Patent Publication Number: US-2023142423-A1

Title: Optoelectronic device including light transmissive regions, with light diffraction characteristics

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/715,896, filed Apr. 7, 2022, which application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/622,213, filed Dec. 22, 2021; which application is a 371 National Stage Entry of International Application No. PCT/162020/056047, filed Jun. 25, 2020, which application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/867,143 filed Jun. 26, 2019 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/011,941 filed Apr. 17, 2020, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to opto-electronic devices and in particular to an opto-electronic device having light transmissive regions extending therethrough. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In an opto-electronic device such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED), at least one semiconducting layer is disposed between a pair of electrodes, such as an anode and a cathode. The anode and cathode are electrically coupled to a power source and respectively generate holes and electrons that migrate toward each other through the at least one semiconducting layer. When a pair of holes and electrons combine, a photon may be emitted. 
     OLED display panels may comprise a plurality of (sub-) pixels, each of which has an associated pair of electrodes. Various layers and coatings of such panels are typically formed by vacuum-based deposition techniques. 
     In some applications, it may be desirable to make the device substantially transparent therethrough, while still capable of emitting light therefrom. In some applications, the device comprises a plurality of light transmissive regions extending therethrough. 
     In some applications, the shape of the boundary of the light transmissive regions may impart a diffraction pattern to the light transmitted therethrough, which may distort the information contained in the transmitted light or otherwise cause interference therewith. 
     It would be beneficial to provide an improved mechanism for providing transparency through the device while facilitating mitigation of interference by the diffraction pattern. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Examples of the present disclosure will now be described by reference to the following figures, in which identical reference numerals in different figures indicate identical and/or in some non-limiting examples, analogous and/or corresponding elements and in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram that shows an example cross-sectional view of an example electro-luminescent device with example deposition steps according to an example in the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram illustrating, in plan view, an example of a transparent electro-luminescent device, having a plurality of emissive regions and a plurality of light transmissive regions, arranged in a two-dimensional array formation, according to an example in the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram that shows an example cross-sectional view of an example version of the device of  FIG.  1    respectively taken along lines  38 - 38 ; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a schematic diagram that show an example cross-sectional view of an example version of the device of  FIG.  1    according to an example in the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  4 B- 4 F  are schematic diagrams that show example cross-sectional views of an example version of the device of  FIG.  1    having an opaque coating, according to various examples in the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 I  are schematic diagrams illustrating, in plan view, example closed, non-polygonal boundaries of the light transmissive regions, according to an example in the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram illustrating, in plan view, of an example configuration of light transmissive regions in a repeating hexagonal arrangement, according to an example in the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic diagram illustrating an example configuration for analysis of example device samples, according to an example in the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 A  is an image of a diffraction pattern captured when an example device sample fabricated according to an example in the present disclosure is submitted for analysis in the configuration of  FIG.  7   ; 
         FIG.  8 B  is a schematic diagram of a diffraction pattern that corresponds to the image captured as  FIG.  8 A ; 
         FIG.  9 A  is an image of a diffraction pattern captured when an example device sample fabricated according to another example in the present disclosure is submitted for analysis in the configuration of  FIG.  7   ; and 
         FIG.  9 B  is a schematic diagram of a diffraction pattern that corresponds to the image captured as  FIG.  9 A . 
     
    
    
     In the present disclosure, some elements or features may be identified by a reference numeral that may not be shown in any of the figures provided herein. 
     In the present disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure, including, without limitation, particular architectures, interfaces and/or techniques. In some instances, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, technologies, components, devices, circuits, methods and applications are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present disclosure with unnecessary detail. 
     Further, it will be appreciated that block diagrams reproduced herein can represent conceptual views of illustrative components embodying the principles of the technology. 
     Accordingly, the system and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the examples of the present disclosure, so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. 
     Any drawings provided herein may not be drawn to scale and may not be considered to limit the present disclosure in any way. 
     Any feature or action shown in dashed outline may in some examples be considered as optional. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an object of the present disclosure to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of the prior art. 
     The present disclosure discloses an opto-electronic device that comprises light transmissive regions extending through it along a first axis to allow passage of light therethrough. The transmissive regions may be arranged along a plurality of transverse configuration axes. Emissive regions may lie between adjacent transmissive regions along a plurality of configuration axes to emit light from the device. Each transmissive region has a lateral closed boundary having a shape to alter at least one characteristic of a diffraction pattern, exhibited when light is transmitted through the device, to mitigate interference by such pattern. An opaque coating may comprise at least one aperture defining a corresponding transmissive region to preclude transmission of light therethrough other than through the transmissive region(s). The device can form a face of a user device having a body and housing a transceiver positioned to receive light along at least one light transmissive region. 
     According to a broad aspect of the present disclosure, there is disclosed an opto-electronic device comprising: a plurality of light transmissive regions, each extending through the device along a first axis, for allowing passage of light therethrough, the light transmissive regions being arranged in a configuration extending along a plurality of configuration axes, each of which is substantially transverse to the first axis; at least one emissive region disposed between adjacent light transmissive regions along a plurality of the configuration axes, for emitting light from the device; each light transmissive region being defined by a closed boundary in a lateral aspect transverse to the first axis that has a shape that alters at least one characteristic of a diffraction pattern exhibited when light is transmitted therethrough to facilitate mitigating interference by such diffraction pattern. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the boundary may comprise at least one non-linear segment. In some non-limiting examples, the boundary may be substantially elliptical and/or substantially circular. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the diffraction characteristic may be a number of spikes in the diffraction pattern. In some non-limiting examples, the number of spikes may exceed at least one of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and/or 16. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the diffraction characteristic may be a length of a pattern boundary of the diffraction pattern. In some non-limiting examples, a ratio of a pattern circumference of the diffraction pattern to the length of the pattern boundary of the diffraction pattern may exceed at least one of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9 and/or 0.95. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the at least one light transmissive region may be substantially the same. In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the at least one light transmissive region may vary by less than at least one of 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and/or 1%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the plurality of light transmissive regions may be substantially the same. In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the plurality of light transmissive regions may vary by less than at least one of 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and/or 1%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance in at least one of the light transmissive regions may exceed at least one of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and/or 90%. In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance therethrough in at least one of the emissive regions is less than about at least one of 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and/or 5%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may substantially preclude transmission of light therethrough other than through the at least one light transmissive region. In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise at least one opaque coating, for substantially precluding transmission of light therethrough along the first axis and may have at least one aperture defining a closed boundary of a corresponding at least one light transmissive region. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be configured to filter light transmitted through the at least one light transmissive region. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise: at least one first electrode extending in a layer substantially transverse to the first axis and electrically coupled to at least one thin film transistor (TFT), at least one second electrode extending in a layer substantially parallel to the first electrode, and at least one semiconducting layer extending between the at least one first electrode and the at least one second electrode, wherein a stack comprising the at least one first electrode, the at least one second electrode and the at least one semiconducting layer therebetween defines the at least one emissive region. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the at least one opaque coating may be deposited over the at least one second electrode and may comprise at least one opening to permit light emitted by the at least one emissive region to pass therethrough. In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise an encapsulation coating arranged between the at least one second electrode and the at least one opaque coating. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited on a same layer as the at least one second electrode and may further comprise at least one opening to permit light emitted by the at least one emissive region to pass therethrough. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise a substrate having a first surface on which the at least one first electrode has been deposited and a second opposed surface. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited on the first surface of the substrate. In some non-limiting examples, the at least one TFT may be formed between the opaque coating and that at least one first electrode. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited on the second opposed surface of the substrate. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be disposed between the at least one emissive region and the substrate. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise at least one pixel definition layer (PDL) deposited on a perimeter of the at least one first electrode and defining an opening corresponding to the at least one emissive region to permit light emitted thereby to pass therethrough. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the at least one light transmissive region is substantially devoid of the at least one second electrode. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the at least one semiconducting layer may extend across the at least one light transmissive region and a patterning coating may be disposed on an exposed surface thereof within the boundary of the at least one light transmissive region, to preclude deposition of a conductive coating thereon to form the at least one second electrode within the at least one light transmissive region. In some non-limiting examples, the boundary of the at least one light transmissive region may be substantially devoid of the PDL. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a plurality of emissive regions may be disposed between adjacent light transmissive regions. In some non-limiting examples, the plurality of emissive regions may correspond to a pixel and each of the plurality of emissive regions may correspond to a sub-pixel thereof. In some non-limiting examples, each sub-pixel may have an associated color and/or wavelength spectrum. In some non-limiting examples each sub-pixel may correspond to a color that is at least one of red, green, blue and white. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the plurality of emissive regions may be arranged in a pixel array. 
     According to a broad aspect of the present disclosure, there is disclosed an electronic device comprising: a layered opto-electronic display defining a face of the device; and a transceiver within the device and positioned to exchange at least one electromagnetic signal across the display; wherein the display comprises: a plurality of light transmissive regions, each extending through the display along a first axis substantially transverse to the face, for allowing passage of light, incident on the face, therethrough, the light transmissive regions being arranged in a configuration extending along a plurality of configuration axes, each of which is substantially transverse to the first axis; at least one emissive region disposed between adjacent light transmissive regions along a plurality of the configuration axes, for emitting light from the display; each light transmissive region being defined by a closed boundary in a lateral aspect transverse to the first axis that has a shape that alters at least one characteristic of a diffraction pattern exhibited when light is transmitted therethrough to facilitate mitigating interference by such diffraction pattern; and the transceiver is positioned within the device to accept light passing through the display along at least one light transmissive region. 
     According to a broad aspect of the present disclosure, there is disclosed an opto-electronic device comprising: an opaque coating disposed on a first layer surface of the device, comprising at least one aperture having a closed boundary defining a corresponding at least one light transmissive region extending through the device along a first axis transverse to the first layer surface, for allowing passage of light therethrough; wherein each aperture has a shape that alters at least one diffraction characteristic to reduce a diffraction effect exhibited when light is transmitted therethrough to facilitate mitigating interference by such diffraction pattern; and wherein the opaque coating substantially precludes transmission of light therethrough other than through the at least one light transmissive region. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the at least one light transmissive region may be substantially the same. In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the at least one light transmissive region may vary by less than at least one of 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and/or 1%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the plurality of light transmissive regions may be substantially the same. In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance across the plurality of light transmissive regions may vary by less than at least one of 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and/or 1%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance in the at least one light transmissive region may exceed at least one of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and/or 90%. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may reduce light transmission therethrough by at least one of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and/or 95%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be configured to filter light transmitted through the at least one light transmissive region. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the light transmissive regions may be aligned in a configuration extending along at least one configuration axis. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise: at least one first electrode extending in a layer substantially parallel to the first layer surface and electrically coupled to at least one thin film transistor (TFT), at least one second electrode extending in a layer substantially parallel to the first layer surface, and at least one semiconducting layer extending between the at least one first electrode and the at least one second electrode, wherein a stack comprising the at least one first electrode, the at least one second electrode and the at least one semiconducting layer therebetween defines at least one emissive region of the device for emitting light from the device. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a light transmittance therethrough in at least one of the emissive regions may be less than about at least one of 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and/or 5%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited over the at least one second electrode and may further comprise at least one opening to permit light emitted by the at least one emissive region to pass therethrough. In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise an encapsulation coating arranged between the at least one second electrode and the opaque coating. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited on a same layer as the at least one second electrode and may further comprise at least one opening to permit light emitted by the at least one emissive region to pass therethrough. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise a substrate having a first surface on which the at least one first electrode has been deposited and a second opposed surface. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited on the first surface of the substrate. In some non-limiting examples, the at least one TFT may be formed between the opaque coating and the at least one first electrode. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be deposited on the second opposed surface of the substrate. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating may be disposed between the at least one emissive region and the substrate. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device may further comprise at least one pixel definition layer (PDL) deposited on a perimeter of the at least one first electrode and defining an opening corresponding to the at least one emissive region to permit light emitted thereby to pass therethrough. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the at least one light transmissive region may be substantially devoid of the at least one second electrode. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the at least one semiconducting layer may extend across the at least one light transmissive region and a patterning coating may be disposed on an exposed surface thereof within the boundary of the at least one light transmissive region, to preclude deposition of a conductive coating thereon to form the at least one second electrode within the at least one light transmissive region. In some non-limiting examples, the at least one aperture may be substantially devoid of the PDL. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a plurality of emissive regions may be disposed between adjacent light transmissive regions. In some non-limiting examples, the plurality of emissive regions may correspond to a pixel and each of the plurality of emissive regions may correspond to a sub-pixel thereof. In some non-limiting examples, each sub-pixel may have an associated color and/or wavelength spectrum. In some non-limiting examples, each sub-pixel may correspond to a color that is at least one of red, green, blue and white. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the plurality of emissive regions may be arranged in a pixel array. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the boundary may comprise at least one non-linear segment. In some non-limiting examples, the boundary may be substantially elliptical and/or substantially circular. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the diffraction characteristic may be a number of spikes in the diffraction pattern. In some non-limiting examples, the number of spikes may exceed at least one of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and/or 16. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the diffraction characteristic may be a length of a pattern boundary of the diffraction pattern. In some non-limiting examples, a ratio of a pattern circumference of the diffraction pattern to the length of the pattern boundary of the diffraction pattern may exceed at least one of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9 and/or 0.95. 
     According to a broad aspect of the present disclosure, there is disclosed an electronic device comprising: a layered opto-electronic display defining a face of the device; and a transceiver within the device and positioned to exchange at least one electromagnetic signal across the display; wherein the display comprises: an opaque coating disposed on a first layer surface of the display, comprising at least one aperture having a closed boundary defining a corresponding at least one light transmissive region extending through the device along a first axis transverse to the first layer surface, for allowing passage of light, incident on the face, therethrough; wherein each aperture has a shape that alters at least one diffraction characteristic to reduce a diffraction effect exhibited when light is transmitted therethrough to facilitate mitigating interference by such diffraction pattern; and wherein the opaque coating substantially precludes transmission of light therethrough other than through the at least one light transmissive region; and the transceiver is positioned within the device to accept light passing through the display along at least one light transmissive region. 
     Examples have been described above in conjunctions with aspects of the present disclosure upon which they can be implemented. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that examples may be implemented in conjunction with the aspect with which they are described, but may also be implemented with other examples of that or another aspect. When examples are mutually exclusive, or are otherwise incompatible with each other, it will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the relevant art. Some examples may be described in relation to one aspect, but may also be applicable to other aspects, as will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the relevant art. 
     Some aspects or examples of the present disclosure may provide an opto-electronic device having light transmissive regions through it defined by apertures, in an opaque coating, that have a non-polygonal shaped closed boundary to facilitate mitigation of interference from diffraction caused by the shape of the closed boundary. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     Opto-Electronic Device 
     The present disclosure relates generally to electronic devices, and more specifically, to opto-electronic devices. An opto-electronic device generally encompasses any device that converts electrical signals into photons and vice versa. 
     In the present disclosure, the terms “photon” and “light” may be used interchangeably to refer to similar concepts. In the present disclosure, photons may have a wavelength that lies in the visible light spectrum, in the infrared (IR) and/or ultraviolet (UV) region thereof. Additionally, the term “light” may refer generally to any electromagnetic signal, whether or not having an associated wavelength spectrum that is generally understood to correspond to that of visible light, and may include, in some non-limiting examples, depending upon context, a signal that lies in the UV, IR and/or near-IR wavelength regions. 
     An organic opto-electronic device can encompass any opto-electronic device where one or more active layers and/or strata thereof are formed primarily of an organic (carbon-containing) material, and more specifically, an organic semiconductor material. 
     In the present disclosure, it will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art that an organic material, may comprise, without limitation, a wide variety of organic molecules, and/or organic polymers. Further, it will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art that organic materials that are doped with various inorganic substances, including without limitation, elements and/or inorganic compounds, may still be considered to be organic materials. Still further, it will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art that various organic materials may be used, and that the processes described herein are generally applicable to an entire range of such organic materials. 
     In the present disclosure, an inorganic substance may refer to a substance that primarily includes an inorganic material. In the present disclosure, an inorganic material may comprise any material that is not considered to be an organic material, including without limitation, metals, glasses and/or minerals. 
     Where the opto-electronic device emits photons through a luminescent process, the device may be considered an electro-luminescent device. In some non-limiting examples, the electro-luminescent device may be an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device. In some non-limiting examples, the electro-luminescent device may be part of an electronic device. By way of non-limiting example, the electro-luminescent device may be an OLED lighting panel or module, and/or an OLED display or module of a computing device, such as a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, an e-reader, and/or of some other electronic device such as a monitor and/or a television set (collectively “user device”  3950  ( FIG.  4 A )). 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opto-electronic device may be an organic photo-voltaic (OPV) device that converts photons into electricity. In some non-limiting examples, the opto-electronic device may be an electro-luminescent quantum dot device. In the present disclosure, unless specifically indicated to the contrary, reference will be made to OLED devices, with the understanding that such disclosure could, in some examples, equally be made applicable to other opto-electronic devices, including without limitation, an OPV and/or quantum dot device in a manner apparent to those having ordinary skill in the relevant art. 
     The structure of such devices will be described from each of two aspects, namely from a cross-sectional aspect and/or from a lateral (plan view) aspect. 
     In the present disclosure, the terms “layer” and “strata” may be used interchangeably to refer to similar concepts. 
     In the context of introducing the cross-sectional aspect below, the components of such devices are shown in substantially planar lateral strata. Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that such substantially planar representation is for purposes of illustration only, and that across a lateral extent of such a device, there may be localized substantially planar strata of different thicknesses and dimension, including, in some non-limiting examples, the substantially complete absence of a layer, and/or layer(s) separated by non-planar transition regions (including lateral gaps and even discontinuities). Thus, while for illustrative purposes, the device is shown below in its cross-sectional aspect as a substantially stratified structure, in the plan view aspect discussed below, such device may illustrate a diverse topography to define features, each of which may substantially exhibit the stratified profile discussed in the cross-sectional aspect. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that when a component, a layer, a region and/or portion thereof is referred to as being “formed”, “disposed” and/or “deposited” on another underlying material, component, layer, region and/or portion, such formation, disposition and/or deposition may be directly and/or indirectly on an exposed layer surface  111  (at the time of such formation, disposition and/or deposition) of such underlying material, component, layer, region and/or portion, with the potential of intervening material(s), component(s), layer(s), region(s) and/or portion(s) therebetween. 
     In the present disclosure, a directional convention is followed, extending substantially normally relative to the lateral aspect described above, in which the substrate  110  ( FIG.  3   ) is considered to be the “bottom” of the device  1000  ( FIG.  1   ), and the layers  120  ( FIG.  3   ),  130  ( FIG.  3   ),  140  ( FIG.  3   ) are disposed on “top” of the substrate  110 . Following such convention, the second electrode  140  is at the top of the device  1000  shown, even if (as may be the case in some examples, including without limitation, during a manufacturing process, in which one or more layers  120 ,  130 ,  140  may be introduced by means of a vapor deposition process), the substrate  110  is physically inverted such that the top surface, on which one of the layers  120 ,  130 ,  140 , such as, without limitation, the first electrode  120 , is to be disposed, is physically below the substrate  110 , so as to allow the deposition material (not shown) to move upward and be deposited upon the top surface thereof as a thin film. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  1000  may be electrically coupled to a power source (not shown). When so coupled, the device  1000  may emit photons as described herein. 
     Thin Film Formation 
     The layers  120 ,  130 ,  140  may be disposed in turn on a target exposed layer surface  111  ( FIG.  1   ) (and/or, in some non-limiting examples, including without limitation, in the case of selective deposition disclosed herein, at least one target region and/or portion of such surface) of an underlying material, which in some non-limiting examples, may be, from time to time, the substrate  110  and intervening lower layers  120 ,  130 ,  140 , as a thin film. In some non-limiting examples, an electrode  120 ,  140 ,  1750  ( FIG.  3   ) may be formed of at least one thin conductive film layer of a conductive coating  830  ( FIG.  1   ). 
     The thickness of each layer, including without limitation, layers  120 ,  130 ,  140 , and of the substrate  110 , shown throughout the figures, is illustrative only and not necessarily representative of a thickness relative to another layer  120 ,  130 ,  140  (and/or of the substrate  110 ). 
     The formation of thin films during vapor deposition on an exposed layer surface  111  of an underlying material involves processes of nucleation and growth. During initial stages of film formation, a sufficient number of vapor monomers (which in some non-limiting examples may be molecules and/or atoms) typically condense from a vapor phase to form initial nuclei on the surface  111  presented, whether of the substrate  110  (or of an intervening lower layer  120 ,  130 ,  140 ). As vapor monomers continue to impinge on such surface, a size and density of these initial nuclei increase to form small clusters or islands. After reaching a saturation island density, adjacent islands typically will start to coalesce, increasing an average island size, while decreasing an island density. Coalescence of adjacent islands may continue until a substantially closed film is formed. 
     While the present disclosure discusses thin film formation, in reference to at least one layer or coating, in terms of vapor deposition, those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that, in some non-limiting examples, various components of the electro-luminescent device  100  may be selectively deposited using a wide variety of techniques, including without limitation, evaporation (including without limitation, thermal evaporation and/or electron beam evaporation), photolithography, printing (including without limitation, ink jet and/or vapor jet printing, reel-to-reel printing and/or micro-contact transfer printing), physical vapor deposition (PVD) (including without limitation, sputtering), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (including without limitation, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) and/or organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD)), laser annealing, laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI) patterning, atomic-layer deposition (ALD), coating (including without limitation, spin coating, dip coating, line coating and/or spray coating) and/or combinations thereof. Some processes may be used in combination with a shadow mask, which may, in some non-limiting examples, be an open mask and/or fine metal mask (FMM), during deposition of any of various layers and/or coatings to achieve various patterns by masking and/or precluding deposition of a deposited material on certain parts of a surface of an underlying material exposed thereto. 
     In the present disclosure, the terms “evaporation” and/or “sublimation” may be used interchangeably to refer generally to deposition processes in which a source material is converted into a vapor, including without limitation by heating, to be deposited onto a target surface in, without limitation, a solid state. As will be understood, an evaporation process is a type of PVD process where one or more source materials are evaporated and/or sublimed under a low pressure (including without limitation, a vacuum) environment and deposited on a target surface through de-sublimation of the one or more evaporated source materials. A variety of different evaporation sources may be used for heating a source material, and, as such, it will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art, that the source material may be heated in various ways. By way of non-limiting example, the source material may be heated by an electric filament, electron beam, inductive heating, and/or by resistive heating. In some non-limiting examples, the source material may be loaded into a heated crucible, a heated boat, a Knudsen cell (which may be an effusion evaporator source) and/or any other type of evaporation source. 
     In the present disclosure, a reference to a layer thickness of a material, irrespective of the mechanism of deposition thereof, refers to an amount of the material deposited on a target exposed layer surface  111 , which corresponds to an amount of the material to cover the target surface with a uniformly thick layer of the material having the referenced layer thickness. By way of non-limiting example, depositing a layer thickness of 10 nanometers (nm) of material indicates that an amount of the material deposited on the surface corresponds to an amount of the material to form a uniformly thick layer of the material that is 10 nm thick. It will be appreciated that, having regard to the mechanism by which thin films are formed discussed above, by way of non-limiting example, due to possible stacking or clustering of monomers, an actual thickness of the deposited material may be non-uniform. By way of non-limiting example, depositing a layer thickness of 10 nm may yield some parts of the deposited material having an actual thickness greater than 10 nm, or other parts of the deposited material having an actual thickness less than 10 nm. A certain layer thickness of a material deposited on a surface may thus correspond, in some non-limiting examples, to an average thickness of the deposited material across the target surface. 
     In the present disclosure, a target surface (and/or target region(s) thereof) may be considered to be “substantially devoid of”, “substantially free of” and/or “substantially uncovered by” a material if there is a substantial absence of the material on the target surface as determined by any suitable determination mechanism. 
     In the present disclosure, for purposes of simplicity of illustration, details of deposited materials, including without limitation, thickness profiles and/or edge profiles of layer(s) have been omitted. 
     Lateral Aspect 
     In some non-limiting examples, including where the OLED device  3700  ( FIG.  2   ) comprises a display module, the lateral aspect of the device  3700  may be sub-divided into a plurality of emissive regions  1910  ( FIG.  3   ) of the device  3700 , in which the cross-sectional aspect of the device structure  3700 , within each of the emissive region(s)  1910 , causes photons to be emitted therefrom when energized. 
     In some non-limiting examples, each emissive region  1910  of the device  3700  corresponds to a single display pixel  340  ( FIG.  2   ). In some non-limiting examples, each pixel  340  emits light at a given wavelength spectrum. In some non-limiting examples, the wavelength spectrum corresponds to a colour in, without limitation, the visible light spectrum. 
     In some non-limiting examples, each emissive region  1910  of the device  3700  corresponds to a sub-pixel  2641 - 2643  ( FIG.  2   ) of a display pixel  340 . In some non-limiting examples, a plurality of sub-pixels  2641 - 2643  may combine to form, or to represent, a single display pixel  340 . 
     In the present disclosure, the concept of a sub-pixel  2641 - 2643  may be referenced herein, for simplicity of description only, as a sub-pixel  264   x . Likewise, in the present disclosure, the concept of a pixel  340  may be discussed in conjunction with the concept of at least one sub-pixel  264   x  thereof. For simplicity of description only, such composite concept is referenced herein as a “(sub-) pixel  340 / 264   x ” and such term is understood to suggest either or both of a pixel  340  and/or at least one sub-pixel  264   x  thereof, unless the context dictates otherwise. 
     Non-Emissive Regions 
     In some non-limiting examples, the various emissive regions  1910  of the device  3700  are substantially surrounded and separated by, in at least one lateral direction, one or more non-emissive regions  1920 , in which the structure and/or configuration along the cross-sectional aspect, of the device structure  3700  shown, without limitation, in  FIG.  3   , is varied, so as to substantially inhibit photons to be emitted therefrom. In some non-limiting examples, the non-emissive regions  1920  comprise those regions in the lateral aspect, that are substantially devoid of an emissive region  1910 . 
     Thus, the lateral topology of the various layers of the at least one semiconducting layer  130  may be varied to define at least one emissive region  1910 , surrounded (at least in one lateral direction) by at least one non-emissive region  1920 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the emissive region  1910  corresponding to a single display (sub-) pixel  340 / 264   x  may be understood to have a lateral aspect  410 , surrounded in at least one lateral direction by at least one non-emissive region  1920  having a lateral aspect  420 . 
     Transmissivity 
     In some non-limiting examples, it may be desirable to make either or both of the first electrode  120  and/or the second electrode  140  substantially photon-(or light)-transmissive (“transmissive”), in some non-limiting examples, at least across a substantial part of the lateral aspect  410  of the emissive region(s)  1910  of the device  3700 . In the present disclosure, such a transmissive element, including without limitation, an electrode  120 ,  140 , a material from which such element is formed, and/or property of thereof, may comprise an element, material and/or property thereof that is substantially transmissive (“transparent”), and/or, in some non-limiting examples, partially transmissive (“semi-transparent”), in some non-limiting examples, in at least one wavelength range. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a mechanism to make the first electrode  120 , and/or the second electrode  140  transmissive is to form such electrode  120 ,  140  of a transmissive thin film. 
     Nucleation-Inhibiting and/or Promoting Material Properties 
     In some non-limiting examples, a conductive coating  830  ( FIG.  1   ), that may be employed as, or as at least one of a plurality of layers of thin conductive films to form a device feature, including without limitation, at least one of the first electrode  120 , the first electrode  140 , an auxiliary electrode  1750  and/or a conductive element electrically coupled thereto, may exhibit a relatively low affinity towards being deposited on an exposed layer surface  111  of an underlying material, so that the deposition of the conductive coating  830  is inhibited. 
     The relative affinity or lack thereof of a material and/or a property thereof to having a conductive coating  830  deposited thereon may be referred to as being “nucleation-promoting” or “nucleation-inhibiting” respectively. 
     In the present disclosure, “nucleation-inhibiting” refers to a coating, material and/or a layer thereof that has a surface that exhibits a relatively low affinity for (deposition of) a conductive coating  830  thereon, such that the deposition of the conductive coating  830  on such surface is inhibited. 
     In the present disclosure, “nucleation-promoting” refers to a coating, material and/or a layer thereof that has a surface that exhibits a relatively high affinity for (deposition of) a conductive coating  830  thereon, such that the deposition of the conductive coating  830  on such surface is facilitated. 
     The term “nucleation” in these terms references the nucleation stage of a thin film formation process, in which monomers in a vapor phase condense onto the surface to form nuclei. 
     In the present disclosure, the terms “NIC” and “patterning coating” may be used interchangeably to refer to similar concepts, and references to an NIC  810  ( FIG.  1   ) herein, in the context of being selectively deposited to pattern a conductive coating  830  may, in some non-limiting examples, be applicable to a patterning coating in the context of selective deposition thereof to pattern an electrode coating. In some non-limiting examples, reference to a patterning coating may signify a coating having a specific composition. In some non-limiting examples, a patterning coating, including without limitation, an NIC  810 , may be used to selectively deposit a coating that is not electrically conductive, including without limitation, an optical coating that enhances and/or substantially precludes transmission of light therethrough, but in a manner similar to that described in  FIG.  1    herein. 
     In the present disclosure, the terms “conductive coating” and “electrode coating” may be used interchangeably to refer to similar concepts and references to a conductive coating  830  herein, in the context of being patterned by selected deposition of an NIC  810  may, in some non-limiting examples, be applicable to an electrode coating in the context of being patterned by selective deposition of a patterning coating. In some non-limiting examples, reference to an electrode coating may signify a coating having a specific composition. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  1   , there is shown an example electro-luminescent device  1000  with a number of additional deposition steps that are described herein. 
     The device  1000  shows a lateral aspect of the exposed layer surface  111  of the underlying material. The lateral aspect comprises a first portion  1001  and a second portion  1002 . In the first portion  1001 , an NIC  810  is disposed on the exposed layer surface  111 . However, in the second portion  1002 , the exposed layer surface  111  is substantially devoid of the NIC  810 . 
     After selective deposition of the NIC  810  across the first portion  1001 , the conductive coating  830  is deposited over the device  1000 , in some non-limiting examples, using an open mask and/or a mask-free deposition process, but remains substantially only within the second portion  1002 , which is substantially devoid of NIC  810 . 
     The NIC  810  provides, within the first portion  1001 , a surface with a relatively low initial sticking probability S 0 , for the conductive coating  830 , and that is substantially less than the initial sticking probability S 0 , for the conductive coating  830 , of the exposed layer surface  111  of the underlying material of the device  1000  within the second portion  1002 . 
     Thus, the first portion  1001  is substantially devoid of the conductive coating  830 . 
     In this fashion, the NIC  810  may be selectively deposited, including using a shadow mask, to allow the conductive coating  830  to be deposited, including without limitation, using an open mask and/or a mask-free deposition process, so as to form a device feature, including without limitation, at least one of the first electrode  120 , the second electrode  140 , the auxiliary electrode  1750  and/or at least one layer thereof, and/or a conductive element electrically coupled thereto. 
     Diffraction Reduction 
     In some non-limiting examples, the electro-luminescent device  3700  may form a face  3940  ( FIG.  4 A ) of a user device  3950  that houses at least one transceiver  3970  ( FIG.  4 A ) therewithin for exchanging at least one electromagnetic signal (“light”) through the face  3940  of the user device  3950 . In some non-limiting examples, the at least one electromagnetic signal passing through the face  3940  of the user device  3950  to and/or from the transceiver  3970  may have a wavelength spectrum that lies, without limitation, in the visible light spectrum, in the IR spectrum, the near-IR spectrum and/or the UV spectrum. 
     In some non-limiting examples, such transceiver  3970  may comprise a receiver adapted to receive and process light passing through the face  3940  from beyond the user device  3950 . Non-limiting examples of such transceiver  3970  may be an under-display camera and/or a sensor, including without limitation, a fingerprint sensor, an optical sensor, an infrared proximity sensor, an iris recognition sensor and/or a facial recognition sensor. 
     In some non-limiting examples, such transceiver  3970  may also emit light passing through the face  3940  beyond the user device  3950 . Non-limiting examples of such transceiver  3970  may be a fingerprint sensor, an infrared proximity sensor and/or a facial recognition sensor, in which such emitted light may be reflected off a surface and return through the face  3940  to be received by the transceiver  3970 . In some non-limiting examples, the transceiver  3970  may not emit light, but rather, the electro-luminescent device  100  forming the face  3940  of the user device  3950  may emit the light that is reflected off the surface and returned through the face  3940  to be received by the transceiver  3970  and/or the light that is returned through the face  3940  to be received by the transceiver  3970  is not emitted at all by the user device  3950 , but rather constitutes ambient light incident thereon. 
     To accommodate such transceiver  3970  within the user device  3950 , the electro-luminescent device  100  serving as a face  3940  of the user device  3950  may include substantially light transmissive regions to allow the passage of light to pass entirely therethrough, whether from beyond the user device  3950  to within the user device  3950 , or vice versa. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that, although not shown in the figure, in some non-limiting examples, the transceiver  3970  may have a size that is greater than a single light transmissive region  2620 . In some non-limiting examples, the transceiver  3970  may be of a size so as to underlie not only a plurality of light transmissive regions  2620  and/or a plurality of emissive regions  1910  extending therebetween. In such examples, the transceiver  3970  may be positioned under such plurality of light transmissive regions  2620  and may exchange light passing through the face  3940  through such plurality of light transmissive regions  2620 . 
     A non-limiting example is the substantially light transmissive electro-luminescent device  3700  shown in plan in the example schematic diagram of FIG.  2 . The device  3700  comprises a plurality of light transmissive regions  2620 , each being defined, within a lateral aspect  420  of non-emissive region(s)  1920  defined by the surface of the device  3700 , by a closed boundary and/or perimeter  3701 . 
     The light transmissive regions  2620  are configured to allow light to pass through the device  3700  along a first axis  3702  that is substantially transverse to the surface of the device  3700 , which in some non-limiting examples, may be parallel to the face  3940  of the user device  3950 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the light transmittance across each light transmissive region  2620  is substantially the same. In some non-limiting examples, the light transmittance in each light transmissive region  2620  is greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, and/or greater than about 90%. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the light transmittance across each of the plurality of light transmissive regions  2620  and/or a subset thereof, is substantially the same. In some non-limiting examples, the light transmittance across each of the plurality of light transmissive regions  2620  and/or a subset thereof, is greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, and/or greater than about 90%. 
     By way of non-limiting examples, the light transmissive regions  2620  may be configured to transmit light in the visible range, near-IR range and/or IR range of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some non-limiting examples, wavelengths in the IR range of the electromagnetic spectrum may extend between about 700 nm and about 1 mm, between about 750 nm and about 5000 nm, between about 750 nm and about 3000 nm, between about 750 nm and about 1400 nm, and/or between about 850 nm and about 1200 nm. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the light transmittance of the electro-luminescent device  3700  in the light transmissive region(s)  2620  may be greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90% and/or greater than about 95%, for wavelengths in a range of the electromagnetic spectrum of between about 400 nm and about 1400 nm, between about 420 nm and about 1200 nm, and/or between about 430 nm and about 1100 nm. 
     It has been discovered that, in some non-limiting examples, external light incident on an opto-luminescent device  3700  and transmitted therethrough may be impacted by a diffraction characteristic of a diffraction pattern imposed by the shape of the aperture  3920  ( FIG.  4 B ) through which such light is transmitted therethrough. 
     At least in some non-limiting examples, electro-luminescent devices  3700  that cause external light that is incident thereon to pass through apertures  3920  therein that are shaped to exhibit a distinctive and non-uniform diffraction pattern, may detrimentally interfere with the capture of an image and/or light pattern represented thereby. 
     By way of non-limiting example, such diffraction pattern may impede an ability to facilitate mitigating interference by such diffraction pattern, that is, to permit an optical sensor within a user device  3950  to be able to accurately receive and process such image and/or light pattern, even with the application of optical post-processing techniques or to allow a viewer of such image and/or light pattern through such device to discern information contained in such image and/or light pattern. 
     In the device  3700 , the light transmissive regions  2620  are arranged in a substantially planar configuration defined by a plurality of configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 , that are each substantially transverse to the first axis  3702 , that is, they lie in the plane defined by the surface of the device  3700 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the configuration is an array is defined by at least two configuration axes, as shown in  FIG.  2   , respectively designated  3703  and  3704 . In some non-limiting examples, the configuration axes  3703 ,  3704  are substantially normal to one another and to the first axis  3702 . 
     At least one emissive region  1910  is disposed between adjacent light transmissive regions  2620  along a plurality of the configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 . 
     As shown, the emissive regions  1910  and the light transmissive regions  2620  extend along each of such configuration axes  3703 ,  3704  in an alternating pattern. In some non-limiting examples, such alternating pattern is the same along each of such configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 . In some non-limiting examples, such alternating pattern comprises a plurality of emissive regions  1910  between adjacent, neighbouring and/or consecutive light transmissive regions  2620 . In some non-limiting examples, such alternating pattern(s) may be repeated substantially identically across the entire device  3700  or, in some non-limiting examples, a portion thereof. 
     That is, in some non-limiting examples, the alternating pattern(s) may comprise single pixels  340  (each comprising at least one emissive region  1910  each corresponding to a single sub-pixel  264   x  thereof) alternating with single light transmissive regions  2620 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, each such pixel  340  comprises one, two, three, four, five or more emissive regions  1910  each corresponding to a single sub-pixel  264   x  thereof. In some non-limiting examples, each sub-pixel  264   x  is configured to emit light at a given color and/or wavelength spectrum. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the emissive region(s)  1910  corresponding to each such pixel  340 , are arranged in a pixel array between neighbouring light transmissive regions  2620 . In some non-limiting examples, such pixel array of emissive regions  1910  are defined by at least one axis that is parallel to at least one of the configuration axes  3703 ,  3704  along which the alternating pattern(s) extend(s). 
     In some non-limiting examples, each such pixel  340  comprises four sub-pixels  264   x . In some non-limiting examples, the four sub-pixels  264   x  correspond to one sub-pixel  2641  configured to emit R(ed) light, two sub-pixels  2642  configured to emit G(reen) light and one sub-pixel  2643  configured to emit B(lue) light. In some non-limiting examples, the four sub-pixels  264   x  correspond to one sub-pixel  2641  configured to emit R(ed) light, one sub-pixel  2642  configured to emit G(reen) light, one sub-pixel  2643  configured to emit B(lue) light and one sub-pixel  264   x  configured to emit W(hite) light. 
     In some non-limiting examples, especially when each pixel  340  comprises a plurality of sub-pixels  264   x  that is a number other than two or four, the sub-pixels  264   x  of each such pixel  340  may be organized in a polygonal, circular and/or other configuration. 
     In some non-limiting examples, whether the sub-pixels  264   x  of a given pixel  340  are organized in an array or other configuration, such configuration may be the same for each pixel  340 . In some non-limiting examples, such configuration may be similar in shape for different pixels  340 , differing only in the order of sub-pixels  264   x  thereof. In some non-limiting examples, such configuration may be similar in shape for different pixels  340 , differing only in the orientation of such configuration. In some non-limiting examples, such configuration may be different for different pixels  340 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the size and/or shape of sub-pixels  264   x  configured to emit light of a given wavelength spectrum may be the same or different. In some non-limiting examples, the size and/or shape of sub-pixels  264   x  configured to emit light of the same wavelength spectrum may be the same or different. In some non-limiting examples, the shape of such sub-pixels  264   x  may have a polygonal, circular and/or other shape. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the transmittance of external light incident on emissive regions  1910  entirely through the device  3700 , may be less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 10% and/or less than about 5%. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  3   , there is shown a cross-sectional view of the device  3700  taken along line  38 - 38 . The emissive region  1910  of a sub-pixel  264   x  comprises a first electrode  120  coupled to one or more electronic and/or opto-electronic components, including without limitation, thin film transistor (TFT) transistors, resistors and/or capacitors (collectively TFT structure  200 ), at least one semiconducting layer  130  (or “organic layer” since such layers may comprise organic semiconducting materials) that may comprise a plurality of layers, any of which may be disposed, in some non-limiting examples, in a thin film, in a stacked configuration, which may include, without limitation, any one or more of a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL), an emissive layer (EML), an electron transport layer (ETL) and/or an electron injection layer (EIL), disposed over the first electrode  120  and a second electrode  140  disposed over the at least one semiconducting layer  130 . The device  3700  further comprises a PDL  440  covering at least a perimeter of the first electrode  120 . The PDL  440  defines an opening corresponding to the emissive region  1910  of the sub-pixel  264   x . The device  3700  further comprises a substrate  110  upon which the TFT structure  200  is disposed. A TFT insulating layer  280  is provided over the TFT structure  200  and the first electrode  120  is deposited on the TFT insulating layer  280  and configured to be electrically coupled with the TFT structure  200 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the first electrode  120  may be an anode  341  and the second electrode  140  may be a cathode  342 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  is top-emitting, such that the second electrode  140  is transmissive and in some non-limiting examples, the first electrode  120  is reflective, so as to allow light emitted in the at least one semiconducting layer  130  to be transmitted through the second electrode  140  and away from the substrate  110 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  is bottom-emitting. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  comprises an auxiliary layer disposed on the second electrode  140 . In some non-limiting examples, an encapsulation layer, which in some non-limiting examples may be a TFE layer  2050 , is provided over the auxiliary layer. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the layers comprising the TFT structure  200 , the TFT insulating layer  280 , the first electrode  120 , the PDL  440 , the at least one semiconducting layer  130 , the second electrode  140 , the auxiliary layer, and the encapsulation layer may make up a device region  3705  of the device  3700 . Although not shown, in some non-limiting examples, the device region  3705  may comprise one or more additional layers, including without limitation, a buffer layer  210 , a semiconductor active area, a gate insulating layer  230 , an electrode layer for forming a source electrode and/or a drain electrode (TFT electrode layer), an interlayer insulating layer  250  and/or an insulating layer for forming the TFT structure  200 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  further comprises an outcoupling layer (not shown) arranged between the second electrode  140  and the encapsulation layer. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer comprises a capping layer. By way of non-limiting examples, such capping layer may act to enhance the outcoupling of light from the device  3700 , thus increasing the efficiency and/or brightness of the device  3700 . In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer includes an electrically conductive layer. In some non-limiting examples, the electrically conductive layer may act as an auxiliary electrode  1750 , which may be electrically coupled to the second electrode  140 . In some non-limiting examples, the presence of such auxiliary electrode  1750  may reduce an effective sheet resistance of the second electrode  120 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer includes the properties of both the capping layer and the auxiliary electrode  1750 . In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer includes a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), including without limitation, indium zinc oxide (IZO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), and/or indium tin oxide (ITO) and/or combinations thereof in at least one layer, any one or more of which may be, without limitation, a thin film. Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that in some non-limiting examples, such TCOs may exhibit optical properties suited for use as the capping layer, while also exhibiting electrical properties suited for use as the auxiliary electrode  1750 . In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer is, or may include, an IZO layer having a thickness of between 20 nm and about 100 nm, between about 25 nm and about 80 nm and/or between about 30 nm and about 60 nm. In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer may also include an organic material to act as the capping layer and/or a portion thereof. 
     Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is postulated that including an auxiliary layer that exhibits the properties of the capping layer and the auxiliary electrode  1750  may be advantageous in some non-limiting examples, in which: (i) the second electrode  140  is patterned with discrete or discontinuous features, and/or (ii) the thickness of the second electrode  140  is relatively thin, such that the current-resistance (IR) drop across the display  3700  without an auxiliary electrode  1750  may reduce device performance. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer may be applied as a common layer. In some non-limiting examples, the auxiliary layer is provided in both the light transmissive regions  2620  and the emissive regions  1910 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  further comprises additional layers, coatings and/or components. By way of non-limiting examples, although not shown, the device  3700  may comprise at least one of a polarizer, a wave plate, a touch sensor, a color filter, a cover glass and/or an adhesive, which may be arranged beyond the device region  3705 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  is an OLED display device. In some non-limiting examples, such device  3700  may be an AMOLED display device in which the at least one semiconducting layer  130  generally includes an emitter layer, which may be formed, by way of non-limiting example, by doping a host material with an emitter material, including without limitation, a fluorescent emitter, a phosphorescent emitter and/or a TADF emitter. In some non-limiting examples, a plurality of emitter materials may be doped into the host material to form the emitter layer. 
     In some non-limiting examples, elements, coatings and/or materials that are opaque or substantially limit and/or prevent transmission of light incident on an external surface thereof to pass through the light transmissive regions  2620  of the device  3700  may be arranged to be omitted from the light transmissive regions  2620 , such that externally-incident light may be transmitted through the device  3700 , in some non-limiting examples so as to pass entirely through the user device  3750  of which the device  3700  forms a face  3940 , and/or in some non-limiting examples, to be incident on the transceiver  3970  within the user device  3950  beyond the face  3940  thereof defined by the device  3700  without substantial interference and/or signal degradation. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the backplane layer of the device  3700  may include at least one TFT structure  200  and/or conductive traces electrically coupled thereto. Since, in some non-limiting examples, the materials to form such TFT structures  200  and/or the conductive traces may exhibit relatively low light transmittance, in some non-limiting examples, the TFT structures  200  and/or conductive traces may be omitted from the light transmissive regions  2620 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, such TFT structures  200  and/or conductive traces may be omitted from the light transmissive regions  2620  by arranging such elements to lie within the lateral aspect  410  of the emissive regions  1910 , including as shown by way of non-limiting example, in  FIG.  3   . 
     In some non-limiting examples, one or more layers of the backplane layer may be omitted from all or a part of at least one of the light transmissive regions  2620 , including without limitation, one or more of the buffer layer  210 , the semiconductor active area, the gate insulating layer  230 , the interlayer insulating layer  250 , the TFT electrode layer, and/or the insulating layer for forming the TFT structure  200 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, one or more layers of the frontplane may be omitted from all or a part of at least one of the light transmissive regions  2620 , including without limitation, one or more of the material(s) used to form the first electrode  120 , the PDL  440 , the at least one semiconducting layer  130  and/or layers thereof and/or the second electrode  140 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the TFT insulating layer  280 , the at least one semiconducting layer  130  and/or layers thereof and/or the encapsulation layer may be substantially light-transmissive such that providing such layers within all or a part of at least one of the light transmissive regions  2620  may not substantially affect transmission of external light therethrough. Accordingly, in some non-limiting examples, such layers may continue to be provided within all or a part of at least one of the light transmissive regions  2620 . 
     The light transmissive region  2620  extends along at least part of the lateral aspect  420  of non-emissive regions  1920 . As is shown by dashed outline, in some non-limiting examples, at least some of the backplane and/or frontplane layers are omitted from all or a part of the at least one light transmissive region  2620  to facilitate transmission of light therethrough. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  4 A , there is shown a simplified view of a cross-section of a version of the device  3700 , shown as device  3900   a , according to an example. The device  3900   a  serves as the face  3940  of the user device  3950  that has a body  3960  for housing a variety of components, including the at least one transceiver  3970 . 
     The device  3900   a  forming the face  3940  of the user device  3950  extends to substantially cover the body  3960  and the components thereof, including the transceiver  3970 . 
     In the device  3900   a , the device region  3705  is disposed over the substrate  110  and the device  3900   a  comprises emissive regions  1910  and light transmissive regions  2620  in an alternate arrangement along at least one array axis in a direction parallel to the plane of the substrate  110 . By way of non-limiting example, the device  3900   a  may be configured to substantially inhibit transmission of external light incident thereon from a direction that is substantially transverse to the plane of the surface of the device  3900   a , that is, along axis  3702 , other than through all or a part of the at least one light transmissive region  2620 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3900   a  may be substantially opaque, except within all or a part of the lateral aspect  420  of at least one of the light transmissive regions  2620 . By way of non-limiting example, although not explicitly shown in the figure, opaque and/or light-attenuating layers, coatings and/or materials for forming various parts of the device  3900   a  may be arranged beyond the lateral aspects  420  of the light transmissive regions  2620 , such that certain parts of the device  3900   a  including the emissive regions  1910  are substantially opaque and substantially preclude the transmission of light, while the light transmissive regions  2620  allow passage of external light incident thereon therethrough. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  further includes at least one opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, such opaque coating  3910  may comprise a plurality of apertures  3920  each defining the closed boundary  3701  of a corresponding light transmissive region  2620 . Such opaque coating  3910  may, in some non-limiting examples, be configured to permit transmission of light through the apertures  3920  and thus through the closed boundary  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined thereby. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be configured to reduce transmission of light therethrough other than through the apertures  3920  thereof. By way of non-limiting example, the opaque coating  3910  may reduce transmission of light by about 30% or greater, about 40% or greater, about 50% or greater, about 60% or greater, about 70% or greater, about 80% or greater, about 90% or greater and/or about 95% or greater. In some non-limiting examples, the transmission of light through the apertures  3920  may be substantially unaffected. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be configured to filter any external light incident thereon, such that light may be selectively transmitted through the apertures  3920  that define the light transmissive regions  2620 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be configured to reflect any external light incident thereon other than the apertures  3920 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be formed of a material and/or otherwise configured to absorb any external light incident thereon other than the apertures  3920 . 
       FIGS.  4 B- 4 F  show various non-limiting examples of different locations of such opaque coating  3910  throughout the simplified view of the device  3700  shown in  FIG.  4 A . 
       FIG.  4 B  shows a version  3900   b  of the device  3700 , according to an example, in which the opaque coating  3910  is disposed on a surface of the substrate  110  that is opposite to the exposed surface  111  of the substrate  110  upon which the device region  3705  is disposed. The light transmissive regions  2620  are substantially devoid of the material for forming the opaque coating  3910  and accordingly, the transmission of external light through the apertures  3920  and the associated light transmissive regions  2620  is substantially unaffected. The opaque coating  3910  is arranged to extend across the lateral aspect  410  of the emissive regions  1910  and across the lateral aspect  420  of the non-emissive regions  1920  other than the apertures  3920  that define the light transmissive regions  2620  (intermediate regions) between adjacent emissive regions  1910  and/or light transmissive regions  2620 . As a result, by way of non-limiting example, any transmission of external light incident on the emissive regions  1910  and/or the intermediate regions is substantially inhibited, including without limitation due to the presence of the opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, this may allow external light incident on the device  3900   b  to be selectively transmitted in certain configurations as discussed below. 
       FIG.  4 C  shows a version  3900   c  of the device  3700 , according to an example, in which the opaque coating  3910  is disposed between the substrate  110  and the device region  3705  deposited on an exposed surface  111  thereof. The opaque coating  3910  is arranged to extend across the lateral aspect  410  of the emissive regions  1910  and across the lateral aspect  420  of the intermediate regions such that, by way of non-limiting example, any transmission of external light incident on the emissive regions  1910  and/or the intermediate regions is substantially inhibited, including without limitation due to the presence of the opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be disposed on the exposed surface  111  of the substrate  110  prior to deposition of the materials for forming the TFT structures  200  in the device region  3705  such that the TFT structures  200  lie between the opaque coating  3910  and the at least one first electrode  120 . 
       FIG.  4 D  shows a version  3900   d  of the device  3700 , according to an example, in which the opaque coating  3910  is arranged within the device region  3705 . The opaque coating  3910  is arranged to extend across the lateral aspect  410  of the emissive regions  1910  and across the lateral aspect  420  of the intermediate regions such that, by way of non-limiting example, any transmission of external light incident on the emissive regions  1910  and/or the intermediate regions is substantially inhibited, including without limitation due to the presence of the opaque coating  3910 . By way of non-limiting example, the opaque coating  3910  may be provided in and/or by one or more layers of materials(s) for: forming the TFT structure  200 , forming the first electrode  120 , forming the PDL  440  and/or for forming the second electrode  140 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be formed using materials in addition to such material(s). In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  is disposed between the emissive region  1910  and the substrate  110 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be disposed on an exposed surface  111  of the TFT insulating layer  280 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be arranged substantially in the same plane as the first electrode  120 . 
       FIG.  4 E  shows a version  3900   e  of the device  3700 , according to an example, in which the opaque coating  3910  is arranged within the device region  3705  but does not substantially overlap with the emissive regions  1910  of the device  3900   e , such that both the emissive regions  1910  and the light transmissive regions  2620  are substantially devoid of the material for forming the opaque coating  3910 . Rather, the opaque coating  3910  is arranged to be substantially confined to and to extend across the lateral aspect  420  of the intermediate regions such that, by way of non-limiting example, any transmission of external light incident on the intermediate regions is substantially inhibited, including without limitation to the presence of the opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating has at least one opening  3980  that is coincident with the at least one emissive region  1910  to permit light emitted by such corresponding at least one emissive region  1910  to emit light and to have such light to pass through the opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, such configuration may be appropriate where the emissive regions  1910  are substantially opaque. In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be formed by, and/or as part of the PDL  440  and/or by, and/or as part of the second electrode  140  such that the opaque coating is deposited on a same layer as the second electrode  140  and such that the opaque coating  3910  has at least one opening  3980  that lies within the PDL  440  coincident with the at least one emissive region  1910  to permit light emitted by such corresponding at least one emissive region  1910  to emit light and to have such light to pass through the opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be disposed over the second electrode  140 . By way of non-limiting example, the opaque coating  3910  may be an electrically conductive material, including without limitation, a metal, that is electrically and/or physically coupled to the second electrode  140 . In such non-limiting example, the opaque coating  3910  may also act as an auxiliary electrode  1750  for reducing an effective sheet resistance of the second electrode  140 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be arranged to be deposited over the second electrode  140 , so as to lie between the second electrode  140  and the encapsulation layer. 
       FIG.  4 F  shows a version  3900   f  of the device  3700 , according to an example, in which the opaque coating  3910  is disposed on and/or over the device region  3705  but does not substantially overlap with the emissive regions  1910  of the device  3900   f  (by virtue of openings  3980  therewithin), such that both the emissive regions  1910  and the light transmissive regions  2620  are substantially devoid of the material for forming the opaque coating  3910  and accordingly, the transmission of external light through the emissive regions  1910  and through the apertures  3920  and the associated light transmissive regions  2620  is substantially unaffected. Rather, the opaque coating  3910  is arranged to be substantially confined to and to extend across the lateral aspect  420  of the intermediate regions such that, by way of non-limiting example, any transmission of external light incident on the intermediate regions is substantially inhibited, including without limitation to the presence of the opaque coating  3910 . In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  3910  may be disposed over the encapsulation layer in some non-limiting examples, each light transmissive region  2620  may be substantially devoid of the second electrode  140 . In some non-limiting examples, the device  3700  may comprise a patterning coating, such as, without limitation, an NIC  810 , disposed within the closed boundary  3701  of each light transmissive region  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920 , to preclude deposition of a conductive coating  830  thereon to form the second electrode  140  therein. By way of non-limiting example, the at least one semiconducting layer  130  may extend laterally across the light transmissive regions  2620  and the NIC  810  may be disposed thereon within the light transmissive regions  2620 . In some non-limiting examples, the emissive regions  1910  may be substantially devoid of the NIC  810 . 
     Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that in some non-limiting examples, a patterning coating, including without limitation, an NIC  810 , may be deposited on a first portion of an exposed layer surface  111  to substantially preclude deposition within such first portion of a coating, that may not necessarily be electrically conductive. By way of non-limiting example, such first portion may comprise the entirety of the lateral aspects  420  of the non-emissive regions  1920  other than those of the light transmissive regions, so as to facilitate deposition of the opaque coating  3910  with apertures  3920  corresponding only to the light transmissive regions  2620 . By way of further non-limiting examples, such first portion may further comprise the lateral aspects  410  of the emissive regions  1910  so as to facilitate deposition of the opaque coating  3910  with both apertures  3920  corresponding only to the light transmissive regions  2620  and openings  3980  corresponding to the emissive regions  1910 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, the opaque coating  1910  deposited on the patterning coating, which may in some non-limiting examples be the NIC  810 , may comprise a purely optical non-conductive coating or an electrically conductive coating  830  that also has optical coating characteristics. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the light transmissive regions  2620  may be substantially devoid of the PDL  440 . By way of non-limiting example, such configuration may further enhance light transmission through the light transmissive regions  2620 , including without limitation, by mitigating distortion of a color and/or associated wavelength spectrum of the external light transmitted therethrough. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a distinctive and non-uniform diffraction pattern, affected by the shape of the closed boundary  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920 , may cause interference that distorts the external light transmitted therethrough, and may adversely impact an ability to facilitate mitigation of interference caused by the diffraction pattern. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a distinctive and non-uniform diffraction pattern may result from a shape of an aperture  3920  that causes distinct and/or angularly separated diffraction spikes in the diffraction pattern. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a first diffraction spike may be distinguished from a second proximate diffraction spike by simple observation, such that the total number of diffraction spikes along a full angular revolution may be counted. However, in some non-limiting examples, especially where the number of diffraction spikes is large, it may be more difficult to identify individual diffraction spikes. In such circumstances, the distortion effect of the resulting diffraction pattern may in fact facilitate mitigation of the interference caused thereby, since the distortion effect tends to be blurred and/or distributed more evenly distributed. Such blurring and/or more even distribution of the distortion effect may, in some non-limiting examples, be more amenable to mitigation, including without limitation, by optical post-processing techniques, in order to recover the original image and/or information contained therein. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the ability to facilitate mitigation of the interference caused by the diffraction pattern may increase as the number of diffraction spikes increases. In some non-limiting examples, beneficial increases in the ability to facilitate mitigation of the interference caused by the diffraction pattern may be reflected in a number of diffraction spikes in the diffraction pattern across a full angular revolution that is greater than about 4, greater than about 6, greater than about 8, greater than about 10, greater than about 12, greater than about 14 and/or greater than about 16. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a distinctive and non-uniform diffraction pattern may result from a shape of an aperture  3920  that increases a length of a pattern boundary P B  ( FIG.  8 B ) within the diffraction pattern between region(s) of high intensity of light and region(s) of low intensity of light as a function of a pattern circumference P C  ( FIG.  8 B ) of the diffraction pattern and/or that reduces a ratio of the pattern circumference Pc relative to the length of the pattern boundary P B  thereof. 
     In some non-limiting examples, beneficial increases in the ability to facilitate mitigation of the interference caused by the diffraction pattern may be reflected in a ratio of the pattern circumference Pc of the diffraction pattern relative to the length of the pattern boundary P B  that is greater than about 0.4, greater than about 0.5, greater than about 0.6, greater than about 0.7, greater than about 0.75, greater than about 0.8, greater than about 0.9 and/or greater than about 0.95. 
     Without wishing to be bound by any specific theory, it is postulated that devices  3700  having closed boundaries  3701  of light transmissive regions  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920  that are polygonal may exhibit a distinctive and non-uniform diffraction pattern that adversely impacts an ability to facilitate mitigation of interference caused by the diffraction pattern relative to devices  3700  having closed boundaries  3701  of light transmissive regions  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920  that is non-polygonal. 
     In the present disclosure, the term “polygonal” may refer generally to shapes, figures, closed boundaries  3701  and/or perimeters formed by a finite number of linear and/or straight segments and the term “non-polygonal” may refer generally to shapes, figures, closed boundaries  3701  and/or perimeters that are not polygonal. By way of non-limiting example, a closed boundary  3701  formed by a finite number of linear segments and at least one non-linear or curved segment is considered non-polygonal. 
     Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it is postulated that when the closed boundary  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920  comprises at least one non-linear and/or curved segment, external light incident thereon and transmitted therethrough may exhibit a less distinctive and/or more uniform diffraction pattern that facilitates mitigation of interference caused by the diffraction pattern. 
     In some non-limiting examples, a device  3700  having a closed boundary  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920  that is substantially elliptical and/or circular may further facilitate mitigation of interference caused by the diffraction pattern. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the closed boundary  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  may be symmetrical relative to at least one of the configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 . 
     A wide variety in shapes and configurations of closed boundaries  3701  of such light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  may be appropriate.  FIGS.  5 A- 5 I  illustrate non-limiting examples of an array of light transmissive regions  2620  (for purposes of simplicity of illustration, the intervening emissive region(s)  1910  have been omitted). 
     In some non-limiting examples, such as those shown in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C , the closed boundaries  3701  of each light transmissive region  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  in an array thereof may be substantially elliptical. In some non-limiting examples, such boundaries  3701  may be oriented to be symmetrical about at least one of the configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 . 
     In some non-limiting examples, such as those shown in  FIGS.  5 D- 5 G , the closed boundaries  3701  of each light transmissive region  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  in an array thereof may be defined by a finite plurality of convex rounded segments. In some non-limiting examples, at least some of these segments coincide at concave notches or peaks. 
       FIG.  5 H  shows, by way of non-limiting example, the closed boundaries  3701  of each light transmissive region  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  in an array thereof may be defined by a finite plurality of concave rounded segments. In some non-limiting examples, at least some of these segments coincide at convex notches or peaks. 
       FIG.  5 I  shows, by way of non-limiting example, the closed boundaries  3701  of each light transmissive region  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  in an array thereof may be defined by a finite plurality of linear segments joined at their ends by rounded corners. In the example shown, the closed boundary  3701  comprises four linear segments to define a rounded rectangle. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the closed boundaries  3701  of each light transmissive region  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  in an array thereof has a common shape. In some non-limiting examples, the closed boundaries  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  in an array thereof may be of different sizes and/or shapes. 
     In some non-limiting examples, the light transmissive regions  2620  of a device  3700  may be arranged in various configurations, including without limitation, polygonal, including without limitation, triangular (including without limitation trigonal), square, rectangular, parallelogram and/or hexagonal arrangements, the latter of which is shown by way of non-limiting example in  FIG.  6   . 
     In some non-limiting examples, where the configuration is polygonal, the configuration may be aligned along a plurality of configuration axes  3703 ,  3704  that define the respective sides of a polygon defined by such configuration, in which light transmissive regions  2620  form vertices thereof. In some non-limiting examples, one or more light transmissive regions  2620  may be located within such polygon. 
     However configured, in some non-limiting examples, closed boundaries  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  may be interspersed with at least one neighboring emissive region  1910  in an alternating pattern along at least one configuration axis  3703 ,  3704 . 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the generality of the present disclosure in any fashion. 
     As shown by way of non-limiting example in  FIG.  7   , light was emitted by an external source  4210  to be incident on and transmitted through a plurality of sample OLED devices  3700  having various example configurations of closed boundaries  3701  of such light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920 . By way of non-limiting examples, a camera was used as the detector  4220  to capture an image of the light  4225  emitted by the source  4210  incident on the sample device  3700  and transmitted therethrough by the light transmissive regions  2620 . As shown schematically in the figure, the light emitted by the source  4210  is in the form of a collimated circular cylindrical beam  4215  having a diameter or spot size of do. Also as shown schematically in the figure, after passing through the device  3700  and in particular, the closed boundaries  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  thereof defined by the apertures  3920 , the light  4225  captured by the detector  4220  may be a divergent beam as a result of diffraction characteristics imparted to the light  4225  by the shape of the closed boundaries  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920 . 
     In the figure, the source  4210  is shown as illuminating the substrate  110  of the sample device  3700  with the beam  4215 , and the detector  4220  captures light  4225  that is emitted through the device region  3705 . Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in some non-limiting examples, the orientation of the sample device  3700  may be reversed, such that the source  4210  illuminates the device region  3705  with the beam  4215 , and the detector  4220  captures light  4225  that is emitted through the substrate  110 . 
     Example 1 
       FIG.  8 A  is an image of the light  4225  captured by the detector  4220  for a first reference sample OLED device  3700 , in which the closed boundaries  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  are substantially rectangular, where the sides of the boundary  3701  are substantially aligned along two configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 , at right angles. 
       FIG.  8 B  is an idealized schematic representation of the diffraction pattern captured in the image of  FIG.  8 A , showing a small number of significant diffraction spikes aligned along the configuration axes  3703 ,  3704 . As will be discussed in greater detail in respect of  FIG.  9 B , in some non-limiting examples, especially as the number of diffraction spikes increases and/or the ratio of the minimum intensity Imin to the maximum intensity I max  of the diffraction pattern approaches unity, it may become progressively more difficult to determine the number of diffraction spikes distributed across a complete angular revolution. 
     To this end, in some non-limiting examples, a mechanism for quantifying the number of diffraction spikes is to establish an arbitrary threshold diameter D from the center of the diffraction pattern. In some non-limiting examples, the diameter D may be about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, about 7 times, about 10 times and/or about 15 times the spot size do. Once such diameter D has been established, a diffraction spike may be identified and/or distinguished from adjacent diffraction spikes by determining the number of instances in which the intensity of the diffraction pattern crosses the diameter D across a complete angular revolution (with the number of diffraction spikes corresponding to ½ of the number of such crossings). Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that the number of diffraction spikes thus identified may, in some non-limiting instances depend on the value of the diameter D, since if the diameter D exceeds the maximum intensity I max  of a given diffraction spike, there will not be any crossings associated with such diffraction spike. 
     By way of non-limiting example, in an ideal situation, where there is substantially no diffraction imparted by the shape of the shape of the closed boundary  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by a corresponding aperture  3920 , the “diffraction” pattern obtained after being transmitted therethrough will be substantially circular, with no diffraction spikes. As such, the pattern boundary P B  between region(s) of high intensity of light and region(s) of low intensity of light will be the circumference of such circular pattern, which will also be the pattern circumference Pc. Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that the length of such pattern boundary P B  will be at a minimum for a given pattern circumference Pc. 
     However, as diffraction increases, so as to create diffraction spikes, such as shown in  FIG.  8 B , the pattern boundary P B  will tend to comprise segments, corresponding to such diffraction spikes, that extend substantially radially away from the centre of the pattern, followed by segments RS that extend substantially radially toward the centre (collectively “radial segments”). Thus, the presence of such diffraction spikes tends to increase the length of the pattern boundary P B  as a function of the pattern circumference Pc. 
     In the figure, the solid outline of the diffraction pattern reflects the boundary pattern P B , while the dotted circular outline that overlaps the curved portions of the boundary pattern P B  reflects the pattern circumference Pc of the diffraction pattern. As can be seen, the length of the (in the  FIG.  8   ) radial segments identified as RS are long and increase the length of the boundary pattern P B , such that the ratio of the pattern circumference Pc to the boundary pattern P B  is considerably less than unity and may approach 0. 
     Example 2 
       FIG.  9 A  is an image of the light  4225  captured by the detector  4220  for a second sample OLED device  3700 , in which closed boundaries  3701  of the light transmissive regions  2620  defined by the apertures  3920  are substantially circular. 
       FIG.  9 B  is a schematic representation of a diffraction pattern for the captured image of  FIG.  9 A , showing a greater number of substantially evenly distributed diffraction spikes that vary in intensity by a substantially lesser degree. The increased number of diffraction spikes and the corresponding reduction in variation in intensity show a more uniform response that reflects a blurring of the diffraction pattern, which in some non-limiting examples, may facilitate mitigation of the interference of such diffraction pattern. Such mitigation may, in some non-limiting examples, result in substantial elimination thereof and/or a reduced amount of processing to achieve a comparable mitigation result. 
     As shown in the figure, the number of diffraction spikes increases. However, as it does, the diffraction spikes will tend to overlap, such that effectively, the pattern circumference Pc of the resulting diffraction pattern increases, and the length of radial segments RS are reduced, with the result that the length of the pattern boundary P B  will again be reduced as a function of the pattern circumference Pc and/or the ratio of the pattern circumference to the length of the pattern boundary P B  increases and approaches unity. 
     Terminology 
     References in the singular form include the plural and vice versa, unless otherwise noted. 
     As used herein, relational terms, such as “first” and “second”, and numbering devices such as “a”, “b” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element, without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements. 
     The terms “including” and “comprising” are used expansively and in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to”. The terms “example” and “exemplary” are used simply to identify instances for illustrative purposes and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention to the stated instances. In particular, the term “exemplary” should not be interpreted to denote or confer any laudatory, beneficial or other quality to the expression with which it is used, whether in terms of design, performance or otherwise. 
     The terms “couple” and “communicate” in any form are intended to mean either a direct connection or indirect connection through some interface, device, intermediate component or connection, whether optically, electrically, mechanically, chemically, or otherwise. 
     The terms “on” or “over” when used in reference to a first component relative to another component, and/or “covering” or which “covers” another component, may encompass situations where the first component is directly on (including without limitation, in physical contact with) the other component, as well as cases where one or more intervening components are positioned between the first component and the other component. 
     Amounts, ratios and/or other numerical values are sometimes presented herein in a range format. Such range formats are used for convenience, illustration and brevity and should be understood flexibly to include not only numerical values explicitly specified as limits of a range, but also all individual numerical values and/or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and/or sub-range had been explicitly specified. 
     Directional terms such as “upward”, “downward”, “left” and “right” are used to refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made unless otherwise stated. Similarly, words such as “inward” and “outward” are used to refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the device, area or volume or designated parts thereof. Moreover, all dimensions described herein are intended solely to be by way of example of purposes of illustrating certain embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure to any embodiments that may depart from such dimensions as may be specified. 
     As used herein, the terms “substantially”, “substantial”, “approximately” and/or “about” are used to denote and account for small variations. When used in conjunction with an event or circumstance, such terms can refer to instances in which the event or circumstance occurs precisely, as well as instances in which the event or circumstance occurs to a close approximation. By way of non-limiting example, when used in conjunction with a numerical value, such terms may refer to a range of variation of less than or equal to ±10% of such numerical value, such as less than or equal to ±5%, less than or equal to ±4%, less than or equal to ±3%, less than or equal to ±2%, less than or equal to ±1%, less than or equal to ±0.5%, less than or equal to ±0.1%, and/or less than equal to ±0.05%. 
     As used herein, the phrase “consisting substantially of” will be understood to include those elements specifically recited and any additional elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the described technology, while the phrase “consisting of” without the use of any modifier, excludes any element not specifically recited. 
     As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art, for any and all purposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible sub-ranges and/or combinations of sub-ranges thereof. Any listed range may be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and/or enabling the same range being broken down at least into equal fractions thereof, including without limitation, halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily be broken down into a lower third, middle third and/or upper third, etc. 
     As will also be understood by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art, all language and/or terminology such as “up to”, “at least”, “greater than”, “less than”, and the like, may include and/or refer the recited range(s) and may also refer to ranges that may be subsequently broken down into sub-ranges as discussed herein. 
     As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art, a range includes each individual member of the recited range. 
     General 
     The purpose of the Abstract is to enable the relevant patent office or the public generally, and specifically, persons of ordinary skill in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to quickly determine from a cursory inspection, the nature of the technical disclosure. The Abstract is neither intended to define the scope of this disclosure, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of this disclosure in any way. 
     The structure, manufacture and use of the presently disclosed examples have been discussed above. The specific examples discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the concepts disclosed herein, and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure. Rather, the general principles set forth herein are considered to be merely illustrative of the scope of the present disclosure. 
     It should be appreciated that the present disclosure, which is described by the claims and not by the implementation details provided, and which can be modified by varying, omitting, adding or replacing and/or in the absence of any element(s) and/or limitation(s) with alternatives and/or equivalent functional elements, whether or not specifically disclosed herein, will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the relevant art, may be made to the examples disclosed herein, and may provide many applicable inventive concepts that may be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts, without straying from the present disclosure. 
     In particular, features, techniques, systems, sub-systems and methods described and illustrated in one or more of the above-described examples, whether or not described an illustrated as discrete or separate, may be combined or integrated in another system without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, to create alternative examples comprised of a combination or sub-combination of features that may not be explicitly described above, or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented. Features suitable for such combinations and sub-combinations would be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art upon review of the present application as a whole. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are easily ascertainable and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein. 
     All statements herein reciting principles, aspects and examples of the disclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof and to cover and embrace all suitable changes in technology. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently-known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. 
     Accordingly, the specification and the examples disclosed therein are to be considered illustrative only, with a true scope of the disclosure being disclosed by the following numbered claims: