Patent Publication Number: US-11029195-B2

Title: Earhealth monitoring system and method II

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/258,127, filed on Jan. 25, 2019, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/025,478, filed on Jul. 2, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,190,904, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/424,537, filed on Mar. 20, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,012,529, which is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/928,621, filed on Oct. 30, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,199,919, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/757,152, filed on Jun. 1, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,311,228, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/803,708 filed Jun. 1, 2006, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to a device that monitors acoustic energy directed to an ear, and more particularly, though not exclusively, to an earpiece that monitors acoustic sound pressure level dose received by a user&#39;s ear. 
     BACKGROUND 
     With the advent of an industrial society, people are exposed to noise pollution at greater and greater levels; both from background, such as street traffic, airplanes, construction sites and intentional exposure to high sound levels such as cell phones, MP3 players, and concerts. Studies show that ear damage, leading to permanent hearing impairment is not only increasing in the general population, but increasing at a significantly faster rate in younger populations. 
     The potential for hearing damage is a function of both the level and the duration of exposure to the sound stimulus. Safe listening durations at various loudness levels are known, and can be calculated by averaging audio output levels over time to yield a time-weighted average. Standard damage-risk guidelines published by OSHA, NIOSH or other agencies are known. This calculation can be even further improved by accounting for aspects of the playback scenario, specifically the characteristics of the sound source and their proximity to the listener&#39;s ear. 
     Studies have also indicated that hearing damage is a cumulative phenomenon. Although hearing damage due to industrial or background noise exposure is more thoroughly understood, the risk of exposing one&#39;s self to excessive noise, especially with the use of headphones has also been recently studied. Protecting the ear from ambient noise is primarily done with the use of static earplugs that attempt to shield the inner ear from excessively high decibel noise. Background noise canceling earphones such as those produced by Bose and others, attempt to protect the ear from excessive ambient noise by producing a counter noise wave to cancel out the ambient noise at the ear. These prior art devices have been less than satisfactory because they do not completely prevent high decibel noise from reaching the ear, and do not account for the duration of exposure to harmful sounds at the ear. 
     It is also known from the prior art to provide active noise reduction at the ear to protect the ear from exposure to loud noises as disclosed in U.S. published patent application no. US2005/0254665. The art actively attenuating noise reaching the inner ear utilizing a control; a connection with an earpiece and attenuating the noise to the ear. However, there is no monitoring of the noise over time to account for the cumulative effect. Furthermore, there is no accounting for any restorative effects within the ear for sound level exposures which are sufficiently low to allow recovery, rather than destruction. 
     Dosimeters, such as that described m U.S. published patent application no. US2005/0254667 are known. The device periodically measures prior sound level in the ambient environment. However, the device does not take into account the cumulative effect of the noise over multiple incidences of exposure (e.g., one day to the next) or the effect of any restorative period. Furthermore, no remedial action is automatically taken as a result of the readings. 
     It is also known from the prior art that headphones for consumer electronics have been provided with a predetermined maximum output level in an attempt to prevent ear damage. This approach is ineffective as it does not take into account listening duration and the calculation of risk for auditory injury. Other headphones are maximum-limited to produce levels that can still result in significant overexposure given enough time, or limit the user to levels, which may not be sufficient to achieve an adequate short term listening level. In the latter case, consumer acceptance for the protective gear could be severely limited and a product would fail to survive in a competitive market and therefore be of no use. 
     Another alternative known m the art is to reduce the headphone output levels by increasing earphone impedance via an accessory placed between the media player and the earphones. The limitation of this approach is that it gives no consideration to the duration of exposure, and again either the user&#39;s chosen listening level cannot be achieved because the maximum level is too limited, or the level is sufficient to allow the user access to high enough sound levels, but risk overexposure. It is known from U.S. published patent application no. 2007/0129828 to provide automated control of audio volume parameters in order to protect hearing. A method of operating a media player includes the step of playing back audio media and refining a maximum volume parameter for the playing of the media by the media player. The refining is based at least in part on the playback of audio media during a time period existing prior to the execution of refining the maximum volume allowed. The refinement is intended to minimize harm to the user&#39;s hearing. 
     Applicants cannot confirm that such an approach has been commercialized. However, even if commercialized, it suffers from the shortcomings that the refinement is based on a theoretical noise volume delivered to the ear as a function of the output signal of the device and parameters of the earpiece connected to the device and is based upon a credit system based on volume. There is no measurement of the actual noise delivered to the ear. Furthermore, the calculation does not take into account the ambient noise of the device user nor the noise reduction rate of the earpiece relative to the ambient noise. In other words, the actual volume level to which the ear is exposed is not taken into account. Accordingly, a severe miscalculation of the actual ear exposure, and resulting ear harm, may exist as a result of use of this related art method. Additionally the credit system is not described in detail sufficient for one of ordinary skill to construct the device. For example U.S. published patent application no. 2007/0129828 refers to Cal-OSHA profiles, and states in the same paragraph that Cal-OSHA appear to be rudimentary and does not deal with exposure “in a sophisticated way with varying exposure over time” and does not “ . . . account for recovery.” However, U.S. published patent application no. 2007/0129828 states in one example “ . . . the maximum allowed volume is determined based upon determined credits with reference to a profile such as profiles provided by . . . (Cal-OSHA) . . . ” However, U.S. Publication No. 2007/0129828, stated that Cal-OSHA doesn&#39;t take into effect recovery, and additionally fails to refer to any detailed recovery calculation. Additionally, the credit system is based upon volume, rather than a predicted sound pressure level (PSPL) emitted by a speaker, and thus is an inaccurate predictor of sound pressure level (SPL) experienced by a user&#39;s ears due to emissions from the speaker. Accordingly, a system that overcomes the shortcomings in the related art would be useful. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     At least one exemplary is directed to a method of operating an audio device comprising: measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM ) for acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt; and calculating a SPL_Dose Δt  during the time increment Δt using SPL ECM . Additional exemplary embodiments can calculate a remaining duration time, Time_100%, using SPL ECM , and then optionally calculate an SPL_Dose total  using SPL_Dose Δt . At least one exemplary embodiment can also compare the total SPL_Dose to a threshold value and if the total SPL_Dose is greater than the threshold value then an action parameter is read from readable memory (e.g., RAM). At least one further exemplary embodiment can perform an action associated with the value of the action parameter, where the action is at least one of modifying the operation of the audio device, modifying the acoustic signals directed to the ECR, and sending a notification signal to a user. 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment the action of modifying the operation of the audio device includes at least one of the following: setting a time after which the audio device will shut down; increasing the NRR of the audio device; and activating an active noise cancellation of non-ECR generated acoustic energy. 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment the action of modifying the acoustic signals directed to the ECR includes at least one of the following: reducing the signal to noise ratio by reducing the intensity of the driver signals sent to the ECR; and chopping the driver signals at a rate unnoticeable by a user, where the chopping reduces the total sound pressure level generated by the driver signals. 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment the action of sending a notification signal to a user includes at least one of the following: sending an acoustic voice notification; sending an acoustic non-voice notification; activating at least one indicator light; and activating a vibratory warning system. 
     At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method of operating an audio device comprising: measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM1 ) for a first acoustic energy received by an ear canal receiver (ECR) operating in ECM mode during the time increment Δt; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM2 ) for a second acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt; and calculating a calibration relationship between intensity of the second acoustic energy with pressure measurements made by the ECM during the time increment Δt. At least one exemplary embodiment can further include: measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM ) for a third acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt 1 ; updating SPL ECM  using the calibration relationship to generate SPL ECM-update , and calculating a SPL_Dose Δt  during the time increment Δt using SPL ECM_update . 
     At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method of obtaining an NRR for an earpiece comprising: removing an earpiece from a user&#39;s ear; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM ) for a first acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt; checking whether an ear canal receiver ECR is operating and if operating calculating the sound pressure levels (SPL ECR ), for the acoustic signals directed to the ECR, during the time increment Δt; calculating the removed earpiece&#39;s ambient SPL (SPL ambient1 ) during the time increment Δt using SPL ECM  and SPL ECR ; inserting the earpiece into a user&#39;s ear; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM1 ) for a second acoustic energy received by the ECM during the time increment Δt 1  checking whether the ECR is operating and if operating calculating the sound pressure levels (SPL ECR1 ), for the acoustic signals directed to an ear canal receiver (ECR), during the time increment Δt1; calculating the inserted earpiece&#39;s ambient SPL (SPL ambient2 ) during the time increment Δt 1  using SPL ECM1  and SPL ECR1 ; and calculating an NRR for the earpiece using SPL ambient1  and SPL ambient2 . 
     Further areas of applicability of exemplary embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating exemplary embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the system for measuring and determining exposure to sound over time at the ear constructed in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the system in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention in situ in the ear; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart for calculating listening fatigue in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention by measuring a quantity (e.g., the sound pressure level) over time as perceived at the ear; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart for determining a weighted ear canal sound pressure level in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart for determining a personalized recovery time constant m accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart for determining an update epoch in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart for determining an update epoch in accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the general configuration and terminology m accordance with descriptions of exemplary embodiments; 
         FIGS. 9A-9C  illustrates an example of a temporal acoustic signal and its conversion into a spectral acoustic signature; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a generalized version of an earpiece and some associated parts in an ear canal; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an earpiece according to at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a self contained version of an earpiece according to at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an earpiece where parts are not contained in the earpiece directly according to at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 14A  illustrates a general configuration of some elements of an earpiece according to at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 14B  illustrates a flow diagram of a method for SPL Dose calculation according to at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIGS. 15A-15J  illustrate a method of calculating and modifying a total SPL value and the resultant SPL Dose in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIGS. 16A-16B  illustrate one method in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment for modifying the SPL from an ECR to reduce the total SPL Dose; 
         FIGS. 17A-17B  illustrate one method in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment for modifying the SPL from an ECR to reduce the total SPL Dose; 
         FIGS. 18A to 18N  illustrate various non-limiting examples of earpieces that can use methods according to at least one exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a line diagram of an earpiece (e.g., earbud) that can use methods according to at least one exemplary embodiment; and 
         FIG. 20  illustrates the earpiece of  FIG. 19  fitted in an ear canal. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. 
     Processes, techniques, apparatus, and materials as known by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail but are intended to be part of the enabling description where appropriate, for example the fabrication and use of transducers. Additionally in at least one exemplary embodiment the sampling rate of the transducers can be varied to pick up pulses of sound, for example less than 50 milliseconds. 
     In all of the examples illustrated and discussed herein, any specific values, for example the sound pressure level change, should be interpreted to be illustrative only and non-limiting. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments could have different values. 
     Note that similar reference numerals and letters refer to similar items in the following figures, and thus once an item is defined in one figure, it may not be discussed for following figures. 
     Note that herein when referring to correcting or preventing an error or damage (e.g., hearing damage), a reduction of the damage or error and/or a correction of the damage or error are intended. 
     At least one exemplary embodiment of the invention is directed to measuring and determining the exposure of sound to the ear over time. Reference is made to  FIG. 1  in which a system, generally indicated as  100 , is constructed in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention. System  100  includes an audio input device  113  for receiving sound at the ear. As will be discussed below, audio input device  113  can include an analog audio input  11 ,  23  and a digital audio input  19 . In at least one exemplary embodiment, audio input device  113  receives audio input from at least one of three sources, namely; ambient noise around the ear, direct input noise such as a MP3 player or other device which can produce a digital audio input at digital audio input  19 , and noise as detected within the ear canal  31  ( FIG. 2 ). The audio input device  113  outputs an audio signal corresponding to the received sound. Analog output signals from analog audio inputs  11 ,  23  are converted to a digital signal by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter  118  so that digital sound signals are input into an input level detector  120 . 
     Input level detector  120  determines the sound pressure level of the sound received at audio input device  113 . Input level detector  120  outputs a sound pressure level (SPL) signal, which is input to a minimum-level threshold detector  122 . Minimum level threshold detector  122  determines whether or not the sound pressure level as detected by input level detector  120  exceeds a minimum level threshold. As will be discussed below, the minimum level threshold can be the permitted sound level, PSL (e.g., effective quiet level) of the individual, or some predetermined level substantially corresponding to a level which is ear damage neutral over time or a level of interest, such as 80 dB, because of its effect on the ear. Therefore, if the minimum level threshold is detected as being exceeded, a signal indicating a sound pressure level in excess of the minimum level threshold is output to a start timer  124 , which triggers a digital timer system  126  to begin a clock. Conversely, if the input sound pressure level is detected as being below the minimum threshold, a signal indicating the sound pressure level is below the minimum level threshold is output to a start timer  124 , which triggers a digital timer system  126  to begin a clock of a restorative period. If the sound pressure level is at the minimum threshold (within a margin of error), no clock needs to be started because this is neutral to the desired effect. In a preferred embodiment, the clock signal is changed with every significant (more than 1 dB by way of example) change in sound pressure level to get an accurate profile of sound exposure over time. 
     Once the sound pressure level as detected at input level detector  120  decreases to or is below the minimum threshold level, a stop timer signal is output from stop timer  128  to digital timer system  126  to stop the clock corresponding to exposure to the excessively intense level. Digital timer system  126  outputs a clock value corresponding to the time period at which the minimum level threshold was not met, or in the preferred embodiment, for each period corresponding to a discrete level change. 
     A data memory or learning history database  127  receives the clock value from digital timer system  126  as well as the actual input level detected at input level detector  120  and determines a listening history or sound pressure level exposure history. The sound pressure level exposure history is a record of the user&#39;s exposure to sound pressure levels over time. Because the effect of exposure is cumulative, it is important that the exposure history be maintained. The listening history, as will be discussed below, can include real ear level data, listening duration data, time between listening sessions, absolute time, sound pressure level dose (SPL Dose) data, including any restorative sound level, number of acoustic transients and crest factor and other data. 
     The sound pressure level exposure history or listening history includes both the listening habits history and the environmental or ambient noise exposure history. The environmental noise exposure history is the exposure of a user to environmental noise over time as a result of the auditory stimuli inherent to the environment where the user is present. This can be highway traffic, construction site, even the restorative effect of the quiet sound pressure levels, e.g., those typically encountered in a library whereas, the listening habits history is associated for the purposes for this disclosure with user-directed auditory stimuli such as music, words, other noises, which a user intentionally encounters for a purpose such as communication, learning, and enjoyment. Therefore, database  127 , as will be discussed below, stores the cumulative SPL exposure. 
     It should be noted that in at least one exemplary embodiment, minimum level threshold detector  122  also starts the timer  124  when the sound pressure level is below the predetermined level. In this way, the restorative effect of below PSL (e.g., effective quiet noise) is accumulated for determining overall exposure damage potential. 
     In effect, the only time that digital timer system  126  is not running is when the detected sound pressure level signal is at the minimum level threshold. A listening fatigue calculator  130  receives the input level signal from input level detector  120  and data from the data memory listening history  127 , and determines whether or not listening fatigue or hearing damage is likely to occur as a result of further exposure. Hearing damage is the injury to the hearing mechanism including conductive and sensorineural decrement in hearing threshold levels. It can be either temporary or permanent so long as it is a result of the noise exposure is above PSL (e.g., Effective Quiet). In other words, listening fatigue calculator  130  will output a signal when a threshold sound exposure, determined as a function of exposure time and sound pressure level, as will be discussed in greater detail below, is achieved. At that point, a listening fatigue signal is output. 
     It should be noted that in an alternative embodiment, system  100  can make use of an ambient noise detection/cancellation system  142  as known in the art. These systems produce signals, which cancel sound pressure levels at certain frequencies and/or certain levels to reduce the effect of undesired noise, whether environmental noise or user directed noise. It will have some effect in elongating the permissible exposure time by negating the sound pressure level detected by input level detector  120 . 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment, the signal from the listening fatigue calculator is utilized to prevent damage and encourages some action by the user when exposure levels are near damaging levels. Therefore, in one non-limiting example, a listening fatigue display  140  is provided for receiving the signal from the listening fatigue calculator and displaying to the user a prompt to discontinue exposure to the sound level from the damaging sound source or audio source. 
     In another non-limiting example, the signal from the listening fatigue calculator is output to an audio warning source  132 , which outputs an output audio warning to the user notifying the user that exposure to the sound source has reached critical levels. 
     In at least one exemplary, but non-limiting, embodiment, as will be discussed below, system  100  includes an output acoustical transducer  25  to provide an audio signal to the ear. Output acoustical transducer  25  operates under the control of a digital signal processor (DSP)  134 . Digital signal processor  134  receives a digital audio signal from input level detector  120 , which acts as a pass through for the digitized signals from audio input device  113 . Digital signal processor  134  passes the sound signals through to a digital to analog (D/A) converter  136  to drive acoustical transducers  25  to recreate the sound received at audio input device  113  inside the ear canal  31  in at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention as shown in  FIG. 2 . With such an exemplary embodiment, audio warning source  132  provides an output to digital sound processor  134  causing output acoustical transducer  25  to output a warning sound inside the ear of the user. 
     Additionally, in at least one further exemplary embodiment, listening fatigue calculator  130  outputs a listening fatigue signal to digital processor  134  which causes digital signal processor  134  to attenuate the sound signal prior to output to acoustical transducer  25  to reduce the signal output level by any of the linear gain reduction, dynamic range reduction, a combination of both, or a complete shutdown of transducer  25 . Attenuation would be at least to the level, if not below, the PSL (e.g., effective quiet level) to allow for ear recovery prior to damage. 
     It should be noted, that because personal hearing threshold and discomfort levels can change from person to person, and because both of the time intervals are a function of many variables, in a non-limiting example, to provide a dynamic ever-changing response, system  100  operates under software control. The configuration of the digital sound processor  134 , listening fatigue calculator  130 , the minimum level threshold detector  122 , and the input level detector  120  are operated under software control. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the control programs are stored in a program memory  148  for operating the firmware/hardware identified above. Furthermore, the program stored within memory  148  can be personalized as a result of testing of the user&#39;s ear, or by other modeling methods, in which system  100  includes a software interface  144  for receiving online or remote source updates and configurations. The software interface  144  communicates with a data port interface  146  within system  100 , which allows the input of software updates to program memory  148 . The updates can be transmitted across a distributed communications network, such as the Internet, where the updates take the form of online updates and configurations  143 . 
     It should be noted that there is multiple functionality distributed across system  100 . In at least one exemplary embodiment, at least audio input device  113  and acoustical transducer  25  are formed as an earpiece, which extends into the outer ear canal so that the processing of signals pertains to sound received at the ear. However, it is well within the scope of at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention to provide substantially all of the functionality in an earpiece so that system  100  is a “smart device.” 
     Also note that when referring to measurements in decibels (dB), one is referring to a logarithmic ratio. For example dB is defined as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   SPL 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         β 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           dB 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       10 
                       ⁢ 
                       log 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         I 
                         
                           I 
                           0 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       10 
                       ⁢ 
                       log 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           Δ 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             P 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         
                           Δ 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             P 
                             0 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where I is the intensity measured, I 0  is a reference intensity, I 0 =10 −12  W/m 2 , and P 0  is a reference pressure, ΔP 0 =20 micropascals, and where ΔP is the root mean squared pressure amplitude in a measured pressure wave (e.g., using a transducer). Thus, the sound pressure level (SPL) can be measured in dB. 
     Alternatively one can use the above equation and solve for measured pressures instead. For example:
 
Δ P ( t )=10 (SPL(t)/20.0)   ΔP   0   (2)
 
     In the discussion of formulas herein we refer to SPL as a non-limiting example and one of ordinary skill in the arts could re-derive the equations in terms of measured pressures, ΔP, both are intended to lie within the scope of at least one exemplary embodiment. Reference is now made to  FIG. 2  in which system  100  in which the transducer configuration, that portion of system  100 , which converts sound pressure level variations into electrical voltages or vice versa is shown. In this embodiment, acoustic transducers include microphones as an input and loudspeakers as an acoustical output. 
       FIG. 2  depicts the electro acoustical assembly  13  (also referred to herein as an in-the-ear acoustic assembly  13  or earpiece  13 ), as it would typically be placed in the ear canal  31  of ear  17  of user  35 . The assembly is designed to be inserted into the user&#39;s ear canal  31 , and to form an acoustic seal with the walls  29  of the ear canal  31  at a location  27 , between the entrance  15  to the ear canal  31  and the tympanic membrane or eardrum  33 . Such a seal is typically achieved by means of a soft and compliant housing of assembly  13 . A seal is critical to the performance of the system in that it creates a closed cavity in ear canal  31  of approximately 0.5 cc in a non-limiting example between the in-ear assembly  13  and the ear&#39;s tympanic membrane  33 . 
     As a result of this seal, the output transducer (speaker)  25  is able to generate a full range bass response when reproducing sounds for the system user. This seal also serves to significantly reduce the sound pressure level at the user&#39;s eardrum  33  resulting from the sound field at the entrance  15  to the ear canal  31 . This seal is also the basis for the sound isolating performance of the electroacoustic assembly  13 . Located adjacent to speaker  25 , is an ear canal microphone (ECM)  23 , which is also acoustically coupled to closed cavity  31 . One of its functions is that of measuring the sound pressure level in cavity  31  as a part of testing the hearing sensitivity of the user as well as confirming the integrity of the acoustic seal and the working condition of itself and speaker  25 . Audio input  11  (also referred to herein as ambient sound microphone (ASM)  11 ) is housed in assembly  13  and monitors sound pressure at the entrance  15  to the occluded ear canal. The transducers can receive or transmit audio signals to an ASIC  21  that undertakes at least a portion of the audio signal processing described above and provides a transceiver for audio via the wired or wireless communication path  119 . 
     In the above description the operation of system  100  is driven by sound pressure level, i.e. sound levels are monitored for time periods or epochs during which the sound pressure level does not equal the minimum level threshold or is constant. However, as will be discussed in connection with the next exemplary embodiments of the invention, system  100  can also operate utilizing fixed or variable sampling epochs determined as a function of one or more of time and changes in sound pressure level, sound pressure dosage level, weighting functions to the sound pressure level, and restorative properties of the ear. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 3  in which a flow chart for monitoring the sound pressure level dose at various sample times n is provided. The process is started in a step  302 . An input audio signal is generated in a step  304  at either the ear canal microphone (ECM)  23  or the ambient sound microphone (ASM)  11 . Changes in SPL_Dose resulting from duration of exposure time is a function of the sound pressure level, therefore, the epoch or time period used to measure ear exposure or, more importantly, the time-period for sampling sound pressure level is determined in a step  305 . The update epoch is used in the SPL Dose function determination as well as to effect the integration period for the sound pressure level calculation that, as will be discussed below, is used to calculate the weighted ear canal sound pressure level. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 6 and 7 . In  FIG. 6 , a method is defined to change the update epoch as a function of the weighted ear canal sound pressure level, which will be discussed in greater detail below. System  100  is capable of determining when earpiece  13  is in a charger or communication cradle (i.e., not in use in the ear of the user). In a step  684 , a predetermined standard is provided for the update epoch, 60 seconds in this example. In step  688 , the update epoch is set as the in-cradle update epoch. The in-cradle state is detected in step  686 . If it is determined in a step  690  that earpiece  13  (also referred to herein as earphone device  13 ) is in a charger or cradle mode, then the update epoch is set as the in-cradle epoch; in the step  688 . 
     However, if in step  690  it is determined that the earphone device  13  is in use, in other words “not in the cradle”, then, by default, an audio signal is input to earpiece  13  in step  692 . In step  693 , an ear canal sound pressure level is estimated as a function of the audio input at step  692 . The current (n) ear canal sound pressure level estimate is stored as a delay level in a step  698 . An audio input is determined at a later time when step  692  is repeated so that a second in-time ear canal sound pressure level estimate is determined. 
     In a step  600 , the delayed (n−1) or previous sound pressure level is compared with the current (n) ear canal sound pressure level estimate to calculate a rate of change of the sound pressure level. The change level is calculated in units of dB per second. This process of step  692  through  600  is periodically repeated. 
     In a step  606 , it is determined whether or not the sound pressure level change is less than a predetermined amount (substantially 1 dB by way of non-limiting example) between iterations, i.e., since the last time the ear canal sound pressure level is calculated. If the change is less than the predetermined amount, then in step  604  the update epoch is increased. It is then determined in a step  602  whether or not the epoch update is greater than a predefined amount D set in step  694  as a maximum update epoch such as 60 seconds in a non-limiting example. If in fact, the update epoch has a value greater than the maximum update epoch D then the update epoch is set at the higher value D in step  608 . 
     If it is determined in step  606  that the sound pressure level change is, in a non-limiting example, greater than −1 dB, but less than +1 dB as determined in step  612 , then the update epoch value is maintained in a step  610 . However, if it is determined that the sound pressure level change is, in a non-limiting example, greater than +1 dB, then the update epoch value is decreased in a step  618  to obtain more frequent sampling. A minimum predetermined update epoch value such as 250 microseconds is set in a step  614 . If the decreased update epoch determined in step  618  is less than, in other words an even smaller minimum time-period than the predetermined minimum update epoch E, then the new update epoch is set as the new minimum update epoch value in steps  616  and  622 . In this way, the sample period is continuously being adjusted as a function of the change in sound pressure level at the ear. As a result, if the noise is of a transient variety as opposed to a constant value, the sampling interval will be changed to detect such transients (e.g., spikes) and can protect the ear. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 7  in which a method for changing the update epoch is illustrated as a function of the way that the ear canal sound pressure level estimate is provided. Again, in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the update epoch is decreased when the ear canal sound pressure level is high or increasing. 
     The difference between the embodiment of  FIG. 7  and the embodiment of  FIG. 6  is that the update epoch is not continuously adjusted, but is more static. If the ear canal sound pressure level is less than PSL (e.g., effective quiet, a decibel level which when the ear is exposed to over time does not damage or restore the ear), then the update epoch is fixed at a predefined maximum epoch value and this is the value used by system  100  as will be discussed in connection with  FIG. 3  below. In this embodiment, if the ear canal sound pressure level is determined to be greater than a permissible (or permitted) sound level (PSL) (e.g., effective quiet), then the update epoch is fixed at a shorter minimum value and this is returned as the update epoch to be utilized. 
     In  FIG. 7 , specifically, as with  FIG. 6 , an in-cradle update epoch of 5 seconds by way of non-limiting example, is stored in system  100  in a step  784 . In a step  788 , the initial update epoch is set as the in-cradle update epoch. A maximum update epoch time, such as 2 seconds by way of non-limiting example, is stored in a step  794 . In a step  714 , an initial minimum update epoch (250 microseconds in this non-limiting example) is stored. 
     In a step  786  and step  790  it is determined whether or not system  100  is in a non-use state, i.e., being charged or in a cradle. If so, then the update epoch is set at the in-cradle update epoch. If not, then a digital audio signal is input from ear canal microphone  23  in step  792 . A sound pressure level is estimated in step  795 . It is then determined whether or not the ear canal sound pressure level is less than PSL (e.g., effective quiet) in a step  732 . If the sound pressure level is less than the PSL (e.g., effective quiet) as determined in step  732 , then the update epoch is set at the maximum update epoch in a step  730 . If the sound pressure level is louder than the effective quiet, then in step  716 , the update epoch is set to the minimum update epoch. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , in a non-limiting exemplary embodiment, the update epoch is set at 10 seconds in a step  302  utilizing either a constant predetermined sample time, or either of the methodologies discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 6 and 7 . In a step  306 , the input audio signal is sampled, held, and integrated over the duration of the epoch as determined in step  308 . As a result, the update epoch affects the integration period utilized to calculate the sound pressure level dose as a function of the sound pressure level and/or as the weighted ear canal sound pressure level. 
     In a step  310 , an earplug noise reduction rating (NRR) is stored. The noise reduction rating corresponds to the attenuation effect of earpiece  13 , or system  100 , on sound as it is received at audio input  11  and output at the output transducer  25  or as it passes from the outer ear to the inner ear, if any exemplary embodiment has no ambient sound microphone  11 . In a step  311 , a weighted ear canal sound pressure level is determined, partially as a function of the earplug noise reduction rating value. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4  where a method for determining the weighted ear canal sound pressure level in accordance with at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated. Like numerals are utilized to indicate like structure for ease of discussion and understanding. Weighting is done to compensate for the manner in which sound is perceived by the ear as a function of frequency and pressure level. As sounds increase in intensity, the ear perceived loudness of lower frequencies increases in a nonlinear fashion. By weighting, if the level of the sound of the field is low, the methodology and system utilized by at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention reduces the low frequency and high frequency sounds to better replicate the sound as perceived by the ear. 
     Specifically, a weighting curve lookup table, such as A-weighting, acts as a virtual band-pass filter for frequencies at sound pressure levels. In a step  304 , the audio signal is input. In step  410 , frequency-dependent earplug noise reduction ratings are stored. These values are frequency-dependent and in most cases, set as manufacturer-specific characteristics. 
     As discussed above, in a step  306 , the input audio signal is shaped, buffered and integrated over the duration of each epoch. The sound pressure level of the shaped signal is then determined in a step  436 . It is determined whether or not ambient sound microphone (ASM)  11  was utilized to determine the sound pressure level in a step  444 . If microphone  11  was utilized, then the frequency-dependent earplug noise reduction rating of earpiece  13  must be accounted for to determine the sound level within the ear. Therefore, the noise reduction rating, as stored in step  310 , is utilized with the sound pressure level to determine a true sound pressure level (at step  446 ) as follows:
 
SPL ACT =SPL−NRR:  (3)
 
where sound pressure SPL ACT  is the actual sound pressure level received at the ear medial to the ECR, SPL is the sound pressure level determined in step  436  and NRR is the noise reduction rating value stored in step  410 .
 
     If the ambient sound microphone (ASM)  11  is not used to determine the sound pressure level then the sound pressure level determined in step  436  is the actual sound pressure level. So that:
 
SPL ACT =SPL  (4)
 
     It is well within the scope of at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention to utilize the actual sound pressure level as determined so far to determine the affect of the sound pressure level received at the ear on the health of the ear. However, in at least one exemplary embodiment, the sound pressure level is weighted to better emulate the sound as received at the ear. Therefore, in a step  412 , a weighting curve lookup table is stored within system  100 . In a step  440 , the weighting curve is determined as a function of the actual sound pressure level as calculated or determined above in steps  436 ,  446  utilizing a weighting curve lookup table such as the A-weighting curve. The A-weighting curve is then applied as a filter in step  438  to the actual sound pressure level. A weighted sound pressure level value representative of a sampled time period (SPL_W(n)) is obtained to be utilized in a step  414 . 
     The weighting curve can be determined in step  440  by applying a frequency domain multiplication of the sound pressure level vector and the weighting curve stored in step  412 . In this exemplary embodiment the weighting curve would be appropriate for direct multiplication with the SPL in the frequency domain (i.e., SPL(f)). In another exemplary embodiment the weighted SPL can be expressed as a weighting of the measured pressure vector as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     where ΔP(t) is the measured temporal change in root mean squared pressure, which can be converted into spectral space (e.g., FFT) as ΔP(f) which is the measured spectral change in pressure, which can in tum be multiplied by a weighting function (e.g., A-weighting), W A (f) and expressed as ΔP WA  (f)=ΔP(f)·W A (f)−, and then reconverted (e.g., inverse FFT) into temporal space to obtain ΔP WA  (t). To obtain a single value various integration or summation over the n-th time interval (e.g., which can change in time) can be performed. For example: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     The time during which a user may be exposed to the sound level SPL_W(n), i.e. the time to 100% allowable dosage at SPL level SPL_W(n), is referred to below as Time_100% (n). 
     The weighting curves can be stored as a lookup table on computer memory, or can be calculated algorithmically. Alternatively, the input audio signal can be filtered with a time or frequency domain filter utilizing the weighting curve stored in step  412  and the sound pressure level as calculated. For low-level sound pressure levels, those less than 50 dB, by way of non-limiting example, a weighting curve, which attenuates low and high frequencies can be applied (similar to an A-weighting curve). For higher sound pressure levels, such as more than 80 dB, by way of non-limiting example, the weighting curve can be substantially flat or a C-weighting curve. The resulting weighted ear canal sound pressure level during any respective sampling epoch is returned as the system output SPL_W(n) in step  414 . Note that herein various conventional weighting schemes are discussed (e.g., A-weighting, C-weighting) however in at least one exemplary embodiment non-conventional weighting schemes can be used. For example, generally dB is referenced to the threshold level of hearing sensitivity (threshold of detection), where 20 micropascals is typically used as the minimum threshold level of pressure variation that an average person can detect. This reference value tends to be used at all frequencies, although the threshold level varies with frequency. Thus, one weighting scheme is to adjust the reference 0 dB level on a frequency basis, by using a conventional dB of threshold hearing chart, which provides the dB (f) at threshold level. A weighting function can be used where the value is about 1 at the reference value (e.g., equivalent to 20 micropascals) at a reference frequency (e.g., 1000 Hz). The other values (e.g., as a function of frequency) of the weighting function can varying depending upon the reference threshold pressure variation for the particular frequency, for example if at 30 Hz the threshold level in dB is 65 dB, then the weighting value can be 1/65 at 30 Hz, de-emphasizing the loudness and/or intensity at 65 dB when SPL Dose (f) is calculated. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , a safe listening time is calculated by comparing the weighted sound pressure level with the PSL (e.g., effective quiet level) in step  316 . Therefore, a value A corresponding to how far from safe listening the sound pressure level is, is determined by the equation:
 
 A =SPL_ W ( n )−PSL  (7)
 
where PSL is the permissible sound level, for example PSL=EfQ, where EfQ is equal to the sound level of effective quiet (as stored at step  312 ).
 
     By utilizing this simple comparative function, fewer machinations and processes are needed. System  100  takes advantage of the fact that because the PSL (e.g., effective quiet level) can be neutral to the ear, sound pressure levels significantly above the PSL (e.g., effective quiet level) are generally damaging and noise levels below the PSL (e.g., effective quiet) generally allow for restoration/recovery. 
     In a step  318 , the remaining safe listening time at the beginning of any current sampling epoch can be calculated by Time 100% minus the time duration of exposure up to the current sampling epoch. Note that a negative number can occur, indicating that no safe listening time remains. The estimated time (e.g., in hours) until the individual&#39;s sound exposure is such that permanent threshold shift may occur, ignoring any previous sound exposure and assuming that the SPL of the sound field exposed to the individual remains at a constant level L can be calculated as follows:
 
Time_100%( n )= Tc /(2{circumflex over ( )}((SPL_ W ( n )−PSL)/ ER ))  (8)
 
     Where PSL is the permissible sound level, and Tc is the critical time period. For example, if Tc (Critical Time) is 8 hours and PSL is 90 dBA, then that accepts that ˜22-29% of people are at risk for hearing loss. If Tc is 8 hours and PSL is 85 dBA, then that accepts that ˜7-15% of people are at risk, likewise for if Tc is 24 hours and PSL is 80 dBA, same 7-15% at risk. Thus Time_100% (n) reflects a reduction of the risk to a chosen level. Note that Tc is the critical time period of exposure that one is looking at (e.g., 8 hours, 24 hours), and ER is the exchange rate, for example can be expressed as:
 
Time_100%( n )=8 (hours)/(2{circumflex over ( )}((SPL_ W ( n )−8 dBA)/3 dB))  (9)
 
     These values assume a recovery period of 16 hours at a SPL level during that time of less than 75 dBA (where dBA refers to Decibels of an A-weighted value). Of course the realism of such an assumption is questionable given music, TV, and other listening habits of individuals. Thus, we are concerned with exposure over a 24 hour period. Thus, Time_100% (n) can be expressed for a 24 hour period (e.g., Tc=24 (hours)), where, for example using an equal energy assumption (i.e., ER of 3 dBA), as:
 
Time_100%( n )=24/(2{circumflex over ( )}((SPL_ W ( n )−PSL)/3)).  (10)
 
     Another further example is the situation where PSL=EfQ, where the Effective Quiet, EfQ is defined as the highest sound level that does not cause temporary or permanent hearing threshold shift, nor does it impede recovery from temporary hearing threshold shift. For broadband noise, it can be 76-78 dBA, although these numbers can be different or refined over time based upon research and/or measurement history. 
     As a non-limiting example, the lower bound of SPL_W(n) dictating the Time_100% equation would be SPL_W(n)=PSL, and the upper bound of the SPL_W(n) dictating Time_100% equation would be about SPL_W(n)=115 dB, for example. 
     In this embodiment, rather than make use of the Sound Level (L), the period is a function of the loudness and quietness of the weighted sound pressure level. It should be noted that PSL (e.g., effective quiet) is used in the above example, but any level of interest, such as 80 dB, or no sound level, i.e., SPL_W(n)−0, can be used. The weighted sound pressure level and PSL can be expressed as a frequency-dependent numerical array or a value scalar. 
     It is next determined whether or not the difference between the current weighted sound pressure level and the PSL (e.g., effective quiet) is above a tolerable threshold for risk of hearing damage or not, i.e., whether the weighted SPL in the eardrum is considered to increase risk for hearing damage or not. A sound pressure level dose is calculated depending upon whether the sound level is loud or not. The sound pressure level dose (SPL Dose) is the measurement, which indicates an individual&#39;s cumulative exposure to sound pressure levels over time. It accounts for exposure to direct inputs such as MP3 players, phones, radios and other acoustic electronic devices, as well as exposure to environmental or background noise, also referred to as ambient noise. The SPL Dose is expressed as a percentage of some maximum time-weighted average for sound pressure level exposure. 
     Because the sound pressure level dose is cumulative, there is no fixed time-period for ear fatigue or damage. At or below effective quiet, the sound pressure level exposure time would theoretically be infinite, while the time period for achieving the maximum allowable sound pressure level dose becomes smaller and smaller with exposure to increasingly more intense sound. A tolerable level change threshold corresponding to the amount of noise above or below the effective quiet which has no great effect on the ear as compared to effective quiet is determined and stored in memory  127  in a step  320 . In a step  322 , the differential between the weighted sound pressure level and the effective quiet is compared to the level change threshold. 
     A differential value A, corresponding to the level change, can be calculated as follows:
 
 A =SPL_ W ( n )−PSL  (11)
 
If A is greater than the level change threshold, the noise is considered to increase risk for hearing damage and the sound pressure level dose is calculated in a step  324  as follows:
 
SPL_Dose( n )=SPL Dose( n− 1)+(Update_Epoch( n )/Time_100%)  (12)
 
where SPL Dose(n−1) is the SPL Dose calculated during the last epoch; Update_Epoch is the time (in hours) since the last SPL Dose was calculated. As described above, Update_Epoch can be adaptive, e.g., shortened when the sound pressure level is louder; and Time_100% (n), the time period remaining for safe exposure is determined by the equation:
 
Time_100%( n )=24 hours(2{circumflex over ( )}(( L −PSL)/3))  (13)
 
where L=sound level (in dB) of the combination of environmental noise and audio playback. It should be noted that sound level (L) can be substituted for SPL_W(n).
 
     It should be noted, as can be seen from the equation, that the time value becomes more important than the sound pressure level as updates are spread apart. However, this is to protect overexposure to harmful sounds because a less accurate sample size must account for the unknown. The wider the periodicity, the less accurate determination of actual exposure. Infrequent updates of the SPL Dose assume a relatively constant sound level, ignoring transients (e.g. spikes) and intervening restorative periods. Accordingly, sound pressure level and epoch periodicity are weighed against each other to protect the ear. 
     If in step  322  it is determined that the differential is not greater than the level change threshold, including negative values for A (which are restorative values), then in step  326  it is determined whether or not the differential, as determined in step  316 , is less than the level change threshold in a step  322 . If it is determined that the differential is not less than the level change threshold, then the received noise was the effective quiet level, i.e., the level change threshold equals zero and in a step  330 , the current SPL Dose is maintained at the same level. There is no change to the dose level. However, if the differential A is less than the level change threshold then this is a restorative quiet as determined in step  326 . Thus, if the differential A (e.g., A=SPL_W(n)−PSL) is less than zero, within measurement error, then this is considered a restorative quiet, then the n-th SPL dose is determined as:
 
SPL Dose( n )=SPL Dose( n− 1)* e {circumflex over ( )}(−Update_epoch/τ)  (14)
 
Where: τ(referred to as “tau” in the following diagrams) can vary (e.g., equal to about 7 hours). In some exemplary embodiments, tau is adaptive for different users. In at least one exemplary embodiment, the level change threshold (e.g., measurement error) is set at substantially 0.9-1.0 dB.
 
     Note that other forms of a recovery function can be used and the description herein is not intended to limit the recover function to an exponential relationship. For example, during lower exposure times (e.g., 102 minutes) some SPL values (e.g., 95 dB) can be used, if the subsequent SPL is less than PSL, in a linear manner (for example linearly decreasing until there is a near zero threshold shift at 4000 Hz after one day from the time at which SPL&lt;PSL). 
     Another non-limiting example of a recovery function can be a combination over certain exposure and decay periods (e.g., 7 day exposure at 90 dB, with an initial threshold shift after the 7 days of about 50 dB at 4000 Hz). For example a slow decaying linear relationship can be applied for the first few hours (e.g., 2 hours) where SPL&lt;PSL, then an exponential decay from after the first few hours to a few days (e.g., 4 days) after which a leveling trend can occur. 
     Additionally although a fractional increase in SPL Dose is given as a non-limiting example, SPL Dose increase can be linear or exponential depending upon the exposure SPL level and the duration. For example the growth can be linear at a certain SPL values (e.g., 95 dB) during different ranges of exposure time (e.g., for 95 dB, from about 4 minutes to 12 hours), then leveling out (e.g., threshold shift of about 59.5 dB) when the exposure time exceeds a certain length (e.g., for 95 dB about 12 hours). 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment the SPL values measured by an ECM (e.g., in an ECM mode) can be modified by a modification value (e.g., additive or multiplicative), for example SPL new =βSPL old +δ, where the values, β and δ, can be time variant, positive or negative. Alternatively the values can be applied to the measured pressure values in a similar manner. One can convert the SPL measured by an ECM to free field values, which then can be compared to free field standards for damage risk criteria. For example Table 1 lists several frequency dependent responses of an earpiece while inserted, the “A” weighting curve offset, and the modification values β and δ. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Earpiece Freq. Resp. 
                 “A” weight offset 
                 β 
                 δ 
               
               
                 Freq. (Hz) 
                 (dBSPL/V) 
                 (dB) 
                 (dB) 
                 (dB) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 100 
                 95 
                 −19.1 
                 1.0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 500 
                 103.5 
                 −3.2 
                 1.0 
                 −0.13 
               
               
                 1000 
                 104.0 
                 0.0 
                 1.0 
                 −1.83 
               
               
                 2000 
                 121.0 
                 1.2 
                 1.0 
                 −7.84 
               
               
                 4000 
                 106.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 −15.57 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, for example an SPL(f) measured at 80 dB, at f=1000 Hz, would be subtracted by −1.83 to obtain a free field value to compare with damage-risk criteria, thus obtaining an SPL new  of 78.13 dB. Note what is described is a non-limiting example, various other earpieces can have different values, and the SPL_DOSE equations, described herein, (e.g., SPL_Dose(n), Time_100%) can be based upon SPL new , Note that further discussions concerning frequency responses and free field estimate (FFE) conversion can be viewed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,826,515, Bernardi et al. Alternatively, ear canal dBA SPL (e.g., as measured by an ECM) may be converted to FFE dBA SPL using Table 1 of ISO 11904-1 (2002), incorporated herein by reference. 
     In step  332 , the recovery time constant tau is determined. It may not be a function of exposure, but rather of recovery. It can be a default number or be determined as will be discussed below. As the SPL Dose is calculated by system  100 , it is also monitored. Once the SPL Dose reaches a certain level, as it is a cumulative calculation, ear fatigue calculator  130  determines whether or not the SPL Dose corresponds to a fatigued ear, and if so, it outputs warnings as discussed in connection with  FIG. 1 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 5  which depicts an optional methodology for not only updating the recovery time constant (tau) for individual users, but to provide additional methods for acting upon detected damaging exposure. The process is started at a step  548 . In a step  550 , it is determined whether or not the user wishes to make use of a registration process, for example online, for setting a personalized update epoch through communication with a remote registration system. If the user declines the registration, then the default tau is set at 7 hours in a step  552 . In a step  554 , this default value is transmitted to system  100  via a wired or wireless data communication network. 
     Alternatively, if the user registers in step  550 , a questionnaire is presented in a step  556  in which the user informs system  100  regarding a user sound exposure history, age, work habits and other personal details that could affect the user&#39;s personal recovery function time, i.e., the time constant tau. The individual characteristics can be input to a formula or utilized as part of a look up table to determine the tau for the individual user. The estimate of tau determined in step  556  is transmitted to system  100  via a wireless or wired data communication system in a step  558 . In step  560 , the initial estimate of tau is set from the value determined in step  556  (or step  552 ). 
     An initial hearing test is performed in a step  581 , which acquires data indicative of the user&#39;s hearing sensitivity. The test may be an otoacoustic emission (OAE) test or audiogram administered utilizing the ear canal receiver or speaker  25 . However, the test can also be administered over the Internet, telephone or other communication device capable of outputting sounds sent across a distributed network and enabling responsive communication. The data is stored in a computer memory as an initial test value in a step  570  and is used in further processing to detect a change in the user hearing response. 
     In a step  564 , it is determined whether the user has been recently exposed to intense sound pressure levels. This can be done utilizing the sound pressure level dose as stored or permanently calculated by system  100 . If it is decided in step  564  that the user&#39;s ear canal sound pressure level is low, then in a step  559  it is determined whether the time since the last test is greater than a maximum test epoch. At the outset, the maximum test epoch is a set number determined in a step  562 . In this non-limiting example, the maximum test epoch is set at 20 hours. 
     If it is determined that the time since the last test is greater than the maximum test epoch or, that there has been recent exposure to intense sound pressure level, then another test is administered in a step  566 . The resulting test metrics are stored in steps  568 ,  570 . In a step  571 , the newly determined test metrics are compared to the initial test metrics to calculate any change in the metrics. In step  572 , it is determined whether the change is predictive of hearing damage. If not, then in a step  582 , the tau is modified according the obtained metric. 
     If it is determined that the hearing damage is predicted, then in a step  578  the user is recommended to remove themselves from the noise as discussed above with the operation of listening fatigue calculator  130  and furthermore, the user can be recommended to seek professional audiological evaluation in a step  578 . This could be done by an in situ auditory or visual warning in step  580  by system  100 . On the other hand, if system  100  is used in connection with a communications device such as a telephone or a personal digital assistant, an e-mail can be created in steps  574 ,  576 ; not only warning the user of potential damage, but notifying a health professional so that a follow up examination can be performed. 
     It should be noted that a change in the hearing metric (e.g., a hearing sensitivity curve) is measured by system  100 . In response to the user&#39;s hearing metric, the recovery time constant tau is updated. For example, tau is lengthened if the change in the user&#39;s hearing metric indicates the user has “sensitive ears”, i.e., if, following loud sound exposure, the user&#39;s hearing sensitivity takes longer than seven hours to return to the individual&#39;s normal. This modified tau can be used to calculate the sound pressure level dose, in particular in a restorative phase, to determine better overall effect of sound pressure level exposure. 
     By providing a monitoring and protective system which, in at least one mode, continuously monitors sound pressure level at the ear until a potentially harmful exposure has occurred, rather than only monitoring for a predetermined time as with noise dose monitors which monitor for work shifts, a more accurate predictor of harm to the ear is provided. By utilizing a method, which determines exposure in part as a function of effective quiet exposure as well as intense noise exposure, an enhanced model of potential risk is achieved. By providing a series of warning mechanisms and preventive measures as a function of the determined potentially harmful dosage levels ear damage is more likely to be prevented. By providing the system in an earpiece which substantially occludes the ear and making use of audio inputs at the lateral and medial portions of the ear canal (particularly with an occluding device between lateral and medial portions of the ear canal), a more accurate reading of noise level is provided and more control through a real time warning system is achievable. 
     It should be known that values for level change threshold, effective quiet time, and epoch were used above as examples. However, it should be noted that any values which when input and utilized in accordance with the methodologies above prevent permanent damage to the ear are within the scope of the invention and the invention should not be so limited to the specific examples above. 
     Further Exemplary Embodiments 
       FIG. 8  illustrates the general configuration and some terminology in accordance with descriptions of exemplary embodiments. An earpiece  800  can be inserted into an ear canal separating the ambient environment (AE)  890  from an inner ear canal (IEC)  880  region, where a portion of the earpiece  800  touches a part of the ear canal wall (ECW)  870 . The earpiece  800  can be designed to vary its distance from the ear drum (ED)  860 . The earpiece can have various elements, and the non-limiting example illustrated in  FIG. 8 , can include three sound producing or receiving elements coupled to input/output  840 : an ambient sound microphone (ASM)  830  configured to sample the AE  890 ; an ear canal microphone (ECM)  820  configured to sample the IEC  880 ; and an ear canal receiver (ECR)  810  configured to acoustically emit into the IEC  880 . Note that the ECR can operate to transmit acoustic signals (ECR mode) and receive (measure) acoustic signals (ECM mode). 
       FIGS. 9A-9C  illustrates an example of a temporal acoustic signal and its conversion into a spectral acoustic signature.  FIG. 9A  illustrates a temporal acoustic signal (AS)  900  on a generic X-Y coordinate system (e.g., Y can be amplitude in dB, and X can be time in sec). A section  910  of the AS  900  can be selected for further processing (e.g., for applying filtering treatments such as a FFT). For the non-limiting example of using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on section  910 , a window  920  can be applied to the section  910  to zero the ends of the data, creating a windowed acoustic signal (WAS)  930 . An FFT can then be applied  940  to the WAS  930  to generate a spectral acoustic signal (SAS)  950 , which is illustrated in  FIG. 9C , where the Y-axis IS a parameter (e.g., normalized power) and the X-axis if frequency (e.g., in Hz). 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a generalized version of an earpiece  800  and some associated parts (e.g., ASM  830 , ECM  820 , and ECR  810 ) in an ear canal. When inserted the earpiece  800  generally defines the two regions  890  and  880 . Through the earpiece  800  there is some attenuation. For example an ambient acoustic signal (AAS)  1010 A, will travel through the earpiece  800  and/or via bone conduction (not shown) and be attenuated forming an attenuated ambient acoustic signal (AAAS)  1010 B. The AAAS  1010 B then travels to the ED  860 . The other additional acoustic signal  1010 C (e.g., the ECR generated AS or ECRAS), which can travel to the eardrum  860 , can be generated by the ECR  810 . Additionally head attenuated acoustic signals (e.g., voice)  1010 D can enter the inner ear canal IEC  880 , and can be measured by ECM  820  or ECR  810  in ECM mode. Thus the total AS imparting energy upon the ED  860  can be due to the AAAS  1010 B (which can include a bone conduction part not in the IEC  880 ) and the ECRAS  1010 C. Various exemplary embodiments can calculate SPL Dosage due to the total imparting AS upon the ED  860 , using various combinations of elements (e.g., parts) such as the ECR  810  (e.g., Knowles FG3629), the ECM  820  (e.g., Knowles FK3451), and the ASM  830  (e.g., Knowles FG3629). 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an earpiece  1100  according to at least one exemplary embodiment including an ECR  810  and an ECM  820 . Note that in at least one exemplary embodiment ECR  810  can have dual functionality serving as an ECR in an ECR mode and an ECM in an ECM mode. This can be useful for verifying the matching intensities in IEC  880  with the pressures measured by ECM  820 . ECRAS  1010 C generated by the ECR  810  can be predicted and used to predict an equivalent SPL Dose as discussed later, and/or ECM  820  can pickup AAAS  1010 B and ECRAS  1010 C directly. Note that in at least one exemplary embodiment ECM  820  measures the ambient sound pressure level (e.g., due to AAAS  1010 B, ECRAS  1010 C, and HAAS  1010 D) and an estimated value of SPL due to  1010 C ECRAS (e.g., SPL ECR ) can be subtracted from that measured from ECM  820  (e.g., SPL ECM ) to obtain the SPL due to AAAS  1010 B (e.g., SPL AAAS ) and HAAS  1010 D (e.g., SPL HAAS ). 
     Note that additional elements (e.g., logic circuit(s) (LC), power source(s) (PS), can additionally be included in the earpiece  1100 ). For example  FIG. 12  illustrates a self contained version of an earpiece  1200  according to at least one exemplary embodiment, including a power source (PS)  1210  (e.g., zinc-air battery (ZeniPower A675P), Li-ion battery), and a logic circuit (LC, e.g., Gennum Chip GA3280)  1220  in addition to the ECR  810  and ECM  820 . Earpiece  1200  can also include a wireless module for wireless communications (not shown) or can be wired. Earpiece  1200  can also connect remotely to various parts (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection). For example  FIG. 13  illustrates an earpiece  1300  where parts are not contained in the earpiece directly according to at least one exemplary embodiment. As illustrated the LC  1220  and PS  1210  are operatively connected (OC)  1310  (e.g., via a wire or wirelessly) to the earpiece  1300 . For example earpiece  1300  can be an earbud that includes ECR  810  and ECM  820 , whose signals travel back and forth via a wire that is operatively connected via a wire to LC  1220 , which in tum can be operatively connected to PS  1210 . Note that  810  ECR can also be a dual purpose ECR/ECM, where when the receiver function (ECR mode) is not used the microphone function (ECM mode) can be used. For example U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,245 discusses a dual purpose transducer that can be used as a microphone and/or a receiver. 
       FIG. 14A  illustrates a general configuration of some elements either in or connected to an earpiece  1400  (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) according to at least one exemplary embodiment. Illustrated is a logic circuit LC  1220  that is operatively connected  1310 B to a readable memory  1420  (e.g., RAM). LC  1220  can store and read data on the readable memory  1420  (e.g., RAM). LC  1220  can also be operatively connected  1310 C to ECR  810 , such that acoustic signals can be received by LC  1220  from ECR  810  (e.g., in ECM mode if dual functionality) and signals sent from LC  1220  to ECR  810 , where ECR  810  is configured to direct acoustic energy toward the eardrum. LC  1220  can also be operatively connected  1310 D to ECM  820 , such that acoustic signals can be received by LC  1220  from ECM  820 . LC  1220  can also be operatively connected  1310 E (e.g., via wire or wireless) to a communication module  1410  (e.g., Bluetooth communication module). To power the various elements a power source  1210  PS can also be operatively connected  1310 F to LC  1220  and to any other element. 
       FIG. 14B  illustrates a flow diagram of a method for SPL Dose calculation according to at least one exemplary embodiment. A signal (e.g., intended audio playback content, or received voice from a phone) can be sent to LC  1220  to be sent to the ECR  810 . The signal can be converted (e.g., using earpiece frequency response) to calculate the SPL(t) associated with the signal being sent to ECR  810 . Alternatively an SPL can be measured from ECM  820 . Thus the signal to the ECR  810  can be measured  1450 A, an SPL measured for a chosen period of time, and an SPL_Dose estimate calculated as described above,  1450 B. Alternatively, if measurements are made from an ECM  820 , the SPL measured from the ECM  820  can be used to calculate the SPL Dose for the chosen period of time. The SPL_Dose or SPL Dose estimate can be added/subtracted to/from a running SPL Dose total to obtain a new SPL Dose total  1450 C. The new SPL Dose total is compared to a threshold value,  1450 D, and if the threshold value is exceeded the LC  1220  compares a check action parameter, which can be a user defined variable, to determine one or more actions to take,  1450 E. For example if the action parameter is a certain value (e.g., 1) then the action can be to modify device operation  1450 H, for example to shut down the device after a period of time (e.g., 10 seconds). Alternatively or cumulatively, if the action parameter is another value (e.g., 2), a notification signal can be sent (e.g., acoustic notice, for example a musical score)  1450 F, and/or if the action parameter is still another value (e.g., 3) the audio content can be modified (e.g., SPL output by ECR is reduced),  1450 G. Note other actions can be included,  14501 , for example the NRR can be increased (e.g., if an inflatable system the inflatable system can be expanded, or active noise cancellation could be activated). 
     Note that at least one exemplary embodiment can use an ECR  810  without dual functionality (e.g., where dual functionality is an ECR than can be a receiver and/or a microphone) and at least one further exemplary embodiment can be a dual function ECR/ECM. To measure the SPL for an ECR only mode (ECR mode) the same SPL Dose equations described above can be used for the SPL estimated as discussed with reference to  FIG. 14B . Additionally the SPL ECR  can be estimated by an ECR instrument response, e.g., a voltage to FFE dBA transfer function, which could be determined one of two ways: apply voltage to ECR  810  and follow the technique outlined in ISO 11904-2 (2002), using an acoustic manikin and/or apply voltage to ECR  810  and follow the technique outlined in ISO 11904-1 (2002), using probe microphone measurements in a human&#39;s ear canal; and/or about a 2 cc coupler could substitute for a human&#39;s ear canal. 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment the ECM  820  can measure the SPL acoustic environment before the ECR  810  is activated, and using this value as the ambient measure, the total SPL value can be measured by the ECM  820  with the ECR  810  activated, and an SPL value associated only with the ECR  810  obtained, for example:
 
SPL ECR-est ( t )=SPL ECM ( t )−SPL ECM ( t−Δt ),  (15)
 
     where SPL ECR-est (t) is the SPL due to acoustic emissions by the ECR  810  at time “t”, where the ECR  810  is activated, or above a threshold value in generated SPL, and the ECM  820  is activated; SPL ECM (t) is the SPL value measured by ECM  820  at time “t” which includes both ambient SPL and the SPL due to ECR  810 ; and SPL ECM (t−Δt) is an SPL measured some time before time “t”, Δt, when ECR  810  is not activated or falls below a threshold value, and SPL ECM (t−Δt) is used as an estimated ambient SPL at time “t.” Thus, SPL ECR-est (t) can be compared with estimated SPL calculated using the signal sent to ECR  810 , and the calibration refined to improve the accuracy of estimating SPL calculated using the signal sent to ECR  810 . 
     At least one exemplary embodiment includes an ECR  810  having dual ECR/ECM operability. Thus, ECR  810  can be switched in such a case between an ECR mode, where audio signal is directed to the ECR  810  (e.g., audio playback (e.g., music, audio book, voice message), or voice conversation (e.g., voice from a phone, TV, computer)) or ECM mode, where ECR  810  acts as an ECM and samples environmental SPL. This duality can be used for various reasons (e.g., to calibrate ECM  820 ). 
       FIGS. 15A-15J  illustrate a method of calculating a total SPL Dose, and modifying the SPL emitted by ECR  810  to modify the total SPL Dose so that a threshold value is not exceeded. Note that optionally one can use a dual ECR/ECM  810  to calibrate the signal being received by ECM  820 , where the SPL measured by ECM  820  can be used to obtain a total SPL, which can figure into calculating a total SPL Dose. 
       FIG. 15A  illustrates the SPL generated by ECR  810  (SPL ECR ), which can be either estimated using the signal sent to the ECR  810 , or by measurement by ECM  820 , with the ambient SPL values removed, for example in an environment where there is steady environmental noise which is then assumed and subtracted from any signal picked up by ECM  820  to get an SPL value from the ECR. Normally however one would estimate the SPL from ECR  810  from the signal being sent to ECR  810 . An example of SPL generated from ECR  810  is illustrated in  FIG. 15A . Optionally a selected ECR floor value for the SPL generated from the ECR (SF ECR ) can be set (e.g., 45 dB). When SPL ECR  drops below SF ECR  one can either flip to the ECM mode of ECR  810  if it is a dual mode receiver to calibrate ECM  820 , and/or measure the SPL by ECM  820  and calibrate the SPL ECR  calculation. What is illustrated in  FIGS. 15A, 15C, 15D and 15E  are some of the steps in calibrating the signals measured by ECM  820  using a dual mode ECR  810 . For example when SPL ECR  drops below SF ECR  a calibration signal sets can be sent ( FIG. 15A ). There may be a time delay (t delay ) before a start of ECM mode signal (e.g., sts ECM ) ( FIG. 15C ) can be sent to trigger the ECM mode of ECR  810 . Likewise a signal (e.g., sts ECR ) ( FIG. 15D ) triggering a switch back to ECR mode can be sent at the end of the measurement period. Note that the signal being sent to ECR  810  is known and thus one will know ahead of time when SPL ECR  will rise above SF ECR . While in ECM mode, ECR  810  can measure the environmental SPL, SPL ECM1 . . . N  ( FIG. 15E ). The values of SPL ECM1 . . . N  can be compared with SPL ECM (t) measured by ECM  820  and a calibration of ECM  820  can be obtained to improve the values measured. Note that this is an optional feature and in some cases the measurement error of a dual ECR/ECM ECR  810  might be larger than that of ECM  820 , and thus ECR  810  may not want to be used for calibration ECM  820 .  FIG. 15F  illustrates the case where SPL ECM (t) has been calibrated SPL ECM-calibrated (t). 
     Thus SPL total (t) can be the values of SPL ECM (t) with the most confidence (e.g., minimal standard deviation), which can be a combination of calibrated and uncalibrated parts ( FIG. 15G ). SPL total (t) can be compared with a PSL and modified (e.g., option B,  FIG. 15H ) to be equal to or lie below PSL. A SPL Dose total (t) value can be calculated using SPL total (t), and compared to an SPL Dose threshold value ( FIG. 15I ). When SPL Dose total (t) is greater than the threshold value SPL Dose threshold  then several actions can be enacted. One action is notification of a user (audibly visually, or physically such as vibrating). Another action is to vary the SPL total  value to adjust the SPL Dose total (t) value. This can be done by varying SPL ECR (t) and/or by varying other non-ECR generated SPL values (e.g., by increasing the effective NRR). Varying SPL can affect SPL_Dose in various ways, for example a reduction of the increase of SPL Dose (option A), a stable SPL_Dose at the threshold level (option B) or a reduction of SPL Dose (option C) ( FIGS. 15I and 15J ). 
     There are multiple methods of modifying the SPL in the IEC  880  (e.g., modifying the SPL emitted by the ECR  810 , or increasing the effective NRR) and we will discuss several non-limiting examples in detail. 
     First Example of Modifying the IEC SPL Levels 
     The first non-limiting example for modifying SPL total  is to modify SPL ECR (t).  FIG. 16A  illustrates modifying SPL ECR (t) beginning at the threshold time, t threshold , (note that it can be started at any time). In this non-limiting example a reference time section is chosen, Δt ref , during which one attempts to have a net zero contribution above or below PSL. For example region A equal to region B. Now in a further refinement, over the time period Δt ref  SPL Dose will have decreased slightly (if SPL ECR (t) was exactly equal to PSL) and this can be taken into account as well, letting one choose a region A slightly smaller than region B. Thus there is some variation that can occur. Additionally one may choose a different level than PSL to balance contributions above and below the level chosen. For example if one chooses a level lower than PSL then SPL Dose total (t) will decrease an over time, whereas  FIG. 16B  illustrates oscillatory SPL Dose total (t) that can result from setting the balance level (i.e. reference sound level, RSL) directly equal PSL. Generally the matching of regions can be expressed as:
 
∫ t     threshold     t     m   |RSL−SPL ECR ( t )| dt=∫   t     m     Δt     ref     +t     threshold   |RSL−SPL ECR ( t )| dt   (16)
 
     where t m  (tm) is the time at which the SPL value is equal to RSL. Note that tm can also be an arbitrary value somewhere in the integrated region, and Δt ref  can be chosen to vary over time. 
     Second Example of Modifying the IEC SPL Levels 
     The second non-limiting example for modifying SPL total  also modifies SPL ECR (t). In this non-limiting example time sections of SPL ECR (t) are removed or reduced in a chopping fashion, where the time lengths of the chopped sections are less than that which is recognizable (e.g., tc=100 microsecond segments, measured for example at the half width of a gradually declining and rising signal chop).  FIGS. 17A and 17B  illustrate this approach for an analog signal. Alternatively in a digitized signal the time increments between the data points associated with an acoustic signal can be increased to the limit of detectability so as to decrease the number of acoustic data values per reference time, Δt ref , thus decreasing the SPL total value. Note that when using digitized data a summation replaces the integrals in the equations described. Note that the chop time widths tc can vary, as too can the position of the signal chop, as can the magnitude of the chop ( FIG. 17A ). In at least one exemplary embodiment, the chopped portions are from removed frequencies that are chosen. For example removing frequency components (e.g., filter applied to a frequency spectrum) not in the verbal range of about 300 Hz to 3000 Hz, this is also encompassed by the term chopping. 
     The total amount of SPL ECR  received over the reference time, Δt ref , can be expressed as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                       
                   
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     Σ i=0   n SPL chop dt i  is the summation of the SPL reduced due to chopping the original SPL ECR (t) at certain positions (e.g., at min and max value positions), for variable durations (e.g., tc of 40 microseconds, 100 microseconds), for various amplitude reductions (e.g., constant or variable % reduction (e.g., 10%), constant or variable dB reduction (e.g., 20 dB)). Thus to calculate SPL Dose total one can recalculate SPL total  after each chop reduction, and update SPL Dose ( FIG. 17B ). Thus the SPL Dose can oscillate about the SPL Dose threshold, or if more chops (n increases within, Δt ref ) the oscillation of the SPL Dose ( FIG. 17B ) can be about a position lower than SPL Dose threshold. 
     Third Example of Modifying the IEC SPL Levels 
     The third non-limiting example for modifying SPL total  also modifies SPL ECR (t). In this non-limiting example SPL ECR (t) is converted into frequency space (e.g., FFT) for a section of time Δt ref  and certain frequencies not needed are suppressed in frequency space (e.g., any frequency outside the range of 300 Hz-3000 Hz), generating a modified spectral signature of SPL ECR (t), which can then be converted into a temporal signature (e.g., inverse FFT) SPL ECR-mod (t) which will have a lower net SPL value over Δt ref , which in turn can result in options A, B, or C ( FIG. 15I ). 
     Note that the above three examples of modifying the IEC SPL levels are non-limiting examples and other methods can be used. 
     In at least one exemplary embodiment the total SPL_Dose is compared to a threshold value and if the total SPL_Dose is greater than the threshold value then an action parameter can be read from readable memory (e.g., DRAM). The action parameter can be numbers (e.g., binary), words, letters or a combination and can be matched to various actions. For example one action can be to modify the SPL emitted from the ECR as described above. Another action can be to vibrate so that a user knows that the SPL_Dose is exceeding the recommended limit. Another action can be to use visual warnings (e.g., a red light on an earpiece) to indicate exceeded SPL Dose limits or to indicate warnings (e.g., a yellow light) or to indicate acceptable levels (e.g., green lights). Another action that can be taken is to increase the effective NRR of the earpiece. For example if the earpiece has an inflatable bladder system, the bladder can be increased (increased portion of ear canal filled up with bladder), or decreased (deflate partially the bladder) to vary the effective NRR. Another action can be to shut down any ECR generated SPL after a period of time (e.g., 10 seconds). Another action that can be taken is to activate a noise cancellation system to mitigate some of the IEC SPL. 
     At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method of operating an audio device comprising: measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM1 ) for a first acoustic energy received by an ear canal receiver (ECR) operating in ECM mode during the time increment Δt; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM2 ) for a second acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt; and calculating a calibration relationship between intensity of the second acoustic energy with pressure measurements made by the ECM during the time increment Δt. 
     Additional exemplary embodiments can include: measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM ) for a third acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt 1 ; updating SPL ECM  using the calibration relationship to generate SPL ECM-update ; and calculating a SPL_Dose Δt  during the time increment Δt using SPL ECM-update . Then the method can optionally calculate an SPL_Dose total  using SPL_Dose Δt . Then one can optionally compare the total SPL_Dose to a threshold value and if the total SPL_Dose is greater than the threshold value then an action parameter can be read from readable memory. 
     At least one further exemplary embodiment can include: saving a portion, SPL ECMi , of SPL ECM-update  for a sub time increment Δt i  of Δt 1 ; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM4 ) for a fourth acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt 2 , calculating a SPL ECM5  for the time increment Δt 2  using SPL ECMi , where SPL ECM5  is related to a measured value of the SPL generated by the ECR during the time increment Δt 2 ; calculating estimated sound pressure levels (SPL ECR ) for acoustic signals directed to an ear canal receiver (ECR) during the time increment Δt 2 ; calculating an update ECR calibration relationship using SPL ECM5  and SPL ECR ; calculating a new estimated sound pressure levels (SPL ECR-new ), using the updated ECR calibration relationship, for the acoustic signals directed to an ear canal receiver (ECR), during a time increment Δt 2 ; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM6 ) for a fifth acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt 3 ; calculating the sound pressure levels (SPL ECR1 ), using the updated ECR calibration relationship, for the acoustic signals directed to an ear canal receiver (ECR), during the time increment Δt 3 ; and calculating the ambient SPL (SPL ambient ) during the time increment Δt 3  using SPL ECM6  and SPL ECR1 . 
     At least one further exemplary embodiment can include calculating an effective NRR of an earpiece. For example one method can include: removing an earpiece from a user&#39;s ear; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM ) for a first acoustic energy received by an ear canal microphone (ECM) during the time increment Δt; checking whether an ear canal receiver ECR is operating and if operating calculating the sound pressure levels (SPL ECR ), for the acoustic signals directed to the ECR, during the time increment Δt; calculating the removed earpiece&#39;s ambient SPL (SPL ambient1 ) during the time increment Δt using SPL ECM  and SPL ECR ; inserting the earpiece into a user&#39;s ear; measuring sound pressure levels (SPL ECM1 ) for a second acoustic energy received by the ECM during the time increment Δt 1 ; checking whether the ECR is operating and if operating calculating the sound pressure levels (SPL ECR1 ), for the acoustic signals directed to an ear canal receiver (ECR), during the time increment Δt 1 ; calculating the inserted earpiece&#39;s ambient SPL (SPL ambient2 ) during the time increment Δt 1  using SPL ECM1  and SPL ECR1 ; and calculating an NRR for the earpiece using SPL ambient1  and SPL ambient2 . 
     At least one exemplary embodiment can include the action of setting a time limit (e.g., Time_100%) for the present SPL level and turning off the ECR after that period of time. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be used in many platforms that direct and/or attenuate acoustic energy in the ear canal.  FIGS. 18A to 18N  illustrate various non-limiting examples of earpieces that can use methods according to at least one exemplary embodiment, when the various earpieces have an ECR  810  that is solely an ECR or have an ECR  810  that has dual ECR/ECM modes, and/or where such earpieces include an ECM  820 . 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a line diagram of an earpiece  1900  (e.g., earbud) that can use methods according to at least one exemplary embodiment and  FIG. 20  illustrates the earpiece  2000  of  FIG. 19  fitted in an ear canal. Earbuds can be used with many devices such as audio playback devices, PDAs, phones, and other acoustic management devices. The software to implement exemplary embodiments can reside in the earpiece (e.g., hearing aid) or can reside in the acoustic management systems (e.g., iPod™, Blackberry™, and other acoustic management devices as known by one of ordinary skill in the relevant arts). 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all modifications, equivalent structures and functions of the relevant exemplary embodiments. For example, although specific numbers may be quoted in the claims, it is intended that a number close to the one stated is also within the intended scope, i.e., any stated number (e.g., 80 dB) should be interpreted to be “about” the value of the stated number (e.g., about 80 dB). Thus, the description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention.