Patent Publication Number: US-6991744-B2

Title: Refrigerant compositions containing a compatibilizer

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/010,187, filed Dec. 6, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S Provisional Applications 60/304,552, filed Jul. 11, 2001, and 60/254,208, filed Dec. 8, 2000. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to refrigerant compositions comprising relatively polar, halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant; relatively non-polar, conventional, compression refrigeration lubricant; and a compound that compatibilizes said polar halogenated hydrocarbon and non-polar lubricant. The compatibilizer decreases the viscosity of the lubricant in the coldest portions of a compression refrigeration apparatus by solubilizing halogenated hydrocarbon and lubricant, which results in efficient return of the lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system. The present invention further relates to a compression refrigeration apparatus containing such a compatibilizer, as well as a method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration apparatus comprising the step of using such a compatibilizer in the apparatus. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Over the course of the last twenty (20) years it has been debated whether the release of chlofluorocarbons into the atmosphere has effected the stratospheric ozone layer. As a result of this debate and international treaties, the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries have been weaning themselves from the use and production of certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Presently, the industries are transitioning towards the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) having zero ozone depletion potential. Notably, this transition to HFCs necessitated the advent of a new class of lubricants because of the immiscibility of conventional lubricants, such as mineral oil, poly α-olefin and alkylbenzene with HFC refrigerants. 
     The new class of lubricants includes polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) and polyol esters (POEs) lubricants. While the PAG and POE lubricants have suitable lubricant properties, they are extremely hygroscopic and can absorb several thousand ppm (parts per million) of water on exposure to moist air. This absorbed water leads to undesirable formation of acids that cause corrosion of the refrigeration system and formation of intractable sludges. In comparison, conventional refrigeration lubricants are considerably less hygroscopic and have low solubility, less than 100 ppm for water. Further, PAGs and POEs are considerably more expensive than conventional refrigeration lubricants—typically on the order of three to six times more. PAGs and POEs have also been found to have unfavorable electrical insulating properties. 
     Accordingly, there existed a need and an opportunity to resolve this solubility problem so that the refrigeration industry could utilize the conventional non-polar mineral oil and alkylbenzene lubricants with polar HFC-based refrigerants. Another need and opportunity also existed when the industry began transitioning towards the use of HCFC-based refrigerants as a replacement for pure CFC refrigerants. This need became apparent due to the diminished solubility of HCFCs in mineral oil, which forced the industry to incurr an additional expense of changing the lubricant to an alkylbenzene to achieve adequate lubricating and cooling performance. 
     For the last ten years the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries have been struggling with these long-felt but unsolved needs, finally, the present invention satisfies the pressing needs of these industries. While numerous attempts have been made to use conventional non-polar lubricants with polar hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, the lack of solubility of the polar refrigerant in the non-polar conventional lubricant generally results in a highly viscous lubricant in the non-compressor zones, which unfortunately results in insufficient lubricant return to the compressor. When the non-polar conventional lubricant and the polar refrigerant naturally escape the compressor and enter the non-compressor zones, phase separation/insolubilty of the lubricant and the refrigerant occurs. This phase separation contributes to the highly viscous lubricant remaining in the non-compressor zone, whilst the refrigerant continues its path throughout the refrigeration system. The insolubility and highly viscous nature of the lubricant leaves the lubricant stranded in the non-compressor zones, which leads to an undesirable accumulation of lubricant in the non-compressor zones. This accumulation of lubricant and the lack of return of the lubricant to the compressor zone eventually starves the compressor of lubricant and results in the compressor overheating and seizing. Such stranded lubricant may also decrease the efficiency of the refrigeration system by interfering with heat transfer, due to thick lubricant films deposited on interior surfaces of the heat exchangers (e.g. condenser and evaporator). Further, during cold compressor starts, insoluble refrigerant and lubricant may cause compressor seizure due to poor lubrication and foaming of the lubricant. 
     For the foregoing reasons, there is a well-recognized need in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries for a compatabilizer that compatibilizes a polar halogenated hydrocarbon and a non-polar conventional lubricant in a compression refrigeration system, and promotes efficient return of lubricant to the compressor. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is directed to lubricant and refrigerant compositions containing a compatibilizer that satisfies the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries&#39;s problem of insolubility between conventional non-polar compression refrigeration lubricants and polar hydrofluorocarbon and/or hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. The compatibilizers decrease the viscosity of the non-polar lubricant in the coldest portions of a compression refrigeration apparatus by solubilizing the polar halogenated hydrocarbon and lubricant in the non-compressor zones, which results in efficient return of lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone. The present invention is also directed to processes for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system, methods of solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in a lubricant, as well as methods of lubricating a compressor in a compression refrigeration apparatus containing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant. 
     The present invention comprises lubricant compositions for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning apparatus comprising: (a) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins, and (b) at least one compatibilizer. The present invention further comprises refrigerant compositions for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; (b) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins; and (c) at least one compatibilizer. The present invention further comprises compositions for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning apparatus containing paraffinic, napthenic, aromatic and/or poly-α-olefinic lubricant comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; and (b) at least one compatibilizer. 
     The present invention also provides processes for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system comprising: (a) contacting a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins, in said non-compressor zone with a halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in the presence of a compatibilizer to form a solution comprising said lubricant, said halogenated hydrocarbon, and said compatibilizer; and (b) transferring said solution from said non-compressor zone to said compressor zone of said refrigeration system. 
     The present invention further provides methods of solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins, which comprise the steps of contacting said lubricant with said halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of a compatibilizer and forming a solution of said lubricant and said halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant. 
     The present invention further pertains to methods of lubricating a compressor in a compression refrigeration apparatus containing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, comprising the step of adding to said compressor a composition comprising: (a) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins; and (b) at least one compatibilizer. The present invention also pertains to a method for delivering a compatibilizer to a compression refrigeration apparatus. 
     The present invention is also directed to a refrigeration apparatus comprising a.) a compression refrigeration circuit comprising a compressor, an evaporator and a condensor, and b.) an insulating plenum containing a refrigeration chamber, said refrigeration chamber being in contact with said evaporator, and said refrigeration circuit containing a composition comprising a compatibilizer. 
     The present invention is also directed to a method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration apparatus containing closed cell polymer foam containing gaseous hydrofluorocarbon in said cells, comprising the step of using a composition comprising a compatibilizer in the compression refrigeration apparatus. 
     The lubricants and/or refrigerant compositions, as well as the above described methods and/or processes can optionally include a fragrance. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention include: 
     (i) polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R 1 [(OR 2 ) x OR 3 ] y , wherein: x is selected from integers from 1 to 3; y is selected from integers from 1 to 4; R 1  is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R 2  is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R 3  is selected from hydrogen, and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R 1  and R 3  is selected from said hydrocarbon radicals; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0; 
     (ii) amides represented by the formulae R 1 CONR 2 R 3  and cyclo-[R 4 CON(R 5 )-], wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 5  are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R 4  is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, 
     (iii) ketones represented by the formula R 1 COR 2 , wherein R 1  and R 2  are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13, 
     (iv) nitriles represented by the formula R 1 CN, wherein R 1  is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitriles have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12, 
     (v) chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl x , wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10, 
     (vi) aryl ethers represented by the formula R 1 OR 2 , wherein: R 1  is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R 2  is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20, 
     (vii) 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the formula CF 3 R 1 , wherein R 1  is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms; and 
     (viii) fluoroethers represented by the formula R 1 OCF 2 CF 2 H, wherein R 1  is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms. 
     In the compositions of the present invention, the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The present invention is better understood with reference to the following figures, where: 
         FIG. 1  is a graph of phase separation temperature (“PST”)(° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (alkyl benzene lubricant from Shrieve Chemicals) (25 wt %). 
         FIG. 2  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers (10 wt %), R401A refrigerant (50 wt %) and Suniso® 3GS (mineral oil lubricant from Crompton Co.) (40 wt %). 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various ketone compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %). 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to nitrogen ratio for various nitrile compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %). 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to chlorine ratio for various chlorocarbon compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %). 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to chlorine ratio for various chlorocarbon compatibilizers (10 wt %), R401A refrigerant (50 wt %) and Suniso® 3GS (40 wt %). 
         FIG. 7  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various amide compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %). 
         FIG. 8  is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various amide compatibilizers (10 wt %), R401A refrigerant (50 wt %) and Suniso® 3GS (40 wt %). 
         FIG. 9  shows graphs of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers (25 wt %), Zerol® 150 (25 wt %) and refrigerant HFC-32, HFC-125 or R410A (50 wt %). 
         FIG. 10  is a graph of dynamic viscosity versus temperature for POE22 (Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL22, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 22 cs at 40° C.), Zerol® 150 and the composition: 10 wt % Propylene glycol n-butyl ether (PnB), 5 wt % Dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether (DPnB) and 85 wt % Zerol® 150. 
     
    
    
     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description and the appended claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present inventors discovered that using an effective amount of the present compatibilizers in conventional compression refrigeration lubricants results in efficient return of lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system. The compatibilizers travel throughout a compression refrigeration system mixed with refrigerant and with lubricant that escapes the compressor. Use of compatibilizers results in the decrease of the viscosity of lubricant in the coldest portions of compression refrigeration systems, such as an evaporator, thereby enabling return of the lubricant from the evaporator to the compressor. The inventors discovered that the viscosity of lubricant in the coldest sections of compression refrigeration systems is reduced upon use of the present compatibilizers. This reduction in lubricant viscosity is due to an increase in solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants in lubricant containing the compatibilizers. Through control of the ratio of carbon to polar groups (e.g. ether, carbonyl, nitrile, halogen) in the compatibilizer, the inventors discovered that the polar group-containing compatibilizer could surprisingly be caused to remain miscible with the essentially non-polar lubricants in the coldest sections of compression refrigeration apparatus and simultaneously increase the solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the lubricant. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the polar functional groups in the present compatibilizers are attracted to the relatively polar halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant while the hydrocarbon portion of the compatibilizer is miscible with the relatively low polarity lubricant. The result upon use of the present compatibilizers in the present conventional lubricants is an increase in the solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants in lubricant containing an effective amount of compatibilizer. This increased solubility of the relatively nonviscous halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in conventional lubricants leads to lowering of the viscosity of the lubricant, and results in efficient return of lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system. Reducing the amount of lubricant in the evaporator zone also improves heat transfer of the refrigerant and thus improves refrigerating capacity and efficiency of a system. Thus, the present compatibilizers allow for the use of relatively polar halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, with relatively non-polar conventional lubricants; mixtures which are normally immiscible and previously thought to be not useful together as refrigerant compositions in compression refrigeration systems. 
     The result of increased solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants in conventional lubricants further allows liquid refrigerant to dissolve and carry stranded lubricant out of the condenser, improving both lubricant return and heat transfer in the condenser and resulting in improved capacity and efficiency of the refrigeration system. 
     The present compatibilizers improve the energy efficiency and capacity of a compression refrigeration system by increasing the enthalpy change upon desorption of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant from lubricant and compatibilizer composition in the evaporator, as well as absorption of refrigerant into the lubricant and compatibilizer composition in the condenser. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that forming and breaking attractions between the refrigerant and the polar functional group-containing compatibilizer results in the increase in enthalpy change. 
     In most instances, the volume resistivity (ohm×cm) of polyol ester and polyalkylene glycol lubricants presently used with hydrofluorocarbon-based refrigerants is unacceptably low. The present compositions comprising compatibilizer and conventional lubricant have increased volume resistivity versus polyol ester and polyalkylene glycol lubricants. 
     The present compatibilizers may benefically increase the viscosity index of conventional lubricants. This gives the desirable result of lower viscosity at low temperature without significantly lowering viscosity at high temperature, a viscosity profile similar to that of many polyol esters. Such a viscosity index ensures lubricant return from the evaporator while maintaining acceptable viscosity for compressor operation. 
     The present compatibilizers are useful in retrofit applications where converting a refrigeration or air conditioning system from a hydrofluorocarbon/POE lubricant composition to a hydrofluorocarbon/conventional lubricant composition. Normally in a system containing a POE-type lubricant, the lubricant must be essentially completely removed and then the system flushed several times before introducing conventional lubricant (e.g., mineral oil, alkylbenzenes). However, compatibilizer may be introduced with the conventional lubricant and flushing of essentially all POE-type lubricant is not necessary. Use of compatbilizer in retrofit to a hydrofluorocarbon/conventional lubricant composition eliminates the need for flushing to remove essentially all POE. Trace or residual POE lubricant is miscible with the inventive hydrofluorocarbon/convention oil/compatibilizer composition. 
     In the present compositions comprising lubricant and compatibilizer, from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 6 to about 45 weight percent, and most preferably from about 10 to about 40 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition is compatibilizer. In terms of weight ratios, in the present compositions comprising lubricant and compatibilizer, the weight ratio of lubricant to compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 15.7:1 to about 1.2:1, and most preferably from about 9:1 to about 1.5:1. Compatibilizer may be charged to a compression refrigeration system as a composition of compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant. When charging a compression refrigeration system with the present compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant compositions, to deliver an amount of compatibilizer such that the aforementioned relative amounts of compatibilizer and lubricant are satisfied, the compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant composition will typically contain from about 0.1 to about 40 weight percent, preferably from about 0.2 to about 20 weight percent, and most preferably from about 0.3 to about 10 weight percent compatibilizer in the combined compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant composition. In compression refrigeration systems containing the present compositions comprising halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, lubricant and compatibilizer, from about 1 to about 70 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 60 weight percent of the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, lubricant and compatibilizer composition is lubricant and compatibilizer. Compatibilizer concentrations greater than about 50 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition are typically not needed to obtain acceptable lubricant return from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone. Compatibilizer concentrations greater than about 50 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition can negatively influence the viscosity of the lubricant, which can lead to inadequate lubrication and stress on, or mechanical failure of, the compressor. Further, compatibilizer concentrations higher than about 50 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition can negatively influence the refrigeration capacity and performance of a refrigerant composition in a compression refrigeration system. An effective amount of compatibilizer in the present compositions leads to halogenated hydrocarbon and lubricant becoming solubilized to the extent that adequate return of lubricant in a compression refrigeration system from non-compressor zones (e.g. evaporator or condenser) to the compressor zone is obtained. 
     Halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants of the present invention contain at least one carbon atom and one fluorine atom. Of particular utility are halogenated hydrocarbons having 1-6 carbon atoms containing at least one fluorine atom, optionally containing chlorine and oxygen atoms, and having a normal boiling point of from −90° C. to 80° C. These halogenated hydrocarbons may be represented by the general formula C w F 2w+2−x−y H x Cl y O z , wherein w is 1-6, x is 1-9, y is 0-3, and z is 0-2. Preferred of the halogenated hydrocarbons are those in which w is 1-6, x is 1-5, y is 0-1, and z is 0-1. The present invention is particularly useful with hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-based refrigerants. Halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants are commercial products available from a number of sources such as E. I. du Pont de Nemours &amp; Co., Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Del., 19898, USA, or are available from custom chemical synthesis companies such as PCR Inc., P.O. Box 1466, Gainesville, Fla., 32602, USA, and additionally by synthetic processes disclosed in art such as The Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, or Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds, edited by Milos Hudlicky, published by The MacMillan Company, New York, N.Y., 1962. Representative halogenated hydrocarbons include: CHClF 2  (HCFC-22), CHF 3  (HFC-23), CH 2 F 2  (HFC-32), CH 3 F (HFC-41), CF 3 CF 3  (FC-116), CHClFCF 3  (HCFC-124), CHF 2 CF 3  (HFC-125), CH 2 ClCF 3  (HCFC-133a), CHF 2 CHF 2  (HFC-134), CH 2 FCF 3  (HFC-134a), CClF 2 CH 3  (HCFC-142b), CHF 2 CH 2 F (HFC-143), CF 3 CH 3  (HFC-143a), CHF 2 CH 3  (HFC-152a), CHF 2 CF 2 CF 3  (HFC-227ca), CF 3 CFHCF 3  (HFC-227ea), (HFC-236ca), CH 2 FCF 2 CF 3  (HFC-236cb), CHF 2 CHFCF 3  (HFC-236ea), CF 3 CH 2 CF 3  (HFC-236fa), CH 2 FCF 2 CHF 2  (HFC-245ca), CH 3 CF 2 CF 3  (HFC-245cb), CHF 2 CHFCHF 2  (HFC-245ea), CH 2 FCHFCF 3  (HFC-245eb), CHF 2 CH 2 CF 3  (HFC-245fa), CH 2 FCF 2 CH 2 F (HFC-254ca), CH 2 CF 2 CHF 2  (HFC-254cb), CH 2 FCHFCHF 2  (HFC-254ea), CH 3 CHFCF 3  (HFC-254eb), CHF 2 CH 2 CHF 2  (HFC-254fa), CH 2 FCH 2 CF 3  (HFC-254fb), CH 3 CF 2 CH 3  (HFC-272ca), CH 3 CHFCH 2 F (HFC-272ea), CH 2 FCH 2 CH 2 F (HFC-272fa), CH 3 CH 2 CF 2 H(HFC-272fb), CH 3 CHFCH 3  (HFC-281ea), CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 F (HFC-281fa), CHF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H(HFC-338 pcc), CF 3 CHFCHFCF 2 CF 3  (HFC-43-10mee), C 4 F 9 OCH 3 , and C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 . 
     The present invention is particularly useful with the hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-based refrigerants, such as, CHClF 2  (HCFC-22), CHF 3  (HFC-23), CH 2 F 2  (HFC-32), CHClFCF 3  (HCFC-124), CHF 2 CF 3  (HFC-125), CHF 2 CHF 2  (HFC-134), CH 2 FCF 3  (HFC-134a), CF 3 CH 3  (HFC-143a), CHF 2 CH 3  (HFC-152a), CHF 2 CF 2 CF 3  (HFC-227ca), CF 3 CFHCF 3  (HFC-227ea), CF 3 CH 2 CF 3  (HFC-236fa), CHF 2 CH 2 CF 3  (HFC-245fa), CHF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H(HFC-338 pcc), CF 3 CHFCHFCF 2 CF 3  (HFC-43-10mee); and the azeotropic and azeotrope-like halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant compositions, such as, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124 (known by the ASHRAE designations, R-401A, R-401B, and R-401C), HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by ASHRAE designations, R-407A, R-407B, and R-407C), HCFC-22/HFC-143a/HFC-125 (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-408A), HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b (known by the ASHRAE designation: R-409A), HFC-32/HFC-125 (R-410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by the ASHRAE designation: R-507). 
     The halogenated hydrocarbons of the present invention may optionally further comprise up to 10 weight percent of dimethyl ether, or at least one C 3  to C 5  hydrocarbon, e.g., propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, i-butane, and n-pentane. Examples of halogenated hydrocarbons containing such C 3  to C 5  hydrocarbons are azeotrope-like compositions of HCFC-22/HFC-125/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-402A and R-402B) and HCFC-22/octafluoropropane/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-403A and R-403B). 
     Lubricants of the present invention are those conventionally used in compression refrigeration apparatus utilizing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in the 1990 ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration Systems and Applications, chapter 8, titled “Lubricants in Refrigeration Systems”, pages 8.1 through 8.21, herein incorporated by reference. Lubricants of the present invention are selected by considering a given compressor&#39;s requirements and the environment to which the lubricant will be exposed. Lubricants of the present invention preferrably have a kinematic viscosity of at least about 15 cs (centistokes) at 40° C. Lubricants of the present invention comprise those commonly known as “mineral oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Mineral oils comprise paraffins (i.e. straight-chain and branched-carbon-chain, saturated hydrocarbons), naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds). Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those commonly known as “synthetic oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e. linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and napthenes, and poly(alphaolefins). Representative conventional lubricants of the present invention are the commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), Suniso® 3GS (napthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co.), Sontex® 372LT (napthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil), Calumet® RO-30 (napthenic mineral oil sold by Calument Lubricants), Zerol® 75 and Zerol® 150 (linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals) and HAB 22 (branched alkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil). 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention comprise polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R 1  [(OR 2 ) x OR 3 ] y , wherein: x is selected from integers from 1-3; y is selected from integers from 1-4; R 1  is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R 2  is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R 3  is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R 1  and R 3  is said hydrocarbon radical; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0. In the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers represented by R 1 [(OR 2 ) x OR 3 ] y : x is preferably 1-2; y is preferably 1; R 1  and R 3  are preferably independently selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R 2  is preferably selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 carbon atoms; the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether molecular weight is preferably from about 100 to about 250 atomic mass units, most preferably from about 125 to about 250 atomic mass units; and the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether carbon to oxygen ratio is preferably from about 2.5 to 4.0 when hydrofluorocarbons are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, most preferably from about 2.7 to about 3.5 when hydrofluorocarbons are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, and preferably from about 3.5 to 5.0 when hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerants are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, most preferably from about 4.0 to about 4.5 when hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerants are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant. The R 1  and R 3  hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R 1  and R 3  hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Where free hydroxyl radicals on the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers may be incompatible with certain compression refrigeration apparatus materials of construction (e.g. Mylar®), R 1  and R 3  are preferably aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 carbon atom. The R 2  aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms form repeating oxyalkylene radicals —(OR 2 ) x — that include oxyethylene radicals, oxypropylene radicals, and oxybutylene radicals. The oxyalkylene radical comprising R 2  in one polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer molecule may be the same, or one molecule may contain different R 2  oxyalkylene groups. The present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers preferably comprise at least one oxypropylene radical. Where R 1  is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites, the radical may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R 1  aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having two bonding sites include, for example, an ethylene radical, a propylene radical, a butylene radical, a pentylene radical, a hexylene radical, a cyclopentylene radical and a cyclohexylene radical. Representative R 1  aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having three or four bonding sites include residues derived from polyalcohols, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, 1,2,3-trihydroxycyclohexane and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, by removing their hydroxyl radicals. Representative polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers include: CH 3 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )O(H or CH 3 ) (propylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or CH 3 ) (dipropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or CH 3 ) (tripropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), C 2 H 5 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )O(H or C 2 H 5 ) (propylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C 2 H 5 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or C 2 H 5 ) (dipropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C 2 H 5 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or C 2 H 5 ) (tripropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C 3 H 7 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )O(H or C 3 H 7 ) (propylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C 3 H 7 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or C 3 H 7 ) (dipropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C 3 H 7 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or C 3 H 7 ) (tripropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C 4 H 9 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )OH (propylene glycol n-butyl ether), C 4 H 9 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or C 4 H 9 ) (dipropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), C 4 H 9 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or C 4 H 9 ) (tripropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), (CH 3 ) 3 COCH 2 CH(CH 3 )OH (propylene glycol t-butyl ether), (CH 3 ) 3 CO[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or (CH 3 ) 3 ) (dipropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), (CH 3 ) 3 CO[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or (CH 3 ) 3 ) (tripropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), C 5 H 11  OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )OH (propylene glycol n-pentyl ether), C 4 H 9 OCH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )OH (butylene glycol n-butyl ether), C 4 H 9 O[CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )O] 2 H (dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether), trimethylolpropane tri-n-butyl ether (C 2 H 5 C(CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ) 3 ) and trimethylolpropane di-n-butyl ether (C 2 H 5 C(CH 2 OC(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 OH). 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise amides represented by the formulae R 1 CONR 2 R 3  and cyclo-[R 4 CON(R 5 )-], wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 5  are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R 4  is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20. The molecular weight of said amides is preferably from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units. The carbon to oxygen ratio in said amides is preferably from about 7 to about 16, and most preferably from about 10 to about 14. R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 5  may optionally include substituted radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 5  may optionally include heteroatom-substituted radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R 1-3  and R 5 , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to oxygen and molecular weight limitations. Preferred amide compatibilizers consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Representative R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 5  aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers. Representative R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 5  aromatic radicals include phenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl and pyridyl. A preferred embodiment of amide compatibilizers are those wherein R 4  in the aforementioned formula cyclo-[R 4 CON(R 5 )-] may be represented by the hydrocarbylene radical (CR 6 R 7 ) n , in other words, the formula: cyclo-[(CR 6 R 7 ) n CON(R 5 )-] wherein: the previously-stated values for (a) ratio of carbon to oxygen and (b) molecular weight apply; n is an integer from 3 to 5; R 5  is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R 6  and R 7  are indepedently selected (for each n) by the rules previously offered defining R 1-3 . In the lactams represented by the formula: cyclo-[(CR 6 R 7 ), CON(R 5 )-], all R 6  and R 7  are preferably hydrogen, or contain a single saturated hydrocarbon radical among the n methylene units, and R 5  is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, 1-(saturated hydrocarbon radical)-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-ones. Representative amide compatibilizers include: 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-decylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-octyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butylcaprolactam, 1-isobutylcaprolactam, 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-cyclohexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-pentyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-hexylcaprolactam, 1-hexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-heptyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-nonyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-undecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 5-methyl-1-pentylpiperid-2-one, 1,3-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-methylcaprolactam, 1-butyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,5-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-decyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecylpyrrolid-2-one, N,N-dibutylformamide and N,N-diisopropylacetamide. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise ketones represented by the formula R 1 COR 2 , wherein R 1  and R 2  are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13. R 1  and R 2  in said ketones are preferably independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 9 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of said ketones is preferably from about 100 to 200 atomic mass units. The carbon to oxygen ratio in said ketones is preferably from about 7 to about 10. R 1  and R 2  may together form a hydrocarbylene radical connected and forming a five, six, or seven-membered ring cyclic ketone, for example, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone. R 1  and R 2  may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R 1  and R 2  may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R 1  and R 2 , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to oxygen and molecular weight limitations. Representative R 1  and R 2  aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R 1 COR 2  include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl. Representative ketone compatibilizers include: 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, butyrophenone, hexanophenone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, 4-ethylcyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, 5-nonanone, 2-decanone, 4-decanone, 2-decalone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone and dicyclohexyl ketone. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise nitrites represented by the formula R 1 CN, wherein R 1  is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitrites have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12. R 1  in said nitrile compatibilizers is preferably selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 8 to 10 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of said nitrile compatibilizers is preferably from about 120 to about 140 atomic mass units. The carbon to nitrogen ratio in said nitrile compatibilizers is preferably from about 8 to about 9. R 1  may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R 1  may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R 1 , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to nitrogen and molecular weight limitations. Representative R 1  aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R 1 CN include include pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl. Representative nitrile compatibilizers include: 1-cyanopentane, 2,2-dimethyl-4-cyanopentane, 1-cyanohexane, 1-cyanoheptane, 1-cyanooctane, 2-cyanooctane, 1-cyanononane, 1-cyanodecane, 2-cyanodecane, 1-cyanoundecane and 1-cyanododecane. Nitrile compatibilizers are especially useful in compatibilizing HFC refrigerants with aromatic and alkylaryl lubricants. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl x , wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10. The molecular weight of said chlorocarbon compatibilizers is preferably from about 120 to 150 atomic mass units. The carbon to chlorine ratio in said chlorocarbon compatibilizers is preferably from about 6 to about 7. Representative R aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula RCl x  include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers. Representative chlorocarbon compatibilizers include: 3-(chloromethyl)pentane, 3-chloro-3-methylpentane, 1-chlorohexane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 1-chloroheptane, 1-chlorooctane, 1-chlorononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1,1,1-trichlorodecane. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise aryl ethers represented by the formula R 1 OR 2 , wherein: R 1  is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R 2  is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20. The carbon to oxygen ratio in said aryl ether compatibilizers is preferably from about 7 to about 10. Representative R 1  aryl radicals in the general formula R 1 OR 2  include phenyl, biphenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl and pyridyl. Representative R 2  aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R 1 OR 2  include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl. Representative aromatic ether compatibilizers include: methyl phenyl ether (anisole), 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene, ethyl phenyl ether and butyl phenyl ether. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the general formula CF 3 R 1 , wherein R 1  is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane compatibilizers include: 1,1,1-trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorododecane. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise fluoroethers represented by the general formula R 1 OCF 2 CF 2 H, wherein R 1  is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative fluoroether compatibilizers include: C 8 H 17 OCF 2 CF 2 H and C 6 H 13 OCF 2 CF 2 H. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention may comprise a single compatibilizer species or multiple compatibilizer species together in any proportion. For example, a compatibilizer may comprise a mixture of compounds from within a single compatibilizer species (e.g. a mixture of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers) or a mixture of compounds chosen from different compatibilizer species (e.g. a mixture of a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether with a ketone). 
     Compatibilizer of the present invention may optionally further comprise from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 10 weight percent based on total amount of compatibilizer, of an ester containing the functional group —CO 2 — and having a carbon to ester functional group carbonyl oxygen ratio of from about 2 to about 6. The optional esters may be represented by the general formula R 1 CO 2 R 2 , wherein R 1  and R 2  are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated, alkyl and aryl radicals. R 1  and R 2  are optionally connected forming a ring, such as a lactone. Preferred optional esters consist essentially of the elements C, H and O having a molecular weight of from about 80 to about 550 atomic mass units. Representative optional esters include: (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OOC(CH 2 ) 2-4 OCOCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2  (diisobutyl dibasic ester), ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, n-butyl proprionate, n-propyl proprionate, ethyl benzoate, di-n-propyl phthalate, benzoic acid ethoxyethyl ester, dipropyl carbonate, “Exxate 700” (a commercial C 7  alkyl acetate), “Exxate 800” (a commercial C 8  alkyl acetate), dibutyl phthalate, and t-butyl acetate. 
     Compatibilizer of the present invention may optionally further comprise at least one polyvinyl ether polymer, including polyvinyl ether homopolymers, polyvinyl ether copolymers, and copolymers of vinyl ethers with hydrocarbon alkenes (e.g. ethylene and propylene), and/or functionalized hydrocarbon alkenes (e.g., vinyl acetate and styrene). A representative polyvinyl ether is PVE 32, sold by Idemitsu Kosan and having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention may optionally further comprise from about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent (based on total amount of compatibilizer) of a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon containing from 5 to 15 carbon atoms. Representative hydrocarbons include pentane, hexane, octane, nonane, decane, Isopar® H (a high purity C 11  to C 12  iso-paraffinic), Aromatic 150 (a C 9  to C 11  aromatic), Aromatic 200 (a C 9  to C 15  aromatic) and Naptha 140. All of these hydrocarbons are sold by Exxon Chemical, USA. 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention may optionally further contain from about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on total amount of compatibilizer) of an additive which reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals found in heat exchangers in a way that reduces the adhesion of lubricants to the metal. Examples of metal surface energy reducing additives include those disclosed in WIPO PCT publication WO 96/7721, such as Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP and Zonyl® FSj, all products of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. In practice, by reducing the adhesive forces between the metal and the lubricant (i.e. substituting for a compound more tightly bound to the metal), the lubricant circulates more freely through the heat exchangers and connecting tubing in an air conditioning or refrigeration system, instead of remaining as a layer on the surface of the metal. This allows for the increase of heat transfer to the metal and allows efficient return of lubricant to the compressor. 
     Commonly used refrigeration system additives may optionally be added, as desired, to compositions of the present invention in order to enhance lubricity and system stability. These additives are generally known within the field of refrigeration compressor lubrication, and include anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foaming and antifoam control agents, leak detectants and the like. In general, these additives are present only in small amounts relative to the overall lubricant composition. They are typically used at concentrations of from less than about 0.1% to as much as about 3% of each additive. These additives are selected on the basis of the individual system requirements. Some typical examples of such additives may include, but are not limited to, lubrication enhancing additives, such as alkyl or aryl esters of phosphoric acid and of thiophosphates. These include members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP lubricity additives, such as butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPP), or other alkylated triaryl phosphate esters, e.g. Syn-0-Ad 8478 from Akzo Chemicals, tricrecyl phosphates and related compounds. Additionally, the metal dialkyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate or ZDDP, Lubrizol 1375) and other members of this family of chemicals may be used in compositions of the present invention. Other antiwear additives include natural product oils and assymetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants). Similarly, stabilizers such as anti oxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers may be employed. Compounds in this category can include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and epoxides. 
     Compatiblizers such as ketones may have an objectionable odor which can be masked by addition of an odor masking agent or fragrance. Typical examples of odor masking agents or fragrances may include Evergreen, Fresh Lemon, Cherry, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Floral or Orange Peel or sold by Intercontinental Fragrance, as well as d-limonene and pinene. Such odor masking agents may be used at concentrations of from about 0.001% to as much as about 15% by weight based on the combined weight of odor masking agent and compatibilizer. 
     The present invention further comprises processes for producing refrigeration comprising evaporating the present halogenated hydrocarbon-containing refrigeration compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and processes for producing heat comprising condensing halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of lubricant and compatibilizer in the presence of a body to be heated. 
     The present invention further comprises processes for solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in a lubricant, comprising contacting the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant with the lubricant in the presence of an effective amount of compatibilizer, which forms a solution of the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant and the lubricant. 
     The present invention further relates to processes for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system comprising: 
     (a) contacting the lubricant in the non-compressor zone with at least one halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of compatibilizer; and 
     (b) returning the lubricant from the noncompressor zone to the compressor zone of the refrigeration system. 
     The present invention further comprises processes for returning a lubricant from a low pressure zone to a compressor zone in a refrigeration system, comprising: 
     (a) contacting the lubricant in the low pressure zone of the refrigeration system with at least one halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of compatibilizer; and 
     (b) returning the lubricant from the low pressure zone to the compressor zone of the refrigeration system. 
     The refrigerated zones of a compression refrigeration system are often surrounded by insulation that increases the system&#39;s energy efficiency. Such insulation typically comprises thermoplastic or thermoset polymer foam, primarily rigid, closed cell, polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foam. With the use of chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons as polymer foam blowing agents being phased out, non-ozone-depleting hydrofluorocarbons such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC 245fa) are finding utility as alternate blowing agents. The low cell gas thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams which is maintained over time is the key to the superior thermal insulating properties of these foams. While the hydrofluorocarbons satisfy the majority of blowing agent performance criteria (e.g., volatility, nonreactive, solubility, heat of evaporation), they have higher vapor thermal conductivity than the conventional chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon blowing agents. Insulating foams produced with hydrofluorocarbon blowing agents are finding wide utility, however these foams have slightly poorer insulating properties than identical foams blown with conventional blowing agents which is a problem requiring a solution. 
     The present compatibilizers improve the energy efficiency and capacity of a compression refrigeration system as previously discussed, and so their use may more than compensate for any lowering of energy efficiency in a refrigeration system that results from use if insulating foam blown with hydrofluorocarbon. The present inventors have discovered a refrigeration system in which the refrigeration zone is surrounded by polymer insulation foamed with hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent, and in which the refrigeration system uses the aforementioned refrigerant compositions containing a compatibilizer. Thus, the present invention further includes a refrigeration apparatus comprising a compression refrigeration circuit comprising a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser, said circuit containing compatibilizer, and an insulating plenum containing a refrigeration chamber in contact with said evaporator. The refrigeration circuit contains a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, a lubricant selected from paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-alpha-olefins, and an effective amount of a previously defined compatibilizer. The insulating plenum comprises a polymer foam blown with a hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent. The insulating plenum preferably comprises rigid, closed cell, thermoplastic (e.g., polystyrene) or thermoset (e.g., polyisocyanurate and polyurethane) polymer foam, blown with a hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent, the cells of said foam containing gaseous hydrofluorocarbon. The evaporator may be in direct or indirect (e.g., secondary loop configuration) contact with said refrigeration chamber. The present inventon further includes a method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration system containing closed cell polymer insulating foam that contains gaseous hydrofluorocarbon in the cells of the foam, comprising using a previously defined compatibilizer in the compression refrigeration system. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
     Herein, all percentages (%) are in weight percentages unless otherwise indicated. 
     Naptha 140 (paraffins and cycloparaffins with normal boiling point of 188-208° C.), Aromatic 150 (aromatics with normal boiling point 184-204° C.) and Isopar® H (isoparaffins with normal boiling point 161-203° C.) are all products of Exxon Chemicals. Exxate 700 is a C 7  alkyl acetate produced by Exxon. “POE 22” is used herein as an abbreviation for Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL22, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 22 cs at 40° C. “POE 32” is used herein as an abbreviation for Uniqema product Emkarate RL32, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C. Zerol 75 is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 15 cs at 40° C., Zerol 150 is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C., Zerol 200 TD is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 40 cs at 40° C., and Zerol 300 is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 57 cs at 40° C. The Zerol) products are sold by the Shrieve Corporation. PVE 32 is a polyvinyl ether sold by Idemitsu Kosan having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C. Ucon LB-65 is a polyoxyproplyene glycol lubricant sold by Union Carbide with an average molecular weight of about 340. Ucon 50-HB-100 is a lubricant containing equal amounts of oxyethylene and oxpropylene groups sold by Union Carbide with an average molecular weight of about 520. Ucon 488 is a Union Carbide product having a kinematic viscosity of 130 cs at 40° C. Suniso® 3 GS (sometimes herein abbreviated as “3 GS”) is a napthenic mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity of 33 cs at 40° C., Suniso® 4GS (sometimes herein abbreviated as “4GS”) is a napthenic mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity of 62 cs at 40° C. The Suniso® products are sold by Crompton Corporation. HAB 22 has a kinematic viscosity of 22 cs at 40° C. and is a branched alkylbenzene oil sold by Nippon Oil. 
     HCFC-22 is chlorodifluoromethane. HFC-134a is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. R401A is a refrigerant blend containing 53 wt % HCFC-22, 13 wt % HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane) and 34 wt % HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). R404A is a refrigerant blend containing 44 wt % HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), 52 wt % HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane) and 4 wt % HFC-134a. R407C is a refrigerant blend containing 23 wt % HFC-32 (difluoromethane), 25 wt % HFC-125 and 52 wt % HFC-134a. R410A is a refrigerant blend containing 50 wt % HFC-32 and 50 wt % HFC-125. 
     Abbreviations used herein for a number of materials are shown in the table below with the corresponding material name, and if relevant, formula and molecular weight: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Molecular 
               
               
                 Abbreviation 
                 Material 
                 Formula 
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 BnB 
                 Butylene glycol n-butyl ether 
                 C 4 H 9 OCH 2 CHOHCH 2 CH 3   
                 146 
               
               
                 PnB 
                 Propylene glycol n-butyl ether 
                 C 4 H 9 OCH 2 CHOHCH 3   
                 132 
               
               
                 DPnB 
                 Dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether 
                 C 4 H 9 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 H 
                 190 
               
               
                 TPnB 
                 Tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether 
                 C 4 H 9 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 H 
                 248 
               
               
                 PnP 
                 Propylene glycol n-propyl ether 
                 C 3 H 7 OCH 2 CHOHCH 3   
                 118 
               
               
                 DPnP 
                 Dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether 
                 C 3 H 7 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 H 
                 176 
               
               
                 DPM 
                 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 
                 CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 H 
                 148 
               
               
                 DMM 
                 Dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether 
                 CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 CH 3   
                 162 
               
               
                 PGH 
                 Propylene glycol hexyl ether 
                 C 6 H 13 OCH 2 CHOHCH 3   
                 160 
               
               
                 EGO 
                 Ethylene glycol octyl ether 
                 C 8 H 17 OCH 2 CH 2 OH 
                 174 
               
               
                 PTB 
                 Propylene glycol t-butyl ether 
                 C(CH 3 ) 3 OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH 
                 132 
               
               
                 1,5-DMPD 
                 1,5-dimethyl piperidone 
                 C 7 H 13 NO 
                 127 
               
               
                 DMPD 
                 Mixture of 70 wt % 1,3- and 30 wt % 
                 C 7 H 13 NO 
                 127 
               
               
                   
                 1,5-dimethyl piperid-2-one 
               
               
                 OP 
                 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 12 H 23 NO 
                 197 
               
               
                 DBE-IB 
                 Diisobutyl dibasic esters (e.g. diisobutyl 
                 (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OOC(CH 2 ) 24 — 
                 242 avg. 
               
               
                   
                 esters of succinic, glutaric and adipic acids) 
                 OCOCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 1 
     Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature was lowered until two phases were observed to the naked eye (i.e., the phase separation temperature, also herein referred to as “PST”). The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG.  1 . 
     Example 1 
                                                 Phase                   Separation   Carbon/               Temperature   Oxygen       Compatibilizer   Formula   (° C.)   Ratio                                                Ethylene glycol butyl ether   C 6 H 14 O 2     4   3.0       Ethylene glycol diethyl ether   C 6 H 14 O 2     5   3.0       Ethylene glycol hexyl ether   C 10 H 22 O 2     26   4.0       Dipropylene glycol methyl ether   C 7 H 16 O 3     27   2.33       Dipropylene glycol propyl ether   C 9 H 20 O 3     5.5   3.0       Propylene glycol butyl ether   C 7 H 16 O 2     6   3.5       Propylene glycol propyl ether   C 6 H 14 O 2     11   3.0       Tripropylene glycol butyl ether   C 13 H 28 O 4     11   3.25       Propylene glycol dimethyl ether   C 5 H 12 O 2     12   2.5       Tripropylene glycol propyl ether   C 12 H 26 O 4     12   3.0       Dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether   C 8 H 18 O 3     13   2.67       Dipropylene glycol butyl ether   C 10 H 22 O 3     13   3.33       Diethylene glycol butyl ether   C 8 H 18 O 3     13   2.7       Butylene glycol n-butyl ether   C 8 H 18 O 2     16   4       Dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether   C 12 H 26 O 3     18   4       Propylene glycol t-butyl ether   C 7 H 16 O 2     20   3.5                 Comparative Data                             Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether   C 10 H 22 O 5     32   2.0       Ucon LB-65   polyalkylene   28   3.0           glycol       Ucon 50-HB-100   polyalkylene   32   2.5           glycol       PVE 32   polyvinyl ether   62   5       Dipropylene glycol   C 6 H 14 O 3     not miscible   2               with Zerol 150                    
The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to oxygen ratio of the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant.
 
     Example 2 
     Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % R401A refrigerant, 40 wt % Suniso 3GS and 10 wt % of a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG.  2 . 
     Example 2 
                                                 Phase                   Separation   Carbon/               Temperature   Oxygen       Compatibilizer   Formula   (° C.)   Ratio                                                Propylene glycol hexyl ether   C 9 H 20 O 2     −26   4.5       Butylene glycol butyl ether   C 8 H 18 O 2     −19   4.0       Ethylene glycol octyl ether   C 10 H 22 O 2     −18   5.0       Propylene glycol butyl ether   C 7 H 16 O 2      −7   3.5       Dipropylene glycol   C 10 H 22 O 3     −11   3.33       butyl ether       Tripropylene glycol butyl ether   C 13 H 28 O 4      −7   3.25                 Comparative Data                             Tetraglyme   C 10 H 22 O 5     not miscible   2.0               with 3GS                    
The data show significantly lower phase separation temperature versus 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS mineral oil, which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to oxygen ratio of the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer, indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerant in mineral oil lubricant.
 
     Butyl phenyl ether (C 10 H 14 O), an aryl ether compatibilizer, was also measured and showed a surprisingly low phase separation temperature of −32° C. 
     Example 3 
     Ketone compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of a ketone compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG.  3 . 
     Example 3 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Phase 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Separation 
                 Carbon/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Oxygen 
               
               
                   
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Formula 
                 (° C.) 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cycloheptanone 
                 C 7 H 12 O 
                 −24 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 2-Nonanone 
                 C 9 H 18 O 
                 −22 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 3-Octanone 
                 C 8 H 16 O 
                 −17 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Cyclohexanone 
                 C 6 H 10 O 
                 −16 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 2-Heptanone 
                 C 7 H 14 O 
                 −15 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 2-Decanone 
                 C 10 H 20 O 
                 −15 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 4-Decanone 
                 C 10 H 20 O 
                 −14 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 2-Octanone 
                 C 8 H 16 O 
                 −12 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 5-Nonanone 
                 C 9 H 18 O 
                 −12 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 4-Ethylcyclohexanone 
                 C 8 H 14 O 
                 −12 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Heptanone 
                 C 7 H 14 O 
                 −8 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 Diisobutyl ketone 
                 C 9 H 18 O 
                 −4 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 2-Decalone 
                 C 10 H 16 O 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Methyl propyl ketone 
                 C 5 H 10 O 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Acetophenone 
                 C 8 H 8 O 
                 4 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Butyrophenone 
                 C 10 H 12 O 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 2-tridecanone 
                 C 13 H 26 O 
                 8 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Methyl ethyl ketone 
                 C 4 H 8 O 
                 16 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Dihexylketone 
                 C 13 H 26 O 
                 21 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Hexanophenone 
                 C 13 H 18 O 
                 28 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Dicyclohexyl ketone 
                 C 13 H 22 O 
                 53 
                 13 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Acetone 
                 C 3 H 6 O 
                 56 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to oxygen ratio of the ketone compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant. 
     Example 4 
     Nitrile compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of a nitrile compound. Results are shown below, and in FIG.  4 . 
     Example 4 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Phase 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Separation 
                 Carbon/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Nitrogen 
               
               
                   
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Formula 
                 (° C.) 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1-cyanooctane 
                 C 9 H 17 N 
                 −26 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 2-cyanooctane 
                 C 9 H 17 N 
                 −23 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 1-cyanoheptane 
                 C 8 H 15 N 
                 −18 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 1-cyanodecane 
                 C 11 H 21 N 
                 −13 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 2-cyanodecane 
                 C 11 H 21 N 
                 −12 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 1-cyanopentane 
                 C 6 H 11 N 
                 −3 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 1-cyanoundecane 
                 C 12 H 23 N 
                 3 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to nitrogen ratio of the nitrile compatibilizer indicating solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant. 
     Example 5 
     Chlorocarbon compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of a chlorocarbon compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG.  5 . 
     Example 5 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Phase 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Separation 
                 Carbon/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Chlorine 
               
               
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Formula 
                 (° C.) 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1-chlorobutane 
                 C 4 H 9 Cl 
                 16 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-(chloromethyl)pentane 
                 C 6 H 13 Cl 
                 34 
                 6 
               
               
                 1-chloroheptane 
                 C 7 H 15 Cl 
                 40 
                 7 
               
               
                 1,6-dichlorohexane 
                 C 6 H 12 Cl 2   
                 47 
                 3 
               
               
                 1-chlorooctane 
                 C 8 H 17 Cl 
                 54 
                 8 
               
               
                 1-chlorohexane 
                 C 6 H 13 Cl 
                 38 
                 6 
               
               
                 3-chloro-3-methylpentane 
                 C 6 H 13 Cl 
                 23 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show significantly lower phase separation versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to chlorine ratio of the chlorocarbon compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant. 
     Example 6 
     Chlorocarbon compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % R401A refrigerant, 40 wt % Suniso 3GS and 10 wt % chlorocarbon compatibilizer. Results are shown below and in FIG.  6 . 
     Example 6 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Phase 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Separation 
                 Carbon/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Chlorine 
               
               
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Formula 
                 (° C.) 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 3-(chloromethyl)pentane 
                 C 6 H 13 Cl 
                 −25 
                 6 
               
               
                 1-chloroheptane 
                 C 7 H 15 Cl 
                 −24 
                 7 
               
               
                 C 6 &amp;C 8  monochlorides, 
                 — 
                 −17 
                 6-8 
               
               
                 1:2 weight ratio 
               
               
                 1,6-dichlorohexane 
                 C 6 H 12 Cl 2   
                 −14 
                 3 
               
               
                 1-chlorooctane 
                 C 8 H 17 Cl 
                 −13 
                 8 
               
               
                 1-chlorohexane 
                 C 6 H 13 Cl 
                 −10 
                 6 
               
               
                 3-chloro-3-methylpentane 
                 C 6 H 13 Cl 
                 −10 
                 6 
               
               
                 1-chlorononane 
                 C 9 H 19 Cl 
                 −7 
                 9 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Chlorowax 5760 
                 C 13 H 22 - 
                 79 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 Cl 6   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show significantly lower phase separation versus 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS mineral oil which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to chlorine ratio of the chlorocarbon compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerant in mineral oil lubricant. Also, Chlorowax 5760 has an unacceptably high PST at 79° C. 
     Example 7 
     Amide compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was either HFC-134a or R401A refrigerants, Zerol 150 or Suniso 3GS lubricants, and an amide compatibilizer. Results are shown below and in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     Example 7 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PST (° C.) 
                 PST (° C.) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 25% Zerol 150 
                 40% 3GS 
                 Carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25% 
                 10% 
                 to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Oxygen 
               
               
                 Compatibilizer 
                 Formula 
                 50% HFC-134a 
                 50% R401A 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 12 H 23 NO 
                 −25 
                 −34 
                 12 
               
               
                 1-heptyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 12 H 23 NO 
                 −18 
                 — 
                 12 
               
               
                 1-octyl-5-methyl pyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 13 H 25 NO 
                 −17 
                 — 
                 13 
               
               
                 1-butylcaprolactam 
                 C 10 H 19 NO 
                 −17 
                 — 
                 10 
               
               
                 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 10 H 17 NO 
                 −15 
                 −27 
                 10 
               
               
                 1-butyl-5-methylpiperidone 
                 C 10 H 19 NO 
                 −13 
                 −20 
                 10 
               
               
                 isobutylcaprolactam 
                 C 10 H 19 NO 
                 −11 
                 — 
                 10 
               
               
                 1-cyclohexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin- 
                 C 11 H 19 NO 
                 −10 
                 — 
                 11 
               
               
                 2-one 
               
               
                 1-pentyl-5-methyl piperidone 
                 C 11 H 21 NO 
                 −10 
                 −25 
                 11 
               
               
                 1-hexyl caprolactam 
                 C 12 H 23 NO 
                 −10 
                 — 
                 12 
               
               
                 1-hexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 11 H 21 NO 
                 −10 
                 — 
                 11 
               
               
                 1-nonyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 14 H 27 NO 
                 −6 
                 — 
                 14 
               
               
                 1,3-dimethyl piperidone 
                 C 7 H 13 NO 
                 −9 
                 — 
                 7 
               
               
                 DMPD 
                 C 7 H 13 NO 
                 −6 
                 — 
                 7 
               
               
                 1-decyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 14 H 27 NO 
                 −4 
                 — 
                 14 
               
               
                 1,1-dibutylformamide 
                 C 9 H 19 NO 
                 −2 
                 −16 
                 9 
               
               
                 1-methyl caprolactam 
                 C 7 H 13 NO 
                 −1 
                 −31 
                 7 
               
               
                 1-butyl pyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 8 H 15 NO 
                 −1 
                  −4 
                 8 
               
               
                 1-decyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 15 H 29 NO 
                 2 
                 — 
                 15 
               
               
                 1,5-dimethyl piperidone 
                 C 7 H 13 NO 
                 2 
                 −15 
                 7 
               
               
                 1-dodecyl pyrrolidin-2-one 
                 C 16 H 31 NO 
                 8 
                 −38 
                 16 
               
               
                 1,1-diisopropyl acetamide 
                 C 8 H 17 NO 
                 13 
                  4 
                 8 
               
               
                 1-undecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2- 
                 C 16 H 31 NO 
                 13 
                 — 
                 16 
               
               
                 one 
               
               
                 1-dodecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2- 
                 C 17 H 33 NO 
                 16 
                 — 
                 17 
               
               
                 one 
               
               
                 N-phenylethylcaprolactam 
                 C 14 H 19 NO 
                 20 
                 — 
                 14 
               
               
                 N-phenylpropylcaprolactam 
                 C 15 H 21 NO 
                 20 
                 — 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures for both hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerant/lubricant systems versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C., and 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C. The minimum phase separation temperature for amide compatibilizers with HFC-134a and Zerol 150 occurs at a specific carbon to amide oxygen ratio indicating a maximum solubility improvement for hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and alkylbenzene lubricant. The phase separation temperature for amide compatibilizers with R401A refrigerant and Suniso 3GS mineral oil lubricant decreases with increasing carbon to amide oxygen ratio. 
     Example 8 
     Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature was lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 25 wt % Zerol 150, 25 wt % of compatibilizer and 50% of either HFC-32, HFC-125 or R410A refrigerants. Results are shown below, and in FIG.  9 . 
     Example 8 
                                                             PST with   PST with   Carbon/               PST with   HFC-125   R410A   Oxygen       Compatibilizer   Formula   HFC-32 (° C.)   (° C.)   (° C.)   Ratio                                                        Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether   C 4 H 10 O 2     29   27    12   2.0       Propylene glycol dimethyl ether   C 5 H 12 O 2     23   7    6   2.5       Ethylene glycol diethyl ether   C 6 H 14 O 2     16   3   −1   3.0       Propylene glycol butyl ether   C 7 H 16 O 2     25   2    9   3.5       Butylene glycol n-butyl ether   C 8 H 18 O 2     —   6   —   4                    
The data show an unexpected and generally lower phase separation temperature when HFC-32 and HFC-125 refrigerants are combined to form R410A refrigerant versus neat HFC-32 or HFC-125.
 
     Example 9 
     Aryl ether, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane and fluoroether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a refrigerant, 25 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant and 25 wt % of compatibilizer. Results are shown below. 
     Example 9 
                                                 PST (° C.)   PST (° C.)               25% Zerol 150   40% 3GS               25%   10%               Compatibilizer   Compatibilizer       Compatibilizer   Formula   50% HFC-134a   50% R401A                  methoxybenzene   C 7 H 8 O   13   —       1,3-dimethoxybenzene   C 8 H 10 O 2     15   —       ethoxybenzene   C 8 H 10 O   20   —       1,1,1-trifluorododecane   C 12 H 23 F 3     27   −28       1,1,1-trifluorohexane   C 6 H 11 F 3     32   —       C 8 H 17 OCF 2 CF 2 H   C 10 H 18 F 4 O   21   −12       C 6 H 13 OCF 2 CF 2 H   C 8 H 14 F 4 O   27   −11                    
The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures for these compatibilizers with both hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerants versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150, which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C., and 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS, which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C.
 
     Examples 10-28 
     A test tube was filled with 7.5 grams of HFC-43-10 mee (CF 3 CF 2 CHFCHFCF 3 ), herein referred to as “4310”, and 2.5 grams of selected lubricant. Compatibilizers of the present invention were added in 1 gram increments to the 4310/lubricant mixture and the contents of the tube were agitated at 25° C. Changes in phase levels were recorded and compositions of layers analyzed by gas chromatography. One gram increments of compatibilizer were added until the contents of the tube reached one homogeneous phase. Results are shown below. 
     Example 10 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DPM added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 20 
                 35 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% DPM 
                 21 
                 41 
                  5% DPM 
                 11% DPM 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  7% 4310 
                 85% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 88% Zerol 150 
                  4% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% DPM 
                 20 
                 49 
                  9% DPM 
                 21% DPM 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                  9% 4310 
                 73% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 82% Zerol 150 
                  6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% DPM 
                 18 
                 59 
                 10% DPM 
                 29% DPM 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                  7% 4310 
                 63% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 83% Zerol 150 
                  8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% DPM 
                 14 
                 71 
                 18% DPM 
                 35% DPM 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                   
                   
                 11% 4310 
                 53% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 71% Zerol 150 
                 12% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 5 
                 33.3% DPM 
                  5 
                 87 
                 24% DPM 
                 37% DPM 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
                   
                   
                 14% 4310 
                 45% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 62% Zerol 150 
                 18% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 6 
                 37.5% DPM 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 46.9% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 15.6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 11 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 PnB added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% D PnB 
                 23 
                 40 
                 19% PnB 
                  8% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 15% 4310 
                 89% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 66% Zerol 150 
                  3% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% PnB 
                 25 
                 47 
                 31% PnB 
                 17% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 25% 4310 
                 79% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 44% Zerol 150 
                  4% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% PnB 
                 23 
                 57 
                 35% PnB 
                 25% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 35% 4310 
                 69% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 30% Zerol 150 
                  6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% PnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 12 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DPnB added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% DPnB 
                 23 
                 40 
                 14% DPnB 
                  7% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 13% 4310 
                 88% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 72% Zerol 150 
                  5% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% DPnB 
                 26 
                 45 
                 25% DPnB 
                 15% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 18% 4310 
                 79% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 57% Zerol 150 
                  6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% DPnB 
                 27 
                 51 
                 35% DPnB 
                 24% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 29% 4310 
                 68% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 36% Zerol 150 
                  8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% DPnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 TPnB added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% TPnB 
                 24 
                 40 
                 29% TPnB 
                  6% TPnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 23% 4310 
                 93% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 48% Zerol 150 
                  1% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% TPnB 
                 27 
                 44 
                 33% TPnB 
                 14% TPnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 25% 4310 
                 84% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 42% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% TPnB 
                 30 
                 48 
                 32% TPnB 
                 19% TPnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 33% 4310 
                 77% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 35% Zerol 150 
                  4% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% TPnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 14 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 PnP added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% PnP 
                 21 
                 41 
                 17% PnP 
                  9% PnP 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 15% 4310 
                 89% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 68% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% PnP 
                 23 
                 48 
                 27% PnP 
                 18% PnP 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 22% 4310 
                 74% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 51% Zerol 150 
                  8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% PnP 
                 20 
                 59 
                 29% PnP 
                 26% PnP 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 25% 4310 
                 68% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 46% Zerol 150 
                  6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% PnP 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 15 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DPnP added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% DPnP 
                 22 
                 41 
                  8% DPnP 
                  8% DPnP 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  7% 4310 
                 87% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 85% Zerol 150 
                  5% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% DPnP 
                 23 
                 47 
                 16% DPnP 
                 17% DPnP 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 12% 4310 
                 76% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 72% Zerol 150 
                  7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% DPnP 
                 22 
                 56 
                 27% DPnP 
                 24% DPnP 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 19% 4310 
                 67% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 54% Zerol 150 
                  9% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% DPnP 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 16 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DMM added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% DMM 
                 22 
                 40 
                  8% DMM 
                  9% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 11% 4310 
                 90% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 81% Zerol 150 
                  1% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% DMM 
                 23 
                 47 
                 16% DMM 
                 16% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 14% 4310 
                 82% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 70% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% DMM 
                 22 
                 55 
                 24% DMM 
                 21% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 21% 4310 
                 72% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 55% Zerol 150 
                  7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% DMM 
                  4 
                 81 
                 33% DMM 
                 29% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                   
                   
                 37% 4310 
                 55% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 30% Zerol 150 
                 16% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 5 
                 33.3% DMM 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 17 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, DIP = equal parts by weight of PnB, DPnB and Isopar H. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of DIP 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  3.0% PnB 
                 26 
                 37 
                  6% PnB 
                  3% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% Isopar(R)H 
                   
                   
                 16% Isopar(R)H 
                  1% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% DPnB 
                   
                   
                  6% DPnB 
                  3% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 17% 4310 
                 91% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 55% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                  5.6% PnB 
                 30 
                 41 
                 11% PnB 
                  5% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% Isopar(R)H 
                   
                   
                 24% Isopar(R)H 
                  2% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% DPnB 
                   
                   
                 11% DPnB 
                  5% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 29% 4310 
                 86% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 25% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                  7.7% PnB 
                 36 
                 43 
                 11% PnB 
                  7% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% Isopar(R)H 
                   
                   
                 19% Isopar(R)H 
                  4% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% DPnB 
                   
                   
                 11% DPnB 
                  8% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 29% 4310 
                 77% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 30% Zerol 150 
                  4% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                  9.5% PnB 
                 44 
                 44 
                 10% PnB 
                  9% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  9.5% Isopar(R)H 
                   
                   
                 14% Isopar(R)H 
                  7% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                  9.5% DPnB 
                   
                   
                 11% DPnB 
                 10% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                   
                   
                 30% 4310 
                 64% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 35% Zerol 150 
                 10% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 5 
                 11.1% PnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 18 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, 2-heptanone is referred to as “A”. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of A 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 19 
                 34 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 25.0% 3GS 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% A 
                 20 
                 42 
                  3.2% A 
                  9.8% A 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  3.2% 4310 
                 86.4% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 92.9% 3GS 
                  3.8% 3GS 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% A 
                 19 
                 52 
                  7.6% A 
                 16.9% A 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                  6.7% 4310 
                 77.7% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 85.7% 3GS 
                  5.4% 3GS 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% A 
                 15 
                 64 
                 10.8% A 
                 23.2% A 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 10.6% 4310 
                 63.7% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 78.6% 3GS 
                 13.1% 3GS 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% A 
                   
                   
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% 3GS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 19 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, 5-methyl-2-hexanone is referred to as “A”. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Grams of A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Total Composition 
                 Heights of both 
                 Composition - 
                 Composition - 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 layer 
                 top layer 
                 bottom layer 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                   75% 4310 
                 Top - 
                 19 mm 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                   25% 3GS 
                 Bottom - 
                 34 mm 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% A 
                 Top - 
                 21 mm, clear 
                  3.0% A 
                 10.3% A 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                 Bottom - 
                 42 mm, clear 
                  3.4% 4310 
                 87.9% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 93.6% 3GS 
                  1.8% 3GS 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% A 
                 Top - 
                 19 mm, clear 
                  8.9% A 
                 18.2% A 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                 Bottom - 
                 51 mm, clear 
                  6.9% 4310 
                 78.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 84.2% 3GS 
                  3.2% 3GS 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% A 
                 Top - 
                 16 mm, clear 
                 10.8% A 
                 23.7% A 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                 Bottom - 
                 62 mm, clear 
                  7.9% 4310 
                 62.9% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 81.3% 3GS 
                 13.4% 3GS 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% A 
                 Top - 
                 10 mm, clear 
                 13.6% A 
                 25.8% A 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                 Bottom - 
                 78 mm, clear 
                  9.9% 4310 
                 59.2% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 76.5% 3GS 
                 15.0% 3GS 
               
               
                 4.5 
                 31.0% A 
                 Top - 
                  3 mm, clear 
                 27.0% A 
                 29.8% A 
               
               
                   
                 51.7% 4310 
                 Bottom - 
                 90 mm, clear 
                 14.1% 4310 
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.3% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 58.9% 3GS 
                 20.2% 3GS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 
                 33.3% A 
                 Clear one layer - 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
                 97 mm 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% 3GS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 20 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Isopar H added 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 19 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% 3GS 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% Isopar(R)H 
                 29 
                 34 
                 31.4% Isopar(R)H 
                  5.4% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  0.4% 4310 
                 93.9% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 68.2% 3GS 
                  0.7% 3GS 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% Isopar(R)H 
                 37 
                 34 
                 45.7% Isopar(R)H 
                  8.2% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                  1.0% 4310 
                 90.7% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 53.3% 3GS 
                  1.0% 3GS 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% Isopar(R)H 
                 46 
                 34 
                 56.8% Isopar(R)H 
                  9.5% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                  1.9% 4310 
                 89.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 41.3% 3GS 
                  0.9% 3GS 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% Isopar(R)H 
                 57 
                 33 
                 62.9% Isopar(R)H 
                 10.5% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                   
                   
                  2.9% 4310 
                 88.6% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 34.2% 3GS 
                  0.9% 3GS 
               
               
                 5 
                 33.3% Isopar(R)H 
                 66 
                 33 
                 69.0% Isopar(R)H 
                 11.6% Isopar(R)H 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
                   
                   
                  3.3% 4310 
                 87.7% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 27.7% 3GS 
                  0.7% 3GS 
               
               
                 10  
                 Never Reached 
                 — 
                 — 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 one phase 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 21 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, PDD = equal parts by weight of PnB, DMM and DPnB. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of PDD 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  3.0% PnB 
                 23 
                 39 
                  5% PnB 
                  3% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% DMM 
                   
                   
                  4% DMM 
                  3% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% DPnB 
                   
                   
                  5% DPnB 
                  3% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 14% 4310 
                 87% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 72% Zerol 150 
                  4% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                  5.6% PnB 
                 24 
                 46 
                  6% PnB 
                  6% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% DMM 
                   
                   
                  5% DMM 
                  6% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% DPnB 
                   
                   
                  6% DPnB 
                  6% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 15% 4310 
                 76% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 68% Zerol 150 
                  6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                  7.7% PnB 
                 23 
                 55 
                 11% PnB 
                  8% PnB 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% DMM 
                   
                   
                 10% DMM 
                  9% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% DPnB 
                   
                   
                 11% DPnB 
                  8% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 24% 4310 
                 63% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 44% Zerol 150 
                 12% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 11.1% PnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 22 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, DDN = equal parts by weight of DPnB, DMM and 
               
               
                 Naptha 140 (“N140”). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of DDN 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  3.0% DPnB 
                 25 
                 38 
                  3% DPnB 
                  3% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% DMM 
                   
                   
                  3% DMM 
                  3% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% N140 
                   
                   
                  9% N140 
                 &lt;1% N140 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  8% 4310 
                 93% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 77% Zerol 150 
                  1% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                  5.6% DPnB 
                 29 
                 42 
                  7% DPnB 
                  5% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% DMM 
                   
                   
                  6% DMM 
                  5% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% N140 
                   
                   
                 16% N140 
                  1% N140 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 12% 4310 
                 87% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 59% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                  7.7% DPnB 
                 34 
                 45 
                  9% DPnB 
                  7% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% DMM 
                   
                   
                  8% DMM 
                  8% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% N140 
                   
                   
                 19% N140 
                  3% N140 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 17% 4310 
                 80% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 47% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 9.5% DPnB 
                 39 
                 48 
                 10% DPnB 
                  9% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  9.5% DMM 
                   
                   
                  9% DMM 
                 10% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  9.5% N140 
                   
                   
                 18% N140 
                  5% N140 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                   
                   
                 23% 4310 
                 70% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 40% Zerol 150 
                  6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 5 
                 11.1% DPnB 
                 43 
                 52 
                 11% DPnB 
                 11% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% DMM 
                   
                   
                 11% DMM 
                 11% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% N140 
                   
                   
                 15% N140 
                 9% N140 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
                   
                   
                 39% 4310 
                 58% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 24% Zerol 150 
                 11% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 6 
                 12.5% DPnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 One Layer 
                 One Layer 
               
               
                   
                 12.5% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 12.5% N140 
               
               
                   
                 46.9% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 15.6% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 23 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, DDA = equal parts by weight of DPnB, DMM and 
               
               
                 Aromatic 150 (“A150”). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of DDA 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  3.0% DPnB 
                 24 
                 38 
                  5% DPnB 
                  2% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% DMM 
                   
                   
                  4% DMM 
                  5% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  3.0% A150 
                   
                   
                 13% A150 
                  1% A150 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 18% 4310 
                 93% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 60% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                  5.6% DPnB 
                 28 
                 42 
                  6% DPnB 
                  5% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% DMM 
                   
                   
                  5% DMM 
                  5% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  5.6% A150 
                   
                   
                 12% A150 
                  2% A150 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 17% 4310 
                 86% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 60% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                  7.7% DPnB 
                 32 
                 46 
                 11% DPnB 
                  7% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% DMM 
                   
                   
                 10% DMM 
                  8% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  7.7% A150 
                   
                   
                 20% A150 
                  4% A150 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 36% 4310 
                 77% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 23% Zerol 150 
                  4% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                  9.5% DPnB 
                 35 
                 51 
                 12% DPnB 
                  9% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                  9.5% DMM 
                   
                   
                 12% DMM 
                  9% DMM 
               
               
                   
                  9.5% A150 
                   
                   
                 18% A150 
                  7% A150 
               
               
                   
                 53.6% 4310 
                   
                   
                 40% 4310 
                 68% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 17.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 18% Zerol 150 
                  7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 5 
                 11.1% DPnB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 One Layer 
                 One Layer 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% DMM 
               
               
                   
                 11.1% A150 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 24 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, PD = 2 parts by wt PnB, 1 part DPnB. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of PD 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% PD 
                 23 
                 39 
                  8% PnB 
                  5% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  4% DPnB 
                  2% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 12% 4310 
                 91% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 76% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% PD 
                 25 
                 44 
                 14% PnB 
                 10% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                  7% DPnB 
                  5% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 20% 4310 
                 82% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 59% Zerol 150 
                  3% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% PD 
                 26 
                 52 
                 24% PnB 
                 15% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 11% DPnB 
                  7% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 43% 4310 
                 70% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 22% Zerol 150 
                  8% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% PD 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 25 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, PD = 2 parts by wt PnB, 1 part DPnB. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of PD 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% 3GS 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% PD 
                 21 
                 41 
                  7% PnB 
                  5% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  4% DPnB 
                  2% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 10% 4310 
                 91% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 79% 3GS 
                  2% 3GS 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% PD 
                 21 
                 48 
                 16% PnB 
                 11% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                  8% DPnB 
                  5% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 18% 4310 
                 81% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 58% 3GS 
                  3% 3GS 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% PD 
                 20 
                 57 
                 17% PnB 
                 15% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                  9% DPnB 
                  8% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 18% 4310 
                 71% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 56% 3GS 
                  6% 3GS 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% PD 
                 16 
                 69 
                 18% PnB 
                 17% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
                   
                   
                  9% DPnB 
                  9% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% 3GS 
                   
                   
                 19% 4310 
                 65% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 54% 3GS 
                  9% 3GS 
               
               
                 5 
                 33.3% PD 
                 — 
                 — 
                 one layer 
                 one layer 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% 3GS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 26 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 In this example, PD = 2 parts by wt PnB, 1 part DPnB. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Grams of PD 
                 Composition 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 added to Tube 
                 in Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 34 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% HAB22 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% PD 
                 23 
                 39 
                  7% PnB 
                  5% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                  4% DPnB 
                  2% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% HAB22 
                   
                   
                 14% 4310 
                 91% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 75% HAB22 
                  2% HAB22 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% PD 
                 25 
                 45 
                 15% PnB 
                 11% PnB 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                  7% DPnB 
                  5% DPnB 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% HAB22 
                   
                   
                 28% 4310 
                 78% 4310 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50% HAB22 
                  6% HAB22 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% PD 
                 — 
                 — 
                 One Layer 
                 One Layer 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% HAB22 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 27 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Grams of 
                 Total 
                   
                 Bottom 
                   
                   
               
               
                 DMPD added 
                 Composition in 
                 Top Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Top Layer 
                 Bottom Layer 
               
               
                 to Tube 
                 Tube 
                 Height, mm 
                 Height, mm 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0 
                 75.0% 4310 
                 21 
                 35 
                   — 
                   — 
               
               
                   
                 25.0% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 1 
                  9.1% 1,5-DMPD 
                 20 
                 42 
                  3% 1,5-DMPD 
                  9% 1,5-DMPD 
               
               
                   
                 68.2% 4310 
                   
                   
                 13% 4310 
                 89% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 22.7% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 84% Zerol 150 
                  2% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 2 
                 16.7% 1,5-DMPD 
                 18 
                 52 
                  9% 1,5-DMPD 
                 18% 1,5-DMPD 
               
               
                   
                 62.5% 4310 
                   
                   
                 18% 4310 
                 77% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 20.8% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 73% Zerol 150 
                  5% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 3 
                 23.1% 1,5-DMPD 
                  8 
                 68 
                 14% 1,5-DMPD 
                 24% 1,5-DMPD 
               
               
                   
                 57.7% 4310 
                   
                   
                 25% 4310 
                 63% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 19.2% Zerol 150 
                   
                   
                 61% Zerol 150 
                 13% Zerol 150 
               
               
                 4 
                 28.6% 1,5-DMPD 
                 — 
                 — 
                 One Layer 
                 One Layer 
               
               
                   
                 50.0% 4310 
               
               
                   
                 16.7% Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 28 
                                                     Total       Bottom               Grams of OP   Composition   Top Layer   Layer   Top Layer   Bottom Layer       added to Tube   in Tube   Height, mm   Height, mm   wt %   Wt %                  0   75.0% 4310   21   34     —     —           25.0% Zerol 150       1    9.1% OP   22   40    7.8% OP    6.4% OP           68.2% 4310           16.3% 4310   91.5% 4310           22.7% Zerol 150           75.9% Zerol 150    2.1% Zerol 150       2   16.7% OP   19   51   14.7% OP   13.4% OP           62.5% 4310           32.6% 4310   79.3% 4310           20.8% Zerol 150           52.7% Zerol 150    7.3% Zerol 150       3   23.1% OP   —   —   One Layer   One Layer           57.7% 4310           19.2% Zerol 150                    
Results show compatibilizers of the present invention improve the solubility between hydrofluorocarbons and conventional lubricants by drawing significant amounts of refrigerant (4310) into the lubricant phase (top layer), and lubricant (3GS or Zerol 150) into the refrigerant phase (bottom layer). The compatibilizers improve solubility significantly better than Isopar® H alone, which never reached one phase. The combination of PnB, DPnB and Isopar H surprisingly draws more 4310 into the lubricant phase (17%) than either PnB, DPnB or Isopar H alone (15%, 13% and 0.4%) respectively after one gram is added. A most preferred compatibilizer by this method is 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one, which required only 3 grams to reach one layer with Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant.
 
     Hexylene glycol was also tested as comparative data with HFC-4310mee and Zerol 150 but the solution remained two layers even after 10 grams of hexylene glycol was added. 
     Example 29 
     Lubricant return was tested in an lubricant-return apparatus as follows. Liquid refrigerant was fed from a pressurized cylinder through copper tubing to a heater where it was vaporized. The refrigerant vapor then passed through a pressure regulator and metering valve to control flow at a constant rate of 1,100 cc per minute and 101 kPa (1 atmosphere) pressure. The refrigerant vapor was fed to another copper tube 180 cm in length and 0.635 cm outer diameter formed into a U-shape and placed in a constant temperature bath. The U-shaped tube (U-tube) began with a straight vertical section 37 cm long then bent to a horizontal section 27 cm long at the bottom of the bath. The tube then rose vertically in a zigzag pattern with four 23 cm lengths, followed by another vertical straight section 23 cm long. The U-tube was filled with 10 grams of lubricant, optionally containing compatibilizer, which was added to the U-tube through the 37 cm vertical tube. Vapor refrigerant passed slowly through the lubricant in the U-tube. Refrigerant and lubricant exiting the U-tube was collected in a receiver and then the refrigerant allowed to evaporate from the lubricant. Lubricant was then weighed to determine how much lubricant was carried out of the U-tube by the refrigerant. 
     Refrigerant R407C was placed in the refrigerant cylinder. Suniso 3GS mineral oil, or Suniso 3GS oil and compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in the copper U-tube, wherein the combined lubricant and compatibilizer equaled 10 grams. The constant temperature bath was held at a temperature of −20° C. Refrigerant R407C vapor was fed through the U-tube at a flow rate of 1,100 cubic centimeters per minute and weight of lubricant in the receiver measured at 6, 10, and 20 minute time intervals. Data are shown below. 
     Example 29 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wt % Lubricant Returned 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Lubricant Composition in U-tube 
                 6 Min 
                 10 Min 
                 20 Min 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 6% 5-methyl-2-hexanone in 3GS 
                 11.3 
                 18.1 
                 26.2 
               
               
                 6% 2-Heptanone in 3GS 
                 12.7 
                 20.0 
                 28.1 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 9.3 
                 20.0 
                 29.6 
               
               
                 3GS 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 6% Isopar(R)H in 3GS 
                 0 
                 7.9 
                 17.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show the addition of 2-heptanone and 5-methyl-2-hexanone ketone compatibilizers to 3GS mineral oil shows significant improvement in lubricant return versus neat 3GS or Isopar H in 3GS. 
     Example 30 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant HFC-134a with Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers. Results are shown below: 
     Example 30 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wt % Lubricant Returned 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Lubricant Composition in U-tube 
                 6 Min 
                 10 Min 
                 20 Min 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 150 
                 15 
                 24 
                 34 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/2% Syn- 
                 17 
                 25 
                 36 
               
               
                 0-Ad 8478*** in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/0.5% 
                 16 
                 25 
                 36 
               
               
                 BHT in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5%DPnB/1.5% 
                 23 
                 29 
                 36 
               
               
                 n-pentane in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10%PnB/5% DPnB/1.5% 
                 21 
                 30 
                 39 
               
               
                 n-octane in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% 
                 15 
                 27 
                 38 
               
               
                 PVE 32 in Zerol 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 16 
                 27 
                 36 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
               
               
                 15% Ucon LB-65* in Zerol 150 
                 0 
                 4 
                 19 
               
               
                 15% Ucon 50-HB-100** in 
                 0 
                 0 
                 7 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Ucon LB-65 is a polyoxyproplyene glycol lubricant sold by Union Carbide with an average molecular weight of about 340.  
               
               
                 **Ucon 50-HB-100 is a lubricant containing equal amounts of oxyethylene and oxpropylene groups sold by Union Carbide with an average molecular weight of about 520  
               
               
                 ***Syn-0-Ad 8478 is an alkylated triaryl phosphate ester produced by Akso Chemicals  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show addition of polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers, optionally with additional additives such as antiwear agents or hydrocarbons, significantly improve lubricant return of alkylbenzene lubricant and provide performance equivalent to POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. The comparative data shows higher molecular weight polyoxypropylene lubricants do not provide acceptable lubricant return. 
     Example 31 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant R404A with Zerol 150 alkyl benzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus POE22 polyol ester lubricant. Results are shown below. 
     Example 31 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wt % Lubricant 
                 Wt % Lubricant 
                 Wt % Lubricant 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition in U-tube 
                 Returned 6 Min 
                 Returned 10 Min 
                 Returned 20 Min 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 35% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one in Zerol 150 
                 26 
                 36 
                 45 
               
               
                 12% DMM in Zerol 150 
                 18 
                 26 
                 35 
               
               
                  6% DMM/12% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one/2% 
                 13 
                 23 
                 34 
               
               
                 Synergol in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 20% 1,1-dibutyl formamide in Zerol 150 
                 10 
                 18 
                 29 
               
               
                 20% 1-methyl caprolactam in Zerol 150 
                 12 
                 24 
                 36 
               
               
                 17% 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene in Zerol 150 
                 17 
                 24 
                 35 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 0 
                 5 
                 17 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show addition of compatibilizers of the present invention to Zerol 150 provide significantly improved lubricant return versus polyol ester lubricant POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. 
     Example 32 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant HFC-134a with Zerol 150 alkyl benzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. Results are shown below. 
     Example 32 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wt % Lubricant 
                 Wt % Lubricant 
                 Wt % Lubricant 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition in U-tube 
                 Returned 6 Min 
                 Returned 10 Min 
                 Returned 20 Min 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15% Cycloheptanone/1% Orange* in Zerol 150 
                 27 
                 35 
                 42 
               
               
                 15% 2-Nonanone/1% Orange* in Zerol 150 
                 33 
                 40 
                 46 
               
               
                 15% Diisobutyl ketone/1% Cinnamon* in 
                 31 
                 37 
                 43 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
               
                 20% DMPD in Zerol 150 
                 32 
                 38 
                 44 
               
               
                 20% Propylene glycol tert-butyl ether in 
                 25 
                 32 
                 38 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
               
                 15% cyanoheptane in Zerol 150 
                 32 
                 39 
                 47 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 19 
                 29 
                 37 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 0 
                 0 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *“Orange” and “Cinnamon” are fragrances sold by Intercontinental Fragrance  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show addition of compatibilizers of the present invention to Zerol 150 provide lubricant return comparable to POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. 
     Example 33 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant R401A with Suniso 3GS mineral oil lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus neat Zerol 150. Results are shown below. 
     Example 33 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Wt % 
                 Wt % 
               
               
                   
                 Wt % 
                 Lubricant 
                 Lubricant 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition 
                 Lubricant 
                 Returned 
                 Returned 
               
               
                 in U-tube 
                 Returned 6 Min 
                 10 Min 
                 20 Min 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10% Chlorooctane in 3GS 
                 25 
                 36 
                 46 
               
               
                 15% Chlorooctane in 3GS 
                 35 
                 43 
                 50 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 0 
                 12 
                 38 
               
               
                 3GS 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show the addition of compatibilizers of the present invention to Suniso 3GS provide improved lubricant return versus Zerol 150. 
     Example 34 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant R410A with Zerol 150 alkyl benzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. Results are shown below. 
     Example 34 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wt % Lubricant 
                 Wt % Lubricant 
                 Wt % Lubricant 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition in U-tube 
                 Returned 6 Min 
                 Returned 10 Min 
                 Returned 20 Min 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 15% PnB in Zerol 150 
                 15  
                 26 
                 33 
               
               
                 15% DPnB in Zerol 150 
                 9 
                 17 
                 26 
               
               
                 15% TPnB in Zerol 150 
                 0 
                 10 
                 19 
               
               
                 15% PnP in Zerol 150 
                 15  
                 22 
                 32 
               
               
                  5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% Isopar H in Zerol 150 
                 12  
                 19 
                 29 
               
               
                  5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% Aromatic 150 in Zerol 150 
                 15  
                 23 
                 33 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 0 
                 11 
                 22 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 0 
                  0 
                  1 
               
               
                 15% Propylene Glycol in Zerol 150 
                 * 
                 * 
                 * 
               
               
                 15% Dipropylene glycol in Zerol 150 
                 * 
                 * 
                 * 
               
               
                 15% Ucon 50-HB100** in Zerol 150 
                 0 
                  0 
                  6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Not soluble in Zerol ® 150  
               
               
                 **Polyalkylene glycol lubricant sold by Union Carbide with oxyethylene and oxypropylene groups with an average molecular weight of 520  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show use of compatibilizers of the present invention in Zerol 150 provide comparable to improved lubricant return versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. 
     Examples 35-36 
     Tests were conducted to determine if refrigerant R410A could be used in an HCFC-22 Carrier heat pump (Model Tech 2000), using Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant and compatibilizers of the present invention. The heat pump was outfitted with an R410A Copeland scroll compressor (ZP32K3E R-410) equipped with a sight glass and level tube in the lubricant sump. The fan-coil unit was installed in the indoor room of an environmental chamber and the outdoor unit was installed in the outdoor room. The two units were connected by 1.59 cm (⅝-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the suction line and by 1.27 cm (½-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the liquid line. The system was charged with 3,180 grams of refrigerant and 1,110 grams of lubricant containing compatibilizer. Refrigerant R410A with polyol ester lubricant was used as a baseline for comparison. Tests were conducted at ASHRAE cooling and low temperature heating conditions. For cooling the indoor room was controlled at 26.7° C. (80° F.) and 50% relative humidity, the outdoor room at 27.8° C. (82° F.) and 40% relative humidity. For low temperature heating, the indoor room was controlled at 21.1° C. (70° F.) and 57% relative humidity, the outdoor room at —8.3° C. (17° F.) and 60% relative humidity. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. Results from refrigerant side measurements are shown below. 
     Example 35 
     Cooling Test 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vol % 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lubricant 
                 Capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Lost From 
                 kB.t.u./hr 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition 
                 Sump (cm) 
                 (kW) 
                 EER 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 15% PnB in Zerol 150 
                 15% 
                 2.91 (0.852) 
                 11.29 
               
               
                 20% PnB in Zerol 200TD 
                 14% 
                 2.90 (0.849) 
                 11.30 
               
               
                 20% DPnB in Zerol 150 
                 20% 
                 2.90 (0.849) 
                 11.28 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 150 
                 18% 
                 2.93 (0.858) 
                 11.61 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in HAB22 
                 18% 
                 3.00 (0.878) 
                 11.50 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in 3GS 
                 26% 
                 2.92 (0.855) 
                 11.08 
               
               
                 18% PnB/10% DPnB in 4GS 
                 23% 
                 2.88 (0.843) 
                 11.03 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% 
                 26% 
                 2.92 (0.855) 
                 11.14 
               
               
                 HAB22 in 3GS 
               
               
                  5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% Isopar H 
                 18% 
                 2.94 (0.861) 
                 11.48 
               
               
                 in Zerol 150 
               
               
                  3% PnB/8% DPnB/4% 
                 23% 
                 2.95 (0.864) 
                 11.25 
               
               
                 Aromatic 150 in Zerol 150 
               
               
                  4% PnB/7% DPnB/4% DMM 
                 20% 
                 2.97 (0.870) 
                 11.32 
               
               
                 in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/1.5% 
                 20% 
                 3.10 (0.908) 
                 11.70 
               
               
                 Pentane in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% PVE 
                 22% 
                 3.00 (0.878) 
                 11.67 
               
               
                 32 in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% PVE 
                 20% 
                 2.95 (0.864) 
                 11.40 
               
               
                 32 in 3GS 
               
               
                  7% PnB/7% DPnB/7% TPnB 
                 26% 
                 2.92 (0.855) 
                 11.18 
               
               
                 in 3GS 
               
               
                 15% BnB in 3GS 
                 33% 
                 2.91 (0.852) 
                 11.17 
               
               
                 20% PTB in 3GS 
                 27% 
                 2.92 (0.855) 
                 11.28 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/2.5% 
                 15% 
                 2.96 (0.867) 
                 11.41 
               
               
                 BTPP in Zerol 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 10% 
                 2.98 (0.873) 
                 11.70 
               
               
                 POE 32 
                 12% 
                 2.97 (0.870) 
                 11.48 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 30% 
                 2.86 (0.838) 
                 10.97 
               
               
                 Suniso 3GS 
                 40% 
                 2.86 (0.838) 
                 10.82 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 36 
     Low Temperature Heating Tests 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sump Lubricant 
                 Capacity 
                   
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition 
                 Level (cm) 
                 kB.t.u/hr (kW) 
                 EER 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in 
                 4.6 
                 20.2 (5.92) 
                 8.38 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
               
                  3% PnB/8% DPnB/4% 
                 4.4 
                 20.4 (5.97) 
                 8.45 
               
               
                 Aromatic 150 in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in 
                 4.9 
                 20.4 (5.97) 
                 8.42 
               
               
                 HAB22 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/2% 
                 5.7 
                 20.1 (5.89) 
                 8.37 
               
               
                 BTPP in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 15% PVE32/10% 
                 4.6 
                 19.9 (5.83) 
                 8.30 
               
               
                 PnB/5% DPnB in 3GS 
               
               
                  5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% 
                 4.7 
                 20.2 (5.92) 
                 8.35 
               
               
                 Isopar H in Zerol 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 5.5 
                 20.0 (5.86) 
                 8.35 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 4.3 
                 19.3 (5.65) 
                 8.00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show significant increases in lubricant return, energy efficiency and capacity when compatibilizers are added to Zerol 150, Suniso 3GS or 4GS and several cases with performance equivalent to or superior than polyol esters. There is also significant EER improvement during heating. 
     Example 37 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 32 was used to test R410A refrigerant with compatibilizers of the present invention. Results for cooling are in the table below. 
     Example 37 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sump 
                 Capacity 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lubricant 
                 kB.t.u./hr 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition 
                 Level (cm) 
                 (kW) 
                 EER 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 150 
                 5.00 
                 3.01 (0.882) 
                 11.71 
               
               
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB/1.5% 
                 4.95 
                 3.04 (0.890) 
                 11.98 
               
               
                 Pentane in Zerol 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 5.72 
                 3.09 (0.905) 
                 12.04 
               
               
                 1.5% Pentane in Zerol 150 
                 4.40 
                 2.93 (0.858) 
                 11.23 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show that using only pentane provides inadequate lubricant return, capacity and energy efficiency. PnB/DPnB as compatibilizer provides increased performance and a combination PnB/DPnB/pentane as compatibilizer provides the best overall performance, including comparable EER with polyol ester lubricant POE22. 
     Example 38 
     The apparatus and procedure of Example 32 was used to test R410A refrigerant with compatibilizers of the present invention. In this test, however, the HCFC-22 evaporator was replaced with and R410A evaporator. Results for cooling are below. 
     Example 38 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sump 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lubricant 
                 Capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Level 
                 kB.t.u./hr 
               
               
                 Lubricant Composition 
                 (cm) 
                 (kW) 
                 EER 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 10% 2-heptanone/1% orange* in 
                 5.33 
                 3.17 (0.928) 
                 11.87 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
               
                 15% 2-nonanone/1% cinnamon* in 
                 5.60 
                 3.15 (0.923) 
                 11.89 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
               
                 20% DMPD in Zerol 150 
                 5.70 
                 3.15 (0.923) 
                 11.92 
               
               
                 10% PnB/10% DMPD in Zerol 150 
                 5.50 
                 3.16 (0.925) 
                 11.94 
               
               
                 20% 1,5-DMPD in Zerol 150 
                 5.90 
                 3.14 (0.920) 
                 11.97 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 POE 22 
                 6.80 
                 3.35 (0.981) 
                 12.55 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 4.27 
                 3.07 (0.899) 
                 11.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *“Orange” and “Cinnamon” are fragrances sold by Intercontinental Fragrance  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data shows a significant improvement in capacity, energy efficiency and lubricant return using compatibilizers versus neat Zerol 150, even though the system had an HCFC-22 condenser and an R410A evaporator. 
     Example 39 
     Tests were conducted to determine if R410A refrigerant could be used in an R410A heat pump using Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant and compatibilizers. The heat pump was outfitted a sight glass and level tube in the lubricant sump. The fan-coil unit was installed in the indoor room of an environmental chamber and the outdoor unit was installed in the outdoor room. The two units were connected by 1.59 cm (⅝-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the suction line and by 1.27 cm (½-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the liquid line. The system was charged with 3,860 grams of refrigerant and 1270 ml of lubricant containing compatibilizers of the present invention. Refrigerant R410A with POE 22 polyol ester lubricant was used as a baseline for comparison. Tests were conducted at ASHRAE cooling conditions. For cooling the indoor room was controlled at 26.7° C. (80° F.) and 50% relative humidity, the outdoor room at 27.8° C. (82° F.) and 40% relative humidity. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. Results from refrigerant side measurements are shown below. 
     Example 39 
     Cooling Test 
                                             Vol %                   Lubricant   Capacity           Lost From   kB.t.u./hr       Lubricant Composition   Sump (cm)   (kW)   EER                  10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 150   16%   3.04 (0.890)   12.59       10% PnB/5% DPnB/ in Zerol   17%   3.05 (0.893)   12.67       150 with R410A + 0.5%       pentane       10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol   23%   3.03 (0.887)   13.06       150 with R410A + 0.5%       1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane       10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol   19%   3.04 ( )     13.11       150 with R410A + 0.5% 1,1-       dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane       12% DMM in Zerol 150   20%   3.04 (0.890)   12.88       11% Diisobutyl ketone/1%   21%   3.02 (0.884)   12.99       orange** in Zerol 150       11% 2-Nonanone/1%   20%   3.03 (0.887)   13.02       cinnamon** in Zerol 150       20% 1-octyl-pyrrolidin-2-one   18%   3.07 (0.899)   13.35       in Zerol 150       45% 1-octyl-pyrrolidin-2-one   13%   3.09 (0.905)   13.50       in Zerol 150       20% N-methylcaprolactam in   21%   3.11 (0.911)   13.56       Zerol 150                 Comparative Data                             POE 22   10%   3.09 (0.905)   13.54       Zerol 150*   38%   2.96 (0.867)   12.43               *Zerol 150 test was stopped before completion - compressor sump lubricant level became too low        **“Orange” and “Cinnamon” are fragrances sold by Intercontinental Fragrance             
Results show improved lubricant return, capacity and efficiency when compatibilizers of the present invention are added to Zerol 150. Use of 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one amide compatibilizer shows performance equivalent to the POE 22 polyol ester lubricant baseline. A retrofit simulation was also conducted wherein the R410A heat pump was charged and operated with POE 22 then drained and charged with 45% 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-one in Zerol 150 without intermediate flushing. System efficiency and capacity were within 2% of the original POE 22 baseline.
 
     Example 40 
     Tests were conducted to determine if HFC-134a refrigerant could be used in a domestic refrigerator (Whirlpool 21 cubic foot) using conventional lubricants Zerol 150 or Suniso 3GS and compatibilizers of the present invention. The refrigerator was outfitted with pressure and temperature measuring devices as well as power measurement to the hermetic reciprocating compressor and two fans. The compressor was also fitted with a sight glass to monitor lubricant level during operation. The refrigerator was tested in a room controlled at 27.8° C. and 40% relative humidity. The refrigerator was turned on and allowed to cool until the refrigerated compartment reached 3.3° C. The energy efficiency (COP) and capacity were then calculated using a thermodynamic model based on temperature, pressure and power inputs. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. In all tests, lubricant level was adequate indicating no lubricant return problems. 
     Example 40 
                                                     % Change in               Lubricant   Capacity   Capacity vs       % Change in       Composition   (Watts)   POE   COP   COP vs POE                  10% PnB/5% DPnB   145   +1.4%   1.31   +8.3%       in Zerol 150       12% DMM in 3GS   143   —   1.33   +9.9%       12% DMM in Zerol 150   145   +1.4%   1.34   +10.7%         6% DMM in Zerol 100   148   +3.5%   1.30   +7.4%       20% OP in Zerol 100   145   +1.4%   1.30   +7.4%       45% OP in Zerol 300   146   +2.1%   1.32   +9.1%                 Comparative Data                                 POE 22   143   —   1.21   —       Zerol 150   *   *   *   *       Zerol 75   146   +2.1%   1.25   +3.3%               *Evaporator was flooded and test could not be completed.             
Results show a significant improvement in energy efficiency when compatibilizers of the present invention are used with conventional lubricants. Improvement is also shown when compared with using a low viscosity alkyl benzene lubricant (Zerol 75) alone. Capacities also showed improvement versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant.
 
     Example 41 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention were mixed with Zerol 150 and placed in shallow dishes in a 50% constant humidity chamber. Periodic samples of the compositions were taken and analyzed by Karl Fischer titration for water. Results are shown in ppm water versus polyol ester, polyvinyl ether and polyalkylene glycol lubricants. 
     Example 41 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Samples 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hours 
                 0 
                 2 
                 3.5 
                 5.5 
                 21 
                 26 
                 45 
                 50 
                 69 
                 74 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15% DIP in Zerol 150 
                 77 
                 108 
                 124 
                 154 
                 318 
                 351 
                 402 
                 392 
                 401 
                 375 
               
               
                 10% PnB 5% DPnB in 
                 112 
                 137 
                 209 
                 242 
                 506 
                 533 
                 538 
                 661 
                 756 
                 708 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PVE32 
                 185 
                 398 
                 505 
                 785 
                 1784 
                 1917 
                 2511 
                 2451 
                 2791 
                 2630 
               
               
                 Zerol 150 
                 43 
                 47 
                 36 
                 41 
                 37 
                 33 
                 30 
                 29 
                 39 
                 34 
               
               
                 Ucon488 
                 1175 
                 1517 
                 3123 
                 4158 
                 12114 
                 12721 
                 16741 
                 18592 
                 20133 
                 19997 
               
               
                 POE 22 
                 153 
                 165 
                 173 
                 181 
                 693 
                 733 
                 1022 
                 1096 
                 1199 
                 1165 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show compatibilizer/lubricant compositions of the present invention absorb less water than polyol ester and significantly less water than polyvinyl ether and polyalkylene glycol lubricants. Since compatibilizer/lubricant compositions of the present invention do absorb some water, they also have lower risk of having free (immisicible) water available than Zerol 150. Free water can freeze in expansion devices and cause compressor failure. 
     Example 42 
     Compositions of the present invention were tested for thermal stability. Stainless steel, aluminum and copper coupons were placed in sealed glass tubes containing R410A refrigerant, Zerol 150 lubricant and compatibilizers of the present invention. In four cases, 1,000 ppm water was added. Tubes were held for 14 days at 175° C. Results are shown in the table below. 
     Example 42 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 R410A/Zerol 150 + 5% 
                 R407C/Zerol 100 + 20% 
                 R410A/Zerol 150 + 10% 
                 Comparative Data: 
               
               
                 After 14 days 
                 R410A/Zerol 150 + 
                 DMM/5% DPnB/5% 140 
                 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one + 
                 PnB/5% DPnB + 1000 
                 R410A/POE 22 + 
               
               
                 at 175° C. 
                 15% PnB 
                 Naptha + 1000 ppm H 2 O 
                 1000 ppm H 2 O 
                 ppm H 2 O 
                 1000 ppm H 2 O 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Copper Appearance 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 Corrosion and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 discoloration observed 
               
               
                 Aluminum Appearance 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
               
               
                 Steel Appearance 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
                 No observable changes 
               
               
                 Acidity as HCl in ppm 
                 &lt;1   
                 &lt;1   
                 &lt;1 
                 29   
                 577 
               
               
                 R410A wt % 
                 99.9 
                 99.9 
                 99.9 
                 99.9 
                   99.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show compositions of the present invention are thermally stable even in the presence of 1,000 ppm water, indicating no acid formation. Polyol ester lubricant in the presence of water caused corrosion of copper due to hydrolysis and acid formation. 
     Example 43 
     Volume resistivity was measured by ASTM D-1169 method using a Balsbaugh liquid test cell connected to a Keithley model 617 electrometer. A Keithley model 247 high voltage power supply was used as the excitation source. Capacitance used for calculating both resistivity and dielectric constant was measured with a GenRad model 1189 capacitance bridge. Results are shown below. 
     Example 43 
                                         Volume Resistivity           Composition   (Ohm × cm)   Dielectric Constant                  Zerol 150/PnB/DPnB   9.12 × 10 12     2.73       (85/10/5 wt %)       Zerol 150/PnB/DPnB/Isopar   1.73 × 10 13     2.62       H (85/5/5/5 wt %)                 Comparative Data                         POE 22   5.50 × 10 11     3.54                    
Results show compositions of the present invention have improved electrical properties versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. They show an increase in volume resistivity and a decrease in dielectric constant that improves electrical insulating properties and protects compressor electrical motor winding materials.
 
     Example 44 
     Solubility and viscosity measurements were made for compositions of the present invention in Zerol 150 with R410A refrigerant. The data were used to determine the amount of refrigerant dissolved in lubricant under evaporator conditions at 10° C., 1 MPa and subsequent viscosity reduction. Data were compared with R410A/POE 22 and R410A/Zerol 150. The viscosity and percent refrigerant dissolved in lubricant at compression conditions was also determined, 80° C., 2.5 MPa. Results are shown below. 
     Example 44 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Refrigerant 
                   
                 % Refrigerant 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dissolved in 
                 Viscosity 
                 Dissolved in 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                   
                 Lubricant at 
                 (cPoise) at 
                 Lubricant at 
                 (cPoise) at 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporator 
                 Evaporator at 
                 Compression 
                 Compressor at 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 Conditions 
                 10° C. 
                 Conditions 
                 80° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 R410A/10% PnB + 
                 18 
                 8 
                 11 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 5% DPnB in Zerol 
               
               
                 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R410A/POE22 
                 45 
                 3 
                 17 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 R410A/Zerol 150 
                 10 
                 38  
                  7 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results show a significant increase in refrigerant solubility and subsequent viscosity reduction in the evaporator by a compatibilizer of the present invention when added to a conventional alkyl benzene lubricant. This viscosity reduction can result in improved lubricant return to the compressor. Because less refrigerant is dissolved in the lubricant than POE 22 at compression conditions, viscosity remains high enough to effectively lubricate the compressor. 
     Example 45 
     Dynamic viscosity measurements were made using a ViscoPro2000 viscometer of POE 22, Zerol 150 and Zerol 150 containing 10 wt % PnB and 5 wt % DPnB. Results are shown in FIG.  10 . Results show 10% PnB and 5% DPnB increase the viscosity index of Zerol 150. This gives the desirable result of lower viscosity at low temperature without lowering viscosity at high temperature, a profile similar to POE 22. This enhances lubricant return from the evaporator while maintaining good viscosity in the compressor. 
     Example 46 
     A four ball wear test using ASTM D4172B was conducted using steel balls was conducted to assess the lubricating properties for compositions of the present invention. The test was run for 60 minutes using different combinations of compatibilizer in alkyl benzene lubricant and compared to lubricant without compatibilizer. Wear scar and average coefficient of friction were measured. Results are shown below. 
                                                 Average Coefficient           Wear Scar (mm)   of Friction                                                 6% DMM in Zerol 100   0.85   0.108       20% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-   0.61   0.093       2-one in Zerol 100       35% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-   0.64   0.091       2-one in Zerol 150       12% DMM/2% Synergol   0.52   0.113       in Zerol 150                 Comparative Data                         Zerol 150   0.88   0.110                    
Results show lubrication properties are similar or improved when compatibilizers of the present invention are added to conventional lubricants, as evidenced by reduced size of wear scar and similar lower coefficient of friction. Addition of antiwear additives such as Synergol further improves lubrication properties.
 
     Example 47 
     Compressor durability tests were conducted with compositions of the present invention. A flooded start test was performed on scroll and rotary compressors. A flooded start test is a severe condition where the compressor sump is flooded with refrigerant on shutdown. During startup, presence of refrigerant can reduce lubricant viscosity resulting in inadequate compressor lubrication. This is particularly difficult with immiscible refrigerant/lubricant systems where two layers can form in the compressor sump with the refrigerant layer on the bottom, the point at which lubricant is normally drawn into the compressor bearings. The compressors were tested at −12.2° C. suction temperature and 37.8° C. discharge temperature. The compressors were cycled for three minutes on and fifteen mutes off for 1,000 cycles. After the tests the compressors were disassembled and inspected for wear. No significant wear was observed. 
     Example 47 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Compressor Type 
                 Refrigerant 
                 Lubricant 
                 Significant Wear 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Rotary 
                 R407C 
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB 
                 None 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in Zerol 150 
               
               
                 Scroll 
                 R407C 
                 10% PnB/5% DPnB 
                 None 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in Zerol 150 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Comparative Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Rotary 
                 HCFC-22 
                 Mineral Oil 
                 None 
               
               
                 Scroll 
                 HCFC-22 
                 Mineral Oil 
                 None 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 48 
     Compatibilizers of the present invention were tested for compatibility with polyester motor materials used in certain hermetic compressors. Strips of polyester film were placed in a sealed tube with HFC-134a refrigerant and different lubricant/compatibilizer combinations. The tubes were held at 150° C. for two weeks. The polyester strips were removed and bent ten times through an arc of 180° to evaluate for embrittlement. Strips in both the liquid and vapor phases were evaluated. Results are shown in the table below. 
     Example 48 
                                         # of Bends Before   # of Bends Before       Lubricant tested   Breaking Liquid   Breaking Vapor       with HFC-134a   Phase   Phase                                            10% PnB/5% DPnB   1   1       in Zerol 150       12% DMM in Zerol 150   &gt;10   &gt;10       20% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-   &gt;10   &gt;10       2-one in Zerol 150                 Comparative Data                         Zerol 150   7   9       POE 22   10   1                    
The data show DMM (CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 CH 3 ) with no free hydroxyl groups has significantly improved polyester motor material compatibility versus PnB (C 4 H 9 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )OH) and DPnB (C 4 H 9 O(CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O) 2 H), both with terminal hydroxyl groups. The data also show alkyl pyrrolidones such as 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone are compatible with polyester motor materials and preferred for use in certain hermetic compressors.