Patent Publication Number: US-10777472-B1

Title: IC with test structures embedded within a contiguous standard cell area

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/857,691, entitled “Method for Processing a Semiconductor Wafer Using Non-Contact Electrical Measurements Indicative of a Resistance Through a Stitch, Where Such Measurements Are Obtained by Scanning a Pad Comprised of at Least Three Parallel Conductive Stripes Using a Moving Stage with Beam Deflection to Account for Motion of the Stage,” filed Dec. 29, 2017, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., which &#39;691 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The &#39;691 application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/719,615, entitled “Integrated Circuit Including NCEM-Enabled, Interlayer Overlap-Configured Fill Cells, with NCEM Pads Formed from at Least Three Conductive Stripes Positioned Between Adjacent Gates,” filed Sep. 29, 2017, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,870,962 dated Jan. 16, 2018, which &#39;615 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The &#39;615 application is also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/090,274, entitled “Mesh-Style NCEM Pads, and Process for Making Semiconductor Dies, Chips, and Wafers Using In-Line Measurements from Such Pads,” filed Apr. 4, 2016, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,805,994 dated Oct. 31, 2017, which &#39;274 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The &#39;615 application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/090,256, entitled “Integrated Circuit Containing DOEs of NCEM-enabled Fill Cells,” filed Apr. 4, 2016, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,799,575 dated Oct. 24, 2017, which &#39;256 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The &#39;274 application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/612,841, entitled “Opportunistic Placement of 1C Test Structures and/or E-Beam Target Pads in Areas Otherwise Used for Filler Cells, Tap Cells, Decap Cells, Scribe Lines, and/or Dummy Fill, as Well as Product 1C Chips Containing Same,” filed Feb. 3, 2015, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., and now Abandoned, which &#39;841 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
     Both the &#39;256 and &#39;274 applications claim priority from U.S. Pat. Applic. Ser. No. 62/268,463, entitled “Integrated Circuit Containing DOEs of NCEM-enabled Fill Cells+Process for Making Semiconductor Dies, Chips, and Wafers Using In-Line Measurements Obtained from DOEs of NCEM-enabled Fill Cells,” filed Dec. 16, 2015, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., which &#39;463 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The above-incorporated &#39;256 and &#39;274 applications are referred to herein as the “Parent Applications,” while the set of figures contained in each of the the Parent Applications are referred to herein as the “Parent FIGS.” 
     This application is also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/146,188, entitled “IC With Test Structures Embedded Within a Contiguous Standard Cell Area,” filed Sep. 28, 2018, by applicant PDF Solutions, Inc., which &#39;188 application is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     MASK WORK NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document (including its incorporated documents) contains material which is subject to mask work protection, *M*, PDF Solutions, Inc. The mask work owner (PDF Solutions, Inc.) has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document (including its incorporated documents) or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all mask work rights whatsoever. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to improved processes for manufacturing semiconductor wafers and chips through use of in-line measurements obtained via non-contact electrical measurements (“NCEM”), to on-chip structures configured to provide useful information via NCEM, and to implementation of NCEM structures in library compatible fill cells. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,727 (“Standard cell having test pad for probing and semiconductor integrated circuit device containing the standard cells”) to Katsura et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses placement of a testing pad in a standard cell. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,249 A (“Method and apparatus for detecting defects in wafers”) to Graham et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using a non-contact (“NC”) technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,412 B1 (“Drop-in test structure and methodology for characterizing an integrated circuit process flow and topography”) to Jarvis et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,949,765 B2 (“Padless structure design for easy identification of bridging defects in lines by passive voltage contrast”) to Song et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,722 B1 (“In-line voltage contrast determination of tunnel oxide weakness in integrated circuit technology development”) to Wang et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,436 B2 (“Method for in-line monitoring of via/contact holes etch process based on test structures in semiconductor wafer manufacturing”) to Zhao et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,518,190 B2 (“Grounding front-end-of-line structures on a SOI substrate”) to Cote et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,930,660 B2 (“Measurement structure in a standard cell for controlling process parameters during manufacturing of an integrated circuit”), to Ruderer et al., incorporated by reference herein, describes the use of test structures in fill cells for manufacturing optimization. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,939,348 B2 (“E-beam inspection structure for leakage analysis”), to Seng et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,039,837 B2 (“In-line voltage contrast detection of PFET silicide encroachment”) to Patterson et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,339,449 B2 (“Defect monitoring in semiconductor device fabrication”), to Fong et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,266 B2 (“Test structure for detection of gap in conductive layer of multilayer gate stack”) to Mo et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,421,009 B2 (“Test structure for charged particle beam inspection and method for defect determination using the same”) to Xiao, incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,575,955 B1 (“Apparatus and method for electrical detection and localization of shorts in metal interconnect lines”) to Brozek, incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     U.S. Patent Publication 20090102501 A1 (“Test structures for e-beam testing of systematic and random defects in integrated circuits”) to Guldi et al., incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention generally involves the placement of NC-testable structures, and DOEs (Designs of Experiments) based on such structures, preferably within the “fill cells” typically used in standard cell logic regions. As used in this application, “fill cells” (or “filler cells”) refer to cells configured for placement in standard cell rows, but not configured to perform any logical or information storage function(s). Modern, standard-cell layouts commonly use such fill cells to relieve routing congestion. See, e.g., Cong, J., et al. “Optimizing routability in large-scale mixed-size placement,” ASP-DAC, 2013; and Menezes, C., et al. “Design of regular layouts to improve predictability,” Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Caribbean Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems, 2006. See also U.S. Pat. No. 8,504,969 (“Filler Cells for Design Optimization in a Place-and-Route System”) to Lin et al., incorporated by reference herein. As used herein “fill cells” may include structures designed to perform ancillary (i.e., not logical or storage) functions, for example, well ties and/or decoupling capacitors. 
     One NC measurement technique, useful in connection with certain embodiments of the invention, involves measuring or inspecting the surface of a partially processed wafer (in-line) with a scanning electron microscope (“SEM”) or other charged particle-based scanning/imaging device. As the measuring/inspecting proceeds, the SEM (or other device) induces charge on all electrically floating elements, whereas any grounded elements remain at zero potential. This voltage contrast becomes visible to the scanning/imaging device as a NCEM. 
     This NC measurement technique, commonly known as “voltage contrast inspection,” has been used in the semiconductor industry for many years, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,750 B1 (“Voltage contrast method for semiconductor inspection using low voltage particle beam”), and exists in many different flavors—as demonstrated by the dozens of subsequent patents that cite the &#39;750 patent as prior art. 
     The incorporated &#39;841 application discloses a number of highly efficient—and herein preferred—methods for obtaining NCEMs from the NCEM-enabled test structures utilized in the present invention. While these &#39;841 methods represent the applicant&#39;s preferred NC measurement methods, it is applicant&#39;s intent that usage of the terms “NC measurement” or “NCEM” in this application should not be limited to these preferred methods in the absence of specific language (e.g., “selectively targeting . . . ”, “ . . . fewer than 10 pixels”) that indicates an intent to so limit a claim. 
     As described in the &#39;841 application:
         Another aspect of this invention relates to the use of a tool using a charged particle column (electrons or ions), whose primary function is to find defects on the surface of semiconductor wafers (i.e., function as an inspector). (While the present description uses the term “e-beam,” it is understood that it applies to all charged beams.)   In accordance with one aspect of the invention, we describe a VC inspector that samples pixels on a wafer surface. This method of scanning is fundamentally different from all inspectors designed before. In one embodiment, the pixels have certain designated X-Y coordinates whose pixel value (i.e., electron beam signal) is used to determine if a defect exists or not. This can be viewed as a 0-D inspection, instead of the typical 2-D inspection of the prior art.   In one embodiment, the pixel corresponds to a “pad” in an electrical test structure that is specifically created for the purpose finding a voltage contrast defect. The beam shines on the pad for a designated length of time. Each test structure may have one or more pads (inspector reads out one pixel per pad). Such test pads may exist on a semiconductor wafer whose patterns have been designed primarily as a “test chip,” or may be embedded in a “product wafer.”   In one embodiment, each pixel corresponds to a certain specific location of a semiconductor product layout. These pixels are selected because a signal abnormality at these locations on the product are indicative of a specific type or types of defect.   In one embodiment, the stage is held stationary akin to “step and scan” inspection. Once the pixel values corresponding to a given field of view are sensed, the stage moves to another location where the next set of pixels can be read out.   In one embodiment, the stage is moving when the pixels are being scanned and the inspection happens by deflecting the e-beam accordingly to account for the motion of the stage.   In one embodiment, the duration of the pixel readout at each location is dynamic with respect to each pixel, i.e., depending on the test structure or product circuit being inspected at each point, the duration of the beam hold at the location is changed suitably.   In one embodiment, the size of the beam on the wafer is not fixed, but is changed dynamically for each location being read out. This type of beam shaping is similar to what is used in e-beam writers. The sizing of the spot on a per structure basis allows the beam to be optimized with respect to each structure. The optimization is typically to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the inspection.   Another aspect of the invention relates to design of a voltage-contrast device-under-test (“VC DUT”), with a test pad, where the complete structure is tested with very few pixels (&lt;10). Such a VC DUT may have a test pad whose size and shape accommodates non-circular incident e-beams, while maximizing SNR at the same time. Such beams may also be square shaped to match pads that are similarly square shaped. Such pads may be configured to capture beams with an asymmetric aspect ratio (X/Y length ratio) that is greater than 3 (e.g., DUT with an X-dimension of 100 nm and Y dimension 300-600 nm would have aspect ratio of 3:1, 4:1, 5:1).       

     In general usage, the term Design of Experiments (DOE) or Experimental Design refers to the design of any information-gathering exercise where variation is present, whether under the full control of the experimenter or not. 
     Experimental Design is an established field, well known to persons skilled in the art. See NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/, updated Oct. 30, 2013, incorporated by reference herein. 
     As will be apparent to the skilled reader, the typical DOE herein relates to an experiment involving one or more semiconductor die(s) and/or wafer(s), wherein said one or more die(s) and/or wafer(s) contain multiple instances of a substantially similar test structure, at least some of which vary in terms of one or more layout-related parameters (including, but not limited to, size, spacing, offset, overlap, width, extension, run length, periodicity, density, neighborhood patterning, including underlayers) or process related parameters (including, but not limited to, dose, rate, exposure, processing time, temperature, or any tool-specifiable setting). As the person skilled in the art knows, the selection of specific parameter(s) to vary, the amount/distribution of their variation, and the number and location of test structures that express such variation will be selected based upon the goals of the experiment, the involved process, and the availability of appropriate places (e.g., fill cell locations, tap cell locations, decap cell locations, scribe line areas, etc.) to instantiate the test structures. 
     Preferred embodiments of the invention utilize DOEs constructed from NCEM-enabled fill cells. In accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the invention, NCEM-enabled fill cells all have some common elements (e.g., height, supply rail configuration, and gate patterning that is consistent with standard cells in the library), then vary according to the measurement type (e.g., short, open, leakage, or resistance), layer(s) involved, and/or structure(s) to be evaluated/tested. Such NCEM-enabled fill cells also generally include a pad, configured to accelerate targeted NC evaluation by, for example, determining an associated NCEM from a small number of enlarged pixels (e.g., 10 or fewer), or without creating any image at all. Such pads can be formed from a variety of low-resistance materials and configured in a variety of shapes. 
     In certain preferred embodiments, such NCEM-enabled fill cells may additionally include two or more mask-patterned features that define a rectangular test area, such test area being characterized by two parameters (e.g., X/Y or r/θ dimensions). Additionally, for such NCEM-enabled fill cells, an expanded test area surrounds the cell&#39;s test area, the expanded test area being defined by a predetermined expansion of each boundary of the test area, or by predetermined proportionate expansion of the test area&#39;s area. Alternatively, in the case of cells designed to measure or characterize inter-layer effects, such test areas may be characterized as “test volumes,” with one or more additional parameter(s) characterizing the layers of the defining, mask-patterned features. 
     For fill cells designed to measure, detect, or characterize electrical short circuit behavior (so-called, “short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells”), the test area may represent an intended gap between two pattern-defined features that, in the absence of a manufacturing anomaly, would be electrically isolated. Alternatively, in such short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells, the test area may represent an overlap between two pattern-defined features that, in the absence of a manufacturing anomaly, would be electrically isolated. A single short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell may contain one or multiple test areas. In the case of a NCEM-enabled fill cell with multiple test areas, each of the cell&#39;s test areas is preferably wired in parallel, and each of the cell&#39;s test areas (and preferably each of its extended test areas, too) is identically or nearly identically configured. 
     Fill cells designed to measure, detect, or characterize electrical leakage behavior (so-called, “leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells”) typically resemble short-configured cells. Like the short-configured cells, such leakage-configured cells may include a test area that represents an intended gap between two pattern-defined features that, in ideality, should be electrically isolated, but in reality, inevitably exhibit some amount of leakage. Alternatively, in such leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells, the test area may represent an overlap between two pattern-defined features that, in ideality, would be electrically isolated, but in reality, inevitably exhibit some amount of leakage. A single leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell may contain one, but preferably contains multiple test areas. In the case of a cell with multiple test areas, each of the cell&#39;s test areas is preferably wired in parallel, and each of the cell&#39;s test areas (and preferably each of its extended test areas, too) is identically or nearly identically configured. 
     For fill cells designed to measure, detect, or characterize electrical open circuit behavior (so-called, “open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells”), the test area typically represents an intended overlap, or extension, between two pattern-defined features that, in the absence of a manufacturing anomaly, would be electrically connected. (It may also represent a single-layer pattern, such as a snake.) A single open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell may contain one or multiple test areas. In the case of multiple test areas, each of the cell&#39;s test areas is preferably connected in series, and each of the cell&#39;s test areas (and preferably each of the extended test areas, too) is identically or nearly identically configured. 
     Fill cells designed to measure, detect, or characterize electrical resistance behavior (so-called, “resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells”) typically resemble open-configured cells. Like the open-configured cells, such resistance-configured cells may include a test area that represents an intended overlap, or extension, between two pattern-defined features that, in ideality, would be connected by a nearly zero-resistance path, but in reality, inevitably produce a measurable level of resistance. (Such test area may also represent a single-layer pattern, such as a snake.) A single resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell may contain one, but preferably contains multiple test areas. In the case of multiple test areas, each of the cell&#39;s test areas is preferably connected in series, and each of the cell&#39;s test areas (and preferably each of the extended test areas, too) is identically or nearly identically configured. 
     DOEs, in accordance with such preferred embodiments, comprise a collection of substantially similarly configured NCEM-enabled fill cells, in a plurality of variants. Within a given DOE, such similarly configured fill cells would typically all be configured to measure, detect, or characterize the same behavior (e.g., gate-to-gate, or control-element-to-control-element, shorts, for example), in the same structural configuration (e.g., tip-to-tip, as per  FIG. 14 , for example). In single-parameter DOEs, the differences between variants may be limited to differences in the size, shape, or position of one of the features that defines the cells&#39; test area. In multi-parameter DOEs, the differences between variants may involve differences in two or more such parameters. And in more complex DOEs, the differences may involve other non-incremental changes (e.g., the presence or absence of certain features, or changes in nearby or underlying patterning), either alone or in combination with additional to single- or multi-parameter variations. 
     In the case of DOEs involving complex changes to nearby patterning, changes that lie within an expanded test area (an area that encompasses a predetermined expansion of the test area by, for example 50-200%, or more) and involve either the test area-defining layer(s) or any layers that overlap or lie immediately above or below the test area-defining layers, are preferably limited in number. Limiting the number of such changes to fewer than three, five, ten, twenty, or thirty “background pattern variants” facilitates analysis of data that the experiment produces. 
     Another way to characterize the degree of relevant patterning variation between DOE variants—in certain embodiments of the invention—involves the concept of a pattern similarity ratio (“PSR”), whose computation is pictorially depicted in  FIGS. 37-40  (and described later herein). In accordance with this aspect of the invention, for each variant in a DOE, there should exist another variant in the DOE that has a PSR of at least 0.90 (or preferably 0.95, or more preferably 0.97) for every test-area defining layer, and at least 0.75 (or preferably 0.85, or more preferably 0.90) for each layer that lies immediately below any of the test-area defining layer(s), when the expanded test areas are defined to be at least 150-200% of the corresponding test area sizes. 
     Another aspect of DOEs, in accordance with the preferred embodiments, is that they include multiple instances (e.g., 3, 5, 10, 20, 500, 100, 200, or 500+) of each NCEM-enabled fill cell variant. Furthermore, such variants are preferably distributed, either regularly or irregularly, throughout the space available for instantiation of fill cells. 
     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of tip-to-tip shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1298-1326 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1327-1405 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1413-1461 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1462-1548 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1549-1556 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 tip-to-tip shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].   Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of tip-to-side shorts, including but not limited to:   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 45 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AA tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, 49, 50, and 1084-1119 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS-GATECNT tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1239-1263 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1201-1238 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1120-1149 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, 1150-1188 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1264-1297 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 tip-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of side-to-side shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 786-804 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 833-859 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 886-903 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 860-872 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, 47A-C, and 873-885 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 904-928 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 929-936 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 side-to-side shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of L-shape interlayer shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AA-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-TS L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AA L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-TS L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AA L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-TS L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATE L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-AACNT L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-GATECNT L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-V0 L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1-L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-V1 L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-M2 L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 L-shape interlayer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of diagonal shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AACNT diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, 43, and 495-554 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, 43, and 555-632 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 diagonal shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of corner shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-TS corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AA corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, 43, and 263-286 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, 43, and 416-494 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 corner shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of interlayer-overlap shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AA interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, 43, and 692-734 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AACNT interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, 43, and 633-691 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-TS interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-TS interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AA interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AA interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-TS interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATE interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-GATECNT interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-AACNT interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-V0 interlayer overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-M1-interlayer-overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-V1-interlayer-overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-M2-interlayer-overlap shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of via-chamfer shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT via chamfer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT via chamfer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, 43, and 52-256 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 via chamfer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 via chamfer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/step for enabling NC detection of V3-M3 via chamfer shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, 43, and 257-262 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of merged-via shorts, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 merged via shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 29, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 merged via shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 29, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 merged via shorts [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 29, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of snake opens, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, 43, and 1041-1048 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, 43, 44, and 1049-1066 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0-AACNT snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, 43, and 1067-1071 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 snake opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of stitch opens, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, 43, and 1072-1083 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 stitch opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of via opens, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-TS via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1629-1673 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1557-1628 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS-AA via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2315-2330 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, 48, and 1699-2005 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1674-1682 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT-GATE via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1683-1698 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2375-2439 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AA via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2331-2344 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-TS via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2345-2374 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATE via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2440-2441 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2006-2220 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2442-2459 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M2 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2221-2256 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-GATECNT via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M3 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2257-2274 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-AANCT via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection V3 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2460-2461 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M4-V3 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2275-2296 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M5-V4 via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2297-2314 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of metal island opens, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 metal island opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 34-35, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 metal island opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 34-35, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 metal island opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 34-35, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of merged-via opens, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, 43, and 735-785 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 merged via opens [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of tip-to-tip leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1298-1326 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1327-1405 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1413-1461 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1462-1548 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, 43, and 1549-1556 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 tip-to-tip leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 14-15, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of tip-to-side leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 45 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AA tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, 49, 50, and 1084-1119 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS-GATECNT tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1239-1263 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1201-1238 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1120-1149 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, 1150-1188 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, 43, and 1264-1297 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 tip-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 16, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of side-to-side leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 786-804 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 833-859 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 886-903 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 860-872 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, 47A-C, and 873-885 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 904-928 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, 43, and 929-936 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 side-to-side leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 17, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of L-shape interlayer leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AA-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-TS L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AA L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-TS L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AA L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-TS L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATE L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-AACNT L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-GATECNT L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-V0 L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1-L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-V1 L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-M2 L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 L-shape interlayer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 18-22, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of diagonal leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AACNT diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, 43, and 495-554 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, 43, and 555-632 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 diagonal leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 23, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of corner leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-TS corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AA corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, 43, and 263-286 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, 43, and 416-494 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-V1 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-V2 corner leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 24-26, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of interlayer-overlap leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AA interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, 43, and 692-734 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-AACNT interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, 43, and 633-691 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE-TS interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-TS interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AA interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AA interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-TS interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATE interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-GATECNT interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-AACNT interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-V0 interlayer overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2-M1-interlayer-overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-V1-interlayer-overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3-M2-interlayer-overlap leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 27, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of via-chamfer leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT via chamfer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT via chamfer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, 43, and 52-256 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 via chamfer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 via chamfer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V3-M3 via chamfer leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 28, 41, 43, and 257-262 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of merged-via leakages, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 merged via leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 29, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 merged via leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 29, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 merged via leakages [see Parent FIGS. 10-11, 29, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of snake resistances, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATE snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, 43, and 1041-1048 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, 43, 44, and 1049-1066 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0-AACNT snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, 43, and 1067-1071 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 snake resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 30, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of stitch resistances, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AA stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, 43, and 1072-1083 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 stitch resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 31-32, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of via resistances, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-TS via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1629-1673 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of AACNT-AA via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1557-1628 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of TS-AA via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2315-2330 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-GATE via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, 48, and 1699-2005 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1674-1682 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of GATECNT-AACNT-GATE via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 1683-1698 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2375-2439 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AA via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2331-2344 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-TS via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2345-2374 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATE via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2440-2441 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-V0 resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2006-2220 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2442-2459 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M2 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2221-2256 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-GATECNT via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M3 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2257-2274 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1-AANCT via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection V3 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2460-2461 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M4-V3 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2275-2296 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M5-V4 via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 33, 41, 43, and 2297-2314 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of metal island resistances, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of M1 metal island resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 34-35, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M2 metal island resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 34-35, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of M3 metal island resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 34-35, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     Still further aspects of the invention relate to wafers, chips, and processes for making them that include/utilize DOEs based on means/steps for enabling NC detection of merged-via resistances, including but not limited to:
         means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-GATECNT merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0 merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, 43, and 735-785 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V0-AACNT merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1 merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2 merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts];   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V1-M1 merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts]; and,   means/steps for enabling NC detection of V2-M2 merged via resistances [see Parent FIGS. 12-13, 36, 41, and 43 for corresponding § 112(f) structure/acts].       

     As claimed in this and related applications, an integrated circuit (IC) may include a plurality of patterned layers—e.g., a source/drain (AA) layer, a gate (GATE) layer, a source/drain silicide (TS) layer, a source/drain contact (AACNT) layer—and a contiguous standard cell area that comprises or consists essentially of a mix of at least one thousand logic cells and fill cells, placed into at least twenty adjacent rows, with at least twenty cells placed side-by-side in each row, where the improvement comprises: first TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, said first test area geometry including one or more TS features and one or more GATE features arranged to enable non-contact (NC) evaluation of unintended shorts or leakages between the TS and GATE features; second TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, different from the first test area geometry, but also disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, said second test area geometry including one or more TS features and one or more GATE features arranged to enable NC evaluation of unintended shorts or leakages between the TS and GATE features; and third TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, different from the first and second test area geometries, but also disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, said third test area geometry including one or more TS features and one or more GATE features arranged to enable NC evaluation of unintended shorts or leakages between the TS and GATE features. In some embodiments, the IC may further include: fourth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, different from the first, second, and third test area geometries, but also disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, said fourth test area geometry including one or more TS features and one or more GATE features arranged to enable NC evaluation of unintended shorts or leakages between the TS and GATE features; and fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, different from the first, second, third, and fourth test area geometries, but also disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, said fifth test area geometry including one or more TS features and one or more GATE features arranged to enable NC evaluation of unintended shorts or leakages between the TS and GATE features. In some embodiments, the IC may further include additional test area geometry, also disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, and such test geometry may be in the tip-to-tip-short, tip-to-side-short, diagonal-short, corner-short, interlayer-overlap-short, via-chamfer-short, merged-via-short, snake-open, stitch-open, via-open, or metal-island-open form. In some embodiments, at least some of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometries are instantiated at fill cell positions within the contiguous standard cell area. In some embodiments, each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometries are instantiated at fill cell positions within the contiguous standard cell area. In some embodiments, at least some of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometries are instantiated at decap cell positions within the contiguous standard cell area. In some embodiments, at least some of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometries are instantiated at tap cell positions within the contiguous standard cell area. In some embodiments, the contiguous standard cell area is patterned with standard patterning that includes GATE stripes spaced at a minimum contacted poly pitch. In some embodiments, the standard patterning further includes elongated supply rails that extend in a direction perpendicular to the GATE stripes. In some embodiments, the standard patterning appears in essentially all of the cells within the contiguous standard cell area. In some embodiments, the standard patterning appears in all of the cells within the contiguous standard cell area, including both logic cells and fill cells. In some embodiments, the IC may include: at least three, five, ten, one-hundred, or five-hundred instances of the first TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, disposed within the contiguous standard cell area; at least three, five, ten, one-hundred, or five-hundred instances of the second TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, disposed within the contiguous standard cell area; at least three, five, ten, one-hundred, or five-hundred instances of the third TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, disposed within the contiguous standard cell area; at least three, five, ten, one-hundred, or five-hundred instances of the fourth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, disposed within the contiguous standard cell area; and/or at least three, five, ten, one-hundred, or five-hundred instances of the fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, disposed within the contiguous standard cell area. In some embodiments, the IC may include at least ten, twenty, or thirty variants of TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry, each variant different from the other variants, each variant disposed within the contiguous standard cell area, and each variant including one or more TS features and one or more GATE features arranged to enable NC evaluation of unintended shorts or leakages between the TS and GATE features. In some embodiments, the IC may include: first pad/ground wiring that (i) connects one portion of the first TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a pad and (ii) connects another portion of the first TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a permanent or virtual ground; second pad/ground wiring that (i) connects one portion of the second TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a pad and (ii) connects another portion of the second TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a permanent or virtual ground; third pad/ground wiring that (i) connects one portion of the third TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a pad and (ii) connects another portion of the third TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a permanent or virtual ground; fourth pad/ground wiring that (i) connects one portion of the fourth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a pad and (ii) connects another portion of the fourth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a permanent or virtual ground; and/or fifth pad/ground wiring that (i) connects one portion of the fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a pad and (ii) connects another portion of the fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometry to a permanent or virtual ground. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, and/or fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometries are each contained within corresponding TS-GATE-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, and and/or fifth TS-GATE-short-configured test area geometries are derived from NCEM-enabled fill cells, selected from a list that consists of: a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL4_9S120_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL6_9S120_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S120_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL16_9S120_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL32_9S120_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL64_9S120_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type B_PDF_VCI_FILL6_11S100_01_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type B_PDF_VCI_FILL9_11S100_01_2; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type B_PDF_VCI_FILL12_11S100_01_3; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type B_PDF_VCI_FILL24_11S100_01_4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type B_PDF_VCI_FILL48_11S100_01_5; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type B_PDF_VCI_FILL72_11S100_01_6; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type D_PDF_VCI_VFILL4_12S01_0038_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type E_PDF_VCI_FILL8_17S1_0010_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL16_24S1_0052_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL16_24S1_0051_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL16_24S1_0050_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL16_24S1_0049_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0012_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0011_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0010_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0009_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL08_24S1_0009_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL16_24S1_0049_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0012_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0011_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0010_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL64_24S1_0009_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL08_24S1_0009_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL08_24S1_0008_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL08_24S1_0006_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL08_24S1_0007_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL32_24S1_0009_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL32_24S1_0008_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL32_24S1_0007_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL32_24S1_0006_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL04_24S2_0004_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL04_24S2_0003_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type a F_PDF_VCI_FILL04_24S2_0002_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL04_24S2_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL06_24S2_0004_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL06_24S2_0003_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL06_24S2_0002_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type F_PDF_VCI_FILL06_24S2_0001_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_300015C_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_300055C_05; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_300095C_09; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_3000D5C_13; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type H_PDF_VCI_V16_14S1_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type H_PDF_VCI_V16_14S1_02; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type H_PDF_VCI_V16_14S1_03; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type H_PDF_VCI_V16_14S1_04; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL08_19S20001E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL12_19S20002E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL16_19S20003E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL08_19S20004E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL12_19S20005E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL16_19S20006E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL08_19S20007E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL12_19S20008E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL16_19S20009E4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL08_19S2000AE4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL12_19S2000BE4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL16_19S2000CE4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300011B1_001; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL12_19S2000BE4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL16_19S2000CE4; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300011B1_001; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300051B1_005; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300091B1_009; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S3000DB1_013; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300111B1_017; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300151B1_021; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S300191B1_025; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S3001DB1_029; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30001AD_001; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30014AD_020; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30028AD_040; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30001AE_001; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30014AE_020; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30028AE_040; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30001AF_001; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30014AF_020; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30028AF_040; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type J_PDF_VCI_FILL4_3_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type J_PDF_VCI_FILL8_58_1; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000131_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000231_02; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000331_03; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000431_04; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000531_05; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000631_06; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000133_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000933_09; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3001133_17; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000131_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000231_02; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000331_03; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000431_04; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000531_05; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000631_06; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000133_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3000933_09; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3001133_17; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3001933_25; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3001D33_29; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_M_PDF_VCI_3002133_33; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type M_V54B_PDF_VCI_3000131_01; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type M_V54B_PDF_VCI_3000231_02; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type M_V54B_PDF_VCI_3000331_03; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type M_V54B_PDF_VCI_3000431_04; a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type M_V54B_PDF_VCI_3000531_05; and a NCEM-enabled fill cell of type M_V54B_PDF_VCI_3000631_06. In some embodiments, the IC may further include additional, differently configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells, said differently configured fill cells selected from a list that consists of: tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; tip-to-tip-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; tip-to-side-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; side-to-side-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; L-shape-interlayer-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; diagonal-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; corner-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; interlayer-overlap-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; via-chamfer-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; merged-via-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; merged-via-leakage-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; snake-resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; stitch-resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; via-resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; metal-island-resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and/or merged-via-resistance-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       To provide a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and features and advantages thereof, reference is made to the following set of figures, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description, in which:
         [Note regarding the figures in this application: Those figures numbered  52 [A,B,C],  53 [A,B], et seq. are to-scale layouts of the exemplified cells. While certain detail in these layouts may be difficult to see on the application or patent as published, persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the SCORE tab in USPTO&#39;s Public PAIR system provides access to the applicant&#39;s PDF drawings, as originally uploaded, which can be electronically downloaded and blown up to reveal any level of desired detail.]       

         FIG. 1  depicts an outline of illustrative fill cells, suitable for use in connection certain embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts an exemplary standard cell logic section with (shaded) NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths; 
         FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary standard cell logic section with a row (or portion thereof) that contains NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths; 
         FIG. 4  depicts an exemplary standard cell logic section with a test block area (lower right portion) populated with NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths; 
         FIG. 5  depicts an exemplary portion of a test chip/wafer comprised of NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths; 
         FIG. 6  conceptually depicts a portion of an exemplary chip/wafer in which a region comprised only (or almost only) of NCEM-enabled fill cells is positioned between two or more standard cell regions; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a cross-sectional, topological view of a monolithic IC structure; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a physical layer stack for an exemplary CMOS process; 
         FIGS. 9A-9F  depict several illustrative designs for a NCEM-enabled pad, suitable for use in connection with certain embodiments of the invention; 
         FIGS. 10-11 , in conjunction with the description below, depict the overall physical structure and connectivity of short-configured (and/or leakage-configured), NCEM-enabled fill cells in accordance with certain aspects of the invention; 
         FIGS. 12-13 , in conjunction with the description below, depict the overall physical structure and connectivity of open-configured (and/or resistance-configured), NCEM-enabled fill cells in accordance with certain aspects of the invention; 
         FIG. 14  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 15  depicts another plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 16  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 17  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 18  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 19  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 20  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 21  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 22  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 23  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 24  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 25  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 26  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 27  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 28  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 29  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary merged-via-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 30  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 31  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 32  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for another exemplary stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 33  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 34  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 35  depicts a cross-sectional view of exemplary test area geometry for the exemplary metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 36  depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for an exemplary merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 37  shows exemplary expanded test area geometry from a 1 st  variant of a NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 38  shows exemplary expanded test area geometry from a 2 nd  variant of a NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 39  shows the logical AND of patterning within both expanded test areas (of  FIGS. 37 &amp; 38 ); 
         FIG. 40  shows the logical OR of patterning within both expanded test areas (of  FIGS. 37 &amp; 38 ); 
         FIG. 41  depicts an exemplary process flow, suitable for use in connection with certain embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 42  depicts an exemplary process flow for obtaining and (optionally) using measurements from mesh-style NCEM pads; 
         FIG. 43  depicts another exemplary process flow, suitable for use in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 44  depicts a plan view of an exemplary M1-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIG. 45  depicts a plan view of an exemplary AACNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell; 
         FIGS. 46A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary TS-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_01; 
         FIGS. 47A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_05; 
         FIGS. 48A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_08; 
         FIGS. 49A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_11; 
         FIGS. 50A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_12; 
         FIG. 51  contains a layer legend for  FIGS. 52A-C ,  53 A-B,  54 A-C, etc., which follow; 
         FIGS. 52A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary V0-AACNT-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S117_0009_1; 
         FIGS. 53A-B  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) M3, V3, M4, V4, and M5 layers—of an exemplary V3-M3-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_B_PDF_VCI_10001F6_01; 
         FIGS. 54A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AA-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_E_PDF_VCI_2000180_01; 
         FIGS. 55A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-TS-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S108_0003_1; 
         FIGS. 56A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S113_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 57A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type D_PDF_VCI_VFILL4_12S01_0109_1; 
         FIGS. 58A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S102_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 59A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-GATE-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S104_0003_1; 
         FIGS. 60A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-AA-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type D_PDF_VCI_VFILL4_12S01_0113_1; 
         FIGS. 61A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary V0-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S117_0003_1; 
         FIGS. 62A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S117_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 63A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682 PDF_VCI_08_2000171_01; 
         FIGS. 64A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682_PDF_VCI_16_2000106_01; 
         FIGS. 65A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_3000134_01; 
         FIGS. 66A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_4000160_01; 
         FIGS. 67A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000134_01; 
         FIGS. 68A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S114_0002_1; 
         FIGS. 69A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-V0-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S122_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 70A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary TS-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL4_9S120_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 71A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682_PDF_VCI_16_2000168_01; 
         FIGS. 72A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S114_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 73A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-V0-AACNT-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S30001BB_001; 
         FIGS. 74A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S116_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 75A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL6_9S109_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 76A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type D_PDF_VCI_VFILL4_12S01_0101_1; 
         FIGS. 77A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_300013E_01; 
         FIGS. 78A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-TS-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_2000104_01; 
         FIGS. 79A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-GATE-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_2000181_01; 
         FIGS. 80A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-TS-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_V421_VCI_20S10001FE_001; 
         FIGS. 81A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S115_0003_1; 
         FIGS. 82A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AA-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL4_9S110_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 83A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL6_9S103_0002_1; 
         FIGS. 84A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-TS-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_30001F2_01; 
         FIGS. 85A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S118_0003_1; 
         FIGS. 86A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S101_0002_1; 
         FIGS. 87A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL12_19S200019E; 
         FIGS. 88A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-AA-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682_PDF_VCI_08_10001F5_01; 
         FIGS. 89A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary AACNT-TS-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type D_PDF_VCI_VFILLE_12S02_0053_1; 
         FIGS. 90A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_30001FC_01; 
         FIGS. 91A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-GATE-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S112_0001_1; 
         FIGS. 92A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-GATE-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type A_PDF_VCI_FILL8_9S101_0004_1; 
         FIGS. 93A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary M1-V0-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682_PDF_VCI_08_2000156_01; 
         FIGS. 94A-B  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) V0, M1, V1, and M2 layers—of an exemplary M2-V1-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_2000176_01; 
         FIGS. 95A-B  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) V1, M2, V2, and M3 layers—of an exemplary M3-V2-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_200017C_01; 
         FIGS. 96A-B  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) M3, V3, M4, V4, and M5 layers—of an exemplary M4-V3-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_2000180_01; 
         FIGS. 97A-B  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) M3, V3, M4, V4, and M5 layers—of an exemplary M5-V4-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_200018A_01; 
         FIGS. 98A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary TS-AA-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type G_V931_PDF_VCI_2000194_01; 
         FIGS. 99A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary V0-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type I_PDF_VCI_FILL08_19S2000194; 
         FIGS. 100A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary V0-AACNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682_PDF_VCI_08_2000124_01; 
         FIGS. 101A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, and M1 layers—of an exemplary V0-GATECNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type C_V682_PDF_VCI_08_2000136_01; 
         FIGS. 102A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, M1, V1, and M2 layers—of an exemplary V1-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000152_01; 
         FIGS. 103A-C  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0, M1, V1, and M2 layers—of an exemplary V1-M1-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type L_V54C_E_PDF_VCI_10001F9_01; 
         FIGS. 104A-B  respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) M3, V3, M4, V4, and M5 layers—of an exemplary V3-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type K_V549_PDF_VCI_3000154_01; 
         FIG. 105 , from the &#39;841 application, depicts the prior-art “step and scan” and “swathing” techniques; 
         FIG. 106 , from the &#39;841 application, depicts a beam scanning/shaping apparatus; 
         FIG. 107 , from the &#39;841 application, shows examples of the beam shapes that can be realized using the column of  FIG. 106 ; 
         FIG. 108 , from the &#39;841 application, depicts an exemplary semiconductor wafer that is typically circular and broken up into identical dies, and further depicts an example case where all of the test structures are located in the scribe areas of the die; 
         FIG. 109 , from the &#39;841 application, illustrates a series of test structures laid out with their pads in a column, where a spot of the electron beam scans over the pads by the relative motion of the wafer to the spot; 
         FIG. 110 , from the &#39;841 application, shows an illustration of an electron spot shaped in a non-circular manner to match the size and shape of the pad, so as to maximize the electron current that is delivered to the pad; 
         FIG. 111 , from the &#39;841 application, shows another illustration of pad shapes being sized according to the amount of charge that needs to be delivered to the test structures, wherein test structures needing more charge have longer pads along the scanning direction of the beam to increase the beam dwell time on the pad; 
         FIG. 112 , from the &#39;841 application, depicts a scenario in which the beam moves fast if there is a long stretch with no pads to charge, but with constant velocity and slower in populated regions to allow more charging of the pads of the test structures; 
         FIG. 113 , from the &#39;841 application, shows test structures laid out on either sides of the pads, which allows a larger number of test structures to be scanned with a single pass of the beam on the wafer; 
         FIG. 114 , from the &#39;841 application, shows how solid pads may be split into finer lines or alternate shapes so that their layout will be compatible with the design rules of the semiconductor process; 
         FIG. 115 , from the &#39;841 application, depicts a VC DUT with size and shape to accommodate non-circular incident e-beams for readout in a single spot measurement, with a pad group designed with only alternating lines connected the DUT, and the remaining lines of pad connected to floating or ground such that their polarity is opposite to that of the functioning DUT. For a functioning DUT, the pad lines will appear as alternating bright/dark, whereas for a non-functioning DUT (i.e. one that has failed), pads are all bright or all dark. The advantage here is that the “net” gray level for all non-defective DUTs is effectively always the same, and the image computer can use the same thresholds for the detection of all defective DUTs. This simplifies the software algorithm and the hardware of the image computer; 
         FIG. 116 , from the &#39;841 application, conceptually illustrates one embodiment of a VC DUT in accordance with certain aspects of the invention. Pads are read off by using a large spot size e-beam tool, either by a single pixel measurement (i.e., single analog readout) or N analog values at same location (i.e., N-sample digital-averaging could be used to improve SNR). The beam and pad are designed to have more or less the same footprint. In this case, the X/Y aspect ratio  ˜ 1. Beam is square shaped to match the pad, but could also be circular with similar size. Pictograph shows four pads, but the invention applies to one or multiple pads equivalently; 
         FIG. 117 , from the &#39;841 application, conceptually illustrates another embodiment of a VC DUT in accordance with certain aspects of the invention. Pads are read off by using a large spot size e-beam tool, either by a single pixel measurement (i.e., single analog readout) or N analog values at same location (i.e., N-sample digital-averaging could be used to improve SNR). Overall, pad and beam have similar footprint on wafer. However, to accommodate a non-symmetric beam (X/Y aspect ratio &gt;3) while meeting semiconductor layout design rules, the pad is split into array of narrow horizontal lines. Pictograph shows one pad, but the invention applies to one or multiple pads equivalently; and, 
         FIG. 118 , from the &#39;841 application, conceptually illustrates another embodiment of a VC DUT in accordance with certain aspects of the invention. Pads are optimized for line-shaped beam. X/Y Aspect ratio of pads and beam is greater than 3. Pads are read off like a bar-code scanner, with the polarity of each pad being read off in fewer than 10 pixels. Pictograph shows four pads, but the invention applies to one or multiple pads equivalently. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY/PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S) 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 1 , which depicts an outline of illustrative fill cells suitable for use in connection certain embodiments of the invention, such fill cells are typically provided in a uniform height and various widths, traditionally multiples of the minimum contacted poly pitch (CPP) permitted by the fabrication process.  FIG. 1  includes fill cells of width 4 CPP, 8 CPP, 16 CPP, 32 CPP, and 64 CPP, but any collection of widths—or just a single width—is possible. Furthermore, certain embodiments of the invention may include double or triple height fill cells, as well. As persons skilled in the art will appreciate, traditional fill cells include certain features necessary for compatibility with the logic cells used to form circuits on the chip. Such necessary features include a height that is consistent with logic cells in the library (or an integer multiple of that height), as well as power/ground rails that extend horizontally across the fill cells (traditionally, though not necessarily, at the top and bottom of each cell). Such necessary features are preferably maintained in the NCEM-enabled fill cells used in connection with the present invention. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 , which depicts an exemplary standard cell logic section with (shaded) NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths. As depicted, the NCEM-enabled fill cells are preferably instantiated wherever a traditional fill cell would otherwise be placed. However, the invention places no restriction on the distribution of such NCEM-enabled fill cells. While they would typically appear in each standard cell row, they need not. The fill cell placement can be regular, semi-regular (e.g., at least one fill cell every X nm, or every Y cells), or irregular. Two fill cells can be adjacent to each other. There may be some double height (or greater) fill cells. And the logic section may include both NCEM-enabled as well as other types of fill cells. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 3 , which depicts an exemplary standard cell logic section with a row (or portion thereof) that contains NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths. As depicted, certain embodiments of the invention may include complete row(s), or contiguous portion(s) thereof, populated entirely with NCEM-enabled fill cells. Such row(s) may include fill cells of varying or fixed widths, and such row(s) may be adjacent or separated, and may be distributed regularly, semi-regularly or irregularly throughout the logic section. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4 , which depicts an exemplary standard cell logic section with a test block area (lower right portion) populated with NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths. Such test block section(s) need not be entirely contiguous, need not be generally rectangular or square, may include fill cells of a single width or multiple widths, and one or multiple heights. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 5 , which depicts an exemplary portion of a test chip/wafer comprised of NCEM-enabled fill cells, of various widths. Such test vehicles may comprise a die, a chip, a wafer, or a portion of any of these. Such test vehicles need not be entirely contiguous, may have any overall shape, and may include fill cells of a single width or multiple widths, and one or multiple heights. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 6 , which conceptually depicts a portion of an exemplary chip/die/wafer with a region comprised only (or almost only) of NCEM-enabled fill cells positioned between two or more standard cell regions (such as those of  FIGS. 2-5 ). As persons skilled in the art will appreciate,  FIG. 6  illustrates how various embodiments of the invention may instantiate/distribute the inventive NCEM-enabled fill cells (and DOEs based on them) in any manner whatsoever, and that the distribution patterns—both regular and irregular—may vary throughout different regions of a chip or wafer. 
     As persons skilled in the art will appreciate, the configurations of  FIGS. 2-5 and 6  are mere examples of many available possibilities, and are not intended to be limiting or exhaustive. Furthermore, such skilled persons will appreciate that any given die, chip or wafer may include a combination of these and/or other possible configurations. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 7 , which depicts cross-sectional, topological view of a monolithic IC structure to which the invention may be applied. This topological view depicts—from bottom to top—three vertically defined portions: (i) substrate; (ii) connector stack; and (iii) interconnect stack. 
     The substrate preferably comprises a wafer, die, or other portion of monocrystalline silicon, or another substrate suitable for forming semiconductor devices, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI), Ge, C, GaAs, InP, GaInAs, AlAs, GaSb, (Ga,Mn)As, GaP, GaN, InAS, SiGe, SiSn, CdSe, CdTe, CdHgTe, ZnS, SiC, etc. Generally speaking, the substrate represents the object to which manufacturing steps (e.g., deposition, masking, etching, implantation) are initially applied, and is the object within which, or upon which, switching devices (e.g., FETs, bipolar transistors, photodiodes, magnetic devices, etc.) or storage devices (e.g., charged oxides, capacitors, phase change memories, etc.) are built. 
     The connector stack is a collection of multiple layers, generally formed on top of the substrate, that supports localized connections between devices in, or on, the substrate, and/or connections to wires in an interconnect stack located above. The layers that make up the connector stack need not be strictly “stacked”; some can be partially or fully co-planar. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , which depicts a physical view of an exemplary CMOS layer stack, the source/drain contact and gate contact layers are partially co-planar because they share vertical extent, but on the bottom, the source/drain contact layer extends below the bottom of the gate contact layer, and on the top, the gate contact layer extends above the top of the source/drain contact layer. An example of full co-planarity would be where these two layers had identical vertical extent. 
     The connector stack supports various types of “connectors” and “jumpers,” as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . These illustrative connectors and jumpers are not intended to represent individual physical layers, but rather conductive pathways that connect the identified elements. As persons skilled in the art will appreciate, each connector or jumper can be implemented using one or more manufactured “layers,” where some layers may appear as parts of multiple types of connectors/jumpers. 
       FIG. 7 . specifically illustrates the following connectors/jumpers: 
     Control element connector:
         A conductive pathway between (i) one or more control elements and (ii) a wire in the first (e.g., m 1 ) layer of the interconnect stack. Control element connectors will also contact any interconnect jumpers, substrate connectors, or control element jumpers that they cross.       

     Substrate connector:
         A conductive pathway between (i) a portion of the substrate and (ii) a wire in the first layer of the interconnect stack. Substrate connectors will also contact any interconnect jumpers, substrate jumpers, control element connectors, or control element jumpers that they cross.       

     Substrate jumper:
         A conductive pathway between two portions of the substrate that would not be connected without the substrate jumper. Substrate jumpers will also contact any substrate connectors—but not interconnect jumpers—that they cross.       

     Interconnect jumper:
         A conductive pathway between two wires in the first interconnect layer that would not be connected without the interconnect jumper. Interconnect jumpers will also contact any substrate connectors or control element connectors that they cross.       

     Control element jumper:
         A conductive pathway between two control elements. Control element jumpers will also contact any control elements, control element connectors, or substrate connectors that they cross.       

     Non-adjacent control element jumper, not depicted in  FIG. 7 , but defined as follows:
         A conductive pathway between two control elements. Non-adjacent control element jumpers can pass over other control elements without contacting them. Non-adjacent control element jumpers will contact any control element connectors or substrate connectors that they cross.       

     Above the connector stack lies the interconnect stack. The interconnect stack is comprised of conductive wiring layers (labeled “m 1 ,” “m 2 ,” etc.—that need only be conductive, not necessarily metallic) with conductive vias (labeled “v 1 ,” “v 2 ,” etc.) that connect adjacent wiring layers. While three wiring layers are shown in  FIGS. 7-8 , it is understood that this number could vary from one to ten or more. Furthermore, while the vias and wiring layers in  FIGS. 7-8  are shown as non-overlapping, it is possible for vias to extend into one or both of the wiring layers that they connect, or traverse more than two wiring layers. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 8 , which depicts a (simplified) layer stack for an exemplary CMOS process, with the correspondence between major regions—substrate, connector stack, interconnect stack—and process layers indicated on the drawing. As depicted in  FIG. 8 , the substrate hosts the source(s)/drain(s) of the FETs, the device isolation trenches (STI), and a lower portion of the gate(s). The connector stack implements the upper portions of the gate(s), the source/drain silicide(s), source/drain contact(s), gate contact(s), and via(s) to the interconnect stack. The interconnect stack contains multiple wiring (m 1 , m 2 , . . . ) layers, with vias (v 1 , v 2 , . . . ) between adjacent wiring layers. 
     The vendor-independent layers of  FIG. 8  can be readily mapped to those of commercial CMOS processes, such as GlobalFoundries (“GF”) (see U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. US2014/0302660A1 and US2015/0170735A1 re the “GF layers”) or Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (“TSMC”) (see U.S. Pat. Pub. No. US2014/0210014A1 re the “TSMC layers”). Below is an exemplary mapping: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FIG. 8 layer 
                 GF layer 
                 TSMC layer 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 gate (GATE) 
                 PC 
                 PO 
               
               
                   
                 source/drain (AA) 
                 RX 
                 OD 
               
               
                   
                 source/drain silicide (TS) 
                 TS 
                 M0_OD1 
               
               
                   
                 gate contact (GATECNT) 
                 CB 
                 M0_PO 
               
               
                   
                 source/drain contact (AACNT) 
                 CA 
                 M0_OD2 
               
               
                   
                 via to interconnect stack (V0)  
                 V0 
                 Via0 
               
               
                   
                 first wiring layer (M1) 
                 M1 
                 M1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Indicated in parentheses are the names used to label these layers in  FIGS. 44, 45 , et seq. of this application. Persons skilled in the art will realize that these represent a minority of the many layers/masks/etc. used in the fabrication of modern devices. Nevertheless, these are believed to be the layers most relevant to enabling a skilled artisan to make and use the invention, and are the layers traditionally depicted in patent drawings of semiconductor structures (as shown, for example, by the cited GF and TSMC applications). In certain instances, additional layers may be added to depictions of selected NCEM-enabled fill cells. 
     Persons skilled in the art will also understand that most of the above layers can—and often are—rendered in multiple patterning steps. Typically, in this application, the drawings will combine all exposures into a single depicted layer (e.g., M1=M1E1+M1E2, or M1E1+M1E2+M1E3). In most cases, such details are irrelevant to the operation of the invention, and are determined largely by requirements of the fabrication process. In certain cases (e.g., an M1-M1-stitch-overlap-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell), some potentially relevant detail(s) may be obscured by the exposure merging; however, such obscured detail(s) will nonetheless be readily apparent to the skilled artisan (by, for example, the fact that the named structure, e.g., M1-M1-stitch-overlap-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell, must contain at least one overlap test region, as per  FIG. 32 , that is rendered in different exposures of M1, and located on the M1 path between the NCEM pad and ground). 
     Furthermore, short-configured cells can exist in both “same color” and “different color” varieties. For example, in a process that uses multi-patterned M1, the M1-tip-to-tip-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells would come in two varieties: M1-tip-to-tip-same-color-short-configured cells, as well as M1-tip-to-tip-different-color-short-configured cells. The same applies to other short configurations, such as side-to-side, diagonal, etc. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 9A-9E , which depict several illustrative designs for a NCEM pad, suitable for use in connection with embodiments of the invention. Additional NCEM pads are disclosed in the incorporated &#39;841 application.  FIG. 9A  shows a simple, solid conductive pad, typically, though not necessarily, formed in M1.  FIGS. 9B-9D and 9F  depict several options for a non-solid, segmented, single-conductor pad. (As persons skilled in the art will appreciate, the variety of shapes for such pads is endless.)  FIG. 9E  depicts an example of a presently preferred, multi-conductor, mesh-style pad. Applicants&#39; experimentation has revealed that these mesh-style pad designs—which are more space efficient and design rule friendly than single conductor pads—still produce a usable NCEM, particularly if sampled at low resolution, as taught in the incorporated &#39;841 application. Parent FIGS. 9G-9IIII depict additional embodiments of mesh pad structures. As persons skilled in the art will appreciate, these structures can be rendered in any size (e.g., 2×2, 2×3, 3×2, 3×3, etc.), and not just the specifically depicted 10×9 and 5×2 examples. 
     Design of the NCEM-Enabled Fill Cells: 
     Such fill cells preferably have certain common elements (e.g., height, supply rails, and GATE pitch (CPP) that is consistent with standard cells in the library), then vary according to the measurement type, layer(s) involved, and structure(s) to be evaluated/tested. NCEM-enabled fill cells come in two basic types: short[/leakage] and open[/resistance]. Relevant layers typically involve either a single process layer (e.g., GATE-to-GATE) or two process layers (e.g. GATECNT-to-GATE). Structural configurations are many, and include a set of standard structures (e.g., tip-to-tip, tip-to-side, side-to-side, etc.), as well as reference or ad hoc structures. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 10-11 , the general structure of a short[/leakage]-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell preferably includes four overlaid components: (i) “standard” patterning; (ii) a NCEM pad; (iii) “test gap” patterning; and (iv) pad/ground wiring. Standard patterning is that which appears in essentially all of the standard library cells, such as supply rails, and sometimes minimum contacted poly pitch (CPP) spaced rail-to-rail GATE stripes, etc. The NCEM pads can take a variety of shapes/patterns, as is non-exhaustively exemplified in  FIGS. 9A-9F  and Parent FIGS. 9G-9IIII. The standard structures used for test gap patterning are depicted in  FIGS. 14-30 , and may include tip-to-tip, tip-to-side, side-to-side, etc. (Note that a single, short-configured NCEM-enabled fill cell may include more than one test gap, with all gaps preferably wired in parallel via the pad/ground wiring; an example with multiple test gaps appears in  FIG. 45 ). The pad/ground wiring comprises low-resistance wiring from one side of the test gap(s) to the pad, and from the other side of the test gap(s) to a permanent or virtual ground. Points of effective ground include either supply rail, as well as any electrical structure that can conduct to the substrate under appropriate e-beam charging conditions (e.g., a p+ diode to NWELL that becomes positively charged during e-beam measurement). Virtual grounding can be accomplished by connecting to a node with sufficient capacitance to avoid discharge during e-beam measurement, and thus act as a source and/or sink for electrons during the measurement. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 12-13 , the general structure of an open[/resistance]-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell preferably includes four overlaid components: (i) “standard” patterning; (ii) a NCEM pad; (iii) “test area” patterning; and (iv) pad/ground wiring. As with the shorts, standard patterning is that which appears in essentially all of the standard library cells, such as supply rails, etc. Similarly, the NCEM pads can take a variety of shapes/patterns, as is non-exhaustively exemplified in  FIGS. 9A-9F  and Parent FIGS. 9G-9IIII. Standard structures used for test structure patterning are depicted in  FIGS. 28-36 , and may include snake, overlap, stitch, etc. As with the shorts, the pad/ground wiring for opens comprises low-resistance wiring from one side of the test structure patterning to the pad, and from the other side of the test structure patterning to a permanent or virtual ground. Open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells can, and often do, include multiple test areas, in which case the pad/ground wiring connects all relevant test structures in a series-connected chain. 
     In cases where the NCEM-enabled fill cells will be used with a highly regular style cell library, an additional constraint on the NCEM-enabled fill cells is that they preferably conform, as closely as reasonably possible, to the regular patterns used for the library&#39;s functional cells. Preferred methods for measuring compliance with regular patterns, and/or constructing pattern-compliant cells, are described in U.S. Pat. Applic. Nos. 61/887,271 (“Template Based Design with LibAnalyzer”) and 62/186,677 (“Template Based Design with LibAnalyzer”), both to Langnese et al., and both incorporated by reference herein. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, close, if not perfect, pattern compliance is feasible for those portions of the fill cell that do not affect the structure(s) or fail mode(s) to be evaluated. In general, however, perfect pattern compliance will prove infeasible for a several reasons. First, the structure to-be-evaluated may not, itself, be an “allowable” pattern (e.g., the pattern rules for the library may not allow any structure that spaces a GATE tip from a GATECNT side at minimum design rule dimensions, thus dictating that the “GATE-GATECNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell” will necessarily include at least one pattern violation). Second, DOEs typically involve several small variations in at least one minimum-spaced dimension, whereas regular patterning rules will typically only permit one of the variants. And third, the patterning used for the NCEM pad is preferably selected to match the operational capabilities of the scanner, but may well violate the library&#39;s pattern regularity constraints. Thus, ignoring these “necessary” pattern regularity violations, NCEM-enabled fill cells for use with highly regular libraries will preferably contain very few, if any, additional pattern regularity violations. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 14-15 , which depict plan views of two exemplary test area geometries for tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize these geometric configurations may include:
         AA-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 82A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1299-1326];   AACNT-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 83A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1328-1405];   AACNT-AA-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-TS-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 84A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1407-1412];   TS-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 85A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1414-1461];   GATECNT-GATE-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 86A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1463-1548];   GATECNT-AACNT-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 87A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1550-1556];   V0-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-V0-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-M1-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-V1-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M3-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-V2-tip-to-tip-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     [As persons skilled in the art will understand, for interconnect layers 2 and higher, any NCEM-enabled fill cell of type “M x - . . . ” can also be formed as a corresponding “M (x+n) - . . . ” cell, any “V x - . . . ” cell can also be formed as a corresponding “V (x+n) - . . . ” cell, any “M x -V (x+1) - . . . ” cell can also be formed as a corresponding “M (x+n) -V (x+n+1) - . . . ” cell, and any “M x -V (x−1) - . . . ” cell can also be formed as a corresponding “M (x+n) -V (x+n−1) - . . . ” cell, assuming that the process-in-question supports the referenced interconnect layers. The present description should be read as including all such possible higher interconnect layer, and layer combination, cells, in all available failure types and geometric configurations.] 
     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., lateral and/or gap dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 16 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIG. 45 ];   AACNT-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 49, 50, 75  and Parent FIGS. 1085-1119];   GATECNT-GATE-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 79A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1202-1238];   GATECNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 76A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1121-1149];   TS-GATECNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 80A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1240-1263];   GATECNT-AACNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [ FIGS. 77A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1151-1188];   GATECNT-AACNT-TS-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [ FIGS. 78A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1190-1200];   M1-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 81A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1265-1297];   V0-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-V0-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-M1-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-V1-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M3-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-V2-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., lateral and/or gap dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 17 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         AA-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 62A-C  and Parent FIGS. 787-804];   AACNT-AA-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 63A-C  and Parent FIGS. 806-832];   GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 64A-C  and Parent FIGS. 834-859];   GATECNT-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 67A-C  and Parent FIGS. 887-903];   TS-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 70A-C  and Parent FIGS. 938-1040];   GATECNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 65A-C  and Parent FIGS. 861-872];   GATECNT-AACNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 47( a )-( c ) ,  66 A-C and Parent FIGS. 874-885];   M1-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 68A-C  and Parent FIGS. 905-928];   V0-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-V0-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 69A-C  and Parent FIGS. 930-936];   V1-M1-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-V1-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M3-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-V2-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., lateral and/or gap dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 , each of which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize these geometric configurations may include:
         AA-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-AA-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-AA-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-TS-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-GATE-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-AA-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-TS-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-AACNT-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-AA-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-TS-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-AACNT-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-GATE-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-GATECNT-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-AACNT-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-GATECNT-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-V0-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-M1-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-V0-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-M1-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-V1-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-V1-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M3-M2-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-V2-L-shape-interlayer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area, or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 23 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         AA-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   TS-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-AA-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-AACNT-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-GATE-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 57A-C  and Parent FIGS. 496-554];   GATECNT-AACNT-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 58A-C  and Parent FIGS. 556-632];   M1-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-V0-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-M1-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-V1-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M3-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-V2-diagonal-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., gap dimension and/or gap angle), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 24, 25, and 26 , each of which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. These configurations differ from the diagonal configuration because, in these corner configurations, at least one of the first and/or second features is non-rectangular. Cells that utilize these geometric configurations may include:
         AA-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-AA-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-GATE-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-TS-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 55A-C  and Parent FIGS. 288-685];   GATECNT-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-AA-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 54A-C  and Parent FIGS. 264-286];   GATECNT-AACNT-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 56A-C  and Parent FIGS. 417-494];   V0-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-V0-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-M1-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-V1-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M3-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-V2-corner-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., gap dimension and/or gap angle), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 27 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         GATE-AA-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 60A-C  and Parent FIGS. 693-734];   GATE-AACNT-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 59A-C  and Parent FIGS. 634-691];   GATE-TS-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-TS-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-AA-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-AA-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-AACNT-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-TS-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-GATE-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-GATECNT-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-AACNT-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-V0-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-M1-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-V1-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-M2-interlayer-overlap-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., major and/or minor dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 28 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         V0-GATECNT-via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-AACNT-via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 52A-C  and Parent FIGS. 53-256];   V1-M1-via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   V3-M3-via-chamfer-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 53A-B  and Parent FIGS. 258-262].       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., gap and/or lateral dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 29 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for merged-via-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         V0-merged-via-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-merged-via-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   V2-merged-via-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., gap and/or lateral dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 30 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         AA-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   TS-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATE-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 71A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1042-1048];   GATECNT-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 44, 72 , and Parent FIGS. 1050-1066];   M1-V0-AACNT-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 73A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1068-1071];   V1-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., length, width, spacing, etc.), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 31-32 , which each depict plan views of exemplary test area geometries for stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize these geometric configurations may include:
         AA-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   TS-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   AACNT-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   GATECNT-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 74A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1073-1083];   V1-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-stitch-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., major and/or minor dimension), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 33 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         AACNT-TS-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 89A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1630-1673];   AACNT-AA-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [ FIGS. 88A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1558-1628];   TS-AA-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 98A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2316-2330];   GATECNT-GATE-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 48, 92 , and Parent FIGS. 1700-2005];   GATECNT-AACNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 90A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1675-1682];   GATECNT-AACNT-GATE-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 91A-C  and Parent FIGS. 1684-1698];   V0-GATECNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 101A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2376-2439];   V0-AA-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-TS-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-AACNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 100A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2346-2374];   V0-GATE-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 99A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2332-2344];   M1-V0-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 93A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2007-2200];   V1-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 102A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2441A-C];   V1-M1-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 103A-C  and Parent FIGS. 2443-2459];   V1-M2-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 94A-B  and Parent FIGS. 2222-2256];   M1-GATECNT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M1-AANCT-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M2-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-M3-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 95A-B  and Parent FIGS. 2258-2274];   V3-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 104A-B  and Parent FIGS. 2461A-B];   M4-V3-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 96A-B  and Parent FIGS. 2276-2296]; and,   M5-V4-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 97A-B  and Parent FIGS. 2298-2314].       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., upper extension, lower extension, and/or via size/shape), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 34 and 35 , which respectively depict plan and cross-sectional views of exemplary test area geometry for metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         M1-metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   M2-metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   M3-metal-island-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., major extension, minor extension, and/or size(s)/shape(s) of lower and/or upper stacked vias), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 36 , which depicts a plan view of exemplary test area geometry for merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells. Cells that utilize this geometric configuration may include:
         V0-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells [e.g.,  FIGS. 61A-C  and Parent FIGS. 736-785];   V0-AACNT-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V0-GATECNT-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V2-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells;   V1-M1-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells; and,   V2-M2-merged-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cells.       

     DOEs of these structures are preferably constructed by varying the dimensional parameters that define the test area (e.g., gap dimension, lateral dimension, and/or size/shape of one or both vias), or by varying other, same- or adjacent-layer patterning within the expanded test area. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 37 , which shows exemplary expanded test area geometry from a 1 st  variant of a NCEM-enabled fill cell, and to  FIG. 38 , which shows exemplary expanded test area geometry from a 2 nd  variant of a NCEM-enabled fill cell. These figures, and the two that follow, illustrate the computation of the PSR between (the depicted layer, which could be any layer, of) the 1 st  variant and the 2 nd  variant.  FIG. 39  shows the logical AND of (depicted layer) patterning within both expanded test areas (of  FIGS. 37 &amp; 38 ).  FIG. 40  shows the logical OR of patterning within both expanded test areas (of  FIGS. 37 &amp; 38 ). The PSR (pattern similarity ratio) is then defined as the area ratio of the AND patterns to the OR patterns. Conceptually, PSR is a measure of how much of the patterning within the common expanded test areas is new. In other words, if the two cells are identical (within the layer(s)-at-issue, and within the common expanded test area), then the PSR will be 1.0. Conversely, if they share no common patterning (within the layer(s)-at-issue, and within the common expanded test area), then the AND patterns will be nil, and the PSR will be 0.0. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 41 , which depicts an exemplary process flow, suitable for use in connection with certain embodiments of the invention. At FF 1 , an initial set of product masks is produced (or otherwise obtained); these initial product masks include a first collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells. 
     At FF 2 , processing of wafers is initiated using the initial product masks. Such processing preferably includes at least FEOL and/or MOL processing, but may also include BEOL processing. Before FF 3 , NCEM measurements are preferably obtained from some or all of the NCEM-enabled fill cells on the partially processed initial product wafers. 
     At FF 3 , some or all of the obtained NCEM measurements are “used” to continue processing of the initial product wafers. Such “use” may include determining whether to continue or abandon processing of one or more of the wafers, modifying one or more processing, inspection or metrology steps in the continued processing of one or more of the wafers (and/or other product wafers currently being manufactured using process flows relevant to observed manufacturing failures), and/or performing additional processing, metrology or inspection steps on one or more of the wafers (and/or other product wafers currently being manufactured using process flows relevant to observed manufacturing failures). 
     At FF 4 , final product masks are produced (or otherwise obtained) “using” at least some of the NCEM measurements obtained during the processing of initial product wafers. Here, such “use” preferably includes selecting and instantiating a second collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells that is better and/or optimally matched to failure modes observed during processing of the initial product wafers. For example, if the first collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells included GATE-side-to-side-short-configured cells, yet no GATE side-to-side shorts were observed during processing of the initial product wafers, then the second collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells would preferably omit GATE-side-to-side-short-configured cells, and instead replace them with other NCEM-enabled fill cells that are better matched to the observed or expected failure modes on the final product wafers. 
     At FF 5 , processing of wafers is initiated using the final product masks. Such processing preferably includes at least FEOL and/or MOL processing, but may also include BEOL processing. Before FF 6 , NCEM measurements are preferably obtained from some or all of the NCEM-enabled fill cells on the partially processed final product wafers. 
     At FF 6 , some or all of the obtained NCEM measurements are “used” to continue processing of the final product wafers. Such “use” may include determining whether to continue or abandon processing of one or more of the wafers, modifying one or more processing, inspection or metrology steps in the continued processing of one or more of the wafers (and/or other product wafers currently being manufactured using process flows relevant to observed manufacturing failures), and/or performing additional processing, metrology or inspection steps on one or more of the wafers (and/or other product wafers currently being manufactured using process flows relevant to observed manufacturing failures). 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 42 , which depicts an exemplary process flow for obtaining and (optionally) using measurements from mesh-style NCEM pads. As persons skilled in the art will appreciate, this process can be utilized either with or without NCEM-enabled fill cells; in other words, the mesh-style NCEM pads can be instantiated within NCEM-enabled fill cells, but can also be instantiated anywhere on a chip, die, or wafer. Furthermore, as persons skilled in the art will also appreciate, the order of steps FF 7  &amp; FF 8  can be reversed, or performed simultaneously, to accommodate processes where the order of AACNT &amp; GATECNT patterning is different. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 43 , which depicts another exemplary process flow, suitable for use in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. At GG 1 , test mask (e.g., masks to produce a “test” or “engineering” wafer) are produced or otherwise obtained; such test masks include a first collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells. 
     At GG 2 , processing of the test wafer(s) is initiated. Such processing preferably includes FEOL and/or MOL processing, but may also include BEOL processing. 
     At GG 3 , NCEM measurements are obtained from NCEM-enabled fill cells on the partially processed test wafer(s). 
     At GG 4 , the obtained measurements are “used” to select a second collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells (preferably a subset of the first collection) for instantiation on product wafers. Here, such “use” preferably includes selecting a second collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells that, given the available fill cell space on the product wafers, is optimally matched to failure modes observed during processing of the test product wafers. For example, if the first collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells included GATE-side-to-side-short-configured cells, yet no GATE side-to-side shorts were observed during processing of test wafers, then the second collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells would preferably omit GATE-side-to-side-short-configured cells. 
     At GG 5 , product masks that include the second collection of NCEM-enabled fill cells are produced, or otherwise obtained. 
     At GG 6 , processing of the product wafer(s) is initiated. Such processing preferably includes at least FEOL and/or MOL processing, but may also include BEOL processing. Prior to GG 7 , NCEM measurements are obtained from at least some of the NCEM-enabled fill cells on the partially processed product wafer(s). 
     At GG 7 , some or all of the obtained NCEM measurements are “used” to continue processing of the product wafer(s). Such “use” may include determining whether to continue or abandon processing of one or more of the product wafers, modifying one or more processing, inspection or metrology steps in the continued processing of one or more of the product wafers (and/or other product wafers currently being manufactured using process flows relevant to observed manufacturing failures), and/or performing additional processing, metrology or inspection steps on one or more of the product wafers (and/or other product wafers currently being manufactured using process flows relevant to observed manufacturing failures). 
     In certain embodiments, FF 1 - 3  and/or GG 5 - 7  could be practiced as stand-alone process flows. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 44 , which depicts a plan view of an exemplary M1-snake-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell. This cell contains a left-facing-E-shaped NCEM pad, a snake-open-configured test area, and is NCEM-enabled to detect the following failure mode: M1 snake open. In the depicted configuration, a passing response is grounded metal=bright NCEM, whereas a failing response is floating pad=dark NCEM. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 45 , which depicts a plan view of an exemplary AACNT-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell. This cell contains four test areas, and an E-shaped NCEM pad that overlies the test areas. It is NC-configured for inline measurement of the following failure mode: AACNT tip-to-side short. In the depicted configuration, a passing response is floating AA contacts=dark NCEM, whereas a failing response is a short to grounded contact layer=bright NCEM. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 46A-C , which respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary TS-GATE-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_01. This cell utilizes a composite NCEM pad, as depicted in  FIG. 9E . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 47A-C , which respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-AACNT-side-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_05. This cell also utilizes a composite NCEM pad. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 48A-C , which respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATECNT-GATE-via-open-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_08. This cell also utilizes a composite NCEM pad. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 49A-C , which respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of an exemplary GATE-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_11. This cell also utilizes a composite NCEM pad. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 50(A) -(C), which respectively depict plan views of—(A) all layers; (B) NWELL, AA, GATE, GATECNT, TS, and AACNT layers; (C) V0 and M1 layers—of another exemplary GATE-AA-tip-to-side-short-configured, NCEM-enabled fill cell of type PDF_D_VCI_V16_14S1_12. This cell also utilizes a composite NCEM pad. 
       FIGS. 52A-C ,  53 A-C,  54 A-C, et seq., which depict additional examples of NCEM-enabled fill cells, utilize the same layer shadings/patterns depicted in  FIG. 51 . 
     Parent FIGS. 203-223, 236-286, 389-397, 404-409, 485-494, 546-548, 552-554, 621-632, 682, 691, 731-734, 762-785, 848-859, 880-903, 1014-1040, 1096-1119, 1189-1200, 1222-1224, 1234-1238, 1249-1263, 1543-1548, 1687-1698, 1870-1872, 1876-1881, 1885-1902, 1912-1947, 1954-1980, 1984-1993, 2003-2005, 2157-2314, 2343-2344, 2357-2374, and 2404-2461 show depictions of NCEM-enabled fill cells without NCEM pads. Persons skilled in the art will understand that pads of any design (e.g.,  FIGS. 9A-9F  and Parent FIGS. 9G-9IIII, etc.) would be added, either at the left edge with a corresponding leftward extension of the supply rails, or overlying or partially overlying the depicted portion of the cells. 
     Certain of the claims that follow may contain one or more means-plus-function limitations of the form, “a &lt;cell name&gt; means for enabling NC detection of a GATE-tip-to-tip short.” It is applicant&#39;s intent that such limitations be construed, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), as “the structure of the named cell, or an equivalent structure, that enables detection of a GATE-tip-to-tip short by non-contact measurement.” 
     Additionally, certain of the claims that follow may contain one or more step-plus-function limitations of the form, “a &lt;cell name&gt; step for enabling NC detection of a GATE-tip-to-tip short.” It is applicant&#39;s intent that such limitations be construed, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), as “enabling voltage contrast detection of a GATE-tip-to-tip short by patterning an instance of the named cell, or an equivalent cell.” 
     While the invention has been illustrated with respect to one or more specific implementations, numerous alterations and/or modifications can be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including,” “includes,” “having,” “has,” “with,” or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” As used herein, the phrase “X comprises one or more of A, B, and C” means that X can include any of the following: either A, B, or C alone; or combinations of two, such as A and B, B and C, and A and C; or combinations of three A, B and C.