Patent Publication Number: US-6217620-B1

Title: Reinforcing an orthopedic implant

Description:
This is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 08/537,112, filed Sep. 29, 1995 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,968 on Nov. 16, 1999. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to a method of reinforcing an orthopedic implant and to an implant product. More particularly, the present invention is directed to an improved method of implanting a prosthetic device for counteracting the stresses and strains to which a prosthetic device is typically exposed. 
     Prosthetic devices are artificial devices used to replace or strengthen a particular part of the body. Such devices can be used in humans or animals to repair or replace diseased or damaged bone, allied tissue associated with the bone, and/or joints associated with the bone. In very general terms, a prosthesis is used to correct or prevent skeletal deformities and to alleviate pain and discomfort caused thereby. 
     Currently, the most common way to implant a prosthesis is to first prepare a receiving site or cavity in an adjoining bone. A bone cement is placed in the receiving site. A prosthesis is then positioned in the bone cement, while the cement is cured or polymerized. 
     In most applications, an acrylic bone cement is used. Typically, the bone cement includes an acrylic polymeric powder, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The acrylic polymeric powder is premixed with a liquid acrylic monomer system, which may include methyl methacrylate (MMA), resulting in a substance with a dough-like consistency, which is subsequently applied to a bone cavity. After being placed within the cavity, the bone cement is then cured or polymerized and hardened in order to secure the prosthesis within the bone. 
     Once implanted, a prosthetic device ideally closely assimilates the characteristics of the bone and/or the joint that the device is intended to repair or replace. Further, the implanted prosthetic device should be capable of supporting and withstanding stresses and strains normally imparted to the repaired or replaced bone. 
     Although the above process for implanting prosthetic devices is generally accepted within the art and has proven to be a successful process for repairing or replacing damaged bones and the like, various problems were still encountered in the past. For example, prosthetic devices were prone to loosen within the bone cavity over time. In particular, most bone cements are neither as strong nor as flexible as bone tissue. Consequently, the bone cement can break away from the prosthesis, can break away from the bone, or can develop stress or fatigue cracks when repeatedly exposed to the normal stress and strains supported by bones. 
     Due to these problems, attempts have been made to improve the mechanical properties of prosthetic devices and of the cement interface that exists between the device and the bone. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,987, filed by the current inventor, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference, discloses an improved prosthesis and process for orthopedic implantation of the prosthesis. In that application, a prosthesis is precoated with a polymeric material that is compatible with bone cement. Once implanted, the precoat provides a stronger interfacial bond between the bone cement and the prosthesis. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,625 to Davidson, a prosthesis for reinforced bone cement implantation is disclosed. In one embodiment, the bone cement is reinforced by a mantle or sock formed from a plurality of biocompatible oriented fibers, e.g., polyethylene, carbon, stainless steel or the like. The mantle or sock is sized and shaped to fit over the stem of a typical hip prosthesis. The mantle or sock can be used to form part of a composite precoat by being bonded to the prosthesis prior to implantation. 
     In another embodiment in Davidson, the fibers can be in the shape of a rectangular mat or in a general cylindrical mantle and embedded in the bone cement. Specifically, it is taught to place the mat or mantle adjacent with the upper portion or proximal end of the stem of the prosthesis. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,714 to Willert. et al., a reinforcement for a bone cement bed is disclosed. The reinforcement includes a grid of crossing members at least some of which are wavy. The reinforcement is provided between the prosthesis and the bone for positioning the prosthesis in place as well as for strengthening the bone cement bed. In particular, the reinforcement is placed at the proximal end of the prosthesis, similar to the embodiment disclosed in Davidson. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,192 to Crowninshield, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, an implant stem and centralizer is disclosed. In one embodiment, the complementary configuration of stem channels and centralizer blades allows the centralizer to be securely attached to the implant stem. 
     The prior art has focused almost exclusively on increasing the fatigue and static fracture resistance of the bone cement bed and on increasing the strength of the interfacial bond between the prosthesis and the bone cement. The present application is directed to further improvements in a bone cement bed and prosthesis combination. Specifically, the present invention is directed to providing a method and implant product that is designed to withstand the radial-stresses and hoop-stresses normally associated with a prosthetic device. As used herein, hoop-stress refers to any circumferential stress or, in other words, any tangential stress that occurs at the periphery of the bone cement bed, at the bone wall, and/or at the outside surface of the prosthetic device. 
     In particular, hoop-stress can be created when the prosthesis is loaded. More specifically, hoop-stress results between the prosthesis and the surrounding bone cement bed when forces are exerted on or near the end of the prosthesis not embedded within the cement. Hoop-stress can also develop in the bone cement due to shrinkage of the bone cement during polymerization. Conventional bone cement deforms over time, which in turn causes loosening between the prosthetic device and the bone cement bed. 
     When uncontrolled, hoop-stress can cause the development of microcracks in the bone cement. Further, hoop-stress can cause the prosthesis to separate from the bone cement bed. As such, a need exists for an improved implant product and for a method of implanting a prosthesis that counteracts hoop-stress, decreases shrinkage creep of the bone cement, and further reinforces the bone cement bed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention recognizes and addresses further improvements of prior art constructions and methods. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an implant product and an improved method for implanting a prosthesis. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of implanting a prosthesis for counteracting the hoop-stress normally associated with prosthetic devices. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for implanting a prosthesis that decreases the creep of the bone cement. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved implant product in which a support structure is embedded in the bone cement surrounding the distal end of a prosthetic device. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved prefabricated implant product in which a precoated wire coil or wire mesh is embedded in a bone cement surrounding the distal end of the prosthetic device. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an improved implant product in which the implant stem is connected to a coil reinforced centralizer. 
     These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by providing an implant product adapted to replace a predetermined portion of a bone by being affixed to the bone in a bed of bone cement. The implant product includes a prosthetic device for implantation into a prepared area of the body. The prosthetic device includes a stem adapted to be placed within a receiving site formed into a cavity of a bone. The stem has a distal end and a proximal end, wherein a bone cement compatible coating covers at least the distal end of the stem. A support structure is embedded in the bone cement compatible coating. The support structure surrounds the distal end of the stem and is shaped to conform to the contours of the prosthetic device. In an alternate embodiment, the support structure comprises a coil reinforced centralizer and centering pin such that the distal end of the implant is securely seated into the prosthesis receiving area. When the prosthetic device is implanted, the support structure not only reinforces the bone cement bed surrounding the device, but counteracts hoop-stress when the stem is loaded. 
     In various embodiments, the support structure can be in the form of a metallic coil or a wire mesh. When used to reinforce a hip prosthesis, the support structure can be made from a metal wire having a diameter between about 0.3 millimeters to about 1.0 millimeters. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the implant product can further include a second support structure embedded within the bone cement compatible coating. The second support structure can surround the proximal end of the stem for further reinforcing the bone cement bed after the prosthetic device has been implanted. 
     These and other objects are also achieved by providing a method of implanting a prosthesis designed to counteract hoop-stress. The method generally includes the steps of preparing a prosthetic receiving cavity within a bone. The cavity can then be loaded with a predetermined amount of a bone cement. Next, a prosthetic device can be inserted into the bone cement-loaded cavity. According to the present invention, the process also includes the step of embedding a support structure in the bone cement and positioning the support structure such that the support structure encircles at least the distal end of the prosthetic device, between the device and the bone wall. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the process includes matingly engaging the distal end of the prosthesis to a centering pin of the support structure such that stability is maintained. 
     In the above method, the support structure can include a metallic coil or a wire mesh. The support structure can be made from a metal wire having a diameter between about 0.3 millimeters to about 1.0 millimeters. In one embodiment, the support structure is incorporated into a reinforced centralizer having a distal centering pin. Further, the support structure can be first precoated with a bone cement compatible material prior to being placed within the receiving cavity. In one embodiment, the bone cement compatible material can be an acrylic polymer composition containing polymethyl methyl acrylate. 
     The method described above can also include the step of placing a second support structure around the prosthetic device. The second support structure can be positioned at the proximal end of the device for further reinforcing the bone cement bed. 
     These and other objects are further achieved by providing a support structure for placement around the distal end of a prosthesis for counteracting hoop-stress. The support structure can be in the form of a coil made from a metallic material. The coil can be shaped to conform to the prosthesis. A precoat of a bone cement compatible material can cover the coil. Preferably, the precoat has a substantially pore free outer surface for subsequent bonding with a bone cement composition in which the coil is implanted. 
     The support structure can further include at least two vertical columns enclosing preselected sections of the coil. The columns can be made from a bone cement compatible material and can be spaced at predetermined positions along the coil. In one embodiment, the columns can include alignment tabs projecting inwardly from the interior surface of the coil for contacting and aligning a corresponding prosthesis with the support structure. The alignment tabs can have adjustable lengths for conforming to a corresponding prosthesis. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the columns are equally spaced along the coil and converge radially toward the apex of the implant&#39;s distal end. 
     In yet another embodiment, the support structure can be completely enclosed within a ring of bone cement compatible material. Preferably, in this embodiment, the ring of bone cement compatible material is adequately perforated for allowing bone cement to flow in between the ring and a corresponding prosthetic device. 
     Other objects, features and aspects of the present invention are discussed in greater detail below. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view with cutaway portions of a hip implant, illustrating one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 1A is a perspective view with cutaway portions of another embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a side view of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is an enlarged portion of the drawing in FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a perspective view with cutaway portions of a prefabricated prosthesis made in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a support structure for a prosthesis made in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view with cutaway portions of an implanted prosthesis including the support structure illustrated in FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view with cutaway portions of a further embodiment of a prefabricated prosthesis made in accordance with the present invention; and 
     FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a support structure made in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the present invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention, which broader aspects are embodied in the exemplary construction. 
     The present invention generally relates to an improved method for implanting a prosthetic device and to an implant product. In particular, the method of the present invention includes placing a support structure within a bone cement bed surrounding the prosthetic device. The support structure is positioned to reside adjacent the distal end of the prosthetic device, between the device and the wall of the receiving cavity. Once installed, the support structure reinforces the implant product, preventing the implant product from being damaged by loads supported by the prosthetic device and, more importantly, hoop-stress to which the bone cement is normally exposed. 
     The method of the present invention can be applied and used with any prosthetic device that is at least partially embedded into a receiving site or cavity. The receiving site or cavity can be prepared into a bone or into any of its allied tissues. For instance, the method of the present invention can be practiced with any hip prosthesis, shoulder prosthesis, or with any prosthesis that is used to repair or replace a joint. 
     In general terms, the method of the present invention can include the steps of first preparing a receiving site, canal, or a cavity within a bone that needs to be replaced or repaired. A support structure made in accordance with the present invention and as will be described in more detail hereinafter can then be placed into the bone cavity and positioned at the far end opposite the opening. Bone cement is mixed and inserted into the cavity, surrounding the support structure. As discussed above, the bone cement normally includes a mixture of an acrylic polymeric powder, such as polymethyl methacrylate, and a liquid acrylic monomer, such as a solution of methyl methacrylate. 
     Immediately after adding the bone cement, the prosthetic device can be positioned within the bone cavity. In particular, the prosthetic device can be positioned so that the distal end of the device is placed adjacent to the support structure embedded within the cement. The bone cement cures and polymerizes for affixing the prosthetic device to the bone. 
     The method of the present invention and the implant product produced thereby offer many advantages and benefits not before realized by the prior art. First, the implant product of the present invention is designed to reinforce the distal end of the prosthesis for counteracting the hoop-stress created when the prosthesis is loaded. The method of the present invention also decreases the stresses and strains created in the bone cement bed and at the bone-cement interface. Ultimately, a tougher composite structure is formed that is more resistant to the development of microcracks in the cement bed, thus making the cement bed stronger. Adding the support structure to the implant product also decreases creep of the bone cement. Specifically, the support structure itself is not subject to creep and, when included, requires a lesser amount of bone cement to fill the bone cavity, thus reducing polymer shrinkage as well as the exothermic conditions experienced during polymerization and the amount of residual toxic monomer. By decreasing creep in the bone cement, the implant product is subject to less hoop-stress. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1,  2 , and  3 , one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 1, implant product  10  is for repairing and replacing a portion of a bone such as the head of a femur  12 , and includes a prosthetic device  14  to be received within a femoral cavity  16 . Bone cavity  16  is formed by reaming out a portion of bone  12  as is well known in the art. Prosthetic device  14  includes a head or ball  18  and a stem  20  to be implanted into the bone. Stem  20  has a first or distal end  22  and a second or proximal end  24 . In the present invention, stem  20  can be precoated with bone cement or other bone cement compatible material if desired. 
     As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, stem  20  is surrounded by a bone cement bed  26  within bone cavity  16  for anchoring and securing the prosthetic device within the bone. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention and as shown in FIGS. 1,  2 , and  3 , implant product  10  further includes a reinforcing coil or support structure  28  located adjacent distal end  22  of stem  20 . As more clearly shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, coil  28  is embedded within bone cement bed  26  between prosthetic device  14  and the bone wall. In this embodiment, coil  28  surrounds and encircles distal end  22  of stem  20 . Coil  28  reinforces the bone cement bed, decreases creep in the bone cement, decreases the probability of microcrack development in the cement, creates a tougher composite structure, and, importantly, counteracts the hoop-stress created when the prosthesis is loaded. 
     The composition and size of reinforcing coil  28  depends upon a number of factors including the size of the prosthetic device, the particular bone being repaired or replaced, and the patient being treated. In general, reinforcing coil  28  can be made from the same material as the prosthetic device and can be designed to conform to the contours of the distal end of the device. In particular, the coil can be made from metallic materials such as a cobalt chromium alloys such as VITALLIUM, molybdenum alloys, titanium alloys, stainless steel, or other metals. Also, high strength polymeric materials can be used alone or in combination with metals. An example of a suitable polymer is poly (p-phenylene terephthalate) or KEVLAR. 
     Preferably, the support structure of the present invention is made from a metallic or polymeric wire as opposed to being constructed from fibers. As used herein, a wire refers to a continuous structure made from a particular material. Fibers, on the other hand, are slender and greatly elongated filaments. Generally, it has been found that fibers do not provide the strength and rigidity required to counteract hoop-stress when used according to the present invention. 
     The diameter of the wire used to construct the coil can vary depending upon the particular application. When used to surround the femoral stem portion of a hip prosthesis as illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, the diameter can be between about 0.3 millimeters to about 1.0 millimeters. In one embodiment, coils made from 20 and 24 gauge stainless steel wire were found suitable, which corresponds to a 0.8 millimeter diameter and a 0.5 millimeter diameter respectively. Of course, when repairing bones smaller than a femur, a smaller diameter wire may be preferred. 
     Referring to FIG. 1A, another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. Included within the figure is an implant product generally  110 . Similar to FIG. 1, implant product  110  includes a prosthetic device  114  implanted into a bone  112 . In particular, device  114  includes a stem  120  which has been inserted into a bone cavity  116  and anchored therein by a bed of bone cement  126 . 
     As shown in FIG. 1A, positioned at the distal end  122  of prosthetic device  114  is a support structure  128  which, in this embodiment, is in the form of a wire mesh. Specifically, wire mesh  128  can be designed to surround and encircle distal end  122  of stem  120 . The mesh can be embedded within the bone cement bed between the prosthetic device and the bone wall. 
     Wire mesh  128  can be made from the same materials as used to make the wire coil described above. Again, the mesh can be made from the same material as the prosthesis. Preferably, the overlapping strands used to make the mesh are welded or fused together in order to form a strong composite structure. 
     The support structure made in accordance with the present invention, whether in the shape of a reinforcing coil or a wire mesh, can be procedurally inserted into a bone cavity with a prosthetic device in a number of different ways. For instance, the support structure can be inserted first into a bone cavity followed by the bone cement and prosthetic device or can be inserted into the cavity after first loading the cavity with the bone cement. 
     Alternatively, the support structure can be included as a part of the prosthetic device as shown in FIG.  4 . Referring to the figure, an implant product generally  210  is shown including a prosthetic device  214  having a ball portion  218  and a stem  220 . Stem  220  includes a distal end  222  and a proximal end  224 . In accordance with the present invention, distal end  222  of stem  220  includes a precoat of bone cement or a bone cement compatible material  230 . Embedded within precoat  230  is a support structure  228 . In this embodiment, support structure  228  is in form a wire coil as described above. 
     In producing implant product  210  as shown in FIG. 4, preferably stem  220  of the prosthetic device is first coated with a thin layer of the bone cement material. The coating can be up to about 2 millimeters thick and can cover the entire stem or can be applied just to the distal end. Further, the coating should be smooth and pore free. After coating the stem, support structure  228  can be positioned around the distal end of the stem. Once the support structure is properly positioned, another layer of bone cement or a bone cement compatible material can be applied to the distal end for covering the support structure. Once the support structure is embedded within the layer of bone cement, the cement can be hardened and the finished product can be sterilized for later use. 
     In this arrangement, the support structure can be embedded in bone cement or a bone cement compatible material surrounding the distal end of the prosthetic device prior to implantation. Before being inserted into a bone cavity, more bone cement can be added to the cavity for forming a layer of cement between the prefabricated implant and the bone wall. By prefabricating the support structure with the prosthetic device, a surgeon implanting the device will not be required to first position the support structure, simplifying the operative procedure by which the present invention may be practiced. 
     As stated above, the support structure of the present invention can be precoated with bone cement or a bone cement compatible polymer prior to being embedded into a bone cement bed. By pre-coating the support structure, a stronger interfacial bond may be achieved between the support structure and the cement bed creating a more consolidated and tougher composite implant. 
     In order to precoat the support structure with a bone cement compatible material, the reinforcing coil or wire mesh can be first pretreated by etching with an acid such as methyl methacrylic acid, sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, by roughening with sandpaper, by sand blasting, or in any other similar manner in order to produce, as defined herein, a roughened surface. A roughened surface presents irregularities across the surface and promotes a greater bond strength between the support structure and the bone cement material. Of course, a support structure with a roughened surface can be used in the present invention without being precoated. 
     After the pretreatment to achieve roughening, the support structure can then be coated with a bone cement compatible material. The coating can be applied by spray painting, dip coating, plasma polymerization or the like. Next, the coating can be cured by exposing the structure to the proper temperature and pressures, which depend upon the material being used as a precoat. A pore free outer surface is preferably formed on the support structure that will readily bond with fresh bone cement. In one preferred method, the precoat can be wiped with a monomer system such as methyl methacrylate prior to being embedded into a bone cement bed, and thus foster bonding between the precoat and the bone cement. 
     Referring to FIG. 5, one example of a precoated support structure generally  300  is shown. In this embodiment, support structure  300  includes a wire coil  302 . Wire coil  302  is precoated with a bone cement or with a bone cement compatible material. Support structure  300  further includes columns  304  made from bone cement or a bone cement compatible material that enclose at least a portion of coil  302 . 
     Columns  304  provide a dual purpose when used in conjunction with coil  302 . First, the columns add rigidity to the support structure, maintaining the coil in a fixed position. Further, the columns include alignment tabs  306  that facilitate placement of the support structure around the distal end of a corresponding prosthetic device. Specifically, support tabs  306  are designed to contact the surface of a prosthetic device, maintaining a proper spacing between the device and the coil. Alignment tabs  306  can include perforated or otherwise weakened portions that can be broken off by a user prior to being implanted. The alignment tabs can thus be adjusted to the correct length corresponding to the prosthetic device being used therewith. Support structure  300  can then be adjusted to be used with prosthetic devices of various sizes and designs. 
     Another benefit to using columns  304  as shown in the support structure of FIG. 5 is that the columns add support to the coil without interfering with the placement of bone cement between the support structure and the surface of a prosthetic device. As shown in FIG. 5, when the columns are added to the support structure there remains adequate space in between each coil for the passage and flow of bone cement when the support structure is implanted. When a prosthetic device is implanted with support structure  300 , it is important that the subsequently applied bone cement provided during the operative procedure fill in all gaps and spaces along the support structure and the prosthetic device for creating a composite structure without interval voids. 
     Of course, the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 represents just one example of a precoated support structure and can be further modified depending upon the circumstances and the particular application. For instance, support structure  300  can include more or less columns  304 . Also, alignment tabs  306  can be placed anywhere upon the columns. In one embodiment, coil  302  can be completely enclosed within a ring of bone cement or a bone cement compatible material. In this embodiment, the ring of bone cement must include an adequate number of perforations to allow bone cement to flow in between the support structure and the surface of the prosthetic device when implanted. 
     Referring to FIG. 6, support structure  300  is shown embedded into a bone cavity in conjunction with a prosthetic device  314 . Prosthetic device  314  includes a stem  320  having a distal end  322 . As shown, support structure  300  has been placed around the distal end of the stem. In particular, it is further shown how alignment tabs  306  contact the surface of the prosthetic device causing the support structure to be properly aligned within the bone cavity. 
     Referring to FIG. 7, another embodiment of a prefabricated implant product generally  410  is shown. Implant product  410  includes a prosthetic device  414  having a stem  420  and a ball or head  418 . Similar to FIG. 4, surrounding the distal end of stem  420  is a precoat  430  of polymeric material with a support structure  428  embedded therein. As discussed above, support structure or coil  428  when placed adjacent the distal end of a prosthetic device, reinforces the bone cement bed, reduces creep of the bone cement, and, most importantly, counteracts hoop-stress. 
     In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, implant product  410  further includes a support structure  432  embedded within a precoat of polymeric material  434  at the proximal end of stem  420 . The addition of support structure  432  at the proximal end of the stem further strengthens and reinforces the bone cement bed providing a dual resistance to stresses and strains imparted to the prosthesis, of course, a support structure may also be designed to cover the entire length of the prosthesis, but preferably is installed in sections. 
     In this embodiment, preferably the implant product is prefabricated with the support structures embedded in the bone cement material in order to facilitate later implantation. In constructing the prefabricated product, preferably stem  420  is precoated with bone cement or with a bone cement compatible material. Next, support structures  428  and  432  are positioned at the distal end and proximal end of the stem respectively. Once properly positioned, the support structures are then embedded within an additional layer of bone cement or a bone cement compatible material and the bone cement cured. The finished product is then sterilized for later use. 
     Referring to FIG. 8, an alternative embodiment of a centralizing support structure generally  500  is shown. In this embodiment, support structure  500  includes a wire coil  502 . Wire coil  502  can be precoated with bone cement or a bone cement compatible material. Support structure  500  further includes columns  504  equally spaced along coil  502  and a centering pin  506  attached to the distal end of the support columns. Columns  504  and centering pin  506  are made from bone cement or a bone cement compatible material. 
     Centering pin  506 , when used in conjunction with columns  504 , is designed to be inserted into a corresponding opening formed into a prosthesis for facilitating alignment of the distal end of the prosthetic device. The columns are equally spaced around the circumference of the implant stem and converge radially toward the apex of the implant distal end. The columns (four are shown in the Figure) can have an arcuate inner edge, which conforms to the exterior surface of the distal end of the implant. The implant is designed to be seated securely upon the centering pin and to abut the inner arcuate edges of the columns. Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, support structure  500  adds rigidity to the prosthetic device and facilitates placement of the prosthesis. 
     The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE NO. 1 
     The following tests demonstrate mechanical property changes of a bone cement bed when the bed is reinforced with a support structure in accordance with the present invention. 
     Coils were first fabricated from 20 and 24 gauge 302/304 stainless steel wire. Specifically, the wire was cut into pieces approximately 60.5 centimeters long and the surface of the pieces were roughened by 20 repeated pulls between 240 grit emery paper held tightly between two fingers. The wires were then coiled on a 1.5 centimeter diameter brass tube by hand. The physical characteristics of the produced coils are summarized in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Some Physical Characteristics of the Coil Specimens 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Gauge 
                 Wire 
                 Wire 
                 ID of 
                 Height 
                   
               
               
                 No. of 
                 No. 
                 Dia. 
                 Length 
                 Coil 
                 of Coil 
                 No. 
               
               
                 of Samples 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 (mm) 
                 Turns 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 24 
                 0.5 
                 605 
                 18.1 
                 19.0 
                 9 
               
               
                 12 
                 20 
                 0.8 
                 607 
                 17.9 
                 19.0 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The coils were passivated according to the ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) Standard F86. Half the coils were then precoated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by dipping into a 6.25% by weight dilute solution of the polymer in methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer liquid resulting in a coating approximately 1.6 microns thick. 
     After forming the coils, the coils were placed in a metallic mold and embedded in bone cement. The bone cement used was DUZ ALL, obtained from Coralite Dental Products located in Chicago, Ill. and included a self-curing acrylic polymer with a methyl methacrylate monomer liquid. The powder and liquid monomer were combined in a 2 to 1 ratio and mixed thoroughly for 10 seconds. After mixing, the bone cement was injected into the prepared mold with and without the reinforcing coils in the middle of the mold. 
     After curing, the resulting test specimens were removed from the mold. The specimens were in the shape of a donut with a tapered hole in the middle having a decreasing diameter. The tapered hole corresponds to where the distal end of a prosthetic device would reside. The mold was designed so that the tapering angle was 1.51 degrees. The largest and smallest diameters of the tapered hole were 1.55 centimeters and 1.46 centimeters respectively. The length of the produced specimens was 1.9 centimeters. 
     The mechanical properties of the cylindrical specimens were then tested and measured by a pushout test until failure took place. Specifically, an MTS hydraulically controlled materials testing machine (MTS Model 812, Minneapolis, Minn.) was used. In particular, a tapered plunger was placed in the tapered hole of the specimens. A load was placed on the plunger such that a constant crosshead speed of 0.60 centimeters per minute was achieved. The plunger was advanced into the specimen until failure occurred. Force-displacement curves were recorded on graph paper during each test. The following results were obtained. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of the Mechanical Property Measurements 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Max. 
                 Max. 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Specimen 
                 No. of 
                 Strain 
                 Load 
                 Stiffness 
                 Toughness 
               
               
                 Type 
                 Samples 
                 (%) 
                 (kN) 
                 (GNm/m) 
                 (Nm/m) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Control 
                 19  
                 2.6 
                 3.70 
                 1.73 
                 49.33 
               
               
                 24 gauge 
                 6 
                 2.9 
                 8.35 
                 3.20 
                 123.43 
               
               
                 24 ga, precoated 
                 6 
                 3.4 
                 9.02 
                 3.54 
                 157.28 
               
               
                 20 gauge 
                 6 
                 2.9 
                 6.08 
                 4.15 
                 90.28 
               
               
                 20 ga, precoated 
                 6 
                 3.2 
                 7.68 
                 4.17 
                 129.48 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The maximum load in Table 2 was read from the graphs while the maximum strain was calculated from the maximum displacement, which was converted into hoop-stress using the circumferential length of the specimen at mid-height. The strain was calculated from the mid-section diameter of the hole and the outside diameter and converting the axial displacement from the graph. The stiffness was calculated from the slope of the load-displacement curves. The toughness was calculated from the ultimate strain and load, which represents the amount of energy absorbed by the specimen before fracture. 
     All measured mechanical properties show the wire coil reinforcement significantly enhanced the strength, fracture strain, stiffness and toughness over the control. The most significant increases were the toughness, indicating that the coil reinforced cement mantle will resist the load much more than the nonreinforced control. Generally, better results were obtained from specimens containing a precoated coil. 
     These and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.