Patent Publication Number: US-5254597-A

Title: Production of chlorofluorocarbon-free, urethane-containing moldings having a cellular core and a compacted peripheral zone

Description:
The present invention relates to a process for the production of chlorofluorocarbon-free urethane- or urethane- and urea-containing soft-elastic, semirigid or rigid moldings having a cellular core and a compacted peripheral zone and having an essentially pore-free, smooth surface, known as structural polyurethane (PU) foams, by reacting conventional starting components for the formation of polyisocyanate polyaddition products in the presence of water and/or an inert physical blowing agent (with the exception of chlorofluorocarbons) a catalyst, microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve, and, if desired, further additives and assistants. 
     The production of moldings having a cellular core and a compacted peripheral zone by reacting an organic polyisocyanate, a relatively high-molecular-weight compound containing at least two reactive hydrogen atoms and, if desired, a chain extender and/or crosslinking agent in the presence of a blowing agent, preferably a physical blowing agent, a catalyst, and assistants and/or additives in a closed, heated or unheated mold has been known for a long time and is described, for example, in DE-A 16 94 138 (GB 1,209,243), DE-C 19 55 891 (GB 1,321,679) and DE-B 17 69 886 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,199). 
     A review on moldings of this type, known as structural polyurethane foams, has been published, for example, in Kunststoff-Handbuch, Volume 7, Polyurethane, edited by Dr. G. Oertel, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 2nd Edition, 1983, pages 333 ff., and in Integralschaumstoffe by Dr. H. Piechota and Dr. H. Rohr, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 1975. 
     Although the production of soft-elastic, semi-rigid or rigid structural PU foam moldings has achieved extraordinary industrial importance, the processes described have problems due to the increased environmental awareness with respect to the blowing agents used. Worldwide, fluorochloroalkanes, preferably trichlorofluoromethane, are employed on a large scale as blowing agents and first evaporate under the influence of the exothermic polyaddition reaction, then partially condense on the cooler internal surface of the mold at super-atmospheric pressure and are included in the moldings. The only disadvantage of these blowing gases is environmental pollution, since they are suspected of participating in the degradation of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. 
     In order to reduce the amount of fluorochloroalkanes, the blowing agent predominantly used is water, which reacts with the polyisocyanate to form carbon dioxide, which acts as the actual blowing gas. This process has the disadvantage that the carbon dioxide formed does not condense on the internal surface of the mold under the reaction conditions present in the mold and thus results in the formation of moldings having a porous surface. 
     According to DE-A-1 804 362 (GB 1,285,224), PU foams having a compact surface and a cellular core can be produced in the presence of alkali metal aluminosilicates having a zeolite structure. The blowing agent used is, in particular, a halogenated hydrocarbon or a mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons and partially hydrated alkali metal aluminosilicates or organic compounds containing water of hydration. The addition of water and the alkali metal aluminosilicate is said to give shrinkage-free structural PU foam moldings having overall densities of up to 120 g/l, in spite of the presence of chlorofluorocarbons. 
     Chlorofluorocarbon-free, rigid PU foam moldings having high surface hardness and a density of at least 300 kg/m 3  are described in EP-A-0 319 866 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,363). They are produced using polyhydroxyl compounds or a mixture of organic polyhydroxyl compounds having a mean hydroxyl functionality of at least 2.2 and a mean hydroxyl number of at least 300 mg of KOH/g, water and/or carbon dioxide as blowing agent and a zeolite absorbant additive having a diameter of the pore opening to the absorption cavities of at least 0.7 nm. 
     Zeolite-modified, water-blown polyurethane foams which are distinguished by improved flame resistance and contain no halogen- and/or phosphorus-containing flameproofing agents are described in EP-A-0 388 952. According to U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,718, closed-cell, rigid polyurethane foams having relatively high heat resistance can be produced by reacting polyols with polyisocyanates, a zeolite able to absorb molecules having an effective critical diameter of up to 0.1 nm being added to each of these starting components. 
     A process for the production of soft-elastic polyurethane moldings having a cellular core and a compact peripheral zone by RIM is described in DE-A 40 34 082. The additives used are crystalline, microporous molecular sieves and/or crystalline silicon dioxide (silicalite). Although this process gives moldings having good mechanical properties and an essentially pore-free, smooth surface, the process also has disadvantages, for example the difficult and technically complex preparation of the microporous, crystalline molecular sieve and silicon dioxide and the considerable amount of these additives which must be introduced into the polyurethane formulation in order to give polyurethane moldings having the desired compact peripheral zone and an essentially pore-free surface. 
     According to German Patent Application P 41 15 456.8, soft-elastic, semirigid or rigid polyurethane moldings having an integral density distribution and an essentially pore-free, smooth surface can be produced using amorphous microporous silica gels as additives. Although the moldings produced have excellent mechanical properties, their mass production currently causes certain difficulties with respect to constancy of the density and the catalysis. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide urethane- or urethane- and urea-containing moldings having a cellular core and a compacted peripheral zone with an essentially pore-free, smooth surface by a simple, inexpensive process without using chlorofluorocarbons. Suitable polyurethane formulations should have a long shelf life, be easy to handle, have good flow properties and be readily processable by RIM or the low-pressure process, even in the absence of chlorofluorocarbons, which act as diluents. 
     We have found that, surprisingly, this object is achieved by using microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve, preferably containing water, as an additive for the production of PU foam moldings. 
     The present invention accordingly provides a process for the production of chlorofluorocarbon-free, urethane- or urethane- and urea-containing moldings having a cellular core and a compacted peripheral zone, by reacting 
     a) an organic and/or modified organic polyisocyanate with 
     b) at least one relatively high-molecular-weight compound containing at least two reactive hydrogen atoms, and, if desired, 
     c) a low-molecular-weight chain extender and/or cross-linking agent, in the presence of 
     d) a blowing agent, 
     e) a catalyst, 
     f) additives and, if desired, 
     g) assistants, 
     in a closed mold with compaction, wherein one of the additives (f) is microporous activated charcoal, microporous carbon molecular sieve or a mixture thereof. 
     In spite of the addition of the microporous, preferably water-containing activated charcoal and/or preferably microporous, preferably water-containing carbon molecular sieve and the attendant increase in the viscosity of the system components, the latter have very good flow properties and can easily be processed by RIM or the low-pressure process. The rigid, semirigid or preferably soft-elastic PU foam moldings produced have a peripheral zone of relatively high density and a smooth, essentially pore-free and bubble-free surface. The Shore A hardness of the surface and the other mechanical properties correspond to those of structural foam moldings expanded using a chlorofluorocarbon. 
     It is furthermore advantageous that the system components containing activated charcoal and/or carbon molecular sieve which can be used according to the invention do not exhibit any noticeable change in their physical and chemical properties even after relatively long storage, so that PU moldings, in particular having identical densities, can be produced reproducibly under the same reaction conditions. 
     The following applies to components (a), (b) and (d) to (f) and, if used, (c) and (g) which can be used for the process according to the invention and to the microporous activated charcoal and carbon molecular sieve which is suitable according to the invention: 
     a) Suitable organic polyisocyanates (a) are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic and preferably aromatic polyisocyanates. 
     The following may be mentioned as examples: alkylene diisocyanates having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety, such as 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate, 2-ethyltetramethylene 1,4-diisocyanate, 2-methylpentamethylene 1,5-diisocyanate, tetramethylene 1,4-diisocyanate and preferably hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate; cycloaliphatic diisocyanates, such as cyclohexane, 1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanate and any desired mixtures of these isomers, 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotolylene diisocyanate, and the corresponding isomer mixtures, 4,4&#39;-, 2,2&#39;- and 2,4&#39;-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and the corresponding isomer mixtures, araliphatic diisocyanates, e.g. 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate and isomer mixtures thereof, and preferably aromatic diisocyanates and polyisocyanates, e.g. 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate and the corresponding isomer mixtures, 4,4&#39;-, 2,4&#39;- and 2,2&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and the corresponding isomer mixtures of 4,4&#39;- and 2,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanates, polyphenyl-polymethylene polyisocyanates, mixtures of 4,4&#39;-, 2,4&#39;- and 2,2&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and polyphenyl-polymethylene polyisocyanates (crude MDI), and mixtures of crude MDI and tolylene diisocyanates. The organic diisocyanates and polyisocyanates may be employed individually or in the form of mixtures. 
     Frequently, modified polyisocyanates are also used, i.e. products which are obtained by chemical reaction of organic diisocyanates and/or polyisocyanates. Specific examples are ester-, urea-, biuret-, allophanate-, carbodiimide-, isocyanurate-, uretdione-, uretonimine-, and/or urethane-containing diisocyanates and/or polyisocyanates. Individual examples are urethane-containing organic, preferably aromatic, polyisocyanates containing from 33.6 to 15% by weight, preferably from 31 to 21% by weight, of NCO, based on the total weight, for example 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate modified by means of low-molecular-weight diols, triols, dialkylene glycols, trialkylene glycols or polyoxyalkylene glycols having molecular weights of up to 4200, mixtures of 4,4&#39;- and 2,4&#39; diphenylmethane diisocyanates or 2,4- or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanates, specific examples of di- and polyoxyalkylene glycols, which can be employed individually or as mixtures, being diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol. NCO-containing prepolymers containing from 25 to 3.5% by weight, preferably from 21 to 14% by weight, of NCO, based on the total weight, and prepared from the polyester- and/or preferably polyether-polyols described below and 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, mixtures of 2,4&#39;- and 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4- and/or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanates or crude MDI are also suitable. Furthermore, liquid polyisocyanates containing carbodiimide groups and/or isocyanurate rings and containing from 33.6 to 15% by weight, preferably from 31 to 21% by weight, of NCO, based on the total weight, e.g. based on 4,4&#39;-, 2,4&#39;- and/or 2,2&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and/or 2,4- and/or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, have also proven successful. 
     The modified polyisocyanates may be mixed with one another or with unmodified organic polyisocyanates, e.g. 2,4&#39;- or 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, crude MDI or 2,4- and/or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate. Very highly suitable are, for example, mixtures of urethane-modified diphenylmethane diisocyanates and/or tolylene diisocyanates and/or crude MDI and modified or unmodified diphenylmethane diisocyanates and/or tolylene diisocyanates and/or crude MDI. 
     Organic polyisocyanates which have proven particularly successful and are preferred for use for the preparation of the soft-elastic or semirigid polyurethane foam moldings are NCO-containing prepolymers containing from 25 to 9% by weight of NCO, in particular based on polyether- or polyester-polyols and one or more diphenylmethane diisocyanate isomers, advantageously 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and/or modified urethane-containing organic polyisocyanates containing from 33.6 to 15% by weight of NCO, in particular based on 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate or diphenylmethane diisocyanate isomer mixtures, mixtures of 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanates, mixtures of tolylene diisocyanates and crude MDI or, in particular, mixtures of the abovementioned prepolymers based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate isomers and crude MDI. The aromatic polyisocyanates, modified aromatic polyisocyanates or polyisocyanate mixtures expediently have a mean functionality of from 2 to 2.6, preferably from 2 to 2.4, in particular from 2 to 2.2. Rigid structural polyurethane foam moldings are preferably produced using urethane-modified aromatic polyisocyanates having a functionality of greater than 2.6, expediently from 2.8 to 3.5, in particular crude MDI. 
     If, for specific areas of application, moldings having a light-stable surface are required, for example for internal paneling in automobiles or for neck supports, they are preferably produced using aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates, in particular modified polyisocyanates based on hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate, or mixtures of said diisocyanates, if desired with diphenylmethane diisocyanate and/or tolylene diisocyanate isomers. 
     b) The relatively high-molecular-weight compound (b) containing at least two reactive hydrogen atoms expediently has a functionality of from 2 to 8, and a molecular weight of from 500 to 8500, the relatively high-molecular-weight compounds (b) for the production of soft-elastic and semirigid polyurethane foam moldings having a functionality of preferably from 2 to 3, in particular from 2.0 to 2.6, and a molecular weight of preferably from 1800 to 6000, in particular from 2000 to 5000, and the relatively high-molecular-weight compounds (b) for the production of rigid polyurethane foam moldings having a functionality of preferably from 3 to 8, in particular from 3 to 6, and a molecular weight of preferably from 500 to 3200, in particular from 600 to 2400. Particular success has been achieved using polyols selected from the group comprising the polyether-polyols, polyester-polyols, polythioether-polyols, hydroxyl-containing polyester-amides, hydroxyl-containing polyacetals, hydroxyl-containing aliphatic polycarbonates and polymer-modified polyether-polyols, or mixtures of at least two of said polyols. Particular preference is given to polyester-polyols and/or polyether-polyols. 
     Suitable polyester-polyols may be prepared, for example, from organic dicarboxylic acids having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms and polyhydric alcohols, preferably diols, having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable dicarboxylic acids are succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The dicarboxylic acids may be used either individually or mixed with one another. The free dicarboxylic acids may also be replaced by the corresponding dicarboxylic acid derivatives, for example dicarboxylic acid mono- and/or diesters of alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or dicarboxylic anhydrides. Preference is given to dicarboxylic acid mixtures comprising succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in ratios of, for example, from 20 to 35:35 to 50:20 to 32 parts by weight, and in particular adipic acid. Examples of dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, in particular diols and alkylene glycols, are ethanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol. Preference is given to ethanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol and mixtures of at least two of said diols, in particular mixtures of 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol and/or glycerol. Furthermore, polyester-polyols made from lactones, e.g. ε-caprolactone or hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. ω-hydroxycaproic acid, may also be employed. 
     The polyester-polyols may be prepared by polycondensing the organic, e.g. aromatic and preferably aliphatic polycarboxylic acids and/or derivatives thereof and polyhydric alcohols without using a catalyst or preferably in the presence of an esterification catalyst, expediently in an inert gas atmosphere, e.g. nitrogen, carbon monoxide, helium, argon, inter alia, in the melt at from 150° to 250° C., preferably from 180° to 220° C., at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure until the desired acid number, which is advantageously less than 10, preferably less than 2, is reached. In a preferred embodiment, the esterification mixture is polycondensed at the abovementioned temperatures under atmospheric pressure and subsequently under a pressure of less than 500 mbar, preferably from 50 to 150 mbar, until an acid number of from 80 to 30, preferably from 40 to 30, has been reached. Examples of suitable esterification catalysts are iron, cadmium, cobalt, lead, zinc, antimony, magnesium, titanium and tin catalysts in the form of metals, metal oxides or metal salts. However, the polycondensation may also be carried out in the liquid phase in the presence of diluents and/or entrainers, e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene or chlorobenzene, for removal of the water of condensation by azeotropic distillation. 
     The polyester-polyols are advantageously prepared by polycondensing the organic polycarboxylic acids and/or derivatives thereof with polyhydric alcohols in a molar ratio of from 1:1 to 1.8, preferably from 1:1.05 to 1.2. 
     The polyester-polyols obtained preferably have a functionality of from 2 to 3, in particular from 2 to 2.6, and a molecular weight of from 1200 to 3600, preferably from 1500 to 3000, in particular from 1800 to 2500. 
     However, the preferred polyols are polyether-polyols prepared by conventional processes, for example by anionic polymerization using alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, or alkali metal alkoxides, such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide or potassium isopropoxide as catalysts and with addition of at least one initiator molecule containing from 2 to 8, preferably 2 or 3, reactive hydrogen atoms in bound form for polyether-polyols for the production of semirigid and soft-elastic PU foam moldings and preferably from 3 to 8, in particular from 3 to 6, reactive hydrogen atoms in bound form for polyether-polyols for the production of rigid PU foam moldings, or by cationic polymerization using Lewis acids, such as antimony pentachloride, boron fluoride etherate, inter alia, or bleaching earth as catalysts, from one or more alkylene oxides having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety. 
     Examples of suitable alkylene oxides are tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-propylene oxide, 1,2- and 2,3-butylene oxide, styrene oxide and preferably ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide. The alkylene oxides may be used individually, alternatively one after the other or as mixtures. Examples of suitable initiator molecules are water, organic dicarboxylic acids, such as succinic acid, adipic acid, phthalic acid and terephthalic acid, aliphatic and aromatic, unsubstituted or N-mono-, N,N- and N,N&#39;-dialkyl-substituted diamines having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, such as unsubstituted or mono- or dialkyl-substituted ethylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,3- and 1,4-butylenediamine, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5- and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, phenylenediamines, 2,3-, 2,4- and 2,6-tolylenediamine and 4,4&#39;-, 2,4&#39;- and 2,2&#39;-diaminodiphenylmethane. 
     Other suitable initiator molecules are alkanolamines, e.g. ethanolamine, N-alkylalkanolamines, e.g. N-methyl- and N-ethyl-ethanolamine, dialkanolamines, e.g. diethanolamine, N-methyl- and N-ethyl-diethanolamine, and trialkanolamines , e.g. triethanolamine, and ammonia. Preference is given to polyhydric alcohols, in particular dihydric and/or trihydric alcohols and/or dialkylene glycols, such as ethanediol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and sucrose or mixtures of at least two polyhydric alcohols and, if desired, water. 
     The polyether-polyols, preferably polyoxypropylene- and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene-polyols, have, as stated above, a functionality of from 2 to 8 and molecular weights of from 500 to 8500, and suitable polyoxytetramethylene glycols have a molecular weight of up to approximately 3500, preferably from 600 to 2200, and expediently contain less than 10 ppm of alkali metal ions. 
     Other suitable polyether-polyols are polymer-modified polyether-polyols, preferably graft polyether-polyols, in particular those based on styrene and/or acrylonitrile and prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylonitrile, styrene or preferably mixtures of styrene and acrylonitrile, for example in a weight ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90, preferably from 70:30 to 30:70, expediently in the abovementioned polyether-polyols by a method similar to that of German Patents 11 11 394, 12 22 669 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,304,273, 3,383,351 and 3,523,093), 11 52 536 (GB 1,040,452) and 11 52 537 (GB 987,618), and polyether-polyol dispersions which contain, as the disperse phase, usually in an amount of from 1 to 50% by weight, preferably from 2 to 25% by weight, for example mineral fillers, polyureas, polyhydrazides, polyurethanes containing tert-amino groups in bound form, and/or melamine and are described, for example, in EP-A-011 752 ((CA 1,166,403), EP-B-011 752 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,708), U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,209 and DE-A-32 31 497. 
     Like the polyester-polyols, the polyether-polyols can be used individually or in the form of mixtures. Furthermore, they may be mixed with the polymer-modified polyether-polyols or polyester-polyols and the hydroxyl-containing polyester-amides, polyacetals and/or polycarbonates. 
     Examples of suitable hydroxyl-containing polyacetals are the compounds which can be prepared from glycols, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 4,4&#39;-dihydroxyethoxydiphenyldimethylmethane, hexanediol and formaldehyde. Suitable polyacetals can also be prepared by polymerizing cyclic acetals. 
     Suitable hydroxyl-containing polycarbonates are those of a conventional type, which can be prepared by reacting diols, such as 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and/or 1,6-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trioxyethylene glycol or tetraoxyethylene glycol, with diaryl carbonates, e.g. diphenyl carbonate, or phosgene. 
     The hydroxyl-containing polyester-amides include, for example, the predominantly linear condensates obtained from polybasic, saturated and/or unsaturated carboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof and polyhydric, saturated and/or unsaturated amino alcohols, or mixtures of polyhydric alcohols and amino alcohols and/or polyamines. 
     c) The urethane-containing rigid, semirigid and preferably soft-elastic moldings having a compacted peripheral zone and a cellular core may be prepared with or without the use of chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents (c). However, it may prove advantageous, in order to modify the mechanical properties, for example the hardness, to add chain extenders, crosslinking agents or, if desired, mixtures thereof. Examples of the chain extenders and/or crosslinking agents used are low-molecular-weight polyhydric alcohols, preferably diols and/or triols, having a molecular weight of less than 480, preferably from 60 to 300. Examples are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or araliphatic diols having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g. ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,10-decanediol, o-, m- and p-dihydroxycyclohexane, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and preferably 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)hydroquinone, triols, such as 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, trimethylolethane, glycerol and trimethylolpropane, and hydroxyl-containing polyalkylene oxides, e.g. having a molecular weight of up to 2500, preferably from 845 to 136, based on ethylene oxide and/or 1,2-propylene oxide, and the initiator molecules mentioned above for the preparation of polyether-polyols. Propoxylated bisphenol A, for example having a molecular weight of from 1020 to 340, is also highly suitable. 
     Other suitable chain extenders are N,N&#39;-dialkyl-substituted aromatic diamines, which are unsubstituted or substituted on the aromatic radical by alkyl groups, having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms in the N-alkyl radical, e.g. N,N&#39;-diethyl-, N,N&#39;-di-sec-pentyl-, N,N&#39;-di-sec-hexyl-, N,N&#39;-di-sec-decyl- and N,N&#39;-dicyclohexyl-, p- and m-phenylenediamine, N,N&#39;-dimethyl-, N,N&#39;-diethyl-, N,N&#39;-diisopropyl-, N,N&#39;-di-sec-butyl- and N,N&#39;-dicyclohexyl-4,4,-diaminodiphenylmethane and N,N&#39;-di-sec-butylbenzidine. 
     Other crosslinking agents (c) which have proven highly suitable are polyether-polyols having a relatively high alkali metal ion content, preferably those having a mean functionality of from 3 to 8, a hydroxyl number of from 200 to 1240 and a content of alkali metal ions, preferably potassium ions, of from 150 to 1200 ppm. Polyether-polyols having such an alkali metal ion content can, for example, be prepared directly by using alkali metal hydroxides or alkoxides as alkoxylation catalysts or, preferably, commercially available polyether-polyols, which usually have an alkali metal ion content of less than 10 ppm, can be treated with aqueous alkali metal hydroxide, preferably an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, or an alcoholic alkali metal alkoxide solution, preferably alcoholic potassium alkoxide solution, in the necessary amounts at room temperature or elevated temperature, for example at from 20° to 120° C. The added and formed water or the alcohol is then removed by distillation at from 70° to 110° C., at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure, for example at from 0.01 to 1 mbar. 
     Highly successful crosslinking agents having a high alkali metal ion content are polyether-polyols, for example trimethylolpropane-initiated polyoxyethylene-polyols having a hydroxyl number in the range from 632 to 970 and an alkali metal ion content, preferably a potassium ion content, of from 400 to 600 ppm, and glycerol- or trimethylolpropane- or glycerol/trimethylolpropane mixture-initiated polyoxypropylene-polyols having a hydroxyl number in the range from 210 to 930 and an alkali metal ion content, preferably a potassium ion content, in the range from 400 to 600 ppm. Examples of other suitable alkali metal-rich polyether-polyols are polyoxypropylene-polyols having a mean functionality of from 4 to 8, preferably from 4 to 6, and a hydroxyl number of from 230 to 500, preferably from 250 to 380, obtained using sucrose or preferably sorbitol or a mixture of sucrose and sorbitol as initiator molecules, additionally it being possible to use, as coinitiator, water, propylene glycol, glycerol or a mixture of these two of said coinitiators, with the proviso that the polyether-polyols have an alkali metal ion content, preferably a potassium ion content, of from 200 to 1000 ppm, preferably from 400 to 700 ppm. Also suitable are polyoxypropylene-polyols and/or polyoxyethylene-polyols having an alkali metal ion content of from 150 to 800 ppm and a hydroxyl number of from 450 to 750, which can be obtained by reacting pentaerythritol or a mixture of pentaerythritol and glycerol and/or trimethylol-propane, expediently in a pentaerythritol:glycerol and/or trimethylolpropane molar ratio of 1:1, with 1,2-propylene oxide or ethylene oxide. 
     If the compounds of component (c) are used, they can be employed in the form of mixtures or individually and are advantageously used in amounts of from 1 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 3 to 40 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the relatively high-molecular-weight compounds (b). 
     d) The blowing agent (d) used is preferably water, which reacts with the organic, modified or unmodified polyisocyanate (a) to form carbon dioxide and urea groups and thereby affects the compressive strength of the end products. Since the amount of water present in the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve used according to the invention which can be up to 20% by weight, preferably from 3 to 20% by weight, based on the total weight, depending on the pore size and volume, is usually sufficient, there is frequently no need for a separate addition of water. If, however, the water must additionally be introduced into the polyurethane formulation to achieve the desired density, it is usually used in amounts of from 0.05 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 3% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the weight of components (a) to (c). 
     The blowing agent (d) used may, instead of water, or preferably in combination with water and the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve which is suitable according to the invention, also be a low-boiling liquid which evaporates under the influence of the exothermic polyaddition reaction and advantageously has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from -40° to 120° C., preferably from. 10° to 90° C., or a gas. 
     The liquids of the abovementioned type and the gases which are suitable as blowing agents can be selected, for example, from the group comprising the alkanes, e.g. propane, n- and isobutane, n- and isopentane and preferably technical-grade pentane mixtures, cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, e.g. cyclobutane, cyclopentene, cyclohexene and preferably cyclopentane and/or cyclohexane, dialkyl ethers, e.g. dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether or diethyl ether, cycloalkylene ethers, e.g. furan, ketones, e.g. acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, carboxylates, such as ethyl acetate and methyl formate, carboxylic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, fluoroalkanes, which are degraded in the troposphere and are therefore benign to the ozone layer, e.g. trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, difluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane and heptafluoroethane, water-containing chlorofluoroalkanes, e.g. dichlorofluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,2-difluoroethane and/or 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, and gases, e.g. nitrogen, carbon monoxide and noble gases, e.g. helium, neon and krypton. 
     The most expedient amount of low-boiling liquid and gases, which may in each case be employed individually as liquid or gas mixtures or as gas/liquid mixtures, depends on the density desired and on the amounts of microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve or mixtures of microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve and water employed. The amounts necessary can easily be determined by simple preliminary experiments. Satisfactory results are usually given by amounts of from 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, preferably from 2 to 10 parts by weight, of liquid and from 0.01 to 30 parts by weight, preferably from 2 to 20 parts by weight, of gas, in each case based on 100 parts by weight of component (b) and, if used, (c). 
     As stated above, perfluorochlorocarbons are not used as the blowing agent. 
     e) The catalysts (e) used to produce the moldings having a compacted peripheral zone and a cellular core are, in particular, compounds which greatly accelerate the reaction of the hydroxyl-containing compounds of component (b) and, if used, (c) with the organic, modified or unmodified polyisocyanate (a). Suitable compounds are organometallic compounds, preferably organotin compounds, such as tin(II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g. tin(II) diacetate, tin(II) dioctanoate, tin(II) diethylhexanoate and tin(II) dilaurate, and dialkyltin(IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g. dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate and dioctyltin diacetate. Also suitable are dialkyltin(IV) mercapto compounds, e.g. bislauryltin(IV) dimercaptide, and compounds of the formula R 2  Sn(SR&#39;--O--CO--R&#34;) 2  or R 2  Sn(SR&#39;--CO--OR&#34;) 2  where R is alkyl having at least 8 carbon atoms, R&#39; is alkylene having at least 2 carbon atoms and R&#34; is alkyl having at least 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples of catalysts of this type, which are described, for example, in DD-A-218 668, are dioctyltin bis(thioethylene glycol 2-ethylhexanoate), dioctyltin bis(thioethylene glycol laurate), dioctyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thiolatoacetate), dioctyltin bis(hexyl thiolatoacetate) and dioctyltin bis(lauryl thiolatoacetate). Other catalysts which have proved particularly successful are organotin compounds containing tin-oxygen or tin-sulfur bonds, as described, for example, in DD-A-255 535,  of the formula (R 3  Sn) 2  O, R 2  SnS, (R 3  Sn) 2  S, R 2  Sn(SR&#39;) 2  or RSn(SR&#39;) 3  where R and R&#39; are alkyl having 4 to 8 carbon atoms in the case of R&#39;, and having 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the case of R&#39;, and R&#39; is alternatively --R&#34;COOR&#34;&#39; or --R&#34;OCOR&#34;&#39; where R&#34; is alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and R&#34;&#39; is alkylene having 4 to 12 carbon atoms. Specific examples of these compounds are bis(tributyltin) oxide, dibutyltin sulfide, dioctyltin sulfide, bis(tributyltin) sulfide, dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), dioctyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), octyltin tris(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate), dioctyltin bis(thioethylene glycol 2-ethylhexanoate) and dibutyltin bis(thioethylene glycol laurate). 
     The organometallic compounds can be employed in the form of individual catalysts or in the form of catalyst combinations. It has proven extremely advantageous to use a combination comprising 94% by weight of di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) and 6% by weight of mono-n-octyltin tris(2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate). 
     The catalysts e) may also be highly basic amines or combinations of the organometallic compounds with highly basic amines, for example amidines, such as 2,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, tributylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-cyclohexylmorpholine, N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethylethylene-diamine, N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethylbutanediamine, N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethylhexanediamine, N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethyldiaminodicyclohexylmethane, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, permethylated polyoxyalkylenepolyamines, e.g. permethylated Jeffamin® D 230 or D 400, polyoxyalkylene-polyamines which are partially or fully alkylated on the amino group, at least one of the alkyl radicals comprising a linear or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a cycloalkyl radical having 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or two alkyl radicals together forming a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic radical, tetramethyldiaminoethyl ether, bis(dimethylaminopropyl)urea, dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes which are alkylated and/or arylated on the carbon, where, for example, the linear or branched alkyl radicals advantageously have 1 to 6 carbon atoms and cyclic alkyl radicals advantageously have 5 or 6 carbon atoms, and the aryl radicals comprise phenyl radicals having 6 to 9 carbon atoms which are unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl groups, and, preferably, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and alkanolamine compounds such as triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N-methyl- and N-ethyldiethanolamine and dimethylethanolamine. 
     Other suitable catalysts, in particular if a large excess of polyisocyanate is used, are tris(dialkylaminoalkyl)-s-hexahydrotriazines, in particular tris(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-s-hexahydrotriazine, tetraalkylammonium hydroxides, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, and alkali metal alkoxides, such as sodium methoxide and potassium isopropoxide, alkali metal formates and acetates, such as potassium formate and potassium acetate and alkali metal salts of long-chain fatty acids having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms and possibly containing lateral OH groups. From 0.001 to 5% by weight, in particular from 0.05 to 2% by weight of catalyst or catalyst combination is preferably used, based on the weight of component (b). 
     f) The essential feature of the present invention is the use of microporous activated charcoal, microporous carbon molecular sieve or a mixture of microporous activated charcoal and microporous carbon molecular sieve as the additive (f), these materials expediently comprising at least 86% by weight, preferably more than 95% by weight, based on the total weight, of carbon. 
     The microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve which can be used according to the invention advantageously has a mean pore diameter of from 0.3 to 3 nm, preferably from 0.7 to 2 nm, in particular from 1 to 1.6 nm. The frequency of occurrence of the mean pore diameter in said ranges is expediently more than 40%, preferably more than 50%, in particular more than 60%. 
     The pore volume of the microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve suitable according to the invention is advantageously in the range from 0.4 to 1.4 ml/g, preferably from 0.3 to 0.9 ml/g, in particular from 0.5 to 0.8 ml/g. The porosity of this microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve, and thus the pore volume, can be determined by titration, for example using water, by a method as described by A. Y. Mottlau and N. E. Fisher in Anal. Chem., Vol. 34 (6) (1962), pages 714-715. 
     If the pore volume of the microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve is determined from a gas sorption isotherm curve, which is parallel to the abscissa, measured at 77K using nitrogen, the mean pore diameter is calculated in accordance with the BJH model (E. P. Barrett, L. G. Joyner, P. P. Halenda, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Vol. 73 (1951), 373-380). 
     The microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve which can be used according to the invention gives equivalent specific surface areas, calculated using the BET method (S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Vol. 60 (1938), pages 309 to 319) of, advantageously, from 500 to 2500 m 2  /g, preferably from 800 to 1700 m 2  /g, particularly from 1000 to 1500 m 2  /g. 
     A further characteristic of the microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve which can be used according to the invention may be the absorption isotherm curve. In gas adsorption measurements carried out in accordance with the prior art using nitrogen at a temperature of 77K, the activated charcoal or carbon molecular sieve which can be used according to the invention may have an isotherm whose shape is known as type I (K. S. W. Sing, D. M. Everett, R. A. W. Haul, L. Moscou, R. A. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol and T. Siemieniewska, Pure and Appl. Chem., Vol. 57 (4) (1985), pages 603 to 619). 
     The microporous activated charcoals or microporous carbon molecular sieves which can be used according to the invention are known and are commercially available. Processes for their preparation and their properties are described, for example, in Ullmans Encyklopadie der technischen Chemie, Volume 14, 4th revised and expanded edition, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, New York, 1977, pages 620 ff., Ullmann&#39;s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. 5A, pages 124 ff., 5th Edition, Verlag Chemie (1986), Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 4, pages 561 ff., 3rd Edition, J. Wiley and Sons (1978), G. C. Grunewald and R. S. Drago in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, Vol. 113, pages 1636-1639, EP-B-0 102 902 and EP-B-0 119 924. 
     The microporous activated charcoal or microporous carbon molecular sieve which can be used according to the invention may be used individually or in the form of a mixture of at least two activated charcoals, carbon molecular sieves or activated charcoals and carbon molecular sieves having different specifications. Depending on the desired properties of the PU foam moldings to be produced, it may prove expedient to use mixtures of activated charcoals and/or carbon molecular sieves which differ, for example, in pore volume, pore diameter and/or water content. This measure allows the blowing reaction and the compaction to be regulated in an advantageous manner and easily to be matched to the given process equipment, or allows modification of the mechanical properties of the end product overall or in certain regions of the molding. It is furthermore possible to use combinations of microporous activated charcoals and/or microporous carbon molecular sieves of isotherm type I with microporous activated charcoals and/or microporous carbon molecular sieves of isotherm type IV. Mixtures of this type advantageously allow production of moldings having a cellular core, a compact peripheral zone and extremely low overall density. 
     To produce chlorofluorocarbon-free, urethane-containing moldings having a cellular core and a compacted peripheral zone, the microporous activated charcoals and/or microporous carbon molecular sieves which are suitable according to the invention are expediently used in an amount of from 0.5 to 50 % by weight, preferably from 1 to 20% by weight, in particular from 2 to 8% by weight, based on the weight of starting component(s) (b) or (b) and (c). 
     The microporous activated charcoals and/or microporous carbon molecular sieves may be employed in a commercially available particle size. In order to improve the shelf life and to simplify handling of the system component containing the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporouscarbon molecular sieve, the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve used expediently has a particle size of from 0.5 to 200 μm, preferably from 3 to 40 μm, in particular from 5 to 10 μm. In order to improve the processing properties and to additionally extend the shelf life of the system component, it has furthermore proven advantageous to use a suitable mixer, for example a three-roll mill, to prepare a concentrate which comprises at least one activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve and at least one relatively high-molecular-weight compound containing at least two reactive hydrogen atoms, after adjusting the precise water content of the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve to the desired value. Concentrates comprising at least one microporous activated charcoal or at least one microporous molecular sieve or a mixture thereof and at least one ethylenediamine-initiated polyoxypropylene-polyol having a hydroxyl number of from 35 to 100 have proven successful. The concentrate may simply be mixed with the other starting components or added directly to the reaction mixture. 
     For the preparation of customized PU formulations for certain applications, for example for motor vehicle steering wheels of low density or for shoe soles, it may prove advantageous to use one or more microporous activated charcoals and/or microporous carbon molecular sieves in combination with crystalline, microporous molecular sieves and/or amorphous, microporous silica gels. 
     Crystalline, microporous molecular sieves which have proved particularly suitable for this purpose are those which have a cavity diameter of less than 1.3 nm and comprise metal oxides or metal phosphates, expediently selected from the group comprising oxides or phosphates of aluminum, boron, iron, chromium, vanadium, beryllium, antimony, arsenic, gallium, silicon, germanium, titanium, zirconium or hafnium, so that molecular sieves of this type are preferred. Other molecular sieves which are suitable for this purpose are mixed oxides which essentially comprise aluminum/silicon oxide, boron/silicon oxide, iron(III)/silicon oxide, gallium/silicon oxide, chromium(III)/silicon oxide, beryllium/silicon oxide, vanadium/silicon oxide, antimony(V)/silicon oxide, arsenic(III)/silicon oxide, titanium(IV)/silicon oxide, aluminum/germanium oxide, boron/germanium oxide, aluminum/zirconium oxide and aluminum/hafnium oxide or exclusively silicon dioxide (silicalite). Other suitable metal oxides are zeolites having a cavity diameter of from 0.74 to 0.41 nm and preferably having an SiO 2  :Al 2  O 3  ratio of ≧6. The zeolites may, for example, have a pentasil, faujasite, mordenite, erionite, chabasite, zeolite A or offretite structure. Preferred crystalline, microporous molecular sieves are mordenite in the H form, Na form or ammonium form, offretite in the H form, K form, Na form or ammonium form, zeolite ZSM-5 in the H form, Na form or ammonium form, zeolite ZSM-11, zeolite ZSM-12, beta-zeolite, clinoptilite, ferrierite, ultrastable Y-zeolite, ultrastable mordenite and silicalites, in particular mordenite in the H form or Na form or silicalites, or mixtures of these molecular sieves, in combination with the microporous activated charcoal and/or carbon molecular sieve. 
     In order to prepare customized PU formulations for certain other applications, for example for crock mudguards or colorings for beer barrels, the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve can be combined in an analogous manner with an amorphous, microporous silica gel. Furthermore, the additive (f), as stated above, may also be a mixture of microporous activated charcoal, microporous carbon molecular sieve or a mixture thereof and microporous crystalline molecular sieve, in particular zeolite, or amorphous microporous silica gel or a mixture of microporous, crystalline molecular sieve and amorphous silica gel. 
     Amorphous, microporous silica gels which have proven successful and are therefore preferred are those which have a mean pore diameter with a frequency of occurrence of more than 40% in the range from 0.3 to 10 nm, a pore volume in the range from 0.15 to 1.8 ml/g and a BET surface area in the range from 200 to 900 m 2  /g. The amorphous, microporous silica gel advantageously has a chemical composition which contains at least 80% by weight, based on the total weight, of silicon dioxide, and in addition may contain oxides, e.g. oxides of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, magnesium, niobium, iron or zinc, or at least two of these metal oxides. 
     If such mixtures of microporous activated charcoal and/or carbon molecular sieve and crystalline, microporous molecular sieve and/or amorphous, microporous silica gels are used, they expediently contain from 1 to 40% by weight, preferably from 3 to 12% by weight, of at least one of these molecular sieves which have a cavity diameter of less than 1.3 nm and comprise metal oxides or metal phosphates, and/or at least one of these amorphous, microporous silica gels, based on the weight of the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve. 
     g) In addition to the microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve or mixture of microporous activated charcoal and/or microporous carbon molecular sieve and amorphous, microporous silica gel and/or crystalline, microporous, molecular sieve which is essential to the invention, other additives (f) and, if desired, assistants (g) can also be used to produce the urethane- or urethane- and urea-containing, preferably soft-elastic moldings having a cellular core, a compacted peripheral zone and an essentially pore-free, smooth surface. Specific examples are surfactants, foam stabilizers, cell regulators, lubricants, fillers, dyes, pigments, flameproofing agents, hydrolysis-protection agents, and fungistatic and bacteriostatic substances. 
     Examples of suitable surfactants are compounds which serve to support homogenization of the starting materials and may also regulate the cell structure. Specific examples are emulsifiers, such as the sodium salts of castor oil sulfates, or of fatty acids, and the salts of fatty acids with amines, for example diethylamine oleate, diethanolamine stearate and diethanolamine ricinoleate, salts of sulfonic acids, e.g. alkali metal salts or ammonium salts of dodecylbenzene- or dinaphthylmethanedisulfonic acid and ricinoleic acid; foam stabilizers, such as siloxane-oxyalkylene copolymers and other organopolysiloxanes, oxyethylated alkylphenols, oxyethylated fatty alcohols, paraffin oils, castor oil esters, ricinoleic acid esters, Turkey red oil and groundnut oil, and cell regulators, such as paraffins, fatty alcohols and dimethylpolysiloxanes. Suitable compounds for improving the emulsification action, the cell structure and/or stabilizing the foam are furthermore oligomeric polyacrylates containing polyoxyalkylene and fluoroalkane radicals as side groups. The surfactants are usually used in amounts of from 0.01 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component (b). 
     A particularly successful lubricant is a ricinoleic acid polyester having a molecular weight of from 1500 to 3500, preferably from 2000 to 3000, which is expediently employed in an amount of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 5 to 8% by weight, based on the weight of component (b) or of components (b) and (c). 
     For the purposes of the present invention, fillers, in particular reinforcing fillers, are conventional organic and inorganic fillers and reinforcing agents. Specific examples are inorganic fillers, such as silicate minerals, for example phyllosilicates, such as antigorite, serpentine, hornblendes, amphiboles, chrysotile, talc, wollastonite, mica and synthetic silicates, for example, magnesium aluminium silicate (Transpafill®), metal oxides, such as kaolin, aluminum oxides, aluminum silicate, titanium oxides and iron oxides, metal salts, such as chalk, baryte and inorganic pigments, such as cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide and glass particles. Examples of suitable organic fillers are carbon black, melamine, colophony, cyclopentadienyl resins and graft polymers. 
     The inorganic and organic fillers may be used individually or as mixtures and are advantageously introduced into the reaction mixture in amounts of from 0.5 to 50% by weight, preferably from 1 to 40% by weight, based on the weight of components (a) to (c). 
     Examples of suitable flameproofing agents are tricresyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and tetrakis(2-chloroethyl)ethylene diphosphate. 
     In addition to the abovementioned halogen-substituted phosphates, it is also possible to use inorganic flameproofing agents, such as red phosphorus, expandable graphite, aluminum oxide hydrate, antimony trioxide, arsenic oxide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium polyphosphate and calcium sulfate, or cyanuric acid derivatives, e.g. melamine, or mixtures of two or more flameproofing agents, e.g. expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate, ammonium polyphosphates and melamine, and also, if desired, expandable graphite and/or starch or urea, in order to flameproof the moldings produced according to the invention. In general, it has proven expedient to use from 2 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 5 to 25 parts by weight, of said flame-proofing agents or mixtures per 100 parts by weight of components (a) to (c). 
     Further details on the other conventional assistants and additives mentioned above can be obtained from the specialist literature, for example from the monograph by J. H. Saunders and K. C. Frisch, High Polymers, Volume XVI, Polyurethanes, Parts 1 and 2, Interscience Publishers 1962 and 1964 respectively, or Kunststoff-Handbuch, Polyurethane, Volume VII, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 1st and 2nd Editions, 1966 and 1983. 
     To produce the moldings, the organic modified or unmodified polyisocyanate (a), the relatively high-molecular-weight compound containing at least two reactive hydrogen atoms (b) and, if used, the low-molecular-weight chain extender and/or crosslinking agent are reacted in such amounts that the equivalence ratio between the NCO groups of the polyisocyanate (a) and the total number of reactive hydrogen atoms of component (b) and, if used, (c) is from 0.85 to 1.50:1, preferably from 0.95 to 1.15:1, in particular from 0.9 to 1.1:1. 
     The urethane-containing or urethane- and urea-containing, rigid, semirigid or preferably soft-elastic moldings according to the invention can be produced by the prepolymer method or preferably by the one-shot process using the low-pressure method or the high-pressure method, in a closed, expediently heatable mold, for example a metallic mold, e.g. made of aluminum, cast iron or steel, or a mold made from a fiber-reinforced polyester or epoxy molding material. However, due to the good flow properties and the improved processing properties of the formulations, the moldings are preferably produced by reaction injection molding (RIM). These procedures are described, for example, by Piechota and Rohr in Integralschaumstoff, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 1975; D. J. Prepelka and J. L. Wharton in Journal of Cellular Plastics, March/April 1975, pages 87 to 98, U. Knipp in Journal of Cellular Plastics, March/April 1973, pages 76 to 84 and in the Kunststoff-Handbuch, Volume 7, Polyurethane, 2nd Edition, 1983, pages 333 ff. 
     It has proven particularly advantageous to use the two-component method and to combine components (b), (d), (e), (f) and, if used, (c) and g) in component (A) and to use the organic polyisocyanate, the modified polyisocyanate (a) or the mixture of said polyisocyanates and, if desired, the blowing agent (d) as component (B). 
     The starting components are mixed at from 15° to 80° C., preferably at from 25° to 55° C., and introduced into the closed mold, if desired at superatmospheric pressure. The mixing can be carried out mechanically by means of a stirrer or a stirring screw or under high pressure by the countercurrent injection method. The mold temperature is expediently from 20° to 120° C., preferably from 30° to 80° C., in particular from 45° to 60° C. The degree of compaction is in the range from 1.1 to 8.3, preferably from 2 to 7, in particular from 2.4 to 4.5. 
     The amount of reaction mixture introduced into the mold is advantageously such that the moldings obtained have an overall density of from 0.06 to 1.2 g/cm 3 , the microcellular, elastic moldings preferably having an overall density of from 0.7 to 1.2 g/cm 3 , in particular from 0.8 to 1.0 g/cm 3 , the rigid and semirigid moldings preferably having an overall density of from 0.1 to 0.9 g/cm 3 , in particular from 0.35 to 0.8 g/cm 3 , and the soft-elastic moldings preferably having an overall density of from 0.2 to 0.7 g/cm 3 , preferably from 0.4 to 0.7 g/cm 3 . 
     The microcellular, elastic moldings produced by the process according to the invention are used in the automobile industry, for example, as bumper covers, shock absorbers, bump strips, rain gutters, mudguards and for other body parts. They are also suitable as industrial housing parts, for example for radios or TV sets, photocopiers or computers, as office furniture and as castors. The soft-elastic moldings are used, for example, as arm rests, neck rests, head rests and safety panels in the interior of motor vehicles, as sports articles and as bicycle and motorcycle saddles. They are also suitable as inners for ski boots or as shoe soles. They are particularly suitable as steering wheels for vehicles. The semirigid moldings are suitable as dashboards and side panels in vehicles, as ski cores and particularly for coating metallic containers, preferably metal barrels for beverages, for example alcoholic or alcohol-free beverages, such as beer or fruit juice. The rigid moldings are used in the furniture industry, in the building industry and in snow cats and snow ploughs. The process according to the invention is particularly suitable for coating metallic containers, preferably metal kegs for drinks, and for the production of moldings for the outside and inside of vehicles, in particular steering wheels, neck rests, arm rests and mudguards, and for the production of parts of industrial casings, in particular of computer casings. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Component A: a mixture comprising 
     26.86 parts by weight of a glycerol-initiated polyoxypropylene (86.5% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (13.5% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 35, 
     41.48 parts by weight of a 1,3-propylene glycol-initiated polyoxypropylene (81.5% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (18.5% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 29, 
     14.0 parts by weight of a trimethylolpropane-initiated polyoxypropylene (80% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (20% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 27, 
     11.0 parts by weight of 1,4-butanediol, 
     2.64 parts by weight of a pigment paste (A100 from ISL Chemie, Cologne), 
     1.0 part by weight of a 33% strength by weight solution of triethylene diamine in ethylene glycol, 
     0.02 part by weight of a tin(IV) mercapto catalyst (Fomrez® UL 32 from Witco, U.S.A.), and 
     3.0 parts by weight of a microporous activated charcoal having the following specification: gas sorption BET surface area: 1330 m 2  /g (nitrogen sorption, 77K) 
     BET analysis C-value: -147 
     pore volume (p/p°=0.98): 0.710 ml/g 
     mean pore diameter: 1.5 nm 
     isotherm type: type I 
     (BDDT classification) 
     water titration (Mottlau-Fisher): 0.7-0.72 ml/g 
     bulk density: 0.45 kg/l 
     water content (from drying loss at 160° C.): 14.5% by weight 
      (BET: S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller BDDT: S. Brunauer, L. Deming, W. Deming, E. Teller, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol. 62 (1940), pages 1723 to 1732) 
     Component B: A mixture comprising 
     50 parts by weight of a urethane-containing quasi-prepolymer containing 23% by weight of NCO and prepared by reacting 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with a mixture of dipropylene glycol and a polyoxypropylene glycol having a hydroxyl number of 250, and 50 parts by weight of a carbodiimide-containing polyisocyanate mixture containing 29.5% by weight of NCO and prepared by partial carbodiimidization of 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. 
     100 parts by weight of component A and 52 parts by weight of component B were mixed at 25° C. in an F20 low-pressure metering unit from Elastogran Polyurethane GmbH, Maschinenbau Business Area, 8021 Straβlach, and introduced into a metallic mold of internal dimensions 200×200×40 mm at 50° C. in such an amount that a degree of compaction of 2.14 was produced when the mold was closed. 
     The molding was removed after 3.5 minutes. A polyurethane sheet having a cellular core, a compacted peripheral zone and a pore-free surface having a Shore A hardness of 83 was obtained. 
     The following mechanical properties were measured on the polyurethane molding: 
     Overall density (in accordance with DIN 53 420) of 750 g/l, 
     Tensile strength (in accordance with DIN 53 455) of 13.5N/mm 2  and 
     Tear propagation strength (in accordance with DIN 53 515) of 10.3N/mm. 
     If the reaction mixture was allowed to expand in an open mold, a foam block having an overall density of 350 g/l was obtained. An initiation time of 19 seconds and a rise time of 40 seconds were measured. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Component A: a mixture comprising 
     39.2 parts by weight of a glycerol-initiated polyoxypropylene (86.5% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (13.5% by weight)-polyol having a hydroxyl number of 35, 
     21.93 parts by weight of a graft polyether-polyol having a hydroxyl number of 28, prepared from a glycerol-initiated polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene-polyol as the graft base and a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile in the weight ratio 12:8 as the graft (Polyurax® U 26-03 from BP, Germany, 
     0.1 part by weight of water, 
     5.0 parts by weight of tributylamine, 
     13.95 parts by weight of a trimethylolpropane/ethylene oxide adduct having an OH number of 904 and a potassium ion content of 513 ppm, and 
     parts by weight of a concentrate comprising, based on the total weight, 25% by weight of the microporous activated charcoal from Example 1, but having a water content of 11.7% by weight, and 75% by weight of a glycerol-initiated polyoxypropylene (86.5% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (13.5% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 35. 
     Component B: a mixture comprising 
     50 parts by weight of a urethane-containing quasi-prepolymer having an NCO content of 23% by weight, prepared by reacting 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with a mixture of dipropylene glycol and a polyoxypropylene glycol having a hydroxyl number of 250, and 
     50 parts by weight of a urethane-containing quasi-prepolymer containing 28% by weight of NCO and prepared by reacting a mixture of 55 parts by weight of 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 45 parts by weight of a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanates and polyphenylpolymethylene polyisocyanates with 9 parts by weight of a polyoxypropylene glycol having a hydroxyl number of 250. 
     100 parts by weight of component A and 48.52 parts by weight of component B were mixed at 25° C. in an F20 low-pressure metering unit from Elastogran Polyurethane GmbH, Maschinenbau Business Area, 8021 Straβlach, and the mixture was introduced into a metallic mold at 50° C. having the internal dimensions 200×200×40 mm in such an amount that a degree of compaction of 3.1 was produced after the mold was closed. 
     The molding was demolded after 4 minutes. A soft-elastic polyurethane sheet having a cellular core, a compacted peripheral zone and a pore-free surface having a Shore A hardness of 90 was obtained. 
     Foaming of the reaction mixture in an open mold gave a foam element having an overall density of 158 g/l. An initiation time of 28 seconds and a rise time of seconds were measured during this foam reaction. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Component A: A mixture comprising 
     45.18 parts by weight of a 1,3-propylene glycol-initiated polyoxypropylene (81.5% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (18.5% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 29, 
     9.60 parts by weight of a glycerol-initiated polyoxypropylene (86.5% by weight)-polyoxyethylene (13.5% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 35, 
     parts by weight of a polyether-polyol dispersion having an OH number of 35, prepared by polyaddition of 1,2-propylene oxide (85% by weight) onto glycerol as initiator molecule and subsequent polyaddition of ethylene oxide (14% by weight) onto the resultant glycerol/polyoxypropylene adduct, and then dispersal of a synthetic magnesium aluminosilicate (Transpafill® from Degussa) as filler in the polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene-polyol:filler ratio by weight of 85:15, at 23° C. with the aid of a dissolver at 1000 ppm over the course of 5 minutes, 
     parts by weight of 1,4-butanediol, 
     1.4 parts by weight of a 25% strength by weight solution of triethylenediamine in 1,4-butanediol, 
     3.0 parts by weight of a pigment paste (black paste ISL AA308 from ISL Chemie, Cologne), 
     0.02 part by weight of a tin(IV) mercapto catalyst (Fomrez® UL32 from Witco, U.S.A.) and 
     10.0 parts by weight of a 25% strength by weight batch comprising 75 parts by weight of a glycerol-initiated polyoxypropylene (86.5% by weight)-polyoxymethylene (13.5% by weight)-polyol having an OH number of 35, and 25 parts by weight of a microporous activated charcoal having the following specification: 
     gas sorption BET surface area: 1330 m 2  /g (nitrogen sorption, 77K) 
     BET analysis C-value: -147 
     pore volume (p/p°=0.98): 0.710 ml/g 
     mean pore diameter: 1.5 nm 
     isotherm type: type I (BDDT classification) 
     water titration (Mottlau-Fisher): 0.7-0.72 ml/g 
     bulk density: 0.45 kg/l 
     water content (from drying loss at 160° C.): 9.14% by weight 
     (BET: S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller BDDT: S. Brunauer, L. Deming, W. Deming, E. Teller, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol. 62 (1940), pages 1723 to 1732) 
     Component B: A mixture comprising 
     50 parts by weight of a urethane-containing quasi-prepolymer containing 23% by weight of NCO and prepared by reacting 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with a mixture of dipropylene glycol and a polyoxypropylene glycol having a hydroxyl number of 250, and 
     50 parts by weight of a carbodiimide-containing polyisocyanate mixture containing 29.5% by weight of NCO and prepared by partial carbodiimidization of 4,4&#39;-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. 
     100 parts by weight of component A and 47 parts by weight of component B were mixed at 35° C. by reaction injection molding in a Puromat® 80 piston metering unit from Elastogran Polyurethane GmbH, Maschinenbau Business Area, 8021 Straβlach, and the mixture was introduced into a metallic mold at 45° C. having the spatial shape of an automobile mudguard, in such an amount that a degree of compaction of 2 was produced on expansion. 
     The molding was demolded after 3 minutes. It had a cellular core, a compacted peripheral zone and a compact, pore-free surface having a Shore A hardness of 86. 
     Foaming of the reaction mixture in an open mold gave a foam molding having an overall density of 350 g/l. An initiation time of 9 seconds and a rise time of 26 second were measured during the foam reaction.