Patent Publication Number: US-2016239505-A1

Title: Determining reliability of online post

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/820,714, filed on Mar. 4, 2013, which is a National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT Ser. No. PCT/US12/44339, filed on Jun. 27, 2012. The disclosures of both applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Social networking services such as Facebook, Google Plus and Twitter are widely used worldwide. Via the social networking services, people freely post news they have heard, their activities, their ideas and/or opinions, images and/or videos, and/or anything they want to share with others. Among myriads of information people posted, some information is false and thus useless. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an example, a method may include identifying from an online post at least one word associated with a place, identifying a location from which the online post was posted, and determining a reliability of the online post based at least in part on the identified word associated with the place and the identified location from which the online post was posted. 
     In an example, a method may include receiving from a device a search request that includes information regarding a target area, retrieving from a database one or more online posts that were posted within the target area, and presenting the retrieved online posts to the device. 
     In an example, a method may include receiving from a device a search request that includes a search query, identifying from the search query a target place and a target range of distance from the identified target place, retrieving from a database one or more online posts that include at least one word associated with the identified target place, and were posted within the target range of distance from the identified target place, and presenting the retrieved online posts to the device. 
     In an example, a method may include monitoring variation in an amount of online posts, and estimating a time and a place of an incident occurrence based at least in part on when and where the online posts were posted when the amount of the online posts posted within a certain area increases suddenly. 
     In an example, a method may include monitoring variation in an amount of online posts, and triggering an alarm when the amount of the online posts posted within a certain area increases suddenly. 
     In an example, a computer-readable storage medium may store thereon computer-executable instructions that, in response to execution, cause a server to perform operations including determining a reliability of each of multiple online posts based at least in part on a location from which the corresponding online post was posted, and screening the multiple online posts based at least in part on the determined reliabilities. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The foregoing and other features of this disclosure will become more apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an example architecture of a server, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 2  schematically shows an illustrative example of a device configured to receive from a user information regarding a target area and transmit to a server a search request with the information regarding the target area, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 3  shows an example flow diagram of a process for determining a reliability of an online post based at least in part on location information, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 4  shows an example flow diagram of a process for providing a search result in response to a search request for one or more online posts, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 5  shows another example flow diagram of a process for providing a search result in response to a search request for one or more online posts, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example computer program product that may be utilized to determine a reliability of an online post based at least in part on location information, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein; and 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device that may be utilized to determine a reliability of an online post based at least in part on location information and/or provide a search result in response to a search request for one or more online posts, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the drawings, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein. 
     This disclosure is generally drawn, inter alia, to methods, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products related to an online service such as, for example, a social networking service, which allows users to share ideas, activities, events and interests. 
     Technologies are generally described for determining a reliability of an online post. In some examples, a server may determine the reliability of the online post based at least in part on a location from which the online post was posted. By way of example, but not limitation, the server may be of a social network service (SNS) provider such as Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, etc., an electronic bulletin board service provider, a web portal service provider, and so on. 
     In some examples, the server may identify, from information associated with the online post, at least one word associated with a place, identify the location from which the online post was posted, and determine the reliability of the online post based at least in part on the identified word associated with the place and the identified location from which the online post was posted. By way of example, but not limitation, when a user in Kyoto, Japan posts an online post regarding a nuclear power plant of Fukushima, Japan, the server may identify from the online post the word “Fukushima” and identify the location “Kyoto,” and determine the reliability of the online post based at least in part on the word “Fukushima” and the location “Kyoto.” The determined reliability may then be used for readers of the online post to discern the trustworthiness of the online post. 
     In some examples, the server may determine the reliability of the online post based at least in part on a distance between the place associated with the identified word and the identified location. In some examples, the determined reliability of the online post may decrease as the distance between the place associated with the identified word and the identified location increases. By way of example, but not limitation, when a first user in Kyoto posts a first online post regarding the nuclear power plant of Fukushima and a second user in Sendai, Japan posts a second online post regarding the nuclear power plant of Fukushima, the server may determine that a reliability of the second online post is higher than a reliability of the first online post, since a distance between Sendai and Fukushima is shorter than a distance between Kyoto and Fukushima. 
     In some examples, the server may identify the location from which the online post was posted based at least in part on location information, such as GPS (Global Positioning System) information, of a device via which the online post was posted. 
     In some examples, the server may block the online post if the determined reliability of the online post is lower than a predetermined value. The server may then present the online post with the identified location from which the online post was posted and/or the determined reliability of the online post. 
     In some examples, when the server receives, from a device, a search request that includes information regarding a target area, the server may retrieve from a database one or more online posts that were posted within the target area, and present the retrieved online posts to the device. A user may select the target area by drawing a circle, a polygon or a looped curve on a map presented to or displayed on the device that transmitted the search request, and then the server may retrieve and present to the device one or more online posts that were posted within the target area. 
     In some embodiments, the database, which may be a component of the server or separate from but controlled by the server, may store the one or more online posts. 
     In some examples, when the server receives, from a device, a search request that includes a search query, the server may identify from the search query a target place and a target range of distance from the identified target place. Then, the server may retrieve from a database one or more online posts that include at least one word associated with the identified target place and that were posted within the target range of distance from the identified target place, and present the retrieved online posts to the device. By way of example, but not limitation, when the search query includes “autumn tints within a distance of about 30 minutes by car from Kyoto station,” the server may identify Kyoto station as the target place and the distance of about 30 minutes by car, that is, for example, about 20 to 25 kilometers, as the target range of distance, and retrieve and present to the device one or more online posts posted within the target range of distance from the target place. 
     In some examples, the server may monitor variation in an amount of online posts. When the amount of the online posts posted within a certain area increases suddenly, the server may estimate a time and a place of an incident occurrence based at least in part on when and where the online posts were posted. In some examples, when the amount of the online posts posted within a certain area increases suddenly, the server may trigger an alarm. 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an example architecture of a server, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     As depicted, a server  100  may include an online post analysis unit  110 , a location identifying unit  120 , a reliability determination unit  130 , an online post presenting unit  140 , a search request analysis unit  150  and a retrieving unit  160 . Although illustrated as discrete components, various components may be divided into additional components, combined into fewer components, or eliminated altogether while being contemplated within the scope of the disclosed subject matter. By way of example, but not limitation, server  100  may be of a social network service (SNS) provider such as Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, etc., an electronic bulletin board service provider, a web portal service provider, and so on. 
     Online post analysis unit  110  may be configured to identify from an online post at least one word associated with a place that is referenced in the online post. By way of example, but not limitation, when a user posts an online post regarding a nuclear power plant of Fukushima, online post analysis unit  110  may identify from the online post the word “Fukushima.” 
     Location identifying unit  120  may be configured to identify a location from which the online post was posted. In some embodiments, location identifying unit  120  may identify the location from which the online post was posted based at least in part on location information of a posting device via which the online post was posted. In some embodiments, location identifying unit  120  may identify the location from which the online post was posted based at least in part on metadata associated with the online post. In some embodiments, the location information of the posting device may include GPS (Global Positioning System) information of the posting device when the online post is posted. By way of example, but not limitation, when the user posts an online post via his/her smartphone in Kyoto, the server may identify the location “Kyoto” based at least in part on the GPS information of the smartphone. 
     Reliability determination unit  130  may be configured to determine a reliability of the online post based at least in part on the word identified by online post analysis unit  110  and the location identified by location identifying unit  120 . In some embodiments, reliability determination unit  130  may determine the reliability of the online post based at least in part on a distance between the place associated with the word identified by online post analysis unit  110  and the location identified by location identifying unit  120 . The determined reliability of the online post may decrease as the distance between the place associated with the word identified by online post analysis unit  110  and the location identified by location identifying unit  120  increases. By way of example, but not limitation, the reliability may be inversely proportional to the square of the distance, the cube of the distance, any n th  power of the distance, and so on. The reliability may be defined as any factor (e.g., a constant) divided by the square of the distance, the cube of the distance, or any n th  power of the distance. 
     Online post presenting unit  140  may be configured to present the online post to multiple devices including the posting device. In some embodiments, online post presenting unit  140  may present the online post with the location identified by location identifying unit  120 . In some embodiments, online post presenting unit  140  may present the online post with the reliability of the online post determined by reliability determination unit  130 . In some embodiments, online post presenting unit  140  may block the online post if the reliability determined by reliability determination unit  130  is lower than a predetermined value. 
     Search request analysis unit  150  may be configured to analyze a search request from a requesting device. In some embodiments, search request analysis unit  150  may identify a target area in the search request. By way of example, but not limitation, a user of the requesting device may select the target area by drawing a circle, a polygon or a looped curve on a map presented to or displayed on the requesting device, and then search request analysis unit  150  may identify the area selected by the user as the target area, as will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 2  schematically shows an illustrative example of a device configured to receive from a user information regarding a target area and transmit to a server a search request with the information regarding the target area, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 2 , a device  200  may display a map  210  thereon. Then, a user of device  200  may select a target area by drawing, for example, a circle  220  on map  210 . Server  100  may then receive from device  200  a search request with information on an area defined by circle  220  drawn on map  210 , and identify the area selected by the user as the target area. Examples of device  200  may include, but are not limited to, a tablet, a smartphone, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile game console, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, or any other devices being able to access server  100 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1  again, in some alternative embodiments, search request analysis unit  150  may identify from a search query, which may be included in the search request, a target place and/or a target range of distance from the target place. By way of example, but not limitation, when the search query includes “autumn tints within a distance of about 30 minutes by car from Kyoto station,” search request analysis unit  150  may identify Kyoto station as the target place and the distance of about 30 minutes by car as the target range of distance. 
     Retrieving unit  160  may be configured to retrieve from a database (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) one or more online posts based at least in part on the search request analyzed by search request analysis unit  150 . In some embodiments, the database, which may be a component of server  100  or separate from server  100  but controlled by server  100 , may store the one or more online posts with location information regarding where the respective online posts were posted, which may be identified by location identifying unit  120 . 
     In some embodiments, retrieving unit  160  may retrieve from the database the one or more online posts that were posted within the target area identified by search request analysis unit  150 . In some alternative embodiments, retrieving unit  160  may retrieve from the database the one or more online posts that include at least one word associated with the target place identified by search request analysis unit  150 , and were posted within the target range of distance identified by search request analysis unit  150  from the target place. 
     In some embodiments, online post presenting unit  140  may present to the requesting device the online posts retrieved by retrieving unit  160 . In some embodiments, online post presenting unit  140  may present to the requesting device the online posts in order of their reliabilities determined by reliability determination unit  130 . In some embodiments, online post presenting unit  140  may not present to the requesting device some of the online posts having reliabilities that are determined to be lower than a predetermined value. 
     In some embodiments, optionally, server  100  may further include a monitoring unit  170 , an incident occurrence detection unit  180  and/or an alarm triggering unit  190 . Monitoring unit  170  may be configured to monitor variation in an amount of online posts. Incident occurrence detection unit  180  may be configured to estimate a time and a place of an incident occurrence based at least in part on when and where the online posts are posted, when the amount of the online posts posted within a certain area increases suddenly. Alarm triggering unit  190  may be configured to trigger an alarm when the amount of the online posts posted within a certain area increases suddenly. 
       FIG. 3  shows an example flow diagram of a process for determining a reliability of an online post based at least in part on location information, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     The process in  FIG. 3  may be implemented in a server, such as server  100  including online post analysis unit  110 , location identifying unit  120 , reliability determination unit  130 , online post presenting unit  140 , search request analysis unit  150  and retrieving unit  160  described above. An example process  300  may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more blocks  310 ,  320  and/or  330 . Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Processing may begin at block  310 . 
     At block  310  (Identify Word Associated with Place), server  100  may identify from an online post at least one word associated with a place. Processing may continue from block  310  to block  320 . 
     At block  320  (Identify Location), server  100  may identify a location from which the online post was posted. In some embodiments, server  100  may identify the location based at least in part on location information such as, for example, GPS (Global Positioning System) information of a device via which the online post was posted. Processing may continue from block  320  to block  330 . 
     At block  330  (Determine Reliability based at least in part on Identified Word Associated with Place and Identified Location), server  100  may determine a reliability of the online post based at least in part on the identified word associated with the place and the identified location from which the online post was posted. In some embodiments, the server may determine the reliability based at least in part on a distance between the place associated with the identified word and the identified location. In some embodiments, the determined reliability of the online post may decrease as the distance between the place associated with the identified word and the identified location increases. By way of example, but not limitation, the reliability may be inversely proportional to the square of the distance, the cube of the distance, any n th  power of the distance, and so on. The reliability may be defined as a numerical value by dividing a factor (e.g., a constant) into the square of the distance, the cube of the distance, or any n th  power of the distance. 
       FIG. 4  shows an example flow diagram of a process for providing a search result in response to a search request for one or more online posts, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     The process in  FIG. 4  may be implemented in a server, such as server  100  including online post analysis unit  110 , location identifying unit  120 , reliability determination unit  130 , online post presenting unit  140 , search request analysis unit  150  and retrieving unit  160  described above. An example process  400  may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more blocks  410 ,  420  and/or  430 . Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Processing may begin at block  410 . 
     At block  410  (Receive Search Request), server  100  may receive a search request from a device. In some embodiments, the search request may include information regarding a target area. Processing may continue from block  410  to block  420 . 
     At block  420  (Retrieve Online Posts Posted within Target Area), server  100  may retrieve from a database one or more online posts that were posted within the target area. In some embodiments, the database may store the one or more online posts with location information regarding where the respective online posts were posted. Processing may continue from block  420  to block  430 . 
     At block  430  (Present Retrieved Online Posts), server  100  may present the retrieved online posts as a search result. In some embodiments, the server may present the online posts in order of their reliabilities. In some embodiments, the server may filter out some of the online posts whose reliabilities are lower than a predetermined value. 
       FIG. 5  shows another example flow diagram of a process for providing a search result in response to a search request for one or more online posts, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     The process in  FIG. 5  may be implemented in a server, such as server  100  including online post analysis unit  110 , location identifying unit  120 , reliability determination unit  130 , online post presenting unit  140 , search request analysis unit  150  and retrieving unit  160  described above. An example process  500  may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more blocks  510 ,  520 ,  530  and/or  540 . Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Processing may begin at block  510 . 
     At block  510  (Receive Search Request), server  100  may receive from a device a search request including a search query. Processing may continue from block  510  to block  520 . 
     At block  520  (Identify Target Place and Target Range of Distance), server  100  may identify from the search query a target place and a target range of distance from the target place. Processing may continue from block  520  to block  530 . 
     At block  530  (Retrieve Online Posts Including Word Associated with Target Place and Posted within Target Range of Distance from Target Place), server  100  may retrieve from a database one or more online posts that include at least one word associated with the identified target place, and were posted within the target range of distance from the identified target place. In some embodiments, the database may store the one or more online posts with location information regarding where the respective online posts were posted. Processing may continue from block  530  to block  540 . 
     At block  540  (Present Retrieved Online Posts), server  100  may present the retrieved online posts as a search result to the requesting device. In some embodiments, the server may present the online posts in order of their reliabilities. In some embodiments, the server may block some of the online posts whose reliabilities are lower than a predetermined value. 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for these and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example computer program product that may be utilized to determine a reliability of an online post based at least in part on location information, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     Computer program product  600  may include a signal bearing medium  602 . Signal bearing medium  602  may include one or more instructions  604  that, when executed by, for example, a processor, may provide the functionality described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-5 . By way of example, instructions  604  may include: one or more instructions for determining a reliability of each of multiple online posts based at least in part on a location from which the corresponding online post was posted; one or more instructions for screening the multiple online posts based at least in part on the determined reliabilities. Thus, for example, referring to  FIG. 1 , server  100  may undertake one or more of the blocks shown in  FIG. 3  in response to instructions  604 . 
     In some implementations, signal bearing medium  602  may encompass a computer-readable medium  606 , such as, but not limited to, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, memory, etc. In some implementations, signal bearing medium  602  may encompass a recordable medium  608 , such as, but not limited to, memory, read/write (R/W) CDs, R/W DVDs, etc. In some implementations, signal bearing medium  602  may encompass a communications medium  610 , such as, but not limited to, a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). Thus, for example, computer program product  600  may be conveyed to one or more modules of server  100  by an RF signal bearing medium  602 , where the signal bearing medium  602  is conveyed by a wireless communications medium  610  (e.g., a wireless communications medium conforming with the IEEE 802.11 standard). 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device that may be utilized to determine a reliability of an online post based at least in part on location information and/or provide a search result in response to a search request for one or more online posts, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein. 
     In these examples, elements of computing device  700  may be arranged or configured for a server. In a very basic configuration  702 , computing device  700  typically includes one or more processors  704  and a system memory  706 . A memory bus  708  may be used for communicating between processor  704  and system memory  706 . 
     Depending on the desired configuration, processor  704  may be of any type including but not limited to a microprocessor (μP), a microcontroller (μC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or any combination thereof. Processor  704  may include one more levels of caching, such as a level one cache  710  and a level two cache  712 , a processor core  714 , and registers  716 . An example processor core  714  may include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a floating point unit (FPU), a digital signal processing core (DSP Core), or any combination thereof. An example memory controller  718  may also be used with processor  704 , or in some implementations memory controller  718  may be an internal part of processor  704 . 
     Depending on the desired configuration, system memory  706  may be of any type including but not limited to volatile memory (such as RAM), non-volatile memory (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or any combination thereof. System memory  706  may include an operating system  720 , one or more applications  722 , and program data  724 . Application  722  may include instructions  726  that may be arranged to perform the functions as described herein including the actions described with respect to the server  100  architecture as shown in  FIG. 1  or including the actions described with respect to the flow charts shown in  FIGS. 3-5 . In some examples, application  722  may be arranged to operate with program data  724  on an operating system  720  such that implementations for instructions for an electronic device as described herein. 
     Computing device  700  may have additional features or functionality, and additional interfaces to facilitate communications between basic configuration  702  and any required devices and interfaces. For example, a bus/interface controller  730  may be used to facilitate communications between basic configuration  702  and one or more data storage devices  732  via a storage interface bus  734 . Data storage devices  732  may be removable storage devices  736 , non-removable storage devices  738 , or a combination thereof. Examples of removable storage and non-removable storage devices include magnetic disk devices such as flexible disk drives and hard-disk drives (HDD), optical disk drives such as compact disk (CD) drives or digital versatile disk (DVD) drives, solid state drives (SSD), and tape drives to name a few. Example computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. 
     System memory  706 , removable storage devices  736  and non-removable storage devices  738  are examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by computing device  700 . Any such computer storage media may be part of computing device  700 . 
     Computing device  700  may also include an interface bus  740  for facilitating communication from various interface devices (e.g., output devices  742 , peripheral interfaces  744 , and communication devices  746 ) to basic configuration  702  via bus/interface controller  730 . Example output devices  742  include a graphics processing unit  748  and an audio processing unit  750 , which may be configured to communicate to various external devices such as a display or speakers via one or more A/V ports  752 . Example peripheral interfaces  744  include a serial interface controller  754  or a parallel interface controller  756 , which may be configured to communicate with external devices such as input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc.) or other peripheral devices (e.g., printer, scanner, etc.) via one or more I/O ports  758 . An example communication device  746  includes a network controller  760 , which may be arranged to facilitate communications with one or more other computing devices  762  over a network communication link via one or more communication ports  764 . 
     The network communication link may be one example of a communication media. Communication media may typically be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and may include any information delivery media. A “modulated data signal” may be a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR) and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein may include both storage media and communication media. 
     Computing device  700  may be implemented as a portion of a small-form factor portable (or mobile) electronic device such as a cell phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a personal media player device, a wireless web-watch device, a personal headset device, an application specific device, or a hybrid device that include any of the above functions. Computing device  700  may also be implemented as a personal computer including both laptop computer and non-laptop computer configurations. 
     The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds, compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. 
     As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth. 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.