Patent Publication Number: US-2023157411-A1

Title: Articles of footwear with adaptive-height bladder elements

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/888,529, filed May 29, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/855,735, filed May 31, 2019. The prior applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure is directed to support systems in articles of footwear and, more particularly, to sole structures with adaptive, fluid-receiving bladder elements. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Articles of footwear can include sole structures with support systems that enhance the performance of the article and/or the comfort of the wearer. Continued improvements in support systems for articles of footwear are desirable. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an exemplary pair of shoes that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an exemplary view of a runner wearing an exemplary pair of shoes that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  illustrate a right article of footwear in various states of inflation. 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  illustrate a left article of footwear in various states of inflation. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a lateral side view of an exemplary right article of footwear that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a lateral side view of an exemplary right article of footwear that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a medial side view of an exemplary right article of footwear that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary arrangement of fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a medial side view of an exemplary left article of footwear that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a lateral side view of an exemplary left article of footwear that incorporate adaptive, fluid-filled bladder elements. 
         FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  illustrate exemplary states of a fluid control system and bladder system. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates an exploded view of an exemplary article of footwear. 
         FIG.  13    illustrates a bottom view of an exemplary anchor plate engaged with an exemplary banking plate of a right article of footwear. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates a bottom view of an exemplary anchor plate engaged with an exemplary banking plate of a left article of footwear. 
         FIG.  15    illustrates a top view of an exemplary anchor plate engaged with an exemplary banking plate of a left article of footwear. 
         FIG.  16    illustrates a top view of an exemplary anchor plate engaged with an exemplary banking plate of a right article of footwear. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates a bottom perspective view of an exemplary right article of footwear. 
         FIG.  18    illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary article of footwear having one or more sensors. 
         FIG.  19    illustrates a schematic view of a track with different regions. 
         FIG.  20    illustrates an exemplary change in banking angles and inflation levels as a runner enters and leaves the different regions shown in  FIG.  19   . 
         FIG.  21    illustrates a schematic embodiment of a fluid control system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General Considerations 
     The systems and methods described herein, and individual components thereof, should not be construed as being limited to the particular uses or systems described herein in any way. Instead, this disclosure is directed toward all novel and non-obvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in various combinations and subcombinations with one another. For example, any features or aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be used in various combinations and subcombinations with one another, as will be recognized by an ordinarily skilled artisan in the relevant field(s) in view of the information disclosed herein. In addition, the disclosed systems, methods, and components thereof are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combinations thereof, nor do the disclosed things and methods require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved. 
     As used in this application the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Additionally, the term “includes” means “comprises.” Further, the term “coupled” or “secured” encompasses mechanical and chemical couplings, as well as other practical ways of coupling or linking items together, and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled items unless otherwise indicated, such as by referring to elements, or surfaces thereof, being “directly” coupled or secured. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “and/or” means any one item or combination of items in the phrase. 
     As used herein, the term “exemplary” means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration. As used herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example,” introduce a list of one or more non-limiting embodiments, examples, instances, and/or illustrations. 
     Although the operations of some of the disclosed methods are described in a particular, sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement, unless a particular ordering is required by specific language set forth below. For example, operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed things and methods can be used in conjunction with other things and methods. Additionally, the description sometimes uses terms like “provide,” “produce,” “determine,” and “select” to describe the disclosed methods. These terms are high-level descriptions of the actual operations that are performed. The actual operations that correspond to these terms will vary depending on the particular implementation and are readily discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     As used herein, the directional terms (e.g., “upper” and “lower”) generally correspond to the orientation of an article of footwear or sole structure as it is configured to be worn by a wearer. For example, an “upwardly-facing surface” and/or an “upper surface” of a sole structure refers to the surface oriented in the “superior” anatomical direction (i.e., toward the head of a wearer) when the article of footwear is being worn by the wearer. Similarly, the directional terms “downwardly” and/or “lower” refer to the anatomical direction “inferior” (i.e., toward the ground and away from the head of the wearer). “Front” means “anterior” (e.g., towards the toes), and “rear” means “posterior” (e.g., towards the heel). “Medial” means “toward the midline of the body,” and “lateral” means “away from the midline of the body.” 
     As used herein, the term “banking angle” means an angle at which a surface of a sole structure is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to the horizontal. If the banking angle is zero, for example, the sole structure is generally flat. For the purposes of this application, the banking angle of an article of footwear is the angle between a surface of the sole structure and the ground where the angle is greatest along the length of the article of footwear. 
     Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Other features of the disclosure are apparent from the detailed description, claims, abstract, and drawings 
     The Disclosed Technology 
     Various sole structures and articles of footwear that include adaptive support systems, as well as methods of manufacturing the same, are disclosed herein. 
     In some embodiments, articles of footwear are provided that include an upper and an adaptive-height sole structure. The sole structure can comprise a midsole secured to the upper, an anchor plate having at least one projection secured to at least a portion of the midsole, a banking plate having at least one aperture and positioned between the midsole and the anchor plate, and at least one bladder system disposed between the midsole and the banking plate and configured to receive a fluid in at least one cavity therein. The bladder system(s) can be secured to a bottom surface of the midsole and a top surface of the banking plate and increasing the amount of the fluid in the at least one bladder system changes the at least one bladder system from an uninflated state to an inflated state. In addition, the banking plate and the midsole can have a first relative orientation when the at least one bladder system is in the uninflated state and a second, different relative orientation when the at least one bladder system is in the inflated state. 
     The articles can also include a fluid control system that can adjust an amount of inflation of the at least one bladder system. The fluid control system can comprise at least one reservoir, at least one fluid line extending from the at least one reservoir to the at least one bladder system, and at least one valve positioned between the at least one reservoir and the at least one bladder system. The valve(s) can have a closed position in which the fluid is prevented from flowing between the at least one reservoir and the at least one bladder system, and an open position in which the fluid can flow between the at least one reservoir and the at least one bladder system. 
     In some embodiments, the bladder system(s) can be positioned on a lateral side or a medial side of the article of footwear, and a banking angle can be formed between the banking plate and the anchor plate when the at least one bladder system is in the inflated state. The article of footwear can be a right article of a pair of articles of footwear with the bladder system(s) on the lateral side of the right article, or a left article with the bladder system(s) positioned on the medial side of the left article. 
     The banking plate can be secured to the midsole at a heel region of the article of footwear to restrict movement between the midsole and the banking plate, and the bladder system(s) can be positioned in a forefoot region and/or a midfoot region of the article of footwear so that the banking plate is moveable relative to the midsole in the forefoot region and/or midfoot region. 
     Various methods for manufacturing sole structures as disclosed herein are also disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a midsole, a banking plate with at least one aperture, and an anchor plate with at least one projections. The banking plate can be positioned between the midsole and the anchor plate with the at least one projection extending through the at least one aperture and the anchor plate can be secured to the midsole. At least one bladder system can be positioned between the midsole and the banking plate. The bladder system(s) can be configured to receive and discharge a fluid, such that the at least one bladder system is inflatable and deflatable to increase or decrease a height of the bladder system(s). The bladder system(s) can be secured to a lower surface of the midsole and an upper surface of the banking plate. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one bladder system is secured to the midsole and banking plate on a lateral or medial side of the sole structure, such that a banking angle is formed between the banking plate and the anchor plate when the at least one bladder system is in the inflated state. 
     These embodiments and others are described in detail below. 
     Exemplary Embodiments of Sole Structures and Articles of Footwear 
     Articles of footwear (also referred to herein as “articles”) can include running shoes, soccer shoes, football shoes, rugby shoes, basketball shoes, baseball shoes, tennis shoes, sneakers, boots, sandals, dress shoes, work shoes, and any other type of footwear to which the support systems disclosed herein may be applied. Articles of footwear typically include a sole structure, also referred to as a sole structure herein, and an upper coupled to the sole structure. The upper forms an interior void configured to receive a foot of a wearer. The articles of footwear described herein have sole structures that include adaptive support systems that can vary one or more of the angle, curvature, orientation, and/or shape of a supporting surface on which a wearer&#39;s foot is received. 
       FIGS.  1 - 3    illustrate a right article of footwear  100  and a left article of footwear  102 . Each has an upper  104  coupled to a sole structure  106 . Each sole structure  106  includes an outsole  108  and an adaptive-height midsole structure  110  with a bladder system  112 . 
     Portions of the sole structure and the corresponding article of footwear may be identified based on regions of the foot located at or near that portion of the article of footwear when the footwear is worn on the properly sized foot. For example, footwear and/or sole structures include a lateral side  114  (the “outside” or “little toe side” of the foot) and a medial side  116  (the “inside” or “big toe side” of the foot). The lateral and medial sides of the footwear extend through the forefoot, midfoot, and heel regions and generally correspond with opposite sides of the footwear (and may be considered as being separated by a central longitudinal axis LA). 
     In addition, as shown in  FIG.  5   , an article of footwear and/or a sole structure may be considered as having a heel region  118  at the rear of the foot, a midfoot region  120  at the middle or arch area of the foot, and a forefoot region  122  at the front of the foot. Heel region  118  is generally associated with the heel of a foot, including the calcaneus bone, midfoot region  120  is generally associated with the arch of a foot, and forefoot region  122  is generally associated with the toes and joints connecting the metatarsals with the phalanges. 
     Sole structures  106  can be configured to provide traction for the articles of footwear, as well as provide support structure that supports the foot of a wearer during walking, running or other ambulatory activities. The configuration of sole structures  106  can vary based on use, including the type of ground surfaces on which the sole structures  106  are intended to be used (e.g., road surfaces, track surfaces, natural turf, synthetic turf, dirt, and other surfaces). 
     As discussed above, the sole structures described herein comprise an adaptive-height midsole structure that can vary the support structure of the sole structure to provide an article of footwear that supports the wearer&#39;s foot in a manner that can vary an angle, curvature, orientation, and/or shape of the surface receiving the wearer&#39;s foot. In this manner, the support structure can adapt or change to provide improved performance and/or comfort in situations where a non-flat orientation of the wearer&#39;s foot is desirable. 
     In some embodiments, the adaptive-height midsole structure can provide improved banking (e.g., turning) performance when the wearer is turning while walking or running on a track, such as when running counterclockwise on a curved portion of a track as shown in  FIG.  2   . The adaptive-height midsole structure can adjust a banking angle of the sole structure  106  of the articles of footwear by increasing a height of at least a portion of the sole structure on one side of the article. As shown in  FIG.  2   , an upper surface  124  of sole structure  106  is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to a horizontal plane  126  to provide a banking angle  128 . To achieve this banking angle, a portion of the medial side of the left article  102  is increased in height from a first height  130  to a second height  132 . 
     To provide the banking angle and associated height variation relative to a ground surface shown in  FIG.  2   , the bladder system  112  of the right article  100  is positioned on the lateral side  114  and the bladder system  112  of the left article  102  is position on the medial side  116  as shown in  FIG.  1   . 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  and  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  show a changing banking angle  128  on the right article  100  and left article  102 , respectively. As shown in these figures, the banking angle  128  is increased as the bladder system  112  inflates to increase a height of sole structure (and, in turn, the foot within the article of footwear) from a first height  130  in which the bladder system is not inflated to a second height  132  in which the bladder system is at least partially inflated. 
     The bladder systems disclosed herein can be inflated by any suitable fluid, including a gas (such as air, an inert gas such as nitrogen, or other suitable gases), liquid (such as water, oil, or other suitable liquids), or a combination thereof. 
     In  FIGS.  3 A and  4 A , the bladder systems  112  are shown in an uninflated state. As used herein, the term “uninflated state” refers to a state in which the bladder system is in an uninflated or minimally-inflated condition. In the uninflated state, the sole structure has its minimum banking angle  128 , which in some embodiments will be approximately zero. 
       FIGS.  3 B and  4 B  illustrate the bladder systems  112  in an inflated condition with a non-zero banking angle  128 , and  FIGS.  3 C and  4 C  illustrate the bladder systems  112  after undergoing further inflation which generates an even greater banking angle  128  than that shown in  FIGS.  3 B and  4 B . 
     The desired banking angle can vary depending on application. For example, with a maximum banking angle of 20 degrees, the desired banking angle would be able to vary between 0 and 20 degrees. In other embodiments, higher maximum banking angles can be achieved (e.g., 30 degrees). In other embodiments, lower maximum banking angles can be provided such as 18 degrees, 15 degrees, and 10 degrees. Thus, for example, in these embodiments, the banking angle of an article of footwear can vary between 0 and 18 degrees, between 0 and 15 degrees, and between 0 and 10 degrees. 
       FIGS.  5  and  6    illustrates a right article of footwear  100  that includes the adaptive-height midsole structure  110  with a pair of bladder systems  112  on the lateral side  114 .  FIG.  7    illustrates the right article of footwear  100  from the left side. As shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , a plurality of bladder systems can be provided to achieve a desired banking angle. In  FIGS.  5  and  6   , a first bladder system is positioned in the forefoot region  122  and a second bladder system is positioned at least partially in a midfoot region  120 . 
     The bladder systems  112  illustrated in  FIGS.  5  and  6    comprise a pair of fluid-filled bladder elements  134 ,  136  that are stacked with bladder element  134  on top of bladder element  136 . Each of the bladder elements defines a respective internal cavity and for each bladder system, respective bladder elements can be fluidly connected, such that fluid from the bladder element  134  can flow freely to bladder  136 , and vice versa. 
     Bladder elements  134 ,  136  can be formed in various manners. For example, as shown in  FIG.  8   , each bladder element can be formed by securing a first polymeric sheet  156  to a second polymeric sheet  158  to define the respective internal cavity. First and second polymeric sheets  156 ,  158  are substantially impermeable to the fluid to be contained within their cavities. First polymeric sheet  156  and second polymeric sheet  158  can be coupled together (e.g., welded) around their respective peripheries to form a peripheral bond  160 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , first polymeric sheet  156  forms the upper peripheral surface  146  and a portion of a sidewall  162  of bladder element  134 , and second polymeric sheet  158  forms the lower peripheral surface  148  and another portion of sidewall  162  of bladder element  134 . Peripheral bond  160  can be located at a midpoint of sidewall  162  or, alternately, positioned closer to the lower peripheral surface  148  or the upper peripheral surface  146 . As noted above, bladder elements  134 ,  136  can be fluidly connected, such as by an internal passageway  164  which interconnects their internal cavities,  138 ,  140 . 
     Bladder elements can be thermoformed in a mold assembly, with the first and second polymeric sheets  156 ,  158  being vacuum formed to the shape of the mold assembly during the thermoforming process. The sheets can be bonded to one another to form the peripheral bond by compression during the thermoforming process and fluid can be provided to the internal cavity of the bladder element through a fill tube. After inflation of the bladder element, the fill tube can be plugged and subsequently trimmed prior to assembling the sole structure or article of footwear. 
     In addition to the peripheral bond  160 , first and second polymeric sheets  156 ,  158  can be welded together at one or more internal areas to achieve a desired shape and configuration of the bladder element. 
     It should be understood that the structure of bladder elements described herein can vary. Although illustrated herein as a double-stacked pair of generally circular bladder elements in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the bladder elements can take any convenient shape. For example, a single bladder element can be used instead of a double-stacked pair. In addition, the bladder elements may be other shapes, such as rectangular or oval. In addition, instead of a pair of bladder elements, a single bladder element (i.e., a bladder element with a single cavity) can be provided that extends from a forefoot region to a midfoot region, or elsewhere along the article as desired. Similarly, instead of a bladder element with a consistent height across its width, a bladder element that varies in height can be provided, such as a rectangular valve that tapers to a shorter height on one side. Thus, for example, a wedge-like bladder element can be provided to support the sole structure across the width of the article of footwear. 
     As shown herein, a fluid control system  170  can be configured to inflate and deflate the bladder systems  112  to achieve a desired banking angle  128 . Fluid control system can include one or more reservoirs  172 , one or more valves  174  that control the flow of fluid from the reservoir to the bladder systems, and one or more fluid lines  176  through which the fluid can flow between the reservoir  172  and bladder systems  112 . As shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , for example, each bladder system can have a separate valve between the reservoir(s) and the respective bladder system. In addition, if desired, each valve can be independently operable. Thus, for example, inflation (or deflation) in a first bladder system can operate independently of inflation (or deflation) in a second bladder system. 
       FIGS.  9  and  10    illustrate the left article of footwear  102 , which can have a similar arrangement to that of the right article of footwear  100 . Since the bladder system  112  of the left article  102  is on the medial side, rather than the lateral side, the fluid control system  170  can be either arranged in a similar manner as the right article (i.e., on the bladder system side) or on a lateral side, if desired. 
     Although the reservoir is indicated as being attached to a heel region of the articles and the valves and fluid lines indicated as being positioned on the bladder system side (e.g., lateral side  114  for right article  100  and medial side for left article  102 ), it should be understood that these components can be positioned and secured at other locations on the articles of footwear. Thus, for example, the reservoir can be positioned closer to the bladder systems (such as adjacent a lacing structure or toe portion of the articles) to reduce the amount of fluid tubing required by the system. In addition, any of these components can be provided externally (i.e., on an outside of the upper) and/or internally (e.g. within the upper and/or sole structure). In some embodiments, a volume of the reservoir  172  and its associated tubing is of sufficient size to contain all the fluid in the system, such that the bladder systems  112  can be completely evacuated. 
     Fluid can be moved between the reservoir  172  and bladder systems  112  in a variety of manners, including any combination of valves and pumps. In one embodiment, the reservoir system is biased to expel fluid out of the reservoir, such that the opening of one or more valves between the reservoir and bladder systems (without any other external forces) causes fluid in the reservoir to be delivered to the bladder system. 
     For example,  FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  show a schematic operation of a reservoir  172  that is biased to expel fluid (e.g., air) from the reservoir. Reservoir  172  comprises a first chamber  180 , a second chamber  182 , and an elastic member  184  (e.g., a film) separating the first and second chambers  180 ,  182 . The first chamber  180  can comprise a first fluid (e.g., water) and the second chamber can be in fluid communication with a second fluid (e.g., air) which is the pressurizing fluid for the bladder systems. 
       FIG.  11 A  illustrates the reservoir  172  in a charged state, in which air from the bladder systems  112  is contained within the reservoir  172  and the valves  174  are closed. As shown in  FIG.  11 B , once the valves are open, the pressurized water pushes on the elastic member  184 , forcing the second fluid (e.g., air) out of the reservoir  172  and into the bladder systems  112 . Once the second fluid is expelled from the reservoir, the valves can close, trapping the second fluid in the bladder systems  112 . The amount of the second fluid that moves to the bladder systems  112  (and, therefore, the amount of inflation of the bladder systems  112 ) depends on the amount of time that the valves  174  are open. Thus, opening the valves for a short time allows for a small amount of inflation in the bladder systems, while opening the valves for a longer time allows for a larger amount of inflation in the bladder systems. 
     To reduce an amount of inflation in the bladder systems  112 , the second fluid (e.g., air) must be forced out of the bladder systems  112  while the valves are open. Thus, for example, the valve(s) can be opened for a brief period during a foot strike (i.e., when the article of footwear contacts the ground during running and a weight of the wearer is exerted on the article of footwear) in which a force  186  is applied to the bladder systems  112  causing the fluid to be forced from the bladder systems  112  into the reservoir  172 . 
     The valves  174  can be any suitable valve that can operate to control the flow of fluid between the reservoir  172  and the bladder systems  112 . For example, if a maximum pressure within the system is 50 psi, the selected valve should be suitable for control the flow rate of fluids at that pressure. A low profile, low weight design is preferable since the valves are mounted and/or secured to an article of footwear. In some embodiments, the valve can be controlled by voltage, current, or pulse width modulation PWM signals. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates an exploded view of an exemplary article of footwear  200  with an upper  204  coupled to a sole structure  206 . Each sole structure  206  includes an outsole  208  and an adaptive-height midsole structure  210  with a plurality of bladder systems  212 . 
     Midsole structure  210  comprises a stiffening plate  216  (or midsole), a banking plate  218 , and an anchor plate  220 . The stiffening plate  216  is secured to the upper  204  and banking plate  218  is moveable relative to stiffening plate  216 . Banking plate  218  is secured to the sole structure  206  by anchor plate  220 , which is secured to the stiffening plate  216 . In particular, banking plate  218  has one or more apertures  222  that engage with one or more respective projections  224  on the anchor plate  220 , and the upper surface of the anchor plate  220  (including the upper surface of the one or more projections  224 ) is secured to the stiffening plate at a lower portion  226  of the stiffening plate  216 . The one or more apertures can be openings, slits, and/or gaps in the banking plate that are completely or partially surrounded by other portions of the banking plate. Preferably, the amount of circumscription of the aperture(s) is sufficient to receive the one or more projections and at least partially restrict, individually or collectively, movement of the banking plate in one or more directions relative to the anchor plate. 
     Because the bladder systems  212  are secured between the stiffening plate  216  and the banking plate  218 , when they inflate and deflate, the move the stiffening plate  216  and banking plate  218  further apart and closer together, respectively. Because the banking plate  218  is pivotably mounted to the anchor plate  220  in the forefoot region (e.g., by one or more projections), a range of motion is possible. Banking plate  218  can be coupled to the sole structure  206  in the heel region. For example, in one embodiment, a heel member  226  (e.g., foam) is coupled to a bottom surface of the stiffening plate and a respective heel portion of banking plate  218  can be secured to the heel member  226 . In this manner, banking plate  218  is secured (e.g., fixed) to a structure at a heel region but moveable (e.g., pivotable) in a forefoot region of the article. 
     Outsole  208  can be secured to a lower surface of the adaptive-height midsole structure, such as over a lower surface of the anchor plate  220 . In some embodiments, outsole  208  can also extend over a portion of the banking plate  218 . If covering both anchor plate and banking plate, the outsole can be formed of a material that has sufficient elasticity to permit the amount of flexing required due to relative movement of the anchor and banking plates. Outsole  208  can be formed, for example, of a durable, wear resistant material that includes texturing or other features to improve traction, such as rubber, phylon, phyllite, thermoplastic polyurethane, and other suitable materials. 
     Various materials are possible for the construction of the midsole structure. In some embodiments, the stiffening and banking plates can be formed from a composite material, such as carbon fiber. The anchor plate can be formed from similar materials, or in other embodiments, the anchor plate can be formed from plastics (such as nylon) or other suitably stiff and durable materials. 
       FIG.  13    shows a bottom view of a banking plate  218  and an anchor plate  220  for a right article of footwear and  FIG.  14    shows a bottom view of a banking plate  218  and an anchor plate  220 .  FIGS.  15  and  16    shows the top views, respectively, of  FIGS.  13  and  14   . As discussed above with respect to  FIGS.  12   , one or more openings  222  in the banking plates  218  engage with projection(s)  224  in a respective anchor plate  220  to secure the banking plate  218  to the midsole structure.  FIGS.  13 - 16    illustrate this engagement. In addition, as shown in  FIGS.  13 - 16   , it should be understood that banking plates and anchor plates may have different shapes for the right and left articles of footwear, due to the shape of the articles and anatomy of the foot. 
       FIG.  17    illustrates a bottom view of an exemplary article of footwear with an adaptive-height midsole structure. As shown in  FIG.  17   , the outsole  208  can cover a heel region and portions of the banking plate  218  and anchor plate  220 . In addition, one or more spikes  250  can be provided in the sole structure. Spikes  250  can extend through one or more portions of the sole structure, including the anchor plate, banking plate, and outsole. 
     Timing of inflation and deflation can be achieved in a variety of manners, both internal and external to the articles footwear themselves. For example, one or more sensors can be provided on the article of footwear that are capable of sensing a change in movement or running style, such as a transition from straight running to leaning into a turn.  FIG.  18    illustrates various sensors that can be used, alone or in combination with each other, to identify forces that indicate a current and/or future change in movement. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  18    an article of footwear  300  can include one or more sensors  302  on a bottom surface  304 . For example, one or more force sensors can be provided to identify changes on forces exerted on the article of footwear, which can, in turn, identify changes in direction of the runner. For example, as a runner begins to turn the runner will begin to lean into the turn which results in different forces—compared to straight running—being applied to the article of footwear by the runner and the ground. 
     In some embodiments, sensors can be provided on both the lateral side  114  and medial side  116  so that differences between the lateral and medial side forces can be used to indicate changes in running style/direction. Other sensors can be used, including, for example, one or more gyroscopes or accelerometers  306  provided on the article to identify changes in a running direction. Although placement locations of the one or more gyroscopes or accelerometers can vary, one advantageous location for such sensors may be the heel as shown in  FIG.  18   . 
     In other embodiments, sensors can be positioned on or within the bladder elements themselves. For example, pressure sensors at different locations in the bladder elements may be used to identify changes in direction. 
     In addition, as noted above, external controls (i.e., those not on the article itself) can be used to actuate the valves of a fluid control system can be provided. For example, changes in inflation levels can be made directly by the user, by a determined location of the user (e.g., though position-locating systems such as GPS), and/or based on a predetermined distance or timing. For example, a user may know a particular speed at which they run a distance on a track and the fluid control system can be set up to adjust inflation levels accordingly. 
       FIG.  19    discloses a track and identifies region A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H on the track. As shown in  FIG.  20   , it may be desirable to alter an amount of inflation in the bladder systems, and, in turn, alter a banking angle of the article of footwear, as the wearer moves from one region to another. Thus, for example, in region A, a runner would be moving generally straight (i.e., in a forward direction) on the track. Thus, it may be desirable to maintain the level of inflation at a minimum (i.e., the uninflated condition), providing a banking angle of 0 degrees. However, as the runner transitions to region B, some amount of inflation and an increased banking angle may be desirable. As shown in  FIG.  20   , the banking angle changes from a minimum angle (e.g., 0 degrees) to a maximum angle (e.g., 15 degrees) between entering the region B and approaching and/or entering region C. Region C is the portion of the track with the smallest curvature and, as such, the maximum banking angle (and maximum inflation) may be desirable in this region. 
     Upon entering region D, it may be desirable to reduce the banking angle, so the flow control system begins to reduce the amount of inflation in the bladder systems until the runner hits region E, which is another straight portion of the track. As the runner leaves region E and enters regions F, G, and H, the same increase and decreases as discussed above with respect to regions B, C, and D may be desirable. 
     As discussed above, the timing of inflation and deflation can be achieved in a variety of manners, both internal and external to the articles footwear themselves. To open and close the valves a signal can be received from a control unit  310  associated with and/or integrated with one or more of the sensors. The control unit can be configured to receive signals from any of the sensors on the article as well as from remote sources, such as smartphones or other remote signaling devices. If the control system is configured to receive information from remote sources, the control system can include an antenna that can wirelessly receive such information. 
       FIG.  21    illustrates a schematic embodiment of a fluid control system that further includes a control unit  310  that is capable of receiving information from one or more sensors  302  and/or information from a remote device  312  and, based on that information, can send signals to the valve(s)  174  (or to a single valve  316 , shown optionally in  FIG.  21   ) to direct the valve(s) to open or close to vary an amount of inflation in the bladder systems  112 . 
     In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims.