Patent Publication Number: US-2021195635-A1

Title: Enabling Management of Random Access Attempts in a Wireless Communication System

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The proposed technology generally relates to wireless communications technology, and more particularly to methods for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication, a network unit configured to enable management of random access attempts and a device having wireless communication capabilities and configured to enable management of a random access attempt, as well as corresponding computer programs and computer-program products and apparatuses, and a wireless communication system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     One of the challenges in wireless communications involving large numbers of wireless communication devices, such as the massive deployment of machine type communications and IoT (Internet of Things), is the risk for overload of the radio access part of the wireless communication system. When a high number of devices attempt to access the wireless communication system based on random access procedure(s), overload situations may occur, which in turn will affect the possibility for individual devices to access the system as well as overall system performance. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system in which wireless communication devices  10  may be served by a network unit/node  20 . For example, the network unit/node  20  may be a radio access network node such as an access point or base station, e.g. an eNB. The network unit/node  20  may optionally be connected to a further network units and/or nodes such as a cloud-based network unit  30 . 
     By way of example, there is a fundamental requirement in LTE, as in most cellular systems that the device itself needs to request a connection setup by transmitting a selected preamble sequence. This is commonly referred to as random access, e.g. involving the RACH (Random Access Channel) process. 
     For example, there are various triggers in 3GPP TS 36.300 (10.1.5) that let the device initiate a RACH process, such as, powering on the device. When and where a device transmits RACH is described in TS.36.211 and in TS.36.321 (e.g. section 5). 
     As an example, when a device attempts to establish a radio link (RRC_IDLE to RRC_CONNECTED), as described in TS 36.321 sub clause 5.1.1, the device needs to select a RACH preamble and needs to request a random access to eNB as shown in  FIG. 2 . In the following, the terms device and User Equipment (UE) will be used interchangeably. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic signaling and/or action diagram illustrating an example of a contention-based random access procedure. 
     RACH Preamble (Message 1) 
     The UE selects one of the 64 available RACH preambles and needs to give an identity to the network so that the network can address it in the next step. The identity which the UE will use is called RA-RNTI (Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identity). RA-RNTI is determined from the time slot number in which the preamble is sent. If the UE does not receive any response from the network, it sends the RACH preamble again with higher output power. 
     RACH Response (Message 2) 
     The eNB sends a Random Access Response (RAR) to the UE on the DL-SCH (Downlink Shared Channel) addressed to the RA-RNTI. 
     The message carries a Temporary C-RNTI (TC-RNTI), a Timing Advance Value and an Uplink Grant Resource, where C-RNTI stands for Cell-RNTI. The eNB assigns another identity to UE, which is called Temporary C-RNTI, for further communication. 
     Further, the eNB informs the UE to change its timing using the Timing Advance Value in order to compensate for the round trip delay caused by the distance from the eNB to the UE. The network (eNB) will assign an initial resource and Uplink Grant Resource to the UE so that it can use the UL-SCH (Uplink shared channel). 
     RRC Connection Request (Message 3) 
     Using UL-SCH, the UE sends “RRC connection request message” to eNB. During this phase, the UE is identified by the temporary C-RNTI, which is assigned by the eNB as described above. The message also contains the following: UE identity such as Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) or a random value, and a connection establishment cause value. 
     TMSI is used if the UE has previously been connected to the same network. With the TMSI value, the UE is identified in the core network. A random value is used if UE is connecting for the very first time to the network. The random value or TMSI helps to distinguish between UEs when the same TC-RNTI has been assigned to more than one UE (in the case of collisions which will be explained later). Furthermore, the connection establishment cause value shows the reason why UE needs to connect to the network. 
     Due to collisions, the eNB might not respond to a RRC Connection Request. If the terminal does not receive the RACH Response at the first trial, it just retries (resends) the preamble. 
     RRC Connection Set up (Message 4) 
     The eNB responds with a contention resolution message to the UE whose RRC Connection request was successfully received. This message is addressed towards the TMSI value or the random number and the TC-RNTI is promoted to C-RNTI, which is used for the further communication. 
     RACH Overload Control 
     Two important features to prevent RAN overload in LTE are Access Class Barring (ACB) and Extended Access Barring (EAB). 
     In ACB, all UEs are members of one out of ten randomly allocated mobile populations, defined as Access Classes (AC) 0 to 9. The population number is stored in the Subscriber Identification Module (SIM/USIM). In addition, UEs may be members of one or more out of 5 special categories (Access Classes 11 to 15), also held in the SIM/USIM, allocated to specific high priority users as follows:
     15—PLMN Staff;   14—Emergency Services;   13—Public Utilities (e.g. water/gas suppliers);   12—Security Services;   11—For PLMN Use.   

     In case of an overload situation, the network may want to reduce the access load in the cell. To reduce the access from the UE, the network modifies the SIB2 (System Information Block Type 2). The UE draws a random number and only attempts to access the network if the random number is above a certain threshold signaled in SIB2. By varying the threshold the network load can be adjusted. UEs configured with a higher priority (i.e. UEs with access class (AC) 10-15) may be allowed to bypass the access control. 
     EAB is a complementing mechanism added in Rel-11, which is specifically designed for MTC. Since the EAB feature is only supported/understood by MTC UEs, it is effectively a mechanism to control the MTC load in the network. In EAB, the UE checks a bitmap signaled in SIB14 and only attempts to access the network if the bit corresponding to its access class is unset. By setting/unsetting bits in the bitmap the network load can be adjusted. 
     ACB and EAB can both be supported also in NarrowBand IoT (NB-IOT), although both mechanisms will likely not be used at the same time since they provide similar functionality. So far ACB has been discussed to be used for NB-IoT. In case too many UEs are allowed into the system by ACB the actual congestion may begin when the admitted UEs begin to transmit preambles. 
     In contrast to ACB and EAB, which take place before random access, LTE also supports two additional overload mechanisms. They are MAC Backoff Indicator (BI) and RRC wait timer, which are performed during the actual access attempt. 
     The MAC Backoff Indicator (BI) is included in RAR and controls the time between random access attempts. If RAR is received but none of the preamble identifiers match with the transmitted preamble or contention resolution fails, the UE will wait for a random amount of time (between 0 and BI) until it tries again. 
     The RRC wait timer (T 302 ) controls the time until the next connection attempt and is signaled in Msg4 when a RRC connection is rejected. The range of this timer was extended for MTC devices (‘Extended Wait Timer’) in Rel-10. 
     These two mechanisms can help reduce congestion and resolve failed RACH attempts. However, they are not active until there has been a failed preamble transmission. 
     NB-IoT, mentioned above, is an emerging radio access for cellular internet of things (IoT) based on LTE, which addresses improved (indoor) coverage, support for massive number of low throughput devices, low delay sensitivity, ultra-low device cost, low device power consumption and (optimized) network architecture. A common assumption is that most NB-IoT devices will transmit mobile autonomous reporting periodic reports, once or a few times per day, e.g. see TR 45.820 Annex E. 
     With IoT fully deployed the number of UEs trying to access the network using RACH may be very high, thus causing a RACH load that is too high for the system since there are not enough resources. RACH resources, e.g., PRACH preambles can be congested in case a massive number of terminals access the system. Multiple terminals choose the same PRACH preamble. When N+1 number of UEs attempt to use the same RACH preamble (e.g. preamble X) at the same time then a collision occurs. In that case, the RRC connection might be successfully established for at most one UE, while the process is unsuccessful for the other N amount of UEs. Hence, they have to reinitiate the RA procedure by selecting a new RACH preamble randomly and then send a new random access requests. 
     Many NB-IoT devices, e.g. electricity meters, mainly transmit periodic reports on the uplink. It is likely that, e.g., electricity meters will be configured to send an uplink report at every hour sharp or exactly at midnight. This behavior might be even further plausible given a large stock of devices from same vendor, with same firmware and parameter settings all being deployed e.g. in same residential area. Such a behavior may make the load, and specifically the RACH load, very high at specific time instances even when the average load is fairly low. 
     There is thus a general need for improvements when it comes to management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
     US 2012/033613 relates to an adaptive RACH operation is proposed for machine-type communications (MTC) in a 3GPP wireless network. The adaptive RACH operation is based on context information to reduce RACH collision probability, to control network overload, and to enhance system performance. 
     US 2013/170479 relates to a mechanism for initiating a random access procedure by a wireless device after EAB. The wireless device can release a bar on the wireless device. The bar can prevent the wireless device from accessing a node using EAB. The wireless device can count a random backoff time using a random backoff timer. 
     US 2014/171061 relates to a solution for controlling access of a user equipment configured for and activated to implement EAB or included in a group of UEs addressed via group paging to a wireless communication network. First, an access delay for the UE is determined, and then the timing of an attempt by the UE to access a cell in the wireless communication network is controlled based on the determined access delay. 
     US 2012/039171 relates to a method for controlling network congestion by detecting a potential overload of the network, and selecting an access class for which to change overload control information. The overload control information is adjusted for the selected access class, and then the adjusted overload control information is transmitted. 
     US 2013/184021 relates to a system access method for a user equipment performing machine-to-machine (M2M) communication with a system. The method is based on awaiting, when the user equipment detects a need for system access, reception of access delay information from a base station for a preset delay information wait time. The access delay information is based on a threshold level of congestion. The method further involves obtaining, when access delay information is received from the base station within the delay information wait time, an access delay time from the access delay information, and awaiting expiration of the access delay time while not attempting system access. 
     US 2017/150294 relates to desynchronized network access in M2M networks, where a group UE, e.g., a UE that is a member of a group of UEs, may be in an inactive mode. The group UE may receive a multicast message indicating that the group UE may enter an active mode. For example, the group UE may use the active mode for periodic reporting of its monitoring activity to the network. The multicast message may indicate a mechanism for the group UE to use to send an uplink transmission to the network. The group UE may send the uplink transmission to the network at a transmission time indicated by the mechanism. The transmission time may thus be desynchronized from other UEs in the group. 
     The article “A random-access algorithm based on statistics waiting in LTE-M system”, by Zhao Yifeng et al., 12th International Conference on Computer Science and Education (ICCSE), 20170822, pp. 214-218 relates to a random-access algorithm based on statistical waiting, where a device initiating access to a network will receive a broadcast with the success rate of the last time slot. If the success rate is low, the device selects the next available access slot with a large probability to access the system. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is a general object to allow improvements in managing random access attempts in wireless communication systems. 
     It is an object to provide a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication. 
     Another object is to provide a method, performed by a device having wireless communication capabilities, for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
     It is also an object to provide a network unit configured to enable management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
     Yet another object is to provide a device having wireless communication capabilities and configured to enable management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
     Still another object is to provide a computer program for enabling, when executed, management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system, and a corresponding a computer-program product. 
     It is also an object to provide a computer program for enabling, when executed, management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system, and a corresponding a computer-program product. 
     It is also an object to provide an apparatus for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
     Another object is to provide an apparatus for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
     These and other objects are met by embodiments of the proposed technology. 
     According to a first aspect, there is provided a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The method comprises:
         obtaining information representing the load of random access attempts;   determining, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.       

     According to a second aspect, there is provided a method, performed by a device having wireless communication capabilities, for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. The device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The method comprises:
         defining a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   determining a transmission time within the delay time window,       

     wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and
         enabling transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.       

     In this way, it is possible to spread the random access attempts over time, which will positively improve system performance and/or avoid overload situations. 
     By way of example, it is possible to avoid situations involving overload of random access attempts, thereby reducing battery consumption since fewer random access attempts are needed. With the proposed solution there is a chance to be proactive and prevent collisions of random access attempts. In particular, the proposed technology may allow battery savings for IoT devices by utilizing the fact that IoT devices normally have relaxed delay requirements. Spreading random access attempts over time, may also improve overall system performance as fewer random access attempts in general are needed to successfully transmit a given amount of data. 
     According to a third aspect, there is provided a network unit configured to enable management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The network unit is configured to obtain information representing the load of random access attempts. The network unit is also configured to determine, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time. 
     According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a device having wireless communication capabilities and configured to enable management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. The device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The device is configured to define a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s). The device is also configured to determine a transmission time within the delay time window. More specifically, the device is configured to determine the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window based on device-specific information. The device is further configured to enable transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time. 
     According to a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer program for enabling, when executed, management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The computer program comprises instructions, which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to:
         obtain information representing the load of random access attempts; and   determine, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.       

     According to a sixth aspect, there is provided a computer program for enabling, when executed, management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system by a device having wireless communication capabilities, wherein the device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The computer program comprises instructions, which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to:
         define a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   determine a transmission time within the delay time window,       

     wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and
         enable transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.       

     According to a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer-program product comprising a computer-readable medium having stored thereon a computer program as described above. 
     According to an eighth aspect, there is provided an apparatus for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The apparatus comprises:
         an information module for obtaining information representing the load of random access attempts; and   a determination module for determining, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.       

     According to a ninth aspect, there is provided an apparatus for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system by a device having wireless communication capabilities, wherein the device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The apparatus comprises:
         a time window module for defining a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   a determination module for determining a transmission time within the delay time window,       

     wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and
         a preparation module for preparing transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.       

     According to a tenth aspect, there is provided a wireless communication system comprising a network unit according to the third aspect, and a device according to the fourth aspect. 
     Other advantages will be appreciated when reading the detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system in which wireless communication devices may be served by a network unit/node. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic signaling and/or action diagram illustrating an example of a contention-based random access procedure. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating an example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating another example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a particular example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating another particular example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating an example of a method, performed by a device having wireless communication capabilities, for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a particular example of a method, performed by a device having wireless communication capabilities, for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a delay time window within which transmission of a random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to a predefined intended time instance for transmission. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic curve diagram illustrating an example of random access attempt load variations over time. 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a particular example of a method for selectively delaying random access attempts. 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a network unit according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a computer implementation according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 15A  is schematic diagram illustrating an example of an apparatus for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 15B  is schematic diagram illustrating an example of an apparatus for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 21A-B  are schematic flow diagrams illustrating examples of methods implemented in a communication system including, e.g. a host computer, and optionally also a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 22A-B  are schematic diagrams illustrating examples of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Throughout the drawings, the same reference designations are used for similar or corresponding elements. 
     Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description. 
     Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. 
     As used herein, the non-limiting terms “wireless communication device”, “station”, “User Equipment (UE)”, and “terminal” or “terminal device” may refer to a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), equipped with radio communication capabilities, a smart phone, a laptop or Personal Computer (PC), equipped with an internal or external mobile broadband modem, a tablet with radio communication capabilities, a target device, a Machine-to-Machine (M2M) device, a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device, an Internet of Thing (IoT) device, a Device-to-Device (D2D) UE, a machine type UE or UE capable of machine to machine communication, Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), Laptop Embedded Equipment (LEE), Laptop Mounted Equipment (LME), USB dongle, a portable electronic radio communication device, and/or a sensor device, meter, vehicle, household appliance, medical appliance, camera, television, radio, lightning arrangement and so forth equipped with radio communication capabilities or the like. In particular, the term “wireless communication device” should be interpreted as non-limiting terms comprising any type of wireless device communicating with a network node in a wireless communication system and/or possibly communicating directly with another wireless communication device. In other words, a wireless communication device may be any device equipped with circuitry for wireless communication according to any relevant standard for communication. 
     As used herein, the non-limiting term “network unit” may refer to any unit or device located in connection with a communication network, including but not limited to devices in access networks, core networks and similar network structures. 
     For example, the non-limiting term “network unit” may include network nodes such as network access nodes, base stations, various types of access points, radio network nodes, radio access controllers, and the like. In particular, the non-limiting term “base station” may refer to any kind of base stations and/or access points. In particular, the term “base station” may encompass different types of radio base stations including standardized base station functions such as Node Bs, or evolved Node Bs (eNBs), gNodeBs, and also macro/micro/pico radio base stations, home base stations, also known as femto base stations, relay nodes, repeaters, radio access points, Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), and radio control nodes controlling one or more Remote Radio Units (RRUs), or the like. 
     Sometimes, the term “network unit” may be used interchangeably with the term “network device”, and also encompass cloud-based network units or devices. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating an example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. 
     The method is designed for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. 
     Basically, the method comprises:
     S 1 : obtaining information representing the load of random access attempts; and   S 2 : determining, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.   

     In this way, it is possible to spread the random access attempts over time, which will positively improve system performance and/or avoid overload situations. 
     By way of example, it is possible to avoid situations involving overload of random access attempts, thereby reducing battery consumption since fewer random access attempts are needed. With the proposed solution there is a chance to be proactive and prevent collisions of random access attempts. In particular, the proposed technology may allow battery savings for IoT devices by utilizing the fact that IoT devices normally have relaxed delay requirements. Spreading random access attempts over time, may also improve overall system performance as fewer random access attempts in general are needed to successfully transmit a given amount of data. 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating another example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. In this particular example, the method further comprises transmitting S 3  the control information to at least a subset of the devices to enable the devices to perform the random access attempts distributed over time. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a particular example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. In this example, the step S 2  of determining control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time comprises:
     S 2 - 1 : predicting a burst of random access attempts by the devices based on the information representing the load of random access attempts; and   S 2 - 2 : determining, in response to a predicted burst of random access attempts, control information for enabling the devices to distribute the random access attempts over a period of time to at least partly prevent the burst of random access attempts.   

     For example, the control information may be transmitted to at least a subset of the devices for requesting the devices to distribute their random access attempts over a longer period of time, compared to when no burst of random access attempts is predicted. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating another particular example of a method, performed by a network unit, for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system. In this particular example, the step S 2 - 1  of predicting a burst of random access attempts comprises identifying S 2 - 11 , based on statistical analysis of load variations over time, at least one period when the load will be higher than average. 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic curve diagram illustrating an example of random access attempt load variations over time, indicating an example with two distinct periods with high load (above the average load). 
     For example, the random access attempts may be represented by Random Access Channel, RACH, preamble transmissions. 
     In other words, the random access attempts may include random access requests. 
     By way of example, the information representing the load of random access attempts may be represented by RACH load. 
     In a particular example, the control information enables the devices to spread the random access attempts at least partly to time periods during a day having lower load, compared to time periods having higher load. 
     For example, the control information may be determined based on information representing current load and/or historical load of random access attempts. 
     In a particular example, the control information may be represented by a relative delay factor informing each device to delay its random access attempt or attempts by a multiplicative factor of a device-specific delay value. 
     As an example, the relative delay factor may be a value between zero and one, informing each device to delay its random access attempt or attempts by a fraction of a predefined device-specific maximum delay. 
     Optionally, the network unit  20 ;  30  may be a network node  20 . For example, the network node  20  may be a network access node. 
     Alternatively, or complementary, the network unit  20 ;  30  may be a computer-based network unit such as a cloud-based network unit  30 . 
     By way of example, the wireless communication system may be based on Narrow Band Internet of Things, NB-IoT, radio access and the devices may include IoT devices. 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating an example of a method, performed by a device having wireless communication capabilities, for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. 
     The method is designed for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. The device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. 
     Basically, the method comprises:
     S 11 : defining a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   S 12 : determining a transmission time within the delay time window, wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and   S 13 : enabling transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.   

       FIG. 8  is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a particular example of a method, performed by a device having wireless communication capabilities, for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. In this particular example, the step S 12  of determining a transmission time within the delay time window comprises:
     S 12 - 1 : calculating a semi-random value based on the device-specific information;   S 12 - 2 : determining the transmission time based on the calculated semi-random value.   

     By way of example, the delay time window may correspond to a predefined device-specific maximum delay. 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a delay time window within which transmission of a random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to a predefined intended time instance for transmission. As can be seen, the actual transmission time is determined within the delay time window based on device-specific information (optionally via a semi-random value). 
     As an example, the length of the delay time window may be adjusted and/or the transmission time within the delay time window may be determined based on control information received from a network node of the wireless communication system. 
     For example, the control information received from the network node may include a relative delay factor having a value between zero and one, informing the device to delay transmission of the random access request by a fraction of a predefined device-specific maximum delay. 
     Optionally, the random access request includes a Random Access Channel, RACH, preamble. 
     By way of example, the wireless communication system may be based on Narrow Band Internet of Things, NB-IoT, radio access and the device is an IoT device. 
     In the following, the proposed technology will be described with reference to a set of non-limiting examples. 
     The inventors have realized that there is no non-blocking mechanism/primitive available for a network unit or network node such as an eNB to use to spread its preamble load over the hours of the day. 
     It may further be beneficial to make use of the basic assumption that certain applications like NB-IoT applications are not latency sensitive. It is envisaged that a network unit such as a network node like an eNB may broadcast information about a desired RACH-process delay to the devices. 
     It may be desirable for the network unit such as a network node like the eNB, based on the system load, to add information, e.g. in System Information Block x, SIBx, to enable UEs to optimally distribute their RACH attempts over time. The network unit may optionally consider historical load variations, remembering at what time instances the load is higher than usual and prevent RACH overload by changing the SIB information transmitted at (or preferably slightly before) these time instances to require increased distribution of UE random access attempts in time. 
     With the proposed solution there is a chance to be pro-active and prevent preamble collisions, since the UEs hosted by the network node are provided information that they could use to distribute their corresponding RACH over time. Since the solution builds on distributing the load over time, it is applicable also when the amount of RACH resources cannot be further increased. 
     Spreading system load, e.g. NB-IoT load, over time will also positively improve total system performance as fewer RACH attempts in general are needed to successfully transmit a given amount of data. 
     The proposed solution may also save battery by utilizing the fact that IoT devices have relaxed delay requirements. 
     In the following, a specific non-limiting example may be considered. 
     By way of example, the network unit part of the procedure for distributing the RACH attempts may include the following steps:
     1) The network unit may select a desired value for a RACH delay indicator, e.g. based on current load and/or historical load at the current time of the day.   2) The SIB that the network unit such as a network node prepares may thus be updated according to the value of the RACH delay indicator selected in 1) and transmitted.   

     In step 1), the delay indicator could have a value that spreads the RACH attempts in the cell in a way so that the probability for RACH success on the first attempt will be high. For example, the RACH delay indicator may represent a maximum delay value in which the UEs will distribute their RACH attempts. It can also represent a relative delay value telling the UEs to spread the RACH attempts in a fraction of its predefined UE-specific maximum delay values. Note that load may be represented, e.g., as multipliers or variables in the equation used to distribute the RACH load. For simplicity we use the term load in this text. Both current load and historical load may be considered when the network unit selects a RACH delay indicator. By way of example, the historical load may be measured over e.g. 24 hours to make it possible to foresee moments of extreme load. The current load and historical load may have different weights when accounting for the load. 
     In a particular example, the RACH delay indicator represents a relative delay (e.g. a value between 0 and 1). The default value on the RACH delay indicator may be 0. This assumes low risk of RACH collisions and minimizes delay. 
     The network unit such as a network node may continuously store information on the RACH attempt intensity in the cell. This information may be stored together with a time stamp and the current value of the RACH delay indicator in the SIB. 
     If the pattern is repeated at the same time instant each e.g. day or week, and the RACH intensity is above a threshold, the RACH delay indicator may be increased compared to the value used at the last repetition (day/week . . . ). 
     The SIB may be updated with the new RACH delay indicator before the expected increase of RACH attempt intensity to allow time for the UEs to receive and update their RACH procedure. 
     In another example, instead of signaling the value of a RACH delay indicator, other information entities may be signaled to the NB-IoT device and used by the device for the purpose of adjusting the RACH delay. For example, a network node may signal a maximum delay, selected based on RACH load in its own cell. The maximum delay can be selected to be large enough so that there is a high probability that the device receives a response from the network after sending its first RACH preamble. If the RACH load specifically is not available, the cell load level, e.g. the average resource utilization in the frequency band used for (NB-IoT) communication, can be used instead of the RACH load. 
     Another example is that the network node signals the (relative) RACH load, or possibly the (relative) cell load, to the device. The device may then adjust the RACH delay based on the RACH load. 
     In a particular example, it may be advantageous to predict bursts with high RACH load and spread RACH preamble transmissions over a longer period of time in case there is a burst, thereby reducing the risk of collisions. 
     In a sense, one aspect of the proposed technology relates to a signaling entity that carries said information from a network node to its associated devices such as NB-IoT devices. 
     Similarly, the inventors have also realized that there is no non-blocking mechanism/input parameter from the network node such as an eNB available for a device such as an IoT device that enables it to offset its random access request to day hours having less load, and consequently to hours of the day that potentially would require less battery spent per successfully transmitted bits. 
     An idea is to apply a time window within which a device or UE may choose to send its RACH preamble(s). Different UEs may transmit at different occasions within their window, to reduce uplink load. 
     As previously mentioned, it may be desirable to avoid RACH overload at specific time instances and thereby reduce battery consumption since fewer RACH attempts are needed. 
     In a particular example, a value defining the delay tolerance DelTol may be set in the UE (device). The value may depend on how time critical it is that data is reported after an intended transmission time. An example could be an electricity meter set to report at midnight every night with a DelTol value set to represent say 10 min. 
     For example, reference can be made to  FIG. 11 , which is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a particular example of a method for selectively delaying random access attempts. 
     If DelTol is available, the UE calculates the actual RACH transmission time by multiplying DelTol with a random or semi-random value (rnd) between 0 and 1. If DelTol is set in transmission time intervals (TTIs), the first RACH attempt is then sent delayTTIs=rnd*DelTol TTIs after the time when the data was intended for transmission. The value rnd should be different for different UEs to spread the RACH attempts in time. It could for example be a pseudo-random value calculated from UE specific parameters such as IMSI and so forth. 
     By way of example, dynamic information on the need for spreading RACH transmissions can also be received from the network. The gain would be that the UE can choose to reduce latency when the predicted risk of collision is low. For example, that value is represented by LatRed with a range from 0 to 1 where 0 means no spread needed and 1 means maximum spread needed. 
     In a particular example, the random value rnd may be calculated from IMSI by rnd=reminder (IMSI, DelTol) or use IMSI as a seed for a pseudo-random value of rnd between 0 and 1. For example, the UE may wait delayTTIs=rnd*DelTol TTIs after the predefined intended transmission time until the first RACH is sent. 
     For example, the predefined intended transmission time may be based on a predefined periodic reporting time depending on the device type, e.g. a sensor reporting every full hour or daily at noon and so forth. 
     In another example, if the network has information that the risk for RACH collisions is low it can include a parameter DelFrac in a System Information Block (SIB) to inform all UEs in the cell of the reduced RACH collision risk. The UE can then choose to use DelFrac in the calculation of delayTTIs by: delayTTIs=rnd*DelTol*DelFrac Then the UE waits delayTTIs TTIs after the predefined transmission time until the first RACH is sent. 
     In a sense, DelFrac is an optional parameter received from the eNB, that may be used for reducing the delay if the system load is low. 
     It will be appreciated that the methods and arrangements described herein can be implemented, combined and re-arranged in a variety of ways. 
     For example, embodiments may be implemented in hardware, or in software for execution by suitable processing circuitry, or a combination thereof. 
     The steps, functions, procedures, modules and/or blocks described herein may be implemented in hardware using any conventional technology, such as discrete circuit or integrated circuit technology, including both general-purpose electronic circuitry and application-specific circuitry. 
     Alternatively, or as a complement, at least some of the steps, functions, procedures, modules and/or blocks described herein may be implemented in software such as a computer program for execution by suitable processing circuitry such as one or more processors or processing units. 
     Examples of processing circuitry includes, but is not limited to, one or more microprocessors, one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs), video acceleration hardware, and/or any suitable programmable logic circuitry such as one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), or one or more Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). 
     It should also be understood that it may be possible to re-use the general processing capabilities of any conventional device or unit in which the proposed technology is implemented. It may also be possible to re-use existing software, e.g. by reprogramming of the existing software or by adding new software components. 
     According to a third aspect, there is provided a network unit configured to enable management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The network unit is configured to obtain information representing the load of random access attempts. The network unit is also configured to determine, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time. 
     By way of example, the network unit is configured to transmit the control information to at least a subset of the devices to enable the devices to perform the random access attempts distributed over time. 
     For example, the network unit may be configured to predict a burst of random access attempts by the devices based on the information representing the load of random access attempts. The network unit may further be configured to determine, in response to a predicted burst of random access attempts, the control information for enabling the devices to distribute the random access attempts over a period of time to at least partly prevent the burst of random access attempts. 
     In a particular example, the network unit is configured to transmit the control information to at least a subset of the devices for requesting the devices to distribute their random access attempts over a longer period of time, compared to when no burst of random access attempts is predicted. 
     For example, the network unit is configured to predict a burst of random access attempts by identifying, based on statistical analysis of load variations over time, at least one period when the load will be higher than average. 
     Optionally, the control information determined by the network unit enables the devices to spread the random access attempts at least partly to time periods during a day having lower load, compared to time periods having higher load. 
     In a particular example, the network unit is configured to determine the control information based on information representing current load and/or historical load of random access attempts. 
     By way of example, the network unit may be a network node, such as a network access node. 
     Alternatively, or complementary, the network unit may be a computer-based network unit such as a cloud-based network unit. 
     As an example, the wireless communication system is based on Narrow Band Internet of Things, NB-IoT, radio access and the devices include IoT devices. 
       FIG. 12  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a network unit according to an embodiment. In this particular example, the network unit  100  comprises a processor  110  and memory  120 , wherein the memory  120  comprises instructions executable by the processor  110 , whereby the processor is operative to enable management of the random access attempts. 
     According to a third aspect, there is provided a device having wireless communication capabilities and configured to enable management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system. The device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The device is configured to define a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s). The device is also configured to determine a transmission time within the delay time window. The device is configured to determine the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window based on device-specific information. Further, the device is configured to enable transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time. 
     As an example, the device may be configured to determine the transmission time within the delay time window by calculating a semi-random value based on the device-specific information and determining the transmission time based on the calculated semi-random value. 
     For example, the wireless communication system may be based on Narrow Band Internet of Things, NB-IoT, radio access and the device is an IoT device. 
       FIG. 13  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a device according to an embodiment. In this particular example, the device  200  comprises a processor  210  and memory  220 , wherein the memory  220  comprises instructions executable by the processor  210 , whereby the processor is operative to manage the random access attempt. 
     According to a further aspect, there is also provided a wireless communication system comprising a network unit and a device as described herein. 
       FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a computer implementation  300  according to an embodiment. In this particular example, at least some of the steps, functions, procedures, modules and/or blocks described herein are implemented in a computer program  325 ;  335 , which is loaded into the memory  320  for execution by processing circuitry including one or more processors  310 . The processor(s)  310  and memory  320  are interconnected to each other to enable normal software execution. An optional input/output device  340  may also be interconnected to the processor(s)  310  and/or the memory  320  to enable input and/or output of relevant data such as input parameter(s) and/or resulting output parameter(s). 
     It is also possible to provide a solution based on a combination of hardware and software. The actual hardware-software partitioning can be decided by a system designer based on a number of factors including processing speed, cost of implementation and other requirements. 
     The term ‘processor’ should be interpreted in a general sense as any system or device capable of executing program code or computer program instructions to perform a particular processing, determining or computing task. 
     The processing circuitry including one or more processors  310  is thus configured to perform, when executing the computer program  325 , well-defined processing tasks such as those described herein. 
     In a particular aspect, there is provided a computer program  325 ;  335  for enabling, when executed, management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The computer program  325 ;  335  comprises instructions, which when executed by at least one processor  310 , cause the at least one processor  310  to:
         obtain information representing the load of random access attempts; and   determine, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.       

     In another particular aspect, there is provided a computer program  325 ;  335  for enabling, when executed, management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system by a device having wireless communication capabilities, wherein the device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The computer program  325 ;  335  comprises instructions, which when executed by at least one processor  310 , cause the at least one processor  310  to:
         define a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   determine a transmission time within the delay time window, wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and   enable transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.       

     The processing circuitry does not have to be dedicated to only execute the above-described steps, functions, procedure and/or blocks, but may also execute other tasks. 
     The proposed technology also provides a carrier comprising the computer program, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium. 
     By way of example, the software or computer program  325 ;  335  may be realized as a computer program product, which is normally carried or stored on a computer-readable medium  320 ;  330 , in particular a non-volatile or non-transitory medium. The computer-readable medium may include one or more removable or non-removable memory devices including, but not limited to a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), a Blu-ray disc, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory, a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) storage device, a flash memory, a magnetic tape, or any other conventional memory device. The computer program may thus be loaded into the operating memory of a computer or equivalent processing device for execution by the processing circuitry thereof. 
     The flow diagram or diagrams presented herein may be regarded as a computer flow diagram or diagrams, when performed by one or more processors. A corresponding apparatus may be defined as a group of function modules, where each step performed by the processor corresponds to a function module. In this case, the function modules are implemented as a computer program running on the processor. 
     The computer program residing in memory may thus be organized as appropriate function modules configured to perform, when executed by the processor, at least part of the steps and/or tasks described herein. 
       FIG. 15A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an apparatus for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities. The apparatus  400  comprises:
         an information module  410  for obtaining information representing the load of random access attempts; and   a determination module  420  for determining, based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.       

       FIG. 15B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an apparatus for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system by a device having wireless communication capabilities, wherein the device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request. The apparatus  500  comprises:
         a time window module  510  for defining a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   a determination module  520  for determining a transmission time within the delay time window,       

     wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and
         a preparation module  530  for preparing transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.       

     Alternatively it is possible to realize the module(s) in  FIG. 15A  and  FIG. 15B  predominantly by hardware modules, or alternatively by hardware, with suitable interconnections between relevant modules. Particular examples include one or more suitably configured digital signal processors and other known electronic circuits, e.g. discrete logic gates interconnected to perform a specialized function, and/or Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) as previously mentioned. Other examples of usable hardware include input/output (I/O) circuitry and/or circuitry for receiving and/or sending signals. The extent of software versus hardware is purely implementation selection. 
     By way of example, the “virtual” apparatus may be implemented in a wireless device or network node (e.g., wireless device QQ 110  or network node QQ 160  shown in  FIG. 16 ). The apparatus is operable to carry out the example method(s) described herein, e.g. with reference to any of  FIGS. 3-8  and possibly any other processes or methods disclosed herein. It is also to be understood that the method(s) of any of  FIGS. 3-8  is not necessarily carried out solely by the apparatus in  FIG. 15A  or  FIG. 15B . At least some operations of the method can be performed by one or more other entities. 
     For example, the virtual apparatus may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein, in several embodiments. 
     The term module or unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein. 
     It is becoming increasingly popular to provide computing services (hardware and/or software) in network devices such as network nodes and/or servers where the resources are delivered as a service to remote locations over a network. By way of example, this means that functionality, as described herein, can be distributed or re-located to one or more separate physical nodes or servers. The functionality may be re-located or distributed to one or more jointly acting physical and/or virtual machines that can be positioned in separate physical node(s), i.e. in the so-called cloud. This is sometimes also referred to as cloud computing, which is a model for enabling ubiquitous on-demand network access to a pool of configurable computing resources such as networks, servers, storage, applications and general or customized services. There are different forms of virtualization that can be useful in this context, including one or more of:
         Consolidation of network functionality into virtualized software running on customized or generic hardware. This is sometimes referred to as network function virtualization.   Co-location of one or more application stacks, including operating system, running on separate hardware onto a single hardware platform. This is sometimes referred to as system virtualization, or platform virtualization.   Co-location of hardware and/or software resources with the objective of using some advanced domain level scheduling and coordination technique to gain increased system resource utilization. This is sometimes referred to as resource virtualization, or centralized and coordinated resource pooling.       

     By way of example, Software Defined Networking (SDN) concerns the separation of the control and user plane of today&#39;s routers and switches. The user plane processing (e.g. filtering) and packet forwarding is in most cases performed in hardware by a switch which is controlled by a (centralized) SDN controller implemented in software. The SDN controller can update rules for packet processing and forwarding in the controlled switches e.g. using protocols such as OpenFlow. This makes it possible to gradually add more advanced functions to the network by updating the SDN controller. SDN can be seen as a lower level of separation of control and user plane compared to the separation of control and user plane nodes between Mobility Management Entities (MME) and Serving Gateway (S-GW) in System Architecture Evolution (SAE) and/or Long Term Evolution (LTE). 
     There is simultaneously a trend leading to consolidation of network functionality into virtualized software running on generic hardware in data centers. This trend is an operator driven forum known as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and aims to take specialized functionality like the functions performed by the mobile packet core such as packet inspection, firewall services, and specialized packet filtering (Quality-of-Service differentiation) and implement them in software running on generic hardware that is configured to orchestrate the required network functionality. 
     Storage and processing of large amount of data (a.k.a. Big Data) is becoming more and more important, even in real-time applications. Storing and processing of large and complex data from e.g. sensors and devices in the networked society often require distributed systems for analytics, collection, search, sharing, storage, transfer, anonymization and virtualization. While, for instance, data analytics as such is not a cloud technology, its implementation often is, especially if the data handled is large. 
     Distributed, large scale processing on commodity hardware often involves technologies for storage and processing on clusters of commodity hardware. 
     Although it may often desirable to centralize functionality in so-called generic data centers, in other scenarios it may in fact be beneficial to distribute functionality over different parts of the network. 
     A Network Device (ND) may generally be seen as an electronic device being communicatively connected to other electronic devices in the network. 
     By way of example, the network device may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination thereof. For example, the network device may be a special-purpose network device or a general purpose network device, or a hybrid thereof. 
     A special-purpose network device may use custom processing circuits and a proprietary operating system (OS), for execution of software to provide one or more of the features or functions disclosed herein. 
     A general purpose network device may use common off-the-shelf (COTS) processors and a standard OS, for execution of software configured to provide one or more of the features or functions disclosed herein. 
     By way of example, a special-purpose network device may include hardware comprising processing or computing resource(s), which typically include a set of one or more processors, and physical network interfaces (Nis), which sometimes are called physical ports, as well as non-transitory machine readable storage media having stored thereon software. A physical NI may be seen as hardware in a network device through which a network connection is made, e.g. wirelessly through a wireless network interface controller (WNIC) or through plugging in a cable to a physical port connected to a network interface controller (NIC). During operation, the software may be executed by the hardware to instantiate a set of one or more software instance(s). Each of the software instance(s), and that part of the hardware that executes that software instance, may form a separate virtual network element. 
     By way of another example, a general purpose network device may for example include hardware comprising a set of one or more processor(s), often COTS processors, and network interface controller(s) (NICs), as well as non-transitory machine readable storage media having stored thereon software. During operation, the processor(s) executes the software to instantiate one or more sets of one or more applications. While one embodiment does not implement virtualization, alternative embodiments may use different forms of virtualization—for example represented by a virtualization layer and software containers. For example, one such alternative embodiment implements operating system-level virtualization, in which case the virtualization layer represents the kernel of an operating system (or a shim executing on a base operating system) that allows for the creation of multiple software containers that may each be used to execute one of a sets of applications. In an example embodiment, each of the software containers (also called virtualization engines, virtual private servers, or jails) is a user space instance (typically a virtual memory space). These user space instances may be separate from each other and separate from the kernel space in which the operating system is executed; the set of applications running in a given user space, unless explicitly allowed, cannot access the memory of the other processes. Another such alternative embodiment implements full virtualization, in which case: 1) the virtualization layer represents a hypervisor (sometimes referred to as a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)) or the hypervisor is executed on top of a host operating system; and 2) the software containers each represent a tightly isolated form of software container called a virtual machine that is executed by the hypervisor and may include a guest operating system. 
     A hypervisor is the software/hardware that is responsible for creating and managing the various virtualized instances and in some cases the actual physical hardware. The hypervisor manages the underlying resources and presents them as virtualized instances. What the hypervisor virtualizes to appear as a single processor may actually comprise multiple separate processors. From the perspective of the operating system, the virtualized instances appear to be actual hardware components. 
     A virtual machine is a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine; and applications generally do not know they are running on a virtual machine as opposed to running on a “bare metal” host electronic device, though some systems provide para-virtualization which allows an operating system or application to be aware of the presence of virtualization for optimization purposes. 
     The instantiation of the one or more sets of one or more applications as well as the virtualization layer and software containers if implemented, are collectively referred to as software instance(s). Each set of applications, corresponding software container if implemented, and that part of the hardware that executes them (be it hardware dedicated to that execution and/or time slices of hardware temporally shared by software containers), forms a separate virtual network element(s). 
     The virtual network element(s) may perform similar functionality compared to Virtual Network Element(s) (VNEs). This virtualization of the hardware is sometimes referred to as Network Function Virtualization (NFV)). Thus, NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which could be located in data centers, NDs, and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). However, different embodiments may implement one or more of the software container(s) differently. For example, while embodiments are illustrated with each software container corresponding to a VNE, alternative embodiments may implement this correspondence or mapping between software container-VNE at a finer granularity level; it should be understood that the techniques described herein with reference to a correspondence of software containers to VNEs also apply to embodiments where such a finer level of granularity is used. 
     According to yet another embodiment, there is provided a hybrid network device, which includes both custom processing circuitry/proprietary OS and COTS processors/standard OS in a network device, e.g. in a card or circuit board within a network device ND. In certain embodiments of such a hybrid network device, a platform Virtual Machine (VM), such as a VM that implements functionality of a special-purpose network device, could provide for para-virtualization to the hardware present in the hybrid network device. 
     The proposed technology is generally applicable to management of random access attempts in wireless systems. In particular, the proposed technology may be applied to specific applications and communication scenarios including providing various services within wireless networks, including so-called Over-the-Top (OTT) services. For example, the proposed technology enables and/or includes transfer and/or transmission and/or reception of relevant user data and/or control data in wireless communications. 
     In the following, a set of illustrative non-limiting examples will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 16-22 . 
       FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in  FIG. 16 . For simplicity, the wireless network of  FIG. 16  only depicts network QQ 106 , network nodes QQ 160  and QQ 160   b , and WDs QQ 110 , QQ 110   b , and QQ 110   c . In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node QQ 160  and wireless device (WD) QQ 110  are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices&#39; access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network. 
     The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards. 
     Network QQ 106  may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices. 
     Network node QQ 160  and WD QQ 110  comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. 
     As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&amp;M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network. 
     In  FIG. 16 , network node QQ 160  includes processing circuitry QQ 170 , device readable medium QQ 180 , interface QQ 190 , auxiliary equipment QQ 184 , power source QQ 186 , power circuitry QQ 187 , and antenna QQ 162 . Although network node QQ 160  illustrated in the example wireless network of  FIG. 16  may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node QQ 160  are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium QQ 180  may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules). 
     Similarly, network node QQ 160  may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node QQ 160  comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB&#39;s. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node QQ 160  may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium QQ 180  for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna QQ 162  may be shared by the RATs). Network node QQ 160  may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node QQ 160 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node QQ 160 . 
     Processing circuitry QQ 170  is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry QQ 170  may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry QQ 170  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Processing circuitry QQ 170  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ 160  components, such as device readable medium QQ 180 , network node QQ 160  functionality. For example, processing circuitry QQ 170  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium QQ 180  or in memory within processing circuitry QQ 170 . Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ 170  may include a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ 170  may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ 172  and baseband processing circuitry QQ 174 . In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ 172  and baseband processing circuitry QQ 174  may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ 172  and baseband processing circuitry QQ 174  may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry QQ 170  executing instructions stored on device readable medium QQ 180  or memory within processing circuitry QQ 170 . In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry QQ 170  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry QQ 170  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry QQ 170  alone or to other components of network node QQ 160 , but are enjoyed by network node QQ 160  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Device readable medium QQ 180  may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry QQ 170 . Device readable medium QQ 180  may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry QQ 170  and, utilized by network node QQ 160 . Device readable medium QQ 180  may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry QQ 170  and/or any data received via interface QQ 190 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ 170  and device readable medium QQ 180  may be considered to be integrated. 
     Interface QQ 190  is used in the wired or wireless communication of signalling and/or data between network node QQ 160 , network QQ 106 , and/or WDs QQ 110 . As illustrated, interface QQ 190  comprises port(s)/terminal(s) QQ 194  to send and receive data, for example to and from network QQ 106  over a wired connection. Interface QQ 190  also includes radio front end circuitry QQ 192  that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna QQ 162 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 192  comprises filters QQ 198  and amplifiers QQ 196 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 192  may be connected to antenna QQ 162  and processing circuitry QQ 170 . Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ 162  and processing circuitry QQ 170 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 192  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry QQ 192  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ 198  and/or amplifiers QQ 196 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna QQ 162 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna QQ 162  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry QQ 192 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry QQ 170 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     In certain alternative embodiments, network node QQ 160  may not include separate radio front end circuitry QQ 192 , instead, processing circuitry QQ 170  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna QQ 162  without separate radio front end circuitry QQ 192 . Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry QQ 172  may be considered a part of interface QQ 190 . In still other embodiments, interface QQ 190  may include one or more ports or terminals QQ 194 , radio front end circuitry QQ 192 , and RF transceiver circuitry QQ 172 , as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface QQ 190  may communicate with baseband processing circuitry QQ 174 , which is part of a digital unit (not shown). 
     Antenna QQ 162  may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna QQ 162  may be coupled to radio front end circuitry QQ 190  and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna QQ 162  may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna QQ 162  may be separate from network node QQ 160  and may be connectable to network node QQ 160  through an interface or port. 
     Antenna QQ 162 , interface QQ 190 , and/or processing circuitry QQ 170  may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna QQ 162 , interface QQ 190 , and/or processing circuitry QQ 170  may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. 
     Power circuitry QQ 187  may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node QQ 160  with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry QQ 187  may receive power from power source QQ 186 . Power source QQ 186  and/or power circuitry QQ 187  may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node QQ 160  in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source QQ 186  may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry QQ 187  and/or network node QQ 160 . For example, network node QQ 160  may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry QQ 187 . As a further example, power source QQ 186  may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry QQ 187 . The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used. Alternative embodiments of network node QQ 160  may include additional components beyond those shown in  FIG. 16  that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node&#39;s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node QQ 160  may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node QQ 160  and to allow output of information from network node QQ 160 . This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node QQ 160 . 
     As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, and so forth. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal. As illustrated, wireless device QQ 110  includes antenna QQ 111 , interface QQ 114 , processing circuitry QQ 120 , device readable medium QQ 130 , user interface equipment QQ 132 , auxiliary equipment QQ 134 , power source QQ 136  and power circuitry QQ 137 . WD QQ 110  may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD QQ 110 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD QQ 110 . 
     Antenna QQ 111  may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface QQ 114 . In certain alternative embodiments, antenna QQ 111  may be separate from WD QQ 110  and be connectable to WD QQ 110  through an interface or port. Antenna QQ 111 , interface QQ 114 , and/or processing circuitry QQ 120  may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna QQ 111  may be considered an interface. 
     As illustrated, interface QQ 114  comprises radio front end circuitry QQ 112  and antenna QQ 111 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 112  comprise one or more filters QQ 118  and amplifiers QQ 116 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 114  is connected to antenna QQ 111  and processing circuitry QQ 120 , and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ 111  and processing circuitry QQ 120 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 112  may be coupled to or a part of antenna QQ 111 . In some embodiments, WD QQ 110  may not include separate radio front end circuitry QQ 112 ; rather, processing circuitry QQ 120  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna QQ 111 . Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122  may be considered a part of interface QQ 114 . Radio front end circuitry QQ 112  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry QQ 112  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ 118  and/or amplifiers QQ 116 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna QQ 111 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna QQ 111  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry QQ 112 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry QQ 120 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     Processing circuitry QQ 120  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD QQ 110  components, such as device readable medium QQ 130 , WD QQ 110  functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry QQ 120  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium QQ 130  or in memory within processing circuitry QQ 120  to provide the functionality disclosed herein. 
     As illustrated, processing circuitry QQ 120  includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122 , baseband processing circuitry QQ 124 , and application processing circuitry QQ 126 . In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry QQ 120  of WD QQ 110  may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122 , baseband processing circuitry QQ 124 , and application processing circuitry QQ 126  may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry QQ 124  and application processing circuitry QQ 126  may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122  and baseband processing circuitry QQ 124  may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry QQ 126  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122 , baseband processing circuitry QQ 124 , and application processing circuitry QQ 126  may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122  may be a part of interface QQ 114 . RF transceiver circuitry QQ 122  may condition RF signals for processing circuitry QQ 120 . 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry QQ 120  executing instructions stored on device readable medium QQ 130 , which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry QQ 120  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry QQ 120  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry QQ 120  alone or to other components of WD QQ 110 , but are enjoyed by WD QQ 110  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Processing circuitry QQ 120  may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry QQ 120 , may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry QQ 120  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD QQ 110 , and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Device readable medium QQ 130  may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry QQ 120 . Device readable medium QQ 130  may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry QQ 120 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ 120  and device readable medium QQ 130  may be considered to be integrated. 
     User interface equipment QQ 132  may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD QQ 110 . Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment QQ 132  may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD QQ 110 . The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment QQ 132  installed in WD QQ 110 . For example, if WD QQ 110  is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD QQ 110  is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment QQ 132  may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment QQ 132  is configured to allow input of information into WD QQ 110 , and is connected to processing circuitry QQ 120  to allow processing circuitry QQ 120  to process the input information. User interface equipment QQ 132  may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment QQ 132  is also configured to allow output of information from WD QQ 110 , and to allow processing circuitry QQ 120  to output information from WD QQ 110 . User interface equipment QQ 132  may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment QQ 132 , WD QQ 110  may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein. 
     Auxiliary equipment QQ 134  is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment QQ 134  may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario. 
     Power source QQ 136  may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD QQ 110  may further comprise power circuitry QQ 137  for delivering power from power source QQ 136  to the various parts of WD QQ 110  which need power from power source QQ 136  to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry QQ 137  may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry QQ 137  may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD QQ 110  may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry QQ 137  may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source QQ 136 . This may be, for example, for the charging of power source QQ 136 . Power circuitry QQ 137  may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source QQ 136  to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD QQ 110  to which power is supplied. 
       FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE QQ 2200  may be any UE identified by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE QQ 200 , as illustrated in  FIG. 17 , is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP&#39;s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although  FIG. 17  is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa. 
     In  FIG. 17 , UE QQ 200  includes processing circuitry QQ 201  that is operatively coupled to input/output interface QQ 205 , radio frequency (RF) interface QQ 209 , network connection interface QQ 211 , memory QQ 215  including random access memory (RAM) QQ 217 , read-only memory (ROM) QQ 219 , and storage medium QQ 221  or the like, communication subsystem QQ 231 , power source QQ 233 , and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium QQ 221  includes operating system QQ 223 , application program QQ 225 , and data QQ 227 . In other embodiments, storage medium QQ 221  may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in  FIG. 17 , or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc. 
     In  FIG. 17 , processing circuitry QQ 201  may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry QQ 201  may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry QQ 201  may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer. 
     In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface QQ 205  may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE QQ 200  may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface QQ 205 . An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE QQ 200 . The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE QQ 200  may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface QQ 205  to allow a user to capture information into UE QQ 200 . The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor. 
     In  FIG. 17 , RF interface QQ 209  may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface QQ 211  may be configured to provide a communication interface to network QQ 243   a . Network QQ 243   a  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network QQ 243   a  may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface QQ 211  may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface QQ 211  may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     RAM QQ 217  may be configured to interface via bus QQ 202  to processing circuitry QQ 201  to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM QQ 219  may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry QQ 201 . For example, ROM QQ 219  may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium QQ 221  may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium QQ 221  may be configured to include operating system QQ 223 , application program QQ 225  such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file QQ 227 . Storage medium QQ 221  may store, for use by UE QQ 200 , any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Storage medium QQ 221  may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium QQ 221  may allow UE QQ 200  to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium QQ 221 , which may comprise a device readable medium. 
     In  FIG. 17 , processing circuitry QQ 201  may be configured to communicate with network QQ 243   b  using communication subsystem QQ 231 . Network QQ 243   a  and network QQ 243   b  may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem QQ 231  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network QQ 243   b . For example, communication subsystem QQ 231  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.QQ2, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter QQ 233  and/or receiver QQ 235  to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter QQ 233  and receiver QQ 235  of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem QQ 231  may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem QQ 231  may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network QQ 243   b  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network QQ 243   b  may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source QQ 213  may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE QQ 200 . 
     The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE QQ 200  or partitioned across multiple components of UE QQ 200 . Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem QQ 231  may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry QQ 201  may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus QQ 202 . In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry QQ 201  perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry QQ 201  and communication subsystem QQ 231 . In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware. 
       FIG. 18  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a virtualization environment QQ 300  in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks). 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments QQ 300  hosted by one or more of hardware nodes QQ 330 . Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized. 
     The functions may be implemented by one or more applications QQ 320  (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications QQ 320  are run in virtualization environment QQ 300  which provides hardware QQ 330  comprising processing circuitry QQ 360  and memory QQ 390 . Memory QQ 390  contains instructions QQ 395  executable by processing circuitry QQ 360  whereby application QQ 320  is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein. 
     Virtualization environment QQ 300 , comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices QQ 330  comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry QQ 360 , which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory QQ 390 - 1  which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions QQ 395  or software executed by processing circuitry QQ 360 . Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) QQ 370 , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface QQ 380 . Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media QQ 390 - 2  having stored therein software QQ 395  and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry QQ 360 . Software QQ 395  may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers QQ 350  (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines QQ 340  as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. 
     Virtual machines QQ 340 , comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer QQ 350  or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance QQ 320  may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines QQ 340 , and the implementations may be made in different ways. 
     During operation, processing circuitry QQ 360  executes software QQ 395  to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer QQ 350 , which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer QQ 350  may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine QQ 340 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , hardware QQ 330  may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware QQ 330  may comprise antenna QQ 3225  and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware QQ 330  may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO) QQ 3100 , which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications QQ 320 . 
     Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment. 
     In the context of NFV, virtual machine QQ 340  may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines QQ 340 , and that part of hardware QQ 330  that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines QQ 340 , forms a separate virtual network elements (VNE). 
     Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines QQ 340  on top of hardware networking infrastructure QQ 330  and corresponds to application QQ 320  in  FIG. 18 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more radio units QQ 3200  that each include one or more transmitters QQ 3220  and one or more receivers QQ 3210  may be coupled to one or more antennas QQ 3225 . Radio units QQ 3200  may communicate directly with hardware nodes QQ 330  via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. 
     In some embodiments, some signalling can be effected with the use of control system QQ 3230  which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes QQ 330  and radio units QQ 3200 . 
       FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments. 
     With reference to  FIG. 19 , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network QQ 410 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network QQ 411 , such as a radio access network, and core network QQ 414 . Access network QQ 411  comprises a plurality of base stations QQ 412   a , QQ 412   b , QQ 412   c , such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area QQ 413   a , QQ 413   b , QQ 413   c . Each base station QQ 412   a , QQ 412   b , QQ 412   c  is connectable to core network QQ 414  over a wired or wireless connection QQ 415 . A first UE QQ 491  located in coverage area QQ 413   c  is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station QQ 412   c . A second UE QQ 492  in coverage area QQ 413   a  is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station QQ 412   a . While a plurality of UEs QQ 491 , QQ 492  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station QQ 412 . 
     Telecommunication network QQ 410  is itself connected to host computer QQ 430 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer QQ 430  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections QQ 421  and QQ 422  between telecommunication network QQ 410  and host computer QQ 430  may extend directly from core network QQ 414  to host computer QQ 430  or may go via an optional intermediate network QQ 420 . Intermediate network QQ 420  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network QQ 420 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network QQ 420  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG. 19  as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs QQ 491 , QQ 492  and host computer QQ 430 . The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection QQ 450 . Host computer QQ 430  and the connected UEs QQ 491 , QQ 492  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection QQ 450 , using access network QQ 411 , core network QQ 414 , any intermediate network QQ 420  and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection QQ 450  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection QQ 450  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station QQ 412  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer QQ 430  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE QQ 491 . Similarly, base station QQ 412  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE QQ 491  towards the host computer QQ 430 . 
       FIG. 20  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG. 20 . In communication system QQ 500 , host computer QQ 510  comprises hardware QQ 515  including communication interface QQ 516  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system QQ 500 . Host computer QQ 510  further comprises processing circuitry QQ 518 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry QQ 518  may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer QQ 510  further comprises software QQ 511 , which is stored in or accessible by host computer QQ 510  and executable by processing circuitry QQ 518 . Software QQ 511  includes host application QQ 512 . Host application QQ 512  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE QQ 530  connecting via OTT connection QQ 550  terminating at UE QQ 530  and host computer QQ 510 . In providing the service to the remote user, host application QQ 512  may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection QQ 550 . 
     Communication system QQ 500  further includes base station QQ 520  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware QQ 525  enabling it to communicate with host computer QQ 510  and with UE QQ 530 . Hardware QQ 525  may include communication interface QQ 526  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system QQ 500 , as well as radio interface QQ 527  for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection QQ 570  with UE QQ 530  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG. 20 ) served by base station QQ 520 . Communication interface QQ 526  may be configured to facilitate connection QQ 560  to host computer QQ 510 . Connection QQ 560  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG. 20 ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware QQ 525  of base station QQ 520  further includes processing circuitry QQ 528 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station QQ 520  further has software QQ 521  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     Communication system QQ 500  further includes UE QQ 530  already referred to. The hardware QQ 535  may include radio interface QQ 537  configured to set up and maintain wireless connection QQ 570  with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE QQ 530  is currently located. Hardware QQ 535  of UE QQ 530  further includes processing circuitry QQ 538 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE QQ 530  further comprises software QQ 531 , which is stored in or accessible by UE QQ 530  and executable by processing circuitry QQ 538 . Software QQ 531  includes client application QQ 532 . Client application QQ 532  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE QQ 530 , with the support of host computer QQ 510 . In host computer QQ 510 , an executing host application QQ 512  may communicate with the executing client application QQ 532  via OTT connection QQ 550  terminating at UE QQ 530  and host computer QQ 510 . In providing the service to the user, client application QQ 532  may receive request data from host application QQ 512  and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection QQ 550  may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application QQ 532  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that host computer QQ 510 , base station QQ 520  and UE QQ 530  illustrated in  FIG. 20  may be similar or identical to host computer QQ 430 , one of base stations QQ 412   a , QQ 412   b , QQ 412   c  and one of UEs QQ 491 , QQ 492  of  FIG. 19 , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG. 20  and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG. 19 . In  FIG. 20 , OTT connection QQ 550  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer QQ 510  and UE QQ 530  via base station QQ 520 , without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE QQ 530  or from the service provider operating host computer QQ 510 , or both. While OTT connection QQ 550  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     Wireless connection QQ 570  between UE QQ 530  and base station QQ 520  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE QQ 530  using OTT connection QQ 550 , in which wireless connection QQ 570  forms the last segment. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection QQ 550  between host computer QQ 510  and UE QQ 530 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection QQ 550  may be implemented in software QQ 511  and hardware QQ 515  of host computer QQ 510  or in software QQ 531  and hardware QQ 535  of UE QQ 530 , or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection QQ 550  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software QQ 511 , QQ 531  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection QQ 550  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station QQ 520 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station QQ 520 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer QQ 510 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software QQ 511  and QQ 531  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection QQ 550  while it monitors propagation times, errors etc. 
       FIGS. 21A-B  are schematic flow diagrams illustrating examples of methods implemented in a communication system including, e.g. a host computer, and optionally also a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG. 21A  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG. 19  and  FIG. 20 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 21A  will be included in this section. In step QQ 610 , the host computer provides user data. In substep QQ 611  (which may be optional) of step QQ 610 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step QQ 620 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step QQ 630  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ 640  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG. 21B  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG. 19  and  FIG. 20 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 21B  will be included in this section. In step QQ 710  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step QQ 720 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ 730  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIGS. 22A-B  are schematic diagrams illustrating examples of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG. 22A  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG. 19  and  FIG. 20 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 22A  will be included in this section. In step QQ 810  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step QQ 820 , the UE provides user data. In substep QQ 821  (which may be optional) of step QQ 820 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep QQ 811  (which may be optional) of step QQ 810 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep QQ 830  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step QQ 840  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG. 22B  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIG. 19  and  FIG. 20 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 22B  will be included in this section. In step QQ 910  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step QQ 920  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step QQ 930  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     In the following, examples of illustrative and non-limiting embodiments will be given: 
     Group A Embodiments 
     
         
         
           
             1. A method performed by a wireless device for enabling management of a random access attempt in a wireless communication system, wherein the wireless device has at least one time instance intended for transmission of a random access request, the method comprising:
           defining (S 11 ) a delay time window within which the transmission of the random access request is allowed to be delayed with respect to the intended time instance(s);   determining (S 12 ) a transmission time within the delay time window,   wherein the length of the delay time window and/or the transmission time within the delay time window is/are determined based on device-specific information; and   enabling (S 13 ) transmission of the random access request at the determined transmission time.   
         
             2. The method of embodiment 1 further comprising transmitting the random access request at the determined transmission time. 
             3. The method of embodiment 1 or 2, further comprising:
           providing user data; and   forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the target network node.   
         
           
         
       
    
     Group B Embodiments 
     
         
         
           
             4. A method performed by a network node for enabling management of random access attempts in a wireless communication system by a plurality of devices having wireless communication capabilities, wherein the method comprises:
           obtaining (S 1 ) information representing the load of random access attempts; and   determining (S 2 ), based on the information representing the load of random access attempts, control information for controlling a distribution of the random access attempts over time.   
         
             5. The method of embodiment 4 further comprising transmitting (S 3 ) the control information to at least a subset of the devices to enable the devices to perform the random access attempts distributed over time. 
             6. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising:
           obtaining user data; and   forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device.   
         
           
         
       
    
     Group C Embodiments 
     
         
         
           
             7. A wireless device comprising processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
             8. A network node such as a base station comprising processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
             9. A user equipment (UE) comprising:
           an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals;   radio front-end circuitry connected to the antenna and to processing circuitry, and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuitry;   the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments;   an input interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to allow input of information into the UE to be processed by the processing circuitry;   an output interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to output information from the UE that has been processed by the processing circuitry; and   a battery connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE.   
         
             10. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
           processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and   a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),   wherein the cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.   
         
             11. The communication system of embodiment 10, further including the base station. 
             12. The communication system of embodiment 10 or 11, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
             13. The communication system of any of the embodiments 10 to 12, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and   the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.   
         
             14. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, providing user data; and   at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the base station performs any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.   
         
             15. The method of embodiment 14, further comprising, at the base station, transmitting the user data. 
             16. The method of the embodiment 14 or 15, wherein the user data is provided at the host computer by executing a host application, the method further comprising, at the UE, executing a client application associated with the host application. 
             17. A user equipment (UE) configured to communicate with a base station, the UE comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
             18. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
           processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and   a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),   wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s components configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             19. The communication system of embodiment 18, wherein the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with the UE. 
             20. The communication system of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.   
         
             21. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, providing user data; and   at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             22. The method of embodiment 21, further comprising at the UE, receiving the user data from the base station. 
             23. A communication system including a host computer comprising:
           communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station,   wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             24. The communication system of embodiment 23, further including the UE. 
             25. The communication system of embodiment 23 or 24, further including the base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE to the base station. 
             26. The communication system of any of the embodiments 23 to 25, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data.   
         
             27. The communication system of any of the embodiments 23 to 26, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and   the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data.   
         
             28. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             29. The method of embodiment 28, further comprising, at the UE, providing the user data to the base station. 
             30. The method of embodiment 28 or 29, further comprising:
           at the UE, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and   at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application.   
         
             31. The method of any of the embodiments 28 to 30, further comprising:
           at the UE, executing a client application; and   at the UE, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application,   wherein the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data.   
         
             32. A communication system including a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
             33. The communication system of embodiment 32 further including the base station. 
             34. The communication system of embodiment 32 or 33, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
             35. The communication system of any of the embodiments 32 to 34, wherein:
           the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application;   the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer.   
         
             36. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:
           at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.   
         
             37. The method of embodiment 36, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the UE. 
             38. The method of embodiment 36 or 37, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer. 
           
         
       
    
     The embodiments described above are merely given as examples, and it should be understood that the proposed technology is not limited thereto. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations and changes may be made to the embodiments without departing from the present scope as defined by the appended claims. In particular, different part solutions in the different embodiments can be combined in other configurations, where technically possible. 
     Abbreviations 
     At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).
     1×RTT CDMA2000 1×Radio Transmission Technology   3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project   5G 5th Generation   ABS Almost Blank Subframe   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise   BCCH Broadcast Control Channel   BCH Broadcast Channel   CA Carrier Aggregation   CC Carrier Component   CCCH SDU Common Control Channel SDU   CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access   CGI Cell Global Identifier   CIR Channel Impulse Response   CP Cyclic Prefix   CPICH Common Pilot Channel   CPICH Ec/No CPICH Received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band   CQI Channel Quality information   C-RNTI Cell RNTI   CSI Channel State Information   DCCH Dedicated Control Channel   DL Downlink   DM Demodulation   DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DTX Discontinuous Transmission   DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel   DUT Device Under Test   E-CID Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method)   E-SMLC Evolved-Serving Mobile Location Centre   ECGI Evolved CGI   eNB E-UTRAN NodeB   ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel   E-SMLC evolved Serving Mobile Location Center   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN   FDD Frequency Division Duplex   FFS For Further Study   GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network   gNB Base station in NR   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System   GSM Global System for Mobile communication   HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   HO Handover   HSPA High Speed Packet Access   HRPD High Rate Packet Data   IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity   LOS Line of Sight   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol   LTE Long-Term Evolution   MAC Medium Access Control   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network   MBSFN ABS MBSFN Almost Blank Subframe   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests   MIB Master Information Block   MME Mobility Management Entity   MSC Mobile Switching Center   NB-IoT NarrowBand Internet of Things   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel   NR New Radio   OCNG OFDMA Channel Noise Generator   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access   OSS Operations Support System   OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival   O&amp;M Operation and Maintenance   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel   P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel   PCell Primary Cell   PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   PDP Profile Delay Profile   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel   PGW Packet Gateway   PHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network   PMI Precoder Matrix Indicator   PRACH Physical Random Access Channel   PRS Positioning Reference Signal   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel   RACH Random Access Channel   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation   RAN Radio Access Network   RAT Radio Access Technology   RLM Radio Link Management   RNC Radio Network Controller   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier   RRC Radio Resource Control   RRM Radio Resource Management   RS Reference Signal   RSCP Received Signal Code Power   RSRP Reference Symbol Received Power OR Reference Signal Received Power   RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality OR Reference Symbol Received Quality   RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator   RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference   SCH Synchronization Channel   SCell Secondary Cell   SDU Service Data Unit   SFN System Frame Number   SGW Serving Gateway   SI System Information   SIB System Information Block   SNR Signal to Noise Ratio   SON Self Optimized Network   SS Synchronization Signal   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal   TDD Time Division Duplex   TDOA Time Difference of Arrival   TOA Time of Arrival   TSS Tertiary Synchronization Signal   TTI Transmission Time Interval   UE User Equipment   UL Uplink   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module   UTDOA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival   UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network   WCDMA Wide CDMA   WLAN Wide Local Area Network