Patent Publication Number: US-2022214597-A1

Title: Integrated electro-optic frequency comb generator

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/898,051, filed Sep. 10, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to optical devices and electro-optic frequency comb generators, and in particular to an integrated electro-optic frequency comb generator. 
     BACKGROUND 
     An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is an optical device in which an electro-optic element is used to modulate a beam of light using an electrical, e.g. voltage, signal. The modulation may be imposed on the phase, frequency, amplitude, or polarization of the beam. Modulation bandwidths extending into the gigahertz range are possible with the use of high bandwidth modulators. The electro-optic effect is the change in the refractive index of the E/O material in the electro-optic element resulting from the application of a DC or alternating electric field. The refractive index change is caused by forces that distort the position, orientation, or shape of the molecules constituting the E/O material. The simplest kind of E/O material comprises a crystal, such as lithium niobate, whose refractive index is a function of the strength of the local electric field. Accordingly, if lithium niobate is exposed to an electric field, light will travel through it more slowly or quickly depending on the direction of the field. Moreover, the phase of the light leaving the crystal is directly proportional to the length of time the light takes to pass therethrough. Therefore, the phase of the laser light exiting an EOM can be controlled by changing the electric field in the crystal. 
     The electric field can be created by placing a parallel plate capacitor across the crystal. Since the field inside a parallel plate capacitor depends linearly on the potential, the index of refraction depends linearly on the field, and the phase depends linearly on the index of refraction, the phase modulation must depend linearly on the potential applied to the E/O material. The voltage required for inducing a phase change of π is called the half-wave voltage Vπ. 
     Intensity modulation (IM) modulates light using an RF modulation signal at frequency ω, with an amplitude about V π  of that modulator, where V π  is the minimum voltage required to change the intensity from a minimum to a maximum in the IM, i.e. changing the relative phase between the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer by π. The IM can receive a continuous wave (CW) optical signal and can generate a sinusoidal varying intensity profile at the output. 
     Phase modulation (PM) is a modulation pattern that encodes information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. The phase of a carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of modulation signal. The peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal changes, the phase of the carrier changes correspondingly. The analysis and the final result (modulated signal) are similar to those of frequency modulation. A very common application of EOMs is for creating sidebands in a monochromatic laser beam. A sideband is a band of frequencies higher than or lower than the carrier frequency, containing power as a result of the modulation process. The sidebands carry the information (modulation) transmitted by the signal. The sidebands consist of all the Fourier components of the modulated signal except the carrier. All forms of modulation produce sidebands. 
     An optical frequency comb is a coherent light source composed of multiple phase-locked optical carriers with equidistant frequency spacing. Frequency comb generators are important for a wide range of applications from telecommunication to sensing. 
     Since EOMs generate phase-locked optical side-bands with equidistant spacing defined by the modulation frequency, they can be used for the generation of optical frequency combs. Conventionally, generating electro-optic frequency combs is possible using cascaded electro-optic intensity and phase modulators, typically comprising bulk modulators made of lithium niobate. By cascading an intensity and a few phase modulators connected through optical fibers, a spectrally flat frequency comb can be generated through purely electro-optic modulation with a conversion efficiency close to one due to the lack of resonators. However, the drawbacks of this method include narrow comb width, high microwave driving power requirement due to multiple phase shifters and amplifiers, complex microwave components for tuning microwave phases and high optical insertion loss due to interconnecting discrete intensity modulators and phase modulators. 
     The frequency comb generators based on cascaded intensity and phase-modulators generate comb lines by combining intensity and phase modulation. These generators so far are based off chip and are inefficient, expensive, power hungry and have limited comb bandwidth. 
     An object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art by providing an integrated on-chip comb generator providing efficient, inexpensive, low-power and wide bandwidth comb generation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention relates to an optical device including a substrate, a device layer on the substrate, and a plurality of waveguide-based, electro-optic modulators connected in series by a waveguide structure in the device layer. 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of electro-optic modulators are configured to receive light from at least one continuous wave light source, and generate a plurality of optical frequencies, said optical device comprising a frequency comb generator. 
     In some embodiments, each of the plurality of electro-optic modulators includes an RF electrode, a first electro-optic modulator coupled in series by said waveguide structure to a second electro-optic modulator, the RF electrode of the first electro-optic modulator and the RF electrode of the second electro-optic modulator coupled electrically to each other or shared between the first electro-optic modulator and the second electro-optic modulator. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which represent preferred embodiments thereof, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic of a multiple RF signal driven cascaded amplitude and phase modulator series that is used to generate a frequency comb in the optical domain; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic of a single RF signal driven cascaded amplitude and phase modulator series that is used to generate a frequency comb in the optical domain; 
         FIG. 2A  is an example of a comb generator with cascaded amplitude and phase modulators on chip; 
         FIG. 2B  is a side view of the comb generator of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 3  is a multi-element electrode drive variation of an integrated comb generator with a single PM cascaded with an IM; 
         FIG. 4  is a comb generator in which the waveguides are wound back through the second electrode gap of the PM to effectively double the phase modulation strength; 
         FIG. 5A  is a single electrode driven by a single RF source with single pass PMs; 
         FIG. 5B  is a single electrode driven by a single RF source with two pass PMs; 
         FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional view of the comb generator of  FIGS. 5A or 5B ; 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates a multi-pass differential drive comb generator; 
         FIG. 6B  is a multi-pass single electrode comb generator variation driven by a single RF source; 
         FIG. 6C  illustrates a further variation of a multi-pass differential drive comb generator; 
         FIG. 7  is an example of comb source and modulator co-integration concept where comb source and modulators are integrated on the same platform; and 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a possible implementation of an integrated comb source and modulators integrated on the same platform. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     While the present teachings are described in conjunction with various embodiments and examples, it is not intended that the present teachings be limited to such embodiments. On the contrary, the present teachings encompass various alternatives and equivalents, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art. 
     An integrated electro-optic frequency comb generator may include an ultralow loss integrated thin-film lithium niobate or lithium tantalate platform, which may be fabricated in accordance with the methods disclosed in WO 2018/031916 filed Aug. 11, 2017 by Wang et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. The platform enables low power consumption comb generation spanning over a wider range of optical frequencies. The compact integrated electro-optic modulator based frequency comb generator, provides the benefits of an integrated lithium niobate or lithium tantalate platform including low waveguide loss, high electro-optic modulation efficiency, small bending radius, and flexible microwave design. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the integrated frequency comb generator  1 , comprises one or more integrated electro-optic intensity or amplitude modulators (IM)  2 , and one or more phase modulators (PM)  3   1  to  3   n  configured to provide maximum modulation efficiency, ideally provided on a single chip  4  as a continuous waveguide structure. The IM  2  may be first modulated by an RF modulation signal at frequency ω, with an amplitude about V π  of that modulator, where V π  is the minimum voltage required to change the intensity from a minimum to a maximum in the IM  2 , i.e. changing the relative phase between the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer by π. The IM  2  receives a continuous wave (CW) optical signal, e.g. a center wavelength at 1550 nm, from a CW light source  6 , and optionally passed through a polarizing optical element (polarizer)  7  to ensure all of the light is at a same polarization. The modulation generates a sinusoidal varying intensity profile, e.g. a pure tone, in the output from the IM  2 . The intensity modulated light is then sent through the at least one PM  3 , preferably a plurality of PM&#39;s  3   1  to  3   n , each of which operates at frequency ω, that defines the spectral separation of the comb lines or the wavelength channel spacing, e.g. 10-100 GHz, to generate multiple symmetrical sidebands in the frequency spectrum on each side of the center frequency, space apart by frequency ω. Each PM  3   1  to  3   n  may be driven by a common or phase locked RF source (RF 1 , RF 2 , RF 3 ) that is phase matched to the incoming intensity modulated light so that the phase modulation spectrally broadens the pulses generated in the IM  2 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1A . In some variations, such as that depicted in  FIG. 1A , the lengths of the optical path between devices allow RF 1 , RF 2 , and RF 3  to be substantially identical, in other variations the phases are separately tuned to match the delays caused by those lengths of the optical paths between the devices. In some variations, such as that depicted in  FIG. 1B , a single RF source is used, and the RF signal passes through the IM  2  and each of the at least one PM  3  in a cascaded manner in a similar fashion that the optical signal passes through the cascaded devices, in the same direction (as indicated) and having the same effective path lengths. This may be achieved by using common electrodes spanning multiple devices, or via signal lines coupling the electrodes of each cascaded device to the next. This results in a broad and flat comb spectrum that has near unity optical conversion efficiency. The comb may then be coupled off the chip  4  or may be further processed on the same chip  4 . The order of IM  2  and PM&#39;s  3   1  to  3   n  may be reversed, e.g. the CW laser  6  may initially pass light to the PM&#39;s  3   1  to  3   n  and then to the IM  2 . By integrating the IM  2  and the PM&#39;s  3   1  to  3   n , respectively, e.g. on a thin-film lithium niobate (LN) chip  4 , optical insertion loss is greatly reduced between them and many more geometries for efficient modulation become possible. The CW light source  6  and the polarizing optical element  7  may also be on the same LN chip  4  or one or more separate chips optically coupled to the LN chip  4 . It should be noted that in designs using multiple RF sources, such as that depicted in  FIG. 1A , the phases between these RF sources should be at the right values, which implies tuning of the optical waveguide paths and/or expensive RF phase shifters need to be used for each driver port, increasing complexity, whereas for the single RF source design, such as that depicted in  FIG. 1B , at most the lengths of the electrodes and/or RF signal lines should be tuned appropriately. 
     The chip-scale design allows several innovative features. First is the tight bending radii, e.g. a radius of 3 μm to 2 mm, preferably 10 μm to 500 μm, and more preferably 20 μm to 200 μm, enables the waveguides to be folded back around, cross and point in different directions reducing the size to only a small area of the chip. Second is that each active element can be dramatically reduced in size due to the increased efficiency and high-level of integration, enabling a plurality of PM&#39;s to be located in close proximity, thereby generating additional sidebands, i.e. a wide spectrum bandwidth. Third, the ultralow loss waveguides enable devices with very long effective lengths to be constructed without introducing excessive optical waveguide insertion loss. Fourth, the co-integration of microwave transmission line and multiple waveguide elements enables new design geometries that dramatically increases comb generation efficiencies and reduces microwave driver complexities. 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates an example of an integrated frequency comb generator  21  including connecting waveguides with tight bending radii, as hereinbefore defined. The comb generator  21  includes at least one IM  25 , providing the function of IM  2 , comprising an input waveguide or port  22  optically coupled to a first coupler  23 , e.g. a Y-splitter or a 2×2 coupler with one arm terminated, for splitting an input optical signal into first and second sub-beams, which propagate along first and second arms  26  and  27 , respectively, to a second coupler  28 , e.g. a Y-splitter or 2×2 coupler, for recombining, e.g. interfering, the first and second sub-beams for output an IM output waveguide or port  29 . Each of the first and second arms  26  and  27  may comprise single mode waveguide section or a combination of single mode narrow waveguide sections, e.g. 400 nm to 1000 nm wide, with a cross sectional area &lt;3 μm 2 , preferably less than 1 μm 2 , and multimode wide waveguide sections, 1000 nm to 4000 nm wide and a cross sectional area of &gt;0.5 μm 2  and &lt;10 μm 2 . The single and multimode sections may include non-trivial guiding structures, such as splitters, bends, and multimode interferometers (MMI). Ideally, the narrow waveguide sections may only support one TE mode and one TM mode with optical propagation loss &lt;0.6 dB/cm, and optical propagation loss &gt;1 dB/cm for higher modes. The wide waveguide sections support more than one TE mode and more than one TM mode with optical propagation loss &lt;0.6 dB/cm for all modes. 
     The multimode sections may be significantly longer than the single mode sections, e.g. commonly by a factor of 10 to 100; figures are not to scale. The multimode sections may include simple structures, e.g. a straight line and potentially shallow bends. The multimode sections and the single mode sections are connected with tapers, which may be designed such that only the fundamental mode of the multimode waveguide is excited. Ideally, multimode sections are provided adjacent to, beside or below, a signal electrode  35  and ground electrodes  36  and  37  for employing the electro-optic nonlinearity of the waveguide material, thereby defining electro-optic sections of the waveguide structure, and the single mode sections comprise curved sections defining connecting sections of the waveguide structure connecting the multimode, i.e. electro-optic, sections without any electrodes adjacent thereto. 
     The IM output waveguide  29  may be optically coupled to a first tight curved, i.e. tight bending radii as above, waveguide  401 , which optically couples the IM  21  to a first PM section  41   1  of a plurality of PM sections  41   1  to  41   n , providing the functions of one or more PMs  3   1  to  3   n . The first PM section  41   1  includes a first PM waveguide  42   1 , which may comprise a single mode waveguide section or a combination of single mode narrow waveguide sections, and multimode wide waveguide sections, as hereinbefore defined. The multimode sections and the single mode sections are connected with tapers, which may be designed such that only the fundamental mode of the multimode waveguide is excited. Ideally, multimode sections are provided adjacent to, beside or below, signal electrode  45   1  and first and second ground electrodes  46   1  and  47   1 . 
     Particular examples of such tapers would include linear tapering of the waveguide width, cubic tapering of the waveguide width or exponential tapering, as well as other nonlinear tapering methods. The tapering should be gradual enough to allow modes to be adiabatically converted from the single mode to the fundamental TE or TM mode of the multimode section without excessive tapering loss or excitation of optical modes other than the fundamental TE and TM modes. 
     The output of the first PM waveguide  42   1  may be optically coupled to a second tight curved, i.e. tight bending radii, connecting waveguide  40   2 , which optically couples the first PM section  41   1  to a second PM section  41   2  of the plurality of PM sections, providing the functions of one or more of PMs  3   1  to  3   n . Each PM section  41   1  to  41   n  may be a separate PM or a portion of a combined PM with adjacent PM sections. The second PM section  41   2  includes a second PM waveguide  42   2 , which may comprise a single mode waveguide section or a combination of single mode narrow waveguide sections, and multimode wide waveguide sections, as hereinbefore defined. The multimode sections and the single mode sections are connected with tapers, which may be designed such that only the fundamental mode of the multimode waveguide is excited. Ideally, multimode sections are provided adjacent to, beside or below, signal electrode  45   2  and first and second ground electrodes  46   2  and  47   2 . The second ground electrode  47   1  from the first PM  41   1  may be the same or shared with the first ground electrode  46   2  from the second PM  41   2 . 
     The output of the second section PM  41   2  may be optically coupled to another PM or PM section or to a comb output waveguide or port  49 . The first and second tight curved waveguides  40   1  and  40   2 , i.e. tight bend radii as above, enable the first PM section  41   1  to be folded back beside the IM  25 , and the second PM section  41   2  to be folded back beside the first PM section  41   1 , whereby the first and second arms  26  and  27  and the PM waveguides  42   1  and  42   2  may be parallel to each other, and all of the electrodes  35 ,  36 ,  37 ,  45   1-n ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  may extend parallel to each other separated by a sufficient distance so as to eliminate or at least limit interference therebetween. The first and second tight curved connecting waveguides  40   1  and  40   2  are curved around so that the aspect ratio of the comb generator  21  may be more square. Parallel electrodes are ideal for PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  in which the crystal axis extends in the plane of the device layer  11 , but for PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  in which the crystal axis extends out of the plane of the device layer  11 , e.g. Y-cut, the electrodes  35 ,  36 ,  37 ,  45   1-n ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  may run in any direction. 
     The difference in black level for the shaded regions in the signal electrodes  35  and  45   1-n , and the ground electrodes  36 ,  37 ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  indicates different electrode polarity. The electrodes are formed either in a capacitive fashion or configured in a transmission line design. In the transmission line design the microwave travels together with the light where their group velocity is roughly matched. The illustrated IM  25 , first PM  41   1  and second PM  41   2  may comprise X or Y-cut (or any angle therebetween) Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3  or LN), Lithium Tantalate (LT) or other electro-optic material with an electro-optic constant &gt;10 pm/V, such as ferroelectric materials, design including the central signal electrodes  35  and  45   n , respectively, adjacent to the outer edges of the first and second arms  26  and  27 , and the PM waveguides  42   1  and  42   2 , respectively, whereby the electric field is oriented along the X or Y axis, i.e. parallel to the device layer  11 ; however, a Z-cut LN or LT design with the signal electrode  35 , and  45   1-n and one of the ground electrodes over top of the first and second arms  26  and  27 , or the PM waveguides  42   1  and  42   2 , respectively, extending in any direction, e.g. parallel, perpendicular or any angle therebetween, whereby the electric field is oriented along the z axis, i.e. perpendicular to the device layer  11 , is also within the scope of the invention. Ideally, the electro-optic material in the waveguide structure is oriented such that the crystalline axis with the largest electro-optic coefficient (Z-axis) is parallel, e.g. X or Y cut, to the plane of the device layer  11  with the electrodes  35 ,  45   1-n ,  36 ,  37 ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  disposed adjacent to the waveguide structure on either side thereof configured to generate an electric field along the Z-axis or oriented such that the crystalline axis with the largest electro-optic coefficient (Z-axis) is perpendicular, e.g. Z cut, to the plane of the device layer  11  with the electrodes  35 ,  45   1-n ,  36 ,  37 ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  disposed over top of or under the waveguide structure configured to similarly generate an electric field along the Z-axis. 
     Any other waveguide material, e.g. silicon, and electrode control for transmitting an electronic modulation signal to the optical signal is within the scope of the invention. Preferably, the waveguides comprising the input waveguide  22 , the first coupler  23 , the first and second arms  26  and  27 , the second coupler  28 , the IM output waveguide  29 , the first and second tight curved waveguides  40   1  and  40   2 , and the first and second PM waveguides  42   1  and  42   2  are comprised of thin film lithium niobate or lithium tantalate, which may be fabricated in accordance with the methods disclosed in WO 2018/031916 filed Aug. 11, 2017 by Wang et al. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2B , ideally, the comb generator  21  is formed in a device layer  11  on a substrate  20 , including a lower cladding layer  12  and a handle layer  13 . In a preferred embodiment, the waveguides  22 ,  23 ,  26 ,  27 ,  28 ,  29 ,  40   1-n , and  42   1-n  may be comprised of electro-optics materials (Pockels materials) with an electro-optic constant &gt;10 pm/V, such as single crystal Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3  or LN) or Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO 3  or LT), and the device layer  11  with the substrate  20  is comprised of a thin-film electro-optic material on insulator structure, such as Lithium Niobate on insulator (LNOI) structure (or Lithium Tantalate on insulator structure (LTOI)), including a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) lower cladding layer on a silicon (Si) handle layer. Note that the substrate  20  can be other materials such as quartz, sapphire, fused silica. The lower cladding layer  12  can be any planarized material that has a lower refractive index than the waveguide material, including, LN or LT and air (suspended structures). An upper cladding layer  14  with lower refractive index than the waveguide, e.g. LN or LT, material, e.g. an upper SiO 2 , may also be provided covering the modulator structure, i.e. first and second arms  26  and  27 , and first and second couplers  23  and  28  in the device layer  11 . However, other suitable waveguide materials exhibiting electro-optic effect with an electro-optic coefficient &gt;10 pm/V, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP) and barium titanate (BTO, BaTiO 3 ), are also within the scope of the invention. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a generic design for a multi-element IM/PM configuration for the electro-optic frequency comb generator  21 ′. Utilizing the tight bending radius of a plurality of curved connecting waveguides  40   1  to  40   n  of integrated thin film waveguide material, e.g. lithium niobate, extending between PM waveguides  42   1  to  42   n  of a plurality of PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  may be constructed on a small chip  20  and packed in a small area, with a plurality or all of the electrodes  45   1-n ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  extending parallel to each other, rather than extending over excessive length, spaced apart by a sufficient distance so as to eliminate or at least limit interference therebetween. Although various electrode configurations are possible for Y and Z cut PM waveguides  42   1  to  42   n . The PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  may be treated as a single PM  3  or a plurality of PM&#39;s  3   1  to  3   n  and may be driven by a common RF source  50  transmitting an RF signal, e.g. at frequency ω, with an amplitude about V π  of that PM  3   1  to  3   n , which is split N ways, where Nis the number of PM&#39;s or PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  employed. In some implementations, the RF signals delivered to each signal electrode are phase shifted by an appropriate amount to compensate for the path length the optical signal travels including along the curved connecting waveguides  40   1  to  40   n , i.e. in such a manner that the modulation of the cascaded set of PMs has a cumulative effect. The arrow in the picture indicates the direction of the microwave driving field, which is tuned to be the same direction of light propagation, also shown. Note that this direction will be reversed if the input and output port of the light is swapped to keep optical and microwave directions the same. Similar to the previous example ( FIG. 2A ), this design needs the optical signal and the RF signal for each PM section  41   1  to  41   n  to be phase matched, i.e. by adjusting carefully the delay between each set of microwave electrodes  35 ,  36  and  37  caused by the length of the transmission line from the common RF source  50  to each PM section  41   1  to  41   n  through adjusting the length of the optical waveguide sections  40   1  to  40   n  and  42   1  to  42   n  or the phase between each RF driving signal. In some variations, where the number N of cascaded PM stages permits, rather than a set of N RF signals being provided to the N PMs, a single RF source is used in conjunction with RF signal lines (or bent electrodes such as those depicted in  FIG. 6B  below) between each PM for conveying the RF signal from device to device, similar to that depicted in  FIG. 1B . 
       FIG. 4  shows a generic design for an multi-element IM/PM configuration for an electro-optic frequency comb generator  21 ″ with the optical waveguides passing through each PM section  41   1  to  41   5  twice instead of one time as the  FIG. 3 , thereby doubling the accumulated phase-shift. Utilizing the small bending radius of a plurality of curved waveguides  40   1  to  40   n  of integrated thin film waveguide material, e.g. lithium niobate, extending between PM waveguides  42   1  to  42   n  a plurality of PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  may be constructed on a small chip  20  and packed in a small area, with a plurality or all of the electrodes  45   1-n ,  46   1-n , and  47   1-n  extending parallel to each other, rather than extending over excessive length. Although various electrode configurations are possible for Y and Z cut PM waveguides  42   1  to  42   n . The PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  are driven by a common RF source  50  transmitting an RF signal, e.g. at frequency ω, which is split N ways, where N is the number of PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  employed. In some implementations, the RF signals delivered to each signal electrode are phase shifted by an appropriate amount to compensate for the path length the optical signal travels including along the curved connecting waveguides  40   1  to  40   n , i.e. in such a manner that the modulation of the cascaded set of PMs has a cumulative effect. The arrow in the picture indicates the direction of the microwave driving field, which is tuned to be the same direction of light propagation (also shown). Note that this direction will be reversed if the input and output port of the light is swapped to keep optical and microwave directions the same. Similar to the previous example, this design needs the optical and RF signals to be phase matched, i.e. by adjusting carefully the delay between each microwave electrode through adjusting the length of the optical waveguide or the phase between each RF driving signal. In addition the RF elements, such as splitters and delays, maybe co-integrated on the chip  20  or operating as standalone elements off-chip. That said, in some variations, where the number N of cascaded PM stages permits, rather than a set of N RF signals being provided to the N PMs, a single RF source is used in conjunction with RF signal lines (or bent common electrodes such as those depicted in  FIG. 6B  below) between each PM for conveying the RF signal from device to device, similar to that depicted in  FIG. 1B . 
     The end of the final PM waveguide, e.g.  42   6 , is connected to a return or feedback waveguide  51 , which extends back to the first PM section  41   1 , to pass along side of the first signal electrode  45   1  as a first double pass PM waveguide  52   1  , e.g. on the opposite side of and parallel to the first PM waveguide  42   1 . A first double pass curved waveguide  53   1  is connected at the end of the first double pass PM waveguide  52   1  for folding the waveguide direction back through the second PM section  41   2  to pass alongside the second signal electrode  45   2  as a double pass PM waveguide  522 , e.g. on the opposite side of and parallel to the second PM waveguide  42   2 . The first double pass curved waveguide  53   1  is concentric and parallel with the second curved waveguide  402  with a different radius of curvature. 
     The length of the feedback waveguide  51  has to be chosen very carefully and may include an active or passive delay element, such that the light in the first double pass PM waveguide  52   1  is in phase with the light in the first PM waveguide  42   1  but with a π phase shift for devices with crystal axis that extend in-plane of the device layer, e.g. device layer  11 , and a 0 phase shift for z-cut devices, i.e. with crystal axes that extend out of the plane of the device layer, e.g. device layer  11 . This is important because the PM waveguides  42   1-n  and the double pass PM waveguides  52   1-n  pass the same signal electrodes  45   1-n  but the fields in the two gaps are opposite. If the length of the feedback waveguide  51  is not chosen correctly, then the second pass could, in the worst case, remove all the acquired phase and destroy all modulation. 
     Subsequent double pass PM waveguides, e.g.  52   2  to  52   n , pass along side of subsequent signal electrodes  45   2  to  45   n  e.g. on the opposite side of and parallel to the corresponding PM waveguide  42   2  to  42   n . Subsequent double pass curved waveguide  53   2  to  53   n  are connected at the end of the corresponding double pass PM waveguide  52   2  to  52   n  for folding the waveguide direction back through the next PM section  41   2  to  41   n . The double pass curved waveguides  53   2  to  53   n  are concentric and parallel with the curved waveguides  40   2  to  40   n  with different radiuses of curvature, i.e. alternating between larger on the outside and smaller on the inside of the curved waveguides  40   2  to  40   n .The end of the last double pass PM waveguide, e.g.  52   6 , is connected to the comb output port or waveguide  49 . 
     The double pass PM waveguides  52   1  to  52   n  may be comprised of single mode waveguides or a combination of single mode and multimode waveguides, as hereinbefore defined with reference to the PM waveguides  42   1  to  42   n . The advantage with the double pass PM waveguides  52   1  to  52   n  is that the modulation strength for the same number of PM sections  41   1  to  41   n  will be doubled. The drawback is that the waveguide would need to cross each other once, e.g. the feedback waveguide  51  and the comb output waveguide  49 , which usually is not a serious problem and can be mitigated by low loss waveguide cross designs. 
       FIGS. 5A to 5C  illustrate two design variations of an electro-optic comb generator  61 , which includes only one common RF electrode  85  for both an IM  62  and a PM  63 , e.g. at frequency ω, that defines the spectral separation of the comb lines or the wavelength channel spacing, e.g. 10-100 GHz, with an amplitude about V π  of the IM  62 .  FIG. 5A  illustrates a single IM  62 , providing the impulse modulation functionality as in the IM  2  cascaded with the single PM  63 , providing phase modulation functionality as in a single PM  3 , although additional PM&#39;s and IM&#39;s are possible. As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , this variation utilizes a single RF electrode  85  common to both the IM  62  and the PM  63  to pass the RF signal from the IM  62  to the PM  63 .  FIG. 5B  illustrates a design in which the waveguides are folded back through the second half of the PM  63  to effectively double the phase modulation strength, i.e. increase the number of sidebands, at the expense of limited possible RF driving frequencies. These designs dramatically simplifies the required RF signal input, i.e. reduced to only one RF signal input port, at the expense of a preferred fixed value of RF input power to both the IM&#39;s and PM&#39;s, instead of independently providing different amounts of RF input power to the IM&#39;s and the PM&#39;s, as in the comb generators  21 ,  21 ′ and  21 ″. 
     The comb generator  61  includes an input waveguide or port  72  optically coupled to a first coupler  73 , e.g. a Y-splitter or a 2×2 coupler with one arm terminated, for splitting an input optical signal into first and second sub-beams, which propagate along first and second arms  76  and  77 , to a second coupler  78 , e.g. a Y-splitter or 2×2 coupler, for recombining, e.g. interfering, the first and second sub-beams for output an IM output waveguide or port  79 . Each of the first and second arms  76  and  77  may comprise single mode waveguide section or a combination of single mode narrow waveguide sections, as hereinbefore described, and multimode wide waveguide sections, as herein before described. The connecting, i.e. single mode, sections may include non-trivial guiding structures, such as the first and second couplers  73  and  78 . The multimode sections may be significantly longer than the single mode sections, e.g. commonly by a factor of 10 to 100, Figure not to scale. The multimode sections may include simple structures, e.g. a straight line and potentially shallow bends. The multimode sections and the single mode sections are connected with tapers, which may be designed such that only the fundamental mode of the multimode waveguide is excited. Ideally, multimode sections are provided adjacent to, beside or below, signal electrode  85  and ground electrodes  86  and  87 . 
     The IM output waveguide  79  may be optically coupled to the PM  63 . The PM  63  includes a first PM waveguide  82 , which may comprise a single mode waveguide section or a combination of single mode narrow waveguide sections, and multimode wide waveguide sections, as hereinbefore defined. The multimode sections and the single mode sections are connected with tapers, which may be designed such that only the fundamental mode of the multimode waveguide is excited. Ideally, multimode sections are provided adjacent to, beside or below, the signal electrode  85  and first and second ground electrodes  86  and  87 , respectively. 
     The PM waveguide  82  may include one or more tight curved waveguides, e.g. first and second tight curved waveguides  88  and  89 , enabling the PM waveguide  82  to be folded back to extend along the other side of the signal electrode  85 , whereby the sections of the PM waveguide  82 , ideally multimode sections, extend parallel to each other on opposite sides of the electrode  85 . The difference in black level for the shaded regions in the electrodes  85 ,  86  and  87  indicates different electrode polarity. The electrodes  85 ,  86  and  87  are formed either in a capacitive fashion or configured in a transmission line design. In the transmission line design the microwave travels together with the light where their group velocity is roughly matched. In the illustrated embodiments of  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the IM  62  and the PM  63  may be driven with one microwave source  60  configured to transmit one RF signal at frequency ω, that defines the spectral separation of the comb lines or the wavelength channel spacing, e.g. 10-100 GHz, with an amplitude about V π  of the IM  62 . The separated optional electrode  85   a ,  86   a  and  87   a  are DC electrodes for DC biasing in the IM  62  via a separate DC power source. The DC biasing can also be achieved by either electro-optic or other means such as thermo-optic or piezoelectric tuning. The microwave power may be configured so that it induces about a π phase shift in the IM  62  while inducing other values of phase shifts in the PM  63 . In both  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the devices are broadband for input optical frequencies, but  FIG. 5B  is generally narrow band for microwave driving frequencies. This is because the optical waveguide sections of PM waveguide  82  that winds back need to be phase matched to the microwave electrodes  85 . This is done by carefully choosing the length of the PM waveguide  82  so that the optical delay is an integer multiple of the microwave half-wavelength in the electrodes  85 ,  86  and  87 . An output waveguide or port  90  is provided at the end of the PM waveguide  82 . 
     The illustrated IM  62  and PM  63  may comprise X-cut Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3  or LN), Lithium Tantalate (LT) or other electro-optic material with an electro-optic constant &gt;10 pm/V, design including the central signal electrodes  85  adjacent to the outer edges of the first and second arms  76  and  77 , and PM waveguide  82 , respectively; however, a Z-cut LN or LT design with the signal electrode  85  and one of the ground electrodes over top of the first and second arms  76  and  77 , or the PM waveguide  82 , respectively, is also within the scope of the invention. Any other waveguide material, e.g. silicon, and electrode control for transmitting an electronic modulation signal to the optical signal is within the scope of the invention. Preferably, the waveguides comprising the input waveguide  72 , the first coupler  73 , the first and second arms  76  and  77 , the second coupler  78 , the IM output waveguide  79 , the first, and the PM waveguide  82  are comprised of thin film lithium niobate or lithium tantalate, which may be fabricated in accordance with the methods disclosed in WO 2018/031916 filed Aug. 11, 2017 by Wang et al, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Ideally, the comb generator  61  is formed in a device layer  111  on a substrate  120 , including a lower cladding layer  112  and a handle layer  113 , as in  FIG. 2B and 5C . In a preferred embodiment, the waveguides  72 ,  73 ,  76 ,  77 ,  78 ,  79 , and  82  may be comprised of single crystal Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3  or LN) or Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO 3  or LT), and the substrate  120  is comprised of a Lithium Niobate on insulator (LNOI) structure (or Lithium Tantalate on insulator structure (LTOI)), including a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) lower cladding layer  112  on a silicon (Si) handle layer  113 . Note that the substrate  120  can be other materials such as quartz, sapphire, fused silica. The lower cladding layer  112  can be any planarized material that has a lower refractive index than the waveguide, e.g. LN or LT, material, including air (suspended structures). An upper cladding layer  114  with lower refractive index than the waveguide, e.g. LN or LT, material, e.g. an upper SiO 2 , may also be provided covering the modulator structure, i.e. first and second arms  76  and  77 , and first and second couplers  73  and  78  in the device layer  111 . However, other suitable waveguide materials exhibiting electro-optic effect with an electro-optic coefficient &gt;10 pm/V, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP) and barium titanate (BTO, BaTiO 3 ), are also within the scope of the invention. It should be noted that variations depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , in which a single RF source is shared between the IM and the PM, multiple RF sources or expensive RF phase shifters are avoided, decreasing complexity. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a design for a differential drives comb generator  61 ′ in which the IM  62  is similar to the IM  62  in  FIG. 5A , but two RF signals from two parallel RF electrodes  95   a  and  95   b  with the same frequency, but opposite phase, are used on the PM waveguide  82  from the left and right side. The second RF electrode  95   b  may be disposed between the second ground electrode  87  and a third ground electrode  97  all extending parallel to each other. The first and second tight curved waveguides  88  and  89  may be included to wrap the PM waveguide  82  back to extend between the second RF electrode  95   b  and the third ground electrode  97 , as in  FIG. 5B , or the third tight curved waveguide  89  may be excluded, as in  FIG. 5A , whereby the PM waveguide  82  is passed directly by the second RF electrode  95   b  in sequence with the first RF electrode  95   a.  The RF signals from the RF electrodes  95   a  and  95   b  may include differential voltages +V and −V about 180° out of phase which is preferable to some applications that has a differential RF driver. As described above, in some variations the lengths of curved waveguides  88  and  85  and  89  are tuned to increase the cumulative modulation effect. It should be noted that in the variation depicted in  FIG. 6A , in which a single RF source is shared between the IM  62  and the top portion of the PM  63 , multiple RF sources or expensive RF phase shifters (for driving these devices) are avoided, decreasing complexity. 
       FIG. 6B  is a multi-pass single electrode comb generator  61   b  variation in which the IM  62  is similar to the IM  62  in  FIG. 5A and 6A , but a single RF signal drives a bent RF electrode  95   a ,  95   b,    95   c  in a PM  63   b  which also includes a bent first ground electrode  86   a,    86   b,    86   c.  A waveguide  82  in the PM  63   b  emerges from the IM  62  between a first portion of the RF electrode  95   a  disposed between a first portion of the first ground electrode  86   a  and a second ground electrode  87 . A third portion of the RF electrode  95   c  is disposed between a third portion of the first ground electrode  86   c  and the second ground electrode  87  all extending parallel to each other and the first portion of the RF electrode  95   a  and the first portion of the first ground electrode  86   a.  The first and second tight curved waveguides  88  and  89  may be included to wrap the PM waveguide  82  back to extend between the third portion of the RF electrode  95   c  and the second ground electrode  87 , and to extend between the first portion of the RF electrode  95   a  and the second ground electrode  87 , as in  FIG. 5B , and a third tight curved waveguide  85  may be included to wrap the PM waveguide  82  back again this time to extend between the third portion of the RF electrode  95   c  and the third portion of the first ground electrode  86   c.  The first ground electrode  86   a,    86   b,    86   c  and the RF electrode  95   a,    95   b,    95   c,  are each bent such that there is a connection portion or second portion of each  86   b,    95   b  connecting the first portions  86   a,    95   a  to the third portions  86   c,    95   c  thereof. In the variation depicted in  FIG. 6B , these second portions  86   b,    95   b  are spaced apart from the first and third curved waveguides  88 ,  85  and cross the PM waveguide  82  at right angles. As described above, in some variations the lengths of curved waveguides  88 ,  89 , and  85 , and the lengths of the second portions of the RF electrode  95   b  and the first ground electrode  86   b  are tuned to optimize the cumulative modulation effect. It should be noted that in the variation depicted in  FIG. 6B , in which a single RF source is shared between the IM  62  and the PM  63   b,  multiple RF sources or expensive RF phase shifters (for driving these devices) are avoided, decreasing complexity. 
       FIG. 6C  illustrates a further variation of a multi-pass differential drive comb generator  61   c  in which, similarly to  FIG. 6A , two RF signals from two parallel RF electrodes  95   a  and  95   b  with the same frequency, but opposite phase, are used on the PM waveguide  82 , but from the direction, left to right, to match the direction of the optical signals. The first RF electrode  95   a  is disposed parallel to a first ground electrode  86 , and the second RF electrode  95   b  is disposed between a second ground electrode  87  and a third ground electrode  97  all extending parallel to each other. A first curved waveguide  88   a  is included to wrap the PM waveguide  82  back around the first ground electrode  86  to a second curved waveguide  88   b  which wraps the PM waveguide  82  to extend between the first RF electrode  95   a  and the second ground electrode  87 . A third curved waveguide  88   c  wraps the PM waveguide  82  back along the middle of the second ground electrode  87 , where there is substantially no electric field to affect a modulation of the optical signals passing through the PM waveguide  82 . Next, a fourth curved waveguide  88   d  wraps the PM waveguide  82  to extend between the second RF electrode  95   b  and the third ground electrode  97 , while a fifth curved waveguide  88   e  wraps the PM waveguide  82  back around the third ground electrode  97  to a sixth curved waveguide  88   f  which wraps the PM waveguide  82  to extend between the second RF electrode  95   b  and the second ground electrode  87 . The RF signals from the RF electrodes  95   a  and  95   b  may include differential voltages +V and −V about 180° out of phase which is preferable to some applications that has a differential RF driver. As described above, in some variations the lengths of curved waveguides  88   a - 88   f  are tuned to optimize the cumulative modulation effect. It should be noted that in the variation depicted in  FIG. 6C , in which a single RF source is shared between the IM  62  and the top portion of the PM  63   c,  multiple RF sources or expensive RF phase shifters (for driving these devices) are avoided, decreasing complexity. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a multi-wavelength component  100  on a single chip  20  or  80  including a frequency comb generator, e.g.  21 ,  21 ′,  21 ″,  61 ,  61 ′,  61   b,  or  61   c  to generate a frequency comb, a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filter  101  to filter particular lines of the comb into spatially-separated, individual constituent wavelength optical signals, and a plurality of modulators  102   1  to  102   n  configured to modulate each individual wavelength optical signal on the same material platform. A lithium niobate (or other aforementioned material) thin-film platform is ideal for this because it possess all the necessary optical element and electro-optic properties to complete such functionalities. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example of such a layout for the application described in  FIG. 7 . The comb generator, e.g. illustrated comb generator  61  although any of the aforementioned comb generators  21 ,  21 ′,  21 ″,  61 ,  61 ′,  61   b,  or  61   c  is possible, generates an optical frequency comb from a CW input laser  6 . The generated comb is then transmitted to the WDM filter  101 , e.g. a plurality of ring resonators  111   1  to  111   n ; which may also be replaced with any suitable WDM filter, such as an arrayed waveguide grating, to filter out and spatially separate individual optical wavelength signals. The individual optical wavelength signals are then filtered and modulated through the plurality of individual modulators  102   1  to  102   n , which may be simple IMs or in-phase and quadrature (IQ) modulators. 
     The foregoing description of one or more embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.