Patent Publication Number: US-2019191714-A1

Title: Mixtures of sabadilla alkaloids and insecticidal soaps and uses thereof

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to pesticidal mixtures comprising sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap and methods of controlling pests by application of pesticidal mixtures comprising sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Arthropod pests, including insects and mites, are one of the major threats to human welfare and exert continued stress on the food supply and transmit a broad array of medical and veterinary diseases. Synthetic insecticides played a significant role and, in many ways, ushered in modern agriculture and pest control. However, the widespread use of synthetic insecticides also created numerous environmental challenges. The acute effects of synthetic pesticides on professional applicators and other end users are well-known but the chronic long-term human health effects can be equally serious. Further, the use of synthetic insecticides has led to the development of resistant insect populations. Insecticide resistance is a complex phenomenon underlined by a diverse array of physiological mechanisms. Major mechanisms that are responsible for the development of insecticide resistance are metabolic detoxification, target site mutation, reduced cuticular penetration and behavioral avoidance. 
     Integrated Pest Management (“IPM”) is a holistic approach to pest management. A fundamental aspect of insecticide utilization under the broader framework of IPM is the management of insecticide resistance (IRM) by the utilization of insecticide combinations that reduce the rate of resistance development. A combination of insecticides with different modes of action is fundamentally a concept based upon the idea of redundant killing of target insect populations. Insect within the population adapted to one of the active ingredient in the combination product will still be killed by the other active ingredient. This combination effect will result in an overall greater reduction in population size and be more likely to cause eradication of the entire population. Mixtures can also reduce the amount of pesticides applied in the environment and the environmental impact associated with pesticide applications. 
     Most botanical insecticides are readily biodegradable and significantly less harmful to the environment and users than synthetic insecticides. The very short environmental persistence, usually less than 24 hours, of plant derived insecticides is favorable to the survival of non-target, beneficial parasites and predators which are important components of IPM. Unlike conventional insecticides which are typically based on a single active ingredient, plant derived insecticides usually comprise an array of chemical compounds that affect both behavioral and physiological functions of the target arthropods. The probability of pest resistance developing to plant derived insecticides is less than that for synthetic pesticides because these mixtures may have a variety of modes of action. 
     One effective naturally derived pesticide is found in the tissues of many of the plants of the genus  Schoenocaulon , commonly referred to as sabadilla. The species with the longest history of use, and the most readily available, is  Schoenocaulon officinale . The plant is indigenous to Central and South America and its seeds have been used for centuries for their insecticidal properties. The seeds contain several alkaloids including veratridine and cevadine, both of which are known to be active against arthropods. 
     Insecticidal soaps are another safe pesticide option. Insecticidal soaps are based on potassium salts of fatty acids and have a low toxicity to mammals including humans. The safest potassium salts of fatty acids are based on fatty acids with carbon chains of 10 or more carbon atoms. Despite their name insecticidal soaps have also been shown to be effective in controlling mites. 
     Thus, there is a need in the art for pesticide combinations that contain pesticides that decrease health concerns to humans and also decrease the risk of the development of pesticide resistance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention is directed to pesticidal mixtures of sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap. 
     In another aspect, the present invention is directed to methods of controlling pests comprising applying an effective amount of a mixture of sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap. 
     In a preferred aspect, the sabadilla alkaloids are derived from  Schoenocaulon officinale.    
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Applicant unexpectedly discovered that pesticidal mixtures of sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap provided enhanced pesticidal activity compared to either pesticide alone. Further, Applicant discovered that pesticidal mixtures of sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap were capable of controlling a large variety of pests. 
     The present invention is directed to pesticidal mixtures comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap. 
     Sabadilla alkaloids may be derived from any species of  Schoenocaulon . The genus  Schoenocaulon  includes the following species:  S. calcicola, S. caricifolium, S. comatum, S. conzattii, S. dubium  (alt.  S. gracile ),  S. framei, S. ghiesbreghtii  (alt.  S. drummondii, S. yucatanense ),  S. ignigenum, S. intermedium, S. jaliscense, S. macrocarpum  (alt.  S. lauricola ),  S. madidorum, S. megarrhizum, S. mortonii, S. oaxacense, S. obtusum, S. officinale, S. pellucidum, S. plumosum, S. pringlei, S. rzedowskii, S. tenorioi, S. tenue, S. tenuifolium, S. texanum , and  S. tigrense . In a preferred embodiment the sabadilla alkaloids are derived from  S. officinale . In another preferred embodiment the sabadilla alkaloids are veratridine and cevadine. 
     Insecticidal soaps suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, potassium salts of fatty acids. In a preferred embodiment the fatty acid has a carbon chain of at least 10 carbon atoms such as capric acid, undecylenic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, heneicosylic acid, behenic acid, tricosylic acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, heptacosylic acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, hentatriacontylic acid, lacceroic acid, psyllic acid, geddic acid, ceroplastic acid, hexatriacontylic acid, heptatriacontanoic acid and octatriacontanoic acid. In an even more preferred embodiment, the fatty acid has a carbon chain from 10 carbon atoms to 18 carbon atoms such as capric acid, undecylenic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, oleic acid and stearic acid. 
     As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weight percentages and the like are defined as “about” or “approximately” each particular value, namely, plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase “at least 5% by weight” is to be understood as “at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight.” Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed values are encompassed by the scope of the claims. 
     As used herein, w/w denotes weight by weight of the total mixture. 
     The term “effective amount” means the amount of the formulation that will control the target pest. The “effective amount” will vary depending on the mixture concentration, the type of pest(s) being treated, the severity of the pest infestation, the result desired, and the life stage of the pest during treatment, among other factors. Thus, it is not always possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” However, an appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of sabadilla alkaloids to at least one insecticidal soap s from about 1:1,000:1 to about 1:2, more preferably from about 1:500 to about 1:10, yet more preferably from about 1:300 to about 1:20 and most preferably from about 1:249 to about 1:26. 
     The present invention is further directed to methods of controlling a pest comprising applying a pesticidal mixture comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap to the pest or the pest&#39;s environment. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the pest is selected from an insect and a mite. 
     In an embodiment, the pest controlled is selected from the group consisting of flies (Diptera), aphids (Homoptera), whiteflies (Hemiptera), and mites (Acari). 
     In a more preferred embodiment, the pest controlled is selected from the group consisting of greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ), silverleaf whitefly B biotype ( Bemisia tabaci  B Biotype), silverleaf whitefly Q biotype ( Bemisia tabaci  Q Biotype), two spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae ) and broad mite ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus ). 
     The pesticidal mixtures of the present invention can be applied by any convenient means. Those skilled in the art are familiar with the modes of application including spraying, brushing, soaking, in-furrow treatments, pressurized liquids (aerosols), fogging or side-dressing. 
     In a preferred embodiment, sabadilla alkaloids are applied to the pest or the pest&#39;s environment at a rate from about 1 to about 1,000 grams per hectare (“g/HA”), preferably from about 10 to about 700 g/HA and most preferably from about 22 to about 105 g/HA. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the at least one insecticidal soap is applied to the pest or the pest&#39;s environment at a rate from about 10 to about 10,000 g/HA, more preferably from about 100 to about 8,000 g/HA, yet more preferably from about 2,000 to about 6,000 g/HA and most preferably from about 2,737 to about 5,474 g/HA. 
     As used herein, “control” a pest or “controlling” pest(s) refers to killing, incapacitating, repelling, or otherwise decreasing the negative impact of the pest on plants or animals to a level that is desirable to the grower or animal. 
     As used herein, “pest&#39;s environment” refers to any area that the pest is present during any life stage. One environment likely to be treated by the methods of the present invention includes the plants that the pest is living on and the surrounding soil. Other environments likely to be treated includes animal skin and digestive system. The pest&#39;s environment may also include harvested plants, gardens, fields, greenhouses, or other buildings, and various indoor surfaces and structures, such as furniture including beds, and furnishings including books, clothing, etc. 
     The articles “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural as well as the singular, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, the methods of the present invention are directed to controlling “pest”, but this can include control of a multiple pests (such as a more than one insect or more than one insect species). 
     The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art how to use the extracts of the invention. They are not intended to be limiting in any way. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1—Whiteflies 
     In this study, the response of the common whiteflies to application of a 1:249, 1:124, 1:52 and 1:26 ratio of sabadilla ( S. officinale ) alkaloids to at least one insecticidal soap will be observed. Specifically, sabadilla alkaloids and at least one insecticidal soap will be applied to the pest at the respective rates of: 1) 22 g/HA and 2,737 g/HA; 2) 105 g/HA and 2,737 g/HA; 3) 22 g/HA and 5,474 g/HA; and 4) 105 g/HA and 5,474 g/HA. 
     The results of the study are predicted to show more than an additive effect. One can determine that the response is more than additive using the following formula: % C exp =A+B−(AB/100).