Patent Publication Number: US-2012047442-A1

Title: Hovercard pivoting for mobile devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/983,982, filed on Jan. 4, 2011, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1), to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/374,441, filed on Aug. 17, 2010, the disclosure of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This specification generally relates to mobile devices, and more particularly to a contact hovercard that provides a bridge to and between web applications executed using a mobile device. 
     A user of a mobile computing device can interact with multiple productivity and communications web based applications. The web based applications can include, for example, an email application, a calendar application, a social networking application, an instant messaging application, a telecommunications service application and a video and/or voice over internet protocol (VOIP) application. Each application can present to the user a unique user interface and experience. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this specification, a mobile computing device can be used to execute one or more mobile device applications included in a suite of mobile productivity and communications applications. The mobile productivity and communications applications can be web based applications that have in common a need for contact information. In some implementations, each mobile productivity and communications application can access a common contact hovercard that functions as an interface including the contact information for a specific selected individual. The contact information can be contact data for the individual that can include, for example, email addresses, phone numbers, and street addresses. 
     In general, another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this specification may be embodied in methods that include the actions of receiving user input at a computing device, displaying a contact hovercard on a display of the computing device in response to the user input, the contact hovercard including first contact data and second contact data, the first contact data corresponding to a first web application and the second contact data corresponding to a second web application, the first web application and the second web application being executed on one or more servers, receiving user input selecting the first contact data, generating a user interface and accessing the first web application over a network in response to receiving the user input selecting the first contact data, and providing the first contact data as input to the first web application. Other implementations of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices. 
     These and other implementations may each optionally include one or more of the following features. For instance, the operations may further include transmitting a request to the one or more servers, and receiving, from the one or more servers, the contact hovercard in response to the request; the operations may further include receiving, from the one or more servers, the first contact data and the second contact data in response to the request; the operations may further include, subsequent to generating and providing, receiving user input selecting the second contact data, generating the user interface and accessing the second web application over the network in response to receiving the user input selecting the second contact data, and providing the second contact data as input to the second web application; the operations may further include accessing the second web application, the second web application displaying a list of contacts on the display, wherein receiving user input includes receiving user input selecting a contact from the list of contacts, the contact hovercard corresponding to the contact; the first contact data and the second contact data may each be displayed as a hyperlink to the first and second web applications, respectively; the first web application and the second web application may each include one of an email application, a social networking application, an instant messaging application, a telephone service application, a calendar application, and a video and/or voice over internet protocol (VOIP) application; the operations may further include displaying a list of contacts on the display, the user input corresponding to a selected contact of the list of contacts and the contact hovercard corresponding to the selected contact, wherein the list of contacts includes one or more contacts associated with a user profile of a user of the computing device; the contact hovercard may correspond to a particular contact and is stored at a central repository as the only hovercard available for the particular contact; the contact hovercard may further include third contact data, the third contact data corresponding to a third web application that is executed on the one or more servers; the operations may further include retrieving a contact hovercard template from computer memory, retrieving the first contact data and the second contact data from computer memory, and populating the contact hovercard template with the first contact data and the second contact data to provide the contact hovercard, the computer memory may be provided at the one or more servers and/or at the computing device; the operations may further include storing the first contact data and the second contact data in digital memory of the mobile computing device, receiving updated first contact data from the one or more servers in response to the user input, and updating the first contact data using the updated first contact data. 
     The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other potential features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example system architecture including a mobile computing device that displays a contact hovercard. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates multiple web based applications that can be launched from and provide access to a contact hovercard. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a contact hovercard displayed on a mobile computing device and multiple web based applications that can be launched using the contact hovercard. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example process for launching a web based application from a contact hovercard. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example system architecture including a mobile computing device  102  that displays a contact hovercard  112 . The mobile computing device  102  communicates with a network  104  and one or more server systems  106 ,  108 . The network can be provided as a large computer network, such as a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the Internet, a cellular network, or a combination thereof connecting any number of computing devices. A touchscreen display  110  of the mobile computing device  102  displays the contact hovercard  112  for an individual contact  114  (e.g., Alice Barker). As used herein, the term contact hovercard refers to a graphical user interface that displays contact information or data associated with a particular contact. The contact data can be presented in the contact hovercard as a link to invoke execution of a corresponding web based application. A contact can include, for example, a person and/or an entity, such as a company or institution (e.g., hospital, museum, library), and/or a government agency (e.g., police department, fire department). 
     A user of the mobile computing device  102  can launch a web based application, such as mobile productivity and communications web based applications, using the mobile computing device  102 . As used herein, the terms web based application or web application refer to a computer software application that is accessed over a network, and/or a computer software application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment or coded in a browser-supported language and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable. Each web based application, though different in the service provided to the user, has the common need for contact data (e.g., email addresses, phone numbers, street addresses, etc.). 
     In some implementations, the web based application is an application that is accessed using the network  104  and executed on a server (e.g., server  106 ). The web based application can be a computer software application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment or that is coded in a browser-supported language and is reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable. In general, a client-server relationship is established between the mobile computing device  102  and the one or more servers  106 ,  108 , in which a user interface (e.g., web browser) is provided on the client side (e.g., the mobile computing device  102 ) for receiving user input to and providing output from the application being executed on the one or more servers. 
     In  FIG. 1 , the mobile computing device  102  is depicted as a handheld mobile telephone (e.g., a smartphone or an application telephone) that includes the touchscreen display  110  for presenting content (e.g., the contact hovercard  112 ) to a user of the mobile computing device  102 . The mobile computing device  102  includes various input devices (e.g., the touchscreen display device  110 , a keyboard (not shown)) for receiving user input that influences the operation of the mobile computing device  102 . In further implementations, the mobile computing device  102  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant, an embedded system (e.g., a car navigation system), a desktop computer, or a computerized workstation. 
     The mobile computing device  102  may include various visual, auditory, and tactile user-output mechanisms. An example visual output mechanism is the touchscreen display  110 , which can visually display video, graphics, images, and text that combine to provide a visible user interface. An example tactile user-output mechanism is a small electric motor that is connected to an unbalanced weight to provide a vibrating alert (e.g., to silently vibrate the mobile computing device  102  to alert a user of an incoming telephone call or confirm user contact with the touchscreen display  110 ). The mobile computing device  102  may include one or more speakers  116  that convert an electrical signal into sound, for example, music, an audible alert, or voice of an individual in a telephone call. The mobile computing device  102  may include mechanical or touch sensitive buttons  118   a - d.    
     The mobile computing device  102  can determine a position of physical contact with the touchscreen display  110  (e.g., a position of contact by a finger or a stylus). Using the touchscreen display  110 , various “virtual” input mechanisms may be produced, where a user interacts with a graphical user interface element depicted on the touchscreen display  110  by contacting the graphical user interface element. 
     The mobile computing device  102  may present a graphical user interface (e.g., the contact hovercard  112 ) with the touchscreen display  110 . A graphical user interface is a collection of one or more graphical user interface elements and may be static (e.g., the display appears to remain the same over a period of time), or may be dynamic (e.g., the graphical user interface includes graphical user interface elements that animate without user input). 
     A graphical user interface element may be text, lines, shapes, images, or combinations thereof. For example, a graphical user interface element may be an icon that is displayed on the touchscreen display  110  and the icon&#39;s associated text. In some examples, a graphical user interface element is selectable with user-input. For example, a user may select a graphical user interface element (by pressing a region of the touchscreen display  110  that corresponds to a display of the graphical interface element). In some examples, the user may manipulate a trackball to highlight a single graphical user interface element as having focus. User-selection of a graphical user interface element may invoke a pre-defined action by the mobile computing device  102 . In some examples, selectable graphical interface elements further or alternatively correspond to a button on a keyboard included with the mobile computing device. User-selection of the button may invoke the pre-defined action. As shown in  FIG. 1 , graphical user interface elements can be phone icons  120 ,  122 , email icons  124 ,  126 ,  128 , Short Message Service (SMS) buttons  130 ,  132 , and chat buttons  134 ,  136 . 
     In some implementations, a user of the mobile computing device  102  can launch a mobile productivity and communications web based application using the mobile computing device  102 . The mobile productivity and communications web based application can be, for example, a maps application, an email application, a calendar application, a social networking application, an instant messaging application, a telecommunications service application, a video and/or VOIP application or any application that utilizes contact data. Contact data can include, for example, email addresses, phone numbers, user identifications (user IDs), and/or street addresses. As described, the mobile computing device  102  can access the web based application using the network  104 . The web based application can reside on one or more servers (e.g., server  106 ). 
     In some implementations, to access a desired web based application, a user selects an individual contact from a contact list. As discussed herein, the contact list can be stored in memory of the mobile computing device and/or can be retrieved from one or more servers (e.g., server  108 ) over the network  104 . Upon selection of the particular contact, the mobile computing device  102  displays a contact hovercard  112  specific to that contact on the touchscreen display  110 . The contact hovercard  112  includes all of the currently available contact data for the particular contact. In the example contact hovercard  112  of  FIG. 1 , contact data for contact  114  (Alice Barker) is populated into the contact hovercard  112 . 
     As discussed in further detail herein, the user can invoke execution of a web based application by selecting particular contact data presented in the contact hovercard  112 . Once operating in the web based application, the user can access the same contact hovercard  112  or another contact hovercard from the web based application. In this manner, each contact hovercard provides a gateway to one or more web based applications and as a pivot or bridge between web based applications and other contact hovercards. 
     In the example contact hovercard  112  of  FIG. 1 , the contact data includes email addresses  138 ,  140 , mobile phone number  142 , work phone number  144 , home address  146  and work address  148 . The contact hovercard  112  can include a dynamic graphical user interface element  150  that displays a status message and current location of the contact. The contact hovercard  112  can also display a contact picture  152 . 
     In some implementations, one or more contact data databases can be provided at one or more server systems (e.g., server system  108 ). The databases can store contact data. In some implementations, contacts can maintain contact information in the database. For example, a contact can build a profile that includes contact data such as one or more email addresses, one or more mailing addresses, one or more telephone numbers, and/or one or more user IDs corresponding to web based applications, for example. The contact data for the individual contact can be stored in the contact data databases and associated with that contacts profile. A user may be provided access to the contact&#39;s contact data. In some implementations, for example, the contact can approve one or more users as authorized users that are able to access and view the contact&#39;s contact data. 
     As discussed above, a user of a mobile computing device can access a contact list. The contact list will be populated with contact data that the respective contact&#39;s have authorized the user to have access to, and/or with contact data that the user has input themselves. The user can select a particular contact from the contact list to be presented with and view a contact hovercard associated with the particular contact. 
     In some implementations, the contact hovercard and underlying contact data can be retrieved over the network. In this manner, the displayed contact hovercard can be populated with the most recent contact data for the particular contact as stored in a central repository (e.g., server system  108 ). In some implementations, contact data can be cached locally on the mobile computing device, and, when the user selects a particular contact from a contact list, the contact data can be retrieved from the locally cached contact data and the displayed hovercard can be populated. Cached content is refreshed over the network each time the hovercard application starts. 
     In some implementations, the contact hovercard  112  can be stored as a template in a central repository (e.g., digital memory of the mobile computing device, an html5 database of a web browser executed by the mobile device), which communicates with the mobile computing device over the network. For example, when a user selects a contact from a contact list, the mobile computing device can retrieve a contact hovercard template from the central repository and can populate the contact hovercard with contact data for the selected contact. The contact data can be retrieved from the central repository and/or from a local cache of the mobile computing device. 
     In some implementations, the contact hovercard can be stored as a template in a local cache of the mobile computing device (e.g., digital memory of the mobile computing device). For example, when a user selects a contact from a contact list, the mobile computing device can retrieve a contact hovercard template from the local cache and can populate the contact hovercard with contact data for the selected contact. The contact data can be retrieved from a central repository (e.g., server system  108 ) over a network, and/or from the local cache of the mobile computing device. 
     In some implementations, the mobile computing device  102  may be “offline” (e.g., not connected to the network  104 ) and therefore, the mobile computing device  102  may not access the server systems  106 ,  108  in order to retrieve the contact hovercard and/or contact data. Consequently, the mobile computing device  102  may be used to retrieve locally cached contact hovercards and contact data. In such scenarios, the user may not be able to invoke execution of the web based application. However, the user can be provided with limited functionality. For example, the user may be able to prepare a draft email, instant message, native phone call or native SMS, and/or other communication using an “offline” version of the web based application that executes on the mobile computing device  102 . In such cases, the contact hovercard can be provided as an HTML web page, for example, that is stored locally on the mobile computing device  102 . The draft email, instant message and/or other communication can be queued for subsequent transmission once the mobile computing device  102  is back in communication with the network  104 . 
     In some implementations, the mobile computing device  102  can determine where to retrieve the contact hovercard (e.g., contact hovercard  112 ) and contact data to populate the contact hovercard  112  based on a status of the network connection between the mobile computing device  102  and the network  104 . For example, if the network data transfer speed is deemed to be slow (e.g., a current bit transfer rate is lower than a predetermined threshold), the mobile computing device  102  can use some or all of its locally cached data to display and populate the contact hovercard  112  to decrease the amount of time from the selection of the contact by the user to the display of the contact hovercard  112  to the user. 
     In some implementations, the mobile computing device  102  may first populate the contact hovercard  112  with locally cached contact data and can subsequently access the contact data stored at the central repository (e.g., server system  108 ). The mobile computing device  102  can compare the stored contact data retrieved from the central repository to the locally cached contact data. If the contact data has changed, the mobile computing device  102  can update the locally cached contact data and update the displayed contact data in the contact hovercard  112 . Using locally cached data to initially populate the contact hovercard  112  decreases the amount of time between the selection of a contact by a user and display of the contact hovercard  112 . In some implementations, the mobile computing device  102  may retrieve the stored contact data from the central repository, compare the retrieved contact data to the locally cached contact data, update the locally cached contact data, if necessary, and only then populate the graphical user interface of the contact hovercard  112 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates multiple web based applications  202   a - e  that can be launched from and provide access to a contact hovercard  204 . A contact can be selected from a contact list  205  using a mobile computing device (e.g., the mobile computing device  102 ). Contact data  206  for individual contacts (contact 1 -contact j ) can be stored in a contact database (e.g., maintained at server system  108 ) and/or a local cache (e.g., digital memory of the mobile computing device). The web based applications  202   a - e  can be provide as a suite of applications. The web based applications  202   a - e  can include mobile productivity and communications applications that can include, for example, an email application  202   a , an instant messaging application  202   b , a video and/or VOIP application  202   c , a telecommunications service application  202   d , and a calendar application  202   e . Contact data  206  that can be used to populate the contact hovercards  204  is stored for each contact (e.g., Contact 1 -Contact j ). Contact data for each contact can include but is not limited to email addresses, phone numbers, and street addresses. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a user of the mobile computing device  102  can launch a web based application (e.g., email application  202   a ) from a contact hovercard  112 ,  204  and can access a contact hovercard  112 ,  204  from the web based application. A user selects an individual contact from a contact list (e.g., Alice Barker) to retrieve a corresponding contact hovercard  112 ,  204 . Alice Barker&#39;s contact data can be stored in and retrieved from a central repository and/or can be locally cached at the mobile computing device  102 . The contact hovercard (e.g., hovercard  112 ) can be invoked using a Universal Resource Locator (URL) that includes hash parameters. The URL for the contact hovercard  112  specifies the location of the contact hovercard (e.g., where the contact hovercard is stored in a central repository (e.g., server system  108 )) and the mechanism for retrieving it. For example, the contact hovercard can be a HyperText Markup Language (HTML) web page stored in the central repository. The hash parameters specify the location of the contact data to populate the contact hovercard. In the example of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the hash parameters specify Alice Barker&#39;s contact data stored in the central repository (e.g., contact 1    206 ). Contact data  206  for Contact 1  is retrieved and used to populate the contact hovercard, resulting in contact hovercard  112 ,  204  being displayed on the touchscreen display  110 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a contact hovercard  302  displayed on a mobile computing device  306  and multiple web based applications (e.g., a social networking and messaging application (chat application  308 , email application  310 ) that can be launched from the contact hovercard  302 . A user of the mobile computing device  306  can invoke the launch of a web based application (e.g., email application  310 ) from the contact hovercard  302 . The user can go back to the contact hovercard  302  from the web based application. In some implementations, the user can access another contact hovercard corresponding to a different contact from the web based application. 
     In operation, the user can select an individual contact (e.g., Adam Smith) from a contact list. The mobile computing device  306  displays the contact hovercard  302  corresponding to contact Adam Smith. The example contact hovercard  302  includes an email icon  312  and a chat icon  314 . The user can launch a web based email application be selecting the email icon  312  (e.g., by pressing a region of the touchscreen display  304  that corresponds to the email icon  312 ). When invoked, the web based email application receives the selected contact data as input for pre-scripted functionality. For example, the web based email application can instantiate an email message with the email address contact data auto-populating the recipient dialogue box of the email. That is, the mobile computing device  306  displays an email application graphical user interface  310  to the user on the touchscreen display  304  that includes the contact data (e.g., email address  316 ). 
     In some implementations, the user can revert, or pivot, back to the contact hovercard that was used to invoke the executing web based application from the executing web based application. For example, from the web based email application, the user can revert back to the contact hovercard  302 . The user can again select another icon from the contact hovercard  302  to invoke execution of a web based application. For example, the user can select the email icon  312  to again invoke execution of the web based email application. Alternatively, the user can select the chat icon  314  to invoke execution of a web based instant messaging application, to display a graphical user interface  308  of the application. 
     Although not illustrated, the user can access a contact list of the executing web based application. In some implementations, the contact list accessed through the web based application can be the same as a contact list accessed directly at the mobile computing device  306 . The user can select a contact from the displayed contact list and mobile computing device  306  displays the hovercard  302  for the selected contact (e.g., Adam Smith). 
     In some implementations, a contact list for a user can be associated with a user profile that is shared among a suite of web based applications. The mobile computing device  306  launches and displays the contact hovercard  302 . The user chooses to send the contact, Adam Smith, an email message, for example. The user selects the email icon  312  of the contact hovercard  302 . A web based email application (e.g., email application  202   a ) is launched in response to the user selection, and the mobile computing device  306  displays the email application graphical user interface  310  to the user. The user can compose and send an email message to the selected contact. The user can close the web based application, can pivot back to the contact hovercard (e.g., the contact hovercard  302  for Adam Smith), or can pivot to another contact hovercard corresponding to a different contact. For example, the web based application can display a contact list corresponding to the user profile. The user can select a contact from the contact list and the contact hovercard corresponding to the selected contact is displayed. In this manner, the contact hovercard can provide a pivot or bridge between web based applications and/or contacts. 
     The user can continue to link to other web based applications by selecting icons on the contact hovercard that serve as hyperlinks to the applications. The contact hovercard can provide a common user interface for contact information that can be accessed from multiple web based applications. Additionally, the contact hovercard can act as a stepping stone or pivoting mechanism between one web based application to another web based application by providing links to each of the web based applications. The contact hovercard provides the contact information to the launched web based application. 
     In some implementations, a user can communicate with a contact selected from their contact list. The user can link to web based applications by selecting an icon on the contact hovercard for that contact that serves as a hyperlink to the application. The user can communicate with the contact. Once finished, the user can access the contact list from the application and select a different contact. A contact hovercard for the newly selected contact is displayed. The user can link to other web based applications by selecting icons on the contact hovercard for the newly selected contact. Again, the icons serve as hyperlinks to the applications in order to communicate with the newly selected contact. For example, the user can invoke a web based email application using a contact hovercard for a first contact (e.g., Adam Smith), can email the first contact, can select a second contact (e.g., Alice Barker) from a contact list presented by the web based email application, and can be presented with the contact hovercard for the second contact. 
     In some implementations, a desktop computing device includes a desktop display device. The desktop display device can provide a user with a larger display area than a touchscreen display device of a mobile computing device. The desktop computing device can display a contact hovercard over (on top of or “hovering over”) the currently displayed web page for the web based application launching the contact hovercard. The functionality of the contact hovercard displayed on the desktop display device is similar to the functionality of the contact hovercard displayed by the mobile computing device. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an example process  400  for launching a web based application from a contact hovercard. For purposes of illustration, the process  400  is described with reference to  FIG. 3 . The process  400  begins when user input is received ( 402 ). For example, the user input can be provided as a selection of a contact (e.g., Adam Smith) from a contact list. A contact hovercard is displayed and includes first and second contact data ( 404 ). For example, the mobile computing device  306  displays contact hovercard  302  on the touchscreen display  304  of the mobile computing device  306 . The first contact data can be provided as an icon and corresponds to a first web application, and the second contact data can be provided as an icon and corresponds to a second web application. The first web application and the second web application can be executed on one or more servers (e.g., server system  106 ). 
     An icon corresponding to one of the first web application and the second web application is selected ( 406 ). For example, a user decides to email the contact (e.g. Adam Smith) corresponding to the contact hovercard  302 , and selects the email icon  312 . On selection of the email icon  312 , the mobile computing device  306  launches the email application (e.g., email application  202   a  shown in  FIG. 2 ) on the mobile computing device  306 . A user interface is generated for the selected web based application ( 408 ). For example, when launching the email application (e.g., email application  202 ) the graphical user interface  310  for the email application is generated and displayed to the user on the touchscreen display  304 . Contact data is provided to the web based application ( 410 ) and the process ends. For example, when launching the email application (e.g., email application  202 ) using the hyperlink associated with the email icon  312  on contact hovercard  302 , the mobile computing device  306  provides the contact data associated with the email icon  312  (e.g., email address  316 ) to the email application (e.g., email application  202 ). 
     A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, various forms of the flows shown above may be used, with steps re-ordered, added, or removed. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. 
     Implementations and all of the functional operations described in this specification may be provided in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Implementations may be provided as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer readable medium may be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus may include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus. 
     A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it may be deployed in any form, including as a stand alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program may be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program may be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 
     The processes and logic flows described in this specification may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows may also be performed by, and apparatus may also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). 
     Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. 
     Elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer may be embedded in another device, e.g., a tablet computer, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, implementations may be provided on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user may provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices may be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user may be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user may be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
     Implementations may be provided in a computing system that includes a back end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user may interact with an implementation, or any combination of one or more such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet. 
     The computing system may include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
     While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations may also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation may also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination. 
     Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. 
     In each instance where an HTML file is mentioned, other file types or formats may be substituted. For instance, an HTML file may be replaced by an XML, JSON, plain text, or other types of files. Moreover, where a table or hash table is mentioned, other data structures (such as spreadsheets, relational databases, or structured files) may be used. 
     Thus, particular implementations have been described. Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.