Patent Publication Number: US-8530150-B2

Title: Detection of risk of pre-eclampsia

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/245,893, filed Sep. 25, 2009. The entire disclosure of the application is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method for the detection of a risk of pre-eclampsia, and to materials and kits for use in the method. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The disclosures of all publications mentioned below, whether patent or non-patent documents, are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disease characterised by hypertension, proteinuria and oedema. It is responsible for around 12% of the world&#39;s annual 514,000 maternal deaths [Reference 1]. Aside from maternal and fetal death, the condition can also result in intra-uterine growth restriction, seizures (eclampsia), renal or liver failure, and placental abruption. Despite much investigation, the pathological processes underlying this disease are still largely undiscovered. Recent investigation had focussed on defective placental implantation as an important aetiological factor, with the resulting release of placentally derived circulating factors, which cause endothelial dysfunction [References 2, 3, 4]. At the microvascular level, there is a state of vasoconstriction from smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability and anti-angiogenesis [Reference 5], which correspond to the clinical findings of high blood pressure, oedema and a characteristically small placenta at delivery of the baby. 
     The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family is thought to be one of the important molecular systems involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Conventional VEGF, also known as VEGF-A, is made up of 6 different isoforms formed from alternative exon splicing resulting in proteins of varying amino acid length, termed VEGF xxx . VEGF 165  is the most common isoform of VEGF xxx , and consists of 165 amino acids. VEGF 165  acts via its receptor VEGFR-2 to increase vascular permeability, vasodilatation and angiogenesis [Reference 6]. Endogenous alternative splicing of the VEGF receptor results in soluble VEGFR-1 (also known as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 or sFlt-1), which binds to VEGF and inhibits its function [Reference 6]. High levels of sFlt-1 have been documented in pre-eclampsia [Reference 7]. 
     VEGF levels in pre-eclampsia have been measured by a number of techniques, with conflicting results according to the technique used. When measured by commercial sandwich Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays (ELISAs)—which has been proposed to measure only the free, unbound forms of VEGF-levels appear to be reduced in pre-eclampsia [References 8, 9]. When measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or competitive enzyme immuno assay (cEIA), VEGF levels are shown to substantially increase. This discrepancy has been proposed to be due to these latter two methods not being affected by circulating binding proteins [References 10, 11]. 
     In 2002, an alternative family of VEGF-A isoforms were identified, termed VEGF xxx b. These are the same size as conventional VEGF-A but are alternatively spliced in exon 8 [Reference 12]. This alternative splice site selection results in an alternate 6 amino acid C terminus, which affects the property of the isoforms. VEGF 165 b is the most widely studied of these isoforms. VEGF 165 b has been shown to inhibit the effects of VEGF 165  by binding to its principal receptor VEGFR-2 and preventing it from exerting its physiological effects such as endothelial cell proliferation and migration. VEGF 165 b also binds to and activates Flt-1 (VEGFR-1), resulting in a transient increase in capillary hydraulic conductivity but no sustained increase in permeability, in contrast with VEGF 165  [Reference 13]. 
     WO03/012105 describes the use of VEGF 165 b inhibitors, for example anti-VEGF 165 b antibodies, to treat pre-eclampsia associated with a lack of VEGF 165 -mediated vasodilation. The rationale underlying this treatment is explained at page 23, line 21 to page 24, line 12. However, Bates et al, [Reference 29] report that pre-eclamptic placentae at term have significantly down-regulated levels of VEGF xxx b, implying a different mechanism than merely excess VEGF 165 b expression. Evidence is presented to indicate a significant uncoupling of the splicing regulation of the VEGF isoforms in late pre-eclampsia. It is theorised that such dysregulation of mRNA splicing in VEGF gene expression in pre-eclampsia may be linked to apparent dysregulation of mRNA splicing in expression of the VEGFR (VEGF receptor) gene, also observed in human pre-eclampsia. 
     We have now surprisingly found that a delay in the up-regulation of VEGF xxx b, for example VEGF 165 b, in the pregnant maternal plasma from the non-pregnant level to a higher concentration is an early marker indicative of risk of pre-eclampsia later in the pregnancy. This longitudinal parameter can therefore be used as the basis for a predictive assay for risk of pre-eclampsia. 
     It follows that clinical intervention in about the first trimester of the pregnancy to restore maternal plasma concentration of VEGF xxx b, for example VEGF 165 b, to or towards normal levels will provide a valuable treatment for reducing a risk of development of pre-eclampsia later in the pregnancy or for delaying onset of pre-eclampsia, thereby improving the prospects of fetal and maternal survival. Aspects of this study are described in Bills et al, Clinical Science (2009) 116, pages 265-272 (“Failure to Up-Regulate VEGF 165 b in Maternal Plasma is a First Trimester Predictive Marker for Pre-Eclampsia”). To the extent that any part of that publication or any related publication prior to the filing of this patent application would otherwise be prior art against the invention under the relevant law, we claim the benefit of any grace period provided by the relevant law. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect the present invention, there is provided a method of detecting a risk of a pregnant female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto, or of a fetus of the pregnant female mammal developing a fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia, comprising detecting the level of a VEGF xxx b in a sample from the pregnant female mammal before about the end of the second trimester of the mammal&#39;s pregnancy and comparing the detected level with a reference level, a level in the sample of the pregnant female mammal below the reference level being indicative of a risk of the pregnant female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto or of the fetus developing the fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia. 
     According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit for use in determining an increased risk to a pregnant female mammal of pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto or to the fetus of the pregnant female mammal of developing a fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia, the kit comprising a reagent for detection of the level of a VEGF xxx b in a sample from the pregnant female mammal. The kit can be used to detect level of VEGF xxx b in the sample before about the end of the second trimester of the mammal&#39;s pregnancy, and the detected level is compared with a reference level, a level in the sample below the reference level being indicative of a risk of the pregnant female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto or of the fetus developing the fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia. 
     According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of reducing the risk of a female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto, or of a fetus of the female mammal developing a fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia, comprising increasing the level of a VEGF xxx b in the female mammal before about the end of the second trimester of the mammal&#39;s pregnancy to a level at which the risk of the pregnant female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto or of the fetus developing the fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia is reduced. The method of increasing the level of a VEGF xxx b in the female mammal before about the end of the second trimester of the pregnancy can comprise increasing the level of a VEGF xxx b in the female mammal before conception or before pregnancy is confirmed. Usually, treatment of the female to increase the level of the VEGF xxx b will continue at least during the first trimester and optionally also into the second and/or third trimester. 
     The increasing of the level of a VEGF xxx b in the method according to the third aspect of the present invention can be carried out by administering a VEGF xxx b active agent to the female mammal. 
     The administration of the VEGF xxx b active agent to the female mammal can be performed in association with other therapeutic or prophylactic treatment for pre-eclampsia and complications linked to pre-eclampsia as described herein. Such other therapeutic or prophylactic treatments include, for example, administration of pharmaceutical compositions (for example, oral compositions containing aspirin) for reducing incidence of pre-eclampsia. 
     Depending on the results of the risk detection method according to the first aspect of the present invention, the risk reduction method according to the third aspect of the present invention can then be carried out. 
     The VEGF xxx b can be full VEGF xxx b protein or an anti-angiogenic fragment thereof, or other VEGF xxx b derived or related protein material which is functionally equivalent to full VEGF xxx b protein in relevant respects. The term “VEGF xxx b” is to be understood in this manner. 
     The term “VEGF xxx b active agent” used herein encompasses VEGF xxx b protein material and agents which promote the presence or endogenous expression of VEGF xxx b relative to the untreated subject. Such agents include those described in WO2008/110777 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) that favour distal splice site (DSS) splicing during processing of VEGF pre-mRNA transcribed from the C terminal exon 8 of the VEGF-A gene. Such agents can, if desired, be used in association with one or more controlling agents for the splicing which suppresses or inhibits proximal splice site (PSS) splicing during processing of VEGF pre-mRNA transcribed from the C terminal exon 8 of the VEGF-A gene (see WO2008/110777). 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of testing a (pregnant or non-pregnant) female mammalian subject for risk of developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto, the method comprising genotyping the subject to determine a risk of underexpressing VEGF xxx b relative to normal VEGF xxx b level before about 24 weeks of gestation in pregnancy. 
     Wherever an embodiment, example or preference is described or expressed herein in relation to one aspect of the present invention, it shall be understood that the embodiment, example or preference applies equally to all other aspects of the invention unless this is not technically feasible. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Pre-Eclampsia Categories in Humans 
     Pre-eclampsia in humans can develop as early as 20 weeks of gestation. Pre-eclampsia that develops before about 34 weeks of gestation is normally referred to as “early pre-eclampsia” or “early-onset pre-eclampsia”. Pre-eclampsia that develops after about 34 weeks of gestation is normally referred to as “late pre-eclampsia” or “late-onset pre-eclampsia”. 
     In addition, pre-eclampsia can be categorised as “severe pre-eclampsia” according to criteria established by the United Kingdom Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Under these criteria, a patient with “severe pre-eclampsia” will have systolic blood pressure (BP) greater than 169 mmHg or diastolic BP greater than 109 mmHg with proteinuria greater than 1 g/24 h; or will show occurrence of HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count). 
     The expressions in quotation marks, and like expressions, will be used in these senses in the present application. 
     In embodiments of the invention, the pre-eclampsia detected or treated can be early pre-eclampsia or later pre-eclampsia, or can be severe pre-eclampsia of either the late or early type. 
     VEGF xxx b 
     VEGF xxx b can, for example, comprise one or more of VEGF 165 b, VEGF 189 b, VEGF 145 b, VEGF 183 b, VEGF 121 b and VEGF 111 b. The VEGF xxx b suitably comprises recombinant VEGF xxx b, such as recombinant human VEGF xxx b (rhVEGF xxx b). 
     The VEGF xxx b can comprise VEGF 165 b, e.g., recombinant VEGF 165 b, such as recombinant human VEGF 165 b (rhVEGF 165 b). 
     The VEGF xxx b can, for example, consist essentially of VEGF 165 b, e.g., recombinant VEGF 165 b, such as recombinant human VEGF 165 b (rhVEGF 165 b). The VEGF xxx b may, for example, consist of VEGF 165 b, e.g., recombinant VEGF 165 b, such as recombinant human VEGF 165 b (rhVEGF 165 b). 
     Subject 
     In an embodiment the subject can be a human or non-human mammal. 
     Besides being useful for human treatment, the present invention is also useful in a range of mammals. Such mammals include non-human primates (e.g., apes, monkeys and lemurs), for example in zoos, companion animals such as cats or dogs, working and sporting animals such as dogs, horses and ponies, farm animals, for example pigs, sheep, goats, deer, oxen and cattle, and laboratory animals such as rodents (e.g., rabbits, rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils or guinea pigs). 
     In a specific example, the mammal is a human. 
     When the present invention is applied in humans, the expression “end of the second trimester of the pregnancy” refers to a time at about 24 weeks of gestation, this period being calculated in the conventional manner, namely from the subject&#39;s last menstruation. In an embodiment, the detection of the level of a VEGF xxx b in a sample from the pregnant human female is made before about the end of the first trimester of the mammal&#39;s pregnancy, namely before about 12 weeks of gestation. 
     Sample 
     The sample from the subject can be a sample of body fluid or tissue taken from the subject for analysis. A specific example of such a sample is a sample of a body fluid. The body fluid can, for example, be selected from blood, plasma, serum, saliva, tears, sputum, urine, buccal, cervical or vaginal smears or swabs. A commonly available type of sample is blood or plasma. The detection can be performed in vivo or, more typically, in vitro. 
     Detection of VEGF xxx b Level 
     Detection of the level of VEGF xxx b can be performed in any suitable manner, for example by means of assays using antibodies, receptors, binding molecules and the like, or separation methods for proteins based on such factors as molecular weight or isoelectric point or other contributing factors to variances in retention characteristics of different components of a sample on a substrate or column, including but not limited to high pressure liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis, microfluidic gel-free electrophoresis, Western Blotting or mass spectroscopy. In certain embodiments, the detection can involve the use of antibodies which bind the VEGF xxxb . Any of these antibodies, receptors or binding molecules can be labelled with detectable markers (e.g., fluorescent or radioactive or enzyme markers) to allow detection, or can themselves be detectable with labelled secondary antibodies or binding molecules or enzymes. Any of the antibodies, receptors or binding molecules can be either in solution or affixed to a solid support in conventional manner. 
     Examples of assay methods useful for detecting the VEGF xxx b level in connection with the present invention include, but are not limited to, for example, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) such as enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC ELISA), microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA), capillary electrophoresis immunoassay (CEIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoradiometric assays (IRMA), fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA), dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassay (DELFIA) and chemiluminescence assays (CL). 
     The assay can be performed in a number of possible ways, as is well known in the art. For example, the VEGF xxx b of the sample can first be immobilised onto a surface (for example, a surface of a well in a plate, a bead surface or a tube surface), whether specifically using a suitable antibody or other specific binding system (sandwich assays) or non-specifically (indirect assays). Any residual unbound VEGF xxx b is removed and the quantitatively detectable marker (label) is then applied specifically to the bound VEGF xxx b via one or more further antibodies or other specific binding system as an intermediate between the VEGF xxx b and the label. Detection of the label is calibrated using quantitatively known standard analogue systems. Examples of such assays are sandwich immunoassays, for example sandwich EIAs such as sandwich ELISAs. 
     Alternatively, VEGF xxx b or an analogue having similar complementary binding properties can first be immobilised onto the surface, whether specifically using a suitable antibody or other specific binding system or non-specifically, and the sample added in the form of a complex with an anti-VEGF xxx b antibody (which can be specific or non-specific to VEGF xxx b) or other binding partner of VEGF xxx b so that the immobilised VEGF xxx b must compete to displace the antibody or other binding partner from the sample VEGF xxx b. The extent that it does so is measured by detection of the extent to which the anti-VEGF xxx b antibody or other binding partner of VEGF xxx b is taken up into the immobilised phase after equilibration, for example by detecting a label on the anti-VEGF xxx b antibody or other binding partner of VEGF xxx b. The amount of VEGF xxx b in the sample is calculated from the extent to which it was displaced in the competition and the binding partner immobilised. Alternatively, the (unlabelled) anti-VEGF xxx b antibody (which can be specific or non-specific to VEGF xxx b) or other binding partner of VEGF xxx b can be immobilised onto the surface and the sample VEGF xxx b and labelled VEGF xxx b added. After equilibration and removal of unbound labelled material, the extent to which the labelled and sample VEGF xxx b have become immobilised is measured by quantification of the bound label, from which the amount of VEGF xxx b in the sample is calculated. Examples of such assays are competitive immunoassays, for example competitive EIS such as competitive ELISAs. 
     A specific assay method is ELISA, particularly a sandwich ELISA using two antibodies directed to different domains of the VEGF xxx b family or of one or more particular proteins of the family. These domains can, for example, be domains that are found also in proteins of the VEGF xxx  family, or can be domains that are specific to the VEGF xxx b family or one or more particular proteins of the family. Typically, the immobilised antibody is a monoclonal antibody specific for a C terminal epitope of VEGF xxx b, particularly VEGF 165 b and the label (e.g., the enzyme horseradish peroxidise) bound to the immobilised antigen via a polyclonal anti-(human VEGF) antibody which binds a domain common to VEGF xxx  and VEGF xxx b. For coupling the label to the second antibody, streptavidin is used. This ELISA is specific to VEGF xxx b in the sample and is not cross-reactive with any VEGF xxx  present. ELISA and related assay methods can be carried out in a variety of physical formats. For example, in sample vessels such as multiwell plates and tubes, and in particle-based (for example bead-based) formats. 
     Reference VEGF xxx b Level 
     The reference VEGF xxx b level is generally calculated from gestational age matched mean values obtained from a population of normotensive pregnant females, namely females who completed their pregnancies without pre-eclampsia. 
     The data presented below shows that different assay methods for quantitating the VEGF xxx b level in a sample can yield different VEGF xxx b levels, probably due to different patterns of binding by the different antibodies or binding molecules used. Therefore, whenever possible the assay method for obtaining the detected VEGF xxx b level in the subject should correspond quantitatively to the assay method for obtaining the reference VEGF xxx b level. The correspondence can be readily cross-checked by assays performed on known standard solutions of VEGF xxx b, in cases where this needs to be verified. 
       FIG. 1  shows that a suitable reference level in human serum for use in the method for detecting a risk of developing pre-eclampsia will be between about 0.5 and about 3.5 ng/ml, for example between about 2 and about 3 ng/ml, when the VEGF xxx b is VEGF 165 b sampled at up to about 24 weeks of gestation, such as up to about 12 weeks of gestation, as measured by a sandwich ELISA using two monoclonal antibodies raised against the human VEGF peptide sequence, for example ELISA assay 45-VEGFH-0111, available from Alpco Diagnostics, Salem, N.H. (www.alpco.com/index.asp). 
     The same data show that a suitable reference level in human serum or plasma for use in the method for detecting a risk of developing severe pre-eclampsia, and particularly severe early-onset pre-eclampsia, will be between about 0.5 and about 2 ng/ml, for example between about 0.5 and about 1.5 ng/ml, when the VEGF xxx b is VEGF 165 b sampled at up to about 24 weeks of gestation, such as up to about 12 weeks of gestation, as measured by a sandwich ELISA in which the immobilised antibody is a monoclonal antibody specific for a C terminal epitope of VEGF 165 b (e.g., MAB3045, clone 56/1; R &amp; D Systems) and the label (e.g., the enzyme horseradish peroxidise) is bound to the immobilised antigen via a polyclonal anti-(human VEGF) antibody (e.g., BAF293; R&amp; D Systems) which binds a domain common to VEGF xxx  and VEGF xxx b. 
     Generally speaking, where there is a statistically significant difference between the determined VEGF xxx b level and the normal level, there is a significant risk that the tested individual will develop pre-eclampsia. The reference level is to be chosen to represent that statistical significance where the detected VEGF xxx b level is below the reference level. 
     Alternative reference levels can be selected according to the requirements of the assay. For example, in a longitudinal study of a patient the reference level may be a level of the same patient at a different time point. 
     Risk Estimation 
     In principle the risk of a pregnant individual developing pre-eclampsia, and the risk of consequential maternal or fetal complications, can be estimated by analysis of the detected VEGF xxx b levels and the age matched data collected in a patient population study, and applying known statistical analysis methods to estimate the risk, taking into account such additional risk factors as genetic pre-disposition and the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. 
     In one embodiment, the risk of a pregnant individual developing pre-eclampsia, and the risk of consequential maternal or fetal complications, is estimated from the detected VEGF xxx b level and the age matched population data, taking into account such additional risk factors as genetic pre-disposition. 
     According to another embodiment, there is provided a method of testing a female mammalian subject for risk of developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto, the method comprising genotyping the subject to determine a risk of underexpressing VEGF xxx b relative to normal VEGF xxx b level before about 24 weeks of gestation in pregnancy. The genotyping data thereby obtained can be included in the risk estimation. The genotyping can, for example, determine the genetic pre-disposition of the subject to under-expressing VEGF xxx b as a result of particular patterns of splicing during processing of the VEGF pre-mRNA transcribed from the C terminal exon 8 of the VEGF-A gene, as discussed in more detail in WO2008/110777. 
     The data presented herein ( FIG. 6 ) show that the detection method according to the present description has a relatively high sensitivity (high proportion of true positive predictions of pre-eclampsia and low proportion of false positive predictions of pre-eclampsia) and a relatively high specificity (high proportion of true negative predictions of (no) pre-eclampsia and low proportion of false negative predictions of (no) pre-eclampsia). Therefore, the methods according to the present invention provide a useful and accurate predictor of pre-eclampsia risk that will provide the potential for quantitative risk estimation by statistical analysis. 
     The method of detecting a risk of a pregnant female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto, or of a fetus of the pregnant female mammal developing a fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia, according to the present invention, can be used in association with other such methods. Examples of other such methods can include risk detection methods which target (e.g., monitor maternal levels of) one or more other biomarkers indicative of a risk of pre-eclampsia and complications linked thereto. The detection of the level of a VEGF xxx b in a sample from the pregnant female mammal can be performed simultaneously or sequentially (in any desired order) with the detection of the level of the one or more other biomarkers. The detections can be performed on the same or different samples, or in vivo without removing a sample from the mother&#39;s body. 
     VEGF xxx b Level for Treatment 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of reducing the risk of a female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto, or of a fetus of the female mammal developing a fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia, comprising increasing the level of a VEGF xxx b in the female mammal before about the end of the second trimester of the mammal&#39;s pregnancy to a level at which the risk of the pregnant female mammal developing pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto or of the fetus developing the fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia is lowered. 
     For this purpose, the desirable raised VEGF xxx b level will typically be above the corresponding reference level for the detection of a risk of development of pre-eclampsia and the associated risks according to the first aspect of the invention. For example, the desirable raised level will be at least 20%, for example at least 30% above the corresponding reference level for the first aspect of the invention. In some instances, the desirable raised level will be at least about 75%, for example between about 75% and about 100%, of the gestational age matched mean VEGF xxx b levels for the normotensive population. 
     For quantitating the VEGF xxx b levels of the subject, quantitatively analogous assay methods should be used, as between the data obtaining the gestational age matched mean VEGF xxx b levels for the normotensive population, any data establishing a risk of a subject developing pre-eclampsia, and the data monitoring the increased VEGF xxx b level obtained as a result of treatment according to this aspect of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  of the accompanying drawings shows that a suitable level in human serum for reducing a risk of developing pre-eclampsia will be at least about 2 ng/ml, for example between about 2.0 and about 4.5 ng/ml, for example between about 2.5 and about 4 ng/ml, when the VEGF xxx b is VEGF 165 b sampled at up to about 24 weeks of gestation, such as up to about 12 weeks of gestation, as measured by a sandwich ELISA in which the immobilised antibody is a monoclonal antibody specific for a C terminal epitope of VEGF 165 b (e.g., MAB3045, clone 56/1; R &amp; D Systems) and the label (e.g., the enzyme horseradish peroxidise) is bound to the immobilised antigen via a polyclonal anti-(human VEGF) antibody (e.g., BAF293; R &amp; D Systems) which binds a domain common to VEGF xxx  and VEGF xxx b. 
     Test Kit 
     The kit, for use in determining an increased risk to a pregnant female mammal of pre-eclampsia or a complication linked thereto or to the fetus of the pregnant female mammal of developing a fetal or neonatal deficiency linked to maternal pre-eclampsia, comprises one or more reagent for detection of the level of a VEGF xxx b in a sample from the pregnant female mammal. The kit can further comprise instructions for use of the reagent(s). The reagents can comprise antibodies against the VEGF xxx b, or receptors or binding molecules to the VEGF xxx b, or combinations thereof. Any of these antibodies, receptors or binding molecules can be labelled with detectable markers (e.g., fluorescent or radioactive or enzyme markers) to allow detection, or can themselves be detectable with labelled secondary antibodies or binding molecules or enzymes. Any of the antibodies, receptors or binding molecules can be either in solution or affixed to a solid support in conventional manner. The kit can further comprise means for taking a sample from a subject mammal, such as, for example, swabs, syringes and the like. 
     The kit can be adapted for use with electronic apparatus to detect the markers (labels) quantitatively. The apparatus can suitably comprise stations for holding containers in which the sample and/or reagents and/or standard mixtures for quantitation are retained. Such apparatus are conventional in the assay methods and further description is not required here. 
     VEGF xxx b Active Agent 
     The term “VEGF xxx b active agent” encompasses VEGF xxx b protein materials (including, but not limited to, full protein and anti-angiogenic fragments thereof) and agents which promote the presence or endogenous expression of VEGF xxx b relative to the normal or untreated subject, optionally relative to VEGF xxx , in vivo or in vitro. 
     The VEGF xxx b active agent used in the presently described methods can be prepared by any suitable means. 
     The use of agents, acting on cells to promote the endogenous expression of VEGF xxx b in preference (i.e. relative) to VEGF xxx  in the cells, is one possible way of preparing the VEGF xxx b for use in the presently described methods. For further details of the agents, see WO2008/110777. 
     The term “VEGF xxx b active agent” thus includes within its scope an expression vector system which causes the expression of the VEGF xxx b in a host organism. This can be the subject to be treated or another organism suitable to the subject to be treated. Such an expression vector system suitably comprises a promoter nucleotide sequence operably associated a nucleotide sequence coding for the VEGF xxxb , whereby the VEGF xxx b can be expressed in the host organism under suitable conditions of transfection and incubation. Further details are provided below in the section headed “Gene Therapy”. 
     The term “VEGF xxx b active agent” thus also includes within its scope an inhibition system for VEGF xxx  in a host organism, suitably the subject to be treated, whereby the proportion of active VEGF xxx b to VEGF xxx  is increased in the host organism or particular tissues thereof. Such an inhibition system can, for example, comprise a specific anti-VEGF xxx  antibody, for example a monoclonal or polyclonal specific anti-VEGF xxx  antibody [15, 16, 25]. The inhibition system can alternatively comprise an expression vector system which causes the expression of an inhibition system for VEGF xxx  in a host organism. Such an expression vector system suitably comprises a promoter nucleotide sequence operably or functionally associated a nucleotide sequence coding for a protein inhibition system for VEGF xxx , such as a specific anti-VEGF xxx  antibody, whereby the protein inhibition system for VEGF xxx  can be expressed in the host organism under suitable conditions of transfection and incubation. 
     More than one type of VEGF xxx b active agent, and/or more than one embodiment of any particular type of VEGF xxx b active agent, can be used simultaneously or sequentially if desired. 
     VEGF xxx b Active Agents which Selectively Promote the Expression of VEGF xxx b in Preference (i.e. Relative) to VEGF xxx  in Cells of a Subject or In Vitro 
     Such agents are described in the passage from page 6, line 22 to page 8, line 9 of WO-A-2008/110777, and elaborated in the remainder of WO-A-2008/110777 to the extent that favouring of DSS splicing over PSS splicing is concerned. Please refer to these passages of WO-A-2008/110777 for the discussion. 
     In particular, there can be mentioned Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-b1, TGF-b R1, SRPK1 specific inhibitors (for example, SRPIN 340), T-cell intercellular antigen-1 (TIA-1), MKK3/MKK6-activatable MAP kinases (for example, p38 MAPK), Cdc20-like (Clk) family kinases Clk1/sty, Clk2, Clk3 and Clk4, the SR splicing factor SRp55, their in vivo activators, upregulators and potentiators, functionally active analogues and functionally active fragments of any of the foregoing, modified forms of any of the foregoing having a secondary functionality useful for control of their primary activity or the effects thereof, expression vector systems for expressing any of the foregoing agents in vivo, transcription/translation blocking agents which bind to the PSS of exon 8a of the pre-mRNA and/or at the region of the pre-mRNA to which a splicing regulatory protein binds, to inhibit proximal splicing (for example, morpholinos or other synthetic blocking agents, peptide conjugates, RNA binding proteins, RNA interference (RNAi) poly- and oligonucleotide blocking agents (for example dsRNA, microRNA (miRNA), siRNA), peptide nucleic acid (PNA), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (for example, bisindolyl maleimide (BIM) and other mechanistically analogous PKC inhibitors, particularly inhibitors which bind at the PKC catalytic domain), or any combination thereof. 
     Such an expression vector system suitably comprises a promoter nucleotide sequence operably associated a nucleotide sequence coding for the agent promoting expression of VEGF xxx b in preference to VEGF xxx , whereby the agent promoting expression of VEGF xxx b in preference to VEGF xxx  can be expressed in a host organism, suitably the subject to be treated, under suitable conditions of transfection and incubation. Further details are provided below in the section headed “Gene Therapy”. 
     Compositions and Administration 
     For performing an aspect of the present invention, an active agent can be administered in the form of a composition comprising the active agent and any suitable additional component. The composition can, for example, be a pharmaceutical composition (medicament). 
     The active agent according to the present invention can be administered in the form of a composition comprising the active agent and any suitable additional component. The composition can, for example, be a pharmaceutical composition (medicament), suitably for parenteral administration (e.g., injection, implantation or infusion) or suitable for oral administration. 
     A composition can further comprise one or more additional active agent known to alleviate or prevent pre-eclampsia and complications linked to pre-eclampsia. A composition can be administered in association with (e.g., simultaneously or sequentially with) one or more additional compositions containing one or more additional active agent known to alleviate or prevent pre-eclampsia and complications linked to pre-eclampsia. Such additional active agents include, for example, aspirin, e.g., orally administered aspirin, for reducing incidence of pre-eclampsia. 
     The term “pharmaceutical composition” or “medicament” in the context of this invention means a composition comprising an active agent and comprising additionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The composition can further contain ingredients selected from, for example, diluents, adjuvants, excipients, vehicles, preserving agents, fillers, disintegrating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavouring agents, perfuming agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, lubricating agents and dispersing agents, depending on the nature of the mode of administration and dosage forms. The compositions can take the form, for example, of tablets, dragees, powders, elixirs, syrups, liquid preparations including suspensions, sprays, inhalants, tablets, lozenges, emulsions, solutions, cachets, granules, capsules and suppositories, as well as liquid preparations for injections, including liposome preparations. Techniques and formulations generally can be found in Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition. 
     Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. As an example can be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection. Liquid preparations can also be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution. 
     Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These particular solid form preparations are most conveniently provided in unit dose form and as such are used to provide a single liquid dosage unit. Alternatively, sufficient solid can be provided so that after conversion to liquid form, multiple individual liquid doses can be obtained by measuring predetermined volumes of the liquid form preparation as with a syringe, teaspoon, or other volumetric container or apparatus. The solid form preparations intended to be converted to liquid form can contain, in addition to the active material, flavourings, colourants, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilising agents, and the like. The liquid utilized for preparing the liquid form preparation can be water, isotonic water, ethanol, glycerine, propylene glycol, and the like as well as mixtures thereof. Naturally, the liquid utilized will be chosen with regard to the route of administration, for example, liquid preparations containing large amounts of ethanol are not suitable for parenteral use. 
     The dosages can be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with the smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage can be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired. 
     Gene Therapy 
     The third aspect of the present invention can be practiced using gene therapy. Gene therapy techniques are generally known in this art, and the present invention can suitably be put into practice in these generally known ways. The following discussion provides further outline explanation. 
     The gene therapies are broadly classified into two categories, i.e., in vivo and in vitro therapies. The in vivo gene therapy comprises introducing a therapeutic gene directly into the body, and the in vitro gene therapy comprises culturing a target cell in vitro, introducing a gene into the cell, and then introducing the genetically modified cell into the body. 
     The gene transfer technologies are broadly divided into a viral vector-based transfer method using virus as a carrier, a non-viral delivery method using synthetic phospholipid or synthetic cationic polymer, and a physical method, such as electroporation or introducing a gene by applying temporary electrical stimulation to a cell membrane. 
     Among the gene transfer technologies, the viral vector-based transfer method is considered to be preferable for the gene therapy because the transfer of a genetic factor can be efficiently made with a vector with the loss of a portion or whole of replicative ability, which has a gene substituted a therapeutic gene. Examples of virus used as the virus carrier or vector include RNA virus vectors (retrovirus vectors, lentivirus vector, etc.), and DNA virus vectors (adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, etc.). In addition, its examples include herpes simplex viral vectors, alpha viral vectors, etc. Among them, retrovirus and adenovirus vectors are particularly actively studied. 
     The characteristics of retrovirus acting to integrate into the genome of host cells are that it is harmless to the human body, but can inhibit the function of normal cells upon integration. Also, it infects various cells, proliferates fast, can receive about 1-7 kb of foreign genes, and is capable of producing replication-deficient virus. However, it has disadvantages in that it is hard to infect cells after mitosis, it is difficult to transfer a gene in vivo, and the somatic cell tissue is needed to proliferate always in vitro. In addition, since it can be integrated into a proto-oncogene, it has the risk of mutation and can cause cell necrosis. 
     Meanwhile, adenovirus has various advantages for use as a cloning vector; it has moderate size, can be replicated within a cell nucleus, and is clinically nontoxic. Also, it is stable even when inserted with a foreign gene, and does not cause the rearrangement or loss of genes, can transform eucaryotes, and is stably expressed at a high level even when it is integrated into the chromosome of host cells. Good host cells for adenovirus are cells of causing human hematosis, lymphoma and myeloma. However, these cells are difficult to proliferate because they are linear DNAs. Also, it is not easy infected virus to be recovered, and they have low virus infection rate. Also, the expression of a transferred gene is the highest after 1-2 weeks, and in some cells, the expression is kept only for about 3-4 weeks. In addition, these have the problem of high immune antigenicity. 
     Adeno-associated virus (AAV) can overcome the above-described problems and at the same time, has many advantages for use as a gene therapeutic agent and thus is recently considered to be preferable. AAV, which is single-strand provirus, requires an assistant virus for replication, and the AAV genome is 4,680 by in size and can be inserted into any site of chromosome 19 of infected cells. A trans-gene is inserted into plasmid DNA linked with 145 by of each of two inverted terminal repeat sequence (ITR) and a signal sequence. This gene is transfected with another plasmid DNA expressing AAV rep and cap genes, and adenovirus is added as an assistant virus. AAV has advantages in that the range of its host cells to be transferred with a gene is wide, immune side effects due to repeated administration are little, and the gene expression time is long. Furthermore, it is stable even when the AAV genome is integrated into the chromosome of a host cell, and it does not cause the modification or rearrangement of gene expression in host cells. Since an AAV vector containing a CFTR gene was approved by NIH for the treatment of cystic fibrosis in 1994, it has been used for the clinical treatment of various diseases. An AAV vector containing a factor IXgene, which is a blood coagulation factor, is used for the treatment of hemophilia B, and the development of a therapeutic agent for hemophilia A with the AAV vector is currently being conducted. Also, AAV vectors containing various kinds of anticancer genes were certified for use as tumor vaccines. 
     Gene therapy, which is a method of treating diseases by gene transfer and expression, is used to adjust a certain gene, unlike the drug therapy. The ultimate purpose of the gene therapy is to obtain useful therapeutic effects by genetically modifying a living gene. The gene therapy has various advantages, such as the accurate transfer of a genetic factor into a disease site, the complete decomposition of the genetic factor in vivo, the absence of toxicity and immune antigenicity, and the long-term stable expression of the genetic factor and thus is spotlighted in connection with the present invention as a potentially suitable route of treatment. 
     The host cell for the gene therapy, to which the gene therapy is targeted, can be a cell of a type that normally expressed the VEGF xxx b. 
     In general, reference herein to the presence of one of a specified group of compounds, for example VEGF xxx b, includes within its scope the presence of a mixture of two or more of such compounds. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described in greater detail below, without limitation and purely by way of illustration, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows mean VEGF 165 b levels in (upper panel) non-pregnant women&#39;s plasma (denoted “non-pregnant” on the horizontal axis), normotensive pregnant maternal plasma at 12 weeks gestation (denoted “normotensive” on the horizontal axis), non-severe preclamptic (PET) maternal plasma at 12 weeks gestation (denoted “PET” on the horizontal axis) and severe early-onset pre-eclampsia maternal plasma at 12 weeks gestation (denoted “Severe” on the horizontal axis); and (lower panel) pregnant maternal plasma of women with severe/early onset pre-eclampsia (left hand bars of each bar pair, shaded black and denoted “PET (n=25)”) and of normotensive pregnant women (right hand bars of each bar pair, shaded white and denoted “Normotensive (n=45)”) at up to 23 weeks of gestation (denoted “&lt;23 W” on the horizontal axis), 27 to 34 weeks of gestation (denoted “27-34 W” on the horizontal axis) and immediately pre-delivery (denoted “Pre-delivery” on the horizontal axis); 
         FIG. 2  shows (upper panel) mean sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin (sEng) levels in pregnant maternal plasma at 12 weeks of gestation in subjects who did (left hand bars of each bar pair, shaded black and denoted “Pre-eclampsia”) or did not (right hand bars of each bar pair, white and denoted “Normotensive”) go on to develop pre-eclampsia; (bottom left panel) mean sFlt-1 levels at 12, 28, 34 weeks of gestation and at term (“Pre-delivery”) in subjects who did (upper curve, denoted “PET”) or did not (lower curve, denoted “Normotensive”) develop pre-eclampsia; and (bottom right panel) mean sEng levels at 12, 28, 34 weeks of gestation and at term (“Pre-delivery”) in subjects who did (upper curve, denoted “PET”) or did not (lower curve, denoted “Normotensive”) develop pre-eclampsia; 
         FIG. 3  shows (left hand panel) the relationship between low VEGF 165 b plasma levels in the first trimester and sFlt-1 levels at onset of pre-eclampsia (left hand group of subject data points, indicated by triangles) and between high VEGF 165 b plasma levels in the first trimester and sFlt-1 levels at onset of pre-eclampsia (right hand group of subject data points, indicated by solid circles); and (right hand panel) the relationship between low VEGF 165 b plasma levels in the first trimester and sEng levels at onset of pre-eclampsia (left hand group of subject data points, indicated by triangles) and between high VEGF 165 b plasma levels in the first trimester and sEng levels at onset of pre-eclampsia (right hand group of subject data points, indicated by solid circles); 
         FIG. 4  shows (left hand panel) total plasma VEGF measured at 12, 28, 34 and more than 36 weeks of gestation by cEIA (left hand bars of each bar pair, shaded black and denoted “Normotensive cEIA) or ELISA (right hand bars of each bar pair, white and denoted “Normotensive ELISA”) in subjects who did not go on to develop pre-eclampsia; and (right hand panel) total plasma VEGF measured at 12, 28, 34 and more than 36 weeks of gestation by cEIA (left hand bars of each bar pair, shaded black and denoted “PET cEIA) or ELISA (right hand bars of each bar pair, white and denoted “PET ELISA”) in subjects who did go on to develop pre-eclampsia; 
         FIG. 5  shows the proportion of total plasma VEGF that is VEGF 165 b measured at 12 weeks (left hand pair of pars) and pre-delivery (right hand pair of bars) in subjects who did (left hand bars of each bar pair, shaded black and denoted “PET, n=5”) or did not (right hand bars of each bar pair, white and denoted “Normotensive n=5”) go on to develop pre-eclampsia; 
         FIG. 6  shows ROC curves for first trimester VEGF 165 b (left hand panel), sFlt-1 (middle panel) and sEng (right hand panel). 
     
    
    
     When referring to the drawings, the following figure legends are helpful: 
       FIG. 1 : Measurement of VEGF 165 b levels in human plasma (Upper panel) At 12 weeks of gestation, VEGF 165 b was increased in plasma from pregnant women who went on to have normotensive pregnancies (n=45) compared with non-pregnant women. This was not the case in patients who subsequently developed severe, early onset and non severe pre-eclampsia (n=25); P=0.0003, as determined using a one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test). Subgroup analysis of severe/early-onset pre-eclampsia patients (n=9) compared with normotensive subjects also showed that VEGF 165 b is significantly lowered (P=0.008, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). (Lower panel) VEGF 165 b levels in both pre-eclamptic patients and normotensive subjects was increased in the third trimester (P=0.0012, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). Values are means±S.E.M. PET=pre-eclampsia. 
       FIG. 2 : First trimester sFlt-1 and sEng do not predict an increased risk of pre-eclampsia. (Upper panel) At 12 weeks of gestation, healthy subjects and subjects who later developed pre-eclampsia had similar levels of both sFlt-1 and sEng. Neither plasma marker was able to predict pre-eclampsia at 12 weeks of gestation. Pre-eclampsia was associated with up-regulation of maternal plasma levels of sFlt-1 (bottom left-hand panel) and sEng (bottom right-hand panel) relative to first trimester levels. In normotensive pregnancies, plasma levels of both molecules increased with advancing gestational age by 2.8-fold (sEng) and 5.3-fold (sFlt-1). P&lt;0.001, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U Test. Values are means±S.E.M. PET=pre-eclampsia. 
       FIG. 3 : Lack of up-regulation of VEGF 165 b in the first trimester is able to predict the elevated sFlt-1 concentration occurring with the onset of pre-eclampsia but not sEng. For sFLt-1, P=0.028, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test. However, first trimester VEGF 165 b does not correlate with sEng concentration at pre-eclampsia diagnosis. 
       FIG. 4 : Total VEGF was quantified both by EIA (left hand bars of each bar pair; shown in black) and ELISA (right-hand bar of each bar pair, shown in white) in maternal plasma from normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnancies (n=10). Detectable levels of VEGF were 2500-fold lower when measured by ELISA compared to EIA, (P&lt;0.0001 as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). PET=pre-eclampsia. Values are means±S.E.M. 
       FIG. 5 : Increase in total VEGF levels observed during pregnancy are primarily due to increased VEGF 165 b. At 12 weeks, only a small proportion of total VEGF (10-18%) was VEGF 165 b (n=10). In contrast, at term approximately 50% of the VEGF was VEGF 165 b in normotensive subjects, whereas in pre-eclampsia 70% of total VEGF was VEGF 165 b. Values are means±S.E.M. PET=pre-eclampsia. 
       FIG. 6 : Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for first trimester VEGF 165 b, sFlt-1 and sEng in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Area under the curve (AUC) was highest for VEGF 165 b, at 0.71 [P=0.0047 compared with random (0.5)]. AUC for sEng and sFlt-1 were 0.59 (P=0.34) and 0.56 (P=0.43) respectively, and were not different from random (0.5). 
     Example 
     Pregnant subjects were recruited from St Michael&#39;s Maternity Hospital, Bristol, UK, between June 2006 and December 2007. 18 non-pregnant females aged between 20 and 39 years were recruited from the University of Bristol, UK. The protocol for this study was granted ethical approval by Central and South Bristol Research Ethics Committee. 50 subjects were recruited from routine antenatal clinics in the first trimester of pregnancy. Subjects were aged between 17 and 42 years. 
     Blood was taken from subjects for VEGF 165 b quantification at recruitment, and at a further three times at 28, 34 and 37 weeks of gestation. 
     Pre-eclampsia was defined as blood pressure (BP)≧140/90 mmHg on two or more occasions measured 6 hours apart and ≧300 mg of proteinuria/24 hours, in the absence of a urinary tract infection, occurring after 20 weeks of gestation. The expression “weeks of gestation” used herein refers to the number of weeks since the mother&#39;s last menstruation. 
     Five patients who later developed pre-eclampsia had further blood taken at disease diagnosis. 
     Following venepuncture, blood was immediately centrifuged at 4000 rpm (179 g) for 10 minutes at 5° C., the supernatant was removed and stored at −80° C. until protein quantification. 
     Subjects also received fetal growth ultrasound scans at 28, 34 and 37 weeks of gestation to screen for intra-uterine growth restriction secondary to pre-eclampsia. 
     During the study period, a further 20 patients who developed pre-eclampsia in the third trimester were recruited into the study at disease diagnosis, and received fetal growth scans at the point of recruitment into the study. In these cases, plasma from their first trimesters was obtained from aliquots of frozen plasma stored under the same standard blood storage conditions by the hospital&#39;s virology department. 
     Sample size was calculated to observe an 80% change in mean VEGF 165 b levels at P&lt;0.05 with a power of &gt;90% given a standard deviation (S.D.) equivalent to the mean (calculated using G Power). 
     Anti-VEGF xxx b antibody (MAB3045, clone 56/1, R&amp;D Systems) was coated overnight onto the surface of a sterile Immulon-2HB 96-well plate at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. This antibody recognises an epitope within a nine amino-acid sequence at the C terminus of human VEGF 165 b. The plate was washed three times with 100 μl/well of phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/0.05% Tween 20. The plate was blocked for 12 hours with Superblock (250 μl/well; Pierce 37515). Serial dilutions of recombinant VEGF 165 b standards (R&amp;D Systems) diluted in phosphate buffered saline/bovine serum albumin (PBS/BSA) up to a concentration of 16 ng/ml were then added to the wells in triplicate (200 μl/well). Plasma samples were also added in triplicate (200 μl/well). Plates were then incubated at room temperature (22-24° C.) with shaking for 2 hours and then washed as above. Biotinylated anti-(human VEGF) affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (50 ng/ml; BAF293, R&amp;D Systems), as a detection agent, was added (200 μl/well) and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 2 hours with the plate protected from light. Following a further wash, 100 μl HRP (horseradish peroxidase)-streptavidin diluted 1:200 in PBS was added for 20 minutes protected from light, and then substrates A and B (100 μl/well) were added following washing. After 25 minutes the colour change was stopped on addition of 1M H 2 SO 4  (50 μl/well), and the plates were read immediately at a wavelength of 450 nm using a plate photospectrometer (Dynex Technologies). Revelation Quicklink 4.25 software was used to construct a standard curve from mean absorbance values of VEGF 165 b standards, which enabled estimation of the VEGF 165 b concentration in plasma samples. VEGF 165 b sample concentrations were quantified at multiple different concentrations in triplicate to ensure that values were in the range of the ELISA. Values were expressed as means±S.E.M. 
     This sandwich ELISA measures total circulating VEGF 165 b. It has been shown not to detect VEGF 165  and sFlt-1 is known not to interfere due to the use of antibodies against the VEGF 165 b molecule with epitopes at different parts of the molecule [Reference 15]. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of this assay in quantifying VEGF xxx b was 17% for within-subject variation (samples taken at least a week apart), and 7% for within-sample variation, whereas between-sample CV was &gt;200%, indicating consistency of assay, and significant variation amongst the population. 
     VEGF 165 b concentration in maternal plasma was quantified at 8-12, 28, 34 and 37 weeks of gestation in 45 normotensive subjects and four subjects recruited in the first trimester who later developed pre-eclampsia in the third trimester. The VEGF 165 b concentration was also quantified in 21 pre-eclamptic patients at 12 weeks of gestation and again in the third trimester at disease diagnosis. A similar version of this ELISA is available as a DuoSet Kit from R&amp;D Systems. 
     Endoglin and sFlt-1 ELISAs 
     ELISAs for sEng and sFlt-1 were carried out on maternal plasma samples using commercial ELISA kits from R&amp;D Systems (DNDG00 and DVR100B respectively), according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Values are expressed as means±S.E.M. 
     Total VEGF ELISA and EIA 
     Total circulating VEGF was quantified by commercial ELISA (45-VEGFH-0111; Alpco Diagnostics) and by competitive enzyme immunoassay (cEIA) (QIA69; Calbiochem). The EIA measures both bound and free forms of VEGF. 
     We had access to only a single 96 well cEIA for total VEGF quantification. For this reason total VEGF quantification was possible in only ten patients. For each plasma sample, VEGF concentration was determined both by ELISA and EIA. Values are expressed as means±S.E.M. 
     During the study period, 100 patients were recruited: 25 patients had pre-eclampsia, and 45 remained normotensive. Of the 30 recruits who were excluded from the study, five developed pregnancy-induced hypertension, one developed idiopathic fetal growth restriction, nine chose not to attend follow up appointments due to social reasons, two experienced intra-uterine deaths at 21 and 28 weeks of gestation, three experienced pre-term labour in the absence of pre-eclampsia, and ten with pre-eclampsia had no first trimester blood sample available. 
     The mean maternal age within the normotensive (n=45) and pre-eclamptic (n=25) groups were 30±0.8 and 30±1.3 years respectively (Table 1). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Clinical characteristics of the study participants. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Normotensive 
                 Pre-eclampsia 
               
               
                 Characteristic 
                 (n = 45) 
                 (n = 25) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Maternal age (years) 
                   30 ± 0.8 
                  30 ± 1.3 
               
               
                 Gestational age at diagnosis (weeks) 
                 NA 
                 34 + 5 ± 0.6 
               
               
                 Gestational age at birth (weeks) 
                  39 + 3 ± 0.17 
                 36.3 ± 0.47 
               
               
                 Systolic BP (mmHg) 
                 &lt;140 
                 151 ± 3.1  
               
               
                 Diastolic BP (mmHg) 
                 &lt;90 
                  98 ± 1.7 
               
               
                 Proteinuria (g/24 hours) 
                 &lt;0.3 
                  1.3 ± 0.17 
               
               
                 Primiparous (%) 
                 58 
                 52 
               
               
                 Birth weight (g) 
                 3495 ± 481 
                 2513 ± 166  
               
               
                 Platelet count (10 9 /l) 
                 259 ± 10 
                 206 ± 17  
               
               
                 Creatinine (mmol/l) 
                   60 ± 1.3 
                  79 ± 2.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Values shown are mean ± SEM. 
               
               
                 NA = not applicable. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     There were no differences in smoking status or ethnicity between the groups. Within the pre-eclampsia group, the mean gestational age at diagnosis was 34+5±0.6 weeks, the mean proteinuria was 1.3±0.17 g/24 hours, and the mean blood pressure was 151/98±3.1/1.7 mmHg (Table 1). 
     Mean birth weight within the pre-eclamptic and normotensive groups was 2513±166 g and 3495±481 g respectively. Of the 25 pre-eclamptic patients, six developed early-onset pre-eclampsia (&lt;34 weeks gestation) and 12 developed pre-eclampsia between 34 and 37 weeks gestation. The remaining seven patients developed pre-eclampsia at full term. Five of the 25 pre-eclamptic patients developed severe pre-eclampsia [according to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists criteria: systolic BP&gt;169 mmHg or diastolic BP&gt;109 mmHg with proteinuria&gt;1 gram/24 hours; or the occurrence of HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet) syndrome]. Five of the 25 fetuses born to pre-eclamptic mothers had growth restriction (ultrasonically defined as estimated fetal weight&lt;10 th  percentile for gestational age with further evidence of placental insufficiency, such as oligohydramnios or abnormal umbilical artery Dopplers [Reference 16]). 
     Plasma VEGF 165 b increases in normotensive pregnancy. Plasma VEGF 165 b concentration from non-pregnant women was 0.4±0.22 ng/ml. In the normotensive group, circulating plasma VEGF 165 b at 12 weeks of gestation was significantly increased (4.90±1.66 ng/ml, P&lt;0.001, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test;  FIG. 1 , upper panel), and remained so throughout pregnancy. 
     Patients who later develop pre-eclampsia have reduced first trimester VEGF 165 b levels. At 12 weeks of gestation, the plasma VEGF 165 b concentration was significantly lower in patients who later developed pre-eclampsia (0.467±0.209 ng/ml) compared with plasma from normotensive pregnancies ( FIG. 1 , upper panel). When the severe, early onset pre-eclampsia sub group was analysed, a low first trimester VEGF 165 b concentration was also predictive at 12 weeks (P=0.008, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). In contrast, at term there was no significant difference in plasma VEGF 165 b concentrations between pre-eclamptic (3.75±2.24 ng/ml) and normal pregnancies (10.58±3.74 ng/ml). Thus, pre-eclampsia was associated with an 8±1.8-fold increase in plasma VEGF 165 b from first trimester to pre-delivery, compared with a 2±0.3-fold increase in normotensive plasma (P&lt;0.0012, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). 
     Patients with a lower than median plasma VEGF 165 b at 12 weeks, had elevated sFlt-1 and sEng just before delivery. Concentrations of sFlt-1 (1.20±0.07 ng/ml and 1.27±0.18 ng/ml) and sEng (4.4±0.18 and 4.1±0.5 ng/ml) were similar at 12 weeks of gestation in the normotensive and pre-eclamptic groups, respectively ( FIG. 2 , upper panel). Therefore, at 12 weeks of gestation, neither sFlt-1 nor sEng were able to predict the onset of pre-eclampsia later in the pregnancy (see  FIG. 6 , middle and right-hand panels). At disease diagnosis, however, both sFlt-1 ( FIG. 2 , bottom left hand panel) and sEng ( FIG. 2 , bottom right-hand panel) were significantly up-regulated compared with normotensive subjects (P&lt;0.001, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). 
     VEGF 165 b predicts sFLT-1 and sEndoglin. The reduced first trimester levels of VEGF 165 b were able to predict the elevated sFLT-1 which occurred with the onset of pre-eclampsia ( FIG. 3 , left-hand panel; P=0.028, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U Test). However, VEGF 165 b concentrations in the first trimester did not correlate with the elevated sEng of pre-eclampsia ( FIG. 3 , right-hand panel). 
     Commercial total VEGF ELISAs underestimate total VEGF levels. Total circulating VEGF was quantified in the same plasma samples both by commercial ELISA and EIA. When quantified by ELISA, VEGF concentrations were on average 2500-fold lower than when quantified by EIA ( FIG. 4 ; P&lt;0.0001, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test). 
     VEGF 165 b accounts for the majority of total circulating VEGF in the third trimester in pre-eclamptic pregnancy. In five patients in each group, we were able to quantitate VEGF 165 b and total VEGF in the same samples. 
     VEGF 165 b expression increased in both pre-eclampsia and normotensive pregnancy with increasing gestational age. At 12 weeks of gestation, VEGF 165 b accounted for 10.5±20% of total plasma VEGF in patients that went on to develop pre-eclampsia, compared with 18.1±10% in control patients ( FIG. 5 ). With the onset of pre-eclampsia, VEGF 165 b accounted for the majority of total circulating VEGF, comprising 69.3±21% of total plasma VEGF in the patient group and 49±12% in the control group. 
     VEGF 165 b levels at 12 weeks predict pre-eclampsia. To determine which of VEGF 165 b, sFlt-1 and sEng are more accurate prognostic factors, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated by calculating sensitivity (proportion of times that the test predicts pre-eclampsia) and specificity (proportion of times that the test excluded pre-eclampsia). Thus a high sensitivity value would include all patients, but if not discriminatory would provide a low specificity value (and would include false positives). Thus a non-discriminatory test would give a straight line with a slope of 1 and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.5. A perfect discriminatory test would have an AUC of 1.0. As shown in  FIG. 6  (left-hand panel), VEGF 165 b levels have an AUC significantly greater than 0.5, in contrast with sFlt-1 ( FIG. 6 , middle panel) and sEng ( FIG. 6 , right-hand panel). 
     There have been a number of studies investigating the VEGF family of proteins in pre-eclampsia [References 4, 17, 18], which have suggested that they can play a role in its pathophysiology [References 19, 20]. The data presented above show that the total VEGF levels measured by EIA are consistent with those previously measured using this assay methodology [Reference 11] and by those using an independent method, the radioimmunoassay (RIA) [Reference 10]. 
     In contrast, the above ELISA results from the same samples gave much lower readings, consistent with previous ELISA reports of plasma VEGF [Reference 21]. These experiments therefore highlight the previously reported discrepancy between measurements of total circulating VEGF in plasma by commercial ELISAs compared with cEIA, or RIA [Reference 22]. 
     The antibodies used in the ELISA are two monoclonals raised against the VEGF peptide sequence and thus can be raised against a similar or identical epitope. The ELISA appears to yield artificially low results, presumably as VEGF is bound by agents in plasma which prevent its detection by both antibodies simultaneously. sFlt-1 does not affect this ELISA when given as recombinant protein [Reference 15], but the effect of endoglin or other plasma constituents has not been tested. The discrepancy was particularly striking after measurement of VEGF 165 b levels, using an ELISA that detects plasma VEGF 165 b using two antibodies that have epitopes on completely separate parts of the antigen (VEGF) molecule. 
     Of the VEGF family, VEGF 165 , the most widely studied form [Reference 6] is known to increase vascular leakage, induce vasodilatation and promote angiogenesis. Although this isoform is up-regulated in pre-eclampsia, its metabolic activities can be blocked by other proteins which bind to VEGF and inhibit its function. sFlt-1 and sEng both bind to VEGF and prevent it from exerting its physiological effects [Reference 23]. sFlt-1 is an anti-angiogenic molecule that is able to induce a pre-eclamptic-like syndrome of hypertension and proteinuria when administered to pregnant rats [Reference 7]. sEng is an anti-angiogenic protein that inhibits TGF (transforming growth factor) β 1  and β 3  signalling and increases the severity of pre-eclampsia occurring in pregnant rats treated with sFlt-1 [Reference 24]. However, neither molecule can be used clinically as a first trimester marker of pre-eclampsia as sFlt-1 levels are seen to rise only 5 weeks before the onset of the clinical disease [Reference 25], and sEng concentrations become elevated at 17 weeks of gestation [Reference 23]. 
     In 2002, VEGF 165 b was identified in normal renal cortex, and subsequently shown to be present in many different tissues, and forms the majority of VEGF in tissues such as human colon [Reference 15] and vitreous [Reference 26]. VEGF 165 b is relatively down-regulated in many conditions, including prostate, renal, bowel, and skin cancers [References 12, 15, 25, 27, 28], diabetic retinopathy [Reference 26], Denys-Drash Syndrome [Reference 29] and in the placenta of patients with pre-eclampsia [Reference 14]. The mechanisms underlying these changes in expression are still under investigation, but the reduction is associated with excess angiogenesis. VEGF 165 b has been shown to be anti-angiogenic in animal models of VEGF 165 -induced blood vessel growth in the cornea [Reference 30], mouse subcutaneous tissue [Reference 31] and rat mesentery [Reference 27], and inhibits physiological [Reference 32] and pathological [References 15, 30, 32] angiogenesis. Studies have also shown that VEGF 165 b transiently, but not chronically, increases hydraulic conductivity [Reference 13]. 
     The results described herein indicate that VEGF 165 b fails to be up-regulated in the first trimester in those pregnancies that will later be complicated by pre-eclampsia. It can be concluded that VEGF 165 b is a clinically useful marker for increased pre-eclampsia risk, providing for instance a guide to commencement of first trimester oral aspirin therapy, as this decreases the incidence of pre-eclampsia by 15% [Reference 33]. 
     In summary, pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy related condition characterised by hypertension, proteinuria and endothelial dysfunction. VEGF 165 b, formed by alternative splicing of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pre-mRNA inhibits VEGF 165  mediated vasodilatation and angiogenesis, but has not been quantified in pregnancy. In the tests described herein, ELISAs were used to measure mean±S.E.M. plasma VEGF 165 b, sEng and sFlt-1. At 12 weeks of gestation, the plasma VEGF 165 b concentration was significantly up-regulated in plasma from women who maintained normal blood pressure throughout their pregnancy (normotensive group 4.90±1.6 ng/ml, P&lt;0.01, as determined using a Mann-Whitney U test) compared with non-pregnant women (0.40±0.22 ng/ml). In contrast, in patients who later developed pre-eclampsia, VEGF 165 b levels were lower than in the normotensive group (0.467±0.21 ng/ml), but were no greater than non-pregnant women. At term, plasma VEGF 165 b concentrations was greater than normal in both pre-eclamptic (3.75±2.24 ng/ml) and normotensive (10.6 ng/ml±3.84 ng/ml; P&gt;0.1 compared with pre-eclampsia) pregnancies. Patients with a lower than median plasma VEGF 165 b at 12 weeks had elevated sFlt-1 and sEng pre-delivery. Concentrations of sFlt-1 (1.20±0.07 and 1.27±0.18 ng/ml) and sEng (4.4±0.18 and 4.1±0.5 ng/ml) were similar at 12 weeks of gestation in the normotensive and pre-eclamptic groups respectively. Plasma VEGF 165 b levels were elevated in pregnancy, but this increase is delayed in women that subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. Low VEGF 165 b is therefore a clinically useful plasma marker for increased risk of pre-eclampsia. 
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     The foregoing broadly describes the present invention without limitation. Variations and modifications as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in and by the appended claims.