Patent Publication Number: US-2023140989-A1

Title: Silica reinforced rubber composition and tire component

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This disclosure is related to improving tire tread compositions and, more specifically, to improved tire tread compositions, such as silica-filled tire tread compositions, and tires using the same. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Improved tire tread performance has been identified as a primary technical challenge faced by tire manufacturers. However, it has traditionally been very difficult to improve a tire&#39;s performance, such as rolling resistance, stiffness, and tear properties, for example, without compromising one or more of the others. A fundamental understanding of the causes behind this performance tradeoff could present opportunities to explore new materials technologies, which allow the tradeoff to be overcome, to meet product performance needs. 
     Overall, tire tread characteristics, such as traction, stiffness, tear, tread wear, and rolling resistance, are dependent to a large extent on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the elastomers utilized in making up a tire. But these tire properties are also affected by the fillers and additives that are used in preparing the rubber compositions that make up the tire tread. For example, it is known that silica fillers may improve rubber properties, such as increased tear resistance, reduced rolling resistance, and increased road traction, and thus improve fuel economy for vehicles. But some difficulties encountered with silica-filled rubber compositions can include difficult dispersibility and deagglomeration of the silica filler, unfavorable green viscosity, and required use of coupling agents, such as polysulfurized alkoxysilanes, many of which produce significant VOC by-products and/or have unfavorable vulcanization kinetics. 
     Some approaches to improving the processability and dispersibility of silica-filled rubber compositions have focused upon the addition sequence of certain ingredients during mixing, the addition of de-agglomeration agents, and/or using elevated levels of coupling agents. 
     Alternative approaches have focused on the use of special coupling agents including, for example, replacing the commonly used coupling agent bis(3-triethoxylsilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (abbreviated TESPT) or bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (abbreviated TESPD) with modified monoalkoxydialkyl silane polysulfides, such as bis(dimethylethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (abbreviated MESPT) or bis(dimethylethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (abbreviated MESPD). In another example, the commonly used TESPT or TESPD has been replaced with 3-octanoylthio-1-propyltriethoxysilane (also called NXT silane) to improve the dispersibility of silica in the silica-containing rubber composition, and reportedly does not impair the original properties of the silica-containing rubber composition 
     While the foregoing is reported to improve processability and dispersibility of silica-containing rubber compositions, the original properties of the rubber compositions are understood not to be materially improved. Accordingly, new rubber compositions, such as improved silica-filled tire tread compositions (and tires with the same), that provide desirable tire performance properties, such as improvements in hysteresis and/or stiffness without negatively impacting tear and/or tensile strength, for example, are needed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to improved tire tread compositions, such as silica-filled tire tread compositions, and tires using the same. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a tire tread composition is provided that includes a diene-based elastomer, a reinforcing filler that includes an inorganic filler (e.g., silica), and a plurality of silane compounds. The silane compounds include: 
     i) a bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I): 
       R 2 (R 1 O)Si—(CH 2 ) n —S p —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR 2 )R 3   2   (I); and
 
     ii) at least one alkoxysilane compound selected from the group consisting of:
         a) a hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II):       

       (R 1 O) 3 Si—R 4 —Si(OR 2 ) 3   (II), and
         b) a hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III):       

       (R 1 O) 3 Si—R 5   (III);
 
     wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  may be identical or different, each selected from monovalent C1-C5 straight chain or branched alkyl groups, R 4  is selected from divalent C3-C18 straight chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups or aromatic groups, R 5  is selected from monovalent C3-C18 straight chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups or aromatic groups, m and n may be identical or different with each in a range from 3 to 18; and p is in a range from 2 to 4. 
     By virtue of the foregoing, there is thus provided a tire tread composition, such as a silica-filled tire tread composition, and tire using the same that can provide desirable tire performance properties, such as improvements in hysteresis and/or stiffness without negatively impacting tear and/or tensile strength, for example. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings(s), which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description of the invention given above, and the detailed description given below, serve to describe the invention. 
         FIG.  1    is a cross-sectional view of a tire with silica-filled tire tread in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Tires and tire tread compositions are disclosed in various embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the various embodiments may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other replacement and/or additional methods, materials, or components. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various embodiments of the invention. 
     Similarly, for purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials, and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. Nevertheless, the invention may be practiced without specific details. 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” or variation thereof means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention, but do not denote that they are present in every embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     Additionally, it is to be understood that “a” or “an” or “at least one” may be used interchangeably and mean “one or more” unless explicitly stated otherwise. 
     Various operations will be described as multiple discrete operations in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the invention. However, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation. Operations described may be performed in a different order than the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed and/or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments. 
     In the description of this invention, the terms “rubber” and “elastomer” where used herein, are used interchangeably, unless otherwise prescribed. The terms “rubber composition,” “compounded rubber,” and “rubber compound,” where used herein, are used interchangeably to refer to “rubber which has been blended or mixed with various ingredients.” The term “compound” relates to a “rubber composition” unless otherwise indicated. In addition, the term “phr” refers to parts of a respective material per hundred parts by weight of rubber or elastomer. 
       FIG.  1    shows a simplified cross-section of a tire  10  (e.g., pneumatic tire) that includes an outer tire tread  12 , such as a silica-filled tire tread in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, and a pair of sidewalls  16  wherein the sidewalls  16  are connected to the tire tread  12  by shoulder regions  14 . The outer circumferential tire tread  12  is adapted to be ground contacting when the tire  10  is in use. The shoulder regions  14  extend predominantly axially outwardly from the outer tire tread  12 . The sidewalls  16  extend predominantly radially inwardly from the shoulder regions  14 .  FIG.  1    also illustrates the equatorial plane (EP”) and the Tread Arc Width (“TAW”) of the tire  10 . 
     A carcass  18  of the tire  10  can include one or more continuous radial plies  20  extending from side to side. The carcass  18  is located radially inwardly from the tread  12  and axially inwardly from the sidewalls  16 . The carcass  18  acts as a supporting structure for components located axially or radially outwardly from the carcass  18 , such as the tread  12  and sidewalls  16 . The one or more radial plies  20  may include cords or reinforcing wires of, for example, steel, nylon, polyester, rayon, glass, etc., embedded in a rubber matrix. Carcass  18  of the tire has a pair of axially spaced bead wires  22  around which are wrapped the distal ends of the radial plies  20 . The bead wires  22  may include, for example, substantially inextensible coils made of round metal filaments. 
     The tire  10  further includes at least one circumferential belt ply  23  that is situated between the tire tread  12  and carcass  18 . The belt ply  23  can be composed of continuous cord reinforcement, which may include materials conventionally used by those having skill in the art such as, for example, metallic wire (e.g., steel), glass, polyester, nylon, aramid, or other reinforcing material. The cords of the belt ply  23  may also include a plurality of plies of different yarns, e.g., nylon and aramid, which can be helically twisted to form a cable. 
     In one embodiment, the tire  10  further includes an optional inner liner (or air barrier layer)  24  disposed radially inwardly from the carcass  18 . The optional rubber tire inner liner  24  may be any known rubber inner liner for use in pneumatic tires  10 . In one example, the rubber inner liner  24  can be a non-butyl general purpose rubber (GPR). In another example, the rubber inner liner  24  can be a sulfur curative-containing halobutyl rubber composition of a halobutyl rubber such as for example chlorobutyl rubber or bromobutyl rubber. Such tire halobutyl rubber based inner liner layer may also contain one or more sulfur curable diene-based elastomers such as, for example, cis 1,4-polyisoprene natural rubber, cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber and styrene/butadiene rubber, or mixtures thereof. Rubber inner liner  24  is typically prepared by conventional calendering or milling techniques such as to form a strip of uncured compounded rubber of appropriate width. When the tire  10  is cured, the rubber inner liner  24  becomes an integral, co-cured, part of the tire  10 . Tire inner liners, like that of rubber inner liner  24 , and their methods of preparation are well known to those having skill in such art. 
     The tire tread  12 , and thus the tire  10 , in accordance with embodiments of the invention incorporate elastomer or rubber compositions based on at least each of the following components: (A) a (at least one) diene-based elastomer, (B) a (at least one) reinforcing filler comprising an inorganic filler, and (C) a plurality of silane compounds. The silane compounds include the following: 
     i) a bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I): 
       R 2 (R 1 O)Si—(CH 2 ) n —S p —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR 2 )R 3   2   (I); and
 
     ii) at least one alkoxysilane compound selected from the group consisting of:
         a) a hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II):       

       (R 1 O) 3 Si—R 4 —Si(OR 2 ) 3   (II), and
         b) a hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III):       

       (R 1 O) 3 Si—R 5   (III);
 
     wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  may be identical or different, each selected from monovalent C1-C5 straight chain or branched alkyl groups; 
     wherein R 4  is selected from divalent C3-C18 straight chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups or aromatic groups; 
     wherein R 5  is selected from monovalent C3-C18 straight chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups or aromatic groups; and 
     wherein m and n may be identical or different, each in a range from 3 to 18; and 
     wherein p is in a range from 2 to 4. 
     The expression that the composition is “based on” is to be understood to mean a composition comprising the mix and/or the product of reaction in situ of the various constituents used, some of these base constituents being liable to, or intended to, react together, at least in part, during the different phases of manufacture of the rubber compositions, tires or treads, in particular during the vulcanization thereof. 
     Component A: In the practice of embodiments of the invention, the tire tread composition includes at least one diene-based elastomer, or rubber. Such diene-based elastomers are typically selected from homopolymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes, and copolymers of conjugated diene(s) and vinyl aromatic compound. Such conjugated dienes may, for example, be selected from isoprene and/or 1,3-butadiene, and such vinyl aromatic compounds may be selected from styrene and/or alpha-methylstyrene. 
     Representative and non-limiting examples of suitable conjugated dienes include 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-di(C1-C5 alkyl)-1,3-butadienes such as, for instance, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-diethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-isopropyl-1,3-butadiene, an aryl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, and 2,4-hexadiene. Representative and non-limiting examples of vinyl-aromatic compounds include styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, ortho-, meta- and para-methylstyrene, the commercial mixture “vinyltoluene”, para-tertbutylstyrene, methoxystyrenes, chlorostyrenes, vinylmesitylene, divinylbenzene, and vinylnaphthalene. 
     Representative and non-limiting examples of suitable diene-based elastomers, include homopolymers such as cis-1,4-polyisoprenes (natural and/or synthetic), 3,4-polyisoprenes, cis-1,4-polybutadienes, trans-1,4-polybutadienes (e.g., 70 to 95 percent trans), low vinyl polybutadienes (e.g., 10 to 30 percent vinyl), high vinyl polybutadienes (e.g., 30 to 90 percent vinyl), and copolymers such as styrene/butadiene copolymers, isoprene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/isoprene copolymers, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymers, or combinations thereof. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the diene-based elastomer may include two or more diene-based elastomers. For example, a combination of two or more elastomers may be selected from cis-1,4-polyisoprene elastomer (natural or synthetic, although natural may be preferred), 3,4-polyisoprene elastomer, butadiene, isoprene/butadiene copolymer elastomer, styrene/isoprene/butadiene elastomer, emulsion and solution polymerization derived styrene/butadiene elastomer, cis-1,4-polybutadiene elastomers (such as high-cis (&gt;90 percent cis) or low-cis (30 to 90 percent cis)), medium vinyl polybutadiene elastomers (30 to 55 percent vinyl), high vinyl polybutadiene elastomers (55 to 90 percent vinyl), and emulsion polymerized butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer elastomers. 
     The copolymer elastomers may contain between 99% and 20% by weight of the diene units and between 1% and 80% by weight of vinyl aromatic units. The elastomers may have any microstructure, which is a function of the polymerization conditions used, in particular of the presence or absence of a modifying and/or randomizing agent and the quantities of modifying and/or randomizing agent used. The elastomers may for example be block, statistical, sequential or microsequential elastomers, and may be prepared in dispersion or in solution; they may be coupled and/or starred. 
     The diene-based elastomers may be alternatively functionalized with a coupling and/or functionalizing agent. The functional groups of the functionalized diene-based elastomer may be positioned as individual groups (e.g., pendent groups) along the elastomer chain in a randomly spaced manner and/or in blocks of a plurality of said functional groups which may be generally exclusive of the terminal ends of the elastomer. Alternatively, one or more functional groups may be positioned at a terminal end of the elastomer. 
     A first category of functional groups for the functionalized diene-based elastomer is intended to include groups that provide an adsorptive interaction with the precipitated silica aggregates. In particular, the first category of functional groups are considered herein as being significant in a sense of providing a degree of basicity and/or polarity to the conjugated diene-based elastomer to, in general, promote an adsorptive interaction with the typically relatively acidic and polar nature of the said precipitated silica aggregates to, in turn, promote a separation of said precipitated silica aggregates and thereby retard their agglomeration within the elastomer host. 
     The second category of functional groups for the functionalized diene-based elastomer is intended to include groups that form chemical bonds to the hydroxyl groups (e.g., silanol groups) of the precipitated silica aggregates. In particular, the second category of functional groups are considered herein as being significant by providing covalent bonding to the hydroxyl groups (e.g., silanol groups) on the surface of the precipitated silica aggregates (particles), serving to both retard their agglomeration within the elastomer host and, in addition, to promote an improvement in various physical properties of the resulting vulcanized rubber composition. 
     In an embodiment, a first category of functional groups is selected from at least one of aliphatic amine, aryl amine, heterocyclic amine and amide groups, and benzophenone groups. In an embodiment, a second category of functional groups is selected from at least one of silanol, alkoxysilane, halogenated benzene, ketone, alcohol, aldehyde, ester, and epoxy groups. 
     In an embodiment, the diene-based elastomer is selected from the group consisting of polybutadienes, natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes, butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the butadiene copolymers or isoprene copolymers are selected from the group consisting of unfunctionalized butadiene-styrene copolymers, unfunctionalized butadiene-isoprene copolymers, unfunctionalized isoprene-styrene copolymers, unfunctionalized butadiene-styrene-isoprene copolymers, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the butadiene copolymers or isoprene copolymers are selected from the group consisting of functionalized butadiene-styrene copolymers, functionalized butadiene-isoprene copolymers, functionalized isoprene-styrene copolymers, functionalized butadiene-styrene-isoprene copolymers, and mixtures thereof. In yet another embodiment, the diene-based elastomer comprises a mixture of functionalized and unfunctionalized butadiene copolymers or isoprene copolymers. In yet another embodiment, the diene-based elastomer is a mixture of functionalized and unfunctionalized butadiene and/or isoprene copolymers. 
     Component B: In the practice of embodiments of the invention, the tire tread composition further includes a reinforcing filler that includes an inorganic filler. In one embodiment, the inorganic filler may constitute all of the total reinforcing filler. In another embodiment, the inorganic filler includes only a part of the total reinforcing filler, for example in combination with carbon black. In one example, the inorganic filler constitutes the majority, that is to say, more than 50% by weight of the total reinforcing filler. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the inorganic filler is a silica (SiO 2 ) filler, an alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) filler, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the reinforcing filler is present in the tire tread composition in a range from about 10 to about 200 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer), such as in a range from about 30 phr to about 180 phr, or in a range from about 50 phr to about 150 phr. 
     The silica filler may be any reinforcing silica filler known to a person skilled in the art of tire manufacturing, in particular any precipitated or fumed silica. Such silicas might usually be characterized, for example, by having a BET surface area, as measured using nitrogen gas, preferably in the range of about 40 m 2 /g to about 600 m 2 /g, or in a range of about 50 m 2 /g to about 300 m 2 /g. The BET method of measuring surface area is described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 60, Page 309 (1938), as well as ASTM D5604 for precipitated silica. The silica may also be typically characterized by having a dibutylphthalate (DBP) absorption value in a range of about 50 to about 400 cc/100 g, or in a range of about 100 to about 300 cc/100 g (measured according to ASTM D2414). 
     Various commercially available precipitated silicas may be considered for use in this invention such as, only for example herein, and without limitation, silicas from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark with designations Hi-Sil 210, Hi-Sil 243, etc.; silicas from Rhodia as, for example, Zeosil 1165 MP and Zeosil 165 GR, silicas from Degussa AG with, for example, designations VN2 and VN3, as well as other grades of silica, particularly precipitated silicas, or treated precipitated silicas, such as aluminium-“doped” silicas described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,099. 
     The alumina filler may be any reinforcing alumina filler known to a person skilled in the art of tire manufacturing, in particular any highly dispersible alumina having a BET surface area from about 30 to about 400 m 2 /g, or in a range from about 60 and about 250 m 2 /g. An average particle size can be at most equal to about 500 nm, or at most equal to about 200 nm, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,449. Non-limiting examples of such reinforcing alumina fillers are the aluminas A125, CR125, D65CR from Baikowski®. 
     The carbon black may be any carbon black filler known to a person skilled in the art of tire manufacturing, in particular the carbon black of types HAF, ISAF and SAF, which are conventionally used in tires, and in particular in tire treads, such as the carbon black fillers of series 100 to 300. Non-limiting examples of such carbon black fillers are in particular carbon blacks N115, N134, N234, N330, N339, N347 and N375. The quantity of carbon black present in the total reinforcing filler may vary within wide limits, however this quantity of carbon black can be less than the quantity of reinforcing inorganic filler present in the rubber composition. For example, in tire tread compositions that include carbon black as a reinforcing co-filler, the carbon black may be included in amounts ranging from 0.1 phr to about 30 phr. In another example, the carbon black may be included in an amount ranging from about 5 phr to about 25 phr. Within the ranges indicated, there can be a benefit from the coloring properties (black pigmentation agent) and anti-UV properties of the carbon blacks, without furthermore adversely affecting the typical performance provided by the reinforcing inorganic filler, namely low hysteresis (reduced rolling resistance) and high adhesion on wet, snow-covered or icy ground. 
     In one example, the amount of total reinforcing filler (inorganic filler plus carbon black, if applicable) can be from about 10 to about 200 phr, or from about 20 to about 150 phr, with the optimum differing according to the intended applications. According to one embodiment, the reinforcing filler comprises between about 50 wt % to about 100 wt % of silica. 
     Component C: In the practice of embodiments of the invention, the tire tread composition further includes a plurality of silane compounds, each contributing toward enhanced processing and/or performance characteristics. 
     In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the tire tread composition includes a bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I): 
       R 2 (R 1 O)Si—(CH 2 ) n —S p —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR 2 )R 3   2   (I),
 
     wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  may be identical or different, each selected from monovalent C1-C5 straight chain or branched alkyl groups, m and n may be identical or different with each in a range from 3 to 18, and p may be in a range from 2 to 4. The bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent may be a substantially pure compound where p is an integer of 2, 3, or 4. Alternatively, the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I) includes a plurality of agents having values of p equaling 2, 3, and 4, wherein an average value of p is between 2 and 3. In one embodiment, R, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In another embodiment, R and R 3  are identical and selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl, and R 1  and R 2  are identical and selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and propyl. A non-limiting example of the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I) is bis(dimethylethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, which may be commercially available from Shin Etsu Chemical Co., LTD (Japan). 
     In addition to the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I), the tire tread composition further includes at least one alkoxysilane compound selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II): 
       (R 1 O) 3 Si—R 4 —Si(OR 2 ) 3   (II), and
 
     a hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III): 
       (R 1 O) 3 Si—R 5   (III);
 
     wherein R 1  and R 2  are the same as defined above with respect to Formula (I), R 4  is selected from divalent C3-C18 straight chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups or aromatic groups, and R 5  is selected from monovalent C3-C18 straight chain or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups or aromatic groups. In one embodiment, R 4  is selected from divalent C6 to C12 straight chain alkyls, such as hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, or dodecyl, or aryl groups, such as benzyl and the like. In another embodiment, R 5  is selected from monovalent C3 to C12 straight chain alkyls, such as propyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, or dodecyl or straight chain alkenyl such as allyl, or aryl groups, such as tolyl (e.g., p-tolyl) and the like, aromatic heterocyclic groups, such as carbazolyl groups, or diphenylphosphino groups. Non-limiting examples of the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II) are 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane and bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene. Non-limiting example of hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III) are n-octyltriethoxysilane, p-tolyltrimethoxysilane, 3-carbazolylpropyltriethoxysilane, 3-(diphenylphosphino)propyltriethoxysilane, and 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethxyltriethoxysilane. 
     In one embodiment, the plurality of silane compounds includes a mixture of the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I) and the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxyl)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II). 
     In another embodiment, the plurality of silane compounds includes a mixture of the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I) and the hydrophobating mono(trialkoxyl)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III). 
     In yet another embodiment, the plurality of silane compounds includes a mixture of the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I), the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxyl)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II), and the hydrophobating mono(trialkoxyl)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III). 
     Taking into account the elastomer quantities expressed above, the content of the plurality of silane compounds is greater than 1 phr, such as between about 2 and about 20 phr. Expressed another way and taking into account the reinforcing filler quantities expressed above, the content of the silane compounds is greater than 0.5 phf (parts by weight per hundred parts of inorganic filler), such as from about 0.5 phf to about 20 phf. Below the minimum amounts indicated, the processing and performance effects being inadequate, whereas beyond the maximum amount advocated, generally no further improvement is observed, while the costs of the composition increase. For these various reasons, in one embodiment, the content of the plurality of silane compounds can be from about 5 to about 18 phr, with the majority being the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I). In one embodiment, the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I) is present in a range from about 3 phr to about 15 phr and the alkoxysilane compound(s) is/are present in a range from about 1 phr to about 8 phr. 
     The person skilled in the art should understand that one or more of the silane compounds may be grafted to the inorganic filler beforehand via its alkoxysilyl functional group reacting with the surface hydroxyl groups of the inorganic filler (for example, surface silanols in the case of silica). The inorganic filler thus “precoupled” or “pretreated” then being mixed with the diene-based elastomer. 
     Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent having a general Formula (I) functions to couple the inorganic filler to the diene-based elastomer, the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent having a general Formula (II) functions to enhance dispersibility and/or inhibit re-agglomeration of the inorganic filler, but may also couple adjacent particles of inorganic filler together, and the hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent having a general Formula (III) functions to enhance dispersibility and/or inhibit re-agglomeration of the inorganic filler. When used in combination, the plurality of silane compounds may reduce the amount of VOC emissions during curing (vis-à-vis commonly-used TESPT or TESPD), provide enhanced processability, and improved performance characteristics, such as rolling resistance, stiffness, and tear properties of the tire tread and, thus, the tire itself. 
     Additional Components: The implementation of embodiments of the invention may further include other various, commonly-used additive materials. These additive materials include plasticizers (e.g., tackifying resins or traction resins), processing aids (e.g., oils), antioxidants, antiozonants, fatty acids, zinc oxide, waxes, peptizing agents, and curing aids, such as sulfur, activators, retarders, and accelerators. 
     Exemplary tackifying resins include hydrocarbon resins, rosin esters, and polyterpenes. Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, may, for example, include about 0.5 to about 10 phr, usually about 1 to about 5 phr. 
     Exemplary traction resins include Styrene-AMS, coumarone-indene resins, unmodified hydrogenated DCPD resin, modified hydrogenated DCPD resin, C9/C5 resin, Terpene Phenol resin, Polyterpene (alpha-pinene based), and Polyterpene (beta-pinene based). Typical amounts of traction resins, if used, may, for example, include about 1 to about 150 phr, or about 1 to about 70. 
     Typical amounts of processing aids, if used, may include, for example from about 1 to about 150 phr, or about 1 to about 50. Such processing aids can include, for example and where appropriate, aromatic, naphthenic, and/or paraffinic processing oils. Typical amounts of antioxidants where used may include, for example, about 1 to about 5 phr. Representative antioxidants may be, for example, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others, such as, for example, those disclosed in The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (1978), Pages 344 through 346. Typical amounts of antiozonants, where used, may include for example about 1 to 5 phr. Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid and combinations of stearic acid with one or more of palmitic acid oleic acid and may include, for example, from about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of zinc oxide may include, for example, from about 1 to about 10 phr. Typical amounts of waxes, such as for example microcrystalline waxes, where used, may include, for example, from about 1 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of peptizers, if used, may include, for example, from about 0.1 to about 1 phr. 
     The vulcanization is conducted in the presence of a sulfur vulcanizing agent. Examples of suitable sulfur vulcanizing agents include elemental sulfur (free sulfur) or sulfur donating vulcanizing agents, for example, an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide or sulfur olefin adducts. In one example, the sulfur vulcanizing agent is elemental sulfur. As known to those skilled in the art, sulfur vulcanizing agents may be used, for example, in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 4 phr, or even, in some circumstances, up to about 8 phr. 
     Sulfur vulcanization accelerators can be used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. In one embodiment, a single accelerator system may be used, i.e., primary accelerator. Conventionally and preferably, a primary accelerator(s) can be used in total amounts ranging, for example, from about 0.5 to about 4, alternately about 0.8 to about 1.5 phr. In another embodiment, combinations of a primary and a secondary accelerator might be used with the secondary accelerator, where used, being usually used in smaller amounts (for example about 0.05 to about 3 phr) in order to activate and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. Combinations of these accelerators might be expected to produce a synergistic effect on the final properties and can be somewhat better than those produced by use of either accelerator alone. In addition, delayed action accelerators may be used, for example, which are not affected by normal processing temperatures but produce a satisfactory cure at ordinary vulcanization temperatures. Vulcanization retarders might also be used, where desired or appropriate. Suitable types of accelerators that may be used in the present invention may be, for example, amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. In one example, the primary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a second accelerator is used, the secondary accelerator may be, for example, a guanidine, dithiocarbamate, or thiuram compound. 
     In practice, sulfur-vulcanized diene-based elastomer compositions may be prepared by thermomechanically mixing the elastomer(s) and the other various ingredients in a sequentially step-wise manner followed by shaping and curing the elastomer composition to form a vulcanized product. First, for the aforesaid mixing of the elastomer(s) and other various ingredients, typically exclusive of sulfur and sulfur vulcanization accelerators, the polymer(s) and various rubber compounding ingredients are blended in one or more non-productive thermomechanical mixing stage(s) in suitable mixers. Such non-productive mixing can be conducted at temperatures in a range of about 140° C. to about 190° C. and often in a range of about 150° C. to about 180° C. 
     Following such non-productive mixing stage, or stages, in a final mixing stage, sometimes referred to as a productive mix stage, sulfur and sulfur vulcanization accelerators (curatives), and sometimes optionally one or more additional ingredients, are mixed with the elastomer composition, typically at a significantly lower temperature in a range of about 100° C. to about 120° C., which is a lower temperature than the temperatures utilized in the non-productive mix stages in order to prevent or retard premature curing of the sulfur curable rubber, which is sometimes referred to as scorching, of the composition. The various silane compounds can be included in the tire tread composition in the same or different mixing stage(s) of the tire tread composition. 
     The non-cured mixture, sometimes referred to as a rubber compound or composition, is typically allowed to cool, sometimes before or after intermediate mill mixing of the rubber composition, between the aforesaid various mixing steps, for example, to a temperature below 50° C. Such sequential non-productive mixing steps, including the intermediary mill mixing steps and the concluding final productive mixing step are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. 
     By thermomechanical mixing, it is meant that the rubber composition of diene-based elastomers and compounding ingredients is mixed under high shear conditions where the mixture may autogeneously heat up, with an accompanying temperature rise, as a result of the mixing primarily due to shear and associated friction within the rubber mixture in the rubber mixer. In practice, it is readily understood by those having skill in the art that at least one non-productive (NP) mixing stage at an elevated temperature can be followed by a productive (PR) mixing stage at a lower temperature. It is also considered that other conventionally known methods for achieving mixtures of the different compounds such as, for example, a masterbatch, may be implemented instead of or in addition to the conventional dry mixing steps set out above. 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the invention relate to both in the “uncured” or non-vulcanized state (i.e., before curing) and in the “cured” or vulcanized state (i.e., after cross-linking or vulcanization). the compositions, tires and treads previously described. The tire can be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods that will be readily apparent to those having skill in such art. 
     Non-limiting examples of tire tread compositions in accordance with the description are now disclosed below. These examples are merely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the invention or the manner in which it can be practiced. Other examples will be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Examples 
     The following examples illustrate specific and exemplary embodiments and/or features of the embodiments of the present disclosure. The examples are provided solely for the purposes of illustration and should not be construed as limitations of the present disclosure. Numerous variations over these specific examples are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the presently disclosed embodiments. More specifically, the diene-based elastomers, reinforcing filler(s), silane compounds, and other ingredients (e.g., processing oil, antioxidant, curative package ingredients, etc.) utilized in the following examples should not be interpreted as limiting since other such ingredients consistent with the disclosure in the Detailed Description can be utilized in substitution. In other words, the particular silane compounds (i.e., the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent, the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent, and the hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent), their amounts, and their relative amounts in the following examples should be understood to apply to the more general content of the Detailed Description. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Example 
                 Example 
               
               
                 Batch Ingredient 
                 Description 
                 Ex. 1 
                 Ex. 2 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PBD 
                 Cis-PBD 
                 30 
                 30 
                 30 
                 30 
               
               
                 Functionalized SSBR 
                 SSBR 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
               
               
                 Naphthenic oil 
                 Oil 
                 26.3 
                 26.3 
                 26.3 
                 26.3 
               
               
                 Precipitated highly dispersible 
                 Silica 
                 90 
                 90 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 silica 
               
               
                 AMS Styrene resin 
                 AMS Styrene 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 6PPD 
                 antiozonant 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Si266 
                 S-coup 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 (comparative) 
               
               
                 Dimethylethoxysilyl propyl 
                 S-coup 
                   
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 disulfide 
                 (Formula I) 
               
               
                 OTES 
                 Disper 
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 (Formula III) 
               
               
                 Bis(OTES) 
                 Non-S coup 
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 (Formula II) 
               
               
                 Stearic acid 
                 Fatty acid 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 ZnO 
                 ZnO 
                 1.75 
                 1.75 
                 1.75 
                 1.75 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 Sulfur 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 CBS 
                 Accel 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 DPG 
                 Secondary 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 accelerator 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tire tread compositions were prepared comprising the components presented in Table 1 (above), following standard equipment and processing parameters. Performance properties of the composition were evaluated before curing (processability, RPA G′0.83 (kPa)) and after curing (Rebound 60° C. (%), RPA G′10% 60° C. (kPa), True Tensile (MPa), Strebler Tear (N, 100° C., 500 mm/min)). The values of that performance testing are shown in Table 2 (below). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Ex. 1 
                 Comp. Ex. 2 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 RPA G′0.83 (before curing) 
                 227 
                 210 
                 175 
                 250 
               
               
                 RPA G′10% 60° C. (after curing) 
                 1538 
                 1460 
                 1278 
                 1682 
               
               
                 Rebound 60° C. 
                 53 
                 53 
                 56 
                 53 
               
               
                 True Tensile 
                 77 
                 78 
                 79 
                 67 
               
               
                 Strebler Tear 
                 56 
                 62 
                 72 
                 55 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen from the data in Table 2, the use of the plurality of silane compounds (i.e., the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent, the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent, and the hydrophobating mono(trialkoxy)silane dispersing agent), influences uncured viscosity, tire tread performance characteristics, such as rolling resistance, stiffness, and tear properties. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 Comp. Ex. 3 
                 Example 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Polymer 
                 70/30 Fn-SSBR/PBD 
                 70/30 Fn-SSBR/PBD 
               
               
                 system 
               
               
                 Silica 
                 90 phr silica 
                 75 phr silica 
               
               
                 Silane 
                 9 phr Si266 
                 7.5 phr mono-ethoxy silane coupler + 
               
               
                 coupler 
                   
                 6 phr hydrophobating bis-silane 
               
               
                 Plasticizer 
                 26.3 phr oil, 5 phr AMS styrene resin 
                 26.1 phr hydrogenated C9 modified DCPD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 resin 
               
               
                 Cure package 
                 1.3 phr Sulfur, 2.25 phr CBS, 2.5 phr DPG 
                 1.15 phr Sulfur, 1.99 phr CBS, 2.1 phr DPG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Utilizing different beneficial effects of ingredients and silane combinations, tire tread compositions were prepared comprising the components presented in Table 3 (above), following standard equipment and processing parameters. Performance properties of the composition were evaluated before curing (processability, RPA G′0.83 (kPa)) and after curing (Rebound 60° C. (%), RPA G′10% 60° C. (kPa), True Tensile (MPa), Strebler Tear (N, 100° C., 500 mm/min)). The values of that performance testing are shown in Table 4 (below). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Standard 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Ex. 3 
                 Example 3 
                 deviation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 RPA G′ @0.83 Hz (kPa) (before 
                 231 
                 253 
                 ~6% 
               
               
                 curing) 
               
               
                 RPA G′ @10%, 60° C. (kPa) 
                 1564 
                 1564 
                 ~2% 
               
               
                 (after curing) 
               
               
                 Rebound @60° C. (%) 
                 52 
                 56 
                 ~2% 
               
               
                 Hot Strebler @100° C. (N) 
                 62 
                 76 
                 ~6% 
               
               
                 True tensile @RT (MPa) 
                 75 
                 124 
                 ~11%  
               
               
                 Metravib tanδ @0° C. 
                 0.467 
                 0.545 
                 ~5% 
               
               
                 DIN volume loss (mm 3 ) 
                 53 
                 45 
                 ~6% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen from the data in Table 4, the use of the plurality of silane compounds (i.e., the bis(dialkylalkoxysilyl-alkyl) polysulfide coupling agent and the hydrophobating bis(trialkoxy)silane coupling agent) enables compounding approaches, such as lower silica loading, increase in traction resin, and decrease in cure package, to improve tear and tensile properties without negative impact on hysteresis and stiffness. 
     Test methods: For Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA), see References ASTM D5289. For Zwick rebound, see References ASTM D1054, DIN 53512. Strebler measures the interfacial adhesion between two plies of compound. A window in the separator sheet placed between two materials allows contact with each other during cure. The adhesion force is determined by pulling one compound ply away from another at a 180° angle. See References DIN 53539. For rubber tensile testing, see ASTM D412, DIN 53504. The true tensile strength is calculated as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               ( 
               
                 true 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 tensile 
                 ⁢ 
                     
                 strength 
               
               ) 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   ultimate 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   tensile 
                   ⁢ 
                       
                   strength 
                 
                 ) 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     ultimate 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     tensile 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     strength 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       elongation 
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       at 
                       ⁢ 
                           
                       break 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   100 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     For Metravib, see References ASTM D5992, DIN 53513, ISO 4664. For DIN abrasion, see References ASTM D5963, DIN 53516. 
     Variations in the present invention are possible in light of the description of it provided herein. While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the subject invention. It is, therefore, to be understood that changes can be made in the particular embodiments described which will be within the full intended scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.