Patent Publication Number: US-2023159388-A1

Title: A Powder-Gas Heat Exchanger and Applications Thereof

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates broadly to the means of transferring heat between a powder stream and a gas stream. More particularly, the transfer of heat between streams may be facilitated in a calciner, gas-preheater system, or a flash calciner for improvement of energy efficiency in materials processing. 
     The project leading to this application has received funding from the European Union&#39;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 654465. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The transfer of heat between a powder stream and a gas stream is common to many industrial processes, especially minerals calcination, roasting processes, and the production of materials such as Portland Cement. 
     In many processes, a hot powder product is required to be cooled for handling, and the heat is used to preheat an input powder feed to the process to minimise the energy consumption in the reactor. This process may be accomplished using two coupled powder-gas heat exchangers. Thus a cool gas stream, generally air, may be mixed with the hot powder product in a first heat exchanger, and the heated air is then mixed with the cold input powder to preheat the powder in a second heat exchanger for injection into the reactor. However, generally this system has a poor thermal efficiency because the gas and solids are entrained in a co-flow so that the temperature of the exhaust solids and gas are the same, and at the heat capacity weighted average temperature of the inputs and outputs. The hot solids from the first heat exchanger are only party cooled and there is significant thermal energy left in the gas exhaust from the second heat exchanger. The origin of this poor efficiency is the inherent co-flow of the powder and gas streams arising from the gas-particle friction. There is a need to improve the heat transfer efficiency of this process. 
     In practise, the known art to overcome this poor efficiency, is that a heat exchanger is segmented into a number (N) of co-flow segments, where the powder flows downwards from segments 1 to N under gravity, and is incrementally heated or cooled by gas flowing upwards from segments N to 1, where the gas is then incrementally cooled or heated. It follows that the efficiency of such a segmented co-flow system approaches that of an ideal counter-flow system as N becomes large. For example, in common processes for production of Portland Cement, segments of the heat exchanger may be a suspension cyclone in which the powder is entrained in the gas flow, and then separated in a cyclone with the powder flowing downwards and the separated gas flowing upwards. The has flow is a mixture of combustion gas of the calciner tower and the rotary kiln, and excess heated air from the clinker cooler that has not been used for the combustion process. Thus the downflowing particles are incrementally heated as they fall, and the upflowing gas is incrementally cooled in each stage. It has been found that a sufficiently good heat exchange can be achieved with N=5, and the incremental cost of adding a 6 th  suspension cyclone typically does not yield a sufficient increase in energy efficiency to warrant another stage. The loss of powder in the gas stream is typically about 7-9%, which is achieved by using a suspension cyclone for each stage with gas velocities in the order of 15 m/s or more for a process in which the mass flows of gas and powder are about equal. The similarity of the mass flows is a generic requirement for efficient heat exchangers, where the heat capacities of the powder and gas are similar on a mass basis. These systems are characterised by a high wear of the cyclone materials, and the torturous path of the gas and powder flows in an N cyclone stack means that the mass of steel and refractory are considerable, and costly. Indeed, the size of the heat exchange stack exceeds that of calciner reactor by an order of magnitude. 
     There is a need for a powder-gas heat exchanger that overcomes the limitations of conventional co-flow powder-gas heat exchangers in general, and specifically the need to use segmented co-flow systems. 
     The object of the present invention may be to provide an improvement over the heat transfer between a powder stream and a gas stream. 
     Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. 
     SUMMARY 
     Problems to be Solved 
     It may be advantageous to provide a heat exchange system and/or method for efficiently exchanging heat between a powder stream and a gas stream. 
     It may be advantageous to provide for a more energy efficient system relative to that known in the art. 
     It may be an object of the invention to improve the performance of known reactor systems that require cooling of a powder product and preheating of a powder feed to the reactor. 
     It may be an object of the invention to simplify the production of Portland Cement by replacing a N-stack segment co-flow process for pre-heating the cement raw meal powder by a single stage process of similar thermal efficiency. 
     The invention described herein may address at least one of the aforementioned issues of efficiency, of complexity and of cost of existing powder-gas heat exchangers. 
     Means for Solving the Problem 
     The present disclosure may be directed towards a method for exchanging heat between a powder and a gas. In this aspect the solids may be either hotter or cooler than that gas. 
     According to a first aspect, the invention provides a powder-gas heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a powder stream and a gas stream in counter-current flow comprising a powder stream mass flow rate substantially equal to a gas stream mass flow rate in a vertical shaft heat exchanger. 
     The powder-gas heat exchanger preferably comprises a hot gas stream adapted for use in heating a cool solids stream, or a cool gas stream adapted for use in cooling a hot solids stream, wherein the hot gas stream comprises hot air or hot gas produced from a process, and the cool gas stream comprises air. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the powder-gas heat exchanger comprises a gas injection stage wherein a gas is injected near the base of the shaft in a diffuser tube so as to create a rising gas stream; a powder disperse stage comprising a first length of the shaft in which the powder from the powder injection stage disperses across the shaft; a mixing stage wherein powder from the powder disperse stage and gas from the gas injection stage flow in contact to exchange heat; a powder hopper stage at the base of the heat exchanger wherein powder falling past the gas injection stage accumulates as a powder waste product, wherein the powder waste product is exhausted from the heat exchanger by a valve; a separation stage at the top of the diffuser tube which substantially separates the gas from any entrained solids, wherein the solids are reinjected downwards into the diffuser tube, wherein the gas exhausts from the reactor in a manner which does not substantially impact on the dispersal of the powder below. 
     In one embodiment, a velocity of the powder entering the powder-gas heat exchanger from the powder injection stage, and a velocity of the rising gas from the gas injection stage are selected to minimise recirculation of powder in the mixing stage, such that the falling powder stream and the rising gas stream are substantially in contacting counterflow in the mixing stage. 
     In a second aspect of the invention, a reactor for processing powder comprises two or more of the powder-gas heat exchangers to recover heat from an exhaust stream from one or more reactor stages and using the heat to preheat an input powder stream to optimise the thermal energy efficiency of the reactor stages. 
     In one embodiment, a reactor comprises a first powder-gas heat exchanger to cool a hot powder from a reactor stage with a cool gas stream; a second powder-gas heat exchanger injecting an output hot gas stream from the first powder-gas heat exchanger, to preheat a cool powder for injection into the reactor stages as a preheated powder stream, wherein the reaction does not generate a substantial process gas stream and combustion gas is not injected into the reactor stages. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a reactor comprises a first powder-gas heat exchange to cool a hot powder from a reactor stage with a cool gas stream; a means of separating a cool powder feed into a first and second cool powder input stream, wherein a mass flow of the first cool input powder stream is in proportion of a mass flow of hot powder exhaust to a hot powder and a hot gas stream from the reactor stages, or in a proportion of a heat capacity weighted mass flow of hot powder exhaust to a heat capacity weighted hot powder and hot process gas streams; a second powder-gas heat exchanger wherein an output hot gas stream from the first powder-gas heat exchanger is used to preheat a first cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stage as a preheated powder stream; a third powder-gas heat exchanger wherein a hot process gas output stream from the reactor stage is used to preheat a second cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stage as a preheated powder stream, wherein the reaction generates a substantial process gas stream and combustion gas is not injected into the reactor stages. 
     In another embodiment, a reactor comprises a first powder-gas heat exchanger to cool a hot powder from the reactor stage with a cool gas stream; a means of separating a mixed hot process and combustion gas stream from the reactor stages into a first and second hot gas stream in which the mass flow of the first hot gas stream is in proportion of a mass flow of a process gas generated in the reactor to a mass flow of the total gas stream from the reactor stage, or in proportion of a heat capacity weighted mass flow of a process gas to a heat capacity weighted total gas stream from the reactor stages; a means of separating a cool powder feed into a first and second cool powder input stream, in which a mass flow of the first cool input powder stream is in proportion of a mass flow of hot powder exhaust to a hot powder and hot process gas streams from the reactor stages, or in proportion of a heat capacity weighted mass flow of hot powder exhaust to a heat capacity weighted hot powder and hot process gas streams; a second powder-gas heat exchanger wherein an output hot gas stream from the first powder-gas heat exchanger is used to preheat a first cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stages as a preheated powder stream; a third powder-gas heat exchanger wherein a first hot gas stream from the reactor stages is used to preheat a second cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stages as a preheated powder stream; a gas-gas heat exchanger wherein air for a combustion process is preheated by a second hot gas stream from the reactor stages wherein the reaction generates a substantial process gas stream and combustion gas is injected into the reactor stages 
     The reactor preferably incorporates the powder-gas heat exchangers within any of the reactor stages. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, the reactor is applied to the production of Portland cement. 
     The heat exchanger of the first aspect comprises stages which enables a counter-flow of a rising gas and falling powder, with a minimum entrainment of the solids in the exhaust gas which is not more than about 7% and a heat exchange efficiency within 90% or more of that of an ideal counterflow heat exchanger. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure may relate to the application of the invention to a reactor process in which the reaction processes do not generate a significant gas stream. This aspect may comprise two such powder-gas heat exchanger subsystems, in which a first powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used to cool a powder from a reactor subsystem using ambient air, and the hot gas from the first powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used in the second powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem to preheat an ambient powder for injection into a reactor subsystem. This heat exchange system is in addition to any gas-gas heat exchanger for preheating air from the combustion gas, if any. 
     A further aspect of the present disclosure may relate to the application of the invention to a reactor process in which the reaction processes generate a significant hot gas stream. This aspect may comprise three such powder-gas heat exchangers in which a first powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used to cool the powder from a reactor subsystem using ambient air, and the hot gas from the first powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used to preheat a fraction of the ambient powder for injection into a reactor subsystem, and a third powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used to cool the exhaust gas from a reactor subsystem by injection of the second fraction of the ambient powder into this gas stream. 
     In yet another aspect of the present disclosure may be directed towards a reactor process in which the reaction processes generates a significant hot gas stream that is mixed with a combustion gas. This aspect comprises three such powder-gas heat exchanger subsystems and a gas-gas heat exchanger subsystem, in which a first system is used to cool the powder from a reactor using ambient air, and the hot gas from this first powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used in the second powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem to preheat a fraction of the ambient powder for injection into a reactor, and a third powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem is used to cool a fraction of the exhaust gas from the reactor by injection of the second fraction of the ambient powder into this gas stream; and a gas-gas heat exchanger is used to preheat the air from the other fraction of the exhaust gas for use in the combustor processes. 
     In yet a further aspect of the of the present disclosure may relate to the application of the invention to the production of Portland cement. 
     In the context of the present invention, the words “comprise”, “comprising” and the like are to be construed in their inclusive, as opposed to their exclusive, sense, that is in the sense of “including, but not limited to”. 
     The invention is to be interpreted with reference to the at least one of the technical problems described or affiliated with the background art. The present aims to solve or ameliorate at least one of the technical problems and this may result in one or more advantageous effects as defined by this specification and described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       Embodiments of the invention will be better understood and readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the following written description, by way of example only, and in conjunction with the drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a schematic of an embodiment of a powder-gas heat exchange system of the present disclosure of the first aspect; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a schematic of a reactor system for reactions wherein the heat exchange processes are carried out by two powder-gas heat exchange subsystems to recuperate heat for a thermally efficient reactor; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a schematic of a reactor system for reactions wherein the heat exchange processes are carried out by three powder-gas heat exchange subsystems to recuperate heat for a thermally efficient reactor; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a schematic of a reactor system for reactions wherein the heat exchange processes are carried out by three powder-gas heat exchange subsystems and one gas-gas heat exchange subsystem, to recuperate heat for a thermally efficient reactor; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a schematic of a system to produce Portland Cement which may be suitable for the use with the present invention; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a schematic of an embodiment of a powder-gas heat exchange system for introducing two preheated gas streams into a reactor as a particular example of the present disclosure of the first aspect. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described by reference to the accompanying drawings and non-limiting examples. 
     Conventional or known systems may use a mixture of gas and powder having different temperatures and about equal mass flow generally leads to entrainment of the powder in the gas. Thus, the heat exchangers are likely to be co-flow. The rate of heat transfer between the powder and the gas is relatively fast, typically milliseconds for a well-mixed system, so that the heat transfer is relatively efficient but the co-flow of the gas and powder leads to the exhaust gases having the same temperature, such that the thermal efficiency is low compared to an ideal counterflow heat exchanger. This invention discloses the means whereby a substantially counterflow of gas and powder may be achieved within the heat exchanger wherein the benefits of a fast gas-solids heat transfer are retained but with a high thermal efficiency. 
     The structure of the heat exchanger described herein is a thermally insulated vertical shaft in which the gas rises against the falling powder. The shaft may be a thermally insulated pipe. This design uses the gravitational force of the powder to drive the downwards flow of the powder. 
     For example, for a powder falling down a tube against a rising gas, a uniform rising gas can generally entrain a large volume of powder or a large mass of powder compared to the weight of the uniform gas, and in many practical applications of pneumatic conveying, the mass flow of powder may be a factor of 5-10 times the gas mass flow. Typically, in solids, conveying is that all the particles will be swept up in the gas if the gas velocity is higher than the terminal velocity of the particles in a quiescent gas. In this case, there is limited to no possibility of a counterflow of the gas and the particles. The critical factor for realisation of a counterflow, required to give efficient heat transfer, is to ensure that the gas flow is non-uniform in order to suppress such entrainment of the powder. 
     Conveying powder or other particulate materials commonly utilises methods for entrainment of powder in a uniform gas flow in a tube at a given velocity will cease when the mass flow of powder achieves a condition known as choking. There are empirical relationships that are used to evaluate the mass flow of powder that can be lifted in a gas flow of a given velocity. When choking occurs, the gas and solids flows cease to become uniform, and complex flow patterns of the solids and gas are developed, and therefore a counterflow of solids develops. This is generally associated with a flow of particles down the wall of the tube where the gas velocity is low. This is a region of turbulent flow of the mixed gas and solids, which is to be avoided when conveying solids. An insight into the physical mechanism of the choking is that the particles develop transient streamers, of, for example, forty or more particles that can flow downwards against the rising gas because they move as one particle of a larger mass in a stream as that lowers the gas-particle friction. 
     In one embodiment, it may be an object to purposefully create such a system of turbulence so that a flow of particles injected into the tube at the top is not entrained, and the desired counterflow is established. In this way, turbulence may be generated by injecting the solids into the heat exchanger through a small injector tube opening at the top of the pipe to form a plume of powder in the tube. The initial free-fall plume of powder exhausting from the opening accelerates under gravity and the plume dilates, and pulls gas from the surroundings into the plume. This gas limits the acceleration, and the plume slows and broadens, and eventually breaks up. Experiments on freely falling plumes show that, as the plume dilates, the powder breaks up into large clouds of clustered particles. The theory developed in that work can be applied to the case in which the plume is a slowly rising gas. 
     This process that underpins at least one embodiment of the present disclosure is that the “clouds” of particles in the plume further break up into streamers of particles that have a sufficiently low gas-streamer friction that they have sufficient momentum continue in a downward trajectory against the rising gas even after the plume has dissipated, such that only a small fraction of powder particles are entrained in the rising gas, and the number of particles in the streamers are sufficiently small, that they efficiently transfer heat to the gas. For typical powders, the plume launched at the superficial velocity at the entry point will break up after several meters of travel, and the penetration depth of the plume before the break-up increases with the entrance velocity. Simply put, the plume generates streamers of particles that flow down against the rising gas, and the streamers and gas efficiently exchange heat as they pass. In addition, the particles that are entrained in the gas may be ejected back into the shaft so that the net momentum of falling particles increases as this hold-up increases. In order to maximise the counterflow heat transfer, it is an object of this invention to minimise the recirculation of particles. 
     When cold powder is injected downwards as a plume into a rising gas hot gas in the shaft, it has been found that, provided that the gas velocity is not too large, and the plume entry velocity is not too large, that a very good heat exchange takes place with only a small entrainment of gas. These experiments have been validated by computational fluid dynamics simulations that provide for hydrodynamically induced streamer formation. 
     In the example embodiment of  FIG.  1    a heat exchanger system  100  is shown for the case where a hot gas is used to heat a cold powder in a refractory lined shaft  101 . The mass flows of the powder and gas are approximately the same, or more correctly, the heat capacity weighted mass flows are the same, so that well-established conditions for an efficient heat exchanger are set by the mass flows. In this embodiment, a cold powder flow  102  (usually at ambient temperature) is heated by a hot gas flow  103  to give a heated solid output flow  104  and a cooled gas output flow  105 . The cold powder flow is formed in a hopper  106  and is injected into an injector tube  107  using a valve system  108 . The hot gas flow is injected into the shaft using a diffuser tube  109  near the base of the pipe. The ambient powder flow enters the pipe as a plume  110 , and further accelerates downwards drawing in the hot gas rising from below. The plume expands and dissipates by the drawing in of the gas to give a thermal mixing region  111  in which all the gas and powder pass through each other in a counterflow pattern so that the powder extracts heat from the gas as it falls. 
     In the mixing region, there is a degree of entrainment of particles in the rising gas, so that the ideal counterflow of gas and solids is only approximately achieved. It is not desirable that the turbulence is too high such that the mixing zone acts as a completely stirred system which would limit the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger, nor should the turbulence be too low that the gas lifts the powder out of the reactor. The particle size distribution, the velocity of the gas, and the velocity of plume entry and the length of the mixing zone are the critical design parameters. If the plume entry velocity is too high, the plume will not break-up sufficiently quickly that the mixing zone length becomes too small. If the gas velocity is too high, the recirculation in the mixing zone is too strong and the counterflow thermal efficiency is lost. 
     In this embodiment, the particles entrained in the rising gas are knocked out of the gas flow by using a vortex breaker  112 , which is a set of plates which, by themselves, filter the particle by virtue of the low gas velocities at the plate surfaces, followed by an internal cyclone created by a tangential outlet tube  113  of the gas. The design of this system is to minimise the fraction of particles that are entrained in the gas, so that the particle mass fraction is preferably less than 7% of the input flow, and to ensure that the cyclonic flows induced by the tangential outlet minimally disturbs the plume. The powder ejected from these systems fall back into the reactor, so that the hold-up in the heat exchanger increases, assisting in the formation of the counterflow conditions. The heated powder  114  accumulates at the base of the system and is ejected using a valve  115 . 
     The valve system injecting the solids may minimise pulsations in the flow of particles down the injector tube. The entry velocity of the plume can be controlled by a mixer plate in the injector tube that resets the plume velocity. The plume can be forced to dissipate at a point in the tube using a deflector cone in the tube which deflects the powder towards the walls of the pipe. 
     As a typical example, for heat exchanger that is used to preheat 5 tonnes/hr of powder with a mean particle size of 40 microns, by 5 tonnes/hr of gas, the velocity of the particles at the base of the injector tube is about 3.0 m/s and the velocity of the rising gas is about 0.2 m/s. The gas superficial velocity sets the pipe diameter, and may be about 1.0-2.0 m. The length of the plume is preferably between lm to 2 m, and the length of the mixing zone is preferably between 4 m to 8 m. The loss of particles at the gas exhaust is about 4%, but may be in the range of 0.1% to 8%. 
     It is observed that the plume is easily broken up by small asymmetries in the flow. Thus, the use of vortex plates to minimise the impact of the cyclone gas flow pattern induced the tangential gas exhaust, on the plume. The detailed design of the gas diffuser tube is also important in that regard. The perturbation of the streamers formed by the plume is deleterious and it to be minimised. This sensitivity can be used to design the heat exchanger by controlling the plume properties. 
     The example embodiment of  FIG.  1    also applies to the example where a hot powder is cooled by an ambient gas stream with only slight modifications of the dimensions to account for the temperature dependences of the physical and chemical properties of the process streams. 
     The example embodiment of  FIG.  2    is a reactor system  200  for pyro-processing a powder. The reaction in system  200  does not produce a significant process gas stream and any combustion gases are considered as a separate process stream. The system comprises a reactor subsystem  201  and two powder-gas heat exchange subsystems  202  and  203  of the design described herein by the first example embodiment. The hot powder  204  is injected into the first powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem  202  where the powder is cooled to give a cold powder product  205  by the injection of a cold gas stream  206  which is heated to give a hot air stream  207 . This hot air stream can be injected into the second powder gas heat exchanger subsystem  203  where it is used to preheat the input power stream  208  to give a hot powder stream  209 , which is injected into the reactor subsystem, and a cool gas stream  210 . This system would be deployed in a reactor in which the mass of volatiles lost in the reactor subsystem was small, so that the mass flow of powder out  204  is approximately the same as the mass flow of powder in  209 . Thus for optimum heat exchange, the mass flow of air would be the same, or substantially the same, in each heat exchanger subsystem, as shown in  FIG.  2   . This is largely independent of the output temperature of the reactor powder flow  204 . The thermal efficiency of the reactor  200  would be determined by the residual sensible heat in the cooled powder  205  from the first heat exchanger  202  and the cooled gas  210  from the second heat exchanger  203 , and any heat losses from the subsystems. Of course, there may be a limitation on the input temperature of the powder flow  209  into the reactor, for example, where the reaction may undesirably commence in the heat exchanger subsystem  203 . In this situation, a fraction of the heated gas  207  may be used in this heat exchanger, and the other fraction many be used in the plant, for example, to produce electrical power. 
     The example embodiment of  FIG.  3    is a reactor system  300  for a reaction process in which the reaction generates a significant mass flow of hot gas. The system comprises the reactor subsystem  301  and three powder-gas heat exchange sub-systems,  302 ,  303  and  304  of the design described in the first embodiment for heat recuperation. The mass flow of the solids into the reactor  305  is split between the hot solids output  306  and hot gas output  307 . In this case, the solids input  305  is split into flows  308  and  309  so that the mass flow of cold powder  309  into the heat exchanger subsystem  304  is matched to the mass flow of hot gas  307  from the reactor subsystem, to give a cold gas stream output  310 , and a hot solids stream  311  for injection into the reactor subsystem. The remaining cold solids stream  308  is preheated using the same approach as described in the second embodiment of  FIG.  2   , using the hot air stream  313  from the powder gas heat exchanger subsystem  302  which is used to cool the hot powder stream  306  using a cool air stream  312 . The thermal efficiency of this reactor is determined by the residual sensible heat in the cold powder output  311 , the cold process gas stream  310  and the cold air stream  314  from the powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem  303 , as well as heat losses in the subsystems. By using this split feed approach, all of the heat exchangers operate on the principle that the solids and gas mass flows in each heat exchanger are approximately the same, so that each heat exchanger can operate with the optimum heat exchange efficiency. 
     Many reactors have other gas and solids inputs, such as required for combustion and in many cases the combustion exhaust gas is mixed with the process exhaust gas. In such cases, there is a general need to preheat the air into the combustion gas. 
     The example embodiment of  FIG.  4    is a reactor system  400  for a reaction process in which the reaction generates a significant mass flow of hot gas and consumes energy from a combustion gas that is mixed with the process gas. The system comprises the reactor subsystem  401 , three powder-gas heat exchange sub-systems,  402 ,  403  and  404  of the design described in the first embodiment for heat recuperation, and a gas-gas heat exchanger that is used to preheat the combustion gas. The fuel of the combustion  406  is not preheated and is injected into the reactor subsystem, while the cold air  407  for combustion is preheated in the gas-gas heat exchanger  405  to give a hot air  408  which is injected into the reactor subsystem for combustion. The gas exhaust  409  from the reactor subsystem is split into streams  410  and  411 , where the stream  410  is preferably in the mass ratio of the combustion gas, approximated by the mass flow of  407  and  406 , to the total gas mass flow  409 , and is used to preheat the air  407  in the gas-gas heat exchanger  405  to give a cold combustion gas steam  412 . Thus the mass flow of hot gas in  411  is comparable to the process gas mass flow, equal to the difference of the sum of the powder inputs  415  and  422  shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     The remaining mass flows in  FIG.  4    follow the same process as described in  FIG.  3   , with the input solids  413  being split in the proportions of the process gas, approximated by the mass flow of  411 , and the hot powder exhaust  420 . The hot gas stream  411  is used in the powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem  404  to preheat heat the powder flow  414  to the hot powder stream  415  for injection into the reactor. The second cold powder stream  417  is preheated in the powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem  403  to give a hot powder stream  422  for injection into the reactor subsystem, where the powder heating is accomplished by the hot air steam  419  from the powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem  402 , which cools the powder stream  420  from the reactor subsystem  401  using the cool air stream  418  to give the cool powder stream  421 . The thermal efficiency thermal efficiency of this reactor is determined by the residual sensible heat in the cold powder output  421 , the cold combustion/process gas streams  412  and  416 , and the cold air stream  423  from the powder-gas heat exchanger subsystem  403 , as well as heat losses in the subsystems. By using this split feed approach, all of the heat exchangers operate on the principle that the solids and gas mass flows in each heat exchanger are approximately the same, so that each heat exchanger can operate with the optimum heat exchange efficiency. 
     In another embodiment, the application of the powder-gas heat exchanger to the production of Portland Cement also uses the approach described by Sceats et al (WO2015/077818) (incorporated herein by reference), which uses an indirect heating of the calciner to capture the process CO 2  from the calcination of limestone in the raw cement meal. The process described therein uses flameless combustors, which have internal heat recuperation, and use a counterflow of downwards flow of the cement meal and the rising CO 2  gas stream. The means for recuperation of heat in this process, when integrated into the cement production process is illustrated in  FIG.  5   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , the cement plant  500  comprises a calciner subsystem  501 , which is externally heated in a furnace subsystem  502  to calcine the limestone fraction of the raw cement meal powder for injection into the rotary kiln  503 , and the hot clinker nodules are cooled in the clinker cooler  504 . There are two powder-gas heat exchangers  505  and  506  that are used in this process. The raw cement meal  507  is split into two stream  508 , used for cooling the CO 2  gas stream from the calciner to generate a preheated powder  509  in the powder-gas heat exchanger  505 ; and the stream  510  which is used for cooling an air/combustion gas stream from the rotary kiln, to generate a preheated powder stream  511  for injection into the calciner. In this example, flameless combustion burners, with integrated air preheaters, are used to power the furnace, so that there is minimal energy in the combustion gas from the calciner. 
     The extraction of additional low-grade heat from this gas stream is not considered in this embodiment. The powder at the base of the calciner has reacted to give the active ingredient lime at about 900° C., and is injected as calcined cement meal  512  into the rotary kiln which further heats the powder to about 1400° C. to form clinker nodules, that are exhausted from the kiln as a granular flow  513 . The granules are cooled in the clinker cooler to give cool clinker flow  514  by a cold air stream  515 , usually at ambient temperature. The hot air stream  516  is split to provide preheated air  517  for the kiln burner, and the excess air  518  is recombined with the exhaust from the kiln  519  to give a hot air/combustion gas stream  520  that is injected into the powder-gas preheater  506  to give a cooled gas stream  521  and the preheated solids stream  511 . To a reasonable approximation, the mass flow of clinker  514  is about equal to the mass flow of air  516 , which is about equal to the mass flow of the mixed air/combustion gas  520 . The mass of fuel will increase the mass flow to a small extent. Therefore, the split of the input cement meal stream into the flows  508  and  509  based on the mass flow of CO 2 , as described above will give a high thermal efficiency. However, the requirement to add additional heat in the rotary kiln means that the sensible heat in  520  exceeds that of  523  on a mass weighted basis. 
     As a consequence, the powder  509  will be at a lower temperature than  511 . To maintain the thermal efficiency, it is desirable that the hottest powder  501  is injected into the Calciner at a lower point than  509 , as shown by the segment  522  in  FIG.  5   . The means of doing this is described below in the embodiment shown in  FIG.  6   . In practical terms the split between the flows and the injection point of the hottest powder can be optimised so that the sensible heat in the cool clinker powder  514 , the cool CO 2  stream  524  and the cool air/combustion stream  521  is minimised. The energy efficiency depends on the thermal efficiency of the clinker cooler, the two powder-gas heat exchangers and the thermal efficiency of the calciner combustor, including heat losses from all the subsystems and pipes. 
     The example of embodiment of  FIG.  6    discloses a means of preheating solids in a reactor, that may be applicable to the process disclosed in the example embodiment of  FIG.  5    for Portland Cement, in which one powder stream is preheated by a hot gas stream from a first process, such as the rotary kiln of  FIG.  5   , and a second powder stream is preheated by a hot gas stream from a second process, such as the calciner of  FIG.  5   , into which both preheated solids streams are injected. In this example embodiment there are two powder feeds. The powder-gas preheater system  600  comprises a refractory lined shaft  601 ; and a screw feeder  602 , a hopper  603 , and an outer injection tube  604 , for the injection of a first powder stream; and an inner injection tube  605  for injection of a second powder stream which extends beyond the tube  604 ; and for extraction of the process gas from the reactor a vortex breaker  606  and a tangential gas ejector  607 . The mixed powder stream enters the reactor at the point where an external furnace indirectly heats the powder falling through the reactor from the shaft. The input streams are the hot preheated powder  609  that comes from a separate powder-gas preheater in which the heating is from a hot air/combustion process; and the second powder stream  610 . In the case of Portland Cement, the first powder stream would preferably be at about 750° C., and the second powder stream would preferably be at ambient temperature. The powder-gas heat exchanger system disclosed herein exhausts a hot preheated powder stream  611  downwards into the reactor system, and the gas exhaust stream  612  is CO 2 . The objective of the powder-gas heat exchanger is to deliver a cool CO 2  gas stream  613 . 
     In the case of Portland Cement, the CO 2  gas stream is about 35% by weight of the input powder stream so that the mass flow of cold powder  610  is about 35% of the total powder flow, with 65% of the powder flow being preheated by the hot air/combustion gas as described above. The cold powder flow is injected into the powder-gas heat exchanger by the outer injection tube so that a plume  614  and counterflow mixing zone  615  is developed as described in the embodiment of  FIG.  1   , The plume evolution is perturbed by the presence of the inner injection tube  605 . The preheated powder  609  is injected by the inner injection tube to a point below the mixing zone  615 , and forms a second plume  616  and a mixing zone  617 , with the falling preheated powder from the zone above to give, after mixing, the downflow of preheated powder  611 . The principle established by this example embodiment is that split feed with separate preheaters can be integrated into an input into a reactor which can deliver an efficient heat transfer. In this case, the very high thermal energy in the preheated powder  609  requires it to be injected deeper into the reactor so that it does not reheat the CO 2  gas coming from the reactor. The velocity of this powder entering the reactor may be controlled by the use of deflector plates in or below the inner injection tube. 
     It will be recognised by a person skilled in the art that modifications of the process flows of embodiments 2,3 and 4 may be varied to account for other factors, such as fouling and environment emissions requirements. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure may be directed towards a method for efficiently and continuously exchanging heat between a falling powder stream a rising gas stream of about equal mass flow rates in a vertical shaft heat exchange system. This method may be used to either cool a hot solids stream by a cool gas stream, generally air, or to heat a cool solids stream by a hot gas stream, which may generally be either hot air stream or a hot gas stream from a process. Further, the mass flow of the powder and the mass flow of the gas may be in the proportion of 1:1, or more preferably in proportion to the heat-capacity weighted mass flows. 
     Optionally, the powder-gas heat exchange system comprising stages within the shaft to achieve a substantially counter-current flow of the streams. The powder-gas heat exchange system comprises at least one of the following segments or apparatuses;
         a. a powder injector stage in which the powder is injected at the top of the shaft through a pipe so as to produce a falling plume of powder in the system; and   b. a gas injector stage in which the gas is injected near the base of the shaft in a diffuser tube so as to create a rising gas stream; and   c. a plume spreader stage comprising a first length of the shaft in which the plume from the injector stage spreads across the shaft; and   d. a mixing stage in which the particles from the plume spreader stage and gas from the gas injector stage flow intimately to exchange heat; and   e. a powder hopper stage at the base of the reactor in which the particles falling past the gas injector stage accumulate as a powder, and from which the powder is exhausted from the system by a valve; and   f. a separator stage at the top of the tube which substantially separates the gas from any entrained solids, and which reinjects said solids downwards into the tube, and which allows the gas to exhaust from the reactor in a manner which does not substantially impact on the spread of the plume below.       

     The velocity of the powder entering the powder-gas heat exchange system from the powder injector stage, and the velocity of the rising gas from the gas injector stage are selected such that the recirculation of the particles in the mixing stage is minimised, such that the flows in the mixing stage are substantially an intimate counterflow of these two streams. 
     A reactor system for processing powders which uses two of more of the powder-gas heat exchange systems to recover heat from the exhaust streams from one or more reactor stages and using this heat to preheat the input powder stream to optimise the thermal energy efficiency of the reactor stages. 
     Optionally, the reaction does not generate a substantial process gas stream and combustion gas is not injected into the reactor stages, comprising:
         a. A first powder-gas heat exchange system to cool the hot powder from a reactor stage with a cool gas stream, generally ambient air; and   b. A second powder-gas heat exchange system injecting the output hot gas stream from the first powder-gas heat exchange system, to preheat the cool powder for injection into the reactor stages as a preheated powder stream.       

     Preferably, reaction generates a substantial process gas stream and combustion gas is not injected into the reactor stages, comprising:
         a. A first powder-gas heat exchange to cool the hot powder from a reactor stage with a cool gas stream;   b. A means of separating the cool powder feed into a first and second cool powder input stream, in which the mass flow of the first cool input powder stream is preferably in proportion of the mass flow of hot powder exhaust to the hot powder and hot gas streams from the reactor stages, or more preferably in the proportion of the heat capacity weighted mass flow of hot powder exhaust to the heat capacity weighted hot powder and hot process gas streams;   c. A second powder-gas heat exchange system in which the output hot gas stream from the first powder-gas heat exchange system is used to preheat the first cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stage as a preheated powder stream   d. A third powder-gas heat exchange system in which the hot process gas output stream from the reactor stage is used to preheat the second cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stage as a preheated powder stream.       

     Preferably, the reaction generates a substantial process gas stream and combustion gas is injected into the reactor stages, comprising:
         a. A first powder-gas heat exchange system to cool the hot powder from the reactor stage with a cool gas stream;   b. A means of separating the mixed hot process and combustion gas stream from the reactor stages into a first and second hot gas stream in which the mass flow of the first hot gas stream is preferably in proportion of the mass flow of the process gas generated in the reactor to the mass flow of the total gas stream from the reactor stage, or more preferably in the proportion of the heat capacity weighted mass flow of the process gas to the heat capacity weighted total gas stream from the reactor stages;   c. A means of separating the cool powder feed into a first and second cool powder input stream, in which the mass flow of the first cool input powder stream is preferably in proportion of the mass flow of hot powder exhaust to the hot powder and hot process gas streams from the reactor stages, or more preferably in the proportion of the heat capacity weighted mass flow of hot powder exhaust to the heat capacity weighted hot powder and hot process gas streams;   d. A second powder-gas heat exchange system in which the output hot gas stream from the first powder-gas heat exchange system is used to preheat the first cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stages as a preheated powder stream.   e. A third powder-gas heat exchange system in which the first hot gas stream from the reactor stages is used to preheat the second cool input powder stream for injection into the reactor stages as a preheated powder stream.   f. A gas-gas heat exchange system in which the air for the combustion process is preheated by the second hot gas stream from the reactor stages.       

     The reactor system in which any of the powder-gas heat exchange systems may be incorporated within any of the reactor stages discussed herein. It will be appreciated that the reactor system may be applied to the production of Portland cement. 
     Further forms of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings. 
     Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many other forms, in keeping with the broad principles and the spirit of the invention described herein. 
     The present invention and the described preferred embodiments specifically include at least one feature that is industrial applicable.