Patent Publication Number: US-2021177916-A1

Title: Long chain dicarboxylic fatty acid (lcdfa) producing microbes and uses thereof

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation and gastric tract acid (GTA) long-chain fatty acid deficiency through the manipulation of the gut microbiome. The invention also relates to compositions and methods of increasing gastric tract acid (GTA) production in a mammalian subject. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Chronic inflammation is widely accepted as the primary underlying cause of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, and others (Marusawa and Jenkins 2014, Hussain and Harris 2007, Chapkin, McMurray and Lupton 2007, Demaria et al. 2010, Itzkowitz and Yio 2004, Maccio and Madeddu 2012, Schwartsburd 2004, Terzic et al. 2010, Wu et al. 2014). Chronic inflammation can lead to oxidative stress, which can subsequently result in carcinogenic events and genetic mutations that drive the malignant transformation of cells. (Mannick et al and Zhang et al). Cancer growth is subsequently driven by the proinflammatory milieu of cytokines and angiogenic factors in the microenvironment. 
     Despite the preponderance of evidence linking GI cancers to chronic inflammation, all of the emphasis on the early detection of cancer (take for example colorectal cancer), has focused exclusively on the improved detection of tumor-derived markers or precancerous lesions, and not underlying metabolic or inflammatory risk factors. In the case of colorectal cancer, the primary screening modalities are either direct visualization of cancer growth or precancerous lesions by endoscopy, the detection of occult blood in the stool, or more recently methylated tumor DNA in either feces or blood. For each of these modalities to be effective, there has to be a minimal tumor burden present that is of sufficient magnitude to either physically view or biopsy a lesion, or sufficient tumor load to produce detectable levels of tumor-derived biomarkers in either the feces or blood. Therefore, such approaches offer no hope for preventing the occurrence of the disease to begin with; but rather only offer hope in the form of early-stage detection where treatment is generally more effective. 
     A key component of the inflammatory status of the gut was identified by Ritchie et al. through a non-targeted metabolomic analysis of small molecules that differentiated colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer from disease-free subjects (Ritchie et al. 2010a, Ritchie et al. 2010c, Ritchie et al. 2010b, Ritchie et al. 2011, Ritchie et al. 2013b, Ritchie et al. 2013a, Ritchie et al. 2015). A novel family of metabolites initially proposed to be vitamin E metabolites, but subsequently shown to be novel long-chain polyunsaturated dicarboxylic fatty acids (called GTAs for gastric tract acids), ranging between 28 and 36 carbons in size, and with molecular weights between approximately 446 and 596 Da, were shown to be consistently reduced in the serum of subjects with these cancers compared to controls. 
     GTAs were shown to possess anti-inflammatory as well as anti-proliferative activity in vitro (Ritchie et al. 2011) though the co-administration of semi-purified GTA-containing and GTA-deficient extracts with LPS in various cell systems. The anti-inflammatory activity was shown to be mediated through NF-κB, a transcription factor involved in the activation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha and Interleukin-1β. Specifically, GTAs significantly upregulated IκBα, an inhibitory protein that inactivates NF-κB. NF-κB overexpression has been linked to multiple aspects of chronic inflammation, and has been the target of therapeutic downregulation by synthetic and natural products (Ben-Neriah and Karin 2011, Spehlmann and Eckmann 2009, Surh et al. 2001, Xu et al. 2005, Freitas and Fraga 2018). 
     These GTAs continue to be a source of interest and research to better understand their mechanism of action and potential role in treating inflammation and disease, such as cancer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide new methods for detecting and reducing gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in a subject. 
     An approach is thus provided herein for identifying subjects with GI inflammation by measuring levels of long-chain dicarboxylic fatty acids (LCDFAs), or GTAs, in the blood, followed by treatment with chemical agents or micro-organisms to restore or augment these GTA levels. 
     In certain embodiments, the micro-organisms are long-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, especially those from the genus  Blautia  and species  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.    
     Particular microbial species are also shown to be associated with these GTA levels, and thus strategies are provided to augment these microbial species for the purpose of reducing GI inflammation. 
     Also provided is an approach for identifying an underlying metabolic inflammatory condition associated with the development of various GI-related cancers, including but not limited to colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer, followed by an approach to reduce risk through therapeutic treatment of the underlying inflammation. 
     Accordingly, there is provided a method for increasing gastric tract acid (GTA) production in a mammalian subject. The method comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a composition comprising at least one live or attenuated culture of a microbial species selected from the genus  Blautia,  species  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,  genus  Bacteroides,  family Ruminococcaceae, family Lachnospiraceae, genus  Coprococcus,  genus  Roseburia,  genus  Oscillospira,  species  Ruminococcus bromii,  genus  Ruminococcus,  family Costridiaceae, species  Dorea formicigenerans,  species  Bacteroides uniformis,  genus  Dorea,  genus  Streptococcus,  order Clostridiales, genus  Anaerostipes,  genus  Dialister,  species  Bifidobacterium adolescentis,  family Coriobacteriaceae, genus  Faecalibacterium,  genus  Sutterella,  species  Bacteroides ovatus,  genus  Parabacteroides,  genus  Ruminococcus,  species  Bacteroides faecis,  species  Eubacterium biforme,  genus  Phascolartobacterium,  and family Enterobacteriaceae; or a prebiotic composition which increases growth and/or viability of said microbial species in the gut; wherein the composition increases the synthesis of at least one GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite in said subject. 
     In certain embodiments, the method further comprises a step of measuring circulating levels of one or more GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite in the subject. The composition may thus be administered if the levels of the one or more GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite are found to be lower in the subject than a predetermined control level, an earlier test value obtained for the subject, or a normal level for healthy subjects. For example, yet without wishing to be limiting, the control may include a predetermined threshold value for the at least one GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite that is typical of a healthy individual. 
     In further embodiments, the composition may comprise a live or attenuated culture of a microbial species from the genus  Blautia,  a live or attenuated culture of  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,  or a combination thereof. Typically such cultures will be formulated within a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or carrier suitable for administration to the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. 
     In yet further embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite is a dicarboxylic fatty acid between 28 and 36 carbons comprised of a dimeric fatty acid structure of two shorter chains ranging between 14 and 18 carbons in length joined by a single or double bond. In further embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be one of the following: GTA-446, GTA-448, GTA-450, GTA-452, GTA-464, GTA-466, GTA-468, GTA-474, GTA-476, GTA-478, GTA-484, GTA-490, GTA-492, GTA-494, GTA-502, GTA-504, GTA-512, GTA-518, GTA-520, GTA-522, GTA-524, GTA-530, GTA-532, GTA-536, GTA-538, GTA-540, GTA-550, GTA-574, GTA-576, GTA-580, GTA-590, GTA-592, GTA-594, and GTA-596. 
     In non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may have an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 446.3396 (GTA-446), 448.3553 (GTA-448), 450.3709 (GTA-450), 452.3866 (GTA-452), 464.3522 (GTA-464), 466.3661 (GTA-466), 468.3814 (GTA-468), 474.3736 (GTA-474), 476.3866 GTA-476, 478.4022 (GTA-478), 484.3764 (GTA-484), 490.3658 (GTA-490), 492.3815 (GTA-492), 494.3971 (GTA-494), 502.4022 (GTA-502), 504.4195 (GTA-504), 512.4077 (GTA-512), 518.3974 (GTA-518), 520.4128 (GTA-520), 522.4284 (GTA-522), 524.4441 (GTA-524), 530.4335 (GTA-530), 532.4492 (GTA-532), 536.4077 (GTA-536), 538.4233 (GTA-538), 540.4389 (GTA-540), 550.4597 (GTA-550), 574.4597 (GTA-574), 576.4754 (GTA-576), 580.5067 (GTA-580), 590.4546 (GTA-590), 592.4703 (GTA-592), 594.4859 (GTA-594), or 596.5016 (GTA-596). 
     In further non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may have a molecular formula of C 28 H 46 O 4  (GTA-446), C 28 H 48 O 4  (GTA-448), C 28 H 50 O 4  (GTA-450), C 28 H 52 O 4  (GTA-452), 464.3522 (GTA-464), 466.3661 (GTA-466), C 28 H 52 O 5  (GTA-468), C 30 H 50 O 4  (GTA-474), C 30 H 52 O 4  GTA-476, C 34 H 54 O 4  (GTA-478), C 28   52 O 6  (GTA-484), C 30 H 50 O 5  (GTA-490), C 30 H 52 O 5  (GTA-492), C 34 H 54 O 5  (GTA-494), C 32 H 54 O 4  (GTA-502), C 32 H 56 O 4  (GTA-504), C 30 H 56 O 6  (GTA-512), C 32 H 54 O 5  (GTA-518), C 32 H 56 O 5  (GTA-520), C 32 H 58 O 5  (GTA-522), C 32 H 60 O 5  GTA-524, C 34 H 58 O 4  (GTA-530), C 34 H 60 O 4  (GTA-532), C 32 H 56 O 6  (GTA-536), C 32 H 58 O 6  (GTA-538), C 32 H 60 O 6  (GTA-540), C 34 H 62 O 5  (GTA-550), C 36 H 62 O 5  (GTA-574), C 36 H 64 O 5  (GTA-576), C 36 H 68 O 5  (GTA-580), C 36 H 62 O 6  (GTA-590), C 36 H 64 O 6  (GTA-592), C 36 H 66 O 6  (GTA-594), or C 36 H 68 O 6  (GTA-596). 
     In further non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be measured using collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. The GTAs may be one or more of the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolites listed below: 
     GTA-446, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 446.3396, the molecular formula of C 28 H 46 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 445: 427, 409, 401, and 383, 
     GTA-448, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 448.3553, the molecular formula of C 28 H 48 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 447: 429, 411, 403, and 385, 
     GTA-450, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 450.3709, the molecular formula of C 28 H 50 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 449: 431, 413, 405, and 387, 
     GTA-452, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 452.3866, the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 451: 433, 407, and 389, 
     GTA-464, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 464.3522, the molecular formula of C 28 H 48 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 463: 445, 419, 401, and 383, 
     GTA-466, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 466.3661, the molecular formula of C 28 H 50 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 465: 447, 421, and 403, 
     GTA-468, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 468.3814, having the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 467: 449, 423, and 405, 
     GTA-474, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 474.3736, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 50 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 473: 455, 429, and 411, 
     GTA-476, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 476.3866, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 52 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 475: 457, 431, 439 and 413, 
     GTA-478, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 478.4022, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 54 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 477: 459, 433, 441 and 415, 
     GTA-484, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 484.3764, having the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 483: 465, 315, 439 483, 421, and 447, 
     GTA-490, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 490.3658, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 50 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 489: 445, 471, 427 and 319, 
     GTA-492, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 492.3815, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 52 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 491: 241, 249, 267, 473, and 447, 
     GTA-494, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 494.3971, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 54 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 493: 475, 215, and 449, 
     GTA-502, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 502.4022, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 54 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 501: 483, 457, 465 and 439, 
     GTA-504, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 504.4195, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 503: 485, 459, 467 and 441, 
     GTA-512, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 512.4077, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 56 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 511: 493, 315, and 467, 
     GTA-518, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 518.3974, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 54 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 517: 499, 473, 499, 481 and 445, 
     GTA-520, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 520.4128, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 519: 501, 457, 475, 459, 447 and 483, 
     GTA-522, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 522.4284, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 58 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 521: 503, 459, 477, 504, 441 and 485, 
     GTA-524, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 524.4441, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 60 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 523: 505, 461, 479, 506, 443 and 487, 
     GTA-530, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 530.4335, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 58 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 529: 467, 511 and 485, 
     GTA-532, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 532.4492, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 60 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 531: 513, 469, 487 and 495, 
     GTA-536, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 536.4077, having the molecular formula of C 32 H56O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 535: 473, 
     GTA-538, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 538.4233, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 58 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 537: 519, 475, 493, 501 and 457, 
     GTA-540, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 540.4389, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 60 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 539: 315, 521, 495 and 477, 
     GTA-550, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 550.4597, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 62 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 549: 487, 531, 251, 253, 513, 469 and 506, 
     GTA-574, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 574.4597, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 62 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 573: 295, 223, 555 and 511, 
     GTA-576, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 576.4754, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 64 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 575: 277, 297, 557, 513 and 495, 
     GTA-580, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 580.5067, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 68 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 579: 561, 543, 535, 517 and 499, 
     GTA-590, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 590.4546, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 62 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 589: 545, 
     GTA-592, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 592.4703, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 64 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 591: 555 and 113, 
     GTA-594, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 594.4859, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 66 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 593: 557 371, 315 and 277, and 
     GTA-596, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 596.5016, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 68 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 595: 279, 315, 297, 577 and 559. 
     For example, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be GTA-446, which has the formula C 28 H 46 O 4  and the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     There is also provided herein a method for determining gastrointestinal inflammation status within the body of a mammalian subject. The method comprises measuring circulating levels of one or more GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite, wherein the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite is a dicarboxylic fatty acid between 28 and 36 carbons comprised of a dimeric fatty acid structure of two shorter chains ranging between 14 and 18 carbons in length joined by a single or double bond, and if a level one or more of these GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolites is detected to be lower than a predetermined control level, an earlier test value for the subject, or a normal level for healthy subjects, the subject is assessed as having or being at risk for gastrointestinal inflammation. 
     In further embodiments of the method, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be one of the following: GTA-446, GTA-448, GTA-450, GTA-452, GTA-464, GTA-466, GTA-468, GTA-474, GTA-476, GTA-478, GTA-484, GTA-490, GTA-492, GTA-494, GTA-502, GTA-504, GTA-512, GTA-518, GTA-520, GTA-522, GTA-524, GTA-530, GTA-532, GTA-536, GTA-538, GTA-540, GTA-550, GTA-574, GTA-576, GTA-580, GTA-590, GTA-592, GTA-594, and GTA-596. 
     In non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may have an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 446.3396 (GTA-446), 448.3553 (GTA-448), 450.3709 (GTA-450), 452.3866 (GTA-452), 464.3522 (GTA-464), 466.3661 (GTA-466), 468.3814 (GTA-468), 474.3736 (GTA-474), 476.3866 GTA-476, 478.4022 (GTA-478), 484.3764 (GTA-484), 490.3658 (GTA-490), 492.3815 (GTA-492), 494.3971 (GTA-494), 502.4022 (GTA-502), 504.4195 (GTA-504), 512.4077 (GTA-512), 518.3974 (GTA-518), 520.4128 (GTA-520), 522.4284 (GTA-522), 524.4441 (GTA-524), 530.4335 (GTA-530), 532.4492 (GTA-532), 536.4077 (GTA-536), 538.4233 (GTA-538), 540.4389 (GTA-540), 550.4597 (GTA-550), 574.4597 (GTA-574), 576.4754 (GTA-576), 580.5067 (GTA-580), 590.4546 (GTA-590), 592.4703 (GTA-592), 594.4859 (GTA-594), or 596.5016 (GTA-596). 
     In further non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may have a molecular formula of C 28 H 46 O 4  (GTA-446), C 28 H 48 O 4  (GTA-448), C 28 H 50 O 4  (GTA-450), C 28 H 52 O 4  (GTA-452), 464.3522 (GTA-464), 466.3661 (GTA-466), C 28 H 52 O(GTA-468), C 30 H 50 O 4  (GTA-474), C 30 H 52 O 4  GTA-476, C 30 H 54 O 4  (GTA-478), C 28 H 52 O 6  (GTA-484), C 30 H 50 O 5  (GTA-490), C 30 H 52 O(GTA-492), C 30 H 54 O 5  (GTA-494), C 32 H 54 O 4  (GTA-502), C 32 H 56 O 4  (GTA-504), C 30 H 56 O 6  (GTA-512), C 32 H 54 O 5  (GTA-518), C 32 H 56 O 5  (GTA-520), C 32 H 58 O 5  (GTA-522), C 32 H 60 O 5  GTA-524, C 34 H 58 O 4  (GTA-530), C 34 H 60 O 4  (GTA-532), C 32 H 56 O 6  (GTA-536), C 32 H 58 O 6  (GTA-538), C 32 H 60 O 6  (GTA-540), C 34 H 62 O 5  (GTA-550), C 36 H 62 O 5  (GTA-574), C 36 H 64 O 5  (GTA-576), C 36 H 68 O 5  (GTA-580), C 36 H 62 O 6  (GTA-590), C 36 H 64 O 6  (GTA-592), C 36 H 66 O 6  (GTA-594), or C 36 H 68 O 6  (GTA-596). 
     In further non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be measured using collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. The GTAs may be one or more of the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolites listed below: 
     GTA-446, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 446.3396, the molecular formula of C 28 H 46 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 445: 427, 409, 401, and 383, 
     GTA-448, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 448.3553, the molecular formula of C 28 H 48 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 447: 429, 411, 403, and 385, 
     GTA-450, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 450.3709, the molecular formula of C 28 H 50 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 449: 431, 413, 405, and 387, 
     GTA-452, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 452.3866, the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 451: 433, 407, and 389, 
     GTA-464, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 464.3522, the molecular formula of C 28 H 48 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 463: 445, 419, 401, and 383, 
     GTA-466, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 466.3661, the molecular formula of C 28 H 50 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 465: 447, 421, and 403, 
     GTA-468, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 468.3814, having the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O, and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 467: 449, 423, and 405, 
     GTA-474, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 474.3736, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 50 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 473: 455, 429, and 411, 
     GTA-476, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 476.3866, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 52 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 475: 457, 431, 439 and 413, 
     GTA-478, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 478.4022, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 54 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 477: 459, 433, 441 and 415, 
     GTA-484, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 484.3764, having the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 483: 465, 315, 439 483, 421, and 447, 
     GTA-490, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 490.3658, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 50 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 489: 445, 471, 427 and 319, 
     GTA-492, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 492.3815, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 52 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 491: 241, 249, 267, 473, and 447, 
     GTA-494, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 494.3971, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 54 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 493: 475, 215, and 449, 
     GTA-502, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 502.4022, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 54 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 501: 483, 457, 465 and 439, 
     GTA-504, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 504.4195, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 503: 485, 459, 467 and 441, 
     GTA-512, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 512.4077, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 56 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 511: 493, 315, and 467, 
     GTA-518, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 518.3974, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 54 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 517: 499, 473, 499, 481 and 445, 
     GTA-520, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 520.4128, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 519: 501, 457, 475, 459, 447 and 483, 
     GTA-522, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 522.4284, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 58 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 521: 503, 459, 477, 504, 441 and 485, 
     GTA-524, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 524.4441, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 60 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 523: 505, 461, 479, 506, 443 and 487, 
     GTA-530, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 530.4335, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 58 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 529: 467, 511 and 485, 
     GTA-532, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 532.4492, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 60 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 531: 513, 469, 487 and 495, 
     GTA-536, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 536.4077, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 535: 473, 
     GTA-538, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 538.4233, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 58 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 537: 519, 475, 493, 501 and 457, 
     GTA-540, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 540.4389, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 60 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 539: 315, 521, 495 and 477, 
     GTA-550, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 550.4597, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 62 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 549: 487, 531, 251, 253, 513, 469 and 506, 
     GTA-574, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 574.4597, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 62 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 573: 295, 223, 555 and 511, 
     GTA-576, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 576.4754, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 64 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 575: 277, 297, 557, 513 and 495, 
     GTA-580, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 580.5067, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 68 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 579: 561, 543, 535, 517 and 499, 
     GTA-590, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 590.4546, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 62 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 589: 545, 
     GTA-592, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 592.4703, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 64 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 591: 555 and 113, 
     GTA-594, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 594.4859, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 66 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 593: 557 371, 315 and 277, and 
     GTA-596, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 596.5016, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 68 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 595: 279, 315, 297, 577 and 559. 
     In one specific embodiment, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be GTA-446, which has the formula C 28 H 46 O 4  and the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Also provided herein is a kit for detecting and treating a gastric tract acid (GTA) insufficiency in a mammalian subject. The kit comprises: 
     a blood specimen collection device for collecting a blood sample from the mammalian subject, 
     packaging and instructions for submitting the blood sample to a central processing facility to test levels in the blood sample of one or more GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite, wherein the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite is a dicarboxylic fatty acid between 28 and 36 carbons comprised of a dimeric fatty acid structure of two shorter chains ranging between 14 and 18 carbons in length joined by a single or double bond; and 
     instructions for obtaining the results of testing the blood sample from the central processing facility, wherein in the case of a positive test result comprising a detected low GTA level, a GTA-augmenting anti-inflammatory prebiotic, probiotic, or synthetic GTA product is provided. 
     In certain embodiments of the kit, the GTA-augmenting anti-inflammatory prebiotic, probiotic, or synthetic GTA product is a composition comprising at least one live or attenuated culture containing a microbial species selected from the genus  Blautia,  species  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,  genus  Bacteroides,  family Ruminococcaceae, family Lachnospiraceae, genus  Coprococcus,  genus  Roseburia,  genus  Oscillospira,  species  Ruminococcus bromii,  genus  Ruminococcus,  family Costridiaceae, species  Dorea formicigenerans,  species  Bacteroides uniformis,  genus  Dorea,  genus  Streptococcus,  order Clostridiales, genus  Anaerostipes,  genus  Dialister,  species  Bifidobacterium adolescentis,  family Coriobacteriaceae, genus  Faecalibacterium,  genus  Sutterella,  species  Bacteroides ovatus,  genus  Parabacteroides,  genus  Ruminococcus,  species  Bacteroides faecis,  species  Eubacterium biforme,  genus  Phascolartobacterium,  and family Enterobacteriaceae; or a prebiotic composition which increases growth and/or viability of the microbial species in the gut; and when administered to the subject the composition increases the synthesis of at least one GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite in the subject. 
     In further embodiments, the composition is provided if the levels of the one or more GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolites in the subject are determined to be lower than a predetermined control level, an earlier test value for said subject, or a normal level for healthy subjects. In one particular example, the control may be a predetermined threshold value for the at least one GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite. 
     In yet further embodiments, the composition may comprise a live or attenuated culture of a microbial species from the genus Blautia, a live or attenuated culture of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, or a combination thereof, within a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier suitable for administration to the gastrointestinal tract of the subject. 
     In further embodiments of the kit, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be one of the following: GTA-446, GTA-448, GTA-450, GTA-452, GTA-464, GTA-466, GTA-468, GTA-474, GTA-476, GTA-478, GTA-484, GTA-490, GTA-492, GTA-494, GTA-502, GTA-504, GTA-512, GTA-518, GTA-520, GTA-522, GTA-524, GTA-530, GTA-532, GTA-536, GTA-538, GTA-540, GTA-550, GTA-574, GTA-576, GTA-580, GTA-590, GTA-592, GTA-594, and GTA-596. 
     In non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may have an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 446.3396 (GTA-446), 448.3553 (GTA-448), 450.3709 (GTA-450), 452.3866 (GTA-452), 464.3522 (GTA-464), 466.3661 (GTA-466), 468.3814 (GTA-468), 474.3736 (GTA-474), 476.3866 GTA-476, 478.4022 (GTA-478), 484.3764 (GTA-484), 490.3658 (GTA-490), 492.3815 (GTA-492), 494.3971 (GTA-494), 502.4022 (GTA-502), 504.4195 (GTA-504), 512.4077 (GTA-512), 518.3974 (GTA-518), 520.4128 (GTA-520), 522.4284 (GTA-522), 524.4441 (GTA-524), 530.4335 (GTA-530), 532.4492 (GTA-532), 536.4077 (GTA-536), 538.4233 (GTA-538), 540.4389 (GTA-540), 550.4597 (GTA-550), 574.4597 (GTA-574), 576.4754 (GTA-576), 580.5067 (GTA-580), 590.4546 (GTA-590), 592.4703 (GTA-592), 594.4859 (GTA-594), or 596.5016 (GTA-596). 
     In further non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may have a molecular formula of C 28 H 46 O 4  (GTA-446), C 28 H 48 O 4  (GTA-448), C 28 H 50 O 4  (GTA-450), C 28 H 52 O 4  (GTA-452), 464.3522 (GTA-464), 466.3661 (GTA-466), C 28 H 52 O(GTA-468), C 30 H 50 O 4  (GTA-474), C 30 H 52 O 4  GTA-476, C 34 H 54 O 4  (GTA-478), C 28 H 52 O 6  (GTA-484), C 30 H 50 O 5  (GTA-490), C 30 H 52 O 5  (GTA-492), C 34 H 54 O 5  (GTA-494), C 32 H 54 O 4  (GTA-502), C 32 H 56 O 4  (GTA-504), C 30 H 56 O 6  (GTA-512), C 32 H 54 O 5  (GTA-518), C 32 H 56 O 5  (GTA-520), C 32 H 58 O 5  (GTA-522), C 32 H 60 O 5  GTA-524, C 34 H 58 O 4  (GTA-530), C 34 H 60 O 4  (GTA-532), C 32 H 56 O 6  (GTA-536), C 32 H 58 O 6  (GTA-538), C 32 H 60 O 6  (GTA-540), C 34 H 62 O 5  (GTA-550), C 36 H 62 O 5  (GTA-574), C 36 H 64 O 5  (GTA-576), C 36 H 68 O 5  (GTA-580), C 36 H 62 O 6  (GTA-590), C 36 H 64 O 6  (GTA-592), C 36 H 66 O 6  (GTA-594), or C 36 H 68 O 6  (GTA-596). 
     In further non-limiting embodiments, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be measured using collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. The GTAs may be one or more of the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolites listed below: 
     GTA-446, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 446.3396, the molecular formula of C 28 H 46 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 445: 427, 409, 401, and 383, 
     GTA-448, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 448.3553, the molecular formula of C 28 H 48 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 447: 429, 411, 403, and 385, 
     GTA-450, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 450.3709, the molecular formula of C 28 H 50 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 449: 431, 413, 405, and 387, 
     GTA-452, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 452.3866, the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 451: 433, 407, and 389, 
     GTA-464, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 464.3522, the molecular formula of C 28 H 48 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 463: 445, 419, 401, and 383, 
     GTA-466, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 466.3661, the molecular formula of C 28 H 50 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 465: 447, 421, and 403, 
     GTA-468, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 468.3814, having the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O, and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 467: 449, 423, and 405, 
     GTA-474, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 474.3736, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 50 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 473: 455, 429, and 411, 
     GTA-476, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 476.3866, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 52 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 475: 457, 431, 439 and 413, 
     GTA-478, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 478.4022, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 54 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 477: 459, 433, 441 and 415, 
     GTA-484, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 484.3764, having the molecular formula of C 28 H 52 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 483: 465, 315, 439 483, 421, and 447, 
     GTA-490, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 490.3658, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 50 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 489: 445, 471, 427 and 319, 
     GTA-492, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 492.3815, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 52 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 491: 241, 249, 267, 473, and 447, 
     GTA-494, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 494.3971, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 54 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 493: 475, 215, and 449, 
     GTA-502, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 502.4022, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 54 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 501: 483, 457, 465 and 439, 
     GTA-504, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 504.4195, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 503: 485, 459, 467 and 441, 
     GTA-512, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 512.4077, having the molecular formula of C 30 H 56 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 511: 493, 315, and 467, 
     GTA-518, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 518.3974, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 54 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 517: 499, 473, 499, 481 and 445, 
     GTA-520, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 520.4128, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 519: 501, 457, 475, 459, 447 and 483, 
     GTA-522, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 522.4284, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 58 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 521: 503, 459, 477, 504, 441 and 485, 
     GTA-524, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 524.4441, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 60 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 523: 505, 461, 479, 506, 443 and 487, 
     GTA-530, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 530.4335, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 58 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 529: 467, 511 and 485, 
     GTA-532, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 532.4492, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 60 O 4 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 531: 513, 469, 487 and 495, 
     GTA-536, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 536.4077, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 56 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 535: 473, 
     GTA-538, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 538.4233, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 58 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 537: 519, 475, 493, 501 and 457, 
     GTA-540, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 540.4389, having the molecular formula of C 32 H 60 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 539: 315, 521, 495 and 477, 
     GTA-550, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 550.4597, having the molecular formula of C 34 H 62 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 549: 487, 531, 251, 253, 513, 469 and 506, 
     GTA-574, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 574.4597, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 62 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 573: 295, 223, 555 and 511, 
     GTA-576, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 576.4754, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 64 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 575: 277, 297, 557, 513 and 495, 
     GTA-580, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 580.5067, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 68 O 5 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 579: 561, 543, 535, 517 and 499, 
     GTA-590, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 590.4546, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 62 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 589: 545, 
     GTA-592, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 592.4703, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 64 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 591: 555 and 113, 
     GTA-594, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 594.4859, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 66 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 593: 557 371, 315 and 277, and 
     GTA-596, having an accurate neutral mass within 1 PPM Dalton mass accuracy of 596.5016, having the molecular formula of C 36 H 68 O 6 , and characterized by a OD MS/MS fragmentation pattern using N 2  as collision gas and analyzed in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization comprising daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 595: 279, 315, 297, 577 and 559. 
     In one particular example of this kit, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite is GTA-446, having the formula C 28 H 46 O 4  and the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In accordance with further embodiments of the above described methods and kit, the gastric tract acid (GTA) insufficiency may be an indicator of a gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory state. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the mechanism provided herein by which compromised GTA levels as a results of altered microbiome composition can lead to inflammation and cancer development. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of a personalized GTA testing and treatment method described herein; and 
         FIG. 3  shows a graph of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing particular genus and species-level microbes associated with low or high GTA levels. 
         FIG. 4  shows a graph illustrating production of GTA 445.4/383.4 (also described herein as GTA 446) by gut microbes in humans and animals (dog and pig). 
         FIG. 5  shows a graph illustrating production of GTA 447.4/385.4 (also described herein as GTA 448) by gut microbes in humans and animals (dog and pig). 
         FIG. 6  shows a graph illustrating production of GTA 449.4/405.4 (also described herein as GTA 450) by gut microbes in humans and animals (dog and pig). 
         FIG. 7  shows a graph illustrating production of GTA 463.4/419.4 (also described herein as GTA 464) by gut microbes in humans and animals (dog and pig). 
         FIG. 8  shows a graph illustrating production of GTA 465.4/403.4 (also described herein as GTA 466) by gut microbes in humans and animals (dog and pig). 
         FIG. 9  shows a graph illustrating production of GTA 467.4/423.4 (also described herein as GTA 468) by gut microbes in humans and animals (dog and pig). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Gastric tract acids (GTAs) are shown herein to be produced by specific gut microbes. Changes in the microbiome over time may thus result in compromised ability to produce GTAs. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , GTA metabolites are involved in protecting against chronic inflammation through the downregulation of NFκB, as shown in the left-hand panel. Under this state, a relatively low level of NF-κB expression is maintained by adequate GTA levels in the body as a result of optimal microbiome composition. When levels of GTAs become deficient (right panel) due to altered microbiome composition, changes in the relative abundances of particular microbial species, or changes in diversity, NFκB expression is no longer suppressed resulting in the induction of multiple proinflammatory proteins. This creates an oxidative environment in the gastrointestinal tract that can lead to DNA mutations in cells, and ultimately increased cancer risk. GTA deficiency is therefore not a tumor marker like occult blood or methylated DNA; but rather pre-a disease metabolic deficiency that results in a pro-cancer environment within the body. 
     Based on this new understanding of the role of gut microbes in GTA production, a method is provided herein to increase GTA levels in the body through either augmentation of particular strains with a pre or probiotic approach, or administration of purely synthetic GTAs. 
     Using the described method to increase GTA levels also represents a novel approach for reducing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. 
     In particular, it has been found that microbial species from the genus  Blautia,  species  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,  genus  Bacteroides,  family Ruminococcaceae, family Lachnospiraceae, genus  Coprococcus,  genus  Roseburia,  genus  Oscillospira,  species  Ruminococcus bromii,  genus  Ruminococcus,  family Costridiaceae, species  Dorea formicigenerans,  species  Bacteroides uniformis,  genus  Dorea,  genus  Streptococcus,  order Clostridiales, genus  Anaerostipes,  genus  Dialister,  species  Bifidobacterium adolescentis,  family Coriobacteriaceae, genus  Faecalibacterium,  genus  Sutterella,  species  Bacteroides ovatus,  genus  Parabacteroides,  genus  Ruminococcus,  species  Bacteroides faecis,  species  Eubacterium biforme,  genus  Phascolartobacterium,  and family Enterobacteriaceae are important for GTA biosynthesis in the gut. Administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a composition comprising at least one live or attenuated culture of at least one of these microbial species, or a prebiotic composition which increases growth and/or viability of the microbial species in the gut, therefore provides a means to increase GTA synthesis in an individual. The subject may be a mammal, in particular a human subject. 
     In most embodiments, the GTA will be a dicarboxylic fatty acid between 28 and 36 carbons comprised of a dimeric fatty acid structure of two shorter chains ranging between 14 and 18 carbons in length joined by a single or double bond. For example, the GTA dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolite may be GTA-446, which has the formula C 28 H 46 O 4  and the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Other examples of these GTAs include GTA-448, GTA-450, GTA-452, GTA-464, GTA-466, GTA-468, GTA-474, GTA-476, GTA-478, GTA-484, GTA-490, GTA-492, GTA-494, GTA-502, GTA-504, GTA-512, GTA-518, GTA-520, GTA-522, GTA-524, GTA-530, GTA-532, GTA-536, GTA-538, GTA-540, GTA-550, GTA-574, GTA-576, GTA-580, GTA-590, GTA-592, GTA-594, and GTA-596. 
     Levels of these GTAs can be measured in a variety of ways, including mass spectrometric methods. For example, they may each be identified or measured based on the detection of one or more daughter ion fragment resulting from collision induced dissociation (OD) tandem mass spectrometry. The fragments for each GTA listed above are listed in the following tables. 
     Although the complete OD fragmentation patterns described below represent unique fingerprints of these target analytes, one will appreciate that not every daughter fragment ion needs to be detected to practice the described methods. In fact, one will appreciate that any number or combination of daughter ion masses could be selected for the purpose of specifically detecting and measuring levels of the parent analyte in a sample. One will further appreciate that the selection of appropriate daughter ions is dependent on multiple criteria such as signal-to-noise ratio, specificity of the transition for the selected analyte, reproducibility of signal, interferences across various matrices, complexity and anticipated specificity of the neutral loss to the parent structure, and more. In many cases, a single daughter fragment ion can be selected based on these criteria and used to quantify the corresponding parent analyte. 
     GTA Dicarboxylic Fatty Acid Metabolites: 
     446.3396 (GTA-446): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 446.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   401 
                 
                 10.3333 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   445 
                 
                 8.1667 
                 79.0323 
               
               
                 
                   427 
                 
                 4.5 
                 43.5484 
               
               
                 83 
                 2.8333 
                 27.4194 
               
               
                 223 
                 2.5 
                 24.1935 
               
               
                 222 
                 2.1667 
                 20.9677 
               
               
                 205 
                 1.8333 
                 17.7419 
               
               
                 
                   383 
                 
                 1.8333 
                 17.7419 
               
               
                 59 
                 1.6667 
                 16.129 
               
               
                 97 
                 1 
                 9.6774 
               
               
                 81 
                 0.6667 
                 6.4516 
               
               
                 109 
                 0.6667 
                 6.4516 
               
               
                 203 
                 0.6667 
                 6.4516 
               
               
                 221 
                 0.6667 
                 6.4516 
               
               
                 
                   409 
                 
                 0.6667 
                 6.4516 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.5 
                 4.8387 
               
               
                 177 
                 0.5 
                 4.8387 
               
               
                 233 
                 0.5 
                 4.8387 
               
               
                 259 
                 0.5 
                 4.8387 
               
               
                 428 
                 0.5 
                 4.8387 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 446.3396 (GTA-446) has the molecular formula C 28 H 46 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. For detection and measurement purposes, however, a subset or even one of these fragments will be far more practical. Thus, in certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 445: 427, 409, 401, and 383. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 445/401 or 445/383 may be used for measuring GTA-446 levels. 
     448.3553 (GTA-448): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 448.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 403 
                 3.75 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   429 
                 
                 1.75 
                 46.6667 
               
               
                 
                   447 
                 
                 1.5 
                 40 
               
               
                 
                   385 
                 
                 1 
                 26.6667 
               
               
                 83 
                 0.75 
                 20 
               
               
                 447 
                 0.75 
                 20 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.5 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 151 
                 0.5 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 402 
                 0.5 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 
                   411 
                 
                 0.5 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 
                   429 
                 
                 0.5 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 69 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 74 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 187 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 386 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 404 
                 0.25 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 448.3553 (GTA-448) has the molecular formula C 28 H 48 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. For detection and measurement purposes, however, a subset or even one of these fragments will be far more practical. Thus, in certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 447: 429, 411, 403, and 385. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 447/385 may be used for measuring GTA-448 levels. 
     450.3709 (GTA-450): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 450.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   431 
                 
                 19 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   449 
                 
                 15.25 
                 80.2632 
               
               
                 
                   405 
                 
                 10 
                 52.6316 
               
               
                 
                   387 
                 
                 4.5 
                 23.6842 
               
               
                 
                   405 
                 
                 1.5 
                 7.8947 
               
               
                 111 
                 1.25 
                 6.5789 
               
               
                 
                   413 
                 
                 1.25 
                 6.5789 
               
               
                 432 
                 1 
                 5.2632 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.75 
                 3.9474 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.75 
                 3.9474 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.75 
                 3.9474 
               
               
                 281 
                 0.75 
                 3.9474 
               
               
                 406 
                 0.75 
                 3.9474 
               
               
                 450 
                 0.75 
                 3.9474 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.5 
                 2.6316 
               
               
                 83 
                 0.5 
                 2.6316 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.5 
                 2.6316 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.5 
                 2.6316 
               
               
                 181 
                 0.5 
                 2.6316 
               
               
                 233 
                 0.5 
                 2.6316 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 450.3709 (GTA-450) has the molecular formula C 28 H 50 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 449: 431, 413, 405, and 387. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 449/405 may be used for measuring GTA-450 levels. 
     452.3866 (GTA-452): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 452.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
               
                 m/z (amu) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   451 (M − H+) 
               
               
                 
                   433 
                 
               
               
                 
                   407 
                 
               
               
                 
                   389 
                 
               
               
                 281 
               
               
                 279 
               
               
                 183 
               
               
                 169 
               
               
                 153 
               
               
                 139 
               
               
                 125 
               
               
                 111 
               
               
                  97 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 452.3866 (GTA-452) has the molecular formula C 28 H 52 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 451: 433, 407, and 389. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 451/407 may be used for measuring GTA-452 levels. 
     464.3522 (GTA-464): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 464.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
               
                 m/z (amu) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   463 (M − H+) 
               
               
                 
                   445 
                 
               
               
                 
                   419 
                 
               
               
                 
                   401 
                 
               
               
                 
                   383 
                 
               
               
                 315 
               
               
                 297 
               
               
                 241 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 464.3522 (GTA-464) has the molecular formula C 28 H 48 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 463: 445, 419, 401, and 383. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 463/419 may be used for measuring GTA-464 levels. 
     466.3661 (GTA-466): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 466.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
               
                 m/z (amu) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   465 (M − H+) 
               
               
                 
                   447 
                 
               
               
                 433 
               
               
                 
                   421 
                 
               
               
                 405 
               
               
                 
                   403 
                 
               
               
                 349 
               
               
                 297 
               
               
                 279 
               
               
                 241 
               
               
                 223 
               
               
                 185 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 466.3661 (GTA-466) has the molecular formula C 28 H 50 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 465: 447, 421, and 403. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 465/403 may be used for measuring GTA-466 levels. 
     468.3814 (GTA-468): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 468.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   449 
                 
                 10.5 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   467 
                 
                 7.5 
                 71.4286 
               
               
                 187 
                 4 
                 38.0952 
               
               
                 
                   449 
                 
                 2 
                 19.0476 
               
               
                 263 
                 1.5 
                 14.2857 
               
               
                 
                   423 
                 
                 1.5 
                 14.2857 
               
               
                 141 
                 1.25 
                 11.9048 
               
               
                 279 
                 1.25 
                 11.9048 
               
               
                 169 
                 1 
                 9.5238 
               
               
                 450 
                 1 
                 9.5238 
               
               
                 215 
                 0.75 
                 7.1429 
               
               
                 297 
                 0.75 
                 7.1429 
               
               
                 
                   405 
                 
                 0.75 
                 7.1429 
               
               
                 468 
                 0.75 
                 7.1429 
               
               
                 185 
                 0.5 
                 4.7619 
               
               
                 188 
                 0.5 
                 4.7619 
               
               
                 213 
                 0.5 
                 4.7619 
               
               
                 251 
                 0.5 
                 4.7619 
               
               
                 281 
                 0.5 
                 4.7619 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.25 
                 2.381 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 468.3814 (GTA-468) has the molecular formula C 28 H 52 Oand can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 467: 449, 423, and 405. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 467/423 may be used for measuring GTA-468 levels. 
     474.3736 (GTA-474): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 474.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   473 
                 
                 1.8 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   455 
                 
                 1.05 
                 58.3333 
               
               
                 85 
                 0.45 
                 25 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.45 
                 25 
               
               
                 
                   455 
                 
                 0.35 
                 19.4444 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 117 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 222 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 456 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 474 
                 0.15 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 
                   411 
                 
                 0.7 
                 38.8889 
               
               
                 
                   429 
                 
                 0.6 
                 33.3333 
               
               
                 75 
                 0.5 
                 27.7778 
               
               
                 474 
                 0.3 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 474 
                 0.3 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.2 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 429 
                 0.2 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.1 
                 5.5556 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 474.3736 (GTA-474) has the molecular formula C 30 H 50 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 473: 455, 429, and 411. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 473/429 may be used for measuring GTA-474 levels. 
     476.3866 (GTA-476): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 476.5 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   475 
                 
                 4.1818 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   457 
                 
                 2.9091 
                 69.5652 
               
               
                 
                   431 
                 
                 1.5455 
                 36.9565 
               
               
                 
                   413 
                 
                 0.8182 
                 19.5652 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.4545 
                 10.8696 
               
               
                 
                   439 
                 
                 0.3636 
                 8.6957 
               
               
                 458 
                 0.3636 
                 8.6957 
               
               
                 458 
                 0.3636 
                 8.6957 
               
               
                 476 
                 0.2727 
                 6.5217 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 83 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 235 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 251 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 414 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 432 
                 0.1818 
                 4.3478 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.0909 
                 2.1739 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 476.3866 (GTA-476) has the molecular formula C 30 H 52 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 475: 457, 431, 439 and 413. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 475/431 may be used for measuring GTA-476 levels. 
     478.4022 (GTA-478): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 478.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   477 
                 
                 7.4286 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   459 
                 
                 5.2857 
                 71.1538 
               
               
                 
                   433 
                 
                 2 
                 26.9231 
               
               
                 
                   415 
                 
                 1.6429 
                 22.1154 
               
               
                 478 
                 0.7857 
                 10.5769 
               
               
                 434 
                 0.5 
                 6.7308 
               
               
                 460 
                 0.5 
                 6.7308 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.3571 
                 4.8077 
               
               
                 281 
                 0.3571 
                 4.8077 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.2857 
                 3.8462 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.2857 
                 3.8462 
               
               
                 435 
                 0.2857 
                 3.8462 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 416 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 434 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 435 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 
                   441 
                 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                 477 
                 0.2143 
                 2.8846 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 478.4022 (GTA-478) has the molecular formula C 30 H 54 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 477: 459, 433, 441 and 415. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 477/433 may be used for measuring GTA-478 levels. 
     484.3764 (GTA-484): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 484.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   315 
                 
                 1.8333 
                 100 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.8333 
                 45.4545 
               
               
                 297 
                 0.8333 
                 45.4545 
               
               
                 185 
                 0.6667 
                 36.3636 
               
               
                 
                   465 
                 
                 0.6667 
                 36.3636 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.5 
                 27.2727 
               
               
                 
                   439 
                 
                 0.5 
                 27.2727 
               
               
                 
                   483 
                 
                 0.5 
                 27.2727 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 187 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 201 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 241 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 295 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 313 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 315 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 
                   421 
                 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 
                   447 
                 
                 0.3333 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 101 
                 0.1667 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.1667 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 484.3764 (GTA-484) has the molecular formula C 28 H 52 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 483: 465, 315, 439, 483, 421, and 447. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 483/315 may be used for measuring GTA-484 levels. 
     490.3658 (GTA-490): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 490.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   489 
                 
                 1.1739 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   319 
                 
                 0.413 
                 35.1852 
               
               
                 
                   445 
                 
                 0.3696 
                 31.4815 
               
               
                 241 
                 0.3478 
                 29.6296 
               
               
                 
                   471 
                 
                 0.3478 
                 29.6296 
               
               
                 
                   427 
                 
                 0.1957 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.1739 
                 14.8148 
               
               
                 195 
                 0.1739 
                 14.8148 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.1739 
                 14.8148 
               
               
                 249 
                 0.1739 
                 14.8148 
               
               
                 490 
                 0.1739 
                 14.8148 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.1522 
                 12.963 
               
               
                 267 
                 0.1522 
                 12.963 
               
               
                 345 
                 0.1304 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.1087 
                 9.2593 
               
               
                 101 
                 0.1087 
                 9.2593 
               
               
                 143 
                 0.1087 
                 9.2593 
               
               
                 265 
                 0.1087 
                 9.2593 
               
               
                 373 
                 0.1087 
                 9.2593 
               
               
                 472 
                 0.1087 
                 9.2593 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 490.3658 (GTA-490) has the molecular formula C 30 H 50 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 489: 445, 471, 427 and 319. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 489/445 may be used for measuring GTA-490 levels. 
     492.3815 (GTA-492): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 492.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   241 
                 
                 4.3077 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   249 
                 
                 2.6923 
                 62.5 
               
               
                 
                   267 
                 
                 2.4615 
                 57.1429 
               
               
                 97 
                 1.8462 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 
                   473 
                 
                 1.3846 
                 32.1429 
               
               
                 223 
                 1.1538 
                 26.7857 
               
               
                 195 
                 1 
                 23.2143 
               
               
                 143 
                 0.9231 
                 21.4286 
               
               
                 
                   447 
                 
                 0.9231 
                 21.4286 
               
               
                 101 
                 0.8462 
                 19.6429 
               
               
                 
                   491 
                 
                 0.8462 
                 19.6429 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.7692 
                 17.8571 
               
               
                 319 
                 0.6923 
                 16.0714 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.5385 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.4615 
                 10.7143 
               
               
                 213 
                 0.4615 
                 10.7143 
               
               
                 167 
                 0.3846 
                 8.9286 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.3846 
                 8.9286 
               
               
                 179 
                 0.3846 
                 8.9286 
               
               
                 193 
                 0.3846 
                 8.9286 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 492.3815 (GTA-492) has the molecular formula C 30 H 52 Oand can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 491: 241, 249, 267, 473, and 447. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 491/241 may be used for measuring GTA-492 levels. 
     494.3971 (GTA-494): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 494.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   493 
                 
                 3 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   475 
                 
                 2.6667 
                 88.8889 
               
               
                 
                   215 
                 
                 1.6667 
                 55.5556 
               
               
                 195 
                 1.3333 
                 44.4444 
               
               
                 213 
                 1.3333 
                 44.4444 
               
               
                 
                   449 
                 
                 1 
                 33.3333 
               
               
                 167 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 241 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 267 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 297 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 307 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 431 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 494 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 494 
                 0.6667 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.3333 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 141 
                 0.3333 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 151 
                 0.3333 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 197 
                 0.3333 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 494.3971 (GTA-494) has the molecular formula C 30 H 54 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 493: 475, 215, and 449. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 493/449 may be used for measuring GTA-494 levels. 
     502.4022 (GTA-502): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 502.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   483 
                 
                 1.0435 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   501 
                 
                 0.913 
                 87.5 
               
               
                 
                   439 
                 
                 0.7391 
                 70.8333 
               
               
                 
                   457 
                 
                 0.5217 
                 50 
               
               
                 502 
                 0.2609 
                 25 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.1739 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 458 
                 0.1739 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 484 
                 0.1739 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 502 
                 0.1739 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 109 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 196 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 221 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 222 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 277 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 317 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 440 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 
                   465 
                 
                 0.1304 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 502.4022 (GTA-502) has the molecular formula C 32 H 54 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 501: 483, 457, 465 and 439. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 501/457 may be used for measuring GTA-502 levels. 
     504.4195 (GTA-504): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 504.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   485 
                 
                 5.8947 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   503 
                 
                 4.0526 
                 68.75 
               
               
                 
                   441 
                 
                 2.5789 
                 43.75 
               
               
                 
                   459 
                 
                 1.2105 
                 20.5357 
               
               
                 486 
                 0.6842 
                 11.6071 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.4211 
                 7.1429 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.3684 
                 6.25 
               
               
                 
                   467 
                 
                 0.3158 
                 5.3571 
               
               
                 504 
                 0.3158 
                 5.3571 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.2632 
                 4.4643 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.2632 
                 4.4643 
               
               
                 263 
                 0.2632 
                 4.4643 
               
               
                 377 
                 0.2632 
                 4.4643 
               
               
                 442 
                 0.2632 
                 4.4643 
               
               
                 169 
                 0.2105 
                 3.5714 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.2105 
                 3.5714 
               
               
                 329 
                 0.2105 
                 3.5714 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.1579 
                 2.6786 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.1579 
                 2.6786 
               
               
                 83 
                 0.1579 
                 2.6786 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 504.4195 (GTA-504) has the molecular formula C 32 H 56 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 503: 485, 459, 467 and 441. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 503/459 may be used for measuring GTA-504 levels. 
     512.4077 (GTA-512): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 512.4 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   315 
                 
                 12 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   511 
                 
                 8.5 
                 70.8333 
               
               
                 151 
                 2.3333 
                 19.4444 
               
               
                 213 
                 1.8333 
                 15.2778 
               
               
                 297 
                 1.5 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 
                   493 
                 
                 1.3333 
                 11.1111 
               
               
                 195 
                 1 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 279 
                 1 
                 8.3333 
               
               
                 512 
                 0.8333 
                 6.9444 
               
               
                 512 
                 0.6667 
                 5.5556 
               
               
                 141 
                 0.5 
                 4.1667 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.5 
                 4.1667 
               
               
                 313 
                 0.5 
                 4.1667 
               
               
                 
                   467 
                 
                 0.5 
                 4.1667 
               
               
                 169 
                 0.3333 
                 2.7778 
               
               
                 177 
                 0.3333 
                 2.7778 
               
               
                 231 
                 0.3333 
                 2.7778 
               
               
                 251 
                 0.3333 
                 2.7778 
               
               
                 259 
                 0.3333 
                 2.7778 
               
               
                 314 
                 0.3333 
                 2.7778 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 512.4077 (GTA-512) has the molecular formula C 30 H 56 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 511: 493, 315, and 467. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 511/315 may be used for measuring GTA-512 levels. 
     518.3974 (GTA-518): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 518.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   517 
                 
                 0.8182 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   499 
                 
                 0.5909 
                 72.2222 
               
               
                 115 
                 0.4091 
                 50 
               
               
                 
                   455 
                 
                 0.3636 
                 44.4444 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.3182 
                 38.8889 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.3182 
                 38.8889 
               
               
                 
                   473 
                 
                 0.2727 
                 33.3333 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.2273 
                 27.7778 
               
               
                 401 
                 0.2273 
                 27.7778 
               
               
                 
                   499 
                 
                 0.2273 
                 27.7778 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.1818 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 389 
                 0.1818 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 437 
                 0.1818 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 
                   481 
                 
                 0.1818 
                 22.2222 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.1364 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.1364 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.1364 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 203 
                 0.1364 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.1364 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                 
                   445 
                 
                 0.1364 
                 16.6667 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 518.3974 (GTA-518) has the molecular formula C 32 H 54 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 517: 499, 473, 499, 481 and 445. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 517/473 may be used for measuring GTA-518 levels. 
     520.4128 (GTA-520): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 520.4 
               
               
                 CE: −42 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   501 
                 
                 2.2353 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   519 
                 
                 1.3824 
                 61.8421 
               
               
                 
                   457 
                 
                 0.8235 
                 36.8421 
               
               
                 
                   475 
                 
                 0.6176 
                 27.6316 
               
               
                 115 
                 0.4118 
                 18.4211 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.3529 
                 15.7895 
               
               
                 83 
                 0.3529 
                 15.7895 
               
               
                 
                   459 
                 
                 0.3529 
                 15.7895 
               
               
                 502 
                 0.3529 
                 15.7895 
               
               
                 241 
                 0.3235 
                 14.4737 
               
               
                 297 
                 0.2647 
                 11.8421 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.2353 
                 10.5263 
               
               
                 195 
                 0.2353 
                 10.5263 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.2353 
                 10.5263 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.2353 
                 10.5263 
               
               
                 
                   447 
                 
                 0.2353 
                 10.5263 
               
               
                 
                   483 
                 
                 0.2353 
                 10.5263 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.2059 
                 9.2105 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.2059 
                 9.2105 
               
               
                 221 
                 0.2059 
                 9.2105 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 520.4128 (GTA-520) has the molecular formula C 32 H 56 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 519: 501, 457, 475, 459, 447 and 483. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 519/475 may be used for measuring GTA-520 levels. 
     522.4284 (GTA-522): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 522.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   521 
                 
                 1.375 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   503 
                 
                 1.2917 
                 93.9394 
               
               
                 
                   459 
                 
                 0.375 
                 27.2727 
               
               
                 241 
                 0.3333 
                 24.2424 
               
               
                 
                   477 
                 
                 0.3333 
                 24.2424 
               
               
                 
                   504 
                 
                 0.25 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.2083 
                 15.1515 
               
               
                 115 
                 0.2083 
                 15.1515 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.2083 
                 15.1515 
               
               
                 267 
                 0.2083 
                 15.1515 
               
               
                 297 
                 0.2083 
                 15.1515 
               
               
                 
                   441 
                 
                 0.2083 
                 15.1515 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.1667 
                 12.1212 
               
               
                 269 
                 0.1667 
                 12.1212 
               
               
                 271 
                 0.1667 
                 12.1212 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.1667 
                 12.1212 
               
               
                 
                   485 
                 
                 0.1667 
                 12.1212 
               
               
                 522 
                 0.1667 
                 12.1212 
               
               
                 57 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 522.4284 (GTA-522) has the molecular formula C 32 H 58 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 521: 503, 459, 477, 504, 441 and 485. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 521/477 may be used for measuring GTA-522 levels. 
     524.4441 (GTA-524): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 524.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
               
                 m/z (amu) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 
                   523 
                 
               
               
                 
                   505 
                 
               
               
                 
                   487 
                 
               
               
                 
                   479 
                 
               
               
                 
                   463 
                 
               
               
                 
                   461 
                 
               
               
                 443 
               
               
                 365 
               
               
                 337 
               
               
                 299 
               
               
                 297 
               
               
                 281 
               
               
                 279 
               
               
                 271 
               
               
                 269 
               
               
                 253 
               
               
                 251 
               
               
                 243 
               
               
                 225 
               
               
                 197 
               
               
                 171 
               
               
                 169 
               
               
                 157 
               
               
                 155 
               
               
                 143 
               
               
                 141 
               
               
                 139 
               
               
                 127 
               
               
                 125 
               
               
                 123 
               
               
                 115 
               
               
                 113 
               
               
                 111 
               
               
                 83 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 524.4441 (GTA-524) has the molecular formula C 32 H 60 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 523: 505, 461, 479, 506, 443 and 487. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 523/461 may be used for measuring GTA-524 levels. 
     530.4335 (GTA-530): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 530.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   529 
                 
                 1.1563 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   467 
                 
                 0.8125 
                 70.2703 
               
               
                 
                   511 
                 
                 0.8125 
                 70.2703 
               
               
                 530 
                 0.2188 
                 18.9189 
               
               
                 85 
                 0.1563 
                 13.5135 
               
               
                 
                   485 
                 
                 0.1563 
                 13.5135 
               
               
                 
                   512 
                 
                 0.1563 
                 13.5135 
               
               
                 512 
                 0.1563 
                 13.5135 
               
               
                 75 
                 0.125 
                 10.8108 
               
               
                 468 
                 0.125 
                 10.8108 
               
               
                 177 
                 0.0938 
                 8.1081 
               
               
                 250 
                 0.0938 
                 8.1081 
               
               
                 251 
                 0.0938 
                 8.1081 
               
               
                 530 
                 0.0938 
                 8.1081 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.0625 
                 5.4054 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.0625 
                 5.4054 
               
               
                 109 
                 0.0625 
                 5.4054 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.0625 
                 5.4054 
               
               
                 195 
                 0.0625 
                 5.4054 
               
               
                 205 
                 0.0625 
                 5.4054 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 530.4335 (GTA-530) has the molecular formula C 34 H 58 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 529: 467, 511 and 485. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 529/467 may be used for measuring GTA-530 levels. 
     532.4492 (GTA-532): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 532.5 
               
               
                 CE: −42 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   513 
                 
                 1.375 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   469 
                 
                 1.25 
                 90.9091 
               
               
                 
                   531 
                 
                 0.9375 
                 68.1818 
               
               
                 195 
                 0.25 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 470 
                 0.25 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 470 
                 0.25 
                 18.1818 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.1875 
                 13.6364 
               
               
                 181 
                 0.1875 
                 13.6364 
               
               
                 251 
                 0.1875 
                 13.6364 
               
               
                 
                   487 
                 
                 0.1875 
                 13.6364 
               
               
                 514 
                 0.1875 
                 13.6364 
               
               
                 532 
                 0.1875 
                 13.6364 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 127 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 
                   495 
                 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 514 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                 532 
                 0.125 
                 9.0909 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 532.4492 (GTA-532) has the molecular formula C 34 H 60 O 4  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 531: 513, 469, 487 and 495. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 531/469 may be used for measuring GTA-532 levels. 
     536.4077 (GTA-536): 
     MS/MS transition 535/473 
     The metabolite 536.4077 (GTA-536) has the molecular formula C 32 H 56 O 6  and can be characterized by the MS/MS transition shown above. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize one or more of the observed daughter ions (nominal masses): These include the following daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 535: 473. In a preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 535/573 may be used for measuring GTA-590 levels. 
     538.4233 (GTA-538): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 538.4 
               
               
                 CE: −40 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   537 
                 
                 1.6667 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   519 
                 
                 1 
                 60 
               
               
                 
                   475 
                 
                 0.6667 
                 40 
               
               
                 
                   493 
                 
                 0.4444 
                 26.6667 
               
               
                 59 
                 0.3333 
                 20 
               
               
                 115 
                 0.3333 
                 20 
               
               
                 333 
                 0.3333 
                 20 
               
               
                 
                   501 
                 
                 0.3333 
                 20 
               
               
                 520 
                 0.3333 
                 20 
               
               
                 538 
                 0.3333 
                 20 
               
               
                 101 
                 0.2222 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 315 
                 0.2222 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 
                   457 
                 
                 0.2222 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 538 
                 0.2222 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 538 
                 0.2222 
                 13.3333 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.1111 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 143 
                 0.1111 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.1111 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 179 
                 0.1111 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                 221 
                 0.1111 
                 6.6667 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 538.4233 (GTA-538) has the molecular formula C 32 H 58 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 537: 519, 475, 493, 501 and 457. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 537/475 may be used for measuring GTA-538 levels. 
     540.4389 (GTA-540): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 540.5 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   315 
                 
                 24.6 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   539 
                 
                 15.6 
                 63.4146 
               
               
                 223 
                 2.4 
                 9.7561 
               
               
                 179 
                 2.2 
                 8.9431 
               
               
                 
                   521 
                 
                 1.8 
                 7.3171 
               
               
                 297 
                 1.2 
                 4.878 
               
               
                 
                   495 
                 
                 1.2 
                 4.878 
               
               
                 
                   477 
                 
                 0.8 
                 3.252 
               
               
                 540 
                 0.8 
                 3.252 
               
               
                 241 
                 0.6 
                 2.439 
               
               
                 259 
                 0.6 
                 2.439 
               
               
                 316 
                 0.6 
                 2.439 
               
               
                 540 
                 0.6 
                 2.439 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                 225 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                 257 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                 313 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                 314 
                 0.4 
                 1.626 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 540.4389 (GTA-540) has the molecular formula C 32 H 60 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 539: 315, 521, 495 and 477. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 539/315 may be used for measuring GTA-540 levels. 
     550.4597 (GTA-550): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 550.5 
               
               
                 CE: −42 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   487 
                 
                 1 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   549 
                 
                 0.9286 
                 92.8571 
               
               
                 
                   531 
                 
                 0.7857 
                 78.5714 
               
               
                 
                   251 
                 
                 0.5714 
                 57.1429 
               
               
                 
                   253 
                 
                 0.5714 
                 57.1429 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.4286 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.4286 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 269 
                 0.4286 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 271 
                 0.4286 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 277 
                 0.4286 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 
                   513 
                 
                 0.4286 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.3571 
                 35.7143 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.3571 
                 35.7143 
               
               
                 297 
                 0.3571 
                 35.7143 
               
               
                 
                   469 
                 
                 0.3571 
                 35.7143 
               
               
                 115 
                 0.2857 
                 28.5714 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.2857 
                 28.5714 
               
               
                 295 
                 0.2857 
                 28.5714 
               
               
                 433 
                 0.2857 
                 28.5714 
               
               
                 
                   506 
                 
                 0.2857 
                 28.5714 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 550.4597 (GTA-550) has the molecular formula C 34 H 62 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 549: 487, 531, 251, 253, 513, 469 and 506. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 549/487 may be used for measuring GTA-550 levels. 
     574.4597 (GTA-574): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 574.5 
               
               
                 CE: −42 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   573 .4742 
                 1.0571 
                 100 
               
               
                   295 .2386 
                 0.7143 
                 67.5676 
               
               
                   555 .4666 
                 0.5714 
                 54.0541 
               
               
                 125.1053 
                 0.4857 
                 45.9459 
               
               
                 279.2508 
                 0.4857 
                 45.9459 
               
               
                 171.1051 
                 0.4571 
                 43.2432 
               
               
                   223 .1408 
                 0.4286 
                 40.5405 
               
               
                   511 .4199 
                 0.4 
                 37.8378 
               
               
                 157.085  
                 0.3429 
                 32.4324 
               
               
                 493.4546 
                 0.3429 
                 32.4324 
               
               
                 183.1039 
                 0.2857 
                 27.027 
               
               
                 277.2282 
                 0.2571 
                 24.3243 
               
               
                 293.2359 
                 0.2571 
                 24.3243 
               
               
                 401.3605 
                 0.2286 
                 21.6216 
               
               
                 113.0966 
                 0.2 
                 18.9189 
               
               
                 293.2102 
                 0.2 
                 18.9189 
               
               
                 429.3752 
                 0.2 
                 18.9189 
               
               
                 249.2203 
                 0.1714 
                 16.2162 
               
               
                 385.3457 
                 0.1714 
                 16.2162 
               
               
                 389.3651 
                 0.1714 
                 16.2162 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 574.4597 (GTA-574) has the molecular formula C 36 H 62 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 573: 295, 223, 555 and 511. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 573/223 may be used for measuring GTA-574 levels. 
     576.4754 (GTA-576): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 576.5 
               
               
                 CE: −42 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   575 
                 
                 2.9048 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   277 
                 
                 1.4286 
                 49.1803 
               
               
                 
                   297 
                 
                 1.4286 
                 49.1803 
               
               
                 
                   557 
                 
                 1.2381 
                 42.623 
               
               
                 
                   513 
                 
                 0.9524 
                 32.7869 
               
               
                 279 
                 0.8095 
                 27.8689 
               
               
                 171 
                 0.7619 
                 26.2295 
               
               
                 183 
                 0.5238 
                 18.0328 
               
               
                 295 
                 0.5238 
                 18.0328 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.4762 
                 16.3934 
               
               
                 403 
                 0.4286 
                 14.7541 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.381 
                 13.1148 
               
               
                 
                   495 
                 
                 0.381 
                 13.1148 
               
               
                 251 
                 0.3333 
                 11.4754 
               
               
                 293 
                 0.3333 
                 11.4754 
               
               
                 97 
                 0.2857 
                 9.8361 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.2857 
                 9.8361 
               
               
                 205 
                 0.2857 
                 9.8361 
               
               
                 223 
                 0.2857 
                 9.8361 
               
               
                 296 
                 0.2857 
                 9.8361 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 576.4754 (GTA-576) has the molecular formula C 36 H 64 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 575: 277, 297, 557, 513 and 495. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 575/513 may be used for measuring GTA-576 levels. 
     580.5067 (GTA-580): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 580.5 
               
               
                 CE: −42 V 
               
               
                 m/z (amu) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   579 
                 
               
               
                 
                   561 
                 
               
               
                 
                   543 
                 
               
               
                 
                   535 
                 
               
               
                 
                   517 
                 
               
               
                 
                   499 
                 
               
               
                 421 
               
               
                 407 
               
               
                 389 
               
               
                 375 
               
               
                 299 
               
               
                 297 
               
               
                 281 
               
               
                 281 
               
               
                 279 
               
               
                 263 
               
               
                 253 
               
               
                 185 
               
               
                 171 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 580.5067 (GTA-580) has the molecular formula C 36 H 68 O 5  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 579: 561, 543, 535, 517 and 499. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 579/517 may be used for measuring GTA-580 levels. 
     590.4546 (GTA-590): 
     MS/MS transition 589/545 
     The metabolite 590.4546 (GTA-590) has the molecular formula C 36 H 62 O 6  and can be characterized by the MS/MS transition shown above. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize one or more of the observed daughter ions (nominal masses): These include the following daughter ion of parent [M−H] mass 589: 545. In a preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 589/545 may be used for measuring GTA-590 levels. 
     592.4703 (GTA-592): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 592.5 
               
               
                 CE: −35 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   555 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   113 
                 
                 16.1667 
                 100 
               
               
                 85 
                 3.3333 
                 20.6186 
               
               
                 103 
                 2 
                 12.3711 
               
               
                 175 
                 2 
                 12.3711 
               
               
                 117 
                 1.6667 
                 10.3093 
               
               
                 59 
                 1.3333 
                 8.2474 
               
               
                 75 
                 1.3333 
                 8.2474 
               
               
                 95 
                 1.3333 
                 8.2474 
               
               
                 99 
                 1.3333 
                 8.2474 
               
               
                 115 
                 1 
                 6.1856 
               
               
                 149 
                 1 
                 6.1856 
               
               
                 87 
                 0.8333 
                 5.1546 
               
               
                 129 
                 0.8333 
                 5.1546 
               
               
                 
                   591 
                 
                 0.8333 
                 5.1546 
               
               
                 157 
                 0.6667 
                 4.1237 
               
               
                 415 
                 0.6667 
                 4.1237 
               
               
                 73 
                 0.5 
                 3.0928 
               
               
                 415 
                 0.5 
                 3.0928 
               
               
                 71 
                 0.3333 
                 2.0619 
               
               
                 89 
                 0.3333 
                 2.0619 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 592.4703 (GTA-592) has the molecular formula C 36 H 64 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 591: 555 and 113. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 591/555 may be used for measuring GTA-592 levels. 
     594.4859 (GTA-594): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 594.5 
               
               
                 CE: −50 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   371 
                 
                 4.2 
                 100 
               
               
                 171 
                 3.6 
                 85.7143 
               
               
                 
                   315 
                 
                 3.6 
                 85.7143 
               
               
                 
                   575 
                 
                 3.6 
                 85.7143 
               
               
                 
                   277 
                 
                 3.4 
                 80.9524 
               
               
                 201 
                 3 
                 71.4286 
               
               
                 295 
                 2.8 
                 66.6667 
               
               
                 297 
                 2.8 
                 66.6667 
               
               
                 
                   593 
                 
                 2.8 
                 66.6667 
               
               
                 279 
                 2.4 
                 57.1429 
               
               
                 
                   557 
                 
                 2.2 
                 52.381 
               
               
                 141 
                 1.8 
                 42.8571 
               
               
                 313 
                 1.6 
                 38.0952 
               
               
                 513 
                 1.6 
                 38.0952 
               
               
                 557 
                 1.6 
                 38.0952 
               
               
                 125 
                 1.4 
                 33.3333 
               
               
                 594 
                 1.4 
                 33.3333 
               
               
                 576 
                 1.2 
                 28.5714 
               
               
                 113 
                 1 
                 23.8095 
               
               
                 139 
                 1 
                 23.8095 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 594.4859 (GTA-594) has the molecular formula C 36 H 66 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 593: 557, 371, 315 and 277. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 593/557 or 593/371 may be used for measuring GTA-594 levels. 
     596.5016 (GTA-596): 
       
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 596.5 
               
               
                 CE: −50 V 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 m/z (amu) 
                 intensity (counts) 
                 % intensity 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   279 
                 
                 53.6 
                 100 
               
               
                 
                   315 
                 
                 35.8 
                 66.791 
               
               
                 
                   297 
                 
                 21.6 
                 40.2985 
               
               
                 313 
                 9.6 
                 17.9104 
               
               
                 
                   577 
                 
                 7.4 
                 13.806 
               
               
                 281 
                 6.8 
                 12.6866 
               
               
                 
                   595 
                 
                 6.2 
                 11.5672 
               
               
                 295 
                 3.6 
                 6.7164 
               
               
                 171 
                 3.4 
                 6.3433 
               
               
                 516 
                 3.2 
                 5.9701 
               
               
                 
                   559 
                 
                 2.6 
                 4.8507 
               
               
                 125 
                 2.4 
                 4.4776 
               
               
                 141 
                 2 
                 3.7313 
               
               
                 127 
                 1.8 
                 3.3582 
               
               
                 155 
                 1.6 
                 2.9851 
               
               
                 169 
                 1.4 
                 2.6119 
               
               
                 185 
                 1.4 
                 2.6119 
               
               
                 207 
                 1.4 
                 2.6119 
               
               
                 280 
                 1.2 
                 2.2388 
               
               
                 373 
                 1.2 
                 2.2388 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The metabolite 596.5016 (GTA-596) has the molecular formula C 36 H 68 O 6  and can be characterized by the full CID MS/MS fragmentation pattern shown in the above table. In certain embodiments of analysis using N 2  as collision gas and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) under negative ionization, it may be preferred to utilize the one or more of the daughter ions (nominal masses) bolded in the table above. These include the following daughter ions of parent [M−H] mass 595: 279, 315, 297, 577 and 559. In certain preferred embodiments, nominal parent/daughter mass 595/559 may be used for measuring GTA-596 levels. 
     According to the methods described herein, biological samples from a subject may be compared to the same type of sample taken from the normal population to identify differences in the levels of the described GTA biomarkers. The samples can be extracted and analyzed using various analytical platforms including, but not limited to, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTMS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 
     The biological samples could originate from anywhere within the body, for example but not limited to, blood (serum/plasma), stool, or biopsy of any solid tissue including tumor, adjacent normal, smooth and skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, skin, hair, brain, kidney, pancreas, lung, colon, stomach, or other. Of particular interest are blood or serum samples. While the term “blood” or “serum” may be used herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that plasma or whole blood or a sub-fraction of whole blood may also be used. 
     When a blood sample is drawn from a patient there are several ways in which the sample can be processed. The range of processing can be as little as none (i.e. frozen whole blood) or as complex as the isolation of a particular cell type. The most common and routine procedures involve the preparation of either serum or plasma from whole blood. All blood sample processing methods, including spotting of blood samples onto solid-phase supports, such as filter paper or other immobile materials, are also contemplated. 
     Without wishing to be limiting, the processed blood or plasma sample described above may then be further processed to make it compatible with the methodical analysis technique to be employed in the detection and measurement of the metabolites contained within the processed blood sample. The types of processing can range from as little as no further processing to as complex as differential extraction and chemical derivatization. Extraction methods may include sonication, soxhlet extraction, microwave assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) and/or surfactant assisted extraction (PHWE) in common solvents such as methanol, ethanol, mixtures of alcohols and water, or organic solvents such as ethyl acetate or hexane. A method of particular interest for extracting metabolites for FTMS analysis and for flow injection LC-MS/MS analysis is to perform a liquid/liquid extraction whereby non-polar metabolites dissolve in an organic solvent and polar metabolites dissolve in an aqueous solvent. 
     The extracted samples may be analyzed using any suitable method including those known in the art. For example, and without wishing to be limiting, extracts of biological samples are amenable to analysis on essentially any mass spectrometry platform, either by direct injection or following chromatographic separation. Typical mass spectrometers are comprised of a source that ionizes molecules within the sample, and a detector for detecting the ionized molecules or fragments of molecules. Non-limiting examples of common sources include electron impact, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), surface enhanced laser desorption ionization (SELDI), and derivations thereof. Common mass separation and detection systems can include quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap, linear ion trap, time-of-flight (TOF), magnetic sector, ion cyclotron (FTMS), Orbitrap, and derivations and combinations thereof. The advantage of FTMS over other MS-based platforms is its high resolving capability that allows for the separation of metabolites differing by only hundredths of a Dalton, many of which would be missed by lower resolution instruments. 
     By the term “metabolite”, it is meant specific GTA small molecules, the levels or intensities of which are measured in a sample, and that may be used as markers to diagnose a disease state. These small molecules may also be referred to herein as “metabolite marker”, “metabolite component”, “biomarker”, or “biochemical marker”. 
     The metabolites are generally characterized by their accurate mass, as measured by mass spectrometry technique. The accurate mass may also be referred to as “accurate neutral mass” or “neutral mass”. The accurate mass of a metabolite is given herein in Daltons (Da), or a mass substantially equivalent thereto. By “substantially equivalent thereto”, it is meant that a +/−5 ppm difference in the accurate mass would indicate the same metabolite. The accurate mass is given as the mass of the neutral metabolite. During the ionization of the metabolites, which occurs during analysis of the sample, the metabolite will cause either a loss or gain of one or more hydrogen atoms and a loss or gain of an electron. This changes the accurate mass to the “ionized mass”, which differs from the accurate mass by the mass of hydrogen atoms and electrons lost or gained during ionization. Unless otherwise specified, the accurate neutral mass will be referred to herein. 
     Similarly, when a metabolite is described by its molecular formula, the molecular formula of the neutral metabolite will be given. Naturally, the molecular formula of the ionized metabolite will differ from the neutral molecular formula by the number of hydrogen atoms lost or gained during ionization or due to the addition of a non-hydrogen adduct ion. 
     Data is collected during analysis and quantifying data for one or more than one metabolite is obtained. “Quantifying data” is obtained by measuring the levels or intensities of specific metabolites present in a sample. 
     The quantifying data is compared to corresponding data from one or more than one reference sample. The “reference sample” is any suitable reference sample for the particular disease state. For example, and without wishing to be limiting in any manner, the reference sample may be a sample from a control individual, i.e., a person not suffering from GI inflammation and/or cancer with or without a family history of GI inflammation and/or cancer (also referred to herein as a “ ‘normal’ counterpart”); the reference sample may also be a sample obtained from a patient clinically diagnosed with GI inflammation and/or cancer. As would be understood by a person of skill in the art, more than one reference sample may be used for comparison to the quantifying data. For example and without wishing to be limiting, the one or more than one reference sample may be a first reference sample obtained from a control individual. In the case of monitoring a subject&#39;s change in disease state, the reference sample may include a sample obtained at an earlier time period either pre-therapy or during therapy to compare the change in disease state as a result of therapy. 
     An “internal control metabolite” refers to an endogenous metabolite naturally present in the patient. Any suitable endogenous metabolite that does not vary over the disease states can be used as the internal control metabolite. 
     Use of a ratio of the GTA metabolite marker to the internal control metabolite may offer measurement that is more stable and reproducible than measurement of absolute levels of the metabolite marker. As the internal control metabolite is naturally present in all samples and does not appear to vary significantly over disease states, the sample-to-sample variability (due to handling, extraction, etc.) is minimized. 
     The measurement of GTA metabolite markers according to the methods described herein can in certain embodiments be carried out using assay platforms other than mass spectometric methods. There are multiple types of assay platform options currently available depending on the molecules being detected. These include, but are not limited to, colorimetric chemical assays (UV, or other wavelength), antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs), dipstick chemical assays, image analysis such as MRI, petscan, CT scan, and various alternate mass spectrometry-based systems. 
     In a non-limiting embodiment, a high throughput screening (HTS) assay may be implemented using conventional triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry technology. The HTS assay works by directly injecting a serum extract into the triple-quad mass spectrometer, which then individually isolates each of the parent molecules by single-ion monitoring (SIM). This is followed by the fragmentation of each molecule using an inert gas, such as N 2  (called a collision gas, collectively referred to as collision-induced dissociation or OD). The intensity of a specific fragment from each parent GTA biomarker is then measured and recorded, through a process called multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM). In addition, an internal standard molecule is also added to each sample and subjected to fragmentation as well. This internal standard fragment should have the same intensity in each sample if the method and instrumentation is operating correctly. When all biomarker fragment intensities, as well as the internal standard fragment intensities are collected, a ratio of the biomarker to IS fragment intensity is calculated, and the ratio log-transformed. The values for each subject sample are then compared to a previously determined distribution of disease-positive and controls, to determine the relative likelihood that the person is positive or negative for the disease state. 
     In further embodiments of the present invention, a test kit is provided for a subject to collect a small blood specimen, such as finger-prick dried blood spot or serum sample that can be analyzed by a central processing facility to test GTA metabolite levels as an indicator of GI inflammatory state. The central processing facility then reports the result back to the subject through one of various mechanisms, such as printed report, cloud-based electronic record, or other wireless type of communication. In the case of a positive test result (low GTA level), the subject would have the opportunity to purchase a GTA-augmenting anti-inflammatory prebiotic, probiotic, or synthetic GTA product.  FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of this personalized testing and treatment approach. 
     A central processing facility can involve numerous options for the deployment of the GTA metabolite test assay. These may include, but are not limited to: 1, the development of MS/MS methods compatible with current laboratory instrumentation and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers which are readily in place in several labs around the world, and/or 2, the establishment of a testing facility where samples could be shipped and analyzed at one location, and the results sent back to the patient or patient&#39;s physician. 
     Also described herein are therapeutic compositions comprising artificial, natural, or synthetic active agents for increasing endogenous GTA levels within the body. 
     Such therapeutic compositions may contain probiotic, non-pathogenic bacterial populations effective for increasing GTA levels within the body. These therapeutic compositions may also be useful for the prevention, control, and/or treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions associated with gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and/or GI-related cancers, including but not limited to colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer. 
     In some embodiments, the therapeutic compositions contain prebiotics, e.g., carbohydrates, in conjunction with the microbial populations. 
     In embodiments of the foregoing methods, kits and compositions, the probiotic, non-pathogenic bacterial populations may comprise one or more bacterial species of the genus  Blautia,  species  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,  genus  Bacteroides,  family Ruminococcaceae, family Lachnospiraceae, genus  Coprococcus,  genus  Roseburia,  genus  Oscillospira,  species  Ruminococcus bromii,  genus  Ruminococcus,  family Costridiaceae, species  Dorea formicigenerans,  species  Bacteroides uniformis,  genus  Dorea,  genus  Streptococcus,  order Clostridiales, genus  Anaerostipes,  genus  Dialister,  species  Bifidobacterium adolescentis,  family Coriobacteriaceae, genus  Faecalibacterium,  genus  Sutterella,  species  Bacteroides ovatus,  genus  Parabacteroides,  genus  Ruminococcus,  species  Bacteroides faecis,  species  Eubacterium biforme,  genus  Phascolartobacterium,  and/or family Enterobacteriaceae. 
     In further embodiments, the probiotic composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier may be suitable for administration to a mammalian subject by oral or rectal administration. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable excipients and carriers include a buffering agent, a preservative, a stabilizer, a binder, a compaction agent, a lubricant, a dispersion enhancer, a disintegration agent, a flavoring agent, a sweetener, and a coloring agent. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable buffering agents include sodium citrate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, and calcium bicarbonate. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable preservatives include antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate, and antimicrobials, such as parabens, chlorobutanol, and phenol. 
     In cases where a probiotic formulation contains anaerobic bacterial strains, the pharmaceutical formulation and excipients can be selected to prevent exposure of the bacterial strains to oxygen. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable binders include starches, pregelatinized starches, gelatin, polyvinylpyrolidone, cellulose, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyacrylamides, polyvinyloxoazolidone, polyvinylalcohols, C12-C18 fatty acid alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyols, saccharides, oligosaccharides, and combinations thereof 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, sterotex, polyoxyethylene monostearate, talc, polyethyleneglycol, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, and light mineral oil. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable dispersants include starch, alginic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidones, guar gum, kaolin, bentonite, purified wood cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, isoamorphous silicate, and microcrystalline cellulose as high HLB emulsifier surfactants. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises a disintegrant. In other embodiments, the disintegrant is a non-effervescent disintegrant. Non-limiting examples of suitable non-effervescent disintegrants include starches such as corn starch, potato starch, pregelatinized and modified starches thereof, sweeteners, clays, such as bentonite, microcrystalline cellulose, alginates, sodium starch glycolate, gums such as agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pecitin, and tragacanth. In another embodiment, the disintegrant is an effervescent disintegrant. Non-limiting examples of suitable effervescent disintegrants include sodium bicarbonate in combination with citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate in combination with tartaric acid. 
     Flavoring agents can be chosen from synthetic flavor oils and flavoring aromatics; natural oils; extracts from plants, leaves, flowers, and fruits; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments the flavoring agent is selected from cinnamon oils; oil of wintergreen; peppermint oils; clover oil; hay oil; anise oil; eucalyptus; vanilla; citrus oil such as lemon oil, orange oil, grape and grapefruit oil; and fruit essences including apple, peach, pear, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, and apricot. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable sweeteners include glucose (corn syrup), dextrose, invert sugar, fructose, and mixtures thereof (when not used as a carrier); saccharin and its various salts such as the sodium salt; dipeptide sweeteners such as aspartame; dihydrochalcone compounds, glycyrrhizin; Stevia Rebaudiana (Stevioside); chloro derivatives of sucrose such as sucralose; and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, sylitol, and the like. Also contemplated are hydrogenated starch hydrolysates and the synthetic sweetener 3,6-dihydro-6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxide, particularly the potassium salt (acesulfame-K), and sodium and calcium salts thereof. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable coloring agents include food, drug and cosmetic colors (FD&amp;C), drug and cosmetic colors (D&amp;C), and external drug and cosmetic colors (Ext. D&amp;C). 
     The weight fraction of the excipient or combination of excipients in the formulation is usually about 99% or less, such as about 95% or less, about 90% or less, about 85% or less, about 80% or less, about 75% or less, about 70% or less, about 65% or less, about 60% or less, about 55% or less, 50% or less, about 45% or less, about 40% or less, about 35% or less, about 30% or less, about 25% or less, about 20% or less, about 15% or less, about 10% or less, about 5% or less, about 2% or less, or about 1% or less of the total weight of the composition. 
     The compositions disclosed herein can be formulated into a variety of forms and administered by a number of different means. The compositions can be administered orally, or rectally, in formulations containing conventionally acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles as desired. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition is administered orally. 
     Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, caplets, pills, troches, lozenges, powders, and granules. A capsule typically comprises a core material comprising a bacterial composition and a shell wall that encapsulates the core material. In some embodiments, the core material comprises at least one of a solid, a liquid, and an emulsion. In other embodiments, the shell wall material comprises at least one of a soft gelatin, a hard gelatin, and a polymer. Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to: cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose succinate and carboxymethylcellulose sodium; acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, such as those formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ammonio methylacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate (e.g., those copolymers sold under the trade name “Eudragit”); vinyl polymers and copolymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, vinylacetate crotonic acid copolymer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; and shellac (purified lac). In yet other embodiments, at least one polymer functions as taste-masking agents. 
     Tablets, pills, and the like can be compressed, multiply compressed, multiply layered, and/or coated. The coating can be single or multiple. In one embodiment, the coating material comprises at least one of a saccharide, a polysaccharide, and glycoproteins extracted from at least one of a plant, a fungus, and a microbe. Non-limiting examples include corn starch, wheat starch, potato starch, tapioca starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, dextrans, maltodextrin, cyclodextrins, inulins, pectin, mannans, gum arabic, locust bean gum, mesquite gum, guar gum, gum karaya, gum ghatti, tragacanth gum, funori, carrageenans, agar, alginates, chitosans, or gellan gum. In some embodiments the coating material comprises a protein. In another embodiment, the coating material comprises at least one of a fat and an oil. In other embodiments, the at least one of a fat and an oil is high temperature melting. In yet another embodiment, the at least one of a fat and an oil is hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated. In one embodiment, the at least one of a fat and an oil is derived from a plant. In other embodiments, the at least one of a fat and an oil comprises at least one of glycerides, free fatty acids, and fatty acid esters. In some embodiments, the coating material comprises at least one edible wax. The edible wax can be derived from animals, insects, or plants. Non-limiting examples include beeswax, lanolin, bayberry wax, carnauba wax, and rice bran wax. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings. 
     Alternatively, powders or granules embodying the bacterial compositions disclosed herein can be incorporated into a food product. In some embodiments, the food product is a drink for oral administration. Non-limiting examples of a suitable drink include fruit juice, a fruit drink, an artificially flavored drink, an artificially sweetened drink, a carbonated beverage, a sports drink, a liquid diary product, a shake, an alcoholic beverage, a caffeinated beverage, infant formula and so forth. Other suitable means for oral administration include aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions and solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, containing at least one of suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, coloring agents, and flavoring agents. 
     In some embodiments, the food product can be a solid foodstuff. Suitable examples of a solid foodstuff include without limitation a food bar, a snack bar, a cookie, a brownie, a muffin, a cracker, an ice cream bar, a frozen yogurt bar, and the like. 
     In other embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are incorporated into a therapeutic food. In some embodiments, the therapeutic food is a ready-to-use food that optionally contains some or all essential macronutrients and micronutrients. In another embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein are incorporated into a supplementary food that is designed to be blended into an existing meal. In one embodiment, the supplemental food contains some or all essential macronutrients and micronutrients. In another embodiment, the bacterial compositions disclosed herein are blended with or added to an existing food to fortify the food&#39;s protein nutrition. Examples include food staples (grain, salt, sugar, cooking oil, margarine), beverages (coffee, tea, soda, beer, liquor, sports drinks), snacks, sweets and other foods. 
     The microbial compositions, with or without one or more prebiotics, are generally formulated for oral or gastric administration, typically to a mammalian subject. In particular embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral administration as a solid, semi-solid, gel, or liquid form, such as in the form of a pill, tablet, capsule, or lozenge. In some embodiments, such formulations contain or are coated by an enteric coating to protect the bacteria through the stomach and small intestine, although spores are generally resistant to the stomach and small intestines. In other embodiments, the microbial compositions, with or without one or more prebiotics, may be formulated with a germinant to enhance engraftment, or efficacy. In yet other embodiments, the bacterial compositions may be co-formulated or co-administered with prebiotic substances, to enhance engraftment or efficacy. In some embodiments, bacterial compositions may be co-formulated or co-administered with prebiotic substances, to enhance engraftment or efficacy. 
     The present invention is further defined with reference to the following examples that are not to be construed as limiting. 
     EXAMPLES 
     1. Identification of Gut Microbes Associated with GTA Levels 
     Methods: High-throughput amplicon sequencing of the microbial V4 variable region of the microbial 16S rRNA gene was performed on total DNA extracted from 405 human colonic mucosa and fecal samples, using an Illumina Miseq instrument. Data from each sample was rarefied to 8,700 total sequences. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were filtered by percent contribution to the total, and the top 90% selected for comparison to serum GTA levels. Serum levels of 35 GTAs were determined on the same subjects by flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry. GTA levels were then aligned with OTU-level sequence data, followed by quintile analysis based on GTA level to identify statistically significant different OTUs between the highest and lowest GTA quintile. 
     Results: Comparison of OTUs between the lowest versus highest serum GTA quintiles across multiple GTAs revealed significant differences (p&lt;E-4) in the relative abundances of several OTUs representing specific microbes, in particular short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria from the genus  Blautia  and species  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  (Tables 1 through 34). A preliminary literature investigation of these microbes revealed roles in colon cancer, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that 68% of the lowest GTA quintile comprised ulcerative colitis, Crohn&#39;s disease, and cancer, with only 25% healthy controls or non-GI related disease. The highest GTA quintile was comprised primarily of healthy individuals or non-GI related disease individuals, with only 2% of the individuals having Crohn&#39;s disease and cancer, and none with ulcerative colitis. These results suggest an involvement of both GTAs and specific microbes in GI-related inflammatory disorders and cancer. As far as we are aware, this is the first report connecting GTA metabolites with  Blautia  and  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii  in these processes. 
     Across all operational taxonomic units (OTUs; groups of organisms based on similarity of RNA sequence), the most frequently associated (p&lt;E-4) gut microbes with GTA production (across all 34 GTAs as shown in Tables 1 through 34) belonged to genus  Blautia  (24%), species  prausnitzii  (19%), genus  Bacteroides  (12%), family Ruminococcaceae (7%), family Lachnospiraceae (7%). The remaining OTU categories and their percent frequencies are shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-446 levels 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA445383 
                   
                 81 
                 0.52 
                 80 
                 2.29 
                 2.93E−76 
                 −34.8 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.37 
                 80 
                 3.81 
                 7.06E−06 
                 −4.6 
                 10.3 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.70 
                 9.38E−06 
                 −4.6 
                 11.5 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5402 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.25 
                 1.40E−05 
                 −4.5 
                 20.2 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 1.44 
                 1.86E−05 
                 −4.4 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.30 
                 2.72E−05 
                 −4.3 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.77 
                 80 
                 5.2S 
                 3.69E−05 
                 −4.2 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 81 
                 0.41 
                 80 
                 2.38 
                 3.93E−05 
                 −4.2 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.04 
                 80 
                 0.65 
                 5.43E−05 
                 4.1 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.48 
                 80 
                 3.04 
                 5.43E−05 
                 −4.1 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.18 
                 6.10E−05 
                 −4.1 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 81 
                 0.69 
                 80 
                 0.05 
                 1.09E−04 
                 4.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 8.16 
                 80 
                 1.63 
                 1.31E−04 
                 3.9 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 0.74 
                 80 
                 5.95 
                 1.71E−04 
                 −3.9 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v5604 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.33 
                 1.94E−04 
                 −3.8 
                 8.8 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v425 
                 81 
                 4.48 
                 80 
                 0.13 
                 1.96E−04 
                 3.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1218 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 80 
                 1.39 
                 1.97E−04 
                 −3.8 
                 7.0 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.55 
                 2.23E−04 
                 −3.8 
                 22.3 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5401 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.35 
                 2.25E−04 
                 −3.8 
                 28.3 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1963 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.85 
                 2.58E−04 
                 −3.7 
                 11.5 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2878 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 2.60E−04 
                 3.7 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2169 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.64 
                 2.81E−04 
                 −3.7 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales 
                 v1156 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 80 
                 1.61 
                 3.22E−04 
                 −3.7 
                 16.3 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.01 
                 80 
                 4.10 
                 3.40E−04 
                 −3.7 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Actinobacteria; c_Coriobacteriia; o_Coriobacteriales; 
                 v379 
                 81 
                 0.23 
                 80 
                 4.71 
                 3.80E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 20.1 
               
               
                 f_Coriobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 6.64 
                 80 
                 1.83 
                 3.89E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v4592 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.59 
                 4.01E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 15.9 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.84 
                 4.07E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v323 
                 81 
                 0.81 
                 80 
                 4.16 
                 4.81E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 g_ Anaerostipes   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v513 
                 81 
                 1.93 
                 80 
                 0.55 
                 4.94E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v696 
                 81 
                 1.94 
                 80 
                 0.04 
                 5.05E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 g_[ Ruminococcus ]; s_ gnavus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v282 
                 81 
                 1.59 
                 80 
                 5.86 
                 5.81E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.06 
                 5.88E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 7.2 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v747 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 2.41 
                 6.59E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 16.3 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v4704 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.23 
                 6.83E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 6.1 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.88 
                 6.86E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 11.8 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v979 
                 81 
                 0.35 
                 80 
                 1.60 
                 6.96E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3283 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.59 
                 6.96E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1106 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 80 
                 1.43 
                 7.02E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v2977 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 80 
                 0.04 
                 7.03E−04 
                 3.5 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v5505 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 0.31 
                 7.26E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; ac_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v529 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.36 
                 7.28E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v6 
                 81 
                 42.17 
                 80 
                 96.50 
                 7.46E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2461 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.68 
                 7.93E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 81 
                 1.38 
                 80 
                 0.29 
                 8.34E−04 
                 3.4 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v1449 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 80 
                 0.64 
                 8.75E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides ; s_ovatus 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v14672 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 8.82E−04 
                 3.4 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1678 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 0.59 
                 9.48E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 3.4 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v3864 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.28 
                 9.52E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 22.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-448 levels 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 pscore 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA447385 
                   
                 81 
                 0.68 
                 81 
                 2.61 
                 1.1E−76 
                 −34.9 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 1.62 
                 7.6E−06 
                 −4.6 
                 10.92 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.46 
                 81 
                 3.65 
                 2.7E−05 
                 −4.3 
                 8.00 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 7.89 
                 81 
                 1.74 
                 6.0E−05 
                 4.1 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.94 
                 81 
                 5.22 
                 8.8E−05 
                 −4.0 
                 5.57 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2977 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 1.3E−04 
                 3.9 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.68 
                 81 
                 3.32 
                 1.3E−04 
                 −3.9 
                 4.89 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v492 
                 81 
                 1.74 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 1.4E−04 
                 3.9 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 81 
                 1.12 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 1.6E−04 
                 3.9 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 1.19 
                 1.7E−04 
                 −3.8 
                 8.00 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v396 
                 81 
                 2.78 
                 81 
                 1.01 
                 2.8E−04 
                 3.7 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 2.9E−04 
                 −3.7 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v7784 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 3.6E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 3.6E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 14.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 3.38 
                 81 
                 0.84 
                 4.4E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 81 
                 0.59 
                 4.4E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 8.00 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v14672 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 4.8E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.32 
                 81 
                 4.62 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.6 
                 3.50 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 5.63 
                 81 
                 1.88 
                 5.1E−04 
                 3.5 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 81 
                 0.90 
                 6.2E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 9.13 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 6.4E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5401 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 7.6E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.35 
                 81 
                 1.54 
                 7.9E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 4.46 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.79 
                 3.6E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2930 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 13.33 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 1.27 
                 81 
                 4.59 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 3.61 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-450 levels 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 pscore 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA445405 
                   
                 81 
                 2.89 
                 80 
                 11.66 
                 4.85E−70 
                 −31.4 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 80 
                 1.69 
                 2.31E−05 
                 −4.4 
                 10.51 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5402 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.24 
                 2.87E−05 
                 −4.3 
                 19.24 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.94 
                 80 
                 5.04 
                 9.32E−05 
                 −4.0 
                 5.37 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.48 
                 80 
                 3.58 
                 1.49E−04 
                 −3.9 
                 7.43 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v323 
                 81 
                 1.19 
                 80 
                 5.33 
                 1.92E−04 
                 −3.8 
                 4.49 
               
               
                 g_ Anaerostipes   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.23 
                 80 
                 0.99 
                 1.95E−04 
                 3.8 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.18 
                 2.03E−04 
                 −3.8 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 7.05 
                 80 
                 2.15 
                 3.24E−04 
                 3.7 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 7.17 
                 80 
                 2.00 
                 3.63E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v492 
                 81 
                 2.44 
                 80 
                 0.40 
                 4.45E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v12957 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 4.68E−04 
                 3.6 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 80 
                 1.29 
                 5.09E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 8.02 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 5.41E−04 
                 3.5 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.30 
                 5.62E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 4.05 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 1.22 
                 80 
                 4.81 
                 5.97E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 3.94 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 80 
                 0.86 
                 6.05E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 4.66 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.36 
                 6.56E−04 
                 −3.5 
                 14.68 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v8885 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.15 
                 7.55E−04 
                 −3.4 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 81 
                 3.67 
                 80 
                 0.40 
                 8.08E−04 
                 3.4 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5168 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.26 
                 8.73E−04 
                 −3.4 
                 10.63 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-452 levels. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA451407 
                   
                 81 
                 0.92 
                 80 
                 3.44 
                 4E−72 
                 −32.49 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.66 
                 8E−06 
                 −4.62 
                 11.22 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.51 
                 80 
                 3.41 
                 2E−05 
                 −4.38 
                 6.74 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.83 
                 80 
                 0.86 
                 2E−05 
                 4.37 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 7.96 
                 80 
                 1.84 
                 2E−05 
                 4.37 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.54 
                 4E−05 
                 −4.25 
                 10.38 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 8.01 
                 80 
                 2.06 
                 4E−05 
                 4.22 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.64 
                 5E−05 
                 −4.17 
                 25.32 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.44 
                 80 
                 3.20 
                 6E−05 
                 −4.12 
                 7.20 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.86 
                 80 
                 4.61 
                 7E−05 
                 −4.07 
                 5.34 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.04 
                 80 
                 4.41 
                 9E−05 
                 −4.03 
                 4.25 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.16 
                 2E−04 
                 −3.79 
                 7.85 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 81 
                 4.37 
                 80 
                 0.44 
                 2E−04 
                 3.78 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v396 
                 81 
                 2.93 
                 80 
                 1.14 
                 3E−04 
                 3.72 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1998 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 0.96 
                 3E−04 
                 −3.72 
                 7.80 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 1.15 
                 3E−04 
                 −3.70 
                 7.76 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v4400 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 3E−04 
                 3.70 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1963 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 0.91 
                 3E−04 
                 −3.67 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1884 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 80 
                 0.01 
                 3E−04 
                 3.67 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 80 
                 1.08 
                 4E−04 
                 −3.64 
                 12.44 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 80 
                 1.99 
                 4E−04 
                 −3.62 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2170 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.91 
                 4E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 24.64 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2977 
                 81 
                 0.41 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 5E−04 
                 3.55 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2739 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 0.48 
                 5E−04 
                 −3.55 
                 7.69 
               
               
                 g_[ Ruminococcus ]; s_ torques   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4745 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.38 
                 6E−04 
                 −3.50 
                 10.12 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v3380 
                 81 
                 0.41 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 6E−04 
                 3.50 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ ovatus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1218 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 80 
                 1.44 
                 6E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 4.66 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v1332 
                 81 
                 1.54 
                 80 
                 0.09 
                 7E−04 
                 3.44 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v3094 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.58 
                 8E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 11.64 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.18 
                 8E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 14.17 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1459 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 80 
                 0.88 
                 8E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 6.44 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 1.01 
                 80 
                 4.25 
                 8E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 4.20 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v513 
                 81 
                 2.36 
                 80 
                 0.79 
                 9E−04 
                 3.40 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v13964 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 9E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-464 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 QTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA463419 
                   
                 81 
                 2.22 
                 81 
                 8.07 
                 2.4E−68 
                 −30.39 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 81 
                 1.78 
                 7.9E−06 
                 −4.62 
                 11.08 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.51 
                 81 
                 0.79 
                 1.5E−05 
                 4.47 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.81 
                 81 
                 5.21 
                 2.7E−05 
                 −4.32 
                 6.39 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 1.59 
                 3.2E−05 
                 −4.28 
                 9.21 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.44 
                 81 
                 3.81 
                 3.4E−05 
                 −4.27 
                 8.58 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 81 
                 0.79 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 4.0E−05 
                 4.22 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5402 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 6.6E−05 
                 −4.10 
                 18.000 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.53 
                 81 
                 3.16 
                 8.8E−05 
                 −4.02 
                 5.95 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 7.48 
                 81 
                 1.93 
                 1.1E−04 
                 3.97 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v490 
                 81 
                 4.33 
                 81 
                 0.42 
                 1.9E−04 
                 3.81 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 1.02 
                 81 
                 4.84 
                 2.1E−04 
                 −3.79 
                 4.72 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 1.36 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
                 9.17 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 81 
                 0.94 
                 2.6E−04 
                 −3.74 
                 12.67 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 81 
                 0.40 
                 81 
                 2.06 
                 2.7E−04 
                 −3.72 
                 5.22 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 6.94 
                 81 
                 1.93 
                 2.8E−04 
                 3.71 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1691 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 81 
                 0.65 
                 3.0E−04 
                 −3.69 
                 3.31 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v6 
                 81 
                 41.49 
                 81 
                 115.75 
                 3.1E−04 
                 −3.68 
                 2.79 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5168 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 3.8E−04 
                 −3.63 
                 22.00 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5401 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 4.0E−04 
                 −3.62 
                 27.00 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1938 
                 81 
                 0.72 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 4.2E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4745 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 4.4E−04 
                 −3.59 
                 10.33 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.09 
                 81 
                 4.36 
                 4.5E−04 
                 −3.58 
                 4.01 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v4201 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 4.8E−04 
                 3.57 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v3024 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.36 
                 6.7E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 5.80 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 7.0E−04 
                 −3.46 
                 13.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.36 
                 7.2E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 14.50 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 0.83 
                 7.6E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 4.79 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 81 
                 0.57 
                 8.1E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 7.67 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v494 
                 81 
                 0.43 
                 81 
                 2.88 
                 8.3E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 6.66 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v597 
                 81 
                 0.70 
                 81 
                 2.00 
                 8.8E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 2.84 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 9.4E−04 
                 3.37 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-466 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA465403 
                   
                 82 
                 0.54 
                 81 
                 2.06 
                 2.83E−62 
                 −27.29 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 82 
                 8.71 
                 81 
                 1.74 
                 9.72E−06 
                 4.57 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 82 
                 0.78 
                 81 
                 5.88 
                 1.14E−05 
                 −4.53 
                 7.53 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 82 
                 0.48 
                 81 
                 3.51 
                 1.74E−05 
                 −4.43 
                 7.37 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 82 
                 0.28 
                 81 
                 1.86 
                 2.32E−05 
                 −4.36 
                 6.65 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 82 
                 0.43 
                 81 
                 4.11 
                 2.43E−05 
                 −4.35 
                 9.63 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 82 
                 4.16 
                 81 
                 0.80 
                 4.36E−05 
                 4.20 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1063 
                 82 
                 0.65 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 4.50E−05 
                 4.19 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 82 
                 1.02 
                 81 
                 4.49 
                 5.34E−05 
                 −4.15 
                 4.39 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.28 
                 5.47E−05 
                 −4.15 
                 7.76 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v396 
                 82 
                 3.04 
                 81 
                 1.04 
                 7.07E−05 
                 4.08 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v9422 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 8.76E−05 
                 −4.02 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2977 
                 82 
                 0.41 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 1.01E−04 
                 3.99 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.58 
                 1.15E−04 
                 −3.95 
                 23.79 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 82 
                 0.23 
                 81 
                 1.48 
                 1.84E−04 
                 −3.83 
                 6.39 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1691 
                 82 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 0.73 
                 2.31E−04 
                 −3.77 
                 3.51 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 2.43E−04 
                 −3.75 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 82 
                 6.82 
                 81 
                 1.95 
                 3.39E−04 
                 3.66 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5168 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 3.45E−04 
                 −3.66 
                 22.27 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 82 
                 0.29 
                 81 
                 1.51 
                 4.01E−04 
                 −3.62 
                 5.15 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v360 
                 82 
                 1.00 
                 81 
                 3.77 
                 4.06E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 3.77 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v942 
                 82 
                 0.27 
                 81 
                 1.48 
                 4.13E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 5.52 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v425 
                 82 
                 4.62 
                 81 
                 0.48 
                 4.19E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 5.11E−04 
                 −3.55 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v8145 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 5.74E−04 
                 −3.51 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 82 
                 0.13 
                 81 
                 0.95 
                 5.85E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 7.09 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v294 
                 82 
                 1.23 
                 81 
                 4.67 
                 6.62E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 3.79 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.36 
                 6.63E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 14.68 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1218 
                 82 
                 0.33 
                 81 
                 1.42 
                 7.58E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 4.31 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales 
                 v1156 
                 82 
                 0.10 
                 81 
                 1.49 
                 7.68E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 15.31 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4745 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 8.23E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 7.85 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2930 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 8.70E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 13.50 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v13964 
                 82 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 8.87E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v957 
                 82 
                 0.33 
                 81 
                 1.30 
                 8.90E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 3.94 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v1695 
                 82 
                 0.18 
                 81 
                 0.79 
                 9.59E−04 
                 −3.36 
                 4.32 
               
               
                 f_Porphyromonadaceae; g_ Parabacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 82 
                 3.93 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 9.59E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-468 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistit 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA467423 
                   
                 81 
                 1.23 
                 80 
                 5.30 
                 2.52E−68 
                 −30.50 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 1.68 
                 2.71E−06 
                 −4.87 
                 13.57 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 1.65 
                 7.27E−06 
                 −4.64 
                 13.37 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 5.57 
                 80 
                 0.73 
                 1.09E−05 
                 4.54 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 80 
                 3.73 
                 1.18E−05 
                 −4.52 
                 9.73 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.70 
                 80 
                 5.30 
                 2.26E−05 
                 −4.37 
                 7.53 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.63 
                 2.56E−05 
                 −4.34 
                 50.62 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 0.91 
                 80 
                 4.51 
                 2.64E−05 
                 −4.33 
                 4.94 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 8.79 
                 80 
                 1.79 
                 2.63E−05 
                 4.33 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 80 
                 3.31 
                 2.71E−05 
                 −4.32 
                 7.06 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 81 
                 0.32 
                 80 
                 2.15 
                 6.26E−05 
                 −4.11 
                 6.70 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 81 
                 0.72 
                 80 
                 0.08 
                 9.53E−05 
                 4.00 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v5504 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.19 
                 1.04E−04 
                 −3.98 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 6.78 
                 80 
                 1.48 
                 1.12E−04 
                 3.96 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 0.72 
                 80 
                 4.31 
                 1.80E−04 
                 −3.84 
                 6.02 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 80 
                 1.15 
                 1.93E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 8.47 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2461 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.68 
                 2.34E−04 
                 −3.77 
                 6.08 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1459 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 80 
                 0.98 
                 2.63E−04 
                 −3.73 
                 7.18 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v3094 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.51 
                 2.82E−04 
                 −3.71 
                 13.84 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.28 
                 2.93E−04 
                 −3.70 
                 5.57 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.34 
                 3.21E−04 
                 −3.68 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 80 
                 0.96 
                 3.28E−04 
                 −3.67 
                 9.75 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1998 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.83 
                 3.40E−04 
                 −3.66 
                 11.14 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.14 
                 4.71E−04 
                 −3.57 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v4592 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.59 
                 4.75E−04 
                 −3.57 
                 15.86 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v1332 
                 81 
                 1.58 
                 80 
                 0.08 
                 4.77E−04 
                 3.57 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 80 
                 0.90 
                 5.60E−04 
                 −3.52 
                 10.41 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v3024 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.30 
                 5.61E−04 
                 −3.52 
                 8.10 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v5604 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.33 
                 5.74E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 6.58 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2170 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.74 
                 5.74E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 59.74 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Actinobacteria; c_Coriobacteriia; o_Coriobacteriales; 
                 v2334 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 80 
                 0.55 
                 6.26E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 5.57 
               
               
                 f_Coriobacteriaceae; g_ Collinsella ; s_ aerofaciens   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v323 
                 81 
                 1.05 
                 80 
                 4.85 
                 6.45E−04 
                 −3.48 
                 4.62 
               
               
                 g_ Anaerostipes   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1540 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.74 
                 6.50E−04 
                 −3.48 
                 6.64 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4745 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.35 
                 6.63E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 14.17 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3283 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.48 
                 6.74E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 6.41 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 81 
                 1.37 
                 80 
                 0.24 
                 6.78E−04 
                 3.47 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5401 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.31 
                 6.95E−04 
                 −3.46 
                 25.31 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 81 
                 5.20 
                 80 
                 0.31 
                 7.01E−04 
                 3.46 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v513 
                 81 
                 2.48 
                 80 
                 0.75 
                 7.65E−04 
                 3.43 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v731 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 2.60 
                 8.02E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 42.12 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v360 
                 81 
                 0.86 
                 80 
                 3.29 
                 8.15E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 3.30 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v10047 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.18 
                 8.16E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 14.17 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1963 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 0.84 
                 8.42E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 6.78 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2977 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 80 
                 0.03 
                 8.63E−04 
                 3.40 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.52 
                 80 
                 0.10 
                 8.76E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v396 
                 81 
                 2.47 
                 80 
                 0.93 
                 9.60E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-474 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA473429 
                   
                 83 
                 0.51 
                 80 
                 1.75 
                 4.4E−68 
                 −30.14 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 83 
                 0.41 
                 80 
                 4.11 
                 3.1E−06 
                 −4.83 
                 10.04 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 83 
                 0.80 
                 80 
                 5.59 
                 1.4E−05 
                 −4.49 
                 7.03 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 83 
                 0.16 
                 80 
                 1.31 
                 5.1E−05 
                 −4.16 
                 8.38 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 83 
                 0.63 
                 80 
                 3.21 
                 7.3E−05 
                 −4.07 
                 5.13 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 83 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.20 
                 1.2E−04 
                 −3.95 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 83 
                 1.10 
                 80 
                 4.41 
                 2.5E−04 
                 −3.74 
                 4.02 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 83 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.71 
                 4.1E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 14.78 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales 
                 v1156 
                 83 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 1.65 
                 4.2E−04 
                 −3.60 
                 9.78 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 83 
                 0.14 
                 80 
                 1.08 
                 4.9E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 7.44 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 83 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.16 
                 5.3E−04 
                 −3.54 
                 13.49 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 83 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.38 
                 5.4E−04 
                 −3.53 
                 15.56 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Veillonellaceae; 
                 v8010 
                 83 
                 0.16 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 5.6E−04 
                 3.52 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Dialister   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 83 
                 0.13 
                 80 
                 1.03 
                 5.9E−04 
                 −3.50 
                 7.73 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 83 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.29 
                 7.9E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 3.98 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-476 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistit 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA475431 
                   
                 82 
                 0.66 
                 79 
                 2.43 
                 5.5E−80 
                 −36.97 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 82 
                 0.12 
                 79 
                 1.63 
                 5.3E−06 
                 −4.71 
                 13.39 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 82 
                 0.46 
                 79 
                 4.01 
                 1.0E−05 
                 −4.55 
                 8.66 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v335 
                 82 
                 0.89 
                 79 
                 5.77 
                 1.2E−05 
                 −4.52 
                 6.48 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 82 
                 0.68 
                 79 
                 3.65 
                 3.4E−05 
                 −4.27 
                 5.34 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 82 
                 1.26 
                 79 
                 4.99 
                 7.1E−05 
                 −4.08 
                 3.97 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 82 
                 1.56 
                 79 
                 0.19 
                 8.6E−05 
                 4.03 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 82 
                 0.15 
                 79 
                 1.25 
                 1.0E−04 
                 −3.99 
                 8.56 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 82 
                 4.00 
                 79 
                 0.94 
                 1.9E−04 
                 3.82 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4393 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.20 
                 2.6E−04 
                 −3.74 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 82 
                 0.11 
                 79 
                 1.08 
                 2.8E−04 
                 −3.71 
                 9.80 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5402 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 79 
                 0.22 
                 3.3E−04 
                 −3.67 
                 8.82 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.82 
                 3.7E−04 
                 −3.64 
                 16.87 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v957 
                 82 
                 0.35 
                 79 
                 1.76 
                 4.1E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 4.98 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v492 
                 82 
                 2.33 
                 79 
                 0.42 
                 4.3E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 82 
                 7.39 
                 79 
                 2.29 
                 4.7E−04 
                 3.57 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1391 
                 82 
                 0.12 
                 79 
                 0.96 
                 5.6E−04 
                 −3.52 
                 7.89 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia ; s_faecis 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v323 
                 82 
                 1.44 
                 79 
                 5.37 
                 5.6E−04 
                 −3.52 
                 3.73 
               
               
                 g_ Anaerostipes   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1540 
                 82 
                 0.21 
                 79 
                 1.14 
                 5.7E−04 
                 −3.52 
                 5.50 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1106 
                 82 
                 0.50 
                 79 
                 1.80 
                 6.0E−04 
                 −3.50 
                 3.59 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2170 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.80 
                 6.5E−04 
                 −3.48 
                 16.35 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1938 
                 82 
                 0.60 
                 79 
                 0.11 
                 7.2E−04 
                 3.45 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 79 
                 0.43 
                 7.5E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 17.65 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 82 
                 6.68 
                 79 
                 2.09 
                 7.9E−04 
                 3.42 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 82 
                 3.76 
                 79 
                 0.46 
                 8.5E−04 
                 3.40 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2930 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 79 
                 0.49 
                 9.0E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 13.49 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1691 
                 82 
                 0.18 
                 79 
                 0.65 
                 9.3E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 3.53 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-478 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA477433 
                   
                 81 
                 0.57 
                 81 
                 2.18 
                 1.0E−75 
                 −34.34 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 81 
                 1.30 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 3.1E−05 
                 4.29 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.46 
                 81 
                 3.38 
                 5.1E−05 
                 −4.16 
                 7.41 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.28 
                 81 
                 0.95 
                 5.6E−05 
                 4.14 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v492 
                 81 
                 1.75 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 8.5E−05 
                 4.03 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.93 
                 81 
                 4.70 
                 9.5E−05 
                 −4.00 
                 5.08 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 7.20 
                 81 
                 1.95 
                 1.5E−04 
                 3.89 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Actinobacteria; c_Actinobacteria; o_Bifidobacteriales; 
                 v949 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 81 
                 0.90 
                 1.9E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 9.13 
               
               
                 f_Bifidobacteriaceae; g_ Bifidobacterium ; s_ adolescentis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 81 
                 1.46 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
                 6.56 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.72 
                 81 
                 3.02 
                 2.6E−04 
                 −3.74 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 2.7E−04 
                 −3.73 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 81 
                 4.17 
                 81 
                 0.40 
                 3.4E−04 
                 3.66 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2930 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.48 
                 3.4E−04 
                 −3.66 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 4.7E−04 
                 −3.57 
                 15.50 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 4.8E−04 
                 −3.57 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v529 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 81 
                 1.41 
                 7.2E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 10.36 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.26 
                 81 
                 4.44 
                 7.2E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 3.53 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1884 
                 81 
                 0.42 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 7.3E−04 
                 3.44 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v942 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 81 
                 1.56 
                 7.8E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 5.25 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 7.56 
                 81 
                 2.75 
                 8.2E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 81 
                 1.01 
                 8.4E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 8.20 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Actinobacteria; c_Coriobacteriia; o_Coriobacteriales; 
                 v1305 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 81 
                 1.04 
                 8.5E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 9.33 
               
               
                 f_Coriobacteriaceae; g_ Collinsella ; s_ aerofaciens   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v396 
                 81 
                 2.85 
                 81 
                 1.22 
                 8.8E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v7546 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 9.0E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1218 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 81 
                 1.37 
                 9.3E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 4.44 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-484 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA483315 
                   
                 82 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 1.18 
                 1.31E−52 
                 −22.94 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.26 
                 1.01E−04 
                 −3.99 
                 7.09 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 82 
                 4.33 
                 81 
                 0.23 
                 1.09E−04 
                 3.97 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 82 
                 0.82 
                 81 
                 4.21 
                 2.83E−04 
                 −3.71 
                 5.15 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 82 
                 0.48 
                 81 
                 2.90 
                 3.20E−04 
                 −3.68 
                 6.10 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 82 
                 0.29 
                 81 
                 1.51 
                 3.67E−04 
                 −3.64 
                 5.15 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4393 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 4.39E−04 
                 −3.59 
                 20.25 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 82 
                 4.23 
                 81 
                 1.28 
                 5.74E−04 
                 3.51 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 82 
                 0.96 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 6.36E−04 
                 3.48 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v14672 
                 82 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 3.87E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 82 
                 0.41 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 9.90E−04 
                 3.35 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-490 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA489445 
                   
                 81 
                 0.51 
                 80 
                 1.92 
                 6.7E−66 
                 −29.26 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 80 
                 1.71 
                 2.6E−05 
                 −4.33 
                 7.71 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 80 
                 4.10 
                 3.1E−05 
                 −4.29 
                 8.30 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.72 
                 80 
                 3.51 
                 6.1E−05 
                 −4.12 
                 4.91 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.94 
                 80 
                 5.51 
                 6.9E−05 
                 −4.09 
                 5.88 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.09 
                 80 
                 0.85 
                 1.1E−04 
                 3.98 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.19 
                 1.6E−04 
                 −3.86 
                 15.19 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 81 
                 0.70 
                 80 
                 0.09 
                 2.0E−04 
                 3.81 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales 
                 v1156 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 1.61 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
                 26.12 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v9826 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 3.8E−04 
                 3.63 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3283 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.61 
                 4.9E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 5.51 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.93 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.55 
                 8.33 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 80 
                 1.31 
                 6.2E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 6.25 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.47 
                 80 
                 4.74 
                 6.4E−04 
                 −3.48 
                 3.22 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.36 
                 6.6E−04 
                 −3.48 
                 14.68 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v5505 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.29 
                 6.8E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 5.82 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 7.33 
                 80 
                 2.26 
                 7.0E−04 
                 3.46 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 0.28 
                 7.5E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 4.45 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v184 
                 81 
                 11.21 
                 80 
                 2.55 
                 8.1E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 6.64 
                 80 
                 2.10 
                 8.4E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v490 
                 81 
                 5.31 
                 80 
                 0.46 
                 8.4E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.19 
                 9.1E−04 
                 −3.38 
                 15.19 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae; 
                 v8086 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.16 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.37 
               
               
                 g_SMB53 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v3864 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.28 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 22.27 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-492 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA491241 
                   
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 79 
                 0.75 
                 1.01E−62 
                 −27.80 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 10.64 
                 79 
                 1.89 
                 3.78E−07 
                 5.12 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.46 
                 79 
                 4.14 
                 2.60E−06 
                 −4.88 
                 9.06 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 79 
                 3.97 
                 2.98E−06 
                 −4.85 
                 10.39 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 79 
                 2.01 
                 7.62E−06 
                 −4.63 
                 9.59 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 79 
                 1.57 
                 7.67E−06 
                 −4.63 
                 8.48 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 0.99 
                 79 
                 4.99 
                 9.21E−06 
                 −4.58 
                 5.05 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3283 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.66 
                 9.30E−06 
                 −4.53 
                 13.33 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 81 
                 0.83 
                 79 
                 0.06 
                 1.19E−05 
                 4.52 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 3.57 
                 79 
                 0.48 
                 1.41E−05 
                 4.48 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v396 
                 81 
                 3.42 
                 79 
                 1.15 
                 1.79E−05 
                 4.42 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.60 
                 79 
                 5.10 
                 2.05E−05 
                 −4.39 
                 8.43 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 79 
                 2.77 
                 5.37E−05 
                 −4.15 
                 5.91 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v125 
                 81 
                 2.52 
                 79 
                 10.48 
                 6.00E−05 
                 −4.12 
                 4.16 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v2977 
                 81 
                 0.43 
                 79 
                 0.04 
                 9.02E−05 
                 4.02 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2169 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 79 
                 0.65 
                 9.11E−05 
                 −4.02 
                 7.47 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v282 
                 81 
                 1.53 
                 79 
                 6.44 
                 9.60E−05 
                 −4.00 
                 4.21 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridaceae 
                 v4592 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 79 
                 0.61 
                 1.19E−04 
                 −3.95 
                 49.22 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.30 
                 1.28E−04 
                 −3.93 
                 6.15 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5401 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 79 
                 0.41 
                 1.75E−04 
                 −3.84 
                 10.94 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.58 
                 1.92E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 11.79 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1679 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 79 
                 1.01 
                 2.15E−04 
                 −3.79 
                 5.86 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 79 
                 1.15 
                 2.46E−04 
                 −3.75 
                 7.18 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v111 
                 81 
                 4.33 
                 79 
                 15.13 
                 2.48E−04 
                 −3.75 
                 3.49 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1218 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 79 
                 1.30 
                 2.58E−04 
                 −3.74 
                 5.87 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales 
                 v183 
                 81 
                 1.95 
                 79 
                 6.38 
                 2.83E−04 
                 −3.71 
                 3.27 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v2002 
                 81 
                 0.69 
                 79 
                 0.19 
                 2.86E−04 
                 3.71 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1106 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 79 
                 1.72 
                 3.53E−04 
                 −3.65 
                 6.34 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v2503 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 79 
                 0.14 
                 3.59E−04 
                 3.65 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v3564 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.59 
                 3.84E−04 
                 −3.63 
                 12.05 
               
               
                 f_Porphyromonadaceae; g_ Parabacteroides ; s_ distasonis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1998 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 79 
                 0.95 
                 3.85E−04 
                 −3.63 
                 5.92 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v952 
                 81 
                 0.85 
                 79 
                 0.23 
                 4.29E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v871 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 79 
                 2.20 
                 4.71E−04 
                 −3.57 
                 6.61 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v7569 
                 81 
                 0.40 
                 79 
                 0.00 
                 4.72E−04 
                 3.57 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 5.72 
                 79 
                 1.56 
                 4.98E−04 
                 3.56 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v425 
                 81 
                 3.62 
                 79 
                 0.14 
                 6.21E−04 
                 3.49 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 79 
                 0.32 
                 6.34E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 25.63 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v979 
                 81 
                 0.42 
                 79 
                 1.71 
                 6.62E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 4.07 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v11393 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.15 
                 6.94E−04 
                 −3.46 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v19274 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.15 
                 6.94E−04 
                 −3.46 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v4067 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 79 
                 0.42 
                 7.59E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 6.77 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v360 
                 81 
                 1.05 
                 79 
                 3.23 
                 7.64E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 3.08 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v535 
                 81 
                 0.83 
                 79 
                 2.72 
                 7.94E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 3.29 
               
               
                 f_[Mogibacteriaceae] 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v3353 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 79 
                 0.46 
                 8.14E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 36.91 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v12412 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 79 
                 0.19 
                 8.28E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 15.38 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Proteobacteria; c_Betaproteobacteria; o_Burkholderiales, 
                 v880 
                 81 
                 1.53 
                 79 
                 0.22 
                 8.39E−04 
                 3.40 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 f_Alcaligenaceae; g_ Sutterella   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v8584 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 79 
                 0.20 
                 8.47E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 16.41 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Veillonellaceae; 
                 v479 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 6.11 
                 8.56E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 123.81 
               
               
                 g_ Phascolarctobacterium   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Erysipelotrichi; o_Erysipelotrichales; 
                 v14817 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.16 
                 8.73E−04 
                 −3.39 
               
               
                 f_Erysipelotrichaceae; g_[ Eubacterium ]; s_ biforme   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Proteobacteria; c_Betaproteobacteria; o_Burkholderiales, 
                 v2949 
                 81 
                 0.56 
                 79 
                 0.03 
                 9.28E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 f_Alcaligenaceae; g_ Sutterella   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v12858 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.20 
                 9.30E−04 
                 −3.37 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 1.25 
                 79 
                 5.86 
                 9.58E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 4.70 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2461 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 79 
                 0.63 
                 9.59E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 4.66 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Proteobacteria; c_Betaproteobacteria; o_Burkholderiales, 
                 v457 
                 81 
                 2.95 
                 79 
                 0.66 
                 9.81E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 f_Alcaligenaceae; g_ Sutterella   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 79 
                 0.92 
                 9.98E−04 
                 −3.35 
                 6.80 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-494 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA493449 
                   
                 81 
                 0.76 
                 81 
                 2.87 
                 3.7E−66 
                 −29.28 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.58 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 8.1E−05 
                 4.05 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 81 
                 2.91 
                 1.1E−04 
                 −3.97 
                 7.61 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.70 
                 81 
                 4.17 
                 1.3E−04 
                 −3.91 
                 5.93 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.46 
                 81 
                 3.21 
                 1.3E−04 
                 −3.91 
                 7.03 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 81 
                 1.35 
                 1.4E−04 
                 −3.90 
                 8.38 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 1.7E−04 
                 −3.85 
                 6.00 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.28 
                 81 
                 1.05 
                 2.0E−04 
                 3.81 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 1.54 
                 2.1E−04 
                 −3.80 
                 10.42 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 0.93 
                 81 
                 4.21 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
                 4.55 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 7.37 
                 81 
                 2.14 
                 2.8E−04 
                 3.71 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.65 
                 3.8E−04 
                 −3.63 
                 17.67 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v14672 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 4.8E−04 
                 3.57 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 81 
                 2.27 
                 4.9E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 5.94 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v5505 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 5.7E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v1384 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.80 
                 6.8E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 5.42 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 0.90 
                 81 
                 4.17 
                 7.0E−04 
                 −3.46 
                 4.63 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v13634 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 8.2E−04 
                 −3.41 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.35 
                 9.0E−04 
                 −3.38 
                 14.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2930 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 13.33 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1884 
                 81 
                 0.37 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 9.7E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v15255 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 9.9E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-502 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
                 inverse 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA501457 
                   
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 80 
                 0.89 
                 5.2E−55 
                 −24.12 
                   
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.20 
                 1.4E−04 
                 −3.90 
                   
                     #DIV/0. 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v12263 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.16 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.37 
                   
                     #DIV/0. 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v4516 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.41 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 33.41 
                 −0.02993 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.43 
                 80 
                 3.05 
                 3.8E−04 
                 −3.63 
                 7.06 
                 −0.14167 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v806 
                 81 
                 1.65 
                 80 
                 0.65 
                 9.1E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.39 
                 −2.54511 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2371 
                 81 
                 0.59 
                 80 
                 0.21 
                 1.8E−04 
                 3.83 
                 0.36 
                 −2.78867 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1791 
                 81 
                 0.90 
                 80 
                 0.25 
                 3.2E−04 
                 3.68 
                 0.28 
                 −3.60494 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v404 
                 81 
                 3.80 
                 80 
                 1.00 
                 6.5E−04 
                 3.48 
                 0.26 
                 −3.80247 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v4941 
                 81 
                 0.37 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 2.7E−04 
                 3.73 
                 0.17 
                 −5.92593 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v4835 
                 81 
                 0.41 
                 80 
                 0.01 
                 8.6E−04 
                 3.40 
                 0.03 
                 −32.5926 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-504 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA503459 
                   
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 0.77 
                 8.4E−80 
                 −36.87 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v3729 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.53 
                 6.9E−05 
                 −4.09 
                 21.26 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3710 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.35 
                 1.4E−04 
                 −3.91 
                 9.45 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v9826 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 2.5E−04 
                 3.75 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2237 
                 81 
                 0.63 
                 80 
                 0.16 
                 2.6E−04 
                 3.74 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 1.20 
                 3.3E−04 
                 −3.67 
                 9.72 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v2034 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.89 
                 3.5E−04 
                 −3.65 
                 5.99 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v7386 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 80 
                 0.01 
                 4.1E−04 
                 3.61 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2930 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.48 
                 4.4E−04 
                 −3.59 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v47 
                 81 
                 11.05 
                 80 
                 52.38 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.55 
                 4.74 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.48 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 5.0E−04 
                 3.55 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v215 
                 81 
                 7.07 
                 80 
                 1.69 
                 5.0E−04 
                 3.55 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v12263 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.19 
                 5.7E−04 
                 −3.52 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v12 
                 81 
                 90.41 
                 80 
                 25.61 
                 5.7E−04 
                 3.52 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v7546 
                 81 
                 0.23 
                 80 
                 0.01 
                 5.7E−04 
                 3.52 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1058 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 80 
                 1.41 
                 6.2E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 5.72 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.42 
                 80 
                 2.53 
                 7.3E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 6.02 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3447 
                 81 
                 0.44 
                 80 
                 0.04 
                 8.1E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v723 
                 81 
                 1.77 
                 80 
                 0.49 
                 8.8E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v8111 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.20 
                 9.3E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 16.20 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-512 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA511315 
                   
                 82 
                 0.31 
                 80 
                 2.81 
                 1.1E−50 
                 −22.19 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v957 
                 82 
                 0.16 
                 80 
                 1.30 
                 1.8E−05 
                 −4.42 
                 8.20 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 82 
                 0.39 
                 80 
                 3.33 
                 2.9E−05 
                 −4.30 
                 8.52 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 V1007 
                 82 
                 0.20 
                 80 
                 1.64 
                 3.1E−05 
                 −4.29 
                 8.39 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 82 
                 0.12 
                 80 
                 1.50 
                 3.7E−05 
                 −4.25 
                 12.30 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 82 
                 0.73 
                 80 
                 4.61 
                 4.3E−05 
                 −4.20 
                 6.30 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 82 
                 0.32 
                 80 
                 2.71 
                 5.9E−05 
                 −4.13 
                 8.55 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 82 
                 1.59 
                 80 
                 0.19 
                 6.3E−05 
                 4.11 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 82 
                 9.22 
                 80 
                 2.58 
                 7.1E−05 
                 4.08 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v1540 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.85 
                 8.1E−05 
                 −4.05 
                 17.42 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 82 
                 5.67 
                 80 
                 1.34 
                 9.2E−05 
                 4.01 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 82 
                 0.70 
                 80 
                 3.66 
                 1.3E−04 
                 −3.92 
                 5.27 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 82 
                 0.29 
                 80 
                 1.99 
                 1.5E−04 
                 −3.88 
                 6.79 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.54 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
                 44.08 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 82 
                 0.13 
                 80 
                 1.16 
                 2.3E−04 
                 −3.77 
                 8.67 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v942 
                 82 
                 0.26 
                 80 
                 1.60 
                 2.4E−04 
                 −3.76 
                 6.25 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1068 
                 82 
                 0.93 
                 80 
                 0.25 
                 3.3E−04 
                 3.67 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v516 
                 82 
                 0.46 
                 80 
                 2.50 
                 3.5E−04 
                 −3.65 
                 5.39 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 82 
                 0.50 
                 80 
                 0.06 
                 3.6E−04 
                 3.65 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v490 
                 82 
                 4.16 
                 80 
                 0.41 
                 3.9E−04 
                 3.62 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v10175 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.19 
                 3.9E−04 
                 −3.62 
                 15.38 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3283 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.38 
                 3.9E−04 
                 −3.62 
                 7.69 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v294 
                 82 
                 1.18 
                 80 
                 5.08 
                 4.3E−04 
                 −3.60 
                 4.29 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.14 
                 4.3E−04 
                 −3.59 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1218 
                 82 
                 0.23 
                 80 
                 1.44 
                 5.3E−04 
                 −3.54 
                 6.20 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v492 
                 82 
                 2.48 
                 80 
                 0.38 
                 5.3E−04 
                 3.54 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.40 
                 6.3E−04 
                 −3.49 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v688 
                 82 
                 0.35 
                 80 
                 2.03 
                 6.3E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 5.73 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Veillonellaceae; 
                 v783 
                 82 
                 1.93 
                 80 
                 0.43 
                 6.5E−04 
                 3.48 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Dialister   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v360 
                 82 
                 1.05 
                 80 
                 3.84 
                 6.6E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 3.66 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v731 
                 82 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 2.11 
                 6.8E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 34.64 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 82 
                 0.11 
                 80 
                 0.90 
                 7.3E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 8.20 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1123 
                 82 
                 0.21 
                 80 
                 1.40 
                 7.5E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 6.75 
               
               
                 f_Facalibecterium 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Veillonellaceae; 
                 v617 
                 82 
                 2.13 
                 80 
                 0.63 
                 7.9E−04 
                 3.42 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 g_ Dialister   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Veillonellaceae; 
                 v7341 
                 82 
                 0.24 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 8.2E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Dialister   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellacaea; 
                 v21051 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.13 
                 8.5E−04 
                 −3.40 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5168 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 80 
                 0.29 
                 8.5E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 7.86 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v7465 
                 82 
                 0.24 
                 80 
                 0.04 
                 8.8E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1963 
                 82 
                 0.13 
                 80 
                 0.88 
                 9.3E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 6.52 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-518 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA517473 
                   
                 82 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 0.85 
                 1.9E−66 
                 −29.32 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v9916 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 9.4E−04 
                 −3.37 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 16.20 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v13337 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 3.3E−04 
                 −3.67 
                 14.17 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 82 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.73 
                 4.1E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 11.95 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v529 
                 82 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 1.63 
                 6.1E−04 
                 −3.50 
                 7.86 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 82 
                 0.50 
                 81 
                 3.79 
                 2.2E−05 
                 −4.37 
                 7.58 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 82 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 1.35 
                 2.5E−04 
                 −3.75 
                 6.49 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 82 
                 0.16 
                 81 
                 1.02 
                 9.3E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 6.46 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.28 
                 1.6E−04 
                 −3.87 
                 5.82 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 82 
                 0.63 
                 81 
                 3.60 
                 1.8E−05 
                 −4.43 
                 5.68 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 82 
                 0.90 
                 81 
                 5.12 
                 7.8E−05 
                 −4.05 
                 5.68 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostrida; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 82 
                 1.32 
                 81 
                 4.99 
                 1.9E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 3.79 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-520 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA519475 
                   
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 79 
                 1.21 
                 7.8E−74 
                 −33.59 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 79 
                 0.42 
                 2.0E−04 
                 −3.81 
                 16.92 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 79 
                 0.18 
                 7.4E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 14.35 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 79 
                 0.78 
                 2.0E−04 
                 −3.81 
                 12.71 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 79 
                 1.47 
                 1.6E−04 
                 −3.86 
                 6.61 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.48 
                 79 
                 3.15 
                 1.5E−04 
                 −3.89 
                 6.55 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1702 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 79 
                 1.05 
                 8.9E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 6.55 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.88 
                 79 
                 4.63 
                 4.1E−05 
                 −1.22 
                 5.29 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.59 
                 79 
                 3.08 
                 1.4E−04 
                 −3.90 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 1.14 
                 79 
                 4.73 
                 5.5E−04 
                 −3.52 
                 4.17 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5333 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 79 
                 0.29 
                 8.7E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 3.93 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v324 
                 81 
                 1.33 
                 79 
                 4.22 
                 7.2E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 3.16 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 81 
                 1.12 
                 79 
                 0.20 
                 5.0E−04 
                 3.56 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-522 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA521477 
                   
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.77 
                 4.8E−70 
                 −31.27 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v5030 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 7.9E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 12.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 81 
                 0.65 
                 3.3E−04 
                 −3.67 
                 8.83 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v10175 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 8.6E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 8.00 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.60 
                 81 
                 2.44 
                 5.3E−04 
                 −3.53 
                 4.04 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 1.04 
                 81 
                 3.77 
                 5.9E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 3.63 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-524 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA523461 
                   
                 83 
                 0.06 
                 79 
                 0.54 
                 3.6E−78 
                 −35.74 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v9350 
                 83 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.23 
                 6.7E−04 
                 −3.47 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v12263 
                 83 
                 0.00 
                 79 
                 0.18 
                 3.3E−04 
                 −3.41 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1902 
                 83 
                 0.05 
                 79 
                 0.68 
                 4.1E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 14.18 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1391 
                 83 
                 0.08 
                 79 
                 0.94 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.55 
                 11.11 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia ; s_ faecis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 83 
                 0.07 
                 79 
                 0.71 
                 7.8E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 9.81 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v6775 
                 83 
                 0.02 
                 79 
                 0.23 
                 9.8E−04 
                 −3.36 
                 9.46 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1754 
                 83 
                 0.12 
                 79 
                 0.90 
                 6.2E−04 
                 −3.49 
                 7.46 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v2034 
                 83 
                 0.10 
                 79 
                 0.68 
                 4.9E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 7.09 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 83 
                 0.22 
                 79 
                 1.51 
                 8.9E−05 
                 −4.02 
                 6.95 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1423 
                 83 
                 0.17 
                 79 
                 1.11 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 6.60 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3710 
                 83 
                 0.06 
                 79 
                 0.33 
                 6.0E−04 
                 −3.50 
                 5.46 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 83 
                 0.66 
                 79 
                 3.27 
                 3.0E−04 
                 −3.70 
                 4.93 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 83 
                 1.10 
                 79 
                 4.82 
                 1.4E−04 
                 −3.90 
                 4.40 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 83 
                 1.17 
                 79 
                 4.38 
                 9.0E−04 
                 −3.38 
                 3.75 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1286 
                 83 
                 0.29 
                 79 
                 0.97 
                 3.0E−04 
                 −3.69 
                 3.37 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; o_Lactobacillales; f_Streptococcaceae; 
                 v92 
                 83 
                 21.10 
                 79 
                 1.77 
                 6.2E−04 
                 3.49 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 g_ Streptococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 83 
                 0.48 
                 79 
                 0.04 
                 1.6E−04 
                 3.86 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-530 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA523467 
                   
                 82 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.50 
                 8.9E−87 
                 −10.78 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v5983 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.28 
                 8.4E−05 
                 −1.04 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v8216 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 5.1E−04 
                 −3.55 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v20488 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 9.2E−04 
                 −3.38 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v3729 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 2.8E−04 
                 −3.71 
                 19.23 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3710 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.36 
                 3.7E−05 
                 −4.24 
                 14.68 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v5504 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.23 
                 7.4E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 9.62 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v2034 
                 82 
                 0.09 
                 81 
                 0.75 
                 1.7E−04 
                 −3.85 
                 8.82 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v47 
                 82 
                 8.85 
                 81 
                 48.07 
                 4.1E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 5.43 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1286 
                 82 
                 0.30 
                 81 
                 1.12 
                 2.5E−04 
                 −3.74 
                 3.68 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-532 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA531469 
                   
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 81 
                 0.61 
                 1.6E−81 
                 −37.72 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v439 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 81 
                 3.41 
                 8.5E−04 
                 −3.40 
                 39.43 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v3729 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.62 
                 7.8E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 16.67 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v5983 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 8.2E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 11.00 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3710 
                 81 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.36 
                 9.3E−05 
                 −1.01 
                 9.67 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1819 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 81 
                 0.72 
                 8.8E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 5.27 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1286 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 81 
                 1.07 
                 4.8E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 3.63 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1791 
                 81 
                 0.88 
                 81 
                 0.28 
                 0.1E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1783 
                 81 
                 0.65 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 7.8E−04 
                 3.43 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v5891 
                 81 
                 0.23 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 5.2E−04 
                 3.54 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-536 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA535473 
                   
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.75 
                 1.1E−73 
                 −33.35 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.40 
                 2.8E−04 
                 −3.72 
                 16.20 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1902 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 0.68 
                 7.2E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 10.93 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 80 
                 0.66 
                 7.7E−04 
                 −3.43 
                 10.73 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.51 
                 80 
                 2.95 
                 4.3E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 5.83 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v407 
                 81 
                 0.62 
                 80 
                 2.81 
                 2.9E−04 
                 −3.71 
                 4.56 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.98 
                 80 
                 4.18 
                 5.9E−04 
                 −3.50 
                 4.28 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v10464 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 80 
                 0.00 
                 8.8E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v782 
                 81 
                 1.21 
                 80 
                 0.18 
                 3.1E−04 
                 3.69 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3066 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 80 
                 0.04 
                 6.4E−04 
                 3.48 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.37 
                 80 
                 0.04 
                 8.9E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v6523 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 80 
                 0.03 
                 9.0E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v9826 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 0.01 
                 9.7E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides ; s_ uniformis   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-538 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA537475 
                   
                 81 
                 0.71 
                 80 
                 2.83 
                 9.2E−61 
                 −26.76 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v8216 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 80 
                 0.18 
                 2.0E−04 
                 −3.80 
                     #DIV/0. 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5431 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.23 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.55 
                 18.22 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v5504 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 80 
                 0.20 
                 9.3E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 16.20 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.38 
                 4.3E−04 
                 −3.60 
                 15.19 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 80 
                 0.66 
                 4.6E−04 
                 −3.58 
                 13.42 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5168 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 80 
                 0.25 
                 6.7E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 10.12 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 81 
                 0.41 
                 80 
                 2.88 
                 1.6E−04 
                 −3.86 
                 7.06 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v967 
                 81 
                 0.26 
                 80 
                 1.58 
                 5.9E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 6.07 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 81 
                 0.70 
                 80 
                 4.14 
                 1.0E−04 
                 −3.98 
                 5.88 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1998 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 80 
                 0.76 
                 9.6E−04 
                 −3.36 
                 5.61 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v333 
                 81 
                 0.90 
                 80 
                 4.86 
                 1.2E−04 
                 −3.94 
                 5.40 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v3024 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 80 
                 0.38 
                 8.7E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 5.06 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 80 
                 1.24 
                 7.3E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 5.01 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v158 
                 81 
                 8.31 
                 80 
                 2.55 
                 8.7E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v513 
                 81 
                 1.96 
                 80 
                 0.54 
                 4.2E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v188 
                 81 
                 7.17 
                 80 
                 1.70 
                 9.5E−05 
                 4.00 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v284 
                 81 
                 4.35 
                 80 
                 0.86 
                 8.7E−05 
                 4.03 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v14672 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 80 
                 0.01 
                 9.7E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-540 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA539315 
                   
                 82 
                 1.36 
                 81 
                 7.95 
                 2.0E−52 
                 −22.86 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v4916 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 3.7E−04 
                 −3.64 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Proteobacteria; c_Gammaproteobacteria; o_Enterobacteriales; 
                 v13141 
                 82 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 5.1E−04 
                 −3.55 
               
               
                 f_Enterobacteriaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2737 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 8.2E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 20.25 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v5168 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 6.7E−04 
                 −3.47 
                 20.25 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v6941 
                 82 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 9.0E−04 
                 −3.38 
                 17.21 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.60 
                 8.7E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 16.53 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v6547 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.36 
                 9.6E−04 
                 −3.36 
                 14.68 
               
               
                 g_ Anaerostipes   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v3093 
                 82 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.46 
                 7.2E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 9.36 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v967 
                 82 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 1.51 
                 2.4E−04 
                 −3.75 
                 8.82 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v323 
                 82 
                 0.90 
                 81 
                 6.63 
                 7.0E−04 
                 −3.46 
                 7.35 
               
               
                 g_ Anaerostipes   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v527 
                 82 
                 0.41 
                 81 
                 2.77 
                 3.2E−04 
                 −3.68 
                 6.67 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3283 
                 82 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 9.4E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 6.28 
               
               
                 g_ Dorea ; s_ formicigenerans   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v717 
                 82 
                 0.41 
                 81 
                 2.32 
                 4.6E−04 
                 −3.58 
                 5.60 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v385 
                 82 
                 0.74 
                 81 
                 4.16 
                 2.5E−04 
                 −3.75 
                 5.59 
               
               
                 g_ Blautis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1007 
                 82 
                 0.23 
                 81 
                 1.21 
                 9.7E−04 
                 −3.36 
                 5.22 
               
               
                 g_ Blautis   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v333 
                 82 
                 0.99 
                 81 
                 4.32 
                 7.4E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 4.37 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v1691 
                 82 
                 0.18 
                 81 
                 0.67 
                 2.6E−04 
                 −3.73 
                 3.64 
               
               
                 g_ Roseburia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v12957 
                 82 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 8.9E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v13964 
                 82 
                 0.16 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 4.7E−04 
                 3.57 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v158 
                 82 
                 8.95 
                 81 
                 3.44 
                 6.1E−04 
                 3.50 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v4400 
                 82 
                 0.29 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 7.6E−04 
                 3.43 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 g_ Blautis   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-550 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA549487 
                   
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.43 
                 1.1E−70 
                 −31.61 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v439 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 3.57 
                 5.4E−04 
                 −3.53 
                 20.64 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v3729 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.38 
                 8.0E−04 
                 −3.42 
                 15.50 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v5030 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 8.2E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 11.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 81 
                 0.78 
                 3.5E−04 
                 −3.65 
                 9.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v2034 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 81 
                 0.68 
                 9.1E−04 
                 −3.38 
                 6.88 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v47 
                 81 
                 7.74 
                 81 
                 43.90 
                 8.1E−04 
                 −3.41 
                 5.67 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2 
                 81 
                 283.12 
                 81 
                 133.02 
                 5.7E−04 
                 3.52 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1392 
                 81 
                 0.94 
                 81 
                 0.32 
                 8.7E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v723 
                 81 
                 1.77 
                 81 
                 0.54 
                 7.8E−04 
                 3.43 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2464 
                 81 
                 0.44 
                 81 
                 0.14 
                 6.9E−04 
                 3.46 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1783 
                 81 
                 0.69 
                 81 
                 0.19 
                 3.0E−04 
                 3.70 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2505 
                 81 
                 0.49 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 8.6E−04 
                 3.40 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v2917 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 81 
                 0.07 
                 5.7E−04 
                 3.52 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 g_ Coprococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v3447 
                 81 
                 0.47 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 9.5E−04 
                 3.37 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v5762 
                 81 
                 0.17 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 9.0E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c Bacilli; o_Lactobacillales; f_Streptococcaceae; 
                 v8681 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 7.6E−04 
                 3.43 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 g_ Streptococcus   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 28: Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-574 levels: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-576 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA575513 
                   
                 82 
                 0.08 
                 81 
                 0.78 
                 1.3E−68 
                 −30.41 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 5030 
                 82 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.30 
                 7.3E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 12.15 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; o_Lactobacillales; f_Streptococcaceae; 
                 11309 
                 82 
                 0.15 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 8.9E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Streptococcus   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-580 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA579517 
                   
                 81 
                 −0.05 
                 81 
                 0.32 
                 2.2E−72 
                 −32.51 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1058 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 81 
                 1.79 
                 2.3E−05 
                 −4.36 
                 7.25 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v125 
                 81 
                 3.83 
                 81 
                 12.06 
                 8.8E−05 
                 −4.03 
                 3.15 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v21 
                 81 
                 23.67 
                 81 
                 90.96 
                 1.3E−04 
                 −3.91 
                 3.84 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1783 
                 81 
                 0.69 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 1.4E−04 
                 3.90 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1583 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 81 
                 0.98 
                 1.8E−04 
                 −3.84 
                 3.95 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1819 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 1.17 
                 1.9E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 5.59 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v3887 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 1.9E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 6.75 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v773 
                 81 
                 0.51 
                 81 
                 2.01 
                 1.9E−04 
                 −3.82 
                 3.98 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v1211 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 81 
                 1.28 
                 2.2E−04 
                 −3.78 
                 11.56 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v439 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 81 
                 6.14 
                 2.3E−04 
                 −3.77 
                 55.22 
               
               
                 g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2 
                 81 
                 268.67 
                 81 
                 109.30 
                 2.3E−04 
                 3.77 
                 0.41 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1465 
                 81 
                 0.89 
                 81 
                 0.16 
                 2.4E−04 
                 3.76 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v2034 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.84 
                 2.9E−04 
                 −3.70 
                 13.60 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v723 
                 81 
                 1.67 
                 81 
                 0.42 
                 3.2E−04 
                 3.68 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1154 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 81 
                 2.16 
                 3.6E−04 
                 −3.65 
                 7.95 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v47 
                 81 
                 5.67 
                 81 
                 54.98 
                 4.1E−04 
                 −3.61 
                 9.70 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1392 
                 81 
                 0.86 
                 81 
                 0.25 
                 4.2E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2591 
                 81 
                 0.09 
                 81 
                 0.65 
                 4.9E−04 
                 −3.56 
                 7.57 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4663 
                 81 
                 0.05 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 5.3E−04 
                 −3.54 
                 6.75 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v4509 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 81 
                 0.51 
                 5.9E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 4.56 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v7176 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 5.9E−04 
                 −3.51 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2464 
                 81 
                 0.43 
                 81 
                 0.11 
                 7.0E−04 
                 3.46 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v545 
                 81 
                 0.79 
                 81 
                 2.80 
                 7.1E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 3.55 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v1356 
                 81 
                 0.93 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 8.0E−04 
                 3.42 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v950 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 2.12 
                 8.6E−04 
                 −3.40 
               
               
                 g_ Ostillospira   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-590 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA589545 
                   
                 83 
                 −0.16 
                 78 
                 0.09 
                  6.3E−125 
                 −73.80 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1356 
                 83 
                 1.04 
                 78 
                 0.15 
                 3.8E−06 
                 4.79 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2340 
                 83 
                 0.59 
                 78 
                 0.09 
                 7.3E−06 
                 4.64 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v215 
                 83 
                 10.13 
                 78 
                 2.58 
                 1.0E−05 
                 4.56 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2 
                 83 
                 312.16 
                 78 
                 102.50 
                 1.1E−05 
                 4.54 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v723 
                 83 
                 2.57 
                 78 
                 0.64 
                 1.8E−05 
                 4.42 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2206 
                 83 
                 0.63 
                 78 
                 0.06 
                 1.9E−05 
                 4.41 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2558 
                 83 
                 0.65 
                 78 
                 0.06 
                 2.0E−05 
                 4.40 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2044 
                 83 
                 0.58 
                 78 
                 0.12 
                 4.7E−05 
                 4.19 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1783 
                 83 
                 0.78 
                 78 
                 0.14 
                 5.0E−05 
                 4.17 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1465 
                 83 
                 1.06 
                 78 
                 0.13 
                 5.0E−05 
                 4.17 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1791 
                 83 
                 0.75 
                 78 
                 0.15 
                 5.8E−05 
                 4.13 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v56 
                 83 
                 32.48 
                 78 
                 9.08 
                 6.1E−05 
                 4.12 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2874 
                 83 
                 0.60 
                 78 
                 0.08 
                 6.8E−05 
                 4.09 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1978 
                 83 
                 0.67 
                 78 
                 0.15 
                 7.2E−05 
                 4.08 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v891 
                 83 
                 1.42 
                 78 
                 0.24 
                 7.5E−05 
                 4.07 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2282 
                 83 
                 0.58 
                 78 
                 0.13 
                 8.0E−05 
                 4.05 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v10462 
                 83 
                 0.00 
                 78 
                 0.17 
                 8.0E−05 
                 −4.05 
                     #DIV/0. 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1566 
                 83 
                 1.06 
                 78 
                 0.17 
                 8.5E−05 
                 4.04 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2157 
                 83 
                 0.58 
                 78 
                 0.12 
                 8.5E−05 
                 4.03 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1392 
                 83 
                 0.88 
                 78 
                 0.22 
                 8.5E−05 
                 4.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v473 
                 83 
                 3.33 
                 78 
                 0.49 
                 1.4E−04 
                 3.90 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v4334 
                 83 
                 0.33 
                 78 
                 0.04 
                 1.6E−04 
                 3.87 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v3447 
                 83 
                 0.55 
                 78 
                 0.04 
                 1.8E−04 
                 3.84 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v608 
                 83 
                 1.72 
                 78 
                 0.56 
                 1.8E−04 
                 3.83 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1673 
                 83 
                 0.71 
                 78 
                 0.19 
                 1.8E−04 
                 3.83 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1549 
                 83 
                 0.72 
                 78 
                 0.19 
                 1.8E−04 
                 3.83 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Clostridia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v1211 
                 83 
                 0.04 
                 78 
                 0.90 
                 2.0E−04 
                 −3.80 
                 24.83 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v927 
                 83 
                 1.84 
                 78 
                 0.49 
                 2.1E−04 
                 3.80 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v3526 
                 83 
                 0.42 
                 78 
                 0.08 
                 2.4E−04 
                 3.76 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v3579 
                 83 
                 0.43 
                 78 
                 0.05 
                 2.4E−04 
                 3.76 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v567 
                 83 
                 2.20 
                 78 
                 0.47 
                 2.4E−04 
                 3.76 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Dorea   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2298 
                 83 
                 0.39 
                 78 
                 0.05 
                 2.7E−04 
                 3.73 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v8162 
                 83 
                 0.25 
                 78 
                 0.01 
                 2.8E−04 
                 3.72 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 f_Lachnospiraceae; g_ Blautia   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v6347 
                 83 
                 0.24 
                 78 
                 0.01 
                 2.9E−04 
                 3.71 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1377 
                 83 
                 0.83 
                 78 
                 0.24 
                 3.3E−04 
                 3.67 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v352 
                 83 
                 4.48 
                 78 
                 0.69 
                 3.5E−04 
                 3.66 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1580 
                 83 
                 0.92 
                 78 
                 0.13 
                 3.5E−04 
                 3.65 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2135 
                 83 
                 0.64 
                 78 
                 0.13 
                 3.7E−04 
                 3.64 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v3672 
                 83 
                 0.37 
                 78 
                 0.04 
                 3.7E−04 
                 3.64 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1372 
                 83 
                 1.13 
                 78 
                 0.06 
                 3.8E−04 
                 3.63 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2696 
                 83 
                 0.51 
                 78 
                 0.10 
                 4.1E−04 
                 3.61 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1822 
                 83 
                 0.78 
                 78 
                 0.22 
                 4.2E−04 
                 3.60 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Clostridia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v3729 
                 83 
                 0.01 
                 78 
                 0.45 
                 4.3E−04 
                 −3.60 
                 37.24 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2186 
                 83 
                 0.61 
                 78 
                 0.12 
                 4.4E−04 
                 3.59 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v364 
                 83 
                 0.80 
                 78 
                 4.01 
                 5.0E−04 
                 −3.55 
                 5.05 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1812 
                 83 
                 0.80 
                 78 
                 0.23 
                 5.0E−04 
                 3.55 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2237 
                 83 
                 0.70 
                 78 
                 0.14 
                 5.3E−04 
                 3.54 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v47 
                 83 
                 3.63 
                 78 
                 44.60 
                 5.4E−04 
                 −3.53 
                 12.30 
               
               
                 f_Rikenellaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1730 
                 83 
                 0.76 
                 78 
                 0.22 
                 5.5E−04 
                 3.53 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v438 
                 83 
                 3.25 
                 78 
                 0.27 
                 5.5E−04 
                 3.52 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v652 
                 83 
                 2.31 
                 78 
                 0.51 
                 5.9E−04 
                 3.51 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v556 
                 83 
                 2.72 
                 78 
                 0.35 
                 6.2E−04 
                 3.49 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1739 
                 83 
                 0.66 
                 78 
                 0.17 
                 6.3E−04 
                 3.49 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2788 
                 83 
                 0.51 
                 78 
                 0.13 
                 6.5E−04 
                 3.48 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v6416 
                 83 
                 0.24 
                 78 
                 0.01 
                 7.5E−04 
                 3.44 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v4689 
                 83 
                 0.29 
                 78 
                 0.05 
                 7.8E−04 
                 3.42 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2138 
                 83 
                 0.67 
                 78 
                 0.15 
                 8.0E−04 
                 3.42 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; 
                 v2013 
                 83 
                 0.64 
                 78 
                 0.17 
                 8.1E−04 
                 3.42 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 f_Bacteroidaceae; g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v13610 
                 83 
                 0.17 
                 78 
                 0.00 
                 8.2E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v439 
                 83 
                 0.53 
                 78 
                 5.06 
                 8.7E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 9.55 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Oscillospira   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales 
                 v3796 
                 83 
                 0.18 
                 78 
                 0.00 
                 9.2E−04 
                 3.38 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1534 
                 83 
                 0.89 
                 78 
                 0.23 
                 9.4E−04 
                 3.37 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v1583 
                 83 
                 0.10 
                 78 
                 0.64 
                 9.5E−04 
                 −3.37 
                 6.65 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Ruminococcus ; s_ bromii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; 
                 v2464 
                 83 
                 0.45 
                 78 
                 0.13 
                 9.9E−04 
                 3.36 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 f_Ruminococcaceae; g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-592 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA591555 
                   
                 81 
                 −0.02 
                 78 
                 0.60 
                 1.3E−48 
                 −21.49 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae 
                 v364 
                 81 
                 0.74 
                 78 
                 4.49 
                 3.5E−04 
                 −3.66 
                 6.06 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v2874 
                 81 
                 0.43 
                 78 
                 0.05 
                 3.2E−04 
                 3.41 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-594 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA593557 
                   
                 81 
                 0.37 
                 81 
                 2.08 
                 8.1E−52 
                 −22.67 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcaceae; 
                 v15704 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 81 
                 0.15 
                 8.2E−04 
                 −3.41 
               
               
                 g_ Faecalibacterium ; s_ prausnitzii   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v5030 
                 81 
                 0.01 
                 81 
                 0.31 
                 2.4E−04 
                 −3.76 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidis; o_Bacteroidales; f_Rikenellaceae; 
                 v7275 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 81 
                 0.22 
                 8.7E−04 
                 −3.39 
                 9.00 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Ruminococcacese; 
                 v3121 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 6.2E−04 
                 3.49 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Ruminococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; o_Lactobacillales; f_Streptococcacese; 
                 v10586 
                 81 
                 0.20 
                 81 
                 0.00 
                 6.4E−04 
                 3.48 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 g_ Streptococcus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v3514 
                 81 
                 0.27 
                 81 
                 0.06 
                 5.2E−04 
                 3.54 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; o_Lactobacillales; f_Streptococcaceae; 
                 v3501 
                 81 
                 0.63 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 7.4E−04 
                 3.44 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 g_ Streptoccoccus   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae; 
                 v4161 
                 81 
                 0.21 
                 81 
                 0.02 
                 8.9E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 g_ Blautia   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 34 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Gut microbes corresponding with high and low GTA-596 levels: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 OTUs 
                 OTUs 
                 N1 
                 meanQ1 
                 N2 
                 meanQ5 
                 p value 
                 tstatistic 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GTA595559 
                   
                 82 
                 0.19 
                 81 
                 1.61 
                 3.1E−34 
                 −15.63 
                   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Lachnospiraceae 
                 v2563 
                 82 
                 0.06 
                 81 
                 0.56 
                 7.1E−04 
                 −3.45 
                 9.11 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Clostridia; o_Clostridiales; f_Clostridiaceae 
                 v5030 
                 82 
                 0.04 
                 81 
                 0.33 
                 7.5E−04 
                 −3.44 
                 9.11 
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Bacteroidetes; c_Bacteroidia; o_Bacteroidales; f_Bacteroidaceae; 
                 v2467 
                 82 
                 0.44 
                 81 
                 0.12 
                 8.9E−04 
                 3.39 
                 0.28 
               
               
                 g_ Bacteroides   
               
               
                 k_Bacteria; p_Firmicutes; c_Bacilli; o_Lactobacillales; f_Streptococcaceae; 
                 v3501 
                 82 
                 0.70 
                 81 
                 0.10 
                 3.2E−04 
                 3.68 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 g_ Streptococcus   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2. Measuring GTA Levels in Gut Microbe Samples 
     Three human, one dog and one pig fecal samples were incubated in brain heart infusion (BHI) media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Cell pellets were extracted by mechanical lysis and sonication in organic solvents, followed by the analysis of the solvents by tandem mass spectrometry to determine GTA levels. 
     Selected GTAs were detected in most samples above background levels. For example, GTA-445.4/383.4 and GTA 447.4/385.4 were detected at relatively low levels compared to a human serum sample, but still above background levels. GTAs 449.4/405.4, 463.4/419.4, 465.4 /403.4 were all detected at levels well above background and approaching 50% of a human serum sample, particularly at 72 hours across all conditions analyzed. These results are shown in  FIGS. 4-9 . 
     The results provide the first evidence that GTAs appear to be the products of gut microbes. The present invention therefore provides for the use of microbial sources to produce GTAs or to augment GTA levels in subjects by providing probiotics containing combinations of GTA-producing microbes. This can include the commercial production of GTAs using industrial fermentation systems, methods of isolating, selecting and/or enriching for microbial strains involved in GTA production. 
     One or more currently preferred embodiments have been described by way of example. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims. 
     REFERENCES 
     Ben-Neriah, Y. &amp; M. Karin (2011) Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-kappaB as the matchmaker.  Nat Immunol,  12, 715-23. 
     Chapkin, R., D. McMurray &amp; J. Lupton (2007) Colon cancer, fatty acids and anti-inflammatory compounds.  Curr Opin Gastroenterol,  23, 48-54. 
     Demaria, S., E. Pikarsky, M. Karin, L. Coussens, Y. Chen, E. El-Omar, G. Trinchieri, S. Dubinett, J. Mao, E. Szabo, A. Krieg, G. Weiner, B. Fox, G. Coukos, E. Wang, R. Abraham, M. Carbone &amp; M. Lotze (2010) Cancer and inflammation: promise for biologic therapy.  J Immunother,  33, 335-351. 
     Freitas, R. &amp; C. A. M. Fraga (2018) NF-kappaB-IKKbeta pathway as a target for drug development: realities, challenges and perspectives.  Curr Drug Targets.    
     Hussain, S. P. &amp; C. C. Harris (2007) Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials.  Int J Cancer,  121, 2373-80. 
     Itzkowitz, S. &amp; X. Yio (2004) Inflammation and cancer IV. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: the role of inflammation.  Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,  287, G7-17. 
     Maccio, A. &amp; C. Madeddu (2012) Inflammation and ovarian cancer.  Cytokine,  58, 133-47. 
     Marusawa, H. &amp; B. J. Jenkins (2014) Inflammation and gastrointestinal cancer: an overview.  Cancer Lett,  345, 153-6. 
     Ritchie, S., P. Ahiahonu, D. Jayasinghe, D. Heath, J. Liu, Y. Lu, W. Jin, A. Kavianpour, Y. Yamazaki, A. Khan, M. Hossain, K. Su-Myat, P. Wood, K. Krenitsky, I. Takemasa, M. Miyake, M. Sekimoto, M. Monden, H. Matsubara, F. Nomura &amp; D. Goodenowe (2010a) Reduced levels of hydroxylated, polyunsaturated ultra long-chain fatty acids in the serum of colorectal cancer patients: implications for early screening and detection.  BMC medicine,  8. 
     Ritchie, S., D. Heath, Y. Yamazaki, B. Grimmalt, A. Kavianpour, K. Krenitsky, H. Elshoni, I. Takemasa, M. Miyake, M. Sekimoto, M. Monden, T. Tomonaga, H. Matsubara, K. Sogawa, K. Matsushita, F. Nomura &amp; D. Goodenowe (2010b) Reduction of novel circulating long-chain fatty acids in colorectal cancer patients is independent of tumor burden and correlates with age.  BMC gastroenterology,  10. 
     Ritchie, S. A., H. Akita, I. Takemasa, H. Eguchi, E. Pastural, H. Nagano, M. Monden, Y. Doki, M. Mori, W. Jin, T. T. Sajobi, D. Jayasinghe, B. Chitou, Y. Yamazaki, T. White &amp; D. B. Goodenowe (2013a) Metabolic system alterations in pancreatic cancer patient serum: potential for early detection.  BMC Cancer,  13, 416. 
     Ritchie, S. A., B. Chitou, Q. Zheng, D. Jayasinghe, W. Jin, A. Mochizuki &amp; D. B. Goodenowe (2015) Pancreatic cancer serum biomarker PC-594: Diagnostic performance and comparison to CA19-9.  World J Gastroenterol,  21, 6604-12. 
     Ritchie, S. A., D. Heath, Y. Yamazaki, B. Grimmalt, A. Kavianpour, K. Krenitsky, H. Elshoni, I. 
     Takemasa, M. Miyake, M. Sekimoto, M. Monden, T. Tomonaga, H. Matsubara, K. Sogawa, K. Matsushita, F. Nomura &amp; D. B. Goodenowe (2010c) Reduction of novel circulating long-chain fatty acids in colorectal cancer patients is independent of tumor burden and correlates with age.  BMC Gastroenterol,  10, 140. 
     Ritchie, S. A., D. Jayasinghe, G. F. Davies, P. Ahiahonu, H. Ma &amp; D. B. Goodenowe (2011) Human serum-derived hydroxy long-chain fatty acids exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity.  J Exp Clin Cancer Res,  30, 59. 
     Ritchie, S. A., J. Tonita, R. Alvi, D. Lehotay, H. Elshoni, S. Myat, J. McHattie &amp; D. B. Goodenowe (2013b) Low-serum GTA-446 anti-inflammatory fatty acid levels as a new risk factor for colon cancer.  Int J Cancer,  132, 355-62. 
     Schwartsburd, P. (2004) Age-promoted creation of a pro-cancer microenvironment by inflammation: pathogenesis of dyscoordinated feedback control.  Mech Ageing Dev,  125, 581-590. 
     Spehlmann, M. &amp; L. Eckmann (2009) Nuclear factor-kappa B in intestinal protection and destruction.  Curr Opin Gastroenterol,  25, 92-99. 
     Surh, Y., K. Chun, H. Cha, S. Han, Y. Keum, K. Park &amp; S. Lee (2001) Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kappa B activation.  Mutat Res,  480-481, 243-268. 
     Terzic, J., S. Grivennikov, E. Karin &amp; M. Karin (2010) Inflammation and colon cancer.  Gastroenterology,  138, 2101-2114 e5. 
     Wu, Y., S. Antony, J. L. Meitzler &amp; J. H. Doroshow (2014) Molecular mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation-associated cancers.  Cancer Lett,  345, 164-73. 
     Xu, C., G. Shen, C. Chen, C. Gelinas &amp; A. Kong (2005) Suppression of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression by sulforaphane and PEITC through IkappaBalpha, IKK pathway in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.  Oncogene,  24, 4486-4495. 
     The above listed publications are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.