Patent Publication Number: US-2012029959-A1

Title: Method of extending activity floats in the critical path method

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to computerized scheduling systems, and more specifically to a method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM). 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     There are many techniques that were developed in the literature to schedule construction projects based on different concepts. For example, in CPM, a critical path is the sequence of project network activities that adds up to the longest overall duration. This determines the shortest time possible to complete the project. Any delay of an activity on the critical path directly impacts the planned project completion date (i.e., there is no float on the critical path). A project can have several parallel, near critical paths. An additional parallel path through the network with the total durations shorter than the critical path is called a sub-critical or non-critical path. 
     The CPM scheduling technique was developed with an underlying concept of minimizing the project duration. Subsequently, many algorithms have been developed to enhance the CPM technique. Among these algorithms, resource management techniques offer a substantial enhancement. The literature involves many heuristic, optimal, and sub-optimal methods that have been developed to modify CPM schedules to account for practical considerations of project resources. 
     Activity floats are project activities that can be delayed without making the project longer. Despite the fact that resource management techniques entail rescheduling the start of some activities, which occasionally involves extending the total project duration, the inventor is unaware of any work having been introduced to devise an extendable network to allow extending the project duration by supplementing the original total floats of activities with an additional float. 
     Although many techniques have been developed to schedule the resources of the construction projects, these techniques suffer from the disadvantage that they have not devised an extendable network that fulfills the constrained resources by supplementing the original total floats of activities with an additional float. 
     Thus, a method of extending activity floats in the critical path method solving the aforementioned problems is desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A network diagram of a project shows which activities follow and depend from other activities. Critical paths, i.e., routes through the network that will take the longest amount of time, are identified. Activity floats display project activities that can be delayed without affecting the critical paths. A basic network parameter of total float is computed from all of the floats identified in the network. The method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) retains the computed total float while extending the project duration, resulting in an extendable network. The method allows for rescheduling of the start times of some activities so that the resource requirements never exceed the specified resource limit. 
     The extendable network transforms the process of seeking an extended schedule that fulfills resource constraints from searching in a boundless solution space to a process of searching in a well defined and definite solution space. Utilization of a definite searching space allows for an integer programming optimization technique, which provides an optimized scheduling solution that fulfills the resource constraint and yet minimizes the project duration. 
     These and other features of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a typical activity, k, in a CPM schedule. 
         FIG. 2  is a chart of a cash flow profile for the CPM schedule of L periods. 
         FIG. 3  is a plot that shows cumulative cash as of end of period t, which encompasses m days, including accumulated interest charges. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating the extendable network. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating the solution search logic in a method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 6A  is a chart showing an original CPM schedule before application of a method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 6B  is a chart showing the original CPM Schedule with a 5-day additional float after application of a method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A network diagram of a project shows which activities follow and depend from other activities. Critical paths, i.e., routes through the network that will take the longest amount of time, are identified. Activity floats display project activities that can be delayed without affecting the critical paths. A basic network parameter of total float is computed from all of the floats identified in the network. The method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) retains the computed total float while extending the project duration, resulting in an extendable network. The method allows for extending the project duration while keeping the networking basic parameter of total float intact. The method provides for rescheduling of the start times of some activities while constraining the resource requirements so that the requirements never exceed a specified resource limit. 
     The extendable network transforms the process of seeking an extended schedule that fulfils resource constraints from searching in a boundless solution space to a process of searching in a well-defined and definite solution space. The definite searching space utilizes the mathematical formulation of optimization techniques, such as integer programming, which provides the optimum solution as a schedule that fulfills the resource constraint and yet minimizes the project duration. The method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) uses the extension framework to devise cash-constrained schedules for construction projects. Even though this is the preferred embodiment, the method does not preclude being implemented in various manifestations other than the one described here. 
     The method of extending activity floats in the critical path method (CPM) comprises three primary stages, including the preparation of the input, the preparation of the extendable network, and the formulation of the mathematical model of the cash-constrained scheduling problem. 
     The input preparation stage supports preparing CPM schedule and financial data of the project, which involves activities, sequence of activities, time data, cash outflow data, cash inflow data, and the cash flow profile. The time data involves durations, early start times, early finish times, late start times, late finish times, and total floats of activities. Cash outflow data involves identification of cost elements and determination of daily disbursement rates of activities. Cash inflow data involves unit prices of the activities, the frequency of payments, and the retained percentage of the payments. A cash flow profile charts the cash inflow and cash outflow transactions along the project duration. The terminology of schedule and financial data is described below with reference to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3 . 
       FIG. 1  represents a schematic diagram  100  of a typical activity k in a CPM schedule. Activity k has a duration D k , a free float FF k , a total float TF k , an early start time ES k , an early finish time EF k , and a disbursement rate R k , which includes direct costs of material, labor, equipment, and subcontractors, and indirect costs of overheads, bonds, and taxes. The activity k=1, 2, . . . , n, where n is the number of project activities. An activity q is a representative activity of the set of activities Q k  that depend on activity k. Activity q has a duration D q , a free float FF q , which is the same as the total float TF q , an early start time ES q , and an early finish time EF q . An activity n, designated by a solid bar in  FIG. 1 , is a representative activity of project critical activities. At the same time, it is the terminating activity in the CPM schedule. Activity n has a duration D n , an early start time ES n , and an early finish time EF n . A duration T of the CPM schedule is the total number of working days, and i denotes a typical working day of the CPM schedule. 
     Let total disbursements of all activities performed in day i be denoted by y i ; this will be referred to as project disbursements at day i. Thus: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     i 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       1 
                       
                         n 
                         i 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       y 
                       pi 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where n i  is the number of activities that have their durations or float values overlapping with day i, and y pi  is the disbursement rate of activities in terms of R k  values, as formulated in Equations 16a through 16c, below. 
     Cash flow profile  200  is shown in  FIG. 2  for the CPM schedule of L periods. The cash flow profile is from the contractors&#39; perspective. Cash outflow during a typical project period t is represented by E t , timing of receipts from the owner is at the end of the same period, and a cash inflow is represented by P t ; where: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     E 
                     t 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       m 
                     
                      
                     
                       y 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     t 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     K 
                     · 
                     
                       E 
                       t 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where; m is the number of days comprising period t, as will be indicated in  FIG. 2 , and K is a multiplier to account for deduction of the percentage owners cut of receipts. A cumulative cash flow as of the end of period t (for t≧1) is U t , where; 
         U   t   =V   t-1   +E   t   (4)
 
     A net cash flow at the end of period t after receiving cash inflow is V t . At the end of the previous period (t−1),  FIG. 2  shows also a cumulative cash U t-1 , cash inflow as of end of period P t-1 , and a cumulative balance V t-1 , where; 
         V   t-1   =U   t-1   +P   t-1   (5)
 
       FIG. 2  shows a net profit G achieved at end of project, and a maximum cumulative cash R occurred along cash flow profile. It is to be noted that, the above calculations are based on the premise that contractors pay interest charges due at end of each period, where interest charges O t  at end of period t is; 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     O 
                     t 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       rV 
                       
                         t 
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       r 
                        
                       
                         
                           E 
                           t 
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where r is an interest rate per period. 
     The first component of O t  represents interest charges per period on net cash flow V t-1 . The second component approximates interest charges on E t . 
     However, if contractors pay interest charges on accumulated cash at interest rate r, plot  300  of  FIG. 3  shows that a cumulative cash as of end of period t, which encompasses m days, including accumulated interest charges is designated by F t  where: 
         F   t   =U   t   +I   t   (7)
 
     where I t  is accumulated interest charges as of end of period t. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     t 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         I 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       t 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         
                           O 
                           t 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             r 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       
                         t 
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A cumulative balance as of end of period t is N t  where: 
         N   t   =F   t   +P   t   (9)
 
     For period t−1, cumulative cash as of the end of this period, including accumulated interest charges, is F t-1 , and the cumulative balance is N t-1 . 
     Developing CPM schedules that are constrained with specified constrained cash involves extension rather than compression in these schedules. Practically, numerous extended schedules could be produced for a given schedule. Thus, a fundamental objective of the method is to minimize extension in schedules. This stage of the method supports developing the extendable network. The extendable network, as shown in  FIG. 4 , is a structure of the original schedule that supplements a definite additional float M to the original network duration to determine the extended duration of the CPM network (T+M), and consequently to the total floats of activities to produce the extended floats J k . This can be expressed as: 
         J   k   =M+T   F     k     (10)
 
     The extended floats are time spaces within which activities can be shifted without impacting the duration of the extended CPM network. For instance, in  FIG. 4 , activity k can be shifted all the way to the end of its illustrated extended float. Consequently, activity n should be shifted to the end of its extended float to maintain the relation that activity n depends on activity k. Thus, the shift of activity k can be done without causing further extension beyond the duration of (T+M). The same scenario is valid between activities q and n. 
     Thus, the extendable network is a special framework for extending the project duration while keeping the networking basics intact. This extendable network supplements an additional float to the total float of the terminating activity of the network. Since the total float of an activity is shared by every activity on its corresponding paths, and given that the terminating activity is a common activity in all paths that traverse the network, the extension increment will be shared among all activities of the network. Thus the extension increment is shared, managed, and distributed as a fundamental project resource to produce feasible schedules under constrained cash. The extendable network allows rescheduling the start times of some activities such that F t  values never exceed the specified constrained cash. Thus, the extendable network transforms the process of seeking an extended schedule that fulfils cash constraints from a process of searching in a boundless solution space to a process of searching in a well-defined and definite solution space. 
     The mathematical model formulation stage supports building an integer programming model, which involves the components of formulating an objective function, setting constraints, and searching for a model solution. Constraints involve activity shifting, activity sequence, and specified constrained cash. Model solution determines activity shifts that minimize project duration fulfilling constraints, activity shifting, activity sequence, and specified constrained cash. 
     The process flow  500 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , details the searching logic for a solution. The steps of process flow  500  include step  502 , in which the CPM network and financial data are acquired, an extendable CPM network is developed, and an integer programming model is formulated. At step  504 , a solution search is performed. The process  500  terminates if the solution is found. If a solution is not found, then step  506  is performed, in which the extendable network developing procedure and the integer programming model formulation procedure are repeated using a larger additional float. 
     Thus, searching for a solution under constrained cash is an iterative process. Each iteration uses a larger additional float than the previous iteration. Many iterations being performed (iterations exceeding a predetermined threshold) with no solution indicates insufficient cash. 
     The method produces realistic schedules as far as cash availability is concerned, and thus establishes the feasibility of schedules. It builds on the widely spread CPM technique, and thus is readily plausible for practitioners. It achieves financial feasibility, besides the demanded goal of time minimization. The method employs the optimization technique of integer programming to give optimum solutions. It defines an extendable network of schedules to achieve minimum extension of the total duration. It transforms the process of seeking an extended schedule that fulfills cash constraints from a process of searching in a boundless region to a process of searching in a well-defined and definite region. Moreover, the method provides a sensitivity analysis technique through the gradual increase in the additional float. 
     A decision variable x denotes a shift in activity. As mentioned above, the objective of the model is to minimize total extension of a schedule through minimizing shifting in activity n. Thus, the objective function can be formulated as: 
       Minimize  z=x   n   (11)
 
     Activity shifting constraints insures that shifting in activities x k  where k=1, 2, . . . n and n is the total number of activities, is an integer within the extended float. Shifting of activities x k  can be represented by: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     x 
                     k 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         j 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       
                         J 
                         k 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       j 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         S 
                         kj 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   12 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         j 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       
                         J 
                         k 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       S 
                       kj 
                     
                   
                   ≤ 
                   1 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   13 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where J k =extended float of activity k, and S kj ε{0,1} is a binary variable. These equations ensure that x k  takes values of 0, 1, 2, . . . , J k  and only one of these values is considered at a time. In other words, equation (13) means that only one S kj  is equal to 1 and the others are equal to zero (in this case x k =j k ) or all S kj  equal zero (in this case, x k =0). Thus, equations (12) and (13) allow x k  to take all possible values from 0 up to J k    
     Requisite activity sequence constraints are constraints between activity k and each of activities qεQ k . This is because early finish time of each activity q must be equal to or more than early finish of activity k plus duration of activity q. This can be represented mathematically by: 
         EF   q ≧( EF   k   +D   q )  k= 1, 2 , . . . , n  for all  qεQ   k   (14)
 
     Cumulative cash at any period t, including accumulated interest charges F t , should not exceed specified constrained cash of W. This constraint can be formulated as follows: 
         F   t   ≦W   (15)
 
     F t , as in equation (7), for each period of the project can be formulated in terms of disbursement rate y pi  using equations (1) through (8), respectively. Disbursement rate y pi  can be formulated as in equations (16a)-(16c). It is noted that equations (16a)-(16c) use subscript k to illustrate activity k, but it should be used for all activities p that are performed in time unit i. 
     For activity k of disbursement rate R k , the disbursement rate in time unit i can be calculated as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       y 
                       ki 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           1 
                           - 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 j 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                               
                                 J 
                                 k 
                               
                             
                              
                             
                               S 
                               kj 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         R 
                         k 
                       
                     
                   
                   ; 
                   
                     
                       ES 
                       k 
                     
                     ≤ 
                     i 
                     ≤ 
                     
                       EF 
                       k 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     16 
                      
                     a 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         y 
                         ki 
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           S 
                           kj 
                         
                         · 
                         
                           R 
                           k 
                         
                       
                     
                     ; 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ES 
                             k 
                           
                           + 
                           j 
                         
                         ≤ 
                         i 
                         &lt; 
                         
                           
                             EF 
                             k 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             j 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             j 
                           
                         
                       
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   , 
                   2 
                   , 
                   … 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                   , 
                   
                     J 
                     k 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     16 
                      
                     b 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       y 
                       ki 
                     
                     = 
                     0 
                   
                   ; 
                   otherwise 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     16 
                      
                     c 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As noted from equation (16a), when ΣS kj =0 (i.e., x k =0), from equation (12)), the disbursement rate R k  will be considered for each time unit within ES k  and EF k . As also noted from equation (16b), when any S kj =1 (i.e., x k =j k  from equations (12) and (13), the disbursement rate R k  will be considered for each time unit in which activity k is performed in its shifted position. 
     Finally, objective function and constraints are formulated in terms of S kj  variables. Thus, model constraints and the objective function represent an integer optimization model that can be implemented as computer software, which, when executed by a computer, directly solves the model. Non-zero variables indicate shifts. For instance, if S k3 =1, that indicates a value shift in activity k of three time units. 
     An illustrative CPM schedule example is used to demonstrate the method.  FIG. 6A  shows the original schedule, consisting of five activities. A disbursement rate ($/day) is indicated above each activity. The diagram is shown in  FIG. 6B  with a five day additional float. The extended duration is sixteen working days, which represents three full periods, each full period comprising five working days, and a fourth partial period of one day. 
     Using equation (12) to formulate the shift in activity E of the schedule, and substituting in Equation (11), the objective function of the example schedule becomes: 
       Minimize  Z=S   E1 +2 S   E2 +3 S   E3 +4 S   E4 +5 S   E5   (17)
 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , equation (14) can be interpreted in terms of shifts as follows for activities A, B, C, D, and E, and constraints on the shifts. 
     The shift of activity A should not be greater than the shift of activity E by three days, which is total float of A. The shift of activity B should not be greater than the shift of activity C. The shift of activity B should not be greater than the shift of activity D. The shift of activity C should not be greater than the shift of activity E. 
     The shift of activity D should not be greater than the shift of activity E by three days, which is total float of D. This is to insure that the schedule duration remains determined by the end of activity E. 
     Using equation (12) to formulate shifts of activities A, B, C, D, and E, the above five constraints are respectively formulated as follows: 
         S   A1 +2 S   A2 +3 S   A3 +4 S   A4 +5 S   A5 +6 S   A6 +7 S   A7 +8 S   A8 −S E1 −2 S   E2 −3 S   E3 −4 S   E4 −5 S   E5 ≦3  (18)
 
         S   B1 +2 S   B3 +4 S   D4 +5 S   B5   −S   C1 −2 S   C2 −3 S   C3 −4 S   C4 −5 S   C5 ≦0  (19)
 
         S   B1 +2 S   B3 +3 S   B3 +4 S   B4 +5 S   B5   −S   D1 −2 S   D2 −3 S   D3 −4 S   D4 −5 S   D5 −6 S   D6 −7 S   D7 −8 S   D8 ≦0  (20)
 
         S   C1 +2 S   C2 +3 S   C3 +4 S   C4 +5 S   C5   −S   E1 −2 S   E2 −3 S   E3 −4 S   E4 −5 S   E5 ≦0  (21)
 
         S   D1 +2 S   D2 +3 S   D3 +4 S   D4 +5 S   D5 +6 S   D6 +7 S   D7 +8 S   D8   −S   E1 −2 S   E2 −3 S   E3 −4 S   E4 −5 S   E5 ≦3  (22)
 
     Referring to equation (13), activity shifting constraints can be formulated as follows for activities A, B, C, D, and E. 
         S   A1   +S   A2   +S   A3   +S   A4   +S   A5   +S   A6   +S   A7   +S   A8 ≦1  (23)
 
         S   B1   +S   B3   +S   B3   +S   B4   +S   B5 ≦1  (24)
 
         S   C1   +S   C2   +S   C3   +S   C4   +S   C5 ≦1  (25)
 
         S   D1   +S   D2   +S   D3   +S   D4   +S   D5   +S   D6   +S   D7   +S   D8 ≦1  (26)
 
         S   E1   +S   E2   +S   E3   +S   E4   +S   E5 ≦1  (27)
 
     Referring to  FIG. 6B , project daily disbursement y i  in equation 1 can be formulated for sixteen days using equations (16a), (16b), and (16c) as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     1 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     5000 
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
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                     - 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           A 
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                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
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                           6 
                         
                       
                     
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   28 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     2 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     5000 
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
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                           6 
                         
                       
                     
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                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   29 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     3 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     5000 
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                        
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   30 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     4 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     8000 
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   31 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     5 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     8000 
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   32 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     6 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     8000 
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         
                           S 
                           
                             C 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             5 
                           
                         
                         -- 
                       
                        
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   33 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     7 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     6000 
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   34 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     8 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     6000 
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           B 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   35 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     9 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     4000 
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   36 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     10 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     3000 
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   37 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     11 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     3000 
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
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                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           A 
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                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
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                         S 
                         
                           C 
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                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
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                         S 
                         
                           C 
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                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
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                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
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                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           D 
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                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
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                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
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                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
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                       3000 
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                         S 
                         
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                            
                           
                               
                           
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                           4 
                         
                       
                     
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                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   38 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     12 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           A 
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                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
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                         S 
                         
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
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                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
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                           4 
                         
                       
                     
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
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                           6 
                         
                       
                     
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                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
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                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           D 
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                           8 
                         
                       
                     
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                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
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                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   39 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     13 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
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                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
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                         S 
                         
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                            
                           
                               
                           
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                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
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                         S 
                         
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                            
                           
                               
                           
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
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                           5 
                         
                       
                     
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                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
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                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
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                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
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                         S 
                         
                           D 
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                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
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                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
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                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   40 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     14 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           A 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       4000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           C 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           6 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   41 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     15 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           7 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   42 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     16 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           D 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           8 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       3000 
                        
                       
                         S 
                         
                           E 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   43 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Then, equation (2) can be used to formulate E t  for the four periods of schedule as follows: 
         E   1   =y   1   +y   2   +y   3   +y   4   +y   5   (44)
 
         E   2   =y   6   +y   7   +y   8   +y   9   +y   10   (45)
 
         E   3   =y   11   +y   12   +y   13   +y   14   +y   15   (46)
 
         E   4   =y   16   (47)
 
     The four equations (44) through (47) are in terms of S kj . Given the value of the multiplier K, the corresponding formulas of P t  can be performed using equation (3). Then, formulas for U t , V t , I t , and F t  can be established in terms of S kj  using equations (4), (5), (8), and (7), respectively. Accordingly, five constraints can be established to express the conditions that F 1  through F 5  must be below specified cash constraints. Then, objective function in equation (17), activity sequence constraints in equations (18) through (22), activity shifting constraints in equations (23) through (27), and cash constraints represent an integer programming model that can be solved for S kj  values using available software. 
     It will be understood that the diagrams in the drawings depicting the CPM activity float extending method are exemplary only, and may be embodied in a dedicated electronic device having a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, any combination of the aforementioned devices, or other device that combines the functionality of the CPM activity float extending method onto a single chip or multiple chips programmed to carry out the method steps described herein, or may be embodied in a general purpose computer having the appropriate peripherals attached thereto and software stored on a computer readable media that can be loaded into main memory and executed by a processing unit to carry out the functionality of the apparatus and steps of the method described herein. 
     It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.