Patent Publication Number: US-2019196666-A1

Title: Systems and Methods Document Narration

Description:
This application claims priority from and incorporates herein U.S. application Ser. No. 12/687,196, filed Jan. 14, 2010, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/144,947, filed Jan. 15, 2009, and entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SELECTION OF MULTIPLE VOICES FOR DOCUMENT NARRATION.” 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates generally to educational and entertainment tools and more particularly to techniques and systems which are used to provide a narration of a text. 
     Recent advances in computer technology and speech synthesis have opened various possibilities for the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for artificial production of human speech can be called a speech synthesizer. One type of speech synthesizer is text-to-speech (TTS) system which converts normal language text into speech. 
     SUMMARY 
     Educational and entertainment tools and more particularly techniques and systems which are used to provide a narration of a text are described herein. 
     Systems, software and methods enabling a user to select different voice models to apply to different portions of text such that when the system reads the text the different portions are read using the different voice models are described herein. 
     In some aspects, a computer implemented method includes receiving a user-based selection of a first portion of words in a document, at least of portion of the document being displayed on a user interface on a display device, the document being pre-associated with a first voice model. The method also includes applying, by the one or more computers, in response to the user-based selection of the first portion of words, a first set of indicia to the user-selected first portion of words in the document. The method also includes overwriting the association of the first voice model, by the one or more computers, with a second voice model for the first portion of words. Embodiments may also include devices, software, components, and/or systems to perform any features described herein. 
     The methods, computer program products, and systems described herein can provide one or more of the following advantages. Pre-associating a voice model with a document and enabling a user to overwrite the voice model with a different voice model for selected portions of words in the document provides the advantage of enabling a user to select one or more portions of the text to be read using a voice model that is different from the narrator&#39;s voice model. It is believed that this can be advantageous because using multiple voices when reading the document can produce an audio output that is more interesting and engaging for a user. Enabling the user to overwrite the voice model that is preassociated with the document can also provide the advantage of allowing the user to associate different voice models with different portions of the document. For example, if the document is a play script each role in the play can be selected and associated with a different voice model while background information or other non-entity read parts can be read using the narrator&#39;s voice. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for producing speech-based output from text. 
         FIG. 2  is a screenshot depicting text. 
         FIG. 3  is a screenshot of text that includes highlighting of portions of the text based on a narration voice. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart of a voice painting process. 
         FIG. 5  is a screenshot of a character addition process. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart of a character addition process. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of text with tagged narration data. 
         FIG. 8  is a screenshot of text with tagged narration information. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram of text with highlighting. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow chart of a synchronization process. 
         FIG. 11  is a screenshot of a book view of text. 
         FIG. 12  is a screenshot of text. 
         FIG. 13  is a screenshot of text. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a system  10  for producing speech-based output from text is shown to include a computer  12 . The computer  12  is generally a personal computer or can alternatively be another type of device, e.g., a cellular phone that includes a processor (e.g., CPU). Examples of such cell-phones include an iPhone (Apple, Inc.). Other devices include an iPod® (Apple, Inc.), a handheld personal digital assistant , a tablet computer, a digital camera, an electronic book reader, etc. In addition to a processor, the device includes a main memory and a cache memory and interface circuits, e.g., bus and I/O interfaces (not shown). The computer system  12  includes a mass storage element  16 , here typically the hard drive associated with personal computer systems or other types of mass storage, Flash memory, ROM, PROM, etc. 
     The system  10  further includes a standard PC type keyboard  18 , a standard monitor  20  as well as speakers  22 , a pointing device such as a mouse and optionally a scanner  24  all coupled to various ports of the computer system  12  via appropriate interfaces and software drivers (not shown). The computer system  12  can operate under a Microsoft Windows operating system although other systems could alternatively be used. 
     Resident on the mass storage element  16  is narration software  30  that controls the narration of an electronic document stored on the computer  12  (e.g., controls generation of speech and/or audio that is associated with (e.g., narrates) text in a document). Narration software  30  includes an edit software  30   a  that allows a user to edit a document and assign one or more voices or audio recordings to text (e.g., sequences of words) in the document and can include playback software  30   b  that reads aloud the text from the document, as the text is displayed on the computer&#39;s monitor  20  during a playback mode. 
     Text is narrated by the narration software  30  using several possible technologies: text-to-speech (TTS); audio recording of speech; and possibly in combination with speech, audio recordings of music (e.g., background music) and sound effects (e.g., brief sounds such as gunshots, door slamming, tea kettle boiling, etc.). The narration software  30  controls generation of speech, by controlling a particular computer voice (or audio recording) stored on the computer  12 , causing that voice to be rendered through the computer&#39;s speakers  22 . Narration software often uses a text-to-speech (TTS) voice which artificially synthesizes a voice by converting normal language text into speech. TTS voices vary in quality and naturalness. Some TTS voices are produced by synthesizing the sounds for speech using rules in a way which results in a voice that sounds artificial, and which some would describe as robotic. Another way to produce TTS voices concatenates small parts of speech which were recorded from an actual person. This concatenated TTS sounds more natural. Another way to narrate, other than TTS, is play an audio recording of a person reading the text, such as, for example, a book on tape recording. The audio recording may include more than one actor speaking, and may include other sounds besides speech, such as sound effects or background music. Additionally, the computer voices can be associated with different languages (e.g., English, French, Spanish, Cantonese, Japanese, etc). 
     In addition, the narration software  30  permits the user to select and optionally modify a particular voice model which defines and controls aspects of the computer voice, including for example, the speaking speed and volume. The voice model includes the language of the computer voice. The voice model may be selected from a database that includes multiple voice models to apply to selected portions of the document. A voice model can have other parameters associated with it besides the voice itself and the language, speed and volume, including, for example, gender (male or female), age (e.g. child or adult), voice pitch, visual indication (such as a particular color of highlighting) of document text that is associated with this voice model, emotion (e.g. angry, sad, etc.), intensity (e.g. mumble, whisper, conversational, projecting voice as at a party, yell, shout). The user can select different voice models to apply to different portions of text such that when the system  10  reads the text the different portions are read using the different voice models. The system can also provide a visual indication, such as highlighting, of which portions are associated with which voice models in the electronic document. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , text  50  is rendered on a user display  51 . As shown, the text  50  includes only words and does not include images. However, in some examples, the text could include portions that are composed of images and portions that are composed of words. The text  50  is a technical paper, namely, “The Nature and Origin of Instructional Objects.” Exemplary texts include but not limited to electronic versions of books, word processor documents, PDF files, electronic versions of newspapers, magazines, fliers, pamphlets, menus, scripts, plays, and the like. The system  10  can read the text using one or more stored voice models. In some examples, the system  10  reads different portions of the text  50  using different voice models. For example, if the text includes multiple characters, a listener may find listening to the text more engaging if different voices are used for each of the characters in the text rather than using a single voice for the entire narration of the text. In another example, extremely important or key points could be emphasized by using a different voice model to recite those portions of the text. 
     As used herein a “character” refers to an entity and is typically stored as a data structure or file, etc. on computer storage media and includes a graphical representation, e.g., picture, animation, or another graphical representation of the entity and which may in some embodiments be associated with a voice model. A “mood” refers to an instantiation of a voice model according to a particular “mood attribute” that is desired for the character. A character can have multiple associated moods. “Mood attributes” can be various attributes of a character. For instance, one attribute can be “normal,” other attributes include “happy,” “sad,” “tired,” “energetic,” “fast talking,” “slow talking,” “native language,” “foreign language,” “hushed voice “loud voice,” etc. Mood attributes can include varying features such as speed of playback, volumes, pitch, etc. or can be the result of recording different voices corresponding to the different moods. 
     For example, for a character, “Homer Simpson” the character includes a graphical depiction of Homer Simpson and a voice model that replicates a voice associated with Homer Simpson. Homer Simpson can have various moods, (flavors or instantiations of voice models of Homer Simpson) that emphasize one or more attributes of the voice for the different moods. For example, one passage of text can be associated with a “sad” Homer Simpson voice model, whereas another a “happy” Homer Simpson voice model and a third with a “normal” Homer Simpson voice model. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the text  50  is rendered on a user display  51  with the addition of a visual indicium (e.g., highlighting) on different portions of the text (e.g., portions  52 ,  53 , and  54 ). The visual indicium (or lack of a indicium) indicates portions of the text that have been associated with a particular character or voice model. The visual indicium is in the form of, for example, a semi-transparent block of color over portions of the text, a highlighting, a different color of the text, a different font for the text, underlining, italicizing, or other visual indications (indicia) to emphasize different portions of the text. For example, in text  50  portions  52  and  54  are highlighted in a first color while another portion  53  is not highlighted. When the system  10  generates the narration of the text  50 , different voice models are applied to the different portions associated with different characters or voice models that are represented visually by the text having a particular visual indicia For example, a first voice model will be used to read the first portions  52  and  54  while a second voice model (a different voice model) will be used to read the portion  53  of the text. 
     In some examples, text has some portions that have been associated with a particular character or voice model and others that have not. This is represented visually on the user interface as some portions exhibiting a visual indicium and others not exhibiting a visual indicium (e.g., the text includes some highlighted portions and some non-highlighted portions) A default voice model can be used to provide the narration for the portions that have not been associated with a particular character or voice model (e.g., all non-highlighted portions). For example, in a typical story much of the text relates to describing the scene and not to actual words spoken by characters in the story. Such non-dialog portions of the text may remain non-highlighted and not associated with a particular character or voice model. These portions can be read using the default voice (e.g., a narrator&#39;s voice) while the dialog portions may be associated with a particular character or voice model (and indicated by the highlighting) such that a different, unique voice is used for dialog spoken by each character in the story. 
       FIG. 3  also shows a menu  55  used for selection of portions of a text to be read using different voice models. A user selects a portion of the text by using an input device such as a keyboard or mouse to select a portion of the text, or, on devices with a touchscreen, a finger or stylus pointing device may be used to select text. Once the user has selected a portion of the text, a drop down menu  55  is generated that provides a list of the different available characters (e.g., characters  56 ,  58 , and  60 ) that can be used for the narration. A character need not be related directly to a particular character in a book or text, but rather provides a specification of the characteristics of a particular voice model that is associated with the character. For example, different characters may have male versus female voices, may speak in different languages or with different accents, may read more quickly or slowly, etc. The same character can be associated with multiple different texts and can be used to read portions of the different texts. 
     Each character  56 ,  58 , and  60  is associated with a particular voice model and with additional characteristics of the reading style of the character such as language, volume, speed of narration. By selecting (e.g., using a mouse or other input device to click on) a particular character  56 ,  58 , or  60 , the selected portion of the text is associated with the voice model for the character and will be read using the voice model associated with the character. 
     Additionally, the drop down menu includes a “clear annotation” button  62  that clears previously applied highlighting and returns the portion of text to non-highlighted such that it will be read by the Narrator rather than one of the characters. The Narrator is a character whose initial voice is the computer&#39;s default voice, though this voice can be overridden by the user. All of the words in the document or text can initially all be associated with the Narrator. If a user selects text that is associated with the Narrator, the user can then perform an action (e.g. select from a menu) to apply another one of the characters for the selected portion of text. To return a previously highlighted portion to being read by the Narrator, the user can select the “clear annotation” button  62 . 
     In order to make selection of the character more user friendly, the drop down menu  55  can include an image (e.g., images  57 ,  59 , and  61 ) of the character. For example, one of the character voices can be similar to the voice of the Fox television cartoon character Homer Simpson (e.g., character  58 ), an image of Homer Simpson (e.g., image  59 ) could be included in the drop down menu  55 . Inclusion of the images is believed to make selection of the desired voice model to apply to different portions of the text more user friendly. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4  a process  100  for selecting different characters or voice models to be used when the system  10  reads a text is shown. The system  10  displays  102  the text on a user interface. In response to a user selection, the system  10  receives  104  a selection of a portion of the text and displays  106  a menu of available characters each associated with a particular voice model. In response to a user selecting a particular character (e.g., by clicking on the character from the menu), the system receives  108  the user selected character and associates the selected portion of the text with the voice model for the character. The system  10  also generates a highlight  110  or generates some other type of visual indication to apply to that the portion of the text and indicate that that portion of text is associated with a particular voice model and will be read using the particular voice model when the user selects to hear a narration of the text. The system  10  determines  112  if the user is making additional selections of portions of the text to associate with particular characters. If the user is making additional selections of portions of the text, the system returns to receiving  104  the user&#39;s selection of portions of the text, displays  106  the menu of available characters, receives a user selection and generates a visual indication to apply to a subsequent portion of text. 
     As described above, multiple different characters are associated with different voice models and a user associates different portions of the text with the different characters. In some examples, the characters are predefined and included in a database of characters having defined characteristics. For example, each character may be associated with a particular voice model that includes parameters such as a relative volume, and a reading speed. When the system  10  reads text having different portions associated with different characters, not only can the voice of the characters differ, but other narration characteristics such as the relative volume of the different characters and how quickly the characters read (e.g., how many words per minute) can also differ. 
     In some embodiments, a character can be associated with multiple voice models. If a character is associated with multiple voice models, the character has multiple moods that can be selected by the user. Each mood has an associated (single) voice model. When the user selects a character the user also selects the mood for the character such that the appropriate voice model is chosen. For example, a character could have multiple moods in which the character speaks in a different language in each of the moods. In another example, a character could have multiple moods based on the type of voice or tone of voice to be used by the character. For example, a character could have a happy mood with an associated voice model and an angry mood using an angry voice with an associated angry voice model. In another example, a character could have multiple moods based on a story line of a text. For example, in the story of the Big Bad Wolf, the wolf character could have a wolf mood in which the wolf speaks in a typical voice for the wolf (using an associated voice model) and a grandma mood in which the wolf speaks in a voice imitating the grandmother (using an associated voice model). 
       FIG. 5  shows a screenshot of a user interface  120  on a user display  121  for enabling a user to view the existing characters and modify, delete, and/or generate a character. With the interface, a user generates a cast of characters for the text. Once a character has been generated, the character will be available for associating with portions of the text (e.g., as discussed above). A set of all available characters is displayed in a cast members window  122 . In the example shown in  FIG. 5 , the cast members window  122  includes three characters, a narrator  124 , Charlie Brown  126 , and Homer Simpson  128 . From the cast members window  122  the user can add a new character by selecting button  130 , modify an existing character by selecting button  132 , and/or delete a character by selecting button  134 . 
     The user interface for generating or modifying a voice model is presented as an edit cast member window  136 . In this example, the character Charlie Brown has only one associated voice model to define the character&#39;s voice, volume and other parameters, but as previously discussed, a character could be associated with multiple voice models (not shown in  FIG. 5 ). The edit cast member window  136  includes an input portion  144  for receiving a user selection of a mood or character name. In this example, the mood of Charlie Brown has been input into input portion  144 . The character name can be associated with the story and/or associated with the voice model. For example, if the voice model emulates the voice of an elderly lady, the character could be named “grandma.” 
     In another example, if the text which the user is working on is Romeo and Juliet, the user could name one of the characters Romeo and another Juliet and use those characters to narrate the dialog spoken by each of the characters in the play. The edit cast member window  136  also includes a portion  147  for selecting a voice to be associated with the character. For example, the system can include a drop down menu of available voices and the user can select a voice from the drop down menu of voices. In another example, the portion  147  for selecting the voice can include an input block where the user can select and upload a file that includes the voice. The edit cast member window  136  also includes a portion  145  for selecting the color or type of visual indicia to be applied to the text selected by a user to be read using the particular character. The edit cast member window  136  also includes a portion  149  for selecting a volume for the narration by the character. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , a sliding scale is presented and a user moves a slider on the sliding scale to indicate a relative increase or decrease in the volume of the narration by the corresponding character. In some additional examples, a drop down menu can include various volume options such as very soft, soft, normal, loud, very loud. The edit cast member window  136  also includes a portion  146  for selecting a reading speed for the character. The reading speed provides an average number of words per minute that the computer system will read at when the text is associated with the character. As such, the portion for selecting the reading speed modifies the speed at which the character reads. The edit cast member window  136  also includes a portion  138  for associating an image with the character. This image can be presented to the user when the user selects a portion of the text to associate with a character (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The edit cast member window  136  can also include an input for selecting the gender of the character (e.g., as shown in block  140 ) and an input for selecting the age of the character (e.g., as shown in block  142 ). Other attributes of the voice model can be modified in a similar manner. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a process  150  for generating elements of a character and its associated voice model are shown. The system displays  152  a user interface for adding a character. The user inputs information to define the character and its associated voice model. While this information is shown as being received in a particular order in the flow chart, other orders can be used. Additionally, the user may not provide each piece of information and the associated steps may be omitted from the process  150 . 
     After displaying the user interface for adding a character, the system receives  154  a user selection of a character name. For example, the user can type the character name into a text box on the user interface. The system also receives  156  a user selection of a computer voice to associate with the character. The voice can be an existing voice selected from a menu of available voices or can be a voice stored on the computer and uploaded at the time the character is generated. The system also receives  158  a user selection of a type of visual indicia or color for highlighting the text in the document when the text is associated with the character. For example, the visual indicium or color can be selected from a list of available colors which have not been previously associated with another character. The system also receives  160  a user selection of a volume for the character. The volume will provide the relative volume of the character in comparison to a baseline volume. The system also receives  162  a user selection of a speed for the character&#39;s reading. The speed will determine the average number of words per minute that the character will read when narrating a text. The system stores  164  each of the inputs received from the user in a memory for later use. If the user does not provide one or more of the inputs, the system uses a default value for the input. For example, if the user does not provide a volume input, the system defaults to an average volume. 
     Different characters can be associated with voice models for different languages. For example, if a text included portions in two different languages, it can be beneficial to select portions of the text and have the system read the text in the first language using a first character with a voice model in the first language and read the portion in the second language using a second character with a voice model in the second language. In applications in which the system uses a text-to-speech application in combination with a stored voice model to produce computer generated speech, it can be beneficial for the voice models to be language specific in order for the computer to correctly pronounce and read the words in the text. 
     For example, text can include a dialog between two different characters that speak in different languages. In this example, the portions of the dialog spoken by a character in a first language (e.g., English) are associated with a character (and associated voice model) that has a voice model associated with the first language (e.g., a character that speaks in English). Additionally, the portions of the dialog a second language (e.g., Spanish) are associated with a character (and associated voice model) speaks in the second language (e.g., Spanish). As such, when the system reads the text, portions in the first language (e.g., English) are read using the character with an English-speaking voice model and portions of the text in the second language (e.g., Spanish) are read using a character with a Spanish-speaking voice model. 
     For example, different characters with voice models can be used to read an English as a second language (ESL) text in which it can be beneficial to read some of the portions using an English-speaking character and other portions using a foreign language-speaking character. In this application, the portions of the ESL text written in English are associated with a character (and associated voice model) that is an English-speaking character. Additionally, the portions of the text in the foreign (non-English) language are associated with a character (and associated voice model) that is a character speaking the particular foreign language. As such, when the system reads the text, portions in English are read using a character with an English-speaking voice model and portions of the text in the foreign language are read using a character with a voice model associated with the foreign language. 
     While in the examples described above, a user selected portions of a text in a document to associate the text with a particular character such that the system would use the voice model for the character when reading that portion of the text, other techniques for associating portions of text with a particular character can be used. For example, the system could interpret text-based tags in a document as an indicator to associate a particular voice model with associated portions of text. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , a portion of an exemplary document rendered on a user display  171  that includes text based tags is shown. Here, the actors names are written inside square braces (using a technique that is common in theatrical play scripts). Each line of text has a character name associated with the text. The character name is set out from the text of the story or document with a set of brackets or other computer recognizable indicator such as the pound key, an asterisks, parenthesis, a percent sign, etc. For example, the first line  172  shown in document  170  includes the text “[Henry] Hi Sally!” and the second line  174  includes the text “[Sally] Hi Henry, how are you?” Henry and Sally are both characters in the story and character models can be generated to associate a voice model, volume, reading speed, etc. with the character, for example, using the methods described herein. When the computer system reads the text of document  170 , the computer system recognizes the text in brackets, e.g., [Henry] and [Sally], as an indicator of the character associated with the following text and will not read the text included within the brackets. As such, the system will read the first line “Hi Sally!” using the voice model associated with Henry and will read the second line “Hi Henry, how are you?” using the voice model associated with Sally. 
     Using the tags to indicate the character to associate with different portions of the text can be beneficial in some circumstances. For example, if a student is given an assignment to write a play for an English class, the student&#39;s work may go through multiple revisions with the teacher before reaching the final product. Rather than requiring the student to re-highlight the text each time a word is changed, using the tags allows the student to modify the text without affecting the character and voice model associated with the text. For example, in the text of  FIG. 7 , if the last line was modified to read, “. . . Hopefully you remembered to wear your gloves” from “. . . Hopefully you remembered to wear your hat.” Due to the preceding tag of ‘[Sally]’ the modified text would automatically be read using the voice model for Sally without requiring the user to take additional steps to have the word “gloves” read using the voice model for Sally. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , a screenshot  180  rendered on a user display  181  of text that includes tagged portions associated with different characters is shown. As described above, the character associated with a particular portion of the text is indicated in brackets preceding the text (e.g., as shown in bracketed text  182 ,  184  and  186 ). In some situations, a story may include additional portions that are not to be read as part of the story. For example, in a play, stage motions or lighting cues may be included in the text but should not be spoken when the play is read. Such portions are skipped by the computer system when the computer system is reading the text. A ‘skip’ indicator indicates portions of text that should not be read by the computer system. In the example shown in  FIG. 8 , a skip indicator  188  is used to indicate that the text “She leans back in her chair” should not be read. 
     While in the examples above, the user indicated portions of the text to be read using different voice models by either selecting the text or adding a tag to the text, in some examples the computer system automatically identifies text to be associated with different voice models. For example, the computer system can search the text of a document to identify portions that are likely to be quotes or dialog spoken by characters in the story. By determining text associated with dialog in the story, the computer system eliminates the need for the user to independently identify those portions. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , the computer system searches the text of a story  200  (in this case the story of the Three Little Pigs) to identify the portions spoken by the narrator (e.g., the non-dialog portions). The system associates all of the non-dialog portions with the voice model for the narrator as indicated by the highlighted portions  202 ,  206 , and  210 . The remaining dialog-based portions  204 ,  208 , and  212  are associated with different characters and voice models by the user. By pre-identifying the portions  204 ,  208 , and  212  for which the user should select a character, the computer system reduces the amount of time necessary to select and associate voice models with different portions of the story. 
     In some examples, the computer system can step through each of the non-highlighted or non-associated portions and ask the user which character to associate with the quotation. For example, the computer system could recognize that the first portion  202  of the text shown in  FIG. 9  is spoken by the narrator because the portion is not enclosed in quotations. When reaching the first set of quotations including the text “Please man give me that straw to build me a house,” the computer system could request an input from the user of which character to associate with the quotation. Such a process could continue until the entire text had been associated with different characters. 
     In some additional examples, the system automatically selects a character to associate with each quotation based on the words of the text using a natural language process. For example, line  212  of the story shown in  FIG. 9  recites “To which the pig answered ‘no, not by the hair of my chinny chin chin.” The computer system recognizes the quotation “no, not by the hair of my chinny chin chin” based on the text being enclosed in quotation marks. The system review the text leading up to or following the quotation for an indication of the speaker. In this example, the text leading up to the quotation states “To which the pig answered” as such, the system could recognize that the pig is the character speaking this quotation and associate the quotation with the voice model for the pig. In the event that the computer system selects the incorrect character, the user can modify the character selection using one or more of techniques described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the voice models associated with the characters can be electronic Text-To-Speech (TTS) voice models. TTS voices artificially produce a voice by converting normal text into speech. In some examples, the TTS voice models are customized based on a human voice to emulate a particular voice. In other examples, the voice models are actual human (as opposed to a computer) voices generated by a human specifically for a document, e.g., high quality audio versions of books and the like. For example, the quality of the speech from a human can be better than the quality of a computer generated, artificially produced voice. While the system narrates text out loud and highlights each word being spoken, some users may prefer that the voice is recorded human speech, and not a computer voice. 
     In order to efficiently record speech associated with a particular character, the user can pre-highlight the text to be read by the person who is generating the speech and/or use speech recognition software to associate the words read by a user to the locations of the words in the text. The computer system read the document pausing and highlighting the portions to be read by the individual. As the individual reads, the system records the audio. In another example, a list of all portions to be read by the individual can be extracted from the document and presented to the user. The user can then read each of the portions while the system records the audio and associates the audio with the correct portion of the text (e.g., by placing markers in an output file indicating a corresponding location in the audio file). Alternatively, the system can provide a location at which the user should read and the system can record the audio and associate the text location with the location in the audio (e.g., by placing markers in the audio file indicating a corresponding location in the document). 
     In “playback mode”, the system synchronizes the highlighting (or other indicia) of each word as it is being spoken with an audio recording so that each word is highlighted or otherwise visually emphasized on a user interface as it is being spoken, in real time. Referring to  FIG. 10  a process  230  for synchronizing the highlighting (or other visual indicia) of each word in an audio with a set of expected words so that each word is visually emphasized on a user interface as it is being spoken is shown. The system processes  232  the audio recording using speech recognition process executed on a computer. The system, using the speech recognition process, generates  234  a time mark (e.g., an indication of an elapsed time period from the start of the audio recording to each word in the sequence of words) for each word and preferably, each syllable, that the speech recognition process recognizes. The system, using the speech recognition process, generates  236  an output file of each recognized word or syllable and the time it was recognized, relative to the start time of the recording (e.g., the elapsed time). Other parameters and measurements can be saved to the file. The system compares  238  the words in the speech recognition output to the words in the original text (e.g., a set of expected words). The comparison process compares one word from the original text at a time. Speech recognition is an imperfect process, so even with a high quality recording like an audio book, there may be errors of recognition. For each word, based on the comparison of the word in the speech recognition output to the expected word in the original text, the system determines whether the word in the speech recognition output matches (e.g., is the same as) the word in the original text. If the word from the original text matches the recognized word, the word is output  240  with the time of recognition to a word timing file. If the words do not match, the system applies  242  a correcting process to find (or estimate) a timing for the original word. The system determines  244  if there are additional words in the original text, and if so, returns to determining  238  whether the word in the speech recognition output matches (e.g., is the same as) the word in the original text. If not, the system ends  246  the synchronization process. 
     The correcting process can use a number of methods to find the correct timing from the speech recognition process or to estimate a timing for the word. For example, the correcting process can iteratively compare the next words until it finds a match between the original text and the recognized text, which leaves it with a known length of mis-matched words. The correcting process can, for example, interpolate the times to get a time that is in-between the first matched word and the last matched word in this length of mismatched words. Alternatively, if the number of syllables matches in the length of mismatched words, the correcting process assumes the syllable timings are correct, and sets the timing of the first mismatched word according to the number of syllables. For example, if the mismatched word has 3 syllables, the time of that word can be associated with the time from the 3 rd  syllable in the recognized text. 
     Another technique involves using linguistic metrics based on measurements of the length of time to speak certain words, syllables, letters and other parts of speech. These metrics can be applied to the original word to provide an estimate for the time needed to speak that word. 
     Alternatively, a word timing indicator can be produced by close integration with a speech recognizer. Speech recognition is a complex process which generates many internal measurements, variables and hypotheses. Using these very detailed speech recognition measurements in conjunction with the original text (the text that is known to be speaking) could produce highly accurate hypotheses about the timing of each word. The techniques described above could be used, but with the additional information from the speech recognition engine, better results could be achieved. The old speech recognition engine would be part of the new word timing indicator. 
     Additionally, methods of determining the timings of each word could be facilitated by a software tool that provides a user with a visual display of the recognized words, the timings, the original words and other information, preferably in a timeline display. The user would be able to quickly make an educated guess as to the timings of each word using the information on this display. This software tool provides the user with an interface for the user to indicate which word should be associated with which timing, and to otherwise manipulate and correct the word timing file. 
     Other associations between the location in the audio file and the location in the document can be used. For example, such an association could be stored in a separate file from both the audio file and the document, in the audio file itself, and/or in the document. 
     In some additional examples, a second type of highlighting, referred to herein as “playback highlighting,” is displayed by the system during playback or reading of a text in order to annotate the text and provide a reading location for the user. This playback highlighting occurs in a playback mode of the system and is distinct from the highlighting that occurs when a user selects text, or the voice painting highlighting that occurs in an editing mode used to highlight sections of the text according to an associated voice model. In this playback mode, for example, as the system reads the text (e.g., using a TTS engine or by playing stored audio), the system tracks the location in the text of the words currently being spoken or produced. The system highlights or applies another visual indicia (e.g., bold font, italics, underlining, a moving ball or other pointer, change in font color) on a user interface to allow a user to more easily read along with the system. One example of a useful playback highlighting mode is to highlight each word (and only that word) as it is being spoken by the computer voice. The system plays back and reads aloud any text in the document, including, for example, the main story of a book, footnotes, chapter titles and also user-generated text notes that the system allows the user to type in. However, as noted herein, some sections or portions of text may be skipped, for example, the character names inside text tags, text indicated by use of the skip indicator, and other types of text as allowed by the system. 
     In some examples, the text can be rendered as a single document with a scroll bar or page advance button to view portions of the text that do not fit on a current page view, for example, text such as a word processor (e.g., Microsoft Word), document, a PDF document, or other electronic document. In some additional examples, the two-dimensional text can be used to generate a simulated three-dimensional book view as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 12 and 13 , a text that includes multiple pages can be formatted into the book view shown in  FIG. 11  where two pages are arranged side-by-side and the pages are turned to reveal two new pages. Highlighting and association of different characters and voice models with different portions of the text can be used with both standard and book-view texts. In the case of a book-view text, the computer system includes page turn indicators which synchronize the turning of the page in the electronic book with the reading of the text in the electronic book. In order to generate the book-view from a document such as Word or PDF document, the computer system uses the page break indicators in the two-dimensional document to determine the locations of the breaks between the pages. Page turn indicators are added to every other page of the book view. 
     A user may desire to share a document with the associated characters and voice models with another individual. In order to facilitate in such sharing, the associations of a particular character with portions of a document and the character models for a particular document are stored with the document. When another individual opens the document, the associations between the assigned characters and different portions of the text are already included with the document. 
     Text-To-Speech (TTS) voice models associated with each character can be very large (e.g., from 15-250 Megabytes) and it may be undesirable to send the entire voice model with the document, especially if a document uses multiple voice models. In some embodiments, in order to eliminate the need to provide the voice model, the voice model is noted in the character definition and the system looks for the same voice model on the computer of the person receiving the document. If the voice model is available on the person&#39;s computer, the voice model is used. If the voice model is not available on the computer, metadata related to the original voice model such as gender, age, ethnicity, and language are used to select a different available voice model that is similar to the previously used voice model. 
     In some additional examples, it can be beneficial to send all needed voice models with the document itself to reduce the likelihood that the recipient will not have appropriate voice models installed on their system to play the document. However, due to the size of the TTS voice models and of human voice-based voice models comprised of stored digitized audio, it can be prohibitive to send the entire voice model. As such, a subset of words (e.g., a subset of TTS generated words or a subset of the stored digitized audio of the human voice model) can be sent with the document where the subset of words includes only the words that are included in the documents. Because the number of unique words in a document is typically substantially less than all of the words in the English language, this can significantly reduce the size of the voice files sent to the recipient. For example, if a TTS speech generator is used, the TTS engine generates audio files (e.g., wave files) for words and those audio files are stored with the text so that it is not necessary to have the TTS engine installed on a machine to read the text. The number of audio files stored with the text can vary, for example, a full dictionary of audio files can be stored. In another example, only the unique audio files associated with words in the text are stored with the text. This allows the amount of memory necessary to store the audio files to be substantially less than if all words are stored. In other examples, where human voice-based voice models comprised of stored digitized audio are used to provide the narration of a text, either all of the words in the voice model can be stored with the text or only a subset of the words that appear in the text may be stored. Again, storing only the subset of words included in the text reduces the amount of memory needed to store the files. 
     In some additional examples, only a subset of the voice models are sent to the recipient. For example, it might be assumed that the recipient will have at least one acceptable voice model installed on their computer. This voice model could be used for the narrator and only the voice models or the recorded speech for the characters other than the narrator would need to be sent to the recipient. 
     In some additional examples, in addition to associating voice models to read various portions of the text, a user can additionally associate sound effects with different portions of the text. For example, a user can select a particular place within the text at which a sound effect should occur and/or can select a portion of the text during which a particular sound effect such as music should be played. For example, if a script indicates that eerie music plays, a user can select those portions of the text and associate a music file (e.g., a wave file) of eerie music with the text. When the system reads the story, in addition to reading the text using an associated voice model (based on voice model highlighting), the system also plays the eerie music (based on the sound effect highlighting). 
     The systems and methods described herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, web-enabled applications, or in combinations thereof. Data structures used to represent information can be stored in memory and in persistent storage. Apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor and method actions can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. Each computer program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired, and in any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Generally, a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files, such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks magneto-optical disks and optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as, internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD_ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection (e.g., the copyrighted names mentioned herein). This material and the characters used herein are for exemplary purposes only. The characters are owned by their respective copyright owners. 
     Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims: