direction is set to 1 for direct link signaling transmitted by the UE that sent the Direct Security Mode Command for this security context and 0 otherwise;   Bearer[0] to Bearer[4] are set based on the LCID;   COUNT[0] to COUNT[31] are filled with counter value.       

     The receiving UE ensures that received protected signaling messages and user plane traffic that is integrity protected are not replayed. 
     There is also the possibility of confidentiality protection. UEs implement the ciphering algorithms NEA0, 128-NEA1 and 128-NEA2 and may implement the ciphering algorithm 128-NEA3 for ciphering of one-to-one traffic. The ciphering algorithm identifiers from TS 33.501 are reused for PC5-S, PC5-RRC, and PC5-U. These ciphering algorithms are as specified in TS 33.501 and are used with the following modifications:
         The key used in NRPEK;   Direction is set as for integrity protection;   Bearer[0] to Bearer[4] are set based on the LCID;   COUNT[0] to COUNT[31] are filled with counter value.       

     However, there exist certain challenge(s) with the above-described existing techniques. 
     SUMMARY 
     As mentioned earlier, there exist certain challenge(s) with the above-described existing techniques. Currently, to support the security for SL radio bearer, the UE uses a 5-bit Bearer ID (i.e., Bearer[0] to Bearer[4]) as input to the security algorithm. The 5-bit Bearer ID is set based on the LCID. Given that the SL LCID is of 6-bit, it is then an open issue how 6-bit SL LCID can be mapped to 5-bit Bearer ID used for the integrity/ciphering algorithms. 
     One way under discussion is that the both the sender and the receiver UEs set the 5-bit Bearer ID to be the same as the truncated bits of the SL LCID, either the most significant bits or the least significant bits. However, this may cause problems in the future when the truncated or skipped bit(s) need to be used. In that case, the hardcoded behavior of UEs to always truncate 6-bits into 5-bits may create severe limitations because of security. Also, multiple values may result in the same 5-bits, which disadvantageously increases the chances of security key reuse. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. The present invention discloses approaches to exchange parameters related to SL unicast security setup. There are, proposed herein, various embodiments which address one or more of the issues disclosed herein. Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). These technical advantage(s) may include enabling security for sidelink communication and/or reducing (or eliminating) the risk of key reuse. 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a transmitting wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The method comprises generating a radio bearer identifier. The generated radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. The method also comprises transmitting the generated radio bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device. The generated radio bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a receiving wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The method comprises receiving a radio bearer identifier from a transmitting wireless device. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and the receiving wireless device. The radio bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a first wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The method comprises selecting a first parameter and a second parameter for use in applying a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and a second wireless device. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a base station serving a transmitting wireless device for generation of a mapping between identifiers. The method comprises generating a mapping between a radio bearer identifier and a logical channel identifier. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. The logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication. The method also comprises transmitting the generated mapping to the transmitting wireless device. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The wireless device comprises processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps described earlier with respect to a wireless device. The wireless device comprises power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a base station for generation of a mapping between identifiers. The base station comprises processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps described earlier with respect to a base station. The base station comprises power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform any of the steps described earlier. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product, embodied on a non-transitory machine-readable medium, comprising instructions which are executable by processing circuitry to cause the processing circuitry to perform any of the steps described earlier. 
     Thus, the present disclosure provides advantageous techniques for managing sidelink communication security and for the generation of a mapping between identifiers in relation to such a sidelink communication. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of examples of the present disclosure, and to show more clearly how the examples may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the following drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic illustrating NR SL unicast links between two UEs; 
         FIG.  2    is a signaling diagram illustrating PC5 RRC signaling to configure an SL radio bearer; 
         FIG.  3    is a signaling diagram illustrating security establishment at connection set-up; 
         FIG.  4    is a signaling diagram illustrating security establishment during rekeying; 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic illustrating a ciphering of data; 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic illustrating a derivation of an authentication code; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic illustrating a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic illustrating a UE in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic illustrating a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic illustrating a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic illustrating a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  14    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  16    is a schematic illustrating a method performed by a transmitting wireless device in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  17    is a block diagram of an apparatus in a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  18    is a schematic illustrating a method performed by a receiving wireless device in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  19    is a block diagram of an apparatus in a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  20    is a schematic illustrating a method performed by a first wireless device in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  21    is a block diagram of an apparatus in a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  22    is a schematic illustrating a method performed by a base station in accordance with some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  23    is a block diagram of an apparatus in a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. 
     The disclosure relates to managing sidelink communication security and also to generating a mapping between identifiers in relation to such a sidelink communication. A sidelink communication is a direct communication between wireless devices. The communication is direct in that it does not need to traverse a base station. The communication can be referred to as device-to-device communication. Herein, a sidelink communication is described with reference to a transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. However, it will be understood that any two or more wireless devices may support a sidelink communication. The wireless devices involved in a sidelink communication can be proximal (or in close proximity) to each other, such as within a predefined distance of each other. A service provided by means of a sidelink communication is referred to in the art as a Proximity Service (or ProSe). A wireless device that supports a sidelink communication is referred to in the art as a ProSe-enabled wireless device. 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first method performed by a transmitting wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The first method comprises generating a radio bearer identifier (Bearer ID). The generated radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. The first method also comprises transmitting the generated bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device. The generated bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. Herein, the radio bearer for a sidelink communication may also be referred to as a sidelink (SL) radio bearer. The security protocol referred to herein can, for example, be an integrity and/or ciphering protocol (or algorithm). A person skilled in the art will be aware of a variety of such security protocols that can be used, such as any of those described in TS 33.501. 
     In some embodiments, the radio bearer identifier may be generated in response to initiation of the radio bearer. In some embodiments, the generated radio bearer identifier may be mapped to a logical channel identifier (LCID) and the LCID may uniquely identify a logical channel for the sidelink communication. 
     In some embodiments, the first method may comprise acquiring the mapping of the generated radio bearer identifier to the LCID. In some embodiments, the mapping may be acquired in response to initiation of the radio bearer. In some embodiments, acquiring the mapping can comprise generating the mapping, receiving the mapping from a base station serving the transmitting wireless device, or retrieving the mapping from a memory in the transmitting wireless device. 
     In some embodiments where the mapping is received from a base station serving the transmitting wireless device, the mapping may be received from the base station as part of a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective LCIDs. In these embodiments, the first method may comprise selecting the mapping of the generated radio bearer identifier to the LCID from the plurality of mappings. In some embodiments, the mapping may be received from the base station via a request to establish the sidelink communication or via a message broadcast by the base station to the transmitting wireless device. 
     In some embodiments where the mapping is retrieved from a memory in the transmitting wireless device, the memory may comprise a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective LCIDs. In some of these embodiments, the first method may comprise selecting the mapping of the generated radio bearer identifier to the LCID from the plurality of mappings. In some embodiments, the memory can be a subscriber identity module (SIM) card or any other type of memory. 
     In some embodiments, the first method may comprise storing, in a memory of the transmitting wireless device, the generated radio bearer identifier and the mapping. In some embodiments, the method may comprise transmitting, to the receiving wireless device, the mapping and/or a mapping identifier that uniquely identifies the mapping. In some embodiments, transmitting the generated bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device may comprise transmitting, to the receiving wireless device, a request to establish the sidelink communication and the request may comprise the generated bearer identifier. 
     In some embodiments, the first method may comprise applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier. In some embodiments, applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier can comprise authenticating the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier or encrypting the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second method performed by a receiving wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The second method comprises receiving a bearer identifier from a transmitting wireless device. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and the receiving wireless device. The bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. 
     In some embodiments, receiving the bearer identifier may comprise receiving a request to establish the sidelink communication and the request comprises the bearer identifier. In some embodiments, the received radio bearer identifier may be mapped to a logical channel identifier (LCID) and the LCID may uniquely identify a logical channel for the sidelink communication. 
     In some embodiments, the second method may comprise acquiring the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the LCID. In some of these embodiments, acquiring the mapping may comprise receiving the mapping from the transmitting wireless device, receiving the mapping from a base station serving the receiving wireless device, or retrieving the mapping from a memory in the receiving wireless device. In some embodiments, the mapping may be received from the base station via a request to establish the sidelink communication or via a message broadcast by the base station to the receiving wireless device. In some embodiments, the mapping may be acquired in response to initiation of the radio bearer. 
     In some embodiments where the mapping is received from the transmitting wireless device or the base station, the mapping may be received from the transmitting wireless device or the base station as part of a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective LCIDs. In some of these embodiments, the second method may comprise selecting the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the LCID from the plurality of mappings. In some embodiments where the mapping is retrieved from a memory, the memory may comprise a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective LCIDs. In these embodiments, the second method may comprise selecting the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the LCID from the plurality of mappings. In some embodiments, the memory may be a SIM card. 
     In some embodiments, the second method may comprise receiving, from the transmitting wireless device, a mapping identifier that uniquely identifies the mapping. In some of these embodiments, the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the LCID may be selected from the plurality of mappings using the received mapping identifier. In some embodiments, the second method may comprise, if the receiving wireless device is already configured to use a different mapping, reconfiguring the receiving wireless device to use the received mapping instead. In some embodiments, the second method may comprise, if the receiving wireless device is already configured to use a different mapping, rejecting the received mapping and transmitting the different mapping to the transmitting wireless device. In some embodiments, the second method may comprise, if the receiving wireless device is not already configured to use a mapping, configuring the receiving wireless device to use the received mapping. 
     In some embodiments, the second method may comprise informing a base station serving the receiving wireless device that the receiving wireless device is configured to use the received mapping. In some embodiments, the second method may comprise storing, in a memory of the receiving wireless device, the received radio bearer identifier and the mapping. 
     In some embodiments, the second method may comprise applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier. In some of these embodiments, applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier may comprise authenticating the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier or encrypting the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a third method performed by a first wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The third method comprises selecting a first parameter and a second parameter for use in applying a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and a second wireless device. The first wireless device can be the transmitting wireless device, the receiving wireless device, or any other wireless device. The second wireless device may be the receiving wireless device (in embodiments where the first wireless device is the transmitting wireless device), the transmitting wireless device (in embodiments where the first wireless device is the receiving wireless device), or any other wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the first parameter and second parameter may be previously unused together in the application of a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device. In some embodiments, the second parameter may be a cryptographic key. In some embodiments, the first parameter may be a radio bearer identifier (Bearer ID). In some of these embodiments, the radio bearer identifier may uniquely identify a radio bearer for the sidelink communication. 
     In some embodiments, the radio bearer identifier may be mapped to a logical channel identifier (LCID). In these embodiments, the LCID may uniquely identify a logical channel for the sidelink communication. In some embodiments, the radio bearer identifier may be selected as a first of two parts of the LCID. 
     In some embodiments, the third method may comprise selecting a third parameter for use in applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication. In some of these embodiments, the third parameter may be selected as a second of the two parts of the LCID. In some embodiments, the third parameter may comprise one or more bits of a counter. In some embodiments, the third parameter may comprise the most significant bit (MSB) of the counter. 
     In some embodiments, the third method may comprise initiating a refresh procedure to refresh the second parameter such that the selected second parameter is previously unused in the application of a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device. In some embodiments, the second parameter may be mapped to one or more bits of a counter. In some embodiments, the second parameter may comprise the MSB of the counter. In some embodiments, the first parameter may be a first of two parts of a logical channel identifier (LCID) and the second parameter may be a second of the two parts of the LCID. In some of these embodiments, the LCID may uniquely identify a logical channel for the sidelink communication. In some embodiments, the first parameter may be mapped to a radio bearer identifier (Bearer ID). In these embodiments, the radio bearer identifier may uniquely identify a radio bearer for the sidelink communication. 
     In some embodiments, the third method may comprise applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter. In some of these embodiments, applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication may comprise authenticating the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter or encrypting the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter. 
     In some embodiments, the first method, the second method, and/or the third method may comprise providing user data and forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the base station. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a wireless device for managing sidelink communication security. The wireless device comprises processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of the first method, the second method, and/or the third method. In some embodiments, the wireless device may comprise power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device. In some embodiments, the wireless device (e.g. the transmitting wireless device, the receiving wireless device, and/or the first wireless device) may be a user equipment (UE). In some embodiments, the wireless device (e.g. the transmitting wireless device, the receiving wireless device, and/or the first wireless device) may be a vehicle or a wireless device configured to be attached to (or placed on/in) a vehicle. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a fourth method performed by a base station serving a transmitting wireless device for generation of a mapping between identifiers. The fourth method comprise generating a mapping between a radio bearer identifier (Bearer ID) and a logical channel identifier (LCID). The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. The LCID uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication. The fourth method comprises transmitting the generated mapping to the transmitting wireless device. 
     In some embodiments, the base station may be serving the receiving wireless device and the fourth method may comprise transmitting the generated mapping to the receiving wireless device. In some embodiments, a different base station may be serving the receiving wireless device and the fourth method may comprise transmitting the generated mapping to the base station serving the receiving wireless device. In some embodiments, the fourth method may comprise obtaining user data and forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a base station for generation of a mapping between identifiers. The base station comprises processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of the fourth method. In some embodiments, the base station may comprise power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station. In some embodiments, the base station may be a radio base station, such as a Node B, an evolved Node Bs (eNBs), or a new radio NodeBs (gNBs). 
     In some embodiments, the radio bearer identifier and the LCID referred to herein can be of the same or different formats. In some embodiments, the radio bearer identifier and the LCID referred to herein can comprise a different number of bits, e.g. the LCID may comprise a greater number of bits (e.g. one more bit) than the radio bearer identifier or vice versa. For example, in some embodiments, the LCID referred to herein may comprise 6-bits and/or the radio bearer identifier referred to herein may comprise 5-bits. 
     As described earlier, the transmitting wireless device generates a radio bearer identifier for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication and transmits the generated radio bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, when initiating a new sidelink (SL) radio bearer, the transmitting wireless device (e.g. initiating UE) may determine a value of parameter(s) (e.g. the radio bearer identifier, such as a 5-bit Bearer ID) used for security protocols (e.g. integrity/ciphering algorithms) and may indicate to the receiving wireless device (e.g. peer UE) per PC5-RRC signaling. In some embodiments, the relevant parameter(s) may be included in the RRCReconfigurationSidelink message, such as that described earlier with reference to arrow  206  of  FIG.  2   . 
     As described earlier, the base station generates a mapping between a radio bearer identifier (Bearer ID) and a logical channel identifier (LCID) and transmits the generated mapping to the transmitting wireless device. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the mapping between the (e.g. 6-bit) logical channel identifier (LCID) and the radio bearer identifier (e.g. 5-bit bearer ID) may be decided by the base station (e.g. gNB) and forwarded to the transmitting (TX) wireless device (e.g. UE), such as upon initiating a sidelink radio bearer (SLRB). In some embodiments, the mapping between the LCID and Bearer ID may be sent to the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) via dedicated signaling in e.g., a RRCReconfiguration message. In some embodiments, the mapping between the LCID and Bearer ID may be sent to the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) via a system information block (SIB). The SIB can be a message broadcast by the base station (e.g. gNB) to the wireless devices (e.g. UEs) under its coverage (or that it is serving). 
     As described earlier, in some embodiments where the TX wireless device retrieves the mapping of the Bearer ID to the LCID from a memory of the TX wireless device, which comprises a plurality of mappings of Bearer IDs to respective LCIDS, the mapping of the generated Bearer ID to the LCID is selected from the plurality of mappings. As also mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, the memory can be a SIM card or any other type of memory. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the mapping between the (e.g. 6-bit) LCID and the (e.g. 5-bit) Bearer ID may be hardcoded in the specification e.g., pre-configured in a memory (e.g. the SIM card) of the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) and/or a memory (e.g. the SIM card) of the receiving (RX) wireless devices (e.g. UEs). 
     In some embodiments, in order to guarantee that two peer SL wireless devices (e.g. UEs) have a different mapping for the LCID and Bearer ID (and thus decrease the re-use of the same security keys), a table with different mapping combinations may be standardized in the specification (e.g. in the memory, such as the sim card, of the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) and RX wireless device (e.g. UE)) and the TX wireless device may select one combination to be used. In some embodiments, each combination can be identified by an identifier (ID) e.g., ID 1 Mapping 1, ID 2 Mapping 2 and so on. Although this is provided as an example, it will be understood that IDs and mapping combinations may not necessarily follow the same order but can be e.g., ID 5 mapping 10. 
     In some embodiments, if the table with the different mapping combinations is pre-configured in the memories (e.g. SIM cards) of the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) and RX wireless devices (UEs), the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) may select a certain combination and send the corresponding ID to the RX wireless device (UE), e.g. when configuring an SLRB, such as via PC5-RRC (e.g. within the RRCReconfigurationSidelink message, such as that described earlier with reference to arrow  206  of  FIG.  2   ). 
     As mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, the RX wireless device may receive a mapping of the Bearer ID to the LCID and, if the RX wireless device is already configured to use a different mapping, the RX wireless device may reconfigure itself to use the received mapping instead. Thus, for example, upon receiving the mapping between the (e.g. 6-bit) LCID and the (e.g. 5-bit) Bearer ID from the TX wireless device (UE), in some embodiments, if the RX wireless device (e.g. UE) is already configured with a mapping, it may release it and apply the new one. As also mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, the RX wireless device may receive a mapping of the Bearer ID to the LCID and, if the RX wireless device is already configured to use a different mapping, the RX wireless device may reject the received mapping and transmit the different mapping to the TX wireless device. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, upon receiving the mapping between the (e.g. 6-bit) LCID and the (e.g. 5-bit) Bearer ID from the TX wireless device (e.g. UE), if the RX wireless device (e.g. UE) is already configured with a mapping, it may reject the received configuration and send to the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) the current mapping that it is using. As also mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, the RX wireless device may receive a mapping of the Bearer ID to the LCID and, if the RX wireless device is not already configured to use a mapping, the RX wireless device may configure itself to use the received mapping. As also mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, the RX wireless device may inform its base station that it is configured to use the received mapping. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, upon receiving the mapping between the (e.g. 6-bit) LCID and the (e.g. 5-bit) bearer ID from the TX wireless device (e.g. UE), if the RX wireless device (e.g. UE) has no mapping currently configured, it may apply the received mapping and inform its base station (e.g. gNB) and a mapping can be configured. The base station of the RX wireless device (e.g. UE) may not necessarily be the same as the base station of the TX wireless device (e.g. UE). 
     As mentioned earlier, in some embodiments where a different base station is serving the RX wireless device, the base station serving the TX wireless device may transmit the generated mapping (between the Bearer ID and the LCID) to the base station serving the RX wireless device. Thus, for example, in case the TX wireless device (e.g. UE) and RX wireless device (e.g. UE) are served by (e.g. under the coverage of) two different base stations (e.g. gNBs), if a first base station (e.g. gNB1) decides a certain mapping for the TX wireless device (e.g. UE), in some embodiments, this mapping may be sent to a second base station (e.g. gNB2) so that this second base station can configure the same mapping for the RX wireless device (e.g. UE). In some embodiments, the first base station (e.g. gNB1) may send the mapping to the second base station (e.g. gNB2) via inter-node RRC messages. In some embodiments, the first base station (e.g. gNB1) may send the mapping to the second base station (e.g. gNB2) via Xn/X2 signaling. 
     As mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, a first wireless device selects a first parameter (e.g. Bearer ID) and a second parameter (e.g. a cryptographic key) for use in applying a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and a second wireless device and, in some embodiments, the first parameter and second parameter may be previously unused together in the application of a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the first wireless device (e.g. UE) may not indicate the first parameter but may make sure that the same first parameter is not re-used with the same second parameter. As also mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, the first wireless device may initiate a refresh procedure to refresh the second parameter such that the second parameter is previously unused in the application of a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, when the first wireless device (e.g. UE) selects the same parameters again, the first wireless device (e.g. UE) may initiate the refresh procedure to generate new parameters and thus avoid using the same second parameter with the same first parameter. In a more specific example, the first wireless device (e.g. UE) may not indicate the value of the (e.g. 5-bit) Bearer ID parameters but may make sure that the same value is not re-used with the same security keys. More precisely, when the first wireless device (e.g. UE) selects the same values again, the first wireless device (e.g. UE) may initiate a key refresh procedure to generate new keys and thus avoid using the same key with the same (e.g. 5-bit) Bearer ID value. 
     As mentioned earlier, the TX wireless device, the RX wireless device, and/or the first wireless device may apply a security protocol to a sidelink communication. In some embodiments, the respective wireless device (e.g. UE) may use (e.g. all the bits from) the LCID in the input for such a security protocol (e.g. integrity and ciphering algorithms) as described in the following.  FIGS.  5  and  6    show the input for the ciphering and integrity algorithms from TS 33.501.  FIG.  5    illustrates the ciphering of data, whereas  FIG.  6    illustrates the derivation of an authentication code. More specifically,  FIG.  6    illustrates the derivation of a Message Authentication Code for Integrity (MAC-I), or a Non Access Stratum for a Message Authentication Code (NAS-MAC), or a version (X) of either of these (XMAC-I/XNAS-MAC), i.e. MAC-I/NAS-MAC (or XMAC-I/XNAS-MAC). The LCID is the KEY in  FIGS.  5  and  6   . Assuming that the LCID comprises 6-bits and 5 of the LCID bits are mapped to the BEARER input, the proposal is to map the remaining 6th bit to one of the other inputs, namely one of the COUNT input, the DIRECTION input, or the LENGTH input. The most appropriate choice may be the COUNT input. In fact, using the most significant bit (MSB) of the COUNT input may be most appropriate. The end result can, for example, be that the COUNT range is reduced from 32 bits to 31 bits. However, it will be understood that this is only one of many examples and any other input may be selected in other examples. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in  FIG.  7   . For simplicity, the wireless network of  FIG.  7    only depicts network  706 , network nodes  760  and  760   b , and WDs  710 ,  710   b , and  710   c . In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node  760  and wireless device (WD)  710  are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices&#39; access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network. 
     The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards. 
     Network  706  may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices. 
     Network node  760  and WD  710  comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. 
     As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&amp;M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network. 
     In  FIG.  7   , network node  760  includes processing circuitry  770 , device readable medium  780 , interface  790 , auxiliary equipment  784 , power source  786 , power circuitry  787 , and antenna  762 . Although network node  760  illustrated in the example wireless network of  FIG.  7    may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node  760  are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium  780  may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules). 
     Similarly, network node  760  may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node  760  comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB&#39;s. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node  760  may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium  780  for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna  762  may be shared by the RATs). Network node  760  may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node  760 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node  760 . 
     Processing circuitry  770  is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry  770  may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  770  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Processing circuitry  770  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node  760  components, such as device readable medium  780 , network node  760  functionality. For example, processing circuitry  770  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  780  or in memory within processing circuitry  770 . Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry  770  may include a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, processing circuitry  770  may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  772  and baseband processing circuitry  774 . In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  772  and baseband processing circuitry  774  may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  772  and baseband processing circuitry  774  may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry  770  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  780  or memory within processing circuitry  770 . In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  770  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  770  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  770  alone or to other components of network node  760 , but are enjoyed by network node  760  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Device readable medium  780  may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  770 . Device readable medium  780  may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  770  and, utilized by network node  760 . Device readable medium  780  may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry  770  and/or any data received via interface  790 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  770  and device readable medium  780  may be considered to be integrated. 
     Interface  790  is used in the wired or wireless communication of signaling and/or data between network node  760 , network  706 , and/or WDs  710 . As illustrated, interface  790  comprises port(s)/terminal(s)  794  to send and receive data, for example to and from network  706  over a wired connection. Interface  790  also includes radio front end circuitry  792  that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna  762 . Radio front end circuitry  792  comprises filters  798  and amplifiers  796 . Radio front end circuitry  792  may be connected to antenna  762  and processing circuitry  770 . Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  762  and processing circuitry  770 . Radio front end circuitry  792  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  792  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  798  and/or amplifiers  796 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  762 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  762  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  792 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  770 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     In certain alternative embodiments, network node  760  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  792 , instead, processing circuitry  770  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  762  without separate radio front end circuitry  792 . Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry  772  may be considered a part of interface  790 . In still other embodiments, interface  790  may include one or more ports or terminals  794 , radio front end circuitry  792 , and RF transceiver circuitry  772 , as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface  790  may communicate with baseband processing circuitry  774 , which is part of a digital unit (not shown). 
     Antenna  762  may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna  762  may be coupled to radio front end circuitry  790  and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna  762  may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna  762  may be separate from network node  760  and may be connectable to network node  760  through an interface or port. 
     Antenna  762 , interface  790 , and/or processing circuitry  770  may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna  762 , interface  790 , and/or processing circuitry  770  may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. 
     Power circuitry  787  may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node  760  with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry  787  may receive power from power source  786 . Power source  786  and/or power circuitry  787  may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node  760  in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source  786  may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry  787  and/or network node  760 . For example, network node  760  may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry  787 . As a further example, power source  786  may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry  787 . The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used. 
     Alternative embodiments of network node  760  may include additional components beyond those shown in  FIG.  7    that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node&#39;s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node  760  may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node  760  and to allow output of information from network node  760 . This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node  760 . 
     As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE). a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal. 
     As illustrated, wireless device  710  includes antenna  711 , interface  714 , processing circuitry  720 , device readable medium  730 , user interface equipment  732 , auxiliary equipment  734 , power source  736  and power circuitry  737 . WD  710  may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD  710 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD  710 . 
     Antenna  711  may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface  714 . In certain alternative embodiments, antenna  711  may be separate from WD  710  and be connectable to WD  710  through an interface or port. Antenna  711 , interface  714 , and/or processing circuitry  720  may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna  711  may be considered an interface. As illustrated, wireless devices  710   b  and  710   c  can communicate with each other via a sidelink. A sidelink communication can be defined as a (direct) communication between wireless devices  710   b  and  710   c  without a relay through a base station. 
     As illustrated, interface  714  comprises radio front end circuitry  712  and antenna  711 . Radio front end circuitry  712  comprise one or more filters  718  and amplifiers  716 . Radio front end circuitry  714  is connected to antenna  711  and processing circuitry  720 , and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  711  and processing circuitry  720 . Radio front end circuitry  712  may be coupled to or a part of antenna  711 . In some embodiments, WD  710  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  712 ; rather, processing circuitry  720  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  711 . Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry  722  may be considered a part of interface  714 . Radio front end circuitry  712  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  712  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  718  and/or amplifiers  716 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  711 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  711  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  712 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  720 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     Processing circuitry  720  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD  710  components, such as device readable medium  730 , WD  710  functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry  720  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  730  or in memory within processing circuitry  720  to provide the functionality disclosed herein. 
     As illustrated, processing circuitry  720  includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry  722 , baseband processing circuitry  724 , and application processing circuitry  726 . In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry  720  of WD  710  may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  722 , baseband processing circuitry  724 , and application processing circuitry  726  may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry  724  and application processing circuitry  726  may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry  722  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  722  and baseband processing circuitry  724  may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry  726  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  722 , baseband processing circuitry  724 , and application processing circuitry  726  may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  722  may be a part of interface  714 . RF transceiver circuitry  722  may condition RF signals for processing circuitry  720 . 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry  720  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  730 , which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  720  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  720  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  720  alone or to other components of WD  710 , but are enjoyed by WD  710  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Processing circuitry  720  may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry  720 , may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  720  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD  710 , and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Device readable medium  730  may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  720 . Device readable medium  730  may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  720 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  720  and device readable medium  730  may be considered to be integrated. 
     User interface equipment  732  may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD  710 . Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment  732  may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD  710 . The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment  732  installed in WD  710 . For example, if WD  710  is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD  710  is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment  732  may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment  732  is configured to allow input of information into WD  710 , and is connected to processing circuitry  720  to allow processing circuitry  720  to process the input information. User interface equipment  732  may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment  732  is also configured to allow output of information from WD  710 , and to allow processing circuitry  720  to output information from WD  710 . User interface equipment  732  may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment  732 , WD  710  may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein. 
     Auxiliary equipment  734  is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment  734  may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario. 
     Power source  736  may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD  710  may further comprise power circuitry  737  for delivering power from power source  736  to the various parts of WD  710  which need power from power source  736  to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry  737  may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry  737  may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD  710  may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry  737  may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source  736 . This may be, for example, for the charging of power source  736 . Power circuitry  737  may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source  736  to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD  710  to which power is supplied. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE  800  may be any UE identified by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE  800 , as illustrated in  FIG.  8   , is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP&#39;s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although  FIG.  8    is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa. 
     In  FIG.  8   , UE  800  includes processing circuitry  801  that is operatively coupled to input/output interface  805 , radio frequency (RF) interface  809 , network connection interface  811 , memory  815  including random access memory (RAM)  817 , read-only memory (ROM)  819 , and storage medium  821  or the like, communication subsystem  831 , power source  813 , and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  821  includes operating system  823 , application program  825 , and data  827 . In other embodiments, storage medium  821  may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in  FIG.  8   , or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc. 
     In  FIG.  8   , processing circuitry  801  may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry  801  may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry  801  may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer. 
     In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface  805  may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE  800  may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface  805 . An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE  800 . The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE  800  may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface  805  to allow a user to capture information into UE  800 . The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor. 
     In  FIG.  8   , RF interface  809  may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface  811  may be configured to provide a communication interface to network  843   a . Network  843   a  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  843   a  may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface  811  may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface  811  may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     RAM  817  may be configured to interface via bus  802  to processing circuitry  801  to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM  819  may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry  801 . For example, ROM  819  may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium  821  may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium  821  may be configured to include operating system  823 , application program  825  such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file  827 . Storage medium  821  may store, for use by UE  800 , any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Storage medium  821  may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  821  may allow UE  800  to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium  821 , which may comprise a device readable medium. 
     In  FIG.  8   , processing circuitry  801  may be configured to communicate with network  843   b  using communication subsystem  831 . Network  843   a  and network  843   b  may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem  831  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network  843   b . For example, communication subsystem  831  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.11, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter  833  and/or receiver  835  to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter  833  and receiver  835  of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem  831  may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem  831  may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network  843   b  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  843   b  may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source  813  may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE  800 . 
     The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE  800  or partitioned across multiple components of UE  800 . Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem  831  may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry  801  may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus  802 . In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry  801  perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry  801  and communication subsystem  831 . In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware. 
       FIG.  9    is a schematic illustrating a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments. More specifically,  FIG.  9    is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment  900  in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks). 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments  900  hosted by one or more of hardware nodes  930 . Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized. 
     The functions may be implemented by one or more applications  920  (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications  920  are run in virtualization environment  900  which provides hardware  930  comprising processing circuitry  960  and memory  990 . Memory  990  contains instructions  995  executable by processing circuitry  960  whereby application  920  is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein. 
     Virtualization environment  900 , comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices  930  comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry  960 , which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory  990 - 1  which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions  995  or software executed by processing circuitry  960 . Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs)  970 , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface  980 . Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media  990 - 2  having stored therein software  995  and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry  960 . Software  995  may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers  950  (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines  940  as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. 
     Virtual machines  940 , comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer  950  or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual application  920  may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines  940 , and the implementations may be made in different ways. 
     During operation, processing circuitry  960  executes software  995  to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer  950 , which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer  950  may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine  940 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   , hardware  930  may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware  930  may comprise antenna  9225  and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware  930  may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO)  9100 , which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications  920 . 
     Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment. 
     In the context of NFV, virtual machine  940  may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines  940 , and that part of hardware  930  that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines  940 , forms a separate virtual network elements (VNE). 
     Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines  940  on top of hardware networking infrastructure  930  and corresponds to application  920  in  FIG.  9   . 
     In some embodiments, one or more radio units  9200  that each include one or more transmitters  9220  and one or more receivers  9210  may be coupled to one or more antennas  9225 . Radio units  9200  may communicate directly with hardware nodes  930  via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. 
     In some embodiments, some signaling can be effected with the use of control system  9230  which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes  930  and radio units  9200 . 
       FIG.  10    is a schematic illustrating a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments. With reference to  FIG.  10   , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network  1010 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network  1011 , such as a radio access network, and core network  1014 . Access network  1011  comprises a plurality of base stations  1012   a ,  1012   b ,  1012   c , such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area  1013   a ,  1013   b ,  1013   c . Each base station  1012   a ,  1012   b ,  1012   c  is connectable to core network  1014  over a wired or wireless connection  1015 . A first UE  1091  located in coverage area  1013   c  is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  1012   c . A second UE  1092  in coverage area  1013   a  is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  1012   a . While a plurality of UEs  1091 ,  1092  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  1012 . 
     Telecommunication network  1010  is itself connected to host computer  1030 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer  1030  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  1021  and  1022  between telecommunication network  1010  and host computer  1030  may extend directly from core network  1014  to host computer  1030  or may go via an optional intermediate network  1020 . Intermediate network  1020  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network  1020 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network  1020  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG.  10    as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  1091 ,  1092  and host computer  1030 . The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection  1050 . Host computer  1030  and the connected UEs  1091 ,  1092  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection  1050 , using access network  1011 , core network  1014 , any intermediate network  1020  and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection  1050  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection  1050  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station  1012  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer  1030  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  1091 . Similarly, base station  1012  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  1091  towards the host computer  1030 . 
       FIG.  11    is a schematic illustrating a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG.  11   . In communication system  1100 , host computer  1110  comprises hardware  1115  including communication interface  1116  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  1100 . Host computer  1110  further comprises processing circuitry  1118 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry  1118  may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer  1110  further comprises software  1111 , which is stored in or accessible by host computer  1110  and executable by processing circuitry  1118 . Software  1111  includes host application  1112 . Host application  1112  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE  1130  connecting via OTT connection  1150  terminating at UE  1130  and host computer  1110 . In providing the service to the remote user, host application  1112  may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection  1150 . 
     Communication system  1100  further includes base station  1120  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  1125  enabling it to communicate with host computer  1110  and with UE  1130 . Hardware  1125  may include communication interface  1126  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  1100 , as well as radio interface  1127  for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection  1170  with UE  1130  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG.  11   ) served by base station  1120 . Communication interface  1126  may be configured to facilitate connection  1160  to host computer  1110 . Connection  1160  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG.  11   ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware  1125  of base station  1120  further includes processing circuitry  1128 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station  1120  further has software  1121  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     Communication system  1100  further includes UE  1130  already referred to. Its hardware  1135  may include radio interface  1137  configured to set up and maintain wireless connection  1170  with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE  1130  is currently located. Hardware  1135  of UE  1130  further includes processing circuitry  1138 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE  1130  further comprises software  1131 , which is stored in or accessible by UE  1130  and executable by processing circuitry  1138 . Software  1131  includes client application  1132 . Client application  1132  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE  1130 , with the support of host computer  1110 . In host computer  1110 , an executing host application  1112  may communicate with the executing client application  1132  via OTT connection  1150  terminating at UE  1130  and host computer  1110 . In providing the service to the user, client application  1132  may receive request data from host application  1112  and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection  1150  may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application  1132  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that host computer  1110 , base station  1120  and UE  1130  illustrated in  FIG.  11    may be similar or identical to host computer  1030 , one of base stations  1012   a ,  1012   b ,  1012   c  and one of UEs  1091 ,  1092  of  FIG.  10   , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG.  11    and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG.  10   . 
     In  FIG.  11   , OTT connection  1150  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer  1110  and UE  1130  via base station  1120 , without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE  1130  or from the service provider operating host computer  1110 , or both. While OTT connection  1150  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     Wireless connection  1170  between UE  1130  and base station  1120  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE  1130  using OTT connection  1150 , in which wireless connection  1170  forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may provide benefits such as enabling security for sidelink communication and/or reducing (or eliminating) the risk of key reuse. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  1150  between host computer  1110  and UE  1130 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  1150  may be implemented in software  1111  and hardware  1115  of host computer  1110  or in software  1131  and hardware  1135  of UE  1130 , or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection  1150  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software  1111 ,  1131  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection  1150  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station  1120 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station  1120 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer  1110 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software  1111  and  1131  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection  1150  while it monitors propagation times, errors etc. 
       FIG.  12    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  10  and  11   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  12    will be included in this section. In step  1210 , the host computer provides user data. In substep  1211  (which may be optional) of step  1210 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1220 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  1230  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1240  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG.  13    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  10  and  11   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  13    will be included in this section. In step  1310  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1320 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1330  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG.  14    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  10  and  11   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  14    will be included in this section. In step  1410  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  1420 , the UE provides user data. In substep  1421  (which may be optional) of step  1420 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep  1411  (which may be optional) of step  1410 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep  1430  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  1440  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  10  and  11   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  15    will be included in this section. In step  1510  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step  1520  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  1530  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
       FIG.  16    illustrates a method performed by a transmitting wireless device in accordance with some embodiments. The method is for managing sidelink communication security. As illustrated in  FIG.  16   , at block  1602 , a radio bearer identifier is generated. The generated radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. At block  1604  of  FIG.  16   , the generated radio bearer identifier is transmitted to the receiving wireless device. The generated radio bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. 
       FIG.  17    is a block diagram of an (e.g. virtual) apparatus  1700  in a wireless network (for example, the wireless network shown in  FIG.  7   ). The apparatus may be implemented in a wireless device (e.g., wireless device  710  shown in  FIG.  7   ). Apparatus  1700  is operable to carry out the example method described with reference to  FIG.  16    and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the method of  FIG.  16    is not necessarily carried out solely by apparatus  1700 . At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities. 
     Apparatus  1700  may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  17   , apparatus  1700  comprises generator unit  1702  and transmitter unit  1704 . The generator unit  1702  is configured to generate the radio bearer identifier. The generated radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. The transmitter unit  1704  is configured to transmit the generated radio bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device. The generated radio bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause generator unit  1702 , transmitter unit  1704 , and any other suitable units of apparatus  1700  to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  18    illustrates a method performed by a receiving wireless device in accordance with some embodiments. The method is for managing sidelink communication security. As illustrated in  FIG.  18   , at block  1802 , the radio bearer identifier is received from the transmitting wireless device. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and the receiving wireless device. The radio bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. 
       FIG.  19    is a schematic block diagram of an (e.g. virtual) apparatus  1900  in a wireless network (for example, the wireless network shown in  FIG.  7   ). The apparatus may be implemented in a wireless device (e.g., wireless device  710  shown in  FIG.  7   ). Apparatus  1900  is operable to carry out the example method described with reference to  FIG.  18    and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the method of  FIG.  19    is not necessarily carried out solely by apparatus  1900 . At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities. 
     Apparatus  1900  may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  19   , apparatus  1900  comprises receiver unit  1902 . The receiver unit  1902  is configured to receive the radio bearer identifier from the transmitting wireless device. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and the receiving wireless device. The radio bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause receiver unit  1902 , and any other suitable units of apparatus  1900  to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  20    illustrates a method performed by a first wireless device in accordance with some embodiments. The method is for managing sidelink communication security. As illustrated in  FIG.  20   , at block  2002 , a first parameter and a second parameter are selected for use in applying a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and a second wireless device. 
       FIG.  21    is a schematic block diagram of an (e.g. virtual) apparatus  2100  in a wireless network (for example, the wireless network shown in  FIG.  7   ). The apparatus may be implemented in a wireless device (e.g., wireless device  710  shown in  FIG.  7   ). Apparatus  2100  is operable to carry out the example method described with reference to  FIG.  20    and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the method of  FIG.  21    is not necessarily carried out solely by apparatus  2100 . At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities. 
     Apparatus  2100  may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  21   , apparatus  2100  comprises selector unit  2102 . The selector unit  2102  is configured to select the first parameter and the second parameter for use in applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause receiver unit  2102 , and any other suitable units of apparatus  2100  to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  22    illustrates a method performed by a base station serving the transmitting wireless device in accordance with some embodiments. The method is for generation of a mapping between identifiers. As illustrated in  FIG.  22   , at block  2202 , a mapping between a radio bearer identifier and a logical channel identifier is generated. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device. The logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication. At block  2204  of  FIG.  22   , the generated mapping is transmitted to the transmitting wireless device. 
       FIG.  23    is a schematic block diagram of an (e.g. virtual) apparatus  2300  in a wireless network (for example, the wireless network shown in  FIG.  7   ). The apparatus may be implemented in a network node (e.g., network node  760  shown in  FIG.  7   ). Apparatus  2300  is operable to carry out the example method described with reference to  FIG.  22    and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the method of  FIG.  23    is not necessarily carried out solely by apparatus  2300 . At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities. 
     Apparatus  2300  may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  23   , apparatus  2300  comprises generator unit  2302  and transmitter unit  2304 . The generator unit  2302  is configured to generate the mapping between the radio bearer identifier and the logical channel identifier. The radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies the radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and the receiving wireless device. The logical channel identifier uniquely identifies the logical channel for the sidelink communication. The transmitter unit  2304  is configured to transmit the generated mapping to the transmitting wireless device. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause generator unit  2302 , transmitter unit  2304 , and any other suitable units of apparatus  2300  to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein. 
     Embodiments 
     Group A Embodiments 
     
         
         
           
             1. A method performed by a transmitting wireless device for managing sidelink communication security, the method comprising:
           generating a radio bearer identifier, wherein the generated radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device; and—   transmitting the generated bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device, wherein the generated bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication.   
         
             2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein:
           the radio bearer identifier is generated in response to initiation of the radio bearer.   
         
             3. The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein:
           the generated radio bearer identifier is mapped to a logical channel identifier; and   the logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication.   
         
             4. The method of embodiment 3, further comprising the step of:
           acquiring the mapping of the generated radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier.   
         
             5. The method of embodiment 4, wherein:
           acquiring the mapping comprises:   generating the mapping;   receiving the mapping from a base station serving the transmitting wireless device; or retrieving the mapping from a memory in the transmitting wireless device.   
         
             6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein:
           the mapping is received from the base station as part of a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective logical channel identifiers; and   the method further comprises the step of:   selecting the mapping of the generated radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier from the plurality of mappings.   
         
             7. The method of embodiment 5, wherein:
           the memory comprises a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective logical channel identifiers; and the method further comprises the step of:   selecting the mapping of the generated radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier from the plurality of mappings.   
         
             8. The method of any of embodiments 5 to 7, wherein:
           the memory is a subscriber identity module card.   
         
             9. The method of embodiment 5 to 8, wherein:
           the mapping is received from the base station via a request to establish the sidelink communication or via a message broadcast by the base station to the transmitting wireless device.   
         
             10. The method of any of embodiments 4 to 9, wherein:
           the mapping is acquired in response to initiation of the radio bearer.   
         
             11. The method of any of embodiments 3 to 10, further comprising the step of:
           storing, in a memory of the transmitting wireless device, the generated radio bearer identifier and the mapping.   
         
             12. The method of any of embodiments 3 to 11, further comprising the step of:
           transmitting, to the receiving wireless device, the mapping and/or a mapping identifier that uniquely identifies the mapping.   
         
             13. The method of any of embodiments 3 to 12, wherein:
           the radio bearer identifier and the logical channel identifier are of the same or different formats.   
         
             14. The method of any of embodiments 3 to 13, wherein:
           the logical channel identifier comprises 6-bits.   
         
             15. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein:
           the radio bearer identifier comprises 5-bits.   
         
             16. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein:
           transmitting the generated bearer identifier to the receiving wireless device comprises:
               transmitting, to the receiving wireless device, a request to establish the sidelink communication, wherein the request comprises the generated bearer identifier.   
               
         
             17. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising the step of:
           applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier.   
         
             18. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein:
           applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier comprises:   authenticating the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier; or   encrypting the sidelink communication using the generated bearer identifier.   
         
             19. A method performed by a receiving wireless device for managing sidelink communication security, the method comprising:
           receiving a bearer identifier from a transmitting wireless device, wherein the radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and the receiving wireless device, and wherein the bearer identifier is for use in applying a security protocol to the sidelink communication.   
         
             20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein:
           the received radio bearer identifier is mapped to a logical channel identifier; and   the logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication.   
         
             21. The method of embodiment 20, further comprising the step of:
           acquiring the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier.   
         
             22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein:
           acquiring the mapping comprises:
               receiving the mapping from the transmitting wireless device;   receiving the mapping from a base station serving the receiving wireless device; or   retrieving the mapping from a memory in the receiving wireless device.   
               
         
             23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein:
           the mapping is received from the transmitting wireless device or the base station as part of a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective logical channel identifiers; and   the method further comprises the step of:
               selecting the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier from the plurality of mappings.   
               
         
             24. The method of embodiment 22, wherein:
           the memory comprises a plurality of mappings of radio bearer identities to respective logical channel identifiers; and the method further comprises the step of:
               selecting the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier from the plurality of mappings.   
               
         
             25. The method of embodiment 23 or 24, further comprising the step of:
           receiving, from the transmitting wireless device, a mapping identifier that uniquely identifies the mapping; and   wherein the mapping of the received radio bearer identifier to the logical channel identifier is selected from the plurality of mappings using the received mapping identifier.   
         
             26. The method of any of embodiments 22 to 25, further comprising the step of:
           if the receiving wireless device is already configured to use a different mapping, reconfiguring the receiving wireless device to use the received mapping instead.   
         
             27. The method of any of embodiments 22 to 25, further comprising the step of:
           if the receiving wireless device is already configured to use a different mapping, rejecting the received mapping and transmitting the different mapping to the transmitting device.   
         
             28. The method of any of embodiments 22 to 25, further comprising the step of:
           if the receiving wireless device is not already configured to use a mapping, configuring the receiving wireless device to use the received mapping.   
         
             29. The method of embodiment 28, further comprising the step of:
           informing a base station serving the receiving wireless device that the receiving wireless device is configured to use the received mapping.   
         
             30. The method of any of embodiments 22 to 29, wherein:
           the memory is a subscriber identity module card.   
         
             31. The method of embodiment 22 to 30, wherein:
           the mapping is received from the base station via a request to establish the sidelink communication or via a message broadcast by the base station to the receiving wireless device.   
         
             32. The method of any of embodiments 21 to 31, wherein:
           the mapping is acquired in response to initiation of the radio bearer.   
         
             33. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 32, further comprising the step of:
           storing, in a memory of the receiving wireless device, the received radio bearer identifier and the mapping.   
         
             34. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 33, wherein:
           the radio bearer identifier and the logical channel identifier are of the same or different formats.   
         
             35. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 34, wherein:
           the logical channel identifier comprises 6-bits.   
         
             36. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 35, wherein:
           the radio bearer identifier comprises 5-bits.   
         
             37. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 36, wherein:
           receiving the bearer identifier comprises:
               receiving a request to establish the sidelink communication, wherein the request comprises the bearer identifier.   
               
         
             38. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 37, further comprising the step of:
           applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier.   
         
             39. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 38, wherein:
           applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier comprises:
               authenticating the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier; or   encrypting the sidelink communication using the received bearer identifier.   
               
         
             40. A method performed by a first wireless device for managing sidelink communication security, the method comprising:—
           selecting a first parameter and a second parameter for use in applying a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and a second wireless device.   
         
             41. The method of embodiment 40, wherein:
           the first parameter and second parameter are previously unused together in the application of a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device.   
         
             42. The method of embodiment 40 or 41, wherein:
           the second parameter is a cryptographic key.   
         
             43. The method of any of embodiments 40 to 42, wherein:
           the first parameter is a radio bearer identifier, wherein the radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for the sidelink communication.   
         
             44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein:
           the generated radio bearer identifier is mapped to a logical channel identifier; and   the logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication.   
         
             45. The method of embodiment 44, wherein:
           the radio bearer identifier is selected as a first of two parts of the logical channel identifier.   
         
             46. The method of embodiment 45, further comprising the step of:
           selecting a third parameter for use in applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication, wherein the third parameter is selected as a second of the two parts of the logical channel identifier.   
         
             47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein:
           the third parameter comprises one or more bits of a counter.   
         
             48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein:
           the third parameter comprises the most significant bit of the counter.   
         
             49. The method of any of embodiments 40 to 48, further comprising the step of:
           initiating a refresh procedure to refresh the second parameter such that the selected second parameter is previously unused in the application of a security protocol to a sidelink communication between the first wireless device and the second wireless device.   
         
             50. The method of embodiment 40 or 41, wherein:
           the first parameter is a first of two parts of a logical channel identifier and the second parameter is a second of the two parts of the logical channel identifier, wherein the logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication.   
         
             51. The method of embodiment 50, wherein:
           the first parameter is mapped to a radio bearer identifier, wherein the radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for the sidelink communication.   
         
             52. The method of embodiment 50 or 51, wherein:
           the second parameter is mapped to one or more bits of a counter.   
         
             53. The method of embodiment 52, wherein:
           the second parameter comprises the most significant bit of the counter.   
         
             54. The method of any of embodiments 40 to 53, further comprising the step of:
           applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter.   
         
             55. The method of any of embodiments 40 to 54, wherein:
           applying the security protocol to the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter comprises:
               authenticating the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter; or   encrypting the sidelink communication using the selected first parameter and the selected second parameter.   
               
         
             56. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising:
           providing user data; and—   forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the base station.   
         
           
         
       
    
     Group B Embodiments 
     
         
         
           
             57. A method performed by a base station serving a transmitting wireless device for generation of a mapping between identifiers, the method comprising:
           generating a mapping between a radio bearer identifier and a logical channel identifier, wherein the radio bearer identifier uniquely identifies a radio bearer for a sidelink communication between the transmitting wireless device and a receiving wireless device, and wherein the logical channel identifier uniquely identifies a logical channel for the sidelink communication; and—   transmitting the generated mapping to the transmitting wireless device.   
         
             58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein:
           the base station is serving the receiving wireless device; and   the method further comprises the step of:
               transmitting the generated mapping to the receiving wireless device.   
               
         
             59. The method of embodiment 57, wherein:
           a different base station is serving the receiving wireless device; and   the method further comprises the step of:
               transmitting the generated mapping to the base station serving the receiving wireless device.   
               
         
             60. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising:
           obtaining user data; and—   forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device.   
         
           
         
       
    
     Group C Embodiments 
     
         
         
           
             61. A wireless device for managing sidelink communication security, the wireless device comprising:
           processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; and—   power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device.   
         
             62. A base station for generation of a mapping between identifiers, the base station comprising:
           processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments;   power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station.   
         
             63. A user equipment (UE) for managing sidelink communication security, the UE comprising:
           an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals;   radio front-end circuitry connected to the antenna and to processing circuitry, and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuitry;   the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments;   an input interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to allow input of information into the UE to be processed by the processing circuitry;   an output interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to output information from the UE that has been processed by the processing circuitry; and—   a battery connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE.   
         
             64. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
           processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and—   a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),—   wherein the cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.   
         
             65. The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station. 
             66. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
             67. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and—   the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.   
         
             68. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, providing user data; and   at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the base station performs any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.   
         
             69. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the base station, transmitting the user data. 
             70. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein the user data is provided at the host computer by executing a host application, the method further comprising, at the UE, executing a client application associated with the host application. 
             71. A user equipment (UE) configured to communicate with a base station, the UE comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to performs the of the previous 3 embodiments. 
             72. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
           processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and   a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),   wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s components configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             73. The communication system of the previous embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with the UE. 
             74. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.   
         
             75. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, providing user data; and   at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             76. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the UE, receiving the user data from the base station. 
             77. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
           communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station,   wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             78. The communication system of the previous embodiment, further including the UE. 
             79. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE to the base station. 
             80. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data.   
         
             81. The communication system of the previous 4 embodiments, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data.   
         
             82. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             83. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the UE, providing the user data to the base station. 
             84. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising:
           at the UE, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and   at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application.   
         
             85. The method of the previous 3 embodiments, further comprising:
           at the UE, executing a client application; and   at the UE, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application,   wherein the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data.   
         
             86. A communication system including a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
             87. The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station. 
             88. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
             89. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application;   the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer.   
         
             90. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             91. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the UE. 
             92. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer. 
           
         
       
    
     Abbreviations 
     At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).
     1×RTT CDMA2000 1× Radio Transmission Technology   3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project   5G 5th Generation   ABS Almost Blank Subframe   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise   BCCH Broadcast Control Channel   BCH Broadcast Channel   CA Carrier Aggregation   CC Carrier Component   CCCH SDU Common Control Channel SDU   CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access   CGI Cell Global Identifier   CIR Channel Impulse Response   CP Cyclic Prefix   CPICH Common Pilot Channel   CPICH Ec/No CPICH Received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band   CQI Channel Quality information   C-RNTI Cell RNTI   CSI Channel State Information   DCCH Dedicated Control Channel   DL Downlink   DM Demodulation   DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DTX Discontinuous Transmission   DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel   DUT Device Under Test   E-CID Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method)   E-SMLC Evolved-Serving Mobile Location Centre   ECGI Evolved CGI   eNB E-UTRAN NodeB   ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel   E-SMLC evolved Serving Mobile Location Center   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN   FDD Frequency Division Duplex   FFS For Further Study   GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network   gNB Base station in NR   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System   GSM Global System for Mobile communication   HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   HO Handover   HSPA High Speed Packet Access   HRPD High Rate Packet Data   LOS Line of Sight   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol   LTE Long-Term Evolution   MAC Medium Access Control   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network   MBSFN ABS MBSFN Almost Blank Subframe   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests   MIB Master Information Block   MME Mobility Management Entity   MSC Mobile Switching Center   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel   NR New Radio   OCNG OFDMA Channel Noise Generator   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access   OSS Operations Support System   OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival   O&amp;M Operation and Maintenance   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel   P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel   PCell Primary Cell   PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   PDP Profile Delay Profile   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel   PGW Packet Gateway   PHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network   PMI Precoder Matrix Indicator   PRACH Physical Random Access Channel   PRS Positioning Reference Signal   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel   RACH Random Access Channel   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation   RAN Radio Access Network   RAT Radio Access Technology   RLM Radio Link Management   RNC Radio Network Controller   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier   RRC Radio Resource Control   RRM Radio Resource Management   RS Reference Signal   RSCP Received Signal Code Power   RSRP Reference Symbol Received Power OR Reference Signal Received Power   RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality OR Reference Symbol Received Quality   RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator   RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference   SCH Synchronization Channel   SCell Secondary Cell   SDU Service Data Unit   SFN System Frame Number   SGW Serving Gateway   SI System Information   SIB System Information Block   SNR Signal to Noise Ratio   SON Self Optimized Network   SS Synchronization Signal   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal   TDD Time Division Duplex   TDOA Time Difference of Arrival   TOA Time of Arrival   TSS Tertiary Synchronization Signal   TTI Transmission Time Interval   UE User Equipment   UL Uplink   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module   UTDOA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival   UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network   WCDMA Wide CDMA   WLAN Wide Local Area Network   BSR Buffer status report   CSI Channel state information   D2D Device to device   DCI Downlink control channel   ID Identifier   LCP Logical channel prioritization   MAC CE Medium Access Control Element   MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme   NW Network   ProSe Proximity services   RS Reference signal   RRC Radio resource control   SL Sidelink   SPS Semi-persistent Scheduling   SR Scheduling request   UE User equipment   V2I Vehicle-to-infrastructure   V2N Vehicle-to-network   V2V Vehicle-to-vehicle   V2P Vehicle-to-pedestrian   V2X Vehicle-to-anything communication