Patent Publication Number: US-9889654-B2

Title: Liquid ejection head, liquid ejection unit, and liquid ejection device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-048226, filed on Mar. 11, 2015, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-243063, filed on Dec. 14, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a liquid ejection head, a liquid ejection unit, and a liquid ejection device. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A liquid ejection head for use in an image recording apparatus or image forming apparatus, such as a printer, a facsimile machine, or a copier, is known, which includes a nozzle to eject ink droplets, a pressure chamber in communication with the nozzle, and an electromechanical transducer element, such as a piezoelectric element, to pressurize the ink in the pressure chamber. Further, two types of liquid ejection heads are put in practical use, one type using an actuator of longitudinal vibration mode, and the other type using an actuator of flexural vibration mode. 
     For example, there is known a liquid ejection head of the type using the actuator of flexural vibration mode, which includes a layer of a piezoelectric material uniformly formed on an overall surface of a diaphragm by using a film deposition technique. In this liquid ejection head, an electromechanical transducer element is fabricated by forming the piezoelectric material layer into a shape corresponding to a shape of a pressure chamber by using a lithographic process, so that one electromechanical transducer element is provided independently for one pressure chamber. In this liquid ejection head, the diaphragm is bent in a convex form which projects toward the pressure chamber side, and the diaphragm has an amount of deflection. For example, see Japanese Patent No. 3555682 and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2014-151511. 
     In the above-described liquid ejection head according to the related art, the amount of deflection of the diaphragm on which a single electromechanical transducer element is mounted is taken into consideration. However, a distribution of the amounts of deflection of the diaphragm on which plural electromechanical transducer elements are mounted is not taken into consideration. Hence, in a case of a liquid ejection head in which plural electromechanical transducer elements are arrayed, it is difficult to obtain stable ink ejection characteristics. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides a liquid ejection head in which plural electromechanical transducer elements are arrayed, which is capable of providing stable ink ejection characteristics. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid ejection head including a plurality of structures arrayed in a predetermined direction, each structure including a nozzle to eject liquid, a pressure chamber in communication with the nozzle, and an ejection drive unit to increase pressure of the liquid in the pressure chamber, wherein the ejection drive unit of each structure includes a diaphragm to form a wall of the pressure chamber, and an electromechanical transducer element including an electromechanical transducer film, the diaphragm being convex toward the pressure chamber, and wherein, when an amount of curvature of the diaphragm for the pressure chamber of each structure is defined by a radius of curvature, a difference between a minimum radius of curvature and a maximum radius of curvature of the diaphragm for 20 channels of the pressure chambers is equal to or less than 1500 μm, the 20 channels being counted from one of the pressure chambers at each of end portions of the plurality of structures in the predetermined direction. 
     The object and advantages of the invention will be implemented and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a liquid ejection head according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a part of the liquid ejection head according to the first embodiment for explaining a manufacturing process thereof. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the liquid ejection head according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram for explaining a curved state of a diaphragm. 
         FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  are diagrams for explaining a definition of an amount of curvature of a diaphragm. 
         FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B  are diagrams for explaining a distribution of amounts of displacement for chips in a row on a wafer. 
         FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B  are diagrams for explaining changes of directions of polarization in a piezoelectric crystal. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram for explaining a distribution of polarizabilities for chips in a row on a wafer. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram for explaining a diffraction intensity peak profile of a PZT film obtained by the measurement according to an X-ray diffraction θ-2θ method. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram for explaining a diffraction intensity peak profile of the PZT film obtained by the measurement in which a tilt angle (χ) is changed at a 2θ peak position, which is separated into three peak profiles by peak separation. 
         FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  are diagrams showing a wiring pattern of the liquid ejection head according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram for explaining a structure of a polarization process device. 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram for explaining a corona discharge. 
         FIG. 14A  and  FIG. 14B  are diagrams for explaining a P-E hysteresis loop. 
         FIG. 15  is a plan view of a liquid ejection device according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a side view of the liquid ejection device according to the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a plan view of a modification of the liquid ejection unit according to the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is a front view of another modification of the liquid ejection unit according to the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram for explaining a holding substrate. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A description will be given of embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     First Embodiment 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a liquid ejection head  1  according to a first embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the liquid ejection head  1  includes a substrate  10 , a diaphragm  20 , an electromechanical transducer element  30 , and an insulation protective film  40 . The electromechanical transducer element  30  includes a lower electrode  31 , an electromechanical transducer film  32 , and an upper electrode  33 . 
     In the liquid ejection head  1 , the diaphragm  20  is formed on the substrate  10 , and the lower electrode  31  of the electromechanical transducer element  30  is formed on the diaphragm  20 . The electromechanical transducer film  32  is formed in a predetermined region of the lower electrode  31 , and the upper electrode  33  is formed on the electromechanical transducer film  32 . The electromechanical transducer element  30  is covered by the insulation protective film  40 . The insulation protective film  40  includes an opening to which the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33  are selectively exposed, and a wiring from the lower electrode  31  and a wiring from the upper electrode  33  may be routed via the opening. 
     A nozzle plate  50  including a nozzle  51  to eject ink droplets is bonded to the bottom of the substrate  10 . The nozzle plate  50 , the substrate  10 , and the diaphragm  20  constitute a pressure chamber  10   x  (which may also be called an ink passage, a pressurized liquid chamber, a pressurized chamber, an ejection chamber, or a liquid chamber), and this pressure chamber  10   x  is in communication with the nozzle  51 . The diaphragm  20  forms a part of walls of an ink passage (the pressure chamber  10   x ). In other words, the pressure chamber  10   x  may be divided into the substrate  10  (which forms sidewalls of the pressure chamber  10   x ), the nozzle plate  50  (which forms a bottom surface of the pressure chamber  10   x ), and the diaphragm  20  (which forms a top surface of the pressure chamber  10   x ). The pressure chamber  10   x  communicates with the nozzle  51 . 
     Next, a method of manufacturing the liquid ejection head  1  is described. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the diaphragm  20 , the lower electrode  31 , the electromechanical transducer film  32 , and the upper electrode  33  are sequentially laminated on the substrate  10 . Subsequently, an etching process is performed on each of the lower electrode  31 , the electromechanical transducer film  32 , and the upper electrode  33 , so that the respective elements  31 ,  32  and  33  of the electromechanical transducer element  30  have a desired configuration. Subsequently, the electromechanical transducer element  30  is covered by the insulation protective film  40 . Then, the opening to which the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33  are selectively exposed is formed in the insulation protective film  40 . Subsequently, the substrate  10  is etched from a bottom surface thereof so that the pressure chamber  10   x  is formed. Subsequently, the nozzle plate  50  including the nozzle  51  is bonded to the bottom surface of the substrate  10  so that the liquid ejection head  1  is produced. 
     Note that only one liquid ejection head  1  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . However, in practical applications, a liquid ejection head  2  including a plurality of liquid ejection heads  1  arrayed in a predetermined direction, as shown in  FIG. 3 , is produced. The liquid ejection head  2  may be a structure including an array of unit structures (the array of liquid ejection heads  1 ) in the predetermined direction, each unit structure including the nozzle  51  to eject liquid, the pressure chamber  10   x  in communication with the nozzle  51 , and an ejection drive unit to increase the pressure of the liquid in the pressure chamber  10   x . The ejection drive unit may include the diaphragm  20  which forms the top surface of the pressure chamber  10   x , and the electromechanical transducer element  30  which includes the electromechanical transducer film  32 . 
     In the process of producing the liquid ejection head  2 , a curved state of the diaphragm  20  which is projecting toward the side of the pressure chamber  10   x  as shown in  FIG. 4  may be present immediately after the pressure chamber  10   x  is formed. Depending on the amount of curvature of the diaphragm  20 , the amount of displacement of the diaphragm  20  when ejecting the ink is affected. Further, if the diaphragm  20  is in such a curved state, the residual vibration may occur when ejecting the ink. To prevent the residual vibration, generation of a drive signal having a predetermined waveform is required. However, lowering the frequency of the predetermined waveform is also required to prevent the residual vibration. Hence, it is difficult to provide good liquid ejection performance at high frequencies. 
     In order to provide good liquid ejection performance at high frequencies, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the diaphragm  20 , the electromechanical transducer film  32 , and the insulation protective film  40 . The use of a material with a high Young&#39;s modulus or an increased thickness of the electromechanical transducer element  30  is required. By taking the stress design of the liquid ejection head  2  into consideration, the diaphragm  20  may be produced to include plural layers which are made of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN), polysilicon, etc., as materials. 
     It is preferred that the diaphragm  20  is formed to have a film thickness in a range between 1 μm and 3 μm. Further, the diaphragm  20  is formed to have a Young&#39;s modulus in a range between 75 GPa and 95 GPa, and it is possible to provide good liquid ejection performance at high frequencies. 
     Here, the amount of curvature of the diaphragm  20  is described. First, a definition of the amount of curvature of the diaphragm  20  is described with reference to  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B . To compute the amount of curvature of the diaphragm  20 , a distribution of deflection amounts of the diaphragm  20  measured from the side of the pressure chamber  10   x , as shown in  FIG. 5A , is acquired using a deflection amount meter (“CCI3000” manufactured by AMETEK). 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , a central portion of the diaphragm  20  has a great amount of deflection and end portions of the diaphragm  20  have a small amount of deflection. In the deflection distribution of the diaphragm  20  acquired using the deflection amount meter, as shown in  FIG. 5A , a center point C (a center point of deflection) is determined by using points A and B for the end portions of the diaphragm  20  (where the amount of deflection is the minimum) as reference points. A distance between one of the points A and B for the end portions of the diaphragm  20  and the center point C is set to X. Two points D and E lying at a distance of 0.8X from the center point C are determined and, as shown in  FIG. 5B , a radius of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  is computed based on the coordinates of the three points including the center point C and the points D and E. 
     Next, the amount of displacement for the electromechanical transducer element  30  (displacement characteristics) is described. The amount of displacement for the electromechanical transducer element  30  (displacement characteristics) may be considered as one of the characteristics of the electromechanical transducer element  30  affecting the ink ejection quantity and the ejection speed when ejecting the ink. For example, a case in which plural liquid ejection heads  2  are produced from a single wafer is considered and the amounts of displacement for chips in a row lying at an outer peripheral portion of the wafer are compared with the amounts of displacement for chips in a row lying at a central portion of the wafer. 
       FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B  are diagrams for explaining a distribution of amounts of displacement for chips in a row on a wafer W.  FIG. 6A  is a plan view of the wafer W in which chips C 1  and C 4  are arrayed on an outer peripheral portion of the wafer W and chips C 2  and C 3  are arrayed on a central portion of the wafer W. In each of the chips C 1 -C 4 , a plurality of electromechanical transducer elements  30  are arrayed thereon. Note that “O.F.” indicated in  FIG. 6A  is an abbreviation for “Orientation Flat”. 
       FIG. 6B  shows changes of the amounts of displacement for the electromechanical transducer elements  30  in the array direction (the direction from the chip C 1  to the chip C 4 ) of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  in the chip C 3 . In  FIG. 6B , the horizontal axis indicates the element number of each of the electromechanical transducer elements  30 , and the vertical axis indicates the amount of displacement for each of the electromechanical transducer elements  30 . In  FIG. 6B , “T” indicates a region of the chip C 3  in which 20 channels of the pressure chambers  10   x  (each channel including a diaphragm element  20  and an electromechanical transducer element  30 ), counted from the pressure chamber  10   x  at each chip end of the chip C 3  in the array direction of the electromechanical transducer elements  30 , are arrayed in the array direction. Although the case of the chip C 3  is illustrated, it is confirmed that the chips C 1 , C 2  and C 4  also show a similar tendency as in the chip C 3 . 
     Note that there may be a case in which some dummy channels which do not eject ink droplets are disposed at each of the ends of the nozzle row. In such a case, the 20 channels of the pressure chambers  10   x  from the pressure chamber  10   x  at the chip end in the array direction are selected from among normal channels to eject ink droplets by excluding the dummy channels. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6B , in the chip C 3 , the tendency that the amounts of displacement of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  increase rapidly in the channel group of the 20 channels from the channel at each of the chip ends in the array direction of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  is seen. 
     It is found by the consideration of the inventor that there is a dispersion in the amounts of curvature of the diaphragm elements  20  for the electromechanical transducer elements  30  of the channel group of the 20 channels from The chip end, and this dispersion corresponds to a specific dispersion in the amounts of displacement of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  on the channel group of the 20 channels from the chip end. Namely, it is found that, in order to prevent the specific dispersion of the amounts of displacement of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  on the channel group of 20 channels from the chip end, it is necessary to prevent the dispersion of the amounts of curvature of the diaphragm elements  20  for the electromechanical transducer elements  30  on the channel group of 20 channels from the chip end. 
     Hence, care should be taken on the case in which the specific dispersion of piezoelectric performance occurs at the end portions of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  as shown in  FIG. 6B , not on the case of the random dispersion at the time of ink ejection. The specific dispersion greatly affects the ink ejection quantity and the ejection speed at the time of ink ejection, which may be observed as a clearly defective item with respect to the quality when the ink is actually ejected onto paper. 
     Namely, in order to prevent the dispersion of the ink ejection quantity and the ejection speed at the time of ink ejection, it is desirable that the dispersion of the piezoelectric performance of the electromechanical transducer films  32  is small. However, the specific dispersion of the piezoelectric performance at the end portions of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  arrayed in the liquid ejection head  2  exists in addition to the random dispersion between the electromechanical transducer elements  30 . Hence, it is necessary to prevent the specific dispersion of the piezoelectric performance. 
     Next, how much of the dispersion of the end portions of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  arrayed in the liquid ejection head  2  should be prevented is described. The radii of curvature R of the diaphragm elements  20  have the differences which correspond to the differences of the amounts of displacement of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  at the end portions T (the channel group of 20 channels from the chip end) shown in  FIG. 6B . When a difference between a maximum radius of curvature amongst the diaphragm elements  20  and a minimum radius of curvature of the diaphragm elements  20  for the end portions T is defined as being a difference between the radii of curvature of two diaphragm elements  20  (having greatest radius of curvature and smallest radius of curvature, respectively), it is preferred that the difference between the radii of curvature of the two diaphragm elements  20  for each of the end portions T shown in  FIG. 6B  is equal to or less than 1500 μm. It is still further preferred that the difference between the radii of curvature of the two diaphragm elements  20  is equal to or less than 500 μm. 
     For example, in the liquid ejection head  2 , the electromechanical transducer elements  30  are formed on the pressure chambers  10   x , respectively. In this case, when the amount of curvature of the diaphragm element  20  for each pressure chamber  10   x  is assumed to be the radius of curvature R, it is preferred that the difference between the radii of curvature R of the two diaphragm elements  20  for 20 channels of the pressure chambers from one of the pressure chambers at one of the end portions is equal to or less than 1500 μm. It is still further preferred that the difference between the radii of curvature R of the two diaphragm elements  20  for the 20 channels is equal to or less than 500 μm. 
     Similarly, it is preferred that the difference between the radii of curvature of the two diaphragm elements  20  for 20 channels of the pressure chambers at the other end portion is equal to or less than 1500 μm. It is still further preferred that the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels is equal to or less than 500 μm. If the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  exceeds the value, the difference of the amounts of displacement for the electromechanical transducer elements  30  arrayed in the row will become too great to provide stable ink ejection characteristics. 
     Namely, it is desirable that the difference between the radii of curvature of the two diaphragm elements  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions of the chip C 3  is as small as possible. If the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from one end portion is small but the differences of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from the other end portion is great, it will be difficult to provide stable ink characteristics. 
     The factors which may cause the difference between the radii of curvature of the two diaphragm elements  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions include: (1) the dispersion of the film stress/rigidity of the electromechanical transducer films  32 ; and (2) the dispersion of the film stress/rigidity of the elements other than the electromechanical transducer films  32  (mainly the diaphragm  20 ). 
     Regarding the factor (1), the influence of the dispersion of the polarizabilities of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the chip end which occurs at the time of a polarization process caused by a corona discharge process is assumed. Note that it is known that the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the chip end are intensely processed during the corona discharge process. 
     The directions of polarization of a piezoelectric crystal contained in the electromechanical transducer film  32  before application of a voltage thereto are in a random state as shown in  FIG. 7A . On the other hand, by repeating the application of the voltage, the piezoelectric crystal is turned into an aggregate of domains in which the directions of polarization are the same as shown in  FIG. 7B . By performing the process as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  to align the directions of polarization, the deterioration of the displacement after a consecutive drive of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  may be prevented. 
     However, the stress of the electromechanical transducer film  32  also changes after the polarization process is performed. Hence, after the polarization process is performed, the dispersion of the stresses of the electromechanical transducer films  32  occurs due to the dispersion of the polarizabilities thereof, and the dispersion of the amounts of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  also occurs. Then, it is necessary to prevent the dispersion of the polarizabilities. 
     The dispersion of the effects of the polarization process on the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the chip end may be reduced to some degree by the improvement of the electrode shape. However, as shown in  FIG. 8 , it was found to be difficult to prevent the dispersion of the polarizabilities sufficiently. As a result, the dispersion of the amounts of displacement of the diaphragm near the chip end may be increased, and preventing the dispersion of the amounts of displacement enough to prevent the dispersion at the time of ink ejection was difficult. 
     On the other hand, it is found that improving the conditions of the corona discharge process is effective for preventing the dispersion of the polarizabilities near the chip end. However, in this case, the improvement of the corona discharge process conditions may cause the occurrence of the cracks in the electromechanical transducer films  32 , and it is necessary to adjust the stresses of the electromechanical transducer films  32  in order to prevent the occurrence of the cracks. 
     Namely, it is necessary to adjust the stresses of the electromechanical transducer films  32  while improving the conditions of the corona discharge process. This may reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of the cracks in the electromechanical transducer films  32 , prevent the dispersion of the polarizabilities of the electromechanical transducer films  32  near the chip end, and prevent the dispersion of the amounts of displacement of the diaphragm  20 . 
     It is preferred that the dispersion of the polarizabilities of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the chip end which occurs at the time of the polarization process caused by the corona discharge process is equal to or less than 4 μC/cm 2 . It is still further preferred that the dispersion of the polarizabilities is equal to or less than 2 μC/cm 2 . 
     Next, the stress adjustment of the electromechanical transducer film  32  is described.  FIG. 9  shows a intensity peak profile of a (200) surface of a PZT film obtained by the measurement according to an X-ray diffraction (XRD) θ-2θ method.  FIG. 10  shows a diffraction intensity peak profile (data) obtained by the measurement in which a tilt angle (χ) is changed at a  20  peak position where the diffraction intensity is the maximum in the diffraction intensity peak profile of the (200) surface of the PZT film shown in  FIG. 9 . The PZT will be described later. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the diffraction intensity peak profile (the data indicated by the dotted line in  FIG. 10 ) is separated into three peak profiles P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  by peak separation. In  FIG. 10 , peak intensities at peak positions χ 1 , χ 2 , and χ 3  of the three peak profiles P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  (where the diffraction intensity is the maximum) are set to peak 1 , peak 2 , and peak 3 , respectively, and half-value widths of the three peak profiles P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  are set to σ 1 , σ 2 , and σ 3 , respectively. 
     At this time, a weighted average FWHMstd(χ) of the peak intensities peak 1 , peak 2 , and peak 3  using the half-value widths σ 1 , σ 2 , and σ 3  as weights (FWHMstd(χ)=(σ 1 ×peak 1 +σ 2 ×peak 2 +σ 3 ×peak 3 )/(peak 1 +peak 2 +peak 3 )) is computed. 
     It is found by the consideration of the inventor that the performance of the polarization process on the electromechanical transducer film  32  in the state in which the weighted average FWHMstd(χ) is equal to or less than 12° enables the prevention of the dispersion of the polarizabilities of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the chip end, and enables the prevention of the occurrence of the cracks in the electromechanical transducer film  32 . As a result, it is possible to prevent the dispersion of the amounts of curvature of the diaphragm  20 . 
     It is still further preferred that the weighted average FWHMstd(χ) is equal to or less than 8°. It is found that the performance of the polarization process in this state enables the dispersion of the polarizabilities of the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the chip end to be equal to or less than 2 μC/cm 2 , and is able to prevent the occurrence of the cracks in the electromechanical transducer film  32 . 
     Note that it is found that the value of the weighted average FWHMstd(χ) is greatly affected by the film formation temperature of the Pt film as the lower electrode  31  and the material used as the seed layer formed on the Pt film. By setting the film formation temperature of the Pt film to 300° C. or higher and using PbTiO 3  as the material of the seed layer, a desired result may be obtained. 
     It is conceivable that the factor (2) above takes place due to the curvature of the substrate  10  which is caused at the time of cutting the wafer W shown in  FIG. 6A  into the chips C 1 -C 4 . A holding substrate which holds and reinforces the substrate  10  when forming the pressure chamber  10   x  as shown in  FIG. 1  is prepared and bonded to the substrate  10  via an adhesion layer. When cutting the wafer W into the chips C 1 -C 4 , the curvature of the substrate  10  may take place due to the variation of the thickness of the holding substrate and the variation of the strength of the adhesion layer. Hence, the variation of the curvature of the substrate  10  may be reduced to some degree by preventing the variation of the thickness of the holding substrate and the variation of the strength of the adhesion layer. 
     The stresses of the electromechanical transducer films  32  are varied by the influence of an external stress with the occurrence of the curvature of the substrate  10 , and especially the electromechanical transducer elements  30  near the outer circumference of the chip are vulnerable to this influence. When the amount of curvature of the substrate  10  is defined by the radius of curvature R as shown in  FIG. 5B , it is preferred that the radius of curvature R is equal to or less than 6 mm. It is still further preferred that the radius of curvature R is equal to or less than 4 mm. If the radius of curvature R exceeds this value, it is difficult to prevent the dispersion of the stresses of the electromechanical transducer films  32  near the chip end although the dispersion by the polarization process regarding the factor (1) above may be reduced. 
     Next, appropriate materials to constitute the liquid ejection head  2  will be described in greater detail. It is preferred to select a silicon monocrystal substrate as a material of the substrate  10 . It is preferred that the substrate  10  normally has a thickness in a range between 100 μm and 600 μm. There are three orientations of (100), (110) and (111). Generally, in the field of semiconductor fabrication, (100) and (111) are used widely. For the liquid ejection head  2 , a silicon monocrystal substrate with the orientation of (100) is primarily used. 
     When forming the pressure chamber  10   x , the silicon monocrystal substrate is processed by etching. It is preferred to use an anisotropic etching process as an etching process in this case. Note that anisotropic etching employs a feature that an etching rate in the direction normal to the surface is much higher than in the direction parallel to the surface. 
     For example, in a case of an anisotropic etching process using immersion of the element to be etched into an alkali solution, such as KOH, an etching rate of (111) face is only about 1/400th of an etching rate of (100) face. A structure with about 54° inclination may be formed in the orientation of (100), and a deep trench may be formed in the orientation of (110). Hence, a silicon monocrystal substrate with the orientation of (110) may be used for the liquid ejection head  2  in order to provide increased array density and good rigidity. However, care should be taken on the point that a layer of SiO 2  as a mask material is also etched in this case. 
     It is preferred that the pressure chamber  10   x  has a width (a length in the lateral direction) in a range between 50 μm and 70 μm. It is still further preferred that the width is in a range between 55 μm and 65 μm. If the width is greater than the upper limit, the residual vibration is increased and maintaining the liquid ejection performance at high frequencies is difficult. If the width is smaller than the lower limit, the amounts of displacement are lowered and obtaining good ejection voltage is impossible. 
     The diaphragm  20  is deformed in response to the force generated by the electromechanical transducer film  32  and causes the nozzle to eject the ink droplets from the pressure chamber  10   x . Hence, it is preferred that the diaphragm  20  has a predetermined strength. Specifically, the diaphragm  20  may be made of one of Si, SiO 2  and Si 3 N 4  and formed by CVD (chemical vapor deposition). Further, it is preferred to select a material of the diaphragm  20  having a coefficient of linear expansion close to those of the materials of the lower electrode  31  and the electromechanical transducer film  32 . 
     When the PZT is used as the material of the electromechanical transducer film  32 , it is preferred to select a material of the diaphragm  20  having a coefficient of linear expansion in a range between 5×10 −6  (1/K) and 10×10 −6  (1/K) which is close to 8×10 −6  (1/K) as the coefficient of linear expansion of the PZT. It is still further preferred to select a material having a coefficient of linear expansion in a range between 7×10 −6  (1/K) and 9×10 −6  (1/K). 
     Specific materials of the diaphragm  20  may include aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, those compounds, etc. Using any of these materials, the diaphragm  20  may be formed with a spin coater using the sputtering process or the sol-gel process. 
     It is preferred that the diaphragm  20  has a film thickness in a range of 1 to 3 μm. It is still further preferred that the film thickness of the diaphragm  20  is in a range of 1.5 to 2.5 μm. If the film thickness is smaller than the lower limit, processing the pressure chamber  10   x  is difficult. If the film thickness is greater than the upper limit, the deformation of the diaphragm  20  becomes difficult and the ejection of ink droplets becomes unstable. 
     As a metallic material of the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33 , platinum (Pt) which has high heat resistance and low reactivity may be used. However, there may be a case in which platinum does not provide a good barrier property to lead. In such a case, any of platinum group metals, such as iridium and rhodium, or an alloy of these elements may be used instead. 
     Note that, when platinum is used as the material of the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33 , such platinum layers have poor adhesion with the diaphragm  20  (in particular, SiO 2 ) and it is preferred that the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33  are laminated on the diaphragm  20  via adhesion layers of Ti, TiO 2 , Ta, Ta 2 O 5 , or Ta 3 N 5 . As a method of forming the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33 , a vacuum deposition process, such as sputtering or vacuum evaporation, may be used. It is preferred that each of the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33  has a film thickness in a range of 0.05-1 μm. It is still further preferred that the film thickness of each of the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33  is in a range of 0.1-0.5 μm. 
     In the lower electrode  31  and the upper electrode  33 , an oxide electrode film of SrRuO 3  or LaNiO 3  may be formed between the corresponding metallic material and the electromechanical transducer film  32 . Note that the oxide electrode film between the lower electrode  31  and the electromechanical transducer film  32  may affect the orientation control of the electromechanical transducer film  32  (e.g., a PZT film) formed thereon, and the material to be selected varies depending on the preferred orientation. 
     When the PZT is used as the material of the electromechanical transducer film  32  in the liquid ejection head  2  and the PZT (100) preferred orientation is applied, it is preferred that a seed layer of LaNiO 3 , TiO 2  or PbTiO 3  is formed on the metallic material as the lower electrode  31 , and thereafter the PZT film is formed on the seed layer. 
     A SRO (SrRuO 3 ) film may be used as the oxide electrode film between the upper electrode  33  and the electromechanical transducer film  32 . It is preferred that the SRO film has a film thickness in a range of 20-80 nm. It is still further preferred that the film thickness of the SRO film is in a range of 30-50 nm. If this film thickness is smaller than the lower limit, sufficient initial displacement characteristics and good displacement deterioration characteristics may not be obtained. If this film thickness is greater than the upper limit, the PZT film may have poor dielectric strength and leakage may occur. 
     As described above, the PZT (lead zirconate titanate) may be used as the material of the electromechanical transducer film  32 . Note that PZT is a solid solution of lead zirconate (PbZrO 3 ) and lead titanate (PbTiO 3 ) and the characteristics of PZT vary depending on the ratio of PbZrO 3  and PbTiO 3 . For example, when the ratio of PbZrO 3  and PbTiO 3 =53:47, the PZT is represented by the chemical formula Pb(Zr 0.53 , Ti 0.47 )O 3  or simply indicated by PZT (53/47). 
     As a method of forming the electromechanical transducer film  32 , the sputtering process or the sol-gel process may be used, and the electromechanical transducer film  32  may be formed with a spin coater. In this case, patterning is needed and a desired pattern may be obtained by using a photolithographic etching process. 
     When PZT is produced by the sol-gel process, compounds of lead acetate, zirconium alkoxide, and titanium alkoxide are used as start materials. The start materials are dissolved in methoxyethanol as a common solvent to obtain a homogeneous solution so that a PZT precursor solution can be produced. A hydrolysis reaction of a metal alkoxide compound easily occurs due to the moisture in atmospheric air, and a proper quantity of a stabilizer, such as acetylacetone, acetic acid, diethanolamines, etc., may be added to the PZT precursor solution. 
     When a PZT film is formed on the overall surface of the lower electrode  31 , a coating film is formed by a solution applying process, such as spin coating, and the PZT film is obtained by performing heat treatment steps of solvent desiccation, thermal decomposition and crystallization. Volume contraction occurs when the coating film is transformed into a crystallized film. In order to obtain a crack-free film, adjustment of concentration of the PZT precursor such that a film thickness of 100 nm or less may be obtained by one step is required. 
     It is preferred that the electromechanical transducer film  32  has a film thickness in a range of 1-3 μm. It is still further preferred that the film thickness of the electromechanical transducer film  32  is in a range of 1.5-2.5 μm. If this film thickness is smaller than the lower limit, processing of the pressure chamber  10   x  may become difficult. If this film thickness is greater than the upper limit, the deformation or displacement may become difficult and the ejection of ink droplets may become unstable. 
     When the PZT is used as the material of the electromechanical transducer film  32  and the PZT (100) preferred orientation is applied, it is preferred that, as the composition ratio of Zr/Ti, the composition ratio Ti/(Zr+Ti) is in a range between 0.45 and 0.55. It is still further preferred that the composition ratio Ti/(Zr+Ti) is in a range between 0.48 and 0.52. 
     A crystal orientation is expressed by the formula ρ(hkl)=I(hkl)/ΣI(hkl), where ρ(hkl) denotes an orientation ratio of a crystal plane (hkl), I(hkl) denotes a peak intensity of an arbitrary orientation, and ΣI(hkl) is a total sum of the respective peak intensities. The orientation ratio of a crystal plane (100) is computed based on the ratio of the peak intensities of the respective orientations when the total sum of the respective peak intensities obtained by the θ-2θ measurement of the X-ray diffraction method is assumed to be equal to 1. It is preferred that the orientation ratio of the crystal plane (100) is equal to or greater than 0.75. It is still further preferred that the orientation ratio of the crystal plane (100) is equal to or greater than 0.85. If the orientation ratio is smaller than the value, a sufficient piezoelectric distortion may not be obtained and a sufficient amount of displacement for the electromechanical transducer film  32  may not be provided. 
     As the electromechanical transducer film  32 , an ABO 3  perovskite type crystalline film other than the PZT film may be used. As the ABO 3  perovskite type crystalline film other than the PZT film, a non-lead composite oxide film, such as a barium titanate film, may be used. In this case, it is possible to produce a barium titanate precursor solution by dissolving start materials of compounds of barium alkoxide and titanium alkoxide in a common solvent. 
     These materials are represented by a generic formula ABO 3  and correspond to composite oxides which contain A=Pb, Ba, Sr and B=Ti, Zr, Sn, Ni, Zn, Mg, Nb as the main ingredients. Specific examples of the composite oxides include (Pb 1-x , Ba)(Zr, Ti)O 3  and (Pb 1-x , Sr)(Zr, Ti)O 3  wherein a part of Pb of the A site is substituted for by Ba or Sr. Such substitution is possible if it is a bivalent element, and the substitution may provide reduction of the characteristic degradation due to the evaporation of lead during heat treatment. 
     Next, a configuration of the liquid ejection head including a wiring pattern is described.  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  are diagrams showing a wiring pattern of the liquid ejection head according to the first embodiment.  FIG. 11A  is a cross-sectional view of the liquid ejection head and  FIG. 11B  is a plan view of the liquid ejection head. In  FIG. 11B , the illustration of the insulation protective films  40  and  70  is omitted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , a wiring pattern  60  is formed on the insulation protective film  40 , and the insulation protective film  70  is formed on the wiring pattern  60 . The insulation protective film  40  includes a plurality of openings  40   x , and a surface of the lower electrode  31  or the upper electrode  33  is exposed in each of the openings  40   x . Each of the openings  40   x  is filled with the wiring pattern  60 . The wiring pattern  60  includes a wiring portion connected to the upper electrode  33  (at a portion of a contact hole H indicated by the dotted line in  FIG. 11B ), and a wiring portion connected to the lower electrode  31 . 
     The insulation protective film  70  includes a plurality of openings  70   x  and a surface of the wiring pattern  60  is exposed in each of the openings  70   x . Electrode pads  61 ,  62 , and  63  are provided on the exposed portions of the wiring pattern  60  in the openings  70   x , respectively. The electrode pad  61  is a common electrode pad, and this common electrode pad  61  is connected via the wiring pattern  60  to the lower electrode  31  which is common to the electromechanical transducer elements  30 . The electrode pads  62  and  63  are individual electrode pads, and the individual electrode pads  62  and  63  are connected via the wiring pattern  60  to the upper electrodes  33  which are provided individually for the electromechanical transducer elements  30 . 
     Next, a polarization process device is described.  FIG. 12  shows an outline configuration of a polarization process device  500 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , the polarization process device  500  includes a corona electrode  510  and a grid electrode  520 . The corona electrode  510  and the grid electrode  520  are connected to a corona-electrode power source  511  and a grid-electrode power source  521 , respectively. A stage  530  on which a sample is placed is provided with a temperature adjustment function. A polarization process may be performed on the sample placed on the stage  530  while applying heat to the sample to a temperature of 350° C., at the maximum. A grounding cable  540  is connected to the stage  530 . When the grounding cable  540  is disconnected from the stage  530 , the polarization process is inhibited from being started without grounding. 
     For example, mesh processing is performed on the grid electrode  520 . The grid electrode  520  is configured so that, when high voltage is applied to the corona electrode  510 , ions and charge generated by the corona discharging may efficiently fall down to the stage  530  and be implanted into the electromechanical transducer film  32  of the sample. The intensity of the corona discharging may be adjusted by changing the level of the voltage applied to the corona electrode  510  or the grid electrode  520 , and the distance between the sample and the electrodes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , when the corona discharging is performed by using a corona wire  600 , molecules  610  in the atmospheric air are ionized and positive ions  620  are generated. Then, the generated positive ions  620  flow through the pad portions into the electromechanical transducer element  30 , so that the charge may be injected into the electromechanical transducer element  30 . 
     In this case, it is considered that an internal potential difference arises by a charge difference between the upper electrode and the lower electrode and the polarization process is performed. Although the amount of charge Q required for the polarization process at this time is not limited, it is preferred that the amount of charge accumulated in the electromechanical transducer element  30  is greater than 1.0×10 −8  C. It is still further preferred that the amount of charge accumulated is greater than 4.0×10 −8  C. If the amount of charge accumulated is less than this value, a sufficient polarization process may not be performed and good characteristics of the PZT piezoelectric actuator against the displacement deterioration after a continuous actuation may not be obtained. 
     A polarization state of the electromechanical transducer element  30  by the polarization process may be determined based on a P-E hysteresis loop of the electromechanical transducer element  30 . A method of determining the polarization state of the electromechanical transducer element  30  is described with reference to  FIG. 14A  and  FIG. 14B .  FIG. 14A  shows a P-E hysteresis loop before the polarization process and  FIG. 14B  shows a P-E hysteresis loop after the polarization process. 
     As shown in  FIG. 14A  and  FIG. 14B , a hysteresis loop is measured by applying electric-field intensities of ±150 kV/cm. A polarizability is defined by a value of (Pr−Pind) where Pind denotes an initial polarization at 0 kV/cm, and Pr denotes a polarization at 0 kV/cm when the electric-field intensity is returned to 0 kV/cm after the electric-field intensity of +150 kV/cm is applied. The polarization state of the electromechanical transducer element  30  may be determined based on the polarizability. 
     It is preferred that the polarizability (Pr−Pind) is equal to or less than 10 μC/cm 2 . It is still further preferred that the polarizability (Pr−Pind) is equal to or less than 5 μC/cm 2 . If the polarizability (Pr−Pind) is greater than this value, good characteristics of the PZT piezoelectric actuator against the displacement deterioration after a continuous actuation may not be obtained. Note that a desired value of the polarizability (Pr−Pind) may be obtained by adjusting the voltage applied to the corona electrode  510  and the grid electrode  520  shown in  FIG. 12 , the distance between the stage  530  and the corona electrode  510 , and distance between the stage  530  and the grid electrode  520 . However, when it is intended to obtain a desired value of the polarizability (Pr−Pind), it is preferred to generate a high electric field to the electromechanical transducer film  32 . 
     Second Embodiment 
     Next, a liquid ejection device according to a second embodiment including the liquid ejection head  2  (shown in  FIG. 3 ) will be described. 
     First, an example of the liquid ejection device according to the second embodiment is described with reference to  FIG. 15  and  FIG. 16 .  FIG. 15  is a plan view of the liquid ejection device, and  FIG. 16  is a side view of the liquid ejection device. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15  and  FIG. 16 , the liquid ejection device is a serial type device in which a reciprocation movement of a carriage  403  in a main scanning direction is caused by a scanning movement mechanism  493 . The scanning movement mechanism  493  includes a guide member  401 , a main-scanning motor  405 , and a timing belt  408 . The guide member  401  is interposed between a side plate  491 A and a side plate  491 B to hold the carriage  403  in a movable manner. The timing belt  408  is wound between a driving pulley  406  and a driven pulley  407 . The reciprocation movement of the carriage  403  in the main scanning direction is caused by the main-scanning motor  405  through the timing belt  408 . 
     On this carriage  403 , a liquid ejection unit  440  in which the liquid ejection head  2  according to the first embodiment is incorporated together with a head tank  441  is mounted. For example, the liquid ejection head  2  of the liquid ejection unit  440  is configured to eject liquid droplets of respective colors of yellow (Y), cyan (C), magenta (M), and black (K). Further, in the liquid ejection head  2 , a nozzle row including nozzles  51  is arranged in a sub-scanning direction perpendicular to the main scanning direction, and the nozzle row is attached to the liquid ejection head  2  so that the ejection direction is turned to a downward direction. 
     A supply mechanism  494  is provided outside the liquid ejection head  2  to supply the stored liquid to the liquid ejection head  2 . The liquid stored in liquid cartridges  451  is supplied to the head tank  441  by the supply mechanism  494 . 
     The supply mechanism  494  includes a cartridge holder  451  on which the liquid cartridges  450  are mounted, a tube  456 , and a liquid feeding unit  452  containing a liquid feeding pump. The liquid cartridges  450  are detachably attached to the cartridge holder  451 . The liquid from the liquid cartridges  450  is fed to the head tank  441  via the tube  456  by the liquid feeding unit  452 . 
     The liquid ejection device includes a transport mechanism  495  to transport a sheet  410  in the sub-scanning direction in the liquid ejection device. The transport mechanism  495  includes a transport belt  412  as a sheet carrying unit, and a sub-scanning motor  416  to drive and move the transport belt  412 . 
     The transport belt  412  transports the sheet  410  in the position where the sheet  410  counters the liquid ejection head  2 , while attracting the sheet  410 . This transport belt  412  is an endless belt and wound between a transport roller  413  and a tension roller  414 . The attraction of the sheet  410  may be performed by electrostatic attraction or air suction. 
     The transport belt  412  performs circular movement in the sub-scanning direction when the transport roller  413  is rotated through a timing belt  417  and a timing pulley  418  by the sub-scanning motor  416 . 
     In addition, a maintenance recovery mechanism  420  is arranged on the side of the transport belt  412  at an end portion of the carriage  403  in the main scanning direction, and this maintenance recovery mechanism  420  performs maintenance and recovery for the liquid ejection head  2 . 
     For example, the maintenance recovery mechanism  420  includes a cap member  421  to perform capping of nozzle surfaces (the surfaces in which the nozzles  51  are formed) of the liquid ejection head  2 , and a wiper member  422  to wipe the nozzle surfaces. 
     The scanning movement mechanism  493 , the supply mechanism  494 , the maintenance recovery mechanism  420 , and the transport mechanism  495  are attached to a casing including side plates  491 A and  491 B and a back plate  491 C. 
     In the above-described liquid ejection device, the sheet  410  is fed to the transport belt  412  and the sheet  410 , while being attracted, is transported by the circular movement of the transport belt  412  in the sub-scanning direction. 
     While the carriage  403  is moved in the main scanning direction, the liquid ejection head  2  is driven in accordance with an image signal to eject liquid droplets onto the stopped sheet  410  so that an image is formed on the sheet  410 . 
     The liquid ejection head according to the first embodiment is incorporated in the above-described liquid ejection device, and it is possible to provide stable liquid ejection characteristics so that an image with high quality may be formed. 
     Next, a modification of the liquid ejection unit according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 17 .  FIG. 17  is a plan view of the modification of the liquid ejection unit according to the second embodiment. In  FIG. 17 , the elements which are the same as corresponding elements in  FIG. 15  are designated by the same reference numerals, and a description thereof will be omitted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , this liquid ejection unit is constituted by the casing including the side plates  491 A and  491 B and the back plate  491 C, the scanning movement mechanism  493 , the carriage  403 , and the liquid ejection head  2  among the elements of the previously described liquid ejection device. 
     Note that at least one of the previously described maintenance recovery mechanism  420  and the supply mechanism  494  may be additionally mounted on, for example, the side plate  491 B of this liquid ejection unit. 
     Next, another modification of the liquid ejection unit according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 18 .  FIG. 18  is a front view of the other modification of the liquid ejection unit according to the second embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , this liquid ejection unit includes the liquid ejection head  2  on which a passage component  444  is mounted, and tubes  456  connected to the passage component  444 . 
     The passage component  444  is arranged within a cover  442 . Instead of the passage component  444 , the previously described head tank  441  may be arranged within the cover  442 . Further, a connector  443  which is electrically connected to the liquid ejection head  2  is arranged at an upper portion of the passage component  444 . 
     In the foregoing description, the liquid ejection device is a device which includes the liquid ejection head or the liquid ejection unit and is configured to drive the liquid ejection head to eject liquid droplets. The liquid ejection device may include not only a device configured to eject liquid to a sheet medium but also a device configured to eject liquid to a gas or liquid fluid. 
     The liquid ejection device may include supplemental mechanisms related to sheet feeding, sheet transport and sheet ejection, a pre-processing device, a post-processing device, etc. 
     For example, the liquid ejection device may include an image forming apparatus which ejects ink droplets to form an image on paper, and a solid modeling device (or a three-dimensional modeling device) which ejects modeling liquid to powder layers laminated with powder to perform solid modeling (or three-dimensional modeling). 
     Further, the liquid ejection device is not limited to devices to eject liquid and visualize significant images, such as characters and figures, with the ejected liquid. For example, the liquid ejection device may include a device to form a pattern which is not significant by itself, and a device to model a three dimensional image. Further, the sheet may include a medium to which liquid adheres temporarily, a medium to which liquid adheres and is fixed, and a medium to which liquid adheres and permeates. For example, the sheet may include recording media such as copy sheets, record paper, films and cloth, electronic parts such as electronic substrates and piezoelectric elements, and other media such as powder layers, organ models and inspection cells. Unless otherwise specified, the sheet may include all the things to which liquid adheres. 
     The material of the sheet may include paper, yarn, fiber, leather, metal, plastics, glass, wood, and ceramics, to which liquid adheres at least temporarily. 
     The liquid may include ink, processing liquid, DNA samples, resists, pattern materials, binding agents, modeling liquid, amino acid, protein, calcium-contained solutions, dispersion liquid, etc. 
     The liquid ejection device may include a device in which a liquid ejection head and a sheet move relative to each other. However, the liquid ejection device is not limited to this device. For example, the liquid ejection device may include a serial type device in which a liquid ejection head is moved, and a line type device in which a liquid ejection head is not moved. 
     The liquid ejection device may further include a processing liquid coating device which ejects processing liquid to a surface of a sheet to apply the processing liquid to the sheet surface for improvement of the sheet surface, and an injecting granulation device which ejects composition liquid containing a raw material dispersed in a solution via a nozzle and granulates the raw material into particles. 
     The liquid ejection unit may be an assembly of component parts related to liquid ejection in which functional components and mechanisms are incorporated in a liquid ejection head. For example, the liquid ejection unit may include a combination of the liquid ejection head with at least one of the head tank, the carriage, the supply mechanism, the maintenance recovery mechanism, and the scanning movement mechanism. 
     In the liquid ejection unit, the liquid ejection head may be fixed to the functional components and mechanisms by fastening, adhesion, engagement, etc., or one of the liquid ejection head and the functional components and mechanisms may be held movably on the other. Further, one of the liquid ejection head and the functional components and mechanisms may be detachably attached to the other. 
     For example, the liquid ejection unit may include a unit in which the liquid ejection head and the head tank are incorporated, similar to the liquid ejection unit  440  shown in  FIG. 16 . The liquid ejection unit may further include a unit in which the liquid ejection head and the head tank are interconnected by tubes or the like and incorporated. Further, the liquid ejection unit may include a unit containing a filter between the head tank and the liquid ejection head which are incorporated. 
     The liquid ejection unit may include a unit in which the liquid ejection head and the carriage are incorporated. 
     The liquid ejection head may include a unit in which the liquid ejection head and the scanning movement mechanism are incorporated and the liquid ejection unit is held movably on a guide member which constitutes a part of the scanning movement mechanism. Further, the liquid ejection unit may include a unit in which the liquid ejection head, the carriage, and the scanning movement mechanism are incorporated as shown in  FIG. 17 . 
     Further, the liquid ejection unit may include a unit in which the liquid ejection head, the carriage, and the maintenance recovery mechanism are incorporated and the cap member forming a part of the maintenance recovery mechanism is fixed to the carriage to which the liquid ejection head is attached. 
     Further, the liquid ejection unit may include a unit in which the liquid ejection head and the supply mechanism are incorporated and the tubes are connected to the liquid ejection head to which the head tank or the passage component is attached as shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     The scanning movement mechanism may include a mechanism containing the guide member only. The supply mechanism may include a mechanism containing the tube only or the cartridge holder only. 
     The pressure generation unit used in the liquid ejection head is not limited to the foregoing embodiments. For example, besides the piezoelectric actuator (which may include lamination type piezoelectric elements) previously described in the foregoing embodiments, a thermal actuator including an electric heat transducer, such as a heating resistor, and an electrostatic actuator including a diaphragm and a counter electrode may be used. 
     In the present specification, image formation, recording, printed recording, printed output, printing, modeling, etc. are considered synonyms. 
     Example 1 
     A 6-inch silicon wafer was prepared as the substrate  10 , and on the substrate  10 , a SiO 2  film (with a film thickness of 600 nm), a Si film (with a film thickness of 200 nm), a SiO 2  film (with a film thickness of 100 nm), a SiN film (with a film thickness of 150 nm), a SiO 2  film (with a film thickness of 1300 nm), a SiN film (with a film thickness of 150 nm), a SiO 2  film (with a film thickness of 100 nm), a Si film (with a film thickness 200 nm), and a SiO 2  film (with a film thickness of 600 nm) were deposited in this order so that the diaphragm  20  was produced. 
     Subsequently, a Ti (titanium) film (with a film thickness of 20 nm) was deposited on the diaphragm  20  as the adhesion layer using a sputtering device at a film formation temperature of 350° C., and thereafter the Ti film was thermally oxidized at 750° C. using a RTA (rapid heat treatment) process. Furthermore, a Pt (platinum) film (with a film thickness of 160 nm) was deposited on the adhesion layer using the sputtering device at a film formation temperature of 400° C., so that the lower electrode  31  was produced. 
     Next, a solution whose composition ratio was adjusted to Pb:Ti=1:1 to form a PbTiO 3  film as a foundation layer, and a solution whose composition ratio was adjusted to Pb:Zr:Ti=115:49:51 to form the electromechanical transducer film  32  were prepared, and these films were formed on the lower electrode  31  using the spin coat method. 
     A typical method of preparation of a precursor coating liquid is explained. First, compounds of lead acetate trihydrate, titanium isopropoxide, and zirconium isopropoxide were used as start materials. The lead acetate crystalline water after being dissolved in methoxy ethanol was dehydrated. The amount of lead was increased to be greater than the stoichiometric composition amount in order to prevent deterioration of the crystalline characteristics due to lead omission during the heat treatment. 
     The compounds of titanium isopropoxide and zirconium isopropoxide were dissolved in methoxy ethanol, and the alcoholic exchange reaction and the esterification reaction were advanced, and a PZT precursor solution was produced by mixing them with a methoxy ethanol solution in which the above lead acetate compound was dissolved. The PZT concentration was set to 0.5 mol/liter. Similar to the PZT solution, a PT solution was also produced. Using these solutions, a PT film was first deposited by spin coating and a desiccation process was performed at 120° C. after the film deposition, and thereafter a PZT film was deposited by the spin coating and a desiccation process was performed at 120° C., and further a thermal decomposition process was performed at 400° C. 
     After the thermal decomposition process of the third film, a crystallization heat treatment process (at temperature of 730° C.) was performed by RTA. At this time, the film thickness of the PZT film was 240 nm. The same procedure was repeated 8 times in total (24 layers) and a 2-μm thick PZT film was obtained as the electromechanical transducer film  32 . 
     Subsequently, by performing the sputtering process, a SrRuO 3  film (with a film thickness of 40 nm) was deposited as an oxide electrode film to constitute the upper electrode  33 , and a Pt (platinum) film (with a film thickness of 125 nm) was deposited as a metallic film. Then, a photoresist film (TSMR8800 from Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd,) was deposited by the spin coating and a resist pattern was formed by a normal photolithographic process, and thereafter the electrode pattern as shown in  FIG. 10A  was produced using an ICP etching system (from SAMCO). Thereby, the electromechanical transducer element  30  was produced on the diaphragm  20 . 
     Subsequently, on the electromechanical transducer element  30 , an Al 2 O 3  film with a film thickness of 50 nm was deposited as the insulation protective film  40  by using the ALD process. At this time, Al generated by TMA (from Sigma Aldrich Co.) as Al of the raw material and O 3  generated by an ozone generator as O of the raw material were laminated alternately and the film deposition was advanced. 
     Subsequently, as shown in  FIG. 11B , the contact hole H was formed by etching. Thereafter, an Al film was deposited by the sputtering process and the wiring pattern  60  was formed by the etching process. Then, a Si 3 N 4  film with a film thickness of 500 nm was deposited as the insulation protective film  70  by the plasma CVD process. Further, the openings  70   x  were formed in the insulation protective film  70 , corresponding parts of the wiring pattern  60  were exposed, and the electrode pads  61 ,  62 , and  63  were produced thereon. Note that the electrode pad  61  is the common electrode pad, the electrode pads  62  and  63  are the individual electrode pads, and the distance between the pads of the individual electrodes is equal to 80 μm. 
     Subsequently, the polarization process was performed through the corona charging process performed by the polarization process device  500 . A wire of W (tungsten) with a diameter of 50 μm was used in the corona charging process. As the polarization process conditions at this time, 9 kV as the voltage of the corona electrode  510 , 80° C., as the processing temperature, 2.5 kV as the voltage of the grid electrode  520 , 30 seconds as the processing time, 4 mm as the distance between the corona electrode  510  and the grid electrode  520 , and 4 mm as the distance between the grid electrode  520  and the stage  530  were used. 
     Subsequently, the back surface of the substrate  10  was etched and the pressure chamber  10   x  (with a width of 60 μm) was formed so that the liquid ejection head  2  was produced. However, the nozzle plate  50  including the nozzles  51  is not yet bonded to the bottom surface of the substrate  10 , and this liquid ejection head  2  is a semifinished product. 
     Note that, in order to hold the pressure chambers  10   x , a holding substrate  15  in which a number of recesses  15   x  corresponding to the electromechanical transducer elements  30  were formed in a back surface of the holding substrate  15  as shown in  FIG. 19  was used. Specifically, before forming the pressure chambers  10   x , the holding substrate  15  was bonded to the substrate  10  via an adhesion layer, so that the electromechanical transducer elements  30  could be accommodated in the recesses  15   x , respectively. Then, the back surface of the substrate  10  was etched to form the pressure chambers  10   x.    
     Example 2 
     A liquid ejection head  2  of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as that of Example 1 except that the formation temperature of a platinum film as the lower electrode  31  was 300° C., and the grid voltage at the time of the polarization process was set to 1.2 kV. 
     Example 3 
     A liquid ejection head  2  of Example 3 was produced in the same manner as that of Example 1 except that the formation temperature of a platinum film as the lower electrode  31  was 500° C., and the grid voltage at the time of the polarization process was set to 1.7 kV. 
     Example 4 
     A liquid ejection head  2  of Example 4 was produced in the same manner as that of Example 1 except that the film thickness of a titanium film as the adhesion layer was 50 nm, the formation temperature of a platinum film as the lower electrode  31  was 300° C., the calcination temperature was 350° C., and the grid voltage at the time of the polarization process was set to 0.9 kV. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A liquid ejection head  2  of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as that of Example 1 except that a TiO 2  layer with a thickness of 5 nm was formed by sputtering as the base layer instead of the PbTiO 3  layer after the lower electrode  31  was formed, the formation temperature of a platinum film as the lower electrode  31  was 200° C., the calcination temperature was 250° C., and the grid voltage at the time of the polarization process was set to 0.75 kV. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     A liquid ejection head  2  of Comparative Example 2 was produced in the same manner as that of Example 1 except that a TiO 2  layer with a thickness of 5 nm was formed by sputtering as the base layer instead of the PbTiO 3  layer after the lower electrode  31  was formed, the formation temperature of a platinum film as the lower electrode  31  was 200° C., and the calcination temperature was 250° C. 
     [Evaluation of Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-2] 
     Regarding the electromechanical transducer element  30  of each of the liquid ejection heads  2  of the Examples 1-4 and the Comparative Example 1, using the chip equivalent to the chip C 3  as shown in  FIG. 6A , the evaluation tests were conducted for the XRD measurements of corresponding positions, the electrical characteristics, the displacement characteristics (piezoelectric constant), and the amounts of curvature of the diaphragm. Note that, for the evaluation of the displacement characteristics, a vibration evaluation test was performed from the pressure chamber  10   x  side. Specifically, an amount of deformation of the electromechanical transducer element  30  by the application of an electric field (150 kV/cm) was measured using a laser doppler vibration meter and computed by the calibration in conformity with the simulation results. Further, the amounts of curvature (the radii of curvature) of the diaphragm  20  were measured using a white-light interference type surface shape measuring machine. 
     Based on the results of the evaluation tests, the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions, the polarizability dispersion, the PZT (200) peak position, the occurrence of cracks in the electromechanical transducer films  32 , and the Δδ/δ_ave were determined, and the determination results are given in Table 1 below. Note that δ denotes the displacement characteristics of the electromechanical transducer films  32  when evaluated by applying an electric-field intensity of 150 kV/cm to the electromechanical transducer films  32 , Δδ denotes an inclination difference of the displacement characteristics δ with respect to the array direction of the electromechanical transducer films  32  for the 20 channels from the chip end in the array direction, and δ_ave denotes an average value of the displacement characteristics for the 20 channels from the chip end in the array direction. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DIFFERENCE OF 
                 DISPERSION OF 
                 PEAK POSITION 
                 OCCURRENCE 
                   
               
               
                   
                 RADII OF 
                 POLARIZATION 
                 OF 
                 OF 
               
               
                   
                 CURVATURE 
                 RATIO 
                 PZT (200) 
                 CRACK 
                 Δδ/δ_ave 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 EXAMPLE 1 
                 500 μm 
                 1.5 μC/cm 2   
                 6°  
                 ◯ 
                 4% 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 2 
                 700 μm 
                 2.40 μC/cm 2   
                 8°  
                 ◯ 
                 5% 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 3 
                 300 μm 
                 0.9 μC/cm 2   
                 5°  
                 ◯ 
                 3% 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 4 
                 1500 μm  
                 3.7 μC/cm 2   
                 11.5° 
                 ◯ 
                 8% 
               
               
                 COMPARATIVE 
                 2000 μm  
                 4.8 μC/cm 2   
                 13.5° 
                 ◯ 
                 11%  
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 1 
               
               
                 COMPARATIVE 
                 — 
                 — 
                 13.5° 
                 X 
                 — 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As is apparent from Table 1 above, the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions of each of the Examples 1-4 was equal to or less than 1500 μm, while the difference of the radii of curvature R for the Comparative Example 1 was greater than 2000 μm. Note that, in the Comparative Example 2, the cracks occurred in the electromechanical transducer film  32  of the end electromechanical transducer element  30  and the evaluation for the end electromechanical transducer element  30  could not be performed. The difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions may be greater than 1500 μm depending on the conditions of the polarization process for the electromechanical transducer films  32 . In such a case, the cracks may occur in the electromechanical transducer film  32 . 
     Further, as is apparent from Table 1 above, the Δδ/δ_ave of each of the Examples 1-4 was equal to or less than 8%, which is a target displacement dispersion for the channel group of 20 channels from the chip end, while the Δδ/δ_ave of the Comparative Example 1 was a too great a dispersion of 11% (and the measurement for the Comparative Example 2 could not be performed). Namely, if the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions is equal to or less than 1500 μm, the Δδ/δ_ave is equal to or less than 8% as the target displacement dispersion. However, if the difference of the radii of curvature R is greater than 1500 μm, the Δδ/δ_ave exceeds the target displacement dispersion of 8%. 
     Next, the nozzle plate  50  including the nozzles  51  was bonded to the back surface of the substrate  10  of each of the liquid ejection heads  2  (semifinished products) of the Examples 1-4 and the Comparative Example 1, and the production of the liquid ejection heads  2  was finished. Then, the evaluation test for the liquid ejection was conducted. 
     Specifically, using the ink whose viscosity was adjusted to 5 cp, the ejection state of each of the liquid ejection heads  2  was checked when a voltage ranging from −30 V to −10 V was applied according to a simple push waveform. As a result, it was confirmed that all of the nozzles  51  of each of the liquid ejection heads  2  of the Examples 1-4 were able to eject the ink droplets and were able to perform the ink ejection by high frequency. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the liquid ejection head  2  of the Comparative Example 1 showed a too great dispersion of the ink ejection speeds in the nozzles  51  corresponding to the channel group of 20 channels from the chip end. 
     Namely, it has been confirmed that if the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  for the 20 channels from each of the end portions is equal to or less than 1500 μm, the liquid ejection speed is stabilized, but if the difference of the radii of curvature R of the diaphragm  20  is greater than 1500 μm, the liquid ejection speed becomes unstable. 
     As described in the foregoing, according to the embodiments of the invention, it is possible to provide a liquid ejection head in which a plurality of electromechanical transducer elements are arrayed, which can provide stable liquid ejection characteristics. 
     The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is to be understood that the foregoing detailed description is exemplary and explanatory and is not restrictive of the invention as claimed. 
     For example, in the above-described embodiments, the liquid ejection head in which the upper electrode is used as the individual electrode and the lower electrode is used as the common electrode has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. Namely, the same advantageous effect may also be obtained from a liquid ejection head in which the upper electrode is used as the common electrode and the lower electrode is used as the individual electrode.