Patent Publication Number: US-2023151736-A1

Title: Bonding method for repair of superalloy article

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/212,325 filed Jun. 18, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/232,963 filed Aug. 13, 2021, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to methods of bonding and, more particularly, to a bonding method for repair of a superalloy article. 
     Field-run hardware realizes distress at hot locations that limit reuse of the component. Some of this distress is not repairable by current means (e.g., laser cladding) particularly where specific examples of distress include tips of turbine blades and gas path surfaces of blade outer air seals (BOAS). 
     Current turbine blade tip restoration processes have repair yields that are not 100% effective and some percentage are not deemed repairable at a first shop interval. Repair can include weld or laser clad restoration of the tip with alloys that may be less capable for turbine operations than the original superalloy. Repair yield at the second shop interval can be further reduced due to cracking at the prior repair. 
     Accordingly, a need exists for a repair method that can recover parts with large damage zones with higher reliability than current repair operations. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, a method of repair of a part is provided and includes removing a section that is damaged from the part, casting a replacement section for the part, the replacement section having a geometry similar to that of the section in an undamaged condition and bonding the replacement section to the part using field assisted sintering technology (FAST). 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the part can include a turbine blade of a gas turbine engine and the removing of the section includes grinding a tip of the turbine blade back to a lower span line; the part can include a blade outer air seal (BOAS) of a gas turbine engine and the removing of the section includes grinding along a circumferential plane in from a gas path surface; and/or the part can include a turbine vane or a platform of a gas turbine engine and the removing of the section includes milling. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the casting of the replacement section includes a single crystal casting of the replacement section. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, following the removing and prior to the bonding, the method further includes coating features of the part which are exposed by the removing. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the bonding of the replacement section to the part includes preparing a bond surface of the part and a corresponding bond surface of the replacement section by at least one of grinding and cleaning. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the bonding of the replacement section to the part includes at least one of crystallographic aligning and mechanical aligning of the replacement section with the part. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the method further includes at least one of coating and finishing the part and the replacement section bonded thereto. 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, a method of repair of a turbine blade or a blade outer seal (BOAS) of a gas turbine engine is provided and includes grinding a section that is damaged from the turbine blade or the BOAS, casting a replacement section for the turbine blade or the BOAS, the replacement section having a geometry similar to that of the section in an undamaged condition, preparing a bond surface of the turbine blade or the BOAS and a corresponding bond surface of the replacement section for bonding and bonding the replacement section to the turbine blade or the BOAS using field assisted sintering technology (FAST) at the bond surface of the turbine blade or the BOAS and the corresponding bond surface of the replacement section. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, for the turbine blade, the grinding includes grinding a tip of the turbine blade back to a lower span line, and, for the BOAS, the grinding includes grinding along a circumferential plane in from a gas path surface. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the casting of the replacement section includes a single crystal casting of the replacement section. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the preparing of the bond surface of the turbine blade or the BOAS and the corresponding bond surface of the replacement section includes at least one of grinding and cleaning. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, following the grinding and prior to the bonding, the method further includes coating features of the turbine blade or the BOAS which are exposed by the grinding. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the bonding of the replacement section to the turbine blade or the BOAS includes at least one of crystallographic aligning and mechanical aligning of the replacement section with the turbine blade or the BOAS. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the method further includes at least one of coating and finishing the turbine blade or the BOAS and the replacement section bonded thereto. 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, a method of repair of a turbine vane or platform of a gas turbine engine is provided and includes milling a section that is damaged out of the turbine vane or the platform, casting a replacement section for the turbine vane or the platform, the replacement section having a geometry similar to that of the section in an undamaged condition, preparing a bond surface of the turbine vane or the platform and a corresponding bond surface of the replacement section for bonding and bonding the replacement section to the turbine vane or the platform using field assisted sintering technology (FAST) at the bond surface of the turbine vane or the platform and the corresponding bond surface of the replacement section. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the casting of the replacement section includes a single crystal casting of the replacement section. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the preparing of the bond surface of the turbine vane or the platform and the corresponding bond surface of the replacement section includes at least one of grinding and cleaning. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, following the milling and prior to the bonding, the method further includes coating features of the turbine vane or the platform which are exposed by the milling. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the bonding of the replacement section to the turbine vane or the platform includes at least one of crystallographic aligning and mechanical aligning of the replacement section with the turbine vane or the platform. 
     In accordance with additional or alternative embodiments, the method further includes at least one of coating and finishing the turbine vane or the platform and the replacement section bonded thereto. 
     Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present disclosure. Other embodiments and aspects of the disclosure are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed technical concept. For a better understanding of the disclosure with the advantages and the features, refer to the description and to the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts: 
         FIG.  1    is a partial cross-sectional view of a gas turbine engine in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    is a flow diagram illustrating a method of repair of a part in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    is a flow diagram illustrating a method of repair of a turbine blade or a blade outer seal (BOAS) of a gas turbine engine in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a graphical diagram illustrating the method of  FIG.  3    in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a perspective view of removal/bonding operations of  FIG.  4 A  in accordance with embodiments 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic illustration of a crystallographic orientation of a replacement section in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic illustration of alignment features of a replacement section in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic illustration of a milling of a section of a turbine vane or platform of a gas turbine engine in accordance with embodiments; and 
         FIG.  8    is a flow diagram illustrating a method of repair of a part in accordance with further embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  1    schematically illustrates a gas turbine engine  20 . The gas turbine engine  20  is disclosed herein as a two-spool turbofan that generally incorporates a fan section  22 , a compressor section  24 , a combustor section  26  and a turbine section  28 . Alternative engines might include other systems or features. The fan section  22  drives air along a bypass flow path B in a bypass duct, while the compressor section  24  drives air along a core flow path C for compression and communication into the combustor section  26  then expansion through the turbine section  28 . Although depicted as a two-spool turbofan gas turbine engine in the disclosed non-limiting embodiment, it should be understood that the concepts described herein are not limited to use with two-spool turbofans as the teachings may be applied to other types of turbine engines including three-spool architectures. 
     The exemplary engine  20  generally includes a low speed spool  30  and a high speed spool  32  mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis A relative to an engine static structure  36  via several bearing systems  38 . It should be understood that various bearing systems  38  at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided, and the location of bearing systems  38  may be varied as appropriate to the application. 
     The low speed spool  30  generally includes an inner shaft  40  that interconnects a fan  42 , a low pressure compressor  44  and a low pressure turbine  46 . The inner shaft  40  is connected to the fan  42  through a speed change mechanism, which in exemplary gas turbine engine  20  is illustrated as a geared architecture  48  to drive the fan  42  at a lower speed than the low speed spool  30 . The high speed spool  32  includes an outer shaft  50  that interconnects a high pressure compressor  52  and high pressure turbine  54 . A combustor  56  is arranged in exemplary gas turbine  20  between the high pressure compressor  52  and the high pressure turbine  54 . An engine static structure  36  is arranged generally between the high pressure turbine  54  and the low pressure turbine  46 . The engine static structure  36  further supports bearing systems  38  in the turbine section  28 . The inner shaft  40  and the outer shaft  50  are concentric and rotate via bearing systems  38  about the engine central longitudinal axis A which is collinear with their longitudinal axes. 
     The core airflow is compressed by the low pressure compressor  44  then the high pressure compressor  52 , mixed and burned with fuel in the combustor  56 , then expanded over the high pressure turbine  54  and low pressure turbine  46 . The turbines  46 ,  54  rotationally drive the respective low speed spool  30  and high speed spool  32  in response to the expansion. It will be appreciated that each of the positions of the fan section  22 , compressor section  24 , combustor section  26 , turbine section  28 , and fan drive gear system  48  may be varied. For example, gear system  48  may be located aft of combustor section  26  or even aft of turbine section  28 , and fan section  22  may be positioned forward or aft of the location of gear system  48 . 
     The engine  20  in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the engine  20  bypass ratio is greater than about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10), the geared architecture  48  is an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3 and the low pressure turbine  46  has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five. In one disclosed embodiment, the engine  20  bypass ratio is greater than about ten (10:1), the fan diameter is significantly larger than that of the low pressure compressor  44 , and the low pressure turbine  46  has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five 5:1. Low pressure turbine  46  pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to inlet of low pressure turbine  46  as related to the pressure at the outlet of the low pressure turbine  46  prior to an exhaust nozzle. The geared architecture  48  may be an epicycle gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3:1. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a geared architecture engine and that the present disclosure is applicable to other gas turbine engines including direct drive turbofans. 
     A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section  22  of the engine  20  is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet (10,688 meters). The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft (10,688 meters), with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (‘TSFC’)”—is the industry standard parameter of lbm of fuel being burned divided by lbf of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point. “Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.45. “Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of [(Tram°R)/(518.7° R)] 0.5 . The “Low corrected fan tip speed” as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1150 ft/second (350.5 m/sec). 
     Field assisted sintering technology (FAST) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) are consolidation processes that are executed at temperatures lower than the melting point of the subject materials. Similar to hot pressing, FAST forms bonds between materials but at temperatures ˜200° C. lower. FAST utilizes a high amperage pulsed direct current (DC) electrical current to heat the subject materials to be bonded through Joule heating while under uniaxial compression. The consolidation is a combination of solid-state transport mechanisms including primarily diffusion and creep. The result is a metallurgical bond between the materials to be joined. Consolidation or joining can be accomplished in a variety of conductive and non-conductive materials and forms. 
     Recently, FAST/SPS has been gaining acceptance starting in the 1990s for consolidation of powder materials into dense compacts with significantly greater efficiency than hot pressing. Due to the lower processing temperatures of FAST/SPS over other consolidation methods, FAST/SPS mitigates significant grain growth common in other diffusional bonding methods. In some cases, bonding two dense metallic materials using the FAST process has been demonstrated. Material pairs included a same alloy (e.g., PWA 1429) and dissimilar alloys (e.g., PWA 1429 to CM247). Additionally, the ability to bond both single crystal (SX) and equiaxed (EQ) materials and the ability to retain fine features along bond lines have been demonstrated. 
     As will be described below, an engine component returned from service with distress (e.g., environmental attack or TMF cracking) is removed from its parent component by grinding away the damaged material along a continuous plane. For a turbine blade, this could optionally be to grind back the tip to a lower span line (either above or below the tip shelf). For a BOAS, this could be to grind along a circumferential plane inwardly from the gas path surface. A replacement shape, similar to the geometry of the material removed by grinding, is single crystal cast using investment cast methods. The mating surfaces are ground and cleaned to ensure good contact. The surfaces are bonded using the FAST method. The component is then coated and finished for reuse in service. Alignment features may be included in the newly cast feature for alignment in the FAST process that will be later ground off prior to finishing. 
     With reference to  FIG.  2   , a method  200  of repair of a part, such as a turbine blade, a blade outer seal (BOAS) or a turbine vane or platform of the gas turbine engine  20  of  FIG.  1    is provided. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the method includes removing a section that is damaged from the part ( 201 ), casting a replacement section for the part, the replacement section having a geometry similar to that of the section in an undamaged condition ( 202 ) and bonding the replacement section to the part using FAST ( 203 ). In accordance with embodiments, the method  200  can further include at least one of coating and finishing the part and the replacement section bonded thereto ( 204 ). 
     Where the part includes or is provided as a turbine blade, the removing of the section of operation  201  can include grinding a tip of the turbine blade back to a lower span line and in some cases beyond tip shelf regions and into span regions that expose or open up internal cooling circuit features. Where the part includes or is provided as a BOAS, the removing of the section of operation  201  can include grinding along a circumferential plane in from a gas path surface and again, in some cases, beyond tip shelf regions and into span regions that expose or open up internal cooling circuit features. Where the part includes or is provided as a turbine vane or a platform, the removing of the section of operation  201  can include or be provided as a milling of the section out of the turbine vane or the platform. The casting of the replacement section of operation  202  can include a single crystal casting of the replacement section. 
     The bonding of the replacement section to the part of operation  203  can include at least one of crystallographic aligning of the replacement section with the part (in which the crystal structure of the replacement section aligns or substantially aligns with the crystal structure of the part) and mechanical aligning of the replacement section with the part (in which internal and external features of the replacement section align or substantially align with corresponding internal and external features of the part). The crystallographic aligning can include using tooling to establish and maintain crystallographic alignment to a predefined angular tolerance (e.g., ˜10° or less) between the part and the replacement section. To the extent that the mechanical aligning involves the internal and external features of the replacement section aligning or substantially aligning with the corresponding internal and external features of the part, it is to be understood that at least the external features can be machined or otherwise detailed and finished following bonding. Also, the mechanical aligning can include adding alignment features to the part and the replacement section to aid with alignment. The alignment features can be removed following the bonding operation  203 . 
     The bonding of the replacement section to the part of operation  203  can include preparing a bond surface of the part and a corresponding bond surface of the replacement section by at least one of grinding and cleaning so that the bond surface and the corresponding bond surface can be reliably fit together to form a bond line with little to no defects. 
     With reference to  FIGS.  3  and  4 A and  4 B , a method  300  of repair of a turbine blade or a blade outer seal (BOAS) of a gas turbine engine is provided. As shown in  FIG.  3   , the method  300  includes grinding a section  400  that is damaged from the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  ( 301 ). This can be done by either grinding a tip of the turbine blade back to a lower span line in the case of the turbine blade or grinding along a circumferential plane in from a gas path surface in the case of the BOAS as illustrated generally in the illustration of the section  400  being removed from the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  in  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B . The method  300  further includes casting a replacement section  402  for the turbine blade or the BOAS  402  by, e.g., single crystal casting of the replacement section  402 , where the replacement section  402  has a geometry similar to that of the section  400  in an undamaged condition ( 302 ) and preparing a bond surface  403  of the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  and a corresponding bond surface  404  of the replacement section  402  for bonding by at least one of grinding and cleaning ( 303 ). The method further includes bonding the replacement section  402  to the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  using FAST at the bond surface  403  of the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  and the corresponding bond surface  404  of the replacement section  402  ( 304 ) and at least one of coating and finishing the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  and the replacement section  402  bonded thereto ( 305 ). 
     With reference to  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the bonding of the replacement section  402  to the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  of operation  304  can include at least one of crystallographic aligning of the replacement section  402  with the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  (see  FIG.  5   ) and mechanical aligning of the replacement section with turbine blade or the BOAS  401  (see  FIG.  6   ). For the case of the crystallographic aligning, as shown in  FIG.  5   , the method can include using tooling to establish and maintain a crystallographic alignment between the turbine blade or BOAS  401  and the replacement section  402  to within a predefined angular tolerance (e.g., ˜10° or less). For the case of the mechanical aligning, as shown in  FIG.  6   , the method can include adding alignment features  601  and  602  to the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  and the replacement section  402 , respectively, to aid with alignment and removing the alignment features  601  and  602  following the bonding of operation  304 . In any case, the crystallographic aligning and the mechanical aligning can include maintaining pressure between the replacement section  402  and the turbine blade or the BOAS  401  in a single direction (i.e., along a single axial plane). 
     With reference to  FIG.  7   , a method of repair of a turbine vane or platform of a gas turbine engine is provided and is generally similar to the method  300  described above with reference to  FIGS.  3 - 6    except as described herein. As shown in  FIG.  7   , the method includes milling a section  700  that is damaged out of the turbine vane or platform  701 , casting a replacement section (see above), preparing a bond surface of the turbine vane or platform and a corresponding bond surface of the replacement section (see above) and bonding the replacement section to the turbine vane or platform using FAST at the bond surface and the corresponding bond surface (see above). 
     In accordance with additional embodiments and with reference back to  FIGS.  2 ,  3  and  7    and additional reference to  FIG.  8   , the methods described herein can further include a coating or enhancement of a part and a replacement section prior to the bonding of operation  203  of  FIG.  2    and the bonding of operation  304  of  FIG.  3   . For example, turbine blade tip features can be damaged due to hot corrosion and coating processes are limited in effectiveness for protecting internal surfaces of a full cast turbine blade. However, if an internal (or external) feature is newly exposed by the removing of operation  201  of  FIG.  2   , the grinding of operation  301  of  FIG.  3    or the milling operation of  FIG.  7   , line-of-sight (LOS) processing is possible. In these or other cases, additional or alternative coating processes for those newly exposed internal (or external) features can become available as options ( 801 ). These processes could include thermal spraying or physical vapor deposition (PVD) of MCrAlY materials or the like that have superior corrosion resistance as compared with a diffusion aluminide. 
     In an embodiment, a first alloy for use in the methods described herein may be a “high strength” metal alloy. Examples of the first alloy include PWA 1429, Rene N5, CMSX-4, CMSX-10, TMS-138 or TMS-162. The metal alloys are nickel-based metals that in addition to nickel comprise one or more of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, ruthenium, rhenium, boron and carbon. The metal alloys contain one or more of the following metals in addition to nickel—2 to 10 wt % of chromium, 2 to 11 wt % of cobalt, 0.5 to 5 wt % molybdenum, 4 to 7.5 wt % of tungsten, 3-7 wt % of aluminum, 0 to 5 wt % of titanium, 3 to 10 wt % of tantalum and 2-8 wt % of rhenium. The metal alloys may also contain ruthenium, carbon and boron. 
     The composition of these alloys is defined to maximize mechanical properties in a single crystal form while maintaining an adequate level of environmental resistance. Table 1 and Table 2 shows preferred ranges (of the ingredients) for the compositions (in weight percent) that may be used for the first alloy. Table 2 contains broader ranges for some of the alloys (than those indicated in Table 1) that may be used in the first portion. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of cast superalloys. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Compositions (wt. %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Class 
                 Alloy 
                 Cr 
                 Co 
                 Mo 
                 W 
                 Al 
                 Ti 
                 Ta 
                 Nb 
                 Re 
                 Ra 
                 Hf 
                 C 
                 B 
                 Zr 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Conventional 
                    N-713LV 
                 12 
                 — 
                 4.   
                 — 
                 5.9 
                 0.6 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.05 
                 0.01 
                 0.1 
                 Bal 
               
               
                 Cast 
                    N-738LC 
                 16 
                 8.5 
                 1.7   
                 2.   
                 3.   
                 3.4 
                   1.75 
                     0.9 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.1   
                 0.01 
                 0.04 
                 Bal 
               
               
                 (CC) 
                 René 80 
                 14 
                 9 
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
                 4.7 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.8 
                 0.16 
                 0.015 
                 0.01 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 Mar-M   
                 8 
                 10 
                 9.6 
                 10 
                 5.5 
                 1     
                 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1.5 
                 0.15 
                 0.015 
                 0.03 
                 Bal 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DS 
                 1st 
                 Mar-M2   
                 8 
                 9 
                 — 
                 12 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.   
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2     
                 0.13 
                 0.015 
                 0.03 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CM247LC 
                 8.1 
                 9.2 
                 0.5 
                 9.5 
                 5.6 
                 0.7 
                     3.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1.4 
                 0.07 
                 0.015 
                 0.007 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 2nd 
                 CM186LC 
                 6 
                 9.3 
                 0.5 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.7 
                 
                   
                 
                     3.4 
                 — 
                 3.0 
                 — 
                 1.4 
                 0.07 
                 0.015 
                 0.005 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PWA   
                 
                   
                 
                 10 
                 1.7 
                 6.5 
                 6 
                 — 
                 4 
                 — 
                 3.0 
                 — 
                 1.5 
                 0.1 
                 0.015 
                 0.1 
                 Bal 
               
               
                 SC 
                 1st 
                 CMSX-2 
                 5 
                 3 
                 0.6 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.6 
                 1     
                 
                   
                 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PWA1480 
                 10 
                 3 
                 — 
                 4 
                 5 
                 1.3 
                 12  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 René N4 
                 9 
                 
                   
                 
                 2 
                 6 
                 3.7 
                 4.2 
                 4 
                     0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AM1 
                 7 
                 5 
                 2 
                 5 
                 
                   
                 
                 1.   
                 5 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RR2000 
                 
                   
                 
                 15 
                 3 
                 — 
                 5.5 
                 4     
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 2nd 
                 CMSX-4 
                 6.5 
                 9.6 
                 0.6 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.   
                 1     
                     6.3 
                 — 
                 3     
                 — 
                 0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PWA1484 
                 
                   
                 
                 10 
                 2 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.6 
                 — 
                 9 
                 — 
                 3     
                 — 
                 0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 René N5 
                 7 
                 8 
                 2 
                 3 
                 
                   
                 
                 — 
                 7 
                 — 
                 3     
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 3rd 
                 CMSX-10 
                 2 
                 3 
                 9.4 
                 3 
                 3.7 
                 0.2 
                 8 
                 — 
                 
                   
                 
                 — 
                  0.03 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 4th 
                 TMS-13   
                 2.9 
                 5.9 
                 2.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 — 
                     5.6 
                 — 
                 4.9 
                 2 
                 0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 5th 
                 TMS-162 
                 2.   
                 5.8 
                 3.9 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.8 
                 — 
                     5.6 
                 — 
                 4.9 
                 6 
                  0.09 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 Re-free 
                 CMSX-7 
                 6 
                 10 
                 0.6 
                 
                   
                 
                 5.7 
                 0.8 
                 9 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
                 Low Re 
                 CMSX-8 
                 5.4 
                 10 
                 0.6 
                 8 
                 5.7 
                 0.7 
                 8 
                 — 
                 1.5 
                 — 
                 0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Bal 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 Co 
                 Mo 
                 W 
                 Al 
                 Ti 
                 Ta 
                 Nb 
                 Re 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PWA1429 
                 5-7 
                  9-11 
                 1.5-2.5 
                 5.5-7.5 
                 5-7 
                 — 
                  3-10 
                 — 
                 2-4 
                 Balance 
               
               
                 René N5 
                  6-10 
                 7-9 
                 1.5-2.5 
                 4-7 
                 3-7 
                 0-5 
                 3-8 
                 0-1 
                 0-4 
                 Balance 
               
               
                 CMSX-4 
                 4-8 
                  7-10 
                 0.5-1.5 
                 5.5-7.5 
                 5-6 
                 0-2 
                 5-8 
                 — 
                 2-4 
                 balance 
               
               
                 CMSX-10 
                 1-3 
                 2-4 
                  0.1-1  
                 4-6 
                 5-7 
                 0.1-0.4 
                  6-10 
                   
                 4-8 
                 balance 
               
               
                 TMS-138 
                 2-4 
                 3.5-6.5 
                 2-4 
                 5-7 
                 5-7 
                 — 
                 5-7 
                   
                 4-6 
                 balance 
               
               
                 TMS-162 
                 2-4 
                 3.5-6.5 
                 3-5 
                 5-7 
                 5-7 
                 — 
                 5-7 
                   
                 5-7 
                 balance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The high strength alloys can withstand stresses of greater than 800 MPa at temperatures greater than 600° C. and stresses of greater than 200 MPa at temperatures of greater than 800° C. 
     Second alloys for use in the methods described herein are selected for their ability to handle harsh environmental conditions and can include René 195 and René N2. These compositions were developed with an eye to improved environmental resistance. This can be seen in the Al and Cr levels as compared with Re, W, Mo shown in the Table 3. The cobalt to chromium ratios are lower for the second alloys, while the aluminum to cobalt ratio is much higher for the second alloys when compared with the first alloys. 
     The second alloys can be a nickel-based alloy that in addition to nickel includes one or more of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, ruthenium, rhenium, boron and carbon. The metal alloys contain one or more of the following metals in addition to nickel—7 to 14 wt % of chromium, 3 to 9 wt % of cobalt, 0.1 to 0.2 wt % molybdenum, 3 to 5 wt % of tungsten, 6-9 wt % of aluminum, 0 to 5 wt % of titanium, 4 to 6 wt % of tantalum, 0.1 to 0.2 wt % f hafnium and 1-2 wt % of rhenium. The metal alloys may also contain ruthenium, carbon and boron. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 Co 
                 Al 
                 Ta 
                 Mo 
                 W 
                 Re 
                 Hf 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 René 195 
                 7-9 
                 3-4 
                 7-9 
                 5-6 
                 0.1-0.2 
                 3-5 
                 1-2 
                 0.1-0.2 
                 balance 
               
               
                 René N2 
                 12-14 
                 7-9 
                 6-8 
                 4-6 
                   
                 3-4 
                 1-2 
                 0.1-0.2 
                 balance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The high strength alloys used in the second alloys can withstand stresses of at least 50% of the first alloys. In an embodiment, the high strength alloys used in the second alloys are environmentally resistant and withstand temperatures of greater than 1200° C. (under oxidation conditions) while undergoing less than 0.05 grams of weight loss per unit weight. 
     Technical effects and benefits of the present disclosure are the provision of restoration of damaged components with substrate-capable materials as opposed to equiaxed, welded materials as well as a capability for repairs to relatively large damage areas. FAST-bonded restoration processes will yield a relatively high-performing repair feature which will likely increase 2nd time shop yields. Additionally, FAST-bonded restorations may enable repair of components that would otherwise have been scrapped due to the size of the damage zones. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the technical concepts in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     While the preferred embodiments to the disclosure have been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements which fall within the scope of the claims which follow. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the disclosure first described.