Patent Publication Number: US-8980332-B2

Title: Methods and systems for use of photolyzable nitric oxide donors

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is related to and claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Related Applications”) (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Application(s)). 
     RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of United States Patent application entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR USE OF PHOTOLYZABLE NITRIC OXIDE DONORS, naming Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/981,743, filed 30 Oct. 2007. 
     The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a notice to the effect that the USPTO&#39;s computer programs require that patent applicants reference both a serial number and indicate whether an application is a continuation or continuation-in-part. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit of Prior-Filed Application, USPTO Official Gazette Mar. 18, 2003, available at http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week11/patbene.htm. The present applicant entity has provided above a specific reference to the application(s)from which priority is being claimed as recited by statute. Applicant entity understands that the statute is unambiguous in its specific reference language and does not require either a serial number or any characterization, such as “continuation” or “continuation-in-part,” for claiming priority to U.S. patent applications. Notwithstanding the foregoing, applicant entity understands that the USPTO&#39;s computer programs have certain data entry requirements, and hence applicant entity is designating the present application as a continuation-in-part of its parent applications as set forth above, but expressly points out that such designations are not to be construed in any way as any type of commentary and/or admission as to whether or not the present application contains any new matter in addition to the matter of its parent application(s). 
     All subject matter of the Related Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Applications is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for use of photolyzable nitric oxide donors for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments one or more methods for treating sexual dysfunction are provided that include administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to an individual and illuminating the individual with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to treat the sexual dysfunction. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include circuitry for administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to an individual and circuitry for illuminating the individual with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to treat sexual dysfunction. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments one or more systems for treating sexual dysfunction are provided that include means for administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to an individual and means for illuminating the individual with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to treat the sexual dysfunction. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include a signal-bearing medium bearing one or more instructions for administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to an individual and one or more instructions for illuminating the individual with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to treat sexual dysfunction. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include a signal-bearing medium bearing one or more instructions for presenting information about use of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors for treatment of sexual dysfunction. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments one or more systems are provided that include a signal-bearing medium bearing one or more instructions for presenting information about use of one or more light sources that are configured to facilitate release of nitric oxide for treatment of sexual dysfunction. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, means include but are not limited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein referenced functional aspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the herein referenced functional aspects depending upon the design choices of the system designer. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects means are described in the claims, drawings, and/or text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, related systems include but are not limited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein referenced method aspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the herein referenced method aspects depending upon the design choices of the system designer. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and/or text forming a part of the present application. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings, claims, and the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example system  100  in which embodiments may be implemented. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an operational flow representing example operations related to methods and systems associated with the treatment of sexual dysfunction. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flow of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flow of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates alternate embodiments of the example operational flow of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example system  600  in which embodiments may be implemented. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example system  700  in which embodiments may be implemented. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example system  800  in which embodiments may be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example system  100  in which embodiments may be implemented. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be administered to one or more individuals  108  through use of one or more administration forms  110 . Such photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used to administer nitric oxide  106  to one or more individuals  108 . In some embodiments, one or more transmitting units  112  may be used to transmit one or more signals  114  to one or more receiving units  116 . In some embodiments, an individual  108  to whom nitric oxide  106  is being administered may control the one or more transmitting units  112 . In some embodiments, a person other than the individual  108  to whom nitric oxide  106  is being administered may control the one or more transmitting units  112 . In some embodiments, one or more receiving units  116  may be associated with one or more light sources  102 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more signals  114  may include information that may be used to control the one or more light sources  102 . 
     Light Source 
     Numerous light sources  102  may be used within system  100 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light of multiple wavelengths. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light that is selected to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit one or more wavelengths of light that are selected to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more identified photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit one or more wavelengths of light that are selected based on the absorption spectrum of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit one or more wavelengths of light that are selected based on decomposition of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit one or more wavelengths of light that cause decomposition of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  without causing injury to adjacent structures and/or tissues. In some embodiments, a first light source  102  may be configured to emit one or more wavelengths of light that cause a first photolyzable nitric oxide donor  104  to release nitric oxide  106  and a second light source  102  may be configured to emit one or more wavelengths of light that cause a second photolyzable nitric oxide donor  104  to release nitric oxide  106 . Accordingly, numerous light sources  102  may be coupled with numerous types of photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to provide for selective release of nitric oxide  106 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may include one or more quantum dots (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,235,361; herein incorporated by reference). For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit one or more wavelengths of light that are absorbed by one or more quantum dots. In some embodiments, one or more quantum dots may be configured to absorb light and then emit one or more wavelengths of light that cause release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more nitric oxide donors  104 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, emission from one or more first quantum dots may be tuned to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more first photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  and emission from one or more second quantum dots may be tuned to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more second photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to be used internally to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . A light source  102  may be configured in numerous ways. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured for insertion into the urethra of a male and/or a female (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,214; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured for vaginal insertion into a female. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured for implantation into an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured for implantation into the genital region of a male and/or a female. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured for implantation within the corpus cavernosa of a penis. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured for implantation into the scrotal sack of a male. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to include one or more energy sources (e.g., one or more batteries), one or more light emitters (e.g., one or more light emitting diodes), and one or more optical fibers to deliver light to a selected region of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, such light sources  102  may be implanted such that the energy sources and the light emitters are implanted into the scrotal sack of a male and optical fibers may be operably coupled to the one or more light emitters and implanted within the corpus cavernosa of the associated penis. 
     In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to externally illuminate an individual  108 . Accordingly, one or more light sources  102  may be configured in numerous ways. For example, in some embodiments, a light source  102  may be configured as a lamp, a flashlight, a wand, a ring, a glove, a sheet, a condom, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be included within clothing. 
     In some embodiments, light sources  102  may be remotely controlled. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to receive one or more signals  114  that include instructions for operation of the one or more light sources  102 . Such instructions may be associated with emission of light, non-emission of light, time when light is emitted, length of light emission, intensity of light emission, wavelengths of emitted light, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, light sources  102  may be configured to include one or more control units. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to include a switch that may be used to turn the light source  102  on and off. For example, in some embodiments, a light source  102  may be configured to include a push button switch to turn the light source  102  on and off. 
     In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may include one or more light emitters that are coupled to one or more electromagnetic receivers. The one or more electromagnetic receivers may be configured to couple with one or more electromagnetic transmitters that produce one or more electromagnetic fields that induce an electrical current to flow in the one or more electromagnetic receivers to energize the light emitters (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,152; herein incorporated by reference). Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured such that they are not directly coupled to an energy source. 
     A light source  102  may be configured to emit numerous types of light. In some embodiments, emitted light may be visible light. In some embodiments, emitted light may be infrared light. In some embodiments, emitted light may be ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, emitted light may be substantially any combination of visible light, infrared light, and/or ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit fluorescent light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit phosphorescent light. 
     In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light continuously. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light as a pulse. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light as a flash. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light continuously, as a pulse, as a flash, or substantially any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, one or more light emitters and/or light sources  102  may be configured to provide for upconversion of energy. In some embodiments, infrared light may be upconverted to visible light (e.g., Mendioroz et al., Optical Materials, 26:351-357 (2004). In some embodiments, infrared light may be upconverted to ultraviolet light (e.g., Mendioroz et al., Optical Materials, 26:351-357 (2004). In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may include one or more rare-earth materials (e.g., ytterbium-erbium, ytterbium-thulium, or the like) that facilitate upconversion of energy (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,088,040; herein incorporated by reference). For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be associated with Nd 3+  doped KPb 2 Cl 5  crystals. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be associated with thiogallates doped with rare earths, such as CaGa 2 S 4 :Ce 3+  and SrGa 2 S 4 :Ce 3+ . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be associated with aluminates that are doped with rare earths, such as YAlO 3 :Ce 3+ , YGaO 3 :Ce 3+ , Y(Al,Ga)O 3 :Ce 3+ , and orthosilicates M 2 SiO 5 :Ce 3+  (M:Sc, Y, Sc) doped with rare earths, such as, for example, Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce 3+ . In some embodiments, yttrium may be replaced by scandium or lanthanum (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,812,500 and 6,327,074; herein incorporated by reference). Numerous materials that may be used to upconvert energy have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,956,172; 5,943,160; 7,235,189; 7,215,687; herein incorporated by reference). 
     Photolyzable Nitric Oxide Donor/Nitric Oxide 
     Numerous photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used within system  100 . Examples of such photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  include, but are not limited to, diazeniumdiolates (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,105,502; 7,122,529; 6,673,338; herein incorporated by reference), trans-[RuCl([15]aneN4)NO]+2 (Ferezin et al., Nitric Oxide, 13:170-175 (2005), Bonaventura et al., Nitric Oxide, 10:83-91 (2004)), nitrosyl ligands (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,077; herein incorporated by reference, Chmura et al., Nitric Oxide, 15:370-379 (2005), Flitney et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 107:842-848 (1992), Flitney et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 117:1549-1557 (1996), Matthews et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 113:87-94 (1994)), 6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (e.g., Fukuhara et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123:8662-8666 (2001)), S-nitroso-glutathione (e.g., Rotta et al., Braz. J. Med. Res., 36:587-594 (2003), Flitney and Megson, J. Physiol., 550:819-828 (2003)), S-nitrosothiols (e.g., Andrews et al., British Journal of Pharmacology, 138:932-940 (2003), Singh et al., FEBS Lett., 360:47-51 (1995)), 2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane (e.g., Pou et al., Mol. Pharm., 46:709-715 (1994), Wang et al., Chem. Rev., 102:1091-1134 (2002)), imidazolyl derivatives (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,710; herein incorporated by reference). 
     In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used in association with additional nitric oxide donors that are not photolyzable. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used in association with additional agents. Examples of such additional agents include, but are not limited to, enzyme inhibitors (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,943,166; herein incorporated by reference), agents that increase the effects and/or concentration of nitric oxide  106  (e.g., methylene blue and N(w)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) (see Chen and Gillis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 190, 559-563 (1993) and Kim et al., J. Vet. Sci., 1:81-86 (2000)), L-arginine (e.g., U.S. Published Patent Application No.: 20020068365 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,273; herein incorporated by reference), agents that stabilize nitric oxide donors (e.g., dimethly sulfoxide and ethanol), agents that increase the half life of nitric oxide  106  (e.g., U.S. Published Patent Application No.: 20030039697; herein incorporated by reference), and the like. 
     Individual 
     Photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used to treat numerous types of individuals  108  for sexual dysfunction (e.g., human individuals  108 ). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used to treat female arousal disorder. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used to treat male erectile disorder. In some embodiments, sexual dysfunction may be due to a physical condition. For example, in some embodiments, sexual dysfunction may result from surgery, a physical injury, pharmaceutical use, age, or the like. In some embodiments, sexual dysfunction may be due to a mental condition. For example, in some embodiments, sexual dysfunction may be due to depression, lack of interest, insecurity, anxiety, or the like. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be used to increase sexual performance and/or pleasure. 
     Administration Form 
     Numerous types of administration forms  110  may be used to provide one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108 . In some embodiments, an administration form  110  may be a formulation of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, an administration form  110  may be configured for oral delivery of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, an administration form  110  may be configured as a pill, a lozenge, a capsule, a liquid, and the like. In some embodiments, an administration form  110  may be configured for topical delivery of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, an administration form  110  may be configured as a gel, a cream, a lotion, a lubricant, a jelly, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more liposomes to provide for delivery of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to the individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more detergents to facilitate delivery of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to the individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more agents that stabilize the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for administration to one or more individuals  108  through inhalation. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for administration to one or more individuals  108  through parenteral administration. 
     In some embodiments, an administration form  110  may include an implant. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be coupled to a structure that can be implanted within an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be coupled to a polymeric structure for implantation into an individual  108  (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,405,919; 6,451,337; 7,052,711: herein incorporated by reference, Smith et al., J. Med. Chem., 1:1148-1156 (1996)). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be included within a porous structure and/or matrix for implantation into an individual  108  (e.g., U.S. Published Patent Application No. 20030039697; herein incorporated by reference). Such structures may be constructed from numerous materials that include, but are not limited to, polymers, ceramics, metals, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for depot administration to an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more biodegradable materials that degrade within an individual  108  to release the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,736,152; 6,143,314; 6,773,714; herein incorporated by reference). Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be included within a flowable material that forms an implant upon being injected into an individual  108 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more additional agents. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, enzyme inhibitors, additional nitric oxide donors, free radical scavengers, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more light sources  102  (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,152; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated with one or more quantum dots (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,235,361; herein incorporated by reference). 
     Transmitting Unit 
     The system  100  may include one or more transmitting units  112 . Numerous types of transmitting units  112  may be used in association with system  100 . Examples of such transmitting units  112  include, but are not limited to, transmitters that transmit one or more optical signals  114 , radio signals  114 , wireless signals  114 , hardwired signals  114 , infrared signals  114 , ultrasonic signals  114 , and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. RE39,785; 7,260,768; 7,260,764; 7,260,402; 7,257,327; 7,215,887; 7,218,900; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more transmitting units  112  may transmit one or more signals  114  that are encrypted. Numerous types of transmitters are known and have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. and Published U.S. patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,236,595; 7,260,155; 7,227,956; US2006/0280307; herein incorporated by reference). 
     Signal 
     Numerous types of signals  114  may be used in association with system  100 . Examples of such signals  114  include, but are not limited to, optical signals  114 , radio signals  114 , wireless signals  114 , hardwired signals  114 , infrared signals  114 , ultrasonic signals  114 , and the like. 
     In some embodiments, one or more signals  114  may not be encrypted. In some embodiments, one or more signals  114  may be encryped. In some embodiments, one or more signals  114  may be sent through use of a secure mode of transmission. In some embodiments, one or more signals  114  may be coded for receipt by a specific individual  108 . In some embodiments, such code may include anonymous code that is specific for an individual  108 . Accordingly, information included within one or more signals  114  may be protected against being accessed by others who are not the intended recipient. 
     Receiving Unit 
     The system  100  may include one or more receiving units  116 . Numerous types of receiving units  116  may be used in association with system  100 . Examples of such receiving units  116  include, but are not limited to, receivers that receive one or more optical signals  114 , radio signals  114 , wireless signals  114 , hardwired signals  114 , infrared signals  114 , ultrasonic signals  114 , and the like. Such receivers are known and have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. RE39,785; 7,218,900; 7,254,160; 7,245,894; 7,206,605; herein incorporated by reference). 
     User Interface/User 
     System  100  may include numerous types of user interfaces  118 . For example, one or more users (e.g., individuals  108 ) may interact through use of numerous user interfaces  118  that utilize hardwired methods, such as through use of an on/off switch or push button, use of wireless methods, such as use of a transmitter and receiver, and the like. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an operational flow  200  representing examples of operations that are related to the performance of a method for using photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. In  FIG. 2  and in following figures that include various examples of operations used during performance of the method, discussion and explanation may be provided with respect to any one or combination of the above-described examples of  FIG. 1 , and/or with respect to other examples and contexts. However, it should be understood that the operations may be executed in a number of other environments and contexts, and/or modified versions of  FIG. 1 . Also, although the various operations are presented in the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. 
     After a start operation, the operational flow  200  includes an administering operation  210  involving administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to an individual. In some embodiments, one or more administration forms  110  may be used to administer one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108 . 
     After a start operation, the operational flow  200  includes an illuminating operation  220  involving illuminating the individual with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to treat the sexual dysfunction. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate the individual  108  with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to treat the sexual dysfunction. In some embodiments, treating sexual dysfunction includes, but is not limited to treating male erectile dysfunction. Treating male erectile dysfunction may include, but is not limited to, facilitating the achievement of a penile erection, increasing the rigidity of a penile erection, increasing blood flow to the penis, increasing the duration of a penile erection, or substantially any combination thereof. In some embodiments, treating sexual dysfunction includes, but is not limited to treating female arousal disorder. Treating female arousal disorder may include, but is not limited to, increasing blood flood to the genitalia of a female (e.g., vagina, clitoris, etc.), increasing vaginal lubrication, increasing clitoral vasocongestion, and the like. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operational flow  200  of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 3  illustrates example embodiments where the administering operation  210  may include at least one additional operation. Additional operations may include an operation  302 , operation  304 , operation  306 , operation  308 , operation  310 , and/or operation  312 . 
     At operation  302 , the administering operation  210  may include systemically administering the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to the individual. In some embodiments, one or more administration forms  110  may be used to systemically administer the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to the individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be systemically delivered to an individual  108  through use of an administration form  110  that is formulated for oral administration to the individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be systemically delivered to an individual  108  through use of an administration form  110  that is formulated for pulmonary administration to the individual  108  (e.g., Wang et al., Can. J. Anesth., 50:839-846 (2003) and Gaston, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 3:170-172 (2006)). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for topical delivery to an individual  108  (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,601: herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be systemically administered to an individual  108  through use of an implant that provides for release of the photolyzable nitric oxide donor  104  within the individual  108 . Accordingly, numerous methods may be used to systemically administer one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108 . 
     At operation  304 , the administering operation  210  may include locally administering the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to the individual. In some embodiments, one or more administration forms  110  may be used to locally administer the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to the individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for localized topical administration. For example, in some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated as creams, lotions, gels, lubricants, and the like. In some embodiments, such formulations may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  in combination with one or more lipid based carriers. Such carriers have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,601; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, such formulations may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are included within one or more vesicles, such as liposomes. Methods that may be used to create vesicles have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,666; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be locally administered within an individual  108  through use of one or more implants. Numerous types of implants may be used to locally administer photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, such implants may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are formulated with one or more biodegradable materials to form an implant (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,736,152; 6,143,314; 6,773,714; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, such implants may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are coupled to a polymeric material to form an implant. In some embodiments, such implants may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are included within an implantable matrix to form an implant. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for localized injection into an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be locally administered to an individual  108  through use of electrophoresis. Accordingly, photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be locally administered through use of numerous methodologies. 
     At operation  306 , the administering operation  210  may include administering the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors to a genital region of the individual. In some embodiments, one or more administration forms  110  may be used to administer the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to a genital region of the individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated as creams, lotions, gels, lubricants, and the like. In some embodiments, such formulations may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  in combination with one or more lipid based carriers. Such carriers have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,601; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, such formulations may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are included within one or more vesicles, such as liposomes. Methods that may be used to create vesicles have been described (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,666; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be administered to a genital region of an individual  108  through use of one or more implants. Numerous types of implants may be used to administer one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to the genitalia. In some embodiments, such implants may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are formulated with one or more biodegradable materials to form an implant (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,736,152; 6,143,314; 6,773,714; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, such implants may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are coupled to a polymeric material to form an implant. In some embodiments, such implants may include one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that are included within an implantable matrix to form an implant. In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be formulated for localized injection into a genital region of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be locally administered to the genitalia of an individual  108  through use of electrophoresis. Accordingly, photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be administered through use of numerous methodologies. 
     At operation  308 , the administering operation  210  may include administering the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors that include at least one diazeniumdiolate, S-nitrosothiol, organic nitrate, complex of nitric oxide with one or more nucleophiles, L-arginine, molsidomine, CAS754, SPM-5185, SIN-1, nitrosylating compound, or nitroester. In some embodiments, one or more administration forms  110  may be used to administer the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  that include at least one diazeniumdiolate, S-nitrosothiol, organic nitrate, complex of nitric oxide  106  with one or more nucleophiles, L-arginine, molsidomine, CAS754, SPM-5185, SIN-1, nitrosylating compound, nitroester, or substantially any combination thereof. 
     At operation  310 , the administering operation  210  may include implanting at least one device that facilitates release of nitric oxide within the individual upon illumination. In some embodiments, an implant associated entity may implant at least one device that facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  within the individual  108  upon illumination. In some embodiments, an implant associated entity may be a person associated with providing health care. Examples of such persons include, but are not limited to, physicians, nurses, clinical care persons, physician&#39;s assistants, hospitals, medical device representatives, and the like. 
     At operation  312 , the administering operation  210  may include implanting at least one device that facilitates release of nitric oxide within a genital region of the individual upon illumination. In some embodiments, an implant associated entity may implant at least one device that facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  within a genital region of the individual  108  upon illumination. In some embodiments, an implant associated entity may be a person associated with providing health care. Examples of such persons include, but are not limited to, physicians, nurses, clinical care persons, physician&#39;s assistants, hospitals, medical device representatives, and the like. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operational flow  200  of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 4  illustrates example embodiments where the illuminating operation  220  may include at least one additional operation. Additional operations may include an operation  402 , operation  404 , operation  406 , operation  408 , operation  410 , and/or operation  412 . 
     At operation  402 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more genital regions of the individual. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more genital regions of the individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used externally to illuminate one or more genital regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more internal light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more genital regions of an individual  108 . One or more genital regions of an individual  108  may be illuminated with one or more light sources  102  that are configured in numerous ways. Examples of such configurations include, but are not limited to, condoms, wands, light sticks, flashlight configurations, lamps, gloves, underwear, implants, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit a broad spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more genital regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit a narrow spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more genital regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit one or more wavelengths of light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be emitted. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by nucleic acids. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by polypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light within the following range: 250-320 nm. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 280 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light or 280 nm light. Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. 
     At operation  404 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual through use of at least one external light source. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  through use of at least one external light source  102 . One or more regions of an individual  108  may be illuminated with one or more light sources  102  that are configured in numerous ways. Examples of such configurations include, but are not limited to, condoms, wands, light sticks, flashlight configurations, lamps, gloves, underwear, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit a broad spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit a narrow spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit one or more wavelengths of light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be emitted. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by nucleic acids. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by polypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light within the following range: 250-320 nm. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 280 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light or 280 nm light. Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. 
     At operation  406 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual through use of at least one internal light source. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  through use of at least one internal light source  102 . One or more regions of an individual  108  may be illuminated with one or more light sources  102  that are configured in numerous ways. Examples of such configurations include, but are not limited to, wands, light sticks, implants, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit a broad spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit a narrow spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit one or more wavelengths of light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be emitted. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by nucleic acids. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by polypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light within the following range: 250-320 nm. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 280 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light or 280 nm light. Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. 
     At operation  408 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual through use of at least one implanted light source. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  through use of at least one implanted light source  102 . Implanted light sources  102  may be configured in numerous ways. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may be configured as small beads (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,152; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, such light sources  102  may be implanted by injection. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may include one or more fiber optic fibers that may be used to deliver light to one or more regions of an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, such light emitting implants may be positioned within the corpus cavernosa of the penis. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit fluorescent light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit phosphorescent light. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may emit light through chemiluminescence. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  that emit a broad spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  that emit a narrow spectrum of light may be used to illuminate one or more regions of an individual  108 . In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  that emit one or more wavelengths of light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  may be emitted. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may emit light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by nucleic acids. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may emit light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by polypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light within the following range: 250-320 nm. For example, in some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may not emit 280 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light or 280 nm light. Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more implanted light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. 
     At operation  410 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual with ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  with ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit a broad spectrum of ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit a narrow spectrum of ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  that emit one or more wavelengths of ultraviolet light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit ultraviolet light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit ultraviolet light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit ultraviolet light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by nucleic acids. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit ultraviolet light that does not include wavelengths of light that are absorbed by polypeptides. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit light that does not include one or more wavelengths of ultraviolet light within the following range: 250-320 nm. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 280 nm light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may not emit 260 nm light or 280 nm light. Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously, as a flash, as a pulse, or substantially any combination thereof. 
     At operation  412 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual with visible light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  with visible light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit a broad spectrum of visible light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit a narrow spectrum of visible light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit one or more wavelengths of visible light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit visible light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit visible light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously, as a flash, as a pulse, or substantially any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the visible light may be upconverted. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates alternative embodiments of the example operational flow  200  of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 5  illustrates example embodiments where the illuminating operation  220  may include at least one additional operation. Additional operations may include an operation  502 , operation  504 , operation  506 , operation  508 , operation  510 , and/or operation  512 . 
     At operation  502 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual with infrared light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  with infrared light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit a broad spectrum of infrared light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit a narrow spectrum of infrared light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit one or more wavelengths of infrared light that are specifically selected to release nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit infrared light that does not include one or more wavelengths of light. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may emit infrared light that is selected to avoid and/or reduce damage to structures and/or tissues of an individual  108 . Accordingly, numerous combinations of wavelengths of light may be excluded from emission by one or more light sources  102 . In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted alternately as continuous light and a flash. In some embodiments, light may be emitted as a pulse. In some embodiments, light may be emitted continuously, as a flash, as a pulse, or substantially any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the infrared light may be upconverted. 
     At operation  504 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual with one or more wavelengths of light specifically selected to facilitate release of nitric oxide from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  with one or more wavelengths of light specifically selected to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit light that includes one or more wavelengths of light that correspond to the absorption maximum for one or more nitric oxide donors. Examples of nitric oxide donors and their associated λ max  (nm) are provided in Table I below. Accordingly, one or more light sources  102  may be configured to emit numerous wavelengths of light. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example Nitric Oxide Donors 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 λ max   
               
               
                 Compound Name 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 O 2 -(Acetoxymethyl) 1-(N,N-Diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 230 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(Acetoxymethyl) 1-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
                 256 
               
               
                 Sodium 1-(N-Benzyl-N-methylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
                 252 
               
               
                 O 2 -[(2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucosyl] 1-[4-(2,3- 
                 232 
               
               
                 Dihydroxypropyl)piperazin-1 
               
               
                 Sodium 1-[4-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)piperazin-1-yl-]diazen-1-ium- 
                 248.5 
               
               
                 1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -Methyl 1-[(4-Carboxamido)piperidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 241 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2-Chloropyrimidin-4-yl) 1-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 274 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-[4-(N,N-Diethylcarboxamido)piperazin- 
                 300 
               
               
                 1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-(4-Nicotinylpiperazin-1-yl)diazen-1- 
                 300 
               
               
                 ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-{4-[2-(4-{2- 
                 300 
               
               
                 Methylpropyl}phenyl)propionyl]piperazin-1-yl}diazen-1- 
               
               
                 ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 Sodium 1-(4-Benzyloxycarbonylpiperazin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 252 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-[4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1- 
                 299 
               
               
                 yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-(4-Acetylpiperazin-1-yl)diazen-1- 
                 394 
               
               
                 ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-[4-(Succinimidoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1- 
                 300 
               
               
                 yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-(Piperazin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, 
                 297 
               
               
                 Hydrochloride Salt 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl) 1-(N,N- 
                 228 
               
               
                 Diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(-D-Glucopyranosyl) 1-(N,N-Diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 228 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 Sodium (Z)-1-(N,N-Diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
                 250 
               
               
                 1-[N-(2-Aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 252 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 Sodium 1-(N,N-Dimethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
                 250 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-(N,N-Diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 302 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 1-[N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-(3-ammoniopropyl]diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 252 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 1-[N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-(3-ammoniopropyl]diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 252 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 Bis-diazeniumdiolated benzyl imidate dehydrate 
                 264 
               
               
                 p-Bisdiazeniumdiolated benzene 
                 316 
               
               
                 Methane Trisdiazeniumdiolate trihydrate 
                 316 
               
               
                 O 2 -(β-D-Glucopyranosyl) 1-(Isopropylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 278 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 Sodium 1-[4-(5-Dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl)piperazin-1- 
                 344 
               
               
                 yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 1-(2-Methyl-1-propenyl)piperidine diazeniumdiolate 
                 246 
               
               
                 1-(2-Methyl-1-propenyl)pyrrolidine diazeniumdiolate 
                 246 
               
               
                 O 2 -Vinyl 1-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
                 268 
               
               
                 1-{N-[3-Aminopropyl]-N-[4- 
                 252 
               
               
                 (3-aminopropylammoniobutyl)]}diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 Disodium 1-[(2-Carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 252 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 1-[N-(3-Ammoniopropyl)-N-(n-propyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2- 
                 250 
               
               
                 diolate 
               
               
                 (Z)-1-{N-Methyl-N-[6-(N-methylammoniohexyl)amino]}diazen-1- 
                 250 
               
               
                 ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                 O 2 -(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) 1-[(4-Ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1- 
                 300 
               
               
                 yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     At operation  506 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual with one or more light sources that emit light in response to one or more signals. In some embodiments, one or more implants illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  with one or more light sources that emit light in response to one or more signals  114 . In some embodiments, one or more light sources may be external. In some embodiments, one or more light sources may be internal. In some embodiments, one or more light sources may be an implant. In some embodiments, one or more implants may emit light upon receiving one or more signals  114  that are transmitted by one or more receivers. In some embodiments, the one or more signals  114  may include numerous types of information. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to, information related to light intensity, light duration, one or more wavelengths of light to be emitted, and the like. In some embodiments, one or more implants may receive one or more signals  114  from one or more transmitters that are physically coupled to the one or more implants. In some embodiments, one or more implants may receive one or more signals  114  from one or more transmitters that are remotely coupled to the one or more implants. 
     At operation  508 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating one or more regions of the individual through use of one or more quantum dots. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate one or more regions of the individual  108  through use of one or more quantum dots. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be associated with one or more quantum dots. In some embodiments, quantum dots may be tuned to absorb light that is emitted by one or more light sources  102  and emit light that facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . In some embodiments, quantum dots may be tuned to emit light that specifically facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more quantum dots may emit light that includes wavelengths of light that correspond to the absorption maximum of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 . 
     At operation  510 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating the individual to treat male erectile dysfunction. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate the individual  108  to treat male erectile dysfunction. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to externally illuminate one or more regions of a male. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to externally illuminate one or more genital regions of a male. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to internally illuminate one or more genital regions of a male. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be inserted into the urethra of a male. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may be used to illuminate a male. 
     At operation  512 , the illuminating operation  220  may include illuminating the individual to treat female arousal disorder. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to illuminate the individual  108  to treat female arousal disorder. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to externally illuminate one or more regions of a female. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to externally illuminate one or more genital regions of a female. In some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be used to internally illuminate one or more genital regions of a female. For example, in some embodiments, one or more light sources  102  may be inserted into the urethra of a female. In some embodiments, one or more implanted light sources  102  may be used to illuminate a female. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a partial view of a system  600  that includes a computer program  604  for executing a computer process on a computing device. An embodiment of system  600  is provided using a signal-bearing medium  602  bearing one or more instructions for administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108  and one or more instructions for illuminating the individual  108  with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  from the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to treat sexual dysfunction. The one or more instructions may be, for example, computer executable and/or logic-implemented instructions. In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  602  may include a computer-readable medium  606 . In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  602  may include a recordable medium  608 . In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  602  may include a communications medium  610 . Instructions for administering one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108  may include numerous types of information. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to, the type of administration form  110  to use to administer one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to an individual  108 , dosage of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , time of administration for one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , contraindications associated with the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , side-effects of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , warnings associated with use of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , conditions (e.g., mental, physical, etc.) that may be treated with one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , and the like. Instructions for illuminating an individual  108  with light that facilitates release of nitric oxide  106  from one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to treat sexual dysfunction may include numerous types of information. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to, information associated with one or more light sources  102  that may be used to illuminate an individual  108 , information associated with one or more light sources  102  that may be used in association with one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , length of time that an individual  108  should be illuminated, intensity of light that should be used to illuminate an individual  108 , benefits that may result from using one or more light sources  102  in association with one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , and the like. In some embodiments, the instructions may include advertising materials. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a partial view of a system  700  that includes a computer program  704  for executing a computer process on a computing device. An embodiment of the system  700  is provided using a signal-bearing medium  702  bearing one or more instructions for presenting information about use of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  for treatment of sexual dysfunction. The one or more instructions may be, for example, computer executable and/or logic-implemented instructions. In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  702  may include a computer-readable medium  706 . In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  702  may include a recordable medium  708 . In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  702  may include a communications medium  710 . Instructions for presenting information about use of one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  for treatment of sexual dysfunction may include numerous types of information. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to, the type of administration form  110  to use to administer the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , dosage of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , time of administration for the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , contraindications associated with the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , side-effects of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , warnings associated with use of the one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , conditions (e.g., mental, physical, etc.) that may be treated with one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104 , and the like. In some embodiments, the instructions may include advertising materials. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a partial view of a system  800  that includes a computer program  804  for executing a computer process on a computing device. An embodiment of the system  800  is provided using a signal-bearing medium  802  bearing one or more instructions for presenting information about use of one or more light sources  102  that are configured to facilitate release of nitric oxide  106  for treatment of sexual dysfunction. The one or more instructions may be, for example, computer executable and/or logic-implemented instructions. In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  802  may include a computer-readable medium  806 . In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  802  may include a recordable medium  808 . In some embodiments, the signal-bearing medium  802  may include a communications medium  810 . Instructions for presenting information about use of one or more light sources  102  for treatment of sexual dysfunction may include numerous types of information. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to, information associated with one or more light sources  102  that may be used to treat sexual dysfunction, information associated with one or more light sources  102  that may be used in association with one or more photolyzable nitric oxide donors  104  to treat sexual dysfunction, length of time that an individual  108  should be illuminated to treat sexual dysfunction, intensity of light that should be used to illuminate an individual  108  to treat sexual dysfunction, and the like. In some embodiments, the instructions may include advertising materials. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the appended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point where there is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described herein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and/or firmware. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal-bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal-bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, and electro-magnetically actuated devices, or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), and any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, security systems, and communication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognize that electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate otherwise. 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to implement devices and/or processes and/or systems in the fashion(s) set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering and/or business practices to integrate such implemented devices and/or processes and/or systems into more comprehensive devices and/or processes and/or systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes and/or systems described herein can be integrated into other devices and/or processes and/or systems via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that examples of such other devices and/or processes and/or systems might include—as appropriate to context and application—all or part of devices and/or processes and/or systems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., an airplane, rocket, hovercraft, helicopter, etc.), (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., a car, truck, locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) a building (e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance (e.g., a refrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) a communications system (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, a voice-over IP system, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an Internet Service Provider (ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Quest, Southwestern Bell, etc), or (g) a wired/wireless services entity (e.g., such as Sprint, Cingular, Nextel, etc.), etc. 
     Although the user interface  118  is shown/described herein as a single illustrated figure that is associated with an individual  108 , those skilled in the art will appreciate that a user interface  118  may be utilized by a user that is a representative of a human user, a robotic user (e.g., computational entity), and/or substantially any combination thereof (e.g., a user may be assisted by one or more robotic based systems). In addition, a user as set forth herein, although shown as a single entity may in fact be composed of two or more entities. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in general, the same may be said of “sender” and/or other entity-oriented terms as such terms are used herein. 
     The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components. 
     All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference. The foregoing specification has been described in relation to certain embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purposes of illustration, however, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein may be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention.