Patent Publication Number: US-2022227965-A1

Title: Pipe made of peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene of high uv stability

Description:
The present invention relates to a pipe which comprises a peroxide-crosslinked ethylene homo- or copolymer and an oligomeric or polymeric sterically hindered amine. 
     It is known to use crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X) for the preparation of pipes. Crosslinked polyethylene can be obtained via different routes. If crosslinking is effected by the use of a peroxide, a crosslinked polyethylene referred to as “PE-Xa” is obtained. Upon thermal treatment, the peroxide decomposes to radicals which in turn abstract hydrogen atoms from the polymer chains and thereby generate carbon atom radicals within the polymer chains. Carbon atom radicals of neighbouring polymer chains may form a carbon-carbon bond and thereby connect the two polymer chains. If crosslinking is effected in the presence of a silane, a crosslinked polyethylene referred to as “PE-Xb” is obtained. Neighbouring polyethylene chains are linked via Si—O—Si bridges. If crosslinking is effected via electron beam irradiation, a crosslinked polyethylene referred to as “PE-Xc” is obtained. 
     External influences such as temperature, atmospheric oxygen, UV radiation, and chemical media may promote polymer degradation. For improving long-term stability of polymers, it is know to add certain additives, such as antioxidants, UV absorbers, quenchers, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), acid scavengers, and heat stabilizers. 
     WO 2004/067610 A1 describes a crosslinkable polyethylene composition in the form of pellets which may contain hindered amine light stabilizers. 
     WO 2010/072375 A1 relates to the use of specific additives for increasing life time of a PE pipe being in contact with chlorinated water. 
     CN 106633315 A describes a crosslinked polyethylene pipe being prepared from a crosslinkable composition which comprises polyethylene, a free radical photoinitiator, a multifunctional crosslinking agent, a crosslinking accelerator, and an antioxidant. 
     US 2010/149607 A1 relates to the use of a pipe comprising crosslinked PE for transportation of water into which chlorine dioxide has been added. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,616 relates to a composition which comprises (a) polyethylene; (b) as a stabilizer, 1,6-hexanediamine, N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-1-butanamine and N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine; and (c) an organic peroxide. The composition is used for the preparation of power cables. 
     WO 03/064511 A2 describes a composition comprising (a) a polyolefin which is in contact with chlorinated water, and (b) a specific stabilizer such as an epoxidized fatty acid or an organotin compound. 
     WO 2016/170016 A1 describes a pipe being prepared from polyethylene and a bismaleimido crosslinker. 
     If pipes are used for outdoor applications or pipeline construction is interrupted, the pipes might be exposed to UV light over an extended period of time, which in turn might promote polymer degradation and adversely affect pipe properties (such as mechanical properties). 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a pipe having improved long-term oxidative stability, in particular photo-oxidative stability. 
     The object is solved by a pipe, comprising
         a peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene,   a sterically hindered amine which comprises the following repeating unit of formula (I):       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein 
             x is 4-8, preferably 6, 
             R 1  and R 2 , independently from each other, are H or methyl; 
             R 3  and R 4 , independently from each other, are H, a C 2-12  alkyl group, a C 5-7  cycloalkyl (e.g. a cyclohexyl) group, or a saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group (e.g. a piperidinyl group); or R 3  and R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to 7-membered (e.g. a 6-membered) saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. 
           
         
       
    
     The term “repeating unit” means that the sterically hindered amine comprises at least two of these units of Formula (I). Accordingly, the sterically hindered amine is an oligomeric or polymeric sterically hindered amine. 
     Oligomeric or polymeric sterically hindered amines comprising the repeating unit of formula (I) are commercially available or can be prepared by methods which are known to the skilled person. 
     Due to the presence of the sterically hindered amine, which comprises the repeating unit of formula (I), in the peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene, a pipe of improved long-term oxidative stability, in particular photo-oxidative stability is provided. 
     Preferably, R 3  is a C 2-12  alkyl group, and R 4  is H or a saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group (such as a substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl group). 
     If R 3  and R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to 7-membered, in particular a 6-membered saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, this might be a morpholine ring. 
     In a preferred embodiment, x is 6, R 1  and R 2  are H; R 3  is C 4  alkyl; and R 4  is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl. According to another preferred embodiment, x is 6, R 1  and R 2  are H; R 3  is H; and R 4  is C 8  alkyl. 
     The sterically hindered amine may have a number average molecular weight M n  of e.g. 1000 g/mol to 5000 g/mol, more preferably 1500 g/mol to 4000 g/mol. The molecular weight can be determined via GPC. 
     Preferably, the sterically hindered amine is poly((6-((1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)amino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)imino)-1,6-hexanediyl((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)imino)), CAS number 71878-19-8; or 1,6-hexanediamine, N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with, N-butyl-1-butanamine and N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine, CAS number 192268-64-7; or a mixture of these two sterically hindered amines. 
     Poly((6-((1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)amino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)imino)-1,6-hexanediyl((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)imino)), CAS number 71878-19-8, is commercially available as Chimassorb® 944, and has the following chemical structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1,6-Hexanediamine, N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymer with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with, N-butyl-1-butanamine and N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine, CAS number 192268-64-7, is commercially available as Chimassorb® 2020, and has the following chemical structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The concentration of the sterically hindered amine in the peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene may vary over a broad range. In an exemplary embodiment, the sterically hindered amine comprising the repeating unit of formula (I) is present in an amount of 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the amount of the peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene. 
     The peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene is obtained from a crosslinkable polyethylene by a peroxide treatment which is commonly known to the skilled person. 
     The polyethylene can be an ethylene homo- or copolymer. 
     If the polyethylene is an ethylene copolymer, it may comprise comonomer units derived from a C 3-8  alpha-olefin (such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and/or 1-octene) and/or a non-conjugated diene (such as 1,5-hexadiene; 1,7-octadiene; 1,9-decadiene; 1,11-dodecadiene; and/or 7-methyl-1,6-octadiene). The ethylene copolymer may comprise comonomer units (i.e. units which are not derived from ethylene) in an amount of up to 15 wt %, more preferably up to 10 wt %, e.g. 0.5 to 15 wt %, more preferably 0.5 to 10 wt %. 
     The crosslinkable polyethylene can have a melt flow rate MFR (190° C./21.6 kg), measured according to ISO 1133, of from 0.1 g/10 min to 100 g/10 min, more preferably 1 g/10 min to 50 g/10 min, even more preferably 1 g/10 min to 30 g/10 min; and/or a density, measured according to ISO 1183-1: method A, of from 920 kg/m 3  to 973 kg/m 3 , more preferably 935 kg/m 3  to 965 kg/m 3 . 
     The crosslinkable polyethylene may contain terminal vinyl groups (R—CH═CH 2 ) in a number of 0.05/1000 carbon atoms to 2.5/1000 carbon atoms, more preferably 0.1/1000 carbon atoms to 1.5/1000 carbon atoms, measured by NMR as described further below. 
     The crosslinkable polyethylene may contain a total number of internal vinylidene groups (RR′C═CH 2 ), internal cis-vinylene groups (E-RCH═CHR′), internal trans-vinylene groups (Z—RCH═CHR′) and internal trisubstituted vinylene groups (RCH═CR′R″) per 1000 carbon atoms, measured by NMR as described further below, of less than 0.2, more preferably less than 0.1 or even less than 0.05. 
     The ratio of the number of terminal vinyl groups per 1000 carbon atoms to the total number of internal vinylidene groups, internal cis-vinylene groups, internal trans-vinylene groups and internal trisubstituted vinylene groups per 1000 carbon atoms might be at least 10:1, more preferably at least 40:1. 
     After peroxide crosslinking, the peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene may have a degree of crosslinking of at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, e.g. 65% to 85%, more preferably 70% to 80%, measured according to ASTM D2765-95. 
     In principle, the peroxide-crosslinked ethylene homo- or copolymer might be obtained by a crosslinking treatment with a peroxide and at least one non-peroxide crosslinking agent. However, in a preferred embodiment, the peroxide-crosslinked ethylene homo- or copolymer is obtained by a crosslinking treatment with a peroxide in the absence of any non-peroxide crosslinking agent. 
     In addition to the sterically hindered amines described above, the crosslinked polyethylene of the pipe may comprise further additives, such as antioxidants, stabilizers, pigments, lubricants, and/or antistatic agents. These additives are known to the skilled person. If present, the antioxidant is preferably a phenolic antioxidant such as pentaerythrityl tetrakis-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) proionate, CAS number 6683-19-8 (commercially available as Irganox® 1010 from BASF); octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, CAS No. 2082-79-3 (commercially available as Irganox® 1076 from BASF); and/or 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, CAS number 1709-70-2 (commercially available as Irganox® 1330 from BASF). The crosslinked polyethylene may contain the one or more antioxidants in a total amount of from 0.05 wt % to 5 wt %, more preferably 0.1 wt % to 3 wt %. The crosslinked polyethylene may contain just one antioxidant or may contain two or more antioxidants. In an exemplary embodiment, the crosslinked polyethylene comprises pentaerythrityl tetrakis-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (CAS number 6683-19-8); octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (CAS No. 2082-79-3), and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene (CAS number 1709-70-2). The amounts of these three antioxidants in the crosslinked polyethylene might be as follows: 0.05 to 0.5 wt %, more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 wt % of pentaerythrityl tetrakis-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate; 0.03 to 0.45 wt %, more preferably 0.08 to 0.35 wt % of octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; and 0.15 to 0.7 wt %, more preferably 0.25 to 0.65 wt % of 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene. 
     The present invention also relates to a process for preparing the pipe as described above, wherein 
     a crosslinkable composition comprising
         a crosslinkable polyethylene,   a peroxide,   a sterically hindered amine which comprises the following repeating unit of formula (I):       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             
               
                 wherein 
                 x is 4-8, preferably 6, 
                 R 1  and R 2 , independently from each other, are H or methyl; 
                 R 3  and R 4 , independently from each other, are H, a C 2-12  alkyl group, a C 5-7  cycloalkyl (e.g. a cyclohexyl) group, or a saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group (e.g. a piperidinyl group); or R 3  and R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to 7-membered (e.g. a 6-membered) saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, 
               
             
             is provided and formed to a pipe and the polyethylene is crosslinked. 
           
         
       
    
     With regard to the preferred properties of the sterically hindered amine, reference can be made to the statements already provided above. 
     As already mentioned above, the polyethylene can be an ethylene homo- or copolymer. If the polyethylene is an ethylene copolymer, it may comprise comonomer units derived from a C 3-8  alpha-olefin (such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and/or 1-octene) and/or a non-conjugated diene (such as 1,5-hexadiene; 1,7-octadiene; 1,9-decadiene; 1,11-dodecadiene; and/or 7-methyl-1,6-octadiene). The crosslinkable ethylene copolymer may comprise comonomer units (i.e. units which are not derived from ethylene) in an amount of up to 15 wt %, more preferably up to 10 wt %, e.g. 0.5 to 15 wt %, more preferably 0.5 to 10 wt %. 
     The crosslinkable polyethylene can have a melt flow rate MFR (190° C./21.6 kg), measured according to ISO 1133, of from 0.1 g/10 min to 100 g/10 min, more preferably 1 g/10 min to 50 g/10 min, even more preferably 1 g/10 min to 30 g/10 min; and/or a density, measured according to ISO 1183/1872-2B, of from 920 kg/m 3  to 973 kg/m 3 , more preferably 935 kg/m 3  to 965 kg/m 3 . 
     As already indicated above, the crosslinkable polyethylene may contain number of terminal vinyl groups (R—CH═CH 2 ) per 1000 carbon atoms of 0.05 to 2.5, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5, measured by NMR as described further below. 
     The crosslinkable polyethylene may contain a total number of internal vinylidene groups (RR′C═CH 2 ), internal cis-vinylene groups (E-RCH═CHR′), internal trans-vinylene groups (Z—RCH═CHR′) and internal trisubstituted vinylene groups (RCH═CR′R″) per 1000 carbon atoms, measured by NMR as described further below, of less than 0.2, more preferably less than 0.1 or even less than 0.05. 
     In the crosslinkable polyethylene, the ratio of the number of terminal vinyl groups per 1000 carbon atoms to the total number of internal vinylidene groups, internal cis-vinylene groups, internal trans-vinylene groups and internal trisubstituted vinylene groups per 1000 carbon atoms might be at least 10:1, more preferably at least 40:1. 
     Such a crosslinkable polyethylene is commercially available or obtainable by commonly known preparation methods. The crosslinkable polyethylene might be prepared in the presence of a chromium catalyst, a Ziegler-Natta catalyst or a metallocene catalyst. These types of catalysts are commonly known to the skilled person. For example, chromium catalysts are described in Chapter 5 of the textbook “ Introduction to Industrial Polyethylene ” (D. B. Malpass; “ Introduction to Industrial Polyethylene ”, Chapter 5 : “Chromium Catalysts ”, pp. 61-70, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2010). An exemplary chromium catalyst is chromocene which is preferably provided on a solid support such as silica (see e.g. Section 5.4 of Chapter 5 of said textbook). However, other Chromium-based catalysts might be used as well. 
     Appropriate process conditions for preparing polyethylene are commonly known to the skilled person, see e.g. Chapter 7 of the above-referenced textbook of D. B. Malpass (D. B. Malpass; “ Introduction to Industrial Polyethylene ”, Chapter 7 : “An Overview of Industrial Polyethylene Processes ” pp. 85-97, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2010). Just as an example, the polyethylene might be prepared via a gas phase process as described in Section 7.4 of Chapter 7 of said textbook. However, other processes or a combination of two different types of processes might be used as well. The polyethylene might be prepared in a single reactor or at least two reactors used in series or in parallel. 
     Appropriate peroxides, in particular organic peroxides, by which crosslinking of polyethylene can be effected are known to the skilled person. One or more of the following organic peroxides might be used: 
     Dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butylperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5di(peroxybenzoate), hexyne-3,1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peracetate, tert-butyl perbenzoate, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne and tert-butylperphenyl acetate. 
     In principle, the crosslinkable composition may additionally comprise a non-peroxide crosslinking agent. However, in a preferred embodiment, crosslinking is effected in the absence of a non-peroxide crosslinking agent. 
     The crosslinkable composition might be provided by preparing pellets which contain the polyethylene and the sterically hindered amine, followed by bringing the pellets into contact with the peroxide (e.g. by soaking the pellets in liquid peroxide or in a liquid containing dissolved peroxide). 
     In line with WO 2004/067610, it might be preferred that the pellets have an average particle size of less than 0.020 cm 3 , a number of pellets per gram of more than 73, and/or a bulk density of about 550 kg/m 3 . 
     The pipe might be formed by methods which are commonly known to the skilled person, such as extrusion, in particular screw extrusion or ram extrusion. 
     Appropriate treatment conditions by which decomposition of the peroxide and crosslinking of the polyethylene can be initiated are known to the skilled person. Crosslinking of the polyethylene might be accomplished by thermal treatment (e.g. at a temperature of 200-260° C.). 
     In the process of the present invention, forming the pipe and crosslinking might be carried out successively or may overlap in time. Just as an example, the crosslinkable composition can be formed to a pipe (e.g. by extrusion) under conditions at which crosslinking is substantially avoided, followed by thermal treatment of the non-crosslinked pipe (e.g. in an infrared oven) so as to obtain a crosslinked pipe (i.e. a pipe containing crosslinked polyethylene). Alternatively, crosslinking of the polyethylene may already start during the pipe extrusion step, optionally followed by a thermal post-treatment of the extruded pipe. 
     The present invention also relates to the use of the pipe as described above for transportation of water (e.g. chlorine-containing water or water to which chlorine dioxide has been added). 
     Measuring Methods 
     The following measuring methods are applied in the present invention. 
     Melt Flow Rate (MFR) 
     The melt flow rate (MFR) is determined according to ISO 1133 and is indicated in g/10 min. The MFR is an indication of the melt viscosity of the polymer. The MFR is determined at 190° C. for PE. The load under which the melt flow rate is determined is usually indicated as a subscript, for instance MFR 2  is measured under 2.16 kg load (condition D), MFR 5  is measured under 5 kg load (condition T) or MFR 21  is measured under 21.6 kg load (condition G). 
     Density 
     Density of the polymer was measured according to ISO 1183/1872-2B. 
     Oxygen Induction Time (OIT) 
     The OIT test is performed according to ASTM D3895, and uses a Differential Scanning calorimeter (DSC). A sample with a diameter of 3 mm and a weight of 10 mg of the material to be tested is introduced into the DSC at room temperature, and the sample is heated to a pre-defined temperature (220° C., alternatively to 210° C. or 200° C.) under a nitrogen atmosphere. As soon as the pre-defined maximum temperature (e.g. 220° C.) is reached, the cell is maintained under isothermal conditions, and the gas is changed from nitrogen to oxygen. The flow rate of the oxygen is maintained at 50 cm 3 /min. Under these conditions, the stabilizer is consumed over time until it is totally depleted. At this point, the polymer sample degrades or oxidizes, thereby liberating additional heat (exotherm reaction). The time it takes for this exotherm reaction to appear from the time that the oxygen is introduced is reported as the OIT time, and is a measure of the oxidative stability of the material. 
     Cross-Linking Degree 
     Cross-linking degree was determined according to ASTM D2765-01, method A, by using decalin as solvent. The samples were taken from the cross-section of the pipe or pipe layer. 
     Content of Comonomer Units Derived from an Alpha-Olefin 
     Comonomer content was determined in a known manner based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 
     Films having a thickness of about 220 to 250 μm were compression moulded from the samples. Similar films were made from calibration samples having a known content of the comonomer. The thicknesses were measured from at least five points of the film. The films were then rubbed with sandpaper to eliminate reflections. For each sample and calibration sample at least two films were prepared. The films were pressed from pellets by using a Graceby Specac film press at 150° C. using 3+2 minutes preheating time, 1 minute compression time and 4 to 5 minutes cooling time. 
     The comonomer content was determined from the absorbance at the wave number of approximately 1378 cm −1 . The comonomer used in the calibration samples was the same as the comonomer present in the samples. The analysis was performed by using the resolution of 2 cm −1 , wave number span of from 4000 to 400 cm −1  and the number of sweeps of 128. At least two spectra were run from each film. 
     The comonomer content was determined from the spectrum from the wave number range of from 1430 to 1100 cm −1 . The absorbance is measured as the height of the peak by selecting the so-called short or long base line or both. The short base line is drawn in about 1410-1320 cm −1  through the minimum points and the long base line about between 1410 and 1220 cm −1 . Calibrations need to be done specifically for each base line type. Also, the comonomer content of the unknown sample needs to be within the range of the comonomer contents of the calibration samples. 
     From the calibration samples a straight line is obtained as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               C 
               i 
             
             = 
             
               
                 k 
                 · 
                 
                   
                     A 
                     
                       1378 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                   
                     s 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               b 
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where C i  is the comonomer content of the calibration sample i, 
             A 1378,i  is the absorbance at approximately 1378 cm −1  of sample i, 
             s i  is the thickness of the film made of calibration sample i, 
             k is the slope of the calibration line (obtained by regression analysis), and 
             b is the intercept of the calibration line (obtained by regression analysis). 
           
         
       
    
     By using the thus obtained parameters k and b, the comonomer content of the samples were obtained from 
     
       
         
           
             
               C 
               x 
             
             = 
             
               
                 k 
                 · 
                 
                   
                     A 
                     
                       1378 
                       , 
                       x 
                     
                   
                   
                     s 
                     x 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               b 
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where C x  is the comonomer content of the unknown sample, 
             A 1378,x  is the absorbance at approximately 1378 cm −1  of the unknown sample, 
             s x  is the thickness of the film made of the unknown sample, 
             k is the slope of the calibration line obtained from the calibration samples as above, 
             b is the intercept of the calibration line obtained from the calibration samples.
 
Content of Comonomer Units Derived from a Non-Conjugated Diene
 
           
         
       
    
     Quantitative infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds (C═C). Calibration was achieved by determination of the molar extinction coefficient of the C═C groups in representative low molecular weight model compounds of know structure. 
     The amount of each of these groups (N) was determined as number of carbon-carbon double bonds per thousand total carbon atoms (C═C/1000C) via: 
     
       
         
           
             
               N 
               = 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     A 
                     × 
                     14 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     E 
                     × 
                     L 
                     × 
                     D 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     where A is the maximum absorbance defined as peak height, E the molar extinction coefficient of the group in question (1·mol −1 ·mm −1 ), L the film thickness (mm) and D the density of the material (g·cm −3 ). 
     The amount of C═C bonds originating solely from the diene comonomers was determined via their characteristic absorption and a reference material. The reference material was produced under comparable conditions to the material being analysed except for the lack of diene-derived comonomer units. The amount of C═C bonds per thousand total carbon atoms originating from only the diene-derived comonomer units was calculated through subtraction of N for the reference material from N for the polyethylene with diene-derived comonomer units. 
     Quantification of Molar Extinction Coefficients by IR Spectroscopy 
     The molar extinction coefficients were determined according to the procedure given in ASTM D3124-98 and ASTM D6248-98. Solution-state infrared spectra were recorded using a FTIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer 2000) equipped with a 0.1 mm path length liquid cell at a resolution of 4 cm −1 . 
     The molar extinction coefficient (E) was determined as 1·mol −1 ·mm −1  via: 
     
       
         
           
             E 
             = 
             
               A 
               / 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   C 
                   × 
                   L 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where A is the maximum absorbance defined as peak height, C the concentration (mol·l −1 ) and L the cell thickness (mm). 
     At least three 0.18 mol-l −1  solutions in carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) were used and the mean value of the molar extinction coefficient was used. 
     Amount of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds 
     Quantitative nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the content of terminal vinyl groups (R—CH═CH 2 ), internal vinylidene groups (RR′C═CH 2 ), internal cis-vinylene groups (E-RCH═CHR′), internal trans-vinylene groups (Z—RCH═CHR′) and internal trisubstituted vinylene groups (RCH═CR′R″) of the polyethylene. 
     Quantitative  1 H NMR spectra were recorded in the solution-state using a Bruker Avance III 400 NMR spectrometer operating at 400.15 MHz. All spectra were recorded using a  13 C optimised 10 mm selective excitation probehead at 125° C. using nitrogen gas for all pneumatics. Approximately 250 mg of material was dissolved in 1,2-tetrachloroethane-d 2  (TCE-d 2 ) using approximately 3 mg of Hostanox 03 (CAS 32509-66-3) as stabiliser. Standard single-pulse excitation was employed utilising a 30 degree pulse, a relaxation delay of 10 s and 10 Hz sample rotation. A total of 128 transients were acquired per spectra using 4 dummy scans. This setup was chosen primarily for the high resolution needed for unsaturation quantification and stability of the vinylidene groups (He, Y., Qiu, X, and Zhou, Z., Mag. Res. Chem. 2010, 48, 537-542; Busico, V. et. al. Macromolecules, 2005, 38 (16), 6988-6996). All chemical shifts were indirectly referenced to TMS at 0.00 ppm using the signal resulting from the residual protonated solvent at 5.95 ppm. 
     Characteristic signals corresponding to the presence of terminal vinyl groups (R—CH═CH 2 ) were observed and the amount quantified using the integral of the two coupled inequivalent terminal CH 2  protons (Va and Vb) at 4.95, 4.98 and 5.00 and 5.05 ppm accounting for the number of reporting sites per functional group: 
     
       
         
           
             Nvinyl 
             = 
             
               IVab 
               / 
               2 
             
           
         
       
     
     When characteristic signals corresponding to the presence of internal vinylidene groups (RR′C═CH2) were observed, the amount is quantified using the integral of the two CH 2  protons (D) at 4.74 ppm accounting for the number of reporting sites per functional group: 
     
       
         
           
             Nvinylidene 
             = 
             
               ID 
               / 
               2 
             
           
         
       
     
     When characteristic signals corresponding to the presence of internal cis-vinylene groups (E-RCH═CHR′), or related structure, were observed, the amount is quantified using the integral of the two CH protons (C) at 5.39 ppm accounting for the number of reporting sites per functional group: 
     
       
         
           
             Ncis 
             = 
             
               IC 
               / 
               2 
             
           
         
       
     
     When characteristic signals corresponding to the presence of internal trans-vinylene groups (Z—RCH═CHR′) were observed, the amount is quantified using the integral of the two CH protons (T) at 5.45 ppm accounting for the number of reporting sites per functional group: 
     
       
         
           
             Ntrans 
             = 
             
               IT 
               / 
               2 
             
           
         
       
     
     When characteristic signals corresponding to the presence of internal trisubstituted-vinylene groups (RCH═CR′R″), or related structure, were observed, the amount is quantified using the integral of the CH proton (Tris) at 5.14 ppm accounting for the number of reporting sites per functional group: 
     
       
         
           
             Ntris 
             = 
             ITris 
           
         
       
     
     The Hostanox 03 stabliser was quantified using the integral of multiplet from the aromatic protons (A) at 6.92, 6.91, 6.69 and at 6.89 ppm and accounting for the number of reporting sites per molecule: 
     
       
         
           
             H 
             = 
             
               IA 
               / 
               4 
             
           
         
       
     
     As is typical for unsaturation quantification in polyolefins the amount of unsaturation was determined with respect to total carbon atoms, even though quantified by  1 H NMR spectroscopy. This allows direct comparison to other microstructure quantities derived directly from  13 C NMR spectroscopy. 
     The total amount of carbon atoms was calculated from integral of the bulk aliphatic signal between 2.85 and −1.00 ppm with compensation for included methyl signals of the stabiliser as well as excluded unsaturated derived sites 
     
       
         
           
             NCtotal 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Ibulk 
                     - 
                     
                       42 
                       * 
                       H 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 / 
                 2 
               
               + 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 Nvinyl 
               
               + 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 Nvinylidene 
               
               + 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 Ncis 
               
               + 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 Ntrans 
               
               + 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 Ntris 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The content of unsaturated groups (U) was calculated as the number of unsaturated groups in the polymer per thousand total carbons (kCHn): 
     
       
         
           
             U 
             = 
             
               1000 
               * 
               
                 N 
                 / 
                 NCtotal 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The total amount of unsaturated groups was calculated as the sum of the individual observed unsaturated groups and thus also reported with respect per thousand total carbons: 
     
       
         
           
             Utotal 
             = 
             
               Uvinyl 
               + 
               Uvinylidene 
               + 
               Ucis 
               + 
               Utrans 
               + 
               Utris 
             
           
         
       
     
     The relative content of a specific unsaturated group (U) is reported as the fraction or percentage of a given unsaturated group with respect to the total amount of unsaturated groups: 
     
       
         
           
             
               [ 
               U 
               ] 
             
             = 
             
               Ux 
               / 
               Utotal 
             
           
         
       
     
     The present invention is described in further detail by the following Examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     In Inventive Examples IE1-IE2, and Comparative Example CE1, pellets were prepared by extrusion from the compositions outlined below in Table 1. Each of the pellet compositions was made of a polyethylene, phenolic antioxidants, and a sterically hindered amine (“HALS”). The polyethylene of IE1-IE2 and CE1 had an MFR (190° C., 21.6 kg) of 9 g/10 min, a density of 952 kg/m 3 , and 0.47 terminal vinyl groups/1000 carbon atoms. No internal vinylidene groups (RR′C═CH 2 ), internal cis-vinylene groups (E-RCH═CHR′), internal trans-vinylene groups (Z—RCH═CHR′) and internal trisubstituted vinylene groups (RCH═CR′R″) were detected. 
     The pellet compositions only differed in the type of sterically hindered amine. 
     Inventive Example 1: Chimassorb® 944 
     Inventive Example 2: Chimassorb® 2020 
     Comparative Example 1: Sabostab® UV62 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pellet compositions used for preparing the pipes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 IE1 
                 IE3 
                 CE1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sterically  
                 0.2 wt % 
                 0.2 wt % 
                 0.2 wt % 
               
               
                   
                 hindered 
                 Chirnassorb ®  
                 Chirnassorb ®  
                 Sabostab ® UV  
               
               
                   
                 amine 
                 944 
                 2020 
                 62 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Polymer 
                 99.05 wt % Polyethylene; MFR 21 :  
               
               
                   
                   
                 9 g/10 min; Density: 952 kg/m 3   
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.2 wt % Irganox ® 1010 
               
               
                   
                 Phenolic 
                 0.15 wt% Irganox ® 1076 
               
               
                   
                 AOs 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.4 wt % Irganox ® 1330 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As already indicated above, the sterically hindered amines of Chimassorb® 944 and Chimassorb® 2020 have the following chemical structures: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The sterically hindered amine of Sabostab® UV 62 is butanedioic acid, 1,4-dimethyl ester, polymer with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidineethanol; CAS No. 65447-77-0, molecular weigh Mn of about 3100-4000 g/mol, and has the following repeating unit: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         Irganox® 1010: Pentaerythrityl tetrakis-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) proionate, CAS number 6683-19-8 
         Irganox® 1076: Octadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, CAS No. 2082-79-3 
         Irganox® 1330: 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene; CAS No. 1709-70-2 
       
    
     The pellets of IE1-IE2 and CE1 were soaked with the same amount and type of organic peroxide (3,3,5,7,7-pentamethyl-1,2,4-trioxepane, Trigonox® 311), extruded under identical conditions to a pipe, and the polyethylene of each pipe was crosslinked under identical conditions, thereby obtaining crosslinked pipes. 
     The degree of crosslinking of the crosslinked pipes is shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Degree of crosslinking 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 IE1 
                 IE2 
                 CE1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Degree of 
                 70 
                 71 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 crosslinking [%] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For the assessment of photo-oxidative stability, both the non-crosslinked pellet compositions and the crosslinked pipe compositions were subjected to a weathering treatment, and the treated materials were subjected to oxidation induction time (OIT) tests after pre-defined periods of treatment. 
     The weathering treatment was subjected under the following conditions: 
     Artificial weathering—Xenon arc sources 
     according to ISO 4892-1:1999(E) and ISO 4892-2:1994(E) 
     Exposure according Kalahari standard, 
     Specimens that fit 60×120 mm clamping; 
     Spectral range in nm: Kalahari 300-400; 
     Irradiation: 75 W/m 2    
     Black standard temperature: 90° C. 
     Humidity: 20% 
     The pipe segments were mounted on a specimen holder. The outer side of the pipe was irradiated. The measurements were done on the weathered side of the pipe. 
     The OIT test results of both the non-crosslinked and the crosslinked samples are summarized below in Tables 3 and 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 OIT tests carried out on non-crosslinked samples 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 IE1 
                 IE2 
                 CE1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OIT [min], 
                 No weathering 
                 83.5 
                 90.6 
                 40.2 
               
               
                 Heating to 
                 Weathering for 120 hours 
                 36.7 
                 43.7 
                 17.5 
               
               
                 220° C. 
                 Weathering for 336 hours 
                 11.3 
                 17.1 
                 4.4 
               
               
                   
                 Weathering for 650 hours 
                 6.1 
                 4.4 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 OIT [min], 
                 Weathering for 650 hours 
                 50.5 
                 98.9 
                 26.5 
               
               
                 Heating to 
                 Weathering for 1000 hours 
                 59 
                 71.6 
                 16.3 
               
               
                 200° C. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The longer the non-crosslinked polyethylene compositions are subjected to the weathering treatment, the lower is oxidation induction time. However, due to the presence of a sterically hindered amine comprising the repeating unit of formula (I), the reduction in OIT is significantly less in IE1-IE2 if compared to CE1. 
     Accordingly, the non-crosslinked polyethylene compositions of IE1-IE2 show improved photo-oxidative stability. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 OIT tests carried out on crosslinked samples 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IE1 
                 IE2 
                 CE1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 OIT [min], 
                 No weathering 
                 55.4 
                 70.9 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 Heating to 
                 Weathering for 120 hours 
                 22.4 
                 45.4 
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
                 220° C. 
                 Weathering for 336 hours 
                 16.2 
                 18.3 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Just like the non-crosslinked polyethylene samples, the crosslinked polyethylene samples of IE1-IE2 show significantly higher OIT values if compared to CE1. Furthermore, if crosslinked, the polyethylene compositions of IE1-IE2 show a smaller decrease in OIT as a function of weathering period. Just as an example, while OIT (220° C.) of the non-crosslinked sample of IE2 decreases by 52% after a weathering treatment of 120 hours, the crosslinked sample of IE2 shows a decrease of OIT (220° C.) of only 36% after a weathering treatment of 120 hours.