Patent Publication Number: US-4369393-A

Title: Electroluminescent display including semiconductor convertible to insulator

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to electroluminescent displays. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known in the prior art to provide an electroluminescent structure in which there is provided beneath a luminescent layer a black layer for contrast enhancement; e.g., &#34;High Display Viewability Provided by Thin-Film EL, Black Layer, and TFT Drive,&#34; K. O. Fugate, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-24, No. 7, July 1977, p. 909. It is known in the capacitor art that the effect of defects such as pinholes in a tantalum pentoxide layer may be overcome by an adjacent layer of manganese dioxide upon placing a voltage across the two layers in series; e.g., &#34;Sputtered Manganese Dioxide as Counterelectrodes in Thin Film Capacitors&#34;, Landorf et al., Bell Telephone Laboratories, J. Electrochem. Soc. Vol. 119, No. 4, April 1972, p. 430. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     I have discovered that an improved thin film electroluminescent display structure can be provided if there is included in it a layer of convertible semiconductor. By &#34;convertible&#34;, I mean that at current densities caused in the device if there is a defect in an insulating layer resulting in undesired current flow, the material is converted at the place of such flow from a semiconductor to an insulator, thus stopping the flow. In a preferred embodiment, the insulating layer comprises tantalum pentoxide and the semiconductor is manganese dioxide. 
     In another aspect of the invention, I have discovered that the electroluminescent portions of the device may be defined by first laying down a layer of electroluminescent host material and thereafter doping this layer in selected portions with an electroluminescent activator. In a preferred embodiment, the host material is zinc sulfide and the activator is manganese. 
    
    
     PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Drawings 
     There is shown: 
     FIG. 1 is a plan view of a preferred embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken at 2--2 of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     Description 
     Turning now to the drawings, there is shown an electroluminescent display indicated generally at 10. 
     Soda lime glass support 12, 1/8&#34; in thickness, supports transparent conductor layer 14 of electrically conductive SnO2 3,000 Angstrom units in thickness (deposited by RF sputtering tin in the presence of oxygen). Supported thereon is insulating layer 16 of tantalum pentoxide, 4,000 Angstrom units in thickness (deposited by RF sputtering of tantalum in the presence of oxygen). 
     On layer 16 is more complex layer 18, which includes electroluminescent portion 22 and non-electroluminescent portion 20. Layer 18 is formed by first evaporating zinc sulfide to a thickness of 6,500 Angstrom units. Following this, manganese is deposited through a mask to a thickness of 75 Angstrom units over the round areas 22, as shown in FIG. 1. Thereafter a vacuum is drawn, helium is backfilled to a pressure of 1,000 microns, and temperature is raised to 550° C. for one hour, to diffuse the manganese into zinc sulfide. (Although in the drawing the entire portion 22 is shown within the dotted lines as uniform, it is not known the precise depth to which the diffusion takes place, nor the precise configuration of the zone boundaries.) In this embodiment the zinc sulfide is the host and the manganese is the activator. 
     On layer 18 is deposited, over the area indicated at 24 in FIG. 1 a convertible semiconductor layer 26 of manganese dioxide 3000 Angstrom units in thickness (deposited by RF sputtering of manganese, in the presence of oxygen, through a mask). Supported by layers 18 and 26 over the entire area of the device is insulating layer 28 of tantalum pentoxide 4000 Angstrom units in thickness (deposited by RF sputtering tantalum in the presence of oxygen). 
     Next is electrode layer 30 of aluminum, deposited over the area 24, but with tail (not shown) extending therefrom to the exterior for electrical connection through alternator 28 with layer 14. 
     The device is finished off with a black silastic potting layer 32, for protection and added contrast enhancement. 
     Operation 
     In my invention the manganese dioxide layer 26 counteracts the effect of defects such as pinholes in tantalum pentoxide layer 28, as well, I believe, as defects in the layers 16 and 18. The MnO 2  layer 26 additionally advantageously provides the advantage of contrast enhancement. 
     The invention technique of defining of electroluminescent zones permits the achievement of complex and interesting display patterns, all activatable by the single electrode 30, so that the zones 22 become luminescent when the electrical source 28 is activated. 
     Other Embodiments 
     Other techniques for forming layers may of course be used. Other materials may be used. For example SiO may be used as an insulating layer. Although yet untested, it is believed that reversal of deposits of the layer 26 and 28, to eliminate the step in the latter, may be the most preferred embodiment.