Patent Publication Number: US-2004053859-A1

Title: Preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer containing cyanidin compound as active ingredient

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001] The present invention relates to a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer containing a cyanidin compound as an active ingredient and a health food added with the active ingredient.  
       BACKGROUND ART  
       [0002] Anthocyanin pigments having a wide distribution in plant kingdom have been utilized as coloring agents and known as having an antioxidation property as a physiological activity (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. HEI 6-271850). In recent years, it has been pointed out that the pigments inhibit in vitro mutagenicity of a heterocyclic amine, an environmental carcinogen (Jpn. Soc. for Cancer Prevention, 7 th , Jul. 14-15, 2000).  
       DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION  
       [0003] As a result of eager researches on the functions of the anthocyanin pigments, the inventors of the present invention have found that a particular cyanidin compound has a carcinostatic effect against large intestine cancer and thus achieved the present invention.  
       [0004] According to the present invention, provided are a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer containing a cyanidin compound represented by the general formula (I):  
                 
 
       [0005] as an active ingredient and a health food added with the active ingredient. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
     [0006]FIG. 1 illustrates increase in weight of rats administrated with various substances after treatment with DMH (1,2-dimethylhydradine dihydrochloride) which is used as an initiator of large intestine cancer. Rats in group 1 are administrated with a basic feed, those in group 2 are administrated with a carcinogenesis promoting substance PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) and those in group 3 are administrated with a mixture of PhIP (200 ppm) and a purple corn pigment (5%).  
     [0007]FIG. 2 shows the results of HPLC analysis of a purple corn pigment solution prepared in Example 1. It shows individual peaks of the compound represented by the formula (III) (peak A) and the compound represented by the formula (IV) (peak B). 
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION  
     [0008] In the present invention, the cyanidin compound represented by the general formula (1) includes  
                 
 
     [0009] cyanidin represented by the formula (II);  
                 
 
     [0010] 3-0-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)cyanidin represented by the formula (III); and  
                 
 
     [0011] 3-0-(6-malonyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)cyanidin represented by the formula (IV).  
     [0012] Among these cyanidin compounds, the compounds of the formulae (III) and (IV) may be synthesized by a method known in the art, but may be generally obtained by extraction from a plant containing them or a cultured cell of the plant. The compound of the formula (II) can be easily obtained by hydrolyzing the compound of the formula (III) or (IV).  
     [0013] As the plant, one or more kinds of plants may be selected from the group consisted of purple corn, red cabbage, berries such as strawberry, boysenberry, raspberry, cranberry, blackberry and blueberry, grape and hibiscus. Any portion of the plants, such as stems, leaves, roots, petals, fruits and seeds, may be used. For example, seeds of purple corn, leaves of red cabbage, fruits of berries, pericarps of grapes, petals of hibiscus are preferably used.  
     [0014] For the extraction, the plant may be used directly or cut or crushed into an appropriate size. Alternatively, dried plants in these various shapes may be used. However, for a sufficient extraction of the cyanidin compound from the plant, it is preferred to use the plant cut into 1-2 cm, for example, without drying.  
     [0015] The method of extracting the cyanidin compound from the plant is not particularly limited, but for example, water or hydrated alcohol (water containing 40 or less % by volume, e.g., about 25% by volume of alcohol) is commonly used as an extraction solvent. However, the extraction may be performed by first using a lower alcohol such as methanol and ethanol and then using water.  
     [0016] Temperature for the extraction may be room temperature or a temperature higher than room temperature. Period for the extraction varies depending on the temperature and is not particularly limited, but may be 4-12 hours in general. The extraction may be carried out effectively under an acidic condition of pH about 1-4 by using an inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid or an organic acid such as citrate.  
     [0017] After separating a solid portion, an extract solution thus obtained is appropriately concentrated to be a water soluble extract. This is subjected to an isolation and purification treatment by suitably combining common treatment methods such as resin adsorption and filtration using a nonionic adsorptive resin or an ion exchange resin. Thus, the compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) are obtained.  
     [0018] The usable nonionic adsorptive resins include, for example, Duolite S-861, Duolite S-862, Duolite S-863 and Duolite S-866 of styrene series (manufactured by Diamond Shamrock U.S.A.); Sepabeads SP70, Sepabeads SP700 and Sepabeads SP825 of aromatic series (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation); Diaion HP10, Diaion HP20, Diaion HP21, Diaion HP40 and Diaion HP50 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation); and Amberlite XAD-4, Amberlite XAD-7 and Amberlite XAD-2000 (manufactured by Organo Corporation).  
     [0019] Also, usable cation exchange resins include Diaion SK 1B, Diaion SK 102, Diaion SK 116, Diaion PK 208, Diaion WK 10 and Diaion WK 20 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and usable anion exchange resins include Diaion SA 10A, Diaion SA 12A, Diaion SA 20A, Diaion PA 306, Diaion WA 10 and Diaion WA 20 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation).  
     [0020] The filtration may be ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis using various functional polymer membranes.  
     [0021] The inventors of the present invention have realized that the cyanidin compound obtained by the above method shows a carcinostatic effect against cancer, in particular large intestine cancer.  
     [0022] Accordingly, the present invention provides a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer containing the cyanidin compound or a water soluble extract from a plant containing the compound as an active ingredient.  
     [0023] The preventive or therapeutic agent is manufactured by a conventional method using a solid or liquid excipient known in the art. Dosage form of the agent may be dispersion, tablet, emulsion, capsule, granule, chewable tablet, solution, syrup and the like. These agents may be obtained by a conventional method using various excipients.  
     [0024] The solid excipients include, for example, lactose, sucrose, glucose, corn starch, gelatin, starch, dextrin, calcium phosphate, magnesium oxide, dried aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate and the like. The liquid excipients include, for example, water, glycerin, propylene glycol, simple syrup, ethanol, fat oil, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol and the like.  
     [0025] The above-described agent may contain conventional additives such as a buffer, a stabilizer, a sweetener, a preservative, a flavoring agent and a coloring agent, if desired.  
     [0026] The health food as used the present invention signifies a food positively intended to health care, health maintenance and health enhancement compared with the common food. The food added with the cyanidin compound or the water soluble plant extract containing the compound according to the present invention can be the health food expected to exhibit effects of preventing or treating large intestine cancer. For example, the health food can be obtained by mixing or spraying the cyanidin compound of the invention with or into an intermediate product under processing or a final product, for example, solid, liquid or semisolid products as well as processed or half-processed products thereof such as starch, wheat flour, sugar and syrup which can be used food as they are; bread, noodles, sweets including candies and cookies, other solid products; flavor enhancers such as dressings and sauces; liquid products such as beverage, nutritional drink and soup; semisolid products such as jerry.  
     [0027] In the case of medical use, the compound of the formula (I) may be administrated as an active ingredient to an adult of 60 kg in an amount of 0.5 to 50 mg a day, preferably 30 to 50 mg a day. In the case of health food application, the compound of the formula (I) may be added to the food in such an amount that the compound does not influence a taste and an appearance of the food, e.g., an amount of 10 to 30 mg, which is greater than 1 to 10 mg, i.e., the amount of the compound when added as the coloring agent.  
     [0028] However, the dose amount of the compound may vary depending on various factors such as health conditions of a person who will take the cyanidin compound, an application method and a combination with other agents.  
     [0029] The cyanidin compound represented by the general formula (I) is originally contained in various natural plants and has been used as a food additive. Thus, the cyanidin compound can safely and effectively be utilized as a substance for preventing or treating cancer, and economically manufactured.  
     EXAMPLES  
     [0030] Hereinafter, the present invention will be detailed with reference to examples, but the invention is not limited thereto.  
     Example 1  
     [0031] To a mixture solution of 16 L of water, 4 L of ethanol and 90 g of concentrated sulfuric acid (pH 2.3), 2 kg of dried purple corn (a mixture of a cob of 23% and kernels of 77%, the cob was cut into the size of 1-2 cm) were added and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature to extract a red pigment. After the extraction, the pigment was subjected to solid-liquid separation using a metal gauze of 60 mesh. This solution was added with a 1% filter aid (Radiolite #500 manufactured by Showa Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and filtrated to obtain a water soluble extract solution of the purple corn pigment of about 16 L.  
     [0032] The thus obtained extract was subjected to adsorption using a synthetic adsorptive resin Amberlite XAD-7 (1.5 L, manufactured by Organo Corporation). After the resin was sufficiently washed with 5 L of water, hydrated ethanol of 0-80% concentration gradient was used to collect red color fractions through visual observation. The elution of 4.8 L was obtained.  
     [0033] The elution was treated using an ultrafiltration membrane (AHP-2013 membrane: manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation, fractional molecular weight of 50,000) under 3 kg/cm 2  at 20° C. Then, dilute sulfuric acid was added to the filtrate to adjust pH to 2.0 and 5 L of water was added. Then, a reverse osmosis membrane (NTR-7250 membrane: manufactured by Nitto Denko Co., Ltd., fractional molecular weight of about 3000) was used to remove contaminants through permeation to give a 1 L residual solution comprising purified pigment components.  
     [0034] Then, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and a 80 g purified pigment solution having a color valency of E10% 1 cm =200 (calculated by measuring absorbency at a maximum absorption wavelength (around 510 nm) in a visible region of the pigment-containing solution and converting it into absorbency of a 10 w/v% solution) was obtained.  
     [0035] In the pigment solution, 3.4 wt % of the compound of the formula (III) and 1.7 wt % of the compound of the formula (IV), which are active ingredients. for the carcinostatic effect against large intestine cancer according to the present invention, were contained.  
     [0036] To 80 g of the pigment solution, 130g of water, 40 g of ethanol and 10 g of citric acid (crystals) were added to prepare 260 g of purple corn pigment solution having a color valency of E10% 1 cm=60.  
     Example 2  
     [0037] Using DMH (1,2-dimethylhydradinedihydrochloride, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd., Lot. FIH01-UR) as an initiator of large intestine cancer, the carcinostatic effect of a purple corn pigment (manufactured. by San-Ei gen F.F.I., Inc. Lot. 990519, containing 10.8% of the compound of the formula (III) and 6.5% of the compound of the formula (IV), hereinafter referred to as PCC) was examined against the carcinogenesis promoting effect of PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (Toronto Research Chemical Inc., Lot. 5-YCX-55-2).  
     [0038] F344/DuCrj male rats (Charles River Japan Inc.) were used as test animals. The rats were subjected to a subcutaneous administration of DMH of 20 mg/kg once a week, for 4 weeks. They were divided into a group 1 fed with a basic feed (labo MR stock, manufactured by Nihon Nosan Kogyo KK), a group 2 fed with PhIP (200 ppm) only, and a group 3 fed with a mixture of PhIP (200 ppm) and PCC (5%). The rats (20 per group) were allowed to take the feed freely for 32 weeks.  
     [0039] a) Survival Rate and Clinical Manifestation  
     [0040] The rats survived until the end of the experiment except one in the group 2 died during the experiment.  
     [0041] In the group 3, the rats showed coloration of fur and black-colored excrement that seem to be derived from the administration of PCC.  
     [0042] b) Weight and Intake Amount of Feed  
     [0043] With an electronic balance (LC2200, manufactured by Sartorius), the weight of each rat was measured once a week until 14 th  week after initiation of the experiment, and thereafter measured once every two weeks. The feed intake amount of each rat was also measured once a week until 14 th  week, and thereafter measured once every other week in the same manner as the weight measurement, except that the feed intake amount for two days was measured.  
     [0044] During the DMH treatment, the rats of every group weighed similarly in the range of about 116 to 210 g. However, during the administration of the test substances, the weight of the rats of the groups 2 and 3 increased to a similar extent from about 230 g to 315 g, but the increase was significantly smaller than that of the group 1 (increased to about 360 g). In every group, no significant difference was observed in the feed intake amount (FIG. 1).  
     [0045] In the group 3, an average intake amount of PCC obtained from an administration concentration, an average weight and an average feed intake amount was 3744.38 mg/kg/day. An average intake amount of PhIP was 11.98 mg/kg/day in the group 2 and 14.98 mg/kg/day in the group 3.  
     [0046] c) Intake Amount of Water  
     [0047] With an electronic balance (LC2200, manufactured by Sartorius), an intake amount of water for two days was measured once a week until 14 th  week, and thereafter measured once every other week.  
     [0048] During the DMH treatment, the rats showed similar water intake amount in every group. In the 5 th  and 6 th  weeks during the administration of the test substances, the water intake amount of the rats in the group 3 (about 24 g/animal/day) increased as compared with that in the group 1 (about 20 g/animal/day) and that in the group 2 (about 19 g/animal/day). After these weeks, the values were almost the same as those in the other groups.  
     [0049] d) Macroscopic Pathologic Examination  
     [0050] The rats alive at the end of the experiment were fasted and then bled for euthanasia under deep anesthesia. They were dissected together with the dead rat of the group 2 to macroscopically examine tumorigenesis in various organs in the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. Table 1 shows the results.  
                                   TABLE 1                                       Number of       Number of               rats having   Numbers of   tumors/number of           Group   tumor   tumors   rats having tumor                                                            Group 1   4   5   1.25           Group 2   17   48   2.82           Group 3   8   9   1.13                      
 
     [0051] In every rat, tumorigenesis was not observed in other organs than the large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum). The tumor generated in the large intestine was recognized as cancer by the macroscopic pathologic examination.  
     [0052] e) Conclusion  
     [0053] As shown in Table 1, the rats in the group administrated with PCC showed the number of tumors per animal similar to that of the rats in the group administrated with the basic feed. It was recognized that PCC inhibits the carcinogenesis promoting effect by PhIP without causing any bad influences such as increase in weight.  
     Example 3  
     [0054] The purple corn pigment solution obtained in Example 1 was mixed with materials according to the recipe below and the mixture was filtrated. This was then filled in a 250 ml bottle and sterilized at 90° C. for 30 minutes to prepare a berry flavored soft drink containing fruit juice.  
                                                      Sugar   7.50           High fructose corn syrup (Brix 75°)   5.00           Citrate (crystals)   0.20           1/5 concentrated clear apple juice   2.00           purple corn pigment solution   0.10           Berry flavor   0.05           Water   85.15           Total   100.00 kg                      
 
     [0055] With the soft drink of 500 ml, the intake amounts of the compounds of the formulae (III) and (IV) were 4.65 mg and 2.33 mg, respectively.  
     Example 4  
     [0056] With the purple corn pigment solution obtained in Example 1, hard candies were prepared under the following recipe.  
     [0057] The pigment solution was added together with citrate to a mixture obtained by heating and melting granulated sugar, starch syrup and water at 150° C. This was molded to obtain the candies.  
                                                      Granulated sugar   65.0           Starch syrup   50.0           Water   10.0           Citrate (crystals)   0.5           purple corn pigment solution   0.1           Total   100.00 kg                      
 
     Referential Example 1  
     [0058] Components of the purple corn pigment solution prepared in Example 1 were analyzed by HPLC. The solution of 0.1 g was mixed in 100 ml of distilled water and 20 μl of the mixture was injected in a L-column ODS (diameter 4.6×250 mm, manufactured by Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan). As a mobile phase, 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile were used. Linear gradient was provided by using acetonitrile of 10-15% for 10 minutes, 15-30% for 50 minutes, 30-100% for 5 minutes, and 100% for 5 minutes.  
     [0059] Intensity at 510 nm was detected under a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at 40° C.  
     [0060] Thus, the results shown in FIG. 2 were obtained. The compound (A) of the formula (III) and the compound (B) of the formula (IV) showed peaks, respectively (FIG. 2).  
     [0061] According to the present invention, the cyanidin compound contained naturally in various plants can be utilized as a agent safely and effectively preventing and treating cancer.