Patent Publication Number: US-9408165-B2

Title: Increasing capacity in wireless communications

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/060,119, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Increasing Capacity in Wireless Communications,” filed Jun. 9, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/060,408, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Increasing Capacity in Wireless Communications,” filed Jun. 10, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/061,546, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Increasing Capacity in Wireless Communications,” filed Jun. 13, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/389,211, entitled “Frame Termination,” filed Feb. 19, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/030,215, filed Feb. 20, 2008, both assigned to the assignee of the present application, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/252,544, entitled “Rate Determination,” filed Oct. 16, 2008, assigned to the assignee of the present application, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to digital communications, and more specifically, to techniques for reducing transmission power and improving the capacity of wireless digital communications systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, packet data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or other multiple access techniques. For example, such systems can conform to standards such as Third-Generation Partnership Project 2 (3gpp2, or “cdma2000”), Third-Generation Partnership (3gpp, or “W-CDMA”), or Long Term Evolution (“LTE”). In the design of such communications systems, it is desirable to maximize the capacity, or the number of users the system can reliably support, given the available resources. Several factors impact the capacity of a wireless communications system, some of which are described below. 
     For example, in a voice communications system, a vocoder is often employed to encode a voice transmission using one of a plurality of variable encoding rates. The encoding rate may be selected based on, e.g., the amount of speech activity detected during a particular time interval. In a vocoder for a cdma2000 wireless communication system, for example, speech transmissions may be sent using full rate (FR), half rate (HR), quarter rate (QR), or eighth rate (ER) frames, with a full rate frame containing the greatest number of traffic bits, and an eighth rate frame containing the least number of traffic bits. An eighth rate frame is usually sent during periods of silence, and generally corresponds to the lowest-rate transmission that may be achieved by the voice communications system. 
     While an eighth rate frame represents a reduced-rate transmission in a cdma2000 system, the eighth rate frame still contains a non-zero number of traffic bits. During certain intervals, e.g., relatively long periods wherein there is no speech activity and background noise remains constant, even the eighth rate frame transmissions may unnecessarily consume a significant level of transmission power in the system. This may raise the level of interference caused to other users, thereby undesirably decreasing system capacity. 
     It would be desirable to provide techniques to further decrease the transmission rate of a voice communications system below what minimum-rate frame transmissions such as eighth rate frame transmissions can provide. 
     In another aspect of a wireless communications system, transmissions between two units often employ a degree of redundancy to guard against errors in the received signals. For example, in a forward link (FL) transmission from a base station (BS) to a mobile station (MS) in a cdma2000 wireless communications system, redundancies such as fractional-rate symbol encoding and symbol repetition may be employed. In a cdma2000 system, encoded symbols are grouped into sub-segments known as power control groups (PCG&#39;s) and transmitted over the air, with a fixed number of PCG&#39;s defining a frame. 
     While symbol redundancy techniques such as those employed in cdma2000 may allow accurate recovery of transmitted signals in the presence of errors, such techniques also represent a premium in the overall system transmission power when signal reception conditions are good, which may also undesirably decrease the system capacity. 
     It would be further desirable to provide efficient techniques to, for example, terminate transmission of a frame when it is determined that the receiver has accurately recovered the information associated with that frame, thereby saving transmission power and increasing the system capacity. It would be further desirable to provide modified power control schemes to accommodate such techniques. 
     SUMMARY 
     An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of processing information according to a plurality of rates, the method comprising: receiving a current frame containing traffic information; determining whether the current frame is of a critical frame type; if the current frame is determined to be of a critical frame type, processing the traffic information for transmission; if the current frame is determined to be not of a critical frame type, determining whether the current frame is guaranteed for transmission; if the current frame is determined to be not guaranteed for transmission, processing a null rate for transmission, the null rate having a reduced information bitrate compared to the traffic information; and transmitting the result of said processing for transmission. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for power control of transmissions over a wireless channel, comprising: receiving a current frame, the frame being formatted into a plurality of sub-segments; processing the received frame according to physical layer protocols, the processing comprising determining whether the received frame was correctly received; determining whether the current received frame is a null rate frame; and if the current received frame is determined to be a null rate frame, not updating an outer loop power control algorithm with the result of whether the current received frame was correctly received. 
     Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides an apparatus for processing information according to a plurality of rates, the apparatus comprising: a systematic blanking module configured to: receive a current frame containing traffic information; determine whether the current frame is of a critical frame type; if the current frame is determined to be of a critical frame type, process the traffic information for transmission; if the current frame is determined to be not of a critical frame type, determine whether the current frame is guaranteed for transmission; if the current frame is determined to be not guaranteed for transmission, process a null rate for transmission, the null rate having a reduced information bitrate compared to the traffic information; the apparatus further comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit the result of said processing for transmission. 
     Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides an apparatus for power control of transmissions over a wireless channel, the apparatus comprising: a receiver configured to receive a current frame, the frame being formatted into a plurality of sub-segments; a processor configured to: process the received frame according to physical layer protocols; determine whether the received frame was correctly received; determine whether the current received frame is a null rate frame; and if the current received frame is determined to be a null rate frame, not update an outer loop power control algorithm with the result of whether the current received frame was correctly received. 
     Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides an apparatus for processing information according to a plurality of rates, the apparatus comprising: systematic blanking means for processing a current frame containing traffic information for transmission; and a transmitter configured to transmit the result of said processing for transmission. 
     Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for causing a computer to process information according to a plurality of rates, the medium further storing instructions for causing a computer to: receive a current frame containing traffic information; determine whether the current frame is of a critical frame type; if the current frame is determined to be of a critical frame type, process the traffic information for transmission; if the current frame is determined to be not of a critical frame type, determine whether the current frame is guaranteed for transmission; and if the current frame is determined to be not guaranteed for transmission, process a null rate for transmission, the null rate having a reduced information bitrate compared to the traffic information. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a prior art wireless communications system. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a prior art signal transmission path for voice. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a signal transmission path for voice according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an algorithm that may be applied by the systematic blanking module. 
         FIGS. 5 and 5A  illustrate exemplary frame transmission sequences as processed by a vocoder and a systematic blanking module. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a receiving algorithm for processing systematic-blanked signals generated by a voice signal transmission path such as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an alternative exemplary embodiment of a signal transmission path for voice according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an algorithm that may be applied by the systematic blanking module. 
         FIGS. 9 and 9A  illustrate exemplary frame transmission sequences as processed by a vocoder and a systematic blanking module. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a method for systematic blanking according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a pilot gating scheme according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a reduced rate power control scheme for controlling the power of forward link (FL) transmissions according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a reduced rate power control scheme for controlling the power of reverse link (RL) continuous pilot transmissions according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a reduced rate power control scheme for controlling the power of reverse link (RL) gate pilot transmissions according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a power control method according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a prior art frame processing scheme for processing information bits, at a transmitter in a communications system.  FIG. 16A  illustrates the sequence of information bits and symbols in the frame processing scheme of  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 17  illustrates timing diagrams associated with a prior art forward link signaling scheme for cdma2000. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a prior art method for recovering estimated information bits b′ from received symbols y. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for early termination of forward link transmissions for systems operating according to the cdma2000 standard. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a per-sub-segment decoding scheme according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates an implementation of a prior art forward link symbol path for Radio Configuration 4 (RC4) according to the cdma2000 standard, as well as an exemplary embodiment of a forward link symbol path according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a signaling scheme used to signal the ACK message on the reverse link for early termination modulator. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for early termination of reverse link transmissions for systems operating according to the cdma2000 standard. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates an implementation of a prior art reverse link symbol path, as well as an exemplary embodiment of a reverse link symbol path according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a signaling scheme used to signal the ACK message on the reverse link for early termination of a forward fundamental channel (F-FCH) and/or up to two forward supplemental channels (F-SCH 1  and F-SCH 2 ). 
         FIG. 26  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to represent the only exemplary embodiments in which the present invention can be practiced. The term “exemplary” used throughout this description means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other exemplary embodiments. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the exemplary embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the exemplary embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the novelty of the exemplary embodiments presented herein. 
     In this specification and in the claims, it will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected to” or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     Communications systems may use a single carrier frequency or multiple carrier frequencies. Referring to  FIG. 1 , in a wireless cellular communications system  100 , reference numerals  102 A to  102 G refer to cells, reference numerals  160 A to  160 G refer to base stations, and reference numerals  106 A to  106 G refer to access terminals (AT&#39;s). A communications channel includes a forward link (FL) (also known as a downlink) for transmissions from the access network (AN)  160  to the access terminal (AT)  106  and a reverse link (RL) (also known as an uplink) for transmissions from the AT  106  to the AN  160 . The AT  106  is also known as a remote station, a mobile station or a subscriber station. The access terminal (AT)  106  may be mobile or stationary. Each link may incorporate a different number of carrier frequencies. Furthermore, an access terminal  106  may be any data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables. An access terminal  106  may further be any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to PC card, compact flash, external or internal modem, or wireless or wireline phone. 
     Modern communications systems are designed to allow multiple users to access a common communications medium. Numerous multiple-access techniques are known in the art, such as time division multiple-access (TDMA), frequency division multiple-access (FDMA), space division multiple-access, polarization division multiple-access, code division multiple-access (CDMA), and other similar multi-access techniques. The multiple-access concept is a channel allocation methodology which allows multiple user access to a common communications link. The channel allocations can take on various forms depending on the specific multi-access technique. By way of example, in FDMA systems, the total frequency spectrum is divided into a number of smaller sub-bands and each user is given its own sub-band to access the communications link. Alternatively, in TDMA systems, each user is given the entire frequency spectrum during periodically recurring time slots. In CDMA systems, each user is given the entire frequency spectrum for all of the time but distinguishes its transmission through the use of a code. 
     While certain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be described hereinbelow for operation according to the cdma2000 standard, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the techniques may readily be applied to other digital communications systems. For example, the techniques of the present disclosure may also be applied to systems based on the W-CDMA (or 3gpp) wireless communications standard, and/or any other communications standards. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a prior art signal transmission path  200  for voice. In  FIG. 2 , a voice signal  200   a  is input to a vocoder  210 , which codes the speech signal for transmission. A voice frame  210   a  output by the vocoder  210  may take on one of a plurality of rates, depending on the speech content of the voice signal  200   a  at any time. In  FIG. 2 , the plurality of rates includes a full rate (FR), half rate (HR), quarter rate (QR), and eighth rate (ER). The voice frame  210   a  is provided to a physical layer processing module  220 , which prepares the voice frame data for transmission according to the physical layer protocols of the system. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such protocols may include, e.g., encoding, repeating, puncturing, interleaving, and/or modulating the data. The output of the physical layer processing module  220  is provided to the TX block  230  for transmission. The TX block  230  may perform radio-frequency (RF) operations such as upconverting the signal to a carrier frequency and amplifying the signal for transmission over an antenna (not shown). 
     In general, the rate of the voice frame  210   a  selected by the vocoder  210  to encode the voice signal  200   a  at any time may depend on the level of speech activity detected in the voice signal  200   a . For example, a full rate (FR) may be selected for frames during which the voice signal  200   a  contains active speech, while an eighth rate (ER) may be selected for frames during which the voice signal  200   a  contains silence. During such periods of silence, an ER frame may contain parameters characterizing the “background noise” associated with the silence. While an ER frame contains significantly fewer bits than an FR frame, silence periods may occur quite often during a normal conversation, thereby causing the overall transmission bandwidth devoted to transmitting ER frames to be significant. 
     It would be desirable to further reduce the transmission bandwidth required to convey the voice signal  200   a  to a receiver. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a signal transmission path  300  for voice according to the present disclosure. In  FIG. 3 , a voice signal  200   a  is input to a vocoder  310 , which generates a voice frame  310   a  for transmission. The voice frame  310   a  may take on one of a plurality of rates including a full rate (FR), half rate (HR), quarter rate (QR), eighth rate (ER), and a critical eighth rate (ER-C). In an exemplary embodiment, the designation of an eighth-rate frame as a “critical” eighth rate frame may be made by the vocoder  310  for those eighth-rate frames containing parameters corresponding to, e.g., a change in the detected background noise in the silence interval. 
     The voice frame  310   a  is provided to a systematic blanking module  315 , which in turn provides a processed voice frame  315   a  to the physical layer processing module  220 . As further described hereinbelow, the systematic blanking module  315  is configured to minimize the transmission bitrate of the vocoder output  310   a  by selectively “blanking” the vocoder output, i.e., replacing certain frames of the vocoder output  310   a  with null rate (NR) frames having a data rate less than that of the eighth rate frame. In an exemplary embodiment, NR frames may have zero traffic content, i.e., a traffic bitrate of 0 bits per second (bps). 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary embodiment  400  of an algorithm that may be applied by the systematic blanking module  315 . 
     At step  410 , the systematic blanking module  315  receives a frame  310   a  from the vocoder  310 . 
     At step  420 , the frame  310   a  is evaluated to determine whether it is FR, HR, QR, or ER-C. Such rates are deemed critical for transmission, and may also be referred to as critical frame types. If the frame  310   a  contains one of these critical rates, then the frame  310   a  is directly provided to the physical layer processing module  220  for transmission. If not, the frame is deemed to contain a non-critical rate, and the algorithm proceeds to step  430 . 
     Note the exemplary designation of FR, HR, QR, and ER-C as “critical” is for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to only those embodiments wherein such frame types are designated as critical. In alternative exemplary embodiments, other sets of frame types may be designated critical for transmission by a systematic blanking module. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     At step  430 , the algorithm evaluates a frame number of the current frame to be transmitted to determine whether the current frame is guaranteed for transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, a guaranteed transmission may include a non-zero rate (e.g., non-NR) transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, a frame number may be a number assigned to each frame that is continuously iterated for each successive frame. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the current frame number FrameNumber is added to the current frame offset FrameOffset, and the result (FrameNumber+FrameOffset) is applied to a modulo operation (mod) with a non-blanking interval parameter N. If the result of the modulo operation is 0, the algorithm proceeds to step  440 . Otherwise, the algorithm proceeds to step  450 . 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that techniques other than the specific evaluation shown at step  430  may readily be applied to specify which frames are to be guaranteed for transmission. Such alternative techniques may utilize, e.g., parameters other than the current frame number or current frame offset, or operations other than the modulo operation depicted. 
     At step  450 , the systematic blanking module  315  provides a null rate (NR) frame to the physical layer processing module  220  for transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, a null rate frame has a traffic data rate of 0 bps (bits per second), and thus consumes minimal signaling bandwidth. After transmission of the null rate frame, the algorithm returns to step  410  to receive the next voice frame  310   a  from the vocoder  310 . 
     Based on the above description, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the non-blanking interval N controls how often non-critical frames are transmitted, with N=1 corresponding to transmission of all non-critical frames, and greater values of N corresponding to less frequent transmissions of non-critical frames. In an exemplary embodiment, N may take on values of 1, 4 by default, 8, or other reserved values specified, e.g., by external signaling (not shown). 
       FIGS. 5 and 5A  illustrate exemplary frame transmission sequences  310   a * and  315   a *, respectively, as processed by a vocoder  310  and a systematic blanking module  315 . 
     In  FIG. 5 , the sequence of frames  310   a * includes eighth-rate frames labeled “ER” and eighth-rate critical frames labeled “ER-C.” Such a sequence of frames may arise during a voice conversation, e.g., a period of silence from one side of a conversation. 
     In  FIG. 5A , the frame transmission sequence  315   a * corresponds to the result of applying a selective blanking algorithm such as  400  to the transmission sequence  310   a *, wherein a non-blanking interval N=4 is used. In  FIG. 5A , the sequence of frames  315   a * includes eighth-rate frames ER and null-rate frames NR. FrameNum  0  is transmitted directly as received from vocoder  310 , i.e., as an ER frame. FrameNum&#39;s  1  and  3  are transmitted as NR frames in accordance with a non-blanking interval N=4. FrameNum  2 , which is designated by the vocoder as a critical eighth-rate frame ER-C, is transmitted as an ER frame. FrameNum&#39;s  4  through  13  are similarly processed, as shown. Note in  FIG. 5A , the frames corresponding to (FrameNum+FrameOffset mod N)=0 are marked. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a receiving algorithm  600  for processing signals generated by a voice transmission signal path employing a systematic blanking module such as  315  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     In  FIG. 6 , at step  610 , a transmitted signal is received (RX) and processed using, e.g., operations complementary to the TX operations  230  such as shown in  FIG. 3 . Such RX operations may include, e.g., RF amplification, frequency downconversion, filtering, etc. 
     At step  620 , physical layer receive (RX) processing is performed using, e.g., operations complementary to the physical layer TX operations  220  shown in  FIG. 3 . Such physical layer receive processing may include, e.g., decoding, deinterleaving, symbol combining, etc. 
     At step  630 , the algorithm  600  evaluates whether the current received frame is an NR frame. If yes, the algorithm returns to step  610  to begin receiving the next frame, as there is no traffic data to be processed for the NR frame. If no, the algorithm proceeds to step  640 . 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various techniques may be employed to evaluate whether the current received frame is an NR frame. In an exemplary embodiment, an energy evaluation algorithm may be employed to detect the energy in the traffic portion of the received frame. For example, the energy corresponding to the traffic portion of a received frame may be measured, and compared to an appropriate scaled energy threshold. If the measured energy is less than the threshold, then a NR frame may be declared, since, in an exemplary embodiment, no signal is expected to be transmitted by the transmitter in the traffic portion of the NR frame. Such energy evaluation algorithms may also utilize knowledge of the systematic blanking algorithm and non-blanking interval N used by the transmitter to further assist in the detection of NR frames. 
     Note the preceding description of possible NR detection algorithms is given for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular NR detection algorithms. 
     At step  640 , a parameter of the received non-NR frame may be used to update an outer loop power control (OLPC) algorithm at the receiver. In an exemplary embodiment, a parameter of the received non-NR frame may include, e.g., the result of whether a frame quality indicator (FQI), such as a CRC for the received frame, has passed a quality check. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that an OLPC algorithm may be used to, e.g., compute an appropriate signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) setpoint for received frames, which may be used to guide a power control feedback mechanism between the transmitter and receiver for the transmitted voice frames. By excluding quality check results derived from NR frames, the OLPC algorithm may be correctly updated using, e.g., only frames having significant transmitted energy for the traffic portion. 
     At step  650 , the voice frame may be decoded to a voice output  650   a , and the algorithm  600  returns to step  610  to receive the next frame. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an alternative exemplary embodiment of a signal transmission path  700  for voice according to the present disclosure. In  FIG. 7 , a voice signal  200   a  is input to a vocoder  710 , which generates a voice frame  710   a  for transmission. The voice frame  710   a  may take on one of a plurality of rates including a full rate (FR), half rate (HR), quarter rate (QR), eighth rate (ER), and a vocoder null rate (VNR). A VNR frame, also known as a zero-rate vocoder frame or empty vocoder frame, is generated by the vocoder  710  when there is no new information to be sent by the vocoder. In an exemplary embodiment, the VNR frame may simply be a blank frame containing no data. 
     The voice frame  710   a  is provided to a systematic blanking module  715 , which in turn provides a processed voice frame  715   a  to the physical layer processing module  220 . As further described hereinbelow, the systematic blanking module  715  is configured to minimize the transmission bitrate of the vocoder output  710   a  by selectively replacing certain frames of the vocoder output  710   a  with null rate (NR) or null-rate indicator (NRID) frames having little or no data content. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary embodiment  800  of an algorithm that may be applied by the systematic blanking module  715 . 
     At step  810 , the systematic blanking module  715  receives a frame  710   a  from the vocoder  710 . 
     At step  820 , the frame  710   a  is evaluated to determine whether it is FR, HR, QR, or ER. Such rates are deemed critical for transmission. If the frame  710   a  contains one of these critical rates, then the frame  710   a  is provided to the physical layer processing module  220  for transmission at step  840 . If not, the frame is deemed to contain a non-critical rate, and the algorithm proceeds to step  830 . 
     At step  830 , the algorithm evaluates the current frame number of the transmission to determine whether a non-zero transmission should be made. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the current frame number FrameNumber is added to the current frame offset FrameOffset, and the result (FrameNumber+FrameOffset) is applied to a modulo operation (mod) with a non-blanking interval parameter N. If the result of the modulo operation is 0, the algorithm proceeds to step  835 . Otherwise, the algorithm proceeds to step  850 . 
     At step  835 , a null rate indicator (NRID) frame may be transmitted. Such a frame may correspond to a predetermined frame or indicator recognizable to the receiver as containing no new information, also referred to as a frame comprising null traffic data. Null traffic data may contain a bit pattern that the receiving vocoder does not use, and thus the null traffic data will be discarded by the receiving vocoder. In one aspect, for example, the predetermined null frame or indicator may be a known 1.8-kbps frame having null traffic data. In another aspect, for example, the predetermined frame or indicator may repeat the last transmitted 1.8-kbps frame, thereby indicating null traffic data. 
     At step  850 , the systematic blanking module  715  provides a null rate (NR) frame to the physical layer processing module  220  for transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, a null rate frame contains no traffic bits, and thus consumes minimal signaling bandwidth. After transmission of the null rate frame, the algorithm returns to step  810  to receive the next voice frame  710   a  from the vocoder  710 . 
       FIGS. 9 and 9A  illustrate exemplary frame transmission sequences  710   a * and  715   a *, respectively, as processed by a vocoder  710  and a systematic blanking module  715 . 
     In  FIG. 9 , the sequence of frames  710   a * includes eighth-rate frames labeled “ER” and vocoder null rate frames labeled “VNR” generated by the vocoder  710 . 
     In  FIG. 9A , the frame transmission sequence  715   a * corresponds to the result of applying a selective blanking algorithm such as  800  to the transmission sequence  710   a *, wherein a non-blanking interval N=4 is used. In  FIG. 9A , the sequence of frames  715   a * includes eighth-rate frames ER and null-rate frames NR. FrameNum  0  is transmitted directly as received from the vocoder  710 , i.e., as an ER frame. FrameNum&#39;s  1  through  3  are transmitted as NR frames, and FrameNum  4  is transmitted as an NRID frame, in accordance with a non-blanking interval N=4. Note the NRID frame is transmitted to guarantee periodic non-zero rate frame transmission, as described with reference to the algorithm  800 . The processing of FrameNum&#39;s  5  through  13  may readily be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the preceding description. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a method  1000  for systematic blanking according to the present disclosure. Note the method  1000  is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular method shown. 
     In  FIG. 10 , at step  1010 , a determination can be made as to the existence of new traffic information, the new traffic information to be included in a frame for transmission over a wireless communications link. 
     At step  1020 , a decision block determines the result of the determination at step  1010 . 
     At step  1030 , if new traffic information exists, a traffic portion comprising data representing the new traffic information can be added to a frame. 
     At step  1040 , if no new traffic information exists, then no new frame is transmitted unless the respective frame corresponds to the frame guaranteed for transmission. In this case, generate the frame guaranteed for transmission including null traffic data recognizable by the receiving vocoder as the null data rate. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a pilot gating scheme for identifying null rate frame transmissions according to the present disclosure. Note the pilot gating scheme is given for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to systems wherein a null rate frame transmission is necessarily accompanied by a gated pilot transmission. 
     In  FIG. 11 , a traffic portion  1110  of a TX transmission is shown along with a pilot portion  1120 . The pilot portion  1120  is seen to have a different pattern during transmission of a null rate frame than during transmission of a non-null rate frame. For example, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the pilot gating pattern for a null frame may correspond to 2 sub-segments or PCG&#39;s wherein the pilot is turned on (indicated by “P” in  FIG. 11 ), alternating with 2 sub-segments or PCG&#39;s wherein the pilot is turned off. The use of a different pilot gating pattern during null frame transmissions may further assist a receiver in determining whether a frame currently being received is a null frame. This may be used, e.g., during null rate determination step  630  in  FIG. 6 . 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate in light of the present disclosure that alternative pilot gating patterns may be readily derived to signal the presence of null frames. For example, the pilot gating pattern may include pilot transmissions every other sub-segment or PCG, or using any other pattern. Such alternative techniques are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, to further reduce the signal transmissions of the system, the power control rate of the forward link and/or reverse link of the system may be reduced. In an exemplary embodiment, the mobile station may reduce the number of forward link power control commands it sends to the base station, such as by only sending forward link power control commands only during PCG&#39;s corresponding to the gated reverse link pilot transmissions, even in frames where the reverse link pilot portion is continuous (i.e., non-gated). In another exemplary embodiment, the base station may transmit reverse link power control commands at a reduced rate, such as in every other power control group. Further, the mobile station receiving these reverse link power control commands may apply each one to control transmissions of non-null frames. For null frames, a reduced number (e.g. less than all) of the received power control commands from the base station may be utilized to control the mobile station&#39;s transmissions of null frames, such as when the reverse link pilot portion is gated, as described above. These exemplary power control techniques are further described with reference to  FIGS. 12 through 14 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary embodiment  1200  of a reduced rate power control scheme for controlling the power of forward link (FL) transmissions according to the present disclosure. 
     In  FIG. 12 , base station transmissions (BS TX)  1210  are shown along with mobile station transmissions (MS TX)  1220 . The PCG&#39;s containing forward link (FL) power control (PC) commands sent by a mobile station are shown as hatched PCG&#39;s in  1220 . An upward-right arrow originates from each hatched PCG&#39;s, and points to the forward link PCG transmitted by the base station wherein the received FL PC commands is applied. For example, the FL PC command sent by the mobile station in RL PCG # 3  is applied by the base station in transmitting FL PCG # 4 , etc. 
     Note in  FIG. 12 , the hatched PCG&#39;s in  1220  correspond to the RL PCG&#39;s wherein the RL TX pilot is turned on, according to the gated pilot scheme  1100  shown in  FIG. 11 . At the same time, the mobile station only sends FL PC commands in RL PCG&#39;s corresponding to the hatched PCG&#39;s, as shown in  1220 . The mobile station does not send FL PC commands in the non-hatched RL PCG&#39;s. The FL PC commands are thus transmitted only in those RL PCG&#39;s that are also transmitted during the gated pilot scheme, regardless of whether a gated pilot pattern is employed or not for the particular frame (e.g., whether a particular frame is a null rate frame or not). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this may reduce the complexity of FL PC processing, while also reducing the overall FL PC rate. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary embodiment  1300  of a reduced rate power control scheme for controlling the power of reverse link (RL) continuous pilot transmissions according to the present disclosure. 
     In  FIG. 13 , the PCG&#39;s containing forward link (RL) power control (PC) commands sent by a base station are shown as hatched PCG&#39;s in  1310 . A downward-right arrow originates from each hatched PCG, and points to the reverse link PCG transmitted by the mobile station that applies the corresponding received RL PC commands. For example, the RL PC command sent by the base station in FL PCG # 3  is applied by the mobile station in transmitting RL PCG # 4 , etc. 
     In  FIG. 13 , the base station only sends RL PC commands in FL PCG&#39;s corresponding to the hatched PCG&#39;s, as shown in  1310 . The base station does not send RL PC commands in the non-hatched PCG&#39;s. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary embodiment  1400  of a reduced rate power control scheme for controlling the power of reverse link (RL) gated pilot transmissions according to the present disclosure. 
     In  FIG. 14 , the PCG&#39;s containing forward link (RL) power control (PC) commands sent by a base station are again shown as hatched PCG&#39;s in  1410 . A solid downward-right arrow originates from a hatched PCG, and points to the reverse link PCG transmitted by the mobile station that applies the corresponding received RL PC commands. On the other hand, a dashed arrow originating from a hatched PCG indicates an RL PC command transmitted by the base station that is not applied by the MS to the corresponding RL PCG pointed to. The base station only sends RL PC commands in FL PCG&#39;s corresponding to the hatched PCG&#39;s. The base station does not send RL PC commands in the non-hatched PCG&#39;s. 
     For example, the RL PC command sent by the base station in FL PCG # 1  is applied by the mobile station in transmitting RL PCG # 3 , etc. On the other hand, the RL PC command sent by the base station in FL PCG # 2  is not applied by the mobile station in transmitting RL PCG # 4 . Instead, in an exemplary embodiment, the mobile station can maintain the same power level as used for the previous PCG, e.g., RL PCG # 3  in the example described. In an aspect of the present disclosure, this may be done to simplify the processing of RL PC commands by the mobile station. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a power control method  1500  according to the present disclosure. Note the method  1500  is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
     At step  1510 , a current frame is received, the frame being formatted into a plurality of sub-segments. 
     At step  1520 , the received frame is processed according to physical layer protocols. 
     At step  1530 , a power control command received in a sub-segment designated for transmission according to a first gated pilot pattern is received. 
     At step  1540 , the transmission power of a TX sub-segment following the designated sub-segment is adjusted according to the received power control command, the TX sub-segment being transmitted according to a second gate pilot pattern. 
     According to another aspect of the present disclosure, techniques are provided for early termination of forward and/or reverse link transmissions in a wireless communications system to save power and increase capacity. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a prior art frame processing scheme for processing information bits  1600   b  at a transmitter in a communications system. In certain exemplary embodiments, the frame processing scheme shown may be utilized in the forward link or reverse link transmissions of a wireless communications system.  FIG. 16A  illustrates the status of the data processed by the operations illustrated in  FIG. 16 . 
     Note the frame processing scheme is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to any particular processing scheme shown. Alternative exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may adopt alternative frame processing schemes which may, e.g., re-order the steps of the scheme shown in  FIG. 16 , and/or add steps to or delete steps from the scheme shown. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In  FIG. 16 , an information source generates information bits  1600   b  at a selected rate R. The number of information bits  1600   b  generated per frame may depend on the selected rate R. For example, in a cdma2000 system, there may be 172 information bits per 20-millisecond frame (“full rate”), 80 bits per frame (“half rate”), 40 bits per frame (“quarter rate”), or 16 bits per frame (“eighth rate”). The information bits  1600   b  for a frame are collectively denoted by the variable b in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1600 , a frame-quality indicator (FQI) may be generated and appended to the information bits  1600   b  for a frame. For example, an FQI may be a cyclical-redundancy check (CRC) known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Signal  1600   a  represents the combination of the information bits  1600   b  and the FQI, as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1610 , encoder tail bits may be added to the signal  1600   a . For example, encoder tail bits may represent a fixed number of zero-valued tail bits for use with a convolutional encoder. Signal  1610   a  represents the combination of signal  1600   a  with the encoder tail bits, as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1620 , the signal  1610   a  is encoded and repeated (or punctured). As earlier described, the encoding may include convolutional encoding or turbo encoding, and the repetition may serve to further increase (or decrease, in the case of puncturing) the transmitted energy associated with each symbol. Note the encoding may employ other techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as block encoding or other types of encoding, and need not be limited to the encoding explicitly described in the present disclosure. The signal  1620   a  represents the encoded and repeated (or punctured) version of signal  1610   a , as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1630 , the signal  1620   a  is interleaved, e.g., to improve the diversity of the encoded symbols along a chosen signal dimension. In an exemplary implementation, the symbols may be interleaved over time. Signal  1630   a  represents the interleaved version of signal  1620   a , as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1640 , the interleaved symbols of signal  1630   a  are mapped to a pre-defined frame format, as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . A frame format may specify the frame as being composed of a plurality of sub-segments. In an exemplary embodiment, sub-segments may be any portions of the frame contiguous along a given dimension, e.g., time, frequency, code, or any other dimension. A frame may be composed of a fixed plurality of such sub-segments, each sub-segment containing a portion of the total number of symbols allocated to the frame. For example, in an exemplary embodiment according to the W-CDMA standard, a sub-segment may be defined as a slot. In an exemplary embodiment according to the cdma2000 standard, a sub-segment may be defined as a power control group (PCG). 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, the interleaved symbols may be mapped in time, frequency, code, or any other dimensions used for signal transmission. Furthermore, a frame format may also specify the inclusion of, e.g., control symbols (not shown) along with the interleaved symbols of signal  1630   a . Such control symbols may include, e.g., power control symbols, frame format information symbols, etc. Signal  1640   a  represents the output of the symbol-to-frame mapping step  1640 , as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1650 , the signal  1640   a  is modulated, e.g., onto one or more carrier waveforms. In certain exemplary embodiments, the modulation may employ, e.g., QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying), etc. Signal  1650   a  represents the modulated version of the signal  1640   a , as also illustrated in  FIG. 16A . Signal  1650   a  is further denoted by the variable x in  FIG. 16A . 
     At step  1660 , the modulated signal  1650   a  is further processed, transmitted over the air, and received by a receiver. Step  1660  generates the received symbols  1700   a , further denoted by the variable y in  FIG. 16A . Note one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the techniques for processing the signal  1650   a  for transmission and reception over-the-air are well-known, and are not further disclosed herein. The symbols contained in y may be further processed as described hereinbelow. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates timing diagrams associated with a prior art forward link signaling scheme for cdma2000. 
     In  FIG. 17 , the base station (BS) transmits at  1700  a series of frames on a forward fundamental channel (F-FCH TX) to the mobile station (MS). In the exemplary embodiment shown, the sub-segments correspond to power control groups (PCG&#39;s), sixteen (numbered  0  to  15 ) of which make up each frame. Upon transmitting all sixteen PCG&#39;s corresponding to a first frame TX Frame # 0 , the BS begins transmitting the next frame TX Frame # 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, the data transmitted may be processed as previously described herein with reference to  FIGS. 16 and 16A . 
     On the MS side, the MS receives at  1710  the PCG&#39;s transmitted. Upon receiving the last PCG (i.e., PCG # 15 ) of RX Frame # 0  corresponding to TX Frame # 0 , the MS begins decoding RX Frame # 0  using all PCG&#39;s received. The decoded information is available a decoding time TD thereafter. In an exemplary embodiment, the decoding may be performed as described hereinbelow with reference to  FIG. 18 . Note while the MS is decoding TX Frame # 0 , the PCG&#39;s of TX Frame # 1  are simultaneously received. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a prior art method  1800  for recovering estimated information bits b′ from received symbols y. 
     At step  1805 , symbols y or  1700   a  are received for an entire frame. 
     At step  1810 , the symbols y or  1700   a  are demodulated, parsed, and deinterleaved to produce symbols y′, also denoted as signal  1810   a . One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the operations performed at step  1810  may correspond to an inverse of the operations performed at the transmitter, as shown in, e.g.,  FIG. 16 . 
     At step  1820 , the symbols y′ are decoded and combined, given knowledge of the rate R. In an implementation, the rate R may indicate how many bits are present in a received frame, and may be used, e.g., by the decoder to determine at which point in the received symbol sequence to terminate decoding, and/or remove tail bits from the decoded sequence. At step  1820 , tail bits of the decoded sequence, e.g., as appended at step  1610  of  FIG. 16 , may also be removed. The result of step  1820  is an output signal  1820   a.    
     At step  1830 , the FQI, e.g., as appended at step  1600  of  FIG. 16 , is checked, and also removed from the information bits. In an implementation, the result of the FQI check may identify the decoding as either a success or a failure. Step  1830  generates the recovered information bits, denoted as b′, along with the FQI result, which may indicate either a success or failure. 
     At step  1840 , the method may proceed to the next frame, and repeat the steps described above for the next frame. 
     In accordance with the present disclosure, early frame decoding and termination techniques as described hereinbelow may allow the overall communications system  100  to operate more efficiently and save transmission power, thereby increasing cellular capacity. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for early termination of forward link transmissions for systems operating according to the cdma2000 standard. Note the exemplary embodiment is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to systems based on cdma2000. One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that specific PCG and frame numbers referred to herein are for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In  FIG. 19 , the base station (BS) transmits a series of frames at  1900  to the mobile station (MS). In an exemplary embodiment, the transmissions may be done on a fundamental forward channel (F-FCH TX). As described earlier hereinabove, each sub-segment shown in  FIG. 19  may correspond to a power control group (PCG) in cdma2000. The BS commences transmission with PCG # 0  of TX Frame # 0 , and continuously transmits PCG&#39;s until an ACK signal  1945  is received from the MS after PCG # 8 . The ACK signal is transmitted by the MS to signal to the BS that the MS has successfully decoded the entire TX Frame # 0  based on the PCG&#39;s already received. 
     Upon receiving the ACK  1945 , the BS ceases transmission of PCG&#39;s corresponding to TX Frame # 0 , and waits until the beginning of the next frame, TX Frame # 1 , before transmitting PCG&#39;s for the new frame TX Frame # 1 . Note during the finite period of time associated with receiving and processing the ACK signal  1945 , the BS may already have begun transmitting PCG # 9  of TX Frame # 0 . 
     Reference numerals  1910  through  1940  illustrate the timing of actions taken by the MS to generate the ACK signal  1945  sent to the BS that allows early termination of TX frame transmissions by the BS. 
     At  1910 , the MS receives the PCG&#39;s for TX Frame # 0  and TX Frame # 1  as RX Frame # 0  and RX Frame # 1 , respectively. 
     At  1920 , the MS attempts to decode RX Frame # 0  as each PCG of RX Frame # 0  is received, without waiting for all sixteen PCG&#39;s allocated to RX Frame # 0  to be received. In an exemplary embodiment, to accomplish such decoding on a per-PCG basis, the MS may utilize a per-sub-segment decoding algorithm such as  2000  later described hereinbelow with reference to  FIG. 20 . 
     At  1925 , after receiving PCG # 7 , the MS successfully decodes RX Frame # 0 , as determined by, e.g., checking the CRC associated with the received bits. The MS declares a decoding success, and proceeds to the ACK transmission  1930 . 
     At  1930 , after declaring decoding success at  1925 , the MS transmits an MS ACK signal  1945  to the BS during a portion of the transmission associated with PCG # 8  of the reverse link. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the MS may simply transmit the ACK signal during the PCG immediately subsequent to, or at any PCG subsequent to, the PCG in which a decoding success is determined. In an alternative exemplary embodiment such as that shown in  FIG. 19 , the timing of the ACK signal  1945  transmission may be controlled by an ACK mask  1940 . The ACK mask is operable to specify when an ACK signal may or may not be transmitted. Providing such an ACK mask may limit the communications link capacity utilized by the sending of acknowledgement messages. 
     In  FIG. 19 , the ACK mask  1940  is characterized by time intervals designated “1” during which ACK transmission on the reverse link is allowed. ACK transmissions are not allowed during time intervals designated “0.” In an exemplary embodiment, by restricting ACK transmissions to only time intervals after a threshold PCG, the ACK mask may ensure that decoding is only attempted when a sufficient portion of the received frame has been processed. According to the present disclosure, the MS may transmit an ACK message in the next time period designated as “1” by an ACK mask that immediately follows a successful decode. 
     Note the particular ACK mask configurations shown herein are for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to any ACK mask shown. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that alternative ACK mask configurations may readily be provided to allow ACK transmission during different portions of the sub-segments or PCG&#39;s than those shown. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the PCG&#39;s designated by the ACK mask pattern may overlap with the same PCG&#39;s as prescribed by a pattern for an RL gated pilot pattern used to signal an NR frame transmission, such as earlier described herein with reference to  FIG. 11 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the BS TX may also include a pilot transmission (not shown) that may switch from a continuously transmitted pilot signal to a gated pilot signal upon receiving the MS ACK  1945 , the gated pilot signal being transmitted according to a gated pilot pattern. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a per-sub-segment decoding scheme according to the present disclosure. Note the method  2000  is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not intended to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to any particular exemplary embodiments shown. 
     In  FIG. 20 , at step  2001 , a sub-segment index n is initialized to n=0. 
     At step  2005 , the method receives symbols y n  for sub-segment n. 
     At step  2010 , the method demodulates, parses, and deinterleaves all symbols y n  received up to and including sub-segment n of the current frame. y n  may include, e.g., all traffic symbols received from sub-segment  0  through sub-segment n, inclusive. The result of step  2010  is denoted as y′ n . 
     At step  2020 , the method decodes and combines the symbols y′ n . One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that while the symbols y′ n  in general correspond to only a portion of the total symbols x allocated by the transmitter for the entire frame, “early” decoding of the entire frame using only the symbols y′ n  may nevertheless be attempted. Such an early decoding attempt may have a good chance of decoding success due to, e.g., redundancy in the symbols x introduced by fractional rate encoding and/or repetition, e.g., at step  1620  of  FIG. 16 , and/or time- or other-dimensional diversity achieved via interleaving at step  1630  of  FIG. 16 . 
     At step  2020 , the encoded tail bits may further be removed from the decoded bit sequence to generate the signal  2020   a.    
     At step  2030 , the method checks the FQI from the signal  2020   a , and generates an FQI result  2030   a  from the accumulated received sub-segments for the current frame up to n. 
     At step  2035 , the method evaluates whether the FQI result indicated a success. If yes, the method proceeds to step  2040 , wherein decoding is declared successful, and the method proceeds to ACK message generation to enable early termination of forward link transmissions. The next available opportunity may be, e.g., as specified by an ACK mask as described with reference to  FIG. 5 . If no, the method proceeds to step  2037 . 
     At step  2037 , the method increments n, and determines whether there are additional sub-segments left in the frame to be received. If yes, the method returns to step  2005 . If no, the method proceeds to declare decoding for the frame unsuccessful at step  2060 . 
     At step  2070 , the decoder proceeds to evaluate the next frame. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates an implementation  2100  of a prior art forward link symbol path for Radio Configuration 4 (RC4) according to the cdma2000 standard, as well as an exemplary embodiment  2110  of a forward link symbol path according to the present disclosure. In the implementation  2100 , the frame quality indicator includes CRC&#39;s of length 6, 6, 8, or 12 that are appended to the bits of a frame, depending on the frame symbol rate. In the exemplary embodiment  2110  according to the present disclosure, the frame quality indicator includes CRC&#39;s of increased length 12, 12, 12, or 12 that are appended to the bits of a frame. The use of increased-length CRC&#39;s improves the performance of the early decoding schemes according to the present disclosure, allowing, e.g., more accurate detection of decoding success for early decoding techniques according to the present disclosure. Note the specific CRC lengths illustrated herein are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular CRC lengths illustrated. 
     As further shown in the implementation  2100 , the symbol puncture rates are 1/5, 1/9, None, and None, depending on the frame symbol rate. In the exemplary embodiment  2110  according to the present disclosure, the symbol puncture rates are 1/3, 1/5, 1/25, and None, depending on the frame symbol rate. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the increased puncturing in the exemplary embodiment  2110  may be used to accommodate the increased length CRC&#39;s called for by the exemplary embodiment  2110 . 
       FIG. 22  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a signaling scheme  2200  used to signal the ACK message on the reverse link for early termination of forward link transmissions. In  FIG. 22 , a reverse ACK channel (R-ACKCH)  2210  is modulated using on-off keying (OOK) onto a Walsh code W(64, 16)  2212  using modulator  2214 . A relative channel gain  2216  is applied to the resultant signal, and provided to the additive combiner  2218 . 
     In  FIG. 22 , a reverse fundamental channel (R-FCH)  2220  having a rate of 1536 symbols per 20 ms is modulated onto a Walsh function W(16,4)  2222  using a modulator  2224 . A relative channel gain  2226  is applied to the resultant signal, and the result also provided to the additive combiner  2218 . The output of the additive combiner may be provided on a quadrature (Q) channel  2228  for reverse link transmission to the BS. In the exemplary embodiment shown, an in-phase (I) channel  2234  is also provided that includes a reverse pilot channel (R-PICH)  2230 . 
     Note the exemplary embodiment of the reverse link ACK signaling scheme shown with reference to  FIG. 22  is given for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular embodiment of an ACK signaling scheme. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that alternative techniques for signaling an ACK on the reverse link may be readily derived in light of the present disclosure, including applying different forms of modulation, and sending the ACK message on alternative channels than shown. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme  2300  for early termination of reverse link transmissions for systems operating according to the cdma2000 standard. Note the exemplary embodiment is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to any particular reverse link early termination scheme shown. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the specific PCG and Frame numbers referred to herein are for illustrative purposes only. 
     In  FIG. 23 , the mobile station (MS) transmits a series of frames at  2300  to the base station (BS). In an exemplary embodiment, the frames may be transmitted on a reverse fundamental channel (R-FCH TX). In  FIG. 23 , each sub-segment shown corresponds to a power control group (PCG). The MS commences transmission of TX Frame # 0  at PCG # 0 , and continuously transmits PCG&#39;s until an ACK signal  2345  is received from the BS after PCG # 8 . Upon receiving the ACK  2345 , the MS ceases transmission of PCG&#39;s corresponding to TX Frame # 0 , and waits until the beginning of the next frame, TX Frame # 1 , to begin transmitting PCG&#39;s corresponding to TX Frame # 1 . 
     Reference numerals  2310  through  2340  illustrate the timing of actions taken by the BS to generate the ACK signal  2345  sent to the MS that allows early termination of reverse link frame transmissions by the MS. 
     At  2310 , the BS receives the PCG&#39;s of TX Frame # 0  and TX Frame # 1  as RX Frame # 0  and RX Frame # 1 , respectively. 
     At  2320 , the BS attempts to decode RX Frame # 0  as each individual PCG is received, without waiting for all sixteen PCG&#39;s allocated to RX Frame # 0  to be received. In an exemplary embodiment, to accomplish such decoding on a per-PCG basis, the BS may utilize a per-sub-segment decoding algorithm such as  2000  earlier described with reference to  FIG. 20 . 
     At  2325 , after receiving PCG # 5 , the BS declares a decoding success, and proceeds to the ACK transmission step  2330  to generate the BS ACK TX signal. 
     At  2330 , after declaring decoding success at step  2325 , the BS transmits an ACK signal  2345  during a portion of the transmission associated with PCG # 8  of the Forward Link. The portion of the transmission during which an ACK signal  2345  is sent may be defined by a corresponding ACK mask  2340 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the ACK mask pattern may allow ACK transmission only during those PCG&#39;s in which a power control command is sent on the forward link (FL) to control reverse link (RL) power transmissions, as earlier described herein with reference to  FIG. 19 . 
     In  FIG. 23, 2350  further illustrates the transmission of the reverse link pilot signal by the MS according to the exemplary embodiment of the reverse link early termination scheme. At step  2350 , after the ACK signal  2345  is received by the MS from the BS at PCG # 8 , the MS ceases transmitting the RL pilot signal at every PCG. Rather, as shown, the RL pilot signal transmission may be gated OFF for select PCG&#39;s. This may serve to both conserve RL pilot signal transmission power for the remaining PCG&#39;s, as well as to provide an additional ACK signaling mechanism to the BS. In an exemplary embodiment, the RL gated pilot pattern for the remaining PCG&#39;s may correspond to a pattern used to signal an NR frame transmission, such as earlier described herein with reference to  FIG. 11 . 
     In the exemplary embodiment shown, the RL pilot signal is gated OFF during PCG&#39;s  9 ,  10 ,  13 , and  14 . In general, the RL pilot signal may be gated OFF in alternating groups of two PCG&#39;s after the ACK signal is transmitted, until the end of the early terminated frame. It should further be noted that, as with pilot gating of NR frames, various schemes may be utilized for the pilot gating of early terminated frames, such as: one power control group on followed by one power control group off; two power control groups on followed by two power control groups off; and any other pattern operable to reduce transmission power. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates an implementation  2400  of a prior art reverse link symbol path, as well as an exemplary embodiment  2410  of a reverse link symbol path according to the present disclosure. In the implementation  2400 , CRC&#39;s of length 6, 6, 8, or 12 are appended to the bits of a frame, depending on the frame symbol rate. In the exemplary embodiment  2410  according to the present disclosure, CRC&#39;s of increased length 12, 12, 12, or 12 may be appended to the bits of a frame. As in the case of the forward link processing illustrated in  FIG. 21 , the use of increased-length CRC&#39;s improves the performance of the early decoding schemes according to the present disclosure, allowing, e.g., more accurate detection of decoding success for the early decoding techniques. Note the specific CRC lengths illustrated herein are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular CRC lengths illustrated. 
     As further shown in the implementation  2400 , the symbol puncture rates are 1/5, 1/9, None, and None, depending on the frame symbol rate. In the exemplary embodiment  2410  according to the present disclosure, the symbol puncture rates are 1/3, 1/5, 1/25, and None, depending on the frame symbol rate. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the increased use of puncturing in the exemplary embodiment  2410  may accommodate the increased length CRC&#39;s that are also present in the exemplary embodiment  2410 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the ACK signal sent by the BS to the MS may be provided by supplanting (puncturing) a bit having a predetermined position on a forward link traffic channel, and/or using on-off keying (OOK) at the predetermined position to signal an ACK or NAK (no acknowledgment) to the MS. In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined position may be varied on a per-frame basis according to a predetermined pseudorandom bit pattern. In an exemplary embodiment, the ACK bit may be time domain multiplexed (TDM&#39;ed) with a reverse link power control bit. 
     Note the frame early termination aspects described above may be applied not only to a fundamental channel of a cdma2000 communications link, but also to a “high data rate” supplemental channel. For example, in an alternative exemplary embodiment (not shown), an ACK signaling mechanism on the forward link may be used to enable early termination of transmissions by one or more MS&#39;s on one or more corresponding reverse supplemental channels. 
     For example, in an exemplary embodiment (not shown), one or more MS&#39;s may simultaneously transmit frames on corresponding reverse supplemental channels. If the BS successfully receives a frame on a reverse supplemental channel from an MS, the BS may transmit an ACK on a corresponding forward common acknowledgment subchannel of a forward common acknowledgment channel, with one subchannel of each forward common acknowledgment channel assigned to control one reverse supplemental channel. In this manner, forward common acknowledgment subchannels from multiple MS&#39;s may be multiplexed on a single forward common acknowledgment channel. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, multiple subchannels may be time multiplexed on a single common acknowledgment channel according to a predetermined pattern known to the BS and the one or more MS&#39;s. Such predetermined pattern may be indicated via external signaling (not shown). 
     The BS may support operation on one or more forward common acknowledgment channels. In an exemplary embodiment, the sub-segments or PCG&#39;s in which the forward common acknowledgment channel for the reverse supplemental channels can be transmitted may be indicated by an ACK mask as previously described herein. 
     In an alternative exemplary embodiment, an ACK signaling mechanism on the reverse link may be provided to control transmissions on both a forward fundamental channel and one or more forward supplemental channels, for systems operating according to the cdma2000 standard.  FIG. 25  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a signaling scheme  2500  used to signal the ACK message on the reverse link for early termination of a forward fundamental channel (F-FCH) and/or up to two forward supplemental channels (F-SCH 1  and F-SCH 2 ). 
     In  FIG. 25 , a reverse ACK channel (R-ACKCH)  2520  is modulated using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) onto a Walsh function W(64, 16)  2522  using modulator  2524 . In an exemplary embodiment, the R-ACKCH  2520  may signal the BS to terminate transmissions on a forward fundamental channel (F-FCH). A relative channel gain  2526  is applied to the resultant signal, and provided to the additive combiner  2518 . 
     In  FIG. 25 , a second reverse ACK channel (R-ACKCH)  2510  is modulated using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) onto a Walsh function W(16, 12)  2512  using modulator  2514 . In an exemplary embodiment, the ACKCH  2510  may signal the BS to terminate transmissions on a first forward supplemental channel (F-SCH 1 ). A relative channel gain  2516  is applied to the resultant signal, and provided to the additive combiner  2518 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 25 , both the R-ACK channels may be combined with a reverse fundamental channel (R-FCH) onto the quadrature (Q) component of the RL signal. The R-FCH may have a rate of 1536 symbols per 20 ms, and is also modulated onto a Walsh function W(16,4)  2532  using a modulator  2534 . A relative channel gain  2536  is applied to the resultant signal, and provided to the additive combiner  2518 . The output of the additive combiner may be provided on a quadrature (Q) channel  2528  for reverse link transmission to the BS. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 25 , a third reverse ACK channel (R-ACKCH)  2550  is modulated using on-off keying (OOK) onto a Walsh function W(16, 8)  2552  using modulator  2554 . In an exemplary embodiment, the ACKCH  2550  may signal the BS to terminate transmissions on a second forward supplemental channel (F-SCH 2 ). A relative channel gain  2556  is applied to the resultant signal, and provided to the additive combiner  2548 . R-ACKCH  2550  may be combined with a reverse pilot channel (R-PICH)  2540  using adder  2548  to generate the in-phase (I) reverse link signal  2544 . 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the above illustrations of specific ACK signaling schemes for the forward link are given for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular ACK signaling schemes for the forward and reverse channels. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a method  2600  according to the present disclosure. Note the method  2600  is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to any particular method. 
     At step  2610 , a voice frame is received. 
     At step  2620 , the method attempts early decoding of the voice frame received. In an exemplary embodiment, the early decoding may be attempted prior to all sub-segments of the frame being received. 
     At step  2630 , the method determines whether the attempted voice frame decoding has been successful. In an exemplary embodiment, a frame quality indicator such as a CRC may be checked to determine whether frame decoding has been successful. 
     At step  2640 , an acknowledgment signal (ACK) is transmitted to terminate voice frame transmission. 
     The early termination techniques of the present disclosure may readily be applied to situations wherein a mobile station is in “soft handoff,” i.e., wherein an MS communicates simultaneously with multiple BS&#39;s on the forward and/or reverse link. 
     For example, when an MS is in soft handoff between two BS&#39;s, the reverse link transmissions by the MS may be received at each of the two BS&#39;s, either or both of which may transmit an ACK signal (not necessarily at the same time) back to the MS to cease MS transmissions. In an exemplary embodiment, in response to receiving more than one ACK signal over the course of a reverse link frame transmission, the MS may cease transmission of the current frame after receiving the first of the ACK signals. Furthermore, early termination may be similarly applied to control forward link transmissions by the two BS&#39;s to an MS. For example, in response to successful early decoding of a frame received simultaneously from two BS&#39;s, an MS may transmit an ACK signal to cease transmissions by both BS&#39;s on the forward link. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. 
     Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the exemplary embodiments of the invention. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
     In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     The previous description of the disclosed exemplary embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these exemplary embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.