Patent Publication Number: US-2023150040-A1

Title: Pipe coupon retainer

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Field of Use 
     This disclosure relates to pipe coupon extraction tools. More specifically, this disclosure relates to pipe coupon extraction tools able to remove a pipe coupon once cut from a pipe. 
     Related Art 
     A pipe coupon can be cut from an installed pipe, which can be buried in the ground and can form part of a fluid distribution system such as a municipal water supply system. In addition to cutting the pipe coupon—a process often performed with a special tool resembling a large hole saw—it can be desirable to remove the pipe coupon, all without allowing leakage of the fluid in the system from the pipe. Cutting and removing the pipe coupon is often done when the pipe remains pressurized. Such removal of the pipe coupon in all conditions can be difficult. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is to be understood that this summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure. This summary is exemplary and not restrictive, and it is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the disclosure nor delineate the scope thereof. The sole purpose of this summary is to explain and exemplify certain concepts of the disclosure as an introduction to the following complete and extensive detailed description. 
     In one aspect, disclosed is a tool comprising: a tool body defining a recess defining a recess depth measured in a radial direction from an outer diameter of the tool body; and a detent member coupled to the tool body, the detent member comprising a leg extending from the tool body and sized to be received within the recess of the tool body upon one of deformation and movement of the leg at least partly in a radially inward direction, the leg biased in a radially outward direction by one of a wall of the recess and a biasing element of the tool, the leg configured to catch upon a portion of a pipe coupon surrounding a drilled hole in the pipe coupon to facilitate movement of the pipe coupon with the tool. 
     In a further aspect, disclosed is a tool comprising: a cutter configured to cut a first hole defining a first diameter; and a drill bit coupled to the cutter, the drill bit configured to cut a second hole defining a second diameter, the second diameter being smaller than the first diameter, the drill bit comprising: a tool body defining a recess; and a detent member coupled to the tool body, the detent member comprising a leg extending from the tool body and sized to be received within the recess of the tool body upon one of deformation and movement of the leg, the leg biased in a radially outward direction by one of a wall of the recess and a biasing element of the tool. 
     In yet another aspect, disclosed is a method of using a tool, the method comprising: obtaining a tool comprising: a tool body defining a recess; and a detent member coupled to the tool body, the detent member comprising a leg extending from the tool body; receiving the detent member of the tool body within the recess of the tool body upon one of deformation and movement of the leg by pushing the leg in a radially inward direction against a biasing of the leg in a radially outward direction with an edge of a hole formed in a portion of a pipe; passing the detent member of the tool through the hole formed in the portion of the pipe in an insertion direction; catching the detent member upon the portion of the pipe upon movement of the tool in a removal direction; and moving a pipe coupon with the tool. 
     Various implementations described in the present disclosure may comprise additional systems, methods, features, and advantages, which may not necessarily be expressly disclosed herein but will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following detailed description and accompanying drawings. It is intended that all such systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within the present disclosure and protected by the accompanying claims. The features and advantages of such implementations may be realized and obtained by means of the systems, methods, features particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and other features will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims or may be learned by the practice of such exemplary implementations as set forth hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects of the disclosure and together with the description, serve to explain various principles of the disclosure. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Corresponding features and components throughout the figures may be designated by matching reference characters for the sake of consistency and clarity. 
         FIG.  1    is an exploded side perspective view of a tool comprising a pilot drill, a shell cutter, and a cutter hub in accordance with one aspect of the current disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a detail side view of the pilot drill or tool head of  FIG.  1    taken from detail  2  of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a sectional view of the tool head of  FIG.  1    taken along line  3 - 3  of  FIG.  2   , i.e., with legs of corresponding detent members of the tool head in a non-extended position. 
         FIG.  4    is a sectional view of the tool head of  FIG.  1    taken along line  4 - 4  of  FIG.  2   , i.e., with the legs of the corresponding detent members in an extended position. 
         FIG.  5    is a detail side view of the tool head of  FIG.  1    taken from the same view as detail  2  of  FIG.  1    in accordance with another aspect of the current disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    is a sectional view of the tool head of  FIG.  5    taken along line  6 - 6  of  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  7    is a side perspective view of the tool head of  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  8    is a detail side view of the tool head of  FIG.  1    taken from the same view as detail  2  of  FIG.  1    in accordance with another aspect of the current disclosure. 
         FIG.  9    is a sectional view of the tool head of  FIG.  8    taken along line  9 - 9  of  FIG.  8   . 
         FIG.  10    is a side perspective view of the tool head of  FIG.  8   . 
         FIG.  11    is a detail side view of the tool head of  FIG.  1    taken from the same view as detail  2  of  FIG.  1    in accordance with another aspect of the current disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    is a sectional view of the tool head of  FIG.  11    taken along line  12 - 12  of  FIG.  11   . 
         FIG.  13    is a side view of a shell cutting system for cutting a pipe before removal of pipe coupons from a pipe wall of the pipe, with the shell cutter shown in cross-section. 
         FIG.  14    is a top perspective view of a pipe coupon extraction tool of  FIG.  1    and a pipe coupon after it has been cut from the pipe of  FIG.  13   . 
         FIG.  15    is a sectional view of a portion of the pipe coupon extraction tool of  FIG.  12    during insertion in the pipe coupon of  FIG.  14   . 
         FIG.  16    is a sectional view of the portion of the pipe coupon extraction tool of  FIG.  14    after insertion in and engagement with the pipe coupon of  FIG.  14   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description, examples, drawings, and claims, and their previous and following description. However, before the present devices, systems, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the specific devices, systems, and/or methods disclosed unless otherwise specified, as such can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. 
     The following description is provided as an enabling teaching of the present devices, systems, and/or methods in their best, currently known aspect. To this end, those skilled in the relevant art will recognize and appreciate that many changes can be made to the various aspects described herein, while still obtaining the beneficial results of the present disclosure. It will also be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the present disclosure can be obtained by selecting some of the features of the present disclosure without utilizing other features. Accordingly, those who work in the art will recognize that many modifications and adaptations to the present disclosure are possible and can even be desirable in certain circumstances and are a part of the present disclosure. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the present disclosure and not in limitation thereof. 
     As used throughout, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a quantity of one of a particular element can comprise two or more such elements unless the context indicates otherwise. In addition, any of the elements described herein can be a first such element, a second such element, and so forth (e.g., a first widget and a second widget, even if only a “widget” is referenced). 
     Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect comprises from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about” or “substantially,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. 
     For purposes of the current disclosure, a material property or dimension measuring about X or substantially X on a particular measurement scale measures within a range between X plus an industry-standard upper tolerance for the specified measurement and X minus an industry-standard lower tolerance for the specified measurement. Because tolerances can vary between different materials, processes and between different models, the tolerance for a particular measurement of a particular component can fall within a range of tolerances. 
     As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” mean that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description comprises instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. 
     The word “or” as used herein means any one member of a particular list and also comprises any combination of members of that list. The phrase “at least one of A and B” as used herein means “only A, only B, or both A and B”; while the phrase “one of A and B” means “A or B.” 
     To simplify the description of various elements disclosed herein, the conventions of “left,” “right,” “front,” “rear,” “top,” “bottom,” “upper,” “lower,” “inside,” “outside,” “inboard,” “outboard,” “horizontal,” and/or “vertical” may be referenced. Unless stated otherwise, “front” describes that end of a tool nearest to and facing a recess in the tool sized to receive a detent member; “rear” is that end of the tool head that is opposite or distal the front; “left” is that which is to the left of or facing left from a person facing towards the front; and “right” is that which is to the right of or facing right from that same person facing towards the front. “Horizontal” or “horizontal orientation” describes that which is in a plane extending from left to right and aligned with the horizon. “Vertical” or “vertical orientation” describes that which is in a plane that is angled at 90 degrees to the horizontal. 
     In one aspect, a pipe coupon extraction device and associated methods, systems, devices, and various apparatuses are disclosed herein. In some aspects, the pipe coupon extraction device can comprise a detent member, which can be a barb member. In some aspects, the pipe coupon extraction device can comprise a biasing element. 
       FIG.  1    is an exploded side perspective view of an extraction device or tool  100 , which can be a pipe coupon extraction device or a pipe coupon retainer. In some aspects, as shown, the tool  100  can be a cutting apparatus or drilling apparatus or pipe cutter, in accordance with one aspect of the current disclosure. As shown, the tool  100  can comprise a cutter hub  110  and a cutter  120 , which can be a coupon cutter or shell cutter. The cutter  120  can be configured to cut a first hole defining a first diameter. The tool can define a first end  105  and a second end  106 . In some aspects, the tool  100  can comprise a tool head  200 , which can comprise or can be a pilot drill or a drill bit. More specifically, the tool head  200 , which can be coupled to the cutter  120 , can be configured to cut a second hole defining a second diameter, and the second diameter can be smaller than the first diameter. As shown, the parts of the tool  100  can be assembled to each other along a tool axis or longitudinal axis  101 . More specifically, the cutter hub  110  can define a hub axis  111 , the cutter  120  can define a cutter axis  121 , and the tool head  200  and, more specifically, a tool body  210  thereof can define a longitudinal axis  211 . 
     The cutter hub  110  can define a first end  115  and a second end  116  distal from the first end  115 . The cutter hub  110  can define a threaded portion  114  on or proximate to the second end  116  for engagement with a corresponding threaded portion (not shown) of the cutter  120 . The cutter hub  110  can define a hole  118 , which can be sized to receive a fastener  190 . The fastener  190  can be used to assemble the tool head  200  to the cutter hub  110  and to fix the parts with respect to one another. A firm, positive connection between the cutter hub  110  and the tool head  200  such as with the fastener  190  can be beneficial due to the high torque values that can be experienced by the tool  100  during use. 
     The cutter  120  can define a first end or trailing end  125  and a second end or leading end  126  distal from the trailing end  125 . The cutter  120  can define the aforementioned threaded portion (not shown) proximate to the trailing end  125 . The cutter  120  can comprise a wall  124  and, as part of the wall  124 , can define a plurality of teeth  127  proximate to the leading end  126 . In some aspects, the cutter  120  can define an outer diameter measuring, for example and without limitation, in a range of 3 inches to 12 inches. The cutter  120  can further define one or more clearance holes  128 , which can be used to facilitate removal of waste such as a pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) or a plurality of pipe coupons  85  from the cutter  120  after cutting of a pipe  80  (shown in  FIG.  14   ). 
     The tool head  200 , which can be the aforementioned pilot drill, can define the tool body  210 , which can define a first end  215 , a second end  216 , and the longitudinal axis  211 . The tool body  210  can define a fastener hole  218 , which can be sized to receive the fastener  190  and can in some aspects create the aforementioned connection between the cutter hub  110  and the tool head  200 , specifically the tool body  210  of the tool head  200 . In some aspects, the tool head can comprise or define a threaded portion  240 , which can secure the tool head or, more generally, the tool  100  to a neighboring structure such as, for example, a larger tool or structure for driving the tool  100 . 
     The tool head  200  and, more specifically, the tool body  210  can define a detent location or station  250 . In some aspects, the tool head  200  and, more specifically, the tool body  210  can define a plurality of detent stations  250 , which can be offset in a longitudinal direction along the axis  211  with respect to each other and can face in different radial directions with respect to each other. As shown, the tool head  200  can comprise at least three detent stations  250 , and each detent station can be oriented to face in a direction that is angled 90 degrees with respect to an adjacent detent station. The detent station  250  can comprise a detent member  260 , which can be received within a recess  280  defined in the tool body  210 . 
     The tool body  210 , which can be a drill body or shaft, can comprise a cutting edge  220 . The cutting edge  220  can be positioned proximate to an outer surface  212  of the tool body  210 . In some aspects, the cutting edge  220  can be positioned on a tip of the tool head  200  on or proximate to the second end  216 . In some aspects, the cutting edge  220  can be positioned on, protruding from, or proximate to a radially outermost portion of the outer surface  212 . The tool body  210  can be configured to rotate about the longitudinal axis  211  during use and thereby cut through a wall  83  (shown in  FIG.  13   ) of the pipe  80  (shown in  FIG.  13   ) with the aid of the cutting edge  220 . 
       FIG.  2    is a detail side view of the tool head  200  and, more generally, the tool  100  of  FIG.  1    taken from detail  2  of  FIG.  1   . As shown, the detent member  260  and, more specifically, a detent member  260   a,  of each detent station  250  can be coupled to the tool body  210 . A detent member such as, for example and without limitation, the detent member  260   a,  which can be a first detent member  260   a,  can comprise a leg  270 . The leg  270  can extend from the tool body  210  and can be sized to be received within the recess  280  of the tool body  210 . More specifically, the leg  270  can extend from the tool body  210  in a radial direction of the tool body  210  with respect to the axis  211  thereof. In some aspects, the tool  100  can comprise a second detent member  260   b,  which can be coupled to the tool body  210  and can be any detent member that acts separately or independently from a first detent member such as, for example and without limitation, the first detent member  260   a.  The leg  270  of the second detent member  260  can extend from the tool body  210 . In some aspects, as shown, the second detent member  260   b  can extend, at least in part, from and also be sized to be selectively received within the same recess  280  from which the first detent member  260   a  extends. In some aspects, the second detent member  260   b  can extend from and also be sized to be selectively received within a separate recess  280  defined in the tool body  200 . For example and without limitation, the first detent member  260   a  and the second detent member  260   b  can extend from opposite sides of the tool head  200 . 
     In some aspects, as shown, the detent member  260  and, more specifically with respect to any of the features described herein, either of the detent members  260   a,b  can define a constant cross-section from a first end  261  (shown in  FIG.  3   ) to a second end  262  (shown in  FIG.  3   ) thereof. In some aspects, the detent member  260  can vary in cross-section along its length from the first end  261  to the second end  262 . In some aspects, the detent member  260  can be formed from wire defining a circular shape in cross-section, as shown. For example and without limitation, the detent member  260  can be formed from wire having a diameter of at least ⅛ inch. More specifically, the detent member  260  can be formed from wire having a diameter of about ⅛ inch. In some aspects, the detent member  260  can be formed from a wire or a bar material defining a square or, more generally, a rectangular shape in cross-section. In some aspects, a cross-section of the detent member  260  can define any polygonal or non-polygonal (i.e., comprising one or more curved elements) shape. 
     The tool body  210  can define a detent member bore  288 , which can be defined in a surface of the tool body  210  at least partially defining the recess  280 . The detent member bore  288  can be sized to receive a corresponding detent member  260 . In some aspects, the detent member  260  can be received tightly within or can be secured tightly to the tool body  210  such that at least an attachment point of the detent member  260  to the tool body  210  the detent member  260  does not move or rotate. In some aspects, the detent member  260  can be configured to rotate inside the detent member bore  288  between a retracted position A and an extended position B. In some aspects, in the retracted position A the detent member  260  can be angled at an angle  267 , which can measure less than 90 degrees but greater than 0 degrees with respect to the axis  211  as shown. 
     A wall  285  at least partially defining the recess  280  can define the angle  267 , which can encourage the detent member  260  to fall into the path of the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) after the detent member  260  passes through a hole in the pipe coupon  85  by biasing the leg  270  in a radially outward direction with respect to the axis  211 . Use of the two detent members  260   a,b  can increase the likelihood that at least one of the detent members  260   a,b  catches on an inside of the pipe coupon  85  once the pipe coupon  85  is cut and the tool  100  used to remove the pipe coupon  85 . When both of the detent members  260   a,b  catch on an inside of the pipe coupon  85  once the pipe coupon  85  is cut and the tool  100  is used to remove the pipe coupon  85 , the catching of an inside of the pipe coupon  85  by detent members  260  extending in opposite directions can result in the pipe coupon  85  being evenly balanced upon removal with the tool  100  and not tilted away from the vertical axis. More specifically, during movement and/or removal of the pipe coupon  85 , an axis of the hole  1480  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) of the pipe coupon  85  can remain aligned—or substantially aligned, considering at least an average orientation of the pipe coupon  85  over time during removal—with the axis  211  of the tool, an axis of a cut axis  901  (shown in  FIG.  13   ) or the removal direction  1610  (shown in  FIG.  16   ). As shown, a minimum value of an axial height or axial length  286  of the recess  280  at the wall  285  can be less than a maximum value of the axial length  286 . In some aspects, the wall  285  can extend continuously across and define a top axial end of the recess  280 . In some aspects, the wall  285  can be separate from the top axial end of the recess  280 . As shown, each recess  280  can define a recess depth  287 . 
     More specifically, in some aspects, in the retracted position A the angle  267  can be less than or equal to 45 degrees but greater than 0 degrees with respect to the axis  211 . In some aspects, in the retracted position A the angle  267  can be less than or equal to 20 degrees but greater than 0 degrees with respect to the axis  211 . In some aspects, in the retracted position A the angle  267  can be less than or equal to 10 degrees but greater than 0 degrees with respect to the axis  211 . In some aspects, in the retracted position A the angle  267  can be less than or equal to 6 degrees but greater than 0 degrees with respect to the axis  211 . As shown, in the extended position B the detent member  260  can be angled at 90 degrees with respect to the axis  211 . 
       FIG.  3    is a sectional view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  1    taken along line  3 - 3  of  FIG.  2   , i.e., with the legs  270  of the corresponding detent members  260   a,b  in a non-extended position. Again, the recess  280  can define the recess depth  287 , which can be measured in a radial direction from the outer surface  212  of the tool body  210  and, more specifically, from a radially outermost portion of the outer surface  212 . In an undeformed condition, a radius R 2  measured to a radially outermost portion of any one or more of the legs  270  of the corresponding detent members  260  can be greater than a radius R 1  of the tool body  210 , which can be measured to a radially outermost portion of the tool body  210 . Again, the leg  270  and, more generally, the detent member  260  can be biased in a radially outward direction by the wall  285  of the recess  280 . In some aspects, the detent member  260  can be sized to be received within the recess  280  upon deformation of the leg  270  such that the radius R 2  is not greater than the radius R 1 , as will be described below. As such, the tool head  200  and, more generally, the tool  100  can be spring-loaded. In some aspects, the radius R 2  can be variable between the detent members  260 , between the detent stations  250 , and between the tools  100 , including when the detent members  260  are hand cut and formed in place, e.g., with wire cutters and/or a hammer or other forming or hitting tool. In some cases, the radius R 2  can be made constant by forming the detent members  260  in a controlled manufacturing environment, e.g., a factory. In some aspects, smooth operation of each detent member  260  can be maintained by the mounting portion  360  being straight and not bent along its length. In some aspects, smooth operation of each detent member  260  can be maintained by each portion of the detent member  260  including each of the legs  270  being straight and not bent along its length. 
     Any one or more of the detent members  260   a,b  or the single detent member  260  can comprise a mounting portion  360 . Any one or more of the detent members  260   a,b  can comprise a first leg  270   a  and a second leg  270   b,  each of which can extend from the mounting portion  360  and be sized to be received within the recess of the tool body  210  upon deformation of at least one of the legs  270   a,b  during use. The second leg  270  can be configured to catch upon a second portion of the pipe coupon  85  surrounding a bore or hole  1480  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) in the pipe coupon  85  to facilitate movement (e.g., removal) of the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) with the tool  100 . An axis  388  of each of the detent member bores  288  can be offset from the axis  211 . The axes  388  can be offset from each other. As shown, a diameter of the detent member bore  288  can be greater than a diameter of the material forming the second detent member  260   b  and, more specifically, a diameter of the detent member bore  288  can be greater than a diameter of the mounting portion  360 . 
     By biasing the legs  270  of the corresponding detent members  260   a,b  in a radially outward direction, the legs  270  of the first detent member  260   a  can be configured to catch upon a portion of the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) surrounding the hole  1480  in the pipe coupon  85  to facilitate movement of the pipe coupon  85  with the tool  100 , and one or more legs  270  of the second detent member  260   b  can be configured to catch upon a second portion of the pipe coupon  85  surrounding the hole  1480  in the pipe coupon  85  to facilitate movement of the pipe coupon  85  with the tool  100 . 
       FIG.  4    is a sectional view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  1    taken along line  4 - 4  of  FIG.  2   , i.e., with the legs  270  of the corresponding detent members  260   a,b  in an extended position. As shown, the radius R 2  can be greater with the legs  270  in an extended position than with the legs  270  in a non-extended position such that the detent members  260   a,b  can more securely push against an inside surface of the pipe coupon  85  and thereby move the pipe coupon  85  from one position to another. 
       FIG.  5    is a detail side view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  1    taken from the same view as detail  2  of  FIG.  1    in accordance with another aspect of the current disclosure. As shown, the tool head  200  can comprise a biasing element  500 . The biasing element  500  can be configured to bias the leg  270  of the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  in a radially outward direction beyond the outer diameter R 1  (shown in  FIG.  3   ) of the tool  100  in a default condition of the tool  100 . The default condition of the tool  100  can be the aforementioned non-extended position of the legs  270  of the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  (the non-extended position shown, for example, in  FIG.  3   ). More specifically, the biasing element  500  can be configured to bias the leg  270  in a radially outward direction relative to the axis  211  of the tool body  210 . As shown, the wall  285  of the recess  280  can be flat, and the axial length  286  of the recess  280  can be constant across the recess  280  in a direction perpendicular to the axis  211 . 
     The biasing element  500  can comprise a body  510  and can define a height  515  and a diameter  517 . The height  515  can be less than the recess depth  287  of the tool body  210 . The body  510  can define a circular shape in cross-section and, more specifically, can define a cylindrical outer surface  511 . More specifically, a radius measured from the axis  211  to a radially outermost portion of the biasing element  500  can be less than the radius R 1  (shown in  FIG.  3   ) of the tool body  210 . The biasing element  500  can comprise a resilient material, which can define a material memory causing the material to spring back to its original shape after a load on the biasing element  500  is removed. In some aspects, a durometer of the biasing element  500  can be 25 to 85 on the Shore A scale. In some aspects, a durometer of the biasing element  500  can be 25 to 60 on the Shore A scale. In some aspects, a durometer of the biasing element  500  can be 25 to 35 on the Shore A scale. In some aspects, a durometer of the biasing element  500  can be about 35 on the Shore A scale. 
     In some aspects, a position of the biasing element  500  can be offset in an axial direction of the tool body  210  from the axis  388  (shown in  FIG.  3   ) or, in the case of multiple axes  388 , the axes  388 . In some aspects, a position of the biasing element  500  can be offset in an axial direction of the tool body  210  from a bottom end or a top end of the recess  280 . The axis  388  or the axes  388  can be positioned close enough to a center of the recess  280  and to each other, where applicable, in a radial or transverse direction for the corresponding detent member  260  or detent members  260   a,b  to be supported by a bottom wall of the recess  280  upon expansion or extension of the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b.  As shown, an axis  501  of the biasing element  500  can intersect the axis  211  or can be centered in the recess  280 . Each detent station  250  can comprise a pair of biasing elements  500 , in which case a first biasing element  500   a  can be secured or mounted to and inside a first recess  280   a,  and a second biasing element  500   b  can be secured or mounted to and inside a second recess  280   b.  More specifically, the biasing elements can be mounted on opposite sides or, more specifically, radially opposite sides of the tool head  200 . 
       FIG.  6    is a sectional view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  5    taken along line  6 - 6  of  FIG.  5   . The biasing element  500  can be secured to the tool body  210  with a fastener  690 , a portion of which, e.g., a head, can be recessed within a recess  696  of the biasing element  500 . The fastener  690  can extend through a bore  698  defined in the biasing element  500 . In some aspects, as shown, the biasing element  500  can be or can comprise a bumper. 
       FIG.  7    is a side perspective view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  5   . As shown with a non-extended position of the detent members  260   a,b  shown in broken lines, the respective legs  270  of the detent members  260   a,b  can be biased in a radially outward direction—or, in some aspects, in a direction perpendicular to the axis  211  (shown in  FIG.  5   )—by the biasing element  500  of the tool  100 . Again, the leg  270  can be configured to catch upon a portion of the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) surrounding the hole  1480  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) in the pipe coupon  85  to facilitate movement of the pipe coupon  85  with the tool  100 . As shown with a non-extended position of the detent members  260   a,b  shown in solid lines, the respective legs  270  of the detent members  260   a,b  can be configured to be pushed in a radially inward direction to clear the hole  1480 , which can be a drilled hole or pilot hole. More specifically, the detent members  260   a,b  can contact the outer surface  511  of the biasing element  500  in a non-extended position of the detent members  260   a,b.  As shown, the outer surface  511  and, more generally, the biasing element  500  can deform or, more specifically, compress upon pushing of the detent members  260   a,b  against the biasing element  500 . Again, in some aspects, the detent members  260   a,b  can be sized to be received within the recess  280  upon movement of the respective legs  270  and deformation of an adjacent structure such as the biasing element  500 . 
       FIG.  8    is a detail side view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  1    taken from the same view as detail  2  of  FIG.  1    in accordance with another aspect of the current disclosure. In some aspects, as shown, the biasing element  500  can be positioned on only one side of the tool head  200  in each detent station  250 . In other aspects, as discussed above, the biasing element  500  can be positioned on both sides of the tool head  200  in each detent station  250 . The biasing element  500  can define a taper. More specifically, the outer surface  511  of the biasing element  500  can define a conical or frustoconical shape, which can be rotationally symmetric about the axis  501 . 
       FIG.  9    is a sectional view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  8    taken along line  9 - 9  of  FIG.  8   . The biasing element  500  can comprise a plunger  910 . The biasing element  500  can comprise a spring  920 . The biasing element  500  can comprise a support or base  930 . 
     The plunger  910  can define a tip  915 , which can extend from a surface of the recess  280   a  and adjacent to the legs  270  (shown in  FIG.  8   ). In the case of more than one leg  270 , the plunger  910  can be positioned between two adjacent legs  270   a,b  (shown in  FIG.  8   ). The plunger  910  can define a flange  912 , which can define a diameter that is greater than a diameter of a bore  988  defined in the tool body  210  and, more specifically, the recess  280   a.  The plunger  910  can be received within a bore or cavity  980  of the tool body  210 . The plunger  910  can thereby be retained within the cavity  980  during use. The plunger  910  can be configured to be inserted and removed through an end of the cavity  980  defined in a side of the tool body  210  opposite that of the bore  988 . The bore  988  can define the axis  501  of the biasing element  500  shown, and the axis  501  can be angled with respect to the axis  211 . More specifically, the axis  501  can be angled with respect to the axis  211  by 90 degrees. 
     The spring  920  can allow movement of the plunger  910  in an axial direction along the axis  501  upon loading of the spring  920 . In some aspects, as shown, the spring  920  can be a compression spring and, more specifically, a coil spring. In some aspects, the spring  920  can be any compressible material defining a spring constant (e.g., a resilient material such as, for example and without limitation, a natural or synthetic rubber). The spring can define a first axial end  925  and a second axial end  926 . The biasing element  500  and, more specifically, the plunger  910  can be configured to move in a radially inward direction upon a radially inwardly acting load exerted by the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  (shown in  FIG.  8   ). 
     The base  930  can hold in place or prevent movement of the first axial end  925  of the spring  920 . In some aspects, as shown, the base  930  can be removably secured to the tool body  210  and upon removal can allow insertion and/or removal of the plunger  910  and the spring  920 . More specifically, the base  930  can comprise or can define a threaded portion, which can facilitate secure attachment of the base  930  to the tool body  210 . In some aspects, the base  930  can be formed monolithically, i.e., formed as a singular component that constitutes a single material without joints or seams, with the tool body  210 . For example and without limitation, the cavity  980  can be a blind hole defined in and extend from the recess  280   a  and after insertion of the plunger  910  the plunger  910  can be retained within the cavity  980  with a retaining ring (not shown) installed in an axially outward end of the bore  988  relative to the axis  501 . 
       FIG.  10    is a side perspective view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  8   . A leg  270  of one of the detent member  260   a  (and similarly, the detent member  260   b  shown in  FIG.  8   ) can contact the plunger  910  of the biasing element  500 . As the leg  270  is pushed further inward upon insertion of the tool head  200  through the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ), the plunger  910  can retract into the tool body  210  along the axis  501 . When the detent members  260   a,b  are connected via the mounting portion  360 , the leg  270  of the detent member  260   a  can follow the radially inward movement of the detent member  260   b  into a radially inward non-extended position. In some aspects, the wall  285  can be shaped as described with respect to  FIG.  2   . In some aspects, the wall  285  can be shaped as described with respect to  FIG.  5   . 
       FIG.  11    is a detail side view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  1    taken from the same view as detail  2  of  FIG.  1    in accordance with another aspect of the current disclosure. With or without the biasing element  500  (shown in just one of the detent stations  250 , although it can be incorporated into any number or none of the detent stations  250 ), the detent member  260  can be coupled to the tool body  210 . The recesses  280   a,b  ( 280   b  shown in  FIG.  12   ) can be wide enough to receive the detent member  260  or the detent member  260   a,b  and the biasing element  500 , at least when present, but narrow enough to discourage or prevent rotation of the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  to the left or to the right when facing the recess  280 . Instead, in some aspects as shown, the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  can be configured to rotate in and out of the recess  280  relative to the axis  211 . In some aspects, including when the detent member  260  or the detent member  260   a,b  are coplanar with the axis  211 , the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) can be moved in the removal direction  1610  (shown in  FIG.  16   ) without tilting the pipe coupon  85  or catching the pipe coupon  85  on the pipe  80  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) upon removal. In some aspects, as shown, the detent members  260  can be secured to the tool body  210  of the tool head  200 . Again, the detent members  260  can comprise the two legs  270   a,b  joined by the mounting portion  360 . 
       FIG.  12    is a sectional view of the tool head  200  of  FIG.  11    taken along line  12 - 12  of  FIG.  11   . As shown, the separate detent members  260   a,b  can be received within detent member bores  288   a,b  and can be separately secured to the tool body  210  of the tool head  200 . The biasing elements  500   a,b,  not shown in cross-section, can be positioned between the respective detent members  260   a,b  and the tool body  210 . Upon rotation of the detent members  260   a,b  inward or outward during use of the tool  100 , the respective biasing elements  500   a,b  can compress or expand. The depth  287  of each recess  280   a,b  and/or the specific shape or curvature of the detent members  260   a,b  can be adjusted to decrease or increase the amount of deformation in the detent members  260   a,b  required to push the detent members  260   a,b  into the respective recess  280   a,b.  Increasing the depth  287  and/or increasing a radius of curvature at respective intersections between the legs  270  and mounting portions  360   a,b,  for example, can facilitate more elastic deformation and less plastic deformation of the detent members  260   a,b,  which can facilitate radially outward rotation of the detent members  260   a,b  and catching of the detent members  260   a,b  on the pipe coupon  85  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) or the pipe coupons  85  after passage of the tool head  200  through the hole  1480  (shown in  FIG.  14   ) defined in the pipe  80  (shown in  FIG.  14   ), which can define the radius R 2  as again shown. 
       FIG.  13    is a side view of a system  50 , which can be a shell cutting system, for cutting a pipe  80  before removal of pipe coupon  85  from a pipe wall  83  of the pipe  80 , with the tool  100  shown in cross-section. The tool  100  can define the wall  124  and can be guided by the pilot drill or tool head  200 , which can define a cut axis  901  extending through the pipe  80 . In some aspects, the tool  100  can be used with or as part of an insertion valve assembly shown and described with respect to FIG. 1 of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2021/0260739, which is incorporated herein by reference. More specifically, use of a knife gate valve and accompanying parts of the insertion valve assembly can facilitate drilling of a hole in even a pressurized system  50 . As shown, an inner surface of the wall  124  can be offset from the outer surface  212  of the tool body  210  of the tool head  200 . The leading end  126  of the cutter  120  can be offset in an axial direction by an offset distance  950  behind a tip of the leading end or second end  216  of the tool body  210  of the tool head  200  to allow the tool head  200  to sufficiently engage first with the pipe  80  and prevent the aforementioned “walking” of the tool  100  on the surface of the pipe  80 . 
     A portion of the detent station  250  such as a trailing edge  1350  thereof can be offset by an offset distance  970  from the leading end  126  of the cutter  120 . The detent station  250  can be offset towards the cutter hub  110  by the offset distance  970  to limit the extension of the tool head  200  beyond the cutter  120 . More specifically, the offset distance  970  can be adjusted so that the detent station  250  and, more specifically, the detent member  260  engages the pipe coupons  85   a,b  before the pipe coupons  85   a,b  are fully cut from the pipe  80 , which will generally be the case when the offset distance  970  is less than a coupon height  1330  shown (not taking into account the thickness of the wall  83 , which can effectively increase the coupon height  1330 ). 
     The cutter hub  110  and the cutter  120  can be configured to rotate together with the tool head  200  about the longitudinal axis  101  during use and thereby also cut through the wall  83  of the pipe  80  in a cutting direction  1310 . The tool head  200 , which can again be a pilot drill, can first drill a pilot hole, e.g., the hole  1480  (shown in  FIG.  14   ), and the tool head  200  can then guide the movement of the cutter  120  through a larger surrounding portion of the wall  83  at cut lines  88   a,b.  The detent member  260  of the detent station  250  can pivot or rotate radially inward towards the disengaged position when the tool head  200  is going through the wall  83 —and in the process drilling the hole  1480 —and then can rotate outward towards the engaged position after the tool head  200  exits the wall  83  after drilling the hole  1480 . Upon cutting through the wall  83  of the pipe  80 , the pipe coupons  85   a,b  can remain and will generally need to be removed so as not to block the pipe  80  or cause blockage or damage downstream from the pipe  80 . Removal of the pipe coupons  85   a,b  can be facilitated by the detent member  260  catching on—or, alternately stated, catching the detent member  260  on—one or both of the pipe coupons  85   a,b  proximate to one or both of the hole  1480 , depending on the specific arrangement of the detent station  250  on the tool head  200 . In some aspects, only the lower pipe coupon  85   b  need be retained by the detent station  250  because the upper pipe coupon  85   a  can be retained by the lower pipe coupon  85   b.  It can be beneficial for the pipe coupons  85   a,b  to separate from each other and nest within the cutter  120  because, for example, a shorter cutter  120  can then be used. After the tool  100  has drilled through the pipe  80 , an operator can reach up into the cutter  120 , e.g., with a tool, to remove the pipe coupons  85   a,b.  More specifically, the operator can push the detent member  260  radially inward to disengage the detent member  260  and release the pipe coupons  85   a,b  and can then manually remove the pipe coupons  85   a,b.    
       FIG.  14    is a top perspective view of a pipe coupon extraction tool  100  of  FIG.  1    and the pipe coupon  85  after it has been cut from the pipe  80  of  FIG.  13   . In some aspects, the tool  100  can engage the pipe coupon  85  through a structure such as, for example and without limitation, the aforementioned insertion valve assembly, which again is shown and described with respect to FIG. 1 of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2021/0260739. In the process of cutting a full pipe coupon  85 , pipe sections or pipe portions  80   a  and  80   b  can result. As shown, the tool  100  can, more specifically, engage with the pipe coupon  85  such that the tool  100  can manipulate a position of (i.e., move) the pipe coupon  85 . In some aspects, the tool  100  can be part of an even higher-level pipe coupon extraction system or assembly. 
     Being originally a section of the pipe  80 , the pipe coupon  85  can define similar features as the pipe  80  including, for example and without limitation, an inner surface  81 , an outer surface  82 , a diameter, and a wall thickness. The pipe coupon  85  can further define the hole  1480 , which can receive the tool  100  as shown and, at least when the tool head  200  of the tool  100  comprises a drill bit, even be formed by the tool  100 . In some aspects, as shown, the pipe  80  and the pipe coupon  85  can be substantially circular in cross-section. In some aspects, the pipe  80  and the pipe coupon  85  can define a non-circular shape in cross-section. 
     The tool  100  can comprise the tool head  200  and a tool extension  1450 . Again, the tool head  200  can comprise one or more of the detent stations  250 , which can comprise the detent members  260  and can be configured to engage the pipe coupon  85  or other structure. In some aspects, the tool extension  1450  can comprise a central shaft or pole or shaft  1460 . In some aspects, the tool extension  1450  can be removably coupled or secured to the tool head  200  with a fastener, which can be a removable fastener such as, for example and without limitation, a pin extending through the tool head  200  and the tool extension  1450  and a cotter pin extending through the pin to secure the pin in position. In some aspects, the tool extension  1450  can be secured to the tool head  200  with threading on one or both of the tool extension  1450  and the tool head  200  such as, for example and without limitation, the threaded portion  240  (shown in  FIG.  1   ). The tool extension  1450  can extend any desired distance from the tool head  200 . In some aspects, the shaft  1460  of the tool extension  1450  can be formed monolithically with the tool head  200 . As shown, the tool  100  can comprise a handle portion  1452 , which can define the first end  105 . The tool  100  can further define the second end  106 . 
       FIGS.  15  and  16    are sectional views of the tool  100  of  FIGS.  2 - 4    with the pipe coupon  85 .  FIG.  15    is a sectional view of a portion of the tool  100  of  FIG.  14    during insertion in the pipe coupon  85  of  FIG.  14    in an insertion direction  1510 , while  FIG.  16    shows the same tool head  200  after insertion in and engagement with the pipe coupon  85 . As shown, one or more of the detent members  260   a,b  can, as needed, retract into the tool head  200  as the tool head  200  extends through the hole  1480  and into the pipe coupon  85 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  16   , after insertion and passage of the detent station  250  and, more specifically, the detent members  260   a,b  through the hole  1480 , the detent members  260   a,b  can either by the force of gravity or by action of the biasing element  500  (shown in  FIG.  5   ) pushing against the legs  270  of the detent members  260   a,b  expand, extend, or open inside the pipe coupon  85 . In some aspects, the detent members  260   a,b  can be configured for one-way insertion only so as not to be retracted without moving the pipe coupon  85  or shearing or otherwise breaking the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b.  In some aspects, as shown, the tool  100  and, more specifically, the tool head  200  can comprise multiple instances of the detent stations  250 . 
     Various components of the tool  100  can be formed from or comprise a metal such as, for example and without limitation, steel. More specifically, the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  can be formed from spring steel. In some aspects, the various components can be formed from any other material, any of which can optionally be corrosion-resistant or replaceable for serviceability. The various components of the pipe coupon extraction tool  100  can be formed from any one or more of a variety of manufacturing processes. For example and without limitation, the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b,  the tool body  210 , and other components can be fabricated using subtractive manufacturing processes such as machining, forging, stamping; additive manufacturing processes such as three dimensional printing; and any other forming and assembly processes as desired. 
     In some aspects, the biasing element  500 , including the biasing element  500  shown in  FIG.  5   , can be formed from or comprise a compressible and resilient material, which can be or can comprise an elastomeric material such as, for example and without limitation, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), Buna-N rubber (i.e., nitrile rubber or acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber, natural rubber, or silicone. In some aspects, the material can be approved by NSF International. In some aspects, the biasing element  500 , including the biasing element  500  shown in  FIG.  8   , can be formed from or comprise a rigid material, which can be or can comprise an any metal, polymer, or non-metallic or non-polymer material. 
     A method of using the tool  100  can comprise obtaining the tool  100 , which can comprise the tool body  210  and the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b.  The method can comprise assembling and forming the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  by hand. In some aspects, the method can comprise replacing the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  (i.e., assembling and forming anew the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b ) before each use of the tool  100 . The method can comprise receiving the detent member  260  of the tool body  210  within the recess  280  of the tool body  210  upon one of deformation and movement of the leg  270 . The method can comprise deforming or moving the leg  270  by pushing the leg  270  in a radially inward direction against a biasing of the leg  270  in a radially outward direction. Pushing the leg  270  can comprise pushing the leg  270  with an edge of the hole  1480  formed in a portion of the pipe  80 . The method can comprise passing the detent member  260  of the tool  100  through the hole  1480  formed in the portion of the pipe  80 . The method can comprise inserting the tool head  200  of the tool  100  into the hole  1480  of the pipe coupon  85  in the insertion direction  1510 . The method can comprise catching the detent member  260  upon the portion of the pipe  80 . More specifically, the method can comprise catching the detent member  260  upon the inner surface  81  of the pipe  80 . The method can comprise moving or otherwise manipulating the pipe coupon  85  with the tool  100 . More specifically, the method can comprise removing the pipe coupon  85  from the pipe  80  or from the pipe portions  80   a,b  with the tool  100 . 
     The method of receiving the detent member  260  of the tool head  200  within the recess  180  of the tool body  210  can comprise pushing the leg  270  in a radially inward direction. In some aspects, the wall  285  of the recess  280  can bias the leg  270  in a radially outward direction. In some aspects, the biasing element  500  of the tool  100  can bias the leg  270  in a radially outward direction. The method can comprise expanding, extending, or opening the detent member  260  on an inside of the pipe  80 , at which time an effective diameter of the detent member  260  or the detent members  260   a,b  can be greater than a diameter of the hole  1480  formed in the portion of the pipe. In some aspects, the method can comprise re-using one or more of the detent members  260 . In some aspects, the method can comprise replacing one or more of the detent members  260 . The method can comprise shearing one or more of the detent members  260  to facilitate removal of the tool head  200  from the pipe coupon  85 , which can be possible because of the relatively small diameter of the detent member  260 . More specifically, the method can comprise shearing one or more of the detent members  260  to facilitate removal of the tool head  200  from the pipe coupon  85  before completing removal of the coupon from the pipe  80 . The method can comprise a user sensing passage of the tool head  200  through the hole  1480  by sensing retraction and extension of the detent members  260  during and after passage of the detent station  250  through the hole  1480 . 
     In some methods, the method of using the tool  100  can comprise tapping the pipe  80  from above with the tool  100 . In some aspects, the method of using the tool  100  can comprise tapping the pipe  80  from below with the tool  100 . More specifically, the method can comprise tapping the pipe  80  from below in a vertical direction. In such aspects, gravity can fight the design of a tool  100  and even defeat a tool  100  that depends entirely on gravity for the rotation of the detent members. In some aspects, the method can comprise “hot tapping” the pipe  80  with the tool  100 , i.e., tapping into the pipe  80  when it is pressurized. 
     The method can comprise spacing the detent stations  250  (e.g., the offset distance  970  shown in  FIG.  13   ) such that the pipe coupon  85  will not fall downward after it is cut free from the pipe  80  by the tool  100 . The tool  100  can comprise a plurality of detent stations  250  for a variety of reasons including to increase the likelihood that one of the detent stations  250  will fit a particular pipe  80  and actually catch on same upon movement of the tool  100  in the removal direction  1610  (shown in  FIG.  16   ). Proving a starting angle  267  from which the detent members  260  can fall—which can be set by use of the wall  285  or the biasing element  500 —can facilitate rotation of the detent members  260  from the non-extended or non-engaged position to the extended or engaged position and thereby engagement of the detent members  260  with the pipe  80 . Use of the wall  285  or the biasing element  500  can additionally facilitate rotation of the detent members  260  from the non-engaged position to the extended or engaged position even when debris is caught in or around or damage has been done to the detent members  260 , especially debris or damage that an operator does not or cannot see. Use of the wall  285  or the biasing element  500  can additionally compensate for irregularities resulting from hand-forming and hand-fitting of the detent members  260  in the tool  100  that, without the wall  285  or the biasing element  500 , results in a detent member  260  that does not both retract into the recess  280  and also protrude from the recess  280  to catch upon and facilitate removal of the pipe coupon  85 . 
     The method of extracting the pipe coupon  85  from the pipe  80  can comprise inserting the tool head  200  of the tool  100  into the hole  1480  cut into the pipe coupon  85  in the insertion direction  1510 , which can correspond to the cutting direction  1310  in some aspects described above. The method can comprise pulling the tool head  200  in the removal direction  1610 , which can be opposite from the insertion direction  1510 . The method can comprise engaging a portion of one or more of the detent members  260  with the inner surface  81  of the pipe  80 . The method can comprise locking passage of the tool head  200  through the hole  1480  of the pipe coupon  85  in an engaged position. The method can comprise pulling the pipe coupon  85  away from the pipe  80  with the tool head  200 . 
     The method can comprise one or more of the detent members  260  rotating between a non-extended position and an extended position of the detent members  260 . In some aspects, the method can comprise using two detent members  260  in each of the detent stations  250 , which can double the likelihood that of the detent members  260  will catch on the pipe coupon  85  and pull the pipe coupon  85  straight out without tilting the pipe coupon  85  at an angle and/or snagging of the pipe coupon  85  on the pipe  80  upon removal. The method can comprise one or more of the detent members  260  making an audible click sound or the user feeling the detent member  260  click into engagement with the hole  1480  of the pipe coupon  85 . Such clicks, whether audible or tactile or both, can provide feedback to the user that the tool  100  has engaged with the pipe coupon  85  in a way that can be more effective than other detent designs such as, for example, a ball detent. The method can comprise measuring a diameter of the pipe  80  and marking the tool head or the tool at a distance from a tip defined by the second end  106  of the tool  100  equal to the diameter. By such measurement and marking, an operator can also confirm when the drill is through the opposite wall  83  of the pipe  80 . If a measurement system used during an operation for cutting the pipe coupon  85  fails during the cut, the method of using the tool can comprise shearing the detent members  260 , removing the tool  100 , and restarting the process after any necessary repairs. Such engagement can in some aspects be confirmed through visual inspection of an interface between the tool  100  and the pipe coupon  85 . The method step of engaging a portion of one or more of the detent members  260  with the inner surface  81  of the pipe coupon  85  can comprise further comprising manipulating a position of the tool head  200  with the tool extension  1450  secured to the first end of the tool head  200 , optionally with the handle portion  252 . 
     The method can comprise lifting the pipe coupon  85  from the pipe  80 . The method can more specifically comprise lifting the pipe coupon  85  past an insertion valve (not shown). The method can comprise closing the insertion valve. The method can then comprise draining the insertion valve. The method can comprise gaining access to the tool  100  and the pipe coupon  85  by disassembly and/or removal of a portion of the insertion valve. The method can comprise and releasing one or more of the detent members  260  from engagement with the pipe coupon  85 . 
     One should note that conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain aspects include, while other aspects do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more particular aspects or that one or more particular aspects necessarily comprise logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular aspect. 
     It should be emphasized that the above-described aspects are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the present disclosure. Any process descriptions or blocks in flow diagrams should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which comprise one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process, and alternate implementations are included in which functions may not be included or executed at all, may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art of the present disclosure. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described aspect(s) without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the present disclosure. Further, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover any and all combinations and sub-combinations of all elements, features, and aspects discussed above. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of the present disclosure, and all possible claims to individual aspects or combinations of elements or steps are intended to be supported by the present disclosure.