Patent Publication Number: US-2023142034-A1

Title: Packaging machine and systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/252,722, filed Dec. 15, 2020, entitled “PACKAGING MACHINE AND SYSTEMS”, which claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/038142, filed Jun. 20, 2019, entitled “PACKAGING MACHINE AND SYSTEMS”, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/688,183, filed Jun. 21, 2018, and entitled “PACKAGING MACHINE AND SYSTEMS”. Each of the aforementioned applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. The Field of the Invention 
     Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for packaging items into boxes. More specifically, exemplary embodiments relate to packaging machines that maintain an arrangement of one or more items and fold and secure a custom box template around the item(s) to package the item(s) in a custom box. 
     2. The Relevant Technology 
     Shipping and packaging industries frequently use paperboard and other sheet material processing equipment that converts sheet materials into box templates. One advantage of such equipment is that a shipper may prepare boxes of required sizes as needed in lieu of keeping a stock of standard, pre-made boxes of various sizes. Consequently, the shipper can eliminate the need to forecast its requirements for particular box sizes as well as to store pre-made boxes of standard sizes. Instead, the shipper may store one or more bales of fanfold material, which can be used to generate a variety of box sizes based on the specific box size requirements at the time of each shipment. This allows the shipper to reduce storage space normally required for periodically used shipping supplies as well as reduce the waste and costs associated with the inherently inaccurate process of forecasting box size requirements, as the items shipped and their respective dimensions vary from time to time. 
     In addition to reducing the inefficiencies associated with storing pre-made boxes of numerous sizes, creating custom sized boxes also reduces packaging and shipping costs. In the fulfillment industry it is estimated that shipped items are typically packaged in boxes that are about 65% larger than the shipped items. Boxes that are too large for a particular item are more expensive than a box that is custom sized for the item due to the cost of the excess material used to make the larger box. When an item is packaged in an oversized box, filling material (e.g., Styrofoam, foam peanuts, paper, air pillows, etc.) is often placed in the box to prevent the item from moving inside the box and to prevent the box from caving in when pressure is applied (e.g., when boxes are taped closed or stacked). These filling materials further increase the cost associated with packing an item in an oversized box. 
     Customized sized boxes also reduce the shipping costs associated with shipping items compared to shipping the items in oversized boxes. A shipping vehicle filled with boxes that are 65% larger than the packaged items is much less cost efficient to operate than a shipping vehicle filled with boxes that are custom sized to fit the packaged items. In other words, a shipping vehicle filled with custom sized packages can carry a significantly larger number of packages, which can reduce the number of shipping vehicles required to ship the same number of items. Accordingly, in addition or as an alternative to calculating shipping prices based on the weight of a package, shipping prices are often affected by the size of the shipped package. Thus, reducing the size of an item&#39;s package can reduce the price of shipping the item. Even when shipping prices are not calculated based on the size of the packages (e.g., only on the weight of the packages), using custom sized packages can reduce the shipping costs because the smaller, custom sized packages will weigh less than oversized packages due to using less packaging and filling material. 
     Although sheet material processing machines and related equipment can potentially alleviate the inconveniences associated with stocking standard sized shipping supplies and reduce the amount of space required for storing such shipping supplies, previously available machines and associated equipment have various drawbacks. 
     For instance, previous systems have focused primarily on the creation of boxes and sealing the boxes once they are filled. Such systems have required the use of multiple separate machines and significant manual labor. By way of example, a typical box forming system includes a converting machine that cuts, scores, and/or creases sheet material to form a box template. Once the template is formed, an operator removes the template from the converting machine and a manufacturer&#39;s joint is created in the template. A manufacturer&#39;s joint is where two opposing ends of the template are attached to one another. This can be accomplished manually and/or with additional machinery. For instance, an operator can apply glue (e.g., with a glue gun) to one end of the template and can fold the template to join the opposing ends together with the glue therebetween. Alternatively, the operator can at least partially fold the template and insert the template into a gluing machine that applies glue to one end of the template and joins the two opposing ends together. In either case, significant operator involvement is required. Additionally, using a separate gluing machine complicates the system and can significantly increase the size of the overall system. 
     Once the manufacturer&#39;s joint is created, the template can be partially erected and bottom flaps of the template can be folded and secured to form a bottom surface of a box. Again, an operator typically has to erect the box. The bottom flaps can be folded and secured manually by the operator or with the assistance of yet additional machines. Thereafter, an operator transfers the to-be-packaged item(s) into the box and the top flaps are folded and secured. 
     Accordingly, it would be advantageous to have a packaging machine that can form box templates and fold and secure the templates around the to-be-packaged item(s) without significant manual labor. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for packaging item(s) into boxes. More specifically, exemplary embodiments relate to packaging machines that maintain an arrangement of one or more items and fold and secure a custom box template around the item(s) to package the item(s) in a custom box. 
     For instance, one embodiment of a packaging machine includes a frame structure and a crowder assembly movably mounted on the frame structure. The crowder assembly can be configured to receive and maintain an arrangement of a stack of one or more items during a packaging process. The crowder assembly can include a first half comprising a sidewall and a second half comprising a sidewall. At least one of the first half and the second half also includes a back wall. Likewise, at least one of the first half and the second half also includes a floor. The sidewall of the second half can be positioned opposite the sidewall of the first half and can be selectively movable towards and away from the sidewall of the first half. The crowder assembly can also include a front wall assembly that has a variable width to enable the front wall to be positioned between the sidewalls of the first and second halves. The front wall assembly can be selectively movable towards the back wall. 
     According to another embodiment, a system for packaging one or more items includes an order arrangement station where the one or more items can be arranged into a stack and a dimensioning mechanism configured to determine outer dimensions of the stack. The system can also include a converting assembly configured to create a box template that when erected forms a box that is custom sized to the dimensions of the stack. A crowder assembly can be included that is configured to hold and maintain the stack in a desired configuration while the box template is at least partially folded around the stack. Folding mechanism(s) can fold the box template around the stack and a fastening apparatus can apply one or more fasteners to the box template to secure the box template around the stack in the form of a box. 
     According to another embodiment, a method for packaging one or more items includes arranging the one or more items into a stack with a desired configuration and determining the outer dimensions of the stack. The method also includes creating a box template that when erected forms a box that is custom sized to the dimensions of the stack and depositing the stack in a crowder assembly configured to hold and maintain the stack in the desired configuration while the box template is at least partially folded around the stack. The method further includes folding the box template around the stack and securing the box template around the stack in the form of a box. 
     These and other objects and features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the disclosure as set forth hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a flowchart of example process steps for packaging item(s). 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example system for packaging item(s). 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a conveyor and a crowder assembly of the system of  FIG.  2   . 
         FIGS.  4 - 7    illustrate various views of the crowder assembly of  FIG.  3   . 
         FIGS.  8 - 24    illustrate mechanisms and process steps for forming a box around item(s) in the crowder assembly to package the item(s). 
         FIG.  25    illustrates a crowder assembly according to another example embodiment. 
         FIG.  26    illustrates a rear view of a pre-crowder and front wall assembly of the crowder assembly of  FIG.  25   . 
         FIG.  27    illustrates a front view of the pre-crowder and front wall assembly of  FIG.  26   . 
         FIG.  28    illustrates a front view of a crowder and back wall assembly of the crowder assembly of  FIG.  25   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments described herein generally relate to systems, methods, and devices for packaging item(s) into boxes. More specifically, the described embodiments relate to machines that maintain an arrangement of one or more items and fold and secure a custom box template around the item(s) to package the item(s) in a custom box. 
     While the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to specific configurations, the descriptions are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. Various modifications can be made to the illustrated configurations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. For better understanding, like components have been designated by like reference numbers throughout the various accompanying figures. 
     As used herein, the term “box template” shall refer to a substantially flat stock of material that can be folded into a box-like shape. A box template may have notches, cutouts, divides, and/or creases that allow the box template to be bent and/or folded into a box. Additionally, a box template may be made of any suitable material, generally known to those skilled in the art. For example, cardboard or corrugated paperboard may be used as the box template material. A suitable material also may have any thickness and weight that would permit it to be bent and/or folded into a box-like shape. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example method or set of process steps  100  for packaging one or more items in a box. The process  100  may be used to package items in a box for shipping or other purposes and may reduce the amount of work or other involvement required of individuals to package the items. 
     The method  100  begins with an order transfer  102 . The order transfer  102  may comprise a variety of steps including receiving an order from a customer, collecting the ordered item(s), and/or transferring or otherwise delivering the ordered item(s) to a packaging station for measurement and/or packaging. 
     After the order transfer  102 , the ordered item(s) may be arranged (step  104 ). For instance, if the order includes a single item, that item maybe positioned in a desired orientation for packaging. On the other hand, if the order includes multiple items, the items may be arranged in a desired configuration for packaging (referred to hereinafter as a “stack”). For instance, the items may be arranged into a stack that takes up a minimum volume, that positions smaller items on top of larger items, etc. In some embodiments, arranging the item(s) may be done by an operator or by one or more mechanical devices. 
     Once the item(s) are arranged into a stack, a dimensional scam may be taken of the stack (step  106 ). For instance, one or more dimensioning mechanisms may be used to determine the outer dimensions of the stack. Example dimensioning mechanisms may include three dimensional cameras or scanners, light curtains, measuring tapes, or the like. 
     Obtaining the dimensions of the stack can trigger the printing of box template (step  108 ). For example, the dimensions of the stack may be transferred (automatically or manually) to a machine that creates custom sized box templates. The box template forming machine may then form cuts and/or creases in a stock material (e.g., cardboard or corrugated paperboard) to form a box template custom sized for the stack of items (step  110 ). The box template can then be transferred to a packaging station (step  112 ). 
     While a box template is being formed, the stack of items may be moved to the packaging station (step  114 ). At the packaging station, the stack of items can be packed, which can include erecting the box template around the stack of items and sealing the box (step  116 ). In some embodiments, step  116  also includes labeling the box (e.g., applying or printing a shipping label on the box). 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example system  120  used in performing process  100 . In the illustrated embodiment, items for packaging are delivered to the system  120 . The items may be positioned and arranged into a stack on the conveyor  122 . The dimensions of the stack may be obtained while the stack is positioned on the conveyor  122 , either before the stack enters the packaging machine  124  or once the stack is moved inside of the packaging machine  124 . That is, the dimensioning mechanisms used to obtain the dimensions of stack may be positioned outside or inside the packaging machine  124 . 
     In any event, the stack of items is advanced into the packaging machine  124  on conveyor  122 . The packaging machine  124  creates a box template custom sized for the stack of items and folds and secures the box template around the stack of items. The packaged stack is then advanced out of the packaging machine  124  on another conveyor  126 . 
       FIGS.  3 - 25    illustrate exemplary embodiments of internal components of packaging machine  124  that are used to package stacks of items in custom sized boxes. Although specific embodiments of internal components of packaging machine  124  are shown and described, it will be appreciated that the specific implementations are merely exemplary. Variations to the shown and described components may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Rather, the present disclosure is intended to encompass components that perform the basic functions described herein. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates conveyor  122  upon which a stack of items is conveyed into the packaging machine  124 . The conveyor  122  delivers the stack of items to a crowder assembly  130 . As will be described below, the crowder assembly  130  is configured to maintain the stack of items in the configuration created during step  104  described above while a box template is folded and secured around the stack of items. 
     As can be seen in  FIG.  3   , the crowder assembly  130  is movably mounted on a frame structure  132  such that the crowder assembly can move (in the direction indicated by the double headed arrow) towards and away from conveyor  122 . In the illustrated embodiment, the crowder assembly  130  includes a first half  134 , a second half  136 , and a front wall assembly  138 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIGS.  4 - 7    which illustrate the crowder assembly  130  separate from the rest of packaging machine  124 . In the illustrated embodiment, the first half  134  and the second half  136  are substantially mirror images of one another. For instance, the first and second halves  134 ,  136  each include a back wall  140 , a floor  142 , and a sidewall  144 . In some embodiments, the back wall  140  and the floor  142  of the first half  134  are connected together and the back wall  140  and the floor  142  of the second half  136  are connected together. 
     The sidewalls  144  may move relative to one another and relative to the back wall  140  and the floor  142  of the corresponding half. For instance, a comparison between  FIGS.  4  and  5    shows the sidewalls  144  at different positions relative to one another and relative to the back walls  140  and the floors  142 . In  FIG.  4   , the sidewalls  144  are spaced apart so that a stack of items may be delivered into the crowder assembly  130  between the sidewalls  144 . Once the stack of items is position within the crowder assembly  130  (e.g., above floors  142  and between sidewalls  144 ), the sidewalls  144  may be moved towards one another (and relative to back walls  140  and floors  142 ) and towards the stack disposed therebetween until the sidewalls  144  are positioned against or adjacent to the stack of items. 
     Once the sidewalls  144  are positioned against or adjacent to the stack of items, the front wall assembly  138  may be lowered between the side walls  144  and moved towards the stack of items. For instance,  FIGS.  6  and  7    illustrate a rear perspective view of the crowder assembly  130  with the front wall assembly  138  lowered. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the front wall assembly  138  includes a plurality of front wall sections  146  that may be individually lowered to create a front wall for the crowder assembly  130 . The number of front wall sections  146  that are lowered may be determined by the distance between the sidewalls  144  (which is determined by the width of the stack of items within the crowder assembly  130 ). In some embodiments, some of the front wall sections  146  have similar widths while one or more of the front wall sections  146  have a width that is different than the rest of the front wall sections  146 . For example, as shown in  FIGS.  6  and  7   , a center front wall section  146  has a width that is wider than the rest of the front wall sections  146 . In some embodiments, the center front wall section  146  has a width of about eight inches while the rest of the front wall sections  146  have a width of about 1 inch each. 
     Once the proper number of front wall sections  146  are lowered between the sidewalls  144  (e.g., to span the gap between the sidewalls  144 ), the front wall assembly  138  may be moved towards the back walls  140  until the front wall sections  146  are positioned against or adjacent to the stack of items disposed within the crowder assembly  130 . By moving the sidewalls  144  towards one another and the front wall assembly  138  towards the back walls  140 , the crowder assembly  130  contains the stack of items therein in the configuration arranged in step  104 . As discussed in greater detail below, with the stack contained within the crowder assembly  130  as described, a box template can be folded around the crowder assembly to package the items therein within the packaging template. 
     It will be noted that while the crowder assembly  130  has been described and illustrated as having two halves that are mirror images, this is only exemplary. For instance, in some embodiments the first half  134  may have a sidewall that remains stationary relative to its corresponding back wall  140  and floor  142 . In such an embodiment, the sidewall of the second half may only move towards the stationary sidewall of the first half (even moving over the floor  142  of the first half). Similarly. The front wall sections may also be arranged so that a wider front wall section is positioned closer to the stationary sidewall of the first half. In other words, the crowder assembly may be configured to justify everything to one side thereof, such that the stack of items is positioned towards one side of the crowder assembly rather than being centered therein as in the illustrated embodiment. 
     Once the stack of items is securely position within the crowder assembly  130  (e.g., positioned on floor(s)  142  and between opposing sidewalls  144 , back wall(s)  140 , and front wall sections  146 ), the crowder assembly  130  may move along a frame structure  132  towards a packaging station, as shown in  FIG.  8   . At the packaging station, a box template  148  may be advanced underneath the crowder assembly  130  and/or the crowder assembly  130  may be advanced over the top of the box template  148 . 
     The box template  148  may be formed or created by the converting assembly that is part of or separate from the packaging machine  124 . The converting assembly may form cuts and/or creases in the template material to form box template  148 . The cuts and creases may form various panels and flaps of the box template  148  and facilitate folding of the box template  148  around the stack of items. 
       FIGS.  9 - 24    illustrate example steps for folding the box template  148  around the stack of items. As shown in  FIG.  9   , the box template is folded up against the back walls  140  of the crowder assembly  130 . With box template  148  positioned below the crowder assembly  130  and box template  148  folded up against the back walls  140 , the back walls  140  and floors  142  of the crowder assembly  130  can be withdrawn or retracted away from the stack of items, as shown in  FIG.  10   . When back walls  140  and floors  142  are withdrawn or retracted, the stack of items is deposited on top of a panel of the box template  148  and the folded portion of the box template  148  replaces the back walls  140 , as shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     In some embodiments, such as that illustrated in  FIG.  10   , when back walls  140  and floors  142  are withdrawn or retracted, back walls  140  and floors  142  are rotated away from the stack of items. Rotation of the back walls  140  and floors  142  can provide additional clearance for subsequent steps of folding the packaging template  148  around the stack of items. 
       FIGS.  11 - 24    illustrate additional folds being formed in the box template  148  to fold the box template  148  around the stack of items. In particular, various folding mechanisms are used to fold flaps and panels of the box template  148  around the stack of items. The folding mechanisms may take any of a variety of forms. For instance, the folding mechanisms may be arms, levers, or other mechanisms that can be moved relative to the box template  148  and/or relative to which the box template  148  may be moved in order to fold the flaps and/or panels of the box template  148  around the stack of items. 
     For instance, as can be seen when comparing  FIGS.  10  and  11   , folding bars  149  can be used to fold flaps of the box template  148  that will at least partially form sidewalls of the resulting box. To fold the panels with the folding bars  149 , the folding bars  149  can be moved relative to the box template  148  so as to engage the panels of the box template  148  and fold them towards the stack of items. Additionally, or alternatively, the box template  148  (with the stack of items thereon) can be moved towards the folding bars  149  so as to engage the panels of the box template  148  and fold them towards the stack of items. 
     Thereafter, as shown in  FIG.  12   , additional panels of the box template  148  can be folded up to form at least portions of the sidewalls of the resulting box. The additional sidewall panels can be folded up with folding arms  151  (one of which is shown in  FIGS.  13 - 21   ). 
     As shown in  FIG.  13   , after some of the folds are formed the in the box template  148 , the first half  134  and the second half  136  of the crowder assembly  130  are moved along the frame structure  132  back towards the conveyor  122  in preparation for receiving another stack of items. Notably, as also shown in  FIG.  13   , the front wall assembly  138  can remain positioned adjacent to the stack of items even after the first half  134  and the second half  136  of the crowder assembly  130  are moved back towards the conveyor  122 . The front wall assembly  138  can remain in place as shown in  FIGS.  13  and  14    while additional folds are made to the packaging template  148  to create a front wall from the packaging template  148  to contain the stack of items. 
     At least portions of the front wall of the box can be formed using folding levers  153 , one of which is shown in  FIGS.  13 - 21   . In the illustrated embodiment, folding levers  153  are connected to folding arms  151 . In some embodiments, one or more actuators can be connected to folding levers  153 . Activation of the actuators can cause folding levers  153  to pivot or otherwise move to fold additional panels of the box template  148 . 
     Once a front wall has been at least partially formed with the packaging template  148 , as shown in  FIG.  15   , the front wall sections  146  can be raised and removed from between the stack of items and the front wall of the box partially formed by the box template  148 . Thereafter, the front wall assembly  138  can move along frame structure  132  back towards conveyor  122  in preparation for another stack of items. 
     With the front wall assembly  132  removed, additional folds can be made to the box template  148  as shown in  FIGS.  17 - 24   . For instance, as shown in  FIG.  17   , a portion of the box template  148  can be folded down towards the stack of items to form a top surface of the resulting box. This can be done with one or more stationary or movable folding arms. Additionally, one or more folding arms can fold down the glue tab  150  of the box template  148 , as shown in  FIG.  18   . 
     Once the box template  148  is folded around the stack of items as shown in  FIG.  18   , glue can be applied to a glue tab  150  and/or a panel  152  of the box template  148 . Thereafter, the panel  152  can be folded towards the glue tab  150  via folding bar  155 , as shown in  FIG.  19   . The glue can secure the panel  152  to the glue tab  150  together. With the panel  152  and the glue tab  150  secured together, a partially formed box formed by the box template  148  is at least partially secured around the stack of items. At this stage, folding arms  151  and folding levers  153  may be withdraw or retracted, as shown in  FIG.  20   . 
     The partially formed box (containing the stack of items) can then be advanced via conveyors  154  (or other mechanisms) as shown in  FIG.  21 - 23   . As the partially formed box moves along conveyors  154 , the partially formed box moves past glue applicators  156  (as shown in  FIGS.  22  and  23   ) on opposing sides thereof (only one glue applicator  156  is shown). The glue applicators  156  apply glue to one or both of panels  158 ,  160  of the box template  148  as the partially formed box passes thereby. 
     After glue is applied by the glue applicators  156 , panels  160  on opposing or opposite sides of the partially formed box are folded down towards panels  158 , as shown in  FIG.  24   . The panels  160  can be folding down by folding arms  157 . The glue applied by glue applicators  156  secures panels  158 ,  160  together, thereby completing the formation of a box surrounding the stack of items. 
     While the above described and illustrated example embodiment uses gluing apparatuses and glue to attach various portions of the box template together, it will be understood that this is merely exemplary. In other embodiments, various other types of fastening apparatuses and fasteners can be used. For instance, an adhesive tape may be used to secure the various portions of the box template together. In still other embodiments mechanical fasteners (e.g., staples, clips, clamps, etc.) may be used to secure the various portions of box template together. Each of the foregoing may be considered fasteners and the apparatuses that apply them to the box template may be considered fastening apparatuses. 
     Once the box is fully formed and secured around the stack of items or in the process thereof, a label may be applied or printed on the box and the box can be conveyed to conveyor  126 , wherein it is dispensed from or exits the packaging machine  124 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIGS.  25 - 28   , which illustrate another embodiment of a crowder assembly  200 . In many respects, including structural and functional aspects, crowder assembly  200  may be similar or identical to crowder assembly  130  described above. Accordingly, the following discussion will focus on some of the unique aspects of crowder assembly  200 , particularly when compared to crowder assembly  130 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the crowder assembly  200  includes a pre-crowder  202 , a crowder  204 , a front wall assembly  206 , and back wall assembly  208 . As with the crowder assembly  130 , the crowder assembly  200  is configured to maintain the stack of items in the configuration created during step  104  described above during a packaging process, including while a box template is folded and secured around the stack of items. 
       FIGS.  26  and  27    illustrate rear and front perspective views of the pre-crowder  202  and the front wall assembly  206 . As best seen in  FIG.  26   , the pre-crowder  202  includes a first half  210  and a second half  212 . Each of the first half  210  and the second half  212  includes a floor  214  and a sidewall  216 . The floors  214  can provide a surface on which a stack of to-be-packaged items can be placed. In some embodiments, the floors  214  can be movable (e.g., hinged) to allow for the floors  214  to be moved to provide access deeper into the crowder assembly  200  for maintenance, etc. 
     Similar to sidewalls  144 , sidewalls  216  may move relative to one another and relative to the floors  214  of the corresponding half. The sidewalls  216  may be spaced apart so that a stack of items may be delivered into the pre-crowder  202  between the sidewalls  216 . Once the stack of items is position within the pre-crowder  202  (e.g., on floors  214  and between sidewalls  216 ), the sidewalls  216  may be moved towards one another (and relative to the floors  214 ) and towards the stack disposed therebetween until the sidewalls  216  are positioned against or adjacent to the stack of items. 
     Once the sidewalls  216  are positioned against or adjacent to the stack of items, the front wall assembly  206  may be activated to form a front wall adjacent or against the stack of items and between the side walls  216 . For instance, as best seen in  FIG.  27   , portions of the front wall assembly  206  may be moved to form the front wall. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the front wall assembly  206  includes a plurality of front wall sections  218  that may be moved horizontally and/or vertically (individually or in various combinations) to create a front wall. The front wall sections  218  may be mounted on one or more tracks  213  that enable the front wall sections  218  to move horizontally. Likewise, the front wall sections  218  may include one or more actuators  215  to facilitate movement (e.g., vertical movement) of one or more plate  217  thereof. 
     The number of front wall sections  218  that are moved into a wall position may be determined by the distance between the sidewalls  216  (which is determined by the width of the stack of items within the pre-crowder  202 ). In some embodiments, some of the front wall sections  218  have similar widths while others of the front wall sections  218  may have a width that is different than other front wall sections  218 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, as best seen in  FIG.  27   , the front wall assembly  206  may include front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  that can at least partially overlap one another to provide greater variability in the width of the front wall formed with the front wall assembly  206 . More specifically, front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  may include plates  217  having a predetermined width and which can at least partially overlap one another. For instance, in some embodiments, the plates  217  of front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  can each be about 8 inches wide. The plates  217  can at least partially overlap one another such that the plates  217  of front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  can form a front wall having a width anywhere from about 8 inches wide to about 15 inches wide (with a 1 inch overlap). In some embodiments, the plates  217  of front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  can always remain at least partially overlapped with one another such that the plates  217  of front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  can form a front wall having a width anywhere from about 8 inches wide to about 15 inches wide (with a 1 inch overlap of the plates  217 ). In other embodiments, the plates  217  of front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  may not always overlap one another. In such embodiments, the plates  217  thereof may form a front wall having a width anywhere from about 8 inches to about 16 inches. 
     If a front wall needs to be formed that is wider that that provided by front wall sections  218   a  and  208   b,  additional front wall sections  218  can be moved into position adjacent front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b.  For instance, if a front wall of about 20 inches needs to be formed, front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  can be moved into place to form about 13 inches of the front wall (by partially overlapping the plates  217  thereof). Additionally, another front wall section  218  (with plate  217  having a width of about 7 inches) can be moved into place adjacent the front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  to form the remainder of the 20 inch wide front wall. Likewise, the plates  217  of the front wall sections  218   a  and  218   b  can be moved to overlap more or less and additional front wall sections  218  can be moved into place to form a front wall having substantially any desired width. 
     While the plates  217  have been described as having specific widths (e.g., 8 inches or 7 inches), it will be appreciated that those dimensions are merely exemplary. In other embodiments, the plates  217  may have widths smaller than 7 inches, between 7 and 8 inches, or larger than 8 inches. Similarly, some of the plates  217  may have different sizes from one another. Furthermore, the amount of overlap between adjacent plates may vary from one embodiment to another. Furthermore, while the illustrated embodiment only shows two plates that overlap one another, it will be appreciated that additional front wall sections  218  may have plates that overlap one another. 
     Once the front wall is arranged between the side walls  216 , the front wall assembly  206  can be moved towards the stack of items positioned within the pre-crowder  202 . The front wall can further stabilize the stack of items so the stack of items does not fall over or become disorganized. Additionally, the front wall can move the stack of items from the pre-crowder  202  into the crowder  204 . More specifically, the front wall assembly  206  can move (horizontally) towards the crowder  204 . Such movement of the front wall assembly  206  can cause the front wall (formed with the front wall sections  218 ) to push the stack of items from the pre-crowder  202  into the crowder  204 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG.  28   , the crowder  204  includes a first half  220  and a second half  222 . Each of the first half  220  and the second half  222  includes a floor  224  and a sidewall  226 . The floors  224  can provide a surface on which the stack of to-be-packaged items can be placed. Similar to sidewalls  216 , sidewalls  226  may move relative to one another and relative to the floors  224  of the corresponding half. The sidewalls  226  may be spaced apart so that the stack of items may be delivered into the crowder  204  between the sidewalls  226 . 
     In some embodiments, the sidewalls  226  are moved towards one another prior to the stack of items being moved into the crowder  204 . For instance, the sidewalls  226  may move towards one another at about the same time the sidewalls  216  of the pre-crowder  202  are moved towards one another. In other embodiments, the sidewalls  226  are moved towards one another after the stack of items has been moved into the crowder  204 . 
     Additionally, the back wall assembly  208  may form a back wall of the crowder  204 . The back wall assembly  208  may be substantially similar to the front wall assembly  206  (e.g., movable back wall sections with plates that form a back wall). The back wall assembly  208  may form a back wall at about the same time that the front wall assembly  206  forms the front wall as described above. Alternatively, the back wall assembly  208  may form the back wall while or after the stack of items is moved into the crowder  204 . 
     In any event, once the stack of items is positioned in the crowder  204  with sidewalls  226  and the front and back walls positioned adjacent to or against the stack of items, the stack of items is securely held in the desired arrangement. Thereafter, the crowder  204  and the front and back wall assemblies  206 ,  208  can move towards a packaging station where the stack of items are packaged within a box. The movement of the crowder  204  and packaging of the stack of items can be similar to that described above in connection with crowder assembly  130  and  FIGS.  8 - 24   . 
     Generally, for instance, the crowder  204  (with the front and back walls) can move the stack of items over the top of a box template. The box template can then be folded around the stack of items to package the items in the box formed with the box template. As the box template is folded around the stack of items, the crowder  204  and the front and back walls can be withdrawn or retracted. By way of example, after the box template is folded as shown in  FIG.  9   , the back wall (formed by back wall assembly  208 ) and the floors  224  can be retracted or withdrawn (which will deposit the stack of items on the box template). Thereafter, the sidewalls  226  can be withdrawn or retracted to allow for the box template to be folded to form sidewalls of a box. Similarly, the front wall (formed by front wall assembly  206 ) can be retracted or withdrawn prior to or after the box template is folded to form a front wall of the box (similar to that shown in  FIGS.  14 - 15   ). The remainder of the box template can be folded and secured closed as described above. 
     The above described system  120  and method  100  may include or use box templates having particular configurations. Box template  148  referenced herein is one example box template that may be used with system  120  and method  100 . U.S. application Ser. No. 16/435,252, filed Jun. 7, 2019, and entitled BOX TEMPLATE (the “&#39;252 Application”), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, relates to one example box template that may be used with the systems and methods described herein. The &#39;252 Application describes and illustrates various features of an example box template, as well as an exemplary process for folding and securing the box template in the form of a box with a stack of items therein. The packaging machine  124  described herein can perform the folding and securing steps described in the &#39;252 Application to form a completed box. For instance, the folding and securing steps illustrated in  FIGS.  9 - 25    hereof and performed by the packaging machine  124  may be similar or identical to the folding and securing steps described and illustrated in the &#39;252 Application. 
     In light of the above, one embodiment includes a packaging machine comprising a frame structure and a crowder assembly movably mounted on the frame structure and configured to receive and maintain an arrangement of a stack of one or more items during a packaging process. The crowder assembly includes a first half, a second half, a back, a floor, and a front wall assembly. The first half includes a back wall, a floor, and a sidewall. The second half includes a sidewall positioned opposite the sidewall of the first half. The sidewall of the second half is selectively movable towards and away from the sidewall of the first half. The back is associated with at least one of the first half and the second half. The floor is associated with at least one of the first half and the second half. The front wall assembly has a variable width to enable the front wall to be positioned between the sidewalls of the first and second halves. The front wall assembly is selectively movable towards the back wall. 
     In some embodiments, the front wall assembly is movable along the frame structure independent of the first and second halves. In some embodiments, each of the first half and the second half comprises a back wall and a floor. In some embodiments, the sidewall of the first half is selectively movable towards and away from the sidewall of the second half. 
     In some embodiments, the crowder assembly is configured to have a stack of one or more items disposed on the floor and between the sidewalls of the first and second halves. In some embodiments, the sidewall of the second half is configured to move towards the sidewall of the first half with the stack of one or more items therebetween until the distance between the sidewalls of the first and second halves is generally equal to a dimension of the stack of one or more items. 
     In some embodiments, the front wall assembly is configured to move towards the back wall with a stack of one or more items therebetween until the distance between the front wall assembly is generally equal to a dimension of the stack of one or more items. In some embodiments, the front wall assembly comprises a plurality of front wall sections. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of front wall sections can be selectively raised and lowered between the sidewalls of the first and second halves. In some embodiments, the crowder assembly is configured to move along the frame structure to position the stack of one or more items over a panel of a box template. 
     In some embodiments, the packaging machine also includes one or more folding mechanism configured to fold the box template around the stack of one or more items. In some embodiments, components of the crowder assembly are configured to be sequentially withdrawn or retracted away from the stack of one or more items as the folding mechanisms fold the box template around the stack of one or more items. In some embodiments, the folding mechanisms is configured to fold a portion of the box template against the back wall on a side of the back wall opposite to the stack of one or more items. In some embodiments, the floor and back wall are configured to be withdrawn or retracted away from the stack of one or more items, thereby depositing the stack of one or more items on the panel of the box template. In some embodiments, the sidewalls of the first and second halves are configured to be withdrawn or retracted away from the stack of one or more items after the floor and back are withdrawn or retracted. In some embodiments, the front wall assembly is configured to be withdrawn or retracted away from the stack of one or more items after the sidewalls of the first and second halves. In some embodiments, the first and second halves are configured to move along the frame structure away from the stack of one or more items before the front wall assembly is withdrawn or retracted. In some embodiments, the front wall assembly is configured to move along the frame structure away from the stack of one or more items after the first and second halves move along the frame structure away from the stack of one or more items. In some embodiments, the packaging machine further comprises one or more fastening apparatuses that are configured to apply one or more fasteners to the box template to secure various flaps of the box template together around the stack of one or more items. In some embodiments, the packaging machine further comprises a converting assembly that is configured to form box templates. 
     In another embodiment, a system for packaging one or more items includes an order arrangement station where the one or more items can be arranged into a stack. The system can also include one or more dimensioning mechanisms configured to determine outer dimensions of the stack. The system can also include a converting assembly configured to create a box template that when erected forms a box that is custom sized to the dimensions of the stack. The system can also include a crowder assembly that is configured to hold and maintain the stack in a desired configuration while the box template is at least partially folded around the stack. The system can also include one or more folding mechanisms configured to fold the box template around the stack. The system can also include one or more fastening apparatuses that are configured to apply one or more fasteners to the box template to secure the box template around the stack in the form of a box. 
     In some embodiments, the crowder assembly comprises a first half, a second half, and a front wall assembly. In some embodiments, each of the first half and the second half comprises a back wall, a floor, and a sidewall. In some embodiments, the sidewall of the first half is configured to move relative to the back wall and floor of the first half and towards and away from the sidewall of the second half. In some embodiments, the sidewall of the second half is configured to move relative to the back wall and floor of the second half and towards and away from the sidewall of the first half. In some embodiments, the front wall assembly comprises a plurality of front wall sections that are configured to be selectively raised and lowered between the sidewalls of the first and second halves. In some embodiments, the front wall sections are configured to be selectively movable towards the back walls of the first and second halves. In some embodiments, the crowder assembly comprises a pre-crowder, a crowder, a front wall assembly, and a back wall assembly. In some embodiments, the pre-crowder comprises opposing sidewalls and a floor, the opposing sidewalls being moveable relative to one another and the floor. In some embodiments, the front wall assembly comprises a plurality of front wall sections configured to move into position adjacent to the one or more items to form a front wall. In some embodiments, the plurality of front wall sections comprises a first front wall section and a second front wall section, the first and second front wall sections comprise at least partially overlapping plates. In some embodiments, the first and second front wall sections are movable relative to one another to vary the amount of overlap of the plates. In some embodiments, the crowder comprises a first half and a second half, each of the first and second halves comprising a sidewall and a floor, the sidewalls being moveable relative to one another and the floors. In some embodiments, the back wall assembly comprises a plurality of back wall sections configured to move into position adjacent to the one or more items to form a back wall. In some embodiments, the plurality of back wall sections comprises a first back wall section and a second back wall section, the first and second back wall sections comprise at least partially overlapping plates . In some embodiments, the first and second back wall sections are movable relative to one another to vary the amount of overlap of the plates. In some embodiments, the crowder is configured to move away from and towards the pre-crowder. In some embodiments, the front wall assembly and the back wall assembly are configured to move with the crowder away from and towards the pre-crowder. 
     In still another embodiment, a method for packaging one or more items includes arranging the one or more items into a stack with a desired configuration. The method also includes determining the outer dimensions of the stack and creating a box template that when erected forms a box that is custom sized to the dimensions of the stack. The method also includes depositing the stack in a crowder assembly configured to hold and maintain the stack in the desired configuration while the box template is at least partially folded around the stack. The method also includes folding the box template around the stack and securing the box template around the stack in the form of a box. 
     In some embodiments, the method further includes adjusting one or more components of the crowder assembly such that the components of the crowder assembly are positioned around the stack and have dimensions similar to those of the stack. In some embodiments, the method further comprises sequentially withdrawing or retracting components of the crowder assembly away from the stack as the box template is folded around the stack. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.