Patent Publication Number: US-2023164627-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for optimized ofdma subcarrier allocation

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     In order to address exhaustion of the available spectrum capacity in the 5 GHz band, unlicensed use of the 6 GHz band (5.925 GHz-7.125 GHz) for Wi-Fi has been approved by the FCC in April 2020. Opening up a contiguous 1200 MHz chunk of spectrum above the 5 GHz band will enable a substantial amount of new bandwidth over multiple wideband channels. Introduction of the 6 GHz band for Wi-Fi use will provide enough spectrum to safely deploy 80 MHz and 160 MHz wide channels, with high throughput rates (higher data speeds, lower latency) and congestion-free network access with less interference from legacy devices. The 6 GHz band will accommodate up to 14 additional 80 MHz channels and 7 additional 160 MHz channels. 
     Residential Wi-Fi networks are now being built with Access Points (APs) that support IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi  6 ) high efficiency standard. This wireless communications protocol applies to residential gateways (RGs) and wireless extenders that provide Internet access and other services to client stations in a local area network (LAN). 802.11ax introduces Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), which allows multiple clients to concurrently share transmit/receive opportunities via individual subcarrier allocation of a given channel bandwidth. This promises to provide considerable benefit to Wi-Fi network throughput, particularly relative to the inefficiencies of having each client compete for transmit opportunities via Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). 
     Wireless devices that are capable of 6 GHz operation (Wi-Fi over 6 GHz radios) are referred to as Wi-Fi  6 E devices, and will provide the benefits of the IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi  6 ) standard (higher performance in terms of faster data rates and lower latency) in the 6 GHz band. Wi-Fi  6 E devices can make use of the wider channels and additional capacity to provide better performance and support denser deployments. Thus, Wi-Fi  6 E devices will be able to provide clean uncongested bandwidth and enable multi-gigabit data speeds. The 6 GHz Wi-Fi technology allows new high bandwidth, low latency, and high quality-of-service (QoS) services to be built on it. Developing technology for Wi-Fi in the 6 GHz band will be essential for residential multi-access point and mesh network, multiple dwelling unit (MDU) single-access point networks, high-density enterprise networks, indoor public venues, industrial Internet of Things (IoT), etc. 
     The choice of OFDMA subcarrier allocation to clients is not specified by the IEEE 802.11ax standard, but rather is left to vendors to determine how they will implement the allocation of channel bandwidth. This has led device manufacturers to consider what varying levels of flexibility may be needed for OFDMA subcarrier allocation in gateways, APs, extenders, and the like. 
     In a residential gateway, AP, extender, etc., 6 GHz radios could be used as both a Wide Area Network (WAN) interface and a local area network (LAN) interface. Typically, the physical WAN interface is a different technology from the physical LAN interface. Common WAN interfaces include DOCSIS over coax, xDSL, fiber, and LTE, for example. These are interfaces to the service provider network that user equipment (e.g., phones, laptops, set-top boxes, etc.) do not usually have. Common LAN interfaces include Ethernet and Wi-Fi, with one or both interfaces being commonly supported in the user equipment. Thus, physically separate interfaces between the WAN and the LAN are required in the existing related technology (with the exception of Ethernet, which is common as both a WAN and LAN technology). An Ethernet WAN is often used when the router is connected to another access device, such as a DSL modem, cable modem, or ONT, for example. 
     Until recently, the LAN interface speeds have not been fast enough to handle both WAN traffic and LAN traffic simultaneously. With the anticipated availability of the 6 GHz spectrum for Wi-Fi and the higher speeds supported by IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi  6 E), as well as 10G Ethernet now starting to be considered as a LAN interface, these interfaces are becoming fast enough to support both LAN traffic and WAN traffic at the same time. A main attraction of the 6 GHz spectrum is that it is new clean spectrum without very much interference to reduce throughput (at least not until widely implemented after some time), and there is a lot of bandwidth available as compared to the 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz spectrums. However, implementing an RG, AP, or wireless extender with a first 6 GHz Wi-Fi radio for the WAN interface and a second 6 GHz Wi-Fi radio for the LAN interface is expensive. Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop a solution in which a single 6 GHz Wi-Fi radio can be used as both the WAN interface and the LAN interface. 
     SUMMARY 
     Aspects of the present disclosure provide novel solutions for enabling a network gateway device to implement a flexible OFDMA subcarrier allocation solution. The gateway device may also be referred to generally as a Wi-Fi access point or AP herein, and the solutions may apply similarly to wireless extenders and other wireless networking devices of this type. The gateway device includes a single physical Wi-Fi radio configured with two separate virtual interfaces (or logical interfaces) for WAN traffic and LAN traffic, respectively. The single Wi-Fi AP and 6 GHz radio is configured to serve both Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) 6 GHz backhaul needs. In addition, the gateway device provides support for routing functionality (e.g., firewall, network address translation (NAT), etc.) to be applied between WAN and LAN traffic associated with the 6 GHz AP. 
     An aspect of the present disclosure provides gateway device capable of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) subcarrier allocation for stations in a wireless network. The gateway device includes a memory storing instructions, and a processor configured to execute the one or more programs to establish wireless backhaul connections with a wide area network backhaul station (WAN BSTA) and one or more local area network backhaul stations (LAN BSTAs), among the stations in the wireless network. The processor may be configured to determine a total downlink buffered traffic load for downlink traffic from the gateway device to each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and receive, from the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, a total uplink buffered traffic load for uplink traffic from each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, to the gateway device. The processor may also be configured to determine a first ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, in relation to a total downlink buffered traffic load for all of the stations in the wireless network, and determine a second ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, in relation to a total uplink buffered traffic load for all of the stations in the wireless network. The processor may also be configured to perform OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the first ratio for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and perform OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the second ratio for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the processor may be further configured to determine an access category (AC) of a highest priority downlink traffic remaining at the gateway device for transmission to each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and receive, from the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, an access category (AC) of a highest priority uplink traffic remaining at each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, for transmission to the gateway device, and an uplink buffered traffic load for the highest priority uplink traffic. The processor may be further configured to determine a downlink AC scale factor corresponding to the AC of the highest priority downlink traffic for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and determine an uplink AC scale factor corresponding to the AC of the highest priority uplink traffic for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively. The processor may be further configured to determine a third ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs multiplied by the downlink AC scale factor for the highest priority downlink traffic for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior downlink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network, and determine a fourth ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, plus the uplink buffered traffic load for the highest priority uplink traffic multiplied by the uplink AC scale factor of each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior uplink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network. The processor may be further configured to perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the third ratio for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the fourth ratio for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the processor may be further configured to establish a wireless fronthaul connection with one or more LAN side client stations (LAN client STAs), among the stations in the wireless network. The processor may be further configured to determine a total downlink buffered traffic load for downlink traffic from the gateway device to each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, and receive, from the one or more LAN client STAs, a total uplink buffered traffic load for uplink traffic from each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, to the gateway device. The processor may be further configured to determine a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) scale factor for each of the one or more LAN client STAs, the MCS scale factor being a ratio of MCS that is required by each of the one or more LAN client STAs in relation to a base MCS representing a min-range link quality, respectively. The processor may be further configured to determine a fifth ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for the WAN BSTA, plus the total downlink buffered traffic load of the one or more LAN BSTAs, plus the total downlink buffered traffic load of the one or more LAN client STAs multiplied by the MCS scaling factor of each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior downlink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network, and determine a sixth ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for the WAN BSTA, the total uplink buffered traffic load for the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the total uplink buffered traffic load for the one or more LAN client STAs multiplied by the MCS scaling factor of each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior uplink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network. The processor may be further configured to perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the fifth ratio for each of the WAN BSTA, the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, and perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the sixth ratio for each of the WAN BSTA, the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the processor may be further configured to determine an access category (AC) of a highest priority downlink traffic remaining at the gateway device for transmission to each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and receive, from the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, an access category (AC) of a highest priority uplink traffic remaining at each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, for transmission to the gateway device, and an uplink buffered traffic load for the highest priority uplink traffic. The processor may be further configured to establish a wireless fronthaul connection with one or more LAN side client stations (LAN client STAs), among the stations in the wireless network. The processor may be further configured to determine a total downlink buffered traffic load for downlink traffic from the gateway device to each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, and an AC of a highest priority downlink traffic remaining at the gateway device for transmission to each of the LAN client STAs, respectively, and receive, from the one or more LAN client STAs, a total uplink buffered traffic load for uplink traffic from each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, to the gateway device, and an AC of a highest priority uplink traffic remaining at each of the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, for transmission to the gateway device, and an uplink buffered traffic load for the highest priority uplink traffic. The processor may be further configured to determine a downlink AC scale factor corresponding to the AC of the highest priority downlink traffic for each of the WAN BSTA, the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, and determine an uplink AC scale factor corresponding to the AC of the highest priority uplink traffic for each of the WAN BSTA, the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively. The processor may be further configured to determine a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) scale factor for each of the one or more LAN client STAs, the MCS scale factor being a ratio of MCS that is required by each of the one or more LAN client STAs in relation to a base MCS representing a min-range link quality, respectively. The processor may be further configured to perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic based on the total downlink buffered traffic load and the downlink AC scale factor for each of the WAN BSTA, the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, and further based on the MCS scale factor for each of the one or more LAN client STAs, and perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic based on the total uplink buffered traffic load and the uplink AC scale factor for each of the WAN BSTA, the one or more LAN BSTAs, and the one or more LAN client STAs, respectively, and further based on the MCS scale factor for each of the one or more LAN client STAs. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the processor may be configured to perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic by referring to a table stored in the memory of the gateway device, wherein the table indicates a maximum number of resource units (RUs) for each channel width, selecting a closest set of RUs from the table for the downlink traffic based on the first ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for each of the stations, respectively, and selecting a closest set of RUs from the table for the uplink traffic based on the second ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for each of the stations, respectively. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the processor may be further configured to periodically or dynamically determine an updated buffer status for the downlink traffic for the stations, and periodically or dynamically receive, from the stations, an updated buffer status for the uplink traffic for the gateway device. The processor may be further configured to determine an updated ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for each of the stations, determine an updated ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for each of the stations, perform OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by reallocating RUs of the available channel bandwidth based on the updated ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for each of the stations, and perform OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by reallocating RUs of the available channel bandwidth based on the updated ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for each of the stations. 
     An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of orthogonal frequency multiple access (OFDMA) subcarrier allocation for stations in a wireless network. The method may include establishing, by a gateway device, wireless backhaul connections with a wide area network backhaul station (WAN BSTA) and one or more local area network backhaul stations (LAN BSTAs), among the stations in the wireless network. The method may also include determining a total downlink buffered traffic load for downlink traffic from the gateway device to each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and receiving, from the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, a total uplink buffered traffic load for uplink traffic from each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, to the gateway device. The method may also include determining a first ratio of the total downlink buffered traffic load for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, in relation to a total downlink buffered traffic load for all of the stations in the wireless network, and determining a second ratio of the total uplink buffered traffic load for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, in relation to a total uplink buffered traffic load for all of the stations in the wireless network. The method may also include performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the first ratio for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively, and performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the second ratio for each of the WAN BSTA and the one or more LAN BSTAs, respectively. 
     An aspect of the present disclosure provides one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) subcarrier allocation for stations in a wireless network. The instructions when executed by a processor of the gateway device described above cause the gateway device to perform operations including the steps of the method described above. 
     The above-described method and computer-readable medium may be implemented in a residential gateway (RG) or other home network gateway device according to some example embodiments. However, some other example embodiments are not limited thereto, and the method and computer-readable medium may be implemented by a wireless extender, or a Wi-Fi access point (AP), or other similar electronic devices that enable wireless networking. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a more detailed block diagram illustrating various components of an exemplary gateway device, client device, and wireless extender implemented in the system of  FIG.  1    according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a more detailed block diagram illustrating certain components of an exemplary gateway device and an exemplary wide area network adaptor implemented in the system of  FIG.  1    according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating an example of a 6 GHz Backhaul connection of a gateway device with a wireless extender and a WAN adaptor, according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating a flow of a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  8    is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of various example embodiments of the present disclosure. The following description includes various details to assist in that understanding, but these are to be regarded merely as examples and not for the purpose of limiting the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. The words and phrases used in the following description are merely used to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the present disclosure. In addition, descriptions of well-known structures, functions, and configurations may be omitted for clarity and conciseness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the examples described herein can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     It should be appreciated that various example embodiments of inventive concepts disclosed herein are not limited to specific numbers or combinations of devices, and there may be one or multiple of some of the aforementioned electronic apparatuses in the system, which may itself consist of multiple communication networks and various known or future developed wireless connectivity technologies, protocols, devices, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , the main elements of the system include a gateway device  2  connected to the Internet  6  via an Internet Service Provider (ISP)  1  and a wide area network (WAN) adaptor  5 , and also connected to different wireless devices such as wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4 . The system shown in  FIG.  1    includes wireless devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4 ) that may be connected in one or more wireless networks (e.g., private, guest, iControl, backhaul network, or Internet of things (IoT) network) within the system. Additionally, there could be some overlap between wireless devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4 ) in the different networks. That is, one or more network devices could be located in more than one network. For example, the wireless extenders  3  could be located both in a private network for providing content and information to a client device  4  and also included in a backhaul network or an iControl network. 
     Starting from the top of  FIG.  1   , the ISP  1  can be, for example, a streaming video provider or any computer for connecting the gateway device  2  to the Internet  6 . The ISP  1  may have various hardware components associated therewith, including but not limited to a file server  12 , an optical line terminal (OLT)  15 , and an optical network terminal (ONT)  16 . 
     The connection  14  between the Internet  6  and the ISP  1  can be implemented using a wide area network (WAN), a virtual private network (VPN), metropolitan area networks (MANs), system area networks (SANs), a DOCSIS network, a fiber optics network (e.g., FTTH (fiber to the home) or FTTX (fiber to the x), or hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC)), a digital subscriber line (DSL), a public switched data network (PSDN), a global Telex network, or a 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G network, for example. 
     The wide area network (WAN) adaptor  5  can be a hardware electronic device that provides an interface between the Internet  6  via the ISP  1 , and the gateway device  2 . The WAN adaptor  5  may include various components, including but not limited to an input/output (I/O) port  501  (wired connection interface) such as an Ethernet port, or cable port, a fiber optic port, or the like, and a 6 GHz radio  506  (wireless connection interface). The WAN adaptor  5  “adapts” the 6 GHz interface to an interface supported by the ISP-provided WAN access device (e.g., a connection  13 , such as Ethernet, to the ONT  16 ). Thus, the WAN adaptor  5  serves as a “6 GHz to Ethernet Bridge” connecting the gateway device  2  to the Internet  6 , according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. Other types of WAN access devices include a DOCSIS modem, a DSL modem, and a fixed wireless modem. In some example embodiments, the WAN adaptor  5  may be a separate device that sits in between an ISP-provided modem, modem/router combination or the like, and the gateway device  2 . 
     The connection  13  between the ISP  1  (e.g., via the ONT  16 ) and the WAN adaptor  5  can be implemented using a wide area network (WAN), a virtual private network (VPN), metropolitan area networks (MANs), system area networks (SANs), a DOCSIS network, a fiber optics network (e.g., FTTH (fiber to the home) or FTTX (fiber to the x), or hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC)), a digital subscriber line (DSL), a public switched data network (PSDN), a global Telex network, or a 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G network, for example. The connection  13  can further include as some portion thereof a broadband mobile phone network connection, an optical network connection, or other similar connections. For example, the connection  13  can also be implemented using a fixed wireless connection that operates in accordance with, but is not limited to, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G protocols. It is also contemplated by the present disclosure that connection  13  between the WAN adaptor  5  and the ISP  1  is capable of providing connections between the gateway device  2  and a WAN, a LAN, a VPN, MANs, PANs, WLANs, SANs, a DOCSIS network, a fiber optics network (e.g., FTTH, FTTX, or HFC), a PSDN, a global Telex network, or a 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G network, for example. 
     The gateway device  2  can be, for example, a hardware electronic device that may be a combination modem and network gateway device that combines the functions of a modem, an access point (AP), and/or a router for providing content received from the ISP  1  to network devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4 ) in the system. It is also contemplated by the present disclosure that the gateway device  2  can include the function of, but is not limited to, an Internet Protocol/Quadrature Amplitude Modulator (IP/QAM) set-top box (STB) or smart media device (SMD) that is capable of decoding audio/video content, and playing over-the-top (OTT) or multiple system operator (MSO) provided content. The gateway device  2  may also be referred to as a residential gateway (RG), a broadband access gateway, a home network gateway, a home router, or a wireless access point (AP). 
     The gateway device  2  can include one or more wired interfaces (e.g., an Ethernet port, a cable port, a fiber optic port, or the like) and multiple wireless interfaces, including but not limited to a 2.4 GHz radio  204 , a 5 GHz radio  205 , and a 6 GHz radio  206 . 
     The connection  7  between the gateway device  2  and the WAN adaptor  5  and the connection  8  between the gateway device  2  and the wireless extenders  3  are implemented through a wireless connection that operates in accordance with any IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi protocols, Bluetooth protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or other short range protocols that operate in accordance with a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using any licensed or unlicensed band such as the CBRS band, 2.4 GHz bands, 5 GHz bands, 6 GHz bands, or 60 GHz bands. One or more of the connection  7  and/or the connection  8  can also be a wired Ethernet connection. 
     The connection  7  between the gateway device  2  and the WAN adaptor  5  may be implemented via the 6 GHz radio  206  of the gateway device  2  and the 6 GHz radio  506  of the WAN adaptor  5 , for example. The connection  7  enables the gateway device  2  and the WAN adaptor  5  to establish a dedicated 6 GHz wireless backhaul (6 GHz BH) according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the connection  7  could also be implemented using respective wired interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, cable, fiber optic, or the like) in some alternative example embodiments. 
     The connection  8  between the gateway device  2  and the wireless extenders  3  can be implemented using the 6 GHz radio  206  of the gateway device  2  and the 6 GHz radios  306  of the wireless extenders  3 , for example. The connection  8  enables the gateway device  2  and the wireless extenders  3  to establish a dedicated 6 GHz wireless backhaul (6 GHz BH) according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the connection  8  could also be implemented using respective wired interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, cable, fiber optic, or the like) in some alternative example embodiments. 
     The connection  9  between the gateway device  2 , the wireless extenders  3 , and client devices  4  can be implemented using a wireless connection in accordance with any IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi protocols, Bluetooth protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or other short range protocols that operate in accordance with a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using any licensed or unlicensed band such as the citizens broadband radio service (CBRS) band, 2.4 GHz bands, 5 GHz bands, 6 GHz bands, or 60 GHz bands. Additionally, the connection  9  can be implemented using a wireless connection that operates in accordance with, but is not limited to, RF4CE protocol, ZigBee protocol, Z-Wave protocol, or IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. It is also contemplated by the present disclosure that the connection  9  can include connections to a media over coax (MoCA) network. One or more of the connections  9  can also be a wired Ethernet connection. 
     The wireless extenders  3  can be, for example, hardware electronic devices such as access points (APs) used to extend the wireless network by receiving the signals transmitted by the gateway device  2  and rebroadcasting the signals to, for example, client devices  4 , which may out of range of the gateway device  2 . The wireless extenders  3  can also receive signals from the client devices  4  and rebroadcast the signals to the gateway device  2 , or other client devices  4 . 
     The connection  8  between respective wireless extenders  3  is implemented through a wireless connection that operates in accordance with any IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi protocols, Bluetooth protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or other short range protocols that operate in accordance with a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using any licensed or unlicensed band such as the CBRS band, 2.4 GHz bands, 5 GHz bands, 6 GHz bands, or 60 GHz bands. The connection  8  can also be a wired Ethernet connection. 
     The connection  8  between respective wireless extenders  3  can be implemented using the 6 GHz radio  306  of the wireless extenders  3 , for example. The connection  8  enables the wireless extenders  3  to establish a dedicated 6 GHz wireless backhaul (6 GHz BH) according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the connection  8  could also be implemented using respective wired interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, cable, fiber optic, or the like) in some alternative example embodiments. 
     The client devices  4  can be, for example, hand-held computing devices, personal computers, electronic tablets, smart phones, smart speakers, Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, iControl devices, portable music players with smart capabilities capable of connecting to the Internet, cellular networks, and interconnecting with other devices via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, or other wireless hand-held consumer electronic devices capable of executing and displaying content received through the gateway device  2 . Additionally, the client devices  4  can be a television (TV), an IP/QAM set-top box (STB) or a streaming media decoder (SMD) that is capable of decoding audio/video content, and playing over OTT or MSO provided content received through the gateway device  2 . 
     The connection  10  between the gateway device  2  and the client device  4  is implemented through a wireless connection that operates in accordance with, but is not limited to, any IEEE 802.11 protocols. Additionally, the connection  10  between the gateway device  2  and the client device  4  can also be implemented through a WAN, a LAN, a VPN, MANs, PANs, WLANs, SANs, a DOCSIS network, a fiber optics network (e.g., FTTH, FTTX, or HFC), a PSDN, a global Telex network, or a 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G network, for example. The connection  10  can also be implemented using a wireless connection in accordance with Bluetooth protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or other short range protocols that operate in accordance with a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using any licensed or unlicensed band such as the CBRS band, 2.4 GHz bands, 5 GHz bands, 6 GHz bands, or 60 GHz bands. One or more of the connections  10  can also be a wired Ethernet connection. 
     The connection  10  between the client device  4  and the gateway device  2  can be implemented using the 6 GHz radio  406  of the client device  4  and the 6 GHz radio  206  of the gateway device  2 , for example. The connection  10  enables the gateway device  2  and the client device  4  to establish a 6 GHz wireless fronthaul (6 GHz FH) according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the connection  10  could also be implemented using respective wired interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, cable, fiber optic, or the like) in some alternative example embodiments. 
     The connection  11  between the wireless extenders  3  and the client devices  4  is implemented through a wireless connection that operates in accordance with any IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi protocols, Bluetooth protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or other short range protocols that operate in accordance with a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using any licensed or unlicensed band such as the CBRS band, 2.4 GHz bands, 5 GHz bands, 6 GHz bands, or 60 GHz bands. Additionally, the connection  11  can be implemented using a wireless connection that operates in accordance with, but is not limited to, RF4CE protocol, ZigBee protocol, Z-Wave protocol, or IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. Also, one or more of the connections  11  can be a wired Ethernet connection. 
     The connection  11  between the wireless extenders  3  and the client devices  4  can be implemented using the 2.4 GHz radio  404  or the 5 GHz radio  405  of the client devices  4  and the 2.4 GHz radio  304  or the 5 GHz radio  305  of the wireless extenders  3 , for example. The connection  11  enables the wireless extenders  3  and the client devices  4  to establish a 2.4 GHz wireless fronthaul or a 5 GHz wireless fronthaul, according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the connection  11  could also be implemented using respective wired interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, cable, fiber optic, or the like) in some alternative example embodiments. 
     A more detailed description of the exemplary internal components of the gateway device  2 , the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 , and the WAN adaptor  5  shown in  FIG.  1    will be provided in the discussion of  FIGS.  2  and  3   . However, in general, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that the gateway device  2 , the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 , and the WAN adaptor  5  include electronic components or electronic computing devices operable to receive, transmit, process, store, and/or manage data and information associated with the system, which encompasses any suitable processing device adapted to perform computing tasks consistent with the execution of computer-readable instructions stored in a memory or a computer-readable recording medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium). 
     Further, any, all, or some of the computing components in the gateway device  2 , the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 , and the WAN adaptor  5  may be adapted to execute any operating system, including Linux, UNIX, Windows, MacOS, DOS, and ChromOS as well as virtual machines adapted to virtualize execution of a particular operating system, including customized and proprietary operating systems. The gateway device  2 , the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 , and the WAN adaptor  5  are further equipped with components to facilitate communication with other computing devices over the one or more network connections to local and wide area networks, wireless and wired networks, public and private networks, and any other communication network enabling communication in the system. 
       FIG.  2    is a more detailed block diagram illustrating various components of an exemplary gateway device, client device, and wireless extender implemented in the system of  FIG.  1   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Although  FIG.  2    only shows one wireless extender  3  and one client device  4 , the wireless extender  3  and the client device  4  shown in the figure are meant to be representative of the other wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4  shown in  FIG.  1   . Similarly, the connections  8 ,  9 ,  10 , and  11  between the gateway device  2 , the wireless extender  3 , and the client device  4  shown in  FIG.  2    are meant to be exemplary connections and are not meant to indicate all possible connections between the gateway devices  2 , wireless extenders  3 , and client devices  4 . Additionally, it is contemplated by the present disclosure that the number of gateway devices  2 , wireless extenders  3 , and client devices  4  is not limited to the number of gateway devices  2 , wireless extenders  3 , and client devices  4  shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   . 
     Now referring to  FIG.  2    (e.g., from left to right), the client device  4  can be, for example, a computer, a portable device, an electronic tablet, an e-reader, a PDA, a smart phone, a smart speaker, an IoT device, an iControl device, portable music player with smart capabilities capable of connecting to the Internet, cellular networks, and interconnecting with other devices via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, or other wireless hand-held consumer electronic device capable of executing and displaying the content received through the gateway device  2 . Additionally, the client device  4  can be a TV, an IP/QAM STB, or an SMD that is capable of decoding audio/video content, and playing over OTT or MSO provided content received through the gateway device  2 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the client device  4  includes a user interface  40 , a network interface  41 , a power supply  42 , a memory  44 , and a controller  46 . 
     The user interface  40  includes, but is not limited to, push buttons, a keyboard, a keypad, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a thin film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting diode (LED), a high definition (HD) or other similar display device including a display device having touch screen capabilities so as to allow interaction between a user and the client device  4 . 
     The network interface  41  can include, but is not limited to, various network cards, interfaces, and circuitry implemented in software and/or hardware to enable communications with the gateway device  2  and the wireless extender  3  using the communication protocols in accordance with connections  9 ,  10 , and/or  11  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). 
     For example, the network interface  41  can include multiple radios (e.g., a 2.4 GHz radio, one or more 5 GHz radios, and/or a 6 GHz radio), which may also be referred to as wireless local area network (WLAN) interfaces. The radios (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and/or 6 GHz radio(s)) provide a fronthaul (FH) connection between the client device(s)  4  and the gateway device  2  and/or the wireless extender  3 . 
     The power supply  42  supplies power to the internal components of the client device  4  through the internal bus  47 . The power supply  42  can be a self-contained power source such as a battery pack with an interface to be powered through an electrical charger connected to an outlet (e.g., either directly or by way of another device). The power supply  42  can also include a rechargeable battery that can be detached allowing for replacement such as a nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), a lithium-ion (Li-ion), or a lithium Polymer (Li-pol) battery. 
     The memory  44  includes a single memory or one or more memories or memory locations that include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) a memory buffer, a hard drive, a database, an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), a read only memory (ROM), a flash memory, logic blocks of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a hard disk or any other various layers of memory hierarchy. The memory  44  can be used to store any type of instructions, software, or algorithms including software  45  for controlling the general function and operations of the client device  4  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
     The controller  46  controls the general operations of the client device  4  and includes, but is not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), a hardware microprocessor, a hardware processor, a multi-core processor, a single core processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or other similar processing device capable of executing any type of instructions, algorithms, or software including the software  45  for controlling the operation and functions of the client device  4  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. Communication between the components (e.g.,  40 ,  41 ,  42 ,  44 ,  46 ) of the client device  4  may be established using an internal bus  47 . 
     The wireless extender  3  can be, for example, a hardware electronic device such as an access point (AP) used to extend a wireless network by receiving the signals transmitted by the gateway device  2  and rebroadcasting the signals to client devices  4 , which may be out of range of the gateway device  2 . The wireless extender  3  can also receive signals from the client devices  4  and rebroadcast the signals to the gateway device  2 , mobile device  5 , or other client devices  4 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the wireless extender  3  includes a user interface  30 , a network interface  31 , a power supply  32 , a memory  34 , and a controller  36 . 
     The user interface  30  can include, but is not limited to, push buttons, a keyboard, a keypad, an LCD, a TFT, an LED, an HD or other similar display device including a display device having touch screen capabilities so as to allow interaction between a user and the wireless extender  3 . 
     The network interface  31  can include various network cards, interfaces, and circuitry implemented in software and/or hardware to enable communications with the client device  4  and the gateway device  2  using the communication protocols in accordance with connections  8 ,  9 , and/or  11  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). For example, the network interface  31  can include multiple radios or sets of radios (e.g., a 2.4 GHz radio, one or more 5 GHz radios, and/or a 6 GHz radio), which may also be referred to as wireless local area network (WLAN) interfaces. One radio or set of radios (e.g., 5 GHz and/or 6 GHz radio(s)) provides a backhaul (BH) connection between the wireless extender  3  and the gateway device  2 , and optionally other wireless extender(s)  3 . Another radio or set of radios (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and/or 6 GHz radio(s)) provides a fronthaul (FH) connection between the wireless extender  3  and one or more client device(s)  4 . 
     The power supply  32  supplies power to the internal components of the wireless extender  3  through the internal bus  37 . The power supply  32  can be connected to an electrical outlet (e.g., either directly or by way of another device) via a cable or wire. 
     The memory  34  can include a single memory or one or more memories or memory locations that include, but are not limited to, a RAM, a DRAM, a memory buffer, a hard drive, a database, an EPROM, an EEPROM, a ROM, a flash memory, logic blocks of an FPGA, hard disk or any other various layers of memory hierarchy. The memory  34  can be used to store any type of instructions, software, or algorithm including software  35  associated with controlling the general functions and operations of the wireless extender  3  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
     The controller  36  controls the general operations of the wireless extender  3  and can include, but is not limited to, a CPU, a hardware microprocessor, a hardware processor, a multi-core processor, a single core processor, an FPGA, a microcontroller, an ASIC, a DSP, or other similar processing device capable of executing any type of instructions, algorithms, or software including the software  35  for controlling the operation and functions of the wireless extender  3  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. General communication between the components (e.g.,  30 ,  31 ,  32 ,  34 ,  36 ) of the wireless extender  3  may be established using the internal bus  37 . 
     The gateway device  2  can be, for example, a hardware electronic device that can combine the functions of a modem, an access point (AP), and/or a router for providing content received from the content provider (ISP)  1  to network devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3 , client devices  4 ) in the system. It is also contemplated by the present disclosure that the gateway device  2  can include the function of, but is not limited to, an IP/QAM STB or SMD that is capable of decoding audio/video content, and playing OTT or MSO provided content. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the gateway device  2  includes a user interface  20 , a network interface  21 , a power supply  22 , a wide area network (WAN) interface  23 , a memory  24 , and a controller  26 . 
     The user interface  20  can include, but is not limited to, push buttons, a keyboard, a keypad, an LCD, a TFT, an LED, an HD or other similar display device including a display device having touch screen capabilities so as to allow interaction between a user and the gateway device  2 . 
     The network interface  21  may include various network cards, and circuitry implemented in software and/or hardware to enable communications with the wireless extender  3  and the client device  4  using the communication protocols in accordance with connections  8 ,  9 ,  10 , and/or  11  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). For example, the network interface  21  can include an Ethernet port (also referred to as a LAN interface) and multiple radios or sets of radios (e.g., a 2.4 GHz radio, one or more 5 GHz radios, and/or a 6 GHz radio, also referred to as WLAN interfaces). One radio or set of radios (e.g., 5 GHz and/or 6 GHz radio(s)) can provide a wireless backhaul (BH) connection between the gateway device  2  and the wireless extender(s)  3 . Another radio or set of radios (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and/or 6 GHz radio(s)) can provide a fronthaul (FH) connection between the gateway device  2  and one or more client device(s)  4 . 
     The power supply  22  supplies power to the internal components of the gateway device  2  through the internal bus  27 . The power supply  22  can be connected to an electrical outlet (e.g., either directly or by way of another device) via a cable or wire. 
     The WAN interface  23  may include various network cards, and circuitry implemented in software and/or hardware to enable communications between the gateway device  2  and the Internet  6 , via the ISP  1  and the WAN adaptor  5 , using the wired and/or wireless protocols in accordance with connection  7  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). For example, the WAN interface  23  can include an Ethernet port and one or more radios (e.g., a 6 GHz radio). The WAN interface  23  (e.g., 6 GHz radio) may be used to provide a wireless backhaul (BH) connection between the gateway device  2  and the WAN adaptor  5  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   , and further described with reference to  FIG.  3    below), according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the WAN interface  23  could provide a wired Ethernet connection (e.g., a BH connection) between the gateway device  2  and the WAN adaptor  5  according to some alternative example embodiments. 
     The memory  24  includes a single memory or one or more memories or memory locations that include, but are not limited to, a RAM, a DRAM, a memory buffer, a hard drive, a database, an EPROM, an EEPROM, a ROM, a flash memory, logic blocks of a FPGA, hard disk or any other various layers of memory hierarchy. The memory  24  can be used to store any type of instructions, software, or algorithm including software  25  for controlling the general functions and operations of the gateway device  2  and performing management functions related to the other devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4 ) in the network in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure (e.g., including a virtual interface function according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure). 
     The controller  26  controls the general operations of the gateway device  2  as well as performs management functions related to the other devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3  and client device  4 ) in the network. The controller  26  may also be referred to as a gateway access point (AP) wireless resource controller. The controller  26  can include, but is not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), a hardware microprocessor, a hardware processor, a multi-core processor, a single core processor, a FPGA, a microcontroller, an ASIC, a DSP, or other similar processing device capable of executing any type of instructions, algorithms, or software including the software  25  for controlling the operation and functions of the gateway device  2  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. Communication between the components (e.g.,  20 ,  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 ,  26 ) of the gateway device  2  may be established using the internal bus  27 . The controller  26  may also be referred to as a processor, generally. 
       FIG.  3    is a more detailed block diagram illustrating certain components of an exemplary gateway device and an exemplary wide area network adaptor implemented in the system of  FIG.  1   , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the gateway device  2  includes the network interface  21 , the WAN interface  23 , the memory  24 , and the controller (processor)  26 . 
     The network interface  21  includes an Ethernet port  203  (e.g., a wired LAN interface), a 2.4 GHz radio  204 , a 5 GHz radio  205 , and a 6 GHz radio  206  (e.g., wireless LAN interfaces, or WLAN interfaces). The gateway device  2  may communicate with the local area network devices (e.g., the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 ) of the system via one or more of the Ethernet port  203 , the 2.4 GHz radio  204 , the 5 GHz radio  205 , and/or the 6 GHz radio  206 . The gateway device  2  may communicate with the wide area network devices (e.g., the WAN adaptor  5 ) via the 6 GHz radio  206 . As mentioned above, according to aspects of the present disclosure, one radio or set of radios can provide a backhaul (BH) connection between the gateway device  2 , the wireless extender(s)  3  and the WAN adaptor  5 , while another radio or set of radios can provide a fronthaul (FH) connection between the gateway device  2  and the client device(s)  4 . However, the gateway device  2  may communicate with the LAN devices (e.g., the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 ) and/or the WAN devices (e.g., the WAN adaptor  5 ) via a wired Ethernet port according to some alternative example embodiments. 
     The memory  24  includes a virtual interface function  250  and a virtual interface table  240 . The virtual interface function  250  may be implemented as part of the instructions, algorithms, or software including the software  25  described above with reference to  FIG.  2   . The virtual interface table  300  may be a data structure storing various pieces of data, such as service set identifiers (e.g., WAN SSID and LAN SSID) and/or virtual tags (e.g., vWAN tag and vLAN tag) for use when performing operations in accordance with embodiments described in the present disclosure (e.g., including the virtual interface function according to some example embodiments). 
     The controller  26  includes a processor that is configured to access the memory  24 , perform the virtual interface function  250  (e.g., via execution of the software  25 ), and make determinations based on the information in virtual interface table  240 . The controller  26  also controls communications with the network devices (e.g., the wireless extenders  3 , the client devices  4 , and the WAN adaptor  5 ) via the Ethernet port  203 , the 2.4 GHz radio  204 , the 5 GHz radio  205 , and/or the 6 GHz radio  206  in accordance with embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the WAN adaptor  5  includes the network interface  51 , the WAN interface  53 , the memory  54 , and the controller  56 . 
     The network interface  51  may include various network cards, and circuitry implemented in software and/or hardware to enable communications with the gateway device  2  using the communication protocols in accordance with connection  7  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). For example, the network interface  51  can include a 6 GHz radio  506 . The WAN adaptor  5  may communicate with the gateway device  2  via the 6 GHz radio  506 . As mentioned above, according to aspects of the present disclosure, the 6 GHz radio  506  can provide a 6 GHz wireless backhaul (BH) connection between the WAN adaptor  5  and the gateway device  2 . However, the WAN adaptor  5  may communicate with the gateway device  2  via a wired Ethernet port according to some alternative example embodiments. 
     The WAN interface  53  may include various network cards, and circuitry implemented in software and/or hardware to enable communications between the WAN adaptor  5  and the Internet  6  via the ISP  1  using the communication protocols in accordance with connection  13  (e.g., as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). For example, the WAN interface  53  can include an I/O port  501 , which may provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet, cable, fiber, or the like) between the WAN adaptor  5  and the ISP  1  (e.g., via the ONT  16  as described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). The WAN adaptor  5  may also communicate with the file server  12  of the ISP  1  via the WAN interface  53  (e.g., the wired connection of the I/O port  501 ). 
     The memory  54  includes a single memory or one or more memories or memory locations that include, but are not limited to, a RAM, a DRAM, a memory buffer, a hard drive, a database, an EPROM, an EEPROM, a ROM, a flash memory, logic blocks of a FPGA, hard disk or any other various layers of memory hierarchy. The memory  54  can be used to store any type of instructions, software, or algorithm for controlling the general functions and operations of the WAN adaptor  5  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
     The controller  56  includes a processor that is configured to access the memory  54  and control the general operations of the WAN adaptor  5 . The controller  56  can include, but is not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), a hardware microprocessor, a hardware processor, a multi-core processor, a single core processor, a FPGA, a microcontroller, an ASIC, a DSP, or other similar processing device capable of executing any type of instructions, algorithms, or software for controlling the operation and functions of the WAN adaptor  5  in accordance with the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The controller  56  also controls communications with the gateway device  2  via the network interface  51  (e.g., the 6 GHz radio  506 ) and with the ISP  1  via the WAN interface  53  (e.g., the I/O port  501 ) in accordance with embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram of a 6 GHz Backhaul connection of a gateway device with a wireless extender and a WAN adaptor, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , the 6 GHz Backhaul connection enables traffic to be communicated between a WAN (e.g., the Internet) and a LAN, or vice versa. The traffic between the WAN and the LAN goes through a router component of the gateway device  2 . The gateway device  2 , which may also be referred to as a residential gateway (RG), broadband access device, or access point (AP), is an electronic apparatus that may be configured for various forms of network connectivity, including but not limited to Ethernet (wired) and one or more Wi-Fi radios (wireless). For example, the gateway device  2  may include a 2.4 GHz radio, a 5 GHz radio, and a 6 GHz radio. Each of the Ethernet, 2.4 GHz radio, and 5 GHz radio may communicate with the router via a respective LAN interface. However, the 6 GHz radio may communicate with the router via either of a LAN interface and/or a WAN interface according to some example embodiments. Instead of having two separate 6 GHz radios (one for the LAN side and one for the WAN side), the solution according to example embodiments of the present disclosure involves configuring the gateway device  2  to implement two virtual interfaces (or logical interfaces) over a single physical interface, such as a 6 GHz Wi-Fi radio, during an initial setup process. The virtual LAN interface can be associated with a first SSID (LAN SSID) and the virtual WAN interface can be associated with a second SSID (WAN SSID), as will be discussed in detail below in connection with example embodiments of the present disclosure. Thus, the gateway device  2  may include a single physical interface, such as the 6 GHz radio  206 , that is “virtualized” so as to provide both a LAN interface and a WAN interface. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the gateway device  2  may include multiple physical interfaces, such as an Ethernet port  203 , a 2.4 GHz radio  204 , a 5 GHz radio  205 , and a 6 GHz radio  206 , for example. The gateway device  2  may also include a router component that provides a packet forward processing function for directing communications with other network devices. The Ethernet port  203  may be configured to provide a first LAN interface with the router of the gateway device  2 , and may provide wired connectivity to the network devices (such as the wireless extenders  3  and/or the client devices  4 ). The 2.4 GHz radio  204  and the 5 GHz radio  205  may be configured to provide a second LAN interface and a third LAN interface with the router of the gateway device  2 , respectively, and may provide wireless connectivity to network devices (e.g., client devices  4 ) that are configured to operate in the 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz bands. The 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radio and the 5 GHz Wi-Fi radio may be single-band antennas in some example embodiments. However, some other example embodiments are not limited thereto, and the Wi-Fi radios may be dual-band antennas (e.g., supporting both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, at different times and/or at the same time) or tri-band antennas (e.g., supporting a single 2.4 GHz band and two 5 GHz bands, such as a low band and a high band). 
     According to example embodiments of the present disclosure, the 6 GHz radio  206  may be configured to provide both a fourth LAN interface and a wide area network (WAN) interface with the router of the gateway device  2 , and provide wireless connectivity to network devices (e.g., wireless extenders  3  and/or client devices  4 ) that are configured to operate in the 6 GHz band (also referred to as ‘Wi-Fi  6 E’ devices). The fourth LAN interface and the WAN interface may be configured as virtual interfaces provided over a single physical connection (e.g., the 6 GHz radio  206 ). The virtual interfaces may also be referred to as logical interfaces. A virtual LAN interface and a virtual WAN interface may be distinguished from each other by using different service set identifiers or SSIDs (e.g., 6G-LAN and 6G-WAN, Wi-Fi  6 E LAN and Wi-Fi  6 E WAN, NetworkName-LAN-6 GHz and NetworkName-WAN-6 GHz, etc.), according to example embodiments of the present disclosure. Each SSID is configured to connect to either the WAN side of the gateway device  2  or the LAN side of the gateway device  2 . In contrast to the gateway device  2  according to example embodiments of the present disclosure, the Wi-Fi radio in currently existing RGs, GWs, and APs is always serving the LAN side only (not the WAN side). Thus, the SSID is implicitly associated with the LAN side of the known RG, GW, or AP. That is, the related art includes a LAN SSID only, whereas the gateway device  2  according to example embodiments of the present disclosure also provides a WAN SSID for the WAN side of the gateway device  2  in order to enable certain aspects of inventive concepts disclosed herein. Additionally or alternatively, LAN side traffic and WAN side traffic associated with a respective virtual interface may be distinguished from each other using a virtual tagging technique, similar to some virtual LAN (VLAN) technologies. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the 6 GHz Backhaul connects the gateway device  2  with the wireless extender  3  and the WAN adaptor  5  as a result of an initial setup process. The wireless extenders  3  are Wi-Fi clients that are configured to discover and associate to the LAN SSID and acquire an IP address from the gateway device  2 . The gateway device  2  can acquire the IP address for the wireless extenders  3  from the network (e.g., via a DHCP server) according to known techniques, for example. The WAN adaptor  5  is also a Wi-Fi client that is configured to discover and associate to the WAN SSID, and serve as an intermediary (e.g., a “6 GHz to Ethernet Bridge”) between the LAN and the WAN. The WAN adaptor  5  may have a well-known, fixed IP address for management. Upon association with the wireless extender  3  and/or the WAN adaptor  5 , a “link up” event occurs at the gateway device  2 . The gateway device  2  can thus configure the wireless extenders  3  to communicate with the gateway device  2  using the LAN SSID and configure the WAN adaptor  5  to communicate with the gateway device  2  using the WAN SSID. The gateway device  2  and the WAN adaptor  5  may communicate with each other via the connection  7  (e.g., described with reference to  FIG.  1   ), and the gateway device  2  and the wireless extenders  3  may communicate with each other via the connection  8  (e.g., described with reference to  FIG.  1   ). 
     Details of a configuration phase and an input/output phase of a method for providing multiple virtual interfaces over a single physical interface may be found in co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/057,004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such details are not discussed herein for brevity. However, it should be appreciated that configuring and applying aspects of Quality of Service (QoS) policies for the WAN side and the LAN side devices disclosed therein may be related to aspects of the optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the WAN side and the LAN side devices disclosed herein. 
     As will be discussed in detail below in connection with  FIGS.  5 - 8   , a method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium are provided for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation. According to aspects of the present disclosure, the gateway device  2  can use traffic buffer status, and optionally various other scaling factors, to make the allocation determinations. The use of traffic buffer status for OFDMA subcarrier allocation is an effective means of addressing changing network traffic levels between STAs (e.g., WAN adaptor  5 , wireless extenders  3 , and/or client devices  4 ) and the RG 6 GHz AP (e.g., the gateway device  2 ), as well as addressing changing traffic patterns between the WAN BSTA (e.g., WAN adaptor  5 ) and the LAN BSTAs (e.g., the wireless extenders  3 ) and between intra-LAN STAs (e.g., the wireless extenders  3  and/or the client devices  4 ), in the example network environment shown in  FIG.  1   . In particular, buffer status for downlink traffic from the RG 6 GHz AP (e.g., associated to the BBSS of the gateway device  2 ) to the associated STAs (WAN side and LAN side) can be used to determine downlink OFDMA subcarrier allocations. Likewise, buffer status for uplink traffic from the associated STAs (WAN side and LAN side) to the RG 6 GHz AP (e.g., associated to the BBSS of the gateway device  2 ) can be used to determine uplink OFDMA subcarrier allocations. 
     General Solution (for Baseline Network or Expanded Network) 
     Referring again to  FIG.  1   , the gateway device  2  supports a backhaul with a single WAN side 6 GHz Bridge station (WAN BSTA) and a separate backhaul to each of the LAN side wireless extenders  3  (LAN BSTA 1, 2, . . . , N), using the 6 GHz radio  206 . These devices will be associated on the 6 GHz Backhaul Basic Service Set (BBSS) of the gateway device  2 . In a baseline 6 GHz RG network configuration, the gateway device  2  may support one or more wireless extenders  3 , and each of the wireless extenders  3  may support one or more wireless client devices  4  (LAN client STA 1, 2, . . . , N). In an expanded 6 GHz RG network configuration, the gateway device  2  may also directly support one or more wireless client devices  4  associated on the Fronthaul Basic Service Set (FBSS) of the gateway device  2 . In some example embodiments, the gateway device  2  may be configured to allow the client devices  4  to associate on the 6 GHz FBSS of the gateway device  2 . In this case, the gateway device  2  supports the WAN adaptor  5  (WAN BSTA) and the wireless extenders  3  (LAN BSTAs 1, 2, . . . , N) on its 6 GHz BBSS and supports the client devices  4  (LAN client STAs 1, 2, . . . N) on its 6 GHz FBSS. However, in some other example embodiments, some of the wireless extenders  3  and/or the client devices  4  may be restricted to association on the 5 GHz FBSS or 2.4 GHz FBSS of the gateway device  2 , such as may be the case with legacy devices that are not equipped with 6 GHz radios and IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi  6 ) functionality. In yet some other example embodiments, the gateway device  2  may further support one or more wireless extenders  3  and/or one or more client devices  4  that are connected to the gateway device  2  via a wired connection, such as Ethernet, for example. 
       FIG.  5    is a diagram illustrating a flow of a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure focus on the OFDMA subcarrier allocation needs for the exemplary baseline 6 GHz RG network configuration (Baseline Network) of  FIG.  1    discussed above. As shown in  FIG.  5   , the method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation may involve various communications between the gateway device  2 , the WAN adaptor  5  (also referred to herein as WAN BSTA), and one or more wireless extenders  3  (also referred to herein as LAN BSTAs 1, 2, . . . , N), according to some example embodiments (e.g., the baseline network configuration of  FIG.  1   ). 
     However, it will also be appreciated that the exemplary expanded 6 GHz network configuration (Expanded Network) of  FIG.  1    discussed above can also be accommodated if needed. As indicated by the dashed lines in  FIG.  5   , the method may (optionally) also involve various communications between the gateway device  2  and one or more client devices  4  (also referred to herein as LAN client STAs), according to some other example embodiments (e.g., the expanded network configuration of  FIG.  1   ). For example, the gateway device  2  may also consider the downlink buffer status and the uplink buffer status (and optionally various other scaling factors as well) associated with client devices  4  that are configured to establish a 6 GHz fronthaul connection with the gateway device  2  using their 6 GHz radios and supporting IEEE 802.11ax functionality (e.g., Wi-Fi  6 E devices). However, in the case of legacy client devices  4  (e.g., those having only 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz radios and supporting the previous IEEE 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi  5  and Wi-Fi  4  devices)), the gateway device  2  would not consider the legacy client devices in the OFDMA subcarrier allocation. Furthermore, the solutions of the present disclosure may be extended to 802.11ax in general (e.g., networks of devices having various combinations of 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and/or 6 GHz operation), as appropriate for a given network implementation. 
     The IEEE 802.11 standard requires AP buffer status information to include a total downlink buffered traffic load (rounded up by byte count) at an AP targeted for a given STA. The AP buffer status information also contains the access category (AC) of the highest priority traffic remaining that is buffered at the AP (highest priority buffered AC subfield) for that STA. This status is defined in Section 9.2.4.5.8 AP PS Buffer State subfield of the 2016 IEEE 802.11 standard. 
     Thus, referring again to  FIG.  5   , the gateway device  2  may determine AP buffer status information for downlink traffic that is queued at the gateway device  2  for transmission to the plurality of stations, at step S 1 . The gateway device  2  may then perform OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic from the gateway device  2  to the plurality of stations, at step S 2 . The optional usage of the AC information in a modification of the General Solution of  FIG.  5    will be discussed below with reference to Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7    as well as Solution Option 4 discussed below. 
     The IEEE 802.11 standard additionally requires a Buffer Status Report (BSR) from STAs to their AP that conveys the total uplink buffered traffic load (rounded up byte count) at the STA targeted for the AP. The BSR also contains the AC of the highest priority traffic remaining that is buffered at the STA for the AP with an ACI high subfield, and the amount of buffered traffic for the ACI high indication (rounded up byte count) for that STA. This status is defined in Section 9.2.4.6a.4 BSR Control of the IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard. It should be noted that BSR information is requested from STAs by APs in an 802.11ax Trigger frame. 
     Thus, referring again to  FIG.  5   , the gateway device  2  may additionally receive STA buffer status information for uplink traffic that is queued at the STAs for transmission to the gateway device  2 , from the WAN adaptor  5  at step S 3  and from the wireless extenders  3 , at step S 4 . In an optional step S 5  (e.g., in the case of the expanded network of  FIG.  1   ), the gateway device may also receive STA buffer status information from the client device  4  for uplink traffic that is queued at the client device  4  for transmission to the gateway device  2 . The gateway device  2  may then perform OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic from the STAs to the gateway device  2 , at step S 6 . The optional usage of the AC information in a modification of the General Solution of  FIG.  5    will be discussed below with reference to Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7    as well as Solution Option 4 discussed below. 
     Finally, the gateway device  2  exchanges the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic with the WAN adaptor  5  according to the OFDMA subcarrier allocations at step S 7  and with the wireless extenders  3  according to the OFDMA subcarrier allocations at step S 8 . In an optional step S 9  (e.g., in the case of the expanded network of  FIG.  1   ), the gateway device also exchanges the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic with the client device  4  according to the respective OFDMA subcarrier allocations. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific frequency of buffer status collection (downlink or uplink) for accompanying OFDMA subcarrier allocation is beyond the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the buffer status may be collected periodically based on a fixed or adjustable timer, may be collected dynamically on-demand as needed, may be requested or transmitted in response to detecting changing network conditions or traffic loads, the addition or removal of devices to/from the network, etc. The update time period may be longer for the WAN BSTA (WAN adaptor  5 ) and LAN STAs (wireless extenders  3 ), which have a more steady link quality due to remaining stationary with respect to the AP after installation. On the other hand, the update time period may be shorter for LAN client STAs (client devices  4 ), which have greater variability in link quality due to moving closer to or farther away from the AP over time as the user changes locations within the network environment. Nonetheless, for the purposes of implementing example embodiments disclosed herein, it is assumed that buffer status collection is conducted quickly and often enough to allow OFDMA subcarrier allocation determinations to be adequately responsive to the network traffic changes. In any case, the chosen OFDMA subcarrier allocation may be fixed until the next adjustment (e.g., updated frequency-domain OFDMA subcarrier allocation scheduling). 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6 - 8    below, an electronic apparatus that implements a method for optimized subcarrier allocation may be the gateway device  2 , according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the method may be similarly implemented by a wireless extender  3 , or an access point (AP) generally in some other example embodiments. The electronic apparatus may be in communication with a plurality of stations (STAs). In some example embodiments (e.g., the baseline network), the plurality of STAs includes a WAN backhaul station (WAN BSTA) such as the WAN adaptor  5  and one or more LAN backhaul stations (LAN BSTA(s)) such as the wireless extenders  3 . In some other example embodiments (e.g., the expanded network), the plurality of STAs in communication with the electronic apparatus further includes one or more LAN side wireless client stations (LAN client STA(s)) such as the client devices  4 . 
     Solution Option 1 for Baseline Network 
       FIG.  6    is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     According to Solution Option 1 of  FIG.  6   , the gateway device  2  uses the ratio of total buffer status discussed above to determine the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the stations. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6   , a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation may include determining a total downlink buffered traffic load for downlink traffic to be transmitted from the gateway device  2  to each of the stations (e.g., the WAN BSTA such as a WAN adaptor  5 , and one or more LAN BSTA(s) such as wireless extender(s)  3 ), respectively, at step S 110 . The method also includes receiving a total uplink buffered traffic load for uplink traffic to be transmitted from each of the stations (e.g., the WAN BSTA such as the WAN adaptor  5 , and the one or more LAN BSTA(s) such as the wireless extender(s)  3 ), respectively, to the gateway device  2 , at step S 120 . 
     Then, the method includes determining a first ratio (or percentage) of total downlink buffered traffic load for each station, respectively, in relation to total downlink buffered traffic load for all of the stations in the wireless network, at step S 130 . In the case of AP downlink traffic (from AP to associated STA), the available channel bandwidth can have OFDMA subcarrier allocation assigned proportional to the ratio (R) of total traffic queued at the AP for each STA, according to the following set of equations, for example: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               
                 WAN 
                 
                   BSTA 
                   DLTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         DLTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                      
                 
                   R 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     STA 
                     DLTOT 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               where 
               ⁢ 
                   
               
                 Q 
                 
                   STA 
                   DLTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Q 
                 
                   WAN 
                   
                     BSTA 
                     DLTOT 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                        
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   N 
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where 
     
       
         
           
             Q 
             
               WAN 
               
                 BSTA 
                 DLTOT 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     is the total downlink buffered traffic load for the WAN BSTA, and 
     
       
         
           
             Q 
             
               LAN 
               
                 BSTA 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     i 
                     ) 
                   
                   DLTOT 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     is the total downlink buffered traffic load for the LAN BSTA(i). 
     Similarly, the method includes determining a second ratio (or percentage) of total uplink buffered traffic load for each station, respectively, in relation to total uplink buffered traffic load for all of the stations in the wireless network, at step S 140 . In the case of AP uplink traffic (from associated STA to AP), the available channel bandwidth can have OFDMA subcarrier allocation assigned proportional to the ratio (R) of total traffic queued at each STA for the AP, according to the following set of equations, for example: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               
                 WAN 
                 
                   BSTA 
                   ULTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ULTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                      
                 
                   R 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     STA 
                     ULTOT 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               where 
               ⁢ 
                   
               
                 Q 
                 
                   STA 
                   ULTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Q 
                 
                   WAN 
                   
                     BSTA 
                     ULTOT 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                        
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   N 
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where 
     
       
         
           
             Q 
             
               WAN 
               
                 BSTA 
                 ULTOT 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     is the total uplink buffered traffic load for the WAN BSTA, and 
     
       
         
           
             Q 
             
               LAN 
               
                 BSTA 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     i 
                     ) 
                   
                   ULTOT 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     is the total uplink buffered traffic load for the LAN BSTA(i). 
     Finally, the method includes performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the first ratio (or percentage) for each station, respectively, at step S 150 . Similarly, the method includes performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the second ratio (or percentage) for each station, respectively, at step S 160 . 
     Once the first and second ratios or percentages are known for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic, these ratios can be used to pick the closest set of OFDMA subchannel allocations (also referred to as Resource Units (RUs)) for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic, respectively, in order to meet the calculated percentage allocations. For example, Table 27-6 from IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard below shows the max number of RUs for each channel width: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27-6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Maximum number of RUs for each channel width 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CBW80 + 80  
               
               
                 RU type 
                 CBW20 
                 CBW40 
                 CBW80 
                 and CBW160 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 26-tone RU 
                 9 
                 18 
                 37 
                 74 
               
               
                 52-tone RU 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
               
               
                 106-tone RU 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
               
               
                 242-tone RU 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
               
               
                 484-tone RU 
                 NA 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 996-tone RU 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 2 × 996 tone RU 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above table may be stored in the memory  24  of the gateway device  2  (e.g., as the Resource Units (RUs) Table 240) and may be accessed by the OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation Function  250  when the software  25  is executed by the controller  26  (e.g., processor) of the gateway device  2 , as discussed above with reference to  FIG.  3   , for example. In some other example embodiments, the RUs Table 240 and the OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation Function  250  may be stored and used by other networking devices in the system, such as the wireless extenders  3  or Wi-Fi APs generally. 
     Consequently, as a non-limiting illustrative example, if the channel bandwidth was 80 MHz and it was determined from buffer status collection that the WAN BSTA (e.g., the WAN adaptor  5 ) had a 0.5 ratio (or 50%) of the total AP downlink buffered traffic load and the LAN BSTAs (e.g., a first wireless extender  3  and a second wireless extender  3 ) each had a 0.25 ratio (or 25%) of the total AP downlink buffered traffic load, a 996-tone RU could be assigned for the WAN BSTA (WAN adaptor  5 ) and 484-tone RUs assigned per LAN BSTA (wireless extenders  3 ), based on the information stored in the RUs Table 240. This allocation would apply until the next buffer status collection period, at which time the calculation process would be repeated and the RUs would be reallocated based on the updated calculations. Similar examples may apply in the case of the uplink traffic, and it should be appreciated that many different example RU assignments are also possible in connection with the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic (e.g., depending on a number of LAN side devices such as wireless extenders  3  and client devices  4 , various priorities associated with the downlink traffic and/or uplink traffic of the LAN side devices, etc.). From Section 27.3.2.2 Resource unit of IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard, guard and DC subcarriers of the standard further defines the specific overhead for the subcarriers as a function of the bandwidth options. This overhead can be further accounted for in the OFDMA subcarrier allocations. 
     As indicated by the dashed lines in  FIG.  6   , at some time after completing steps S 150  and S 160  (e.g., a delay, a predetermined collection period, dynamically in response to changing network conditions or the addition/removal of network devices, etc.), the gateway device  2  may loop back to steps S 110  and S 120 , and repeat the data collection and corresponding calculations and reallocate the OFDMA subcarriers (RUs) to the STAs based on the updated results. As mentioned above, the time period is assumed to be fast enough to allow the OFDMA subcarrier allocation function to adequately respond to network traffic changes, as may be needed or desired depending on the network implementation. 
     Note that as part of the OFDMA subchannel assignment, the frequency positioning of the RU assignments within the available bandwidth should take into account any STA interference conditions, as determined from a STA bandwidth query report (BQR). The IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard defines bandwidth query report operation and information in Section 9.2.4.6a.6 BQR Control. This information provides a bitmap indicating which subchannels are available at the STA based on the ED-based CCA (per 20 MHz CCA sensitivity). 
     Although not explicitly discussed above in connection with  FIG.  6   , the method of Solution Option 1 could also be applied in the context of the expanded network of  FIG.  1   , in which one or more client devices  4  (e.g., having a 6 GHz radio and equipped with 802.11ax (Wi-Fi  6 ) functionality for establishing a fronthaul connection with the gateway device  2 ) are also included among the plurality of stations under consideration. 
     It should also be noted that the AC buffer status information mentioned above is not included in Solution Option 1, but is included in Solution Option 2 discussed below with reference to  FIG.  7   , as well as a hybrid Solution Option 4 also discussed below. 
     Solution Option 2 for Baseline Network 
       FIG.  7    is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     According to Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7   , the gateway device  2  uses a ratio of a mix of total buffer status discussed above, as well as AC buffer status information, to determine the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the stations. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation may include determining an access category (AC) of a highest priority downlink traffic remaining at the gateway device  2  for transmission to each of the stations (e.g., WAN BSTA such as the WAN adaptor  5 , and LAN BSTA(s) such as the wireless extender(s)  3 ), respectively, at step S 210 . The method further includes determining a downlink AC scale factor corresponding to the AC of the highest priority downlink traffic for each station, respectively, at step S 215 . 
     The method also includes receiving an access category (AC) of a highest priority uplink traffic remaining at each station, respectively, for transmission to the gateway device  2 , and an uplink buffered traffic load for the highest priority uplink traffic, at step S 220 . The method further includes determining an uplink AC scale factor corresponding to the AC of the highest priority uplink traffic for each station, respectively, at step S 225 . 
     Then, the method includes determining a third ratio (or percentage) of total downlink buffered traffic load for each station multiplied by the downlink AC scale factor for each station, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior downlink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network, at step S 230 . In the case of AP downlink traffic (from AP to associated STA), the available channel bandwidth can have OFDMA subcarrier allocation assigned proportional to the ratio of total traffic queued at the AP for each STA along with a scaler multiple of available AC buffer status information, according to the following set of equations, for example: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               
                 WAN 
                 
                   BSTA 
                   DL 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         DL 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                      
                 
                   R 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     STA 
                     DL 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 where 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     WAN 
                     
                       BSTA 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     WAN 
                     
                       BSTA 
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   
                     S 
                     AC 
                   
                   ( 
                   
                     wan 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     bsta 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     dl 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     highest 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     ac 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   
                     S 
                     AC 
                   
                   ( 
                   
                     lan 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     
                       bsta 
                       ⁡ 
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     dl 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     higheset 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     ac 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where Q DLTOT   BSTA  is the total downlink buffered traffic load for the specified STA, 
             where S AC (k) is a configurable scale factor based on the highest priority AC=k traffic in the downlink buffer, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     STA 
                     DL 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     WAN 
                     
                       BSTA 
                       DL 
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                          
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     N 
                   
                   
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         LAN 
                         
                           
                             BSTA 
                             ⁡ 
                             ( 
                             i 
                             ) 
                           
                           DL 
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Similarly, the method includes determining a fourth ratio (or percentage) of total uplink buffered traffic load for each station, plus the uplink buffered traffic load for the highest priority uplink traffic multiplied by the uplink AC scale factor for each station, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior uplink buffered traffic load values all of the stations in the wireless network, at step S 240 . In the case of AP uplink traffic (from associated STA to AP), the available channel bandwidth can have OFDMA subcarrier allocation assigned proportional to the ratio of total traffic queued at each STA for the AP along with a scaler multiple of available AC buffer status information, according to the following set of equations, for example: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               
                 WAN 
                 
                   BSTA 
                   UL 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         UL 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       UL 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   R 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       UL 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       UL 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     STA 
                     UL 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 where 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     WAN 
                     
                       BSTA 
                       UL 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     WAN 
                     
                       BSTA 
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         
                           UL 
                           ⁢ 
                              
                           AC 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                                
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           high 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   · 
                   
                     
                       S 
                       AC 
                     
                     ( 
                     
                       wan 
                       ⁢ 
                          
                       bsta 
                       ⁢ 
                          
                       ul 
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       highest 
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       ac 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 where 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       UL 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         
                           BSTA 
                           ⁡ 
                           ( 
                           i 
                           ) 
                         
                         
                           UL 
                           ⁢ 
                              
                           AC 
                           ⁢ 
                              
                           high 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   · 
                   
                     
                       S 
                       AC 
                     
                     ( 
                     
                       lan 
                       ⁢ 
                          
                       
                         bsta 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       ul 
                       ⁢ 
                          
                       highest 
                       ⁢ 
                          
                       ac 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where Q DLTOT   BSTA  is the total uplink buffered traffic load for the specified STA, 
             where S AC (k) is a configurable scale factor based on the highest priority AC=k traffic in the uplink buffer, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
             
               and 
               ⁢ 
                   
               
                 Q 
                 
                   STA 
                   UL 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Q 
                 
                   WAN 
                   
                     BSTA 
                     UL 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                        
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   N 
                 
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         
                           BSTA 
                           ⁡ 
                           ( 
                           i 
                           ) 
                         
                         UL 
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Finally, the method includes performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the third ratio (or percentage) for each station, respectively (as weighted by the downlink scale factor of each of the stations), at step S 250 . Similarly, the method includes performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the fourth ratio (or percentage) for each station, respectively (as weighted by the uplink scale factor of each of the stations), at step S 260 . 
     Once the third and fourth ratios or percentages are known for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic, they can be used to pick the closest set of OFDMA subchannel allocations (or RUs) for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic, respectively, in order to meet the percentage allocations, in a similar manner as discussed above in connection with Solution Option 1 of  FIG.  6    (e.g., using Table 27-6 from IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard shown above). 
     As indicated by the dashed lines in  FIG.  7   , at some time after completing steps S 250  and S 260  (e.g., a delay, a predetermined collection period, dynamically in response to changing network conditions or the addition/removal of network devices, etc.), the gateway device  2  may loop back to steps S 210  and S 220 , and repeat the data collection and corresponding calculations and reallocate the OFDMA subcarriers (RUs) to the STAs based on the updated results. As mentioned above, the time period is assumed to be fast enough to allow the OFDMA subcarrier allocation function to adequately respond to network traffic changes, as may be needed or desired depending on the network implementation. 
     Although not explicitly discussed above in connection with  FIG.  7   , the method of Solution Option 2 could also be applied in the context of the expanded network of  FIG.  1   , in which one or more client devices  4  (e.g., having a 6 GHz radio and equipped with 802.11ax (Wi-Fi  6 ) functionality for establishing a fronthaul connection with the gateway device  2 ) are also included among the plurality of stations under consideration. 
     In addition to the above considerations, there may also be special considerations that apply when one or more LAN client STA(s) (e.g., mobile wireless client devices  4 ) are also being considered in the optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation, in addition to the WAN BSTA (e.g., WAN adaptor  5 ) and the one or more LAN BSTA(s) (e.g., the wireless extenders  3 ), as will be discussed below with reference to  FIG.  8   . 
     Solution Option 3 for Expanded Network 
       FIG.  8    is a flow chart illustrating a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     It is assumed that the WAN BSTA (e.g., WAN adaptor  5 ) and the LAN BSTAs (e.g., the wireless extenders  3 ) are generally positioned for good backhaul link quality, and are generally not moved again after initial setup of the network. By contrast, LAN client STAs (e.g., the client devices  4 ) generally have large variability in link quality over time, due to the fact that they are mobile devices and typically do not always remain in the same fixed location. Consequently, if the LAN client STAs (e.g. the client devices  4 ) are also included in the OFDMA subcarrier allocation (such as for the Expanded 6 GHz RG network configuration discussed above), then modulation coding scheme (MCS) information of the LAN client STAs should also be considered in the OFDMA subcarrier allocation, along with the buffer status information. For example, considering the MCS information may serve to avoid giving too much airtime to a LAN client STA which requires low MCS (poor link quality), such as when a client device  4  moves farther away from the AP (e.g., the gateway device  2 ). 
     According to Solution Option 3, the gateway device  2  uses the MCS information of the LAN client STA(s) (e.g., the client devices  4 ), in addition to the buffer status information, to determine the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the stations. The following is a possible approach for downlink and uplink OFDMA subcarrier allocation, which builds off Solution Option 1 discussed above with reference to  FIG.  6    by adding client STA buffer size total and scaling their buffer size by their required MCS relative to a configurable base MCS, wherein the base MCS is considered representative of good min-range link quality (which may be an intermediate value of 4 or 5, for example). 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , a method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation may include determining a total downlink buffered traffic load for downlink traffic to be transmitted from the gateway device  2  to each of the LAN client STA(s) (e.g., the client device(s)  4 ), respectively, at step S 310 . In Solution Option 3 of  FIG.  8   , step S 310  may be performed in addition to step S 110  discussed above with reference to Solution Option 1 of  FIG.  6   , for example. The method also includes receiving a total uplink buffered traffic load for uplink traffic to be transmitted from each of the LAN client STA(s) (e.g., the client device(s)  4 ), respectively, to the gateway device  2 , at step S 320 . In Solution Option 3 of  FIG.  8   , step S 320  may be performed in addition to step S 120  discussed above with reference to Solution Option 1 of  FIG.  6   , for example. 
     The method further includes determining a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) scale factor for each of the LAN client STA(s), as a ratio (or percentage) of the MCS required by each of the LAN client STA(s) in relation to a base MCS (e.g., representing the min-range link quality), respectively, at step S 325 . 
     Then, the method includes determining a fifth ratio (or percentage) of the total downlink buffered traffic load for the WAN BSTA, plus the total downlink buffered traffic load for the LAN BSTA(s), plus the total downlink buffered traffic load for the LAN client STA(s) multiplied by the MCS scale factor of each LAN client STA, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior downlink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network, at step S 330 . In the case of AP downlink traffic (from AP to associated STA), the available channel bandwidth can have OFDMA subcarrier allocation assigned according to the following set of equations: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               
                 WAN 
                 
                   BSTA 
                   DLTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         DLTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                      
                 
                   R 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         LAN 
                         
                           
                             BSTA 
                             ⁡ 
                             ( 
                             i 
                             ) 
                           
                           DLTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         STA 
                         DLTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   and 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   
                     R 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         CLIENT 
                         ⁢ 
                             
                         
                           STA 
                           DLTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         CLIENT 
                         ⁢ 
                             
                         
                           STA 
                           DLTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 where 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     STA 
                     DLTOT 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     WAN 
                     
                       BSTA 
                       DLTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                          
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     N 
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         
                           BSTA 
                           ⁡ 
                           ( 
                           i 
                           ) 
                         
                         DLTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                          
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     N 
                   
                   
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         LAN 
                         
                           CLIENT 
                           ⁢ 
                               
                           
                             
                               STA 
                               ⁡ 
                               ( 
                               i 
                               ) 
                             
                             DLTOT 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     · 
                     
                       
                         S 
                         MCS 
                       
                       ( 
                       
                         client 
                         ⁢ 
                             
                         
                           sta 
                           ⁡ 
                           ( 
                           i 
                           ) 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                            
                         mcs 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               and 
               ⁢ 
                   
               
                 
                   S 
                   MCS 
                 
                 ( 
                 i 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   MIN 
                   ⁢ 
                      
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         LAN 
                         ⁢ 
                             
                         
                           CLIENT 
                           ( 
                           i 
                           ) 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                            
                         MCS 
                       
                       , 
                         
                       
                         CONFIGURABLE 
                         ⁢ 
                             
                         BASE 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                              
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         MCS 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   CONFIGURABLE 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   BASE 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   MCS 
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
     Similarly, the method includes determining a sixth ratio (or percentage) of the total uplink buffered traffic load for the WAN BSTA, plus the total uplink buffered traffic load for the LAN BSTA(s), plus the total uplink buffered traffic load for the LAN client STA(s) multiplied by the MCS scale factor of each LAN client STA, respectively, in relation to an aggregate of prior uplink buffered traffic load values for all of the stations in the wireless network, at step S 340 . In the case of AP uplink traffic (from associated STA to AP), the available channel bandwidth can have OFDMA subcarrier allocation assigned according to the following set of equations: 
     
       
         
           
             
               R 
               
                 WAN 
                 
                   BSTA 
                   ULTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       WAN 
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ULTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 and 
                 ⁢ 
                      
                 
                   R 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         LAN 
                         
                           
                             BSTA 
                             ⁡ 
                             ( 
                             i 
                             ) 
                           
                           ULTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         STA 
                         ULTOT 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   and 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   
                     R 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         CLIENT 
                         ⁢ 
                            
                         
                           STA 
                           ULTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         CLIENT 
                         ⁢ 
                             
                         
                           STA 
                           ULTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       STA 
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               where 
               ⁢ 
                   
               
                 Q 
                 
                   STA 
                   ULTOT 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Q 
                 
                   WAN 
                   
                     BSTA 
                     ULTOT 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                        
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   N 
                 
                 
                   Q 
                   
                     LAN 
                     
                       
                         BSTA 
                         ⁡ 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ULTOT 
                     
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                        
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   N 
                 
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       LAN 
                       
                         CLIENT 
                         ⁢ 
                            
                         
                           
                             STA 
                             ⁡ 
                             ( 
                             i 
                             ) 
                           
                           ULTOT 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   · 
                   
                     
                       S 
                       MCS 
                     
                     ( 
                     
                       client 
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       
                         sta 
                         ( 
                         i 
                         ) 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       mcs 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               and 
               ⁢ 
                   
               
                 
                   S 
                   MCS 
                 
                 ( 
                 i 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 MIN 
                 ⁡ 
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     LAN 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     
                       CLIENT 
                       ( 
                       i 
                       ) 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     MCS 
                   
                   , 
                     
                   
                     CONFIGURABLE 
                     ⁢ 
                          
                     BASE 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                           
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     MCS 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               
                 CONFIGURABLE 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 BASE 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 MCS 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Finally, the method includes performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the downlink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the fifth ratio (or percentage) for each station, respectively (as weighted by the MCS scale factor for each LAN client STA), at step S 350 . Similarly, the method includes performing OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the uplink traffic by assigning available channel bandwidth proportional to the sixth ratio (or percentage) for each station, respectively (as weighted by the MCS scale factor for each LAN client STA), at step S 360 . 
     Once the fifth and sixth ratios or percentages are known for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic, they can be used to pick the closest set of OFDMA subchannel allocations (or RUs) for the downlink traffic and the uplink traffic, respectively, in order to meet the percentage allocations, in a similar manner as discussed above in connection with Solution Option 1 of  FIG.  6    (e.g., using Table 27-6 from IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard shown above). 
     As indicated by the dashed lines in  FIG.  8   , at some time after completing steps S 350  and S 360  (e.g., a delay, a predetermined collection period, dynamically in response to changing network conditions or the addition/removal of network devices, etc.), the gateway device  2  may loop back to steps S 310  and S 320 , and repeat the data collection and corresponding calculations and reallocate the OFDMA subcarriers (RUs) to the STAs based on the updated results. As mentioned above, the time period is assumed to be fast enough to allow the OFDMA subcarrier allocation function to adequately respond to network traffic changes, as may be needed or desired depending on the network implementation. For example, the time period may be relatively shorter for the LAN client STAs (e.g., the mobile client devices  4 ), and relatively longer for the WAN BSTA and the LAN BSTA(s) (e.g., the WAN adaptor  5  and the wireless extenders  3 , which typically remain stationary after installation in many cases). 
     In some additional example embodiments, a combination of the techniques discussed above in connection with Solution Option 1 of  FIG.  6    (buffer status), Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7    (AC scale factor), and Solution Option 3 of  FIG.  8    (MCS scale factor) may be used, as will be discussed below. 
     Solution Option 4 for Expanded Network 
     In some example embodiments, the one or more LAN client STAs (e.g., the client devices  4 ) could also have the MCS scaling approach to OFDMA subcarrier allocation discussed above with reference to  FIG.  8    and Solution Option 3 also applied to the more extensive OFDMA subcarrier allocation approach that accounts for AC buffer status information discussed above with reference to  FIG.  7    and Solution Option 2. 
     According to Solution Option 4, the gateway device  2  uses a ratio of a mix of total buffer status discussed above as well as AC buffer status information and client MCS information to determine the OFDMA subcarrier allocation for the stations. 
     This combined approach involves an extensive set of equations which build off those from Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7    by adding LAN client STA information with MCS scale factor from Solution Option 3 of  FIG.  8   . Equipped with the sets of equations and techniques disclosed above in connection with Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7    and Solution Option 3 of  FIG.  8   , a person of skill in the art would be able to devise a suitable set of modified equations that accounts for not only the buffer status information of the plurality of STAs, but also the AC information of the plurality of STAs and the MCS information of the LAN client STAs, specifically. 
     Other Considerations 
     It should be noted that various other factors, such as target RSSI and MCS configuration that are used in triggered responses scheduling (TRS) information for uplink client transmission control, are outside the scope of the present disclosure and are not addressed herein. However, when accounted for there would be the added need to determine a set of stations that can produce similar RSSI at the AP (e.g., the gateway device  2 ) to be part of simultaneous uplink transmissions to the AP (with their own sub-carrier allocations). If client stations are stationary, this functionality can be more easily implemented by a controller. On the other hand, this operation should be done in real time (or in near real-time) for client stations that are mobile and may change locations frequently. 
     It should also be appreciated that there are many other possible solutions for the cases of the baseline network and the expanded network discussed above. A key aspect of all of the example solutions discussed above with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 8    is having a certain degree of flexibility in the solution options, including the frequency of measurements and configurability of the scale factors (e.g., the AC scale factor of Solution Option 2 of  FIG.  7    and Solution Option 4, and/or the MCS scale factor of Solution Option 3 of  FIG.  8    and Solution Option 4). 
     In addition, it is recognized that there may be some cases where not all client stations can be supported for a given uplink or downlink transmission, even when assigned the lowest MCS for the AP. For IEEE 802.11ax uplink transmissions in particular, an AP must receive signals from different STAs at similar power levels. To support this, 802.11ax defines a power pre-correction mechanism where the AP indicates in Trigger frame its current transmit power and the target signal strength that the AP is expected to receive from a STA in a following uplink transmission. Using the AP&#39;s transmit power and the signal strength of a received Trigger frame, a STA can then estimate the path loss to the AP and calculate an appropriate transmit power for the following uplink transmission. Since the AP selects the MCS for the uplink transmissions, each STA also includes information about its uplink power headroom (i.e., the difference between its maximum power and its current transmit power for the assigned MCS). This is defined in Section 9.2.4.6a.5 UPH Control of IEEE 802.11ax D4 standard. Although this is not explicitly addressed herein, such cases are not excluded from the approaches discussed above with reference to  FIGS.  5 - 8    and this could also be factored into any OFDMA subcarrier allocation (e.g., by appropriate modification of example embodiments disclosed above by a person of skill in the art). 
     As discussed above, the method for optimized OFDMA subcarrier allocation can be used to ensure that devices in the network receive a needed or desired level of QoS, by allocating bandwidth based on loading conditions (e.g., the buffer status information) and optionally based on various other scaling factors as well (e.g., relating to the AC information and/or the MCS information). The techniques discussed above can ensure efficient and proportional allocation of bandwidth to different devices in the network. In addition, the bandwidth may be periodically and/or dynamically re-allocated based on timers, changing network traffic conditions, addition/removal of wireless extenders and/or client devices, or the like. 
     Although the methods of  FIGS.  5 - 8    are discussed in connection with the gateway device  2  according to some example embodiments, the methods could similarly be performed by a wireless extender  3 , a Wi-Fi access point (AP) generally, and/or other similar Wi-Fi networking devices according to some other example embodiments. The gateway device  2  may be programmed with instructions (e.g., controller instructions) to perform the OFDMA subcarrier allocation function in some example embodiments, or may use its native software in some other example embodiments. Additionally or alternatively, some aspects of example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented via Wi-Fi firmware of the gateway device  2 , the wireless extenders  3 , a Wi-Fi AP, or the like. In some example embodiments, application programming interfaces (APIs) may be utilized to determine the ratios (or percentages) for the OFDMA subcarrier allocation function based on traffic buffer status for both downlink traffic and uplink traffic, respectively. In  FIGS.  5 - 8   , it is assumed that the devices include their respective controllers or processors and their respective software stored in their respective memories, as discussed above in connection with  FIGS.  2 - 3   , which when executed by their respective controllers or processors perform the functions and operations in accordance with the example embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., including performing an OFDMA subcarrier allocation function). 
     Each of the elements of the present invention may be configured by implementing dedicated hardware or a software program on a memory controlling a processor to perform the functions of any of the components or combinations thereof. Any of the components may be implemented as a CPU or other processor reading and executing a software program from a recording medium such as a hard disk or a semiconductor memory, for example. The processes disclosed above constitute examples of algorithms that can be affected by software, applications (apps, or mobile apps), or computer programs. The software, applications, computer programs or algorithms can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium for instructing a computer, such as a processor in an electronic apparatus, to execute the methods or algorithms described herein and shown in the drawing figures. The software and computer programs, which can also be referred to as programs, applications, components, or code, include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural language, an object-oriented programming language, a functional programming language, a logical programming language, or an assembly language or machine language. 
     The term “non-transitory computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, apparatus or device, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, solid-state storage device (SSD), memory, and programmable logic devices (PLDs), used to provide machine instructions or data to a programmable data processor, including a computer-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a computer-readable signal. By way of example, a computer-readable medium can comprise DRAM, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired computer-readable program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Disk or disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     The word “comprise” or a derivative thereof, when used in a claim, is used in a nonexclusive sense that is not intended to exclude the presence of other elements or steps in a claimed structure or method. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, “a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Use of the phrases “capable of,” “configured to,” or “operable to” in one or more embodiments refers to some apparatus, logic, hardware, and/or element designed in such a way to enable use thereof in a specified manner. 
     While the principles of the inventive concepts have been described above in connection with specific devices, apparatuses, systems, algorithms, programs and/or methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation. The above description illustrates various example embodiments along with examples of how aspects of particular embodiments may be implemented and are presented to illustrate the flexibility and advantages of particular embodiments as defined by the following claims, and should not be deemed to be the only embodiments. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that based on the above disclosure and the following claims, other arrangements, embodiments, implementations and equivalents may be employed without departing from the scope hereof as defined by the claims. It is contemplated that the implementation of the components and functions of the present disclosure can be done with any newly arising technology that may replace any of the above-implemented technologies. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.