Patent Publication Number: US-11388174-B2

Title: System and method for securing a communication channel

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/IL2017/050255, International Filing Date Feb. 28, 2017, entitled “System and Method for Securing a Communication Channel”, published on Sep. 8, 2017 as International Patent Publication No. WO 2017/149537, claiming the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/301,231, filed Feb. 29, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to security and authentication. More specifically, the present invention relates to identifying and authenticating entities. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Protecting and securing information communicated between computing devices is a requirement that is well acknowledged by the computing industry. As known in the art, an attacker that gains access to sensitive or personal data may cause extreme damage. The need to authenticate devices is critical in enforcing security of information. 
     Known systems and methods use encryption to secure and protect communicated data and credentials (e.g., user name and password) to authenticate devices or users. However, known systems and methods suffer from a few drawbacks. For example, some systems and methods use a certificate authority that, if hacked, may fail to provide security. Other examples may be a hacker who obtains credentials such as user name and password and can use the credentials to authenticate himself to a computer, device or system, an eavesdropper who manages to obtain an encryption key can decrypt encrypted data, and an adversary or malicious entity who manages to capture one or more decrypted messages may decipher the encrypted messages. 
     For example, some known systems and methods use a public key infrastructure (PKI) that includes a set of rules and procedures used to create and distribute digital certificates that are used to authenticate, or confirm identities of, parties involved in a communication. Specifically, a registration authority (RA) accepts requests for digital certificates and authenticates entities. 
     Accordingly, PKI based systems and methods do not scale easily since the load on an RA increases as the number of devices in a system grows. For example, known systems and methods are unable to meet challenges introduced by the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems where extremely large numbers of devices need to be authenticated. 
     Yet another drawback is the fact that, if a key issued by an RA to sign certificates is stolen or otherwise obtained by a hacker, then all certificates of the RA are immediately rendered useless. Further aggravating the problem associated with known systems and methods is the fact that an RA is a single point of failure. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An embodiment for validating an entity may include obtaining, by at least a first system, a set of entity details related to the entity; associating with the entity, by the first system, a first trust level based on at least some of the entity details; and validating the entity based on the first trust level. An embodiment may create a record for the entity, may include in the record entity details and may provide the record to the at least first system. 
     An embodiment may include associating, by a first system, a first set of trust levels with a respective set of entity details, associating, by a second system, a second set of trust levels with the set of entity details; and validating the entity based on the first and second sets of trust levels. 
     Entity details for an entity may include contact details and an embodiment may include selecting, based on a trust level, a first and second contact details; selecting, based on the first and second contact details, a respective first and second communication channels; and validating the entity by communicating with the entity over the first and second communication channels. Entity details may be time-stamped and associating the entity with a trust level may be based on time-stamps of entity details. 
     An embodiment may recalculate a trust level based on at least one of: a command, an event and a timer. An embodiment may receive from a registering entity, entity details related to the registering entity; may provide the entity details to at least one of first system and second systems; and may associate the registering entity with a trust level based on at least one trust level received from at least one of the first and second systems. An embodiment may provide the at least first system with a reference for verifying an entity detail. An embodiment may associate an entity with a trust level based on input from the entity. 
     An embodiment may include receiving a request to search for an entity; sending one or more details related to the searched entity to at least one of the first system and a second system; and receiving from the at least one of the first and second systems information including at least one of: a detail and a trust level related to the searched entity. An embodiment may automatically obtain entity details related to the entity; and automatically, by a validation unit adapted to communicate with at least one of the first system and a second system, validate the entity. An embodiment may automatically crosscheck entity details obtained from a plurality of sources to determine a trust level of an entity detail. 
     An embodiment may associate an entity with a device based on receiving, from at least a first system, a confirmation that a current activity of the entity is related to the device. At least some of the entity details may include contact details for contacting the entity over at least two platforms and wherein validating the entity includes contacting the entity using the at least at least two platforms. 
     An embodiment may identify an entity by providing at least one of first and second values to a respective at least one of first and second devices; providing the entity, by at least one of the first and second devices, with the at least one of first and second values; and using the at least one of first and second values, by the entity, to identify the entity to an identifying entity. The first and a second devices may be identified by an embodiment prior to providing the at least a first and second values to the first and second devices. An entity may be identified to the first and second devices prior to providing the first and second values to the entity. An embodiment may include directly providing a first value, by an authenticating entity, to the entity; and providing a second value, by one of first and second devices, to the entity. If an entity is identified by an identifying entity then an embodiment may include at least one of: registering, enlisting and enrolling the entity with at least one of: a network, a platform, a server, a service and an application. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting examples of embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to figures attached hereto that are listed following this paragraph. Identical features that appear in more than one figure are generally labeled with a same label in all the figures in which they appear. A label labeling an icon representing a given feature of an embodiment of the invention in a figure may be used to reference the given feature. Dimensions of features shown in the figures are chosen for convenience and clarity of presentation and are not necessarily shown to scale. 
       The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanied drawings. Some embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate corresponding, analogous or similar elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows high-level block diagram of a computing device according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an overview of a system according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is an overview of a system according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4A  shows a flow chart of a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4B  shows a system and flows according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  shows a flow chart of a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  shows a flow chart of a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  shows a flow chart of a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 8  shows a system and flows according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     It will be appreciated that, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn accurately or to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity, or several physical components may be included in one functional block or element. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components, modules, units and/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Some features or elements described with respect to one embodiment may be combined with features or elements described with respect to other embodiments. For the sake of clarity, discussion of same or similar features or elements may not be repeated. 
     Although some embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard, discussions utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “establishing”, “analyzing”, “checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) of a computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or other electronic computing device, that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer&#39;s registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer&#39;s registers and/or memories or other information non-transitory storage medium that may store instructions to perform operations and/or processes. Although some embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard, the terms “plurality” and “a plurality” as used herein may include, for example, “multiple” or “two or more”. The terms “plurality” or “a plurality” may be used throughout the specification to describe two or more components, devices, elements, units, parameters, or the like. The term set when used herein may include one or more items. Unless explicitly stated, the method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a particular order or sequence. Additionally, some of the described method embodiments or elements thereof can occur or be performed simultaneously, at the same point in time, or concurrently. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 1 , showing a high-level block diagram of a system or computing device according to some embodiments of the present invention. Computing device  100  may include a controller  105  that may be, for example, a central processing unit processor (CPU), a chip or any suitable computing or computational device, an operating system  115 , a memory  120  that may include executable code  125 , generated values  126 , known values  127  and secret values  128 . As shown, computing device  100  may include or be operatively connected to storage system  130 , input devices  135  and output devices  140 . As shown, storage system  130  may include configuration data  133 . 
     Controller  105  (or one or more controllers or processors, possibly across multiple units or devices) may be configured to carry out methods described herein, and/or to execute or act as the various modules, units, etc. More than one computing device  100  may be included in, and one or more computing devices  100  may be, or act as the components of, a system according to some embodiments of the invention. Controller  105  may be or may include a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable hardware. 
     Operating system  115  may be or may include any code segment (e.g., one similar to executable code  125  described herein) designed and/or configured to perform tasks involving coordination, scheduling, arbitration, supervising, controlling or otherwise managing operation of computing device  100 , for example, scheduling execution of software programs or enabling software programs or other modules or units to communicate. Operating system  115  may be a commercial operating system, e.g., Windows, Linux, Android and the like. 
     Memory  120  may be or may include, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a double data rate (DDR) memory chip, a Flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, a buffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or other suitable memory units or storage units. Memory  120  may be or may include a plurality of, possibly different memory units. Memory  120  may be a computer or processor non-transitory readable medium, or a computer non-transitory storage medium, e.g., a RAM 
     Each of generated values  126 , known values  127  and secret values  128  may be, or may include, a number, a value, a code, a set of numbers or values, a string (e.g., one or more characters, for example, represented using their respective American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) code or value) or any digital object that includes or represents a value, e.g., an object or memory segment the size of 32, 64 or 128 bits. Known values  127  may be, or may be calculated based on, a value that is known to, or included in, a device, e.g., a serial number embedded in a ROM and printed on the back of a network hub, a value entered by a user, etc. 
     Any number of known values  127  may be included in a device, module or unit (e.g., in a security enforcement unit as described herein). For example, several known values  127  such as a serial number, the manufacture date and time and/or identification (ID) code of an appliance may be known to, or included in, an appliance (e.g., stored in ROM) and known to, or included in, a user&#39;s smartphone (e.g., entered by the user). 
     Generated values  126  may be, or may include, a value generated and stored, in a device, by a user and/or manufacturer or it may be randomly generated by a device as described herein, e.g., generated values  126  may be randomly selected and/or generated by computing device  100  or it may be randomly selected and/or generated by a remote device and provided to computing device  100 . Any number of generated values  126  may be (and typically are) included in a device, module or unit (e.g., in a security enforcement unit as described herein). 
     For example, one or more generated values  126  may be generated for each new communication channel, or session, between computing device  100  and a remote device or one or more generated values  126  may be generated once per device, e.g., upon a first or initial communication with a remote device and/or during a process of authenticating a remote device. Secret values  128  may be calculated, defined and/or determined based on one or more generated values  126  and/or one or more known values  127 . 
     Randomly generating a value or number as referred to herein may be, or may include, generating a value or number that cannot be reasonably predicted, e.g., as done for lottery games or by a random-number generator (RNG) as known in the art. 
     Generated values  126 , known values  127  and secret values  128  may be complex values, numbers, codes or objects, for example generated values  126  and/or known values  127  may be, may represent or may include, a pair of values that represent a point (x i , y i ) on a polynomial p(x). For example, using predefined logic or function, a value in a barcode may be used to calculate a set of (x i , y i ) values or points and the set may be stored in one or more of known values  127 . 
     Executable code  125  may be any executable code, e.g., an application, a program, a process, task or script. Executable code  125  may be executed by controller  105  possibly under control of operating system  115 . For example, executable code  125  may be an application that secures a communication channel and/or authenticates a remote device as further described herein. Embedded in memory  120 , executable code  125  may be firmware as known in the art. 
     Although, for the sake of clarity, a single item of executable code  125  is shown in  FIG. 1 , a system according to some embodiments of the invention may include a plurality of executable code segments similar to executable code  125  that may be loaded into memory  120  and cause controller  105  to carry out methods described herein. For example, units or modules described herein (e.g., security enforcement unit  211  described herein) may be, or may include, controller  105 , memory  120  and executable code  125 . 
     For example, the components shown in  FIG. 2 , e.g., security enforcement units  211 ,  221  and  231  as further described herein may be, or may include components of, computing device  100 , e.g., include a controller  105 , a memory  120  and executable code  125 . For example, by executing executable code  125  stored in memory  120 , controller  105 , e.g., when included in a security enforcement unit as described, may be configured to carry out a method of enforcing security by for example, executing software or code stored in memory  120 . For example, included in a security enforcement unit in a first device, controller  105  may be configured to obtain a first value that may also be obtained by a remote (or second) device; randomly select a second value and send the second value to the remote device; use the first and second values to define a third value; and use the third value to secure a communication channel with the remote (or second) device and/or use the third value to authenticate the remote device. 
     Storage system  130  may be or may include, for example, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive, a universal serial bus (USB) device or other suitable removable and/or fixed storage unit. Content may be stored in storage system  130  and may be loaded from storage system  130  into memory  120  where it may be processed by controller  105 . In some embodiments, some of the components shown in  FIG. 1  may be omitted. For example, included in a network hub, a smartphone, cellular phone, or in a wearable device, memory  120  may be a non-volatile memory or a non-transitory storage medium having the storage capacity of storage system  130 . Accordingly, although shown as a separate component, storage system  130  may be embedded or included in memory  120 . 
     Input devices  135  may be or may include a mouse, a keyboard, a touch screen or pad or any suitable input device. It will be recognized that any suitable number of input devices may be operatively connected to computing device  100  as shown by block  135 . Output devices  140  may include one or more displays or monitors, speakers and/or any other suitable output devices. It will be recognized that any suitable number of output devices may be operatively connected to computing device  100  as shown by block  140 . Any applicable input/output (I/O) devices may be connected to computing device  100  as shown by blocks  135  and  140 . For example, any one or more of a wired or wireless network interface card (NIC); a WiFi or Bluetooth component or chip; a universal serial bus (USB) device; or an external hard drive may be included in, or connected to computing device  100  by, input devices  135  and/or output devices  140 . 
     A system according to some embodiments of the invention may include components such as, but not limited to, a plurality of central processing units (CPU) or any other suitable multi-purpose or specific processors or controllers (e.g., controllers similar to controller  105 ), a plurality of input units, a plurality of output units, a plurality of memory units, and a plurality of storage units. A system may additionally include other suitable hardware components and/or software components. In some embodiments, a system may include or may be, for example, a personal or laptop computer, a server computer, a network device, a smartphone, smartwatch or other mobile device, an IoT device or object, or any other suitable computing device. An IoT device may include any component or system enabling the IoT device to communicate over a network (e.g., over the internet or over a WiFi or Bluetooth network). For example, an IoT device may be designed or adapted to communicate with remote devices using the internet protocol (IP). Accordingly, a system as described herein may include any number of devices such as computing device  100 . 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 2 , an overview of a system  200  according to some embodiments of the present invention. As shown, system  200  may include a security enforcement unit (SEU)  211  that may be, or may be included in, computing device  210 . Computing device  210  may be, or may include components of, computing device  100 . For example, computing device  210  may be a laptop, a server, a smartphone, a smartwatch or another wearable or mobile device and SEU  211  may be or may include: memory  120 ; executable code  125 ; and controller  105 . 
     As further shown, system  200  may include a network device  220  that may include an SEU  221 , for example, network device  220  may be a network hub, network router or any other device connected to a network. For example, network device  220  may be a device connected to an in-house network, e.g., a local and/or secured WiFi network, a private IP network and the like. 
     As further shown, system  200  may include edge device  240  that may include an SEU  241 , for example, edge device  240  may be an IoT device or any other device connected to a network. Server  230  may be a network server as known in the art and may include an SEU  231  as shown. 
     For the sake of clarity, only one server  230 , one computing device  210 , one network device  220  and one edge device  240  are shown in  FIG. 2 , however, it will be understood that any (possibly large) number of servers  230 , computing devices  210 , network devices  220  and edge devices  240  may be included in system  200 . For example, system  200  may include or connect several servers  230  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 3 ), several computing devices  210  (e.g., a laptop, a smartphone or a server), a plurality of network devices  220 , e.g., several network hubs and any number of edge devices  240  such as IoT or other edge devices, e.g., IoT devices or units in a washing machine, a climate control system and an insulin pump. Each of devices  220 ,  240  and server  230  and/or SEUs  211 ,  221 ,  231  and  241  may be, or may include components of, computing device  100  as described with respect to computing device  210 , it will therefore be understood that any function, operation or logic performed by one SEU as described herein may be performed by other SEUs. 
     Each of SEUs  211 ,  221  and  231  may be, or may include components of, computing device  100 , it will be understood that any function, operation or logic performed by one of these SEUs as described herein may be performed by other SEUs. 
     Network  250  may be, may comprise or may be part of a private or public IP network, or the internet, or a combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, network  250  may be, comprise or be part of a global system for mobile communications (GSM) network. For example, network  250  may include or comprise an IP network such as the internet, a GSM related network and any equipment for bridging or otherwise connecting such networks as known in the art. In addition, network  250  may be, may comprise or be part of an integrated services digital network (ISDN), a public switched telephone network (PSTN), a public or private data network, a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireline or wireless network, a local, regional, or global communication network, a satellite communication network, a cellular communication network, any combination of the preceding and/or any other suitable communication means. Accordingly, numerous elements of network  250  are implied but not shown, e.g., access points, base stations, communication satellites, GPS satellites, routers, telephone switches, etc. It will be recognized that embodiments of the invention are not limited by the nature of network  250 . 
     Out-of-band channels  260  may be, or may include, a direct line of site (e.g., enabling a user to read a code printed on a device), a Short Message Service (SMS) message sent from a trusted person, a push notification or message from a server, a conversational exchange between one or more people, e.g. a verbal conversation, a conversation via telephone, electronic mail (email) and the like. It will be understood that, where applicable, an out-band-channel may be established between any two entities or devices included in an embodiment, and that not all possible out-of-band channels are shown in  FIG. 2 , e.g., although it may be established, an out-of-band channel between computing device  210  and server  230  is not shown. 
     In-band channels  279  may be, or may include, a network connection or channel, e.g., in-band channels  279  may be one or more of: a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection; a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) session; or a sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets over network  250 . For example and as shown, an in-band channel may be established between server  230  and network device  220  or between server  230  and computing device  210  (e.g., over network  250  that may include the internet) and/or between computing device  210  and network device  220 , for example, a TCP connection between computing device  210  and network device  220  may be established over a private or public IP network, e.g., over a network inside an organization or over the internet. It will be understood that not all possible in-band channels are shown in  FIG. 2 , e.g., although it may be established, an in-band channel between edge device  240  and computing device  210  is not shown. 
     An embodiment may provide, to at least two devices, a secret (e.g., one or more secret values  128  that may be used for encrypting data) without exposing the secret to any device other than the at least two devices, that is, an embodiment may make it impossible for any device other than the two devices to reveal the secret. For example, a secret may be revealed by the two devices using a first value that may be provided or known to, or obtained by, the two devices (e.g., one of known values  127 ) and a second value that may be randomly selected by one of the devices (e.g., one of generated values  126 ) wherein the first value is communicated or provided over a first channel (e.g., an out-of-band channel) and the second value is communicated or provided over a second channel (e.g., an in-band channel). 
     An embodiment may authenticate a first device by, or to, a second device in a manner that makes it impossible for any third or other device to obtain enough information that may enable the third or other device to be falsely authenticated. For example, a successful establishment of a secured channel between edge device  240  and network device  220  may cause edge device  240  to identify or mark network device  220  as an authenticated device. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 3 , an illustrative example of a system  300  according to some embodiments of the present invention. As shown, system  300  may include servers on the cloud  330 , an in-house network  360  and, in the in-house network  360 , a computing device and application  310 , a hub  323  and a set of edge devices  324 . 
     Cloud servers  330  may be similar to server  230 , edge devices  324  (that, as shown may include devices such as a refrigerator, air conditioning system and a washing machine) may be similar to edge device  240 , hub  323  may be similar to network device  220  and computing device and application  310  may be similar to computing device  210 . For example, each of servers  330 , hub  323 , device and application  310  and edge devices  324  may include a controller, memory and executable code as described with respect to computing device  100  and/or servers  330 , hub  323 , device and application  310  and edge devices  324  may include an SEU such as SEU  211 . 
     In some embodiments, pairing two devices for the first time may include using at least two communication channels, one of which may be an out-of-band communication channel (also referred to herein as out-of-band channel). Pairing devices may include authenticating the devices to one another and/or establishing a secured communication channel between the two devices. For example, when a new washing machine (edge device) that includes IoT capabilities as described herein is first connected to in-house network  360 , a user may use device  310  (e.g., a smartphone as shown in  FIG. 3 ) to obtain a value (e.g., a unique serial number) by scanning a barcode on the washing machine. 
     The value obtained by device  310  as described may be known to the washing machine, e.g., the unique serial number may be stored in ROM of an IoT component in the washing machine and/or in an SEU in the washing machine. Accordingly, possibly using an out-of-band channel, e.g., a line of site between a user of computing device  310  and the washing machine, a value in a barcode may be (or may be used to define, calculate or generate) a value that is known to the washing machine (a first device) and device  310  (a second device), for example, the value in the barcode may be stored as one of known values  127  in a smartphone and in the washing machine. 
     A second value may be known to the washing machine and smartphone (the two devices) in a similar way, e.g., a second value that is a unique ID of the washing machine may be generated and stored in a ROM of the washing machine (e.g., by a manufacturer) and may be displayed, by an SEU in the washing machine, on a control screen of the washing machine thus enabling a user to read and enter the second value into an SEU of device  310 . For example, the second known value may be stored as another one of known values  127  in SEUs in the washing machine and a smartphone. Accordingly, two out-of-band channels may be used in order to achieve a state where two devices have, store, include or possess a first and second values. It is noted that using an out-of-band channel for sharing at least one of the first and second values (also referred to herein as shares used for secret sharing) as described prevents devices connected to network  360  from knowing or having both the first and second values since at least one of these values is never communicated over a computer communication network. 
     In some cases, the first value may be shared using an out-of-band channel as described and the second value may be shared over a network, in-band connection or channel. For example, an SEU in smartphone  310  may randomly generate the second value and send the generated second value to the washing machine over network  360 , e.g., in a UDP packet. Of course, a device (e.g., a network sniffer) on network  360  may intercept the communication of the second value; however, as described herein, the second value may be useless without the first value. 
     In some embodiments, using a first and a second values (e.g., a known value  127  and a generated value  126 ) known to two devices, a secret may be revealed by, or known to, the two devices. For example, the secret may be a third value that may be calculated or determined based on the first and second values. For example, using one or more known values  127  and one or more generated values  126 , one or more secret values  128  may be calculated, derived or determined and may be stored in a memory as shown by secret values  128 . 
     An authentication may be based on one or more secret values  128 . For example, to authenticate the washing machine in the above example, an SEU in device  310  may, using one or more secret values  128  as an encryption key, encrypt a message (for which a respective specific response is expected) and send the encrypted message to the washing machine (e.g., to an SEU in the washing machine), if a response from the washing machine is as expected, then the SEU in device  310  may determine or conclude that the SEU in the washing machine knows, includes or has the secret and is therefore authenticated, e.g., since the SEU in the washing machine successfully decrypted the message, generated an expected response, and encrypted the response. An authentication of a device may be explicit, e.g., as described herein or it may be implicit, e.g., successful exchange of data that is encrypted using a secret value  128  may authenticate a device, e.g., the washing machine may be authenticated by a smartphone if it sends expected data or messages or correctly responds to messages. 
     As described, any number of generated values  126  may be used for defining or calculating one or more secret values  128 . For example, a secret value  128  may be the free coefficient of a polynomial or the highest coefficient of the polynomial (also referred to as the first and last coefficients of the polynomial). Accordingly, to determine or calculate a secret value  128 , an SEU may use several points on a curve representing the polynomial. 
     For example, a polynomial p(x) of degree K may be defined or represented by:
 
 p ( x )= S+a   1   *x+a   2   *x   2   + . . . a   k   *x   k   Equation 1
 
     In some embodiments, S and/or a k  in equation 1 may be treated and used as secret values  128 , e.g., S and/or a k  may be stored as secret values  128  and used for authentication and encryption, by SEUs, as described. In some embodiments, the coefficients a 1  . . . a k  of p(x) may be randomly chosen, e.g., by an SEU. A set of at least k+1 values (or inputs) for a set of x 0  . . . x k  may be randomly selected or chosen, e.g., by an SEU, and a respective set of values (or results or outputs) y i  may be calculated by y i =p(x i ). Accordingly, a set of pairs (x i ,y i ) for p(x) may be generated. A pair of values (x i , y i ) calculated for a polynomial as described may be referred to herein as a point on, or of the polynomial Using k+1 points of a polynomial of degree k, the polynomial can be constructed and S (or a 0 , the free coefficient) and/or a k  (the highest or last coefficient) can be revealed. For example, in order to construct the line equation p(x)=ax+b, 2 points (x 1 ,y 1 ) and (x 2 ,y 2 ) are required and sufficient and the two points enable determining the value of b. 
     For example, a first pair of(x i ,y i ) values of p(x) may be stored in a first generated value  126  in edge device  240  and in network device  220 , a second, different, pair of values (x i+1 ,y i+1 ) may additionally be stored in a second, different, generated value  126  of both edge device  240  and network device  220  and so on. Accordingly, each of edge device  240  and network device  220  may obtain, possess, store or include at least k+1 pairs, values or points of (or on) p(x), may therefore unambiguously identify or characterize p(x) and thus determine S and/or a k  in equation 1. 
     As described, a degree of p(x) may be predefined (e.g., hard coded or otherwise known to two or more SEUs). To increase security, in some embodiments, the degree of p(x) may be selected or set dynamically or automatically, e.g., a first device may randomly select the degree and inform the second device of the degree. In yet other embodiments, using a function or logic that takes into account, for example, the current date, current time or other dynamic value, two SEUs may determine the degree of p(x) that will be used. Once the degree of p(x) is known to two devices, the two devices may readily know the number of points that need to be shared as described. 
     In some embodiments, two or more devices may share the generation of values or points that define a polynomial. Moreover, in some embodiments, a polynomial p(x) needs not be defined, predefined or known in advance. For example, p(x) may be defined (and identified) based on a random set of points or pairs of (x i ,y i ) values that may be generated or selected by two devices. 
     For example, a set of at least k+1 of points (e.g., pairs of input and output values of the polynomial) for a polynomial may be randomly selected (e.g., some may be selected by a first device or entity, and some by another or second device or entity) and may be sent from one entity or device to another entity or device such that none of the devices on or along the routes that are used can obtain, capture, intercept or see k+1 or more points. It is noted that a subset of less than k+1 points is useless in determining, identifying or characterizing a polynomial of degree k, for example, one point (e.g., one set of (x i ,y i )) is insufficient or useless for determining, identifying or characterizing a polynomial p(x) of degree k=1 defined or characterized by a 0 +a 1 x since at least k+1 (2 in the case of k=1) points are required in order to define, determine, characterize or unambiguously identify polynomial of degree k. 
     For example, SEU  211  may randomly select a degree of six (k=6) for a polynomial and may further randomly select three (3) points, or pairs of input and output values of the polynomial, and send the degree and the three points to SEU  221 . SEU  221  may randomly select four (4) points or pairs and send the selected four points to SEU  211 . Thus, an embodiment achieves a state where SEU  211  and SEU  221  both have seven points for a polynomial of degree six and are therefore able to unambiguously identify, determine or characterize the polynomial and its coefficients (e.g., a 0 , a 1  and so on). As described, the points or pairs may be communicated between SEU  211  and SEU  221  over at least two different network routes, such that no single entity on, or connected to, network  250  (or any other network for that matter) can obtain k+1 pairs or points included in the set of at least k+1 pairs or points exchanged between a first and a second device as described. 
     Routes, links, connections and/or channels as described herein may be logical, physical or a combination thereof. For example, a logical route, link or channel may be a TCP connection or an SSL connection and a physical route, link or channel may be a direct line or data bus connecting two or more devices. For example, several routes, links and/or channels may be established between computing device  210  and edge device  240  using a set of TCP connection (logical) and one or more physical lines, routers or wires (physical). A set of different logical connections may be established over one or more physical connections. Generally, a set of logical routes, links or channels may be established over the same infrastructure, e.g., same network cables and routers. For example, a set of different applications or social networks (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp and the like) may use the same infrastructure to setup and use a set of different logical connections that use different protocols, encryption techniques, etc. A set of different physical routes, links, connections and/or channels may be established on a respective set of different infrastructures, e.g., a wired network infrastructure, a cellular network and/or WiFi. 
     As further described herein, different routes, links, connections and/or channels may include, traverse or established using different devices or nodes. For example, a first route, link, connection and/or channel between server  230  and edge device  240  may be established through or via network device  220  (e.g., using routing as known in the art) and a second route, link, connection and/or channel between server  230  and edge device  240  may be established through or via computing device  210 . A link, connection or channel may be an out-of-band link, channel or connection as further described herein. 
     After constructing the polynomial from the K+1 pairs, SEU  211  and SEU  221  may calculate or reveal a secret, e.g., the secret revealed, identified or determined by SEU  211  and SEU  221  may be based on a function of, or applied to, the polynomial or points of the polynomial. For example, a secret may be a function, or a result of a function of, or applied to, at least one of the first and/or last coefficient of the polynomial as described. A function of applied to, or that uses as input, at least one of the first and last coefficients of a polynomial may include any mathematical manipulation of numbers that produces a result as known in the art. For example, a function of at least one of the first and last coefficients of a polynomial may include multiplying the free coefficient of a polynomial by the highest coefficient, or it may include dividing the highest coefficient by the free coefficient and then adding one of these coefficients to the result, where the mathematical operations are defined over a finite field. A result of a function of at least one of the first and last coefficients of a polynomial may be a number or value, e.g., an output or result of a mathematical function as known in the art. 
     Any function, mathematical function or mathematical computation (e.g., one known only to SEUs) may be applied to a secret in order to determine or generate an encryption key, seed or other value that may be used for securing a communication channel. For example, to generate an encryption key that may be used to encrypt data or otherwise secure and authenticate a communication channel between SEU  211  and SEU  221  and/or between computing device  210  and network device  220 , a coefficient of a polynomial determined, discovered or identified as described may be multiplied by two, divided by three and the like, and the result may be the encryption key, seed and the like. 
     It will be noted that the two devices sharing a secret as described herein may be any two devices, e.g., a client and a server such as computing device  210  and server  230  may each generate some of the k+1 points that define a polynomial, share the points as described and thus reveal or determine a secret that may be based on a function of the polynomial, and likewise network device  220  and edge device  240  may share a secret. It will be understood that any computing device may include an SEU as described and, accordingly, any computing device may participate in sharing a secret as described herein. 
     As described, a set of values (e.g., a set of points of a polynomial) may be sent or exchanged between devices over a set of different routes or communication channels. For example, SEU  211  may generate a set of k+1 points, store the set in a local set of generated values  126  and send the set of k+1 points to SEU  221  using (at least) two (physical or logical) different channels, e.g., using an in-band and an out-of-band channel, two out-of-band channels, two in-band channels or any combination of channels or routes as described. 
     Secret value  128  may be calculated separately on both devices or sides, e.g., SEU  211  and SEU  221  may each, independently from one another, determine or identify p(x) based on k+1 points as described, determine the free or highest coefficient of p(x) and use the coefficient as, or to generate, secret value  128 , e.g., secret value  128  may be the coefficient itself, or it may be calculated based on the coefficient using any mathematical function or algorithm, for example, secret value  128  may be calculated, by SEUs, based on a coefficient of p(x) and based on the current time and/or date or using any mathematical function, algorithm or logic. 
     In some embodiments, to share a secret (e.g., an encryption key or a seed as known in the art) between two devices, at least two values may be provided, or made known to, the two devices, for example, the two values may each be, or include or represent, a point, or a pair or set of input and output values (x i , y i ) of a polynomial p(x) and the secret may be a function of or based on, these values, e.g., a mathematical function or manipulation of, or applied to, coefficients of a polynomial defined by the points as described. 
     It is noted that the at least two values may be randomly selected by the first device or may be randomly selected by the first device and the second device. For example, the first device may randomly select a first point of(yet to be defined by an additional point) p(x) and send the first point to the second device, and the second device may randomly select a second point that completely defines p(x) and sends the second point to the first device. Assuming p(x) is of first degree, the two points randomly selected as described enable the two devices to unambiguously identify p(x). Of course, any higher degree of p(x) may be chosen and used, e.g., by causing embodiments to randomly select share more points as described. 
     As described, embodiments of the invention address challenges faced by the industry. For example, unlike any other existing authentication schemes, some embodiments of the invention avoid exchanging or communicating a secret, avoid sending a secret over a network as done by known systems and methods. For example, secret value  128  may be known (e.g., based on a set of points as described) to SEU  241  and SEU  221  without ever being transmitted or sent from one of these SEUs to the other. 
     The process of generating, sending and using a set of values to determine a secret as described herein may be done either once for two devices, e.g., on initialization, or may be done before each session. For example, a communication channel between edge device  240  and network device  220  may be terminated as known in the art and, to establish a new channel between these devices, the flow that includes generating and sharing values, identifying or constructing a polynomial, determining a coefficient and a secret as described herein may be repeated. For example, a first point may be defined (provided or sent) once (e.g., when a new device is added to a network), e.g., over an out-of-band channel and the other points may be sent over a network before each session. 
     Although examples that include providing a first value to a first device over an out-of-band channel and providing a second value (to the first and/or to a second) device over an in-band channel are described herein, it will be understood that any combination of in-band channels and out-of-band channels may be used to share values or points between two devices. For example, two different routes or in-band channels may be used to share or communicate points between network device  220  and edge device  240  or two out-of-band channels may be used to share values or points between these two devices. It will further be understood that, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the description mainly refers to two values shared over two channels, and any number of values may be shared over any number or combination of channels that may be out-of-band and in-band channels. For example, to authenticate edge device  240  to computing device  210 , a polynomial of degree 5 may be used and, accordingly, six different values may be shared between edge device  240  to computing device  210  as described, e.g., over two out-of-band channels and four in-band channels. 
     Yet another improvement to the field of security and authentication introduced or enabled by some embodiments of the invention has to do with providing an edge device with a first or initial point or value that may be used, in conjunction with a second value sent before each session, to determine a secret used for securing data as described. For example, using an initial value, edge devices do not need to keep or store a private key when they are not communicating over a network. This may be highly advantageous, e.g., in cases where the edge device does not have the capacity to dynamically and securely store data, for example, in that case of IoT devices or environment where the edge devices have low CPU power and minimal unsecured hardware (e.g. a light bulb). 
     A number of scenarios, use cases and/or flows that exemplify some embodiments of the invention are further described herein with reference to  FIG. 3 . For example, channels that may be secured are between hub  323  and device (or application)  310 , between, or connecting, hub  323  and one or more of edge devices  324 , between one or more of servers  330  and device (or application)  310 , and between servers  330  and hub  323 . 
     For example, to secure a channel between hub  323  and device  310 , a Quick Response (QR) code or a two-dimensional barcode of hub  323  may be provided, e.g., by scanning printed data on hub  323  (an out-of-band channel), to device  310 . Hub  323  may be familiar with the QR code (e.g., it may be stored in a ROM in hub  323 ). As known in the art, a QR code may be a machine-readable optical code or label that contains or represents information about an object, item or appliance to which it is attached. Any information or value, e.g., a serial or model number, a unique identification code, production date and the like may be included in, or represented by, a QR code. 
     In some embodiments, a value in a QR code (e.g., a value in a QR code printed on hub  323 ) may be used as one or first point of p(x), and a second point may be randomly generated by device  310  or by hub  323 . For example, hub  323  may, e.g., when turned on, generate a random value or second point and send the second point to device  310 , e.g., over network  360  (an in-band channel). The two points may be used to determine a secret, e.g., secret value  128  as described. It is noted that the secret may never be sent over network  360  or over any other network, and thus it may be impossible for any device on network  360  or network  130  to obtain the secret. 
     Yet another improvement to the field of security and authentication introduced or enabled by some embodiments of the invention is related to lost, stolen or malfunctioning devices. For example, if hub  323  is stolen or replaced, data in hub  323  cannot be used for hacking communication of a replacement hub, and similarly, if device  310  (that may be a mobile device or smartphone) is lost or stolen, data in device  310  cannot be used to jeopardize communication in network  360 , e.g., since at least a second point as described may be dynamically defined, e.g., for each session or each time hub  323  is rebooted, reset or powered on. 
     To secure a channel between hub  323  and one of edge devices  324 , a Quick Response (QR) code or a two-dimensional barcode of the edge device may be provided, e.g., by a user, to hub  323  (an out-of-band channel), and the rest of the flow may be similar to the flow of securing a channel between device  310  and hub  323 . As described herein, a lost or stolen edge device does not include data usable for decrypting data communicated between devices on network  360 , e.g., since a second point as described may be dynamically generated for each session thus a point in a memory of a stolen edge device may be useless. 
     To secure a channel between one of servers  330  and device  310 , multiple channels, e.g., a number of SSL channels, a push notification from the cloud server to device  310  (e.g., to SEU  211 ), an SMS, a WhatsApp or any other communication channel may be used, channels that are typically already secured and used for a while. Each of the channels may be secured by the application that is used to send data over it, for example, only the owner of device  310  can send push notification to SEU  211  or channels may be secured by a cloud service (e.g. as provided by Apple or Google). 
     Some embodiments may include inductive multi-route authentication and common secret establishment using parties or devices that already (possibly incrementally) established trust (possibly via inductive multi-route authentication and common secret establishment) with a new device by using secret sharing. The term “trust” as referred to herein may relate to, or mean, authentication, verification or identification. For example, an identified device may be referred to herein as a trusted device, and authenticating or identifying a device may be referred to herein as establishing a trust in the device and so on. 
     For example, a device (e.g., denoted “device A”) may use authenticated and secure communication with one or more entity/device that are capable to communicate with a new or additional device (e.g., denoted “device N”) with which there is a need to create a common secret, e.g., in order to authenticate the new device N and/or establish a secured channel between device A and new device N. Some values or points may be sent, to device N, through direct physical/logical communication channels while other values or points may be sent, to device N, via an already trusted entity or device (possibly trusted due to the previous steps of the inductive multi-route authentication and common secret establishment). 
     Accordingly, authenticity or trust level of the new device N may be yielded from, based on, or a function of, the authenticity of each of the already trusted or authenticated devices that directly communicate with the new device and the corresponding authenticity or trust level of the direct channel used by device A when directly communicating with device N. The authentication level obtained implies also the secrecy level obtained following the establishment of a shared key or other secret between the sender and the new device. For example, device A may be server  230 , new device N may be edge device  240  and SEU  231  may use an already trusted or authenticated connection between server  230  and network device  220  to send one of a set of values to edge device  240 , e.g., SEU  221  may receive a value from SEU  231  and may forward the value to SEU  241  over a secured communication channel, e.g., a communication channel secured as described herein. 
     A secured channel between a first and a third device may be used for communicating a point (or any other value in a set of values that may be used for sharing a secret as described) from the first device to a second device. For example, one of servers  330  may use a secured channel with device  310  (e.g., a channel secured as described herein) to send a point or first value to hub  323 , e.g., device  310  may receive the first value from one of servers  330  and send the first value, over another secured channel, to hub  323  thus resulting a state where the server and hub  323  have or possess a first known value, e.g., the server and hub  323  store (and treat) the first value as a known value  127 . Next, either one of hub  323  and the server may generate, e.g., randomly as described, a second value or point and send the second value or point to the other one of hub  323  and the server, having at least two points, and the server and hub  323  may identify or reveal a secret as described and use the secret to encrypt data exchanged between the server and hub  323 , e.g., a secret value  128  may be used for generating or defining, an encryption key. It is noted that one of the points may be sent over a route that traverses device  310 , and the other point may be sent directly from hub  323  to server  330 —thus, the two points are sent over different routes, disabling any device other than hub  232  and server  330  (or other foreign party) from obtaining the two points or values. The order of authenticating devices in the above example may be other than described; for example, if hub  323  provides an interface to manually enter the first value or point, then the secured channel between hub  323  and one of servers  330  may be setup first, and the secured channel between the server and device  310  may come next. 
     As described, based on a common or known secret, devices may authenticate each other. Possibly after an authentication as described, an embodiment may enable a protected and/or secured exchanged of data between devices. 
     In some embodiments, data communicated from one device to another may be sent over several channels, routes, links or lines, e.g., data may be sent over several channels or routes as described herein with reference to the points or value pairs. Different channels or routes may include or traverse different sets of devices. For example, a first channel, route, link or line between a first and second devices may traverse, pass, or be implemented using a third device (e.g., a first network router or any other device), and a second channel, route, link or line between the first and the second devices may traverse, pass, or be implemented using a fourth device (e.g., a second, different network router or any other device). 
     In some embodiments, a data object to be sent (e.g., a message or file) may be broken into chunks, blocks or pieces, and each of the chunks blocks or pieces may be sent using secret sharing or bit-wise-x or over at least two channels, routes, links or lines such that no entity or device can obtain or possess enough chunks or pieces of the data object for reconstructing the data object. 
     For example, in some embodiments, between each two devices (e.g., between device  310  and hub  323 ) there are at least two different channels, links or routes (e.g., at least two different physical or logical channels, links or routes as described). Each such channel may be composed of two or more links, where each link may be a secure channel between two entities. For example, in a smart home, a light bulb can communicate with a central hub in two channels, of which one or first channel may be a direct channel, link or connection from the light bulb to the hub, and the other, second channel may pass through some other device, such as a refrigerator, and thus the second channel may be composed of two secure links, one from the light bulb to the refrigerator and the other from the refrigerator to the hub. 
     A secret, e.g., secret value  128  may be used for securing or protecting data, e.g., as known in the art, for example, secret value  128  may be used as a symmetric key in a symmetrical encryption algorithm or technique, e.g., in AES256 as known in the art. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 4A , a flowchart of a method of securing a communication channel and/or authenticating a device according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. As shown by block  410 , a first value may be provided to, or obtained by, first and second devices. For example, SEU  211  in computing device  210  and SEU  221  in network device  220  may obtain and store a known value  127  as described herein. For example, the first value may be based on a barcode provided over an out-of-band channel as described. 
     As shown by block  415 , a second value may be randomly selected, by one of the first and second devices, and the second value may be provided to the other one of the first and second devices. For example, SEU  211  may randomly select an (x i , y i ) point as described and send the values of x i  and y i  to SEU  221 , e.g., over a network connection in network  360  (an in-band channel) as described. For example, the point values x i  and y i  may be sent from one of SEU  211  and SEU  221  to the other one of SEU  211  and SEU  221 , and may be stored or included as known value  127  in SEU  211  and in SEU  221 . 
     As shown by block  420 , a function may be applied, independently by each of the first and second devices, to the first and second values. For example, the first and second values may be used, independently, by the first and second devices to calculate, define or determine a third value. For example, a mathematical function may combine, convert or otherwise manipulate the first and second values to generate an encryption key that may be used for encrypting date communicated between the first and second devices. In some embodiments, coefficients of a polynomial determined by the first and second values may be used, for example, SEU  211  may independently from SEU  221 , e.g., without requiring any communication, collaboration or synchronization with SEU  221 , identify or determine polynomial&#39;s coefficients as described. Similarly, SEU  221  may identify the coefficients independently from SEU  211 , and any mathematical function may be used by SEUs  221  and  211  for generating an encryption key based on the coefficients. Accordingly, two devices may, independently from one another, use two values to secure a communication channel between them or to authenticate each other. 
     Various flows of providing the first and second values may be contemplated. For example, the first value (e.g., a known value  127 ) may be provided to the first and second devices, e.g., a user may enter a known value  127  to his smartphone and to hub  323  (e.g., when hub  323  includes the proper interface). In other embodiments or flows, the first value may be provided to one of the devices (e.g., to hub  323 ) and sent over an out-of-band channel to the other device. 
     As shown by block  425 , a result of the function may be used to secure and authenticate a communication channel between the first and second devices. For example, a result may be third value that may be an encryption key or seed that may be used for encrypting data as described. Accordingly, the third value may be used, by the first and second devices, to secure and authenticate a communication channel between the first and second devices. For example, secret value  128  may be used as, or for generating, an encryption key for encrypting data between devices as described. For example, secret value  128  may be used to define an encryption key and the encryption key may be used to encrypt data communicated over a secured communication channel as described herein. 
     Authentication of a device may include determining or ascertaining that the device possesses a specific set of first and second values. For example, secret value  128  may only be revealed or known based on at least two values, e.g., based on two generated values  126 , based on two known values  127  and/or based on a set of one generated value  126  and one known value  127  as described, and accordingly, using secret value  128 , e.g., to encrypt and send a predefined message, may prove or ascertain that a device has the two values and is therefore authenticated. 
     Any number of generated values  126  may be used, e.g., during a process of authenticating a device or sharing a secret value such as secret value  128 . For example, if the polynomial selected as described is of a third degree, then four points may be required. In such case, the first of the four may be a known value  127  shared as described, and three generated values  126  that may be generated and sent, over multiple routes as described. 
     It will be noted that generating, creating or defining generated values  126  may be done by one of two devices between which a secure channel is established, or some of the generated values  126  may be created, defined or generated by a first device and sent to the second device and some (other) of the generated values  126  may be created, defined or generated by the second device and sent to the first device. For example, in the above case that requires four points, after sharing a known value  127 , device  310  may generate first and second points (e.g., two sets of x i  and y i  values as described) for a polynomial and send these first and second points to hub  323 , and hub  323  may generate a third point for the polynomial and send the third point or value to device  310 . Having the same four points, hub  323  and device  310  may each identify the polynomial and the coefficients as described. Accordingly, the task or operation of generating, creating or defining generated values  126  may be shared by at least two devices. 
     As described, at least two routes may be selected for sending points or values, e.g., hub  323  may send, to device  310 , a first generated value  126  through one of servers  330  and send a second generated value  126  through one of edge devices  324 , and accordingly none of the devices or entities in system  300  can intercept, have or obtain enough points to unambiguously identify a polynomial since a flow may avoid communicating all the points through one device. For example, values or points may be sent, from a first to a second device such no single entity on a network obtains more than a predefined number of values or points included in the set. 
     For example, in the above case that requires four points, device  310  may select two, three or four channels, routes or links for sending the four points such that none of the entities in  FIG. 3  can obtain, intercept or capture all of the four values or points. The routes selected may be logical routes (e.g., network routes) or physical routes or links (e.g., a direct line or an out-of-band channel as described). Accordingly, a first value may be sent over a first communication channel, and a second value may be sent over a second, different communication channel. The values, e.g., generated values  126 , may be encrypted prior to being sent, e.g., using any known encryption techniques as known in the art. 
     In some embodiments and as described, sharing one or more values between first and second devices, e.g., sharing one or more generated values  126  or points as described, may include sending at least one of the one or more values, from the first device to a third device over a secured communication channel between the first and third devices, and using the third device to provide the at least one of the one or more values to the second device. Communicating a set of values (e.g., one or more points or generated values  126 ) from a first device to a second device may include sending at least one of the values, from the first device to a third device, and sending or forwarding the at least one of the values from or by the third device to the second device. Otherwise described, a first device may send a value to the second device via a third device. 
     For example, to authenticate edge device  240 , device  210  may send a value (e.g., a point of a polynomial as described) to network device  220  (e.g., over a secured channel and/or after device  210  has authenticated network device  220 ), and network device  220  may send or forward the value received from device  210  to edge device  240 . A second value or point may be sent from device  210  to edge device  240  over any other channel, e.g., an out-of-band or other channel as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, authenticating a device and/or securing a communication with the device may be automatically triggered. For example, SEUs in devices may listen and/or broadcast on predefined (or well-known) ports, for example, when a new device is connected to network  360 , e.g., after a reset or addition of an IoT device, SEU  221  may receive a UDP broadcast message from an SEU in the new device and may automatically initiate a session or process for authenticating the new device and/or establishing a secured channel with the new device, e.g., share a secret with the new device and use the secret to encrypt data exchanged with the new device. 
     In some embodiments, a known or first value used for securing a session or communication channel as described may be shared between two devices using a secured channel established in a previous session. For example, after establishing a secured channel as described herein, one of the devices may send, over the secured channel, a value, token or key that may be used, in a subsequent session as one of known values  127 . For example, after a secured channel is established between server  211  and computing device  210 , server  211  may randomly generate a value, store the generated value and send the generated value to computing device  210  that may store the value, e.g., in configuration data  133  or as one of known values  127 . When a new session or communication channel needs to be established, the value generated in the current session may be used. Accordingly, after a first secured channel is established between two devices, subsequent channels or sessions between the two devices may be established using a secret already available to, or included in, the two devices, where such a shared secret can be repeatedly updated during the communication. 
     In some embodiments, an overlay technique may be used to secure communication scenarios such as client-server, business to business (B2B), client to business (C2B) and/or client to client (C2C). As referred to herein, a share or shares may be pieces or portions of data that may be used to determine or produce a secret or an original data object or value, e.g., a set of shares may be used to determine or reveal a password. 
     In some embodiments, an overlay technique may include secret sharing or other equivalent secure information theoretical schemes, e.g., exclusive-or, or exclusive-disjunction (xor) with a random sequence or using modular arithmetic as done, e.g. in one time pad practice as known in the art. An overlay technique may include sending shares (e.g., a set of values as described) over a set of communication channels, some or all of which are physical and/or some or all of which or are logical channels. 
     A logical communication channel may be, for example, a virtual private network (VPN), an SSL connection, a transport layer security (TLS) connection, a push notification, an instant messaging communication and/or any other system, method or protocol that may include authenticating and/or securing communication. Two or more logical communication channels may use the same physical channel or may use separate, different physical channels (e.g., wired and wireless channels as known in the art). 
     In some embodiments, an overlay technique may benefit from sending secret shares on (possibly encrypted) channels over physical and logical channels by ensuring that unless the information sent over all (or enough of) the channels used is captured and decrypted (when the logical channel is using its encryption) by a malicious entity, the information secret shares or other sent information is protected and secured, possibly by means of error correcting technique such as Berlekamp Welch. Accordingly, using an overlay technique or security as described herein, some embodiments of the invention may provide security that is stronger than the (currently) strongest authentication and security among the physical and logical channels used for sending the secret shares, as information on all channels should be revealed to expose a (possibly encrypted) secret shared or other information. 
     In some embodiments, an overlay technique may provide and/or ensure automatic inheritance of the secrecy, security and/or authenticity updates and/or enforcement of each of the logical and/or physical routes, links or communication channels. In some embodiments, a communication channel may be authenticated and secured even if a vulnerability in all but one of the channels used is exploited. In some embodiments, error correction techniques (e.g., the Berlekamp-Welch or Welch-Berlekamp algorithm) may be used for coping with malicious channels. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 4B , a system and flows according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. As shown, a system may include a plurality of application servers  440 ,  441  and  442 . For example, application servers  440 ,  441  and  442  may be servers owned and/or operated by application providers such as WhatsApp, Facebook and the like. As shown, a system may include a plurality of computing devices  450  and  451 . Computing devices  450  and  451  may be devices similar to computing device  100 , e.g., computing devices  450  and  451  may be servers, laptops, home computers, smartphones or any other user computer devices. For the sake of clarity and simplicity, only three application servers and only two computing devices are shown in  FIG. 4B ; however, it will be understood that any number of application or other servers and any number of computing devices may be included or connected to a system according to some embodiments of the invention. 
     As known in the art, WhatsApp, Facebook and other applications encrypt data communicated between users and/or data communicated between users and application servers. Security measures, such as encryption and the like provided by several applications and/or servers, may be overlaid by some embodiments of the invention such that the security provided by an embodiment may be an augmentation of several security features of several applications and/or servers. For example, generated values  126  (e.g., points, or pairs of input and output values of a polynomial) may be communicated between computing devices  450  and  451  using communication channels, security and/or infrastructure provided by several applications and/or application servers such as application servers  440 ,  441  and  442 . 
     For example, after randomly selecting a degree of a polynomial and randomly selecting a point of the polynomial, computing device  450  may send the point to computing device  451  using a first application and/or via a first server, e.g., as shown by arrows  460 . For example, application server  440  may be a WhatsApp server and computing device  450  may send a share or a point of a polynomial to computing device  451  using a WhatsApp message that may be encrypted by the WhatsApp application. Although not shown, in some embodiments or cases, an application message may be sent directly between nodes, e.g., a WhatsApp message that includes a point of a polynomial (or other generated value as described herein) may be encrypted by the WhatsApp application on computing device  450  and may be sent directly from computing device  450  to computing device  451 . A second value, e.g., a generated value  127  or point for the polynomial as described may randomly selected and sent, e.g., from computing device  451  to computing device  450 , using a second application or server as shown by arrows  461 , a third value may be communicated using a third application as shown by arrows  462  and so on. Accordingly, secret shares, points or generated values  126  that may be used to authenticate devices and/or to secure a communication channel between devices (e.g., used for generating an encryption key as described) may be encrypted or otherwise secured by an overlay of security measures or methods provided by a plurality of applications, platforms and/or infrastructures. 
     Accordingly, the authenticity of a new device may be yielded from the authenticity of each of a set of already authenticated devices that directly communicate with the new device, and the corresponding authenticity level of the direct channel used by a device when directly communicating with the new device. The authentication level obtained implies also the secrecy level obtained following the establishment of a shared key between the sender and the new device. 
     It is noted that, as described, some embodiments of the invention may increase the security and/or authentication in a scale similar to PKI, where O(n) entities establish trust and secrecy with (one or a few) certificate authority allowing the establishing O(n^2) trusted and secure communication. For example, a set of users or devices (e.g., the set of devices  450  and  451 ) each having an already established secured link with an application or server (e.g., with applications supported by servers  440 ,  441  and  442 ) requires or produces O(n) secured links, e.g., the O(n) secured links or channels are created or established using security measures or layers imposed by applications such as Facebook or WhatsApp, for example, the O(n) secured links may be secured by user passwords, data encryption, two-step-verification and/or various other techniques supported by servers and/or applications. By overlaying a set of secured layers as described, some embodiments of the invention may achieve a security between any two devices, namely, O(n^2) secure overlay channels. 
     For example, using a Facebook secured connection and a WhatsApp secured connection to share two values that are then used for creating an encryption key as described benefits from the security provided by Facebook and from the security provided by WhatsApp. Accordingly, an embodiment may include establishing or sharing keys or other secrets between any two, previously not known to each other, entities where each of the entities has an independent secure link with an application, server or platform (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp etc.). Using the O(n) secured links of these entities, an embodiment may create O(n^2) keys or secrets that may be sent over O(n^2) different channels or links thus increasing the opportunities of secure communication in the system. As the number of platforms grows, the possibility for a hacker or malicious entity to obtain keys or other secrets used for encrypting data is reduced dramatically. In addition, the platforms cannot store any meaningful information from the communication and cannot act as man-in-the-middle (MITM). 
     Some embodiment may address the challenge of securing client server communication and authentication. For example, some embodiments may enable both a client and a server to be identified and/or authenticated to each other and to further be securely connected through an entire communication session. For example, some embodiments may provide authentication that enables a server to guarantee or verify that it is communicating with the right client, e.g., not with an entity that stole the identity of the client (e.g., using identity theft as known in the art). Some embodiments may provide authentication that enables a client that it is indeed communicating with the right or intended server, e.g., eliminating or overcoming phishing attacks or man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Some embodiments may provide privacy, e.g., by eliminating data in motion attacks. Some embodiments may provide security related to client approval or confirmation, e.g., approval of transactions. 
     As further described, some embodiments may be applicable to any computing device, e.g., mobile phones or other mobile devices, home or other computers, servers and the like. Some embodiments may require no change to existing computing devices, may easily integrate with existing environments and may provide complete, full proof protection against attacks such as MITM, phishing and data in motion attacks. Some embodiments use a secret sharing scheme for distributing a secret among multiple participants. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 5 , a flow chart of a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. As shown by arrow  510 , a device token may be sent by a client to a server. A token as referred to herein may be any value, code, key or data object or digital information. For example, a token may be a unique value or number generated for a user or for a device. A token sent from computing device  210  to server  211  as shown by arrow  510  may be a token stored or included in a smart mobile device, e.g., a token obtained during a prior one-time enrollment process of the client to server  211 , for example, a token, code, key or other data object received by device  210  in an SMS message, in an email, or obtained from a human agent. In some embodiments, the flow shown in  FIG. 5  may be repeated or performed for each session between a client (e.g., a user of device  210 ) and a server (e.g., server  211 ). For example, each time a user of computing device  210  logs into server  211 , a token or code is sent from device  210  to server  211  as shown by arrow  510  thus starting the flow shown in  FIG. 5 . The token may be a device token that is stored on device  210  (e.g., in configuration data  133 ) or it may be provided to device  210  before each login or periodically, e.g., a device token may be replace once a month. 
     In some embodiments, after server  211  receives a token from a device as shown by arrow  510 , server  211  (or SEU  231 ) may randomly generate a one-time password (OTP). An OTP may be a password or another client certificate that may be used once (e.g., for one login) or it may be a password usable or valid for a limited time, e.g., an OTP may be valid or usable for the next hour or day. In some embodiments, SEU  231  in server  211  may use secret sharing or any other method to create, based on the generated OTP, (at least) two new shares, values or codes denoted in  FIG. 5  as OTP 1  and OTP 2 . For example, OPT 1  and OPT 2  may be similar to generated values  126  described herein. 
     As shown by arrow  520 , OPT 1  (one of the shares or values created based on the OTP) may be sent, over a first communication channel, to device  210 . For example, OPT 1  may be sent, from server  211  to device  210  using, or over, a network connection (e.g., an SSL connection) or using a push notification channel scheme or method. It will be understood that other communication channels may be used to send OPT 1  to device  210  as shown by arrow  520 . 
     As shown by arrow  525 , OPT 2  (the second share created based on the OTP) may be provided to server  211  (e.g., by SEU  231 ) and, as shown by arrow  530 , OPT 2  may be sent, using a second communication channel, to device  210 . It is noted that, in some embodiments, the channel, route or link used for sending OPT 2  is different from the channel, route or link used for sending OPT 1 . For example, OPT 1  may be sent over a wireless network, and OPT 2  may be sent over a wired network. For example, to send OPT 1  and OPT 2 , two different in-band channels may be used, two different out-of-band channels may be used, or one in-band and one out-of-band channels may be used such that OPT 1  is sent over a first channel and OPT 2  is sent over a second, different channel. 
     As shown by arrow  535 , computing device  210  may provide the received OPT 2  to SEU  211  and, using OPT 1  (received as shown by arrow  520 ) and OPT 2 , SEU  211  may construct the OPT. Accordingly, a state where both SEU  231  and SEU  211  (or both server  211  and computing device  210 ) have the OPT (which, as described, may be a randomly generated password or value) is achieved. 
     As shown by arrow  540 , SEU  211  may provide computing device  210  with the OPT and, as shown by arrow  545 , a user may login to server  211  using his or her name, a password or other credentials and the OPT. For example, to login to server  211 , the user may send his or her user ID, password and the OPT over an SSL communication channel to server  211  as shown by arrow  545 . At server  211 , the OPT received from computing device  210  and other credentials of the user may be checked and, if a match is found, the login may be authorized or permitted. 
     In some embodiments, instead of, or in addition to, sharing an OTP as described, an encryption key may be shared. For example, a flow similar to the flow shown in  FIG. 5  may be performed where, instead of an OTP, an encryption key is randomly generated and shares or values similar to OTP 1  and OTP 2  but generated based on the encryption key may be used to reconstruct the encryption key by computing device  210 , thus achieving a state where both server  211  and computing device  210  have and use the same encryption key for encrypting data exchanged between server  211  and computing device  210 . 
     In some embodiments, a transaction or other operation may be securely approved. Reference is made to  FIG. 6 , a flow chart of a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. As further described, in some embodiments, the flow shown in  FIG. 6  may be performed by or it may include, computing device  210 , a node  605  and server  211 , and in other embodiments, two devices, e.g., node  605  and server  211  may perform the flow. 
     As shown by arrow  610 , a request to approve an operation may be generated and sent, e.g., by computing device  210  (that may be a smartphone or a home computer) and based on input from a user. For example, the requested approval for an operation may be, or may include, a request to approve a transaction, e.g., a request to approve transfer of money from a user&#39;s bank account to some other account. As shown, the request for approval may include operation details, e.g., the sum to be transferred, a location of the user, a bank account number, user credentials and the like. 
     As shown by arrow  615 , the request and the details may be sent to server  211 . For example, node  605  may be a server of a bank to which a user may connect using computing device  210 , and, upon receiving the request, the bank server may forward the request and the details to server  211 . In some embodiments, node  605  may be an automated teller machine (ATM) or other computing device that may include an SEU as described herein, and accordingly, the flow may be performed without participation of computing device  210 . 
     As shown by block  616 , using, or based on, the request details, server  211  may randomly generate a signing key and may generate two shares or values (S 1  and S 2 ) based on the signing key and based on the operation details. Shares or values S 1  and S 2  may be, or may include, any digital object or data, e.g., shares or values S 1  and S 2  may be similar to generated values  126 . It is noted that, by randomly generating the signing key, an embodiment may assure that the signing key cannot be predicted by any third party or entity. 
     As shown by arrow  620 , a first value, e.g., S 1 , may be sent to computing device  210 . Any communication channel or method may be used for sending S 1  as shown by arrow  620 ; for example, in some embodiments, S 1  may be sent using a push service as known in the art or S 1  may be sent in an SMS message. As described, in some embodiments, S 1  may be sent to node  605 . 
     As shown by arrow  625 , computing device  210  may, after receiving S 1 , request server  211  to send S 2  and server  211  may send S 2  to computing device  210 . As described, in some embodiments, node  605  may, after receiving S 1 , request server  211  to send S 2 , and server  211  may send S 2  to node  605 . In some embodiments, the communication channel, method, infrastructure, route or link used for sending S 2  is different from the communication channel, method, infrastructure, route or link used for sending S 1 , and accordingly, no device, network node or entity may obtain both S 1  and S 2 . Any communication channel or method may be used for sending S 2  as shown by arrow  625 ; for example, in some embodiments, S 2  may be sent over a secured SSL or TLS connection. 
     As shown by block  626 , using S 1  and S 2 , computing device (e.g., SEU  211 ) may construct the signing key and possibly the operation details. It is noted that, since S 1  and S 2  are created based on the signing key and the requested operation, S 1  and S 2  may be used for reconstructing the signing key and the requested operation. As shown by block  626 , a user may be prompted or requested to approve or confirm the operation, e.g., confirm or approve a transaction. 
     As shown by arrow  630 , based on input from a user, an approval to perform the operation may be sent to server  211  with, or signed by, the signing key. If an approval to perform an operation signed by the signing key is received by server  211 , then server  211  may perform the operation, e.g., perform a transaction or other operation as shown by block  635 . 
     As described, in some embodiments or configurations, the flow shown in  FIG. 6  may be performed by node  605  and server  211  that may be a server of a bank, e.g., operations performed by computing device  210  as described herein may be performed by node  605 . For example, node  605  may be an ATM that includes an SEU, and, when the user uses the ATM get money from his or her account, the ATM may prompt the user to provide details and may send details as shown by arrow  615 , the ATM may receive S 1  as shown by arrow  620 , the ATM may request and receive S 2 , the ATM (or the SEU included therein) may reconstruct the signing key, the ATM may present, on its screen, details of the requested withdrawal and prompt the user to confirm or approve the withdrawal, and the ATM may sign an approval with the signing key and send the signed approval to server  211  as shown by arrow  630 . 
     Although  FIG. 6  and related text describe using two values, shares or generated values (S 1  and S 2 ) other embodiments, flows or configurations may be contemplated, e.g., more than two shares or generated values may be used. For example, in some embodiments, a first value may be obtained by a user (or by device  210 ) from the node  605 , e.g., by scanning a code printed on, or displayed by, an ATM, and the ATM may send the code to server  230 , and thus a first value or share may be provided to computing device  210  and to server  230 . A second value, share or generated value, e.g., S 1 , may be sent using push notification from server  230  to computing device  210 , and a third value, e.g., S 2 , may be sent over a different communication channel, e.g., over an SSL or TLS connection from server  230  to computing device  210 . The signing key may be reconstructed using the three values. Any other number of shares may be used, e.g., as described herein. 
     Although only two values (S 1  and S 2 ) are shown in  FIG. 6 , it will be noted that any number of values may be generated based on details of an operation or transaction, such that any information (e.g., textual strings, amounts and the like) may be used for a secured approval. For example, operation details sent as shown by arrow  615  may include a location of node  605  (e.g., the ATM) used as described, e.g., operation details may include the string “main street  317 ”. Server  211  may construct a first pair of S 1  and S 2  that encodes or represents the character “m” (first character of the location), and may send S 1  over a first channel and send S 2  over a second, different channel. Next, server  211  may construct a second pair of S 1  and S 2  that encodes or represents the character “a” (second character of the location), and may send S 1  over a first channel and send S 2  over a second, different channel and so on. 
     Reconstructing data communicated using pairs of S 1  and S 2  values, the receiving end (e.g., computing device  210  or node  605 ) may present information such as location to a user, thus enabling enhanced security measures, e.g., in requesting approval from a user, node  605  (e.g., an ATM) may present, on a screen “Are you withdrawing $150 from an ATM at main street  317 ?” and may proceed to approve or cancel the transaction based on a response from the user. 
     Of course, any other number of values such as S 1  and S 2  may be used for representing data, e.g., a character, a sum of withdrawal or other data may be represented or encoded using any number of Si values, e.g., three values S 1 , S 2  and S 3 . For example, a character or sum may be (or may be determined based on) the free coefficient of a polynomial p(x) of degree k as described herein and the number of values Si used for communicating the character or sum may be k+1 as described. 
     Some embodiments of the invention may address the challenge of enrollment, registration or enlistment. As known in the art, a hacker or other malicious entity may use data provided in the process of enrollment to register or enroll to a server, service or application. In some embodiments, an enrollment process, method or flow may include providing a key to an entity to be enrolled. For example, an administrator in an organization sends a key, e.g., in an email, to a new employee. An embodiment may include providing the key to a server or other enrollment management entity. For example, the administrator may send the key to a server of the organization. In some embodiments, user information may be sent to the server. For example, the name of the new employee or any other information identifying and/or known to a user that is to enroll with a server may be provided to the server, e.g., by an administrator. The key provided to a user or to an entity that is to enroll may be used as a known value  127  as described herein. For example, after the server and user have the key (a first value) as described, the server may randomly select any number of additional values (e.g., second and third values) and send the additional values to the user or enrolling entity, e.g., a second value may be sent using push and a third value may be sent over an SSL connection. In some embodiments, a randomly selected value may be sent over a communication channel that is different from the communication channel used for sending the key from the enrolling entity to the server. In some embodiments, both the server and the enrolling entity may use the key and randomly selected values to generate a value that may be used for enrollment and/or for encryption of data. For example, based on the key provided to a server and to a user (or an enrolling entity) and based on randomly selected values as described, the server and the enrolling entity may generate an enrollment key, token, code or value. The enrolling entity may send the enrollment key, token, code or value to the server and the server may verify the enrolling entity based on the enrollment key. 
     A number of trusted (e.g., already or previously enrolled) entities, devices or users may be used, by an embodiment, to enroll a new user. For example, a first value described above may be sent to the new employee via a first employee who previously enrolled with a server or service, a second value may be sent to the new employee via a second employee and so on. In other cases, a set or values may be provided to a user using family members, e.g., a first value may be provided to a user via her husband, a second value may be provided by a child of the user and so on. Accordingly, to enroll a user, an embodiment may send to, or share with the user, a set of values or shares that may be used together to generate a key, code, token or value that may, in turn, be used for verifying and/or enrolling the user. 
     Some embodiments of the invention may include identifying an entity. For example, an entity identified as described herein may be a new employee in an organization that needs to be identified to, or verified by, a server in the organization or the new employee may be required to be identified, authenticated or verified to, or by, any identifying entity. Identifying an entity (e.g., a person or device) may be performed as part of an enrollment or registration procedure, e.g., as part of an enrollment to a service, organization or platform. For example, an identifying entity may be a server, platform, service and/or application of an organization and the identifying entity may identify, authenticate or verify a new employee, device or any entity that needs to be identified, e.g., prior to being granted access to resources of the organization. For example, an identifying entity may be a mail server of an organization that may identify (and/or authenticate, or verify the identity of) a new employee prior to granting the new employee access to mail or an identifying entity may be an access point in a network of the organization that may identify (and/or authenticate, or verify the identity of) a new employee prior to granting the new employee access to the organization&#39;s network. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 7 , showing a system and flows according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. As shown by  FIG. 7 , a system may include an identifying entity  710  and a plurality of entities as shown by blocks  720 ,  730  and  740 . 
     Generally, identifying entity  710  may be any entity that identifies, authenticates and/or verifies the identity of users, subscribers or other entities, for example, prior to allowing users or devices to access resources in an organization, bank or medical institute, identifying entity  710  may identify, authenticate or verify the identity of users or devices. For example, identifying entity  710  may be a server, service or application in an organization or institute. For example, identifying entity  710  may be an exchange or other mail server in an organization or identifying entity  710  may be any other server, service or application of a bank or a medical institution. Identifying entity may be, or may include components of computing device  100 , for example, identifying entity  710  may be a computing device similar to server  230 . 
     Entity  740  may be an entity that needs to be identified, authenticated or verified. For example, entity  740  may be a device of a new employee in an organization, e.g., an employee (and/or device) that is yet unknown to, or unregistered with, identifying entity  710 , or entity  740  may be a new device connected to an internal or other network of an organization, or entity  740  may be a new (yet unregistered) client of a bank and so on. Entities  720  and  730  may be any computing devices, e.g., computing devices like computing device  100 . As described, entities  720  and  730  may receive values (e.g., generated values  126  or other secret values) from identifying entity  710  and send, forward or otherwise provide the values to entity  740 , accordingly, entities  720  and  730  may be referred to herein as intermediate entities. 
     In some embodiments, to identify an entity (e.g., to identify a new or yet unknown or unregistered user or device), at least one of first and second values may be provided to a respective at least one of first and second devices. For example, identifying entity  710  may provide at least one of first and second values to at least one of entity  720  and entity  730 . For example, a server (e.g., a server similar to server  230 ) in an organization may send a first value (e.g., a generated value  126  or secret value as described herein) to entity  720  and the server may send a second generated value  126  to entity  730 . As further described, in some embodiments, to identify a new or yet unidentified entity, two or more values may be provided to the new entity via two or more already trusted entities, in other embodiments, configurations or cases, one of the values may be provided to the new entity directly by the authentication entity. 
     A first and a second value may be used, by an entity, to identify itself, e.g., to an identifying entity. For example, entity  740  may use two or more values (provided to entity  740  as described herein) to generate a secret value that may be known to identifying entity  710  and, by providing the secret value to identifying entity  710  (and/or otherwise prove possession of a secret value or a set of values), entity  740  may identify itself to identifying entity  710  or be otherwise identified, authenticated or verified. Communicating values, e.g., between any or identifying entity  710 , intermediate entities  720  and  730  and entity  740 , may be done as described herein, e.g., over in-band and/or out-of-band channels, logical and/or physical channels etc. For example, two values sent to entity  740  as described herein may be sent using two different channels as described herein such that no entity other than entity  740  can obtain the two values. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second entities that were provided, by an identifying entity, with values as described, may provide the value to entity  740 . For example, server  230  may provide a first value to a first computing device  210  (that may be entity  720 ) and further provide a second value to a second computing device  210  (that may be entity  730 ) and at least one of the computing devices  210  may provide (e.g., forward) the value provided by server  230  to a third computing device  210  (that may be entity  740 ), or to any other device that is to be identified. Entity  740  may use the at least one of the first and second values to identify itself to identifying entity  710 . For example, entity  740  may identify itself to identifying entity  710  by sending, to identifying entity  710 , one, two or any other number of values it received from entities such as entities  720  and  730 . 
     It will be noted that, although, for the sake of simplicity, only at least two intermediate devices are described herein, any number of intermediate devices may be used for providing any number of values that may be used for identifying a new entity. For example, to increase any of: security; resilience and/or fault tolerance, five values may be sent, by authentication entity  710  to entity  740  via five or less intermediate entities such as entities  720  and  730 . For example, for redundancy, the same value may be sent via two different nodes or entities on a network such that, if one of the values is lost, authentication may still succeed. In some embodiments, to increase redundancy or resilience of a system, a subset of values from a set of values sent to an entity that is be identified may suffice to authenticate the entity. For example, identifying entity  710  may send three values (to be forwarded to entity  740 ) to three nodes, users, devices or entities such as entities  720  and  730  where two of the three values may be enough for identifying entity  740 . For example, two points out of three points on a curve of a polynomial of first degree may suffice to identify the polynomial, or, in another example, entity  740  may be identified based on a concatenation of any two values out of three values. 
     It is noted that the more values (and the more intermediate nodes or entities) used, the more secure a system may be since, the larger number of values and/or the number intermediate nodes or entities) used, the harder it is for a hacker to obtain all of the values and, as described, all of the values may be required to share a secret between entities. In some embodiments, a secret may be used for identifying an entity, e.g., using values received from entities  720  and  730 , entity  740  may discover a secret (e.g., using a polynomial as described herein) and entity  740  may identify (or verify or authenticate) itself to authentication entity  710  by providing, or otherwise using the secret. 
     Accordingly, an embodiment may securely and positively identify a new, or previously unknown, or yet unidentified entity by providing or sending one or more values to intermediate entities, users or devices, have the intermediate entities provide, send or forward the values to the new entity that is to be identified and identify the new entity based on receiving, from the new entity, the values sent to the intermediate entities. 
     In some embodiments, a first and a second device may be identified, by an identifying entity, prior to providing the at least a first and second values to the first and second devices. For example, entities  720  and  730  may be identified or authenticated by identifying entity  710  prior to providing them with values as described. For example, prior to providing entities  720  and  730  with values as described, identifying entity  710  may authenticate entities  720  and  730  e.g., by establishing a secured communication channel between identifying entity  710  and each of entities  720  and  730 , e.g., using secret values  128 , known values  127  and/or generated values  126  as described herein. It will be noted that any method may be used to make entities  720  and  730  (or other intermediate entities) trusted or identified by identifying entity  710 . For example, an administrator may configure identifying entity  710  to know or trust entities  720  and  730 , or entities  720  and  730  may be identified or verified, and accordingly, it will be recognized that the scope of the invention is not limited by the system or method used for authenticating or verifying entities  720  and  730 . In some embodiments, instead of, or in addition to, identifying a first and a second devices prior to providing the at least first and second values to the first and second devices, a channel known to be secured may be used. For example, a secured channel (e.g., WhatsApp) may be used by identifying entity  710  to provide the first and second values to entities  720  and  730  as described. 
     In some embodiments, prior to providing a new entity (e.g., entity  740 ) with values received from an identifying entity, an entity (e.g., entities  720  and/or  730 ) may identify the new entity. For example, prior to providing entity  740  (that may be the new, unknown, unverified or unauthenticated) with values received from identifying entity  710 , entities  720  and/or  730  may identify, authenticate or verify entity  740 . For example, an administrator or user may configure entities  720  and/or  730  to know or trust entity  740  or entities  720  and/or  730  may identify or authenticate entity  740 , prior to providing it with values received identifying entity  710 , using a secured communication channel, generated, known and secret values as described herein. In some embodiments, prior to providing entity  740  with values as described, entities  720  and/or  730  may identify, validate or authenticate entity  740  as described herein, for example, using secret sharing and/or by establishing a secured communication channel with entity  740  as described herein (e.g., the way an SEU in device  310  authenticates the washing machine in the above washing machine example). 
     In some embodiments, instead of, or in addition to, identifying a new entity (e.g., entity  740 ) prior to providing the new entity with values received from an identifying entity, a channel known to be secured may be used. For example, a secured channel (e.g., WhatsApp) may be used by entities  720  and/or  730  to send values received from identifying entity  710  to entity  740 . 
     Accordingly, an embodiment may build a chain of trust, for example, based on a trust between entity  730  and entity  740  or an authentication of entity  740  to entity  730 , a trust between authentication entity  710  and entity  740  is established. For example, once entity  740  is trusted or authenticated as described, a trust between entity  740  and a new device (not shown in  FIG. 7 ) may be used to establish a trust between authentication entity  710  and the new device. 
     The advantage of using trusted devices and a trust between the trusted devices and new devices may be readily appreciated as it enables embodiments of the invention to add untrusted (or yet unauthenticated) devices using already trusted or authenticated devices. For example, if device A trusts device B (e.g., entity  710  trusts entity  730 ), and device B trusts device C (e.g., entity  730  trusts entity  740 ), then, using a method as described herein, device A can establish a trust of device C using the trust between device B and device C. Unlike known systems and methods that require an authentication entity to establish a trust with a new entity by directly communicating with the new entity, using a chain of trust as described, some embodiments of the invention may establish a trust with a new entity using previously established trust, e.g., a trust of devices that act as intermediate entities as described. It is possible that a network of trust will be constructed and updated with every new identification, possibly with feedbacks concerning false identifications. Such a network of trust can have independent applications, such as credit ranking. 
     Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention may provide or enable security of a system that may be built or accomplished in steps or phases where each step or phase benefits from the security established or guaranteed by the previous step, e.g., based on a security, trust or verification between entities  720  and/or  730  and entity  740 , a security, identification or trust between identifying entity  710  and entity  740  may be achieved. For example, entities  720  and  730  may be known, trusted and/or identified employees in an organization, and the trust in these employees may be used to identify, and/or establish a trust of a new employee (or employee&#39;s device)  740 . 
     It is noted that any number of intermediate entities such as entities  720  and  730  may be included in a system or method according to some embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, a single intermediate entity may be used. For example, in some embodiments, identifying entity  710  may send or provide a first secret value to entity  720  and may send a second value directly to entity  740 . Entity  740  may use the two values (e.g., one received from identifying entity  710  and one received from entity  720 ) to identify itself to identifying entity  710 , e.g., as described. 
     In some embodiments, based on identifying an entity, one or more actions or procedures may be performed, enabled or allowed. For example, any one of registering, enlisting and enrolling an entity with at least one of: a network, a platform, a server, a service and an application may be performed, enabled or allowed if, or after, an entity is identified. For example, after entity  740  is identified to or by identifying entity  710 , entity  740  may be registered in or by services, platforms or services in an organization and/or entity  740  may be granted access to resources and the like. For example, if entity  740  is a new employee of an organization (or a device of the new employee), then, following an identification of entity  740  as described, the employee or device may be granted access to resources of or in the organization, e.g., printers, databases and services such as mail and the like. 
     Establishing trust concerning an identity is a challenge faced by the industry. For example, before transferring money to a bank account, it may be desirable, required or necessary to verify the identity of the person and/or verify that the bank account is indeed owned by the identified person. Known certification authorities, systems and methods use keys or other credentials and a central authentication or certification authority or entity, and, accordingly, known systems suffer from a number of drawbacks, e.g., these systems are centralized and therefore do not scale easily and, using keys, these known systems are vulnerable, e.g., they can be hacked by stealing, guessing or otherwise obtaining a key. Especially the key used for signing certificates is a single point of failure that, when stolen, immediately nullifies the trust in all issued certificates, and therefore is an obvious target for hackers. 
     Some embodiments of the invention may include (or enable) a distributed and keyless authentication, identification and/or verification of an entity. The authentication and identification maybe based on maintained, partially public enriched phone book(s), in the form of partially public (verified) record of contact lists, including not only the name, address and phone(s) numbers but also email, messengers and other means for communicating with the entity. The contact book(s) may be maintained by one or more trusted entities. For example, in some embodiments, a certification system or method may be keyless in the sense that no keys (or other credentials) are kept, communicated or even required to authenticate or verify a user, device or any other entity. Additionally, or alternatively, an embodiment may include a distributed certification or verification system and/or method. 
     As further described, an embodiment may include or enable establishing trust concerning an identity of an entity by the implementation of a distributed ledger or record of entity details, possibly based on block-chain and/or distributed-ledger technology, either with or without using consensus. In some embodiments, a trust in an identity of an entity may be based on an accumulation of trust in one or more nodes (or entities) that may collaborate to create a distributed ledger. 
     As described, an embodiment may include a ledger that may include records of users where a record of a user may include entity details. Entity details as referred to herein may include any information related to an entity. 
     For example, entity details may be, or may include, any information related to a presence of a user or entity in the cloud; for example, entity details may include an address of a cloud avatar of a user or any other details related to cloud based platforms, e.g., user name and password for Microsoft OneDrive, Dropbox, GitHub and the like. Entity details in a record or ledger may include a photo of a person, a photo of (possibly approved) official documents, a business license, a driving license, a passport, a serial number, a purchase document, contact information, an address, any biometric data (e.g., fingerprints or retinal scan), a phone number, an email address, a messenger addresses, a social network identity (e.g., details in Facebook, LinkedIn, Skype etc.), a credit history certificate and the like. For example, entity details for a person may include one or more of a birth/governmental certificate, school certificates, address certificate, passport, driving license, bank accounts, biometric details, contact list and personal events (e.g., collected from Facebook timeline). Entity details for an organization may include governmental certificate in creation, quarter/annual reports (accounting, special events), contact list (phone, emails, messengers, social networks) persons associate with the organization. Entity details for servers, machines or device such as smartphones may include a serial number registered by manufacturer, electronic fingerprints, history of purchases and locations, inventory lists, contact list including an internet protocol (IP) address or a media access control (MAC) address, geographic information. Entity details for IoT devices may include a serial number registered by manufacturer, electronic fingerprints, history of purchases and locations, Hub(s) connected to, inventory list, contact list including IP addresses, MAC address, Geographic Information Systems, Network Management Systems. 
     The term ledger as referred to herein may relate to any set of entity details, e.g., a record, file or any other construct or object that includes entity details as described herein. For example, a ledger may include entity details such as a user&#39;s name, user&#39;s phone number, user&#39;s address and so on. A ledger may be related to any entity. For example, if the entity is a device, then a ledger may include entity details such as a network address of the device, e.g., an IP address or a MAC address. In yet another case, when the entity is an organization, then a ledger may include entity details such as a business address, business fax number and so on. 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 8 , a system  800  and flows according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention. As shown, system  800  may include any (possibly large) number of entities (also referred to herein as nodes) that may each store, keep or otherwise include entity details of an entity and a trust level for each detail of the contact record for the entity. A trust level as referred to herein may be any value, score, or confidence level that reflects or indicates a level of trust in an identity of an entity. For example, a scale of one to ten (1-10) may be used where a trust level of one (1) may indicate lack of trust while a trust level of ten (10) may indicate, represent or reflect that an identity of an entity is verified, authenticated or determined with a high level of confidence or trust. 
     For example, a system may include node  810  that may be a bank (e.g., a server in the bank), node  820  that may be a user device (e.g., computing device  210 ) and so on. As shown, a large number of nodes may be included in a system, e.g., a system may include a plurality of nodes similar to nodes  810  and  820 , that may be, for example, government agencies, organizations, attorneys, notaries, credit history agencies, nodes or servers in a social network, or edge-devices such as smartphones, persons, server-machines, IoT devices or any other entity or node. For the sake of simplicity and clarity, two nodes (nodes  810  and  820 ) will mainly be discussed herein; however, it will be understood that any number of nodes may be included in an embodiment as described herein. 
     As shown, a system may include an identifying entity  830 . Identifying entity  830  may be any entity, user or device that wishes to identify, authenticate, validate or otherwise establish a trust in the identity of target entity  840 . Target entity  840  may be any applicable entity, e.g., a person, a device, an organization or any other entity for which a trust is required or sought. For example, identifying entity  830  may be a bank that wants to validate or verify the identity of target entity that may be a user, e.g., prior to completing a transaction of money to a bank account of a user based on data in a transaction request, the bank (the identifying entity) may want to verify or ascertain that the user indicated in the transaction data (the target entity) is indeed the user who owns the indicated account. 
     As shown, each of the (identity contact list maintaining) nodes may keep, store or include entity details and a trust level related to each detail in the contact record of the target entity. For example, assuming target entity  840  is a person, entity details  811  may include, for example, the phone number of that person as known to node  810  that may be a bank, and entity details  821  may include, for example, the home address of that person as known to node  820  that may be a medical institution. As further shown, each node may keep, store or include a trust level. For example, trust level  812  may be a number between zero and ten (0-10) that reflects or indicates the level of trust that node  810  has in the identity of target entity  840 , and trust level  822  may be (possibly another) number or value that reflects or indicates the level of trust that node  820  has in the identity of target entity  840 . 
     For the sake of clarity, only a single trust level per node is shown; however, any number of trust levels, scores or values may be associated, by each node, with an entity. For example, each element or entry in entity details  811  may be associated or assigned with a trust level, and trust level  812  may be calculated based on a set of trust levels. For example, assuming target entity is a person, entity details  811  may include the name and photo of the person with a trust link level of ten (10), e.g., reflecting a high confidence or trust level in the name since the person showed, to a clerk in a bank, an identifying card with his name and picture, and entity details  811  may include the phone number of the person with a trust level of five (5), e.g., since the phone number was obtained from a (trusted or semi-trusted) third party and was never verified. Any method may be used to calculate or determine a trust level (e.g., trust level  812 ) based on a set of trust levels of an entity. For example, referring to the above example, a trust level of ten in a name and five in a phone number may, e.g., based on an average, weighted average or other methods, yield a trust level of seven and half. 
     A embodiment may include validating an entity by obtaining, by at least one or first node or system (e.g., node  810 ), a set of entity details related to the entity, for example, a set of entity details related to target entity  840  as shown by entity details  811 . An embodiment may include associating with the entity, by the first system or node, a respective first trust level based on at least some of the entity details. For example and as described, trust level  812  may be a trust level associated, by node  810 , with target entity  840 . An embodiment may include validating the entity based on the trust level. For example, to validate target entity  840 , identifying entity  830  may receive, from node  810 , entity details  811  and trust level  812  and may validate target entity  840  based on the entity details and the trust level. Validating an entity may be done based on entity details and trust levels from any number of nodes as further described herein. It will be understood that any method or flow for validating an entity as described herein may be performed based on, or by a collaboration of any number of nodes, e.g., nodes  810 ,  820  and/or any N nodes as shown by  FIG. 8 . 
     Some embodiments may include validating an entity by obtaining, by at least first and second entities, nodes or systems (e.g., nodes  810  and  820 ), a set of entity details related to the entity, for example, a set of entity details related to target entity  840  as shown by entity details  811  and  821 . An embodiment may include associating with the entity, by the first and second systems or nodes, a respective first and second trust levels based on at least some of the entity details. For example and as described, trust levels  812  and  822  may be trust levels associated with target entity  840 . An embodiment may include validating the entity based on the at least first and second trust levels. For example, to validate target entity  840 , identifying entity  830  may receive, from nodes  810  and  820 , entity details  811  and  821  and trust levels  812  and  822  and may validate target entity  840  based on the entity details and the trust levels. 
     For example, assuming target entity  840  is a person who identifies himself to another person (identifying entity  830 ) as John Brown, living at 17 Main Street and owning or using phone number 201-555-4444. To verify or validate the information provided by the person, identifying entity  830  may contact nodes  810  and  820  and query them regarding this person. Each of nodes  810  and  820  may return a set of details, e.g., name, address and phone number and a trust level that reflects the level of trust associated with the details. As described, the trust level returned by nodes  810  and  820  may be a single, global number or value, and/or it may include a set of values that reflect or represent a trust level of specific details. Based on the data returned by nodes  810  and  820 , identifying entity  830  may determine or decide whether or not the person is indeed John Brown from 17 Main Street with phone number 201-555-4444. For example, if both nodes  810  and  820  inform identifying entity  830  that the above details of John are associated with a high trust level or value, then identifying entity  830  may determine that John is validated, verified or authenticated. However, if the trust level of John&#39;s details is low, either by one of nodes  810  and  820  or by combining the trust levels from nodes  810  and  820 , then identifying entity  830  may determine that the identity of John is not validated and may, for example, refuse to complete a transaction or perform any other operation that may be contingent on a validation of John&#39;s identity. For example, nodes  810  and  820  may be two banks, and, before performing a transaction for a customer, identifying entity  830  (that may be a third bank) may validate the customer with banks  810  and  820  as described. 
     It is noted that the verification as described herein may be performed and/or achieved without using any keys or credentials provided by the target entity and/or without any centralized authentication, certification or registration authority. It is further noted that the level of trust may be increased as more and more nodes such as nodes  810  and  820  participate in a validation process as described, and, for example, dozens of nodes that keep entity details may be queried as described and any threshold may be set such that, only if sufficient nodes identify target entity  840  with sufficient trust level, then target entity  840  is validated. 
     In some embodiments, a record or ledger may be created for an entity by including entity details in the record or ledger and the record or ledger may be provided to one or more nodes. For example, identifying entity  830  may be a server (e.g., server  230 ) that receives entity details, stores or includes the details in a record, file, ledger or any other construct and provides the record to nodes  810  and  820 . Nodes  810  and  820  may each verify the details in a record, associate trust level scores to received details and/or add details to a record. For example, if a record for target entity  840  received by node  810  from identifying entity  830  includes a phone number that is verified by node  810  then node  810  may associate a high trust score or level with the phone number. Nodes may add entity details to a record received as described. For example, if a record for target entity  840  received by node  810  from identifying entity  830  (and used for creating entity details  811 ) includes a phone number, a social security number and a name and but does not include a home address and the home address is known to node  810  (e.g., stored in a database of node  810 ) then node  810  may add the home address to entity details  811 . Accordingly, a record or ledger for an entity may be created or updated by any number of nodes. 
     In some embodiments, identifying entity  830  may periodically, or based on an event, timer or command, receive entity details from a plurality of nodes, update or create a record for an entity and distribute or redistribute the updated record to the plurality of nodes. For example, entity details that include the home address added to a record by node  810  as described may be sent to identifying entity  830 , used for updating a record for target entity  840  and the updated record may be sent to node  820 . Accordingly, updates of entity details from one node may be provided to other nodes thus achieving an updated and distributed ledger or record for an entity. 
     In some embodiments, a distributed and keyless ledger or record authentication system or method may be realized or implemented using communication-less platforms, for example, any system or platform designed to provide fully-distributed applications or data by using the features and power of cloud technology without dedicated servers, as opposed to server-based platforms. Other techniques, platforms or methods used for implementing a ledger may be or may include global inventory, public directory and public contact book. 
     In some embodiments, a first set of trust levels may be associated with a respective set of entity details by a first system or node, a second set of trust levels may be associated with the set of entity details by a second node, and validating the entity may be based on the first and second sets of trust levels. 
     For example, node  810  may associate a home address of a person (target entity  840 ) with a trust level of ten (10) since mail sent to that address is known to have been received by the person and node  820  may associate, with the home address, a trust level of zero (0), e.g., since this address was never used, or verified by node  820 . Identifying entity may receive the sets of trust levels from nodes  810  and  820  and may use any logic to calculate a trust level in the home address and/or in the identity of the person. For example, thresholds, averaging, weights and the like may be used to determine whether or not an entity is validated, confirmed or verified based on trust levels received from a large number of nodes. For example, an entity may be considered validated or verified if none of the trust levels received from a plurality of nodes is below a threshold (e.g., below 6 out of 10), if the average trust level computed based on a plurality of trust levels is above a threshold trust level and so on. 
     In some embodiments, at least some of the entity details of an entity may include contact details and an embodiment may select, based on a trust level, a first and second contact details, select, based on the first and second contact details, a respective first and second communication channels, and the embodiment may validate the entity by communicating with the entity over the first and second communication channels. In some embodiments, the first and second communication channels may be used to validate, authenticate or verify an entity as described herein, for example, by sending a first value (e.g., a generated value  126 ) over the first communication channel and sending a second value over the second, different communication channel and the first and second values may be used as described herein to validate or authenticate an entity. 
     For example, node  810  may be an application server (e.g., application server  441 ) that may provide a first contact detail (e.g., a user name and address) and node  820  may be a server in a bank that may provide a second contact detail (e.g., a phone number or email address). The two communication channels used based on the details provided by nodes  810  and  820  may be in-band, out-of-band, logical or physical channels as described herein and contacting an entity based on two or more channels may include establishing a secured communication channel with the entity, e.g., using secret sharing as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, elements, entries or portions of entity details may be time-stamped, and associating an entity with a trust level may be based on time-stamps of entity details. For example, some or even each of a phone number, an address, an email and the like in entity details  811  and  821  may include or be associated with one or more timestamps that may be, or may reflect, the time the detail was created or added to entity details, the time the detail was last checked or verified and the like. A trust level determined or calculated for an entity may be based on timestamps or age of entries or details in a record or ledger. For example, data in entity details  811  that was last verified less than a week ago may be ignored, or weights may be associated with data elements in entity details  811  and  821  such that, when calculating a trust level based on data or entries in entity details  811  and  821  as described, older entries carry more weight than new or fresh entries or data. Accordingly, a trust level may be calculated with respect to age of data related to an entity. 
     In some embodiments, a trust level may be dynamically or otherwise updated or modified. For example, an embodiment may calculate or recalculate a trust level periodically, continuously or based on an event, a timer expiration or based on a command. For example, nodes  810  and  820  may periodically check, verify or update details, entries or data in entity details  811  and  821  and may further recalculate trust levels  812  and  822 . In some embodiments, a command, e.g., received from identifying entity  830  may cause nodes to recalculate a trust level. Accordingly, a trust level for an entity may be kept up to date such that the trust level adequately reflects any changes in details or data related to the entity. 
     In some embodiments, updating a ledger, record or entity details may be done by each node participating in a ledger implementation described herein. For example, any one of nodes  820  or  820  may identify, receive or determine a new detail of an identity or these nodes may determine that an existing detail was changed (e.g., a phone number of a person was changed) and the nodes  820  or  820  may update entity details  811  or  821  accordingly. Updating a record, ledger or entity details of an entity may be based on any input or event, for example, a registration procedure that may include physical verification, biometric check and the like, or an update of entity details may be based on a communication via one or more of the contact addresses in the entity details, possibly using secured communication channels ad/or secret shares as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a trust level may be associated with a registering entity. For example, in some embodiments, entity details related to a registering entity may be received, from the registering entity and the entity details of the registering entity may be provided to one or more nodes (e.g., to nodes  810  and/or  820 ). The nodes provided with details of the registering entity may associate the registering entity with a trust level. 
     For example, a bank may register a user (e.g., target entity  840 ) and may provide nodes  810  and/or  820  with details identifying the bank. Nodes  810  and/or  820  may associate a trust level with the bank. For example, if the bank is known to, trusted and/or verified by node  810 , then node  810  may associate a trust level of ten (10) with the bank and, if the bank is not recognized or verified by node  820 , then node  820  may associate a trust level of three (3) with the bank. A trust level of or for, a registering entity may be determined or calculated based on a set of trust levels associated with the registering entity by any number of nodes. For example, identifying entity  830  may set, determine or calculate a trust level of a registering entity based on the trust levels for the entity received from nodes  810  and  820 , e.g., using logic or methods similar to those used for calculating a trust level for an entity as described herein. 
     Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention may prevent false registration. For example, a malicious entity attempting to steal personal information from users may lure users to register for a service, based on a low trust level associated with the malicious entity (e.g., the server or application used by the malicious entity), some embodiments of the invention may warn the user that false registration is taking place. 
     In some embodiments, nodes may be provided with a reference or other information usable for verifying an entity. For example, identifying entity  830  may provide node  810  with a phone number, email address or any other data, information or reference that may be used, by node  810 , to verify a person or other entity. For example, based on a request to verify a user, where the request includes a name and a phone number, identifying entity  830  may send the name and phone number to node  810  and request node  810  to verify that the phone number belongs to the user indicated by the provided name. For example, nodes  810  and  820  may be servers  440 ,  441 , and thus node  810  may be able to verify a user name and messenger address of a Facebook user, node  820  may be able to verify a LinkedIn user and so on. Accordingly, by including in a system and method a plurality of nodes related to a respective plurality of platforms, social networks, institutions and so on, an embodiment may verify users or entities based on a plurality of platforms, social networks, institutions and so on. 
     In some embodiments, a trust level of an entity may be based on input from the entity. For example, target entity  840  may be a person and identifying entity  830  may associate a trust level with the person based on information provided (e.g., personally, in the presence of) the person. For example, a person may visit the place where identifying entity  830  (e.g., a server) is located, provide his or her fingerprints or other identifying information and, based on the provided data, identifying entity  830  may update or set a trust level for the person and/or person&#39;s entity details. A trust level and/or entity details received directly or otherwise from an entity may be sent, provided or distributed to any number of nodes. For example, a trust level established based on data provided by a user as described may be sent, from identifying entity  830  to nodes  810  and  820  and nodes  810  and  820  may update their respective trust levels and entity details based on data received from identifying entity  830 . 
     System  800  may be, or may include, a ledger based, distributed certification. Some embodiments may create, generate or issue a certificate or proof of identity to a user. 
     For example, when an entity (e.g., a person) requests a certificate or proof of identity from a ledger based, distributed certificate authority such as system  800 , an embodiment may receive information from the person and may interact with the distributed ledger, possibly, referring ledger servers or nodes to the sources at which the information can be verified, e.g., links to the relevant records in the internet, until a new record with the identity of the entity is saved in (a quorum of) the distributed ledger. 
     For example, if or when a user requests a certification of his or her identity from identifying entity  830  or when a user registers with identifying entity  830 , a unit (e.g., a unit similar to SEU  211  in a user&#39;s device or unit similar to SEU  231  in server  230 ) may collect information related to the user (e.g., any entity details as described) and the unit may send any collected or obtained entity details to nodes  810  and  820 . Participants in a distributed certification ledger, e.g., nodes or servers in system  800  such as nodes  810  and  820  may each verify entity details received, e.g., by means that may include a physical visit of a person, establishing communication using secret sharing via different channels, third party trust, etc. and possibly grant a record, entity details or other data of the person with a trust level, score, or confidence level Based on the scores or trust levels of a plurality of nodes, an embodiment, e.g., identifying entity  830 , may grant or deny a certificate. For example, if a trust level (e.g., determined based on input from a plurality of nodes as described) for an entity requesting a certification is high, then identifying entity  830  may issue a certification for an entity, otherwise, e.g., the trust level is below a threshold, identifying entity  830  may inform the user that a certification cannot be provided. 
     An embodiment (e.g., identifying entity  830 ) may receive a request to search for (or validate) an entity and may send one or more details related to the searched entity to at least one of first and second systems or nodes. For example, identifying entity  830  may receive a request to search for, or validate an identity of a person where the request may include a name, address or other details and identifying entity  830  may send the details received to nodes  810  and  820 . An embodiment may receive from the at least one of the first and second systems information including at least one of: an entity detail and a trust level related to the searched entity and the embodiment may respond, to the request, based on the information. 
     For example, after sending entity details of a person to nodes  810  and/or  820 , identifying entity  830  may receive, from nodes  810  and/or  820 , a trust level for the person and/or additional details of the person and, based on the received trust levels and data received, identifying entity  830  may determine whether or not the person was found by system  800  and/or whether or not the person is identified or validated. For example, if the person is found by one of nodes  810  or  820  (entity details that match those received from identifying entity  830  were found in a database of identity details in node  810 ), then that node may inform identifying entity  830  that the person was found and may send additional details for the person it found in its storage or additional details the node obtained using the details it received from identifying entity  830 . In addition, each of the nodes may send to identifying entity  830  a trust level associated with the searched entity. Based on details and trust levels received from nodes in system  800 , identifying entity  830  may determine whether or not the entity searched for was found, identified or verified. For example, averaging or other operations related to trust levels as well as threshold as described herein may be used, by identifying entity  830 , in order to determine that a person was found and identified by system  800 . 
     The benefits and advantages of a distributed search and validation of entities may be readily appreciated. For example, a client can search a distributed ledger (e.g., system  800 ) for a specific identity, possibly prior to executing a transaction in which the identity of the parties (the client and the identity holder) involved is important. During a search, one or more (possibly a majority) of the distributed ledger/quorum participants (e.g., nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N) may be independently contacted, and the relevant records (and trust levels), that fit the search parameters may be returned, the trust in the identification may be computed as a function of the trust in the answers from the plurality of nodes as described. A record of a searched entity may be provided, e.g., by identifying entity  830  in response to a request from a client where the record may include contact details that were provided by nodes in system  800  as described. Accordingly, provided with an initial set of details related to an entity (e.g., name and phone number) and based on details stored in a plurality of nodes, an embodiment may return a large set of details for the entity, e.g., contact information such as email address, Facebook account and the like. A client can then use contact details provided as described to send secure and authenticated messages to the searched party, e.g., by the use of secret sharing techniques as described in herein. 
     In some embodiments, the process of obtaining entity details (e.g., for a searched entity as described) from nodes and validating an entity as described may be automated. For example, a search engine included in nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N and/or in identifying entity  830  may search any server, database, service or application for information related to a searched entity and thus obtain entity details for a searched entity. A unit, e.g., included in identifying entity  830 , may be adapted to communicate with at least one of the nodes or systems in system  800  (e.g., with nodes  810  and  820 ) and validate an entity. For example, a unit similar to SEU  231  may receive details and trust levels from nodes  810  and  820  and may calculate, based on the received trust levels, a trust level for an entity as described. In some embodiments, a software assistant included in identifying entity  830  and/or in nodes  810  and  820  may perform the verification procedures described herein, e.g., using an automatic and/or semi-automatic contact, authorization and behavioral profile list builder and verifier. 
     For example, automatic, multi-factor identification and rich-contact details construction may be achieved by search engine fusion results (including indications concerning access patterns that can be extracted from public data and/or the personal behavioral patterns and preferences that servers store) in public and private directories, social networks, government, and commercial entities is a proposed software application. A contact list or rich-contact details as described herein may facilitate the use of secret sharing and overlay security to establish multi-channel, multi-factor, identification, authentication, and secrecy as described herein. 
     As described, the need to identify a person, a company, or even a device in the IoT era in the information age may be facilitated, by some embodiments, by gathering information concerning the person/company/device, e.g., by nodes  810  and  820 , from the internet and other official/non-official governmental/private lists and investigators, such as phone books, election lists, or specialized (on-line/off-line) investigation services. 
     In some embodiments, an automatic and/or semi-automatic contact, authorization and behavioral profile contact and identity record builder and verifier (e.g., included in identifying entity  830 ) may be an unsupervised (e.g., using capabilities such as face recognition in images) process or supervised, possibly presenting found photos or other-identifications details and their sources interacting with the owner or user of a rich-contacts data-base letting the owner or user choose the most probable details to be fused into a ledger, record or entity details as described herein. Any source may be accessed, e.g., by units in identifying entity  830  or nodes  810  and  820 , that may use results of search engines such as google (images), Facebook, Linkedin, Skype presenting all relevant photos or other details to be selectively chosen for gathering reliable contact information. For example, identifying entity  830  may present to a user data found for the user, receive from the user an indication that the information is correct and/or that the information should be included in entity details for the user. After receiving a confirmation from a user that information found for the user is correct or approved, identifying entity  830  may include the information in entity details for the user and may distribute the entity details, e.g., by sending entity details to nodes  810  and  820 . Accordingly, a distributed record may be established by updating a plurality of nodes. 
     In some embodiments, to determine a trust level, entity details obtained from a plurality of sources may be crossed checked. For example, a detail such as a phone number for an entity provided by node  810  may be compared with a phone number for the entity provided by node  820 . Accordingly, a trust level for a detail may be set or updated based on cross checking the detail or based on the number of nodes or sources that confirm the detail Verification of details related to an entity may include an active event driven verification of the details (e.g., contact information) may be performed, e.g., by identifying entity  830 . For example, identifying entity  830  may contact an entity with secret sharing through several communication links, to verify that the entity is reached using the different physical (e.g., WiFi, Cellular, Bluetooth) or logical (e.g., VPNs, messaging service) communication paths to enable the entity to store personal information, such as password/token and personal questions in a record or contact list or to set or update the trust level or confidence in the identity of a user. 
     In some embodiments, verification of the obtained details may be a continuous or never ending process, where an automatic user record, entity details or contact list builder is periodically (and/or event driven on demand triggered) invoked to (re)gain confidence on details in the contact list. 
     In some embodiments, a device may be associated or linked with an entity based on receiving, from at least one node or system, a confirmation that a current activity of the entity is related to the device. For example, node  810  may be a Facebook server that may verify and confirm that a specific user is currently using a specific device to access his or her account in Facebook, and, based on such confirmation, identifying entity  830  may associate the specific user with the specific device, e.g., include details of the specific device in entity details of the user. 
     In some embodiments, at least some of the entity details of an entity may include contact details for contacting the entity over at least two platforms and, validating the entity may include contacting the entity using the at least at least two platforms. For example, entity details  821  may include credentials for a Facebook account (e.g., user name) and entity details  811  may include a phone number of the user. Using such contact information (possibly received from more than one nodes in a system), identifying entity  830  may, for example, contact the user using SMS (using the phone number received from node  810 ) and using the user&#39;s Facebook account (received from node  820 ). 
     In some embodiments, a verification of an entity or user or updating entity details of the entity may include linking the user to a (possibly new) device where contact details are kept by, or originate from, third parties (e.g., LinkedIn or Facebook) that may be used to identify a user. For example, a user may direct or allow the third parties to “testify” that they link his/her identity to a current activity on the new device, and an embodiment may augment the new device parameters into a record or entity details of the user. Mutual trust parameters among the third parties may be used to calculate a certainty or trust level for the user. 
     Privacy protection may be achieved by some embodiments by sending secret shared data with integrity checksum to a user. For example, a user or client that would like to identify herself/himself may present a random string (for certain fields that should be revealed) that when used in a particular fashion, say twice (e.g. concatenated) reveals the needed information and the fitting signature. 
     In current or known system and methods, enrollment of a device to a server is typically done by a user account that is known to the server, e.g. email account. Usually, there is some information that is sent to this account and the user has to type this information in the server application. The enrollment process is typically performed each time the user adds/changes a device. An attacker can use this enrollment process as a vulnerability and try to add another device to a specific user account and by cracking its mail account, it can gain the needed information to successfully enroll its own device to the victim account. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, using an enrollment process as described, the first time a user enrolls with a server, the user logs in through the server application to his email account (or other identification account(s)), and, if this login is successful, the enrollment process is also completed successfully. Accordingly, the inconvenience of typing the data that is sent from the server is eliminated. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to a mail login, a user may be requested to login through several accounts in several nodes, e.g., through accounts in nodes  810  and  820  that may be LinkedIn or Facebook servers. Trust levels of the additional nodes as described may be used as input to an overall trust gained for the user or user&#39;s entity details as described. For example, identifying entity  830  may get tokens or credentials of the several user accounts and may ask the accounts servers, e.g. Facebook, to give it the details of the account owner. Identifying entity  830  may save the details of the user (e.g. the user id in the specific server) of its several accounts and when the user logins using another device, identifying entity  830  may ask or prompt the user to login through his or her accounts and identifying entity  830  may verify the details. Copies of the tokens or credentials may be saved in a distributed identity certificate authority (e.g., system  800 ), thus enhancing the trust in the identification of an entity. 
     In some embodiments, nodes in a system (e.g., nodes  810  and  820 ) may use consensus to establish common identity storage (e.g., removing obsolete information) and combined trust, upon a read/search/write event and/or periodically. In some embodiments, nodes (e.g., nodes  810  and  820 ) may periodically perform search for their identity to avoid identity theft, and may have (periodically, e.g., daily, monthly) search, read, write or update identity details or records. In some embodiments, a ledger (or identity-ledger) maybe implemented by the use of a distributed ledger based on block-chain technology such as Ethereum. 
     As described herein, to identify (or register or enroll) an entity, an embodiment may send one or more values to the entity via respective one or entities or devices. In some embodiments, the one or more entities or devices via which values are sent to the entity that is to be identified may be selected based on a distributed ledger as described herein. For example, identifying entity  710  may select entities  720  and  730  (for sending values to entity  740 ) based on entity details of entity  740 . For example, a record (or entity details in a record) of entity  740  may include data and/or references to family members or friends (entities  720  and  730 ) of a user (entity  740 ) that can testify that the entity details of entity  740  are correct and/or that can be securely used to transfer values to entity  740 . Accordingly, a method of identifying an entity as described herein may include selecting intermediate entities for transferring or providing values to the entity based on a distributed ledger as described herein. 
     Some embodiments of the invention may provide and/or enable a quantum safe secured communication infrastructure using a distributed ledger, authentication overlay techniques and secret sharing as described herein. In particular, embodiments that are not based on the unproven existence of one-way-function, that are computationally weak for quantum computers, such as discrete log and factorization, but are based on proven information theoretically secure methods and combinatorics. For example, a system and method that use a keyless authentication and/or identification scheme as described herein augmented by secret sharing and secure communication channels establishment techniques as described herein and further including identification of an entity using one or more intermediate nodes or entities as described may provide or enable an infrastructure that is secured to a degree that far exceeds any other or known infrastructure. 
     In some embodiments, a method, procedure or sequence of operations may include, or be related to, a registration of an entity, e.g., a registration to a service, an enrollment to a server or application and the like. A registration of an entity may include any one or more of creating, verifying, authenticating, validating and/or storing entity details or records. 
     For example, in some embodiments, to register or an entity, a set of semi-trusted nodes (e.g., one or more banks, social platforms and servers) may each, independently, verify the identity of the entity and grant a confidence level to a copy of at least some entity details of the entity that may be stored by the node. For example, identifying entity  830  may be a server that may provide each of nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N a record or other entity details of an entity and each of nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N may, independently, use a record received from identifying entity  830  to verify the identity of the entity, associate a confidence or trust level with a copy of the record that may be stored by the node. 
     For example, a record (or identity record) may include any identity details or attributes as described (e.g., photo, contact information, biometric information, passwords, public-keys, credit history, credit numbers and the like). 
     Nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N may use any consensus to establish common or synchronized identity storage and/or combined trust, for example, nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N may update each other such that obsolete entity details may be removed from all of  810 ,  820  . . . N. For example, if node  810  learns that a phone number of a user is no longer valid, then node  810  may inform node  820  of such change and node  820  may update its copy of entity details accordingly. Any operation performed by nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N, target entity  840  and/or identifying entity  830  may be performed, for example, by a dedicated unit in these nodes, e.g., an SEU as described herein. Verifying, updating or synchronizing entity details may be done periodically, e.g., based on a timer, or based on an event, e.g., every time entity details change. 
     In some embodiments, a method, procedure or sequence of operations may include, or be related to searching for and/or providing records or entity details by a searching entity-engine that may create a record for the entity to be (verified and) stored in the (typically distributed) identity authority. Later, the stored and verified entity record (or field of the record) may be requested, received or read, by a user or a node (e.g., identifying entity  830 ). 
     Records or entity details may be obtained from each of nodes  810 ,  820  . . . N, possibly after gaining authorization from the node or identity holder, e.g., an authorization may be provided by cryptographic approval mechanism or method, e.g., a mechanism or flow involving an OTP as described herein. 
     A reader, requestor or receiver of an entity&#39;s details may establish trust in the identity and its history using a function of the confidence or trust levels in answers or responses received from the responding nodes. 
     Identity (or entity details) holders (e.g., nodes  810  and  820 ) may periodically perform search, update or verification for information they hold e.g., to avoid identity theft, and they may (periodically, e.g., daily, monthly) search/read/write/update report on their identity record. For example, nodes  810  and  820  may periodically validate or verify that the entity details they store are valid or correct and may inform each other and/or identifying entity  830  of the validity of entity details they store. 
     Fees for creating/maintaining a record or entity details may be handled by a server (e.g., identifying entity  830 ) as a paid to (distribute) identity authority. A server (e.g., identifying entity  830 ) may facilitate record write, possibly checking the trust in it by further greater means than those described herein. 
     A server (e.g., identifying entity  830 ) may check the authorization for search and reads, possibly checking such requests in further greater means. One or more servers (e.g., a plurality of identifying entities  830 ) may provide or enable worldwide presence and may participate in any interaction while other nodes may only join the quorum. 
     In the description and claims of the present application, each of the verbs, “comprise” “include” and “have”, and conjugates thereof are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of components, elements or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb. Unless otherwise stated, adjectives such as “substantially” and “about” modifying a condition or relationship characteristic of a feature or features of an embodiment of the disclosure, are understood to mean that the condition or characteristic is defined to within tolerances that are acceptable for operation of an embodiment as described. In addition, the word “or” is considered to be the inclusive “or” rather than the exclusive or, and indicates at least one of, or any combination of items it conjoins. 
     Descriptions of embodiments of the invention in the present application are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The described embodiments comprise different features, not all of which are required in all embodiments. Some embodiments utilize only some of the features or possible combinations of the features. Variations of embodiments of the invention that are described, and embodiments comprising different combinations of features noted in the described embodiments, will occur to a person having ordinary skill in the art. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims. 
     Unless explicitly stated, the method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a particular order in time or chronological sequence. Additionally, some of the described method elements may be skipped, or they may be repeated, during a sequence of operations of a method. 
     While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention. 
     Various embodiments have been presented. Each of these embodiments may of course include features from other embodiments presented, and embodiments not specifically described may include various features described herein.