Patent Publication Number: US-2023152413-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for positioning terminal in wireless communication system

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for positioning in a wireless communication system. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     A wireless communication system is a multiple access system that supports communication of multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., a bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of multiple access systems include a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, and a multi carrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) system. 
     Sidelink (SL) communication is a communication scheme in which a direct link is established between User Equipments (UEs) and the UEs exchange voice and data directly with each other without intervention of an evolved Node B (eNB). SL communication is under consideration as a solution to the overhead of an eNB caused by rapidly increasing data traffic. 
     Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to a communication technology through which a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an object having an infrastructure (or infra) established therein, and so on. The V2X may be divided into 4 types, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V21), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). The V2X communication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or Uu interface. 
     Meanwhile, as a wider range of communication devices require larger communication capacities, the need for mobile broadband communication that is more enhanced than the existing Radio Access Technology (RAT) is rising. Accordingly, discussions are made on services and user equipment (UE) that are sensitive to reliability and latency. And, a next generation radio access technology that is based on the enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC), and so on, may be referred to as a new radio access technology (RAT) or new radio (NR). Herein, the NR may also support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for measuring a position of a terminal in a wireless communication system. 
     The technical objects to be achieved in the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned technical objects, and other technical objects that are not mentioned may be considered by those skilled in the art through the embodiments described below. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for operating a terminal in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving, from a serving base station, a location request message including at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of the neighbor base station; receiving a PRS of the serving base station from the serving base station; receiving a PRS from the neighbor base station based on the received location request message; estimating a location of the terminal based on the PRS received from the serving base station and the PRS received from the neighbor base station; and transmitting the estimated location of the terminal to the serving base station. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a terminal in a wireless communication system, comprising: a transceiver; and a processor coupled with the transceiver, wherein the transceiver is configured to: receive, from a serving base station, a location request message including at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of the neighbor base station, receive a PRS of the serving base station from the serving base station, and receive a PRS from the neighbor base station based on the received location request message, wherein the processor is configured to estimate a location of the terminal based on the PRS received from the serving base station and the PRS received from the neighbor base station, and wherein the transceiver is further configured to transmit location information of the terminal, which is estimated by the processor, to the serving base station. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for operating a serving base station in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting an assistance data request message to a server; receiving assistance data from the server, wherein the assistance data includes at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of the neighbor base station; transmitting, to a terminal, a location request message that includes at least one of PRS information of a neighbor base station, cell ID information of a neighbor base station, and PBCH information of a neighbor base station; and receiving, from the terminal, location information of the terminal and transmitting, to the server, the location information of the terminal. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a serving base station in a wireless communication system, comprising: a transceiver; and a processor coupled with the transceiver, wherein the transceiver is configured to: transmit an assistance data request message to a server, receive assistance data from the server, wherein the assistance data includes at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of the neighbor base station, transmit, to a terminal, a location request message that includes at least one of PRS information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of a neighbor base station, and receive, from the terminal, location information of the terminal and transmit, to the server, the location information of the terminal. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a device comprising at least one memory and at least one processor functionally coupled with the at least one memory, wherein the at least one processor controls the device to: receive, from a serving base station, a location request message including at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of the neighbor base station, receive a PRS of the serving base station from the serving base station, and receive a PRS from the neighbor base station based on the received location request message, estimate a location of the device based on the PRS received from the serving base station and the PRS received from the neighbor base station, and transmit the estimated location information of the device to the serving base station. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing at least one instruction, comprising the at least one instruction that is executable by a processor, wherein the at least one instruction instructs the computer-readable medium to: receive, from a serving base station, a location request message that includes at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of the neighbor base station, receive, from the serving base station, a PRS of the serving base station, receive, from the neighbor base station, a PRS based on the received location request message, estimate a location of the computer-readable medium based on the PRS received from the serving base station and the PRS received from the neighbor base station, and transmit, to the serving base station, the estimated location information of the computer-readable medium. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the PRS information of the neighbor base station includes at least one of a PRS beam duration of the neighbor base station, a PRS beam direction of the neighbor base station, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) of the neighbor base station. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving of the PRS from the neighbor base station comprises performing alignment with a first PRS beam group based on PRS beam direction information of the neighbor base station. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving of the PRS from the neighbor base station further comprises performing beam alignment with the neighbor base station based on PBCH location information of the neighbor base station. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, receiving, from the serving base station, beam information of another terminal connected to the serving base station; and performing beam alignment with the another terminal based on the received beam information. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, receiving, from the serving base station, PRS information of the another terminal, which includes at least one of PRS transmission timing information of the another terminal and PRS transmission beam information of the another terminal; and receiving a PRS from the another terminal based on the PRS information of the another terminal. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the estimating of the location of the terminal estimates the location of the terminal by further considering the PRS received from the another terminal. 
     The following effects may be produced by embodiments based on the present disclosure. 
     According to the present disclosure, a terminal may receive a PRS of neighbor base stations from a neighbor base station by considering mmWave. 
     According to the present disclosure, a terminal may receive a PRS of neighbor base stations from a neighbor base station by considering a beam. 
     According to the present disclosure, a terminal may receive a PRS from another terminal by considering mmWave. 
     According to the present disclosure, a terminal may receive a PRS of neighbor base stations from another terminal by considering a beam. 
     According to the present disclosure, a terminal may reduce latency in calculating a distance. 
     According to the present disclosure, a terminal may estimate a position of a terminal based on sidelink assistance. 
     Effects obtained in the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned effects, and other effects not mentioned above may be clearly derived and understood by those skilled in the art, to which a technical configuration of the present disclosure is applied, from the following description of embodiments of the present disclosure. That is, effects, which are not intended when implementing a configuration described in the present disclosure, may also be derived by those skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are provided to help understanding of the present disclosure, and may provide embodiments of the present disclosure together with a detailed description. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited to specific drawings, and the features disclosed in each drawing may be combined with each other to constitute a new embodiment. Reference numerals in each drawing may refer to structural elements. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a structure of a wireless communication system applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a functional division between an NG-RAN and a SGC applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a radio protocol architecture applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a structure of a radio frame in an NR system applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a structure of a slot in an NR frame applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a BWP applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A and  7 B  illustrate a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a synchronization source or synchronization reference of V2X applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  illustrate a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a terminal based on a transmission mode applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  10 A to  10 C  illustrate three cast types applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a resource unit for channel busy ratio (CBR) measurement, applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates an example of an architecture in a 5G system, for positioning a UE which has accessed an NG-RAN or an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    illustrates an implementation example of a network for positioning a UE applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates exemplary protocol layers used to support LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message transmission between a location management function (LMF) and a UE applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  15    illustrates exemplary protocol layers used to support NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) protocol data unit (PDU) transmission between an LMF and an NG-RAN node applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    illustrates an observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning method applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  17    is a view illustrating an example of a method for positioning a terminal which is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    is a view illustrating an example of an LPP procedure that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  19    illustrates an example of a parameter that a terminal applicable to the present disclosure transmits to a server. 
         FIG.  20    illustrates an example of a parameter that a server applicable to the present disclosure transmits to a terminal. 
         FIG.  21    illustrates an example of a parameter that a terminal applicable to the present disclosure transmits to a server. 
         FIG.  22    is a view illustrating an example of a frequency offset and a resource pattern which are applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  23    is a view illustrating an example of positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  24    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a positioning reference signal (PRS) that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  25    is a view illustrating an example of a method for determining a PRS node that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  26    is a view illustrating an example of a method for determining a PRS node that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  27    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  28    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  29    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  30    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  31    illustrates an example of a communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  32    shows an example of a wireless device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  33    illustrates a circuit of processing a transmission signal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  34    illustrates another example of a wireless device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  35    illustrates an example of a portable device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  36    illustrates an example of a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The embodiments of the present disclosure described below are combinations of elements and features of the present disclosure in specific forms. The elements or features may be considered selective unless otherwise mentioned. Each element or feature may be practiced without being combined with other elements or features. Further, an embodiment of the present disclosure may be constructed by combining parts of the elements and/or features. Operation orders described in embodiments of the present disclosure may be rearranged. Some constructions or elements of any one embodiment may be included in another embodiment and may be replaced with corresponding constructions or features of another embodiment. 
     In the description of the drawings, procedures or steps which render the scope of the present disclosure unnecessarily ambiguous will be omitted and procedures or steps which can be understood by those skilled in the art will be omitted. 
     Throughout the specification, when a certain portion “includes” or “comprises” a certain component, this indicates that other components are not excluded and may be further included unless otherwise noted. The terms “unit”, “-or/er” and “module” described in the specification indicate a unit for processing at least one function or operation, which may be implemented by hardware, software or a combination thereof. In addition, the terms “a or an”, “one”, “the” etc. may include a singular representation and a plural representation in the context of the present disclosure (more particularly, in the context of the following claims) unless indicated otherwise in the specification or unless context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     In the present specification, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B.” In other words, in the present specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the present specification, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, C”. 
     A slash (/) or comma used in the present specification may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”. 
     In the present specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present specification, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”. 
     In addition, in the present specification, “at least one of A, B, and C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, and C”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”. 
     In addition, a parenthesis used in the present specification may mean “for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH)”, it may mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. In other words, the “control information” of the present specification is not limited to “PDCCH”, and “PDDCH” may be proposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH)”, it may also mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information” 
     In the following description, ‘when, if, or in case of’ may be replaced with ‘based on’. 
     A technical feature described individually in one figure in the present specification may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneously implemented. 
     In the present disclosure, a higher layer parameter may be a parameter which is configured, pre-configured or pre-defined for a UE. For example, a base station or a network may transmit the higher layer parameter to the UE. For example, the higher layer parameter may be transmitted through radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling. 
     The technology described below may be used in various wireless communication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and so on. The CDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA-2000. The TDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet ratio service (GPRS)/enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE). The OFDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), and so on. IEEE 802.16m is an evolved version of IEEE 802.16e and provides backward compatibility with a system based on the IEEE 802.16e. The UTRA is part of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is part of an evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using the E-UTRA. The 3GPP LTE uses the OFDMA in a downlink and uses the SC-FDMA in an uplink. LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of the LTE. 
     5G NR is a successive technology of LTE-A corresponding to a new Clean-slate type mobile communication system having the characteristics of high performance, low latency, high availability, and so on. 5G NR may use resources of all spectrum available for usage including low frequency bands of less than 1 GHz, middle frequency bands ranging from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, high frequency (millimeter waves) of 24 GHz or more, and so on. 
     For clarity in the description, the following description will mostly focus on LTE-A or 5G NR. However, technical features according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will not be limited only to this. 
     For terms and techniques not specifically described among terms and techniques used in the present disclosure, reference may be made to a wireless communication standard document published before the present disclosure is filed. For example, the following document may be referred to.
         (1) 3GPP LTE   3GPP TS 36.211: Physical channels and modulation   3GPP TS 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding   3GPP TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures   3GPP TS 36.214: Physical layer; Measurements   3GPP TS 36.300: Overall description   3GPP TS 36.304: User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode   3GPP TS 36.314: Layer 2—Measurements   3GPP TS 36.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol   3GPP TS 36.322: Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol   3GPP TS 36.323: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)   3GPP TS 36.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol       

     (2) 3GPP NR (e.g. 5G)
         3GPP TS 38.211: Physical channels and modulation   3GPP TS 38.212: Multiplexing and channel coding   3GPP TS 38.213: Physical layer procedures for control   3GPP TS 38.214: Physical layer procedures for data   3GPP TS 38.215: Physical layer measurements   3GPP TS 38.300: Overall description   3GPP TS 38.304: User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and in RRC inactive state   3GPP TS 38.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol   3GPP TS 38.322: Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol   3GPP TS 38.323: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)   3GPP TS 38.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol   3GPP TS 37.324: Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP)   3GPP TS 37.340: Multi-connectivity; Overall description       

     Communication System Applicable to the Present Disclosure 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a structure of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  1    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , a wireless communication system includes a radio access network (RAN)  102  and a core network  103 . The radio access network  102  includes a base station  120  that provides a control plane and a user plane to a terminal  110 . The terminal  110  may be fixed or mobile, and may be called other terms such as a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), a mobile terminal, an advanced mobile station (AMS), or a wireless device. The base station  120  refers to a node that provides a radio access service to the terminal  110 , and may be called other terms such as a fixed station, a Node B, an eNB (eNode B), a gNB (gNode B), an ng-eNB, an advanced base station (ABS), an access point, a base transceiver system (BTS), or an access point (AP). The core network  103  includes a core network entity  130 . The core network entity  130  may be defined in various ways according to functions, and may be called other terms such as a core network node, a network node, or a network equipment. 
     Components of a system may be referred to differently according to an applied system standard. In the case of the LTE or LTE-A standard, the radio access network  102  may be referred to as an Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), and the core network  103  may be referred to as an evolved packet core (EPC). In this case, the core network  103  includes a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), and a packet data network-gateway (P-GW). The MME has access information of the terminal or information on the capability of the terminal, and this information is mainly used for mobility management of the terminal. The S-GW is a gateway having an E-UTRAN as an endpoint, and the P-GW is a gateway having a packet data network (PDN) as an endpoint. 
     In the case of the 5G NR standard, the radio access network  102  may be referred to as an NG-RAN, and the core network  103  may be referred to as a 5GC (5G core). In this case, the core network  103  includes an access and mobility management function (AMF), a user plane function (UPF), and a session management function (SMF). The AMF provides a function for access and mobility management in units of terminals, the UPF performs a function of mutually transmitting data units between an upper data network and the radio access network  102 , and the SMF provides a session management function. 
     The BSs  120  may be connected to one another via Xn interface. The BS  120  may be connected to one another via core network  103  and NG interface. More specifically, the BSs  130  may be connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) via NG-C interface, and may be connected to a user plane function (UPF) via NG-U interface. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  2    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the gNB may provide functions, such as Inter Cell Radio Resource Management (RRM), Radio Bearer (RB) control, Connection Mobility Control, Radio Admission Control, Measurement Configuration &amp; Provision, Dynamic Resource Allocation, and so on. An AMF may provide functions, such as Non Access Stratum (NAS) security, idle state mobility processing, and so on. A UPF may provide functions, such as Mobility Anchoring, Protocol Data Unit (PDU) processing, and so on. A Session Management Function (SMF) may provide functions, such as user equipment (UE) Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation, PDU session control, and so on. 
     Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network can be classified into a first layer (layer 1, L1), a second layer (layer 2, L2), and a third layer (layer 3, L3) based on the lower three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) model that is well-known in the communication system. Among them, a physical (PHY) layer belonging to the first layer provides an information transfer service by using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. For this, the RRC layer enable to exchange an RRC message between the UE and the BS. 
       FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  illustrate a radio protocol architecture applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  3    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically,  FIG.  3 A  exemplifies a radio protocol architecture for a user plane, and  FIG.  3 B  exemplifies a radio protocol architecture for a control plane. The user plane corresponds to a protocol stack for user data transmission, and the control plane corresponds to a protocol stack for control signal transmission. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B , a physical layer provides an upper layer with an information transfer service through a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to a medium access control (MAC) layer which is an upper layer of the physical layer through a transport channel. Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer through the transport channel. The transport channel is classified according to how and with what characteristics data is transmitted through a radio interface. 
     Between different physical layers, i.e., a physical layer of a transmitter and a physical layer of a receiver, data are transferred through the physical channel. The physical channel is modulated using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and utilizes time and frequency as a radio resource. 
     The MAC layer provides services to a radio link control (RLC) layer, which is a higher layer of the MAC layer, via a logical channel. The MAC layer provides a function of mapping multiple logical channels to multiple transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a function of logical channel multiplexing by mapping multiple logical channels to a single transport channel. The MAC layer provides data transfer services over logical channels. 
     The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of Radio Link Control Service Data Unit (RLC SDU). In order to ensure diverse quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three types of operation modes, i.e., a transparent mode (TM), an unacknowledged mode (UM), and an acknowledged mode (AM). An AM RLC provides error correction through an automatic repeat request (ARQ). 
     A radio resource control (RRC) layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer serves to control the logical channel, the transport channel, and the physical channel in association with configuration, reconfiguration and release of RBs. The RB is a logical path provided by the first layer (i.e., the physical layer or the PI-TY layer) and the second layer (i.e., the MAC layer, the RLC layer, and the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) for data delivery between the UE and the network. 
     Functions of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in the user plane include user data delivery, header compression, and ciphering. Functions of a PDCP layer in the control plane include control-plane data delivery and ciphering/integrity protection. 
     A service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer is defined only in a user plane. The SDAP layer performs mapping between a Quality of Service (QoS) flow and a data radio bearer (DRB) and QoS flow ID (QFI) marking in both DL and UL packets. 
     The configuration of the RB implies a process for specifying a radio protocol layer and channel properties to provide a particular service and for determining respective detailed parameters and operations. The RB can be classified into two types, i.e., a signaling RB (SRB) and a data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a path for transmitting an RRC message in the control plane. The DRB is used as a path for transmitting user data in the user plane. 
     When an RRC connection is established between an RRC layer of the UE and an RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC_CONNECTED state, and, otherwise, the UE may be in an RRC_IDLE state. In case of the NR, an RRC_INACTIVE state is additionally defined, and a UE being in the RRC_INACTIVE state may maintain its connection with a core network whereas its connection with the BS is released. 
     Data is transmitted from the network to the UE through a downlink transport channel. Examples of the downlink transport channel include a broadcast channel (BCH) for transmitting system information and a downlink-shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or control messages. Traffic of downlink multicast or broadcast services or the control messages can be transmitted on the downlink-SCH or an additional downlink multicast channel (MCH). Data is transmitted from the UE to the network through an uplink transport channel. Examples of the uplink transport channel include a random access channel (RACH) for transmitting an initial control message and an uplink SCH for transmitting user traffic or control messages. 
     Examples of logical channels belonging to a higher channel of the transport channel and mapped onto the transport channels include a broadcast channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a multicast traffic channel (MTCH), etc. 
     The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in a time domain and several sub-carriers in a frequency domain. One sub-frame includes a plurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. A resource block is a unit of resource allocation, and consists of a plurality of OFDM symbols and a plurality of sub-carriers. Further, each subframe may use specific sub-carriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., a first OFDM symbol) of a corresponding subframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), i.e., an L1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is a unit time of subframe transmission. 
     Radio Resource Structure 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a structure of a radio frame in an NR system applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  4    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , in the NR, a radio frame may be used for performing uplink and downlink transmission. A radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined to be configured of two half-frames (HFs). A half-frame may include five 1 ms subframes (SFs). A subframe (SF) may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within a subframe may be determined in accordance with subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP). 
     In case of using a normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols. In case of using an extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. Herein, a symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and a Single Carrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA) symbol (or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol). 
     In a case where a normal CP is used, a number of symbols per slot (N slot   symb ), a number slots per frame (N frame,μ   slot ), and a number of slots per subframe (N subframe   slot ) may be varied based on an SCS configuration (μ). For instance, SCS(=15*2μ), N slot   symb , N frame,μ   slot  and N subframe,μ   slot  are 15 KHz, 14, 10 and 1, respectively, when μ=0, are 30 KHz, 14, 20 and 2, respectively, when μ=1, are 60 KHz, 14, 40 and 4, respectively, when μ=2, are 120 KHz, 14, 80 and 8, respectively, when μ=3, or are 240 KHz, 14, 160 and 16, respectively, when μ=4. Meanwhile, in a case where an extended CP is used, SCS (=15*2 μ ), N slot   symb , N frame,μ  and N subframe,μ  are 60 KHz, 12, 40 and 2, respectively, when μ=2. 
     In an NR system, OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on) between multiple cells being integrate to one UE may be differently configured. Accordingly, a (absolute time) duration (or section) of a time resource (e.g., subframe, slot or TTI) (collectively referred to as a time unit (TU) for simplicity) being configured of the same number of symbols may be differently configured in the integrated cells. In the NR, multiple numerologies or SCSs for supporting diverse 5G services may be supported. For example, in case an SCS is 15 kHz, a wide area of the conventional cellular bands may be supported, and, in case an SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz a dense-urban, lower latency, wider carrier bandwidth may be supported. In case the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth that is greater than 24.25 GHz may be used in order to overcome phase noise. 
     An NR frequency band may be defined as two different types of frequency ranges. The two different types of frequency ranges may be FR1 and FR2. The values of the frequency ranges may be changed (or varied), and, for example, frequency ranges corresponding to the FR1 and FR2 may be 450 MHz-6000 MHz and 24250 MHz-52600 MHz, respectively. Further, supportable SCSs is 15, 30 and 60 kHz for the FR1 and 60, 120, 240 kHz for the FR2. Among the frequency ranges that are used in an NR system, FR1 may mean a “sub 6 GHz range”, and FR2 may mean an “above 6 GHz range” and may also be referred to as a millimeter wave (mmW). 
     As described above, the values of the frequency ranges in the NR system may be changed (or varied). For example, comparing to examples for the frequency ranges described above, FR1 may be defined to include a band within a range of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. More specifically, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher being included in FR1 mat include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for diverse purposes, e.g., the unlicensed band for vehicle-specific communication (e.g., automated driving). 
       FIG.  5    illustrates a structure of a slot of an NR frame applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  5    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in a time domain. For example, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 14 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12 symbols. Alternatively, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols. 
     A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. A Resource Block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive subcarriers (e.g.,  12  subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A Bandwidth Part (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (Physical) Resource Blocks ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain, and the BWP may correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on). A carrier may include a maximum of N number BWPs (e.g., 5 BWPs). Data communication may be performed via an activated BWP. Each element may be referred to as a Resource Element (RE) within a resource grid and one complex symbol may be mapped to each element. 
     Meanwhile, a radio interface between a UE and another UE or a radio interface between the UE and a network may consist of an L1 layer, an L2 layer, and an L3 layer. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the L1 layer may imply a physical layer. In addition, for example, the L2 layer may imply at least one of a MAC layer, an RLC layer, a PDCP layer, and an SDAP layer. In addition, for example, the L3 layer may imply an RRC layer. 
     Bandwidth Part (BWP) 
     The BWP may be a set of consecutive physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a given numerology. The PRB may be selected from consecutive sub-sets of common resource blocks (CRBs) for the given numerology on a given carrier. 
     When using bandwidth adaptation (BA), a reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of a UE are not necessarily as large as a bandwidth of a cell, and the reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of the BS may be adjusted. For example, a network/BS may inform the UE of bandwidth adjustment. For example, the UE receive information/configuration for bandwidth adjustment from the network/BS. In this case, the UE may perform bandwidth adjustment based on the received information/configuration. For example, the bandwidth adjustment may include an increase/decrease of the bandwidth, a position change of the bandwidth, or a change in subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth. 
     For example, the bandwidth may be decreased during a period in which activity is low to save power. For example, the position of the bandwidth may move in a frequency domain. For example, the position of the bandwidth may move in the frequency domain to increase scheduling flexibility. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed to allow a different service. A subset of a total cell bandwidth of a cell may be called a bandwidth part (BWP). The BA may be performed when the BS/network configures the BWP to the UE and the BS/network informs the UE of the BWP currently in an active state among the configured BWPs. 
     For example, the BWP may be at least any one of an active BWP, an initial BWP, and/or a default BWP. For example, the UE may not monitor downlink radio link quality in a DL BWP other than an active DL BWP on a primary cell (PCell). For example, the UE may not receive PDCCH, PDSCH, or CSI-RS (excluding RRM) outside the active DL BWP. For example, the UE may not trigger a channel state information (CSI) report for the inactive DL BWP. For example, the UE may not transmit a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) outside an active UL BWP. For example, in a downlink case, the initial BWP may be given as a consecutive RB set for a remaining minimum system information (RMSI) control resource set (CORESET) (configured by PBCH). For example, in an uplink case, the initial BWP may be given by system information block (SIB) for a random access procedure. For example, the default BWP may be configured by a higher layer. For example, an initial value of the default BWP may be an initial DL BWP. For energy saving, if the UE fails to detect downlink control information (DCI) during a specific period, the UE may switch the active BWP of the UE to the default BWP. 
     Meanwhile, the BWP may be defined for SL. The same SL BWP may be used in transmission and reception. For example, a transmitting UE may transmit an SL channel or an SL signal on a specific BWP, and a receiving UE may receive the SL channel or the SL signal on the specific BWP. In a licensed carrier, the SL BWP may be defined separately from a Uu BWP, and the SL BWP may have configuration signaling separate from the Uu BWP. For example, the UE may receive a configuration for the SL BWP from the BS/network. The SL BWP may be (pre-)configured in a carrier with respect to an out-of-coverage NR V2X UE and an RRC_IDLE UE. For the UE in the RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one SL BWP may be activated in the carrier. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a BWP applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  6    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed in the embodiment of  FIG.  6    that the number of BWPs is 3. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a common resource block (CRB) may be a carrier resource block numbered from one end of a carrier band to the other end thereof. In addition, the PRB may be a resource block numbered within each BWP. A point A may indicate a common reference point for a resource block grid. 
     The BWP may be configured by a point A, an offset (N start   BWP ) from the point A, and a bandwidth (N size   BWP ). For example, the point A may be an external reference point of a PRB of a carrier in which a subcarrier 0 of all numerologies (e.g., all numerologies supported by a network on that carrier) is aligned. For example, the offset may be a PRB interval between a lowest subcarrier and the point A in a given numerology. For example, the bandwidth may be the number of PRBs in the given numerology. 
     V2X or Sidelink Communication 
       FIGS.  7 A and  7 B  illustrate a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. More specifically,  FIG.  7 A  exemplifies a user plane protocol stack, and  FIG.  7 B  exemplifies a control plane protocol stack. 
     Sidelink Synchronization Signal (SLSS) and Synchronization Information 
     The SLSS may include a primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS) and a secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS), as an SL-specific sequence. The PSSS may be referred to as a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS may be referred to as a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS). For example, length-127 M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS, and length-127 gold sequences may be used for the S-SSS. For example, a UE may use the S-PSS for initial signal detection and for synchronization acquisition. For example, the UE may use the S-PSS and the S-SSS for acquisition of detailed synchronization and for detection of a synchronization signal ID. 
     A physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) may be a (broadcast) channel for transmitting default (system) information which must be first known by the UE before SL signal transmission/reception. For example, the default information may be information related to SLSS, a duplex mode (DM), a time division duplex (TDD) uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration, information related to a resource pool, a type of an application related to the SLSS, a subframe offset, broadcast information, or the like. For example, for evaluation of PSBCH performance, in NR V2X, a payload size of the PSBCH may be 56 bits including 24-bit CRC. 
     The S-PSS, the S-SSS, and the PSBCH may be included in a block format (e.g., SL synchronization signal (SS)/PSBCH block, hereinafter, sidelink-synchronization signal block (S-SSB)) supporting periodical transmission. The S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CP length) as a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)/physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth may exist within a (pre-) configured sidelink (SL) BWP. For example, the S-SSB may have a bandwidth of 11 resource blocks (RBs). For example, the PSBCH may exist across 11 RBs. In addition, a frequency position of the S-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Accordingly, the UE does not have to perform hypothesis detection at frequency to discover the S-SSB in the carrier. 
     For example, based on Table 1, the UE may generate an S-SS/PSBCH block (i.e., S-SSB), and the UE may transmit the S-SS/PSBCH block (i.e., S-SSB) by mapping it on a physical resource. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 ▪ Time-frequency structure of an S-SS/PSBCH block 
               
               
                 In the time domain, an S-SS/PSBCH block consists of N symb   S-SSB  OFDM symbols, numbered in 
               
               
                 increasing order from 0 to N symb   S-SSB  − 1 within the S-SS/PSBCH block, where S-PSS, S-SSS, 
               
               
                 and PSBCH with associated DM-RS are mapped to symbols as given by Table 8.4.3.1-1. 
               
               
                 The number of OFDM symbols in an S-SS/PSBCH block N symb   S-SSB  = 13 for normal cyclic 
               
               
                 prefix and N symb   S-SSB  = 11 for extended cyclic prefix. The first OFDM symbol in an S- 
               
               
                 SS/PSBCH block is the first OFDM symbol in the slot. 
               
               
                 In the frequency domain, an S-SS/PSBCH block consists of 132 contiguous subcarriers with 
               
               
                 the subcarriers numbered in increasing order from 0 to 131 within the sidelink S- 
               
               
                 SS/PSBCH block. The quantities k and l represent the frequency and time indices, 
               
               
                 respectively, within one sidelink S-SS/PSBCH block. 
               
               
                 For an S-SS/PSBCH block, the UE shall use 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 antenna port 4000 for transmission of S-PSS, S-SSS, PSBCH and DM-RS for PSBCH: 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 the same cyclic prefix length, and subcarrier spacing for the S-PSS, S-SSS, PSBCH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and DM-RS for PSBCH. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Table 8.4.3.1-1: Resources within an S-SS/PSBCH 
               
               
                 block for S-PSS, S-SSS, PSBCH, and DM-RS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 OFDM symbol number l 
                 Subcarrier number k 
               
               
                   
                 Channel 
                 relative to the start of 
                 relative to the start of 
               
               
                   
                 or signal 
                 an S-SS/PSBCH block 
                 an S-SS/PSBCH block 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 S-PSS 
                 1, 2 
                 2, 3, . . . , 127, 128 
               
               
                   
                 S-SSS 
                 3, 4 
                 2, 3, . . . , 127, 128 
               
               
                   
                 Set to zero 
                 1, 2, 3, 4 
                 0, 1, 129, 130, 131 
               
               
                   
                 PSBCH 
                 0, 5, 6, . . . , N symb   S-SSB  − 1 
                 0, 1, . . . , 131 
               
               
                   
                 DM-RS for PSBCH 
                 0, 5, 6, . . . , N symb   S-SSB  − 1 
                 0, 4, 8, . . . , 128 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Synchronization Acquisition of SL Terminal 
     In TDMA and FDMA systems, accurate time and frequency synchronization is essential. Inaccurate time and frequency synchronization may lead to degradation of system performance due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). The same is true for V2X. For time/frequency synchronization in V2X, a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) may be used in the PHY layer, and master information block-sidelink-V2X (MIB-SL-V2X) may be used in the RLC layer. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a synchronization source or synchronization reference of V2X applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  8    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , in V2X, a UE may be synchronized with a GNSS directly or indirectly through a UE (within or out of network coverage) directly synchronized with the GNSS. When the GNSS is configured as a synchronization source, the UE may calculate a direct subframe number (DFN) and a subframe number by using a coordinated universal time (UTC) and a (pre)determined DFN offset. 
     Alternatively, the UE may be synchronized with a BS directly or with another UE which has been time/frequency synchronized with the BS. For example, the BS may be an eNB or a gNB. For example, when the UE is in network coverage, the UE may receive synchronization information provided by the BS and may be directly synchronized with the BS. Thereafter, the UE may provide synchronization information to another neighboring UE. When a BS timing is set as a synchronization reference, the UE may follow a cell associated with a corresponding frequency (when within the cell coverage in the frequency), a primary cell, or a serving cell (when out of cell coverage in the frequency), for synchronization and DL measurement. 
     The BS (e.g., serving cell) may provide a synchronization configuration for a carrier used for V2X or SL communication. In this case, the UE may follow the synchronization configuration received from the BS. When the UE fails in detecting any cell in the carrier used for the V2X or SL communication and receiving the synchronization configuration from the serving cell, the UE may follow a predetermined synchronization configuration. 
     Alternatively, the UE may be synchronized with another UE which has not obtained synchronization information directly or indirectly from the BS or GNSS. A synchronization source and a preference may be preset for the UE. Alternatively, the synchronization source and the preference may be configured for the UE by a control message provided by the BS. 
     An SL synchronization source may be related to a synchronization priority. For example, the relationship between synchronization sources and synchronization priorities may be defined as shown in [Table 2] or [Table 3]. [Table 2] or [Table 3] is merely an example, and the relationship between synchronization sources and synchronization priorities may be defined in various manners. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Priority 
                 GNSS-based 
                 eNB/gNB-based 
               
               
                 Level 
                 synchronization 
                 synchronization 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 P0 
                 GNSS 
                 eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P1 
                 All UEs synchronized 
                 All UEs synchronized directly 
               
               
                   
                 directly with GNSS 
                 with NB/gNB 
               
               
                 P2 
                 All UEs synchronized 
                 All UEs synchronized indirectly 
               
               
                   
                 indirectly with GNSS 
                 with eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P3 
                 All other UEs 
                 GNSS 
               
               
                 P4 
                 N/A 
                 All UEs synchronized directly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with GNSS 
               
               
                 P5 
                 N/A 
                 All UEs synchronized indirectly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with GNSS 
               
               
                 P6 
                 N/A 
                 All other UEs 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Priority 
                 GNSS-based 
                 eNB/gNB-based 
               
               
                 Level 
                 synchronization 
                 synchronization 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 P0 
                 GNSS 
                 eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P1 
                 All UEs synchronized 
                 All UEs synchronized directly 
               
               
                   
                 directly with GNSS 
                 with eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P2 
                 All UEs synchronized 
                 All UEs synchronized indirectly 
               
               
                   
                 indirectly with GNSS 
                 with eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P3 
                 eNB/gNB 
                 GNSS 
               
               
                 P4 
                 All UEs synchronized 
                 All UEs synchronized directly 
               
               
                   
                 directly with eNB/gNB 
                 with GNSS 
               
               
                 P5 
                 All UEs synchronized 
                 All UEs synchronized indirectly 
               
               
                   
                 indirectly with eNB/gNB 
                 with GNSS 
               
               
                 P6 
                 Remaining UE(s) with 
                 Remaining UE(s) with 
               
               
                   
                 lower priority 
                 lower priority 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In [Table 2] or [Table 3], P0 may represent a highest priority, and P6 may represent a lowest priority. In [Table 2] or [Table 3], the BS may include at least one of a gNB or an eNB. 
     Whether to use GNSS-based synchronization or eNB/gNB-based synchronization may be (pre)determined. In a single-carrier operation, the UE may derive its transmission timing from an available synchronization reference with the highest priority. 
     For example, the UE may (re)select a synchronization reference, and the UE may obtain synchronization from the synchronization reference. In addition, the UE may perform SL communication (e.g., PSCCH/PSSCH transmission/reception, physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) transmission/reception, S-SSB transmission/reception, reference signal transmission/reception, etc.) based on the obtained synchronization. 
       FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  illustrate a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a terminal based on a transmission mode applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the transmission mode may be called a mode or a resource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, in LTE, the transmission mode may be called an LTE transmission mode. In NR, the transmission mode may be called an NR resource allocation mode. 
     For example,  FIG.  9 A  exemplifies a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 1 or an LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example,  FIG.  9 B  exemplifies a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, the LTE transmission mode 1 may be applied to general SL communication, and the LTE transmission mode 3 may be applied to V2X communication. 
     For example,  FIG.  9 B  exemplifies a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 2 or an LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example,  FIG.  9 A  exemplifies a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 2. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 A , in the LTE transmission mode 1, the LTE transmission mode 3, or the NR resource allocation mode 1, a BS may schedule an SL resource to be used by the UE for SL transmission. For example, a base station may transmit information related to SL resource(s) and/or information related to UL resource(s) to a first UE. For example, the UL resource(s) may include PUCCH resource(s) and/or PUSCH resource(s). For example, the UL resource(s) may be resource(s) for reporting SL HARQ feedback to the base station. 
     For example, the first UE may receive information related to dynamic grant (DG) resource(s) and/or information related to configured grant (CG) resource(s) from the base station. For example, the CG resource(s) may include CG type 1 resource(s) or CG type 2 resource(s). In the present disclosure, the DG resource(s) may be resource(s) configured/allocated by the base station to the first UE through a downlink control information (DCI). In the present disclosure, the CG resource(s) may be (periodic) resource(s) configured/allocated by the base station to the first UE through a DCI and/or an RRC message. For example, in the case of the CG type 1 resource(s), the base station may transmit an RRC message including information related to CG resource(s) to the first UE. For example, in the case of the CG type 2 resource(s), the base station may transmit an RRC message including information related to CG resource(s) to the first UE, and the base station may transmit a DCI related to activation or release of the CG resource(s) to the first UE. 
     Subsequently, the first UE may transmit a PSCCH (e.g., sidelink control information (SCI) or 1 st -stage SCI) to a second UE based on the resource scheduling. After then, the first UE may transmit a PSSCH (e.g., 2 nd -stage SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) related to the PSCCH to the second UE. After then, the first UE may receive a PSFCH related to the PSCCH/PSSCH from the second UE. For example, HARQ feedback information (e.g., NACK information or ACK information) may be received from the second UE through the PSFCH. After then, the first UE may transmit/report HARQ feedback information to the base station through the PUCCH or the PUSCH. For example, the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information generated by the first UE based on the HARQ feedback information received from the second UE. For example, the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information generated by the first UE based on a pre-configured rule. For example, the DCI may be a DCI for SL scheduling. For example, a format of the DCI may be a DCI format 3_0 or a DCI format 3_1. Table 4 shows an example of a DCI for SL scheduling. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3GPP TS 38.212 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 ▪ Format 3_0 
               
               
                 DCI format 3_0 is used for scheduling of NR PSCCH and NR PSSCH in one cell. 
               
               
                 The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format 3_0 with CRC scrambled 
               
               
                 by SL-RNTI or SL-CS-RNTI: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 Resource pool index - ┌log 2  l┐ bits, where l is the number of resource pools for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 transmission configured by the higher layer parameter sl-TxPoolScheduling. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Time gap - 3 bits determined by higher layer parameter sl-DCI-ToSL-Trans, as 
               
               
                   
                   
                 defined in clause 8.1.2.1 of [6, TS 38.214] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 HARQ process number - 4 bits as defined in clause 16.4 of [5, TS 38.213] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 New data indicator - 1 bit as defined in clause 16.4 of [5, TS 38.213] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Lowest index of the subchannel allocation to the initial transmission -┌log 2 (N subChannel   SL )┐ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bits as defined in clause 8.1.2.2 of [6, TS 38.214] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 - 
                 SCI formal 1 - A fields according to clause 8.3.1.1: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 Frequency resource assignment. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Time resource assignment. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 - 
                 PSFCH-to-HARQ feedback timing indicator - ┌log 2  N fb     —     timing ┐ bits, where N fb     —     timing  is the 
               
               
                   
                 number of entries in the higher layer parameter sl-PSFCH-ToPUCCH, as defined in 
               
               
                   
                 clause 16.5 of [5, TS 38.213] 
               
               
                 - 
                 PUCCH resource indicator - 3 bits as defined in clause 16.5 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
               
               
                 - 
                 Configuration index - 0 bit if the UE is not configured to monitor DCI format 3_0 with 
               
               
                   
                 CRC scrambled by SL-CS-RNTI: otherwise 3 bits as defined in clause 8.1.2 of [6, TS 
               
               
                   
                 38.214]. If the UE is configured to monitor DCI format. 3_0 with CRC scrambled by SL- 
               
               
                   
                 CS-RNTI, this field is reserved for DCI format 3_0 with CRC scrambled by SL-RNTI. 
               
               
                 - 
                 Counter sidelink assignment index - 2 bits 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 2 bits as defined in clause 16.5.2 of [5, TS 38.213] if the UE is configured with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pdsch-HARQ-ACK-Codebook = dynamic 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 2 bits as defined in clause 16.5.1 of [5, TS 38.213] if the UE is configured with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pdsch-HARQ-ACK-Codebook = semi-static 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 - 
                 Padding bits, if required 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 ▪ Format 3_1 
               
               
                 DCI format 3_1 is used for scheduling of LTE PSCCH and LTE PSSCH in one cell. 
               
               
                 The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format 3_1 with CRC scramble   
               
               
                 by SL-L-CS-RNTI: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 Timing offset - 3 bits determined by higher layer parameter sl-TimeOffsetEUTRA,    
               
               
                   
                   
                 defined in clause 16.6 of [5, TS 38.213] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Carrier indicator - 3 bits as defined in 5.3.3.1.9A of [11, TS 36.212]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Lowest index of the subchannel allocation to the initial transmission - ┌log 2 (N subChannel   SL )   
               
               
                   
                   
                 bits as defined in 5.3.3.1.9A of [11, TS 36.212]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Frequency resource location of initial transmission and retransmission, as defined    
               
               
                   
                   
                 5.3.3.1.9A of [11. TS 36.212] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Time gap between initial transmission and retransmission, as defined in 5.3.3.1.9A    
               
               
                   
                   
                 [11, TS 36.212] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 SL index - 2 bits as defined in 5.3.3.1.9A of [11, TS 36.212] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 SL SPS configuration index - 3 bits as defined in clause 5.3.3.1.9A of [11, TS 36.212   
               
               
                 - 
                   
                  Activation/release indication - 1 bit as defined in clause 5.3.3.1.9A of [11, T   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 36.212]. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIG.  9 B , in the LTE transmission mode 2, the LTE transmission mode 4, or the NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may determine an SL transmission resource within an SL resource configured by a BS/network or a pre-configured SL resource. For example, the configured SL resource or the pre-configured SL resource may be a resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select or schedule a resource for SL transmission. For example, the UE may perform SL communication by autonomously selecting a resource within a configured resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select a resource within a selective window by performing a sensing and resource (re)selection procedure. For example, the sensing may be performed in unit of subchannel(s). For example, subsequently, a first UE which has selected resource(s) from a resource pool by itself may transmit a PSCCH (e.g., sidelink control information (SCI) or 1st-stage SCI) to a second UE by using the resource(s). After then, the first UE may transmit a PSSCH (e.g., 2 nd -stage SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) related to the PSCCH to the second UE. In step S 8030 , the first UE may receive a PSFCH related to the PSCCH/PSSCH from the second UE. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  9 A and  9 B , for example, the first UE may transmit a SCI to the second UE through the PSCCH. Alternatively, for example, the first UE may transmit two consecutive SCIs (e.g., 2-stage SCI) to the second UE through the PSCCH and/or the PSSCH. In this case, the second UE may decode two consecutive SCIs (e.g., 2-stage SCI) to receive the PSSCH from the first UE. In the present disclosure, a SCI transmitted through a PSCCH may be referred to as a 1 st  SCI, a first SCI, a 1 st -stage SCI or a 1st-stage SCI format, and a SCI transmitted through a PSSCH may be referred to as a 2 nd  SCI, a second SCI, a 2 nd -stage SCI or a 2 nd -stage SCI format. For example, the 1st-stage SCI format may include a SCI format 1-A, and the 2 nd -stage SCI format may include a SCI format 2-A and/or a SCI format 2-B. Table 5 shows an example of a 1st-stage SCI format. 
                     TABLE 5               3GPPTS 38.212                                    ▪ SCI format 1-A        SCI format 1-A is used for the scheduling of PSSCH and 2 nd -stage-SCI on PSSCH       The following information is transmitted by means of the SCI format 1A:        — Prioritity - 3 bits as specified in clause 5.4.3.3 of [12. TS 23.287] and clause 5.22.1.3.1 of [8, TS 38.321].                — 
         Frequency   ⁢         resource   ⁢         assignment     -     ⌈       log   2     (         N   subChannel   SL     (       N   subChannel   SL     +   1     )     2     )     ⌉         
                  bits when the value of the higher layer parameter sl-MaxNumPerReserve is configured to 2: otherwise                  
       ⌈       log   2     (           N   subChannel   SL     (       N   subChannel   SL     +   1     )     ⁢   2   ⁢     (       N   subChannel   SL     +   1     )       6     )     ⌉       
                  bits when the value of the higher layer          parameter sl-MaxNumPerReserve is configured to 3, as defined in clause 8.1.2.2 of [6, TS 38.214].        — Time resource assignment - 5 bits when the value of the higher layer parameter sl-MaxNumPerReserve           is configured to 2; otherwise 9 bits when the value of the higher layer parameter           sl-MaxNumPerReserve is configured to 3, as defined in clause 8.1.2.1 of [6, TS 38.214].        — Resource reservation period - [log 2  N rsv _period] bits as defined in clause 8.1.4 of [6, TS 38.214], where          N rsv _period is the number of entries in the higher layer parameter sl-ResourceReservePeriodList, if          higher layer parameter sl-MultiReserveResource is configured; 0 bits otherwise.        — DMRS pattern - [log 2 N pattern ] bits as defined in clause 8.4.1.1.2 of [4, TS 38.211], where N pattern  is the          number of DMRS patterns configured by higher layer parameter sl-PSSCH- DMRS-TimePatternList.        — 2 nd -stage SCI format - 2 bits as defined in Table 8.3.1.1-1.         — Beta_offset indicator - 2 bits as provided by higher layer parameter sl-BetaOffsets2ndSCI and Table 8.3.1.1-2.        — Number of DMRS port - 1 bit as defined in Table 8.3.1.1-3.         — Modulation and coding scheme - 5 bits as defined in clause 8.1.3 of [6, TS 38.214].        — Additional MCS table indicator - as defined in clause 8.13.1 of [6, TS 38.214]: 1 bit if one MCS table is          configured by higher layer parameter sl-Additional-MCS-Table; 2 bits if two MCS tables are configured by          by higher layer parameter sl-Additional-MCS-Table; 0 bit otherwise.        — PSFCH overhead indication - 1 bit as defined clause 8.1.3.2 of [6, TS 38.214] if higher            layer parameter sl-PSFCH-Period = 2 or 4: 0 bit otherwise.        — Reserved - a number of bits as determined by higher layer parameter sl-NumReservedBits,           with value set to zero.               Table 8.3.1.1-1        2 nd -stage SCI formats                     Value of 2nd-stage SCI format field   2nd-stage SCI format               00   SCI format 2-A       01   SCI format 2-B       10   Reserved       11   Reserved                         Table 8.3.1.1-2:       Mapping of Beta_offset indicator values to indexes in Table 9.3-2 of [5, TS38.213]                     Value of Beta_offset indicator   Beta_offset index in Table 9.3-2 of [5, TS38.213]               00   1st index provided by higher layer parameter           sl-BetaOffsets2ndSCI       01   2nd index provided by higher layer parameter           sl-BetaOffsets2ndSCI       10   3rd index provided by higher layer parameter           sl-BetaOffsets2ndSCI       11   4th index provided by higher layer parameter           sl-BetaOffsets2ndSCI                    
Table 6 shows an example of a 2 nd -stage SCI format.
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3GPP TS 38.212 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ▪ SCI format 2-A 
               
               
                   
                 SCI format 2-A is used for the decoding of PSSCH, with HARQ 
               
               
                   
                 operation when HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information includes ACK or NACK, when HARQ-ACK information 
               
               
                   
                 includes only NACK, or 
               
               
                   
                 when there is no feedback of HARQ-ACK information. 
               
               
                   
                 The following information is transmitted by means of the 
               
               
                   
                 SCI format 2-A: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 HARQ process number - 4 bits as defined in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clause 16.4 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 New data indicator - 1 bit as defined in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clause 16.4 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Redundancy version - 2 bits as defined in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clause 16.4 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Source ID - 8 hits as defined in clause 8.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Destination ID - 16 bits as defined in clause 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8.1 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 HARQ feedback enabled/disabled indicator - 1 bit 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as defined in clause 16.3 of [5, TS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 38.213]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Cast type indicator - 2 bits as defined, in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Table 8.4.1.1-1. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 CSI request - 1 bit as defined in clause 8.2.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Table 8.4.1.1-1: 
               
               
                 Cast type indicator 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Value of Cast 
                   
               
               
                 type indicator 
                 Cast type 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 00 
                 Broadcast 
               
               
                 01 
                 Groupcast when HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information includes 
               
               
                   
                 ACK or NACK 
               
               
                 10 
                 Unicast 
               
               
                 11 
                 Groupcast when HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information includes 
               
               
                   
                 only NACK 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ▪ SCI format 2-B 
               
               
                   
                 SCI format 2-B is used for the decoding of PSSCH, with HARQ 
               
               
                   
                 operation when HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information includes only NACK, or when there is no feedback 
               
               
                   
                 of HARQ-ACK information. 
               
               
                   
                 The following information is transmitted by means of the 
               
               
                   
                 SCI format 2-B: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 HARQ process number - 4 bits as defined in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clause 16.4 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 New data indicator - 1 bit as defined in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clause 16.4 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Redundancy version - 2 bits as defined in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clause 16.4 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Source ID - 8 bits as defined in clause 8.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Destination ID - 16 bits as defined in clause 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8.1 of [6, TS 38.214]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 HARQ feedback enabled/disabled indicator - 1 bit 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as defined in clause 16.3 of [5, TS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 38.213]. 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 Zone ID - 12 bits as defined in clause 5.8.11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of [9, TS 38.331]. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 Communication range requirement - 4 bits determined by higher 
               
               
                   
                   
                 layer parameter sl- 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ZoneConfigMCR-Index. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIGS.  9 A and  9 B , the first UE may receive the PSFCH based on Table 7. For example, the first UE and the second UE may determine a PSFCH resource based on Table 7, and the second UE may transmit HARQ feedback to the first UE using the PSFCH resource. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3GPP TS 38.213 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 ▪ UE procedure for reporting HARQ-ACK on sidelink 
               
               
                 A UE can be indicated by an SCI format scheduling a PSSCH reception, in one or more sub- 
               
               
                 channels from a number of N subch   PSSCH  sub-channels, to transmit a PSFCH with HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                 information in response to the PSSCH reception. The UE provides HARQ-ACK information 
               
               
                 that includes ACK or NACK, or only NACK. 
               
               
                 A UE can be provided, by sl-PSFCH-Period-r16, a number of slots in a resource pool for a 
               
               
                 period of PSFCH transmission occasion resources. If the number is zero, PSFCH 
               
               
                 transmissions from the UE in the resource pool are disabled. 
               
               
                 A UE expects that a slot t′ k   SL  (0 ≤ k &lt; T′ max ) has a PSFCH transmission occasion resource if 
               
               
                 k mod N PSSCH   PSPCH  = 0, where t′ k   SL  is defined in [6, TS 38.214], and T′ max  is a number of slots that 
               
               
                 belong to the resource pool within 10240 msec according to [6, TS 38.214], and N PSSCH   PSFCH  is 
               
               
                 provided by sl-PSFCH-Period-r16. 
               
               
                 A UE may be indicated by higher layers to not transmit a PSFCH in response to a PSSCH 
               
               
                 reception [11, TS 38.321]. 
               
               
                 If a UE receives a PSSCH in a resource pool and the HARQ feedback enabled/disabled 
               
               
                 indicator field in an associated SCI format 2-A or a SCI format 2-B has value 1 [5, TS 
               
               
                 38.212], the UE provides the HARQ-ACK information in a PSFCH transmission in the 
               
               
                 resource pool. The UE transmits the PSFCH in a first slot that includes PSFCH resources 
               
               
                 and is at least a number of slots, provided by sl-MinTimeGapPSFCH-r16, of the resource 
               
               
                 pool after a last slot of the PSSCH reception. 
               
               
                 A UE is provided by sl-PSFCH-RB-Set-r16 a set of M PRB, set   PS    CH PRBs in a resource pool for 
               
               
                 PSFCH transmission in a PRB of the resource pool. For a number of N subch  sub-channels for 
               
               
                 the resource pool, provided by sl-NumSubchannel, and a number of PSSCH slots associated 
               
               
                 with a PSFCH slot that is less than or equal to N PSSCH   PS    CH, the UE allocates the 
               
               
                 [(i + j · N PSSCH   PS    CH) · M subch, slot   PS    CH, (i + 1 + j · N PSSCH   PS    CH) · 
               
               
                 M subch, slot   PS    CH − 1] PRBs from the M PRB, set   PS    CH PRBs to 
               
               
                 slot i among the PSSCH slots associated with the PSFCH slot and sub-channel j, where 
               
               
                 M subch, slot   PS    CH = M PRB, set   PS    CH/(N subch  · N PSSCH   PS    CH), 0 ≤ i &lt; N PSSCH   PS    CH, 
               
               
                 0 ≤ j &lt; N subch , and the allocation starts 
               
               
                 in an ascending order of i and continues in an ascending order of j. The UE expects that 
               
               
                 M PRB, set   PS    CH is a multiple of N subch  · N PSSCH   PS    CH. 
               
               
                 A UE determines a number of PSFCH resources available for multiplexing HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                 information in a PSFCH transmission as R PRB, CS   PS    CH = N type   PS    CH · M subch, slot   PS    CH · 
               
               
                 N CS   PS    CH where N CS   PS    CH 
               
               
                 is a number of cyclic shift pairs for the resource pool and, based on an indication by higher 
               
               
                 layers. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 N type   PS    CH = 1 and the M subch, slot   PS    CH PRBs are associated with the starting sub-channel of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 corresponding PSSCH 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 N type   PS    CH = N subch   PSSCH  and the N subch   PSSCH  · M subch, slot   PSSCH  PRBs are associated with one or more 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sub-channels from the N subch   PSSCH  sub-channels of the corresponding PSSCH 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 The PSFCH resources are first indexed according to an ascending order of the PRB index. 
               
               
                 from the N type   PS    CH · M subch, slot   PS    CH PRBs, and then according to an ascending order of the cyclic 
               
               
                 shift pair index from the N CS   PSPCH  cyclic shift pairs. 
               
               
                 A UE determines an index of a PSFCH resource for a PSFCH transmission in response to a 
               
               
                 PSSCH reception as (P ID  + M ID )modR PRB, CS   PS    CH where P ID  is a physical layer source ID provided 
               
               
                 by SCI format 2-A or 2-B [5, TS 38.212] scheduling the PSSCH reception, and M ID  is the 
               
               
                 identity of the UE receiving the PSSCH as indicated by higher layers if the UE detects a SCI 
               
               
                 formal 2-A with Cast type indicator field value of “01”; otherwise, M ID  is zero. 
               
               
                 A UE determines a m 0  value, for computing a value of cyclic shift α [4, TS 38.211], from a 
               
               
                 cyclic shift pair index corresponding to a PSFCH resource index and from N CS   PS    CH using 
               
               
                 Table 16.3-1. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Table 16.3-1: Set of cyclic shift pairs 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 m   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cyclic 
                 Cyclic 
                 Cyclic 
                 Cyclic 
                 Cyclic 
                 Cyclic 
               
               
                   
                 Shift Pair 
                 Shift Pair 
                 Shift Pair 
                 Shift Pair 
                 Shift Pair 
                 Shift Pair 
               
               
                 N CS   PS    CH 
                 Index 0 
                 Index 1 
                 Index 2 
                 Index 3 
                 Index 4 
                 Index 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 2 
                 4 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 A UE determines a m cs  value, for computing a value of cyclic shift α [4, TS 38.211], as in 
               
               
                 Table 16.3-2 if the UE detects a SCI format 2-A with Cast type indicator field value of “01” 
               
               
                 or “10”, or as in Table 16.3-3 if the UE detects a SCI format 2-B or a SCI format 2-A with 
               
               
                 Cast type indicator field value of “11”. The UE applies one cyclic shift from a cyclic shift pair 
               
               
                 to a sequence used for the PSFCH transmission [4. TS 38.211]. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Table 16.3-2: Mapping of HARQ-ACK information bit values to a cyclic shift, from a cyclic 
               
               
                 shift pair, of a sequence for a PSFCH transmission when HARQ-ACK information includes 
               
               
                 ACK or NACK 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 HARQ-ACK Value 
                 0 (NACK) 
                 1 (ACK) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence cyclic shift 
                 0 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Table 16.3-3: Mapping of HARQ-ACK information bit values to a cyclic shift, from a cyclic 
               
               
                 shift pair, of a sequence for a PSFCH transmission when HARQ-ACK information includes 
               
               
                 only NACK 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 HARQ-ACK Value 
                 0 (NACK) 
                 1 (ACK) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence cyclic shift 
                 0 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIG.  9 A , the first UE may transmit SL HARQ feedback to the base station through the PUCCH and/or the PUSCH based on Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3GPP TS 38.213 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16.5 UE procedure for reporting HARQ-ACK on uplink 
               
               
                   
                 A UE can be provided PUCCH resources or PUSCH resources [12, 
               
               
                   
                 TS 32.331] to report 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information that the UE generates based on HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information that the UE 
               
               
                   
                 obtains from PSFCH receptions, or from absence of PSFCH 
               
               
                   
                 receptions. The UE reports 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information on the primary cell of the PUCCH group, 
               
               
                   
                 as described in Clause 9, 
               
               
                   
                 of the cell where the UE monitors PDCCH for detection of 
               
               
                   
                 DCI format 3_0. 
               
               
                   
                 For SL configured grant Type 1 or Type 2 PSSCH transmissions 
               
               
                   
                 by a UE within a time period 
               
               
                   
                 provided by sl-PeriodCG, the UE generates one HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information bit in response to 
               
               
                   
                 the PSFCH receptions to multiplex in a PUCCH transmission 
               
               
                   
                 occasion that is after a last time 
               
               
                   
                 resource, in a set of time resources. 
               
               
                   
                 For PSSCH transmissions scheduled by a DCI format 3_0, a UE 
               
               
                   
                 generates HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information in response to PSFCH receptions to multiplex in 
               
               
                   
                 a PUCCH transmission occasion 
               
               
                   
                 that is after a last time resource in a set of time resources 
               
               
                   
                 provided by the DCI format 3_0. 
               
               
                   
                 For each PSFCH reception occasion, from a number of PSFCH 
               
               
                   
                 reception occasions, the UE 
               
               
                   
                 generates HARQ-ACK information to report in a PUCCH or PUSCH 
               
               
                   
                 transmission. The UE 
               
               
                   
                 can be indicated by a SCI format to perform one of the following 
               
               
                   
                 and the UE constructs a 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK codeword with HARQ-ACK information, when applicable 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 if the UE receives a PSFCH associated with a SCI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 format 2-A with Cast type indicator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 field value of “10” 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 generate HARQ-ACK information with same value 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as a value of HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 information the UE determines from a PSFCH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reception in the PSFCH reception 
               
               
                   
                   
                 occasion and, if the UE determines that a PSFCH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is not received at the PSFCH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reception occasion, generate NACK 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 if the UE receives a PSFCH associated with a SCI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 format 2-A with Cast type indicator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 field value of “01” 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 generate ACK if the UE determines ACK from at 
               
               
                   
                   
                 least one PSFCH reception 
               
               
                   
                   
                 occasion, from the number of PSFCH reception 
               
               
                   
                   
                 occasions, in PSFCH resources 
               
               
                   
                   
                 corresponding to every identity M ID  of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the UEs that the UE expects to receive the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PSSCH, as described in Clause 16.3; otherwise, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 generate NACK 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 if the UE receives a PSFCH associated with a SCI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 format 2-B or a SCI format 2-A with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cast type indicator field value of “11” 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 generate ACK when the UE determines absence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of PSFCH reception for each 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PSFCH reception occasion from the number of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PSFCH reception occasions; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 otherwise, generate NACK 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 After a UE transmits PSSCHs and receives PSFCHs in corresponding 
               
               
                   
                 PSFCH resource 
               
               
                   
                 occasions, the priority value of HARQ-ACK information is same 
               
               
                   
                 as the priority value of the 
               
               
                   
                 PSSCH transmissions that is associated with the PSFCH reception 
               
               
                   
                 occasions providing the 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information. 
               
               
                   
                 The UE generates a NACK when, due to prioritization, as described 
               
               
                   
                 in Clause 16.2.4, the UE 
               
               
                   
                 does not receive PSFCH in any PSFCH reception occasion associated 
               
               
                   
                 with a PSSCH 
               
               
                   
                 transmission in a resource provided by a DCI format 3_0 with CRC 
               
               
                   
                 scrambled by a SL-RNTI 
               
               
                   
                 or, for a configured grant, in a resource provided in a single 
               
               
                   
                 period and for which the UE is 
               
               
                   
                 provided a PUCCH resource to report HARQ-ACK information. The 
               
               
                   
                 priority value of the 
               
               
                   
                 NACK is same as the priority value of the PSSCH transmission. 
               
               
                   
                 The UE generates a NACK when, due to prioritization as described 
               
               
                   
                 in Clause 16.2.4, the UE 
               
               
                   
                 does not transmit a PSSCH in any of the resources provided by 
               
               
                   
                 a DCI format 3_0 with CPC 
               
               
                   
                 scrambled by SL-RNTI or, for a configured grant, in any of the 
               
               
                   
                 resources provided in a single 
               
               
                   
                 period and for which the UE is provided a PUCCH resource to 
               
               
                   
                 report HARQ-ACK information. 
               
               
                   
                 The priority value of the NACK is same as the priority value of 
               
               
                   
                 the PSSCH that was not 
               
               
                   
                 transmitted due to prioritization. 
               
               
                   
                 The UE generates an ACK if the UE does not transmit a PSCCH with 
               
               
                   
                 a SCI format 1-A 
               
               
                   
                 scheduling a PSSCH in any of the resources provided by a 
               
               
                   
                 configured grant in a single period 
               
               
                   
                 and for which the UE is provided a PUCCH resource to report HARQ- 
               
               
                   
                 ACK information. The 
               
               
                   
                 priority value of the ACK is same as the largest priority value 
               
               
                   
                 among the possible priority 
               
               
                   
                 values for the configured grant. 
               
               
                   
                 A UE does not expect to be provided PUCCH resources or PUSCH 
               
               
                   
                 resources to report 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information that start earlier than (N + 1) · 
               
               
                   
                 (2048 + 144) · κ · 2 μ  · T c  after the end 
               
               
                   
                 of a last symbol of a last PSFCH reception occasion, from a 
               
               
                   
                 number of PSFCH reception 
               
               
                   
                 occasions that the UE generates HARQ-ACK information to report 
               
               
                   
                 in a PUCCH or PUSCH 
               
               
                   
                 transmission, where 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 - 
                 κ and T c  are defined in [4, TS 38.211] 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 μ = min (μ SL , μ UL ), where μ SL  is the SCS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 configuration of the SL BWP and μ UL  is the SCS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 configuration of the active UL BWP on the primary cell 
               
               
                   
                 - 
                 N is determined from μ according to Table 16.5-1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Table 16.5-1: Values of N 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 μ 
                 N 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 With reference to slots for PUCCH transmissions and for 
               
               
                   
                 a number of PSFCH reception 
               
               
                   
                 occasions ending in slot n, the UE provides the generated 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information in a 
               
               
                   
                 PUCCH transmission within slot n + k, subject to the 
               
               
                   
                 overlapping conditions in Clause 9.2.5. 
               
               
                   
                 where k is a number of slots indicated by a PSFCH-to- 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ_feedback timing indicator 
               
               
                   
                 field, if present, in a DCI format indicating a slot for 
               
               
                   
                 PUCCH transmission to report the HARQ- 
               
               
                   
                 ACK information, or k is provided by sl-PSFCH-ToPUCCH- 
               
               
                   
                 CG-Type1-r16. k = 0 
               
               
                   
                 corresponds to a last slot for a PUCCH transmission that 
               
               
                   
                 would overlap with the last PSFCH 
               
               
                   
                 reception occasion assuming that the start of the sidelink 
               
               
                   
                 frame is same as the start of the 
               
               
                   
                 downlink frame [4, TS 38.211]. 
               
               
                   
                 For a PSSCH transmission by a UE that is scheduled by a 
               
               
                   
                 DCI format, or for a SL configured 
               
               
                   
                 grant Type 2 PSSCH transmission activated by a DCI format, 
               
               
                   
                 the DCI format indicates to the 
               
               
                   
                 UE that a PUCCH resource is not provided when a value of 
               
               
                   
                 the PUCCH resource indicator 
               
               
                   
                 field is zero and a value of PSFCH-to-HARQ feedback timing 
               
               
                   
                 indicator field, if present, is 
               
               
                   
                 zero. For a SL configured grant Type 1 PSSCH transmission, 
               
               
                   
                 a PUCCH resource can be 
               
               
                   
                 provided by sl-N1PUCCH-AN-r16 and sl-PSFCH-ToPUCCH-CG- 
               
               
                   
                 Type1-r16. If a PUCCH 
               
               
                   
                 resource is not provided, the UE does not transmit a 
               
               
                   
                 PUCCH with generated HARQ-ACK 
               
               
                   
                 information from PSFCH reception occasions. 
               
               
                   
                 For a PUCCH transmission with HARQ-ACK information, a 
               
               
                   
                 UE determines a PUCCH resource 
               
               
                   
                 after determining a set of PUCCH resources for O UCI  HARQ- 
               
               
                   
                 ACK information bits, as 
               
               
                   
                 described in Clause 9.2.1. The PUCCH resource determination 
               
               
                   
                 is based on a PUCCH resource 
               
               
                   
                 indicator field [5, TS 38.212] in a last DCI formal 
               
               
                   
                 3_0, among the DCI formats 3_0 that have 
               
               
                   
                 a value of a PSFCH-to-HARQ_feedback timing indicator field 
               
               
                   
                 indicating a same slot for the 
               
               
                   
                 PUCCH transmission, that the UE detects and for which the 
               
               
                   
                 UE transmits corresponding 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information in the PUCCH where, for PUCCH resource 
               
               
                   
                 determination, detected 
               
               
                   
                 DCI formats are indexed in an ascending order across PDCCH 
               
               
                   
                 monitoring occasion indexes. 
               
               
                   
                 A UE does not expect to multiplex HARQ-ACK information for 
               
               
                   
                 more than one SL configured 
               
               
                   
                 grants in a same PUCCH. 
               
               
                   
                 A priority value of a PUCCH transmission with one or more 
               
               
                   
                 sidelink HARQ-ACK information 
               
               
                   
                 bits is the smallest priority value for the one or more 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ-ACK information bits. 
               
               
                   
                 In the following, the CRC for DCI format 3_0 is scrambled 
               
               
                   
                 with a SL-RNTI or a SL-CS-RNTI. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS.  10 A to  10 C  illustrate three cast types applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  10 A to  10 C  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Specifically,  FIG.  10 A  exemplifies broadcast-type SL communication,  FIG.  10 B  exemplifies unicast type-SL communication, and  FIG.  10 C  exemplifies groupcast-type SL communication. In case of the unicast-type SL communication, a UE may perform one-to-one communication with respect to another UE. In case of the groupcast-type SL transmission, the UE may perform SL communication with respect to one or more UEs in a group to which the UE belongs. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, SL groupcast communication may be replaced with SL multicast communication, SL one-to-many communication, or the like. 
     Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ) Procedure 
     SL HARQ feedback may be enabled for unicast. In this case, in a non-code block group (non-CBG) operation, when the receiving UE decodes a PSCCH directed to it and succeeds in decoding an RB related to the PSCCH, the receiving UE may generate an HARQ-ACK and transmit the HARQ-ACK to the transmitting UE. On the other hand, after the receiving UE decodes the PSCCH directed to it and fails in decoding the TB related to the PSCCH, the receiving UE may generate an HARQ-NACK and transmit the HARQ-NACK to the transmitting UE. 
     For example, SL HARQ feedback may be enabled for groupcast. For example, in a non-CBG operation, two HARQ feedback options may be supported for groupcast. 
     (1) Groupcast option 1: When the receiving UE decodes a PSCCH directed to it and then fails to decode a TB related to the PSCCH, the receiving UE transmits an HARQ-NACK on a PSFCH to the transmitting UE. On the contrary, when the receiving UE decodes the PSCCH directed to it and then succeeds in decoding the TB related to the PSCCH, the receiving UE may not transmit an HARQ-ACK to the transmitting UE. 
     (2) Groupcast option 2: When the receiving UE decodes a PSCCH directed to it and then fails to decode a TB related to the PSCCH, the receiving UE transmits an HARQ-NACK on a PSFCH to the transmitting UE. On the contrary, when the receiving UE decodes the PSCCH directed to it and then succeeds in decoding the TB related to the PSCCH, the receiving UE may transmit an HARQ-ACK to the transmitting UE on the PSFCH. 
     For example, when groupcast option 1 is used for SL HARQ feedback, all UEs performing groupcast communication may share PSFCH resources. For example, UEs belonging to the same group may transmit HARQ feedbacks in the same PSFCH resources. 
     For example, when groupcast option 2 is used for SL HARQ feedback, each UE performing groupcast communication may use different PSFCH resources for HARQ feedback transmission. For example, UEs belonging to the same group may transmit HARQ feedbacks in different PSFCH resources. 
     In the present disclosure, HARQ-ACK may be referred to as ACK, ACK information, or positive-ACK information, and HARQ-NACK may be referred to as NACK, NACK information, or negative-ACK information. 
     SL Measurement and Reporting 
     For the purpose of QoS prediction, initial transmission parameter setting, link adaptation, link management, admission control, and so on, SL measurement and reporting (e.g., an RSRP or an RSRQ) between UEs may be considered in SL. For example, the receiving UE may receive an RS from the transmitting UE and measure the channel state of the transmitting UE based on the RS. Further, the receiving UE may report CSI to the transmitting UE. SL-related measurement and reporting may include measurement and reporting of a CBR and reporting of location information. Examples of CSI for V2X include a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix index (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), an RSRP, an RSRQ, a path gain/pathloss, an SRS resource indicator (SRI), a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), an interference condition, a vehicle motion, and the like. CSI reporting may be activated and deactivated depending on a configuration. 
     For example, the transmitting UE may transmit a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) to the receiving UE, and the receiving UE may measure a CQI or RI using the CSI-RS. For example, the CSI-RS may be referred to as an SL CSI-RS. For example, the CSI-RS may be confined to PSSCH transmission. For example, the transmitting UE may transmit the CSI-RS in PSSCH resources to the receiving UE. 
     Sidelink Congestion Control 
     For example, the UE may determine whether an energy measured in a unit time/frequency resource is equal to or greater than a predetermined level and control the amount and frequency of its transmission resources according to the ratio of unit time/frequency resources in which the energy equal to or greater than the predetermined level is observed. In the present disclosure, a ratio of time/frequency resources in which an energy equal to or greater than a predetermined level is observed may be defined as a CBR. The UE may measure a CBR for a channel/frequency. In addition, the UE may transmit the measured CBR to the network/BS. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates resource units for CBR measurement applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  11    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , a CBR may refer to the number of subchannels of which the RS SI measurements are equal to or larger than a predetermined threshold as a result of measuring an RSSI in each subchannel during a specific period (e.g., 100 ms) by a UE. Alternatively, a CBR may refer to a ratio of subchannels having values equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold among subchannels during a specific period. For example, in the embodiment of  FIG.  11   , on the assumption that the hatched subchannels have values greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the CBR may refer to a ratio of hatched subchannels for a time period of 100 ms. In addition, the UE may report the CBR to the BS. 
     For example, when a PSCCH and a PSSCH are multiplexed in a frequency domain, the UE may perform one CBR measurement in one resource pool. When PSFCH resources are configured or preconfigured, the PSFCH resources may be excluded from the CBR measurement. 
     Further, congestion control considering a priority of traffic (e.g. packet) may be necessary. To this end, for example, the UE may measure a channel occupancy ratio (CR). Specifically, the UE may measure the CBR, and the UE may determine a maximum value CRlimitk of a channel occupancy ratio k (CRk) that can be occupied by traffic corresponding to each priority (e.g., k) based on the CBR. For example, the UE may derive the maximum value CRlimitk of the channel occupancy ratio with respect to a priority of each traffic, based on a predetermined table of CBR measurement values. For example, in case of traffic having a relatively high priority, the UE may derive a maximum value of a relatively great channel occupancy ratio. Thereafter, the UE may perform congestion control by restricting a total sum of channel occupancy ratios of traffic, of which a priority k is lower than i, to a value less than or equal to a specific value. Based on this method, the channel occupancy ratio may be more strictly restricted for traffic having a relatively low priority. 
     In addition thereto, the UE may perform SL congestion control by using a method of adjusting a level of transmit power, dropping a packet, determining whether retransmission is to be performed, adjusting a transmission RB size (MCS coordination), or the like. 
     An example of SL CBR and SL RSSI is as follows. In the description below, the slot index may be based on a physical slot index. 
     A SL CBR measured in slot n is defined as the portion of sub-channels in the resource pool whose SL RSSI measured by the UE exceed a (pre-)configured threshold sensed over a CBR measurement window [n-a, n−1]. Herein, a is equal to 100 or 100·2 μ  slots, according to higher layer parameter sl-TimeWindowSizeCBR. The SL CBR is applicable for RRC_IDLE intra-frequency, RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, or RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency. 
     A SL RSSI is defined as the linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed in the configured sub-channel in OFDM symbols of a slot configured for PSCCH and PSSCH, starting from the 2 nd  OFDM symbol. For frequency range 1, the reference point for the SL RSSI shall be the antenna connector of the UE. For frequency range 2, SL RSSI shall be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch. For frequency range 1 and 2, if receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported SL RSSI value shall not be lower than the corresponding SL RSSI of any of the individual receiver branches. The SL RSSI is applicable for RRC_IDLE intra-frequency, RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency or RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency. 
     An example of an SL (Channel occupancy Ratio) is as follows. The SL CR evaluated at slot n is defined as the total number of sub-channels used for its transmissions in slots [n−a, n−1] and granted in slots [n, n+b] divided by the total number of configured sub-channels in the transmission pool over [n−a, n+b]. The SL CR is applicable for RRC_IDLE intra-frequency, RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency or RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency. Herein, a may be a positive integer and b may be 0 or a positive integer. a and b may be determined by UE implementation with a+b+1=1000 or 1000·2 μ  slots, according to higher layer parameter sl-TimeWindowSizeCR, b&lt;(a+b+1)/2, and n+b shall not exceed the last transmission opportunity of the grant for the current transmission. The SL CR is evaluated for each (re)transmission. In evaluating SL CR, the UE shall assume the transmission parameter used at slot n is reused according to the existing grant(s) in slot [n+1, n+b] without packet dropping. The slot index is based on physical slot index. The SL CR can be computed per priority level. A resource is considered granted if it is a member of a selected sidelink grant as defined in TS 38.321. 
     Positioning 
       FIG.  12    illustrates an example of an architecture of a 5G system capable of positioning a UE connected to an NG-RAN or an E-UTRAN applicable to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , an AMF may receive a request for a location service related to a specific target UE from another entity such as a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) or may autonomously determine to initiate the location service on behalf of the specific target UE. The AMF may then transmit a location service request to a location management function (LMF). Upon receipt of the location service request, the LMF may process the location service request and return a processing result including information about an estimated location of the UE to the AMF. On the other hand, when the location service request is received from another entity such as the GMLC, the AMF may deliver the processing result received from the LMF to the other entity. 
     A new generation evolved-NB (ng-eNB) and a gNB, which are network elements of an NG-RAN capable of providing measurement results for positioning, may measure radio signals for the target UE and transmit result values to the LMF. The ng-eNB may also control some transmission points (TPs) such as remote radio heads or positioning reference signal (PRS)-dedicated TPs supporting a PRS-based beacon system for an E-UTRA. 
     The LMF is connected to an enhanced serving mobile location center (E-SMLC), and the E-SMLC may enable the LMF to access an E-UTRAN. For example, the E-SMLC may enable the LMF to support observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), which is one of positioning methods in the E-UTRAN, by using DL measurements obtained by the target UE through signals transmitted by the eNB and/or the PRS-dedicated TPs in the E-UTRAN. 
     The LMF may be connected to an SUPL location platform (SLP). The LMF may support and manage different location determination services for target UEs. The LMF may interact with the serving ng-eNB or serving gNB of a target UE to obtain a location measurement of the UE. For positioning the target UE, the LMF may determine a positioning method based on a location service (LCS) client type, a QoS requirement, UE positioning capabilities, gNB positioning capabilities, and ng-eNB positioning capabilities, and apply the positioning method to the serving gNB and/or the serving ng-eNB. The LMF may determine additional information such as a location estimate for the target UE and the accuracy of the position estimation and a speed. The SLP is a secure user plane location (SUPL) entity responsible for positioning through the user plane. 
     The UE may measure a DL signal through sources such as the NG-RAN and E-UTRAN, different global navigation satellite systems (GNSSes), a terrestrial beacon system (TBS), a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point, a Bluetooth beacon, and a UE barometric pressure sensor. The UE may include an LCS application and access the LCS application through communication with a network to which the UE is connected or through another application included in the UE. The LCS application may include a measurement and calculation function required to determine the location of the UE. For example, the UE may include an independent positioning function such as a global positioning system (GPS) and report the location of the UE independently of an NG-RAN transmission. The independently obtained positioning information may be utilized as auxiliary information of positioning information obtained from the network. 
       FIG.  13    illustrates exemplary implementation of a network for positioning a UE applicable to the present disclosure. 
     Upon receipt of a location service request when the UE is in a connection management—IDLE (CM-IDLE) state, the AMF may establish a signaling connection with the UE and request a network trigger service to assign a specific serving gNB or ng-eNB. This operation is not shown in  FIG.  13   . That is,  FIG.  13    may be based on the assumption that the UE is in connected mode. However, the signaling connection may be released by the NG-RAN due to signaling and data deactivation during positioning. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , a network operation for positioning a UE will be described in detail. In step  1   a , a 5GC entity such as a GMLC may request a location service for positioning a target UE to a serving AMF. However, even though the GMLC does not request the location service, the serving AMF may determine that the location service for positioning the target UE is required in step  1   b . For example, for positioning the UE for an emergency call, the serving AMF may determine to perform the location service directly. 
     The AMF may then transmit a location service request to an LMF in step  2 , and the LMF may start location procedures with the serving-eNB and the serving gNB to obtain positioning data or positioning assistance data in step  3   a . Additionally, the LMF may initiate a location procedure for DL positioning with the UE in step  3   b . For example, the LMF may transmit positioning assistance data (assistance data defined in 3GPP TS 36.355) to the UE, or obtain a location estimate or location measurement. Although step  3   b  may be additionally performed after step  3   a , step  3   b  may be performed instead of step  3   a.    
     In step  4 , the LMF may provide a location service response to the AMF. The location service response may include information indicating whether location estimation of the UE was successful and the location estimate of the UE. Then, when the procedure of  FIG.  13    is initiated in step  1   a , the AMF may deliver the location service response to the 5GC entity such as the GMLC. When the procedure of  FIG.  13    is initiated in step  1   b , the AMF may use the location service response to provide the location service related to an emergency call or the like. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates exemplary protocol layers used to support LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message transmission between an LMF and a UE applicable to the present disclosure. 
     An LPP PDU may be transmitted in a NAS PDU between the AMF and the UE. Referring to  FIG.  14   , the LPP may be terminated between a target device (e.g., a UE in the control plane or a SUPL enabled terminal (SET) in the user plane) and a location server (e.g., an LMF in the control plane or an SLP in the user plane). An LPP message may be transmitted in a transparent PDU over an intermediate network interface by using an appropriate protocol such as the NG application protocol (NGAP) via an NG-control plane (NG-C) interface or a NAS/RRC via LTE-Uu and NR-Uu interfaces. The LPP allows positioning for NR and LTE in various positioning methods. 
     For example, the target device and the location server may exchange capability information with each other, positioning assistance data and/or location information over the LPP. Further, error information may be exchanged and/or discontinuation of an LPP procedure may be indicated, by an LPP message. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates exemplary protocol layers used to support NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) PDU transmission between an LMF and an NG-RAN node applicable to the present disclosure. 
     NRPPa may be used for information exchange between the NG-RAN node and the LMF. Specifically, NRPPa enables exchange of an enhanced-cell ID (E-CID) for a measurement transmitted from the ng-eNB to the LMF, data to support OTDOA positioning, and a Cell-ID and Cell location ID for NR Cell ID positioning. Even without information about a related NRPPa transaction, the AMF may route NRPPa PDUs based on the routing ID of the related LMF via an NG-C interface. 
     Procedures of the NRPPa protocol for positioning and data collection may be divided into two types. One of the two types is a UE-associated procedure for delivering information (e.g., positioning information) about a specific UE, and the other type is a non-UE-associated procedure for delivering information (e.g., gNB/ng-eNB/TP timing information) applicable to an NG-RAN node and related TPs. The two types of procedures may be supported independently or simultaneously. 
     Positioning methods supported by the NG-RAN include GNSS, OTDOA, E-CID, barometric pressure sensor positioning, WLAN positioning, Bluetooth positioning, terrestrial beacon system (TBS), and UL time difference of arrival (UTDOA). Although a UE may be positioned in any of the above positioning methods, two or more positioning methods may be used to position the UE. 
     (1) Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) 
       FIG.  16    is a diagram illustrating an OTDOA positioning method applicable to the present disclosure. 
     In the OTDOA positioning method, a UE utilizes measurement timings of DL signals received from multiple TPs including an eNB, ng-eNB, and a PRS-dedicated TP. The UE measures the timings of the received DL signals using positioning assistance data received from a location server. The location of the UE may be determined based on the measurement results and the geographical coordinates of neighboring TPs. 
     A UE connected to a gNB may request a measurement gap for OTDOA measurement from a TP. When the UE fails to identify a single frequency network (SFN) for at least one TP in OTDOA assistance data, the UE may use an autonomous gap to acquire the SFN of an OTDOA reference cell before requesting a measurement gap in which a reference signal time difference (RSTD) is measured. 
     Herein, an RSTD may be defined based on a smallest relative time difference between the boundaries of two subframes received from a reference cell and a measurement cell. That is, the RSTD may be calculated as a relative timing difference for between a time when the UE receives the start of a subframe from the reference cell and a time when the UE receives the start of a subframe from the measurement cell which is closest to the subframe received from the reference cell. The reference cell may be selected by the UE. 
     For accurate OTDOA measurement, it is necessary to measure the time of arrivals (TOAs) of signals received from three or more geographically distributed TPs or BSs. For example, TOAs for TP 1, TP 2, and TP 3 may be measured, an RSTD for TP 1-TP 2, an RSTD for TP 2-TP 3, and an RSTD for TP 3-TP 1 may be calculated based on the three TOAs, geometric hyperbolas may be determined based on the calculated RSTDs, and a point where these hyperbolas intersect may be estimated as the location of the UE. Accuracy and/or uncertainty may be involved in each TOA measurement, and thus the estimated UE location may be known as a specific range according to the measurement uncertainty. 
     For example, an RSTD for two TPs may be calculated by Equation 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   RSTDi 
                   , 
                   
                     1 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     x 
                                     t 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     x 
                                     t 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     y 
                                     t 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     y 
                                     i 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                         c 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     x 
                                     t 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     x 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     y 
                                     t 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     y 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               3 
                             
                           
                         
                         c 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             T 
                             t 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             T 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             n 
                             i 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             n 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                        
                     1 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where c is the speed of light, {xt, yt} is the (unknown) coordinates of the target UE, {xi, yi} is the coordinates of a (known) TP, and {x1, y1} is the coordinates of a reference TP (or another TP). (Ti−T1) is a transmission time offset between the two TPs, which may be referred to as “real time difference” (RTD), and ni and n1 may represent values related to UE TOA measurement errors. 
     (2) E-CID (Enhanced Cell ID) 
     In cell ID (CID) positioning, the location of a UE may be measured based on geographic information about the serving ng-eNB, serving gNB and/or serving cell of the UE. For example, the geographic information about the serving ng-eNB, the serving gNB, and/or the serving cell may be obtained by paging, registration, or the like. 
     For E-CID positioning, an additional UE measurement and/or NG-RAN radio resources may be used to improve a UE location estimate in addition to the CID positioning method. In the E-CID positioning method, although some of the same measurement methods as in the measurement control system of the RRC protocol may be used, an additional measurement is generally not performed only for positioning the UE. In other words, a separate measurement configuration or measurement control message may not be provided to position the UE, and the UE may also report a measured value obtained by generally available measurement methods, without expecting that an additional measurement operation only for positioning will be requested. 
     For example, the serving gNB may implement the E-CID positioning method using an E-UTRA measurement received from the UE. 
     Exemplary measurement elements that are available for E-CID positioning are given as follows. 
     UE measurements: E-UTRA RSRP, E-UTRA RSRQ, UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx time difference, GSM EDGE random access network (GERAN)/WLAN RSSI, UTRAN common pilot channel (CPICH) received signal code power (RSCP), and UTRAN CPICH EOM. 
     E-UTRAN measurements: ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference, timing advance (TADV), and angle of arrival (AoA). 
     TADVs may be classified into Type 1 and Type 2 as follows. 
     TADV Type 1=(ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference)+(UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx time difference) 
     TADV Type 2=ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference 
     On the other hand, an AoA may be used to measure the direction of the UE. The AoA may be defined as an estimated angle of the UE with respect to the location of the UE counterclockwise from a BS/TP. A geographical reference direction may be North. The BS/TP may use a UL signal such as a sounding reference signal (SRS) and/or a DMRS for AoA measurement. As the arrangement of antenna arrays is larger, the measurement accuracy of the AoA is higher. When the antenna arrays are arranged at the same interval, signals received at adjacent antenna elements may have a constant phase change (phase rotation). 
     (3) UTDOA (UL Time Difference of Arrival) 
     A UTDOA is a method of determining the location of a UE by estimating the arrival time of an SRS. When the estimated SRS arrival time is calculated, a serving cell may be used as a reference cell to estimate the location of the UE based on the difference in arrival time from another cell (or BS/TP). In order to implement the UTDOA method, an E-SMLC may indicate the serving cell of a target UE to indicate SRS transmission to the target UE. Further, the E-SMLC may provide a configuration such as whether an SRS is periodic/aperiodic, a bandwidth, and frequency/group/sequence hopping. 
     In addition, as an example, the description below is based on a terminal that performs sidelink communication based on a terminal scheduling mode (Mode 2). That is, a transmission terminal may determine a sidelink resource configured by a base station/network or a preconfigured sidelink resource on its own and transmit data to a reception terminal based on the sidelink resource. As an example, in a mode (Mode 1) where a base station schedules a resource, since the base station controls resource allocation, it may control resources so that transmission times do not collide in beam-based HARQ feedback transmission. On the other hand, in a terminal scheduling mode where a terminal determines a transmission resource on its own, since transmission times may collide in beam-based HARQ feedback transmission, a method for controlling this may be needed, which will be described below. 
     For convenience of explanation, the description below is based on a mode 2 terminal but is also applicable to an environment where mode 1 and mode 2 terminals exist together and to other situations and thus may not be limited to the mode 2 terminal. 
     Concrete Embodiments of the Present Disclosure 
     A terminal may calculate a time difference in receiving a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), or a positioning reference signal (PRS) from one reference base station and a plurality of neighbor base stations. The terminal may calculate the position of the terminal by transmitting such a time difference to a server. The server may include a serving mobile location center (E-SMLC) or an LMF. In order to receive a PRS from a base station, the terminal should know a system frame number (SFN) of the base station. Accordingly, the terminal needs to obtain SFN information by decoding a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) of the base station. These operations have a problem of increasing the complexity of the terminal. In case a neighbor base station of the terminal has a low PBCH decoding success rate, the terminal cannot know the SFN of the neighbor base station and cannot measure the PRS of the neighbor base station, which is problematic. 
     A server may deliver, to a terminal, information on a reference base station and a neighbor base station, including slot number offsets of the reference base station and the neighbor base station, an expected RSTD value, and uncertainty of the expected RSTD value. Thus, the terminal may measure a PRS without knowing an SFN by predicting a time when the PRS of the neighbor base station is transmitted and obtaining a correlation. When a serving cell is a reference cell, the terminal may obtain a PRS sequence of a neighbor cell by using a slot number offset. When a serving cell is not a reference cell, the terminal cannot know an SFN of the reference cell even if the terminal knows a slot number offset. Accordingly, the terminal may predict a range of position, in which the PRS of a neighbor cell is received, by using Formula 2 below and obtain a PRS correlation. 
       (expectedRSTD−expectedRSTD−Uncertainty)&lt;measured RSTD&lt;(expectedRSTD−expectedRSTD−Uncertainty)  [Formula 2]
 
     In this case, in order to obtain SFN information of a neighbor station, instead of decoding PBCH, a terminal predicts a PRS transmission time by using an expected RSTD value and uncertainty. Accordingly, since the terminal uses a search window to predict a PRS transmission time but does not know an exact time, the window section should be all decoded. Thus, this method has a problem of increasing the complexity of a terminal. In addition, this method has another problem of not considering a beam. 
     Release. 16 proposes a positioning technique of knowing a location of a car in real time for unicast and groupcast in new radio (NR)-based vehicle to everything (V2X). The present disclosure proposes a problem, which may occur when a terminal is positioned by considering an mmWave beam, and a procedure for solving the problem. Hereinafter, problems, which can occur when an mmWave beam is considered, will be described in detail. 
     There is a problem that a terminal cannot know a PRS transmission time of a transmission beam of a neighbor cell and information on the beam. The terms “neighbor cell” and “neighboring cell” may be used interchangeably. During a synchronizing operation between a neighbor cell and a terminal, a beam alignment time of the terminal and the neighbor cell may be delayed. Particularly, latency may increase along with an increase in the number of neighbor cells. The terminal should know information on at least two neighbor cells in order to measure an OTDOA. Vehicles should be synchronized in order to transmit and receive a PRS via sidelink, which is very difficult. The terms “vehicle”, “terminal” and “radio device” may be used interchangeably. 
     The present disclosure proposes a method for positioning a vehicle by transmitting a PRS between vehicles using sidelink of V2X or by measuring a PRS of a neighbor cell by the vehicle. As an example, the present disclosure enables a serving cell to play some functions among the existing operations of an LPP server. The present disclosure enables a serving cell to perform at least one of OTDOA measurement and cell selection among the existing operations of an LPP server. The present disclosure may enable a serving cell to measure a minimum number of neighbor cells through optimization in order to prevent burden when the serving performs neighbor cell measurement. Since a terminal cannot know transmission beam information of a neighbor cell due to a feature of a beam, it may take a long time to measure a neighbor cell. 
     The present disclosure proposes a method of notifying an SFN of a neighbor cell that a serving cell wants to measure. The present disclosure proposes that, when there is no neighbor cell around a terminal, the terminal uses its neighbor terminal for positioning. Herein, the present disclosure proposes to use a neighbor terminal connected with a serving base station. The present disclosure may reduce latency to calculate a distance. The present disclosure may estimate a location based on sidelink assistance of a vehicle. Hereinafter, a detailed description will be provided. 
       FIG.  17    is a view illustrating an example of a method for positioning a terminal which is applicable to the present disclosure. A terminal  1702  may receive a reference signal for determining a location of the terminal  1702  from a reference source. As an example, the terminal  1702  may receive a radio signal from a base station  1704 . As an example, the terminal  1702  may receive a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signal from a satellite  1706 . The terminal  1702  may transmit measurements of location information based on a reference signal to a server  1708 , which covers locations, through an LTE positioning protocol (LPP). As an example, the terminal  1702  may transmit a measurement based on a reference signal, which is received from the satellite  1706 , to the server  1708 . As another example, the terminal  1702  may transmit a measurement based on a radio signal, which is received from the base station  1704 , to the server  1708 . The terminal  1702  may also transmit a measurement based on a reference signal, which is received from the satellite  1706  or the base station  1704 , to the server  1708 . The server  1708  may transmit assistance data to the terminal  1702 . The server  1708  may correspond to at least one of E-SMLC, SLP and LMF. The LTE positioning protocol (LPP) is a protocol that delivers data for positioning of a terminal between the terminal and E-SMLC in an LTE network. LPP is a control plane (TS 36.355). 
       FIG.  18    is a view illustrating an example of an LPP procedure that is applicable to the present disclosure. The server  1804  may transmit location-related information (RequestLocationInformation) to the terminal  1802 . The terminal  1802  may transmit location-related information (ProvideLocationInformation) of the terminal. When a location of the terminal  1802  changes, the terminal  1802  may transmit the location-related information (ProvideLocationInformation) of the terminal  1802  again. An LPP procedure may include capability exchange, assistance data exchange, or location information exchange. 
       FIG.  19    illustrates an example of a parameter that a terminal applicable to the present disclosure transmits to a server. A terminal may transmit requestAssistanceData to a server. The requestAssistanceData may include at least one of commonIEsRequestAssistanceData and otdoa-RequestAssistanceData. The otdoa-RequestAssistanceData may include phyCelld. 
       FIG.  20    illustrates an example of a parameter that a server applicable to the present disclosure transmits to a terminal. A server may transmit provideAssistanceData to a terminal. The provideAssistanceData may include at least one of commonIEsProvideAssistanceData and otdoa-ProvideAssistanceData. The otdoa-ProvideAssistanceData may include at least one of otdoa-ReferenceCellInfo, otdoa-NeighbourCellInfo, and otdoa-Error. The otdoa-ReferenceCellInfo may include at least one of physCellId, cellGlobalId, earfcnRef, antennaPortConfig, cpLength, and prsInfo. The otdoa-NeighbourCellInfo may include at least one of physCellId, cellGlobalId, earfcnRef, antennaPortConfig, cpLength, prsInfo, slotNumberOffset, prs-SubframeOffset, expectedRSTD, and expectedRSTD-Uncertainty. The prsInfo contained in otdoa-ReferenceCellInfo may include at least one of prs-Bandwidth, prs-ConfigurationIndex, and numDL-Frames. The prsInfo contained in otdoa-NeighbourCellInfo may include at least one of prs-Bandwidth, prs-ConfigurationIndex, and numDL-Frames. 
       FIG.  21    illustrates an example of a parameter that a terminal applicable to the present disclosure transmits to a server. In a UE-assisted case, a terminal may provide RSTD to a server. In a UE-assisted case, a terminal may provide provideLocationInformation to a server. The provideLocationInformation may include at least one of CommonIEsProvideLocationInformation and otdoa-ProvideLocationInformation. The otdoa-ProvideLocationInformation may include at least one of otdoaSignalMeasurementInformation and otdoa-Error. The otdoaSignalMeasurementInformation may include at least one of systemFrameNumber, phyCellIdRef, cellGlobalIdRef, earfcnRef, referenceQuality, and neighbourMeasurementList. The neighbourMeasurementList may include at least one of physCellIdNeighbor, cellGlobalIdNeighbour, earfcnNeighbour, rstd, and rstd-Quality. 
       FIG.  22    is a view illustrating an example of a frequency offset and a resource pattern which are applicable to the present disclosure. (A) in the upper part of  FIG.  22    is a view illustrating an example of a frequency offset applicable to the present disclosure. As an example, in NR (new radio), a positioning reference signal (PRS) may be expressed by Equation 2 below. 
       α k,l   (p,u)   =βP   RS   r ( m )  [Equation 2]
         m=0, 1, . . .       

         k=mK   comb   PRS +(( K   offset   PRS   +k ′)mod  K   comb   PRS )
 
         l=l   start   PRS   ,l   start   PRS   +, . . . ,l   start   PRS   +L   PRS −1
 
     (B) in the lower part of  FIG.  22    illustrates example PRS patterns in NR (new radio). Pattern a  2202  shows an example of PRS pattern with an offset of 0 and comb of 2. Pattern b  2204  shows an example of PRS pattern with an offset of 0 and comb of 4. Pattern c  2206  shows an example of PRS pattern with an offset of 0 and comb of 6. Pattern d  2208  shows an example of PRS pattern with an offset of 0 and comb of 12. 
       FIG.  23    is a view illustrating an example of positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission that is applicable to the present disclosure. A serving base station  2304  may request assistance data to a server  2306 . As an example, the serving base station  2304  may transmit RequestAssistanceData to the server  2306 . The server  2306  may transmit assistance data to the serving base station  2304 . The server  2306  may transmit ProvideAssistanceData to the serving base station  2304 . The serving base station may transmit a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a terminal  2302 . The terminal  2302  may transmit a measurement report to the serving base station  2304 . As an example, the terminal  2303  may transmit at least one of PRS-RSRP and a received time to the serving base station  2304 . The terminal  2302  may receive a PRS from a neighbor base station  2308 . Based on the PRS received from the neighbor base station  2308 , the terminal  2302  may transmit at least one of PRS-RSRP and a received time to the serving base station  2304 . The serving base station  2304  may perform wireless communication based on information received from neighbor base stations and a server. Meanwhile, the terms “terminal”, “radio device” and “vehicle” may be used interchangeably in this specification. 
       FIG.  24    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a positioning reference signal (PRS) that is applicable to the present disclosure.  FIG.  24    illustrates a first case, in which a target terminal  2402  measures a RPS through neighbor base stations  2408  and  2410 , and a second case in which the terminal  2402  measures a PRS through the neighbor base station  2408  and another terminal  2412 . The above-described two cases may include step S 2401  and step S 2403 . Hereinafter, the first case will be described first in which a terminal measures a PRS through a neighbor base station. 
     At step S 2401 , a serving base station  2404  may transmit an assistance data request message to a server  2406  in order to know surrounding information. The server  2406  may include at least one of E-SMLC and LMP. As an example, the serving base station  2404  may transmit RequestAssistanceData to E-SLMC. As another example, the serving base station may transmit RequestAssistanceData to LMF. The assistance data request message may include a message for requesting at least one of a cell ID of a neighbor base station of the serving base station, a sector, and a zone ID. As an example, the cell ID of a neighbor base station of the serving base station may be a physical cell ID. A zone ID may be an identity (ID) that is regionally divided. 
     At step S 2403 , the server may transmit assistance data to a serving base station. As an example, the server may transmit ProvideAssistanceData to the serving base station. ProvideAssistanceData may include assistance data. The assistance data may include at least one of a physical cell ID and a global cell ID. The global cell ID may include cell ID information of a plurality of base stations. Assistance data may include positioning reference signal (PRS) information. The PRS information may include at least one of a PRS duration of a beam of cells covered by a server, a PRS duration of a neighbor cell beam (neighbor beam PRS duration), a PRS direction of a neighbor cell beam (neighbor beam PRS direction), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH) information. The server may information a serving base station of a PRS duration of each beam of neighbor cells and a direction of each beam. As an example, the server may divide beams of neighbor cells into 4 groups according to directions. The server may inform the serving base station of group information of a beam of neighbor cells. The number of groups of beams is not limited to 4 and is not limited to the above-described embodiment. In addition, the number of groups of a neighbor cell beams, which the server notifies to a serving base station, is not limited to 1 and is not limited to the above-described embodiment. As an example, the server may inform the serving base station that a direction of a beam of a neighbor cell belongs to one of east, west, south and north. 
     At step S 2405 , the serving base station may transmit a RequestLocationInformation message to a terminal. RequestLocationInformation may include assistance data that the serving base station receives from the server. As an example, the RequestLocationInformation message may include at least one of a physical ID of a neighbor cell, which the terminal will measure, PRS information of the neighbor cell, and PBCH of the neighbor cell. The PRS information of the neighbor cell may include durations of PRS beams of the neighbor cell and direction information of PRS beams of the neighbor cell. The direction information of PRS beams of the neighbor cell may include information on grouping the PRS beams of the neighbor cell according to directions. 
     A terminal may receive a PRS from neighbor cells and measure a PRS. Neighbor cells may transmit a PRS with different durations. The neighbor cells may transmit a PRS according to a duration set by the server. Each beam may have a same or different duration of transmitting a PRS. The terminal may set a frame boundary of a neighbor cell through information in assistance data received from a serving base station. The terminal may perform beam alignment with a beam of a neighbor cell through information in assistance data received from a serving base station. As an example, the terminal may receive a duration of a PRS beam of the neighbor cell and beam direction information of the PRS beam of the neighbor cell. Based on such information, the terminal may perform Rx beam alignment in a direction towards the neighbor cell beam. Through this Rx beam alignment, the terminal may measure a PRS. The terminal may measure a PRS from a plurality of cells according to the above-described procedure. As the terminal measures a PRS based on more cells, the location of the terminal may become more accurate. It may be a burden on the terminal when measuring a PRS for every Rx beam. In addition, a terminal on the move may have mobility. Measuring a PRS for every Rx beam may be a burden on a terminal to which mobility occurs. Accordingly, when a terminal attempts Rx beam alignment or discovery only for some of beam groups of neighbor cells, this burden may be reduced. 
     At step S 2407 , the terminal may transmit a ProvideLocationInformation message to a serving base station. The ProvideLocationInformation message may include a PRS measurement result. That is, the terminal may transmit the PRS measurement result to the serving base station. 
     Hereinafter, the second case will be described in which a terminal measures a PRS through a neighbor base station and another terminal. The second case may include step S 2401  and step S 2403 . A server may determine that there is not a sufficient number of neighbor cells to measure a PRS. A serving base station may determine that there is not a sufficient number of neighbor cells to measure a PRS. In this case, the serving base station may estimate a location of a target terminal through terminals connected with the serving base station. 
     At step S 2409 , the serving base station may transmit a SetPRS message to terminals around the target terminal. As an example, the serving base station may transmit PRS transmission information to terminals around the target terminal. The PRS transmission information may include Rx beam and Tx beam information of the target terminal and terminals around the target terminal. Based on this information, the terminals around the target terminal may synchronize a system frame number (SFN) with the target terminal. The serving base station may transmit at least one of PRS transmission timing and PRS Tx beam information to neighbor terminals. 
     At step S 2411 , the serving base station may transmit a RequestLocationInformation message to the target terminal. The RequestLocationInformation message may include assistance data that the serving base station receives from the server. As an example, the RequestLocationInformation message may include at least one of a physical ID of a neighbor cell, which the terminal will measure, PRS information of the neighbor cell, and PBCH of the neighbor cell. The PRS information of the neighbor cell may include durations of PRS beams of the neighbor cell and direction information of PRS beams of the neighbor cell. The direction information of PRS beams of the neighbor cell may include information on grouping the PRS beams of the neighbor cell according to directions. In addition, the serving base station may transmit, to the target terminal, at least one of PRS reception timing of a neighbor terminal and PRS Rx beam information of a neighbor terminal. As an example, the ProvideLocationInformation message may include PRS information of a neighbor terminal. The target terminal and neighbor terminals may have communication via a PC5 interface. As an example, neighbor terminals may transit a PRS to the target terminal through the PC5 interface. 
     The terminal may measure a PRS based on at least one of a PRS received from neighbor cells and a PRS received from a neighbor terminal. At step S 2413 , the terminal may transmit a ProvideLocationInformation message to a serving base station. The ProvideLocationInformation message may include PRS information measured based on at least one of a PRS received from neighbor cells and a PRS received from a neighbor terminal. The serving base station may transmit, to the server, a PRS measurement value received from the terminal. The serving base station may maintain the location information of the terminal by using a duration. 
       FIG.  25    is a view illustrating an example of a method for determining a PRS node that is applicable to the present disclosure. A node may include a base station, a cell, and a terminal. An LPP protocol may enable every terminal to measure a PRS of a neighbor cell around it. As a terminal measures PRSs of many cells, accuracy may be enhanced. When a terminal has a high speed or operates an mmWave beam, the PRS measurement accuracy of the terminal may be lowered. Based on a target terminal, a serving base station may select a neighbor node capable of optimally measuring a location of the target terminal. Referring to  FIG.  25   , a serving base station may select a node, of which the PRS can be measured quickly. A node 1  2502 , a node 2  2504  and a node 3  2506  transmit a Tx beam 0, a Tx beam 1, a Tx beam 2 and a Tx beam 4 respectively. The transmission time of each node may be different due to a radio channel environment. A terminal may measure the node 1  2502 , the node 2  2504  and the node 3  2506  in the Rx beam 0. PRSs of the node 1  2502  and the node 3  2506  may be measured earlier than a PRS of the node 2  2504 . Accordingly, the serving base station may select the node 1  2502  and the node 3  2506  as neighbor base stations. The number of nodes and the number of nodes selected by a serving base station are not limited to the above-described embodiment. 
       FIG.  26    is a view illustrating an example of a method for determining a PRS node that is applicable to the present disclosure. A node may include a base station, a cell, and a terminal. An LPP protocol may enable every terminal to measure a PRS of a neighbor cell around it. As a terminal measures PRSs of many cells, accuracy may be enhanced. When a terminal has a high speed or operates an mmWave beam, the PRS measurement accuracy of the terminal may be lowered. Based on a target terminal, a serving base station may select a neighbor node capable of optimally measuring a location of the target terminal. In  FIG.  26   , it is assumed that LOS (light of sight) of a node 1  2602  and a node 2  2604  is ensured but LOS of a node 3  2606  is not ensured. In a Rx beam 0, a terminal may measure PRSs of the node 1  2602 , the node 2  2604  and the node 3  2606 . Since LOS is ensured for the terminal, the node 1  2602 , and the node 2  2604 , the terminal may measure a PRS more accurately. Accordingly, the serving base station may select the node 1  2602  and the node 2  2604  as neighbor base stations. The number of nodes and the number of nodes selected by a serving base station are not limited to the above-described embodiment. 
       FIG.  27    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure.  FIG.  27    is a view illustrating a first case in which a terminal measures a PRS through a neighbor base station. A server may select a neighbor cell for which the terminal will measure a PRS. As an example, the server may select neighbor cells in which the terminal  2702  can measure a PRS most quickly in a Rx beam. As another example, the server may select neighbor cells in which the terminal  2702  ensures LOS in a Rx beam. Referring to  FIG.  27   , the server may select a neighbor base station  2706  and a neighbor base station  2708 . The server may inform the serving base station  2704  of information on a neighbor base station selected by the server. As an example, the server may transmit, to the serving base station  2704 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2706  and the neighbor base station  2708 . 
     The serving base station  2708  may transmit, to the terminal  2702 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the serving base station  2704 . The serving base station  2708  may transmit, to the terminal  2702 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2706 . The serving base station  2708  may transmit, to the terminal  2702 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2708 . The PRS information of the neighbor base station  2706  may include a PRS beam duration of the neighbor base station  2706  and PRS beam direction information of the neighbor base station  2706 . 
     Based on at least one of a PRS beam duration of the neighbor base station  2706 , PRS beam direction information of the neighbor base station  2706 , and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2706 , the terminal  2702  may perform beam alignment with or discovery of the neighbor base station  2706 . As an example, based on a beam duration of the neighbor base station  2706  and beam direction information of the neighbor base station  2706 , the terminal  2702  may not attempt beam alignment or discovery for every beam of the neighbor base station  2706  but attempt beam alignment or discovery for some beams. As another example, based on PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2706 , the terminal  2702  may perform beam alignment by receiving a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) from the neighbor base station  2706 . Accordingly, by receiving a PSS and a SSS from the neighbor base station  2706 , not receiving a PBCH from the neighbor base station  2706 , the terminal  2702  may assume completion of synchronization with the neighbor base station  2706  and receive a PRS from the neighbor base station  2706 . Thus, the terminal  2702  may also receive a PRS from the neighbor base station  2708 . In addition, the terminal  2702  may receive a PRS from the serving base station  2702 . 
     The terminal may calculate a PRS measurement value based on a PRS received from the serving base station  2704 , the neighbor base station  2706  and the neighbor base station  2708 . The terminal  2702  may transmit the calculated PRS measurement value to the serving base station  2704 . The serving base station  2704  may transmit the received PRS measurement value to a server. 
       FIG.  28    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure.  FIG.  28    illustrates the second case in which a terminal measures a PRS through a neighbor base station and another terminal. A terminal  2802  may be a target terminal of which the location is to be measured. The target terminal may measure a PRS through another terminal  2808  and a neighbor base station  2806 . Hereinafter, a detailed description will be provided. 
     A server may select a neighbor cell for which the terminal will measure a PRS. As an example, the server may select neighbor cells in which the terminal  2782  can measure a PRS most quickly in a Rx beam. As another example, the server may select neighbor cells in which the terminal  2802  ensures LOS in a Rx beam. Referring to  FIG.  28   , the server may select a neighbor base station  2806 . The server may inform the serving base station  2804  of information on a neighbor base station selected by the server. As an example, the server may transmit, to the serving base station  2804 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2806  and the neighbor base station  2808 . 
     The serving base station  2804  may transmit, to the terminal  2802 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the serving base station  2804 . The serving base station  2804  may transmit, to the terminal  2802 , at least one of the physical ID, PRS information and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2806 . The PRS information of the neighbor base station  2806  may include a PRS beam duration of the neighbor base station  2806  and PRS beam direction information of the neighbor base station  2806 . 
     In addition, the serving base station  2804  may transmit information for matching SFN to the target terminal  2802  and another terminal  2808  respectively. As an example, the base station  2804  may transmit beam information of the target terminal  2802  to the terminal  2808 . The base station  2804  may transmit beam information of the terminal  2808  to the target terminal  2802 . Based on such information, the target terminal  2802  and the terminal  2808  may match SFN. In addition, the target terminal  2802  and the terminal  2808  may communicate via a PC5 interface. The serving base station  2804  may transmit information indicating PRS transmission to another terminal  2808  connected to the serving base station  2804 . The another terminal  2808 , which receives information indicating PRS transmission, may transmit a PRS to the target terminal  2802 . The serving base station  2804  may transmit, to the another terminal  2808 , timing of transmitting a PRS to the target terminal  2802  and information on a beam that will transmit a PRS to the target terminal  2802 . The serving base station  2804  may transmit, to the target terminal  2802 , timing of receiving a PRS from the another terminal  2808  and information on a beam that will receive a PRS from the another terminal  2808 . Accordingly, the another terminal  2808  connected with the serving base station may transmit a PRS to the target terminal  2802 . 
     Based on at least one of a PRS beam duration of the neighbor base station  2806 , PRS beam direction information of the neighbor base station  2806 , and PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2806 , the terminal  2802  may perform beam alignment with or discovery of the neighbor base station  2806 . As an example, based on a beam duration of the neighbor base station  2806  and beam direction information of the neighbor base station  2806 , the terminal  2802  may not attempt beam alignment or discovery for every beam of the neighbor base station  2806  but attempt beam alignment or discovery for some beams. As another example, based on PBCH information of the neighbor base station  2806 , the terminal  2802  may perform beam alignment by receiving a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) from the neighbor base station  2806 . Accordingly, by receiving a PSS and a SSS from the neighbor base station  2806 , not receiving a PBCH from the neighbor base station  2806 , the terminal  2802  may assume completion of synchronization with the neighbor base station  2806  and receive a PRS from the neighbor base station  2806 . In addition, the terminal  2702  may receive a PRS from the serving base station  2802 . 
     The terminal may calculate a PRS measurement value based on a PRS received from the serving base station  2804 , the neighbor base station  2806  and the another terminal  2808 . The terminal  2802  may transmit the calculated PRS measurement value to the serving base station  2804 . The serving base station  2804  may transmit the received PRS measurement value to a server. 
       FIG.  29    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure. At step S 2901 , a terminal may receive, from a serving base station, a location request message including at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of a neighbor base station. 
     More specifically, the serving base station may request assistance data to a server. The assistance data may include at least one of cell ID, sector and zone ID of neighbor base stations. The server may be E-SMLC or LMF but is not limited to the above-described embodiment. The server may transmit assistance data to the serving base station. The assistance data may include cell ID and PRS information of neighbor base stations. PRS information may include at least one of a PRS beam duration of a neighbor base station, a PRS beam direction of a neighbor base station, and a PBCH location of a neighbor base station. Accordingly, the serving base station may transmit, to the terminal, a location request message including at least one of RSS information of a neighbor base station, cell ID information of a neighbor base station, and PBCH information of a neighbor base station. 
     In addition, the serving base station may transmit, the target terminal, beam information of another terminal connected with the serving base station. The serving base station may transmit, to the target terminal, PRS transmission timing and beam information of another connected with the serving base station. The serving base station may transmit PRS transmission timing and beam information to another connected with the serving base station. 
     At step S 2903 , the terminal may receive a PRS of the serving base station from the serving base station and, based on a location request message, receive a PRS of a neighbor base station from the neighbor base station. 
     More specifically, the terminal may receive a PRS of the serving base station from the serving base station. Based on a location request message, the terminal may receive a PRS of a neighbor base station from neighbor base stations. Based on at least one of a PRS beam duration of a neighbor base station, a PRS beam direction of a neighbor base station and a PBCH location of a neighbor base station, the terminal may perform beam alignment with a neighbor base station and receive a PRS from the neighbor base station. 
     In addition, the target terminal may receive a PRS from another terminal connected with the serving base station. More specifically, based on beam information of another terminal received from the serving base station, the target terminal may perform beam alignment with the another terminal and receive a PRS of the another terminal. As an example, another terminal connected with the serving base station may perform beam alignment with the target terminal based on PRS transmission timing received from the serving base station and beam information of the target terminal and transmit a PRS to the target terminal. Based on PRS transmission timing and beam information received from the serving base station, the target terminal may perform beam alignment with another terminal and receive a PRS of the another terminal. 
     At step S 2905 , the terminal may estimate a location of the terminal based on a PRS received from the serving base station and a PRS received from a neighbor base station. Accordingly, the terminal may estimate a location of the terminal based on a PRS of the serving base station received from the serving base station and a PRS of a neighbor base station received from the neighbor base station. 
     In addition, the terminal may estimate a location of the terminal based on a PRS of the serving base station received from the serving base station, a PRS of a neighbor base station received from the neighbor base station, and a PRS of another terminal received from the another terminal. 
     At step S 2907 , the terminal may transmit the estimated location information of the terminal to the serving base station. The serving base station may transmit the location information of the terminal to the server. 
       FIG.  30    is a view illustrating an example of a method for transmitting a PRS that is applicable to the present disclosure. At step S 3001 , a serving base station may transmit an assistance data request message to a server. The server may include an E-SMLC or an LMF. The assistance data request message may include a message for requesting at least one of a cell ID, a sector, and a zone ID of neighbor base stations. The cell ID of neighbor base stations of the serving base station may be a physical cell ID. 
     At step S 3003 , the serving base station may receive assistance data from the server. The assistance data may include a cell ID of neighbor base stations. The assistance data may include at least one of a physical cell ID and a global cell ID. The physical cell ID may be a cell ID of base stations around the serving base station. The global cell ID may be a cell ID of base stations in a region covered by the server. The assistance data may include at least one of PRS information of neighbor base stations and PBCH information of neighbor base stations. PRS information may include PBCH information of neighbor base stations but is not limited to the above-described embodiment. PRS information may include at least one of beam duration information of neighbor base stations and beam direction information of neighbor base stations. 
     At step S 3005 , the serving base station may transmit, to the terminal, a location request message including at least one of positioning reference signal (PRS) information of a neighbor base station and cell ID information of a neighbor base station. The terminal may receive the location request message from the server. As described at steps S 2903  and S 2905 , the terminal may estimate a location of the terminal. In addition, the terminal may transmit the estimated location information to the serving base station. 
     At step S 3007 , the serving base station may receive the location information from the terminal and transmit the location information of the terminal to the server. 
     Systems and Devices to which Embodiments of the Present Disclosure are applicable 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined with each other. 
     Hereinafter, an apparatus to which various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied will be described. Although not limited thereto, various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flow charts disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication/connection (eg, 5G) between devices. 
     Hereinafter, it will be exemplified in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/descriptions, the same reference numerals may represent the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated. 
       FIG.  31    illustrates a communication system applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  31    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  31   , the communication system applicable to the present disclosure includes a wireless device, a base station and a network. The wireless device refers to a device for performing communication using radio access technology (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may be referred to as a communication/wireless/5G device. Without being limited thereto, the wireless device may include at least one of a robot  100   a , vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2 , an extended reality (XR) device  100   c , a hand-held device  100   d , a home appliance  100   e , an Internet of Thing (IoT) device  100   f , and an artificial intelligence (AI) device/server  100   g . For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. The vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device  100   c  includes an augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)/mixed reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle or a robot. The hand-held device  100   d  may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch or smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop), etc. The home appliance  100   e  may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device  100   f  may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. For example, the base station  120   a  to  120   e  network may be implemented by a wireless device, and a specific wireless device  120   a  may operate as a base station/network node for another wireless device. 
     Here, wireless communication technology implemented in wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  of the present disclosure may include Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication in addition to LTE, NR, and 6G. In this case, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology and may be implemented as standards such as LTE Cat NB1, and/or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the name described above. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. In this case, as an example, the LTE-M technology may be an example of the LPWAN and may be called by various names including enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC), and the like. For example, the LTE-M technology may be implemented as at least any one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-Bandwidth Limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and/or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the name described above. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  of the present disclosure may include at least one of Bluetooth, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), and ZigBee considering the low-power communication, and is not limited to the name described above. As an example, the ZigBee technology may generate personal area networks (PAN) related to small/low-power digital communication based on various standards including IEEE 802.15.4, and the like, and may be called by various names. 
     The wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the network through the base station  120 . AI technology is applicable to the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f , and the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the AI server  100   g  through the network. The network may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network or a 5G (e.g., NR) network, etc. The wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may communicate with each other through the base stations  120   a  to  120   e  or perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) without through the base stations  120   a  to  120   e . For example, the vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may perform direct communication (e.g., vehicle to vehicle (V2V)/vehicle to everything (V2X) communication). In addition, the IoT device  100   f  (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or the other wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f.    
     Wireless communications/connections  150   a ,  150   b  and  150   c  may be established between the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f /the base stations  120   a  to  120   e  and the base stations  120   a  to  120   e /the base stations  120   a  to  120   e . Here, wireless communication/connection may be established through various radio access technologies (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication  150   a , sidelink communication  150   b  (or D2D communication) or communication  150   c  between base stations (e.g., relay, integrated access backhaul (IAB). The wireless device and the base station/wireless device or the base station and the base station may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through wireless communication/connection  150   a ,  150   b  and  150   c . For example, wireless communication/connection  150   a ,  150   b  and  150   c  may enable signal transmission/reception through various physical channels. To this end, based on the various proposals of the present disclosure, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmission/reception of radio signals, various signal processing procedures (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping, etc.), resource allocation processes, etc. may be performed. 
       FIG.  32    illustrates wireless devices applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  32    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  32   , a first wireless device  200   a  and a second wireless device  200   b  may transmit and receive radio signals through various radio access technologies (e.g., LTE or NR). Here, {the first wireless device  200   a , the second wireless device  200   b } may correspond to {the wireless device  100   x , the base station  120 } and/or {the wireless device  100   x , the wireless device  100   x } of  FIG.  31   . 
     The first wireless device  200   a  may include one or more processors  202   a  and one or more memories  204   a  and may further include one or more transceivers  206   a  and/or one or more antennas  208   a . The processor  202   a  may be configured to control the memory  204   a  and/or the transceiver  206   a  and to implement descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor  202   a  may process information in the memory  204   a  to generate first information/signal and then transmit a radio signal including the first information/signal through the transceiver  206   a . In addition, the processor  202   a  may receive a radio signal including second information/signal through the transceiver  206   a  and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information/signal in the memory  204   a . The memory  204   a  may be coupled with the processor  202   a , and store a variety of information related to operation of the processor  202   a . For example, the memory  204   a  may store software code including instructions for performing all or some of the processes controlled by the processor  202   a  or performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. Here, the processor  202   a  and the memory  204   a  may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver  206   a  may be coupled with the processor  202   a  to transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  208   a . The transceiver  206   a  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver  206   a  may be used interchangeably with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In the present disclosure, the wireless device may refer to a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     The second wireless device  200   b  may perform wireless communications with the first wireless device  200   a  and may include one or more processors  202   b  and one or more memories  204   b  and may further include one or more transceivers  206   b  and/or one or more antennas  208   b . The functions of the one or more processors  202   b , one or more memories  204   b , one or more transceivers  206   b , and/or one or more antennas  208   b  are similar to those of one or more processors  202   a , one or more memories  204   a , one or more transceivers  206   a  and/or one or more antennas  208   a  of the first wireless device  200   a.    
     Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices  200   a  and  200   b  will be described in greater detail. Without being limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b . For example, one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource control), SDAP (service data adaptation protocol)). One or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs), one or more service data unit (SDU), messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  may generate PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and/or methods disclosed herein and provide the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information to one or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b . One or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  may receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  and acquire PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. 
     One or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors or microcomputers. One or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware or software, and firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be included in one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  or stored in one or more memories  204   a  and  204   b  to be driven by one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, a command and/or a set of commands. 
     One or more memories  204   a  and  204   b  may be coupled with one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  to store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions and/or commands. One or more memories  204   a  and  204   b  may be composed of read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), erasable programmable read only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cache memories, computer-readable storage mediums and/or combinations thereof. One or more memories  204   a  and  204   b  may be located inside and/or outside one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b . In addition, one or more memories  204   a  and  204   b  may be coupled with one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection. 
     One or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  may transmit user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. described in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure to one or more other apparatuses. One or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  may receive user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. described in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure from one or more other apparatuses. In addition, one or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  may be coupled with one or more antennas  208   a  and  208   b , and may be configured to transmit/receive user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein through one or more antennas  208   a  and  208   b . In the present disclosure, one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). One or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  may convert the received radio signals/channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals, in order to process the received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b . One or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels processed using one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  from baseband signals into RF band signals. To this end, one or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  may include (analog) oscillator and/or filters. 
       FIG.  33    illustrates a signal process circuit for a transmission signal applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  33    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  33   , a signal processing circuit  300  may include scramblers  310 , modulators  320 , a layer mapper  330 , a precoder  340 , resource mappers  350 , and signal generators  360 . For example, an operation/function of  FIG.  33    may be performed by the processors  202   a  and  202   b  and/or the transceivers  36  and  206  of  FIG.  32   . Hardware elements of  FIG.  33    may be implemented by the processors  202   a  and  202   b  and/or the transceivers  36  and  206  of  FIG.  32   . For example, blocks  310  to  360  may be implemented by the processors  202   a  and  202   b  of  FIG.  32   . Alternatively, the blocks  310  to  350  may be implemented by the processors  202   a  and  202   b  of  FIG.  32    and the block  360  may be implemented by the transceivers  36  and  206  of  FIG.  32   , and it is not limited to the above-described embodiment. 
     Codewords may be converted into radio signals via the signal processing circuit  300  of  FIG.  33   . Herein, the codewords are encoded bit sequences of information blocks. The information blocks may include transport blocks (e.g., a UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transport block). The radio signals may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., a PUSCH and a PDSCH). 
     Specifically, the codewords may be converted into scrambled bit sequences by the scramblers  310 . Scramble sequences used for scrambling may be generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device. The scrambled bit sequences may be modulated to modulation symbol sequences by the modulators  320 . A modulation scheme may include pi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-Phase Shift Keying (m-PSK), and m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (m-QAM). 
     Complex modulation symbol sequences may be mapped to one or more transport layers by the layer mapper  330 . Modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped (precoded) to corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder  340 . Outputs z of the precoder  340  may be obtained by multiplying outputs y of the layer mapper  330  by an N*M precoding matrix W. Herein, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transport layers. The precoder  340  may perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT) for complex modulation symbols. Alternatively, the precoder  340  may perform precoding without performing transform precoding. 
     The resource mappers  350  may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to time-frequency resources. The time-frequency resources may include a plurality of symbols (e.g., a CP-OFDMA symbols and DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. The signal generators  360  may generate radio signals from the mapped modulation symbols and the generated radio signals may be transmitted to other devices through each antenna. For this purpose, the signal generators  360  may include Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) modules, Cyclic Prefix (CP) inserters, Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), and frequency up-converters. 
     Signal processing procedures for a signal received in the wireless device may be configured in a reverse manner of the signal processing procedures of  FIG.  33   . For example, the wireless devices (e.g.,  200   a  and  200   b  of  FIG.  32   ) may receive radio signals from the exterior through the antenna ports/transceivers. The received radio signals may be converted into baseband signals through signal restorers. To this end, the signal restorers may include frequency downlink converters, Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), CP remover, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) modules. Next, the baseband signals may be restored to codewords through a resource demapping procedure, a postcoding procedure, a demodulation processor, and a descrambling procedure. The codewords may be restored to original information blocks through decoding. Therefore, a signal processing circuit (not illustrated) for a reception signal may include signal restorers, resource demappers, a postcoder, demodulators, descramblers, and decoders. 
       FIG.  34    illustrates a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  34    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  34   , a wireless device  300  may correspond to the wireless devices  200   a  and  200   b  of  FIG.  32    and include various elements, components, units/portions and/or modules. For example, the wireless device  300  may include a communication unit  310 , a control unit (controller)  320 , a memory unit (memory)  330  and additional components  340 . 
     The communication unit  410  may include a communication circuit  412  and a transceiver(s)  414 . The communication unit  410  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) to and from other wireless devices or base stations. For example, the communication circuit  412  may include one or more processors  202   a  and  202   b  and/or one or more memories  204   a  and  204   b  of  FIG.  32   . For example, the transceiver(s)  414  may include one or more transceivers  206   a  and  206   b  and/or one or more antennas  208   a  and  208   b  of  FIG.  42   . 
     The control unit  420  may be composed of at least one processor set. For example, the control unit  420  may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphic processing processor, a memory control processor, etc. The control unit  420  may be electrically coupled with the communication unit  410 , the memory unit  430  and the additional components  440  to control overall operation of the wireless device. For example, the control unit  420  may control electrical/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on a program/code/instruction/information stored in the memory unit  430 . In addition, the control unit  420  may transmit the information stored in the memory unit  430  to the outside (e.g., another communication device) through the wireless/wired interface using the communication unit  410  over a wireless/wired interface or store information received from the outside (e.g., another communication device) through the wireless/wired interface using the communication unit  410  in the memory unit  430 . 
     The memory unit  430  may be composed of a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read only memory (ROM), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory and/or a combination thereof. The memory unit  430  may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands necessary to derive the wireless device  400 . In addition, the memory unit  430  may store input/output data/information, etc. 
     The additional components  440  may be variously configured according to the types of the wireless devices. For example, the additional components  440  may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/output unit, a driving unit or a computing unit. Without being limited thereto, the wireless device  400  may be implemented in the form of the robot ( FIG.  41 ,  100     a ), the vehicles ( FIGS.  41 ,  100     b - 1  and  100   b - 2 ), the XR device ( FIG.  41 ,  100     c ), the hand-held device ( FIG.  41 ,  100     d ), the home appliance ( FIG.  41 ,  100     e ), the IoT device ( FIG.  41 ,  100     f ), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram apparatus, a public safety apparatus, an MTC apparatus, a medical apparatus, a Fintech device (financial device), a security device, a climate/environment device, an AI server/device ( FIG.  41 ,  140   ), the base station ( FIG.  41 ,  120   ), a network node, etc. The wireless device may be movable or may be used at a fixed place according to use example/service. 
       FIG.  35    illustrates a hand-held device applicable to the present disclosure.  FIG.  35    exemplifies a hand-held device applicable to the present disclosure. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch or smart glasses), and a hand-held computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The embodiment of  FIG.  35    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  35   , the hand-held device  500  may include an antenna unit (antenna)  508 , a communication unit (transceiver)  510 , a control unit (controller)  520 , a memory unit (memory)  530 , a power supply unit (power supply)  540   a , an interface unit (interface)  540   b , and an input/output unit  540   c . An antenna unit (antenna)  508  may be part of the communication unit  510 . The blocks  510  to  530 / 440   a  to  540   c  may correspond to the blocks  310  to  330 / 340  of  FIG.  34   , respectively, and duplicate descriptions are omitted. 
     The communication unit  510  may transmit and receive signals and the control unit  520  may control the hand-held device  500 , and the memory unit  530  may store data and so on. The power supply unit  540   a  may supply power to the hand-held device  500  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The interface unit  540   b  may support connection between the hand-held device  500  and another external device. The interface unit  540   b  may include various ports (e.g., an audio input/output port and a video input/output port) for connection with the external device. The input/output unit  540   c  may receive or output video information/signals, audio information/signals, data and/or user input information. The input/output unit  540   c  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display  540   d , a speaker and/or a haptic module. 
     For example, in case of data communication, the input/output unit  540   c  may acquire user input information/signal (e.g., touch, text, voice, image or video) from the user and store the user input information/signal in the memory unit  530 . The communication unit  510  may convert the information/signal stored in the memory into a radio signal and transmit the converted radio signal to another wireless device directly or transmit the converted radio signal to a base station. In addition, the communication unit  510  may receive a radio signal from another wireless device or the base station and then restore the received radio signal into original information/signal. The restored information/signal may be stored in the memory unit  530  and then output through the input/output unit  540   c  in various forms (e.g., text, voice, image, video and haptic). 
       FIG.  36    illustrates a car or an autonomous vehicle applicable to the present disclosure.  FIG.  36    exemplifies a car or an autonomous driving vehicle applicable to the present disclosure. The car or the autonomous driving car may be implemented as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, a manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc. and the type of the car is not limited. The embodiment of  FIG.  36    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  36   , the car or autonomous driving car  600  may include an antenna unit (antenna)  608 , a communication unit (transceiver)  610 , a control unit (controller)  620 , a driving unit  640   a , a power supply unit (power supply)  640   b , a sensor unit  640   c , and an autonomous driving unit  640   d . The antenna unit  650  may be configured as part of the communication unit  610 . The blocks  610 / 630 / 640   a  to  640   d  correspond to the blocks  510 / 530 / 540  of  FIG.  35   , and duplicate descriptions are omitted. 
     The communication unit  610  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) to and from external devices such as another vehicle, a base station (e.g., a base station, a road side unit, etc.), and a server. The control unit  620  may control the elements of the car or autonomous driving car  600  to perform various operations. The control unit  620  may include an electronic control unit (ECU). The driving unit  640   a  may drive the car or autonomous driving car  600  on the ground. The driving unit  640   a  may include an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, a brake, a steering device, etc. The power supply unit  640   b  may supply power to the car or autonomous driving car  600 , and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The sensor unit  640   c  may obtain a vehicle state, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit  640   c  may include an inertial navigation unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an inclination sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/reverse sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a brake pedal position sensor, and so on. The autonomous driving sensor  640   d  may implement technology for maintaining a driving lane, technology for automatically controlling a speed such as adaptive cruise control, technology for automatically driving the car along a predetermined route, technology for automatically setting a route when a destination is set and driving the car, etc. 
     For example, the communication unit  610  may receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous driving unit  640   d  may generate an autonomous driving route and a driving plan based on the acquired data. The control unit  620  may control the driving unit  640   a  (e.g., speed/direction control) such that the car or autonomous driving car  600  moves along the autonomous driving route according to the driving plane. During autonomous driving, the communication unit  610  may aperiodically/periodically acquire latest traffic information data from an external server and acquire surrounding traffic information data from neighboring cars. In addition, during autonomous driving, the sensor unit  640   c  may acquire a vehicle state and surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit  640   d  may update the autonomous driving route and the driving plan based on newly acquired data/information. The communication unit  610  may transmit information such as a vehicle location, an autonomous driving route, a driving plan, etc. to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data using AI technology or the like based on the information collected from the cars or autonomous driving cars and provide the predicted traffic information data to the cars or autonomous driving cars. 
     Since examples of the above-described proposed method may also be included as one of the implementation methods of the present disclosure, it is obvious that they may be regarded as a kind of proposed method. In addition, the above-described proposed methods may be implemented independently, or may be implemented in the form of a combination (or merge) of some of the proposed methods. The rule can be defined so that the information on whether the proposed methods are applied (or information on the rules of the proposed methods) is notified by the base station to the terminal through a predefined signal (eg, a physical layer signal or a higher layer signal). 
     The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the technical ideas and essential characteristics described in the present disclosure. Accordingly, the above detailed description should not be construed as restrictive in all respects but as exemplary. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the equivalent scope of the present disclosure are included in the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, claims that are not explicitly cited in the claims may be combined to form an embodiment or may be included as a new claim by amendment after filing.