Patent Publication Number: US-8996951-B2

Title: Error correction with non-volatile memory on an integrated circuit

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is related to and/or claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Priority Applications”), if any, listed below (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)). In addition, the present application is related to the “Related Applications,” if any, listed below. 
     PRIORITY APPLICATIONS 
     
         
         
           
             For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/678,430 entitled Intelligent Monitoring for Computation in Memory, naming Roderick Hyde, Nicholas Pasch, and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 15 Nov. 2012, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; and 
             For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/678,439 entitled Redundancy for Loss-Tolerant Data in Non-Volatile Memory, naming Roderick Hyde, Nicholas Pasch, and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 15 Nov. 2012, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
           
         
       
    
     RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     None. 
     The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a notice to the effect that the USPTO&#39;s computer programs require that patent applicants reference both a serial number and indicate whether an application is a continuation, continuation-in-part, or divisional of a parent application. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit of Prior-Filed Application, USPTO Official Gazette Mar. 18, 2003. The USPTO further has provided forms for the Application Data Sheet which allow automatic loading of bibliographic data but which require identification of each application as a continuation, continuation-in-part, or divisional of a parent application. The present Applicant Entity (hereinafter “Applicant”) has provided above a specific reference to the application(s) from which priority is being claimed as recited by statute. Applicant understands that the statute is unambiguous in its specific reference language and does not require either a serial number or any characterization, such as “continuation” or “continuation-in-part,” for claiming priority to U.S. patent applications. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Applicant understands that the USPTO&#39;s computer programs have certain data entry requirements, and hence Applicant has provided designation(s) of a relationship between the present application and its parent application(s) as set forth above and in any ADS filed in this application, but expressly points out that such designation(s) are not to be construed in any way as any type of commentary and/or admission as to whether or not the present application contains any new matter in addition to the matter of its parent application(s). 
     If the listings of applications provided above are inconsistent with the listings provided via an ADS, it is the intent of the Applicant to claim priority to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of the ADS and to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of this application. 
     All subject matter of the Priority Applications and the Related Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Applications and the Related Applications, including any priority claims, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to electronic memory and systems associated with electronic memory. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, a memory device includes but is not limited to a non-volatile memory array and control logic integrated with and distributed over the non-volatile memory array. The control logic can be operable to maintain a plurality of copies of data in the non-volatile memory array and detect errors by comparison of selected ones of the plurality of copies. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In one aspect, method of operating a memory device includes but is not limited to handling errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including maintaining a plurality of copies of data in the non-volatile memory array, comparing selected ones of the plurality of copies, and detecting errors based on the comparison of the selected ones of the plurality of copies. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In one aspect, a memory system includes but is not limited to means for storing information in a non-volatile memory array, means for handling errors distributed over the non-volatile memory array including means for maintaining a plurality of copies of data in the non-volatile memory array, means for comparing selected ones of the plurality of copies, and means for detecting errors based on the comparison of the selected ones of the plurality of copies. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In one aspect, a system includes but is not limited to circuitry for storing information in a non-volatile memory array, circuitry for handling errors distributed over the non-volatile memory array including: circuitry for maintaining a plurality of copies of data in the non-volatile memory array, circuitry for comparing selected ones of the plurality of copies, and circuitry for detecting errors based on the comparison of the selected ones of the plurality of copies. In addition to the foregoing, other aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention relating to both structure and method of operation may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings: 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are schematic block diagrams depicting top and side views of embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrate embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction based on statistical analysis. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams showing embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory based on Quality-of-Service (QoS) analysis. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are schematic block diagrams illustrating respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to assist error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory that includes multiple different operating characteristics. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are schematic block diagrams showing respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory including multiple memory elements. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are schematic block diagrams depicting respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory that performs error detection and/or error correction autonomously, independently of information or signals received from a device or system external to the memory device. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  are schematic block diagrams illustrating respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and control logic that uses one or more sensors integrated with the memory device to facilitate management of the memory. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams showing embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and control logic that uses one or more sensors external to the memory device to facilitate management of the memory. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are schematic block diagrams showing respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and triggering error handling by a time signal. 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrating embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and optical silicon that enables communication independent of a bus structure. 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  are respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrate embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory using control logic that manages memory including at least a portion of the memory in the form of lossy memory. 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams showing embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and is integrated into a product. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a memory device including means for storing information constituted to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using control and/or computation logic integrated into memory. 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  are a schematic block diagram and a side pictorial view depicting an embodiment of circuitry for storing information to facilitate error detection and/or error correction including control and/or computation logic integrated into memory. 
         FIGS. 15A through 15W  and  FIGS. 16A through 16H  are multiple schematic flow charts showing several embodiments and/or aspects of a method of operating a memory device for storing information to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using control and/or computation logic integrated into memory. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims. 
     The various memory systems and devices disclosed herein are expected to be useful in many applications and contexts, and are further anticipated to be particularly useful in cloud computing and mobile contexts. In some configurations, the disclosed memory systems and devices can be used in system-on-a-chip (SOC) applications as processing and memory are distributed in more and more locations and applications throughout our technologically advancing society. The various memory systems and devices can include non-volatile memory including flash memory and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) for usage in many electronic devices, such as mobile and cell phones, notebook computers, personal digital assistants, medical devices, medical diagnostic systems, digital cameras, audio players, digital televisions, automotive and transportation engine control units, USB flash personal discs, and global positioning systems. 
     In various applications and contexts, memory systems can include non-volatile memory integrated with a processor or other control logic, and a bus or other communications interface. As non-volatile memories and integrated system continue to evolve, their role in overall systems continue to expand to include various aspects of computation that is facilitated, for example, by phase-change memory in which passage of current switches a memory material between two states, crystalline and amorphous, or additional states that further elevate storage capacity. 
     Modules, logic, circuitry, hardware and software combinations, firmware, or so forth may be realized or implemented as one or more general-purpose processors, one or more processing cores, one or more special-purpose processors, one or more microprocessors, at least one Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), at least one Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), some combination thereof, or so forth that is executing or is configured to execute instructions, a special-purpose program, an application, software, code, some combination thereof, or so forth as at least one special-purpose computing apparatus or specific computing component. One or more modules, logic, or circuitry, etc. may, by way of example but not limitation, be implemented using one processor or multiple processors that are configured to execute instructions (e.g., sequentially, in parallel, at least partially overlapping in a time-multiplexed fashion, at least partially overlapping across multiple cores, or a combination thereof, etc.) to perform a method or realize a particular computing machine. For example, a first module may be embodied by a given processor executing a first set of instructions at or during a first time, and a second module may be embodied by the same given processor executing a second set of instructions at or during a second time. Moreover, the first and second times may be at least partially interleaved or overlapping, such as in a multi-threading, pipelined, or predictive processing environment. As an alternative example, a first module may be embodied by a first processor executing a first set of instructions, and a second module may be embodied by a second processor executing a second set of instructions. As another alternative example, a particular module may be embodied partially by a first processor executing at least a portion of a particular set of instructions and embodied partially by a second processor executing at least a portion of the particular set of instructions. Other combinations of instructions, a program, an application, software, or code, etc. in conjunction with at least one processor or other execution machinery may be utilized to realize one or more modules, logic, or circuitry, etc. to implement any of the processing algorithms described herein. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , schematic block diagrams depict top and side views of embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory. In an illustrative embodiment, a memory device  100  can include a non-volatile memory array  102  and control logic  104  integrated with and distributed over the non-volatile memory array  102 . The control logic  104  can be operable to maintain a plurality of copies  106  of data  108  in the non-volatile memory array  102  and detect errors by comparison of selected one or more of the plurality of copies  106 . 
     The memory device can be selected from a memory integrated circuit or memory chip, register, register file, random access memory (RAM), volatile memory, non-volatile memory, read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM), magnetic storage device, disk, optical disk, and the like. In some arrangements, the memory device can include multiple types of memory including the non-volatile memory array in the form of multiple types of non-volatile memory technologies, in addition to portions of memory that may be volatile. The memory device may include multiple types of memory for use in a redundant fashion. Accordingly, the memory device can include two or more memory segments of any non-volatile memory type or technology including read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric random access memory (F-RAM), magneto-resistive RAM (M-RAM) or the like. The control logic can operate a segment of M-RAM which is comparable in speed and capacity to volatile RAM while enabling conservation of energy, rapid or instantaneous start-up and shutdown sequences. In other applications, the memory device can include memory in the form of charge-coupled devices (CCDs) that are not directly addressable or other pure solid state memory that is reliable and inexpensive for use as separate memory device for various applications such as cell phones, and the like. 
     Some types of memory can be susceptible to failure under specified conditions. For example, two-terminal non-volatile memory devices based on resistance switching effects, called memristors, are susceptible to damage from temperature and bias field conditions. Placing a memristor in an oven or applying a bias field can erase the entire memory. A memory device can include a portion of memory which is susceptible to a particular condition and another, redundant portion for error detection and/or error correction which is resistant to the condition, thereby enabling operation in a RAID (redundant array of independent disk) array fashion to ensure retention of data during condition episodes. In case of accidental erasure, the control logic can perform functionality analogous to that of a RAID array, for example, to use a slow memory that is impervious to magnetic fields to rebuild the erased data. In a particular embodiment, the slow memory can maintain hash tables are can be heat or magnetic-resistant. A two-way hash can be used to represent data as a hash, thereby reducing memory size. 
     For a memory device that includes sufficiently large and inexpensive memory, the control logic can perform a copy function at predetermined intervals, for example every 50 cycles or other selected rate, to copy the state to a redundant fast memory for copying to a slow memory, and to facilitate decision-making in memory. Thus, the memory can control sampling with the control logic including sampling functionality, and sampling of fast memory. For applications or contexts such as video handling in which only intermittent frames are sufficient to produce a suitable video image, a backup into lossy memory may be suitable to enable a basic recovery of data. In some embodiments, the memory device may include excess memory in the form of flip-chip via a dedicated bus to send data from a first fast memory to a second fast memory. 
     In some applications and/or embodiments, a memory device can incorporate error detection and/or error correction in which a data copy can be compressed in a suitable manner. The control logic can perform error detection and/or error correction relatively slowly, avoiding the heat buildup that can result from a fast data transfer. Thus, redundant backup memory buses can be run at comparatively slow speed, thereby avoiding a significant increase in the heat budget for error detection and/or error correction processing. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can facilitate error detection and/or error correction by virtue of a large distributed area of processing or logic which can be spread over a relatively large area of memory storage. In some embodiments, the processor can be formed of logic that is relatively low capability or relatively low quality, for example to enable a small number of relatively simple operations, thereby reducing the number of layers of silicon in the integrated circuit chip, and possibly reducing power requirements and heat dissipation. The processing logic of such a processor-in-memory (PIM) can be widely distributed over the area of memory storage. The intelligent monitoring memory device can be formed as at least part of a system-on-a-chip (SOC). 
     In various embodiments, the memory device can include control logic formed in a limited number of metal layers within the memory logic. To avoid stacking of multiple layers of silicon processing on the memory chip, the control logic can be spread laterally across the memory array circuitry. Limited complexity of operations implemented on the memory device circuit enables slower computation speed in comparison to a typical central processing unit (CPU). Such slower computation speeds are suitable since the limiting factor in transfers of data from a processor to memory is the data bus. 
     The control logic can be configured to reduce the percentage of transistor underutilization, called “dark silicon”, by breaking up of the command structure of central blocks. The control logic can be further configured to enhance efficiency by performing background operations such as sorting of data within the memory while the system is idle. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can be configured with control logic with an abbreviated set of specific, basic functions in which simple operations can be off-loaded from a processor external to the memory device and moved onto the memory device. For example, context request blocks can be removed from the processor into the memory device, for example for security purposes since the context request blocks are typically not located in the memory. 
     Embodiments of the memory device with a reduced-functionality control logic can facilitate efficient operation of the memory device while maintaining the integrated circuit simplicity and yield of the memory device. Typically, the number of metal layers in a memory integrated circuit is substantially smaller than that of a processor circuit. Reducing the complexity of the control logic can allow fabrication with fewer metal layers. 
     In various embodiments, functionality control logic can be attained by one or more of several techniques. For example, computations can be simplified by implementing relatively simple tasks in the control logic or by acknowledging that a particular section of the memory is predominantly subject to a limited number of simple operations which can be implemented in the control logic while other operations that rarely are applied to the memory section can be performed by processing external to the memory device. In another example, for operations or applications characterized by a limited or coarse accuracy, such as relatively low-grade video signals, processing can be based on estimation. In a further example, the control logic can include support for multiple functions in which circuitry for the different functions can be spread over a distributed area of the non-volatile memory array, forming a large distributed area of simple processing functionality. 
     The control logic can be a processor, a distributed-circuitry processor, a processing unit, a processing unit distributed over memory, arithmetic logic and associated registers, a microprocessor, a graphics processing unit, a physics processing unit, a signal processor, a network processor, a front-end processor, a state machine, a coprocessor, a floating point unit, a data processor, a word processor, and the like. 
     In general, the non-volatile memory array enables substantial overcapacity in which multiple non-volatile memory copies can be used to detect errors. In an example technique, embodiments of the memory device can include control logic and a non-volatile memory array that uses a parity test to perform error detection. Strings 00 and 11 have even parity so that a string detected to have odd parity is indicative of an error. Thus, the parity encoding is an example of an error-detecting code. 
     Particular embodiments of the memory device can perform error detection using parity bits. A parity bit can be added to a group of source bits to ensure that the number of set bits is even or odd. Parity bit error detection is simple and can be used to detect an odd number of errors since an even number of flipped bits hides errors. Variations of parity bit techniques that can be implemented include horizontal redundancy checks, vertical redundancy checks, dual parity, diagonal parity, and the like. 
     In various embodiments, the memory device can include control logic that performs error detection using checksums in the form of a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed length. The checksum can be negated via a ones-complement operation prior to communication to detect errors resulting in all-zero messages. Checksum techniques can include parity bits, check digits, longitudinal redundancy checksum, and the like. 
     Some memory device embodiments can detect errors using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), a single-burst-error-detecting cyclic code and non-secure hash function for detecting erroneous changes to digital data. CRC is characterized by specification of a generator polynomial, which is used as a divisor in a polynomial long division over a finite field. Cyclic codes are suitable for detecting burst errors. Even parity is a special case of a cyclic redundancy check in which the single-bit CRC is generated by the divisor. 
     In some embodiments, the control logic can perform error detection using a predetermine hash function or checksum. A hash function adds a fixed-length tag to a message to enable verification of information by recomputing the tag and comparing the recomputed tag to a supplied tag. The control logic can use any of a variety of different hash functions, for example selected on the basis of detection of particular types of errors, simplicity of operation, resource use, and the like. 
     A cryptographic hash function generates information indicative of data integrity, whether changes in data are accidental or maliciously and intentional. Modification to the data can be detected through a mismatching hash value. For a particular hash value, finding of input data that yields the same hash value is not easily possible, if an attacker can change not only the message but also the hash value, then a keyed hash or message authentication code (MAC) can supply additional security. Without knowing the key, for the attacker to calculate the correct keyed hash value for a modified message is not feasible. 
     Various embodiments can use repetition codes that repeat bits across a channel to attain error-free communication. Data in a communicated stream can be divided into blocks of bits with individual blocks transmitted a predetermined number of times. Error detection is performed by comparison of the redundant blocks. 
     Some memory device embodiments can include control logic that performs error detection using an error-correcting code, a Berger code, a constant-weight code, and others. A code with a minimum Hamming distance d can detect up to d−1 errors in a code word. 
     In addition to error detection, non-volatile memory can be used to assist error correction. Thus, in other example embodiments of the memory device depicted in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the memory device  100  can be configured such that the control logic  104  is operable to correct detected errors using selected ones of the plurality of copies  106 . 
     In particular embodiments, the control logic can execute random-error-correcting codes based on minimum distance coding as an alternative to hash functions. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can include control logic and the non-volatile memory array to perform error correction using an error correcting code (ECC) or a forward error correction (FEC) code to add redundant data or parity data to a message, to be recovered by a receiver even when errors occur, either during the processor of transmission or on storage. For example, data can be transmitted to the memory device and stored in the non-volatile memory. The control logic can be operable to perform error detection and/or error correction subsequent to storing the data, thereby avoiding an reduction in transmission speed. Because retransmission of the data is not needed, forward error correction does not call for a backchannel and the technique is useful for simplex communication such as broadcasting. Error-correcting codes are used in lower layer communication and reliable storage in various storage media including optical disks, hard disks, RAM, and the like. Error-correcting codes can include convolutional codes and block codes. Convolutional codes are processed bit-by-bit and are particularly suitable for implementation in hardware. Block codes are processed block-by-block and include repetition codes, Hamming codes, multidimensional parity-check codes, Reed-Solomon codes, Turbo codes, low-density parity-check codes, and others. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the memory device can include control logic that performs error correction using hybrid techniques such as hybrid ARQ which is a combination of ARQ and forward error correction. One approach involves transmission of messages with FEC parity data and error-detection redundancy. A receiver decodes a message using the parity information and requests retransmission using ARQ only if the parity data is insufficient for successful decoding, as detected via a failed integrity check. In another approach, messages are transmitted without parity data, only including error-detection information. A receiver that detects an error requests FEC information from the transmitter using ARQ, and uses the FEC information to reconstruct the original message. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can include the control logic and non-volatile memory which include error correction functionality using Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) techniques in which error detection codes, acknowledgement and/or negative acknowledgement messages, and timeouts are used to attain reliable data communication. An acknowledgement is a message sent by a receiver to indicate correct reception of a data frame. A transmitter failing to receive an acknowledgement before a timeout predetermined to allow a suitable amount of time after sending a data frame can retransmit the frame until either correctly received or the error persists beyond a selected number of transmissions. ARQ is effective for a communication channel with varying or unknown capacity, but calls for availability of a back channel which results in possibly increased latency due to retransmissions. The memory device can include control logic associated with portions of the non-volatile memory array to maintain buffers and timers for retransmission. 
     In various embodiments and/or applications of the memory device depicted in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the memory device  100  can be implemented with the control logic  104  operable to detect bit-errors by comparison of selected ones of the plurality of copies  106 . 
     In a simple embodiment and/or application, the control logic can be operable to handle single-bit errors in the form of a bit flip between 0 and 1 states. For a simple error model, specifically a binary symmetric channel, in which bit flip errors can occur on each bit independently with a probability P which is substantially less than 1 per unit time, a bit is expected to be corrupted after O/(1/P) steps. The control logic can be used in combination with the non-volatile memory array to use redundant coding to assist detection and correction of errors. In a simple configuration, the non-volatile memory array can store multiple copies of the individual bits. The non-volatile memory array can maintain multiple copies of each bit, for example with 0 and 1 encoded in pairs 00 and 11. If an error occurs to one of the two bits, a result can be the pair 01 or the pair 10, pairs which are by definition not to occur. Accordingly, such an occurrence is indicative of an error in a simple error detection method. 
     Other embodiments of the memory device  100  depicted in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  can be arranged with the control logic  104  operable to correct detected bit-errors using selected ones of the plurality of copies  106 . 
     Embodiments of the memory device can, in addition to detecting parity errors, can correct such errors. The non-volatile memory array can be used to increase redundancy and maintaining, for example, three copies of individual bits in which 0 is encoded 000 and 1 is encoded 111. In case of an error, a string 001, 010, 100, 110, 101, or 011 can occur. The bit error can be corrected by using the majority value in which 001, 010, or 100 is corrected to 000, and 110, 101, 011 corrected to 111, using a simple, majority rule code. Other suitable bit-error correction rules can be used. For example, a parity majority rule can be used in which codes are assigned to one of two parities, specifically the parity of the first two bits and the parity of the second two bits. Specifically, allowed code words 000 and 111 have the parity 0 and for all other strings, at least one has the parity 1. The parity checks or error syndromes include 00 (correct for code words 000 and 111), 01 (bit  3  flipped for code words 001 and 110), 10 (bit  1  flipped for code words 100 and 011), and 11 (bit  2  flipped for code words 010 and 101). By detecting the syndrome, the error can be corrected by flipping the corrupted bit. The code has a correctable error set that includes no error and all single-bit errors. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can use linear codes in a vector subspace over a finite field, such as a Boolean field. The vectors can be added or multiplied by scalars using binary arithmetic in which multiplication is AND and addition is XOR. Code words can be defined using a parity-check matrix in which a binary vector is a proper code word if the product of the matrix and the binary vector is zero. One or more bit-flip errors can be represented by adding an error vector to the code word. The presence of an error can be detected by multiplying the error vector by the parity-check matrix. The control logic can detect errors and correct errors using the parity-check matrix. 
     In other embodiments and/or applications, the memory device  100  can be formed to include the control logic  104  that is operable to monitor memory accesses and selectively perform error detection and error correction based on the monitored memory accesses. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrate embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction based on statistical analysis of instructions  242  received at the non-volatile memory array  202 . In particular embodiments, the memory device  200  can have the control logic  204  operable to monitor memory accesses, determine statistics  240  on type and number of instructions  242  of the monitored memory accesses, and selectively perform error detection and error correction based on the determined statistics  240 . Accordingly, the control logic  204  can be operable to monitor memory accesses, determine statistics on type and number of instructions of the monitored memory accesses, and predict a sequence of instructions  242  and data  208  using the determined statistics. The control logic can oversee operations of an overall system, maintaining statistics on the type and number of instructions communicated and processed. For example, future instructions and data can be predicted based on the determined statistics on type and number of instructions, and the predicted instructions and data can be compared to actually received instructions and data to detect errors. Errors, when detected, can be corrected. 
     Instructions can be any suitable type of logic or processor-executable instructions for performing operations and functions in a computer or system that uses the memory. Instructions can specify data handling and memory operations such as handling data in a memory or register (setting a value, moving data, reading and writing data), performing arithmetic and logic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide, bitwise operations, compare), controlling flow (branch, conditional branch, indirect branch, call), complex instructions (saving to a stack, moving memory blocks, complex arithmetic, floating-point, atomic test and set, combined ALU and operand from memory), and the like. 
     In some embodiments of the memory device depicted in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams showing embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory based on Quality-of-Service (QoS) analysis. The memory device  300  can be formed to include the non-volatile memory array  302  including a plurality of memory blocks  310  characterized by a plurality of different Quality-of-Service (QoS) ratings  312 . The control logic  304  can be operable to analyze memory accesses, determine priority of performance based on the analysis, and selectively detect and correct errors over the plurality of memory blocks  310  based on the determined priority of performance. Memory blocks can include a segment of memory, a memory portion, memory cells in a range of addresses either physical or virtual, a memory segment of a predetermined size, pages, memory entities of a predetermine size such as byte, word, defined-size word, fixed-size memory cells, and the like. 
     Quality of service is a capability to supply different priority to different applications, users, or data flows, or to ensure a predetermined level of performance to a data flow. For example, a specified bit rate, delay, jitter, packet dropping probability and/or bit error rate may be specified. Quality of service ratings are useful if the network capacity is insufficient, particularly for real-time streaming content applications such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and gaming, which often set forth fixed bit rate and are delay sensitive. QoS ratings are also useful in networks with capacity a limited resource, for example in cellular data communication. QoS, particularly in application layer services such as telephony and streaming video, can also relate to a metric that reflecting or predicting subjectively experienced quality, for example relating to the acceptable cumulative effect on user satisfaction of imperfections in the service. 
     In further applications or contexts for embodiments of the memory device  100 , the non-volatile memory array  302  can be configured to include a plurality of memory blocks  310  characterized by a plurality of different Quality-of-Service (QoS) ratings  312 . The control logic  304  can be operable to analyze memory accesses, determine priority of performance based on the analysis, and selectively allocate data  308  stored over the plurality of memory blocks  310  based on the determined priority of performance. For example, the control logic can determine and use QoS ratings, and assign priority of performance to sections of memory. For relatively high performance applications, the device may be configured to work perfectly and the control logic can specify that only highly reliable memory is used. The control logic can perform an error detection operation and determine whether too many errors are occurring according to a predetermined threshold and, if so, the control logic can shift to higher performing memory. The control logic can start an application with a determined QoS rating and monitor errors to iteratively select an appropriate memory segment that is tailored to application characteristics and performance. 
     For other example embodiments, the control logic can allow less-than-perfect performance for suitable applications and/or contexts. The control logic can determine and use QoS ratings for processor in memory (POM), and assign priority of performance to sections of memory. For relatively high performance applications, the device may be configured to work perfectly and the control logic can specify that only highly reliable memory is used. Other applications can operate at a lower QoS and the control logic can select memory accordingly. 
     In various embodiments, the memory device can include multiple types of memory technology, for example including charge memory or resistive memory. A memory device can include sections of charge memory and resistive memory and the control logic can assign applications to exploit the advantages and diminish the consequences of disadvantages of either type of memory. Charge memories induce a voltage which is detected during read operations in response to require amounts of charge. In nonvolatile storage, flash memories precisely control the discrete charge placed on a floating gate. In volatile storage, DRAM not only places charge in a storage capacitor but also mitigate subthreshold charge leakage through the access device using capacitors that are sufficiently large to store charge for reliable sensing and using transistors that are sufficiently large to exert effective control over the channel. Resistive memories use electrical current to induce a change in atomic structure, changing the resistance detected during reads. Resistive memories are more suitable for scaling than charge memories by avoiding precise charge placement and control. Programming via techniques such as current injection scale with cell size. Phase-change memory (PCM), spin-torque transfer (STT) magneto-resistive RAM (M-RAM), and ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) are examples of resistive memories. 
     The non-volatile memory array can include memory portions formed of memory technologies characterized by high performance under particular operating conditions. Phase change RAM (PCRAM) is a memory technology with highly favorable small cell size and thus density. The memory device which includes at least a portion of PCRAM can further include control logic that monitors and determines operating conditions and can assign memory accesses to PCRAM in low power high performance conditions. 
     Other examples of non-volatile memory technologies with various QoS ratings can include resistive RAM (R-RAM) and spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM). R-RAM can be any memory technology that relies of resistance change to store information, for example including space-charge-limited-current (SCLC), filament, programmable-metallization-cell (PMC), Schottkey contact and traps (SCT). R-RAM can be characterized by non-volatility, high-speed, high-performance, zero standby power, and, in some arrangements, high density. For a memory device that includes at least a portion of the memory in the form of R-RAM, the control logic can monitor memory accesses and determine whether a particular application is characterized by high-speed and high-performance, and assign the R-RAM memory portion for the application. 
     In another example application, a memory device can include a non-volatile memory array and includes at least a portion of the memory in the form of STT-RAM. STT-RAM can be characterized by improved performance via overdriving. Overdriving the gate voltage of an NMOS transistor in the STT-RAM can increase V GS  and thus enhance the driving strength of the NMOS transistor. The control logic can be configured to manage overdriving, for example, by monitoring memory access operations such as reading, writing, erasing, driving write-line voltage, and the like, and control overdriving according to the particular application. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the memory device  300  can be arranged with the non-volatile memory array  302  including a plurality of memory blocks  310 . The control logic  304  can be operable to monitor writes to the plurality of memory blocks  310  of the non-volatile memory array  302  and detect errors in the memory blocks  310  based on results of the monitoring. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can include control logic that write-protects a selected location, block, or portion of memory. Subsequent erroneous write to the protected area can activate the control logic to perform predetermine handling such as repairing an error, performing an exit and restart, generating an error report, or the like. 
     One problem inherent to non-volatile memory is failure that results from multiple writes to a memory element. The control logic can operate to suitably allocate and distribute writes to non-volatile memory cells to avoid or prevent failure, for example by shifting through memory as particular cells are written or by allocating newer or less-written memory to operations, applications, or contexts characterized by a requirement for higher accuracy. Various error detection and/or error correction techniques can involve additional writes to memory. The control logic can manage error handling to consider write load, for example by limiting error management for memory types that are susceptible to write degradation or by checking for errors more regularly in memory that may be less reliable due to the number of writes to which the memory has been subjected. 
     In an example embodiment, the memory device can include control logic can allocate writes according to memory type. For example, the memory device can include a section of PCRAM. Writes can result in substantial wear in PCRAM. When current is injected into a volume of phase-change material, thermal expansion and contraction degrade the electrode storage contact, resulting in programming currents injected into the memory cell that are insufficiently reliable. PCRAM material resistivity is highly dependent on current injection so that current variability leads to resistance variability, degrading the read window of suitable programmed minimum and maximum resistances. Accordingly, the control logic and monitor and determine applications characterized by repeated and enduring writes, and allocate such applications to memory segments other than PCRAM segments. 
     A memory device can be configured with control logic that is operable to mitigate wear and energy. For example, PCRAM, which is susceptible to wear and failure for high levels of writing to a PCRAM cell over a memory lifetime, can be managed using mitigation techniques of write reduction and leveling to improve PCRAM endurance. In a particular operation, the control logic can allocate some memory to function as a cache and track written cache lines and written cache words to implement partial writes and reduce wear. In another technique, the control logic can monitor writes to eliminate redundant bit writes. In a typical memory access, a write updates an entire row of memory cells, many of which are redundant. The control logic can remove the redundant bit writes and thereby substantially increase memory lifetimes, for example by preceding a write with a read and compare. Following the read, an XNOR gate can be used to filter redundant bit-writes. A PCRAM read is sufficiently faster than a PCM write and writes are less latency critical, so the performance reduction from reading before a write is in consequential. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the control logic can allocate instruction cache and data cache depending on the application and environment. In further arrangements, the control logic can also select physical locations of memory depending on application and operating environment. 
     In addition to eliminating redundant writes, the control logic can also improve write wear performance by row shifting. After removing redundant bit writes, bits most written in a row tend to be localized so that the control logic can perform simple shifting to more evenly distribute writes within a row. 
     The control logic can attain additional wear improvement by segment swapping in which memory segments of high and low write accesses are periodically swapped. The control logic can track write counts and manage a mapping table between segments. 
     In another example embodiment, the memory device can include control logic operable to allocate memory according to wear such as by limiting the frequency of allocation for a particular memory block and by maintaining frequently changing metadata in DRAM that is separate from managed blocks of non-volatile memory. 
     Embodiments of the memory device can perform wear-leveling via managed allocation. For example, the control logic can avoid allocation of a newly released memory block but rather time-stamp the block and add the block to a first-in-first-out queue. On subsequent allocations or releases, the control logic can examine the block at the head of the queue and, if resident on the queue for a sufficient time, can remove the block from the queue and mark eligible for re-allocation. The control logic can maintain list pointers in headers and footers of freed blocks and update the list pointers when adjacent free blocks are merged into a larger free region. In another technique, the control logic can track the allocated or free state of memory blocks using a DRAM bitmap and manage the bitmap dynamically during operations. 
     In various embodiments, the memory device  300  can be formed to include the non-volatile memory array  302  that includes a plurality of memory blocks  310 . The control logic  304  can be operable to monitor writes to the plurality of memory blocks  310  of the non-volatile memory array  302  and correct errors in the memory blocks  310  based on results of the monitoring. In some applications and/or embodiments, different memory blocks can be allocated for respective different functionality so that the command logic blocks can support functionality that is specific to the appropriate memory blocks. 
     For example, in some embodiments or applications a capability for the memory device to efficiently support memory blocks in which either or both bit maps and vector graphics may be useful. Accordingly, the memory device can be configured so that the memory includes a portion that is bit-mapped and a portion that is vector memory. For example, part of the memory can be optimized for pictures and video (JPEG) and another portion optimized for more computational applications. An example of such that context that would benefit from both memory types is a mobile telephone with camera and/or video functionality. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , schematic block diagrams illustrate respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to assist error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory that includes multiple different operating characteristics. Hence, the memory device  400  can be constructed with the control logic  404  operable to monitor operating characteristics  414  of the memory device  400 , analyze the monitored operating characteristics  414 , detect a precursor  416  to a memory failure based on the analysis, and predict errors based on the detected precursor  416 . The precursor can be a predetermined characteristic of the memory, for example taking into consideration operating characteristics of the memory, that can be indicative of potential failure. The precursor can further be a function of the operating conditions of the memory or memory portion under analysis, which is indicative of potential failure. The control logic can predict how and when failures will take place, for example using temperature measurements to predict failure, and use various forms of information to make predictions. For example, the control logic, based on predictions, can determine how to perform writes such as by writing data in volume to memory or to slowly write small portions of data. According to the predictions, the control logic can determine what type of error detection and/or error correction to perform and how often to perform error handling. Similarly, the control logic can create and update a map of memory usage and perform error handling according to the map. 
     The memory device can, in addition to including multiple types of memory, can include multiple different classes of memory of the same memory type to attain a desired operating characteristic. The different classes of memory may include memory of the same technology with different operating parameters or different fabrication process parameters. The different classes of memory may be formed with different polysilicon types, different metal types, different silicides or salicides, various source, gate, and spacer dimensions, different annealing processes, and any other suitable variation in fabrication technique. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the memory device can be configured to allocate different portions of memory that have differing characteristics to specific applications. Some characteristics of memory can be better for some applications. For example, the control logic can assign data in high-speed operations to high-speed memory while assigning less time-critical applications to slower memory. The control logic can take into consideration memory speed when allocating redundant memory sections, for example maintaining sampled data from high-speed operations in relatively slow-speed memory. The control logic can assign frequently updated information to memory types that are more durable to writes. In another example application, the memory device can be used in an end-to-end image storage system which includes multiple types of memory including multiple types of non-volatile RAM. For example, the memory device can be used to supply inexpensive memory such as memory stripes that are not part of a device such as a picture telephone, but is used to accumulate data (such as pictures) using some mirror communications that are facilitated by intelligence supplied by the control logic. In an example application, the control logic can activate to perform data communication when the memory device is in a location sufficiently proximal to the picture telephone to enable data transfer. The control logic can be used to detect that the picture telephone and the memory device are sufficiently close to perform a data transfer and, if so, operate in a low operation, low power mode to perform the data communication. Accordingly, the intelligence of the control logic can enable data transmission when the memory is in any location that is sufficiently close to the data source. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the control logic  404  can predict errors by monitoring memory accesses, and performing pattern recognition of the monitored memory accesses, thereby enabling detection of precursor  416  indicative of possible errors. In particular embodiments, the control logic can perform pattern recognition in an integrated circuit chip and perform analysis in operations that are background to data communication via a bus to a device such as a processor external to the memory device. Background tasks that are local to the memory device can include maximum and minimum sorting, medium, and mode computation. Operations perform by the control logic can include statistical measurements, indexing, synchronizing, detection of repetitive tasks, and the like. 
     In other example embodiments and/or applications, the control logic can be operable to monitor memory accesses, detect a pattern of instructions and data from the monitored memory accesses, predict expected instructions and data from the detected pattern of instructions and data, and preprocessing the predicted expected instructions. In some applications, the control logic can use the statistics to predict a future sequence of instructions and data. The control logic can detect patterns in which a first sequence of data and/or instructions is commonly followed by a second sequence. Upon detection of such a first sequence, the control logic can apply the second sequence to the memory without actually receiving the second sequence, for example from a processor via the data bus. Thus, the control logic can accelerate data handling and work throughput. The control logic can monitor data and/or instructions and anticipate requests for memory. The control logic can also detect an indexing pattern of instructions and interactions with memory using specialized logic that is integrated into the non-volatile memory area, enabling preprocessing of expected instructions within the memory. 
     The control logic thus can perform statistical operations that analyze instruction sequences to predict the type of instructions to perform using logic that is distributed within the non-volatile memory arrays of the memory device. 
     Different types of memory can have different operating characteristics. The memory device can be formed of multiple memory segments that have different operating characteristics, for example in aspects of speed, power consumption, size, as well as susceptibility or resistance to particular operating conditions such as magnetic field characteristics, temperature, velocity, rotation, acceleration, inclination, gravity, humidity, moisture, vibration, pressure, sound, electrical fields or conditions such as voltage, current, power, resistance, and other physical aspects of the environment. The control logic can operate as a memory controller integrated with the non-volatile memory array to allocate redundant storage for error detection and/or error correction taking into consideration memory type. In some applications, the control logic can optimize for the particular memory type depending, for example, on application constraints such as the amount of computation, energy consumption load, and many other conditions. For example, control logic metadata can supplies intra-memory hints about heat generation. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the memory device can include both phase change memory (PCRAM) and other memory types and the control logic can assign memory usage according to various operating characteristics such as available power. In a specific example, PCRAM and DRAM may be selected based on power considerations. PCRAM access latencies are typically in the range of tens of nanoseconds, but remain several times slower than DRAM. PCRAM writes use energy-intensive current injection, causing thermal stress within a storage cell that degrades current-injection contacts and limits endurance to hundreds of millions of writes per cell. In a memory device that uses both PCRAM and DRAM, the control logic can allocate memory usage according to the write density of an application. 
     In a memory device that includes multiple different types of memory including a spin-transfer M-RAM, the control logic can assign functionality at least in part based on the magnetic properties of memory. In a system that includes at least one portion of F-RAM, the control logic can exploit operating characteristics of extremely high endurance, very low power consumption (since F-RAM does not require a charge pump like other non-volatile memories), single-cycle write speeds, and gamma radiation tolerance. The memory device can include different segments of different types of memory including volatile and non-volatile memory, flash, dynamic RAM (DRAM) and the like, and use the control logic to attain different performance/cost benefits. 
     In an example arrangement, the memory device can include memory of two types, such as non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) and DRAM in combination with control logic that allocates memory accesses for the NVRAM. The control logic prevents frequent reuse of memory locations and stores frequently-changing metadata in DRAM. The control logic can also add checksums to detect and correct corruption. 
     In embodiments adapted to promote write durability, the memory device can include a non-volatile memory array with multiple types of memory including at least one portion of memory characterized by elevated write endurance. In a particular embodiment, the non-volatile memory array can include at least on portion formed of M-RAM which is based on a tunneling magneto-resistive (TMR) effect. The individual M-RAM memory cells include a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) which can be a metal-insulator-metal structure with ferromagnetic electrodes. A small bias voltage applied between the electrode causes a tunnel current to flow. The MTJ is exposed to an external magnetic field and forms a hysteresis loop with two stable states, corresponding to 0 and 1 data states at zero magnetic field. M-RAM is characterized among non-volatile memory technologies as having excellent write endurance with essentially no significant degradation in magneto-resistance or tunnel junction resistance through millions of write cycles. Accordingly, the control logic can monitor and determine whether a particular application or process is characterized by frequent, enduring write operations and assign a portion of M-RAM to handle memory accesses. 
     Another memory technology characterized by write endurance is ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM). FeRAM can be constructed using material such as lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT), strontium-bismuth-tantalate (SBT), lanthanum substituted bismuth-tantalate (BLT), and others. An externally applied electric field causes polarization of the FeRAM material to be switched and information retained even upon removal of the field. In absence of the electric field, polarization has two distinct stable states to enable usage in memory storage. FeRAM can have write endurance at the level of M-RAM and is further characterized by a reduced cell size and thus higher density. Thus, the control logic can monitor and determine whether a particular application or process is characterized by frequent, enduring write operations in combination with a relatively large number of storage cells. The control logic can assign a portion of FeRAM to handle memory accesses. 
     Embodiments of the memory device depicted in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  can be configured to address potential memory failure and copy data from memory identified as potentially failing to safe memory. For example, the memory device  400  can be arranged with the control logic  404  that is operable to monitor operating characteristics  414  of the memory device  400 , analyze the monitored operating characteristics  414 , detect a precursor  416  to a memory failure based on the analysis, and detect errors and select data  408  for correction of errors based on the detected precursor  416 . 
     Accordingly, the control logic can be used to predict how and when failures will take place using any suitable information for making the prediction and manage redundant memory for error detection and/or error correction according to the prediction. For example, the control logic can use temperature measurements to predict failure or use various forms of information to make predictions and ensure that redundant data for error detection and/or error correction is maintained according to the prediction. In a particular embodiment, the control logic can enable writing data at a high rate in some conditions and limit writing speed in other conditions. For example, at high temperatures for a memory that is susceptible to failure, the control logic can determine whether the temperature is sufficiently high to call for writing of data from a memory type susceptible to failure to a memory type resistant to temperature failure. IN some embodiments, the control logic can limit writing speed to a low rate while allowing higher write data rates at lower temperature. In some applications or contexts, the control logic can perform performance mapping at selected time intervals, for example updating a map of sections of memory every 10,000 writes. The operating logic can determine how the memory is used and project back to determine characteristics of the operating environment. 
     In particular example embodiments, the memory device  400  can be implemented with the non-volatile memory array  402  including a plurality of memory blocks  410  characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics  414 . The control logic  404  can be operable to selectively distribute error detection and error correction functionality over the plurality of memory blocks  410 . 
     In various embodiments, the control logic can perform various error handling techniques and distribute logic for performing error handling based on memory type and characteristics. For example, a memory that is less susceptible to errors can include logic that performs error handling less frequently. A memory that is variably susceptible to error in different operating conditions can include logic for detecting the operating conditions and manage error handling based on the current condition. 
     In a particular embodiment, the memory device  400  can be configured such that the non-volatile memory array  402  includes a plurality of memory blocks  410  characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics  414 . The control logic  404  can be operable to analyze memory accesses and selectively distribute error detection and error correction functionality over the plurality of memory blocks  410  based on the analysis. 
     For example, the control logic can access, if available, background information about data characteristics and applications to tailor the memory to the currently-executing application. In some embodiments, the memory device can include control logic that is configured to monitor current patterns in the memory and analyze using entropy laws, for example by determining the fluctuations in data using statistical mechanics techniques. The control logic can monitor memory accesses and determine the relative probability that the entropy of the data is currently outside an equilibrium level and so the data is expected to be characterized by increases or decreases over time. The entropy of an isolated system is expected to increase until reaching equilibrium. 
     In various embodiments, the memory device can include a non-volatile memory array which includes one or more suitable memory technology. For example, memory technologies in the memory device can include embedded flash, read-only memory (ROM), electrical fuse (one-time programmable), CMOS floating gate (multiple time programmable), CMOS floating gate (one-time programmable), and anti-fuse (one-time programmable). The different memory technologies can have various advantages and disadvantages for particular operations or applications. Some memory technologies can have relatively high density such as ROM and antifuse, while others have low density (for example electrical fuse and CMOS floating gate). Some technologies have good endurance such as embedded flash, and CMOS floating gate, while others have poor endurance, for example ROM, electrical fuse, CMOS floating gate, and antifuse. Various technologies can have different standby and active current including high current (electrical fuse), medium current (embedded flash and CMOS floating gate), and low current (ROM and antifuse). The memory technologies vary in random access time including fast (ROM and antifuse), medium (embedded flash and CMOS floating gate), and slow (electrical fuse). The memory technologies vary in security including high security (antifuse), medium security (embedded flash and CMOS floating gate), and slow security (ROM and electrical fuse). The memory technologies vary in high and low temperature and voltage tolerance including high tolerance (ROM and antifuse), medium tolerance (electrical fuse), and low tolerance (embedded flash and CMOS floating gate). In a memory device that includes multiple memory sections with more than one memory technology, the control logic can monitor a history and pattern of memory accesses and assign memory usage depending on the monitoring. For data or code that changes very frequently, the control logic can assign embedded flash. For high volume storage, the control logic can assign more dense memory technologies. For applications in which the code changes infrequently, the control logic can allocate, for example, ROM and antifuse. The control logic can assign memory accesses depending on temperature and voltage conditions that can be measured using sensors or otherwise communicated to the memory device. The control logic can determine the security level of an application and assign the memory technology accordingly. 
     In some specific embodiments, the memory device  400  can be formed to include the non-volatile memory array  402  that includes a plurality of memory blocks  410  characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics  414 . The control logic  404  can be operable to analyze memory accesses, determine application constraints based on the analysis, and selectively distribute error detection and error correction functionality over the plurality of memory blocks  410  based on the determined application constraints. Application constraints based on monitoring can include accuracy, amount of computation, response rate, energy consumption load, ease of calibration, programming, monitoring of continuous or discrete levels, and the like. 
     In various embodiments, the memory device  400  can have the non-volatile memory array  402  including a plurality of memory blocks  410 . The control logic  404  can be operable to monitor operating characteristics  414  of the memory device  400 , analyze the monitored operating characteristics  414 , detect a precursor  416  to a memory failure based on the analysis, and detect errors and select data  408  for correction of errors in selected ones of the plurality of memory blocks  410  based on the detected precursor  416 . 
     Thus, the control logic can be operable to perform maintenance operations including error detection and/or error correction of the memory in response to physical phenomena imposes on the memory. For example, the memory device can incorporate sensors or other components that detect phenomena which can be monitored by the control logic to detect magnetic fields, temperature, velocity, rotation, acceleration, inclination, gravity, humidity, moisture, vibration, pressure, sound, electrical fields or conditions such as voltage, current, power, resistance, and other physical aspects of the environment to enable the control logic to perform actions to maintain, repair, clean, or other operations applied to the memory. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, memory device  400  can be arranged with the non-volatile memory array  402  including a plurality of memory blocks  410  characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics  414 . The control logic  404  can be operable to perform a plurality of error correction algorithms and selectively allocate ones of the plurality of error correction algorithms to ones of the plurality of memory blocks  410 . 
     In certain applications and/or embodiments, the memory device  400  can be constructed with the non-volatile memory array  402  that includes a plurality of memory blocks  410 . The control logic  404  can be operable to analyze memory accesses, perform error detection based on the analysis, and characterize Quality-of-Service (QoS) ratings  412  of the plurality of memory blocks  410  based on the performed error detection. The control logic can perform error detection and, if too many errors occur, can shift to higher performing memory as identified by QoS rating. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , schematic block diagrams show respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to expedite error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory including multiple memory elements. Accordingly, the memory device  500  can be formed to include the non-volatile memory array  502  including a plurality of memory elements  518 . The control logic  504  can be operable to monitor writes to the plurality of memory elements  518  of the non-volatile memory array  502  and detect errors based at least in part on results of the monitoring. A memory element can be a memory portion of a predetermined size, a memory portion including a predetermined range of addresses, a memory portion of a predetermined type or technology, a memory portion of a predetermined functionality, a memory portion of a predetermined hierarchical level, a multi-level cell configured to store more than a single bit of information, a single-level cell configured to store a single bit of information, a flip-flop, and the like. 
     In some embodiments of the memory device depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the memory device  500  can be configured such that the non-volatile memory array  502  includes a plurality of memory elements  518 . The control logic  504  is operable to monitor writes to the plurality of memory elements  518  of the non-volatile memory array  502  and correct errors based at least in part on results of the monitoring. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device  500  can have the non-volatile memory array  502  includes a plurality of memory elements  518 . The control logic  504  can be operable to monitor writes to the plurality of memory elements  518  of the non-volatile memory array  502  and selectively detect errors in at least one portion of the plurality of memory elements  518  based on results of the monitoring. 
     In various embodiments, the memory device  500  can be implemented with the non-volatile memory array  502  including a plurality of memory elements  518 . The control logic  504  is operable to monitor writes to the plurality of memory elements  518  of the non-volatile memory array  502  and selectively correct errors in at least one portion of the plurality of memory elements  518  based on results of the monitoring. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , schematic block diagrams depict respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory that performs error detection and/or error correction autonomously, independently of information or signals received from a device or system external to the memory device. Accordingly, the memory device  600  can be configured such that the control logic  604  is operable to perform selective error detection and error correction operations independently of signals  620  external to the memory device  600 . The information or signals received from a device or system external to the memory device can include commands, executable instructions, codes, a predetermined signal operable as a function for conveying information about the behavior or attributes of a selected phenomenon, or the like. Physical information or signals can be selected from among any quantity exhibiting variation in time, variation in space, an image, or the like that can supply information on the status of a physical system, or convey a message among devices, components, or user. A signal is a physical quantity which varies with time and space and can contain information from source to the destination memory device. The information or signal is typically transmitted from one or more various locations or sources. In electrical form, the signal can be produced by a transducer that converts the signal from an original form to a waveform expressed as a current, voltage, or electromagnetic waveform, an optical signal, a radio transmission, or the like. 
     An operation at bootstrap loading can cause the system to report on the operating condition of all components (including all chunks of memory) to enable allocation of functionality based on performance of the components. Accordingly, in some embodiments the memory device  600  can be constructed with the non-volatile memory array  602  including a plurality of memory blocks  610 . The control logic  604  can be operable to receive a report  622  on at least one operating condition  624  of system performance at system bootstrap loading and perform error detection and error correction selectively among the plurality of memory blocks  610  based on the report  622 . The report can be any compilation, combination, arrangement, or expression of selected information and/or signals relating to the operating condition. 
     In a particular application, the memory device can include control logic that restores a persistent application state by mapping non-volatile memory pages across system reboot operations, for example by mapping non-volatile RAM pages in different processes including processes that are not necessarily concurrent. The control logic can also support access control in portions of the non-volatile RAM in the manner of file system access control. 
     In some applications, what is desired is a capability to store large amounts of data while allowing some amount of inaccuracy or error. Such an application can be video streaming. The memory device can thus be formed with at least a portion of the memory that is very inexpensive but very lossy. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrate embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory using control logic that uses one or more sensors integrated with the memory device to facilitate management of the memory. Referring to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams show embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory using control logic that uses one or more sensors external to the memory device to facilitate management of the memory. Various embodiments of the 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7A ,  7 B,  8 A, and  8 B, schematic block diagrams illustrate respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and control logic that uses one or more sensors integrated with the memory device to facilitate management of the memory. Accordingly, the memory device  700 ,  800  can further include at least one sensor  726 ,  826  operable to detect at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 . The non-volatile memory array  702 ,  802  can include a plurality of memory blocks  710 ,  810 . The control logic  704 ,  804  is operable to monitor the at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 , analyze the monitored at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 , detect a precursor  716 ,  816  to a memory failure based on the analysis, and perform error detection and error correction selectively in ones of the plurality of memory blocks  710 ,  810  based on the detected precursor  716 ,  816 . 
     The memory device can include any suitable sensor for detecting a condition that may be useful for allocate memory usage. Example sensors can measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance, inductance, capacitive/resistive, and other electrical or magnetic phenomena. Other suitable sensors can sense touch, tactile phenomena, pressure, vibration, velocity, acceleration, gyrorotation, inertiaangular acceleration, angular velocity, and the like. Some sensors can sense ionic potential, optical radiation, electrochemical potential, infrared radiation, temperature, ionizing radiation, moisture, and the like. 
     In an embodiment of a memory device that includes multiple memory types or technologies, the sensor can detect electrical characteristics such as voltage or current and the control logic can determine whether the energy drive is sufficient to drive the memory reliably. If the energy drive is insufficient for a particular type of memory, the control logic can shift memory accesses to a memory type that can be reliably driven. 
     In some embodiments, a memory device can be configured to allocate memory for a particular application or operation based on scalability, for example by determining whether a substantial number of storage cells is to be used. For example, the memory device can be formed to store a redundant memory section for error detection and/or error correction in a decreased feature size to reduced overall storage footprint. PCRAM can be a highly scalable memory technology since thermal resistivity increases, contact area decreases, and the volume of phase-change material to block current flow decreases with feature size. As feature size becomes smaller, contact area decreases quadratically, and reduced contact area causes resistivity to increase linearly, causing programming current to decrease linearly. Thus PCRAM can attain not only smaller storage elements but also smaller access devices for current injection, leading to lower memory subsystem energy. Thus, the control logic can allocate PCRAM segments to applications characterized by large memory use and density. 
     In a particular embodiment, the memory device  700 ,  800  can additionally include at least one sensor  726 ,  826  operable to detect at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 . The control logic  704 ,  804  can be operable to monitor the at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 , monitor memory accesses, analyze the monitored at least one operating condition  724 ,  824  and memory accesses, predict expected outcomes  728 ,  828  based on the monitored at least one operating condition  724 ,  824  and memory accesses, and perform error detection and error correction selectively based on the predicted expected outcomes  728 ,  828 . Expected outcomes can be defined as the predicted behavior of the memory under the operating conditions, for example in terms of failure, error detection, and error correction. In some embodiments, the analysis can be a probability analysis taking into consideration the operating conditions. 
     The memory device  700 ,  800  can be operable to assist error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory in variable magnetic field environments, for example by classifying different types of memory based on susceptibility or resistance to data loss in predetermined magnetic field conditions. The memory device  700 ,  800  can detect or receive information regarding a predetermined magnetic field condition that may result in data loss and, in response, activate an error detection operation to determine whether data loss has occurred and, if so, correct any errors. 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the memory device  700 ,  800  can also include at least one sensor  726 ,  826  operable to detect at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 . The non-volatile memory array  702 ,  802  can include a plurality of memory blocks  710 ,  810 . The control logic  704 ,  804  can be operable to monitor the at least one operating condition  724 ,  824 , monitor memory accesses, analyze the monitored at least one operating condition  724 ,  824  and memory accesses, predict expected outcomes  728 ,  828  based on the monitored at least one operating condition  724 ,  824  and memory accesses, and perform error detection and error correction selectively in ones of the plurality of memory blocks  710 ,  810  based on the predicted expected outcomes  728 ,  828 . 
     In a particular application, the memory device can include control logic configured to predict different possible outcomes, for example predicting several possible outcomes and preparing for each, then use sensors, measurements, and monitoring to determine which outcome to activate at a particular time. 
     The memory device can include control logic that facilitates accessing of memory based on a determination of the type of operations being performed. For example, the control logic can detect high traffic in video streaming and modify data handling to shift from 16-bit byte memory accesses to accessing of blocks of data. For cloud computing applications which are limited by bandwidth, the control logic in the locally-controlled memory device can push all physical parameters off an external processor into the memory device, avoiding the bandwidth limitation and enabling additional memory-local capability including potentially different error correction algorithms. The memory device can thus enable a large scale memory with local control, such as a video memory with frame buffers or a dedicated image memory. 
     The control store can be configured to enable new operations. For example, the control logic can be configured to facilitate efficient memory accesses. In a particular example, the control logic can support a particular type of special image store which stores information of a particular size and form efficiently in memory, that writes different memory elements concurrently to a value that is suitable according to characteristics of the incoming image data. Special instructions can be used that can efficiently perform transforms on the image data. 
     In a particular embodiment, the memory device can include the non-volatile memory array which is inexpensive and can be maintained in close proximity to other types of memory either internal to the memory device or in a nearby integrated circuit chip. The control logic can be configured to perform bit-error correction by maintaining multiple copies of data in the high capacity enabled by non-volatile memory arrays, rather than the bit-checks of other error correction techniques. The multiple copies of data in the non-volatile memory can be used to occasionally detect errors using the multiple data copies. Accordingly, the memory device can include a relatively high capacity non-volatile memory array with high capacity and control logic operable to perform error correction. The high capacity in non-volatile memory can be used for error detection and correction in which redundant data is held in the non-volatile memory for error correction in the form of multiple data copies to enable recovery by the receiving memory even when a number of errors up to the capability of the code in use are introduced during transmission or on storage. Errors can be corrected without requesting retransmission by the sender. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B , schematic block diagrams show respective top and side view of an embodiment of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and triggering error handling by a time signal. Accordingly, the memory device  900  can be implemented with the non-volatile memory array  902  that includes a plurality of memory blocks  910 . The control logic  904  can be operable to access a time signal  930  and monitor memory accesses referenced by the time signal  930 , analyze workload  932  based on the monitored memory accesses, and perform error detection and error correction selectively in ones of the plurality of memory blocks  910  based on the analyzed workload  932 . In various embodiments and/or arrangements, the time signal can be selected from among a visible, audible, mechanical, or electronic signal used as a reference to determine time, a clock, a timing pulse, and the like. Workload can refer to impact on the memory device, portions of memory within the memory device, the system containing the memory device, or any predetermined scope relative to the memory device, or the like. Workload can be analyzed and managed according to any selected workload parameters such as memory capacity, memory portion, memory type, memory characteristics, memory operating characteristics, memory availability, processor speed, logic speed, interface or network latency, potential workloads in queue, remaining battery life, energy cost, temperature, location, server type, affinity information, processing time, and the like. 
     For example, the memory device can include control logic that takes into consideration that, at different times, the loads are expected to be different for management of redundant memory blocks. In a particular instance, the memory device may be used in a data center in which some of the activity is work-related, and other activity is recreational. The control logic can be configured to allocated different types of memory accordingly, for example to handle volumes of streaming video and audio content during non-working hours. In some embodiments, the control logic can manage error detection and/or error correction, for example, to allow more errors without correction for streaming video and audio content. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10A and 10B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrate embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and optical silicon that enables communication independent of a bus structure. Thus, the memory device  1000  can further include optical silicon  1034  operable to communicate optically, independently of a bus structure  1036  coupled to the memory device  1000 . The control logic  1004  can be operable to receive functions for performing error detection and error correction selectively independently of communication on the bus structure  1036 . The optical silicon can enable data to pass more quickly from outside the memory device to the memory. The memory device can support a WiFi network which optimizes memory for a particular application. Optical silicon can be used to alleviate some of the bandwidth problem for reading high volumes of data, such as for moving photographs from a camera or camera-phone to a storage device such as a computer or library. The bus can manage error detection and/or error correction by writing a copy of data via the optical link to a redundant memory for error detection and/or error correction in a manner that does not interfere with the data path formed by the bus. 
     The memory device can facilitate communication and handle additional bandwidth via usage of control logic that can predict subsequent transfers and write to memory accordingly to enable processing on the predicted data values. In some embodiments, the memory device can include communication channels in addition to the bus to facilitate transfer of information for various management functions, alleviating the traffic on the bus structure  1036 . The bus structure can be any subsystem that transfers data between components including memory inside a computer or other system, or between computers or devices in a system. 
     The bus structure  1036  forms a communication interface that can communicate with other such devices or any type of device or system to enable multiple distributed devices to intercommunicate or to communicate with a network, for example in a cloud system. Thus, the memory device can be widely distributed or even ubiquitous, to perform selected local processing regarding usage and environment, for example to enable history tracking, data pre-processing, and sharing to other devices or through the cloud. Usage of optical silicon can enable the memory device to avoid the bandwidth and bottleneck problems of a system bus. 
     For example, the memory device  1000  can further include optical silicon which is operable to communicate optically, independently of the bus structure  1036  coupled to the memory device  1000  including the non-volatile memory array  1002  in which the control logic  1004  is operable to receive functions for tracking applications and processes independently of communication via the bus structure  1036 . For example, an optical sensor or silicon-based optical data connection can use silicon photonics and a hybrid silicon laser for communication between integrated circuit chips at distributed locations using plasmons (quanta of plasma oscillation) to communicate over relatively long distances, for example 2-3 inches on a narrow nano-wire coupler. The plasmon is a quasi-particle that results from quantization of plasma oscillations. Data can be received and converted using an optical antenna, a nano-cavity, or a quantum dot. The communication field can travel independently of a wired bus structure. 
     For example, the memory device  1000  can receive information via the optical link, independently of the system bus connected to a processor, and the control logic  1004  can use the extra-bus information to perform management or housekeeping functions to track applications and/or processes (or, for example, bit correction) via data sent optically to the memory device  1000 . The optical link thus enables low-bandwidth, back-channel communication, enabling formation of a memory that can communicate with large bursts of data for placement with optical accessibility. 
     The memory device can use the optical communication interface to substantially increase bandwidth. For example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cannot maintain synchrony over a distance of about four inches so that DRAM must be within four inches or less of a communicating processor, resulting in the memory bus becoming a data choke point, which can be relieved by the optical communication interface. Embodiments of the memory device with an optical interface can use the control logic to perform bus control operations using an optical clock and interferometry using interfering optical beams to accelerate data communication. 
     In some specific embodiments, the optical silicon interface can be operated by the control logic to increase data communication speed and reliability by constructing signals in the form of a sine-wave in a piece-wise manner, measuring segments above and below a base line and assigning digital values as 0 or 1 depending on wave position. Accordingly, formation of square wave signals is avoided, which attains benefits to heat dissipation, which is proportional to frequency squared. 
     In some embodiments, the memory device can include some memory that is unacceptable for standard processing but very inexpensive and thus may have some usefulness and cost-effectiveness in some operations. For example, a relatively fast but error-prone memory may be useful for video processing. In various applications, the basis of memory quality may vary, for example, error rate, speed, and the like. 
     The memory device can thus be used for a wide variety of data communication operations to enable concentration of data originating from many sources. In particular arrangements, a memory device can include multiple types of memory with multiple memory characteristics in terms of cost, price, power, reliability, and the like. A memory device can be optimized to any desired characteristic such as memory quality, memory power, cost in terms of number of electrons, noise, power consumption, and others. For example, power consumption can be optimized by lowering access threshold. The control logic can be configured to determine the source of noise, for example if noisy during writing, the control logic can determine how little write current can be used, thereby reducing power consumption. The control logic can be used to monitor electrical characteristics such as power or charge. Only so many electrons are available in a memory and the control logic can be configured to determine how few electrons can be used to perform a particular operation such as read/write operations. 
     In some embodiments, a memory device can be operable to perform intelligent error detection and/or error correction using control logic that is distributed in memory and includes a bus for communication with devices external to the memory device such as one or more processors. 
     Various techniques may be used for forming an integrated circuit with a combination of the non-volatile memory array and the control logic. In one example technique, an integrated circuit for a non-volatile memory cell transistor can be formed by constructing a layer of discrete storage cells over a substrate in two substrate regions, applying a dielectric layer over the layer of discrete storage cells in the two substrate regions, and building a barrier layer over the dielectric layer in the two regions. The barrier layer, dielectric layer, and the layer of discrete storage cells are then removed in one of the two substrate regions, leaving the layers intact in the other of the two substrate regions. An additional barrier layer is then formed over the substrate in the two substrate regions, then removed from the substrate region from which the barrier layer, dielectric layer, and the layer of discrete storage cells were previously removed. Two gates of a memory element are then formed respectively in the two substrate regions with one gate including a portion of the first barrier layer and another gate including a portion of the additional barrier layer. One aspect of fabricating a circuit that integrates the non-volatile memory array and the control logic on the memory device is selection of a suitable annealing process. For example, the illustrative integrated circuit can include a charge storage layer and a barrier layer formed over both a non-volatile memory region and a logic region. The charge storage layer can be formed of one or more layers and can include multiple discrete storage cells for storing charge which are isolated by a dielectric layer of insulating material with a suitably high dielectric constant. The charge storage layer can be constructed by depositing and annealing the discrete storage cells (for example, one or more of a silicon material such as polysilicon, silicon carbide, or the like, or a suitable metal such as germanium) on a dielectric area. The thermal annealing action can be performed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or a slower annealing process such as laser spike annealing (LSA). Memory properties can be selected and controlled by optimizing the annealing condition, thereby resulting in an improved reliability, write durability, and failure resistance. 
     In another example technique for forming an integrated circuit with a combination of the non-volatile memory array and the control logic, a non-volatile memory cell with improved charge retention on a substrate common with logic devices using a single-gate logic process in which a silicide-blocking dielectric barrier is formed over a floating gate of a non-volatile memory cell so that silicide cannot be formed over the floating gate but is formed over logic devices, thereby preventing bridging and silicide spiking in the non-volatile memory cell. The silicide-blocking dielectric barrier prevents silicide metal from contacting the floating gate or sidewall spacers while allowing the silicide metal in parts of active regions of the non-volatile memory cell at locations removed from the floating gate and spacers. The silicide regions can be constructed by initially depositing a refractory metal layer over the surface of the non-volatile memory cell, followed by a reactive anneal which causes the metal layer to react with the underlying contacted silicon regions to form silicide regions. A metal strip removed unreacted portions of the metal layer but leaves the silicide regions which are formed by a logic process using metals such as titanium, cobalt, nickel, or the like. A relatively slow annealing process can be used to produce suitable memory performance. 
     In a further example technique for forming an integrated circuit with a combination of the non-volatile memory array and the control logic, a scalable, logic transistor can be constructed with drain and source formed as a pair of doped regions and a gate insulator layer formed over the substrate and between the drain and source. A gate stack can include a gate layer (polysilicon or metal) between two metal nitride layers. A non-volatile memory transistor that is compatible with the logic transistor can be added via a high-K dielectric constant film with an embedded metal nano-dot layer between a tunnel insulator and the gate stack. The drain and source doped regions can be n+ regions doped into a p-type substrate to form an n-channel Field Effect Transistor (FET) device. The diffusion regions can be formed using n+ doped amorphous silicon, followed by an anneal such as a rapid thermal anneal (RTA) to reduce thermal budget and silicidation. A p-channel FET can similarly be formed via p+ diffusion source/drain regions applied over an n-well region. In other embodiments, annealing can be performed using a slow annealing process to improve memory performance and write durability while reducing stress and defects. 
     In an additional example technique for forming an integrated circuit with a combination of the non-volatile memory array and the control logic, non-volatile memory process steps can be added to a processor for forming high-voltage complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. The fabrication technique can include formation of isolation areas for the non-volatile memory and the high-voltage CMOS elements, forming high thermal drive process elements of both the memory and CMOS cells, forming mid thermal drive process elements of the logic CMOS cells, and forming low thermal process elements for logic CMOS, non-volatile memory, and high-voltage CMOS cells. Dopants for forming the devices can include masked implantation of boron, phosphorus and other species and subsequent annealing of the dopings, for example, using a slow annealing process to enhance charge retention in the memory devices. 
     The non-volatile memory can be formed of one or more of any non-volatile memory type or technology including read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric random access memory (F-RAM), magneto-resistive RAM (M-RAM) or the like. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 11A and 11B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams illustrate embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory using control logic that manages memory including at least a portion of the memory in the form of lossy memory. In some embodiments and/or applications, the memory device  1100  can be arranged with the non-volatile memory array  1102  that includes a plurality of memory blocks  1110  including at least one memory block including lossy memory  1138 . The control logic  1104  can be operable to monitor memory accesses, analyze the memory accesses to determine instructions  1142  and data  1108  indicative for storage in the at least one memory block including lossy memory  1138 , and selectively determine whether to perform error detection or error correction selectively in ones of the at least one memory block including lossy memory  1138 . Lossy memory can be defined as relatively poor memory, typically inexpensive, that is subject to some degree of data loss and errors. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 12A and 12B , respective top and side views of schematic block diagrams show embodiments of a memory device that is operable to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using non-volatile memory and is integrated into a product. In some applications and/or embodiments, the memory device  1200  according to Claim  1  wherein the control logic  1204  is operable to operate in combination with the non-volatile memory array  1202  to perform error detection and error correction in a product  1244  integrated with the memory device  1200 . Custom versions of the memory device  1200 , which includes processing functionality of the control logic  1204  combined with the non-volatile memory array  1202 , can be integrated into any type of product  1244 , for example electronic devices, such as mobile and cell phones, notebook computers, personal digital assistants, medical devices, medical diagnostic systems, digital cameras, audio players, digital televisions, automotive and transportation engine control units, USB flash personal discs, and global positioning systems. 
     In other applications and/or contexts, a memory system can be formed of printed non-volatile memory on polymer. In some arrangements, a printed non-volatile memory on polymer can form flexible memories. For example, a flexible memory can be integrated with processors for further integration into any type of product, even very simple products such as bottles, cans, or packaging materials. A non-volatile memory can be integrated in a system of any suitable product such as, for example, a door handle sleeve to detect and record who, what, when, and how anyone has touched the door handle. Such a system can be used to facilitate access or to provide security. In other examples, a non-volatile memory and processor in some applications with sensors and/or a communication interface can be used in a flexible device for a medical product such as bandages or implants. These products can be formed of dissolvable materials for temporary usage, for example in biocompatible electronic or medical devices that can dissolve in a body environment, or environmental monitors and consumer electronics that can dissolve in compost. Other applications of products incorporating non-volatile memory and processor can include sporting equipment, tags such as for rental cars, patient armbands in hospitals tied to sensors, smart glasses, or any type of device. 
     In further embodiments, instead of a flexible polymer, the non-volatile memory and processor can be formed of silicon that is sufficiently thin to become flexible and thus formed as an inexpensive printed circuit component. Flexible memory in ubiquitous items, using polymer memory or silicon memory, can enable various profitable services, for example in conjunction with medical devices, security services, automotive products, and the like. 
     In embodiments of the memory device with processing capability of control logic integrated in a distributed manner with non-volatile memory, the processing capability can be implemented with relatively low speed requirement to enable processors to be available in a ubiquitous manner. Accordingly, information can be acquired in a dispersed manner and intercommunicated over vast systems. Thus processors can be inexpensive and memory readily available for various consumer items. Custom versions of memory including non-volatile memory and RAM can be integrated into virtually any product, enabling widespread preprocessing in items such as door handles to determine who has accessed a location and how the access was made to allow any type of processing on the information. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , a schematic block diagram shows an embodiment of a memory device including means for storing information constituted to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using control and/or computation logic integrated into memory. Accordingly, in further embodiments, as depicted in  FIG. 13 , a memory system  1344  can include means  1346  for storing information in a non-volatile memory array  1302 , means  1348  for handling errors distributed over the non-volatile memory array  1302  including means  1350  for maintaining a plurality of copies  1306  of data  1308  in the non-volatile memory array  1302 , means  1352  for comparing selected ones of the plurality of copies  1306 , and means  1354  for detecting errors based on the comparison of the selected ones of the plurality of copies  1306 . 
     In an example embodiment, the memory device  1300  can include a hybrid memory  1356  that includes multiple memory segments  1358  characterized by a multiple different operating characteristics. The hybrid memory  1356  can store data  1308  communicated from a processor  1364 . The memory device  1300  can further include logic for performing encryption operations on the data  1308  during transfers between the memory segments  1358 . 
     In some embodiments, the memory device  1300  can be constituted wherein the logic operable to perform encryption operations is operable to perform encryption operations on the data  1308  during transfers between the processor  1364  and the multiple memory segments  1358 . 
     The multiple memory segments  1358  can be arranged to include various types of memory with different characteristics and speeds, for example the multiple memory segments  1358  can comprise volatile main memory  1366 , non-volatile main memory  1302 , or a combination of memory types. 
     In particular embodiments, the multiple memory segments  1358  can constitute a volatile main memory  1366  and a non-volatile main memory  1302  wherein the volatile main memory  1366  has faster operating characteristics than the non-volatile main memory  1302 . For example, the multiple memory segments  1358  can be formed in memory subsystem combining DRAM and a large amount of nonvolatile memory such as flash or phase change memory (PCM). 
     In some memory device  1300  embodiments, the multiple memory segments  1358  can include a cache  1368 . In an example embodiment, DRAM can operate as a cache  1368  for the PCM or nonvolatile memory, facilitating channel encryption between the processor  1364  and the memory device  1300 . The logic operable to perform encryption operations can decrypt the information encrypted by the processor  1364  and sent over the channel and store the decrypted information in the DRAM, then can use storage encryption when passing the information from the DRAM to the PCM or nonvolatile memory  1302 . 
     Various embodiments of the memory device  1300  can be configured for channel encryption. For instance, the logic operable to perform encryption operations can function to encrypt data  1308  on a communication channel  1370  that communicates information between the processor  1364  and the hybrid memory  1356 . 
     The memory device  1300  can be configured to perform one or more of several channel encryption operations in cooperation with a processor  1364 . For instance, the logic operable to perform encryption operations can operable to decrypt information encrypted by the processor  1364 . In some embodiments and/or conditions, the logic operable to perform encryption operations is operable to decrypt address and data information encrypted by the processor  1364  and store data at the address in the hybrid memory  1356 . Similarly, the memory device  1300  can be configured wherein the logic operable to perform encryption operations is operable to partially decrypt information encrypted by the processor  1364 . 
     Some embodiments of the memory device  1300  can include a random number generator, for example which can be closely associated to and integrated onto the memory device  1300  chip. Accordingly, the control logic  1304  can implement a pseudo-random number generator coupled to the hybrid memory  1356  and coupled to the logic operable to perform encryption operations. The pseudo-random number generator can be operable to generate numbers for usage in encrypting information. 
     The memory device  1300  can be configured to implement one or more of a variety of security schemes including channel encryption, storage encryption, RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) cryptography and key distribution, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Accordingly, the logic operable to perform encryption operations can be operable to perform stream encryption of communicated information wherein processor and memory sides are assigned a key. In another example functionality, the logic operable to perform encryption operations can be operable to encrypt information that is storage encrypted wherein the storage-encrypted information is encrypted by the processor  1364 , stored in the hybrid memory  1356 , accessed from the hybrid memory  1356 , and decrypted by the processor  1364 . 
     In some embodiments and/or applications, the memory device  1300  can be configured to use of cryptographic processing to facilitate error detection and/or error correction. For example, data can be copied for redundant storage and the redundant copy can be secured by encryption and stored in the non-volatile memory in encrypted form. The encrypted redundant copy of the data can be used for restoration in the event of a detected error. 
     In a particular applications and/or arrangements, the security perimeter can be formed within the memory device  1300  and, for example, enclose the entire memory device  1300 , between dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and the memory device  1300 , between non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and the memory device  1300 , or any other suitable position. The cryptographic and/or tamper-handling perimeter can further be generalized for positioning between a smaller amount of memory and a larger amount of memory in the memory device  1300 . Some embodiments can include a cryptographic perimeter in the absence of a tamper-handling perimeter. 
     In some embodiments, the logic operable to perform encryption operations can be operable to perform time-varying encryption. For example, channel encryption assisted by the memory device  1300  can enable randomization of encrypted information wherein encrypted data is read back and encryption can be stripped off by the receiving processor  1364 . The memory device  1300  with logic or other smart component can enable time-varying encryption. Data can be written to an address which, when read back, is different, but no information is lost since the reading processor  1364  or other reading device at the opposite side of the channel from the smart memory has sufficient intelligence capability to strip off the encryption. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 14A and 14B , a schematic block diagram and a side pictorial view illustrate an embodiment of circuitry for storing information to facilitate error detection and/or error correction including control and/or computation logic integrated into memory. In other embodiments and/or applications, a system  1470  can be formed of circuitry. An embodiment of the system  1470  can include circuitry  1446  for storing information in a non-volatile memory array  1402 , circuitry  1448  for handling errors distributed over the non-volatile memory array  1402  including circuitry  1450  for maintaining a plurality of copies  1406  of data  1408  in the non-volatile memory array  1402 , circuitry  1452  for comparing selected ones of the plurality of copies  1406 , and circuitry  1454  for detecting errors based on the comparison of the selected ones of the plurality of copies  1406 . 
     Embodiments of a memory device  1400  that makes use of a memory stack  1474  to facilitate intelligent memory computation. In a particular example embodiment, intelligent memory computation can include security capabilities, including cryptographic security. In an illustrative embodiment, the memory device  1400  can comprise a memory stack  1474  operable to store data  1408  communicated from a processor  1464 . The memory stack  1474  can comprise a storage structure  1482  and logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations. The storage structure  1482  is operable to store data  1408  communicated via a communication channel  1470  from the processor  1464 . The logic  1484  is operable to perform encryption operations on the data  1408  during transfers between the processor  1464  and the storage structure  1482 . 
     The memory device  1400  can be constituted to facilitate channel encryption through operation of the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations. Accordingly, the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations can be operable to perform channel encryption operations on a communication channel  1470  that communicates information between the processor  1464  and the memory stack  1474 . Channel encryption can improve performance and economy in various applications and conditions in comparison to expensive storage encryption. The logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations can facilitate good memory encryption, for example between the processor  1464  and the memory stack  1474 . An illustrative configuration can include a CPU that interacts with the memory stack  1474  comprising multiple DRAM chips and the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations integrated into a logic chip operable to perform strong channel encryption between the CPU and the memory stack  1474 . 
     In various embodiments, the memory device  1400 , the memory stack  1474 , and the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations can be constituted to perform one or more of several security operations. For example, the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations is operable to decrypt information encrypted by the processor  1464 . Similarly, the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations is operable to partially decrypt information encrypted by the processor  1464 . The logic  1484  can also be operable to perform encryption operations is operable to perform stream encryption of information communicated on a communication channel  1470  wherein processor and memory sides of the communication channel  1470  are assigned a key. In an embodiment or circumstances where security can be best attained by using a combination of storage encryption and channel encryption, the logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations is operable to perform channel encryption operations on a communication channel  1470  for information that is storage encrypted wherein the storage-encrypted information is encrypted by the processor  1464 , stored in the memory stack  1474 , accessed from the memory stack  1474 , and decrypted by the processor  1464 . The logic  1484  operable to perform encryption operations can also be operable to perform time-varying encryption. 
     Information can be stored in the memory stack  1474  unencrypted or the logic  1384  can encrypt the data for storage. Thus, channel encryption can be performed between the CPU and a logic chip, enabling cryptographic security without requiring storage encryption of data stored in the logic chip. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15A through 15W  and  FIGS. 16A through 16H , multiple schematic flow charts show several embodiments and/or aspects of a method of operating a memory device for storing information to facilitate error detection and/or error correction using control and/or computation logic integrated into memory. The illustrative method  1500 , depicted in  FIG. 16A , of operating a memory device includes handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including maintaining  1502  a plurality of copies of data in the non-volatile memory array, comparing  1503  selected ones of the plurality of copies, and detecting  1504  errors based on the comparison of the selected ones of the plurality of copies. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15B , in some embodiments, a method  1505  of operating the memory device can be configured such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes correcting  1506  detected errors using selected ones of the plurality of copies. 
     In further embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 15C , the method  1507  of operating the memory device can be performed with handling errors  1501  in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including detecting  1508  bit-errors by comparison of selected ones of the plurality of copies. 
     In various embodiments, as depicted in  FIG. 15D , the method  1509  of operating the memory device can be arranged such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes correcting  1510  detected bit-errors using selected ones of the plurality of copies. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15E , in some embodiments, the method  1511  of operating the memory device can be carried out with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1512  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks characterized by a plurality of different Quality-of-Service (QoS) ratings, analyzing  1513  memory accesses, determining  1514  priority of performance based on the analysis, and selectively detecting and correcting  1515  errors over the plurality of memory blocks based on the determined priority of performance. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15F , in various embodiments and/or applications, the method  1516  of operating the memory device can be implemented such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1517  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks characterized by a plurality of different Quality-of-Service (QoS) ratings, analyzing  1518  memory accesses, determining  1519  priority of performance based on the analysis, and selectively  1520  allocating data stored over the plurality of memory blocks based on the determined priority of performance. 
     In some embodiments, illustrated in  FIG. 15G , the method  1521  of operating the memory device can be configured such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes monitoring  1522  operating characteristics of the memory device, analyzing  1523  the monitored operating characteristics, detecting  1524  a precursor to a memory failure based on the analysis, and predicting  1525  errors based on the detected precursor. 
     In various embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 15H , the method  1526  of operating the memory device can be arranged such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes monitoring  1527  operating characteristics of the memory device, analyzing  1528  the monitored operating characteristics, detecting  1529  a precursor to a memory failure based on the analysis, detecting errors  1530 , and selecting  1531  data for correction of errors based on the detected precursor. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15I , selected embodiments of the method  1532  of operating the memory device can be performed with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1533  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics, and selectively distributing  1534  error detection and error correction functionality over the plurality of memory blocks. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 15J , some embodiments of the method  1535  of operating the memory device can be carried out with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1536  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics, analyzing  1537  memory accesses, and selectively distributing  1538  error detection and error correction functionality over the plurality of memory blocks based on the analysis. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15K , an embodiment of the method  1539  of operating the memory device can be configured such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1540  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics, analyzing  1541  memory accesses, determining  1542  application constraints based on the analysis, and selectively distributing  1543  error detection and error correction functionality over the plurality of memory blocks based on the determined application constraints. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15L , in some embodiments, the method  1544  of operating the memory device can be executed with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1545  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, monitoring  1546  operating characteristics of the memory device, analyzing  1547  the monitored operating characteristics, detecting  1548  a precursor to a memory failure based on the analysis, detecting errors  1549 , and selecting  1550  data for correction of errors in selected ones of the plurality of memory blocks based on the detected precursor. 
     In further embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 15M , the method  1551  of operating the memory device can be implemented such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1552  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks characterized by a plurality of different operating characteristics, performing  1553  a plurality of error correction algorithms, and selectively allocating  1554  ones of the plurality of error correction algorithms to ones of the plurality of memory blocks. 
     In various embodiments, as depicted in  FIG. 15N , the method  1555  of operating the memory device can be arranged such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1556  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, analyzing  1557  memory accesses, performing  1558  error detection based on the analysis, and characterizing  1559  Quality-of-Service (QoS) ratings of the plurality of memory blocks based on the performed error detection. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15O , in some embodiments, the method  1560  of operating the memory device can be performed with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1561  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory elements, monitoring  1562  writes to the plurality of memory elements of the non-volatile memory array, and detecting  1563  errors based at least in part on results of the monitoring. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15P , in various embodiments and/or applications, the method  1564  of operating the memory device can be carried out with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1565  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory elements, monitoring  1566  writes to the plurality of memory elements of the non-volatile memory array, and correcting  1567  errors based at least in part on results of the monitoring. 
     In some embodiments, illustrated in  FIG. 15Q , the method  1568  of operating the memory device can be executed with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1569  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory elements, monitoring  1570  writes to the plurality of memory elements of the non-volatile memory array, and selectively  1571  detecting errors in at least one portion of the plurality of memory elements based on results of the monitoring. 
     In various embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 15R , the method  1572  of operating the memory device can be configured such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1573  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory elements, monitoring  1574  writes to the plurality of memory elements of the non-volatile memory array, and selectively correcting  1575  errors in at least one portion of the plurality of memory elements based on results of the monitoring. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15S , selected embodiments of the method  1576  of operating the memory device can be arranged such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1577  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, monitoring  1578  writes to the plurality of memory blocks of the non-volatile memory array, and detecting  1579  errors in the memory blocks based on results of the monitoring. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15T , in some embodiments, the method  1580  of operating the memory device can be carried out with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1581  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, monitoring  1582  writes to the plurality of memory blocks of the non-volatile memory array, and correcting  1583  errors in the memory blocks based on results of the monitoring. 
     In various embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 15U , the method  1584  of operating the memory device can be performed with handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including performing  1585  selective error detection and error correction operations independently of signals external to the memory device. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15V , in various embodiments and/or applications, the method  1586  of operating the memory device can be implemented such that handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1587  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, receiving  1588  a report on at least one operating condition of system performance at system bootstrap loading, and performing  1589  error detection and error correction selectively among the plurality of memory blocks based on the report. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15W , an embodiment of the method  1590  of operating the memory device can be executed further including detecting  1591  at least one operating condition at least one sensor. Handling  1501  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array can further include handling  1592  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, monitoring  1593  the at least one operating condition, analyzing  1594  the monitored at least one operating condition, detecting  1595  a precursor to a memory failure based on the analysis, and performing  1596  error detection and error correction selectively in ones of the plurality of memory blocks based on the detected precursor. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 16A , some embodiments of the method  1600  of operating the memory device can be configured further including detecting  1601  at least one operating condition at least one sensor. Handling errors  1602  in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further can include monitoring  1603  the at least one operating condition, monitoring  1604  memory accesses, analyzing  1605  the monitored at least one operating condition and memory accesses, predicting  1606  expected outcomes based on the monitored at least one operating condition and memory accesses, and performing  1607  error detection and error correction selectively based on the predicted expected outcomes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16B , an embodiment of the method  1608  of operating the memory device can be implemented further including detecting  1609  at least one operating condition at least one sensor. Handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array can further include handling  1610  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, monitoring  1611  the at least one operating condition, monitoring  1612  memory accesses, analyzing  1613  the monitored at least one operating condition and memory accesses, predicting  1614  expected outcomes based on the monitored at least one operating condition and memory accesses, and performing  1615  error detection and error correction selectively in ones of the plurality of memory blocks based on the predicted expected outcomes. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16C , in some embodiments, the method  1616  of operating the memory device can be configured such that handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes handling  1617  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks, accessing  1618  a time signal, monitoring  1619  memory accesses referenced by the time signal, analyzing  1620  workload based on the monitored memory accesses, and performing  1621  error detection and error correction selectively in ones of the plurality of memory blocks based on the analyzed workload. 
     In further embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 16D , the method  1622  of operating the memory device can be performed further including communicating  1623  optically, independently of a bus structure coupled to the memory device using optical silicon. Handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array can further include receiving  1624  functions for performing error detection and error correction selectively independently of communication on the bus structure. 
     In various embodiments, as depicted in  FIG. 16E , the method  1625  of operating the memory device can be effected with handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including handling  1626  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array including a plurality of memory blocks including at least one memory block including lossy memory, monitoring  1627  memory accesses, analyzing  1628  the memory accesses to determine instructions and data indicative for storage in the at least one memory block including lossy memory, and selectively determining  1629  whether to perform error detection or error correction selectively in ones of the at least one memory block including lossy memory. 
     In some embodiments, illustrated in  FIG. 16F , the method  1630  of operating the memory device can be performed with handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further including monitoring  1631  memory accesses and selectively performing  1632  error detection and error correction based on the monitored memory accesses. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 16G , some embodiments of the method  1633  of operating the memory device can be arranged such that handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes monitoring  1634  memory accesses, determining  1635  statistics on type and number of instructions of the monitored memory accesses, and selectively performing  1636  error detection and error correction based on the determined statistics. 
     In various embodiments and/or applications, as shown in  FIG. 16H , the method  1637  of operating the memory device can be configured wherein handling  1602  errors in a control logic integrated with and distributed over a non-volatile memory array further includes performing  1638  error detection and error correction in a product integrated with the memory device. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point where there is little distinction left between hardware, software, and/or firmware implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware, software, and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described herein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware. 
     In some implementations described herein, logic and similar implementations may include software or other control structures suitable to operation. Electronic circuitry, for example, may manifest one or more paths of electrical current constructed and arranged to implement various logic functions as described herein. In some implementations, one or more media are configured to bear a device-detectable implementation if such media hold or transmit a special-purpose device instruction set operable to perform as described herein. In some variants, for example, this may manifest as an update or other modification of existing software or firmware, or of gate arrays or other programmable hardware, such as by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or more instructions in relation to one or more operations described herein. Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation may include special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/or general-purpose components executing or otherwise invoking special-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations may be transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission media as described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise by passing through distributed media at various times. 
     Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing a special-purpose instruction sequence or otherwise invoking circuitry for enabling, triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one or more occurrences of any functional operations described above. In some variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein may be expressed directly as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as an executable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example, C++ or other code sequences can be compiled directly or otherwise implemented in high-level descriptor languages (e.g., a logic-synthesizable language, a hardware description language, a hardware design simulation, and/or other such similar mode(s) of expression). Alternatively or additionally, some or all of the logical expression may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description or other circuitry model before physical implementation in hardware, especially for basic operations or timing-critical applications. Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimize suitable transmission or computational elements, material supplies, actuators, or other common structures in light of these teachings. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), etc.). 
     In a general sense, those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, and/or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, electro-magnetically actuated devices, and/or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS), etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.), and/or any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those having ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, medical devices, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, security systems, and/or communication/computing systems. Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate otherwise. 
     In a general sense, those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into an image processing system. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical image processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, memory such as volatile or non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing lens position and/or velocity; control motors for moving/distorting lenses to give desired focuses). An image processing system may be implemented utilizing suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in digital still systems and/or digital motion systems. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, memory such as volatile or non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A data processing system may be implemented utilizing suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems. Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a mote system. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical mote system generally includes one or more memories such as volatile or non-volatile memories, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, user interfaces, drivers, sensors, actuators, applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., an antenna USB ports, acoustic ports, etc.), control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing or estimating position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A mote system may be implemented utilizing suitable components, such as those found in mote computing/communication systems. Specific examples of such components entail such as Intel Corporation&#39;s and/or Crossbow Corporation&#39;s mote components and supporting hardware, software, and/or firmware. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to implement devices and/or processes and/or systems, and thereafter use engineering and/or other practices to integrate such implemented devices and/or processes and/or systems into more comprehensive devices and/or processes and/or systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes and/or systems described herein can be integrated into other devices and/or processes and/or systems via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that examples of such other devices and/or processes and/or systems might include—as appropriate to context and application—all or part of devices and/or processes and/or systems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., an airplane, rocket, helicopter, etc.), (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., a car, truck, locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) a building (e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance (e.g., a refrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) a communications system (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, a Voice over IP system, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an Internet Service Provider (ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Qwest, Southwestern Bell, etc.), or (g) a wired/wireless services entity (e.g., Sprint, Cingular, Nextel, etc.), etc. 
     In certain cases, use of a system or method may occur in a territory even if components are located outside the territory. For example, in a distributed computing context, use of a distributed computing system may occur in a territory even though parts of the system may be located outside of the territory (e.g., relay, server, processor, signal-bearing medium, transmitting computer, receiving computer, etc. located outside the territory). A sale of a system or method may likewise occur in a territory even if components of the system or method are located and/or used outside the territory. Further, implementation of at least part of a system for performing a method in one territory does not preclude use of the system in another territory. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be taken limiting. 
     Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a user may be representative of a human user, a robotic user (e.g., computational entity), and/or substantially any combination thereof (e.g., a user may be assisted by one or more robotic agents) unless context dictates otherwise. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logically interactable components. 
     In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that “configured to” can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     With respect to the appended claims, those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.