Patent Publication Number: US-11661629-B2

Title: Enzymatic ligation of nucleic acids

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/980,280, filed Jan. 17, 2012; which is a U.S. National Application filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2012/021465, filed Jan. 17, 2012; which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 61/433,502 filed Jan. 17, 2011, U.S. Ser. No. 61/433,488 filed Jan. 17, 2011, U.S. Ser. No. 61/474,205 filed Apr. 11, 2011, and U.S. Ser. No. 61/474,168 filed Apr. 11, 2011, the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if set forth fully herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     DNA ligases can join polynucleotides together, for example by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond at single- or double-stranded breaks on duplex DNA. Ligases can be sensitive to the degree of hybridization between opposing nucleic acid strands in a duplex. For example, successful ligation can occur less frequently (or not at all) where a strand to be ligated to an adjacent strand is in a duplex and is not complementary to its opposing strand in the duplex. In some cases a single nucleotide mismatch between strands in a duplex can significantly impair or prevent ligation. The capacity of ligases for discrimination based on hybridization, including single nucleotide discrimination, has led to the development of ligase-mediated detection techniques (e.g., Landegren, U., Bioessays, 15(11):761-765 (1993), and Barany, PNAS USA, 88(1):189-193 (1991)). Ligase-based linear signal amplification known as LDR (i.e., ligase detection reaction), combined with PCR (i.e., polymerase chain reaction)-based gene specific target amplification, has been proven to be a useful tool in cancer and disease gene mutation detection. PCR/LDR techniques typically rely on two properties of a DNA ligase: (i) specificity, and (ii) thermostability. 
     SUMMARY 
     This application relates to ligation reagents and methods. Among other things, methods of and reagents for ligating nucleic acids to other nucleic acids are provided, including ligation of two polynucleotides. Either or both polynucleotides can be single-stranded or double-stranded. One or both polynucleotides can be a short oligonucleotide. In some embodiments oligonucleotides and/or polynucleotides of different lengths can be ligated to each other. The ligation can be enzymatic, and ligations can be template-dependent or template-independent. The nucleic acids that are ligated or involved in the ligation reaction can be labeled or unlabeled and immobilized or in solution. 
     Some embodiments involve template-independent ligation of double-stranded or single-stranded polynucleotides (e.g., oligonucleotides). The single-stranded polynucleotides are optionally not hybridized to another polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide can be hybridized to or otherwise associated with all or a portion of an overhang or other single-stranded region of a duplex nucleic acid and ligated to a free end of a strand of the duplex or to another oligonucleotide that is hybridized or otherwise associated with an overhang or other single-stranded portion of the duplex. 
     Some embodiments involve ligation of single-stranded polynucleotides (e.g., oligonucleotides). Optionally, the single-stranded polynucleotides are hybridized hybridized adjacent or near each other on another single polynucleotide. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide can be hybridized to or otherwise associated with all or a portion of an overhang or other single-stranded region of a duplex nucleic acid and ligated to a free end of a strand of the duplex or to another oligonucleotide that is hybridized or otherwise associated with an overhang or other single-stranded portion of the duplex. 
     In some aspects, methods and reagents are provided for hybridizing or otherwise associating a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide to a third oligonucleotide or to a polynucleotide such that the termini of the first and second oligonucleotides are adjacent to or near each other. Such hybridization or association can occur sequentially, simultaneously, or substantially simultaneously. The terminus of the first oligonucleotide can be ligated to the adjacent or nearby terminus of the second oligonucleotide. 
     Nucleotide base mismatches between a first and/or second oligonucleotide and a third oligonucleotide or polynucleotide can affect the efficiency of ligation. For example, mismatches at the terminal position of either or both a first and second oligonucleotides can affect ligation efficiency, reducing the probability of successful ligation or precluded ligation entirely. Mismatches at other or at multiple positions can also affect ligation efficiency, reducing the probability of successful ligation or precluding ligation entirely. 
     Also provided are methods and reagents for performing multiple ligations sequentially, in parallel, or both sequentially and in parallel. 
     Optionally, one or more of the primer, probe or template is labeled. For example the probe can be labeled. Else the primer or template is labeled. 
     In some embodiments, methods of ligation are provided that provide information about the sequence of a nucleic acid. For example, in some aspects a ligation can be performed in the presence of multiple oligonucleotides that are at least partially complementary to a target region on a template. Oligonucleotide probes can be used that hybridize or otherwise associate with a template adjacent to or near a terminus of a primer or probe that is hybridized to or otherwise associated with a template. Multiple oligonucleotide probes, each at least partially complementary to a region of a template can be used to determine sequence information in a template-dependent manner as is known in the art. For example, oligonucleotide ligation is used to determine nucleic acid sequence information in the SOLiD System (Life Technologies-Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, Calif.). According to some embodiments, sequence information is determined ligating oligonucleotide probes to an oligonucleotide primer in a template sequence-dependent manner, for example by using a SFL. The oligonucleotide probes can be a set of multiple probes having different sequences and distinguishing labels, and the primer and probes can have lengths of not more than 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 nucleotides. The labels can provide information about the sequence of the probe. 
     In some embodiments, ligation can be performed by a “small footprint ligase” (herein “SFL”) that can ligate short polynucleotides. SFLs can be used in each of the embodiments of ligations discussed above and in the remainder of this disclosure, as well as in other embodiments of ligations known to person of skill in the art. For example, in some embodiments an SFL can ligate the termini of a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide. The first oligonucleotide can be a primer and the second oligonucleotide can be a probe, each hybridizing or otherwise associating with a portion of a third oligonucleotide or a polynucleotide. 
     In some embodiments, the SFL can ligate oligonucleotides that are 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 nucleotides in length to a polynucleotide. Ligation of such oligonucleotides can be to oligonucleotides of the same length or of different length or to a polynucleotide. For example, an oligonucleotide of 2 or 3 nucleotides in length can be ligated to an oligonucleotide of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more nucleotides in length or to longer oligonucleotides or to a polynucleotide. 
     Also provided are kit comprising a small footprint ligase (“SFL”) or functional variant or fragment or derivative thereof. Exemplary SFLs are identified herein, and their sequences provided. Optionally, the kit can also include one or more oligonucleotide probes less than 12 nucleotides in length, (e.g., not more than 8, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 nucleotides in length). Optionally, the kit includes CV ligase and one or more oligonucleotides probes less than 6 nucleotides in length. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1   . (A) Extended P1 covalent bead ligation substrate. Shown is a ligation substrate designed to mimic the conditions used in SOLiD™ sequencing.  FIG.  1 (A)  represents DNA covalently linked to a bead (such as a magnetic bead, e.g., of 0.1 to 1 μm diameter). DNA on this bead was enriched by PCR using the 40 nucleotide P1 sequence. To the region GCGGATGTACGGTACAGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a 20-mer complementary “primer” is annealed that has a 5′ PO 4  which reacts with the 3′OH group of the SOLiD probe, as well as a 3′ fluorescent label for detection using capillary electrophoresis. To the overhang sequence CGAATAGA, complementary probes can hybridize to demonstrate the ligation reaction ( FIG.  1 A  also illustrates SEQ ID NOs 81 and 86). (B) P1 covalent bead ligation substrate. Shown is a similar ligation substrate to that in  FIG.  1 (A) , however the reaction in this case will occur much closer to the bead surface. Probes are hybridized to the overhang region AGTCGGTGAT (SEQ ID NO: 2), where the underlined residues are opposite the inosine triplet of probes having the structure Dye-5′ III (s)-xy-NNN 3′, as described in further detail herein ( FIG.  1 B  also illustrates SEQ ID NOs 87 and 83). 
         FIG.  2   : Sequences of exemplary ligases. The GenBank ID and source organism are provided where applicable. Three artificial ligases are also provided. DLX differs from Hin DNA Ligase at 1 amino acid—designated as the underlined emboldened letter. DLXd differs from Hin DNA Ligase at 2 amino acids—designated as the underlined emboldened letters. DLXd2 is 22 amino acids shorter than Hin DNA Ligase and differs from Hin DNA Ligase at 2 amino acids, designated as the underlined emboldened letters ( FIG.  2    illustrates SEQ ID NOs 3-8, respectively, in order of appearance). 
         FIG.  3   : Ligation of short oligonucleotides with various ligases. Ligation of short oligonucleotides with (A) CV ligase, (B) DLXd ligase and (C) MnM ligase. Forward ligation reactions were performed under the following conditions: 2.0 μM ligase, 2-5 μM short oligo, 2.0 nM primer/template (tethered to magnetic beads) and proceeded for 20 minutes at 15° C. The ligation efficiency was calculated as the as the ratio of peak areas determined by CE where a FAM labeled primer was used. Efficiency=ligated/(ligated+unligated). 
         FIG.  4   : Ligation of short oligonucleotides with various ligases. Ligation of short oligonucleotides with (A) CV ligase, (B) DLXd ligase and (C) MnM ligase. Reverse ligation reactions were performed under the following conditions: 2.0 μM ligase, 2-5 μM short oligo, 2.0 nM primer/template (tethered to magnetic beads) and proceeded for 20 minutes at 15° C. The ligation efficiency was calculated as the as the ratio of peak areas determined by CE where a FAM labeled primer was used. Efficiency=ligated/(ligated+unligated). 
         FIG.  5   : Ligation of 2-mers. Ligation reaction in the forward direction was performed under the following conditions: 2.0 μM DLXd, 123 μM dinucleotide (5′-CG-3′), 2.0 nM primer/template (tethered to magnetic beads) and proceeded for 20 minutes at 15° C. The ligation efficiency was calculated as the as the ratio of peak areas determined by CE where a FAM labeled primer was used. Efficiency=ligated/(ligated+unligated). 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     “Degenerate”, with respect to a position in a polynucleotide that is one of a population of polynucleotides, means that the identity of the base of the nucleoside occupying that position varies among different members of the population. A population of polynucleotides in this context is optionally a mixture of polynucleotides within a single continuous phase (e.g., a fluid). The “position” can be designated by a numerical value assigned to one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide, generally with respect to the 5′ or 3′ end. For example, the terminal nucleotide at the 3′ end of an extension probe may be assigned position 1. Thus in a pool of extension probes of structure 3′-XXXNXXXX-5′, the N is at position 4. A position is said to be k-fold degenerate if it can be occupied by nucleosides having any of k different identities. For example, a position that can be occupied by nucleosides comprising either of 4 different bases is 4-fold degenerate. 
     Along similar lines, it should be understood that a statement that a result has occurred (e.g., ligation, binding) is intended to indicate that the result has occurred at a significant or substantial level or an enhanced level compared to when it has not occurred. For example. Ligation is said to have not occurred if it is not significant, insubstantial or greatly reduced (e.g., reduced by at least 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% compared to when ligation does occur (e.g., under the conditions described in the last paragraph). 
     The terms “microparticle,” “beads” “microbeads”, etc., refer to particles (optionally but not necessarily spherical in shape) having a smallest cross-sectional length (e.g., diameter) of 50 microns or less, preferably 10 microns or less, 3 microns or less, approximately 1 micron or less, approximately 0.5 microns or less, e.g., approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 microns, or smaller (e.g., under 1 nanometer, about 1-10 nanometer, about 10-100 nanometers, or about 100-500 nanometers). Microparticles (e.g., Dynabeads from from Dynal, Oslo, Norway) may be made of a variety of inorganic or organic materials including, but not limited to, glass (e.g., controlled pore glass), silica, zirconia, cross-linked polystyrene, polyacrylate, polymethymethacrylate, titanium dioxide, latex, polystyrene, etc. Magnetization can facilitate collection and concentration of the microparticle-attached reagents (e.g., polynucleotides or ligases) after amplification, and facilitates additional steps (e.g., washes, reagent removal, etc.). In certain embodiments of the invention a population of microparticles having different shapes sizes and/or colors can be used. The microparticles can optionally be encoded, e.g., with quantum dots such that each microparticle can be individually or uniquely identified. 
     The term “sequence” refers to sequence information about a polynucleotide or polypeptide or any portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide that is two or more units (nucleotides or amino acids) long. The term can also be used as a reference to the polynucleotide or polypeptide molecule itself or a relevant portion thereof. Polynucleotide sequence information relates to the succession of nucleotide bases on the polynucleotide, and in a polypeptide relates to the succession of amino acid side chains in the polypeptide or portion thereof. For example, if the polynucleotide contains bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, or Uracil, the polynucleotide sequence can be represented by a corresponding succession of letters A, G, C, T, or U), e.g., a DNA or RNA molecule. Sequences shown herein are presented in a 5′→43′ orientation unless otherwise indicated. 
     “Perfectly matched duplex” in reference to probes and template polynucleotides means that one forms a double stranded structure with the other such that each nucleoside in the double stranded structure undergoes Watson-Crick basepairing with a nucleoside on the other. The term also comprehends the pairing of nucleoside analogs, such as deoxyinosine, nucleosides with 2-aminopurine bases, and the like, that may be employed to reduce the degeneracy of the probes, whether or not such pairing involves formation of hydrogen bonds. 
     The term “polymorphism” is given its ordinary meaning in the art and refers to a difference in genome sequence among individuals of the same species. A “single nucleotide polymorphism” (SNP) refers to a polymorphism at a single position. 
     “Probes”, “oligonucleotides” or “primers” are intended to be interchangeable terms herein, so that any one of these can be taken as a reference to another. These are polynucleotides not necessarily limited to any length. Where so wished, these can be less than 100 nucleotides long, sometimes less than 30 nucleotides long, e.g., less than 20 nucleotides, optionally less than 12 nucleotides, for example less than eight nucleotides in length. In some cases, these are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more nucleotides in length. In some cases, these are 3 or 4 nucleotides in length. 
     A “polynucleotide,” also called a “nucleic acid,” is a linear polymer of two or more nucleotides joined by covalent internucleosidic linkages, or variant or functional fragment thereof. A sequence of letters, such as “ATGCCTG,” is intended to represent a polynucleotide sequence in the 5′→3′ order from left to right unless otherwise specified. In naturally occurring examples of these, the internucleoside linkage is typically a phosphodiester bond. However, other examples optionally comprise other internucleoside linkages, such as phosphorothiolate linkages and may or may not comprise a phosphate group. In other cases, the polynucleotide can contain non-nucleotidic backbones, for example, polyamide (e.g., peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)) and polymorpholino and other synthetic sequence-specific nucleic acid polymers providing that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration which allows for base pairing and base stacking, such as is found in DNA and RNA. 
     As used herein, “polynucleotide,” “oligonucleotide”, “probe”, “primer”, “template”, “nucleic acid” and the like can be taken to refer to a populations or pools of individual molecules that are substantially identical across their entire length or across a relevant portion of interest. For example, the term “template” can indicate a plurality of template molecules that are substantially identical, etc. In the case of polynucleotides that are degenerate at one or more positions, it will be appreciated that the degenerate polynucleotide comprises a plurality of polynucleotide molecules, which have sequences that are substantially identical only at the nondegenerate position(s) and differ in sequence at the degenerate positions. Thus, reference to “a” polynucleotide (e.g., “a” primer, probe, oligonucleotide, template, etc.) can be taken to mean a population of polynucleotide molecules that are substantially identical over at least a portion of interest, such that the plural nature of the population need not be explicitly indicated, but can if so desired. These terms are also intended to provide adequate support for a claim that explicitly specifies a single polynucleotide molecule itself. It will be understood that members of a population need not be 100% identical, e.g., a certain number of “errors” may occur during the course of synthesis. Preferably at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or more of the members of a population are substantially identical. Preferably the percent identity of at least 95% or more preferably at least 99% of the members of the population to a reference nucleic acid molecule is at least 98%, 99%, 99.9% or greater. Percent identity may be computed by comparing two optimally aligned sequences, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, U, or I) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. It will be appreciated that in certain instances a nucleic acid molecule such as a template, probe, primer, etc., may be a portion of a larger nucleic acid molecule that also contains a portion that does not serve a template, probe, or primer function. In that case individual members of a population need not be substantially identical with respect to that portion. 
     The nucleotides of a polynucleotide can have any combination of bases, including those mentioned herein, for example uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xathanine hypoxathanine, isocytosine, isoguanine, etc. Optionally, the polynucleotide is a DNA having the nucleotide bases A, C, T and/or G. Optionally, the polynucleotide is an RNA having the nucleotide bases A, C, T and/or U. 
     Polynucleotides include double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA, DNA:RNA hybrids, peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) and hybrids between PNAs and DNA or RNA, and also include known types of modifications, for example, labels which are known in the art, methylation, “caps,” substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.), with negatively charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), and with positively charged linkages (e.g., aminoalklyphosphoramidates, aminoalkylphosphotriesters), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (including nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing alkylators, those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotide or oligonucleotide. Polynucleotides can optionally be attached to one or more non-nucleotide moieties such as labels and other small molecules, large molecules such proteins, lipids, sugars, and solid or semi-solid supports, for example through either the 5′ or 3′ end. Labels include any moiety that is detectable using a detection method of choice, and thus renders the attached nucleotide or polynucleotide similarly detectable using a detection method of choice. Optionally, the label emits electromagnetic radiation that is optically detectable or visible. In some cases, the nucleotide or polynucleotide is not attached to a label, and the presence of the nucleotide or polynucleotide is directly detected, and/or the generation of byproducts of ligation such as PPi or NMN is detected. Optionally, the presence of the nucleotide, polynucleotide or byproduct is sensed by a chemical field-effect transistor, e.g., where the charge on the gate electrode is generated by a chemical process. Optionally, the chemical field-effect transistor is an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor. 
     Where two or more reagents are labeled, the labels are preferably distinguishable from each other with the detection method of choice. For example, the labels can be spectrally resolvable, i.e., distinguishable on the basis of their spectral characteristics, particularly fluorescence emission wavelength, under conditions of operation. In other instances, the label may comprise a signal-generating compound (SGC). A SGC is optionally a substance that it itself detectable in an assay of choice, or capable of reacting to form a chemical or physical entity (i.e., a reaction product) that is detectable in an assay of choice. Representative examples of reaction products include precipitates, fluorescent signals, compounds having a color, and the like. Representative SGC include e.g., bioluminescent compounds (e.g., luciferase), fluorophores (e.g., below), bioluminescent and chemiluminescent compounds, radioisotopes (e.g.,  131 I,  125 I,  14 C,  3 H,  35 S,  32 P and the like), enzymes (e.g., below), binding proteins (e.g., biotin, avidin, streptavidin and the like), magnetic particles, chemically reactive compounds (e.g., colored stains), labeled oligonucleotides; molecular probes (e.g., CY3, Research Organics, Inc.), and the like. Representative fluorophores include fluorescein isothiocyanate, succinyl fluorescein, rhodamine B, lissamine, 9,10-diphenlyanthracene, perylene, rubrene, pyrene and fluorescent derivatives thereof such as isocyanate, isothiocyanate, acid chloride or sulfonyl chloride, umbelliferone, rare earth chelates of lanthanides such as Europium (Eu) and the like. Signal generating compounds also include SGC whose products are detectable by fluorescent and chemiluminescent wavelengths, e.g., sequencing dyes, luciferase, fluorescence emitting metals such as  152 Eu, or others of the lanthanide series; compounds such as luminol, isoluminol, acridinium salts, and the like; bioluminescent compounds such as luciferin; fluorescent proteins (e.g., GFP or variants thereof); and the like. The subject SGC are optionally detectable using a visual or optical method; preferably, with a method amenable to automation such as a spectrophotometric method, a fluorescence method, a chemiluminescent method, an electrical nanometric method involving e.g., a change in conductance, impedance, resistance and the like and a magnetic field method. Some SGC&#39;s are optionally detectable with the naked eye or with a signal detection apparatus when at an appropriate concentration. 
     A “nucleotide” refers to a nucleotide, nucleoside or analog thereof. Optionally, the nucleotide is an N- or C-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base. (e.g., deoxyribonucleoside containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose or ribonucleoside containing D-ribose). Examples of other analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides. 
     Nucleotide bases or nucleobases usually have a substituted or unsubstituted parent aromatic ring or rings. In certain embodiments, the aromatic ring or rings contain at least one nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, the nucleotide base is capable of forming Watson-Crick and/or Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds with an appropriately complementary nucleotide base. Exemplary nucleotide bases and analogs thereof include, but are not limited to, purines such as 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, adenine (A), ethenoadenine, N6-Δ2-isopentenyladenine (6iA), N6-Δ2-isopentenyl-2-methylthioadenine (2ms6iA), N6-methyladenine, guanine (G), isoguanine, N2-dimethylguanine (dmG), 7-methylguanine (7 mG), 2-thiopyrimidine, 6-thioguanine (6sG) hypoxanthine and 06-methylguanine; 7-deaza-purines such as 7-deazaadenine (7-deaza-A) and 7-deazaguanine (7-deaza-G); pyrimidines such as cytosine (C), 5-propynylcytosine, isocytosine, thymine (T), 4-thiothymine (4sT), 5,6-dihydrothymine, 04-methylthymine, uracil (U), 4-thiouracil (4sU) and 5,6-dihydrouracil (dihydrouracil; D); indoles such as nitroindole and 4-methylindole; pyrroles such as nitropyrrole; nebularine; base (Y); etc. In certain embodiments, nucleotide bases are universal nucleotide bases. Additional exemplary nucleotide bases can be found, e.g., in Fasman, 1989, Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pp. 385-394, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., and the references cited therein. A nucleoside is usually a compound having a nucleotide base covalently linked to the C-1′ carbon of a pentose sugar. In certain embodiments, the linkage is via a heteroaromatic ring nitrogen. Typical pentose sugars include, but are not limited to, those pentoses in which one or more of the carbon atoms are each independently substituted with one or more of the same or different —R, —OR, —NRR or halogen groups, where each R is independently hydrogen, (C1-C6) alkyl or (C5-C14) aryl. The pentose sugar may be saturated or unsaturated. Exemplary pentose sugars and analogs thereof include, but are not limited to, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, 2′-(C1-C6)alkoxyribose, 2′-(C5-C14)aryloxyribose, 2′,3′-dideoxyribose, 2′,3′-didehydroribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-haloribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-fluororibose, 2′-deoxy-3′-chlororibose, 2′-deoxy-3′-aminoribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C1-C6)alkylribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C1-C6)alkoxyribose and 2′-deoxy-3′-(C5-C14)aryloxyribose. One or more of the pentose carbons of a nucleoside may be substituted with a phosphate ester, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,994. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides are those in which the nucleotide base is a purine, a 7-deazapurine, a pyrimidine, a universal nucleotide base, a specific nucleotide base, or an analog thereof. Nucleotide analogs include derivatives in which the pentose sugar and/or the nucleotide base and/or one or more of the phosphate esters of a nucleoside may be replaced with its respective analog. Exemplary pentose sugar analogs and nucleotide base analog are described above. Exemplary phosphate ester analogs include, but are not limited to, alkylphosphonates, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphotriesters, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphoroselenoates, phosphorodiselenoates, phosphoroanilothioates, phosphoroanilidates, phosphoroamidates, boronophosphates, etc., and may include associated counterions. Other nucleotide analogs are nucleotide analog monomers which can be polymerized into polynucleotide analogs in which the DNA/RNA phosphate ester and/or sugar phosphate ester backbone is replaced with a different type of linkage. Exemplary polynucleotide analogs include, but are not limited to, peptide nucleic acids, in which the sugar phosphate backbone of the polynucleotide is replaced by a peptide backbone. 
     The internucleoside linkages can be a phosphodiester linkage, although other linkages (e.g., scissile linkages which can be substantially cleaved under conditions in which phosphodiester linkages are not substantially cleaved) can be used. For example, a linkage that contains an AP endonuclease sensitive site, for example an abasic residue, a residue containing a damaged base that is a substrate for removal by a DNA glycosylase, or another residue or linkage that is a substrate for cleavage by an AP endonuclease, or a disaccharide nucleoside. 
     The adjectival term “hybridized” optionally refers to two polynucleotides which are bonded to each other by two or more sequentially adjacent base pairings. The term “hybridization” refers to the process by which polynucleotides become hybridized to each other. Two single-stranded polynucleotides can be regarded as “complementary” if when hybridized together the longer polynucleotide forms a single-stranded overhang and the shorter polynucleotide can be efficiently ligated to a third adjacent polynucleotide that forms a perfectly-matched duplex with the single-stranded overhang. Where the single-stranded overhang is less than eight nucleotides, it can be arbitrarily lengthened to eight nucleotides by adding a random combination of nucleotides to the overhang. 
     Similarly, nucleotide residues can be regarded as complementary if when both are base-paired with each other within two hybridized polynucleotides, either nucleotide can be ligated in a template-driven ligation reaction when situated as the terminal nucleotide in its polynucleotide. Nucleotides that are efficiently incorporated by DNA polymerases opposite each other during DNA replication under physiological conditions are also considered complementary. In an embodiment, complementary nucleotides can form base pairs with each other, such as the A-T/U and G-C base pairs formed through specific Watson-Crick type hydrogen bonding between the nucleobases of nucleotides and/or polynucleotides positions antiparallel to each other. The complementarity of other artificial base pairs can be based on other types of hydrogen bonding and/or hydrophobicity of bases and/or shape complementarity between bases. 
     In appropriate instances, polynucleotides can be regarded as complementary when they can undergo cumulative base pairing at two or more individual corresponding positions in antiparallel orientation, as in a hybridized duplex. Optionally there can be “complete” or “total” complementarity between a first and second polynucleotide sequence where each nucleotide in the first polynucleotide sequence can undergo a stabilizing base pairing interaction with a nucleotide in the corresponding antiparallel position on the second polynucleotide. “Partial” complementarity describes polynucleotide sequences in which at least 20%, but less than 100%, of the residues of one polynucleotide are complementary to residues in the other polynucleotide. A “mismatch” is present at any position in which the two opposed nucleotides are not complementary. In some ligation assays, a polynucleotide can undergo substantial template-dependent ligation even when it has one or more mismatches to its hybridized template. Optionally, the polynucleotide has no more than 4, 3, or 2 mismatches, e.g., 0 or 1 mismatch, with its template. In some assays, the polynucleotide will not undergo substantial template-dependent ligation unless it is at least 60% complementary, e.g., at least about 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% complementary to its template. 
     As used herein, a “biological sample” refers to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from an individual, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, semen, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs, and also samples of in vitro cell culture constituents (including but not limited to conditioned medium resulting from the growth of cells in cell culture medium, putatively virally infected cells, recombinant cells, and cell components). 
     Sequence identity (also called homology) refers to similarity in sequence of two or more sequences (e.g., nucleotide or polypeptide sequences). In the context of two or more homologous sequences, the percent identity or homology of the sequences or subsequences thereof indicates the percentage of all monomeric units (e.g., nucleotides or amino acids) that are the same (i.e., about 70% identity, preferably 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity). The percent identity can be over a specified region, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below, or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Sequences are said to be “substantially identical” when there is at least 90% identity at the amino acid level or at the nucleotide level. Preferably, the identity exists over a region that is at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 50, or 100 residues in length, or across the entire length of at least one compared sequence. A preferred algorithm for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al, Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1977). Other methods include the algorithms of Smith &amp; Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), and Needleman &amp; Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), etc. Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules or their complements hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. 
     In the claims, any active verb (or its gerund) is intended to indicate the corresponding actual or attempted action, even if no actual action occurs. For example, the verb “hybridize” and gerund form “hybridizing” and the like refer to actual hybridization or to attempted hybridization by contacting nucleic acid sequences under conditions suitable for hybridization, even if no actual hybridization occurs. Similarly, “detecting” and “detection” when used in the claims refer to actual detection or to attempted detection, even if no target is actually detected. 
     “Nonspecific hybridization” is used to refer to any unintended or insignificant hybridization, for example hybridization to an unintended polynucleotide sequence other than the intended target polynucleotide sequence. The uninentended polynucleotide sequence can be on the same or different polynucleotide from the intended target. In some cases, the only intended hybridization can be from Watson-Crick base pairing between two polynucleotides. Other kinds of intended base pairings can include base pairing between corresponding analogs of such nucleotides or between iso-cytidine and iso-guanine. In some cases where hybridization is only intended between complementary bases, any bonding between non-complementary bases is considered to be non-specific hybridization. 
     In reference to ligation of two polynucleotides, the “proximal” terminus of either polynucleotide is the terminus that is intended to be ligated to the other polynucleotide. This is generally the terminus that is contacted by the active site of the ligase, or the terminus that is eventually ligated to the other polynucleotide, while the opposite terminus is the “distal” terminus. The terminal nucleotide residue at the proximal terminus can be termed the proximal nucleotide, and the proximal nucleotide position optionally designated as position 1, or −1 depending on which side of the ligation site we are referring to, the penultimate nucleotide position as position 2 or −2, etc. With reference to two adjacently-hybridized polynucleotides, the proximal terminus is generally the terminus of one polynucleotide that is closer to the other polynucleotide. In some non-limiting instances of template-dependent ligation, the proximal termini of both polynucleotides are hybridized adjacently to each other. 
     “Support”, as used herein, refers to a structure or matrix on or in which ligation reagents, e.g., nucleic acid molecules, microparticles, and the like may be immobilized so that they are significantly or entirely prevented from diffusing freely or moving with respect to one another. The reagents can for example be placed in contact with the support, and optionally covalently or noncovalently attached or partially/completely embedded 
     A “universal base”, as used herein, is a base that is complementary to more than one other base. Fully universal bases can pair with any of the bases typically found in naturally occurring nucleic acids. The base need not be equally capable of pairing with each of the naturally occurring bases. Alternatively, the universal base may pair only or selectively with two or more bases but not all bases. Optionally the universal base pairs only or selectively with purines, or alternatively with pyrimidines. If so desired, two or more universal bases can be included at a particular position in a probe. A number of universal bases are known in the art including, but not limited to, inosine, hypoxanthine, 3-nitropyrrole, 4-nitroindole, 5-nitroindole, 4-nitrobenzimidazole, 5-nitroindazole, 8-aza-7-deazaadenine, 6H,8H-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-c][1,2]oxazin-7-one, 2-amino-6-methoxyaminopurine, etc. Hypoxanthine is one preferred fully univeral base. Nucleosides comprising hypoxanthine include, but are not limited to, inosine, isoinosine, 2′-deoxyinosine, and 7-deaza-2′-deoxyinosine, 2-aza-2′deoxyinosine. 
     “Purified” generally refers to isolation of a substance (compound, polynucleotide, protein, polypeptide, polypeptide composition) such that the substance comprises a significant percent, such as a higher proportion than it is naturally found (e.g., greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 50%, or more, sometimes more than 90%, 95% or 99%) of the sample in which it resides. In certain embodiments, a substantially purified component comprises at least 50%, 80%-85%, or 90-95% of the sample. Techniques for purifying polynucleotides and polypeptides of interest are well-known in the art and include, for example, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and sedimentation according to density. “Isolated” refers to material removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring), and thus is altered “by the hand of man” from its natural state. For example, an isolated polynucleotide could be part of a vector or a composition of matter, or could be contained within a cell, and still be “isolated” because that vector, composition of matter, or particular cell is not the original or naturally-occurring environment of the polynucleotide. 
     Exemplary ligases comprise a polypeptide. The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, or any variant or functional fragment thereof. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. 
     The term “amino acid” includes naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, .gamma.-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refer to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. 
     Variants or derivatives of a given nucleotide sequence or polypeptide sequence are optionally conservatively modified variants. With respect to particular nucleic acid sequences, conservatively modified variants refers to those nucleic acids which encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. 
     As to amino acid sequences, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in the encoded sequence is a “conservatively modified variant” where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Such conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles of the invention. (see e.g., Creighton, Proteins (1984)). 
     Sequence identity (also called homology) refers to similarity in sequence of two or more sequences (e.g., nucleotide or polypeptide sequences). In the context of two or more homologous sequences, the percent identity or homology of the sequences or subsequences thereof indicates the percentage of all monomeric units (e.g., nucleotides or amino acids) that are the same (i.e., about 70% identity, preferably 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity). The percent identity can be over a specified region, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below, or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Sequences are said to be “substantially identical” when there is at least 90% identity at the amino acid level or at the nucleotide level. This definition also refers to the complement of a test sequence. Preferably, the identity exists over a region that is at least about 25, 50, or 100 residues in length, or across the entire length of at least one compared sequence. A preferred algorithm for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al, Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1977). Other methods include the algorithms of Smith &amp; Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), and Needleman &amp; Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), etc. Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules or their complements specifically hybridize to each other under stringent conditions, such as those described herein. Nucleic acids that do not specifically hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides which they encode are substantially identical. 
     Two polynucleotides selectively (or specifically) hybridize to each other if they bind significantly or detectably to each other under stringent hybridization conditions when present in a complex polynucleotide mixture such as total cellular or library DNA. For selective or specific hybridization, a positive signal is at least two times background, preferably 10 times background hybridization. Optionally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10° C. lower than the thermal melting point for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. Stringent conditions are optionally in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions can be as following: 50% formamide, 5.times.SSC, and 1% SDS, incubating at 42° C., or, 5.times.SSC, 1% SDS, incubating at 65° C., with wash in 0.2.times.SSC, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Among other novel and surprising information presented herein, the novel and surprising enzymatic ligation of short polynucleotides is presented herein. 
     1) Ligations 
     Ligation herein refers to the enzymatic formation of a covalent bond between the termini of two or more or polynucleotides strands. “Ligation” involves the formation of a covalent bond or linkage between the 5′ and 3′ termini of two or more nucleic acids, e.g. oligonucleotides and/or polynucleotides, optionally in a template-driven reaction. The nature of the bond or linkage may vary widely and the ligation is preferably achieved enzymatically. The nature of the bond or linkage can vary widely. Non-limiting exemplary ligations are carried out enzymatically to form a phosphodiester linkage between a 5′ terminal nucleotide of a polynucleotide strand with a 3′ terminal nucleotide of a polynucleotide. 
     The ligation can be one or more of the following types of ligation described herein. A first type of enzymatic ligation involves the formation of a covalent bond between a first terminus of a first polynucleotide strand and a second different terminus of a second polynucleotide strand. The first and second polynucleotide termini can be on different polynucleotide strands, or can both be on the same polynucleotide strand (resulting in circularization). Optionally, the first and second polynucleotide strands are not both hybridized to a third polynucleotide. Optionally, the termini of the first and second polynucleotide strand are joined irrespective of their sequences (e.g., blunt-end ligation, or non-homologous end joining). In another variation, two double-stranded polynucleotides with protruding single-stranded portions that are complementary to each other can be ligated (e.g., cohesive-end ligation). A third type of ligation (template-dependent ligation) is described further below. 
     In any one of the methods described herein, the polynucleotide strands can be in single-stranded format or are hybridized to complementary strands in double-stranded format. In blunt-end ligation, both polynucleotide strands to be ligated are hybridized to two different complementary strands such that no overhang exists. 
     Methods are provided to ligate two polynucleotides. An exemplary ligation method achieves ligation between a first terminus of a first polynucleotide sequence and a second terminus of a second polynucleotide sequence. For ease of reference, the first polynucleotide sequence is called the “initializing probe” or “primer,” the second polynucleotide called the “extension probe” or “probe.” A third polynucleotide sequence that is optionally present (e.g., in template-dependent ligation) is termed the template or target sequence. Any one or more of the primer (initializing probe), probe (extension probe) and/or template sequences can be located on the same polynucleotide strand, or on different polynucleotide strands. In a one-strand system, the primer, probe and template are all on the same polynucleotide strand. In an example of a two-strand system, either the probe or primer (but not both) are on the same strand as the template (e.g., hybridization between the template sequence and the primer or probe sequences forms a stem-loop structure or hairpin). In another example of a two-strand system, the probe or primer are both on the same strand. In a three-strand system, the template, primer and probe are all on separate polynucleotide strands. Any ligation method described herein can be performed in a one-strand, two-strand or three-strand system. 
     Optionally, ligation converts a linear polynucleotide strand into a circular polynucleotide strand (e.g., in a one-stranded to two-stranded system). Optionally, ligation reduces the number of polynucleotide strands by one (e.g., in a two-stranded or three-stranded system). 
     Ligation optionally creates a bond between a terminal nucleotide of the probe with the terminal nucleotide of the primer. Optionally, the proximal terminus of the primer and/or probe is ligated. The terminal nucleotide of the primer can be the 5′ terminal nucleotide and the terminal nucleotide of the extension probe can be the 3′ terminal nucleotide. Alternatively, the terminal nucleotide of the primer can be the 3′ terminal nucleotide and the terminal nucleotide of the extension probe can be the 5′ terminal nucleotide. The 5′ terminus of a polynucleotide for example has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus, optionally with a phosphate group attached to it, where the phosphate group is capable of forming a phosphodiester bond with a 3′ terminal nucleotide. The 3′ terminal nucleotide optionally has a 3′-hydroxyl group that is capable of forming a phosphodiester bond with a 5′ terminal nucleotide. Ligation optionally results in the formation of a phophodiester bond. 
     Any of the polynucleotides no matter how designated (e.g., as “probes” or “primers” or “templates”) can be of any sequence, any length, in any form and from any source. The polynucleotides can comprise a naturally-occurring sequence or be highly homologous to a naturally-occurring sequence, and/or derived from a naturally occurring sequence. The naturally occurring sequence can be any portion of a gene, a regulatory sequence, genomic DNA or fragment, cDNA, RNA including mRNA and rRNA, or others. The polynucleotides can optionally comprise any artificial sequence as well. The polynucleotide can be derived or obtained from a sample such as a diagnostic sample. The polynucleotide can be a secondary product of a reaction—for example a ligation product from a ligation reaction or assay such as those described herein, an extended probe from a PCR reaction, or PCR amplification product, (“amplicon”), the product of an invasive cleavage reaction, etc. The polynucleotide can have a 5′ phosphate, or can alternatively lack a 5′ phosphate. 
     The ligation product of any one reaction can optionally be subjected to further ligation and/or non-ligation reactions in turn. For example, the ligation product can be used as the primer (initializing probe) or extension probe and/or template in a subsequent ligation. Also for example, it can be used as a template and/or primer for a polymerase extension reaction, such as in PCR. The probe, primer, template and/or ligation product optionally can be subjected to any one or more modifications before or after ligation. For example, the probe, primer, template and/or ligation product can be cleaved enzymatically or chemically (for example at scissile linkages), treated with exo- or endonucleases, kinases, phosphatases, etc. The ends of a double-stranded product can be blunt-ended or filled in, capped, or adenylated, etc. 
     Optionally, the probe is not more than 20 consecutive nucleotides long, for example not more than 15, 12, 10, 8, 7 consecutive nucleotides, preferably not more than 6, 5, 4 3, or 2 consecutive nucleotides. Optionally, the probe is at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 nucleotides long. In some instances the probe is from any of the specified minimum lengths (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 nucleotides long) and is not more than 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 7 nucleotides, preferably not more than 6, 5, 4 3, or 2 nucleotides. In some examples, the probe is a 2-mer, 3-mer, 4-mer, 5-mer, 6-mer, 7-mer, 8-mer, 9-mer, 10-mer, 11-mer, 12-mer, 13-mer, 14-mer, 15-mer or 20-mer, or any combination of such oligonucleotides. 
     Optionally, the primer is not more than 20 consecutive nucleotides long, for example not more than 15, 12, 10, 8, 7 consecutive nucleotides, preferably not more than 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 consecutive nucleotides. In some examples, the primer is one or more 2-mer, 3-mer, 4-mer, 5-mer, 6-mer, 7-mer, 8-mer, 9-mer, 10-mer, 11-mer, 12-mer, 13-mer, 14-mer, 15-mer or 20-mer, or any combination of such oligonucleotides. 
     It should be understood that the probe or primer (or template, if present) can be “mixed” or “composite,” i.e., comprising a mixture of one or more polynucleotides of different sequences. 
     Optionally, the ligation is performed using CV ligase in combination with one or more probes that is at least 3 nucleotides long and not more than 6 or 5 nucleotides long. Optionally, the one or more probes are at least 3 nucleotides long and not more than 4 nucleotides long. In other examples the one or more probes are at least 4 nucleotides long and not more than 5 nucleotides long. Alternatively all of the one or more probes probe can be 3-mers. Otherwise all of the one or more probes probe can be 4-mers. 
     When the ligation is performed using DLX, DLXd, DLXd2 ligase, then optionally ligation is performed with one or more probes that is at least 2 or 3 nucleotides long and not more than 6 or 5 nucleotides long. Optionally, the one or more probes are at least 3 nucleotides long and not more than 4 nucleotides long. In other examples the one or more probes are at least 4 nucleotides long and not more than 5 nucleotides long. Alternatively all of the one or more probes probe can be 3-mers. Otherwise all of the one or more probes probe can be 4-mers. 
     The ligation can be a template-dependent ligation. In template-dependent ligation, ligation between a primer sequence and a probe sequence occurs upon hybridization of at least a portion of either or both sequences to a template sequence. In some instances, both probes must hybridize to the template for significant ligation to occur. In a typical example, template-dependent ligation cannot take place unless both polynucleotides are hybridized to the template sequence. The portion of the primer or probe that is hybridized to the target sequence is generally at least two nucleotides long. The hybridized portion is optionally not more than 20 consecutive nucleotides long, for example not more than 15, 12, 10, 8, 7 consecutive nucleotides, preferably not more than 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 consecutive nucleotides. The hybridized portion is optionally a terminal portion of the first or second polynucleotide (e.g., a portion that includes the 5′ or 3′ terminal nucleotide). For example, the hybridized portion can consist of the terminal 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 or 20 nucleotides of the 5′ or 3′ end. 
     Optionally, ligation occurs when no mismatch is present within one or more hybridized portions. In other cases, ligation occurs when one, two or three mismatches can be present within one or more hybridized portions. In some cases ligation does not occur when the terminal nucleotide and/or second-most terminal nucleotide and/or third-most terminal nucleotide is mismatched. As mentioned, the terminal nucleotides can be the 5′- or 3′-terminal nucleotides of the polynucleotide. 
     Optionally the template, if present, is not more than 11 nucleotides in length, for example not more 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nucleotides. Optionally the template is one or more N-mers, where N is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11. 
     Optionally, template-dependent ligation of a nucleic acid comprises: a) providing a first oligonucleotide having less than 6 nucleotides; b) providing a second oligonucleotide; c) bringing the 3′ termini of one of the first and second oligonucleotides into proximity with the 5′ termini of the other oligonucleotide; and d) ligating the first and the second oligonucleotides. Optionally, the first oligonucleotide has a length of 5 nucleotides. Optionally, the first oligonucleotide has a length of 4 nucleotides. Optionally, the first oligonucleotide has a length of 3 nucleotides. Optionally, the ligation is performed using a small-footprint ligase (SFL). Optionally, the second oligonucleotide includes a sequence complementary to a portion of a template nucleic acid. Optionally, the second oligonucleotide is hybridized to the template nucleic acid at the region of complementarity. Optionally, the first oligonucleotide has a sequence complementary to the template nucleic acid. Optionally, the first oligonucleotide is hybridized to the template nucleic acid at the region of complementarity, and wherein a terminus of the first oligonucleotide is adjacent to a terminus of the second oligonucleotide. 
     In some variations, (e.g., “nick ligation” or “template-dependent” ligation), both primer and probe must hybridize adjacently to each other on the template for ligation to occur. Optionally, the probe and primer are adjacently hybridized and can be ligated only when a terminal nucleotide of the primer is hybridized to a first nucleotide of the template and a terminal nucleotide of the extension probe is hybridized to a second nucleotide of the template, where the first and second nucleotides on the template are not separated by an intervening nucleotide of the template. In other embodiments, intervening nucleotides may be present between the first and second nucleotides on the template (optionally a few nucleotides, e.g., not more than 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 or 15 nucleotides). In such embodiments, a “gap-filling” step can be performed to extend the 3′ terminus of the probe or probe before it can be ligated to the 5′ terminus of the other. 
     Optionally, at least one of the probe, the template (if the ligation is template-dependent) and/or the primer is immobilized while another of these three is labeled. For example in ligation sequencing the template and/or primer can be immobilized and the probe can be labeled. 
     A probe can for example be N nucleotide residues in length, where N is from 2 to 10, e.g., 2, 3, or 4. N can also be less than 6, for example if the proximal terminus of the probe is its 3′ terminus. 
     Optionally, ligation is a “forward” ligation (i.e., ligation of the 3′ terminus of the probe to the 5′ terminus of the primer). Alternatively, “reverse” ligation can be achieved, where the 5′ terminus of the probe is ligated to the 3′ terminus of the primer. 
     A probe can also be of length N, and can comprise a proximal portion that is perfectly hybridized to the template and is L nucleotides long, where the probe&#39;s L+1th nucleotide is mismatched with the template. L can be, for example, from 2 to 8, and furthermore can be less than 6 if the proximal terminus of the probe is its 3′ terminus. In other embodiments, L can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. 
     The ligation can be repeated at least once, for any desired number of cycles. Optionally, any ligation product of a previous ligation reaction is used as the primer of a next ligation. Optionally, all ligations extend the ligation product in the same direction. For example, all ligation reactions can be forward ligations or all can be reverse ligations. In other embodiments, some ligations can be forward and some reverse. Optionally any unligated primer is rendered unligatable before initiating the next ligation. If so desired (e.g., in ligation sequencing), the method further comprises detecting whether the probe has ligated to the primer before repeating the next ligation reaction. 
     Where so desired, any ligation product of the previous ligation reaction can be used as the template of the next ligation reaction, e.g., in a ligase chain reaction. 
     Optionally, the 5′ end of the probe less than 6 nucleotides long is ligated to the 3′ end of the primer by a SFL such as CV ligase. For example the probe is 2, 3 or 4 nucleotides long. If so desired, the primer is also a short oligonucleotides. For example, the primer can be less than 6 nucleotides, e.g., 3 or 4 nucleotides long. 
     The ligation should produce a significant or detectable amount of ligation product. Optionally, the efficiency of ligation is at least 5%, sometimes at 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%. The efficiency of ligation (in percentage terms) can in some embodiment be regarded as the percent portion of ligation reagent that is ligated to form ligation product at the end of the ligation reaction. Efficiency is optionally determined after a ligation reaction has reach equilibrium such that increasing the ligation time will not result in a substantial increase of ligation product formed. Generally, a ligation reaction can be said to have reached equilibrium after 20 minutes. For example, a ligation reaction in which 90% of the primer or probe is ligated can be said to have proceeded at 90% efficiency. The ligation reagent used to measure ligation efficiency is optionally whichever reagent that is in lower concentration than the others. Optionally, the other reagents and conditions are non-limiting to the ligation efficiency (e.g., other reagents are present in excess or at a concentration that is at least equal to or higher than the limiting reagent). 
     In some embodiments, the SFL can ligate a short probe that is shorter than N nucleotides at least X % as efficiently as the SFL can ligate the corresponding N-mer. N is optionally 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 or 20. In some embodiments N is 6 or 7. X is optionally at least 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%. In some embodiments of template-dependent ligation, the length of short probe is Y residues, and the Y proximal residues of the corresponding longer N-mer are identical to the probe, and the distal N-Y residues of the corresponding longer N-mer are perfectly complementary to the template. Y is for example 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. 
     In some embodiments, the SFL can ligate a short probe that is shorter than N nucleotides when the short probe is conjugated to a dye approximately as efficiently as the SFL can ligate the unconjugated probe. N is optionally 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 or 20. In some embodiments N is 6 or 7. In other embodiments, the SFL can ligate the short probe conjugated to a dye at least 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% as efficiently as the SFL can ligate the unconjugated probe. Exemplary dyes include Cy5. 
     It is understood that ligation efficiency (whether expressed in absolute or relative terms) may increase or decrease depending on the exact reaction conditions used. Optionally, the ligation efficiency is measured when the primer or probe is at a concentration of about 10 −9  to 10 −4  M, for example at about 10 −8 , 10 −7 , 10 −6 , or 10 −5 M. In certain applications, for example sequencing applications, a working concentration often used in the range of 10 −8  to 10 −5 , e.g., 10 −7  or 10 −6  M of probe. Where a mixture of probes are used, the probe concentration is the concentration of only those probes that are capable of being ligated in that particular ligation reaction (e.g., probe(s) complementary to the template). Thus other probes that are not capable of participating in the ligation reaction are optionally not considered when calculating the concentration of the probe of interest. Optionally, the concentration of probe is between 1 picomolar and 1 millimolar, for example about 0.01-100 μM, e.g., 1-10 μM, e.g., 1-5 μM. In the case of 2-mers, the concentration is optionally increased to 10-1000 μM, for example about 100 μM. Optionally, the concentration of ligase is between 1 picomolar and 1 millimolar, e.g., 1-2 micromolar. Optionally, the ligation assay is performed at 15-35° C., for example 15° C., 20° C., 25° C. or 30° C. Where two or more reagents are involved and the concentration of one particular reagent is specified, the other reagents are optionally in excess and/or not at a concentration that is limiting for the ligation. 
     Ligation can be performed under in vitro conditions that have been experimentally determined to be suitable or optimal for ligase activity. Preferably, the reaction conditions of choice are (i) substantially similar to in vivo or physiological conditions in which a naturally-occurring form of the ligase being used is active, or (ii) have been experimentally determined to result in a ligation efficiency that is comparable to or better than the efficiency obtained using conditions of type (i). If exemplary in vitro ligation conditions are specified herein for a particular SFL, then substantially similar reaction conditions are generally appropriate for that particular ligase. In other embodiments, the conditions are such that the reference ligation assay produces significant or detectable ligation within 30 minutes, within 10 minutes, within 1 minute, or within ten seconds. Another non-limiting example of a significant or detectable efficiency of ligation generates in the range of 100 pM of ligation product, optionally about 1000 pM or 10,000 pM. 
     Optionally, relative efficiency can be expressed as relative percent efficiency, which can be calculated as AB x 100, where A is the percent of test reagent (e.g., probe) ligated in a test assay and B is the percent of the reference reagent (e.g., reference probe) that is ligated in a reference assay. Where the relative efficiency of ligation is specified in comparative or relative terms by comparison to a reference ligation assay, it is implicit that all other reagents and conditions (e.g., temperature, concentration of all reagents, pH, concentration of requisite ions such as Mg++ and Mn++, concentration of requisite cofactors such as NAD and/or ATP, salts, buffers, molar concentrations of all reagents, including enzyme, template, probe, primer, oligonucleotides, etc.) are otherwise kept identical. For example, a proviso that a SFL can ligate a short (e.g., less than 6 nucleotides) probe at least X % as efficiently as the SFL can ligate a corresponding octanucleotide, can be taken to mean that the two different ligation assays all reagents except for the probes (e.g., primer, template, enzymes and any other reagents) and all reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, reagent concentrations, concentrations of any other reagents, etc.) are kept the same for practical purposes. 
     Optionally, the ligase has a better ligation efficiency than T4 DNA ligase, for example in any method described herein. In an embodiment, the ligation efficiency is higher than that of T4 DNA ligase for the same mix of probe(s), primer(s) and template(s), in any ligation method and chosen conditions, including any described herein. The ligation efficiency is for example at least 5% higher than T4 ligase, optionally at least 10%, 15% or 20% higher. The increase in efficiency should be statistically reliable and significant, e.g., with a confidence interval of at least 95%, 99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or 99.999999%. In an example, the SFL shows higher efficiency than T4 DNA ligase when ligating a probe of 8 nucleotides or less to a primer in the forward or reverse direction. The ligase, template, probe, primer and/or ligation assay conditions are for example any described herein. 
     The ligase optionally has good ligation fidelity. The ligation fidelity can be assessed as the percentage of incorrect ligation events for a given combination of ligase, template, primer and probe. An incorrect ligation event is one in which the probe or the primer is not perfectly complementary to the template, or the ligation product is not perfectly complementary to the template. In an embodiment, the ligation fidelity is higher than that of T4 DNA ligase for the same mix of probe(s), primer(s) and template(s), in any ligation method and chosen conditions, including any described herein. The ligation fidelity is for example at least 5% higher than T4 ligase, optionally at least 10%, 15% or 20% higher. The increase in fidelity should be statistically reliable and significant, e.g., with a confidence interval of at least 95%, 99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or 99.999999%. In an example, the SFL shows higher fidelity than T4 DNA ligase when ligating a probe of 8 nucleotides or less to a primer in the forward or reverse direction. The ligase, template, probe, primer and/or ligation assay conditions are for example any described herein. 
     2) Small Footprint Ligases 
     Optionally, the enzymatic ligation of polynucleotides is achieved by a small footprint ligase (SFL). For example, any ligation method provided herein can use a ligase shown in Table 1A, 1B or 1C. A SFL is a ligase that can ligate short polynucleotides. As used herein, the term “ligase” is intended to include any fragment or variant or derivative of that ligase. The fragment or variant or derivative optionally possesses one or more functional activities of a ligase. A SFL optionally comprises a polypeptide having any one or more of the following activities: (1) nucleophilic attack on ATP or NAD +  resulting in release of PPi or NMN and formation of a covalent ligase-adenylate intermediate; (2) transferring the adenylate to the 5′-end of the 5′-phosphate-terminated DNA strand to form DNA-adenylate (e.g., the 5′-phosphate oxygen of the DNA strand attacks the phosphorus of ligase-adenylate); and (3) formation of a covalent bond joining the polynucleotide termini and liberation of AMP (e.g., by the attack by the 3′-OH on DNA-adenylate). Optionally, the SFL can mediate any one or more of the following bond transformations: from phosphoanhydride (ATP) to phosphoramidate (ligase-adenylate); from phosphoramidate (ligase-adenylate) to phosphoanhydride (DNA-adenylate); or from phosphoanhydride (DNA-adenylate) to phosphodiester (sealed DNA). Thus, exemplary SFLs can comprise a polypeptide sequence that is homologous to or a variant of a known SFL sequence or any portion thereof. Exemplary SFLs optionally have amino acid sequence identity of at least 70%, optionally at least 85%, optionally at least 90, 95%, 97% or 99%, with a known ligase or known SFL. 
     Representative examples of SFLs include CV ligase, DLX, DLXd, DLXd2 and MnM ligase. A preferred SFL is  Chlorella  Virus ligase. Some exemplary ligases are identified and their GI or accession numbers are provided in Table 1A below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 PRK08224 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   B. Acidobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Candidatus  Koribacter versatilis   
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_592504 
               
               
                 Ellin345Candidatus Koribacter (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 Candidatus  Solibacter usitatus   
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_826317 
               
               
                 Ellin6076Candidatus Solibacter (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   C. Actinobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Acidothermus cellulolyticus  11BAcidothermus 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_873134 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Actinosynnema mirum  DSM 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_003099374 
               
               
                 43827Actinosynnema (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Arthrobacter aurescens  TC1Arthrobacter (3 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_949544 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus  A6Arthrobacter 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002489901 
               
               
                 (3 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Arthrobacter  sp. FB24Arthrobacter (3 proteins) 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_833558 
               
               
                   
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Beutenbergia cavernae  DSM 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002880505 
               
               
                 12333Beutenbergia (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Catenulispora acidiphila  DSM 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_003116519 
               
               
                 44928Catenulispora (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Catenulispora acidiphila  DSM 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_003116565 
               
               
                 44928Catenulispora (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Frankia alni  ACN14aFrankia (2 proteins) 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_712338 
               
               
                   
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Frankia  sp. EAN1pecFrankia (2 proteins) 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001509433 
               
               
                   
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Kineococcus radiotolerans 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001360406 
               
               
                 SRS30216Kineococcus (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Kytococcus sedentarius  DSM 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_003149340 
               
               
                 20547Kytococcus (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium abscessus  ATCC 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001701033 
               
               
                 19977Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium avium  104Mycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_879648 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis   
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_959275 
               
               
                 K-10Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium gilvum  PYR- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001132524 
               
               
                 GCKMycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium gilvum  PYR- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001132543 
               
               
                 GCKMycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium marinum  MMycobacterium 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001853525 
               
               
                 (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium smegmatis  str. MC2 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_890520 
               
               
                 155Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium smegmatis  str. MC2 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_890521 
               
               
                 155Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. JLSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001073538 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. JLSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001073546 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. JLSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001073574 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium ulcerans 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_907815 
               
               
                 Agy99Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium vanbaalenii  PYR- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_956315 
               
               
                 1Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium vanbaalenii  PYR- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_956321 
               
               
                 1Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001285120 
               
               
                 H37RaMycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_218248 
               
               
                 H37RvMycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium bovis 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_857396 
               
               
                 AF2122/97Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium bovis  BCG str. Pasteur 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_979871 
               
               
                 1173P2Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium bovis  BCG str. Tokyo 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002646832 
               
               
                 172Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_338389 
               
               
                 CDC1551Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001289690 
               
               
                 F11Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium tuberculosis  KZN 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_003033779 
               
               
                 1435Mycobacterium (26 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. KMSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_940984 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. MCSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_642076 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. KMSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_941006 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. MCSMycobacterium (26 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_642099 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Nakamurella multipartita  DSM 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_003200226 
               
               
                 44233Nakamurella (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Nocardia farcinica  IFM 10152Nocardia (1 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_118771 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Nocardioides  sp. JS614Nocardioides (1 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_922117 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Rhodococcus erythropolis  PR4Rhodococcus (3 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002768423 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Rhodococcus  jostii RHA1Rhodococcus (3 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_705046 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Rhodococcus opacus  B4Rhodococcus (3 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002782360 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Saccharopolyspora erythraea  NRRL 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001104098 
               
               
                 2338Saccharopolyspora (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Salinispora arenicola  CNS-205Salinispora (2 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001536378 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Salinispora tropica  CNB-440Salinispora (2 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001158390 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Streptomyces avermitilis  MA- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_822873 
               
               
                 4680Streptomyces (3 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Streptomyces coelicolor  A3(2)Streptomyces (3 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_630780 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Streptomyces griseus  subsp.  griseus NBRC   
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001822536 
               
               
                 13350Streptomyces (3 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   F. Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia 
                 
               
               
                   Opitutus terrae  PB90-1Opitutus (1 proteins) 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001821013 
               
               
                   
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium japonicum  USDA 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_771853 
               
               
                 110Bradyrhizobium (3 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium  sp. BTAi1Bradyrhizobium (3 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001236299 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium  sp. ORS278Bradyrhizobium 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001202307 
               
               
                 (3 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Chelativorans  sp. BNC1Chelativorans (1 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_675242 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Mesorhizobium loti 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_108245 
               
               
                 MAFF303099Mesorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Mesorhizobium loti  MAFF303099 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_109531 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Mesorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Methylocella silvestris  BL2Methylocella (1 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002363964 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Nitrobacter hamburgensis  X14Nitrobacter (1 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_579055 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   Phenylobacterium zucineum 
                 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002131547 
               
               
                 HLK1Phenylobacterium (1 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii   
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002279148 
               
               
                 WSM2304 (plasmid)Rhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Rhizobium  sp. NGR234 (plasmid)Rhizobium 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002823307 
               
               
                 (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
               
               
                   
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Sinorhizobium medicae  WSM419 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001312861 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Sinorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Sinorhizobium meliloti  1021 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 NP_436551 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Sinorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                 
                   P. Deltaproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans  2CP- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002491286 
               
               
                 1Anaeromyxobacter (5 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans  2CP- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_464028 
               
               
                 CAnaeromyxobacter (5 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Anaeromyxobacter  sp. Fw109- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001378773 
               
               
                 5Anaeromyxobacter (5 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Anaeromyxobacter  sp. Fw109- 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_001381200 
               
               
                 5Anaeromyxobacter (5 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
               
                   Anaeromyxobacter  sp. KAnaeromyxobacter (5 
                 ATP-Dependent DNA 
                 YP_002133229 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 Ligase 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 PRK09125 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   O. Betaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Acidovorax  sp. JS42Acidovorax (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_986978 
               
               
                   Aromatoleum aromaticum  EbN1Aromatoleum 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_161050 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Azoarcus  sp. BH72Azoarcus (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_934633 
               
               
                   Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis  clade 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_003169249 
               
               
                 IIA str. UW-1Candidatus Accumulibacter (1 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Dechloromonas aromatica  RCBDechloromonas 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_284461 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Diaphorobacter  sp. TPSYDiaphorobacter (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002553689 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Herminiimonas arsenicoxydansHerminiimonas 
                 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_001100009 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Leptothrix cholodnii  SP-6Leptothrix (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_001791742 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Methylibium petroleiphilum  PM1Methylibium 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_001020556 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria gonorrhoeae  FA 1090Neisseria (7 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_209054 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria gonorrhoeae  NCCP11945Neisseria 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002002827 
               
               
                 (7 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria meningitidis  053442Neisseria (7 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_001598310 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria meningitidis  FAM18Neisseria (7 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_975951 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria meningitidis  MC58Neisseria (7 
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_275038 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria meningitidis  Z2491Neisseria (7 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002341892 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Neisseria meningitidis  alpha14Neisseria (7 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_003082363 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Polaromonas naphthalenivorans 
                 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_982249 
               
               
                 CJ2Polaromonas (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Polaromonas  sp. JS666Polaromonas (2 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_549233 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Rhodoferax ferrireducens  T118Rhodoferax (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_522700 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Thauera  sp. MZ1TThauera (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002353773 
               
               
                   Thiobacillus denitrificans  ATCC 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_314570 
               
               
                 25259Thiobacillus (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Variovorax paradoxus  S110Variovorax (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002944627 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Verminephrobacter eiseniae  EF01- 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_998235 
               
               
                 2Verminephrobacter (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   P. Deltaproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Desulfobacterium autotrophicum 
                 
                 LigA2 
                 YP_002604477 
               
               
                 HRM2Desulfobacterium (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Myxococcus xanthus  DK 1622Myxococcus (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_628883 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Q. Epsilonproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Arcobacter butzleri  RM4018Arcobacter (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001489632 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter concisus  13826Campylobacter 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001467307 
               
               
                 (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter curvus  525.92Campylobacter 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001407695 
               
               
                 (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter fetus  subsp.  fetus  82- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_892536 
               
               
                 40Campylobacter (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter hominis  ATCC BAA- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001406356 
               
               
                 381Campylobacter (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter  jejuni RM1221Campylobacter 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_179811 
               
               
                 (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter  jejuni subsp. doylei 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001398949 
               
               
                 269.97Campylobacter (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter  jejuni subsp. jejuni 81- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001001312 
               
               
                 176Campylobacter (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter  jejuni subsp. jejuni 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001483144 
               
               
                 81116Campylobacter (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter  jejuni subsp. jejuni NCTC 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002345037 
               
               
                 11168Campylobacter (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Campylobacter lari  RM2100Campylobacter 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002574655 
               
               
                 (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Sulfurimonas  denitrificans DSM 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_393098 
               
               
                 1251Sulfurimonas (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   R. Gammaproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Actinobacillus succinogenes 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001344487 
               
               
                 130ZActinobacillus (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003256304 
               
               
                 D11S-1Aggregatibacter (2 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Aggregatibacter aphrophilus 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003007537 
               
               
                 NJ8700Aggregatibacter (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Alcanivorax borkumensis  SK2Alcanivorax (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_694422 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Aliivibrio salmonicida  LFI1238Aliivibrio (3 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002262821 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Vibrio fischeri  ES114Aliivibrio (3 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_204833 
               
               
                   Vibrio fischeri  MJ11Aliivibrio (3 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002156265 
               
               
                   Alteromonas macleodii  ‘Deep 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002127707 
               
               
                 ecotype’Alteromonas (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Marmheimia succiniciproducens 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_088131 
               
               
                 MBEL55EBasfia (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Colwellia psychrerythraea  34HColwellia (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_271053 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Haemophilus influenzae  86- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_248841 
               
               
                 028NPHaemophilus (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Haemophilus influenzae  PittEEHaemophilus (3 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001290961 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Haemophilus influenzae  PittGGHaemophilus 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001293088 
               
               
                 (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Haemophilus somnus  129PTHistophilus (2 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_719536 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Haemophilus somnus  2336Histophilus (2 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001783642 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Idiomarina loihiensis  L2TRIdiomarina (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_156435 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Marinobacter aquaeolei  VT8Marinobacter (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_960951 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Marinomonas  sp. MWYL1Marinomonas (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001341226 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Photobacterium profundum 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_132765 
               
               
                 SS9Photobacterium (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Pseudoalteromonas atlantica 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_659659 
               
               
                 T6cPseudoalteromonas (2 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_340675 
               
               
                 TAC125Pseudoalteromonas (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Psychromonas ingrahamii  37Psychromonas (1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_942593 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella amazonensis  SB2BShewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_927870 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella baltica  OS155Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001050227 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella baltica  OS185Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001366044 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella baltica  OS195Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001554317 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella baltica  OS223Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002358357 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella frigidimarina  NCIMB 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_750174 
               
               
                 400Shewanella (18 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella halifaxensis  HAW-EB4Shewanella 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001673966 
               
               
                 (18 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella loihica  PV-4Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001093713 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella oneidensis  MR-1Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_717802 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella pealeana  ATCC 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001502366 
               
               
                 700345Shewanella (18 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella piezotolerans  WP3Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002312387 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella sediminis  HAW-EB3Shewanella 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001474374 
               
               
                 (18 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella  sp. ANA-3Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_870036 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella  sp. MR-4Shewanella (18 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_734321 
               
               
                   Shewanella  sp. MR-7Shewanella (18 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_738313 
               
               
                   Shewanella woodyi  ATCC 51908Shewanella 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001760369 
               
               
                 (18 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella putrefaciens  CN-32Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001183272 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Shewanella  sp. W3-18-1Shewanella (18 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_963655 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Thiomicrospira crunogena  XCL- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_391938 
               
               
                 2Thiomicrospira (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Vibrio cholerae  MJ-1236Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002878565 
               
               
                   Vibrio parahaemolyticus  RIMD 
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_797856 
               
               
                 2210633Vibrio (9 proteins) 
               
               
                   Vibrio splendidus  LGP32Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002417130 
               
               
                   Vibrio vulnificus  CMCP6Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_761477 
               
               
                   Vibrio vulnificus  YJ016Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_934427 
               
               
                   Vibrio cholerae  M66-2Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002810248 
               
               
                   Vibrio cholerae  O1 biovar El Tor str. 
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_231182 
               
               
                 N16961Vibrio (9 proteins) 
               
               
                   Vibrio cholerae  O395Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_001217094 
               
               
                   Vibrio cholerae  O395Vibrio (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002819900 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 PHA0454 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 b. Viruses 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage 13aT7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002003941 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage BA14T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002003458 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage EcoDS1T7-like viruses 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002003747 
               
               
                 (16 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage K1FT7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_338096 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage T3T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_523305 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage T7T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_041963 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Klebsiella phage K11T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002003797 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Kluyvera phage Kvp1T7-like viruses (16 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002308390 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Morganella phage MmP1T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002048633 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Pseudomonas phage gh-1T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_813751 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Salmonella phage phiSG-JL2T7-like viruses 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001949754 
               
               
                 (16 proteins) 
               
               
                 Vibriophage VP4T7-like viruses (16 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_249578 
               
               
                 Yersinia pestis phage phiA1122T7-like viruses 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_848267 
               
               
                 (16 proteins) 
               
               
                 Yersinia phage BerlinT7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_918989 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Yersinia phage Yepe2T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002003318 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Yersinia phage phiYeO3-12T7-like viruses (16 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_052075 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage LKA1phiKMV-like 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001522868 
               
               
                 viruses (7 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage phiKMVphiKMV-like 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_877456 
               
               
                 viruses (7 proteins) 
               
               
                 Pseudomonas phage LKD16phiKMV-like 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001522807 
               
               
                 viruses (7 proteins) 
               
               
                 Pseudomonas phage LUZ19phiKMV-like 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001671961 
               
               
                 viruses (7 proteins) 
               
               
                 Pseudomonas phage PT2phiKMV-like viruses 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002117800 
               
               
                 (7 proteins) 
               
               
                 Pseudomonas phage PT5phiKMV-like viruses 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002117741 
               
               
                 (7 proteins) 
               
               
                 Pseudomonas phage phikF77phiKMV-like 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002727838 
               
               
                 viruses (7 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSZ2445448 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   a. Eukaryota 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Paramecium tetraurelia  strain d4-2Paramecium 
                 DNA ligase 
                 XP_001347270 
               
               
                 (5 proteins) 
               
               
                   Paramecium tetraurelia  strain d4-2Paramecium 
                 hypothetical protein 
                 XP_001422985 
               
               
                 (5 proteins) 
               
               
                   Paramecium tetraurelia  strain d4-2Paramecium 
                 hypothetical protein 
                 XP_001431968 
               
               
                 (5 proteins) 
               
               
                   Paramecium tetraurelia  strain d4-2Paramecium 
                 hypothetical protein 
                 XP_001435874 
               
               
                 (5 proteins) 
               
               
                   Paramecium tetraurelia  strain d4-2Paramecium 
                 hypothetical protein 
                 XP_001460273 
               
               
                 (5 proteins) 
               
               
                   Tetrahymena thermophilaTetrahymena  (1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 XP_001011861 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSP2344013 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 b. Viruses 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage Felix 01unclassified 
                 Putative DNA ligase 
                 NP_944942 
               
               
                 Myoviridae (4 proteins) 
               
               
                 Enterobacteria phage WV8unclassified 
                 hypothetical protein 
                 YP_002922879 
               
               
                 Myoviridae (4 proteins) 
               
               
                 Erwinia phage phiEa21-4unclassified 
                 putative DNA ligase 
                 YP_002456101 
               
               
                 Myoviridae (4 proteins) 
               
               
                 Escherichia phage rv5unclassified Myoviridae 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002003586 
               
               
                 (4 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 PRK07636 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   J. Firmicutes 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Bacillus clausii  KSM-K16Bacillus 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_176304 
               
               
                   Bacillus subtilis  subsp.  subtilis  str. 168Bacillus 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_389932 
               
               
                   Bacillus licheniformis  ATCC 14580Bacillus 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_078721 
               
               
                   Bacillus licheniformis  ATCC 14580Bacillus 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_091132 
               
               
                   Geobacillus  sp. Y412MC10Geobacillus 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003240778 
               
               
                   Paenibacillus  sp. JDR-2Paenibacillus 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003009892 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2551528 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   J. Firmicutes 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Geobacillus  sp. Y412MC10Geobacillus (1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003245332 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Paenibacillus  sp. JDR-2Paenibacillus (1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003013681 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2532515 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   B. Acidobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Candidatus  Solibacter usitatus   
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_829024 
               
               
                 Ellin6076Candidatus Solibacter (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   E. Bacteroides/Chlorobi 
                 
               
               
                 Flavobacteriaceae bacterium 3519- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003095681 
               
               
                 10unclassified Flavobacteriaceae (1 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2470953 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   C. Actinobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus  A6 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002478051 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Arthrobacter (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus  A6 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002478427 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Arthrobacter (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Nocardioides  sp. JS614Nocardioides (1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_923463 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2469924 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   J. Firmicutes 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius  subsp. 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_003185050 
               
               
                 
                   acidocaldarius DSM 446Alicyclobacillus (1 
                 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Brevibacillus brevis  NBRC 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_002773127 
               
               
                 100599Brevibacillus (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2340991 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Phenylobacterium zucineum  HLK1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002128561 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Phenylobacterium (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Phenylobacterium zucineum  HLK1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_002128631 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Phenylobacterium (2 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2333706 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   J. Firmicutes 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator 
                 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001716762 
               
               
                 MP104CCandidatus Desulforudis (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Natranaerobius thermophilus  JW/NM-WN- 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001916325 
               
               
                 LFNatranaerobius (1 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK2303611 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   C. Actinobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Streptomyces coelicolor  A3(2)Streptomyces (2 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_631399 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Streptomyces griseus  subsp.  griseus  NBRC 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001828202 
               
               
                 13350Streptomyces (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK962101 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   C. Actinobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Nocardioides  sp. JS614Nocardioides (1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_922436 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Salinispora arenicola  CNS-205Salinispora (2 
                 DNA polymerase LigD 
                 YP_001539124 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 ligase region 
               
               
                   Salinispora tropica  CNB-440Salinispora (2 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001160776 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK915249 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   C. Actinobacteria  See CLSK2303611 
                   
                   
               
               
                 above 
               
               
                   Streptomyces avermitilis  MA-4680 
                 putative ATP-dependint 
                 NP_828839 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Streptomyces (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Streptomyces  sp. HK1 (plasmid)Streptomyces 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001661618 
               
               
                 (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK899085 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   O. Betaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Burkholderia cenocepacia  HI2424 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_840498 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Burkholderia (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Burkholderia cenocepacia  J2315 
                 putative ligase 
                 YP_002235530 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Burkholderia (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Burkholderia multivorans  ATCC 17616 
                 DNA polymerase LigD 
                 YP_001573706 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Burkholderia (3 proteins) 
                 ligase subunit 
               
               
                 
                   R. Gammaproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Pseudomonas putida  (plasmid)Pseudomonas (1 
                 putative ligase 
                 NP_542805 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK862724 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   A. Archaea 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Archaeoglobus fulgidus  DSM 
                 DNA ligase, putative 
                 NP_070553 
               
               
                 4304Archaeoglobus (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   J. Firmicutes 
                 
               
               
                   Desulfotomaculum  reducens MI- 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001113345 
               
               
                 1Desulfotomaculum (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Moorella thermoacetica  ATCC 39073Moorella 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase, 
                 YP_430340 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
                 central 
               
               
                 
                   Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001211793 
               
               
                 SIPelotomaculum (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus  ATCC 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001664477 
               
               
                 33223Thermoanaerobacter (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Thermoanaerobacter  sp. 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_001662589 
               
               
                 X514Thermoanaerobacter (2 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK820690 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   A. Archaea 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 uncultured methanogenic archaeon RC- 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_686457 
               
               
                 Ienvironmental samples (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   C. Actinobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium avium  104Mycobacterium (2 
                 DNA polymerase LigD 
                 YP_882332 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 ligase subunit 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis   
                 hypothetical protein 
                 NP_960263 
               
               
                 K-10Mycobacterium (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Saccharopolyspora erythraea  NRRL 
                 DNA ligase, ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001107793 
               
               
                 2338Saccharopolyspora (1 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium japonicum  USDA 
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_774671 
               
               
                 110Bradyrhizobium (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium  sp. BTAi1Bradyrhizobium (2 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001243518 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK808255 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Sinorhizobium medicae 
                 
                 DNA polymerase LigD 
                 YP_001326990 
               
               
                 WSM419Sinorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 ligase region 
               
               
                   Sinorhizobium meliloti  1021 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 NP_437750 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Sinorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase protein 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK806855 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Agrobacterium tumefaciens  str. C58 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_395985 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Agrobacterium (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Agrobacterium tumefaciens  str. C58 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_396032 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Agrobacterium (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Agrobacterium tumefaciens  str. C58 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_396609 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Agrobacterium (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Rhizobium etli  CFN 42 (plasmid)Rhizobium 
                 putative DNA ligase (ATP) 
                 YP_472413 
               
               
                 (10 proteins) 
                 protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium etli  CIAT 652Rhizobium (10 
                 probable ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001977317 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium etli  CIAT 652 (plasmid)Rhizobium 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001985803 
               
               
                 (10 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii   
                 DNA polymerase LigD, 
                 YP_002973496 
               
               
                 WSM1325 (plasmid)Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
                 ligase domain protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii   
                 DNA polymerase LigD, 
                 YP_002984974 
               
               
                 WSM1325 (plasmid)Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
                 ligase domain protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii   
                 DNA polymerase LigD, 
                 YP_002984992 
               
               
                 WSM1325 (plasmid)Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
                 ligase domain protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii   
                 DNA polymerase LigD, 
                 YP_002281897 
               
               
                 WSM2304Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
                 ligase domain protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii   
                 DNA polymerase LigD, 
                 YP_002278005 
               
               
                 WSM2304 (plasmid)Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
                 ligase domain protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  viciae  3841 
                 putative DNA ligase 
                 YP_764723 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  viciae  3841 
                 putative DNA ligase 
                 YP_771149 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Rhizobium (10 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Sinorhizobium meliloti 
                 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001965531 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Sinorhizobium (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Sinorhizobium meliloti  1021 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_435470 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Sinorhizobium (2 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK762775 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Rhodococcus jostii  RHA1 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_708952 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Rhodococcus (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Rhodococcus opacus  B4 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_002776886 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Rhodococcus (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK761995 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   N. Alphaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   Nitrobacter hamburgensis  X14Nitrobacter (1 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_579015 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Rhodopseudomonas palustris 
                 
                 ATP dependent DNA ligase 
                 YP_569297 
               
               
                 BisB5Rhodopseudomonas (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Rhodopseudomonas palustris  TIE- 
                 DNA polymerase LigD, 
                 YP_001991309 
               
               
                 1Rhodopseudomonas (2 proteins) 
                 ligase domain protein 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK523944 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   R. Gammaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Pseudomonas fluorescens 
                 
                 putative ATP-dependent 
                 YP_002887417 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Pseudomonas (3 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Pseudomonas putida  (plasmid)Pseudomonas (3 
                 putative ligase fragment 
                 NP_863069 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Pseudomonas  sp. ND6 (plasmid)Pseudomonas 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_943185 
               
               
                 (3 proteins) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 CLSK390680 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   R. Gammaproteobacteria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Mesorhizobium loti 
                 
                 ATP-dependent DNA ligase 
                 NP_108227 
               
               
                 MAFF303099Mesorhizobium (3 proteins) 
               
               
                 
                   Mesorhizobium loti 
                 
                 hypothetical protein 
                 NP_108282 
               
               
                 MAFF303099Mesorhizobium (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   Mesorhizobium loti  MAFF303099 
                 DNA ligase-like protein 
                 NP_109396 
               
               
                 (plasmid)Mesorhizobium (3 proteins) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A subset of ligases of interest is in Table 1B below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 PRK08224 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B. Acidobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group; 
               
               
                 Acidobacteria; unclassifed Acidobacteria; Candidatus 
               
               
                   Koribacter ; Candidatus  Koribacter versatilis   
               
               
                 Candidatus  Solibacter usitatus  Ellin 6076 Candidatus 
                 ATP-Dependent 
                 YP_826317 
               
               
                   Solibacter  (1 proteins) 
                 DNA Ligase 
               
               
                 C. Actinobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); 
               
               
                 Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; 
               
               
                 Corynebacterineae; Mycobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium ;  Mycobacterium marinum   
               
               
                   Mycobacterium gilvum  PYR-GCK  Mycobacterium  (26 
                 ATP-Dependent 
                 YP_001132524 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium vanbaalenii  PYR-1  Mycobacterium  (26 
                 ATP-Dependent 
                 YP_956315 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA Ligase 
               
               
                   Mycobacterium  sp. MCS  Mycobacterium  (26 proteins) 
                 ATP-Dependent 
                 YP_642076 
               
               
                   
                 DNA Ligase 
               
               
                 F. Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia group; 
               
               
                 Verrucomicrobia; Opitutae; Opitutales; Opitutaceae; 
               
               
                   Opitutus ;  Opitutus terrae   
               
               
                   Opitutus terrae  PB90-1  Opitutus  (1 proteins) 
                 ATP-Dependent 
                 YP_001821013 
               
               
                   
                 DNA Ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PRK09125 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 O. Betaproteobacteria 
               
               
                   Neisseria meningitidis  Z2491  Neisseria  (7 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002341892 
               
               
                   Thiobacillus denitrificans  ATCC 25259  Thiobacillus  (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_314570 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   Variovorax paradoxus  S110  Variovorax  (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002944627 
               
               
                   Verminephrobacter eiseniae  EF01-2  Verminephrobacter   
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_998235 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 P. Deltaproteobacteria 
               
               
                 
                   Desulfobacterium autotrophicum 
                 
                 LigA2 
                 YP_002604477 
               
               
                 HRM2Desulfobacterium (1 proteins) 
               
               
                   Myxococcus xanthus  DK 1622  Myxococcus  (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_628883 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Q. Epsilonproteobacteria 
               
               
                   Campylobacter jejuni  subsp.  jejuni  NCTC 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_002345037 
               
               
                 11168  Campylobacter  (10 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Sulfurimonas denitrificans  DSM 1251  Sulfurimonas  (1 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_393098 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 R. Gammaproteobacteria 
               
               
                   Aggregatibacter aphrophilus  NJ8700  Aggregatibacter  (2 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_003007537 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Haemophilus influenzae  PittEE  Haemophilus  (3 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001290961 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Shewanella baltica  OS195  Shewanella  (18 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001554317 
               
               
                   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Shewanella loihica  PV-4  Shewanella  (18 proteins) 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001093713 
               
               
                   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Vibrio cholerae  M66-2  Vibrio  (9 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
                 YP_002810248 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PHA0454 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 b. Viruses 
               
               
                 Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Caudovirales; Podoviridae; 
               
               
                 Autographivirinae; phiKMV-like viruses 
               
               
                   Pseudomonas  phage LKD16phiKMV-like viruses (7 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001522807 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSZ2445448 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 a. Eukaryota 
               
               
                 Eukaryota; Alveolata; Ciliophora; 
               
               
                 Intramacronucleata; Oligohymenophorea; Peniculida; 
               
               
                 Parameciidae;  Paramecium ;  Paramecium tetraurelia   
               
               
                   Paramecium tetraurelia  strain d4-2  Paramecium  (5 
                 DNA ligase 
                 XP_001347270 
               
               
                 proteins) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PRK07636 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 J. Firmicutes 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; 
               
               
                   Bacillus ;  Bacillus clausii   
               
               
                   Bacillus subtilis  subsp.  subtilis  str. 168  Bacillus   
                 ATP-dependent 
                 NP_389932 
               
               
                   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; 
               
               
                 
                   Geobacillus 
                 
               
               
                   Geobacillus  sp. Y412MC10  Geobacillus   
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_003240778 
               
               
                   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK2551528 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 J. Firmicutes 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; 
               
               
                 
                   Geobacillus 
                 
               
               
                   Geobacillus  sp. Y412MC10  Geobacillus  (1 proteins) 
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_003245332 
               
               
                   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK2470953 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C. Actinobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; 
               
               
                 Actinomycetales; Micrococcineae; Micrococcaceae;  Arthrobacter ; 
               
               
                 
                   Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus 
                 
               
               
                   Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus  A6 
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_002478427 
               
               
                 (plasmid)  Arthrobacter  (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK2469924 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 J. Firmicutes 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; 
               
               
                 Alicyclobacillaceae;  Alicyclobacillus ;  Alicyclobacillus   
               
               
                   acidocaldarius ;  Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius  subsp. 
               
               
                 
                   acidocaldarius 
                 
               
               
                   Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius  subsp.  acidocaldarius   
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_003185050 
               
               
                 DSM 446  Alicyclobacillus   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK2340991 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N. Alphaproteobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Caulobacterales; Caulobacteraceae; 
               
               
                   Phenylobacterium ;  Phenylobacterium zucineum   
               
               
                   Phenylobacterium zucineum  HLK1 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_002128631 
               
               
                 (plasmid)  Phenylobacterium  (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK2333706 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 J. Firmicutes 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Peptococcaceae; Candidatus  Desulforudis ; 
               
               
                 Candidatus  Desulforudis audaxviator   
               
               
                 Candidatus  Desulforudis audaxviator   
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_001716762 
               
               
                 MP104C Candidatus  Desulforudis  (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK962101 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C. Actinobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; 
               
               
                 Micromonosporineae; Micromonosporaceae; 
               
               
                   Salinispora ;  Salinispora arenicola   
               
               
                   Salinispora arenicola  CNS-205  Salinispora  (2 proteins) 
                 DNA polymerase 
                 YP_001539124 
               
               
                   
                 LigD ligase 
               
               
                   
                 region 
               
               
                   Salinispora tropica  CNB-440  Salinispora  (2 proteins) 
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_001160776 
               
               
                   
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK915249 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C. Actinobacteria See CLSK2303611 above 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); 
               
               
                 Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Streptomycineae; 
               
               
                 Streptomycetaceae;  Streptomyces ;  Streptomyces   
               
               
                 
                   coelicolor 
                 
               
               
                   Streptomyces avermitilis  MA-4680 
                 putative ATP- 
                 NP_828839 
               
               
                 (plasmid)  Streptomyces  (2 proteins) 
                 dependint DNA 
               
               
                   
                 ligase 
               
               
                   Streptomyces  sp. HK1 (plasmid)  Streptomyces  (2 
                 putative ATP- 
                 YP_001661618 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 dependent DNA 
               
               
                   
                 ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK862724 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A. Archaea 
               
               
                 Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Archaeoglobi; 
               
               
                 Archaeoglobales; Archaeoglobaceae;  Archaeoglobus ; 
               
               
                 
                   Archaeoglobus fulgidus 
                 
               
               
                   Archaeoglobus fulgidus  DSM 4304  Archaeoglobus  (1 
                 DNA ligase, 
                 NP_070553 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 putative 
               
               
                 J. Firmicutes 
               
               
                   Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum  SI  Pelotomaculum   
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_001211793 
               
               
                 (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus  ATCC 
                 ATP dependent 
                 YP_001664477 
               
               
                 33223  Thermoanaerobacter  (2 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK820690 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A. Archaea 
               
               
                 Archaea; Euryarchaeota; environmental samples 
               
               
                 uncultured methanogenic archaeon RC-Ienvironmental 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 YP_686457 
               
               
                 samples (1 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                 N. Alphaproteobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                 Rhizobiales; Bradyrhizobiaceae;  Bradyrhizobium ; 
               
               
                 
                   Bradyrhizobium japonicum 
                 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium japonicum  USDA 110  Bradyrhizobium   
                 DNA ligase 
                 NP_774671 
               
               
                 (2 proteins) 
               
               
                   Bradyrhizobium  sp. BTAi1  Bradyrhizobium  (2 
                 putative ATP- 
                 YP_001243518 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 dependent DNA 
               
               
                   
                 ligase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK808255 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N. Alphaproteobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                 Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae;  Sinorhizobium /Ensifer 
               
               
                 group;  Sinorhizobium ;  Sinorhizobium medicae   
               
               
                   Sinorhizobium medicae  WSM419  Sinorhizobium  (2 
                 DNA polymerase 
                 YP_001326990 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 LigD ligase 
               
               
                   
                 region 
               
               
                   Sinorhizobium meliloti  1021 (plasmid)  Sinorhizobium   
                 putative ATP- 
                 NP_437750 
               
               
                 (2 proteins) 
                 dependent DNA 
               
               
                   
                 ligase protein 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK806855 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N. Alphaproteobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; 
               
               
                 Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae;  Rhizobium/Agrobacterium   
               
               
                 group;  Agrobacterium ;  Agrobacterium tumefaciens   
               
               
                   Agrobacterium tumefaciens  str. C58 
                 ATP-dependent 
                 NP_396032 
               
               
                 (plasmid)  Agrobacterium  (3 proteins) 
                 DNA ligase 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii  WSM1325 
                 DNA polymerase 
                 YP_002973496 
               
               
                 (plasmid)  Rhizobium  (10 proteins) 
                 LigD, ligase 
               
               
                   
                 domain protein 
               
               
                   Rhizobium leguminosarum  bv.  trifolii  WSM2304 
                 DNA polymerase 
                 YP_002278005 
               
               
                 (plasmid)  Rhizobium  (10 proteins) 
                 LigD, ligase 
               
               
                   
                 domain protein 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CLSK390680 
               
               
                 Organism 
                 Protein name 
                 Accession 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N. Alphaproteobacteria 
               
               
                 Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Phyllobacteriaceae; 
               
               
                   Mesorhizobium ;  Mesorhizobium loti   
               
               
                   Mesorhizobium loti  MAFF303099  Mesorhizobium  (3 
                 hypothetical 
                 NP_108282 
               
               
                 proteins) 
                 protein 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Some exemplary ligases are identified and their GI or accession numbers are provided in Table 1C below: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1C 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CV DNA Ligase, GenBank ID AAC96909.1, from 
               
               
                 Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1: 
               
               
                 MAITKPLLAATLENIEDVQFPCLATPKIDGIRSVKQTQMLSRTFKPIRNS 
               
               
                 VMNRLLTELLPEGSDGEISIEGATFQDTTSAVMTGHKMYNAKFSYYWFDY 
               
               
                 VTDDPLKKYIDRVEDMKNYITVHPHILEHAQVKIIPLIPVEINNITELLQ 
               
               
                 YERDVLSKGFEGVMIRKPDGKYKFGRSTLKEGILLKMKQFKDAEATIISM 
               
               
                 TALFKNTNTKTKDNFGYSKRSTHKSGKVEEDVMGSIEVDYDGVVFSIGTG 
               
               
                 FDADQRRDFWQNKESYIGKMVKFKYFEMGSKDCPRFPVFIGIRHEEDR 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MnM DNA Ligase, GenBank ID YP_333052.1, from 
               
               
                 Burkholderia pseudomallei 1710b (equivalent 
               
               
                 sequence to ABA50091) 
               
               
                 MSGVPYGFKPNLAATLTKPELIKFPVWASPKIDGIRCVFFGGVAYSRSLK 
               
               
                 PIPNPVVQEFAKAYANLLEGLDGELTVGSPTDANCMQNSMAVMSKAAAPD 
               
               
                 FTFHVFDWFHPAQAHIEFWQRSDVVEDRIVQFYDRYPEVDIRAAPQVLCT 
               
               
                 SLAHLDTNEARWLADGYEGMMIRDHCGRYKFGRSTEREGGLVKVKRFTDA 
               
               
                 EAIVIGFEEEMHNANEAKRDATGRTERSTSKAGLHGKGTLGALVVKNERG 
               
               
                 IVFNIGTGFTAAQRADYWANHPSLFGKMVKFKHFDHGTVDAPRHPVFIGF 
               
               
                 RHPEDM (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Hin DNA Ligase, GenBank ID P44121, from 
               
               
                 
                   Haemophilus influenza 
                 
               
               
                 MKFYRTLLLFFASSFAFANSDLMLLHTYNNQPIEGWVMSEKLDGVRGYWN 
               
               
                 GKQLLTRQGQRLSPPAYFIKDFPPFAIDGELFSERNHFEEIS   T   ITKSFKG 
               
               
                 DGWEKLKLYVFDVPDAEGNLFERLAKLKAHLLEHPTTYIEIIEQIPVKDK 
               
               
                 THLYQFLAQVENLQGEGVVVRNPNAPYERKRSSQILKLKTAR   G   EECTVIA 
               
               
                 HHKGKGQFENVMGALTCKNHRGEFKIGSGFNLNERENPPPIGSVITYKYR 
               
               
                 GITNSGKPRFATYWREKK (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DLX DNA Ligase, artificial ligase derived from Hin 
               
               
                 DNA ligase from  Haemophilus influenza : 
               
               
                 MKFYRTLLLFFASSFAFANSDLMLLHTYNNQPIEGWVMSEKLDGVRGYWN 
               
               
                 GKQLLTRQGQRLSPPAYFIKDFPPFAIDGELFSERNHFEEIS   S   ITKSFKG 
               
               
                 DGWEKLKLYVFDVPDAEGNLFERLAKLKAHLLEHPTTYIEIIEQIPVKDK 
               
               
                 THLYQFLAQVENLQGEGVVVRNPNAPYERKRSSQILKLKTARGEECTVIA 
               
               
                 HHKGKGQFENVMGALTCKNHRGEFKIGSGFNLNERENPPPIGSVITYKYR 
               
               
                 GITNSGKPRFATYWREKK (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DLXd DNA Ligase, artificial ligase derived from Hin 
               
               
                 D ligase from  Haemophilus influenza : 
               
               
                 MKFYRTLLLFFASSFAFANSDLMLLHTYNNQPIEGWVMSEKLDGVRGYWN 
               
               
                 GKQLLTRQGQRLSPPAYFIKDFPPFAIDGELFSERNHFEEIS   S   ITKSFKG 
               
               
                 DGWEKLKLYVFDVPDAEGNLFERLAKLKAHLLEHPTTYIEIIEQIPVKDK 
               
               
                 THLYQFLAQVENLQGEGVVVRNPNAPYERKRSSQILKLKTAR   D   EECTVIA 
               
               
                 HHKGKGQFENVMGALTCKNHRGEFKIGSGFNLNERENPPPIGSVITYKYR 
               
               
                 GITNSGKPRFATYWREKK (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DLXd2 DNA Ligase (Gammaproteobacteria,  Haemophilus   
               
               
                   influenza ) (modified) 
               
               
                 MLLHTYNNQPIEGWVMSEKLDGVRGYWNGKQLLTRQGQRLSPPAYFIKDF 
               
               
                 PPFAIDGELFSERNHFEEIS   S   ITKSFKGDGWEKLKLYVFDVPDAEGNLFE 
               
               
                 RLAKLKAHLLEHPTTYIEIIEQIPVKDKTHLYQFLAQVENLQGEGVVVRN 
               
               
                 PNAPYERKRSSQILKLKTAR   D   EECTVIAHHKGKGQFENVMGALTCKNHRG 
               
               
                 EFKIGSGFNLNERENPPPIGSVITYKYRGITNSGKPRFATYWREKK 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The SFL is in one aspect an enzyme that can mediate the formation of a covalent bond between two polynucleotide termini, e.g., a 3′-OH terminus and a 5′-PO4 terminus are joined together to form a phosphodiester bond. In some instances, DNA ligation entails any one or more of three sequential nucleotidyl transfer steps, discussed below. All three chemical steps depend on a divalent cation cofactor. In one aspect, the SFL is an ATP-dependent ligase or a NAD + -dependent ligase. 
     Optionally, the SFL is  Chlorella  virus DNA ligase (ChVLig). Ho, et al., J Virol, 71(3):1931-19374 (1997) or functional fragment or variant thereof. For example the SFL can comprise any one or more domains characteristic of a ligase, e.g., an N-terminal nucleotidyltransferase (NTase) domain and/or a C-terminal OB domain. The OB domain optionally comprises a five-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel plus an alpha-helix. Within the NTase domain is an adenylate-binding pocket composed of the six peptide motifs that define the covalent NTase enzyme family of polynucleotide ligases. Optionally, the NTase domain can comprise any one or more of the ligase amino acid motifs I, Ia, III, Ma, IV, V, and VI preferably all six motifs. Motif I (e.g., KxDGxR (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a “KXDG” motif) optionally contains a lysine. Exemplary sequences for each motif in CV ligase are ATPKIDGIR (motif I) (SEQ ID NO: 10), SRT (motif Ia), EGSDGEIS (motif III) (SEQ ID NO: 11), YWFDY (motif Ma) (SEQ ID NO: 12), EGVMIR (motif IV) (SEQ ID NO: 13), LLKMK (motif V) (SEQ ID NO: 14). Motif 1 preferably contains a lysine residue. Other examples of motif I include CELKLDGLA (SEQ ID NO: 15), VEHKVDGLS (SEQ ID NO: 16), CEPKLDGLA (SEQ ID NO: 17), CELKLDGVA (SEQ ID NO: 18), AEIKYDGVR (SEQ ID NO: 19), CEYKYDGQR (SEQ ID NO: 20), VDYKYDGER (SEQ ID NO: 21), FEIKYDGAR (SEQ ID NO: 22), FEGKWDGYR (SEQ ID NO: 23), AREKIHGTN (SEQ ID NO: 24), ACEKVHGTN (SEQ ID NO: 25), ILTKEDGSL (SEQ ID NO: 26), and VEEKVDGYN (SEQ ID NO: 27). Examples of motif Ia include TRG, SRT, SRR, SRN, SRS, KRT, KRS, SKG and TRG. Examples of motif III include LEVRGEVF (SEQ ID NO: 28), VEVRGECY (SEQ ID NO: 29), LEVRGEVY (SEQ ID NO: 30), LEARGEAF (SEQ ID NO: 31), FMLDGELM (SEQ ID NO: 32), EGSDGEIS (SEQ ID NO: 11), FILDTEAV (SEQ ID NO: 33), FIIEGEIV (SEQ ID NO: 34), AIVEGELV (SEQ ID NO: 35), VVLDGEAV (SEQ ID NO: 36), YQVFGEFA (SEQ ID NO: 37), LVLNGELF (SEQ ID NO: 38), FTANFEFV (SEQ ID NO: 39) and LILVGEMA (SEQ ID NO: 40). Examples of motif Ma include FCYGV (SEQ ID NO: 41), FLYTV (SEQ ID NO: 42), TFYAL (SEQ ID NO: 43), ICHGL (SEQ ID NO: 44), NAYGI (SEQ ID NO: 45), FVYGL (SEQ ID NO: 46), KLYAI (SEQ ID NO: 47), YWFDY (SEQ ID NO: 12), YAFDI (SEQ ID NO: 48), FLFDL (SEQ ID NO: 49), NLFDV (SEQ ID NO: 50), WAFDL (SEQ ID NO: 51), YVFDI (SEQ ID NO: 52), FAFDI (SEQ ID NO: 53), ILLNA (SEQ ID NO: 54), AND FLFDV (SEQ ID NO: 55). Examples of motif IV include DGVVIK (SEQ ID NO: 56), DGIVIK (SEQ ID NO: 57), DGVVVK (SEQ ID NO: 58), DGTVLK (SEQ ID NO: 59), EGLIVK (SEQ ID NO: 60), EGVMIR (SEQ ID NO: 13), EGLMVK (SEQ ID NO: 61), EGVMVK (SEQ ID NO: 62), EGLMAK (SEQ ID NO: 63), EGVIAK (SEQ ID NO: 64), EGYVLK (SEQ ID NO: 65), EGVVIR (SEQ ID NO: 66), EGYVAV (SEQ ID NO: 67), and EGIIMK (SEQ ID NO: 68). Examples of motif V include AVAFK (SEQ ID NO: 69), AIAYK (SEQ ID NO: 70), ALAYK (SEQ ID NO: 71), AIAYK (SEQ ID NO: 70), WWKMK (SEQ ID NO: 72), LLKMK (SEQ ID NO: 14), WLKLK (SEQ ID NO: 73), WIKLK (SEQ ID NO: 74), WLKIK (SEQ ID NO: 75), WVKDK (SEQ ID NO: 76), AIKCK (SEQ ID NO: 77), IIKLR (SEQ ID NO: 78), HFKIK (SEQ ID NO: 79) and IVKYV (SEQ ID NO: 80). The SFL optionally comprises all six motifs. Optionally all six motifs are found together in a naturally-occurring ligase, such as a SFL identified herein. Optionally, the SFL is not an RNA-capping enzyme. 
     The ligase optionally comprises any functional portion of a SFL. The ligase can be homologous to a SFL or any functional portion thereof, for example more than 75%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% homologous at the amino acid level. 
     Optionally, any of the ligation methods described herein is performed by an SFL that is not CV ligase or a functional fragment or derivative thereof. Optionally, the SFL is not T4 DNA ligase or functional fragment or variant thereof. Optionally, the SFL is less than 70%, 80% or 90% identical to T4 DNA ligase. In some examples, the SFL is not a ligase that was known by effective filing date of this application to efficiently ligate oligonucleotides shorter than 6 nucleotides in length. In some examples, the SFL is not a ligase that was known by Jan. 11, 2011, to efficiently ligate oligonucleotides shorter than 6 nucleotides in length. 
     In a typical assay, a probe that is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleotides in length is ligated in template-dependent manner to a primer using an SFL. Optionally, the 3′ end of the probe is ligated to the 5′ end of the primer, or vice versa. Optionally, the SFL is CV ligase. The efficiency of ligation is for example more than 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50%. In other instances a probe that is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 nucleotides in length is ligated in template-dependent manner to a primer using an SFL. Optionally, the 5′ end of the probe is ligated to the 3′ end of the primer, or vice versa. Optionally, the SFL is CV ligase. The efficiency of ligation is for example more than 80%, 90% or 95%. 
     In any ligation described herein, ligation product is optionally detected. Ligation can be detected by any known method or method described herein. For example the primer and/or template can be immobilized on a support and the probe labeled. The label on the ligated immobilized probe can be detected after non-ligated probe has been washed away. In other embodiments any one or more of the probe, primer or template is labeled. Any one or more of these reagents can optionally be immobilized. 
     In any ligation herein, the ligation can be repeated for a desired number of cycles, for example any reagent that has been subjected to a first ligation cycle is used as a reagent in a next ligation cycle. For example the primer, probe or template of a first ligation cycle can be used as primer, probe or template in a next ligation cycle. In some embodiments (e.g., ligation sequencing) the primer of a first cycle is used as primer in the next cycle. In other instances, the primer of a first cycle can be used a probe or template in the next, the probe of a first cycle can be used as primer or template, or the template of a first cycle can be used as primer or probe the next. 
     The next cycle can be designed such that both ligated and unligated reagent of a first cycle can act as reagent in the next cycle. For example, the ligated and unligated primer of a first ligation cycle can be used as primer in the next cycle. Alternatively, the next cycle can be designed such that only a ligation product of the first cycle can act as a ligation reagent in the next cycle, and reagents that remain unligated in the first cycle will not act as reagents in the next cycle. In some examples, the unligated reagents of the previous cycle are “capped” or otherwise rendered unligatable before the next cycle of ligation is executed. 
     Any one or more ligases and/or ligation methods encompassed by the invention can optionally be used in one or more ligation assay formats, and/or are performed in the context of one or more specific ligation applications. Non-limiting examples of assay formats include: oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), a ligase chain reaction (LCR), a ligase detection reaction (LDR) and combination assays such as the OLA coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), e.g., OLA-PCR and PCR-OLA, the Combined Chain Reaction (CCR; a combination of PCR and LCR) and PCR-LDR (see, e.g., Landegren et al., Science 241:1077-80, 1988; Barany, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:189-93, 1991; Grossman et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 22(21):4527-34, 1994; Bi and Stambrook, Nucl. Acids Res. 25(14):2949-51, 1997; Zirvi et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 27(24):e40, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,617; and PCT Publication Nos. WO 97/31256 and WO 01/92579. Non-limiting examples of specific applications include: amplification of template, detection and/or quantification of the presence of a particular nucleic acid, e.g., in a diagnostic sample, ligation sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, SNP genotyping, mutation detection, identification of single copy genes, detecting microsatellite repeat sequences, and DNA adduct mapping, among other things. See also Whitely et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,750; Letsinger et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,930; Fung et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,826; Kool, U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,180; Landegren et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,921; Xu and Kool, Nucleic Acids Research, 27: 875-881 (1999); Higgins et al, Methods in Enzymology, 68: 50-71 (1979); Engler et al, The Enzymes, 15-3-29 (1982); and Namsaraev, U.S. patent publication 2004/0110213. 
     In an embodiment, the method of ligation comprises or consists of a proximity ligation assay (PLA). PLAs typically involve at least three steps. The first step is typically the binding of first and second probes (e.g., antibody probes) to a ligand (e.g., a protein of interest) such that the probes are in close proximity to another. Each of the probes typically contain an oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotides are brought into proximity to one another with the binding of the probes and, in the second step, are then ligated to one another (e.g., the ligation event). The ligated oligonucleotides may then be amplified and detected to determine the presence of the ligand with a sample (e.g., a biological sample). 
     An exemplary PLA assay comprises the steps of determining the presence or absence of a target protein in a sample, comprising (a) contacting the target protein with at least a first and second binding agent, each binding agent having binding specificity for the protein and being adjoined to at least one polynucleotide, (b) ligating the oligonucleotides on the first and second binding agent to one another using a ligase to produce a target nucleic acid and amplifying the target nucleic acid; (c) detecting whether amplified target nucleic acid is present or not, and (d) concluding that the target protein is present in the sample if a significant amount of amplified target nucleic acid is detected, and/or concluding that the target protein is absent from the sample if a significant amount of amplified target nucleic acid is not detected. Optionally, step (d) alternatively or additionally comprises measuring or otherwise assessing the amount of amplified target nucleic acid, and taking the amount of amplified nucleic acid as an indicator of the amount of target protein present in the sample. 
     In any methods described herein, polynucleotide ligation probes can be used for detection of a target nucleic acid. The ligation probe is optionally capable of binding to a target nucleic acid of complementary sequence through one or more types of chemical bonds, usually through complementary base pairing, usually through hydrogen bond formation. As used herein, a probe may include natural (i.e., A, G, C, or T) or modified bases (7-deazaguanosine, inosine, etc.). In addition, the bases in a probe may be joined by a linkage other than a phosphodiester bond, so long as it does not interfere with hybridization. Thus, for example, probes may be peptide nucleic acids in which the constituent bases are joined by peptide bonds rather than phosphodiester linkages. It will be understood by one of skill in the art that probes may bind target sequences lacking complete complementarity with the probe sequence depending upon the stringency of the hybridization conditions. The probes are preferably directly labeled as with isotopes, chromophores, lumiphores, chromogens, or indirectly labeled such as with biotin to which a streptavidin complex may later bind. By assaying for the presence or absence of the probe, one can detect the presence or absence of the select sequence or subsequence. 
     The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) is a convenient, highly-stringent method that permits distinction among known DNA sequence variants (Landegren, 1988). Multiplex analysis of highly polymorphic loci is useful for identification of individuals, e.g., for paternity testing and in forensic science, organ transplant donor-receiver matching, genetic disease diagnosis, prognosis, and pre-natal counseling, and other genetic-based testing which depend on the discrimination of single-base differences at a multiplicity of loci (Delahunty, 1996). For example, different assays where two PNA-DNA chimeras, a wild-type (WT) sequence chimera and a mutant sequence chimera, bear different fluorescent dyes. Only when the mutant sequence is present in the target sample, will the mutant sequence chimera ligate to the adjacently annealed second probe (oligo) if the mutant base pair is at the ligation site. 
     a) Sequence Determination 
     In some embodiments, successive cycles of ligation can be performed, where the ligation product of a previous cycle is used as primer, probe and/or template in a succeeding cycle. 
     An exemplary use of such repetitive ligation is ligation sequencing. A template to be sequenced optionally contains a primer-binding region and polynucleotide region of unknown sequence. A primer with a ligatable terminus (e.g., a free 3′ OH group or 5′ phosphate group) is annealed to the primer binding region. An extension probe is hybridized to the template adjacently to the primer. The proximal nucleotide of the probe forms a complementary base pair with unknown nucleotide in the template. The extension probe is then ligated to the primer, optionally with an SFL, resulting in an extended duplex. Following ligation, the label attached to extension probe is optionally detected. The process is repeated for a desired number of cycles, using the ligation product of one cycle as the primer of the next cycle. Optionally, the extension probe has a non-ligatable distal terminus, and is then cleaved to provide a ligatable extended duplex. 
     In one example, the 3′ terminus of the primer is ligated to the 5′ terminus of the extension probe. The optional step of cleavage can be done for example at a phosphorothiolate linkage using AgNO 3  or another salt that provides Ag +  ions, leaving a phosphate group at the 3′ end of the extended duplex. Phosphatase treatment is used to generate an extendable probe terminus on the extended duplex. 
     In one-base encoding, the label corresponds to the identity of nucleotide X. Thus nucleotide Y is identified as the nucleotide complementary to nucleotide X. In other encodings, the label does not have a one-to-one correspondence with the identity of any particular nucleotide in the template. 
     Also provided are probe families for use in various ligation methods herein, e.g., sequencing. The probe families are optionally characterized in that each probe family comprises a plurality of labeled oligonucleotide probes of different sequence and, at each position in the sequence, a probe family comprises at least 2 probes having different bases at that position. Probes in each probe family comprise the same label. Preferably the probes comprise a scissile internucleoside linkage. The scissile linkage can be located anywhere in the probe. Preferably the probes have a moiety that is not extendable by ligase at one terminus. Preferably the probes are labeled at a position between the scissile linkage and the moiety that is not extendable by ligase, such that cleavage of the scissile linkage following ligation of a probe to an extendable probe terminus results in an unlabeled portion that is ligated to the extendable probe terminus and a labeled portion that is no longer attached to the unlabeled portion. 
     In multiple-base encodings, the probes in each probe family preferably comprise at least j nucleosides X, wherein j is at least 2, and wherein each X is at least 2-fold degenerate among the probes in the probe family. Probes in each probe family further comprise at least k nucleosides N, wherein k is at least 2, and wherein N represents any nucleoside. In general, j+k is equal to or less than 100, typically less than or equal to 30. Nucleosides X can be located anywhere in the probe. Nucleosides X need not be located at contiguous positions. Similarly nucleosides N need not be located at contiguous positions. In other words, nucleosides X and N can be interspersed. Nevertheless, nucleosides X can be considered to have a 5′→3′ sequence, with the understanding that the nucleosides need not be contiguous. For example, nucleosides X in a probe of structure X A NX G NNX C N would be considered to have the sequence AGC. Similarly, nucleosides N can be considered to have a sequence. 
     Nucleosides X can be identical or different but are not independently selected, i.e., the identity of each X is constrained by the identity of one or more other nucleosides X in the probe. Thus in general only certain combinations of nucleosides X are present in any particular probe and within the probes in any particular probe family. In other words, in each probe, the sequences of nucleosides X can only represent a subset of all possible sequences of length j. Thus the identity of one or more nucleotides in X limits the possible identities for one or more of the other nucleosides. 
     Nucleosides N are preferably independently selected and can be A, G, C, or T (or, optionally, a degeneracy-reducing nucleoside). Preferably the sequence of nucleosides N represents all possible sequences of length k, except that one or more N may be a degeneracy-reducing nucleoside. The probes thus contain two portions, of which the portion consisting of nucleosides N is referred to as the unconstrained portion and the portion consisting of nucleosides X is referred to as the constrained portion. As described above, the portions need not be contiguous nucleosides. Probes that contain a constrained portion and an unconstrained portion are referred to herein as partially constrained probes. Preferably one or more nucleosides in the constrained portion is at the proximal end of the probes, i.e., at the end that contains the nucleoside that will be ligated to the extendable probe terminus, which can be either the 5′ or 3′ end of the oligonucleotide probe in different embodiments of the invention. 
     Since the constrained portion of any oligonucleotide probe can only have certain sequences, knowing the identity of one or more of the nucleosides in the constrained portion of a probe, either by itself, or optionally in combination with the identity of the label on the probe, provides information about one or more of the other nucleotides in the constrained portion. The information may or may not be sufficient to precisely identify one or more of the other nucleosides, but it will be sufficient to eliminate one or more possible nucleotide combinations and/or permutations in the constrained portion. Optionally, the information is not sufficient to eliminate any possible identity of any one individual nucleotide in the constrained portion. In certain preferred embodiments, knowing the identity of one nucleoside in the constrained portion of a probe is sufficient to precisely identify each of the other nucleosides in the constrained portion, i.e., to determine the identity and order of the nucleosides that comprise the constrained portion. 
     As in the one-base-encoding sequencing methods described above, the most proximal nucleoside in an extension probe that is complementary to the template is ligated to an extendable terminus of an initializing oligonucleotide (in the first cycle of extension, ligation, and detection) and to an extendable terminus of an extended oligonucleotide probe in subsequent cycles of extension, ligation, and detection. Detection of the associated label determines the name of the probe family to which the newly ligated probe belongs. Since each position in the constrained portion of the probe is at least 2-fold degenerate, the name of the probe family does not in itself identify any nucleotide in the constrained portion. However, since the sequence of the constrained portion is one of a subset of all possible sequences of length j, identifying the probe family does eliminate certain possibilities for the sequence of the constrained portion. The constrained portion of the probe constitutes its sequence determining portion. Therefore, eliminating one or more possibilities for the identity of one or more nucleosides in the constrained portion of the probe by identifying the probe family to which it belongs eliminates one or more possibilities for the identity of a nucleotide in the template to which the extension probe hybridizes. In preferred embodiments of the invention the partially constrained probes comprise a scissile linkage between any two nucleosides. 
     In certain embodiments the partially constrained probes have the general structure (X) j (N) k , in which X represents a nucleoside, (X) j  is at least 2-fold degenerate at each position such that X can be any of at least 2 nucleosides having different base-pairing specificities, N represents any nucleoside, j is at least 2, k is between 1 and 100, and at least one N or X other than the X at the probe terminus comprises a detectable moiety. Preferably (N) k  is independently 4-fold degenerate at each position so that, in each probe, (N) k  represents all possible sequences of length k, except that one or more positions in (N) k  may be occupied by a degeneracy-reducing nucleotide. Nucleosides in (X) j  can be identical or different but are not independently selected. In other words, in each probe, (X) j  can only represent a subset of all possible sequences of length j. Thus the identity of one or more nucleotides in (X) j  limits the possible identities for one or more of the other nucleosides. The probes thus contain two portions, of which (N) k  is the unconstrained portion and (X) j  is the constrained portion. 
     In certain preferred embodiments of the invention the partially constrained probes have the structure 5′-(X) j (N) k N B *-3′ or 3′-(X) j (N) k N B *-5′, wherein N represents any nucleoside, N B  represents a moiety that is not extendable by ligase, * represents a detectable moiety, (X) j  is a constrained portion of the probe that is at least 2-fold degenerate at each position, nucleosides in (X) j  can be identical or different but are not independently selected, at least one internucleoside linkage is a scissile linkage, j is at least 2, and k is between 1 and 100, with the proviso that a detectable moiety may be present on any nucleoside N or X other than the X at the probe terminus instead of, or in addition to, N B . The scissile linkage can be between two nucleosides in (X) j , between the most distal nucleotide in (X) j  and the most proximal nucleoside in (N) k , between nucleosides within (N) k , or between the terminal nucleoside in (N) k  and N B . Preferably the scissile linkage is a phosphorothiolate linkage. 
     A plurality of probe families is referred to as a “collection” of probe families. Probes in each probe family in a collection of probe families are labeled with a label that is distinguishable from labels used to label other probe families in the collection. Each probe family preferably has its own defined set of sequences, which optionally do not overlap with any other probe family. Preferably the combination of sets of defined sequences for probe families in a collection of probe families includes all possible sequences of the length of the sequence-determining portion. Preferably a collection of probe families comprises or consists of 4 distinguishably labeled probe families. 
     Preferably the sequence-determining portions of the probes in each probe family are the same length, and preferably the sequence-determining portions of probe families in a collection of probe families are of the same length. Preferably the sequencing-determining portion is a constrained portion that is at least 2 nucleosides in length. 
     In some instances, a series of ligation cycles starting from a particular primer allows partial determination of a sequence, i.e., the identification of individual nucleotides spaced apart from one another in a template. Optionally, in order to gather more complete information, a plurality of reactions is performed in which each reaction utilizes a different initializing oligonucleotide i. The initializing oligonucleotides i bind to different portions of the binding region. Preferably the initializing oligonucleotides bind at positions such the extendable termini of the different initializing oligonucleotides are offset by 1 or more nucleotides from each other when hybridized to the template. For example, as shown in  FIG.  3   , sequencing reactions 1 . . . N are performed. Initializing oligonucleotides i 1  . . . i n  have the same length and bind such that their terminal nucleotides hybridize to successive adjacent positions in the template. Extension probes e 1  . . . e n  thus bind at successive adjacent regions of the template and are ligated to the extendable termini of the initializing oligonucleotides. Terminal nucleotide of probe e n  ligated to i n  is complementary to nucleotide of polynucleotide region, i.e., the first unknown polynucleotide in the template. In the second cycle of extension, ligation, and detection, terminal nucleotide of probe e 12  is complementary to nucleotide of polynucleotide region, i.e., the second nucleotide of unknown sequence. Likewise, terminal nucleotides of extension probes ligated to duplexes initialized with initializing oligonucleotides i 2 , i 3 , i 4 , and so on, will be complementary to the third, fourth, and fifth nucleotides of unknown sequence. It will be appreciated that the initializing oligonucleotides may bind to regions progressively further away from the polynucleotide region rather than progressively closer to it. 
     The spacer function of the non-terminal nucleotides of the extension probes allows the acquisition of sequence information at positions in the template that are considerably removed from the position at which the initializing oligonucleotide binds without requiring a correspondingly large number of cycles to be performed on any given template. 
     a. Capping 
     In any one or more repetitive ligation methods herein, it is possible that fewer than all probes with extendable termini participate in a successful ligation reaction in each cycle of extension, ligation, and cleavage. It will be appreciated that if such probes participated in succeeding cycles, the accuracy of each nucleotide identification step could progressively decline. In certain embodiments of the invention a capping step is included to prevent those extendable termini that do not undergo ligation from participating in future cycles. When sequencing in the 5′→3′ direction using extension probes containing a 3′-O—P—S—S′ phosphorothiolate linkage, capping may be performed by extending the unligated extendable termini with a DNA polymerase and a non-extendable moiety, e.g., a chain-terminating nucleotide such as a dideoxynucleotide or a nucleotide with a blocking moiety attached, e.g., following the ligation or detection step. When sequencing in the 3′→5′ direction using extension probes containing a 3′-S—P—O—S′ phosphorothiolate linkage, capping may be performed, e.g., by treating the template with a phosphatase, e.g., following ligation or detection. Other capping methods may also be used. 
     It is contemplated that any ligation assay or method herein can be highly multiplexed such that a large number of assays (e.g., greater than 1,000) can be performed in parallel, e.g., simultaneously. 
     Any multiplexed ligation assay can optionally be conducted on solid substrates where one or more ligation reagents (e.g., the ligase, template, probe and/or primer) can be immobilized on a solid support or surface. Optionally, the primers, probe and/or template can be attached to different portions of a solid substrate in the form of an array. Optionally, the template, primer or probe can be covalently attached to the solid substrate. 
     Optionally, one or more ligation reagents are labeled (e.g., template, probe and/or primer) so that ligation products may be discriminated from each other. Alternatively, ligation products can be distinguished based on: (i) size using electrophoresis or chromatography and/or (ii) detectable labels (Grossman, 1994). For example, multiplexed ligation assays can be conducted on a single sample in a single vessel. 
     Any of reagents herein (e.g., primer, probe and/or template) can be optionally immobilized on a solid phase. The solid phase optionally comprises a surface to which one or more reactants may be attached electrostatically, hydrophobically, or covalently. Representative solid phases include e.g.: nylon 6; nylon 66; polystyrene; latex beads; magnetic beads; glass beads; polyethylene; polypropylene; polybutylene; butadiene-styrene copolymers; silastic rubber; polyesters; polyamides; cellulose and derivatives; acrylates; methacrylates; polyvinyl; vinyl chloride; polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl fluoride; copolymers of polystyrene; silica gel; silica wafers glass; agarose; dextrans; liposomes; 
     insoluble protein metals; and, nitrocellulose. Representative solid phases can be formed into appropriate articles such as beads (e.g., microparticles), tubes, strips, disks, filter papers, plates and the like. 
     In an embodiment, any one of the following can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a bead): the SFL, one or more polynucleotide reagents (e.g., an initializing probe, an extension probe, a target DNA or template, a 3′ terminal or 5′ terminal polynucleotide). 
     If so desired, one or more labels can be coupled to any reagent of interest, e.g., the SFL or an antibody that binds specifically to the SFL, one or more polynucleotides (e.g., the template, the 5′-terminal polynucleotide, the 3′-terminal polynucleotide, the template, the initializing probe, the extension probe, etc. 
     Compositions 
     Also provided is a polypeptide comprising or consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence of an SFL provided herein, generally provided as GenBank Accession Nos. in the Tables, or a fragment or variant thereof. The fragment or variant thereof preferably can ligate short oligonucleotides at an efficiency comparable to its parent enzyme. Optionally, the variants or fragments of the SFLs are at least 70%, 80, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to the parent SFL. In an example, the SFL is a ligase derived from Hin DNA ligase (e.g., DLX, DLXd or DLXd2) or any fragment or variant thereof that still retains one or more mutant residues shown in  FIG.  2   , and/or has one or more C-terminal amino acids deleted, e.g., 22 C-terminal amino acids deleted. For example, the mutant Hin DNA ligase is at least 70% identical to Hin D ligase sequence provided in  FIG.  2    or in GenBank Accession No. P44121, which ligase comprises an amino acid mutation at position 193 of the Hin D ligase sequence provided in  FIG.  2    or in GenBank Accession No. P44121. Optionally the amino acid mutation consists of changing the glycine at position 193 to aspartic acid or glutamic acid. 
     Also provided is a nucleic acid encoding the novel SFLs or fragments or variants described herein. Also provided are genes of the novel SFL which comprise sequences that direct expression of the SFL. Also provided are nucleic acid vectors comprising a nucleic acid encoding the novel SFL and a host cell comprising such a vector. Also provided is an antibody that can bind specifically to the novel SFL but not to its naturally-occurring parent. 
     Optionally, the novel SFL or nucleic acid or vector or host cell or antibody is purified, isolated or recombinant. 
     Also provided is a method of making any one or more ligases described herein comprising: expressing the SFL in a host cell, e.g., by culturing said host cells under conditions such that the ligase is expressed; and optionally recovering or purifying said ligase. 
     Kits 
     Also provided are kits comprising components for performing ligation reactions according to the disclosure. Kits can contain an SFL or functional variant or fragment thereof. Kits can alternatively or additionally include one or more oligonucleotide probes less than 12 nucleotides in length, (e.g., less than 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 nucleotides in length), and/or primer oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, a kit can include CV ligase and one or more oligonucleotides probes less than 6 nucleotides in length. One or more probes for example comprises a 5′-phosphate and/or a label. The label is optionally attached to the 5′ terminus, or alternatively to the 3′ terminus. Optionally, one or more probes are cleavable. 
     The kits optionally provide one or more primers, probes and/or templates described herein. The primers and/or probes can have any one or more features or characteristics described herein. For example the probes can comprise a scissile (e.g., phosphorothiolate) linkage. The kits may contain a cleavage reagent suitable for cleaving phosphororothiolate linkages, e.g., AgNO3 and appropriate buffers in which to perform the cleavage. The probes can comprise a trigger residue such as a nucleoside containing a damaged base or an abasic residue. The kits may contain a cleavage reagent suitable for cleaving a linkage between a nucleoside and an adjacent abasic residue and/or a reagent suitable for removing a damaged base from a polynucleotide, e.g., a DNA glycosylase. Certain kits contain oligonucleotide probes that comprise a disaccharide nucleotide and contain periodate as a cleavage reagent. In certain embodiments the kits contain a collection of distinguishably labeled oligonucleotide probe families or collections described herein. Optionally the kit does not comprise a polymerase. Optionally the kit does not comprise an enzyme other than a ligase, phosphatase or kinase. Optionally the kit does not comprise an enzyme other than a SFL that has one or more activities mentioned herein. The kits may include ligation reagents (e.g., ligase, buffers, etc.) and instructions for practicing the particular embodiment of the invention. Appropriate buffers for the other enzymes that may be used, e.g., phosphatase, polymerases, may be included. In some cases, these buffers may be identical. Kits may also include a support, e.g. magnetic beads, which are either pre-attached to primers, primers or templates or are derivatised to be capable of attaching to such molecules. The beads may be functionalized with a primer for performing PCR amplification. Other optional components include washing solutions; vectors for inserting templates for PCR amplification; PCR reagents such as amplification primers, thermostable polymerase, nucleotides; reagents for preparing an emulsion; reagents for preparing a gel, etc. Kits can also comprise a plurality of distinguishably labeled probes, which can be labeled such that the identity of the label provides information about the sequence of the probe. Kits can also comprise other or additional compositions or reagents for use in ligation sequencing determination protocol. Optionally, the identity of the label provides the exact identity of a nucleotide occupying one degenerate position in the probe. For example, the identity of the label optionally eliminates one or more combinations or permutations of nucleotides at two or more degenerate positions. The probes are for example degenerate at two or more constrained positions, where the identity of a nucleotide at one constrained position eliminates at least one possible identity of a nucleotide at another constrained position. Optionally, knowing the identity of a constrained residue in that probe further eliminates at least one possible identity for another constrained residue in the probe. 
     Unless otherwise apparent from the context, any feature can be claimed in combination with any other, or be claimed as not present in combination with another feature. A feature can be for example any variation, step, feature, property, composition, method, step, degree, level, component, material, substance, element, mode, variable, aspect, measure, amount or embodiment. 
     Many features described herein are intended to be optional. If any feature is not explicitly indicated as being necessary, it is to be regarded as optional. Non-limiting examples of language indicating that a feature is optional include terms such as “variation,” “where,” “while,” “when,” “optionally,” “include,” “preferred,” “especial,” “recommended,” “advisable,” “particular,” “should,” “alternative,” “typical,” “representative,” “various,” “such as,” “the like,” “can,” “may,” “example,” “embodiment,” or “in an aspect” or “if” or any combination and/or variation of such terms. 
     Any indication that a feature is optional is intended to provide adequate support for claims that include closed or exclusive or negative language (e.g., under 35 U.S.C. 112 or Art. 83 and 84 of EPC). Exclusive language specifically excludes the particular recited feature from including any additional subject matter. For example, if it is indicated that A can be drug X, such language is intended to provide support for a claim that explicitly specifies that A consists of X alone, or that A does not include any other drugs besides X. “Negative” language explicitly excludes the optional feature itself from the scope of the claims. For example, if it is indicated that element A can be X, such language is intended to provide support for a claim that explicitly specifies that A is not X. 
     Non-limiting examples exclusive or negative terms include “only,” “solely,” “consisting of,” “consisting essentially of,” “alone,” “without”, “in the absence of (e.g., other items of the same type, structure and/or function)” “excluding,” “not”, “doesn&#39;t”, “cannot,” or any combination and/or variation of such language. 
     Similarly, referents such as “a,” “an,” “said,” or “the,” are intended to support explicitly single or plural referents where so desired. Non-limiting examples of plural referents include “at least one,” “one or more,” “more than one,” “two or more,” “a multiplicity,” “a plurality,” “any combination of,” “any permutation of,” “any one or more of,” etc. 
     All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Genbank records referenced by Genbank ID or accession number, particularly any polypeptide sequence, polynucleotide sequences or annotation thereof, are incorporated by reference herein. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. 
     The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     This example describes ligation of short probes. 
     The oligonucleotide reagents were as follows. The short oligos in forward ligation (i.e., ligation of the 3′ terminus of the probe to the 5′ terminus of the primer) were: 8mer: 5′-CTCATTCG-3′; timer: 5′-TCATTCG-3′ 5mer: 5′-ATTCG-3′; 4mer: 5′-TTCG-3′; 3mer: 5′-TCG-3′. Short oligos used for reverse ligation (i.e., ligation of the 5′ terminus of the probe to the 3′ terminus of the primer) were the same as forward ligation oligos except they have a 5′ phosphate. All oligonucleotides were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies. The forward primer was: PO 4 -5′-CTGCTGTACCGTACATCCGC-3′-6FAM (SEQ ID NO: 81). The reverse primer was: 5′-FAM-CTGCCCCGGGTTCCTCATTCTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 82). 
     Ligase Substrate Preparation: MyOne magnetic beads labeled with carboxylic acid, were obtained from Invitrogen. 5′ amino labeled, 41-base oligonucleotide (CCA CTA CGC CTC CGC TTT CCT CTC TAT GGG CAG TCG GTG AT (SEQ ID NO: 83)) was coupled to MyOne beads using standard amine coupling chemistry as taught in Nakajima et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 1995, 6(1), 123-130 ( FIG.  1   b   ). PCR was used to extend this oligonucleotide using (CTG CCC CGG GTT CCT CAT TCT CTA TTC GCT GCT GTA CCG TAC ATC CGC CTT GGC CGT ACA GCA GAT CAC CGA CTG CCC ATA GAG AGG (SEQ ID NO: 84)). The following 105 base ligation substrate was now tethered to MyOne beads (CCA CTA CGC CTC CGC TTT CCT CTC TAT GGG CAG TCG GTG ATC TGC TGT ACG GCC AAG GCG GAT GTA CGG TAC AGC AGC GAA TAG AGA ATG AGG AAC CCG GGG CAG,  FIG.  1   a    (SEQ ID NO: 85)). The amount of 105-base oligo tethered to the bead was measured by hybridization of a fluorescently labeled “primer” oligo, with 3′ fluorescein label (6FAM) for detection by capillary electrophoresis. The amount of fluorescence denatured from the template was compared to a standard curve. 
     Ligation reactions were performed in buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCL2, 1 mM ATP, 1 mM DTT and 5% w/v PEG 8000 at pH 7.5 (ligase buffer). Primer oligonucleotide was annealed to template in ligase buffer by heating to 85° C. for 10 minutes followed by slow cooling to room temperature. In the case of forward ligation, the primer was 5′ phosphorylated and a 3′ 6FAM labeled. In the case of reverse ligation, the primer was 5′ 6FAM labeled. Ligation reactions were performed in a 96 well plate using 2 nM template/primer, 2.0 μM ligase, 2-5 μM short oligonucleotide in a total volume of 50 μL. The ligation reactions proceeded for 20 minutes at 15° C. The reactions were stopped using 1% v/v SDS followed by magnetic separation of the templated beads from the solution. Beads were washed three times in 100 μL of 1% SDS prior to washing with 100 uL of 100% formamide. 5 μL of the supernatant containing denatured, FAM labeled primer and ligation product were then analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The ligation efficiency was calculated as the ratio of peak areas determined by CE, where FAM labeled, unligated and ligated primer were separated, i.e., Efficiency=ligated/(ligated+unligated). 
     Shown in  FIGS.  3 - 5    are a series of ligations of probes of different lengths with a variety of SFLs. In each panel, the ligation reaction is plotted as a function of the probe length. These data clearly demonstrate that small footprint ligases can ligate probe substrates as short as two nucleotides. By utilizing SFLs, the size of a sequencing probe set (e.g., for ligation sequencing in SOLiD™) can be reduced from the current set of 1024 8-mers to as few as 16 (in the case of di-mers), 64 (in the case of trimers), or 256 in the case of tetramers. 
     In another experiment, the ligation efficiency of SF Ligase was compared using the same experimental system as above to T4 DNA ligase, using 8-mer ligation sequencing probes that were conjugated or not conjugated to dyes. SFL the highest overall ligation efficiency for both the dark (chase) probe and the labeled sequencing probe. This is true at the 200 nM concentration of probe, which is currently used in SOLiD. Specifically, a mixture of 1024 probes is used in SOLiD, where each individual probe of the 1024 probes is present at a final working concentration of 200 nM. The other concentrations were 2000 nM of enzyme and 1 nM bead template, where ligation was performed at 15° C. for 30 minutes. Results are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Maximum ligation efficiency of 8mer probes by various ligase enzymes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ligase 
                 Dark 
                 Cy 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SFL 
                 0.91 ± 0.01 
                 0.82 ± 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 T4 
                 0.67 ± 0.02 
                 0.62 ± 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     The fidelity of a small-footprint ligase (CV ligase) was determined to be surprisingly better than T4 DNA ligase in DNA sequencing by ligation on the SOLiD sequencing system. A 35-nucleotide DNA template was covalently attached to beads, such each magnetic bead had about 100,000 covalently bound DNA molecules on average. Approximately 40 million beads were subjected to a ligation sequencing reaction at 20° C. The sequencing reaction ligated 8-mer oligonucleotide “probes” labeled with fluorescent dye onto a primer, and a total of seven consecutive ligation or probing events were performed on each template molecule. The approximate number of ligation events were therefore 100,000 (i.e., number of template molecules per bead)×40,000,000 (i.e., number of beads)×7 (number of ligation events per template)=2.8×10 13 . 
     Results are given in Table 3 below. 0MM=Percentage of all ligation products (which are the result of seven consecutive ligation events) with no mismatches; 3MM=Percentage of all ligation products (which are the result of seven consecutive ligation events) with less than 3 mismatches. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligase 
                 0MM 
                 3MM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 T4 
                 20% 
                 57% 
               
               
                   
                 SF 
                 27% 
                 65% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The sequencing by ligation data demonstrates that 20% of the time the ligation product was perfectly complementary to the template and formed by seven consecutive ligation events that were all correct. An estimate of the ligation fidelity (expressed as the percentage probability that a ligation event is correct, or “p”) can be calculated from the equation: OMNI rate=(p/100) n  where p is the percentage ligation fidelity and n is the number of ligation events per final ligation product (here, seven). Thus for T4 DNA ligase, the ligation fidelity is 79.5% and for SFL the ligation fidelity is 83%.