Patent Publication Number: US-2023135994-A1

Title: Multilayered textile as/for durable and washable high-performance filtration media and method of assembling thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application 63/012,349 filed Apr. 20, 2020, the specification of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     (A) Field 
     The subject matter disclosed generally relates to filtration media for masks and other applications, wherein the filtration media is adapted to limit the transmission of solid and liquid particles such as dust, soot, smoke, pollen, microbes, viruses and droplets. More particularly, the subject matter disclosed relates to the nature of materials composing such a filtration medium, and mode of assembling thereof. 
     (b) Related Prior Art 
     In the field of such filtration media, in a pandemic situation, as in any condition wherein the wear of a mask or other personal protective equipment (PPE) is advised either in order to limit the transmission of microbes and viruses, aka biological pathogens, to persons present in the environment of the wearer, or on the contrary from being in contact with biological pathogens a person may infect a wearer with, many solutions have been developed over the years from medical-level masks to dust-controlling masks and even the use of common textiles in the fabrication of scarf-type masks. 
     In situation of illnesses and pandemics, it is frequent that public services require the population to wear such a barrier mask to limit the transfer of the biological pathogens, with variable efficiency. As a result, such masks are not fully available to the public in some situations, providing more fictional than real results, among other problems. 
     Furthermore, the masks that are the most commonly worn today are of surgical or medical type. They are providing high particles filtration efficiency (PFE) over a large range of sizes (between 20 nm and 4 μm), high breathability and comfort, are made of synthetic fibers prepared with physicochemical treatments (e.g. coatings, antibiotic substances, electrostatic charging) that quickly fade away in contact with moisture and water. They consequently have to be changed after a maximum of 4 hr, and cannot be washed without losing their qualities. Regarding masks today, single-use plastic is thus the norm, generating heavy environmental costs through massive amounts of very harmful, hardly recyclable and long-lasting waste after a short service life (such masks taking 450 years to break down into even more harmful microplastics released in all ecosystems). 
     In the present time of pandemics, this situation has turned from concerning to critical, with 47 000 single-use masks being thrown away every second worldwide (130 billion per month). 
     Furthermore, some of the fibers&#39; physicochemical treatments for enhancing the masks&#39; performances such as chlorine, metallic ions, nanoparticles like graphene, are hazardous to human health especially in close contact with the face and the respiratory tract. 
     Further impacts linked to the use of single-use masks are financial through the considerable costs for frequent replacements and disposal according to regulations: in the health services, used masks are considered biohazardous waste and must not be simply thrown away, but rather processed accordingly. 
     To face that situation, artisanal and commercial washable masks made of common textile have become available to the general population. While they help to alleviate the volume of waste generated by the increased use of PPE, they display major disadvantages, namely weak PFE over fine particles (5% to 20% in the 20-800 nm range) while providing decent filtration over large-size particles (over 2-3 μm). Furthermore, they become structurally instable after only a few cleaning cycles, decreasing even further their filtration abilities. Attempts to correct that situation mostly result in the breathability of the masks dropping dramatically, degrading thereby the comfort of the wearer, leading people to either not wearing or wearing the masks incorrectly. 
     There is therefore a need for durable reusable filtration media, used in e.g., masks, that provide high performance in filtration and breathability (defined by low ΔP, or differential pressure), while overcoming the economic, public health and environmental downfalls of the single-use medical masks and artisanal and commercial masks. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to an embodiment, there is provided a filtration medium for filtering particles within a range of particle sizes, the filtration medium comprising: a first piece of textile having a first fiber orientation of predominance; a second piece of textile superposed to the first piece of textile, the second piece of textile having second fiber orientation of predominance; and sealing along the peripheric edge the first piece of textile superposed to second piece of textile to define the filtration medium. The first piece of textile and the second piece of textile are superposed with their fiber orientations of predominance being non-aligned relative to each other thereby together having a filtration medium of better isotropy than any one of the first piece of textile and the piece of second textile alone. 
     According to an aspect, the first piece of textile and the second piece of textile are of same or different textiles. 
     According to an aspect, the first piece of textile is one of the following textile: a nonwoven textile of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm or 51 gsm and 90 gsm; a melt-blown textile of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm or 51 gsm and 90 gsm; a textile of nanofibers, microfibers or combination thereof of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm or 51 gsm and 90 gsm comprising short and long fine fibers; nonwoven felt of short fibers, long fibers or combination thereof of between 40 gsm and 300 gsm; a calendered nylon microperforated or nanoperforated textile and/or polymer; and a paper-textile made of at least one of cellulose, polyester and polypropylene. 
     According to an aspect, the first piece of textile and the second piece of textile taken together provides fibers of a variety of diameters and lengths. 
     According to an aspect, the first textile is a nonwoven textile having a first structural side and a first fragile-fiber side, and the second textile having a second structural side and a second fragile-fiber side. The first fragile-fiber side faces the second fragile-fiber side. 
     According to an aspect, the first piece of textile is a melt-blown having a first structural side and a first fragile-fiber side. The first fragile-fiber side is facing and superposed on any side of the second piece of textile and the two pieces of textiles are sealed together along a peripheric edge defining an enclosure for the fragile-fiber side of the first piece of textile. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium further comprises at least a third piece of textile. The third piece of textile has a third fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on the first structural side of the first piece of textile; or the third piece of textile has a third fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on the fragile-fiber side of the first or second piece of textile. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium further comprises at least a third and a fourth pieces of textile. The third piece of textile has a third fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on a fourth fragile-fiber side of the fourth piece of textile defining forming together a unit of two superposed pieces of textiles which unit is superposed on the first structural fiber side or the second structural fiber side or is positioned in between the first and second fragile-fiber sides; or the fourth piece of textile has a fourth fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on a third structural fiber side of the third piece of textile defining forming together a unit of two superposed pieces of textiles which unit is superposed on the first structural fiber side or the second structural fiber side or in between the first and second fragile-fiber sides. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium further comprises at least a third, a fourth and a fifth pieces of textile. The third piece of textile has a third fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on a fourth fragile-fiber side of the fourth piece of textile defining forming together a unit of two superposed pieces of textiles which unit is superposed on the first structural fiber side or the second structural fiber side or is positioned in between the first and second fragile-fiber sides; and the fifth piece of textile has a fifth fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on a structural fiber side of any piece of textile positioned on an outside surface or is positioned in between the first and second fragile-fiber sides or between the third and fourth fragile-fiber sides; or the fourth piece of textile has a fourth fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on a third structural fiber side of the third piece of textile defining forming together a unit of two superposed pieces of textiles which unit is superposed on the first structural fiber side or the second structural fiber side or in between the first and second fragile-fiber sides; and the fifth piece of textile fifth fragile-fiber side facing and superposed on a structural fiber side of any piece of textile positioned on an outside surface or is positioned in between the first and second pieces of textile or between the third and fourth pieces of textile. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium further comprises a third piece of textile comprising a protective weft protecting the first textile. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium features a pressure loss of less than 8.55 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method 
     According to an aspect, the superposed pieces of textile are sealed together along a peripheric edge. 
     According to an aspect, the pieces of textile are sealed together by one of sewing, peripheral binding, glue, thermofusion and ultrasound fusion. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium has a loss over its filtration characteristics of less than 40% after 25 cleaning cycles. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium has a loss over its filtration characteristics of less than 44% after 50 cleaning cycles. 
     According to an aspect, the filtration medium has a loss over its filtration characteristics of less than 50% after 100 cleaning cycles. 
     According to an embodiment, there is provided a barrier mask adapted to be placed over a wearer&#39;s face in front of the wearer&#39;s mouth and nostrils for filtration of particles including biological pathogens, the barrier mask comprises at least one of a mask inner layer or a mask outer layer; a filtration layer comprising the filtration medium described herein. The filtration layer and at least one of the inner layer and the outer layer are superposed and sealed together to form a barrier mask. At least one of a fastening member selected from the group consisting of ear loops and elastic band adapted to rest on a wearer&#39;s head which fastening member is attached to the barrier mask to maintain same over the wearer&#39;s face for filtration of the particles therethrough. 
     According to an embodiment, there is provided a filtration device mounted to air-forced mechanical filtration device for filtration of particles in air, comprising the filtration medium described herein. 
     According to an embodiment, there is provided a piece of cloth, a garment or a garment accessory comprising the filtration medium described herein. 
     According to an embodiment, there is provided a method of making a filtration layer for filtration of particles, comprising superimposing a first piece of textile and a second piece of textile each having a fiber orientation of predominance with their fiber orientations of predominance being non-aligned relative to each other of at least 10 degrees thereby having together a filtration medium of better isotropy than any one of the first piece of textile and the second textile alone. 
     According to an aspect, the first piece of textile and the second piece of textile are of same or different textiles. 
     According to an aspect, the first textile is a nonwoven having a structural side and a fragile-fiber side, and wherein the fragile-fiber side of the first piece of textile faces the fragile-fiber side of the second piece of textile. 
     According to an aspect, the method is for the preparation of the filtration medium wherein either the first textile is the nonwoven textile of the aspect described hereinbefore, the first piece of textile is a nonwoven textile of the aspect described hereinbefore, further comprises at least a third piece of textile of the aspect described hereinbefore, further comprises at least a third and a fourth piece of textile of the aspect described hereinbefore, or further comprises a third, a fourth and a fifth piece of textile of the aspect described hereinbefore. 
     Features and advantages of the subject matter hereof will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of selected embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying figures. As will be realized, the subject matter disclosed and claimed is capable of modifications in various respects, all without departing from the scope of the claims. Accordingly, the drawings and the description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive and the full scope of the subject matter is set forth in the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Further features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which: 
         FIGS.  1 - 4    are respectively a front view, a side view, a view from a lower elevation and a top view of a barrier mask worn over the face of a typical wearer in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS.  5  and  6    are rear views of the barrier mask worn of  FIGS.  1 - 4    respectively with a neck elastic strap and without the neck elastic strap; 
         FIGS.  7  and  8    are a side view of a metallic wire and a close-up view of the wire of  FIG.  7    from the mask of  FIGS.  1 - 4   ; 
         FIGS.  9 - 12    are a front view, a front view from a lower elevation, a side view and a top view of a mask in accordance with another embodiment; 
         FIG.  13    is a side view of layers of a mask in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS.  14 - 17    are exemplary embodiments of assemblies of two to five pieces of textiles of a filtration layer in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  18    is a schematic depicting assembly of two to four textiles according to their respective fiber orientation of predominance; 
         FIGS.  19 - 22    are close-up views of fibers of typical melt-blown textiles depicting their respective fiber orientation of predominance. 
     
    
    
     It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The realizations will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which realizations are illustrated. The foregoing may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated realizations set forth herein. 
     With respect to the present description, references to items in the singular should be understood to include items in the plural, and vice versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise or clear from the text. Grammatical conjunctions are intended to express any and all disjunctive and conjunctive combinations of conjoined clauses, sentences, words, and the like, unless otherwise stated or clear from the context. Thus, the term “or” should generally be understood to mean “and/or” and so forth. 
     Recitation of ranges of values and of values herein or on the drawings are not intended to be limiting, referring instead individually to any and all values falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value within such a range is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The words “about,” “approximately,” or the like, when accompanying a numerical value, are to be construed as indicating a deviation as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art to operate satisfactorily for an intended purpose. Ranges of values and/or numeric values are provided herein as examples only, and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of the described realizations. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (“e.g.,” “such as,” or the like) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the exemplary realizations and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the realizations. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any unclaimed element as essential to the practice of the realizations. 
     In the following description, it is understood that terms such as “first”, “second”, “top”, “bottom”, “above”, “below”, and the like, are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. 
     The terms “top”, “up”, “upper”, “bottom”, “lower”, “down”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “interior” and “exterior” and the like are intended to be construed in their normal meaning in relation with normal installation of the product, with indication of normal orientation of the components being provided on  FIGS.  1  to  4    with the barrier mask  100  being worn. 
     In embodiments, there are disclosed details of a barrier mask. 
     It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals. 
     The barrier mask is adapted to be worn either directly on the face of the wearer or over another mask, e.g., a medical mask or respirator used by surgeons during operations, for better limiting transmissions of biological pathogens and other types of particles. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  1  to  8   , the barrier mask  100  is made of an inner layer  102  ( FIGS.  5  and  13   ) touching the skin of wearer, an outer layer  104  and a filtration layer  106  ( FIG.  13   ). Typically, the inner layer  102  is made of material that is selected for its texture and composition to prevent irritation of the wearer having the textile of the inner layer  102  touching their skin. 
     According to realizations, the inner layer  102  may be made of natural textile, or even of a synthetic textile having both the desired softness and the necessary air permeability for the breath of the wearer to easily pass through the textile. The inner layer can also provide an augmentation of filtration, a barrier to humidity thereby providing improved comfort and safety to the wearer and their environment. 
     Regarding the outer layer  104 , the variety of usable textiles is broader than for the inner layer  102  since the outer layer  104  is not intended to be continuously touching the skin of the wearer. Selection of the textile for the outer layer  104  is thus based on the textile featuring, like the textile for the inner layer  102 , breathability. 
     The filtration layer  106  is made of a textile specifically selected for its interaction with biological pathogens and other particles, e.g., pollution and pollen. 
     Accordingly, regardless of the embodiments, the filtration layer  106  is preferably made of a combination of at least two pieces of textiles, e.g., a nonwoven 100% polypropylene textile with another textile such as cotton, geotextile, polyester and cellulose, to list a few, with other examples provided hereafter. 
     The barrier mask  100  is typically manufactured through the assembly of the inner layer  102 , the filtration layer  106  and the outer layer  104  by joining the edges of the layers  102 ,  104 ,  106  by for example sewing the three layers  102 ,  104 ,  106  together along the peripheric edge  112  of the layers  102 ,  104 ,  106  or using another bounding solution. In all cases, the layers  102 ,  104 ,  106  are free of sewing where the barrier mask  100  is intended to cover the mouth and the nostrils since the sewing would provide a path through the filtration layer  106  for the particles such as biological pathogens, and any other kind of bonding in the same area would reduce the available section for air passing through, thus reducing the breathability. 
     According to embodiments, ear loops or elastic band around the head  108  are also sewed (or stapled) along with the layers  102 ,  104 ,  106  for keeping the barrier mask  100  in place when worn. 
     According to embodiments, the barrier mask  100  may also comprise malleable components, such as a metallic wire or strip over the top of the nose for allowing the wearer to shape the top of the barrier mask  100  to fit to a portion, and preferably the whole width of the wearer&#39;s face, and more particularly the shape of the nose and the cheekbones. Preferably, the malleable component consists in a metallic wire  120  ( FIGS.  8  and  9   ), and preferably a copper gained wire. 
     According to another embodiment, the barrier mask  100  comprises an inner layer  102  and an outer layer  104  that are joined together such as to provide an aperture for easily inserting in a filtration layer  106  and removing the filtration layer  106  from the inset space located in-between the layers  102  and  104 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  9  to  12   , another embodiment of a mask  200  comprises an inner layer  102 , an outer layer  104 , and a filtration layer  106 , wherein the mask  200  differs from the mask  100  in at least the mask  200  featuring different pleats for comfort of the wearer and generating a 3D effect that ensures improved clearance between the inner layer  102  and the skin of the wearer in front of the mouth and nostrils. More precisely, the mask  200  features  5  pleats and no sewing associated therewith, so the mask  200  provides a good fit to the shape of the wearer&#39;s face without featuring the openings, thus weaknesses to the filtration efficiency, sewing would induce. 
     Both masks  100 ,  200  feature a neoprene-made binding  122  to improve comfort of the wearer, wherein the binding may be elastic to improve airtightness of the mask  100 ,  200  and house the metallic wire  120 , e.g., copper gained wire. 
     In all cases, the design of masks  100 ,  200  are made to avoid sewing lines, the sewing lines weakening the filtration performances of the masks  100 ,  200 . 
     According to the textiles used for the different layers  102 ,  104  and  106 , the barrier mask  100 ,  200  are adapted to be cleaned repetitively without losing their filtration characteristics. 
     Cleaning methods may include soap and warm or hot water (according to instructions), treatment with hydrogen peroxide vapors, dry heat and infrared sterilization, and using an autoclave at a preset temperature to treat the barrier mask  100 ,  200 . Alternative cleaning methods further comprise plasma treatment, UV and microwaves. 
     Referring now particularly to  FIG.  13   , according to realizations, the filtration medium  150  according to the present description provides a solution to replace masks used in medical applications and masks used in domestic and workplace applications. The filtration medium  150  presents the following characteristics: 
     A mask of High Performance type regarding PFE over a large range of particle sizes (e.g., 20-4000 nm). 
     It should be noted that the laboratories are testing filtration media for a single size or a narrow range of particle sizes to fulfill requirements of a filtration standards. For instance, according to standard F2100 of ASTM, filtration media are tested over 100 nm particles. According to standard F3502-21 of ASTM, filtration media are tested over 75 nm particles. 
     Since the filtration process results in diverse and interlapping physical phenomena including interception by mechanical filtration, inertia and kinetic energy of the particles, electrostatic and Van der Waals forces, each media will perform differently in regard to particle sizes because of its properties. It thus proves very difficult to obtain a filtration medium that displays excellent characteristics over a large range of particle sizes. Furthermore, in the context of filtration, breathability must remain high otherwise the filtration medium rapidly becomes an enclosure, which is opposed to the objective. 
     Another characteristic of the filtration medium  150  involves the flexibility of the method allowing to selectively adopt a solution to fulfill specific filtration and breathability requirements. 
     Another characteristic of the masks  100 ,  200  using the filtration medium  150  involves the protection of the environment from the wearer as well as the protection of the wearer from the environment provided by the mask since the filtration medium  150  is adapted to filter a large range of particle sizes, and the design of the mask provides a good airtightness forcing air to move through the filtration medium  150 . 
     Another characteristic of the filtration medium  150  of the present description relates to its breathability, the filtration medium  150  and the mask comprising the filtration medium  150  generating a low pressure loss, aka ΔP. 
     Another characteristic is its stability over numerous cleaning cycles. The losses of filtration characteristics of the filtration medium  150  are less than 2-40% over 25 cleaning cycles. Preferably, losses of filtration characteristics are less than 3-44% over 40 cleaning cycles. Preferably, losses of filtration characteristics are less than 3-45% over 50 cleaning cycles. Preferably, losses of filtration characteristics are less than 3-48%, over 75 cleaning cycles. Preferably, losses of filtration characteristics are less than 3-50% over 100 cleaning cycles. 
     The filtration medium  150  are cleanable with currently available cleaning devices, such as a domestic laundry washer. 
     As a result of the capacity of the filtration medium  150  to keep its filtration characteristics over a substantial number of cleaning cycles, matter ending in landfills substantially decrease. One mask comprising the present filtration medium replaces more than 100, preferably more than 200, and probably about 300 single-use masks. Accordingly, the volume of plastic-based waste is decreased about up to 100-fold. Economically, the costs of such mask per usage is also decreased up to between 4-fold and 30-fold. 
     Furthermore, the filtration medium  150  using mechanical filtration only requires no additional artifice (e.g., electrostatic treatment, coatings), thus thereby avoiding the efficiency to decrease or even the loss of efficiency of the usual masks when going through cleaning cycles. 
     Furthermore, the filtration medium  150  presents no risk to the wearer in relation to the inhalation of fibers or harmful materials or chemical products emitted by the filtration medium. 
     According to a realization, a barrier mask  100 ,  200  comprising the present filtration medium  150  comprises outer layer  104 ; the outer layer  104  being preferably made of a hydrophobic textile that do not induce an important hinderance against the breathability of the barrier mask  100 ,  200 . 
     The barrier mask  100 ,  200  further comprise an inner layer  102 ; the inner layer  102  contacting the skin of the wearer, and providing a good absorption capacity relative to humidity, specifically to limit the humidity from the breath reaching the filtration medium  150  and improving the comfort of the wearer. Like the outer layer  104 , the inner layer  102  should not induce an important hinderance against the breathability of the barrier mask  100 ,  200 . The textile of the inner layer  102  is selected to be soft and non-toxic, thus fulfilling the desired characteristics. 
     The barrier mask  100 ,  200  further comprises a filtration layer  106  made of the present filtration medium  150 , wherein the components and assembly of the components of the filtration medium  150  are selected based on the sought filtration characteristics. 
     According to a realization, the filtration medium  150  is made of at least two pieces of textiles  152 , hereinafter textiles unless otherwise specified in relation with the type or nature of the textiles, wherein the two pieces of assembled together (see example of  FIG.  13    with four textiles  152   a ,  152   b ,  152   c  and  152   d ). 
     Preferably, at least one of the textiles  152  comprise a fragile-fiber side and a structural side  162 . For example, a melt-blown textile, hereinafter also called melt-blown, comprising a weft ( FIG.  14   ) or canvas with fibers ( FIG.  14   ) projected on one side, and thus comprising a structural side  162  (the weft) and a fragile-fiber side  164  (the side of projected fibers). 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  14  to  17   , according to a realization, two melt-blown A and B ( FIG.  14   ) are assembled with the fragile-fiber side  164  of the melt-blown, the side where more fragile fibers sensible to detachment under exterior forces are present, being mounted face-to-face, thereby, according to tribology principles, decreasing the wear of the filtration medium  150  over cleaning cycles and over general movements causing friction on the filtration medium  150 . Furthermore, the research and development performed in relation with the present filtration media showed that having two melt-blown with face-to-face fragile-fiber side  164  results in a portion of the melt-blown fibers fusing with each other over the washings (felt effect), thereby resulting in additional decrease of premature wear of the melt-blown by relative friction over time. 
     Preferably, two nonwoven, and more preferably two melt-blown are assembled permanently, and preferably over the perimeter  155  of the filtration medium  150 , thereby limiting the sources of friction over the fragile-fiber side  164  of the melt-blown and defining an enclosure preventing the fibers to detach from the weft or from the structural side or to be degraded. 
     Preferably, the permanent assembly provides a seal, thereby preventing fibers enclosed to exit the enclosure formed by the assembly thereof. Accordingly, if fibers detach from their textile, they remain in the sealed enclosure and continue thus participating in the filtration characteristics of the filtration medium  150 . 
     Accordingly, an advantage is the fibers remaining in the sealed enclosure rather than getting lost in the environment (thus having harmful impacts) or being inhaled by the wearer. 
     According to a realization, the assembly of the two melt-blown is performed with stiches  157 . According to alternative realizations, alternative solutions for assembling the textiles of the filtration medium comprises mechanical fastenings such a peripheral binding, and chemical bonding such as glue, thermofusion or ultrasound fusion. 
     In another realization (not depicted), the filtration medium comprises a melt-blown and a protective layer, wherein the fiber side  164  of the melt-blown is facing the protective layer and wherein the protective layer is selected to limit the wear of the fiber side of the melt-blown over time. Accordingly, the protective layer is selected based on maximum level of similarities between the face of protective layer facing the melt-blown and the fiber side  164  of the melt-blown, and particularly regarding characteristics such as hardness, structure and other mechanical characteristics of the textiles. 
     Referring particularly to  FIGS.  15  to  17   , when three textiles of melt-blown are part of the filtration medium  150 , the third melt-blown C is assembled with the weft sides of the most external melt-blown facing away from the core, aka unit. Thus, from the core  170  formed by the first two textiles, the third textile is preferably assembled with its fiber side  164  facing the core  170 , or in other words with the structural side  162  facing the closest of the inner layer  102  and the outer layer  104  depending on the position of the textile. 
     When having four textiles, of the same type or not, ( FIG.  16   ), they are assembled by pair with each pair forming thereby a core  170  wherein for each core  170  the fragile-fiber sides  164  are facing toward each other. The two cores  170  are afterwards assembled structural side  162  to structural side  162 , see B to D on  FIG.  16   . 
     When more than two textiles must be assembled, they have to be paired so that to maximize the similarities of the fibers in terms of materials, hardness, fineness, length and as many properties as possible on the faces that will be in contact, to reduce as much as possible wear and degradation according to tribology principles. 
       FIG.  17    depicts when an additional textile E is further added to the filtration medium  150 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  18   , according to a realization, the textiles of the filtration medium  150  are selected for the fiber orientation of predominance to be oriented in different directions over the supporting weft(s). Accordingly, the combination of textiles composing the filtration medium  150  provides a high level of planar isotropy, absent from the individual textiles displaying on the contrary a high level of anisotropy due to their manufacturing process. As showed by the research and development on the present filtration medium, a higher level of isotropy improves its filtration characteristics and participates in the filtration medium reaching the desired level of filtration over the desired large range of particle sizes. Isotropy is maximized by maximizing the angular divergence between fiber orientations of predominance, as detailed hereinafter in the example. 
     For instance, during associated research, it has been observed in an exemplary case that the PFE of a first textile having a fiber orientation of predominance was about 80% over particles of a tested size. When using two superposed layers of the first textile with their fiber orientation of predominance aligned, the filtration gain was insignificant, about 3%. However, when the two superposed layers were assembled so that the fiber orientations of predominance were at 90 degrees from each other, the gain was much more substantial, about 5-15% depending on the textile. Therefore, improvement of the isotropy provided by non-alignment of the fiber orientation of predominance showed a substantial impact over the filtration characteristics, and variance of the fiber orientation of predominance was identified as a solution toward that objective. Another observed advantage resides in an improved resistance of the textiles when undergoing forces, particularly under forces transverse to the fiber orientation of predominance. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , it depicts an example in which up to four textiles displaying high level of anisotropy are assembled as superposed layers wherein angular divergence between fiber orientations of predominance is maximized, resulting in a maximized level of isotropy of the filtration medium with associated improved filtration characteristics. Accordingly, the second textile G has its fiber orientation of predominance (depicted horizontal) at 90 degrees relative to the fiber orientation of predominance of the first textile F (depicted vertical); the third textile H has its fiber orientation of predominance at 45 degrees (depicted upward from left to right) relative to the fiber orientations of predominance of textiles F and G; the fourth textile I has its fiber orientation of predominance (depicted upward from right to left) at 90 degrees relative to the fiber orientation of predominance of the third textile H, and at 45 degrees relative to the fiber orientations of predominance of textiles F and G. 
     For illustration,  FIGS.  19  to  22    show close-up views of fibers of typical melt-blown textiles depicting their respective fiber orientation of predominance, thus observable anisotropy. 
     Regarding the combination of textile(s) forming a filtration media  150 , it should be noted that the selection of the nature of the textiles to reach the desired high-level of isotropy may involve, according to realizations, a single type of textile, e.g., a melt-blown, a textile of another type, or a mix of types of textiles, e.g., a woven textile and a nonwoven textile. 
     According to a realization, the filtration medium  150  comprises a combination of textiles, e.g., two melt-blown, with the textiles featuring a variety of size of fibers. For example, a first melt-blown comprises a weft of a first fineness with fibers of a first diameter (or a mix or variety of fibers of different diameters), and a second melt-blown of a second fineness with fibers of a second diameter (or a mix or variety of fibers of different diameters). Accordingly, for instance, the first melt-blown provides good filtration characteristics over particles of a range of sizes A (the first melt-blown being well adapted therefor) and the second melt-blown over particles of a range of sizes B (the second melt-blown being well adapted therefor). Research and development on a large number of textiles and textile types shows that the combination of the first and second melt-blown provides good filtration characteristics on particles of all sizes included in ranges A and B. 
     Similarly, variation in the thickness proves also improvement in the filtration characteristics. 
     According to realizations, improvement in the level of isotropy may include the use of textiles having mixed fibers of different diameters, aka of a variety of diameters. 
     According to a realization, one or more of the textiles composing the filtration medium may comprise a mix of fibers of different sizes, e.g., some extra-fine-diameter fibers and some fine-diameter fibers, e.g., melt-blown, on a weft or not. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  13   , the filtration medium  150  comprises at least two layers of textiles  152 , and preferably two layers of melt-blown layers. When two layers of textiles are of melt-blown type, the filtration medium  150  is preferably assembled such as having the fragile-fiber side  164  facing each other. 
     According to realizations, the filtration medium  150  of a mask  100 ,  200  is made according to the examples listed below. 
     In one exemplary realization, the inner layer  102  is made of a calendered textile, such as nylon micro- or nano-perforated, and a, e.g., nonwoven polymer. The outer layer  104  is made of a calendered textile, such as nylon micro-perforated or nano-perforated, and a, e.g., nonwoven polymer. The filtration layer  106  comprises a filtration medium  150  comprising a first textile  152   a  made of melt-blown fabric of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (gram per square meter), and a second textile  152   b  made of a nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (wherein is a melt-blown or a mix of nonwoven and melt-blown). This realization provides an approximative PFE over 75-100 nm particles up to 92% according to ASTM F3502-21/F2100, an approximative PFE up to 85% for the most penetrating particle sizes 20 nm to 4000 nm of NaCl according to BNQ method 19922-900—Appendix A, and a ΔP of 5-8 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method (not including influence of inner layer  102  and outer layer  104 ). 
     In another exemplary realization, the inner layer  102  is made of one of geotextiles and geosynthetics, aka membranes and felts designed for agriculture and horticulture purposes. The outer layer  104  is made of one of geotextiles and geosynthetics. The filtration layer  106  comprises a filtration medium  150  comprising a first textile  152   a  made of nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm, and a second textile  152   b  made of a nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (wherein is a melt-blown or a mix of nonwoven and melt-blown). This realization provides an approximative PFE over 75-100 nm particles up to 95% according to ASTM F3502-21/F2100, an approximative PFE up to 85% for the most penetrating particle sizes 20 nm to 4000 nm of NaCl according to BNQ method 19922-900—Appendix A, and a ΔP of 3-6 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method (not including influence of inner layer  102  and outer layer  104 ). 
     In another exemplary realization, the inner layer  102  is made of one of polyester of nylon or polymer fabrics (knits, felts, nonwoven or woven). The outer layer  104  is made of one of polyester of nylon or polymer fabrics (knits, felts, nonwoven or woven). The filtration layer  106  comprises a filtration medium  150  comprising a first textile  152   a  made of melt-blown type fabric of between 50 gsm and 90 gsm, and a second textile  152   b  made of a nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (wherein is a melt-blown or a mix of nonwoven and melt-blown). This realization provides an approximative PFE over 75-100 nm particles up to 94% according to ASTM F3502-21/F2100, an approximative PFE up to 90% for the most penetrating particle sizes 20 nm to 4000 nm of NaCl according to BNQ method 19922-900—Appendix A, and a ΔP of 6-9 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method (not including influence of inner layer  102  and outer layer  104 ). 
     Another exemplary realization consists of a mask  100 ,  200  comprising an inner layer  102  made of a fabric of cotton and/or polyester and/or nylon and/or hemp and/or milkweed and/or linen as examples. The outer layer  104  is made of a fabric of cotton and/or polyester and/or nylon and/or hemp and/or milkweed and/or linen as examples. The filtration layer  106  comprises a filtration medium  150  comprising a first textile  152   a  made of a nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (wherein is a melt-blown or a mix of nonwoven and melt-blown) or melt-blown type fabric of between 50 gsm and 90 gsm, a second textile  152   b  made of nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (wherein is a melt-blown or a mix of nonwoven and melt-blown) of nanofibers and/or microfibers, comprising short and long fine fibers of between 10 gsm and 50 gsm (wherein is a melt-blown or a mix of nonwoven and melt-blown), and a third textile  152   c  made of felts (nonwoven) short and long fibers of between 50 gsm and 250 gsm. This realization provides an approximative PFE over 75-100 nm particles up to 96% according to ASTM F3502-21/F2100, an approximative PFE up to 91° A for the most penetrating particle sizes 20 nm to 4000 nm of NaCl according to BNQ method 19922-900—Appendix A, and a ΔP of 5-8 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method (not including influence of inner layer  102  and outer layer  104 ). 
     Another exemplary realization comprises a filtration layer  106  comprising a filtration medium  150  comprising a first textile  152   a  made of a specialized particulate filter and/or ventilation system filters and MERV type filters (different gauges and weights depending of fabrication), and a second textile  152   b  made of an industrial type of paper-textile (cellulose and/or polyester and/or polypropylene), e.g., wipes (of different gauges and weight depending on fabrication). This realization provides an approximative PFE over 75-100 nm particles up to 80% according to ASTM F3502-21/F2100, an approximative PFE up to 86% for the most penetrating particle sizes 20 nm to 4000 nm of NaCl according to BNQ method 19922-900—Appendix A, and a ΔP of 5-9 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method (not including influence of inner layer  102  and outer layer  104 ). 
     According to another exemplary realization, the filtration layer  106  comprises up to four textiles  152   a - d  of nanofibers and/or microfibers of short and long fine fibers between 10 gsm and 50 gsm, alone or in combination with one textile  152  made either of a calendered nylon micro- or nanoperforated, or alternatively of an industrial type of paper-textiles, or alternatively of felts with short and long fibers between 50 gsm and 250 gsm with a ΔP between 4-9 mm H 2 O per cm 2  according to EN14683:2019 method 
     Distribution 
     According to embodiments, the barrier masks  100 ,  200  are manufactured as described before and distributed with or without the option of replacing the filtration layer  106 . 
     According to an embodiment, the barrier masks  100 ,  200  may be distributed as a kit comprising a combination of (either not marked or pre-cut) textile for the inner layer  102 , (either not marked or pre-cut) textile for the outer layer  104 , filtration layers  106  made of filtration medium, ear loops or elastic band around the head  108  and instructions for assembling the components into barrier masks  100 . 
     According to another embodiment, the kits may be limited to the filtration layers  106  made of filtration medium and instructions since the inner layer  102  and the outer layer  104  may be made of materials commonly available in a household such as cotton (which however leads to variation of breathability). 
     Wearing Method 
     The method of use of the barrier mask  100 ,  200  typically consists in placing the barrier mask  100 ,  200  over the mouth and nostrils of the wearer, in placing and adjust the ear loops or elastic band around the head  108  correctly such that the barrier mask  100 ,  200  remains in place and to adjust the edges of the barrier mask  100 ,  200 , particularly around the nose and under the chin, such that the barrier mask  100 ,  200  fits well the shape of the face of the wearer, thus hindering the passageway of biological pathogens and particles through these apertures. 
     An alternative method of use consists in wearing the barrier mask  100 ,  200  over another mask, such as a chirurgical mask or other types of masks such as the ones classified according to ASTM levels, and particularly over masks that are in the N95 category (respirators). 
     Alternative Uses 
     Although the present filtration medium  150  has been described particularly in relation with its use in barrier masks  100 ,  200 , other applications of the present filtration medium  150  comprises use as filters of mechanical (air-forced) air-filtration devices such as ventilation devices, air-exchangers, HVAC devices, vehicle air control systems, dust/smoke/allergen (e.g., pollen) controlling devices and filtration devices, pollution controlling devices, etc. Other uses include the integration of the filtration medium  150  in other respiratory devices such as other types of inhaling devices and masks (e.g., masks with filter housings, full-face masks), and garments/clothes/PPE such as gowns, laboratory coats, aprons, scarfs, bandanas, hats, and neck gaiters. 
     While preferred embodiments have been described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made without departing from this disclosure. Such modifications are considered as possible variants comprised in the scope of the disclosure.