Patent Publication Number: US-7910429-B2

Title: Method of forming ONO-type sidewall with reduced bird&#39;s beak

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO CO-OWNED APPLICATIONS 
     The following copending U.S. patent applications are owned by the owner of the present application, and their disclosures are incorporated herein by reference: 
     (A) Ser. No. 10/442,759 filed May 20, 2003 by Zhong Dong et al. and which is originally entitled, Methods for Improving Quality of High Temperature Oxide (HTO) Formed from Halogen-Containing Precursor and Products Thereof and Apparatus Therefor. 
     FIELD OF DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure of invention relates generally to fabrication of monolithically integrated semiconductor devices. 
     The disclosure relates more specifically to the formation of sidewall insulation for a charge-retaining structure used in non-volatile reprogrammable memory such as the type generically known as an ONO stack. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     So-called, FLASH memory devices and alike forms of electrically re-programmable and nonvolatile memory devices have become commercially popular due in part to their ability to store data in a small and dense form factors, their ability to be repeatedly and quickly re-programmed, and their ability to retain programmed data in a nonvolatile fashion so that even when power is lost, the stored data is preserved. 
     One relatively simple format for such an electrically re-programmable type of nonvolatile memory is known as the vertically-stacked gate configuration. In this configuration, a so-called “floating gate” (FG) electrode is insulatively sandwiched between an underlying, tunnel insulator layer and an overlying, inter-gates insulator (IGI) layer. A so-called “control gate” (CG) electrode is stacked atop the inter-gates insulator (IGI) layer. In some embodiments (NAND Flash) there is also a select gate (SG) for enabling a group of cells. Under the tunnel insulator layer (beneath the FG) there is typically provided a channel region with opposed source (S) and drain (D) regions. 
     Because of the way the layers are stacked, the IGI layer (inter-gates insulator layer) is sandwiched at least between the floating gate electrode (FG) and the control gate electrode (CG). A further insulator may be formed between the control gate electrode (CG) and the select gate (SG). The inter-gates insulator (IGI) layer typically contains a series of different dielectric materials. The classical combination is that of silicon oxide, silicon nitride and again silicon oxide, hence the name, ONO. Such sandwiching of different kinds of material layers between the memory cell gates as well as the materials of the memory cell gates can create problems as will be further explained shortly. In passing, it is to be observed that other types of more complicated configurations of gate electrodes are possible beyond the simple stacking of CG on FG. These other configurations may include various staggered gate configurations. The example of the simpler, stacked gate configuration will be sufficient for describing the improvement disclosed herein. 
     The insulatively-isolated floating gate (FG) of a stacked gate cell is intended to store a certain amount of charge and retain that stored charge even when external power is turned off. The amount of charge stored on the FG can be used to define the data state of the memory cell. The state of the memory cell can be altered by moving charge into the FG for representing a first data state and by removing charge from the FG for representing another data state. Different mechanisms may be used for injecting charge into or removing charge from the FG, including hot carrier injection and/or Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The charged or uncharged state of the floating gate (FG) can be sensed by applying a cell-read voltage V GS-read  to the control gate (CG), where the cell-read voltage V GS-read  is selected to cause a first magnitude of current conduction between the drain (D) and source (S) regions of the cell when the floating gate (FG) is in a first programmed state and to cause no or a different magnitude of IDS to flow when the floating gate (FG) is in another programmed state. (Some devices store multiple data bits per cell, where each of different amounts of charge trapped within the FG represents a different multi-bit pattern.) During data write and/or erase operations, it is common to apply relatively large voltages (V GS-write  or V GS-erase ) to the control gate (CG) so as to induce Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and/or other charge transport mechanisms between the floating gate (FG) and one or more other electrode regions within the memory cell. 
     It is important, for purposes of carrying out the various read and write/erase operations of floating gate type memory cells (e.g., stacked gate cells), to establish an appropriate pattern of electric field intensities across the insulators that surround the charge-storing, floating gate (FG). These electric fields (E-fields) may be established by generating correspondingly appropriate voltages between the control gate (CG), the drain (D), the source (S) and/or substrate (U) regions of the memory cell. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that electric field intensity in dielectric insulators is usually a function of voltage difference (V) divided by dielectric thickness (d) and multiplied by dielectric constant (E=kV/d). Capacitive coupling is a function of plate area divided by dielectric thickness (C=f(kA/d)). In order to get consistent results from mass produced devices, it is important to maintain precise control over the per-cell plate-area (A), the dielectric thickness (d) and the dielectric constant (k) of the various insulators which surround the FG of each cell so that same results will occur in one device and the next for a given control gate voltage (V CG ). Stated otherwise, consistently same capacitive coupling without excessive leakage should occur from one mass produced device to the next between the CG, the FG, the source (S), the drain (D) and the substrate (U). 
     Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that most insulators are not perfect. A small amount of leakage current can undesirably flow through them. They can undergo high voltage breakdown. Contaminating chemicals can pass through pinhole or other defects in the insulators. Much progress has been made in the formation of the so-called, thermal gate oxide insulator that lies between the substrate and the floating gate (FG). However, the inter-gates insulator layer (IGI) that is typically sandwiched between the FG and the CG still poses numerous problems. 
     The inter-gates insulator layer (IGI) is particularly prone to problems with leakage current and premature breakdown. Practitioners in the art have developed a so-called ONO solution. According to basic ONO practice, after the material for the floating gate (FG) is deposited (typically it is doped polysilicon), three insulative layers are vapor deposited in sequence. The three insulative layers are respectively composed of silicon-Oxide, silicon-Nitride and silicon-Oxide; hence the ONO acronym. The material for the control gate (CG) is then deposited (typically it is doped polysilicon) on top of the ONO structure. The ONO structure is advantageous because silicon-nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) generally has a greater dielectric constant (k) than does silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). The higher dielectric constant of the silicon-Nitride layer in the ONO stack lets cell designers use lower gate voltages than would otherwise be possible for an equal thickness of insulator material made of only silicon-oxide. It is desirable to keep gate voltages relatively small. The ONO approach allows this to happen. 
     Despite improvements in fabrication techniques, the ONO approach still suffers from various problems including: the existence of small leakage currents between the FG and the CG; and variations in dimensions of layer thicknesses in the ONO layers and variations of material quality within the different materials of the ONO stack. 
     More specifically, one of the problems that plagues ONO stacks is that of Bird&#39;s Beak formation during mass production fabrication of the ONO stack sidewalls. Just as it is desirable to provide a good electrical insulator at the top of the floating gate (FG), between it and the control gate (CG), it is further desirable to surround the sidewalls of the FG and the rest of the ONO stack structure with good quality insulation. However, the very fact that the ONO stack contains different materials, most notably: a silicon nitride layer or the like, makes it difficult to consistently form sidewall insulation of both good quality and consistent dimensions. Silicon nitride resists conventional oxidation. As a result, when sidewall oxide is first being formed, the oxidation reaction preferentially expands into the sidewall material of the floating gate electrode (FG) and/or of the control gate electrode (CG) while leaving the side of the silicon nitride layer relatively un-oxidized. This differential behavior often results in the formation of a Bird&#39;s Beak geometry. Dielectric thickness is no longer uniform across device layers and it becomes more difficult to guarantee consistent device performance for mass-produced memory cells. Often the sidewall of the ONO stack is seen to have a substantially different height dimension than that of the middle of the ONO stack due to Bird&#39;s Beak development as will be explained in more detail below. The present disclosure shows how such Bird&#39;s Beak formation may be reduced. 
     INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY 
     Structures and methods may be provided in accordance with the present disclosure of invention for improving over the above-described sidewall fabrication problems. 
     More specifically, in accordance with one set of aspects of the present disclosure, a high-kinetics, dry oxidation process (ISSG) is used to initially oxidize an ONO sidewall area where the initial oxidation process includes the generation of atomic oxygen radicals or other such short-lived oxidizing agents for more uniformly producing oxides along nitride-containing regions and along silicon-containing regions. 
     A sidewall forming method in accordance with the present disclosure comprises: (a) providing an ONO-type memory cell stack where at least one sidewall of the ONO-type memory cell stack is exposed and includes a plurality of material layers respectively composed of different materials, and (b) generating a sufficient amount of atomic oxygen near said at least one, otherwise exposed sidewall of the ONO-type memory cell stack so as to substantially oxidize exposed sidewall regions of those of the different materials of the ONO-type memory cell stack that are not substantially oxidized prior to said subjecting of the at least one otherwise exposed sidewall to atomic oxygen generating step. In one set of embodiments, the atomic oxygen generating step is part of a dry ISSG process that includes: (a.1) flowing molecular oxygen (O 2 ) towards the stack; and (a.2) flowing molecular hydrogen (H2) towards the stack, where the volumetric flow ratio of the H 2  to the O2 is less than about 0.2. 
     Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent from the below detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The below detailed description section makes reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram showing the start of a conventional process in which oxide sidewall material is to be deposited (e.g., via HTO—High Temperature Oxidation) on the sidewalls of a pre-formed and patterned ONO memory cell stack; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram for explaining mechanisms that are believed to be responsible for formation of Bird&#39;s Beak deformations when a conventional process such as that started in  FIG. 1A  is used; 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram for explaining various tests which may be performed after a sidewall dielectric formation process such as that of  FIGS. 1A-1B  has been carried out, where the tests determine various characteristics of the resultant ONO-like memory cell stack; 
         FIG. 2B  shows a typical voltage breakdown plot; 
         FIG. 2C  shows a typical charge accumulation graph; 
         FIG. 2D  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram for explaining a variation where a select gate (SG) is fabricated adjacent to, but insulatively spaced apart from the ONO memory cell stack; 
         FIG. 3A  is a diagram showing a possible mechanism whereby energetic, oxidizing radicals such as those of an ISSG step are used to more uniformly and initially oxidize the material-differentiated sidewalls of an ONO-like memory cell stack; 
         FIG. 3B  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram corresponding to  FIG. 1B  but explaining mechanisms that are believed to be responsible for reduction of Bird&#39;s Beak deformation when a free radical, oxidizing agent process such as that started in  FIG. 3A  is used; 
         FIG. 3C  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram corresponding to  FIG. 2A  and showing how sidewall dielectric uniformity may be improved, and Bird&#39;s Beak formation may be reduced by a free radical, initial oxidizing process such as that of  FIG. 3A , and further showing how a supplemental other oxidizing process (e.g., HTO) may be carried out after the initial oxidizing of sidewall with free radicals (e.g., atomic oxygen); 
         FIG. 4A  is a first bar graph showing edge height to middle height ratios found for memory cells having HTO formed sidewalls and for memory cells having ISSG formed sidewalls; 
         FIG. 4B  is a second bar graph showing breakdown voltage results for NAND-type memory cells having HTO formed sidewalls and those having ISSG formed sidewalls; and 
         FIG. 4C  is a third bar graph showing post-erase, threshold voltage results for NAND-type memory cells having HTO formed sidewalls and those having ISSG formed sidewalls. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1A  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram showing the start of a conventional deposition process  100  wherein oxide sidewall material is to be formed on the sidewalls of a pre-formed and pre-patterned ONO memory cell stack  110  by way of a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. 
     More specifically, a monocrystalline silicon substrate  105  has been provided prior to the start of the sidewall oxidation process. A so-called, tunnel oxide layer (TOX)  111  has been formed on the substrate by thermal growth or otherwise. A first polysilicon layer (Poly-1)  112  has been deposited for later defining the so-called, floating gate (FG) of a corresponding memory cell. On top of the Poly-1 layer  112 , a first silicon oxide layer (SiO-1)  114  has been formed to begin definition of the so-called, ONO stack  117 . This has been followed by deposition of a silicon nitride layer (SiN-2)  115  and subsequent deposition of a second silicon oxide layer (SiO-3)  116 . The triad of the SiO-1 layer  114 , SiN-2 layer  115  and SiO-3 layer  116  will define the ONO stack  117 . (Although a conventional, oxide-nitride-oxide combination is described for purpose of example, it is within the contemplation of the disclosure that other stacks of different dielectric materials may be used in place of the fundamental ONO stack  117 , for example, a NONO stack which may include oxynitride layers within it. The gate electrodes may additionally, be made of materials other than polysilicon.) 
     After the SiO-3 layer  116  is defined, but before the illustrated tower structure is formed through patterning, a second polysilicon layer (Poly-2)  118  is deposited for later defining the so-called, control gate (CG) of the corresponding memory cell. On top of the Poly-2 layer  118 , a sacrificial passivating layer of silicon nitride (SiN-Pad)  119  is formed. Then photolithography and/or other patterning steps are used to define an etch mask (not shown). An etchback is performed down to the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  105  so as to thereby leave the illustrated ONO memory cell stack  110  towering above or protruding from the substrate  105  as shown. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many copies of the illustrated one ONO memory cell stack  110  will be protruding from the substrate and in spaced apart relation to one another after the etchback process is performed. For sake of simplicity, only one ONO tower is shown. (Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the etchback through the different material layers of the ONO tower—that is, through the nitrides, oxides and polysilicon layers of the example—will typically entail different etch chemistries, each tailored to selectively remove the targeted material. Such details are not relevant to the present disclosure. What is relevant is that tower sidewall are produced having different materials exposed along the sidewalls due to the different material layers of the ONO tower.) 
     Although  FIG. 1A  shows the first and second polysilicon layers ( 112 ,  118 ) as having same cross hatching, this does not mean that the Poly-1 and Poly-2 layers are necessarily exactly the same. More often than not, there will be differences because the Poly-1 and Poly-2 deposition processes are usually carried out at different times, under different conditions and/or while using different type and/or concentrations of conductivity dopants and/or formation chemistries. As a result the Poly-1 and Poly-2 layers ( 112 ,  118 ) may be composed of materials with different grain sizes, different porosities, and/or different other attributes. Similarly, the silicon oxide compositions of TOX layer  111 , SiO-1 layer  114 , and SiO-3 layer  116  will usually have different respective attributes. The silicon nitride layers  115 ,  119  will usually have different respective attributes. Such differentiated attributes of the various layers in the ONO tower can add to the complexity of what next happens as shall become apparent shortly. 
     After the etchback process leaves the illustrated ONO memory cell stack  110  protruding from the substrate  105 , it is often desirable to conformably encase a substantial portion if not the entirety of the protruding ONO tower  110 , including its vertical sidewalls, in an electrically-insulating film, such as one composed of a silicon oxide. Quality and uniformity of the sidewall dielectric (not yet shown, instead; see briefly  250  of  FIG. 2A ) are important because the encasing oxide film will surround the sidewalls of the floating gate (FG)  112  and it will thereby define part of the charge retaining characteristics of the FG. Moreover, the encasing oxide film (not yet shown) will surround the sidewalls of the ONO stack  117  and it will thereby define part of the leakage current and voltage breakdown characteristics of the ONO stack  117 . Additionally, the dimensional uniformity of the encasing oxide film (not yet shown) can participate in defining the effective capacitive coupling (C=f(kA/d), E=kV/d) between the control gate (CG)  118  and the floating gate (FG)  112 , and if present, an additional select gate (SG—see briefly  251  and  232  of  FIG. 2D ). As already explained above, for consistent results to occur among mass produced devices, it is important to maintain precise control over the effective plate area (A), the dielectric thickness (d), and the dielectric constant (k) of the various capacitive structures which form in each ONO memory cell stack  110  so that substantially same results will occur from cell to cell and from one mass produced device to the next for a given ones of control gate voltages (V CG ) and/or other electrode region voltages that induce respective, cell read operations, cell write operations, and/or cell erase operations. 
     This is the point in cell fabrication where problems may begin to arise due to shortcomings of conventional sidewall forming approaches. Silicon nitride does not usually oxidize as readily as does polysilicon in the presence of high temperature, molecular oxygen (O 2 ). Some types of polysilicons allow molecular oxidizing agents (e.g., O 2 ) to diffuse through the material of the polysilicon faster while other polysilicons exhibit slower rates. Under the conventional sidewall oxidation processes (e.g., HTO) that are used for sidewall spacer formation, the encroachment distance by which silicon oxide forms along the nitride sidewall parts (e.g., on the vertical sides of SiN-2 region  115 ) tends to be about one tenth (0.1 factor) the encroachment distance by which silicon oxide forms along the polysilicon parts of the sidewalls (e.g., on the vertical sides of Poly-2 region  118 ). As a result, a non-uniform dielectric sidewall develops. 
     Another problem with the conventional oxidation processes (e.g., HTO) is that the heated molecular oxidizing agents (e.g., O 2 ) readily diffuse through the SiO layers  114 ,  116  of the ONO stack  117  to thereby attack the underside of Poly-2 region  118  and the top surface of Poly-1 region  112 . A set of Bird&#39;s Beak formations such as better seen at  155  and  156  of  FIG. 1B  develop as a result of incursion of the molecular oxidizing agents (e.g., O 2 ) through the SiO layers  114 ,  116 . 
     Conventional oxidation for producing sidewall dielectric is not limited to HTO (High Temperature Oxidation). Other conventional methods that have been used include thermal oxidation with dry O 2  (molecular oxygen) and thermal oxidation with a wet combination of O 2  and H 2  (molecular hydrogen) and thermal oxidation with water vapor (H 2 O). As used herein, the so-called, thermal oxidation with a wet combination of O 2  and H 2  refers to a process where a supplied stream of H 2  is burned (made to produce an invisible flame) in the presence of flowing O 2  to thereby form high temperature water vapor (H 2 O) where the volumetric flow ratio of H 2 /O 2  (each in terms of sccm) is in the range of 1.0 to 1.8. It is outside of conventional, mass-production practice to reduce the H 2 /O 2  volumetric flow ratio below this range (more specifically, below 0.3) because the flame may become unstable at lower values of the ratio. 
     In terms of a more specific example for  FIG. 1A , assume that the conventional, sidewall oxidizing process is HTO (High Temperature Oxidation) as is schematically indicated at  120 . One particular HTO process flows DCS (dichlorosilane) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) over the exposed ONO memory cell stacks  110  (only one shown) in order to trigger an exothermic reaction which releases molecular oxidizing agents (e.g., O 2 ) along the exposed sidewalls of the ONO towers  110 . The DCS plus N 2 O reaction simultaneously decomposes the DCS to provide silicon atoms for deposition and oxidation along the tower sidewalls. An encasing silicon oxide layer (not shown, see instead  250  of  FIG. 2A ) is quickly formed. Such quick formation is conventionally desired because the rapidity of the sidewall dielectric formation helps to reduce fabrication costs for mass produced devices. It also helps in minimizing thermal budget problems. Unfortunately, it also leads to significant formation of Bird&#39;s Beak structures such as shown at  155  and  156  in  FIG. 1B . 
       FIG. 1A  highlights some attributes of the HTO oxidation process  120  which are believed to be responsible for forming Bird&#39;s Beak ( 155 ,  156  in  FIG. 1B ). One of the attributes that is believed to be responsible is the release of long-lived oxidizing moieties  125  (e.g., HTO-generated, molecular O 2 ) which do not penetrate well into the sidewalls of the silicon nitride regions  115  (SiN-2) and  118  (SiN-Pad). Instead, the long-lived oxidizing moieties  125  (e.g., molecular O 2 ) are diverted towards attacking the exposed sidewalls of polysilicon regions  112  (Poly-1) and  118  (Poly-2) and towards rapidly oxidizing the silicon present in those regions. Additionally, the released oxidizing moieties  125  of the HTO process have sufficiently long lifetimes (it is believed) to give them an opportunity to diffuse long distances, laterally through the SiO layers  114 ,  116  of the ONO stack  117  and to attack the underbelly of Poly-2 region  118  and the topside surface of Poly-1 region  112 . As a result, the HTO deposition process  120  produces oxide sidewalls (not fully shown) which include the so-called, Bird&#39;s Beak features  155 ,  156  as shown in  FIG. 1B . 
     The beginnings of Bird&#39;s Beak formation process is better seen by reference to  FIG. 1B . The more rapid oxidation of the various polysilicon materials ( 118 ′,  112 ′) versus those of the silicon nitride materials ( 115 ′,  119 ′) produces horizontal protrusions such as are schematically illustrated at  128   a  and  128   b . The diffusion-of-agent-through-oxide mechanisms in layers  116 ′,  114 ′ tend to produce vertical, Bird&#39;s Beak protrusions such as are schematically illustrated at  129   a  and  129   b , where the vertical, Bird&#39;s Beak protrusions extend into the adjacent SiO-1 and SiO-3 regions ( 114 ′ and  116 ′). The vertical, Bird&#39;s Beak protrusions  129   a - 129   b  also tend to produce height distortions, as are schematically illustrated at  130 . Schematic icon  130  indicates that the heights of the sidewall portions (outer edges) of the memory cell ONO stack  110 ′ are noticeably greater than the height of the central portion of the same stack  110 ′. The Bird&#39;s Beak formation can produce undesirable stresses in the stack  110 ′ as well as non-uniform electric field distributions, different effective plate areas for the capacitive structures, and premature voltage breakdown. It would therefore be advantageous if practical methods could be found for reducing or eliminating Bird&#39;s Beak formation while still forming appropriate sidewall dielectric. 
       FIG. 2A  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram which shows the aftermath of the HTO oxidation process ( 120 ′ of  FIG. 1B ). A thicker oxide sidewall  250  has now developed around the outskirts of the ONO memory cell stack  210 . The sacrificial silicon nitride ( 119 ′ of  FIG. 1B ) has been stripped off so that electrical contact  276  can be made to the Poly-2 layer  228 . It can be seen that the oxide sidewall  250  has thinner lateral thickness at  240 , near the middle nitride portion  215  of the ONO stack  217  and that the sidewall dielectric  250  has comparatively greater lateral thickness near the sidewall sections of the Poly-1 and Poly-2 layers ( 212 ,  228 ). Additionally, the effective capacitor plate area and/or effective dielectric thickness between the Poly-1 and Poly-2 electrodes ( 212 ,  228 ) has been altered by the deformity introduced by the Bird&#39;s Beak formations  255 ,  256 . (The upper and lower Bird&#39;s Beak formations,  255  and  256 , are not necessarily same but inverted copies of one another because the respectively adjacent polysilicon and/or silicon oxide materials can be different.) 
     After the oxide sidewall  250  has been developed, respective source and drain regions  202  and  203  may be defined in the substrate  205 ′ by way of self-aligned ion implant or otherwise for forming the memory transistor. Alternatively, for purposes of test, the resultant structure  201  may leave out TOX layer  211  so that polysilicon layer  212  makes direct electrical contact with a conductive region of substrate  205 ′. The latter alternative configuration may be used for more easily testing the resulting capacitor structures defined by layers  228 ,  216 ,  215 ,  214 ,  212  and the surrounding sidewall oxide  250 . It may be desirable to know the extent of Bird&#39;s Beak formation ( 255 ,  256 ), the extent of sidewall thinning  240  and the effects of one or more of these on capacitive coupling between the control gate (CG— 228 ) and the floating gate (FG— 212 ), leakage current, breakdown voltages across various dielectric boundaries, etc. 
     Various physical and electrical tests may be performed on structure  201  after the sidewall oxidation process has produced the sidewall dielectric sub-structure  250 . A first of the tests (H-tests  260 ) may determine the physical difference  230  in stack height between the outer edges of the ONO memory cell stack  210  and the middle of the cell stack  210 . This difference  230  can be used in combination with the inner height value to express a height variation ratio, R H =H outer /H inner  that indicates, in relative terms, how the sidewall oxidation process  120  has deformed the stack in the vertical direction and how much Bird&#39;s Beak formation has occurred in the vertical direction (Z-axis). A physical stylus  261  may be used to measure H inner  and H outer , or other means (e.g., ellipsometry, atomic force scanning microscope, tunneling scanning microscope) may be used for determining the height variation ratio, R H , may be used as may be appropriate. If desired, similar stylus means may be used to determine the amount of dielectric thinning around region  240  (in other words, how much Bird&#39;s Beak deformation has occurred in the horizontal direction, along the X-axis). In one to-be-described variation ( FIG. 2D ) electrical means are instead used for characterizing the behavior of the sidewall dielectric in the horizontal direction. In one embodiment, electrical means are used for characterizing the behavior of the sidewall dielectric in the vertical direction. More specifically, very narrow, edge-sensitive capacitor structures are formed on the same die with the wider, and more normal ONO memory cell stacks  210 . The edge-sensitive capacitor structures are so narrow that no middle dip section develops in them during sidewall oxidation. It is as if they are all edge and no middle. The capacitances of these edge-sensitive capacitor structures are measured, appropriate computational normalizations are made, and then they are compared to measured capacitances of the normal width structures to determine the magnitude of the vertical edge difference  230 . 
     Another set of tests  270  may be carried out on the post-oxidation structures for determining breakdown and/or other electrical characteristics of the resultant ONO memory cell stack  210 . In one such test, voltage is increased across a given dielectric region (e.g.,  217 ) and leakage current is measured ( 275 ) until a hard or soft breakdown is observed. See  FIG. 2B  which will be detailed shortly. In another such electrical test, leakage current is integrated over time until hard or soft breakdown is observed. See  FIG. 2C  which will be detailed below. The electrical testing may be carried out with special purpose probes or contacts (e.g.,  276 ) for making contact with appropriate conductive parts of the capacitor structure ( 210 ) or through use of available, on chip connections as may be available. 
     For one set of tests made on ONO memory cell stacks  210  resulting from using of HTO formation ( 120  of  FIG. 1A ), a height variation ratio, R H =H outer /H inner  of about 1.32 was observed. For the same ONO memory cell stacks, which included a so-called, adjacent select gate (see  232  of  FIG. 2D ), an undesirable breakdown at about 10.4 V was observed between the floating gate (FG) electrode and the select gate (SG) electrode. See briefly,  FIGS. 4A-4B  which will be further detailed below. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2B , a typical IV curve  280  (current versus voltage) is shown for characterizing dielectric breakdown. The horizontal voltage axis may be in terms of positive value of voltage, or negative, or absolute value depending on how a voltage creating source (e.g.,  270  of  FIG. 2A ) is operated. The vertical current axis is typically arranged logarithmically so that increasing orders of leakage magnitude are spaced linearly going up the scale. In some situations, the reaching of a specific magnitude of I LEAK  with increasing voltage, such as the one microampere (1E-06 A) level for a standard capacitor plate area (e.g., 1 mm 2 ), is deemed as a soft breakdown voltage (VB soft ). A rapid increase of I LEAK  by one or more orders of magnitude for a small increase of stress voltage is often deemed as the hard breakdown voltage (VB hard ). VB hard  is generally larger than VB soft  and varies depending on quality and thickness of the stressed dielectric. Simply by way of example, for a given dielectric layer, VB soft  may be around 6 volts while VB hard  may be around 8 volts. Higher values for dielectrics of same thickness indicate that the dielectric is able to better withstand electric field stress. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2C , another test of the stress withstanding capabilities of different dielectrics, entails the pumping of a current of constant magnitude into respective capacitor structures of standard plate area (e.g., 1 mm 2 ) and comparable dielectric thicknesses while measuring time to soft and/or hard breakdown (T 2BD ). The area under the I LEAK -versus-Time curve ( 285 ) indicates the amount of charge (Q=VC) that has accumulated until the point of breakdown. Higher values of charge for a same breakdown value indicate higher capacitance by virtue of smaller dielectric thickness and/or greater dielectric constant. 
       FIG. 2D  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram which shows the aftermath of HTO oxidation process ( 120 ′ of  FIG. 1B ) for a slightly different structure  204  than that of  FIG. 2A . Where practical, same reference numbers, but with double primes (″) are used to reference alike components. Accordingly, a detailed description is not again necessary. One key difference in  FIG. 2D  is that a so-called, select gate (SG) has been formed by depositing conductive polysilicon  232  (Poly-3) on gate oxide  231  (GOX) after sidewall oxide  250 ″ has been formed by a conventional oxidation method such as the HTO process  120  of  FIG. 1A . The sidewall dielectric separating the select gate (SG) polysilicon  232  from the conductive Poly-1 and Poly-2 electrodes is denoted as  251 . The source and drain regions,  202 ″ and  203 ″ may be formed in self-aligned manner to the gates by ion implant of dopants after the Poly-3 material is patterned. The gate oxide  231  (GOX) may be formed by thermal oxidation to have a thickness greater than that of the tunnel oxide (TOX)  211 ″. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that an equivalent series connection of a select transistor and an integrated memory transistor are formed by this structure. Such combinations of select and stacked CG/FG gates are often found (generically speaking) in NAND organized FLASH devices. The quality and/or uniformity of the sidewall dielectric (e.g.,  251 ) can be very important in NAND organized FLASH devices because, typically, multiple ones of ONO memory cell stacks like  210 ″ will be placed close together to minimize per cell area. It is their respective sidewall dielectrics (e.g.,  250 ,  251 ) that isolate their respective control gates (CG) and floating gates (FG) from one another. 
     A second key difference found in  FIG. 2D , as compared to  FIG. 2A , is that it becomes easier to test the lateral breakdown characteristics of the sidewall dielectric  251  when the select gate (SG)  232  is present. Such testing may be carried out by making appropriate connections to the contacts of the control gate (CG) electrode and of the select gate (SG) electrode as is indicated respectively at  276 ″ and  277 . The illustration of these SG-to-CG test modalities does not preclude the use of other tests, including those which measure Poly-1 to Poly-2 breakdown (CG to FG breakdown) and/or Poly-1 to Poly-3 breakdown (SG to FG breakdown) directly or by way of indirect, cell erase speed measurements. More on this, when  FIGS. 4A-4C  are detailed. 
       FIG. 3A  is a schematic, side cross sectional diagram showing the start of a sidewall oxidation process  300  in accordance with the disclosure. As is the case in the above-described  FIG. 1A , oxide sidewall material is to be formed on the sidewalls of a pre-formed and pre-patterned ONO memory cell stack  310 . Like reference symbols and/or numbers in the “ 300 ” series are used for elements of  FIG. 3A  which correspond to but are not necessarily the same as the elements represented by similar symbols and reference numbers of the “ 100 ” series in  FIG. 1A . As such, a repeated description of the stack-forming elements  311 - 319  found in  FIG. 3A  is omitted here. In one embodiment, the tunnel dielectric  311  is about 100 Å thick and is thermally grown via oxidation of the substrate  305 . In the same embodiment, the bottom ONO oxide layer  314  is about 30 Å-80 Å thick and is formed in part by thermal oxidation of the Poly-1 layer  312 . In the same embodiment, the middle nitride layer  315  is about 50 Å-120 Å thick and is formed in part by either remote plasma nitridation (RPN) of the bottom ONO oxide layer  314  and/or CVD deposition (e.g., HTO method). In the same embodiment, the top ONO oxide layer  316  is about 30 Å-70 Å thick and is formed in part by CVD deposition (e.g., HTO method). Both of the floating gate (FG) layer  312  and control gate (CG) layer  318  are doped to provide an application-specific conductivity characteristic and both are CVD deposited. Gate thickness varies according to application-specific considerations. Although not shown, in an alternate embodiment, RPN is applied to the top of the Poly-1 floating gate (FG) layer  312  to form a thin silicon nitride layer and this is then thermally oxidized to form a thin layer of thermal silicon oxide or thermal silicon oxynitride on top of the RPN nitride layer (not shown). Conventional ONO formation may then follow on top of this base structure. Basically a NONO stack is formed instead of just an ONO stack, where the bottom oxide includes thermal silicon oxide or thermal silicon oxynitride. Irrespective of this, the main point is that an ONO-type stack is provided, where the ONO-type stack has a plurality of material layers respectively composed of different materials (e.g., oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, polysilicon) exposed at one or more sidewalls of the ONO-type stack and it is desirable to form a sidewall dielectric with good and uniform insulative properties along the multi-layered sidewall(s). 
     Unlike the case of  FIG. 1A , the sidewall-dielectric forming process  300  of  FIG. 3A  includes use of a so-called dry-ISSG process  320 . ISSG is an industry-recognized acronym for In-Situ Steam Generation. However, despite its name, wet steam is not formed in dry-ISSG. Instead, a stream of H 2  is supplied in the presence of a volumetrically, faster flowing stream of O 2  and in the presence of heat (e.g., provided from IR lamps, not shown) to thereby produce free atomic oxygen (e.g., O −− ) and/or other radicals (not molecularly bound) which can combine with the materials in the multi-layered tower sidewalls to form sidewall dielectric. In one set of embodiments, the volumetric flow ratio of H 2 /O 2  (each in terms of sccm) is less than about 0.2. In a subset of these embodiments, the volumetric flow ratio of H 2 /O 2  is less than about 0.1. In another subset of these embodiments, the volumetric flow ratio of H 2 /O 2  is equal to, or less than, about 0.02. 
     The ISSG-produced free atomic oxygen (e.g., O −− ) and/or hydroxyl (e.g., OH − ) radicals and/or other radicals are believed to form adjacent to the sites where sidewall dielectric initially begins to form. In one embodiment, a dry and low-pressure mixture of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and oxygen gas (O 2 ) is streamed over a wafer while the wafer is rapidly heated (e.g., by RTP heating) to a high temperature of about 1000° C. The combination of supplied reactant gases and heat tends to generate both atomic oxygen (which could be in charged or neutral forms such as: O −− , O − , O 0 , O + , O ++ ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) at the exposed sidewall surfaces. The atomic oxygen and/or hydroxyl radicals can diffuse into the exposed surface materials at various diffusion rates to produce correspondingly oxidized reaction products. An Applied Materials Centura™ Rapid-Thermal-Processing (RTP) reactor may be used for carrying out the dry-ISSG process. The Centura™ RTP tool (available from Applied Materials of Santa Clara, Calif.) can be modified to provide an ISSG operation with the volumetric flow ratio of H 2 /O 2  being less than about 0.3 (that is, 30%), less than about 0.1 (10%), and even as low as about 0.02 (2%). 
     More specifically, in one embodiment according to the present disclosure, an ISSG recipe is used in an Applied Materials Centura™ Rapid-Thermal-Processing (RTP) reactor as set forth in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Step(s) 
                 Step Details 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  1,2,3 
                 Provide open-loop rapid thermal heating of in-chamber 
               
               
                   
                 workpieces to an initial temperature of 482° C. at a pressure 
               
               
                   
                 of 7.7 Torr and an O2 flow of 9.8 slm (standard liters per 
               
               
                   
                 minute) 
               
               
                  4 
                 Provide a control-stabilizing ramp-up of temperature at 
               
               
                   
                 30° C./second from 482° C. to 500° C. with O2 flow at 9.8 slm 
               
               
                  5 
                 Provide a controlled ramp-up of temperature at 75° C./second 
               
               
                   
                 from 500° C. to 850° C. with O2 flow at 9.8 slm 
               
               
                  6 
                 Provide a controlled slower ramp-up of temperature at 
               
               
                   
                 500° C./second from 850° C. to 900° C. with O2 flow at 9.8 slm 
               
               
                  7 
                 Provide a controlled &amp; yet slower ramp-up of temperature at 
               
               
                   
                 25° C./second from 900° C. to 950° C. with O2 flow at 9.8 slm 
               
               
                   
                 and H2 flow turned on at 0.2 slm 
               
               
                  8** 
                 Maintain 950° C. for 200 seconds with O2 flow at 9.8 slm and 
               
               
                   
                 H2 flow at 0.2 slm (so the volumetric flow ratio of H 2 /O 2  is 
               
               
                   
                 therefore approximately 0.0204.) 
               
               
                  9 
                 Provide a controlled ramp-down of temperature at 
               
               
                   
                 35° C./second from 950° C. to 690° C. with O2 and H2 flows 
               
               
                   
                 turned off and N2 flow turned on at 5 slm 
               
               
                  10 
                 Further ramp down and/or processing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Step 8 of Table 1 is where most of the dry-ISSG occurs to provide sidewall oxidation to a thickness of about 70 Å. The process can be varied as appropriate to provide ISSG-generated sidewall oxide in thickness range of about 20 Å to about 300 Å. The ISSG operating temperature may be set in, or varied over the range of about 850° C. to about 1050° C. The ISSG process maintenance time may be set in, or varied over the range of about 20 seconds to about 300 seconds. The O 2  flow rate may be set in, or varied over the range of about 3 slm to about 10 slm. The H 2  flow rate may be set in, or varied over the range of about 0.1 slm to about 1 slm. The H 2 /O 2  volumetric flow ratio may be set in, or varied over the range of about 0.3 to about 0.01, and in one subset of embodiments, in, or over the range of about 0.1 to about 0.02. Pressure in the RTP chamber may be set in, or varied over the range of about 5 Torr to about 50 Torr. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 3A , a more detailed examination is made of the locations where the oxidizing agents of the ISSG process  320  may react with surface materials and/or enter surfaces by diffusion to react with adjacent materials. Although it is believed that atomic oxygen ( 325 ) is the primary oxidizing agent, it is possible that other byproducts (e.g., OH radicals  329 ) of the ISSG process may also act as oxidizing agents. It is believed that the atomic oxidizing agents  325  supplied at the sidewall surfaces are highly reactive and generally short-lived as compared to longer-lived, oxidizing agents formed by HTO or the like. As a result, much of the available oxidizing agents  326   a ,  326   b  concentrates near the exposed polysilicon sidewalls (Poly-1 and Poly-2) and quickly forms silicon oxide on those sidewalls. The available oxidizing agents  326   c ,  327   c  are believed to be sufficiently reactive to form silicon oxide and/or silicon oxynitrides (SiO x N y ) at the exposed SiN sidewalls of layers  315  and  319 . Oxidation rates on the order of as much as about 0.6 of silicon oxidation rates are believed possible at the nitride sidewall portions. Some of the ISSG produced, oxidizing agents,  327   a - 327   b , may diffuse into exposed silicon oxide layers ( 314 ,  316 ) to thereby attack the underbelly of the Poly-2 layer  318  and the top of the Poly-1 layer  312  and to thereby produce some amount of Bird&#39;s Beak formation. However, because of the short life span and/or high reactivity of such ISSG produced, oxidizing agents,  327   a - 327   b , it is believed that they extinguish rapidly and do not penetrate as deeply into the silicon oxide layers ( 314 ,  316 ) and/or to the same extent as can the longer-lived oxidizing agents (e.g.,  127   a,b  in  FIG. 1A ) of HTO processes ( 120 ) or the like. As a result, Bird&#39;s Beak formation is reduced (as will be demonstrated shortly by experimental results). 
       FIG. 3B  is the dry-ISSG counterpart to the cross sectional view of HTO  FIG. 1B . Where practical, like reference symbols and numbers in the “ 300 ” primed series are used for elements of  FIG. 3B  which correspond to but are not necessarily the same as the elements represented by similar primed symbols and reference numbers of the “ 100 ” series in  FIG. 1B . As such, a repeated introduction is not necessary. Unlike the case of  FIG. 1B , the ISSG-formed sidewall from oxidation process  301  does not produce as large a Bird&#39;s Beak formation  355 ,  356  as would have occurred if HTO oxidation had been used as an initial method directly against the exposed sidewall surfaces of ONO memory cell stack  310 ′. Moreover, unlike the case of  FIG. 1B , oxide formation and buildup at exposed silicon nitride sidewall surfaces such as those of pad layer  319 ′ is substantially greater and faster. Oxidation rates on the order of as much as about 0.6 of silicon oxidation rates are believed to occur at the nitride sidewall portions. Accordingly, a 0.6 relative thickness of oxide (60%) is schematically indicated to have developed at silicon nitride sidewall surfaces  354   a  and  354   b . Similarly, an appropriate 0.6 factor (60%) of relative lateral thickness of oxide is schematically indicated to have developed at silicon nitride sidewall surface  357   b  for the exposed portion of SiN-2 layer  315 ′. (Oxide formation is not shown on the left side of  315 ′ merely to provide room for reference number lead lines. However, it is to be understood that silicon oxide and/or silicon oxynitride will form on the left side of layer  315 ′ similar to what is shown at  357   b , on the right side.) Since some of the highly reactive and generally short-lived atomic oxidizing agents  325 ′ are consumed by the nitride sidewall surfaces rather than being all diverted for diffusion towards the underside of the Poly-2 layer ( 318 ′) and/or the topside Poly-1 layer ( 312 ′), there is less Bird&#39;s Beak formation and a smaller deviation  330  of stack height between the outer edges of the ONO memory cell stack  310 ′ and the middle of the cell stack  310 ′. As a result, the height variation ratio, R H =H outer /H inner  becomes smaller than that which is seen with conventional HTO-based oxidation of the ONO sidewalls. This will be demonstrated from experimental results shortly (see  FIG. 4A ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 3C , after an initial thickness of dry-ISSG-grown sidewall dielectric  350  has been formed (e.g., about 70 Å to about 300 Å in thickness), a further and supplemental thickness of sidewall dielectric ( 390 , not fully shown) may be provided by HTO process  380  and/or other conventional, sidewall dielectric forming techniques. The ISSG-grown sidewall dielectric  350  can function as a protective padding, as a strengthening and/or as a diffusing skin which limits the development of additional Bird&#39;s Beak formation at  355 ″ and/or  356 ″. More specifically, the HTO oxidizing agents  385  are diffusion-rate limited by the ISSG-grown sidewall dielectric  350  from getting to the underside of the Poly-2 layer  318 ″ to add to Bird&#39;s Beak formation  355 ″ and from getting to the topside of the Poly-1 layer  312 ″ to add to Bird&#39;s Beak formation  356 ″. Application-appropriate combinations of initial ISSG-growth ( 320 ) of initial sidewall dielectric ( 350 ) and subsequent supplemental formation (e.g., by HTO  380  or other) of further sidewall dielectric ( 390 , not fully shown) may be used to achieve desired thickness and breakdown strength for the overall sidewall dielectric ( 350  plus  390 ). As already noted, HTO-based formation of sidewall dielectric is relatively fast. A combination of initial ISSG and subsequent HTO formation of sidewall dielectric can provide practitioners with a balanced set of advantages from both types of sidewall fabrication. 
     For sake of comparison,  FIG. 3C  shows in dashed outline the outer profile  250 ″ of the initial dielectric skin that would have formed had HTO been used for creating the initial sidewall skin rather than ISSG. It may be seen from the schematic representation at  340  that lateral thickness variation adjacent to the nitride portions (e.g.,  315 ″) of the sidewall can be significantly less with ISSG-based formation as compared to what would have occurred with use of HTO or the like for initial sidewall dielectric formation. The pad silicon nitride  319 ′ of  FIG. 3B  is not shown in  FIG. 3C  for sake of simplifying the illustration. It is to be understood however, that the pad silicon nitride  319 ′ will generally still be present at the time of the supplemental HTO oxidation  380  and that it will be stripped off by HF etch or otherwise after that. The final thickness ( 390 ) provided by the supplemental HTO oxidation  380  may include sacrificial thickness that is subsequently lost during the etchback  395  of the sacrificial nitride  319 ′ (nitride is shown in  FIG. 3B ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 4A , the results of a first set of experiments is shown by way of an iconic bar graph  400 . Both a conventional HTO sidewall oxidation process and an ISSG-based sidewall oxidation process (in accordance with the disclosure) were used to form sidewall dielectric on similar ONO memory cell stacks (e.g.,  110 ,  310  of respective  FIGS. 1A and 3A ). Measurements were taken of the resultant inner and outer stack heights, H inner  and H outer . Statistical regression was used to reduce experimental noise, and height variation ratios, R H =H outer /H inner  were computed respectively for the statistically-corrected results of the HTO sidewall oxidation process and the ISSG-based sidewall oxidation process. As indicated in the bar graph  400 , the computed R H  value for the HTO-based devices was found to be about 1.32 and the computed R H  value for the ISSG-based devices was found to be about 1.16. This may not seem like a big difference, but it is.  FIG. 4A  uses iconic bar symbols  410  and  430  to visually demonstrate the difference. The ratio between the outer edge height of first iconic bar symbol  410  and its indented, inner height is about 1.32. The ratio between the outer edge height of second iconic bar symbol  430  and its indented, inner height is about 1.16. It can be visually appreciated from these that the represented amount of vertical height deformation is significantly different. (For a normalized visual comparison, see icons  422  and  432  of  FIG. 4B .) It is expected that R H  values for the ISSG-based devices can be in the range of about 1.20 or less, and even be less that about 1.16 depending on the compositions of the multiple material layers that from the ONO-type stack (could be NONO) and depending the rapid thermal heating method used and on the specific volumetric flow rates used for the gases that are energized to provide atomic oxygen and/or OH radicals and on any carrier gas (e.g., argon, N 2 O) that may be further present in the ISSG tool chamber. (In one further embodiment of the ISSG process, atomic oxygen radicals are obtained from exothermic reaction of N 2 O alone (N 2 O plus decomposition triggering heat) or with a combustible second agent (e.g., H 2 ) and the combination of freed atomic oxygen and freed nitrogen radicals may be used to form a sidewall dielectric having both oxygen and nitrogen in it.) 
     Referring to  FIG. 4B , the results of a second set of experiments is shown by way of an iconic bar graph  402 . Both a conventional HTO sidewall oxidation process and an ISSG-based sidewall oxidation process (in accordance with the disclosure of  FIG. 3A ) were used to form sidewall dielectric on similar ONO memory cell stacks (e.g.,  110 ,  310  of respective  FIGS. 1A and 3A ). Measurements were taken of breakdown voltage characteristics. In this second set of experiments, select gates (SG) such as shown at  232  of  FIG. 2D  were present. Soft breakdown voltages were measured and statistically compiled for stress voltages applied both between the select gate (SG: Poly-3) and the floating gate (FG: Poly-1) and between the select gate (SG: Poly-3) and the control gate (CG: Poly-2). The results are respectively denoted as BV 13  for the first case and BV 23  for the second case. As seen at  431  in  FIG. 4B , the HTO-based devices exhibited a statistically-averaged breakdown voltage of BV 13 =10.4 volts. By comparison, icon  431  illustrates that the ISSG-based devices exhibited a statistically-averaged and greater breakdown voltage of BV 13 =12.1 volts. Both of the HTO-based devices and the ISSG-based devices exhibited a statistically-averaged, SG to CG breakdown voltage of BV 23 =12.0 volts. However, because the SG to FG breakdown voltage (at  421 ) is smaller rather than about the same as the corresponding SG to CG breakdown voltage (at  422 ) for the HTO-based devices, this indicates a non-uniform thickness and/or quality of separation dielectric ( 251 ). On the other hand, because the SG to FG breakdown voltage (at  431 ) is about the same as the corresponding SG to CG breakdown voltage (at  432 ) for the ISSG-based devices, this indicates a substantially more uniform thickness and/or quality of separation dielectric ( 251 ). In other words, the similarity between the  431  and  432  breakdown voltages indicates that the ISSG initial, sidewall oxidation process produces a more uniform thickness of separation dielectric ( 251 ) when moving along the vertical (Z) axis. This yet another indicator that Bird&#39;s Beak formation is substantially reduced. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4C , the results of a third set of experiments is shown by way of an iconic bar graph  403 . Both a conventional HTO sidewall oxidation process and an ISSG-based sidewall oxidation process (in accordance with the disclosure of  FIG. 3A ) were used to form sidewall dielectric on similar ONO memory cell stacks (e.g.,  110 ,  310  of respective  FIGS. 1A and 3A ). Both forms of ONO memory cells were subjected to full charging (moving electrons onto the floating gate (FG)) and then respective erase operations of substantially same erase voltage (applied to CG) and substantially same erase duration. Thereafter, measurements were taken of the CG-to-source threshold voltages at which the corresponding memory cell transistors turn on (exhibit conduction across their channels). A higher threshold voltage, when observed in the test transistors, indicates that there is more conduction-inhibiting charge retained in the respective floating gate (FG) and therefore the erasure was not as thorough as the comparable erasure of a counterpart other memory cell that has a lower threshold voltage. That is indicative of the capacitive coupling that occurred between the control gate (CG) and the floating gate (FG) during the duration-limited erasure. Bird&#39;s Beak formation tends to reduce capacitive coupling between the CG and the FG. Thus, if Bird&#39;s Beak formation is reduced, one can expect to see a corresponding increase in capacitive coupling between the CG and the FG during erasure and a corresponding decrease of post-erase threshold voltage (V Tpe ). 
       FIG. 4C  shows such a corresponding decrease of post-erase threshold voltage (V Tpe ) when switching from use of HTO for initial oxidation of the tower sidewalls (bar  441 ) to use of ISSG in accordance with the disclosure, for initial oxidation of the tower sidewalls (bar  442 ). More specifically, graphed bar  441  indicates a statistically-averaged V Tpe  (over mass production lots) of 1.80V for the HTO oxidized memory cells while graphed bar  441  indicates a statistically-averaged V Tpe  of 1.15V for the memory cells whose ONO towers had their sidewalls initially oxidized by a dry-ISSG process in accordance with the disclosure. As can be seen, the ISSG process produced superior results. Shorter erase time is desirable in FLASH memory cells because that reduces overall re-write time. The ISSG process produced FLASH memory cells with comparatively shorter erase time, as is evidenced by the smaller post-erase threshold voltage (V Tpe ) at  442 . 
     The present disclosure is to be taken as illustrative rather than as limiting the scope, nature, or spirit of the subject matter claimed below. Numerous modifications and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art after studying the disclosure, including use of equivalent functional and/or structural substitutes for elements described herein, use of equivalent functional couplings for couplings described herein, and/or use of equivalent functional steps for steps described herein. Such insubstantial variations are to be considered within the scope of what is contemplated here. Moreover, if plural examples are given for specific means, or steps, and extrapolation between and/or beyond such given examples is obvious in view of the present disclosure, then the disclosure is to be deemed as effectively disclosing and thus covering at least such extrapolations. 
     By way of a first example of a further modification in accordance with the disclosure, the sidewall dielectric forming radicals may include freed nitrogen radicals where the freed atomic oxygen (e.g., O −  and/or O −2 ) is obtained from and carried within a heated and flowing N 2 O gas stream where the flowing N 2 O gas is triggered into undergoing an exothermic decomposition reaction of the form: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (Note: the actual reaction may be more complex than merely this and other moieties may be generated due to trace contaminants and/or due to further recombinations of the available atoms.) The released atomic oxygen and NO radicals can then form sidewall oxide. 
     Reservation of Extra-Patent Rights, Resolution of Conflicts, and Interpretation of Terms 
     After this disclosure is lawfully published, the owner of the present patent application has no objection to the reproduction by others of textual and graphic materials contained herein provided such reproduction is for the limited purpose of understanding the present disclosure of invention and of thereby promoting the useful arts and sciences. The owner does not however disclaim any other rights that may be lawfully associated with the disclosed materials, including but not limited to, copyrights in any computer program listings or art works or other works provided herein, and to trademark or trade dress rights that may be associated with coined terms or art works provided herein and to other otherwise-protectable subject matter included herein or otherwise derivable herefrom. 
     If any disclosures are incorporated herein by reference and such incorporated disclosures conflict in part or whole with the present disclosure, then to the extent of conflict, and/or broader disclosure, and/or broader definition of terms, the present disclosure controls. If such incorporated disclosures conflict in part or whole with one another, then to the extent of conflict, the later-dated disclosure controls. 
     Unless expressly stated otherwise herein, ordinary terms have their corresponding ordinary meanings within the respective contexts of their presentations, and ordinary terms of art have their corresponding regular meanings within the relevant technical arts and within the respective contexts of their presentations herein. 
     Given the above disclosure of general concepts and specific embodiments, the scope of protection sought is to be defined by the claims appended hereto. The issued claims are not to be taken as limiting Applicant&#39;s right to claim disclosed, but not yet literally claimed subject matter by way of one or more further applications including those filed pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120 and/or 35 U.S.C. §251.