Patent Publication Number: US-2003224201-A1

Title: Surface processing method for decorative articles, a decorative article, and a timepiece

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] 1. Field of the Invention  
       [0002] The present invention relates to a surface processing method for decorative articles, a decorative article, and a timepiece.  
       [0003] 2. Description of the Related Art  
       [0004] An attractive, aesthetically appealing appearance is needed in decorative articles such as those used for the outside case of a watch. Conventionally this has been achieved by using Au or other gold-colored metal, or a silver-colored metal such as Pd, Rh, or Pt, to make the decorative parts.  
       [0005] Use of a greater variety of colors has become desirable for these decorative parts in recent years, and materials with an attractive, colorful appearance that cannot be achieved with the above-noted materials are in demand. For example, Au—Fe alloys are used to achieve decorative parts with a whitish gold color. Au—Fe alloys, however, lack a sense of high quality, and it is difficult to achieve decorative parts with a relatively strong white tone such as the color 1N-14 defined by CEN standard EN 28654 using a Au—Fe alloy. Au—Fe alloys also suffer from relatively poor oxidation resistance due to Fe oxidation, and thus over a long period of time such alloys tend not to keep a stable appearance and color tone.  
       [0006] Also, colors close to color 1N-14 defined by CEN standard EN 28654 can be achieved with Au—Ag—Cu alloys, but these alloys are particularly susceptible to color change over time and use with decorative parts is thus difficult.  
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007] An object of the present invention is therefore to provide a decorative article with a whitish gold color that can retain an exceptionally beautiful appearance over a long period of time.  
       [0008] Another object of this invention is to provide a surface processing method enabling the manufacture of such decorative articles.  
       [0009] A further object of this invention is to provide a timepiece using such decorative articles.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010] These objects are achieved by the various aspects of the present invention described below.  
       [0011] According to one aspect of the invention, a surface processing method for a decorative article is provided. The method comprises forming a film composed of an Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on at least part of a base material surface using a dry plating method, the alloy containing about 0.1 to about 10 wt % Pd, about 0.1 to about 8 wt % Fe, and about 0.1 to about 10.0 wt % In.  
       [0012] The method may comprise a further step of applying a cleaning process to at least part of the base material surface before the film forming step.  
       [0013] In another aspect, a surface processing method for a decorative article comprises forming a primary coat of at least one layer on at least part of a base material surface, and forming on the at least one primary coat layer, using a dry plating method, a film composed of an Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy containing about 0.1 to about 10 wt % Pd, about 0.1 to about 8 wt % Fe, and about 0.1 to about 10.0 wt % In.  
       [0014] The method may comprise a further step of applying a cleaning process to at least part of the base material surface before the primary coat forming step, and/or a further step of applying a cleaning process to at least part of the primary coat surface before the film forming step.  
       [0015] Preferably, at least one of the primary coat layers is a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between a surface on one side of the buffer layer and a surface on the other side thereof.  
       [0016] Preferably, at least one primary coat layer is a metal nitride layer. composed of a substance containing a nitride of at least one of the following: Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Cr, and further that the metal nitride layer contacts the film. Preferably, the average thickness of the metal nitride layer is 0.01 to 10 μm.  
       [0017] Preferably, at least one primary coat layer is a metal or an alloy layer whose composition includes at least one of the following: Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir. Preferably, the average thickness of the metal or alloy layer is 0.05 to 50 μm.  
       [0018] Preferably, at least two or more primary coat layers are formed, and adjacent primary coat layers are composed of materials containing a common element, preferably Cu.  
       [0019] Preferably, the film is formed by a vacuum deposition method.  
       [0020] Preferably, the film is formed by a dry plating method using plural targets of different metal compositions, including an Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
       [0021] Preferably, the film has a color closely resembling the color 1N-14 as defined in CEN standard EN 28654.  
       [0022] Preferably, the film thickness is 0.01 to 10 μm.  
       [0023] Preferably, the base material is a metal or an alloy containing at least one of the following: Cu, Zn, Ni, Ti, Al, Mg.  
       [0024] Preferably, the base material is composed primarily of stainless steel.  
       [0025] Preferably, the base material is manufactured by casting or metal powder injection molding.  
       [0026] Preferably, the base material has one of the following surface processing methods applied to at least part of the surface thereof: planishing, brushing, satinizing.  
       [0027] The surface processing method preferably also includes masking at least part of the film surface after forming the film, removing portions of the film not covered by the mask using a stripping agent, and removing the mask.  
       [0028] Preferably, the average mask thickness is 100 to 2000 μm.  
       [0029] Another aspect of the invention involves a decorative article manufactured using any of the surface processing methods described above.  
       [0030] In still another aspect, the invention encompasses a decorative article comprising a base material, and a film covering at least part of the base material, the film being composed of an Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy containing about 0.1 to about 10 wt % Pd, about 0.1 to about 8 wt % Fe, and about 0.1 to about 10.0 wt % In.  
       [0031] The decorative article preferably includes at least one primary coat layer between the base material and film.  
       [0032] Preferably, at least one primary coat layer is a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between a surface one side of the buffer layer and a surface on the other side thereof.  
       [0033] Preferably, at least one primary coat layer is a metal nitride layer composed of a substance containing a nitride of at least one of the following: Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Cr.  
       [0034] Preferably, at least one primary coat layer is a metal or an alloy layer whose composition includes at least one of the following: Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir.  
       [0035] Preferably, the film has a color that closely resembles the color 1N-14 as defined in CEN standard EN 28654.  
       [0036] Preferably, the average film thickness is 0.01 to 10 μm.  
       [0037] Preferably, at least part of the decorative article is in contact with the skin.  
       [0038] Preferably, the decorative article is a case part for a timepiece.  
       [0039] In yet another aspect of the invention, a timepiece is provided, the timepiece having a decorative article as described above.  
       [0040] Other objects and attainments together with a fuller understanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0041]FIG. 1 is a section view showing a first embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0042]FIG. 2 is a section view showing a second embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0043]FIG. 3 is a section view showing a third embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0044]FIG. 4 is a section view showing a fourth embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0045]FIG. 5 is a section view showing a fifth embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0046]FIG. 6 is a color chart showing the color of the film on the decorative articles obtained by each embodiment.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     [0047] Preferred embodiments of a surface processing method for a decorative article, a decorative article, and a timepiece according to the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying figures.  
     [0048]FIG. 1 is a section view showing a first embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0049] As shown in FIG. 1, the surface processing method according to this embodiment of the invention has a step ( 1   b ) for forming a film  3  composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on at least part of the surface of base material  2  obtained in step ( 1   a ) using a dry plating method.  
     [0050] Base Material  2   
     [0051] The base material  2  can be made of any desired material, including metallic and non-metallic materials. When the base material  2  is metal a decorative article  1 A with an excellent strength characteristic can be provided.  
     [0052] If the base material  2  is made of metal and the surface roughness of the base material  2  is relatively high, the leveling effect of forming film  3  described below can reduce the surface roughness of the resulting decorative article  1 A. For example, even if mechanical processing such as cutting or polishing the surface of base material  2  is not used, a mirror finish can still be achieved. A mirror surface can even be easily achieved when the base material  2  is formed using a metal injection molding (MIM) method and the surface has a satin finish. A decorative article with excellent luster can thus be achieved.  
     [0053] If the base material  2  is a non-metallic material, a decorative article  1 A that is relatively light and portable and has a substantial appearance can be provided.  
     [0054] When the base material  2  is a non-metallic material it can also be processed relatively easily to a desired shape. This makes it possible to manufacture relatively easily a decorative article  1 A with a shape that is difficult to mold directly.  
     [0055] Furthermore, an electromagnetic noise shielding effect can also be achieved when the base material  2  is a non-metallic material.  
     [0056] Metal materials that can be used for the base material  2  include metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mg, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Al, V, Zr, Sn, Au, Pd, Pt, and Ag, and alloys containing at least one of these. In particular, by using Cu, Zn, Ni, Ti, Al, Mg or an alloy containing at least one of these, particularly good adhesion can be achieved between the base material  2  and film  3  further described below.  
     [0057] Yet further, by using Cu, Zn, Ni or an alloy containing at least one of these for the base material  2 , even better adhesion can be achieved between the base material  2  and film  3  further described below, the processing characteristics of base material  2  are improved, and there is even greater freedom in molding the base material  2 .  
     [0058] If the base material  2  is made primarily from stainless steel, adhesion between the base material  2  and film  3  will be particularly outstanding, the processing characteristics of base material  2  will be improved, and there is even greater freedom in shaping the base material  2 . Exemplary stainless steel materials include Fe—Cr alloys and Fe—Cr—Ni alloys. Examples of Fe—Cr—Ni alloys include SUS 304, SUS 303, SUS 316, SUS 316L, SUS 316J1, AND SUS 316J1L. Examples of Fe—Cr alloys include SUS 405, SUS 430, SUS 434, SUS 444, SUS 429, and SUS 430F.  
     [0059] If the base material  2  is a non-metallic material it could be plastic, ceramic, stone, wood, or glass, for example.  
     [0060] Exemplary plastic materials include thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins. If the base material  2  is plastic a decorative article  1 A that is relatively light and portable while having a substantial appearance can be achieved.  
     [0061] A plastic base material  2  can also be molded relatively easily to a desired shape. This makes it possible to manufacture relatively easily a decorative article  1 A with a complicated shape.  
     [0062] Furthermore, an electromagnetic noise shielding effect can also be achieved when the base material  2  is made of plastic.  
     [0063] Exemplary ceramic materials include, for example, oxide ceramics such as Al 2 0 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , barium titanate, and strontium titanate; nitride ceramics such as AlN, Si 3 N 4 , SiN, TiN, BN, ZrN, HfN, VN, TaN, NbN, CrN, and Cr 2 N; graphite and carbide ceramics such as SiC, ZrC, Al 4 C 3 , CaC 2 , WC, TiC, HfC, VC, TaC, and NbC; boride ceramics such as ZrB 2  and MoB; and compound ceramics combining any two or more such ceramics.  
     [0064] When the base material  2  is made from such a ceramic, a decorative article  1 A with high strength and high hardness can be achieved.  
     [0065] The base material  2  can be manufactured in various ways and the present invention shall not be limited to any particular method.  
     [0066] Exemplary methods that can be used when the base material  2  is made from a metal material include pressing, cutting, forging, casting, powder metallurgy annealing, metal powder injection molding (MIM), and lost wax casting. Of these casting and metal powder injection molding (MIM) are particularly desirable. Casting and metal powder injection molding (MIM) in particular offer excellent processing characteristics. A base material  2  with a complex shape can therefore be manufactured relatively easily using these methods.  
     [0067] A typical metal powder injection molding (MIM) process is described below.  
     [0068] First, a material containing metal powder and an organic binder are mixed and kneaded to produce a kneaded mixture. A molding is then made by injection molding this kneaded mixture. A degreasing process (debindering process) is then applied to this molding to obtain a degreased molding. This degreasing process is typically done by heating the molding under vacuum conditions. The cleaned molding is then sintered to get a sintered body. This sintering process is usually at a higher temperature than the degreasing process. The sintered body resulting from this process can be used as the base material of the present invention.  
     [0069] If the base material  2  is made from one of the above plastic materials it can be manufactured by such methods as compression molding, extrusion molding, injection molding, and light cured molding.  
     [0070] If the base material  2  is made from one of the above ceramic materials the invention shall not be particularly limited to any particular manufacturing technique, but metal injection molding (MIM) is preferable. Metal powder injection molding (MIM) in particular offers excellent processing characteristics, and a base material  2  with a complex shape can therefore be manufactured relatively easily.  
     [0071] The surface of base material  2  is preferably processed by planishing, brushing, or satinizing. These processes make it possible to vary the luster of the decorative article  1 A surface, and can further improve the decorativeness of the resulting decorative article  1 A. Furthermore, the film  3  on a decorative article  1 A manufactured using a base material  2  that has been thus surface processed can be made to be less glittery compared with applying the surface processing directly to the film  3 , and can thus be made more aesthetically pleasing.  
     [0072] The base material  2  can also be pretreated before forming the film  3  as described below in order to improve adhesion between the base material  2  and film  3 . Pretreatment processes include cleaning by blasting, alkaline cleaning, acid cleaning, water washing, organic solvent cleaning, and bombardment cleaning, or etching, but a cleaning process is preferable. Particularly good adhesion between the base material  2  and film  3  can be achieved by cleaning the surface of the base material  2  before forming the film  3 .  
     [0073] Formation of Film  3   
     [0074] In one embodiment, the present invention is characterized by forming the film  3  from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy containing 0.1 to 10 wt % Pd, 0.1 to 8 wt % Fe, and 0.1 to 10.0 wt % In.  
     [0075] A decorative article  1 A with an extremely aesthetically pleasing whitish gold appearance can be achieved by forming the film  3  from a material with this composition. The decorative article  1 A also has sufficient corrosion resistance by forming the film  3  from a material with this composition.  
     [0076] Furthermore, if the content (content ratio) of these elements in the Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy is outside these ranges, it is difficult to achieve a decorative article  1 A with a whitish gold color.  
     [0077] Furthermore, by using a film  3  with this composition, gold colored decorative articles with a relatively strong white tone that is difficult to achieve with conventional Au—Fe alloys can be easily manufactured.  
     [0078] Furthermore, Au and In rarely cause an allergic reaction. The present invention can therefore be used in decorative articles, such as watches, that are worn in contact with the skin.  
     [0079] The Pd content (content ratio) in film  3  is 0.1 to 10 wt %. If the Pd content is less than 0.1 wt %, the resulting film  3  will have low hardness and poor corrosion resistance. If the Pd content is above 10 wt %, the internal stress of film  3  will increase and cracks will form easily.  
     [0080] The Fe content (content ratio) in film  3  is 0.1 to 8 wt %. If Fe content is less than 0.1 wt %, the resulting film  3  will have a low strength characteristic. If Fe exceeds 8 wt %, sufficient corrosion resistance will not be achieved.  
     [0081] The In content (content ratio) in film  3  is 0.1 to 10.0 wt %. If In content is less than 0.1 wt % the resulting film  3  will have a low strength characteristic. If In exceeds 10.0 wt %, the internal stress of film  3  will increase and cracks will form easily.  
     [0082] As noted above the Pd content (content ratio) in film  3  is 0.1 to 10 wt %, but is preferably 0.5 to 7 wt %, and is further preferably 1 to 3 wt %. If Pd content is within these ranges film  3  will have particularly good corrosion resistance and low internal stress.  
     [0083] Furthermore, the Fe content (content ratio) in film  3  is 0.1 to 8 wt %, but is preferably 0.1 to 5 wt %, and yet further preferably 1 to film 3 wt %. If Fe content is within these ranges film  3  will have particularly good corrosion resistance and low internal stress.  
     [0084] Furthermore, the In content (content ratio) in film  3  is 0.1 to 10.0 wt %, but is preferably 1 to 7 wt % and yet further preferably film 3 to 5 wt %. If In content is within these ranges film  3  will have particularly good corrosion resistance and low internal stress.  
     [0085] The alloy used to form film  3  can contain elements other than Au, Pd, Fe, and In (which are referred to below as the required elements). Other elements that could be used include Cu, Zn, Ni, Mg, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, W, Al, Ag, V, Zr, Sn, and Pt. Furthermore, any one or two or more of these additional elements can be used. If elements other than the required elements are included, Sn is particularly desirable. Furthermore, if elements other than the required elements are included, the content of the other elements (the total content of the other elements if two or more other elements are also used) is preferably less than or equal to 1.5 wt %, and further preferably less than or equal to 1.0 wt %.  
     [0086] Another aspect of the present invention is characterized by forming film  3  using a dry plating method (gas phase film formation method). By forming the film  3  with a dry plating method a film  3  with excellent adhesion to the base material  2  can be achieved. As a result, the resulting decorative article  1 A offers excellent corrosion resistance and durability. Furthermore, by using a dry plating method a film  3  with high density can be achieved. As a result, film  3  offers high luster and a particularly beautiful appearance.  
     [0087] Furthermore, by using a dry plating method a uniform film thickness can be achieved even when the thickness of film  3  is relatively thin. The present invention can therefore be suitably applied to small decorative articles (for example, external parts for timepieces and internal parts for timepieces).  
     [0088] Furthermore, by using a dry plating method the film  3  can be formed easily and dependably even when film  3  has a complex composition containing an element other than the required elements.  
     [0089] Exemplary dry plating methods include vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD, and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating, and ion injection, but of these vacuum deposition is preferable. By using vacuum deposition as the dry plating method, a uniform film  3  with particularly excellent adhesion to the base material  2  can be achieved relatively easily with relatively simple equipment. As a result, the durability of the resulting decorative article  1 A can be further improved. Furthermore, a particularly high density film  3  can be achieved by using vacuum deposition. As a result, the decorative article  1 A can retain a particularly beautiful appearance for a long time.  
     [0090] Vacuum deposition is preferably conducted under the following conditions. The deposition materials can be heated using such methods as a heat transfer crucible, electron beam, high frequency, or laser, or resistance heating, but of these resistance heating is preferable. By using resistance heating as the heating method of the deposition materials a uniform film  3  can be achieved with a simple method.  
     [0091] The gas of the vacuum deposition atmosphere is preferably an inert gas (such as He gas, Ne gas, Ar gas, or N 2  gas). The gas pressure for vacuum deposition is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1.0×10 −6  to 1.0×10 −5  Torr, and is further preferably in the range of 3.0×10 −6  to 1.0×10 −6  Torr.  
     [0092] Furthermore, dry plating is preferably conducted using plural targets of different metal compositions. By thus using plural targets of different metal compositions each target can be heated separately, for example, and vaporation of each target can be adjusted. As a result, a film  3  with a desired composition can be easily formed. By thus adjusting the composition of film  3 , the characteristics (such as color, luster, and hardness) of film  3  can be adjusted.  
     [0093] When plural targets are used the targets are preferably a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. This makes it possible to easily adjust the In content of the formed film  3 . As a result the whiteness of the film  3  color, for example, can be easily adjusted.  
     [0094] The average thickness of the film  3  formed by a dry plating method shall not be specifically limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 10 μm, and is further preferably 0.1 to film 3 μm. If the average thickness of the film  3  is less than the above lower limit, pinholes form easily in the film  3  and the effect of the present invention may not be fully exhibited. In addition, if the average thickness of the film  3  is above the above upper limit, internal stress in the film  3  increases, adhesion between the film  3  and base material  2  decreases, and cracks occur easily.  
     [0095] Furthermore, by forming the film  3  from the above alloy compositions, excellent surface lubricity can be easily achieved. It is therefore possible to reduce and prevent a coarse surface texture, and an unnatural, discomforting feeling when the decorative article  1 A contacts the skin can be reduced and prevented.  
     [0096] With the present invention as described above a whitish gold decorative article  1 A can be achieved.  
     [0097] The color of the film  3  shall not be specifically limited, but is preferably a color close to color 1N-14 defined by CEN (Comite Europeen de Normalisation) standard EN 28654. If the color of film  3  is close to color 1N-14, decorative article  1 A has a particularly attractive appearance and a further sense of high quality. It should be noted that a “color close to color 1N-14” can, for example, be defined on the L*a*b* color chart defined in JIS Z8729 as a color in the range where a* is from −3.0 to 2.0 and b* is in the range 19 to 25.  
     [0098] It should be noted that the composition in each part of film  3  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of film  3  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0099] Furthermore, film  3  could be a laminate of plural layers of different compositions.  
     [0100] Furthermore, in the configuration shown in the figure film  3  is shown covering the entire surface of the base material  2 , but could be formed to only part of the surface of base material  2 .  
     [0101] A decorative article  1 A can be achieved by the surface processing method described above.  
     [0102] The decorative article  1 A can be any kind of decorative product such as decorative figurines and other interior design goods, exterior design goods, jewelry, watch cases (including the body and back cover), watch bands, dials, watch hands and other external timepiece parts, base plate of the movement, gears and gear train bearings, rotary pendulum and other internal timepiece parts, eyeglasses, necktie pins,,cuff links, rings, necklaces, bracelets, anklets, broaches, pendants, earrings, pierced earrings, and other personal adornments, lighters and lighter cases, golf clubs and other sporting gods, name plates, panels, trophy cups, mechanical parts including housings, and various types of containers. Of these, products of which at least part is used in contact with the skin are preferable, and external components for timepieces are particularly preferable. External parts for timepieces require a beautiful appearance as decorative articles while also being practical components requiring durability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and a particularly pleasing texture, and all of these conditions can be met using the surface processing method of the present invention.  
     [0103] A timepiece according to another aspect of the present invention has a decorative article according to the present invention as described above. As described above a decorative article according to the present invention has a beautiful color and appearance and excellent corrosion resistance. A timepiece according to the present invention having this type of decorative article can therefore sufficiently satisfy the conditions required for a watch. A timepiece according to the present invention can thus retain a particularly attractive appearance for a long time. Furthermore, because it is resistant to color change, an easily recognizable color can be retained for a long time.  
     [0104] A further characteristic of the present invention is that the above-described effects can be achieved without requiring a special airtight construction. It should be noted that other known parts can be used as parts other than these decorative articles constructing a watch according to the present invention.  
     [0105] A second embodiment of a surface processing method, decorative article and timepiece according to the present invention is described next.  
     [0106]FIG. 2 is a section view showing a second embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0107] It should be noted that the surface processing method of this second embodiment and a decorative article according to this second embodiment manufactured using this method are described below focusing on the differences with the above first embodiment, and further description of the same items is omitted below.  
     [0108] As shown in FIG. 2 the surface processing method according to this embodiment of the invention has a step ( 2   b ) for forming a primary coat  40  on at least part ( 2   a ) of the surface of base material  2 , and a step ( 2   c ) for forming a film  3  composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on at least part of the surface of primary coat  40  using a dry plating method.  
     [0109] In other words, except for forming primary coat  40  on at least part of the surface of base material  2  before forming film  3 , this embodiment is the same as the first embodiment described above. The primary coat  40  is described below.  
     [0110] Primary coat  40   
     [0111] The primary coat  40  can be formed for any desired purpose, but preferably has the following functions.  
     [0112] This primary coat  40  preferably functions as a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between base material  2  and film  3 , for example. As a result, corrosion (contact corrosion between metals of different types) due to the potential difference between base material  2  and film  3  can be effectively prevented.  
     [0113] Furthermore, primary coat  40  preferably has high hardness. This makes it possible to achieve a decorative article  1 B with high hardness, and as a result the decorative article  1 B features excellent durability. Vickers hardness Hv, for example, can be used as a hardness index. The Vickers hardness Hv of primary coat  40  is preferably greater than or equal to 100, further preferably greater than or equal to 150, and yet further preferably greater than or equal to 1700. If the Vickers hardness Hv of primary coat  40  is such a level, the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0114] Furthermore, primary coat  40  preferably functions to improve adhesion between base material  2  and film  3 , for example. By thus improving adhesion between base material  2  and film  3 , the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 B can be even further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 B has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0115] In addition, primary coat  40  could also function to repair holes and scratches, for example, in base material  2  by a levelling effect.  
     [0116] The primary coat  40  can be formed by, for example, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating or other dry plating method, flame coating, or metal foil bonding, but of these a wet plating method or dry plating method is preferable. By using a wet plating method or dry plating method as the primary coat  40  formation method the resulting primary coat  40  has particularly good adhesion with the base material  2 . As a result, the long-term durability of the resulting decorative article  1 B is particularly excellent.  
     [0117] Furthermore, the primary coat  40  can be a film, particularly a passive film, formed by applying to the surface of base material  2  such chemical processes as oxidation, nitriding, chromating, carbonization, acid dipping, acidic electrolytic processing, alkaline dipping, or alkaline electrolytic processing.  
     [0118] The material of the primary coat  40  is not particularly limited, but is preferably a metal material such as Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Zr, Hf, Ta, Ir, or an alloy composed of at least one of the preceding metal materials, or a metallic compound (such as a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal carbide) of at least one of these metal materials, or a combination of two or more of these.  
     [0119] If the primary coat  40  is a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir, corrosion due to a potential difference between base material  2  and film  3  can be prevented even more effectively.  
     [0120] Furthermore, adhesion between base material  2  and film  3  can be further improved when primary coat  40  is a metal layer as described above. By thus improving the adhesion between base material  2  and film  3  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 B is further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 B offers particularly excellent durability.  
     [0121] Furthermore, if the primary coat  40  is a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, the above-described effects of the metal layer are even more pronounced.  
     [0122] Furthermore, if the primary coat  40  is a metal layer of Pd or an alloy layer containing Pd, diffusion of film  3  constituents (particularly Au) into the primary coat  40  and base material  2  can be more effectively prevented. As a result, decorative article  1 B offers even better long-term stability.  
     [0123] If the primary coat  40  is a metal layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.05 to 50 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. If the average thickness of primary coat  40  (metal layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of primary coat  40  (the effect of the metal layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of primary coat  40  (metal layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the primary coat  40 . Internal stress also rises in the primary coat  40  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0124] Furthermore, if the primary coat  40  is a metal nitride layer composed of at least one nitride of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, or Cr, primary coat  40  hardness is particularly high. As a result, the resulting decorative article  1 B has particularly high durability.  
     [0125] Furthermore, if the primary coat  40  is a metal nitride layer composed of at least one nitride of Ti, Zr, Hf; Ta, or Cr, the color of primary coat  40  is a gold color with particularly high luster. As a result, the appearance of decorative article  1 B is particularly excellent even when the average thickness of film  3  is relatively thin.  
     [0126] If the primary coat  40  is a metal nitride layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.01 to 10 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 3 μm. If the average thickness of primary coat  40  (metal nitride layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of primary coat  40  (the effect of the metal nitride layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of primary coat  40  (metal nitride layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the primary coat  40 . Internal stress also rises in the primary coat  40  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0127] The constituent materials of primary coat  40  preferably include at least one of the materials composing base material  2  or the materials composing film  3 . This further improves adhesion with base material  2  and film  3 . By thus improving adhesion with base material  2  and film  3 , the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 B can be even further improved. As a result, the decorative article  1 B has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0128] The standard potential of primary coat  40  is preferably between the standard potential of base material  2  and the standard potential of film  3 . In other words, the primary coat  40  is preferably made from a material with a standard potential between the standard potential of the constituent materials of base material  2  and the standard potential of the constituent materials of film  3 . This makes it possible to prevent corrosion (contact corrosion between different types of metals) due to the potential difference between base material  2  and film  3  even more effectively.  
     [0129] It should be noted that, in the configuration shown in the figure primary coat  40  is shown covering the entire surface of the base material  2 , but could be formed to only part of the surface of base material  2 .  
     [0130] Furthermore, the composition in each part of primary coat  40  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of primary coat  40  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0131] Furthermore, the primary coat  40  shall not be limited to having the functions described above. For example, the primary coat  40  could function to prevent corrosion during storage (the period until the film  3  formation step).  
     [0132] A third embodiment of a surface processing method, decorative article and timepiece according to the present invention is described next.  
     [0133]FIG. 3 is a section view showing a third embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0134] It should be noted that the surface processing method of this third embodiment and a decorative article according to this third embodiment manufactured using this method are described below focusing on the differences with the above first and second embodiments, and further description of the same items is omitted below.  
     [0135] As shown in FIG. 3 the surface processing method according to this embodiment of the invention has steps ( 3   b,    3   c ) for forming primary coats (a first primary coat  41   a  and a second primary coat  42   a  in sequence from the base material side) on at least part of the surface ( 3   a ) of base material  2 , and a step ( 3   d ) for forming a film  3  composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on at least part of the primary coat surface using a dry plating method.  
     [0136] In other words, except that the primary coat formed on at least part of the surface of base material  2  before forming film  3  has two layers (a first primary coat  41   a  and a second primary coat  42   a ), this embodiment is the same as the second embodiment described above. The first primary coat  41   a  and second primary coat  42   a  are described below.  
     [0137] First Primary Coat  41   a    
     [0138] A first primary coat  41   a  is formed on the surface of base material  2 . This first primary coat  41   a  can be formed for any desired purpose, but preferably has the following functions.  
     [0139] This first primary coat  41   a  preferably functions as a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a  described below, for example. As a result, corrosion (contact corrosion between metals of different types) due to the potential difference between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a  can be effectively prevented.  
     [0140] Furthermore, this first primary coat  41   a  further preferably functions to improve adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a.  By thus improving adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 C can be even further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 C has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0141] In addition, first primary coat  41   a  could also function to repair holes and scratches, for example, in base material  2  by a leveling effect.  
     [0142] The first primary coat  41   a  can be formed by, for example, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating or other dry plating method, flame coating, or metal foil bonding, but of these a wet plating method or dry plating method is preferable. By using a wet plating method or dry plating method as the first primary coat  41   a  formation method the resulting first primary coat  41   a  has particularly good adhesion with the base material  2 . As a result, the long-term durability of the resulting decorative article  1 C is particularly excellent.  
     [0143] Furthermore, the first primary coat  41   a  can be a film, particularly a passive film, formed by applying to the surface of base material  2  such chemical processes as oxidation, nitriding, chromating, carbonization, acid dipping, acidic electrolytic processing, alkaline dipping, or alkaline electrolytic processing.  
     [0144] The material of the first primary coat  41   a  is not particularly limited, but is preferably a metal material such as Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Zr, Hf, Ta, Ir, or an alloy composed of at least one of the preceding metal materials, or a metallic compound (such as a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal carbide) of at least one of these metal materials, or a combination of two or more of these, and of these a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir is preferable. When the first primary coat  41   a  is a metal layer composed of such materials, corrosion due to a potential difference between the base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a  can be prevented even more effectively.  
     [0145] Furthermore, when the first primary coat  41   a  is a metal layer as described above, adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a  can also be improved. By thus improving the adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 C is further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 C offers particularly excellent durability.  
     [0146] Furthermore, if the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal layer, the first primary coat  41   a  is preferably a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, In, Sn, Ni, Zn, Al, or Fe. In this case the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0147] If the first primary coat  41   a  is a metal layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.05 to 50 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm If the average thickness of first primary coat  41   a  (metal layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of first primary coat  41   a  (the effect of the metal layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of first primary coat  41   a  (metal layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the first primary coat  41   a.    
     [0148] Internal stress also rises in the first primary coat  41   a  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0149] The constituent materials of first primary coat  41   a  preferably include at least one of the materials composing base material  2  or the materials composing second primary coat  42   a.  This further improves adhesion with base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a;  By thus improving adhesion with base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 C can be even further improved. As a result, the decorative article  1 C has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0150] The standard potential of first primary coat  41   a  is preferably between the standard potential of base material  2  and the standard potential of second primary coat  42   a.  In other words, the first primary coat  41   a  is preferably made from a material with a standard potential between the standard potential of the constituent materials of base material  2  and the standard potential of the constituent materials of second primary coat  42   a.  This makes it possible to prevent corrosion (contact corrosion between different types of metals) due to the potential difference between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   a  even more effectively.  
     [0151] It should be noted that, in the configuration shown in the figure first primary coat  41   a  is shown covering the entire surface of the base material  2 , but could be formed to only part of the surface of base material  2 .  
     [0152] Furthermore, the composition in each part of first primary coat  41   a  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of first primary coat  41   a  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0153] Furthermore, the first primary coat  41   a  shall not be limited to having the functions described above. For example, the first primary coat  41   a  could function to prevent corrosion during storage (the period until the film  3  formation step).  
     [0154] Second primary coat  42   a    
     [0155] Next, second primary coat  42   a  is formed on the surface of first primary coat  41   a.  This second primary coat  42   a  can be formed for any desired purpose, but preferably has the following functions.  
     [0156] This second primary coat  42   a  preferably functions as a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3 . As a result, corrosion (contact corrosion between metals of different types) due to the potential difference between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3  can be effectively prevented.  
     [0157] Furthermore, second primary coat  42   a  preferably has high hardness. This makes it possible to achieve a decorative article  1 C with high hardness, and as a result the decorative article  1 C features excellent durability. Vickers hardness Hv, for example, can be used as a hardness index. The Vickers hardness Hv of second primary coat  42   a  is preferably greater than or equal to 100, further preferably greater than or equal to 150, and yet further preferably greater than or equal to 1700. If the Vickers hardness Hv of second primary coat  42   a  is such a level, the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0158] Furthermore, second primary coat  42   a  preferably functions to improve adhesion between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3 , for example. By thus improving adhesion between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3 , the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 C can be even further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 C has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0159] In addition, second primary coat  42   a  could also function to repair holes and scratches, for example, in first primary coat  41   a  by a leveling effect.  
     [0160] The second primary coat  42   a  can be formed by, for example, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating or other dry plating method, flame coating, or metal foil bonding, but of these a wet plating method or dry plating method is preferable. By using a wet plating method or dry plating method as the second primary coat  42   a  formation method the resulting second primary coat  42   a  has particularly good adhesion with the first primary coat  41   a.  As a result, the long-term durability of the resulting decorative article  1 C is particularly excellent.  
     [0161] Furthermore, the second primary coat  42   a  can be a film, particularly a passive film, formed by applying to the surface of first primary coat  41   a  such chemical processes as oxidation, nitriding, chromating, carbonization, acid dipping, acidic electrolytic processing, alkaline dipping, or alkaline electrolytic processing.  
     [0162] The material of the second primary coat  42   a  is not particularly limited, but is preferably a metal material such as Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Zr, Hf, Ta, Ir, or an alloy composed of at least one of the preceding metal materials, or a metallic compound (such as a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal carbide) of at least one of these metal materials, or a combination of two or more of these.  
     [0163] If the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir, corrosion due to a potential difference between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3  can be prevented even more effectively.  
     [0164] Furthermore, adhesion between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3  can be further improved when second primary coat  42   a  is a metal layer as described above. By thus improving the adhesion between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 C is further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 C offers particularly excellent durability.  
     [0165] Furthermore, if the first primary coat  41   a  is a metal layer, the second primary coat  42   a  (metal layer) is preferably a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Pd, Au, Ag, Sn, Ni, Ti, Cr, Pt, Rh, and Ru. In this case the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0166] Furthermore, if the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal layer of Pd or an alloy layer containing Pd, diffusion of film  3  constituents (particularly Au) into the second primary coat  42   a,  first primary coat  41   a,  and base material  2  can be more effectively prevented. As a result, decorative article IC offers even better long-term stability.  
     [0167] If the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.05 to 50 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. If the average thickness of second primary coat  42   a  (metal layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of second primary coat  42   a  (the effect of the metal layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of second primary coat  42   a  (metal layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the second primary coat  42   a.    
     [0168] Internal stress also rises in the second primary coat  42   a  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0169] Furthermore, if the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal nitride layer composed of at least one nitride of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, or Cr, second primary coat  42   a  hardness is particularly high. As a result, the resulting decorative article  1 C has particularly high durability.  
     [0170] Furthermore, if the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal nitride layer composed of at least one nitride of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, or Cr, the color of second primary coat  42   a  is a gold color with particularly high luster. As a result, the appearance of decorative article  1 C is particularly excellent even when the average thickness of film  3  is relatively thin.  
     [0171] If the second primary coat  42   a  is a metal nitride layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.01 to 10 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.5 to 3 μm. If the average thickness of second primary coat  42   a  (metal nitride layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of second primary coat  42   a  (the effect of the metal nitride layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of second primary coat  42   a  (metal nitride layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the second primary coat  42   a.  Internal stress also rises in the second primary coat  42   a  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0172] The constituent materials of second primary coat  42   a  preferably include at least one of the materials composing first primary coat  41   a  or the materials composing film  3 . This further improves adhesion with first primary coat  41   a  and film  3 . By thus improving adhesion with first primary coat  41   a  and film  3 , the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 C can be even further improved. As a result, the decorative article  1 C has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0173] The standard potential of second primary coat  42   a  is preferably between the standard potential of first primary coat  41   a  and the standard potential of film  3 . In other words, the second primary coat  42   a  is preferably made from a material with a standard potential between the standard potential of the constituent materials of first primary coat  41   a  and the standard potential of the constituent materials of film  3 . This makes it possible to prevent corrosion (contact corrosion between different types of metals) due to the potential difference between first primary coat  41   a  and film  3  even more effectively.  
     [0174] It should be noted that, in the configuration shown in the figure second primary coat  42   a  is shown covering the entire surface of the first primary coat  41   a,  but could be formed to only part of the surface of first primary coat  41   a.    
     [0175] Furthermore, the composition in each part of second primary coat  42   a  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of second primary coat  42   a  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0176] Furthermore, the second primary coat  42   a  shall not be limited to having the functions described above. For example, the second primary coat  42   a  could function to prevent corrosion during storage (the period until the film  3  formation step).  
     [0177] A fourth embodiment of a surface processing method, decorative article and timepiece according to the present invention is described next. FIG. 4 is a section view showing a fourth embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0178] It should be noted that the surface processing method of this fourth embodiment and a decorative article according to this fourth embodiment manufactured using this method are described below focusing on the differences with the above first, second, and third embodiments, and further description of the same items is omitted below.  
     [0179] As shown in FIG. 4 the surface processing method according to this embodiment of the invention has steps ( 4   b,    4   c,    4   d ) for forming primary coats (a first primary coat  41   b,  second primary coat  42   b,  and third primary coat  43   b  in sequence from the base material side) on at least part of the surface ( 4   a ) of base material  2 , and a step ( 4   e ) for forming a film  3  composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on at least part of the primary coat surface using a dry plating method.  
     [0180] In other words, except that the primary coat formed on at least part of the surface of base material  2  before forming film  3  has three layers (a first primary coat  41   b,  second primary coat  42   b,  and third primary coat  43   b ), this embodiment is the same as the second and third embodiments described above. The first primary coat  41   b,  second primary coat  42   b,  and third primary coat  43   b  are described below.  
     [0181] First Primary Coat  41   b    
     [0182] A first primary coat  41   b  is formed on the surface of base material  2 . This first primary coat  41   b  can be formed for any desired purpose, but preferably has the following functions.  
     [0183] This first primary coat  41   b  preferably functions as a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b  described below, for example. As a result, corrosion (contact corrosion between metals of different types) due to the potential difference between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b  can be effectively prevented.  
     [0184] Furthermore, this first primary coat  41   b  further preferably functions to improve adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b.  By thus improving adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D can be even further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 D has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0185] In addition, first primary coat  41   b  could also function to repair holes and scratches, for example, in base material  2  by a leveling effect.  
     [0186] The first primary coat  41   b  can be formed by, for example, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating or other dry plating method, flame coating, or metal foil bonding, but of these a wet plating method or dry plating method is preferable. By using a wet plating method or dry plating method as the first primary coat  41   b  formation method the resulting first primary coat  41   b  has particularly good adhesion with the base material  2 . As a result, the long-term durability of the resulting decorative article  1 D is particularly excellent.  
     [0187] Furthermore, the first primary coat  41   b  can be a film, particularly a passive film, formed by applying to the surface of base material  2  such chemical processes as oxidation, nitriding, chromating, carbonization, acid dipping, acidic electrolytic processing, alkaline dipping, or alkaline electrolytic processing.  
     [0188] The material of the first primary coat  41   b  is not particularly limited, but is preferably a metal material such as Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Zr, Hf, Ta, Ir, or an alloy composed of at least one of the preceding metal materials, or a metallic compound (such as a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal carbide) of at least one of these metal materials, or a combination of two or more of these, and of these a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir is preferable. When the first primary coat  41   b  is a metal layer composed of such materials, corrosion due to a potential difference between the base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b  can be prevented even more effectively.  
     [0189] Furthermore, when the first primary coat  41   b  is a metal layer as described above, adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b  can also be improved. By thus improving the adhesion between base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D is further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 D offers particularly excellent durability.  
     [0190] If the second primary coat  42   b  and third primary coat  43   b  are made of metal layers, the first primary coat  41   b  is preferably a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, In, Sn, Ni, Zn, Al, or Fe. In this case the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0191] If the first primary coat  41   b  is a metal layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.05 to 50 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. If the average thickness of first primary coat  41   b  (metal layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of first primary coat  41   b  (the effect of the metal layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of first primary coat  41   b  (metal layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the first primary coat  41   b.    
     [0192] Internal stress also rises in the first primary coat  41   b  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0193] The constituent materials of first primary coat  41   b  preferably include at least one of the materials composing base material  2  or the materials composing second primary coat  42   b.  This further improves adhesion with base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b.  By thus improving adhesion with base material  2  and second primary coat  42   b,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D can be even further improved. As a result, the decorative article  1 D has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0194] The standard potential of first primary coat  41   b  is preferably between the standard potential of base material  2  and the standard potential of second primary coat  42   b.  In other words, the first primary coat  41   b  is preferably made from a material with a standard potential between the standard potential of the constituent materials of base material  2  and the standard potential of the constituent materials of second primary coat  42   b.  This makes it possible to prevent corrosion (contact corrosion between different types of metals) due to the potential difference between base material  2  and second primary-coat  42   b  even more effectively.  
     [0195] It should be noted that, in the configuration shown in the figure first primary coat  41   b  is shown covering the entire surface of the base material  2 , but could be formed to only part of the surface of base material  2 .  
     [0196] Furthermore, the composition in each part of first primary coat  41   b  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of first primary coat  41   b  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0197] Furthermore, the first primary coat  41   b  shall not be limited to having the functions described above. For example, the first primary coat  41   b  could function to prevent corrosion during storage (the period until the film  3  formation step).  
     [0198] Second Primary Coat  42   b    
     [0199] Next, second primary coat  42   b  is formed on the surface of first primary coat  41   b.  This second primary coat  42   b  can be formed for any desired purpose, but preferably has the following functions.  
     [0200] This second primary coat  42   b  preferably functions as a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b.  As a result, corrosion (contact corrosion between metals of different types) due to the potential difference between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b  can be effectively prevented.  
     [0201] Furthermore, second primary coat  42   b  preferably functions to improve adhesion between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b,  for example. By thus improving adhesion between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D can be even further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 D has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0202] In addition, second primary coat  42   b  could also function to repair holes and scratches, for example, in first primary coat  41   b  by a leveling effect.  
     [0203] The second primary coat  42   b  can be formed by, for example, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating or other dry plating method, flame coating, or metal foil bonding, but of these a wet plating method or dry plating method is preferable. By using a wet plating method or dry plating method as the second primary coat  42   b  formation method the resulting second primary coat  42   b  has particularly good adhesion with the first primary coat  41   b.  As a result, the long-term durability of the resulting decorative article  1 D is particularly excellent.  
     [0204] Furthermore, the second primary coat  42   b  can be a film, particularly a passive film, formed by applying to the surface of first primary coat  41   b  such chemical processes as oxidation, nitriding, chromating, carbonization, acid dipping, acidic electrolytic processing, alkaline dipping, or alkaline electrolytic processing.  
     [0205] The material of the second primary coat  42   b  is not particularly limited, but is preferably a metal material such as Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Zr, Hf, Ta, Ir, or an alloy composed of at least one of the preceding metal materials, or a metallic-compound (such as a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal carbide) of at least one of these metal materials, or a combination of two or more of these, and of these a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir is preferable. When the second primary coat  42   b  is a metal layer composed of such materials, corrosion due to a potential difference between the first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b  can be prevented even more effectively.  
     [0206] Furthermore, when the second primary coat  42   b  is a metal layer as described above, adhesion between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b  can also be improved. By thus improving the adhesion between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D is further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 D offers particularly excellent durability.  
     [0207] Furthermore, if the first primary coat  41   b  and the third primary coat  43   b  are metal layers, the second primary coat  42   b  is preferably a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ti, Zn, Fe, and Cr. In this case the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0208] If the second primary coat  42   b  is a metal layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.05 to 50 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. If the average thickness of second primary coat  42   b  (metal layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of second primary coat  42   b  (the effect of the metal layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of second primary coat  42   b  (metal layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the second primary coat  42   b.    
     [0209] Internal stress also rises in the second primary coat  42   b  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0210] The constituent materials of second primary coat  42   b  preferably include at least one of the materials composing first primary coat  41   b  or the materials composing third primary coat  43   b.  This further improves adhesion with first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b.  By thus improving adhesion with first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b,  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D can be even further improved. As a result, the decorative article  1 D has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0211] The standard potential of second primary coat  42   b  is preferably between the standard potential of first primary coat  41   b  and the standard potential of third primary coat  43   b.  In other words, the second primary coat  42   b  is preferably made from a material with a standard potential between the standard potential of the constituent materials of first primary coat  41   b  and the standard potential of the constituent materials of third primary coat  43   b.  This makes it possible to prevent corrosion (contact corrosion between different types of metals) due to the potential difference between first primary coat  41   b  and third primary coat  43   b  even more effectively.  
     [0212] It should be noted that, in the configuration shown in the figure second primary coat  42   b  is shown covering the entire surface of the first primary coat  41   b,  but could be formed to only part of the surface of first primary coat  41   b.    
     [0213] Furthermore, the composition in each part of second primary coat  42   b  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of second primary coat  42   b  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0214] Furthermore, the second primary coat  42   b  shall not be limited to having the functions described above. For example, the second primary coat  42   b  could function to prevent corrosion during storage (the period until the film  3  formation step).  
     [0215] Third Primary Coat  43   b    
     [0216] Next, third primary coat  43   b  is formed on the surface of second primary coat  42   b.  This third primary coat  43   b  can be formed for any desired purpose, but preferably has the following functions.  
     [0217] This third primary coat  43   b  preferably functions as a buffer layer for buffering the potential difference between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3 . As a result, corrosion (contact corrosion between metals of different types) due to the potential difference between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3  can be effectively prevented.  
     [0218] Furthermore, third primary coat  43   b  preferably has high hardness. This makes it possible to achieve a decorative article  1 D with high hardness, and as a result the decorative article  1 D features excellent durability. Vickers hardness Hv, for example, can be used as a hardness index. The Vickers hardness Hv of third primary coat  43   b  is preferably greater than or equal to 100, further preferably greater than or equal to 150, and yet further preferably greater than or equal to 1700. If the Vickers hardness Hv of third primary coat  43   b  is such a level, the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0219] Furthermore, third primary coat  43   b  preferably functions to improve adhesion between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3 , for example. By thus improving adhesion between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3 , the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D can be even further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 D has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0220] In addition, third primary coat  43   b  could also function to repair holes and scratches, for example, in second primary coat  42   b  by leveling.  
     [0221] The third primary coat  43   b  can be formed by, for example, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, laser CVD and other chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, ion plating or other dry plating method, flame coating, or metal foil bonding, but of these a wet plating method or dry plating method is preferable. By using a wet plating method or dry plating method as the third primary coat  43   b  formation method the resulting third primary coat  43   b  has particularly good adhesion with the second primary coat  42   b.  As a result, the long-term durability of the resulting decorative article  1 D is particularly excellent.  
     [0222] Furthermore, the third primary coat  43   b  can be a film, particularly a passive film, formed by applying to the surface of second primary coat  42   b  such chemical processes as oxidation, nitriding, chromating, carbonization, acid dipping, acidic electrolytic processing, alkaline dipping, or alkaline electrolytic processing.  
     [0223] The material of the third primary coat  43   b  is not particularly limited, but is preferably a metal material such as Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, Zr, Hf, Ta, Ir, or an alloy composed of at least one of the preceding metal materials, or a metallic compound (such as a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal carbide) of at least one of these metal materials, or a combination of two or more of these.  
     [0224] If the third primary coat  43   b  is a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Cu, Co, Pd, Au, Ag, In, Sn, Ni, Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir, corrosion due to a potential difference between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3  can be prevented even more effectively.  
     [0225] Furthermore, adhesion between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3  can be further improved when third primary coat  43   b  is a metal layer as described above. By thus improving the adhesion between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3  the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D is further improved. As a result, decorative article  1 D offers particularly excellent durability.  
     [0226] Furthermore, if the first primary coat  41   b  and second primary coat  42   b  are metal layers, the third primary coat  43   b  (metal layer) is preferably a metal layer of or an alloy composed of at least one of Pd, Au, Ag, Sn, Ni, Ti, Cr, Pt, Rh, and Ru. In this case the above-described effects are even more pronounced.  
     [0227] Furthermore, if the third primary coat  43   b  is a metal layer of Pd or an alloy layer containing Pd, diffusion of film  3  constituents (particularly Au) into the third primary coat  43   b,  second primary coat  42   b,  first primary coat  41   b,  and base material  2  can be more effectively prevented. As a result, decorative article  1 D offers even better long-term stability.  
     [0228] If the third primary coat  43   b  is a metal layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.05 to 50 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.1 to 10 μm. If the average thickness of third primary coat  43   b  (metal layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of third primary coat  43   b  (the effect of the metal layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of third primary coat  43   b  (metal layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the third primary coat  43   b.    
     [0229] Internal stress also rises in the third primary coat  43   b  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0230] Furthermore, if the third primary coat  43   b  is a metal nitride layer composed of at least one nitride of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, or Cr, third primary coat  43   b  hardness is particularly high. As a result, the resulting decorative article  1 D has particularly high durability.  
     [0231] Furthermore, if the third primary coat  43   b  is a metal nitride layer composed of at least one nitride of Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, or Cr, the color of third primary coat  43   b  is a gold color with particularly high luster. As a result, the appearance of decorative article  1 D is particularly excellent even when the average thickness of film  3  is relatively thin.  
     [0232] If the third primary coat  43   b  is a metal nitride layer as described above the average thickness thereof is preferably 0.01 to 10 μm, for example, and further preferably 0.5 to 3 μm. If the average thickness of third primary coat  43   b  (metal nitride layer) is less than the above lower limit, the effect of third primary coat  43   b  (the effect of the metal nitride layer) may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the average thickness of third primary coat  43   b  (metal nitride layer) is greater than the above upper limit, there is a tendency to greater variation in the film thickness in each part of the third primary coat  43   b.  Internal stress also rises in the third primary coat  43   b  and cracks occur easily.  
     [0233] The constituent materials of third primary coat  43   b  preferably include at least one of the materials composing second primary coat  42   b  or the materials composing film  3 . This further improves adhesion with second primary coat  42   b  and film  3 . By thus improving adhesion with second primary coat  42   b  and film  3 , the corrosion resistance of decorative article  1 D can be even further improved. As a result, the decorative article  1 D has particularly excellent durability.  
     [0234] The standard potential of third primary coat  43   b  is preferably between the standard potential of second primary coat  42   b  and the standard potential of film  3 . In other words, the third primary coat  43   b  is preferably made from a material with a standard potential between the standard potential of the constituent materials of second primary coat  42   b  and the standard potential of the constituent materials of film  3 . This makes it possible to prevent corrosion (contact corrosion between different types of metals) due to the potential difference between second primary coat  42   b  and film  3  even more effectively.  
     [0235] It should be noted that, in the configuration shown in the figure third primary coat  43   b  is shown covering the entire surface of the second primary coat  42   b,  but could be formed to only part of the surface of second primary coat  42   b.    
     [0236] Furthermore, the composition in each part of third primary coat  43   b  could be constant or not constant. For example, the composition of third primary coat  43   b  could be one (a gradient material) that changes gradually through the thickness direction thereof.  
     [0237] Furthermore, the third primary coat  43   b  shall not be limited to having the functions described-above. For example, the third primary coat  43   b  could function to prevent corrosion during storage (the period until the film  3  formation step).  
     [0238] A fifth embodiment of a surface processing method, decorative article and timepiece according to the present invention is described next. FIG. 5 is a section view showing a fourth embodiment of a surface processing method according to the present invention.  
     [0239] It should be noted that the surface processing method of this fifth embodiment and a decorative article according to this fifth embodiment manufactured using this method are described below focusing on the differences with the above first, second, third and fourth embodiments, and further description of the same items is omitted below.  
     [0240] As shown in FIG. 5 the surface processing method according to this embodiment of the invention has steps ( 5   b,    5   c,    5   d ) for forming primary coats (a first primary coat  41   b,  second primary coat  42   b,  and third primary coat  43   b ) on at least part of the surface ( 5   a ) of base material  2 , a step ( 5   e ) for forming a film  3  primarily composed of a chrome compound on at least part of the primary coat surface using a dry plating method, a step ( 5   f ) for forming a mask  5  on part of the surface of film  3 , a step ( 5   g ) for removing film  3  in the areas not covered by mask  5  using a stripping agent, and a step ( 5   h ) for removing the mask  5 .  
     [0241] In other words, this embodiment is identical to the above-described fourth embodiment except for the step ( 5   f ) for forming a mask  5  on part of the surface of film  3  after forming the film  3 , the step ( 5   g ) for removing film  3  in the areas not covered by mask  5  using a stripping agent, and the step ( 5   h ) for removing the mask  5 .  
     [0242] Applying a Mask  
     [0243] After the film  3  is formed part of the surface of film  3  is covered with a mask  5  ( 5   f ). This mask  5  functions to protect the covered parts of film  3  in the step described below for removing the film  3 .  
     [0244] The mask  5  can be any material that functions to protect the covered parts of film  3  in the step for removing the film  3 , but is preferably also easily removed in the step described below for removing the mask  5 .  
     [0245] Materials that could be used to form such a mask  5  include resin materials such as acrylic resins, polyimide resins, polysulfone resins, epoxy resins, fluororesins, and rubber resins, or metal material such as Au, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag, Ti and Cr.  
     [0246] The method for forming mask  5  shall not be specifically limited, and possible methods include coating methods such as dipping, brush application, spray coating, electrostatic coating, electrodeposition coating, wet plating methods such as electrolytic plating, immersion plating, or electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods such as thermal CVD, plasma CVD, and laser CVD, vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating and other dry plating methods, and flame coating.  
     [0247] The average thickness of mask  5  is not specifically limited, but is, for example, preferably 100 to 2000 μm, and, further preferably 500 to 1000 μm. If the average thickness of the mask  5  is less than the above lower limit, there is a tendency for pinholes to form easily in the mask  5 . As a result, in the step for removing the film  3  described below part of the film  3  in the area covered by mask  5  will also dissolve and be removed, and there is the potential for a drop in the aesthetic appearance of the resulting decorative article  1 E. On the other hand, if the average thickness of the mask  5  is above the above upper limit, there is a tendency for greater variation in the film thickness in different parts of the mask  5 . In addition, internal stress in the mask  5  increases, adhesion between the mask  5  and film  3  decreases, and cracks occur easily.  
     [0248] The mask  5  is further preferably transparent. This enables adhesion with the film  3  to be externally visually confirmed.  
     [0249] The mask  5  is not limited to a mask that is formed to a desired shape directly on the surface of film  3 . For example, a mask  5  with a desired pattern could be formed by first applying the mask  5  material to substantially the entire surface of the film  3 , and then removing selected parts.  
     [0250] Methods for removing part of the mask  5  coated to substantially the entire surface of film  3  include, for example, methods emitting a laser beam to the parts of mask  5  to be removed. Lasers that could be used for this include, for example, an Ne—He laser, Ar laser, CO 2  laser or other gas laser, a ruby laser, semiconductor laser, YAG laser, glass laser, YVO 4  laser, and an excimer laser.  
     [0251] Removing the Film  
     [0252] Next, the film  3  is removed from the parts not covered by mask  5  ( 5   g ).  
     [0253] The film  3  is removed using a stripping agent that is capable of removing the film  3  but does not actually dissolve and remove the mask  5 .  
     [0254] The stripping agent used to remove the film  3  shall not be specifically limited insofar as it can remove the film  3  without actually dissolving and removing the mask  5 , but is preferably a liquid, gas, or other fluid, and of these is preferably a liquid. This enables the film  3  to be removed easily and dependably.  
     [0255] A stripping solution containing potassium cyanide (KCN), for example, could be used as the stripping agent. An aqueous solution containing, for example, approximately 30 to 60 g/liter potassium cyanide could be used as such a stripping solution.  
     [0256] It should be noted that the stripping agent could contain various additives such as a stabilizer, stripping accelerator, organic components, and catalysts.  
     [0257] Methods that could be used to remove the film  3  include, for example, spraying the stripping agent, immersion in a liquid state stripping agent (dipping), and using electrolysis during immersion in a liquid state stripping agent (stripping solution), but of these methods for dipping in a liquid state stripping agent (stripping solution) are particularly preferable. This enables the film  3  to be removed easily and dependably.  
     [0258] When the film  3  is removed by dipping in a liquid state stripping agent (stripping solution), the temperature of the stripping agent is not specifically limited but is, for example, preferably 10 to 100° C., further preferably 20 to 80° C., and yet further preferably 20 to 50° C. If the temperature of the stripping agent is below the above lower limit, it may take a long time to sufficiently remove the film  3  in the areas not coated with the mask  5  depending upon the thickness of film  3 , and productivity of the decorative article  1 E drops. On the other hand, if the temperature of the stripping agent is above the above upper limit, evaporation of the stripping agent may increase depending upon the vapor pressure and boiling point of the stripping agent, and the amount of stripping agent required to remove the film  3  tends to increase.  
     [0259] The dipping time in the stripping agent is not specifically limited, but is, for example, preferably 1 to 40 minutes, and is yet further preferably 5 to 20 minutes. If the dipping time in the stripping agent is less than the above lower limit, there are cases in which it could be difficult to sufficiently remove the film  3  in areas not covered by the mask  5  depending upon the film  3  thickness and the temperature of the stripping agent, for example. On the other hand, decorative article  1 E productivity drops if the stripping agent dipping time exceeds the above upper limits.  
     [0260] It should be noted that when the film  3  is removed by dipping in a liquid state stripping agent (stripping solution), vibration (such as ultrasonic vibration) may be applied to the stripping agent during immersion. This can improve the efficiency of film  3  removal.  
     [0261] Removing the Mask  
     [0262] The decorative article  1 E is then obtained by removing the mask  5 . The mask  5  can be removed using any method, but a using a mask removal agent that can remove the mask  5  while also not actually damaging the base material  2  and film  3  is preferable. By using such a mask removal agent the mask  5  can be removed easily and dependably.  
     [0263] The mask removal agent used to remove the mask  5  shall not be specifically limited, but is preferably a liquid, gas, or other fluid, and of these is preferably a liquid. This enables the mask  5  to be removed even more easily and dependably.  
     [0264] The mask removal agent could be, for example, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, water, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride or other inorganic solvent; ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone, diethylketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methyl isopropyl ketone (MIPK), and cyclohexanone; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol (DEG), and glycerine; ether solvents such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetrahydropyran (THP), anisole, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme); cellosolve solvents such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and phenyl cellosolve; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane, pentane, heptane, and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, and benzene; aromatic heterocyclic compound solvents such as pyridine, pyrazine, furan, pyrrole, and thiophene; amide solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and N,N-dimethylacetoamide (DMA); halogen compound solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, and ethyl formate; sulfur compound solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sulfolane; nitryl solvents such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; organic acid solvents such as formic acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid; or a mixture of two or more of these; or a mixture of these and an acid material of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, or phosphoric acid, for example; an alkaline material such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or ammonia; an oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), magnesium dioxide (MnO 2 ), potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ), ozone, concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, chloride of lime, hydrogen peroxide, or quinone; or a reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ), hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen peroxide, or hydroquinone.  
     [0265] Methods of removing the mask  5  include, for example, spraying the mask removal agent, dipping in a liquid state mask removal agent, and using electrolysis while immersed in a liquid state mask removal agent, and of these a method for dipping an a liquid state mask removal agent is particularly preferable. This enables the mask  5  to be removed easily and dependably.  
     [0266] When the mask  5  is removed by dipping in a liquid state mask removal agent, the temperature of the mask removal agent is not specifically limited but is, for example, preferably 15 to 100° C., and further preferably 30 to 50° C. If the temperature of the mask removal agent is below the above lower limit, it may take a long time to sufficiently remove the mask  5  depending upon the thickness of mask  5 , and productivity of the decorative article  1 E drops. On the other hand, if the temperature of the mask removal agent is above the above upper limit, evaporation of the mask removal agent may increase depending upon the vapor pressure and boiling point of the mask removal agent, and the amount of mask removal agent required to remove the mask  5  tends to increase.  
     [0267] The dipping time in the mask removal agent is not specifically limited, but is, for example, preferably 5 to 60 minutes, and is yet further preferably 5 to 30 minutes. If the dipping time in the mask removal agent is less than the above lower limit, there are cases in which it could be difficult to sufficiently remove the mask  5  depending upon the mask  5  thickness and the temperature of the mask removal agent, for example. On the other hand, decorative article  1 E productivity drops if the mask removal agent dipping time exceeds the above upper limits.  
     [0268] It should be noted that when the mask  5  is removed by dipping in a liquid state mask removal agent, vibration (such as ultrasonic vibration) may be applied to the mask removal agent during immersion. This can improve the efficiency of mask  5  removal.  
     [0269] By thus removing part of the film  3 , the film  3  can be easily patterned to a desired shape.  
     [0270] Furthermore, by removing part of film  3  to, for example, form a relief pattern of areas where film  3  remains and areas where film  3  is removed, pronounced color differences can be imparted. As a result, an even more outstanding aesthetic appearance can be achieved in the decorative article  1 E.  
     [0271] Preferred embodiments of a surface processing method, decorative article, and timepiece according to the present invention are described above, but the present invention shall not be limited thereto.  
     [0272] For example, a single primary coat (primary coat  40 ) is formed in the second embodiment described above, two primary coats (first primary coat  41   a,  second primary coat  42   a ) are formed in the third embodiment, and three primary coats (first primary coat  41   b,  second primary coat  42   b,  third primary coat  43   b ) are formed in the fourth and fifth embodiments, but the primary coat could be formed with four or more layers. In this case at least one of the primary coats preferably functions to buffer the potential difference between one side of the layer and the other side of the layer.  
     [0273] Furthermore, if there are four or more primary coats any two adjacent primary coats are preferably made of materials containing one common element as described above.  
     [0274] This improves adhesion between the adjacent primary coats. In addition, if the common element is Cu adhesion between the adjacent primary coats is particularly good.  
     [0275] Furthermore, if there are four or more primary coats the primary coats are preferably metal layers or metal nitride layers as in the embodiments described above. Particularly when at least one of the primary coats is a metal nitride layer, at least the layer contacting the film is preferably a metal nitride layer. This results in a decorative article with particularly excellent durability, and a decorative article with an outstanding aesthetic appearance.  
     [0276] A protective layer imparting corrosion resistance, weather resistance, water resistance, oil resistance, wear resistance, or resistance to color change can also be formed to at least part of the surface of the decorative article to improve protection against rust, soiling, and dulling.  
     [0277] Furthermore, part of the film  3  is removed in the fifth embodiment, but at least part of the primary coats (first primary coat, second primary coat, third primary coat) therebelow may be removed with the film  3 . For example, if the primary coat is made of Ti or a Ti alloy, the primary coat can be removed using a solution containing, for example, hydrofluoric acid (HF) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ).  
     [0278] Specific Embodiments  
     [0279] Specific Embodiments of the Present Invention are Described Next.  
     [0280] 1. Manufacturing a Decorative Article  
     [0281] (Embodiment 1)  
     [0282] A decorative article (hands for a wristwatch) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0283] First, a base material having the shape of hands for a wristwatch was manufactured by casting using stainless steel (SUS  444 ), and then after cutting at the necessary places a mirror finish was applied by diamond polishing. This base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0284] A film formed from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (92.1 wt % Au, 1.87 wt % Pd, 1.68 wt % Fe, 4.35 wt % In) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the base material (the side processed to a mirror finish). The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0285] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm. The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     (Embodiment 2)  
     [0286] Except for using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn) for the base material, a decorative article was manufactured in the same way as in embodiment 1.  
     [0287] (Embodiment 3)  
     [0288] A decorative article (wristwatch case (body)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0289] A Ti base material in the shape of a wristwatch case (body) was manufactured by metal injection molding (MIM).  
     [0290] The Ti base material was manufactured as follows.  
     [0291] First, Ti powder with a, 52 μm average grain size manufactured by a gas atomization method was prepared. A material containing 75 vol % of this Ti powder, 8 vol % polyethylene, 7 vol % polypropylene, and 10 vol % paraffin wax was kneaded. A kneader was used to knead this material. The material temperature during kneading was 60° C. The kneaded material was then ground and graded to obtain pellets with an average grain size of 3 mm. Using these pellets in an injecting molding machine, moldings in the shape of the wristwatch case were manufactured by metal injection molding (MIM). The moldings were made with consideration for shrinkage in the debindering process and during sintering. Molding conditions during injection molding were a 40° C. mold temperature, 80 kgf/cm 2  injection pressure, 20 second injection time, and 40 second cooling time. Next, a debindering process was applied to the molding using a degreasing oven to obtain a degreased molding. For the debindering process the molding was left in a 1×10 −3  Torr argon gas atmosphere at 80° C. for 1 hour, and then raised to 400° C. at 10° C./hour. Sample weight was measured during the heat treatment to find the point at which weight loss ended as the debindering completion point. The resulting degreased molding was then sintered in a sintering oven to obtain the base material. Sintering was accomplished by heating in a 1×10 −5  to 1×10 −6  Torr argon gas atmosphere at 900 to 1100° C. for 6 hours.  
     [0292] The base material thus obtained was then cut in the necessary places and polished, and the base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0293] A film consisting of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (90.1 wt % Au, 1.80 wt % Pd, 1.53 wt % Fe, 6.57 wt % In) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the base material.  
     [0294] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0295] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm. The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0296] (Embodiment 4)  
     [0297] Except for using a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target, an In target, and an Sn target as the targets for vacuum deposition, and forming a film of an alloy composition containing 95.0 wt % Au, 1.96 wt % Pd, 0.54 wt % In, 0.75 wt % Sn, and 1.75 wt % Fe, a decorative article was manufactured in the same way as in embodiment 2. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm. The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0298] (Embodiment 5)  
     [0299] A decorative article (wristwatch case (body)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0300] First, a base material in the shape of a wristwatch case (body) was manufactured by casting using stainless steel (SUS 444), and then after cutting at the necessary places a mirror finish was applied by diamond polishing. This base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds, followed by neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0301] A primary coat of Au—Fe was then formed on the surface of the mirror-finished side of this base material. The primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 40° C. bath temperature and 1.0 A/dm 2  current density for 12 minutes. The average thickness of the primary coat formed this way was 1.0 μm. The base material on which the primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0302] A film formed from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (88.2 wt % Au, 3.05 wt % Pd, 2.65 wt % Fe, 6.10 wt % In) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the primary coat.  
     [0303] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0304] First, the base material on which the primary coat was formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm.  
     [0305] The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0306] (Embodiment 6)  
     [0307] A decorative article (wristwatch dial) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0308] First, a base material in the shape of a wristwatch dial was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), and then cut at the necessary places and polished. This base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0309] A primary coat of Au—Fe was then formed on the surface of this base material. The primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 40° C. bath temperature and 1.0 A/dm 2  current density for 24 minutes. The average thickness of the primary coat formed this way was 2.0 μm. The base material on which the primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0310] A film formed from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (91.5 wt % Au, 2.15 wt % Pd, 1.74 wt % Fe, 4.61 wt % In) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the primary coat.  
     [0311] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0312] First, the base material on which the primary coat was formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/mn. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm.  
     [0313] The film thickness was measured by the JIS H-5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0314] (Embodiment 7)  
     [0315] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0316] A Ti base material in the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was manufactured by metal injection molding (MIM).  
     [0317] The Ti base material was manufactured as follows.  
     [0318] First, Ti powder with a 52 μm average grain size manufactured by a gas atomization method was prepared. A material containing 75 vol % of this Ti powder, 8 vol % polyethylene, 7 vol % polypropylene, and 10 vol % paraffin wax was kneaded. A kneader was used to knead this material. The material temperature during kneading was 60° C. The kneaded material was then ground and graded to obtain pellets with an average grain size of 3 mm. Using these pellets in an injecting molding machine, moldings in the shape of the wristwatch case were manufactured by metal injection molding (MIM). The moldings were made with consideration for shrinkage in the debindering process and during sintering. Molding conditions during injection molding were a 40° C. mold temperature, 80 kgf cm 2  injection pressure, 20 second injection time, and 40 second cooling time. Next, a debindering process was applied to the molding using a degreasing oven to obtain a degreased molding. For the debindering process the molding was left in a 1×10 −3  Torr argon gas atmosphere at 80° C. for 1 hour, and then raised to 400° C. at 10° C./hour. Sample weight was measured during the heat treatment to find the point at which weight loss ended as the debindering completion point. The resulting degreased molding was then sintered in a sintering oven to obtain the base material. Sintering was accomplished by heating in a 1×10 −5  to 1×10 −6  Torr argon gas atmosphere at 900 to 1100° C. for 6 hours.  
     [0319] The base material thus obtained was then cut in the necessary places and polished, and the base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0320] A primary coat of Au—Fe was then formed on the surface of this base material. The primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 40° C. bath temperature and 1.0 A/dm 2  current density for 12 minutes. The average thickness of the primary coat formed this way was 1.0 μm. The base material on which the primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0321] A film formed from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (87.6 wt % Au, 3.12 wt % Pd, 2.23 wt % Fe, 7.05 wt % In) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the primary coat.  
     [0322] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0323] First, the base material on which the primary coat was formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm.  
     [0324] The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0325] (Embodiment 8)  
     [0326] A decorative article (wristwatch case (body)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0327] First, a base material having the shape of a wristwatch case (body) was manufactured by casting using stainless steel (SUS 444), and then after cutting at the necessary places a mirror finish was applied by diamond polishing. This base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali electrolytic dipping degreasing for 30 seconds, followed by neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0328] A primary coat of TiN and a film of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (95.7 wt % Au, 2.34 wt % Pd, 0.17 wt % Fe, 1.79 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of the mirror-finished side of this base material as follows.  
     [0329] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a primary coat of TiN by an ARE (activated reactive evaporation) method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0330] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0331] The average thickness of the formed primary coat and film was 1.0 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively. The thickness of the primary coat and film was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0332] (Embodiment 9)  
     [0333] A decorative article (wristwatch dial) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0334] First, a base material in the shape of a wristwatch dial was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), and then cut at the necessary places and polished. This base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0335] A primary coat of TiN and a film of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (94.0 wt % Au, 0.15 wt % Pd, 3.49 wt % Fe, 2.36 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of this base material as follows.  
     [0336] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 m/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a primary coat of TiN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0337] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed primary coat and film was 1.0 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively. The thickness of the primary coat and film was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0338] (Embodiment 10)  
     [0339] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0340] A Ti base material in the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was manufactured by metal injection molding (MIM).  
     [0341] The Ti base material was manufactured as follows.  
     [0342] First, Ti powder with a 52 μm average grain size manufactured by a gas atomization method was prepared. A material containing 75 vol % of this Ti powder, 8 vol % polyethylene, 7 vol % polypropylene, and 10 vol % paraffin wax was kneaded. A kneader was used to knead this material. The material temperature during kneading was 60° C. The kneaded material was then ground and graded to obtain pellets with an average grain size of 3 mm. Using these pellets in an injecting molding, machine, moldings in the shape of the wristwatch case were manufactured by metal injection molding (MIM). The moldings were made with consideration for shrinkage in the debindering process and during sintering. Molding conditions during injection molding were a 40° C. mold temperature, 80 kgf/cm 2  injection pressure, 20 second injection time, and 40 second cooling time. Next, a debindering process was applied to the molding using a degreasing oven to obtain a degreased molding. For the debindering process the molding was left in a 1×10 −3  Torr argon gas atmosphere at 80° C. for 1 hour, and then raised to 400° C. at 10° C./hour. Sample weight was measured during the heat treatment to find the point at which weight loss ended as the debindering completion point. The resulting degreased molding was then sintered in a sintering oven to obtain the base material. Sintering was accomplished by heating in a 1×10 −5  to 1×10 −6  Torr argon gas atmosphere at 900 to 1100° C. for 6 hours.  
     [0343] The base material thus obtained was then cut in the necessary places and polished, and the base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0344] A primary coat of TiN and a film of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (96.2 wt % Au, 1.94 wt % Pd, 1.72 wt % Fe, 0.14 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of this base material as follows.  
     [0345] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a primary coat of TiN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0346] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0347] The average thickness of the formed primary coat and film was 1.0 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively. The thickness of the primary coat and film was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0348] (Embodiment 11)  
     [0349] A decorative article (wristwatch case (body)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0350] First, a base material having the shape of a wristwatch case (body) was manufactured by casting using stainless steel (SUS 444), and then after cutting at the necessary places a mirror finish was applied by diamond polishing. This base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned by alkali electrolytic dipping degreasing for 30 seconds, followed by neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0351] A first primary coat of Au—Fe was then formed on the surface of the mirror-finished side of this base material. The first primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 40° C. bath temperature and 1.0 A/dm 2  current density for 12 minutes. The average thickness of the first primary coat formed this way was 1 μm. The base material on which the first primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0352] A second primary coat of ZrN and a film of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (88.2 wt % Au, 9.25 wt % Pd, 1.32 wt % Fe, 1.23 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of the cleaned first primary coat as follows.  
     [0353] First, the base material on which the first primary coat was formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Zr inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a primary coat of ZrN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during second primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0354] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the second primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0355] The average thickness of the formed second primary coat and film was 1.0 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively.  
     [0356] (Embodiment 11)  
     [0357] A decorative article (wristwatch dial) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0358] First, a base material in the shape of a wristwatch dial was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), and then cut at the necessary places and polished. This base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0359] A first primary coat of Au—Fe was then formed on the surface of the base material. The first primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 40° C. bath temperature and 1.0 A/dm 2  current density for 24 minutes. The average thickness of the first primary coat formed this way was 2.0 μm. The base material on which the first primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by. alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0360] A second primary coat of CrN and a film of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (88.7 wt % Au, 1.93 wt % Pd, 7.01 wt % Fe, 2.36 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of the cleaned first primary coat as follows.  
     [0361] First, the base material on which the first primary coat was formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Cr inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a primary coat of CrN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during second primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0362] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the second primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0363] The average thickness of the formed second primary coat and film was 10 μm and 1.0 μm, respectively.  
     [0364] (Embodiment 13)  
     [0365] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0366] First, a base material of aluminum having the shape of a wristwatch case was made by casting, then cut in the required places and polished. The surface of the base material was then brushed by polishing with #180 emery. The brushed base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0367] A first primary coat of Ti, a second primary coat of TiN, and a film of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (87.6 wt % Au, 1.76 wt % Pd, 1.55 wt % Fe, 9.09 wt % In) were then formed on the surface on the brushed side of this base material as follows.  
     [0368] First, the cleaned base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam and deposited on the base material surface (ion plating) to form the first primary coat. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a second primary coat of TiN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during second primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0369] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the second primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0370] The average thickness of the formed first primary coat, second primary coat, and film was 1.0 μm, 0.5 μm, and 0.5 μm, respectively.  
     [0371] (Embodiment 14)  
     [0372] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0373] First, a base material of Ni having the shape of a wristwatch case was made by casting, then cut in the required places and polished. The surface of the base material was then brushed by polishing with #180 emery.  
     [0374] A first primary coat of Ni was then formed on the surface of the brushed base material. The first primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 60° C. bath temperature and 3 A/dm 2  current density for 10 minutes. The average thickness of the first primary coat formed this way was 5.0 μm. The base material on which the first primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0375] A second primary coat of Pd was then formed on the surface of the first primary coat. The second primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 48° C. bath temperature and 0.4 A/dm 2  current density for 18 minutes. The average thickness of the second primary coat formed this way was 2.0 μm. The base material on which the first primary coat and second primary coat were formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water-wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0376] An Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy film (91.3 wt % Au, 1.96 wt % Pd, 1.70 wt % Fe, 5.04 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of the second primary coat.  
     [0377] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0378] First, the base material on which the first primary coat and second primary coat were formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min.  
     [0379] The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm.  
     [0380] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0381] First, a base material of stainless steel (SUS 444) having the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was made by casting, then cut in the required places and polished. The surface of the base material was then brushed by polishing with #180 emery.  
     [0382] A first primary coat of Au—Fe was then formed on the surface of the brushed base material. The first primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 40° C. bath temperature and 1.0 A/dm 2  current density for 12 minutes. The average thickness of the first primary coat formed this way was 1.0 μm. The base material on which the first primary coat was formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0383] A second primary coat of Ti, a third primary coat of TiN, and a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy film (90.2 wt % Au, 2.36 wt % Pd, 2.11 wt % Fe, 5.33 wt % In) were then formed on the surface of the first primary coat by a method such as described below.  
     [0384] First, the base material on which the first primary coat was formed was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam and deposited on the surface of the first primary coat (ion plating) to form the second primary coat.  
     [0385] The argon gas supply was the n-stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a third primary coat of TiN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during third primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0386] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the third primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0387] The average thickness of the formed second primary coat, third primary coat, and film was 1.0 μm 1.0 μm, and 0.5 μm, respectively.  
     [0388] (Embodiments 16, 17)  
     [0389] Decorative articles were manufactured in the same way as in the fifteenth embodiment except for changing the alloy composition of the formed film as shown in Table 2. by changing the composition of the Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy used as one of the targets.  
     [0390] (Embodiment 18)  
     [0391] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying,surface processing as described below.  
     [0392] First, a base material having the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), then cut in the required places and polished. The surface of the base material was then satinized. Satinizing was done by blasting the base material surface with glass beads at a pressure of 2 kg/cm 2 . The satinized base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned first by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds followed by neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0393] A first primary coat of Cu was then formed on the surface of the satinized base material. The first primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 30° C. bath temperature and 3.0 A/dm 2  current density for 10 minutes. The average thickness of the first primary coat formed this way was 10 μm.  
     [0394] A second primary coat of Pd was then formed on the surface of the first primary coat. The second primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 48° C. bath temperature and 0.4 A/dm 2  current density for 18 minutes. The average thickness of the second primary coat formed this way was 2.0 μm. The base material on which the first primary coat and second primary coat were formed was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0395] A third primary coat of TiN, and a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy film (89.3 wt % Au, 2.11 wt % Pd, 2.03 wt % Fe, 6.56 wt % In) were then formed on the surface of the base material on which the first primary coat and second primary coat were built up as described below.  
     [0396] First, the base material on which the first primary coat and second primary coat were built up was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min.  
     [0397] The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. Next, the argon gas supply was stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a third primary coat of TiN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during third primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0398] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the third primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0399] The average thickness of the formed third primary coat and film was 0.5 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively.  
     [0400] (Embodiments 19, 20)  
     [0401] Decorative articles were manufactured in the same way as in the eighteenth embodiment except for changing the alloy composition of the formed film as shown in Table 2 by changing the composition of the Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy used as one of the targets.  
     [0402] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0403] First, a base material of stainless steel (SUS 444) having the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was made by casting, then cut in the required places and polished. The surface of the base material was then brushed by polishing with #180 emery. The brushed base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0404] A first primary coat of TiN, a second primary coat of TiCN, a third primary coat of TiCNO, and a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy film (91.7 wt % Au, 3.16 wt % Pd, 1.28 wt % Fe, 3.86 wt % In) were then formed on the surface on the brushed side of the base material by a method such as described below.  
     [0405] First, the cleaned base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr. In this state the Ti inside the chamber was ionized using an electron beam. The argon gas supply was then stopped and was replaced by introducing nitrogen gas to the chamber to form a first primary coat of TiN by an ARE method (Vickers hardness: 2000). The nitrogen gas flow during third primary coat formation was 160 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0406] A C 2 H 2  gas was then introduced to the chamber from this state, and a second primary coat of TiCN was formed by an ARE method. During second primary coat formation nitrogen gas flow was 186 ml/mm and C 2 H 2  gas flow was 20 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0407] O 2  gas was then introduced to the chamber from this state to form the third primary coat of TiCNO by an ARE method. During third primary coat formation nitrogen gas flow was 9 ml/mm, C 2 H 2  gas flow was 79 ml/mm, and O 2  gas flow was 31 ml/mm at a pressure of 5×10 −4  Torr.  
     [0408] The target was then dissolved and vapor deposited (vacuum deposited) by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy on the surface of the third primary coat and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target.  
     [0409] The average thickness of the formed first primary coat, second primary coat, third primary coat, and film was 0.5 μm, 0.3 μm, 0.2 μm, and 0.5 μm, respectively.  
     [0410] (Embodiment 22)  
     [0411] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0412] First, a base material having the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), then cut in the required places and polished. The surface of the base material was then satinized. Satinizing was done by blasting the base material surface with glass beads at a pressure of 2 kg/cm 2 . The satinized base material was then cleaned. The base material was cleaned first by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds followed by neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0413] A first primary coat of Cu was then formed on the surface of the satinized base material. The first primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 30° C. bath temperature and 3.0 A/dm 2  current density for 5 minutes. The average thickness of the first primary coat formed this way was 5.0 μm.  
     [0414] A second primary coat of Cu—Sn was then formed on the surface of the first primary coat. The second primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 45° C. bath temperature and 2 A/dm 2  current density for 3 minutes. The average thickness of the second primary coat formed this way was 1.5 μm.  
     [0415] A third primary coat of Pd was then formed on the surface of the second primary coat. The third, primary coat was formed by wet plating using a 48° C. bath temperature and 0.4 A/dm 2  current density for 18 minutes. The average thickness of the third primary coat formed this way was 2.0 μm. The base material on which the first to third primary coats were built up was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0416] A Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy film (91.9 wt % Au, 2.05 wt % Pd, 1.85 wt % Fe, 4.2 wt % In) was then formed on the surface of the washed third primary coat.  
     [0417] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0418] First, the base material on which the first to third primary coats were built up was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, and in this state the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy and obtain the decorative article. The targets were a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target and an In target. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm.  
     [0419] (Embodiment 23)  
     [0420] A decorative article was manufactured in the same way as in the twenty-second embodiment except for removing part of the film formed on the surface of the third primary coat as described below.  
     [0421] First, a mask was formed to a specific shape on part of the surface of the film. The mask was formed by brushing on a rubber resin to cover part of the film surface, and was then dried for 30 minutes at 180 to 200° C. The average thickness of the mask thus formed was 500 μm.  
     [0422] The film was then removed in the parts not covered by the mask. The film was removed by dipping in a liquid state stripping agent. An aqueous solution containing 50 g/liter potassium cyanide was used as the stripping agent. The temperature of the stripping agent and dipping time in the stripping agent in this process were 30° C. and 10 minutes, respectively. Ultrasonic vibration at 28 kHz was also applied to the stripping agent during this process.  
     [0423] The mask was then removed by dipping in a mask removal agent consisting of a halogen compound solvent and a ketone solvent. The temperature of the mask removal agent and dipping time in the mask removal agent in this process were 30° C. and 30 minutes, respectively. Ultrasonic vibration at 28 kHz was also applied to the mask removal agent during this process.  
     [0424] Except for using a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target, an In target, and an Sn target as the targets for vacuum deposition, and forming a film of an alloy composition containing 92.3 wt % Au, 2.03 wt % Pd, 1.13 wt % Fe, 0.58 wt % Sn, and 3.96 wt % In, a decorative article was manufactured in the same way as in embodiment 22. The average thickness of the formed film was 0.5 μm. The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0425] (Comparison 1)  
     [0426] A decorative article (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0427] First, a base material in the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), and then cut at the necessary places and polished. This base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0428] A film formed from a Au—Pd—Fe alloy (96.3 wt % Au, 2.01 wt % Pd, 1.69 wt % Fe) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the base material.  
     [0429] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0430] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 m/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating in this state using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Pd—Fe alloy and obtain the decorative article. The target was a Au—Pd—Fe alloy target. The average thickness of the formed film was 1.0 μm. The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0431] (Comparison 2)  
     [0432] A decorative article was manufactured in the same was as in the above comparison 1 except that the film formed on the surface of the base material was made from a Au—Pd—In alloy (93.1 wt % Au, 4.13 wt % Pd, 2.77 wt % In). The target was a Au—Pd—In alloy target.  
     [0433] (Comparison 3)  
     [0434] A decorative article was manufactured in the same was as in the above comparison 1 except that the film formed on the surface of the base material was made from a Au—Fe—In alloy (93.0 wt % Au, 2.88 wt % Fe, 4.12 wt % In). The target was a Au—Fe—In alloy target.  
     [0435] (Comparison 4)  
     [0436] A decorative article was manufactured in the same was as in the above comparison 1 except that the film formed on the surface of the base material was made from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (83.7 wt % Au, 11.1 wt % Pd, 0.74 wt % Fe, 4.46 wt % In). The target was a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy target.  
     [0437] (Comparison 5)  
     [0438] A decorative article was manufactured in the same was as in the above comparison 1 except that the film formed on the surface of the base material was made from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (85.6 wt % Au, 1.24 wt % Pd, 9.5 wt % Fe, 3.66 wt % In). The target was a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy target.  
     [0439] (Comparison 6)  
     [0440] A decorative article was manufactured in the same was as in the above comparison 1 except that the film formed on the surface of the base material was made from a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy (85.4 wt % Au, 1.25 wt % Pd, 1.15 wt % Fe, 12.2 wt % In). The target was a Au—Pd—Fe—In alloy target.  
     [0441] (Comparison 7)  
     [0442] A decorative article, (wristwatch case (back cover)) was manufactured by applying surface processing as described below.  
     [0443] First, a base material in the shape of a wristwatch case (back cover) was manufactured by casting using a Cu—Zn alloy (alloy composition: 60 wt % Cu, 40 wt % Zn), and then cut at the necessary places and polished. This base material was then cleaned. Cleaning was done by alkali electrolytic degreasing for 30 seconds followed by alkali dipping degreasing for 30 seconds. Then followed neutralization for 10 seconds, water-wash for 10 seconds, and a de-mineralized water wash for 10 seconds.  
     [0444] A film formed from a Au—Ag—Cu alloy (58.5 wt % Au, 24.0 wt % Ag, 17.5 wt % Cu) was then formed on the cleaned surface of the base material.  
     [0445] The film was formed by vacuum deposition as described below.  
     [0446] First, the base material was fixed in the chamber and then, while preheating the chamber, the chamber pressure was vented (reduced) to 2×10 −5  Torr. The chamber was then further vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr and a bombarding process run for 5 minutes with an argon gas flow of 470 ml/min. The chamber was then vented (reduced) to 2×10 −6  Torr, the target was dissolved and vapor deposited by resistance heating in this state using a tungsten board to form a film composed of a Au—Ag—Cu alloy and obtain the decorative article. The target was a Au—Ag—Cu alloy target. The average thickness of the formed film was 1.0 μm. The film thickness was measured by the JIS H 5821 microscope cross-sectional test method.  
     [0447] The conditions used in the surface processing methods in each of the embodiments and comparisons are shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 of the Appendix.  
     [0448] 2. Evaluating Decorative Article Appearance  
     [0449] The color tone of the decorative articles manufactured in each of the embodiments and comparisons described above was measured using a spectrophotometer (Minolta, CM-2022) and evaluated according to the following standards.  
     [0450] Acceptable (O): if in the L*a*b* color chart defined in JIS Z8729 a*=3.0 to 2.0 and b*=19 to 25.  
     [0451] Unacceptable (X): if in the L*a*b* color chart defined in JIS Z8729 a*=−3.0 to 2.0 but b* is not in the range of 19 to 25.  
     [0452] The light source of the spectrophotometer was D 65  defined in JIS Z8720; measurements were taken at a 2° viewing angle.  
     [0453] The color chart obtained from these measurements is shown in FIG. 6. The results from decorative articles according to the present invention (embodiments 1 to 24) are denoted with a solid bullet () in FIG. 6, and decorative articles from the comparisons (comparisons 1 to 7) are denoted with a solid triangle (▴).  
     [0454] 3. Long-Term Stability Evaluation of the Film  
     [0455] The color tone of the decorative articles manufactured in each of the embodiments and comparisons described above was measured using a spectrophotometer (Minolta, CM-2022) and evaluated according to the above standards after storage for 90 days at normal temperature (25° C.), normal pressure, and 70% humidity.  
     [0456] 4. Oxidation Resistance Evaluation of the Decorative Articles  
     [0457] The color tone of the decorative articles manufactured in each of the embodiments and comparisons described above was measured using a spectrophotometer (Minolta, CM-2022) and evaluated according to the above standards after exposure to a normal pressure atmosphere at 200° C. for 8 hours.  
     [0458] 5. Chemical Resistance Evaluation of the Decorative Articles  
     [0459] Chemical resistance of the decorative articles manufactured in each of the embodiments and comparisons described above was evaluated after an air exposure test as shown below.  
     [0460] Artificial perspiration was placed in a desiccator and left at 40° C. for 24 hours. The decorative articles were then placed in the desiccator and left at 40° C. The decorative articles were placed so that they were not immersed in the artificial perspiration. After 24 hours the decorative articles were removed from the desiccator, and the color tone of the film was measured using a spectrophotometer (Minolta, CM-2022) and evaluated according to the above standards.  
     [0461] The results are shown in Table 4 in the Appendix.  
     [0462] As will be understood from Table 4, each of the decorative articles manufactured using the surface processing method of the present invention has a color close to color 1N-14 defined by CEN standard EN 28654, and has an exceptionally beautiful appearance.  
     [0463] Furthermore, the decorative articles manufactured using the surface processing method of the present invention have excellent long-term stability, oxidation resistance, and chemical resistance. It will be appreciated from these results that a decorative article according to the present invention can retain an exceptionally beautiful appearance for a long time. Furthermore, decorative articles having a primary coat that functions as a buffer layer have particularly exceptional corrosion resistance. In addition, decorative articles in which the primary coat in contact with the film is composed of a material containing Pd (embodiments 14, 22, 23, 24) offer particularly exceptional oxidation resistance. This is believed to be because the primary coat made of a material containing Pd effectively prevents the diffusion of constituent materials (particularly Au) in the film.  
     [0464] Furthermore, all of the decorative articles manufactured using the surface processing method of the present invention have an excellent feel free of any sense of coarseness.  
     [0465] Furthermore, a film having the desired composition and characteristics can be easily formed by using a dry plating method using multiple targets of different metal compositions.  
     [0466] By comparison, a decorative article having a film with a color close to color 1N-14 defined by CEN standard EN 28654 cannot be achieved with the surface processing methods of comparisons 1 to 5. Furthermore, the long-term stability, oxidation resistance, and chemical resistance of the decorative articles manufactured using the surface processing methods of comparisons 4, 5, and 6 were particularly poor.  
     [0467] Furthermore, the decorative article manufactured using the surface processing methods of comparisons 6 and 7 were close to color 1N-14 defined by CEN standard EN 28654, but the long-term stability, oxidation resistance, and chemical resistance were poor.  
     [0468] [Effects of the Invention] 
     [0469] As described above, decorative articles and timepieces having a whitish gold color and exceptionally beautiful appearance can be manufactured easily and quickly by means of the present invention.  
     [0470] In particular, decorative articles and timepieces having a color close to color 1N-14 defined by CEN standard EN 28654 can be manufactured easily and quickly.  
     [0471] Furthermore, decorative articles and timepieces according to the present invention have excellent long-term stability, oxidation resistance, and chemical resistance, and can retain an exceptionally beautiful appearance for a long time.  
     [0472] Furthermore, a film having the desired composition and characteristics can be easily formed by using a dry plating method using multiple targets of different metal compositions.  
     [0473] Furthermore, decorative articles having a complicated shape can be easily manufactured by, for example, selecting the constituent materials of the base material, and the weight and manufacturing cost of the decorative articles and timepieces can be reduced.  
     [0474] While the invention has been described in connection with many specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, many further alternatives, modifications, variations and applications will be apparent to those skilled in the art that in light of the foregoing description. Thus, the invention described herein is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, variations and applications as may fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.