Patent Publication Number: US-2011061689-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for harvesting, washing, and drying cut vegetables and produce

Description:
COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to harvesting and preparation of vegetables and other produce. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for harvesting, washing, drying, and packaging of produce. 
     2. Discussion of Background 
     In the field produce and particularly vegetables are typically harvested or gathered and placed into containers called baskets, totes, crates, cartons, or bins (hereafter collectively referred to as “baskets”) for further processing. Such baskets can be relatively small and capable of being lifted and otherwise manually manipulated by a single worker or they can be of a size which can only be lifted by a machine. The produce is sometimes placed in these baskets in a random orientation and is sometimes stacked into the baskets in a uniform orientation. In either case, the produce is not processed further in the field packing baskets and is merely transported to a central location where they are removed from the baskets and processed, i.e., washed, dried, packaged (e.g., bagged salads), cooled, stored, and then shipped. 
     As a result of the above processing, produce undergoes a significant amount of handling during the period of time from which it is first harvested until it is finally displayed for sale. This transferring of the produce from machine to machine and container to container can result in significant damage and degrading of the produce and makes it less appealing to the consumer visually. In addition, the shelf-life of produce is also reduced when it has been subjected to excessive handling. Moreover, cellular damage to produce in turn results in the loss of cellular fluids and in an increased risk of microbiological decay. Furthermore, the lengthy process of repetitive transferring of produce among various containers and various machines expends a significant amount of time and labor, thereby increasing its eventual cost. 
     Mitchell et al. I, U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,042, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a dryer device that efficiently dries washed vegetables. And, Mitchell et al. II, U.S. Pat. No. 6,112,429, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses significant advances in the processes of field harvesting, cleaning, and drying of vegetables. Each of these inventions address many of the issues discussed above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present inventors have realized the need to provide better cleaning, packaging, and drying of harvested vegetables. The present invention provides techniques for preparing vegetables for the washing, packaging, and drying processes. The techniques include removing a core of the harvested vegetable. The present invention allows for produce to retain its whole head structure or single leaf form, except for the de-cored end. The produce is field packed and maintained in totes for transport, washing, and drying, and packing (for both Retail and Foodservice produce) allows the product to be cleaned, dried and packaged while maintaining the whole head structure. This reduces costs and provides a cleaned product, and reduces retailers handling costs compared to other preparation techniques. 
     The whole head form saves having to reassemble the heads further reducing costs. The lengthy process of repetitive transferring of produce among various containers and various machines expends a significant amount of labor, (and causes shrinkage of the raw product) thereby increasing costs and reducing quality. 
     Core removal is preferably performed in the field during a harvest, but may be applied at another time or location such as a processing plant. The de-cored vegetable is subjected to washing fluid that cleans the vegetable as it flows through the vegetable (e.g., entering at the de-cored end and exiting a leafy end, and/or entering and exiting the de-cored and leafy ends of the produce during any of wash, rinse, and drying cycles). 
     The present invention includes a washing device that takes advantage of the physical characteristics of a removed core vegetable or produce by directing a flow of washing liquid through the core end into the vegetable for thorough cleaning and disinfecting. The present invention includes an entire process from harvest, through cleaning, and drying of the vegetable and packaging. The packing is accomplished by loading whole de-cored head vegetables or produce into a package (e.g., produce bag). In one embodiment, retail bags are loaded from the side with a re-closable zipper on the opposite side. The zipper is optional. The retail bags are loaded from the side instead of from the bottom. This is accomplished by a preformed loading devise that assists in sliding the product into a retail bag. The device holds the bag open while allowing the head to side into the bag. Foodservice is loaded by placing the bag over a ring. The ring holds the bag open during loading. Both Foodservice and retail bags have controlled atmosphere properties, which helps to extend the shelf life of the produce. The end result is a cleaner more healthy product having better consumer appeal and longer shelf life. The end result provides a ready to use whole de-cored heads or leaves in a sealed bag. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention is a wash device for washing cut vegetables in totes, comprising, a wash tank, a flow device configured to cause a flow of liquid through the tank, and a transport mechanism configured to place totes containing cut vegetables in the wash tank, wherein the transport mechanism is configured to move the totes through the wash tank in a pre-determined alignment direction, and the pre-determined alignment direction comprises an axial direction in which cut vegetables are to be located in the totes. 
     The present invention is embodied as method, comprising the steps of, cutting a product from a stalk from which it was grown, removing a core of the product, and placing the de-cored product in a tote in a pre-aligned direction relative to the tote, while maintaining the whole de-cored head structure. 
     The present invention also includes a method, comprising the steps of, cutting a product from a stalk from which is was grown, removing a core from a core end of the product, pre-washing the de-cored end of the product, loading the de-cored product in a tote in a pre-aligned direction relative to the tote, transporting the tote to a processing facility, washing the tote in a washing fluid, and spin drying the washed de-cored product in the tote. In one embodiment, the de-cored product is immersed in a tank of the washing fluid. In another embodiment, the de-cored product is subjected to a spray or a flow of washing fluid that has sufficient strength to cause at least some of the washing fluid to flow through the de-cored end and out a leafy end of the produce. The tote includes openings large enough to allow the flow of washing fluid and small enough to secure the produce in the tote. The washing fluid preferably comprises water and at least one of chlorine and anti-bacterial agents, and the step of washing comprises loading the tote on a transport mechanism configured to transport the tote through the tank of washing fluid. 
     Portions of both the wash device and method may be conveniently implemented in programming on a general purpose computer, or networked computers, and the results may be displayed on an output device connected to any of the general purpose, networked computers, or transmitted to a remote device for output or display. For example, the wash device may include electronic sensors for flow rates, and quality monitoring that are fed to a computer that sends control signals that increase or decrease flows, or add fresh water or anti-bacterial agents to the washing liquid. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart of a process according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a drawing of an exemplar tote according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart of a process according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of an example tote according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4B  is a 4 view drawing of the example tote  400  loaded with cut de-cored produce according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a drawing of a wash tank according to several embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6A  is a longitudinal view of a spray wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6B  is a longitudinal view of a flow wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7A  is a top view of a trough flow wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7B  is a top view of a wash tank having a flow counter to a direction of travel of a tote according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8A  is a drawing of a washing device according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8B  is a loaded tote according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8C  is an illustration of another embodiment of the present invention utilizing a dual wash tank; 
         FIG. 8D  is an illustration of a loading end of a wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8E  is an illustration of a transition portion of a dual wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8F  is an illustration of a finishing end of a wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 8G  is an illustration of tote  200  loaded according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts, and more particularly to  FIG. 1  thereof, there is illustrated a flow chart of a process according to an embodiment of the present invention. The flow chart of  FIG. 1  relates to produce such as lettuces, leafy vegetables, whole head and other vegetables, which will sometimes, collectively be referred to as any of “produce,” “products,” and/or vegetables throughout the disclosure. By “leafy vegetables” it is meant that family of Green leaf, Romaine, Red leaf, and the like. The present invention is also applicable to broccoli, cauliflower, and the like. Although the above describes several preferred produce for which the invention is applied, the invention may be applied to any other type of produce, vegetables, or other products that would benefit from the processes or equipment described herein. 
     At step  100 , a produce item is cut from the stalk or plant from which it is grown. The cut product includes a butt, or core end, which begins at the cut portion and extends toward a generally leafy or open end of the product. The core is removed (step  110 ), for example, by using a stainless steel knife (e.g., a plug cutter having a tubular blade of a diameter approximately the size of an average outer core for the harvested product. The core may also be removed via a water knife, saw (e.g., Stainless Steel Saw) or other tools and the like. The core may be removed by a coring device or by cutting off the core across the bottom of a whole head produce. The de-coring can also be done by v-cutting the butt out of the produce. The de-cored product may also be topped (a cutting off of the top leaves of the produce) to remove any defects on the upper part of the leafs. The core and any topping is left to return to the soil. The cut end of the product is rinsed (step  115 ). The de-cored product is loaded into a tote with the cut de-cored ends of the product facing a pre-aligned direction within the tote (step  120 ), and then the product is washed in the totes (step  125 ). In one embodiment, discussed in more detail later, the de-cored product is loaded into the totes with the de-cored ends facing away from the center of the tote, in a outward direction. 
       FIG. 2  is an example tote  200  that may be utilized for packing the cut de-cored produce. The tote is approximately the same size (height and width) as an average produce product to be fitted in the tote, so that at least one row of a produce product may be loaded into the tote. The tote includes slots  210 , and  220  that will provide for free flow of washing fluid through the totes and vegetables contained therein. Dimensions are preferably Length (L) 24″, Height (H) 7″, and Width (W) 19 and ⅞″. The tote bottom is a grated surface that allows for easy draining of cleaning solution out of the tote. In one embodiment, the totes are, for example, a standard sized tote (e.g., a tote such as a mini-tote). However, the processes and washing devices presented herein are able to handle totes of various sizes. 
     The present inventors have determined that the manner in which the de-cored produce (e.g., heads packed in the tote increases the effectiveness of the wash). Preferably, heads are packed closely enough to prevent them from moving around but still allow flow of fluid through the product. This also allows for proper drying and more efficient unloading of the product when being packed. 
     Although the de-coring process is preferably performed in the field, it should be noted that the produce may be first loaded into the tote and then de-cored at a processing plant. However, such embodiments may require additional handling of the product that would likely increase cost and damage to the product. 
     At step  130 , the totes, having been loaded with cut de-cored vegetables, are transported from the field to a processing plant for washing, drying, and packaging. The washing process (step  140 ) is performed by placing the totes in a wash tank in an orientation with the pre-aligned direction so that a flow of washing fluid in the tank (relative to the tote) is directed toward the cut and de-cored ends of the produce. Thus, when the cut de-cored vegetables are set in a pre-aligned direction in the totes (as shown in  FIG. 4B , the pre-aligned direction is along an axis of the vegetables), the flow of washing fluid relative to the tote causes the washing fluid to impact the vegetables at the cut de-cored ends. The result is that the washing fluid tends to travel through the vegetable (e.g., entering at the de-cored end and exiting at or between the individual leafs of a leafy end of the produce), resulting in a cleaner fresher product. The washing fluid (washing solution) itself is preferably chilled water treated with an anti-bacterial agent. The chilled water is provided through a water chiller that cools the produce eliminating the need for any additional cooler, thus extending shelf life and reducing costs. Other embodiments of washing fluid include basic tap water or another solution. 
     As noted in Mitchell et al. II, more than one washing tank may be utilized, each tank having a different solution or other environmental characteristics. Any of the features in either Mitchell et al. I or Mitchell et al. II may also be applied to processing according to the present invention. Spray mechanisms may be placed between washing tanks to further clean the produce. In one embodiment, the tanks include different cleaning solutions (e.g., a chilled tap water wash and a separate chilled anti-bacterial solution at different temperatures). 
     A dwell time in which the produce is exposed to or immersed in the chilled solutions controls a temperature of the produce. The temperature of the produce is regulated as needed so that additional cooling is not needed. In several embodiments, equipment used to process the produce, and particularly the temperature of the washing fluid, is set to achieve and maintain the product in a temperature range that extends a shelf life of the product. For example, the temperatures of the water, equipment, and/or environment (e.g., ambient air temperature, conveyors, spin dryer, etc.) achieve a product temperature of approximately 33-38 degrees F. 
     In one embodiment, the totes are immersed in a wash tank without any special flow arrangements. The de-cored ends facilitate flow of water into previously enclosed or partially enclosed portions of the produce and allows the produce to “open” (spread the leafy portions apart). Additional cleaning flow occurs as the washing fluid splashes and eddies within and against the produce, and even more so when the washing fluid drains from the produce. As noted above, multiple tanks may be utilized with sprayers (spray bars) between tanks. (alternatively, a tote can be routed more than once through a single tank). Repeatedly immersing, draining and spraying of the de-cored produce provides for sufficient cleaning solution flow to provide a very clean product. 
     At step  150 , the totes are loaded into a dryer. Preferably the dryer is a spin dryer similar in construction to that described in Mitchell et al. I, however, other dryers may be utilized. The totes are taken from the washing line and preferably loaded into the spin dryer so that an open end of the produce in the totes is facing outward (i.e., centrifugal forces push excess water out through the leafy end, if any, of the produce). The centrifugal force of the spin dryer is more effective with the de-cored produce compared to intact core produce because of easier flow through the vegetable (e.g., there is less vacuum holding water to the produce because the cut end can produce an open channel). Due to the greater efficiency of spin drying de-cored produce, the dryers may be run at a slower rpm compared to drying operations on cored produce (increasing the dryers useful life and decreasing energy consumption). Optionally, the spin speed or cycle times of the drying operations may be reduced. After drying, the products are packaged (step  160 ) and then sold/delivered to a customer (step  170 ). 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart of a process according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 3  elaborates on some optional, but preferred details of the process described in  FIG. 1 . At step  310 , after cutting and de-coring, an initial wash is performed. The initial wash is performed using a cleaning solution which comprises, for example, a mixture of water and chlorine. The initial wash can be performed via any of a handheld pressure sprayer, automatic spray nozzles (e.g., activated by a photo eye or motion sensor when a head is held over (or under/near) the nozzle), and/or by immersing the cut/de-cored produce in a bucket of the initial wash cleaning solution. The initial wash is intended to remove internal liquids exuding from the de-cored produce (e.g., the produce&#39;s “milk”) and to sanitize the produce. 
     At step  330 , with the cut de-cored produce is loaded in totes, the totes are then loaded onto a field conveyor belt and sprayers mounted around the conveyor belt perform a spray wash on the core and leafy ends (tops) of the produce. The initial spray wash is, for example, a chlorine solution which cleans excess dirt and plant liquid (“milk”), and reduces browning and discoloration of the produce. 
     At step  340 , the totes are loaded onto a field trailer (preferably on pallets on the trailer). The field trailer provides for temporary storage and allows for larger bulk pickups of the loaded totes. On the field trailer, the loaded totes are covered (e.g., an opaque cover that protects from sunburn, windburn (particularly during transport), and keeps out dust and other foreign particles, reduces dehydration). In one embodiment, the cover is a white plastic shroud strapped to the totes. 
     Again, the loaded totes are transported to a processing plant for washing, drying, packaging, and product distribution (steps  350 ,  360 ,  370 , and  390 ). 
     Turning now to the washing process. The produce are placed in a pre-aligned direction in the totes.  FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of an example tote  400 .  FIG. 4B  is a 4 view drawing of the example tote  400  loaded with cut de-cored produce  410 . The de-cored produce  410  is loaded into the tote  400  in a pre-aligned direction  405 . The pre-aligned direction  405  is a direction of a flow of washing fluid that will be applied to the tote. The pre-aligned direction  405  is, for example, an axial direction (an axis from the core to leafy ends of the produce) in which the de-cored produce is to be located in the totes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4B , the de-cored produce  410  is loaded in the tote such that a de-cored end  414  of the produce are facing the flow. A leafy end  425  of the produce is away from the flow. 
     Although the present invention is preferably implemented with flows impacting each side of the tote (e.g.,  FIGS. 6A and 8G ), in one embodiment, the tote  400  is designed for maximum flow through the tote in a single direction. Gratings  420  on a side of the tote facing the flow are spaced further apart (openings are larger) than gratings  425  on a side of the tote away from the flow. The larger grating openings facing the flow provide greater access for washing fluid ejected from spray nozzles, flow pipes, or through channels, that directly impact the de-cored ends. The smaller grating opening on the side of the tote away from the flow provides better support for the leafy ends of the produce and help prevent the produce or portions of the produce from being forced out of the tote due to pressure from impact of spray or other washing fluid flows. The gratings may also be referred to as a venting pattern. The approximate size and shape of the totes and venting patterns may vary. For example, the totes may have one or more standard venting patterns evenly distributed on sides, tops, and bottoms of the totes. Other venting patterns, including multiple tote venting patterns may be utilized. 
     The whole head form of the produce also helps keep the produce in the tote during washing and drying, and makes it easier to remove from the tote for packing, either clam shell or bags. The whole head form can generally be described as a vegetable or produce in which a head (e.g., leafy portion of the vegetable remains together even though the core portion of the vegetable has been removed).  FIG. 8G  is an example of a tote loaded with produce in whole head form (or whole head concept) that is applicable to various of the embodiments described herein. 
       FIG. 5  is a drawing of a washing device  500  according to several embodiments of the present invention. The washing device  500  includes a tank  510  and a transport mechanism  520 . The tank is, for example, a stainless steel water tight tub with appropriate fittings for cleaning, draining, introduction of washing fluid, and, as discussed in several embodiments, for maintaining a flow of washing fluid through the tank. Many other materials are suitable for the tank construction, including, but not limited to plastics, other metals, fiberglass, etc.). 
     The transport mechanism  520  is, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , a conveyor belt. The conveyor belt, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , may be segmented (e.g., segments  520 A- 520 E), or may be a single loop. The transport mechanism may also be constructed as a pull line (e.g., chain or rope) having latches configured to hook onto the totes and drag them through the wash tank  510  (ramps in the wash tank would then direct the totes into and out of the wash tank along a line where they are processed). 
     De-cored ends  575  of produce are illustrated in tote  570 . A flow of washing fluid through the tank  510  is shown by the circled x&#39;s  580  (indicating a flow of washing fluid into the page of the drawing). The flow of washing fluid is consistent with the pre-aligned direction that produce was loaded into the totes, the de-cored ends  575  are facing flow of the washing fluid, and leafy ends  675  of the produce (not shown in  FIG. 5 ) are away from the flow. 
     In one embodiment, the totes are open at a top of the totes. To prevent produce from floating out of the totes (or being expelled due to the flow of washing fluid, a top conveyor belt  590  rides on top of the totes. The top conveyor belt also helps maintain registration of the totes to the lower conveyor belt(s) ( 520 A- 520 E). 
     The present invention refers to registration, a term which is used to describe maintaining a position of a tote on the conveyor belt (or other transport mechanism). In the context of the present invention, registration is enough holding power (e.g., traction) to move the tote through the wash tank (preferably, the totes maintain a same position on the belt(s), but some slippage or movement relative to the belt(s) is permissible). The use of stops, latches, or other gripping mechanisms may also be used to maintain a relatively stable position on the transport mechanism. 
     In one embodiment, the bottom conveyor belt is a single loop. Stops  592  are placed on the conveyor belt and maintain registration of the totes with the bottom conveyor belt. In one embodiment, stops are replaced by latches  594  that hook onto the tote and maintain registration with the conveyor belt. The latches  594  also eliminate the need for the top conveyor belt to maintain registration. In one embodiment, the top conveyor belt  590  is not used and the totes are fitted with top (e.g., grated wire or plastic top—not shown) to prevent the produce from leaving the tote. Another embodiment involves the use of any gripping mechanism on the bottom belt such as raised rubber “grip” sections placed to catch the bottom edge of the tote. This is enough to maintain placement and forward motion of the totes. 
     Preferably, the speed of the conveyor belts are variable (e.g., computer controlled). Inverters control the speed of the conveyor motors. A control panel may, for example, be placed inside the cabinet to prevent worker tampering. The variable speed of the conveyor belt is used to control a “dwell time” or the duration of the products exposure to the wash fluid and jets. This increases the effective range of products and product conditions to be processed by the same production line. For example, for a heavily soiled product, the production line would be set or otherwise programmed for a longer dwell time. Less soiled or more easily cleaned products would be set for relatively shorter dwell times. 
     The size and shape of the tank  510  may take many different configurations. As noted above, ramps may be included in the tank to facilitate movement of totes through (e.g., entry into and exit from) the tank. 
     In several embodiments, the washing device also includes a flow device that maintains a flow of washing fluid through the tank. In  FIG. 5 , the flow is shown perpendicular to a direction in which the totes are traveling on the conveyor belt. The flow may be maintained in a direction parallel to the direction the totes are travelling, but then the pre-aligned direction within the tote is changed, or the totes are rotated 90 degrees relative to that shown in  FIG. 5 . For example, the flow may travel in a direction opposite the direction of travel of the totes. In the example case, the totes would be rotated (or produce aligned) 90 degrees from that shown so that the de-cored ends face the flow. In one embodiment, no flow is maintained in the wash tank and movement of the tote through the washing fluid creates a flow of washing fluid through the de-cored produce. In one embodiment, the flow is created only from immersion of the tote in the wash tank. The de-cored and leafy ends of the produce “fill” with washing fluid by being immersed. Because the butt end of the produce has been de-cored, the flow, or “filling” of the produce with washing fluid is more efficient and effective compared with immersion of intact core produce. Likewise, and flows maintained in the tank or caused by motion of the tote through the wash tank are also more effective at cleansing the produce. 
     In one embodiment, the totes are loaded exactly as described in Mitchell et al. II except that the produce has been de-cored or otherwise processed (e.g., field processing) as described elsewhere herein. Tote loading for this embodiment is shown in  FIG. 8A , with de-cored ends  810  of the produce facing the centerline  820 . The loaded totes are then transported through a wash tank as described herein or as described in Mitchell et al. II.  FIG. 8B  is an example washing device  800  similar to that described in Mitchell et al. II. A distance between the de-watering belt  810  and top belt ( 822 A or  822 B) is adjusted so that totes (e.g., any of totes as shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  4 A, and  8 A) fit securely between the belts, and movement of the belts cause the totes to be immersed and transports through the wash tank  830 . Finally, the totes are loaded directly (without repackaging) into a dryer, which may be embodied as any of the dryers described in either Mitchell et al. I or Mitchell et al II, or other dryer devices. 
     Furthermore, variations in the direction and travel of the line (e.g., conveyor belt of  FIG. 5 ) and hence changes in the orientation of the totes and produce contained therein may occur. In these cases, it is preferred that the flow (either as maintained in the wash tank or as created by the motion of the tote relative to the washing fluid), at least at some point during those changes in direction and travel of the tote, is directed toward the de-cored ends of the produce in the totes. However, although it is preferred to have proper orientations as described herein, it should be understood that the present invention still provides a cleaner product compared to existing washing systems regardless of the orientation of the totes, orientation of the product within the totes, or the presence of a flow in the wash tank. 
     For the various embodiments employing a flow of washing fluid, many different types and variations of flow devices may also be utilized. The flow device may be, for example, a pump, waterwheel, or other device capable of maintaining a flow of washing fluid. The present inventors have realized that pump sizing ensures wash effectiveness across all product densities. Larger pumps create more turbulence in the lines. An APV pump model #18vs2 has been determined to provide needed size capacity. The size is 7.5 hp. Other makes/models of pumps having similar capacities would also provide the same level of effectiveness. 
     Apparatuses and configurations in which the flow is applied to the totes may also take many forms.  FIG. 6A  is a longitudinal view of a spray wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 6A , input flow pipes  602 A and  602 B route a flow  610  of washing fluid into the wash tank  510 . Nozzles  604 A and  604 B are fitted at ends of the input flow pipes and provide a spray pattern directed at produce loaded in totes. The spray pattern from nozzles  604 A and  604 B are directed toward cut de-cored ends of produce on the left side of tote  608 . 
     Input flow pipes  602 C and  602 D route a flow  612  of washing fluid into the wash tank  510 . Nozzles  604 C and  604 D are fitted at ends of the input flow pipes  602  C and  602  D and provide a spray pattern directed at produce loaded in totes. The spray pattern from nozzles  604 C and  604  D are directed toward cut de-cored ends of produce on the right side of tote  608 . 
     Placement of the nozzles is made to maximize flow of washing fluid through the whole head de-cored produce (e.g., directing nozzles toward the totes, and, more specifically, toward de-cored ends of produce in the totes). The de-cored ends  575  of the produce are facing the flow of the washing fluid. 
     A drain (or central sump)  615  is located, for example, at a center of the wash tank and collects washing fluid that has run off the produce and feeds a return flow  620  back to a pump  630  or other mechanism that maintains the flow  610 . The return line may, for example, drain into a filter to remove debris washed from the produce. The washing fluid may also be directed to a holding area (e.g., holding tank) where maintenance of the washing fluid (e.g., testing, temperature maintenance, adding additional fluid, etc.) is performed. 
       FIG. 6B  is a longitudinal view of a flow wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 6B , washing fluid is input to the washing tank  510  at a flow  640  of relatively high velocity. The washing fluid flow  640  may be directed toward the tote  560  via nozzles at the ends of pipes  635 A and  635 B, or, the pipes may be open. A fluid level  645  is maintained at or above the top of the totes. 
     In this embodiment, the washing force is not a spray directed at the de-cored ends, but instead is a flow of washing fluid (or other cleaning solution) directed across the washing tank  510  from an end of pipes  635 A and  635 B to return pipes  650 . 
     Although shown as 2 example supply pipes and at least one return pipe are shown in the figures, both the supply and return pipes may be embodied as a single large pipe or any number of smaller pipes. 
     The flow is sufficient to enter the de-cored ends of the produce and, at least to some extent, flow through the produce. In flowing through the produce, an “opening” of the leafs or leafy end of the produce occurs. Sediment, contaminants, and other debris between the leafs are washed away with the flow. The return pipes are capable of the same or better flows as the input pipes  635 A and  635 B. 
       FIG. 7A  is a top view of a trough flow wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 7 , a wash tank includes a cross flow channel  715 . The cross flow channel includes an input channel  715 A and a return channel  715 B. The cross flow channel provides a flow of washing fluid directed at de-cored ends of produce located, for example, in tote  560 . The top conveyor belt  590  is shown in dotted outline so as not to obscure viewing of other features. In one embodiment, the entire wash tank is embodied as a cross flow channel (e.g., the cross flow channel in  FIG. 7A  is wide enough to accommodate a transport mechanism that immerses and retrieves the totes from the washing fluid. 
       FIG. 7B  is a top view of a counter flow wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. A wash tank  750  is fitted with input supply lines (e.g.,  750 A and  750 B) that provide an initial flow of washing fluid. In this embodiment, the initial flow of washing fluid enters the washing tank from both the left and right side of the tank. In other embodiments, the initial flow may enter the tank from one side of the tank, from above the tank, or from below the tank. Upon entering the tank, the initial flow is directed (e.g., via combination of the initial flows, and/or by the tank sides) toward the totes as flow  760 . The flow  760  is preferably counter to a direction of travel  765  of the totes. The tote  760  is loaded with de-cored produce in an orientation such that the de-cored ends are facing the flow  760 . The orientation of the de-cored produce may be accomplished, for example, by loading the totes perpendicular to that shown in the other figures, or, by loading the produce along a second pre-aligned direction in the totes. A return line  770  is fitted downstream from the input supply lines. 
       FIG. 8C  is an illustration of another embodiment of the present invention utilizing a dual wash tank that directs a washing fluid flow at totes traveling through the tanks on conveyor belts. Top belts  823 A and  823 B maintain registration of totes traveling on a bottom conveyor belt  813  (not shown). Input flow pipes  602  are arranged on one side of both tanks. An electric motor  851  powers the top belts. A spray bar and nozzles are shown for cleaning the produce as it travels between tank # 1  and tank # 2 . 
       FIG. 8D  is an illustration of a loading end of a wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. Tote  200  is placed on a bottom conveyor belt  813 , and is about to be immersed in tank # 1 . The tote will be held in registration with the bottom conveyor belt via top belt  823 A. Electric motor  852  and gear box  853  provide rotary motion powering the bottom belt  813 . Power and control lines from a control mechanism (not shown) installed in security cabinet  855  controls the speed of the bottom belt  813  and top belts  823 A and  823 B (e.g., dwell time adjustments). Emergency shut off and main power is, for example, provided at breaker box  856 . 
       FIG. 8E  is an illustration of a transition portion of a dual wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. Tote  202  is illustrated as emerging from tank # 1  and tote  204  is illustrated as being submerged in tank # 2 , both totes riding on bottom belt  813 . Spray bars with nozzles  861  further clean the produce as it travels between tanks. 
       FIG. 8F  is an illustration of a finishing end of a wash tank according to an embodiment of the present invention. Tote  206  is being pulled off of the bottom belt  813 . Spray bar  862  feeds nozzles  863  that spray the produce with a final cleaning solution. Nozzles  604 A and  604 C are shown providing a flow perpendicular to the direction of travel of the totes, each of the flows being directed towards the cut de-cored ends of produce loaded in the totes. 
       FIG. 8G  is an illustration of tote  200  loaded according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Leafy ends of produce  890  is placed facing a centerline  820  of tote  200 . The cut de-cored ends  895  of the produce are facing opposite sides of the totes in a position that places the cut de-cored ends directly in the path of flows from, for example, nozzles  604 A and  604 C. In this embodiment, the flow is directed in opposite directions toward both sides of the totes (toward a centerline of the belts) and each flow direction is perpendicular to a path of travel of the totes, thereby placing each de-cored part of the produce directly in the flows. 
     The present invention provides for various configurations and processes for harvesting, washing, and packaging produce. In at least one embodiment, the produce is washed in the field twice and once in a remote processing plant. The produce may be double washed at the processing plant. Any combination of the field and plant washing as described herein may be utilized. The end result is a de-cored product that has been cleaned “triple washed,” dried, and packaged ready for use. 
     Portions of the present invention may be conveniently implemented using a conventional general purpose or a specialized digital computer or microprocessor programmed according to the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in the computer art. For example, sensor data monitoring washing fluid quality, temperature, and flow rates (e.g., sensors mounted in the holding tank) may be fed to a computer programmed to evaluate those factors and make adjustments as needed. The adjustments may include changing water, adding chlorine, anti-bacterial agents, preservatives, coloring, sealants, or other chemicals, and/or raise or lowering the washing fluid temperature. The adjustments may be made, for example, via valves having electronic controls coupled to programming (e.g., allow the release of fresh water and/or chemicals, open/close drains, for example), and switches that control flow of pumping devices and heating/cooling elements. 
     Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in the software art. The invention may also be implemented by the preparation of application specific integrated circuits or by interconnecting an appropriate network of conventional component circuits, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     The present invention includes a computer program product which is a storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to control, or cause, a computer along with appropriate equipment infrastructure (wash tanks, transport mechanisms, etc) to perform any of the processes of the present invention. The storage medium can include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, mini disks (MD&#39;s), optical discs, DVD, CD-ROMS, micro-drive, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, DRAMs, VRAMs, flash memory devices (including flash cards), magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), RAID devices, remote data storage/archive/warehousing, or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. 
     Stored on any one of the computer readable medium (media), the present invention includes software for controlling both the hardware of the general purpose/specialized computer or microprocessor, and for enabling the computer or microprocessor to interact with a human user or other mechanism utilizing the results of the present invention. Such software may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems, and user applications. Ultimately, such computer readable media further includes software for performing the present invention, as described above. 
     In describing preferred embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner. For example, when describing a flow mechanism, a mechanical pump is discussed and illustrated, however, and other alternate mechanism capable of causing a flow of liquid (e.g., compressed air driven pump) may be utilized. The invention includes any and all modifications needed to adapt the teaching described herein to work with alternate mechanisms. All other described items, including, but not limited to washing tanks, pumps, totes, conveyor belts, nozzles, supply and return pipes, drains, anti-bacterial agents, chlorines, washing fluids, etc should also be consider in light of any and all available equivalents. 
     Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.