Patent Publication Number: US-2009228900-A1

Title: Systems and methods for application programming using persistent objects

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/204,543 filed on Aug. 22, 2002, is a national stage of PCT/IB01/00262, filed Feb. 20, 2001, and claims priority to Great Britain Application No. 7, filed Feb. 22, 2000, the respective disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the invention relate to systems, methods and applications for programming and data management based on objects. Objects of the present embodiments have dynamic attributes and comprise data indicating their respective storage locations or the storage locations of other objects. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     The implementation of software applications based on object-oriented programming techniques is well known in the art and has been in widespread use since the late 1980&#39;s. 
     Although providing several noteworthy advantages over classical top-down programming techniques, it is acknowledged that applications based on object-oriented programming techniques are inefficient for a number of reasons:
     1. traditional object-oriented applications require an underlying database structure to be designed and provided in order to support the application;   2. the objects which form the components of an application are local to that application only, without any relationship to extraneous objects or applications;   3. the object characteristics such as attributes, properties, inheritances and the like are static in nature. A change to any of these characteristics renders it necessary to recompile the affected objects and rebuild the application;   4. there is no global classification of objects, making it very difficult, if not impossible to construct applications which make use of objects which are distributed across a number of remote servers; and   5. the separation of objects and data necessitates the provision of separate facilities for data management and streaming of data to physical hardware devices.   

     It is desirable to provide an application programming system which allows the development of distributed object-oriented applications which are simple to adapt, modify and extend. 
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of this invention to provide an application programming system, and a method of operation thereof which will, at least partially, alleviate the above-mentioned difficulties and disadvantages. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with this invention there is provided an application programming system, comprising: 
     a number of processors operable to execute software processes;
 
a communication channel between the number of processors;
 
a registry of objects co-operable to create an executable software application characterized in that the objects have a plurality of characteristics which are dynamically alterable at application run-time.
 
     Further features of the invention provide for the registry to be accessible from any one of the number of processors, for the registry to include a unique key corresponding to each object registered therein, and for the registry to contain a definition of each object, including its abstraction and state. 
     Still further features of the invention provide for each processor to include an interaction manager process, for the interaction manager process to regulate the interaction between any object located on the processor, and hardware devices and resources associated with the processor, for the interaction manager process to serve any object associated with the particular processor with any one or more of persistence, execution, user representation and input and output facilities, and for the interaction manager process to provide a transport layer for distribution and communication of objects associated with various processors. 
     The invention extends to an object for use in the application programming system described above, for the object to have a number of dynamic characteristics which are alterable at run-time, for the dynamic characteristics to include any one or more of a name, and a location of the object on the application programming system, for the dynamic characteristics to also include any one or more of the state of the object, its containment, whether by value or by reference, a multiple inheritance hierarchy of the object, object data, memory, actions and user interface attributes, for each object to have a self-maintaining storage mechanism, for each object in the application programming system to be self-documenting, and for each object in the application programming system to have a code generator operable to enable the object to transform itself dynamically. 
     The invention extends still further to a method of operation of an application programming system, comprising the steps of: 
     providing a number of processors operable to execute software processes;
 
providing a communication channel between the number of processors;
 
establishing a registry of objects co-operable to create an executable software application, the objects having a plurality of characteristics which are dynamically alterable at application run-time; and
 
defining a relationship between a number of objects contained in the registry to create the software application.
 
     There is further provided for accessing the registry from any one of the number of processors, for including in the registry a unique key corresponding to each object registered therein, and for configuring the registry to contain a definition of each object registered therein, including its abstraction and state. 
     There is still further provided for including an interaction manager process in each processor of the application programming system, for regulating, by means of the interaction manager process, the interaction between any object located on the processor, and hardware devices and resources associated with the processor, for serving, by means of the interaction manager process, any object associated with the particular processor with any one or more of persistence, execution, user representation and input and output facilities, and for providing, by means of the interaction manager process, a transport layer for distribution and communication of objects associated with various processors. 
     There is yet further provided for including in each registered object a number of dynamic characteristics which are alterable at run-time, for including as part of the dynamic characteristics any one or more of a name, and a location of the object on the application programming system, for also including as part of the dynamic characteristics any one or more of the state of the object, its containment, whether by value or by reference, a multiple inheritance hierarchy of the object, object data, memory, actions and user interface attributes, for providing each object with a self-maintaining storage mechanism, for structuring each object in the application programming system to be self-documenting, and for including in each object in the application programming system a code generator operable to enable the object to transform itself dynamically. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       One embodiment of the invention is described below, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an application programming system according to the invention; and 
         FIGS. 2 to 6  are representations of an application program implemented by means of the application programming system of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 to 6 , in which like features of the invention are implemented by like numerals, an application programming system is indicated generally by reference numeral ( 1 ). 
     The application programming system ( 1 ) comprises a number of processors ( 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c ) operable to execute software processes thereon and a communication channel ( 4 ), in this embodiment a wide area network (WAN), between the processors. Each processor ( 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c ) has a registry ( 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c ) of objects associated with that particular processor. The objects in the various registries ( 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c ) are of a type well known and commonly applied in the technique of object-oriented programming which is widely utilized in the development of software applications. The objects in the various registries ( 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c ) are co-operable with each other to create an executable software application. 
     One processor ( 2   a ) is designated as the root object server, and its registry contains details of all objects listed in the registries ( 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c ) of all the processors ( 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c ) in the network. 
     The objects listed in the various registries ( 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c ) are distinguished from prior art objects in that they have a plurality of additional characteristics, some of which are dynamically alterable at application run-time. These additional characteristics will be outlined in detail below. 
     1. Additional Characteristics. 
     1.1 Global Unique Object Classification &amp; Definition
         The registry ( 2   a ,  2   b  or  2   c ) includes a unique key corresponding to each object registered therein. The unique key corresponding to an object allows for the global publishing of an object&#39;s specialization and an aggregation hierarchy of its abstractions. This information can be requested from the object root server ( 2   a ) by using the object&#39;s unique key. The published object definition determines the specifics of its abstraction and state.   In short the unique key is the publishing method to determine an object&#39;s generalization, specialization, mechanisms and how objects collaborate.       

     1.2 Dynamic Name
         The name of an object, which can be changed at execution time.       

     1.3 Dynamic Location
         The location of each object is stored as an object characteristic, usually as a network address, thereby enabling each object to be aware of its location on a global basis. The location format depends on the type of network transport layer or protocol being used in the application programming system ( 1 ). The object keeps as many locations as there are transport layers used to access the object. The location(s) of an object can be changed at execution time, in which instance the object will relocate itself to a new location leaving a trace to its new location, in order to resolve relationships that previously may have been defined or created.       

     1.4 Internal Object Path
         This is an internally used path used to determine the absolute relations of each level of hierarchical containment between objects.       

     1.5 Events
         Dynamic methods which may alter the states of both the essential and the dynamic characteristics, should the state of any object change.       

     2. Dynamic Characteristics 
     2.1 Properties
         This is a dynamic collection of the state of the object, in the form of collection of data structures, containing the name and data for each state, which is stored using the persistence property of the object       

     2.2 Dynamic Object Containment
         Dynamic object containment allows the dynamic definition of an object&#39;s aggregation. It consists of a vector of data structures, each containing flags and identification information to determine the internal object path of the contained object. The flags define the various forms of containment. The vector of data is stored using the persistence property of the object.   An object supports various forms of containment:
           2.2.1 Dynamic Containment by Value
               In this case an object contains other objects, thereby imparting characteristics and states to the contained objects. A contained object therefore is dependent on its enclosing object.   
               2.2.2 Dynamic Containment by Reference
               In this instance of containment, the containing object denotes homogeneous and heterogeneous collections of objects, which designate the aggregation of the containing object. (that is, a containing object can hold different types of objects in either a “owner” or “linked” relationship and keep track of “linked” sources and destinations.   
               
               

     2.3 Dynamic Multiple Inheritance (DMI)
         This is a vector keeping track of other objects that form part of the object&#39;s abstraction. This multiple inheritance hierarchy and abstraction of an object can be defined at execution time.       

     2.4 Dynamic Object Data (DOD)
         This is the encapsulated information of an object that defines or summarizes an object&#39;s current state.       

     2.5 Memory
         An object can keep track of all its state and abstraction changes over any defined time and/or space. This means an object memorizes all state changes and activities over a defined time and/or space which provides for the implementation of a Point-In-Time Status, which recalls the state of the object at any point in time.       

     2.6 Actions
         Actions are dynamically defined methods that define the operations that can be performed on an object. Actions can be altered, added or removed at execution time. Each action can have dynamically defined parameters that serve as input and output (resulting) information to the operation. An action is changed dynamically on interaction with another object or by interaction with a user interface. On saving, the change is processed into an executable form, after which the object is available in its metamorphic form.       

     2.7 Dynamic User Interface Attributes
         This provides information needed for an object to interact with the user via the client application. These attributes have multiple layers to interact with multiple client-specific interfaces. These attributes serve as a representation of the object in any required client-specified form.       

     Each object in the application programming system ( 1 ) has a self-maintaining storage mechanism that allows for distributed serialized storage, referred to as the persistence mechanism of an object in the application system. Further, an object can document its abstraction for review. This information includes all object properties, states, actions etc. that encapsulate its abstraction. 
     The application programming system ( 1 ) implements a code generator which is incorporated within each object to enable the object to transform itself dynamically. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the objects envisaged in this embodiment of the application programming system ( 1 ) are intelligent, as envisaged by the characteristics of Dynamic Entity and Action Abstraction, living, as evidenced by the characteristics of Location, Persistence and Dynamic Abstraction, and exhibit total recall, as seen in the characteristics of Memory and, in particular, Point-In-Time Status. 
     Each processor ( 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c ) of the application programming system ( 1 ) may include interaction manager process ( 10 ). The interaction manager process is the kernel for serving operations of an object and regulates the interaction between the object located on the processor, and hardware devices and resources associated with the processor. The purpose of the interaction manager process is to serve any object associated with the particular processor with any one or more of persistence, execution, user representation and input and output facilities. Since objects are the building blocks for applications it is not the purpose of the kernel to provide applications, but merely to manage and balance the hardware interaction with objects. It also provides transport layers for distribution and communication of objects, both remotely and locally, meaning that it can balance its tasks between different processors running the interaction manager process. It also provides base objects that can be dynamically inherited to interact with the object&#39;s dynamic user interface attributes. 
     It will be further appreciated by those skilled in the art that the application programming system described above enables the implementation of distributed applications, even having a global scope. Thus applications can be constructed by using objects from servers that are distributed across the world. This is possible because individuals across the world can classify specialized objects to serve a specific purpose. Each individual will then publish on the root server ( 2   a ) the classification of objects they have developed, and upload the developed objects. The published information and objects are then available for anyone else who needs to use any of these objects for whatever purpose, just as one would use software modules from a library or libraries, as is known in the prior art. 
     The invention may be further understood with reference to a particular application implemented on the application programming system ( 1 ). The application relates to an administration system for a business enterprise called ABC Computers which is a supplier of computer hardware and will be described with reference to  FIGS. 2 to 6 . 
     The application is based on an object ( 100 ) called “ABC Computers” which is located on a root server ( 101 ) in the computer room at ABC Computer&#39;s premises. This root object ( 100 ) contains 3 further objects, namely “Products” ( 102 ), “Customers” ( 103 ) and “Suppliers” ( 104 ). These three contained objects are located on servers ( 105 ,  106  and  107 ) at different server sites A, B and C, respectively. The root object ( 100 ) also contains a fourth object “General Ledger” ( 108 ) located on a server at a server site E ( 109 ) belonging to a financial institution. 
     The “Products” object ( 102 ) contains other objects labeled “Computer A” ( 110 ) and “Computer B” ( 111 ) relating to different hardware products sold by the business enterprise. These objects ( 110 ) and ( 111 ) are located on the same server ( 105 ). Similarly, the “Customers” object ( 103 ) contains a further object called “John Smith” ( 112 ) located on the same server ( 106 ). Lastly, the object “Suppliers” ( 104 ) located on server ( 107 ) contains three objects called “Supplier A” ( 113 ), Supplier B” ( 114 ) and “Supplier C” ( 115 ). Of these, objects ( 113 ) and ( 114 ) are located on the same server ( 107 ) as the object “Suppliers” ( 104 ), whilst the object “Supplier C” ( 115 ) is located on a different server D ( 116 ). 
     In this manner, by defining the containment of each object, it is possible to create distributed applications in the manner described in the above example. 
       FIGS. 3 to 6  show the interaction between the different objects of the ABC Computers example in respect of a product sale, establishment of a new customer, the placing of a back order on suppliers, and the interaction with an accounting function, respectively. These interactions will not be described here in detail. 
     The invention therefore provides a simple and effective application programming system ( 1 ) for the implementation of distributed applications.