Patent Publication Number: US-2022215487-A1

Title: Systems, apparatus and methods for managing demand-response programs and events

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 16/551,008, filed Aug. 26, 2019, and entitled SYSTEMS, APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR MANAGING DEMAND-RESPONSE PROGRAMS AND EVENTS, which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 16/551,008 is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 15/458,646, filed Mar. 14, 2017, and entitled SYSTEMS, APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR MANAGING DEMAND-RESPONSE PROGRAMS AND EVENTS, which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 15/458,646 is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 13/842,213, filed Mar. 15, 2013 and entitled SYSTEMS, APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR MANAGING DEMAND-RESPONSE PROGRAMS AND EVENTS, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This patent specification relates to systems, apparatus, methods, and related computer program products for managing demand-response programs and events. More particularly, this patent specification relates to techniques for shifting energy consumption from a window of time during which the cost energy is relatively high to one or more windows of time during which the cost of energy is relatively low. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Utility companies face ongoing challenges with consistently satisfying the demand for electricity. Facilities for generating electricity are typically well-suited for supplying constant amounts of electricity. However, consumers&#39; demand for electricity is often quite the opposite in that the aggregate electricity demand varies significantly over the course of the delay. The daily variance results in one or more ‘peak’ demand times or periods in which demand on the utility company is greatest, and ‘non-peak’ demand times or periods in which demand on the utility company is reduced. 
     The variance in demand over the course of a day may be impacted by a number of factors such as weather and living patterns. For example, during the summertime, demand generally tends to increase as the outside temperature increases to levels considered uncomfortable as consumers increase their usage of high consumption appliances such as air conditioning systems. Demand also generally tends to vary based on work habits, where demand peaks when people leave for work and again when people return from work. During some points in the year, such as during extremely hot days, demand may reach extreme peaks. 
     Utility companies have a variety of options for dealing with the variable demand for energy. They may, for example, increase their ability to satisfy higher peak demands by building additional power plants. However, the costs of doing so are often prohibitive and building such plants is often inefficient as the added capacity is used for only short durations throughout the year. They may buy additional capacity from other utility company&#39;s or energy providers, but doing so is also costly as such company&#39;s may charge a premium and the energy transfer from those other companies is often less efficient. Instead of increasing supply, utility companies may also address peak demands by reducing the demand via load shedding. 
     Load shedding is a technique in which the utility company reduces the amount of energy demanded by its consumers during a period of peak demand. A variety of load shedding techniques are in use today, most of which are based on the utility company directly controlling the cooling systems of its consumers. During such peak demand periods the utility company controls the cooling systems to reduce their energy demand. Such events, which most often take place on very hot days in the mid-to-late afternoon and have a duration in the general range of two to six hours, are referenced in the literature by a variety of different names such as load shedding events, load shifting events, and demand response events. The goal of the utility company in carrying out such events is not necessarily to reduce the total amount of energy consumed over the whole day, but rather to reduce the peak demand during that particular two-to-six hour interval, i.e., during the load shedding interval or demand-response interval. Typically, the end result is that the energy that would have been consumed during the load shedding interval is instead consumed in the hours subsequent to the load shedding interval, as the cooling systems of the participating homes work to regain their cooler normal setpoint temperature. Such control, of course, often creates an inconvenience to the consumers who sign up to participate in such a ‘demand response program’ as their cooling system may not cool their residence as expected. However, in return for this inconvenience the consumer is often granted certain benefits, such as more favorable rates for energy consumed outside of the peak demand period. 
     One common load shedding technique, often referred to as direct load control, involves the periodic on-and-off cycling of power to the cooling system of each participating customer under the direct control of the utility during the load shedding period. In such a method, a remotely controllable switch is installed on the cooling system of each customer and is operable to disconnect power to the cooling system under the direct control of the utility company. The power to the cooling system may then be directly controlled by the utility company such that it is turned off for regular, fixed time intervals during a peak demand period. Consumers may express some degree of animosity towards such a technique, however, as direct load control results in a lack of control by the consumer of their cooling system, and often results in inside temperatures that are found to be uncomfortable by the consumer. Deficiencies in the communication link between the utility company and the switch can worsen the problem, with lost commands from the utility company to the switch to reconnect power to the cooling system resulting in the cooling system undesirably remaining in a disconnected state. Such problems have resulted in some consumers attempting to obviate the control on their cooling system while still attaining the benefits of participating in the demand response program by bypassing the remotely controlled switch. As a result, while such “cheaters” may acquire their desired individual cooling system control, the effectiveness of the overall demand response program can be undermined. 
     Another known load shedding technique involves remote control of the setpoint temperature of the thermostat of each participating customer by the utility, wherein the utility sends a common setback value to the thermostats of the participating customers. During the load shedding period, the participating thermostats will control the indoor temperature to a temperature setpoint value that is higher than the normally scheduled temperature setpoint value by the setback amount. This control by the utility company will typically result in an ambient temperature that is less comfortable than what the consumers would have otherwise experienced, but provides the benefit of both energy and cost savings. While providing the potential for increased comfort and acceptance over direct on/off cycling of the power to the cooling system by the utility, this technique can have disadvantages including lack of control by the consumer and the utility company&#39;s ability to set the setback value to any value the utility company deems suitable. Moreover, the use of a single setback value for all consumers fails to recognize differences in perceptions in comfort, differences in thermal characteristics of residences, differences in cooling capacities of the cooling systems, and other differences among the base of participating customers. 
     U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0053745 to Howard Ng discusses a system and method for establishing load control during a load shedding event. Specifically, Ng discusses a technique that allows a customer or utility to control a maximum temperature rise under a direct load control program. The customer may set a comfort range on their thermostat that indicates a range of temperatures from a desired temperature that the customer is comfortable with. During a load shedding event, in a hot weather example, a switch on a space conditioning load is activated so that the space conditioning load undergoes direct load control (i.e., fixed-width duty cycling). The space conditioning load undergoes direct load control until the indoor temperature exceeds the upper value of the comfort range, at which point control will be transferred from direct load control to temperature setback control. One or more issues arise in relation to each of the above-described load shedding methods that is at least partially addressed by one or more of the embodiments described herein. By way of example, although the above described methods of direct load control, temperature setback control, and direct load control followed by temperature setback control will generally result in some amount of reduced energy use during the load shedding event across the base of participating customers, such “one-size-fits-all” approaches to the customer base can result in substantial missed opportunities for more effective load shifting and reduced customer inconvenience. By way of example and not by way of limitation, such issues and/or missed opportunities can arise with respect to one or more of: predicting with greater certainty the impact of a particular load shedding strategy for certain groups or subgroups of participating customers; increasing the tolerability and acceptance of load shedding programs such that more customers will be willing to participate; optimizing the load shedding strategy for particular groups or subgroups of customers in a manner that (i) reduces the amount of customer discomfort per unit of shifted energy demand, and/or (ii) increases the amount of shifted energy demand per “unit” of customer discomfort for those groups or subgroups; more readily identifying the groups or subgroups of customers who would be the best candidates for participation in any particular load shedding event; and more readily assessing the effectiveness of preceding load shifting event strategies for particular groups or subgroups of customers such that future load shifting events are better optimized. Other issues arise as would be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Various techniques for managing demand-response programs and events are disclosed herein. The disclosed techniques include various methods for carrying out a demand response event via intelligent, network-connected devices. In one particular method, an intelligent, network-connected thermostat performs a number of operations. These operations include controlling the operation of a cooling system associated with a structure for a characterization period according to an HVAC schedule for the thermostat. They also include receiving, for the characterization period, information for determining a plurality of physical parameters associated with the structure that are at least partially determinative of a suitability of the structure for participation in a demand response event. The plurality of physical parameters may include a cooling capacity of the cooling system relative to a volume of the structure to be cooled by the cooling system, and a thermal retention characteristic of the structure. For one embodiment, these physical parameters are determined automatically and according to one or more sensor readings acquired during normal thermostat operation. The method further includes receiving at least one user input characterizing a user amenability to demand response load shifting, receiving a notification of a demand response event interval defined by the demand response event, receiving a weather forecast indicating a predicted temperature at the location of the structure for the duration of the demand response interval, and determining an occupancy probability profile for the demand response event interval. The method also includes jointly processing information derived from the HVAC schedule, the cooling capacity of the cooling system, the thermal retention characteristic, the user amenability to demand response load shifting, the weather forecast, and the occupancy probability profile to (a) determine whether the structure is qualified to participate in the demand response event, and (b) determine, if said structure is qualified to so participate, a demand response event implementation profile associated with participation in the demand response event. In the event that the structure is determined to be qualified to participate in the demand response event, the cooling system is controlled according to the demand response event implementation profile during the demand response event interval. 
     A method for encouraging an energy consumer associated with a structure to participate in a demand response event is also disclosed. The method includes accessing a pre-existing HVAC schedule indicating a plurality of setpoint temperatures, the pre-existing HVAC schedule being operative to facilitate control of an HVAC system associated with the structure in accordance with the setpoint temperatures. The method also includes one or more computer processors determining a demand-response implementation profile associated with a demand response event period defined by the demand response event. The demand-response implementation profile comprises a modified HVAC schedule incorporating one or more changes to the setpoint temperatures indicated by the pre-existing HVAC schedule over the demand response event period At least one physical parameter associated with the structure and that is at least partially determinative of an effectiveness of the structure in supporting a shift of energy consumption from one time interval to another time interval is determined. One or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely to be shifted from the demand response event period to another time period are calculated based on the pre-existing HVAC schedule, the demand-response implementation profile, and the at least one physical parameter associated with the structure. The one or more calculated metrics are then communicated to the energy consumer. 
     Disclosed is a method for carrying out demand response for a population of structures having environmental cooling systems controlled by a respective population of network-connected thermostats. The method includes enrolling a plurality of energy consumers to participate in a demand response program, each of the energy consumers being associated with one of the population of structures. The method also includes determining a demand response event profile defining at least one attribute of an upcoming demand response event included in the demand response program, the at least one attribute including one or more of a time at which the upcoming demand response event is to begin, a demand response event period, and a magnitude of the demand response event. The method further includes accessing, for each of the plurality of enrolled energy consumers, at least one qualification factor that is at least partially representative of their suitability for participation in the upcoming demand response event. The method further includes identifying a subset of the plurality of enrolled energy consumers to be offered participation in the upcoming demand response event, the subset being identified by processing the qualification factors in conjunction with said demand response event profile, and causing an offer to participate in the upcoming demand response event be transmitted to each of the identified subset of enrolled energy consumers. 
     In addition to various methods, embodiments are also directed to an intelligent, network-connected thermostat. The thermostat includes a user interface for displaying information to an energy consumer associated with a structure and receiving user inputs from the energy consumer, a connector for coupling the thermostat to a cooling system associated with the structure, a communications component for communicating with a remote server, a memory for storing a demand response event implementation profile that defines a plurality of setpoint temperatures distributed over a demand response event period of a demand response event, and a processor coupled to the user interface, the connector, the communications component, and the memory. The processor is operable to perform a number of operations. For example, the processor may control the cooling system to cool the structure in accordance with the setpoint temperatures defined by the demand response event implementation profile over the demand response event period, receive a requested change to one or more of the setpoint temperatures defined by the demand response event implementation profile, determine an impact on energy shifting that would result if the requested change is incorporated into the demand response event implementation profile, and communicate to the energy consumer information indicative of the impact on energy shifting that would result if the requested change is incorporated into the demand response event implementation profile. 
     In another embodiment, another intelligent, network-connected thermostat associated with an energy consumer is disclosed. The thermostat includes a housing defining a shape of the network-connected thermostat and including a cavity for receiving one or more components, a connector coupled to the housing for electrically connecting the thermostat to a cooling system associated with the structure, a communications component for communicating with a remote server, and a processor coupled to the communications component and the connector. The processor is operable to perform a number of operations. For example, the processor is operable to control the cooling system to cool a structure associated with the thermostat in accordance with a plurality of setpoint temperatures defined by a demand response event implementation profile over a demand response event period of a demand response event, monitor at least the electrical connection to the cooling system for tampering activity indicative of an attempt to obviate implementation of the demand response event implementation profile, and perform one or more responses in the event such tampering activity is detected as a result of monitoring at least the electrical connection to the cooling system. 
     For a more complete understanding of the nature and advantages of embodiments of the present invention, reference should be made to the ensuing detailed description and accompanying drawings. Other aspects, objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the drawings and detailed description that follows. However, the scope of the invention will be fully apparent from the recitations of the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a system for implementing demand-response programs and event management according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a smart home environment within which a portion of the system for implementing demand-response programs and event management may be implemented according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates an example of general device components which can be included in an intelligent, network-connected device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates an intelligent, network-connected device having a replaceable module and a docking station according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3C  illustrates connection ports and wire insertion sensing circuitry of an intelligent, network-connected device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a network-level view of an extensible devices and services platform with which a smart home environment and systems for implementing demand-response programs and event management can be integrated according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an abstracted functional view of the extensible devices and services platform of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a special-purpose computer system according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a process for implementing and managing a demand-response program according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a process for enrolling energy consumers in a demand-response program according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a process for facilitating enrollment of an energy consumer in a demand-response program via an electronic device associated with the energy consumer according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a process for generating one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an energy consumer if the energy consumer enrolls and participates in a demand-response program according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 11A through 11C  depict a graphical user interface of an intelligent, network-connected thermostat associated with an identified energy consumer receiving and responding to an enrollment request according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates process for analyzing a number of factors to determine whether an enrolled energy consumer is qualified for participation in a particular DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a process for identifying enrolled energy consumers to participate in a DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a process for managing the energy consumption of energy consumers identified for participation in a DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a process for managing a DR event based on a monitored aggregate energy shifting in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a process for generating a demand-response event implementation profile in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 17A  is an illustration of a DR event and related periods according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 17B  is an illustration of an energy consumers originally scheduled setpoints as well as DR event-modified overlaying the time periods described with reference to  FIG. 17A  according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 18A  is an illustration depicting a setpoint change type of DR event interval energy reduction mechanism according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 18B  is an illustration depicting a duty cycling change type of DR event interval energy reduction mechanism according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 18C  is an illustration depicting a combination setpoint/duty cycling change type of DR event interval energy reduction mechanism according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a process for determining whether pre-cooling is appropriate according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a process for determining whether a setback-type DR event interval energy management mechanism is appropriate according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a process for determining whether a duty cycling DR event interval energy management mechanism is appropriate according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a process for determining whether post-event energy management is appropriate according to an embodiment. 
       Specifically,  FIG. 23  illustrates a process for generating one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an enrolled energy consumer if the energy consumer participates in a demand-response event according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 24A through 24C  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface for presenting a DR event notification to an energy consumer according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 25A through 25F  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface of a schedule of setpoints associated with an energy consumer that has agreed to participate in a DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 26A through 26D  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface for responding to immediate setpoint changes during a DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates a process for learning user preferences indicated during a DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates a particular process for modifying a DR implementation profile based on user preferences indicated during a prior DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 29A  illustrates an I/O element including a utility portal summary according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 29B  illustrates an I/O element including a utility portal providing detailed energy consumer information according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 30A  illustrates a process for determining whether an energy consumer has complied with participation in a DR event according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 30B  illustrates a process for determining whether tampering of an HVAC wire is indicative of an attempt to obviate DR programming according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 31A  illustrates a process for an energy management to manage energy in accordance with a bilateral contract between an energy manager associated with the energy management system and a utility provider associated with a utility provider computing system according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 31B  illustrates a process for an energy management to manage energy in accordance with a marked-based sale of energy reduction according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 32  illustrates a process for passing and supplementing information from an energy consumption meter to a utility provider computing system via an energy management system according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to techniques for managing demand-response programs and events. The entities in a system for managing demand-response programs and events typically include a utility provider that provides electrical or other forms of energy from a power source (e.g., an electrical generator) to individual&#39;s homes or businesses. The individuals typically pay for the amount of energy they consume on a periodic, e.g., monthly, basis. In many embodiments an energy management system is disposed between the utility provider and the individuals. The energy management system operates to intelligently and effectively shift energy consumption of the individuals from one particular time period to other time periods. Such energy shifting is usually performed so as to shift energy consumption from a high energy cost period to a low energy cost period. In the case of DR events, energy is shifted from the DR event period to time periods outside of the DR event period. 
     The energy management system according to many embodiments includes an intelligent, network-connected thermostat located at the individual&#39;s homes or businesses. Such a thermostat can acquire various information about the residence, such as a thermal retention characteristic of the residence, a capacity of an HVAC associated with the residence to cool or heat the residence, a likelihood of the residence being occupied (via occupancy sensors that, over time, can build an occupancy probability profile), a forecasted weather, a real-time weather, a real-time occupancy, etc. Moreover, the thermostat can be programmed by its users or may learn, over time, the preferences and habits of its users to set scheduled setpoints. In exemplary embodiments, a population of such network-connected thermostats associated with a respective population of individual homes and businesses are configured to communicate with one or more central servers managed by one or more cloud service providers. Each network-connected thermostat is associated with one or more accounts managed by the cloud service provider(s), and data is sent back and forth as needed between each network-connected thermostat and the central server(s) for providing a variety of advantageous functionalities such as facilitating remote control, reporting weather data, reporting HVAC control data and status information, and providing the centralized and/or partially centralized controlling and data communications required to carry out the DR-related, time-of-use (TOU)-related, and/or real-time pricing functionalities described herein. 
     It is to be appreciated that although some embodiments herein may be particularly suitable and advantageous for commercial scenarios in which (i) the cloud service provider(s) associated with the population of network-connected thermostats is/are also the provider(s) of the described energy management system, (ii) the provider(s) of the energy management system are separate and distinct business entities from the utilities themselves, and (iii) the energy management system is provided as a value-added service to the utilities, the scope of the present description is in no way limited to such scenarios. In other applicable scenarios, for example, all of the elements can be provided by the utility. In other applicable scenarios, some of the elements can be provided by the utility while other elements can be provided by a governmental entity or by miscellaneous combinations of disparate cooperating businesses or consortia. Prior to a DR event, based on a wealth of information the energy management system possesses regarding the residences it is managing, the energy management system can effectively predict how much energy a residence is likely to consume over an given period, such as over a DR event. Moreover, given the wealth of information regarding the residences, the energy management system may also generate variations to the residence&#39;s baseline thermostat setpoints that can be implemented during the DR event period. The variations can be made so that that the residence consumes less energy over the DR event period. Further yet, because of this wealth of information the energy management system has regarding the residences, the energy management system may also accurately predict the amount of energy likely to be reduced over the DR event period or, in other words, shifted from the DR event period to one or more time periods outside (e.g., shouldering) the DR event period. 
     The described provisions for such energy consumption prediction and management brings about many advantages as described further hereinbelow. For example, not only does it allow the energy management system to effectively manage the energy consumption of a number of connected residences, but it also allows the energy management system to intelligently select a subset of residences from a large pool for participation in DR programs or events. The physical characteristics of residences and habitual tendencies of occupants of those residents vary widely across regions, and thus the potential energy savings/shifting also varies widely. The energy management system disclosed herein may intelligently choose the participants in an energy savings program to maximize efficiency and minimize costs. 
     As the energy management system disclosed herein provides advantageous insight into energy-related characteristics of various residences on both individual and aggregate levels, the energy management system may also provide portals so that other interested parties, such as utility companies, may similarly have access to such information. As it is generally in the interests of the utility company to reduce energy consumption over a particular time period, the utility company similarly has interests in accessing such energy-related characteristics of the various residences individually and in the aggregate so as to more efficiently and effectively generate and manage DR events. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a utility portal is disclosed that enables the utility provider access to consumer-level energy-related information at a variety of levels of detail and complexity, for facilitating both economically smart and environmentally responsible decision making on resource planning and utilization. 
     The specifics of these and other embodiments are further disclosed herein, and a further understanding of which can be appreciated with reference to the figures. Turning now then to the Figures,  FIG. 1  depicts a system  100  for managing demand-response programs and events according to an embodiment. System  100  includes a plurality of electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N, a utility provider computing system  120 , an energy management system  130 , a communication network  140 , a plurality of energy consumer residences  150 A- 150 N, and a power distribution network  160 . 
     Electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N are operable to generate electricity or other type of energy (e.g., gas) using one or more of a variety of techniques known in the art. For example, electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N may include hydroelectric systems, nuclear power plants, fossil-fuel based power plants, solar plants, wind plants, gas processing plants, etc. The amount of electricity that may be generated at any given time may limited to some maximum energy supplied that is determined by the generators  110 A- 110 N. Further, the electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N may be owned and managed by a utility provider implementing the utility provider computing system  120 , or may be owned and/or managed by one or more third party entities that contract with the utility provider to provide source energy to customers of the utility provider. 
     Utility provider computing system  120  is a computing system operable to communicate with one or more of the electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N, the energy management system  130 , and in some embodiments electronic systems in one or more of the residences  150 A- 150 N. The utility provider associated with the utility provider company system  120  typically manages the distribution of electricity from the electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N to energy consumers at the residences  150 A- 150 N. This management includes ensuring the electricity is successfully communicated from the power generators  110 A- 110 N to the residences  150 A- 150 N, monitoring the amount of energy consumption at each of the residences  150 A- 150 N, and collecting fees from occupants of the residences  150 A- 150 N in accordance with the their respective monitored amount of energy consumption. The utility provider computing system  120  may perform one or more of the operations described herein, and may include a variety of computer processors, storage elements, communications mechanisms, etc. as further described herein and as necessary to facilitate the described operations. 
     Energy management system  130  is a computing system operable to intelligently and efficiently manage the energy consumption at one or more of the residences  150 A- 150 N while optionally providing reporting and control mechanisms to the utility provider computing system  120 . The energy management system  130  may be operable to engage in real-time two-way communications with electronic devices associated with the residences  150 A- 150 N via the network  140 , as well as in engage in real-time two-way communications with the utility provider computing system  120 . In one particular embodiment, the energy management system  130  may be operable to reduce the aggregate amount of energy consumed at the residences  150 A- 150 N so that the aggregate energy demand does not exceed the maximum energy supply limits of the power generators  110 A- 110 N. Such reductions may be achieved during any suitable time period through the day. For example, such reductions may be achieved during a demand-response (DR) event communicated by the utility provider computing system  120 . The energy management system  130  may perform one or more of the operations described herein, and may include a variety of computer processors, storage elements, communications mechanisms, etc. as further described herein and as necessary to facilitate the described operations. 
     Network  140  is any suitable network for enabling communications between various entities, such as between one or more components of the energy management system  130  and one or more electronic devices associated with one or more of the residences  150 A- 150 N. Such a network may include, for example, a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network, an infrared network, a wireless network, a wireless data network, a cellular network, or any other such wired or wireless network(s) or combination(s) thereof. The network  140  may, furthermore, incorporate any suitable network topology. Network  140  may utilize any suitable protocol, and communication over the network  140  may be enabled by wired or wireless connections, and combinations thereof. 
     Residences  150 A- 150 N are a variety of structures or enclosures that are associated with energy consumption. The structures may be span a variety of structure types, such as private residences, houses, apartments, condominiums, schools, commercial properties, single or multi-level office buildings, and/or manufacturing facilities. A number of examples described herein refer to the structure as being a private residence in the form of a house, but embodiments are not so limited as one skilled in the art would understand that the techniques described herein could equally be applicable to other types of structures. It is to be appreciated that, while some embodiments may be particularly advantageous for residential living scenarios, the scope of the present teachings is not so limited and may equally be advantageous for business environments, school environments, government building environments, sports or entertainment arenas, and so forth. Thus, while many of the descriptions below are set forth in residential living context, it is to be appreciated that this is for purposes of clarity of description and not by way of limitation. 
     The residences  150 A- 150 N typically include one or more energy consumption devices, which could be electrical energy consumption devices such as televisions, microwaves, home audio equipment, heating/cooling systems, laundry machines, dishwashers, etc. Similarly, energy consumption devices could include one or more other types of energy consumption devices such as gas consumption devices. For example, the residences  150 A- 150 N may include a natural gas (air/water/etc.) heater, stove, fireplace, etc. The residences  150 A- 150 N in many embodiments include an intelligent, network connected thermostat that is operable to control the thermal environment of the residence. The thermostats may be considered to part of the energy management system  130 , in that much of the processing subsequently described herein may be performed by computing systems at the energy management system  130  or by the thermostats themselves. Alternatively, the thermostats may be considered separate from the energy management system  130  due to their remote geographical location with respect to other components of the energy management system  130 . In either case, electronic devices associated with the residences  150 A- 150 N may perform one or more of the operations described herein, and may include a variety of computer processors, storage elements, communications mechanisms, etc. as further described herein and as necessary to facilitate the described operations. While most embodiments are described in the context of situations where it is desired to reduce the temperature inside of the structure (e.g., during a hot summer), similar principles apply (just applied in the opposite) in situations where it is desired to increase the temperature inside of the structure (e.g., during a cold winter). For some embodiments, some or all of the intelligent, network-connected thermostats may be the same as or similar in functionality to the NEST LEARNING THERMOSTAT® available from Nest Labs, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. 
     Power distribution network  160  is any suitable network for transferring energy from one or more of the electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N to one or more of the residences  150 A- 150 N. In an electrical distribution network, power distribution network  160  may include a variety of power lines, substations, pole-mounted transformers, and the like as known in the for carrying electricity from the electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N to the residences  150 A- 150 N. In a gas distribution network, power distribution network  160  may include a variety of compressor stations, storage elements, pipes, and the like for transporting natural or other types of energy producing gas from the power generators  110 A- 110 N (in this embodiment, gas wells and/or processing plants) to the residences  150 A- 150 N. 
     System  100  in certain embodiments is a distributed system for managing demand-response programs and events utilizing several computer systems and components that are interconnected via communication links using one or more computer networks or direct connections. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such a system could operate equally well in a system having fewer or a greater number of components than are illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Thus, the depiction of system  100  in  FIG. 1  should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not as limiting the scope of the present teachings. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a smart home environment  200  within which one or more of the devices, methods, systems, services, and/or computer program products described further herein can be applicable. The depicted smart home environment includes a structure  250 , which can include, e.g., a house, office building, garage, or mobile home. In some embodiments, the structure  250  may correspond to one of structures  150 A- 150 N described with reference to  FIG. 1 . In addition to the structure  250 , the smart home environment  200  also includes a network  262  and remote server  264  which, in one embodiment, respectively correspond to network  140  and energy management system  130  ( FIG. 1 ). While the structure  250  as depicted includes a variety of components and devices as further described herein, a number of components and devices, such as pool heater  214 , irrigation system  216 , and access device  266  may also be associated with (e.g., powered at) the structure  250  without being physically attached or disposed within or on the structure  250 . 
     The smart home environment  200  includes a plurality of rooms  252 , separated at least partly from each other via walls  254 . The walls  254  can include interior walls or exterior walls. Each room can further include a floor  256  and a ceiling  258 . Devices can be mounted on, integrated with and/or supported by a wall  254 , floor  256  or ceiling  258 . The various devices that may be incorporated within the smart home environment  200  include intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected devices that can integrate seamlessly with each other and/or with cloud-based server systems to provide any of a variety of useful smart home objectives. An intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  can detect ambient climate characteristics (e.g., temperature and/or humidity) and control a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system  203 . One or more intelligent, network-connected, multi-sensing hazard detection units  204  can detect the presence of a hazardous substance and/or a hazardous condition in the home environment (e.g., smoke, fire, or carbon monoxide). One or more intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected entryway interface devices  206 , which can be termed a “smart doorbell”, can detect a person&#39;s approach to or departure from a location, control audible functionality, announce a person&#39;s approach or departure via audio or visual means, or control settings on a security system (e.g., to activate or deactivate the security system). 
     In some embodiments, the smart home may include at least one energy consumption meter  218  such as a smart meter. The energy consumption meter  218  monitors some or all energy (electricity, gas, etc.) consumed by the devices in and around the structure  250 . The energy consumption meter  218  may display the amount of energy consumed over a given period of time on a surface of the meter  218 . The given period may be, e.g., a second, a minute, an hour, a day, a month, a time span less than one second, a time span greater than a month, or a time span between one second and one month. In some embodiments, the energy consumption meter  218  may include communication capabilities (wired or wireless) that enable the meter  218  to communicate various information, e.g., the amount of energy consumed over one or more given periods, the price of energy at any particular time or during any particular period of time, etc. The communication capabilities may also enable the meter to receive various information. For example, the meter may receive instructions for controlling one or more devices in the smart home such as the HVAC system  203 , the price of energy at any particular time or during any particular period of time, etc. To facilitate control of devices in and around the structure  250 , the meter  218  may be wired or wirelessly connected to such devices. 
     Each of a plurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected wall light switches  208  can detect ambient lighting conditions, detect room-occupancy states and control a power and/or dim state of one or more lights. In some instances, light switches  208  can further or alternatively control a power state or speed of a fan, such as a ceiling fan. Each of a plurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected wall plug interfaces  210  can detect occupancy of a room or enclosure and control supply of power to one or more wall plugs (e.g., such that power is not supplied to the plug if nobody is at home). The smart home may further include a plurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected appliances  212 , such as refrigerators, stoves and/or ovens, televisions, washers, dryers, lights (inside and/or outside the structure  250 ), stereos, intercom systems, garage-door openers, floor fans, ceiling fans, whole-house fans, wall air conditioners, pool heaters  214 , irrigation systems  216 , security systems, and so forth. While descriptions of  FIG. 2  can identify specific sensors and functionalities associated with specific devices, it will be appreciated that any of a variety of sensors and functionalities (such as those described throughout the specification) can be integrated into the device. 
     In addition to containing processing and sensing capabilities, each of the devices within the smart home environment  200  can be capable of data communications and information sharing with any other devices within the smart home environment  200 , as well as to any devices outside the smart home environment  240  such as the access device  266  and/or remote server  264 . The devices can send and receive communications via any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, IR, IEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4, etc.) and/or any of a variety of custom or standard wired protocols (CAT6 Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.). The wall plug interfaces  210  can serve as wireless or wired repeaters, and/or can function as bridges between (i) devices plugged into AC outlets and communicating using Homeplug or other power line protocol, and (ii) devices that are not plugged into AC outlets. 
     For example, a first device can communicate with a second device via a wireless router  260 . A device can further communicate with remote devices via a connection to a network, such as the network  262 . Through the network  262 , the device can communicate with a central (i.e., remote) server or a cloud-computing system  264 . The remote server or cloud-computing system  264  can be associated with a manufacturer, support entity or service provider associated with the device. In one embodiment, a user may be able to contact customer support using a device itself rather than needing to use other communication means such as a telephone or Internet-connected computer. 
     Devices&#39; network connections can further allow a user to interact with the device even if the user is not proximate to the device. For example, a user can communicate with a device (e.g., thermostat  202 ) using a computer (e.g., a desktop computer, laptop computer, or tablet) or other portable electronic device (e.g., a smartphone)  266 . A webpage or app can be configured to receive communications from the user and control the device based on the communications and/or to present information about the device&#39;s operation to the user. For example, when the portable electronic device  266  is being used to interact with the thermostat  202 , the user can view a current setpoint temperature for a thermostat and adjust it using the portable electronic device  266 . The user can be in the structure during this remote communication or outside the structure. The communications between the portable electronic device  266  and the thermostat  202  may be routed via the remote server  264  (e.g., when the portable electronic device  266  is remote from structure  250 ) or, in some embodiments, may be routed exclusive of the remote server  264 . 
     The smart home environment  200  also can include a variety of non-communicating legacy appliances  240 , such as old conventional washer/dryers, refrigerators, and the like which can be controlled, albeit coarsely (ON/OFF), by virtue of the wall plug interfaces  210 . The smart home can further include a variety of partially communicating legacy appliances  242 , such as IR-controlled wall air conditioners or other IR-controlled devices, which can be controlled by IR signals provided by the hazard detection units  204  or the light switches  208  or, in some embodiments, by using socket-based communication protocol such as powerline to communicate via a wall plug interface  210 . 
     It should be recognized that some or all of the components located inside and outside of structure  250  may be considered part of energy management system  130  depending on the embodiment. In general, devices or components which facilitate control of other energy consumption devices may be considered to be part of energy management system  130 . For example, thermostat  202  and access device  266  may be part of energy management system  130  while HVAC  203 , while high energy consuming components such as HVAC  203 , pool heater  214 , and legacy appliances  240  may be considered external to energy management system  130  as they comprise energy consuming elements that are controllable by the thermostat  202  and access device  266 . In other examples, however, additional or alternative components of smart home environment  200  may be considered part of energy management system  130 , such as hazard detection units  204 , entryway interface devices  206 , light switches  208 , plug interface  210 , etc., as they may provide monitoring (and/or control) functionality for the energy management system  130  to assist the system  130  in making intelligent energy management decisions. In yet other examples, none of the devices of the smart home environment (except for remote server  264 ) may be part of energy management system  130 , but rather one or more of the devices of the smart home environment  200  may be submissive devices that are remotely controlled by energy management system  130  to perform monitoring and/or energy consumption tasks. 
     Smart home  200  in certain embodiments is an environment including a number of client devices and access devices all operable to communicate with one another as well as with devices or systems external to the smart home  200  such as remote server  264 . However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such an environment could operate equally well having fewer or a greater number of components than are illustrated in  FIG. 2 . One particular example of a smart-home environment including various elements having differing functionality is described in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/704,437, filed Sep. 21, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. Thus, the depiction of the smart home environment  200  in  FIG. 2  should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not limiting to the scope of the present teachings. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates an example of general device components which can be included in an intelligent, network-connected device  300  (i.e., “device”). Device  300  may be implemented as one or more of the various devices discussed with reference to  FIG. 2 , such as thermostat  202 , hazard detection unit  204 , entryway interface device  206 , wall light switch  208 , wall plug interface  210 , etc. Much of the following discussion presents the device  300  as being a thermostat  202 , but it should be recognized that embodiments are not so limited. Each of one, more or all devices  300  within a system of devices can include one or more sensors  302 , a user-interface component  304 , a power supply (e.g., including a power connection  306  and/or battery  308 ), a communications component  310 , a modularity unit (e.g., including a docking station  312  and replaceable module  314 ), intelligence components  316 , and tamper detection circuitry  318 . Particular sensors  302 , user-interface components  304 , power-supply configurations, communications components  310 , modularity units, intelligence components  316 , and/or wire tamper detection circuitry  318  can be the same or similar across devices  300  or can vary depending on device type or model. 
     By way of example and not by way of limitation, one or more sensors  302  in a device  300  may be able to, e.g., detect acceleration, temperature, humidity, water, supplied power, proximity, external motion, device motion, sound signals, ultrasound signals, light signals, fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, global-positioning-satellite (GPS) signals, or radio-frequency (RF) or other electromagnetic signals or fields. Thus, for example, sensors  302  can include temperature sensor(s), humidity sensor(s), hazard-related sensor(s) or other environmental sensor(s), accelerometer(s), microphone(s), optical sensors up to and including camera(s) (e.g., charged-coupled-device or video cameras), active or passive radiation sensors, GPS receiver(s) or radio-frequency identification detector(s). While  FIG. 3A  illustrates an embodiment with a single sensor, many embodiments will include multiple sensors. In some instances, device  300  includes one or more primary sensors and one or more secondary sensors. The primary sensor(s) can sense data central to the core operation of the device (e.g., sensing a temperature in a thermostat or sensing smoke in a smoke detector). The secondary sensor(s) can sense other types of data (e.g., motion, light or sound), which can be used for energy-efficiency objectives or smart-operation objectives. In some instances, an average user may even be unaware of an existence of a secondary sensor. 
     One or more user-interface components  304  in device  300  may be configured to present information to a user via a visual display (e.g., a thin-film-transistor display or organic light-emitting-diode display) and/or an audio speaker. User-interface component  304  can also include one or more user-input components to receive information from a user, such as a touchscreen, buttons, scroll component (e.g., a movable or virtual ring component), microphone or camera (e.g., to detect gestures). In one embodiment, user-interface component  304  includes a click-and-rotate annular ring component, wherein a user can interact with the component by rotating the ring (e.g., to adjust a setting) and/or by clicking the ring inwards (e.g., to select an adjusted setting or to select an option). In another embodiment, user-input component  304  includes a camera, such that gestures can be detected (e.g., to indicate that a power or alarm state of a device is to be changed). 
     A power-supply component in device  300  may include a power connection  306  and/or local battery  308 . For example, power connection  306  can connect device  300  to a power source such as a line voltage source. In some instances, connection  306  to an AC power source can be used to repeatedly charge a (e.g., rechargeable) local battery  308 , such that battery  308  can later be used to supply power if needed in the event of an AC power disconnection or other power deficiency scenario. 
     A communications component  310  in device  300  can include a component that enables device  300  to communicate with a central server, such as remote server  264 , or a remote device, such as another device  300  described herein or a portable user device. Communications component  310  can allow device  300  to communicate using one or more wired or wireless communication techniques, either simultaneously or sequentially, such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 3G/4G wireless, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4, 6-LO-PAN, Bluetooth, CAT6 wired Ethernet, HomePlug or other powerline communications method, telephone, or optical fiber, by way of non-limiting examples. Communications component  310  can include one or more wireless cards, Ethernet plugs, or other transceiver connections. In some embodiments, the communications component  310  facilitates communication with a central server to synchronize information between device  300 , the central server, and in some cases additional devices. Techniques for synchronization data between such devices are further described in the commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,892 (client reference number NES0231), filed Sep. 22, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     A modularity unit in device  300  can include a static physical connection, and a replaceable module  314 . Thus, the modularity unit can provide the capability to upgrade replaceable module  314  without completely reinstalling device  300  (e.g., to preserve wiring). The static physical connection can include a docking station  312  (which may also be termed an interface box) that can attach to a building structure. For example, docking station  312  could be mounted to a wall via screws or stuck onto a ceiling via adhesive. Docking station  312  can, in some instances, extend through part of the building structure. For example, docking station  312  can connect to wiring (e.g., to 120V line voltage wires) behind the wall via a hole made through a wall&#39;s sheetrock. Docking station  312  can include circuitry such as power-connection circuitry  306  and/or AC-to-DC powering circuitry and can prevent the user from being exposed to high-voltage wires. Docking station  312  may also or alternatively include control circuitry for actuating (i.e., turning on and off) elements of an HVAC system, such as a heating unit (for heating the building structure), an air-condition unit (for cooling the building structure), and/or a ventilation unit (for circulating air throughout the building structure). In some instances, docking stations  312  are specific to a type or model of device, such that, e.g., a thermostat device includes a different docking station than a smoke detector device. In some instances, docking stations  312  can be shared across multiple types and/or models of devices  300 . 
     Replaceable module  314  of the modularity unit can include some or all sensors  302 , processors, user-interface components  304 , batteries  308 , communications components  310 , intelligence components  316  and so forth of the device. Replaceable module  314  can be configured to attach to (e.g., plug into or connect to) docking station  312 . In some instances, a set of replaceable modules  314  are produced with the capabilities, hardware and/or software, varying across the replaceable modules  314 . Users can therefore easily upgrade or replace their replaceable module  314  without having to replace all device components or to completely reinstall device  300 . For example, a user can begin with an inexpensive device including a first replaceable module with limited intelligence and software capabilities. The user can then easily upgrade the device to include a more capable replaceable module. As another example, if a user has a Model #1 device in their basement, a Model #2 device in their living room, and upgrades their living-room device to include a Model #3 replaceable module, the user can move the Model #2 replaceable module into the basement to connect to the existing docking station. The Model #2 replaceable module may then, e.g., begin an initiation process in order to identify its new location (e.g., by requesting information from a user via a user interface). 
     Intelligence components  316  of the device can support one or more of a variety of different device functionalities. Intelligence components  316  generally include one or more processors configured and programmed to carry out and/or cause to be carried out one or more of the advantageous functionalities described herein. The intelligence components  316  can be implemented in the form of general-purpose processors carrying out computer code stored in local memory (e.g., flash memory, hard drive, random access memory), special-purpose processors or application-specific integrated circuits, combinations thereof, and/or using other types of hardware/firmware/software processing platforms. The intelligence components  316  can furthermore be implemented as localized versions or counterparts of algorithms carried out or governed remotely by central servers or cloud-based systems, such as by virtue of running a Java virtual machine (JVM) that executes instructions provided from a cloud server using Asynchronous Javascript and XML (AJAX) or similar protocols. By way of example, intelligence components  316  can be intelligence components  316  configured to detect when a location (e.g., a house or room) is occupied, up to and including whether it is occupied by a specific person or is occupied by a specific number and/or set of people (e.g., relative to one or more thresholds). Such detection can occur, e.g., by analyzing microphone signals, detecting user movements (e.g., in front of a device), detecting openings and closings of doors or garage doors, detecting wireless signals, detecting an IP address of a received signal, or detecting operation of one or more devices within a time window. Intelligence components  316  may include image-recognition technology to identify particular occupants or objects. 
     In some instances, intelligence components  316  can be configured to predict desirable settings and/or to implement those settings. For example, based on the presence detection, intelligence components  316  can adjust device settings to, e.g., conserve power when nobody is home or in a particular room or to accord with user preferences (e.g., general at-home preferences or user-specific preferences). As another example, based on the detection of a particular person, animal or object (e.g., a child, pet or lost object), intelligence components  316  can initiate an audio or visual indicator of where the person, animal or object is or can initiate an alarm or security feature if an unrecognized person is detected under certain conditions (e.g., at night or when lights are out). As yet another example, intelligence components  316  can detect hourly, weekly or even seasonal trends in user settings and adjust settings accordingly. For example, intelligence components  316  can detect that a particular device is turned on every week day at 6:30 am, or that a device setting is gradually adjusted from a high setting to lower settings over the last three hours. Intelligence components  316  can then predict that the device is to be turned on every week day at 6:30 am or that the setting should continue to gradually lower its setting over a longer time period. 
     In some instances, devices can interact with each other such that events detected by a first device influences actions of a second device. For example, a first device can detect that a user has pulled into a garage (e.g., by detecting motion in the garage, detecting a change in light in the garage or detecting opening of the garage door). The first device can transmit this information to a second device, such that the second device can, e.g., adjust a home temperature setting, a light setting, a music setting, and/or a security-alarm setting. As another example, a first device can detect a user approaching a front door (e.g., by detecting motion or sudden light-pattern changes). The first device can, e.g., cause a general audio or visual signal to be presented (e.g., such as sounding of a doorbell) or cause a location-specific audio or visual signal to be presented (e.g., to announce the visitor&#39;s presence within a room that a user is occupying). 
     Tamper detection circuitry  318  may be part or separate from intelligence components  316 . Tamper detection circuitry  318  may include software and/or hardware operable to detect tampering of the device  300 . Tampering may include, e.g., a disconnect between the device  300  and the HVAC indicative of a user attempt to obviate HVAC control by the remote server during a DR event, a change in impedance or power consumption by the HVAC indicative of a user attempt to obviate HVAC control by the remote server during a DR event, etc. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates an intelligent, network-connected device  300  having a replaceable module  314  (e.g., a head unit) and a docking station  312  (e.g., a back plate) for ease of installation, configuration, and upgrading according to some embodiments. As described hereinabove, device  300  may be wall mounted, have a circular shape, and have an outer rotatable ring  320  (that may be, e.g., part of user interface  304 ) for receiving user input. Outer rotatable ring  320  allows the user to make adjustments, such as selecting a new target temperature. For example, by rotating outer ring  320  clockwise, a target setpoint temperature can be increased, and by rotating the outer ring  320  counter-clockwise, the target setpoint temperature can be decreased. Changes to an existing setpoint temperature that reflect a desire for the temperature in the structure to be immediately changed to that setpoint temperature may herein be referred to as “immediate setpoint temperature”. This is in contrast to setpoint temperatures that may be provided in a hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, or other schedule in which setpoint temperatures may reflect desire for future temperatures in the structure. Such setpoint temperatures may herein be referred as “scheduled setpoint temperature”. 
     Device  300  has a cover  322  that includes a display  324  (that may be, e.g., part of user interface  304 ). Head unit  314  slides onto back plate  312 . Display  324  may display a variety of information depending on, e.g., a current operational state of the device  300 , direct user interaction with the device via ring  320 , sensed presence of the user via, e.g., a proximity sensor  302  (such as a passive infrared motion sensor), remote user interaction with the device via a remote access device, etc. For example, display  324  may display central numerals that are representative of a current setpoint temperature. 
     According to some embodiments the connection of the head unit  314  to back plate  312  can be accomplished using magnets, bayonet, latches and catches, tabs or ribs with matching indentations, or simply friction on mating portions of the head unit  314  and back plate  312 . 
     According to some embodiments, the head unit  314  includes battery  308 , communications component  310 , intelligence components  316 , and a display driver  326  (that may be, e.g., part of user interface  304 ). Battery  308  may be recharged using recharging circuitry (that may be, e.g., part of intelligence components  316  and/or may be included in the back plate  312 ) that uses power from the back plate  312  that is either obtained via power harvesting (also referred to as power stealing and/or power sharing) from the HVAC system control circuit(s) or from a common wire, if available, as described in further detail in commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/034,674 (client reference number NES0006) and Ser. No. 13/034,678 (client reference number NES0007), both filed Feb. 24, 2011, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/267,871 (client reference number NES0158), filed Oct. 6, 2011, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. According to some embodiments, battery  308  is a rechargeable single cell lithium-ion, or a lithium-polymer battery. 
     Back plate  312  includes electronics  330  and a temperature sensor  332  (that may be, e.g., one of sensors  302 ) in housing  334 , which are ventilated via vents  336 . Temperature sensor  332  allows the back plate  312  to operate as a fully functional thermostat even when not connected to the head unit  314 . Wire connectors  338  are provided to allow for connection to HVAC system wires, such as connection to wires for actuating components of the HVAC system, wires for receiving power from the HVAC system, etc. Connection terminal  340  is a male or female plug connector that provides electrical connections between the head unit  314  and back plate  312 . Various arrangements for connecting to and controlling an HVAC system are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/034,674 and 13/034,678, supra. 
     In some embodiments, the back plate electronics  330  includes an MCU processor, and driver circuitry for opening and closing the HVAC control circuits, thereby turning on and turning off the one or more HVAC functions such as heating and cooling. The electronics  330  also includes flash memory which is used to store a series of programmed settings that take effect at different times of the day, such that programmed setpoint (i.e., desired temperature) changes can be carried out even when the head unit  314  is not attached to the back plate  312 . According to some embodiments, the electronics  330  also includes power harvesting circuitry (that may be in addition or alternatively to that provided in head unit  314 ) to obtain power from the HVAC control circuit(s) even when an HVAC common power wire is not available. In various embodiments, tamper detection circuitry  318  ( FIG. 3A ) may also be incorporated in one or more of the head unit  314  and back plate  312  such that tampering may be detected regardless of whether the head unit  314  is coupled to the back plate  312 . 
       FIG. 3C  illustrates a conceptual diagram of the device  300  with particular reference to the wire connectors  338  and tamper detection circuitry  318 . It is to be appreciated that the wire connectors  338  and tamper detection circuitry  318  can, in whole or in part, be separably or inseparably integral with the main body of the device  300  without departing from the scope of the present teachings. Thus, for example, for one embodiment the wire connectors  338  and tamper detection circuitry  318  can be inseparably integral with the main body of the device  300 , with the HVAC wires being inserted directly into the back before placement on the wall as a single monolithic unit. In another embodiment, the wire connectors  338  and tamper detection circuitry  318  can be located in a wall plate unit to which the main body of the thermostat attaches, it being understood that references herein to the insertion of wires into the thermostat encompass embodiments in which the wires are inserted into the wall plate and the main body is attached to the wall plate to form the completed device  300 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3C , each wire connector  338  is associated with a predetermined HVAC signal type. For one embodiment that has been found to provide an optimal balance between simplicity of installation for do-it-yourselfers and a reasonably broad retrofit applicability for a large number of homes, there are eight (8) wire connectors  338  provided, which are dedicated respectively to a selected group of HVAC signal types consisting of heating call power (Rh), heating call (W1), cooling call (Y1), fan call (G), common (C), heat pump (O/B), auxiliary (AUX), and heating call power (Rh). Preferably, the device  300  is of a “jumperless” type according to the commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 13/034,674, supra, such that (i) the Rh and Rc connection ports automatically remain shunted together for cases in which there is a single call power wire provided by the HVAC system, one or the other connection port receiving a single call power wire (which might be labeled R, V, Rh, or Rc depending on the particular HVAC installation), and (ii) the Rh and Rc connection ports are automatically electrically segregated for cases in which there are dual call power wires provided by the HVAC system that are inserted. 
     According to one embodiment, tamper detection circuitry  318  includes, for each wire connector  338 , a port sensing circuit  342  that communicates with the back plate electronics  330  over a pair of electrical leads  344 . Although the port sensing circuit  342  can operate in a variety of different ways without departing from the scope of the present teachings, in one embodiment the control port sensing circuit  342  comprises a two-position switch (not shown) coupled to the electrical leads  344 , the two-position switch being closed to short the electrical leads  344  together when no wire has been inserted into the associated wire connector  338 , the two-position switch being mechanically urged into an open position to electrically segregate the electrical leads  344  when a wire is inserted into the associated wire connector  338 . The back plate electronics  330  thereby is able to readily sense when a wire is inserted into the connection port by virtue of the shorted or open state of the electrical leads  344 . One particularly advantageous configuration that implements the combined functionality of the wire connector  338  and the port sensing circuit  342  is described in the commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/034,666 (client reference number NES0035), filed Feb. 24, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     Device  300  in certain embodiments is an intelligent, network-connected learning thermostat that includes various components such as a head unit, a back plate, a user interface, communications components, intelligent components, etc. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that devices that perform the various operations described herein could operate equally well with fewer or a greater number of components than are illustrated in  FIGS. 3A through 3C . For example, the device  300  may be be formed as a single unit rather than multiple modules, may include more or fewer components than described with reference to  FIG. 3A , and may include more or fewer components than described with reference to  FIG. 3C . For example, the device  300  may be formed as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,878, filed Sep. 21, 2012, and/or as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,148, filed Sep. 30, 2012, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     Thus, the depiction of device  300  in  FIGS. 3A through 3C  should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not limiting to the scope of the present teachings. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a network-level view of an extensible devices and services platform with which the smart home of  FIGS. 1 and/or 2  and/or the device of  FIGS. 3A through 3C  can be integrated. Each of the intelligent, network-connected devices discussed previously with reference to structure  250  can communicate with one or more remote servers or cloud computing systems  264 . The communication can be enabled by establishing connection to the network  262  either directly (for example, using 3G/4G connectivity to a wireless carrier), though a hubbed network (which can be a scheme ranging from a simple wireless router, for example, up to and including an intelligent, dedicated whole-home control node), or through any combination thereof. 
     The remote server or cloud-computing system  264  can collect operation data  302  from the smart home devices. For example, the devices can routinely transmit operation data or can transmit operation data in specific instances (e.g., when requesting customer support). The remote server or cloud-computing architecture  264  can further provide one or more services  404 . 
     The services  404  can include, e.g., software updates, customer support, sensor data collection/logging, remote access, remote or distributed control, or use suggestions (e.g., based on collected operation data  404  to improve performance, reduce utility cost, etc.). Data associated with the services  304  can be stored at the remote server or cloud-computing system  264  and the remote server or cloud-computing system  264  can retrieve and transmit the data at an appropriate time (e.g., at regular intervals, upon receiving request from a user, etc.). 
     One salient feature of the described extensible devices and services platform, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , is a processing engine  406 , which can be concentrated at a single data processing server  407  (which may be included in or separate from remote server  264 ) or distributed among several different computing entities without limitation. Processing engine  406  can include engines configured to receive data from a set of devices (e.g., via the Internet or a hubbed network), to index the data, to analyze the data and/or to generate statistics based on the analysis or as part of the analysis. The analyzed data can be stored as derived data  408 . Results of the analysis or statistics can thereafter be transmitted back to a device providing ops data used to derive the results, to other devices, to a server providing a webpage to a user of the device, or to other non-device entities. For example, use statistics, use statistics relative to use of other devices, use patterns, and/or statistics summarizing sensor readings can be transmitted. The results or statistics can be provided via the network  262 . In this manner, processing engine  406  can be configured and programmed to derive a variety of useful information from the operational data obtained from the smart home. A single server can include one or more engines. 
     The derived data can be highly beneficial at a variety of different granularities for a variety of useful purposes, ranging from explicit programmed control of the devices on a per-home, per-neighborhood, or per-region basis (for example, demand-response programs for electrical utilities), to the generation of inferential abstractions that can assist on a per-home basis (for example, an inference can be drawn that the homeowner has left for vacation and so security detection equipment can be put on heightened sensitivity), to the generation of statistics and associated inferential abstractions that can be used for government or charitable purposes. For example, the processing engine  406  can generate statistics about device usage across a population of devices and send the statistics to device users, service providers or other entities (e.g., that have requested or may have provided monetary compensation for the statistics). As specific illustrations, statistics can be transmitted to charities  422 , governmental entities  424  (e.g., the Food and Drug Administration or the Environmental Protection Agency), academic institutions  426  (e.g., university researchers), businesses  428  (e.g., providing device warranties or service to related equipment), or utility companies  430 . These entities can use the data to form programs to reduce energy usage, to preemptively service faulty equipment, to prepare for high service demands, to track past service performance, etc., or to perform any of a variety of beneficial functions or tasks now known or hereinafter developed. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an abstracted functional view of the extensible devices and services platform of  FIG. 4 , with particular reference to the processing engine  406  as well as the devices of the smart home. Even though the devices situated in the smart home will have an endless variety of different individual capabilities and limitations, they can all be thought of as sharing common characteristics in that each of them is a data consumer  502  (DC), a data source  504  (DS), a services consumer  506  (SC), and a services source  508  (SS). Advantageously, in addition to providing the essential control information needed for the devices to achieve their local and immediate objectives, the extensible devices and services platform can also be configured to harness the large amount of data that is flowing out of these devices. In addition to enhancing or optimizing the actual operation of the devices themselves with respect to their immediate functions, the extensible devices and services platform can also be directed to “repurposing” that data in a variety of automated, extensible, flexible, and/or scalable ways to achieve a variety of useful objectives. These objectives may be predefined or adaptively identified based on, e.g., usage patterns, device efficiency, and/or user input (e.g., requesting specific functionality). 
     For example,  FIG. 5  shows processing engine  406  as including a number of paradigms  510 . Processing engine  406  can include a managed services paradigm  510   a  that monitors and manages primary or secondary device functions. The device functions can include ensuring proper operation of a device given user inputs, estimating that (e.g., and responding to) an intruder is or is attempting to be in a dwelling, detecting a failure of equipment coupled to the device (e.g., a light bulb having burned out), implementing or otherwise responding to energy demand response events, or alerting a user of a current or predicted future event or characteristic. Processing engine  406  can further include an advertising/communication paradigm  510   b  that estimates characteristics (e.g., demographic information), desires and/or products of interest of a user based on device usage. Services, promotions, products or upgrades can then be offered or automatically provided to the user. Processing engine  406  can further include a social paradigm  510   c  that uses information from a social network, provides information to a social network (for example, based on device usage), and/or processes data associated with user and/or device interactions with the social network platform. For example, a user&#39;s status as reported to their trusted contacts on the social network could be updated to indicate when they are home based on light detection, security system inactivation or device usage detectors. As another example, a user may be able to share device-usage statistics with other users. Processing engine  406  can include a challenges/rules/compliance/rewards paradigm  510   d  that informs a user of challenges, rules, compliance regulations and/or rewards and/or that uses operation data to determine whether a challenge has been met, a rule or regulation has been complied with and/or a reward has been earned. The challenges, rules or regulations can relate to efforts to conserve energy, to live safely (e.g., reducing exposure to toxins or carcinogens), to conserve money and/or equipment life, to improve health, etc. 
     Processing engine  406  can integrate or otherwise utilize extrinsic information  516  from extrinsic sources to improve the functioning of one or more processing paradigms. Extrinsic information  516  can be used to interpret operational data received from a device, to determine a characteristic of the environment near the device (e.g., outside a structure that the device is enclosed in), to determine services or products available to the user, to identify a social network or social-network information, to determine contact information of entities (e.g., public-service entities such as an emergency-response team, the police or a hospital) near the device, etc., to identify statistical or environmental conditions, trends or other information associated with a home or neighborhood, and so forth. 
     An extraordinary range and variety of benefits can be brought about by, and fit within the scope of, the described extensible devices and services platform, ranging from the ordinary to the profound. Thus, in one “ordinary” example, each bedroom of the smart home can be provided with a smoke/fire/CO alarm that includes an occupancy sensor, wherein the occupancy sensor is also capable of inferring (e.g., by virtue of motion detection, facial recognition, audible sound patterns, etc.) whether the occupant is asleep or awake. If a serious fire event is sensed, the remote security/monitoring service or fire department is advised of how many occupants there are in each bedroom, and whether those occupants are still asleep (or immobile) or whether they have properly evacuated the bedroom. While this is, of course, a very advantageous capability accommodated by the described extensible devices and services platform, there can be substantially more “profound” examples that can truly illustrate the potential of a larger “intelligence” that can be made available. By way of perhaps a more “profound” example, the same data bedroom occupancy data that is being used for fire safety can also be “repurposed” by the processing engine  406  in the context of a social paradigm of neighborhood child development and education. Thus, for example, the same bedroom occupancy and motion data discussed in the “ordinary” example can be collected and made available for processing (properly anonymized) in which the sleep patterns of schoolchildren in a particular ZIP code can be identified and tracked. Localized variations in the sleeping patterns of the schoolchildren may be identified and correlated, for example, to different nutrition programs in local schools. 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a special-purpose computer system  600  according to an embodiment. For example, one or more of a utility provider computing system  120 , energy management system  130 , elements of smart home environment  200 , remote server  264 , client device  300 , processing engine  406 , data processing server  407 , or other electronic components described herein may be implemented as a special-purpose computer system  600 . The methods and processes described herein may similarly be implemented by computer-program products that direct a computer system to perform the actions of the methods and processes described herein. Each such computer-program product may comprise sets of instructions (codes) embodied on a computer-readable medium that directs the processor of a computer system to perform corresponding actions. The instructions may be configured to run in sequential order, or in parallel (such as under different processing threads), or in a combination thereof. 
     Special-purpose computer system  600  comprises a computer  602 , a monitor  604  coupled to computer  602 , one or more additional user output devices  606  (optional) coupled to computer  602 , one or more user input devices  608  (e.g., keyboard, mouse, track ball, touch screen) coupled to computer  602 , an optional communications interface  610  coupled to computer  602 , and a computer-program product  612  stored in a tangible computer-readable memory in computer  602 . Computer-program product  612  directs system  600  to perform the methods and processes described herein. Computer  602  may include one or more processors  614  that communicate with a number of peripheral devices via a bus subsystem  616 . These peripheral devices may include user output device(s)  606 , user input device(s)  608 , communications interface  610 , and a storage subsystem, such as random access memory (RAM)  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  (e.g., disk drive, optical drive, solid state drive), which are forms of tangible computer-readable memory. 
     Computer-program product  612  may be stored in non-volatile storage drive  620  or another computer-readable medium accessible to computer  602  and loaded into memory  618 . Each processor  614  may comprise a microprocessor, such as a microprocessor from Intel® or Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.®, or the like. To support computer-program product  612 , the computer  602  runs an operating system that handles the communications of product  612  with the above-noted components, as well as the communications between the above-noted components in support of the computer-program product  612 . Exemplary operating systems include Windows® or the like from Microsoft Corporation, Solaris® from Sun Microsystems, LINUX, UNIX, and the like. 
     User input devices  608  include all possible types of devices and mechanisms to input information to computer system  602 . These may include a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a scanner, a digital drawing pad, a touch screen incorporated into the display, audio input devices such as voice recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. In various embodiments, user input devices  608  are typically embodied as a computer mouse, a trackball, a track pad, a joystick, wireless remote, a drawing tablet, a voice command system. User input devices  608  typically allow a user to select objects, icons, text and the like that appear on the monitor  604  via a command such as a click of a button or the like. User output devices  606  include all possible types of devices and mechanisms to output information from computer  602 . These may include a display (e.g., monitor  604 ), printers, non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. 
     Communications interface  610  provides an interface to other communication networks and devices and may serve as an interface to receive data from and transmit data to other systems, WANs and/or the Internet, via a wired or wireless communication network  622 . Embodiments of communications interface  610  typically include an Ethernet card, a modem (telephone, satellite, cable, ISDN), a (asynchronous) digital subscriber line (DSL) unit, a FireWire® interface, a USB® interface, a wireless network adapter, and the like. For example, communications interface  610  may be coupled to a computer network, to a FireWire® bus, or the like. In other embodiments, communications interface  610  may be physically integrated on the motherboard of computer  602 , and/or may be a software program, or the like. 
     RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  are examples of tangible computer-readable media configured to store data such as computer-program product embodiments of the present invention, including executable computer code, human-readable code, or the like. Other types of tangible computer-readable media include floppy disks, removable hard disks, optical storage media such as CD-ROMs, DVDs, bar codes, semiconductor memories such as flash memories, read-only-memories (ROMs), battery-backed volatile memories, networked storage devices, and the like. RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  may be configured to store the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of various embodiments of the present invention, as described above. 
     Software instruction sets that provide the functionality of the present invention may be stored in RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620 . These instruction sets or code may be executed by the processor(s)  614 . RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  may also provide a repository to store data and data structures used in accordance with the present invention. RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  may include a number of memories including a main random access memory (RAM) to store of instructions and data during program execution and a read-only memory (ROM) in which fixed instructions are stored. RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  may include a file storage subsystem providing persistent (non-volatile) storage of program and/or data files. RAM  618  and non-volatile storage drive  620  may also include removable storage systems, such as removable flash memory. 
     Bus subsystem  616  provides a mechanism to allow the various components and subsystems of computer  602  communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem  616  is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple busses or communication paths within the computer  602 . 
     For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other storage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. 
     Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may represent one or more memories for storing data, including read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels, and/or various other storage mediums capable of storing that contain or carry instruction(s) and/or data. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a process  700  for implementing and managing a demand-response program according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  300  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  700  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  702 , energy consumers are enrolled in a demand-response program that defines one or more demand-response events. The energy consumers may be residents of or otherwise associated with the energy consumption at one or more of energy consumer residences  150 A- 150 N. The demand-response program is a program that attempts to reduce load on the electrical grid supplying the energy consumer residences  150 A- 150 N during certain critical times which are generally times when demand gets close to or is expected to exceed supply. The DR program often allows for participation in the program by the energy consumers to be voluntary, although in some embodiments participation may be mandatory. In exchange for participation, the energy consumers are often rewarded monetary incentives, reward-based incentives, or other types of incentives to garner increased participation, but in some embodiments the energy consumers may not be provided such incentives. 
     A DR program may run for set periods, such as for a certain number of months, days, years, may be seasonal (e.g., implemented in seasons such as summer when energy demand is expected to increase substantially), may be perpetual, and/or may be executed over any suitable period of time. In its efforts to reduce energy consumption over specifically defined periods, the DR program defines one or more DR events. A DR event is a time period over which energy reduction mechanisms are to be actively engaged. The DR event is defined by a DR event profile which includes information identifying a DR event period which defines the time period over which energy reduction mechanisms are to be actively engaged. The time period may be on the order of minutes, tens of minutes, hours, tens of hours, or other suitable time period for which energy shifting is desired. In at least one embodiment, a DR event period may be on the order of a few minutes and referred to as an ‘instantaneous DR event’, which is an event narrowly tailored to an expected peak in aggregate energy demand. In such instances the peak in energy demand may be identified a few minutes (or a few hours) prior to the the expected peak time, and in some embodiments the duration of the peak energy demand (i.e., the duration during which expected demand exceeds supply) may last a few minutes. 
     The DR event may also include other information suitable for effectively managing energy consumption over the DR event period. For example, the DR event may also include information identifying a DR event magnitude which defines a magnitude of the desired energy reduction (either on a per-consumer basis, a group basis, an aggregate basis, or other basis). For another example, the DR event may include information identifying a geographical scope of the DR event, where the geographical scope may describe a region that relates to one or more electrical grids from which load shedding is desired. The region may be defined using any suitable parameters such as state, county, zip code, address, or the like, or may identify one or more particular electrical grids from which such addresses of residences may subsequently be inferred. In some embodiments, the DR program may also identify costs per unit of energy over the course of the DR program, DR events, etc. In other embodiments, consumers may be grouped according to characteristics other than geographical characteristics. For example, consumers may be grouped based on similar (or different) characteristics regarding their structures (e.g., thermal retention), their affluency (e.g., absolute wealth, annual income, etc.), their tendency to participate in DR events and/or programs, the amount of energy shifting likely achieved by their participation in a DR event and/or program, etc. 
     As further described herein, various aspects of the DR program may be managed and executed by the utility provider computing system  120  and/or the energy management system  130  either separately or in combination with one another. Accordingly, the energy consumers may enroll in one or more DR programs offered by one or more of the utility provider associated with the utility provider computing system  120  and an energy manager associated with the energy management system  130 . In one particular embodiment, the energy consumer enrolls with the energy manager of the energy management system  130  as further described with reference to  FIG. 8  through  FIG. 11C . In any event, as a result of executing operation  702 , one or more energy consumers will be enrolled a DR program. 
     In operation  704 , the time and duration of a demand-response event are determined. As should be recognized, some or all aspects of the DR program may be defined by a utility provider associated with the utility provider computing system, an energy manager associated with energy management system  130 , or other suitable entity. For example, in one aspect of the DR program the utility provider computing system  120  may notify the energy management system  130  of a particular period during which the utility provider would like to reduce aggregate energy consumption. The utility provider computing system  120  may also notify the energy management system  130  of the energy reduction it desires during the period. The energy management system  130  may then determine the time and duration of a demand-response event based on these notifications from the energy management system  130 , and use such information to subsequently generate a DR event. In other embodiments, however, the utility provider computing system  120  may determine the time and duration of a demand-response event and communicate that information to the energy management system  130 . As mentioned, the duration of the DR event may be on the order of minutes (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes, less than 5 or greater than 60 minutes, or in any range therebetween), or on the order of hours (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, more than 5, or in any range therebetween, etc.). 
     The energy management system  130  does not necessarily have to rely on the utility provider to determine the time and duration of a demand-response event. In some embodiments, the energy management system  130  may determine the time and duration of a demand-response event using information acquired from sources other than the utility provider. For example, energy management system  130  may monitor one or more of the conditions of the electrical grid (e.g., power distribution network  160 ), weather conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc.) at the residences  150 A- 150 N, the cost of energy (e.g., the real-time cost of a unit of electricity at a residence  150 A- 150 N), etc. to identify trends indicative of a situation in which active energy management and consumption reduction may be beneficial. The energy management system  130  may then use one or more of these factors to define a time and duration of an upcoming demand-response event, where the time and duration may be fixed or variable depending on a continued monitoring of the aforementioned conditions. 
     In operation  706  one or more of the enrolled energy consumers is identified for participation in the demand-response event. For example, one or more of the energy consumers associated with the residences  150 A- 150 N that enrolled in the DR program may be identified for participation in the demand-response event determined in operation  704 . It should be recognized that not all energy consumers who enrolled in the demand response program are equally situated to reduce energy demand for a given DR event, and accordingly it may be desirable to invite some enrolled energy consumers to participate in a particular DR event over other enrolled energy consumers. For example, some energy consumers within the geographical scope of the DR event may be better situated or more likely to provide increased energy reductions over the DR event period as compared to other energy consumers. The differences in energy consumption may result from any number of a variety of factors, such as variations among thermal retention characteristics of the residences, HVAC capacities, outside temperatures, etc. Particular techniques for using these and other factors to identify suitable candidates for participation in a particular DR event are further described herein, for example with reference to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . 
     In operation  708  energy consumption of the energy consumers identified in operation  706  is managed during the demand-response event. For example, the energy consumed at each of the residences  150 A- 150 N that enrolled in the DR program and were identified for participation in a DR event may be managed by the energy management system  130 . In managing the energy consumption of the identified energy consumers, the energy management system  130  may attempt to reduce the aggregate amount of energy consumed by the identified energy consumers over a certain period. For example, the energy management system  130  may attempt to reduce the aggregate amount of energy consumed by the DR event magnitude defined by the DR event over the course of the DR event period. To achieve a reduction in energy consumption, the energy management system  130  may determine a ‘baseline’ energy consumption for each energy consumer which defines an amount of energy the energy consumer would have consumed during the course of the DR event but-for their active participation in the DR program and the DR event. The energy management system  130  then utilizes a number of factors to determine techniques for reducing the energy consumption of the consumer to an amount less than the baseline. Some particular techniques for managing the energy consumption of identified energy consumers are further described with reference to  FIG. 14  through  FIG. 28 . 
     In operation  710  a determination is made as to whether the demand-response event is complete. For example, the energy management system  130  may determine whether the end of the DR event period has been reached. If so, then processing may continue to operation  712 , otherwise processing returns to operation  708 . 
     It should be recognized that not all DR events complete at the end of the originally defined DR event period. Rather, DR events may end before or after the end of the originally defined DR event period. This may be due to any one or more of a variety of reasons. For example, the desired aggregate energy reduction may be achieved prior to the end of the originally defined DR event period, in which case the DR event may end early. Conversely, the desired aggregate energy reduction may not be achieved until after the end of the originally defined DR event period, in which case the DR event may end late. 
     In one embodiment, the energy management system  130  and/or utility provider computing system  120  may monitor the load on the power distribution network to determine whether the aggregate load has achieved a desired magnitude during the course of the DR event period and at the end of the originally defined DR event period. If the monitoring indicates that the load is at an acceptable level, then the DR event may be completed early, whereas if the monitoring indicates that the load continues to persist at an unacceptable level, then the DR event period may be extended. 
     Instead of or in addition to monitoring load, the actual amount of energy reduction achieved by way of the energy management in operation  708  may be monitored, and the DR event may be deemed complete only once the amount of energy reduction actually achieved is substantially equal to or exceeds the desired amount of energy reduction. The monitored energy reduction may be the aggregate energy reduction achieved by managing the energy consumption of all of the identified energy consumers, where such an aggregate energy reduction may, for example, be compared to the desired aggregate energy reduction (e.g., the DR event magnitude defined on an aggregate basis by the DR event). In such an embodiment, the DR event may be completed for all of the identified energy consumers even if some of the energy consumers provide less energy reduction than expected as long as the energy consumers as a whole provide the desired amount of energy reduction. Additionally or alternatively, the DR event for a particular energy consumer may be deemed complete once the amount of energy reduction actually achieved by that energy consumer is substantially equal to or exceeds the amount of energy reduction expected of that energy consumer. The actual energy reduction achieved by the energy consumer may, for example, be compared to the desired or otherwise expected energy reduction from the energy consumer (e.g., the DR event magnitude defined on a per-customer basis by the DR event). 
     Once the DR event is complete, then processing performs to operation  712  where one or more post-event processing operations may be performed. For example, energy management system  130  may determine actual amounts of energy reduction achieved on a per-customer and/or aggregate basis, determine the value of the energy reductions, determine types and/or magnitudes of rewards to provide to each of the DR event participants, etc. Such information may be compiled, aggregated, and selectively communicated to other entities such as the utility provider computing system  120  for further analysis and/or processing. In some embodiments, such information may be used for increasing the effectiveness of managing energy during subsequent DR events or for DR events in other DR programs. 
     In operation  714  it is determined whether the demand-response program is complete. As described, a demand-response program may prolong for any suitable duration and include one or more demand response events. If the end of the DR program has not yet been reached, then processing returns to operation  704  where the time and duration of a subsequent DR event are determined. Otherwise, processing continues to operation  716  where post-program processing may be performed. Post-program processing  716  may encompass a variety of information compilation, aggregation, or other processing suitable for determining the value, effectiveness, or other characteristics of the completed DR program. Such information may be used for a variety of purposes, such as for increasing the effectiveness of managing energy during subsequent DR or other DR programs. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  provide a particular process for implementing and managing a demand-response program according to an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 7  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a process  800  for enrolling energy consumers in a demand-response program according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  800  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  800  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . In one particular embodiment, process  800  represents a particular example of operation  702  described with reference to  FIG. 7 . However, in other embodiments the scope of process  800  is not so limited. 
     As discussed with reference to operation  706  of  FIG. 7 , not all energy consumers that are enrolled in a DR program may be best suited for a particular DR event. Similarly, not all energy consumers may be suitable for participation in a DR program at all. For example, some energy consumers may be associated with residences that have thermal retention characteristics so poor that attempts to manage their energy consumption is largely ineffective. Some energy consumers on a grid may be known to never participate in DR events although they enroll a DR program. Some energy consumers may have illustrated undesirable past behavior, such as tampering with or attempting to tamper with their electronic devices so as to obviate the energy shifting impact of a successful implementation of a DR event. In summary, there are numerous reasons to exclude energy consumers from enrollment in a DR program. One particular method for identifying energy consumers for enrollment, thus effectively excluding others, is hereby described. 
     In operation  802  one or more energy consumers are identified for possible enrollment in a demand-response program. For example, energy management system  130  may identify one or more energy consumers associated with residences  150 A- 150 N for enrollment in a DR program. The initially identified energy consumers may include all or only a subset of the energy consumers associated with residences  150 A- 150 N. The initial identification may be based on any one or more of a number of different factors, such as past behavior, whether the residence includes an HVAC, whether the residence has a structural thermal retention exceeding some value, etc. Turning briefly to  FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 12  describes a number of factors that may be used to determine whether an energy consumer qualifies to participate in a particular DR event. While the subsequent discussion regarding these factors is specifically directed to qualification for participation in a particular DR event, it should be recognized that some or all of these factors can similarly be used at the initial stages of determining whether or not a particular energy consumer is even suitable to be offered enrollment in the DR program as a whole. If these factors, either individually or in the aggregate, indicate that the energy user is likely to contribute to the DR program by reducing their energy consumption during DR events, then the energy consumer may be identified for possible in enrollment in the DR program. Otherwise, the energy consumer may be excluded from enrollment and, as a result, subsequent participation in DR events. 
     Once one or more energy consumers have been identified for possible enrollment in the DR program, processing continues to operation  804  where the aggregate energy shifting resulting from successful implementation of the DR program is estimated. For example, the energy management system  130  may estimate the aggregate energy shifting. The aggregate energy shifting may be estimated on the presumption that there is 100% acceptance of offers to enroll in the DR program and subsequent participation in all DR events. Alternatively, the aggregate energy shifting may be estimated based on expectations of enrollment and DR event participation. For example, various data such as prior participation levels in the same or similar DR programs, participation levels for prior DR events, the geographical location of the identified energy consumers, the affluence of the energy consumers, one or more of the various factors described with reference to  FIG. 12 , etc. may be used to determine the likelihood of a particular energy consumer to accept an offer to enroll in a particular DR program. Such information may similarly be used to determine a likely rate of participation in the DR events and likely level of participation in each DR event. 
     Once the likelihood of participation in the DR program and DR events is determined for each identified energy consumer, these may be used to assist in determining the energy shifting likely to result from the identified energy consumer&#39;s participation in a DR program. Once the energy shifting likely to result from each energy consumer&#39;s participation in the DR program is determined, these individual amounts of energy shifting may then be aggregated to determine the total amount of energy shifting expected from the successful implementation of the DR program. 
     As mentioned, the likelihood of participation in the DR program and DR events determined for each identified energy consumer may be used to assist in determining the energy shifting likely to result from the identified energy consumer&#39;s participation in a DR program. For example, the probability of participating in a DR event may be multiplied by a metric indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of participating in the DR event, and that result may be multiplied by the probability of the identified energy consumer participating in the DR program to determine an estimated amount of energy shifting attributed to the identified energy consumer likely to occur if an offer of enrollment is extended to the identified energy consumer. In generating the metric indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of participating in the DR event, a number of different factors may be taken into consideration, such as the likely characteristics of the DR program, the likely characteristics of each DR event, the likely HVAC schedule of the energy consumer over the each DR event period, the likely DR implementation profile for each DR event, the structural ability of the energy consumer&#39;s residence to shift energy loads, etc. The use of such factors for estimating the savings that an energy consumer may realize upon participation in and successful completion of a DR program are further described with reference to  FIG. 10 . It should be recognized that these factors can similarly be used to determine the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of a particular energy consumer participating in a DR program, as described with reference to operation  1012  in  FIG. 10 . 
     In operation  806 , the estimated aggregate energy shifting determined in operation  804  is compared to a desired amount of aggregate energy shifting for implementation of the DR program. For example, the energy management system  130  may compare the estimated shifting determined in operation  804  with a desired amount of aggregate energy shifting. Like DR events, each DR program may define magnitude of desired energy reduction that should result from successful implementation of the DR program. The desired energy reduction may, similar those defined for DR events, may be on a per-consumer basis, a group basis, an aggregate basis, or some other basis. By comparing the estimated aggregate shifting likely to result from implementation of the DR program with a select subset of the energy consumers  150 A- 150 N, it can be determined whether the DR program is being offered to too few energy consumers, too many energy consumers, or just the right number of energy consumers. 
     If the comparison indicates that the estimated shifting is less than or greater than the desired amount of energy shifting, then scope of enrollment may be altered as described with reference to operation  808  so that enrollment is offered to the optimal number of energy consumers. In operation  808  the number of identified energy consumers for possible enrollment in the DR program is either increased or decreased. For example, if the comparison indicates that the estimated shifting is less than the desired amount of energy shifting, then the number of identified energy consumers may be increased. In contrast, if the comparison indicates that the estimated shifting is greater than the desired amount of energy shifting, then the number of identified energy consumers may be decreased. In increasing or decreasing the number of identified energy consumers, the factors used for the identification as described with reference to operation  802  may respectively be relaxed or tightened. Once the scope of identified energy consumers is altered, processing then returns to operation  804  whereby a new aggregate energy shifting is estimated resulting from successful implementation of the DR program by the revised group of identified energy consumers. 
     If, in contrast, the comparison of operation  806  indicates that the estimated shifting is approximately equal to that desired, then processing may continue to operation  810 . In operation  810  enrollment requests are communicated to the identified energy consumers. For example, energy management system  130  may communicate enrollment requests to one or more electronic devices of residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the identified energy consumers, including one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266  associated with the identified energy consumers. One particular example of communicating such an enrollment request is described with reference to  FIG. 11A through 11C , which depict a graphical user interface of an intelligent, network-connected thermostat associated with an identified energy consumer receiving and responding to an enrollment request. 
     In operation  812 , one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of the identified energy consumer participating in the DR program may also be communicated to the identified energy consumer. For example, the number of kWh of energy likely to be shifted, the monetary value of the energy likely to be shifted, etc. can be communicated to the identified energy consumer to inform the identified energy consumer as to the value of their participation. Such information may be communicated together with, before, or after communicating the enrollment request. In one particular embodiment, such information is communicated simultaneously with the enrollment request so as to enable the identified energy consumer to make an informed decision when responding to the request. One particular process for generating such metrics is further described with reference to  FIG. 10 . 
     In some embodiments, the quality of the estimated aggregate energy shifting may be increased by determining the actual number of identified energy consumers who accept or reject enrollment offers and an increased likelihood as to their expected level of participation in each DR event. The following operations describe one particular embodiment for increasing the quality of the estimated aggregate energy shifting. 
     In operation  814  information indicative of an acceptance or rejection of the enrollment request may be received from each identified energy consumer. For example, such information may be received by the energy management system  130  from one or more electronic devices associated with the identified energy consumers for which enrollment requests were communicated to in operation  810 , such as one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266 . The information may be received from the same electronic device which the enrollment requests was communicated to, or from a different electronic devices. 
     In operation  816  information indicative of the identified energy consumers&#39; amenability to demand response load shifting is received for each identified energy consumer. In being amenable to demand response load shifting, a consumer&#39;s preference may range from a ‘minimum’ amenability (or participation) to a ‘maximum’ amenability (or participation). An indication of a ‘minimum’ participation indicates that the energy consumer prefers a minimum amount of load shifting to participate in the DR program or event. Conversely, a ‘maximum’ participation indicates that the energy consumer prefers a maximum amount of load shifting that is capable under the DR program or event. The energy consumer may select the minimum, maximum, or anywhere in a range between a minimum and maximum participation, where a minimum participation will result in the least change to the energy consumer&#39;s energy consumption habits but-for participation in the DR program whereas the maximum participation will result in the maximum change to the energy consumer&#39;s energy consumption habits but-for participation in the DR program. In many situations, a minimum participation will result in the least amount of discomfort resulting from participation in a DR event whereas a maximum participation will result in the maximum amount of discomfort resulting from participation in a DR event. Like the information indicative of an acceptance or rejection of the enrollment request, the information indicative of the identified energy consumers&#39; amenability to demand response load shifting may be received by the energy management system  130  from one or more electronic devices associated with the identified energy consumers for which enrollment requests were communicated to in operation  810 , such as one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266 . 
     In operation  818  the aggregate energy shifting estimate is revised based on the information received in one or more of operations  814  and  816 . For example, the energy management system  130  may review the estimate generated in operation  804 . The aggregate energy shifting estimate may then be revised in one or more of a variety of ways. For example, where the received information indicates acceptance of the enrollment request, when using the probability of DR program participation to determine to determine an estimated amount of energy shifting attributed to an identified energy consumer, the probability can be set to 100%. Then, the information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting can then be used to more accurately generate the DR implementation profile discussed with reference to operation  1008  in  FIG. 10 . In cases where the received information indicates rejection of the enrollment request, the identified energy consumer can be removed entirely from the calculation in estimating the aggregate energy shifting. 
     In operation  820  the revised estimate of aggregate energy shifting is again compared to the desired amount of shifting. If they are not approximately equal, processing may return to operation  808  where the subset of identified energy consumers is increased or decreased as previously described. Otherwise, enrollment may conclude where the energy consumers who accepted the enrollment requests are determined to be enrolled in the program. In some embodiments, the enrollment ‘request’ may not be a request at all, but rather a notification that the recipient will be subject to participation a demand response program. In such cases, reception of an acceptance/rejection is unnecessary, and a more accurate estimate can initially be generated in operation  804  in contrast to the embodiments where the enrollment is a request for participation. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 8  provide a particular process for enrolling energy consumers in a demand-response program according to an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 8  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 8  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. For example, as described, operations  812  through  820  may be optional. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a process  900  for facilitating enrollment of an energy consumer in a demand-response program via an electronic device associated with the energy consumer according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  900  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  900  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     As discussed with reference to  FIG. 8 , enrollment requests and information indicating an energy consumer&#39;s amenability to demand response load shifting may be communicated to identifier energy consumers. Each identified energy consumer may be associated with one or more electronic devices, such as intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202 , access device  266 , etc. The requests for information may be communicated to one or more of these devices and thus one or more of these devices may be used to process and respond to the requests as described herein. 
     In operation  902 , an offer to enroll in a DR program is received. For example, the offer may be received at an electronic device associated with the identified energy consumer, such as intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202 , access device  266 , or other device, from remote server  264  via network  262 . The offer to enroll may include a variety of information regarding the DR program, such as the duration, magnitude, expectations, terms, etc. of the DR program, expected number of DR events, and/or expected duration, magnitude, expectations, terms, etc. of the DR events. The details of the information may be communicated together with the offer, or may be provided to the identified energy consumer via a separate communication mechanism. 
     In operation  904 , the received offer is communicated to the energy consumer. The offer may be communicated using one or more of a variety of techniques. For example, the offer may be displayed to the user, communicated to the user via audio, etc. Further, the offer may be received using one or more of a variety of techniques, e.g., via email, a message on or communicated by the thermostat, a telephone call, etc. In one embodiment, the offer may be displayed on one or more of thermostat  202  and access device  266 . 
     In operation  906  it is determined whether the energy consumer accepts the offer. The energy consumer may indicate acceptance or rejection of the offer using one or more of a variety of techniques. For example, the energy consumer may engage an input interface of one of the thermostat  202  and access device  266  to provide their response, where the input interface may be, as previously described, a touchscreen, a rotatable ring, a voice input, or other input mechanism. 
     If the energy consumer rejects the offer, processing may continue to operation  908  where information indicative of the rejection is communicated. The rejection is typically communicated to the entity that communicated the enrollment request to the energy consumer; however, in some embodiments the rejection may be communicated to one or more other recipients. In one particular embodiment, information indicative of the rejection is communicated from the thermostat  202  or access device  266  to the energy management system  130  via network  262 . 
     Alternatively, if the energy consumer accepts the offer, processing may continue to operation  910  where information indicative of the acceptance is communicated. The acceptance is typically communicated to the entity that communicated the enrollment request to the energy consumer; however, in some embodiments the acceptance may be communicated to one or more other recipients. In one particular embodiment, information indicative of the acceptance is communicated from the thermostat  202  or access device  266  to the energy management system  130  via network  262 . 
     Processing may then continue to operation  912  where the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting is requested. The request may be communicated to the energy consumer using one or more of a variety of techniques. For example, the request may be displayed to the user, communicated to the user via audio, etc. In one embodiment, the request may be displayed on one or more of thermostat  202  and access device  266 . 
     In operation  914  it is determined whether a response to the request is received. The energy consumer provide a response indicating their amenability to DR load shifting using one or more of a variety of techniques. For example, the energy consumer may engage an input interface of one of the thermostat  202  and access device  266  to provide their response, where the input interface may be, as previously described, a touchscreen, a rotatable ring, a voice input, or other input mechanism. 
     If a response is received, processing may continue to operation  916  where the received information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting is communicated. The information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting is typically communicated to the entity that communicated the enrollment request to the energy consumer; however, in some embodiments the information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting may be communicated to one or more other recipients. In one particular embodiment, information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting is communicated from the thermostat  202  or access device  266  to the energy management system  130  via network  262 . 
     In contrast, if a response is not received, processing may continue to operation  918  where ‘no-response’ processing is performed. No-response processing may encompass one or more of a variety of processes that may be performed in the absence of receiving a response to an initial request for the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to DR load shifting. In one embodiment, if no response is received, processing may return to operation  912  where the energy consumer is again requested for such information. This may be performed any number of times until a response is received. In another embodiment, if no response is received, processing may continue to operation  916 , where ‘default’ amenability to DR load shifting may be communicated. The default value may range anywhere from minimum to maximum amenability to load shifting, and in some embodiments may be displayed to the energy consumer prior to communicating such information to the energy management system  130 . In other embodiments, no-response processing may include communicating information indicating a lack of a response to the request for load shifting amenability, in which case the energy management system  130  may use a default value or wait until a specific DR event to again request the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to load shifting. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 9  provide a particular process for facilitating enrollment of an energy consumer in a demand-response program via an electronic device associated with the energy consumer. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 9  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by a thermostat  202 , an access device  266 , or other electronic device described in accordance with the smart home environment  200 . Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 14  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a process  1000  for generating one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an energy consumer if the energy consumer enrolls and participates in a demand-response program according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  1000  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1000  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     As discussed with reference to operation  812  of  FIG. 8 , one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an energy consumer if the energy consumer enrolls and participates in a DR program may be generated for and communicated to each identified energy consumer. In one particular embodiment as described herein, such metrics may be generated using various information such as the characteristics of the DR program, the likely HVAC schedule of the identified energy consumer, the likely DR implementation profile for the identified energy consumer, and the structural ability of the energy consumer&#39;s residence to load shift. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10 , in operation  1002  the characteristics of the DR program are determined. As previously described, the DR program may be defined prior to requesting energy consumers to enroll in the program, where the DR program may define the expected number of DR events, the expected magnitude of each DR event, etc. Accordingly, such characteristic information may be received by the utility provider computing system  120 , generated by the energy management system  130 , or received or generated in part or in whole by other suitable entity. In some cases, a DR program communicated from the utility provider computing system  120  may neglect to include various details such as the number of DR events, period of each DR event, magnitude of each DR event, etc. The energy management system  130  can estimate the value of such details. For example, the energy management system  130  may identify various factors, such as the history of weather patterns for a particular region, the expected weather (i.e., weather forecast), the history of DR events for a DR program having particular attributes, etc. to generate such an estimate. 
     In operation  1004 , the expected HVAC schedule of the energy consumer over each DR event period is determined. In determining the expected HVAC schedule of a particular energy consumer over a particular DR event period, a number of different factors may be taken into consideration. These may include, for example, any current scheduled setpoints for the DR event period, the occupancy probability profile as applicable to the DR event period, a history of the energy consumer&#39;s scheduled and/or immediate setpoints, etc. In some embodiments, the energy consumer&#39;s historical setpoints may be correlated with historical weather patterns to determine setpoints for different weather tendencies, which may then be extrapolated to likely setpoints for future weather patterns expected for the future DR events. Information from other energy consumers may also be used. For example, historical setpoints of similarly situated energy consumers (e.g., as correlated to various weather patterns) may be used. Similarly situated energy consumers may be other energy consumers in the same geographical region as the identified energy consumer, energy consumers being associated with structures having the same thermal retention characteristics and/or HVAC capacity as the identified energy consumer, etc. 
     Once the expected HVAC schedule is determined, processing may continue to operation  1006  where the likely DR implementation profile for each DR event is determined. The likely DR implementation profile indicates the setpoints likely to be implemented for the energy consumer during a DR event instead of their scheduled setpoints. In determining the likely DR implementation profile for each event, a number of factors may be taken into consideration. These factors may include, for example, the likely HVAC schedule determined in operation  1004 , the expected occupancy probability profile, the thermal retention characteristic of the structure associated with the energy consumer, the HVAC capacity of the structure associated with the energy consumer, the expected DR event profile, any indication as to the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to load shifting, past DR event behavior, weather forecast, etc. Some particular methods for generating a DR implementation profile is described with reference to  FIG. 16  through  FIG. 22 . While the methods described with reference to  FIG. 16  through  FIG. 22  are described in the context of generating a DR implementation profile during a DR program and immediately prior to a DR event, such a process may similarly be used to generate an expected DR implementation profile for one or more future DR events. In the case of generating the expected DR implementation profile, however, as mentioned, some factors may be expected value rather than actual values. 
     In operation  1008  the ability of the structure associated with the energy consumer to load shift, for example one of residences  150 A- 150 N, is determined. The ability of a structure to load shift indicates the ability of the structure to reduce energy consumption during one period (most commonly in favor of increasing energy consumption during other periods) while maintaining substantially constant internal temperature. The ability of a structure to load shift may be calculated based on a number of factors, such as the capacity of an environmental management system of the structure relative to a volume of the structure to be environmentally managed. The environmental management system may be, e.g., an HVAC system, a cooling system, a heating system, a humidifier, etc. The ability to load shift may also or alternatively be based on the environmental retention characteristics of the structure. Environmental retention characteristics refer to a structure&#39;s ability to retain heat, retain cold, retain humidity, retain dryness, etc. Different structures have different abilities to retain heat, humidity, and the like, depending on a variety of characteristics of the structure, such as the materials used to the construct the structure, the number, size, and types of windows used in the structure, cavities in the structure for devices such as fireplaces, ventilation units, etc. Various techniques for determining the environmental retention characteristics of a structure may be used. Some particular techniques are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/881,463, filed Sep. 14, 2010 (client reference number NES0003) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,152 (client reference number NES0259), filed Sep. 30, 2012, both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes. For one preferred embodiment, the step  1008  is carried out automatically based exclusively on historical sensor readings of, and control commands carried out by, the intelligent, network-connected thermostat for that residence. This automatic processing can be carried out exclusively at the thermostat itself, or as facilitated by the central server(s) of the cloud-based service provider(s) for the thermostat using data uploaded thereto by the thermostat. For such an embodiment, there is a distinct advantage in that the homeowner is not required to perform any background data entry, hire any outside consultants to perform a thermal analysis of the home, place any special sensing equipment in any special location, etc. Rather, simply by virtue of buying and installing the intelligent, network-connected thermostat, there has been an intelligent pre-qualification of that customer&#39;s premises for predicted demand-response suitability and efficacy. However, the scope of the present teachings is not so limited, and in other preferred embodiments there can be data used that is input by the homeowner, by an external sensing/logging system, or data obtained from other sources to carry out the step  1008 . For some embodiments, if it is determined that the premises is highly unsuitable for demand response efficacy, there is provided the possible scenario, as may be actualized according to the desires of that particular demand-response program, that the homeowner not be bothered at all with the demand-response participation offer. It should be recognized that while thermal retention is described in numerous places herein, embodiments are not so limited. Rather, other types of environmental retention may be considered and/or used depending on the particular environmental conditions at the structure and type of energy management being performed during a DR event. 
     In operation  1010 , for each likely DR event identified by the DR program, the amount of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period is calculated. Such a calculation may use some or all of the aforementioned factors, such as the likely HVAC schedule, the likely DR implementation profile, and the ability of the structure to load shift. In one particular embodiment, a ‘baseline’ energy consumption for the DR event may first be determined using the expected HVAC schedule for the DR event, the structure&#39;s ability to load shift, the forecasted weather, and the occupancy probability profile. In some embodiments, the baseline energy consumption for the DR event may be predicted using a home thermal model that is created based on a number of factors such as the structure&#39;s ability to load shift, the forecasted weather, the occupancy probability profile, the indoor temperature history, the outdoor temperature history, and the history of HVAC usage. The likely energy consumption as a result of participating in the DR event may then be determined using the DR implementation profile and the structures ability to load shift. The difference of these values may then be taken as the amount of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period. 
     In operation  1012 , for each DR event, the likely value per unit of energy over the DR event period may be determined. The likely value per unit may be, for example, an expected cost per unit of energy. In the context of electrical energy, this may be a cost per kWh or other suitable unit. The expected cost per unit of energy may be determined using one or more of a variety of sources, such as contracted energy costs (i.e., a cost of energy as defined by the DR program), historical energy costs (i.e., energy costs from prior similar DR events, energy costs during prior similar weather patterns as expected for the DR event, etc. 
     In operation  1014 , for each DR event, the value of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period is determined. This value of energy may be determined by multiplying the likely value per unit of energy determined in operation  1012  with the amount of energy likely to be shifted calculated in operation  1010 . 
     In one particular embodiment, the value of energy likely to be shifted represents only the energy reduction that is likely to occur during the DR event period as a result of energy management and control by one or more elements of the system (e.g., implementation of a DR implementation profile by a thermostat). In other embodiments, however, the value of energy likely to be shifted may also incorporate increased energy consumption outside of the DR event period. That is, in energy shifting energy is shifted from a high cost period (i.e., the DR event period) to a low cost period (i.e., periods shouldering the DR event period). While the reduction in energy during the high cost period (and associated value thereof) provides a good estimate of the value of energy savings, a more accurate estimate may be obtained if the increased energy consumption during the low cost periods is also taken into consideration. This may be done by, e.g., in operation  1012  determining the likely value per unit of energy not only over the DR event period, but also during the time periods (e.g., shoulder periods) over which the energy is likely to be shifted. Then, in operation  1014 , the value of the energy shifted to time periods outside the DR event period may be deducted from the value of the energy shifted from the actual DR event period. 
     In operation  1016 , the values of energy calculated for each DR event are summed. This summed value is the likely value for the energy consumer to particulate in the DR program. 
     In operation  1018 , one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of enrolling and participating in the DR program are communicated to the energy consumer. The metrics may include the amount of energy likely to be shifted as described with reference to operation  1010  (i.e., amount of likely energy shift on a per-event basis) or a sum of these amounts for all expected DR events (i.e., a total amount of likely energy shift resulting from enrolling and participating in the DR program). The metrics may also or alternatively include the value of energy likely to be shifted on a per-event basis (e.g., as described with respect to operation  1014 ) or on an all-event basis (e.g., as described with reference to operation  1016 ). In one particular embodiment, energy management system  130  may communicate the one or more metrics to one or more electronic devices of residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the identified energy consumer, including one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266  associated with the identified energy consumer. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 10  provide a particular process for generating one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an energy consumer if the energy consumer enrolls and participates in a demand-response program according to an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 10  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 10  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. For example, where only energy estimates (i.e., no value estimates) are needed, operations  1012  to  1016  may be omitted. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIGS. 11A through 11C  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface for presenting an offer to enroll in a demand response program to an energy consumer. While the graphical user interface (GUI) is presented in the form of an interface that may be displayed on a circular-shaped device such as the device  300  discussed with reference to  FIGS. 3A through 3C , embodiments are not so limited as similar GUI&#39;s could be presented on other devices of other shapes. 
     Turning to the figures,  FIG. 11A  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  1100  which may be, e.g., user interface  304  ( FIG. 3A ), output device  606  and/or input device  608  ( FIG. 6 ), or other suitable I/O element  1100  of an electronic device associated with an identified energy consumer which is offered enrollment in a DR program. The I/O element  1100  includes a request message  1102  displaying the offer of enrollment to the identified energy consumer. The I/O element  1100  also includes a selectable input mechanism  1104  whereby the user can either accept or reject the offer. In one specific example, ring  320  could be rotated and/or depressed to either accept or reject the offer. 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates the I/O element  1100  in the event the user accepts the offer of enrollment. The I/O element  1100  includes a participation level request message  1110  displaying a request for the identified energy consumer to select their desired level of participation in the DR program. This may range from a minimum level of participation to a maximum level of participation in the program. The I/O element  1100  may include a controllable slider  1112  that enables the identified energy consumer to select any level of participation on a gradient ranging from minimum to maximum participation. In one specific example, ring  320  could be rotated and/or depressed to select the level of participation. The I/O element  1100  may also include an estimated savings  1114  the identified energy consumer may realize if they enroll in the program and participate at the level of participation indicated by the slider  1112 . The estimated savings in this particular example is illustrated as a dollar savings, but in other examples may also or alternatively be illustrated as a magnitude of energy savings (e.g., kWh). The estimated savings may also be recalculated and re-displayed in real-time in response to the energy consumer changing their level of participation. Further, in some embodiments, the estimated savings may also or alternatively be displayed together with the request message  1102  displaying the offer of enrollment. In such a case, the estimated savings may be calculated based on a default or expected level of participation. 
       FIG. 11C  illustrates the I/O element  1100  in the event the identified energy consumer accepts the offer of enrollment and, in some embodiments, in the event the identified energy consumer selects their desired level of participation. The I/O element  1100  includes a thank you message  1120  thanking the identified energy consumer for enrolling in the program and an instruction message  1122  indicating that the identified energy consumer will subsequently be notified of upcoming DR events. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific I/O elements illustrated in  FIGS. 11A through 11C  describe particular I/O elements according to certain embodiments. The I/O elements described with reference to  FIGS. 11A through 11C  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices associated with the identified energy consumer. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by one or more of the a thermostat  202 , hazard detection unit  204 , entryway interface device  206 , wall light switch  208 , wall plug interface  210 , appliance  212 , access device  266 , or other electronic device associated with the identified energy consumer. The various messages and input elements may not necessarily be displayed at different times, but rather some messages could be presented simultaneously on the same display. Some messages could be communicated using other communication mechanisms, and responses could similarly be received using other communication mechanisms. For example, audible, touch, or other input/output mechanisms could be used. Further, it should be recognized that additional or alternative information could be presented to request enrollment and a participation level, and all of the information illustrated in  FIGS. 11A through 11C  need not be presented. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     Returning briefly to  FIG. 7 , as described with reference to operation  706 , after enrollment, one or more of the enrolled energy consumers is identified for participation in a particular DR event. As mentioned, not all energy consumers who enrolled in the demand response program are equally situated to reduce energy demand for a given DR event, and accordingly it may be desirable to invite some enrolled energy consumers to participate in a particular DR event over other enrolled energy consumers. A number of different factors may be taken into consideration for determining whether or not a particular enrolled energy consumer is suitable (i.e., qualified) for participation in a particular DR event. One particular set of factors is described with reference to  FIG. 12 . 
     Specifically,  FIG. 12  illustrates process  1200  for analyzing a number of factors to determine whether an enrolled energy consumer is qualified for participation in a particular DR event according to an embodiment. Some of the factors may be determinative on their own, while other factors may be weighed to present an overall qualification level. The qualification level may range anywhere from not qualified (e.g., 0) to very qualified (e.g., 100). Whether a particular energy consumer is identified for participation in a DR event may thus depend on whether their qualification level meets a required qualification level. To facilitate further understanding, the process  1200  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1200  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 12 , in operation  1202  it is determined whether the energy consumer has displayed a history of positive behavior. Positive behavior may be, e.g., productive (i.e., energy saving) contributions to past DR programs or DR events; positive encouragement for others to participate in past DR programs or DR events; timely payment of utility or other bills; etc. In contrast, negative behavior may be, e.g., non-productive contributions to past DR programs, negative encouragement for others to participate in past DR programs, untimely payment of utility or other bills, tampering of one or more electronic devices indicative of an attempt to obviate past DR programming, etc. When there is a history of positive behavior, such a history weighs in favor of qualification. In contrast, when there is a history of negative behavior, such a history weighs against qualification. 
     In operation  1204 , it is determined whether the structure associated with the energy consumer is likely to be occupied during the DR event. In determining whether the structure is likely to be occupied during the DR event, an occupancy probability profile may be generated or otherwise acquired. The occupancy probability profile indicates a probability that the structure will be occupied at various times. The occupancy probability profile may be generated using one or more occupancy sensors incorporated in one or more electronic devices associated with the structure, such as in a thermostat  202 , hazard detection unit  204 , entryway interface device  206 , wall light switch  208 , wall plug interface  210 , appliance  212 , access device  266 , or other electronic device associated with the identified energy consumer. A historical record of the occupancy detected by one or more of these devices may be maintained and used to develop the probability profile. In one particular embodiment, a technique for developing an occupancy probability profile as described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,070 (client reference number NES0234), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes, may be used. When the occupancy probability profile indicates that the structure is likely to be unoccupied, such a likelihood weighs in favor of qualification. In contrast, when the occupancy probability profile indicates that the structure is unlikely to be occupied, such a likelihood weighs against qualification. 
     In operation  1206  it is determined whether an environmental management system (e.g., an HVAC system, cooling system, heating system, etc.) is installed, operable, and controllable at the structure. For example, device  300  may detect installation of a particular type of environmental management system via connections to wire connectors  338 . One particular technique for detecting installation of a particular type of environmental management system is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/038,191 (client reference number NES0009), filed Mar. 1, 2011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Further, device  300  may similarly be used to determine whether the attached environmental management system is operable and controllable by, e.g., the device  300 . For example, device  300  may attempt to control an attached cooling system to cool the structure. If temperature sensors of the device  300  subsequently measure a reduction in inside temperature that is not likely a result of factors such as declining outside temperature, the device  300  may deduce that the attached cooling system is operable and controllable. Other techniques for determining whether an attached environmental management system is operable and controllable are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/038,191, supra, which is incorporated by reference for all purposes. If it is determined that an environmental management system is installed, operable, and controllable, then this may weigh in favor of qualification. In contrast, if it is determined that an environmental management system is not installed, operable, or controllable, then this way weigh against qualification. 
     In operation  1208  it is determined whether the capacity of the environmental management system relative to the volume of the structure to be environmentally managed exceeds a threshold. For example, it may be determined whether the cooling capacity of a cooling system relative to the volume of the structure to be cooled by the cooling system exceeds a threshold. When the capacity of the environmental management system is too small, in some instances the environmental management system may not assist in any DR event energy reduction. Accordingly, when the capacity of the environmental management system does not meet or exceed the threshold, this may weigh against qualification. In contrast, when the capacity exceeds the threshold, this may weigh in favor of qualification. 
     In operation  1210  it is determined whether an environmental retention characteristic of the structure exceeds a threshold. As mentioned, environmental retention characteristics refer to a structures ability to retain heat, retain cold, retain humidity, retain dryness, etc., and different structures have different abilities to retain heat, humidity, and the like. When the environmental retention characteristic is so low for the type of DR event being managed, there may be little or no energy shifting. For example, where there is a very hot outside temperature and the thermal retention of a structure is very low, the energy consumer associated with the structure may be a poor choice for participation in a DR even as pre-cooling (described in detail further herein) may become largely ineffective. Accordingly, when the environmental retention characteristic is equal to or below a threshold value, this weighs against qualification. In contrast, when the environmental retention characteristic exceeds the threshold value, this weighs in favor of qualification. 
     In operation  1212  it is determined whether the amount of energy shifting likely to occur as a result of the identified energy consumer participating in the particular DR event exceeds a threshold value. Even though a particular energy consumer has enrolled in a DR program and, in some embodiments, determined to likely provide at least some amount of energy shifting as a result of their participation in the DR program, that same energy consumer may not be well-suited to provide energy shifting for a particular DR event. This may be due to any one of a number of reasons, such as the person likely being home for the entire duration of the DR event (and unlikely to be home for most other DR events), the weather at the energy consumer&#39;s structure likely to be significantly different (less energy demanding) than the weather at other identified energy consumer&#39;s structures (but more similar during other DR events), etc. Moreover, although a number of energy consumers are enrolled to participate in a DR program, there may be instances where it is desirable to use only a select subset of those consumers for a particular DR event as further described with reference to  FIG. 13 . 
     Regardless of the case, at operation  1212  it is determined whether the amount of energy shifting likely to occur as a result of the identified energy consumer participating in the particular DR event exceeds a threshold value. The amount of energy shifting likely to occur may be determined using a number of factors such as the energy consumer&#39;s HVAC schedule, the DR implementation profile, and the ability of the structure to load shift. In one particular embodiment, a ‘baseline’ energy shifting for the DR event may first be determined using the HVAC schedule for the DR event, the structures ability to load shift, the weather forecast, and occupancy probability profile. The likely energy shifting to occur as a result of participating in the DR event may then be determined using the DR implementation profile and the structures ability to load shift. The difference of these values may then be taken as the amount of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period. One particular process for determining the amount of energy likely to be shifted is discussed with reference to operation  2310  of  FIG. 23  in the context of estimating savings and is equally applicable here. Accordingly, when the amount of energy shifting likely to occur as a result of the identified energy consumer participating in the particular DR event exceeds a threshold value, this weighs in favor of qualification. In contrast, when the amount of energy shifting likely to occur as a result of the identified energy consumer participating in the particular DR event is equal to or less than the threshold value, this weighs against qualification. 
     In operation  1214  it is determined whether the device controlling the environmental management system (e.g., an HVAC) at the structure has wireless communication capabilities. For example, it may be determined whether device  300  is capable of communicating wirelessly with remote server  264  and/or energy management system  130 . If so, this may weigh in favor of qualification; otherwise, this may weigh against qualification. 
     In operation  1216  it is determined whether one or more devices associated with the structure of the identified energy consumer has access to weather forecast information. For example, it may be determined whether device  300  is operable to receive a weather forecast for the weather in the vicinity of the structure. In other embodiments, the devices associated with the structure need not have access to weather forecast information, but rather such information may be acquired by other entities such as energy management system  130 . If, however, it is determined that one or more devices associated with the structure of the identified energy consumer has access to weather forecast information, then his may weigh in favor of qualification; otherwise, this may weigh against qualification. 
     In operation  1218  it is determined whether the device (e.g., device  300 ) controlling the environmental management system (e.g., an HVAC) at the structure is in a particular learning mode, e.g., an ‘aggressive’ learning mode. For example, an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  may implement one or more learning algorithms whereby the thermostat  202  learns the tendencies and preferences of the occupants of the structure associated with the thermostat  202 . The thermostat  202  may learn preferred temperatures, humidity&#39;s, etc. for different times of the day, for different occupants, etc. The thermostat  202  may implement multiple modes of learning, wherein an initial learning mode aggressively responds to user selections. That is, the learning mode provides significant weight to temperature settings and changes instigated by the occupants. The initial learning mode may last for a certain duration, for example a week, two weeks, three weeks, etc., or until a certain amount of temperature settings and adjustments have been recorded. 
     At the end of the initial learning mode, the substantive preferences and tendencies of the occupants should be recognized. The thermostat  202  may then enter a second learning mode such as a refining mode of learning. The refining mode may be much less aggressive compared to the initial learning mode, in that changes made by occupants are given much less weight in comparison to changes made during the initial learning mode. Various specific learning algorithms are further described in commonly assigned U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/550,346 (client reference number NES0162-PROV), filed Oct. 21, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. 
     It should be recognized that embodiments are not necessarily limited to the thermostat  202  learning tendencies and preferences of the occupants of the structure, but rather the learning algorithms may be incorporated in any one or more of the electronic devices described with reference to the smart home environment  200  and/or the energy management system  130 . In any event, when such devices are still in an aggressive learning mode they may not be suitable for participation in a DR event, and thus this may weigh against qualification. In contrast, when such devices are out of the aggressive learning mode, this may weigh in favor of qualification. 
     In operation  1220  it is determined whether the device controlling the environmental management system (e.g., an HVAC) at the structure is paired with a user account. By being paired with a user account, the device is uniquely associated with a user account managed by the energy management system  130 . In many cases, the device is paired with an account created by the energy consumer associated with the structure. The account may be managed by the energy management system  130  and provide the energy consumer access to control and monitoring of the device (e.g., thermostat  202 ) using one or more remote electronic device (e.g., access device  266 ). Various techniques for pairing a device to a user account are further described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/275,311 (client reference number NES0129), filed Oct. 17, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. If the device controlling the environmental management system at the structure is paired with a user account, this may weigh in favor of qualification. In contrast, if the device controlling the environmental management system at the structure is not paired with a user account, this may weigh against qualification. 
     In operation  1222  it is determined whether the identified energy consumer is likely to participate in the DR event. The likelihood of the energy consumer participating in the DR event may be determined based on a number of factors, such as the prior participation levels by the energy consumer in past DR events, the HVAC schedule of the energy consumer, the likelihood of the structure being occupied during the DR event, the geographical location of the energy consumer, the affluence of the energy consumer, etc. If the energy consumer is likely to participate in the DR event, then this may favor qualification. Otherwise, this may weigh against qualification. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 12  provide a particular process for analyzing a number of factors to determine whether an enrolled energy consumer is qualified for participation in a particular DR event. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 12  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by one or more electronic devices in the smart home environment  200 , the energy management system  130 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 12  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a process  1300  for identifying energy enrolled energy consumers to participate in a DR event according to an embodiment. Any particular DR event may have the goal of reducing energy consumption by a certain amount during the DR event period (i.e., shifting a certain amount of energy consumption from the DR event period to one or more other time periods). The magnitude of this reduction or shifting may be defined, e.g., by the DR event magnitude. In some embodiments it may not be necessary to have all enrolled energy consumers participate in a particular DR event to achieve the desired shifting in energy consumption. Accordingly, a particular process for determining the minimum number of enrolled energy consumers necessary to achieve a particular amount of energy shifting is described herein. To facilitate further understanding, the process  1300  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1300  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  1302 , a subset of the enrolled energy consumers is qualified for participation in a DR event. A number of factors such as those described with reference to  FIG. 12  may be used to determine which energy consumers are qualified to participate in a particular DR event. Initially, the qualification factors may be applied stringently such that a fairly limited number of energy consumers are considered to be qualified. 
     Once the initial subset of enrolled energy consumers is qualified, processing continues to operation  1304 . In operation  1304  an estimate of the aggregate energy shifting likely to result from participation of the qualified subset of energy consumers is determined. The estimated energy shifting likely to result from participation of each energy consumer may initially be determined as described with reference to operation  1212 . These estimates may then be aggregated for all of the initially qualified energy consumers. 
     In operation  1306 , the estimated aggregate energy shifting is then compared with the desired energy shifting. For example, the estimated aggregate energy shifting may be compared to a desired energy shifting defined by the DR event. If the estimated aggregate energy shifting is not approximately equal to the desired energy shifting, then processing may continue to operation  1308 . 
     In operation  1308 , the size of the qualified subset of enrolled energy consumers for participation in the DR event is either increased or decreased. If the estimated energy shifting is less than the desired energy shifting, then the size of the qualified subset is increased. In contrast, if the estimated energy shifting is greater than the desired energy shifting, then the size of the qualified subset is decreased. In one particular embodiment, the size of the qualified subset may be decreased by making one or more of the factors used to the qualify the subset more stringent. For example, with reference to  FIG. 12 , the HVAC capacity threshold may be increased, the structural thermal retention threshold may be increased, the amount of likely energy shifting may be increased, etc. In contrast, the size of the qualified subset may be increased by making one or more of the factors used to qualify the subset less stringent. For example, with reference to  FIG. 12 , the HVAC capacity threshold may be decreased, the structural thermal retention threshold may be decreased, the amount of likely energy shifting may be decreased, etc. Once the size of the qualified subset is changed, processing may return to operation  1304  where an aggregate energy shifting is again estimated but this time for the modified subset. 
     Returning to operation  1310 , if the estimated aggregate energy shifting is approximately equal to the desired energy shifting, then processing may continue to operation  1310 . In operation  1310  the energy consumers that are included in the qualified subset are determined to be the identified energy consumers for participation in the DR event. For example, with reference to operation  706 , the energy consumers that are included in the qualified subset may be considered to be those identified in operation  706 . 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 13  provide a particular process for identifying energy enrolled energy consumers to participate in a DR event. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 13  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. For example, in some embodiments, if the estimated shifting is greater than the desired shifting, processing may continue to operation  1310  rather than  1308 . In such a case it may be recognized that greater shifting than defined by a DR event profile may be desired. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 13  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     Returning briefly to  FIG. 7 , once the specific enrolled energy consumers are identified for participation in a DR event as described with reference to operation  706 , the energy consumption of those energy consumers is then managed during a DR event. Managing energy consumption for an energy consumer may include a variety of aspects, such as notifying the energy consumer of the DR event, intelligently reducing energy consumption for the energy consumer, responding to changes in the DR event instigated by the utility provider or energy management system, responding to feedback of the energy consumer, and the like. One particular process for managing energy consumption of the identified energy consumers is herein described with reference to  FIG. 14 . 
     Specifically,  FIG. 14  illustrates a process  1400  for managing the energy consumption of energy consumers identified for participation in a DR event according to an embodiment. To facilitate further understanding, the process  1400  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1400  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  1402  each identified energy consumer may be notified of an upcoming demand-response event. For example, energy management system  130  may communicate such a notification to one or more electronic devices of residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the identified energy consumers, including one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266  associated with the identified energy consumers. The notification may be communicated to each device associated with an energy consumer or, in some embodiments, may be communicated to only one or a subset of devices associated with the energy consumer. The notification may be communicated at any suitable time period to the DR event period, such as 1 hour before, 6 hours before, 12 hours before, 24 hours before, etc. In some embodiment, the notification may be communicated on the order of minutes prior to the DR event period, such as 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, etc. Such may be the case for instantaneous DR where the utility company (or other entity) determines that a peak in aggregate energy demand is likely within an hour (or other nearby time) and would like to cause a reduction in aggregate energy demand in the near term. Multiple notifications may be communicated at the DR event period approaches. In many embodiments, the notification is communicated prior to any expected pre-event management period. In some cases, however, such as when the number of participants needs to be increased partway through the DR event, a notification could be sent during the DR event period. One particular example of communicating such a notification is described with reference to  FIG. 24A through 24C , which depict a graphical user interface of an intelligent, network-connected thermostat associated with an identified energy consumer receiving and responding to such a notification. The notification may include a variety of information to the DR event, such as the DR event period, DR event magnitude, etc. 
     It should be recognized that the intelligent, network-connected thermostat need not receive notification of a DR event at any certain time prior to the DR event period beginning. In some embodiments, the thermostat may receive notification of the DR event prior to the DR event period beginning. In other embodiments, however, the thermostat may receive notification of the DR event period during the DR event. In such cases, the thermostat may still implement a DR implementation profile. In at least one embodiment, additional processing may be performed to determine whether a thermostat should implement a DR implementation profile based on the time the notification is received. For example, the thermostat may implement a DR implementation profile only if some shift in energy consumption is likely. That is, at the time of receiving the notification, the thermostat (or remote server) may determine whether a shift in energy consumption is likely (e.g., using the processing described with reference to operation  1408 ), based on the time remaining for the DR event, the DR implementation profile applicable to the remaining DR event period, etc. If a shift in energy consumption is not likely because, e.g., the thermostat received the notification too late (e.g., partway through a pre-cooling period, or partway through a set-back period), then the thermostat may not generate or implement a DR implementation profile. In contrast, if an energy shift is likely, the thermostat may implement the DR implementation profile such that it participates in at least a portion of the DR event. It should further be recognized that, to participate in the DR event, the thermostat need not maintain a network connection after receiving the DR event notification. That is, once the thermostat receives the DR event notification, the network connection to the remote server may be lost, but the thermostat may nevertheless implement a DR implementation profile. 
     In operation  1404  information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to load shifting is received. This operation is similar to that described with reference to operation  804 . However, in this case, this information indicates the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to load shifting with respect to a specific DR event, rather than the DR program as a whole. In many embodiments, this operation may be excluded in favor of operation  804  (where the amenability to load shifting indicated for the DR program is subsequently used as the amenability to load shifting for some or all DR events in the program), or vice versa, operation  804  may be excluded in favor of operation  1404  (where amenability to load shifting is asked for each DR event, or for only the first DR event or a subset of DR events where the amenability may effectively be learned over the course of the DR program). In some embodiments, the energy consumer may be requested for their amenability to load shifting both at the time of enrolling in the DR program and at the time of participating in a DR event, where the information received for the specific DR event may take precedence over that received for the DR program as a whole. In at least one embodiment, where the energy consumer initially indicated a preferred amenability for the DR program, that preference may be indicated as a default level of amenability for each particular DR event, where the energy consumer has the option to tweak their desired amenability at the time of each specific DR event. 
     In operation  1406 , a DR event implementation profile is generated for the energy consumer. The DR event implementation profile defines a plurality of setpoint temperatures distributed over the DR event period of the DR event. These setpoint temperatures temporarily replace the scheduled setpoint temperatures that the energy consumer had in place prior to the DR event. The setpoint temperatures are temporary in that they are applied and implemented only for the DR event period (and, in some cases, pre-event and/or post-event periods such as pre-cooling and snapback periods). In cases where the energy consumer did not have any scheduled setpoint temperatures during the DR event period, the setpoint temperatures defined by the DR event implementation profile may be created as new (yet temporary) setpoint temperatures for the energy consumer. One particular technique for generating a DR event implementation profile is described herein with reference to  FIG. 16  through  FIG. 22 , although other techniques for generating a DR event implementation profile may be implemented. In at least one embodiment, the information indicating the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to load shifting as described in operation  1404  may be used to generate the DR event implementation profile. An increased amenability will result in a more aggressive DR event implementation profile (i.e., one that more aggressively shifts energy) whereas a decreased amenability will result in a less aggressive DR event implementation profile. 
     In operation  1408 , one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of the energy consumer participating in the DR event is calculated. This operation is similar to the process  1000  described with reference to  FIG. 10 , however in this case the accuracy of the metrics in indicating the amount of energy like to be shifted may be increased as compared to those calculated in operation  1018  due to the more concrete nature of the factors used to generate the metrics. For example, in determining the metrics in accordance with operation  1408 , the HVAC schedule for the DR event period is likely known and can be identified and the DR event implementation profile has been generated. These may be used in combination with the ability of the structure to load shift to calculate the amount of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another event period. In some embodiments, the per unit value of energy over the DR event period may also be determined in order to calculate the value of energy likely to be shifted. Accordingly, such metrics may include one or more of a magnitude (e.g., kWh) of energy likely to be shifted, a value (e.g., dollars) of the energy likely to be shifted, etc. One particular technique for determining such metrics is described with reference to  FIG. 23  and may be used herein. 
     In operation  1410  one or more of the metrics calculated in operation  1408  are communicated to the energy consumer. In one particular embodiment, energy management system  130  may communicate the one or more metrics to one or more electronic devices of residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the identified energy consumer, including one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266  associated with the identified energy consumer. 
     In operation  1412  it is determined whether the energy consumer opts-out of participation in the DR event. The energy consumer may opt-out in one or more of a variety of ways. For example, the energy consumer may respond to the notification described in operation  1402  with a response indicating a desire to opt-out of participation in the DR event. For another example, the energy consumer may change their scheduled setpoints for the DR event period that were set by the DR implementation profile, and/or may change an immediate setpoint on their thermostat. In some embodiments, any setpoint change may result in an opt-out, whereas in other embodiments, only scheduled setpoint changes that result in a reduction of the amount of energy shifting expected by the energy consumer result in an opt-out. In some cases, the reduction must be great enough such that the energy consumer no longer shifts energy from the DR event period. It should be recognized that a variety of techniques to opt-out may be incorporated, such as the energy consumer emailing, telephoning, messaging, or other communicating an opt-out request to the energy management system  130  either before or during the DR event. It should also be recognized, however, than in other embodiments the energy consumer may not be given an opportunity opt-out of participating in a particular DR event. In such cases, for example, the processing may continue to operation  1416 . 
     If the energy consumer opts-out, then processing may continue to operation  1414  where the DR event is canceled for that energy consumer. In canceling the DR event, no DR implementation profile will be communicated to the energy consumer, thus the energy consumer&#39;s scheduled setpoints will remain as originally configured by the energy consumer. If a DR implementation profile had already been communicated to the energy consumer, then any changes made to the energy consumers setpoints by incorporation of the DR implementation profile may be reversed. If on the other hand the energy consumer does not opt-out, then processing may continue to operation  1416 . 
     In operation  1416  the DR event implementation profile is sent to the energy consumer. For example, energy management system  130  may send the DR event implementation profile to one or more electronic devices of residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the identified energy consumers, including one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266  associated with the identified energy consumers. As a result, the receiving device, such as thermostat  202 , may temporarily replace any existing scheduled setpoints with those indicated in the DR event implementation profile. 
     In operation  1418  the DR event begins. For example, the DR event period defined by the DR event may start. 
     In operation  1420  it is determined whether a change is basis for the DR event implementation profile is received from the consumer. As described with reference to operation  1406  and  FIG. 16  through  FIG. 22 , a number of factors may be used to generate the DR event implementation profile, such as the HVAC schedule, an occupancy probability profile, an amenability to load shifting, a weather forecast, etc. One or more of these basis may change during the DR event. For example, the energy consumer may adjust their immediate setpoint or scheduled setpoints on the HVAC schedule for the DR event period. A real-time occupancy sensor may indicate an occupancy where the occupancy probability profile indicated a non-occupancy. A real-time outside weather (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc.) measurement may be different than that indicated in the weather forecast. If such a change in the basis is received or otherwise detected, then processing may continue to operation  1422 . 
     In operation  1422  it is determined whether the change in basis is fatal to the DR event for the energy consumer. The change in basis may be fatal, e.g., if it results in less energy shifting than initially predicted. Alternatively, there may be more leniency, whereby the change in basis is fatal only if it results in no energy shifting at all for the DR event. In one particular embodiment, to determine whether the change is fatal, the amount of energy shifting likely to result from continued participation in the DR event subject to the altered basis may be recalculated. This recalculated energy shift may then be compared to the energy shifting initially calculated in, e.g., operation  1408 , or may be compared to a threshold amount such as zero shifting. If the change is not fatal, then processing may continue to operation  1424 . 
     In operation  1424  the DR event implementation profile is modified in accordance with the changed basis. The DR event implementation profile at this point may be generated similar to that described above with reference to operation  1406 , but in this case the modified basis are used to generate the profile. Once the modified DR event implementation profile is generated, processing may continue to operation  1416  where the modified profile is sent to the energy consumer. If, on the other hand, it is determined in operation  1422  that the change is fatal, then processing may return to operation  1414  where the DR event is canceled for the energy consumer. 
     Returning to operation  1420 , if it is determined no change in basis is received from the energy consumer, then processing may continue to operation  1426 . In operation  1426  it is determined whether a change in basis for the DR event profile is received from the utility provider computing system  120  or other entity of system  100 , or is generated by energy management system  130 . As described with reference to operation  702 , a DR event is a time period over which energy reduction mechanisms are actively engaged in an effort to reduce energy consumption over a specifically defined period. The efforts to reduce energy consumption may be in response to a determination that demand on the grid is likely to exceed supply during the defined period. This may be due to a variety of factors, such as expected temperature, humidity, temporary drops in supply (e.g., scheduled maintenance of electrical power generators), etc. During the course of the DR event one or more of these basis for generating the DR event may change. As a result, the necessity of the DR event may also decrease. In another example, the actual amount of aggregate energy reduction may exceed that expected, or an additional supply of energy may be incorporated, in which case the necessity of the DR event may also decrease. In some embodiments, the basis may change prior to the DR event period beginning. Accordingly, a notification may be sent to the energy consumer, energy management system, or the like prior to the beginning of the DR event period effectively canceling the DR event. Regardless of the reason, if such a change in the DR event profile is received, processing may continue to operation  1422 . 
     In operation  1422  during this instance, it is determined whether the change in the DR event profile is fatal to the energy consumer. This may be determined as previously discussed for operation  1422 , except in this case likely energy shifting is recalculated based on the change in the DR event profile. In contrast, if there is no change in the DR event profile, then processing may continue to operation  1428  where the DR event is finished. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 14  provide a particular process for managing the energy consumption of energy consumers identified for participation in a DR event. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 14  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. For example, while operations  1420  through  1426  are described as being performed during a DR event, they may similarly be performed prior to a DR event beginning. That is, changes to the DR event implementation profile and/or DR event profile may be received and processed prior to the DR event beginning. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 14  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     In the process described with reference to  FIG. 14 , once the energy consumers are identified for participation in the DR event, the size of this set of energy consumers may decrease (e.g., as a result of opting out) but may not increase. In some embodiments it may be desirable to increase the number of energy consumers that are eligible to participate in a DR event during the course of the DR event. For example, in some cases the pre-event estimate for the aggregate amount of energy to be shifted by the identified energy consumers may be inaccurate, resulting in less energy shifting than is desired. Conversely, if the actual energy shifting being achieved during the course of a DR event is greater than that expected or needed, then the number of participants in the event may be diminished. Accordingly, in some embodiments the number of energy consumers participating in a particular DR event may increase, decrease, or the specific energy consumers may change, during the course of the DR event. One particular technique for actively managing the DR event based on the monitored aggregate energy shifting is described with reference to  FIG. 15 . Such techniques may, e.g., be implemented simultaneously with operations  1420  through  1426  described with reference to  FIG. 14 . 
     Specifically,  FIG. 15  illustrates a process  1500  for managing a DR event based on a monitored aggregate energy shifting in accordance with an embodiment. To facilitate further understanding, the process  1500  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1500  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  1502 , a DR event begins. This operation is similar to operation  1418 , thus further description is omitted. 
     In operation  1510 , the actual aggregate energy shifting during the course of the DR event is monitored. For example, energy management system  130  may determine the actual amount of energy shifting caused by each of the energy consumers participating in the DR event, and aggregate this data to determine the aggregate energy shifting. The actual amount of energy shifting may be determined using a variety of techniques. For example, a current (real-time) amount of energy consumption may be determined. This may be calculated using a number of factors such an HVAC status (on, off, % of capacity being used, etc.), a status of other electronic devices associated with the structure, etc. Additionally or alternatively, this may be determined from a meter that monitors energy consumption such as energy consumption meter  218 . A history of the actual amount of energy being consumed may be kept at least for the duration of the DR event so that an aggregate amount of actual energy consumed over the course of the DR event may be determined. Further, the ‘baseline’ energy consumption for the consumer may be determined as described with reference to operation  708 , except in this case the baseline energy consumption is determined only for the portion of the event period that has passed, instead of for the entire event period. The difference between the aggregate actual amount of energy consumed up to a given time and the aggregate amount of energy defined in the baseline results in an indication as to the actual aggregate energy that has been shifted at any particular time during the DR event. 
     As the aggregate energy shift is being monitored, processing may continue to operation  1506  where it is determined whether the DR event has finished. If so, then processing may continue to operation  1508  where the DR event is ended. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  1510 . 
     In operation  1510  it is determined whether the actual real-time aggregate amount of energy shifting is approximately equal to that expected. For example, the amount determined in operation  1504  may be compared with the energy shifting expected by this particular time in the DR event. The expected energy shifting may be calculated using techniques similar to those that will be described with reference to operation  2310 . However, in contrast to the expected energy shifting calculated in operation  2310 , which is for the entire DR event period, the expected energy shifting in this case is only for the portion of the event period that has passed. If it is determined that the actual aggregate energy shifting at a given point in time during the DR event is approximately equal to that expected, then processing may return to operation  1504 . If, however, it is determined that the actual aggregate energy shifting at the given point in time is not approximately equal to that expected, then this is indicative of the energy consumer either shifting too much or not enough energy, and thus processing may continue to operation  1512 . 
     In operation  1512  one or more techniques may be implemented to respond to the difference in actual and estimated aggregate shifting for a particular energy consumer. In one embodiment, the number of consumers identified to participate in the DR event may be altered. For example, if the actual aggregate shifting is less than that expected, then the number of energy consumers identified to participate in the DR event may be increased. In such a case, an identification process as described with reference to operation  706  may be carried out, one or more new energy consumers identified, and event notifications immediately sent to those energy consumers. If, on the other hand, the actual aggregate shifting is greater than that expected, then in one embodiment the number of energy consumers identified to participate in the DR event may be decreased. For example, the DR event may be canceled for the energy consumer being monitored. Additionally or alternatively, the DR event may be canceled for other energy consumers participating in the DR event. 
     In another embodiment, instead of (or in addition to) increasing or decreasing the number of energy consumers participating in the DR event, the DR implementation profiles associated with one or more energy consumers may be modified. For example, if the actual aggregate shifting is less than that expected, then the DR implementation profiles for one or more energy consumers participating in the DR event (including or excluding the energy consumer being monitored) may be modified to more aggressively shift energy. If, on the other hand, the actual aggregate shifting is greater than that expected, then the DR implementation profiles for one or more energy consumers participating in the DR event (including or excluding the energy consumer being monitored) may be modified to shift energy less aggressively. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 15  provide a particular process for managing a DR event based on a monitored aggregate energy shifting in accordance with an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 15  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 15  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to operation  1406 , a DR event implementation profile may be generated for each energy consumer identified to participate in a DR event. The DR event implementation profile defines a plurality of setpoint temperatures distributed over the DR event period of the DR event. A process for generating such a DR event implementation profile according to some embodiments is further described with reference to  FIG. 16 . 
     Specifically,  FIG. 16  illustrates a process  1600  for generating a demand-response event implementation profile in accordance with an embodiment. To facilitate further understanding, the process  1600  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1600  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  1602  one or more basis for creating the DR event implementation profile are identified. The basis used may be equally weighted, unequally weighted, or used for generating different aspects of the DR event implementation profile as further described herein. 
     The basis may include one or more of the following: the HVAC schedule of the energy consumer (e.g., one or more scheduled setpoints set by the energy consumer, including those set over the course of the DR event period); an occupancy probability profile for the structure associated with the energy consumer; an environmental (e.g., thermal) retention characteristic of the structure; a capacity of the environmental management system (e.g., HVAC) relative to the volume of the structure being environmentally managed; a real-time occupancy of the structure; a DR event profile; an amenability of the energy consumer to load shifting; past behavior of the energy consumer during DR events (e.g., changing the setpoints defined by previous DR implementation profiles for previous DR events); and a weather forecast (e.g., the forecast weather at the structure associated with the energy consumer). 
     Once one or more of these basis have been identified, processing may continue to operation  1604 . In operation  1604  it is determined whether pre-event energy management is appropriate. To gain a further appreciation for pre-event energy management and the DR event implementation profile in general, we turn briefly to  FIGS. 17A and 17B . 
       FIG. 17A  is an illustration  1700  of a DR event and related periods according to an embodiment. As depicted in the illustration  1700 , a DR event period  1702  extends from 2 pm to 7 pm. This DR event period may, e.g., be defined by a utility provider in a DR event profile, and as previously described is a period of desired energy reduction. Shouldering the DR event period  1702  is a pre-event period  1704  (e.g., a pre-cooling period) and a post-event period  1706  (e.g., a snapback period). The pre-cooling period  1704  is illustrated as extending from 1 pm to 2 pm and the post-event period is illustrated as extending from 7 pm to 8 pm. However it should be recognized that pre-cooling periods, DR event periods, and snapback periods may have time frames different than those depicted in  FIG. 17A , and may be dyanamically calculated per user so that each user has a unique DR implementation profile that is customized to their particular structure, occupancy probability profile, weather forecast, amenability to load shifting, etc. 
     The pre-event period  1704  in this example is referred to as a pre-cooling period. In situations where a DR event is implemented to respond to hot weather conditions, the pre-event period  1704  is referred to as a pre-cooling period as this is a period during which a structure may be aggressively cooled in preparing for the DR event period. In other situations, however, this may be referred to as a pre-heating period, or pre-humidifying period, pre-dehumidifying period, depending on the goals of the DR event. Most of the examples described herein are in the context of a DR event being disseminated to respond to hot weather conditions, however it should be recognized that embodiments are not so limited. 
     The snapback period  1706  is a period during which energy consumption may substantially increase (i.e., spike) as a result of one or more energy consumers offsetting energy reductions instigated during the DR event period. For example, by the end of the DR event period, many energy consumers may experience inside temperatures higher than desirable as a result of their energy consumption being managed. Once the DR event period completes, however, they may increase their energy consumption (to reduce their inside temperature to something more comfortable) without penalty, and thus they may increase their energy consumption significantly. In the aggregate, this may result in a new peak in energy demand and, in some cases, pressures on the grid similar to those expected during the DR event period. 
       FIG. 17B  is an illustration  1750  of an energy consumers originally scheduled setpoints as well as DR event-modified setpoints (resulting from application of the DR event implementation profile) overlaying the time periods described with reference to  FIG. 17A  according to an embodiment. Specifically, illustration  1750  shows a set of originally scheduled setpoints  1752  and DR event-modified setpoints  1754 . The originally scheduled setpoints  1752  indicate a desired temperature consistently at or around 74° F. The DR event-modified setpoints  1754  illustrate a change to those originally scheduled setpoints  1752  that, in some examples, reduces energy consumption by the energy consumer during the DR event period. 
     The DR event-modified setpoints  1754  show setpoints identical to the original setpoints up until 1 pm and after 7:30 pm. Between 1 pm and 2 pm, however, i.e., during the pre-cooling period, the DR event-modified setpoints  1754  are set to 71° F. rather than 74° F. In this case, the structure is cooled to an amount less than that originally desired by the energy consumer. From 2 pm to 7:20 pm, however, the DR event-modified setpoints  1754  are set to 76° F. rather than 74° F. In this case, the structure is allowed to heat to an amount greater than that originally desired by the energy consumer. At about 7:20 pm, the DR event-modified setpoints  154  are reduced to 75° F. for about 20 minutes and then returned to 74° F. 
     As a result of increasing the allowing the internal temperature to rise to 76° F. rather than maintain it at 74° F. for the duration of the DR event, the amount of energy consumed at the structure is likely reduced over the duration of the DR event. Further, by staggering the return to 76° F., a spike in energy consumption at or around 7 pm (the end of the DR event period) may also be reduced. However, it should be recognized that energy consumption on a whole is not necessarily reduced. That is, in contrast to the originally scheduled setpoints, the DR event-modified setpoints result in additional energy consumption during the pre-cooling period. As a result, even though energy consumption during the DR event period  1702  is reduced, this energy consumption is actually shifted to one or more time periods outside of the DR event period (e.g., to the pre-cooling period and/or the snapback period  1706 ). 
     Returning now to  FIG. 16 , in operation  1604  it is determined whether pre-event energy management is appropriate. For example, it may be determined whether it is appropriate to perform any energy management (such a pre-cooling or pre-heating) during the pre-event period  1704 . It may be appropriate to perform such energy management if it is determined that such energy management will result in a reduction of energy during the DR event period. One particular example of a process that may be used to determine whether it is appropriate to apply pre-cooling is described with reference to  FIG. 19 . If it is determined that it is not appropriate to perform such energy management, then processing may continue to operation  1608 . If, however, it is determined that such energy management is appropriate, then processing may continue to operation  1606 . 
     In operation  1606  the magnitude and duration of the pre-event energy management is determined. As mentioned, pre-event energy management may include pre-cooling, pre-heating, pre-humidifying, pre-dehumidifying, or other type of energy management. The magnitude of the pre-event energy management (e.g., +2° F., +4° F., etc.) may be determined as well as the duration (e.g., 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, etc.). The magnitude and duration may be determined using one or more of the basis previously described for generating the DR implementation profile. 
     In operation  1608  it is determined whether DR event interval energy management is appropriate. For example, it may be determined whether it is appropriate to perform any energy management (such as setpoint changes, duty cycling, etc.) during the DR event period  1702 . It may be appropriate to perform such energy management if it is determined that such energy management will result in a reduction of energy during the DR event period. In determining whether it is appropriate to perform any DR event interval energy management, a number of different DR event energy reduction mechanisms may be considered. These include a setpoint change mechanism, a duty cycling mechanism, or a combination of the setpoint change and duty cycling mechanisms, as described herein. To gain a further appreciation for the various types of DR event interval energy management, we turn briefly to  FIGS. 18A through 18C . 
       FIG. 18A  is an illustration  1800  depicting a setpoint change type of DR event interval energy reduction mechanism according to an embodiment. Illustration  1800  depicts the originally scheduled setpoints  1752  and DR event-modified setpoints  1754  over the pre-event period, DR event period, and post-event period as previously described with reference to  FIGS. 17A and 17B . Further, an internal temperature  1802  of the structure associated with the energy consumer, and HVAC ON periods  1804  that are periods during which a cooling system is actively attempting to cool the structure, are also depicted. In this particular example, the DR event interval energy reduction mechanism is a ‘setpoint change’ mechanism, in which the cooling system is activated and deactivated during the DR event period as necessary to maintain the internal temperature  1802  as close to the setpoints (e.g., DR event-modified setpoints  1754 ) as possible (e.g., within a range of ±1° F., ±2° F., etc.). 
     Specifically, the HVAC is in an ON state  1804 A during the pre-cooling period to reduce the internal temperature  1802  prior to the DR event period. During the DR event period, the HVAC enters into and stays in an ON state  1804 B for various durations and at various times in an attempt to maintain the internal temperature  1802  at the DR event-modified setpoints  1754 . During the post-event period the HVAC is in an ON state  1804 C as necessary to maintain the internal temperature  1802  at the DR event-modified setpoints  1754 , where the temperature of the DR event-modified setpoints  1754  is reduced in stages to eventually reach the originally scheduled setpoints  1752  and the reductions are offset from the end of the DR event period. 
       FIG. 18B  is an illustration  1820  depicting a duty cycling change type of DR event interval energy reduction mechanism according to an embodiment. Illustration  1820  is similar to that described with reference to  FIG. 18A , but in this case illustrates HVAC ON states  1824 A,  1824 B, and  1824 C. HVAC ON states  1824 A and  1824 C are the same as  1804 A and  1804 C, thus further description is omitted. HVAC ON state  1824 B, however, illustrates a ‘duty cycling’ DR event interval energy reduction mechanism, in which the cooling system is activated for fixed durations over regular intervals. In this particular case, the cooling system is activated for 15 minute durations every 1 hour for the duration of the DR event interval regardless of the magnitude of the internal temperature  1822 . It should be recognized that in some embodiments direct load control (i.e., actively controlling the duty cycle of an HVAC) may be controlled by setting setpoint temperatures very high (i.e., higher than typical inside temperatures), to turn the HVAC ON, or very low (i.e., lower than typical inside temperatures), to turn the HVAC OFF. Such setpoint temperatures may or may not be displayed to the user. 
       FIG. 18C  is an illustration  1840  depicting a combination setpoint/duty cycling change type of DR event interval energy reduction mechanism according to an embodiment. Illustration  1840  is similar to that described with reference to  FIG. 18A , but in this case illustrates HVAC 
     ON states  1844 A,  1844 B, and  1844 C. HVAC ON states  1844 A and  1844 C are the same as  1804 A and  1804 C, thus further description is omitted. HVAC ON state  1844 B, however, illustrates a combination of the aforementioned setpoint and duty cycling type DR event interval energy reduction mechanisms. In this particular combination the cooling system is activated at regular time intervals for minimum durations. For example, the cooling system is activated every hour for at least 10 minutes. If the minimum activation interval (e.g., 10 minutes) is sufficient to reduce the internal temperature  1842  to the temperature defined by the DR event-modified setpoints  1754 , then the cooling system will deactivate after the minimum activation interval. If, however, the minimum activation interval (e.g., 10 minutes) is insufficient to reduce the internal temperature  1842  to the temperature defined by the DR event-modified setpoints  1754 , then the cooling system may extend its activation interval past the minimum activation interval (e.g., it may extend to 15 or 20 minutes). In some embodiments the cooling system may extend its activation interval until the internal temperature  1842  is reduced to the temperature defined by the DR event-modified setpoints  1754 . In other embodiments, the length of the extension may be limited in duration to prevent the cooling system from being constantly activated. In this particular example, the first, third, and fourth cooling system activations are for the minimum activation interval, whereas the second activation is extended. 
     It should be recognized that embodiments are not limited to the various examples illustrated in and described with reference to  FIGS. 18A through 18C . Rather, one skilled in the art would recognize numerous variations in setpoint temperatures, setpoint intervals, setpoint times, DR event period times and intervals, energy management system (e.g., cooling system) activation times and periods, etc. These examples are presented to articulate different types of DR event interval energy reduction mechanisms as further described herein and, while presented in the context of reducing internal temperatures, are similarly applicable to varying other types of environmental conditions within the structure. 
     Returning to operation  1608  of  FIG. 16 , it is determined whether DR event interval energy reduction is appropriate. As described, various types of DR event interval energy reduction mechanisms include a setpoint change, duty cycling, or a combination of a setpoint change and duty cycling. Some specific processes that may be used to determine whether any or all of these energy reduction mechanisms are appropriate are described with reference to  FIGS. 20 and 21 . If it is determined that it is not appropriate to perform such energy management, then processing may continue to operation  1612 . If, however, it is determined that such energy management is appropriate, then processing may continue to operation  1610 . 
     In operation  1610  the magnitude and duration of the DR event interval energy management is determined. As mentioned, DR event interval energy management may include setpoint control, duty cycling control, or a combination of setpoint and duty cycling control. The magnitude for each type of energy control mechanism (e.g., difference in DR event-modified setpoints and originally scheduled setpoints, duty cycling periods, maximum extensions to duty cycling periods, etc.) may be determined using one or more of the basis previously described for generating the DR implementation profile, while the duration of the energy reduction mechanism may be defined as the DR event period. 
     In operation  1612  it is determined whether post-event energy management is appropriate. For example, it may be determined whether it is appropriate to perform any energy management (such a delaying a return to the originally scheduled setpoints, gradually returning to originally scheduled setpoints, etc.) during the post-event period  1706 . It may be appropriate to perform such energy management if it is determined that such energy management will result in a reduction of energy during the DR event period and, in some cases, reduce the impact of numerous energy consumers placing high demands on the electric grid as soon as the DR event period  1702  comes to an end. One particular example of a process that may be used to determine whether it is appropriate to apply post-event energy management is described with reference to  FIG. 22 . If it is determined that it is appropriate to perform such energy management, then processing may continue to operation  1614 . 
     In operation  1614  the magnitude and duration of the post-event energy management is determined. As mentioned, post-event energy management may include one or more of delaying setpoint return, staggering setpoint return, or other type of energy management. The magnitude of the post-event energy management (e.g., size of the stagger and/or delay) may be determined as well as the duration (e.g., 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, etc.). The magnitude and duration may be determined using one or more of the basis previously described for generating the DR implementation profile. It should be recognized that a variety of types of techniques may be used to return the DR event-modified setpoints  1754  to the originally scheduled setpoints  1752  during the post-event period. For example, the magnitude may be reduced incrementally in increments having the same or different sizes, where one or more than one increment may be used. Similarly, the durations at which the setpoint is held at each midpoint may be the same or different from one another. The setpoint return may be linear, exponential, or other curve shape. In at least one embodiment, the time at which the DR event-modified setpoints  1754  return to the originally scheduled setpoints  1752  may be random for some or all of the participating energy consumers such that, as a whole, the post-event aggregate energy consumption is equally distributed over the post-event period. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 16  provide a particular process for generating a demand-response event implementation profile in accordance with an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 16  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 16  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to  FIG. 16 , a specific process for determining whether pre-event energy management (e.g., pre-cooling) is appropriate is described with reference to  FIG. 19 , a specific process for determining whether a setback-type DR event interval energy reduction is appropriate is described with reference to  FIG. 20 , a specific process for determining whether a duty-cycling type DR event interval energy reduction is appropriate is described with reference to  FIG. 21 , and a specific process for determining whether post-event energy management is appropriate is described with reference to  FIG. 22 . Each of these particular processes is described in turn. 
     Turning to  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 19  illustrates a process  1900  for determining whether pre-cooling is appropriate according to an embodiment. In operation  1902  it is determined whether the temperature outside of the structure is mild to moderate. For example, it may be determined whether the temperature is in a particular range. If the temperature is not within this particular range, then processing may continue to operation  1904  where it is determined not to apply pre-cooling. If the temperature is within this range, however, then processing may continue to operation  1906 . 
     In operation  1906  it is determined whether the structure has a thermal retention characteristic indicating that the structure is moderately sealed to well-sealed. For example, it may be determined whether the retention characteristic of the structure is in a particular range. If the thermal retention characteristic is not within this particular range, then processing may continue to operation  1904  where it is determined not to apply pre-cooling. If the thermal retention characteristic is within this range, however, then processing may continue to operation  1908  where it is determined to apply pre-cooling. 
     It should be recognized that the process  1900  is a simplified process for determining whether to apply pre-cooling. In many embodiments not one factor is determinative as to whether pre-cooling should be applied or not, but rather a number of factors (such as those discussed with respect to the basis used for the DR event implementation profile) are combined to determine whether pre-cooling (or more generally, pre-event energy management) results in energy shifting. In this particular example it is being illustrated that, in a pre-cooling environment, extremely hot weather or very poor thermal retention characteristics may be strong (in some cases, determinative) indicators that pre-cooling will not be effective at shifting energy from the DR event period to periods outside of the DR event period. 
     Turning to  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 20  illustrates a process  2000  for determining whether a setback-type DR event interval energy management mechanism is appropriate according to an embodiment. In operation  2002  it is determined whether the temperature outside of the structure is mild to moderate. For example, it may be determined whether the temperature is in a particular range. If the temperature is not within this particular range, then processing may continue to operation  2012  where it is determined not to use setback-type energy management during the DR event interval. If the temperature is within this range, however, then processing may continue to operation  2004 . 
     In operation  2004  it is determined whether the capacity of the cooling system (e.g., HVAC) relative to the volume to be cooled is medium to oversized. For example, it may be determined whether the capacity of the cooling system is in a particular range. If the capacity of the cooling system is not within this particular range, then processing may continue to operation  2012  where it is determined not to use setback-type energy management during the DR event interval. If the capacity of the cooling system is within this range, however, then processing may continue to operation  2006 . 
     In operation  2006  it is determined whether the structure has a thermal retention characteristic indicating that the structure is moderately sealed to well-sealed. For example, it may be determined whether the structure has a thermal retention characteristic in a particular range. If the thermal retention characteristic is not within this range, then processing may continue to operation  2012  where it is determined not to use setback-type energy management during the DR event interval. If the thermal retention characteristic is within this range, however, then processing may continue to operation  2008 . 
     In operation  2008  it is determined whether the humidity outside of the structure is low to moderate. For example, it may be determined whether the humidity is in a particular range. If the humidity is not within this range, then processing may continue to operation  2012  where it is determined not to use setback-type energy management during the DR event interval. If the humidity is within this range, however, then processing may continue to operation  2010  where it is determined to use setback-type energy management during the DR event interval. 
     It should be recognized that the process  2000  is a simplified process for determining whether to use setback-type energy management during the DR event interval. In many embodiments not one factor is determinative as to whether setback-type energy management should be applied or not, but rather a number of factors (such as those discussed with respect to the basis used for the DR event implementation profile) are combined to determine whether using setback-type energy management would result in energy shifting. In this particular example it is being illustrated that, during a DR event period, extremely hot weather or humid weather, very low HVAC capacity, or very poor thermal retention characteristics may be strong (in some cases, determinative) indicators that a setback-type energy management mechanism will not be effective at shifting energy from the DR event period to periods outside of the DR event period. 
     Turning to  FIG. 21 ,  FIG. 21  illustrates a process  2100  for determining whether a duty cycling DR event interval energy management mechanism is appropriate according to an embodiment. In operation  2102  it is determined whether the temperature outside of the structure is hot. For example, it may be determined whether the temperature exceeds a particular temperature. If it is determined that the temperature is not hot, i.e., does not exceed a particular temperature, then processing may continue to operation  2110  where it is determined not to use a duty cycling energy management mechanism during the DR event interval. If the temperature does exceed the particular temperature, however, then processing may continue to operation  2104 . 
     In operation  2104  it is determined whether the capacity of the cooling system (e.g., HVAC) relative to the volume to be cooled is undersized. For example, it may be determined whether the capacity of the cooling system is less than a particular amount. If the capacity of the cooling system is not less than the particular amount, then processing may continue to operation  2110  where it is determined not to use a duty cycling energy management mechanism during the DR event interval. If the capacity of the cooling system is less than the particular amount, however, then processing may continue to operation  2106 . 
     In operation  2106  it is determined whether the humidity outside of the structure is high. For example, it may be determined whether the humidity exceeds a particular amount. If the humidity does not exceed the particular amount, then processing may continue to operation  2110  where it is determined not to use a duty cycling energy management mechanism during the DR event interval. If the humidity does exceed the particular amount, however, then processing may continue to operation  2108  where it is determined to use a duty cycling energy management mechanism during the DR event interval. 
     It should be recognized that the process  2100  is a simplified process for determining whether to use a duty cycling energy management mechanism during the DR event interval. In many embodiments not one factor is determinative as to whether a duty cycling energy management mechanism should be applied or not, but rather a number of factors (such as those discussed with respect to the basis used for the DR event implementation profile) are combined to determine whether a duty cycling energy management mechanism would result in energy shifting. In this particular example it is being illustrated that, during a DR event period, extremely hot weather, extremely high humidity, or a very low HVAC capacity may be strong (in some cases, determinative) indicators that a duty cycling energy management mechanism will be effective at shifting energy from the DR event period to periods outside of the DR event period. 
     Turning to  FIG. 22 ,  FIG. 22  illustrates a process  2200  for determining whether post-event (i.e., snapback) energy management is appropriate according to an embodiment. In operation  2202  it is determined a request to implement post-DR event energy management is received. For example, in some cases an entity (such as utility provider computing system  120 ) may communicate a request to the energy management  130  to perform post-DR event energy management. If such a request is received, then processing may continue to operation  2204  where post-event energy management is applied. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  2206 . 
     In operation  2206  it is determined whether a post DR-event grid load is likely to exceed a particular threshold. For example, it may be determined whether the aggregate energy consumption of residences  150 A- 150 N may exceed a particular threshold, and/or it may be determined whether an aggregate load on power distribution network  160  exceeds a threshold. The expected load may be calculated prior to the end of the DR event period, and may be calculated using one or more of a variety of information that energy management system  130  has at its disposal, such as the scheduled setpoints for residences  150 A- 150 N, the thermal retention characteristics for those residences, the HVAC capacities of those residences, the occupancy probability profiles for those residences, expected weather forecast, etc. The threshold may be set by utility provider computing system  120  or some other suitable entity. If it is determined that the aggregate post-DR event grid load is likely to exceed the threshold, then processing may continue to operation  2204  where post-event energy management is applied. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  2208 . 
     In operation  2208  it is determined whether the monitored (i.e., actual) post DR-event grid load actually exceeds the threshold. For example, after the DR event is complete, the load on the power distribution network  160  and/or the actual real-time energy consumption of residences  150 A- 150 N may be monitored. If it is determined that the monitored energy consumption exceeds the threshold, then processing may continue to operation  2204  where post-event energy management is applied. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  2210 . 
     In operation  2210  it is determined whether post DR-event energy management is likely to reduce energy consumption during the DR event period. For example, the estimated post-DR event energy consumption may be compared to a baseline post-DR event energy consumption. If the estimated energy consumption is likely to be greater than the baseline post-DR event energy consumption, then processing may continue to operation  2204  where post-event energy management is applied. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  2212  where post DR-event energy management is not applied. 
     It should be recognized that the process  2200  is a simplified process for determining whether to perform post DR-event energy management. In many embodiments not one factor is determinative as to whether post DR-event energy management should be applied or not, but rather a number of factors are combined to determine whether post DR-event energy management would assist in energy shifting. It should further be recognized that a process similar that described with reference to  FIG. 22  may alternatively or additionally be applied to determining whether to apply pre DR-event energy management (e.g., pre-cooling). In such a case, the operations may be modified to refer to a “pre DR-event” rather than a “post DR-event”. For example, operation  2202  may be modified to receiving a request to implement pre-DR event energy management. Operation  2206  may be modified to determine whether a pre DR-event grid load is likely greater than a predetermined amount. One skilled in the art would recognize how to similarly apply such changes to the remainder of the operations described with reference to  FIG. 22 . 
     As described in various places, e.g., with respect to operation  1408  of  FIG. 14 , one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of an enrolled energy consumer participating in a DR event may be calculated. At the time of performing such a calculation, in many embodiments a DR event has already been defined, as has a DR event implementation profile for the energy consumer. Further, as the DR event is likely to occur soon (e.g., within a matter of days) after calculating the one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely to be shifted, the originally scheduled setpoints for the DR event (or very accurate estimates thereof) may also be acquired. These, in combination with the ability of the structure associated with the energy consumer and, in some cases, the likely cost of energy over the DR event, can be used to determine the one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted. One particular process for calculating such metrics is described with reference to  FIG. 23 . 
     Specifically,  FIG. 23  illustrates a process  2300  for generating one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an enrolled energy consumer if the energy consumer participates in a demand-response event according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  1000  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  1000  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  2302  the characteristics of the DR event are determined. As previously described, a DR event is defined by a DR event profile that includes information such as the DR event period, DR event magnitude, geographical scope of the DR event, etc. Accordingly, such characteristic information may be received by the utility provider computing system  120 , generated by the energy management system  130 , or received or generated in part or in whole by another suitable entity. 
     In operation  2304 , the HVAC schedule of the energy consumer over the DR event period is determined. In determining the HVAC schedule of the energy consumer, the HVAC schedule set by the energy consumer may be acquired. For example, energy management system  130  may receive the HVAC schedule from one or more of the thermostat  202  and access device  266 . In some cases, the HVAC schedule may not be explicitly set by the energy consumer, but rather may be learned by the thermostat  202  and/or other electronic devices associated with the energy consumer. In such a case, the learned and/or manually set setpoints may be acquired. 
     Once the HVAC schedule is determined, processing may continue to operation  2306  where the DR implementation profile for the DR event is determined. The DR implementation profile indicates the setpoints to be implemented for the energy consumer during a DR event instead of their scheduled setpoints. In determining the DR implementation profile, a number of factors may be taken into consideration. These factors may include, for example, the HVAC schedule determined in operation  2302 , the occupancy probability profile, the thermal retention characteristic of the structure associated with the energy consumer, the HVAC capacity of the structure associated with the energy consumer, the DR event profile, any indication as to the energy consumer&#39;s amenability to load shifting, past DR event behavior, weather forecast, etc. Some particular methods for generating a DR implementation profile are described with reference to  FIG. 16  through  FIG. 22 . 
     In operation  2308  the ability of the structure associated with the energy consumer to load shift, for example one of residences  150 A- 150 N, is determined. The ability of a structure to load shift may be calculated based on a number of factors, such as the capacity of an environmental management system of the structure relative to a volume of the structure to be environmentally managed. The environmental management system may be, e.g., an HVAC, a cooling system, a heating system, a humidifier, etc. The ability to load shift may also or alternatively be based on the environmental retention characteristics of the structure. Environmental retention characteristics refer to a structures ability to retain heat, retain cold, retain humidity, retain dryness, etc. Various techniques for determining the environmental retention characteristics of a structure may be used. Some particular techniques are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/881,463 and 13/632,152, supra. Further, it should be recognized that while thermal retention is described in numerous places herein, embodiments are not so limited. Rather, other types of environmental retention may be considered and/or used depending on the particular environmental conditions at the structure and type of energy management being performed during a DR event. 
     In operation  2310 , the amount of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period is calculated. Such a calculation may use some or all of the aforementioned factors, such as the HVAC schedule, the DR implementation profile, and the ability of the structure to load shift. In one particular embodiment, a ‘baseline’ energy consumption for the DR event may first be determined using the HVAC schedule for the DR event and the structures ability to load shift. The likely energy consumption as a result of participating in the DR event may then be determined using the DR implementation profile and the structures ability to load shift. The difference of these values may then be taken as the amount of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period. 
     In operation  2312 , the likely value per unit of energy over the DR event period may be determined. The likely value per unit may be, for example, an expected cost per unit of energy. In the context of electrical energy, this may be a cost per kWh or other suitable unit. The expected cost per unit of energy may be determined using one or more of a variety of sources, such as contracted energy costs (i.e., a cost of energy as defined by the DR program), historical energy costs (i.e., energy costs from prior similar DR events, energy costs during prior similar weather patterns as expected for the DR event, etc. 
     In operation  2314  the value of energy likely to be shifted from the DR event period to another time period is determined. This value of energy may be determined by multiplying the likely value per unit of energy determined in operation  2312  with the amount of energy likely to be shifted calculated in operation  2310 . In one particular embodiment, the value of energy likely be shifted represents only the energy reduction that is likely to occur during the DR event period. In other embodiments, however, the value of energy likely be shifted may also incorporate increased energy consumption outside of the DR event period. 
     In operation  2316 , one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of participating in the DR event are communicated to the energy consumer. The metrics may include the amount of energy likely to be shifted as described with reference to operation  2310 . The metrics may also or alternatively include the value of energy likely to be shifted (e.g., as described with respect to operation  2314 ). In one particular embodiment, energy management system  130  may communicate the one or more metrics to one or more electronic devices of residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the identified energy consumer, including one or more of an intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  and an access device  266  associated with the identified energy consumer. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 23  provide a particular process for generating one or more metrics indicative of an amount of energy likely be shifted by an enrolled energy consumer if the energy consumer participates in a demand-response event according to an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 23  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 23  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. For example, where only energy estimates (i.e., no value estimates) are needed, operations  2312  and  2314  may be omitted. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to operation  1402 , each identified energy consumer that is enrolled in a DR program may be notified of an upcoming DR event. The notification generally includes information regarding the DR event profile, such as when the DR event is to occur, how long the DR event will last, etc. Further, as described with reference to operation  1410 , one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely be shifted as a result of that particular energy consumer participating in the upcoming DR event may also be communicated to the energy consumer. While such information may be communicated to the energy consumer in a variety of ways, one particular technique for doing so is described with reference to  FIGS. 24A through 24C . 
       FIGS. 24A through 24C  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface for presenting a DR event notification to an energy consumer according to an embodiment. While the graphical user interface (GUI) is presented in the form of an interface that may be displayed on a circular-shaped device such as the device  300  discussed with reference to  FIGS. 3A through 3C , embodiments are not so limited as similar GUI&#39;s could be presented on other devices of other shapes. 
     Turning to the figures,  FIG. 24A  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  2400  which may be, e.g., user interface  304  ( FIG. 3A ), output device  606  and/or input device  608  ( FIG. 6 ), or other suitable I/O element  2400  of an electronic device associated with an identified energy consumer which is participating in the DR program. The I/O element  2400  includes a notification message  2402  displaying information regarding the upcoming DR event, such as the date and time of the event. The I/O element  2400  also includes a selectable input mechanism  2404  whereby the user can either accept or reject the offer. In one specific example, ring  320  could be rotated and/or depressed to either accept or reject the offer. In this particular example, the I/O element  2400  simultaneously displays an energy savings estimate  2406  which is one or more metrics indicative of the amount of energy likely to be shifted as a result of that particular energy consumer participating the DR event. The estimated savings in this particular example is illustrated as a dollar savings, but in other examples may also or alternatively be illustrated as a magnitude of energy savings (e.g., kWh), AC run time, percentages, etc. AC run time, in some embodiments, may be a good metric where information regarding pricing or HVAC capacity is unknown. The estimated savings may be calculated based on a default or expected level of participation, such as a level of participation input by the energy consumer at the time of enrolling. 
       FIG. 24B  illustrates the I/O element  2400  in the event the user accepts the offer to participate in the DR event. The I/O element  2400  includes a participation level request message  2410  displaying a request for the identified energy consumer to select their desired level of participation in the DR event. This may range from a minimum level of participation to a maximum level of participation in the event. The I/O element  2400  may include a controllable slider  2412  that enables the identified energy consumer to select any level of participation on a gradient ranging from minimum to maximum participation. In one specific example, ring  320  could be rotated and/or depressed to select the level of participation. The I/O element  2400  may also include an estimated savings  2416  the identified energy consumer may realize if they participate at the level of participation indicated by the slider  2416 . The estimated savings in this particular example is illustrated as a dollar savings, but in other examples may also or alternatively be illustrated as a magnitude of energy savings (e.g., kWh). The estimated savings may also be recalculated and re-displayed in real-time in response to the energy consumer changing their level of participation. 
       FIG. 24C  illustrates the I/O element  2400  in the event the identified energy consumer accepts the offer to participate in the DR event and, in some embodiments, in the event the identified energy consumer selects their desired level of participation. The I/O element  2400  includes a thank you message  2420  thanking the identified energy consumer for participating the DR event. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific I/O elements illustrated in  FIGS. 24A through 24C  describe particular I/O elements according to certain embodiments. The I/O elements described with reference to  FIGS. 24A through 24C  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices associated with the identified energy consumer. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by one or more of the a thermostat  202 , hazard detection unit  204 , entryway interface device  206 , wall light switch  208 , wall plug interface  210 , appliance  212 , access device  266 , or other electronic device associated with the identified energy consumer. The various messages and input elements may not necessarily be displayed at different times, but rather some messages could be presented simultaneously on the same display. Some messages could be communicated using other communication mechanisms, and responses could similarly be received using other communication mechanisms. For example, audible, touch, or other input/output mechanisms could be used. Further, it should be recognized that additional or alternative information could be presented to request participation in a DR event, and all of the information illustrated in  FIGS. 24A through 24C  need not be presented. For example, an option to participate or refuse participation in a DR event may not be presented, and/or a level of participation may not be set by the user in some embodiments. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to operation  1420  of  FIG. 14 , an energy consumer may alter one or more basis used for creating a DR event implementation profile. For example, the energy consumer may change the setpoints defined by the DR event implementation profile to shift energy either more aggressively or less aggressively. In some embodiments, the energy consumer may make such changes to the scheduled setpoints using a scheduler provided on one or more electronic devices (e.g., access device  266 ) associated with the energy consumer. Such changes may be done either before or during the DR event period. One particular scheduler interface for facilitating such changes is described with reference to  FIGS. 25A through 25F . 
       FIGS. 25A through 25F  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface of a schedule of setpoints associated with an energy consumer that has agreed to participate in a DR event according to an embodiment. Various techniques for modifying scheduled setpoint temperatures for a thermostat are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,875 (client reference number NES0245), filed Sep. 21, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes. While the graphical user interface (GUI) is presented in the form of an interface that may be displayed on a rectangular-shaped device, embodiments are not so limited as similar GUI&#39;s could be presented in other forms. 
     Turning to the figures,  FIG. 25A  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  2500  including a number of originally scheduled setpoints  2502  according to an embodiment. The originally scheduled setpoints  2502  in this example are defined at hourly intervals from noon until 9 pm and indicate a setpoint (i.e., desired) temperature of 74° F. throughout the entire time period. 
       FIG. 25B  illustrates the I/O element  2500  including a number of DR event-modified setpoints  2510  prior to beginning the DR event. The DR event-modified setpoints  2510  are new setpoints defined by the DR event implementation profile that replace the originally scheduled setpoints. In this particular example, the DR-event modified setpoints  2510  are identified by an additional graphical ring around each setpoint, although in other embodiments such setpoints could be identified using other techniques, such as using a color different than the originally scheduled setpoints, using a different font for the numbers or text, etc. It may be recognized that while the DR-event modified setpoints  2510  span over the DR event period (e.g., from 2 pm-7 pm), they may also span over other time periods (e.g., a pre-cooling period from 1 pm-2 pm). In cases where a DR event-modified setpoint  2510  is not defined, the originally scheduled setpoints  2502  may remain. In this particular example, a savings estimate  2512  is also displayed indicating to the energy consumer an estimate of the value of the energy shifting likely to occur if the DR event implementation profile is followed. 
       FIG. 25C  illustrates the I/O element  2500  including a number of DR event-modified setpoints  2510  partway through the DR event. In this particular example, the energy consumer may be notified as to how far along the DR event they have progressed, and whether each setpoint achieved the expected energy shifting. In the case that a time period associated with a particular setpoint has passed, and the setpoint was not altered to reduce the expected energy savings, a successful implementation indicator  2520  may be displayed. In this particular example, the successful implementation indicator  2520  is graphically illustrated as a leaf, although other shapes, objects, or graphical indications may be used and may have one or more of a variety of colors, such as a gold colored gear. The successful implementation indicator  2520 , in some embodiments, may indicate that the thermostat is successfully following or applying the DR implementation profile (i.e., no user setpoint changes to the DR implementation profile). As mentioned, the successful implementation indicator  2520  may be displayed if the setpoint was not altered to reduce the expected energy savings. For example, if the energy consumer did not alter the setpoint, then the indicator  2520  may be displayed. In this particular embodiment, the energy consumer has successfully progressed through four DR event-modified setpoints  2510 . 
       FIG. 25D  illustrates the I/O element  2500  including a number of DR event-modified setpoints  2510  partway through a DR even subject to an energy consumer-instigated change to a DR event-modified setpoint resulting in a decrease of energy shifting. In this particular example, the energy consumer&#39;s cooling system is being managed to deal with hot temperatures. The energy consumer reduced the 7 pm DR event-modified setpoint  2530  by 4° F. from 76° F. to 72° F. In this situation, such a reduction will result in reduced energy shifting, and as a result a successful implementation indicator  2520  may not be displayed for the setpoint  2530 . Further, in some embodiments the savings estimate  2512  may be modified to reflect an updated estimate to the value of the energy shifting likely to occur as a result of the change in setpoint  2530 . A savings correction notification  2532  is also displayed indicating the change in value from the estimate prior to the change and the estimate after the change. 
       FIG. 25E  illustrates the I/O element  2500  including a number of DR event-modified setpoints  2510  partway through a DR even subject to an energy consumer-instigated change to a DR event-modified setpoint resulting in an increase of energy shifting. This example is similar to that described with reference to  FIG. 25D , but in this case the 7 pm DR-event modified setpoint  2530  is increased 2° F. from 76° F. to 78° F. In this situation, such an increase will result in an increased energy shifting, and as a result a successful implementation indicator  2520  may still be displayed for the setpoint  2530 . Further, the savings estimate  2512  is modified to reflect an updated estimate to the value of the energy shifting likely to occur as a result of the change in setpoint  2530 , and a savings correction notification  2532  is also displayed indicating the change in value from the estimate prior to the change and the estimate after the change. 
       FIG. 25F  illustrates the I/O element  2500  including a number of DR event-modified setpoints  2510  after completion of the DR event. In this particular example, the energy consumer completed the entire DR event in accordance with the DR event implementation profile. Accordingly, successful implementation indicators  2520  are displayed for each event-modified setpoint  2510 . Further, in some embodiments the actual amount of savings  2540  resulting in energy costs resulting from participation in the DR event may be calculated and displayed. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific I/O elements illustrated in  FIGS. 25A through 25F  describe particular I/O elements according to certain embodiments. The I/O elements described with reference to  FIGS. 25A through 25F  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices associated with the identified energy consumer. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by one or more of the a thermostat  202 , hazard detection unit  204 , entryway interface device  206 , wall light switch  208 , wall plug interface  210 , appliance  212 , access device  266 , or other electronic device associated with the identified energy consumer. The various messages and input elements may not necessarily be displayed at different times, but rather some messages could be presented simultaneously on the same display. Some messages could be communicated using other communication mechanisms, and responses could similarly be received using other communication mechanisms. For example, audible, touch, or other input/output mechanisms could be used. Further, it should be recognized that additional or alternative information could be presented to request enrollment and a participation level, and all of the information illustrated in  FIGS. 25A through 25F  need not be presented. For example, in some embodiments, the energy consumer may not be provided with an opportunity to change the DR event-modified setpoints at all. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25B , all of the DR event-modified setpoints  2510  may be blacked out or otherwise hidden from the energy consumer. Or, in some embodiments, simply not changeable by the energy consumer. For another example, in some embodiments a consumer may not be notified of a DR event at all. This may be particularly advantageous for ‘instantaneous’ DR events, where a DR event notification is communicated to a thermostat shortly before the DR event begins. In these or other cases there may be no notification to the consumer of the DR event (e.g., no “DR EVENT” notification as described with reference to  FIG. 26A ), but rather the thermostat may display temperature setpoints as defined by the DR implementation profile without displaying an explicit notification that the thermostat is actively implementing a DR implementation profile. Accordingly, in some cases the I/O element  2600  may display the originally scheduled setpoints even during implementation of a DR implementation profile, whereas in other cases the the I/O element  2600  may alternatively or additionally display the DR implementation profile setpoints during implementation of the DR implementation profile. In at least one embodiment, the setpoints shown to the user may change based on whether the user attempts to view those setpoints before, during, or after the DR event. For example, before and during the DR event the user&#39;s typically scheduled setpoints may be displayed, whereas after the DR event the DR implementation profile setpoints may be displayed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     In addition or alternatively to changing scheduled setpoint temperatures, an energy consumer may modify their immediate setpoint temperature. Various techniques for modifying an immediate setpoint temperature of a thermostat are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/356,762 (client reference number NES0176), filed Jan. 24, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes. Such immediate setpoint temperatures may be changed before, during, or after a DR event. If changing such setpoint temperatures during a DR event result in a change to the estimated energy shifting, then the energy consumer may be notified and confirmation of the change required. 
       FIGS. 26A through 26D  illustrate a simplified graphical user interface for responding to immediate setpoint changes during a DR event according to an embodiment. While the graphical user interface (GUI) is presented in the form of an interface that may be displayed on a circular-shaped device such as the device  300  discussed with reference to  FIGS. 3A through 3C , embodiments are not so limited as similar GUI&#39;s could be presented on other devices of other shapes. 
     Turning to the figures,  FIG. 26A  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  2600  which may be, e.g., user interface  304  ( FIG. 3A ), output device  606  and/or input device  608  ( FIG. 6 ), or other suitable I/O element  2600  of an electronic device used by an energy consumer during a DR event. The I/O element  2600  includes a current setpoint temperature  2602  displaying the immediate setpoint to the identified energy consumer. The I/O element  2600  also includes a current temperature indicator  2604  indicating the current temperature inside of the structure, and in some cases a current setpoint temperature indicator  2608  indicating the immediate setpoint and graphically displayed relative to the current temperature indicator  2604 . The I/O element  2600  may also include a DR event indicator  2610  indicating that energy consumption of the energy consumer is currently being managed. In this particular example, the DR event indicator  2610  is a textual display of “DR EVENT”, but in other embodiments the DR event indicator  2610  may take other forms or textual sequences, such as “RUSH HOUR”. Such an indicator may be displayed during the DR event period, but may also be displayed during other time periods over which energy consumption is being managed, such as during the pre-event period and/or post-event period. The I/O element  2600  may also include a successful implementation indicator  2612  similar to indicator  2520 . 
       FIG. 26B  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  2600  in which the energy consumer alters the immediate setpoint to result in a decrease of energy shifting. In this particular example, the energy consumer has reduced the immediate setpoint temperature by 7° F. from 75° F. to 68° F. The energy consumer is presented with a confirmation message  2620  requesting confirmation of the change, as well as a selectable input mechanism  2622  whereby the user can either accept or reject the change. The energy consumer may also be presented with a savings correction notification  2624  indicating the change in value of energy shifting that is likely to result if the energy consumer&#39;s change to the immediate setpoint is accepted. In some embodiments, the desired change to the immediate setpoint temperature may cause the energy consumer to opt-out of the DR event (e.g., due to the change resulting in the structure not achieving any energy shifting). In such a case, the energy consumer may also be presented with a message indicating that their change will result in them opting out of the DR event, and a confirmation message requesting confirmation of their desire to opt-out. 
       FIG. 26C  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  2600  in which the energy consumer alters the immediate setpoint to result in an increase of energy shifting. In this particular example, the energy consumer has increased the immediate setpoint temperature by 3° F. from 75° F. to 78° F. The energy consumer in this example is not presented with a confirmation message but rather the desired change is immediately accepted as it increased energy shifting. In other examples, the energy consumer may be presented with a confirmation message. The energy consumer may also be presented with a savings correction notification  2624  indicating the change in value of energy shifting that is likely to result due to the energy consumer&#39;s change to the immediate setpoint. In some cases, information, such as the implementation indicator  2612 , may be removed from the display. 
       FIG. 26D  illustrates the I/O element  2600  upon completion of the DR event. The I/O element  2600  includes an event completion message  2640  notifying the energy consumer that the DR event is completed. The I/O element  2600  may also include an actual savings notification  2642  indicating the value of energy savings actually achieved as a result of the energy consumer&#39;s participation in the DR event, as well as an expected savings notification  2644  indicating the value of energy savings that was expected to be achieved as a result of the energy consumer&#39;s participation in the DR event. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific I/O elements illustrated in  FIGS. 26A through 26D  describe particular I/O elements according to certain embodiments. The I/O elements described with reference to  FIGS. 26A through 26D  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices associated with the identified energy consumer. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by one or more of the a thermostat  202 , hazard detection unit  204 , entryway interface device  206 , wall light switch  208 , wall plug interface  210 , appliance  212 , access device  266 , or other electronic device associated with the identified energy consumer. The various messages and input elements may not necessarily be displayed at different times, but rather some messages could be presented simultaneously on the same display. Some messages could be communicated using other communication mechanisms, and responses could similarly be received using other communication mechanisms. For example, audible, touch, or other input/output mechanisms could be used. Further, it should be recognized that additional or alternative information could be presented to request enrollment and a participation level, and all of the information illustrated in  FIGS. 26A through 26D  need not be presented. For example, in some embodiments a consumer may not be notified of a DR event at all. This may be particularly advantageous for ‘instantaneous’ DR events, where a DR event notification is communicated to a thermostat shortly before the DR event begins. In these or other cases there may be no notification to the consumer of the DR event (e.g., no “DR EVENT” notification as described with reference to  FIG. 26A ), but rather the thermostat may display temperature setpoints as defined by the DR implementation profile without displaying an explicit notification that the thermostat is actively implementing a DR implementation profile. In some cases, while no explicit notification is provided, an implicit notification may be provided (e.g., by constant display of the implementation indicator  2612  during implementation of the DR implementation profile) that indicates the thermostat is actively shifting energy. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to operation  1218 , the tendencies and preferences of the occupants of a structure (e.g., preferred temperatures, humidity&#39;s, etc. for different times of the day, for different occupants, etc.) may be learned, where specific learning algorithms are further described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/550,346, supra. In some embodiments, in addition to learning preferred temperatures, humidity&#39;s, etc. during regular (i.e., non-DR event) time periods, the tendencies and preferences of occupants with respect to participation in a DR event may also be learned. For example, a DR event implementation profile may be implemented for a particular energy consumer. During the DR event, the energy consumer may indicate increases or decreases the amount of energy shifting resulting from participation in the DR event (e.g., due to changing the DR event implementation setpoints). Such changes made during the DR event may be used in the generation of DR event implementation profiles for subsequent DR events. For example, where an energy consumer indicates an increase in the amount of energy shifting resulting from participation in a first DR event, the DR implementation profile for a second, subsequent event may be made to more aggressively shift energy as compared to the DR implementation profile originally generated for the first event.  FIG. 27  illustrates a particular process for learning the preferences of energy consumers during DR events, although it should be recognized that some or all of the learning processes described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/550,346, supra, may similarly be applied herein. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 27  illustrates a process  2700  for learning user preferences indicated during a DR event according to an embodiment. In operation  2702  the scheduled setpoints prior to application of a DR implementation profile (i.e., the originally scheduled setpoints) may be determined. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25D , these may be originally scheduled setpoints  2502 . In determining the originally scheduled setpoints, a schedule set by the energy consumer may be acquired. For example, energy management system  130  may receive an HVAC schedule from one or more of the thermostat  202  and access device  266 . In some cases, the schedule may not be explicitly set by the energy consumer, but rather may be learned (e.g., using some or all of the learning processed described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/550,346, supra) by the thermostat  202  and/or other electronic devices associated with the energy consumer. In such a case, the learned and/or manually set setpoints may be acquired. 
     In operation  2704 , the DR event-modified setpoints are determined. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25D , these may be DR event-modified setpoints  2510 . These may be determined from the DR implementation profile. 
     In operation  2706  it is determined whether the energy consumer changes any of the DR event-modified setpoints. It may be determined whether the change is an increase or a decrease in the setpoint value. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25D , when an energy consumer reduces a DR event-modified setpoint from 76° F. to 72° F., it may be determined that a decrease in the DR event-modified setpoint has occurred. For another example, with reference to  FIG. 26B , when an energy consumer reduces a DR event-modified setpoint (in this example, a current setpoint) from 72° F. to 68° F., it may be determined that a decrease in the DR event-modified setpoint has occurred. 
     If it is determined that there are no changes to the DR event-modified setpoints, then processing may continue to operation  2710  where information indicating the user&#39;s acceptance of the DR event-modified setpoints is stored. In contrast, if it is determined that there are changes to the DR event-modified setpoints, then processing may continue to operation  2708 . 
     In operation  2708  the time and magnitude of the deviation are determined. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25D , when an energy consumer reduces a DR event-modified setpoint from 76° F. to 72° F., the 7 pm time of the setpoint change as well as the 4° F. magnitude of the change may be determined. In some cases, the values of the DR event-modified setpoints prior to and after change (i.e., 76° F. and 72° F.) may also be determined, as may be the corresponding originally scheduled setpoint (i.e., 74° F.). Processing may then continue to operation  2710 , where the time, magnitude, and other information may be stored. 
     Information identifying the aforementioned deviations may be stored in any suitable element of system  100 , such as the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Such stored information may subsequently be used when determining the DR implementation profile for a subsequent DR event profile. For example, as described with reference to operation  1602 , past DR event behavior may be used when identifying the basis for the DR implementation profile. One particular process for using the stored deviations is described with reference to  FIG. 28 . 
     Specifically,  FIG. 28  illustrates a particular process for modifying a DR implementation profile based on user preferences indicated during a prior DR event according to an embodiment. In operation  2802 , information indicating deviations (or lack thereof) to DR event-modified setpoints for one or more previous DR events is identified. For example, this could be information stored in operation  2710 . 
     In operation  2804  it is determined whether there were any deviations to the DR event-modified setpoints for the previous DR event(s). If not, then processing may continue to operation  2806 , where a DR implementation for a current DR event is not altered. In some embodiments, even though there were no deviations for past DR events, the DR implementation for a current DR event may nonetheless be altered. For example, the DR implementation for the current DR event may be altered to more aggressively shift energy in an effort to slowly increase the amount of energy shifting caused a particular energy consumer. 
     If, on the other hand, in operation  2804  it is determined that there is a deviation, then processing may continue to operation  2808 . In operation  2808  it is determined whether the deviation indicates more an increase in (e.g., more aggressive) energy shifting. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25E , an increase in the temperature of the DR event-modified setpoint  2530  would result in an increased energy shift or, at the very least, an indication of a desire for more aggressive energy shifting. Accordingly, if it is determined that the deviation indicates an increase in energy shifting, processing may continue to operation  2810 . 
     In operation  2810  the DR implementation profile for the current DR event is altered to result in more aggressive energy shifting. For example, referring to  FIG. 25B , instead of setting the DR event period setpoints to 76° F., the DR implementation profile may push for more aggressive energy shifting by setting the DR event period setpoints to 77° F. In contrast, if it is determined in operation  2808  that the deviation does not indicate an increase in energy shifting, but rather indicates a decrease in (e.g., less aggressive) energy shifting, then processing may continue to operation  2812 . 
     In operation  2812  the DR implementation profile for the current DR event is altered to result in less aggressive energy shifting. For example, referring to  FIG. 25B , instead of setting the DR event period setpoints to 76° F., the DR implementation profile may allow for less aggressive energy shifting by setting the DR event period setpoints to 75° F. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIGS. 27 and 28  provide particular processes for learning and applying energy consumers&#39; DR event preferences according to embodiments. The various operations described with reference to  FIGS. 27 and 28  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by a thermostat  202 , an access device  266 , or other electronic device described in accordance with the smart home environment  200 , the energy management system  130 , the utility provider computing system  120 , etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIGS. 27 and 28  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     Turning back to  FIG. 1 , in many embodiments, energy management system  130  may manage the energy consumption at one or more residences  150 A- 150 N. Such energy management may be performed for and during a DR event having characteristics (such as a desired reduction in energy consumption during the DR event on a particular electric grid) defined by the utility provider associated with utility provider computing system  120 . In some embodiments, energy management system  130  may provide the utility provider, via utility provider computing system  120 , various information regarding the status and progress of the energy reduction mechanisms implemented by the energy management system  130 . For example, the energy management system  130  may allow the utility provider to see which particular residences  150 A- 150 N are participating in a DR event, how much energy shifting each residence has actually performed, whether the actual aggregate energy reduction during the DR event period is close to the desired aggregate energy reduction initially instructed by the utility provider. In one particular embodiment, such information may be presented to the utility provider via a utility portal. The utility portal may a website hosted by the energy management system  130  or other third party entity, may be an application executed at the utility provider computing system  120 , may be an application executable on a portable electronic device provided to one or more members of the utility provider, or other type of interface that allows the utility provider to acquire, manage, and respond to such information. In at least one embodiment, the various information provided to the utility provider may be provided in real-time so that the utility provider may monitor the characteristics and effectiveness of the energy reduction mechanisms employed by the energy management system  130 . 
       FIG. 29A  illustrates an input/output (I/O) element  2900  including a utility portal summary according to an embodiment. A variety of information regarding an energy management mechanism employed by the energy management system  130  may be presented to the utility provider via the I/O element  2900 . Such information may initially be stored at energy management system  130  and/or electronic devices at residences  150 A- 150 N. In one particular embodiment, the information may be acquired by and aggregated at a server of energy management system  130  from various electronic devices associated with each of the residences  150 A- 150 N. The information may then be presented in real-time to the utility provider via the utility portal and, in some embodiments, the utility provider computing system  120  may be used to interact with the data. 
     In the particular input/output element  2900  depicted in  FIG. 29A , the utility portal includes a summary of information regarding a particular DR event. The summary includes the number of energy consumers that are enrolled to participate in a particular DR program  2902 , information regarding an upcoming DR event  2904 , a refresh link  2906  that upon selection causes the displayed information to be refreshed (recognizing that the information can be refreshed periodically, e.g., every minute, every 30 minutes, every 60 minutes, etc. without user input), an export link  2908  that upon selection exports the displayed information in one or more of a variety of file formats, and a utility account identifier  1910  that uniquely identifies an account associated with the utility provider. 
     The information regarding an upcoming DR event  2904  may include a variety of information regarding an upcoming DR event. For example, such information may include the date of the DR event  2912 , the time of the DR event  2914 , the desired amount of energy shifting  2914 , the number of participants for the DR event  2918 , etc. Much of this information, such as the date, time, and desired energy shifting, may be acquired from the DR event profile by the energy management system  130 . Other information, such as the number of participants, may be generated by the energy management system (e.g., as a result of the operations described with reference to  FIG. 8 ) and communicated to the utility provider computing system  120 . 
     The utility provider computing system  120  may be used to interact with the various data presented by the energy management system  130 . For example, upon selecting the number of enrolled energy consumers  2902 , the utility portal may present additional information regarding all of the enrolled consumers. Similarly, upon selecting the number of participants, the utility portal may present additional information regarding the energy consumers that have indicated they will participate (or are currently participating) in the upcoming DR event. 
     In some embodiments, the utility portal may include prior DR event information  2920 . The prior DR event information may identify past DR events and include selectable links to those DR events. Upon receiving a selection of one of those links, the utility portal may provide various information regarding the past DR event similar to that described with reference to  FIGS. 29A and 29B . 
       FIG. 29B  illustrates an I/O element  2950  including a utility portal providing detailed energy consumer information according to an embodiment. Such detailed information may be provided in a number of fashions, for example in response to a user of the utility provider computing system  120  selecting the number of enrolled energy consumers  2902  or the number of participants  2918  described with reference to  FIG. 29A . In one particular embodiment, in response to the number of enrolled energy consumers  2902  being selected, a list of all enrolled energy consumers and their devices used for managing energy consumption may be generated. Similarly, in response to the number of participants in a DR event  2918  being selected, a list of only the energy consumers participating in a particular DR event may be generated. 
     The I/O element  2950  in this particular example includes a user identifier  2952  that identifies an energy consumer, a device identifier  2954  that uniquely identifies an electronic device (e.g., thermostat  202 ) associated with the energy consumer and is used for energy management, a connection status  2956  indicating whether the electronic device is connected to the energy management system  130  (e.g., remote server  264 ), qualification information  2958  indicating whether the device qualifies to participate in a DR event, notification information  2960  indicating whether the device received a DR event notification, DR execution information  2962  indicating whether the device is currently performing energy management in accordance with a DR event (e.g., currently implementing a DR implementation profile), an estimate of total energy reduction  2964  indicating an estimate of the total energy reduction during the DR event period (or energy shifting from the DR event period to other time periods) attributed to the device, an estimate of the current energy reduction  2966  indicating an estimate of the amount of energy reduction the device was expected to achieve from the beginning of the DR event period up until a particular time during the DR event in accordance with its DR implementation profile, and an actual current energy reduction  2968  indicating the actual amount of energy reduction achieved by the device from the beginning of the DR event period up until the particular time during the DR event. 
     In addition to providing a variety of information on a per-device basis, aggregated values may also be generated and provided to the utility portal. For example, the utility portal may also include an estimate of the aggregate current energy reduction  2970  that indicates the total amount of energy reduction across all participating devices expected to be achieved from the beginning of the DR event up until a particular time during the DR event, an actual aggregate current energy reduction  2972  that indicates the total amount of energy reduction across all participating devices actually achieved from the beginning of the DR event up until the particular time during the DR event, the percentage of devices currently executing the DR event  2974 , and the amount of time remaining in in the DR event  2976 . 
     It should be recognized that much of the aforementioned information may be generated by the energy management system  130  in accordance with many of the previously described processes. For example, the estimated total energy reductions  2964  may be calculated in accordance with operation  1408 , while the estimated current energy reduction  2966 , estimated aggregate current energy reduction  2970 , actual current energy reduction  2968 , and actual aggregate current energy reduction  2972  may be calculated in accordance with operations  1504  and  1510 . 
     Moreover, it should be appreciated that the specific I/O elements illustrated in  FIGS. 29A and 29B  describe particular I/O elements according to certain embodiments. The various information and selectable elements may not necessarily be displayed at different times, but rather some messages could be presented simultaneously on the same display; similarly, the information and selectable elements may not necessarily be displayed simultaneously, but could be displayed at different times. Some messages could be communicated using other communication mechanisms, and responses could similarly be received using other communication mechanisms. For example, audible, touch, or other input/output mechanisms could be used to communicate the information to the utility provider and allow the utility provider to interact with the information. Further, it should be recognized that additional or alternative information could be presented, and all of the information illustrated in  FIGS. 25A through 25F  need not be presented. For example, in some embodiments, the user identifier  2952  and/or device identifier  2954  can be selected to generate and display additional information regarding the energy consumer, such as their full name, address, billing information, structure information (type of structure, volume of structure, thermal retention characteristics of structure, cooling/heating capacity of structure, etc.), or other user/account/device-related information. For another example, in some embodiments, after a DR event the utility portal may generate and display information identifying which devices completed their participation in the DR event, which devices did not even start their participation in the DR event, which devices canceled or altered their participation level during the DR event, and when such changes were made and the impact of such changes (e.g., increased energy shifting, decreasing energy shifting, opt-out). One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     In some instances energy consumers may attempt to obviate the application of a DR implementation profile while still enjoying rewards associated with participation in a DR event. For example, an energy consumer may prevent their thermostat  202  from controlling their HVAC  203 , but still allow the thermostat  202  to download and implement a DR implementation profile for a DR event. In some cases, the thermostat  202  may execute the DR implementation profile for the entire duration of the DR event, and the energy consumer may get rewarded for their participation in the DR event, although the user has only presented the appearance of participating in the DR event. Instead of actually shifting their energy consumption, the energy consumer may manually control their HVAC resulting in no energy shifting or less energy shifting than that reported by the thermostat. In some embodiments, techniques for determining whether an energy consumer is or has attempted to obviate DR programming (i.e., application of a DR implementation profile) are disclosed. In making such a determination, the status of an HVAC wire connection to an electronic device (e.g., thermostat  202 ) can be monitored to see whether the HVAC has been disconnected. If so, this may indicate tampering. In some embodiments, one or more additional factors may also be taken into consideration prior to making a definitive determination of tampering, such as whether the energy consumer is enrolled in a DR program, participating in a DR event, etc. 
       FIG. 30A  illustrates a process  3000  for determining whether an energy consumer has complied with participation in a DR event according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  3000  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  3000  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  3002 , an HVAC wire connection established during a device install is identified. The device may be any device connected to an HVAC or other environmental management system, such as thermostat  202  being connected to HVAC  203 . The thermostat  202  may generally be connected to the HVAC  203  so as to control the operation of HVAC  203 . In one particular embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 3C , various electric wires from the HVAC  203  for controlling the HVAC  203  may be connected to the thermostat  203 , such as a heating call wire W1, a cooling call wire Y1, etc. One particular technique for connecting an HVAC to a thermostat is described in commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 13/034,674, supra. Accordingly, in one embodiment, processor  330  (or other processing circuitry/software associated with device  300 ) may identify one or more connections to an HVAC via the wire connectors  338 . 
     In operation  3004 , the HVAC wire connection is monitored. For example, the wire connectors  338  may be monitored for wire connections and disconnections. In one particular embodiment, the port sensing circuit  342  may include a two-position switch that is closed to short the electrical leads  344  together when no wire has been inserted into the associated wire connector  338 , and the two-position switch may be mechanically urged into an open position to electrically segregate the electrical leads  344  when a wire is inserted into the associated wire connector  338 . Accordingly, the two-position switch may be monitored to determine whether a wire has been connected or disconnected to/from a particular wire connector  338 . 
     In operation  3006  it is determined whether an HVAC wire connection has been tampered with. In some embodiments, it may be determined whether an HVAC wire connection has been removed. For example, as a result of monitoring the two-position switch in operation  3004 , it may be determined whether a wire connected to an HVAC via a wire connector  338  is removed from the wire connector  338 . If it is determined that an HVAC wire connection has not been tampered with, then processing may continue to operation  3008  where it is determined that the device is compliant. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  3010 . 
     In operation  3010  it is determined whether the tampering is indicative of an attempt to obviate DR programming. In some embodiments it may be determined that the mere disconnect of one or more wires is indicative of tampering. In some cases, a particular wire (e.g., cooling call wire Y1) must be removed to indicate tampering. In other embodiments, one or more additional factors may be taken into consideration in determining whether the tampering is indicative of an attempt to obviate the DR programming. A number of such factors are further described with reference to  FIG. 30B . If it is determined that the tampering is not indicative of an attempt to obviate DR programming, then processing may return to operation  3008  where it is determined that the device is compliant. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  3012  where it is determined that the device is compliant. 
     As mentioned,  FIG. 30B  illustrates a process  3050  for determining whether tampering of an HVAC wire is indicative of an attempt to obviate DR programming according to an embodiment. In operation  3052 , it is determined whether the energy consumer associated with the device (e.g., paired with the device) is enrolled in a DR program. If so, then this may weigh against a determination of compliance as the energy consumer may have a motive to obviate the DR programming. In operation  3054 , it is determined whether the energy consumer associated with the device is participating in a DR event. If so, then this may weigh against a determination of compliance as the energy consumer may have a motive to obviate the DR programming. In operation  3056  it is determined whether the tampering occurred after a DR event notification. If so, then this may weigh against a determination of compliance as the energy consumer may have notice of an upcoming DR event and thus a motive to obviate the upcoming DR programming. In operation  3058  it is determined whether there has been a change in HVAC. For example, it may be determined whether a new HVAC has been installed, or the device has been installed at a different HVAC. If so, then this may weigh in favor of a determination of compliance as there may be justified reason for the appearance of tampering. In operation  3060  it is determined whether there is change in device ownership. For example, it may be determined whether a user account paired with a device becomes unpaired with device, and/or whether a new user account is paired with the device. If so, then this may weigh in favor of a determination of compliance as there may be justified reason for the appearance of tampering. In operation  3062  it is determined whether the environmental conditions in the structure (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc.) vary during a DR event as expected. For example, based on the DR implementation profile, structural characteristics (i.e., thermal retention characteristics), HVAC capacity, and outside weather, changes to the environmental conditions inside of the structure in response to programmed environmental (temperature/humidity) changes by the HVAC may be estimated. Environmental sensors in the structure may be used to determine whether the actual environmental conditions inside of the structure change as estimated. If so, then this may weigh in favor of a determination of compliance since the environmental conditions inside of the structure are changing as they should if the HVAC were being controlled as expected. In operation  3064  it is determined whether other factors suggest non-compliance. This may be any one or more of a variety of factors, such as whether a real-time occupancy sensor indicates the structure is occupied, whether the energy consumer changed the DR event-modified setpoints to perform less aggressive energy shifting immediately prior to the detected tampering, or changed the setpoints to be perform much more aggressive energy shifting immediately after detecting the tampering, etc. 
     It should be recognized that although the process described with reference to  FIG. 30A  includes making definitive determinations of compliance or non-compliance, in some embodiments a probability of compliance ranging from non-complaint (e.g., 0%) to full compliance (100%) may be determined, where each of the factors may impact either a probabilistic findings of non-compliance or compliance. The factors may be equally or non-equally weighted. Further, it should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIGS. 30A and 30B  provide a particular process for determining whether an energy consumer has complied with participation in a DR event according to an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIGS. 30A and 30B  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by a thermostat  202 , an access device  266 , or other electronic device described in accordance with the smart home environment  200 , or one or more electronic components at energy management system  130 , utility provider computing system  120 , or other entity of system  100 . Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIGS. 30A and 30B  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to  FIG. 1 , the energy management system  130  may manage the energy consumption for a number of different residences  150 A- 150 N. In managing that energy consumption, the energy management system  130  may predict the likely amount of an energy reduction over a given period of time resulting from the energy management. While the energy management system  130  itself does not necessarily generate energy, the energy manager associated with the energy management system  130  may enter into a variety of different agreements with the utility provider associated with the utility provider computing system  120  in order to sell the reductions in energy.  FIGS. 31A and 31B  illustrate various processes by which the energy management system  130  and utility provider computing system  120  may manage energy. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 31A  illustrates a process  3100  for an energy management system (e.g., energy management system  130 ) to manage energy in accordance with a bilateral contract between an energy manager associated with the energy management system and a utility provider associated with a utility provider computing system (e.g., utility provider computing system  130 ) according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  3100  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  3100  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  3102  the energy management provider enters into a contract with the utility provider to remove a certain amount of load from a grid for one or more demand-response events. For example, the utility provider associated with utility provider computing system  120  and the energy manager associated with energy management system  130  may enter into a contract for energy management system  130  to reduce the energy consumption on power distribution network  160  by a certain number of kWh over a particular duration (i.e., DR event period). 
     In operation  3104 , the energy management system identifies energy consumers on the grid who, in aggregate, are likely to remove the agreed upon amount of load from the grid. For example, energy management system  130  may identify some of residences  150 A- 150 N to participate in a DR program and DR event who, in the aggregate, are likely to reduce their energy consumption on the power distribution network  160  the contracted number of kWh over the DR event period. 
     In operation  3106  a demand-response event begins. For example, the beginning of a DR event period defined by a DR event profile may be reached. It should be recognized that the beginning of the DR event period may include the beginning of a pre-event energy management period. 
     In operation  3108  the energy management provider manages the energy consumers on the grid to remove the agreed upon amount of load. For example, the energy management system  130  may apply DR implementation profiles for the residences  150 A- 150 N associated with the participating energy consumers. The DR implementation profiles may be generated to cause the participating energy consumers to, in the aggregate, reduce their energy consumption by the amount agreed upon and defined in the contract described with reference to operation  3102 . 
     In operation  3110  the demand-response event ends. For example, the end of a DR event period defined by a DR event profile may be reached. It should be recognized that the end of the DR event period may include the end of a post-event energy management period. 
     In operation  3112  the energy management provider determines the energy reduction contributed by each participating energy consumer. For example, for each residence  150 A- 150 N associated with an energy consumer that at least partially participated in the DR event, the energy management provider may determine the amount of energy reduced at that residence during the DR event period as compared to what the energy consumer would have consumed but-for its participation in the DR event. 
     In operation  3114  it is determined, for each energy consumer, whether the actual energy reduction is greater than some threshold amount. The threshold amount may be zero or some energy value greater than zero. If it is determined that the actual amount of energy reduction does not exceed the threshold, then processing may continue to operation  3116  where it is determined that no reward is distributed to the energy consumer. In contrast, if it is determined that the actual amount of energy reduction exceeds the threshold, then processing may continue to operation  3118  where an award is determined and distributed to the energy consumer. The award may be relative the amount of energy reduction achieved by the energy consumer, such that if the energy consumed reduces a greater amount of energy compared to another consumer they will be awarded a greater reward computer to the other consumer. In other embodiments, all energy consumers that meet some threshold of energy reduction may receive the same reward. 
       FIG. 31B  illustrates a process  3150  for an energy management system (e.g., energy management system  130 ) to manage energy in accordance with a market-based sale of energy reduction according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  3150  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  3150  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In operation  3152  the energy management system  130  determines how much energy reduction for a grid it may achieve during a particular time interval. For example, the energy management system  130  may determine how much energy consumption can be reduced by one or more energy consumers associated with structures  150 A- 150 N. 
     In operation  3154  the energy management provider offers the energy reduction on an option market. The energy management provider may offer the energy reduction as an amount of energy reduction (e.g., number of kWh) that may be achieved on a particular grid (e.g., power distribution network  160 ) during a particular time interval (e.g., a particular date and time interval). In some cases the offered energy reduction may also be accompanied by a probability of the reduction being achieved (e.g., there is a 95% probability that 50 kWh of energy can be reduced on the grid over the period from 2 pm-6 pm on a particular day). 
     In operation  3156  one or more third party entities accept the offered energy reduction. The entity may be any one or more of a variety of entities, such as a utility provider associated with the utility provider computing system  120 , one or more power operators associated with electrical power generators  110 A- 110 N, etc. As a result of the third party entity accepting the offer, the third party entity and the energy management provider may enter into a contract for the energy management provider to reduce the amount of energy consumption consumed at the residences  150 A- 150 N similar to that described in operation  3102 . Further, once the contract has been entered into, a DR event may begin, the energy management system  130  may manage energy, and then rewards may be distributed, as described in operations  3158 - 3170 , which are similar to operations  3106 - 3118 , so further description is omitted. 
     It should be recognized that one or more entities may determine and provide rewards to the energy consumers. For example, the energy management system  130  may determine and provide rewards, and/or the utility provider computing system  120  may determine and provide rewards. In some cases, the rewards may be monetary. For example, the energy management system  130  may provide credits towards energy bills that are sent to the energy consumers for the energy consumption. In other cases the rewards may be points. For example, the energy management system  130  may award points which may subsequently be traded for goods or services. 
     In at least one embodiments, points may be used as a normalizer. For example, energy consumers may attempt to obviate DR programming by putting their scheduled setpoints at points that are less energy efficient (e.g., lower temperatures on hot days) than what the energy consumer is actually comfortable at. A resulting DR implementation profile, looking only at the energy consumer&#39;s scheduled setpoints, presumes that the setpoints are set at temperatures the energy consumer deems comfortable, and adjusts the setpoints from those temperatures. Accordingly, the energy consumer ends up being compensated for the resulting discomfort of setpoints placed at temperatures higher than may be comfortable for the DR event period. However, if the energy consumer sets their scheduled setpoints to temperatures below what they&#39;re actually comfortable at, the DR implementation profile may inadvertently set their DR event-modified setpoints to temperatures that the energy consumer is actually comfortable at. 
     To obviate such behavior, an ‘average’ setpoint temperature may be determined. This may be determined using the setpoint temperatures of similarly situated energy consumers (e.g., other energy consumers having structures with similar thermal retention characteristics, similar cooling capacities, similar outside weather patterns, similar occupancy profiles, etc.). The average setpoint temperature may be determined using a number of similarly situated energy consumers so that the setpoint temperatures that likely correspond to what most people deem ‘comfortable’ may be determined. In the event an energy consumer sets their scheduled setpoints to consume more energy than the average setpoints (e.g., in hot weather, they may be set lower than average), it may be deemed that the energy consumer is possibly a ‘bad actor’ and thus entitled to fewer points upon successful completion of a DR event than an energy consumer that sets their scheduled setpoints to consume the same energy or less energy than the average setpoints. Accordingly, points may be used as a way to normalize the behavior of energy consumers. Other techniques for obviating such behavior may also or alternatively be implemented. For example, a history of the user&#39;s scheduled setpoints may be compared to altered setpoints, and if the altered setpoints differ significantly (e.g., more than a number of degrees) it may be deemed that the energy consumer is possibly a ‘bad actor’. 
     In at least one embodiment, points may be used as incentive to not only incentivize positive individual behavior, but also or alternatively to incentivize positive group behavior. For example, energy consumers may be associated into groups. The groups may be, e.g., friends, colleagues, geographically defined (within a same ZIP code), structurally defined (all tenants of an apartment complex), etc. Groups may be defined by the energy consumer (e.g., one energy consumer can associate themselves with another energy consumer), or may be defined by a third party (e.g., the energy management system  130  may define a group including specified energy consumers). If a group then achieves some particular goal, such as reducing their aggregate energy consumption for a particular DR event by a certain amount, they may receive an additional reward that is in addition to what they receive for their individual contributions to the energy reduction. 
     In some cases, points do not need to necessarily be awarded only based on an amount of energy consumption reduction. Rather, points (or other goods or services of value) may be awarded based on an energy consumer&#39;s good behavior. For example, points may be awarded if users participate in one or more DR events, if they successfully participate in at least a certain percentage of DR events in a program, if they maintain a temperature at some average temperature for a particular time period (where the average may be defined by similarly situated energy consumers), if they consume less than some threshold amount of energy over the course of a DR event (where the threshold may be set as an average amount based on similarly situated consumers, based on utility capacity, etc.), or for other positive behavior. 
     In some embodiments, points may be used as a currency. For example, points may be traded for goods or services. In at least one case, points may be used to enter into a sweepstakes. For example, the energy management provider may hold a sweepstakes for certain goods or services, and a certain number of points may be traded by an energy consumer to the energy management provider for one or more entries into the sweepstakes. Further, points may also be used to grant a ranking or status. For example, the a particular status or level may be associated with different aggregate numbers of points, where increased levels identify an increased status, but are only achieved after certain threshold(s) of points have been accumulated. 
     In at least one embodiment, various models for incentivizing participation in a DR program or DR event may be used. These may include, e.g., a punishment model, a reward model, and a subscription model. In a punishment model an energy consumer may receive a high reward for successfully completing a DR event, and being given a limited number of opt-outs. After they expend those limited opt-outs, however, they get punished (e.g., reward reductions, higher utility fees, etc.) for each additional opt-out. In a reward model, the energy consumer may receive a medium-size reward for each DR event they successfully complete. In this case, there would be no punishment for opting-out, but they would also not receive high rewards for each successful DR event. In a subscription model the customer may receive a constant, low, period reward for them to enroll in the DR program. The customers may not participate in all of the DR events, or may not participate in any DR event. However, there is no monitoring, no rewards, and no punishment. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIGS. 31A and 31B  provide particular processes for an energy management system to manage energy in accordance with different types of contracts. The various operations described with reference to  FIGS. 31A and 31B  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , the utility provider computing system  120 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIGS. 31A and 31B  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     As described with reference to  FIG. 2 , a number of intelligent, network-connected devices (e.g., thermostat  202 ) may be incorporated in a smart-home environment  200  and in communication with an energy management system  130  (e.g., remote server  264 ) that is disposed as an intermediary between the smart home environment  200  and a utility provider associated with utility provider computing system  120 . Generally speaking, a typical smart home will usually have at least one high-speed broadband connection to the outside world, such as may be provided by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), and such as indicated by the link shown in  FIG. 2 , supra, between wireless router  260  and network  262  (e.g., the Internet). Generally speaking, these high-speed broadband connections to the outside world will be characterized by very high speeds, low network latencies, and generally high reliability, especially in view of growing consumer dependence on high-speed broadband for home entertainment and other data communications needs. In some embodiments the smart home environment  200  includes a smart meter  218 . The smart meter  218  monitors some or all energy (electricity, gas, etc.) consumed by the devices in and around the structure  250 , and may provide such raw data to the utility provider using some type of data communications link. However, likely due in significant part to the relatively uneven historical development and adoption patterns of smart meter infrastructures, the data communications link between the smart meter  218  and utility provider (which can take various forms based on telephone lines, special-purpose wireless metropolitan-area networks, powerline communications, etc.) can sometimes be characterized by slow data rates, long latencies, and uneven reliability. Thus, for example, some wireless implementations known in the art tend to be problematic in that the smart meter  218  provides updates to the utility provider only after long time intervals. Further yet, some wireless implementations known in the art also tend to be problematic in that they raise health concerns due to the strong RF fields propagated by the smart meter  218  in order to reach a receiving station. Provided according to one or more embodiments herein is a method for providing improved data communications between the smart meter  218  and the associated utility provider by forming an alternative data communication channel between the smart meter  218  and one or more of the intelligent, network-connected devices inside the smart home (e.g., thermostat  202 ), wherein the smart-home device then transmits the raw data to the utility provider through the smart home&#39;s high-speed broadband connection. In some embodiments, the alternative data communication channel can be provided by implementing a low-power RF connection (for example, using ZigBee, 6LowPAN, WiFi, NFC, etc.) between the smart meter  218  and one or more electronic devices of the smart home environment  200  (e.g., thermostat  202 ). In other embodiments, wired communications paths can be used. In such a case, real-time status updates may advantageously be communicated to the utility provider computing system  120  from the smarter meter  218  via another electronic device in the smart home environment  200  (e.g., thermostat  202 ), router  260 , network  262 , and remote server  264 /energy management system  130 . 
       FIG. 32  illustrates a process  3200  for passing and supplementing information from an energy consumption meter to a utility provider computing system via an energy management system according to an embodiment. For example, information generated by and stored at the smart meter  218  may be read by thermostat  202 , communicated from thermostat  202  to energy management system  130 , and communicated from energy management system  130  to utility provider computing system  120 . 
     In operation  3202  a wireless connection is established with the energy meter that measures aggregate energy consumption for a structure. For example, a wireless connection may be established between thermostat  202  and smart meter  218 . 
     In operation  3204  energy-related information is received from the energy meter via the wireless connection. For example, information indicating the aggregate energy consumption for any given period of time at the structure may be communicated from the smart meter  218  to the thermostat  202 . 
     In operation  3206  value-added data is appended to the energy-related information. The energy management system monitors and generates a variety of energy-related information such as a current inside temperature or humidity of the structure, a thermal retention characteristic of the structure, an HVAC capacity of an HVAC associated with the structure, an estimated or actual energy reduction associated with the structure before, during, or after a DR event, whether a structure is enrolled in a DR program or volunteered to participate in a DR event, an amenability of the residents of the structure to load shifting, a baseline, etc. Any or all of this information may be appended to the basic information generated by the smart meter  218  (i.e., aggregate energy consumption). This additional information may be used by the utility provider computing system to perform a variety of functions, such as deciding whether to issue a DR event, the scope of DR event, the magnitude of a DR event, etc. Accordingly, in operation  3206 , such information may be added (either at the structure or at the energy management system  130 ) to the energy-related information acquired from the smart meter  218 . 
     In operation  3208  a utility provider that manages the supply of energy to the structure is identified. For example, the energy management system  130  may determine that the utility provider computing system  120  provides power to the smart home environment  200  (i.e., a particular residence  150 A- 150 N over the power distribution network  160 . In one embodiment, the identity of the utility provider may be included in the information communicated from the smart meter  218 . 
     In operation  3210  the energy-related information and the appended value-added data is communicated to the utility provider. For example, the energy management system  130 , after appending the value-added data to the information received from smart meter  218 , may communicated both sets of information to the utility provider  120 . In some embodiments, such information may be communicated in real-time, or in very short intervals (e.g., every 30 seconds), so as to provide the utility provider with a real-time perception of the energy consumption characteristics of the smart home environment  200 . 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 32  provide a particular process for passing and supplementing information from an energy consumption meter to a utility provider computing system via an energy management system according to an embodiment. The various operations described with reference to  FIG. 32  may be implemented at and performed by one or more of a variety of electronic devices or components described herein. For example, they may be implemented at and performed by the energy management system  130 , one or more residences  150 A- 150 N, etc. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 32  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
     Specific details are given in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understood that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. Further, embodiments may include some or all of the systems, methods, apparatus, etc. described in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/632,118, filed Sep. 30, 2012, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/632,093, filed Sep. 30, 2012, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/632,028, filed Sep. 30, 2012, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/632,041, filed Sep. 30, 2012, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/632,070, filed Sep. 30, 2012, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/704,437, filed Sep. 21, 2012, PCT Application No. PCT/US12/20026, filed Jan. 3, 2012, and PCT Application No. PCT/US12/00007, filed Jan. 3, 2012, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. 
     Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means described above may be done in various ways. For example, these techniques, blocks, steps and means may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described above, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
     Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, and/or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, scripting language, and/or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium such as a storage medium. A code segment or machine-executable instruction may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, and/or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, and/or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     While the principles of the disclosure have been described above in connection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the present teachings.