Patent Publication Number: US-8117601-B2

Title: Internal test and manipulation of an application

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The subject description relates to application design and development, and more particularly to tests and manipulation of an application in a consolidated development and design component. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In software engineering, application development and design are synergistic endeavors. The former deals primarily with functionality of an application, as well as its software implementation, while the latter largely focuses in implementation aspects directly related to application usability and related aspects, such as user experience. The importance of design becomes readily apparent when it noted that in several business areas, applications typically offer nearly the same functionality among competing market offerings. Thus, elements such as user experience can become a differentiator that can promote market-share gains and retain users. 
     A key facet of user experience is the quality of an application, which not only is measured through functionality but also in terms of the correctness of the application. As an example, an application that manages an inventory of a wholesale produce and meat delivery enterprise needs accurate information regarding the inventory status as most of the products typically are perishable. In another example, an application that generates investment strategies based on advanced mathematical algorithms needs to be reliable, as inaccuracies in processing data can result in significant financial loss to investors. Typically, applications that manage inventory or forecast financial markets are complex applications; however, other applications are becoming highly complex as a result of integration of functionalities and increased market share. Such complexity can lead to a higher and more critical number of mistakes. Therefore, access to internal aspects of the functionality of an application, such as internal data structures, becomes critical to the success of customers and vendors alike. Generally, access to internal data is limited or inaccurate, particularly when an application is probed through external means. Lacking reliable internal data can be detrimental to superior quality and hence to user satisfaction and market share gains. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of the innovation in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the invention nor delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     System(s) and method(s) are provided for testing and manipulating an application at design time. Test and manipulation is accomplished in a client-server configuration coordinated by a communicator object, which enables invocation of a test in the client end on the server end. The communicator object is created as a part of a communication framework that connects the client end, embodied embodied in a test and manipulation component, with the server end which includes an application development component including a designer component. Tests applied to the application at design time can be developed in the client end can be stored in a library store. A client end test-object conveys a test to a server test-object through a remoting channel and over disparate processes. A service in the application development component intermediates communication across a communicator thread, associated with a test or a manipulation, and a designer thread. In response to a test, information is received in the client end as a serialized wrapper object. Serialization facilitates inter-process communication. Manipulation of the application is accomplished by deserializing and modifying the received information, and then transmitting the information in a serialized object through the remoting channel via the intermediary service component. 
     Testing can be employed to profile an application at design time, either periodically or at predetermined times during design. Combined with an optimization component that utilizes an application&#39;s profile and user intelligence—e.g., user demographics, consumer behavior, indicia preference, and so forth—manipulation can optimize an application design, improving application&#39;s functionality as well as a user experience. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the claimed subject matter. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the claimed subject matter may be employed and the claimed subject matter is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages and novel features of the claimed subject matter will become apparent from the following detailed description of the claimed subject matter when considered in conjunction with the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an example system to test and manipulate an application according to an aspect of the subject innovation. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example communication framework among a test and manipulation component and an application development component in accordance with an aspect of the subject specification. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are schematic diagrams that illustrate, respectively, traffic among processes in the case of a test and of a manipulation of a designed, or in-design, application. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an example system to optimize an application through a test and manipulation component according to an aspect disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of an example system that optimizes functionality and design of a first application based on user intelligence and a second, dependent application. 
         FIG. 6  presents a flowchart of an example method for loading a test object server and a test object. 
         FIG. 7  presents a flowchart of an example method for communicating across processes to facilitate testing and manipulating an application. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  present flowcharts of example methods for receiving an object in response to a test applied to an application and manipulating an application according to an aspect of the subject innovation, respectively. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  present flowcharts of example methods for optimizing an application through gathering information on the application in accordance with aspects of the subject disclosure. 
         FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate computing environments for carrying out various aspects described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present innovation is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It may be evident, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the present innovation. 
     As used in the subject specification, the terms “object,” “module,” “component,” “system,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Also, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). 
     Moreover, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
     In the subject specification, system(s) and method(s) are provided for testing and manipulating an application at design time. Test and manipulation is accomplished in a client-server configuration coordinated by a communicator object. A client end test-object conveys a test to a server test-object through a remoting channel and over disparate processes. A client end is embodied in a test and manipulation component, while a server includes an application development component that comprises a designer component. A service in the application development component intermediates communication across a test/manipulation thread, associated with a test or a manipulation process, and a designer thread within a designer process. In response to a test, information is received in the client end as a serialized wrapper object. Serialization facilitates inter-process communication. Manipulation of the application is accomplished by deserializing and modifying the received information, and then transmitting the information in a serialized object through the remoting channel via the intermediary service component. Testing and manipulation can be employed synergistically to optimize an application design, improving application&#39;s functionality as well as a user experience. Such aspects of the subject innovation are described in detail below. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an example system  100  to test and manipulate an application within an application designer for the purpose of test automation and validation, as well as dynamic design. Test and manipulation component  110 , which includes a library store  115  and a risk mitigation component  118 , accesses an application development component  120  that comprises a designer component (or designer layer)  125  coupled to an application  135 . Testing and manipulation of application  135  takes place through designer component  125 , and communication can take place remotely through a communication framework  160 , which can facilitate conveying information among components  110  and  120 . The information can be conveyed in response to a test or supplied as part of a modification to application  135 . Methods in library store  115  comprise a set of libraries available to test and manipulation component  110 , which can be employed to test application  135  at design time as well as runtime, and manipulate it. The methods in the library store  115  can be created outside the application development application component  120 , and can be customized for an application (e.g., application  135 ). Through methods in method library  115 , test and manipulation component  110  can expose information related to application  135  that a debug component (not shown) associated with designer component  125  typically would not expose to a user. Such “internal” information in connection with an application can offer insights in the operation of an application and its suitability for a specific task. In an aspect, the methods can be embodied in dynamic linked libraries. It should be appreciated that a test or modification can occur in a different process from the process associated with designer component  125 , in connection with design of application  135 , within application development component  120 . 
     Risk mitigation component  118  can ensure that internal tests and manipulation of an application do not compromise sensitive information processed by the application, either at design time or runtime. In an aspect, risk mitigation component  118  can enforce reading data from within a tested application (e.g., application  135 ) in order to maintain substantially the same behavior of the application during a test as when the application is not being tested. Enforcing such behavior can take place through screening the set of library, stored in library store  115 , to verify that the method called to apply a test operates on data internal to the application. It should be appreciated that generally an application (or a system) that is probed can substantially change as a result of an applied test (note that in the case of manipulation, a behavior of an application can be intentionally changed): As described hereinafter, a test of an application is facilitated by the test and manipulation component  110  through creation of an extension server or an additional plug-in, such extension server or plug-in can result in the change of behavior of the application. Thus, risk mitigation component  118  facilitates preventing such changes in order to prevent application degradation as the result of a test or manipulation. It is noted that depending on the architecture of the application (e.g., application  135 ), risk of application degradation is lower, as in the case of an architecture where the application&#39;s core internal features (e.g., capability to show context menus) are also added to the application through a plug-in system substantially similar to the one utilized by a test and manipulation component (e.g., component  110 ) as described herein. In such an application embodiment, a number of plug-ins present in the application fail to increase dramatically when a test is performed, as it is the case in an application that do not support features trough plug-ins. (An increase from N feature plug-ins to N+1 plug-ins including a test plug-in typically can cause lesser changes in code path compared to introducing a test plug-in in an application that does not posses a feature plug-in (e.g., N=0.) 
     In an aspect, application  135  is an object-oriented or component-oriented application, where code that provides functionality to the application includes classes and metadata that can describe said classes and associated methods which confer the application its functionality. As an example, the code can be managed code within the Microsoft® .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR), based on high-level languages such as Microsoft® Visual Basic, Microsoft® C#, Java™, Smalltalk, C++, Delphi, Perl, and so on. Application development component  125  further includes a metadata store  145  and a class store  155 , which can include metadata and class information that characterizes application  135 . It is noted that dependencies and class hierarchies can also be stored in class store  155 . Metadata and classes in application  135  code can be associated, with metadata primarily describing the classes in the application  135  as well as in other classes in class store  155 . The inclusion of metadata in the classes present in the code of application  135 , and classes that describe features associated with the application  135 , can provide for extending such classes. Such an extensibility model can be exploited by test and manipulation component  110  to collect information on application  135  or modify said application, and can be supported by designer component  125 . In an example designer component  125 , an extensibility model can be based on an  E xtension base class and associated  E xtension S erver class which can afford access to services for extensions (e.g., modified classes)—the services available through the designer component  125 —as well as ensure adequate dependencies are maintained among multiple extensions. Moreover, within the example designer component  125 ,  E xtension S erver can access an  E diting C ontext class (via a Context property) which provides access to designer services. It should be appreciated that designer services can be native to the designer component (e.g., designer component  125 ) or can be effected through an application development component (e.g., component  120 ). Typically, there can be a single  E xtension S erver and multiple  E xtension classes, each  E xtension corresponding to the creation of some element on a designer surface. It should be appreciated that other objects/classes that modify existing classes by introducing custom attributes through extensions, and access available services to a designer component (e.g., component  125 ) through a server object, can be utilized to implement an extensibility model. Such alternative objects/classes are within the scope of the subject specification. 
     Designer component  125  can employ the contents of stores  145  and  155  when incorporating features in the design of an application (e.g., application  135 ). In an aspect, designer component  125  comprises a graphical user interface (UI) that includes a designer surface (not shown) and a selection component (not shown) that provides with accessing metadata store  145  and class store  155 . In another aspect, said features can determine a user experience when interacting with an application (e.g., application  135 ); for instance a feature can be a check box, a radio button, a field box (to input data from an input device such as a keyboard, keypad, stylus, touch screen, and so on) in a user interface, etc. Through the extensibility model supported by designer component  125 , when extending a specific design feature (e.g., introducing specific attributes in a class associated with an adorner, which result in an alternative behavior of the adorner) a created  E xtension is the relevant object. An associated  E xtension S erver provides a mechanism to manage extant dependencies when introducing the extended specific feature in the designer component. 
     Test and manipulation component  110  can exploit extensibility in order to access (via communication framework  160 ) (i) services available to designer component  125 , services which afford testing and manipulating an application (e.g., application  135 ), and/or (ii) invoke methods residing in library component  115  to test and manipulate said application. Test and manipulation component  110  can create an extension (e.g.,  T est H ook E xtension), or test object, that facilitates information retrieval from application  135  through designer component  135 . Such an extension is associated to a corresponding extension server (e.g.,  T est H ook E xtension S erver), and is tied into the creation of any feature object (e.g., class  F ramework E lement) in designer component  125 . In one aspect,  T est H ook E xtension targets a  M odel H ierarchy S ervice, wherein a Root object provides access to a topmost element (or feature) being designed and, for example, methods that afford accessing the topmost element&#39;s children. It is noted that while the  M odel H ierarchy S ervice tends to return things of type “object”, they can be cast to Item, which gives access to Properties, and naming information. 
     In addition, or alternatively, test and manipulation component  110  can utilize a plug-in component (not shown) that does not rely on an extensibility model to conduct test and manipulation of an application (e.g., application  135 ) coupled to a designer component (e.g., component  125 ). Such a plug-in component can reside in test and manipulation component  110 , and can provide for running test/manipulation code in a process that is to be tested or manipulated within the designer component (see below). It should be appreciated that said plug-in component can also instantiate an extension server to access services that afford said test/manipulation code. 
     Test and manipulation component  110  also can establish aspects of communication framework  160  that facilitates to transmit information among processes associated with test and manipulation component  110  and designer component  125  (via application development component  120 ). Next, aspects of extension and extension server creation, as well as communication framework  160  are discussed. Such aspects are illustrated with code snippets associated with class definitions for example classes  T est H ook E xtension S erver and  T est H ook E xtension. 
     Creation of extension server/plug-in application.—As discussed above, to exploit an extensibility model to test and manipulated a designed or in-design application, creation of an extension server class is necessary. In an aspect, to benefit from an example designer component editing model, which provides services for the designer component, creation of an extension server can be effected when the designer component is initialized. An example creation mechanism includes, as discussed above, tying the creation of the extension server (e.g.,  T est H ook E xtension S erver) through a class associated to a feature element (e.g.,  F ramework E lement) when said feature is first created in a designer surface of a designer component (e.g., component  125 ). As an example, creation of  T est H ook E xtension S erver entails creation of extension class  T est H ook E xtension, which, in an aspect, inherits from  E xtension and requires the  T est H ook E xtension S erver to manage it. The following is an example code snippet that implements the test extension class accordingly, and is appropriate for a designer component in Microsoft® Visual Studio: 
                                            [ExtensionServer(typeof(TestHookExtensionServer))]           public class TestHookExtension : Extension {            public TestHookExtension( ) {            }           }                        
In addition, it is necessary to set up the extension server and indicate that is works with test extension  T est H ook E xtension:
 
                                            public class TestHookExtensionServer :           ExtensionServer&lt;TestHookExtension&gt; {            public TestHookExtensionServer(ExtensionManager manager)             : base(manager){             }           }                        
It should be appreciated that the extension server acts as a plug-in component that provides services to a designer component (e.g., component  125 ).
 
     Creation of test extension.—To ensure creation of  T est H ook E xtension upon first creating a feature in the surface designer, it is necessary to establish the class is required. A possible manner to accomplish that is to add an attribute to  F ramework E lement class that establishes: [ E xtension(typeof( T est H ook E xtension))]. Typically, library infrastructures in an application development component, such as component  120 , prevent a user from introducing such an extension. However when an application development component (e.g., component  120 ), or a designer component (e.g., component  125 ) adopt a CLR, attributes to class (e.g., class extension) can be added via a metadata store (e.g., metadata store  135 ). To the accomplishment of that, an attribute table associated with the test extension (e.g.,  T est H ook A ttribute T able) is to be created and registered with the designer component (e.g., designer component  125 ). 
     Regarding communication framework  160 , a particular framework is to be established for communication among processes, e.g., remote testing and manipulating (or remoting) and application designing. A possible, example approach to the subject inter-process communication (IPC) is CLR remoting. It should be appreciated that in the case application development component operates with Microsoft® Visual Studio, CLR remoting is native to the component. An alternative for IPC is to transfer memory-mapped files. It should be appreciated that substantially any multi-thread communication suite can be utilized for IPC; however, adequate dependencies need to be established. 
     CLR remoting as an instance of communication framework  160  to convey information among test and manipulation component  110  and designer component  125 , affords at least three remoting patterns: (i) Single Call. The subject objects can service one and only one incoming request coming in. Single call objects can be useful in scenarios wherein the objects are required to do a finite amount of work, e.g., introduce metadata in a specific set of classes in a class store. Such objects typically are not required to store state information (in connection with a particular test or with a particular design in connection with an application (e.g., application  135 )), and cannot retain state information between method calls, such as an invocation of a method that resides in method library  115 . It is noted that single call objects can be configured in a load-balanced fashion. 
     (ii) Singleton Objects. Such objects correspond to objects that can service multiple clients and hence share data by storing state information between client invocations. Singleton object can be useful in cases in which data needs to be shared explicitly between clients, in addition to cases wherein overhead of creating and maintaining objects is substantial. 
     (iii) Client-Activated Objects (CAO). CAO are server-side objects that can be activated upon request from a client. Such a manner to activate server objects is similar to component object model (COM) co-class activation. When a client submits a request for a server object using a “new” operator, an activation request message is sent to the remote application. In an aspect, the server then creates an instance of the requested class and returns an  O bj R ef back to the client application that invoked it. A proxy (e.g., communicator proxy component  240 ) is then created on the client side (e.g., test and manipulation component  110 ) using the  O bj R ef. The client&#39;s method calls (e.g., a method within a set of libraries stored in library store  115 ) can be executed on the proxy. Client-activated objects can store state information between method calls for its specific client and not across different client objects. Each invocation of “new” returns a proxy to an independent instance of the server type. 
     In an aspect, CAO objects can facilitate creation of objects in the application development component  120 , and designer component  125 , by the test and manipulation component  110 . 
     Each of the remote patterns (i)-(iii) require a remoting channel for traffic (e.g., result of method calls, object manipulation, data, and so on) communication. In an aspect, CLR remoting provides an  IPCC hannel that can allow in-memory communication, an  H ttp C hannel that employs a SOAP protocol for communication, based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and a  TCPC hannel that communicates traffic with a Transmission Control Protocol, employing a binary formatter to serialize traffic. It should be appreciated that a selected channel can be a wireless channel, wherein protocols for the transport layer are compatible with wireless remote communication. 
     It should be appreciated that test and manipulation of an application (e.g., application  135 ) through a designer (e.g., designer component  125 ) according to aspects disclosed herein can be exploited in substantially any application development component, such as Microsoft® Visual Studio, Windows Forms, Oracle Developer Tool, IBM® Rational® System Developer, and so forth. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example communication framework  160  based on CLR remoting. Communication takes place via a communicator component  210 . Such communicator component  210  can be characterized by a class termed  T est C ommunicator, which represents an object with methods to invoke from test and manipulation component  110 —considered a client within communication framework  160 —on the designer component  125  (via application development  120 ), which is deemed a server within communication framework  160 . A communicator proxy  240  facilitates calling a method through the communication framework  160  on communicator component  210 . In an aspect, communicator component  210  and communicator proxy  240  can provide for communicating among disparate processes involved in test and manipulation: (a) a test thread in a process within test and manipulation by component  110 , and (b) a designer thread in a process associated with designer component  125  acting on application  135 . In another aspect, to work correctly within the example CLR remoting, a restriction on  T est C ommunicator class can exist which requires said class to inherit a disparate class, e.g.,  M arshal B y R ef O bject, associated with serialization of objects conveyed by reference via the communication framework  160 . It should be appreciated that within CLR remoting, which is an example communication framework  160 , to convey object across process boundaries said object are to be serializable objects—e.g., objects that can be represented as a binary stream or binary coded packages—as non-serialized objects can have references to memory in one process (e.g., a testing and manipulating method) that fail when “referred to” in a remaining process (e.g., designing of an application). It should further be appreciated that in case of inter-thread communication substantially all data types in an application are readily accessible without serialization; however, in the test and manipulation of an application as is disclosed herein, communication is effected among processes (e.g., inter-process communication) and serialization of wrapper object becomes necessary. Namely, data is wrapped into strings and integers before being sent to a test and manipulation process in test and manipulation component  110 . Because of the aforementioned restriction, items cannot be sent directly from an editing model in a designer component (e.g., designer component  125 ) to a test and manipulation component (such as component  110 ). In addition, or alternatively, in an aspect, wrapper objects that are serializable can be created and sent across processes; for instance, (1)  D esign I tem, which can wrap an  I tem from a designer component (e.g., component  125 ) editing model; and (2)  D esign P roperty I nfo, which can wrap an  I tem P roperty from a designer component&#39;s editing model. 
     Below are examples of code snippets to instantiate  T est C ommunicator in the server end (e.g., designer component  125 ) and the client end (e.g., test and manipulation component  110 ). It should be appreciated that, in example communication framework  160 , channel  220  is selected to be  IPCC hannel and such selection is reflected in the example snippets corresponding to the instantiation of  T est C ommunicator. Additionally, channel  220  is assigned a specific URL to effect communication of serialized content, as discussed above. 
                                    (i) Server:         IPCChannel serverChannel;          private void Start( ) {            if (serverChannel == null) {             // Create the server channel.             serverChannel = new IpcChannel(“localhost:4321”);        System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels.ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(serverChannel);             RemotingConfiguration.ApplicationName = “AppToTest”;        RemotingConfiguration.RegisterActivatedServiceType(typeof(TestCommunicator));            }       (ii) Client:        System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels.ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(new        IpcChannel( ));        RemotingConfiguration.RegisterActivatedClientType(typeof(TestCommunicator),        “ipc://localhost:4321/AppToTest”);          TestCommunicator communicator = new TestCommunicator( );                    
It is noted that the in the above snippet, IPC channel port is illustrative. It is noted that the server code has to “register” the server end in the communication framework  160  before the client end code can communicate. In an aspect, for test and manipulation component  110 , the need to register the server end can result in creation failure of the  T est C ommunicator object in test and manipulation component  110  in cases designer component  125  fails to be active.
 
     In case of performing test and manipulation of an application utilizing a plug-in component, a  T est C ommunicator object is also to be registered and started, as illustrated in the example code snippet below. Plug-in component is associated with a  T est H ook class. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                  public interface IApplicationPlugin { 
               
               
                   
                   public void Register( ); 
               
               
                   
                   } 
               
               
                   
                  class TestHook : IApplicationPlugin { 
               
               
                   
                  public void Register( ) { 
               
               
                   
                  Start( ); 
               
               
                   
                   } 
               
               
                   
                  private void Start( ) { 
               
               
                   
                   if (serverChannel == null) { 
               
               
                   
                    // Create the server channel. 
               
               
                   
                    serverChannel = new IpcChannel(“localhost:4321”); 
               
               
                   
                 ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(serverChannel); 
               
               
                   
                    RemotingConfiguration.ApplicationName = “AppToTest”; 
               
               
                   
                 RemotingConfiguration.- 
               
               
                   
                 RegisterActivatedServiceType(typeof(TestCommunicator)) 
               
               
                   
                 ; 
               
               
                   
                   } 
               
               
                   
                  } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It should be appreciated that in test and manipulation component  110 , communication framework  160  comprises a proxy component, necessary for communication as discussed above in connection with the CAO remoting pattern. 
     It is noted that, in an aspect,  T est C ommunicator object does not load in the designer thread (e.g., server end process) associated with designer component  125  when acting on an application (e.g., application  135 ). Therefore, communicator object  T est C ommunicator can be unable to convey traffic to a designer component&#39;s editing model as said object cannot be designed to be thread-safe, in addition to possible engineering aspects, such as lack of multi-thread traffic, of the application development component (e.g., component  120 ) in which the designer component resides. To adequately communicate with  T est H ook E xtension S erver, communicator component  210  employs an intermediary service component  230  that can be provided by the application development component  120 ; as an example, in Microsoft® Visual Studio the intermediary service component corresponds to a “dispatcher” service provided by Windows Presentation Foundation. In another aspect,  T est H ook E xtension S erver can provide a method termed  I nvoke M ethod that allows for proper access based on a dispatcher service. The following example code snippet illustrates invocation of the method that employs the dispatcher service, embodied in the intermediary service component in an example application development component that employs Windows Presentation Foundation. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                  public object InvokeMethod(Delegate method) { 
               
               
                   
                   return _dispatcher.Invoke(DispatcherPriority.Send, 
               
               
                   
                 method); 
               
               
                   
                  }. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are schematic diagrams that illustrate, respectively, traffic exchange among two processes in the case of a test and of a manipulation of a designed, or in-design, application. Diagram  300  illustrates a test  335  of an application (for example application  135 ; not shown) conveyed from test process  305  to designer process  315 . Test process  305  includes a test thread  310 , while designer process includes two threads: designer thread  320  and communicator thread  330 . Communicator thread originates from creation and initialization of a communicator component, such as  T est C ommunicator (see above). Communication among designer thread  320  and communicator thread  330  is accomplished through intermediary service component  230 , by exploiting a dispatcher service as discussed above. A test can include invoking substantially any of the methods within the set of libraries stored in library store  115 . Moreover, verification of the internal state of an application can be accomplished with a test (e.g., test  335 ). As an example, a test can be a  G et A ll I tems test, which retrieves substantially all of a design model item controls in a designer form. Additionally, another example test can be a  G et L ayout method, whence actual sizes of controls employed on a user interface and loaded during design time, or execution, by a design component can be retrieved. A test typically elicits a response, which can include conveying an object  345  (e.g., a class, a method, metadata, data, and so on). As mentioned above, inter-process communication of the response from designer process  315  to a test process  305  can be accomplished through serialization of the response&#39;s content (see above). Received content in test process  305  is deserialized in the test and manipulation component (e.g., component  110 ) that executes the test process. Deserialized content can be post-processed for analysis. 
     Diagram  350  illustrates a manipulation of an application (for example application  135 ; not shown) conveyed from test process  305  to designer process  315  through channel  220 . Intermediary service component  230  facilitates communication among a designer thread  320  and communicator thread  330 , by exploiting a dispatcher service (e.g., Dispatcher in Windows Presentation Foundation) available to application development component  120 . Manipulation can be effected by substantially any of the methods included in a set of libraries in library store  115  as well as libraries available to application development component  120 . In an aspect, manipulation can comprise calling a method in a library to manipulate a external control devices associated with an application (e.g., application  135 ), such as a mouse, keyboard, joystick, an so on. In another aspect, a manipulation may consist of changing metatada associated with attributes in classes within the application&#39;s code to indicate that certain aspects of the application that can be necessary to monitor/test. For example, in business intelligence, a data mining application analyzing an enterprise data can estimate the risk of losing a customer to a competitor; manipulation  360  can modify attributes of classes and methods within the application to persist such information to either a file or a database for compilation and further analysis (e.g., a time series analysis of risk, or clustering of customers of the enterprise according to risk). In another aspect, manipulation can be effected at design time or execution of an application, wherein classes in an application&#39;s code are retained without change; however, the design instance is modified such as altering a design feature including, for example, eight radio buttons to a feature comprising three check boxes and five radio buttons. It should be appreciated that other possible changes in user experience are possible at design time or during execution. It is noted that classes and metadata corresponding to the application are loaded by an application development component (e.g., component  120 ) at the time of retrieving an application for (re)design. Therefore, manipulation thereof can be effected through a designer component according to aspects described hereinbefore. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an example system  400  to optimize a designed, or in-design, application through a test and manipulation component  410 . A method library store  415  behaves and functions in substantially the same manner as library store  115 , containing a set of libraries that can be employed to conduct tests on an application (e.g., application  135 ) or manipulate said application. In addition, risk mitigation component  418  operates in substantially the same manner as risk mitigation component  118 . A profiling component  425  utilizes a series of specific methods aimed at gathering detailed information on substantially all functional aspects of an application (e.g., application  135 ) in an application development component  120 . Such information can include, class dependencies, metadata for attributes, number of classes, methods employed in the classes, data types employed in the application, as well as design aspects such as indicia employed in user interfaces deployed by the application. Upon application/invocation of such methods, results of profiling tests are gathered by test and manipulation component  410  in the manner described hereinbefore. An optimization component  425  analyzes the received results and generates a manipulation strategy to re-design and/or re-develop the profiled application  135 . 
     Optimization component can employ a manifest  445  that includes metrics for optimization, or objective functions, such as performance of specific portions of application  135 , to optimize the application. Such performance-oriented optimization can include restructuring classes in the application&#39;s code, as well as modifying data types and methods employed in a set of classes pertinent to the optimization. As an example, an application that executes properly in a desktop computer, employing a central process unit for execution, can be optimized for execution in a graphical processing unit in order to provide richer graphics and an overall user experience. In addition, manifest  445  can include user response to specific design aspects of application  135  that can also be employed as a training set for unsupervised learning, which can lead to an optimized application. For example, application  135  can be optimized for a specific segment of users of the application based on a few design instances (generated, for example, with designer component  125 ) and a sample response of the targeted group of users. 
     To optimize an application through internal data and a profile extracted via test and manipulation component  410 , optimization component  435  can employ artificial intelligence. The term “intelligence” refers to the ability to reason or draw conclusions about, e.g., infer, the current or future state of a system based on existing information about the system. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or generate a probability distribution of specific states of a system without human intervention. Artificial intelligence relies on applying advanced mathematical algorithms—e.g., decision trees, neural networks, regression analysis, cluster analysis, genetic algorithm, and reinforced learning—to a set of available data (information) on the system. In particular, the AI component  248  can employ one of numerous methodologies for learning from data and then drawing inferences from the models so constructed, e.g., Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and related prototypical dependency models, more general probabilistic graphical models, such as Bayesian networks, e.g., created by structure search using a Bayesian model score or approximation, linear classifiers, such as support vector machines (SVMs), non-linear classifiers, such as methods referred to as “neural network” methodologies, fuzzy logic methodologies, and other approaches that perform data fusion, etc.) in accordance with implementing various automated aspects described herein. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of an example system  500  that optimizes functionality and design of a first application based on user intelligence—e.g., user demographics, consumer behavior, indicia preference, and so forth—and a second dependent application. Test and manipulation component  110  is coupled to optimization component  510  which gathers information of a first application A  520 , and operates substantially like optimization component  435 . Information on a second application B  530  residing in an application development component  120 , and coupled to a designer component  125 , is extracted through test and manipulation component  110  according to aspects discussed supra. In addition to application B  530 , a user intelligence store  540  is coupled to application development component  120 , to provide with information on users that can employ application B  530 . It should be appreciated that user intelligence allows customizing the design of application B  530 . Moreover, application B  530  is designed and developed to depend on and operate with application A  520 . It should be appreciated that application A  520  can be an application that cannot be reverse engineered due to licensing conditions, in such a case its functionality and design is substantially fixed. In such scenario, optimization component  510  can optimize application B  530  to target specific user characteristics, e.g., technically savvy or early adopter users or fairly technology reticent users, conservative users or liberal users, user with specific accessibility needs—specially in web-based applications, and so on, as well as to provide functionality that is maximizes utilization of application A  510 . Application optimization can proceed by utilizing test and manipulation component  110  to gather information on the functionality of application B  520  and manipulate application B  530  according to user target, and artificial intelligence to infer design and functionality aspects that optimize application B  530 . 
       FIGS. 6-9  illustrate various methodologies in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with the claimed subject matter. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the methodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such methodologies to computers. 
       FIG. 6  presents a flowchart of an example method  600  for loading a test object server and a test object. At act  610 , an attribute table is created and registered. The attribute table contains custom attributes for facilitating extensibility of classes that can be available to an application, a designer component (e.g., component  125 ), or an application development component (such as component  120 ). Creation of the custom attribute table can proceed as discussed in connection with  FIG. 1 . Extensibility typically augments the functionality of a class through added metadata, which can modify methods, data types, and dependencies. At act  620 , the attributes of a design object are extended according to custom attributes of the registered attribute table. A design object can be a class available to a designer component; for instance  F ramework E lement, which is created when an element of the designer component is created in the designer component surface. In another example, an extended attribute can indicate that a specific object is to be downloaded upon creation of a class that carries the extended attribute. At act  630 , the extended design object is created in a designer component, and a test object server and a test object are loaded. 
       FIG. 7  presents a flowchart of an example method  700  for communicating across processes to facilitate testing and manipulating an application. At act  710 , a communicator object server is initialized. The communicator object server establishes a remoting channel (e.g., channel  220 ) and registers a communicator object (communicator component  210 ) as a valid object to be created. A remoting channel determines the manner in which data is physically transported among ports, components, or applications, and typically involves a transport protocol. In an aspect, in CLR remoting three channels are possible: ICPChannel, HttpChannel, and TCPChannel. In order to utilize an object that is created, e.g., a communicator object, the object needs to be registered. In an aspect, a client end (e.g., a test and manipulation component  110 ) can register a communicator object once a server end (e.g., a designer component) is active. At step  720 , the remoting channel (e.g., channel  220 ) is registered and a communicator object is created. Registering the remoting channel affords access to services in a set of remoting classes that are compatible with the registered channel. Such services can be available through an application development component, such as component  120 . In an aspect, act  720  proceeds as described in connection with  FIG. 2 . At step  730 , the communicator object is employed for submitting tests aimed at probing an application for the purpose of product testing and profiling (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4 ), as well as manipulating the application, which in an aspect can provide for optimizing an application according to specific optimization metrics, as well as altering a user&#39;s experience through design modifications. It should be appreciated that testing and manipulating can take place across processes such as a test process (for example, test process  305 ) and a designer process (e.g., designer process  315 ) which include, respectively, a test thread (e.g., thread  310 ) and a designer thread (e.g., thread  320 ) and a communicator thread (e.g., thread  330 )—see  FIGS. 3A and 3B . 
       FIG. 8A  presents a flowchart of an example method  800  for receiving information as a result of a remote test. At act  810 , a method to perform a test of an application is invoked across processes (e.g., test process and designer process;  FIGS. 3A and 3B ) via a communicator object, or communicator component (e.g., component  210 ). The communicator object, or communicator component, is registered and created at a server end, in a development application component (e.g., component  120 ). It is noted that the communicator object, or communicator component, is accompanied by a communicator proxy component (e.g., component  240 ) which is created upon invocation of the method. In an aspect, the test to be performed on an application can expose internal data structure of the application at design time or during execution. In addition, the test can reveal an internal state of the application. At step  820 , the test is dispatched across a communicator thread (associated with the creation of the communicator object, or communicator component) and a designer thread (associated with a designer component coupled to the application) via an application development component (e.g., component  120 ) that employs a service of an application development component. In an aspect, when the application development component (e.g., component  120 ) is based on Windows Presentation Foundation, the service corresponds to a “dispatcher” service, which allows invoking methods across processes and as such acts can act as an intermediary service component (e.g., component  230 ). Moreover, the development object can correspond to a specific method that facilitates invoking the service. At act  830 , in response to the performed test, a serialized remotable wrapped object is dispatched across the designer thread and communicator thread. The serialized object is transmitted across processes through a remoting channel (e.g., channel  220  in communication framework  160 ). As mentioned above, the remoting channel can transport the object through network layers between origin and destination port. It should be appreciated that the remoting channel is aware of such ports. At step  840 , the serialized, wrapper object is received in response to the test. The wrapped object carries the information resulting from the application of the test that is invoked in act  810 . Communicator proxy component can receive the object and provide to a test and manipulation component (e.g., component  110 ) for further processing. 
       FIG. 8B  presents a flowchart of an example method  850  for manipulating an application through manipulating a designer element item and property. At act  860 , a remotable, serialized wrapper object is deserialized. As a result, information carried by the wrapper object is extracted. As discussed above, in an aspect, the information is conveyed in terms of two objects: (a)  D esign I tem and (b)  D esign P roperty I nfo. At act  870 , the design item conveyed by the deserialized object is manipulated, while at act  880 , the design property conveyed by the deserialized object is manipulated. Manipulation can be originated in various sources. In an aspect, manipulation results from an optimization process that aims at optimizing application performance. In another aspect, manipulation can arise from a process that seeks to optimize a user&#39;s experience (see  FIG. 4 ). In yet another aspect, manipulation can be the result of customizing a second application for a target segment of users while optimizing functionality with respect to a related first application (see  FIG. 5 ). 
       FIG. 9A  presents a flowchart of a method for optimizing an application dynamically. At act  910 , a profile of an application is extracted during design. In an aspect, the profile results from applying of a set of tests to an application at design time or execution; a test and manipulation component (e.g., component  410 ) that includes a profiling component (e.g., component  425 ) can be employed to generates the tests, invoke corresponding methods, and retrieve the results of the tests (for example, via multiple instances of method  800 ). At act  920 , the profile is employed to optimize the application dynamically. It should be appreciated that the profiling is conducted at design time or during execution of the application, therefore characteristic of a designed application can be probed (via tests) periodically, or at specified times as design progresses. In response to the test, and through manipulation driven by an optimization the design can be altered at each time there is available information in a profile. It should be appreciated that the optimization can be dictated by multiple aspects (see  FIG. 4 ). 
       FIG. 9B  presents a flowchart of an example method  950  for optimizing an application based on a disparate application and user intelligence—e.g., user demographics, consumer behavior, indicia preference, and so forth—regarding users of the application. At act  960 , information on a first application is collected during design; such collection can be effected through a test and manipulation component (e.g., component  110 ). It should be appreciated that act  960  is substantially the same as act  910  in method  900 . At act  970 , the design of the first application is optimized according to characteristics of a second application developed to interact with the first application. In addition, the design of the first application is manipulate according to user intelligence. Manipulation aims at optimizing the first application according to information on users to whom the first application can be targeted, and functionality of a second application which is to be employed in conjunction with the first application. As an example, a text messaging application to be employed on a wireless phone can be designed with features that depend on the operating system that can be executed on the cellular phone processor, as well as media that is available to the cellular phone. Design manipulation can be accomplished through a test and manipulation component, such as component  110 . 
     In order to provide additional context for various aspects of the subject specification,  FIGS. 10 and 11  and the following discussions are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment  1000  in which the various aspects of the specification can be implemented. While the specification has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may run on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the specification also can be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software. 
     Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices. 
     The illustrated aspects of the specification may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     A computer typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media can comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer. 
     Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     In  FIG. 10 , the example environment  1000  for implementing various aspects of the specification includes a computer  1002 , the computer  1002  including a processing unit  1004 , a system memory  1006  and a system bus  1008 . The system bus  1008  couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1006  to the processing unit  1004 . The processing unit  1004  can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures may also be employed as the processing unit  1004 . 
     The system bus  1008  can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory  1006  includes read-only memory (ROM)  1010  and random access memory (RAM)  1012 . A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatile memory  1010  such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  1002 , such as during start-up. The RAM  1012  can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data. 
     The computer  1002  further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)  1014  (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive  1014  may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD)  1016 , (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette  1018 ) and an optical disk drive  1020 , (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk  1022  or, to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive  1014 , magnetic disk drive  1016  and optical disk drive  1020  can be connected to the system bus  1008  by a hard disk drive interface  1024 , a magnetic disk drive interface  1026  and an optical drive interface  1028 , respectively. The interface  1024  for external drive implementations includes at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the subject specification. 
     The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer  1002 , the drives and media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a HDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of media which are readable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, may also be used in the example operating environment, and further, that any such media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods of the specification. 
     A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM  1012 , including an operating system  1030 , one or more application programs  1032 , other program modules  1034  and program data  1036 . All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM  1012 . It is appreciated that the specification can be implemented with various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     A user can enter commands and information into the computer  1002  through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard  1038  and a pointing device, such as a mouse  1040 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  1004  through an input device interface  1042  that is coupled to the system bus  1008 , but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc. 
     A monitor  1044  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  408  via an interface, such as a video adapter  1046 . In addition to the monitor  444 , a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc. 
     The computer  1002  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s)  1048 . The remote computer(s)  1048  can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer  1002 , although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device  1050  is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN)  1052  and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN)  1054 . Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  1002  is connected to the local network  1052  through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter  1056 . The adapter  1056  may facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN  1052 , which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless adapter  1056 . 
     When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  1002  can include a modem  1058 , or is connected to a communications server on the WAN  1054 , or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN  1054 , such as by way of the Internet. The modem  1058 , which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to the system bus  1008  via the serial port interface  1042 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  1002 , or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device  1050 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are example and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. 
     The computer  1002  is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. 
     Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 11 Mbps (802.11a) or 54 Mbps (802.11b) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernet networks used in many offices. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic block diagram of a computing environment in accordance with the subject specification. The system  1100  includes one or more client(s)  1102 . The client(s)  1102  can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). The client(s)  1102  can house cookie(s) and/or associated contextual information by employing the specification, for example. 
     The system  1100  also includes one or more server(s)  1104 . The server(s)  1104  can also be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). The servers  1104  can house threads to perform transformations by employing the specification, for example. One possible communication between a client  1102  and a server  1104  can be in the form of a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes. The data packet may include a cookie and/or associated contextual information, for example. The system  1100  includes a communication framework  1106  (e.g., a global communication network such as the Internet) that can be employed to facilitate communications between the client(s)  1102  and the server(s)  1104 . 
     Communications can be facilitated via a wired (including optical fiber) and/or wireless technology. The client(s)  1102  are operatively connected to one or more client data store(s)  1108  that can be employed to store information local to the client(s)  1102  (e.g., cookie(s) and/or associated contextual information). Similarly, the server(s)  1104  are operatively connected to one or more server data store(s)  1110  that can be employed to store information local to the servers  1104 . 
     Various aspects or features described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computer readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips . . . ), optical disks [e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ], smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive . . . ). 
     What has been described above includes examples of the claimed subject matter. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the claimed subject matter, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the claimed subject matter are possible. Accordingly, the claimed subject matter is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.