Patent Publication Number: US-6987826-B2

Title: Maximum extended load line limit analysis for a boiling water nuclear reactor

Description:
This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/475,592 filed Dec. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,697,447, issued Feb. 24, 2004. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to nuclear reactors and more particularly to a design analysis method that permits operation of a boiling water nuclear reactor in an expanded region of the power/core flow map. 
     A typical boiling water reactor (BWR) includes a pressure vessel containing a nuclear fuel core immersed in circulating coolant, i.e., water, which removes heat from the nuclear fuel. The water is boiled to generate steam for driving a steam turbine-generator for generating electric power. The steam is then condensed and the water is returned to the pressure vessel in a closed loop system. Piping circuits carry steam to the turbines and carry recirculated water or feedwater back to the pressure vessel that contains the nuclear fuel. 
     The BWR includes several conventional closed-loop control systems that control various individual operations of the BWR in response to demands. For example a control rod drive control system (CRDCS) controls the position of the control rods within the reactor core and thereby controls the rod density within the core which determines the reactivity therein, and which in turn determines the output power of the reactor core. A recirculation flow control system (RFCS) controls core flow rate, which changes the steam/water relationship in the core and can be used to change the output power of the reactor core. These two control systems work in conjunction with each other to control, at any given point in time, the output power of the reactor core. A turbine control system (TCS) controls steam flow from the BWR to the turbine based on pressure regulation or load demand. 
     The operation of these systems, as well as other BWR control systems, is controlled utilizing various monitoring parameters of the BWR. Some monitoring parameters include core flow and flow rate effected by the RFCS, reactor system pressure, which is the pressure of the steam discharged from the pressure vessel to the turbine that can be measured at the reactor dome or at the inlet to the turbine, neutron flux or core power, feedwater temperature and flow rate, steam flow rate provided to the turbine and various status indications of the BWR systems. Many monitoring parameters are measured directly, while others, such as core thermal power, are calculated using measured parameters. Outputs from the sensors and calculated parameters are input to an emergency protection system to assure safe shutdown of the plant, isolating the reactor from the outside environment if necessary, and preventing the reactor core from overheating during any emergency event. 
     To meet regulatory licensing guidelines, the thermal output of the reactor is limited as the percentage of maximum core flow decreases. A line characterized by this percent of thermal power output versus percent of core flow defines the upper boundary of the reactor safe operating domain. Some reactors have been licensed to operate with increased thermal power output (up-rated) with an upper boundary line characterized by the point of 100 percent original rated power and 75 percent of rated core flow. This upper boundary line constrains operation at the uprated power to a significantly smaller range of core flow and reduces flexibility during startup and at full power. 
     It would be desirable to provide a method of operating an up-rated boiling water nuclear reactor with a wider core flow operating range at full licensed power. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method for expanding the operating domain of a boiling water nuclear reactor that permits safe operation of the reactor at low core flows is described below. The operating domain is characterized by a map of the reactor thermal power and core flow. Typically, reactors are licensed to operate below the flow control/rod line characterized by the operating point defined by 100 percent of the original rated thermal power and 75 percent of rated core flow. In an exemplary embodiment, the method for expanding the operating domain of a boiling water nuclear reactor permits operation of the reactor between about 120 percent of rated thermal power and about 85 percent of rated core flow to about 100 percent of rated thermal power and about 55 percent of rated core flow. 
     The method for expanding the operating domain of a boiling water nuclear reactor includes, in one embodiment, determining an elevated load line characteristic that improves reactor performance, performing safety evaluations at the elevated load line to determine compliance with safety design parameters, and performing operational evaluations up to the elevated load line. The method also includes defining a set of operating conditions for the reactor in an upper operating domain characterized by the elevated load line. 
     Operational evaluations performed upto the elevated load line include, but are not limited to, evaluating plant maneuvers, frequent plant transients, plant fuel operating margins, operator training and plant equipment response and setpoints. Based on the results of the operational evaluations, constraints and requirements are established for plant equipment and procedures. Also, automatic adjustment of the control rod pattern, the flow controls, and the pressure controls based on the detection of a reactor transient is provided. 
     Additionally, the method includes performing a detailed analysis of the performance of the core recirculation system and the system control components. Further, the method provides for modifying the reactor process controls and computers to permit the reactor to operate in the expanded operating domain within predetermined safety parameters. Also, safety mitigation action setpoints are adjusted to permit reactor operation in the expanded operating domain. 
     The above described method provides analyzed limits that permit full power operation of the reactor at a core flow lower than 75 percent of rated core flow, which currently is the lowest permitted core flow for license approval. The lower than 75 percent core flow permits operation of the reactor over a larger core flow range and operating flexibility during startup and at full power. The method further provides savings in fuel cycle costs and faster plant startups due to the increased ability to establish desired full power control rod pattern at partial power conditions. 
     The method still further provides a reduced cycle average recirculation pumping power consumption resulting in an increase in net station output. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of the basic components of a power generating system that contains a turbine-generator and a boiling water nuclear reactor; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a method for expanding the operating domain of the boiling water nuclear reactor shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of the percent of rated thermal power versus core flow illustrating an expanded operating domain of the boiling water reactor shown in  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of the percent of rated thermal power versus core flow illustrating another expanded operating domain of the boiling water reactor shown in Figure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of the basic components of a power generating system  8 . The system includes a boiling water nuclear reactor  10  which contains a reactor core  12 . Water  14  is boiled using the thermal power of reactor core  12 , passing through a water-steam phase  16  to become steam  18 . Steam  18  flows through piping in a steam flow path  20  to a turbine flow control valve  22  which controls the amount of steam  18  entering steam turbine  24 . Steam  18  is used to drive turbine  24  which in turn drives electric generator  26  creating electric power. Steam  18  flows to a condenser  28  where it is converted back to water  14 . Water  14  is pumped by feedwater pump  30  through piping in a feedwater path  32  back to reactor  10 . 
       FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a method  40  for expanding the operating domain of boiling water nuclear reactor  10 . In one aspect, method  40  is applicable to boiling water nuclear reactor plants which can operate at higher than the original rated thermal power, where the fuel cycle performance at the higher load line is advantageous and plant performance at the higher power output is justified by appropriate safety analysis. In another aspect, method  40  provides the design concept and the analytical justification to operate boiling water nuclear reactor  10  in a significantly expanded region of the power/flow map. Method  40  includes the steps of determining an elevated load line characteristic that improves reactor performance  42 , performing safety evaluations at the elevated load line to determine compliance with safety design parameters  44 , and performing operational evaluations at the elevated load line  46 . Method  40  also includes the step of defining a set of operating conditions for the reactor in an upper operating domain characterized by the elevated load line  48 . 
     Based on the results of the operational evaluations of step  46 , constraints and requirements are established for plant equipment and procedures  50 . The optimum applicable range of the expanded region of operation is established. Also, automatic adjustment of the control rod pattern, the flow controls, and the pressure controls based on the detection of a reactor transient  52  is provided. Additionally, method  40  includes modification of the reactor process controls and computers to permit reactor operation in the upper operating domain  54 . 
     To determine the desired elevated load line characteristic, evaluations at elevated core thermal power are performed. The desired load line increase is based on the thermal power increase and the fuel cycle performance improvement that is obtained at the elevated core thermal power. Calculations are performed to define the operating conditions of the reactor in the new operating region characterized by the elevated load line. Evaluations of the expected performance of the reactor throughout the new operating region are also performed. 
     Operational evaluations performed at the elevated load line include, but are not limited to, evaluating plant maneuvers, frequent plant transients, plant fuel operating margins, operator training and plant equipment response and setpoints. Based on the results of the operational evaluations, constraints and requirements are established for plant equipment and procedures. 
     Safety evaluations typically address the safety analysis Chapter 15 of the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR). Additionally, non-Chapter 15 safety issues such as containment integrity, stability and anticipated transient without scram (ATWS) are addressed. Safety analysis include demonstration of compatibility with the previous resolutions of reactor stability monitoring and mitigation of unplanned events. The safety evaluations are performed such that compliance to plant design criteria is demonstrated. Assurance of acceptable protection of the reactor and the public is performed and documented to satisfy regulatory authorities. A safety analysis report is generated to comply with regulatory requirements. 
     To maximize the ability of the boiling water reactor unit to avoid trip during transients that may occur while operating in the extended region, automatic adjustment of some controls is provided. For example automatic adjustment of the control rod pattern, flow controls and pressure controls based on sensing the initiation of a transient, such as a pump trip, are provided. These automatic controls improve plant availability, even in the previous range of reactor operation. 
     An operating domain  58  of reactor  10  is characterized by a map of the reactor thermal power and core flow as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Typically, reactors are licensed to operate below a flow control/rod line  60  characterized by an operating point  62  defined by 100 percent of the original rated thermal power and 100 percent of rated core flow. In some circumstances, reactors are licensed to operate with a larger domain, but are restricted to operation below a flow control/rod line  64  characterized by an operating point  66  defined by 100 percent of the original rated thermal power and 75 percent of rated core flow. Some reactors have been licensed to operate at higher power as illustrated by lines  67  in  FIG. 3 . However, these reactors are constrained by flow control/rod boundary line  64 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, method  40  expands operating domain  58  of reactor  10  and permits operation of reactor  10  between about 120 percent of original rated thermal power and about 85 percent of rated core flow to about 100 percent of original rated thermal power and about 55 percent of rated core flow. Lines  68 ,  70  and  72  represents this new upper boundary of an upper operating region  74  of operating domain  58  of reactor  10 . 
       FIG. 4  shows another exemplary embodiment of the present invention where method  40  expands operating domain  58  of reactor  10  to an upper boundary represented by the operation of reactor  10  between about 120 percent of original rated thermal power and about 85 percent of rated core flow to about 60 percent of original rated thermal power and about 60 percent of rated core flow. Lines  70 ,  76  and  78  represents this new upper boundary of an expanded upper operating region  80  of operating domain  58  of reactor  10 . 
     Method  40  provides analyzed limits that permit licensed power operation of reactor  10  at a core flow lower than the constraint on core flow imposed by boundary  64 . The increased boundary line  68  permits operation of reactor  10  over a larger core flow range and operating flexibility during startup and at full power. Method  40  further provides savings in fuel cycle costs and faster plant startups due to the increased ability to establish desired full power control rod pattern at partial power conditions. Also provided is reduced cycle average recirculation pumping power consumption resulting in an increase in net station output. 
     Another embodiment of the invention includes providing analyses and evaluations to generate a safety analysis report as describe above. Additionally, licensing support is provided to the owner, or managing entity, of the boiling water nuclear reactor, along with technical consultation during the implementation of reactor analyses and modifications described above. 
     While the invention has been described and illustrated in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.