Patent Publication Number: US-2021171831-A1

Title: Alignment aid, liquid crystal composition, and liquid crystal display device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to an alignment aid, to a liquid crystal composition, and to a liquid crystal display device. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In conventional VA mode liquid crystal displays (liquid crystal display devices), polyimide (PI) alignment films are disposed on electrodes. The alignment films function so as to induce vertical alignment of liquid crystal molecules when no voltage is applied. However, the formation of the PI alignment films requires a large cost. Therefore, it has recently been contemplated to develop a method that allows liquid crystal molecules to be aligned while the PI alignment films are omitted. 
     For example, PTL 1 to PTL 3 disclose liquid crystal mediums (liquid crystal compositions) each of which is based on a mixture of polar compounds (liquid crystal molecules) having negative dielectric anisotropy and contains at least one spontaneous alignment additive (alignment aid). However, a change (reduction) in pretilt angle occurs over time depending on the type of spontaneous alignment additive, causing an image-sticking problem. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2013-543526 
     PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2014-524951 
     PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-168826 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The present invention provides an alignment aid that sufficiently exerts an alignment control force causing liquid crystal molecules to be vertically aligned and can reduce a change in pretilt angle over time. The invention also provides a liquid crystal composition containing the alignment aid and a liquid crystal display device. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The above objects are achieved by the following (1) to (16) in the present invention. 
     (1) An alignment aid having the function of causing liquid crystal molecules to be aligned spontaneously, 
     wherein, in a light absorption spectrum of the alignment aid, the longest wavelength at which the absorbance of the alignment aid is 0.5 is 330 nm or shorter. 
     (2) The alignment aid according to (1), wherein the light absorption spectrum is measured on a solution prepared by dissolving the alignment aid in tetrahydrofuran at a concentration of 1000 ppm. 
     (3) The alignment aid according to (1) or (2), wherein the alignment aid has a mesogenic group. 
     (4) The alignment aid according to (3), wherein the mesogenic group contains a benzene ring optionally having a substituent. 
     (5) The alignment aid according to (4), wherein the substituent is a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and optionally substituted with a halogen atom, and wherein any —CH 2 — group present in the alkyl group is optionally replaced with —O— or —CO—. 
     (6) The alignment aid according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the alignment aid has 5 to 20 oxygen atoms. 
     (7) The alignment aid according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the alignment aid has a polymerizable group that can be polymerized by irradiation with active energy rays. 
     (8) The alignment aid according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the alignment aid, together with liquid crystal molecules, is disposed between two substrates. 
     (9) A liquid crystal composition including: the alignment aid according to any one of (1) to (8); and liquid crystal molecules. 
     (10) A liquid crystal composition including: a plurality of alignment aids; and liquid crystal molecules, wherein at least one of the plurality of alignment aids is the alignment aid according to any one of (1) to (8). 
     (11) The liquid crystal composition according to (9) or (10), further including at least one polymerizable compound that can be polymerized by irradiation with active energy rays. 
     (12) A liquid crystal display device including: 
     two substrates; and 
     a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the two substrates and formed from the liquid crystal composition according to any one of (9) to (11). 
     (13) The liquid crystal display device according to (12), wherein at least one of the two substrates is a substrate in direct contact with the liquid crystal layer with no alignment film therebetween. 
     (14) The liquid crystal display device according to (13), wherein the substrate in direct contact with the liquid crystal layer is a substrate including a pixel electrode. 
     (15) The liquid crystal display device according to any one of (12) to (14), wherein the liquid crystal layer contains at least a polymerized product of the polymerizable compound. 
     (16) The liquid crystal display device according to (12) to (15), wherein the liquid crystal display device is a PSA, PSVA, VA, IPS, FFS, or ECB mode liquid crystal display device. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to the present invention, the liquid crystal molecules can be vertically aligned sufficiently, and a change in pretilt angle over time can be reduced. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view schematically showing one embodiment of a liquid crystal display device. 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged plan view of a region surrounded by line I in  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     A method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device of the present invention will be described in detail based on preferred embodiments. 
     First, a liquid crystal composition used in the present invention will be described. 
     (Liquid Crystal Composition) 
     The liquid crystal composition contains liquid crystal molecules and an alignment aid having the function of causing the liquid crystal molecules to be aligned spontaneously and having preferably a polar group. 
     ((Alignment Aid)) 
     The alignment aid (spontaneous alignment compound) interacts with members (electrodes (such as ITO electrodes), substrates (such as glass substrates, acrylic substrates, transparent substrates, or flexible substrates), resin layers (such as color filters, alignment films, or overcoat layers), or insulating films (such as inorganic material layers or SiNx layers)) that are to be in direct contact with a liquid crystal layer containing the liquid crystal composition and has the function of inducing homeotropic alignment or homogeneous alignment of the liquid crystal molecules contained in the liquid crystal layer. 
     Preferably, the alignment aid has a polymerizable group for polymerization, a mesogenic group similar to the liquid crystal molecules, an adsorptive group (polar group) that can interact with a member to be in direct contact with the liquid crystal layer, and an alignment inducing group that induces alignment of the liquid crystal molecules. 
     Preferably, the adsorptive group and the alignment inducing group are bonded to the mesogenic group, and the polymerizable group is substituted on the mesogenic group, the adsorptive group, or the alignment inducing group directly or, if necessary, through a spacer group. In particular, the polymerizable group introduced into the adsorptive group may be substituted on the mesogenic group. 
     In the following description, * at the left end of a chemical formula and at the right end each represent a bond. 
     “Alignment Inducing Group” 
     The alignment inducing group has the function of inducing alignment of the liquid crystal molecules and is preferably a group represented by the following general formula (AK). 
       [Chem. 1] 
       R AK1 —*  (AK)
 
     In formula (AK), R AK1  represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. One or two or more —CH 2 — groups in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another, and one or two or more hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with a halogeno group. 
     R AK1  represents preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 
     One —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO—. 
     Moreover, any hydrogen atom in the alkyl group may be replaced with a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom or may be replaced with a fluorine atom. 
     From the viewpoint of imparting so-called amphiphilicity to the alignment aid in the liquid crystal layer, it is preferable that the alignment inducing group is bonded to the mesogenic group directly or, if necessary, through a spacer group. 
     “Polymerizable Group” 
     Preferably, the polymerizable group is represented by P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     Preferably, P AP1  is a group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by the following general formula (AP-1) to general formula (AP-9). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R AP1  and R AP2  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. One or two or more —CH 2 — groups in the alkyl group may each be replaced with —O— or —CO—, and one or two or more hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with a halogen atom or a hydroxy group. 
     W AP1  represents a single bond, —O—, —COO—, or —CH 2 —. 
     t AP1  represents 0, 1, or 2. 
     P AP1  is preferably a group represented by any of general formula (AP-1) to general formula (AP-7), more preferably a group represented by general formula (AP-1) or general formula (AP-2), and still more preferably a group represented by general formula (AP-1). 
     Sp AP1  represents preferably a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a single bond or a linear alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a single bond or a linear alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     In Sp AP1 , one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkylene group may be each independently replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO—. 
     In the alignment aid, the number of polymerizable groups (P AP1 -Sp AP1 -) is preferably from 1 to 5 inclusive, more preferably from 1 to 4 inclusive, still more preferably from 2 to 4 inclusive, particularly preferably 2 or 3, and most preferably 2. 
     Any hydrogen atom in P AP1 -Sp AP1 - may be replaced with a polymerizable group, an adsorptive group, and/or an alignment inducing group. 
     Each polymerizable group (P AP1 -Sp AP1 -) may be bonded to another polymerizable group, the mesogenic group, the adsorptive group, and/or the alignment inducing group. 
     Each polymerizable group (P AP1 -Sp AP1 -) is bonded preferably to the mesogenic group, the adsorptive group, and/or the alignment inducing group and more preferably to the mesogenic group or the adsorptive group. 
     When a plurality of P AP1  groups and/or a plurality of Sp AP1 - groups are present in one molecule, they may be the same or different. 
     “Mesogenic Group” 
     The mesogenic group is a group having a rigid portion, for example, a group having at least one cyclic group and is preferably a group having 2 to 4 cyclic groups and more preferably 3 or 4 cyclic groups. The cyclic groups may be optionally connected to each other through a linking group. Preferably, the mesogenic group has a skeleton similar to that of the liquid crystal molecules (liquid crystal compound) used in the liquid crystal layer. 
     In the present description, the term “cyclic group” means an atomic group including atoms linked so as to form a ring and is intended to include carbocycles, heterocycles, saturated and unsaturated cyclic structures, monocyclic structures, bicyclic structures, polycyclic structures, aromatic structures, and non-aromatic structures. 
     The cyclic group may contain at least one heteroatom and may be substituted with at least one substituent (a halogeno group, a polymerizable group, or an organic group (such as alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl). When the cyclic group is a monocycle, it is preferable that the mesogenic group contains at least two monocycles. 
     Preferably, the mesogenic group is represented by, for example, general formula (AL). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In general formula (AL), Z AL1  represents a single bond, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCOO—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CH═CHCOO—, —OCOCH═CH—, —CH 2 —CH 2 COO—, —OCOCH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH═C(CH 3 )COO—, —OCOC(CH 3 )═CH—, —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )COO—, —OCOCH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —OCH 2 CH 2 O—, or an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. One —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkylene group may each be replaced with —O—, —COO—, or —OCO—. 
     A AL1  and A AL2  each independently represent a divalent cyclic group. 
     One or two or more hydrogen atoms in each of Z AL1 , A AL1 , and A AL2  may be each independently replaced with a halogeno group, an adsorptive group, P AP1 -sp AP1 -, or a monovalent organic group. 
     When a plurality of Z AL1 s and a plurality of A AL1 s are present in one molecule, they may be the same or different. 
     m AL1  represents an integer of 1 to 5. 
     In general formula (AL), Z AL1  is preferably a single bond or an alkylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a single bond or an alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a single bond, —(CH 2 ) 2   − , or —(CH 2 ) 4 —. One —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkylene group may each be replaced with —O—, —COO—, or —OCO—. 
     For the purpose of increasing the linearity of the rod-shaped molecules, ZA L1  is preferably a single bond linking rings directly or a moiety including an even number of atoms connecting the rings directly. When, for example, ZA L1  is —CH 2 —CH 2 COO—, the number of atoms directly linking the rings is 4. 
     In general formula (AL), A AL1  and A AL2  each independently represent a divalent cyclic group. The divalent cyclic group is preferably a group selected from the group consisting of a 1,4-phenylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexenyl group, a tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl group, a 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl group, a tetrahydrothiopyran-2,5-diyl group, a thiophene-2,5-diyl group, a 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene group, a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a pyridine-2,5-diyl group, a pyrimidine-2,5-diyl group, a pyrazine-2,5-diyl group, a thiophene-2,5-diyl group-, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a 2,6-naphthylene group, a phenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, a 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, a 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10a-octahydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, a 1,4-naphthylene group, a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl group, a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophene-2,6-diyl group, a [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,7-diyl group, a [1]benzoselenopheno[3,2-b]selenophene-2,7-diyl group, and a fluorene-2,7-diyl group. The divalent cyclic group is more preferably a 1,4-phenylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 2,6-naphthylene group, or a phenanthrene-2,7-diyl group and still more preferably a 1,4-phenylene group or a 1,4-cyclohexylene group. 
     These groups may be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent. The substituent is preferably a fluorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be substituted with a fluorine atom or a hydroxy group. 
     One or two or more hydrogen atoms in the cyclic group may be replaced with a halogeno group, an adsorptive group, P AP1 -Sp AP1 - or a monovalent organic group. 
     In general formula (AL), the monovalent organic group is a group having the chemical structure of a monovalent group originating from an organic compound and is an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from the organic compound. 
     Examples of the monovalent organic group include alkyl groups having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and alkenyloxy groups having 2 to 15 carbon atoms. The monovalent organic group is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, particularly preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, and most preferably an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 carbon atom. 
     One —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in each of the above alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkoxy groups, and alkenyloxy groups may be replaced with —O—, —COO—, or —OCO—. Moreover, the monovalent organic group may serve as the alignment inducing group described later. 
     In general formula (AL) above, m AL1  is preferably an integer of 1 to 4, more preferably an integer of 1 to 3, and still more preferably 2 or 3. 
     Preferred forms of the mesogenic group include the following formulas (me-1) to (me-45). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     General formula (AL) represents a structure obtained by removing 2 hydrogen atoms from one of the above compounds. 
     In these formulas (me-1) to (me-45), one or two or more hydrogen atoms in each of the cyclohexane rings, the benzene rings, and the naphthalene rings may be each independently replaced with a halogeno group, P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, a monovalent organic group (such as an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 14 carbon atoms), an adsorptive group, or an alignment inducing group. 
     Preferred forms of the mesogenic group include formulas (me-8) to (me-45), and more preferred forms include formulas (me-8) to (me-10), formulas (me-12) to (me-18), formulas (me-22) to (me-24), formulas (me-26) to (me-27), formulas (me-29) to (me-45). Still more preferred forms include formulas (me-12), (me-15) to (me-16), (me-22) to (me-24), (me-29), (me-34), (me-36) to (me-37), and (me-42) to (me-45). 
     Particularly preferred forms of the mesogenic group include the following general formulas (AL-1) and (AL-2), and the most preferred form is the following general formula (AL-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In these formulas, X AL101  to X AL118  and X AL201  to X AL214  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogeno group, P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, an adsorptive group, or an alignment inducing group. 
     Ring A AL11 , ring A AL12 , and ring A AL21  each independently represent a cyclohexane ring or a benzene ring. 
     One or two or more of X AL101  to X AL118  and X AL201  to X AL214  are each substituted with an adsorptive group. 
     One or two or more of X AL101  to X AL118  and X AL201  to X AL214  are each substituted with an alignment inducing group. 
     Each adsorptive group and each alignment inducing group may each be substituted with P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     In general formula (AL-1) or general formula (AL-2), one or two or more P AP1 -Sp AP1 - groups are present in their molecule. 
     In general formula (AL-1), X AL101  is preferably an alignment inducing group. 
     In general formula (AL-1), at least one of X AL109 , X AL110 , and X AL111  is preferably an adsorptive group. More preferably, X AL109  and X AL110  are each an adsorptive group, or X AL110  is an adsorptive group. Still more preferably, X AL110  is an adsorptive group. 
     In general formula (AL-1), it is preferable that at least one of X AL109 , X AL110  and X AL111  is P AP1 -Sp AP1 - or an adsorptive group having a polymerizable moiety in its structure, and it is more preferable that both or one of X AL109  and X AL111  is P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     In general formula (AL-1), one or two of X AL104  to X AL108  and X AL112  to X AL116  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a halogeno group and more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a fluorine atom. Particularly preferably, X AL105 , X AL106 , and X AL107  are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a fluorine atom. 
     In general formula (AL-2), X AL201  is preferably an alignment inducing group. 
     In general formula (AL-2), it is preferable that at least one of X AL207 , X AL208 , and X AL209  is an adsorptive group, and it is more preferable that X AL207  and X AL208  are each an adsorptive group or X AL208  is an adsorptive group. It is still more preferable that X AL208  is an adsorptive group. 
     In general formula (AL-2), it is preferable that at least one of X AL207 , X AL208 , and X AL209  is P AP1 -Sp AP1 - or an adsorptive group having a polymerizable moiety in its structure, and it is more preferable that both or one of X AL207  and X AL209  is P AP1 _Sp AP1 -. 
     In general formula (AL-2), one or two of X AL202  to X AL206  and X AL210  to X AL214  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a halogeno group and more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a fluorine atom. It is particularly preferable that X AL204 , X AL205 , and X AL206  is each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a fluorine atom. 
     “Adsorptive Group” 
     The adsorptive group is a group that plays a role in adsorbing on an adsorbent, i.e., a layer such as a substrate, a film, or an electrode that is in contact with the liquid crystal composition. 
     Adsorption is generally classified into chemical adsorption in which an adsorbate adsorbs on an adsorbent through a chemical bond (a covalent bond, an ionic bond, or a metallic bond) and physical adsorption other than the chemical adsorption. In the present description, adsorption may be chemical adsorption or may be physical adsorption, but physical adsorption is preferred. Therefore, the adsorptive group is preferably a group that is physically adsorbable on the adsorbent and more preferably a group that is bondable to the adsorbent through intermolecular force. 
     Examples of the form of bonding to the adsorbent through intermolecular force include a form of bonding through interaction such as permanent dipoles, permanent quadrupoles, dispersion force, charge transfer force, or hydrogen bonding. 
     One preferred form of the adsorptive group is a form in which the adsorptive group is bondable to the adsorbent through hydrogen bonding. In this case, the adsorptive group may serve as either a proton donor or acceptor for hydrogen bonding or may serve as both the donor and acceptor. 
     The adsorptive group is preferably a group containing a polar component having an atomic group including a carbon atom and a heteroatom linked thereto (hereinafter the “adsorptive group” may be referred to also as a “polar group”). In the present description, the polar component is an atomic group in which a carbon atom is linked directly to a heteroatom. 
     The heteroatom is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, P, B, and Si, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, still more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of N and O, and particularly preferably O. 
     In the alignment aid, no particular limitation is imposed on the valence of the polar component, and the valence may be 1, 2, 3, etc. Moreover, no particular limitation is imposed on the number of polar components in the adsorptive group. 
     The alignment aid has, in its molecule, preferably 1 to 8 adsorptive groups, more preferably 1 to 4 adsorptive groups, and still more preferably 1 to 3 adsorptive groups. 
     Polymerizable groups and alignment inducing groups are excluded from the adsorptive groups, but a structure in which a hydrogen atom in an adsorptive group is replaced with P AP1 -Sp AP1 - and a structure in which a hydrogen atom in P AP1 -Sp AP1 - is replaced with —OH are included in the above adsorptive groups. 
     The adsorptive groups each contain one or two or more polar components and are broadly classified into a cyclic group type and a chain group type. 
     An adsorptive group of the cyclic group type includes, in its structure, a cyclic group having a cyclic structure containing a polar component, and an adsorptive group of the chain group type includes, in its structure, no cyclic group having a cyclic structure containing a polar component. 
     An adsorptive group of the chain group type has a polar component in its linear or branched chain structure and may have a portion having a cyclic structure containing no polar component. 
     The adsorptive group of the cyclic group type means a form having a structure including at least one polar component in its cyclic atomic arrangement. 
     In the present description, the cyclic group is as described above. Therefore, it is only necessary that the adsorptive group of the cyclic group type contain a cyclic group including a polar component, and the adsorptive group as a whole may be branched or linear. 
     The adsorptive group of the linear group type means a form that has, in its molecule, no cyclic atomic arrangement containing a polar component and has a structure containing at least one polar component in a linear atomic arrangement (which may be branched). 
     In the present description, the chain group is an acyclic group and means an atomic group which contains no cyclic atomic arrangement in its structural formula and in which the atoms forming the atomic group are bonded linearly (may be branched). In other words, the chain group is a linear or branched aliphatic group and may contain either a saturated bond or an unsaturated bond. 
     Therefore, examples of the chain group include alkyls, alkenyls, alkoxys, esters, ethers, and ketones. Any hydrogen atom in these groups may be replaced with at least one substituent (a reactive functional group (such as a vinyl group, an acrylic group, or a methacrylic group) or a chain organic group (such as an alkyl or a cyano)). The chain group may be linear or branched. 
     The adsorptive group of the cyclic group type is preferably a heteroaromatic group (including a fused ring) having 3 to 20 carbon atoms or a heteroalicyclic group (including a fused ring) having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a heteroaromatic group (including a fused ring) having 3 to 12 carbon atoms or a heteroalicyclic group (including a fused ring) having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a five-membered heteroaromatic group, a five-membered heteroalicyclic group, a six-membered heteroaromatic group, or a six-membered heteroalicyclic group. Any hydrogen atom in these cyclic structures may be replaced with a halogeno group, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched alkyloxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     Preferably, the adsorptive group of the linear group type is a linear or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 20 carbon atoms and in which any of the hydrogen atoms and the —CH 2 — groups in its structure is replaced with a polar component. One —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkyl group may be replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO—. Preferably, the adsorptive group of the linear group type has one or two or more polar components at its ends. 
     Any hydrogen atom in the adsorptive group may be replaced with a polymerizable group. 
     Specific examples of the polar component include polar components containing an oxygen atom (hereinafter referred to as oxygen-containing polar components), polar components containing a nitrogen atom (hereinafter referred to as nitrogen-containing polar components), polar components containing a phosphorus atom (hereinafter referred to as phosphorus-containing polar components), polar components containing a boron atom (hereinafter referred to as boron-containing polar components), polar components containing a silicon atom (hereinafter referred to as silicon-containing polar components), and polar components containing a sulfur atom (hereinafter referred to as sulfur-containing polar components). From the viewpoint of adsorbability, the polar component is preferably a nitrogen-containing polar component, or an oxygen-containing polar component and more preferably an oxygen-containing polar component. 
     The oxygen-containing polar component is preferably at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, alkylol groups, alkoxy groups, a formyl group, a carboxyl group, ether groups, a carbonyl group, carbonate groups, and ester groups or a group in which any of the above groups is linked to a carbon atom. 
     The nitrogen-containing polar component is preferably at least one group selected from the group consisting of a cyano group, primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, a pyridyl group, a carbamoyl group, and ureide groups or a group in which any of the above groups is linked to a carbon atom. 
     The phosphorus-containing polar component is preferably at least one group selected from the group consisting of phosphinyl groups and phosphate groups or a group in which any of the above groups is linked to a carbon atom. 
     It is therefore preferable that one or two or more groups selected from the group consisting of cyclic groups having oxygen-containing polar components (hereinafter referred to as oxygen-containing cyclic groups), cyclic groups having nitrogen-containing polar components (hereinafter referred to as nitrogen-containing cyclic groups), cyclic groups having sulfur-containing polar components (hereinafter referred to as sulfur-containing cyclic groups), chain groups having oxygen-containing polar components (hereinafter referred to as oxygen-containing chain groups), and chain groups having nitrogen-containing polar components (hereinafter referred to as nitrogen-containing chain groups) are used as the adsorptive groups or each adsorptive group contains any of the above groups. From the viewpoint of adsorbability, it is preferable to contain one or two or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxygen-containing cyclic groups, sulfur-containing cyclic groups, oxygen-containing chain groups, and nitrogen-containing chain groups. 
     It is preferable to contain, as the oxygen-containing cyclic group, any of the following groups each having an oxygen atom as an ether group in the cyclic structure. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is also preferable to contain, as the oxygen-containing cyclic group, any of the following groups each having an oxygen atom as a carbonyl group, a carbonate group, or an ester group in the cyclic structure. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is preferable to contain, as the nitrogen-containing cyclic group, any of the following groups. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is preferable to contain, as the oxygen-containing chain group, any of the following groups. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R at1  represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     Z at1  represents a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched alkenylene group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms. Any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group or the alkenylene group may be replaced with —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, or —OCO— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other. 
     X at1  represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms. Any —CH 2 — group in the alkyl group may be replaced with —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, or —OCO— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other. 
     It is preferable to contain, as the nitrogen-containing chain group, any of the following groups. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R at , R bt , R ct , and R dt  each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     The adsorptive group is preferably a group represented by the following general formula (AT). 
       [Chem. 15] 
       *-Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1   (AT)
 
     In the above formula, Sp AT1  represents a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkylene group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, —W AT1 —Z AT1  or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another. 
     W AT1  represents a single bond or the following general formula (WAT1) or (WAT2). 
     Z AT1  represents a monovalent group containing a polar component. Any hydrogen atom in Z AT1  may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (In the above formulas, Sp WAT1  and Sp WAT2  each independently represent a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkylene group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another.) 
     Sp AT1 , Sp WAT1 , and Sp WAT2  each independently represent preferably a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a single bond or a linear alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a single bond or a linear alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     In Sp AT1 , Sp WAT1 , and Sp WAT2 , one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkylene group may be each independently replaced with —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another. 
     Any of the hydrogen atoms in Sp AT1  and Sp WAT1  may be each independently replaced with -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1  or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     Z AT1  represents a monovalent group having a polar component and is preferably a group represented by the following general formula (ZAT1-1) or (ZAT1-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, Sp ZAT11  and Sp ZAT12  each independently represent a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkylene group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other. 
     Z ZAT11  represents a group having a polar component. 
     The structure represented by a ring containing Z ZAT12  in general formula (ZAT1-2) represents a 5 to 7-membered ring. Any hydrogen atom in Z ZAT11  and Z ZAT12  may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     R ZAT11  and R ZAT12  each independently represent a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkyl group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkyl group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another. 
     The group represented by general formula (ZAT1-1) is preferably a group represented by any of the following general formulas (ZAT1-1-1) to (ZAT1-1-30). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, any hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     Sp ZAT11  represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkylene group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other. 
     R ZAT11  represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkyl group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkyl group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another. 
     The group represented by general formula (ZAT1-2) is preferably a group represented by any of the following general formulas (ZAT1-2-1) to (ZAT1-2-9). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, any hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be replaced with a halogen atom, —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     Sp ZAT11  represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms. Any hydrogen atom in the alkylene group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other. 
     Examples of the group represented by general formula (ZAT1-1) include the following groups. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R tc  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. Any hydrogen atom in the alkyl group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkyl group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not directly adjacent to each other. 
     Any hydrogen atom in each molecule may be replaced with P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. 
     Each * represents a bond. 
     It is preferable that, in the alignment aid, each polar component included in each adsorptive group and each polar component included in each polymerizable group are localized. Each adsorptive group has a structure that is important for aligning the liquid crystal molecules vertically. When an adsorptive group is adjacent to a polymerizable group, better alignability is obtained, and good solubility in the liquid crystal composition is obtained. 
     In one specific preferred form of the alignment aid, a polymerizable group and an adsorptive group are present on the same ring in the mesogenic group. Examples of such a form include a form in which one or more polymerizable groups and one or more adsorptive groups are bonded to the same ring and a form in which at least one of one or more polymerizable groups is bonded to at least one of one or more adsorptive groups such that the at least one polymerizable group and the at least one adsorptive group are present on the same ring. 
     In these cases, any hydrogen atom in a spacer group in each polymerizable group may be replaced with an adsorptive group, and any hydrogen atom in each adsorptive group may be replaced with a polymerizable group through a spacer group. 
     The alignment aid is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (SAL). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, any hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be replaced with a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -. Any hydrogen atom in the alkyl group may be replaced with —OH, —CN, -Sp AT1 -W AT1 —Z AT1 , or P AP1 -Sp AP1 -, and any —CH 2 — group in the alkyl group may be replaced with a cyclic group, —O—, —COO—, —C(═O)—, —OCO—, or —CH═CH— in such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another. 
     R AK1  has the same meaning as R AK1  in general formula (AK). 
     A AL1  and A AL2  each independently have the same meaning as A AL1  or A AL2  in general formula (AL). 
     Z AL1  has the same meaning as Z AL1  in general formula (AL). 
     m AL1  has the same meaning as m AL1  in general formula (AL). 
     Sp AT1  has the same meaning as Sp AT1  in general formula (AT). 
     W AT1  has the same meaning as W AT1  in general formula (AT). 
     Z AT1  has the same meaning as Z AT1  in general formula (AT). 
     The compound represented by general formula (SAL) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (SAL-1.1) to (SAL-2.9). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The amount of the alignment aid contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably about 0.01 to about 50% by mass. The lower limit of the amount of the alignment aid is more preferably 0.05% by mass or 0.1% by mass in terms of aligning the liquid crystal molecules more preferably. In terms of improving response characteristics, the upper limit is more preferably 30% by mass, 10% by mass, 7% by mass, 5% by mass, 4% by mass, or 3% by mass. 
     ((Liquid Crystal Molecules)) 
     Preferably, the liquid crystal molecules contain at least one of compounds represented by the following general formulas (N-1) to (N-3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R N11 , R N12 , R N21 , R N22 , R N31 , and R N32  each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Any one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkyl group may each be replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO—. 
     A N11 , A N12 , A N21 , A N22 , A N31 , and A N32  each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of 
     (a) a 1,4-cyclohexylene group (any one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups present in this group may each be replaced with —O—), 
     (b) a 1,4-phenylene group (any one —CH═ group or two or more non-adjacent —CH═ groups present in this group may each be replaced with —N═), 
     (c) a naphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, or a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group (any one —CH═ group or two or more non-adjacent —CH═ groups present in these groups may each be replaced with —N═), and 
     (d) a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group. The group (a), the group (b), the group (c), and the group (d) may be each independently substituted with a cyano group, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom. 
     Z N11 , Z N12 , Z N21 , Z N22 , Z N31 , and Z N32  each independently represent a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCF 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —CH═N—N═CH—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, or —C≡C—. 
     X N21  represents a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom. 
     T N31  represents —CH 2 — or an oxygen atom. 
     n N11 , n N12 , n N21 , n N22 , n N31 , and n N32  each independently represent an integer of 0 to 3, and n N11 +n N12 , n N21 +n N22 , and n N31 +n N32  are each independently 1, 2, or 3. 
     When n N11 , n N12 , n N21 , n N22 , n N31 , and n N32  are each 2 or more, A N11 s to A N32 s and Z N11 s to Z N32 s may be the same or different. 
     Preferably, the compound represented by any of the above general formulas (N-1) to (N-3) has a negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε), and the absolute value of the dielectric anisotropy is more than 3. 
     R N11  to R N32  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, still more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, particularly preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, and most preferably an alkenyl group having 3 carbon atoms (i.e., a propenyl group). 
     When ring structures to which these groups are bonded are each a benzene ring (aromatic ring), R N11  to R N32  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     When the ring structures to which these groups are bonded are each a saturated ring structure such as a cyclohexane ring, a pyran ring, or a dioxane ring, R N11  to R N32  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     To stabilize the nematic phase, it is preferable that R N11  to R N32  are each independently a group in which the total number of carbon atoms and oxygen atoms (if present) is 5 or less, and it is also preferable that R N11  to R N32  are each linear. 
     The alkenyl group is preferably a group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by the following formulas (R1) to (R5). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In each of the above formulas, each solid circle represents a bond. 
     To increase the refractive index anisotropy (Δn) of the liquid crystal molecules, A N11  to A N32  are each independently preferably an aromatic group. To improve the response speed of the liquid crystal molecules, A N11  to A N32  are each independently preferably an aliphatic group. 
     The aromatic group and the aliphatic group are each preferably a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-phenylene group, a 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group, a 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene group, a piperidine-1,4-diyl group, a naphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, more preferably any of structures represented by Chem. 42 below, and still more preferably a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group, or a 1,4-phenylene group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Z N11  to Z N32  are each independently preferably —CH 2 O—, —CF 2 O—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 —, or a single bond, more preferably —CH 2 O—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, or a single bond, and particularly preferably —CH 2 O— or a single bond. 
     X N21  is preferably a fluorine atom. 
     T N31  is preferably an oxygen atom. 
     n N11 +n N12 , n N21 +n N22 , and n N31 +n N32  are each independently preferably 1 or 2, and a combination of n N11 =1 and n N12 =0, a combination of n N11 =2 and n N12 =0, a combination of n N11 =1 and n N12 =1, a combination of n N11 =2 and n N12 =1, a combination of n N21 =1 and n N22 =0, a combination of n N21 =2 and n N22 =0, a combination of n N31 =1 and n N32 =0, and a combination of n N31 =2 and n N32 =0 are more preferred. 
     The amount of each of the compounds represented by general formula (N-1) to (N-3) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 10% by mass, 20% by mass, 30% by mass, 40% by mass, 50% by mass, 55% by mass, 60% by mass, 65% by mass, 70% by mass, 75% by mass, or 80% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 95% by mass, 85% by mass, 75% by mass, 65% by mass, 55% by mass, 45% by mass, 35% by mass, 25% by mass, or 20% by mass. 
     To increase the response speed of the liquid crystal composition while its viscosity (n) is kept low, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount of each of the compounds represented by general formula (N-1) to (N-3) is low and the upper limit is also low. Moreover, to improve the temperature stability of the liquid crystal composition while the nematic phase-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (Tni) is kept high, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount is low and the upper limit is also low. To increase the dielectric anisotropy (Δε) of the liquid crystal composition in order to keep the driving voltage of the liquid crystal display device low, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount is high and the upper limit is also high. 
     Examples of the compound represented by general formula (N-1) include compounds represented by the following general formulas (N-1a) to (N-1g). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R N11  and R N12  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     n Na11 , n Nb11 , n Nc11 , and n Nd11  each independently represent 0 to 2. 
     n Ne11 , n Nf11 , and n Ng11  each independently represent 1 or 2. 
     A Ng11  represents a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group or a 1,4-phenylene group. 
     A Ng11  represents a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group, or a 1,4-phenylene group, and at least one A Ng11  is a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group. 
     Z Ne11  represents a single bond or an ethylene group, and at least one Z Ne11  is an ethylene group. 
     In general formulas (N-1a) to (N-1g) above, n Na11  represents preferably 0 or 1. n Nb11  represents preferably 1 or 2. n Nc11  represents preferably 0 or 1. n Nd11  represents preferably 1 or 2. n Ne11  represents preferably 1 or 2. n Nf12  represents preferably 1 or 2. n Ng11  represents preferably 1 or 2. In general formulas (N-1e) and (N-1g) above, a plurality of A Ne11 s, a plurality of Z Ne11 s, and/or a plurality of A Ng11 s present in the molecules may be the same or different. 
     More specifically, the compound represented by general formula (N-1) is preferably a compound represented by any of general formulas (N-1-1) to (N-1-5) below, general formulas (N-1-10) to (N-1-18) below, and general formulas (N-1-20) to (N-1-22) below. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-1) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N111  and R N112  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N111  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably a propyl group, a pentyl group, or a vinyl group. 
     R N112  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-1) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-1) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-1) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 25% by mass, 27% by mass, 30% by mass, 33% by mass, or 35% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 50% by mass, 40% by mass, 38% by mass, 35% by mass, 33% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 7% by mass, 6% by mass, 5% by mass, or 3% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-1) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-1) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-1) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-1.1) to (N-1-1.4), formulas (N-1-1.11) to (N-1-1.14) and (N-1-1.20) to (N-1-1.22), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-1.1) to (N-1-1.4), and still more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-1.1) and (N-1-1.3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-2) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N121  and R N122  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N121  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, or a pentyl group. 
     R N122  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably a methyl group, a propyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, or a propoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-2) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-2) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-2) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 25% by mass, 27% by mass, 30% by mass, 33% by mass, 35% by mass, 37% by mass, 40% by mass, or 42% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 50% by mass, 48% by mass, 45% by mass, 43% by mass, 40% by mass, 38% by mass, 35% by mass, 33% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 7% by mass, 6% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-2) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-2) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-2) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-2.1) to (N-1-2.7), formulas (N-1-2.10) to (N-1-2.13), and formulas (N-1-2.20) to (N-1-2.22) and more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-2.3) to (N-1-2.7), formula (N-1-2.10), formula (N-1-2.11), formula (N-1-2.13), and formula (N-1-2.20). 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, the compounds represented by formulas (N-1-2.3) to (N-1-2.7) are preferred. When importance is placed on an improvement in Tni, the compounds represented by formula (N-1-2.10), formula (N-1-2.11), and formula (N-1-2.13) are preferred. When importance is placed on an improvement in response speed, the compound represented by formula (N-1-2.20) is preferred. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-3) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N131  and R N132  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N131  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N132  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably a 1-propenyl group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-3) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-3) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-3) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-3) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-3) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-3) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-3.1) to (N-1-3.7), formula (N-1-3.10), formula (N-1-3.11), formula (N-1-3.20), and formula (N-1-3.21), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-3.1) to (N-1-3.7) and formula (N-1-3.21), and still more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-3.1) to (N-1-3.4) and formula (N-1-3.6). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     One of the compounds represented by formulas (N-1-3.1) to (N-1-3.4), formula (N-1-3.6), and formula (N-1-3.21) may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination. In particular, a combination of the compound represented by formula (N-1-3.1) and the compound represented by formula (N-1-3.2) and a combination of two or three compounds selected from the compound represented by formula (N-1-3.3), the compound represented by formula (N-1-3.4), and the compound represented by formula (N-1-3.6) are preferred. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-4) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N141  and R N142  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N141  and R N142  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably a methyl group, a propyl group, an ethoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-4) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-4) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-4) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 11% by mass, 10% by mass, or 8% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-4) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on T ni , setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-4) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-4) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-4.1) to (N-1-4.4) and formulas (N-1-4.11) to (N-1-4.14), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-4.1) to (N-1-4.4), and still more preferably a compound represented by formula (N-1-4.1), formula (N-1-4.2), or formula (N-1-4.4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-5) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N151  and R N152  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N151  and R N152  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-5) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-5) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-5) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 8% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 33% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-5) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-5) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-5) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-5.1) to (N-1-5.6) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (N-1-5.1), formula (N-1-5.2), or formula (N-1-5.4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-10) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1101  and R N1102  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1101  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a vinyl group, or a 1-propenyl group. 
     R N1102  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-10) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-10) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-10) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-10) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-10) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-10) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-10.1) to (N-1-10.5) and formulas (N-1-10.11) to (N-1-10.14), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-10.1) to (N-1-10.5), and still more preferably a compound represented by formula (N-1-10.1) or formula (N-1-10.2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-11) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1111  and R N1112  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1111  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a vinyl group, or a 1-propenyl group. 
     R N1112  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-11) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-11) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-11) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-11) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-11) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-11) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-11.1) to (N-1-11.5) and formulas (N-1-11.11) to (N-1-11.14), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-11.1) to (N-1-11.5), and still more preferably a compound represented by formula (N-1-11.2) or formula (N-1-11.4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-12) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1121  and R N1122  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1121  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1122  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-12) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-12) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-12) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-12) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-12) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-13) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1131  and R N1132  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1131  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1132  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-13) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-13) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-13) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-13) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-13) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-14) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1141  and R N1142  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1141  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1142  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-14) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-14) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-14) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-14) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-14) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-15) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1151  and R N1152  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1151  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1152  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-15) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-15) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-15) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-15) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-15) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-16) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1161  and R N1162  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1161  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1162  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-16) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-16) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-16) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-16) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-16) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-17) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1171  and R N1172  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1171  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1172  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-17) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-17) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-17) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-17) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-17) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-18) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1181  and R N1182  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1181  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     R N1182  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-18) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-18) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-18) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-18) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-18) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-18) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-18.1) to (N-1-18.5), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-18.1) to (N-1-18.3), and still more preferably a compound represented by formula (N-1-18.2) or formula (N-1-18.3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-20) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1201  and R N1202  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1201  and R N1202  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-20) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-20) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-20) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-20) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-20) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-21) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R N1211  and R N1212  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-21) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-21) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-21) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, or 13% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-21) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-21) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-22) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N1221  and R N1222  have the same meanings as R N11  and R N12 , respectively, in general formula (N-1). 
     R N1221  and R N1222  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, a propyl group, or a butyl group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-1-22) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-1-22) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-22) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-22) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-1-21) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-1-22) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-1-22.1) to (N-1-22.6) and formulas (N-1-22.11) and (N-1-22.12), more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-22.1) to (N-1-22.5), and still more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (N-1-22.1) to (N-1-22.4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (N-3) is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (N-3-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R N321  and R N322  have the same meanings as R N31  and R N32 , respectively, in general formula (N-3). 
     R N321  and R N322  are each preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms and more preferably a propyl group or a pentyl group. 
     One compound represented by general formula (N-3-2) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (N-3-2) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-3-2) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 25% by mass, 27% by mass, 30% by mass, 33% by mass, or 35% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 50% by mass, 40% by mass, 38% by mass, 35% by mass, 33% by mass, 30% by mass, 28% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 7% by mass, 6% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in Δε, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-3-2) is set to be high. When importance is placed on low temperature solubility, setting the amount of the compound to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (N-3-2) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (N-3-2) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (N-3-2.1) to (N-3-2.3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The liquid crystal molecules may further contain a compound represented by the following general formula (L). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L1  and R L2  each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Any one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups present in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO—. 
     n L1  represents 0, 1, 2, or 3. 
     A L1 , A L2 , and A L3  each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of
         (a) a 1,4-cyclohexylene group (any one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups present in this group may each be replaced with —O—),   (b) a 1,4-phenylene group (any one —CH═ group or two or more non-adjacent —CH═ groups present in this group may each be replaced with —N═), and   (c) a naphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, or a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group (any one —CH═ group or two or more non-adjacent —CH═ groups present in these groups may each be replaced with —N═). The group (a), the group (b), and the group (c) may be each independently substituted with a cyano group, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom.       

     Z L1  and Z L2  each independently represent a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —OCH 2 —CH 2 O—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCF 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —CH═N N═CH—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, or —C≡C—. 
     When n L1  is two or more, a plurality of A L2 s and a plurality of Z L2 s may be the same or different, and the compounds represented by general formulas (N-1) to (N-3) are excluded. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L) corresponds to a compound that is substantially dielectrically neutral (the value of Δε is −2 to 2). One compound represented by general formula (L) may be used alone, or two or more compounds represented by general formula (L) may be used in combination. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is appropriately adjusted according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, birefringence, process compatibility, mura (droplet marks), image-sticking, and dielectric anisotropy. 
     The lower limit of the amount of the compound is preferably 1% by mass, 10% by mass, 20% by mass, 30% by mass, 40% by mass, 50% by mass, 55% by mass, 60% by mass, 65% by mass, 70% by mass, 75% by mass, or 80% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 95% by mass, 85% by mass, 75% by mass, 65% by mass, 55% by mass, 45% by mass, 35% by mass, or 25% by mass. 
     To increase the response speed of the liquid crystal composition while its viscosity (η) is kept low, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L) is high and the upper limit is also high. To improve the temperature stability of the liquid crystal composition while the Tni of the liquid crystal composition is kept high, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount of the compound is high and the upper limit is also high. To increase the Δε of the liquid crystal composition in order to keep the driving voltage of the liquid crystal display device low, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount is low and the upper limit is also low. 
     When importance is placed on reliability, R L1  and R L2  are each independently preferably an alkyl group. When importance is placed on a reduction in the volatility of the compound, R L1  and R L2  are each independently preferably an alkoxy group. When importance is placed on a reduction in viscosity, at least one of R L1  and R L2  is preferably an alkenyl group. 
     The number of halogen atoms present in the compound represented by general formula (L) is preferably 0, 1, 2, or 3 and more preferably 0 or 1. When importance is placed on compatibility with other liquid crystal molecules, the number of halogen atoms is preferably 1. 
     When ring structures to which R L1  and R L2  are bonded are benzene rings (aromatic rings), R L1  and R L2  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     When the ring structures to which R L1  and R L2  are bonded are each a saturated ring structure such as a cyclohexane ring, a pyran ring, or a dioxane ring, R L1  and R L2  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     To stabilize the nematic phase, the total number of carbon atoms and oxygen atoms (if present) in each of R L1  and R L2  is preferably 5 or less, and R L1  and R L2  are preferably linear. 
     The alkenyl group is preferably a group selected from the group consisting of groups represented by the following formulas (R1) to (R5). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In each of the above formulas, each solid circle represents a bond. 
     When importance is placed on the response speed of the liquid crystal molecules, n L1  is preferably 0. To improve the upper limit temperature of the nematic phase of the liquid crystal molecules, n L1  is preferably 2 or 3. To balance them, n L1  is preferably 1. To satisfy the desired characteristics of the liquid crystal composition, it is preferable to use a combination of compounds with different n L1  values. 
     To increase the Δn of the liquid crystal molecules, A L1 , A L2 , and A L3  are each independently preferably an aromatic group. To improve the response speed of the liquid crystal molecules, A L1 , A L2 , and A L3  are each independently preferably an aliphatic group. 
     The aromatic group and the aliphatic groups are each preferably a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-phenylene group, a 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group, a 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene group, a piperidine-1,4-diyl group, a naphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, more preferably any of structures represented by Chem. 74, and still more preferably a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group or a 1,4-phenylene group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     When importance is placed on the response speed of the liquid crystal molecules, Z L1  and Z L2  are each independently preferably a single bond. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following general formulas (L-1) to (L-7). 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L11  and R L12  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     R L11  and R L12  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     One compound represented by general formula (L-1) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (L-1) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 15% by mass, 20% by mass, 25% by mass, 30% by mass, 35% by mass, 40% by mass, 45% by mass, 50% by mass, or 55% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 95% by mass, 90% by mass, 85% by mass, 80% by mass, 75% by mass, 70% by mass, 65% by mass, 60% by mass, 55% by mass, 50% by mass, 45% by mass, 40% by mass, 35% by mass, 30% by mass, or 25% by mass. 
     To increase the response speed of the liquid crystal composition while its viscosity (η) is kept low, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1) is high and the upper limit is also high. To improve the temperature stability of the liquid crystal composition while the Tni of the liquid crystal composition is kept high, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount is medium and the upper limit is also medium. To increase the Δε of the liquid crystal composition in order to keep the driving voltage of the liquid crystal display device low, it is preferable that the lower limit of the amount is low and the upper limit is also low. 
     Preferably, the compound represented by general formula (L-1) is a compound represented by the following general formula (L-1-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L12  has the same meaning as in general formula (L-1). 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1-1) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-1-1.1) to (L-1-1.3), more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-1-1.2) or formula (L-1-1.3), and still more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-1-1.3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1-1.3) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, or 10% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 20% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 7% by mass, 6% by mass, 5% by mass, or 3% by mass. 
     Preferably, the compound represented by general formula (L-1) is a compound represented by the following general formula (L-1-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L12  has the same meaning as in general formula (L-1). 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1-2) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 25% by mass, 27% by mass, 30% by mass, or 35% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 60% by mass, 55% by mass, 50% by mass, 45% by mass, 42% by mass, 40% by mass, 38% by mass, 35% by mass, 33% by mass, or 30% by mass. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1-2) is preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (L-1-2.1) to (L-1-2.4) below and more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (L-1-2.2) to (L-1-2.4). In particular, the compound represented by formula (L-1-2.2) is preferred because its effect of improving the response speed of the liquid crystal composition is high. 
     When more importance is placed on an improvement in Tni of the liquid crystal composition than on its response speed, it is preferable to use the compound represented by formula (L-1-2.3) or formula (L-1-2.4). The amount of the compound represented by formula (L-1-2.3) or formula (L-1-2.4) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably less than 30% by mass in order to increase low-temperature solubility. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preferably, the compound represented by general formula (L-1) is a compound represented by the following general formula (L-1-3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L13  and R L14  each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 
     R L13  and R L14  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1-3) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 25% by mass, or 30% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 60% by mass, 55% by mass, 50% by mass, 45% by mass, 40% by mass, 37% by mass, 35% by mass, 33% by mass, 30% by mass, 27% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 17% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, or 10% by mass. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1-3) is preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (L-1-3.1) to (L-1-3.4) and formulas (L-1-3.11) to (L-1-3.13) below and more preferably a compound represented by any of formula (L-1-3.1), formula (L-1-3.3), and formula (L-1-3.4) below. The compound represented by formula (L-1-3.1) is particularly preferred because its effect of improving the response speed of the liquid crystal composition is high. 
     When more importance is placed on an improvement in Tni of the liquid crystal composition than on its response speed, it is preferable to use a compound represented by formula (L-1-3.3), formula (L-1-3.4), formula (L-1-3.11), or formula (L-1-3.12). Preferably, the total amount of the compounds represented by formula (L-1-3.3), formula (L-1-3.4), formula (L-1-3.11), and formula (L-1-3.12) contained in the liquid crystal composition is less than 20% in order to increase the low-temperature solubility. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1) is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (L-1-4) or (L-1-5). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, R L15  and R L16  each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 
     R L15  and R L16  are each independently preferably a linear alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a linear alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linear alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1-4) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 17% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, or 10% by mass. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1-5) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 13% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 17% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, or 10% by mass. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1-4) or (L-1-5) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-1-4.1) to (L-1-4.3) and formulas (L-1-5.1) to (L-1-5.3) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-1-4.2) or formula (L-1-5.2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1) is preferably a combination of two or more selected from compounds represented by formula (L-1-1.3), formula (L-1-2.2), formula (L-1-3.1), formula (L-1-3.3), formula (L-1-3.4), formula (L-1-3.11), and formula (L-1-3.12) and more preferably a combination of two or more selected from compounds represented by formula (L-1-1.3), formula (L-1-2.2), formula (L-1-3.1), formula (L-1-3.3), formula (L-1-3.4), and formula (L-1-4.2). 
     When importance is placed on the reliability of the liquid crystal composition, a combination of two or more selected from formula (L-1-3.1), formula (L-1-3.3), and formula (L-1-3.4) is preferred. When importance is placed on the response speed of the liquid crystal composition, a combination of two or more selected from compounds represented by formula (L-1-1.3) and formula (L-1-2.2) is preferred. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1) is also preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (L-1-6). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L17  and R L18  each independently represent a methyl group or a hydrogen atom. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-1-6) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 5% by mass, 10% by mass, 15% by mass, 17% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 25% by mass, 27% by mass, 30% by mass, or 35% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 60% by mass, 55% by mass, 50% by mass, 45% by mass, 42% by mass, 40% by mass, 38% by mass, 35% by mass, 33% by mass, or 30% by mass. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-1-6) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-1-6.1) to (L-1-6.3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-2) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L21  and R L22  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     R L1  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     R L22  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 
     One compound represented by general formula (L-2) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (L-1) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-2) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, or 10% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 20% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 7% by mass, 6% by mass, 5% by mass, or 3% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on the low temperature solubility of the liquid crystal molecules, setting the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-2) to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on the response speed of the liquid crystal composition, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable to set the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-2) within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-2) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-2.1) to (L-2.6) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-2.1), formula (L-2.3), formula (L-2.4), or formula (L-2.6). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-3) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L31  and R L32  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     R L31  and R L32  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 
     One compound represented by general formula (L-3) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (L-3) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-3) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, or 10% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 20% by mass, 15% by mass, 13% by mass, 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 7% by mass, 6% by mass, 5% by mass, or 3% by mass. 
     To obtain high birefringence, setting the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-3) to be higher is highly effective. When importance is placed on high Tni, setting the amount of the compound to be lower is highly effective. To improve mura (droplet marks) and image-sticking characteristics, it is preferable that the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-3) is set within an intermediate range between the above ranges. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-3) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-3.1) to (L-3.4), formula (L-3.6), and formula (L-3.7) and more preferably a compound represented by any of formulas (L-3.2) to (L-3.4), formula (L-3.6), and formula (L-3.7). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-4) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L41  and R L42  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     R L41  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     R L42  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 
     One compound represented by general formula (L-4) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (L-4) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-4) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is appropriately adjusted according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, birefringence, process compatibility, mura (droplet marks), image-sticking, and dielectric anisotropy. 
     The lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 14% by mass, 16% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 26% by mass, 30% by mass, 35% by mass, or 40% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 50% by mass, 40% by mass, 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 20% by mass, 15% by mass, 10% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-4) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-4.1) to (L-4.3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In accordance with the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence, the liquid crystal composition may contain only the compound represented by formula (L-4.1), may contain only the compound represented by formula (L-4.2), may contain both the compound represented by formula (L-4.1) and the compound represented by formula (L-4.2), or may contain all the compounds represented by formulas (L-4.1) to (L-4.3). 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-4) is preferably a compound represented by any of the flowing formulas (L-4.4) to (L-4.6) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-4.4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In accordance with the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence, the liquid crystal composition may contain only the compound represented by formula (L-4.4), may contain only the compound represented by formula (L-4.5), or may contain both the compounds represented by formula (L-4.4) and formula (L-4.5). 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-4) is preferably a compound represented by any of the flowing formulas (L-4.7) to (L-4.10) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-4.9). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-5) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L51  and R L52  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     R L51  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     R L52  is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 
     One compound represented by general formula (L-5) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (L-5) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-5) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is appropriately adjusted according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, birefringence, process compatibility, mura (droplet marks), image-sticking, and dielectric anisotropy. 
     The lower limit of the amount of the compound is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 14% by mass, 16% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 26% by mass, 30% by mass, 35% by mass, or 40% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 50% by mass, 40% by mass, 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 20% by mass, 15% by mass, 10% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-5) is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (L-5.1) or formula (L-5.2) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-5.1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-5) is also preferably a compound represented by the following formula (L-5.3) or formula (L-5.4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-5) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-5.5) to (L-5.7) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-5.7). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-6) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L61  and R L62  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     x L61  and X L62  each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom. 
     R L61  and R L62  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     Preferably, one of X L61  and X L62  is a fluorine atom, and the other one is a hydrogen atom. 
     One compound represented by general formula (L-6) may be used alone, or a combination of two or more compounds represented by general formula (L-6) may be used. No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-6) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably as follows. Specifically, the lower limit of the amount is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 14% by mass, 16% by mass, 20% by mass, 23% by mass, 26% by mass, 30% by mass, 35% by mass, or 40% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 50% by mass, 40% by mass, 35% by mass, 30% by mass, 20% by mass, 15% by mass, 10% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an increase in Δn, it is preferable to increase the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-6). When importance is placed on precipitation at low temperature, it is preferable to reduce the amount of the compound. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-6) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-6.1) to (L-6.9). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     No particular limitation is imposed on the number of compounds combined. However, it is preferable to use one to three compounds, and it is more preferable to use one to four compounds. For example, it is preferable to select and appropriately combine one of the compounds represented by formula (L-6.1) and formula (L-6.2), one of the compounds represented by formula (L-6.4) and formula (L-6.5), one of the compounds represented by formula (L-6.6) and formula (L-6.7), and one of the compounds represented by formula (L-6.8) and formula (L-6.9) because a wide molecular weight distribution of the selected compounds is effective for the solubility. In particular, a combination of compounds represented by formula (L-6.1), formula (L-6.3), formula (L-6.4), formula (L-6.6), and formula (L-6.9) is more preferred. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-6) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-6.10) to (L-6.17) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-6.11). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is the following compound. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R L71  and R L72  have the same meanings as R L1  and R L2 , respectively, in general formula (L). 
     A L71  and A L72  have the same meanings as A L2  and A L3 , respectively, in general formula (L). Any hydrogen atom present in A L71  and A L72  may be replaced with a fluorine atom. 
     Z L71  has the same meaning as Z L2  in general formula (L). 
     X L71  and X L72  each independently represent a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom. 
     In the above formula, R L71  and R L72  are each independently preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 
     A L71  and A L72  are each independently preferably a 1,4-cyclohexylene group or a 1,4-phenylene group. Any hydrogen atom present in A L71  and A L72  may be replaced with a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom. 
     Z L71  is preferably a single bond or COO— and more preferably a single bond. 
     X L71  and X L72  are each preferably a hydrogen atom. 
     No particular limitation is imposed on the types of compounds combined, and suitable compounds are selected according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, and birefringence. The number of compounds used is 1, 2, 3, or 4. 
     The amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-7) and contained in the liquid crystal composition is appropriately adjusted according to the desired properties such as low temperature solubility, transition temperature, electrical reliability, birefringence, process compatibility, mura (droplet marks), image-sticking, and dielectric anisotropy. 
     The lower limit of the amount of the compound is preferably 1% by mass, 2% by mass, 3% by mass, 5% by mass, 7% by mass, 10% by mass, 14% by mass, 16% by mass, or 20% by mass. The upper limit of the amount is preferably 30% by mass, 25% by mass, 23% by mass, 20% by mass, 18% by mass, 15% by mass, 10% by mass, or 5% by mass. 
     When the liquid crystal composition is required to have high Tni, it is preferable to increase the amount of the compound represented by general formula (L-7). When low viscosity is desired, it is preferable to reduce the amount of the compound. 
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-7.1) to (L-7.4) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-7.2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-7.11) to (L-7.13) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-7.11). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-7.21) to (L-7.23) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-7.21). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-7.31) to (L-7.34) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-7.31) or formula (L-7.32). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-7.41) to (L-7.44) and more preferably a compound represented by formula (L-7.41) or formula (L-7.42). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by general formula (L-7) is also preferably a compound represented by any of the following formulas (L-7.51) to (L-7.53). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     ((Polymerizable Compound)) 
     The liquid crystal composition may further contain a polymerizable compound that can be polymerized by irradiation with active energy rays. The polymerizable compound is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (P). Preferably, the liquid crystal composition contains one or two or more polymerizable compounds represented by the following general formula (P). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula, R p1  represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or -Sp p2 -P p2 . One —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with —CH═CH—, —CC—, —O—, —CO—, —COO—, or —OCO—. One or two or more hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group may be each independently replaced with a cyano group, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom. 
     P p1  and P p2  each independently represent any of the following general formula (P p1 -1) to formula (P p1 -9). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (In the above formulas, R p11  and R p12  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; W p11  represents a single bond, —O—, —OCO—, or a methylene group; t p11  represents 0, 1, or 2; when a plurality of R p11 s, a plurality of R p12 s, a plurality of W p11 s and/or a plurality of t p11 s are present, they may be the same or different.) 
     Sp p1  and Sp p2  each independently represent a single bond or a spacer group. 
     Z p1  and Z p2  each independently represent a single bond, —O—, —S—, —CH 2 —, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —CO—, —C 2 H 4 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCOOCH 2 —, —CH 2 OCOO—, —OCH 2 CH 2 O—, —CO—NR ZP1 —, —NR ZP1 —CO—, —SCH 2 —, —CH 2 S—, —CH═CR ZP1 —COO—, —CH═CR ZP1 —OCO—, —COO—CR ZP1 ═CH—, —OCO—CR ZP1 ═CH—, —COO—CR ZP1 ═CH—COO—, —COO—CR ZP1 ═CH—OCO—, —OCO—CR ZP1 ═CH—COO—, —OCO—CR ZP1 ═CH—OCO—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —COO—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —OCO—, —OCO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(C═O)—O—(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —CF═CH—, —CH═CF—, —CF 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CF 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 —, or —C≡C— (wherein R ZP1 s each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and when a plurality of R ZP1 s are present in one molecule, they may be the same or different). 
     A p1 , A p2 , and A p3  each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of 
     (a p ) a 1,4-cyclohexylene group (one —CH 2 — group or two or more non-adjacent —CH 2 — groups present in this group may be replaced with —O—) 
     (b p ) a 1,4-phenylene group (one —CH═ group or two or more non-adjacent —CH═ group present in this group may be replaced with —N═), and 
     (C p ) a naphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a phenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, or an anthracene-2,6-diyl group (one —CH═ group or two or more non-adjacent —CH═ groups present in these groups may each be replaced with —N═, and any hydrogen atom present in these groups may be replaced with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms). The group (a p ), the group (b p ), and the group (C p ) may be each independently substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a cyano group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, or -Sp p2 -P p2 . 
     m p1  represents 0, 1, 2, or 3. 
     When a plurality of Z p1 s, a plurality of A p2 s, a plurality of Sp p2 s, and/or a plurality of P p2  are present in one molecule, they may be the same or different. When m p1  is 0 and A p1  is a phenanthrene-2,7-diyl group or an anthracene-2,6-diyl group, A p3  represents a single bond. 
     The alignment aid is excluded from the polymerizable compound. 
     R p1  is preferably -Sp p2 -P p2 . 
     P p1  and P p2  are each independently preferably one of formula (P p1 -1) to formula (P p1 -3) and more preferably (P p1 -1). 
     R p11  and R p12  are each independently preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. 
     t p11  is preferably 0 or 1. 
     W p11  is preferably a single bond, a methylene group, or an ethylene group. 
     m p1  is preferably 0, 1, or 2 and preferably 0 or 1. 
     Z p1  and Z p2  are each independently preferably a single bond, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —CO—, —C 2 H 4 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —COOC 2 H 4 —, —OCOC 2 H 4 —, —C 2 H 4 OCO—, —C 2 H 4 COO—, —CH═CH—, —CF 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —COO—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —OCO—, —OCO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH═CH—COO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —OCOCH═CH—, —COO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, —OCF 2 —, or —C≡C— and more preferably a single bond, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —C 2 H 4 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —COOC 2 H 4 —, —OCOC 2 H 4 —, —C 2 H 4 OCO—, —C 2 H 4 COO—, —CH═CH—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —COO—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —OCO—, —OCO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH═CH—COO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —OCOCH═CH—, —COO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, or —C≡C—. 
     Preferably, only one of Z p1 (s) and Z p2  present in one molecule is —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —C 2 H 4 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —COOC 2 H 4 —, —OCOC 2 H 4 —, —C 2 H 4 OCO—, —C 2 H 4 COO—, —CH═CH—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —COO—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —OCO—, —OCO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH═CH—COO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —OCOCH═CH—, —COO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, or —C≡C—, and the rest are each a single bond. More preferably, only one of Z p1 (s) and Z p2  present in one molecule is —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —C 2 H 4 —, —COO—, or —OCO—, and the rest are each a single bond. Still more preferably, all of Z p1  (s) and Z p2  present in one molecule are each a single bond. 
     Preferably, only one of Z p1 (s) and Z p2  present in one molecule is a linking group selected from the group consisting of —CH═CH—COO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —COO—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —OCO—, —O—CO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, and —COO—(CH 2 ) 2 —, and the rest are each a single bond. 
     Sp p1  and Sp p2  each independently represent a single bond or a spacer group, and the spacer group is preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms. Any —CH 2 — group in the alkylene group may be replaced with —O—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CH═CH—, or —C≡C— so long as oxygen atoms are not directly linked to each other, and any hydrogen atom in the alkylene group may be replaced with a halogen atom. 
     In particular, Sp p1  and Sp p2  are each independently preferably a linear alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a single bond. 
     A p1 , A p2 , and A p3  are each independently preferably a 1,4-phenylene group or a 1,4-cyclohexylene group and more preferably a 1,4-phenylene group. 
     To improve the compatibility with the liquid crystal molecules (liquid crystal compound), it is preferable that the 1,4-phenylene group is substituted with one fluorine atom, one methyl group, or one methoxy group. 
     The total content of the compounds represented by general formula (P) relative to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.05 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 8% by mass, still more preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, yet more preferably 0.1 to 3% by mass, even more preferably 0.2 to 2% by mass, yet even more preferably 0.2 to 1.3% by mass, particularly preferably 0.2 to 1% by mass, and most preferably 0.2 to 0.56% by mass. 
     The lower limit of the total content of the compounds represented by general formula (P) relative to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.01% by mass, 0.03% by mass, 0.05% by mass, 0.08% by mass, 0.1% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.2% by mass, 0.25% by mass, or 0.3% by mass. 
     The upper limit of the total content of the compounds represented by general formula (P) relative to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 5% by mass, 3% by mass, 1.5% by mass, 1.2% by mass, 1% by mass, 0.8% by mass, or 0.5% by mass. 
     If the content of the compounds represented by general formula (P) is small, the effect of these compounds added to the liquid crystal composition tends not to be obtained. For example, problems such as weak alignment control force of the liquid crystal molecules and a reduction in the alignment control force over time may occur depending on the type of liquid crystal molecules, the type of alignment aid, etc. If the content of the compounds represented by general formula (P) is excessively large, problems such as an increase in the amount of the compounds remaining present after curing, an increase in curing time, and a reduction in the reliability of the liquid crystal composition may occur depending on, for example, the illuminance of active energy rays. It is therefore preferable to set the content in consideration of the balance between them. 
     The total content of the compound represented by general formula (SAL) (the alignment aid that is a compound containing an adsorptive group Z AT1 ) and the compound represented by general formula (P) relative to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.05 to 10% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 8% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 3% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 2% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 1.3% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 1% by mass, and preferably 0.2 to 0.56% by mass. 
     The lower limit of the total content of the compound represented by general formula (SAL) and the compound represented by general formula (P) relative to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.01% by mass, 0.03% by mass, 0.05% by mass, 0.08% by mass, 0.1% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.2% by mass, 0.25% by mass, or 0.3% by mass. 
     The upper limit of the total content of the compound represented by general formula (SAL) and the compound represented by general formula (P) relative to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 10% by mass, 8% by mass, 5% by mass, 3% by mass, 1.5% by mass, 1.2% by mass, 1% by mass, 0.8% by mass, or 0.5% by mass. 
     If the total content of the compound represented by general formula (SAL) and the compound represented by general formula (P) is small, the effect of these compounds added to the liquid crystal composition tends not to be obtained. For example, problems such as weak alignment control force of the liquid crystal molecules and a reduction in the alignment control force over time may occur depending on the type of liquid crystal molecules etc. If the total content of the compound represented by general formula (SAL) and the compound represented by general formula (P) is excessively large, problems such as an increase in the amount of the compounds remaining present after curing, an increase in curing time, and a reduction in the reliability of the liquid crystal composition may occur depending on, for example, the illuminance of active energy rays. It is therefore preferable to set the contents in consideration of the balance between them. 
     Preferred examples of the compound represented by general formula (P) include polymerizable compounds represented by the following formula (P-1-1) to formula (P-1-46). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, P p11 , P p12 , Sp p11 , and Sp p12  have the same meanings as P p1 , P p2 , Sp p1  and Sp p2 , respectively, in general formula (P). 
     Other preferred examples of the compound represented by general formula (P) include polymerizable compounds represented by the following formula (P-2-1) to formula (P-2-12). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, P p21 , P p22 , Sp p1 , and Sp p22  have the same meanings as P p1 , P p2 , Sp p1 , and Sp p2 , respectively, in general formula (P). 
     Other preferred examples of the compound represented by general formula (P) include polymerizable compounds represented by the following formula (P-3-1) to formula (P-3-15). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, P p31 , P p32 , Sp p31 , and Sp p32  have the same meanings as P p1 , P p2 , Sp p1 , and Sp p2 , respectively, in general formula (P). 
     Other preferred examples of the compound represented by general formula (P) include polymerizable compounds represented by the following formula (P-4-1) to formula (P-4-19). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formulas, P p41 , P p42 , Sp p41 , and Sp p42  have the same meanings as P p1 , P p2 , Sp p1 , and Sp p2 , respectively, in general formula (P). 
     When the liquid crystal composition contains the polymerizable compound in addition to the alignment aid, the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules can be formed preferably. 
     Preferably, the liquid crystal composition does not contain a compound that has, in its molecule, a structure such as a peracid (—CO—OO—) structure in which oxygen atoms are bonded to each other. 
     When importance is placed on the reliability and long-term stability of the liquid crystal composition, the amount of a compound having a carbonyl group and contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 1% by mass or less, and particularly preferably substantially 0% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on the UV radiation stability of the liquid crystal composition, the amount of a chlorine-substituted compound contained in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, still more preferably 8% by mass or less, yet more preferably 5% by mass or less, even more preferably 3% by mass or less, and particularly preferably substantially 0% by mass. 
     Preferably, the liquid crystal composition contains an increased amount of a compound in which all ring structures in its molecule are 6-membered rings. Specifically, the amount of such a compound is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, still more preferably 95% by mass or more, and particularly preferably substantially 100% by mass. 
     To prevent deterioration of the liquid crystal composition by oxidation, it is preferable that the liquid crystal composition contains a reduced amount of a compound having a cyclohexenylene group as a ring structure. Specifically, the amount of such a compound is preferably 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less, and particularly preferably substantially 0% by mass. 
     When importance is placed on an improvement in the viscosity of the liquid crystal composition and an improvement in its Tni, it is preferable that the liquid crystal composition contains a reduced amount of a compound having, in its molecule, a 2-methylbenzene-1,4-diyl group in which any hydrogen atom is optionally replaced with a halogen. Specifically, the amount of such a compound is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, still more preferably 5% by mass or less, particularly preferably 3% by mass or less, and most preferably substantially 0% by mass. 
     In the present description, the phrase “the amount of compound X contained in the liquid crystal composition is substantially 0% by mass” means that the amount of compound X unintendedly (inevitably) contained in the liquid crystal composition is allowable. 
     The lower limit of the average elastic constant (K AVG ) of the liquid crystal composition is preferably 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.3, 12.5, 12.8, 13, 13.3, 13.5, 13.8, 14, 14.3, 14.5, 14.8, 15, 15.3, 15.5, 15.8, 16, 16.3, 16.5, 16.8, 17, 17.3, 17.5, 17.8, or 18. The upper limit is preferably 25, 24.5, 24, 23.5, 23, 22.8, 22.5, 22.3, 22, 21.8, 21.5, 21.3, 21, 20.8, 20.5, 20.3, 20, 19.8, 19.5, 19.3, 19, 18.8, 18.5, 18.3, 18, 17.8, 17.5, 17.3, or 17. 
     When importance is placed on a reduction in the power consumption of the liquid crystal display device, reducing the amount of light from a backlight is effective. Since it is preferable to improve the light transmittance of the liquid crystal display device, it is preferable to set the K AVG  value to be low. When importance is placed on an improvement in the response speed of the liquid crystal display device (liquid crystal composition), it is preferable to set the K AVG  value to be high. 
     The present inventors have focused attention on image-sticking and conducted studies on the chemical composition of the liquid crystal composition. Then the inventors have found that there is a correlation between a change in pretilt angle over time that influences image-sticking and an absorption wavelength of the alignment aid. Specifically, the inventors have found that, as the absorption wavelength of the alignment aid shifts toward the short wavelength side, the change in the pretilt angle over time decreases. Thus, the invention has been completed. 
     When the alignment aid has a polymerizable group and has a light absorption wavelength shifted to the short wavelength side (this alignment aid is hereinafter referred to also as a “short-absorption wavelength alignment aid”), an excessive increase in the reactivity of the polymerizable group due to the structure of the alignment aid can be prevented. Therefore, the alignment aid can be polymerized slowly, so that a polymerized product having uniform characteristics is formed. In this case, the change in the pretilt angle over time can be reduced, i.e., the stability of the pretilt angle can be improved. 
     The above alignment aid is characterized in that, in the light absorption spectrum of the alignment aid, the longest wavelength at which the absorbance is 0.5 is 330 nm or shorter. 
     The alignment aid may have only one wavelength at which the absorbance is 0.5 and may have a plurality of wavelengths at which the absorbance is 0.5. Therefore, “the longest wavelength at which the absorbance is 0.5” is the only one wavelength in the former case and is the wavelength in a long wavelength side end portion of the light absorption spectrum in the latter case. 
     It is only necessary that the longest wavelength at which the absorbance is 0.5 be 330 nm or less. This wavelength is preferably in the range of about 290 to about 330 nm and more preferably in the range of about 300 to about 315 nm. In this case, the change in the pretilt angle over time can be further reduced. If the longest wavelength at which the absorbance is 0.5 exceeds 330 nm, the effect of reducing the change in the pretilt angle over time is not obtained sufficiently. 
     The light absorption spectrum of the alignment aid can be measured using a method according to the standards of JIS K 0115:2004. A solution prepared by dissolving the alignment aid in tetrahydrofuran at a concentration of 1000 ppm is preferably used as a measurement sample. By using the above concentration and the above solvent, the influence of the absorbance of the solvent can be minimized, and the light absorption spectrum of the alignment aid can be measured correctly. 
     Among the alignment aids described above, it is preferable that the short-absorption wavelength alignment aid has a mesogenic group. 
     In particular, it is preferable that the mesogenic group contains a benzene ring optionally having a substituent, and it is more preferable that the mesogenic group has a plurality of cyclic structures including the above benzene ring. The mesogenic group preferably has a biphenyl structure or a terphenyl structure and more preferably has a biphenyl structure. 
     The substituent is preferably a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and optionally substituted with a halogen atom. Any —CH 2 — group present in the alkyl group may be replaced with —O— or —CO—. 
     By appropriately setting the type of mesogenic group, the type of electron-donating group, the bonding position of the electron-donating group to the mesogenic group, etc., the absorption wavelength of the short-absorption wavelength alignment aid can be controlled (can be shifted to the short wavelength side). 
     The absorption wavelength of the alignment aid can be controlled also by setting the number of oxygen atoms contained in the alignment aid. No particular limitation is imposed on the specific number of oxygen atoms contained in the alignment aid. The number of oxygen atoms is preferably about 5 to about 20 and more preferably about 10 to about 15. 
     In the present invention, a plurality of the alignment aids described above may be contained. In this case, it is only necessary that one of the alignment aids be a short-absorption wavelength alignment aid. It is preferable that two or more of the alignment aids are short-absorption wavelength alignment aids, and it is more preferable that all the alignment aids are short-absorption wavelength alignment aids. 
     (Liquid Crystal Display Device) 
     Next, a description will be given of a liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal layer formed from the above-described liquid crystal composition. 
       FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view schematically showing one embodiment of the liquid crystal display device, and  FIG. 2  is an enlarged plan view of a region surrounded by line I in  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the dimensions and ratios of components may be exaggerated and may differ from the actual dimensions and ratios for the sake of convenience. Materials, dimensions, etc. described below are examples, and the present invention is not limited thereto. The materials, dimensions, etc. shown below can be appropriately changed so long as the gist of the invention is not changed. 
     The liquid crystal display device  1  shown in  FIG. 1  includes an active matrix substrate AM and a color filter substrate CF that are disposed so as to face each other and further includes a liquid crystal layer  4  sandwiched between the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF. 
     The active matrix substrate AM includes a first substrate  2 , a pixel electrode layer  5  disposed on a surface of the first substrate  2  that is located on the liquid crystal layer  4  side, and a first polarizing plate  7  disposed on a surface of the first substrate  2  that is opposite to the liquid crystal layer  4 . 
     The color filter substrate CF includes a second substrate  3 , a common electrode layer  6  disposed on the liquid crystal layer  4  side of the second substrate  3 , a second polarizing plate  8  disposed on a surface of the second substrate  3  that is opposite to the liquid crystal layer  4 , and a color filter  9  disposed between the second substrate  3  and the common electrode layer  6 . 
     Specifically, the liquid crystal display device  1  according to the present embodiment has a structure in which the first polarizing plate  7 , the first substrate  2 , the pixel electrode layer  5 , the liquid crystal layer  4 , the common electrode layer  6 , the color filter  9 , the second substrate  3 , and the second polarizing plate  8  are stacked in this order. 
     The first substrate  2  and the second substrate  3  are formed of a pliable (flexible) material such as a glass material or a plastic material. 
     The first substrate  2  and the second substrate  3  may both have light-transmitting properties, or only one of them may have light-transmitting properties. In the latter case, the other substrate may be formed from an opaque material such as a metal material or a silicon material. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the pixel electrode layer  5  includes a plurality of gate bus lines  11  for supplying scan signals, a plurality of data bus lines  12  for supplying display signals, and a plurality of pixel electrodes  13 . Only a pair of gate bus lines  11 ,  11  and a pair of data bus lines  12 ,  12  are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     The plurality of gate bus lines  11  and the plurality of data bus lines  12  are disposed so as to intersect with each other in a matrix form, and regions surrounded by these bus lines form unit pixels of the liquid crystal display device  1 . One pixel electrode  13  is formed in each unit pixel. 
     The pixel electrodes  13  each have a structure (a so-called fish-bone structure) including two trunk portions orthogonal to each other and forming a cross shape and a plurality of branch portions branched from the trunk portions and extending outward. 
     A Cs electrode  14  is disposed between the pair of gate bus lines  11 ,  11  so as to be substantially parallel to the gate bus lines  11 . A thin film transistor including a source electrode  15  and a drain electrode  16  is provided near the intersection of a gate bus line  11  and a data bus line  12 . A contact hole  17  is provided in the drain electrode  16 . 
     The gate bus lines  11  and the data bus lines  12  are each formed of preferably, for example, Al, Cu, Au, Ag, Cr, Ta, Ti, Mo, W, Ni, or an alloy containing these elements and more preferably Mo, Al, or an alloy containing these elements. 
     The pixel electrodes  13  are each formed from a transparent electrode in order to improve light transmittance. The transparent electrode is formed, for example, by sputtering a compound such as ZnO, InGaZnO, SiGe, GaAs, IZO (indium zinc oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), SnO, TiO, or AZTO (AlZnSnO). 
     The average thickness of the transparent electrode is preferably about 10 to about 200 nm. To reduce electrical resistance, the transparent electrode may be formed by firing an amorphous ITO film to form a polycrystalline ITO film. 
     The common electrode layer  6  has disposed thereon, for example, a plurality of stripe-shaped common electrodes (transparent electrodes). These common electrodes can be formed in the same manner as that for the pixel electrodes  13 . 
     The color filter  9  can be produced, for example, by a pigment dispersion method, a printing method, an electrodeposition method, or a staining method. 
     In the pigment dispersion method, a curable coloring composition for the color filter is supplied to the second substrate  3  so as to form a prescribed pattern and then cured by heating or irradiation with light. This procedure is performed for three colors, i.e., red, green, and blue colors, and the color filter  9  can thereby be obtained. 
     The color filter  9  may be disposed on the first substrate  2  side. 
     The liquid crystal display device  1  may have a black matrix (not shown) from the viewpoint of preventing light leakage. Preferably, the black matrix is formed in portions corresponding to the thin film transistors. 
     The black matrix may be disposed, together with the color filter  9 , on the second substrate  3  side or may be disposed, together with the color filter  9 , on the first substrate  2  side. The black matrix may be disposed on the first substrate  2  side, and the color filter  9  may be disposed on the second substrate  3  side. The black matrix may be formed from overlapping colored portions of the color filter  9  that have reduced transmittance. 
     The active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF are bonded to each other at their circumferential edges using a sealing material (sealer) formed from, for example, an epoxy-based heat-curable composition. 
     A spacer may be disposed between the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF in order to maintain a separation distance therebetween. Examples of the spacer include particulate spacers such as glass particles, plastic particles, and alumina particles and resin-made spacer columns formed by photolithography. 
     The average separation distance between the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF (i.e., the average thickness of the liquid crystal layer  4 ) is preferably about 1 to about 100 μm. 
     By adjusting the positional relation between the transmission axes of the first polarizing plate  7  and the second polarizing plate  8 , a design with a good viewing angle and good contrast can be obtained. Specifically, it is preferable that the first polarizing plate  7  and the second polarizing plate  8  are disposed such that their transmission axes are orthogonal to each other in order for the liquid crystal display device  1  to operate in a normally black mode. In particular, it is preferable that one of the first polarizing plate  7  and the second polarizing plate  8  is disposed such that its transmission axis is parallel to the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules when no voltage is applied. 
     When the first polarizing plate  7  and the second polarizing plate  8  are used, it is preferable that the product of the refractive index anisotropy (Δn) of the liquid crystal layer  4  and the average thickness of the liquid crystal layer  4  is adjusted such that the contrast is maximized. The liquid crystal display device  1  may further include a retardation film in order to increase the viewing angle. 
     The active matrix substrate AM may further include an organic insulating film that covers part of the pixel electrode layer  5  (the gate bus lines  11 , the data bus lines  12 , the pixel electrodes  13 , the Cs electrodes  14 , and the thin film transistors) or the entire pixel electrode layer  5 . 
     The color filter substrate CF may further include an organic insulating film that covers part of the common electrode layer  6  (common electrode) or the entire common electrode layer  6 . 
     Examples of the material forming these organic insulating films include acrylic resins, epoxy resins, styrene resins, and copolymers thereof. One of these resins may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination. 
     (Method for Manufacturing Liquid Crystal Display Device) 
     Next, a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device  1  will be described. 
     The method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device in the embodiment includes a preparation step [1] of preparing the substrates and the liquid crystal composition, a hydrophilization treatment step [2] of subjecting the substrates to hydrophilization treatment, an assembling step [3] of assembling the liquid crystal display device  1 , a polymerizing step [4] of polymerizing the alignment aid and/or the polymerizable compound, and a curing step [5] of curing the sealing material. 
     [1] Preparation Step 
     First, the active matrix substrate AM, the color filter substrate CF, and the liquid crystal composition described above are prepared. 
     [2] Hydrophilization Treatment Step (First Step) 
     Next, a surface of the active matrix substrate AM and a surface of the color filter substrate CF that are to face the liquid crystal layer  4  (i.e., the inner surface of the pixel electrode layer  5  and the inner surface of the common electrode layer  6 ) are subjected to hydrophilization treatment. This step is optionally performed and may be omitted. 
     By performing the hydrophilization treatment, the hydrophilicity of the inner surface of the pixel electrode layer  5  and the hydrophilicity of the inner surface of the common electrode layer  6  (these inner surfaces may be referred to simply as “inner surfaces”) can be increased. This allows the polar groups in the alignment aid contained in the liquid crystal composition to be firmly fixed to the inner surfaces. Moreover, the alignment aid can be disposed (aligned) such that the mesogenic groups are spaced apart from the inner surfaces. In this manner, the liquid crystal molecules aligned vertically can be more reliably held within the liquid crystal layer  4 . 
     Examples of the hydrophilization treatment (polarity improving treatment) include: physical treatment such as ozone treatment, corona treatment, and oxygen plasma treatment; and chemical treatment such as addition of a surfactant, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. and introduction of hydrophilic functional groups. One type of such treatment may be used alone, or two or more types of such treatment may be used in combination. 
     In particular, the hydrophilization treatment is preferably physical treatment, and ozone treatment is more preferred. With the ozone treatment, hydroxy groups can be introduced onto the inner surfaces to increase hydrophilicity (polarity). Moreover, the ozone treatment (physical treatment) has a high cleaning effect, so that impurities (such as resist residues) adhering to the inner surfaces can be removed. Therefore, the polar groups in the alignment aid can more easily adsorb on the inner surfaces. 
     &lt;Ozone Treatment&gt; 
     The ozone treatment is a method in which oxygen in air is converted to ozone by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) rays and surface modification is performed in the ozone-containing atmosphere. 
     The UV light source is preferably a low-pressure mercury lamp. The low-pressure mercury lamp is known to have light-emission spectra at wavelengths of around 185 nm and around 254 nm. The light with a wavelength of around 185 nm is used to generate ozone, and the light with a wavelength of around 254 nm is used to decompose the ozone to thereby generate active oxygen. Therefore, by using the low-pressure mercury lamp, the inner surfaces can be effectively subjected to hydrophilization treatment. 
     Any gas containing oxygen can be used as the oxygen source gas, and oxygen gas, dry air, etc. can be used. 
     The pressure of the atmosphere used for the ozone treatment may be reduced pressure or may be atmospheric pressure. 
     No particular limitation is imposed on the time for the ozone treatment (the UV irradiation time). The ozone treatment time is preferably about 10 to about 100 seconds and more preferably about 20 to about 60 seconds. 
     &lt;Corona Treatment&gt; 
     The corona treatment is a surface modification method that uses a corona discharge excited by a high AC voltage applied to a pair of electrodes at atmospheric pressure. 
     &lt;Oxygen Plasma Treatment&gt; 
     The oxygen plasma treatment is a method in which a treatment gas containing oxygen gas is ionized by an arc discharge and surface modification is performed using oxygen plasma generated by the ionization of the treatment gas. 
     The treatment gas used may be a gas mixture of oxygen gas and an inert gas such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, or helium gas. 
     The amount of the oxygen gas supplied is preferably about 0.5 to about 50 sccm, and the pressure of the atmosphere is preferably about 0.1 to about 50 Pa. 
     The electric power applied from the power source during the arc discharge is preferably about 10 to about 500 W, and the frequency of the power source is preferably about 1 to 50 kHz. 
     The static contact angle of water on the hydrophilized inner surfaces at 25° C. is preferably 70° or less and more preferably 60° or less over the entire region. 
     When the pixel electrode layer  5  and the common electrode layer  6  include the respective organic insulating films, the static contact angle of water on the surface of each organic insulating film at 25° C. is preferably 70° or less and more preferably about 40 to about 55°. The static contact angle of water on the surface of the ITO film (metal oxide film) at 25° C. is preferably 30° or less and more preferably about 10 to about 20°. 
     The surface free energy of the hydrophilized inner surfaces is preferably 50 mN/m or more and more preferably 60 mN/m or more over the entire region. 
     When the pixel electrode layer  5  and the common electrode layer  6  include the respective organic insulating films, the surface free energy of the surface of each organic insulating film is preferably 50 mN/m or more and more preferably about 55 to about 65 mN/m. The surface free energy of the ITO film (metal oxide film) is preferably 70 mN/m or more and more preferably about 75 to about 85 mN/m. 
     By setting the static contact angle and the surface free energy within the above ranges, the alignment aid can be supplied to the entire inner surfaces uniformly, and the alignment aid can adsorb (be fixed) on the inner surfaces more firmly. 
     [3] Assembling Step (Second Step) 
     Next, the sealing material is applied along edges of at least one of the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF using a dispenser so as to form a seal pattern along the outer frame of the display area. 
     Then a predetermined amount of the liquid crystal composition is added dropwise to the inner side of the sealing material under reduced pressure, and the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF are disposed in contact with the liquid crystal composition so as to face each other. 
     In the above ODF (one drop fill) method, it is necessary that an optimal amount of the liquid crystal composition that depends on the size of the liquid crystal display device  1  be injected dropwise. The liquid crystal composition described above is less susceptible to, for example, shock and an abrupt change in the pressure inside the dropwise addition device during dropwise addition and can be added dropwise stably for a long time. Therefore, the yield of the liquid crystal display device  1  can be kept high. 
     In particular, since the optimal amount of the liquid crystal composition injected into a small-size liquid crystal display device frequently used for smartphones is small, it is difficult to control variations in the injection amount within a given range. However, with the liquid crystal composition described above, the optimal amount of the liquid crystal composition can be correctly injected dropwise even into a small-size liquid crystal display device in a stable manner. 
     Moreover, with the ODF method, the occurrence of mura (droplet marks) when the liquid crystal composition is added dropwise onto the substrates can be prevented. The mura (droplet marks) refer to a phenomenon in which white mura (droplet marks) of the droplets of the liquid crystal composition added appear in a black display mode. 
     [4] Polymerizing Step (Third Step) 
     When the alignment aid includes a polymerizable group and/or the liquid crystal composition includes a polymerizable compound, the liquid crystal composition is irradiated with active energy rays such as UV rays or an electron beam to polymerize the alignment aid and/or the polymerizable compound. 
     The liquid crystal layer  4  is thereby formed, and the liquid crystal display device  1  is obtained. In this case, since the alignment aid is fixed to the two substrates AM and CF, the polymerized product of the alignment aid and/or the polymerized product of the polymerizable compound is segregated on the substrate AM and CF sides within the liquid crystal layer  4 . 
     To obtain good alignment of the liquid crystal molecules, it is preferable to use an appropriate polymerization speed. It is therefore preferable that, during polymerization, one type of active energy rays is used for the irradiation or different types of active energy rays are used for the irradiation simultaneously or sequentially. When UV rays are used, a polarized light source may be used, or an unpolarized light source may be used. 
     In the present embodiment, the liquid crystal composition is subjected to polymerization with the two substrates facing each other so as to be in contact with the liquid crystal composition. In this case, it is necessary that at least the substrate located on the irradiation surface side have appropriate transmittance for the active energy rays. 
     The polymerization may be performed in a plurality of steps as follows. Specifically, first, a mask is used to polymerize the alignment aid and/or the polymerizable compound present only in a specific region in the liquid crystal composition. Then conditions such as an electric field, a magnetic field, or temperature are controlled to change the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules in the non-polymerized region. The liquid crystal composition in this state is irradiated with the active energy rays to polymerize the alignment aid and/or the polymerizable compound present in the non-polymerized region. 
     In particular, when UV rays are used, it is preferable that the liquid crystal composition is irradiated with the UV rays while an AC electric field is applied to the liquid crystal composition. 
     The frequency of the AC current applied is preferably about 10 Hz to about 10 kHz and more preferably about 60 Hz to about 10 kHz. 
     The voltage of the AC current applied is selected depending on the desired pretilt angle of the liquid crystal display device  1 . Specifically, by adjusting the voltage of the AC current applied, the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal display device  1  can be controlled. 
     In a horizontal electric field MVA mode liquid crystal display device, it is preferable from the viewpoint of alignment stability and contrast that the pretilt angle is controlled to 80 to 89.9°. 
     The temperature during irradiation with UV rays is preferably in a temperature range in which the liquid crystal state of the liquid crystal composition is maintained. The specific temperature is preferably a temperature close to room temperature, typically about 15 to about 35° C. 
     The lamp used to generate the UV rays may be a metal halide lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, or an ultrahigh-pressure mercury lamp. 
     The UV rays applied are preferably UV rays having a wavelength outside the absorption wavelength range of the liquid crystal composition. It is more preferable that prescribed wavelengths of the UV rays used are cut off if necessary. 
     The intensity of the UV rays applied is preferably about 0.1 mW/cm 2  to about 100 W/cm 2  and more preferably about 2 mW/cm 2  to about 50 W/cm 2 . The UV rays may be applied while the intensity of the UV rays is changed. 
     The energy amount of the UV rays applied can be appropriately adjusted and is preferably about 10 mJ/cm 2  to about 500 J/cm 2  and more preferably about 100 mJ/cm 2  to about 200 J/cm 2 . 
     The time of irradiation with the UV rays is appropriately selected according to their intensity and is preferably about 10 to about 3600 seconds and more preferably about 10 to about 600 seconds. 
     In the liquid crystal composition described above, since the alignment aid does not inhibit the polymerization reaction of the polymerizable compound, the polymerizable compound is suitably polymerized, and the amount of the unreacted polymerizable compound remaining in the liquid crystal composition can be reduced. 
     In assembling step [3], a vacuum infusion method may be used instead of the one drop fill (ODF) method. For example, in the vacuum infusion method, first, a sealing material is applied along edges of at least one of the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF by screen printing such that an injection hole remains unsealed. Then, the two substrates AM and CF are laminated, and the sealing material is heated to heat-cure it. Next, the injection hole is sealed, and the polymerizing step [4] is performed. 
     The thus-obtained liquid crystal display device  1  is preferably a PSA, PSVA, VA, IPS, FFS, or ECB mode liquid crystal display device and more preferably a PSA mode liquid crystal display device. 
     The alignment aid of the present invention, the liquid crystal composition of the present invention, and the liquid crystal display device of the present invention have been described. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. 
     For example, part of the structure of each of the alignment aid of the present invention, the liquid crystal composition of the present invention, and the liquid crystal display device of the present invention may be replaced with another structure having the same function, and any other structure may be added. 
     The alignment aid of the present invention can be used not only for the formation of the liquid crystal layer but also for the formation of an optical compensation film. 
     In the liquid crystal display device in the preceding embodiment, both the active matrix substrate AM and the color filter substrate CF are in direct contact with the liquid crystal layer  4  with no polyimide (PI) alignment film interposed therebetween. However, a PI alignment film may be disposed on one of them. In this case, the surface of the PI alignment film may be or may not be subjected to the hydrophilization treatment. 
     In consideration of the influence of heat during the formation of the PI alignment film, it is preferable that the PI alignment film is disposed on the color filter substrate CF. In other words, when only one of the substrates is subjected to the hydrophilization treatment, it is preferable that the active matrix substrate AM (the substrate having the pixel electrodes  13 ) is subjected to the hydrophilization treatment. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention will be described by way of Examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these Examples. 
     The following characteristics of each liquid crystal composition were measured. 
     Tni: Nematic phase-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (° C.) 
     Δn: Refractive index anisotropy at 293 K 
     Δε: Dielectric anisotropy at 293 K 
     γ1: Rotational viscosity (mPa·s) at 293 K 
     K11: Splay elastic constant (pN) at 293 K 
     K33: Bend elastic constant (pN) at 293 K 
     The following abbreviations are used for compounds used in the Examples and Comparative Examples. n in each abbreviation is a natural number. 
     (Side Chains) 
     -n —C n H 2n+1 : linear alkyl group having n carbon atoms 
     n- C n H 2n+1 —: linear alkyl group having n carbon atoms 
     —On —OC n H 2n+1 : linear alkoxy group having n carbon atoms 
     —V1 —CH═CH—CH 3 : propenyl group 
     V— CH 2 ═CH—: vinyl group 
     1V2- CH 3 —CH═CH—CH 2 —CH 2 —: pentenyl group 
     (Linking Structure) 
     -nO— —C n H 2n O— 
     (Ring Structures) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compositions and physical properties of liquid crystal mixtures LC-1 and LC-2 are shown in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 3-Cy-Cy-2 
                 16.5 
                 16.5 
               
               
                   
                 crystal 
                 3-Cy-Cy-4 
                 3 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 compound 
                 3-Cy-Cy-V1 
                   
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                 [% by mass] 
                 3-Cy-Ph-O1 
                 15 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Ph-Ph-1 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph-Ph-2 
                 8 
                 6.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1V2-Ph-Ph-1 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-1O-Ph5-O1 
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 
                   
                 15.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 
                   
                 6.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O1 
                   
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 
                   
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 
                 6.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O4 
                 8.5 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Physical 
                 Tni[° C.] 
                 75 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 properties 
                 Δn 
                 0.112 
                 0.104 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Δε 
                 −3.0 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Y 1 [mPa · s] 
                 122 
                 107 
               
               
                   
                   
                 K 11 [pN] 
                 14.1 
                 14.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 K 33 [pN] 
                 13.9 
                 14.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following alignment aids (A) to (J) were used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The following polymerizable compounds (A) to (C) were used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Polymerizable Compound (C) 
     1. Production of Liquid Crystal Display Devices 
     Example 1 
     First, polyimide alignment films for inducing vertical alignment were applied to ITO substrates, and the applied polyimide alignment films were subjected to rubbing treatment. Then an empty liquid crystal cell (cell gap 3.5 μm) including the polyimide alignment film-attached ITO substrates was produced. 
     Next, a liquid crystal composition was injected into the empty liquid crystal cell using a vacuum injection method. 
     In Example 1, the liquid crystal composition used contains liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (A), and polymerizable compound (A). The amount of alignment aid (A) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (A) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Next, the liquid crystal cell with the liquid crystal composition injected therein was irradiated with UV rays from a high-pressure mercury lamp through a filter cutting off UV rays with wavelengths of 325 nm or shorter while an AC electric field (AC voltage) of 10 V and a frequency of 100 Hz was applied. 
     In this case, the UV rays were applied at an integrated light quantity of 10 J/cm 2  such that the illuminance measured under the condition of a center wavelength of 365 nm was 100 mW/cm 2 . These UV irradiation conditions are defined as irradiation conditions 1. The UV rays were applied under the irradiation conditions 1 to impart a pretilt angle to the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal composition. 
     Next, a fluorescent UV lamp was used to further apply UV rays at an integrated light quantity of 20 J/cm 2  such that the illuminance measured under the condition of a center wavelength of 313 nm was 3 mW/cm 2  to thereby obtain a liquid crystal display device. These irradiation conditions were defined as irradiation conditions 2. By irradiating the liquid crystal cell with UV rays under irradiation conditions 2, the amounts of the unreacted alignment aid (A) and the unreacted polymerizable compound (E) remaining in the liquid crystal cell after irradiation with the UV rays under irradiation conditions 1 were reduced. 
     Example 2 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 2, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-2, alignment aid (B), and polymerizable compound (B) was used. The amount of alignment aid (B) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (B) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Comparative Example 1, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (C), and polymerizable compound (A) was used. The amount of alignment aid (C) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (A) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Comparative Example 2, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-2, alignment aid (D), and polymerizable compound (B) was used. The amount of alignment aid (D) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (B) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 3 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 3, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (E), and polymerizable compound (A) was used. The amount of alignment aid (E) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (A) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 4 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 4, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-2, alignment aid (F), and polymerizable compound (B) was used. The amount of alignment aid (F) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (B) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 5 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 5, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (G), and polymerizable compound (A) was used. The amount of alignment aid (G) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (A) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 6 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 6, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-2, alignment aid (H), and polymerizable compound (B) was used. The amount of alignment aid (H) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (B) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 7 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 7, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (I), and polymerizable compound (A) was used. The amount of alignment aid (I) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (A) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 8 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 8, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-2, alignment aid (J), and polymerizable compound (B) was used. The amount of alignment aid (J) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.5% by mass, and the amount of polymerizable compound (B) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 9 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 9, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (E), alignment aid (G), and polymerizable compound (C) was used. The amount of alignment aid (E) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.2% by mass, and the amount of alignment aid (G) was 0.4% by mass. The amount of polymerizable compound (C) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 10 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 10, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-2, alignment aid (G), alignment aid (H), and polymerizable compound (B) was used. The amount of alignment aid (G) contained in the liquid crystal composition was 0.3% by mass, and the amount of alignment aid (H) was 0.3% by mass. The amount of polymerizable compound (B) was 0.3% by mass. 
     Example 11 
     A liquid crystal display device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of liquid crystal composition was changed. 
     In Example 11, a liquid crystal composition containing liquid crystal mixture LC-1, alignment aid (H), alignment aid (I), and polymerizable compound (C) was used. The amount of alignment aid (H) contained the liquid crystal composition was 0.2% by mass, and the amount of alignment aid (I) was 0.4% by mass. The amount of polymerizable compound (C) was 0.3% by mass. 
     2. Evaluation 
     2-1. Evaluation of UV Absorption 
     First, a solution obtained by dissolving one of the alignment aids in tetrahydrofuran at a concentration of 1000 ppm was prepared. 
     Next, the prepared solution was stored in a quartz glass-made cell, and a UV absorption spectrum was measured using a spectrophotometer (“V670/JASCO” manufactured by JASCO Corporation under the following measurement conditions. The results measured using only tetrahydrofuran stored in a quartz glass-made cell were used as a baseline. 
     &lt;Measurement Conditions&gt; 
     Photometric mode: Abs 
     Band width: 2.0 nm 
     Scan speed: 400 nm/min 
     Measurement start wavelength: 800 nm 
     Measurement end wavelength: 200 nm 
     2-2. Evaluation of Change in Pretilt Angle 
     First, the pretilt angle of each liquid crystal display device was measured and used as a pretilt angle (initial). 
     Next, while a rectangular voltage of 30 V and a frequency of 100 Hz was applied to the liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal display device was irradiated with light from a backlight continuously for 10 hours. Then the pretilt angle was measured and used as a pretilt angle (after the test). 
     A value obtained by subtracting the pretilt angle (after the test) from the measured pretilt angle (initial) was used as the change in pretilt angle (=the absolute value of the change in pretilt angle) [°]. 
     The pretilt angle was measured using a pretilt angle measurement system (“OPTIPRO” manufactured by Shintech). The magnitude of the applied voltage (30 V) was several times larger than an ordinary driving voltage, and this evaluation test was an accelerated test. 
     The closer the change in the pretilt angle is to 0 [°], the smaller the possibility of the occurrence of display defects due to the change in the pretilt angle. 
     In this evaluation, a change of 0.5 [°] was used as the tolerance limit range for display defects. 
     Specifically, when the change in the pretilt angle was 0.5° or more, a “x (poor)” rating was given. When the change in the pretilt angle was less than 0.5°, a “◯ (good)” rating was given. 
     The evaluation results are shown in Tables 2 to 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal mixture 
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 composition 
                 Alignment aid 
                 Type 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amount 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
               
                   
                 Polymerizable 
                 Type 
                 A 
                 B 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 compound 
                 Amount 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Longest wavelength at which absorbance 
                 322   
                 307   
                 335   
                 344   
               
               
                 of alignment aid is 0.5 
               
               
                 Change in pretilt angle 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 x 
               
               
                 Measured value of change in pretilt 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.7 
                 1 
               
               
                 angle (°) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid crystal mixture 
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 crystal 
                 Alignment aid 
                 Type 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
                 I 
                 J 
               
               
                 composition 
                   
                 Amount 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
               
                   
                 Polymerizable 
                 Type 
                 A 
                 B 
                 A 
                 B 
                 A 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 compound 
                 Amount 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Longest wavelength at which 
                 319   
                 307   
                 318   
                 308   
                 314   
                 322   
               
               
                 absorbance of alignment aid is 0.5 
               
               
                 Change in pretilt angle 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Measured value of change in 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 pretilt angle (°) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 9 
                 Example 10 
                 Example 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid crystal mixture 
                 LC-1 
                 LC-2 
                 LC-1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 crystal 
                 Alignment aid 
                 Type 
                 E 
                 G 
                 G 
                 H 
                 H 
                 I 
               
               
                 composition 
                   
                 Amount 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Polymerizable 
                 Type 
                 C 
                 B 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 compound 
                 Amount 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (% by mass) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Change in pretilt angle 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
               
               
                 Measured value of change in 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 pretilt angle (°) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Examples each using an alignment aid in which the longest wavelength at which the absorbance was 0.5 was 330 nm or less, the change in the pretilt angle over time was small, and no image-sticking was observed. In Examples each using two alignment aids, similar results were obtained. 
     However, in the Comparative Examples each using an alignment aid in which the longest wavelength at which the absorbance was 0.5 was more than 330 nm, the change in the pretilt angle over time was large, and image-sticking occurred. 
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
     
         
         
           
               1  liquid crystal display device 
             AM active matrix substrate 
             CF color filter substrate 
               2  first substrate 
               3  second substrate 
               4  liquid crystal layer 
               5  pixel electrode layer 
               6  common electrode layer 
               7  first polarizing plate 
               8  second polarizing plate 
               9  color filter 
               11  gate bus line 
               12  data bus line 
               13  pixel electrode 
               14  Cs electrode 
               15  source electrode 
               16  drain electrode 
               17  contact hole