Patent Publication Number: US-2017353507-A1

Title: Privacy for inter-user equipment transfer (iut) subscribers and for remote parties involved in sessions with iut subscribers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/450,356, filed on Mar. 8, 2011, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Multimedia application information, e.g., multimedia “flows” (which may be referred to as media flows, or simply, flows), may be communicated to mobile nodes or user equipment (UE) across one or more wireless communication networks. A UE may include any device that may communicate with communications networks, including, but not limited to, mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, mobile media devices, mobile computers, etc.), computing devices, media devices (e.g., video devices, audio devices, data devices, etc.), telephone devices (including landline devices), etc. 
     A media flow may be transferred from one mobile node or UE to another mobile node or UE. For example, a voice component (e.g., a flow) of a media session may be transferred from one phone to another phone, and, the video component of the same session may be transferred to a video projector. Such media flow transfers may be referred to as inter UE transfers (IUTs). In general, an inter-UE transfer may be a transfer, e.g., at the IMS level, of some or all of the media flows and/or service controls associated with a session. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed to provide privacy for inter-user equipment transfer (IUT) subscribers and remote parties involved in sessions with IUT subscribers. A first UE may establish a session with a remote party. The first UE may seek to perform an IUT to a second UE (e.g., the first UE may seek to transfer a component of the session to the second UE). The first UE may send a first request for the IUT to a service centralization and continuity application server (SCC AS). The SCC AS may receive the first request and perform an authorization of the first request. That is, the SCC AS may determine whether the IUT is allowed for the session. For example, the SCC AS may determine whether the remote party, or a network associated with the remote party, has indicated that IUTs be rejected (e.g., the SCC AS may have received an indication that IUTs be rejected for sessions subject to digital rights management). The SCC AS may reject the first request when determining that IUTs are not allowed for the session. 
     The SCC AS may determine that the requested IUT is allowed for the session (e.g., based on information available to the SCC AS). The SCC AS may send a second request to the remote party indicating the requested IUT. The second request may include information relating to the requested IUT. For example, the second request may indicate an identity relating to a user equipment that is a target of the requested IUT, e.g., the second request may comprise a modified session description protocol message that indicates an identity of the second UE. The remote party may evaluate the second request and may accept or reject the second request. For example, the remote party may send an acceptance to the SCC AS. The SCC AS may receive the acceptance and send a control message to the remote party for transfer of the media component to a user equipment that is a target of the requested IUT (e.g., the second UE). The control message may be a modified session description protocol message. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a system diagram of an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented; 
         FIG. 1B  is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 1C  is a system diagram of an example radio access network and an example core network that may be used within the communications system illustrated in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 1D  is a system diagram of an another example radio access network and an another example core network that may be used within the communications system illustrated in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 1E  is a system diagram of an another example radio access network and an another example core network that may be used within the communications system illustrated in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram of a remote party restricting IUT operations in a session; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram for providing privacy to IUT subscribers; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram showing how a remote party may be made aware of IUT requests; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram showing rejection of IUT actions by a remote party. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A detailed description of illustrative embodiments may now be described with reference to the figures. However, while the present invention may be described in connection with exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiments for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. In addition, the figures may illustrate call flows, which are meant to be exemplary. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be used. The order of the flows may be varied where appropriate. Also, flows may be omitted if not needed and additional flows may be added. A session, as well as one or more flows that may relate to the session, may be referenced herein. Transfers and/or replications may be disclosed herein in relation to the session. In general, the transfers and/or replications described may relate to the session or one or more flows relating to the session. 
       FIG. 1A  is a diagram of an example communications system  100  in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system  100  may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system  100  may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems  100  may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , the communications system  100  may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs)  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d , a radio access network (RAN)  104 , a core network  106 , a public switched telephone network (PSTN)  108 , the Internet  110 , and other networks  112 , though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, and the like. 
     The communications systems  100  may also include a base station  114   a  and a base station  114   b . Each of the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network  106 , the Internet  110 , and/or the networks  112 . By way of example, the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements. 
     The base station  114   a  may be part of the RAN  104 , which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station  114   a  and/or the base station  114   b  may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station  114   a  may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station  114   a  may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, the base station  114   a  may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. 
     The base stations  114   a ,  114   b  may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  over an air interface  116 , which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface  116  may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). 
     More specifically, as noted above, the communications system  100  may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station  114   a  in the RAN  104  and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface  116  using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 
     In another embodiment, the base station  114   a  and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface  116  using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). 
     In other embodiments, the base station  114   a  and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like. 
     The base station  114   b  in  FIG. 1A  may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station  114   b  and the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d  may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, the base station  114   b  and the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d  may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station  114   b  and the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d  may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in  FIG. 1A , the base station  114   b  may have a direct connection to the Internet  110 . Thus, the base station  114   b  may not be required to access the Internet  110  via the core network  106 . 
     The RAN  104  may be in communication with the core network  106 , which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d . For example, the core network  106  may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in  FIG. 1A , it will be appreciated that the RAN  104  and/or the core network  106  may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN  104  or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN  104 , which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, the core network  106  may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM radio technology. 
     The core network  106  may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  to access the PSTN  108 , the Internet  110 , and/or other networks  112 . The PSTN  108  may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet  110  may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks  112  may include wired or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks  112  may include another core network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN  104  or a different RAT. 
     Some or all of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  in the communications system  100  may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, the WTRU  102   c  shown in  FIG. 1A  may be configured to communicate with the base station  114   a , which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station  114   b , which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology. 
       FIG. 1B  is a system diagram of an example WTRU  102 . As shown in  FIG. 1B , the WTRU  102  may include a processor  118 , a transceiver  120 , a transmit/receive element  122 , a speaker/microphone  124 , a keypad  126 , a display/touchpad  128 , non-removable memory  106 , removable memory  132 , a power source  134 , a global positioning system (GPS) chipset  136 , and other peripherals  138 . It will be appreciated that the WTRU  102  may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. 
     The processor  118  may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor  118  may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU  102  to operate in a wireless environment. The processor  118  may be coupled to the transceiver  120 , which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element  122 . While  FIG. 1B  depicts the processor  118  and the transceiver  120  as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor  118  and the transceiver  120  may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. 
     The transmit/receive element  122  may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station  114   a ) over the air interface  116 . For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element  122  may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receive element  122  may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element  122  may be configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element  122  may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals. 
     In addition, although the transmit/receive element  122  is depicted in  FIG. 1B  as a single element, the WTRU  102  may include any number of transmit/receive elements  122 . More specifically, the WTRU  102  may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU  102  may include two or more transmit/receive elements  122  (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface  116 . 
     The transceiver  120  may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element  122  and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element  122 . As noted above, the WTRU  102  may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver  120  may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU  102  to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, for example. 
     The processor  118  of the WTRU  102  may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone  124 , the keypad  126 , and/or the display/touchpad  128  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor  118  may also output user data to the speaker/microphone  124 , the keypad  126 , and/or the display/touchpad  128 . In addition, the processor  118  may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory  106  and/or the removable memory  132 . The non-removable memory  106  may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory  132  may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor  118  may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU  102 , such as on a server or a home computer (not shown). 
     The processor  118  may receive power from the power source  134 , and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU  102 . The power source  134  may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU  102 . For example, the power source  134  may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. 
     The processor  118  may also be coupled to the GPS chipset  136 , which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU  102 . In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset  136 , the WTRU  102  may receive location information over the air interface  116  from a base station (e.g., base stations  114   a ,  114   b ) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU  102  may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment. 
     The processor  118  may further be coupled to other peripherals  138 , which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals  138  may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and the like. 
       FIG. 1C  is a system diagram of the RAN  104  and the core network  106  according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN  104  may employ a UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . The RAN  104  may also be in communication with the core network  106 . As shown in  FIG. 1C , the RAN  104  may include Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c , which may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . The Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may each be associated with a particular cell (not shown) within the RAN  104 . The RAN  104  may also include RNCs  142   a ,  142   b . It will be appreciated that the RAN  104  may include any number of Node-Bs and RNCs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1C , the Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b  may be in communication with the RNC  142   a . Additionally, the Node-B  140   c  may be in communication with the RNC  142   b . The Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may communicate with the respective RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  via an Iub interface. The RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  may be in communication with one another via an Iur interface. Each of the RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  may be configured to control the respective Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  to which it is connected. In addition, each of the RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  may be configured to carry out or support other functionality, such as outer loop power control, load control, admission control, packet scheduling, handover control, macrodiversity, security functions, data encryption, and the like. 
     The core network  106  shown in  FIG. 1C  may include a media gateway (MGW)  144 , a mobile switching center (MSC)  146 , a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)  148 , and/or a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)  150 . While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network  106 , it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator. 
     The RNC  142   a  in the RAN  104  may be connected to the MSC  146  in the core network  106  via an IuCS interface. The MSC  146  may be connected to the MGW  144 . The MSC  146  and the MGW  144  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN  108 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and traditional land-line communications devices. 
     The RNC  142   a  in the RAN  104  may also be connected to the SGSN  148  in the core network  106  via an IuPS interface. The SGSN  148  may be connected to the GGSN  150 . The SGSN  148  and the GGSN  150  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet  110 , to facilitate communications between and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and IP-enabled devices. 
     As noted above, the core network  106  may also be connected to the networks  112 , which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. 
       FIG. 1D  is a system diagram of the RAN  104  and the core network  106  according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN  104  may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . The RAN  104  may also be in communication with the core network  106 . 
     The RAN  104  may include eNode-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c , though it will be appreciated that the RAN  104  may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B  140   a , for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU  102   a.    
     Each of the eNode-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in  FIG. 1D , the eNode-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may communicate with one another over an X2 interface. 
     The core network  106  shown in  FIG. 1D  may include a mobility management gateway (MME)  142 , a serving gateway  144 , and a packet data network (PDN) gateway  146 . While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network  106 , it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator. 
     The MME  142  may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs  142   a ,  142   b ,  142   c  in the RAN  104  via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME  142  may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , and the like. The MME  142  may also provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN  104  and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA. 
     The serving gateway  144  may be connected to each of the eNode Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  in the RAN  104  via the S1 interface. The serving gateway  144  may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c . The serving gateway  144  may also perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , and the like. 
     The serving gateway  144  may also be connected to the PDN gateway  146 , which may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet  110 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and IP-enabled devices. 
     The core network  106  may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the core network  106  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN  108 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the core network  106  may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the core network  106  and the PSTN  108 . In addition, the core network  106  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to the networks  112 , which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. 
       FIG. 1E  is a system diagram of the RAN  104  and the core network  106  according to an embodiment. The RAN  104  may be an access service network (ASN) that employs IEEE 802.16 radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . As will be further discussed below, the communication links between the different functional entities of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , the RAN  104 , and the core network  106  may be defined as reference points. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1E , the RAN  104  may include base stations  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c , and an ASN gateway  142 , though it will be appreciated that the RAN  104  may include any number of base stations and ASN gateways while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The base stations  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may each be associated with a particular cell (not shown) in the RAN  104  and may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . In one embodiment, the base stations  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the base station  140   a , for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU  102   a . The base stations  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may also provide mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering, tunnel establishment, radio resource management, traffic classification, quality of service (QoS) policy enforcement, and the like. The ASN gateway  142  may serve as a traffic aggregation point and may be responsible for paging, caching of subscriber profiles, routing to the core network  106 , and the like. 
     The air interface  116  between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and the RAN  104  may be defined as an R1 reference point that implements the IEEE 802.16 specification. In addition, each of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  may establish a logical interface (not shown) with the core network  106 . The logical interface between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and the core network  106  may be defined as an R2 reference point, which may be used for authentication, authorization, IP host configuration management, and/or mobility management. 
     The communication link between each of the base stations  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may be defined as an R8 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating WTRU handovers and the transfer of data between base stations. The communication link between the base stations  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  and the ASN gateway  215  may be defined as an R6 reference point. The R6 reference point may include protocols for facilitating mobility management based on mobility events associated with each of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  100   c.    
     As shown in  FIG. 1E , the RAN  104  may be connected to the core network  106 . The communication link between the RAN  104  and the core network  106  may defined as an R3 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating data transfer and mobility management capabilities, for example. The core network  106  may include a mobile IP home agent (MIP-HA)  144 , an authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA) server  146 , and a gateway  148 . While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network  106 , it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator. 
     The MIP-HA may be responsible for IP address management, and may enable the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  to roam between different ASNs and/or different core networks. The MIP-HA  144  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet  110 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and IP-enabled devices. The AAA server  146  may be responsible for user authentication and for supporting user services. The gateway  148  may facilitate interworking with other networks. For example, the gateway  148  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN  108 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and traditional land-line communications devices. In addition, the gateway  148  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to the networks  112 , which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 1E , it will be appreciated that the RAN  104  may be connected to other ASNs and the core network  106  may be connected to other core networks. The communication link between the RAN  104  and the other ASNs may be defined as an R4 reference point, which may include protocols for coordinating the mobility of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  between the RAN  104  and the other ASNs. The communication link between the core network  106  and the other core networks may be defined as an R5 reference, which may include protocols for facilitating interworking between home core networks and visited core networks. 
     Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed to provide privacy for inter-user equipment transfer (IUT) subscribers and remote parties involved in sessions with IUT subscribers. A first UE may establish a session with a remote party that may be a media source in the session. The first UE may seek to perform an IUT to a second UE (e.g., the first UE may seek to transfer a component of the session to the second UE). The first UE may send a first request for the IUT to a service centralization and continuity application server (SCC AS). The SCC AS may receive the first request and perform an authorization of the first request. That is, the SCC AS may determine whether the IUT is allowed for the session. For example, the SCC AS may determine whether the remote party, or a network associated with the remote party, has indicated that IUTs be rejected (e.g., the SCC AS may have received an indication that IUTs be rejected for sessions subject to digital rights management). The SCC AS may reject the first request when determining that IUTs are not allowed for the session. 
     The SCC AS may determine that the requested IUT is allowed for the session (e.g., based on information available to the SCC AS). The SCC AS may send a second request to the remote party indicating the requested IUT. The second request may include information relating to the requested IUT. For example, the second request may indicate an identity relating to a user equipment that is a target of the requested IUT, e.g., the second request may comprise a modified session description protocol message that indicates an identity of the second UE. The remote party may evaluate the second request and may accept or reject the second request. For example, the remote party may send an acceptance to the SCC AS. The SCC AS may receive the acceptance and send a control message to the remote party for transfer of the media component to a user equipment that is a target of the requested IUT (e.g., the second UE). The control message may be a modified session description protocol message. 
     When an inter-user equipment transfer (IUT) subscriber is involved in a session with a remote party, the remote party may be an IUT subscriber, a normal subscriber, a content provider, etc. The remote party may be or may communicate via a UE, server, etc. For a remote party, it may be undesirable that the session be transferred or replicated. For a remote party, it may be undesirable that one or more media flows of the session are transferred or replicated. That is, the remote party may want to prevent the IUT subscriber it is in a session with from transferring or replicating one or more flows of the session. For example, the remote party may want to prevent the IUT subscriber from transferring or replicating one or more flows to another subscriber. The IUT subscriber may want to hide transfers or replications of sessions or media flows from the remote party. Whether the privacy of the remote party or the IUT subscriber prevails may be a matter of operator policy. It may be undesirable to hide IUT actions from the remote party (e.g., from the perspective of the remote party). 
     Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed to provide privacy for IUT subscribers and for remote parties involved in sessions with IUT subscribers. The embodiments disclosed herein may provide techniques for the remote party and IUT subscriber to indicate that privacy is requested for an IMS session that may be subject to IUT. The embodiments disclosed herein may provide techniques such that IUT procedures may be indicated to the remote party so the remote party may accept or reject an IUT procedure in an ongoing session. 
     A remote party may indicate restrictions on transfer and/or replication of a session currently being established. A content server may restrict transfer or replication when it is sending media flows towards the IUT subscriber that are subject to copyright/digital rights management (DRM) requirements. In an example, the remote party may engage with an IUT subscriber (e.g., knowing the other end is an IUT subscriber or not knowing the other end is an IUT subscriber). The remote party may indicate (e.g., to the content server) that it does not want IUT procedures, such as transfer, replication, etc., to be applied to the session, or media flows in the session, before the nature of the session is known (e.g., conversation of a sensitive nature, media not to be shared with others, etc.). 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram of a remote party restricting IUT operations in a session (e.g., a remote party may provide an indication to prevent IUT transfer and/or replication of the flows in the session). The remote party may provide the indication to the SCC AS via a privacy/DRM request during session initiation. The message from the remote party may be a response to a received session establishment request and may include the remote party&#39;s preferences for preventing IUT occurring on the session. If the remote party requests session establishment with an IUT subscriber (e.g., knowing that they subscribe to IUT, or otherwise), such a remote party may include in the session establishment request preferences for preventing IUT occurring on the session. Such preferences may be stored by the IUT subscriber&#39;s SCC AS for use to reject IUT requests if the remote party indicated such requests are to be disallowed during this session. 
     The IUT subscriber may indicate to the SCC AS whether it wants to withhold one or more IUT actions from the remote entity. That is, the IUT subscriber may indicate that it wants IUT actions to be transparent to the remote party, for example IUT actions take place without the remote party having knowledge of the IUT actions. The IUT subscriber may indicate such preferences as a subscriber configuration. The IUT subscriber configuration may be communicated to the network via direct communication with the network provider (e.g., by phone, web portal, etc.), by sending privacy preferences to the SCC AS over a Ut interface using XCAP, or the like. The IUT subscriber preferences may be provisioned when the subscriber subscribes for IUT service. IUT subscriber privacy preferences may be sent to the network in the request for session establishment, in a request for IUT, etc. 
     Systems, methods, and instrumentalities may be provided wherein the remote party may learn that an IUT subscriber has requested a transfer and/or replication of one or more flows of a session. The remote party may accept or reject the request to transfer and/or replicate the one or more flows. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram for providing privacy to IUT subscribers.  FIG. 3  shows an IUT subscriber&#39;s user equipment, UE  1 , requesting privacy settings using an XCAP message. UE  1  may send privacy preferences to a service centralization and continuity application server (SCC AS). For example, UE  1  may indicate one or more of the following: (1) hide IUT actions from a remote party; (2) no privacy preference for IUT actions (e.g., a remote party may be made aware of IUT actions performed on the session); (3) hide IUT actions from selective remote party users; (4) and the like. The request for privacy settings may be included in the request for IUT. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 3 , the IUT request may result in an update to the remote party. This may primarily be a session description protocol (SDP) update so that the media may be directed to the correct UEs. This may be different than providing the remote party an opportunity to reject an IUT request, since the update to the remote party may be limited to making the remote party aware of the new session details once the IUT has been requested and granted. If it is possible to anchor the media plane in the IUT user&#39;s network (e.g., SCC AS controls a media resource function (MRF)), then each IUT action may be hidden from the remote party. 
     A UE may use an XCAP message indicating privacy preferences. A UE may include privacy preferences in a request for session establishment. A UE may include privacy preferences in the request for IUT. Such preferences may be limited to application in the current session. The SCC AS may store the privacy preferences received from a UE. The SCC AS may apply the stored privacy preferences when an IUT is requested. 
     Privacy preferences, e.g., in requests for session establishment or requests for IUT, may be indicated by extending the privacy header field in session initiation protocol (SIP) or through other indications within the SIP message, e.g., through extensions to the SIP protocol, through extensions to session description protocol (SDP), by including within a SIP message a body that indicates privacy preferences, etc. 
     During session establishment, the remote party may indicate that copyright and/or DRM requirements need to be applied to the media that is exchanged in the session. Such indications may be considered as an extension of the SDP. New attributes may be defined such as “a=drm-applied,” which may be applicable to specific media components of the session, or applicable to the entire session. If the SCC AS receives such indications, it may reject IUT actions that are requested to be performed on the restricted media flows or to be performed on the session. Such DRM requirements may override privacy preferences that are requested by the IUT user. 
     A remote party may add indications in session establishment messages that IUT actions should be restricted. These indications may be implemented through SDP attributes, which may be included by the remote party, for example in SDP offers, SDP answers, etc. (e.g., the media description negotiation process that may occur during session establishment). The above techniques may be included in requests for session establishment, when a remote party calls an IUT subscriber, in responses to session establishment when an IUT subscriber calls a remote party, e.g., a UE, etc. 
     It may be beneficial to dynamically indicate to the remote party that IUT actions are being requested by the IUT subscriber with whom the remote party is in a session. For example, when an IUT is requested, the remote party may be alerted and given the opportunity to reject the IUT request. In addition to a modified SDP, which may indicate if media flows are moved to a different device or if media flows are to be replicated, the public user identity of the user that the media is being transferred and/or replicated to may be indicated. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram showing how a remote party may be made aware of IUT requests and given the opportunity to reject an IUT according to embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary message flow diagram showing rejection of IUT actions by a remote party. The above may be applied to both push mode, and pull mode IUTs (e.g., an IUT initiated by the source UE and an IUT initiated by the target UE), IUTs to transfer some media components, adding media components on a different UE, transferring a session from source UE to target UE (e.g., UE1 to UE2), for replication of the session or replication of some media components (e.g., using replication by the network or replication by the remote party), etc. That is, procedures may be added to each IUT, whereby the SCC AS may send to the remote party a request that comprises the IUT actions requested and wait for the remote party to grant permission that the IUT may be performed on the current session. The SCC AS may continue with performing the IUT action (e.g., if allowed by the remote party), or reject the IUT request (e.g., if IUTs are not allowed by the remote party). 
     The message sent to a remote party to alert it to IUT actions being requested on the session or media components in the session may include information describing the IUT. A modified SDP may show that one or more media components of the session are being transferred and/or replicated to a different destination (e.g., a different UE with a different IP address). If the session is being transferred (e.g., each flow associated with the session), then the contact and/or identity information of the target UE may be included in the SIP headers. The attribute “a=3gpp.iut.controllee” may be included in the SDP and may be included in the update to the remote party to alert it to the IUT actions being requested by the IUT subscriber. This attribute may include the identity of the UE to which the media or session is being transferred and/or replicated. The remote party may decide to accept or reject the IUT action on the session based on who is becoming involved in the session as a result of the IUT. 
     Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.