Patent Publication Number: US-2023159954-A1

Title: Apparatus for Improved Transfection and / or intracellular delivery efficiency of an Agent into a Eukaryotic Cell and / or Protein Expression and Method of Use Thereof

Description:
The present invention relates to apparatus for achieving improved transfection efficiency and/or intracellular delivery efficiency of an agent into a eukaryotic cell and a method of use thereof. The apparatus can also be used to improve protein expression in cells and a method of use thereof. 
     Although the following description makes reference to how apparatus for allowing improved transfection and/or intracellular delivery of an agent into eukaryotic cells can be used for the purposes of a therapeutic or medical treatment, it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention can be used for any purpose or application where the transfection and/or intracellular delivery of an agent into one or more eukaryotic cells is required, such as for example, in the production of viral vectors, gene therapy or modification, protein expression, autologous cell therapy and/or the like. It will also be appreciated that the apparatus and methods of the present invention can be undertaken in respect of in vitro cells, ex vivo cells and/or in vivo cells. 
     Conventionally, in the delivery of pharmaceutical agents and/or other drugs for the treatment of certain medical conditions, which may be of varying degrees of seriousness, there has been a desire to allow the pharmaceutical agents and/or other drugs to be applied transdermally (i.e. to be absorbed by and pass through the patient&#39;s skin). However, while in principle the benefits of such a process have long been acknowledged, the provision of this technique in a practical, efficient and repeatable manner, to be usable for a range of patients, has long been a challenge. 
     A significant part of the problem is that the skin of a person is naturally structured to act as a barrier, preventing and resisting the transmission of materials through the skin and into the body. As a result, there is currently only a relatively small range of highly potent drugs that can be successfully delivered transdermally (i.e. through the skin). Conventionally, the delivery of these drugs has been achieved via gels, creams and/or patch devices that are applied to the surface of a person&#39;s skin and then left to be absorbed through the skin and into the person&#39;s body. 
     For example, adhesive patches are currently used to deliver opioid drugs such as fentanyl [1]. Fentanyl is a highly potent drug and therefore only microquantities of the drug is required to pass through the person&#39;s skin to provide sufficient quantity in the patient&#39;s capillary system in the sub-cutaneous space. However, even if sufficient quantity of the drug is delivered to the patient&#39;s capillary system to perform a treatment, a quantity of the drug provided in the patch is unlikely to enter into the patient&#39;s body. This makes the current method inefficient and wasteful. 
     Furthermore, drugs formed of relatively large molecules, such as biopharmaceutical antibodies, cannot be delivered transdermally due to their size and thus rendering the same incapable of passing through a person&#39;s skin. A similar problem also applies with other pharmaceutical and/or therapeutic molecules, such as for example, cytotoxic drugs. 
     A yet further problem is that the provision of directed therapeutic treatments to a portion of a person&#39;s body cannot be easily achieved in a person&#39;s home. As such, the patient is typically required to visit a hospital or doctor&#39;s premises, often at regular intervals, for the therapeutic treatment to take place. This can be time consuming and requires significant administrative effort in arranging staff, apparatus and patients to be available at appointed treatment times. An alternative is to provide suitable treatment apparatus at a patient&#39;s home but this means that the treatment apparatus is then only available for use by one patient. Since the treatment apparatus is typically expensive it often makes home treatment unfeasible. Furthermore, the treatment apparatus is often bulky and can be difficult to accommodate at a patient&#39;s home. 
     Transfection is a process by which nucleic acid is introduced into eukaryotic cells. Transfection can be stable, in that the transfected nucleic acid may be continuously expressed and is passed on to daughter cells. Alternatively, transfection can be transient, in that the transfected nucleic acid is only expressed for a short period of time following the transfection and is not passed on to daughter cells. The use of either type of transfection in the field of gene therapy is well known [2] and focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient&#39;s cells to act as a drug for the treatment of a disease. For example, the purpose can be to replace faulty genes in a patient that, if not treated, could lead to the patient suffering from gene related and inherited conditions. In the laboratory setting, immortal cell lines are often transfected with an exogenous gene, typically in the form of a plasmid. Following transfection, the successfully transfected cells will express the exogenous gene. 
     In a transient transfection, an exogenous gene (typically encapsulated in a carrier such as polyethylenimine (PEI)) will be introduced to a population of cells. A portion of these cells will be successfully transfected, and will begin to express the exogenous gene. After a short period of time, the level of expression will fall, and the cells are typically processed or otherwise discarded at this point. 
     In a stable transfection, the cells are transfected as above. A portion of the cells will have integrated the exogenous gene in a stable manner. The stably transfected cells can be isolated and selected from the population of cells based upon expression of the exogenous gene, and these cells propagated to produce an immortal cell line expressing the exogenous gene over a longer period of time. 
     Transfection efficiency (i.e. the rate at which cells are successfully transfected with an exogenous gene) is typically low in the prior art methods. Multiple strategies have been adopted to try to increase the transfection efficiency of cell lines (e.g. electroporation, specialised reagents for transfection, and others). What is needed is apparatus and a method for further improving transfection protocols in order to improve the transfection efficiency of any given transfection protocol. 
     A recent development has been to manipulate the genetic sequence of a patient&#39;s own immune cells to transform them into cells that will recognise and attack specific cancerous cells within the patient&#39;s body [3]. Approaches where a patient&#39;s cells are genetically manipulated is known as ‘gene therapy’. One promising avenue of gene therapy for treatment of cancer is the genetic manipulation of T-cells such that they express chimeric antigen receptors which allow the T-cells to target cancerous tissue growth more effectively. Such cells are known as chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (“CAR-T cells”) and the therapy is known as “CAR-T cell therapy”. The immune cells are first removed from the patient&#39;s body and then undergo a transfection process ex vivo that converts the cells to cancer-seeking killer cells. The transfected cells are then re-administered to the patient to treat their cancer. The transfection of these cells is typically achieved using an approach involving associating the exogenous genetic material with a carrier molecule, such as a nanoparticle or a liposomal carrier. 
     An example of a conventional transfection process includes the step of encapsulating target DNA in a phospholipid, bilayer vesicle or liposome that is then administered into a eukaryotic cell [4]. As the liposome is formed of phospholipid, the liposome has an affinity for eukaryotic cell membranes that, likewise, have a phospholipid bilayer, and so there is fusion of these systems. External DNA can therefore be transferred via this fusogenic mechanism into the eukaryotic cell and become extrachromosomal genetic information for the cell. A simple conventional transfection process involves encapsulating the exogenous nucleic acid (e.g. DNA plasmid containing the gene of interest) in a cationic polymer (PEI) [6]. While there are potentially significant advantages of such processes, these conventional processes are slow and have a poor transfection efficiency. The low transfection efficiency of these methods makes them wasteful and time consuming, thus expensive. 
     It is an aim of the present invention to provide apparatus and/or method of use which allows for the delivery of an agent, drug and/or a therapeutic treatment through the skin of a patient in a more targeted and efficient manner at lower cost. 
     A further aim of the present invention is to provide apparatus and/or a method of use which can be used to provide the delivery of an agent, drug and/or a therapeutic treatment to a patient and which allows the apparatus to be easily portable and/or used in a patient&#39;s home. 
     A further aim of the present invention to provide apparatus that improves transfection efficiency, intracellular delivery efficiency and/or protein expression in eukaryotic cells that overcomes the abovementioned problems. 
     It is a further aim of the present invention to provide a method of improving transfection efficiency, intracellular delivery efficiency and/or protein expression in eukaryotic cells. 
     It is a further aim of the present invention to provide transfection and/or intracellular enhancing apparatus and/or to a method thereof. 
     It is a yet further aim of the present invention to provide apparatus that improves the effectiveness of gene therapy and/or a therapeutic treatment in animals or humans. 
     It is a yet further aim of the present invention to provide a method of improving the effectiveness of gene therapy and/or a therapeutic treatment in animals or humans. 
     It is a yet further aim of the present invention to provide apparatus that improves the production of viral vectors and/or a method of use thereof. 
     It is a yet further aim of the present invention to provide apparatus that improves protein expression in human and/or animals cells and/or a method of use thereof. 
     A further aim of the present invention is to allow the speed of preparation and/or application of transfection material and/or intracellular delivery material to be improved and a yet further aim is to allow an increased yield of transfected cells. 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving transfection efficiency and/or intracellular delivery in eukaryotic cells, said method including the steps of:
         a) providing at least one naked agent suitable for transfection and/or intracellular delivery in one or more eukaryotic cells;   b) introducing the naked agent to one or more eukaryotic cells to form a mixture or transfection mixture;   c) allowing the mixture or transfection mixture to undergo an intra-cellular delivery process or transfection process to form one or more transfected or treated eukaryotic cells;   characterised in that the method includes the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, and at a pre-determined power, at the at least one naked agent at step a) prior to creating the mixture or transfection mixture, at the mixture or transfection mixture in step b), at the mixture or transfection mixture in step c) and/or at the transfected or treated eukaryotic cells after the transfection step c).       

     The Applicants have surprisingly found that the administration of pulsed electromagnetic (PEM) signals before, during and/or after transfection significantly increases the transfection efficiency, intracellular delivery efficiency and/or protein expression yield created by the transfection and/or intracellular delivery process. The transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery rate is significantly improved and allows for the enhanced frequency of transfected or treated cells containing the agent and/or exogenous nucleic acid. Thus, the present invention provides a non-invasive, non-chemical approach to improving cell viability, gene transfer, transfection rate, intra-cellular delivery of one or more agents from an extra-cellular environment to an intra-cellular environment and/or protein production. The present invention enhances the transportation of extra-cellar material or agent from an environment external to a cell to an internal environment in the interior of the cell. 
     The term “pulsed electromagnetic signals” used herein is preferably defined as a sequence or pattern of signals in the electromagnetic spectrum range that change in amplitude from a base line to a higher or lower value, followed by a return to the base line or a return substantially to the base line. Further preferably the change in signal amplitude is rapid and transient and occurs in a repeating sequence. In one example, the base line represents an absence of electromagnetic signals being emitted from an electromagnetic signal source or transmission means. Preferably the base line is considered to be a rest or relaxation period for the cells and/or pulsed electromagnetic signals. 
     Preferably the method can take place entirely in-vitro, entirely in-vivo, or partially in-vitro and partially in-vivo. For example, the eukaryotic cells could be transfected or treated in vitro and used for one or more purposes or applications in vitro. In a further example, the eukaryotic cells could be extracted from a patient, transfected or treated in-vitro and then re-introduced back into the patient (this is interchangeably referred to as an “ex vivo” method). Alternatively, the at least one naked agent, transfection mixture and/or mixture could be injected or otherwise transported into a patient and the patient&#39;s cells could be transfected and/or treated in-vivo. 
     Preferably the at least one naked agent is any agent is any agent suitable for transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery and/or any or any combination of nucleic acid, a pharmaceutical and/or therapeutic agent or compound, an agent of therapeutic and/or pharmaceutical interest, a small molecule or small molecular material of less than 5 Kilodaltons, a large molecule or large molecular material equal to or greater than 5 Kilodaltons, one or more proteins, a vaccine, one or more antibodies, one or more organic agents and/or the like. 
     The term ‘pharmaceutical and/or therapeutic agent or compound’ preferably refers to compounds which are deployed or being developed for deployment into the clinic, which have a defined medicinal effect. 
     The term ‘agent of therapeutic and/or pharmaceutical interest’ preferably refers to compounds that have been developed for use and/or are being investigated for use in research and/or in the clinic. These agents or compounds may have a known mechanism of action, but the clinical suitability and relevance may not have been demonstrated or investigated. In some embodiments, the mechanism of action of these agents or compounds may not yet have been uncovered. Regardless, the underlying mechanism of the present invention allows superior intracellular delivery of these agents or compounds. 
     In one example the pharmaceutical and/or therapeutic agent is an anthracycline drug, such as for example doxorubicin; a chemotherapy drug; an anti-cancer drug; a cytotoxic drug, such as for example cisplatin and/or the like. 
     Preferably the term naked agent within the definition of this document means an agent that is not associated with an amphiphilic construct. (It is to be noted that in some transfection protocols, a nucleic acid molecule is generally associated with a carrier or construct which may be an amphiphilic construct). The term “not-associated” typically means that the at least one naked agent is not provided in at least one amphiphilic construct, it does not form a complex with an amphiphilic construct, it is not contained on an amphiphilic construct and/or is not bonded to an amphiphilic construct. 
     In the present invention, the method and apparatus allow for a naked agent to be transfected into one or more eukaryotic cells, without the use of an amphiphilic construct, with greater efficiency than in the methods and apparatus of the prior art. 
     In one embodiment the eukaryotic cells could include any or any combination of adherence cells, suspension cells, blood cells, T-cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are suspended in solution, adhered to a substrate, or a mixture of both suspended and adhered cells. 
     In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are immortal cells or cells derived from an immortal cell line. For example, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells, Human Colon Tumour (HCT) 116 cells, or Jurkat E6 cells. 
     In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are the cells in or derived from the tissue of a human or animal subject. For example, cells may have been extracted from a subject to be transfected and then reintroduced to the subject. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are derived from the blood of a subject. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are T-cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and/or other white blood cells. In some embodiments, the T-cells are any or any combination of helper T-cells or cytotoxic T-cells. In some embodiments, the T-cells comprise CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and/or CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 
     One exemplary use of the apparatus and method of the invention is adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT), involving the generation of so called ‘CAR-T’ cells. In such a technique, the apparatus and/or method are used on T-cells derived from a subject. The cells are cultured and transfected in vitro to express the chimeric antigen receptor, and then expanded in vitro prior to being reintroduced into the patient. The present apparatus and/or method improves the transfection efficiency and thus provides a higher yield of CAR-T cells. 
     In some embodiments, the method may not be a method of treatment or surgery carried out on the human or animal body. In some embodiments, the method may not be a method for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings. 
     In one embodiment step a) consists only of the naked agent (i.e. to the exclusion of any other agent, carrier medium and/or composition). 
     In one embodiment the method includes the step of mixing the at least one naked agent with one or more other agents, carrier agents, solvents, non-amphiphilic vehicles, solubilising agents and/or the like, prior to introducing the same to the one or more eukaryotic cells. For example the one or more other carrier agents or solubilising agents could include any or any combination of water, buffer solution, Tris-EDTA, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), ethanol, apolar or aprotic agent and/or the like. The term carrier agent can mean any agent in which the at least one naked agent is dissolved in, suspended in, mixed with and/or the like. 
     Preferably the at least one naked agent is or includes nucleic acid. Preferably the nucleic acid is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or comprises a combination of DNA and RNA (for example, DNA/RNA hybrid oligonucleotides). When the at least one naked agent is or comprises RNA, it can be preferably mRNA, tRNA, siRNA, mi RNA and/or the like. 
     In one embodiment, the at least one naked agent is or includes one or more expression vectors. For example, the one or more expression vectors could be one or more DNA plasmids comprising one or more exogenous genes intended for expression in one or more eukaryotic cells. 
     In one embodiment, when the at least one naked agent is or includes nucleic acid, the transfection process results in stable expression, in that the transfected nucleic acid in the transfected cells is continuously expressed and is passed on to daughter cells. 
     In one embodiment, when the at least one naked agent is or includes nucleic acid, the transfection process results in transient expression, in that the transfected nucleic acid is only expressed for a relatively short period of time and is not passed on to daughter cells. 
     In one embodiment, when the at least one naked agent is or includes nucleic acid, and the method further comprises the steps of isolating one or more of the eukaryotic cells after the transfection process, testing expression level of one or more peptides encoded by the at least one naked agent in the one or more isolated eukaryotic cells or progeny thereof, and selecting one or more isolated eukaryotic cells of progeny thereof based upon the expression level. 
     Preferably the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals takes place at room temperature (such as for example 20° C.) or takes place in an incubator that can be set at temperatures above room temperature (such as for example at 37° C.). 
     In one embodiment the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals takes place for a pre-determined time period. In one example, the time for which the cells receive the pulsed electromagnetic signals is approximately 15 minutes or up to 15 minutes when directed at the at least one naked agent in step a) prior to creating the mixture or transfection mixture. However, it will be appreciated that longer or shorter time periods could be used if required. 
     In one embodiment the pre-determined time period for which the cells receive the pulsed electromagnetic signals is approximately at or between approximately 1-4 hours when directed at the mixture or transfection mixture in step c) to form the transfected cells and/or treated cells, and/or after the transfection or treatment step, and further preferably approximately 3-4 hours. However, it will be appreciated that longer or shorter time periods could be used if required. For example, in one embodiment the pre-determined time period can be up to 16 hours, or up to 24 hours. 
     Preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals are generated by one or more electronic devices. 
     Preferably the one or more electronic devices include transmission means for generating and/or transmitting the pulsed electromagnetic signals therefrom in use. 
     Preferably the transmission means includes one or more electronic transmission chips, the one or more electronic transmission chips arranged to generate, emit and/or transmit one or more pulsed electromagnetic signals in use. 
     In one embodiment reference to the transmission means or one or more electronic transmission chips could include one or more transmitters, at least one transmitter and at least one receiver, or one or more transceivers. Thus, in one example, the pulsed electromagnetic signals could be transmitted from a central location or a master transmitter and could be received by one or more remote and/or slave receivers and/or transceivers for subsequent re-transmission or emission therefrom. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device has a single transmission means or electronic transmission chip. Such a single transmission means or electronic transmission chip is sufficient to provide a pulsed electromagnetic signal to a tissue culture plate in one example. In one exemplary embodiment, a single transmission means or electronic transmission chip is provided attached or integrated into a bioreactor containing one or more suspended cells. Such a bioreactor operates by stirring the suspension with a stirrer, and as such the cells suspended, typically in media, will pass by the transmission means or electronic transmission chip and thus be exposed to the pulsed electromagnetic signal of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device has two or more transmission means or electronic transmission chips. Preferably the two or more transmission means or electronic transmission chips are arranged a pre-determined spaced distance apart from each other in the electronic device. 
     Preferably the pre-determined spaced distance apart is such so as to provide one or more items or material being pulsed with the electromagnetic pulsed signals sufficient signal strength to achieve a desired effect (i.e. of increasing transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery efficiency) and/or to provide an even or substantially even distribution of electromagnetic radiation/signals in use. 
     Preferably the electronic device has a plurality of transmission means or electronic transmission chips arranged in a pre-determined pattern and/or array. 
     Whilst a single transmission means or electronic transmission chip is sufficient to provide the advantageous properties of the invention, it has been found that having a plurality of transmission means or electronic transmission chips allows the pulsed electromagnetic signal to be delivered across a broader range of surface areas whilst still maintaining a maximal effect. Applicants have found that having a transmission means or electronic transmission chip evenly distributed such that there is at least one chip per 18.5 cm 2  provides sufficient coverage for the optimal effect. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises one or more transmission means or electronic transmission chips. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more transmission means or electronic transmission chips. 
     In some embodiments, there is one transmission means or electronic transmission chip per approximately 105 to 115 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein, and preferably approximately 110 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein. 
     In some embodiments, there is one transmission means or electronic transmission chip per approximately 50 to 60 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein, and preferably approximately 55 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein. 
     In some embodiments there is one transmission means or electronic transmission chip per approximately 25 to 30 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein, and preferably approximately 27.5 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein. 
     In some embodiments there is one transmission means or electronic transmission chip per approximately 15 to 20 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein, and preferably approximately 18.5 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein. 
     In some embodiments, there is one transmission means or electronic transmission chip per approximately 10 to 15 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein, and preferably approximately 12.2 cm 2  of a surface of the housing of the apparatus or a surface of an item as defined herein. 
     The items as defined herein preferably comprise cell culture plates, flasks, roller bottles, and other vessels known to the skilled person. For example, standard laboratory microplates as defined below, T25, T75, T125, T175, T225, and larger cell culture plates. The one or more transmission means or electronic transmission chips are set a pre-determined space apart according to the surface area of such vessels placed on the device in use, and/or based upon a surface of the housing of the apparatus. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, six transmission means or electronic transmission chips are provided in the apparatus upon which a standard laboratory microplate is positioned. These standard laboratory microplates are provided as 6-well, 12-well, 24-well, 48-well, 96-well, 384-well, and 1536 well plates (and above). These microplates are generally of a standardized size, with dimensions of approximately 128 mm in length by 85 mm in width, thus giving the plate a surface area of approximately 110 cm 2 . Thus, in the exemplary embodiment, the 6 transmission means or electronic transmission chips can be evenly spaced to provide an optimal pre-determined space for providing any of these plate types with a pulsed electromagnetic signal according to the present invention. In one example, the electronic device includes six transmission means or electronic transmission chips. Preferably the six transmission means or electronic transmission chips are arranged a pre-determined distance apart from each other such that when a 24 well plate is located in, on or relative to the electronic device in use, each transmission means or chip is able to emit sufficient strength electromagnetic signals and/or is directed to 4 wells of the plate. 
     Further preferably the transmission means or transmission chip is located adjacent to the 4 wells of the 24 well plate in a central or substantially central position. 
     In one embodiment, where more than one transmission means or electronic transmission chip is required, the spacing of the plurality of transmission means or electronic transmission chips must be optimised. In order to achieve an optimal pre-determined space between each transmission means or electronic transmission chips, the transmission means or electronic transmission chips should be positioned at a distance equal or substantially equal to half the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation frequency being used. Preferably this distance should be considered to be relevant in any plane of orientation or two or more transmission means or electronic transmission chips being used together as part of the apparatus. For example, if the wavelength is 12.4 cm, the transmission chips should be placed approximately 6.2 cm apart to produce an optimal electromagnetic field when in use. 
     In one example, the pre-determined spaced distance=wavelength/2. 
     In one example, the pre-determined spaced distance in the X-axis and/or Y-axis is half the wavelength between each transmission means or electronic transmission chip in an evenly spaced grid. Such an arrangement minimises the risk of destructive interference. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device includes a housing and the one or more transmission means or transmission chips are located in said housing. 
     Preferably the housing includes at least one flat or planar surfaces to allow the housing to be located in a stable manner with respect to the one more items receiving the pulsed electromagnetic signals in use. Alternatively, the housing can include one or more curved or non-planar surfaces to allow the housing to be located in a stable manner with respect to one or more items receiving the pulsed electromagnetic signals in use. 
     In one example, at least one surface of the housing includes one or more recesses for the location of the one or more items receiving the pulsed electromagnetic signals in use. 
     In one example, the electronic device is referred to as a transfection plate for use in a laboratory. 
     In one embodiment the housing includes a base surface for allowing the housing to be supported directly or indirectly on a surface in use. Further preferably the housing includes an upper surface opposite to the base surface. Preferably the upper surface is the surface on which the one or more items receiving the pulsed electromagnetic signals can be positioned in use. 
     In one example, the one or more items can be cell culture plates, or flasks known to the person skilled in the art in which eukaryotic cells may be cultured. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device and/or housing is attachable to an external surface of a container, reactor vessel and/or the like. For example, the electronic device and/or housing can be attachable via one or more attachment means or device including any or any combination of one or more screws, nuts and bolts, magnets, ties, clips, straps, inter-engaging members, adhesive, welding and/or the like. 
     Preferably the upper surface of the housing and/or the distance between the transmission means and the one or more items receiving the pulsed electromagnetic signals when located on, in or relative to the housing or electronic device in use is approximately 25 cm or less, 20 cm or less, 15 cm or less, 10 cm or less, or 5 cm or less. Further preferably the distance is approximately 1 cm. 
     Preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals are provided in a pre-determined sequence of pulses. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device is arranged to transmit the pulsed electromagnetic signals at a frequency in the range of approximately 2.2-2.6 GHz and, further preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals are transmitted at a frequency of approximately 2.4 GHz+/−50 MHz or more preferably 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device is arranged to transmit the pulsed electromagnetic signals at a frequency within the range of the industrial, scientific and medical radio frequency band (ISM band) of 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz, preferably 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz. 
     Preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals are pulsed at a frequency of approximately 50 Hz or less, further preferably approximately 25 Hz or less, and yet further preferably approximately 15 Hz or less. 
     Preferably each pulse of the pulsed electromagnetic signals lasts for between approximately 1 ms-20 ms. Further preferably each pulse lasts for approximately 1 ms. 
     Preferably the time period between pulses (also referred to as the “rest period” or “relaxation period”) is approximately 66 ms or less. 
     Preferably the duty cycle of the pulsed electromagnetic signals is less than 2%. 
     In one embodiment the transmission power provided by each transmission means or chip in the electronic device is +2 dBm-+4 dBm, approximately 1 mW, approximately 2 mW or approximately 2.5119 mW. 
     In one embodiment the pre-determined frequency of the pulsed electromagnetic signals is approximately 2.2-2.6 GHz, 2.4 GHz+/−50 MHz or 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz, the pre-determined pulse rate is approximately 15 Hz or less and/or has a duty cycle of less than 2%, and the pre-determined power is +2 dBm-+4 dBm, approximately 1 mW, approximately 2 mW or approximately 2.5119 mW, and further optionally when the at least one naked agent is or includes nucleic acid. 
     Without wishing to be bound by theory, the use of electromagnetic waves or signals used in the apparatus or methods of the invention are thought to be sufficient to rotate H 2 O periodically around its dipole with relatively long rest or relaxation periods. The periodic rotation of H 2 O is thought to interrupt hydrogen bonding in the phospholipid bilayer or cell membranes of the eukaryotic cells. This periodic or intermittent low energy perturbation of the cell membranes is thus thought to stimulate increased interaction with the agent, some molecules and/or cell membranes and their environment, such as for example, the nucleic acid or agent with the cell membrane. This is thought to enhance the transport of agents across the cell membrane, leading to an increased uptake of the one or more agents such as nucleic acids, peptides, small molecules and other agents by the one or more eukaryotic cells. Thus, it can be seen that the transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery process according to the present invention can be significantly improved using very low energy electromagnetic waves or signals. The relatively long rest or relaxation period between the pulses of the pulsed electromagnetic signals is thought to be sufficient to maintain cellular integrity. Thus, in the context of the present invention, the use of pulsed electromagnetic signals, waves, or fields, is thought to provide an improved transport of molecules across the cell membrane, leading to a more efficient transfection and/or intracellular delivery of agents as defined earlier. 
     Preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals are transmitted using Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) between 0.45 and 0.55. 
     Preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals are radio frequency (RF) data signals. 
     Preferably the pulsed electromagnetic signals is a digital sequence of pulsed electromagnetic signals. 
     Preferably the radio frequency signals utilize the Bluetooth LE (BLE) protocol&#39;s advertising feature. Preferably the advertising RF signals are on channels 37, 38 and 39 corresponding to frequencies 2402 MHz, 2426 MHz, 2480 MHz respectively. 
     In one embodiment the pulsed electromagnetic signals are directed towards aqueous media including the at least one naked agent, the mixture or transfection mixture and/or a post transfection or treatment mixture. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device includes power supply means for supplying electrical power to the device in use. Preferably the power supply means includes a mains electrical power supply, one or more batteries, power cells, one or more rechargeable batteries, electrical generator means and/or the like. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device includes control means for controlling operation of the electronic device and/or transmission means in use. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device includes one or more circuit boards. Preferably the transmission means can be provided on the one or more circuit boards, typically in the form of an integrated circuit, and/or other components, such as for example memory means, are located. 
     In one embodiment the electronic device includes memory means, such as a memory device, data storage device and/or the like. 
     Preferably the other components of the electronic device includes one or more components required for the selective operation of the apparatus and, when active, the controlled operation of the same to generate the pulsed electromagnetic signals. For example, user selection means can be provided on the device to allow user selection of one or more conditions, operation and/or one or more parameters of the device in use; display means to display one or more settings, options for selection and/or the like. 
     In one embodiment the said further components or power supply means include one or more power cells and the same may all be contained within the housing. 
     In one embodiment the housing of the electronic device is provided in a form which allows the same to be engaged with and/or located with respect to a container in which the material and/or one or more items which is to be exposed to the electromagnetic signals is located in use. 
     In one embodiment the control means includes an option to allow the user to select any or any combination of the signal frequency, signal strength, signal power, signal pulse rate, time period of signal pulsing, and/or the like of the said pulsed electromagnetic signals. In one embodiment the selection of the frequency, strength, power, pulse rate, time period of pulsing, other parameters and/or the like may be made with respect to the particular form of the material and/or one or more items which is to be exposed to the pulsed electromagnetic signals in use, the quantity of said material, the dimensions of the container with respect to which the apparatus is located for use and/or other parameters. 
     It has been found the cells exposed to pulsed signals like those of the present invention provide a uniform or substantially uniform distribution or dispersion of cells during transfection or treatment in vitro, in contrast to transfection or treatment where no pulsed technology is used and clumping of cells has been observed [1]. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for providing improving transfection efficiency and/or intra-cellular delivery in eukaryotic cells, said apparatus including a housing, transmission means located in said housing and arranged to transmit pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, or a pre-determined power in use, control means for controlling operation of at least the transmission means in use, and power supply means for providing electrical power to the transmission means and/or control means in use. 
     Preferably the one or more pre-determined parameters of the apparatus can be pre-set by the manufacturer of the apparatus and/or can be user selectable depending on the user&#39;s requirements. 
     Preferably the control means are used to allow user selection of one or more of the user selectable pre-determined parameters. 
     In one embodiment the apparatus is arranged to be directly or indirectly worn on or adjacent the skin of a person in order to allow the pulsed electromagnetic signals to be directed towards an area of the person&#39;s body in use for improving a transfection or treatment process in the person&#39;s body. In this embodiment the apparatus is preferably a wearable device. 
     In one embodiment, attachment means can be provided on and/or associated with the apparatus to allow detachable attachment to, or relative to, the exterior of a user&#39;s skin or body, the interior and/or exterior of a garment or item worn by the user in use and/or the like for improving a transfection or treatment process taking place in the person&#39;s body. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus is a wearable device, for example an armband, and the armband is placed directly on the site of injection of, for example, a DNA or RNA vaccine administered to a patient. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, there is a method for administration of a vaccine comprising injecting the vaccine into a subject, and then placing the apparatus of the invention on the site of injection and providing pulsed electromagnetic signals according to the present invention to the injection site. 
     Preferably apparatus and/or the transmission means or one or more electronic transmission chips are arranged in the apparatus so that the pulsed electromagnetic signals are directed to the user&#39;s skin or body in use. For example, the pulsed electromagnetic signals can be directed through a first surface of the housing, and said first surface is arranged to be in direct or indirect contact with a user&#39;s skin. 
     In one embodiment the apparatus is arranged to be implantable into a person&#39;s body or below a user&#39;s skin. For example, the apparatus could be implanted at a site in the person&#39;s body requiring treatment. In this embodiment the apparatus is preferably an implant. 
     Preferably at least the outer casing of the apparatus is coated and/or formed from a material suitable for implantation into a person&#39;s body. 
     Preferably the attachment means includes any or any combination of a one or more straps, ties, necklaces, pendants, belts, bracelets, clips, keyrings, lanyards, VELCRO® (hook and loop fastening), press studs, buttons, button holes, adhesive, plaster, sutures, clips, bio-compatible adhesives and/or the like. 
     In one embodiment, the apparatus is provided with at least one holding means or reservoir for holding or containing the transfection reagent which is to be transfected into a person in use respectively. 
     Preferably the holding means or reservoir is arranged on the apparatus such that it is locatable on and/or adjacent to a person&#39;s skin in use. The pulsed electromagnetic signals can be directed at one or more parts of a person&#39;s body to help improve the absorption, delivery and/or transfection of the agent through the person&#39;s skin and into one or more cells of the person. 
     In one embodiment, it is thought that the direction of pulsed electromagnetic signals to a user&#39;s skin modifies the permeability of the user&#39;s skin to allow increased and/or improved take up of the at least one naked agent in use. Typically, modification of the permeability of the skin occurs at least for the time period during which the pulsed electromagnetic signals are directed towards a user&#39;s skin. Typically, the modification of the permeability of the user&#39;s skin remains, but diminishes over time once the pulsed electromagnetic signal emission has stopped. 
     In one embodiment the strength and range of the pulsed electromagnetic signals is sufficient, when the housing the electronic device is located with respect to a portion of the user&#39;s skin, for the pulsed electromagnetic signals to pass through the skin into the user&#39;s body, and preferably at least adjacent an inner area immediately adjacent said user&#39;s skin portion. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing transfection efficiency and/or intra-cellular delivery in eukaryotic cells and/or apparatus for increasing transfection efficiency and/or intra-cellular delivery in eukaryotic cells. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing protein expression in transfected or non-transfected eukaryotic cells and/or apparatus for increasing protein expression in transfected or non-transfected eukaryotic cells. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for providing gene therapy in vivo, said method comprising the steps of:
         a) providing at least one naked agent suitable for transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery in one or more eukaryotic cells;   b) introducing or injecting the at least one naked agent into a patient to allow transfection or treatment of one or more cells of the patient in vivo with the at least one naked agent;       

     characterised in that the method includes the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, and for at a pre-determined power at the at least one naked agent at step a) prior to directing or injecting the at least one naked agent, at the patient during the directing or injecting of the at least one naked agent into the patient in step b) and/or at the patient after the transfection or treatment step b). 
     Preferably the method of introducing the at least one naked agent into the patient includes orally, transdermally, sub-cutaneously and/or the like. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for providing gene therapy in vitro, said method comprising the steps of:
         a) providing at least one naked agent suitable for transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery in one or more eukaryotic cells;   b) introducing the at least one naked agent to one or more eukaryotic cells, taken from a patient prior to the method, to form a mixture or transfection mixture;   c) allowing the mixture or transfection mixture to undergo an intra-cellular delivery process or transfection process to form one or more transfected or treated eukaryotic cells;   characterised in that the method includes the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, and at a pre-determined power, at the at least one naked agent at step a) prior to creating the mixture or transfection mixture, at the mixture or transfection mixture in step b), at the mixture or transfection mixture in step c) and/or at the transfected or treated cell mixture after the transfection or treatment step c).       

     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving transfection efficiency and/or intracellular delivery in eukaryotic cells, said method including the steps of:
         a) providing naked nucleic acid or an anthracycline drug suitable for transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery;   b) adding the naked nucleic acid or anthracycline drug to one or more eukaryotic cells to form a mixture or transfection mixture;   c) allowing the mixture or transfection mixture to undergo a transfection process or intra-cellular delivery process to form one or more transfected or treated eukaryotic cells;   characterised in that the method includes the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, and at a pre-determined power, at the naked nucleic acid or anthracycline drug at step a) prior to creating the mixture or transfection mixture, at the mixture or transfection mixture in step b), at the mixture or transfection mixture in step c) and/or at the transfected or treated cells mixture after the transfection or intra-cellular delivery step c).       

     Once the patient&#39;s cells have been transfected or treated according to the method, they can then be optionally re-introduced back into the patient or another patient as required. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for assisting in the provision of gene therapy in eukaryotic cells, said apparatus including a housing, transmission means located in said housing and arranged to transmit pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, or a pre-determined power in use, control means for controlling operation of at least the transmission means in use, and power supply means for providing electrical power to the transmission means and/or control means in use. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of altering gene and/or protein expression, said method comprising the steps of:
         providing one or more eukaryotic cells   characterised in that the method includes the step of directing pulsed electromagnetic signals provided at any or any combination of a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, and at a pre-determined power, at the eukaryotic cells to alter the gene expression and/or protein expression in said one or more eukaryotic cells.       

     In one embodiment the method kills cancer cells and increases DNA repair in healthy cells and tissue. 
     In one embodiment the apparatus is implantable into a patient, such as for example in a region at or adjacent cancerous tissue, to treat the cancerous tissue. This method may be useful where cancerous tissue is more distant from the patient&#39;s skin. 
     In one embodiment the apparatus is worn by a patient at or adjacent the patient&#39;s skin and could be used to deliver one or more pharmaceutical agents or drugs to cancerous tissue, such as for example located in the vicinity of a sub-dermal tumour, such as a melanoma, and/or to treat a virus. 
     Thus, in one embodiment, the apparatus can be used to deliver pulsed electromagnetic signals through a patient&#39;s skin to interact directly with the DNA of cells to promote the apoptosis, cell of cancerous cells and/or assist in creating healthy cells to repair DNA damage. 
     In one embodiment the apparatus is used to deliver pulsed electromagnetic signals through a patient&#39;s skin to provide an anti-viral effect. 
     In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a cell or progeny thereof produced using any one of the methods defined herein. 
     It is to be noted that reference to an improvement in transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery efficiency herein refers to an increase in the number of cells transfected or treated by the at least one naked agent and an increase or maintenance of the cell viability following a transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery process. 
     It will be appreciated that the present invention can be used in a laboratory based environment or can be upscaled to be used in an industrial level environment. 
    
    
     
       Specific embodiments of the invention are now described with reference to the accompanying drawings; wherein 
         FIGS.  1   a  and  b    illustrate views of apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS.  2   a  and  b    illustrate views of apparatus in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a further embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS.  4   a  and  4   b    illustrates elevations of a yet further embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS.  5   a  and  5   b    illustrate a trial utilising the invention in one embodiment; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates apparatus in one embodiment of the present invention in which the electronic device includes an array of 6 transmitter chips, together with an example of a twenty-four well plate that can be used with the electronic device in one example; 
         FIG.  7    shows a western blot from an experiment according to the present invention; 
         FIG.  8    shows a further western blot from an experiment according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     In a first embodiment of the present invention there is provided apparatus  1  in the form of an electronic device that can be used for improving transfection efficiency and/or intra-cellular delivery of one or more agents in eukaryotic cells, for providing one or more therapeutic methods of treatment to a patient, for increasing delivery of a pharmaceutical and/or therapeutic agent into a patient, for increasing and/or decreasing gene expression, protein expression and/or the like. 
     The device is capable of emitting pulsed electromagnetic signals at a pre-determined frequency, at a pre-determined pulse rate, at a pre-determined power level and for a pre-determined period of time. The pre-determined parameters can be pre-set by the manufacturer or can be user selectable as required. The technology used in the apparatus is referred to hereinafter as the “pulsed technology according to the present invention”. 
     The apparatus  1  includes a housing  2 , which includes a pulsed signal transmission system. In particular, in this example, the pulsed signal transmission system includes a circuit board  7  with transmission means in the form of an electronic transmission chip  4 , typically provided as part of an integrated circuit, which allows the transmission of pulsed electromagnetic signals when the device is operational in use. 
     In one example, the housing can be in the form of a laboratory transfection plate including a base surface  3 , an upper surface  11  opposite to base surface, and one or more side walls  13  located between the upper and base surfaces  3 ,  11 . 
     Control means in the form of a control unit  10  can be provided to allow the selective operation of the apparatus  1 . A memory device  6  is provided to allow data, one or more operating parameters, software and/or the like to be stored and retrieved when necessary. The control unit preferably includes micro-processing means to allow processing of data and/or the like. 
     The apparatus  1  could also include one or more power cells  10  to provide electrical power to the apparatus. A rechargeable facility can also optionally be provided to allow the power cells to be recharged from a remote power source rather than having to be replaced. 
     It will be appreciated that the housing  2  may be provided in any suitable form for its intended use and can be provided with engagement means to allow the same to be located with, for example an interior or exterior of a container in which the cells to be treated are located. Alternatively, the housing may be formed as part of a container in which the cells to be treated are located. Alternatively still, the upper surface  11  can provide a planar or flat surface on which a container in which the cells are to be treated or located can be placed. Yet further still, a recess could be defined in the upper surface  11  of the housing for stably supporting the placement of a container in the form of, for example, a cell culture flask, petri dish or other cell culture container, so that the housing  2  is located underneath the container and the container is supported in the recess. 
     The electronic transmission chip  4  is arranged in the housing  2  to emit the pulsed electromagnetic signals from the apparatus  1  in a particular direction or directions use. The direction of transmission of the pulsed electromagnetic signals will typically depend on what purpose the apparatus  1  is being used for. For example, if the apparatus  1  is being used as a laboratory transfection plate, the signals are typically directed through upper surface  11  towards a container locatable on said upper surface in use. If the apparatus is being used for wearing by a user, the signals are typically directed through base surface  3  towards the user. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the electronic transmission chip is arranged in the housing  2  such that it is spaced less than 5 cm from the surface of the housing  2  that is to be brought into contact with a user&#39;s skin or a cell reservoir in use, and preferably approximately 1 cm. This allows the electromagnetic signals emitted from the chip to be directed to the eukaryotic cells of the patient or in the cell reservoir in use. 
     The apparatus of the present invention is designed to be used at room temperature (i.e. approximately 20° C.), in temperatures colder than room temperature, such as for example in a refrigeration unit, and/or can be used at temperatures above room temperature, such as for example in an incubator unit or in a patient&#39;s body. 
     In one embodiment, the control unit  10  is programmed to control the transmission chip to allow it to emit pulsed electromagnetic signals at a frequency of 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz, at a pulsed frequency of 15 Hz and at a power of approximately 2 mW. It will be appreciated that the parameters associated with the pulsed electromagnetic signals can be adjusted and/or be user selectable as required. For example, the time for which the pulsed electromagnetic signals are emitted can be selected by the user if required. In addition, the power can be adjusted, although it typically remains in the milliwatt range so as to avoid over energising the cells contained within the container  16  in use. In one example, the pulsed signals last for 1 ms and the rest period between signals is 66 ms. This provides a duty cycle of less than 2%. 
     In one example, the electromagnetic signals are RF signals using the Bluetooth LE protocol&#39;s advertising feature and are transmitted using GFSK between 0.45 and 0.55. 
     However, it should be noted that any frequency transmission in the Industrial, Medical and Scientific frequency bands (i.e. 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz, preferably 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz) could be possible by the electronic apparatus in use. 
     In the illustrated example in  FIG.  1   a   , selection means  5  are provided to allow the selection of a particular sequence of pulses, frequency, timing, and/or strength of the pulses in order to allow the apparatus to be configured according to a user&#39;s requirements. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS.  1   a  and  1   b   , the apparatus  1  is illustrated for positioning directly on the surface of a patient&#39;s skin  12 . In this example, attachment means in the form of a band  14  is provided for detachably attaching the apparatus  1  to the user&#39;s body. More particular, band  15  passes around the patient&#39;s arm or limb so as to secure the housing  2  in the required location with respect to a portion of the patient&#39;s skin. Alternatively, the base surface  3  of the housing which is to contact with the skin can be provided with an adhesive material thereon to allow the same to be adhered to the patient&#39;s skin at the required location. When the apparatus  1  is operated in use, the pulsed electromagnetic signals  22  emitted from the housing  2  pass into at least a portion of the patient&#39;s skin, and possibly further into the tissue  24  and cells of the patient&#39;s body. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  2   a  and  2   b   , the apparatus housing  2  is located on top of a drug-delivery “patch”  25  (sometimes referred to as a ‘transdermal patch’) which, in turn, is adhered to a portion of a user&#39;s skin  12 . In this embodiment the pulsed electromagnetic signals  22  are emitted from the housing  2 , are directed into the patch  25  and through the portion of the patch which includes the agent or drug  26  to the skin  12 . The drug is delivered into the user&#39;s tissue and cells  24  by passing through the user&#39;s skin. Use of the pulsed electromagnetic signals enhances the absorption and uptake of the drug through the user&#39;s skin. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIG.  3   , the apparatus is provided as an implantable device. More particularly, the housing  2  of the apparatus provides a sterile outer casing which is implanted subcutaneously under the user&#39;s skin  12  and/or in the user&#39;s tissue  24 . Once implanted, the apparatus emits the pulsed electromagnetic signals  22  therefrom. The implant is positioned so that the signals  22  are emitted in a desired direction towards, for example, a cancerous tumour  28 . 
     In yet further embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  4   a  and  4   b   , the apparatus is provided in the form of a pendant  36 . In the illustration, the pendant is arranged to be worn on a chain  37  so as to position the pendant the level of the throat/upper chest  38  of the patient or person  39 . The pulsed electromagnetic signals  22  are then directed from the pendant into the body of the wearer as indicated by arrow  41  of  FIG.  4   a   . The face  43  of the pendant  36  is arranged to be locatable closest to the person when the pendant is worn at the required location. 
     In one example, the apparatus of the present invention could be worn so as to minimise viral replication and as a means to provide greater immunological protection to the wearer. Thus, in this embodiment, when the pendant  36  is worn at the level of throat/upper chest, a boost is provided to the immunity of this critical respiratory zone in the wearer. 
     Typically, in whichever embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention is provided at or adjacent a portion of the skin of a user which has been selected to provide a topical and focused treatment at a predetermined location. 
     For example, if the purpose of the apparatus is to provide a treatment for a cancerous tumour in a patient, the apparatus is located in the vicinity of, or is implanted into, a recognised cancerous tumour such as may be present, for example, in the liver, kidney, breast or bone. Alternatively, if the apparatus is to be provided to achieve a therapeutic benefit or to limit or prevent the possibility of infection, the apparatus can be located externally of the patient adjacent the portion of the patient&#39;s body at which therapeutic or preventative effect is believed to be most beneficial, such as at the throat region of the patient or person. 
     Thus, if the apparatus is located directly on the skin  12  of a patient, the pulsed electromagnetic signals are emitted through the skin and into the tumour to provide a change in condition of the tumour cells. If the apparatus is to be used in conjunction with a patch or other drug carrying item, such as for example as shown in  FIGS.  2   a  and  2   b   , then the drug is enabled to pass through the patient&#39;s skin more easily than would conventionally be possible. The pulsed electromagnetic signals are thought to increase the size of the skin pores and allow greater space for the passage of the drug therethrough. Thus, pharmaceutical drugs or other agents can be delivered more efficiently and effectively using the present invention. In addition, pharmaceutical drugs or other agents which cannot currently be provided transdermally, can now be supplied into the body using the process of the present invention. The provision of the apparatus of the present invention enhances both delivery of the drug by increased skin permeability and provides a direct treatment benefit. 
     In an example of the invention illustrated in  FIG.  5   a   , an active assembly was prepared comprising a “sandwich” arrangement of cell cultures and apparatus  1  in accordance with the invention for generating pulsed electromagnetic signals. A 500 ml culture vessel  32  containing colon cancer cells was placed underneath the housing  2  of the apparatus and a 500 ml culture vessel  34  containing healthy cells was placed on top of the apparatus. 
     A second, identical assembly of the culture vessels was prepared as shown in  FIG.  5   b    but without the apparatus of the invention and this acted as a control. 
     In the performance of the test the two assemblies culture “stacks”, active and control, were placed in separate incubators at 37 degrees C. for 18 hours and in the active assembly the apparatus  1  was operated to generate electromagnetic signals  22  in both directions  40 ,  42  to pass through both vessels  32 ,  34  for at least periods of time during the said 18 hours. 
     The results were then assessed by microscopic observation and the p53 protein expression was analysed by Western Blot and spectrophotometry. 
     Microscopic examination showed distinct and major differences between the active and control cultures in terms of the numbers of cells and their condition. The healthy cells  34  in the active assembly showed dramatic growth and had clumped together in an effort to form tissue, whereas in the cancerous tissue  32  the cell growth had been interrupted. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , there is illustrated a further example of apparatus  102  for providing the pulsed electromagnetic signals according to a further embodiment. Whereas, some apparatus of the present invention can comprise a single electronic chip for transmission of the pulsed electromagnetic signals,  FIG.  6    shows apparatus  102  that has an array of six electronic chips  104  for transmission of the pulsed electromagnetic signals. Although  FIG.  3    shows the electronic chips  104  as being on top of the apparatus  102 , this is just shown like this for clarity and the chips  104  are actually contained within the apparatus  102 . The housing  204  comprises a base  105 , a top surface  107  opposite to the base  105  and side walls  109  located between the base  105  and top surface  107 . 
     The six electronic chips  104  are provided a spaced distance apart in the apparatus  102 . The spacing between the chips can be any required distance but, in one example, the chips are spaced apart such that when a 24 well cell plate  106  is located on upper surface  7  of the apparatus in use, one transmission chip  104  is located centrally of four of the wells. Thus, each electronic chip  102  directs pulsed electromagnetic signals to 4 wells per 24 well cell plate. An on/off operational switch  108  is provided on the apparatus  102  to move the apparatus between on and off conditions in use. 
     As a simplified overview, in one example, material comprising a combined dispersion of eukaryotic cells and naked nucleic acid (DNA, RNA or small segments of either) is contained in a suitable container such as a culture vessel, flask or dish which, in one embodiment is located on the  102  and pulsed electromagnetic signals are emitted from the apparatus and are directed through the wall of the container and into the material. 
     The pulsed technology of the present invention can be used on the naked agent(s) prior to transfection taking place, such as for example on the nucleic acid. The pulsed technology of the present invention can also be used, or alternatively be used, on the mixture or transfection mixture including the naked agent(s) and the eukaryotic cells. In addition, or alternatively still, the pulsed technology of the present invention can be used on the cells once transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery has taken place, and/or on eukaryotic cells which have not undergone transfection and/or intra-cellular delivery to increase protein expression in those cells. 
     In the following experiments used to exemplify the present invention, the same pulsed technology of the present invention has been used on the naked agent(s) prior to mixing with different eukaryotic cells lines, and/or on the eukaryotic cell lines mixed with the naked agent(s) during a transfection process and/or intra-cellular delivery process. 
     Human Colon Tumour (HCT) 116 cells (adherent cells) (ATCC, USA-ATCC® CCL-247™) were seeded at a density of 3×10 5  cells per well in two CELLSTAR® 6-well plates (9.6 cm 2 ) in a final volume of 5 mL Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Thermo Fisher, USA)+10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Hyclone, USA) 24 hours before treatment. 
     The naked agent used was Doxorubicin (0.25 μM) (Sigma Aldrich) in absolute ethanol and was given to the cells for a 1 hour treatment period and incubated at 37° C., at 5% CO 2 . 
     After treatment the media was removed and fresh media was added to the cells. One of the plates was incubated directly at 37° C., at 5% CO 2  and the second plate was placed in a different incubator and pulsed using the pulsed technology of the present invention at 37° C., at 5% CO 2 . 
     Protein extracts were collected at 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 16 hours or 24 hours of treatment for analysis by SDS-page. 
     The following Western Blot protocol is set out in reference [5]. 
     Preparation of Protein Extracts for Western Blot 
     1. For protein extraction the cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and then lysed in NP-40 extraction buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.5; 10% glycerol; 0.1% “NP-40 Alternative” (Merck Millpore, USA); 100 mM NaCl; 0.2 mM EDTA) supplemented with 1× Complete™ Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche, Switzerland). Extracts were sonicated (20 seconds, 20% amplitude) and protein concentration was determined using BCA™ Protein Assay Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA) according to the manufacturer&#39;s recommendations. 
     Western Blot Protocol 
     1. Protein extracts (15/20 μg depending on the experiment) were supplemented with 0.1M dithiothreitol (DTT) and 1×LDS buffer (Invitrogen, USA) and were heated at 95° C. for 10 min before loading on NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris polyacrylamide gels (Invitrogen, USA). 
     2. Protein samples were separated by electrophoresis (100V) using 1×MOPS Running Buffer. Transfer of proteins was performed at 12V overnight onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Protran 0.1 μm from GE Healthcare, USA) in 1× Transfer Buffer supplemented with 20% methanol. 1× Transfer Buffer is prepared from 10× Wet blot solution containing 144 g of glycine and 30 g Tris-Base in a final volume of 1 L milli-Q water. 
     3. Membranes were blocked for 30 min in 5% BSA diluted in PBS-0.1% Tween20 before being incubated overnight with a primary antibody (Mouse monoclonal antibody DO1). After a wash of 15 min in PBS-Tween20, membranes were incubated for 1 h with a corresponding secondary antibody (HRP conjugated Donkey anti Mouse). All secondary antibodies, conjugated with Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP), were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch lab and used at 1:10000/1:15000 dilution (depending on the antibody) in 5% BSA-PBS-Tween20. 
     At the end of the incubation membranes were washed twice with PBS-Tween20 for 15 min followed by a final 10 min wash with PBS. The chemiluminescence signal was detected on Hyperfilm™ ECL (Cytiva, USA) using the Amersham ECL Western Blotting Detection System (Cytiva, USA). 
     Results 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , it can be seen from the Western Blot that p53alpha—the main isoform of the p53 protein—was upregulated after treatment with the pulsed technology according to the present invention. The effect was observed as soon as 3 hours after the addition of the drug and was most evident 24 hours post-treatment. Other isoforms of p53 were also more upregulated under the effect of the pulsed technology according to the present invention following doxorubicin treatment, namely d133p53alpha, d133p53beta and d160p53beta. 
     In the Western Blot, γH2AX was used as a marker to ensure that if any effect was observed it was not caused due to ionising radiation. γH2AX&#39;s expression changes when ionising radiation is present, and since there is no observed change between the pulsed technology according to the present invention and the control arms, it was concluded that the pulsed technology of the present invention did not emit ionising radiation. 
     Ku80 was used as the loading control to ensure that equal concentrations of each sample was loaded onto each well. Equal concentrations of Ku80 make the rest of the bands in the Western Blot comparable. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , in another experiment, some cells were treated by the pulsed technology of the present invention and some cells received no pulsed technology of the present invention as a control for 5 days without the addition of doxorubicin. No change in p53alpha expression was observed. When 0.25 μM doxorubicin was added to the cells for 1 hour, the cells under the effect of the pulsed technology according to the present invention showed a significant overproduction of p53alpha compared to the control after 16 hours. 
     In conclusion, there is clear evidence that treating the cells with the pulsed technology according to the present invention increases the ability of the cells to uptake doxorubicin from the media as various p53 isoforms were upregulated more in the pulsed technology arm compared to the control arm. It can be concluded that this effect is not caused by ionising radiation as the radiation marker gH2AX remained unchanged between the pulsed technology arm and the control arm. 
     Therefore, the combined effect of enhanced delivery of anti-cancer drugs and the direct treatment of pulsed technology according to the present invention affects beneficially the regulation of replication via the p53 oncogene and improves cancer treatment. Moreover, the effect of the pulsed technology of the present invention on non-mutated p53 of healthy cells results in increased repair of these cells. 
     Although the above examples shows only the intra-cellular delivery of the naked agent in the form of Doxorubicin being significantly improved on exposure of the eukaryotic cells in the form of HCT 116 Cells and the Doxorubicin to the pulsed technology of the present invention, the Applicants fully expect and predict that the intra-cellular delivery of one or more naked agents other than Doxorubicin into one or more eukaryotic cells (using HCT 116 cells or other eukaryotic cells) will be significantly improved on exposure of the same to the pulsed technology of the present invention. The Applicants also fully expect and predict that the intra-cellular delivery of one or more naked agents will be further significantly improved when the at least one naked agent is exposed to the pulsed technology of the present invention prior to mixing with the one or more eukaryotic cells (either alone or in addition to exposing the mixture or transfection mixture to the pulsed technology of the present invention) and/or after the intra-cellular delivery and/or transfection step has taken place. These predictions and expectations are based on data already collected by the Applicants in their co-pending application claiming priority from British Patent Applications GB2004412.9, GB 2009296.1, GB2004411.1 and GB2009297.9, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference, which shows that the transfection efficiency of one or more transfection agents associated with amphiphilic constructs in eukaryotic cells is significantly improved when exposed to the pulsed technology of the present invention on a) the transfection mixture prior to the addition of the eukaryotic cells; b) the transfection complex including the transfection mixture and the eukaryotic cells, and/or c) during and/or after the transfection process. The data for these experiments is reproduced below to show support for the breadth of the claim set of the present application. The Applicant&#39;s predict the same or similar mechanism of improvement of transfection efficiency and/or intra-cellular delivery when an agent is associated with an amphiphilic construct as when a “naked agent” (i.e. not associated with an amphiphilic construct) is used. This is because the pulsed electromagnetic waves or signals according to the present invention are thought to be sufficient to rotate H 2 O periodically around its dipole with relatively long rest or relaxation periods. The periodic rotation of H 2 O is thought to interrupt hydrogen bonding in the phospholipid bilayer or cell membranes of the eukaryotic cells. This periodic or intermittent low energy perturbation of the cell membranes is thus thought to stimulate increased interaction with the agent, some molecules and/or cell membranes and their environment, such as for example, the nucleic acid or agent with the cell membrane. The relatively long rest or relaxation period between the pulses of the pulsed electromagnetic signals is thought to be sufficient to maintain cellular integrity. 
     In the following experiments taken from the Applicant&#39;s co-pending patent application, the same pulsed technology of the present invention was used on a transfection mixture (transfection agent+amphiphilic construct) prior to mixing with different eukaryotic cells lines, and/or on eukaryotic cell lines mixed with the transfection mixture during a transfection process. 
     The nucleic acid used in the experiments comprised DNA plasmid material including a arginine vasopressin (AVP) promoter, a simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter, or an insulin like growth factor binding protection 3 (IGFBP3) promoter. A cytomegalovirus (Adluc) plasmid, a luciferase control vector (Renilla) plasmid or a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) plasmid were also used. 
     The amphiphilic constructs used in the experiments were either a transfection reagent containing cationic polymer (Turbofect™) (Thermo Fisher, USA), polyethylenimine (PEI) (Fisher Scientific, USA), or TransIT2020 (Mirus Bio, USA). 
     The cell lines used in the experiments were Chinese Hamster Ovary—K1 (CHO) cells (adherent cells) (ATCC, USA-ATCC® CCL-61™), Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 freestyle cells (suspension cells) (Thermo Fisher, USA), Human Colon Tumour (HCT) 116 cells (adherent cells) (ATCC, USA-ATCC® CCL-247™) or Jurkat E6 (suspension T-cells) (ECACC), UK). 
     In order to determine the efficiency of the cell transfection process using the above components, the luciferase activity or the amount of green fluorescent protein was measured using suitable equipment. 
     The DNA plasmid material chosen was complexed with the amphiphilic construct using known techniques to form a transfection mixture. In some experiments this transfection mixture was subjected to the pulsed technology of the present invention. The transfection mixture (with or without being exposed to pulsed technology) was then mixed in a dispersion of one of the mammalian cell lines in a suitable cell culture container to form a transfection complex. This cell culture container was then placed on the apparatus housing of the present invention and subjected to the pulsed technology as previously described for a predetermined period of time. The emission of the pulsed electromagnetic signals was then stopped and the material was allowed to reach equilibrium. In addition, control experiments were also conducted using the same material and mixing requirements identically but in the absence of the pulsed technology of the present invention. 
     A more detailed description of the methodology used in the experiments, the results and the findings are provided below. 
     Methodology 
     Experiment 1—Transfection of Adherent CHO K1 and HCT116 Cells Using Adluc and Renilla Plasmids and Using Either PEI or Turbofect as the Amphiphilic Construct 
     This experiment was undertaken to look at the effect of the pulsed technology of the present invention on the process of transfection in adherent Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) K1 cells (ATCC, USA) and HCT116 (Human Colon Cancer Cell Line) (ATCC, USA) using Adluc and Renilla Plasmids in either PEI (Fisher Scientific, USA) or Turbofect (Thermo Fisher, USA) amphiphilic constructs. The pulsed technology was applied to a) the cells and the transfection mixture (the transfection complex) during the transfection process only; and b) the transfection mixture prior to forming a transfection complex with the cells and then to the transfection complex during the transfection process. 
     Consumables 
     Opti-MEM™ I Reduced Serum Media (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) (Hyclone, USA) 
     2×24 Well Plates Nunc (1.9 cm 2 /well) (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     200 ng of AdLuc plasmid/well (Luciferase expressing plasmid/DNA) (made by Dundee University, UK) 
     2 ng Renilla plasmid/well (Luciferase expressing plasmid/DNA) (made by Dundee University, UK) 
     Alfa Aesar™ Polyethyleneimine, linear, M.W. 25,00 (PEI) (Fisher Scientific, USA) 
     Turbofect (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     Method Steps 
     Control—Using PEI 
     1. 650 μL of Opti-MEM media was mixed with 2.6 μg of AdLuc plasmid and 26 ng of Renilla plasmid in a first tube; 
     2. 650 μL of Opti-MEM media was mixed with 7.88 μg of PEI in a second tube; 
     3. The contents of the second tube was mixed in a dropwise manner to the first tube while gently vortexing until a final volume of 1.3 mL mixture was achieved using a Vortex-Genie 2, Model G560E, (Scientific Industries, USA); 
     4. The transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.); 
     5. 100 μL of this incubated transfection mixture was then dispensed into wells labelled A1-A6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2). This formed the transfection mixture. 
     Invention—with Pulsed Technology Using PEI on Transfection Mixture Prior to Transfection Complex Being Created 
     1. Then, steps 1-3 above were repeated but at step 4—the mixture forming the transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.) by locating the first tube on a pulsed electromagnetic signal device according to the present invention. The pulsed device operates as described above (i.e. pulsed device operated at 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz, at power 2 mW using a pulsed frequency of 15 Hz). 
     2. 100 μL of this incubated pulsed transfection mixture was dispensed into wells labelled B1-B6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2); 
     Control—Using Turbofect
         1. 650 μL of Opti-MEM media was mixed with 2.6 μg of AdLuc plasmid and 26 ng of Renilla plasmid in a first tube;   2. 13 μL of Turbofect was added and mixed by vortexing using a Vortex-Genie 2, Model G560E, (Scientific Industries, USA);   3. The transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.)   4. 100 μL of this incubated transfection mixture was dispensed into wells labelled C1-C6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2);       

     Invention—Using Turbofect with Pulsed Technology on Transfection Mixture Prior to the Transfection Complex being Created
         1. Steps 1-2 above were repeated for the Turbofect Control. At step 3—the transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.) by locating the first tube on a pulsed electromagnetic signal device according to the present invention. The pulsed device operated at 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz, at power 2 mW using a pulsed frequency of 15 Hz.   2. 100 μL of this incubated pulsed transfection mixture was dispensed into wells labelled D1-D6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2);       

     Cell Lines Added to Plates 1 and 2
         For the Plates 1 and 2, a transfection complex was created by adding either CHO K1 cells or HCT116 cells into each well of the two 24 well plates at 2×10 4  cells/well and then made up to a final volume of 600 μL of Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)+10% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS). In particular, A1-A3, B1-B3, C1-C3 and D1-D3 had CHO K1 cells added; A4-A6, B4-B6, C4-C6 and D4-D6 had HCT 116 Cells added;   Plates 1 and 2 were incubated in an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO 2  for 3 hours;   In plate 1 there was no pulsed technology given to the transfection complex during the 3 hour incubation stage, whereas plate 2 was subjected to pulsed technology according to the present invention for 3 hours during the incubation stage.   After 4 hours, the wells were topped up with DMEM containing Turbofect transfection reagent.   The average value of the three wells for each experimental condition was measured and recorded.   In some cases, the above experiment was undertaken using a first type of pulsed technology where only a single transmitter was provided in the pulsed device (Technique 1 pulsed technology). In some cases, the above experiment was undertaken using a second type of pulsed technology where an array of multiple transmitters was used in the pulsed device (Technique 2 pulsed technology). In particular, in experiments using the Type 2 pulsed technology, six transmitters were provided and each transmitter was arranged centrally or substantially centrally of four wells of a 24 well plate when the plate was located on the pulsed device.       

     Luciferase Assay Protocol—Using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA) 
     Method Steps
         1. 24 hours after the transfection experiments took place, the media was removed from the cells.   2. The cells were washed twice with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS).   3. 100 μL of 1× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega, USA) was added to the cells.   4. The cells were incubated for 15 minutes at 37° C. while gently rocking on a Belly Dancer® Orbital Shaker (Sigma, Aldrich).   5. 10 μL of cells was taken from each well and placed in a white 96 well plate.   6. The cells were analysed with a Microplate Luminometer LB 96V (EG &amp; G Berthold, Germany) using the Dual-Luciferase Assay System Protocol (Promega, USA).   7. The analysis was undertaken by injecting 30 μL Luciferase Assay Reagent II (Promega, USA) to measure firefly luciferase activity and then 30 μL Stop &amp; Glo™ reagent to block firefly luciferase and measure renilla luciferase activity.   8. Lysed extracts were then kept at −20° C. to run Western Blots if required.   9. Transfection Efficiency in cells was undertaken by placing the cells in an Incucyte® Live Cell Analysis System (Essen Bioscience, USA) for 72-96 hours. Data was collected and analysed in Excel®.       

     Results for Experiment 1 
     Table 1 shows the results of the CHO K1 cell experiments where technique 1 pulsed technology was used with the Turbofect amphiphilic construct and associated methodology. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 (Technique 1 Pulsed Technology) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Pulsed 
               
               
                   
                 Technique 1 &amp; Turbofect 
                 Control 
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 40147 
                 131502 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 62199 
                 100925 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 94460 
                 117862 
               
               
                   
                 Average Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 65602 
                 116763 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Increase in Pulsed Technology compared to Control - 178% 
               
               
                   
                 Average Fold Increase in Pulsed Technology compared to Control - 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 T-test - 0.024 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows the results of the CHO K1 cells experiments where technique 2 pulsed technology was used with the Turbofect amphiphilic construct and associated methodology. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 (Technique 2 Pulsed Technology) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Pulsed 
               
               
                   
                 Technique 1 &amp; Turbofect 
                 Control 
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 58615 
                 94228 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 73946 
                 184908 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 91469 
                 242183 
               
               
                   
                 Average Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 74676.67 
                 173773 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Increase in Pulsed Technology compared to Control - 232.7% 
               
               
                   
                 Average Fold Increase in Pulsed Technology compared to Control - 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 T-test - 0.044 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 3 shows the results of the HCT 116 cells experiments where pulsed technology was used with the Turbofect amphiphilic construct and associated methodology. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Pulsed 
               
               
                   
                 Technique 1 &amp; Turbofect 
                 Control 
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 16794 
                 23706 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 14626 
                 24841 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 15555 
                 16510 
               
               
                   
                 Average Luminescence (a.u.) 
                 15658.33 
                 21685.67 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Increase in Pulsed Technology compared to Control - 138.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Average Fold Increase in Pulsed Technology compared to Control - 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 T-test - 0.044 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     With reference to Tables 1 and 2, the transfection efficiency in CHO K1 Cells associated with the Turbofect amphiphilic construct are shown for controls and pulsed technologies according to the present invention (Pulzar). Each condition contains three replicates. The amount of luminescence was measured for all cells as a measure of luciferase activity (i.e. transfection). 
     It can be seen that the transfection efficiency in CHO K1 cells using technique 1 pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of 0.024, an average fold increase of 1.8 and % increase of 178.0. 
     It can also be seen that the transfection efficiency in CHO K1 cells using technique 2 pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of 0.044, an average fold increase of 2.3 and % increase of 232.7. 
     Furthermore, it can be seen that experiments undertaken with technique 2 pulsed technology (i.e. the 6 electronic transmitter chip array) produced significantly better results than the experiments undertaken using technique 1 pulsed technology. 
     With reference to Table 3, the transfection efficiency in HCT 116 Cells associated with the Turbofect amphiphilic construct are shown for controls and pulsed technology according to the present invention (Pulzar). Each condition contains three replicates. The amount of luminescence was measured for all cells as a measure of luciferase activity. 
     It can be seen that the transfection efficiency in HCT 116 cells using pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of 0.044, a fold increase of 1.4 and % increase of 138.5. 
     Thus, it can be concluded that the pulsed technology of the present invention significantly increased the transfection efficiency in adherent CHO K1 cells and HCT 116 cells compared to when pulsed technology was not used. Furthermore, six electronic transmitters produced a further increase in transfection efficiency compared to where only a single electronic transmitter was used. 
     Experiment 2—Transfection of Adherent HCT Cells Using Either the IGFBP3 Promoter Containing Plasmid or the SV40 Promoter Containing Plasmid, and PEI as the Amphiphilic Construct 
     Experiment 2 was undertaken to look at the effect of the pulsed technology of the present invention on the process of transfection of adherent HCT116 (Human Colon Cancer Cell Line) (ATCC, USA) using the Adluc and Renilla Plasmids containing either the IGFBP3 promoter or the SV40 promoter in PEI (Fisher Scientific, USA) amphiphilic constructs. The methodology of Experiment 1 was followed for Experiment 2. 
     Results for Experiment 2 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Average Luceiferase 
                   
                 Pulsed 
               
               
                   
                 activity 
                 Control 
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Exp 1 
                 1179 
                 1753 
               
               
                   
                 (Replicate) 
                 827 
                 1918 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1124 
                 1865 
               
               
                   
                 Exp 2 
                 1190 
                 1732 
               
               
                   
                 (Replicate) 
                 1831 
                 2857 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1325 
                 2472 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                 1246 
                 1099.5 
               
               
                   
                 St. Dev 
                 330.616394 
                 459.4809028 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Fold Increase = 168.4991974 
               
               
                   
                 t.test p &lt; 0.004154274 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 4 shows the results of the HCT 116 cells experiments for the IGFBP3 promoter using the PEI amphiphilic construct and associated methodology. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Average Luceiferase 
                   
                 Pulsed 
               
               
                   
                 activity 
                 Control 
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Exp 1 
                 9204 
                 11682 
               
               
                   
                 (Replicate) 
                 6769 
                 12714 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5370 
                 13356 
               
               
                   
                 Exp 2 
                 6291 
                 9838 
               
               
                   
                 (Replicate) 
                 15530 
                 14261 
               
               
                   
                   
                 7637 
                 17011 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                 8466.833 
                 13143.66667 
               
               
                   
                 St. Dev 
                 3696.691138 
                 2428.921626 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Fold Increase = 155.2371016 
               
               
                   
                 t.test p &lt; 0.026953884 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 5 shows the results of the HCT 116 cells experiments for the SV40 promoter using the PEI amphiphilic construct and associated methodology. 
     With reference to Tables 4 and 5, the transfection efficiency of DNA plasmids, containing either the IGFBP3 promoter or SV40 promoter, and associated with a PEI amphiphilic construct, in HCT 116 Cells are shown for controls and pulsed technologies according to the present invention (Pulzar). Two experiments were undertaken for each condition which are replicates of three. The amount of luminescence was measured for all cells as a measure of luciferase activity. 
     It can be seen that the transfection efficiency (shown by the IGFBP3 promoter) in HCT 116 cells using pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of 0.004 and % increase of 168.5. 
     It can be seen that the transfection efficiency (shown by the SV40 promoter) in HCT 116 cells using pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of 0.027 and % increase of 155.2. 
     Thus, it can be concluded that the pulsed technology of the present invention significantly increased the transfection efficiency in adherent HCT 116 cells compared to when pulsed technology was not used. 
     Experiment 3—Transfection of Suspension HEK 293Freestyle Cells Using the GFP Plasmid and PEI as the Amphiphilic Construct 
     This experiment was undertaken to look at the effect of the pulsed technology of the present invention on the process of transfection of Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) suspension cells 293Freestyle using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid in a PEI amphiphilic construct. The pulsed technology was applied to the cells and the transfection reagent during the transfection process only. 
     Consumables 
     Opti-MEM™ I Reduced Serum Media (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) plasmid (made by Dundee University, UK) 
     293-Freestyle Suspension Cells (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     293-Free Expression Media (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) 
     Alfa Aesar™ Polyethyleneimine, linear, M.W. 25,00 (PEI) (Fisher Scientific, USA) 
     Method Steps when Pulsed Technology Used on Reagent and Cell Mixture Only
         1. Seed 6×10 5 -7×10 5  293-F cells/mL the day before transfection.   2. Count the number of cells on the day of transfection and dilute cells if necessary to have a density of 1×10 6  cells/mL   3. Transfect 15 μg of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) plasmid/flask with 30 μL of 293-Free Expression Media/flask   4. Use a Ratio of DNA:PEI of 1:2.   5. Use 293-Free Expression Media following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/SAJ/Brochure/2TB5515.pdf)—User Protocol TB515 Rev. B 0411JN [4]   6. In order to prepare the DNA-Transfection Mixture:
           Add 2.4 mL of Opti-MEM into a flask   Add 30 μg of GFP plasmid to the flask   Add 60 μL of 293-Free Expression Media   Divide the resulting mixture volume into two 125 mL Erlennmeyer flasks, each containing 1×10 6  cells/mL in 28.8 mL of 293 Expression Media;   Incubate the two flasks at 37° C. at 8% CO 2  on a Bellydancer Orbital Shaker (Sigma, Aldrich) at 125 rpm in two separate incubators. Pulse one of the flasks for 3 hours using the Pulsed Technology according to the present invention in one of the incubators and incubate the other flask without any Pulsed Technology in the second incubator. After 3 hours, place both flasks in the same incubator without any Pulsed Technology to allow transfection efficiency to be measured over time for as long as required (120 hours in the case of the experiment).   
               

     Experiment 3 Results 
     The transfection efficiency of a GFP plasmid associated with a PEI amphiphilic construct in HEK 293 Freestyle Suspension Cells were measured for controls and pulsed technologies according to the present invention (Pulzar). 
     The transfection efficiency (shown by the amount of the mean Green Fluorescence measured) in HEK 293 Freestyle Suspension Cells using pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of less than 0.05 and a peak increase of 2.3 fold more GFP expression was observed. 
     The transfection efficiency (shown by amount of the mean Green Fluorescence measured) in HEK 293 Freestyle Suspension Cells using pulsed technology was significantly improved compared to the control cells, with a t-test value of less than 0.05 and an over 50% increase in GFP expression was observed. The delta was calculated to mark the % increase in GFP expression throughout the time period of the experiment. 
     Thus, it can be concluded that the pulsed technology of the present invention significantly increased the transfection efficiency in HEK 293 Freestyle Suspension Cells compared to when pulsed technology was not used. 
     Experiment 4—Transfection of Suspension Jurkat E6 Cells Using Adluc and Renilla Plasmids and Using Either PEI or TransIT2020 as the Amphiphilic Construct 
     This experiment was undertaken to look at the effect of the pulsed technology of the present invention on the process of transfection in Jurkat E6 Cells (Human leukaemic T-Cell lymphoblast cells) (European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC), UK) using Adluc and Renilla Plasmids in either PEI (Fisher Scientific, USA) or TransIT2020 (Mirus Bio, USA) amphiphilic constructs. The pulsed technology was applied to a) the cells and the transfection mixture (the transfection complex) during the transfection process only; and b) the transfection mixture prior to forming a transfection complex with the cells and then to the transfection complex during the transfection process. 
     Consumables 
     Opti-MEM™ I Reduced Serum Media (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) (Hyclone, USA) 
     RPMI Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) 
     2×24 Well Plates Nunc (1.9 cm 2 /well) (Thermo Fisher, USA) 
     1 μg of AdLuc plasmid/well (Luciferase expressing plasmid/DNA) (made by Dundee University, UK) 
     80 ng Renilla plasmid/well (Luciferase expressing plasmid/DNA) (made by Dundee University, UK) 
     Alfa Aesar™ Polyethyleneimine, linear, M.W. 25,00 (PEI) (Fisher Scientific, USA) 
     TransIT2020 (Mirus Bio, USA) 
     Method Steps 
     Control—Using PEI 
     1. 650 μL of Opti-MEM media was mixed with 13 μg of AdLuc plasmid and 1 μg of Renilla plasmid in a first tube; 
     2. 650 μL of Opti-MEM media was mixed with 42 μg of PEI in a second tube; 
     3. The contents of the second tube was mixed in a dropwise manner to the first tube while gently vortexing until a final volume of 1.3 mL mixture was achieved using a Vortex-Genie 2, Model G560E, (Scientific Industries, USA); 
     4. The transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.); 
     5. 100 μL of this incubated transfection mixture was then dispensed into wells labelled A1-A6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2). This formed the transfection mixture. 
     Invention—with Pulsed Technology Using PEI on Transfection Mixture Prior to Transfection Complex Being Created 
     1. Then, steps 1-3 above were repeated but at step 4—the mixture forming the transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.) by locating the first tube on a pulsed electromagnetic signal device according to the present invention. The pulsed device operates as described above (i.e. pulsed device operated at 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz, at power 2 mW using a pulsed frequency of 15 Hz). 
     2. 100 μL of this incubated pulsed transfection mixture was dispensed into wells labelled B1-B6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2); 
     Control—Using TransIT2020
         5. 700 μL of Opti-MEM media was mixed with 13 μg of AdLuc plasmid and 1 μg of Renilla plasmid in a first tube;   6. 42 μL of TransIT2020 was added and mixed by vortexing using a Vortex-Genie 2, Model G560E, (Scientific Industries, USA);   7. The transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.)   8. 50 μL of this incubated transfection mixture was dispensed into wells labelled C1-C6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2);       

     Invention—Using TransIT2020 with Pulsed Technology on Transfection Mixture Prior to the Transfection Complex being Created
         3. Steps 1-2 above were repeated for the TransIT2020 Control. At step 3—the transfection mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (approx. 20° C.) by locating the first tube on a pulsed electromagnetic signal device according to the present invention. The pulsed device operated at 2.45 GHz+/−50 MHz, at power 2 mW using a pulsed frequency of 15 Hz.   4. 50 μL of this incubated pulsed transfection mixture was dispensed into wells labelled D1-D6 on each of the two 24 well plates (Plates 1 and 2);       

     Cell Lines Added to Plates 1 and 2
         For the Plates 1 and 2, a transfection complex was created by adding the Jurkat E6 cells in RPMI and 10% FCS into each well of the two 24 well plates at 2×10 5  cells/well and then made up to a final volume of 600 μL.   Plates 1 and 2 were incubated in an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO 2  overnight;   In plate 1 there was no pulsed technology given to the transfection complex during the overnight incubation stage, whereas plate 2 was subjected to pulsed technology according to the present invention for 3 hours during the overnight incubation stage.   The average value of the three wells for each experimental condition was measured and recorded.       

     Luciferase Assay Protocol—Using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA) 
     Method Steps—as Set Out Above 
     Results for Experiment 4 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Average Luceiferase 
                   
                 Pulsed 
               
               
                   
                 activity 
                 Control 
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) Exp A 
                 15840.33 
                 26452.00 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) Exp B 
                 15840.33 
                 31919.00 
               
               
                   
                 Luminescence (a.u.) Exp C 
                 15840.33 
                 35771.67 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Exp A - where pulsed technology was applied to the transfection complex only (i.e. once the transfection mixture had been added to the cells and during incubation). 
               
               
                   
                 Exp B - where pulsed technology was applied to the transfection mixture (prior to adding the Jurkat E6 Cells) only. 
               
               
                   
                 Exp C - where pulsed technology was applied to the transfection mixture prior to adding the Jurkat E6 Cells) and then also to the transfection complex (i.e. once the transfection mixture had been added to the cells and during incubation). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 6 shows the results of the Jurkat E6 cells experiments for the AdLuc and Renilla Plasmids using the PEI or TransIT2020 amphiphilic constructs and associated methodology. 
     With reference to Table 6, each bar on the graph represents an average of 3 replicates. A 1.7 fold increase in transfection efficiency was observed when the transfection complex only received the pulsed technology. A 2.0 fold increase in transfection efficiency was observed when the transfection mixture only received the pulsed technology. A 2.3 fold increase in transfection efficiency was observed when both the transfection mixture and the transfection complex received the pulsed technology. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of the pulsed technology according to the present invention significant increased transfection efficiency both when used on the transfection mixture or transfection complex alone, but further increases in transfection efficiency were observed when the pulsed technology was applied to both the transfection mixture and the transfection complex. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         [1] “Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology”—Michael N Pastore et al; British Journal of Pharmacology (2015) 172; 2179-2209. 
         [2]—Gene Therapy—An Industry Corning Of Age—The Cell Culture Dish Inc. 2020 pages 1-49 
         [3]—Global Manufacturing of CAR T Cell Therapy—Bruce Levine et al; Molecular Therapy: Methods and Clinical Development, Vol. 4, March 207; 92-101; 2017 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. 
         [4] Efficient Lipid-Mediated Transfection Of DNA Into Primary Rat Hepatocytes—Sheri L. Holmes et al; In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 30; 347-351—May 1995-1995 Society for In Vitro Biology. 
         [5] Bourdon et al., Genes Dev. 2005, PMID 16131611. 
         [6] Longo P A, Kavran J M, Kim M S, Leahy D J. “Transient Mammalian Cell Transfection With Polyethylenimine (PEI). Methods Enzymol. 2013; 529-227-240. Doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-418687-3.00018-5.