Patent Publication Number: US-6986549-B2

Title: Seating element

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a seating element, such as a seating element used in chairs, stools, sofas, couches, beds, stretchers and seats. In particular, the invention relates to a seating element that uses a skeleton comprising a skin and ribs and adjusts its shape in response to a body resting on said seating element 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Seating elements in form of a seat and a backrest, or of a combination of a seat and a backrest, come in a variety of forms, shapes, and structures. It is common that seating elements are adapted to fit closely those parts of the human body that are resting on the seat. For example, the backrest is formed to accommodate the human back by being bent in the shape of the human spine. 
   To improve seating comfort and to improve ergonomics, modern seats and chairs feature shape adjustment means, which allow adjusting the shape of the seating elements to the needs of the user. For example, the inclination and curvature of the backrest may be changed, or a lumbar support may be personal adjusted, in order to most ergonomically support the user that is in contact with the seating element. The shape adjustment means known from the prior art, however, require actuation by hand. Once the shape has been set by the user, it stays more or less constant until the shape adjustment means is again actuated by the user. Thus, it is usually a time-consuming process until a user has found a comfortable position, as such a position has to be found by trial and error. 
   In order to overcome this problem, a different approach is taken in DE 199 16 411 A1 and also in EP 002 50 109 A1. In both documents, a skeleton or framing is described which is capable of reacting to a load applied on said skeleton by actively and automatically deforming against the action of said load. Although use of this skeleton is primarily intended for aerodynamics, it is also described that the skeleton may also be used for seating elements. 
   It should be noted that structures, which look similar to the skeleton of DE 199 16 411 A1 and EP 002 50 109 A1 are known from aerodynamics. The only purpose of these aerodynamic structures, however, is to provide a body of which the shape can be changed manually using actuators. For example, in EP 0 860 355 A1, a landing flap section is described. Using mechanical actuators, the camber of the section may be changed. In FR 2 715 124 A1 and LU 88 528 A1, sailing structures are shown, of which the camber may be adjusted by rotation of the leading edge. 
   In contrast to the self-adjusting structure described in DE 199 16 411 A1 and EP 002 50 109, however, the structures of EP 0 860 355 A1, FR 2 715 124 A1, and LU 88 528 A1 require actuators to effect a shape change. 
   Starting from DE 199 16 411 A1 and EP 002 50 109, it is one object of the invention to adapt the structure described in these documents for further improving the ergonomics of seating elements. 
   Moreover, it is an object of the invention to provide a seating element that is easy to manufacture. 
   Finally, it is an object of the invention to provide a seating element that is easily adjusted to various human body shapes. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with the invention, a seating element is provided, which comprises a skeleton having a skin and a plurality of ribs pivotably connected with said skin. The skin forms a substantially flexible support area, which is adapted to support a seating force exerted by a body, e.g. a human sitting or lying on the seating element. The support area is that part of the skin on which the body rests if the seating element is put to use. 
   The skeleton is configured in such a way that it cooperates to at least partially deform the support area in a direction opposite to the direction of the seating force as a result of the seating force. As a result a comfortable and ergonomic seating posture is obtained. The seating element with the skeleton automatically counteracts all movements of the body and all changes in the seating force by an opposite deformation, thus supporting the body in an optimum way. 
   The term “seating element” in this context is meant to comprise any element that is adapted to support a human body, such as the seat and/or backrest of a chair, a sofa, a stool, a couch, a stretcher, or a bed. As such, the seating element according to the invention is particularly adapted for use in furniture for home or professional use. 
   The term “tension element” is meant to comprise any structure that primarily transmits tensile forces and only to a substantially much lesser degree, or not at all, pressure or shearing forces. Such a tension element especially includes, among others, ropes, chains, wires, cords, strips, webbings, and belts. 
   According to one advantageous embodiment seating element may be configured as a unitary piece, in which the ribs and the skin are integrally formed, e.g. by molding. This configuration provides a seating element that is easily and inexpensively to manufacture. In particular, such a unitary seating element may form both the seat and the back of a chair. 
   Another feature of the invention is concerned with a shape adjustment means, which introduces a biasing force into the skeleton. The skeleton reacts to the biasing force by changing its shape. Additionally, the biasing force leads to a local change in the elasticity of the skeleton, as regions of the skeleton that have been deformed under the action of the biasing force, will be stiffer than regions, which have been unaffected by the biasing force. Thus, the shape adjustment means may be used to adjust the shape and elasticity characteristics of the skeleton to various needs, such as accommodating humans of different size and weight. 
   In a further improvement, the shape adjustment means may make use of the tension element for transmitting the biasing force into the skeleton. For example, the tension element may be guided past and be deflected by the ribs. Due to the deflection, the tension element will introduce the biasing force into the ribs. Moreover, the tension element may also be connected with the skin and introduce the biasing force into the skin. Preferably, the biasing force is introduced into the skeleton in the area, where the ribs are connected with the skin. Thus, the biasing force will affect both the skin and the ribs. 
   For the shape of the skeleton to simulate the shape of those human body parts that come into contact with the seating element, such as the spine and the buttocks, the tension element may be guided along a zigzagging way past a plurality of deflection points. This will lead to an S-shaped change in the contour of the skeleton if the tension element is loaded with a tensile force. To reduce friction, pulleys may be used at the points, where the tension element is deflected. 
   In order to be able to fine-adjust the change of shape of the skeleton, a plurality of shape adjustment means may be provided, each one of them having a restricted region of influence, where the biasing force is introduced into the skeleton the shape of the skeleton is only locally affected. 
   The shape adjustment means may also comprise other elements, such as fluid-filled pads. These pads may be inflatable to adjust their resiliency. Other pads may be filled with gel to increase comfort. The pads may extend through the support area to form a cushion-like support area. 
   The seating element may be covered with leather or textile materials to further improve comfort. 
   According to another feature of the invention, the seating element may comprise a biasing element oriented substantially along the diagonal of a section defined by two, not necessarily adjacent, ribs and the skin. This section may have a substantially rectangular cross-section. 
   The biasing element introduces a biasing force along the diagonal into the skeleton. This leads to an improved load distribution of the seating force within the skeleton and to an improved stability of the skeleton. The biasing element may be a tension element transmitting only tensile forces, or a pressure element transmitting pressure, and if necessary, tensile forces. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The features that are considered characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. 
     The invention itself, however, both as to its design and its method of operation together with its objects and advantages will be best understood from the following description of illustrated embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a first embodiment of a seating element according to the invention in a perspective view; 
       FIG. 2  is a detailed representation of a backrest of the seating element of  FIG. 1  in a schematic and perspective view; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a shape adjustment means for the seating element of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; 
       FIG. 4  shows an alternative embodiment of the junction between a rib and a skin of a seating element according to the invention; 
       FIG. 5  shows another alternative embodiment of the junction between a rib and a skin of a seating element according to the invention; 
       FIG. 6  shows yet another alternative embodiment of the junction between a rib and a skin of a seating element according to the invention; 
       FIG. 7  shows an alternative embodiment of a skeleton of a seating element according to the invention, comprising a skin, ribs and fluid-filled elements; 
       FIG. 8  shows another alternative embodiment of a skeleton of a seating element according to the invention, comprising a skin and ribs embedded in a mesh; 
       FIG. 9  shows a schematic representation of a second embodiment of a seating element according to the invention; 
       FIG. 10  shows a detail of the embodiment of  FIG. 9 ; 
       FIG. 11  shows a schematic representation of a third embodiment of a seating element according to the invention; 
       FIG. 12  shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of a shape adjustment means; 
       FIG. 13  shows a schematic representation of a shape adjustment means for a seating element according to the invention, said shape adjustment means being in a first position; 
       FIG. 14  shows the shape adjustment means of  FIG. 13  in a second position; 
       FIG. 15  shows a schematic representation of yet another embodiment of a shape adjustment means in a first position; 
       FIG. 16  shows the shape adjustment means of  FIG. 15  in a second position; 
       FIG. 17  shows a schematic representation of yet another embodiment of a shape adjustment means in a first position; 
       FIG. 18  shows the shape adjustment means of  FIG. 17  in a second position; 
       FIG. 19  shows a fourth and final embodiment of a seating element according to the invention, said seating element being used in a couch or bed and being in a first position; 
       FIG. 20  shows the embodiment of  FIG. 19  in a second position. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In the following description, identical reference numbers are used throughout the various embodiments and drawings to indicate elements or features having identical function or design. 
     FIG. 1  shows a first embodiment of a seating element  1  according to the invention. The seating element  1  has a support area formed as a backrest  2  of a chair  3  or as a seat  4 . The seating element  1 , however, may not only be used on a chair  3  but also on any other structure designed to support the human body, such as a bed, a stretcher, a couch, or a stool. The structure, which is equipped with seating element  1  may be of conventional design, as shown in  FIG. 1  where a common office chair is shown for illustrative purposes. 
   The design of a first embodiment of seating element  1  is shown in more detail in  FIG. 2 . Seating element  1  comprises a skeleton  5  having a plurality of ribs  6  pivotably attached to an at least sectionwise flexible skin  7  and having at least one tension element  8  extending between at least one of ribs  6  and skin  7 . Skin  7  may be covered with a soft, textile material or fabric to increase comfort. Tension element  8  may be a rope, a cord, a webbing, or a belt. 
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , skin  7  is shown to actually comprise of two separate parts  9  and  10  in a wedge-like configuration. At a distal end  11  of skin  7 , parts  9  and  10  are connected with each other. Distal end  11  is situated at the upper end of the backrest. Distal end  11  may be pointed, as shown in  FIG. 2 , or rounded. Alternatively, parts  9  and  10  may be bodily united to form an integral one-piece skin  7 . 
   At their proximal ends, parts  9  and  10  of skin  7  are connected with a supporting structure  12  of chair  3 . Supporting structure  12  may comprise legs, a base, roller and so on. 
   Ribs  6  are arranged at predetermined intervals on skin  7  and are bridging the interior space of skeleton  7  formed between parts  9  and  10  of skin  7 . At their respective ends  13 , ribs  6  are held by hinge-like joints comprising an axle  14  in skin  7 . Axle  14  constitutes the pivot axis of ribs  6  with respect to skin  7 . Ribs  6  extend through an opening  15  in skin  7  which allows a pivot movement of ribs  6  with respect to skin  7 . Further, opening  15  guides ribs  6  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the pivot plane, and locks ribs  6  in place. At the positions of axles  14 , thickness of skin  7  may be reduced, which leads to an increased flexibility in the region. The regions of skin  7  located between axles  14  may be stiffer such that the skeleton  5  actually has a flexibility closely resembling the flexibility of a human spine. 
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , ribs  6  are approximately evenly spaced in the vertical direction along backrest  2 , and approximately parallel to each other. In other configurations, however, ribs  6  may be unevenly spaced and also point in various directions, depending on their position on skin  7 . By varying the position and orientation of ribs  6 , skeleton  5  may be adapted to the expected mechanical leading and the desired flexibility. For example, ribs  6  may be orientated along the direction of pressure forces. 
   Parts  9  and  10  of skin  7  are made from a flexible elastomeric or thermoplastic material, or of wood, plywood or metal and may flex in the direction of arrow  16 , i.e. substantially in the direction of ribs  7 . In the direction of arrow  17 , however, skin  7  is preferably rigid to provide sufficient lateral support to a user. The shape of ribs  6  may not be restricted to the rod-like configuration shown in  FIG. 2  as, also, more planar configurations such as plates are possible. 
   In an alternative embodiment, Part  10  of skin  7  may be formed as an elastically biased brace, which, via distal end  11 , spreads part  9  of skin  7 . Thus, only a tensile stress is transferred to part  9  and to ribs  6 . Accordingly ribs  6  may be formed as tension elements. 
   In  FIG. 2 , an idle position of seating element  1  is shown. In the idle or neutral position, no external forces from e.g. human bodies using chair  3  are acting on seating element  1  and seating element  1  may assume a position resembling the S-bent shape of a human spinal chord. The idle position is adjusted by the at least one tension element  8 . Tension element  8  is connected at one of its ends with skin  7  and one of ribs  6  and alternatingly wound around the ends of other ribs  6  running substantially diagonally through a section of skeleton  5  made up by two ribs  6  and parts  9  and  10  of skin  7 . Ribs  6  of a section may be adjacent; however, a section may also be made up by two non-adjacent ribs, with at least one interposed rib. Thus, tension element  8  assumes a zig-zag or staggering shape along skeleton  5  when seen in a side view along direction S. The other end  18  of tension element  8  ends in a shape adjustment means  19 , where a tensioning or pulling force may be introduced into tension element  8 , e.g. by a winding apparatus comprising a pulley around which tension element  8  is wound. 
   It should be noted that part of the seat  4  has been cut away in region C in  FIG. 4  in order to permit view of shape adjustment means  19  and ends  18 . 
   By exerting a pulling force on tension element  8 , a biasing force is introduced into those of ribs  6 , which deflect tension element  8 , and into flexible skin  7 , both of which react to deform skeleton  5 . In the idle position, there is a balance between the biasing force of tension element  8  and the elastic restoring force of skin  7 . Those parts of skeleton  5 , which are deformed under the biasing force, will exhibit a higher degree of stiffness and will be less flexible than the undeformed parts. Thus, the resistant properties of skeleton  5  may be adjusted. 
   In order to fine-tune the idle position, more than one tension element may be provided. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2  a total of four tension elements  8 ,  20 ,  21 ,  22 , or any other number of tension elements, may be present. For ease of discrimination, the tension elements  8 ,  20 ,  21 ,  22  are shown in different line styles. Each tension element  8 ,  20 ,  21 ,  22  ends in a different area of skin  7  and is zigzaggingly wound in a different way along skeleton  5 . Thus, each tension distributes its pulling force differently across skeleton  5  and affects the shape of skeleton  5  in different areas. 
   For example, tension element  23 , in  FIG. 2  shown with three dots, ends on the next-to-last rib  6   a  and is wound only over the ribs  6  in the upper quarter of skeleton  5 . Therefore, actuation of tension element  23  will mostly affect the shape in the upper quarter of skeleton  5 , e.g. by bending end  11  towards seat  4 , permitting a locally restricted adjustment. 
   Likewise, tension element  20  is only passing the ribs in the lower quarter of skeleton  5 . Thus, actuation of tension element  20  will primarily affect the shape of skeleton  5  in the lower quarter, i.e. be locally limited to the area close to the seating plane as defined by seat  4 . 
   The tension elements may also be used in a fixed manner, without shape adjustment means. In this configuration, the tension element is biased with a predetermined pulling force when the seating element  1  is being assembled. Then, both ends of the tension element are fixed in order to permanently exert the pre-installed pulling force on the skeleton. Tension element  8  in this configuration serves as a biasing element, affecting the distribution of seating force F within skeleton  5 . In the same manner, a biased pressure element may be used instead of tension element  8 . Such a pressure element may be made for example from a compressed rubber material that is put between two ribs  6 . In the case of a pressure element as biasing element, the biasing force will primarily be a pressure force. 
   If a person sits on chair  3 , a seating force F is exerted by this person on support area  3 . Due to the elasticity of skin  7 , skin  7  will be deformed by the force F at least in the support area. The force F will be then transmitted throughout the skeleton  5  by ribs  6 , skin  7 , and tension elements  8 . Skeleton  5  will react to the seating force F by movement of the distal end  11  against the direction of force F, i.e. by a counter-acting movement M. This movement M will lead to an ergonomic, large-surface support of the body parts, which come into contact with seating element  1 . Moreover, whenever the body of a seated person changes the direction or strength of force F, e.g. by stuffing the body, this change will be immediately countered by a movement M of support area  3 . This leads to a very comfortable and highly stable seating experience, as all movements of the seated body are actively and automatically countered by skeleton  5 . 
     FIG. 3  shows an alternative embodiment of shape adjustment means  19  at the proximal end of skeleton  5 , which may be used in combination with or instead of shape adjustment means  19  of  FIG. 2 . Shape adjustment means  19  of  FIG. 3  directly acts on skin  7  by pulling in or pushing out part  10  of skin  7  in the direction of arrow  24 . 
   Movement of skin  7  in the direction of arrow  24  will lead to a movement of the whole skeleton  5  in the direction of arrow  16 : If skin  7  is pushed out of the shape adjustment, end  11  of skeleton  5  (cf.  FIG. 2 ) will bend towards seat  4  and part  9  will bulge out. Hinge  25  on the proximal end of skeleton  5  is used to support biasing force B and to allow pivot movement of skeleton  5 . 
   Next, various configurations for the connection of ribs  6  with skin  7  are described. These configurations may be alternatively used, or they may be used in combination. 
     FIG. 4  shows a detail of a skeleton  5  comprising skin  7  connected by ribs  6 . Ribs  6  according to this embodiment are integrally formed at each end with an axle-like or arbor-like member  26  having a substantially circular cross-section. Members  26  are lockingly and pivotably received in a recess in skin  7  of corresponding shape. Ribs  7  may be molded or injection molded plastic elements and easily installed by being clipped into place. Alternatively, wooden or metal ribs may be used. Naturally, the opposite design may also be realized, where the axle-like members are formed on the inner parts of skin  7  and said recess is formed on ribs  6 . 
     FIG. 5  shows a detail of another embodiment of a connection between ribs  6  and skin  7 : Between rib  6  and skin  7 , there is arranged a connecting element  27  of synthetic material. Axle-like member  26  is pivotably received in a recess of element  27 . Element  27  itself is arranged on skin  7  by glueing, ultrasound welding, or molding. Preferably, element  27  is made of an elastic material so that it deforms if skeleton  5  is loaded with seating force F. Thus, skeleton  7  becomes more responsive to seating force F. Element  27  may also comprise zones of varying degrees of elasticity. For example, the part of element  27  surround the recess may be harder so that member  26  is held strongly even if element  27  is deformed. 
   In  FIG. 6  an embodiment of skeleton  5  is shown, where recesses, e.g. grooves  28 , are formed in skin  7 . Ribs  6  are formed as plate-like structures, the ends of which are received in grooves  28 , respectively. Skeleton  5  is biased by the action of rope-like or belt-like tension elements  8  made of elastic material and girdling ribs  6 . Tension elements  8  extend through holes  29  in skin  7 , holes  29  being arranged in pairs above and below grooves  28 , respectively. Ribs  6  are held in place by tension elements  8  that are elastically stretched and therefore forcing parts  9  and  10  of skin  7  towards each other, thereby pressing ribs  6  firmly into recesses  28 . To increase stability, tension elements  8  may be arranged in a crossed, X-shaped configuration as shown in  FIG. 6 . In this configuration, ribs  6  may be provided with holes  30  through which the crossing part of tension element  8  is guided. 
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 7 , skin  7  of skeleton  5  is elastically spread by elastic elements, such as fluid-filled containers or balloons  31  having a flexible envelope. The fluid in containers  31  is put under pressure so that an elastic biasing force is exerted on skin  7 , which is held together against this biasing force by retention means  33 , e.g. in the form of heads against which skin  7  is pressed. In this configuration, only tensile forces react on ribs  6 , which accordingly may be configured as tension elements. 
     FIG. 8  shows a mesh- or web-like configuration of skeleton  5 . Skin  7  and ribs  6  comprise stiffening elements  34  which are embedded, for example worked in, in a substantially textile material or a fabric  35  having high tensile strength. The flexibility of skin  7  and the movability of ribs  6  relative to skin  7  results from the limited movement in the areas  36 , where the stiffening elements  33  are connected to each other by mesh  35 . Some of the stiffening elements  35 , e.g. the elements worked in in skin  7 , may be more flexible than others, e.g. the bracing elements in ribs  6 , to provide areas with different degrees of flexibility. 
     FIG. 9  shows a schematic representation of a second embodiment of a seating element  1  according to the invention. In this configuration, seating element  1  is configured as an integrally molded chair  3 , substantially formed as a single piece forming both seat  4  and back  2 . Ribs  6  are molded in one process with skin  7  from a plastic material. The idle position as shown in  FIG. 10  is obtained by careful design of the mold form. The position and orientation of ribs  6  is chosen such that, using standard measures of human shape and weight, skeleton  5  reacts to seating forces by moving parts against the seating force only in locations which are ergonomically advantageous. Various degrees of elasticity of skin  7  and ribs  6  are obtained by varying the material thickness throughout the seating element  1 . For example, stiff areas may have higher material thickness. 
   In a modification of the embodiment of  FIG. 9  only seat  4  or only back  2  may be molded as a single piece. The mold, or one half of the mold may be removed in direction R after hardening of the material of seating element  1 . For this, all ribs formed by a mold are aligned in direction R, in which this mold is removed. 
   Although not shown, the skeleton chair of  FIG. 9  may also have shape adjustment means to adjust its idle position. 
     FIG. 10  helps to explain how a pivotable attachment of ribs  6  to skin  7  may be realized in the one-piece molded chair of  FIG. 9 : In the connecting area  36 , the thickness of ribs  6  is sharply reduced, which results in a highly flexible connection between rib  6  and skin  7 . As rib  6  is connected to skin  7  substantially along a line, movement between rib  6  and skin  7  is restricted to pivotable movement, as indicated by arrow  38 . 
     FIG. 11  shows a schematic representation of a stool  3  comprising two seating elements  1 , which together form seat  4 . Seating elements  1  are connected by hinge  25  on part  9  of skin  7  to seat support structure  12 . A person  37  using stool  3  exerts seating force F on seating elements  1 , which automatically react to seating force F by movement M of their ends  11 . Movement M will lead to an improved ergonomic support of person  37 . 
   As in the other embodiments, shape adjustment means  19  is used to bias seating elements  1  and to control movement M in response to seating force F. For this, shape adjustment means  19  controls the distance D between the free proximal ends  38  of seating elements  1 . If the distance D is increased, distal ends  11  will tend to move inwards about hinge  25  as pivot point in the direction indicated by the arrows M. This will increase the supporting effect of seating element  1 . 
   In  FIG. 12 , another embodiment of a shape adjustment means  19  is shown that may be used to adjust skeleton  5 . Shape adjustment means  19  is provided with a first hinge point  25  at the proximal end of skeleton  5 . Hinge  25  is connected to seat support structure  12 , only represented schematically, and further connected elastically to shape adjustment means  19  via skin  7  and/or ribs  6 . 
   Shape adjustment means  19  comprises a shifting mechanism comprising for example a gear wheel  40  meshing with a rack  41 . Turning gear wheel  40  will result in a movement of skin  7  along arrow  24 . A locking mechanism, not shown, may be provided to arrest wheel  40  and to fix the relative position of gear wheel  40  and rack  41 . 
     FIGS. 13 and 14  show an embodiment where the proximal end of skeleton  5  is floatingly supported.  FIG. 13  shows a neutral, substantially undeflected and undeformed position,  FIG. 14  shows the skeleton  5  in a deflected or deformed state. 
   According to this embodiment, end points  42  of skeleton  5  at the proximal end are elastically attached to seating structure  12 , which is depicted only schematically. The elastic support of end points  42  is represented by spring elements  43  interposed between skeleton  5  and seat support structure  12 . 
   End points  42  are connected with each other via skeleton  5  and by means of a flexible connecting element  44 . Connecting element  44  is deflected by a holding structure  45 , which allows relative movement of the connection element  44  and holding structure  45  in response to a deformation or deflection of skeleton  5  under seating force F (cf.  FIG. 14 ). Holding structure  45  is mounted on seat support structure  12  (not shown) and therefore supports the weight of skeleton  5  and guides seating force F into seat support structure  12 . 
   The floating support comprising end points  42 , connecting element  44  and holding structure  45  allows skeleton  5  an automatic, flexible adjustment to seating force F and to the contour of a human body  37  (cf.  FIG. 11 ). Depending on the elasticity of spring elements  43  and connecting element  44 , skeleton  5  becomes stiffer or softer. 
   In particular, as shown in  FIG. 13 , connecting element  44  may be a belt that is wound around a pulley as holding structure. 
     FIGS. 15 and 16  schematically show the function of one embodiment of shape adjustment means  19  using tension element  8 . Tension element  8  is of belt-like or rope-like configuration and guided over a series of pulleys  46  arranged in a zig-zag fashion on opposite ends of ribs  6  such that it runs substantially diagonal within a section defined by two ribs  6  and skin  7 . Such a section constitutes the basic building block of skeleton  5 . One end  47  of tension element is fixedly attached to skeleton  5 . 
     FIG. 16  shows the reaction of skeleton  5  to a tension force T applied on tension element  8 . At the pulleys  46 , or, in general, at points, where tension element  8  is deflected, a force P is lead into skeleton  5 . Tension force T strives to align pulleys  46  in the vertical direction, until tension element  8  runs in a straight line. Thus, skeleton  5  is deflected in a S-shaped manner. At the same time, skeleton  5  is loaded with a vertical bias force substantially from end  47  downwards, which stiffens skeleton  5 . 
   Instead of a mechanical shape adjustment means  19 , electrically powered adjustment means using electric motors may also be employed. Other means  19  may use pneumatic or fluidic elements to adjust the shape of skeleton  5 . It has been found that the shape adjustment is most efficiently effected if shape adjustment means  19  is adapted to directly change the angle enclosed between ribs  6  and skin  7 . 
   One example of a pneumatic shape adjustment means  19  is schematically shown in  FIGS. 17 and 18 . 
   In this embodiment, skeleton  5  actually comprises three skeletons  5   a ,  5   b ,  5   c  as substructures, which are connected by means of elastic elements  48  on ribs  6 . As shown in  FIG. 17 , substructures  5   a ,  5   b ,  5   c  may be interlocked in that substructure  5   c  is connected with both substructure  5   b  and substructure  5   a.    
   The shape of skeleton  5  may be adjusted, as shown in  FIG. 18  by inflating elements  48  with a fluid, e.g. air, supplied under pressure via a tube  49  from a pump mechanism, not shown. Alternatively, a gel may be supplied via tube  49 . 
   By inflating balloon-like elements  48 , substructures  5   a ,  5   b ,  5   c  assume new positions relative to each other. For example, an inclination of skeleton  5  may be effected, if elements  48 , in the inflated state, are wedge-shaped and tapering towards one end of ribs  6 . 
     FIG. 19  finally shows use of seating element  1  in a stretcher, bed or couch  50 . The arrangement of seating elements  1  in bed  50  resemble closely the arrangement of seating elements  1  in the stool in  FIG. 11 . 
   As can be seen in  FIG. 20  use of skeleton  5  in bed  50  leads to an upward movement M of ends  11  if human body  30  exerts a seating force F on seating structure  1 . Upwardly pointing ends  11  prevent body  30  from falling off bed  50 . It should be noted, that the configuration of bed  50  with two laterally arranged skeletons  5  may also be used for the backs of chairs. 
   In  FIG. 20 , spacers  51  made from elastic material such as rubber, elastomeric materials or foam materials are arranged between ribs  6 . Spacers  51  are deformed together with support area  3  and thus affect the overall elasticity of skeleton  5 . Spacers  51  may have predetermined elastic properties, such as an elasticity increasing with the amount of deformation. Spacer  51  may be oriented parallel to skin  7  or along the diagonal of the section defined between two ribs and skin  7 . Further, the spacers may be configured as stops  52 , which come into contact with one of ribs  6  and/or skin  7  only after the skeleton  5  has been deformed to a pre-determined degree. 
   Finally, it should be noted that skeleton  5  may be used in any orientation and that a plurality of independently or dependently deformable skeletons  5  may be used to make up any kind of support area such as, for example, a backrest or a seat or a stretcher surface. 
   Spacers  51  may be biased in order to exert a biasing force on skeleton  5 . 
   Obviously, many other modifications and variation of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the inventions may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.