Patent Publication Number: US-2022233924-A1

Title: Golf club head with l-shaped faceplate and dynamic lofting features

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE PRIORITIES 
     This claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/282,577, filed Nov. 23, 2021; U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/263,936, filed Nov. 11, 2021; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/140,741, filed Jan. 22, 2021. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to golf clubs and, more particularly, relates to golf club heads having features for increased energy transfer and golf clubs having laser welded faces. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In golf, the way a club head flexes and bends at the point of impact affects the launch characteristics of the golf ball being struck. The overall amount of flexure of the faceplate and/or other portions of the club head influences the amount of energy transferred from the club head to the ball and influences the ball speed at impact. The amount of a club&#39;s rearward bend at the point of impact with a golf ball (hereafter “dynamic lofting”) further influences ball speed as well as the launch angle of the ball at impact. The dynamic loft of a golf club is measured as the amount of loft on the face of the club at the point of impact relative to a ground plane. Additional bending, or dynamic lofting, of a club head can increase the amount of spring energy stored by the golf club. The increased transfer of spring energy back to the golf ball can increase the ball speed off the face for improved club performance. Thus, there is a need in the art for a golf club with improved flexure and dynamic lofting characteristics. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To facilitate further description of the embodiments, the following drawings are provided in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a toe-side perspective view of a golf club head comprising an L-shaped faceplate according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates a toe-side view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates a top view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2C  illustrates a sole view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2D  illustrates a heel-side view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exploded view of the faceplate and rear body of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a toe-side cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a front view of the golf club of  FIG. 1  with the faceplate removed. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a front view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a sole view of the golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a toe-side perspective view of a golf club head comprising an L-shaped faceplate according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an exploded view of the faceplate and rear body of the golf club head of  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a toe-side cross sectional view of a golf club head with an L-shaped faceplate and an angled weight pad. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a zoomed-in view of  FIG. 10 , focusing on the sole return and the angled weight pad. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a toe-side cross sectional view of a golf club head with an L-shaped faceplate and a weight pad with an extension. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a zoomed-in view of  FIG. 12 , focusing on the sole return and the weight pad with an extension. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a toe-side cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 12 , highlighting the rear wall angle. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a toe-side cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 12 , highlighting the upper interior undercut and the lower interior undercut. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a rear perspective view of a golf club head comprising a rear exterior cavity. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a rear view of a golf club head comprising dynamic lofting features. 
         FIG. 18A  illustrates a toe-side cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 18B  illustrates a zoomed in toe-side cross-sectional perspective view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17 , focusing on the flexure hinge. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a front-cross sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17 , highlighting the bending notch. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a toe-side perspective view of a golf club head comprising a toe port. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a toe-side cross-sectional view of a golf club head comprising a filled interior cavity. 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     The various embodiments of the golf club head described herein can be iron-type golf clubs or crossover-type golf clubs comprising an L-shaped faceplate, sole ledge, and undercut to achieve maximum faceplate flexure, resulting in high ball speeds. The golf club head comprises a rear body and an L-shaped faceplate coupled together to enclose a hollow interior cavity and can further include a rear portion configured for dynamic loft at impact. The L-shaped faceplate comprises a high-strength material that replaces areas of the club head that would otherwise be formed of lower-strength rear body material, allowing said areas to be thinned without losing structural integrity. The thinning provides a club head with an increased ability to flex, leading to higher ball speeds. An internal weight pad allows mass to be positioned lower in the golf club head. The internal weight pad overhangs the sole return and forms an undercut that prevents the faceplate from contacting the internal weight pad. The sole ledge provides a buffer region between the L-shaped faceplate and the rear body and prevents the internal weight pad from interfering in the flexure of the L-shaped faceplate. 
     The club head can further comprise various features that contribute to dynamic lofting at impact. For example, an internal surface of the rear portion can have a bending notch, or cut-out portion located near the toe end of the club head. Likewise, a rear wall of the rear body can have a flexure hinge, which is a recessed groove on the rear wall. 
     which extends from a heel end of the club head to a toe end of the club head. The increased dynamic lofting of the club head achieved through said dynamic lofting features leads to increased launch angle and ball speeds at impact. 
     The various L-shaped faceplate geometries described herein including a sole return, a toe extension, a top rail extension, or any combination thereof can be combined with any of the various rear body features or geometries described herein including a sole ledge, an angled weight pad, a weight pad comprising an extension, a heel mass and/or toes mass, a lower interior undercut, an upper interior undercut, a rear exterior cavity, an external flexure hinge, an internal bending notch, an internal welding rib, or any combination thereof. 
     For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention. The same reference numerals in different figures denote the same elements. 
     The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms “include,” and “have,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, device, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, system, article, device, or apparatus. 
     The terms “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the invention described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. 
     The terms “couple,” “coupled,” “couples,” “coupling,” and the like should be broadly understood and refer to connecting two or more elements or signals, electrically, mechanically and/or otherwise. 
     The term “strike face,” as used herein, refers to a club head front surface that is configured to strike a golf ball. The term strike face can be used interchangeably with the “face.” 
     The term “strike face perimeter,” as used herein, can refer to an edge of the strike face. The strike face perimeter can be located along an outer edge of the strike face where the curvature deviates from a bulge and/or roll of the strike face. 
     The term “geometric centerpoint,” as used herein, can refer to a geometric centerpoint of the strike face perimeter, and at a midpoint of the face height of the strike face. In the same or other examples, the geometric centerpoint also can be centered with respect to an engineered impact zone, which can be defined by a region of grooves on the strike face. As another approach, the geometric centerpoint of the strike face can be located in accordance with the definition of a golf governing body such as the United States Golf Association (USGA). For example, the geometric centerpoint of the strike face can be determined in accordance with Section 6.1 of the USGA&#39;s Procedure for Measuring the Flexibility of a Golf Clubhead (USGA-TPX3004, Rev. 1.0.0, May 1, 2008) (available at http://www.usga.org/equipment/testing/protocols/Procedure-For-Measuring-The-Flexibility-Of-A-Golf-Club-Head/) (the “Flexibility Procedure”). 
     The term “ground plane,” as used herein, can refer to a reference plane associated with the surface on which a golf ball is placed. The ground plane can be a horizontal plane tangent to the sole at an address position. 
     The term “loft plane,” as used herein, can refer to a reference plane that is tangent to the geometric centerpoint of the strike face. 
     The term “loft angle,” as used herein, can refer to an angle measured between the ground plane and the loft plane. 
     The term “effective depth” as used herein, can refer to the depth of the sole return that does not contact a portion of the rear body. In some embodiments, the effective depth is the depth of the sole return that is unhindered by the weight pad. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the hollow body club head  100  comprising an L-shaped faceplate  150  and dynamic lofting features comprises a front end  102 , a rear end  104 , a heel end  106 , a toe end  108 , a top rail  110 , and a sole  112 . The L-shaped faceplate  150  comprises a strike face  116  at the front end  102 , with a loft plane  101  extending along the strike face  116 . 
     The top rail  110 , heel end  106 , toe end  108 , and sole  112  extend rearward from the strike face perimeter  163  and form the periphery of the club head  100 . Referring to  FIGS. 2A-2D , the club head peripheries are defined by the surfaces of the club head  100  that are located off of the strike face  116 , between the front end  102  and the rear end  104 . The boundary between the periphery and the club head  100  occurs at the point along the strike face perimeter  163  where the strike face  116  deviates from being substantially flat. Referring to  FIG. 2A , the club head  100  defines a toe side periphery  124  extending along the toe end  108  between the front end  102  and the rear end  104  and between the sole  112  and the top rail  110 . Referring to  FIG. 2B , the club head  100  further defines a top rail periphery  126  extending along the top rail  110  between the front end  102  and the rear end  104  and between the heel end  106  and the toe end  108 . Referring to  FIG. 2C , the club head  100  further defines a sole periphery  128  extending along the sole  112  between the front end  102  and the rear end  104  and between the heel end  106  and the toe end  108 . Referring to  FIG. 2D , the club head  100  further defines a heel side periphery  122  extending along the heel end  106  between the front end  102  and the rear end  104  and between the sole  112  and the top rail  110 . 
     I. L-shaped Faceplate 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the club head  100  comprises a faceplate  150  coupled to a rear body  130  at the front end  102  of the club head  100 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , the faceplate  150  forms an “L-shape” comprising a strike face portion  152  extending along the loft plane  101 . In many embodiments, the L-shaped faceplate  150  further comprises a strike face perimeter  163  extending to the club head peripheries  122 ,  124 ,  126 ,  128 , and a sole return  154  extending rearward from the strike face portion  152  and forming a portion of the sole  112 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The geometry and arrangement of the faceplate  150  allows the faceplate  150  and portions of the rear body  130  to be thinned without sacrificing structural integrity, such that the faceplate  150  provides a club head  100  with increased faceplate flexure and ball speed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the club head  100  comprises a hollow body construction formed by an L-shaped faceplate  150  coupled to a rear body  130 , enclosing a hollow interior cavity  114 . The rear body  130  comprises a top rail portion  132 , a sole portion  138 , a heel portion  134 , a toe portion  136 , a hosel structure  142 , and a rear wall  140 . The rear wall  140  extends upward from the sole portion  138  to the top rail portion  132  and encloses the rear end  104  of the club head  100 . The rear body  130  further defines a rear body opening  144  proximate the front end  102  of the club head  100 . The rear body opening  144  is defined between the top rail portion  132 , the heel portion  134 , the toe portion  136 , and the sole portion  138  of the rear body  130 . Referring to  FIG. 5 , a plurality of welding surfaces  146  extend around a perimeter of the rear body opening  144 . The welding surfaces  146  are formed by forwardmost edges of the rear body top rail portion  132 , heel portion  134 , toe portion  136 , and sole portion  138 . The welding surfaces  146  provide an interface for the faceplate  150  and the rear body  130  to be coupled together. In many embodiments the welding surfaces  146  can be a substantially flat surface configured to receive the faceplate  150  thereon. 
     The rear body  130  further comprises a plurality of weighting features designed to lower the center of gravity (CG) of the club head  100 . Referring to  FIG. 10 , the rear body  130  can comprise a weight pad  1000  located in a low and rearward position of the interior cavity  114 . The weight pad  1000  is integrally formed with both the rear body sole portion  138  and the rear wall  140 . The weight pad  1000  can have a low profile and can concentrate a large amount of mass low in the club head  100 . The weight pad  1000  extends a majority of the distance between the heel portion  134  and the toe portion  136  of the rear body  130 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the rear body  130  can further comprise a heel mass  147  and a toe mass  149  located within the lower heel and lower toe areas of the interior cavity  114 , respectively. The heel mass  147  and the toe mass  149  serve to increase the perimeter weight of the club head  100 , thereby increasing the club head moment of inertia in the heel-to-toe direction. The heel mass  147  can be integrally formed with the rear body sole portion  138 , the heel portion  134 , and the rear wall  140 . The toe mass  149  can be integrally formed with the rear body sole portion  138 , the toe portion  136 , and the rear wall  140 . In many embodiments, the heel and toe mass  149  can each be integral with the weight pad  1000 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The placement of the heel mass  147  and the toe mass  149  in the low, rearward heel and toe portions of the interior cavity  114  provides a lower CG position and increased heel-to-toe moment of inertia, in comparison to a club head devoid of a heel mass and/or toe mass. The placement of the heel mass  147  and the toe mass  149  improves these club head characteristics without interfering with the flexure of the L-shaped faceplate  150   
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , the rear body  130  further defines a sole ledge  148  on the sole portion  138 . The sole ledge  148  can be combined with any faceplate geometry described above or below including the sole return  154 , a top rail extension  170 , a toe extension  168 , or any combination thereof. The sole ledge  148  is formed integrally with the rear body  130  and is located immediately forward of the weight pad  1000 . The sole ledge  148  protrudes forward from the weight pad  1000  and extends from near the heel end  106  to near the toe end  108 , along the extent of the weight pad  1000 . The sole ledge  148  comprises a sole ledge front surface  151 , which is the forwardmost surface of the sole ledge  148 . The sole ledge front surface  151  forms the welding surfaces  146  along the sole  112  and provides a surface to easily attach the sole return  154  to the rear body sole portion  138 . Specifically, the sole ledge front surface  151  contacts a sole perimeter edge  166  of the faceplate  150 , as discussed in further detail below. In many embodiments, the sole perimeter edge  166  is the only portion of the sole return  154  that contacts the rear body  130 . The sole ledge  148  forms a section of the sole  112  and separates the sole return  154  from the weight pad  1000 . 
     The sole ledge  148  forms a relatively small section of the sole  112 . Referring to  FIG. 11 , the sole ledge  148  defines a sole ledge depth  153  measured from the weight pad front wall  1010  to the faceplate sole perimeter edge  166 . In some embodiments, the sole ledge depth  153  varies in a heel to toe direction. In other embodiments, the sole ledge depth  153  is constant in a heel to toe direction. The sole ledge depth  153  can be between 0.01 inch to 0.20 inch. In some embodiments, the sole ledge depth  153  is between 0.01 inch to 0.05 inch, 0.03 inch to 0.07 inch, 0.05 inch to 0.10 inch, 0.07 inch to 0.10 inch, 0.09 inch to 0.12 inch, 0.10 inch to 0.15 inch, 0.13 inch to 0.17 inch, 0.15 inch to 0.20 inch, or 0.17 inch to 0.20 inch. In some embodiments, the sole ledge depth  153  is approximately 0.01 inch, 0.02 inch, 0.03 inch, 0.04 inch, 0.05 inch, 0.06 inch, 0.07 inch, 0.08 inch, 0.09 inch, 0.10 inch, 0.11 inch, 0.12 inch, 0.13 inch, 0.14 inch, 0.15 inch, 0.16 inch, 0.17 inch, 0.18 inch, 0.19 inch, or 0.20 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the sole ledge depth  153  is 0.09 inch. The sole ledge depth  153  is large enough to move the faceplate  150  away from the weight pad  1000 , while maximizing the sole return depth  158 . The sole ledge depth  153  is selected to maximize the flexure of the faceplate  150 . As discussed above, maximizing the flexure of the faceplate  150  transfers more energy to the golf ball, producing faster ball speeds. Therefore, the sole ledge depth  153  is selected to maximize the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     As discussed in further detail below, to maximize flexure, the sole return depth  158  is maximized. Therefore, the sole ledge depth  153  is selected to maximize the sole return depth  158  while providing sufficient distance between the sole return  154  and the weight pad  1000 . In this way, the weight pad  1000  does not contact the sole return  154 . If the club head  100  were devoid of a sole ledge  148 , the weight pad  1000  would contact the sole return  154 , and the sole return depth  158  would effectively be shortened, reducing the flexure of the faceplate  150 . To further maximize the flexure of the faceplate  150 , the sole ledge  148  comprises a thickness that is identical or substantially similar to the thickness of the sole return  154 , as discussed in greater detail below. 
     The club head  100  comprising the sole ledge  148  further provides manufacturing advantages over a club head devoid of a sole ledge. The sole ledge  148  requires only a single surface (the sole perimeter edge  166 ) of the sole return  154  to contact the rear body  130 . Some golf club heads devoid of a sole ledge require that multiple surfaces of the sole return contact the rear body. For example, some golf club heads require that the sole perimeter edge and a portion of the interior surface both contact the rear body. Each surface of the sole return  154  that contacts the rear body  130  must be prepared, and preparing additional surfaces increases the cost of manufacturing. Therefore, the sole ledge  148  reduces manufacturing costs by requiring only a single surface of the sole return  154  to be prepared. 
     Further, the sole ledge  148  provides a simple receiving geometry for the sole return  154 . More specifically, the sole return  154  requires only a single surface of the sole return  154  to be aligned with a single surface of the rear body  130 . Some golf club heads devoid of a sole ledge provide a more complicated receiving geometry where multiple surfaces of the sole return must align with multiple surfaces of the rear body. Each additional surface lowers the margin of error allowed when aligning the sole return  154  with the rear body  130 . The lower margin of error requires that the sole ledge  148  is formed within tighter tolerances, which can increase cost and the difficulty in manufacturing the faceplate  150 . Therefore, the club head  100  comprising the sole ledge  148  is easier and cheaper to manufacture than a golf club devoid of a sole ledge. The sole ledge  148  provides further advantages to the club head  100 . 
     The sole ledge  148  defines a buffer region between the sole return  154  and the weight pad  1000 . As discussed above, the sole return  154  only contacts the rear body  130  at the sole ledge front surface  151 . In some golf club heads devoid of a sole ledge, the rear body overlaps the sole return such that multiple surfaces of the sole return contact the rear body. For example, in some golf club heads devoid of a sole ledge, the sole return extends into a weight pad such that the weight pad overlapped the rearmost portion of the sole return. Each additional surface that contacts or covers the sole return  154  can inhibit bending as the effective depth of the sole return  154  is decreased. In such embodiments, less energy is stored in the collision and released back into the golf ball, leading to decreased ball speed in comparison to a club head comprising a sole ledge  148 . 
     In the embodiments described herein, the sole ledge  148  projects from the weight pad front wall  1010  such that the sole ledge  148  blocks the sole return  154  from contacting the weight pad  1000 . The sole ledge front surface  151  is the only portion of the rear body  130  that contacts the faceplate sole perimeter edge  166 . The sole return interior surface  161  does not contact any portion of the weight pad  1000 , and even more specifically, the sole return interior surface  161  does not contact the weight pad front wall  1010 . Instead, a smooth transition is defined from the sole ledge  148  to the sole return  154 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the club head  100  comprises an L-shaped faceplate  150  configured for maximum flexure that increases ball speed. The L-shaped faceplate  150  is coupled to the rear body  130  at the welding surfaces  146 , covering the rear body opening  144  and enclosing the hollow interior cavity  114 . The faceplate  150  can be formed from a different material than the material of the rear body  130 . The faceplate  150  can comprise a material with a greater strength than the rear body material. 
     In many embodiments, the rear body material is a material that can easily be cast into the complex geometries necessary for forming the rear body  130 . In many embodiments, the rear body material is a stainless steel, such as 17-4 stainless steel. In other embodiments, the rear body material can be a steel or stainless steel alloy such as 15-5 stainless steel, 431 stainless steel, 4140 steel, 4340 steel, or any other material suitable of being cast into the complex geometries of the rear body  130 . 
     In many embodiments, the yield strength of the rear body material can range between approximately 60 ksi and approximately 140 ksi. In some embodiments, the yield strength of the rear body material can be between 60 ksi and 70 ksi, 70 ksi and 80 ksi, 80 ksi and 90 ksi, 90 ksi and 100 ksi, 100 ksi and 110 ksi, 110 ksi and 120 ksi, 120 ksi and 130 ksi, or 130 ksi and 140 ksi. In some embodiments, the yield strength of the rear body material can be greater than 60 ksi, greater than 70 ksi, greater than 80 ksi, greater than 90 ksi, greater than 100 ksi, greater than 110 ksi, greater than 120 ksi, or greater than 130 ksi. 
     The faceplate material can be a higher strength material than the rear body material. In many embodiments, the faceplate material can be a maraging steel such as C300. In other embodiments, the faceplate material can be a high-strength steel or steel alloy, C250, C350, AerMet® 100, AerMet® 310, AerMet® 340, HSR300, K300 or any other high-strength material suitable of being formed into an L-shaped faceplate. 
     In many embodiments, the yield strength of the faceplate material can range between approximately 220 ksi and approximately 300 ksi. In some embodiments, the yield strength of the faceplate material can be between 220 ksi and 230 ksi, 230 ksi and 240 ksi, 240 ksi and 250 ksi, 250 ksi and 260 ksi, 260 ksi and 270 ksi, 270 ksi and 280 ksi, 280 ksi and 290 ksi, or 290 ksi and 300 ksi. In some embodiments, the yield strength of the rear body material can be greater than 220 ksi, greater than 230 ksi, greater than 240 ksi, greater than 250 ksi, greater than 260 ksi, greater than 270 ksi, greater than 280 ksi, or greater than 290 ksi. 
     In many embodiments, elastic modulus of the faceplate material can be substantially the same as the elastic modulus of the rear body material. This means that while the faceplate material is stronger than the rear body material, the faceplate material and the rear body material comprise similar flexibility. Increased flexure in the club head  100  can be achieved by replacing the low-strength rear body material with the higher strength faceplate material having a similar elastic modulus. This allows the portions of the rear body  130  replaced by the faceplate material to be thinned without sacrificing the flexibility of the material or the structural integrity in said portions. 
     In many embodiments, the elastic modulus of the faceplate material can range between 170 GPa to 220 GPa. In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the faceplate material can be between 170 GPa and 180 GPa, between 180 GPa and 190 GPa, between 180 GPa and 190 GPa, between 190 GPa and 200 GPa, between 200 GPa and 210 GPa, or between GPa 210 and 220 GPa. In many embodiments, the elastic modulus of the faceplate material can be greater than 170 GPa, greater than 175 GPa, greater than 180 GPa, greater than 185 GPa, greater than 190 GPa, greater than 195 GPa, greater than 200 GPa, greater than 205 GPa, greater than 210 GPa, greater than 215 GPa, or greater than 220 GPa, The combination of a high yield strength and a high modulus of elasticity provides the faceplate material with the ability to thin portions of the club head  100  and increase flexibility without sacrificing structural integrity. 
     As mentioned above, the L-shaped faceplate  150  comprises a strike face portion  152  extending along the loft plane  101  from the sole  112  to the top rail  110  and a sole return  154  forming a portion of the sole  112 . The L-shaped faceplate  150  forming a sole return  154  can be combined with any rear body  130  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  156 , an angled weight pad  1000 , a weight pad  2000  comprising an extension  2050 , a heel mass  147  and/or toes mass  149 , a lower interior undercut  190 , an upper interior undercut  195 , a rear exterior cavity  198 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  179 , or any combination thereof. 
     The sole return  154  extends rearward from the leading edge  118 . As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the faceplate  150  forms an “L” shape when viewed from a side cross-section, wherein the L-shaped faceplate  150  wraps over the leading edge  118  to the sole  112 . The leading edge  118  forms an “elbow” of the L shape. The leading edge  118  serves as a junction or transition between the strike face portion  152  and the sole return  154  of the L-shaped faceplate  150 . 
     The sole return  154  allows the L-shaped faceplate  150  to flex greater than a similar faceplate devoid of a sole return  154 . The inclusion of the sole return  154  replaces portions of the sole  112  that would otherwise be formed by the rear body  130  with faceplate material. In many embodiments, the faceplate  150  material comprises a higher yield strength than the rear body material, while retaining a similar elastic modulus as the rear body material. Portions of the rear body sole portion  138  that are replaced by the sole return  154  can be thinned without sacrificing structural integrity. This allows for more flexure than if the sole  112  were constructed entirely from the rear body material. The additional flexure associated with the inclusion of the sole return maximizes energy transfer between the strike face  116  and the golf ball at impact, resulting in a club head  100  with increased ball speed. 
     The inclusion of the sole return  154  further allows for increased flexure in the club head  100  by allowing the sole  112  and the faceplate  150  to be thinned without sacrificing structural integrity. In some golf clubs, structural failure commonly occurs along high stress areas located at the leading edge or portions of the sole proximate the strike face. In some golf clubs, the sole is constructed of a relatively low-strength cast material, so the thickness of portions of the sole and/or the strike face must be increased to provide the necessary structural integrity in the high stress areas. The sole return  154  replaces lower-strength rear body material with higher-strength faceplate material at high stress areas. Placing high strength faceplate material in peak stress regions (such as on the sole proximate the leading edge  118 ) allows the strike face  116  and the sole  112  each to be thinned without sacrificing durability. The additional thinning of the strike face  116  and the sole  112  produces additional flexure of the club head  100  at impact, leading to increased ball speeds over a similar club head comprising a sole with a faceplate devoid of the sole return. 
     In many embodiments, the inclusion of the sole return  154  allows the strike face  116  to be thinned, increasing the amount the strike face  116  can flex. In many embodiments, the strike face  116  comprises a face thickness that varies in different areas of the strike face  116 . In many embodiments, the strike face  116  comprises a thickened region  172  near the center of the strike face  116 , as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The thickened region  172  comprises a maximum thickness of the strike face  116 . Areas of the strike face  116  located away from the thickened region  172  and closer to the perimeter of the strike face  116  can comprise a minimum thickness of the strike face  116 . In many embodiments, the maximum thickness of the strike face  116  can range from approximately 0.085 inch to approximately 0.100 inch. In some embodiments, the maximum thickness of the strike face  116  can be between 0.085 inch and 0.0875 inch, between 0.085 inch and 0.090 inch, between 0.085 inch and 0.0925 inch, or between 0.085 inch and 0.095 inch. In many embodiments, the minimum thickness of the strike face  116  can range from approximately 0.060 inch to approximately 0.075 inch. In some embodiments, the minimum thickness of the strike face  116  can be between 0.060 inch and 0.0625 inch, between 0.060 inch and 0.065 inch, between 0.060 inch and 0.0675 inch, between 0.060 inch and 0.070 inch, or between 0.060 inch and 0.0725 inch. The thickness of the different portions of the strike face  116  can be selected to maximize the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     The inclusion of the sole return  154  allows the strike face  116  to be uniformly thinned without sacrificing durability. The inclusion of the sole return  154  can allow the strike face  116  to be thinned (with respect to a similar club head devoid of a sole return by greater than 0.001 inch, greater than 0.0025 inch, greater than 0.005 inch, greater than 0.0075 inch, greater than 0.010 inch, greater than 0.0125 inch, greater than 0.0150 inch, greater than 0.0175 inch, or greater than 0.020 inch. As discussed above, thinning the strike face  116  can increase the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     Similarly, in many embodiments, the inclusion of the sole return  154  allows portions of the sole  112  near the leading edge  118  to be thinned, increasing the amount the faceplate  150  and sole  112  can flex. In many embodiments, the thickness of the sole return  154  can range from approximately 0.035 inch to approximately 0.060 inch. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sole return  154  can be between 0.035 inch and 0.045 inch, between 0.040 inch and 0.050 inch, between 0.045 inch and 0.055 inch, or between 0.050 inch and 0.060 inch. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sole return  154  can be between 0.035 inch and 0.040 inch, between 0.035 inch and 0.045 inch, between 0.035 inch and 0.050 inch, between 0.035 inch and 0.055 inch, or between 0.035 inch and 0.060 inch. The thickness of the sole return  154  is selected to maximize the flexure of the faceplate  150 , while providing structural integrity to the leading edge  118 . 
     The inclusion of the sole return  154  allows the portion of the sole  112  proximate the leading edge  118  (i.e., where the sole return is located) to be thinner than that of a similar club head devoid of a sole return by greater than approximately 0.001 inch, greater than 0.0025 inch, greater than 0.005 inch, greater than 0.0075 inch, greater than 0.010 inch, greater than 0.0125 inch, greater than 0.0150 inch, greater than 0.0175 inch, or greater than 0.020 inch. The thin construction of the leading edge  118  promotes bending to increase the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     The inclusion of the sole return  154  further allows the sole ledge  148 , which is rearward of the sole return  154  and forward of the weight pad  1000  to be thinned without sacrificing structural integrity. In many embodiments, the sole ledge  148  comprises a thickness that is identical or substantially similar to the thickness of the sole return  154 , as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . The sole ledge thickness is similar to the sole return thickness to increase the flexibility of the sole return  154 . By providing a substantially thin sole ledge  148 , the sole return  154  and the sole ledge  148  combine to form a continuous, thin sole portion of a substantially constant thickness. Although the sole ledge  148  is formed of the lower-strength rear body material, the sole ledge  148  can be equally as thin as the higher-strength sole return  154 , because the sole ledge  148  is located further rearward of the peak stresses occurring at the leading edge  118 . Further, the similarity in the elastic moduli of the rear body material forming the sole ledge  148  and the faceplate material forming the sole return  154  allows the thin sole portion to bend without breaking. 
     In many embodiments, similar to the thickness of the sole return  154 , the thickness of the sole ledge  148  can range from approximately 0.035 inch to approximately 0.060 inch. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sole ledge  148  can be between 0.035 inch and 0.045 inch, between 0.040 inch and 0.050 inch, between 0.045 inch and 0.055 inch, or between 0.050 inch and 0.060 inch. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sole ledge  148  can be between 0.035 inch and 0.040 inch, between 0.035 inch and 0.045 inch, between 0.035 inch and 0.050 inch, between 0.035 inch and 0.055 inch, or between 0.035 inch and 0.060 inch. The similar thickness of the sole ledge  148  and the sole return  154  creates a smooth transition from the rear body  130  to the faceplate  150 . 
     A. L-Shaped Faceplate with Top Rail Extension and Toe Extension 
     In many embodiments, as illustrated by  FIG. 6 , the L-shaped faceplate  150  extends beyond the strike face perimeter  163 . The faceplate  150  can comprise a toe extension  168  and a top rail extension  170 , wherein the edges of the faceplate  150  extend all the way to the club head peripheries  122 ,  124 ,  126 ,  128 . The L-shaped faceplate  150  comprising a toe extension  168  and a top rail extension  170  can be combined with any rear body  130  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  156 , an angled weight pad  1000 , a weight pad  2000  comprising an extension  2050 , a heel mass  147  and/or toes mass  149 , a lower interior undercut  190 , an upper interior undercut  195 , a rear exterior cavity  198 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  179 , or any combination thereof. 
     The L-shaped faceplate  150  comprising a toe extension  168  and a top rail extension  170  forms at least a portion of the top rail  110  and a portion of the toe end  108 . The geometry of the L-shaped faceplate  150  can be defined by a plurality of edges forming a faceplate perimeter. The L-shaped faceplate  150  can comprise a top perimeter edge  160 , a heel side perimeter edge  162 , a toe side perimeter edge  164 , and a sole perimeter edge  166 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 4 , via the top rail extension  170 , the faceplate  150  extends to the top rail periphery  126 , and the top perimeter edge  160  is located on the top rail  110 . Similarly, via the toe extension  168 , the faceplate  150  extends to the toe side periphery  124 , and the toe side perimeter edge  164  is located on the toe end  108 . Via the sole return  154 , the faceplate  150  extends all the way to the sole periphery  128 , and the sole perimeter edge  166  is located on the sole  112 . The faceplate  150  forms at least a portion of the top rail  110 , at least a portion of the toe end  108 , and at least a portion of the sole  112 . As such, the top perimeter edge  160 , the toe side perimeter edge  164 , and the sole perimeter edge  166  are all located on the club head peripheries  122 ,  124 ,  128  and are located away the strike face  116 . The heel side perimeter edge  162  is located on the front end  102  of the club head  100  and serves as a boundary of the strike face  116  on the heel end  106 . The heel side perimeter edge  162  separates the hosel structure  142  from the strike face  116 . 
     The perimeter edges of the faceplate  150  provide an interface between the faceplate  150  and the rear body  130 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , the perimeter edges of the faceplate  150  are welded to the welding surfaces  146  of the rear body  130 , coupling the faceplate  150  to the rear body  130 . A plurality of weld lines are defined between the faceplate  150  and the rear body  130  at the interface between the faceplate perimeter edges and the rear body welding surfaces  146 . In many embodiments, the faceplate  150  and the rear body  130  are welded together via a laser welding process. 
     In many embodiments, the perimeter edges of the faceplate  150 , specifically the top perimeter edge  160 , the toe side perimeter edge  164 , the top rail extension  170  and the toe extension  168 , and the sole perimeter edge  166 , can each comprise a bevel or chamfer, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The bevels and/or chamfers of the toe extension  168  and top rail extension  170  provides a smooth transition from the strike face  116  to the toe side periphery  124 , and the top rail periphery  126 , respectively. For example, the toe extension  168  forms a bevel at the transition between the strike face  116  and the toe end  108 , while the top rail extension  170  forms a bevel at the transition between the strike face  116  and the top rail  110 . 
     The geometry of the faceplate  150  and the placement of the faceplate perimeter edges on the club head periphery creates increased flexure in the faceplate  150  by moving the weld line off the strike face  116 . Many prior art hollow body irons comprise a non L-shaped face insert attached to the front surface of the club head to form the hollow interior cavity. In such prior art club heads, the insert is situated internally with respect to the club head peripheries, and every weld line between the face insert and the body is located on the strike face. The weld lines of the prior art clubs contribute to the thickness of the strike face and reduce the flexibility of the faceplate. The additional thickness created by the weld lines reduces the ability of the faceplate to flex. In contrast, the L-shaped faceplate  150  comprising a sole return  154 , a toe extension  168 , and a top rail extension  170  does not form any weld lines on the strike face  116 . Instead, the weld lines are located on the club head peripheries  122 ,  124 ,  128 . This configuration increases the ability of the faceplate  150  to flex. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , in many embodiments, the L-shaped faceplate  150  does not form a return portion on the top rail  110  or the toe end  108 . The strike face comprises a strike face back surface  156  that is substantially flat proximate the top rail  110  and along the heel end  106 . No portion of the faceplate  150  near the toe end  108  or the top rail  110  extends rearward from the strike face back surface  156  or forms a return. In this way, the faceplate  150  is L-shaped with a straight strike face portion  152  and a sole return  154  near the sole  112 , as opposed to a cup-shaped faceplate comprising return portions on the top and/or toe end of the strike face portion. The various embodiments of the L-shaped faceplate  150  described herein are designed to increase the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     The faceplate  150  comprises a faceplate surface area measured across the faceplate  150  and bounded by the top perimeter edge  160 , the toe side perimeter edge  164 , the heel side perimeter edge  162 , and the leading edge  118 . The faceplate surface area correlates to the spring-like effect of the faceplate  150 . As the faceplate surface area increases, the spring-like effect of the faceplate  150  increases, which increases the flexure of the faceplate  150 . The increased flexing allows the faceplate  150  to transfer more energy to the golf ball, which produces faster ball speeds. 
     In some embodiments, the faceplate surface area is between approximately 3.50 in 2  to approximately 5.00 in 2 . In some embodiments, the faceplate surface area is between 3.50 in 2  to 3.75 in 2 , 3.65 in 2  to 3.90 in 2 , 3.80 in 2  to 4.20 in 2 , 4.00 in 2  to 4.25 in 2 , 4.25 in 2  to 4.50 in 2 , 4.50 in 2  to 4.75 in 2 , or 4.70 in 2  to 5.00 in 2 . In some embodiments, the faceplate surface area is approximately 3.50 in 2 , 3.55 in 2 , 3.60 in 2 , 3.65 in 2 , 3.70 in 2 , 3.75 in 2 , 3.80 in 2 , 3.85 in 2 , 3.90 in 2 , 3.95 in 2 , 4.00 in 2 , 4.05 in 2 , 4.10 in 2 , 4.15 in 2 , 4.20 in 2 , 4.25 in 2 , 4.30 in 2 , 4.35 in 2 , 4.30 in 2 , 4.35 in 2 , 4.40 in 2 , 4.45 in 2 , 4.50 in 2 , 4.55 in 2 , 4.60 in 2 , 4.65 in 2 , 4.70 in 2 , 4.75 in 2 , 4.80 in 2 , 4.85 in 2 , 4.90 in 2 , 4.95 in 2 , or 5.00 in 2 . The faceplate surface area is selected to promote the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     In some embodiments, the faceplate  150  comprising a top rail extension  170  and a toe extension  168  comprises a larger faceplate surface area than a faceplate devoid of these features. In some embodiments, the faceplate surface area is between approximately 5.00 in 2  to approximately 6.00 in 2 . In some embodiments, the faceplate surface area is between 5.00 in 2  to 5.30 in 2 , 5.15 in 2  to 5.25 in 2 , 5.20 in 2  to 5.40 in 2 , 5.35 in 2  to 5.60 in 2 , 5.50 in 2  to 5.70 in 2 , or 5.60 in 2  to 6.00 in 2 . In some embodiments, the faceplate surface area is approximately 5.00 in 2 , 5.05 in 2 , 5.10 in 2 , 5.15 in 2 , 5.20 in 2 , 5.25 in 2 , 5.30 in 2 , 5.35 in 2 , 5.30 in 2 , 5.35 in 2 , 5.40 in 2 , 5.45 in 2 , 5.50 in 2 , 5.55 in 2 , 5.60 in 2 , 5.65 in 2 , 5.70 in 2 , 5.75 in 2 , 5.80 in 2 , 5.85 in 2 , 5.90 in 2 , 5.95 in 2 , or 6.00 in 2 . The surface area of the faceplate  150  is selected to promote the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     In some embodiments, the surface area of the faceplate  150  comprising a top rail extension  170  and a toe extension  168  is between approximately 1.00 in 2  to approximately 3.00 in 2  larger than a faceplate devoid of these features. In some embodiments, the surface area of the faceplate  150  is between 1.00 in 2  to 1.25 in 2 , 1.20 in 2  to 1.50 in 2 , 1.40 in 2  to 1.75 in 2 , 1.50 in 2  to 2.00 in 2 , 1.75 in 2  to 2.25 in 2 , 2.20 in 2  to 2.50 in 2 , 2.40 in 2  to 2.75 in 2 , or 2.50 in 2  to 3.00 in 2  larger than the surface area of the faceplate devoid of a top rail extension and a toe extension. The increased surface area of the faceplate  150  comprising a toe extension  168  and a top rail extension  170  promotes increased flexure in the faceplate  150 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the contour of the sole perimeter edge  166  determines the shape of the sole return  154 . At the sole return  154 , the sole perimeter edge  166  extends rearward along the sole  112  and serves as a boundary between the L-shaped faceplate  150  and the rear body sole portion  138 . The sole return  154  can be complementarily shaped to sit flush against the sole ledge  148 . The contour of the welding surfaces  146  at the rear body sole portion  138  can correspondingly match the contour of the sole perimeter edge  166  on the sole return  154 . The complementary geometry of the sole return  154  and the rear body sole portion  138  creates a continuous sole surface formed without any gaps or slots in between the rear body  130  and the faceplate  150 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in many embodiments, the sole perimeter edge  166  can comprise a rear sole perimeter edge  166   a , a heel-side sole perimeter edge  166   b , and a toe-side sole perimeter edge  166   c . In the embodiment of  FIG. 7 , the heel-side sole perimeter edge  166   b  and the toe-side sole perimeter edge  166   c  can extend rearwardly from the leading edge  118  at an angle, and the rear sole perimeter edge  166   a  can extend between the heel-side sole perimeter edge  166   b  and the toe-side sole perimeter edge  166   c  in a heel-to-toe direction, substantially parallel to the leading edge  118 . 
     In many embodiments, the sole return  154  does not extend rearward from the entire length of the leading edge  118 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the sole return  154  defines a sole return width  157  measured in a heel-to-toe direction. In many embodiments, the sole return width  157  can be less than the length of the leading edge  118 , such that the sole return  154  does not span the entire leading edge  118  or the entire sole  112  in a heel-to-toe direction from the heel-side sole perimeter edge  166   b  to the toe-side sole perimeter edge  166   c . In some embodiments, the sole return width  157  can be tapered such that the width decreases from proximate the leading edge  118  toward the rear sole perimeter edge  166   a . In such embodiments, the sole return  154  can comprise a maximum width proximate the leading edge  118  and a minimum width at the rear sole perimeter edge  166   a . In some embodiments, the sole return  154  may not be tapered and the sole return width  157  can be constant in a front-to-rear direction. 
     In embodiments wherein the sole return  154  is tapered, the rate at which the sole return width  157  tapers can be characterized by a plurality of taper angles β t , β h . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the plurality of taper angles β t , β h  can be measured as exterior angles between the sole perimeter edge  166  and the leading edge  118 . The sole return  154  can comprise a heel-side taper angle β h  measured between the heel-side sole perimeter edge  166   b  and the leading edge  118  and a toe-side taper angle β t  measured between the toe-side sole perimeter edge  166   c  and the leading edge  118 . In many embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  and the toe-side taper angle β t  can be the same or substantially similar. In other embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  and the toe-side taper angle β t  can be different. 
     In many embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  can range between approximately 100 degrees and approximately 160 degrees. In many embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  can be between 100 degrees and 110 degrees, between 110 degrees and 120 degrees, between 120 degrees and 130 degrees, between 130 degrees and 140 degrees, between 140 degrees and 150 degrees, or between 150 degrees and 160 degrees. In many embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  can be between 110 degrees and 130 degrees, between 115 degrees and 135 degrees, between 120 degrees and 140 degrees, between 125 degrees and 145 degrees, between 130 degrees and 150 degrees, or between 140 degrees to 160 degrees. In some embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  can be approximately 120 degrees, 121 degrees, 122 degrees, 123 degrees, 124 degrees, 125 degrees, 126 degrees, 127 degrees, 128 degrees, 129 degrees, 130 degrees, 131 degrees, 132 degrees, 133 degrees, 134 degrees, 135 degrees, 136 degrees, 137 degrees, 138 degrees, 139 degrees, or 140 degrees. In many embodiments, the heel-side taper angle β h  can be similar to the toe-side taper angle β t . 
     In many embodiments, the toe-side taper angle β t  can range between approximately 100 degrees and approximately 160 degrees. In many embodiments, the toe-side taper angle β t  can be between 100 degrees and 110 degrees, between 110 degrees and 120 degrees, between 120 degrees and 130 degrees, between 130 degrees and 140 degrees, between 140 degrees and 150 degrees, or between 150 degrees and 160 degrees. In many embodiments, the toe-side taper angle β t  can be between 110 degrees and 130 degrees, between 115 degrees and 135 degrees, between 120 degrees and 140 degrees, between 125 degrees and 145 degrees, or between 130 degrees and 150 degrees. In some embodiments, the toe-side taper angle can be approximately 120 degrees, 121 degrees, 122 degrees, 123 degrees, 124 degrees, 125 degrees, 126 degrees, 127 degrees, 128 degrees, 129 degrees, 130 degrees, 131 degrees, 132 degrees, 133 degrees, 134 degrees, 135 degrees, 136 degrees, 137 degrees, 138 degrees, 139 degrees, or 140 degrees. 
     The tapered shape of the sole return  154  provides space where the heel mass  147  and the toe mass  149  can concentrate mass within the lower heel areas and lower toe areas without contacting the sole return  154 . The tapering of the sole return  154  provides space for a greater amount of mass to be allocated in the heel mass  147  and the toe mass  149  without contacting the sole return  154 . This configuration allows for maximization of the perimeter weighting of the club head  100  without interfering with the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     In many embodiments, the sole return  154  can comprise a maximum sole return width  157  ranging between approximately 1.5 inches and approximately 3.0 inches. In some embodiments, the maximum sole return width  157  can be between 1.5 inches and 2.5 inches, between 1.75 inches and 2.75 inches, or between 2.0 inches and 3.0 inches. In some embodiments, the maximum sole return width  157  can be between 1.5 inches and 2.0 inches, between 1.5 inches and 2.25 inches, between 1.5 inches and 2.5 inches, between 1.5 inches and 2.75 inches, between 2.0 inches and 2.25 inches, between 2.0 inches and 2.5 inches, between 2.0 inches and 2.75 inches, or between 2.0 inches and 3.0 inches. 
     As discussed above, the sole return  154  further defines a sole return depth  158  measured in a front-to-rear direction from the leading edge  118  to the rear sole perimeter edge  166   c  of the sole return  154 . In many embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 7 , the sole return depth  158  can be substantially constant in a heel-to-toe direction. In other embodiments, the sole return depth  158  can vary from the heel end  106  to the toe end  108 . In some embodiments, the sole return  154  can comprise a maximum sole return depth  158  near a center of the sole return  154  (with respect to a heel-to-toe direction) and a minimum sole return depth  158  near the heel end  106  and/or the toe end  108 . 
     In many embodiments, the sole return  154  can comprise a maximum sole return depth  158  ranging between approximately 0.2 inch and approximately 0.4 inch. In some embodiments, the maximum sole return depth  158  can be between 0.2 inch and 0.4 inch or between 0.3 inch and 0.4 inch. In some embodiments, the maximum sole return depth  158  can be between 0.2 inch and 0.25 inch, between 0.25 inch and 0.275 inch, between 0.275 inch and 0.3 inch, between 0.3 inch and 0.325 inch, between 0.325 inch and 0.35 inch, between 0.35 inch and 0.375 inch, or between 0.375 inch and 0.4 inch. In many embodiments, the maximum sole return depth  158  can be greater than 0.2 inches. In some embodiments, the maximum sole return depth  158  can be greater than 0.2 inch, 0.225 inch, 0.25 inch, 0.275 inch, 0.3 inch, 0.325 inch, 0.35 inch, or 0.375 inch. 
     In many embodiments, the sole return depth  158  can be maximized to the greatest extend of manufacturing capabilities. In many embodiments, the sole return depth  158  must be less than approximately 0.400 inch. In many embodiments, the faceplate  150  is formed by a machining and forming process. In such a process, the sole return length  158  is limited by the forming tool. In many embodiments, the sole return depth  158  is as close to possible to the maximum depth allowed by the forming tool. Maximizing the sole return depth  158  produces the greatest amount of flexure in the club head  100  and provides the greatest increase in ball speed. 
     The flexure of the sole return  154  can depend on the amount of the sole return  154  that is unhindered by other surfaces. For example, the depth  158  along which the sole return  154  is unhindered can be considered an “effective” sole return depth, as the sole return  154  is free to flex along the unhindered effective sole return depth. In some embodiments, where the golf club head  100  comprises a sole ledge  148 , the sole return  154  is unhindered by the weight pad  1000  or any other surface. In these embodiments, the effective sole return depth, and the sole return depth  158  are the same. For example, the club head  100  illustrated in  FIG. 6 , and the club head  200  illustrated in  FIG. 8  each comprise a sole ledge  148 ,  248  making the effective sole return depth equal to the sole return depth  158 . In general, the greater the effective sole return depth, the greater the sole return  154  is able to flex. 
     The sole perimeter edge  166  of the embodiment of  FIG. 7  creates a substantially trapezoidal shape for the sole return  154 . In some embodiments, the sole return  154  can be formed in a variety of different shapes. In many embodiments, the sole return  154  can be substantially rectangular. In other embodiments, from a sole view, the sole return  154  can resemble a parallelogram, a polygon, a semicircle, a semi-ellipse, a triangle, or any other suitable shape. 
     It should be noted that in the configuration of  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the sole return  154  has a significant impact on increasing energy transfer at impact. The sole return  154  replaces a large amount of rear body material with faceplate material and the weld line on the sole  112  is moved a significant distance from the strike face  116  in comparison to a club head devoid of a sole return. This increased flexure has an especially significant effect on maximizing energy transfer on low mis-hits (i.e., shots that are struck below the center of the face, closer to the sole). While similar prior art hollow body irons devoid of sole returns experience a significant loss in ball speed on low mis-hits, the club head  100  comprising the sole return  154  retains a maximum amount of ball speed on low mis-hits, due to the increased energy transfer on low shots. 
     As mentioned above, the L-shaped faceplate  150  can be joined to the rear body  130  via welding the faceplate perimeter edges to the welding surfaces  146  of the rear body  130 . As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the faceplate perimeter edges can be welded flat to the rear body  130  at the welding surfaces  146 , without any overlap between the rear body  130  and the faceplate  150  and without any additional mechanical attachment or retention features. A plurality of weld lines can be formed between the L-shaped faceplate  150  and the rear body  130  at the interface between the faceplate perimeter edges and the rear body welding surfaces  146 . The plurality of weld lines can be formed at an outermost point of the interface between the welding surfaces  146  and the perimeter edge (i.e., on an external surface of the toe, the top rail, and/or the sole). In many embodiments, the plurality of weld lines are located at the club head peripheries  122 ,  124 ,  128  and are located away from the strike face  116 , to promote flexure in the strike face  116 . In many embodiments, the faceplate  150  and the rear body  130  can be welded together via a laser welding process. In alternative embodiments, the faceplate  150  and the rear body  130  can be welded together via plasma welding, electron beam welding, metal inert gas welding, or other welding processes. 
     In alternative embodiments (not shown), the faceplate  150  can optionally form any combination of a top rail return, a toe return, and a sole return. In such embodiments, the top rail return and the toe return can each extend rearward from the strike face back surface  156  and form a significant portion of the top rail  110  or toe end  108 , respectively. In such embodiments, a greater amount of rear body material, particularly that of the top rail portion  132  and the toe portion  136  of the rear body  130 , can be replaced by faceplate material and the weld line along the top rail  110  and the toe end  108  can be moved further from the strike face  116 . Providing a top rail return and/or a toe return can further serve to increase flexure in the club head  100  and provide higher ball speeds. 
     B. L-Shaped Faceplate without Top Rail Extension and Toe Extension 
     In some embodiments, the perimeter of the L-shaped faceplate may be devoid of a toe extension and/or heel extension and may not extend all the way to the club head periphery on the toe end and/or the top rail.  FIGS. 8 and 9  illustrate a second embodiment of a hollow-body iron-type club head  200  comprising an L-shaped faceplate  250  without a toe extension or a top rail extension. The second embodiment of the club head  200  is substantially similar to club head  100 , but for the difference in faceplate shape. Club head  200  can comprise similar features to club head  100 , labeled with a 200 numbering scheme (i.e., club head  200  comprises a rear body  230 , a faceplate  250 , etc.). 
     The L-shaped faceplate  250  of club head  200  is devoid of toe extension and a top rail extension and thus comprises perimeter edges  260 ,  262 ,  264 ,  266  that do not extend to the club head peripheries  222 ,  224 ,  226 . The L-shaped faceplate  250  devoid of a toe extension and a top rail extension can be combined with any rear body  230  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  256 , an angled weight pad  1000 , a weight pad  2000  comprising an extension  2050 , a heel mass  247  and/or toes mass  249 , a lower interior undercut  290 , an upper interior undercut  295 , a rear exterior cavity  298 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  279 , or any combination thereof. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the toe side perimeter edge  264  is located proximate the toe end  208 , but on the strike face  216 . As such, the faceplate  250  does not form a toe extension. Near the toe end  208 , the faceplate  250  is confined to the strike face  216 . The faceplate does not form any portion of the toe end  208 , and the toe side perimeter edge  264  is not located on the toe side periphery  224 . Similarly, the top perimeter edge  260  is located proximate the top rail  210 , but on the strike face  216 . As such, the faceplate  250  does not form a top rail extension. Near the top rail  210 , the faceplate  250  is confined to the strike face  216 . The faceplate  250  does not form any portion of the top rail  210 , and the top perimeter edge  260  is not located on the top rail periphery  226 . 
     Due to the lack of the top rail extension and the toe extension, the rear body  230  of club head  200  forms the entirety of the club head peripheries  222 ,  224 ,  226 , apart from the sole periphery  228 , which comprises the faceplate sole return  254 . Referring to  FIG. 9 , the rear body  230  forms the entire top rail  210 , the entire toe end  208 , and the entire heel end  206  (including the hosel structure). The L-shaped faceplate  250  of club head  200  is confined to the strike face  216 , with the exception of the sole return  254 , which wraps over the leading edge  218  and forms a portion of the sole  212 . 
     Similar to club head  100 , the L-shaped faceplate  250  increases the amount of flexure occurring in the club head  200  at impact, resulting in a higher ball speeds. The sole return  254  replaces portions of the sole  212  that would otherwise be formed by the rear body  230  with high-strength faceplate material. The sole return  254  allows the strike face  216  and the sole  212  to be thinned without sacrificing durability by increasing the strength at high stress regions (i.e., the portion of the sole  212  proximate the leading edge  118 ). The sole return  254  also increases the flexibility of the faceplate  250  by moving the bottom weld line to the sole  212  and off the strike face  216 . The L-shaped faceplate  250  increases energy transfer between the strike face  216  and the golf ball at impact by increasing the flexibility of the faceplate  250 . The club head comprising an L-shaped faceplate  250  produces higher ball speeds in comparison to a similar club head devoid of a similar faceplate. 
     II. Overhanging Weight Pad 
     In many embodiments, the rear body  130  can comprise a weight pad  1000  formed in the interior cavity  114  that overhangs a portion of the sole  112  and/or a portion of the sole return  154 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . A portion of the weight pad  1000  can overhang the sole  112 , without contacting the faceplate  150 , in order to provide a club head  100  with a low CG without sacrificing the flexibility of the L-shaped faceplate  150 . The weight pad  1000  comprises a mass of rear body  130  material extending upward from the sole  112  into the interior cavity  114  and located proximate the rear wall  140 . The weight pad  1000  can be formed integrally with both the rear body sole portion  138  and the rear wall  140 . The weight pad  1000  can serve to locate a greater portion of mass towards the sole  112 , driving the CG position of the club head  100  lower, while allowing space for the faceplate  150  to deflect. The weight pad  1000  can extend from the heel end  106  of the interior cavity  114  to the toe end  108 . The weight pad  1000  can comprise a front wall  1010  facing the front end  102  of the club head  100 , a top wall  1020  facing the top rail  110 , and a transition region  1030  between the front wall  1010  and the top wall  1020 . In many embodiments, the transition region  1030  can be rounded off to provide a smooth transition between the top wall  1020  and the front wall  1010 , as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
     The front wall  1010  of the weight pad  1000  forms a juncture with the sole ledge  148  near the sole  112 . The weight pad  1000  is located rearward of the faceplate  150  and is separated from the faceplate  150  by the sole ledge  148 . The sole ledge depth  153  is selected to provide a buffer region between the weight pad  1000  and the faceplate  150 , while still allowing the weight pad  1000  to overhang the faceplate  150 . 
     As discussed in further detail below, the weight pad  1000  forms a lower interior undercut  190  between a lower and/or forward surface of the weight pad  1000  and the sole  112 . The lower interior undercut  190  allows additional mass to be added to the weight pad  1000  to lower the club head CG position without interfering with the flexure of the faceplate  150 . The lower interior undercut  190  further serves to provide stress relief within thin portions of the sole  112  (i.e., the sole ledge  148  and sole return  154 ), by effectively lengthening said thin portions. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the weight pad front wall  1010  can be angled with respect to the sole  112 . In many embodiments, the weight pad front wall  1010  forms an acute angle α with the sole return interior surface  161  such that a portion of the weight pad  1000  overhangs a portion of the sole return  154 , as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . Due to the angled nature of the weight pad  1000 , the front wall  1010  extends upward from the sole  112  and toward the faceplate  150 . In many embodiments, the transition region  1030  can form a forwardmost portion of the weight pad  1000 , as the transition region  1030  is located at the top of the front wall  1010 . 
     In some embodiments, the angle α between the weight pad front wall  1010  and the sole return interior surface  161  can be between approximately 30 degrees and approximately 80 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle α can be between 30 and 35 degrees, 35 and 40 degrees, 40 and 45 degrees, 45 and 50 degrees, 50 and 55 degrees, 55 and 60 degrees, 60 and 65 degrees, 65 and 70 degrees, 70 and 75 degrees, or 75 and 80 degrees. The angle α can be selected to allow the weight pad  1000  to project substantially forward toward the faceplate  150 . The steeper the angle α, the more forward and lower the weight pad  1000  can protrude, which lowers the CG of the club head  100 . 
     The angled weight pad  1000  provides multiple performance benefits over a weight pad devoid of an angled front wall  1010 . Angling the front wall  1010  allows a portion of the weight pad  1000  to overhang a portion of the sole return  154 . By overhanging the sole return  154 , the weight pad  1000  concentrates a large amount of mass low in the club head  100  without contacting the sole return  154 . This arrangement lowers the club head CG without interfering with the flexure of the faceplate  150 . The combination of a low CG and high flexibility in the club head  100  create performance improvements such as increased ball speed and increased launch angle. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the amount the angled weight pad  1000  overhangs the sole return  154  can be characterized by an overhang distance  1090 . The overhang distance  1090  can be measured as the horizontal distance between the weight pad transition region  1030  and the sole perimeter edge  166 . The greater the overhang distance  1090 , the greater the amount of mass that can be placed low in the club head  100  without contacting the sole return  154 , thus lowering the CG without prohibiting flexure. The overhang distance  1090  can be greater than approximately 0.025 inch, greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, or greater than approximately 0.200 inch. In some embodiments, the overhang distance  1090  can be between 0.025 inch to 0.075 inch, 0.040 inch to 0.060 inch, 0.075 inch to 0.100 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.125 inch, 0.120 inch to 0.175 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.200 inch, or 0.175 inch to 0.300 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the overhang distance  1090  is approximately 0.05 inch. The overhang distance  1090  is selected to allow the faceplate  150  to flex without contacting the weight pad  2000 . 
     The weight pad front wall  1010  is angled forward such that a lower interior undercut  190  can be formed between the angled weight pad front wall  1010  and the sole  112 .  FIG. 11 , the lower interior undercut  190  is defined as the volume underneath the weight pad front wall  1010  and above the sole return  154  and the sole ledge  148 . The lower interior undercut  190  separates the thin sole portion from the weight pad  2000 . Referring to  FIG. 11 , the lower interior undercut  190  can define a lower interior undercut depth  192  and a lower interior undercut height  191 . The lower interior undercut depth  192  is measured as a front-to-rear distance between the weight pad transition region  1030  and the juncture between the front wall  1010  and the sole ledge  148  (which defines a rearmost point of the lower interior undercut). The lower interior undercut height  191  is defined as the vertical distance between the weight pad front wall  1010  and the sole return interior surface  161 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the lower interior undercut depth  192 , measured between the weight pad transition region  1030  and the juncture between the front wall  1010  and the sole ledge  148 , has a range of 0.010 inch to 0.300 inch. For example, the lower interior undercut depth  192  can range from 0.010 inch to 0.030 inch, 0.030 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.050 inch to 0.070 inch, 0.070 inch to 0.090 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.110 inch, 0.110 inch to 0.130 inch, 0.130 inch to 0.150 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.170 inch, 0.170 inch to 0.190 inch, 0.190 inch to 0.210 inch, 0.210 inch to 0.230 inch, 0.230 inch to 0.250 inch, 0.250 inch to 0.270 inch, 0.270 inch to 0.290 inch, or 0.290 inch to 0.300 inch. The lower interior undercut depth  192  can be greater than approximately 0.010 inch, greater than approximately 0.015 inch, greater than approximately 0.020 inch, greater than approximately 0.025 inch greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, or greater than approximately 0.200 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the lower interior undercut depth  192  is approximately 0.140 inch. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 11 , the lower interior undercut height  191 , measured between the front wall  1010  and the sole return interior surface  161 , can range from approximately 0.030 inch to approximately 0.400 inch. For example, the lower interior undercut height  191  can range from 0.030 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.050 inch to 0.070 inch, 0.070 inch to 0.090 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.110 inch, 0.110 to 0.130 inch, 0.130 inch to 0.150 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.170 inch, 0.170 inch to 0.190 inch, 0.190 inch to 0.210 inch, 0.210 to 0.230 inch, 0.230 inch to 0.250 inch, 0.250 inch to 0.270 inch, 0.270 inch to 0.290 inch, 0.290 inch to 0.310 inch, 0.310 to 0.330 inch, 0.330 inch to 0.350 inch, 0.350 inch to 0.370 inch, 0.370 inch to 0.390 inch, or 0.390 inch to 0.400 inch. The lower interior undercut height  191  can be greater than approximately 0.010 inch, greater than approximately 0.015 inch, greater than approximately 0.020 inch, greater than approximately 0.025 inch, greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, greater than approximately 0.200 inch, greater than approximately 0.225 inch, greater than approximately 0.250 inch, greater than approximately 0.275 inch, greater than approximately 0.300 inch, greater than approximately 0.325 inch, greater than approximately 0.350 inch, or greater than approximately 0.375 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the lower interior undercut height  191  is approximately 0.340 inch. 
     The lower interior undercut  190  can be considered as a region of the weight pad  1000  that has been removed, when compared to iron-type golf club heads lacking an undercut. The lower interior undercut  190  allows thin portions of the sole  112  to be extended. The lower interior undercut  190  can allow for a decrease in the peak stress experienced within the thin portions of the sole  112  and an increase in the flexibility of the sole  112 . Rather than behaving as a rigid connection, the lower interior undercut  190  generates stress relief at the face-sole transition by allowing the sole return  154  and the sole ledge  148  to deflect to a greater extent under impact loads. The lower interior undercut&#39;s  190  effective increase in the length of the sole return  154  and/or the sole ledge  148  increases the total surface area over which impact load is distributed, creating a reduction in peak stress within the sole ledge  148  and sole return. The lower interior undercut  190  dually reduces stress concentrations within the sole ledge  148  and the sole return  154  and increases the bending/spring effect of the sole  112 . 
     In another embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , rather than being angled with respect to the sole  112 , the weight pad  2000  forms a weight pad extension  2050  protruding forward from the weight pad  2000  toward the faceplate  150  and overhanging the sole return  154  and the sole ledge  148 . The overhang of the weight pad  2000  over the sole return  154  and sole ledge  148  forms a lower interior undercut  190 , as discussed in further detail below. The weight pad  2000  comprising a weight pad extension  2050  and a lower interior undercut  190  allows a large amount of mass to be positioned low in the club head  100  without interfering with the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the weight pad extension  2050  can protrude from the front wall  2010  of the weight pad  2000  and extend approximately parallel to the sole  112 . The weight pad extension  2050  protrudes forward through the interior cavity  114  toward the strike face back surface  156 . The weight pad extension  2050  comprises a forward edge  2060  defining the forwardmost extent of the weight pad extension  2050 . The weight pad extension  2050  does not make contact with the strike face back surface  156 . The forward edge  2060  of the weight pad extension  2050  is spaced away from the strike face back surface  156  so as not to interfere with the flexure of the faceplate  150  at impact. 
     The spacing between the weight pad extension  2050  and the faceplate  150  can be characterized by a horizontal offset distance  2080  measured between the strike face back surface  156  and the forward edge  2060  of the weight pad extension  2050 . The horizontal offset distance  2080  can be as small as possible while still allowing sufficient space for the strike face  116  to flex at impact. It is desirable for the weight pad extension  2050  to extend as near to the strike face back surface  156  as possible without interfering with the flexure of the faceplate  150 . The smaller the horizontal offset distance  2080  between the strike face back surface  156  and the forward edge  2060  of the weight pad extension  2050 , the greater the amount of mass that can be allocated low in the club head  100 . 
     In many embodiments, the horizontal offset distance  2080  between strike face back surface  156  and the forward edge  2060  of the weight pad extension  2050  can be less than approximately 0.30 inch. In some embodiments, the horizontal offset distance  2080  can be less than approximately 0.275 inch, less than approximately 0.25 inch, less than approximately 0.225 inch, less than approximately 0.20 inch, less than approximately 0.175 inch, less than approximately 0.15 inch, less than approximately 0.125 inch, less than approximately 0.10 inch, less than approximately 0.075 inch, or less than approximately 0.05 inch. The horizontal offset distance  2080  is selected to allow the faceplate  150  to deflect without contacting the weight pad  2000 . 
     As mentioned above, the weight pad extension  2050  overhangs both the sole ledge  148  and the sole return  154 . The overhang of the weight pad extension  2050  creates a lower interior undercut  190  that allows the mass of the weight pad  2000  to be placed low and forward without contacting the sole return  154  or interfering with the flexure of the faceplate  150 . 
     The weight pad extension  2050  overhangs the sole return  154 , allowing the weight pad  2000  to lower the club head CG position without contacting the sole return  154  and prohibiting the faceplate  150  from flexing. The amount of overhang can be characterized by an overhang distance  2090  measured between the weight pad extension forward edge  2060  and the sole perimeter edge  166 . The greater the overhang distance  2090 , the shorter the weight pad  2000  can be without contacting the sole return  154 , thus lowering the CG without prohibiting flexure. The overhang distance  2090  greater than approximately 0.050 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, or greater than approximately 0.200 inch. In some embodiments, the overhang distance  2090  can be between 0.050 inch to 0.075 inch, 0.020 inch to 0.060 inch, 0.075 inch to 0.100 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.125 inch, 0.120 inch to 0.175 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.200 inch, or 0.175 inch to 0.300 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the overhang distance  2090  is approximately 0.250 inch. The overhang distance  2090  is selected to allow the faceplate  150  to deflect without contacting the weight pad  2000 . 
     In many embodiments, as illustrated by  FIG. 13 , the weight pad extension  2050  comprises a lower surface  2070  disposed toward the sole  112 . The weight pad extension lower surface  2070  can be offset vertically from the sole return interior surface  161  such that the weight pad extension  2050  does not contact the sole return  154 . The vertical offset between the weight pad extension lower surface  2070  and the sole return interior surface  161  forms a lower interior undercut  190 . The lower interior undercut  190  is defined as the volume underneath the weight pad extension  2050  and above the sole  112 . The lower interior undercut  190  is bounded by the front wall  2010  of the weight pad  2000 , the lower surface  2070  of the weight pad extension  2050 , the sole return  148 , and the sole return interior surface  161 . The lower interior undercut  190  extends laterally in a heel to toe direction over a heel to toe length of the weight pad  2000 . The weight pad extension  2050  can define a first plane  2065  extending along the forward edge  2060  of the weight pad extension  2050  and intersecting the sole  112 . A lower interior undercut opening can be defined between the weight pad extension  2050  and the sole at the first plane  2065 . The lower interior undercut  190  can define a lower interior undercut depth  192  and a lower interior undercut height  191 . The lower interior undercut depth  192  is measured as a perpendicular distance between the first plane  2065  and the front wall of the weight pad (which defines a rearmost point of the lower interior undercut  190 ). The lower interior undercut height  191  is defined as the vertical distance between the weight pad extension lower surface  2070  and the sole return interior surface  161 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the lower interior undercut depth  192 , between the first plane  2065  and the sole return interior surface  161  can be between approximately 0.010 inch to approximately 0.300 inch. For example, the lower interior undercut depth  192  can range from 0.010 inch to 0.030 inch, 0.030 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.050 inch to 0.070 inch, 0.070 inch to 0.090 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.110 inch, 0.110 inch to 0.130 inch, 0.130 inch to 0.150 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.170 inch, 0.170 inch to 0.190 inch, 0.190 inch to 0.210 inch, 0.210 inch to 0.230 inch, 0.230 inch to 0.250 inch, 0.250 inch to 0.270 inch, 0.270 inch to 0.290 inch, or 0.290 inch to 0.300 inch. The lower interior undercut depth  192  can be greater than approximately 0.010 inch, greater than approximately 0.015 inch, greater than approximately 0.020 inch, greater than approximately 0.025 inch greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, greater than approximately 0.200 inch, greater than approximately 0.225 inch, greater than approximately 0.250 inch, or greater than approximately 0.275 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the lower interior undercut depth  192  is approximately 0.140 inch. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 13 , the lower interior undercut height  191 , measured between the weight pad extension lower surface  2070  and the sole return interior surface  161 , can range from approximately 0.030 inch to approximately 0.200 inch. For example, the lower interior undercut height  191  can range from 0.030 inch to 0.040 inch, 0.040 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.050 inch to 0.060 inch, 0.060 inch to 0.070 inch, 0.070 inch to 0.080 inch, 0.080 inch to 0.090 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.100 inch, 0.100 inch to 0.110 inch, 0.110 to 0.120 inch, 0.120 inch to 0.130 inch, 0.130 inch to 0.140 inch, 0.140 inch to 0.150 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.160 inch, 0.160 inch to 0.170 inch, 0.170 inch to 0.180 inch, 0.180 inch to 0.190 inch, or 0.190 inch to 0.200 inch. The lower interior undercut height  191  can be greater than approximately 0.010 inch, greater than approximately 0.015 inch, greater than approximately 0.020 inch, greater than approximately 0.025 inch, greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, or greater than approximately 0.175 inch. 
     The overhanging weight pads  1000 ,  2000  described above can be combined with any of the various L-shaped faceplate  150  geometries described above including a sole return  154 , a toe extension  168 , a top rail extension  170 , or any combination thereof. The overhanging weight pads  1000 ,  2000  described above can also be combined with rear body  130  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  156 , a heel mass  147  and/or toe mass  149 , a lower interior undercut  190 , an upper interior undercut  195 , a rear exterior cavity  198 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  179 , or any combination thereof. Similarly, the lower interior undercut  190  can be combined with any faceplate  150  geometry described above, any rear body  130  geometry or feature described above or below, or any combination thereof. 
     III. Rear Wall with Rear Exterior Cavity 
     In many embodiments, the rear wall  140  of the club head  100  comprises a geometry that forms a rear exterior cavity  198 . In some embodiments, the rear exterior cavity  198  can be configured to receive a badge  199  that damps vibrations and/or provides an aesthetically pleasing appearance. The geometry of the rear wall  140  can also increase the flexibility of the club head  100 , leading to increased ball speeds. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , the rear wall  140  extends upward from the rear body sole portion  138  to the rear body top rail portion  132  and encloses the rear end  104  of the club head  100 . The rear wall  140  comprises a rear wall upper portion  180 , a rear wall upper transition  182 , a rear wall middle portion  184 , a rear wall lower portion  188 , a rear wall lower transition  186 , and a rear wall toe portion  189 . Every portion  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188 ,  189  of the rear wall  140  further comprises an exterior surface and an interior surface. The rear wall upper portion  180  extends toward the sole  112  from the top rail portion  132  parallel to the loft plane  101  defined by the strike face  116 . The rear wall upper transition  182  extends toward the front end  102  and the strike face  116  into the hollow interior cavity  114 . The rear wall middle portion  184  extends approximately toward the sole  112  from the rear wall upper transition  182  to the rear wall lower transition  186 . The rear wall lower transition  186  extends rearward from the rear wall middle portion  184 , away from the strike face  116 . The rear wall  140  further comprises a rear wall toe transition  194  between the rear wall middle portion  184  and the rear wall toe portion  189 . The rear wall toe transition  194  can connect the rear wall upper transition  182  and the rear wall lower transition  186  at the toe end  108 . In many embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 14 , the rear wall upper transition  182  and the rear wall lower transition  186  can come together at a point near the heel end  106 . In other embodiments (not shown), the rear wall  140  can further define a rear wall heel transition connecting the rear wall upper transition  182  and the rear wall lower transition  186  at the heel end  106 . The rear wall middle portion  184  can therefore be bounded by the rear wall lower transition  186 , the rear wall toe transition  194 , and the rear wall upper transition  182 . 
     Due to the hollow-body nature of the club head  100 , the top rail and the rear wall  140  can be substantially thin without sacrificing durability. The thin top rail and rear wall  140  allow for maximum flexure within the top rail and rear wall  140  portions to maximize ball speed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 15 , the top rail thickness  174  can be substantially thin to increase the flexure of top rail portion  132 . The thinner the rear body top rail portion  132 , the greater the flexibility of the club head  100 , leading to higher ball speeds. In many embodiments, the top rail thickness  174  can vary slightly. For example, in some embodiments, the top rail thickness  174  can be greatest near the faceplate  150  and decrease towards the rear wall upper portion  180 . In other embodiments, the top rail thickness  174  can be substantially constant from the faceplate  150  to the rear wall upper portion  180 . 
     In many embodiments, the top rail thickness  174  can be less than approximately 0.070 inch, less than approximately 0.065 inch, less than approximately 0.060 inch, less than approximately 0.055 inch, less than approximately 0.050 inch, less than approximately 0.045 inch, less than approximately 0.040 inch, less than approximately 0.035 inch, less than approximately 0.030 inch, or less than approximately 0.025 inch. The top rail thickness  174  can be between 0.025 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.035 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.040 inch to 0.065 inch, or 0.045 inch to 0.070 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the top rail thickness is approximately 0.045 inch. 
     A thin top rail portion  132  with the thicknesses described above is only achievable in a hollow-body type iron. In order for the top rail portion  132  to be substantially thin, the club head  100  requires a continuous rear wall  140  to provide structural support to the top rail portion  132 . If the thin top rail portion  132  described above was applied to a cavity-back iron or a club head without a continuous rear wall  140 , the top rail portion  132  would fail under the force of impact. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15 , the rear wall  140  comprises a rear wall thickness  178 . The rear wall thickness  178  may be in a range of 0.030 inch to 0.070 inch. The rear wall thickness  178  may vary in this range from the top rail portion  132  to the rear wall lower transition  186 . The rear wall upper portion  180 , the rear wall upper transition  182 , the rear wall middle portion  184 , and the rear wall lower transition  186  can each comprise a separate thickness  178 . The rear wall lower portion  188  is substantially thicker than the rest of the rear wall  140 , as the rear wall lower portion  188  is integral with the weight pad  1000 . 
     In many embodiments the rear wall thickness  178  can be less than approximately 0.070 inch, less than approximately 0.065 inch, less than approximately 0.060 inch, less than approximately 0.055 inch, less than approximately 0.050 inch, less than approximately 0.045 inch, less than approximately 0.040 inch, less than approximately 0.035 inch, less than approximately 0.030 inch, or less than approximately 0.025 inch. The rear wall thickness  178  can be between 0.025 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.035 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.040 inch to 0.065 inch, or 0.045 inch to 0.070 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the top rail thickness is approximately 0.045 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the rear wall thickness  178  is approximately 0.045 inch. 
     In some embodiments, the rear wall thickness  178  at each of the rear wall upper portion  180 , the rear wall upper transition  182 , the rear wall middle portion  184 , and the rear wall lower transition  186  can be substantially the same. In other embodiments, one or more of the rear wall thicknesses  178  at the rear wall upper portion  180 , the rear wall upper transition  182 , the rear wall middle portion  184 , and/or the rear wall lower transition  186  can be different from one another. 
     The rear wall upper portion  180  defines an upper rear wall angle with the rear wall upper transition  182 . The upper rear wall angle is greater than 90 degrees. The rear wall middle portion  184  defines a lower real wall angle with the rear wall lower transition  186 . The rear wall lower angle is greater than 90 degrees. The rear wall middle portion  184  exterior surface is essentially planar. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , a rear wall middle portion plane  143  intersects the loft plane  101  outside the golf club head  100  and above the top rail portion  132 . The rear wall middle portion plane  143  defines a loft plane intersection angle  141  where it intersects the loft plane  101  that is in a range of 5 degrees to 25 degrees. In many embodiments, the loft plane intersection angle  141  may be 5 degrees, 6 degrees, 7 degrees, 8 degrees, 9 degrees, 10 degrees, 11 degrees, 12 degrees, 13 degrees, 14 degrees, 15 degrees, 16 degrees, 17 degrees, 18 degrees, 19 degrees, 20 degrees, 21 degrees, 22 degrees, 23 degrees, 24 degrees, or 25 degrees. 
     In many embodiments, the rear wall upper portion  180  extends parallel to the strike face portion of the L-shaped faceplate  150 . As illustrated by  FIG. 15 , the rear wall upper portion  180  is offset from the strike face portion  152  by a rear wall upper portion offset distance  181 . The rear wall upper portion offset distance  181  may be in a range of 0.100 inch to 0.300 inch, depending on the loft angle of the particular club head  100 . Because the rear wall upper portion  180  is parallel to the strike face portion  152 , the rear wall upper portion offset distance  181  is constant and does not vary in a given golf club head  100 . 
     The rear wall upper portion offset  181  protects the rear wall upper portion  180  from damage during welding. As discussed above, the rear body  130  further comprises an opening proximate the front end  102  of the club head  100 , the opening being formed between the top rail  110 , the heel end  106 , the toe end  108 , and the sole  112  of the rear body  130 . The welding surfaces  146  extends around the perimeter of the rear body opening  144 , the welding surfaces  146  being formed by forwardmost edges of the rear body top rail portion  132 , heel portion  134 , toe portion  136 , and sole portion  138 . The smaller the rear wall upper portion offset distance  181 , the greater the flexure of the top rail portion  132  and rear wall upper portion  180 . However, the rear wall upper portion offset  181  must provide enough distance between the welding surfaces  146  and the rear wall upper portion  180  to prevent the welding process from melting or distorting the rear wall upper portion  180 . The club head  100  comprises a rear wall upper portion offset distance  181  that provides a maximum amount of rear wall  140  flexure without the rear wall upper portion  180  being damaged during welding. In one exemplary embodiment, the rear wall upper portion offset distance  181  is approximately 0.188 inch. 
     Further, the rear wall middle portion  184  defines a rear wall middle portion offset distance  183 . The rear wall middle portion offset distance  183  can be measured between an interior surface of the rear wall upper transition  182  and the strike face back surface  156 . The rear wall middle portion offset distance  183  is as small as possible to encourage bending of the rear wall  140  without interfering with the bending of the faceplate  150 . 
     In many embodiments, the rear wall middle portion offset distance  183  can be greater than approximately 0.025 inch greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, or greater than approximately 0.200 inch. In some embodiments, the rear wall middle portion offset distance  183  can be between 0.025 inch to 0.095 inch, 0.070 inch to 0.100 inch, 0.080 inch to 0.125 inch, 0.120 inch to 0.175 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.200 inch, or 0.175 inch to 0.300 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the rear wall middle portion offset distance  183  is approximately 0.09 inch. 
     As discussed above, the rear body  130  can comprise a weight pad  1000  formed in the interior cavity  114  that overhangs a portion of the sole  112  and/or a portion of the sole return  154 . Referring to  FIG. 15 , the rear wall lower transition  186  interior surface extends rearward, further away from the strike face back surface  156 . The rear wall middle portion plane  143  intersects the top wall  1020  of the weight pad  1000 . The portion of the rear wall lower transition  186  interior surface rearward of the rear wall middle portion plane  143 , a radiused transition between rear wall lower transition  186  interior surface and the weight pad top wall  1020 , and the weight pad top wall  1020  rearward of the rear wall middle portion plane  143  together define an upper interior undercut  195 . The upper interior undercut  195  comprises an upper interior undercut height  196  measured between the rear wall lower transition  186  interior surface and the weight pad top wall  1020 . The upper interior undercut height  196  can vary in a range of approximately 0.010 inch to approximately 0.200 inch. The upper interior undercut  195  comprises an upper interior undercut depth  197  measured from the most rearward point of the upper interior undercut  195  to the rear wall middle portion plane  143 . 
     The upper interior undercut depth  197  can vary in a range of approximately 0.010 inch to approximately 0.300 inch. For example, the upper interior undercut depth  197  can range from 0.010 inch to 0.030 inch, 0.030 inch to 0.050 inch, 0.050 inch to 0.070 inch, 0.070 inch to 0.090 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.110 inch, 0.110 inch to 0.130 inch, 0.130 inch to 0.150 inch, 0.150 inch to 0.170 inch, 0.170 inch to 0.190 inch, 0.190 inch to 0.210 inch, 0.210 inch to 0.230 inch, 0.230 inch to 0.250 inch, 0.250 inch to 0.270 inch, 0.270 inch to 0.290 inch, or 0.290 inch to 0.300 inch. The upper interior undercut depth  197  can be greater than approximately 0.010 inch, greater than approximately 0.015 inch, greater than approximately 0.020 inch, greater than approximately 0.025 inch greater than approximately 0.05 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.150 inch, greater than approximately 0.175 inch, or greater than approximately 0.200 inch. 
     The rear wall lower transition  186  exterior surface is essentially planar and extends essentially parallel to the ground plane when the golf club head  100  is in the address position. The rear wall toe transition  194  exterior surface is essentially planar. The rear wall upper transition  182  exterior surface, the rear wall lower transition  186  exterior surface, the rear wall toe transition  194  exterior surface, and the rear wall middle portion  184  exterior surface cooperate to define a rear exterior cavity  198 . The rear wall middle portion  184  is recessed from the rear wall exterior surface and by the rear wall lower transition  186 , the rear wall toe transition  194 , and the rear wall upper transition  182 . The rear exterior cavity  198  further comprises a fillet or curved transition between the planar rear cavity exterior surface and the surrounding surfaces. The rear wall  130  geometry forming the rear exterior cavity  198  can be combined with any of the various L-shaped faceplate  150  geometries described above including a sole return  154 , a toe extension  168 , a top rail extension  170 , or any combination thereof. The rear wall  130  geometry forming the rear exterior cavity  198  can also be combined with any other suitable rear body  130  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  156 , an angled weight pad  1000 , a weight pad  2000  comprising an extension  2050 , a heel mass  147  and/or toe mass  149 , a lower interior undercut  190 , an upper interior undercut  195 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  179 , or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , a badge  199  may be applied to the exterior surface of the golf club head rear wall  140 . The badge  199  may be applied on the rear wall middle portion  184  exterior surface. In some embodiments (not shown), the badge  199  comprises an inner adhesive badge layer and an outer, metallic badge layer permanently affixed to the inner adhesive badge layer. As discussed above, the rear wall middle portion  184  is planar. Further, the rear wall middle portion  184  is within the rear exterior cavity  198 . As a result, the badge  199  is applied and contained entirely within the rear exterior cavity  198 . Further, the badge  199  may also be planar. Further the badge  199  can comprise a thickness (not shown). The thickness of the badge  199  may be constant. The thickness of the badge  199  may vary within the badge  199 . In many embodiments, it is desirable to produce a badge  199  having a constant badge thickness, because a planar, constant thickness badge is considerably less expensive than a non-planar, varied thickness badge. The badge thickness may vary in range between 0.010 inch and 0.500 inch. The badge  199  is formed such that it does not protrude rearwardly past the rear wall upper portion  180  or rear wall lower portion  188  exterior surfaces. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16 , the badge  199  covers a substantial portion of the rear wall  140 . The badge  199  comprises a surface area exposed on the rear end  104  of the club head  100 . The surface area of the badge  199  can be between 1.00 in 2  to 2.00 in 2 . In some embodiments, the surface area of the badge  199  can be between 1.00 in 2  to 1.25 in 2 , between 1.10 in 2  to 1.45 in 2 , between 1.30 in 2  to 1.55 in 2 , between 1.50 in 2  to 1.75 in 2 , or between 1.70 in 2  to 2.00 in 2 . In some embodiments, the badge  199  covers a substantial portion of the rear wall  140 . In some embodiments, the badge  199  covers between 10% to 30%, between 25% to 40%, between 30% to 50%, between 45% to 60%, between 50% to 75%, between 60% to 75%, or between 70% to 80% of the surface area of the rear wall  140 . The badge  199  can cover a substantial portion of the rear wall  140  to provide vibrational damping and/or acoustic benefits to the club head  100 . 
     In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the rear wall  140  can form an internal welding rib  179 . The internal welding rib  179  comprises an area of increased thickness along the rear wall  140  that protects the rear wall  140  during the welding process. The internal welding rib  179  is located on the rear wall  140  proximate the heel end  106  and extends substantially vertically. The internal welding rib  179  can extend at least partially between the top rail portion  132  and the rear body sole portion  138 . In many embodiments, the internal welding rib  179  can extend toward the sole  112  from near the top rail portion  132  and terminate just above the weight pad top wall  1020  and/or a top surface of the heel mass  147 . As a function of its increased thickness, the internal welding rib  179  protrudes into the hollow interior cavity  114  from the interior surface of the rear wall  140 . In some embodiments, the internal welding rib  179  can protrude from the interior surface(s) of the rear wall upper portion  180 , the rear wall upper transition  182 , the rear wall middle portion  184 , the rear wall lower transition  186 , and/or the rear wall lower portion  188 . 
     From a front view, as illustrated by  FIG. 5 , the internal welding rib  179  can be located near the heel end  106  of the club head  100 . The internal welding rib  179  can be located on the rear body  130  directly behind the location of the heel side perimeter edge  162  of the faceplate  150 . Because the heel side perimeter edge  162  is welded in a direction perpendicular to the rear wall  140 , the area of the rear wall  140  behind the weld line can be reinforced by the internal welding rib  179  to protect the rear wall  140  from damage or discoloration that may occur during the welding process. In many embodiments, the thickness of the internal welding rib  179  can be between 0.060 inch to 0.140 inch. The thickness of the internal welding rib  179  can be between 0.060 inch to 0.080 inch, 0.075 inch to 0.100 inch, 0.090 inch to 0.120 inch, or 0.110 inch to 0.140 inch. The thickness of the internal welding rib  179  can be greater than approximately 0.060 inch, greater than approximately 0.065 inch, greater than approximately 0.070 inch, greater than approximately 0.075 inch, greater than approximately 0.080 inch, greater than approximately 0.085 inch, greater than approximately 0.090 inch, greater than approximately 0.095 inch, greater than approximately 0.100 inch, greater than approximately 0.105 inch, greater than approximately 0.110 inch, greater than approximately 0.115 inch, greater than approximately 0.120 inch, greater than approximately 0.125 inch, greater than approximately 0.130 inch, greater than approximately 0.135 inch, or greater than approximately 0.140 inch. In many embodiments, the thickness of the internal welding rib  179  can be approximately double the rear wall thickness  178 . 
     The internal welding rib  179  can be combined with any of the various L-shaped faceplate  150  geometries described above including a sole return  154 , a toe extension  168 , a top rail extension  170 , or any combination thereof. The internal welding rib  179  can also be combined with rear body  130  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  156 , an angled weight pad  1000 , a weight pad  2000  comprising an extension  2050 , a heel mass  147  and/or toes mass  149 , a lower interior undercut  190 , an upper interior undercut  195 , a rear exterior cavity  198 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  179 , or any combination thereof. 
     IV. Dynamic Lofting Features 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 17-19  in many embodiments, the rear body  330  of a golf club head  300  can comprise one or more dynamic lofting features. The one or more dynamic lofting features provide increased flexure of the rear body  330 , particularly increasing the bending of the rear wall  340 . The dynamic lofting features further serve to increase the dynamic loft of the club head  300  at impact. Dynamic loft refers to the increase or decrease in loft angle at impact due to the collision between the club head  300  and the golf ball. An increase in dynamic loft provides a higher launch without sacrificing ball speed. The dynamic loft of the club head  300  is influenced by the manner in which the rear wall  340  flexes in response to impact. In particular, the greater the rear wall  340  is able to rotate rearward with respect to the sole, the greater the dynamic loft increase. The dynamic lofting features serve to increase the club head dynamic loft by enabling an upper portion of the rear wall  340  to bend rearward at impact. In many embodiments, the one or more dynamic lofting features can comprise a flexure hinge and/or an internal bending notch. The third embodiment of the club head  300  is substantially similar to club head  100 , but for the inclusion of the dynamic lofting features. Club head  300  can comprise similar features to club head  100 , labeled with a 300 numbering scheme (i.e., club head  300  comprises a rear body  330 , a faceplate  350 , etc.). 
     A. Flexure Hinge 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 17, 18A, and 18B , the club head  300  comprises a flexure hinge  3000  extending in a heel-to-toe direction along the rear wall  340 . The club head  300  comprising the flexure hinge  3000  can encourage rotational bending of the rear wall  340  about the sole to increase the dynamic loft of the golf club head  300 . 
     Referencing  FIGS. 17, 18A, and 18B  of the drawings, the rear wall  340  can be bifurcated in a lengthwise direction by the flexure hinge  3000 . The flexure hinge  3000 , therefore, defines a rear wall upper portion  380  and a rear wall lower portion  388 . The rear wall upper portion  380  can be defined between the top rail  310  and the flexure hinge  3000 , and the rear wall lower portion  388  can be defined between the sole and the flexure hinge  3000 . 
     As discussed above, the flexure hinge  3000  extends in a heel-to-toe direction along the rear wall  340 . The flexure hinge  3000  comprises a hinge heel end  3010  and a hinge toe end  3012  opposite the hinge heel end  3010 . In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , the flexure hinge  3000  can extend the entire heel-to-toe length of the rear wall  340  such that the hinge heel end  3010  is located proximate the heel side periphery  322 , and the hinge toe end  3012  is located proximate the toe side periphery  324 . In other embodiments, the flexure hinge  3000  may not extend the entire heel-to-toe length of the rear wall  340 , such that at least one of the hinge heel end  3010  and the hinge toe end  3012  terminate in the middle of the rear wall  340 , and are spaced away from the club head peripheries. 
       FIG. 18B  illustrates a zoomed in cross sectional view of a golf club head  300  comprising the above flexure hinge  3000 . As illustrated, the flexure hinge  3000  can comprise a top surface  3014 , a bottom surface  3016 , and a nadir  3020  forming a transition between the hinge top surface  3014  and the hinge bottom surface  3016 . The hinge top surface  3014  and the hinge bottom surface  3016  can each be angled toward the front end  302  of the club head  300 . In this orientation, the flexure hinge  3000  protrudes into the interior cavity  314  and the nadir  3020  defines the portion of the flexure hinge  3000  closest to the front end  302  of the club head  300 . The flexure hinge  3000  strategically weakens a portion of the rear wall  340  by creating a groove in the rear wall  340  to promote bending in the area of the rear wall  340  that comprises the flexure hinge  3000 . The flexure hinge  3000  allows the rear wall  340  to bend over the entire heel to toe length of the club head  300 . In other words, the flexure hinge  3000  allows the rear wall upper portion  380  to bend rearward, about the sole, at impact. The flexure hinge  3000  increases the dynamic loft of the club head  300  and creates a club head  300  that stores a greater amount of spring energy to be transferred to the golf ball, increasing ball speed. 
     As discussed above, the flexure hinge  3000  protrudes into the interior cavity  314  relative to the adjacent surfaces of the rear wall  340 . From a rear view, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , the flexure hinge  3000  creates a groove recessed within the rear wall  340 . In some embodiments (not shown), the groove can comprise a variable width such that the groove is wider closer to the heel end  306  than the toe end or wider closer to the toe end than the heel end  306 . In many embodiments, such as the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 17 , the groove can comprise a width that is substantially constant. The width of the groove can be determined by a flexure hinge height  3030 , as described in further detail below. 
     In some embodiments, such as the embodiment of  FIGS. 18A and 18B , the flexure hinge  3000  can comprise a generally semi-elliptical shape when viewed in cross-section. The semi-elliptical flexure hinge  3000  can comprise a top surface  3014 , a bottom surface  3016 , and a semi-elliptical nadir  3020 . The semi-elliptical nadir  3020  can have a radius defining the curve of the hinge. In some embodiments the nadir  3020  can have a radius of curvature between 0.050 inch and 0.70 inch. For example, the nadir  3020  can have a radius of curvature of 0.050 inch, 0.055 inch, 0.060 inch, 0.065 inch, or 0.070 inch. In other embodiments, the flexure hinge  3000  can comprise a generally semi-circular shape, a triangular shape, a rectangular shape, an ovular shape, or any other suitable shape for allowing the rear wall  340  to flex and increase dynamic loft. 
     Referring to  FIG. 18B , the flexure hinge  3000  can comprise a hinge width  3060  measured as the distance between the top surface  3014  and the bottom surface  3016 , in a vertical direction. The hinge width  3060  can range from 0.050 inch to 0.150 inch. For example, the hinge width  3060  can be 0.050 inch, 0.060 inch, 0.070 inch, 0.080 inch, 0.090 inch, 0.100 inch, 0.110 inch, 0.120 inch, 0.130 inch, 0.140 inch, or 0.150 inch. In some embodiments, the hinge width  3060  can be between 0.050 inch and 0.060 inch, 0.060 inch and 0.070 inch, 0.070 inch and 0.080 inch, 0.080 inch and 0.090 inch, 0.090 inch and 0.100 inch, 0.100 inch and 0.110 inch, 0.110 inch and 0.120 inch, 0.120 inch and 0.130 inch, 0.130 inch and 0.140 inch, or 0.140 inch and 0.150 inch. As the flexure hinge width  3060  increases, the potential for bending increases. 
     The top surface  3014  and bottom surface  3016  of the flexure hinge  3000  can comprise a top surface depth  3040  and a bottom surface depth  3050 . The top surface depth  3040  can be measured as the linear distance between a bottom edge of the upper portion  380  and the nadir  3020 . The bottom surface depth  3050  can be measured as the linear distance between a top edge of the lower portion  388  and the nadir  3020 . In some embodiments the top surface depth  3040  ranges from approximately 0.080 inch to approximately 0.150 inch. For example, the top surface depth  3040  can be 0.080 inch, 0.085 inch, 0.090 inch, 0.095 inch, 0.100 inch, 0.105 inch, 0.110 inch, 0.115 inch, 0.120 inch, 0.125 inch, 0.130 inch, 0.135 inch, 0.140 inch, 0.145 inch, or 0.150 inch. Likewise, in some embodiments, the bottom surface depth  3050  can range from approximately 0.120 inch to approximately 0.260 inch. For example, the bottom surface depth  3050  can be 0.120 inch, 0.130 inch, 0.140 inch, 0.150 inch, 0.160 inch, 0.170 inch, 0.180 inch, 0.190 inch, 0.200 inch, 0.210 inch, 0.220 inch, 0.230 inch, 0.240 inch, 0.250 inch, or 0.260 inch. In some embodiments, the top surface depth  3040  and the bottom surface depth  3050  vary from the hinge heel end  3010  to the hinge toe end  3012 . For example, the bottom surface depth  3050  can increase from the hinge heel end  3010  to the hinge toe end  3012 . In other embodiments, the top surface depth  3040  and bottom surface depth  3050  can be constant from the hinge heel end  3010  to the hinge toe end  3012 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , the flexure hinge  3000  can further comprise a hinge height  3030  measured as the vertical distance of the nadir  3020  from a ground plane  5000 . The hinge height  3030  can be measured at any point along the heel-to-toe length of the flexure hinge  3000 . In some embodiments, the flexure hinge  3000  comprises a hinge height  3030  that is constant across the heel to toe length of the flexure hinge  3000 . In other embodiments the hinge height  3030  varies across the heel-to-toe length of the flexure hinge  3000 . In some embodiments, the flexure hinge  3000  is located in a substantially low position of the club head  300 . 
     Providing the flexure hinge  3000  substantially low on the rear wall  340  increases the amount the rear wall upper portion  380  bends rearward at impact. The rearward bending of the rear wall upper portion  380  is created by a torque applied about the flexure hinge  3000  by the force of impact. The lowering of the flexure hinge  3000  on the rear wall  340  provides a longer moment arm between the impact force and the flexure hinge  3000 , increases the torque, and creates a greater rearward bend of the rear wall upper portion  380 . 
     The embodiment of  FIG. 19  illustrates a club head  300  with a varying hinge height  3030 . Specifically, the hinge height  3030  increases linearly from the hinge heel end  3010  to the hinge toe end  3012 . In many embodiments, the hinge height  3030  at the hinge toe end  3012  can range from 0.78 inch to 0.96 inch. For example, the hinge height  3030  at the hinge toe end  3012  can be 0.78 inch, 0.79 inch, 0.80 inch, 0.81 inch, 0.82 inch, 0.83 inch, 0.84 inch, 0.85 inch, 0.86 inch, 0.87 inch, 0.88 inch, 0.89 inch, 0.90 inch, 0.91 inch, 0.92 inch, 0.93 inch, 0.94 inch, 0.95 inch, or 0.96 inch. In some embodiments the hinge height  3030  at the hinge toe end  3012  can be between 0.78 inch and 0.80 inch, 0.80 inch and 0.82 inch, 0.82 inch and 0.84 inch, 0.84 inch and 0.86 inch, 0.86 inch and 0.88 inch, 0.88 inch and 0.90 inch, 0.90 inch and 0.92 inch, 0.92 inch and 0.94 inch, or 0.94 inch and 0.96 inch. In some embodiments, the hinge height  3030  at the hinge heel end  3010  can range from 0.15 inch to 0.28 inch. The hinge height  3030  at the hinge heel end  3010  can be 0.15 inch, 0.16 inch, 0.17 inch, 0.18 inch, 0.19 inch, 0.20 inch, 0.21 inch, 0.22 inch, 0.23 inch, 0.24 inch, 0.25 inch, 0.26 inch, 0.27 inch or 0.28 inch. In some embodiments, the hinge height  3030  at the hinge heel end  3010  can be between 0.15 inch and 0.17 inch, 0.17 inch and 0.19 inch, 0.19 inch and 0.21 inch, 0.21 inch and 0.23 inch, 0.23 inch and 0.25 inch, 0.25 inch and 0.27 inch, or 0.27 inch and 0.28 inch. The hinge height  3030  can increase linearly from the hinge heel end  3010  to the hinge toe end  3012 . In other embodiments, the hinge height  3030  may vary non-linearly. 
     B. Bending Notch 
     As discussed briefly above, the club head  300  of the present disclosure can further comprise an internal bending notch  3100  that further increases the dynamic loft of the club head  300  at impact. The internal bending notch  3100  influences rotational bending of the rear wall upper portion  380  about the sole  312 .  FIG. 19  illustrates a front view of the interior cavity  314  of a club head  300  comprising a bending notch  3100  located in the toe end  308  of the golf club head  300 . The internal bending notch  3100  can remove a region of material from the toe portion of the rear body  330 . In many embodiments, such as the embodiment of  FIG. 19 , the internal bending notch  3100  is located approximately midway between the top rail  310  and sole to increase bending and energy storage potential of the golf club head  300 . 
     Like the flexure hinge  3000 , the bending notch  3100  creates a region of the club head  300  that is structurally weakened to promote bending of the rear wall  340  to increase the club head dynamic loft. The internal bending notch  3100  allows the rear wall upper portion  380  to bend rearward at impact to increase dynamic loft and elastic energy storage, providing higher ball speeds and an increased launch angle. 
     In many embodiments, the location of the bending notch  3100  can correspond to the location of the flexure hinge  3000 . For example, in embodiments wherein the internal bending notch  3100  is located within the rear body toe portion  336 , the internal bending notch  3100  can align with the location of the hinge toe end  3012 . The bending notch  3100  and the flexure hinge  3000  can be located at corresponding locations such that the hinge toe end  3012  forms the exterior of the rear wall  340  at substantially the same location that the internal bending notch  3100  is positioned within the hollow interior cavity  314 . Internal bending notch  3100  and the flexure hinge  3000  at corresponding locations allows the effects of each on the club head dynamic loft to be compounded. 
     Referring to  FIG. 19 , the bending notch  3100  can comprise a bending notch height  3110  measured as a percentage a height of the club head  300  measured from the sole  312  to the top rail  310 . In the illustrated embodiment, the bending notch height  3110  is between approximately 8% to approximately 15% of the height of the club head  300  measured in a top rail-to-sole direction. For example, the bending notch height  3110  can be 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% the club head height. In some embodiments, the bending notch height  3110  can range from 0.78 inch to 0.96 inch. For example, the bending notch height  3110  can be approximately 0.78 inch, 0.79 inch, 0.80 inch, 0.81 inch, 0.82 inch, 0.83 inch, 0.84 inch, 0.85 inch, 0.86 inch, 0.87 inch, 0.88 inch, 0.89 inch, 0.90 inch, 0.91 inch, 0.92 inch, 0.93 inch, 0.94 inch, 0.95 inch, or 0.96 inch. In some embodiments, the bending notch height  3110  can range from 0.78 inch to 0.80 inch, 0.80 inch to 0.82 inch, 0.82 inch to 0.84 inch, 0.84 inch to 0.86 inch, 0.86 inch to 0.88 inch, 0.88 inch to 0.90 inch, 0.90 inch to 0.92 inch, 0.92 inch to 0.94 inch, or 0.94 inch to 0.96 inch. 
     Together, the flexure hinge  3000  and bending notch  3100  provide the club head  300  with both an internal and external structure that are configured for an increase in dynamic loft and elastic energy storage. Specifically, the flexure hinge  3000  allows the club head  300  to bend over the entire length of the club head  300  in the heel to toe direction regardless of the impact location. Further, the internal bending notch  3100  increases flexure in the toe portion  336 , where a significant amount of the club head mass is located. 
     Club head  300  comprising both the flexure hinge  3000  and the bending notch  3100  can increase the dynamic loft of the club head  300  at impact by at least 0.5 degrees in comparison to a similar club head devoid of a flexure hinge and internal bending notch. In some embodiments, the dynamic lofting features can increase the dynamic loft of the club head  300  at impact by more than 0.25 degrees, more than 0.30 degrees, more than 0.35 degrees, more than 0.40 degrees, more than 0.45 degrees, more than 0.50 degrees, more than 0.55 degrees, more than 0.60 degrees, more than 0.65 degrees, more than 0.70 degrees, more than 0.75 degrees, more than 0.80 degrees, more than 0.85 degrees, more than 0.90 degrees, more than 0.95 degrees, or more than 1.00 degree. Such an increase in dynamic loft provides increased launch angle without sacrificing ball speed. In some embodiments, the dynamic lofting features can increase the dynamic loft of the club head  300  at impact between 0.25 degrees and 0.30 degrees, 0.30 degrees and 0.35 degrees, 0.35 degrees and 0.40 degrees, 0.40 degrees and 0.45 degrees, 0.45 degrees and 0.50 degrees, 0.50 degrees and 0.55 degrees, 0.55 degrees and 0.60 degrees, 0.60 degrees and 0.65 degrees, 0.65 degrees and 0.70 degrees, 0.70 degrees and 0.75 degrees, 0.75 degrees and 0.80 degrees, 0.80 degrees and 0.85 degrees, 0.85 degrees and 0.90 degrees, 0.90 degrees and 0.90 degrees, or 0.95 degrees and 1.00 degrees. The increase in dynamic loft increases the amount of spring energy stored in the club head  3000 . 
     The flexure hinge  3000  and/or bending notch  3100  can be combined with any of the various L-shaped faceplate  150  geometries described above including a sole return  154 , a toe extension  168 , a top rail extension  170 , or any combination thereof. The flexure hinge  3000  and/or bending notch  3100  can also be combined with rear body  130  geometry or feature described either above or below, including a sole ledge  156 , an angled weight pad  1000 , a weight pad  2000  comprising an extension  2050 , a heel mass  147  and/or toes mass  149 , a lower interior undercut  190 , an upper interior undercut  195 , a rear exterior cavity  198 , an external flexure hinge  3000 , an internal bending notch  3100 , an internal welding rib  179 , or any combination thereof. 
     V. Other Features 
     A. Filled Interior Cavity 
     In many embodiments, the hollow interior cavity  114  of the club head  100  according to the above embodiments comprising an L-shaped faceplate  150 , dynamic lofting features, a rear wall  140  with a rear exterior cavity  198 , or any combination thereof can further comprise a filler material  4000  to damp vibrations occurring at impact and improve the sound and feel characteristics of the club head  100 . Referring to  FIG. 21 , the filler material  4000  can be disposed or applied to the interior cavity  114  of the club head  100 . In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can be applied as a paint to the entire interior surface or selected locations of the interior surface. In other embodiments, the filler material  4000  can be injected into the interior cavity  114 , for example, but not limited to, through a weight port  175  or an opening that allows access to the interior surface of the club head  100  to fill a volume percentage of the interior cavity  114 , as illustrated in  FIG. 20 . In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can fill substantially the entire interior cavity  114   
     The filler material  4000  can be disposed within the interior cavity  114 . In some embodiments, the interior cavity  114  can be fully filled with the filler material  4000 . In other embodiments, the interior cavity  114  can be partially filled with the filler material  4000 . The filler material  4000  can be disposed on any interior surface of the club head  100  that defines or resides within the interior  114 . The filler material  4000  can be disposed on the strike face back surface  156 , the sole return interior surface  161 , the interior surface of the top rail  110 , the interior surface of the heel portion, the interior surface of the rear wall  140 , one or more surfaces of the weight pad  1000 , the interior surface of the sole return  154 , or any combination thereof. 
     The filler material  4000  can fill part of the interior cavity  114 . In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  fills substantially the entire volume of the interior cavity  114 . In some embodiments the filler material  4000  can fill greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90% of the volume of the interior cavity  114 . In other embodiments, the filler material  4000  can fill less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the volume of the interior cavity  114 . In other embodiments the filler material can fill between 5% and 10%, 10% and 20%, 20% and 30%, 30% and 40%, 40% and 50%, 50% and 60%, 60% and 70%, 70% and 80%, 80% and 90%, 90% and 100%, 5% and 20%, 10% and 30%, 20% and 40%, 30% and 50%, 40% and 60%, 50% and 70%, 60% and 80%, 70% and 90%, or 90% and 100%. The amount of filler material  4000  can be selected to provide acoustic and/or performance benefits to the club head  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can be disposed on the strike face back surface  156 . In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can be disposed on the entire strike face back surface  156 . In other embodiments, the filler material  4000  can be disposed on only a portion of the strike face back surface  156 , such as a top region located near the top rail  110 , a bottom region located near the sole  112 , a toe region located near the toe end  108 , a heel region located near the heel end  106 , a center region located near the center of the strike face  116 , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can cover the entire strike face back surface  156 . In other embodiments, the filler material  4000  can cover greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90% of the strike face back surface  156 . In other embodiments, the filler material  4000  can cover less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the strike face back surface  156 . In other embodiments the filler material can cover between 5% and 10%, 10% and 20%, 20% and 30%, 30% and 40%, 40% and 50%, 50% and 60%, 60% and 70%, 70% and 80%, 80% and 90%, 90% and 100%, 5% and 20%, 10% and 30%, 20% and 40%, 30% and 50%, 40% and 60%, 50% and 70%, 60% and 80%, 70% and 90%, or 90% and 100%. The amount of filler material  4000  coverage on the strike face back surface  156  can be selected to provide acoustic and/or performance benefits to the club head  100 . 
     As described above, the filler material  4000  can be injected into the interior cavity  114  via a weight port  175 . In many embodiments, as illustrated by  FIG. 21 , the club head  100  comprises a weight port  175  located on the toe portion of the rear body  130  (i.e., on the periphery of the club head  100 ). The weight port  175  can form an opening the provides access to the interior cavity  114 . After welding of the rear body  130  and the faceplate  150 , the filler material  4000  can be injected through the opening formed by the weight port  175 . The interior cavity  114  can then be sealed off by coupling a weight member  176  within the weight port  175  and closing off the opening. In many embodiments, the weight member  176  and the weight port  175  are correspondingly threaded to allow for convenient and secure coupling of the weight member  176  within the weight port  175 . 
     In many embodiments, the filler material  4000  is a polymer. The polymer can comprise a thermoplastic, a thermoplastic elastomer, polyurethane, ethylene, vinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyolefin copolymer, styrene, styrene-butadiene, any other suitable polymer material, or any combination thereof. In other embodiments, the filler material  4000  can comprise an elastomer, a polyurethane elastomer, a silicone, a silicone elastomer, a rubber, or a vulcanized natural rubber latex. In other embodiments still, the filler material  4000  can be an epoxy, a resin, an adhesive, a polyurethane adhesive, a glue, or any other suitable adhesive. For example, the filler material  4000  can be a polyurethane adhesive such as Gorilla Glue (Gorilla Glue Company, Cincinnati Ohio). In another example, the filler material  4000  can be a polyurethane elastomer such as Freeman  1040  (Freeman Manufacturing &amp; Supply Company, Avon Ohio), or a polyurethane based thermoplastic elastomer such as Freeman  3040  (Freeman Manufacturing &amp; Supply Company, Avon Ohio). 
     The filler material  4000  can be useful in attenuating vibrations that occur in the club head  100  at impact with a golf ball. The inclusion of the filler material  4000  can damp (i.e., reduce the amplitude of) dominant vibrations that contribute to undesirable sound or feel. In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can be located at targeted locations corresponding to the location of dominant vibrations in order to efficiently damp such vibrations. The damping of vibrations in the club head  100  by inclusion of the filler material  4000  creates a quieter, shorter sound at impact that is more pleasing to the human ear, as well as a soft feel that is comfortable for the player swinging the golf club. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to providing vibration damping benefits, the filler material  4000  can also contribute to increased performance. For example, in some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can comprise desirable rebounding properties that create a spring effect on the strike face back surface  156  at impact. The spring effect created by the filler material  4000  can lead to increased energy transfer between the strike face  116  and the golf ball, leading to higher ball speeds and greater shot distances. 
     In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  can provide reinforcement to the back of the strike face  116  or any other portion of the club head  100 . The filler material  4000  can allow the strike face  116  or other portions of the club head  100  to be thinned without sacrificing structural integrity. Combining a thinner strike face  116  with the rebounding properties of the filler material  4000  allows for increased flexure in the faceplate  150  with greater “bounce back” at impact, leading to a maximization of energy transfer and ball speed. 
     In many embodiments, it is desirable for the filler material  4000  to be lightweight (i.e., comprise a low density and low mass in relation to the overall mass of the club head  100 ). The lightweight filler material  4000  can provide vibration damping benefits to the club head  100  to improve sound and feel, while affecting the mass properties of the club head  100  that influence performance (i.e., MOI and CG position) a negligible amount. The mass of the filler material  4000  can be less than 20 grams so as to not negatively impact the mass properties of the club head  100 . In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  comprises a mass less than 18 grams, less than 16 grams, less than 14 grams, less than 12 grams, less than 10 grams, less than 8 grams, less than 6 grams, less than 4 grams, less than 2 grams, or less than 1 gram. In some embodiments, the filler material  4000  comprises a mass between 1 gram and 5 grams, between 5 grams and 10 grams, between 10 grams and 15 grams, or between 15 grams and 20 grams. In some embodiments, the mass of the filler material  4000  can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 grams. The mass of the filler material  4000  can be selected to provide a low density and low mass filler material  4000  that provides acoustic and/or performance benefits to the club head  100 . 
     As discussed above, the combination of any of the L-shaped faceplate geometries described above including a sole return, a toe extension, a top rail extension, or any combination with any of the various rear body features or geometries described herein including a sole ledge, an angled weight pad, a weight pad comprising an extension, a heel mass and/or toes mass, a lower interior undercut, an upper interior undercut, a rear exterior cavity, an external flexure hinge, an internal bending notch, an internal welding rib, filler material or any combination thereof result in a high performance club head. The combination of the various features listed above produces a club head with high amounts of flexure and increased internal energy at impact, resulting in increased ball speeds. 
     METHOD 
     The various embodiments of the golf club head described herein can be manufactured by various methods. As discussed above, the golf club head comprises at least a rear body and an L-shaped faceplate. Different embodiments of each feature can be combined to form numerous variations of the golf club head. The method of manufacture can vary for different variations of the golf club head. Described below are example methods of manufacturing the golf club head. 
     The method of manufacturing a golf club head comprising an L-shaped faceplate can comprise (1) providing a rear body, (2) providing a faceplate, and (3) coupling the faceplate to the rear body, or any step combination provided above. 
     Providing the rear body can comprise forming a top rail portion, a sole portion, a toe portion, and a heel portion that define a rear body opening for receiving the faceplate. The rear body can further comprise a plurality of welding surfaces that extend around a perimeter of the rear body opening and provide an interface for the faceplate and the rear body to be coupled together. The rear body can further comprise a sole ledge for receiving the sole return. In some embodiments, the rear body can further comprise a weight pad that projects forward from the sole portion. In some embodiments, the rear body can further comprise one or more dynamic lofting features. In providing the rear body, the portions of the rear body can be integrally cast. 
     Providing the face plate can comprise forming a strike face portion and a sole return that wraps around the leading edge to form a portion of the sole. The faceplate can comprise a toe extension and a top rail extension. In providing that faceplate, the faceplate can be formed by a machining and forming process. 
     Coupling the faceplate to the rear body can comprise connecting the faceplate to the rear body at the welding surfaces. The sole ledge can receive the sole return, and the weight pad can overhang a portion of the sole return. The faceplate can be welded to the rear body at the welding surfaces. Forming the rear body and the faceplate separately can allow the rear body and the faceplate to be formed from different materials. Further, forming the rear body and the faceplate separately can allow the rear body and the faceplate to be formed using different methods. For example, the rear body can be cast, and the faceplate can be forged. 
     EXAMPLES 
     I. Example 1: Comparison of Faceplate Performance Results 
     Further described herein is a comparison of performance results between multiple crossover-type club heads that had different faceplate constructions. The results compared the effects that the faceplate size and shaping had on performance and durability. The leading edge composition, the location of the faceplate weld line, and the faceplate surface area were varied throughout the exemplary club heads. As discussed above, the leading edge of the club head is a high-stress region that is typically formed from a rigid material. The results demonstrated the effects of forming the leading edge from a high-strength material rather than the rear body material. Further, the weld line limits the ability of the faceplate to flex. The results further demonstrated the effects of moving the weld line closer to the club head periphery, in comparison to a traditional club head. The faceplate surface area correlates to the spring-like effect of the faceplate. The results further demonstrated the effects of increasing the faceplate surface area. The faceplate constructions of the club heads are described in further detail below. 
     A. First Exemplary Club Head 
     The first exemplary club head comprised an L-shaped faceplate (hereafter referred to as “the first example faceplate”) that formed the entire striking surface. The first example faceplate comprised a sole return, a toe extension, and a top rail extension, similar to club head  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . The first example faceplate extended to the periphery of the club head and formed a portion of the sole. Therefore, the leading edge was formed from the first example faceplate material. The weld line was located near the periphery of the club head. The first example faceplate was laser welded to the rear body. The first exemplary club head comprised a negligible amount of filler material. The first control club head comprised a faceplate that had both a different geometry and a different weld type. 
     The first control club head comprised a faceplate (hereafter referred to as “the first control faceplate”) that did not form the entire striking surface, nor a portion of the sole. The first control faceplate was devoid of a sole return, a toe extension, and a top rail extension (not shown). The first control faceplate did not extend to the club head periphery and did not form a portion of the sole. Instead, the first control club head included a stepped-transition region at the leading edge of the club head. Therefore, the leading edge was formed from the rear body material. The weld line was located around the perimeter of the strike face. The first control faceplate was plasma welded to the rear body. The first control faceplate represented a traditional faceplate insert, where the faceplate does not form a portion of the sole. 
     The first control faceplate differed in geometry from the first example faceplate, in which the faceplate included a sole return. The first example faceplate had a larger surface area than the first control faceplate. The first exemplary club head had a leading edge formed from the first example faceplate material, and the first control club head had a faceplate formed from the main body material. The first example faceplate exemplified performance and durability benefits over the first control faceplate, as discussed in further detail below. 
     1. Performance Testing 
     The performance tests measured the ball speeds, launch angles, spin rates, and carry distance of each faceplate. An automated performance test used a golf swing apparatus to capture performance data of the club head under regular conditions. The results indicated the performance of each faceplate near a low-center region, located just below the center of the faceplate. 
     The first exemplary club head demonstrated improved performance benefits over the first control club head. The comparison between these two club heads exemplified the impact of increasing the faceplate surface area as forming the leading edge from the faceplate material. The first exemplary club head had a faceplate including a sole return and a larger faceplate surface area, in comparison to the first control club head. Table 1 below indicates the performance improvements of the first exemplary club head over the first control club head. Ball speed was measured in miles per hour, the carry distance was modeled in yards. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 First Control Club Head 
                 First Exemplary Club Head 
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Construction 
                 Faceplate insert, no sole 
                 Faceplate included a toe 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 return, no toe extension, 
                 extension, a top rail 
               
               
                   
                 no top rail extension 
                 extension, and a sole return 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface Area (in 2 ) 
                 2.74 
                 5.23 
                 +2.49 
                 in 2   
               
               
                 Ball Speed (mph) 
                 133.7 
                 136.4 
                 +2.7 
                 mph 
               
               
                 Carry Distance (yds) 
                 216.7 
                 218.4 
                 +1.7 
                 yds 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 1 above, the first exemplary club head demonstrated improvements over the first control club head on low-center hits. The first control club head demonstrated ball speeds off low-center hits of 133.7 mph, while the first exemplary club head demonstrated ball speeds off low-center hits of 136.4 mph. The first exemplary club head increased ball speed on low-center hits by 2.7 mph, compared to the first control club head. The increase in ball speed translated to an additional 1.7 yards of carry distance. The results from the automated performance test were reinforced by the results from a player performance test, which captured data from shots by actual players. The results of the player performance test are indicated in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 First Exemplary 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Club Head 
                 Club Head 
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ball Speed Hits (mph) 
                 137.3 
                 139.3 
                 +2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 2 above, the results from the player performance test further demonstrate the improvement of the first exemplary club head over the first control club head. The first exemplary club head increased ball speed by 2 mph, compared to the first control club head. 
     The performance improvements of the first exemplary club head, as indicated above, were attributed to the faceplate geometry. The sole return was formed from the first example faceplate material, which allowed the leading edge (or low-center region) to be thinner and more flexible. The sole return allows increased flexing near the leading edge of the faceplate. The faceplate also had a larger surface area than the control faceplate as it extended to the top rail and toe side periphery. The first example faceplate was 2.49 in 2  lager than the first control faceplate. The increased faceplate surface are required the weld line to be moved further toward the rear body. The weld line can inhibit flexing, so moving the weld line closer to the rear body further increased faceplate flexure. 
     The first example faceplate material comprised a higher strength than the rear body material. The increased flexing exaggerated the spring-like effect of the first example faceplate, thereby transferring more energy from the faceplate to the golf ball. Therefore, the combination of the sole return and the extended perimeter allowed the first example faceplate to flex more, which produced faster ball speeds. The first example faceplate material was also stronger than the rear body material. As a result, the first example faceplate construction also improved the durability of the first exemplary club head, as discussed in further detail in the durability testing section below. 
     2. Durability Testing 
     The durability test measured the number of hits that the club heads could withstand before failure. In the durability test, the club heads were subject to high velocity golf ball impacts by using an air cannon apparatus. Table 3 below indicates the results of the durability test. Three samples of each club head type were tested. The data from the three samples of the “first exemplary club heads” and the three samples of the “first control club heads” was then averaged. The “Hits Until Failure” row indicates the average number of golf ball impacts that each club head experienced before failure. The “Minimum Hits Until Failure” row indicates the worst-performing sample of each club head type which experienced the minimum number of impacts before failure. All values in Table 3 are in number of golf balls. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 First 
                 First 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Exemplary 
                   
                 Percent 
               
               
                   
                 Club Head 
                 Club Head 
                 Difference 
                 Change 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average Hits Until Failure 
                 1584.2 
                 2564 
                 +979.8 
                 61.8% 
               
               
                 Minimum Hits Until Failure 
                 1000 
                 2292 
                 +1292 
                 129.2% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 3 above, the first exemplary club head demonstrated a significant increase in durability. The first control club head was able to withstand an average of 1584.2 hits, while the first exemplary club head was able to withstand an average of 2564 hits. On average, the first exemplary club head withstood 61.8% more hits than the first control club head. The first control club head experienced a minimum of 1000 hits before failure, while the first exemplary club head experienced a minimum of 2292 hits before failure. The worst performing sample of the first exemplary club head experienced 129.2% more hits than the worst performing sample of the first control club head. Golf club head failure is commonly observed near the club head leading edge. The durability improvements demonstrated by the first exemplary club head were attributed to the sole return, which placed a high-strength material near the leading edge. 
     B. Second Exemplary Club Head 
     The second exemplary club head comprised an L-shaped faceplate (hereafter referred to as “the second example faceplate”) that did not form the entire striking surface. The second example faceplate comprised a sole return but was devoid of a toe extension, and a top rail extension, similar to the club head shown in  FIG. 8 . Therefore, the second example faceplate formed a portion of the sole (the leading edge was formed from the faceplate material), but the faceplate did not extend all the way to the club head periphery on the toe end and/or the top rail. The weld line was located around the perimeter of the strike face. The second example faceplate was plasma welded to the rear body. The second exemplary club head comprised a negligible amount of filler material. The second example faceplate was similar to the first example faceplate from Example 1, but for the difference in surface area and the type of weld that was used to secure the second example faceplate to the rear body. 
     The second control club head was similar to the first control club head from Example 1. The second control club head comprised a faceplate (hereafter referred to as “the second control faceplate”) that did not form the entire striking surface, nor a portion of the sole. The second control club head represented a club head that comprised a traditional faceplate insert. 
     The second control faceplate differed in geometry from the second example faceplate, in which the faceplate included a sole return. Further, the second example faceplate had a larger surface area than the second control faceplate. The second exemplary club head had a leading edge formed from the second example faceplate material, and the second control club head had a faceplate formed from the main body material. The second example faceplate exemplified performance and durability benefits over the second control faceplate, as discussed in further detail below. 
     3. Performance Testing 
     The performance test was conducted similarly to the performance test of Example 1. The second exemplary club head demonstrated improved performance benefits over the second control club head. Similar to Example 1, the comparison between the second exemplary club head and the second control club head exemplified the impact of increasing the surface area of the faceplate as well as forming the leading edge from the faceplate material. Table 4 below indicates the performance improvements of the second exemplary club head over the second control club head. Ball speed was measured in miles per hour, the carry distance was modeled in yards. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Second Control Club Head 
                 Second Exemplary Club Head 
                 Difference 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Construction 
                 Faceplate insert, no sole 
                 Faceplate included a sole 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 return, no toe extension, 
                 return, no toe extension, 
               
               
                   
                 no top rail extension 
                 no top rail extension 
               
               
                 Surface Area (in 2 ) 
                 2.74 
                 3.99 
                 +1.25 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ball Speed (mph) 
                 131.1 
                 132.1 
                 +1.0 
                 mph 
               
               
                 Carry Distance (yds) 
                 213.9 
                 215.6 
                 +1.7 
                 yds 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 4 above, the second exemplary club head demonstrated improvements over the second control club head on low-center hits. The second control club head demonstrated ball speeds on low center hits of 131.1 mph, while the second exemplary club head demonstrated ball speeds off low center hits of 132.1 mph. The second exemplary club head increased ball speed on low-center hits by 1 mph, compared to the second control club head. The increase in ball speed translated to an additional 1.7 yards of carry distance. 
     The performance improvements of the second exemplary club head, as indicated above, are attributed to the faceplate geometry. Similar to the first exemplary club head from Example 1, the sole return of the second exemplary club head was formed from the second example faceplate material which allowed the leading edge (or low-center region) to be thinner and more flexible. The surface area of second example faceplate was 1.25 in 2  larger than the second control faceplate. The combination of the sole return and the larger strike face increased flexure in the faceplate, thereby increasing ball speed and carry distance. The second example faceplate material was also stronger than the rear body material. As a result, the second example faceplate construction also improved the durability of the second exemplary club head, as discussed in further detail in the durability testing section below. 
     4. Durability Testing 
     Table 5 below indicates the results of the durability test. Similar to Example 1, three samples of each club head type were tested. The data from the three samples of the “second exemplary club heads” and the three samples of the “first control club heads” was then averaged. The “Hits Until Failure” row indicates the average number of golf ball impacts that each club head experienced before failure. The “Minimum Hits Until Failure” row indicates the worst-performing sample of each club head type which experienced the minimum number of impacts before failure. All values in Table 5 are in number of golf balls. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Second 
                 Second 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Exemplary 
                   
                 Percent 
               
               
                   
                 Club Head 
                 Club Head 
                 Difference 
                 Change 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Average Hits Until Failure 
                 1584.2 
                 2307.7 
                 +723.5 
                 45.6% 
               
               
                 Minimum Hits Until Failure 
                 1000 
                 2000 
                 +1000 
                  100% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 5 above, the second exemplary club head demonstrated a significant increase in durability. The second control club head was able to withstand an average of 1584.2 hits, while the second exemplary club head was able to withstand an average of 2307.7 hits. On average, the second exemplary club head withstood 45.6% more hits than the second control club head. The second control club head experienced a minimum of 1000 hits before failure, while the second exemplary club head experienced a minimum of 2000 hits before failure. The worst performing sample of the second exemplary club head experienced 129.2% more hits than the worst performing sample of the second control club head. Golf club head failure is commonly observed near the club head leading edge. The durability improvements demonstrated by the second exemplary club head were attributed to the sole return, which placed a high-strength material near the leading edge. 
     The first and second exemplary club heads increased ball speed and carry distance over their respective control club heads. Further, the first exemplary club head increased ball speed and carry distance over the second exemplary club head. The exemplary club heads also demonstrated a similar improvement to durability over their respective control club heads. Notwithstanding test conditions and the type of weld used to secure the faceplate, the exemplary club heads demonstrated improved performance and durability. Therefore, it is apparent that the faceplate having the sole return and larger surface area improves performance in comparison to a similar club head devoid of a sole return. 
     II. Example 2: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 
     Further described herein is a comparison of a finite element analysis performed on two crossover-type club heads having different sole ledge geometries. The finite element analysis (FEA) simulated the ball speeds of each club head given their different constructions. As discussed above, the sole ledge is located immediately forward of the weight pad and forms a portion of the sole. The sole ledge provides a surface for the faceplate to easily be attached to the rear body. The purpose of the FEA comparison was to demonstrate the similar performance of a golf club head comprising a sole ledge over a golf club head devoid of a sole ledge. Further, the discussion below illustrates the ease of manufacturing provided by a club head that includes a sole ledge. 
     The sample club heads included similar faceplates, similar to the L-shaped faceplate illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The faceplates included a sole return, a toe extension, and top rail extension. Further, the sole return depth was the same in each sample club head. The sample club heads also included a similar center of gravity (CG) location. To achieve a similar CG location in the control club head, mass was added near the top rail on the toe end of the club head. The faceplate construction and CG location were kept constant to isolate the difference in performance caused by the different sole ledge constructions. 
     The control club head comprised a rear body having an overhanging weight pad similar to the weight pad illustrated in  FIG. 12 . The weight pad included a projection that extended toward the faceplate and overhung the sole return. The control club head was devoid of a sole ledge. Instead, the sole return extended into the weight pad such that the weight pad overlapped the rearmost portion of the sole return. The faceplate sole perimeter edge and a portion of the faceplate interior surface contacted the weight pad. The weight pad formed an upper and rear boundary of the sole return. 
     The exemplary club head comprised a rear body having an overhanging weight pad similar to the weight pad illustrated in  FIG. 10 . The overhanging weight pad was angled with respect to the sole and overhung the sole return. The rear body further comprised a sole ledge similar to the sole ledge illustrated in  FIG. 13 , where the sole ledge front surface received the faceplate sole perimeter edge. Further, the weight pad did not contact the sole return and did not form an upper boundary of the sole return. The sole ledge comprised a similar thickness to the sole return. 
     The control and exemplary club heads included different weight pad and sole ledge constructions. The control club head included a weight pad with a projection, and the exemplary club head included an angled weight pad. The control club head did not include a sole ledge, and the weight pad contacted the sole return of the faceplate. In contrast, the exemplary club head included a sole ledge that prevented the weight pad from contacting the sole return of the faceplate. In comparison to the exemplary club head, the effective depth of the sole return of the control club head was decreased by the depth of the weight pad that overlapped the sole return. The results discussed below compare the effects that the sole ledge geometry had on performance. 
     The FEA analysis simulated the internal energy of the sample club heads (measured in pound-force inch). The internal energy was the amount of elastic energy stored and released in the club head by a golf ball impacting and bending the strike face. The difference in ball speed (measured in miles per hour) was derived from the difference in internal energy. The sample club heads were tested at a swing speed of 85 mph to simulate real-world swing conditions. The results indicated the performance of each faceplate near a center of the faceplate. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control Club Head 
                 Exemplary Club Head 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Internal Energy (lbf-in) 
                 55.82 
                 56.21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 6 above, the control club head demonstrated an internal energy of 55.82 lbf-in, and the exemplary club head demonstrated an internal energy of 56.21 lbf-in. The exemplary club head increased internal energy by 0.39 lbf-in over the control club head, which translated to a 0.05 mph increase in ball speed. The control and exemplary club heads performed similarly. 
     Although the control and exemplary club heads performed similarly, the exemplary club head provided manufacturing advantages over the control club head. The exemplary club head did not lose performance over the control club head, and the exemplar club head is cheaper and easier to manufacture than the control club head. As discussed above, the exemplary club head included a sole ledge that received the sole perimeter edge of the faceplate. The control club head did not include a sole ledge, and instead, the weight pad received the faceplate near the sole. The exemplary club head required only a single surface of the sole return (the sole perimeter edge) to be attached to the sole ledge. In contrast, the control club required two surfaces of the sole return be attached to the rear body (the sole perimeter edge and a portion of the interior surface). Therefore, the rear body of the control club head required that two surfaces were prepared to receive the sole return versus the exemplary club head, which only required one surface to be prepared. The preparation of additional surfaces added steps to the manufacturing process, which increased the cost of manufacturing the control club head. 
     Further, the control club head included a more complex receiving geometry than the exemplary club head. Each club head has a margin of error at the interface of the sole return and the rear body. The sole ledge allowed for a larger margin of error when aligning the sole return with the rear body because only one surface of the sole return must align with the rear body. In contrast, the control club head required two surfaces of the sole return to align with the rear body. Therefore, the control club head required a more precise fit between the sole return and the rear body, which decreased the allowable margin of error at the interface. Due to the decrease in the margin of error, the control club head required that the sole return was formed within extremely tight tolerances. Therefore, the control club head was more difficult to manufacture than the exemplary club head. 
     As discussed above, the thicknesses of the sole return and sole ledge were similar. These similar thicknesses allowed an even weld bead to be formed on either side of the faceplate it is welded to the rear body. In contrast, the weight pad of the control club head was positioned above the sole return and did not allow an even weld bead to be formed. Therefore, the samples performed similarly, but the exemplary club head was cheaper and easier to manufacture than the control club head. 
     III. Example 3: L-cup Depth 
     Further described herein is comparison of a finite element analysis performed on two crossover-type club heads having different sole return geometries. The finite element analysis (FEA) simulated the ball speeds of each club head given their different constructions. As discussed above, maximizing the sole return depth increases the flexure of the faceplate. Therefore, the purpose of the FEA comparison was to demonstrate the performance improvements that resulted from maximizing the sole return depth. 
     The control club head comprised a control L-shaped faceplate similar to the faceplate illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . The control faceplate included a control sole return that wrapped over the leading edge and formed a portion of the sole. The control sole return depth was 0.30 inch. The control club head further comprised a control rear body having a control sole ledge that received the control sole return. 
     The exemplary club head comprised an exemplary L-shaped faceplate similar to the control faceplate. However, the exemplary sole return depth was 0.40 inch. The exemplary sole return depth was maximized to the manufacturing limit. The exemplary sole return depth was 33% longer than the control return depth. The exemplary club head further comprised an exemplary rear body having an exemplary sole ledge that received the exemplary sole return. 
     The control and exemplary club heads comprised rear body constructions similar to the club head illustrated in  FIG. 9 . However, the control sole ledge was longer than the exemplary sole ledge to accommodate the shortened control sole return. The remaining portions of the control and exemplary rear bodies were kept similar to isolate the difference in performance caused by lengthening the exemplary sole return. 
     The FEA analysis simulated the internal energy of the sample club heads (measured in pound-force inch). The internal energy was the amount of elastic energy stored and released in the club head by a golf ball impacting and bending the strike face. The difference in ball speed (measured in miles per hour) was derived from the difference in internal energy. The sample club heads were tested at a swing speed of 85 mph to simulate real-world swing conditions. The results indicated the performance of each faceplate near a center of the faceplate, and a low-center region, located just below the center of the faceplate. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Exemplary 
               
               
                   
                 Club Head 
                 Club Head 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Center Hits Internal Energy (lbf-in) 
                 58.52 
                 59.91 
               
               
                 Low-Center Hits Internal Energy (lbf-in) 
                 46.25 
                 47.82 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to Table 7 above, the exemplary club head demonstrated a higher internal energy on both center hits and low-center hits. On center hits, the control club head demonstrated an internal energy of 58.52 lbf-in, and the exemplary club head demonstrated an internal energy of 59.91 lbf-in. The exemplary club head increased internal energy by 1.39 lbf-in over the control club head, which translated to a 0.18 mph increase in ball speed on center hits. 
     On low-center hits, the control club head demonstrated an internal energy of 46.25 lbf-in, and the exemplary club head demonstrated an internal energy of 47.82 lbf-in. The exemplary club head increased internal energy by 1.57 lbf-in over the control club head, which translated to a 0.20 mph increase in ball speed on center hits. 
     The results of Table 7 illustrate the difference that the sole return depth had on increasing ball speed. As discussed in detail above, increasing the sole return depth increases the amount of rear body material replaced by faceplate material. The replacement of rear body material by faceplate material leads to an increase in the flexibility of the sole. The lengthening of the sole return directly led to a substantial increase in ball speed. For increased performance, it is therefore desirable to maximize the depth of the sole return within manufacturability limits. 
     Clauses 
     Clause 1. An iron-type golf club head comprising: a faceplate and a rear body forming a club head body and enclosing a hollow interior cavity; a top rail, a sole, a heel end, and a toe end, wherein: the club head body forms a front end, a rear end, a top rail periphery, a toe periphery, a heel periphery, and a sole periphery; the faceplate is disposed at the front end; the faceplate comprises a strike face, a back surface opposite the strike face, a leading edge proximate the sole, a sole return extending rearward from the back surface and forming at least a portion of the sole, and a faceplate perimeter, wherein: the faceplate perimeter comprises a top perimeter edge, a heel-side perimeter edge, a toe-side perimeter edge and a sole perimeter edge; the rear body forms at least a portion of the top rail, at least a portion of the sole, at least a portion of the toe end; the rear body comprises a rear wall extending from the sole to the top rail at the rear end, a sole ledge, and a hosel structure located on the heel end; the sole ledge projects from the rear body toward the faceplate and forms a portion of the sole; the top perimeter edge of the faceplate is located on the top rail periphery of the club head body, the toe-side perimeter edge of the faceplate is located on the toe periphery of the club head body, and the sole perimeter edge of the faceplate contacts the sole ledge; the faceplate is welded to the rear body along the faceplate perimeter; the rear body further comprises a weight pad proximate the sole and the rear wall, wherein: the weight pad overhangs the sole return, and the weight pad does not contact the sole return. 
     Clause 2. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the weight pad is separated from the sole return by the sole ledge. 
     Clause 3. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, further comprising a faceplate surface area measured across the faceplate between the top perimeter edge, the toe-side perimeter edge, the heel-side perimeter edge, and the leading edge; wherein the faceplate surface area is between 5.00 in 2  and 6.00 in 2 . 
     Clause 4. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the faceplate comprises a first material and the rear body comprises a second material different than the first material. 
     Clause 5. The iron-type golf club head of clause 4, wherein the first material comprises a first yield strength and the second material comprises a second yield strength; and wherein the first yield strength is greater than the second yield strength. 
     Clause 6. The iron-type golf club head of clause 5, wherein the first yield strength of the first material is between 220 ksi and 300 ksi. 
     Clause 7. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the sole ledge comprises a sole ledge depth between 0.01 inch and 0.20 inch. 
     Clause 8. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the sole return defines a sole return thickness, and the sole ledge defines a sole ledge thickness; and wherein the sole return thickness at the sole perimeter edge is the same as the sole ledge thickness. 
     Clause 9. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the sole return comprises a sole return depth measured in a front-to-rear direction from the leading edge to the sole perimeter edge; wherein the sole return depth is between 0.2 inches and 0.4 inches. 
     Clause 10. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the sole perimeter edge is the only portion of the sole return that contacts the rear body. 
     Clause 11. The iron-type golf club head of clause 1, wherein the top rail comprises a thickness less than 0.060 inches. 
     Clause 12. An iron-type golf club head comprising: a faceplate and a rear body forming a club head body and enclosing a hollow interior cavity; a top rail, a sole, a heel end, and a toe end, wherein: the club head body forms a front end, a rear end, a top rail periphery, a toe periphery, a heel periphery, and a sole periphery; the faceplate is disposed at the front end; the faceplate comprises a strike face, a back surface opposite the strike face, a leading edge proximate the sole, a sole return extending rearward from the back surface and forming at least a portion of the sole, and a faceplate perimeter, wherein: the faceplate perimeter comprises a top perimeter edge, a heel-side perimeter edge, a toe-side perimeter edge and a sole perimeter edge; the rear body forms at least a portion of the top rail, at least a portion of the sole, at least a portion of the toe end; the rear body comprises a rear wall extending from the sole to the top rail at the rear end, a sole ledge, and a hosel structure located on the heel end; the sole ledge projects from the rear body toward the faceplate and forms a portion of the sole; the top perimeter edge of the faceplate is located on the top rail periphery of the club head body, the toe-side perimeter edge of the faceplate is located on the toe periphery of the club head body, and the sole perimeter edge of the faceplate contacts the sole ledge; the faceplate is welded to the rear body along the faceplate perimeter; the rear body further comprises a weight pad proximate the sole and the rear wall, wherein: the weight pad overhangs the sole return, and the weight pad does not contact the sole return; the weight pad comprises a front wall facing the front end, a top wall facing the top rail, and a transition region between the front wall and the top wall; and the front wall is angled with respect to the sole. 
     Clause 13. The iron-type golf club head of clause 12, wherein the weight pad is separated from the sole return by the sole ledge. 
     Clause 14. The iron-type golf club head of clause 12, wherein the sole ledge comprises a sole ledge depth between 0.01 inch and 0.20 inch. 
     Clause 15. The iron-type golf club head of clause 12, further comprising an acute angle measured between the front wall of the weight pad and an interior surface of the sole return; wherein the acute angle is between 30 and 80 degrees. 
     Clause 16. The iron-type golf club head of clause 12, further comprising a lower interior undercut formed between the front wall of the weight pad and the sole; wherein the lower interior undercut defines a lower interior undercut depth measured in a front-to-rear direction between the transition region and a juncture between the front wall and the sole ledge; and wherein the lower interior undercut depth is greater than 0.100 inch. 
     Clause 17. An iron-type golf club head comprising: a faceplate and a rear body forming a club head body and enclosing a hollow interior cavity; a top rail, a sole, a heel end, and a toe end, wherein: the club head body forms a front end, a rear end, a top rail periphery, a toe periphery, a heel periphery, and a sole periphery; the faceplate is disposed at the front end; the faceplate comprises a strike face, a back surface opposite the strike face, a leading edge proximate the sole, a sole return extending rearward from the back surface and forming at least a portion of the sole, and a faceplate perimeter, wherein: the faceplate perimeter comprises a top perimeter edge, a heel-side perimeter edge, a toe-side perimeter edge and a sole perimeter edge; the rear body forms at least a portion of the top rail, at least a portion of the sole, at least a portion of the toe end; the rear body comprises a rear wall extending from the sole to the top rail at the rear end, a sole ledge, and a hosel structure located on the heel end; the sole ledge projects from the rear body toward the faceplate and forms a portion of the sole; the top perimeter edge of the faceplate is located on the top rail periphery of the club head body, the toe-side perimeter edge of the faceplate is located on the toe periphery of the club head body, and the sole perimeter edge of the faceplate contacts the sole ledge; the faceplate is welded to the rear body along the faceplate perimeter; the rear body further comprises a weight pad proximate the sole and the rear wall, wherein: the weight pad overhangs the sole return, and the weight pad does not contact the sole return; the weight pad comprises a weight pad extension protruding forward from a front wall of the weight pad toward the faceplate and overhanging the sole return. 
     Clause 18. The iron-type golf club head of clause 17, wherein the weight pad is separated from the sole return by the sole ledge. 
     Clause 19. The iron-type golf club head of clause 17, wherein the weight pad extension comprises a forward edge and a lower surface disposed toward the sole; wherein a lower interior undercut is formed between the lower surface and an interior surface of the sole. 
     Clause 20. The iron-type golf club head of clause 19, wherein the lower interior undercut comprises a lower interior undercut depth measured from the forward edge of the weight pad extension to the front wall of the weight pad; wherein the lower interior undercut depth is greater than 0.100 inch. 
     Replacement of one or more claimed elements constitutes reconstruction and not repair. Additionally, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described with regard to specific embodiments. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, however, are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims, unless such benefits, advantages, solutions, or elements are stated in such claim. 
     Moreover, embodiments and limitations disclosed herein are not dedicated to the public under the doctrine of dedication if the embodiments and/or limitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims; and (2) are or are potentially equivalents of express elements and/or limitations in the claims under the doctrine of equivalents.