Patent Publication Number: US-10767158-B2

Title: Bioprotection using lactobacillus paracasei strains

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/390,238, filed Oct. 2, 2014, which is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2013/057400, filed Apr. 9, 2013, which is a Continuation-In-Part of International Application No. PCT/EP2012/056384 filed Apr. 9, 2012, and claims priority to European Patent Application 12163509.8 filed Apr. 9, 2012, and European Patent Application No. 12168971.5 filed May 22, 2012. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is related to the field of bioprotection, in particular to the strain of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 with accession no. DSM25612. Furthermore, the present invention concerns an antifungal composition comprising the strain, an antifungal composition comprising the strain and at least one strain of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus , food, feed and pharmaceutical products comprising such an antifungal composition, a method of manufacturing such food, feed and pharmaceutical products, a method for reducing the content of yeasts and molds of such food, feed and pharmaceutical products and uses of the antifungal composition. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     For many years lactic acid bacteria have been used for increasing the shelf life of food products. During fermentation the lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acids and other organic acids thereby reducing the pH of the food product making it unfavorable to the growth of unwanted microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria, yeasts and fungi. 
     Additionally, some lactic acid bacteria also produce metabolites with antimicrobial activity. 
     US Patent Application no. US2011/0045134 relates to the use of  Lactobacillus paracasei  for imparting antifungal properties to a fermented dairy product. 
     European Patent Application no. EP1442113 is directed to mixtures of  Propionibacterium jensenii  and  Lactobacillus  sp., such as  Lactobacillus paracasei , with antimicrobial activities for use for bioprotection. 
     However, there is a still a need for bioprotective agents with an improved antifungal effect as single strains or in combination with other bioprotective strains. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is the provision of novel strains of lactic acid bacteria with a high efficacy as bioprotective agents. 
     The present inventors have by extensive screening and research found that certain  Lactobacillus paracasei  strains have a significantly higher effect against yeasts and molds as compared to commercial bioprotective cultures on the market. 
     The present inventors have further found that a certain group of lactic acid bacteria when combined with another group of lactic acid bacteria exhibit a significant synergistic antimicrobial effect. The antimicrobial effect of the two groups of bacteria combined, surprisingly, is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the two groups of bacteria. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts growth of molds in yoghurt with 1.5% fat fermented with a starter culture YF-L901 alone (top row), together with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (middle row) and together with  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676. The target contaminants were added in the concentrations mentioned in the text from left to right:  Penicillium brevicompactum  (M1),  Penicillium commune  (M6),  Aspergillus versicolor  (M7) and  Penicillium glabrum  (MS), respectively. The yoghurts had been incubated at 7±1° C. for 61 days. 
         FIG. 2  depicts cell counts of a  Debaryomyces hansenii  isolate added to yoghurt with 1.5% fat fermented with a starter culture YF-L901 alone (Reference) or together with HOLDBAC™ YM-B culture (HoldBac YM-B), together with HOLDBAC™ YM-C culture (HoldBac YM-C) or with  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 (14676). Yoghurts were stored at 7±1° C. and analyzed at suitable intervals. 
         FIG. 3  shows growth of molds on plates prepared from milk fermented with a starter culture alone (reference, first picture), together with  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 (second picture), together with  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (third picture) or together with a combination of  Lb. paracasci  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (fourth picture). The target contaminants were added in the concentrations mentioned in the text from top left moving clock-wise to the bottom left of the plate:  Penicillium nalgiovense, Penicillium commune, Aspergillus versicolor  and  Penicillium crustosum , respectively. The plates had been incubated at 7±1° C. for 12 days. 
         FIG. 4  shows growth of molds on plates prepared from milk fermented with a starter culture alone (reference, first picture), together with  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 (second picture), together with  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 (third picture) or together with a combination of  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 (fourth picture). The target contaminants were added in the concentrations mentioned in the text from top left moving clock-wise to the bottom left of the plate:  Penicillium nalgiovense, Penicillium commune, Aspergillus versicolor  and  Penicillium crustosum , respectively. The plates had been incubated at 7±1° C. for 12 days. 
         FIG. 5  shows growth of  Mucor  ssp. on Greek yoghurt prepared from milk fermented with a starter culture only (left cup) or from milk fermented in the presence of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (right cup). 
         FIG. 6  shows growth of the mold  Rhizopus stolonifer  on Greek yoghurt prepared from milk fermented with a starter culture only (R, i.e. reference), with the starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YM-B (YM-B), with the starter culture and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5366), or with the starter culture and a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (5366+14676). 
         FIG. 7  shows growth of  Penicillium brevicompactum  (M1),  Penicillium commune  (M6),  Aspergillus versicolor  (M7) and  Penicillium glabrum  (N18) on sour cream made from milk fermented only with starter culture (top row); with starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YM-B (middle row); or with starter culture and a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 (bottom row). 
         FIG. 8  shows growth of  D. hansenii  in sour cream made from milk fermented only with starter culture (reference); with starter culture and the HOLDBAC™ YM-B (YM-B); or with starter culture,  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 (12697+14676). 
         FIG. 9  shows growth of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  on white brine cheese made from milk fermented only with starter culture (reference); with starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YM-B (YM-B); or with starter culture,  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5366+14676). 
         FIG. 10  shows growth of  Kluyveromyces marxianus  on white brine cheese made from milk fermented only with starter culture (reference); with starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YMB (YM-B); or with starter culture,  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5366+14676). 
         FIG. 11  shows growth of  Penicillium commune  on white brine cheese made from milk fermented only with starter culture (R, i.e. reference); with starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YM-B (YM-B); or with starter culture,  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5366+14676). 
         FIG. 12  depicts growth of the mold  Penicillium paneum  in yoghurt with 1.5% fat prepared from milk fermented with a starter culture alone (R, i.e. reference), with the starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YM-B (YM-B), with the starter culture and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5366), or with the starter culture and a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (5366+14676). 
         FIG. 13  shows growth of the mold  Penicillium crustosum  in yoghurt with 1.5% fat prepared from milk fermented with a starter culture alone (top row), with starter culture and HOLDBAC™ YM-B (second row), with starter culture and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (third row) or with starter culture and a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (bottom row). The target contaminant was added in the concentrations of 100 spores/cup and the yoghurts had been incubated at 7±1° C. (left column), 12±1° C. (centre column) or 22±1° C. (right column) for 36 days. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, the term “lactic acid bacterium” designates a gram-positive, microaerophilic or anaerobic bacterium, which ferments sugars with the production of acids including lactic acid as the predominantly produced acid. The industrially most useful lactic acid bacteria are found within the order “Lactobacillales” which includes  Lactococcus  spp.,  Streptococcus  spp.,  Lactobacillus  spp.,  Leuconostoc  spp.,  Pseudoleuconostoc  spp.,  Pediococcus  spp.,  Brevibacterium  spp. and  Enterococcus  spp. These are frequently used as food cultures alone or in combination with other lactic acid bacteria. 
     The term “food” is meant to include also cheese. The term “cheese” is understood to encompass any cheese, including hard, semi-hard and soft cheeses, such as cheeses of the following types: Cottage, Feta, Cheddar, Parmesan, Mozzarella, Emmentaler, Danbo, Gouda, Edam, Feta-type, blue cheeses, brine cheeses, Camembert and Brie. The person skilled in the art knows how to convert the coagulum into cheese, methods can be found in the literature, see e.g. Kosikowski, F. V., and V. V. Mistry, “Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods”, 1997, 3rd Ed. F. V. Kosikowski, L. L. C. Westport, Conn. As used herein, a cheese which has a NaCl concentration below 1.7% (w/w) is referred to as a “low-salt cheese”. 
     Lactic acid bacteria, including bacteria of the species  Lactobacillus  sp. and  Lactococcus  sp., are normally supplied to the dairy industry either as frozen or freeze-dried cultures for bulk starter propagation or as so-called “Direct Vat Set” (DVS) cultures, intended for direct inoculation into a fermentation vessel or vat for the production of a dairy product, such as a fermented milk product or a cheese. Such lactic acid bacterial cultures are in general referred to as “starter cultures” or “starters”. 
     The term “mesophile” herein refers to microorganisms that thrive best at moderate temperatures (15° C.−40° C.). The industrially most useful mesophilic bacteria include  Lactococcus  spp. and  Leuconostoc  spp. The term “mesophilic fermentation” herein refers to fermentation at a temperature between about 22° C. and about 35° C. The term “mesophilic fermented milk product” refers to fermented milk products prepared by mesophilic fermentation of a mesophilic starter culture and include such fermented milk products as buttermilk, sour milk, cultured milk, smetana, sour cream and fresh cheese, such as quark, tvarog and cream cheese. 
     The term “thermophile” herein refers to microorganisms that thrive best at temperatures above 43° C. The industrially most useful thermophilic bacteria include  Streptococcus  spp. and  Lactobacillus  spp. The term “thermophilic fermentation” herein refers to fermentation at a temperature above about 35° C., such as between about 35° C. to about 45° C. The term “thermophilic fermented milk product” refers to fermented milk products prepared by thermophilic fermentation of a thermophilic starter culture and include such fermented milk products as set-yoghurt, stirred-yoghurt and drinking yoghurt. 
     The term “milk” is to be understood as the lacteal secretion obtained by milking any mammal, such as cows, sheep, goats, buffaloes or camels. In a preferred embodiment, the milk is cow&#39;s milk. The term milk also includes protein/fat solutions made of plant materials, e.g. soy milk. 
     The term “milk substrate” may be any raw and/or processed milk material that can be subjected to fermentation according to the method of the invention. Thus, useful milk substrates include, but are not limited to, solutions/suspensions of any milk or milk like products comprising protein, such as whole or low fat milk, skim milk, buttermilk, reconstituted milk powder, condensed milk, dried milk, whey, whey permeate, lactose, mother liquid from crystallization of lactose, whey protein concentrate, or cream. Obviously, the milk substrate may originate from any mammal, e.g. being substantially pure mammalian milk, or reconstituted milk powder. 
     Prior to fermentation, the milk substrate may be homogenized and pasteurized according to methods known in the art. 
     “Homogenizing” as used herein means intensive mixing to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. If homogenization is performed prior to fermentation, it may be performed so as to break up the milk fat into smaller sizes so that it no longer separates from the milk. This may be accomplished by forcing the milk at high pressure through small orifices. 
     “Pasteurizing” as used herein means treatment of the milk substrate to reduce or eliminate the presence of live organisms, such as microorganisms. Preferably, pasteurization is attained by maintaining a specified temperature for a specified period of time. The specified temperature is usually attained by heating. The temperature and duration may be selected in order to kill or inactivate certain bacteria, such as harmful bacteria. A rapid cooling step may follow. 
     “Fermentation” in the methods of the present invention means the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols or acids through the action of a microorganism. Preferably, fermentation in the methods of the invention comprises conversion of lactose to lactic acid. 
     Fermentation processes to be used in production of dairy products are well known and the person of skill in the art will know how to select suitable process conditions, such as temperature, oxygen, amount and characteristics of microorganism(s) and process time. Obviously, fermentation conditions are selected so as to support the achievement of the present invention, i.e. to obtain a dairy product in solid (such as a cheese) or liquid form (such as a fermented milk product). 
     The compositions of the invention provide the advantage that unwanted microorganisms selected from fungi, bacteria and mixtures thereof, for example on food, feed and pharmaceutical products and in humans and animals, can be inhibited. The prevention and/or inhibition of the growth of fungi, such as yeasts and molds, is particularly envisaged. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the term “antimicrobial” is to be understood as “antifungal”. 
     The term “unwanted microorganisms” herein refers to microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, such as yeasts, which are pathogenic and/or able to deteriorate food, feed or pharmaceutical products. The compositions of the invention provide the advantage that unwanted microorganisms selected from fungi, bacteria and mixtures thereof, for example on food, feed and pharmaceutical products and in humans and animals, can be inhibited. The prevention and/or inhibition of the growth of fungi, such as yeasts and molds, is particularly envisaged. 
     The terms “to inhibit” and “to be inhibiting” in relation to yeasts and molds mean for example that the growth or the number or the concentration of yeasts and molds, for example in food products and/or on the surface of food products comprising the strains according to the present invention, is lower than in food products and/or on the surface of food products which do not comprise such strains. 
     In the present context, the term “mutant” should be understood as a strain derived from a strain of the invention by means of e.g. genetic engineering, radiation and/or chemical treatment. It is preferred that the mutant is a functionally equivalent mutant, e.g. a mutant that has substantially the same, or improved, properties (e.g. regarding antifungal properties) as the mother strain. Such a mutant is a part of the present invention. Especially, the term “mutant” refers to a strain obtained by subjecting a strain of the invention to any conventionally used mutagenization treatment including treatment with a chemical mutagen such as ethane methane sulphonate (EMS) or N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (NTG), UV light or to a spontaneously occurring mutant. A mutant may have been subjected to several mutagenization treatments (a single treatment should be understood one mutagenization step followed by a screening/selection step), but it is presently preferred that no more than 20, or no more than 10, or no more than 5, treatments (or screening/selection steps) are carried out. In a presently preferred mutant, less that 5%, or less than 1% or even less than 0.1% of the nucleotides in the bacterial genome have been shifted with another nucleotide, or deleted, compared to the mother strain. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising”, “having”, “including” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Implementation and Aspects of the Invention 
     The present inventors have screened among 200 candidates of  Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei  and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  to find the most efficient single or two-strain combinations against a wide range of microorganisms, such as yeasts and molds. 
     Screenings were carried out in a model assay mimicking mesophilic fermented milk products as much as possible in milk-based media to which a relevant starter culture was added with or without bioprotective candidates and which was fermented under conditions relevant to mesophilic fermented milk products. Target organisms were isolated from mesophilic fermented milk products. Both the purified lactic acid bacteria from the HOLDBAC™ cultures from Danisco A/S, Denmark, as well as the complete HOLDBAC™ YM-B and HOLDBAC™ YM-C cultures containing both the lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid bacteria were used as bench mark. 
     The model assay is described in European Patent Application no. EP11161609.0. 
     Seventeen candidates among  Lactobacillus paracasei  and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  were found generally to inhibit the 12 indicator fungi as well or better than the bench mark lactic acid bacteria when tested at 25° C. 
     When tested on yoghurt one strain of  Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 that was deposited with the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) under accession no. DSM 25612, showed to be significantly better at inhibiting yeasts and molds than commercially available bioprotective cultures. 
     The inhibiting effect of the strain against the yeasts and molds could be determined by storing the fermented milk products at a suitable temperature during a suitable storage time as described in the Examples below. 
     In general, the suitable temperature at which this method should be performed depends on the temperature at which the specific food, feed or pharmaceutical product is normally stored and/or manufactured. The temperature at which the products are usually stored are between 5° C. and 26° C., preferably the temperature is about 8° C. 
     The storage time at the temperature depends on the time during which the food, feed, or pharmaceutical product is normally stored (shelf life). The storage time usually is 5-65, preferably 7-60 days, more preferably 7-28 days, and even more preferably the storage time is about 21 days, and more preferably up to 60 days or more. 
     Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention relates to a  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain selected from the group consisting of the  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 that was deposited with the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) under accession No. DSM 25612, and mutant strains derived thereof. 
     Thus, apart from the deposited strain mentioned above, the invention also pertains to mutants that have been derived from this strain, i.e. they have been obtained by using the deposited strain CHCC14676 as a starting material. The mutant strain may be derived from the deposited strain, e.g., by means of genetic engineering, radiation, UV light, chemical treatment and/or methods that induce changes in the genome. A mutant according to the invention will inhibit and/or prevent the growth of certain bacteria or fungi, preferably molds. It is preferred that the mutant has essentially at least 80% or more, at least 90% or more, at least 95% or more, or even up to 100% or more of the antifungal effect compared with its mother strain when determined, e.g., in an assay as described in Example 1 using one of the molds  P. brevicompactum, P. commune, A. versicolor, D. hansenil  or  P. glabum  as a reference organism the growth of which is to be inhibited. 
     It is clear for the skilled person that by using the deposited strain as starting material, the skilled reader can by conventional mutagenesis or re-isolation techniques routinely obtain further mutants or derivatives thereof that retain the herein described relevant features and advantages. Accordingly, the term “mutant strains derived thereof” of the first aspect relates to mutant strains obtained by using the deposited strain as starting material. 
     A second aspect relates to an antifungal composition comprising at least one  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the first aspect of the invention, preferably  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676. 
     When testing  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 in combination with different  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strains, it was unexpectedly found that these combinations were even better than either of the strains alone even when the total concentrations of cells were identical. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC14226. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC12697. These combinations seemed to be more efficient than the bench mark cultures HOLDBAC™ YM-B and HOLDBAC™ YM-C from Danisco, Denmark. 
     Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment the present invention relates to antimicrobial and more preferably antifungal compositions comprising  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 that was deposited with the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) under accession No. DSM25612 or a mutant derived thereof and at least one  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain. Preferably, the at least one  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain is selected from the group consisting of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC12697 with accession no. DSM24616,  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC14226 with accession no. DSM24652,  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 with accession no. DSM23035, and mutant strains derived from these deposited strains. 
     In one aspect the invention thus provides an antimicrobial and more preferably antifungal composition comprising  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or a mutant derived thereof and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC14226 or a mutant derived thereof. In another aspect, the invention provides an antimicrobial and more preferably antifungal composition comprising at least  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or a mutant derived thereof and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 or a mutant derived thereof. In still another aspect, the invention provides an antimicrobial and more preferably antifungal composition comprising at least  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or a mutant derived thereof and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC12697 or a mutant derived thereof. Preferably, the combination of the  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain and the  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain in the compositions of the invention act synergistically in terms of their antimicrobial and/or antifungal activity. 
     The antifungal composition typically comprises the bacteria in a concentrated form including frozen, dried or freeze-dried concentrates typically having a concentration of viable cells, which is in the range of 10 4  to 10 12  cfu (colony forming units) per gram of the composition including at least 10 4  cfu per gram of the composition, such as at least 10 5  cfu/g, e. g. at least 10 6  cfu/g, such as at least 10 2  cfu/g, e.g. at least 10 8  cfu/g, such as at least 10 9  cfu/g, e.g. at least 10 10  cfu/g, such as at least 10 11  cfu/g. Thus, the composition of the invention is preferably present in a frozen, dried or freeze-dried form, e.g. as a Direct Vat Set (DVS) culture. However, as used herein the composition may also be a liquid that is obtained after suspension of the frozen, dried or freeze-dried cell concentrates in a liquid medium such as water or PBS buffer. Where the composition of the invention is a suspension, the concentration of viable cells is in the range of 10 4  to 10 12  cfu (colony forming units) per ml of the composition including at least 10 4  cfu per ml of the composition, such as at least 10 5  cfu/ml, e.g. at least 10 6  cfu/ml, such as at least 10 7  cfu/ml, e.g. at least 10 8  cfu/ml, such as at least 10 9  cfu/ml, e.g. at least 10 10  cfu/ml, such as at least 10 11  cfu/ml. 
     The composition may as further components contain cryoprotectants and/or conventional additives including nutrients such as yeast extracts, sugars and vitamins, e.g. vitamin A, C, D, K or vitamins of the vitamin B family. Suitable cryoprotectants that may be added to the compositions of the invention are components that improve the cold tolerance of the microorganisms, such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium tripolyphosphate, xylitol, glycerol, raffinose, maltodextrin, erythritol, threitol, trehalose, glucose and fructose. Other additives may include, e.g., carbohydrates, flavors, minerals, enzymes (e.g. rennet, lactase and/or phospholipase). 
     In compositions of the invention which comprise a  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 and a  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain, the ratio between the  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 and the  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain, e.g. the ratio of the concentration or number of  Lactobacillus paracasei  bacteria and the concentration or number of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  bacteria, preferably amounts from 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:10 to 10:1. 
     The antifungal composition of the present invention may be used in connection with any food, feed and pharmaceutical product which is susceptible to microbial degradation and/or contamination with yeasts and molds. These include, but are not limited to fruits and vegetables including derived products, grain and grain derived products, dairy products, meat, poultry, and seafood. In particularly preferred embodiments, the composition is used in connection with dairy product and/or meat and poultry. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention are for use as an additive in the preparation of dairy products, such as yoghurt, tvarog, sour cream, cream cheese, white brine cheese, and the like. 
     In a preferred embodiment the compositions of the invention are used against fungi, such as yeasts and molds. This means that the compositions are used for inhibiting and/or preventing the growth of fungi which cause contamination in dairy industry processes, in particular milk fermentation processes. The compositions of the present invention can be used, e.g., for inhibiting and/or preventing the growth of yeasts, such as yeasts of the genera  Klyveromyces  (e.g.,  K marxianus, K lactis ),  Pichia  (e.g.,  P. fermentans ),  Yarrowia  (e.g.,  Y. lipolytica ),  Candida  (e.g.,  C. sake ), and the like; or molds, such as molds from the genera  Penicillium  (e.g.,  P. nalgiovense, P. commune, P. crustosum, P. brevicompactum, P. glabrum ),  Mucor  spp.,  Cladiosporium  ssp.,  Aspergillus  (e.g.,  A. versicolor ),  Debaryomyces  (e.g.,  O. hansenii ), and the like. It is especially preferred to use the compositions of the invention to inhibit and/or prevent growth of the species  Klyveromyces marxianus, Yarrowia lipolytica, Penicillium nalgiovense, Cladiosporium  ssp.,  Penicillium commune, Mucor  ssp.,  Penicillium brevicompactum, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium crustosum, Kluyveromyces lactis , and/or  Debaryomyces hansenii.    
     The antifungal composition according to the second aspect of the present invention may also be used as a pharmaceutical product, preferably one for treating infections with pathogenic fungi, such as pathogenic yeasts. 
     In a third aspect, the present invention is directed to a food, feed or pharmaceutical product comprising a  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the first aspect of the invention or an antifungal composition according to the second aspect of the invention. 
     In a preferred embodiment the food, feed or pharmaceutical product is a food product. 
     In a more preferred embodiment such a food product is selected from the group consisting of fruits and fruit derived products, vegetable and vegetable derived products, grain and grain derived products, dairy products, meat, poultry and seafood and mixtures thereof. 
     In an even more preferred embodiment the food product is a dairy product, preferably a mesophilic or a thermophilic fermented milk product, such as fresh cheese, a yoghurt, a sour cream or tvarog. 
     In another preferred embodiment the food product is meat or poultry. 
     In a preferred embodiment the food, feed or pharmaceutical product is a pharmaceutical product. 
     Preferably, the pharmaceutical product is a product useful for administration of the antifungal composition according to a second aspect of the present invention to a human or an animal to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and alleviating symptoms related to the pathogenic microorganisms. Examples of such symptoms include symptoms related to yeast infection. In such an embodiment, the pharmaceutical product may be a unit dosage form comprising the antifungal composition. Preferably, the unit dosage form is a capsule or a tablet. However, the unit dosage form may also be suitable for application to the mucosa or skin and, thus, be in the form of a paste, cream, ointment and the like. 
     A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a food, feed or pharmaceutical product according to the third aspect of the present invention comprising adding at least one  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the first aspect or an antifungal composition according to the second aspect of the invention during the manufacture of the food, feed, or pharmaceutical product. Preferably, the method also comprises the step of controlling the manufacturing parameters during the manufacturing such that the concentration of the at least one  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain remains constant or is increased. 
     In a preferred embodiment the concentration of the at least one strain of  Lactobacillus paracasei  is at least 1×10 6  cfu/g or each at least 1×10 6  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 1×10 5  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product. Preferably, the concentration of the at least one strain of  Lactobacillus paracasei  is at least 5×10 6  cfu/g or each at least 5×10 6  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 5×10 5  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, such as at least 1×10 7  cfu/g or each at least 1×10 7  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 1×10 6  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, such as at least 5×10 7  cfu/g or each at least 5×10 7  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 5×10 6  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product. 
     Where the food, feed or pharmaceutical product is manufactured by addition of a composition comprising  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or a mutant derived thereof and at least one strain of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus , the concentration of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or the mutant derived thereof and/or the concentration of the at least one strain of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  is each at least 1×10 6  cfu/g or each at least 1×10 6  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 1×10 5  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product. Preferably, the concentration of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or the mutant derived thereof and/or the concentration of the at least one strain of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  is each at least 5×10 6  cfu/g or each at least 5×10 6  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 5×10 5  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product. In a further embodiment, the concentration of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 or the mutant derived thereof and/or the concentration of the at least one strain of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  is each at least 1×10 8  cfu/g or each at least 1×10 8  cfu/ml of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product, or each at least 1×10 7  cfu/cm 2  of the surface of the food, feed or pharmaceutical product. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the manufacturing parameters are controlled during the manufacturing such that the concentration of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 (or the mutant derived thereof) and the at least one strain of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  increases or remains constant. 
     An antifungal composition according to the present invention is most readily used by mixing with and/or applying on a blendable food, feed or pharmaceutical product, but should also be effective to treat the surface of solid food products, or the interior of such products, e.g. by injection. In still other embodiments, the composition may be applied as a marinade, breading, seasoning rub, glaze, colorant mixture, and the like, the key criteria being that the antifungal composition be available to the surface subject to bacterial degradation and contamination with yeasts and molds. In still other embodiments, the composition may be indirectly placed into contact with the food surface by applying the composition to food packaging and thereafter applying the packaging to the food surface. The optimum amount to be used will depend on the composition of the particular food product to be treated and the method used for applying the composition to the food surface, but can be determined by simple experimentation. 
     In a much preferred embodiment the method comprises one or more fermentation steps and the at least one  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain or the antifungal composition may be added to the food, feed or pharmaceutical product prior to, during or after such one or more fermentation steps. 
     Preferably, the method comprises the fermentation of a substrate, such as a milk substrate, in the presence of at least one  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the invention for a period of time sufficient for the appearance of antifungal activity of the at least one  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the invention. This antifungal activity has the effect of inhibiting the development of yeasts and/or molds in the product fermented with the at least one strain. 
     In an even more preferred embodiment the method comprises fermenting a milk substrate with a starter culture comprising at least one strain of the genera selected from  Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus  and  Leuconostoc , such as at least one strain of  Lactobacillus bulgaricus  and at least one strain of  Streptococcus thermophilus  or such as at least one strain of  Lactococcus lactis  subsp.  lactis , at least one strain of  Leuconostoc mesenteroides  subsp.  cremoris  and at least one strain of  Lactococcus lactis  subsp.  diacetylactis.    
     The fifth aspect of the invention relates to a food product obtainable by the method according the fourth aspect of the invention. 
     The sixth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of a  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the first aspect or an antifungal composition according to the second aspect for preparing a food, feed or pharmaceutical product. Preferably, the food product produced by use of the  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according to the first aspect or the antifungal composition according to the second aspect is a cheese, such as a Cottage, Feta, Cheddar, Parmesan, Mozzarella, Emmentaler, Danbo, Gouda, Edam, Feta-type, blue cheese, brine cheese, Camembert or Brie. 
     The last aspect of the invention relates to use of a  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain according the first aspect or an antifungal composition according to the second aspect for inhibiting the growth of yeasts and molds, in particular in food and feed products. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way of non-limiting examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: Challenge Study on Yoghurt with  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 on the different molds,  P. brevicompactum, P. commune, A. versicolor  and  P. glabrum , yoghurt with 1.5% fat was prepared: 
     Homogenized milk (1.5% fat) was heat-treated 95° C.±1° C. for 5 min. in 1 L bottles in a water bath and cooled immediately. A commercial starter culture (F-DVS YF-L901 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) was inoculated at 0.02%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (20 DCU/100 L) or  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (1×10 7  CFU/ml) and one bottle was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 43° C.±1° C. until pH of 4.60±0.1 was reached. The resulting yoghurt was poured into cups (100 g) and stored at 7° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of yoghurt different molds were inoculated as surface contaminants in duplicate cups of yoghurt with one spot on the surface of the yoghurt with a target of 100 spores/spot. Growth of the molds were assessed visually after storage for 45 days at 7° C.±1° C. 
     The result of the yoghurt test is presented in  FIG. 1 , showing that  P. brevicompactum  (M1),  P. commune  (M6),  A. versicolor  (M7) and  P. glabrum  (M8), grow well on yoghurt made from milk fermented only with the starter culture YF-L901 (top row) or with the starter culture and the HOLDBAC™ YM-B culture (middle row). In contrast, when  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 was present during milk fermentation (bottom row) the growth of all tested molds was inhibited. 
     Example 2: Quantitative Determinations of the Inhibitory Effect of  Lactobacillus paracasei CHCC 14676 Against  Debaryomyces hansenii    
     For a quantitative examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 on  D. hansenii , yoghurt was prepared: 
     Homogenized milk (1.5% fat) was heat-treated 95° C.±1° C. for 5 min. in 1 L bottles in a water bath and cooled immediately. A commercial starter culture (F-DVS YF-L901 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) was inoculated at 0.02%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (20 DCU/100 L), HOLDBAC™ YM-C (10 DCU/100 L) or  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (1×10 7  CFU/g) and one bottle was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 43° C.±1° C. until pH of 4.60±0.1 was reached. The resulting yoghurt was poured into cups (100 g) and stored at 7° C.±1° C. 
     The day after preparing the yoghurt, the cups were Inoculated in duplicate with 1.00 ml/cup of yeast at a target of 20 CFU/g. The yeast was equally dispersed in the yoghurt. The cups were stored under lid at 7° C.±1° C. and analyzed at suitable intervals for the  D. hansenii  contamination level by plating 1 ml of yoghurt and further appropriate 1-fold dilutions made in saline peptone on Yeast Glucose Chloramphenicol (YGC) agar followed by aerobic incubation for 5 days at 25° C. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , growth of  D. hansenii  was inhibited in the presence of  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 when inoculated together with the starter culture YF-L901 before fermentation. The strain caused significantly higher inhibition than the commercial cultures, HOLDBAC™ YM-B and HOLDBAC™ YM-C. 
     Example 3: Semi-Quantitative Determinations of the Inhibitory Effect of  Lb. Paracasei CHCC 14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 Alone and in Combination Against Different Mold Contaminants 
     For the semi-quantitative examinations of  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 alone and in combination, an agar-assay was used, resembling the manufacturing process and product of yoghurt: 
     Homogenized milk (1.5% fat w/v) was heat-treated at 95° C. for five minutes and cooled immediately. A commercial starter culture (F-DVS YC-350 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) was inoculated at 0.02%, and the milk was distributed to 220 ml bottles. The bottles were further inoculated with  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 , Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and a combination of the two strains, respectively, in total concentrations of 1×10 7  CFU/ml. One bottle without further inoculation than starter culture. was used as reference. Furthermore, 5% of a pH-indicator of bromcresol purple and bromcresol green was added to all bottles to get an indication of the speed of acidification, and to obtain a blue/green color of the media which would make subsequent growth of target yeasts and molds more easily detectable. All bottles were incubated in a water bath at 43±1° C. and fermented at these conditions until pH of 4.60±0.1 was reached. After fermentation, the bottles were immediately cooled on ice and vigorously shaken to break the coagulum. Then the fermented milk was warmed to a temperature of 40° C. and added to 40 ml of a 5% sterile agar solution that had been melted and cooled down to 60° C. This solution was then poured into sterile Petri dishes and the plates were dried in a LAF bench for 30 min. 
     Fully outgrown spore suspensions in appropriate dilutions of the selected molds  Penicillium nalgiovense  (10×),  Penicillium commune  (100×),  Aspergillus versicolor  (100×) and  Penicillium crustosum  (100×) were spotted on the plates. The plates were incubated at 7° C. and examined for the growth of mold at suitable, regular intervals. 
     Results of the agar-assay are presented in  FIG. 3 , showing that all of the tested molds grew very well on the agar plates from milk fermented only with the starter culture (reference). However, when  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 or  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 were present during milk fermentation, the resulting plates strongly reduced growth of all molds. Furthermore, when  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC5366 were present in combination during milk fermentation, an even stronger inhibition was observed, in particular for  Penicillium commune, Aspergillus versicolor  and  Penicillium crustosum  spotted on the plates. 
     Example 4: Semi-Quantitative Determinations of the Inhibitory Effect of  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 Alone and in Combination Against Different Mold Contaminants 
     For the semi-quantitative examinations of  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 alone and in combination, an agar-assay was used, resembling the manufacturing process and product of yoghurt: 
     Homogenized milk (1.5% fat w/v) was heat-treated at 95° C. for five minutes and cooled immediately. A commercial starter culture (F-DVS Yoflex® Mild obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) was inoculated at 0.02%, and the milk was distributed to 220 ml bottles. The bottles were further inoculated with  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 , Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 and a combination of the two strains, respectively, in total concentrations of 1×10 7  CFU/ml. One bottle without further inoculation than starter culture was used as reference. Furthermore, 5% of a pH-indicator of bromcresol purple and bromcresol green was added to all bottles to get an indication of the speed of acidification, and to obtain a blue/green color of the media which would make subsequent growth of target yeasts and molds more easily detectable. All bottles were incubated in a water bath at 43±1° C. and fermented at these conditions until pH of 4.60±0.1 was reached. After fermentation, the bottles were immediately cooled on ice and vigorously shaken to break the coagulum. Then the fermented milk was warmed to a temperature of 40° C. and added to 40 ml of a 5% sterile agar solution that had been melted and cooled down to 60° C. This solution was then poured into sterile Petri dishes and the plates were dried in a LAF bench for 30 min. 
     Fully outgrown spore suspensions in appropriate dilutions of the selected molds  Penicillium nalgiovense  (10×),  Penicillium commune  (100×),  Aspergillus versicolor  (100×) and  Penicillium crustosum  (100×) were spotted on the plates. The plates were incubated at 7° C. and examined for the growth of mold at suitable, regular intervals. 
     Results of the agar-assay are presented in  FIG. 4 , showing that all of the tested molds grew very well on the agar plates from milk fermented only with the starter culture (reference). However, when  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 or  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 were present during milk fermentation, the resulting plates strongly reduced growth of all molds. Furthermore, when  Lb. paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lb. rhamnosus  CHCC14226 were present in combination during milk fermentation, an even stronger inhibition was observed for  Penicillium commune, Aspergillus versicolor  and  Penicillium crustosum  spotted on the plates. 
     Example 5: Challenge Study on Greek Yoghurt with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in Combination 
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in combination on  Mucor  ssp. Greek yoghurt was prepared substantially as follows: 
     Pasteurized 1.5% fat milk was inoculated with a commercial starter culture (F-DVS YF-L901 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) at 0.02%. One batch only inoculated with starter culture was used as a reference. Another batch was further inoculated with a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 (5×10 6  CFU/g) and  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 (5×10 6  CFU/g). 
     The milk was fermented at 43° C.±1° C. to a final pH of 4.55 (6-7 hours). Subsequently, the yoghurt was cooled to 25° C.±1° C. with a back pressure of 2 bars and stored at 6° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of the yoghurt,  Mucor  ssp. was inoculated as surface contaminant in duplicate cups of yoghurt by applying one spot on the surface of the yoghurt with a target inoculation concentration of 100 spores/spot. The growth of the mold was assessed visually after storage for 15 days at 22° C.±1° C. 
     The results of the Greek yoghurt test are presented in  FIG. 5 , showing that  Mucor  ssp. grows well on the yoghurt made from milk fermented only with the starter culture (left cup). In contrast, when  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 were present during milk fermentation (right cup) the growth of  Mucor  ssp. was inhibited. 
     Example 6: Second Challenge Study on Greek Yoghurt with a Combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of the combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 on the black bread mold  Rhizopus stolonifer  the Greek yoghurt was prepared substantially as follows: 
     Pasteurized 1.5% fat milk was inoculated with a commercial starter culture (F-DVS YF-L901 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) at 0.02%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (10 DCU/100 l), with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 (1×10 7  CFU/g), or with a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 (5×10 6  CFU/g) and  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 (5×10 6  CFU/g). One batch was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 43° C.±1° C. to a final pH of 4.55 (6-7 hours). Subsequently, the yoghurt was cooled to 25° C.±1° C. with a back pressure of 2 bars and stored at 6° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of the yoghurt,  Rhizopus stolonifer  was inoculated as a surface contaminant in duplicate cups of yoghurt by applying one spot on the surface of the yoghurt with a target contamination of 100 spores/spot. Growth of the mold was assessed visually after storage for 42 days at 7° C.±1° C. 
     The result of the Greek yoghurt test is presented in  FIG. 6 , showing that  Rhizopus stolonifer  grows well on the yoghurt made from milk fermented only with the starter culture (“R”, i.e. reference) or with the starter culture and the HOLDBAC™ YM-B culture (YM-B). However, when  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5366) was present, the growth of  Rhizopus stolonifer  was inhibited significantly. When  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 were both present during milk fermentation (5366+14676) the growth of  Rhizopus stolonifer  was inhibited almost completely. 
     Example 7: Challenge Study on Sour Cream with  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 in Combination 
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 on the growth of different molds, sour cream was prepared substantially as follows: 
     Pasteurized high fat milk was inoculated with a heterofermentative commercial starter culture (F-DVS DSG-2000 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) at 0.01%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (10 DCU/100 L) or with a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (2.5×10 6  CFU/g) and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 (2.5×10 6  CFU/g). One batch was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 28° C.±1° C. until a pH of 4.60±0.05 was reached and the sour cream was post treated. The sour cream was stirred and cooled to 20° C.±1° C. and stored at 7° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of the sour cream, different molds were inoculated as surface contaminants in duplicate cups of sour cream by applying one spot on the surface of the sour cream with a target concentration of 100 spores/spot. The growth of the molds was assessed visually after storage for 61 days at 7° C.±1° C. 
     The result of the sour cream test is presented in  FIG. 7  showing that  Penicillium brevicompactum  (M1),  Penicillium commune  (M6),  Aspergillus versicolor  (M7) and  Penicillium glabrum  (M8) grow well on the sour cream made from milk fermented only with starter culture (top row) or with the starter culture and the HOLDBAC™ YM-B culture (middle row). In contrast when  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 were present during the fermentation of the milk (bottom row) the growth of all tested molds was inhibited. 
     Example 8: Quantitative Determinations of the Inhibitory Effect of a Combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 Against  Debaryomyces hansenii  in Sour Cream 
     For a quantitative examination of the inhibitory effect of a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 against  Debaryomyces hansenii  a sour cream was prepared substantially as follows: 
     Pasteurized high fat milk was inoculated with a heterofermentative commercial starter culture (F-DVS DSG-2000 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) at 0.01%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (10 DCU/100 L) or with a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (2.5×10 6  CFU/g) and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 (2.5×10 6  CFU/g). One batch was used as a reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 28° C.±1° C. until a pH of 4.60±0.05 was reached and the sour cream was post treated. The sour cream was stirred and cooled to 20° C.±1° C. and stored at 7° C.±1° C. 
     The day after preparing the sour cream, the cups were inoculated in duplicate with 1.00 ml/cup of yeast at a target of 20 CFU/g. The yeast was equally dispersed in the sour cream. The cups were stored under lid at 7° C.±1° C. and analysed at suitable intervals for the  D. hansenii  contamination level by plating 1 ml of sour cream and further appropriate 1-fold dilutions made in saline peptone of Yeast Glucose Chloramphenicol (YGC) agar followed by aerobic incubation for 5 days at 25° C. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , growth of  D. hansenii  was inhibited in the presence of a combination of  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 and  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC12697 when inoculated together with the starter culture DSG-2000 before fermentation. The strains caused significantly higher inhibition than the commercial culture, HOLDBAC™ YM-B. 
     Example 9: Challenge Study on White Brine Cheese with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in Combination 
     For the quantitative examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in combination against  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , white brine cheese was prepared: 
     Pasteurized and standardised milk was inoculated with a commercial starter culture (FD-DVS SafeIT-1 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) at 40 U per 1000 l milk. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (10 DCU/100 l) or with a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 (5×10 6  CFU/g) and  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 (5×10 6  CFU/g). One batch was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. The milk was rennet-treated at 36° C.±1° C. using Chy-Max plus (obtained from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) with 220 ml per 1000 l for 90 min. before cutting. At pH 6.0 the curd was pumped to the molds and left for drainage to a final pH of 4.8-4.7 (20-24 hours). The cheeses were added into tins with cold brine (8%) and stored at 5° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of the white brine cheese, the tins were inoculated in duplicate with yeast at a target of 20 CFU/ml. The yeast was equally dispersed in the brine. The cups were stored under lid at 7° C.±1° C. for up to 40 days and 10 g were analysed at suitable intervals for the  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  contamination level by plating appropriate 1-fold dilutions made in saline peptone on Yeast Glucose Chloramphenicol (YGC) agar followed by aerobic incubation for 5 days at 25° C. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , growth of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  was inhibited in the presence of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in combination when inoculated together with the starter culture SafeIT-1. The strains caused significantly higher inhibition than the commercially available culture, HOLDBAC™ YM-B. 
     Example 10: Second Challenge Study on White Brine Cheese with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in Combination 
     For the quantitative examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in combination against  Kluyveromyces marxianus , white brine cheese was prepared as described in example 1, with the exception that the tins were inoculated with  Kluyveromyces marxianus  as yeast contaminant. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , growth of  Kluyveromyces marxianus  was inhibited in the presence of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in combination when inoculated together with the starter culture SafeIT-1. The strains caused significantly higher inhibition than the commercially available culture HOLDBAC™ YM-B. 
     Example 11: Third Challenge Study on White Brine Cheese with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in Combination 
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 in combination against  P. commune , white brine cheese was prepared as described in example 1. 
     7 days after preparation of the white brine cheese, the cheese was removed from the brine and  P. commune  was inoculated as surface contaminant on duplicate cheeses with three spots on the surface of the cheese with a target of 100 spores/spot. Growth of two different  P. commune  isolates were assessed visually after storage for 12 days at 7° C.±1° C. and, subsequently, 16 days at 12° C.±1° C. 
     The results of the white brine test are presented in  FIG. 11 , showing that the two  P. commune  isolates grow-well on the white brine cheese made from milk inoculated only with the starter culture (left). In contrast, when  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 were present during cheese production (right) the growth of  P. commune  was strongly inhibited. 
     Example 12: Challenge Study on Yoghurt with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and CHCC14676 Against  Penicillium paneum    
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 alone or in combination with  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 on the mold  P. paneum , yoghurt with 1.5% fat was prepared: 
     Homogenized milk (1.5% fat) was heat-treated 95° C.±1° C. for 5 min. in 1 L bottles in a water bath and cooled immediately. A commercial starter culture (F-DVS YF-L901 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) was inoculated at 0.02%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (20 DCU/100 L), with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (1×10 7  CFU/ml) alone, or with a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5×10 6  CFU/ml) and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (5×10 6  CFU/ml). One bottle was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 43° C.±1° C. until pH of 4.60±0.1 was reached. The resulting yoghurt was poured into cups (100 g) and stored at 7° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of yoghurt different molds were inoculated as surface contaminants in duplicate cups of yoghurt with one spot on the surface of the yoghurt with a target of 100 spores/spot. Growth of the molds were assessed visually after storage for 28 days at 7° C.±1° C. 
     The result of the yoghurt test is presented in  FIG. 12 , showing that  P. paneum  grows well on yoghurt made from milk fermented only with the starter culture YF-L901 or with the starter culture and the HOLDBAC™ YM-B culture. In contrast, when  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 was present during milk fermentation the growth of  P. paneum  was strongly reduced, and the combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 caused even stronger growth inhibition of P, paneum. 
     Example 13: Challenge Study on Yoghurt with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and CHCC14676 at Different Storage Temperatures 
     For the visual examination of the inhibitory effect of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 alone or in combination with  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 on the mold  P. crustosum  at different storage temperatures, yoghurt with 1.5% fat was prepared: 
     Homogenized milk (1.5% fat) was heat-treated 95° C.±1° C. for 5 min. in 1 L bottles in a water bath and cooled immediately. A commercial starter culture (F-DVS YF-L901 obtainable from Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark) was inoculated at 0.02%. The milk was further inoculated with HOLDBAC™ YM-B (20 DCU/100 L), with  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (1×10 7  CFU/ml) alone, or with a combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 (5×10 6  CFU/ml) and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 (5×10 6  CFU/ml). One bottle was used as reference and only inoculated with starter culture. 
     The milk was fermented at 43° C.±1° C. until pH of 4.60±0.1 was reached. The resulting yoghurt was poured into cups (100 g) and stored at 7° C.±1° C. 
     One day after preparation of yoghurt  Penicillium crustosum  was inoculated as surface contaminant in duplicate cups of yoghurt with one spot on the surface of the yoghurt with a target of 100 spores/spot. Growth of the molds were assessed visually after storage for 36 days at 7° C.±1° C., 12° C.±1° C. or 22° C.±1° C. 
     The result of the yoghurt test is presented in  FIG. 13 , showing that  P. crustosum  grows well on yoghurt made from milk fermented only with the starter culture YF-L901 or with the starter culture and the HOLDBAC™ YM-B culture at all storage temperatures. In contrast, when  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 alone or in combination with  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676 was present during milk fermentation, growth of  P. crustosum  was completely prevented upon storage both at 7° C.±1° C. and 12° C.±1° C. for 36 days. Upon storage at 22° C.±1° C. growth of  P. crustosum  was strongly reduced in the presence of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and even stronger in the presence of the combination of  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  CHCC5366 and  Lactobacillus paracasei  CHCC14676. 
     DEPOSITS AND EXPERT SOLUTION 
     The applicant requests that a sample of the deposited micro-organisms stated below may only be made available to an expert, until the date on which the patent is granted. 
     The  Lactobacillus paracasei  strain CHCC14676 was deposited 2012-02-02 at German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH; DSMZ), Inhoffenstr. 7B,  D -38124 Braunschweig and given the accession No.: DSM25612. 
     The  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC5366 was deposited 2009-10-14 at German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH; DSMZ), Inhoffenstr. 7B,  D -38124 Braunschweig and given the accession No.: DSM23035. 
     The  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC12697 was deposited 2011-03-01 at German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH; DSMZ), Inhoffenstr. 7B,  D -38124 Braunschweig and given the accession No.: DSM24616. 
     The  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain CHCC14226 was deposited 2011-03-15 at German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH; DSMZ), Inhoffenstr. 7B,  D -38124 Braunschweig and given the accession No.: DSM24652. 
     The deposit was made according to the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         US2011/0045134 
         EP1442113 
         EP11161609.0 
         Kosikowski, F. V. and Mistry, V. V., “Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods”, 1997, 3rd Ed. F. V. Kosikowski, L.L.C. Westport, Conn.