Patent Publication Number: US-8976701-B2

Title: Method for handling inter-radio access technology measurement requests in a mobile telecommunications device

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/433,178, filed Apr. 30, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to mobile telecommunications systems in general, having particular application in mobile telecommunications device operable with a plurality of radio access networks in general, and in particular relates to an apparatus and a method for handling inter-radio access technology measurement requests in a mobile telecommunications device. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     In a typical cellular radio system, mobile user equipment communicates via one or more cellular radio access networks (RANs) to one or more core networks. User equipment (UE) comprises various types of equipment such as mobile telephones (also known as cellular or cell phones), lap tops with wireless communication capability, personal digital assistants (PDAs) etc. These may be portable, hand held, pocket sized, installed in a vehicle etc and communicate voice and/or data signals with the radio access network. 
     UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is known as a third generation (3G) system in which the radio access network is known as UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). E-UTRAN is another radio access network. GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network) is a second generation (2G) system, based on GSM, which was developed to provide improved data access compared with GSM. 
     In the following, reference will be made to GERAN, GSM EDGE, GPRS, UTRAN, E-UTRAN and UMTS and to particular standards. However it should be understood that the invention is also applicable to other mobile telecommunications system. 
     A cellular radio access network covers a geographical area typically divided into a plurality of cell areas. Each cell area is served by at least one base station, which in UMTS may be referred to as a Node B and in GSM is referred to as base station (BS). Each cell is typically identified by a unique identifier which is broadcast in the cell. The base stations communicate at radio frequencies over an air interface with the radio devices within range of the base station. Several base stations may be connected to a radio network controller (RNC) which controls various activities of the base stations. The radio network controllers are typically connected to a core network. 
     Also available are so-called Generic Access Networks (GANs). These are typically not wide area cellular systems as described above but are local access networks systems, for instance implemented with access devices (typically with a wireless interface with the user equipment) that comply with IEEE standards 802.xx (e.g. WiFi hotspots, Wireless Local Area Networks or broadband wireless routers, for instance in office or domestic premises). GAN technology provides an access network to the mobile core network that can be used to access the existing circuit-switched and packet-switched services. Generally, the provision of the generic access network is based on use of unlicensed spectrum (e.g. WLAN) and IP-based broadband access network for instance as set out in IEEE 802.xx standards. GAN enables typical wireless telecommunications services to be delivered at homes or in offices. The intention is for end users to enjoy the same service as with the wide area cellular network(s) but access it via a local access point such as a broadband wireless router. Fixed/mobile convergence may therefore be provided. 
     Various standardization bodies are known to publish and set standards for mobile telecommunication systems, each in their respective areas of competence. For instance, the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) publishes and sets standards for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) based UMTS, and the 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2) publishes and sets standards for CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) based UMTS. 3GPP Release 8 introduces LTE (Long Term Evolution) and E-UTRAN. 3GPP also publishes and set standards for GAN systems. Within the scope of a particular standardization body, specific partners publish and set standards in their respective areas. 
     The 3GPP specification TS 43.318 v8.4.0 (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) relates to the Generic Access Network, an access network providing access to A/Gb or Iu interfaces via an IP network. The 3GPP specification TS 44.318 v8.5.0 (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) relates to the Generic Access Network: Mobile GAN interface layer 3 specification and Annex E relates to GAN Specific Requirements for Interworking with UTRAN. The 3GPP specification TS 25.331 v5.23.0 (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) relates to the Protocol Specification for Radio Resource Control (RRC) of the UMTS Radio Access Network and Section 14.3 relates to inter-RAT measurements and Section 14.3.1.1 provides a description of an inter-RAT reporting event known as Event 3A, configured when the estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the other system is above a certain threshold. 
     Consider a wireless mobile device, generally referred to as user equipment (UE) or a mobile station (MS), that complies with the 3GPP specifications for the UMTS protocol and the specifications for the GSM EDGE protocol and the specifications for the GAN protocol. Such a MS may be connected to the 3G network, the 2G network or the GAN. In accordance with Annex E.1 of the 44.318 specification, when the MS is in GERAN/UTRAN preferred mode (also referred to as cellular preferred mode) and an event 3A has been configured, the MS shall only send a measurement about the GAN cell to trigger handover when no GERAN cells from the Inter-RAT measurement object list satisfy the triggering condition of the configured Event (as described in TS 25.331). 
     There are thus proposed strategies for handling inter-radio access technology measurement requests in a mobile telecommunications device. A number of such strategies are detailed below. 
     Other aspects and features of the proposed strategy will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of an apparatus and method for handling inter-radio access technology measurement requests in a mobile telecommunications device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows the GAN A/Gb mode functional architecture; 
         FIG. 2  shows the GAN Iu mode functional architecture; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating the described technique; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating a first embodiment of the described technique; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating a second embodiment of the described technique; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating a third embodiment of the described technique; 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating a fourth embodiment of the described technique; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating a mobile device, which can act as a MS and co-operate with the apparatus and methods of  FIGS. 1 to 7 . 
     
    
    
     Where the same reference numerals are used in different figures, these are used to denote similar elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A method and apparatus for handling inter-radio access technology measurement requests in a mobile telecommunications device is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the technique may be practised without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. 
     The needs identified in the foregoing Background, and other needs and objects that will become apparent from the following description, are achieved by, in one aspect, a method for handling inter-radio access technology measurement reports in a mobile telecommunications device, the device being operable with a first cellular radio access technology (e.g. UMTS), a second cellular radio access technology (e.g. GPRS) and a non-cellular radio access technology (e.g. Generic Access Network (e.g. via an access point conforming to one of the IEEE 802.xx standards)), the mobile telecommunications device being capable of adopting a cellular preferred mode, the method comprising, in the mobile telecommunications device, when the mobile telecommunications device is in a cellular preferred mode and operating with the first cellular radio access technology and the mobile telecommunications device is registered with a Generic Access Network, in response to a trigger based on an estimated quality of the first cellular radio access technology and the second cellular radio access technology, when there is at least one cell of the second cellular radio access technology that satisfies a triggering condition, sending a measurement report in respect of the second cellular radio access technology and a measurement report in respect of the generic access network. In other aspects, the invention encompasses apparatus and a computer-readable medium configured to carry out the foregoing actions, as well as a data carrier carrying thereon or therein data indicative of instructions executable by processing means to cause those means to carry out the foregoing actions. Examples are CD-ROMs, memory sticks, dongles, transmitted signals, downloaded files etc. In particular, the method may be implemented in a mobile telecommunications device, with or without voice capabilities, or other electronic devices such as handheld or portable devices. 
     As set out in 3GPP TS 43.318 section 1, GAN supports two modes of operation: GAN A/Gb mode and GAN Iu mode. GAN A/Gb mode supports an extension of GSM/GPRS mobile services that is achieved by tunnelling Non Access Stratum (NAS) protocols between the MS and the Core Network over an IP network and the A and Gb interfaces to the MSC and SGSN, respectively. GAN Iu mode supports an extension of UMTS mobile services that is achieved by tunnelling Non Access Stratum (NAS) protocols between the user equipment (MS) and the Core Network over an IP network and the Iu-cs and Iu-ps interfaces to the MSC and SGSN, respectively. Both GAN modes are complements to traditional GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS radio access network coverage. A Generic Access Network Controller (GANC) is a network node that connects to the MSC and SGSN via the A-interface and Gb interface (GAN A/Gb mode) or the Iu-cs interface and Iu-ps interface (GAN Iu mode) and enables access via a generic IP network. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of the functional architecture for the GAN A/Gb mode (where the GANC appears to the core network as a GERAN Base Station Subsystem (BSS)). The mobile station (MS)  10  connects to the GANC  12  via an Access Point (AP)  13  and the Generic IP Access Network  14 . An interface Up is defined between the MS  10  and the GANC  12 . The GANC  12  then connects to the Host or Visitor Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN/VPLMN)  16  via interfaces A (to a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)  162 ) and Gb (to a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)  164 ). The GANC  12  also connects to a Serving Mobile Location Centre (SMLC)  18  via an interface Lb and to a Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC)  19 . The GANC also comprises a Security Gateway (SEGW)  122  which connects to an Accounting, Authorisation and Authentication (AAA) proxy/server  166  via an interface Wm. The AAA Proxy/server  166  connects to a Home Location Register (HLR)  168  via an interface D′/Gr′. The AAA Proxy/server  166  also connects to another HPLMN  16   a  via an interface Wd in the roaming case. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of the functional architecture for the GAN Iu mode (where the GANC appears to the core network as a UTRAN Radio Network Controller (RNC)). The mobile station (MS)  10  connects to the GANC  12  via an Access Point (AP)  13  and the Generic IP Access Network  14 . An interface Up is defined between the MS  10  and the GANC  12 . The GANC  12  then connects to the Host or Visitor Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN/VPLMN)  16  via interfaces Iu-cs (to a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)  162 ) and Iu-ps (to a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)  164 ). The GANC  12  also connects to a Serving Mobile Location Centre (SMLC)  18  via an interface Iu-pc and to a Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC)  19  via an interface Iu-bc. The GANC also comprises a Security Gateway (SEGW)  122  which connects to an Accounting, Authorisation and Authentication (AAA) proxy/server  166  via an interface Wm. The AAA Proxy/server  166  connects to a Home Location Register (HLR)  168  via an interface D′/Gr′. The AAA Proxy/server  166  also connects to another HPLMN  16   a  via an interface Wd in the roaming case. 
     The Access Point ID (AP-ID) is the physical identity (e.g. MAC address) of the generic IP access network point  13  through which the MS is accessing the GAN service. This identifier is provided by the mobile device  10  (obtained via broadcast from the AP  13 ) to the GANC  12  via the Up interface, when the MS  10  requests GAN service. The AP-ID may be used by the GANC  12  to support location services. The AP-ID may also be used by the service provider to restrict GAN service access via only authorized APs  13 . 
     On the core network interfaces, a GANC appears as an RNC/BSC and in GAN A/Gb mode the same identifiers (i.e. ARFCN and BSIC) can be used which are also used for GERAN cells. The implications of this are that legacy RNCs and BSCs do not have to be upgraded to support GAN cells deployed in the network; their neighbour cell lists can include GAN cells within the GERAN neighbour cell list, and similarly measurement reports can indicate that the mobile has a connection to a GANC using the legacy 2G measurement report approach. 
     Measurement reports for GAN “cells” are unusual because there is no true measurement of the link performance over the GAN network, taking into account e.g. the quality of the link between the MS  10  and the AP  13  (e.g. an IEEE 802.11 link (Wifi)). Instead, according to TS 44.318 Annex E, in GAN A/Gb mode, all measurements for GAN cells are reported as the ‘highest’ quality (i.e. RSSI=63). This may trigger a handover towards a GAN cell when it is reported. 
     Event 3A is triggered in the MS when the estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of an other system (e.g. one or more alternative cells of another RAT e.g. GERAN) is above a certain threshold. This may occur, for example, when a mobile is moving out of 3G coverage but remains in (or is entering) non-3G coverage. 
     A MS which supports 3G, 2G and GAN radio access technologies can report 2G and GAN cells to a UTRAN in event 3A reports. However, if the user preference is set to cellular preferred (GERAN/UTRAN preferred) then, according to 44.318 v8.5.0 Annex E.1, GAN cells must not be reported unless there are no 2G cells that satisfy the event 3A triggering condition. If the handover to 2G fails (e.g. the MS cannot synchronise to the BSC, or the BSC is congested and cannot accept the call) the UTRAN does not know that a GAN cell is available as a possible target to accept the call. If the 3G coverage is lost, then the call gets dropped. 
     A scenario where this could arise is, for example, entering a building in a rural environment, where there are very few macro (i.e. 2G &amp; 3G) cells, but where GAN coverage is available in the building. A mobile may be able to register with the GAN cell in the building; at the same time, an Event 3A is triggered due to the falling 3G signal level in the building, while 2G coverage remains acceptable. In line with the existing rules, the mobile reports only the 2G cell in its measurement report and the UTRAN attempts handover. 
     However, say there is only one 2G cell available, and this is unavailable for some reason (e.g. congestion) and the handover preparation towards the 2G cell fails. As the mobile has not been allowed to report the GAN cell availability, the network does not know to try a handover to the GAN cell. As the user moves further into the building, macro coverage falls further. By the time that the 2G cell quality is so poor that the mobile is allowed to report the GAN cell, 3G coverage has fallen to such a low level that the handover signalling fails and the call is dropped. 
     A technique is proposed in which a mobile device reports a GAN cell in an Event 3A measurement report, even when the MS settings are set to cellular is preferred and there are GERAN Cells from the inter-RAT measurement object list that satisfy the triggering condition of the configured event. For instance, this may be either:
         as part of the initial measurement report when Event 3A is triggered,   immediately afterwards, as a separate report, or   as a separate report, with some delay (for instance sufficient to allow a handover to 2G preparation phase, therefore allowing for a handover that has been attempted but has failed on the network side).       

     Thus, to attempt to prevent call drop, when a MS reports an Event 3A measurement report to UTRAN it may sometimes be desirable to also report the GAN cell(s). If 2G cells meet event 3A triggering criteria, then the MS also sends a measurement report in respect of a GAN cell as well as 2G cells. Previously in the prior art, the MS reports either only 2G or only GAN in the case of cellular-preferred. Reporting both 2G and GAN target cells where available should increase the Inter System Handover (ISHO) success thereby call success since, having unsuccessfully attempted to initiate a handover to 2G, an RNC may attempt preparation of a handover to GAN. 
     Therefore when the MS is in GERAN/UTRAN preferred mode and an event 3A has been configured, the MS may include a measurement report about the GAN cell to trigger handover when one or more GERAN cells from the Inter-RAT measurement object list satisfy the triggering condition of the configured Event (as described in TS 25.331). By way of example, if the MS does include 2G and GAN cells in event 3A reports it could do so in one of the following ways.
         List the 2G cells first and the GAN cells last in the cells reported in event 3A measurement report. In this embodiment, the MS reports that the GAN cell has the best possible receiving level (i.e. GSM carrier RSSI=63).   List the 2G cells first and the GAN cells last in the cells reported in event 3A measurement report, and report GAN cells using an RSSI value below that of the weakest 2G cell reported.   Send one report with just the 2G cells that satisfy conditions for sending event 3A. Then immediately send another report containing the registered GAN cell.   Send one report with just the 2G cells that satisfy conditions for sending event 3A. Then, after a delay to allow handover to 2G to be requested, if an indication that such a handover has been attempted has not been received by the MS and GAN is still strong and 3G is still weak, then send another 3A report to the network listing the GAN cell to indicate a desire to handover to the registered GAN cell.       

       FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating the technique. The MS enters a start state ( 302 ) when the following conditions are met. The MS is registered with a GANC that appears as a network component of the second cellular radio access technology, is camped on a first cellular RAT (e.g. UTRAN) and is in cellular preferred (e.g. UTRAN/GERAN preferred) mode ( 302 ). The MS  10  has detected that the connection with the first cellular network (UTRAN) is weak (i.e. a quality of a signal from the UTRAN is below a certain threshold (for example an estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold)) and that the connection with the GAN is strong (i.e. that a quality of a signal from the GAN (for example signal strength, Block non-Error Rate, Signal to Noise Ratio) meets a certain threshold) and has received a request (in practice from the first cellular RAT (UTRAN)) to send an inter-RAT measurement report. In practice, this request occurs when the estimated quality of the currently used cellular radio access technology is below a certain threshold. When the MS is operating according to UMTS, this request is generated by the UTRAN when the estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and will cause an inter-RAT measurement report for event 3a, as set out in TS 25.331 section 14.3.1.1, when the estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and when the estimated quality of the other system (GERAN) is above a certain threshold. The MS then checks ( 303 ) whether there is a cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition. If so, the MS then generates ( 304 ) a measurement report for the neighbouring cells of the other cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN). The MS also generates ( 306 ) a measurement report for the GAN cell. The MS then sends ( 308 ) the generated measurement reports for the neighbouring cells and the GAN cell to the network. If there is no cell in another cellular RAT that satisfies the triggering condition, then the MS generates ( 306 ) a measurement report for the GAN cell only and the MS then sends ( 308 ) the generated measurement report for the GAN cell to the network. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating a first embodiment of a method carried out by the MS  10  to implement this technique. The same start conditions as discussed with reference to  FIG. 3  are in place ( 402 ). The MS is in cellular preferred mode, the MS is registered with a GANC that that operates as a network component of the second cellular radio access technology (e.g. a GERAN network component) and camped on first cellular RAT e.g. UMTS, the connection with the first cellular RAT is weak, the connection with the GAN is strong and a request has been received to send an inter-RAT measurement report. The MS checks whether there is a cell in another cellular RAT that satisfies the triggering condition (operation  403 ). If there is at least one cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS  10  configures measurement reports for the other cellular RAT (operation  404 ) and then generates a measurement report for the GAN, allocating an indicator of highest quality to the GAN cell (e.g. RSSI=63 for a GAN A/Gb mode) (operation  406 ). The MS then sends an event 3A measurement report including both the 2G cell(s) and the GAN cell (operation  408 ). In one embodiment, the GAN cell may be listed after the 2G cells that are reported. If there is no cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN, allocating an indicator of highest quality to the GAN cell (e.g. RSSI=63 for a GAN A/Gb mode) (operation  406 ). This is then sent to the network (operation  408 ). 
       FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating a further embodiment of a method carried out by the MS  10  to implement this technique. The same start conditions as discussed with reference to  FIG. 3  are in place ( 502 ). The MS is in cellular preferred mode, the MS is registered with a GANC that that operates as a network component of the second cellular radio access technology (e.g. a GERAN network component) and camped on first cellular RAT e.g. UMTS, the connection with the first cellular RAT is weak, the connection with the GAN is strong and a request has been received to send an inter-RAT measurement report. The MS checks whether there is a cell in another cellular RAT that satisfies the triggering condition (operation  503 ). If there is at least one cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS  10  configures measurement reports for the other cellular RAT (operation  504 ) and then generates a measurement report for the GAN, allocating an indicator of quality to the GAN cell that is lower than the lowest indicator of quality for the cells of the other RAT (e.g. RSSI for a GAN A/Gb mode) (operation  506 ). For example, the reported RSSI of the GAN Cell is set to just below the weakest 2G cell reported. The MS then sends an event 3A measurement report including both the 2G cell(s) and the GAN cell (operation  508 ). In this embodiment, when applied to 2G cells, when configuring a measurement report for the GAN cell (operation  506 ) the mobile station MS  10  allocates a RSSI to the GAN cell lower than the lowest RSSI of 2G cells, in other words it does not use the RSSI=63 level in this case. Additionally or alternatively, the GAN cell may be listed last in a combined measurement report of the other cellular RAT and the GAN. If there is no cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN, with quality=highest (e.g. RSSI=63) (operation  510 ) and this is then transmitted (operation  508 ). 
     For simplicity of illustration, in the embodiments described below the setting of the quality level for the GAN is shown in both branches, with quality=X and quality=Y, where X and Y may be equal or different. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating a further embodiment of a method carried out by the MS  10  to implement this technique. The same start conditions as discussed with reference to  FIG. 3  are in place ( 602 ). The MS is in cellular preferred mode, the MS is registered with a GANC that that operates as a network component of the second cellular radio access technology (e.g. a GERAN network component) and camped on first cellular RAT e.g. UMTS, the connection with the first cellular RAT is weak, the connection with the GAN is strong and a request has been received to send an inter-RAT measurement report. The MS checks whether there is a cell in another cellular RAT that satisfies the triggering condition (operation  603 ). If there is no cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN (operation  610 ). This is then sent to the network (operation  609 ). If there is at least one cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS  10  configures measurement reports for the other cellular RAT (operation  604 ) and then generates a measurement report for the GAN (operation  606 ). The MS then sends an event 3A measurement report for the 2G cell(s) (operation  608 ). A second measurement report in respect of the GAN cell is then sent after sending the measurement report for the 2G cell(s) (operation  609 ). The second report includes the registered GAN cell and may be sent immediately after sending the first Event 3A report (operation  608 ). The assumption here is that the UTRAN would process the Event 3A reports in the order in which they are sent and, if the result of processing the first Event 3A report was to perform a successful handover to 2G, the second report would be ignored. 
     In a further embodiment, the second report is sent after a delay. After sending the measurement report in respect of the other cellular RAT, the MS starts a timer. If the timer expires the second report is sent. However, if a handover to the other cellular RAT (e.g. 2G) is successful prior to expiry of the timer, or the MS left Cell_DCH for any other reason, then the timer is stopped and the second report is not sent. This is illustrated in FIG.  7 . The delay of the timer may be selected as appropriate. Suitable values for the delay are likely to be between 50 ms and 10 s. For instance, the delay may be calculated based on the likely worst case time period between sending of the measurement report in respect of the other cellular RAT and a handover command being sent by the network. This may for instance be between 50 ms to 5000 ms, for instance 800 to 4000 ms, for instance 2000 to 3000 ms, for instance 2500 ms. The delay may be set dynamically. For instance, the UE may for example measure the time period between sending the measurement report and receiving a handover command message (HOFU). The delay may then be set, for instance, to an average of the measured time periods. For instance, if a MS measures that handover commands are received within x ms of sending the measurement report, the delay may be set to at least x ms. 
     For instance the time period may be calculated as follows:
         Typical time from start of Event 3A to receiving Handover From UTRAN (HOFU) complete command is around 1800 ms   If PDU  2  of 2 of HOFU is missed, network does not notice so wait for a network poll timer to expire (say 200 ms)   After than delay, UE sends status PDU and UTRAN retransmits PDU, so adding another say 150 ms for PDU loss (for a typical SRB round trip time of 150 ms based on typical 40 ms TTI)   Allow for another retransmission (either in Event 3A or HOFU)—add another 350 ms   Total=1800+350+350=2500 ms       

       FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating a further embodiment of a method carried out by the MS  10  to implement this technique. The same start conditions as discussed with reference to  FIG. 3  are in place ( 702 ). The MS is in cellular preferred mode, the MS is registered with a GANC that that operates as a network component of the second cellular radio access technology (e.g. a GERAN network component) and camped on first cellular RAT e.g. UMTS, the connection with the first cellular RAT is weak, the connection with the GAN is strong and a request has been received to send an inter-RAT measurement report. In this embodiment, when the MS is triggered to generate inter-RAT measurement reports (operation  702 ), the MS checks whether there is a cell in another cellular RAT that satisfies the triggering condition (operation  703 ). If there is no cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN (operation  710 ). This is then sent to the network (operation  720 ). If there is at least one cell in another cellular RAT (e.g. GERAN) that satisfies the triggering condition, the MS  10  configures measurement reports for the other cellular RAT (operation  704 ) and then generates a measurement report for the GAN (operation  706 ). The MS then sends an event 3A measurement report for the other cellular RAT (operation  708 ). The MS then starts a delay timer (operation  712 ). When the timer expires (operation  714 ) the second measurement report in respect of the GAN cell is then sent (operation  720 ). As mentioned above and not illustrated, if handover to the other cellular RAT was successful prior to expiry of the timer, or the MS left Cell_DCH for any other reason, then the timer is stopped and the second report is not sent. 
     EXAMPLE 
     A MS in cellular preferred mode enters a building during a voice call on a 3G cell. The MS is registered on a GAN cell which was previously weak, but on entry into the building it is now considered desirable, and 3G coverage is considered undesirable. It would be preferable for the MS to handover to GAN than to stay on 3G, even though MS is in cellular preferred mode. 
     However, there is a 2G cell that satisfies event 3A triggering condition. With the proposed technique, the UTRAN is informed about both the 2G and GAN cells. The MS  10  is triggered to generate inter-RAT measurement reports event 3A. When the MS is operating according to UMTS, this trigger might be when the estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the other system (GERAN) is above a certain threshold, so triggering an inter-RAT measurement report for event 3a, as set out in TS 25.331 section 14.3.1.1. The MS then checks whether there are any GERAN cells from the Inter-RAT measurement object list that satisfy the triggering condition of the configured event (as described in TS 25.331). If so, the MS then generates a measurement report for the neighbouring cells. The MS also generates a measurement report for the GAN cell, with RSSI set appropriately. The MS then sends the generated measurement reports for the neighbouring cells and the GAN cell to the network (either as a combined report or as separate reports as discussed above). If there is no GERAN cell that satisfies the triggering condition, then the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN cell only and the MS then sends the generated measurement report for the GAN cell to the network. 
     The UTRAN can thus attempt to handover to 2G and, if that fails, it can attempt to handover to GAN. If that handover is successful, the call is successfully handed over to GAN and will run to completion, instead of being dropped because handover to 2G was not successful. 
     A similar approach may be applied when a MS in cellular preferred mode enters a building during a voice call on a 2G cell. The MS is registered on a Iu mode GAN cell which was previously weak, but on entry into the building it is now considered desirable, and 2G coverage is considered undesirable. Thus the MS would prefer to handover to the Iu GAN than to stay on 2G, even though MS is in cellular preferred mode 
     However, there is a 3G cell that satisfies a measurement triggering condition. With the proposed technique, the GERAN is informed about both the 3G and GAN cells. The MS  10  receives a trigger to generate inter-RAT measurement reports. When the MS is operating according to GERAN, this trigger might be when the estimated quality or strength of the currently used GSM time slot is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the other system (UMTS) is above a certain threshold, so triggering an inter-RAT measurement configuring event. The MS then checks whether there are any UTRAN cells from the Inter-RAT measurement object list that satisfy the triggering condition of the configured event. If so, the MS then generates a measurement report for the neighbouring UTRAN cells. The MS also generates a measurement report for the GAN cell, with the quality level set appropriately. The MS then sends the generated measurement reports for the neighbouring cells and the GAN cell to the network (either as a combined report or as separate reports as discussed above). If there is no UTRAN cell that satisfies the triggering condition, then the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN cell only and the MS then sends the generated measurement report for the GAN cell to the network. 
     The GERAN can thus attempt to handover to 3G and, if that fails, it can attempt to handover to GAN. If that handover is successful, the call is successfully handed over to GAN and will run to completion, instead of being dropped because of unsuccessful handover to 3G. 
     A similar approach may be applied when a MS in cellular preferred mode enters a building during a voice call on an E-UTRAN cell. The MS is registered on a A/Gb mode GAN cell which was previously weak, but on entry into the building it is now considered desirable, and 2G coverage is considered undesirable. Thus the MS would prefer to handover to the GAN than to stay on E-UTRAN, even though MS is in cellular preferred mode 
     However, there is a GERAN cell that satisfies a measurement triggering condition. With the proposed technique, the E-UTRAN is informed about both the GERAN and GAN cells. The MS  10  receives a trigger to generate inter-RAT measurement reports. When the MS is operating according to E-UTRAN, this trigger might be when the estimated quality of the currently used E-UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold, so triggering an inter-RAT measurement configuring event. The MS then checks whether there are any GERAN cells from the Inter-RAT measurement object list that satisfy the triggering condition of the configured event. If so, the MS then generates a measurement report for the neighbouring GERAN cells. The MS also generates a measurement report for the GAN cell, with the quality level set appropriately. The MS then sends the generated measurement reports for the neighbouring cells and the GAN cell to the network (either as a combined report or as separate reports as discussed above). If there is no GERAN cell that satisfies the triggering condition, then the MS generates a measurement report for the GAN cell only and the MS then sends the generated measurement report for the GAN cell to the network. 
     The E-UTRAN can thus attempt to handover to 2G and, if that fails, it can attempt to handover to GAN. If that handover is successful, the call is successfully handed over to GAN and will run to completion, instead of being dropped because of unsuccessful handover to 2G. 
     There has therefore been described a device operable with a first cellular radio access technology (RAT) (e.g. a third generation RAT e.g. UMTS, E-UTRAN), a second cellular radio access technology (e.g. a second generation RAT e.g. GSM or a GSM based RAT e.g. GPRS or GSM EDGE etc.) and a non-cellular radio access technology (e.g. Generic Access Network (e.g. via an access point conforming to one of the IEEE 802.xx standards)), the mobile telecommunications device being capable of adopting a cellular preferred mode in which the device is set to operate with a cellular RAT (e.g. UMTS/E-UTRAN/GERAN) rather than a non-cellular RAT such as the GAN. When the mobile telecommunications device is in a cellular preferred mode and operating with the first cellular radio access technology and the mobile telecommunications device is registered with Generic Access Network Controller that operates like a network component of the second cellular radio access technology, and a quality of a signal from the first cellular radio access technology is below a certain threshold and a quality of a signal from the generic access network is above a certain threshold and a request has been received to send an inter-radio access technology measurement report, generating inter-radio access technology measurements and, when there is at least one cell of the second cellular radio access technology that satisfies a triggering condition, transmitting a measurement report in respect of the second cellular radio access technology cell(s) and a measurement report in respect of the generic access network. 
     Handover to the GAN can therefore be attempted if attempts to handover to the second cellular RAT fail, without the need for further signalling between the MS and the network. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating a mobile device, which can act as a MS and co-operate with the apparatus and methods of  FIG. 1  to *, and which is an exemplary wireless communication device. Mobile station  800  is preferably a two-way wireless communication device having at least voice and data communication capabilities. Mobile station  800  preferably has the capability to communicate with other computer systems on the Internet. Depending on the exact functionality provided, the wireless device may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way pager, a wireless e-mail device, a cellular telephone with data messaging capabilities, a wireless Internet appliance, or a data communication device, as examples. 
     Where mobile station  800  is enabled for two-way communication, it will incorporate a communication subsystem  811 , including both a receiver  812  and a transmitter  814 , as well as associated components such as one or more, preferably embedded or internal, antenna elements  816  and  818 , local oscillators (LOs)  813 , and processing means such as a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP)  820 . As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem  811  will be dependent upon the communication network in which the device is intended to operate. For example, mobile station  800  may include a communication subsystem  811  designed to operate within the Mobitex™ mobile communication system, the DataTAC™ mobile communication system, GPRS network, UMTS network, or EDGE network. 
     Network access requirements will also vary depending upon the type of network  802 . For example, in the Mobitex and DataTAC networks, mobile station  800  is registered on the network using a unique identification number associated with each mobile station. In UMTS and GPRS networks, however, network access is associated with a subscriber or user of mobile station  800 . A GPRS mobile station therefore requires a subscriber identity module (SIM) card in order to operate on a GPRS network. Without a valid SIM card, a GPRS mobile station will not be fully functional. Local or non-network communication functions, as well as legally required functions (if any) such as “911” emergency calling, may be available, but mobile station  800  will be unable to carry out any other functions involving communications over the network  802 . The SIM interface  844  is normally similar to a card-slot into which a SIM card can be inserted and ejected like a diskette or PCMCIA card. The SIM card can have approximately 64K of memory and hold many key configuration  851 , and other information  853  such as identification, and subscriber related information. 
     When required network registration or activation procedures have been completed, mobile station  800  may send and receive communication signals over the network  802 . Signals received by antenna  816  through communication network  802  are input to receiver  812 , which may perform such common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection and the like, and in the example system shown in  FIG. 8 , analog to digital (A/D) conversion. A/D conversion of a received signal allows more complex communication functions such as demodulation and decoding to be performed in the DSP  820 . In a similar manner, signals to be transmitted are processed, including modulation and encoding for example, by DSP  820  and input to transmitter  814  for digital to analog conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering, amplification and transmission over the communication network  802  via antenna  818 . DSP  820  not only processes communication signals, but also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gains applied to communication signals in receiver  812  and transmitter  814  may be adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithms implemented in DSP  820 . 
     Mobile station  800  preferably includes processing means such as a microprocessor  838  which controls the overall operation of the device. Communication functions, including at least data and voice communications, are performed through communication subsystem  811 . Microprocessor  838  also interacts with further device subsystems such as the display  822 , flash memory  824 , random access memory (RAM)  826 , auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems  828 , serial port  830 , keyboard  832 , speaker  834 , microphone  836 , a short-range communications subsystem  840  and any other device subsystems generally designated as  842 . 
     Some of the subsystems shown in  FIG. 8  perform communication-related functions, whereas other subsystems may provide “resident” or on-device functions. Notably, some subsystems, such as keyboard  832  and display  822 , for example, may be used for both communication-related functions, such as entering a text message for transmission over a communication network, and device-resident functions such as a calculator or task list. 
     Operating system software used by the microprocessor  838  is preferably stored in a persistent store such as flash memory  824 , which may instead be a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system, specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile memory such as RAM  826 . Received communication signals may also be stored in RAM  826 . 
     As shown, flash memory  824  can be segregated into different areas for both computer programs  858  and program data storage  850 ,  852 ,  854  and  856 . These different storage types indicate that each program can allocate a portion of flash memory  824  for their own data storage requirements. Microprocessor  838 , in addition to its operating system functions, preferably enables execution of software applications on the mobile station. A predetermined set of applications that control basic operations, including at least data and voice communication applications for example, will normally be installed on mobile station  800  during manufacturing. A preferred software application may be a personal information manager (PIM) application having the ability to organize and manage data items relating to the user of the mobile station such as, but not limited to, e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items. Naturally, one or more memory stores would be available on the mobile station to facilitate storage of PIM data items. Such PIM application would preferably have the ability to send and receive data items, via the wireless network  802 . In a preferred embodiment, the PIM data items are seamlessly integrated, synchronized and updated, via the wireless network  802 , with the mobile station user&#39;s corresponding data items stored or associated with a host computer system. Further applications may also be loaded onto the mobile station  800  through the network  802 , an auxiliary I/O subsystem  828 , serial port  830 , short-range communications subsystem  840  or any other suitable subsystem  842 , and installed by a user in the RAM  826  or preferably a non-volatile store (not shown) for execution by the microprocessor  838 . Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the device and may provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the mobile station  800 . 
     In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text message or web page download will be processed by the communication subsystem  811  and input to the microprocessor  838 , which preferably further processes the received signal for output to the display  822 , or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device  828 . A user of mobile station  800  may also compose data items such as email messages for example, using the keyboard  832 , which is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard or telephone-type keypad, in conjunction with the display  822  and possibly an auxiliary I/O device  828 . Such composed items may then be transmitted over a communication network through the communication subsystem  811 . 
     For voice communications, overall operation of mobile station  800  is similar, except that received signals would preferably be output to a speaker  834  and signals for transmission would be generated by a microphone  836 . Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on mobile station  800 . Although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through the speaker  834 , display  822  may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or other voice call related information for example. 
     Serial port  830  in  FIG. 8 , would normally be implemented in a personal digital assistant (PDA)-type mobile station for which synchronization with a user&#39;s desktop computer (not shown) may be desirable, but is an optional device component. Such a port  830  would enable a user to set preferences through an external device or software application and would extend the capabilities of mobile station  800  by providing for information or software downloads to mobile station  800  other than through a wireless communication network. The alternate download path may for example be used to load an encryption key onto the device through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to thereby enable secure device communication. 
     Other communications subsystems  840 , such as a short-range communications subsystem, is a further optional component which may provide for communication between mobile station  800  and different systems or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, the subsystem  840  may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components or a Bluetooth™ communication module to provide for communication with similarly enabled systems and devices. 
     When mobile device  800  is used as a MS, protocol stacks  846  include apparatus and a method for handling inter-radio access technology measurement requests in a mobile telecommunications device. 
     EXTENSIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the technique. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     It is to be noted that the methods as described have actions being carried out in a particular order. However, it would be clear to a person skilled in the art that the order of any actions performed, where the context permits, can be varied and thus the ordering as described herein is not intended to be limiting. 
     It is also to be noted that where a method has been described it is also intended that protection is also sought for a device arranged to carry out the method and where features have been claimed independently of each other these may be used together with other claimed features. 
     Furthermore it will be noted that the apparatus described herein may comprise a single component such as a MS or UTRAN or other user equipment or access network components, a combination of multiple such components for example in communication with one another or a sub-network or full network of such components. 
     Embodiments have been described herein in relation to 3GPP specifications. However the method and apparatus described are not intended to be limited to the specifications or the versions thereof referred to herein but may be applicable to future versions or other specifications. 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.