Patent Publication Number: US-11387344-B2

Title: Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having a doped work-function layer

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS-REFERENCE 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/982,465, filed on Feb. 27, 2020, which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Semiconductor devices are used in a variety of electronic applications, such as, for example, personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. Semiconductor devices are typically fabricated by sequentially depositing insulating or dielectric layers, conductive layers, and semiconductor layers of material over a semiconductor substrate, and patterning the various material layers using lithography to form circuit components and elements thereon. 
     The semiconductor industry continues to improve the integration density of various electronic components (e.g., transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.) by continual reductions in minimum feature size, which allow more components to be integrated into a given area. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a FinFET in a three-dimensional view, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 11A, 11B, 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 14A ,  14 B,  14 C,  15 A,  15 B,  16 A,  16 B,  17 ,  18 ,  19 A,  19 B,  20 A,  20 B,  21 A, and  21 B are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages in the manufacturing of FinFETs, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 22A, 22B, 23A, and 23B  illustrate charts of the compositions of layers with active element dopants present. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a chart of flat band voltages with respect to different active element dopants. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. 
     Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly. 
     Embodiments will now be described with respect to particular embodiments which form a fin field effect transistor (finFET). However, the embodiments described herein may be applied in a wide variety of devices and methods, such as nano structures, and all such embodiments are fully intended to be included within the scope of the embodiments. 
     With respect now to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a FinFET in a three-dimensional view, in accordance with some embodiments. The FinFET comprises a fin  52  on a substrate  50  (e.g., a semiconductor substrate). Isolation regions  56  are disposed in the substrate  50 , and the fin  52  protrudes above and from between neighboring isolation regions  56 . Although the isolation regions  56  are described/illustrated as being separate from the substrate  50 , as used herein the term “substrate” may be used to refer to just the semiconductor substrate or a semiconductor substrate inclusive of isolation regions. Additionally, although the fin  52  is illustrated as a single, continuous material as the substrate  50 , the fin  52  and/or the substrate  50  may comprise a single material or a plurality of materials. In this context, the fin  52  refers to the portion extending between the neighboring isolation regions  56 . 
     A gate dielectric layer  92  is along sidewalls and over a top surface of the fin  52 , and a gate electrode  94  is over the gate dielectric layer  92 . Source/drain regions  82  are disposed in opposite sides of the fin  52  with respect to the gate dielectric layer  92  and gate electrode  94 .  FIG. 1  further illustrates reference cross-sections that are used in later figures. Cross-section A-A is along a longitudinal axis of the gate electrode  94  and in a direction, for example, perpendicular to the direction of current flow between the source/drain regions  82  of the FinFET. Cross-section B-B is perpendicular to cross-section A-A and is along a longitudinal axis of the fin  52  and in a direction of, for example, a current flow between the source/drain regions  82  of the FinFET. Cross-section C-C is parallel to cross-section A-A and extends through a source/drain region of the FinFET. Subsequent figures refer to these reference cross-sections for clarity. 
     Some embodiments discussed herein are discussed in the context of FinFETs formed using a gate-last process. In other embodiments, a gate-first process may be used. Also, some embodiments contemplate aspects used in planar devices, such as planar FETs, nanostructure (e.g., nanosheet, nanowire, gate-all-around, or the like) field effect transistors (NSFETs), or the like. 
       FIGS. 2 through 21B  are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages in the manufacturing of FinFETs, in accordance with some embodiments.  FIGS. 2 through 7  illustrate reference cross-section A-A illustrated in  FIG. 1 , except for multiple fins/FinFETs.  FIGS. 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, and 14A  are illustrated along reference cross-section A-A illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and  FIGS. 8B, 9B, 10B, 11B, 12B ,  13 B,  14 B,  14 C,  15 A,  16 A,  17 , and  18  are illustrated along a similar cross-section B-B illustrated in  FIG. 1 , except for multiple fins/FinFETs.  FIGS. 10C and 10D  are illustrated along reference cross-section C-C illustrated in  FIG. 1 , except for multiple fins/FinFETs. 
     In  FIG. 2 , a substrate  50  is provided. The substrate  50  may be a semiconductor substrate, such as a bulk semiconductor, a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, or the like, which may be doped (e.g., with a p-type or an n-type dopant) or undoped. The substrate  50  may be a wafer, such as a silicon wafer. Generally, an SOI substrate is a layer of a semiconductor material formed on an insulator layer. The insulator layer may be, for example, a buried oxide (BOX) layer, a silicon oxide layer, or the like. The insulator layer is provided on a substrate, typically a silicon or glass substrate. Other substrates, such as a multi-layered or gradient substrate may also be used. In some embodiments, the semiconductor material of the substrate  50  may include silicon; germanium; a compound semiconductor including silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, and/or indium antimonide; an alloy semiconductor including silicon-germanium, gallium arsenide phosphide, aluminum indium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, and/or gallium indium arsenide phosphide; or combinations thereof. 
     The substrate  50  has an n-type region  50 N and a p-type region  50 P. The n-type region  50 N can be for forming n-type devices, such as NMOS transistors, e.g., n-type FinFETs. The p-type region  50 P can be for forming p-type devices, such as PMOS transistors, e.g., p-type FinFETs. The n-type region  50 N may be physically separated from the p-type region  50 P (as illustrated by divider  51 ), and any number of device features (e.g., other active devices, doped regions, isolation structures, etc.) may be disposed between the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P. 
     In  FIG. 3 , fins  52  are formed in the substrate  50 . The fins  52  are semiconductor strips. In some embodiments, the fins  52  may be formed in the substrate  50  by etching trenches in the substrate  50 . The etching may be any acceptable etch process, such as a reactive ion etch (RIE), neutral beam etch (NBE), the like, or a combination thereof. The etch may be anisotropic. 
     The fins may be patterned by any suitable method. For example, the fins  52  may be patterned using one or more photolithography processes, including double-patterning or multi-patterning processes. Generally, double-patterning or multi-patterning processes combine photolithography and self-aligned processes, allowing patterns to be created that have, for example, pitches smaller than what is otherwise obtainable using a single, direct photolithography process. For example, in one embodiment, a sacrificial layer is formed over a substrate and patterned using a photolithography process. Spacers are formed alongside the patterned sacrificial layer using a self-aligned process. The sacrificial layer is then removed, and the remaining spacers may then be used to pattern the fins. In some embodiments, the mask (or other layer) may remain on the fins  52 . 
     In  FIG. 4 , an insulation material  54  is formed over the substrate  50  and between neighboring fins  52 . The insulation material  54  may be an oxide, such as silicon oxide, a nitride, the like, or a combination thereof, and may be formed by a high density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD), a flowable CVD (FCVD) (e.g., a CVD-based material deposition in a remote plasma system and post curing to make it convert to another material, such as an oxide), the like, or a combination thereof. Other insulation materials formed by any acceptable process may be used. In the illustrated embodiment, the insulation material  54  is silicon oxide formed by a FCVD process. An anneal process may be performed once the insulation material is formed. In an embodiment, the insulation material  54  is formed such that excess insulation material  54  covers the fins  52 . Although the insulation material  54  is illustrated as a single layer, some embodiments may utilize multiple layers. For example, in some embodiments a liner (not shown) may first be formed along a surface of the substrate  50  and the fins  52 . Thereafter, a fill material, such as those discussed above may be formed over the liner. 
     In  FIG. 5 , a removal process is applied to the insulation material  54  to remove excess insulation material  54  over the fins  52 . In some embodiments, a planarization process such as a chemical mechanical polish (CMP), an etch-back process, combinations thereof, or the like may be utilized. The planarization process exposes the fins  52  such that top surfaces of the fins  52  and the insulation material  54  are level after the planarization process is complete. In embodiments in which a mask remains on the fins  52 , the planarization process may expose the mask or remove the mask such that top surfaces of the mask or the fins  52 , respectively, and the insulation material  54  are level after the planarization process is complete. 
     In  FIG. 6 , the insulation material  54  is recessed to form Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) regions  56 . The insulation material  54  is recessed such that upper portions of fins  52  in the n-type region  50 N and in the p-type region  50 P protrude from between neighboring STI regions  56 . Further, the top surfaces of the STI regions  56  may have a flat surface as illustrated, a convex surface, a concave surface (such as dishing), or a combination thereof. The top surfaces of the STI regions  56  may be formed flat, convex, and/or concave by an appropriate etch. The STI regions  56  may be recessed using an acceptable etching process, such as one that is selective to the material of the insulation material  54  (e.g., etches the material of the insulation material  54  at a faster rate than the material of the fins  52 ). For example, an oxide removal using, for example, dilute hydrofluoric (dHF) acid may be used. 
     The process described with respect to  FIGS. 2 through 6  is just one example of how the fins  52  may be formed. In some embodiments, the fins may be formed by an epitaxial growth process. For example, a dielectric layer can be formed over a top surface of the substrate  50 , and trenches can be etched through the dielectric layer to expose the underlying substrate  50 . Homoepitaxial structures can be epitaxially grown in the trenches, and the dielectric layer can be recessed such that the homoepitaxial structures protrude from the dielectric layer to form fins. Additionally, in some embodiments, heteroepitaxial structures can be used for the fins  52 . For example, the fins  52  in  FIG. 5  can be recessed, and a material different from the fins  52  may be epitaxially grown over the recessed fins  52 . In such embodiments, the fins  52  comprise the recessed material as well as the epitaxially grown material disposed over the recessed material. In an even further embodiment, a dielectric layer can be formed over a top surface of the substrate  50 , and trenches can be etched through the dielectric layer. Heteroepitaxial structures can then be epitaxially grown in the trenches using a material different from the substrate  50 , and the dielectric layer can be recessed such that the heteroepitaxial structures protrude from the dielectric layer to form the fins  52 . In some embodiments where homoepitaxial or heteroepitaxial structures are epitaxially grown, the epitaxially grown materials may be in situ doped during growth, which may obviate prior and subsequent implantations although in situ and implantation doping may be used together. 
     Still further, it may be advantageous to epitaxially grow a material in n-type region  50 N (e.g., an NMOS region) different from the material in p-type region  50 P (e.g., a PMOS region). In various embodiments, upper portions of the fins  52  may be formed from silicon-germanium (Si x Ge 1-x , where x can be in the range of 0 to 1), silicon carbide, pure or substantially pure germanium, a III-V compound semiconductor, a II-VI compound semiconductor, or the like. For example, the available materials for forming III-V compound semiconductor include, but are not limited to, indium arsenide, aluminum arsenide, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, indium gallium arsenide, indium aluminum arsenide, gallium antimonide, aluminum antimonide, aluminum phosphide, gallium phosphide, and the like. 
     Further in  FIG. 6 , appropriate wells (not shown) may be formed in the fins  52  and/or the substrate  50 . In some embodiments, a P well may be formed in the n-type region  50 N, and an N well may be formed in the p-type region  50 P. In some embodiments, a P well or an N well are formed in both the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P. 
     In the embodiments with different well types, the different implant steps for the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P may be achieved using a photoresist and/or other masks (not shown). For example, a photoresist may be formed over the fins  52  and the STI regions  56  in the n-type region  50 N. The photoresist is patterned to expose the p-type region  50 P of the substrate  50 . The photoresist can be formed by using a spin-on technique and can be patterned using acceptable photolithography techniques. Once the photoresist is patterned, an n-type impurity implant is performed in the p-type region  50 P, and the photoresist may act as a mask to substantially prevent n-type impurities from being implanted into the n-type region  50 N. The n-type impurities may be phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or the like implanted in the region to a concentration of equal to or less than 10 18  cm −3 , such as between about 10 16  cm −3  and about 10 18  cm −3 . After the implant, the photoresist is removed, such as by an acceptable ashing process. 
     Following the implanting of the p-type region  50 P, a photoresist is formed over the fins  52  and the STI regions  56  in the p-type region  50 P. The photoresist is patterned to expose the n-type region  50 N of the substrate  50 . The photoresist can be formed by using a spin-on technique and can be patterned using acceptable photolithography techniques. Once the photoresist is patterned, a p-type impurity implant may be performed in the n-type region  50 N, and the photoresist may act as a mask to substantially prevent p-type impurities from being implanted into the p-type region  50 P. The p-type impurities may be boron, boron fluoride, indium, or the like implanted in the region to a concentration of equal to or less than 10 18  cm −3 , such as between about 10 16  cm −3  and about 10 18  cm −3 . After the implant, the photoresist may be removed, such as by an acceptable ashing process. 
     After the implants of the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P, an anneal may be performed to repair implant damage and to activate the p-type and/or n-type impurities that were implanted. In some embodiments, the grown materials of epitaxial fins may be in situ doped during growth, which may obviate the implantations, although in situ and implantation doping may be used together. 
     In  FIG. 7 , a dummy dielectric layer  60  is formed on the fins  52 . The dummy dielectric layer  60  may be, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, a combination thereof, or the like, and may be deposited or thermally grown according to acceptable techniques. A dummy gate layer  62  is formed over the dummy dielectric layer  60 , and a mask layer  64  is formed over the dummy gate layer  62 . The dummy gate layer  62  may be deposited over the dummy dielectric layer  60  and then planarized, such as by a CMP. The mask layer  64  may be deposited over the dummy gate layer  62 . The dummy gate layer  62  may be a conductive or non-conductive material and may be selected from a group including amorphous silicon, polycrystalline-silicon (polysilicon), polycrystalline silicon-germanium (poly-SiGe), metallic nitrides, metallic silicides, metallic oxides, and metals. The dummy gate layer  62  may be deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD), CVD, sputter deposition, or other techniques for depositing the selected material. The dummy gate layer  62  may be made of other materials that have a high etching selectivity from the etching of isolation regions, e.g., the STI regions  56  and/or the dummy dielectric layer  60 . The mask layer  64  may include one or more layers of, for example, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or the like. In this example, a single dummy gate layer  62  and a single mask layer  64  are formed across the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P. It is noted that the dummy dielectric layer  60  is shown covering only the fins  52  for illustrative purposes only. In some embodiments, the dummy dielectric layer  60  may be deposited such that the dummy dielectric layer  60  covers the STI regions  56 , extending over the STI regions and between the dummy gate layer  62  and the STI regions  56 . 
       FIGS. 8A through 16B  illustrate various additional steps in the manufacturing of embodiment devices.  FIGS. 8A through 16B  illustrate features in either of the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P. For example, the structures illustrated in  FIGS. 8A through 16B  may be applicable to both the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P. Differences (if any) in the structures of the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P are described in the text accompanying each figure. 
     In  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the mask layer  64  (see  FIG. 7 ) may be patterned using acceptable photolithography and etching techniques to form masks  74 . The pattern of the masks  74  then may be transferred to the dummy gate layer  62 . In some embodiments (not illustrated), the pattern of the masks  74  may also be transferred to the dummy dielectric layer  60  by an acceptable etching technique to form dummy gates  72 . The dummy gates  72  cover respective channel regions  58  of the fins  52 . The pattern of the masks  74  may be used to physically separate each of the dummy gates  72  from adjacent dummy gates. The dummy gates  72  may also have a lengthwise direction substantially perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of respective epitaxial fins  52 . 
     Further in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , gate seal spacers  80  can be formed on exposed surfaces of the dummy gates  72 , the masks  74 , and/or the fins  52 . A thermal oxidation or a deposition followed by an anisotropic etch may form the gate seal spacers  80 . The gate seal spacers  80  may be formed of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or the like. 
     After the formation of the gate seal spacers  80 , implants for lightly doped source/drain (LDD) regions (not explicitly illustrated) may be performed. In the embodiments with different device types, similar to the implants discussed above in  FIG. 6 , a mask, such as a photoresist, may be formed over the n-type region  50 N, while exposing the p-type region  50 P, and appropriate type (e.g., p-type) impurities may be implanted into the exposed fins  52  in the p-type region  50 P. The mask may then be removed. Subsequently, a mask, such as a photoresist, may be formed over the p-type region  50 P while exposing the n-type region  50 N, and appropriate type impurities (e.g., n-type) may be implanted into the exposed fins  52  in the n-type region  50 N. The mask may then be removed. The n-type impurities may be the any of the n-type impurities previously discussed, and the p-type impurities may be the any of the p-type impurities previously discussed. The lightly doped source/drain regions may have a concentration of impurities of from about 10 15  cm −3  to about 10 19  cm −3 . An anneal may be used to repair implant damage and to activate the implanted impurities. 
     In  FIGS. 9A and 9B , gate spacers  86  are formed on the gate seal spacers  80  along sidewalls of the dummy gates  72  and the masks  74 . The gate spacers  86  may be formed by conformally depositing an insulating material and subsequently anisotropically etching the insulating material. The insulating material of the gate spacers  86  may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbonitride, a combination thereof, or the like. 
     It is noted that the above disclosure generally describes a process of forming spacers and LDD regions. Other processes and sequences may be used. For example, fewer or additional spacers may be utilized, different sequence of steps may be utilized (e.g., the gate seal spacers  80  may not be etched prior to forming the gate spacers  86 , yielding “L-shaped” gate seal spacers, spacers may be formed and removed, and/or the like. Furthermore, the n-type and p-type devices may be formed using a different structures and steps. For example, LDD regions for n-type devices may be formed prior to forming the gate seal spacers  80  while the LDD regions for p-type devices may be formed after forming the gate seal spacers  80 . 
     In  FIGS. 10A and 10B  epitaxial source/drain regions  82  are formed in the fins  52 . The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  are formed in the fins  52  such that each dummy gate  72  is disposed between respective neighboring pairs of the epitaxial source/drain regions  82 . In some embodiments the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  may extend into, and may also penetrate through, the fins  52 . In some embodiments, the gate spacers  86  are used to separate the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  from the dummy gates  72  by an appropriate lateral distance so that the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  do not short out subsequently formed gates of the resulting FinFETs. A material of the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  may be selected to exert stress in the respective channel regions  58 , thereby improving performance. 
     The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the n-type region  50 N may be formed by masking the p-type region  50 P and etching source/drain regions of the fins  52  in the n-type region  50 N to form recesses in the fins  52 . Then, the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the n-type region  50 N are epitaxially grown in the recesses. The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  may include any acceptable material, such as appropriate for n-type FinFETs. For example, if the fin  52  is silicon, the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the n-type region  50 N may include materials exerting a tensile strain in the channel region  58 , such as silicon, silicon carbide, phosphorous doped silicon carbide, silicon phosphide, or the like. The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the n-type region  50 N may have surfaces raised from respective surfaces of the fins  52  and may have facets. 
     The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the p-type region  50 P may be formed by masking the n-type region  50 N and etching source/drain regions of the fins  52  in the p-type region  50 P to form recesses in the fins  52 . Then, the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the p-type region  50 P are epitaxially grown in the recesses. The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  may include any acceptable material, such as appropriate for p-type FinFETs. For example, if the fin  52  is silicon, the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the p-type region  50 P may comprise materials exerting a compressive strain in the channel region  58 , such as silicon-germanium, boron doped silicon-germanium, germanium, germanium tin, or the like. The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the p-type region  50 P may have surfaces raised from respective surfaces of the fins  52  and may have facets. 
     The epitaxial source/drain regions  82  and/or the fins  52  may be implanted with dopants to form source/drain regions, similar to the process previously discussed for forming lightly-doped source/drain regions, followed by an anneal. The source/drain regions may have an impurity concentration of between about 10 19  cm −3  and about 10 21  cm −3 . The n-type and/or p-type impurities for source/drain regions may be any of the impurities previously discussed. In some embodiments, the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  may be in situ doped during growth. 
     As a result of the epitaxy processes used to form the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  in the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P, upper surfaces of the epitaxial source/drain regions have facets which expand laterally outward beyond sidewalls of the fins  52 . In some embodiments, these facets cause adjacent source/drain regions  82  of a same FinFET to merge as illustrated by  FIG. 10C . In other embodiments, adjacent source/drain regions  82  remain separated after the epitaxy process is completed as illustrated by  FIG. 10D . In the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 10C and 10D , gate spacers  86  are formed covering a portion of the sidewalls of the fins  52  that extend above the STI regions  56  thereby blocking the epitaxial growth. In some other embodiments, the spacer etch used to form the gate spacers  86  may be adjusted to remove the spacer material to allow the epitaxially grown region to extend to the surface of the STI region  56 . 
     In  FIGS. 11A and 11B , a first interlayer dielectric (ILD)  88  is deposited over the structure illustrated in  FIGS. 10A and 10B . The first ILD  88  may be formed of a dielectric material, and may be deposited by any suitable method, such as CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), or FCVD. Dielectric materials may include phospho-silicate glass (PSG), boro-silicate glass (BSG), boron-doped phospho-silicate glass (BPSG), undoped silicate glass (USG), or the like. Other insulation materials formed by any acceptable process may be used. In some embodiments, a contact etch stop layer (CESL)  87  is disposed between the first ILD  88  and the epitaxial source/drain regions  82 , the masks  74 , and the gate spacers  86 . The CESL  87  may comprise a dielectric material, such as, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like, having a lower etch rate than the material of the overlying first ILD  88 . 
     In  FIGS. 12A and 12B , a planarization process, such as a CMP, may be performed to level the top surface of the first ILD  88  with the top surfaces of the dummy gates  72  or the masks  74 . The planarization process may also remove the masks  74  on the dummy gates  72 , and portions of the gate seal spacers  8   o  and the gate spacers  86  along sidewalls of the masks  74 . After the planarization process, top surfaces of the dummy gates  72 , the gate seal spacers  80 , the gate spacers  86 , and the first ILD  88  are level. Accordingly, the top surfaces of the dummy gates  72  are exposed through the first ILD  88 . In some embodiments, the masks  74  may remain, in which case the planarization process levels the top surface of the first ILD  88  with the top surfaces of the masks  74 . 
     In  FIGS. 13A and 13B , the dummy gates  72 , and the masks  74  if present, are removed in an etching step(s), so that recesses  90  are formed. Portions of the dummy dielectric layer  60  in the recesses  90  may also be removed. In some embodiments, only the dummy gates  72  are removed and the dummy dielectric layer  60  remains and is exposed by the recesses  90 . In some embodiments, the dummy dielectric layer  60  is removed from recesses  90  in a first region of a die (e.g., a core logic region) and remains in recesses  90  in a second region of the die (e.g., an input/output region). In some embodiments, the dummy gates  72  are removed by an anisotropic dry etch process. For example, the etching process may include a dry etch process using reaction gas(es) that selectively etch the dummy gates  72  with little or no etching of the first ILD  88  or the gate spacers  86 . Each recess  90  exposes and/or overlies a channel region  58  of a respective fin  52 . Each channel region  58  is disposed between neighboring pairs of the epitaxial source/drain regions  82 . During the removal, the dummy dielectric layer  60  may be used as an etch stop layer when the dummy gates  72  are etched. The dummy dielectric layer  60  may then be optionally removed after the removal of the dummy gates  72 . 
     In  FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C , gate dielectric layers  92  are formed for replacement gates, with  FIG. 14C  illustrating a detailed view of region  89  of  FIG. 14B . Gate dielectric layers  92  comprise one or more layers deposited in the recesses  90 , such as on the top surfaces and the sidewalls of the fins  52  and on sidewalls of the gate seal spacers  80 /gate spacers  86 . The gate dielectric layers  92  may also be formed on the top surface of the first ILD  88 . In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layers  92  comprise one or more dielectric layers, such as one or more layers of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, metal oxide, metal silicate, or the like. For example, in some embodiments, the gate dielectric layers  92  include an interfacial layer of silicon oxide formed by thermal or chemical oxidation and an overlying high-k dielectric material, such as a metal oxide or a silicate of hafnium, aluminum, zirconium, lanthanum, manganese, barium, titanium, lead, and combinations thereof. The gate dielectric layers  92  may include a dielectric layer having a k value greater than about 7.0. The formation methods of the gate dielectric layers  92  may include Molecular-Beam Deposition (MBD), ALD, PECVD, and the like. In embodiments where portions of the dummy gate dielectric  60  remains in the recesses  90 , the gate dielectric layers  92  include a material of the dummy gate dielectric  60  (e.g., SiO 2 ). 
     Once the gate dielectric layers  92  have been formed, a capping layer  94 A may be formed over the gate dielectric layers  92 . The capping layer  94 A may be a metal silicide material such as titanium silicon nitride (TSN). In an embodiment the capping layer  94 A may be formed using a deposition process such as chemical vapor deposition, although any suitable method of deposition, such as a deposition and subsequent silicidation, may be utilized to a thickness of between about 5 Å and about 30 Å. However, any suitable thickness may be utilized. 
     Once the capping layer  94 A has been formed, a first barrier layer  94 B may be formed adjacent to the capping layer  94 A. For example, the first barrier layer  94 B may be formed from a metallic material such as TiN, Ti, TiAlN, TaC, TaCN, TaSiN, Mn, Zr, TaN, Ru, Mo, WN, other metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal silicates, transition metal-oxides, transition metal-nitrides, transition metal-silicates, oxynitrides of metals, metal aluminates, zirconium silicate, zirconium aluminate, combinations of these, or the like. Additionally, the first barrier layer  94 B may be deposited using a deposition process such as atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, or the like, to a thickness of between about 5 Å and about 200 Å, although any suitable deposition process or thickness may be used. 
     After the capping layer  94 B has been formed, a first work function tuning layer  94 C may be formed. In some embodiments the first work function tuning layer  94 C may be a p-type work function metal which may be nitride based (e.g., titanium nitride (TiN), titanium silicon nitride (TiSi x N y ), tungsten nitride (WN x ), tungsten carbonitride (WC x N y ), molybdenum nitride (MoN x ), combinations of these, or the like), or else may be one or more metal layers such as tungsten, molybdenum, gold, platinum, combinations of these, or the like. In other embodiments the first work function tuning layer  94 C may be an n-type work function material which may be aluminum based (e.g., titanium aluminum nitride (TiAl x N y ), tantalum aluminum nitride (TaAl x N y )), or a silicide such as titanium silicide (TiSi x ), tantalum silicide (TaSi), combinations of these, or the like. However, any suitable material may be utilized. 
     In an embodiment the first work function tuning layer  94 C is deposited using a deposition process such as atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sputtering, combinations of these, or the like. Additionally, the first work function tuning layer  94 C may be deposited to a thickness of between about 5 Å and about 30 Å, such as 10 Å. However, any suitable processes and thicknesses may be utilized. 
       FIGS. 15A-15B  illustrate a treatment process (represented in  FIGS. 15A-15B  by the curved arrows labeled  114 ) that is utilized to create an anti-reaction layer  116  within the first work function tuning layer  94 C, with  FIG. 15B  illustrating a close-up view of the dashed box labeled  118  in  FIG. 15A . In an embodiment the treatment process  114  may be used to react with a portion of the first work function tuning layer  94 C and prevent subsequent oxidation of the first work function tuning layer  94 C in subsequent processes. 
     In an embodiment the treatment process  114  may be a chemical soaking process which can be performed either in-situ along with the deposition of the first work function tuning layer  94 C or else performed ex-situ. In such an embodiment a precursor (represented in  FIG. 15B  by the arrows labeled  122 ) is flowed over the first work function tuning layer  94 C, and is utilized to introduce an active element dopant (represented in  FIG. 15B  by the “X”s labeled  120 ) into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. In some embodiments the active element dopants  120  are chosen in order to be able to block subsequent infiltration of oxygen or other undesired elements from intruding past the anti-reaction layer  116 . In embodiments in which it is desired to prevent the movement of oxygen, the active element dopants  120  may be an element such as tungsten, titanium, aluminum, tantalum, silicon, nitrogen, boron, chromium, combinations of these, or the like. However, any suitable dopants may be utilized. 
     In an embodiment in which the treatment process  114  is a chemical soaking process, the active element dopants  120  may be introduced by passing the precursor  122  over the surface of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. In an embodiment the precursor  122  is a chemical which comprises the desired active element dopant  120  and also allows for the controlled placement of the active element dopants  120 . As such, while the precise precursor is dependent at least in part on the desired active element dopant  120 , in some embodiments the precursors may be a chemical such as tungsten chloride (WCl x ), titanium chloride (TiCl 4 ), tetraethylaluminium (TEA), trimethylaluminium (TMA), aluminum chloride (AlCl x ), tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT), tantalum chloride (TaCl x ), silane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ), ammonia, elemental nitrogen, diborane (B 2 H 6 ), combinations of these, or the like. However, any suitable precursor materials may be utilized. 
     To initiate the treatment process  114  the precursor  122  is introduced to a treatment chamber over the first work function tuning layer  94 C. In an embodiment the precursor  122  may be introduced at a flow rate of between about 10 sccm and about 500 sccm, such as about 50 sccm. Additionally, the treatment process  114  may be performed at a pressure of between about 0.5 torr and about 25 torr, such as about 5 torr and at a temperature of between about 200° C. and about 470° C., such as about 400° C. However, any suitable process parameters may be utilized. 
     During the treatment process  114  the precursor  122  will come into contact with the top surface of the first work function tuning layer  94 C, where the precursor  122  will react with the material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. This reaction will cause the active element dopant  120  to remain within the material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C while undesired by-products from the reaction remain in gaseous form and are removed from the surface of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments either the precursor  122  or the reacted active element dopant  120  will diffuse into the first work function tuning layer  94 C from the surface. If the precursor  122  diffuses, the precursor  122  will react with the material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C and byproducts will diffuse back out of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. Either way, a diffusion gradient of the active element dopants  120  is formed within the first work function tuning layer  94 C. 
     Accordingly, the treatment process  114  will form the anti-reaction layer  116  from the material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C and the active element dopants  120 . In an embodiment the treatment process  114  may be continued for a time sufficient to have an active element dopant  120  concentration along a top surface of the anti-reaction layer  116  of between about 1% and about 40%, such as about 5%. For example, the treatment process  114  may be continued for a time of between about 1 second and about 180 seconds, such as greater than about 20 seconds. However, any suitable time may be utilized. 
     Additionally, because of the diffusion of the active element dopants  120 , the anti-reaction layer  116  may extend into the material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C with a concentration gradient that reduces the concentration of the active element dopants  120  as the distance from the surface increases. In some embodiments the anti-reaction layer  116  extends to a first depth D 1  of between about 1 Å and about 10 Å, such as about 5 Å, leaving a portion of the first work function tuning layer  94 C having a second depth D 2  that has no oxygen active element dopants  120 , wherein the second depth D 2  may be between about 0 Å and about 10 Å, such as about 2 Å. However, any suitable depths may be utilized. 
     For example, in an embodiment in which the first work function tuning layer  94 C comprises titanium nitride and the active element dopant  120  is aluminum, the first work function tuning layer  94 C will comprise aluminum from the treatment process  114 . 
       FIGS. 16A-16B  illustrate a post-treatment process (represented in  FIGS. 16A-16B  by the curved arrows labeled  124 ) that is utilized to treat the anti-reaction layer  116  within the first work function tuning layer  94 C, with  FIG. 16B  illustrating a close-up view of the dashed box labeled  118  in  FIG. 16A . In particular, after the treatment process  114  has been performed, at least some of the active element dopants  120  may not be fully bonded to the material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C, thereby leaving dangling bonds on one or more of the active element dopants  120 . If these dangling bonds are not treated, subsequent processes could react in undesirable ways, thereby causing undesired defects. 
     As such, in some embodiments the anti-reaction layer  116  may be subsequently treated by the post-treatment process  124  to reduce or eliminate the number of dangling bonds and thereby reduce or eliminate defects caused by the dangling bonds. In some embodiments the post-treatment process  124  is used to add a second dopant (represented in  FIG. 16B  by the dots labeled  130 ) which will react and eliminate dangling bonds with the active element dopants  120 . For example, in an embodiment in which the first work function tuning layer  94 C is titanium nitride, and the active element dopant  120  is aluminum, the post-treatment process  124  may add a second dopant  130  such as nitrogen which will bond with the active element dopant  120  and reduce the number of dangling bonds. 
     In an embodiment the post-treatment process  124  may be a chemical soaking process which can be performed either in-situ along with the treatment process  114  or else performed ex-situ. In such an embodiment a post-treatment precursor (represented in  FIG. 16B  by the arrows labeled  128 ) is utilized to introduce the second dopant  130  into the first work function tuning layer  94 C so that the second dopant  130  will bond with the dangling bonds of the active element dopant  120 . In some embodiments, the second dopant  130  may be an element such as nitrogen, silicon, boron, halogen elements, combinations of these, or the like, may be utilized. However, any suitable material may be utilized. 
     In an embodiment in which the post-treatment process  124  is a chemical soaking process, the second dopant  130  may be introduced by passing the post-treatment precursor  128  over the surface of the anti-reaction layer  116 . In an embodiment the post-treatment precursor  128  is a chemical which comprises the desired material and also allows for the controlled placement of the second dopant  130 . As such, while the precise post-treatment precursor  128  is dependent at least in part on the desired second dopant  130 , in some embodiments the post-treatment precursor  128  may be a chemical such as ammonia (NH 3 ), SiH 4 , NF 3 , combinations of these, or the like. However, any suitable post-treatment precursors may be utilized. 
     To initiate the post-treatment process  124  the post-treatment precursor  128  is introduced to a treatment chamber over the anti-reaction layer  116 . In an embodiment the post-treatment precursor  128  may be introduced at a flow rate of between about 10 sccm and about 2000 sccm, such as about 500 sccm. Additionally, the post-treatment process  124  may be performed at a pressure of between about 0.5 torr and about 25 torr, such as about 5 torr and at a temperature of between about 200° C. and about 470° C., such as about 400° C. However, any suitable process parameters may be utilized. 
     Accordingly, the post-treatment process  124  will react with the dangling bonds from the active element dopants  120  so that these dangling bonds are not available for subsequent reactions. In an embodiment the post-treatment process  124  may be continued for a time sufficient to have a second dopant  130  concentration along a top surface of the anti-reaction layer  116  of between about 0.5% and about 20%, such as about 3%. For example, the post-treatment process  124  may be continued for a time of between about 0.5 seconds and about 180 seconds, such as greater than about 20 seconds. However, any suitable time may be utilized. 
     For example, in an embodiment in which the first work function tuning layer  94 C comprises titanium nitride, the active element dopant  120  is aluminum, and the second dopant  130  is nitrogen, the first work function tuning layer  94 C will comprise nitrogen from both the original deposition process (wherein a peak nitrogen concentration may occur away from the surface) as well as nitrogen from the post-treatment process  124  (wherein a peak nitrogen concentration will occur at the surface due to diffusion). As such, the first work function tuning layer  94 C may have multiple peaks of concentration, such as two peaks of concentration for the nitrogen. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates that, once the post-treatment process  124  has been performed and the anti-reactive layer  116  has been finalized, a mask may be placed over the first work function tuning layer  94 C in preparation for a patterning of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. In an embodiment the mask is a tri-layer photoresist, with a bottom layer  132 , a middle layer  134 , and a photoresist  136 . In an embodiment the bottom layer  132  may be a bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) layer which has different optical properties than the photoresist  136  that works to prevent the uncontrolled and undesired reflection of energy (e.g., light) back into the overlying photoresist  136  during an exposure of the photoresist  136 , thereby preventing the reflecting light from causing reactions in an undesired region of the photoresist  136 . For example, the bottom layer  132  may have a different refractive index (n), a different extinction coefficient (k), or a different thickness (T) value than the photoresist  136 . Additionally, the bottom layer  132  may be used to provide a planar surface, helping to reduce the negative effects of the energy impinging at an angle. 
     In an embodiment the bottom layer  132  comprises a polymer resin, a catalyst, and a cross-linking agent, all of which are placed into a BARC solvent for dispersal. The polymer resin may comprise a polymer with various monomers bonded together along with a chromophore group. The material for the bottom layer  132  may be applied to the first work function tuning layer  94 C so that the material for the bottom layer  132  coats an upper exposed surface of the first work function tuning layer  94 C, and may be applied using a process such as a spin-on coating process, a dip coating method, an air-knife coating method, a curtain coating method, a wire-bar coating method, a gravure coating method, a lamination method, an extrusion coating method, combinations of these, or the like. In an embodiment the material for the bottom layer  132  may be initially applied such that it has a thickness of between about 10 nm and about 1000 nm, such as about 100 nm. 
     However, because the bottom layer  132  may also comprise oxygen, as the bottom layer  132  is dispensed over and comes in contact with the first work function tuning layer  94 C during subsequent processing, the oxygen within the bottom layer  132  may begin to diffuse into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. However, with the presence of the active element dopants  120 , any oxygen that diffuses into the first work function tuning layer  94 C will enter the anti-reaction layer  116  first, where the oxygen will react with the active element dopants  120  and be captured before diffusing further into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. 
     Further, by reacting with the active element dopants  120 , the products of the active element dopants  120  and the oxygen will additionally serve to prevent the diffusion of additional oxygen from the bottom layer  132 . As such, the overall diffusion of oxygen can be reduced, thereby reducing the oxidation of the underlying material of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. Such a reduction in the amount of oxidation allows the first work function tuning layer  94 C to be formed to a smaller thickness than would otherwise be possible without blocking the oxidation, and allows for a boost in the ability to fine tune and/or control the threshold voltage of devices made using these methods as devices extend into smaller and smaller processing nodes (e.g., the 5 nm process node, the 3 nm process, or even smaller). 
     By capturing any oxygen that has diffused into the first work function tuning layer  94 C with the active element dopant  120 , the amount of oxygen that penetrates into the first work function tuning layer  94 C can be reduced and restricted to a top surface of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. For example, in an embodiment the oxygen will diffuse no farther than between about 5 Å and about 30 Å, such as about 15 Å, into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. Further, the concentration of oxygen at the surface of the first work function tuning layer  94 C may be between about 10% and about 30%, such as about 20%. 
     The middle layer  134  may be placed over the bottom layer  132 . In an embodiment the middle layer  134  may be an organic layer or inorganic layer that has a different etch resistance than the photoresist  136 . In a particular embodiment the middle layer  134  is a hard mask material such as silicon, silicon nitride, oxides, oxynitrides, silicon carbide, combinations of these, or the like. The hard mask material for the middle layer  134  may be formed through a process such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), although other processes, such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), spin-on coating, or even silicon oxide formation followed by nitridation, may alternatively be utilized. Any suitable method or combination of methods to form or otherwise place the hard mask material may be utilized, and all such methods or combinations are fully intended to be included within the scope of the embodiments. The middle layer  134  may be formed to a thickness of between about 100 Å and about 800 Å, such as about 300 Å. 
     The photoresist  136  is placed over the middle layer  134  in order to provide a patterned mask so that the middle layer  134  can be patterned into the desired pattern. In an embodiment the photoresist  136  is a photosensitive material that is dispersed onto the middle layer  134  and then exposed to a patterned energy source (e.g., light) in order to induce a chemical reaction in those portions of the photosensitive material that are exposed. This chemical reaction causes a change in physical properties which may be utilized in a development process to separate the exposed portion of the photosensitive material from the unexposed portion of the photosensitive material to create a patterned photoresist. 
     Once the photoresist  136  has been patterned into the desired pattern, the photoresist  136  may be used as a mask to pattern the middle layer  134  and the bottom layer  132 . Further, with the bottom layer  132  patterned, undesired portions of the first work function tuning layer  94 C (portions which are not illustrated in  FIG. 17 ) may be removed using, e.g., a suitable anisotropic etching process. However, any suitable removal process may be utilized. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates that, once the first work function tuning layer  94 C has been formed and patterned, a glue layer  94 D may be formed in order to help adhere the overlying fill material  94 E with the underlying first work function tuning layer  94 C as well as provide a nucleation layer for the formation of the fill material  94 E. In an embodiment the glue layer  94 D may be a material such as titanium nitride and may be formed using a similar process such as ALD to a seventh thickness of between about 10 Å and about 100 Å, such as about 50 Å. However, any suitable materials and processes may be utilized. 
     Once the glue layer  94 D has been formed, the fill material  94 E is deposited to fill a remainder of the opening. In an embodiment the fill material  94 E may be a material such as tungsten, Al, Cu, AlCu, W, Ti, TiAlN, TaC, TaCN, TaSiN, Mn, Zr, TiN, Ta, TaN, Co, Ni, combinations of these, or the like, and may be formed using a deposition process such as plating, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, physical vapor deposition, combinations of these, or the like. Additionally, the fill material  94 E may be deposited to a thickness of between about 1000 Å and about 2000 Å, such as about 1500 Å. However, any suitable material may be utilized. 
       FIGS. 19A-19B  illustrate that, after the filling of the recesses  90 , a planarization process, such as a CMP, may be performed to remove the excess portions of the gate dielectric layers  92  and the material of the gate electrodes  94 , which excess portions are over the top surface of the ILD  88 . The remaining portions of material of the gate electrodes  94  and the gate dielectric layers  92  thus form replacement gates of the resulting FinFETs. The gate electrodes  94  and the gate dielectric layers  92  may be collectively referred to as a “gate stack.” The gate and the gate stacks may extend along sidewalls of a channel region  58  of the fins  52 . 
     The formation of the gate dielectric layers  92  in the n-type region  50 N and the p-type region  50 P may occur simultaneously such that the gate dielectric layers  92  in each region are formed from the same materials, and the formation of the gate electrodes  94  may occur simultaneously such that the gate electrodes  94  in each region are formed from the same materials. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layers  92  in each region may be formed by distinct processes, such that the gate dielectric layers  92  may be different materials, and/or the gate electrodes  94  in each region may be formed by distinct processes, such that the gate electrodes  94  may be different materials. Various masking steps may be used to mask and expose appropriate regions when using distinct processes. However, the treatment process  114  and any other desired processes described herein may be applied to any of the work function layers that are desired to be manufactured. 
     In  FIGS. 20A and 20B , a gate mask  96  is formed over the gate stack (including a gate dielectric layer  92  and a corresponding gate electrode  94 ), and the gate mask may be disposed between opposing portions of the gate spacers  86 . In some embodiments, forming the gate mask  96  includes recessing the gate stack so that a recess is formed directly over the gate stack and between opposing portions of gate spacers  86 . A gate mask  96  comprising one or more layers of dielectric material, such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or the like, is filled in the recess, followed by a planarization process to remove excess portions of the dielectric material extending over the first ILD  88 . 
     As also illustrated in  FIGS. 20A and 20B , a second ILD  108  is deposited over the first ILD  88 . In some embodiments, the second ILD  108  is a flowable film formed by a flowable CVD method. In some embodiments, the second ILD  108  is formed of a dielectric material such as PSG, BSG, BPSG, USG, or the like, and may be deposited by any suitable method, such as CVD and PECVD. The subsequently formed gate contacts  110  ( FIGS. 16A and 16B ) penetrate through the second ILD  108  and the gate mask  96  to contact the top surface of the recessed gate electrode  94 . 
     In  FIGS. 21A and 21B , gate contacts  110  and source/drain contacts  112  are formed through the second ILD  108  and the first ILD  88  in accordance with some embodiments. Openings for the source/drain contacts  112  are formed through the first and second ILDs  88  and  108 , and openings for the gate contact  110  are formed through the second ILD  108  and the gate mask  96 . The openings may be formed using acceptable photolithography and etching techniques. A liner (not shown), such as a diffusion barrier layer, an adhesion layer, or the like, and a conductive material are formed in the openings. The liner may include titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, or the like. The conductive material may be copper, a copper alloy, silver, gold, tungsten, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, or the like. A planarization process, such as a CMP, may be performed to remove excess material from a surface of the second ILD  108 . The remaining liner and conductive material form the source/drain contacts  112  and gate contacts  110  in the openings. An anneal process may be performed to form a silicide at the interface between the epitaxial source/drain regions  82  and the source/drain contacts  112 . The source/drain contacts  112  are physically and electrically coupled to the epitaxial source/drain regions  82 , and the gate contacts  110  are physically and electrically coupled to the gate electrodes  94 . The source/drain contacts  112  and gate contacts  110  may be formed in different processes, or may be formed in the same process. Although shown as being formed in the same cross-sections, it should be appreciated that each of the source/drain contacts  112  and gate contacts  110  may be formed in different cross-sections, which may avoid shorting of the contacts. 
     By using the anti-reaction layer  116  to help reduce or eliminate the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the first work function tuning layer  94 C, there are fewer oxygen-related defects that can occur in the lower portions of the first work function tuning layer  94 C. As such, by limiting the oxygen to a smaller region, a larger region of the first work function tuning layer  94 C can be obtained with a similar thickness. Accordingly, the overall thickness of the first work function tuning layer  94 C can be reduced, helping to reduce the overall structure. 
       FIGS. 22A and 22B  illustrate test results of one embodiment of the first work function tuning layer  94 C in which a material such as tungsten carbon nitride is utilized for the first work function tuning layer  94 C. In this embodiment, the active element dopant  120  is aluminum, which is represented in  FIG. 22A  by the line labeled  222 . Additionally in  FIG. 22A , the line labeled  220  illustrates the atomic percentage of oxygen, the line labeled  224  illustrates the atomic percentage of carbon, the line labeled  226  illustrates the atomic percentage of silicon, the line labeled  228  illustrates the atomic percentage of silicon oxide, and the line labeled  230  illustrates the atomic percentage of nitrogen. As can be seen, the amount of the active element dopant  120  (e.g., aluminum) has a concentration gradient as the measurement extends away from the surface and towards the underlying layers. Further, it can be seen that, by using the active element dopant  120  as described herein, the atomic percentage of oxygen can be reduced from about 60% (in a process which does not utilize the active element dopant  120 ) to be between about 42% and about 50%. 
       FIG. 22B  illustrates that the active element dopant  120  (e.g., aluminum) that is present within the first work function tuning layer  94 C is bonded as described. In particular, the line labeled  232  in  FIG. 22B  provides the indication that the aluminum within the first work function tuning layer  94 C is bonded to oxygen. As such, the aluminum reacts with and binds the oxygen that is diffusing into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. 
       FIGS. 23A and 23B  illustrate test results of one embodiment of the first work function tuning layer  94 C in which a material such as tungsten carbon nitride is utilized for the first work function tuning layer  94 C. In this embodiment, the active element dopant  120  is titanium, which is represented in  FIG. 23A  by the line labeled  328 . Additionally in  FIG. 23A , the line labeled  320  illustrates the atomic percentage of oxygen, the line labeled  324  illustrates the atomic percentage of nitrogen, the line labeled  326  illustrates the atomic percentage of silicon, the line labeled  328  illustrates the atomic percentage of oxygen, and the line labeled  330  illustrates the atomic percentage of silicon oxide. As can be seen, the amount of the active element dopant  120  (e.g., titanium) has a concentration gradient as the measurement extends away from the surface and towards the underlying layers. Further, it can be seen that, by using the active element dopant  120  as described herein, while being not quite as much reduction as illustrated in  FIGS. 22A-22B , the atomic percentage of oxygen can still be reduced from about 60% (in a process which does not utilize the active element dopant  120 ) to be less than 60% at most points within the first work function tuning layer  94 C. 
       FIG. 23B  illustrates that the active element dopant  120  (e.g., titanium) that is present within the first work function tuning layer  94 C is bonded as described. In particular, the line labeled  332  in  FIG. 22B  provides the indication that the titanium within the first work function tuning layer  94 C is bonded to oxygen. As such, the titanium reacts with and binds the oxygen that is diffusing into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates another benefit of introducing the active element dopants  120  into the first work function tuning layer  94 C. As can be seen, when an active element dopant  120  such as titanium is introduced, the flat band voltage (Vfb) of the device formed with the active element dopants  120  is increased from a device without the active element dopants  120  being located within the first work function tuning layer  94 C (e.g., from 0.165 V to 0.197 V). Further, if the active element dopant  120  is aluminum, the flat band voltage can be increased even further (e.g., from 0.165 V to 0.201 V). 
     The disclosed FinFET embodiments could also be applied to nanostructure devices such as nanostructure (e.g., nanosheet, nanowire, gate-all-around, or the like) field effect transistors (NSFETs). In an NSFET embodiment, the fins are replaced by nanostructures formed by patterning a stack of alternating layers of channel layers and sacrificial layers. Dummy gate stacks and source/drain regions are formed in a manner similar to the above-described embodiments. After the dummy gate stacks are removed, the sacrificial layers can be partially or fully removed in channel regions. The replacement gate structures are formed in a manner similar to the above-described embodiments, the replacement gate structures may partially or completely fill openings left by removing the sacrificial layers, and the replacement gate structures may partially or completely surround the channel layers in the channel regions of the NSFET devices. ILDs and contacts to the replacement gate structures and the source/drain regions may be formed in a manner similar to the above-described embodiments. A nanostructure device can be formed as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0365414, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In an embodiment, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes: forming a fin from a semiconductor substrate; forming a gate dielectric over the fin; forming a work function layer over the gate dielectric; and modifying a surface of the work function layer, wherein the modifying the surface is performed at least in part with a chemical soak that implants an active element. In an embodiment the active element is aluminum. In an embodiment the chemical soak comprises introducing tungsten fluoride to the work function layer. In an embodiment the forming the work function layer is performed at least in part with an atomic layer deposition process to a thickness of between about 10 Å and about 30 Å. In an embodiment the method further includes reacting the active element with oxygen. 
     In another embodiment, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes: depositing a gate dielectric over a channel region of a semiconductor material, the channel region being adjacent to multiple sides of the semiconductor material; depositing a work function layer over the gate dielectric using an atomic layer deposition process; soaking the work function layer in a precursor material, wherein the soaking the work function layer forms a dopant layer within the work function layer; and depositing a fill material over the work function layer. In an embodiment the precursor material is titanium chloride. In an embodiment the depositing the work function layer deposits the work function layer to a thickness of between about 10 Å and about 30 Å. In an embodiment the soaking the work function layer is performed in-situ with the depositing the work function layer. In an embodiment the depositing the work function layer deposits titanium nitride. In an embodiment the method further includes performing a post-treatment process after the soaking the work function layer in the precursor material, the post-treatment process reducing a number of dangling bonds within the work function layer. In an embodiment the post-treatment process adds nitrogen to the work function layer. In an embodiment the post-treatment process flows ammonia over the work function layer. In an embodiment the dopant layer comprises titanium. 
     In yet another embodiment, a semiconductor device including: a semiconductor fin; a dielectric material adjacent to the semiconductor fin; a work function layer over the dielectric material, the work function layer comprising a dopant layer; and a fill material over the work function layer. In an embodiment the dopant layer comprises titanium. In an embodiment the dopant layer comprises boron. In an embodiment the dopant layer comprises chromium. In an embodiment the work function layer has a thickness no greater than 30 Å. In an embodiment the dopant layer has a thickness of between about 1 Å and about 10 Å. 
     The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.