Patent Publication Number: US-2013252845-A1

Title: Method for screening skin aging-related genes and materials for preventing skin aging

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method for screening genes showing characteristic changes associated with skin aging and a method for screening substances which prevent skin aging by controlling the expression of these genes. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Until now, studies on skin aging have been conducted mainly on changes in the dermal layer of the skin and have been focused on the regulation of biosynthesis of collagen and the collagenase MMP (matrix metalloproteinase). Also, the only active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetic products, which is known to be effective in increasing collagen biosynthesis, is retinol. 
     However, the prevention of skin aging cannot be sufficiently achieved by a simple increase in collagen synthesis, and skin aging symptoms and related factors differ according to various causes of aging. Thus, a new approach which comprehensively considers various factors is required for the development of next-generation functional cosmetic products. In addition, it is required to ascertain the causes of skin aging by comprehensively analyzing characteristic genetic changes associated with skin aging and understand the mechanisms of skin aging, thereby developing technologies for preventing and treating skin aging, which control the expression of target genes associated with skin aging. 
     DISCLOSURE 
     Technical Problem 
     Accordingly, the present inventors have made extensive efforts to find novel target genes related to aging prevention by comprehensively screening genes, which show characteristic changes associated with skin aging, using gene chips. 
     Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide new target genes related to aging prevention. 
     Another object of the present invention to provide a method for screening novel substances, which show the effects of inhibiting skin aging and treating skin diseases by controlling the expression of the above genes. 
     Technical Solution 
     In order to accomplish the above objects, the present invention provides a method for screening a gene related to skin aging, the method comprising the steps of: 1) extracting total RNA from skin tissue and subjecting the extracted RNA to microarray analysis; 2) analyzing genes, which change with aging, using a bioinformatics technique; 3) selecting a candidate gene related to skin aging; and 4) confirming the candidate gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 
     The present invention also provides a method for screening a substance for preventing skin aging, the method comprising the steps of: 1) treating sample skin cells with a candidate substance for controlling the expression of a gene in the cells; 2) exposing the sample skin cells to an environment having a skin aging factor to induce the expression of the gene in the cells; and 3) measuring the skin aging factor-induced expression of the gene in the cells of step 2). 
     Advantageous Effects 
     According to the screening method of the present invention, genes related to skin aging can be screened according to the various causes of skin aging. Further, not only genes related to photoaging caused by UV radiation, but also genes causing intrinsic aging associated with menopause, can be investigated, and differentiated products can be developed according to target genes. Thus, skin aging can be fundamentally prevented. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the results of microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR performed on galanin prepropeptide in the skins of young people and elderly people. 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  show the results obtained by inhibiting the expression galanin prepropeptide by the siRNA method and then measuring the UV-induced change in the expression of anti-aging markers (MMP) and inflammatory cytokines in order to analyze the function of galanin prepropeptide. 
         FIG. 4  shows the relationship between the expressions of galanin prepropeptide and collagen, determined by inhibiting the expression of galanin prepropeptide using a method similar to the method described for  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         FIG. 5  shows the results of microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR performed on osteoglycin in the skins of young people and elderly people. 
         FIG. 6  shows the relationship between the expressions of galanin prepropeptide and collagen, determined by inhibiting the expression of osteoglycin. 
         FIG. 7  shows 16 genes whose expression increased in seborrheic keratosis. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE 
     Although skin aging is caused by various factors, the present invention will be described with a focus on the following aspects. 
     1. Intrinsic aging caused by the passage of time 
     2. Menopause aging caused by hormones 
     3. Seborrheic keratosis 
     The present invention provides a method of screening genes related to aging, caused by various factors, by performing microarray analysis. 
     The present invention provides a method for screening a gene related to skin aging, the method comprising the steps of: 1) extracting total RNA from skin tissue and subjecting the extracted RNA to microarray analysis; 2) analyzing genes, which change with aging, using a bioinformatics technique; 3) selecting a candidate gene related to skin aging; and 4) confirming the candidate gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 
     Genes which are involved or not involved in skin aging, or genes whose expression increases or decreases in men and women, differ depending on the causes of skin aging, and the genes whose expression changes can be determined as genes related to skin aging. Thus, such genes can be selected as candidate genes related to skin aging. 
     In the present invention, it was found by the screening method that galanin prepropeptide, Wnt3, TNS4, osteoglycin and the like can be novel target gene related to skin aging, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. 
     The present invention also provides a method for screening substances capable of preventing skin aging by controlling the expression of the above target genes. 
     Candidate substances effective in preventing skin aging can be screened by searching using a cell search system and then evaluating the effects on the human body using the skin of volunteers. 
     The present invention also provides a method for screening a substance for preventing skin aging, the method comprising the steps of: 1) treating sample skin cells with a candidate substance for controlling the expression of a gene in the cells; 2) exposing the sample skin cells to an environment having a skin aging factor to induce the expression of the gene in the cells; and 3) measuring the skin aging factor-induced expression of the gene in the cells of step 2). 
     As the sample cells in step 1) of the method of the present invention, any cells may be used, as long as they can induce the expression of skin aging-related genes therein when being subjected to an environment which causes skin aging. Examples of the environment having the skin aging factor include, but are not limited to, various factors causing skin aging, including UV rays, heat, and hormones. 
     In step 3) of the method of the present invention, the skin aging factor-induced expression of the gene in the cells can be measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 
     According to the above-described method, it is possible to find novel target genes related to skin aging and develop new and differentiated products that act on skin aging-related genes according to the various causes of skin aging-related genes. 
     Mode for Invention 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are illustrative purposes only and various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. 
     Test Example 1 
     Microarray Analysis for Intrinsic Aging Model 
     In order to screen genes related to intrinsic skin aging caused by the passage of time, a test was carried out on human skin. 
     18-25 years old young people (4 men and 4 women) and 78-82 years old elderly people (4 men and 4 women) were selected as subjects, and 4 to 6 buttock skin samples were collected from each of the subjects by a 4-8 mm punch biopsy. 
     Total RNA was extracted from the collected skin samples and subjected to microarray analysis (Affymetrix GeneChip Human HG-U133 Plus2.0), and genes which changed with aging were analyzed using a bioinformatics technique (DAVID Bioinformatics Resources/Gene spring). 
     Candidate genes related to skin aging were selected based on the results of the analysis and confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. 
     Table 1 below shows the number of genes whose expression increased or decreased in men or women. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Present only in 
                 Common 
                 Present only in 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 men 
                 Men 
                 Women 
                 women 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total 
                 497 
                 200 
                 200 
                 123 
               
               
                 Increased 
                 405 
                 38 
                 38 
                 56 
               
               
                 Decreased 
                 92 
                 162 
                 162 
                 67 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (2-fold changed U133-2 probes with p&lt;=0.05, No FDR) 
     Because there were no probes that increased in men but decreased in women, there was no probe having a difference between men and women in common genes. 
     Table 2 below shows genes whose expression increased in the skins of both elderly men and elderly women. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gene name 
                 Gene symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Lipoprotein lipase 
                 LPL 
               
               
                   
                 Adiponectin 
                 ADIPOQ 
               
               
                   
                 Adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain 
               
               
                   
                 containing 
               
               
                   
                 Phospholamban 
                 PLN 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 3 below shows genes whose expression decreased in the skins of both elderly men and elderly women. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gene name 
                 Gene symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, type B 
                 ALOX15B 
               
               
                   
                 Small proline-rich protein 1A 
                 SPRR1A 
               
               
                   
                 ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, 
                 STP12A 
               
               
                   
                 alpha polypeptide 
               
               
                   
                 Insulin-induced gene 1 
                 INSIG1 
               
               
                   
                 Galanin prepropeptide 
                 GAL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 4 below shows genes whose expression increased in the skin of elderly men. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gene name 
                 Gene symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 
                 CDK6 
               
               
                   
                 Cyclin D1 
                 CCND1 
               
               
                   
                 Janus kinase 2 (a protein tyrosine kinase) 
                 JAK2 
               
               
                   
                 Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), 
                 CTNNA1 
               
               
                   
                 alpha 1, 102 kDa 
               
               
                   
                 cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 
                 CREB1 
               
               
                   
                 Slit homolog 2 ( Drosophila ) 
                 SLIT2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 5 below shows genes whose expression decreased in the skin of elderly men. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gene name 
                 Gene symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 WNT inhibitory factor 1 
                 WIF1 
               
               
                   
                 Defensin, beta 4 
                 DEFB4 
               
               
                   
                 Retinol dehydrogenase 11 (all-trans/9- 
                 RDH11 
               
               
                   
                 cis/11-cis) 
               
               
                   
                 Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (farnesyl 
                 FDPS 
               
               
                   
                 pyrophosphate synthetase, 
               
               
                   
                 dimethylallytranstransferase, 
               
               
                   
                 geranyltranstransferase) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 6 below shows genes whose expression increased in the skin of elderly women. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gene name 
                 Gene symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1, 
                 MMP3 
               
               
                   
                 progelatinase) 
               
               
                   
                 c-fos induced growth factor (vascular 
                 FIGF 
               
               
                   
                 endothelial growth factor D) 
               
               
                   
                 chymase 1, mast cell 
                 CMA1 
               
               
                   
                 R-spondin 3 homolog ( Xenopus laevis ) 
                 RSPO3 
               
               
                   
                 Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 
                 DPP4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 7 below shows genes whose decreased in the skin of elderly women. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gene name 
                 Gene symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Collagen, type I, alpha 1 
                 COL1A1 
               
               
                   
                 Latrophilin 3 
                 LPHN3 
               
               
                   
                 GREB1 protein 
                 GREB1 
               
               
                   
                 Osteoglycin 
                 OGN 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the present invention, galanin prepropeptide (GAL) whose expression decreased in the skins of both elderly men and elderly women was selected as a candidate gene related to skin aging. The galanin prepropeptide gene is produced in the neural cells and non-neural cells during development of the nervous system, and the GAL receptors (GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3) are essential factors in biological functions, including immunity, cell proliferation, inflammatory reactions, responses to drugs and stress, insulin secretion, growth hormone secretion, and the like. 
     In the present invention, microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were performed for the galanin prepropeptide collected from the skins of young people and elderly people, and the results of the analysis are shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , the results of microarray analysis were consistent with the results of quantitative RT-PCR. Thus, galanin prepropeptide was confirmed as a candidate gene. 
     The function of galanin prepropeptide was analyzed by the siRNA method. 
     Specifically, HaCaT cells were dispensed in 60 mm cell culture dishes with 10% serum-containing DMEM medium at a density of 1.25×10 6  cells/dish, and then cultured to a confluency of about 80% in a 5% CO 2  incubator at 37° C. The cells were treated with siRNA and incubated, and then the medium was removed. Then, 1 ml of trizol (Invitrogen) was added to the cells, and RNA was isolated from the cells according to the RNA isolation method (Invitrogen). The RNA was quantified using a UV detector (HEWLETT PACKARD) at 260 nm and subjected to RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). For gene analysis for each sample, normalization was performed with respect to the complementary gene 36B4. Also, the ELISA analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-9 was performed according to the method of the manufacture (Amersharm). 
     The results of the measurement are shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , when skin cells were damaged by UV radiation, the expression of galanin prepropeptide was increased and the expressions of MMP-1 and MMP-9 were also increased. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , UV radiation increased the expression of galanin prepropeptide and also increased the expressions of COX-1, IL-6 and IL-1b. 
     In addition, the relationship between the expression of galanin prepropeptide and the expression of collagen was examined using a method similar to the above-described method. 
     Specifically, HaCaT cells were dispensed in 60 mm cell culture dishes with 10% serum-containing DMEM medium at a density of 1.25×10 6  cells/dish, and then cultured to a confluency of about 80% in a 5% CO 2  incubator at 37° C. The cells were treated with siRNA and incubated, and then the medium was removed. Then, 1 ml of trizol (Invitrogen) was added to the cells, and RNA was isolated from the cells according to the RNA isolation method (Invitrogen). The RNA was quantified using a UV detector (HEWLETT PACKARD) at 260 nm and subjected to RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). For gene analysis for each sample, normalization was performed with respect to the complementary gene 36B4. Also, the ELISA analysis of procollagen was performed according to the method of the manufacture (Takara). 
     The results of the measurement are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 4 , when the expression of galanin prepropeptide was insufficient, the expression of collagen also decreased. 
     Test Example 2 
     Microarray Analysis for Menopause Aging Model 
     In this Test Example, the results of Test Example 1 were used. In the present invention, the osteoglycin gene whose expression decreased only in the skin cells of elderly women was selected as a candidate gene. The osteoglycin gene is involved in collagen synthesis, and the expression of osteoglycin decreases, the synthesis of collagen also decreases. Also, osteoglycin has been studied mainly on corneal regeneration and degenerative arthritis and is involved in normal collagen fibrillogenesis, cell growth, cell differentiation, and the recovery of injured tissue. 
     In the present invention, microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were performed on the osteoglycin collected from young women and elderly women, and the results of the analysis are shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , the results of microarray analysis were consistent with the results of quantitative RT-PCR. Thus, osteoglycin was confirmed as a candidate gene. 
     The function of osteoglycin was analyzed by the siRNA method. 
     Specifically, HaCaT cells were dispensed in 60 mm cell culture dishes with 10% serum-containing DMEM medium at a density of 1.25×10 6  cells/dish, and then cultured to a confluency of about 80% in a 5% CO 2  incubator at 37° C. The cells were treated with siRNA and incubated, and then the medium was removed. Then, 1 ml of trizol (Invitrogen) was added to the cells, and RNA was isolated from the cells according to the RNA isolation method (Invitrogen). The RNA was quantified using a UV detector (HEWLETT PACKARD) at 260 nm and subjected to RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). For gene analysis for each sample, normalization was performed with respect to the complementary gene 36B4. Also, the ELISA analysis of osteoglycin was performed according to the method of the manufacture (Amersharm). 
     The results of the measurement are shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 6 , the formation of collagen was inhibited in the absence of osteoglycin. 
     Test Example 3 
     Microarray Analysis for Seborrheic Keratosis Model 
     Microarray analysis was performed on seborrheic keratosis and normal skin to compare the expression of genes therebetween. 
     78-82 years old elderly people (4 men and 4 women) with seborrheic keratosis were selected as subjects, and 4-6 skin samples having seborrheic keratosis and 4-6 skin samples having no seborrheic keratosis were collected from each subject by a 4-8 mm punch biopsy. 
     Total RNA was extracted from the collected skin samples and subjected to microarray analysis (Affymetrix GeneChip Human HG-U133 Plus2.0), and genes which changed with aging were analyzed using a bioinformatics technique (DAVID Bioinformatics Resources/Gene spring). 
     16 genes whose expression increased in seborrheic keratosis were determined by the gene analysis and are shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     As described above, genes related to skin aging differ depending on the various causes of skin aging. Thus, differentiated products effective in preventing skin aging can be developed by screening substance capable of controlling the expression of these genes.