Patent Publication Number: US-6210461-B1

Title: Continuous production of titanium, uranium, and other metals and growth of metallic needles

Description:
REFERENCES CITED 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 U.S. Documents 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5,421,855 
                 6/6/1995 
                 Hayden et al. 
                 75/393 
               
               
                   
                 4,552,588 
                 11/1985 
                 Elliott 
                 266/87 
               
               
                   
                 5,259,862 
                 11/1993 
                 White, et al. 
                 75/363 
               
               
                   
                 60/055690 
                 8/13/97 
                 Elliott 
                 CIP of 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to improved processing for continuous or batch production of a metal or alloy from one or more compounds of that metal. Usually a halide compound dissolved in molten salt reacts with molten magnesium floating on molten salt. The invention was specifically designed for titanium production but use of the process is expected also for other metals, especially those for which Kroll is used, either as calcium reductions of oxides or magnesium reductions of halides. 
     Depending on conditions these products may be formed as metals or alloys, liquids or solids. Chemical and physical guidance of product formation may lead to structures including crystalline powder, powder agglomerates, and single crystal needles in various sizes. Such production has economic value in lowered costs relative to present production, in improved metal product quality, in supplying special needs, and in safer and environmentally improved operations, as compared with production by variations of the Kroll and Ames processes, e.g., respectively titanium or uranium. 
     An example of special needs is metallic needles for metal-organic composites for automobile panels. In using the present invention, the production of crystals of a metal involves the reduction of one or more compounds of that metal dissolved in a molten salt phase. With proper conditions for a given metal, it may be possible to grow needles or other useful shapes of that metal using the invention. 
     Prior Art: 
     Word Usage: 
     Commercial terms used regarding the Kroll process in various forms, e.g., in titanium production, are in some ways confusing. The industry&#39;s term “sponge” may be used more or less interchangeably with “powder” for describing the original Kroll process product, which may resemble a dirty clinker, and also for describing derivatives from the original product that form after crushing the process product and after cleaning it. 
     Usage in this disclosure may include identifying terms like “Kroll sponge” for the uncleaned product and “cleaned Kroll sponge” after substantial removal of the reaction by-product. Fine particles of metal product from this invention may be described by general terms: powder (with individual particles often made up of many small crystals); crystals (with various shapes depending on which faces of a crystal grew); and needles (often single crystals deposited electrolytically as the metal was forming during reduction of ions of the metal). 
     Older Related Art in Production of Titanium and Other Metals: 
     Kroll: 
     Conventional commercial production of titanium almost entirely utilizes pressure vessels for erratic, one-stage, Kroll batch reductions: For example, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) as gas, and excess molten magnesium metal react in a sealed reduction vessel at about 800-1000° C. to form titanium “sponge.” Reactions such as excess calcium with ZrO 2  to form zirconium sponge and CaO have also been used widely in Kroll form. These reactions typically yield rather poor, expensive, often hazardous products that may, or may not, be suitable to clean to an adequate product. Many metals can be made in batch versions of this process, however. 
     In particular, the Kroll sponge is agglomerated metal particles that, when cooled, hold trapped by-products, such as magnesium chloride, excess magnesium, and impurities, e.g., magnesium oxide, TiCl 2 , and other metals. The acid and water washes originally used for Kroll cleaning are now inadequate. Much of the Kroll reduction by-product content can be removed by high-temperature vacuum distillation from the relatively nonvolatile titanium; later alloy melting can settle out some impurities and stir the melt. 
     Kroll and this Invention: 
     Metallic scrap or products of Kroll-type reductions might be recycled or purified by use in the invention of this application. Such treatments might increase the overall U.S. rate of quality product metal formation, as well as providing a way in which otherwise effectively unremovable impurities could actually be removed—both treatments have economic value. 
     This usage has not been taught previously, and it is an unobvious application of the present invention. 
     Ames: 
     The Ames process has been used for most production of uranium: In one-stage batch reductions, magnesium reacts with UF 4  (not a gas) at about 1400° C. to form molten uranium. It is recognized that Ames processing should be replaced. 
     Elliott, et al., Uranium; Replacing the Ames Process: 
     The first continuous molten salt-molten metal processing by metallothermic reduction for molten uranium or its alloys was invented by Elliott, U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,588, the present inventor, and coworkers at his laboratory, intermittently using Federal and private funds. This work was especially for depleted uranium tank armor but also for other needs. (Ames is batch only.) 
     Further development and demonstration at Elliott&#39;s laboratory and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory led to an improved form as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,855 for use with enrichment of natural uranium for commercial nuclear electric power 
     This older invention cannot handle volatile reactants like UF 6 ; it is single stage, like Ames, and it requires low volatility reactants like UF 4  and UCl 4 . 
     Earlier Alternatives to Kroll: 
     Hunter electrolysis was long used for titanium production, but in the U.S. it proved non-economic relative to Kroll and was shut down. Sodium reductions can provide excellent titanium but are too expensive for all but small markets and are mostly done outside of the U.S. Other approaches to titanium production include an early iodide decomposition process, newer approaches including Japanese electrolysis (which may become commercial), plus high temperature vapor reductions, and dehydriding. 
     TiCl 2 , an intermediate used in the present invention, is also an intermediate with Hunter and in sodium reductions; however, techniques to form and use the TiCl 2  are not obviously related to the present invention. 
     Current Related Art: 
     Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) to Improve over Kroll: 
     White, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,862 invented a second continuous approach (CSTR) to continuous metallothermic production of metal (after U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,588). That system is now moving toward commercial usage. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,862 dissolves sodium or other reductant metal into molten salt, and mixes that salt with another solution that holds suspended titanium and has TiCl 4  vapor bubbling up. It operates at approximately steady state with TiCl 4 , TiCl 2 , Ti, and dissolved sodium, all in the same stirred bath. Technically it is one-stage because it is one big bath, but it also provides regions where various steps go on. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,862 and This Invention: 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,862 appears to this inventor to have an economic future in rough parallel, though apparently not as broad usage, as the future for this present invention. The two appear to be complementary in satisfying industrial needs. 
     Although dissolved magnesium is claimed for use in U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,862, sodium is presumably the obvious choice for reductant metal, with magnesium marginal at best there. In contrast, magnesium is generally the preferred reductant with the present invention; it operates with a magnesium as a second phase. 
     Magnesium Reduction of TiCl 4 , and Other Species to Replace Kroll: 
     Although uranium equipment claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,588 has been around for 12 years and was adapted (U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,855) for use with AVLIS uranium enrichment, it was not obvious to this inventor or to those versed in the art, that U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,588 had relevance for production of Ti from TiCl 4 . 
     Two-Stage Magnesium Reduction of TiCl 4  to Replace Kroll Reductions: 
     To arrive at an alternative production approach that will correct Kroll&#39;s problems, it is first useful to analyze the Kroll reaction: 
     
       
         TiCl 4(g) +2Mg (l) =Ti (s) +2MgCl 2(l)   (1)  
       
     
     Please note the following facts: (a) The MgCl 2  by-product wets and coats the molten magnesium. (b) TiCl 4  gas does not dissolve in molten MgCl 2 . (c) MgCl 2 , therefore, obstructs the main reduction reaction, Eq. 1. 
     To solve this incompatibility problem, this invention offers two reaction stages operating smoothly in a molten-salt medium: In one stage (named Stage 2) TiCl 4  is formed in a solution of molten salt; unlike TiCl 4 , the TiCl 2  dissolves readily in the molten salt. The chemistry is discussed later. 
     In another stage (named Stage 1) TiCl 2  in molten salt reacts with magnesium floating on molten salt to form the products of Eq. 1. 
     The invention of Stage 2 is new and unobvious, and new equipment concepts had to be devised. Concepts similar to earlier uranium equipment were also adapted to Stage 1: however, the equipment for connecting Stage 1 and Stage 2 and for continuous cycling of the molten salt are all new. Also, the means of removing the product by a screw mechanism, and the by-product MgCl 2  on a cool probe, are both new. 
     The present invention teaches two new aspects of continuous metal production: (i) It teaches two stage reductions in one continuously operating system for continuous formation of metal product forms, e.g., as molten or solid metals or alloys. (ii) It teaches regarding ways to control chemical and physical conditions that also can lead to guidance of formation of particular solid forms, e.g., crystal needles. 
     Thus reductions with only Stage 1 are adequate for the earlier usage (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,588 and 5,421,855) because ionic UCl 4  or UF 4  would not boil away during the reduction. Stage 2, however, is required for chemical behavior like that of TiCl 4  of this invention, and it leads to new claims that give an improved process over that taught and claimed by Hayden U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,855 and other Elliott patents. 
     This two stage improvement on earlier teaching appears to solve titanium problems that have been recognized for at least 30 years. 
     Also, a problem of continuous UF 6  to U conversion may be soluble by similar treatments following this invention as some 600,000 metric tons of depleted UF 6  by-product are brought from outdoor Federal storage and into appropriate control. 
     Additionally, the commercial value of producing needle-like crystals, possibly single crystals, of titanium or of other metals or alloys was not taught earlier: Elliott U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,588 notes that, when molten salt that includes dissolved uranium ions is in contact with molten magnesium at temperatures below the uranium melting point, there form “small crystals of solid uranium which sink and form small uranium droplets” in hotter regions of the uranium production system. 
     However, it was not taught that physical and chemical control of the reaction offered a potential method of producing useful needle-like crystals of pure uranium. Again, this is an unobvious method of forming metallic crystals, especially needle-like crystals. 
     Therefore, this disclosure now claims controlling physical and chemical conditions so as to guide the preparation of desired shapes, e.g., small crystals, single crystals, or both, of a desired metal by reduction of dissolved ions under particular chemical and physical conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Objects of the Invention: 
     Major Object 1: 
     Existing technology for production of titanium is by the Kroll process, which is inadequate in many ways. Most of Kroll&#39;s titanium problems arise because gaseous Ti and molten magnesium must get together to make titanium, but they react visciously and in spurts, leading to impure products that are hard to clean up. 
     The main object of this invention was to find a way, which was found, to get smooth, environmentally sound, economical reactions to produce titanium metal. The approach is to form a reaction intermediate which can form smoothly, then, also smoothly, complete the reaction, thus getting a clean product and a well-behaved engineering system. 
     This invention adapted part of its technology from earlier inventions by this inventor for uranium (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,588, 5,421,855). 
     This invention appears to have wide potential use with numerous metals. 
     Major Object 2: 
     Existing uranium technology designed for continuous metallothermic reduction (CMR) of uranium (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,588, 5,421,855) is unsuited for direct reduction of volatile UF 6 . Therefore, an intermediate reduction of UF 6  to UF 4 , usually by hydrogen reduction, has been required before CMR, and also before usual Ames process reductions. 
     Reductions of some major part of 600,000 tons of U-235-depleted UF 6  (stored in fields open to the weather) to uranium metal or alloy are planned, especially for environmental reasons. It would be highly beneficial if the reductions could be carried out directly by CMR, thus avoiding setting up special facilities for the hydrogen reductions to UF 4  near the storage fields. 
     This invention, if included as a stage of the CMR system for depleted UF 6 , would avoid the hydrogen reduction facilities, effect related important cost savings, and avoiding unnecessary transport of radioactive and hazardous (HF) materials. 
     Major Object 3: 
     Technology for use of CMR (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,588, 5,421,855) in forming metallic needles, more massive powders, and other special shapes does not exist in the open literature. However, the need for metal needles is growing, e.g., for composite materials with plastics. 
     The inventor has produced uranium whiskers using CMR in privately funded research in his laboratory. Analysis of these in-house uranium results has led to the invention of techniques to be used in growing metallic needles, and this has become a third major object of this invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an abbreviated open-flow sheet for the continuous production of titanium metal and explains terms used in claim  1 . It shows the present invention in continuous, once through, operation. 
     FIG. 2 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment of the process of continuous production of titanium by this invention using continuous recycle of the flowing molten salt phase. Similar usage could apply for production of numerous other metals. 
     FIG. 3 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment for forming needle-like crystals of titanium in molten salt, separating out the needles, and recycling or disposing of by-products. This practice is adaptable for single crystals of other metals. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Preferred Embodiment 1, Continuous Two-Stage Production of Titanium: 
     This invention is offered to be less expensive to operate and to provide a superior product than Kroll batch processing, as often used: Titanium powder production was the original object of this invention, and it is described alone here because it is best known to the inventor, and titanium usage is planned to be first developed. 
     Usage of Terms “Stage 2” and “Stage 1”: 
     This invention uses a cycling molten salt phase (e.g., KCl—MgCl 2 ) acting as a carrier of reactants, reaction intermediates, products, and by-products. Word usage is to speak of “Stage 1” as the product formation stage; likewise “Stage 2” is where reaction intermediates (e.g., TiCl 2 ) are chemically prepared for product formation. 
     Although this usage may be slightly awkward in a patent, it is too late and inappropriate to change the term usage now. 
     FIG. 1 is a brief description of the reaction stages as a (usually) volatile product source compound is converted into a desired product metal. The process may be operated in batch or continuously. The continuous flow may be once through with major separations of product and by-product outside of the heated region. Alternatively, the product and the by-product may be largely separated within the furnace system with the molten salt phase retained after separation individually of product metal and by-product out of the hot system. 
     In FIG. 1, Stage 2 provides a volatile product-source compound. Here TiCl 4  is chosen. Alternative choices might include volatile, higher-valence halides of zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum (e.g., TaCl 5 ), rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, of uranium (e.g., as UF 6 ). 
     Likewise, a first reductant material is provided. This usually will be the product element provided in metallic form (zero valence), supplied either from earlier product (for a very pure desired product) or from impure or recycled material or a Kroll sponge. Other reductant materials might be used, e.g., hydrogen. 
     Here titanium is provided, and the listed elements above, and others, might be used similarly. Later reduction will give the added titanium back in purified form, along with new titanium derived from the TiCl 4 . 
     A molten salt phase, as chemical carrier and catalyst, is provided. It assists formation of dissolved product-source ions and, later, allows reactions that form the desired product metals. Often it will be made up, at least in part, of elements from Periodic Table Groups IA and IIA. Also, halides will be included. KCl—MgCl 2  are used here, but KF—MgF 2  can also be valuable, e.g., with UF 6 . 
     The metals acting as first reductant materials and the vapors of the product-source compounds do not react smoothly alone, but the presence of the molten salt phase allows electrochemical reactions that assist formation of product-source ions in molten salt solution. The molten salt solutions thereby can provide the dissolved product-source ions (here Ti ++  from TiCl 2 ) required for reduction to the desired product metals indicated above, or others. The reaction for titanium production is: 
     
       
         Ti (s) +TiCl 4(g) =2TiCl 2(in molten salt)   (2)  
       
     
     In FIG. 1, Stage 1, molten salt phase carrying product-source ions joins molten reductant metal. Here, magnesium is the metal, but the list is more general, including elements from the group IA, IIA, aluminum, and zinc. The reaction produces desired product metal, here titanium, but other metals already indicated as product source ions could also be formed. 
     
       
         2TiCl 2(soln) +2Mg (l) =2MgCl 2(soln) +2Ti (s)   (3)  
       
     
     The metal may come in several forms: The pure metal may be as powder or small crystal grains, including as needles. The crystal forms may be enlarged, e.g., by repeated passage through the Stage 1 reaction zone. The product may be molten or solid. It may be alloyed as melt or solid, e.g., by passing alloying elements along with the forming desired product metal in Stage 1. Joint reduction of more than one product ion is possible. 
     The form of the product, e.g., as crystalline titanium needles or as other shapes, may be influenced by the physical and chemical nature of the reaction. 
     The metal product may be protected by leaving an outer layer of molten salt frozen on it. The salt film may be removed by vacuum evaporation at elevated temperature. Alcohol or other solvent may wash the metal clean. 
     Here the by-product may be removed from the molten salt by lowering the temperature and allowing it to freeze out, e.g., along a phase diagram liquidus line. 
     Formation of product-source ions may be used as a purification technique both for impurities from the product-source compounds and from impurities in the reductant material: Consider TiCl 4  with FeCl 3  impurities that had also vaporized as the TiCl 4  was being “purified.” When the Fe +++  ions contact the region where Ti ++  ions (from TiCl 2 ) exist in contact with excess Ti metal, the molten salt becomes an impenetrable barrier for Fe ions—Fe +++  and Fe ++  will quickly be reduced to metal, and Ti ++  ions will form in place of the other ions. Likewise, other iron impurities from recycled metal will be stopped by the barrier. This sort of restriction will hold for all the metals suggested as product metals, so long as the impurities as ions are less stable thermodynamically than the product-source ions, assuming these ions are in equilibrium with their product metal. 
     The composition of the selected molten salt can be important by increasing the solubility of product source ions in the molten salt phase. For example, the use of KCl in the molten salt phase may increase the solubility of TiCl 2  in KCl—MgCl 2  by allowing formation of soluble complex species derived from KCl.TiCl 2  or 2KCl.TiCl 2 , which dissolve the molten salt. 
     The FIG. 2 flow sheet describes the continuous production of titanium following this invention. Similar reactions may be possible with numerous other chemical elements, e.g., those already pointed out. 
     Summarizing this flow sheet, in Stage I a pumped solution of Ti ++  ions dissolved in molten salt (e.g., MgCl 2 —KCl) flows onto, then down beside, molten magnesium that floats on molten salt below. 
     As titanium ions in molten salt pass the molten magnesium, they grow titanium crystals which settle in the salt, are mechanically removed, and are cleaned to yield titanium product. 
     Still summarizing in Stage 2, solutions of titanium ions are regenerated in the circulating molten salt by the combination of TiCl 4  and titanium powder under reactive conditions. The circulation allows Stages 1 and 2 continuous reactions to proceed simultaneously in different regions of the circulating system. 
     The process is carried out in an inert atmosphere, e.g., in a glove box and using thermodynamically or kinetically suitable ceramic or metallic containers. 
     As described above, Stage 2 is discussed before Stage 1 for patent purposes. 
     Stage 2: Formation or Regeneration of Ti Ions in Molten Salt Solution: 
     Referring to FIG. 2, a reaction region different from that of Stage 1 is used to regenerate Ti ++  cycling in molten salt solution as part of a process for forming titanium metal product, as in Eq. 2. 
     In the Stage 2 region, following the arrows: (a) A source of TiCl 4  reactant is as TiCl 4  in carrier gas is provided three things: (a) A source of titanium tetrachloride reactant is provided; this reactant may be as TiCl 4  gas plus a carrier gas is fed into the Stage 2 region. Also in this case, (b) titanium metal in excess to react with the TiCl 4  is supplied from part of the titanium powder product powder in Stage 1. Often the titanium will be as powder. The reaction produces Ti ++ . Titanium is mechanically added to Stage 2. (c) A molten salt solvent for Ti ++  circulates through the system (follow the arrows) and provides a medium for the reaction to form the Ti ++  and also serves as a carrier to get the Ti ++  to Stage 1 reaction. Here MgCl 2 —KCl is a preferred choice—the MgCl 2  is a product from magnesium reductions, and the KCl both increases the solubility of titanium ions and lowers the melting point of MgCl 2 . 
     The added titanium metal settles to the bottom of the molten salt, and the TiCl 4  in carrier gas is bubbled into the bottom region. However, both the metal and the gas are not in the molten salt phase, and here the electronic conduction of the metal becomes important, because tiny electrochemical cells are set up. These cells allow reaction at a small distance between TiCl 4  (touching outside of the salt) and Ti metal reactant (coated by salt) with the Ti metal being both an electronic conductor and a reactant. 
     There remains a problem of having enough Ti ions in the solution to permit the tiny cells to drain. Here the Stage 1 reductions (to be discussed) will be expected to substantially eliminate the Ti ions. Therefore, it may be necessary to resupply some Ti ++  (or Ti +++  ions) to the Stage 2 reaction region, because the Ti ions are required for ionic conduction, to complete the tiny cells above and get the reactants together. 
     Therefore, as shown in the box to the right of Stage 2, a small amount of the Stage 2 product ions in molten salt is diverted directly back to add Ti ions: this is as reaction starter material to the Ti-ion-depleted molten salt returning from the Stage 1 production of Ti metal. This diversion assures that Ti ionic electrical conductivity can also occur and allow the tiny cells to catalyze rapid reaction to put Ti ions into solution. 
     In Stage 1, magnesium floating on molten salt phase reacts with incoming Ti ++  in molten salt forming titanium powder and producing MgCl 2  by-product. Magnesium is added as needed. 
     Following the arrows, the titanium product of Stage 1 settles and is removed mechanically, then cleaned, giving the desired product metal. 
     The by-product is removed, here by draining off enough MgCl 2 —KCl to remove the by-product MgCl 2 . Then the KCl and by-product are separated with the KCl going back to Stage 2 and the MgCl 2  going to by-product. 
     Alternatively, the by-product may be removed from the molten salt by lowering the temperature locally and allowing the MgCl 2  to freeze out, e.g., along thermodynamic phase diagram liquidus surfaces. The cold material on which the MgCl 2  freezes out can be removable for by-product collection. 
     Preferred Embodiment 2, Metallic Needle Formation: FIG. 3 shows a preferrred embodiment for growing special, desired, crystal shapes (not crystal structures) of various metals. As an example, FIG. 3 describes titanium production. 
     Here, a product-source compound, here TiCl 2 , dissolved in a molten salt phase, here MgCl 2 , have formed dissolved product-source ions, here Ti ++ , in molten MgCl 2 . The Ti ++  has been reacted with a molten reductant metal, here magnesium, thereby forming titanium metal. 
     The formation of the titanium metal has taken place within a “zone of reaction” in which various forms of physical and chemical control can be arranged, seeking to vary and eventually guide the shape (but usually not the crystal structure) of crystals forming as titanium synthesis proceeds. 
     One method of control is to create a number of interchangeable structures that will alter the physical and chemical conditions wherein titanium metal forms—this may include changes of the thickness, shape, and character of the molten MgCl 2  phase holding Ti ++  ions as it passes by the molten magnesium and forms titanium deposits. 
     Thus, an arrangement as in FIG. 3 allows magnesium floating on MgCl 2  (free of Ti ++ , which had reacted away) to come very close to the ceramic container—close, but not touching, however, because MgCl 2  wets both the ceramic and the molten magnesium, thus separating them. This is where the molten salt with Ti ++  squeezes through, pushing a little magnesium back from the ceramic wall, but bringing a thin film of molten salt with Ti ++  close to the magnesium. The result is that the system here has an arrangement that makes the reaction go well: Initially, TiCl 2  and magnesium can touch at the magnesium surface leading to forming Ti and MgCl 2 . Apparently the magnesium has some wetting attraction to the titanium, as well as a chemical desire to exchange Ti ++  for Mg ++  (or TiCl 2  for MgCl 2 ). The immediate result is that the reactant Ti ++  ions are in the bulk of the molten salt and are not directly available to the magnesium. However, titanium needles will serve very well indeed to grow into the Ti ++ -richer regions of the melt. As they get too large, however, the molten magnesium cannot hold the needles, and they fall offinto the molten salt below for collection as titanium product. 
     Experimental demonstration of needle crystal formation has been given for UF 4  solutions with molten magnesium in the inventor&#39;s laboratory. However, for the titanium example and other metals, the behavior is postulated. 
     Factors that may be useful in controlling the shape of crystal growth Include: (i) thickness and shape of the molten salt phase with product-source ions in contact with the molten reductant metal; (ii) the period of reactive exposure of the product-source ions with the molten reductant metal; (iii) the particle positions and orientations relative to the molten reductant metal&#39;s position; (iv) turbulence; (v) the nature of the three phase physical and chemical relationships that includes molten salt, molten reductant metal, and the inner surface of a container that holds the other two phases. This also includes the way the molten salt phase may wet and prevent intimate contact between the other phases and influence the flow of molten salt phase with product-source ions past the both the container wall and the molten reductant metal. 
     The influence of miniature electrochemical cells on the titanium synthesis reactions is of great importance as discussed previously; the effect of the needles in getting reaction into the bulk molten salt phase with product-source ions is critical to both general titanium synthesis and to needle production. 
     This invention is of interest with titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium. However, the growth of special shapes of crystals appears also possible with a group of metals of industrial interest.