Patent Publication Number: US-4550150-A

Title: Coloration of acetylenic monomers by gases

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known that conjugated acetylenic monomers, such as diynes, triynes, tetraynes, hexaynes and the like can be polymerized from the state of colorless crystalline solid monomers to colored polymers by thermal activation (U.S. Pat. No. 3,999,946 of Dec. 28, 1976 to Patel et al., column 4, line 13-column 5, line 58). This patent also discloses a photo induced reaction of such acetylenic monomers (column 8, lines 3-13). 
     The patent also states at column 9, lines 45-50 that bromine solution or vapor preferentially reacts with the unreacted (i.e. monomeric) acetylenic compounds, thereby eliminating the reactive conjugated acetylene groups employed in time/temperature indicator compositions; and so is used to deactivate the indicators, for purposes of &#34;freezing&#34; information so that further exposure to heat no longer produces a color change (see column 9, lines 9-12). 
     SUMMARY 
     It has now been found that coloration can be produced in substituted acetylenic monomers containing in the molecule at least two conjugated triple bonds, and containing substituents having at least one atom of the group oxygen and nitrogen in the substituents, by exposing such monomer in the crystalline solid state to a gas capable of undergoing an addition reaction with an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond. In particular, gases effective in this process of colorizing such monomers are chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrosyl chloride, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, cyanogen chloride, phosphorus trifluoride and ozone. Such coloration reaction is useful to detect the presence of the reactive gases in small concentrations, since only small quantities of the gases are required to initiate a polymerization which involves a large number of monomer molecules, and results in a clearly visible color change. Moreover, such process can be used to form a partially polymerized polyacetylene composition for use in time/temperature history indicators and radiation dosage indicators such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,999,946 above cited, which partially polymerized compositions can be carried to a desired degree of completion of the polymerization and then used in the indicator to follow the time/temperature history of exposure to heat or to radiation, up to a chosen end point. 
    
    
     DRAWING 
     The single drawing FIGURE schematically depicts a device of this invention which can be used to detect gas to which a diacetylenic monomer is known to be responsive, or for testing responsiveness of diacetylenic monomer to known gas samples. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Acetylenic monomers which are particularly adapted for use in the process of this invention are diynes containing at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of methylenic and polymethylenic chains connecting the acetylenic group to a sulfonate, urethane or carboxy acid radical. If desired, triynes and also tetraynes, similarly substituted, can be used likewise. 
     One particularly useful acetylenic monomer for purposes of this invention is 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis(phenylurethane), in the crystalline form which results upon deposition thereof from tetrahydrofuran, acetone or like solvent. This compound when in the stated crystalline form, is unaffected by heat below its melting point and by ultraviolet radiation at room temperature, so that it can be kept in its inactive form without special protection. When exposed to a reactive gas such as chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, or another of the above noted gases the compound polymerizes raadily as indicated by a rapid change in color. Accordingly this compound is very suitable for use in detecting trace quantities of the above noted reactive gases, such as in particular the pollutant, nitrogen dioxide, admixed with products of combustion of organic matter as in automotive exhaust fumes or in cigarette smoke. 
     The invention, as will be appreciated from the foregoing, can be embodied in a device for detecting the above listed gases in low concentration; or for use as a time/temperature history or time/radiation exposure indicator and comprising: a container, an initially colorless acetylenic monomer in the crystalline solid state within said container, said monomer being as above described, means permitting visual observation of said monomer, and an inlet permitting gas from an outside source to be directed into contact with said acetylenic monomer. In the drawing FIGURE, such device is schematically shown; the reference numerals refer to parts of said device as follows: 1 is a source of gas, which may be a gas to be used for testing or may be a gas to be analyzed; 2 is a flow meter for determining the rate of flow of the incoming gas; 3 is a source of diluent gas which can be introduced at measured flow rates; 4 is a chamber serving as a container for reactive acetylenic monomer, initially colorless, impregnating or coating a substrate 6 such as filter paper held in place by a gas-permeable support 5 such as sintered disc. An outlet tube allows the exhaust gas to leave cell 4 and to bubble through scrubber 7 whence the remaining gas passes out the exhaust tube. 
     If such device is to be used as a gas detector, the gas to be sampled will be introduced into container or gas cell 4 from a source indicated at 1 in the drawing, generally at a known flow rate measured by a meter as indicated at 2. 
     If the device is to be used for purposes of indicating cumulative history of temperature exposure or radiation exposure over time, gas generally of known concentration at known flow rate, will be introduced into gas cell 4 to develop the color of the acetylenic monomer therein to a preselected level from which a known further exposure to temperature or radiation will suffice to produce the ultimate end point color. The resulting indicator can then be removed from the gas cell with a known remaining life up to its ultimate endpoint; and can be used to record exposure history up to said ultimate endpoint. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The Examples which follow are illustrative of this invention and of the best mode contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the same but are not intended to be interpreted in a limiting sense. 
     In the Examples, the abbreviations for certain monomeric diynes used have the following meanings, wherein the general formula for the monomer is: R--(C C) 2  --R&#39;. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
           Name of Monomer and                                            
Abbreviation                                                              
           Formulas for R and R&#39;                                          
______________________________________                                    
PTS        R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OS(O.sub.2) (p-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 CH.sub.3)     
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (p-toluenesulfonate)                                           
DoDBCMU    R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 OCONHCH.sub.2 COO(n-Bu)              
           5,7-dodecadiyn-                                                
           1,12-bis(n-butoxy-                                             
           carbonylmethylene urethane)                                    
HDPU       R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONHC.sub.6 H.sub.5                         
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (phenylurethane)                                               
ODPU       R,R = --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OCONHC.sub.6 H.sub.5                  
           3,5-octadiyn-1,8-bis                                           
           (phenylurethane)                                               
DeDPU      R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCONHC.sub.6 H.sub.5                 
           4,6-decadiyn-1,10-bis                                          
           (phenylurethane)                                               
DoDPU      R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 OCONHC.sub.6 H.sub.5                 
           5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-bis                                        
           (phenylurethane)                                               
HDMU       R,R&#39; = CH.sub.2 OCONHCH.sub.3                                  
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (methylurethane)                                               
ODMU       R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OCONHCH.sub.3                        
           3,5-octadiyn-1,8-bis                                           
           (methylurethane)                                               
DeDMU      R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCONHCH.sub.3                        
           4,6-decadiyn-1,10-bis                                          
           (methylurethane)                                               
DoDMU      R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 OCONHCH.sub.3                        
           5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-bis                                        
           (methylurethane)                                               
HDEU       R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONHC.sub. 2 H.sub.5                        
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (ethylurethane)                                                
ODEU       R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OCONHC.sub.2 H.sub.5                 
           3,5-octadiyn-1,8-bis                                           
           (ethylurethane)                                                
DeDEU      R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCONHC.sub.2 H.sub.5                 
           4,6-decadiyn-1,10-bis                                          
           (ethylurethane)                                                
DoDEU      R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 OCONHC.sub.2 H.sub.5                 
           5,7,dodecadiyn-1,12-bis                                        
           (ethylurethane)                                                
HDBU       R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONH(n-Bu)                                  
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (n-butylurethane)                                              
HDcHU      R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONHC.sub.6 H.sub.12                        
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (cyclohexylurethane)                                           
DeDCMU     R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCONHCH.sub.2 COOH                   
           4,6-decadiyn-1,10-bis                                          
           (carboxymethylurethane)                                        
HD(o-TU)   R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONH(o-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 CH.sub.3)            
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (o-tolylurethane)                                              
HD(m-TU)   R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONH(m-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 CH.sub.3)            
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (m-tolylurethane)                                              
HD(p-TU)   R,R&#39; = --CH.sub.2 OCONH(p-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 CH.sub.3)            
           2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis                                           
           (p-tolylurethane)                                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In general the monomers were prepared by known methods involving production of the diyn-alpha, omega-diol and subsequent reaction of the diol with a sulfonyl chloride to form sulfonates; reaction with an isocyanate to form urethanes; and oxidation to form carboxy acids. 
     In carrying out the following Examples, pieces of filter paper were dipped into 1% solutions in acetone of the various monomers, then allowed to dry in air (requiring about 3 minutes). Some of these papers turned light pink during drying, indicating a slight degree of polymerization of the monomer during the drying process. 
     The dry filter papers were exposed to chlorine gas diluted with argon to a concentration 0.15 g/liter in a gas cell as illustrated in the drawing; and the development of color with time was observed. Illustrative results are shown in the Tables below. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
                Time and Color (m = minutes, h = hours,                   
Ex.  Monomer    d = days)                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 1   PTS        1 m-pink; 10 m-light red; 30 m-purple red;                
                60 m-purple; 145 m-dark purple                            
 2   DoDBCMU    1 m-light blue; 4 m-blue; 9 m-dark blue;                  
                27 m-light blue; 36 m-almost colorless                    
 3   HDPU       1 m-light red; 2 h-med. red; 2 d-un-                      
                changed                                                   
 4   ODPU       1 m-pale orange; 2 h-lt. orange; 2 d-un-                  
                changed                                                   
 5   DeDPU      1 m-light red-purple; 2 h-med. red purple,                
                2d-unchanged                                              
 6   DoDPU      1 m-pale blue-purple; 2 h-med. blue-purple;               
     2d-unchanged                                                         
 7   HDMU       no color change occurred                                  
 8   ODMU       1 m-light red; 2 h-med. red; 2 d-unchanged                
 9   DeDMU      1 m-light blue, 2 h-med. blue; 2d-un-                     
                changed                                                   
10   DoDMU      1 m-light blue; 2 h-med. blue; 2 d-un-                    
                changed                                                   
11   HDEU       5 m-pale blue; 20 m-decolorized                           
12   ODEU       5 m-pale red-purple; 20 m-decolorized                     
13   DeDEU      5 m-med. blue; 10 m-decolorized                           
14   DoDEU      5 m-dark red; 10 m-decolorized                            
15   HDBU       1 m-light red; 5 m-decolorized                            
16   HDcHU      30 m-light blue-purple; 2 h-decolorized                   
17   DeDCMU     m-light blue; 30 m-dark blue; 1 d-un-                     
                changed                                                   
18   HD(o-TU)   30 m-light red; 3 d-med. orange red                       
19   HD(m-TU)   2 m-pale blue; 3 d-faded                                  
20   HD(p-TU)   15 m-light red; 30 m-med. red; 3 d-faded                  
21   4,6-decadiyn-1,10-dicarboxylic acid: 1 m-light                       
     red; 1 d-decolorized                                                 
Comparisons                                                               
22   tetra-, hexa-, octa-, decadiyn-diols - no color change               
     observed                                                             
23   hexa, octa, and decadiyn-dibenzoates-no color change                 
     observed                                                             
Tetraynes                                                                 
Formula: R--(C C).sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 (C C).sub.2 R&#39;                  
R,R&#39; = --(CH.sub.2)OCONHC.sub.6 H.sub.5                                   
Names                                                                     
x = 1: 2,4,8,10-dodecatetrayn-1,12-bis(phenylurethane)                    
  = 2: 3,5,9,11-tetradecatetrayn-1,14-bis(phenylurethane)                 
  = 3: 4,6,10,12-hexadecatetrayn-1,16-bis(phenylurethane)                 
  = 4: 5,7,11,13-octadecatetrayn-1,18-bis(phenylurethane)                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     These monomers were prepared (by the general method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,208 of July 29, 1980; Ex. 22) from 1,5-hexadiyne by reaction with the appropriate alpha-hydroxy-omega-bromo-acetylene in methanol using the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling technique, followed by extraction and recrystallization to obtain the tetrayne-alpha, omega-diol; which by reaction with phenylisocyanate formed the bis(phenylurethane) as heretofore known. 
     The Examples of Table 2 below were carried out as for the diynes of Examples 1-21 and Comparisons 22 and 23 above. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Tetraynes                                                                 
                Time and Color (m = minutes, h = hours,                   
Ex.   Monomer   d = days)                                                 
______________________________________                                    
24    x = 1     5 m-light red; 30 m-decolorized                           
25    = 2       2 m-pale red; 2 h-decolorized                             
26    = 3       5 m-med. red-purple; 30 m-decolorized                     
27    = 4       2 m-med. blue; 5 m-decolorized                            
Triyne                                                                    
28    The triyne, CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 (C.tbd.C).sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3      
      OCONHCH.sub.3 was                                                   
      synthesized as outlined below. It changed from colorless            
      to blue very rapidly when contacted with chlorine; and              
      then was largely decolorized, all within 2 minutes.                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Preparation of Triyne 
     The method for preparing the triyne is similar to the preparation of the previously described tetraynes and is as follows: 16.3 g (0.21 mol) 1,3-hexadiyne was added to a solution containing 0.15 g CuCl, 20 mL n-ethylamine (70%), 1.5 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and 100 mL methanol; the hydroxylamine hydrochloride being added last. The components were blanketed with nitrogen and stirred mechanically. 30.0 g (0.17 mol) 5-bromo-4-pentyn-1-ol dissolved in 50 mL methanol was added dropwise over a period of 30 minutes and resulted in an exotherm from room temperature to about 50° C. During the addition, small quantities of hydroxylamine hydrochloride were added whenever a blue color appeared in the reaction mixture. After 2 hours the solvent was stripped and a mixture consisting of 100 mL water and 150 mL diethyl ether was added while stirring. The ether layer was separated, washed with 1N HCl followed by several washings with water. The final ether solution was dried over MgSO.sub. 4. The solvent was stripped under vacuum leaving 20.2 g of a dark viscous layer containing the triyne mono-ol, CH 3  CH 2  (C.tbd.C) 3  (CH 2 ) 2  CH 2  OH. 
     Without further purification the product was reacted with 9.1 g (0.16 mol) methylisocyanate in 100 mL tetrahydrofuran catalysed by 0.1 g dibutyltin-di-2-ethylhexanoate dissolved in 2 mL triethylamine; the temperature was moderated by cooling with cold water. After 2 hours, the solution was heated to strip most of the solvent and remove excess isocyanate. 500 mL petroleum ether (60°-110° C.) was added to precipitate the product. The product was filtered and washed with petroleum ether and was recrystallized from petroleum ether (60°-110° C.) twice. Yield, 12.4 g of white flaky product which turns blue slowly in daylight. M.P. 66°-68° C. Structure was confirmed by IR. 
     Decolorization 
     It is noted in the Examples that after developing color, certain compounds &#34;decolorized.&#34; The development of color is indicated by previous experience to be the result of partial polymerization in the solid crystalline state. Following the progress of coloration by reflectance spectra, PTS appears to polymerize asymptotically (rather than with an induction period followed by autocatalytic polymerization as upon exposure to elevated temperatures). The absence of an induction period and of autocatalytic effect in the polymerization are attributable to the fact that the chlorine-initiated polymerization is diffusion-controlled, beginning at the surfaces of the most accessible crystals and progressing to less accessible regions. 
     A progressive decolorization sets in after initial coloration of certain compounds, attributable to destruction of the conjugation characterizing the backbone chain of the polymers of these compounds, by action of chlorine thereon; which backbone chains contain single bonds alternating with double and triple bonds, as shown by the formula: ##STR1## 
     As confirming the foregoing, it was noted that when filter paper was thinly coated from a 0.1% (W/V) chloroform solution of poly DoDBCMU (the polymer being obtained by exposing the dry monomer to gamma radiation of 50 Mrads from Co-60, followed by extraction of unpolymerized monomer by acetone); and the resulting dried polymer coated was then exposed to chlorine as in the above Examples, the coating was largely decolorized in a few minutes. (The decolorization is not complete because diffusion of chlorine into the solid is slowed by the reaction products). 
     Effects of Other Gases 
     Tests with other gases besides chlorine, carried out as for Examples 1-21 above, gave the results summarized in Table 3 below. 
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Other Gases                                                               
                          Time and Color (m = minutes,                    
Ex.  Monomer    Gas       h = hours, d = days)                            
______________________________________                                    
29   PTS        NOCl      1 to 5 m-light red                              
30   PTS        ClCN      15 to 30 m-light red                            
31   PTS        PF.sub.3  5 to 15 m-light red                             
32   PTS        O.sub.3   5 m-red                                         
33   DoDBCMU    NOCl      1 m-light blue                                  
34   DoDBCMU    NO.sub.2 (ppm)                                            
                          1 m-medium blue                                 
35   DoDBCMU    NO        1-15 m-light blue                               
36   DoDBCMU    ClCN      15 m-light blue                                 
37   DoDBCMU    PF.sub.3  5 m-light blue                                  
38   DoDBCMU    O.sub.3   1 m-blue                                        
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     Nitrosyl chloride, nitric oxide, and ozone decolorized poly-DoDBCMU but ClCN and PF 3  did not. The action of ozone is so strong that its decolorizing effect upon polyacetylenes can be used as a sensitive indicator of cumulative exposure to low concentrations of ozone, such as parts per billion. At high concentrations of NO 2  (brown colored gas) no color change is seen in the indicator. 
     Bromine appeared to act similarly to chlorine in polymerizing PTS monomer; and iodine appeared to polymerize PTS at a much slower rate. Both also decolorized poly DoDBCMU coatings on filter paper, although not as rapidly as chlorine. 
     Gases tested as above and found ineffective for polymerizing PTS and DoDBCMU were CO, CO 2 , SiF 4 , NH 3 , H 2  S, SO 2  and BF 3 . 
     The above examples are regarded as illustrative of this invention in some of its preferred embodiments, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that coloration of many other substituted acetylenic compounds containing at least two conjugated triple bonds and containing the same or related substituents as those above illustrated can be initiated by use of the above gases and other gases capable of undergoing an addition reaction with an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond.