Patent Publication Number: US-2021163864-A1

Title: Sample container for stabilizing and aligning excised biological tissue samples for ex vivo analysis

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2018/050874, filed Jul. 18, 2018, entitled “Sample Container for Stabilizing and Aligning Excised Biological Tissue Samples for Ex Vivo Analysis,” which claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/533,728 filed on Jul. 18, 2017, entitled “Sample Container for Stabilizing and Aligning Excised Biological Tissue Samples for Ex Vivo Analysis,” the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Embodiments described herein relate to an apparatus for positioning and securing an excised biological tissue specimen for imaging and analysis. In clinical and surgical situations, it is often helpful to image or otherwise analyze excised biological tissue to ensure a proper tumor margin was maintained around the mass of the biological tissue. Imaging and/or otherwise analyzing excised biological tissue samples can be difficult and time consuming, due in part to the fact that the excised tissue is often non-uniformly shaped and the sample needs to be maintained in the same position during analysis. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments described herein relate to an apparatus for positioning and securing an excised biological tissue specimen for imaging and analysis. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a sample bag defining an inner volume configured to receive a biological tissue sample, and a sealing member coupled to the sample bag. An imaging window is disposed and configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the biological tissue sample, and a positioning member is coupled to the imaging window and is configured to be disposed against the sealing member to substantially seal the inner volume. The positioning member includes a vacuum port disposed and configured to be aligned with a vacuum source to withdraw air from the inner volume of the sample bag. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a sample container, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a side-view of the sample container, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the sample container, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a bottom view of the sample container, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  shows an exploded view of a sample container, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  shows a cross-section of the sample container of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIGS. 7A-7E  show a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 8-12  show a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  shows a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments described herein relate to an apparatus for positioning and securing an excised biological tissue specimen for imaging and/or analysis. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a sample bag defining an inner volume configured to receive a biological tissue sample, and a sealing member coupled to the sample bag. An imaging window is disposed and configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the biological tissue sample, and a positioning member is coupled to the imaging window and is configured to be disposed against the sealing member to substantially seal the inner volume. The positioning member includes a vacuum port disposed and configured to be aligned with a vacuum source to withdraw air from the inner volume of the sample bag. 
     During certain surgical procedures, a biological sample is excised from a patient and then later analyzed to determine if the sample is diseased and/or if any abnormalities are present in the biological tissue (e.g., sarcoma, tumor, and/or carcinoma). The surgeon typically excises marginal tissue around the mass being removed to ensure that no cancerous or potentially cancerous cells are left in the patient, thereby reducing the likelihood of regrowth of the unwanted mass and/or the spread of cancer to other parts of the body following surgery. In some cases, the excised biological sample can be further examined using a wide array of analytical methodologies either within the surgical theater, outside the surgical theater, or by an off-site third party to ensure that sufficient marginal tissue was removed by the surgeon, e.g., after a lumpectomy. For example, optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to examine an excised mass of biological tissue as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0040976 entitled, “System and Method for Wide Field OCT Imaging,” filed Dec. 5, 2013 (“the &#39;976 Publication”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other imaging and analysis methods can also be used for intrasurgical and/or extrasurgical analysis of biological samples. 
     In the clinical and surgical situations described above where an excised biological sample needs to be further examined or analyzed after excision, it is often desirable to properly contain and position the excised biological sample for further analysis. In other words, when imaging and/or analyzing a biological tissue sample, the sample needs to be placed in a fixed position or a substantially fixed position with respect to a lens, an aperture, a discharge point, or other reference point of the analysis or imaging device. For example, the practitioner may have to hold the biological sample in a very precise location for an extended period in order for the analysis or imaging device to successfully analyze and/or image the biological sample. Incorrectly positioned biological samples and/or movement of the biological samples during imaging/analysis can lead to lower quality images/results and can compromise the quality of patient care. 
     It should also be noted that the terms “coupled” or “coupling” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, the terms coupled or coupling can have a mechanical, electrical or optical connotation. For example, depending on the context, the terms coupled or coupling may indicate that two elements or devices can be physically, electrically or optically connected to one another or connected to one another through one or more intermediate elements or devices via a physical, electrical or optical element such as, but not limited to a wire, fiber optic cable or waveguide, for example. 
     As used herein, the term “about” and “approximately” generally mean plus or minus 10% of the value stated, for example about 250 μm would include 225 μm to 275 μm, approximately 1,000 μm would include 900 μm to 1,100 μm. 
     In the following passages, different aspects of the embodiments are defined in more detail. Each aspect so defined may be combined with any other aspect or aspects unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with at least one other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous. 
     Described herein are various example embodiments of systems, apparatuses, and methods that can be used to accurately and precisely position an excised biological tissue sample relative to an imaging device during imaging and/or during a storage period. The systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein have various applications such as, but not limited to medical applications, inter- or intra-surgical analysis, veterinary applications, laboratory applications, and ex vivo analysis of excised tumors, growths, nodules, melanoma, appendages, organs, and other excised biological materials. A typical tissue sample has a surface area of approximately 200 cm 2  and the surface of the tissue sample may be irregular, leading to complications during imaging or analysis of the excised biological tissues. Excised tissue samples can also be difficult to handle without introducing contaminants and/or causing damage to the tissue sample during handling of the sample and prior to imaging or analysis. In order to reduce the difficulty of sample handling, increase the ease and repeatability of positioning and maintaining the position of samples during imaging or analysis, and reduce the likelihood of introducing contaminants to the tissue sample, systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein can be used. 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus for holding a biological tissue sample in a fixed position or a substantially fixed position during imaging can include a sample bag defining an inner volume and configured to hold the biological tissue during imaging. In some embodiments, the sample bag can have an opening and define a cavity therewithin. In some embodiments, the sample bag can be configured to receive the biological tissue sample and have a first volume in a first configuration and a second volume less than the first volume in a second configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a sealing member coupled to the sample bag and configured to maintain the sample bag in an airtight condition. In some embodiments, the sealing member can be coupled to a circumference of the opening of the sample bag. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include an imaging window disposed and configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the biological tissue sample. In other words, the biological tissue sample can be positioned within the sample bag and can rest upon the imaging window during use of the apparatus. In some embodiments, the imaging window can fit within the opening of the sample bag and/or an aperture of the sealing member. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be disposed within the opening of the sample bag, and a positioning member coupled to the imaging window and configured to be disposed against the sealing member. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be configured to be in contact with a portion of the biological tissue sample. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a positioning member coupled to the imaging window and configured to be disposed against the sealing member. In some embodiments, the positioning member can include a vacuum port or a plurality of vacuum ports disposed and configured to be aligned with a vacuum source to withdraw air from the inner volume of the sample bag. In some embodiments, the inner volume of the sample bag can be substantially sealed when the positioning member is disposed against the sealing member. In some embodiments, the vacuum source is a vacuum pump. In some embodiments, the vacuum port can be sealed such that a partial vacuum can be maintained within the apparatus once the vacuum source is disconnected. In some embodiments, the positioning member can include a first portion and a second portion, the sealing member disposed between the first portion and the second portion such that the inner volume is substantially sealed. In some embodiments, withdrawing air from the cavity of the sample bag moves the sample bag from the first configuration to the second configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a locking mechanism configured to maintain the sealing member in contact with the positioning member. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism can include a channel, e.g., a channel having a first end that is substantially open and a second end that is substantially closed. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include an alignment element connected to the positioning member, a first alignment marking indicating the first end of the channel, and a second alignment marking indicating the second end of the channel. In some embodiments, the alignment element is configured to move between the first alignment marking and the second alignment marking as the positioning member is rotationally connected to an imaging device, a base, and/or a receiving member. In some embodiments, alignment between the alignment element and the second alignment marking indicates proper alignment of the vacuum port with the vacuum system or the plurality of vacuum ports with the vacuum system. In some embodiments, the vacuum system can include a corresponding vacuum port or plurality of vacuum ports disposed within the imaging device, the base, and/or the receiving member. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism can include a ridge protruding from a surface of the locking mechanism, the ridge dimensioned and configured to be lockably disposed within a channel defined within the imaging device, the base, and/or the receiving member. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the sample bag, the sealing member, the imaging window, and the positioning member is reusable. In some embodiments, at least one of the sample bag, the sealing member, the imaging window, and the positioning member can be sterilized in an autoclave before reuse. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include an electronic sensor configured to close a circuit when the vacuum port is properly aligned with the vacuum system and an indicator light connected to the circuit and configured to illuminate when the circuit is closed. In some embodiments, the apparatus can also or alternatively include an audible alarm connected to the circuit and configured to produce a sound when the circuit is closed. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include the receiving member, the receiving member including or defining a channel to which a portion of the positioning member is configured to be disposed. In some embodiments, the portion of the positioning member can include a ridge or other element configured to fit snugly within the channel. In some embodiments, the ridge or other element of the positioning member can be or substantially be the same shape as the inner cavity of the channel defined by one or more walls of the channel. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a plurality of registration points disposed about the receiving member and configured to arrest movement of the positioning member once the portion of the positioning member is disposed within the channel. In some embodiments, the registration points can include a tab, a tag, a stub, a protuberance, a bump, a roughened portion, or any other suitable feature disposed on or defined by the positioning member, locking mechanism, and/or the receiving member, the base, or the imaging device. In some embodiments, the registration points can disallow rotational movement of the positioning member and/or the locking mechanism with respect to the receiving member, the base, or the imaging device. In some embodiments, the registration points can be visual aids such that a user can discontinue rotational movement of the positioning member and/or the locking mechanism with respect to the receiving member, the base, or the imaging device once the registration point is aligned with a corresponding alignment marking or other feature. In some embodiments, the receiving member can be configured to be coupled to the imaging device or can be a part of the imaging device such that the biological tissue sample is securely positioned against the sample window and readily available for analysis. In some embodiments, analysis can include the communication of electromagnetic energy from the imaging device, through the sample window, to the biological tissue sample. 
     The present disclosure also describes methods for making and using an apparatus configured to accurately position the excised biological sample relative to the imaging device and for maintaining accurate positioning for a period of time. In some embodiments a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position during imaging can include receiving the biological tissue sample into the inner volume of the sample bag, the sample bag coupled to the sealing member. In some embodiments, the method can also include disposing the imaging window into contact with a portion of the biological tissue sample. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be disposed within or against a surface of the positioning member and/or the locking mechanism. In some embodiments, the method can include coupling the positioning member to the imaging window to form a sample container such that the biological tissue sample is substantially sealed within the sample container. In other words, after disposing the excised biological tissue sample into the sample bag, the sample bag can be disposed though an opening or orifice of the positioning member or locking mechanism with the imaging window disposed therebetween. In some embodiments, when the biological tissue sample is disposed within the sample bag and sealed therewithin using the imaging window held in place by the positioning member and/or the locking mechanism, the sample container is thereby formed. In some embodiments, the method can further include removably locking the sample container to a receiving member, the receiving member being configured to hold the sample container in place with regard to the imaging device. In some embodiments, the method can further include withdrawing air from the inner volume of the sample bag. In some embodiments, withdrawing air from the inner volume of the sample bag can cause the sample bag to move from the first configuration to the second configuration. In some embodiments, in the second configuration, the sample bag is drawn substantially tightly about the biological tissue sample and holds the biological tissue sample in place against the imaging window. In some embodiments, disposing the image window into contact with the portion of the biological tissue sample to form the sample container can include rotatably locking the imaging window to a sealing member. 
     In some embodiments, a method for making the sample holder configured to hold a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position during imaging can include coupling a sample bag to an imaging window. In some embodiments, when the imaging window is coupled to the sample bag, the inner volume of the sample bag can be substantially airtight. In some embodiments, the method can include coupling the sample bag to a locking mechanism by disposing the sample bag through an aperture of the locking mechanism such that the imaging window is disposed against a surface of the locking mechanism. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism can define a channel and can include a first plurality of vacuum ports. In some embodiments, the channel can include a first end that is open and a second end that is closed. In some embodiments, the method can further include rotatably coupling the locking mechanism to a receiving member. In some embodiments, the receiving member can include a ridge configured to be slidably disposed within the channel and a second plurality of vacuum ports. In some embodiments, the second plurality of vacuum ports can be configured to be substantially aligned with the first plurality of ports when the locking mechanism is rotatably coupled to the receiving member. 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic illustration of a sample container  100  (also referred to herein as “specimen container” or “sample holder”) that includes a sample bag  110  defining an inner volume configured to receive the biological tissue sample (not shown), and a sealing member  120  coupled to the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, an imaging window  130  is disposed and configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the biological sample. In some embodiments, a positioning member  140  is coupled to the imaging window  130  and is configured to be disposed against the sealing member  120  to substantially seal the inner volume of the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can include at least one vacuum port  150  disposed and configured to be aligned with a vacuum source to withdraw air from the inner volume of the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, the sample container  100  further includes a locking mechanism  160  configured to selectively engaged with at least one of the positioning member  140  and/or the sealing member  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  is dimensioned and configured to hold or contain the biological tissue sample) during analysis and/or for a period of time after analysis has been conducted. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  is dimensioned and configured to hold or contain the biological tissue sample for an extended period of time, during which time the sample is stored and/or transported for additional analysis and/or imaging. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  is dimensioned and configured to be in a first configuration in which the inner volume of the sample bag  110  is at or is substantially at a maximum. In some embodiments, the biological tissue sample can be disposed within the sample bag  110  when the sample bag  110  is in the first configuration. In some embodiments, withdrawing air from the sample bag  110  can transition the sample bag  110  from the first configuration to a second configuration in which the inner volume of the sample bag  110  is lower than in the first configuration. In some embodiments, once a portion of air is withdrawn from the sample bag  110 , the inner volume of the sample bag  110  can be substantially similar to the volume of the biological tissue sample. In some embodiments, the portion of air removed from the sample bag  110  can create a partial vacuum within the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, when the sample bag  110  is in the second configuration, the sample bag  110  can hold the biological tissue sample in place against the imaging window  130 . 
     In some embodiments, the sample holder  100  and any subcomponents thereof can be sterilized such that a contacting surface (inner surface) of the sample container  100  is substantially free of biological contaminants, bacteriological contaminants, viral contaminants, chemical contaminants, or other contaminants. In some embodiments, “substantially free of contaminants” refers to any amount of contaminant present at or below the detectable limit using currently available analytical methods and according to current good manufacturing practice (cGMP). In some embodiments, the sample container  100  can be sterilized chemically, thermally, using a liquid solvent, via bombardment of electromagnetic energy, via irradiation from a radiological source, vi any other suitable methods, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample container  100  (or portions thereof) can be autoclaved prior to use. 
     In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be made from any suitably flexible, deformable, and/or elastic material disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be substantially transparent in order to allow the practitioner to view the sample contained within. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be highly flexible, allowing a vacuum system, a practitioner, any other cause, or any combination thereof to draw the bag more closely around the sample. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can include a polymer, a rubber, a vinyl, a ethyl compound, an imide, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene, polyetheretherketone, polyurethane, and any admixtures thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be sufficiently robust (e.g., thick and/or durable) to withstand vacuum being drawn on the substantially sealed sample container  100  without being damaged and/or without compromising the airtight seal. In some embodiments, a thickness of the sample bag  110  can be between about 10 μm and about 5 mm, between about 15 μm and about 4.5 mm, between about 30 μm and about 4 mm, between about 75 μm and about 3 mm, between about 100 μm and about 3 mm, between about 150 μm and about 2.5 mm, between about 200 μm and about 2 mm, between about 300 μm and about 2 mm, between about 500 μm and about 1.5 mm, and between about 750 μm and about 1 mm, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sample bag  110  can be greater than about 10 μm, greater than about 50 μm, greater than about 100 μm, greater than about 150 μm, greater than about 200 μm, greater than about 250 μm, greater than about 300 μm, greater than about 350 μm, greater than about 500 μm, greater than about 750 μm, greater than about 1 mm, greater than about 2 mm, greater than about 3 mm, greater than about 4 mm, or greater than about 5 mm, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sample bag  110  can be less than about 5 mm, about 4.5 mm, about 4 mm, about 3.5 mm, about 3 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 2 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm about 750 μm, about 500 μm, about 250 μm, about 150 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, or about 10 μm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be coupled to the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be coupled to the sealing member  120  by interposing a portion of the sample bag  110  between two or more portions (e.g., layers) of the sealing member  120 . For example, the two portions or more of the sealing member  120  can be coupled mechanically, with an adhesive, thermally bonded, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be coupled to the sealing member with an adhesive. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be coupled to the sealing member  120  through a thermal fusing process. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be coupled to the sealing member  120  through a thermochemical melding of the two materials. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be formed from the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be formed by extruding the sealing member  120  with no center hole and then forming the sample bag  110  from the sealing member  120  through thermal and/or physical deformation (e.g., stretching) of a portion of the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, deformation of a portion of the sealing member  120  (e.g., in the center) can define an aperture of the sealing member  120  and the opening of the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, the deformed portion of the sealing member  120  can be deformed to form the sample bag  110  therefrom. In some embodiments, the portion (e.g., center) of the sealing member  120  can be deformed to the extent that the material becomes sufficiently elastic and/or deformable and such that the formed sample bag  110  can transition from the first configuration to the second configuration when air is withdrawn from the sample bag  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  maintains a first configuration when no vacuum is drawn against the sample container  100 . In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can be substantially extended to its most voluminous state in the first configuration. In other words, the inner volume of the sample bag  110  is at or near a maximum volume in the first configuration. In some embodiments, once vacuum is drawn on the sample container  100  by withdrawing air from the sample bag  110 , the sample bag  110  can transition from the first configuration to a second configuration. In some embodiments, the inner volume of the sample bag  110  in the second configuration is less than the inner volume of the sample bag  110  in the first configuration. In some embodiments, the inner volume of the sample bag  110  in the second configuration can be substantially similar to the volume of the biological tissue sample. Said another way, once vacuum is drawn on the sample container  100  substantially all of the air is removed from the inner volume of the sample bag  110  such that the biological tissue sample occupies nearly 100% of the inner volume. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can transition to a third configuration once the vacuum system is disconnected from the sample container  100  or the partial vacuum is otherwise relieved. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can transition to the third configuration while the vacuum system is still connected and the sample container  100  remains under partial vacuum. In some embodiments, the inner volume of the sample bag  110  in the third configuration can be less than the inner volume of the sample bag  110  in the first configuration but greater than the inner volume of the sample bag  110  in the second configuration. In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can move from the second configuration back to substantially the first configuration once the sample container  100  is disconnected from the vacuum system or air is otherwise communicated back into the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can remain substantially in the second configuration once the sample container  100  is disconnected from the vacuum system or air is otherwise communicated back into the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, the sample bag  110  can remain substantially in the second configuration because the vacuum port  150  can be sealed closed such that air is not allowed to be communicated back in to the sample bag  110 . In some embodiments, sealing the vacuum port  150  can allow for the movement of the sample container  100  between different imaging devices and/or can allow the biological tissue sample to be stored in the sample container  100  without becoming contaminated. 
     The sealing member  120  can be a gasket, the gasket coupled to the sample bag  110  such that a seal is formed between the sample bag  110  and the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can be disposed against a surface to form a seal. In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can be disposed between two surfaces in order to substantially seal the sample container  100 . In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can define a center hole (not shown). In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can be placed into abutment with a surface of the positioning member  140  during use of the sample container  100 . In some embodiments, the abutment of the sealing member  120  against the surface of the positioning member  140  creates a seal or partial seal between the inner volume of the sample bag  110  and the outside environment. In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  is connected to the sealing member  120  to form a releasable seal between a surface of the sealing member  120  and the surface of the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  is interposed between the sealing member  120  and the imaging device or aperture defined therein. In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  is interposed between the positioning member  140  and the imaging device or aperture defined therein. In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  substantially covers a top portion or top side of the positioning member  140 . 
     In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can be made from any suitably material, including but not limited to plastics, rubbers, synthetic rubbers, neoprene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, nitrile, silicone, fiberglass, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, buna rubber, viton, fluoropolymer, teflon, polyesters, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, ultrahigh-density polyethyelen, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, polyamides, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polyethyelen-acrylonitrile butadienet styrene, polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyurethanes, maleimide, bismaleimide, melamine formaldehyde, phenolics, plastarch, polyepoxide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyimide, polylactic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, urea-formaldehyde, furan, polysulfone, nylon, and admixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can include a single layer of any of the disclosed materials. In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can include a plurality of layers joined together. In some embodiments, the sealing member can include two to eight layers of material, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of layers can have substantially the same dimensions and can be formed from the same material or mixture of materials. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of layers has a different dimension than at least one other layer. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of layers is made from a different material or mixture of materials than at least one other layer. 
     In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can have a dimensional thickness measured in the direction perpendicular to the surface configured to contact the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can have a thickness sufficient to provide a substantially airtight seal when positive pressure is applied against the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can have a thickness sufficient to provide a substantially airtight seal when a vacuum is drawn against the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can have a thickness between about 10 μm and about 25 mm, between about 250 μm and about 15 mm, between about 500 μm and about 10 mm, between about 750 μm and about 9 mm, between about 850 μm and about 8 mm, between about 1 mm and about 7 mm, between about 1 mm and about 6 mm, between about 1.5 mm and about 5 mm, and between about 2 mm and about 4 mm, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. In some embodiments, the sealing member  120  can have a thickness greater than about 10 μm, greater than about 50 μm, greater than about 100 μm, greater than about 250 μm, greater than about 500 μm, greater than about 750 μm, greater than about 1 mm, greater than about 3 mm, greater than about 5 mm, greater than about 7 mm, greater than about 9 mm, or greater than about 11 mm, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. 
     The imaging window  130  at least partially defines the inner volume of the sample container  100  along with the sample bag  110 , and is configured to be placed against an imaging device such that the imaging device can take images of the biological sample through the imaging window  130 . In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the biological tissue sample. In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be dimensioned and configured to be planar. In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be dimensioned and configured to be concave, providing a depression or other such concavity that at least partially holds the biological tissue sample in place during analysis and/or imaging. In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be fixedly coupled to the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be removably coupled to the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be disposed within an aperture (not shown) defined by the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be formed from the same material and/or at the same time as the positioning member  140 . In other words, the imaging window  130  can be non-delineable element of the positioning member  140  (i.e., integrally formed with the positioning member  140 ). 
     In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can have a thickness sufficient to withstand any vacuum pressure disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be thin enough so as to allow light particles, electromagnetic energy, or other energy forms to pass through the imaging window  130 . In some embodiments, the thickness of the imaging window  130  can be between about 10 μm and about 15 mm, between about 250 μm and about 13 mm, between about 500 μm and about 10 mm, between about 750 μm and about 9 mm, between about 850 μm and about 8 mm, between about 1 mm and about 7 mm, between about 1 mm and about 6 mm, between about 1.5 mm and about 5 mm, and between about 2 mm and about 4 mm, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. In some embodiments, the thickness of the imaging window  130  can be greater than about 10 μm, greater than about 50 μm, greater than about 100 μm, greater than about 250 μm, greater than about 500 μm, greater than about 750 μm, greater than about 1 mm, greater than about 3 mm, greater than about 5 mm, greater than about 7 mm, greater than about 9 mm, greater than about 11 mm, greater than about 13 mm, or greater than about 15 mm, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be made from any suitably rigid, suitably strong, and suitably transparent material. In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  can be made of glass, borosilicate glass (e.g., Schott BK7 or H-K9L from CDGM Glass Company Ltd.), amorphous polyolefins, cyclo olefin polymers, cellulose acetate, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-impact polystyrene, polyetheretherketone, polyesters, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polypropylene, polyamides, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyurethanes, poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polylactic acid, polyvinyl butyral, pyrex, nitrocellulose, acrylates, any other material disclosed herein, and any other material suitably transparent and durable to enable imaging/analysis while also withstanding partial vacuum conditions, and combinations or admixtures thereof. 
     As described herein, the positioning member  140  can be coupled to and/or integrally formed with the imaging window  130 . In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can be non-uniformly shaped and the sealing member  120  can be dimensioned and configured such that the abutment of the sealing member  120  against the positioning member  140  can result in the sample container  100  being substantially sealed. 
     In some embodiments, the shape of the positioning member  140  can be in the form of a torus, hemisphere, disk, hoop, ring, halo, circle, planar circle, cuboid, ellipsoid, sphere, cylinder, hexagonal prism, pentagonal prism, rhombus, frustum, irregular polygon, any other suitable shape, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  defines the aperture approximately in the center of the positioning member  140 , and the imaging window  130  is disposed within the aperture defined by the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the imaging window  130  is coupled to the positioning member  140  such that a substantially airtight seal is formed. In some embodiments, the positioning member  140 , the imaging window  130 , the sealing member  120 , and the sample bag  110  collectively define the inner volume in which the biological sample is disposed. 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can be dimensioned and configured to abut a portion of an imaging device. In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can be configured to position the sample of biological tissue in three-dimensional space relative to a lens or probe of the imaging device. In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can be disposed at least partially within a recess of the imaging device. In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can include an alignment feature to help ensure the sample container  100  is properly positioned with respect to the imaging device. For example, in some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can include alignment markings, fiducial marks, protuberances, keys, mechanical stops, recesses and/or the like that are designed to mate with the imaging device so that the sample container  100  is properly positioned with respect to the imaging device. Similarly, the imaging device can include alignment markings, fiducial marks, protuberances, keys, mechanical stops, recesses and/or the like that are designed to mate with the sample container  100 . In other words, either the sample container  100 , the imaging device, or both can include alignment features to help ensure the sample container  100  is properly positioned with respect to the imaging device. 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can have an outer surface and an inner surface. In some embodiments, the inner surface of the positioning member  140  can define a groove or a plurality of grooves. In some embodiments, the groove can be substantially filled with a plurality of indents. In some embodiments, the inner surface of the positioning member  140  can include threads. In some embodiments, the threads on the inner surface of the positioning member  140  can be dimensioned and configured to engage receiving threads within an aperture of the imaging device. 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can further include a plurality of tabs on the outer surface. In some embodiments, the plurality of tabs is between two and six tabs, inclusive of all ranges and values therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  140  can be made of any suitable material, including but not limited to polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, poyamides, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyethylene-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate-Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyurethanes, maleimide, bismaleimide, melamine formaldehyde, plastarch, phenolics, phenol formaldehydes, polyepoxide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyimide, polylactic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, urea-formaldehyde, furan, silicone, polysulfone, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, carbon fiber, nylon, cotton, wood, aluminum, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, mercury, nickel, rhodium, scandium, silver, titanium, tin, zinc, steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, and admixtures thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the diameter of the positioning member  140  is between about 1 cm and about 35 cm. In some embodiments, the diameter of the positioning member  140  is greater than about 1 cm, greater than about 3 cm, greater than about 5 cm, greater than about 10 cm, greater than about 15 cm, greater than about 20 cm, greater than about 25 cm, greater than about 30 cm, inclusive of all values or ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the diameter of the positioning member  140  is between about 1 cm and about 30 cm, between about 2 cm and about 30 cm, between about 3 cm and about 25 cm, between about 4 cm and about 20 cm, between about 5 cm and about 15 cm, between about 6 cm and about 14 cm, between about 7 cm and about 13 cm, between about 8 cm and about 12 cm, between about 9 cm and about 11 cm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the diameter of the positioning member  140  is less than about 3 cm, less than about less than about 5 cm, less than about 7 cm, less than about 9 cm, less than about 11 cm, less than about 13 cm, less than about 15 cm, less than about 17 cm, less than about 19 cm, less than about 21 cm, less than about 23 cm, less than about 25 cm, less than about 29 cm, less than about 31 cm, less than about 33 cm, less than about 35 cm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. 
     The vacuum port  150  is dimensioned and configured to be aligned with (i.e., placed in fluid communication) a vacuum source (not shown), such that the vacuum source can draw at least a partial vacuum on the sample container  100 . Said another way, when the vacuum port  150  is aligned with the vacuum source, air can be drawn out of the sample bag  110  via the vacuum port. In some embodiments, the vacuum source can be a part of the imaging device. In some embodiments, the vacuum port  150  can be used to releasably couple the sample container  100  to the imaging device via the vacuum system as the vacuum system draws a partial vacuum on the sample container  100  such that the sample bag  110  is drawn around the biological tissue sample to hold it in place against the imaging window  130  during imaging/analysis. 
     In some embodiments, the vacuum port  150  can be disposed within the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the vacuum port  150  can be a single vacuum port. In some embodiments, the vacuum port  150  can be a plurality of vacuum ports. In some embodiments, the plurality of vacuum ports  150  can be between two and ten, between two and eight, between two and six, between two and five, between two and four, between two and three, greater than two, greater than four, greater than six, greater than eight, or greater than 10, inclusive of all ranges and value therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, the amount of vacuum drawn, as absolute pressure in atmospheres (atm), on the substantially airtight sample container  100  can be from about 0.01 atm to about 0.97 atm, from about 0.1 atm to about 0.95 atm, from about 0.15 atm to about 0.9 atm, from about 0.2 atm to about 0.85 atm, from about 0.25 atm to about 0.8 atm, from about 0.3 atm to about 0.75 atm, from about 0.35 atm to about 0.7 atm, from about 0.4 atm to about 0.65 atm, from about 0.45 atm to about 0.6 atm, and from about 0.5 atm to about 0.8 atm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the amount of vacuum drawn as absolute pressure on the substantially airtight sample container  100  can be less than about 0.97 atm, less than about 0.95 atm, less than about 0.9 atm, less than about 0.8 atm, less than about 0.7 atm, less than about 0.6 atm, less than about 0.5 atm, less than about 0.4 atm, less than about 0.3 atm, less than about 0.2 atm, and less than about 0.1 atm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of vacuum ports  150  disposed within or adjacent to the positioning member  140  are evenly disposed circumferentially about the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the evenly disposed vacuum ports  150  can at least partially cause the sample bag  110  to be drawn about the biological tissue sample more evenly and to hold the biological tissue sample in a more substantially fixed position against the imaging window  130 . 
     In some embodiments, the vacuum port  150  can further include a valve (not shown). In some embodiments, the valve can be actuated closed in order to maintain a state of partial vacuum within the sample container  100 . In some embodiments, the state of partial vacuum within the sample container  100  can be maintained for a period of time. In some embodiments, the state of partial vacuum within the sample container  100  can be maintained for a period of time in order to fix the biological tissue sample against the imaging window  130  during storage, transport, and/or additional analysis of the biological tissue sample without the need for a vacuum system to continuously maintain the vacuum conditions within the sample container  100  over the same period of time. 
     In some embodiments, drawing vacuum on the sample container  100  results in the sample bag  110  being drawn tightly around the biological tissue sample, holding the biological tissue sample substantially immovably on the imaging window  130 . In some embodiments, the biological tissue sample is held substantially immovably in a particular positon by both the positioning member  140  being releasably locked with respect to the imaging device (i.e., within an aperture) using the locking mechanism  160 , and the air within the inner volume of the sample bag  110  being substantially evacuated from the inner volume. 
     In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be coupled to at least one of the positioning member  140  and/or the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be coupled to both the positioning member  140  and the sealing member  120 . In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be coupled to both the positioning member  140  and the imaging device. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  is configured to lock the positioning member  140  against the imaging device. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  is configured to lock the positioning member  140  in an aperture of the imaging device. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  is disposed between the two portions of the positioning member  140  such that the two portions of the positioning member  140  can be locked together. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  is disposed between the two portions of the positioning member  140 , such that the sealing member  120  can be interposed between the two portions of the positioning member. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be configured such that the positioning member  140  can be immovably connected to at least a portion of the sealing member  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be a first threaded element dimensioned and configured to rotationally engage with a second threaded element. In some embodiments, the first and/or second threaded element can include stops or extents. In some embodiments, the stops or extents can be a physical barrier at a precise point which halts further rotational and vertical motion of the positioning member  140 . 
     In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be a feature of the sample container  100  that is separate and distinct from the positioning member  140 . In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be a locking pin or bolt. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be a strap. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be a latch. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be spring-loaded detents that are disposed within a depression once the positioning member  140  is appropriately positioned on a surface of the imaging device or within the aperture in a surface of the imaging device. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can include any combination of the features and elements included herein. 
     In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  160  can be made from polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene, polyetheretherketone, polyurethane, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, silver, titanium, tin chromium, platinum, molybdenum, magnesium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, mercury, cadmium, niobium, circonium, vanadium, tantalum, palladium, rhodium, beryllium, indium, thorium, iridium, lithium, lanthanum, barium, rhenium, carbon fiber, and any combinations or admixtures thereof. 
       FIGS. 2-4  illustrate a sample container  200  according to an embodiment. As described above with reference to the sample container  100 , the sample container  200  (also referred to herein as “specimen container” or “sample holder”) is configured to hold an excised biological sample in a fixed position or a substantially fixed position so that examination and/or analysis can be performed after excision. In some embodiments, portions and/or aspects of the sample container  200  are substantially similar in form and/or function to the corresponding portions and/or aspects of the sample container  100  described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . Accordingly, such similar portions and/or aspects are not described in further detail herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the sample container  200  includes a sample bag  210  defining an inner volume configured to receive a biological tissue sample, and a sealing member  220  coupled to the sample bag  210 . A positioning member  240  is disposed against the sealing member  220  and substantially seals the inner volume. Referring now also to  FIG. 3 , an imaging window  230  is coupled to the positioning member  240  and is disposed and configured to be placed in contact with at least a portion of the biological sample. As described herein, the positioning member  240  can be coupled to and/or integrally formed with the imaging window  230 . In some embodiments, the positioning member  240  can be non-uniformly shaped and the sealing member  220  can be dimensioned and configured such that the abutment of the sealing member  220  against the positioning member  240  can result in the sample container  200  being substantially sealed. 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  240  defines the aperture  242  approximately in the center of the positioning member  240 , and the imaging window  230  is disposed within the aperture  242 . In some embodiments, the imaging window  230  is coupled to the positioning member  240  such that a substantially airtight seal is formed. In some embodiments, the positioning member  240 , the imaging window  230 , the sealing member  220 , and the sample bag  210  collectively define the inner volume within which the biological sample is disposed during analysis. 
     As described herein, the positioning member  240  can be dimensioned and configured to abut a portion of an imaging device (not shown) to position the sample of biological tissue in three-dimensional space relative to a lens or probe of the imaging device. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the locking mechanism  260  includes a first channel  264  configured to retain the positioning member  240  in place. In some embodiments, the first channel  264  has a first end  265   a  and a second end  265   b , the first end  265   a  being open and the second end  265   b  being substantially closed defining a first stop. In some embodiments, the first channel  264  is dimensioned and configured such that the positioning member  240  rotatably and lockably engages the imaging device. 
     In other words, in some embodiments the positioning member  240  can be connected to a receiving section of the imaging device in order for a ridge (not shown) or a thread (not shown) to fit into the channel  264 . The positioning member  240  can then be rotated until either a) alignment markings are in alignment, b) until rotation is stopped by the ridge or thread coming to rest against the stop, c) a magnetic sensor senses the presence of the positioning member  240  and alignment thereof with regard to the receiving section of the imaging device, d) until the vacuum ports  250  are aligned with the vacuum system such that the vacuum system can draw air through the vacuum ports  250 , or until some other approach terminates rotation or prompts a user (not shown) to stop rotating the positioning member  240 . The user can then place the sealing member  220  onto the positioning member  240  and the biological tissue sample can then be positioned against the imaging window  230 . 
     In some embodiments, a continuous vacuum system is configured such that the vacuum system automatically draws air from the sample container  200  once the first vacuum port  250   a  and/or second vacuum port  250   b  and any additional vacuum ports, collectively “vacuum ports  250 ” are aligned with the corresponding vacuum system ports on the imaging device. In some embodiments, the continuous vacuum system is a general vacuum system in the operating room or other clinical environment and is not a part of the imaging and/or analysis device. In some embodiments, a vacuum system remains off until such a time as the sample container  200  is in place for analysis and then initiates a vacuum pump or other vacuum device to withdraw air from the sample container  200 . In some embodiments, the sample container  200  further includes a magnetic alignment device (not shown) that can detect when the vacuum ports  250  are aligned with the vacuum system ports. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device can alert the user when alignment is achieved. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device can be in communication with a processor and/or with the vacuum system such that when alignment between the vacuum ports  250  and vacuum system ports is achieved the vacuum system automatically begins pumping air from within the sample container  200 . Once the vacuum system is initiated, air can be withdrawn from within the sample bag  210 , the sample bag  210  being drawn down against the biological tissue sample, holding the biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrate a sample container  300  according to an embodiment. As described above with reference to the sample container  100  and the sample container  200 , the sample container  300  (also referred to herein as “specimen container” or “sample holder”) is configured to hold an excised biological sample in a fixed position or a substantially fixed position so that examination and/or analysis can be performed after excision. In some embodiments, portions and/or aspects of the sample container  300  are substantially similar in form and/or function to the corresponding portions and/or aspects of the sample container  100  and or the sample container  200  described above with reference to  FIGS. 1-4 . Accordingly, such similar portions and/or aspects are not described in further detail herein. 
     The sample container  300  includes a sealing member  320 , an imaging window  330 , a positioning member  340 , and a sample bag (not shown to more clearly convey the connection between the sealing member  320 , the positioning member  340 , and the imaging device). In some embodiments, the sample container  300  can be configured to be connected to the imaging device. In some embodiments, the imaging device includes a receiving member  372  dimensioned and configured to receive at least a portion of the sample container  300 . In some embodiments, the receiving member  372  includes a channel  364  configured to receive a portion of the positioning member  340  in order to aid a user (not shown) in locking the positioning member  340  to the imaging device. In some embodiments, the receiving member  372  can include stops  374  that are dimensioned and configured to terminate rotation of the positioning member  340 . In some embodiments, the stops  374  can be magnetized and/or electrically connected to an alignment monitoring system (not shown) which notifies the user when the stops  374  are contacted. In some embodiments, the alignment monitoring system is in communication with the vacuum system such that, once alignment is confirmed by the alignment monitoring system, the vacuum system is initiated and air is withdrawn from the sample bag, drawing the sample bag around a biological tissue sample (not shown). 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  340  can include an alignment feature  368  that provides the user with a visual indication of alignment of the positioning member  340  with regard to the imaging device. In some embodiments, the alignment feature  368  is a tab that protrudes radially outward from the center of the positioning member  340  which indicates alignment of a vacuum port  350  with the vacuum system port  366 . 
     In some embodiments, the sample container  300  can further include a locking mechanism  360  that holds the positioning member  340  in proper position, as shown in  FIG. 6 . Proper alignment of the positioning member  340  with respect to the imaging device can result in the vacuum port  350  being properly aligned above the vacuum system port  366 , with very little or no clearance between the two ports. In some embodiments, the rotation of the positioning member  340  causes the engagement of the locking mechanism  360 . In some embodiments, engaging the locking mechanism  360  moves the positioning member  340  closer towards the receiving member  372 , causing the vertical gap between the vacuum port  350  and the vacuum system port  366  to close. This can help form a tight seal between the vacuum port  350  and vacuum system port  366  such that the vacuum system can better withdraw air from the sample bag. 
     Any of the sample containers  100 ,  200 ,  300 , or  400  described herein (collectively “sample container”) may be used to contain a biological tissue sample  402  during imaging and/or analysis. The sample container  400  may be used to provide a systematic means of communicating tissue sample orientation information relative to a reference point, such as on a patient&#39;s body for example, by using certain markers such as, but not limited to, radio opaque tags and imaging marking beads, for example. The sample container  400  may also be used to prevent sample mix-up and enforce a single-usage policy through the use of mechanical tabs and/or RFID tags, for example. The sample container  400 , or a variant thereof, may also include a peel-off mechanism to expose a sterile portion of the sample container  400  that interfaces with a tissue handling system of the imaging system. For example, a portion of the sample container  400  may be initially covered by a material so that there is no direct contact between the operator and that portion of the sample container  400  during the loading and assembly of the sample container  400 . The protected portion may then be exposed by peeling the protective material off of the sample container  400  prior to loading the container onto or into the imaging system. This may prevent blood or other fluids on the operator&#39;s gloves from being transferred into the scanning region of the imaging system. Furthermore, the sample container  400 , or a variant embodiment thereof, may provide a means of trimming a guide wire prior to scanning. This may be realized by a detachable wire cutter mechanism resembling a nail trimmer that is packaged as an integral part of the sample container  400 . 
     The sample container  400 , and variants thereof, may provide safe and consistent handling of a tissue sample when attempting to image its entire surface. For example, the sample container  400  permits safe inversion of a contained tissue sample so that opposing surfaces can be imaged (or scanned). As another example, the sample container  400  may include orientation cues (or fiducials) that may permit consistent handling of the contained tissue sample by preserving the orientation of the contained tissue sample. In some embodiments, the contained tissue sample may be uniquely associated with particular patient information through the use of bar-codes and/or RFID tags applied to the sample container  400 . This may provide a unique association between the patient information and the tissue sample that may reduce the mix-up of patient samples. In some example embodiments, the RFID tag or mechanical tabs can be further used to enforce single use of the sample container  400  so that the potential for cross-contamination of tissue samples is minimized. Finally, the sample container  400  may include an integrated trimmer tool that may be used to cut the guide wire, which is typically placed in a suspect region of the tissue sample as a pre-operative procedure, prior to imaging the tissue sample. 
     For example, one potential use scenario of the sample container  400  could involve placement of the biological tissue sample  402  in the sample container  400 , scanning of the biological tissue sample  402  using OCT, transmission of the sample container  400  (still containing the biological tissue sample) to a radiology or MRI department, scanning of the sample container  400  using X-RAY or MRI while the biological tissue sample  402  is still in the sample container  400 , and then the submerging of the biological tissue sample  402  in a preserving fluid such as formalin to preserve the biological tissue for longer-term storage. In some embodiments, the sample container  400  can be sealable, so the sample container  400  may allow the biological tissue sample  402  to be held in place within formalin until the biological tissue sample  402  is later imaged, stored or otherwise processed. 
     It should be noted that once the biological tissue sample  402  in the sample container  400  is scanned using another modality, in addition to OCT for example, the imaging data from the other modality could be co-registered with the OCT image data. In other words, one of the potential benefits of the sample containers disclosed herein, e.g.,  100 ,  200 ,  300 , and  400 , is that is the comparability of imaging and analysis via different imaging devices, at different locations, and/or after an elapsed period of time. This is at least in part because the biological tissue sample  402  may be maintained in the same position, orientation and/or under the same compressive force (which can cause beneficial axial compression of the sample) when undergoing two or more different types of imaging or when imaging after an extended period. In other words, because the sample bag  410  and the imaging window  430  firmly engage the biological tissue sample  402  to keep the biological tissue sample  402  in place, the position and orientation repeatability between different analysis or imaging events can be maintained. In addition, since the imaging window  430  is sufficiently transparent for the different imaging modalities, the sample container  400  does not interfere with the various analysis or imaging events and the integrity of the various imaging and analysis results is maintained. In addition, because the orientation markers can be used to aid positioning of the sample container  400  with respect to the imaging device when using the different imaging modalities, the orientation markers being opaque to these imaging modalities, the sample container  400  can be consistently positioned with respect to the imaging device leading to more consistent results. A user  480  could then view the two images on the same interface. For example, if the sample container  400  underwent X-ray imaging after OCT imaging, the user  480  could view the radiograph information alongside the OCT image data in the same interface and infer characteristic information about the excised biological tissue sample  402  from both imaging results without being required to consider position, orientation, and/or sample shape changes between imaging modalities. Alternatively, if the other modality is MRI Imaging, then hi-resolution data for the surface of the MRI image could be obtained by overlaying the OCT image data on the MRI image data. It should be noted that this technique may be used with the other embodiments of the sample container  400  described herein. 
     For many imaging and/or analysis techniques, the biological tissue sample  402  should be positioned very precisely to facilitate accurate analysis/imaging. For instance, OCT imaging uses near-infrared light to produce high-resolution images of various objects such as, but not limited to tissue, for example. When OCT imaging is used on tissue, it is analogous to high-frequency ultrasound, except that the optical interferometry of OCT imaging is used for depth ranging rather than echo timing. OCT imaging is rapid, non-contact, non-invasive, and capable of generating 2D and 3D images at high resolution (˜10 μm). In OCT imaging, the registration of the imaging window  430  can be important because the OCT image has micron level resolution and a shallow depth of field. This means the imaging window  430  should be positioned with a high level of accuracy relative to the imaging plane. Therefore, in some embodiments, the sample container  400  and/or the imaging device can include spacers and/or raised surfaces that result in the imaging window  430  being placed into a precise position once a positioning member  440  is disposed to the imaging device. 
     In addition, for many of the imaging and/or analysis techniques typically used to examine the excised biological tissue sample  402 , the biological tissue sample  402  should remain substantially motionless during the analysis/imaging period. After excitation of the biological tissue sample  402 , especially if the tissue sample is not cleaned and/or dried before analysis, can be quite slippery and therefore difficult to handle during imaging and/or analysis. A practitioner holding the biological tissue sample  402  can often find it difficult to keep the sample in a particular location during imaging and/or analysis. The use of compression plates to hold the excised biological tissue sample  402  in place for imaging and/or analysis has been tried, however, the flat surface of the compression plates are typically unable to contain the slippery specimen. Therefore, it can be especially important to have a particularly contoured surface that contacts and holds the biological tissue sample  402  in place during analysis/imaging. A molded contact surface, however, is molded for a particular excised biological tissue sample  402  and may not be useful for specimens of different size and/or shape. Therefore, using the sample bag  410  as a contacting surface for the biological tissue sample  402  can increase the ease with which the biological tissue sample  402  is held substantially motionless during analysis/imaging. 
     In some embodiments, the sample bag  410  can have a first configuration in which the sample bag  410  is fully expanded such that the inner volume is maximized and a second configuration in which the sample bag  410  is drawn substantially tightly around the biological tissue sample  402  such that the inner volume is minimized. In some embodiments, the biological tissue sample  402  can be disposed within the sample container  400  immediately after excision of the biological tissue sample  402  from the patient. In some embodiments, the sample container  400  can be positioned in close proximity to the location where surgical excision of the biological tissue sample  402  takes place such that the biological tissue sample  402  can be easily and quickly disposed within the sample container  400 , the sample container  400  containing the biological tissue sample  402  then being transported to the imaging device for analysis. In some embodiments, the imaging device can also be positioned in close proximity to the location where surgical excision of the biological tissue sample  402  takes place. In some embodiments, the imaging device is in a third location outside of the location where surgical excision of the biological tissue sample  402  takes place. In other words, the sample container  400  can be used to hold the biological tissue sample  402  during analysis, can be used to transport the biological tissue sample  402  from the surgical facility to a separate facility for analysis, and/or can be used to store the biological tissue sample  402  for a period of time. 
       FIGS. 7A-7E  show a method by which a biological tissue sample can be disposed within a sample container, e.g., the sample container  400 .  FIGS. 8-13  illustrate a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position using a sample container, e.g., the sample container  400 . While  FIGS. 7A-7E  illustrate the method using the sample container  400 , any of the sample containers described herein (e.g.,  100 ,  200 ,  300 , or the like) could be used according to the methods described herein. 
     The sample container  400  is configured to hold an excised biological sample  402  in a fixed position or a substantially fixed position so that examination and/or analysis can be performed after excision. As shown in  FIG. 7A , in order to dispose the biological tissue sample  402  within the sample bag  410 , the user  480  can invert the sample bag  410  and insert their hand through a sealing member  420  into the sample bag  410 , thus handling the biological tissue sample  402  with hands covered by the inverted sample bag  410 . As shown in  FIG. 7B , the user  480  can then dispose the biological tissue sample  402  within the sample bag  410 . As shown in  FIG. 7C , the user  480  can then place the biological tissue sample  402  onto an imaging window  430  coupled to the positioning member  440 . As shown in  FIG. 7D , the user  480  can then restore the sample bag  410  to its proper, non-inverted configuration and move the sealing member  420  down around the biological tissue sample  402 . As shown in  FIG. 7E , the user  480  can then position the sealing member  420  against the positioning member  440  to seal the biological tissue sample  402  in the sample bag  410 . In some embodiments, the user  480  can activate a vacuum system (not shown) to evacuate air from the sample bag  410 , thereby drawing the sample bag  410  into close proximity to the biological tissue sample  402 . As the sample bag  410  is drawn into contact with the biological tissue sample  402 , the sample container  400  can be used to maintain the biological tissue sample  402  in a proper position for imaging and/or analysis. In some embodiments, the vacuum system used is a general vacuum system within an operating room or other clinical or surgical environment. In some embodiments, the vacuum system is automatically activated once alignment of the vacuum ports with the device vacuum ports is achieved. In some embodiments, the vacuum system can be connected to the sample container  400  before the sample container is positioned within or upon the imaging device. In other words, the vacuum system can be connected to the sample container, air withdrawn from within the sample container, then valves configured to be closed in order for the sample container to be sealed, and finally the sample container positioned for imaging of the biological tissue sample  402 . 
       FIGS. 8-12  illustrate a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position using a sample container, e.g., the sample container  400 . While  FIGS. 8-12  illustrate the method using the sample container  400 , any of the sample containers described herein (e.g.,  100 ,  200 ,  300 , or the like) could be used according to the methods described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , in order to position a biological tissue sample  402  precisely for imaging using the sample container  400 , a user  480  can first move the positioning member  440  into place above a receiving member  472 . In some embodiments, the positioning member  440  can have an alignment feature  448 . When the positioning member  440  is disposed against the receiving member  472 , as shown in  FIG. 9 , the user  480  can position the sample container  400  such that the alignment feature  448  aligns with a first alignment marking  476 . Alignment of the alignment feature  448  with the first alignment marking  476  indicates to the user  480  that the positioning member  440  can be fitted into the receiving member  472  and rotated to lock the positioning member  440  into place. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the user  480  then rotates the positioning member  440  until the alignment feature  448  aligns with a second alignment marking  478 , indicating to the user  480  that a vacuum port (not shown) is properly aligned with a vacuum system port (not shown). In some embodiments, the receiving member  472  includes a stop  474 . In some embodiments, the stop  474  is positioned such that when the positioning member  440  is disposed to the receiving member  472  the stop  474  arrests vertical, horizontal, and/or rotational motion. In some embodiments, the dimensions and configuration of the stops  474  are such that the imaging window  430  is positioned at a precise distance above an imaging/analysis probe and/or lens and/or discharge point once the rotational and/or vertical motion of the positioning member  440  is arrested by the stop  474 . 
     In some embodiments, the positioning member  440  and/or receiving member  472  include a magnetic alignment device (not shown) or components thereof. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device can be a sensor attached on the receiving member  472  that is connected to a processor, the sensor configured to detect the presence of a magnet at a corresponding location on the positioning member  440 , indicating alignment of the vacuum port with the vacuum system port. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device is connected to a light, a sounding device, or another alert system such that an indication of alignment can be communicated to the user  480  when attaching the positioning member  440  to the receiving member  472 . In some embodiments, the sensor can be connected to a circuit such that when the sensor senses that the positioning member  440  is aligned within the receiving member  472 , a circuit is closed and electrical current is allowed to be supplied to the light, the sounding device (auditory alarm), or other alert system. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device is also connected to the vacuum system such that when alignment is confirmed by the magnetic alignment device the vacuum system is initiated automatically in response. 
     Once the positioning member  440  is positioned and/or locked against the receiving member  472  or directly against the imaging device, the user  480  can place the biological tissue sample  402  onto the imaging window  430 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . In some embodiments, the user  480  can dispose the biological tissue sample  402  into the sample bag  410  and subsequently invert the sample bag  410 , disposing the biological tissue sample  402  onto the imaging window  430 , instead of the user  480  disposing the biological tissue sample  402  directly onto the imaging window  430 . 
     Once the user  480  disposes the biological tissue sample  402  against the sample window  430 , the sealing member  420 , being coupled to the sample bag  410 , can be placed on top of the positioning member  440  such that the biological tissue sample  402  is substantially covered by the sample bag  410 , as shown in  FIG. 12 . In some embodiments, the sealing member  420  is placed on top of the positioning member  440  and held in place by the user  480 . The user  480  can place one or both hands over the sealing member  420  and apply pressure against the positioning member  440  for the duration of imaging/analysis. In some embodiments, the sealing member  420 , to which the sample bag  410  is attached, can be placed on top of the positioning member  440  and a seal maintained by the withdrawal of air from within the sample bag  410  by the vacuum system. In some embodiments, when the vacuum system is not initiated and air is not being withdrawn from the sample bag  410 , the sample bag  410  maintains the first configuration wherein it is generally expanded. In some embodiments, when the vacuum is initiated and air is being withdrawn from the sample bag  410 , the sample bag  410  transitions to the second configuration wherein it is substantially tightly drawn about the biological tissue sample  402 . In some embodiments, when the sample bag  410  maintains the second configuration, the biological tissue sample  402  is held substantially immobile and maintains a fixed position or a substantially fixed position, facilitating more accurate and more rapid imaging and/or analysis by the user  480 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a method for holding a biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position  10 , e.g., during imaging and/or storage. The method  10  includes receiving a biological tissue sample into an inner volume of a sample bag, the sample bag coupled to a sealing member, at  11 . In some embodiments, a user (e.g., a laboratory technician, an imaging technician, a nurse, a surgeon, or any other user) can dispose the biological tissue sample into the sample bag. In some embodiments, the user can invert the sample bag, grasp the biological tissue sample with the inverted bag, and revert the sample bag such that the biological tissue sample remains within the sample bag. In some embodiments, the sample bag can be disposed in an uncompressed, rolled, non-deformed or otherwise flat configuration flush with a conventional operating room surface or laboratory surface. For instance, the sample bag can initially include a receiving tip portion and a rolled sheath portion. In some embodiments, the receiving portion of the sample bag can be configured to receive the biological tissue sample and the rolled sheath portion can be configured to be unrolled to cover the biological tissue sample once the biological tissue sample is disposed onto the receiving portion of the sample bag. 
     The method  10  includes disposing an imaging window into contact with a portion of the biological tissue sample, at  12 . In some embodiments, the imaging window can be coupled to the sealing member such that the imaging window substantially spans the opening of the sample bag, sealing the biological tissue sample within the inner volume defined by the sample bag and the imaging window. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be slidably disposed within a portion of the sealing member. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be rotatably disposed within the sealing member, for instance around a point along an edge or circumference of the imaging window. 
     The method  10  optionally includes coupling a positioning member to the imaging window to form a sample container such that the biological tissue sample is substantially sealed within the sample container, at  13 . In some embodiments, the positioning member can include the imaging window such that the method does require the positioning member to be coupled to the imaging window. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be fused, clamped, soldered, glued, adhered, taped, screwed, nailed, stapled, or coupled to the positioning member. In some embodiments, the imaging window can be coupled to the positioning member such that once the sample container is fully assembled, no or substantially no air leaks occur between the positioning member and the imaging window. In some embodiments, the positioning member can include a centered aperture and a surround. In some embodiments, the surround can include a lip on which at least a portion of the imaging window is disposed such that the imaging window spans or substantially spans the centered aperture. In some embodiments, the lip can include a deformable sealing member onto which the portion of the imaging window can be disposed such that an airtight or substantially airtight seal is formed between the deformable sealing member and the imaging window. In some embodiments, the lip can be positioned on a bottom side of the surround such that the imaging window can be disposed between the positioning member and a receiving member of an imaging device. In some embodiments, the lip can be positioned on a top side of the surround such that the imaging window can be disposed between the positioning member and the sealing member. In some embodiments, the positioning member can include two parts, e.g., two halves, configured to fit together to form the positioning member. In some embodiments, the lip can be positioned on an inside of one of the two parts of the positioning member such that the imaging window can be interposed between the two parts, the two parts can then be coupled together to form the positioning member, and the imaging window can span or substantially span the positioning member. 
     The method  10  optionally includes interposing the sealing member between the positioning member and a locking mechanism, the locking mechanism including a channel configured to lockably engage a portion of the positioning member, at  14 . In some embodiments, the locking mechanism can be integral to the positing member. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism can be a separate component configured to be disposed about, over, or nearby the positioning member and to lockably engage a protrusion of the positioning member, the protrusion dimensioned and configured to lockably engage the channel to stop rotational, vertical, and/or horizontal motion of the positioning member. In some embodiments, the protrusion can be a ridge or a plurality of ridges positioned about the surround of the positioning member. 
     The method  10  includes removably locking the sample container to a receiving member, at  15 . In some embodiments, the sample container can be rotatably locked to the receiving member. In some embodiments, the receiving member can include a receiving aperture configured and dimensioned to receive the positioning member or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the receiving aperture can define a wall or a plurality of walls or a circular channel having an inner surface. In some embodiments, the wall or plurality of walls or inner surface of the circular channel can include a channel. In some embodiments, the positioning member can have a bottom side that includes one or more protrusions configured to fit fixedly into the channel within the aperture of the receiving member to retain the sample container in place relative to the imaging device. In some embodiments, when the positioning member is rotated into a locking position within the aperture of the receiving member or otherwise positioned fixedly with respect to the imaging device, a vacuum port or a plurality of vacuum ports within the positioning member, the vacuum ports being configured to pass therethrough into the inner volume of the sample bag, can be aligned or substantially aligned with a vacuum system, e.g., of the imaging device. In some embodiments, when the vacuum ports are aligned with the vacuum system, a flow path or a plurality of flow paths are defined between the vacuum system and the inner volume of the sample bag. 
     The method  10  includes withdrawing air from the inner volume of the sample bag, at  16 . In some embodiments, a portion of the air within the sample bag can be withdrawn. In some embodiments, all or substantially all of the air within the sample bag can be withdrawn. In some embodiments, by removing air from within the sample bag, the sample container being airtight or substantially airtight, the sample bag can be drawn closer about the biological tissue sample. In some embodiments, the vacuum system can be a continuous vacuum system configured such that the vacuum system automatically draws air from the sample container once the vacuum port or plurality of vacuum ports are aligned with the corresponding vacuum system ports on the imaging device. In some embodiments, the continuous vacuum system is a general vacuum system in the operating room or other clinical environment and is not a part of the imaging and/or analysis device. In some embodiments, a vacuum system remains off until such a time as the sample container is in place for analysis and then initiates a vacuum pump or other vacuum device to withdraw air from the sample container. In some embodiments, the sample container further includes a magnetic alignment device (not shown) that can detect when the vacuum ports are aligned with the vacuum system ports. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device can alert the user when alignment is achieved. In some embodiments, the magnetic alignment device can be in communication with a processor and/or with the vacuum system such that when alignment between the vacuum ports and vacuum system ports is achieved the vacuum system automatically begins pumping air from within the sample container. Once the vacuum system is initiated, air can be withdrawn from within the sample bag, the sample bag being drawn down against the biological tissue sample, holding the biological tissue sample in a substantially fixed position. In some embodiments, the sample bag can apply some compressive force to the biological tissue sample such that the biological tissue sample can be deformed in a controlled and non-destructive manner. In some embodiments, deformation of the biological tissue sample can include a lateral deformation of the biological tissue sample such that the biological tissue sample is lies flatter on the imaging window and so that more of the biological tissue sample can be sampled in a single positioning of the biological tissue sample. In some embodiments, for example in order to conduct margin analysis of an excised tumor or other potentially malignant biological tissue sample, the vacuum system can be disengaged after initial imaging of the sample. In some embodiments, once the vacuum system is disengaged, the sample bag can be loosened from about the biological tissue sample and the biological tissue sample can be repositioned (e.g., flipped over a horizontal axis), the vacuum system can be re-engaged to drawn the sample bag about the repositioned biological tissue sample, and secondary imaging can be conducted. In some embodiments, however, by drawing the sample bag about the biological tissue sample such that the sample bag applied at least some compressive force and so that the biological tissue sample is at least partially deformed, less repositioning of the biological tissue sample may be necessary. 
     To provide an overall understanding, certain illustrative embodiments have been described; however, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein can be adapted and modified to provide systems, apparatuses, and methods for other suitable applications and that other additions and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein. 
     Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated embodiments can be understood as providing exemplary features of varying detail of certain embodiments, and therefore, unless otherwise specified, features, components, modules, and/or aspects of the illustrations can be otherwise combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the disclosed systems or methods. Additionally, the shapes and sizes of components are also exemplary and unless otherwise specified, can be altered without affecting the scope of the disclosed and exemplary systems, apparatuses, or methods of the present disclosure. 
     The embodiments have been particularly shown and described, but it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made. 
     Conventional terms in the field of medical devices have been used herein. The terms are known in the art and are provided only as a non-limiting example for convenience purposes. Accordingly, the interpretation of the corresponding terms in the claims, unless stated otherwise, is not limited to any particular definition. Thus, the terms used in the claims should be given their broadest reasonable interpretation. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is adapted to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. Many adaptations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations. 
     The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments that may be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples may include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein. 
     All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls. 
     In this document, the terms “imaging” or “analysis” are used interchangeably here and are not to be considered limiting in any way. In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. 
     The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments may be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 
     In this Detailed Description, various features may have been grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments may be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the embodiments should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.