Patent Publication Number: US-6988326-B2

Title: Phobic barrier meniscus separation and containment

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE To RELATED APPLICATION 
   This is a continuation-in-part of a co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/883,301, filed on Jun. 30, 2004 from which priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 is claimed, entitled “Concentric Proximity Processing Head” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/404,692, filed on Mar. 31, 2003, from which priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 is claimed, entitled “Methods and Systems for Processing a Substrate Using a Dynamic Liquid Meniscus” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/330,843 filed on Dec. 24, 2002 and entitled “Meniscus, Vacuum, IPA Vapor, Drying Manifold,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,839 filed on Sep. 30, 2002 and entitled “Method and Apparatus for Drying Semiconductor Wafer Surfaces Using a Plurality of Inlets and Outlets Held in Close Proximity to the Wafer Surfaces.” The aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to semiconductor wafer processing and, more particularly, to apparatuses and techniques for more efficiently applying and removing fluids from wafer surfaces while reducing contamination and decreasing wafer processing costs. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   In the semiconductor chip fabrication process, it is well-known that there is a need to process a wafer using operations such as cleaning and drying. In each of these types of operations, there is a need to effectively apply and remove fluids for the wafer operation process. 
   For example, wafer cleaning may have to be conducted where a fabrication operation has been performed that leaves unwanted residues on the surfaces of wafers. Examples of such a fabrication operation include plasma etching (e.g., tungsten etch back (WEB)) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In CMP, a wafer is placed in a holder which pushes a wafer surface against a rolling conveyor belt. This conveyor belt uses a slurry which consists of chemicals and abrasive materials to cause the polishing. Unfortunately, this process tends to leave an accumulation of slurry particles and residues at the wafer surface. If left on the wafer, the unwanted residual material and particles may cause, among other things, defects such as scratches on the wafer surface and inappropriate interactions between metallization features. In some cases, such defects may cause devices on the wafer to become inoperable. In order to avoid the undue costs of discarding wafers having inoperable devices, it is therefore necessary to clean the wafer adequately yet efficiently after fabrication operations that leave unwanted residues. 
   After a wafer has been wet cleaned, the wafer must be dried effectively to prevent water or cleaning fluid remnants from leaving residues on the wafer. If the cleaning fluid on the wafer surface is allowed to evaporate, as usually happens when droplets form, residues or contaminants previously dissolved in the cleaning fluid will remain on the wafer surface after evaporation (e.g., and form water spots). To prevent evaporation from taking place, the cleaning fluid must be removed as quickly as possible without the formation of droplets on the wafer surface. In an attempt to accomplish this, one of several different drying techniques are employed such as spin drying, IPA, or Marangoni drying. All of these drying techniques utilize some form of a moving liquid/gas interface on a wafer surface which, if properly maintained, results in drying of a wafer surface without the formation of droplets. Unfortunately, if the moving liquid/gas interface breaks down, as often happens with all of the aforementioned drying methods, droplets form and evaporation occurs resulting in contaminants being left on the wafer surface. The most prevalent drying technique used today is spin rinse drying (SRD). 
     FIG. 1A  illustrates movement of fluids on a wafer  10  during an SRD process. In this drying process, a wet wafer is rotated at a high rate by rotation  14 . In SRD, by use of centrifugal force, the fluid used to rinse the wafer is pulled from the center of the wafer to the outside of the wafer and finally off of the wafer as shown by fluid directional arrows  16 . As the fluid is being pulled off of the wafer, a moving liquid/gas interface  12  is created at the center of the wafer and moves to the outside of the wafer (i.e., the circle produced by the moving liquid/gas interface  12  gets larger) as the drying process progresses. In the example of  FIG. 1 , the inside area of the circle formed by the moving liquid/gas interface  12  is free from the fluid and the outside area of the circle formed by the moving liquid/gas interface  12  is the fluid. Therefore, as the drying process continues, the section inside (the dry area) of the moving liquid/gas interface  12  increases while the area (the wet area) outside of the moving liquid/gas interface  12  decreases. As stated previously, if the moving liquid/gas interface  12  breaks down, droplets of the fluid form on the wafer and contamination may occur due to evaporation of the droplets. As such, it is imperative that droplet formation and the subsequent evaporation be limited to keep contaminants off of the wafer surface. Unfortunately, the present drying methods are only partially successful at the prevention of moving liquid interface breakdown. 
   In addition, the SRD process has difficulties with drying wafer surfaces that are hydrophobic. Hydrophobic wafer surfaces can be difficult to dry because such surfaces repel water and water-based (aqueous) cleaning solutions. Therefore, as the drying process continues and the cleaning fluid is pulled away from the wafer surface, the remaining cleaning fluid (if aqueous based) will be repelled by the wafer surface. As a result, the aqueous cleaning fluid will want the least amount of area to be in contact with the hydrophobic wafer surface. Additionally, the aqueous cleaning solution tends cling to itself as a result of surface tension (i.e., as a result of molecular hydrogen bonding). Therefore, because of the hydrophobic interactions and the surface tension, balls (or droplets) of aqueous cleaning fluid forms in an uncontrolled manner on the hydrophobic wafer surface. This formation of droplets results in the harmful evaporation and the contamination discussed previously. The limitations of the SRD are particularly severe at the center of the wafer, where centrifugal force acting on the droplets is the smallest. Consequently, although the SRD process is presently the most common way of wafer drying, this method can have difficulties reducing the formation of cleaning fluid droplets on the wafer surface especially when used on hydrophobic wafer surfaces. Also, certain portions of the wafer may have different hydrophobic properties. 
     FIG. 1B  illustrates an exemplary wafer drying process  18 . In this example a portion  20  of the wafer  10  has a hydrophilic area and a portion  22  has a hydrophobic area. The portion  20  attracts water so a fluid  26  pools in that area. The portion  22  is hydrophobic so that area repels water and therefore there can be a thinner film of water on that portion of the wafer  10 . Therefore, the hydrophobic portions of the wafer  10  often dry more quickly than the hydrophilic portions. This may lead to inconsistent wafer drying that can increase contamination levels and therefore decrease wafer production yields. 
   Therefore, there is a need for a method and an apparatus that avoids the prior art by enabling optimized fluid management and application to a wafer that reduces contaminating deposits on the wafer surface. Such deposits as often occurs today reduce the yield of acceptable wafers and increase the cost of manufacturing semiconductor wafers. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Broadly speaking, the present invention fills these needs by providing a substrate processing apparatus that is capable of processing wafer surfaces with multiple menisci while significantly reducing wafer contamination. It should be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device or a method. Several inventive embodiments of the present invention are described below. 
   In one embodiment, a method for processing a substrate is provided which includes generating a first fluid meniscus and a second fluid meniscus on a surface of the substrate where the first fluid meniscus being substantially adjacent to the second fluid meniscus. The meniscus also includes substantially separating the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus with a barrier. 
   In yet another embodiment, an apparatus for processing a substrate is disclosed which includes a proximity head. The proximity head includes a first set of conduits defined within the proximity head where the first set of conduits configured to generate a first fluid meniscus. The proximity head also includes a second set of conduits defined within the proximity head where the second set of conduits configured to generate a second fluid meniscus. The proximity head further includes a barrier defined between the first set of conduits and the second set of conduits where the barrier substantially separates the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus. 
   In another embodiment, an apparatus for processing a substrate is provided which includes a proximity head capable of generating a first fluid meniscus and capable of generating a second fluid meniscus. The proximity head includes at least one first inlet defined in a processing surface of the proximity head configured to apply a first fluid to the surface of the wafer and at least one first outlet defined in the processing surface of the proximity head configured to remove the first fluid and at least a portion of a second fluid from the surface of the wafer. The proximity head further includes at least one second inlet defined in the processing surface of the proximity head configured to apply the second fluid to the surface of the wafer and at least one second outlet defined in the processing surface of the proximity head configured to remove at least a portion of the second fluid from the surface of the wafer. The proximity head also includes a barrier between the at least one first outlet and the at least one second outlet where the barrier substantially separates the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus. 
   The advantages of the present invention are numerous. Most notably, the apparatuses and methods described herein utilize barriers to separate multiple menisci to efficiently process (e.g., clean, dry, etc.) substrates by operations which involve optimal management of fluid application and removal from the substrate while reducing unwanted fluids and contaminants remaining on a wafer surface. Consequently, wafer processing and production may be increased and higher wafer yields may be achieved due to efficient wafer processing. 
   The present invention enables optimal wafer processing through the generation and use of multiple fluid menisci with one meniscus being separated from another fluid meniscus by a barrier. In one embodiment, a first set of fluid inlets and outlets may be utilized which can generate a first fluid meniscus that is separate from a second fluid meniscus that is generated by a second set of fluid inlets and outlets. In additional embodiments, any suitable number and/or configuration of menisci may be separated by barrier(s) to optimize menisci management. 
   Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the present invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates movement of cleaning fluids on a wafer during an SRD drying process. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an exemplary wafer drying process. 
       FIG. 2  shows a wafer processing system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a proximity head performing a wafer processing operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates a wafer processing operation that may be conducted by a proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates a side view of exemplary proximity heads for use in a dual wafer surface processing system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5A  shows a multi-menisci proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5B  shows a cross section view of the multi-menisci proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a multi-menisci proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates the processing surface of the proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6C  shows a closer view of the processing surface of the multi-menisci proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6D  shows the facilities plate attaching to the body to form the multi-menisci proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6E  illustrates a cross section view of the proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multi-menisci proximity head in exemplary wafer processing operations in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multi-menisci proximity head which is utilized to process a phobic barrier in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a close up view of the multi-menisci proximity head operating on a philic wafer surface in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8C  shows a close-up view of the multi-menisci proximity head operating on a phobic wafer surface in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates a proximity head with an exemplary inlet/outlet pattern including the barrier in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9B  shows an additional exemplary proximity head with an exemplary inlet/outlet pattern with a barrier in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a side view of a proximity head in operation where the barrier separates a first meniscus from a second meniscus in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11A  shows the menisci separation region in a wafer processing operation using a hydrophobic wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11B  shows a proximity head processing a hydrophilic wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11C  shows a proximity head with a barrier that is partially hydrophilic in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a proximity head with a barrier in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   An invention for methods and apparatuses for processing a substrate is disclosed. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be understood, however, by one of ordinary skill in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
   While this invention has been described in terms of several preferable embodiments, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art upon reading the preceding specifications and studying the drawings will realize various alterations, additions, permutations and equivalents thereof. It is therefore intended that the present invention includes all such alterations, additions, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 
   The figures below illustrate embodiments of an exemplary wafer processing system using multi-menisci proximity heads to generate multiple shape, size, and location of fluid menisci separated by a barrier on the proximity head. In one embodiment, the multiple menisci are separated by the barrier and the fluids of that make up the each of the respective menisci do not intermingle due to the separation of the menisci. This technology may be utilized to perform any suitable type of combination of types of wafer operation(s) such as, for example drying, etching, plating, etc. 
   It should be appreciated that the systems and proximity heads as described herein are exemplary in nature, and that any other suitable types of configurations that would enable the generation and movement of two or more menisci separated by the barrier described herein may be utilized. In the embodiments shown, the proximity head(s) may move in a linear fashion from a center portion of the wafer to the edge of the wafer. It should be appreciated that other embodiments may be utilized where the proximity head(s) move in a linear fashion from one edge of the wafer to another diametrically opposite edge of the wafer, or other non-linear movements may be utilized such as, for example, in a radial motion, in a circular motion, in a spiral motion, in a zig-zag motion, in a random motion, etc. In addition, the motion may also be any suitable specified motion profile as desired by a user. In addition, in one embodiment, the wafer may be rotated and the proximity head moved in a linear fashion so the proximity head may process all portions of the wafer. It should also be understood that other embodiments may be utilized where the wafer is not rotated but the proximity head is configured to move over the wafer in a fashion that enables processing of all portions of the wafer. In further embodiments, the proximity head may be held stationary and the wafer may be moved to be processed by the fluid meniscus. As with the proximity head, the wafer may move in any suitable motion as long as the desired wafer processing operation is accomplished. 
   In addition, the proximity head and the wafer processing system as described herein may be utilized to process any shape and size of substrates such as for example, 200 mm wafers, 300 mm wafers, flat panels, etc. Moreover, the size of the proximity head and in turn the sizes of the menisci may vary. In one embodiment, the size of the proximity head and the sizes of the menisci may be larger than a wafer being processed, and in another embodiment, the proximity head and the sizes of the menisci may be smaller than the wafer being processed. Furthermore, the menisci as discussed herein may be utilized with other forms of wafer processing technologies such as, for example, brushing, lithography, megasonics, etc. 
   A fluid meniscus can be supported and moved (e.g., onto, off of and across a wafer) with a proximity head. Various proximity heads and methods of using the proximity heads are described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/834,548 filed on Apr. 28, 2004 and entitled “Apparatus and Method for Providing a Confined Liquid for Immersion Lithography,” which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/606,022, filed on Jun. 24, 2003 and entitled “System And Method For Integrating In-Situ Metrology Within A Wafer Process” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/330,843 filed on Dec. 24, 2002 and entitled “Meniscus, Vacuum, IPA Vapor, Drying Manifold,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,839 filed on Sep. 30, 2002 and entitled “Method and Apparatus for Drying Semiconductor Wafer Surfaces Using a Plurality of Inlets and Outlets Held in Close Proximity to the Wafer Surfaces,” both of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additional embodiments and uses of the proximity head are also disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/330,897, filed on Dec. 24, 2002, entitled “System for Substrate Processing with Meniscus, Vacuum, IPA vapor, Drying Manifold” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/404,692, filed on Mar. 31, 2003, entitled “Methods and Systems for Processing a Substrate Using a Dynamic Liquid Meniscus.” Still additional embodiments of the proximity head are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/404,270, filed on Mar. 31, 2003, entitled “Vertical Proximity Processor,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/603,427, filed on Jun. 24, 2003, and entitled “Methods and Systems for Processing a Bevel Edge of a Substrate Using a Dynamic Liquid Meniscus,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/606,022, filed on Jun. 24, 2003, and entitled “System and Method for Integrating In-Situ Metrology within a Wafer Process,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/607,611 filed on Jun. 27, 2003 entitled “Apparatus and Method for Depositing and Planarizing Thin Films of Semiconductor Wafers,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/611,140 filed on Jun. 30, 2003 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Cleaning a Substrate Using Megasonic Power,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,398 filed on Apr. 1, 2004 entitled “Controls of Ambient Environment During Wafer Drying Using Proximity Head,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,355 filed on Apr. 1, 2004 entitled “Substrate Proximity Processing Structures and Methods for Using and Making the Same,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,620 filed on Apr. 1, 2004 entitled “Substrate Meniscus Interface and Methods for Operation,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,133 filed on Apr. 1, 2004 entitled “Proximity Meniscus Manifold,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,488,040, issued on Dec. 3, 2002, entitled “Capillary Proximity Heads For Single Wafer Cleaning And Drying,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,772, issued on Sep. 9, 2003, entitled “Methods For Wafer Proximity Cleaning And Drying,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/742,303 entitled “Proximity Brush Unit Apparatus and Method.” Additional embodiments and uses of the proximity head are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/883,301 entitled “Concentric Proximity Processing Head,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/882,835 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Processing Wafer Surfaces Using Thin, High Velocity Fluid Layer.” The aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
   It should be appreciated that the system described herein is just exemplary in nature, and the proximity heads described herein may be used in any suitable system such as, for example, those described in the United States patent applications referenced above. It should also be appreciated that  FIGS. 2 through 4B  describe formation of a single meniscus and therefore process variables (e.g. flow rates, dimensions, etc.) described therein may be different than the process variables described for multi-menisci proximity heads as described in  FIGS. 5A through 12 . 
     FIGS. 2 through 4A  show exemplary proximity heads that can produce a single meniscus and are discussed to illustrate how a meniscus may be generated.  FIGS. 5A through 7  illustrate examples of proximity heads that can generate multiple menisci without barrier separation.  FIGS. 8A through 12  show proximity heads which include at least one barrier between a first set of conduits configured to generate a first fluid meniscus and a second set of conduits configured to generate a second fluid meniscus. The barrier between the first set of conduits and the second set of conduits enable the separation of fluid menisci formed when the proximity head is in operation. 
     FIG. 2  shows a wafer processing system  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system  100  includes rollers  102   a  and  102   b  which may hold and/or rotate a wafer to enable wafer surfaces to be processed. The system  100  also includes proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  that, in one embodiment, are attached to an upper arm  104   a  and to a lower arm  104   b  respectively. In one embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and/or  106   b  may be multi-menisci proximity heads as described in further detail below. As described herein the term “multi-menisci proximity head” is a proximity head capable of generating one or more fluid menisci. In a one embodiment, a first fluid meniscus is substantially surrounded by a second fluid meniscus. In a preferable embodiment, the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus are concentric with the second fluid meniscus surrounding the first fluid meniscus. The proximity head may be any suitable apparatus that may generate a fluid meniscus as described herein and described in the patent application incorporated by reference above. The upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  can be part of an assembly which enables substantially linear movement (or in another embodiment a slight arc-like movement) of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  along a radius of the wafer. In yet another embodiment, the assembly may move the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  in any suitable user defined movement. 
   In one embodiment the arms  104  are configured to hold the proximity head  106   a  above the wafer and the proximity head  106   b  below the wafer in close proximity to the wafer. For example, in one exemplary embodiment this may be accomplished by having the upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  be movable in a vertical manner so once the proximity heads are moved horizontally into a location to start wafer processing, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  can be moved vertically to a position in close proximity to the wafer. In another embodiment, the upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  may be configured to start the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  in a position where the menisci are generated before processing and the menisci that has already been generated between the proximity heads  106   a  and  106  may be moved onto the wafer surface to be processed from an edge area of a wafer  108 . Therefore, the upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  may be configured in any suitable way so the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  can be moved to enable wafer processing as described herein. It should also be appreciated that the system  100  may be configured in any suitable manner as long as the proximity head(s) may be moved in close proximity to the wafer to generate and control multiple meniscus that, in one embodiment, are concentric with each other. It should also be understood that close proximity may be any suitable distance from the wafer as long as a menisci may be maintained. In one embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  (as well as any other proximity head described herein) may each be located between about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm from the wafer to generate the fluid menisci on the wafer surface. In a preferable embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  (as well as any other proximity head described herein) may each be located bout 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm from the wafer to generate the fluid menisci on the wafer surface, and in more preferable embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  (as well as any other proximity head described herein) may be located about 1.5 mm from the wafer to generate the fluid menisci on the wafer surface. 
   In one embodiment, the system  100 , the arms  104  are configured to enable the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  to be moved from processed to unprocessed portions of the wafer. It should be appreciated that the arms  104  may be movable in any suitable manner that would enable movement of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  to process the wafer as desired. In one embodiment, the arms  104  may be motivated by a motor to move the proximity head  106   a  and  106   b  along the surface of the wafer. It should be understood that although the wafer processing system  100  is shown with the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b , that any suitable number of proximity heads may be utilized such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. The proximity heads  106   a  and/or  106   b  of the wafer processing system  100  may also be any suitable size or shape as shown by, for example, any of the proximity heads as described herein. The different configurations described herein generate the fluid menisci between the proximity head and the wafer. The fluid menisci may be moved across the wafer to process the wafer by applying fluid to the wafer surface and removing fluids from the surface. In such a way, depending on the fluids applied to the wafer, cleaning, drying, etching, and/or plating may be accomplished. In addition, the first fluid meniscus may conduct one type of operation and the second fluid meniscus that at least partially surrounds the first fluid meniscus may conduct the same operation or a different wafer processing operation as the first fluid meniscus. Therefore, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  can have any numerous types of configurations as shown herein or other configurations that enable the processes described herein. It should also be appreciated that the system  100  may process one surface of the wafer or both the top surface and the bottom surface of the wafer. 
   In addition, besides processing the top and/or bottom surfaces of the wafer, the system  100  may also be configured to process one side of the wafer with one type of process (e.g., etching, cleaning, drying, plating, etc.) and process the other side of the wafer using the same process or a different type of process by inputting and outputting different types of fluids or by using a different configuration menisci. The proximity heads can also be configured to process the bevel edge of the wafer in addition to processing the top and/or bottom of the wafer. This can be accomplished by moving the menisci off (or onto) the edge the wafer which processes the bevel edge. It should also be understood that the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be the same type of apparatus or different types of proximity heads. 
   The wafer  108  may be held and rotated by the rollers  102   a  and  102   b  in any suitable orientation as long as the orientation enables a desired proximity head to be in close proximity to a portion of the wafer  108  that is to be processed. In one embodiment, the rollers  102   a  and  102   b  can rotate in a clockwise direction to rotate the wafer  108  in a counterclockwise direction. It should be understood that the rollers may be rotated in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction depending on the wafer rotation desired. In one embodiment, the rotation imparted on the wafer  108  by the rollers  102   a  and  102   b  serves to move a wafer area that has not been processed into close proximity to the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b . However, the rotation itself does not dry the wafer or move fluid on the wafer surfaces towards the edge of the wafer. Therefore, in an exemplary wafer processing operation, the unprocessed areas of the wafer would be presented to the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  through both the linear motion of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  and through the rotation of the wafer  108 . The wafer processing operation itself may be conducted by at least one of the proximity heads. Consequently, in one embodiment, processed portions of the wafer  108  would expand from a center region to the edge region of the wafer  108  in a spiral movement as the processing operation progresses. In another embodiment, when the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  are moved from the periphery of the wafer  108  to the center of the wafer  108 , the processed portions of the wafer  108  would expand from the edge region of the wafer  108  to the center region of the wafer  108  in a spiral movement. 
   In an exemplary processing operation, it should be understood that the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be configured to dry, clean, etch, and/or plate the wafer  108 . In an exemplary drying embodiment, the at least one of first inlet may be configured to input deionized water (DIW) (also known as a DIW inlet), the at least one of a second inlet may be configured to input N 2  carrier gas containing isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in vapor form (also known as IPA inlet), and the at least one outlet may be configured to remove fluids from a region between the wafer and a particular proximity head by applying vacuum (also known as vacuum outlet). It should be appreciated that although IPA vapor is used in some of the exemplary embodiments, any other type of vapor may be utilized such as for example, nitrogen, any suitable alcohol vapor, organic compounds, volatile chemicals, etc. that may be miscible with water. In addition, in other embodiments, any suitable type of non-miscible vapors may be utilized such as, for example, oil, hexane, oil-vapor, etc. 
   In an exemplary cleaning embodiment, a cleaning solution may be substituted for the DIW. An exemplary etching embodiment may be conducted where an etchant may be substituted for the DIW. In an additional embodiment, plating may be accomplished as described in further detail in reference to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/607,611 filed on Jun. 27, 2003 entitled “Apparatus and Method for Depositing and Planarizing Thin Films of Semiconductor Wafers” which was incorporated by reference above. In addition, other types of solutions may be inputted into the first inlet and the second inlet depending on the processing operation desired. 
   It should be appreciated that the inlets and outlets located on a face of the proximity head may be in any suitable configuration as long as stable menisci as described herein may be utilized. In one embodiment, the at least one N 2 /IPA vapor inlet may be adjacent to the at least one vacuum outlet which is in turn adjacent to the at least one processing fluid inlet to form an IPA-vacuum-processing fluid orientation. Such a configuration can generate an outside meniscus that at least partially surrounds the inside meniscus. In addition, the inside meniscus may be generated through a configuration with a processing fluid-vacuum orientation. Therefore, one exemplary embodiment where a second fluid meniscus at least partially surrounds a first fluid meniscus may be generated by an IPA-vacuum-second processing fluid-vacuum-first processing fluid-vacuum-second processing fluid-vacuum-IPA orientation as described in further detail below. It should be appreciated that other types of orientation combinations such as IPA-processing fluid-vacuum, processing fluid-vacuum-IPA, vacuum-IPA-processing fluid, etc. may be utilized depending on the wafer processes desired and what type of wafer processing mechanism is sought to be enhanced. In one embodiment, the IPA-vacuum-processing fluid orientation may be utilized to intelligently and powerfully generate, control, and move the menisci located between a proximity head and a wafer to process wafers. The processing fluid inlets, the N 2 /IPA vapor inlets, and the vacuum outlets may be arranged in any suitable manner if the above orientation is maintained. For example, in addition to the N 2 /IPA vapor inlet, the vacuum outlet, and the processing fluid inlet, in an additional embodiment, there may be additional sets of IPA vapor outlets, processing fluid inlets and/or vacuum outlets depending on the configuration of the proximity head desired. It should be appreciated that the exact configuration of the inlet and outlet orientation may be varied depending on the application. For example, the distance between the IPA input, vacuum, and processing fluid inlet locations may be varied so the distances are consistent or so the distances are inconsistent. In addition, the distances between the IPA input, vacuum, and processing fluid outlet may differ in magnitude depending on the size, shape, and configuration of the proximity head  106   a  and the desired size of a process menisci (i.e., menisci shape and size). In addition, exemplary IPA-vacuum-processing fluid orientation may be found as described in the United States patent applications referenced above. 
   In one embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be positioned in close proximity to a top surface and a bottom surface respectively of the wafer  108  and may utilize the IPA and DIW inlets and a vacuum outlets as described herein to generate wafer processing menisci in contact with the wafer  108  which are capable of processing the top surface and the bottom surface of the wafer  108 . The wafer processing menisci may be generated in a manner consistent with the descriptions in reference to Applications referenced and incorporated by reference above. At substantially the same time the IPA and the processing fluid is inputted, a vacuum may be applied in close proximity to the wafer surface to remove the IPA vapor, the processing fluid, and/or the fluids that may be on the wafer surface. It should be appreciated that although IPA is utilized in the exemplary embodiment, any other suitable type of vapor may be utilized such as for example, nitrogen, any suitable alcohol vapor, organic compounds, hexanol, ethyl glycol, acetone, etc. that may be miscible with water. These fluids may also be known as surface tension reducing fluids. The portion of the processing fluid that is in the region between the proximity head and the wafer is the menisci. It should be appreciated that as used herein, the term “output” can refer to the removal of fluid from a region between the wafer  108  and a particular proximity head, and the term “input” can be the introduction of fluid to the region between the wafer  108  and the particular proximity head. In another embodiment, the proximity heads 106   a  and  106   b  may be scanned over the wafer  108  while being moved at the end of an arm that is being moved in a slight arc. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a proximity head  106  performing a wafer processing operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.  FIGS. 3 through 4B  show a method of generating a basic fluid meniscus while  FIGS. 5A through 12  discuss apparatuses and methods for generating a more complex menisci configuration. The proximity head  106 , in one embodiment, moves while in close proximity to a top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108  to conduct a wafer processing operation. It should be appreciated that the proximity head  106  may also be utilized to process (e.g., clean, dry, plate, etch, etc.) a bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, the wafer  108  is rotating so the proximity head  106  may be moved in a linear fashion along the head motion while the top surface  108   a  is being processed. By applying the IPA  310  through the inlet  302 , the vacuum  312  through outlet  304 , and the processing fluid  314  through the inlet  306 , the meniscus  116  may be generated. It should be appreciated that the orientation of the inlets/outlets as shown in  FIG. 3  is only exemplary in nature, and that any suitable inlets/outlets orientation that may produce a stable fluid meniscus may be utilized such as those configurations as described in the United States patent applications incorporated by reference previously. 
     FIG. 4A  illustrates a wafer processing operation that may be conducted by a proximity head  106   a  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Although  FIG. 4A  shows a top surface  108   a  being processed, it should be appreciated that the wafer processing may be accomplished in substantially the same way for the bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, the inlet  302  may be utilized to apply isopropyl alcohol (IPA) vapor toward a top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 , and the inlet  306  may be utilized to apply a processing fluid toward the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 . In addition, the outlet  304  may be utilized to apply vacuum to a region in close proximity to the wafer surface to remove fluid or vapor that may located on or near the top surface  108   a . As described above, it should be appreciated that any suitable combination of inlets and outlets may be utilized as long as the meniscus  116  may be formed. The IPA may be in any suitable form such as, for example, IPA vapor where IPA in vapor form is inputted through use of a N 2  gas. Moreover, any suitable fluid used for processing the wafer (e.g., cleaning fluid, drying fluid, etching fluid, plating fluid, etc.) may be utilized that may enable or enhance the wafer processing. In one embodiment, an IPA inflow  310  is provided through the inlet  302 , a vacuum  312  may be applied through the outlet  304  and processing fluid inflow  314  may be provided through the inlet  306 . Consequently, if a fluid film resides on the wafer  108 , a first fluid pressure may be applied to the wafer surface by the IPA inflow  310 , a second fluid pressure may be applied to the wafer surface by the processing fluid inflow  314 , and a third fluid pressure may be applied by the vacuum  312  to remove the processing fluid, IPA and the fluid film on the wafer surface. 
   Therefore, in one embodiment of a wafer processing, as the processing fluid inflow  314  and the IPA inflow  310  is applied toward a wafer surface, fluid (if any) on the wafer surface is intermixed with the processing inflow  314 . At this time, the processing fluid inflow  314  that is applied toward the wafer surface encounters the IPA inflow  310 . The IPA forms an interface  118  (also known as an IPA/processing fluid interface  118 ) with the processing fluid inflow  314  and along with the vacuum  312  assists in the removal of the processing fluid inflow  314  along with any other fluid from the surface of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, the IPA/processing fluid interface  118  reduces the surface of tension of the processing fluid. In operation, the processing fluid is applied toward the wafer surface and almost immediately removed along with fluid on the wafer surface by the vacuum applied by the outlet  304 . The processing that is applied toward the wafer surface and for a moment resides in the region between a proximity head and the wafer surface along with any fluid on the wafer surface forms a meniscus  116  where the borders of the meniscus  116  are the IPA/processing fluid interfaces  118 . Therefore, the meniscus  116  is a constant flow of fluid being applied toward the surface and being removed at substantially the same time with any fluid on the wafer surface. The nearly immediate removal of the processing fluid from the wafer surface prevents the formation of fluid droplets on the region of the wafer surface being dried thereby reducing the possibility of contamination on the wafer  108  after the processing fluid has accomplished its purpose depending on the operation (e.g., etching, cleaning, drying, plating, etc.). The pressure (which is caused by the flow rate of the IPA) of the downward injection of IPA also helps contain the meniscus  116 . 
   The flow rate of the N2 carrier gas containing the IPA may assist in causing a shift or a push of processing fluid flow out of the region between the proximity head and the wafer surface and into the outlets  304  (vacuum outlets) through which the fluids may be outputted from the proximity head. It is noted that the push of processing fluid flow is not a process requirement but can be used to optimize meniscus boundary control. Therefore, as the IPA and the processing fluid are pulled into the outlets  304 , the boundary making up the IPA/processing fluid interface  118  is not a continuous boundary because gas (e.g., air) is being pulled into the outlets  304  along with the fluids. In one embodiment, as the vacuum from the outlets  304  pulls the processing fluid, IPA, and the fluid on the wafer surface, the flow into the outlets  304  is discontinuous. This flow discontinuity is analogous to fluid and gas being pulled up through a straw when a vacuum is exerted on combination of fluid and gas. Consequently, as the proximity head  106   a  moves, the meniscus moves along with the proximity head, and the region previously occupied by the meniscus has been dried due to the movement of the IPA/processing fluid interface  118 . It should also be understood that the any suitable number of inlets  302 , outlets  304  and inlets  306  may be utilized depending on the configuration of the apparatus and the meniscus size and shape desired. In another embodiment, the liquid flow rates and the vacuum flow rates are such that the total liquid flow into the vacuum outlet is continuous, so no gas flows into the vacuum outlet. 
   It should be appreciated any suitable flow rate may be utilized for the N 2 /IPA, processing fluid, and vacuum as long as the meniscus  116  can be maintained. In one embodiment, the flow rate of the processing fluid through a set of the inlets  306  is between about 25 ml per minute to about 3,000 ml per minute. In a preferable embodiment, the flow rate of the processing fluid through the set of the inlets  306  is about 800 ml per minute. It should be understood that the flow rate of fluids may vary depending on the size of the proximity head. In one embodiment a larger head may have a greater rate of fluid flow than smaller proximity heads. This may occur because larger proximity heads, in one embodiment, have more inlets  302  and  306  and outlets  304 . 
   In one embodiment, the flow rate of the N 2 /IPA vapor through a set of the inlets  302  is between about 1 liters per minute (SLPM) to about 100 SLPM. In a preferable embodiment, the IPA flow rate is between about 6 and 20 SLPM. 
   In one embodiment, the flow rate for the vacuum through a set of the outlets  304  is between about 10 standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH) to about 1250 SCFH. In a preferable embodiment, the flow rate for a vacuum though the set of the outlets  304  is about 350 SCFH. In an exemplary embodiment, a flow meter may be utilized to measure the flow rate of the N 2 /IPA, processing fluid, and the vacuum. 
   It should be appreciated that any suitable type of wafer processing operation may be conducted using the meniscus depending on the processing fluid utilized. For example, a cleaning fluid such as, for example, SC-1, SC-2, etc., may be used for the processing fluid to generate wafer cleaning operation. In a similar fashion, different fluids may be utilized and similar inlet and outlet configurations may be utilized so the wafer processing meniscus may also etch and/or plate the wafer. In one embodiment, etching fluids such as, for example, HF, EKC proprietary solution, KOH etc., may be utilized to etch the wafer. In another embodiment, plating fluids such as, for example, Cu Sulfate, Au Chloride, Ag Sulfate, etc. in conjunction with electrical input may be conducted. 
     FIG. 4B  illustrates a side view of exemplary proximity heads  106  and  106   b  for use in a dual wafer surface processing system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, by usage of inlets  302  and  306  to input N 2 /IPA and processing respectively along with the outlet  304  to provide a vacuum, the meniscus  116  may be generated. In addition, on the side of the inlet  306  opposite that of the inlet  302 , there may be a outlet  304  to remove processing fluid and to keep the meniscus  116  intact. As discussed above, in one embodiment, the inlets  302  and  306  may be utilized for IPA inflow  310  and processing fluid inflow  314  respectively while the outlet  304  may be utilized to apply vacuum  312 . In addition, in yet more embodiments, the proximity heads  106  and  106   b  may be of a configuration as shown in the United States patent applications referenced above. Any suitable surface coming into contact with the meniscus  116  such as, for example, wafer surfaces  108   a  and  108   b  of the wafer  108 ′ may be processed by the movement of the meniscus  116  into and away from the surface. 
     FIGS. 5A through 8C  show embodiments of the present invention where a first fluid meniscus is at least partially surrounded by at least a second fluid meniscus. It should be appreciated that the first fluid meniscus and/or the second fluid meniscus may be generated to conduct any suitable type of substrate/wafer processing operation such as, for example, lithography, etching, plating, cleaning, and drying. The first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus may be any suitable shape or size depending on the substrate processing operation desired. In certain embodiments described herein, the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus are concentric where the second fluid meniscus surrounds the first fluid meniscus and the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus provide a continuous fluid connection. Therefore, after the first fluid meniscus processes the substrate, the portion of the wafer processed by the first fluid meniscus is immediately processed by the second fluid meniscus without a substantial amount of the contact with the atmosphere. It should be appreciated that depending on the operation desired, in one embodiment, the first fluid meniscus may contact the second meniscus and in another embodiment, the first fluid meniscus does not directly contact the second meniscus. 
     FIG. 5A  shows a multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  includes a plurality of source inlets  306   a  that can apply a first fluid to the wafer surface. The first fluid can then be removed from the wafer surface by application of vacuum through a plurality of source outlets  304   a . Therefore, the first fluid meniscus may be generated by the conduits located within a first fluid meniscus region  402  of the processing surface on the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1 . 
   The multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  may also include a plurality of source inlets  306   b  that can apply a second fluid to the wafer surface. The second fluid can then be removed from the wafer surface by application of vacuum through a plurality of source outlets  304   b . In one embodiment, a portion of the second fluid is also removed by the plurality of source outlets  304   a  in conjunction with the removal of the first fluid. In one embodiment, the plurality of source outlets  304   a  may be called a one phase fluid removal conduit because the outlets  304   a  remove liquids applied to the wafer through the source inlets  306   a  and  306   b . In addition, the plurality of source outlets  306   b  may be called a two phase removal conduit because the outlets  306   b  removes the second fluid from the source inlets  306   b  and the atmosphere outside of the fluid meniscus. Therefore, in one embodiment, the outlets  306   b  removes both liquid and gas while the outlets  306   a  remove only liquids. As a result, the second fluid meniscus may be created by the conduits located within a second fluid meniscus region  404  of the processing surface on the multi-meniscus proximity head  106 - 1 . 
   Optionally, the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  may include a plurality of source inlets  302  which can apply a third fluid to the wafer surface. In one embodiment, the third fluid may be a surface tension reducing fluid that can reduce the surface tension of a liquid/atmosphere border of the second meniscus formed by that application of the second fluid to the wafer surface. 
   In addition, the processing surface (e.g., the surface area of the multi-menisci proximity head where the conduits exist) of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  (or any other proximity head discussed herein) may be of any suitable topography such as, for example, flat, raised, lowered. In one embodiment, the processing surface of the multi-menisci  106 - 1  may have a substantially flat surface. 
     FIG. 5B  shows a cross section view of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  can apply the first fluid through the plurality of source inlets  306   a  and remove the first fluid through the plurality of source outlets  304   a . The first fluid meniscus  116   a  is located underneath a region substantially surrounded by the plurality of source outlets  304   a . The multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 1  can also apply the second fluid through the plurality of source inlets  306   b  and remove the second fluid through the plurality of source outlets  304   a  on one side of the second fluid meniscus and  304   b  on the other side. In one embodiment, the plurality of source inlets  302  may apply the third fluid to decrease the surface tension of the fluid making up the second fluid meniscus  116   b . The plurality of source inlets  302  may be optionally angled to better confine the second fluid meniscus  1116   b.    
     FIG. 6A  illustrates a multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The proximity head  106 - 2  includes, in one embodiment, a facilities plate  454  and a body  458 . It should be appreciated the proximity head  106 - 2  may include any suitable numbers and/or types of pieces as long as the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus as described herein may be generated. In one embodiment, the facilities plate  454  and the body  458  may be bolted together or in another embodiment, the plate  454  and the body  458  may be attached by an adhesive. The facilities plate  454  and the body  458  may be made from the same material or different materials depending on the applications and operations desired by a user. 
   The proximity head  106 - 2  may include a processing surface  458  which includes conduits where fluid(s) may be applied to surface of the wafer and the fluid(s) maybe removed from a surface of the wafer. The processing surface  458  may, in one embodiment, be elevated above a surface  453  as shown by an elevated region  452 . It should be appreciated that the processing surface  458  does not have to be elevated and that the surface  458  may be substantially planar with the surface  453  of the proximity head  106 - 2  that faces the surface of the wafer being processed. 
     FIG. 6B  illustrates the processing surface  458  of the proximity head  106 - 2  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing surface  458  is a region of the proximity head  106 - 2  which generates the fluid menisci. The processing surface  458  may include any suitable number and type of conduits so the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus may be generated. In one embodiment, the processing surface  458  includes fluid inlets  306   a , fluid outlets  304   a , fluid inlets  306   b , fluid outlets  304   b , and fluid inlets  302 . 
   The fluid inlets  306   a  may apply a first fluid to the surface of the wafer, and the fluid inlets  306   b  may apply a second fluid to the surface of the wafer. In addition, the fluid outlets  304   a  may remove the first fluid and a portion of a second fluid from the surface of the wafer by the application of vacuum, and the fluid outlets  304   b  may remove a portion of the second fluid from the surface of the wafer by the application of vacuum, and the fluid inlets  302  may apply a fluid that can decrease the surface tension of the second fluid. The first fluid and/or the second fluid may be any suitable fluid that can facilitate any one of a lithography operation, an etching operation, a plating operation, a cleaning operation, a rinsing operation, and a drying operation. 
     FIG. 6C  shows a closer view of the processing surface  458  of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing surface  458  includes a first fluid meniscus region  402  which includes the fluid inlets  306   a  and fluid outlets  304   a . The processing surface  458  also includes a second fluid meniscus region  404  includes the fluid inlets  306   b  and the fluid outlets  304   b  and the fluid inlets  302 . Therefore, the first fluid meniscus region  402  can generate the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus region  404  can generate the second fluid meniscus. 
     FIG. 6D  shows the facilities plate  454  attaching to the body  456  to form the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Channels corresponding to the fluid inlets  306   a ,  304   a , and  302  supply fluid from the facilities plate  454  into the body  456  of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2 , and channels corresponding to the fluid outlets  306   b  and  304   b  remove fluid from the body  456  to the facilities  454 . In one embodiment channels  506   a ,  504   a ,  506   b ,  504   b , and  502  correspond to the fluid inlets  306   a , fluid outlets  306   b , fluid inlets  304   a , fluid outlets  304   b , and fluid inlets  302 . 
     FIG. 6E  illustrates a cross section view of the proximity head  106 - 2  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As described in reference to  FIG. 6D , channels  506   a ,  506   b , and  502  may supply a first fluid, a second fluid, and a third fluid to fluid inlets  306   a ,  306   b , and  302  respectively. In addition, a channel  504   a  may remove a combination of the first fluid and the second fluid from the fluid outlets  304   a , and channel  504   b  may remove combination of the second fluid and the third fluid from the outlets  304   b . In one embodiment, the first fluid is a first processing fluid that can conduct any suitable operation on a wafer surface such as, for example, etching, lithography, cleaning, rinsing, and drying. The second fluid is a second processing fluid that may or may not be the same as the first fluid. As with the first fluid, the second fluid may be any suitable type of processing fluid such as, for example, a fluid that can facilitate etching, lithography, cleaning, rinsing, and drying. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multi-menisci proximity head in exemplary wafer processing operations in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Although  FIG. 7  (and also  FIG. 8A ) shows a top surface of the wafer  108  being processed, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that both a top surface and a bottom surface of the wafer  108  may be concurrently processed by any of the proximity heads described herein on the top surface of the wafer  108  and by any of the proximity heads described herein on the bottom surface of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, a first wafer processing chemistry is applied to the wafer  108  through fluid inlet  306   a . After the first wafer processing chemistry has processed the wafer surface, the first wafer processing chemistry is removed from the wafer surface through the fluid outlet  304   a . The first wafer processing fluid may form a first fluid meniscus  116   a  between the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2  and the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, a second processing fluid such as, for example, deionized water (DIW) is applied to the wafer surface through the fluid inlets  306   b.    
   As discussed above, the second processing fluid may be any suitable fluid that can accomplish the desired operation on the wafer surface. After the DIW has processed the wafer surface, the DIW is removed from the wafer surface through both the source outlets  304   a  and  304   b . The DIW between the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2  and the wafer surface may form a second fluid meniscus  116   b.    
   In one embodiment, a surface tension reducing fluid such as, for example, isopropyl alcohol vapor in nitrogen gas may optionally be applied from the source inlet  302  to the wafer surface to keep the liquid/gas border of the second fluid meniscus  116   b  stable. In one embodiment, the second fluid meniscus  116   b  can substantially surround the first fluid meniscus  116   a . In this way, after the first fluid meniscus  116   a  has processed the wafer surface, the second fluid meniscus  116   b  can nearly immediately begin operating on a portion of the wafer surface already processed by the first fluid meniscus  116   a . Therefore, in one embodiment, the second fluid meniscus  116   b  forms a concentric ring around the first fluid meniscus  116   a . It should be appreciated that the first fluid meniscus  116   a  may be any suitable geometric shape such as, a circle, ellipse, square, rectangle, triangular, quadrilateral, linear, etc. The second fluid meniscus  116   b  can be configured to at least partially surround whatever shape the first fluid meniscus  116   a  may be. It should be appreciated that, as discussed above, the first fluid meniscus  116   a  and/or the second fluid meniscus  116   b  may utilize any suitable fluid(s) depending on the wafer processing operation desired. 
   It should be appreciated that to generate a stable fluid meniscus, an amount of the first fluid inputted into the first fluid meniscus through the source inlets  306   a  should be substantially equal to the amount of the first fluid removed through the source outlets  304   a . The amount of the second fluid inputted into the second fluid meniscus through the source inlets  306   b  should be substantially equal to the amount of the second fluid removed through the source outlets  304   a  and  304   b . In one embodiment, the flow rate of the fluids are determined by a distance  480  the proximity head  106 - 2  is off of the wafer  108 . It should be appreciated that the distance  480  may be any suitable distance as long as the menisci can be maintained and moved in a stable manner. In one embodiment, the distance  480  may be between 50 microns and 5 mm, and in another embodiment 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm. Preferably, the distance  480  is between about 1 mm and 1.5 mm. In one embodiment, the distance  480  is about 1.3. 
   The flow rates of the fluids as shown in  FIG. 7  may be any suitable flow rate that can generate the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus that substantially surrounds the first meniscus. Depending on the distinction desired between the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus, the flow rates may differ. In one embodiment, source inlets  306   a  may apply the first fluid at a flow rate of about 600 cc/min, source inlets  306   b  may apply the second fluid at a flow rate of about 900 cc/min, a source outlets  304   a  may remove the first fluid and the second fluid at a flow rate of about 1200 cc/min, and the source outlets  304   b  may remove both the second fluid at a flow rate of 300 cc/min and atmosphere (which may include some IPA vapor in N 2  if such a surface tension reducing fluid is being applied to the wafer surface). In one embodiment, the flow rate of fluids through the source outlets  304  may equal 2 times the flow rate of fluid through the source inlets  306   a . The flow rate of fluid through the source inlets  306   b  may be equal to the flow rate through the source inlets  306   a  plus  300 . It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that specific flow rate relationships of the source inlets  306   a ,  306   b  and source inlets  304   a ,  304   b  may change depending on the configuration of the process area and/or the configuration of the proximity heads described herein. 
     FIGS. 8A through 12  show further embodiments of the proximity head that include a barrier to separate menisci when the proximity head is in operation. The barrier may be located between a set of inlets/outlets that produce one meniscus and a set of inlets/outlets that produce another meniscus. Therefore, when multiple adjacent menisci are desired to be generated but kept separated from each other, the barrier can assist in the managing of both the separability and stability of the menisci. 
   Many cleaning applications in semiconductor device manufacturing are not performed with dilute aqueous chemistries. In wafer processing, e.g., for post-etch residue removal, the wafer can be exposed to a class of chemicals called semi-aqueous (“SA solvents”), which may include, for example, ATMI ST-255 and ATMI PT-15 (made by ATMI of Danbury, Conn.), EKC5800™ (made by EKC Technology in Danville, Calif.), etc. While the specific nature of these chemicals may be different depending on the specific chemical compositions, as a class they can have some characteristics such that SA solvents may be expensive, chemical performance is often strongly degraded by exposure to water and typically only small amounts of the chemicals are needed to treat the wafer. Due to the often costly nature of SA chemicals, it is typically desired to reclaim these chemicals. Reclaim is similar to recycle where an amount of chemistry is applied to the wafer and the excess or unused amount is drawn off and saved for the next wafer. 
   Also, the chemical activity of these chemistries is generally extremely dependent on concentration (dilution results in significantly lower chemical activity), and the lifetime of SA solvents is often very dependent on water content (higher exposure to water=lower lifetime). Therefore, in order to minimize the amount of chemistry used per wafer, and to maximize number of wafers that can be treated with a batch of SA chemistry, it is desirable to separate the dispensing/application of SA solvents to a wafer and the rinsing of the SA solvents off that wafer. 
     FIG. 8A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3  which is utilized to process a phobic barrier  602  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3  includes fluid inlets  306   a ,  306   b  and fluid outlets  304   a ,  304   b , and optionally fluid inlet  302 . As discussed in reference to  FIG. 6 , the fluid inlets  306   a  can apply a first processing fluid to the wafer surface. It should be appreciated that the first fluid may be any suitable fluid that can process the wafer surface in the wafer processing operation desired. Therefore, in one embodiment, the first fluid may be any one of a lithography enhancing fluid, an etching fluid, a cleaning fluid, a rinsing fluid, and a drying fluid. In addition, in an optional embodiment, the fluid inlets  302  can apply a third fluid to the wafer surface. After the processing fluid has operated on the wafer surface, the processing fluid is removed, in one example, by vacuum through the fluid outlets  304   a . After the wafer processing chemistry has processed the wafer surface, the wafer processing chemistry is removed from the wafer surface through the fluid outlets  304   a.    
   The multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3  may also apply a second wafer processing fluid to the surface through the fluid inlets  306   b  and remove the second wafer processing fluid from the surface by, in one embodiment, a vacuum applied through the fluid outlets  304   a  and  304   b . In this way, the second fluid meniscus  116   b  may be generated. It should be appreciated that the second fluid may be any suitable fluid that can process the wafer surface in the wafer processing operation desired. Therefore, in one embodiment, the second fluid may be any one of a lithography enhancing fluid, an etching fluid, a cleaning fluid, a rinsing fluid, and a drying fluid. In addition, in an optional embodiment, the fluid inlets  302  can apply a third fluid to the wafer surface. It should be appreciated that the third fluid may be any suitable fluid that can reduce the surface tension of the second fluid. In one embodiment, the third fluid is isopropyl alcohol vapor in nitrogen gas (IPA/N 2 ). 
   In one embodiment of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3 , a phobic barrier  602  is located between the fluid outlet  304   a  and the fluid inlet  306   b . The wafer processing fluid forms a first fluid meniscus  116   a  between the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2 . In one embodiment, deionized water (DIW) is applied to the wafer surface through the fluid inlets  306   b . After the DIW has processed the wafer surface, the DIW is removed from the wafer surface through the source outlet  304   b . The DIW between the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 2  and the wafer surface forms a second fluid meniscus  116   b . Isopropyl alcohol vapor in nitrogen gas may optionally be applied to the wafer surface to keep the liquid/gas border of the second fluid meniscus  116   b  stable. In one embodiment, the second fluid meniscus  116   b  substantially surrounds the first fluid meniscus  116   a . In this way, after the first fluid meniscus  116   a  has processed the wafer surface, the second fluid meniscus  116   b  can nearly immediately begin operating on a portion of the wafer surface already processed by the first fluid meniscus  116   a.    
   The embodiment as shown in  FIG. 8A  includes the phobic barriers  602  which can separate the first fluid meniscus  116   a  and the second fluid meniscus  116   b . In such an embodiment, the first fluid meniscus  116   a  may not directly contact the second fluid meniscus  116   b . As discussed in further reference to  FIG. 8B  below, depleted fluid from the first fluid meniscus  116   a  that has processed the wafer surface may be remain on the wafer surface for removal by the second fluid meniscus  116   b . It should be appreciated that the barrier  602  may be made from any suitable material that is phobic to the fluids, such as, for example, SA solvents, aqueous solutions, water solutions, etc., to be utilized to generate the fluid menisci. 
   Consequently, in one embodiment, when SA solvents are used to generate the fluid meniscus  116   a , the SA solvent meniscus may be separated from the adjacent rinse meniscus. In addition, in the embodiment where SA solvent is utilized, the phobic barriers  602  enable reclamation of SA solvent and enables rinsing of the depleted boundary layer. 
   The barrier  602  may also prevent free air flow in the gap between the menisci thereby eliminating drying off inter-menisci films and hence dramatically reduces the chance of defects forming on the wafer surface. In addition, the barrier may be made very thick so the amount of liquid at risk of uncontrolled drying is minimized. 
     FIG. 8B  illustrates a close up view of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3  operating on a philic wafer surface in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3  includes the first fluid meniscus  116   a  that can process the wafer surface in whatever type of wafer processing operation desired as discussed above. The depleted chemistry from the first fluid meniscus  116   a  remaining on the wafer surface can then be processed by the second fluid meniscus  116   b  (which in one embodiment as shown is a rinsing fluid meniscus to remove the depleted chemistry). The embodiment shown is related to processing of hydrophilic wafers that can hold onto the depleted chemistry when the first fluid meniscus  116   a  moves off of the processing area of the wafer surface. 
   In one embodiment, the barrier is phobic to the chemistry of the first fluid meniscus and the wafer is philic to the chemistry of the first fluid meniscus. In this case, when, for example, the chemistry is the SA solvent, the phobic barrier may be engineered so as to allow only the “depleted” surface layer to pass into the rinse meniscus (e.g., DIW meniscus) to result in optimized solvent recycling and maximum solvent lifetime. Specific parameters for the barrier  602  may be any suitable shape (height, width, profile, dimensions), location, surface finish, etc., that can keep the first fluid meniscus and the second fluid meniscus substantially separated. 
     FIG. 8C  shows a close-up view of the multi-menisci proximity head  106 - 3  operating on a phobic wafer surface in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the wafer processing chemistry (which in one embodiment is an aqueous fluid) of the first fluid meniscus  116   a  does not stay on the wafer surface after processing because the wafer surface is phobic to the fluid making up the first fluid meniscus  116   a . Therefore, the phobic barrier  602  can keep the first fluid meniscus  116   a  and the second fluid meniscus  116   b  totally separated so there is no intermixing of the fluid of the first fluid meniscus  116   a  with the fluid of the second fluid meniscus  116   b . In addition the source outlets  304  in such an embodiment only removes the first fluid from the first fluid meniscus  116   a.    
   It should be appreciated that although only two menisci (inside meniscus and outside surrounding meniscus) are shown in the exemplary embodiments that any suitable number of concentric menisci can be generated. In such a case each of the inner menisci may be generated by a set of at least one source inlet  306   a  and the source outlet  304   a  while the last surrounding meniscus (the last outside meniscus that would surround the menisci) may have a set of at least one source inlet  306   b  and  304   b . Any inner menisci may be generated by a set of source inlets  306   a  and the source outlets  304   a  that can apply and remove a particular processing fluid. 
   In one embodiment, when the SA solvent is utilized as the chemistry of the first fluid meniscus  116   a , the phobic barrier could result in almost 100% recovery of the SA solvent (i.e. bulk and depleted surface layer). If the rinse water were more philic to the wafer than the SA solvent, the relative movement of the wafer may prevent rinse water from contaminating the SA solvent. The barrier  602  may be designed to allow for a relatively large “minimum distance” between the barrier and wafer, or the barrier could extend down to the wafer surface to “squeegee” the SA solvent for maximum recycling. 
     FIG. 9A  illustrates a proximity head  106 - 4  with an exemplary inlet/outlet pattern including the barrier  602  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 4  includes a plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ and  306   b ′. The plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ may be located in a region  670  while the plurality of source inlets  306   b ′ may be located in a region  655 . The proximity head  106 - 4  may also include a plurality of source outlets  304   a ′ and  304   b ′. The plurality of source outlets  304   a ′ and  304   b ′ may be located in a region  660  and a region  665  respectively. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 4  may optionally include plurality of source inlets  302   a ′ and  302   b ′ which can be located in regions  650  and  675  respectively. It should be appreciated that the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ may apply any suitable type of fluids to a wafer surface. In addition, the plurality of source inlets  306   b ′ may apply the same type of fluid as the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ while in another embodiment, the plurality of source inlets  306   b ′ may be configured to apply different types of fluid to the wafer than the fluid applied by the plurality of source inlets  306   a′.    
   In one embodiment, the plurality of source outlets  304   a ′ may be configured to remove the fluid applied to the wafer from the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′, and the plurality of source outlets  304   b ′ may be configured to remove fluid applied to the wafer from the plurality of source inlets  306   b ′. It should be appreciated that both the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ and  306   b ′ may remove other fluids or materials that may also be on the surface. The barrier  602  in one embodiment, may be entirely hydrophobic and in another embodiment, may be partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic as discussed, for example, in  FIG. 9C . It should be appreciated that although the barrier  602  is exemplified in a rectangular form, the barrier  602  can be in any suitable size and shape as long as the barrier  602  can separate two or more menisci. It should also be understood that the barrier  602  may be made at least partially out of hydrophobic materials such as, for example, PTFE, PVDF, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyimide, etc. The barrier can also be located in any suitable location as long as the barrier  602  can separate fluid menisci. In one embodiment, the barrier  602  is defined between a first set of conduits of the proximity head for generating a first fluid meniscus and a second set of conduits of the proximity head for generating the second fluid meniscus. It should also be appreciated that the barrier  602  may be defined in or on the proximity head in any suitable manner so that the barrier  602  can separate one fluid meniscus from another fluid meniscus. 
     FIG. 9B  shows an additional exemplary proximity head  106 - 5  with an exemplary inlet/outlet pattern with a barrier  602  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 5  includes a plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ and  306   b ′ which may be located in regions  670  and  680  respectively. The proximity head  106 - 5  may also include a plurality of source outlets  304   a ′ and  304   b ′. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 5  may optionally include plurality of source inlets  304   a ′ and  304   b ′ which may be located in regions  675  and  685  respectively. It should be appreciated that the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ may apply any suitable types of fluids to a wafer surface. In addition, the plurality of source inlets  306   b ′ may apply the same type of fluid as the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ and in another embodiment, the plurality of source inlets  306   b ′ may be configured to apply different types of fluid to the wafer than the plurality of source inlets  306   a′.    
     FIG. 10  illustrates a side view of a proximity head  106 - 4  in operation where the barrier  602  separates a first meniscus  116   a ′ and a second meniscus  116   b ′ in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ may be formed by any suitable type of proximity head described herein with the barrier  602  such as, for example, the proximity heads as described above in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
   In one embodiment, the plurality of source inlets  306   a ′ may supply the fluid to generate the meniscus  116   a ′ and the source inlets  306   b ′ may supply the fluid to generate the meniscus  116   b ′. The plurality of source outlets  304   a ′ may remove fluid from the meniscus  116   a ′ and the plurality of source outlets  304   b ′ may remove fluid from the meniscus  116   b ′. In one exemplary embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 4  may be in motion in a direction  690 . It should be appreciated that the proximity head  106 - 4  may be moved in any suitable direction depending on the wafer processing desired. In another embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 4  may be kept in one location while the wafer  108  is moved. In yet another embodiment, both the proximity head  106 - 4  and the wafer  108  may be moved. A menisci separation region  650  is described in further detail in reference to  FIGS. 11A–C . 
     FIG. 11A  shows the menisci separation region  650  in a wafer processing operation using a hydrophobic wafer  108 ′ in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The region  650  is a magnified region of the proximity head  106 - 4  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 10  where the barrier  602  serves to separate the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′. In one embodiment, the barrier  602  may be hydrophobic. It should be appreciated that depending on the wafer processing operation, the barrier  602  may be made phobic to any suitable chemistry or fluid utilized in any suitable wafer processing operation. In such a circumstance the barrier  602  may be configured to repel fluid from the region occupied or near the barrier  602 . Therefore, when fluid is inputted from the source inlet  304   a ′ into the region between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108 ′, the fluid is repelled from the phobic barrier  602 . In addition, in one embodiment, the wafer  108 ′ is hydrophobic and therefore, the wafer  108 ′ repels the fluid from the source inlet  304   a ′. Therefore, the fluid will be repelled from both the phobic barrier and the wafer  108 ′. As a result, due to surface tension and the repulsive interaction between the meniscus  116   a ′ and the barrier  602  and the wafer  108 ′, a border of the meniscus  116   a ′ curves away from the phobic barrier and the wafer  108 ′. In addition, due the hydrophobic effects from the wafer  108 ′ and the barrier  602 , the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ do not move under the barrier  602 . 
   While fluid is inputted into the region between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108 ′ from the source inlet  304   a ′, fluid is removed from the region between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108 ′ through the source outlet  306   a ′. When fluid is inputted from the source inlet  304   b ′ into the region between the proximity head  106 - 4  and the wafer  108 ′, the fluid is repelled from the phobic barrier  602 . When the wafer  108 ′ is hydrophobic, the wafer  108 ′ repels the fluid from the source inlet  304   a ′. Therefore, the fluid will be repelled from both the phobic barrier and the wafer  108 ′. As a result, due to surface tension and the repulsive interaction between the meniscus  116   b ′ and the barrier  602  and the wafer  108 ′, a border of the meniscus  116   b ′ curves away from the barrier  602  and the wafer  108 ′. Consequently, the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ are totally separated and no intermixing of fluids from the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ take place. 
   While fluid is inputted into the region between the proximity head  106 - 4  and the wafer  108 ′ from the source inlet  304   a ′, fluid is removed from the region between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108 ′ through the source outlet  306   a ′. Consequently, the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ are totally separated and no intermixing of fluids from the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ take place. 
     FIG. 11B  shows a proximity head  106 - 4  processing a hydrophilic wafer  108 ″ in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The region  650 ′ shown in  FIG. 11B  is a another exemplary embodiment of the proximity head  106 - 4  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 10  where the barrier  602  serves to separate the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′. In one embodiment, the wafer  108 ″ is hydrophilic and when the meniscus  116   a ′ is formed by the input of fluid to the region between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108 ″, the fluid of the meniscus  116   a ′ is attracted to the surface of the wafer  108 ″. Therefore, in one embodiment, as the proximity moves in direction  702 , the a thin layer of fluid on the wafer surface is moved along the wafer surface under the barrier  602 . The fluid mixes with the fluid making up the fluid meniscus  116   b ′. It should be appreciated that the amount of fluid moving from the meniscus  116   a ′ to  116   b ′ is not large, therefore, if the processing of the wafer accomplished by the meniscus  116   b ′ can withstand a small portion of fluid meniscus  116   a ′ then the processing of the hydrophilic wafer  108 ″ may be accomplished in a desired manner. 
     FIG. 11C  shows a proximity head  106 - 4  with a barrier  602 ′ that is partially hydrophilic in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The region  650 ″ shown in  FIG. 11C  is a another exemplary embodiment of the proximity head  106 - 4  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 10  where, in one embodiment, barrier  602 ′ serves to separate the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′. In one embodiment, the barrier  602 ′ may have a partially hydrophilic region  602   b  in addition to the hydrophobic region  602   a . Therefore, the hydrophilic region  602   b  can attract the fluids of the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ respectively to shape the borders of the menisci  116   a ′ and the  116   b ′ in any suitable manner. 
     FIG. 12  illustrates a proximity head  106 - 5  with a barrier  602 ″ in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the barrier  602 ″ has a hydrophilic region  602   b  and a hydrophobic region  602   a . In one embodiment, the hydrophobic region  602   a  keeps apart the portions of the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ in the vicinity of the hydrophobic region  602   a . The hydrophilic regions  602   b  may be configured to enable fluids from the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ to cross the hydrophilic region  602   b . Such a configuration may be utilized in processes where it may be desirable for certain portions of the menisci  116   a ′ and  116   b ′ to intermix. 
   While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art upon reading the preceding specifications and studying the drawings will realize various alterations, additions, permutations and equivalents thereof. It is therefore intended that the present invention includes all such alterations, additions, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.