Patent Publication Number: US-2022231369-A1

Title: Material for Dissipating Heat From and/or Reducing Heat Signature of Electronic Devices and Clothing

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to and claims priority from the following U.S. patent applications. This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/470,382, filed Mar. 27, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/516,127, filed Oct. 16, 2014. Each of the above listed applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The presently invention relates generally to systems and methods of dissipating heat, shielding objects from external heat and/or managing heat signatures of objects, including a material for dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The military uses various types of portable electronic devices, such as portable battery-operated radios, which generate heat during operation, i.e., during normal operation, the devices may be heat-generating devices. In particular, a malfunctioning device can cause excessive heating. A drawback of heat-generating devices is that the heat may be transferred to the person using or carrying the device, causing uncomfortableness or burns. Another drawback of heat-generating devices is that the heat may be transferred to other devices, causing damage to these devices. Further, in military applications, heat-generating devices may increase the heat signature of military personnel, making them more prone to detection by thermal imaging and therefore more prone to danger. 
     It is known in the prior art to provide heat dissipating material or insulating material with heat-generating devices. 
     Representative prior art patent documents include the following: 
     US Publication No. 20110100425 for heat dissipation sheet for the back face of solar battery module, and solar battery module using the same by inventors Osamura et al., filed Nov. 1, 2010 and published May 5, 2011, is directed to a heat dissipation sheet for the back face of a solar battery module includes a heat dissipation film, and an adhesive compound layer laminated on one face side of the heat dissipation film. The heat dissipation film preferably has a fine bumpy shape on the entire surface of another face. The heat dissipation film preferably includes a substrate layer in which the adhesive compound layer is laminated on one face side, and a heat dissipation layer laminated on another face side of the substrate layer. The heat dissipation layer preferably includes fine particles, and a binder for the fine particles. 
     US Publication No. 20130263922 for back sheet for solar cells and method for preparing the same by inventors Jung et al., filed Dec. 28, 2011 and published Oct. 10, 2013, is directed to a back sheet for solar cells including a substrate, a fluororesin layer existing on one side of the substrate and a heat-dissipating ink layer existing on the other side of the substrate. Provided also is a method for preparing the same. The back sheet for solar cells may have an excellent heat dissipation property as well as a high durability. Further, the method for preparing the same may allow a cost-efficient production of solar cells. 
     US Publication No. 20080223428 for all printed solar cell array by inventor Zeira, filed Dec. 7, 2005 and published Sep. 18, 2008, is directed to a method for producing a photovoltaic novelty item. Conductive polymer solutions and semiconductive oxide dispersions are formulated into inks that are laid down on top of one another to produce voltage and current when exposed to light. In addition, these inks may be printed on novelty items, such as magazine advertisements or greeting cards, connecting to printed light emitting graphics. 
     US Publication No. 20080223431 for foldable solar panel by inventor Chu, filed Mar. 15, 2007 and published Sep. 18, 2008, is directed to a foldable solar panel comprising multiple rigid cell assemblies, multiple folding cell assemblies and multiple primary flexible seams. Each folding cell assembly has two symmetric folding cell assembly halves and a flexible secondary seam. The symmetric folding cell assembly halves are adjacent to each other. The secondary flexible seam connects adjacent symmetric folding cell assembly halves and allows them to fold inward onto each other. A primary flexible seam connects a rigid cell assembly to an adjacent folding cell assembly to form an absorbing surface. The primary flexible seams and secondary flexible seams facilitate folding the foldable solar penal to a small volume to facilitate transportation or storage, and effectively keep the absorbing surface from being damaged. 
     US Publication No. 20090229655 for solar cell by inventor Lee, filed Mar. 13, 2008 and published Sep. 17, 2009, is directed to a solar cell. The solar cell defines a receiving room in where at least a cell unit is located. A transparent cover plate is placed over the cell unit. In addition, the transparent cover plate includes a base plate and a structured plate which are adhered to each other. Wherein, the base plate is made from inflexible material and the structured plate is made from a photo resin. Moreover, there are pluralities of convex first patterns disposed on the incident surface of the structured plate. 
     SUMMARY OF TIE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides systems, methods and articles having a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer or coating for functionally protecting articles, electronic devices, batteries disposed within a housing, and human skin in contact with heat-producing objects. The term “housing” as used throughout this application refers to an apparatus which holds casing-enclosed batteries (i.e. one or more sealed individual batteries). In one example, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material completely covers the interior of a housing having a plurality of battery cells removably disposed therein. Other examples include a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer having anti-static, anti-radio frequency (RF), anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI), anti-tarnish, and/or anti-corrosion materials and properties that effectively protect battery-operated devices and/or the batteries that power them from damage or diminished operation. 
     In one embodiment, a housing with sealed battery cells disposed therein is coated or lined with a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material. Preferably, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material completely covers the interior of a housing having a plurality of battery cells removably disposed therein. Other examples include a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer having anti-static, anti-radio frequency (RF), anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI), anti-tarnish, and/or anti-corrosion materials and properties that effectively protect battery-operated devices and/or the batteries that power them from damage or diminished operation. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides an article for dissipating heat including a heat-dissipating layer; and one or more substrates disposed in close relation to the heat-dissipating layer. One aspect of the present invention provides a heat-dissipating layer including one or more of a material selected from the group including an anti-static material, an anti-radio frequency material, an anti-electromagnetic interference material, an anti-corrosion material, or an anti-tarnish material. Another aspect of the present invention provides a heat-dissipating layer that includes a copper shielding plastic or a copper impregnated polymer. 
     In one embodiment of systems, methods, and articles of the present invention, a heat-dissipating material layer is uniformly distributed as a coating and/or lining on the internal sides of a housing for battery components for functionally shielding the batteries disposed in the housing from external heat, dissipating heat produced by the batteries disposed in the housing and reducing the heat signature associated therewith. 
     These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art after a reading of the following description of the preferred embodiment when considered with the drawings, as they support the claimed invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of structures that include material for dissipating heat from and/or reducing heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of structures that include material for dissipating heat from and/or reducing heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of structures that include material for dissipating heat from and/or reducing heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. 
         FIG. 1D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of structures that include material for dissipating heat from and/or reducing heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. 
         FIG. 2A  is a view of a radio holder article held in a pouch. 
         FIG. 2B  is a view of the radio holder article of  FIG. 2A  removed from the pouch. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an example of a flexible solar panel. 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded view of an example of a flexible solar panel. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an example of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 6  is another perspective view of an example of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 7  is yet another perspective view of an example of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of an example of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 9  is another perspective view of an example of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 10  is yet another perspective view of an example of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 11A  illustrates a front view of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 11B  illustrates a back view of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 11C  illustrates a side view of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 11D  illustrates an end view of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 11E  illustrates another end view of a wearable pouch of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 12A  illustrates an exploded view of an example of a battery of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 12B  illustrates an exploded view of an example of a battery of a portable battery pack into which the heat dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is installed. 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a battery of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 14  is another perspective view of a battery of a portable battery pack. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates an exploded view of an example of a battery into which the heat dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is installed. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a view of an example of a battery base. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates another view of an example of a battery base. 
         FIG. 18A  illustrates a top view perspective of the battery lid. 
         FIG. 18B  illustrates a cross-section view of the battery lid. 
         FIG. 18C  illustrates a side view perspective of the battery lid. 
         FIG. 18D  illustrates another cross-section view of the battery lid. 
         FIG. 19A  illustrates a top view perspective of the battery base. 
         FIG. 19B  illustrates a cross-section view of the battery base. 
         FIG. 19C  illustrates a detail view of a part of the cross-section view of the battery base shown in  FIG. 19B . 
         FIG. 19D  illustrates a side view perspective of the battery base. 
         FIG. 19E  illustrates another cross-section view of the battery base. 
         FIG. 19F  illustrates another side view perspective of the battery base. 
         FIG. 20A  illustrates a top perspective view of a BA-5590 female connector. 
         FIG. 20B  illustrates a cross-section view of a BA-5590 female connector. 
         FIG. 20C  illustrates a bottom perspective view of a BA-5590 female connector. 
         FIG. 20D  illustrates a side perspective view of a BA-5590 female connector. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a block diagram of a portable power case into which the heat dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is installed. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a block diagram showing the inside of one embodiment of the portable power case. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a block diagram of the connections to the printed circuit board (PCB). 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a view of the exterior of one embodiment of the portable power case. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates a view of the portable power case showing the USB ports. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates one example of the portable power case lined with material resistant to heat. 
         FIG. 27A  illustrates the access ports of the portable power case. 
         FIG. 27B  illustrates a keyway of the access ports of the portable power case. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates a block diagram of a portable power case in an ATV with three passengers. 
         FIG. 29  illustrates a block diagram of a portable power case in an ATV with four passengers. 
         FIG. 30  illustrates a block diagram of the battery protector. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention provides systems, methods and articles having a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer or coating that functions to protect electronic devices, articles, and/or human skin in contact with them. In one example, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material completely covers the interior of a housing having a plurality of battery cells removably disposed therein. Other examples include a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer having anti-static, anti-radio frequency (RF), anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI), anti-tarnish, and/or anti-corrosion materials and properties that effectively protect battery-operated devices and/or the batteries that power them from damage or diminished operation 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the heat-dissipating layer includes one or more of a material selected from the group consisting of an anti-static material, an anti-radio frequency material, an anti-electromagnetic interference material, an anti-corrosion material, an anti-tarnish material, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the heat dissipating material layer or coating includes a copper shielding plastic, and more preferably, the heat dissipating material layer or coating includes a copper impregnated polymer. 
     In alternate embodiments, one substrate is bonded to the heat-dissipating layer; one substrate is loosely arranged in relation to the heat-dissipating layer; a first substrate and a second substrate wherein the heat-dissipating layer is sandwiched between the first and second substrate, or the first and second substrates are bonded to the heat-dissipating layer, or the first and second substrates are loosely arranged in relation to the heat-dissipating layer, or the first substrate is bonded to the heat-dissipating layer and the second substrate is loosely arranged in relation to the heat-dissipating layer. In these various embodiments, the one or more substrates are flexible, rigid, or a combination thereof; the one or more substrates include a fabric; the one or more substrates include one or more of glass, plastic, or metal; or the one or more substrates are multi-layer structures. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the article including a heat-dissipating material layer is configured to fit inside a hand-held radio holder. In yet another embodiment, the article includes a solar panel assembly sandwiched between a first substrate and the heat-dissipating layer. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the heat shielding or blocking, or heat-dissipating material is used to prevent and/or minimize heat transfer and the heat signature produced from batteries, as well as to prevent and/or minimize heat transfer from external heat-producing articles or objects. Team operations in remote locations, such as military operations, require radios to allow team members to communicate about danger, injuries, opportunities, etc. Without radios in these environments, more people would be injured or die. However, most radios suitable for these environments are high powered radios which typically require lithium ion batteries. While lithium ion batteries are capable of providing a lot of power, lithium ion batteries have produced a large amount of heat since their inception. The heat produced from lithium ion batteries is capable of causing radiation burns to radio operators, even through layers of clothing. This heat also increases the heat signature of soldiers, making them more vulnerable to enemy thermal imaging technology. In extreme cases, malfunctions in lithium ion batteries cause fires. Heat produced from lithium ion batteries is also capable of damage the radio itself or other electronic devices critical to survival. 
     Additionally, shipping lithium ion batteries or devices with lithium ion batteries is banned or highly regulated in most parts of the world due to the risk of overheating and/or fire. What is needed is a material which is operable to be incorporated within a battery housing with lithium batteries, but not on the batteries themselves, to prevent the risk of overheating and fire. As lithium ion batteries were developed in the 1970s and have been in commercial use since the 1990s, there is a long-felt unmet need for systems, methods, and apparatuses to reduce, eliminate, or contain the heat produced from batteries for safer operation of radios and other electronic devices critical to survival. 
     None of the prior art provides a housing, base, container, or case for one or more batteries which dissipates the heat produced by the one or more batteries during operation, thus reducing the heat signature of the housing and preventing the housing from heating and causing discomfort and/or burns to an operator in contact with the housing. 
     Certain aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter of the invention, having been stated hereinabove, are addressed in whole or in part by the presently disclosed subject matter, and other aspects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying illustrative examples and figures as best described herein below. 
     Referring now to the drawings in general, the illustrations are for the purpose of describing a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention thereto. 
     The present invention provides a material for 1) reducing or eliminating heat exposure from external objects or other heat-producing devices; 2) dissipating heat from at least one battery or heat-producing electronic device; and/or 3) reducing the heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. The heat blocking or shielding, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing material is incorporated into the housing of a heat-producing device or battery pack housing, or any article of clothing or fabric. In one example, a heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing material layer is sandwiched between two substrates, wherein the substrates are operable to be flexible, rigid, or a combination of both flexible and rigid. 
     When applied to clothing, the heat blocking or shielding, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing material is operable to protect a person&#39;s skin from burns from a heat-generating article or source. Surprisingly, one embodiment of the heat blocking or shielding, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer was discovered when it was in a person&#39;s hand but they were not burned by a heat gun when holding the material in hand, between the heat gun and skin. It was later tested and proved completely heat-resistant, heat-shielding, and/or heat-dissipating up to temperatures of heat guns (up to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit), propane torches (up to about 3,623 degrees Fahrenheit), and oxygen-fed torches (up to about 5,110 degrees Fahrenheit). These surprising test results combined with other trials generated the embodiments of the present invention and the particular examples that are described herein, in particular for linings or coatings that are constructed and configured especially for heat blocking or shielding, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer or coating applied to objects for protecting an article from any external heat source, as well as dissipating heat produced by heat-producing devices and their batteries. 
       FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B  are cross-sectional views of examples of structures that include the material for dissipating heat from and/or reducing heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. The heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is operable to be used in combination with, for example, one or two substrates. For example,  FIG. 1A  shows a structure  100  that includes a heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 . The heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is operable to be sandwiched between a first substrate  125  and a second substrate  130 . 
     The heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is operable to be any material that is suitable for dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of electronic devices and/or clothing. The heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is operable to be from about 20 μm thick to about 350 μm thick in one example. In particular embodiments, the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is operable to have a thickness ranging from about 1 mil to about 6 mil, including, but not limited to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mil, or about 25 μm to about 150 μm, including, but not limited to, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 μm. Examples of the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  include anti-static, anti-radio frequency (RF), and/or anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI) materials, such as copper shielding plastic or copper particles bonded in a polymer matrix, as well as anti-tarnish and anti-corrosion materials. A specific example of the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is the anti-corrosive material used in Corrosion Intercept Pouches, catalog number 034-2024-10, available from University Products Inc. (Holyoke, Mass.). The anti-corrosive material is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,916 to Franey, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Such materials are operable to include copper shielded or copper impregnated polymers including, but not limited to, polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. In another embodiment, the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer is a polymer with aluminum and/or copper particles incorporated therein. In particular, the surface area of the polymer with aluminum and/or copper particles incorporated therein preferably includes a large percent by area of copper and/or aluminum. By way of example and not limitation, the surface area of the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer includes about 25% by area copper and/or aluminum, 50% by area copper and/or aluminum, 75% by area copper and/or aluminum, or 90% by area copper and/or aluminum. In one embodiment, the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer is substantially smooth and not bumpy. In another embodiment, the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer is not flat but includes folds and/or bumps to increase the surface area of the layer. Alternatively, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  includes a fabric having at least one metal incorporated therein or thereon. The fabric further includes a synthetic component, such as by way of example and not limitation, a nylon, a polyester, or an acetate component. Preferably, the at least one metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, aluminum, gold, silver, tin, zinc, or tungsten. 
     The first substrate  125  and the second substrate  130  are operable to be any flexible or rigid substrate material. An example of a flexible substrate is any type of fabric. Examples of rigid substrates include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, and metal. A rigid substrate is operable to be, for example, the housing of any device. In one example, both the first substrate  125  and the second substrate  130  are flexible substrates. In another example, both the first substrate  125  and the second substrate  130  are rigid substrates. In yet another example, the first substrate  125  is a flexible substrate and the second substrate  130  is a rigid substrate. In still another example, the first substrate  125  is a rigid substrate and the second substrate  130  is a flexible substrate. Further, the first substrate  125  and the second substrate  130  are operable to be single-layer or multi-layer structures. 
     In structure  100  of  FIG. 1A , the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 , the first substrate  125 , and the second substrate  130  are bonded or otherwise attached together, by way of example and not limitation, by adhesive, stitching, hook-and-loop fastener system). In another example and referring now to  FIG. 1B , in a structure  105 , the first substrate  125  is bonded to one side of the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 , whereas the second substrate  130  is not bonded or otherwise attached to the other side of the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 . In yet another example and referring now to  FIG. 1C , in a structure  110 , the first substrate  125  is provided loosely against one side of the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  and the second substrate  130  is provided loosely against the other side of the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 . The first substrate  125  and the second substrate  130  are not bonded or otherwise attached to the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 . In still another example and referring now to  FIG. 1D , in a structure  115 , the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is provided in combination with the first substrate  125  only, either bonded or loosely arranged. In  FIG. 1D , if the two layers are loosely arranged, the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is not bonded or otherwise attached to the first substrate  125 . The presently disclosed material is not limited to the structures  100 ,  105 ,  110 ,  115 . These structures are exemplary only. 
     The heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is operable to be used as a protective shield against heated objects and also for reducing the heat signature of objects. For example, in military applications, the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is operable to be used to reduce the heat signature of devices or clothing for military personnel to reduce the risk of their being detected by thermal imaging. 
     Other examples of applications and/or uses of the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  include, but are not limited to, insulating battery packs, for example in any battery housing or electronic device housing; protecting device and/or users from undesirable external heat; forming sandwich structures; form fitting to a particular device; enclosing electronic materials to prevent corrosion or feathering; medical applications to protect patients from heated devices used in surgical procedures, for example, in robotics (e.g., for use in disposable, sterile drapes); forming solar panels; lining tents (e.g., to prevent heat from going in or out); forming heat shields or guards for mufflers on, for example, motorcycles, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, or weed eaters; lining gloves to protect from flames, handling ice, and/or for preparing food (including pastry preparation). 
     Other examples of protective flexible heat shielding applications in which the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  are operable to be used include gloves (e.g., fire pit gloves, gloves/forearm shields for operating two-stroke engine yard equipment), integrated in uniforms (e.g., nurses/scrub technicians in operating rooms vs. electro cautery), motorcyclist (clothing) protection from tail pipes, protective shielding in radio pouches (e.g., protecting person from radio heat, protecting radio from heating battery, protecting battery from heating radio, protecting battery from external heat sources), protection on the bottom of a laptop (inside the laptop housing), protection layer from heat of laptop for laps (e.g., lap tray) and expensive furniture (e.g., furniture pad), and portable protective heat shield (e.g., protect sensitive electronics and persons, varies in sizes). 
       FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of a radio holder article  200  into which the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is installed. The radio holder article  200  is an example of equipment that is operable to be used by military personnel. The radio holder article  200  is but one example of using the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  for dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of an article. Military radios often get hot and are operable to cause burns to the user. 
     The radio holder article  200  is operable to be removably held in a pouch  210  and worn on a user&#39;s belt  230 .  FIG. 2B  is a view of the radio holder article  200  removed from the pouch  210 . In this example, a structure, such as the structure  115  of  FIG. 1D , is formed separately and then inserted into the pouch  210  of the radio holder article  200 . In another example, in the case of the structure  105  of  FIG. 1B , the radio holder article  200  itself serves as the second substrate  130 . This allows the radio holder article  200  to be easily removed from the pouch  210 . It also provides for retrofitting the pouch with heat protection from the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer or coating. 
     Alternatively, the radio holder article  200  is permanently held in the pouch  210 . The pouch  210  is formed using a structure, such as the structure  100  of  FIG. 1A . The pouch  210  includes a pouch attachment ladder system (PALS) adapted to attach the pouch to a load-bearing platform (e.g., belt, rucksack, vest). In a preferred embodiment, the pouch  210  is MOLLE-compatible. “MOLLE” means Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment, which is the current generation of load-bearing equipment and backpacks utilized by a number of NATO armed forces. 
     In this example, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  protects the user from heat from the radio (not shown), the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  protects the radio (not shown) from any external heat source (e.g., a hot vehicle), and the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating, and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  reduces the heat signature of the radio (not shown). 
     In a preferred embodiment, the substrate  225  is operable to be formed of any flexible, durable, and waterproof or at least water-resistant material. For example, the substrate  225  is operable to be formed of polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-coated polyester, vinyl-coated polyester, nylon, canvas, PVC-coated canvas, or polycotton canvas. The exterior finish of the substrate  225  is operable to be any color, such as white, brown, or green, or any pattern, such as camouflage, as provided herein, or any other camouflage in use by the military. 
     Representative camouflages include, but are not limited to, universal camouflage pattern (UCP), also known as ACUPAT or ARPAT or Army Combat Uniform; MultiCam, also known as Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern (OCP); Universal Camouflage Patter-Delta (UCP-Delta); Airman Battle Uniform (ABU); Navy Working Uniform (NWU), including variants, such as, blue-grey, desert (Type II), and woodland (Type III); MARPAT, also known as Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, including woodland, desert, and winter/snow variants; Disruptive Overwhite Snow digital camouflage, and Tactical Assault Camouflage (TACAM). 
       FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  are a perspective view and an exploded view, respectively, of a flexible solar panel article  300  into which the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is installed. The flexible solar panel article  300  is another example of equipment that is operable to be used by military personnel. The flexible solar panel article  300  is but another example of using the heat shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  for shielding or blocking external heat to, and/or dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of an article. 
     In this example, the flexible solar panel article  300  is a flexible solar panel that is operable to be folded up and carried in a backpack and then unfolded and deployed as needed. The flexible solar panel article  300  is used, for example, to charge rechargeable batteries or to power electronic equipment directly. 
     The flexible solar panel article  300  is a multilayer structure that includes multiple solar modules  322  mounted on a flexible substrate, wherein the flexible substrate with the multiple solar modules  322  is sandwiched between two layers of fabric. Windows are formed in at least one of the two layers of fabric for exposing the solar modules  322 . 
     A hem  324  is operable to be provided around the perimeter of the flexible solar panel article  300 . In one example, the flexible solar panel article  300  is about 36×36 inches. The output of any arrangement of solar modules  322  in the flexible solar panel article  300  is a direct current (DC) voltage. Accordingly, the flexible solar panel article  300  includes an output connector  326  that is wired to the arrangement of solar modules  322 . The output connector  326  is used for connecting any type of DC load to the flexible solar panel article  300 . In one example, the flexible solar panel article  300  is used for supplying power a device, such as a DC-powered radio. In another example, the flexible solar panel article  300  is used for charging a battery. 
     The flexible solar panel article  300  includes a solar panel assembly  328  that is sandwiched between a first fabric layer  330  and a second fabric layer  332 . The first fabric layer  330  and the second fabric layer  332  are operable to be formed of any flexible, durable, and substantially waterproof or at least water-resistant material, such as but not limited to, polyester, PVC-coated polyester, vinyl-coated polyester, nylon, canvas, PVC-coated canvas, and polycotton canvas. The first fabric layer  330  and the second fabric layer  332  are operable to be any color or pattern, such as the camouflage pattern shown in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . 
     The solar panel assembly  328  of the flexible solar panel article  300  includes the multiple solar modules  322  mounted on a flexible substrate  334 . A set of windows or openings  340  is provided in the first fabric layer  330  for exposing the faces of the solar modules  322 . The flexible substrate  334  is formed of a material that is lightweight, flexible (i.e., foldable or rollable), printable, and substantially waterproof or at least water resistant. 
     In the flexible solar panel article  300 , the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is incorporated into the layers of fabric that form the flexible solar panel article  300 , in similar fashion to the structure  100  of  FIG. 1A . Namely, the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  is provided at the back of solar modules  322 , between the flexible substrate  334  and the second fabric layer  332 . In this example, the first fabric layer  330 , the flexible substrate  334 , the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120 , and the second fabric layer  332  are held together by stitching and/or by a hook-and-loop fastener system. 
     In this example, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  protects the user from heat from the back of the flexible solar panel article  300 , the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  protects the back of the flexible solar panel article  300  from any external heat source (not shown), and the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  reduces the heat signature of the flexible solar panel article  300 . 
       FIGS. 5-7  are perspective views of a portable battery pack  500  into which the heat dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is installed. The portable battery pack  500  is an example of equipment that is operable to be used by military personnel. The portable battery pack  500  is but one example of using the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  for dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of an article. In a preferred embodiment, the portable battery pack includes a portable battery pack such as that disclosed in US Publication No. 20160118634, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Portable battery pack  500  includes a pouch  510  for holding a battery  550 . Pouch  510  is a wearable pouch or skin that is operable to be sized in any manner that substantially corresponds to a size of battery  550 . In one example, pouch  510  is sized to hold a battery  550  that is about 9.75 inches long, about 8.6 inches wide, and about 1 inch thick. 
     Pouch  510  is formed of any flexible, durable, and substantially waterproof or at least water resistant material. For example, pouch  510  is operable to be formed of polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-coated polyester, vinyl-coated polyester, nylon, canvas, PVC-coated canvas, or polycotton canvas. The exterior finish of pouch  510  is operable to be any color, such as white, brown, or green, or any pattern, such as camouflage, as provided herein, or any other camouflage in use by the military. For example, in  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 6 , and  FIG. 7 , pouch  510  is shown to have a camouflage pattern. 
     Representative camouflages include, but are not limited to, universal camouflage pattern (UCP), also known as ACUPAT or ARPAT or Army Combat Uniform; MultiCam, also known as Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern (OCP); Universal Camouflage Patter-Delta (UCP-Delta); Airman Battle Uniform (ABU); Navy Working Uniform (NWU), including variants, such as, blue-grey, desert (Type II), and woodland (Type III); MARPAT, also known as Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, including woodland, desert, and winter/snow variants; Disruptive Overwhite Snow digital camouflage, and Tactical Assault Camouflage (TACAM). 
     Pouch  510  has a first side  512  and a second side  514 . Pouch  510  also includes an opening  516 , which is the opening through which battery  550  is fitted into pouch  510 . In one example, opening  516  is opened and closed using a zipper, as such pouch  510  includes a zipper tab  518 . Other mechanisms, however, are operable to be used for holding opening  516  of pouch  510  open or closed, such as, a hook and loop system (e.g., Velcro®), buttons, snaps, hooks, and the like. Further, an opening  520  (see  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 9 ) is provided on the end of pouch  510  that is opposite opening  516 . For example, opening  520  is operable to be a 0.5-inch long slit or a 0.75-inch long slit in the edge of pouch  510 . 
     In one embodiment, the pouch is a multi-layer structure, such as the structure  100  of  FIG. 1A , including at least one layer of the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer. In this embodiment, the heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer is permanently attached to the pouch. Alternatively, a structure, such as the structure  115  of  FIG. 1D , is formed separately and then inserted into the pouch  510  of the portable battery pack  500 . This allows the user to retrofit an existing pouch with heat protection. The retrofit structure includes a structure, such as the structure  115  of  FIG. 1D , for protecting the first side  512  and/or the second side  514 . The retrofit structure includes a large structure that is operable to wrap around the battery  550  in an alternative embodiment. 
     In one example, battery  550  is a rechargeable battery that includes two leads  552  (e.g., leads  552   a ,  552   b ). Each lead  552  is operable to be used for both the charging function and the power supply function. In other words, leads  552   a ,  552   b  are not dedicated to the charging function only or the power supply function only, both leads  552   a ,  552   b  is operable to be used for either function at any time. In one example, one lead  552  is operable to be used for charging battery  550  while the other lead  552  is operable to be used simultaneously for powering equipment, or both leads  552  are operable to be used for powering equipment, or both leads  552  are operable to be used for charging battery  550 . 
     With respect to using battery  550  with pouch  510 , first the user unzips opening  516 , then the user inserts one end of battery  550  that has, for example, lead  552   b  through opening  516  and into the compartment inside pouch  510 . At the same time, the user guides the end of lead  552   b  through opening  520 , which allows the housing of battery  550  to fit entirely inside pouch  510 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . Lead  552   a  is left protruding out of the unzipped opening  516 . Then the user zips opening  516  closed, leaving zipper tab  518  snugged up against lead  552   a , as shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 . Namely,  FIG. 6  shows portable battery pack  500  with side  512  of pouch  510  up, whereas  FIG. 7  shows portable battery pack  500  with side  514  of pouch  510  up. 
     Pouch  510  of portable battery pack  500  is operable to be MOLLE-compatible. “MOLLE” means Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment, which is the current generation of load-bearing equipment and backpacks utilized by a number of NATO armed forces. Namely, pouch  510  incorporates a pouch attachment ladder system (PALS), which is a grid of webbing used to attach smaller equipment onto load-bearing platforms, such as vests and backpacks. For example, the PALS grid consists of horizontal rows of 1-inch (2.5 cm) webbing, spaced about one inch apart, and reattached to the backing at 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) intervals. Accordingly, a set of straps  522  (e.g., four straps  522 ) are provided on one edge of pouch  510  as shown. Further, four rows of webbing  524  are provided on side  512  of pouch  510 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . Additionally, four rows of slots or slits  526  are provided on side  514  of pouch  510 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIGS. 8-10  are perspective views of an example of wearable pouch  510  of the portable battery pack  500 . Namely,  FIG. 8  shows details of side  512  of pouch  510  and of the edge of pouch  510  that includes opening  516 .  FIG. 8  shows opening  516  in the zipper closed state. Again, four rows of webbing  524  are provided on side  512  of pouch  510 .  FIG. 9  also shows details of side  512  of pouch  510 , but showing the edge of pouch  510  that includes opening  520 .  FIG. 10  shows details of side  514  of pouch  510  and shows the edge of pouch  510  that includes opening  516 .  FIG. 10  shows opening  516  in the zipped closed state. Again, four rows of slots or slits  526  are provided on side  514  of pouch  510 . 
       FIGS. 11A-11E  illustrates various other views of wearable pouch  510  of the portable battery pack  500 . Namely,  FIG. 11A  shows a plan view A, which is side  512  of pouch  510 ;  FIG. 11B  shows a plan view B, which is side  514  of pouch  510 ;  FIG. 11C  shows a side view;  FIG. 11D  shows an end view A, which is the non-strap end of pouch  510 ; and  FIG. 11E  shows an end view B, which is the strap  512 —end of pouch  510 . 
       FIG. 12A  is an exploded view of an example of battery  550  of the portable battery pack  500 . Battery  550  includes a battery element  564  that is housed between a battery cover  554  and a back plate  562 . Battery element  564  supplies leads  552   a ,  552   b . In one example, the output of battery element  564  is operable to be from about 5 volts DC to about 90 volts DC at from about 0.25 amps to about 10 amps. 
       FIG. 12B  illustrates an exploded view of an example of a battery  550  of the portable battery pack  500  into which the heat dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is installed. Battery  550  includes a battery element  564  that is housed between a battery cover  554  and a back plate  562 . A first heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  570  is between the battery cover  554  and the battery element  564 . The first heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  570  protects the battery from external heat sources (e.g., a hot vehicle). A second heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  572  is between the battery element  564  and the back plate  562 . The second heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  572  protects the user from heat given off by the battery element  564 . 
     Battery cover  554  includes a substantially rectangular compartment  556  that is sized to receive battery element  564 . A top hat style rim  558  is provided around the perimeter of compartment  556 . Additionally, two channels  560  (e.g., channels  560   a ,  560   b ) are formed in battery cover  554  (one on each side) to accommodate the wires of leads  552   a ,  552   b  passing therethrough. 
     Battery cover  554  and back plate  562  are operable to be formed of plastic using, for example, a thermoform process or an injection molding. Back plate  562  is operable to be mechanically attached to rim  558  of battery cover  554  via, for example, an ultrasonic spot-welding process or an adhesive. Additionally, a water barrier material, such as silicone, is operable to be applied to the mating surfaces of rim  558  and back plate  562 . Battery cover  554 , back plate  562 , and battery element  564  are operable to have a slight curvature or contour for conforming to, for example, the user&#39;s vest, backpack, or body armor. 
       FIG. 13  and  FIG. 14  are perspective views of battery  550  of the portable battery pack  500  when fully assembled. Namely,  FIG. 13  show a view of the battery cover  554 -side of battery  550 , while  FIG. 14  shows a view of the back plate  562 -side of battery  550 . 
       FIG. 15  illustrates an exploded view of an example of a housing of a battery  1500  into which the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is provided as a coating or layer. The battery  1500  is an example of equipment that is operable to be used by military personnel. The battery  1500  is but one example of using the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  for dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of an article. 
     The battery  1500  includes a lid  1502  and a base  1504 . The base  1504  has a mounting plaque  1510  for mounting a latch on the base. The base  1504  has a recessed hole  1508  for a connector on both sides of the base  1504 . The lid  1502  includes holes  1512  to attach the lid to the base  1504 . The base  1504  includes holes  1514  to attach the lid to the base of the housing. Screws (not shown) are placed through holes  1512  and  1514  to attach the lid to the base. The lid  1502  includes a hole  1516  for mounting a connector. 
     In one embodiment, the battery housing or base  1504  with sides depending upwards therefrom is a unitary and integrally formed piece of plastic formed via injection molding. Advantageously, when the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is utilized in conjunction with the base, the base is operable to be manufactured from much thinner plastic than in prior art battery housings because the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material effectively blocks, shields from, and dissipates heat. In contrast, prior art plastic battery housings require thicker plastic to provide heat blocking, shielding, and dissipation. When used in conjunction with the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material, the thin plastic material requirement of the present invention provides for cost savings over the prior art. In fact, some embodiments of the housing of the present invention use materials and types of materials which traditionally have been disfavored because of the heat generated from batteries. Such materials include by way of example not limitation, aluminum, titanium, nickel, magnesium, microlattice metals, composite metal foams, and combinations thereof. Notably, many of these materials were previously disfavored for the base because of the heat transfer and dissipation from the batteries. Materials which provide other advantages such as bullet resistance, such as composite metal foams, are also used for the base in one embodiment of the present invention. 
     The battery housing or base  1504  for removably holding at least one battery is coated with a paint  1506  for reducing electromagnetic interference. In a preferred embodiment, the paint  1506  includes copper. Although the base  1504  of the at least one battery  1500  is coated with the paint  1506 , which functionally protects the bottom and sides of the at least one battery from external heat, the top of the battery is exposed to external heat when attached to heat generating equipment (e.g., radio). Since external heat is operable to damage the battery and/or cause it to overheat, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer or coating is functionally constructed and configured within the interior of the housing or base to protect the removable batteries disposed therein. In this particular example, the radio generates a significant heat profile and the heat-shielding material is operable to block that external heat emanating from the radio. The material is further functional to dissipate heat generated by the at least one battery during operation of the radio, which draws power from the at least one battery, and reduces the heat signature of the at least one battery disposed within the housing or base. 
     In another example of embodiments of the present invention, the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material completely covers the interior of a housing having a plurality of battery cells removably disposed therein. Other examples include a heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material layer having anti-static, anti-radio frequency (RF), anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI), anti-tarnish, and/or anti-corrosion materials and properties that effectively protect battery-operated devices and/or the batteries that power them from damage or diminished operation. 
     The battery housing or base  1504  includes a plurality of sealed battery cells or individually contained battery cells, i.e. batteries with their own casings, removably disposed therein. In a preferred embodiment, the battery cells are electrochemical battery cells, and more preferably, include lithium ion rechargeable batteries. In one embodiment the batteries are 18650 cylindrical cells. The plurality of battery cells is operable to be constructed and configured in parallel, series, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the plurality of electrochemical battery cells is removably disposed within the base or battery housing or container. For example, the plurality of battery cells is operable to be replaced if they no longer hold a sufficient charge. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a view of an example of a battery base  1504 . The base  1504  is shown with a latch  1520 . The latch  1514  is operable to attach the battery  1500  to a military radio (e.g., AN/PRC-117G) with a corresponding catch. A dust cap  1518  is attached to the battery base  1504  via a lanyard  1522  attached to the mounting plaque. The length of the lanyard  1522  is such that no part of the dust cap  1512  is capable of moving underneath the battery  1500 . Batteries often have the dust cap attached to the housing via a dress nut, which allows the dust cap to move underneath the battery. When the dust cap is underneath the battery, the battery (and any equipment attached to the battery) may become unstable and tip over. If the dust cap is underneath the battery, it may lead to the dust cap being torn from the housing. The battery would no longer be protected from dust and other environmental contaminants. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates another view of an example of a battery base  1504 . In a preferred embodiment, the recessed hole  1508  includes a flat side  1530  for installing a connector with a keyway. A right angle cable is used to connect the battery to external power consuming devices and/or external power sources. The keyway ensures that the right angle cable does not interfere with latches used to attach the battery to the radio. The keyway in  FIG. 17  forces the cable to a 30.0° angle. Other angles are compatible with the present invention. 
       FIGS. 18A-D  illustrate various other views of the lid. 
       FIGS. 19A-F  illustrate various other views of the base. 
       FIGS. 20A-20D  illustrate views of a BA-5590 female connector. In a preferred embodiment, the BA-5590 female connector is installed in the hole of the lid. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a block diagram of a portable power case into which the heat dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material is installed. The portable power case  2100  is an example of equipment that is operable to be used by military personnel. The portable power case  2100  is but one example of using the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer  120  for dissipating heat from and/or reducing the heat signature of an article. 
     The portable power case  2100  has four access ports  2120 A- 2120 D and two USB ports  2122 A- 2122 B. The portable power case  2100  is operable to connect to an amplifier  2104  through an access port (e.g.,  2120 A). The amplifier  2104  connects to a radio  2102 . The portable power case  2100  is operable to be charged using a solar panel  2106  when connected to an access port (e.g.,  2120 B). The portable power case  2100  is operable to charge a wearable battery  2108 . The portable power case  2100  and wearable battery  2108  are connected through a DC-DC converter cable  2110  that is in contact with an access port (e.g.,  2120 C). The portable power case  2100  is operable to be charged using a vehicle battery  2112 . The vehicle battery  2112  is operable to charge the portable power case  2100  for a brief period after the ignition of the vehicle is turned off. The system includes a battery protector  2114  connected to an access port (e.g.,  2120 D) to prevent the vehicle battery from being drained. The battery protector  2114  is connected to the access port  2120 D through a DC-DC converter cable  2116 . The USB ports  2122 A- 2122 B are operable to charge electronic devices, including, but not limited to, a mobile phone  2130  and/or a tablet  2132 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the amplifier is a 50 W wideband vehicular amplifier adapter (RF-7800UL-V150 by Harris Corporation) or a power amplifier for the Falcon III VHF handheld radio (RF-7800V-V50x by Harris Corporation). In a preferred embodiment, the radio is a PRC-117G. Alternative radios and/or amplifiers are compatible with the present invention. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a block diagram showing the inside of one embodiment of the portable power case  2100 . The portable power case  2100  is formed of two batteries  2202 A- 2202 B and three batteries  2204 A- 2204 C. In a preferred embodiment, the batteries  2202 A- 2202 B are 29.4V lithium ion rechargeable batteries in a housing for mating with a PRC-117G radio. In a preferred embodiment, the batteries  2204 A- 2204 C are 29.4V lithium ion rechargeable batteries in a housing for mating with a PRC-117F radio. Alternative voltages, housings, and/or number of batteries are compatible with the present invention. The batteries  2202 A- 2202 B and  2204 A- 2204 C are connected to a PCB  2206 . In a preferred embodiment, the batteries  2202 A- 2202 B and  2204 A- 2204 C include a heat-dissipating layer between the lid and the plurality of electrochemical battery cells. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a block diagram of the connections to the PCB. The PCB  2206  has four inputs. Batteries  2202 A and  2202 B are in parallel with each other and connected to the PCB at INPUT  1 . Battery  2204 A is connected to the PCB at INPUT  2 . Battery  2204 B is connected to the PCB at INPUT  3 . Battery  2204 C is connected to the PCB at INPUT  4 . The PCB  2206  has five outputs. OUTPUT  1  powers access port  2120 A, OUTPUT  2  powers access port  2120 B, OUTPUT  3  powers access port  2120 C, OUTPUT  4  powers access port  2120 D, and OUTPUT USB powers USB ports  2122 A and  2122 B. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the PCB uses ferrite beads to provide EMI shielding. The PCB also uses capacitors to protect the batteries. 
     The portable power case is enclosed in a hard case (e.g., Pelican  1500 ) in a preferred embodiment. The hard case is formed of polypropylene in one embodiment.  FIG. 24  illustrates a view of the exterior of the portable power case. The case includes a top portion  2602  and a bottom portion  2604 . A base for mounting at least one amplifier and at least one radio  2606  is attached to the top portion  2602  through shock absorbing cylinders  2608 . The case includes latches  2610  for securing the contents of the case, a pressure purge valve  2612 , and a handle  2614 . The latches include rescue tape in a preferred embodiment to prevent the latches from rattling. A cap  2616  is provided to protect the USB ports. A base for securing the portable power case to a vehicle  2620  is attached to the bottom portion  2604  through shock absorbing cylinders  2618 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the base for mounting at least one amplifier and at least one radio  2606 , the shock absorbing cylinders  2618 , and the base for securing the portable power case to a vehicle  2620  are formed of a shock mount interface assembly (e.g., Harris 12050-3050-01). Alternative mounts are compatible with the present invention. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates a view of the case with the cap (not shown) removed to show the USB ports. USB ports  2122 A and  2122 B are accessible on the front of the case. 
     The hard case is lined with foam in one embodiment. Additionally or alternatively, the case is lined with a material that is resistant to heat and/or electromagnetic interference.  FIG. 26  shows one example of the portable power case  2100  lined with material resistant to heat  120 . The amplifier and radio give off a significant amount of heat. The heat resistant material prevents heat transfer from the amplifier and radio to the batteries. If a lithium ion battery overheats, it reduces performance of the battery, reduces the life span of the battery, and may result in a fire. 
     Additionally, the heat resistant material may also be anti-electromagnetic interference material. The anti-electromagnetic interference material lining creates a Faraday cage and prevents disruption by electromagnetic radiation. In an alternative embodiment, the case is operable to be coated with an electromagnetic interference and/or radio frequency interference shielding paint including copper, silver, nickel, and/or graphite. 
     The portable power case provides for modularity that allows the user to disassemble and selectively remove the batteries installed within the portable power case housing that is lined with the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing layer in a preferred embodiment. The modularity allows the user to comply with Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training. In case of attack, each of the batteries is operable to be used to power the at least one radio and/or the at least one amplifier, as well as other gear. 
     The access ports are shown in  FIG. 27A . The access ports are preferably staggered vertically and horizontally to allow for easy access to the ports. As shown in  FIG. 27B , the preferred embodiment includes a keyway (shown as a flat portion of the connector) to ensure correct orientation of cables. In a preferred embodiment, the cables connected to the access ports located on the top row orient downwards and the cables connected to the access ports located on the bottom row orient upwards. Alternatively, the cables connected to the access ports located on the top row orient downwards and the cables connected to the access ports located on the bottom row orient downwards. A gasket  2702  is provided around each of the access ports to seal the interior of the case from the external environment. 
     The four access ports are on the left side of the case in a preferred embodiment.  FIG. 28  illustrates a block diagram of a portable power case in an ATV with three passengers. The ATV  2800  has a steering wheel  2802  and a seat for a driver  2804 . A seat for a first passenger  2806  is to the right of the driver. The first passenger is responsible for maintaining the security of the right side of the ATV. A seat for a second passenger  2808  is behind the driver. The second passenger is responsible for maintaining the security of the left side of the ATV. The location of the first passenger and the second passenger allows for 360 degree visual coverage of the landscape surrounding the ATV. The portable power case  2100  is located to the right of the second passenger. Placing the access ports on the left side of the case prevents the second passenger and/or gear from knocking the cables connected to the case loose from the access ports. The trunk  2810  is available for storing additional gear. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates a block diagram of a portable power case in an ATV with four passengers. The ATV  2800  has a steering wheel  2802  and a seat for a driver  2804 . A seat for a first passenger  2806  is to the right of the driver. A seat for a second passenger  2808  is behind the driver. The second passenger is responsible for maintaining the security of the left side of the ATV. A seat for a third passenger  2812  is to the right of the seat for the third passenger  2808 . The portable power case  2100  is placed in the trunk  2810 . 
     The portable power case has two USB ports for charging electronic devices (e.g., mobile phone, tablet, smartphone, camera, global positioning system devices (GPS), thermal imaging devices, weapon optics, watches, satellite phones, defense advanced GPS receivers) in a preferred embodiment. The USB ports are preferably located on the front side of the case. Alternatively, the USB ports are located on the left or right side of the case. 
     The system allows the portable power case to charge using the vehicle battery after the ignition is turned off. The system includes a battery protector to prevent users from being stranded due to a drained vehicle battery. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates a block diagram of the battery protector. The battery protector includes INPUT from the vehicle battery  2112  and OUTPUT to the DC-DC converter  2116 . A green LED  3002  and a red LED  3004  provide visual information regarding the current charge status. The battery protector includes a rotary switch  3008  to select a desired time or voltage setting. 
     In one embodiment, the battery protector is a timer set to a time where the load will not drain the battery (e.g., 2 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 8 hours, or 12 hours). Additionally or alternatively, the battery protector is a low voltage disconnect (LVD) that automatically disconnects the load when the vehicle battery voltage falls below a set DC voltage (e.g., 10.6V, 10.8V, 11.0V, 11.2V, 11.4V, 11.6V, 11.8V, 12.0V, 12.1V, or 12.2V). In one embodiment, the battery protector automatically reconnects the load when the battery voltage returns to a normal value (e.g., above the set DC voltage) after charging. 
     The battery protector has over voltage protection that automatically disconnects the load when the battery protector detects a voltage higher than a set DC voltage (e.g., above 16V) in a preferred embodiment. In one embodiment, the battery protector automatically reconnects the load when the detected voltage falls below the set DC voltage (e.g., below 16V). 
     The battery protector includes an emergency override switch  3006  in one embodiment. This allows the load to charge using the vehicle battery for an additional period of time (e.g., 15 minutes) in an emergency by overriding a timed-out timer. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the battery protector includes a visual indicator (e.g., LED lights) to indicate a current status. In one embodiment, the battery protector has a green LED light to indicate that the engine is running and the load is charging; a flashing green LED light to indicate that the vehicle engine is off, the timer has started, and the load is charging; a flashing red LED light to indicate that the timer has expired and the load is no longer charging; a slow flashing red LED light to indicate that the vehicle battery voltage is below the set DC voltage and the load is no longer charging; and a solid red light to indicate an overvoltage condition. The battery protector is preferably waterproof. 
     The system also allows the portable power case to charge using at least one alternating current (AC) adapter. All four access ports are operable to be used to charge the portable power case. In one embodiment, the power is operable to be charged in 16 hours using one AC adapter, 8 hours using two AC adapters, and 4 hours using four AC adapters. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the at least one AC adapter accepts a 100-240 VAC input and has a DC output of 17.4V. In one embodiment, the at least one AC adapter has an indicator for the charge state (e.g., red/orange indicates charging and green indicates charged). 
     In a preferred embodiment, the solar panel includes a combination signal marker panel and solar panel, such as that disclosed in US Publication No. 20150200318 and U.S. application Ser. No. 15/390,802, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the solar cells are formed of a microsystem enabled photovoltaic (MEPV) material, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,736,108, 9,029,681, 9,093,586, 9,143,053, 9,141,143, 9,496,448, 9,508,881, 9,531,322, 9,548,411, 9,559,219 and US Publication Nos. 20150114444 and 20150114451, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The signal marker panel is fluorescent orange (or “international orange”) on a first side and cerise on a second side. 
     The system is operable to be also charged using non-rechargeable batteries (e.g., BA-5590) and NATO generators. 
     The wearable battery  2108  is preferably the battery shown in  FIG. 12B , wherein the battery is lined with a first layer of the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material and a second layer of the heat-shielding or blocking, heat-dissipating and/or heat signature-reducing material, e.g., in a layer or lining, or coating application. 
     The above-mentioned examples are provided to serve the purpose of clarifying the aspects of the invention, and it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that they do not serve to limit the scope of the invention. By way of example, the keyway may force the cable at an angle other than 30.0°. Voltages of batteries may be different. 
     The above-mentioned examples are just some of the many configurations that the mentioned components can take on. All modifications and improvements have been deleted herein for the sake of conciseness and readability but are properly within the scope of the present invention.