Patent Publication Number: US-2023144728-A1

Title: Micro algae culturing device

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a Continuation-In-Part Application of U.S. Application No. 17/517,666 filed on Nov. 3, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present invention is generally related to bio-samples culturing devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to Micro Algae Culturing Device that brings algae culturing up to industrial scale. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Depletion of fossil fuel and green house effect has been disturbing the human race for decades. Scientists keep seeking environmental-friendly regenerative fuels and other new sources of energy to resolve this urgent matter. Algal based fuel is classified as third to fourth class regenerative fuel due to difficulties in culture plant scaling up, high cost in fertilizer and dewatering. Algal fuel scientists often choose open pond to reduce the overhead cost in large scale culturing. Yet the productivity decreased drastically due to cross contamination and increase in biodiversity. 
     Algae-based biofuels are technically and economically viable and cost competitive, require no additional lands, require minimal water use, and mitigate atmospheric CO2. However, commercial production of microalgae biodiesel is still not feasible due to the low biomass concentration and costly downstream processes. 
     Thus, there is a need of an efficient closed culturing system capable of continuous culturing, with low energy consumption. 
     Objective of the Invention 
     It is an objective of the present invention to provide an efficient closed culturing system. 
     It is an objective of the present invention to allow for continuous culturing. 
     It is an objective of the present invention to optimize use of fertilizer which can be the best route to bring algal culturing up to industrial scale. 
     It is also an objective of the present invention to optimize irradiation while closed culturing. 
     It is an object of the present invention to optimize culturing conditions and productivity. 
     Another objective of the present invention is to avoid bio film formation while algae culturing. 
     Yet another objective of the present invention is to prevent cross contamination and increase in biodiversity from initial culturing to harvesting. 
     To further clarify the advantages and features of the present invention, a more elaborate description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which is illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     An aspect of the present invention provides an automatic algae culturing system comprising at least one optically transparent photosynthesis tubular reactor for carrying out algae culturing, where walls of the tubular reactor are transparent to avoid blocking of sunlight and coated with a superhydrophobic coating to avoid formation of a biofilm, and wherein the walls of the tubular reactor are made of transparent material, including at least one or both of Bismuth silicate glasses or Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and wherein the superhydrophobic coating is at least of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Poly(methyl methacrylate)PMMA solution; cleaning particles coated with cationic silica nano particles (CNP) to scrape off unwanted particles including a biofilm, where the cleaning particles are being run within the tubular reactor with flow of water or liquid into the tubular reactor to scrape off biofilm; a plurality of LED lights installed around the tubular reactor for providing LED light to carry out the algae culturing during night; a plurality of computer controlled solar panels, installed around the tubular reactor, for harvesting the solar energy during day, and providing electrical energy to power the plurality of LED lights during the night; and a dewatering device connected with the tubular reactor for harvesting cultured algae from the tubular reactor and for isolation of biomass from the cultured algae; and wherein, the automatic algae culturing system operates in close system in order to prevent cross contamination and ecosystem diversification from initial culturing in the tubular reactor to harvesting with the dewatering device, and wherein the automatic algae culturing system is self cleaning system due to the CNP coated cleaning particles, and wherein the automatic algae culturing system operates for 24 hours culturing algae using sunlight during day, and using the LED light during night. 
     An embodiment of the culturing system includes plurality of the tubular reactors that arranged either horizontally one beside the other, or stacked vertically over one another, or in combination. 
     An embodiment of the culturing system the cleaning particles either have different densities or same densities, wherein the cleaning particles includes at least three types of polymer particles including Liner Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 0.94 g/ml, styrene-butadiene copolymer 1.01 g/ml and Methylmethacrylate-StyreneCopolymer1.08 g/ml, and wherein size of the polymer particles range between 3 mm-5 mm in diameter, and wherein the cleaning particles clean entire inner surface of the walls of the tubular reactor and also of reservoir that stores algae for culturing. 
     Another embodiment of the culturing system in the cleaning particles coated with cationic silica nano particles (CNP), a diameter range of the nanoparticle lies from 50 - 200 nm, and where the cleaning particles coated with cationic silica nano particles (CNP) has cationic acrylate polymer with a length range of 1.8 nm - 2.3 nm. 
     An embodiment of the culturing system further includes one or more heat exchange devices to keep the temperature of the automatic algae culturing system within a range of 15° C. to 30° C. which is the temperature range of keeping the algae for optimal productivity. 
     Another embodiment of the culturing system includes the tubular reactor is built with double-wall glass with a vacuum in between, and where the vacuum between the double-wall glass of the tubular reactor acts as a thermal insulator, and wherein an outer and an inner diameter of an outside tube in the double-wall glass is 0.08 m and 0.076 m respectively; and wherein an outer and an inner diameter of an inside tube in the double-wall glass is 0.05 m and 0.046 m respectively; and wherein the outside and the inside tubes are built in 8 m long each, 10 loops per culturing system in a horizontal arrangement of the tubular reactors and 7 loops per culturing system in a vertical arrangement of the tubular reactors to minimize overall energy consumption; and wherein the outside and the inside tubes is separated 0.05 m apart due to 180 degrees bend following to the next loop, and wherein circulation of algal culturing is kept at maximum flow speed of 0.6 m/s in the tubular reactors. 
     Yet another embodiment of the automatic algae culturing system further includes an algae culturing reservoir, and where the algae culturing reservoir is built with a cylindrical tank, and contains 30% of the total volume of the algae culturing system, and wherein the algae culturing reservoir further includes one or more built-in sensors including sensors for monitoring and measuring pH, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical, water level, and flow rate; a control panel that administrates flow rate of algae into the tubular reactor and administrates flow rate of sterilized water and other sterilized liquid into and out of the tubular reactor; an air blower located at top of the culturing system, and one or more pumps to control the flow rate of algae into the tubular reactor and administrates flow rate of sterilized water and other sterilized liquid into and out of the tubular reactor; a set of mirrors for directing the sunlight towards the tubular reactor for improving photosynthesis, wherein the set of mirrors include at least two semi-transparent mirrors set up at an inclination angle of 45° inclined from ground on East and West sides of the tubular reactor, and at least one regular mirror set up on the ground directly below the tubular reactor, and wherein the reflective surface of the semi-transparent mirrors and the regular mirror is facing inward, towards the tubular reactor, and wherein the combination of the semi-transparent mirrors and the regular mirror gathers more sunlight around the tubular reactor and reflect it off evenly towards the walls of the tubular reactor and the algae inside the tubular reactor gets even light intensities so that photosynthetic efficiency increases. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of computer controlled solar panels for harvesting the solar energy, wherein the solar panels include at least two solar panels installed on East and West sides, and at least one solar panel installed on the ground directly below the tubular reactor, and wherein the set of solar panels are controlled by computer-controlled motors to move them from the ground with an inclined angle up to 90° with respect to the ground, and wherein the set of solar panels is facing inward, towards the tubular reactor; and wherein the culturing system also includes other devices including a chemical feeder, a water feeder, and a recycled medium feeder. 
     An embodiment of the culturing system includes the air blower pumps outside air into the algae culturing reservoir, sparged through plurality of holes present in a front cover of the air blower, the air then goes through a fiber glass filter and a mangosteen filter of the air blower before getting into the culturing system, and the mangosteen filter is used for better filtration of bacteria and other intruder, especially other algae strain 
     An embodiment of the culturing system includes the at least one solar panel installed on the ground directly below the tubular reactor is fixed. 
     Another aspect of the present invention provides an automatic algae culturing system, comprising: at least one optically transparent photosynthesis tubular reactor for carrying out algae culturing by feeding an algae culture medium into the tubular reactor, where walls of the tubular reactor are transparent to avoid blocking of sunlight and coated with a superhydrophobic coating to avoid formation of a biofilm; cleaning particles coated with cationic silica nano particles (CNP) to scrape off unwanted particles including at least a biofilm, bio dust, wherein the cleaning particles are being run within the tubular reactor with flow of water or a liquid into the tubular reactor to scrape off biofilm; a dewatering device connected with the tubular reactor for harvesting cultured algae from the tubular reactor and for isolation of biomass from the cultured algae; and a nano-air bubble generating device installed around the tubular reactor to generate and feed nano-air bubbles into the tubular reactor, where the nano-air bubbles inside the tubular reactor increase an active surface area for one or more ions to interact with the algae in the culture medium in order to increase productivity of the automatic algae culturing system by enhancing one or more activities, including rate of mitosis, productively of oil, protein and polysaccharide; and wherein the nano-air bubbles inside the tubular reactor sterilizes the culture medium; and wherein the automatic algae culturing system operates in close system in order to prevent cross contamination and ecosystem diversification from initial culturing in the tubular reactor to harvesting with the dewatering device, and wherein the automatic algae culturing system is self cleaning system due to the CNP coated cleaning particles. 
     An embodiment of the present invention provides the nano-air bubble generating device generates nano-air bubbles of size ranging between 1 to 6 micro meter. 
     An embodiment of the present invention provides the nano-air bubble generating device is installed on the ground directly below the tubular reactor. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides the ions include at least one or more of phosphates, potassium, nitrate, magnesium, calcium and the nano-air bubble generating device provides more active surface for these ions when they are fed into the tubular reactor. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides the nano-air bubble generating device sterilizes the culture medium including for pre culturing medium and for post dewater medium, and for sterilization, the culture medium is treated with the nano-air bubbles generated by the nano-air bubble generating device to create ozone air bubbles for the sterilization purposes of the culture medium. 
     An embodiment of the present invention provides a batch for 1 to 1.5 cubic meter of the culture medium is treated by the nano air bubbles for 30 minutes, 3 times respectively, to create the ozone air bubbles for sterilizing the culture medium. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides the nano-air bubble generating device includes an air-producing device for providing air to produce the nano-air bubbles in a liquid container, and also includes a pump that controls flow rate of the nano-air bubbles into and out of the tubular reactor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the embodiments of the systems and methods described herein, and to show more clearly how they may be carried into effect, references will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like elements/components throughout and wherein: 
         FIGS.  1 - 9    illustrate different components included in a culturing system, and an exemplary block diagram of the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates exemplary view of a tubular reactor included in the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an exemplary view of the tubular reactor with cleaning particles running inside the tubular reactor included in the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates the cleaning particles coated with cationic silica nano particles, abbreviated as CNP, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an exemplary view of the cleaning particles coated with cationic silica nano particles removing biofilm from the surface of the tubular reactor, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an exemplary block diagram of the culturing system which can be either vertical or a horizontal tubular system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an exemplary diagram for an air blower used in the culturing system 100, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an exemplary mirror model of set of mirrors installed in the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary solar panel model of set of solar panels installed in the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates an exemplary implementation model of the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an exemplary implementation model of a nano bubbling device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an exemplary implementation model of a tubular system installed with the nano bubbling device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     This patent describes the subject matter for patenting with specificity to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. The principles described herein may be embodied in many different forms. 
     Illustrative embodiments of the invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     The present invention provides micro algae culturing device and system for self-cleaning, continual automatic algae culturing and irradiant optimizing. The culturing device includes a photosynthesis tubular reactor for micro algae culturing, with transparent cleaning particles to scrape off any unwanted particles or components such as including and not limited to formation of biofilm. The tubular reactor has multiple double-walled glasses. Inner walls of the tubes in the tubular reactor may be coated with superhydrophobic coating to avoid bio film formation, or sticking of any hydro dirt or dust particles. Because the cleaning particles are transparent, they wont block any sunlight for photosynthesis in the tubular reactor. 
     In an embodiment, the culturing device includes multiple double-walled bismuth silicate glasses and/or PMMA tubular reactor, cationic coated cleaning particles and other mechanical devices. In order to avoid bio film formation, superhydrophobic coating is applied to the surface of the inner tube. Furthermore, three types of transparent polymer particles with various densities are used to run along with the flow to scrape off any biofilm. Since the cleaning particles are transparent, sunlight will not be blocked inside the tubular reactor during culturing, thus photosynthesis of the culture will not be affected. These cleaning particles with additional cationic nano particles coating are positively charged that keep minimal repulsion from surface (extra cellular polymeric substance matrix) of biofilm. Therefore, they can easily scrape off the biofilm built on the surface of the inner tube surface. Since biofilm is unable to build up in relatively short period of time, hence manual cleaning process is not required as frequent. Therefore, the culture system can keep productivity optimal. 
     The presenting application operates in a close system in order to prevent cross contamination and increase in biodiversity from initial culturing to harvesting along with centrifugation device for isolation of biomass from algae mixture. Therefore, nutrients in the culture medium can be recycled without getting contamination during operation. In addition, fixed mirrors and solar panels are introduced to increase photosynthetic efficiency and to lower energy cost. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 - 9    that illustrate different components included in the culturing system and device, and an exemplary block diagram of the culturing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIGS.  1 - 9   , the culturing system is represented by the reference numeral  100 . 
     As mentioned above, the culturing system  100  includes a photosynthesis tubular reactor  102 . The tubular reactor  102  provides for an apparatus for carrying out micro algae culturing in it. The walls of the tubular reactor  102  are transparent so the sunlight required for photosynthesis are not blocked, and continuous culturing can be performed. 
     Sufficient irradiance is essential for algal culturing. The productivity of algae largely depends on the degree of irradiance. Therefore, an optically transparent tubular reactor  102  is needed. The material for manufacturing the walls of the tubular reactor  102  should be highly transparent to allow sunlight through them. 
     In an embodiment, Bismuth silicate glasses and/or PMMA are chosen because of its high degree of transparency, up to 98.5% highlight transmission (97.5% @ 380 to 720 nm), resistance to salinity, pH fluctuation, weather conditions, corrosion, chemical resistance and uneasy to break. It may be appreciated by the person ordinary skilled in the art that the walls of the tubular reactor  102  can be made of any other suitable transparent material other than Bismuth silicate glasses and/or PMMA, without deviating from the meaning and scope of the present invention. 
     Biofilm accumulates promptly on the surface of the inner tube during culturing due to surface roughness and hydrophobicity. Excessive amount of biofilm may induce serious diseases to the algal culture, which leads to decrease of productivity ultimately. Therefore, cleaning the inner tubes of a tubular reactor periodically is required to maintain a healthy algal culture. Hence, in the present tubular reactor  102 , bismuth silicate glasses and/or PMMA coated with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Poly(methyl methacrylate)PMMA solution creates an extremely smooth and hydrophobic surface, which drastically slows down biofilm accumulation, according to an embodiment. It may be appreciated by the person ordinary skilled in the art that the tubular walls of the tubular reactor  102  can be coated with any other suitable material other than Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Poly(methyl methacrylate)PMMA to create a smooth and hydrophobic surface, without deviating from the meaning and scope of the present invention. 
     Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Poly(methyl methacrylate)PMMA coating largely reduces surface roughness, optimizing the rate of photosynthesis and productivity with enhanced light transmission. 
     Further, the culturing system  100  also includes cleaning particles  104  to scrape off any unwanted particles or components such as including and not limited to formation of biofilm. The cleaning particles  104  are run with the flow within the tubular reactor  102 . The culturing system  100  may have different or same types of cleaning particles  104 . For example, different or same densities of cleaning particles  104  are used in the culturing system  100 . The cleaning particles  104  with densities ranging from lower to higher than but near the density of culture medium can be evenly distributed throughout the system  100  along with the flow. Therefore, the entire of inner surface of the tubular reactor  102  can be cleaned by these cleaning particles  104 . 
     In an embodiment, three types of polymer particles, Liner Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 0.94 g/ml; Styrene-butadiene copolymer 1.01 g/ml and Methylmethacrylate-StyreneCopolymer1.08 g/ml, size 3-5 mm in diameter, are chosen as cleaning particles  104  to run along with the flow of the culture in the tubular reactor  102  ( FIG.  2   ). These cleaning particles  104  are coated with cationic silica nano particles  112 , abbreviated as CNP ( FIG.  3   ). CNP  112  coated cleaning particles  104  exhibit good elasticity and transparency. Since these cleaning particles  104  are positively charged, therefore repulsion force between surface of biofilm formation ( 116 ) and the cleaning particles  104  are drastically reduced ( FIG.  4   ). These cleaning particles  104  make random contacts with the surface of the inner tube of the tubular reactor  102 , scraping off extracellular polymeric substance before it can start building up as biofilm  116  or any biofilm that is already built up. Therefore, the entire inner surface of the tubular reactor  102  and the reservoir can be cleaned by these CNP  112  coated cleaning particles  104 . 
     In an embodiment, in the cationic silica nano particles  112 , the diameter range of the nanoparticle lies from 50 - 200 nm. In an embodiment, the cationic silica nano particles  112  has cationic acrylate polymer  114  with a length range of 1.8 nm - 2.3 nm, and in the molecular representation, “n” is 1. Also, Cationic polymers  114  derivatives on Table 1 are chosen and formulated for CNP production. As shown in the Table 1, cationic acrylate coated nanoparticles exhibit the best elasticity and transparency. However, the other two cationic polymer can also serve for the same purpose. It may be appreciated by the person ordinary skilled in the art that cationic acrylate polymer  114  can be any suitable polymer for providing elasticity and transparency, without deviating from the meaning and scope of the present invention. 
     In an embodiment, nano bubbles, for example with the size between 1 to 6 nano meters, can be created by a nano bubbling generating machine to serve both sterilization purpose and productivity optimization purpose.  
     
       
         
          TABLE 1
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 Cationic polymer 
                 Nature 
                 Structure 
                 Transparency 
                 Elasticity 
               
             
            
               
                 Cationic Acrylate 
                 Polysaccharide 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Opaque 
                 Good 
               
               
                 Cationic Pyrazole 
                 Polysaccharide 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Opaque 
                 Mild 
               
               
                 Cationic poly (ester amide) 
                 Cationic arginine and phenylalanine based poly(ester amide)s (Arg-Phe-PEAs) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Polymer III 
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Opaque 
                 Fair 
               
               
                 Cationic Arginine and Phenylalanine based poly(ester amide)s/Polymer Positively charged R2 functional group 
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an embodiment, the coating procedure of the cleaning particles  104  includes one or more of the following steps:
     Inspection: Check the condition of the target substrate. Make sure transparent polymer particles are in coat-ready condition. 1. Size between 3 to 5 mm in diameter; 2. Surface of the substrate must be well polished; 3. Material and surface has no visible pores or haze.   Cleaning: Clean the substrate surface in deionized water baths with a multi-stage ultra sonic cleaner at 65 degree Celsius for 1 hour. Make sure there is no environmentally damaging additives in substrate holder and stainless steel wire mesh tray.   Pretreatment: After cleaning, the substrate is placed in a degassing vacuum oven to eliminate residues and remove porous with micro blasting.   Surface funtionization: The substrate surface is blasted with oxygen plasma at 30 W 0.2 torr for 60 minutes to ensure surface of substrate are fully oxidized.   Loading: Ensure substrate holders and defining arrangement with reproducible precision. Immerse the substrate in ethanol solution with 0.01 M TESPA for 18 hours. Then substrate will be placed in deionized water bath for 30 minutes ultra-sonication. Substrate will be dried with compressed air before proceeding to the next step.   Coating: Immerse the substrate into 1.0 wt%(CNP) ethanol solution for10 second. Pull the substrate between 0.50 to 0.75 mm per second. Allow treated substrate dry completely in full nitrogen chamber for1 hour. Repeat the procedure in 0.8 wt% then in 0.5 wt%(CNP) ethanol solution.   Hydrophobization: The coated substrate is placed in the oven at 90 degree Celsius for 4 hours. Then it is treated with oxygen plasma at 30 W0.3 torrfor60 second. The treated substrate then is transferred to the desiccating chamber filled with perfluorosilane to ensure adhesion between CNP and the substrate are stable.   

     In an embodiment, the coating procedure of the tubular reactor  102  includes one or more of the following steps:
     Inspection: Check quantity, material and surface condition of the target substrate (tubular tubes  102 ).   Cleaning: Clean the substrate surface in deionized water baths with a multi-stage ultrasonic cleaner.   Pretreatment: The cleaned substrate is placed in a degassing vacuum oven to eliminate residues and remove porous with micro blasting.   Loading: Ensure substrate holders and defining arrangement with reproducible precision. The substrate is coated with 5 to 50 micrometer thick micrometer thick of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Poly(methyl methacrylate)PMMA mixture in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. Ratio of the solution is: (1:1:23) Polydimethylsiloxane/Polymethyl methacrylate/Tetrahydrofuran. Then it is heated to 120° C. for 60 seconds. The substrate is then placed in aluminum isopropoxide vapor chamber for 10 second.   

     Next the substrate is transferred to full nitrogen chamber to cool down to room temperature. Then the substrate is coated with a 0.3 micrometer polycrystalline layer of fluorine doped tin oxide. 
     After the coated substrate is cooled down to room temperature, it is immersed into 0.2 moles/Liter of bismuth neodecanoate and 0.2 moles/Liter di-t-butoxydiacetoxysilane ethanol solutions for 24 hours at room temperature. 
     Then the substrate is placed in oven at 70 degree Celsius for 3 hours, followed by 600 degree Celsius for15 minutes. 
     Finally, the coated substrate is placed in 1% hydrofluoric acid and 99% water ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes after it is cooled down to room temperature. 
     Allow the treated substrate to dry completely in full nitrogen environment to ensure stability. 
     The culturing system  100  may include more than one tubular reactors  102  arranged either horizontally one beside the other, or stacked vertically over one another. Furthermore, the algae are best kept between 15° C. and 30° C. for optimal productivity. Therefore, the culturing system  100  may include one or more heat exchange devices (not shown in the figures) installed in the stripper to keep the system  100  temperature within this range. However, heating and cooling the entire system takes a lot of energy. In order to reduce this energy consumption, the tubular reactor  102  is built with double wall glass ( 106  and  108 ) with a vacuum in between ( FIG.  2   ). 
     In an embodiment, the outer and inner diameter of the outside tube ( 106 ) is 0.08 m and 0.076 m. In an embodiment, the outer and inner diameter of the inside tube ( 108 ) is 0.05 m and 0.046 m. The inside tube  108  with inner diameter under 0.046 m causes higher pressure to circulate the culture, which leads to higher energy consumption. On the other hand, diameter over 0.1 m lowers the biomass concentration, which increases dewatering machine input and thus increases overall operational cost. Therefore, the inner diameter of the inside tube  108  is kept between 0.046 m and 0.1 m. In addition, solar power is harvested to power LED lights  110  during the night in order to retain photosynthetic rate without additional operation cost. 
     The vacuum between the glass walls ( 106  and  108 ) of the tubular reactor  102  acts as a thermal insulator. Therefore, the outside temperature change will have much less effect on the culture medium inside the tubular reactor  102 . Thus, much less system heating and cooling is required, resulting much less energy consumption. In an embodiment, the tubes are built in 8 m long each, 10 loops per system in horizontal and 7 loops per system in vertical to minimize overall energy consumption. In an embodiment, both vertical and horizontal systems are built 0.4 meter above ground to avoid dirt formation by either rainfall or flooding. In an embodiment, each tube is separated 0.05 m apart due to 180 degree bend following to the next loop. Circulation of algal culturing is kept at maximum flow speed of 0.6 m/s, in an embodiment. 
     The  FIG.  5    is an exemplary block diagram of the culturing system  100  which can be either vertical or a horizontal tubular system. The culturing system  100  as shown in  FIG.  5    includes one or more mechanical, electrical, electronic and/or electromechanical components or devices, such as including and not limited to sensors, pump, control panel, a reservoir, an air blower, air filters, water filters, a set of mirrors, a centrifugal device, solar panels, controller for solar panel, and the like. 
     The culturing system  100  as shown in  FIG.  5    includes tubular reactors  102  with running cleaning particles  104  for micro algae culturing. The culturing system  100  operates in strictly close system in order to prevent cross contamination and ecosystem diversification from initial culturing to harvesting along with a centrifugation and dewatering device  118  for isolation of biomass from algae mixture. The centrifugation and dewatering device  118  is the one described in the U.S. Pat. No. US9539525B2 owned by Petroleum 2.0 Ltd. Closed system  100  with low energy consumption dewatering device  118  keeps culturing strictly closed from initial culturing to harvesting, which avoids cross contamination and ecosystem diversification. 
     The culturing system  100  further includes a reservoir and control panel  120  that administrates flow rate and other functions of the culturing system  100 . The culturing system  100  further includes an air blower  122  that is located at the top of the system  100 . In an embodiment, the air blower  122  is located at a height of 2.2 m to avoid shading issues. The culturing system  100  also includes a pump  124  to control the water flow rate. 
     In an embodiment, the reservoir  120  is built with a cylindrical tank. It contains 30% of the total volume of the culture system. It has various built-in sensors including and not limited to sensors for pH, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical, water level, and flow rate. The culturing system  100  may also include other devices such as including and not limited to chemical feeder, water feeder, recycled medium feeder, air blower  122  and an air outlet valve. Each sensor works as following: 
     A pH sensor keeps track of the pH value. Chemical feeder gradually feeds into the system to retain pH value, for example in the range between 7 and 8. 
     Turbidity sensor keeps track of the algal culture concentration in the system. It provides the estimate harvesting time. 
     Dissolved Oxygen sensor keeps track of oxygen level, making sure it never exceeds a prespecified level, such as 300% in the medium. The air blower  122  is turned on with different speeds according to the oxygen level. 
     Chemical sensor detects the concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphors, Potassium and other essential nutrients. Chemical feeder feeds in various nutrients to keep the concentration at the desired level. 
     Water level sensor ensures the water level always stays above a prespecified level, such as 50% of the reservoir  120 . Harvesting pump  124  is stopped until either water feeder or recycling medium feeder gets the water back to default level. 
     Circulation pump  124  is controlled by flow rate sensor to keep the flow speed under a prespecified maximum level, for example of 0.6 m/s. 
     Air outlet valve in the air blower  122  is placed on the top of the tubular system  100  to prevent accumulated air pressure. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an exemplary diagram  600  for the air blower  122  used in the culturing system  100 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The air blower  122  pumps the outside air into the reservoir  120 , sparged through numerous holes present in the front cover  602  from the bottom. The holes may be, for example, 1 mm in size. The air goes through a fiber glass filter  604  and a mangosteen filter  606  before getting into the system  100 . The fiber glass filter  604  may be for example 30 mm in size and the mangosteen filter  606  is, for example, 20 mm in size. 
     The Mangosteen filter  606  is used in the culturing system  100  for better filtration of bacteria and other intruder, especially other algae strain. Bacterial filtration efficiency stays up to 97.8%for particles of 3 micron in diameter (mangosteen antibacterial property was patented previously, with patent code WO2013036210 A1). Further, in an embodiment, a spacer  608  can be installed between the fiber glass filter  604  and the mangosteen filter  606  in the air blower  122 . 
     The culturing system  100  may also include a set of mirrors for directing the sunlight towards the tubular reactor  102  for improving photosynthesis.  FIG.  7    illustrates an exemplary mirror model  700  of set of mirrors installed in the culturing system  100 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, the tubular reactor  102  are stacked vertically over one another and their walls are facing North-South to reduce shading effect. Semi-transparent mirrors  702  are set up at a suitable inclination angle, for example, an angle of 45° inclined from ground on East and West sides of the tubular reactor  102 . Regular mirror  704  is set up on the ground directly below the reactor  102 . The reflective surface of the semi-transparent mirrors  702  and the regular mirror  704  is facing inward, towards the tubular reactor  102 . The combination of the semi-transparent mirrors  702  and the regular mirror  704  gathers more sunlight around the tubular reactor  102  and reflect it off evenly towards the tubes of the tubular reactor  102 . Thus, the algae inside the tubular reactor  102  gets even light intensities so that photosynthetic efficiency increases. 
     The culturing system  100  also includes computer controlled solar panel for harvesting the solar energy.  FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary solar panel model  800  of set of solar panels installed in the culturing system  100 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, the tubular reactor  102  are stacked vertically over one another and their walls are facing North-South to reduce shading effect. In an embodiment, two solar panels  802  are installed on East and West sides, and one solar panel  804  is installed on the ground directly below the tubular reactor  102 . The solar panel  804  below the reactor  102  is fixed. The side solar panels  802  are controlled by motors so that they can rise from the ground with an inclined angle, for example, up to 90° with respect to the ground. These solar panels ( 802  and  804 ) are facing inward, towards the reactor  102 . 
     The solar panels  802  and  804  are automatically controlled by a computing controlling panel  120 . According to an exemplary situation, the rising angle is set by the controlling panel  120  so that the East side panel ( 802 ) lays down flat on the ground during sunrise while theWest side panel ( 802 ) stands up 90° from the ground. Then gradually the East side panel rises up while the West side panel comes down through the day. At noon, both panels ( 802  and  804 ) are inclined 45°from the ground. And at sunset, the East side panel stands up 90° from the ground while the West side panel lays down flat. 
     The solar panels  802  and  804  turn sunlight into electricity that can power the motors that control the panels. Excess electricity can be stored on batteries to power the LED  110  installed on the reactor tubes  102  ( FIG.  2   ) during night time when sunlight is absent. Combining sunlight during day time and LED  110  light during the night, the algae culture can continue the photosynthesis process up to 18 hours a day (optimal daily photosynthesis time). Advantageously, the solar panels  802  and  804  can also act as partial mirrors reflecting off the sunlight that’s not absorbed by the solar panels  802  and  804 . The reflected sunlight is evenly distributed onto the reactor  102  tubes so that the algae inside will get even light intensities and therefore photosynthetic efficiency will increase. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates an exemplary implementation model  900  of the culturing system  100 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The implementation model  900  of the culturing system  100  includes a plurality of tubular reactors  102 . The plurality of the tubular reactors  102  may be arranged horizontally or vertically or in combination. Further in  FIG.  9   , the culturing system  100  includes a temporary algae culture reserve tank  902  for temporarily reserving the micro algae; a sterilized liquid tank  904  for storing sterilized liquid; a sterilized water tank  906  for storing sterilized water; the dewatering device  118 , and the reservoir  120  for the algae. 
     The Automatic Algal Culturing System  100  is target to be non-stop in operation for 24 hours on the daily basis. In an embodiment, automatic Algal culturing system  100  consists of two individual phases, culturing phase and harvesting phase which are administrated by series of meters and machines connected to a PLC system. The purpose of the PLC system is to monitor the meters readings and control the behavior of the machines by feeding the corresponding protocol signals once the meter readings reach certain conditions. In addition, all relevant meters reading data and the command transaction data are captured for process evaluation, data analysis and troubleshooting purpose. 
     Sterilized water and liquid can be pumped into and out of the tubular reactors using the sterilized water tank  906  and the sterilized liquid tank  904 , respectively via one or more pumps, such as circulation pump  124 . 
     The tubular reactors  102  are fed with the microalgae from the reservoir  120 , cultured continuously into the coated tubular reactors  102  using photosynthesis from sunlight in day and LED light in night, with cleaning particles  104  being run into the tubular reactor  102  to avoid formation of biofilm. After being cultured, the micro algae is harvested out and taken into the dewatering and centrifugal device  118  for isolation of biomass from algae mixture. The centrifugation and dewatering device  118  keeps culturing strictly closed from initial culturing to harvesting, which avoids cross contamination and ecosystem diversification. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates an exemplary implementation  1000  of an air bubbling device, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The air bubbling device  1002  is implemented to generate and feed air bubbles into the tubular reactors  102  of the culturing system  100 . More specifically, the air bubbling device  1002  is a nano-air bubble generating device that generates nano-air bubbles. In an embodiment, the size of the nano-air bubbles range between 1 to 6 micro meter. The nano-air bubbling device  1002  may be installed around the tubular reactor  102  in a position that the air bubbling device  1002  can easily generate nano-air bubbles and feed these nano-air bubbles into the tubular reactor  102 . 
     In an embodiment, the air bubbling device  1002  is installed on the ground directly below the tubular reactor  102 . 
     It may be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the air bubbling device  1002  can be installed anywhere in the culturing system  100  so long it is generating and feeding nano-air bubbles into the tubular reactors  102 , without deviating from the meaning and scope of the present invention. 
     Nano bubbling device  1002  creates air bubbles and feeds them through-out the culture medium. These air bubbles serve two purposes: first the production and feeding of air bubbles increases the active surface area for ions to interact with microalgae in the culture medium in order to activate and enhance one or more activities, including and not limited to rate of mitosis, productively of oil, protein and polysaccharide. The ions may include but do not limit to phosphates, potassium, nitrate, magnesium, calcium and the like. 
     The nutrients for example the ions such as phosphates, potassium, nitrate, magnesium, calcium and the like are already fed into the tubular reactors  102 , as explained above (See Table 2). Thus, to increase the productivity of these ions, the air bubbles provide more active surface area for these ions to interact with microalgae to enhance the efficiency of the system  100  by enhancing the activities like rate of mitosis, productively of oil, protein and polysaccharide, and the like. 
     The second purpose served by the production and feeding of nano-air bubbles is for sterilization purposes. Here, the culture medium, e.g., for pre culturing medium and for post dewater medium, is treated with nano-air bubbles generated by nano-air bubbling device  1002  to create ozone air bubbles for sterilization purposes of the culture medium. For example, in an embodiment, each trial for 1 to 1.5 cubic meter of culture medium may be treated by nano ozone air bubbles for 30 minutes, 3 times respectively, for sterilizing the culture medium. 
     Thus, the nano-air bubbling device  1002  increases the productivity of the system  100  and also provides for sterilization of the culture medium. 
     In an embodiment, the nano-air bubbling device  1002  includes an air-producing device  1004  that provides air to produce nano-air bubbles in a liquid container  1006 , and a pump  1008  that controls the flow rate of the air bubbles into and out of the tubular reactors  102  in the tubular culturing system  100 . 
       FIG.  11    shows an exemplary implementation model  1100  where the nano-air bubbling device  1002  is installed with the tubular system  100 . 
     Further, in the system  100 , according to an embodiment, in both the culturing phase and the harvesting phase, one or more sensor meters are installed for recording one or more measuring units. In an embodiment, the sensor meters and machines (SYS-R1.1 to SYS-R1.11) installed in the culturing phase are shown in the TABLE 2, and the sensor meters and machines installed in the culturing phase administrate and operate individually. Each device / unit will not affect other device / unit unless two or more devices / units were interlinked. 
     
       
         
          TABLE 2
           
               
               
             
               
                 Phase 1 - Culturing Phase 
               
               
                 Req. ID 
                 Requirement Description 
               
             
            
               
                 SYS-R1.1 
                 Power meter(1): Energy consumption will be monitor and record 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.2 
                 Light measurement(2): Photosynthetically Active Radiation will be monitor and measure throughout the day 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.3 
                 Sunshine sensor (3): Sunshine throughout the day will be record and monitor 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.4 
                 Gas analysis (4): Air out from the system will be monitor and measure, air flow will be monitor by airflow meter (14) 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.5 
                 Temperature(5): Temperature meter monitors overall temperature of the algal culture, water sprinkler system will be activate once it excess 30 degree Celsius 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.6 
                 Nutrient meters(6): Level of nitrogen, phosphors and potassium (NPK) will be monitor by nutrient meter (6) and Nutrient Pump (24) will dose nitrate in certain increment once level of nitrogen dropped below designed level. Phosphors oxide will be dose(25) in to the system once level of phosphors dropped below designed level, lastly Potassium nitrate will be dose(27) in to the system once level of potassium dropped below designed level. 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.7 
                 Water Flow(7): Water flow meter will give alert when it went over or below designated range 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.8 
                 ph Meter(9): pH Level of algal culture will be monitor by pH meter (9) and nutrient reservoir administrated by solenoid valve (15i) will dose 5 M Hydrochloric acid solution in certain increment once level of pH gone over 7.5. Nutrient reservoir administrated by solenoid valve (15j) be dose in 5 M sodium hydroxide solution in certain increment into the system once level of pH dropped below 6.5. 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.9 
                 Dissolved Oxygen(10b): Air blower(16) will be initiate once level of Dissolved Oxygen gone over 300% 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.10 
                 Liquid Carbon Dioxide tank(20): Carbon dioxide will be pump in to the system in designed increment control and monitor by MFC(12) 
               
               
                 SYS-R1.11 
                 Recirculation meter(14): Recirculation pump (17) will be monitor by recirculation meter (14), meter reading will send out alert when it went over or below designated range 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an embodiment, the sensor meters and machines (SYS-2.1 to SYS-R2.5) installed in the harvesting phase are shown in the TABLE 3, and the sensor meters and machines installed in the harvesting phase administrate and operate in sequential basis. Each device / unit in the harvesting phase has to be completed accordingly in order to move on to next device / unit until harvesting cycle was completed. 
     
       
         
          TABLE 3
           
               
               
             
               
                 Phase 2 - Harvesting Phase 
               
               
                 Req. ID 
                 Requirement Description 
               
             
            
               
                 SYS-R2.1 
                 1. Turbidity meter(11) reached X level 2. Selonoid valve (15a) turn on 3. Harvest pump (18a) turn on 
               
               
                 SYST-R2.2 
                 1. Pump (18a) start pumping culture medium into dewatering machine (U.S. Pat. 62/008,500) when water meter (8d) reach 95%, Pump (18a) turn off then selonoid valve (15e) turn off then dewatering machine turn on respectively 2. Once dewatering finished selonoid valve (15b) turn on then Pump (18b) turn on 3. Pump (18b) continue on until water meter (8b) reach zero for 3 minutes then selonoid valve (15b) shut down and selonoid valve (15e) turn on respectively 4. Repeat SYS-R2.2 steps 1-3, until water meter(8a) ≤ 50% 
               
               
                 SYS-R2.3 
                 1. When water meter (8a) reach 50% or lower, selonoid valve (15a) will then shut off 2. If dewatering machine is on, allow process continue until dewatering process completed (Case of dewatering machine is on then 15a shut off is rare since water level 8a will not change while dewatering machine is activating) 3. Pump(18a) start again for 5 minutes then selonoid valve (15e) will turn off 4. Dewatering machine start if water meter (8 d) ≠ 0 5. Dewatering finished then selonoid valve (15e) turn on, Selonoid valve (15b) turn on then Pump (18b) turn on until water meter (8b) reach zero for 5 minutes respectively. Selonoid valve (15b) shut off after Pump (18b) was stopped 
               
               
                 SYS-R2.4 
                 1. When Selonoid valve (15a) (15b), pump (18b) and dewatering machine were off, as well as water meter (8a) ≤ 50%. Solenoid valve (15c) will switch on 2. Pump (18c) then turn on until water meter (8c) reach zero for 3 minutes or water meter (8a) reach 100%, Solenoid valve (15c) will be shut off after Pump (18c) was stopped 3. Harvesting cycle completed if water meter (8a) reach 100 % 
               
               
                 SYS-R2.5 
                 1. Finally, selonoid valve (15d) will be turn on if pump (18c) was stopped and water meter (8a) has not reach 100%, 2. Pump (18d) will be turn on until water meter (8a) reach 100%. Selonoid valve (15d) then shut off. 3. Harvesting cycle completed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For the AAC System, the PLC system delivers the functions following the below system requirements as shown in TABLE 4, in an embodiment: 
     
       
         
          TABLE 4
           
               
               
             
               
                 Phase 1 - Culturing Phase 
               
               
                 Req. ID 
                 Requirement Description 
               
             
            
               
                 PLC- R1.1 
                 A PCB adaptor is required which for transforming the different comports from the equipment to the common comports; such as serial port, USB port of LAN port, to connect to the PLC unit. 
               
               
                 PLC- R1.2 
                 The PLC shall able to connect and receive the data from the comport adaptor. 
               
               
                 PLC-R1.3 
                 The PLC shall able to control the equipment via the relevant communication protocol. 
               
               
                 PLC-1.4 
                 The PLC shall be able to log the device readings, control events and exception reading in the log file. 
               
               
                 PLC-1.5 
                 The log file is constructed in the CSV format which should be able to collect by a MS Windows Server based application server. 
               
               
                 PLC-1.6 
                 The application will be a B/S base solution. (The application is not in the current scope). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Advantageously, coated tubular system  100  with coated tubular reactor  102  with CNP coated cleaning particles  104  prevents biofilm from building up. Self-cleaning system and biofilm free environment allow continuous healthy culturing without any interruption. Also, closed system with low energy consumption dewatering device  118  keeps culturing strictly closed from initial culturing to harvesting, which avoids cross contamination and ecosystem diversification. Culture medium is ensured being recycled without getting contaminated. 
     Further, the culturing system is operational for 24 hours, during day as well as night, because of the installation of solar panels. During the day, the sunlight promotes the photosynthesis. The solar panel charges the LEDs installed at the tubular reactor, which works during the night to carry out the photosynthesis at night. Hence, the culturing system is operational for 24 hours. 
     Low productivity of open pond culturing due to increase in biodiversity and cross contamination frustrated many algal scientists in recent years. Open pond system leads industrialization to a dead end. A self-cleaning and continual automatic culturing closed system, as described in the present application, not only by passes time consuming cleaning process, which lowers the overall productivity, most importantly this type of system can be scaled up to size large enough to reduce the operational cost much lower than open system; cross contamination and ecosystem diversification so can be completely avoided. Fertilizer consumption is optimized in recycling base without getting contaminated with in this strictly close culturing system. In addition, solar power is harvested to power LED lights during the night in order to retain photosynthetic rate without additional operation cost. 
     Further, the present culturing system  100  installed with the nano-air bubbling device also provides for sterilization of the culture medium by treating the culture medium with air bubbles, and also for productivity optimization by producing air bubbles that provide more active area for ions to interact with microalgae. 
     It is intended that the disclosure and examples be considered exemplary only. Though the present disclosure includes examples from semiconductors chips or assembly, the PCB bridge architecture disclosed herein may be employed for various applications as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. The references to devices and architectures used here are intended to be applied or extended to the larger scope and should not be construed as restricting the scope and practice of the present invention.