Patent Publication Number: US-10767018-B2

Title: Isotactic polypropylene based composite

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of South African Application No. 2016/05959, filed Aug. 26, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     THIS invention relates to an isotactic polypropylene based composite and more particularly to the production of the highly nucleating isotactic polypropylene composite. 
     Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used commodity polymers because of its excellent cost-performance value. However, PP has a low upper service temperature [1], which can be correlated with the heat distortion temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening point. One way to address this drawback is to introduce cross-linking between polymer chains because cross-linking leads to a polymer matrix with higher thermal and thermo-mechanical stabilities [1]. In the case of PP, the chemical inertness makes functionalization and cross-linking very difficult. One way to cross-link PP chains is via peroxide reactions followed by silane-water cross-linking. Free radicals are usually generated during peroxide reactions in the first step. In the second step, the silane-grafted polymer is cross-linked via exposure to a humid environment [2]. However, both steps are tedious and not commercially viable. 
     Another potential approach is the incorporation of additives, such as inorganic fillers [3-6], cellulose [7], natural fibers [8], etc. Several studies have been conducted on the effect of additives on the thermo-mechanical properties of PP. In most cases, surface treated fillers were used to improve the interfacial interaction between the polymer matrix and filler surface. For example, to improve the dispersion of glass fibers in the PP-matrix, it was necessary to modify the glass fiber surface with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane [3]. So far, the greatest improvement in HDT of PP was achieved with 50% cellulose in the presence of maleic anhydride-grafted PP (PP-g), and it is approximately 66° C. higher than that of neat PP (MFI=75 g/10 min, measured at 230° C. and 2.16 kg) [7]. Therefore, by adding fillers, the HDT of PP can be improved to a certain extent. 
     Another challenge with the PP matrix is its lower crystallization temperature. In the molding industry, the cycle time is dependent on the crystallization temperature of the polymeric material. Therefore a polymeric material having a low crystallization temperature requires a longer cycle time in the molding process. As a result more energy is required and which may become costly. 
     Cross-linking or the introduction of a network structure in a polymer matrix usually imposes restriction on the macromolecular chain mobility. Hence, the cross-linked material can stay rigid and exhibit dimensional stability [9]. In this direction, the restriction on the polymer chain mobility can be obtained by incorporation of filler which in turn also enhances the HDT of the neat polymer matrix [8]. The improvement in the HDT of the PP matrix also depends on other factors, such as crystallinity, crystal size [10], β-crystal formation [11], orientation of crystals in the presence of a nucleating agent [12], and relaxation and recrystallization during thermal annealing [13]. 
     Sirisinha et al. [14] used the silane grafting and water cross-linking method to prepare a PP-based composite with stearic acid-coated calcium carbonate. They found that, besides silane grafting, the addition of stearic acid coated calcium carbonate on top of silane grafting can improve the HDT of PP (MFI=3.64 g/10 min) by 80° C. For this reason, they prepared a master-batch of PP and stearic acid-coated calcium carbonate. Then, the master-batch was tumble-mixed with vinyltrimethoxysilane and dicumyl peroxide solution and kept in a nitrogen environment overnight. Subsequently, the mixture went under further extrusion and molding processes prior to the water crosslinking step. However, this process is tedious and not energy efficient; therefore, it is not commercially viable. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,529 Yamamoto et al. [15] discloses reaction of an endo-bicyclo[2.2.1]-5 heptine-2,3dicarboxylic anhydride-modified PP with an amino or epoxy silane. The purpose of this reaction was to use the alkoxy groups to bind the fillers and to react with the non-grafted carboxylic anhydride to form low odor and non-volatile products [15]. A very fast reaction between aminosilane and the grafted acid anhydride was also reported in the European patent EP 1 021 486 B1 on silane vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers [9]. In this case, the carboxylic anhydride was grafted on the rubber phase polymer (elastomer). The authors of EP 10 21 486 B1 used SILQUEST A-186 [γ-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxy-silane], SILQUEST A-187 (γ-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane) and SILQUEST A-189 (γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane), and studied the effect of mixing sequence on the crosslinking and mechanical properties; however, there were no improvement in the HDT. To overcome this challenge, the authors first blended all of the ingredients for 5 min and then added the thermoplastic polymer and silane. In another process, all of the ingredients were mixed at the same time. However, the end product originating from their reaction mechanism was not a stable one (see, for example,  FIG. 1 ). 
     Over the last few years, several nucleating agents including nanoclay have been used to improve the crystallization temperature (T c ) of PP. Liu et al. [16] reported that in the presence of co-intercalated organoclay (hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium and epoxypropyl methacrylate-modified montmorillonite, MMT), the crystallization temperature of PP can be improved by 12° C. In presence of PP-g and C15A (commercially available organoclay, Cloisite® 15A), an improvement of 7° C. in T c  can be achieved [17]. The same level of improvement can also be achieved with C20A (commercially available organoclay, Cloisite® 20A) [18]. In the presence of the nucleating agents, such as cis-calcium hexahydrophthalate and disodium bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-dicarboxylate, the T c  of syndiotactic PP improved by 17° C. and 11° C., respectively [19]. However, such nucleating agents might not reduce the odor of MA in PP-g. 
     It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide an isotactic polypropylene based composite that will, at least partially, alleviate the above disadvantages. 
     It is also an object of the invention to provide an isotactic polypropylene based composite which will be a useful alternative to existing isotactic polypropylene based composite. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention there is provided a process for producing an isotactic polypropylene based composite, comprising: 
     reactive blending of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer; polypropylene grafted with a carboxylic anhydride or a furan type moiety such as maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene; and an amino silane such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane to produce an isotactic polypropylene based composite. 
     Preferably the reactive blending further takes place in the presence of an organically modified nanoclay. 
     The inorganic content of the organically modified nanoclay in the composite may be kept constant in a range of about 0.5 to about 2 wt %, preferably about 1 wt %. 
     According to the invention, a preferred grafting level of the carboxylic anhydride in the polypropylene grafted with the carboxylic anhydride or the furan type moiety in the polypropylene grafted with the furan type moiety may be in a range of about 0.5% to about 2%, preferably about 1%. 
     Typically, the molar mass ratio of carboxylic anhydride or the furan type moiety:an amino silane may be in a range of about 0.5:0.33 to about 1:2, preferably about 1:1. 
     Typically, the composition ratio of polypropylene:carboxylic anhydride or the furan type moiety grafted polypropylene may be in a range of about 49:1 to about 1:1, preferably about 3:1. 
     The carboxylic anhydride grafted polypropylene or the furan type moiety grafted polypropylene and organically modified nanoclay are preferably dried before the reaction. The carboxylic anhydride grafted polypropylene or the furan type moiety grafted polypropylene and organically modified nanoclay may be dried for about 24 hours under vacuum at about 100° C. 
     The reaction between the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane produces N-substituted maleimide-grafted polypropylene. 
     Preferably, the N-substituted maleimide-grafted polypropylene is represented by the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Typically the organically modified nanoclay is nanoclay silicate layers, preferably a 2:1 layered silicate modified with a thermally stable surfactant suitable for the preparation of isotactic polypropylene based composite such as 2 hydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium surfactant. 
     The organically modified nanoclay is preferably Betsopa OM™. 
     The crystallization temperature of the isotactic polypropylene based composite produced from the reactive blending of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer; polypropylene grafted with a carboxylic anhydride or a furan type moiety; and the amino silane is preferably in a range of about 120° C. to about 126° C., typically about 125.5° C. 
     The crystallization temperature of the isotactic polypropylene based composite produced from the reactive blending of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer; polypropylene grafted with a carboxylic anhydride or a furan type moiety; and the amino silane in the presence of an organically modified nanoclay is preferably in a range of about 126° C. to about 135° C., typically about 129° C. 
     The crystallization temperature of the isotactic polypropylene based composite produced from the reactive blending of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer; polypropylene grafted with a carboxylic anhydride or a furan type moiety; and the amino silane is preferably in a range of about 6° C. to about 13° C. above the crystallization temperature of a neat polypropylene polymer, typically about 12° C. 
     The crystallization temperature of the isotactic polypropylene based composite produced from the reactive blending of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer; polypropylene grafted with a carboxylic anhydride or a furan type moiety; and the amino silane in the presence of an organically modified nanoclay is preferably in a range of about 13° C. to about 21° C. above the crystallization temperature of a neat polypropylene polymer, typically about 15.5° C. 
     The invention also covers an isotactic polypropylene (PP) based composite produced according to the process described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a reaction mechanism of maleic anhydride and silane in European patent EP 1 021 486 B1; 
         FIG. 2  is a process flow chart for reactive blending of PP. 
         FIG. 3A  is an FTIR spectra of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3APTES), Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between maleic anhydride (MA) in maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g) and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 3B  is an FTIR spectra of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3APTES), Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between maleic anhydride (MA) in maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g) and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 3C  is an FTIR spectra of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3APTES), Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between maleic anhydride (MA) in maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g) and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 3D  is an FTIR spectra of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3APTES), Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between maleic anhydride (MA) in maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g) and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 4A  is an FTIR spectra of 3APTES, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between MA present in PP-g and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 4B  is an FTIR spectra of 3APTES, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between MA present in PP-g and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 4C  is an FTIR spectra of 3APTES, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES confirming a reaction between MA present in PP-g and 3APTES; 
         FIG. 4D  is an FTIR spectra of compression molded PP before and after rheomixing and after refluxing neat polymer pellets in chlorobenzene; 
         FIG. 5A  is an FTIR spectrum of Blend-Betsopa-3APTES; 
         FIG. 5B  is an FTIR spectrum of Blend-C20A-3APTES; 
         FIG. 6A  is a graph depicting variation of storage and loss moduli as functions of angular frequency for R-PP and the blend and composite without 3APTES; 
         FIG. 6B  is a graph depicting variation of storage and loss moduli as functions of angular frequency for blend and composite with 3APTES; 
         FIG. 6C  is a graph depicting the molar mass distribution of R-PP, Blend, Blend-Betsopa, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES; 
         FIG. 6D  is a graph depicting complex viscosity of R-PP, Blend, Blend-Betsopa, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES as a function of angular frequency; 
         FIG. 7  is a bar graph depicting the results (the average of 2 to 3 experiments) of HDT and Vicat temperatures of R-PP, Blend, Blend-Betsopa, Blend-3APTES, Blend-Betsopa-3APTES and Blend-C20A-3APTES, 
         FIG. 8  is a thermogram obtained during crystallization of the R-PP, Blend, Blend-Betsopa, Blend-3APTES, Blend-Betsopa-3APTES and PP-3APTES from the melt state; and 
         FIG. 9  is a polarized optical microscopic images for R-PP, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES captured at 200° C. (in the molten state) and during nonisothermal crystallization at 130° C. wherein the cooling rate was 10° C./min. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention there is provided a simple and industrially viable processing technique to produce an isotactic polypropylene based composite with an exceptionally high crystallization temperature and appreciable level of improvements in heat distortion temperature is disclosed. 
     Usually, carboxylic anhydride, e.g., the maleic anhydride (MA) portion in PP-g, is used as a compatibilizer to enhance the interactions between immiscible polymers or the polymer and the filler material. Although the main role of PP-g is the compatibilization of PP, either with other polymers or the filler, it is sometimes difficult to achieve high-level improvements in properties in such a blend or composite. The main reason for this is the shorter chain length of PP-g; however, the chain length can be increased via network formation. It is assumed that, in the presence of aminosilane, the MA portion of PP-g will react with the amine functional group of the silane. This reaction may reduce the odor of MA. Further this reaction may introduce chain bulkiness or the formation of a network structure or increase the molecular weight of PP-g. As a result, the mobility of the polymer chains will be hindered. Such restriction on the polymer chain mobility can improve the upper service temperature or HDT of the resulting blend and composite. 
     A detailed study using various characterization techniques confirmed that, during processing at high temperature, the reaction between the maleic anhydride portion of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene and aminosilane leads to the formation of N-substituted maleimide-grafted PP. This reaction was responsible for the higher molecular weights of the (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-containing propylene blends and composites. The higher molecular weight or chain bulkiness retards dimensional changes, resulting in higher thermal stability against melting. The formation of N-substituted maleimide-grafted polypropylene allows the polymer chains to crystallize at high temperatures. This was further improved in the presence of well-dispersed nanoclay silicate layers in the blend matrix. For this reason, the polypropylene matrix crystallized at a very high temperature when compared with neat polypropylene matrix. An improved crystallization temperature of about 15.5° C. has been achieved for isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer based composites. Such an improvement has a huge economic benefit to the molding industry because it will significantly reduce the cycle time of the molding process. Moreover, the HDT of the composite improved moderately without altering the Vicat softening temperature. The invention further provides for a high-performance design of polypropylene/clay composites by reactive blending in the presence of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in an industrially viable condition. 
     Materials 
     In one embodiment, an organically modified South African bentonite (commercial product, Betsopa™) is used as a filler and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3APTES) is used as a chain extender for the network formation. The organically modified South African bentonite is a 2:1 layered silicate modified with a thermally stable surfactant suitable for the preparation of polypropylene such as 2 hydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium surfactant. The filler may also be any 2:1 layered silicate modified with a thermally stable surfactant suitable for the preparation of polypropylene such as 2 hydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium surfactant, for example Cloisite 20A. In the first step, the mechanism of reaction between MA of PP-g and 3APTES has been investigated by blending PP, PP-g and 3APTES. The grafting level of the maleic anhydride in the PP-g is about 1%, preferably 0.75% to 1.5%. Thereafter, the role of this reaction in the nanoclay-based PP composite was investigated using various techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), melt-state rheology, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and heat distortion temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening point measurements. 
     The chemical structure of PP-g, 3APTES and the surfactant used to modify Betsopa are presented in different parts of Scheme 1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In another embodiment, a polypropylene grafted with a furan type moiety can be used in the reactive blending. It is evident from the parts a and b of Scheme 2 below that furan and maleic anhydride has quite similar structures. According to the proposed reaction mechanism oxygen of the ring (indicated by the solid box in the Scheme 2) reacts with amino silane and forms N-substituted maleimide-grafted structure (refer to part c of Scheme 2). Other two oxygen of maleic anhydride (indicated by dash boxes) doesn&#39;t take part in the reaction and remain intact in the N-substituted maleimide-grafted structure. 
                         
Processing of Blend and Composites
 
     A PP to PP-g composition ratio of 75:25 was used for this study, preferably a PP to PP-g composition ratio of 30:1 to 1:1, more preferably or 20:1 to 1:1, typically 10:1 to 1:1. Based on preliminary investigation of the molar mass ratio of MA (present in PP-g) to 3APTES, it was found that the molar mass of MA:3APTES=1:1, preferably 1:0.8 to 1:1.5, showed better results. In the composites, the inorganic content of Betsopa was kept constant (about 1 wt %). Prior to processing PP-g and Betsopa were dried for 24 h under vacuum at 100° C. 
     The neat PP and PP-g blends with or without 3APTES and PP, PP-g and Betsopa composites with or without 3APTES were processed in a Polylab Thermo-Haake rheomixer (Polylab OS Rheodrive 4) equipped with a twin-roller rotor 600 at a rotor speed of 60 rpm and 190° C. The total mixing time was 10 min. An example of the process flow chart for the reactive blending is shown in  FIG. 2 . However, a wider temperature window of 180-200° C. and rotor speed 60-80 rpm can be used. A pneumatic ram was used during mixing in the rheomixer. To prepare samples for various characterizations, the melt-blended samples were compression molded at 190° C. The samples were first melted at 190° C. for 6 min, and then, a pressure of 1 MTon was applied for 2 min. The samples can be molded within the temperature range of 180-200° C. The molded samples were cooled to room temperature using tap water, and the pressure was released. The composition ratio, blending conditions and samples abbreviations are summarized in Table 1. 
                     TABLE 1                  The identities and compositions of the samples                         Sample               identity   Composition-ratio   Blending condition               R-PP   Neat PP HHR102   Direct rheomixing           after rheomixing       Blend   PP:PP-g = 75:25   Direct rheomixing       Blend-   PP:PP-g:inorganic   Direct rheomixing       Betsopa   in Betsopa = 75:25:1.02       Blend-   PP:PP-g:3APTES =   All three materials were       3APTES   75:25:0.57   premixed and kept for 90 min               prior to melt blending               in the rheomixer.       Blend-   PP:PP-g:3APTES:inorganic   All three materials were       Betsopa-   in   premixed and kept for 90 min       3APTES   Betsopa = 75:25:0.56:1.02   Betsopa was added               to this mixture just before               the melt blending in the               rheomixer.                    
Proposition of Reaction Mechanism
 
     It was assumed that a reaction is possible between the amine groups of 3APTES with the MA in PP-g. Such a reaction may lead to the formation of different functional groups that are absent in the starting materials. The FTIR spectroscopic investigation usually provides information about the functional groups present in the different specimens. 
     The FTIR spectra of 3APTES, Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES are presented in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . It is interesting to note that the molecular vibrations of 3APTES change after blend and composite formation. As depicted in  FIG. 3A , the C—C stretching vibrations of 3APTES have most likely shifted from 763 cm −1  to 722 cm −1  in the 3APTES-containing blend and composite [20]. The restriction on the C—C stretching may result in such a shift towards higher energy (lower wavenumber) side. Such a vibration also appears in the Blend at 720 cm −1 . This indicates that the C—C stretching vibrations originating from PP-g and 3APTES are most likely overlapping. The amine C—N stretching vibration usually appears at approximately 1080 cm −1  [20]. In the case of 3APTES, it appears at 1074 cm −1 . However, this vibrational band of 3APTES is also absent in the Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES (refer to  FIG. 3B ). 
     Moreover, the C═O vibrations at 1544, 1644 and 1782 cm −1  disappear in the Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. Instead, a doublet C═O stretching of maleimide appears in the region of 1685-1730 and 1745-1805 cm −1  [20]. This again indicates that C═O of MA present in PP-g reacts with 3APTES (refer to  FIG. 3C ). However, the CH 3 -asymmetric stretching vibrations (˜1375 cm−1 ) remain intact during this reaction (refer to  FIG. 3D ) [20]. 
     Detailed analysis of the FTIR spectra (refer to  FIGS. 3A,3C ;  FIGS. 4A,4B,4C ) confirms the formation of N-substituted maleimide-grafted PP in the silane containing blend and the composite. Maleimide is a five-membered heterocyclic ring compound. The characteristic FTIR vibrations are amide III (1165-1235 cm −1 ), N—H wagging (730-740 cm −1 ), C—N stretching (1340-1365 cm −1 ), and doublet C═O stretching (1685-1730 and 1745-1805 cm −1 ) [21].  FIG. 4A  shows that amide III band (C—N—H) of maleimide is not present in the 3APTES containing blend and the composites. C—N—H results from the coupling of N—H in-plane bending and C—N stretching vibrations [22]. In addition to this, the absence of N—H wagging at 730-740 cm −1  again confirms the formation of the N-substituted-modified structure of maleimides (as indicated in  FIG. 3A ). It is important to note that in case of 3APTES, the N—H wagging vibration is present and appears at approximately 740 cm −1 . However, it overlaps with other vibrations, e.g., C—C stretching.  FIG. 4B  also indicates the formation of N-substituted maleimide in the 3APTES containing blend and composite. Usually, the C—N stretching of maleimides occurs at approximately 1340-1365 cm −1 . However, there is overlap between the vibration of the functional groups present in PP and the C—N stretching of maleimides, as shown in  FIG. 4C . To confirm whether these vibrations are really present in the neat PP, the FTIR spectra of compression molded PP before and after rheomixing and after refluxing neat polymer pellets in chlorobenzene were analyzed. The results are summarized in  FIG. 4D . According to  FIGS. 4C,4D  it is difficult to draw a conclusion about the functional groups. In the case of maleimide, C═C stretching appears at 1450-1550 cm −1 . It is absent in the 3APTES containing blend and composite. This is natural because during grafting of MA on PP, C=C (present in MA) changes into C—C. However, this site does not interfere in the reaction between the MA portion of PP-g and 3APTES. 
     Therefore, on the basis of FTIR analysis we can conclude that the reaction between the amine groups of 3APTES and the MA in the PP-g forms N-substituted maleimide-modified PP. The mechanism of the proposed reaction is presented in Scheme 1. From this reaction, it can be expected that the formation of an N-substituted maleimide-like structure will enhance the bulkiness of the PP-g polymer chain, which will increase the molecular weight (weight average, M w ) of the Blend-3APTES. It may also enhance the physical cross-linking (entanglements) among the polymer chains. The entanglements and molecular weight can be improved to a further extent by incorporation of Betsopa in this blend. It is expected that such an improvement in molecular weight or chain bulkiness will retard the dimensional changes. Hence, we expect that the HDT of the material will improve. 
     To investigate the effect of nanoclay on the formation of N-substituted maleimide grafted PP, Blend-C20A-3APTES was prepared with the same processing condition as Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. The FTIR spectra of Blend-Betsopa-3APTES and Blend-C20A-3APTES are presented in  FIG. 5 . According to this figure, in both nanocomposites C—C stretching and C═O stretching vibrations of N-substituted maleimide appears at 722 and 1744 cm −1 , respectively. This confirms the formation of N-substituted maleimide grafted PP doesn&#39;t depend on the variety of nanoclay. 
     Estimation of Molecular Weight and Molar Mass Distribution 
     Melt-state rheology under oscillatory shear was employed to estimate the M w . For this purpose the frequency sweeps were carried out at 190° C. in the angular frequency range 100-0.01 rad/s. It is clear from  FIGS. 6A, 6B  that, except for Blend-Betsopa, all of the samples exhibit crossover points of storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli. This means that there is a critical frequency at which the elastic and viscous responses are equal. Usually, the vertical shift of the cross-over point provides information about the molar mass distribution (MMD) (an increased modulus indicates a narrower MMD), and the horizontal shift towards lower frequencies indicates an increase in M w  [23]. Hence, from the trend of the horizontal shift of the crossover point, it can be claimed that the M w  increases in the 3APTES containing blends and composites. However, such an improvement in M w  is more homogeneous in the Blend-3APTES compared with the Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. On the other hand, the vertical shift of the crossover point toward lower modulus indicates broadening of the MMD or increasing polydispersity in the case of the 3APTES-containing composite. 
     The plateau shear modulus (G N   0 ), M w , the MMD and dispersity index (DI) were roughly calculated from the dynamic moduli obtained during the frequency sweeps [24]. The values of G N   0 , the molecular weights and PDI of different samples are reported in Table 2. G N   0  of R-PP is 12 880 Pa. It is interesting to note that in the presence of Blend, G N   0  decreases to 9 553 Pa. G N   0  decreases further in Blend-Betsopa. An improvement in G N   0  can be obtained by incorporating 3APTES in the Blend. The plateau shear modulus of Blend-3APTES is even higher than R-PP. Betsopa in the presence of 3APTES facilitates such an improvement in G N   0  in Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. 
     A similar trend in G N   0  can be observed for both M n  (number average molecular weight) and M w . Compared with other samples, a significant improvement in M w  can be achieved in Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. The MMD of different samples are presented in  FIG. 6C . It is clear from this figure that Blend exhibits a narrower MMD than the rest of the samples. Although M w  and MMD were determined for Blend-Betsopa, it is difficult to draw a conclusion from this result because the material behavior becomes unstable above 0.66 rad/s. The MMD shifts towards the higher M w  side in the case of Blend-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. A noticeable improvement in M w  can be achieved in the presence of both 3APTES and Betsopa. Such an enhancement in M w  again supports the formation of bulky groups due to the reaction between the MA in PP-g and 3APTES. Due to the narrow MMD, Blend (refer to the DI value reported in Table 2) exhibits the least polydispersity; however, it increases slightly in the presence of 3APTES and Betsopa. 
     It is expected that the change in M. and MMD will also affect the viscosity and the flow properties of the materials. The angular frequency dependence of the complex viscosities (|η*|) of different samples are presented in  FIG. 6D . The result shows that, with decreases in frequency, the viscosity increases and reaches a plateau value in the R-PP, Blend and Blend-3APTES samples. Blend-Betsopa also shows an increase in viscosity up to 0.66 rad/s. The flow becomes unstable and G′, G″ and |η*| start to show inconsistency in the flow behavior in the lower frequency region. However, the entire frequency range was used to determine the MMD. Hence, the MMD of Blend-Betsopa may not be a true representation. It is interesting to note that Blend-Betsopa-3APTES exhibits a shear thinning nature throughout the examined frequency range. 
     This flow behavior may facilitate better flow during the molding process. Initially, the viscosity of Blend-Betsopa-3APTES is lower than those of the other samples. While the other samples reach the Newtonian plateau, the viscosity of Blend-Betsopa-3APTES increases continuously. During the faster motion, the polymer structures of the temporary entanglements show more and more inflexibility and rigidity. In this state, more deformation energy can be stored and the loss of deformation energy via friction between the polymer chains due to their relative motion decrease. Thus, the elastic behavior shows increasing dominance with increasing w. On the other hand, with a decrease in ω, the network of entanglements has enough time to become disentangled, and thus, the nanocomposite samples show increasing flexibility and mobility. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Plateau shear moduli (G N   0 ), molecular weights and dispersity index 
               
               
                 (DI) of different samples determined from the frequency sweep. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 M w / 
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 G N   0 /Pa 
                 M n /g · mol −1   
                 g · mol −1   
                 DI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R-PP 
                 12 880 
                 307 800 
                 669 600 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Blend 
                  9 553 
                 302 100 
                 568 800 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 Blend-Betsopa 
                  6 854 
                 312 900 
                 860 000 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 Blend-3APTES 
                 16 030 
                 417 900 
                 929 300 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Blend-Betsopa- 
                 17 230 
                 495 000 
                 1 426 000   
                 2.9 
               
               
                 3APTES 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Therefore, the frequency sweep results also indirectly support the formation of N-substituted maleimide, which enhances the PP-g polymer chain bulkiness as well as the molecular weights of the 3APTES-containing blends and composites. It is expected that this improvement in molecular weight or chain bulkiness will retard the dimensional changes; therefore, we will find improvements in the HDTs of the blends and composites. 
     Heat Deflection Temperature and Vicat Softening Point 
     The HDT and Vicat temperatures of different samples are reported in  FIG. 7 . The HDT of R-PP is 66.2° C. Blend and Blend-Betsopa show further decreases in their HDTs compared with R-PP. On the other hand, the HDT improves in the 3APTES-containing blend and composite samples. However, Blend-Betsopa-3APTES samples exhibit better reproducibility when compared with the Blend-3APTES samples. This improvement in HDT can be attributed to the formation of N-substituted maleimide, which enhances the PP-g polymer chain bulkiness and the molecular weight of the respective samples. The reaction between PP-g and 3APTES actually creates a branched structure, as shown in Scheme 3. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     According to  FIG. 7 , the Vicat softening point moves towards a lower temperature in Blend. It improves slightly in the presence of Betsopa (referring the Blend-Betsopa sample). The Vicat softening point improves to the same extent as R-PP in the 3APTES-containing blend (Blend-3APTES) and the composite (Blend-Betsopa-3APTES). Therefore, the reaction between the MA portion of PP-g and 3APTES enhances the HDT of neat polypropylene without losing its softening temperature. 
     The Blend-C20A-3APTES exhibits similar improvement in HDT and vicat softening point as Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. 
     Crystallization and Melting Behavior 
     The temperatures and enthalpies associated with the crystallization and the melting of neat polymer and different blends and composites are reported in Table 3. According to this table and the thermograms presented in  FIG. 8 , the crystallization starts at much higher temperature in the 3APTES containing blend and composites when compared with neat polymers. In the case of R-PP, the onset of crystallization (T c onset ) appears at 134.7° C. The onset of the crystallization process becomes hindered in the presence of PP-g. Therefore, T c onset  moves toward a lower temperature in the Blend. The incorporation of Betsopa does not have a significant effect on the crystallization process. However, the 3APTES-containing blends and composites show noticeable shifts in T c onset  towards higher temperatures. The crystallization peak temperatures T c  show similar trends to T c onset . The T c  of R-PP is 113.6° C., while the of Blend-3APTES is 125.5° C. Therefore, the reaction between 3APTES and MA improves the crystallization temperature by about 12° C. The crystallization temperature further improved to 129° C. (i.e., by another 3.5° C. when compared with Blend-3APTES) in the presence of nanoclay in Blend-Betsopa-3APTES. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Thermal parameters associated with the melting and crystallization process. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample 
                 T c onset /° C. 
                 T c /° C. 
                 ΔH c /J · g −1   
                 T m1 /° C. 
                 T m2 /° C. 
                 ΔH f /J · g −1   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 R-PP 
                 134.7 
                 113.6 
                 106.6 
                   
                 163.6 
                 107.5 
               
               
                 Blend 
                 131.6 
                 114.1 
                 99.6 
                 146.9 
                 162.1 
                 100.8 
               
               
                 Blend-Betsopa 
                 132.9 
                 116.8 
                 98.1 
                 147.2 
                 162.1 
                 101.6 
               
               
                 Blend-3APTES 
                 143.8 
                 125.5 
                 101.0 
                   
                 165.6 
                 100.2 
               
               
                 Blend-Betsopa- 
                 147.6 
                 129.0 
                 104.0 
                   
                 165.1 
                 104.3 
               
               
                 3APTES 
               
               
                 Blend-C20A- 
                 141.0 
                 128.7 
                 102.8 
                   
                 165.2 
                 104.0 
               
               
                 3APTES 
               
               
                 PP-3APTES 
                 133.0 
                 115.2 
                 98.9 
                   
                 162.9 
                 102.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Therefore, the formation of N-substituted maleimide and the presence of nanoclay facilitate the crystallization of PP at a higher temperature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where about 15.5° C. improvement in crystallization temperature has been achieved for isotactic PP homopolymer. The enthalpy of crystallization (ΔH c ) decreases slightly in the Blend and Blend-Betsopa samples compared with R-PP. ΔH c  remains almost unchanged in the 3APTES-containing blend and composite samples in comparison to R-PP, suggesting the extent of crystallization remains constant in the 3APTES-containing blends and composites. 
     To understand the role of 3APTES on the nucleation during crystallization process, PP was also blended with only 3APTES (Sample ID: PP-3APTES). The ratio of PP and 3APTES was held constant as in Blend-3APTES. According to Table 3 and  FIG. 8 , 3APTES does not play a significant role in the crystallization process of neat PP. Therefore, the significant improvement in crystallization temperature in the 3APTES containing blend can be attributed to the formation of the branched structure. A further improvement in crystallization temperature can be obtained in the presence of both 3APTES and Betsopa. The dispersed nanoclay layers in Blend-Betsopa-3APTES act as nucleating sites for the growth of the crystals. Zhanh et al. [25] reported that the branching may restrict the movements of the polymer chains in the melt state and, therefore, may generate a higher number of stable nuclei. The branching and dispersed nanoclay layers restrict the movement of the chains in the melt, thus generating a higher number of stable nucleation sites as shown in the polarized optical microscopic images reported in  FIG. 9 . 
     According to this figure, crystallization is almost complete in the 3APTES-containing blends and composites at 130° C., while neat R-PP does not show any crystal growth. During successive heating, the crystals formed during the crystallization process melt under a under a single endotherm in the case of R-PP and the 3APTES-containing blends and composites. The appearance of two melting peaks during the melting of Blend and Blend-Betsopa most likely indicates inhomogeneity in the crystallite size. It is interesting to note that the main melting peak temperature shifts towards higher temperatures in the 3APTES-containing blends and composites compared with the neat polymer. Blend and Blend-Betsopa exhibit lower melting temperatures. The enthalpies of fusion (ΔH f ) remain fairly constant in all of the samples. 
     Both Blend-C20A-3APTES and Blend-Betsopa-3APTES showed almost the same extent of improvement in the crystallization and the melting temperatures when compared with the neat polymer. 
     In conclusion, formation of N-substituted maleimide-grafted PP which is responsible for the improvement in the thermal properties of neat PP remains irrespective of the choice of the nanoclay silicate layers. 
     Example of Pilot (/Industrial) Scale Production 
     The reactive blend process can be upgraded to pilot-scale production and a detailed investigation has been carried out on the thermo-mechanical properties. The sample is coded as Polyzimo DC741. This sample comprises of polypropylene, carboxylic anhydride or the furan type moiety grafted polypropylene and amino silane. The composition ratio of polypropylene:carboxylic anhydride or the furan type moiety grafted polypropylene was about 98:2=49:1. Some of the key properties of the pilot-scale samples are tabulated in the Table 4. For comparison the properties of neat polypropylene are also tabulated in the Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Thermal and mechanical properties of neat PP, and Polyzimo DC741 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Polyzimo 
                   
               
               
                 Properties 
                 PP 
                 DC741 
                 Unit 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Onset degradation (5-wt %) 
                 259.4 
                 274.9 ± 1.5 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Melting temperature 
                 164.3 ± 0.2 
                 165.8 ± 0.1 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                 Crystallization temperature 
                 117.9 ± 1.4 
                  125.8 ± 0.06 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                 Heat deflection temperature 
                  53.1 ± 0.8 
                  61.7 ± 3.1 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                 (0.45 MPa) 
               
               
                 Vicat softening point (10 N) 
                 155.3 ± 0.2 
                 156.1 ± 0.1 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                 Charpy Impact resistance 
                  9.4 ± 0.9 
                  11.0 ± 1.0 
                 kJ/m 2   
               
               
                 Tensile modulus 
                 1303.4 ± 87.2 
                 1423.8 ± 82.6 
                 MPa 
               
               
                 (100 mm/min) 
               
               
                 Tensile strength 
                  34.6 ± 0.5 
                  38.5 ± 0.4 
                 MPa 
               
               
                 (100 mm/min) 
               
               
                 6. Flexural modulus at 
               
               
                 (i) −60° C. 
                 2.4 e 9   
                 4.2 e 9   
                 Pa 
               
               
                 (ii) 25° C. 
                 4.1 e 8   
                 1.7 e 9   
               
               
                 (iii) 90° C. 
                 4.2 e 7   
                 4.2 e 8   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is clear from the table that Polyzimo DC741 exhibits better thermal and mechanical properties than the neat PP. The better properties include an exceptional improvement in crystallization temperature with moderate improvement in heat distortion temperature, stiffness (measured by tensile modulus), strength and impact resistance. On one hand, the improvement in crystallization temperature will reduce the cycle time of moulding process. On the other hand, improvement in HDT without loss of vicat softening temperature, stiffness, strength and impact resistance will allow to design dimensionally stable plastic products. 
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