Patent Publication Number: US-9416598-B2

Title: Method and system for protecting a conduit in an annular space around a well casing

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method and system for protecting a conduit in an annular space around a well casing. 
     Traditionally, a well is constructed from a telescopic like series of steel tubular well casings, to provide well integrity from itself and from the surrounding rock. These well casings are cemented and/or otherwise fixed within the wellbore by some mechanical means. To allow fluids to enter or leave the wellbore it is normal to install and detonate shaped perforating charges to provide a series of penetrations through the steel conduit, cement, and into the surrounding reservoir of choice. The deployment of the perforating charges frequently requires the charges to be installed in the perforating charge carrier or gun in a spiral configuration. Shot densities of 40 shots per meter are common, and means that the entire cross section and longitudinal section of the well casing is a potential, but relatively random, target. Notwithstanding the many years and cost of researching and developing highly efficient shaped charge perforators, successful and efficient perforation is dependent on two basic factors: shot density and phasing. 
     In gas wells, shot density is important as it minimises turbulence as well as increasing inflow area. 
     Phasing increases the effective wellbore radius. 
     It should also not be overlooked that the single purpose of the shaped charge is to penetrate steel, cement and reservoir rock to a depth significantly beyond filter cake depth and other skin effects. 
     The use for data gathering, sensing, communication, and command and control of Fibre Optic or Electrical cables or small diameter Hydraulic piping (typically 7 mm or ¼″ diameter stainless steel) is usually managed by mechanically clamping these on production tubulars, which are installed as a continuous production/injection fluid conduit and not considered to be part of the well construction tubulars. These cables and conduits are frequently encapsulated with a hard plastic/nylon coating to provide compression and abrasion resistance. 
     Production tubulars are generally installed in the well after perforating operations have been carried out and therefore any cable or hydraulic conduit clamped to them are protected from perforation damage. 
     There is a growing requirement for well and reservoir monitoring purposes to install cables and small diameter pipes behind the well construction casings. So doing exposes these items to potential damage or irrevocable failure caused by the unavoidable impact of perforating charges. Ultimately, it doesn&#39;t matter what the shot density or phasing is as it is not possible to guarantee the cable orientation. 
     Current methods to mitigate damage to cables and other conduits arranged outside a casing when a casing is perforated by explosive charges involve magnetic field disturbance detection and/or detection of sonic reflectance anomalies generated by the conduits and subsequently orienting the explosive charge such it does not hit and damage the conduit. 
     Examples of magnetic field disturbance detection tools are the Powered Orienting Tool (POWIT) and the Wired Perforating Platform (WPP) that are marketed by Schlumberger. 
     A tool for detecting sonic reflectance anomalies is the Ultra Sonic Imager Tool (USIT) marketed by Schlumberger. Incorporation of a large diameter (D=˜1.25 cm) braided steel cable in the encapsulation of the conduit aids both forms of detection, while also acting as a bumper to additionally protect the conduit. 
     Currently available 0°—phased perforating charge guns with charges installed in a straight line can be run with the above mentioned magnetic detection tools and an electric rotating orientation tool. The USIT tool requires a separate detection/logging run before the orientation/perforating run. 
     Use of low-side perforating systems with preset orientation based on a USIT log to perforate horizontal wellbores has also successfully been applied. 
     Centralization/decentralization, depending on the detection system used, is absolutely crucial in getting reliable line detection and confidently perforating away from the cables and pipes. 
     Oriented perforating is significantly more expensive than normal perforating. When considering that it may take at least two separate runs, and 0° phasing means less shots per meter, the cost of oriented perforating, even when ignoring reduced production/injection capabilities, approaches three times the cost of conventional 180°/360° phased perforating. Loss of production from sub optimal phasing, added to the cost of orientation could run into millions of US dollars. 
     It is common to convert monitoring and/or observation wells into producers or injectors after a period of data gathering, so assuming that there is no desire to lose the data gathering and sensing capabilities in a monitoring well when converted, then the behind casing installation means commitment to oriented perforating and the consequential reduced perforating efficiency. 
     Thus, there is a need to protect cables and other conduits from perforating damage by deflecting the wave front or jet material generated by shaped perforating charges. 
     There is also a need to provide a means to perforate through a well casing or co-axial set of well casings without damaging any conduit that may be attached by clamps or other means to the outer surface of at least one of the casings. 
     Furthermore there is a need to remove the requirement to use oriented perforating equipment and allow the use of fully phased perforating guns. 
     In addition there is a need to provide a means of deploying and clamping a cable or other conduit that may be integrated with the shaped charge deflector and reeled or unreeled during installation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the invention there is provided a method for protecting a conduit in an annular space around a well casing, the method comprising arranging the conduit in a groove formed in a protective gutter which is secured to the outer surface of the well casing. 
     In accordance with the invention there is furthermore provided a system for protecting a conduit in an annular space around a well casing, the system comprising a protective gutter which is secured to the outer surface of the well casing and which comprises a groove in which the cable is arranged. 
     The protective gutter may have a bottom and side surfaces that are arranged in a substantially U- or V-shaped configuration, and the side surfaces may be located at a larger average distance from the outer surface of the well casing than the bottom of the gutter. 
     These and other features, embodiments and advantages of the method and/or system according to the invention are described in the accompanying claims, abstract and the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments depicted in the accompanying drawings, in which description reference numerals are used which refer to corresponding reference numerals that are depicted in the drawings. 
     Similar reference numerals in different figures denote the same or similar objects. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic side view of a casing to which a protective gutter containing a conduit is strapped; and 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the casing, protective gutter and conduit assembly of  FIG. 1 , taken along dashed line  2  in  FIG. 1  and seen in the direction of arrow  2 A. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DEPICTED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show a well casing  1  to which a protective gutter  3  is strapped by straps  4 . The protective gutter  3  comprises a flat bottom  3 A and invert triangular oriented side surfaces  3 A and  3 C, which form a longitudinal groove  5  that houses a conduit  6 , which may comprise one or more hydraulic conduits and/or electric and/or fiber optical cables  7  that are encapsulated in an optional protective coating  8 . 
     An invert T-shaped spacer bar  9  is secured to the flat bottom  3 B of the protective gutter  3 , which spacer bar  9  comprises voids  10  through which the straps  4  extend.  FIG. 2  shows how the casing  1 , protective gutter  3  and conduit  7  assembly is arranged in a well  20  penetrating an underground hydrocarbon fluid containing formation  21 . The well casing  1  is surrounded by an annular space  22  in which the protective gutter  3  and conduit  7  are arranged and which is otherwise filled with cement or a fluid. To remove the oriented perforating inefficiencies and added cost the method and system according to the invention permit use of conventional 180°/360° phased perforating guns  23 . Blast protection of the conduit  7  deployed outside of the well casing  1  therefore becomes mandatory. It is not necessary to misalign gun  23  and conduit  7  to guarantee with any certainty at all that one or more explosive charges  24  fired by the gun  23  will not coincide with the conduit  7 . 
     To protect the conduit  7  from damage from the explosive charges  24  fired by the gun  23  the side and bottom surfaces  3 A-C of the protective gutter  3  may be made of laminated metal or composite material in the general shape of an inverted triangle to be installed either separately, or as a single entity combined with the conduit  7 , along the length of the casing  1  during deployment. Laminated metals and/or specifically woven composites are traditional ways of deflecting ordnance blast and these materials can survive and deflect the wave front or rapidly forming jet material generated by the explosive charges  24 . 
     Suitable materials for this purpose are materials selected from the group of laminated steel, metallic composites and other ferrous and non ferrous materials of the group of laminated armored metallic and non metallic composites 
     Fixing the preformed protective gutter  3 , with or without attached or integral conduit  7 , to the well casing  1  can be effected using reeled components and currently available cable clamps and/or straps  4 . The most effective deployment method will be to form an integral, reelable system as is common practice for deploying cables and pipes on production tubulars.