Patent Publication Number: US-2022217428-A1

Title: Systems and methods for optimizing bandwidth for data transmission

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure is directed to techniques for optimizing bandwidth in data transmissions. 
     SUMMARY 
     Broadcast systems communicate a large amount of data across various communication paths. It has been observed that, at times, multiple channels broadcast substantially similar content but are treated as two different content during transmission or broadcasting and hence there are inefficiencies. For example, media providers provide (e.g., by way of broadcasting, streaming, or otherwise transmitting data) substantially similar content on two different channels. More particularly, a media provider might provide a premium subscription channel that includes particular premium content during some specific segments, for example during advertisement segments, while also providing another channel having identical content with respect to a standard subscription during most of the other segments. Typically, the premium channel and the standard channel are provided as two separate feeds for transmissions from a headend (or server). Similar inefficiency exists when the headend receives a television program for broadcast on a particular channel, only to receive the same television program for broadcast on another channel a few hours later, with only the advertisements differing. Typically, while the respective content of two related channels are substantially similar at the headend or server side, these two channels are treated as distinct channels and are transmitted as two different sets of content. As a result of ignoring the commonality between two channels, the headend or server performs duplicative operations on the channels, such as compression, multiplexing, encoding and other such operations. The result is an inefficient use of network resources by utilizing almost double the bandwidth for significantly duplicative content. 
     Accordingly, techniques are disclosed herein for optimizing bandwidth for data transmission. In at least one embodiment, the system may receive a first content (e.g., a first video data) on one channel, and a second content (e.g., a second video data) for transmission on a second channel for transmission to a subscriber device. For example, the first content may be a standard version video of a cricket match and the second content may be a premium version video of the same cricket match in which most of the content of the premium version video is the same as the standard version video but is different only during certain segments. In some embodiments, the system of the present disclosure determines, using techniques disclosed herein, how two pieces of content are similar or distinct. Similarity determination may include comparing similarity of RGB matrices of video frames of the respective pieces of content at the same time segment and comparing information in metadata of the respective pieces of data at the same time segment. In some embodiments, the similarity or distinction between two pieces of content may be determined using specific markers provided by the content creator. In some embodiments, the similarity or distinction between two pieces of content may be determined by comparison of matching checksum calculations relative to a predefined overlap threshold. If the overlap threshold is met, the system retrieves, from the headend or server, identifiers of the premium cricket match corresponding to those temporal segments which differ. 
     Upon determination that the first and second content contain common segments, the system updates the metadata schema. In some embodiments, the metadata schema includes homogeneous channel descriptors and homogeneous switch descriptors. For example, data relating to common segments between the standard and premium cricket matches are identified and updated via the homogeneous channel descriptors for a channel group containing the standard and premium cricket matches. In some embodiments, insertion of the metadata schema may be done by using private descriptors in standardized MPEG system table such as a program map table (“PMT”). 
     The system may then generate a transport stream during multiplexing of the first channel and of the second channel based on the updated metadata schema. The transport stream includes a first audio feed of the first content and a first video feed of the first content to be provided on the second channel for a time duration based on the at least one common segment. For example, while watching the premium cricket match on channel  2 , the premium cricket match on channel  2  will provided the audio and video feed from channel  1  associated with the standard cricket match as both feeds, for the specific time duration, have identical content. This is communicated to the subscriber device by the metadata schema which may be embedded in the PMT. The system may then transmit these differing segments to a subscriber device which has selected the premium cricket match for broadcast during those temporal segments for which the standard cricket match plays advertisements. In some embodiments, the system signals information about the differing segments by inserting the data relating to the differing segments into a metadata schema using a transport stream. In some embodiments in which the system uses IP broadcasting, a multi-cast IP port (corresponding to the second content) is transmitted to the subscriber device for the differing temporal segments. 
     In this way, the disclosed techniques achieve efficient use of network resources by avoiding the duplicative transmission of substantially similar content and only transmitting the differing segments for the premium broadcast. Moreover, this creates an opportunity to transmit auxiliary content (e.g., additional premium content) using some or all of the bandwidth being saved by avoiding duplicative transmissions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The below and other objects and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
         FIG. 1A  shows an illustrative diagram of a homogeneous channel descriptor exemplary signaling mechanism, in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG. 1B  shows an illustrative diagram of a channel map table, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 1C  shows an illustrative diagram of signaling mechanisms used to indicate subscriber devices using a homogeneous switch descriptor, in accordance with some embodiment of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 1D  shows an illustrative block diagram of system components for the process of optimizing bandwidth for broadcast transmission, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows an illustrative diagram of a broadcasting system broadcasting content to subscriber devices, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows an illustrative diagram of a broadcasting system comprising a broadcast server, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  shows an illustrative block diagram of the headend, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustrative flowchart of a process for creating a transport stream, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is an illustrative flowchart of a process for determining first content and second content contain a common segment, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is an illustrative flowchart of a process for determining first content and second content contain a distinct segment, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; and 
         FIG. 8  is an illustrative flowchart of a process for determining whether first content and second content contain common temporal video segment, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1A  shows an illustrative diagram of a homogeneous channel descriptor  100  exemplary signaling mechanism, in accordance with some embodiments. The homogeneous channel descriptor may be used to describe the two or more channels that are carrying identical content for most of the time to one or more subscriber devices. The homogeneous channel descriptor is a type of metadata schema. Any metadata schema may be used to describe channel attributes and characteristics to the one or more subscriber devices. The metadata schema may be embedded in a program map table (“PMT”) or other mechanism during the multiplexing process where all channel information is multiplexed into a transport stream. In some embodiments for a typical digital broadcasting context, the metadata schema implemented is a homogeneous channel descriptor. Though the descriptor is named “homogeneous_channel_descriptor,” the metadata schema may be of any alternate name that uniquely maps a channel delivering content to numerous similar channels that carry common content for overlapping durations. While  FIG. 1A  is mainly focused on broadcast transmission channels, the same may apply to other form of content delivery that include but not limited to IP/Hybrid/OTT (“Over the top”). In such instances, the descriptor may take on suitable format corresponding to the metadata format supported by such transmission mediums. The metadata scheme (e.g., homogeneous channel descriptor) or its equivalents map a primary channel to one or more auxiliary channels. A primary channel may be a channel that all subscribing devices tune to, and the one which delivers most of the common content across the group of channels (called a channel group). Auxiliary channels may be channels that show content that is different from the primary channel for small periods of time. Each auxiliary channel in the channel group carries auxiliary content that is unique to itself. 
     Returning to  FIG. 1A , the homogeneous channel descriptor  100  may group related channels that carry similar content to a channel group. The homogeneous channel descriptor may describe all such channel groups as being available during a particular time. For example, a first group of channels may exist for a cricket match (Team A vs Team B) while a second group of channels may exist for another cricket match (Team C vs Team D) occurring at the same time. Each channel in the group may be uniquely identified based on the transmission system they are carried in. In the digital video broadcasting (“DVB”) world, the unique identifier for channel may be a DVB triplet comprising of original network ID (“ONID”), network ID (“NID”) and the transport stream ID (“TSID”). In the ATSC/American standards, the unique identifier may simply be the sourceID. In an IP system, the unique identifier may take the form a unique multicast IP address and a port or any such mechanism that uniquely identifies a channel in the target broadcasting system. 
       FIG. 1B  shows an illustrative diagram of a channel map table (e.g., from a PMT), in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The Channel map table, related to metadata schema  100 , shows an example where the primary channel is Start Sports1 and the auxiliary channel is Star Sports Select1. In this example, the auxiliary channel is actually a premium channel that has no advertisements and instead fills in the advertisement time slots with expert commentary. 
       FIG. 1C  shows an illustrative diagram of signaling mechanisms used to indicate subscriber devices using a homogeneous switch descriptor, in accordance with some embodiment of the disclosure. The homogeneous switch descriptor  120  may be used to signal channel switches to one or more subscriber devices upon the content changing between the primary and auxiliary channel. The homogeneous switch descriptor may be sent as part of a Program Map Table (“PMT”), or Network Information Table (“NIT”), of each channel that is a part of the channel group in homogenous channel descriptor  100 . Based on the switch state value set in the homogeneous switch descriptor  110 , subscriber devices tuned to the auxiliary channels may trigger actions described as follows. When the switch state is “on,” all subscriber devices that are tuned to auxiliary channels will implicitly tune to the primary channel. It may be noted that that channel tuning is implicit, meaning a user of the subscriber device may still see all channel attributes in a user interface corresponding to the auxiliary channel for which they are tuned. When the state is “off,” all subscriber devices that are tuned to auxiliary channel will tune away from the primary channel and tune to auxiliary content using tune parameters provided for the auxiliary channel number. 
     The homogeneous switch descriptor  120  can also support a time field that specifies when the state change can be applied. The time field in the homogeneous switch descriptor may be useful in schemes where content creators may identify the time of switch between groups of related channels. In cases where the switch input is derived from content comparison, the time value may be −1, meaning immediate application of the state. 
     These metadata schemas or descriptors, illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-1C , may be transmitted to the subscriber device as part of transport stream. A transport stream is a bitstream, being created according to the rules of transmission protocol, for data transmission. Transmitters receive digital signal from a broadcast center (e.g., headend) in a form of transport stream. There are a majority of standards for non-mobile fixed digital TV networks including DVB (European standard), ATSC (USA standard) or ISDB (Japanese standard). Each of these networks utilize transport stream generated in a specific format (e.g., MPEG-2 TS format, following international standard ISO-13818-1). Appropriate metadata schema can be generated to indicate group of related channels scheduled to transmit same content for most of the time segment for different transmission protocol. 
     The headend is where transport streams are generated, multiplexed and processed. The headend may be placed before the distribution network. Distribution networks process IP based transport streams transmission from broadcast center to transmitters. Global television programs may be transmitted via transport streams. It should be noted that a server may be used in place, or in conjunction, with the headend to transport IP data pertaining to video data for the purposes of the present disclosure. It may be technically advisable to reduce necessary distribution network bandwidth, without affecting the integrity (mitigated degradation), parameters, and time synchronization of the transport streams. Hence, the disclosed techniques achieve efficient use of network resources by avoiding the duplicative transmission of substantially similar content and only transmitting the differing segments for the premium broadcast. Moreover, this creates an opportunity to transmit auxiliary content (e.g., additional premium content) using some or all of the bandwidth being saved by avoiding duplicative transmissions. 
       FIG. 1D  shows an illustrative block diagram  131  of system components for the process of optimizing bandwidth for broadcast transmission, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. Various channels including channel  1 , channel  2 , up to channels n−1 and channel n, may be compared by headend using a comparator module  130  within the headend. For better optimization, the comparator module  130  may have sub-modules such as comparator  1  to comparator n ( 132  and  134  respectively). The comparator module  130  may receive information from a database  140 . The database  140  may contain a listing of related channels, also referred interchangeably as channel groups that aid in channel comparison of similar channels. For example, channel  1  and channel  2  may be related in that channel  1  is Star Sports  1  and channel  2  is Start Sports Select  1 . The comparators determine the differences in the video and/or audio contents of the channels and determine when the differences occur. Specific techniques that may be implemented for comparing the video and/or audio contents are discussed further in the present disclosure. Data relating to the temporal segments of the second channel which differ from the first video data are sent to an input selector control  150  and the homogenous switch descriptor generator  160 . The input selector may select the appropriate channel during specific temporal time periods when the temporal segments of the second channel which differ from the first video data. The homogenous switch descriptor generator  160  is updated with information of temporal differences (e.g., audio feed and/or video feed of the channels) which is then output to the MPEG transport multiplexer  170 . The MPEG transport multiplexer  170  multiplexes the information from the homogenous switch descriptor generator  160  and receives information from the input selector control to create the transport stream for the one or more subscriber devices. In some embodiments, the homogenous switch descriptor generator is embedded in a PMT during the multiplexing process. 
     In some embodiments, the MPEG transport multiplexer  170  may receive input associated a group of channels transmitting both identical content segments and content segments which are distinct. When a group of channels have substantially identical content for most of the duration to transmit, the multiplexer  170  may use only one audio/video feed associated with a selected primary channel to transmit the content and use audio/video feeds associated with all auxiliary channels to transmit other data, such as enhanced content, advertisement etc. Audio/video feeds associated with auxiliary channels will transmit data related to the content, only where the segments are different for two channels. As one may appreciate, the audio/video feeds associated with auxiliary channels that traditionally may have been used to transmit the same content can now be used to transmit other data. 
     In some embodiments, the content creators may supply metadata associated with differing segments. Consequently, the switch state of the homogeneous switch descriptors  100  may be updated using the metadata. In some embodiments, a comparator module  130  may need not perform a comparison to identify the common or distinct segments. In some embodiments, a homogeneous switch descriptor generator  120  may update the homogeneous channel descriptor  100 . The homogeneous switch descriptor may then indicate group channels transmitting same content for most of the time, and metadata indicating at what time contents of two related channels are different. In some embodiments, the metadata schema also indicates when the feed needs to be switched at the subscriber device. 
     For example, a set top box may tune to channel  1  for Star Sports  1 . The set top box may check for tuning overload (e.g., tuning overload refers to the identical video content is being played back on multiple channels). To check for tuning overload, the set top box may check for overload parameters in the homogeneous switch descriptor by parsing information in the PMT table or an equivalent message that carries it. If the parsed information provides data showing overload, the set top box may switch to the primary channel of the channel group. In the alternative, if the parsed information provides data showing no overload, the set top box may utilize the tuning parameters of its own channel to show auxiliary content. 
     The headend may determine whether a first content and a second content contain common segments. Returning to  FIG. 1C , the determination may be performed by comparator module(s) (e.g.,  130 ,  132 , and/or  134 ) within the headend. In some embodiments, the determination of common content may be implemented by the headend retrieving the first content and the second content from content creators. The first content (for example a first video feed) and second content (a second video feed) may include video frame data which provides for a plurality of frames, which in aggregate comprise the first and second video feed respectively. The headend may for each video frame of the first video feed, determine whether the frame of the first video feed matches a corresponding frame of the second video feed. Continuing from the above example, the headend may retrieve a specific video feed from the standard cricket match and premium cricket match the respective video feeds to compare, frame-by-frame based on a specific timestamp, whether the standard cricket matches the premium cricket match timestamp. In some embodiments, the match for each timestamp may include identical timestamps, or even an offset of a predefined tolerance. In some embodiments, the comparison on aggregate may be compared to a predefined tolerance or an exact match of frame information. In some embodiments, the determination of whether the frame of the first video feed matches the corresponding frame of the second video feed includes comparison of RGB matrices. The headend may determine whether a first RGB matrix of the frame of the first video feed matches a second RGB matrix of the corresponding frame of the second video feed. In some embodiments, a force input on the comparator can trigger an overload message. 
     In other embodiments, the determination of common video content may be implemented by the headend executing checksum calculations. The headend may execute a first checksum calculation for the first video feed and a second checksum calculation for the second video feed. The headend may then determine whether the first checksum calculation matches the second checksum calculation. In a determination that the first and second checksum calculations are equivalent, the headend may determine that the first and second video feed contain common video content. In a determination that the first and second checksum calculations are not equivalent, the headend may determine that the first and second video feed do not contain common video content. In some embodiments, the headend may determine matching checksum calculations using time-based data. For example, the headend may determine at each corresponding timestamp for the first video feed and the second video feed, whether the first checksum calculation matches the second checksum calculation. In some embodiments, the headend may deem a match depending on a predefined overlap threshold. A predefined overlap threshold may be defined by the headend (e.g., greater than 50% checksum match for time-based data). 
     In some embodiments, the determination of common video content may be implemented by the headend retrieving time-based or temporal metadata of the first video feed and time-based or temporal metadata of the second video feed. The type of time-based or temporal metadata may be any time of data which has a temporal component. For example, first and second temporal metadata may include at least one of scene duration, scene timestamps, advertisement timestamps, musical interlude timestamps, end credit timestamps, opening credit timestamps, timestamps for non-native language dialogue, or timestamps for events within the video feed. Continuing from the example above, the headend may provide two transport streams of the cricket match. The first video feed may carry the standard cricket match with advertisements, while the second video feed may carry the premium version of the cricket match replacing the advertisements with live-commentary between overs. 
     In response to the determination that the first content and the second content contain at least one common segment, the headend may update the metadata schema to indicate at least one common segment of the first content and the second segment. For example, the headend inserts the identified differences as metadata using schemes outlined in  FIGS. 1A-1C . Specifically, the headend may determine whether the first temporal metadata matches the second temporal metadata. A match may be within a common (e.g., predefined) tolerance of error, or an exact match of digital data. The tolerance of error may allow for minor synchronization issues to exist to allow for comparison of the video content without time bias. In this example, the standard and premium transport streams each contain common video feed during live action of the cricket match. However, the comparison executed by the headend shows that during an event break (e.g., advertisement, or intermission), the content for the premium transport stream differs from the standard transport stream. 
     The headend may, in response to the determination that the first video feed and the second video feed contain common video content, retrieve, from a data structure, identifiers of the second video feed. The identifiers may be as described in  FIGS. 1A-1C . 
     The headend may, in response to the determination that the first video feed and the second video feed contain common video content, determine temporal segments of the second video feed differing from the first video feed. Based on the metadata or program identification (“PID”) information for the second video feed, the specific temporal segments of the second video feed are determined which differ from the first video feed. The determination of the differing segments was completed during the determination that the first video feed and the second video feed contain common video content. Continuing from the above example, the differing segment table below shows determined temporal segments of the premium cricket match which differ from the standard cricket match: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Temporal Timestamp in Playback 
                 Type of Content 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 0:03:29-0:05:53 
                 Commentary 
               
               
                 0:14:29-0:16:02 
                 Commentary 
               
               
                 0:30:00-0:55:00 
                 Intermission - full player interviews 
               
               
                 1:09:55-1:11:11 
                 Commentary 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the headend may in response to the determination that the first video data and the second video data contain common video content, update the PMT. The PMT includes program identifiers and service identifiers of a plurality of programs, including the first video data and the second video data. In other embodiments, the metadata scheme is updated regarding the number of auxiliary channels (when common video content is found). 
     The headend may, in response to the determination that the first video feed and the second video feed contain common video content, transmit, to a subscriber device, the differing temporal segments of the second video feed, using the retrieved identifiers of the second video feed, during temporal segments of the first video feed matching timestamps of the differing temporal segments of the second video feed. For example, at the timestamp when the first and second videos differ, the differing temporal segments are transmitted to the subscriber device. In some embodiments, the headend transmits the differing temporal segments of the second video feed via a homogeneous switch descriptor in the PMT. Returning to  FIG. 1C , a homogeneous switch descriptor generator  120  may create the homogeneous switch descriptor which is multiplexed by the MPEG Transport multiplexer  170  prior to the transmission (e.g., by MPEG Transport stream). For example, the below snippet describes a private descriptor (implementing the switch: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Homogeneous_Switch_Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 { 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 descriptor.tag: 8 bits 
               
               
                   
                   
                 descriptor.length: 8 bits 
               
               
                   
                   
                 switch-state = on/off 
               
               
                   
                 } 
                 time of switch = vtc 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the scenario where the headend operations are executed by a server, the transmission utilizes a multi-cast Internet protocol port to the subscriber device. The Internet protocol port corresponds to the second video feed. 
     In some embodiments, the metadata scheme (e.g., the updated homogeneous channel and switch descriptors) is embedded in the multiplexed transport stream and transmitted to the one or more subscriber devices via an entitlement management message (“EMM”). The EMM may be encoded (e.g., my MPEG encoders) via an Entitlement Management Message generator. An EMM is a type of conditional access system where the receiver performs decryption based on a control word when authorized to access a received data stream. At the EMM generator, the MPEG encoders encrypt the data stream with the control word. The one or more subscriber devices decode the EMM to retrieve the required information for input selector control for channel selection. 
       FIG. 2  shows an illustrative diagram  200  of a broadcasting system broadcasting content to subscriber devices, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. A headend  202  generates multiplexed program information and may transmit the transport stream  204  to one or more subscriber devices (e.g., subscriber device  1  ( 206 ), subscriber device  2  ( 208 ), subscriber device  3  ( 210 ), and subscriber device n ( 212 )). The headend (or broadcast server) may be communicatively coupled to multiple subscriber devices (as shown in  FIGS. 2-3 ). The headend may be communicatively coupled with a network information table (NIT). A further detailed disclosure on the headend can be seen in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 3  shows an illustrative diagram  300  of a broadcasting system comprising a broadcast server and a headend, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In this system the broadcast server  305  and the headend  302  may collectively fulfil operations as described by the headend and/or broadcast server in the preceding examples. A headend  302  may be communicatively coupled with a broadcast server  305 . The headend  302 /broadcast server  305  generate multiplexed program information and may transmit the transport stream  304  to one or more subscriber devices (e.g., subscriber device  1  ( 306 ), subscriber device  2  ( 308 ), subscriber device  3  ( 310 ), and subscriber device n ( 312 )). 
     The headend  202 / 302  uses the database  140  to form the channel groups and the channel associations in each group. The subscriber devices  206 - 212 / 306 - 312  may cache metadata schema received as part of the transport stream on each boot. Whenever the headend triggers a change in the table by means of a version change, mechanisms that are inbuilt within the transmission methodology are used for update. The subscriber devices may use the information in PMT to determine if it needs to respond to the homogeneous switch descriptor when it tunes to any channel associated within a channel group. 
     In some embodiments, the headend  202 / 302  (and similarly broadcast server  305 ) may be implemented remote from the subscriber devices and be communicatively coupled via radio antenna reception, cable reception (e.g., coaxial), microwave link, DSL reception, cable internet reception, fiber reception, over-the-air infrastructure, or other type of interface for receiving video data from a broadcaster. The headend may include a selection of hardware including RF circuitry, control circuitry, processing circuitry, and other infrastructure required to generate and interface with broadcast terrestrial and satellite feeds to distribute video content to subscriber devices. The broadcast server may be a smartphone, a Smart TV, a set-top box, an integrated receiver decoder (IRD) for handling satellite television, a digital storage device, a digital media receiver (DMR), a digital media adapter (DMA), a streaming media device, a local data structure, a personal computer (PC), a smart-home personal assistant, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a WebTV box, a personal computer television (PC/TV), a PC data structure, a PC media center, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable video player, a portable music player, a portable gaming machine, or any other television equipment, computing equipment, Internet-of-Things device, or wireless device, and/or combination of the same. Any of the system modules (e.g., headend, broadcast server, NIT, and subscriber devices) may be any combination of shared or disparate hardware pieces that are communicatively coupled. 
     In some embodiments, the metadata schema may be implemented by matrices (homogenous channel description and homogeneous switch descriptor), where the matrices may be integrated into the headend. In other embodiments, these may be a discrete piece of hardware interfacing with the headend by communicate coupling. 
     The subscriber devices  206 - 212 / 306 - 312  may be any device that has properties to receive video content. The subscriber devices may be a vehicle infotainment system, vehicle entertainment system, a vehicle navigation system, a smartphone, a smartwatch, a smart wearable device, a Smart TV, a streaming media device, a personal computer (PC), a smart-home personal assistant, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a WebTV box, a personal computer television (PC/TV), a PC media center, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable video player, a portable music player, a portable gaming machine, or any other television equipment, computing equipment, Internet-of-Things device, wearable device, or wireless device, and/or combination of the same with display capabilities. 
       FIG. 4  shows an illustrative block diagram  400  of the headend, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. As stated earlier, as the broadcast server  305  may perform any/all of the functions of the headend in some embodiments, it may share the same hardware architecture. In some embodiments, the headend may be communicatively connected to a user interface. In some embodiments, the headend may include processing circuitry, control circuitry, and storage (e.g., RAM, ROM, hard disk, removable disk, etc.). The headend may include an input/output path  406 . I/O path  406  may provide device information, or other data, over a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), and/or other content and data to control circuitry  404 , that includes processing circuitry  408  and storage  410 . Control circuitry  404  may be used to send and receive commands, requests, signals (digital and analog), and other suitable data using I/O path  406 . I/O path  406  may connect control circuitry  404  (and specifically processing circuitry  408 ) to one or more communications paths. 
     Control circuitry  404  may be based on any suitable processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  408 . As referred to herein, processing circuitry should be understood to mean circuitry based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc., and may include a multi-core processor (e.g., dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, or any suitable number of cores) or supercomputer. In some embodiments, processing circuitry may be distributed across multiple separate processors or processing units, for example, multiple of the same type of processing units (e.g. two Intel Core i7 processors) or multiple different processors (e.g., an Intel Core i5 processor and an Intel Core i7 processor). In some embodiments, control circuitry  404  executes instructions for a headend stored in memory (e.g., storage  410 ). 
     Memory may be an electronic storage device provided as storage  410 , which is part of control circuitry  404 . As referred to herein, the phrase “electronic storage device” or “storage device” should be understood to mean any device for storing electronic data, computer software, or firmware, such as random-access memory, read-only memory, hard drives, solid state devices, quantum storage devices, or any other suitable fixed or removable storage devices, and/or any combination of the same. Nonvolatile memory may also be used (e.g., to launch a boot-up routine and other instructions). 
     The headend  402  may be coupled to a communications network. The communication network may be one or more networks including the Internet, a mobile phone network, mobile voice or data network (e.g., a 5G, 4G or LTE network), mesh network, peer-to-peer network, cable network, cable reception (e.g., coaxial), microwave link, DSL reception, cable internet reception, fiber reception, over-the-air infrastructure or other types of communications network or combinations of communications networks. The headend may be coupled to a secondary communication network (e.g., Bluetooth, Near Field Communication, service provider proprietary networks, or wired connection) to the selected device for generation for playback. Paths may separately or together include one or more communications paths, such as a satellite path, a fiber-optic path, a cable path, a path that supports Internet communications, free-space connections (e.g., for broadcast or other wireless signals), or any other suitable wired or wireless communications path or combination of such paths. As described above in  FIG. 4 , an analogous block diagram would be applicable for the broadcast server. 
       FIG. 5  is an illustrative flowchart of a process for creating a transport stream, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. Process  500 , and any of the following processes, may be executed by control circuitry  404  (e.g., in a manner instructed to control circuitry  404  by the headend  402 ). Similar operations may be executed by the broadcast server  305 . Control circuitry  404  may be part of a headend, or of a remote server separated from the headend by way of a communication network or distributed over a combination of both. 
     At  502 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , receives a first content and a second content scheduled for transmission on first channel and second channel respectively. In some embodiments, the headend  402  may retrieve the first video data from the storage  410  of the headend. In other embodiments, the headend  402  may retrieve the first video data from a data structure via the I/O path  406 . 
     At  504 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , performs a comparison to identify common segments and distinct segments of first content and second content. In some embodiments, the determination of common segments and distinct segments of first content and second content is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     At  506 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , receives timecoded input from content creators indicating common segments and distinct segments. In some embodiments, the headend  402  may retrieve the timecoded input from content creators from a data structure or server via the I/O path  406 . 
     At  508 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , updates metadata schema forming part of PMT based on identified group channels and signal client devices to switch to the appropriate audio/video feed at time when content across channels are different. In some embodiments, the metadata schema are the homogeneous channel descriptor and the homogeneous switch descriptor. 
     At  510 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , determines, before multiplexing, that metadata schema indicates common segments between the first channel and the second channel. In some embodiments, the determination is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     At  512 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , utilizes one audio/video feed associated with the first channel to transmit content for both the first channel and second channel during multiplexing of the first channel and the second channel. 
     At  514 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , utilizes two audio/video feeds associated with the first channel and the second channel respectively to transmit differed content segment during multiplexing of the first channel and the second channel. 
     At  516 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , creates a transport stream for transmission to the one or more subscriber devices. In some embodiments, transmission of the created transport stream to the subscriber devices  206 - 212 / 306 - 312  is via the I/O path  406 . 
       FIG. 6  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  600  for determining first content and second content contain a common segment, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. At  602 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , receives a first content and a second content for transmission to one or more subscriber devices on a first channel and a second channel respectively. In some embodiments, the headend receives the first content and the second content from a content creator via the I/O path  406 . In some embodiments, the headend  402  may receive the first content and the second content from the storage  410  of the headend. 
     At  604 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , determines whether the first content and the second content contain at least one common segment. In some embodiments, the determination of whether the first content and the second content contain at least one common segment is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     If, at  606 , control circuitry determines “No,” the first content and the second content do not contain at least one common segment, the process iterates to the next media asset. In some embodiments, at  607 , the process reverts back to  602 . In other embodiments, at  609 , when there are no additional media assets, the process advances to END. 
     If, at  606 , the control circuitry determines “Yes,” the first content and the second content contain at least one common segment, the process advances to  608 . At  608 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , updates metadata schema to indicate there is at least one common segment in the first content and the second content. 
     At  610 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , generates a transport stream during multiplexing of the first channel and of the second channel based on the updated metadata schema. The transport stream, for a time duration based on the at least one common segment, comprises a first audio feed of the first content and a first video feed of the first content to be provided on the second channel. In some embodiments, the generation of the transport stream is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     At  612 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , transmits, to a subscriber device, the transport stream to the one or more subscriber devices. In some embodiments, the headend transmits the transport stream to the one or more subscriber devices to the subscriber devices  206 - 212 / 306 - 312  via the I/O path  506 . 
       FIG. 7  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  700  for determining first content and second content contain a distinct segment, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. At  704 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , determines whether the first content and the second content contain at least one distinct segment. In some embodiments, the determination of whether the first content and the second content distinct at least one common segment is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     If, at  706 , control circuitry determines “No,” the first content and the second content do not contain at least one distinct segment, the process iterates to the next media asset. In some embodiments, at  707 , the process reverts back to  602 . In other embodiments, at  709 , when there are no additional media assets, the process advances to END. 
     If, at  706 , the control circuitry determines “Yes,” the first content and the second content contain at least one distinct segment, the process advances to  708 . At  708 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , updates the metadata schema to indicate there is at least one distinct segment of the first content and the second content. 
     At  710 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , generates an updated transport stream during multiplexing of the first channel and of the second channel based on the updated metadata schema. The updated transport stream, for a time duration based on the at least one distinct segment, comprises a second audio feed of the second content and the first video feed of the first content to be provided on the second channel. In some embodiments, the generation of the updated transport stream is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     At  712 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , transmits, to a subscriber device, the updated transport stream to the one or more subscriber devices. In some embodiments, the headend transmits the updated transport stream to the one or more subscriber devices to the subscriber devices  206 - 212 / 306 - 312  via the I/O path  506 . 
       FIG. 8  is an illustrative flowchart of a process  800  for determining whether first content and second content contain common temporal video segment, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In some embodiments, at  802 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , retrieve a first video feed of the first content and a second video feed of the second content each comprising a plurality of video frames. 
     In some embodiments, at  804 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , determines, determines, for each video frame of the first video feed, whether the frame of the first video feed matches a corresponding frame of the second video feed. In some embodiments, the determination of whether the frame of the first video feed matches a corresponding frame of the second video feed is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     In some embodiments, at  812 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , retrieves first temporal metadata of the first video data and second temporal metadata of the second video data. In some embodiments, the headend  402  may retrieve the first temporal metadata of the first video data from the storage  410  of the headend. In other embodiments, the headend  402  may retrieve the first temporal metadata of the first video data from a data structure via the I/O path  406 . 
     In some embodiments, at  814 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , determines whether the first temporal metadata matches the second temporal metadata. In some embodiments, the determination of whether the first temporal metadata matches the second temporal metadata is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     In some embodiments, at  822 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , executes a first checksum calculation for the first video data and a second checksum calculation for the second video data. In some embodiments, the execution of the checksum calculations are performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     In some embodiments, at  824 , the headend  402 , by control circuitry  404 , determine whether the first checksum calculation matches the second checksum calculation. In some embodiments, the determination of whether first checksum calculation matches the second checksum calculation is performed, at least in part, by processing circuitry  408 . 
     It is contemplated that some suitable steps or suitable descriptions of  FIGS. 5-8  may be used with other suitable embodiment of this disclosure. In addition, some suitable steps and descriptions described in relation to  FIGS. 5-8  may be implemented in alternative orders or in parallel to further the purposes of this disclosure. For example, some suitable steps may be performed in any order or in parallel or substantially simultaneously to reduce lag or increase the speed of the system or method. Some suitable steps may also be skipped or omitted from the process. Furthermore, it should be noted that some suitable devices or equipment discussed in relation to  FIGS. 2-3  could be used to perform one or more of the steps in  FIGS. 5-8 . 
     The processes discussed above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the steps of the processes discussed herein may be omitted, modified, combined, and/or rearranged, and any additional steps may be performed without departing from the scope of the invention. More generally, the above disclosure is meant to be exemplary and not limiting. Only the claims that follow are meant to set bounds as to what the present invention includes. Furthermore, it should be noted that the features and limitations described in any one embodiment may be applied to any other embodiment herein, and flowcharts or examples relating to one embodiment may be combined with any other embodiment in a suitable manner, done in different orders, or done in parallel. In addition, the systems and methods described herein may be performed in real time. It should also be noted that the systems and/or methods described above may be applied to, or used in accordance with, other systems and/or methods.