Patent Publication Number: US-4926564-A

Title: Triangular drafting instrument

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to the field of drafting instruments, and in its preferred embodiments relates to a triangular drafting instrument primarily intended for use in conjunction with a T-square or horizontal bar, establishing limited contact between the instrument and the drafting surface, providing a handle for ease of use, and combining the capability of efficiently establishing complementary angles with minimal manipulation of the instrument. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The two most common operations in the practice of drafting are the scribing of horizontal and vertical lines relative to the orientation of the drafting work or drawing. Horizontal lines are generally produced with the use of a T-square or horizontal bar, and vertical lines are generally produced with the use of a right triangle in conjunction with a T-square or horizontal bar. Such triangles are also generally used to produce lines at the commonly needed angles of 30 degrees, 45 degrees, or 60 degrees from the horizontal, and are commonly available in 30-60 degree and 45 degree models. Despite their almost universal use, such triangles are subject to several disadvantages and problems, especially when used for the production of vertical lines. 
     The majority of those problems stem from the full contact between the extensive surface area of the face of the triangle and the drawing surface and the difficulty of grasping a triangle which is flat upon the drawing surface in order to flip it from face to face. The full contact between the face of the triangle and the drawing surface often produces smearing of both graphite or ink lines on the drawing if the triangle is slid over those lines, so it is necessary for the draftsman to position the triangle so that it is not disposed directly over at least the most recently performed work. This necessity often creates strained working positions and reduces the efficiency of the draftsman. These problems are exacerbated by the need for the draftsman to reposition the standard drafting triangles in order to scribe complimentary or reverse angles. 
     In addition, the use of graphite pencils and the use of erasers leaves graphite and eraser residue on the drafting surface, which accumulates along the working edge of the T-square or horizontal bar at the surface of the drawing. As a triangle is slid along that edge of the horizontal bar the edge of the triangle is in contact with the residue, increasing the drag between the contiguous edges of the two instruments and increasing the probability of creating graphite smears on the drawing surface. 
     Various approaches to solution of these problems have been attempted and are known in the prior art, but none of the approaches have fully addressed the combination of problems, and none have presented a coordinated solution. L-shaped drafting instruments, as illustrated by British Patent No. 386,883 and French Patent No. 730,763, are known in the art and do serve to alleviate some of the problems associated with the standard drafting triangle. Those instruments are, however, primarily directed to the purpose of providing an instrument capable of creating certain specific angles or scribing lines of a certain specific length. Similarly, various triangle designs have been proposed, such as those illustrated by U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 482,023 and U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 4,545,130, for the primary purpose of providing an instrument capable of creating a multiplicity of different angles and curves. 
     French Patent No. 1,385,756 discloses the use of raised points on the face of a T-square or triangle to raise the instrument above the surface of the drafting work, which alleviates certain of the normal disadvantages of the use of a triangular instrument, but the design stops short of a coordinated solution to the full scope of problems associated with a triangular instrument. 
     The use of a handle extending outwardly from at least one face of a drafting instrument has also been previously proposed, as in U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 831,314, U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 699,738, and U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 2,364,529. These designs are useful in providing a means of more readily grasping the drafting instrument with which they are used, but again do not address the full scope of problems or provide a coordinated solution. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a fully coordinated approach to solution of the problems associated with the use of a standard drafting triangle without negating the advantageous features of a triangular drafting instrument, and it is a further object of the present invention to provide a triangular drafting instrument with a combination of features directed to performance of drafting work in a highly efficient manner. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Each of the drafting instrument embodiments of the invention generally comprises a triangular integrally formed substantially planar body having three elongate perimeter legs interconnected at their ends to form the triangular configuration of the body and to define an open space in the interior of the body. In the preferred embodiment of the invention the two edges of each perimeter leg are parallel, and the width of each perimeter leg is equal to the wIdth of the others. The body of each instrument is configured as a right triangle, with the length of the perimeter legs of each instrument adapted to form either a 30/60 degree triangle embodiment or a 45 degree triangle embodiment. The body of each instrument further includes an elongate interior leg interconnected between the intersection of the two perimeter legs forming the right angle of the body and the perimeter leg forming the hypotenuse of the triangle through the open space defined by the perimeter legs of the instrument. 
     Each embodiment of the instrument of the invention includes a plurality of small glide points extending outwardly from one or both of the two planar faces of the body, for the purpose of supporting the instrument on the drafting surface and minimizing the surface area of contact between the body of the instrument and the drafting surface. The number of glide points provided is selected to comprise the minimum number consistent with stability, in order to minimize the surface area of contact between the body of the instrument and the drafting surface. The glide points of the instrument serve to reduce the friction associated with sliding of the instrument on the drafting surface for the dual purpose of achieving the smoothest possible movement of the instrument and of substantially preventing smearing or other frictionally produced defacement of the drafting work. Most efficient use of the 30/60 degree triangle embodiment requires that it be reversible from face to face, and providing glide points on both faces of the body of that embodiment of the invention allows it to be readily reversible and usable from either side. The 45 degree triangle embodiment of the invention may be efficiently used without the need to reverse the instrument from one face to the other, so the glide points may be provided on only one face of that embodiment. 
     To further facilitate movement and control during use, each embodiment of the instrument of the invention further includes a handle disposed near the right angle corner of the instrument. In the 45 degree triangle embodiment, where reversibility from face to face of the instrument is not necessary, if glide points are provided on only one face, the handle may be fixedly interconnected to the body of the instrument so that it extends outwardly from the face opposite the face to which the glide points are interconnected. 
     In the triangle embodiments for which reversibility is desired, the handle is accordingly adapted to be reversible as well, and extends through an aperture disposed through the body of the instrument. The handle comprises a shaft extending through such aperture and pair of end caps each interconnected to a different end of the shaft. The shaft is of sufficiently smaller cross-sectional dimension than the associated aperture to allow it to slide freely through such aperture, and the end caps are of sufficiently larger dimension than the aperture to retain the shaft of the handle therein. Each end cap is no thicker than the distance of extension of each of the glide points from the respective face of the body of the instrument, so that each end cap will lie within the space between the respective face of the instrument and the drafting surface and will not interfere with movement of the instrument over the drafting surface. This interactive relationship between the handle and the glide points eliminates the need to provide a recess in the body of the instrument to receive each end cap, which requires an increased body thickness, or to provide a more complex and costly bushing to retain the shaft of the handle. Any convenient configuration of the shaft and the end caps of the handle, and of its associated aperture, may be used, but use of the instrument is substantially more efficient if the cross-sectional configuration prevents rotation of the handle relative to its associated aperture. 
     The drafting instrument of the invention may be constructed of any suitably strong and rigid material, but use of a transparent material allows the draftsman to view the portion of the drafting work under the instrument and contributes to its efficiency of use. 
     Each separate structural feature of the drafting instrument of the invention provides certain distinct efficiencies in use of the instrument, and such features are complimentary in combination, creating a highly efficient triangular instrument for the performance of drafting work. The use of glide points to raise the instrument above the drafting surface allows a draftsman to substantially eliminate problems of smearing of ink or graphite and the build-up of graphite and eraser residue between the instrument and a horizontal bar. The raising of the body of the instrument above the drafting surface allows a draftsman to scribe an ink line along any desired edge without any necessity for an undercut inking edge, eliminating the need for &#34;cross-handed&#34; operation, and eliminating the problem of ink being drawn between the drafting surface and the face of the instrument by capillary action. The reduced friction afforded by the glide points and the placement of the handle of the instrument allow a draftsman to firmly grasp and control the instrument with his hands in an optimal position for the efficient performance of drafting work and efficient movement and, in the appropriate embodiments, reversal of the instrument from face to face with minimal lost motion. While the incremental increase in efficiency of each movement may be small, over the course of preparation of a complete drafting work the aggregate increase in efficiency is substantial. 
     The structure of the triangular drafting instruments of the invention will now be described in detail, with reference to the accompanying drawing figures. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a plan view of the preferred 30/60 degree triangle embodiment of the drafting instrument of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a plan view of the preferred 45 degree triangle embodiment of the drafting instrument of the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is an elevation, or edge, view of the preferred 30/60 degree triangle embodiment of the drafting instrument of the invention, along line 3--3 of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 4 is an elevation, or edge, view of an alternative, non-reversible, 45 degree triangle embodiment of the drafting instrument of the invention, along line 4--4 of FIG. 2. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     With reference to the three accompanying figures, each of the preferred embodiments of the drafting instrument of the invention is generally designated by reference numeral 10. In the following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and in the drawing figures, &#34;a&#34; is used in conjunction with the reference numerals to designate components of the 30/60 degree triangle embodiment, and &#34;b&#34; is used in conjunction with the reference numerals to designate matching components of the 45 degree triangle embodiment. When reference numerals are used without the specific embodiment identifiers in either or both the written description and the drawing figures it is to be understood that the description is appropriate to both embodiments without distinction between them. As an example, reference numeral 10 generally designates the drafting instrument of the invention, reference numeral 10a specifically designates the 30/60 degree triangle embodiment, and reference numeral 10b specifically designates the 45 degree triangle embodiment. 
     With that preamble, the preferred embodiment of the drafting instrument of the invention, 10, will be seen and understood to comprise a triangular integrally formed substantially planar body 12, and a handle assembly 14 having a longitudinal axis perpendicular to the plane of body 12. Body 12, which has an upper face 16 and a lower face 18, includes three elongate perimeter legs, being a base leg 20, a vertical leg 22, and a hypotenuse leg 24, interconnected end to end to form the triangular configuration of body 12 and to define a triangular open space 26 in the interior of body 12. Base leg 20 intersects vertical leg 22 and is interconnected thereto at a 90 degree angle. In the preferred embodiment of drafting instrument 10, legs 20, 22, and 24 are of the same width within each disclosed embodiment, and each of said legs is of the same width throughout its length. Body 12 further includes an elongate interior leg 28, extending from the intersection of legs 20 and 22 across open space 26 to intersect leg 24 at a right angle. In the preferred embodiment of drafting instrument 10, interior leg 28 is of the same width throughout its length, with the width of leg 28 less than the width of legs 20, 22, and 24. In addition to providing interior complimentary angles, as discussed below, interior leg 28 serves as a brace, effectively stiffening body 12, thus allowing the width of legs 20, 22, and 24 to be minimized without loss of the desired degree of rigidity of body 12, and allowing the length of interior leg 28 to be maximized. Minimizing the width of legs 20, 22, and 24 results in minimization of the total weight of drafting instrument 10, making the instrument easier for a draftsman to move and position as compared to a heavier instrument. 
     Body 12 of drafting instrument 10 additionally includes a plurality of glide points 30 disposed on one or both of faces 16 and 18 and extending outwardly therefrom a short distance, for the purpose of raising body 12 of drafting instrument 10 above the drafting surface upon which it is used. In the preferred embodiment of drafting instrument 10, each of glide points 30 is configured as a hemisphere with a radius of approximately one sixteenth inch, and is integrally formed with body 12, but any convenient configuration, size, and means of interconnection of glide points 30 to body 12 may be used within the spirit of the invention. The distance of extension of each of glide points 30 from the respective face of body 12 must be equal to ensure stability of drafting instrument 10 upon a drafting surface, and it is preferred that such distance of extension not exceed the thickness of body 12. 
     In the preferred embodiments of the invention, both adaptation 10a and adaptation 10b are made to be reversible from face to face, and glide points 30 are provided on each face of body 12, equally divided between upper face 16 and lower face 18. In the preferred embodiments the total number of glide points 30 is eight, disposed in paired opposing relationship as depicted in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. 
     In the reversible embodiments of the invention, handle assembly 14 comprises a shaft 32 and a pair of end caps 34 each interconnected to a different end of shaft 32. Shaft 34 is disposed through an aperture 36 penetrating body 12 near the intersection of leg 20 and leg 22, with the longitudinal axis of shaft 32 perpendicular to the plane of body 12. The cross-sectional dimension of shaft 32 is sufficiently smaller than the cross-sectional dimension of aperture 36 to allow shaft 32 to freely slide through aperture 36, and shaft 32 is of sufficient length to allow it to be comfortably grasped with the fingers. Shaft 32 is retained within aperture 36 by end caps 34, which are of larger dimension than aperture 36. The thickness of each of end caps 34 is preferably less than or equal to the distance of extension of each of glide points 30 from the respective face of body 12, such that each end cap 34 will lie within the space between the respective face of body 12 and a drafting surface upon which drafting instrument 10 is placed, and will not interfere with movement or support of the instrument on such surface. The end caps 34 may be treated as independent of glide points 30, as in the preferred embodiments disclosed, or, if constructed to be of equal thickness with glide points 30 in an alternative embodiment, end caps 34 function to provide support for drafting instrument 10 in the same manner as and in cooperation with glide points 30. In that alternative embodiment, glide points 30 in immediate proximity to handle assembly 14 may be omitted, and their function performed by end caps 34. In the preferred embodiment of drafting instrument 10a, shaft 32 and aperture 36 are hexagonal in cross-section, but any convenient configuration may be used It is, however, preferred that shaft 32 and aperture 36 be configured and sized so as to prevent rotation of shaft 32 within aperture 36. 
     Building upon the foregoing description, a description of the specific adaptation of each of the embodiments of the drafting instrument of the invention may be provided. In the adaptation of drafting instrument 10 to provide the 30/60 degree triangle embodiment 10a, the lengths of legs 20a, 22a, and 24a are proportioned such that a 30 degree angle is formed at the intersection of leg 22a and leg 24a, and a 60 degree angle is formed at the intersection of leg 20a and leg 24a. Interior leg 28a, which intersects leg 24a at a 90 degree angle, divides interior space 26a into two 30/60 degree right triangular spaces in complimentary relationship to the 30/60 degree right triangle defined by legs 20a, 22a, and 24a. With this configuration a draftsman may scribe a line along one of the edges of interior leg 28a at the complimentary 90 degree angle to a line scribed along one of the edges of leg 24a without the need to rotate or flip the drafting instrument. Since much drafting work requires the repeated scribing of such complimentary lines, the aggregate increase in drafting efficiency through the course of creation of an entire work can be substantial. 
     In the 45 degree triangle embodiment 10b of the drafting instrument of the invention, legs 20b and 22b are of the same length, such that a 45 degree angle is formed at the intersection of each said leg and leg 24b. Interior leg 28b intersects leg 24b at a 90 degree angle, dividing interior space 26b into two complimentary 45 degree triangles, allowing a draftsman to scribe lines at complimentary angles in the same manner as with 30/60 degree triangle 10a. 
     Adaptation 10b of the drafting instrument of the invention is preferably reversible as described above. However, due to its inherent symmetry, reversibility of a 45 degree triangular drafting instrument is not essential to efficient use and, accordingly, drafting instrument 10b of the invention may be made nonreversible in an alternative embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 4, contributing to ease and economy of its construction. 
     In that alternative embodiment of drafting instrument 10b, glide points 30b are provided only on the lower face 18b of body 12b. In this alternative embodiment of drafting instrument 10b, the number of such glide points 30b is four, with one of said glide points underlying handle assembly 14b. 
     Handle assembly 14b of the alternative, non-reversible 45 degree triangle embodiment, similarly to the preferred handle assembly 14, includes shaft 32b and one end cap 34b, but the second end cap and aperture 36 are omitted. Shaft 32b is of shorter length than is shaft 32a by approximately the thickness of body 12a, and shaft 32b is interconnected at one end to upper face 16b of body 12b. End cap 34b is interconnected to the opposite end of shaft 32b. 
     The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the drafting instrument of the invention is illustrative, and not for purposes of limitation. The drafting instrument of the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as claimed.