Patent Publication Number: US-9888224-B2

Title: Resolution loss mitigation for 3D displays

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Polarization based stereoscopic displays and auto-stereoscopic displays all suffer from resolution loss. Polarization based stereoscopic displays operate by modulating each row of the display in opposite polarization directions. When viewed using glasses incorporating passive polarizers only half of the screen content goes to each eye resulting in 50% resolution loss. 
     Auto stereoscopic displays work by spatially separating the light rays emanating from the display. For single-view auto stereoscopic displays, resolution loss is 50%. For multi-view auto stereoscopic display, the resolution loss increases as a function of the number of views provided. One type of auto stereoscopic display is parallax barrier based. Parallax barrier based displays employ an active switching barrier layer to alternately direct light to the right and left eyes on a per-frame basis. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The material described herein is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying figures. For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference labels have been, repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In the figures: 
         FIG. 1  is an illustrative diagram of an example system; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating an example process; 
         FIG. 3  is an illustrative diagram of an example scheme; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustrative diagram of an example system; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example device, all arranged in accordance with at least some implementations of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more embodiments or implementations are now described with reference to the enclosed figures. While specific configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. Persons skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the description. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that techniques and/or arrangements described herein may also be employed in a variety of other systems and applications other than what is described herein. 
     While the following description sets forth various implementations that may be manifested in architectures such as system-on-a-chip (SoC) architectures for example, implementation of the techniques and/or arrangements described herein are not restricted to particular architectures and/or computing systems and may be implemented by any architecture and/or computing system for similar purposes. For instance, various architectures employing, for example, multiple integrated circuit (IC) chips and packages, and/or various computing devices and/or consumer electronic (CE) devices such as set top boxes, smart phones, etc., may implement the techniques and/or arrangements described herein. Further, while the following description may set forth numerous specific details such as logic implementations, types and interrelationships of system components, logic partitioning/integration choices, etc., claimed subject matter may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, some material such as, for example, control structures and full software instruction sequences, may not be shown in detail in order not to obscure the material disclosed herein. 
     The material disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. The material disclosed herein may also be implemented as instructions stored on a machine-readable medium, which may be read and executed by one or more processors. A machine-readable medium may include any medium and/or mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computing device). For example, a machine-readable medium ma include read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.), and others. 
     References in the specification to “one implementation”, “an implementation”, “an example implementation”, etc., indicate that the implementation described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every implementation may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same implementation. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an implementation, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other implementations whether or not explicitly described herein. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example system  100  in accordance with the present disclosure. In various implementations, system  100  includes a graphics module  102  including a media module  104 , a memory  106  and a display module  108 . Graphics module  102  is operatively and communicatively coupled to a stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) display  110  such as a polarization based stereoscopic display or an auto stereoscopic display such as a parallax barrier based display. In various implementations, as will be explained in greater detail below, configuration data  112  may be exchanged between module  102  and display  110 . Further, as will also be explained in greater detail below, display module  108  may retrieve image content from memory  106 , may format that image content for display, and may provide the image content to display  110  in the form of frame data  114 . When doing so, display module  108  may provide a synchronization signal  116  to display  110  to aid in the rendering of frame data  114  as will be explained in greater detail below. 
     As will be explained in greater detail below, when graphics module  102  determines the type of display  110 , and determines, based on a display mode of display  110 , that display  110  is prepared to receive stereoscopic image content  118 , module  102  may use media module  104  to prepare stereoscopic image content  118  for display. Media module  104  may do so by storing full resolution left and right images of content  118  in memory  106 . Then, depending on at least a frame rate of stereoscopic image content  118 , module  102  may determine a refresh rate to be used when displaying stereoscopic image content  118  on display  110 . Further, in response to the type of display  110 , display module  108  may process stereoscopic image content  118 . 
     Media module  104  and display module  108  may be implemented by any combination of software, firmware and/or hardware. Thus, in various implementations, hardware logic such as a hardware engine may provide the functionality of media module  104  and/or display module  108  as described herein, while, in other implementations, modules  104  and/or  108  may be implemented by software such as driver software. 
     In various implementations, memory  106  may be any type of memory device or devices including volatile memory such as any type of Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), any type of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), and so forth. In various implementations, display  110  may be any type of S3D display such as, but not limited to, a polarization based display, a parallax barrier based display, and so forth. 
     In various embodiments, a video and/or media processor may implement graphics module  102 . In general, various components of system  100  may be implemented in software, firmware, and/or hardware and/or any combination thereof. For example, various components of system  100  may be provided, at least in part, by hardware of a computing system-on-a-chip (SoC) such as may be found in a computing system, consumer electronics (CE) device or the like. In various implementations, module  102  may be provided by software and/or firmware instructions executed by processing logic such as one or more central processing unit (CPU) processor cores, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a Fully Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and so forth. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a flow diagram of an example process  200  according to various implementations of the present disclosure. Process  200  may include one or more operations, functions or actions as illustrated by one or more of blocks  202 ,  204 ,  206 ,  210  and  212  of  FIG. 2 . By way of non-limiting example, process  200  will be described herein with reference to example system  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
     Process  200  may begin at block  202  where a display type and a display mode may be determined. In various implementations, block  202  may correspond to display  110  providing configuration data  112  to module  102  where data  112  may include at least display type data and display mode data for display  110 . In various embodiments, display type data may indicate that display  110  is one of a polarization based S3D display or a parallax barrier based S3D display, although the present disclosure is not limited to any particular S3D display type and/or technology. In various embodiments, display mode data may indicate whether or not display  110  has 3D display capability and/or is in a 3D display mode. In some embodiments, block  202  may involve module  102  obtaining configuration data  112  from display  110  by, for example, accessing registers (not shown) internal to display  110 . In other embodiments, block  202  may involve module  102  receiving configuration data  112  from display  110  when, for example, module  102  requests that display  110  provide configuration data  112 . 
     At block  204 , stereoscopic image content may be prepared in response to the display mode, wherein preparing the stereoscopic image content includes storing a full resolution left view image and a full resolution right view image in memory. In various implementations, if the display mode indicates that display  110  is in a 3D display mode and hence is ready to receive content  118 , block  204  may involve media module  104  writing content  118  in the form of a full resolution left view image and a full resolution right view image in memory  106 . For example,  FIG. 3  illustrates a scheme  300  in accordance with the present disclosure that includes some features of system  100  depicted in the context of process  200 . As depicted in scheme  300 , block  204  may involve media module  104  storing a left view image  302  and a tight view image  304  in memory  106 . For example, stereoscopic image content  118  may include an alternating sequence of full resolution left view and right view images organized as rows and columns of pixel values as depicted by example images  302  and  304 . 
     Process  200  may then continue at block  206  where a display refresh rate may be determined in response to at least a content frame rate of the stereoscopic image content. In various implementations, graphics module  102  may determine a display refresh rate at block  206  in response to the frame rate of stereoscopic image content  118  and a power policy. Further, module  102  may determine a display refresh rate at block  206  in response to whether content  118  is progressive scanned content or interlaced content. 
     In various implementations, if the frame rate of content  118  is N hertz, then graphics module  102  may determine, a display refresh rate of either N hertz or 2*N hertz depending on a power policy and/or whether content  118  is progressive scanned or interlaced content. In various embodiments, a power policy associated with system  100  may specify that module  102  should employ a lower display refresh rate and/or provide display content  118  in interlaced format to implement a power saving mode. Alternatively, if a power saving mode is not to be implemented, the power policy may specify that module  102  should employ a higher display refresh rate to implement an enhanced visual quality mode. For example, if content  118  has a frame rate of sixty (60) hertz and is progressive scanned, then, in an enhanced visual quality mode, module  102  may undertake block  206  by setting the display refresh rate to one-hundred twenty (120) hertz, whereas in power saving mode, module  102  may undertake block  206  by setting the display refresh rate to sixty (60) hertz. In another example, if content  118  has a frame rate of thirty (30) hertz and is progressive scanned, the module  102  may undertake block  206  by setting the display refresh rate to sixty (60) hertz while providing full resolution (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 3 ). In addition, as will be explained further below, module  102  may, for content  118 , use display module  108  to process content  118  for display by providing content  118  in interlaced format to display  110 . 
     Process  200  may continue at block  208  where the stereoscopic image content may be processed for display in response to the display type and the display refresh rate. In various implementations, referring again to  FIG. 3 , in response to both the display type determined at block  202  and the display refresh rate determined at block  206 , display module  108  may undertake block  208  by forming either horizontally interlaced frames  306  from alternate rows of images  302  and  304 , or vertically interlaced frames  308  from alternate columns of images  302  and  304 . For instance, when the display type specifies that display  110  is a polarization based S3D display, block  208  may involve display module  108  assembling frames  306  by accessing memory  106  to alternately obtain rows of pixel values of images  302  and  304 . Alternatively, when the display type specifies that display  110  is, for example, a parallax barrier based S3D display, block  208  may involve display module  108  assembling frames  308  by accessing memory  106  to alternately obtain columns of pixel values of images  302  and  304 . 
     At block  210 , the processed stereoscopic image content may be provided to a stereoscopic display. In various implementations, display module  108  may provide the processed image content to display  110  at block  210 . For example, if display  110  is a polarization based S3D display, module  108  may provide frames  306  in the form of frame data  114  to display  110 . Alternatively, for example, if display  110  is a parallax barrier based S3D display, module  108  may provide frames  308  in the form of frame data  114  to display  110 . When doing so, module  108  may provide frames  306  or  308  to display  110  at the display refresh rate as determined in block  206 . 
     Process  200  may conclude at block  212  where a synchronization signal may be provided to control display of the processed stereoscopic image content by synchronizing a stereoscopic control mechanism of the stereoscopic display with the processed stereoscopic image content. In various implementations, display module  108  may undertake block  212  by providing synchronization signal  116  to display  110 . For example, synchronization signal  114  may have the same frequency as the display refresh rate determined in block  206  and may be used to control a stereoscopic control mechanism of display  110  in synchronization with the image content provided at block  210 . For example, the stereoscopic control mechanism of display  110  may be controlled using synchronization signal  116  so that display  110  provides two image views (e.g., corresponding to the left view image  302  and right view image  304  of  FIG. 3 ) by either spatially separating the views (e.g., by using parallax harriers) or by using polarization to separate the views. 
     For instance, if display  110  is a polarization based S3D display, block  212  may involve using synchronization signal  116  to control an active retarder/polarization layer of display  110  to modulate each row of display  110  in opposite polarization directions in successive frames  306  (e.g., in one polarization direction for frame N, and in the other polarization direction for frame N−1). Alternatively, for example, if display  110  is a parallax barrier based S3D display, block  212  may involve using synchronization signal  116  to control parallax barriers internal to display  110  in order to modulate each column of display  110  in response to frames  308 . 
     While implementation of example process  200 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , may include the undertaking of all blocks shown in the order illustrated, the present disclosure is not limited in this regard and, in various examples, implementation of process  200  may include the undertaking only a subset of the blocks shown and/or in a different order than illustrated. 
     In addition, any one or more of the blocks of  FIG. 2  may be undertaken in response to instructions provided by one or more computer program products. Such program products may include signal bearing media providing instructions that, when executed by, for example, a processor, may provide the functionality described herein. The computer program products may be provided in any form of computer readable medium. Thus, for example, a processor including one or more processor core(s) may undertake one or more of the blocks shown in  FIG. 2  in response to instructions conveyed to the processor by a computer readable medium. 
     As used in any implementation described herein, the term “module” refers to any combination of software, firmware and/or hardware logic configured to provide the functionality described herein. The software logic may be embodied as a software package, code and/or instruction set or instructions, and “hardware”, as used in any implementation described herein, may include, for example, singly or in any combination, hardware logic such as hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry, state machine circuitry, and/or firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry. The modules may, collectively or individually, be embodied as circuitry that forms part of a larger system, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), system on-chip (SoC), and so forth. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example system  400  in accordance with the present disclosure. In various implementations, system  400  may be a media system although system  400  is not limited to this context. For example, system  400  may be incorporated into a personal computer (PC), laptop computer, ultra-laptop computer, tablet, touch pad, portable computer, handheld computer, palmtop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), cellular telephone, combination cellular telephone/PDA, television, smart device (e.g., smart phone, smart tablet or smart television), mobile internet device (MID), messaging device, data communication device, and so forth. 
     In various implementations, system  400  includes a platform  402  coupled to a display  420 . Platform  402  may receive content from a content device such as content services device(s)  430  or content delivery device(s)  440  or other similar content sources. A navigation controller  450  including one or more navigation features may be used to interact with for example, platform  402  and/or display  420 . Each of these components is described in greater detail below. 
     In various implementations, platform  402  may include any combination of a chipset  405 , processor  410 , memory  412 , storage  414 , graphics subsystem  415 , applications  416  and/or radio  418 . Chipset  405  may provide intercommunication among processor  410 , memory  412 , storage  414 , graphics subsystem  415 , applications  416  and/or radio  418 . For example, chipset  405  may include a storage adapter (not depicted) capable of providing intercommunication with storage  414 . 
     Processor  410  may be implemented as a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) or Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors, x86 instruction set compatible processors, multi-core, or any other microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU). In various implementations, processor  410  may be dual-core processor(s), dual-core mobile processor(s), and so forth. 
     Memory  412  may be implemented as a volatile memory device such as, but not limited to a Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), or Static RAM (SRAM). 
     Storage  414  may be implemented as a non-volatile storage device such as, but not limited to, a magnetic disk drive, optical disk drive, tape drive, an internal storage device, an attached storage device, flash memory, battery backed-up SDRAM (synchronous DRAM), and/or a network accessible storage device. In various implementations, storage  414  may include technology to increase the storage performance enhanced protection for valuable digital media when multiple hard drives are included, for example. 
     Graphics subsystem  415  may perform processing of images such as still or video for display. Graphics subsystem  415  may be a graphics processing unit (CPU) or a visual processing unit (VPU), for example. An analog or digital interface may be used to communicatively couple graphics subsystem  415  and display  420 . For example, the interface may be any of a High-Definition Multimedia Interface, DisplayPort, wireless HDMI, and/or wireless compliant techniques. Graphics subsystem  415  may be integrated into processor  410  or chipset  405 . In some implementations, graphics subsystem  415  may be a stand-alone card communicatively coupled to chipset  405 . 
     The graphics and/or video processing techniques described herein may be implemented in various hardware architectures. For example, graphics and/or video functionality may be integrated within a chipset. Alternatively, a discrete graphics and/or video processor may be used. As still another implementation, the graphics and/or video functions may be provided by a general purpose processor, including a multi-core processor. In a further embodiments, the functions may be implemented in a consumer electronics device. 
     Radio  418  may include one or more radios capable of transmitting and receiving signals using various suitable wireless communications techniques. Such techniques may involve communications across one or more wireless networks. Example wireless networks include (but are not limited to) wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), wireless metropolitan area network (WMANs), cellular networks, and satellite networks. In communicating across such networks, radio  418  may operate in accordance with one or more applicable standards in any version. 
     In various implementations, display  420  may include any television type monitor or display. In various implementations, display  420  may be an active polarization based or active barrier based auto stereoscopic display. Display  420  may include, for example, a computer display screen, touch screen display, video monitor, television-like device, and/or a television. Display  420  may be digital and/or analog. In various implementations, display  420  may be as holographic display. Also display  420  may be a transparent surface that may receive a visual projection. Such projections may convey various forms of information, images, and/or objects. For example, such projections may be a visual overlay for a mobile augmented reality (MAR) application. Under the control of one or more software applications  416 , platform  402  may display user interface  422  on display  420 . 
     In various implementations, content services device(s)  430  may be hosted by any national, international and/or independent service and thus accessible to platform  402  via the Internet, for example. Content services device(s)  430  may be coupled to platform  402  and/or to display  420 . Platform  402  and/or content services device(s)  430  may be coupled to a network  460  to communicate (e.g., send and/or receive) media information to and from network  460 . Content delivery device(s)  440  also may be coupled to platform  402  and/or to display  420 . 
     In various implementations, content services device(s)  430  may include a cable television box, personal computer, network, telephone, Internet enabled devices or appliance capable of delivering digital information and/or content, and any other similar device capable of unidirectionally or bidirectionally communicating content between content providers and platform  402  and/display  420 , via network  460  or directly. It will be appreciated that the content may be communicated unidirectionally and/or bidirectionally to and from any one of the components in system  400  and a content provider via network  460 . Examples of content may include any media information including, for example, video, music, medical and gaming information, and so forth. 
     Content services device(s)  430  may receive content such as cable television programming including media information, digital information., and/or other content. Examples of content providers may include any cable or satellite television or radio or Internet content providers. The provided examples are not meant to limit implementations in accordance with the present disclosure in any way. 
     In various implementations, platform  402  may receive control signals from navigation controller  450  having one or more navigation features. The navigation features of controller  450  may be used to interact with user interface  422 , for example. In embodiments, navigation controller  450  may be a pointing device that may be a computer hardware component (specifically, a human interface device) that allows a user to input spatial (e.g., continuous and multi-dimensional) data into a computer. Many systems such as graphical user interfaces (GUI), and televisions and monitors allow the user to control and provide data to the computer or television using physical gestures. 
     Movements of the navigation features of controller  450  may be replicated on a display (e.g., display  420 ) by movements of a pointer, cursor, focus ring, or other visual indicators displayed on the display. For example, under the control of software applications  416 , the navigation features located on navigation controller  450  may be mapped to virtual navigation features displayed on user interface  422 , for example. In embodiments, controller  450  may not be a separate component but may be integrated into platform  402  and/or display  420 . The present disclosure, however, is not limited to the elements or in the context shown or described herein. 
     In various implementations, drivers (not shown) may include technology to enable users to instantly turn on and off platform  402  like a television with the touch of a button after initial boot-up, when enabled, for example. Program logic may allow platform  402  to stream content to media adaptors or other content services device(s)  430  or content delivery device(s)  440  even when the platform is turned “off.” In addition, chipset  405  may include hardware and/or software support for 5.1 surround sound audio and/or high definition 7.1 surround sound audio, for example. Drivers may include a graphics driver for integrated graphics platforms. In embodiments, the graphics driver may comprise a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) Express graphics card. 
     In various implementations, any one or more of the components shown in system  400  may be integrated. For example, platform  402  and content services device(s)  430  may be integrated, or platform  402  and content delivery device(s)  440  may be integrated, or platform  402 , content services device(s)  430 , and content delivery device(s)  440  may be integrated, for example. In various embodiments, platform  402  and display  420  may be an integrated unit. Display  420  and content service device(s)  430  may be integrated, or display  420  and content delivery device(s)  440  may be integrated, for example. These examples are not meant to limit the present disclosure. 
     In various embodiments, system  400  may be implemented as a wireless system, a wired system, or a combination of both. When implemented as a wireless system, system  400  may include components and interfaces suitable for communicating over a wireless shared media, such as one or more antennas, transmitters, receivers, transceivers, amplifiers, filters, control logic, and so forth. An example of wireless shared media may include portions of a wireless spectrum, such as the RE spectrum and so forth. When implemented as a wired system, system  400  may include components and interfaces suitable for communicating over wired communications media, such as input/output (I/O) adapters, physical connectors to connect the I/O adapter with a corresponding wired communications medium, a network interface card (NIC), disc controller, video controller, audio controller, and the like. Examples of wired communications media may include a wire, cable, metal leads, printed circuit board (PCB), backplane, switch fabric, semiconductor material, twisted-pair wire, co-axial cable, fiber optics, and so forth. 
     Platform  402  may establish one or more logical or physical channels to communicate information. The information may include media information and control information. Media information may refer to any data representing content meant for a user. Examples of content may include, for example, data from a voice conversation, videoconference, streaming video, electronic mail (“email”) message, voice mail message, alphanumeric symbols, graphics, image, video, text and so forth. Data from a voice conversation may be, for example, speech information, silence periods, background noise, comfort noise, tones and so forth. Control information may refer to any data representing commands, instructions or control words meant for an automated system. For example, control information may be used to route media information through a system, or instruct a node to process the media information in a predetermined manner. The embodiments, however, are not limited to the elements or in the context shown or described in  FIG. 4 . 
     As described above, system  400  may be embodied in varying physical styles or form factors.  FIG. 5  illustrates implementations of a small form factor device  500  in which system  400  may be embodied. In embodiments, for example, device  500  may be implemented as a mobile computing device having wireless capabilities. A mobile computing device may refer to any device having a processing system and a mobile power source or supply, such as one or more batteries, for example. 
     As described above, examples of a mobile computing device may include a personal computer (PC), laptop computer, ultra-laptop computer, tablet, touch pad, portable computer, handheld computer, palmtop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), cellular telephone, combination cellular telephone/PDA, television, smart device (e.g., smart phone, smart tablet or smart television), mobile internet device (MID), messaging device, data communication device, and so forth. 
     Examples of a mobile computing device also may include computers that are arranged to be worn by a person, such as a wrist computer, finger computer, ring computer, eyeglass computer, belt-clip computer, armband computer, shoe computers, clothing computers, and other wearable computers. In various embodiments, for example, a mobile computing device may be implemented as a smart phone capable of executing computer applications, as well as voice communications and/or data communications. Although some embodiments may be described with a mobile computing device implemented as a smart phone by way of example, it may be appreciated that other embodiments may be implemented using other wireless mobile computing devices as well. The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , device  500  may include a housing  502 , a display  504 , an input/output (I/O) device  506 , and an antenna  508 . Device  500  also may include navigation features  512 . Display  504  may include any suitable display unit for displaying information appropriate for a mobile computing device. In various implementations, display  504  may be a active polarization based, active barrier based, or lenticular lens auto stereoscopic display. I/O device  506  may include any suitable I/O device for entering information into a mobile computing device. Examples for I/O device  506  may include an alphanumeric keyboard, a numeric keypad, touch pad, input keys, buttons switches, rocker switches, microphones, speakers, voice recognition device and software, and so forth. Information also may be entered into device  500  by way of microphone (not shown). Such information may be digitized by a voice recognition device (not shown). The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, nodules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodiment is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints. 
     One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations known a “IP cores” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to nations customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that actually make the logic or processor. 
     While certain features set forth herein have been described with reference to various implementations, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Hence, various modifications of the implementations described herein, as well as other implementations, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains are deemed to lie within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.