Patent Publication Number: US-7591796-B1

Title: Automatic portable pneumatic compression system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED US PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/941,909, filed on Aug. 29, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,676; which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/413,968, filed Oct. 7, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,494,852; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/038,157, filed on Mar. 11, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,757 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/375,083, filed on Aug. 16, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,467. The entire contents of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/941,909; 09/413,968; 09/038,157; and 09/375,083 are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     PRIORITY INFORMATION 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/424,288, which was filed on Nov. 6, 2002. The entire contents of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/424,288 are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to medical devices for applying pressure to a region of a body surface. More particularly, the present invention relates to medical devices that use a pressure sleeve and a pressure accumulator to apply pressure to a region of a body surface. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to systems for applying compressive pressures against a patient&#39;s limb, specifically to a miniaturized, automatic portable battery and/or main power supply operated ambulant system. 
     Various conventional compression devices are known for applying compressive pressure to a patient&#39;s limb. These types of devices are used to assist in a large number of medical indications, mainly the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), vascular disorders, reduction of edemas, and the healing of wounds. Prior art devices are typically divided into two main segments: 1) a hospital segment, in which the conventional compression devices are used mainly for the prevention of DVT and 2) a home segment, in which the conventional compression devices are mainly used to treat severe lymphedema. Although showing high clinical efficacy in clinical studies in treating the above clinical indications, the conventional compression devices share many disadvantages that severely hamper their clinical out come in real life situations 
     For example, the conventional compression devices use a conventional main power supply (wall outlet), and thus impose confinement upon the patient during the long periods of treatment e.g.: in DVT prevention after surgeries, the patients should be on therapy continuously from before the operation until discharge on a 24/7 basis. Confinement to the bed for receiving continuous treatment with a conventional device is impractical and is hardly ever achieved. Moreover the need to stay lying in bed for long periods of time delays recuperation, can lead to the development of pressure ulcers, and is contra-indicated to good medical practice. 
     The pump unit of the conventional compression device is heavy (5-15 pounds), which makes it hard to maneuver and place in the vicinity of the patients. The pump unit is also big and thus creates a storage problem, specifically in hospitals, in which tens and hundreds of units are stationed, usually in a special storage room. 
     The sleeve of the conventional compression device is big and ungainly, and thus restricts the movement of the limb it encompasses and imposes discomfort. In addition, the use of multiple cells demands the use of multiple conduits (usually one for each cell) making the whole system more cumbersome and harder to maneuver. Moreover, data corresponding to the pressure and compression cycles of the conventional compression systems has to be manually entered into the system by the clinical staff each time the system is turned ON. Furthermore, since the error detecting mechanism of the conventional systems shuts OFF the system each time an error is detected, the system needs to be manually restarted by the clinical staff, thereby requiring the clinical staff to manually re-enter the data corresponding to the pressure and compression cycles. In other words, in view of the need to manually enter the data corresponding to the pressure and compression cycles upon each start-up of the compression system and in view of the shutting down of the system upon error detection, with the accompanying re-entry of data, the conventional compression systems are overly dependent upon clinical staff for operation, thereby unduly imposing on the workload of the clinical staff. 
     All of the aforementioned disadvantages result in poor patient and therapist (mainly nurses) compliance and compliant. Clinical studies have proven that daily compliance of the systems is less then 50% resulting in far below expectation clinical outcomes compared to a continuous treatment (Prophylaxis against DVT after total knee arthroplasty, by Geoffrey H. Westrich, the Journal of bone and joint surgery vol. 78-A, June 1996. Why does prophylaxis with external pneumatic compression for DVT fail, by Anthony J. Comerota, the American journal of surgery vol. 164 September 1992 and others). 
     The conventional compression devices need to be as big and use the conventional electrical outlets for the power supply as conventional compression devices use the same basic shape of inflatable bladders in the sleeves. These conventional compression devices use substantial amounts of fluid (usually air) in order to inflate the sleeve and create the desired pressure at a timely manner (between 0.25-10 seconds per chamber). As a consequence, the conventional compression devices need large compressors that require high current supply, which forces the connection to the electrical outlets for power supply. The same follows with respect to the need for relatively large components in the conventional compression devices, such as solenoids, air conduits etc. 
     The need for a small ambulant/portable aesthetic device has long been recognized by the industry, as evident from prior patents of leading companies in this field; such as, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,795,312; 5,626,556; 4,945,905; and 5,354,260, and 6,290,662 as well as EP 0861652, and others; are concerned with using less air to inflate the sleeves, easier handling, and all of the other disadvantages previously discussed. 
     One proposed solution introduced the use of foot pumps, another suggested an inelastic outer shell to limit the inflation of the cells and others proposed solutions focused upon improving the pumps (flow rate, power consumption, etc.) and not upon improving the use of the pumped air that would enable one to accomplish the same pressures in the same timely manner and the same therapeutic goals using about a fraction of the volume of air that the conventional compression devices need. 
     As noted above, in many medical conditions it is desirable to apply pressure to a region of the body surface. Conventionally, this is accomplished by fixing one or more individually inflatable cells to the body surface. When the cells are inflated, a pressure is applied to the body surface in contact with the cell. When the cell is deflated, the pressure is relieved. The cells are usually incorporated into a sleeve that is placed around a body limb to be treated. The limb may be, for example, a leg, an arm, a hand, a foot, or the trunk. 
     The cells may be toroidal in shape when inflated so as to completely surround the limb. A cell may be maintained in an inflated state for a prolonged period of time in order to apply prolonged pressure to the underlying body region. Alternatively, a cell may be inflated and deflated periodically so as to apply intermittent pressure to the underlying body region. A sleeve having one or more individually inflatable cells will be referred to herein as a pressure sleeve. 
       FIG. 16  shows schematically a prior art system for applying pressure to a body limb. The system uses a pressure sleeve (not shown) comprising one or more individually inflatable cells. The system also includes a console  615  containing a compressor  602  that generates pressurized air. A conduit  607  conducts the flow of pressurized air away from the compressor  602 . A number of solenoid valves ( 605   a ,  605   b , and  605   c ) equal to the number of cells in the pressure sleeve are positioned along the conduit  607 . Each valve ( 605   a ,  605   b , and  605   c ) has an air inlet connected to an upstream portion of the conduit  607 , a first air outlet connected to a downstream portion of the conduit  607 , and a second air outlet ( 611   a ,  611   b , and  611   c ) connected to an associated cell via a conduit ( 614   a ,  614   b , and  614   c ). Each valve can alternate between an open state in which pressurized air can flow between the inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet ( 611   a ,  611   b , and  611   c ) and a closed state in which pressurized air can flow between the inlet and the first outlet, but not between the inlet and the second outlet ( 611   a ,  611   b , and  611   c ). 
     The console  615  further comprises a processor  619  that controls the state of each of the valves ( 605   a ,  605   b , and  605   c ) so as to execute a predetermined temporo-spatial array of inflation of the cells. For example, in one application the cells are inflated peristaltically so that one cell is first inflated, while the other cells are deflated. As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , this can be accomplished by the processor  619  opening the valve  605   a  while the valves  605   b  and  605   c  are closed. Pressurized air flows in the conduit  607  from the compressor  602  into the cell associated with conduit  614   a . The processor  619  monitors the air pressure in the conduit  607  by means of a pressure gauge  603 . When the pressure has reached a predetermined level, the processor  619  closes the valve  605   a . Next, the cell associated with conduit  614   b  is inflated by opening the valve  605   b . A one-way valve  625  prevents the flow of air in the conduit  607  from flowing from the valves ( 605   a ,  605   b , and  605   c ) towards the compressor  602 . The cell associated with conduit  614   a  is then deflated and the cell associated with conduit  614   c  is inflated. The cells associated with conduit  614   b  and  614   c  are then deflated, and the cycle can begin again. 
     The console  615  has a housing  620  containing the processor  619 , the conduit  607  and the valves ( 605   a ,  605   b , and  605   c ). The compressor  602  may be located within the housing of the console  615  as shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     In the conventional compression system as shown in  FIG. 16 , pressure in the cells rises gradually, starting when the valve  605   a  is opened until the final pressure is achieved. However, in some medical conditions it is beneficial to produce a fast inflation of the sleeve encompassing the body surface. Studies have shown that the velocity of venous flow or the increase in local arterial flow is proportional to the rate at which the pressure rises. In the prevention of DVT it is believed that this acceleration of venous flow reduces the risk of pooling and clotting of blood in the deep veins and therefore the rate of pressure rise is a critical variable of effectiveness in the prevention of DVT. In order to achieve a rapid inflation, it is known to incorporate in the housing  620  of the console  615  a pressure accumulator. 
       FIG. 17  shows schematically another conventional compression system for applying pressure to a body limb incorporating a pressure accumulator  740 . This conventional compression system contains several components in common with the conventional compression system shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 17 , a solenoid valve  705   a  is positioned on the conduit  707  upstream from the valves ( 705   b ,  705   c , and  705   d ). The valve  705   a  has an air inlet connected to an upstream portion of the conduit  707 , a first air outlet connected to a downstream portion of the conduit  707 , and a second air outlet connected to the pressure accumulator  740  via a conduit. The valve  705   a  can realize an open state in which flow of fluid may occur between the inlet, the first outlet, and the second outlet. The valve  705   a  can also realize a closed state in which flow of fluid may occur between the inlet and the first outlet but not between the second outlet and the inlet or between the second outlet and the first outlet. The processor  719  determines the operational state of valve  705   a.    
     The conventional compression system shown in  FIG. 17  is used when it is desired to apply pressure rapidly to a portion of a body limb underlying the cell. In this application, the valve  705   a  is opened while the valves ( 705   b ,  705   c , and  705   d ) are closed, causing pressurized air to flow in the conduit  707  from the compressor  702  through the valve  705   a  into the accumulator  740 . When the pressure in the accumulator  740  reaches a predetermined value P A , as determined by the pressure gauge  703 , the processor  719  opens the valve  705   b  causing air to flow from the accumulator  740  into the cell associated with value  705   b . The pressure in the cell associated with valve  705   b  will rise rapidly to a pressure P C . P A  and P C  satisfy the relationship P A V A =P C (V A +V C ) where V A  is the volume of the accumulator  740  and V C  is the volume of the cell associated with value  705   b  when inflated. The valves  705   b ,  705   c , and  705   d  are then operated as described in reference to the system of  FIG. 16 . 
     Systems of the type shown in  FIG. 17  having an accumulator inside the console are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,653,130 and 5,307,791 to Senoue et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,027,797 to Bullard; U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,049 to Tumey et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,955, to Johnson et al. The entire contents of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,653,130; 5,307,791; 5,027,797; 5,840,049; and 5,588,955 are herby incorporated by reference. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 17 , the presence of the accumulator  740  within the housing  720  of the console  715  adds to the size of the console  715 . Thus, adding an accumulator to the console of a system that is otherwise miniature, mobile and battery operated makes the console, and hence the entire system, immobile, which destroys the advantages and benefits of a mobile system. 
     Therefore, it is desirable to provide a compression system that is small, ambulant, and portable. It is also desirable to provide a compression system that provides patients with continuous 24/7 treatment and freedom of movement. Furthermore, it is desirable to provide a compression system that is suitable for home use and can be stored easily. Moreover, it is desirable to provide a compression system that allows a user to engage in social activities during treatment. Lastly, it is desirable to provide a compression system that is includes a pressure accumulator that is small, ambulant, and portable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the present invention is a compression system for applying therapeutic pressure to a limb of a body. The compression system includes a pressure sleeve; a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve; and a pressure accumulator, flexibly tethered and pneumatically connected to the compression system console, to provide controlled pneumatic compression. 
     A second aspect of the present invention is a pressure sleeve. The pressure sleeve includes an integral pressure accumulator and an inflatable cell operatively pneumatically connected to the integral pressure accumulator. 
     A third aspect of the present invention is a compression system for applying therapeutic pressure to a limb of a body. The compression system includes a pressure sleeve; a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve; and a pressure accumulator integral to the pressure sleeve, pneumatically connected to the compression system console, to provide controlled pneumatic compression. 
     A fourth aspect of the present invention is a therapeutic foot device. The therapeutic foot device includes a pressure sleeve; a sole member; and a pressure accumulator provided in the sole member and operatively pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve. 
     A fifth aspect of the present invention is a therapeutic foot system. The therapeutic foot system includes a pressure sleeve; a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve; a sole member; and a pressure accumulator provided in the sole member and operatively pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve. 
     A sixth aspect of the invention is a therapeutic foot device. The therapeutic foot device includes a foot pressure sleeve and a pressure accumulator operatively pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve. The pressure sleeve includes an inflatable cell. The inflatable cell includes at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent. 
     A seventh aspect of the present invention is a therapeutic foot system. The therapeutic foot system includes a pressure sleeve; a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve; and a pressure accumulator, operatively pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve and flexibly tethered and pneumatically connected to the compression system console, to provide controlled pneumatic compression. 
     An eighth aspect of the present invention is a therapeutic pressure system. The therapeutic pressure system includes a pressure sleeve and a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve. The controller, upon entering a first mode, identifies a type of the pressure sleeve connected to the compression system console. 
     A ninth aspect of the present invention is a method of providing therapy with a pressure sleeve and a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller and a plurality of air conduit terminals to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve. The method polls each air conduit terminal to determine a state thereof; determines automatically a type of pressure device connected to an air conduit terminal from the polling; determines automatically a treatment sequence and pressures based on the types of pressure devices connected to the air conduit terminals; and applies therapeutic pressure to a patient based on the determined treatment sequence. 
     A tenth aspect of the present invention is a method of providing therapy with a pressure sleeve and a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller and a plurality of air conduit terminals to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve. The method polls each air conduit terminal to determine a state thereof; determines automatically a type of pressure device connected to an air conduit terminal from the polling; determines automatically a pressure to be applied based on the types of pressure devices connected to the air conduit terminals; and applies therapeutic pressure to a patient based on the determined pressure. 
     An eleventh aspect of the present invention is a method of providing therapy with a pressure sleeve and a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller and a plurality of air conduit terminals to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve. The method polls each air conduit terminal to determine a state thereof; determines automatically a type of pressure device connected to an air conduit terminal from the polling; determines automatically a treatment sequence based on the types of pressure devices connected to the air conduit terminals; and applies therapeutic pressure to a patient based on the determined treatment sequence. 
     A twelfth aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes first and second inflatable cells, each of the first and second inflatable cells including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, each compartment being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being longitudinally adjacent each other and arranged coaxially with respect to the primary axis of the limb when engaged with a limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond of an inflatable cell including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell being spatially fixed relative to each other such that upon inflation of the adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable; means for laterally coupling outermost compartments so as to form a sleeve such that the sleeve has a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated; and a compression system console including control means for determining the temporo-spatial regime of cell inflation. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is an automatic portable ambulant system for applying pressure to a body limb. The automatic portable ambulant system includes a sleeve including first and second inflatable cells, the first and second inflatable cells each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, the intra-cell compartments being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being longitudinally adjacent to each other so as to be adapted to be arranged coaxially with respect to a primary axis of a body limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the first inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the first inflatable cell are inflated, the second inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the second inflatable cell are inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable; means for laterally coupling outermost compartments so as to form a sleeve such that the sleeve has a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated; and a portable hand-held console unit for providing pressurized air to any one or more selected cells of the sleeve via a conduit, said console unit including a control unit for determining the sequence of cell inflation and deflation. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is a method for immobilizing a fractured bone in a limb. The method couples outermost intra-cell compartments of a sleeve around a limb, the sleeve comprising at least one inflatable cell, each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent and elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and being substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the longitudinal axes of the compartments substantially aligning with the primary axis of the limb, wherein the inflatable cells each comprise inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond to define the inflatable cell therebetween, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define the plurality of intra-cell compartments, wherein the perimetric cell bond includes upper and lower perimetric cell bonds extending substantially in a lateral direction, and left and right perimetric cell bonds extending substantially in the longitudinal direction, and wherein the compartmental bonds partly extend between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, wherein the compartmental bonds include perforations to allow for confluent air flow between compartments within a cell, compartments within a cell being spatially fixed relative to each other such that upon inflation of a cell; and intermittently inflates one of the first or second inflatable cells to apply pressure to the limb by circumferentially constricting the intermittently inflated cell, the cell having a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the cell when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the cell when laterally uncoupled and inflated. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes first and second inflatable cells, the first and second inflatable cells each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, the intra-cell compartments being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being adjacent each other and arranged coaxially with respect to the primary axis of the limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the first inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the first inflatable cell are inflated, the second inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the second inflatable cell are inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable; means for laterally coupling outermost compartments so as to form a sleeve such that the sleeve has a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated; and a compression system console including control means for determining a temporo-spatial regime of cell inflation. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is an automatic portable ambulant system for applying pressure to a body limb. The system includes a sleeve including first and second inflatable cells, the first and second inflatable cells each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, the intra-cell compartments being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being adjacent each other and arranged coaxially with respect to the primary axis of the limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the first inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the first inflatable cell are inflated, the second inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the second inflatable cell are inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable; means for laterally coupling the outermost intra-cell compartments within a cell so as to form a sleeve such that the sleeve has a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated; and a portable hand-held compression system console for providing pressurized air to inflate selected cells of the sleeve via a conduit. The compression system console includes a control unit for determining the sequence of cell inflation and deflation. 
     A still further aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes an inflatable cell; the inflatable cell including at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, each intra-cell compartment being elongated in a direction of the primary axis, the inflatable cell further including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define each intra-cell compartment, the perimetric cell bond including upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds partly extending between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, adjacent intra-cell compartments being spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted, the inflatable cell having a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes an inflatable cell, the inflatable cell including at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, adjacent intra-cell compartments being spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted, the inflatable cell having a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is an automatic portable ambulant system for applying pressure to a body limb. The system includes an inflatable cell, the inflatable cell including at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, each compartment being elongated in a direction of the primary axis, the inflatable cell further including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define each intra-cell compartment, the perimetric cell bond including upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds partly extending between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, adjacent intra-cell compartments being spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted, the inflatable cell having a first circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are deflated and a second circumference value when the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the second circumference value being less than the first circumference value so as to provide for circumferential constriction, the first circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and deflated, the second circumference value being a length between the outermost intra-cell compartments of the sleeve when laterally uncoupled and inflated; and a portable hand-held compression system console including a control unit for determining a sequence of cell inflation and deflation. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes first and second inflatable cells, each of the first and second inflatable cells including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, each compartment being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being longitudinally adjacent each other and arranged coaxially with respect to the primary axis of the limb when engaged with a limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond of an inflatable cell including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell being spatially fixed relative to each other such that upon inflation of the adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable, the intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expanding in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contracting in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb; means for laterally coupling outermost compartments so as to form a sleeve; and a compression system console including control means for determining a temporo-spatial regime of cell inflation. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is an automatic portable ambulant system for applying pressure to a body limb. The automatic portable ambulant system includes a sleeve including first and second inflatable cells, the first and second inflatable cells each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, the intra-cell compartments being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being longitudinally adjacent to each other so as to be adapted to be arranged coaxially with respect to a primary axis of a body limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the first inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the first inflatable cell are inflated, the second inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the second inflatable cell are inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable, the intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expanding in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contracting in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb; means for laterally coupling outermost compartments so as to form a sleeve; and a portable hand-held compression system console including a control unit for determining the sequence of cell inflation and deflation. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is a method for immobilizing a fractured bone in a limb. The method couples outermost intra-cell compartments of a first inflatable cell having a plurality of intra-cell compartments and outermost intra-cell compartments of a second inflatable cell having a plurality of intra-cell compartments, the coupling of the outermost intra-cell compartments of first and second inflatable cells forming a sleeve around a limb, the sleeve comprising, each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent and elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and being substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the longitudinal axes of the compartments substantially aligning with the primary axis of the limb, wherein the inflatable cells each comprise inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond to define the inflatable cell therebetween, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define the plurality of intra-cell compartments, wherein the perimetric cell bond includes upper and lower perimetric cell bonds extending substantially in a lateral direction, and left and right perimetric cell bonds extending substantially in the longitudinal direction, and wherein the compartmental bonds partly extend between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, wherein the compartmental bonds include perforations to allow for confluent air flow between compartments within a cell, compartments within a cell being spatially fixed relative to each other such that upon inflation of a cell; and inflates one of the inflatable cells to apply pressure to the limb by circumferentially constricting the inflated cell, the intra-cell compartments of the inflated cell, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expanding in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contracting in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes first and second inflatable cells, the first and second inflatable cells each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, the intra-cell compartments being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being adjacent each other and arranged coaxially with respect to the primary axis of the limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the first inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the first inflatable cell are inflated, the second inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the second inflatable cell are inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable, the intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expanding in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contracting in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb; means for laterally coupling outermost compartments so as to form a sleeve; and a compression system console including control means for determining a temporo-spatial regime of cell inflation. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is an automatic portable ambulant system for applying pressure to a body limb. The system includes a sleeve including first and second inflatable cells, the first and second inflatable cells each including at least three intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, the intra-cell compartments being elongated along a longitudinal axis and being substantially rectangular in shape when deflated and substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being adjacent each other and arranged coaxially with respect to the primary axis of the limb, the first and second inflatable cells each including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together to form a perimetric bond about a perimeter of the inflatable cell, the perimetric bond defining the inflatable cell as a volume between the inner and outer shells and within the perimetric bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together to form a plurality of compartmental bonds within the inflatable cell bond, the plurality of compartmental bonds defining at least three intra-cell compartments, the perimetric cell bond including first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the first and second perimetric cell bond portions being substantially parallel thereto, wherein a portion of the compartmental bonds partly extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions, the compartmental bonds extending between the first and second perimetric cell bond portions including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within a cell, the first inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the first inflatable cell are inflated, the second inflatable cell becoming circumferentially constricted when the intra-cell compartments of the second inflatable cell are inflated, the first and second inflatable cells being non-confluent such that the first and second inflatable cells are separately inflatable, the intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expanding in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contracting in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb; means for laterally coupling the outermost intra-cell compartments within a cell so as to form a sleeve; and a portable hand-held compression system console including a control unit for determining the sequence of cell inflation and deflation. 
     A still further aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes an inflatable cell; the inflatable cell including at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, each intra-cell compartment being elongated in a direction of the primary axis, the inflatable cell further including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define each intra-cell compartment, the perimetric cell bond including upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds partly extending between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, adjacent intra-cell compartments being spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted. The intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expand in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contract in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a device for applying pressure to a body limb having a primary axis. The device includes an inflatable cell, the inflatable cell including at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, adjacent intra-cell compartments being spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted. The intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expand in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contract in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is an automatic portable ambulant system for applying pressure to a body limb. The system includes an inflatable cell, the inflatable cell including at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent, each compartment being elongated in a direction of the primary axis, the inflatable cell further including inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond, the inner and outer shells being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define each intra-cell compartment, the perimetric cell bond including upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds partly extending between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds, the compartmental bonds including perforations to allow for confluent air flow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell, adjacent intra-cell compartments being spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted, the intra-cell compartments, while being inflated, substantially simultaneously expanding in a direction substantially normal to a surface of the limb and contracting in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb; and a portable hand-held compression system console including a control unit for determining a sequence of cell inflation and deflation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating a preferred embodiment and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration showing a massage sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention in use on the leg of a patient; 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration of a massage sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention mounted on the leg of a patient drawn to a larger scale; 
         FIG. 3  is a partial perspective view of a massage sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention fitted with a control unit; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are cross-section views of a cell in the deflated and inflated states, respectively, according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a pneumatic pressure system according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic block diagram of a pump unit that corresponds to further details of the pump unit of  FIG. 5 , according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a table of programmed control parameters for a control unit in the case of two three-chambered sleeves according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 8A-8E  illustrate flowcharts of an exemplary operation of the system according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of a pneumatic pressure system according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic block diagram of a pump unit that corresponds to further details of the pump unit of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a simplified functional block diagram of an exemplary connector assembly according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is one embodiment of a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  shows another embodiment of pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination in which the accumulator is integral with the sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  shows a third embodiment of a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination in the form of a slipper according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  shows a system for applying pressure to a body limb according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  shows a prior art system not having a pressure accumulator for applying pressure to a body limb; 
         FIG. 17  shows a prior art system having a pressure accumulator located inside the housing of a console for applying pressure to a body limb; 
         FIG. 18  is an illustration of another massage sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention mounted on the leg of a patient drawn to a larger scale; 
         FIG. 19  is a partial perspective view of another massage sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention fitted with a control unit; 
         FIG. 20  shows an embodiment of a foot pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 21  shows another embodiment of a foot pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 22  is another embodiment of a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 23  illustrates possible states for an air channel or conduit connected to a pump device during an identification mode according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 24-28  illustrate some of the possible combinations of pressure sleeve or pressure accumulator device connections to a pump device according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 29  shows an embodiment of a foot pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 30  shows another embodiment of a foot pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 31 and 32  show further embodiments of a foot pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 33  illustrates the concept of circumferential constriction as employed by the present invention; 
         FIG. 34  graphically illustrates a relationship between pressure in an inflated pressure sleeve of the present invention and a constriction factor according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 35-38  illustrate an inflation scheme according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 39  illustrates a pressure sleeve and pressure accumulator combination according to the concepts of the present invention; 
         FIG. 40  illustrates a coupling of a pressure sleeve and pressure accumulator combination to a console housing a compressor. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present invention will be described in connection with preferred embodiments; however, it will be understood that there is no intent to limit the present invention to the embodiments described herein. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     For a general understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the drawings. In the drawings, like reference have been used throughout to designate identical or equivalent elements. It is also noted that the various drawings illustrating the present invention are not drawn to scale and that certain regions have been purposely drawn disproportionately so that the features and concepts of the present invention could be properly illustrated. 
     In the following, an embodiment of the present invention will be described for use on the leg of an individual. However, it is to be understood that the present invention is also intended for use on any body limb such as an arm, a foot, a part of a leg, arm or foot, and may be used on two or more limbs simultaneously. 
     In  FIG. 1 , a patient is depicted wearing a massaging sleeve  1  of the present invention on her leg while carrying out her routine duties. In  FIG. 1 , the trouser leg of the patient is cut away to reveal the sleeve. In practice, however, the sleeve remains concealed from view, and remains unnoticed even during operation when the cells are intermittently inflated. The sleeve  1  has an inner and outer surface composed of a durable flexible material and is divided into a plurality of cells  2  along its length and each cell is connected to the control unit  3  by a separate tube collectively labeled  4  in  FIG. 1 . Sections of the sleeve may be of non-inflatable elastic material  5 , for example around the knee and ankle. 
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , each cell has a fluid inlet opening  6  to which a hose  4  from the control unit  3  is attached. The control unit  3  contains a compressor capable of compressing and pumping ambient air into one or more selected cells in the sleeve via the hoses  4 . The control unit  3  allows a temporo-spatial regime of inflation and deflation of the cells to be selected, e.g. a regime which generates peristaltic contractions of the sleeve so as to force fluids inside the limb towards the proximal end of the limb, or a regime which enhances the flow of the venous blood in the limb. The continuity of the peristaltic wave is enhanced by interdigitating the compartments of adjacent cells in the massaging sleeve as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     In accordance with the present invention, the cells are subdivided into a plurality of longitudinally extending intra-cell compartments  7 . The intra-cell compartments  7  are formed, for example, by welding the inner and outer shells of the massaging sleeve along the boundaries of the intra-cell compartments. The intra-cell compartments  7  in a given cell are confluent due to perforations  8  in the seams between adjacent intra-cell compartments  7  so that all the intra-cell compartments  7  in the cell are inflated or deflated essentially simultaneously. Each intra-cell compartment  7 , when inflated, assumes essentially the shape of a cylinder having its axis parallel to that of the limb. 
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , each cell has a fluid inlet opening  6  to which a hose  4  from the control unit  3  is attached. The control unit  3  contains a compressor capable of compressing and pumping ambient air into one or more selected cells in the sleeve via the hoses  4 . The control unit  3  allows a temporo-spatial regime of inflation and deflation of the cells to be selected, e.g. a regime which generates peristaltic contractions of the sleeve so as to force fluids inside the limb towards the proximal end of the limb, or a regime which enhances the flow of the venous blood in the limb. Unlike  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the cells in  FIGS. 18 and 19  are not interdigitated. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the cells of  FIGS. 18 and 19  are subdivided into a plurality of longitudinally extending intra-cell compartments  7 . The intra-cell compartments  7  are formed, for example, by welding the inner and outer shells of the massaging sleeve along the boundaries of the intra-cell compartments. The intra-cell compartments  7  in a given cell are confluent due to perforations  8  in the seams between adjacent intra-cell compartments  7  so that all the intra-cell compartments  7  in the cell are inflated or deflated essentially simultaneously. In one embodiment of the present invention, each intra-cell compartment  7 , when inflated, assumes essentially the shape of a cylinder having its axis parallel to that of the limb. 
     A theoretical cross-section of a deflated cell is shown in  FIG. 4A , and  FIG. 4B  shows the same cross-section after inflation. The cell has been divided, by way of example, into ten intra-cell compartments  7 , it being self-evident that any other number of intra-cell compartments may be used. If N is the number of intra-cell compartments in a given cell, and r is the radius of an inflated intra-cell compartment, then as can be seen in  FIG. 4B  the length of the circumference  10  that passes through the centers of the inflated intra-cell compartments  7  will be, theoretically, about 2Nr, whereas the circumference  9 ″ of the deflated cell is, theoretically, about Nr. The theoretical fractional decrease in the circumference upon inflation is thus ((Nr−2Nr)/(Nr)) (1−2/) 0.36. 
     Due to various factors that will be discussed below in more detail, the length of the inner circumference  9 ″ of the inflated cell, in actuality, will be something less than 2Nr so that the fractional decrease in the inner circumference upon inflation is thus is less than or about 0.36. 
     N and r are chosen so that Nr (the circumference of the deflated cell) corresponds to the original circumference of the limb segment contained within the lumen of the cell. The fractional decrease in the circumference of the cell upon inflation causes a contraction of the cell whereby pressure is applied to the limb that, as follows from the equation above, is independent of N and r. 
     Thus, by choosing N sufficiently large, and r correspondingly small, a sleeve is obtained having an inflated outer circumference not substantially larger than the original circumference of the limb. This is in contrast to conventional pressure sleeves, which must have a circumference greater than the initial circumference of the limb in order to achieve the same applied pressure as that produced by the present invention. 
     Letting now L be the height of a cell and C=Nr+w wherein w is the length attributed by the widths of the compartmental welds between the intra-cell compartments, the initial circumference of the limb contained within the cell, it is readily appreciated from  FIG. 4A  that the initial volume of the limb contained within the deflated cell is V D =(C/(2)) 2 L. The final volume of the limb contained within the inflated cell is greater than V 1 =(0.64C/(2)) 2 L=0.4V D . 
     Inflating the cell thus leads to a decrease in the volume of the limb contained within the cell of less than or about equal to 60%. This decrease in volume represents the volume of fluid squeezed out of the limb or the work performed by the sleeve. This is accomplished by inflating the intra-cell compartments of the cell to a total volume of V T =Nr 2 L=N(C/N) 2 L=(C 2 L)/N. 
     In contrast to this, obtaining the same decrease in the volume of the limb by conventional compression methods requires inflating a cell to a final volume of V F ={(1.36C/2) 2 −(0.64C/2) 2 }L=(C 2 L)/(2.8). 
     Thus, when the number of intra-cell compartments in the cell of the present invention is at least 3, the volume to which the cell must be inflated is less than that of conventional compression devices. Moreover, choosing N to be sufficiently large can obtain a decrease of 59% in the volume of the limb by inflating the cell to an arbitrarily small total volume. For example, when N=30, the total volume of the inflated cell is theoretically less than one-tenth of the volume of the inflated cell of the conventional compression devices. This allows a much smaller compressor to be used than is possible with conventional sleeves, thus permitting the patient to be ambulatory while being treated by the present invention. 
       FIG. 33  provides a further illustration of the circumferential constriction concept of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 33 , a deflated pressure sleeve  3000 , includes a coupling device  3010 , such as a hook and latch system, and three intra-cell compartments  3020 ,  3030 , and  3040 . It is noted that the coupling device  3010  couples or attaches to the intra-cell compartment  3040 , in this example, to shape or form the pressure sleeve  3000  for therapeutic purposes. 
     The three intra-cell compartments  3020 ,  3030 , and  3040  are formed from perimetric welds or bonds (not shown) and compartmental welds or bonds  3025  and  3035 . Between adjacent intra-cell compartments  3020  and  3030  is compartmental weld  3025 , and between adjacent intra-cell compartments  3030  and  3040  is compartmental weld  3035 . 
     When the pressure sleeve is deflated, as shown by pressure sleeve  3000 , and is decoupled, the pressure sleeve realizes a first circumference value C 1  as measured between points X and Y. On the other hand, as illustrated in  FIG. 33 , when the pressure sleeve is inflated, as shown by pressure sleeve  3100 , and is decoupled, the pressure sleeve realizes a second circumference value C 2  as measured between points X and Z. The difference between the first circumference value C 1  and the second circumference value C 2  is a shortening value S. As noted above the greater the value S, the greater the volume decrease of the limb caused by the inflated pressure sleeve. 
     It is noted that the shortening value S is affected by many parameters of the sleeve, such as: (1) the chemical and physical properties of the material used in constructing the sleeve (elasticity, flexibility, etc.; (2) the thickness of the material layer; (3) as noted above, the width of the welding lines or compartmental bonds; (4) the number of layers that are welded together; (5) the specific parameters of the welding procedure that is used and how it affects the chemical and physical characteristics of the material; and (6) the inflation pressure. 
     The integrated effect of all these parameters is very difficult to predict and thus to practically handle their integrated effect an empirical factor f is utilized to define the shortening value S, or in other words, the amount of circumferential constriction realized by the pressure sleeve for a given pressure. Using the empirical factor f, S is defined as f((−2)/)(C 1 −((N−1)B)) wherein C 1  is the actual length of the cell, as illustrated in  FIG. 33 , and B is the width of a single weld between two adjacent compartments; e.g., welds  3025  or  3035  as illustrated in  FIG. 33 . 
     The empirical factor f can be calculated for a pressure sleeve when it is inflated to a specific pressure. 
     For example,  FIG. 34  illustrates a curve that defines the relationship between the various possible pressures within a pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention and the empirical factor f. The empirical factor f was determined by filling the pressure sleeve to a predetermined pressure and then measuring its length to determine the shortening value S. Once S was determined, the above equation of S=f((−2)/)(C 1 −((N−1)B)) was solved for f. 
     It is noted that pressures within the “clinical” or operational range (75 mmHg to ˜250 mmHg) are the pressures of real interest, and thus, within this range, it can be seen that the pressure within a pressure sleeve has a nearly linear relationship with the empirical factor f, namely, f=a+bp where b is the slope of the line passing through the measured data points between ˜75 mmHg and ˜250 mmHg, a is the f-axis intercept, and p is the specific pressure within the pressure sleeve. More specifically, using the illustrated example of  FIG. 34 , the empirical factor f would equal 0.43+0.00116p. 
     Therefore, using the above-described methodology of measuring the shortening value S of the pressure sleeve at various pressures with the clinical or operational range, the empirical factor f of the specific pressure sleeve can be determined. 
     In using the relationships discussed above, a pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention, which has an actual length (C 1 ) of 385 mm, a single weld width (B) of 1.7 mm, an empirical factor f of 0.53 at 85 mmHg, and contains 15 adjacent intra-cell compartments (N), would have a shortening value of about 68 mm. Such a shortening value would result in an about 33% reduction in the volume of the limb surrounded by the sleeve. 
     As can be seen from the discussion above and from  FIG. 33 , the present invention provides a pressure sleeve that is capable of realizing a volume reduction of up to 60% depending upon the pressure in the sleeve, the width of the welds, the material of the inner and outer shells, etc. 
     Another reason for the improved reduction is the present invention&#39;s utilization of the intra-cell compartments. The intra-cell compartments, through the compartment bonds or welds ( 3025  and  3035 ), enables the present invention to realize a greater volume reduction with respect to the limb with less air than the conventional devices. 
     More specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 33 , as the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the intra-cell compartments expand dimensionally in a direction substantially normal to the surface of the limb, as illustrated by the double-ended arrow E. Moreover, as illustrated in  FIG. 33 , as the intra-cell compartments are inflated, the intra-cell compartments contract dimensionally in a direction substantially coaxially to the surface of the limb, as illustrated by the opposing arrows D. 
     The simultaneous expansion in one dimension and contraction in a substantial normal direction of the intra-cell compartments provides a circumferential constriction of the pressure sleeve and thus reducing the volume of the underlying limb and causing blood to flow from the area. Moreover, due to the simultaneous expansion in one dimension and contraction in a substantial normal direction of the intra-cell compartments, the present invention can also utilize less area and realize the same volume reduction, thus increasing the life of the air compressor and reducing the energy consumption of the device. 
     It is noted that a sleeve according to the present invention, e.g. such as sleeve  1  in  FIGS. 1 and 2  or a smaller sleeve covering only a portion of a limb, may be used for immobilization of a fractured bone in a limb. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a pressure system  50  includes a pump unit  51 , which utilizes an electrical power supply/charger unit  55 , such as a conventional electrical wall outlet, and an inflatable sleeve  52 . The sleeve has a plurality of cells  53  arranged longitudinally along the sleeve. Conduits  54  connect the pump unit and the sleeve. The sleeve is placed over a limb and inflated, in some desirable cyclic manner by the pump unit, thus creating the desirable pressure cycle on the limb. It will be appreciated that the system can include at least one or more flexible sleeves  52  with single or multiple inflatable cells  53  adapted to be in contact with the body part to be treated. The best selection of a sleeve is one that requires small volume change to exert the needed pressure. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic block diagram of a pump unit  60  that corresponds to further details of the pump unit  51  of  FIG. 5 . It will be appreciated that the thick interconnecting lines represent pneumatic connections, while the thin interconnecting lines represent electrical connections. The pump unit  60  includes an independent source of energy, such as a rechargeable battery pack  67 , which enable the pneumatic device operation without a fixed connection to a main power outlet. The batteries can be bypassed and the device is able to operate for longer times, and the batteries can be recharged at the same time, while it is connected to the main power supply with the aid of the charger  55 . 
     A source of compressed air, such as a compressor  64 , is powered by the batteries or the main electrical outlet, and connected to the sleeve or sleeves  52  by pneumatic conduits  54 . A control unit  68  is adapted to receive inputs from the operator and from pressure sensors  62  and  63 . The control unit serves to read and control the operation of the compressor  64  and to control the cyclic inflating and deflating of the sleeve  53  (in  FIG. 5 ). The control unit also controls the operation of solenoid valves  66 , which receive and distribute the flow to the different cells  53  (in  FIG. 5 ) with the aid of a manifold  65 , to enable the sequential inflating and deflating of the multi-segmented sleeve&#39;s cells  53 . It is noted that the compressor  64  may be housed with the control unit or may be housed separately. 
     Alternatively both hardware and software of the current invention enables the operation of the device from an external pressurized air and power sources. In some hospitals the source of pressurized air can be the central source of pressure-regulated supply that has wall outlets adjacent to the power outlets or that both the external power and pump sources could be an integral part of the patient&#39;s bed. 
     The use of miniaturized components like the compressor  64  and solenoid valves  66 , together with the miniature accessories, results in small power consumption that enables the operation of the pneumatic device on batteries, while maintaining small dimensions and lightweight of the operating unit. The use of a sleeve  53  with a small-inflated volume will improve the obtained results of the operation unit for better clinical operation and results. 
     The operation of the system of the present invention will now be described. Pneumatic devices apply cyclic sequential pressure on a body&#39;s legs or arms. The cyclic sequential pressure is applied on the treated parts of the body by inflating and deflating each cell  53  of the sleeve  52  at a predefined timing. While being inflated, the multi-chambered segmented sleeve  52  should be encircling the part of leg to be treated. While the sleeve is inflated, a local pressure is applied at the contact area between the sleeve and the body. 
     The control unit  68 , which can be software based, controls the operation of the compressor  64  and solenoid valves  66 . The control unit can be programmed to achieve any desired inflating and deflating sequence and timing including delay intervals, in accordance with clinical application. For example, in the case of two three-chambered sleeves (six solenoid valves), the controller can be programmed to operate in accordance with the table of parameters for the control unit shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Each time interval from the table (T 1 , T 2  . . . T 7 ), as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , can be changed independently. The patient or the therapist can control the pressure level of the treatment. An example of an exemplary operation of the system in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in the flowchart of  FIGS. 8A-8E , describing self-checks and error detection processes, attached pressure device identification process for identifying pressure devices such as pressure sleeve/sleeves, pressure accumulators, or combinations thereof, as well as normal operation of the system. 
     In  FIG. 8A , the operation begins with on power reset (cold or hot) ( 801 ). The system initializes a built in test (BIT) procedure which checks the display, the buzzer and the pressure sensors ( 802 ,  803 ,  804 ). If the sensors are found to be activated at this stage, the system holds (through termination procedure (( 806 ) and  837 - 840 )). If the BIT ends correctly, the system resets the watchdog timer (WDT), which prevents locking of the system and turns on the ON Flag (on the display) ( 805 ), and enters the WAIT mode, where it waits for a program (treatment) selection. 
     A WAIT procedure starts at step ( 805 A) where keys are checked. If keys are not pressed, the system blinks the program flags at the display ( 807 ). If more than 1 minute has passed without any key pressed ( 808 ), the system enters error mode  1  (( 809 ) and ( 841 - 845 )). Restarting the system is the only way to go back from this mode of operation. 
     If a program key is pressed, the system de-bounces for 0.5 sec and then checks the keys again ( 810 ). If no key is pressed after the de-bounce time, the system returns to the start of the WAIT procedure. If a key is pressed after the de-bounce time, the system turns on the selected program flag (on the display) ( 812 ), and after a 0.25 sec delay ( 813 ) resets the WDT and starts the sequencer procedure ( 815 ). 
     With reference now to  FIG. 8B , at the first stage in the procedure reads the program group (Dip Switch) on the board ( 816 ). Note that this switch is hidden from the user. At that time, the requested treatment program is well defined, and the system starts loading data ( 817 ). This data can be loaded from two different sources, one a preloaded sequence that is part of the content of the system controlling processor. The second source is the sleeve itself, equipped with a special connector and internal memory, which enables special treatments to be supported (plug and play procedure) (Detailed data of this procedure provided in ( 864 - 868 )). After the sequence has been loaded, the WDT resets again, and data is entered to the cycle counter (which holds the sequence data, as previously supplied) ( 818 ). 
     The sequence starts by moving data to the pump and the valves and continues with a short period delay before checking the pressure sensors ( 820 ). Until this delay is finished, the system waits ( 820 - 821 ). After that, the system checks the sensors ( 823 ). If the sensors do not react correctly until the max available time ( 823 ,  824 ,  822 ), a sequence step error is stored ( 825 ). Later on, those errors will be analyzed ( 830 - 836 ). If the sensors reacted correctly at the time window, a non-error flag is stored ( 826 ). The system branches to the error analyzing procedure ( 827  and  830 ). If the system returns (not enough errors to hold), the cycle step counter advances ( 828 ,  829 ) and the next step starts ( 819 ). 
     In  FIG. 8C , the error analyzing procedure ( 830 ) starts by storing the last calculated error flag in a 24 bits long FIFO register ( 831 ). The number of errors in the register is counted ( 832 ) and if the number exceeds 2, i.e., 3 errors in 24 steps, the system starts a HOLD procedure ( 835 ,  836 ). The HOLD procedure starts turning off the ON flag on the display, and turning on the ERROR flag, and then proceeds to the termination procedure ( 837 - 840 ). 
     If the number of errors does not exceed 2, the system initializes the WDT and returns to step ( 827 ) and continues. The termination procedure is as follows. The termination procedure starts at step ( 837 ) by operating the buzzer ( 838 ), and waits 10 seconds ( 839 ,  840 ) before re-operating the buzzer. 
     In  FIG. 8D , an error  1  procedure is described. The error  1  mode starts at step ( 841 ), operates the buzzer 3 times, waits 1 minute ( 843 ), and if time from start ( 841 ) did not exceed 10 minutes ( 844 ), it repeats the buzz procedure. If yes, the system moves into the termination procedure ( 845  and  837 ). 
     The WDT procedure starts at step ( 846 ), by resetting and reprogramming the WDT counter to a 1 second interval. If, within this time interval ( 847 ) no WDT initialization pulse arrives ( 848 ), the WDT will reset the whole system ( 850 ). 
     Battery check procedure ( 855 - 859 ) uses hardware mechanisms that operate independently, without the software. External supply check procedure ( 860  to  863 ) uses hardware mechanisms that operate independently, without the software. 
     With reference to  FIG. 8E , an internal/external sequence loading procedure is shown. This unique function of the system enables use of both pre-loaded treatment sequences in the pump unit processor (internal) and to receive new treatments parameters from an electronic unit placed within the sleeve&#39;s connector (external). The sleeve connector to the system includes, together with the air tubes, an electronic memory and/or processing device, the presence of which is detected by the system. Detecting such a device causes the system to load the sequence data from the sleeve memory, and not from the pre-loaded memory, which is part of the processor. This is referred to conventionally as a “plug and play” mechanism. 
     The procedure starts at step ( 864 ), then the system checks the presence of an intelligent sleeve ( 865 ). If one exists, the sequence is loaded from the intelligent sleeve ( 867 ). If no intelligent sleeve is detected, then the pre-loaded sequence is loaded ( 866 ). Finishing loading the system causes the program to return to the next step ( 817 ). 
     Additional miniaturization and mechanical simplification of the portable ambulant pneumatic pressure system of the present invention can be achieved by introducing self-operated relief valves replacing the controlled operated solenoid valves. Another embodiment of a portable pneumatic pressure system  90  of the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The system includes a pump unit  91 , at least one inflatable sleeve  92  with a single or multiple inflatable cells  93  adapted to be in contact with the body part to be treated. 
     An independent source of energy, for example rechargeable batteries, is provided which enables the pneumatic operation without a fixed connection to a main electrical power outlet, The batteries can be bypassed and thus system can operate for longer time periods while it is connected to the main power, and the batteries can be recharged at the same time. 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic block diagram of a pump unit  100  that corresponds to further details of the pump unit  91  of  FIG. 9 . It will be appreciated that the thick interconnecting lines represent pneumatic connections, while the thin interconnecting lines represent electrical connections. The pump unit  100  includes an independent source of energy, such as a rechargeable battery pack  107 , which enable the pneumatic device operation without a fixed connection to a main power outlet. The batteries can be bypassed and the system is able to operate for longer times, and the batteries can be recharged at the same time. 
     A source of compressed air, such as a compressor  104 , powered by the batteries or by the main power, is connected to the sleeve  92  or sleeves by one single pneumatic conduit  94 , which enables inflating and deflating the cells  93 . The compressor in this embodiment can enable the inverted flow to deflate the cells of the sleeve. It is possible to use a rotary compressor or to enable the inverted deflating flow by means of a valve, which may be solenoid operated and which is actuated by a control unit  108 , or alternatively a pneumatic operated normally open valve can be used. The valve will be kept closed using the pressure of the compressor while the compressor is energized, and will open by itself when the compressor is stopped. 
     The control unit  108  is adapted to receive the operator&#39;s commands and control the operation of the compressor to control the cyclic inflating and deflating of the sleeve. Solenoid valves are replaced, in this embodiment, by self-operated relief valves  95 , one with each chamber. The compressor is directly connected to the first cell. Each cell is connected to the next, one through a relief valve to regulate the pressure and maintain a pressure gradient. Each relief valve (except the last one) is bypassed with a conduit section including a check valve  96  to allow deflating of the cell. The last relief valve is open to the atmosphere, thus limiting the maximal pressure in the cells. 
     The control unit  108  controls the operation of the compressor  104  to inflate the first cell  93 . The pressure in the first cell is built-up, and when it gets higher than the first relief valve  95  opening pressure, the second cell starts to be inflated. The third cell is inflated while the pressure in the second cell reaches the burst pressure of the second relief valve. The inflating process will continue in the same manner until the last cell is inflated. When the pressure in the last cell bursts the last relief valve, air will commence to flow out to the atmosphere preventing an uncontrolled pressure build-up inside the sleeve. When the operating interval of the compressor terminates, the controller de-energizes the compressor and enables all of the cells to be deflated simultaneously. 
     By using self-operated relief valves instead of the controlled solenoid valves, the system in accordance with the present invention will be smaller, lighter, have longer independent operation (as power consumption is reduced), and will be more cost effective. There will be a decrease in the operational flexibility because the relief valves are self-operated, and the controller is not able to control the inflating sequence of the cells. 
     The automatic portable ambulant pneumatic pressure system of the present invention is capable of treating more than one part of the body by connecting more than one sleeve to the pump unit. Sometimes, for medical reasons, the treatment is not symmetric on the body, i.e., treatment applied on the left calf and the right foot, and a different treatment is required in each sleeve. The sleeves used for the different treatments differ from each other by appearance because they are designed to operate on a different part of the body. They can also differ with the number of chambers and the connected conduits. The pump unit has the capability to operate each one of the sleeves with the appropriate medical treatment cycle. 
     The pump unit of the present invention can automatically identify the appropriate combination of treatments and/or pressures without requesting information from the operator. The operator selects the right sleeves and connects them to the pump unit. That will be sufficient for the system to identify the required treatment cycles and/or pressures and will prevent the possibility of mismatched input to the system by selecting a treatment and/or pressure, which is not suitable to the connected sleeves or vice versa. 
     To make a proper identification of the required treatment and or pressures, the present invention includes an identification system or process within the processor, which enables the present invention to correctly identify the combination of sleeves attached to it and automatically activates the appropriate operation algorithm. This capability is crucial if the device has to be kept as a user friendly “On/Off” device, in spite of its outstandingly high versatility depicted in its ability to operate foot/foot and calf/foot and thigh/calf/thigh sleeves and used on one or two legs with/with out pressure accumulator(s), and/or any proper combination thereof. 
     The identification system will now be briefly described. The present invention contains X solenoid operated valves, and each one of them is capable of connecting a pressure device, such as an air cell in a pressure sleeve or pressure accumulator, to a pressurized air source. The pressurized air source can be a central reservoir of pressurized air, internal or external air accumulator, or (usually) the air pump of the device itself. For each specific solenoid, two inflation time constants were determined: Tmax and Tmin. 
     A proper inflation time (Tn) of a pressure device has to be between Tmin and Tmax (Tmin&lt;Tn&lt;Tmax). 
     When Tn&gt;Tmax in a normally functioning device, it means that either no pressure device was connected to the specific solenoid, that the pressure device that was connected is leaking, or the connected pressure device is not an authorized pressure device. 
     When Tn&lt;Tmin in a normally functioning device, it means that the outflow tract of the specific solenoid is partially or completely blocked. 
     The above three described conditions are used by the present invention to correctly identify the pressure device or combination of pressure devices (wherein the pressure devices may be specialized pressure sleeves; such as foot pressure sleeves, calf pressure sleeves, thigh pressure sleeves or any combination thereof; pressure accumulators, or combinations thereof) attached to the present invention and automatically activates the appropriate operation algorithm 
     A more detailed description of this identification process will be provided below in connection with the description of  FIGS. 23-28 . 
     After the present invention is turned ON, the present invention first runs a “checking program” that tests the inflation time (Tn) of each one of the X available solenoids. The test is done under “standard” pressure and pump flow conditions, and the solenoids are tested in sequence (1×). For each solenoid, the inflation time Tn can be or Normal (“A”) or &gt;Tmax (“B”) or &lt;Tmin (“C”), as illustrated in  FIG. 23 . More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 23 , an air conduit connector  1121  with air conduits or flow tracts  1112 , each associated with one of X solenoids  5000 , shows the three possible operational states of an air conduit or flow tract  1112  attached to a solenoid  5000 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 23 , one of the air conduits or flow tracts is connected to an authorized pressure device (in this example, an air cell)  1200 , and thus, the microprocessor detects an operational state “A.” Another air conduit or flow tract is connected to an unauthorized pressure device, no pressure device, or a leaking pressure device ( 1201 ), and thus, the microprocessor detects an operational state “B.” Lastly, a third air conduit or flow tract is connected to a pressure device that is partially or completely blocked or a solenoid that is partially or completely blocked ( 1202 ), and thus, the microprocessor detects an operational state “C.” 
     The sequence of the results in all X solenoids creates a specific code that is representative of the state of the pressure device and/or the type of the pressure device connected to each solenoid. If this code is recognized by the microprocessor as a valid one (one that appears in its lookup table), the microprocessor will switch the device from the “checking program” into the specific operation process or algorithm. If the created code does not appear in the lookup table, the created code will be identified as invalid, and the microprocessor will deactivate the device. In a preferred embodiment, an audiovisual alarm will be activated. Examples of the possible code generation are illustrated in  FIGS. 24 through 28 . 
     In  FIG. 24 , an air conduit connector  1141  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “BBB”. As illustrated in  FIG. 24 , the code “BBB,” in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1141  being connected to no pressure devices ( 1201 ). Moreover, in  FIG. 24 , an air conduit connector  1131  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “BBB”. As illustrated in  FIG. 24 , the code “BBB,” in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1131  being connected to air cells  5500  of an unauthorized pressure device. 
     In  FIG. 25 , an air conduit connector  1151  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “AAB”. As illustrated in  FIG. 25 , the code “AAB,” in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1151  being connected to a pressure device comprising a pressure accumulator  6000 , an air cell  6500  of a foot pressure sleeve, and no air cell  1201 . Moreover, in  FIG. 25 , an air conduit connector  1161  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “AAC”. As illustrated in  FIG. 25 , the code “AAC”, in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1161  being connected to a pressure device having air cells  7000  of a double cell calf or thigh sleeve and blocked passage  1202 . 
     In  FIG. 26 , an air conduit connector  1171  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “CCC”. As illustrated in  FIG. 26 , the code “CCC,” in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1171  being connected to pressure devices ( 1202 ) that are partially or completely blocked or solenoid(s) ( 1202 ) that are partially or completely blocked. Moreover, in  FIG. 26 , an air conduit connector  1181  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “AAA”. As illustrated in  FIG. 26 , the code “AAA”, in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1181  being connected to a pressure device having air cells  8000  of a triple cell calf or thigh sleeve. 
     In  FIG. 27 , an air conduit connector  1185  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “AAA”. As illustrated in  FIG. 27 , the code “AAA”, in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1185  being connected to a pressure device having air cells  8020  of a triple cell calf or thigh sleeve. Moreover, in  FIG. 27 , an air conduit connector  1183  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “AAA”. As illustrated in  FIG. 27 , the code “AAA”, in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1183  being connected to a pressure device having air cells  8010  of a triple cell calf or thigh sleeve. 
     In  FIG. 28 , an air conduit connector  1191  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “BAB”. As illustrated in  FIG. 28 , the code “BAB,” in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1191  being connected to a pressure device having an air cell  6550  of a foot pressure sleeve and no air cells  1201 . Moreover, in  FIG. 28 , an air conduit connector  1153  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112  connected to three solenoids  5000  will cause the microprocessor to create a code “AAB”. As illustrated in  FIG. 28 , the code “AAB,” in this example, is associated with air conduit connector  1153  being connected to a pressure device having a pressure accumulator  6000 , an air cell  6500  of a foot pressure sleeve, and no air cell  1201 . 
     It is noted that the code “A” can be further modified to be “A”, “A 1 ”, “A 2 ” . . . “A n ”, to provide a more specific identification of the sleeve of combination of sleeves attached to the pump device of the present invention. For example, code “A” could be associated with a foot sleeve wherein T 1 &gt;Tn&gt;Tmin. Moreover, code “A 1 ” could be associated with a one cell of a calf sleeve wherein T 2 &gt;Tn&gt;T 1 . Lastly, code “A n ” could be associated with a pressure accumulator wherein Tmax&gt;Tn&gt;T n-1 . By providing more flexibility with the generation of code “A”, the present invention could be enable to operate with an air conduit connector  1111  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112 , which are connected to a double cell calf sleeve  1150  and a pressure accumulator  1110 , as illustrated in  FIG. 22 . 
     This “identification system” is very simple to apply and no special hardware changes are necessary. It enables the device to remain an “On-Off” device in spite of its high versatility. It prevents the use of defective sleeves, undesired sleeve combinations, or unauthorized sleeves. 
       FIGS. 23-28  demonstrate the potential of this “identification system” to differentiate between different pressure devices or different sleeves combinations, in a device that contains six solenoids and pressure devices or sleeves that are connected to the device with an air conduit connector that has three air conduits or flow tracts. 
     Alternatively the control unit, within the pump unit, can read the input information about the required treatment by reading the coding of the sleeves connectors. While starting any new treatment cycle, the control unit will start the treatment by a quick identification of the type of sleeves connected and will apply the appropriate operating cycle. The coding of the sleeve connectors can be made by state of the art mechanical or electro-mechanical components wherein each air conduit connector has a mechanical tag, an electronic tag, an optical tag, or an electromechanical tag, all which could be read by the pump unit. This would replace the pressure generation measurement identification process. It is also possible to store the required treatment parameters on the sleeve&#39;s connector as part of the mechanical tag, an electronic tag, an optical tag, or an electromechanical tag according to the sleeve&#39;s projected treatment. On start-up of the system, the data will be transferred to the pump unit through either mechanical, electrical, optical means, or a combination thereof, and the treatment cycle will be compatible to the selected sleeve. Moreover, it contemplated that the therapist will be able to program the sleeve&#39;s parameters through manipulation of the mechanical tag, the electronic tag, the optical tag, the electromechanical tag, or combination thereof to fit the treatment to the specific patient. 
       FIG. 11  is a simplified functional block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a connector assembly  1100  for an associated sleeve  1105  in accordance with the present invention. The assembly  1100  includes an electronic memory and/or control processor unit  1102  that is capable of detecting and transmitting electronic signals. When connected to a pump unit and on power reset of the pump unit, the processor unit, which can be part of the conduits of the sleeve, receives DC power and sends back an identification signal which initiates the communication procedures. The treatment data will be loaded to the pump unit. The second phase of this operation is to lock the cuff of the sleeve, with an electromechanical safety locking mechanism  1103 . This operation is done for safety reasons, to prevent undesired release of the cuff, during normal operation. 
     Another feature is that a pressure sensors array  1104  measures the pressure at the end of each pressure line  1106 . The data collected at this stage is transmitted, via the processor unit  1102 , to the processor in the pump unit, in order to evaluate the status of the system. The sleeve  1105  has several cells that can be independently inflated by the pump unit. The number of cells in the sleeve can vary, according to desired treatments. 
       FIG. 12  shows a pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination generally indicated by  112  in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The combination  112  comprises a pressure sleeve  105  and a pressure accumulator  110 . The pressure sleeve  105  may be any known pressure sleeve, but preferably the pressure sleeve is a pressure sleeve with the multiple intra-cell compartments as described above so that a small volume of air or fluid provides for beneficial circumferential constriction of the pressure sleeve upon the limb. The pressure sleeve  105  includes one or more individually inflatable toroidal cells  115 . 
     In  FIG. 12 , three cells  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c  are shown. This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  105  may comprise any number of cells  115 . Each cell  115  has an associated tubular conduit  120   a ,  120   b , and  120   c . The conduits  120   a ,  120   b , and  120   c  serve as both an inlet for fluid into the associated cells  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c , respectively, as well as an outlet for fluid out of the associated cell  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c , respectively. 
     The cells  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c  are formed from a flexible, fluid imperious material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. The pressure sleeve  105  may be formed for example from an inner cylindrical shell  150  and an outer cylindrical shell  155  formed from a flexible fluid impervious material. Seams  160  at the boundaries of cells  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c  are formed by welding the inner cylindrical shell  150  and outer cylindrical shell  155  together at the seams. 
     The flow of a pressurized fluid through conduits  120   a ,  120   b , and  120   c  into the associated cell  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c , respectively, inflates the cell so as to exert a pressure on a limb contained in a lumen  125  of the pressure sleeve  105 , as explained above. One or more of the cells  115   a ,  115   b , and  115   c  may optionally be divided into two or more intra-cell compartments  130 , as shown, for example, for the cell  115   c . The intra-cell compartments  130  are formed by seams  135  extending in a longitudinal direction of the pressure sleeve  105 . The seams  135  are incomplete at perforations  136  so that the intra-cell compartments  130  are inflated essentially simultaneously when pressurized fluid enters the cell  115   c . As explained above, this decreases the volume of the cell  115   c  so that a predetermined pressure on a limb positioned in the lumen  125  of the pressure sleeve  105  is realized. 
     The pressure accumulator  110  comprises a container  140  formed from a fluid impervious material. The container  140  may be made from a flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. Alternatively, the container  140  may be made from a rigid material such as plastic or metal. The accumulator  110  further comprises a tubular conduit  145  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container  140  as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container  140 . 
     The pressure accumulator  110  enables the compression system to provide intermittent pneumatic compression, fast intermittent pneumatic compression, fast inflation, less complexity, lower costs, and greater patient comfort. Moreover, the pressure accumulator  110  enables the compression system to provide effective therapeutic venous flow acceleration. 
     It is noted, according to the concepts of the present invention, that the pressure accumulator  110 , as illustrated in the embodiment of  FIG. 12 , is not part of a console. In this embodiment of the present invention, the pressure accumulator  110  is a device that is separate, e.g., non-integral, from the other components of the compression system. The pressure accumulator  110  can then be located at any convenient location that the user desires. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the pressure accumulator  110  includes a clip or fastening device  142  that enables the pressure accumulator  110  to be located on the belt of the user or hook onto another proximately located object. This fastening device  142  may also include a strap to fasten around the waist or limb of the user. Thus, the pressure accumulator  110  is flexibly tethered to the compression system of the present invention to provide mobility and flexibility. 
       FIG. 13  shows a pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination generally indicated by  200  in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment a pressure accumulator  210  is integrated into a pressure sleeve  205 , thereby making the pressure accumulator  210  integral with the pressure sleeve  205 . As illustrated in  FIG. 13 , the pressure sleeve  205  is divided into the pressure accumulator  210  and a pressure application section  216  made up of cells  215   a  and  215   b.    
     This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  205  may comprise any number of cells. As with the sleeve shown in  FIG. 12 , each cell has an associated tubular conduit ( 220   a  and  220   b ) that serves as both a fluid inlet and outlet for the cell. The cells are formed from a flexible, fluid impervious material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. One or more of the cells may be divided into intra-cell compartments  230 , as explained above with reference to  FIG. 12 , having seams  235  and perforations  236  so that the intra-cell compartments are inflated essentially simultaneously when pressurized fluid enters the cell. 
     The pressure accumulator  210  comprises a container  240  formed from a fluid impervious material. The accumulator  210  further comprises a tubular conduit  245  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container  240  as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container  240 . The outside part of the container  240  may be made from a flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas; however, the inside part of the container  240  should be made from a rigid material, such as a hard plastic or metal, to prevent any pressure from the pressure accumulator from being incorrectly transmitted to the patient. Alternatively, the entire container  240  may be made from a rigid material, such as a hard plastic or metal. The container  240  may partially surround the lumen  225  of the pressure sleeve  205  as shown in  FIG. 13 . Alternatively, the container  240  may completely surround the lumen  225  of the pressure sleeve  205  (not shown). 
     In a preferred embodiment, the pressure sleeve  205  is formed from an inner cylindrical shell  250  and an outer cylindrical shell  255  formed from a flexible fluid impervious material. Seams ( 260   a ,  260   b ,  260   c ,  260   d , and  260   e ) at the boundaries of the cells, at the boundaries of the container  240  or at the boundary between the container  240  and the cell  215   a  are formed by welding the inner and outer sleeves together at the seams. 
       FIG. 22  shows a pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination generally indicated by  1120  in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment a pressure accumulator  1110  is separate from a pressure sleeve  1150 . As illustrated in  FIG. 22 , the pressure sleeve  1150  is divided into pressure application cells  215   a  and  215   b.    
     This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  1150  may comprise any number of cells. As with the sleeve shown in  FIG. 13 , each cell has an associated tubular conduit ( 220   a  and  220   b ) that serves as both a fluid inlet and outlet for the cell. The cells ( 215   a  and  215   b ) are formed from a flexible, fluid impervious material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. One or more of the cells may be divided into intra-cell compartments  230 , as explained above with reference to  FIG. 13 , having seams  235  and perforations  236  so that the intra-cell compartments are inflated essentially simultaneously when pressurized fluid enters the cell. 
     The pressure accumulator  1110  comprises a container  240  formed from a fluid impervious material. The accumulator  210  further comprises a tubular conduit  245  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container  240  as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container  240 . The container  240  may be made from a flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. Alternatively, the container  240  may be made from a rigid material such as plastic or metal. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the pressure sleeve  1150  is formed from an inner cylindrical shell  250  and an outer cylindrical shell  255  formed from a flexible fluid impervious material. Seams ( 260   a ,  260   b ,  260   c , and  260   d ) at the boundaries of the cells are formed by welding the inner and outer sleeves together at the seams. 
     As noted above, the pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination  1120  is connected via tubular conduit ( 220   a ,  220   b , and  245 ) to air conduit connector  1111  that has three air conduits or flow tracts  1112 . 
       FIG. 14  shows a pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination generally indicated by  300  in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the combination  300  is formed into a slipper  307  to be worn on a foot  301 . The combination  300  comprises a pressure sleeve  305  that comprises one cell  315 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  305  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells  315  may be divided into intra-cell compartments  330 , as discussed above in reference to  FIG. 12 , having seams  335  and perforations  336  so that the intra-cell compartments are inflated essentially simultaneously when pressurized fluid enters the cell. The cell  315  has an associated tubular conduit  320 . 
     The combination  300  further comprises a pressure accumulator  310 . The pressure accumulator  310  has been incorporated into the sole of the slipper  307 . The pressure accumulator  310  comprises a container  340  formed from a fluid impervious material that is sufficiently flexible so as to allow it to bend for comfortable walking while being sufficiently rigid so that it does not collapse under the weight of the user. The container  340  may be formed, for example, from reinforced rubber. The pressure accumulator  310  further comprises a tubular conduit  345  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container  340  as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container  340 . 
     The combination  300  lastly comprises a foot fastener  303  that causes the pressure sleeve  305  to be snug around the foot  301 . This foot fastener  303  may be a Velcro™ strap or other device that enables the pressure sleeve  305  to be formed around the foot  301 . An ankle strap  304  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  305  and slipper  307  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot  301 . The ankle strap  306  may be a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  305  and slipper  307  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot  301 . The ankle strap  304  is provided with a heel support  306  that prevents the foot from sliding out of the back of the slipper  304 . The heel support  306  may be of a rigid material, such as a plastic, or a flexible material, such as cloth. 
       FIG. 29  shows another pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the combination comprises a pressure sleeve  2000  that comprises one cell  2315 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  2000  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells  2315  may be divided into intra-cell compartments  2006 , as discussed above in reference to  FIG. 12 , having seams  2004  and perforations so that the intra-cell compartments are inflated essentially simultaneously when pressurized fluid enters the cell. The cell  2315  has an associated tubular conduit  2014 . 
     The pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination further comprises a pressure accumulator  410 . The pressure accumulator  410  is separate from the pressure sleeve  2000 . The pressure accumulator  410  comprises a container formed from a fluid impervious material. The container may be formed, for example, from a flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas or from a rigid material such as plastic or metal. The pressure accumulator  410  further comprises a tubular conduit  2015  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container. 
     The combination lastly comprises foot fasteners  2009  that cause the pressure sleeve  2000  to be snug around the foot  301 . The foot fasteners  2009  may be Velcro™ straps or other devices that enable the pressure sleeve  2000  to be formed around the foot  301 . An ankle strap  2007  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot  301 . The ankle strap  2007  may be a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot  301 . 
     A more detail illustration of the pressure sleeve of  FIG. 29  is shown in  FIG. 20 . As illustrated in  FIG. 20 , a foot pressure sleeve  2000  is constructed from two shells that have been welded together. The shells are a fluid impervious and flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. The foot pressure sleeve  2000  contains a cell formed by weld  2002 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  2000  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells contain multiple intra-cells  2006  formed by intra-cell linear-welds  2004  and intra-cell spot-welds  2003 . The foot pressure sleeve  2000  has a forward section  2012  that can extend from an arch portion of a patient&#39;s foot to under either the ball of a patient&#39;s foot or the toes of a patient&#39;s foot. The foot pressure sleeve  2000  also has a rearward section  2011  that substantially extends under the heel of a patient&#39;s foot. The cell has an associated tubular conduit  2014 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  comprises foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  that causes the pressure sleeve  2000  to be snug around the foot. The foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  may be Velcro™ straps or other devices that enable the pressure sleeve  2000  to be formed around the foot. An ankle strap  2007  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. The ankle strap  2007  may be a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. 
       FIG. 39  shows another pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination (pressure device) in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the pressure device comprises a foot pressure sleeve  4300 . In this example, the foot pressure sleeve  4300  comprises a single cell; however the foot pressure sleeve  4300  may comprise any number of cells. The foot pressure sleeve  4300  has an associated tubular conduit  4010 ,  4030 ,  4040 , and  4050  connected to the connector  4000 . The connector  4000  includes coupler  4005  to connect to valves  5050  that are connected to conduit  5070 , as illustrated in  FIG. 40 . 
     The pressure device further comprises a pressure accumulator  4200  that is located in a pressure accumulator flexible housing  4100 . The pressure accumulator  4200  is separate from the foot pressure sleeve  4300 . The pressure accumulator  4200  comprises a container formed from a fluid impervious material. The container may be formed, for example, from a flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas or from a rigid material such as plastic or metal. The pressure accumulator  4200  further comprises a tubular conduit  4020  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container. 
     Lastly, as illustrated in  FIG. 39 , the conduits  4010  and  4030  may be housed in or pass through the pressure accumulator flexible housing  4100 . Moreover, if the foot pressure sleeve  4300  contains a single cell, the conduits  4010  and  4030  may be connected together by a y-joint  4040  within the pressure accumulator flexible housing  4100 , with the y-joint  4040  being connected to conduit  4050  leading to the foot pressure sleeve  4300 . 
       FIG. 30  shows another pressure device having a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the combination comprises a pressure sleeve  2000  that comprises one cell  2315 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  2000  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells  2315  may be divided into intra-cell compartments  2006 , as discussed above in reference to  FIG. 12 , having seams  2004  and perforations so that the intra-cell compartments are inflated essentially simultaneously when pressurized fluid enters the cell. The cell has an associated tubular conduit  2014  connected through port  2013 . 
     The pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination further comprises a pressure accumulator  410 . The pressure accumulator  410  is separate from the pressure sleeve  2000 . The pressure accumulator  410  comprises a container formed from a fluid impervious material. The container may be formed, for example, from a flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas or from a rigid material such as plastic or metal. The pressure accumulator  410  further comprises a tubular conduit  2015  that serves both as an inlet for pressurized fluid into the container as well as an outlet for fluid out of the container. 
     The combination lastly comprises a foot fastener  2009  that causes the pressure sleeve  2000  to be snug around the foot  301 . The foot fastener  2009  may be a Velcro™ strap or another device that enables the pressure sleeve  2000  to be formed around the foot  301 . An ankle strap comprising an ankle portion  304  and a heel portion  306  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot  301 . The ankle strap comprising ankle portion  304  and heel portion  306  may include a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot  301 . 
     A more detail illustration of the pressure sleeve of  FIG. 30  is shown in  FIG. 21 . As illustrated in  FIG. 21 , a foot pressure sleeve  2000  is constructed from two shells that have been welded together. The shells are a fluid impervious and flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. The foot pressure sleeve  2000  contains a cell formed by weld  2002 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  2000  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells contain multiple intra-cells  2006  formed by intra-cell linear-welds  2004  and intra-cell spot-welds  2003 . The foot pressure sleeve  2000  has a forward section  2012  that can extend from an arch portion of a patient&#39;s foot to the ball of a patient&#39;s foot. The foot pressure sleeve  2000  also has a rearward section  2011  that substantially extends under the heel of a patient&#39;s foot. The cell has an associated tubular conduit  2014  connected through port  2013 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  comprises foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  that causes the pressure sleeve  2000  to be snug around the foot. The foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  may be Velcro™ straps or other devices that enable the pressure sleeve  2000  to be formed around the foot. An ankle strap  2008  comprising an ankle portion  304  and a heel portion  306  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. The ankle strap  2008  comprising an ankle portion  304  and a heel portion  306  may include a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. 
       FIG. 31  shows another example of a pressure device having a foot pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 31 , a foot pressure sleeve  2000  is constructed from two shells that have been welded together. The shells are a fluid impervious and flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. The foot pressure sleeve  2000  contains a cell formed by weld  2002 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  2000  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells contain multiple intra-cells  2006  formed by intra-cell linear-welds  2004  and intra-cell spot-welds  2003 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  has a forward section  2012  that can extend from an arch portion of a patient&#39;s foot to under either the ball of a patient&#39;s foot or the toes of a patient&#39;s foot. The forward section  2012 , as illustrated in  FIG. 31 , includes a weld  2040  that is used to form a non-inflating section  2060 . The non-inflating section  2060  is formed substantially from an arch portion of a patient&#39;s foot to under either the ball of a patient&#39;s foot or the toes of a patient&#39;s foot so that no significant pressure is applied to a bottom portion of the patients&#39; foot associated with the non-inflating section  2060 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  also has a rearward section  2011  that substantially extends under the heel of a patient&#39;s foot. The cell has an associated tubular conduit  2014 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  comprises foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  that causes the pressure sleeve  2000  to be snug around the foot. The foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  may be Velcro™ straps or other devices that enable the pressure sleeve  2000  to be formed around the foot. An ankle strap  2007  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. The ankle strap  2007  may be a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. 
       FIG. 32  shows a further example of a pressure device having a foot pressure sleeve according to the concepts of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 32 , a foot pressure sleeve  2000  is constructed from two shells that have been welded together. The shells are a fluid impervious and flexible material such as cloth-lined rubber or canvas. The foot pressure sleeve  2000  contains a cell formed by weld  2002 . This is by way of example only, and the pressure sleeve  2000  may comprise any number of cells. The cell or cells contain multiple intra-cells  2006  formed by intra-cell linear-welds  2004  and intra-cell spot-welds  2003 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  has a forward section  2012  that can extend from an arch portion of a patient&#39;s foot to under the ball of a patient&#39;s foot. The forward section  2012 , as illustrated in  FIG. 32 , includes a weld  2040  that is used to form a non-inflating section  2060 . The non-inflating section  2060  is formed substantially from an arch portion of a patient&#39;s foot to under the ball of a patient&#39;s foot so that no significant pressure is applied to a bottom portion of the patients&#39; foot associated with the non-inflating section  2060 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  also has a rearward section  2011  that substantially extends under the heel of a patient&#39;s foot. The cell has an associated tubular conduit  2014  connected through port  2013 . 
     The foot pressure sleeve  2000  comprises foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  that causes the pressure sleeve  2000  to be snug around the foot. The foot fasteners  2009  and  2010  may be Velcro™ straps or other devices that enable the pressure sleeve  2000  to be formed around the foot. An ankle strap  2008  comprising an ankle portion  304  and a heel portion  306  is provided to prevent the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. The ankle strap  2008  comprising an ankle portion  304  and a heel portion  306  may include a Velcro™ strap or other device that prevents the pressure sleeve  2000  from shifting or coming disengaged from the foot. 
       FIG. 15  shows a console system generally indicated by  515  for enabling the application of pressure to a body limb. The system  515 , as illustrated in  FIG. 15 , can be utilized in conjunction with the pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination  112  described above in reference to  FIG. 12 . 
     The pressure sleeve used in conjunction with the console  515  preferably contains one or more cells divided into longitudinally extending compartments that are inflated and deflated essentially simultaneously. The console  515  is preferably portable and battery operated and includes an air compressor  502 . 
     It is noted that air compressor  502  may be bypassed with pressurized air from an external source. The pressurized air would be introduced into the console  515  through pressurized air inlet  501 . 
     The console  515  is also preferably configured to be carried on a user&#39;s body. For example, the console  515  may have clips (not shown) that allow the console  515  to be attached to the user&#39;s belt. 
     The console system shown in  FIG. 15  is used when it is desired to apply pressure rapidly to a portion of a body limb. In this application, the valve  505   a  is opened while the valves  505   b ,  505   c , and  505   d  are closed, causing pressurized air to flow in the conduit  507  from the compressor  502  through the valve  505   a  into the tubular conduit  510   a  associated with a pressure accumulator, such as pressure accumulator  110  of  FIG. 12 . When the pressure in the pressure accumulator reaches a predetermined value P A , as determined by the pressure gauge  503 , the processor  519  opens the valve  505   b  causing air to flow from the associated pressure accumulator into the cell, such as cell  115   a  of  FIG. 12 . 
     The flow of air in the conduit  507  from the pressure accumulator towards the compressor  502  is prevented by the one-way valve  525 . The pressure in the cell will rise rapidly to a pressure P C . P A  and P C  satisfy the relationship P A V A =P C (V A +V C ) where V A  is the volume of the container of the pressure accumulator and V C  is the volume of the cell when inflated. Next, another cell, such as cell  115   b  of  FIG. 12 , may be inflated by opening the valve  505   c . A next cell, such as cell  115   c  of  FIG. 12 , is inflated by opening the valve  505   d . The cells are then deflated and the cycle can begin again. 
       FIGS. 35-38  illustrate the operation of the present invention when a console, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 , is connected to a pressure device, such as the pressure sleeve and pressure accumulator of  FIGS. 39 and 40  as described above. 
       FIG. 35  shows a console system generally indicated by  515  for enabling the application of pressure to a body limb. It is assumed for this discussion that the system  515 , as illustrated in  FIG. 35 , is connected to a pressure sleeve-pressure accumulator combination as illustrated in  FIG. 39 . 
     The console system shown in  FIGS. 35-38  is used when it is desired to apply pressure rapidly to a portion of a body limb. The console  515  is preferably portable and battery operated and includes an air compressor  502 . 
     It is noted that air compressor  502  may be bypassed with pressurized air from an external source. The pressurized air would be introduced into the console  515  through pressurized air inlet  501 . 
     In this application, the valve  505   b  is opened (in  FIGS. 35-38 , an open valve is denoted by light or non-bolded crossed lines) while the valves  505   a ,  505   c ,  505   d , and release valve  530  are closed (in  FIGS. 35-38 , a closed valve is denoted by heavy or bolded crossed lines), causing pressurized air to flow in the conduit  507  (in  FIGS. 35-38 , arrows within the conduit  507  generally show the flow of air and double-ended arrows indicate either non-air flow or air flowing in both direction as dictated by the present pressure drops in the conduit  507 ) from the compressor  502  through the valve  505   b  into the tubular conduit  510   b  associated with a pressure accumulator (arrow indicating air flow away from console  520  to the accumulator connected to conduit  510   b ). It is noted that release valve  530  may also include a self-operated valve to allow the user to directly release the pressurized air from the system. 
       FIG. 36  illustrates the situation when the pressure in the pressure accumulator reaches a predetermined value P A , as determined by the pressure gauge  503 . As illustrated in  FIG. 36 , the processor opens the valve  505   a  causing air to flow from the associated pressure accumulator (see arrow indicating air flow from accumulator) into the cell (see arrow indicating air flow to cell). In this situation, valves  505   a ,  505   b , and  505   c  are open, and valve  505   d  and the release valve  530  are closed. The one-way valve  525  prevents the flow of air in the conduit  507  from the pressure accumulator towards the compressor  502 . 
       FIG. 37  illustrates the situation when the cell connected to the conduits  510   a  and  510   c  is deflated. As illustrated in  FIG. 37 , the processor closes the valve  505   b . In this situation, valves  505   a  and  505   c  and the release valve  530  are open, and valves  505   b  and  505   d  are closed. The process illustrated in  FIGS. 35-37  is repeated until the therapy is terminated. 
       FIG. 38  illustrates the situation at the end of operations and all connected sleeves are deflated. As illustrated in  FIG. 38 , the processor opens all the valves to allow any pressurized air in a connected pressure device to be expelled through the release valve  530 . 
     In summary, the present invention is directed to a compression system for applying therapeutic pressure to a limb of a body that includes a pressure sleeve; a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller and compressor to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve; and a pressure accumulator, flexibly tethered and pneumatically connected to the compression system console, to provide controlled pneumatic compression. 
     The pressure sleeve may include an inflatable cell. The inflatable cell may include at least two intra-cell compartments, the intra-cell compartments being confluent and each compartment being elongated in a direction of the primary axis. The inflatable cell may further include inner and outer shells of durable flexible material, the inner and outer shells being bonded together about a perimetric cell bond ands being further bonded together along compartmental bonds within the perimetric cell bond to define each intra-cell compartment. The perimetric cell bond includes upper and lower perimetric cell bonds. The compartmental bonds partly extend between the upper and lower perimetric cell bonds and include perforations to allow for confluent airflow between adjacent intra-cell compartments within the cell. Adjacent intra-cell compartments are spatially fixed relative to each other, such that upon inflation of the cell, the cell becomes circumferentially constricted. 
     The bonds include welds. The adjacent intra-cell compartments are contiguous, and the perforations are located adjacent the perimetric cell bond. The perforations are also located between compartmental bonds extending from the upper and lower perimetric bonds. 
     The pressure accumulator includes a fastener device to fasten the pressure accumulator to a user of the compression system. The compression console system is portable, battery operated with a rechargeable battery. The compression system indicates an appropriate inflation and deflation sequence. 
     The pressure sleeve of the present invention may include an integral pressure accumulator and an inflatable cell operatively pneumatically connected to the integral pressure accumulator. The pressure sleeve of the present invention may also be a therapeutic foot device that includes a pressure sleeve; a sole member; and a pressure accumulator provided in the sole member and operatively pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve. 
     As described above, the present invention also contemplates a therapeutic pressure system that includes a pressure sleeve and a compression system console, pneumatically connected to the pressure sleeve, having a controller and compressor to provide controlled pressurized fluid to the pressure sleeve. The controller, upon entering a first mode, identifies a type of the pressure sleeve connected to the compression system console. The therapeutic pressure system further includes a plurality of solenoids to convey pressurized air from the compressor to air conduits. The controller causes individual solenoids to activate so that the compressor supplies pressurized air through the activated solenoid to determine if a proper pressure device is connected thereto through an associated air conduit. 
     Although the various embodiments of the pressure sleeves of the present invention have been described in conjunction with a portable compression system console or small compression system console wherein the source of the pressurized air was within the console, the pressure sleeves of the present invention can be used with any compression system wherein the source of pressurized air may be without the console. 
     For example, it is contemplated by the present invention that the source of the air pressure for inflation of the pressure sleeves can be located in the patient&#39;s bed or be built into the wall of a room. This source of pressurized air can be directly connected to the pressure sleeves via proper air conduits (assuming that a pressure control device that regulates or control the delivery of pressurized air to the pressure sleeves is associated with the pressurized air source) or can be connected to the pressure sleeves of the present invention through a control device or system that regulates or control the delivery of pressurized air to the pressure sleeves of the present invention. 
     In other words, the present invention contemplates a system where the source of pressurized air is integral with the pressure control device or a system where the source of pressurized air is not integral with the pressure control device. 
     While various examples and embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the spirit and scope of the present invention are not limited to the specific description and drawings herein, but extend to various modifications and changes all as set forth in the following claims.