Patent Publication Number: US-2020298032-A1

Title: Mask apparatuses and approach

Description:
FIELD 
     Aspects of various embodiments are directed to mask apparatuses and related approaches. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Masks are useful for a variety of applications, ranging from industrial to medical to recreational applications. For instance, industrial masks are often useful or required for certain applications, and can enhance worker safety. Medical masks can be important for ensuring that medical personnel are protected from exposure. Recreational masks can be useful for filtering dust and other particles. 
     While useful, many masks are uncomfortable to wear, difficult to fit, and may result in less than desirable protection. For instance, many disposable masks are general in size and shape and are difficult to properly conform to individual faces, such as to accommodate facial hair and other varied facial characteristics, which can result in an improper seal. An improper seal can permit passage of particulates, and can result in fogging of glasses (e.g., via improperly fitting nose pieces). In addition, it can be challenging to manufacture effective and well-fitting disposable masks efficiently. These and other matters have presented challenges to the use and implementation of masks for a variety of applications. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various example embodiments are directed to masks, and mask apparatuses involving a mask shell, and their implementation. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a filter configured and arranged to conform to a user&#39;s face and to filter air while conformed to the user&#39;s face, and a mask shell and securing mechanism that secure the filter to the user&#39;s face. The mask shell is configured and arranged to conform to the user&#39;s face with the filter between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face and held against the user&#39;s face, with the mask shell extending around a perimeter region of the filter and permitting air to pass between an ambient environment in contact with the filter and the user&#39;s nose and mouth directly via the filter. The mask shell is further configured and arranged to seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by applying pressure to the filter and the user&#39;s face at the perimeter region of the filter. The securing mechanism includes opposing portions connected to respective sides of the mask shell and configured and arranged to, with the filter positioned between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face, seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by utilizing the user&#39;s head for applying a securing force to the filter via the respective sides of the mask shell, with the respective sides being positioned on opposing sides of the user&#39;s face, in a direction toward the user&#39;s face. 
     Another embodiment is directed to an apparatus comprising a mask shell and a securing mechanism. The mask shell is configured and arranged to conform to the user&#39;s face with a filter between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face, and held against the user&#39;s face. Under such conditions the mask shell extends around a perimeter region of the filter and permits air to pass between an ambient environment in contact with the filter and the user&#39;s nose and mouth via the filter. The mask shell is further configured to seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by applying pressure to the filter and the user&#39;s face at the perimeter region of the filter. The securing mechanism includes opposing portions connected to respective sides of the mask shell and, for each of the opposing portions, first and second (separate) couplers that respectively connect the opposing portion to the mask shell. The first and second couplers are configured and arranged with the mask shell and securing mechanism to provide, via each of the first and second couplers, respective degrees of freedom of relative motion between the mask shell and the securing mechanism. The first and second couplers further seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by utilizing the user&#39;s head for applying a securing force to the filter via the respective sides of the mask shell, with the respective sides being positioned on opposing sides of the user&#39;s face, in a direction toward the user&#39;s face. 
     Another embodiment is directed to an apparatus comprising a filter configured and arranged to conform to a user&#39;s face and to filter air while conformed to the user&#39;s face, and a mask shell including a first material portion and a second securing portion. The first material portion is configured and arranged to conform to the user&#39;s face and therein position the filter to cover the user&#39;s nose and mouth, and to pass air for breathing to the filter. The second securing portion is connected to the first material portion and configured and arranged with the first material portion and the filter to, with at least a portion of the filter positioned between the first material portion and the user&#39;s face, secure the filter to the user&#39;s face with the filter covering the user&#39;s nose and mouth, by applying a securing force to the filter via the first material portion in a direction toward the user&#39;s face and thereby sealing the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth. In some implementations, the first material portion is configured and arranged with the second securing portion to conform the filter to the user&#39;s face by deforming the filter along a contour that surrounds the user&#39;s nose and mouth. Further, the filter and mask shell may be configured and arranged to move independently of one another in an unsecured state, and facilitate a secured state with the second securing portion securing an inner surface of the first material portion with an outer surface of the filter. In the secured state, an inner surface of the filter is in contact with and secured to the user&#39;s face, in which the securing force secures the filter relative to the mask shell. 
     The above discussion/summary is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The figures and detailed description that follow also exemplify various embodiments. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       Various example embodiments may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  shows a mask apparatus with a double-loop ear strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 1B  shows a mask apparatus with a double-connected hook-and-loop strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 1C  shows a mask apparatus with a double strap for securement around a user&#39;s head, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 2A  shows a mask apparatus with a single-button detachable double-loop ear strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 2B  shows a mask apparatus with a single-button detachable hook-and-loop strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 2C  shows a mask apparatus with a single-button detachable double strap for securement around a user&#39;s head, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 3A  shows a mask apparatus with a two-button detachable double-loop ear strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 3B  shows a mask apparatus with a two-button detachable double strap for securement around a user&#39;s head, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 3C  shows a mask apparatus with a two-button detachable hook-and-loop strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 4A  shows a mask apparatus with a two-button detachable double head strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 4B  shows a mask apparatus with a two-button detachable hook-and-loop strap and accessory items, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  shows a filter, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  shows a filter with a vent assembly, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  shows a filter with a vent assembly, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  shows a filter with a vent assembly, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 9  shows a vent assembly for use with a filter, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 10  shows a mask apparatus, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 11  shows a mask apparatus, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 12  shows a mask apparatus with insertion of a replaceable mask, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 13  shows a mask apparatus with insertion of a replaceable mask, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG. 14A  shows a mask apparatus with a replaceable mask having a central valve region, in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 14B  shows a mask apparatus with a replaceable mask having a central valve region as in  14 A, with a different securing mechanism, in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIGS. 15A-15D  show a mask apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments, in which:
           FIG. 15A  shows a front right perspective view of a mask shell,     FIG. 15B  shows a rear left perspective view of the mask shell,     FIG. 15C  shows a rear view of the mask shell, and     FIG. 15D  shows the mask shell with a filter coupled thereto;       

         FIG. 16  shows a dual strap mask apparatus as applied to a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 17  shows an ear mask apparatus as applied to a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments; and 
         FIG. 18  shows a single strap mask apparatus as applied to a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     While various embodiments discussed herein are amenable to modifications and alternative forms, aspects thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the disclosure including aspects defined in the claims. In addition, the term “example” as used throughout this application is only by way of illustration, and not limitation. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure are believed to be applicable to a variety of different types of apparatuses, systems and methods involving masks, and as may particularly involve interchangeable strap systems that may be integrated with a mask or mask shell. Various embodiments are directed toward such aspects for use with replaceable masks and a shell-type approach that facilitates fitment of the replaceable mask, utilizing the interchangeable strap system. In certain implementations, aspects of the present disclosure have been shown to be beneficial when used in the context of disposable masks that can suffer from fitment problems such as those described above, with improved sealing around a user&#39;s face and related comfort. While not necessarily so limited, various aspects may be appreciated through a discussion of examples using such exemplary contexts. 
     In connection with one or more embodiments, a mask shell has an inner perimeter defining an opening in the mask shell via which an external surface of a filter can exposed when the filter is coupled to the mask shell. The mask shell further has a securing portion configured to, in use, secure the filter to a user&#39;s face with the filter covering the user&#39;s nose and mouth and the inner perimeter of the first material portion extending around the user&#39;s nose and mouth. The securing portion may thus apply a securing force to the filter via the mask shell in a direction toward the user&#39;s face, thereby sealing the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth. Various embodiments include the filter as well. 
     In some embodiments, the mask shell has a reinforced portion having a fastener such as a snap, which is configured to secure the filter to the mask shell. The mask shell further has a breathable portion configured to facilitate enhanced passage of air relative to the reinforced portion, with the reinforced portion lying between the inner perimeter and the breathable portion. Accordingly, the reinforced portion may be bound by inner perimeter and the breathable portion, and the breathable portion may be bound by the reinforced portion and the second securing portion. In connection with such an embodiment or embodiments, it has been recognized/discovered that the placement of a reinforced material, such as a more heavily stitched or denser material, in a portion of the mask shell including the fastener enhances durability of the mask shell for repeated attachment and replacement of filters, while the breathable portion facilitates comfort. 
     Various embodiments are directed to a mask system with respective connections between a mask shell and a securing component, each of which provide one or more degrees of freedom of relative motion between the mask shell and the securing component. In connection with one or more embodiments, it has been recognized/discovered that utilizing such degrees of freedom facilitates fitment of the mask shell, for further securing a mask coupled to or otherwise affixed with the mask shell to a user&#39;s face. Various aspects provide a flexible mask design that adapts to provide different fitment for different people. A single mask shell may be utilized for coupling with a multitude of disparate filters, allowing a user to interchange and accommodate various filters. The various degrees of freedom, such as may be provided using a pivoting system, may increase mobility while interchangeable strap options may be provided to increase functionality, efficiency and comfortability in masks. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a filter configured and arranged to conform to a user&#39;s face and to filter air while conformed to the user&#39;s face, and a mask shell and securing mechanism that secure the filter to the user&#39;s face. The mask shell extends around a perimeter region of the filter, with the filter between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face, and permits air to pass between an ambient environment in contact with the filter and the user&#39;s nose and mouth directly via the filter (e.g., without necessarily passing through the mask shell). This approach facilitates fitment of the filter and replacement of the filter, without obstructing air flow through the filter and while maintaining a secure seal of the filter to the user&#39;s face. The mask shell may seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by applying pressure to the filter and the user&#39;s face at the perimeter region of the filter. The securing mechanism includes opposing portions connected to respective sides of the mask shell and that operate, with the filter positioned between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face, to seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth. The user&#39;s head is utilized for applying a securing force to the filter via the respective sides of the mask shell, with the respective sides being positioned on opposing sides of the user&#39;s face, in a direction toward the user&#39;s face. 
     The securing mechanism may be implemented in a variety of manners. In some embodiments the securing mechanism includes, for each opposing portion, a first detachable coupler connected to the mask shell, and a second detachable coupler connected to the mask shell. The second detachable coupler is separate from the first detachable coupler and moves independently of the first detachable coupler. The first and second detachable couplers apply the securing force in different directions relative to one another. 
     In some implementations, first and second (separate) couplers connect the securing mechanism to the mask shell, providing respective degrees of freedom to a common coupling point (e.g., on a common side of the mask shell). The first and second couplers operate with the mask shell and securing mechanism to provide, via each of the first and second couplers, the respective degrees of freedom of relative motion between the mask shell and the securing mechanism. The couplers may, for example, provide detachable connectivity of the securing mechanism and the mask shell, facilitating coupling and decoupling, and exchange of various types of securing mechanisms. In some implementations, one or both of the first and second couplers includes a first portion connected to the securing mechanism and a second portion connected to the mask shell, the first and second portions being configured and arranged to connect the mask shell to the securing mechanism by detachably engaging with one another. The first and second couplers may provide respective degrees of freedom for applying forces in different directions that respectively provide different securing forces upon the mask and the user&#39;s face. 
     In some embodiments, the mask shell has an open region having a perimeter that, when secured to the user&#39;s face, exposes an exterior surface region of the filter that is over the user&#39;s nose and mouth, with an interior surface region of the filter in contact with the user&#39;s face. For instance, the mask shell may extend around and secure a perimeter inner surface of the filter to the user&#39;s face, with the mask shell covering a perimeter outer surface of the filter. A central area of the outer surface of the filter is left uncovered by the mask shell, and thus exposed to communicate air directly between the central area of the outer surface of the filter and a corresponding central area of an inner surface of the filter. 
     In some embodiments, a valve component is coupled to pass air in a first direction through an opening in the filter, and to mitigate air from passing through the opening in the filter in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. The valve component may be secured to the filter and unconnected to the mask shell (e.g., as part of a replaceable filter), or secured to the mask shell as well. For the latter, the valve component may pass the air in the first direction through an opening in the mask shell, and mitigate air from passing through the opening in the mask shell in the second direction. 
     Another embodiment is directed to an apparatus comprising a mask shell and a securing mechanism as follows. The mask shell conforms to the user&#39;s face with a filter between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face, and held against the user&#39;s face. The mask shell extends around a perimeter region of the filter and permits air to pass between an ambient environment in contact with the filter and the user&#39;s nose and mouth via the filter. The mask shell also seals the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by applying pressure to the filter and the user&#39;s face at the perimeter region of the filter. The mask shell may, for example, be implemented with an open region having a perimeter that, when secured to the user&#39;s face, exposes an exterior surface region of the filter that is over the user&#39;s nose and mouth, with a corresponding interior surface region of the filter in contact with the user&#39;s face. 
     The securing mechanism includes opposing portions connected to respective sides of the mask shell and, for each of the opposing portions, first and second (separate) couplers (e.g., detachable couplers) that respectively connect the opposing portion to the mask shell. The couplers operate with the mask shell and securing mechanism to provide, via each of the first and second couplers, respective degrees of freedom of relative motion between the mask shell and the securing mechanism. The couplers also seal the filter around the user&#39;s nose and mouth by utilizing the user&#39;s head for applying a securing force to the filter via the respective sides of the mask shell, with the respective sides being positioned on opposing sides of the user&#39;s face, in a direction toward the user&#39;s face. Certain embodiments also include the filter. 
     The couplers may be implemented in a variety of manners. For instance, the couplers may apply forces in different directions relative to one another, facilitating secure, comfortable fitment of the mask to the user&#39;s face. One or both of the couplers may include a first portion connected to the securing mechanism and a second portion connected to the mask shell, the first and second portions being operable to (e.g., detachably) connect the mask shell to the securing mechanism by detachably engaging with one another. The couplers may provide respective degrees of freedom that provide forces in different directions that respectively provide different securing forces upon the mask and the user&#39;s face. 
     According to various example embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus and approach in which a user may place a mask on the inside of a shell. The shell and mask conform to one another and operate to secure the mask against the user&#39;s face, with the shell including one or more fasteners that couple to the user and provide a holding force that is translated through the shell to the mask. In some implementations, the shell covers the mask and allows air to pass through to the mask, and in other implementations the shell operates with the mask to secure the mask to a user&#39;s face while allowing a portion (e.g., a central portion) of the mask to remain exposed. This approach can assist in accurately conforming masks to a variety of different types of facial features, bone structure and sizes. 
     This approach also facilitates the use of a replacement mask material (e.g., for disposable masks) while providing robust fitment via the reusable shell. Comfort, safety and convenience aspects can all be addressed in this regard, which can be particularly helpful with disposable masks in which low cost can be desirable. 
     In various embodiments, a flexible material is used to provide a shell (e.g., a frame), that conforms to a replaceable mask. The shell may include, for example, neoprene, mesh material, a moisture-wicking material, cotton material, and/orpolyester material. The frame may include multiple openings via which a replaceable mask may be exposed, which can facilitate breathing through the replaceable mask. In some implementations, the shell operates to pass air though a mesh or perforated type structure, to the mask. The shell may have one, two or more straps that secure the shell and, when integrated therewith, a mask to a user. Such straps may include a head strap connected to the shell and/or other straps (e.g., via a hook-and-loop fastener or button). In further embodiments, a holding strap is included for loosely holding the shell around a user&#39;s neck while the shell is in an unsecured position (e.g., removed from the user&#39;s face). 
     In some embodiments, fitment and sealing of a shell and corresponding mask is carried out with a conforming component that draws the shell (and therein the mask) with a force against the user&#39;s face. In some embodiments, an elastic material extends around a user&#39;s nose and mouth and is operable to adjustably apply pressure in this context, providing and adjustable sealing force to the user&#39;s face. For instance, an elastic draw string having a rubber compression ring or a round elastic cord can be used to facilitate tensioning. The cord is secured, for example, using a tension ring or other component. In certain embodiments, elastic type material is integrated with the shell such that the elastic type material can be adjusted to accommodate masks of various sizes. Various embodiments employ a conforming component that applies an even, or nearly even, pressure along a path that encloses the user&#39;s nose and mouth, providing a seal between the mask and the user&#39;s face. 
     In some embodiments, a mask shell as characterized herein includes a deformable material that holds shape upon physical deformation, within the mask shell. For instance, a bendable aluminum piece of material can be sewn in the shell in an area that covers a user&#39;s nose when the shell is in place. The aluminum piece is bendable to conform the mask shell, and therein the mask, to the user&#39;s nose. 
     One or more embodiments employ elastic or other fitting/tightening components at target locations of the shell. In one embodiment, an elastic material is employed near a chin portion of the shell, to facilitate a tight seal around a user&#39;s chin. For instance, additional fabric may be applied at a chin region, relative to other portions of the shell, to facilitate the seal. In some embodiments, a strap is integrated with a chin region, for tightening the material at the chin. 
     In some implementations, an alignment component aligns masks to a shell as characterized herein. Such an alignment component may, for example, include a ridge or other structure that may be part of, or separate from, material that forms other portions of the shell. The alignment component operates to align removable masks relative to the shell, and facilitates proper fitment thereof (e.g., with an inner surface of the mask shell in contact with an outer surface of the filter). 
     A variety of accessories may be implemented to suit particular embodiments. In some embodiments, ear plugs, safety glasses, a storage pouch, or a light are attached to provide functionality. Certain embodiments employ additional material such as a bandana, dickey or neck scarf that can be useful in windy or cold weather environments. These components may be implemented with a variety of coupling or fastening approaches, such as hook-and-loop or button-type fasteners. A full-head balaclava may be incorporated for certain applications, which may alleviate the need for straps or fasteners. 
     A variety of masks may be implemented to suit a variety of applications. For instance, dust masks, chemical masks, medical masks and others can be implemented with a shell as discussed herein. These masks may be washable, disposable or usable over an extended period of time. Such masks may include, for example, those available from 3M Company of St. Paul, Minn.; Moldex of Culver City, Calif.; and Honeywell of Morristown, N.J.. In addition, a variety of mask sizes can be employed with a common shell. For instance, the shell may be sized with an opening that accommodates various sizes of masks, in which the shell interfaces with each mask to provide a proper seal to the user&#39;s face. 
     In various embodiments, a shell as characterized herein includes a sealing mechanism that mitigates or prevents moisture from reaching a user&#39;s glasses or other eyewear. Such approaches may involve nose pieces and/or other conforming components that conform the shell and/or a mask therein to a user&#39;s face. This approach can provide a better seal than, for example, a relatively weak strap system as may be employed with disposable masks. Moreover, the mask may be desirably sealed over facial features, facilitating filtration. 
     Various embodiments are directed to a mask shell having power connectivity for powering accessories. Positive and negative terminals are located on one or more portions of the mask at which accessory attachment is desired, and coupled to a power source. In some implementations, the terminals are coupled to conductors that extend to a remote power source, such as a battery that is located in another portion of the mask. In certain embodiments, a battery is stored in a pouch integrated in a rear portion of the mask shell. The conductors may be implemented with a switch that can be used to power or remove power from an accessory coupled to the terminals. In various embodiments, a cover or covers are included and couple to the terminals, providing a cover when the terminals are unused. Such an approach may be implemented with snap-type terminals, with button covers that couple to the snap-type terminals. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a first shell-type portion that conforms to a user&#39;s face with a filter placed between the shell and the user. A securing portion, such as a flexible material and straps, is connected to the first shell-type portion and secures the filter to the user&#39;s face by applying a force to the shell-type portion (e.g., by securing straps around the back of the user&#39;s neck). The filter is thus pressured by the mask to the user&#39;s face, covering the user&#39;s nose and mouth. Various embodiments further include the filter, which may be essentially freely-moving relative to the shell. 
     In various implementations, the first shell-type portion applies the securing force along a path of an inner surface of the filter that is in contact with the user&#39;s face, with the securing force being about equal along an entire length of the path. This approach is useful, for example, to mitigate issues relating to mask filter placement and securing (e.g., by deforming the filter along a contour that surrounds the user&#39;s nose and mouth), to mitigate leaking. An elastic material may be implemented along the path or other interface between the shell-like material and the filter to enhance the fitment and securing. As the securing portion may include robust straps, these straps can aide coupling of the filter to the user (e.g., relative to disposable masks). In certain embodiments, the first shell-type material portion has a central opening in which the filter inserts, and in which a portion of an outer surface of the filter is uncovered and another portion of the outer surface of the filter is covered by the first material portion. An elastic material around the opening may be implemented to conform the filter to the mask and user&#39;s face. The second securing portion secures the first material portion against the outer surface of the mask and secures an inner surface of the mask to the user&#39;s face. 
     Certain embodiments employ a securing portion to seal against a bridge of the user&#39;s nose, and therein inhibit moisture exhaled from the user from fogging eyewear worn by the user. This approach may be implemented with an inner surface of the nose portion in contact with the user&#39;s nose, while the first material portion secures the filter with an inner surface of the filter being in contact with a portion of the user&#39;s nose below a portion of the bridge with which the nose portion is in contact. 
     Various approaches herein involve the use of a replaceable or disposable filter, which can otherwise move independently of a shell or first material as described above. A second securing portion secures an inner surface of the shell with an outer surface of the filter, with an inner surface of the filter being in contact with and secured to the user&#39;s face with a securing force applied. 
     In various implementations, a securing portion as noted herein applies a settable pressure upon a shell for securing a filter to a user&#39;s face under respective conditions in which the user has no facial hair and in which the user has facial hair, thereby forming a seal via different amounts of pressure in each of the respective conditions. In certain implementations, the securing portion includes a chin strap configured and arranged to apply the settable pressure. The securing portion thus may, for example, be integrated with the shell, and/or be implemented in separate components coupled to the shell (e.g., a chin strap being separate from straps that extend around a user&#39;s neck). Various elastic cords may be similarly implemented to apply a settable force along a path that surrounds the user&#39;s nose and mouth, such as with a compression ring that maintains the settable force. 
     Turning now to the figures,  FIGS. 1A-1C  show a mask apparatus  100  with a mask shell  105 , and a replaceable securement mechanisms  110 ,  120  and  130  as respectively shown in each figure. Securement mechanism  110  includes an adjustable/removable double-loop ear strap, securement mechanism  120  shows double-connected hook-and-loop strap, and securement mechanism  130  shows a double strap for securement around a user&#39;s head. The respective connection points (e.g., as shown at  112 ,  114  in  FIG. 1A ) of each securement mechanism each provide at least one degree of freedom in connection, facilitating desirable fitment. For instance, the straps  110  and  130  provide disparate movement for each of the respectively-coupled strap portions, improving fitment of the mask shell  105 . 
     A replaceable filter  106  may be integrated with the mask shell  105 , secured to the mask shell, or simply secured to a user&#39;s face via pressure applied thereto by the mask shell. Accordingly, the mask shell  105  applies pressure/securement around a perimeter of the replaceable filter  106 , which is exposed in a central area thereof. The replaceable filter is shown with an optional discharge valve  107 , which may be eliminated or replace with other valve types. Other components, such as adjustable nose clip  108 , can be added to the apparatus. 
     Accordingly,  FIGS. 1A-1C  show example embodiments involving securement of a mask shell and filter to the head and/or neck of a user. Various other combinations of securement mechanisms may be used as well, and different combinations of securement mechanisms may be used. 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  show a mask apparatus  200  with respective single-button detachable securement mechanisms, including a double-loop ear strap  210  in  FIG. 2A , a single-connected hook-and-loop strap  220  in  FIG. 2B , and a double strap  230  in  FIG. 2C  for securement around a user&#39;s head. The apparatus  200  includes a mask shell  205 , filter  206 , along with optional valve  207  and optional nosepiece  208 . Multiple degrees of freedom may still be provided via a double connection of respective straps, with a single snap provided for further coupling the securement mechanisms to the mask shell  205 . The single button connection facilitates a rotating pivot point, which may be combined with other adjustment of respective straps. 
       FIGS. 3A-3B  show a mask apparatus  300  with various two-button detachable securement mechanisms, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments.  FIG. 3A  shows a two-button ear loop,  FIG. 3B  shows a two-button double strap for securement around a user&#39;s head, and  FIG. 3C  shows a two-button detachable hook-and-loop strap. Referring to  FIG. 3A , the apparatus  300  includes a mask shell  305  and filter  306 , and is shown with optional valve  307  and optional nosepiece  308 . Combining a two-point securement with pivoting function provides an additional degree of freedom. 
       FIG. 4A  shows a mask apparatus  400  with a two-button detachable double head strap, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The apparatus  400  includes a mask shell  405  and filter  406 , and is shown with optional valve  407  and optional nosepiece  408 . Each of two straps  410  and  412  are connected to the mask shell  405  via buttons. 
       FIG. 4B  shows the mask apparatus  400  with a two-button detachable hook-and-loop strap  420  and various accessory items, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The accessory items include a removable head strap  430 , removable ear plugs  440 , and alternate snap options at  422  and  424 , which provide respective degrees of freedom. 
     The mask shells depicted herein may be implemented with one or more variations. In some embodiments, valves are provided with adjustable air flow to hinder breathing ability for training purposes. For instance, adjustable air resistance valves can be implemented to increase or decrease resistance for lung capacity/strengthening. The valves may be adjustable with a twist, allowing for the user to define the amount of airflow through the mask. A water supply valve may also be implemented. 
     Filter securement can be made in other manners, in addition to or as an alternative to those noted above. In some embodiments, a mask shell as characterized herein is equipped with a snap (rivet) on the inside of the nose piece. The snap allows the user to insert a blank filter (no holes for exhalation), such as by snapping a male end of a snap/rivet into the mask. This allows the user to mask the scent of their breath by exhaling through the active carbon in the filter, for example as opposed to exhaling through unfiltered discharge valves. In some implementations, a one-way valve is utilized to provide unfiltered intake of air, with exhaled air passed through a carbon filter. Further, a filter can be omitted with a mask shell used to warm intake air, while allowing exhaled air to pass freely through a one-way valve. 
     In certain implementations, a filter cartridge is coupled to the mask for adding further puck type filters, such as active carbon filters. For instance, firefighters or workers in polluted environments can secure a variety of different types of filters in this regard. Different types or numbers of filters can be utilized in this regard. 
       FIG. 5  shows a filter apparatus  500 , as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The filter apparatus  500  may be implemented with a valve  510 , secured to an opening in the filter apparatus by flange  520 . The filter apparatus  500  may, for example, be implemented with a mask shell as characterized herein, such as shown in  FIGS. 1A-4B . 
       FIG. 6  shows a filter apparatus  600  with a vent assembly, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. A filter  610  has a vent assembly  620  coupled thereto, which may be implemented with a flange and valve such as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     The flange  520  may be compressed to a filter or mask shell as characterized herein to form a hole/insert in which the valve will protrude through. The flange  520  may be implemented with a soft, malleable aluminum round piece that has several small teeth on the outside of the flange that will be pressed against the mask fabric. The flange may also have an elevated ring that will then be compressed once placed in the hole of the mask fabric. Once compressed, the result is a rigid, round opening for the valve (attached to the filter) to be inserted. The valve  510  can be ultrasonic welded to the filter, and is shown with four small nubs around the outside sides. A user may push the valve through the compressed flange, with the open circle on the compressed flange being slight larger than the valve but smaller than the valve with the nubs, facilitating snug adherence between the replaceable filter and the mask. To replace the filter, a user may pull the valves/filter back out of the compressed flange, discard and repeat steps above. 
       FIG. 7  shows a filter apparatus  700  having a filter  710  and a flange  720 , as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The flange  720  is shown in an inset, having teeth that engage with the filter  710 .  FIG. 8  shows a filter apparatus  800  with a vent assembly  820  attached to a filter  810 , as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The assembly  820  may be implemented with the flange  720  of  FIG. 7 . 
     The flange  720  can be compressed to the filter  710  or a mask shell to form a hole/insert in which a valve such as that shown in valve assembly  820  will protrude through. This flange can be a soft malleable aluminum round piece that has several small teeth on the outside of the flange that will be pressed against the mask fabric. The flange may also have an elevated ring that can be compressed once placed in the hole of the mask fabric. The inside of this flange, where the valve will be pushed through, may have four small nubs (e.g., as shown at  820 ). These nubs will provide a snug hole for the valve to be pushed through. The nubs on the flange will hold the valve/replaceable filter in place. Once compressed, the result is a rigid, round opening with nubs, for the valve (attached to the filter) to be inserted. The valve assembly  820  may be ultrasonic welded to the filter  810 . The user may push the valve through a compressed flange, with the open circle on the compressed flange with nubs being slightly smaller than the circumference of the valves, resulting in a snug adherence between the replaceable filter and the mask. When it comes time to replace the filter the user will simply pull the valves/filter back out of the compressed flange, discard and repeat steps above. 
       FIG. 9  shows a vent assembly  900  for use with a filter and/or mask, as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The assembly  900  includes a valve  910  and a flange  920  that can be secured to a filter  922 . As shown on the right side of  FIG. 9 , the flange  920  is pushed through and engaged with the filter  922 . The valve  910  can then be pushed through the flange to form a final assembly (e.g., similar to that shown in  FIG. 6 ). 
       FIG. 10  shows a mask apparatus  1000 , as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The apparatus  1000  includes a shell  1010  that incorporates with straps  1020  and  1022  to secure a mask  1030  to a user&#39;s head. The shell  1010  can be implemented with a variety of materials and shapes, to suit particular embodiments. The straps  1020  and  1022  operate to secure to one another or another component on a user, applying a force to the mask  1040  against the user&#39;s face via the shell  1010 . 
     The shell  1010  can be implemented in a variety of manners. In some implementations, the shell is solid and covers an outer surface of the mask  1030  (in the drawing as shown in  FIG. 10 , an inner surface of the mask is shown with an outer surface facing away). In other implementations, the shell  1010  has one or more openings via which the outer surface of mask  1014  may be exposed. In either implementation, an inner surface of the shell  1010  operates to apply the aforementioned force against the mask  1040  when the shell is coupled to a user&#39;s face via straps  1020 . In this context, the mask  1030  may be independent from the shell  1010  in an unsecured state, and be secured/pressed against a user&#39;s face in a secured state. In this context, a removable or disposable mask such as described above can be affixed around a user&#39;s nose and mouth to provide air filtration. The shell  1010  operates to apply pressure to the mask, such as an even force around the user&#39;s nose and mouth that creates a seal. 
     One or more components shown in  FIG. 10  can be implemented separately, or in combination, to suit various embodiments. Further, the apparatus  1000  can be implemented with a variety of characteristics, such as those described herein. For instance, in some embodiments a securing foam or other material  1040  is employed to enhance fitment to a user, such as to accommodate facial hair while maintaining a seal. A tensioning component  1042  may further be employed to tension the material  1040 . Some embodiments involve material such as foam used at  1050  to guide placement of the mask  1030  relative to the shell  1010 . A nosepiece  1060  can be implemented to enhance sealing of the shell  1010  to the user, mitigating issues such as those relating to moisture escape that can fog eyewear. 
       FIG. 11  shows another mask apparatus  1100 , as may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments. The apparatus  1100  may, for example, be implemented in accordance with the apparatus  1000  shown in  FIG. 10 , and in this context various similar reference numerals are used for similar components (e.g., mask  1110 , straps  1120  and  1122 , mask  1130 , tensioning component  1142 , and nose piece  1160 ). 
     By way of example, the shell  1110  is shown with an opening at  1112  that accommodates mask  1130 . An inner surface of the shell  1110  at region  1114  interfaces with an outer surface of the mask  1130  near an edge thereof, and applies a force (with the straps  1120  and  1122  engaged) that secures the mask against a user&#39;s face. Accordingly, region  1114  of the shell  1110  can be shaped to conform to the mask  1130 , with a portion of an outer surface of the mask being exposed via opening  1112  when held in place. A guide  1116 , such as a foam guide, operates to align the mask  1130  with the shell  1110 . A fastener  1118 , such as a hook, may be implemented to help secure the mask  1130  to the shell  1110  while the mask/shell combination is fitted to a user and secured via the straps  1120  and  1122 . 
     A variety of additional components are shown in  FIG. 11 , one or more of which may be implemented with the apparatus  1100 . For instance, straps  1120  and  1122  may be secured to one another with hook-and-loop type fasteners  1121  and  1123  (one including hooks and the other loops), and may employ a stretchable material as shown at  1125  to secure the shell to a user. A plurality of connectors can be implemented at various connection points, such as  1170 ,  1172  and  1174 , for connecting accessories such as earplugs, safety glasses and a head strap. 
       FIG. 12  shows a mask apparatus  1200  with insertion of a replaceable mask  1230 , in accordance with various embodiments. The apparatus  1200  may be implemented in accordance with the apparatus  100  shown in  FIG. 1  and/or with the apparatus  1100  shown in  FIG. 11 . In this context various similar features are not described further in  FIG. 12 , but are understood as being implementable with the features described in  FIGS. 1 and 11 . Such features may include shell  1210 , nosepiece  1260 , a headstrap rivet  1274 , tensioning component  1242 , a stretchable component  1225 , straps  1220  and  1222 , ear plug rivet  1270  and safety glasses rivet  1272 . 
     The apparatus  1200  shows mask  1230  at different locations as it is being installed or removed. The apparatus  1200  may also be implemented with a light  1290 , which can be powered via a batter as may be kept in a storage pouch  1292 . 
       FIG. 13  shows a mask apparatus  1300  similar to the apparatus  1200  shown in  FIG. 12 , with common reference numerals used to refer to components that may be implemented similarly.  FIG. 13  also shows stretchable material  1311  (e.g., spandex), an elastic cord  1313  sewn in or otherwise integrated with mask  1210 , and terminals  1392  having wire leads  1394  and  1396  (shown in a partial cut-away view) coupled to the terminals. These wire leads may, for example, lead back to pouch  1292  in which a battery may be placed and coupled (e.g., with an additional battery connector therein and/or with a battery integrated within the mask). 
       FIG. 14A  shows a mask apparatus  1400  with a replaceable mask having a central valve region, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The apparatus  1400  includes a mask shell  1410 , which is configured to accommodate a filter  1420  having a central valve region  1422 . The apparatus  1400  may include the filter  1420  as well. The mask shell  1410  is shown coupled to a securing mechanism  1430  for securing around a user&#39;s ears. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes the securing mechanism  1430 . 
       FIG. 14B  shows the mask apparatus  1400  of  FIG. 14A  with a different securing mechanism  1440 , having a hook-and-loop type fastener. The apparatus  1400  as shown in  FIG. 14B  also includes the mask shell  1410 , and may include filter  1420  and the securing mechanism  1440 . 
       FIGS. 15A-15D  show a mask apparatus  1500  in accordance with one or more embodiments. Beginning with  FIG. 15A , a front right perspective view of a mask shell  1501  is shown, in which the mask shell has an inner perimeter  1502  that defines an opening, and an outer perimeter  1504 , with material therebetween. While the mask shell  1501  is depicted with a cross-hatched type material, various embodiments employ a smooth or other-patterned material. The mask shell  1501  includes fasteners  1510  and  1512 , configured to connect to a replaceable filter. The fasteners  1510  and  1512  may, for example, be snap fasteners, such as female snap fasteners configured to accept a male snap fastener coupled to such a replaceable filter. The mask shell  1501  is shown including an optional nosepiece  1520 , secured to the mask shell via fastener  1521 . The fastener may be a rivet, or a fastener such as a snap fastener that may secure the nosepiece and also couple to another fastener on the filter. Connectors for securing the mask shell to a user&#39;s face are shown, with connectors  1530  and  1532  labeled by way of example. 
       FIG. 15B  shows a rear left perspective view of an implementation of the mask shell  1501  of the apparatus  1500 . Fasteners  1510  and  1521  are depicted as female snap fasteners for coupling to a filter. The mask shell  1501  includes a reinforced portion  1540  adjacent the inner perimeter  1502  and a breathable portion  1542 , on opposing sides of an interface region  1541 . Consistent with the above, it has been recognized/discovered that the use of reinforcement at  1540  facilitates repeated replacement of filters that are coupled to the mask shell  1501 , while the breathable portion  1542  facilitates comfort. 
       FIG. 15C  shows a rear view of the mask shell  1501 , in accordance with another implementation. Fastener  1522  is shown in addition to fasteners  1521 ,  1510  and  1512  as discussed above. These four fasteners are coupled to the reinforced portion  1540  of the mask shell  1501  and configured for repeated attachment and detachment of replaceable filters. 
       FIG. 15D  shows a perspective view of an implementation of the apparatus  1500  in which a filter  1550  having a valve  1552  is connected to the mask shell  1501 . The valve  1552  is optional, and the filter  1550  may be implemented in a variety of manners with a variety of materials. The filter  1550  includes fasteners that couple to the mask shell  1501 , including a fastener positioned to couple to fastener  1510  (e.g., a male snap fastener, which may be riveted or glued to the filter). Accordingly, the mask shell  1501  operates to secure a perimeter of the filter  1550  to a user&#39;s face when applied thereto, while allowing air to flow through the filter. Further, multiple different types of filters can be coupled to the mask shell in this regard, to suit particular uses, providing versatility to the mask shell. 
     Mask apparatuses characterized herein, such as mask apparatus  1500 , may be secured to a user&#39;s face in one or more of a variety of manners.  FIGS. 16-18  show example securing mechanisms, in accordance with various embodiments. Beginning with  FIG. 16 , a dual strap mask apparatus  1600  is shown applied to a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The apparatus  1600  includes a mask shell  1610  and filter  1620 , which may be implemented using mask shell  1501  and filter  1550  as shown in  FIG. 15D . A first strap  1611  is connected to the mask shell  1610  via fastener  1630 , and a second strap  1612  is connected to the mask shell  1610  via fastener  1632 . 
       FIG. 17  shows an ear mask apparatus  1700  as applied to a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments. A mask shell  1710  and filter  1720  as coupled to a user&#39;s ears via strap  1710 , which is coupled at respective ends to the mask shell via fasteners  1730  and  1732 . 
       FIG. 18  shows a single strap mask apparatus  1800  as applied to a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments. A mask shell  1810  and filter  1820  are secured to a user&#39;s face via strap  1811 , which is coupled to the mask shell via fasteners  1830  and  1832 . 
     Accordingly, as denoted in  FIGS. 16-18 , a variety of strap options can be utilized with a mask shell/filter mask apparatus. As such, the straps apply a force on the mask shells toward the user&#39;s face, securing the filter between the mask shell and the user&#39;s face and around the user&#39;s nose and mouth. Further, reinforcement can be placed within the mask shells as shown, in a manner such as characterized with  FIGS. 15A-15D , to facilitate replacement of the filters and otherwise provide a secure seal around the user&#39;s nose and mouth. 
     Based upon the above discussion and illustrations, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that various modifications and changes may be made to the various embodiments without strictly following the exemplary embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein. For example, various types of materials can be used, in addition to and/or in alternative to those listed. Strap placement may vary to accommodate different anatomies. In addition, the various embodiments described herein may be combined in certain embodiments, and various aspects of individual embodiments may be implemented as separate embodiments. The embodiments shown in the figures and/or as described herein may be implemented together, or certain components characterized with particular embodiments may be used separately. Such modifications do not depart from the true spirit and scope of various aspects of the invention, including aspects set forth in the claims.