Patent Publication Number: US-10787673-B2

Title: Disease resistant Brassica plants

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/975,670, filed May 9, 2018, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/190,675 filed Jun. 23, 2016 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,994,861, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/528,707, filed Oct. 30, 2014 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,546,373, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/250,875, filed Apr. 11, 2014 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,121,029, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/525,236, internationally filed Jan. 30, 2008 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,207, which is a U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2008/000718, filed Jan. 30, 2008, which claims priority to International Application No. PCT/EP2007/050976, filed Feb. 1, 2007, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE 
     The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 701802011721SEQLIST.TXT, date recorded: Jan. 17, 2019, size: 136 KB). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to disease resistant plants, in particular plants resistant to organisms of the kingdom Fungi and the phylum Oomycota, the oomycetes. The invention further relates to plant genes conferring disease resistance and methods of obtaining such disease resistant plants for providing protection to Oomycota pathogens. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Resistance of plants to fungal and oomycete pathogens has been extensively studied, for both pathogen specific and broad resistance. In many cases resistance is specified by dominant genes for resistance. Many of these race-specific or gene-for-gene resistance genes have been identified that mediate pathogen recognition by directly or indirectly interacting with avirulence gene products or other molecules from the pathogen. This recognition leads to the activation of a wide range of plant defense responses that arrest pathogen growth. 
     In plant breeding there is a constant struggle to identify new sources of mostly monogenic dominant resistance genes. In cultivars with newly introduced single resistance genes, protection from disease is often rapidly broken, because pathogens evolve and adapt at a high frequency and regain the ability to successfully infect the host plant. 
     Therefore, the availability of new sources of disease resistance is highly needed. 
     Alternative resistance mechanisms act for example through the modulation of the defense response in plants, such as the resistance mediated by the recessive mlo gene in barley to the powdery mildew pathogen  Blumeria graminis  f. sp.  hordei . Plants carrying mutated alleles of the wildtype MLO gene exhibit almost complete resistance coinciding with the abortion of attempted fungal penetration of the cell wall of single attacked epidermal cells. The wild type MLO gene thus acts as a negative regulator of the pathogen response. This is described in WO9804586. 
     Other examples are the recessive powdery mildew resistance genes, found in a screen for loss of susceptibility to  Erysiphe cichoracearum . Three genes have been cloned so far, named PMR6, which encodes a pectate-lyase-like protein, PMR4 which encodes a callose synthase, and PMR5 which encodes a protein of unknown function. Both mlo and pmr genes appear to specifically confer resistance to powdery mildew and not to oomycetes such as downy mildews. 
     Broad pathogen resistance, or systemic forms of resistance such as SAR, has been obtained by two main ways. The first is by mutation of negative regulators of plant defense and cell death, such as in the cpr, lsd, and acd mutants of  Arabidopsis . The second is by transgenic overexpression of inducers or regulators of plant defence, such as in NPR1 overexpressing plants. 
     The disadvantage of these known resistance mechanisms is that, besides pathogen resistance, these plants often show detectable additional and undesirable phenotypes, such as stunted growth or the spontaneous formation of cell death. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a form of resistance that is broad, durable and not associated with undesirable phenotypes. 
     In the research that led to the present invention, an  Arabidopsis thaliana  mutant screen was performed for reduced susceptibility to the downy mildew pathogen  Hyaloperonospora parasitica . EMS-mutants were generated in the highly susceptible  Arabidopsis  line Ler eds 1-2. Eight downy mildew resistant (dmr) mutants were analyzed in detail, corresponding to 6 different loci. Microscopic analysis showed that in all mutants  H. parasitica  growth was severely reduced. Resistance of dmr3, dmr4 and dmr5 was associated with constitutive activation of plant defense. Furthermore, the dmr3 and dmr4, but not dmr5 mutants, were also resistant to  Pseudomonas syringae  and  Golovinomyces orontii.    
     In contrast, enhanced activation of plant defense was not observed in the dmr1, dmr2, and dmr6 mutants. The results of this research have been described in Van Damme et al. (2005) Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 18(6) 583-592. This article does not disclose the identification and characterization of the DMR genes. 
     The dmr6 mutant was identified in a loss-of-susceptibility screen in the  Arabidopsis  Ler eds 1-2 background. The DMR6 gene now has been cloned and characterized. Thus, it was found that DMR6 is the gene At5g24530, encoding for an oxidoreductase (DNA and amino acid sequence are depicted in  FIG. 2 ). Oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the oxidant, to another, the reductant. According to the present invention, it has been found that lack of a functional DMR6 protein results in downy mildew resistance. 
     The present disclosure thus provides a plant, such as a  Brassica  plant which is resistant to a pathogen of viral, bacterial, fungal or oomycete origin, characterized in that the plant has a reduced level, reduced activity or complete absence of the DMR6 protein as compared to a plant that is not resistant to the said pathogen. In some embodiments, the  Brassica  plant is a plant of the family Brassicaceae (i.e., Cruciferae). In some embodiments, the plant is  Brassica oleracea . In some embodiments, the oomycete pathogen is  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae . In some embodiments, the bacterial pathogen is  Xanthomonas campestris campestris.    
     This form of resistance is in particular effective against pathogens of the phylum Oomycota, such as  Albugo, Aphanomyces, Basidiophora, Bremia, Hyaloperonospora, Pachymetra, Paraperonospora, Perofascia, Peronophythora, Peronospora, Peronosclerospora, Phytium, Phytophthora, Plasmopara, Protobremia, Pseudoperonospora, Sclerospora, Viennotia  species, as well as to pathogens belonging to the Fungi. In some embodiments, the pathogen of the phylum  Hyaloperonospora  is  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae.    
     The resistance according to the invention is based on an altered, in particular a reduced level, reduced activity or complete absence of the DMR6 protein in planta. The term “DMR6 protein” in this respect relates to the DMR6 gene product, such as the protein encoded by the At5g24530 gene in  Arabidopsis . Such alterations can be achieved in various ways. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the reduced level of DMR6 protein is the result of a reduced endogenous DMR6 gene expression. Reducing the expression of the DMR6 gene can be achieved, either directly, e.g., by targeting DMR6, or indirectly by modifying the regulatory sequences thereof, or by stimulating repression of the gene. In some embodiments, endogenous DMR6 gene expression may be reduced by any suitable methodology including, without limitation, gene silencing, RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) gene editing techniques, clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing techniques, and zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene editing techniques. 
     Modulating the DMR6 gene to lower its activity or expression can be achieved at various levels. First, the endogenous gene can be directly mutated. This can be achieved by means of a mutagenic treatment. Alternatively, a modified DMR6 gene can be brought into the plant by means of transgenic techniques or by introgression, or the expression of DMR6 can be reduced at the regulatory level, for example by modifying the regulatory sequences or by modulating gene expression by, for example, gene silencing, RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) gene editing techniques, clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing techniques, or zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene editing techniques. 
     In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the reduced level of DMR6 protein is the result of a mutation in the DMR6 gene resulting in a reduced DMR6 expression as compared to the wild-type DMR6 gene wherein no such mutation is present, or resulting in a reduced mRNA or protein stability. In a particular embodiment this is achieved by mutations in the DMR6 coding sequence that result in a non-functional DMR6 protein, i.e. without or with reduced enzymatic activity. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, reduced expression can be achieved by down-regulation of DMR6 gene expression either at the transcriptional or the translational level, e.g. by gene silencing or by mutations that affect the expression of the DMR6 gene. 
     This invention is based on research performed on resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica  in  Arabidopsis  but is a general concept that can be more generally applied in plants, in particular in crop plants that are susceptible to infections with pathogens, such as Oomycota and Fungi. 
     The invention is suitable for a large number of plant diseases caused by oomycetes such as, but not limited to,  Bremia lactucae  on lettuce,  Peronospora farinosa  on spinach,  Pseudoperonospora cubensis  on members of the Cucurbitaceae family, e.g. cucumber and melon,  Peronospora  destructor on onion,  Hyaloperonospora parasitica  on members of the Brassicaceae family, e.g. cabbage,  Plasmopara viticola  on grape,  Phytophthora infestans  on tomato and potato, and  Phytophthora sojae  on soybean. 
     When the modification of DMR6 gene expression in a plant is to be achieved via genetic modification of the DMR6 gene or via the identification of mutations in the DMR6 gene, and the gene is not yet known it must first be identified. To generate pathogen-resistant plants, in particular crop plants, via genetic modification of the DMR6 gene or via the identification of mutations in the DMR6 gene, the orthologous DMR6 genes must be isolated from these plant species. 
     Various methods are available for the identification of orthologous sequences in other plants. 
     A method for the identification of DMR6 orthologous sequences in a plant species, may for example comprise identification of DMR6 ESTs of the plant species in a database; designing primers for amplification of the complete DMR6 transcript or cDNA; performing amplification experiments with the primers to obtain the corresponding complete transcript or cDNA; and determining the nucleotide sequence of the transcript or cDNA. Suitable methods for amplifying the complete transcript or cDNA in situations where only part of the coding sequence is known are the advanced PCR techniques 5′RACE, 3′RACE, TAIL-PCR, RLM-RACE and vectorette PCR. 
     Alternatively, if no nucleotide sequences are available for the plant species of interest, primers are designed on the DMR6 gene of a plant species closely related to the plant of interest, based on conserved domains as determined by multiple nucleotide sequence alignment, and used to PCR amplify the orthologous sequence. Such primers are suitably degenerate primers. 
     Another reliable method to assess a given sequence as being a DMR6 ortholog is by identification of the reciprocal best hit. A candidate orthologous DMR6 sequence of a given plant species is identified as the best hit from DNA databases when searching with the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 protein or DNA sequence, or that of another plant species, using a Blast program. The obtained candidate orthologous nucleotide sequence of the given plant species is used to search for homology to all  Arabidopsis  proteins present in the DNA databases (e.g. at NCBI or TAIR) using the BlastX search method. If the best hit and score is to the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 protein, the given DNA sequence can be described as being an ortholog, or orthologous sequence. 
     DMR6 is encoded by a single gene in  Arabidopsis  as deduced from the complete genome sequence that is publicly available. In the genome of rice 3 orthologs, and in poplar 2 orthologs have been identified. In most other plant species tested so far, DMR6 appears to be encoded by a single gene, as determined by the analysis of mRNA sequences and EST data from public DNA databases. The orthologous genes and proteins are identified in these plants by nucleotide and amino acid comparisons with the information that is present in public databases. 
     Alternatively, if no DNA sequences are available for the desired plant species, orthologous sequences are isolated by heterologous hybridization using DNA probes of the DMR6 gene of  Arabidopsis  or another plant or by PCR methods, making use of conserved domains in the DMR6 coding sequence to define the primers. For many crop species, partial DMR6 mRNA sequences are available that can be used to design primers to subsequently PCR amplify the complete mRNA or genomic sequences for DNA sequence analysis. 
     In a specific embodiment the ortholog is a gene of which the encoded protein shows at least 50% identity with the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 protein (At5g24530) or that of other plant DMR6 proteins. In a more specific embodiment the identity is at least 55%, more specifically 60%, even more specifically 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%. 
     Accordingly, certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a mutant  Brassica  plant, wherein the plant has a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the mutant  Brassica  plant has at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene; and wherein the mutant  Brassica  plant has a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the mutant  Brassica  plant has at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene. In some embodiments, the plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, and at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112; and wherein the DMR6-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a protein with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, and at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, or least 95% sequence identity, and at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, the non-natural mutation in DMR6-1 is a premature stop codon, and wherein the non-natural mutation in DMR6-2 is a premature stop codon. In some embodiments, the at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant; and wherein the at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 polypeptide is selected from the group of a polypeptide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112; and wherein the DMR6-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group of a protein with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group consisting of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, the at least one non-natural mutation that reduces the activity or level of the DMR6-1 protein is selected from the group of a premature stop codon introduced into the DMR6-1 coding sequence, a frameshift mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 coding sequence, an insertion introduced into the DMR6-1 coding sequence, a deletion of a part or a whole of the DMR6-1 coding sequence, an altered amino acid in a conserved domain of the DMR6-1 protein, a modified upstream sequence, a mutated promoter element, or an activated repressor element; and wherein the at least one non-natural mutation that reduces the activity or level of the DMR6-2 protein is selected from the group of a premature stop codon introduced into the DMR6-2 coding sequence, a frameshift mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 coding sequence, an insertion introduced into the DMR6-2 coding sequence, a deletion of a part or a whole of the DMR6-2 coding sequence, an altered amino acid in a conserved domain of the DMR6-2 protein, a modified upstream sequence, a mutated promoter element, or an activated repressor element. In some embodiments, the plant is a  Brassica oleracea  cultivar selected from the group of cabbage, kohlrabi, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, broccoli, Romanesco broccoli, or cauliflower. In some embodiments, the non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a C to T mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 181 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, a C to T mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 691 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, a G to A mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 714 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, or a deletion of five nucleotides starting at a position corresponding to nucleotide 601 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a G to A mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 368 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 115, or a deletion of the nucleotide at a position corresponding to nucleotide 600 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 115. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a seed, tissue, or plant part of the  Brassica  plant of the above embodiments that includes a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant and a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the seed, tissue, or plant part comprises at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-1 gene and at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-2 gene. 
     Further aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method for obtaining a mutant  Brassica  plant including: introducing at least one non-natural mutation into the DMR6-1 nucleotide coding sequence and introducing at least one non-natural mutation into the DMR6-2 nucleotide coding sequence to produce a mutant  Brassica  plant with a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant and a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant. In some embodiments, the mutant  Brassica  plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non-natural mutation is achieved by a mutagenic treatment, a radiation treatment, or a gene editing technique. In some embodiments, the mutant  Brassica  plant produced from the above methods includes at least at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-1 gene and at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-2 gene, wherein the plant further comprises a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant and a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mutant  Brassica  plant produced from the above methods includes at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-1 nucleotide coding sequence that reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant; wherein the plant comprises at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-2 nucleotide coding sequence that reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant; and wherein the plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 polypeptide is selected from the group of a polypeptide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112; and wherein the DMR6-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group of a protein with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a seed, tissue, or plant part of the mutant  Brassica  plant produced from the above methods. 
     In some embodiments of any of the above embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a plant part, wherein the plant part is a leaf, a stem, a root, a flower, a seed, a fruit, a cell, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the plant part is a leaf. 
     In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a pollen grain or an ovule of the plant of any of the above embodiments. 
     In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a protoplast produced from the plant of any of the above embodiments. 
     In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a tissue culture produced from protoplasts or cells from the plant of any of the above embodiments, wherein the cells or protoplasts are produced from a plant part selected from the group=of leaf, anther, pistil, stem, petiole, root, root primordia, root tip, fruit, seed, flower, cotyledon, hypocotyl, embryo, or meristematic cell. 
     In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a plant seed produced from the plant of any of the above embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  shows the alignment of the amino acid sequences of the DMR6 protein of  Arabidopsis thaliana  (SEQ ID NO: 62) and orthologs from  Aquilegia  species (SEQ ID NO: 63),  Citrus sinensis  (SEQ ID NO: 64),  Coffea canephora  (SEQ ID NO: 65),  Cucumis sativus  (SEQ ID NO: 67),  Gossypium hirsutum  (SEQ ID NO: 68),  Lactuca sativa  (SEQ ID NO: 70),  Medicago truncatula  (SEQ ID NO: 71),  Oryza sativa  (SEQ ID NOs. 72-74),  Populus trichocarpa  (SEQ ID NOs. 75 and 76),  Solanum lycopersicum  (SEQ ID NOs. 77 and 78),  Sorghum bicolor  (SEQ ID NO: 79),  Spinacia oleracea  (SEQ ID NO: 81),  Vitis vinifera  (SEQ ID NO: 82),  Zea mays  (SEQ ID NO: 83), and  Zingiber officinale  (SEQ ID NO: 84), using the CLUSTAL W (1.83) multiple sequence alignment program (EBI). Below the sequences the conserved amino acids are indicated by the dots, and the identical amino acids are indicated by the asterisk. 
         FIG. 2  shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 61) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 62) of the DMR6 gene (At5g24530, gi 42568064, Genbank NM_122361) and protein (gi 15238567, Genbank NP_197841) of  Arabidopsis thaliana , respectively. 
         FIG. 3  shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 69) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 70) of the DMR6 ortholog of  Lactuca sativa , respectively. 
         FIG. 4  shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 80) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 81) of the DMR6 ortholog of  Spinacia oleracea , respectively. 
         FIG. 5  shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 66) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 67) of the DMR6 ortholog of  Cucumis sativus  and  Cucumis melo.    
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  show the downy mildew resistance of the  Arabidopsis  dmr6 mutants.  FIG. 6A  shows quantification of sporangiophores of  H. parasitica  isolate Waco9, 7 days post inoculation, on the dmr6-1 mutant (BC2, line E37) compared to its parental line Ler eds 1-2 and on the dmr6-2 mutant (FLAG 445D09 T-DNA line) compared to its parental line Ws-4.  FIG. 6B  shows restoration of susceptibility by complementation with the At5g24530 gene in the dmr6-1 mutant.  H. parasitica  spores per mg seedling weight were quantified on Ler eds 1-2, dmr6-1 and 5 complementation lines (#121, 122, 211,231, and 241). 
         FIG. 7  shows the structure of the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 gene and dmr6-1 and dmr6-2 mutations. The DMR6 gene contains four exons and a coding sequence of 1026 bases. The two alleles are indicated; dmr6-1 with a base change in exon 2, and dmr6-2 with a T-DNA insertion into intron 2. 
         FIG. 8  shows the relative transcript levels of DMR6 in Ler plants either mock treated or inoculated with a compatible or incompatible  H. parasitica  isolate. Transcript levels were determined at different days post inoculation. The difference in cycle threshold (ΔCT) values reflect the number of additional PCR amplification cycles required to reach an arbitrary threshold product concentration as compared to ACTIN2. A lower ΔCT value indicates a higher transcript level. 
         FIGS. 9A-9E  shows the expression of the DMR6 promoter-reporter (pDMR6::GUS) construct in transgenic  Arabidopsis  lines, visualized with only X-gluc as substrate ( FIGS. 9D and 9E ) or Magenta-X-gluc ( FIGS. 9A-9C ) and trypan blue staining of  H. parasitica  growth.  FIG. 9A  shows Ler eds 1-2 (pDMR6::GUS) 3 dpi with  H. parasitica , Cala2 isolate.  FIG. 9B  shows Col-0 (pDMR6::GUS) 3 dpi with  H. parasitica , Waco9 isolate.  FIG. 9C  shows Ler eds 1-2 (pDMR6::GUS) 3 dpi with  H. parasitica , Emoy2 isolate.  FIG. 9D  shows Col-0 (pDMR6::GUS) 3 dp wounding.  FIG. 9E  shows Col-0 (pDMR6::GUS) 3 dp BTH application. 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  show the Q-PCR analysis of the transcript levels of the genes; At4g14365, At1g14880, ACD6, PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5, selected as up regulated in the dmr6-1 micro array analysis.  FIG. 10A  shows transcription levels of the six genes in dmr6-1 compared to Ler eds 1-2 and additionally the DMR6 transcript.  FIG. 10B  shows elevated gene transcripts of six defence-associated genes in dmr6-2 versus Ws-4. ΔCT reflects the number of additional PCR amplification cycles required to reach the level of ACTIN2 transcripts. A lower ΔCT value indicates a higher transcript level. 
         FIG. 11  shows the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 107) of the 3 kb region upstream of the start codon of the DMR6 gene (at5g24530) of  Arabidopsis thaliana , including the promoter and 5′-UTR (underlined). 
         FIG. 12  shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 95) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 96) of the DMR6 ortholog of  Solanum lycopersicum , respectively. 
         FIG. 13  shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 97) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 98) of the DMR6 ortholog of  Nicotiana benthamiana , respectively. 
         FIG. 14  shows complementation of  Arabidopsis thaliana  dmr6-1 with DMR6 derived from  Cucumis sativa  (Cs),  Spinacia oleracea  (Si),  Lactuca sativa  (Ls) and  Solanum lycopersicum  (So). 
         FIG. 15  shows a box plot of the whole plant downy mildew test results obtained 8 days post infection (dpi) from a segregating F2 population of rapid cycling  Brassica oleracea  (FastPlant®, https://fastplants.org/origin/) containing the mutant alleles bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2. The y-axis lists the genotypes, and provides the number of plants tested: wild type (“AA BB”), 27 plants; and homozygous double mutant for mutant alleles bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2 (“aa bb”), 13 plants. For all genotypes, “+” is the sample mean, “º” is a single data point, and the box reflects the variation within each genotype. The disease score shown on the x-axis ranges from 0 (susceptible) to 9 (resistant) (see Table 6). 
         FIG. 16  shows the phenotypic difference between homozygous double mutant for mutant alleles bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2 (“aa bb”) and wild type (“AA BB”) rapid cycling  Brassica oleracea  (FastPlant®, https://fastplants.org/origin/) plants inoculated with downy mildew ( Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae ) at 8 dpi. 
         FIGS. 17A-17C  show box plots of the leaf disc downy mildew test results obtained 9 dpi from three different segregating F2 populations of rapid cycling  Brassica oleracea  (FastPlant®, https://fastplants.org/origin/).  FIG. 17A  shows the results from F2 pop. 1 containing the mutant alleles bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2. The y-axis lists the genotypes, and provides the number of plants tested: wild type (“AA BB”), 5 plants; and homozygous double mutant for mutant alleles bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2 (“aa bb”), 15 plants.  FIG. 17B  shows the results from F2 pop. 2 containing the mutant alleles bodmr6-1-2 and bodmr6-2. The y-axis lists the genotypes, and provides the number of plants tested: wild type (“AA BB”), 8 plants; and homozygous double mutant for mutant alleles bodmr6-1-2 and bodmr6-2 (“aa bb”), 15 plants.  FIG. 17C  shows the results from F2 pop. 3 containing the mutant alleles bodmr6-1-3 and bodmr6-2. The y-axis lists the genotypes, and provides the number of plants tested: wild type (“AA BB”), 5 plants; and homozygous double mutant for mutant alleles bodmr6-1-2 and bodmr6-2 (“aa bb”), 10 plants. For  FIGS. 17A-17C , “+” is the sample mean, “0” is a single data point, the box reflects the variation within each genotype, and the disease score shown on the x-axis ranges from 0 (susceptible) to 9 (resistant) (see Table 6). 
         FIGS. 18A-18D  show exemplary images of infected plants from a  Xanthomonas campestris campestris  (Xcc) test with different disease severity scores. FIG.  18 A shows a plant with disease severity score 1 (i.e., local symptom=all leaves are more than 50% infected; systemic symptom=plant is dead; see Table 9).  FIG. 18B  shows a plant with disease severity score 3 (i.e., local symptom=all leaves are less than 50% infected; systemic symptom=all new leaves are infected; see Table 9).  FIG. 18C  shows a plant with disease severity score 5 (i.e., local symptom=1 or 2 leaves infected with V-shaped lesions; systemic symptom=1 or 2 new leaves infected with a V-shaped lesion; see Table 9).  FIG. 18D  shows a plant with disease severity score 7 (i.e., local symptom=no clear infection, but some leaves show spots; systemic symptom=no clear infection, but older leaves show some symptoms; see Table 9). For  FIGS. 18A-18D , the red ring marks the youngest leaf developed at the time of infection, and symptoms observed above the red ring are considered systemic, while symptoms observed below the red ring are considered local. 
         FIGS. 19A-19D  show box plots of results from Xcc tests using different Xcc strains (Xcc 1 or Xcc 4) to infect DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout and wild type plants.  FIG. 19A  shows scores of local infection from an Xcc test that used Xcc race 1 (Xcc 1) to test resistant control plants (R1, 26 plants; R2, 30 plants), susceptible control plants (KT38, 30 plants), DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants (GE, 38 plants), and wild type plants processed with the same protocol as the GE plants (i.e., plants regenerated from protoplasts that did not contain the double mutation; GE.WT, 37 plants).  FIG. 19B  shows scores of systemic infection from an Xcc test that used Xcc 1 to test resistant control plants (R1, 26 plants; R2, 30 plants), susceptible control plants (KT38, 30 plants), DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants (GE, 38 plants), and wild type plants processed with the same protocol as the GE plants (i.e., plants regenerated from protoplasts that did not contain the double mutation; GE.WT, 37 plants).  FIG. 19C  shows scores of local infection from an Xcc test that used Xcc race 4 (Xcc 4) to test resistant control plants (R1, 5 plants; R2, 4 plants), susceptible control plants (KT38, 6 plants), DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants (GE, 33 plants), and wild type plants processed with the same protocol as the GE plants (i.e., plants regenerated from protoplasts that did not contain the double mutation; GE.WT, 27 plants).  FIG. 19D  shows scores of systemic infection from an Xcc test that used Xcc 4 to test resistant control plants (R1, 5 plants; R2, 4 plants), susceptible control plants (KT38, 6 plants), DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants (GE, 33 plants), and wild type plants processed with the same protocol as the GE plants (i.e., plants regenerated from protoplasts that did not contain the double mutation; GE.WT, 27 plants). For  FIGS. 19A-19D , “+” is the sample mean, “º” is a single data point, the box reflects the variation within each genotype, the results are the combined results from two independent tests, and the disease score shown on the x-axis ranges from 0 (susceptible) to 9 (resistant). 
         FIG. 20  shows an exemplary image of the systemic resistance phenotype of a DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plant (GE; on right) and a wild type plant processed with the same protocol as the GE plant (i.e., a plant regenerated from a protoplast that did not contain the double mutation; GE.WT, on left). Pictures were taken four weeks after infection with Xcc. 
         FIG. 21  shows a box plot of whole plant downy mildew test results obtained 8 dpi from DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants (GE, 22 plant), and wild type plants processed with the same protocol as the GE plants (i.e., plants regenerated from protoplasts that did not contain the double mutation; WT, 18 plants). “+” is the sample mean, “º” is a single data point, the box reflects the variation within each genotype, the results are the combined results from two independent tests, and the disease score shown on the x-axis ranges from 2 (susceptible) to 9 (resistant). 
         FIGS. 22A-22F  show the alignment of the wild type DMR6-1 nucleotide sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf108=SEQ ID NO: 114; top row) with mutated DMR6-1 nucleotide sequences (BoDMR6_C181T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 128; BoDMR6_C691T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 129; BoDMR6_G714A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 130; BoDMR6_−5 bp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 137; bottom four rows). 
         FIGS. 23A-23E  show the alignment of the wild type DMR6-2 nucleotide sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf155=SEQ ID NO: 115; top row) with mutated DMR6-2 nucleotide sequences (BoDMR6_G368A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 131; BoDMR6_-lbp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 138; bottom two rows). 
         FIGS. 24A-24B  show the alignment of the wild type DMR6-1 polypeptide sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf108=SEQ ID NO: 112; top row) with mutated DMR6-1 polypeptide sequences (BoDMR6_C181T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 141; BoDMR6_C691T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 142; BoDMR6_G714A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 143; BoDMR6_−5 bp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 139; bottom four rows). 
         FIGS. 25A-25B  show the alignment of the wild type DMR6-2 polypeptide sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf155=SEQ ID NO: 113; top row) with mutated DMR6-2 nucleotide sequences (BoDMR6_G368A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 144; BoDMR6_-lbp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 140; bottom two rows). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows orthologous DMR6 sequences (described in Table 1) that have been identified in publicly available databases and obtained by PCR amplification on cDNA and subsequent sequencing. After orthologous DMR6 sequences are identified, the complete nucleotide sequence of the regulatory and coding sequence of the gene is identified by standard molecular biological techniques. For this, genomic libraries of the plant species are screened by DNA hybridization or PCR with probes or primers derived from a known DMR6 gene to identify the genomic clones containing the DMR6 gene. Alternatively, advanced PCR methods, such as RNA ligase-mediated RACE (RLM-RACE), can be used to directly amplify gene and cDNA sequences from genomic DNA or reverse-transcribed mRNA. DNA sequencing subsequently results in the characterization of the complete gene or coding sequence. 
     Once the DNA sequence of the gene is known this information is used to prepare the means to modulate the expression of the DMR6 gene. 
     To achieve a reduced DMR6 protein level, the expression of the DMR6 gene can be down-regulated or the enzymatic activity of the DMR6 protein can be reduced by amino acid substitutions resulting from nucleotide changes in the DMR6 coding sequence. 
     In a particular embodiment of the invention, downregulation of DMR6 gene expression is achieved by gene-silencing using RNAi. For this, transgenic plants are generated expressing a DMR6 anti-sense construct, an optimized micro-RNA construct, an inverted repeat construct, or a combined sense-anti-sense construct, so as to generate dsRNA corresponding to DMR6 that leads to gene silencing. 
     In an alternative embodiment, one or more regulators of the DMR6 gene are downregulated (in case of transcriptional activators) by RNAi. 
     In another embodiment regulators are upregulated (in case of repressor proteins) by transgenic overexpression. Overexpression is achieved in a particular embodiment by expressing repressor proteins of the DMR6 gene from a strong promoter, e.g. the 35S promoter that is commonly used in plant biotechnology. 
     The downregulation of the DMR6 gene can also be achieved by mutagenesis of the regulatory elements in the promoter, terminator region, or potential introns. Mutations in the DMR6 coding sequence in many cases leads to amino acid substitutions or premature stop codons that negatively affect the expression or activity of the encoded DMR6 protein. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the mutations in the DMR6 coding sequence are the introduction of a premature stop codon. In a further embodiment, mutations in the two cabbage DMR6 genes (i.e., DMR6-1 and DMR6-2) introduce a premature stop codon into each of the cabbage DMR6 genes. 
     These mutations are induced in plants by using mutagenic chemicals such as ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), by irradiation of plant material with gamma rays or fast neutrons, or by other means. The resulting nucleotide changes are random, but in a large collection of mutagenized plants the mutations in the DMR6 gene can be readily identified by using the TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) method (McCallum et al. (2000) Targeted screening for induced mutations. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 455-457, and Henikoff et al. (2004) TILLING. Traditional mutagenesis meets functional genomics. Plant Physiol. 135, 630-636). The principle of this method is based on the PCR amplification of the gene of interest from genomic DNA of a large collection of mutagenized plants in the M2 generation. By DNA sequencing or by looking for point mutations using a single-strand specific nuclease, such as the CEL-I nuclease (Till et al. (2004) Mismatch cleavage by single-strand specific nucleases. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 2632-2641) the individual plants that have a mutation in the gene of interest are identified. 
     By screening many plants, a large collection of mutant alleles is obtained, each giving a different effect on gene expression or enzyme activity. The gene expression or protein levels can for example be tested by analysis of DMR6 transcript levels (e.g. by RT-PCR) or by quantification of DMR6 protein levels with antibodies. 
     Plants with the desired reduced DMR6 level or DMR6 expression are then back-crossed or crossed to other breeding lines to transfer only the desired new allele into the background of the crop wanted. 
     The invention further relates to mutated DMR6 genes. In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to dmr6 alleles with premature stop codons, such as the dmr6-1 allele and the dmr6-2 allele. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to mutated versions of the DMR6 genes of  Lactuca sativa, Cucumis sativus , and  Spinacia oleracea  as shown in  FIGS. 3-5 . 
     The present invention demonstrates that plants having no or a reduced level of functional DMR6 gene product show resistance to pathogens, in particular of oomycete and fungal origin. With such knowledge the skilled person can identify so far unknown natural variants of a given plant species that have variants of the DMR6 gene that lead to a reduced level or absence of a functional DMR6 protein, or mutated versions of the DMR6 protein, and to use these natural variants according to the invention. 
     The present invention further relates to the use of a DMR6 promoter for providing disease resistance into plants, i.e. for providing plants with a resistance to a pathogen of viral, bacterial, fungal or oomycete origin. According to the present invention, the transcriptional up-regulation of DMR6 in response to pathogen infection has been demonstrated. Both transcript analysis as well as promoter DMR6-reporter lines support this finding (see Example 1, below). The pathogen-inducible DMR6 promoter according to the invention thus is particularly useful to control the expression of inducible systems that lead to disease resistance in plants. 
     One example of such inducible system that leads to disease resistance in plants, and in which the DMR6 promoter according to the present invention may be effective, has e.g. been described in WO 99/45125, wherein an antisense nucleotide sequence for a gene involved in the regulation of the C-5 porphyrin metabolic pathway is operably linked to a pathogen-inducible promoter and used to transform plant cells. Expression of the antisense nucleotide sequence in response to the pathogen effectively disrupts porphyrin metabolism of the transformed plant cell, and development of a localized lesion wherein the spread of the pathogen is contained. WO 96/36697 also discloses inducible systems leading to disease resistance in plants, wherein an inducible promoter controls the expression of a protein capable of evoking the hypersensitivity response in a plant. EP 0474857 furthermore discloses a method for the induction of pathogen resistance in plants, comprising transforming plants with polynucleotide sequences encoding a pair of pathogen-derived-avirulence-gene/plant-derived-resistance gene, wherein the expression of one of or both the elicitor peptide and the resistance gene is regulated by a pathogen inducible promoter. Further examples of inducible systems leading to resistance to pathogens in plants have been described in e.g. WO 98/32325. 
     In a particular preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of providing disease resistance in a plant, comprising transforming a plant cell with a DNA construct comprising at least one expressible nucleic acid which is operably linked to a pathogen-inducible promoter that is operable within a plant cell, and regenerating transformed plants from said plant cells, wherein the pathogen-inducible promoter is a DMR6 promoter, and wherein the expression of the expressible nucleic acid confers disease resistance to the transgenic plant. 
     The invention also relates to disease resistance plants, obtainable by said method, as well as to plant tissue, and seeds obtained from said plants. 
     The invention in particular relates to plants, which are resistant to a pathogen of viral, bacterial, fungal or oomycete origin, wherein the plant comprises in its genome a DNA construct, comprising at least one expressible nucleic acid which is operably linked to a pathogen-inducible promoter, wherein the pathogen-inducible promoter is a DMR6 promoter. 
     The present invention also relates to the DNA construct per se, comprising at least one expressible nucleic acid which is operably linked to a pathogen-inducible promoter, wherein the pathogen-inducible promoter is a DMR6 promoter. The construct of the invention can be used to transform plant cells which may be regenerated into transformed plants. Furthermore, transformed plant tissue and seed may be obtained. Suitable methods for introducing the construct of the invention into plant cells are known to the skilled person. 
     According to the invention, by “operably linked” is meant that a promoter and an expressible nucleic acid, e.g. a gene, are connected in such way as to permit initiation of transcription of the expressible nucleic acid (e.g. gene) by the promoter. 
     By “expressible nucleic acid” is meant a nucleic acid (e.g. a gene, or part of a gene) that can be expressed in the cell, i.e., that can be transcribed into mRNA, and eventually may be translated into a protein. The expressible nucleic acid may be genomic DNA, cDNA, or chemically synthesized DNA or any combination thereof. 
     According to the present invention, a DNA construct comprises all necessary nucleic acid elements which permit expression (i.e. transcription) of a particular nucleic acid in a cell. Typically, the construct includes an expressible nucleic acid, i.e. a nucleic acid to be transcribed, and a promoter. The construct can suitably be incorporated into e.g. a plasmid or vector. 
     The expressible nucleic acid preferably is a gene involved in a plant defence response, e.g. a gene associated with the hypersensitivity response of a plant. In the hypersensitivity response (HR) of a plant, the site in the plant where the pathogen invades undergoes localized cell death by the induced expression of a suicide mechanism that triggers said localized cell death in response to pathogens. In this way, only a few plant cells are sacrificed and the spread of the pathogen is effectively arrested. Examples of said genes involved in a plant defence response are the regulatory protein NPR1/NIM1 (Friedrich et al., Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 14(9): 1114-1124, 2001) and the transcription factor MYB30 (Vailleau et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(15): 10179-10184, 2002). 
     In a particular embodiment, the expressible nucleic acid encodes an autologous or heterologous polypeptide capable of conferring disease-resistance to a plant. By “autologous polypeptide” is meant any polypeptide that is expressed in a transformed plant cell from a gene that naturally occurs in the transformed plant cell. By “heterologous polypeptide” is meant any polypeptide that is expressed in a transformed plant cell from a gene that is partly or entirely foreign (i.e. does not naturally occur in) to the transformed plant cell. Examples of such polypeptides are the mammalian Bax protein, which encodes a pro-apoptotic protein and results in cell death in plants (Lacomme and Santa Cruz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96(14): 7956-61, 1999) and fungal chitinases (de las Mercedes Dana et al., Plant Physiol. 142(2): 722-730, 2006). 
     Preferably, the DMR6 promoter is the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 promoter. The DMR6 promoter comprises a region of 3000 bp that is upstream of the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 coding sequence (ATG start codon) and includes the 5′UTR. Preferably the DMR6 promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence as defined in  FIG. 11 , and/or any functional fragment thereof, i.e. any fragment (or part) of said sequence which still is capable of initiating transcription of the expressible nucleic acid(s) to which it is operably linked, and/or natural variants thereof, i.e. natural variants of this promoter which may contain small polymorphisms, but which are generally at least 90% identical. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, the DMR6 promoter is an orthologous DMR6 promoter, i.e. a promoter of an orthologous DMR6 gene. Methods for identifying DMR6 orthologs have been described in Example 2 below. Once the DMR6 orthologs have been identified, the skilled person will be able to isolate the respective promoter of said orthologs, using standard molecular biological techniques. 
     According to the present invention, the DMR6 promoter has been shown to be strongly pathogen-induced, and the DMR6 promoter is not highly expressed in other non-infected tissues. Thus, it is a very suitable promoter for use in inducible systems for providing resistance to pathogens of viral, bacterial, fungal or oomycete origin in plants. Examples of specific pathogens and plants for which the inducible system, using the DMR6 promoter of the present invention, suitably can be used, have been given above. 
     In a particular embodiment, downregulation of DMR6 gene expression is achieved by gene silencing, RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) gene editing techniques, clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing techniques, and/or zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene editing techniques. For this, transgenic plants are generated expressing one or more constructs targeting DMR6. These constructs may include, without limitation, an anti-sense construct, an optimized small-RNA construct, an inverted repeat construct, a targeting construct, a guide RNA construct, a construct encoding a targeting protein, and/or a combined sense-anti-sense construct, and may work in conjunction with a nuclease, an endonuclease, and/or an enzyme, so as to downregulate DMR6 gene expression. 
     In an alternative embodiment, one or more regulators of the DMR6 gene are downregulated (in case of transcriptional activators) by RNA interference (RNAi), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) gene editing techniques, clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing techniques, and/or zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene editing techniques. 
       Brassica  Plants of the Present Disclosure 
     Accordingly, certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a mutant  Brassica  plant, wherein the plant has a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the mutant  Brassica  plant has at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene; and wherein the mutant  Brassica  plant has a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the mutant  Brassica  plant has at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene. In some embodiments, the plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 polypeptide is selected from the group of a polypeptide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112; and wherein the DMR6-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group of a protein with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the above embodiments, the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the above embodiments, the non-natural mutation in DMR6-1 is a premature stop codon, and the non-natural mutation in DMR6-2 is a premature stop codon. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant; and the at least one non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 polypeptide is selected from the group of a polypeptide with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112; and wherein the DMR6-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group of a protein with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the above embodiments, the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with at least 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 115. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one non-natural mutation that reduces the activity or level of the DMR6-1 protein is selected from the group of a premature stop codon introduced into the DMR6-1 coding sequence, a frameshift mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 coding sequence, an insertion introduced into the DMR6-1 coding sequence, a deletion of a part or a whole of the DMR6-1 coding sequence, an altered amino acid in a conserved domain of the DMR6-1 protein, a modified upstream sequence, a mutated promoter element, or an activated repressor element; and the at least one non-natural mutation that reduces the activity or level of the DMR6-2 protein is selected from the group of a premature stop codon introduced into the DMR6-2 coding sequence, a frameshift mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 coding sequence, an insertion introduced into the DMR6-2 coding sequence, a deletion of a part or a whole of the DMR6-2 coding sequence, an altered amino acid in a conserved domain of the DMR6-2 protein, a modified upstream sequence, a mutated promoter element, or an activated repressor element. 
     In one embodiment, the plant of the present disclosure may be obtained through introduction of a premature stop codon into  Brassica  DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 genes. In some embodiments, the introduction of a premature stop codon may be through a single nucleotide change, a single nucleotide deletion, the deletion of five nucleotides, the deletion of nucleotides such that a frameshift mutation is produced, or the insertion of nucleotides such that a frameshift mutation is produced. In a particular embodiment, the Cytosine (C) is replaced with a Thymine (T) at a position of DMR6-1 corresponding to nucleotide 181 of the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114 (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 128), resulting in a change from Arginine (R) to a stop codon (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 141). In another particular embodiment, the C is replaced with a T at a position of DMR6-1 corresponding to nucleotide 691 of the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114 (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 129), resulting in a change from Glutamine (Q) to a stop codon (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 142). In a further particular embodiment, the Guanine (G) is replaced with an Adenine (A) at a position of DMR6-1 corresponding to nucleotide 714 of the reference sequence of the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114 (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 130) resulting in a change from Tryptophan (W) to a stop codon (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 143). In yet another particular embodiment, five nucleotides (e.g., CCTGA) are deleted beginning at a position of DMR6-1 corresponding to nucleotide 601 of the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114 (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 137), producing a frameshift mutation and a premature stop codon (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 139). In an additional particular embodiment, the G is replaced with an A at a position of DMR6-2 corresponding to nucleotide 368 of the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 115 (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 131) resulting in a change from W to a stop codon (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 144). In a further particular embodiment, the nucleotide is deleted at a position of DMR6-2 corresponding to nucleotide 600 of the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 115 (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 138), producing a frameshift mutation and a premature stop codon (e.g., producing SEQ ID NO: 140). In some embodiments, the non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a C to T mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 181 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, a C to T mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 691 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, a G to A mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 714 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, or a deletion of five nucleotides starting at a position corresponding to nucleotide 601 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 114; and the non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a G to A mutation at a position corresponding to nucleotide 368 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 115, or a deletion of the nucleotide at a position corresponding to nucleotide 600 of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 115. 
     Without wishing to be limited by theory, in some embodiments, the premature stop codon is located before or within the essential iron binding residue conserved in all 2OG oxygenases such as DMR6 (Wilmouth et al. (2002), Structure, 10:93-103). Without wishing to be limited by theory, in another embodiment, the plant of the present disclosure may be obtained through introduction of at least one amino acid change in the essential iron binding residue of DMR6-1 and the introduction of at least one amino acid change in the essential iron binding residue of DMR6-2. Without wishing to be limited by theory, in a further embodiment, the plant of the present disclosure may be obtained through introduction of at least one mutation in DMR6-1 and at least one mutation in DMR6-2 resulting in altered DMR6-1 function and altered DMR6-2 function that can be detected as an increase of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. 
     In some embodiments, the non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a C to T mutation at position 181 corresponding to the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 128, a C to T mutation at position 691 corresponding to the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 129, a G to A mutation at position 714 corresponding to the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 130, or deletion of CCTGA at position 601 corresponding to reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 137; and wherein the non-natural mutation introduced into the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a G to A mutation at position 368 corresponding to reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 131, or deletion of T at position 600 corresponding to reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 138. 
     In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the above embodiments, the  Brassica  plant is a plant of the family Brassicaceae (i.e., Cruciferae). In some embodiments, the plant is  Brassica oleracea . In some embodiments, the plant is a  Brassica oleracea  cultivar selected from the group of cabbage, kohlrabi, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, broccoli, Romanesco broccoli, or cauliflower. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a seed, tissue, or plant part of the  Brassica  plant of any of the above embodiments that includes a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant and a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the seed, tissue, or plant part includes at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-1 gene and at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-2 gene. 
     In some embodiments of any of the above embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a plant part, wherein the plant part is a leaf, a stem, a root, a flower, a seed, a fruit, a cell, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the plant part is a leaf. 
     In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a pollen grain or an ovule of the plant of any of the above embodiments. In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a protoplast produced from the plant of any of the above embodiments. In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a tissue culture produced from protoplasts or cells from the plant of any of the above embodiments, wherein the cells or protoplasts are produced from a plant part selected from the group of leaf, anther, pistil, stem, petiole, root, root primordia, root tip, fruit, seed, flower, cotyledon, hypocotyl, embryo, or meristematic cell. In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a plant seed produced from the plant of any of the above embodiments. 
     In order to determine whether a plant is a plant of the present disclosure, and therefore whether said plant has the same alleles as plants of the present disclosure, the phenotype of the plant can be compared with the phenotype of a known plant of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the phenotype can be assessed by, for example, the susceptibility to downy mildew in a whole plant test assay. 
     In the whole plant assay, plant with the 1 st  leaf pair are inoculated with 2×10 4  spores (20,000 spores/mL) of a downy mildew isolate (e.g.,  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae  Y113). Inoculated plants are kept in a climate cell kept at 15° C. with a day-night cycle of 16 hours light-8 hours dark (16:8 cycle). Then, the whole plant downy mildew test results are scored 8 to 9 days after inoculation using the scoring scale in Table 6. 
     In another embodiment, the phenotype can be assessed by measuring salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in the plant leaves. A plant of the present disclosure will have increased SA accumulation as compared to a WT plant. Methods of measuring SA accumulation are described in Zeilmaker et al. (2015), The Plant Journal, 81: 210-222 and Zhang et al. (2017), Plant Physiology, DOI:10.1104/pp. 17.00695. 
     In addition to phenotypic observations, the genotype of a plant can also be examined. There are many laboratory-based techniques known in the art that are available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genotype. Such techniques include, without limitation, Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs, which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). By using these techniques, it is possible to assess the presence of the alleles, genes, and/or loci involved in the downy mildew resistance phenotype of the plants of the present disclosure. 
     Methods for Obtaining  Brassica  Plants of the Present Disclosure 
     Further aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods for obtaining a mutant  Brassica  plant including: introducing at least one non-natural mutation into the DMR6-1 gene and introducing at least one non-natural mutation into the DMR6-2 gene to produce a mutant  Brassica  plant with a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant and a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant. In some embodiments, the mutant  Brassica  plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non-natural mutation is achieved by a mutagenic treatment (e.g., EMS), a radiation treatment, or a gene editing technique. In some embodiments, the gene editing technique is selected from the group of transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) gene editing techniques, clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing techniques, or zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene editing techniques. 
     In some embodiments, the mutant  Brassica  plant produced from the above methods includes at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-1 gene and at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-2 gene, wherein the plant further comprises a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant and a reduced activity or a reduced level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant, and wherein the plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mutant  Brassica  plant produced from the above methods includes least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-1 gene that reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-1 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant; wherein the plant includes at least one non-natural mutation in the DMR6-2 gene that reduces an activity or a level of a DMR6-2 polypeptide as compared to a corresponding wild type  Brassica  plant; and wherein the plant exhibits resistance selected from the group of resistance to  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae , intermediate resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris campestris , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 polypeptide is selected from the group of a polypeptide with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112; and wherein the DMR6-2 polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group of a protein with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 113. In some embodiments, the DMR6-1 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 114; and wherein the DMR6-2 gene is selected from the group of a nucleotide with 85% sequence identity, at least 88% sequence identity, at least 89% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 91% sequence identity, at least 92% sequence identity, at least 93% sequence identity, at least 94% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence identity, at least 96% sequence identity, at least 97% sequence identity, at least 98% sequence identity, or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 115. In some embodiments that may be combined with any of the above embodiments, the  Brassica  plant produced from any of the above methods is a plant of the family Brassicaceae (i.e., Cruciferae). In some embodiments, the  Brassica  plant produced from any of the above methods is  Brassica oleracea . In some embodiments, the  Brassica  plant produced from any of the above methods is a  Brassica oleracea  cultivar selected from the group of cabbage, kohlrabi, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, broccoli, Romanesco broccoli, or cauliflower. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a seed, tissue, or plant part of the  Brassica  plant produced from any of the above methods. 
     The present invention is illustrated in the following examples that are not intended to limit the invention in any way. In the examples reference is made to the figures described above. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The  Arabidopsis  DMR6 (At5g24530) Gene is Required for Downy Mildew Susceptibility 
     Experimental Procedures 
       Hyaloperonospora parasitica  Growth and Infection 
       H. parasitica  isolate Waco9 was provided by Dr. M. Aarts (WUR, Wageningen, NL) and isolate Cala2 provided by Dr. E. Holub (Warwick HRI, Wellsboume, UK) and maintained on  Arabidopsis  Ws-0 and Ler, respectively. Inocula (400,000 spores per ml) were weekly transferred to 10 day old healthy seedlings (Holub, E. B. et al., Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 7: 223-239, 1994) by use of a spray gun. Seedlings were air-dried for approximately 45 minutes and incubated under a sealed lid at 100% relative humidity in a growth chamber at 16° C. with 9 hours of light per day (100mE/m2/s). The sporulation levels were quantified 7 days post inoculation (dpi) by counting the number of sporangiophores per seedling, for at least 40 seedlings per tested line ( FIG. 6A ) or by isolating spores in water 5 dpi and determining the spore concentration to give the number per mg leaf tissue ( FIG. 6B ). 
     Generation of Backcrossed Dmr6 Lines 
     The dmr6 mutants were back crossed twice (BC2) to the parental line Ler eds 1-2 as well as Ler. The BC2 lines generated with Ler were selected for the presence of the wild type EDS1 gene by PCR analysis. 
     Cloning DMR6 
     Fine mapping of the dmr6 gene was done with PCR markers designed using the Cereon database to identify insertion and deletion (IND) differences between Col-0 and Ler. The markers: IND_MOP9 in gene At5G24210; IND_K16H17 in gene At5G24420; IND_T4C12 in gene At5G24820; IND_T11H3 in between genes At5G24950_60 and IND_F21J6 in gene At5G25270 were used for mapping (Table 2). An additional screen for new recombinants was initiated on 300 F2 plants resulting in eight F2 recombinant plants between the two IND based markers IND_MOP9 and IND_T4C12, which flanked a region of 61 genes. Seven additional markers (M450-M590; Table 2) reduced the region to eighteen candidate genes for the dmr6 locus, between At5g24420 and At5g24590. Sequence analysis of At5g24530 indicated a point mutation leading to a stop codon in exon 2 in the dmr6-1 mutant. 
                     TABLE 2                  PCR primers for the markers used for the map-based cloning of DMR6.                                         INDEL/               Name primer   Gene   enzyme   Forward primer   Reverse primer               IND_MOP9   At5G24210       tttgggaacagaaaaagt   catattcaaaagggaaaatc                   tggaggt (SEQ ID   ccaga (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 37)   38)               IND_K16H17   At5g24420       tggggttgtggtttattctg   tggccaatagtagttgatac                   ttgac (SEQ ID   gcaaga (SEQ ID                   NO: 39)   NO: 40)               IND_T4C12   At5g24820       tctcgggtaagacacaa   tattccaacttgcgacgtag                   gtcgagat (SEQ ID   agcat (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 41)   42)               IND_T11H3   At5g24950-60       cggcttttaacaacatattttc   ccaattgggttatttacttc                   gat (SEQ ID NO:   ca (SEQ ID NO: 44)                   43)                   IND_F21J6   At5g25270       aacacatcaccaagatg   cctctgccccaagaaatatt                   aatccaga (SEQ ID   gagat (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 45)   46)               M450   At5G24450   18   agctttgtatggtagtgcc   gcggtatacgggggttaaa                   aatga (SEQ ID   atcta (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 47)   48)               M490   At5g24490   TaqI   atggccaaccactctttgt   acaagcaagaagaacagc                   tac (SEQ ID NO:   gaag (SEQ ID NO:                   49)   50)               M525   At5g24520-30   TaqI   gaaatttggttgttggcat   tcaagatcttcatattctcatt                   ttatc (SEQ ID NO:   cca (SEQ ID NO: 52                   51)                   M545   At5G24540/50   41   cagctgaagtatgtttcat   cttgcaattgttgggactag                   cccttt (SEQ ID   gtaa (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 53)   54)               M555   At5G24550/60   14   tcactaaccagtgaaaaa   tatacagcgaatagcaaag                   ggttgc (SEQ ID   ccaag (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 55)   56)               M470   At5g24470   HphI   ccgcgagtgtaatatatct   cagtttaacgcatgaagtgc                   ctcct (SEQ ID NO:   tagt (SEQ ID NO:                   57)   58)               M590   At5g24590   PdmI   gcatcatttgtaccgtact   tagtggatactctgtccctg                   gagtc (SEQ ID   aggt (SEQ ID NO:                   NO: 59   60)                    
Identification of a Dmr6 T-DNA Insertion Line
 
     A second dmr6 allele was identified, 445D09 a FLAG T-DNA insertion line generated by INRA Versailles in the Ws-4 accession background. The T-DNA insertion was confirmed by PCR using a primer designed in the At5g24530 gene, LP primer (5′-caggtttatggcatatctcacgtc-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 108), in combination with the T-DNA right border primer, Tag3′ (5′-tgataccagacgttgcccgcataa-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 109) or RB4 (5′-tcacgggttggggtttctacaggac-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 110). The exact T-DNA insertion in the second intron of At5g24530 was confirmed by sequencing of amplicons generated with the T-DNA primers from both the left and right border in combination with the gene specific primers LP or RP (5′-atgtccaagtccaatagccacaag-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 111). 
     cDNA Synthesis 
     RNA was isolated (from approximately 100 mg leaf tissue from 10 day old seedlings) with the RNaesy kit (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands) and treated with the RNase-free DNase set (Qiagen). Total RNA was quantified using an UVmini-1240 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). cDNA was synthesized with Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) and oligo(dT)15 (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA), according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     Complementation of the Dmr6-1 Mutant 
     Complementation lines were generated by transforming dmr6 plants by the floral dip method with  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  (Clough and Bent, 1998) containing the At5g24530 gene from Col-0 behind the 35S promoter. The construct was generated by PCR amplification of the full length At5g24530 from Col-0 cDNA with primers which included restriction sites that were used for directional cloning. A forward primer (5′-ttctgggatccaATGGCGGCAAAGCTGATATC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 1) containing a BamHI restriction site near the start codon (ATG), amplified the 5′-end of DMR6 and at the 3′-end after the stop codon an EcoRI site was generated with a reverse primer (5′-gatatatgaattcttagttgtttagaaaattctcgaggc-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 2). The 35S-DMR6-Tn was cloned into the pGreenII0229 (Hellens, R. P., Edwards, E. A., Leyland, N. R., Bean, S., and Mullineaux, P. M. (2000)). pGreen: a versatile and flexible binary Ti vector for  Agrobacterium -mediated plant transformation. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 819-832). 300 μM DL-Phosphinothricin (BASTA) resistant seedlings were isolated and analyzed for  H. parasitica  susceptibility and for DMR6 expression levels by RT-PCR. 
     Knock Down Lines of DMR6 by RNAi 
     RNAi lines were generated in the Ler eds 1-2 and Col-0 background. A 782 bp long cDNA amplicon of Col-0 At5g24530 gene was generated. The PCR was done with the Phusion DNA polymerase (2 U/μL) and two different primer combinations. The amplicon from the first DMR6 gene specific primer combination 
                            (RNAiDMR6F:           (SEQ ID NO: 3)           5′-aaaaagcaggct GACCGTCCACGTCTCTCTGAA -3′           and                       RNAiDMR6R:           (SEQ ID NO: 4)           5′-AGAAAGCTGGGT GAAACGATGCGACCGATAGTC -3′)            
was used as a template for the second PCR amplification with general primers allowing recombination into the pDONR7 vector of the GateWay cloning system. For the second PCR 10 μl of the first PCR (denaturation for 30 sec. at 98° C. followed by 10 cycles of: 10 sec. at 98° C.; 30 sec. at 58° C.; 30 sec. at 72° C.) in a total volume of 20 μl was used as template. The second PCR (denaturation for 30 sec. at 98° C. followed by 5 cycles of: 10 sec. at 98° C.; 30 sec. at 45° C.; 30 sec. at 72° C. and 20 cycles of 10 sec. at 98° C.; 30 sec. at 55° C.; 30 sec. at 72° C. finished by a final extension of 10 min. at 72° C.) with the attB1 (5′-GGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCT-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the
 
                            attB2           (SEQ ID NO: 6)           (5′-ggggaccactttgtaca agaaagctgggt -3′)            
were performed in a 50 μl reaction volume. PCR product was gel purified and 50 ηg insert was recombined into 150 ηg pDONR7 vector with the clonase BP enzyme. The vector was transformed into electrocompotent DH5a  E. coli  cells and plasmids containing the correct insert were isolated and 100 ηg of the pDONR7 with the DMR6 amplicon were used in the LR reaction to recombine the insert in two opposite direction into 150 g3g pHellsgate8 vector. After transformation into  E. coli , Spectomycin resistant clones were selected and the isolated plasmids were verified by a NotI digest for the right insert size and by colony PCR with a single internal primer for At5G24530 (DfragmentF: 5′-gagaagtgggatttaaaatagaggaa-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 7), if the inserts was inserted twice in opposite direction an amplicon of 1420 bp could be detected. Correct pHellsgate8 plasmids with the double insert in opposite directions were transformed into electrocompotent  Agrobacterium  strain, C58C1. Plasmids were isolated from the  Agrobacterium  and retransformed into the  E. coli  to confirm the right size of the plasmid and the insert by NotI digestion. The reconfirmed  Agrobacterium  strains were used for the floral dip transformation of the Col-0 and Ler eds 1-2 plants. The developed seeds were screened for Kanamycin resistance on ½×GM plates, the T1 seedlings were transferred and the next generation of seeds the T2 was analysed for DMR6 expression and  H. parasitica  susceptibility.
 
Gene Expression Profiling of the Dmr6 Mutant
 
     Total RNA was isolated as described above. mRNA was amplified with the MessageAmp aRNA kit (Ambion). CATMA array (Crowe et al., 2003) slides containing approximately 25,000 gene specific tags were hybridized according to standardized conditions described by de Jong et al. (de Jong M., van Breukelen B., Wittink, F. R., Menke, F. L., Weisbeek, P. J., and Van den Ackerveken G. (2006). Membrane-associated transcripts in  Arabidopsis ; their isolation and characterization by DNA microarray analysis and bioinformatics. Plant J. 46, 708-721). For quantitative PCR, cDNA templates were generated as described previously. Cycle thresholds were determined per transcript in triplicate using the ABI PRISM 7700 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) using SYBR Green I (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) as reporter dye. Primer sets for the transcripts are DMR6 (QDMR6F:5′-TGTCATCAACATAGGTGACCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) and QDMR6R: 5′-CGATAGTCACGGATTTTCTGTG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 9), At1g14880 (QAt1g14880F:5′-CTCAAGGAGAATGGTCCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) and QAt1g14880R: 5′-CGACTTGGCCAAATGTGATA-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 11), At4g14365 (QAt4g14365F: 5′-TGGTTTTCTGAGGCATGTAAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12) and QAt4g14365R:5′-AGTGCAGGAACATTGGTTGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 13), ACD6 (QACD6F:5′-TGGACAGTTCTGGAGCAGAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14) and QACD6R: 5′-CAACTCCTCCGCTGTGAG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 15), PR-5 (QPR-5F:5′-GGCAAATATCTCCAGTATTCACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) and QPR-5R: 5′-GGTAGGGCAATTGTTCCTTAGA-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 17), PR-2 (QPR-2 F:5′-AAGGAGCTTAGCCTCACCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 18) and QPR-2R: 5′-GAGGGAAGCAAGAATGGAAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 19), PR-1 (QPR-1F:5′-GAACACGTGCAATGGAGTTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20) and QPR-1R: 5′-GGTTCCACCATTGTTACACCT-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 21) and ACT-2 (QACT2 F:5′-AATCACAGCACTTGCACCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 22) and QACT2R: 5′-GAGGGAAGCAAGAATGGAAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 23) generating 100 base pair fragments. 
     Results 
     Characterization of the Gene Responsible for Pathogen Resistance in the Dmr6 Mutant 
     Van Damme et al., 2005, supra disclose a dmr6 mutant that is resistant to  H. parasitica . The level of resistance can be examined by counting the number of sporangiophores per seedling seven day post inoculation with the  H. parasitica  (isolate Waco9 or Cala2, obtainable from Dr. G. Van den Ackerveken, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, NL). The parental line, Ler eds 1-2 (Parker et al., 1996, Plant Cell 8:2033-2046), which is highly susceptible, is used as a positive control (and is set at 100%). 
     The reduction in sporangiophore formation on the infected dmr6 mutants compared to seedlings of the parental lines is shown in  FIG. 6A , wherein the results of the quantification of  Hyaloperonospora parasitica , Waco9 sporulation (sporangiophores/seedling) on the downy mildew resistant dmr6-1 mutant, back-crossed twice to the parental line Ler eds 1-2, and on mutant dmr6-2 (FLAG_445D09 T-DNA line) compared to the control lines is shown. 
     According to the invention, the gene responsible for resistance to  H. parasitica  in the dmr6 mutants of van Damme et al., 2005, supra, has been cloned by a combination of mapping and sequencing of candidate genes. Previously, the recessive dmr6 mutation was mapped near the nga139 marker on chromosome 5 to a region encompassing 74 genes. Fine mapping linked the dmr6 locus to a mapping interval containing the BACs T13K7 and K18P6 between the markers At5g24420 and At5g24590 located in the corresponding genes. This allowed the dmr6 interval to be confined to a region of 18 candidate genes. Comparative sequence analysis of the 18 genes in dmr6 and the parental line, Ler eds 1-2 revealed a point mutation in the second exon of the At5g24530 gene. This single base change of G to A, typical for an EMS mutation, changes a TGG a (trp codon) to a TGA (premature stop codon) at nucleotide position 691 of the coding sequence ( FIG. 7 ). The early stop codon truncates the predicted oxidoreductase enzyme of 342 aa at position 141 before the conserved catalytic domain suggesting that dmr6 is a null-allele. The At5g24530 coding sequence ( FIG. 2 ) is predicted to encode a protein with a mass of 39.4 kDa. No biological role has so far been described for At5g24530. 
     At5g24530 is DMR6 
     A second allele, dmr6-2, was identified in a T-DNA insertion line (FLAG_445D09) from the mutant collection from INRA, Versailles. The presence and location of the T-DNA insert in the second intron of At5g24530 ( FIG. 7 ) was confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis (data not shown). Progeny of the FLAG_445D09 line homozygous for the T-DNA insertion was resistant to  H. parasitica  isolate Waco9, whereas the parental line (Ws-4) was susceptible ( FIG. 6A ). The At5g24530 transcript could be amplified by RT-PCR using primers in exon 2 and 3 in Ws-4, but not in the homozygous dmr6-2 line (data not shown), indicating that dmr6-2 can be considered a second null-allele. 
     To corroborate the idea that At5g24530 is required for susceptibility to  H. parasitica  the dmr6-1 mutant was transformed with the cDNA from At5g24530 cloned under control of the 35S promoter. In five independent dmr6-1 T2 seedlings the strong overexpression of At5g24530 was confirmed by RT-PCR (data not shown). All T3 lines, homozygous for the transgene, showed restoration of susceptibility to  H. parasitica  isolate Cala2 ( FIG. 6B ), confirming that At5g24530 is DMR6. The complementation, together with the identification of two independent dmr6 mutants clearly indicates that a functional DMR6 gene is required for susceptibility to  H. parasitica.    
     DMR6 is Transcriptionally Activated During  H. parasitica  Infection 
     To study the expression of DMR6 during infection with  H. parasitica  relative transcript levels were measured by quantitative PCR at six different time points from 0 days (2 hours) post inoculation to 5 days post inoculation (dpi) ( FIG. 8 ). RNA was isolated from ten day old Ler seedlings that were spray inoculated with water (mock), compatible, or incompatible  H. parasitica  isolate. At 2 hours post inoculation (0 dpi) the levels of DMR6 transcripts were equal in the different treatments. Starting from 1 dpi, the level of DMR6 transcript was significantly increased in both the compatible and incompatible interaction compared to mock-treated seedlings. The DMR6 transcript level was slightly but significantly higher at 1 dpi in the incompatible interaction (ΔCT of 3.5, approximately 11 fold induction) than in the compatible (ΔCT of 3.0, approximately 8 fold induction). The expression level increased further in time to reach a stable high level at 4-5 dpi. At these time points the DMR6 transcript level was higher in the compatible than in the incompatible interaction. The elevated DMR6 transcript levels during compatible and incompatible  H. parasitica  interactions suggest a role of DMR6 in plant defence. The defence-associated expression of DMR6 could be confirmed in our three enhanced-defence mutants, dmr3, dmr4, and dmr5 (Van den Ackerveken et al., unpublished). Furthermore, in silico analysis of DMR6 levels in the Genevestigator Mutant Surveyor (Zimmermann,P., Hennig, L., and Gruissem, W. (2005). Gene-expression analysis and network discovery using Genevestigator. Trends Plant Sci. 10, 407-409) showed that the gene is strongly induced in the pathogen resistant mutants mpk4 and cpr5. In the cpr5/npr1 double mutant the DMR6 transcript level remained high indicating that the induction of DMR6 expression is mostly NPR1 independent. Salicylic acid appears to be an important signal in the induction of DMR6 expression during senescence as nahG transgenic plants (expressing the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene) showed only low levels of DMR6 transcript. 
     To investigate in more detail how the expression of DMR6 is activated during biotic and abiotic stress, DMR6 reporter lines were generated. The localisation of DMR6 expression was studied in transgenic Col-0 and Ler eds 1-2 plants containing the DMR6 promoter linked to the uidA (β-glucuronidase, GUS) reporter gene (pDMR6::GUS). To visualise both  H. parasitica  hyphal growth, by staining with trypan blue, as well as GUS activity, magenta-Xgluc was used as a 0-glucuronidase substrate yielding a magenta precipitate. In uninfected plants no GUS expression could be detected in the different plant organelles; roots, meristem, flower, pollen and seed. The expression of DMR6 was induced in the compatible interactions, Ler eds 1-2 infected with Cala2 ( FIG. 9A ), and Col-0 infected with isolate Waco9 ( FIG. 9B ). GUS expression was also induced in the incompatible interaction Ler eds 1-2 inoculated with isolate Emoy2 ( FIG. 9C ). As shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  DMR6 expression was confined to the cells in which  H. parasitica  had formed haustoria. Plant cells containing the most recently formed haustoria did not show detectable levels of GUS activity ( FIG. 9A , indicated by asterisk). During the incompatible interaction ( FIG. 9C ) activity of the DMR6 promoter could only be detected in the cells that were in contact with the initial invading hyphae. In death cells, resulting from the hypersensitive response (HR, visualized by trypan blue staining indicated in  FIG. 9C  by asterisk) no GUS activity could be detected, possibly due to protein degradation in these cells. To test if the DMR6 expression in haustoria-containing cells is caused by a wound-like response, seedlings were wound by incision with scissors and stained for GUS activity 3 days later. No detectable promoter DMR6 GUS expression was seen, indicating that the expression of DMR6 is not induced by wounding ( FIG. 9D ). Furthermore the local induction of DMR6 expression was tested in response to treatment with benzothiadiazole (BTH), a functional analogue of salicylic acid (SA). At 3 days post BTH treatment GUS activity was mainly localized in the newly formed, but not in the mature leaves ( FIG. 9E ). Analysis of pDMR6::GUS lines confirm the expression data described above and highlights the strictly localized induction of DMR6 in response to  H. parasitica  infection. 
     The Dmr6-1 Mutant Constitutively Expresses Defence Associated Transcripts 
     To elucidate how the lack of DMR6 results in  H. parasitica  resistance, the transcriptome of the dmr6-1 mutant compared to the Ler eds 1-2 parental line was analysed. Probes derived from mRNA of the above-ground parts of 14 day old dmr6-1 and Ler eds 1-2 seedlings were hybridised on whole genome CATMA micro arrays. A total of 58 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed in dmr6-1, of which 51 genes had elevated and 7 genes had reduced transcript levels. A pronounced set of the 51 induced transcripts have been identified as genes associated with activated plant defence responses, e.g., ACD6, PR-5, PR-4/HEL and PAD4. These data indicate that the loss of DMR6 results in the activation of a specific set of defence-associated transcripts. The finding that DMR6 is among the dmr6-1-induced genes corroborates the idea that DMR6 is defence-associated. To test if the induced expression of the defence-associated genes was due to the loss of DMR6 and not due to additional ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS) mutations remaining in the backcrossed dmr6-1 mutant the transcript level of a selection of genes (At4g14365, At1g14880, ACD6, PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5) was verified by quantitative PCR in both the dmr6-1 and dmr6-2 mutant ( FIGS. 10A and 10B ). We could only test DMR6 transcript levels in the dmr6-1 mutant ( FIG. 10A ) as the dmr6-2 mutant ( FIG. 10B ) has a T_DNA insertion disrupting the DMR6 transcript. The induction of DMR6 as observed in the micro array analysis was confirmed by Q-PCR in dmr6-1 compared to Ler eds 1-2 ( FIG. 10A ).  FIGS. 10A and 10B  show that all six selected genes were elevated in both dmr6 mutants compared to the parental lines. The observed elevated expression of the selected defence-associated genes in the dmr6 mutants indicates that lack of DMR6 activates a plant defence response. The activation of this set of defence-associated transcripts could be the primary cause of resistance to  H. parasitica  in the dmr6 mutants. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Identification of DMR6 Orthologs in Crops 
     1. Screening of Libraries on the Basis of Sequence Homology 
     The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the DMR6 coding sequence and protein of  Arabidopsis thaliana  are shown in  FIG. 2 . Public libraries of nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with the sequences of  FIG. 2 . This comparison resulted in identification of the complete DMR6 coding sequences and predicted amino acid sequences in  Aquilegia  species,  Citrus sinensis, Coffea canephora, Cucumis sativus, Gossypium hirsutum, Lactuca sativa, Medicago truncatula, Oryza sativa  (3),  Populus trichocarpa  (2),  Solanum lycopersicum  (2),  Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia oleracea, Vitis vinifera, Zea mays , and  Zingiber officinale . The sequence information of the orthologous proteins thus identified is given in Table 1 and visualized in a multiple alignment in  FIG. 1 . For many other plant species, orthologous DNA fragments could be identified by BlastX as reciprocal best hits to the  Arabidopsis  or other plant DMR6 protein sequences. 
     Table 1 lists the GI numbers (GenInfo identifier) and Genbank accession number for Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) and mRNA or protein sequences of the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 mRNA and orthologous sequences from other plant species. A GI number (GenInfo identifier, sometimes written in lower case, “gi”) is a unique integer which identifies a particular sequence. The GI number is a series of digits that are assigned consecutively to each sequence record processed by NCBI. The GI number will thus change every time the sequence changes. The NCBI assigns GI numbers to all sequences processed into Entrez, including nucleotide sequences from DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank, protein sequences from SWISS-PROT, PIR and many others. The GI number thus provides a unique sequence identifier which is independent of the database source that specifies an exact sequence. If a sequence in GenBank is modified, even by a single base pair, a new GI number is assigned to the updated sequence. The accession number stays the same. The GI number is always stable and retrievable. Thus, the reference to GI numbers in the table provides a clear and unambiguous identification of the corresponding sequence. 
                     TABLE 1                  Genbank accession numbers and GenInfo identifiers of the  Arabidopsis           Arabidopsis  DMR6 mRNA and orthologous sequences from other plant species                                 Species   Common name   Detail   GI number   Genbank                                           Arabidopsis thaliana     Thale cress   mRNA   42568064   NM_122361       Aquilegia_sp     Aquilegia     ESTs   75461114   DT768847.1                   74538666   DT745001.1                   74562677   DT760187.1                   75461112   DT768846.1                   74562675   DT760186.1         Citrus sinensis     Sweet Orange   ESTs   5793134   CX672037.1                   57933368   CX673829.1                   63078039   CX309185.1         Coffea canephora       Coffea     ESTs   82485203   DV705375.1                   82458236   DV684837.1                   82461999   DV688600.1                   82487627   DV707799.1         Gossypium hirsutum     Cotton   ESTs   109842586   DW241146.1                   48751103   CO081622.1         Sorghum bicolor       Sorghum     ESTs   45992638   CN150358.1                   57813436   CX614669.1                   45985339   CN145819.1                   57821006   CX622219.1                   45989371   CN148311.1                   57821495   CX622708.1                   45959033   CN130459.1                   45985193   CN145752.1                   18058986   BM322209.1                   45958822   CN130381.1                   30164583   CB928312.1         Medicago truncatula     Barrel medic   Genome       MtrDRAFT_AC119415g1v1               draft               protein   92878635   ABE85154         Oryza sativa  1   Rice   Genome       OSJNBb0060I05.4               protein   18057095   AAL58118.1         Oryza sativa  2       mRNA   115450396   NM_001055334               protein   115450397   NP_001048799       Oryza sativa 3       mRNA   115460101   NM_001060186               protein   115460102   NP_001053651                           Populus trichocarpa  1   Poplar   Genome: LG_XII: 3095392-3103694               protein: Poptr1_1: 569679,               eugene3.00120332         Populus trichocarpa  2   Poplar   Genome: LG_XV: 201426-209590               protein: Poptr1_1: 732726,               estExt_Genewise1_v1.C_LG_XV0083                                   Solarium lycopersicum  1   Tomato   ESTs   62932307   BW689896.1                   58229384   BP885913.1                   117682646   DB678879.1                   5894550   AW035794.1                   117708809   DB703617.1                   62934028   BW691617.1                   15197716   BI422913.1                   4381742   AI486371.1                   5601946   AI896044.1                   4387964   AI484040.1                   4383017   AI487646.                   5278230   AI780189.1                   12633558   BG133370.1                   76572794   DV105461.1                   117692514   DB718569.1                   4385331   AI489960.1                   4383253   AI487882.1                   4384827   AI489456.1         Solarium lycopersicum  2   Tomato   ESTs   47104686   BT013271.1                   14685038   BI207314.1                   14684816   BI207092.1         Zea mays     Maize   ESTs   110215403   EC897301.1                   76291496   DV031064.1                   91050479   EB160897.1                   91874282   EB404239.1                   110540753   EE044673.1                   78111856   DV530253.1                   94477588   EB706546.1                   71441483   DR822533.1                   78111699   DV530096.1                   78107139   DV525557.1                   76017449   DT944619.1                   91048249   EB158667.1                   78104908   DV523326.1                   78088214   DV516607.1                   76291495   DV031063.1                   71441482   DR822532.1                   78088213   DV516606.1         Vitis vinifera     Grape   ESTs   33396402   CF202029.1                   33399765   CF205392.1                   45770972   CN006824.1                   45770784   CN006636.1                   45770528   CN006380.1                   45770631   CN006483.1                   33400623   CF206250.1                   33396335   CF201962.1                   30134763   CB920101.1                   30305300   CB982094.1                   71857419   DT006474.1                   30305235   CB982029.1         Zingiber officinale     Ginger   ESTs   87108948   DY375732.1                   87095447   DY362231.1                   87095448   DY362232.1                   87094804   DY361588.1                   87095449   DY362233.1                   87094803   DY361587.1                           Lactuca sativa     Lettuce   Sequence described in this patent               application         Spinacia oleracea     Spinach   Sequence described in this patent               application         Cucumis sativus     Cucumber   Sequence described in this patent               application         Nicotiana benthamiana     Tobacco   Sequence described in this patent               application                    
Identification of Orthologs by Means of Heterologous Hybridisation
 
     The DMR6 DNA sequence of  Arabidopsis thaliana  as shown in  FIG. 2  is used as a probe to search for homologous sequences by hybridization to DNA of any plant species using standard molecular biological methods. Using this method orthologous genes are detected by southern hybridization on restriction enzyme-digested DNA or by hybridization to genomic or cDNA libraries. These techniques are well known to the person skilled in the art. As an alternative probe the DMR6 DNA sequence of any other more closely related plant species can be used as a probe. 
     3. Identification of Orthologs by Means of PCR 
     For many crop species, partial DMR6 mRNA or gene sequences are available that are used to design primers to subsequently PCR amplify the complete cDNA or genomic sequence. When 5′ and 3′ sequences are available the missing internal sequence is PCR amplified by a DMR6 specific 5′ forward primer and 3′ reverse primer. In cases where only 5′, internal or 3′ sequences are available, both forward and reverse primers are designed. In combination with available plasmid polylinker primers, inserts are amplified from genomic and cDNA libraries of the plant species of interest. In a similar way, missing 5′ or 3′ sequences are amplified by advanced PCR techniques; 5′RACE, 3′ RACE, TAIL-PCR, RLM-RACE or vectorette PCR. 
     As an example the sequencing of the  Lactuca sativa  (lettuce) DMR6 cDNA is provided. From the Genbank EST database at NCBI several  Lactuca  DMR6 ESTs were identified using the tblastn tool starting with the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 amino acid sequence. Clustering and alignment of the ESTs resulted in a consensus sequence for a 5′ DMR6 fragment. To obtain the complete lettuce DMR6 cDNA the RLM-RACE kit (Ambion) was used on mRNA from lettuce seedlings. The 3′ mRNA sequence was obtained by using two primers that were designed in the 5′ DMR6 consensus sequence derived from ESTs (Lsat_dmr6_fw1: CGATCAAGGTCAACACATGG (SEQ ID NO: 24), and Lsat_dmr6_fw2: TCAACCATTACCCAGTGTGC) (SEQ ID NO: 25) and the 3′RACE primers from the kit. Based on the assembled sequence new primers were designed to amplify the complete DMR6 coding sequence from cDNA to provide the nucleotide sequence and derived protein sequence as presented in  FIG. 3 . 
     The complete DMR6 coding sequences from more than 10 different plants species have been identified from genomic and EST databases. From the alignment of the DNA sequences, conserved regions in the coding sequence were selected for the design of degenerate oligonucleotide primers (for the degenerate nucleotides the abbreviations are according to the IUB nucleotide symbols that are standard codes used by all companies synthesizing oligonucleotides; G=Guanine, A=Adenine, T=Thymine, C=Cytosine, R=A or G, Y=C or T, M=A or C, K=G or T, S=C or G, W=A or T, B=C or G or T, D=G or A or T, H=A or C or T, V=A or C or G, N=A or C or G or T). 
     The procedure for obtaining internal DMR6 cDNA sequences of a given plant species is as follows: 
     1. mRNA is isolated using standard methods, 
     2. cDNA is synthesized using an oligo dT primer and standard methods, 
     3. using degenerate forward and reverse oligonucleotides a PCR reaction is carried out, 
     4. PCR fragments are separated by standard agarose gel electrophoresis and fragments of the expected size are isolated from the gel, 
     5. isolated PCR fragments are cloned in a plasmid vector using standard methods, 
     6. plasmids with correct insert sizes, as determined by PCR, are analyzed by DNA sequencing, 
     7. Sequence analysis using blastX reveals which fragments contain the correct internal DMR6 sequences, 
     8. The internal DNA sequence can then be used to design gene- and species-specific primers for 5′ and 3′ RACE to obtain the complete DMR6 coding sequence by RLM-RACE (as described above). 
     As an example the sequencing of the  Cucumis sativus  (cucumber) DMR6 cDNA is provided. For cucumber several primer combinations between the following primers were successful in amplifying a stretch of internal coding sequence from cDNA; forward primers dmr6_deg_fw1B (TTCCAGGTDATTAAYCAYGG) (SEQ ID NO: 26), dmr6_deg_fw2B CATAAYTGGAGRGAYTAYCT) (SEQ ID NO: 27), dmr6_deg_fw3B (GARCAAGGRCARCAYATGGC) (SEQ ID NO: 28) and dmr6_deg_fw4 (AATCCTCCTTCHTTCAAGGA) (SEQ ID NO: 29) and reverse primers dmr6_deg_rv3B (AGTGCATTKGGGTCHGTRTG) (SEQ ID NO: 30), dmr6_deg_rv4 (AATGTTRATGACAAARGCAT) (SEQ ID NO: 31) and dmr6_deg_rv5 (GCCATRTGYTGYCCTTGYTC) (SEQ ID NO: 32). After cloning and sequencing of the amplified fragments cucumber DMR6-specific primers were designed for 5′ RACE (Cuc_dmr6_rv1: TCCGGACATTGAAACTTGTG (SEQ ID NO: 33) and Cuc_dmr6 rv2: TCAAAGAACTGCTTGCCAAC) (SEQ ID NO: 34) and 3′ RACE (Cuc_dmr6_fw1: CGCACTCACCATTCTCCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 35) and Cuc_dmr6_fw2: GGCCTCCAAGTCCTCAAAG) (SEQ ID NO: 36). Finally the complete cucumber DMR6 cDNA sequence was amplified and sequenced ( FIG. 5 ). A similar approach was a used for spinach,  Spinacia oleracea  ( FIG. 4 ),  Solanum lycopersicum  ( FIG. 12 ) and  Nicotiana benthamiana  ( FIG. 13 ). 
     Orthologs identified as described in this example can be modified using well-known techniques to induce mutations that reduce the DMR6 expression or activity, to obtain non-genetically modified plants resistant to Fungi or Oomycota. Alternatively, the genetic information of the orthologs can be used to design vehicles for gene silencing, and to transform the corresponding crop plants to obtain plants that are resistant to Oomycota. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Mutation of Seeds 
     Seeds of the plant species of interest are treated with a mutagen in order to introduce random point mutations in the genome. Mutated plants are grown to produce seeds and the next generation is screened for the absence of reduction of DMR6 transcript levels or activity. This is achieved by monitoring the level of DMR6 gene expression, or by searching for nucleotide changes (mutations) by the TILLING method, by DNA sequencing, or by any other method to identify nucleotide changes. The selected plants are homozygous or are made homozygous by selfing or inter-crossing. The selected homozygous plants with absent or reduced DMR6 transcript activity are tested for increased resistance to the pathogen of interest to confirm the increased disease resistance. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Transfer of a Mutated Allele into the Background of a Desired Crop 
     Introgression of the desired mutant allele into a crop is achieved by crossing and genotypic screening of the mutant allele. This is a standard procedure in current-day marker assistant breeding of crops. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Use of the DMR6 Promoter for Pathogen-Induced Gene Expression and the Generation of Disease Resistant Plants 
     Precise control of transgene expression is pivotal to the engineering of plants with increased disease resistance. In the past, constitutive overexpression of transgenes frequently has resulted in poor quality plants. It has therefor been suggested to use pathogen-inducible promoters, by which the transgenes are expressed only when and where they are needed—at infection sites. 
     Local and inducible expression of engineered genes, e.g. master switch genes, elicitor or Avr genes, anti-microbial genes, or toxic genes, results in the activation of defence or cell death that will lead to pathogen resistance, such as described by Gurr and Rushton (Trends in Biotechnology 23: 275-282, 2005). A good example is provided by De wit (Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 30: 391-418, 1992) who proposes the use of the Avr9-Cf9 combination to achieve induced cell death leading to disease resistance. The tissue-specificity and inducibility of expression is of prime importance for such approaches, as described by Gurr and Rushton (Trends in Biotechnology 23: 283-290, 2005). 
     According to the present invention, the DMR6 promoter has been demonstrated to show a strong, inducible, localized expression based on promoter-GUS analysis. Thus, the DMR6 promoter is very suitable for engineering disease resistance in transgenic plants. The DMR6 promoter consists of a region of 2.5 kb that is upstream of the  Arabidopsis  DMR6 coding sequence (ATG start codon) and includes the 5′UTR (as depicted in  FIG. 11 ). This pathogen-inducible promoter is then used to engineer suitable transgene constructs, using standard techniques known the person skilled in the art. 
     Using orthologous DNA sequences from a given plant species primers are designed for PCR. These are then used to screen genomic libraries of the plant species of interest to identify the genomic clones that contain the DMR6 ortholog with its promoter and regulatory sequences. Alternatively, the genomic clones are isolated by screening a library with a labelled PCR fragment corresponding to the DMR6 orthologous gene. Sequencing reveals the nucleotide sequence of the promoter. The region of 2-5 kb upstream the DMR6 orthologous coding sequence (ATG start codon), so including the 5′UTR, is then amplified by PCR to engineer transgene constructs for plant transformation. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     This example demonstrates the complementation of mutant dmr6-1 in  Arabidopsis thaliana  by DMR6 orthologs from 4 different crop species. For this, DMR6 orthologs of  Cucumis sativa  (Cs),  Spinacia oleracea  (So),  Lactuca sativa  (Ls) and  Solanum lycopersicum  (Sl) were cloned into a plant expression vector under the control of the 35S promoter and, subsequently, this vector was transformed into a  Arabidopsis thaliana  mutant dmr6-1. 
     Briefly, mRNA was isolated using standard methods and cDNA was synthesized using an oligo dT primer and standard methods. Subsequently, PCR fragments were generated using primer pairs for each crop as depicted in Table 3 below. The generated PCR products were cloned into a pENTR/D-TOPO vector using the pENTR/D-TOPO cloning kit from Invitrogen and resulting plasmids with correct insert sizes, as determined by PCR, were analyzed by DNA sequencing. Recombination to the pB7WG2,0 vector was done using LR clonase II from Invitrogen and the resulting plasmids were analyzed by PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. Suitable plasmids were transformed into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  C58C1 PGV2260 and plasmids from  Agrobacterium  were analyzed by PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer pairs for cloning dmr6 orthologs in a suitable plant 
               
               
                 expression vector. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Arabidopsis 
                 
                 AtDMR6_fw 
                 CACCATGGCGGCAAAGCTGAT 
               
               
                 
                   thaliana 
                 
                   
                 A (SEQ ID NO: 85) 
               
               
                   
                 AtDMR6UTR_rv 
                 GACAAACACAAAGGCCAAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 86) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Cucumis sativa 
                 
                 cuc_fw 
                 CACCATGAGCAGTGTGATGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAT (SEQ ID NO: 87) 
               
               
                   
                 cucUTR_rv 
                 TGGGCCAAAAAGTTTATCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 88) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Spinacia oleracea 
                 
                 spi_fw 
                 CACCATGGCAAACAAGATATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 89) 
               
               
                   
                 spiUTR_rv 
                 TTGCTGCCTACAAAAGTACAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A (SEQ ID NO: 90) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactuca sativa 
                 
                 Lsat_fw 
                 CACCATGGCCGCAAAAGTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTC (SEQ ID NO: 91) 
               
               
                   
                 LsatUTR_rv 
                 CATGGAAACACATATTCCTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 92) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Solanum 
                 
                 Slyc1dmr6_fw 
                 CACCATGGAAACCAAAGTTAT 
               
               
                 
                   lycopersicum 
                 
                   
                 TTCTAGC (SEQ ID NO: 93) 
               
               
                   
                 Slyc1dmr6UTR_rv 
                 GGGACATCCCTATGAACCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 94) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       Arabidopsis thaliana  dmr6-1 plants were transformed with the above constructs by dipping into  Agrobacterium  solution and overexpression of crops DMR6 in  Arabidopsis  T1 plants is verified by RT-PCR using the crops DMR6 cloning primers (Table 3). Finally,  Arabidopsis  T2 and T3 plants were infected with  Hyaloperonospora parasitica  Cala2 to confirm complementation. The results are shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 14 , all DMR6 orthologs tested were capable of complementing  Arabidopsis thaliana  mutant dmr6-1 indicating that the DMR6 orthologs identified encode DMR6 proteins with a similar functionality as  Arabidopsis thaliana  DMR6. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Mutations in the  Brassica oleracea  DMR6 Genes, DMR6-1 and DMR6-2, Result in Downy Mildew Resistance 
     Experimental Procedures 
     Mutation of Seeds 
     A rapid cycling  Brassica oleracea  line that is fully susceptible to downy mildew (i.e.,  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae ) (FastPlantsR, https://fastplants.org/origin/) was used to generate DMR6 mutant lines.  B. oleracea  contains two DMR6 genes, designated DMR6-1 (BoDMR6_Scf108) and DMR6-2 (BoDMR6_Scf155). The rapid cycling  B. oleracea  is used as a model plant and as a research tool for  B. oleracea , since it is representative of all  B. oleracea  species. The rapid cycling line is able to interbreed with each other  B. oleracea  species. It is well known in the art that results obtained using the rapid cycling  B. oleracea  line are predictive for all  B. oleracea  species. Knock out mutants with premature stop codons were generated in both genes using EMS mutagenesis, and the mutants in DMR6-1 were designated “bodmr6-1” while the mutants in DMR6-2 were designated “bodmr6-2”. Table 4 shows the sequence details for the mutations in the DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 genes of  B. oleracea , whereby three different mutations were identified in the DMR6-1 gene and only one mutation was identified in DMR6-2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mutations in the DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 genes of 
               
               
                 the  Brassica oleracea  rapid cycling line 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CDS 
                 Nucleotide 
                 Amino Acid 
                 SNP Name in 
               
               
                 Allele 
                 Position 
                 Change 
                 Change 
                 Protein 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6-1-1 
                 181 
                 C to T 
                 R to STOP 
                 R61* 
               
               
                 bodmr6-1-2 
                 691 
                 C to T 
                 Q to STOP 
                 Q234* 
               
               
                 bodmr6-1-3 
                 714 
                 G to A 
                 W to STOP 
                 W201* 
               
               
                 bodmr6-2 
                 368 
                 G to A 
                 W to STOP 
                 W123* 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Briefly, the bodmr6-1-1 mutation was at position 181 in the DMR6-1 gene, and it turned a Cytosine (C) into a Thymine (C to T mutation). This mutation resulted in a change at the amino acid level, converting an Arginine (R) at position 61 in the protein into a premature stop codon (R61*). The bodmr6-1-2 mutation was a C to T mutation at position 691 in the DMR6-1 gene that resulted in a change at the amino acid level from a Glutamine (Q) at position 234 in the protein to a premature stop codon (Q234*). The bodmr6-1-3 mutation was a Guanine (G) to an Adenine (G to A mutation) at position 714 in the DMR6-1 gene that resulted in a change at the amino acid level from a Tryptophan (W) at position 201 in the protein to a premature stop codon (W201*). Finally, the bodmr6-2 mutation was a G to A mutation at position 368 in the DMR6-2 gene, which resulted in a change at the amino acid level from a W at position 123 in the protein to a premature stop codon (W123*). These identified mutations are located before an essential iron binding residue which is conserved in all 20G oxygenases; without this residue, 20G oxygenases such as DMR6 are catalytically inactive (Wilmouth et al. (2002), Structure, 10:93-103). Therefore, these premature stop codons cause a complete loss of enzyme function. 
       FIGS. 22A-22F  show the nucleotide alignment of the DMR6-1 mutant alleles with the corresponding wild type sequence of DMR6-1, whereby the mutant alleles (BoDMR6_C181T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 128; BoDMR6_C691T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 129; BoDMR6_G714A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 130) are shown below the wild type sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf108=SEQ ID NO: 114).  FIGS. 23A-23E  show the nucleotide alignment of the DMR6-2 mutant allele with the corresponding wild type sequence of DMR6-2, whereby the mutant allele (BoDMR6_G368A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 131) is shown below the wild type sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf155=SEQ ID NO: 115).  FIGS. 24A-24B  show the polypeptide alignment of the DMR6-1 mutant polypeptides with the corresponding wild type polypeptide of DMR6-1, whereby the mutant polypeptides (BoDMR6_C181T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 141; BoDMR6_C691T_scf=SEQ ID NO: 142; BoDMR6_G714A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 143) are shown below the wild type polypeptide (BoDMR6_WT_scf108=SEQ ID NO: 112).  FIGS. 25A-25B  show the polypeptide alignment of the DMR6-2 mutant polypeptide with the corresponding wild type polypeptide of DMR6-2, whereby the mutant polypeptide (BoDMR6_G368A_scf=SEQ ID NO: 144) is shown below the wild type polypeptide (BoDMR6_WT_scf155=SEQ ID NO: 113). 
     Creating Homozygous DMR6 Mutant Plants 
     Plants carrying the bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2 mutant alleles were crossed to produce a first segregating F2 population (F2 pop. 1). This F2 population was genotyped to identify the presence of the mutant DMR6-1 and mutant DMR6-2 alleles. Two different genotypes were distinguished, as follows: wild type (i.e., DMR6-1R6-DMR6-1; DMR6-2/DMR6-2), referred to as “AA BB”, and homozygous double mutant (bodmr6-1-1/bodmr6-1-1; bodmr6-2/bodmr6-2). Plants with these two genotypes were then used in test assays. 
     Plants carrying the bodmr6-1-2 allele were crossed with plants carrying the bodmr6-2 mutant allele to produce a second segregating F2 population (F2 pop. 2). This F2 population was genotyped to identify the presence of the mutant DMR6-1 and mutant DMR6-2 alleles. Two different genotypes were distinguished, as follows: wild type (i.e., DMR6-1R6-1/DMR6-1; DMR6-2/DMR6-2), referred to as “AA BB”, and homozygous double mutant (bodmr6-1-2 bodmr6-1-2; bodmr6-2 bodmr6-2). Plants with these two genotypes were then used in test assays. 
     Plants carrying the bodmr6-1-3 allele were crossed with plants carrying the bodmr6-2 mutant allele to produce a third segregating F2 population (F2 pop. 3). This F2 population was genotyped to identify the presence of the mutant DMR6-1 and mutant DMR6-2 alleles. Two different genotypes were distinguished, as follows: wild type (i.e., DMR6-1/DMR6-1; DMR6-2/DMR6-2), referred to as “AA BB”, and homozygous double mutant (bodmr6-1-3 bodmr6-1-3; bodmr6-2 bodmr6-2). Plants with these two genotypes were then used in test assays. 
     Genotyping 
     Plants were genotyped by PCR and High-Resolution Melting Curve (HRM) using primers and probes (listed in Table 5A and Table 5B) designed to identify the mutant alleles listed in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers used for genotyping 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Allele 
                 Forward 
                 Reverse 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6- 
                 AGTCCAACAAATCCACCAAGC 
                 CCTTTTCAGGCACATAAGTTCA 
               
               
                 1-1 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 116) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 117) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6- 
                 ATTCTTCTCCAAGATGCTACCG 
                 GGATTAACGGCGAACCACT 
               
               
                 1-2 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 118) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 119) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6- 
                 CCAAGATGCTACCGTTTGTG 
                 TTGATGACAAAAGCATCAGGA 
               
               
                 1-3 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 120) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 121) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6- 
                 CCGAGATTATCGACGAGCTT 
                 TTGTCGATAGGATAACAATGA 
               
               
                 2 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 122) 
                 AGTC (SEQ ID NO: 123) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Probes used for genotyping 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Allele 
                 Probe 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6-1-1 
                 GCTTGCTCCTGATTCGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 124) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6-1-2 
                 CGTTTGTGGTCTATAGATCTTGATCGT (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 125) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6-1-3 
                 CAGTGATTCGCCGTTAATCCACC (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 126) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 bodmr6-2 
                 GAAGAGGTTAATAATTAGAGAGACTATCTC (SEQ 
               
               
                   
                 ID NO: 127) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The full sequence of the dmr6-1-1 mutant allele is SEQ ID NO: 128, the full sequence of the dmr6-1-2 mutant allele is SEQ ID NO: 129, the full sequence of the dmr6-1-3 mutant allele is SEQ ID NO: 130, and the full sequence of the dmr6-2 mutant allele is SEQ ID NO: 131. 
     Whole Plant Downy Mildew Test 
     The F2 pop. 1  B. oleracea  plants described above were used to perform the whole plant downy mildew test, which enables phenotyping without wounding or damaging plant tissues. Plants with the first leaf pair were used, as this is the optimal developmental stage for a downy mildew test. Thirteen homozygous mutant plants and fifteen wild type plants were tested. 
     Plants were inoculated with downy mildew isolate  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae  Y113 (collected on  B. oleracea  in Dannstadt, Germany). At time point 0, plants were inoculated with 2×10 4  spores (20,000 spores/mL). Once infected, plants were kept in a plastic tent built in a climate cell, which was kept at 15° C. with a day-night cycle of 16 hours light-8 hours dark (16:8 cycle). The plants were scored 8 to 9 days after inoculation using the scoring scale shown in Table 6, below. 
                     TABLE 6                  Whole plant downy mildew test and leaf disc test scoring scale                         Score   Phenotype leaves/leaf discs   Assessment               1   100% sporulation, covered with spores   Susceptible           on both side of the leaf tissue       3   50% sporulation on both side of the leaf   Susceptible           tissue       5   Less than 25% sporulation on one side   Susceptible           of the leaf tissue       7   No sporulation, some necrosis   Resistant       9   No sporulation/no necrosis   Resistant               *Even disease scores of 2, 4, 6, and 8 are used to designate intermediate disease severity, i.e., a severity that is in between the neighbouring odd scores.            
Leaf Disc Downy Mildew Test
 
     The F2 pop. 1, F2 pop. 2, and F2 pop. 3  B. oleracea  plants described above were used in the leaf disc assay, which allows high-throughput disease testing. Plants with four true leaves were used, as this is the optimal developmental stage for leaf disc sampling. 
     Plants were inoculated with downy mildew isolate  Hyaloperonospora parasitica/Hyaloperonospora brassicae  Y113 (collected on  B. oleracea  in Dannstadt, Germany). At time point 0, plants were inoculated with 2×10 4  spores (20,000 spores/mL). Once infected, plants were kept in a plastic tent built in a climate cell, which was kept at 15° C. with a day-night cycle of 16 hours light-8 hours dark (16:8 cycle). The plants were scored 8 to 9 days after inoculation using the scoring scale shown in Table 6. 
     Results 
       FIG. 15  shows the results of the whole plant downy mildew test on the segregating F2 population 1. The average score of wild type (“AA BB”) plants are clearly distinct from the average scores of homozygous double mutant plants (“aa bb”). Specifically, wild type plants have an average score of 4 (i.e., susceptible), while homozygous double mutant plants have an average score of about 8 (i.e., resistant). These results demonstrate that homozygous double mutants were resistant to downy mildew. The phenotypes of exemplary wild type (“AA BB”) and homozygous double mutant (“aa bb”) leaves inoculated with downy mildew are shown in  FIG. 16 . 
       FIGS. 17A-17C  show the results of the leaf disc downy mildew test on the segregating F2 pop. 1, F2 pop. 2, and F2 pop. 3. In all three segregating F2 populations, the wild type plants (“AA BB”) were susceptible (score of about 1), and the double mutant plants (“aa bb”) were resistant (score of about 6 to 7). All three DMR6-1 mutant alleles (i.e., bodmr6-1-1, bodmr6-1-2, and bodmr6-1-3), conferred resistance when a DMR6-2 mutant allele (i.e., bodmr6-2) was also present. 
     These results show that homozygous double mutants with all three combinations of mutant alleles (bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2; bodmr6-1-2 and bodmr6-2; or bodmr6-1-3 and bodmr6-2) in  B. oleracea  are resistant to downy mildew when measured using the leaf disc test. In addition, homozygous double mutants with the alleles bodmr6-1-1 and bodmr6-2 in  B. oleracea  are resistant to downy mildew when measured using the whole plant test. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
       Brassica oleracea  Plants with a Double Knockout of DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 have Intermediate Resistance to  Xanthomonas campestris Campestris  and Resistance to Downy Mildew 
     Background 
     The bacterial pathogen  Xanthomonas campestris campestris  (Xcc) is a major problem in areas with warm and wet conditions. Xcc infects plant leaves by wounds or through the hydathodes, and Xcc race 1 (Xcc 1) and race 4 (Xcc 4) are the most prevalent Xcc races in areas where  Brassica  crops are grown. Xcc race determination is based on Vicente et al. (2013), Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(1): 2-18. 
     Experimental Procedures 
     Plasmids for Gene Editing 
     Plasmids obtained and methods used were essentially as described by Belhaj et al. (2013), Plant Methods, 9:39. A plasmid with a customized single guide RNA (sgRNA) was created using an oligo (SEQ ID NO: 132). The newly created plasmid and plasmid pICSL11021 (containing CAS9; https://www.addgene.org/49771/) were harvested from  E. coli  cultures using the Qiagen Maxi prep kit. Plasmids were checked via both Sanger sequencing and restriction analysis and subsequently used for transfection. Mutations obtained in the DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 genes via gene editing (GE) all resulted in frameshift mutations leading to premature stop codons. 
     Protoplast Transfection and Regeneration 
     The starting material used for protoplast isolation was 16 to 19 day old leaves of cauliflower (i.e.,  Brassica oleracea ) double haploid (DH) line 194190 in vitro seedlings (susceptible to downy mildew and Xcc). The protoplast isolation protocol was as follows:
         1. Cut leaves feather-like in TVL, and keep in dark for 1 hour.   2. Replace TVL with 15 ml 0.6% enzyme solution, and incubate overnight in the dark at 25° C.   3. Filter liquids and tissue residue through 100 μm filter (yellow Greiner) and rinse with 30 ml CPW 20S.   4. Transfer to 4 round-bottom tubes.   5. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 600 rpm without brakes.   6. Collect the floating protoplasts with a pasteur-pipet and transfer them to glass tubes containing W5.   7. Centrifuge for 6 min at 600 rpm with brakes.   8. Discard supernatant, collect the pellets in a glass tube, and fill the tube up with 10 ml of W5. Centrifuge for 6 minutes at 600 rpm with brakes. Repeat once.   9. Count the protoplasts (pps) and adjust to 1,000,000 pps/ml with MaMg.       

     The isolated protoplasts were then transfected using the CRISPR plasmids. The protoplast transfection protocol was as follows:
         1. Add plasmid DNA, 5 μg CAS-9-2+20 g gRNA15 sgRNA to the bottom of al0 ml red-capped round-bottom tube.   2. Add 0.5 ml of the 1,000,000 pps/ml MaMg preparation (see step 9 of protoplast isolation protocol), and mix gently.   3. Add 0.5 ml PEG4000 Fluka solution (using a P1000 with a cut-off tip), mix immediately, and leave at room temperature for 20 min.   4. Add 9 ml of W5 and mix carefully. Centrifuge for 6 min at 600 rpm with brakes and repeat once.   5. Take up 80,000 pps/ml B-medium. Add 3 ml per 3 cm TC petri dish and close with parafilm.   6. Place dishes in the dark at 25° C.       

     Next, the transfected protoplasts were regenerated. The cell division and regeneration protocol was as follows:
         1. 9 days after transfection, add 1.5 ml C-medium.   2. 23 days after transfection, transfer calli and medium contained in 1 small dish to 1 deep 9 cm petri dish with 15 ml K3-soft medium.   3. When the calli are 3 mm in size, transfer them to K3-solid medium for regenerating shoots.   4. When shoots formed transfer them to MS20 for rooting.       

     The composition of the media and stocks used in the protoplast transfection and regeneration processes are shown in Tables 7A and 7B, below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of media and stocks used for protoplast protocols 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 l 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.6% enzyme solution 1,3   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10x K3 stock 
                 100 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulase onozuka R-10 
                 6 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Macerozyme R-10 
                 10 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 136.9 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 MES 
                 586 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 2,4-D 
                 1 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 BAP 
                 0.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 CPW 20S 1   
               
               
                   
                 10x CPW stock 
                 100 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 200 
                 g 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 pH 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MaMg 1   
                 500 ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mannitol 
                 45 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 MgCl 2 •6H 2 O 
                 1520 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 MES 
                 500 
                 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 pH 
                 5.6-5.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 l 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 K3-soft 2   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10x K3 stock 
                 100 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 68.4 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Sea-plaque agarose 
                 2 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 BAP 
                 0.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 2,4-D 
                 0.1 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 NAA 
                 0.1 
                 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 pH 
                 5.8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 K3-solid 2   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10x K3 stock 
                 100 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 5 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Sea-plaque agarose 
                 7 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Zeatin 
                 1 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 BAP 
                 0.5 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 IAA 
                 0.1 
                 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 pH 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Filter sterilize; 
               
               
                   
                   2 Autoclave; 
               
               
                   
                   3 Store in freezer 
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 7B               Composition of media and stocks used for protoplast protocols                                                TVL 2     g/l                       Sorbitol   54.65           CaCl 2 •2H 2 O   7.35           MES   0.586           pH   5.8                                             mg/l                       10x K3 stock 1,3             NH 4 NO 3     2500           CaCl 2 •2H 2 0   3000           KNO 3     25000           MgSO 4 •7H 2 0   2500           (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4     1340           NaH 2 PO 4     1500           NaFeEDTA   430           MnSO 4 •1H 2 O   100           H 3 BO 3     30           ZnSO 4 •7H 2 O   20           KI   10           Na 2 MoO 4 •2H 2 O   2.5           CoCl 2 •6H 2 0   0.25           CuSO 4 •5H 2 O   0.25           Xylose   2500           Myo inositol   1000           Thiamine•HCl   100           Nicotinic acid   10           Pyridoxin•HCl   10           10x CPW stock solution 1,3             KH 2 PO 4     272           KNO 3     1010           CaCl 2 •2H 2 O   14800           MgSO 4 •7H 2 O   2460           KI   1.6           CuSO 4 •5H 2 O   0.25                                         W5 1     g/l                       CaCl 2 •2H 2 O   18.4           NaCl   9           KCl   0.8           Glucose   1           pH   5.8                                             mg/l                       B-medium 1             CaCl 2 •2H 2 O   750           KNO 3     2500           MgSO 4 •7H 2 O   250           (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4     134           NaH 2 PO 4     150           Na 2 EDTA   37.3           FeSO 4 •7H 2 O   27.8           MnSO 4 •1H 2 O   10           H 3 BO 3     3           ZnSO 4 •7H 2 O   2           KI   0.75           Na 2 MoO 4 •2H 2 O   0.25           CoCl 2 •6H 2 O   0.025           CuSO 4 •5H 2 O   0.025           Myo-inositol   100           Thiamine•HCl   10           Nicotinic acid   1           Pyridoxine•HCl   1           Glucose   20000           Mannitol   70000           NAA   1           BAP   1           2,4-D   0.25           pH   5.8           C-medium 1             NH 4 NO 3     200           KH 2 PO 4     75           CaCl 2 •2H 2 O   525           KNO 3     1250           MgSO 4 •7H 2 O   250           (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4     67           NaH 2 PO 4     75           Na 2 EDTA   37.3           FeSO 4 •7H 2 0   27.8           MnSO 4 •1H 2 O   10           H 3 BO 3     3           ZnSO 4 •7H 2 O   2           KI   0.75           Na 2 MoO 4 •2H 2 O   0.25           COCl 2 •6H 2 O   0.025           CuSO 4 •5H 2 O   0.025           Myo-inositol   100           Thiamine•HCl   10           Nicotinic acid   1           Pyridoxine•HCl   1           Glucose   40000           Mannitol   20000           NAA   0.2           BAP   1           pH   5.8                         1 Filter sterilize;             2 Autoclave;             3 Do not adjust pH and store at 0-5° C.            
Genotyping of Regenerated Plants
 
     After multiple prescreening rounds of both calli and microcalli, plantlets were genotyped. DNA was isolated from the leaves of plantlets, and two independent DNA isolations were sequenced using amplicon deep sequencing (at least 100× coverage) and results were analyzed using CRISPRESSO (http://crispresso.rocks/) with default settings. The sequencing primers used are shown in Table 8, below, whereby primers B09 and F02 were used together and primers BoDMR6.12ex3f1 BC and BoDMR6.12ex3f1 BC were used together. In addition to genotyping, ploidv of the selected plants was confirmed to be 2N via flow cytometry. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequencing primers for plantlet genotyping 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Primer name 
                 Primer sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B09 
                 ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCTTTTG 
               
               
                   
                 CAGGGAAGTTGTG (SEQ ID NO: 133) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F02 
                 CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTACCGCAA 
               
               
                   
                 ACGGTAGCATCT (SEQ ID NO: 134) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BoDMR6.12ex3f1 
                 ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGTCAACA 
               
               
                 BC 
                 CATGGCAGTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 135) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BoDMR6.12ex3r1 
                 CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTGTCGGTA 
               
               
                 BC 
                 TGAGCAGGTAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 136) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A double knockout (i.e., knockout mutations in both DMR6-1 and DMR6-2) line was generated using the above methods.  FIGS. 22A-22F  show the nucleotide alignment of the DMR6-1 knockout allele with the corresponding wild type sequence of DMR6-1, whereby the knockout allele (BoDMR6_−5 bp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 137) is shown below the wild type sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf108=SEQ ID NO: 114).  FIGS. 23A-23E  show the nucleotide alignment of the DMR6-2 knockout allele with the corresponding wild type sequence of DMR6-2, whereby the knockout allele (BoDMR6_-lbp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 138) is shown below the wild type sequence (BoDMR6_WT_scf155=SEQ ID NO: 115).  FIGS. 24A-24B  show the polypeptide alignment of the DMR6-1 knockout polypeptide with the corresponding wild type polypeptide of DMR6-1, whereby the knockout polypeptide (BoDMR6_−5 bp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 139) is shown below the wild type polypeptide (BoDMR6_WT_scf108=SEQ ID NO: 112).  FIGS. 25A-25B  show the polypeptide alignment of the DMR6-2 knockout polypeptide with the corresponding wild type polypeptide of DMR6-2, whereby the knockout polypeptide (BoDMR6_-lbp_scf1=SEQ ID NO: 140) is shown below the wild type polypeptide (BoDMR6_WT_scf155=SEQ ID NO: 113). The double knockout line was referred to as “GE” for “Genome Editing”. In addition to the GE line, a wild type line was produced from the same process, i.e., plants were regenerated from protoplasts that did not contain the double mutation. This line was referred to as “GE.WT” or “WT”. 
     Preparation for Xcc Test 
     The plants used in the Xcc test were control plants, GE plants, and GE.WT plants. The control plants were a panel of three lines: KT38 (susceptible to Xcc), Resistant line 1 (R1; resistant to Xcc 1 and Xcc 4), and Resistant line 2 (R2; resistant to Xcc 1 and Xcc 4). R1 and R2 have been used in  Brassica oleracea  breeding as sources of resistance, and it is thought that their resistances are classical resistance genes that are race-specific. The control plants were first sown, and then transferred to 1 liter pots. These pots were placed in a clean greenhouse for development. Plants were considered sufficiently mature for testing when they had at least 5 to 6 true leaves. 
     The GE plants and GE.WT plants were produced as described above. GE plants (cuttings) from in vitro tissue culture were transferred to a GMO greenhouse. The plants were potted in 1 liter pots, and grown in the GMO greenhouse. Plants were considered sufficiently mature for testing when they had at least 5 to 6 expanded leaves. 
     The pathogens used in the Xcc test were Xcc race 1 (Xcc 1) and Xcc race 4 (Xcc 4) isolates from the pathogen collection. If there were doubts about the purity of the isolate, it was plated on semi-selective media to check whether it was clean before beginning the preparation. For preparation, the chosen isolate was plated on KB plates and grown for 2 days. Then, the bacteria were washed off of the plates and diluted with normal tap water to an OD of 0.4. In these tests, Xcc 1 and Xcc 4 were used, as they are the most prevalent in  B. oleracea  growing areas, but Xcc 1 and Xcc 6 would have been another option (Vicente et al. (2013), Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(1): 2-18). 
     Xcc Test Protocol 
     For testing, a climate cell or greenhouse was used that was kept at 25° C. with a day-night cycle of 16 hours light-8 hours dark (16:8 cycle). In this climate cell or greenhouse, a tent was built to cover the plants so that they could be maintained at high humidity. Inside the tent, containers were used to create a surface for the plants to stand in that could be filled with water. The day before infection, plants were placed in the containers, and the containers were filled with water so that the plants were standing in a shallow layer of water. At this point, a ring was placed on the youngest formed true leaf of the plants if needed. 
     The plants were infected by spraying them with a fine mist of the bacterial suspension (preparation described above). Then, the tent was closed to maintain humidity. The day after infection, the tent was slightly opened to avoid secondary infections. In order to keep the humidity high during the test, a layer of water was kept in the containers during the first 2 to 3 weeks. After that, the water layer was not maintained so that secondary infections and/or rotting would not occur. 
     Scoring of local infection began as soon as the first symptoms appeared. Local infection symptoms were scored for all of the leaves that were fully developed at the time of infection. Scoring of systemic infection was done one, two, and three weeks after infection. Systemic infection symptoms were scored for any new leaves that emerged after the infection. 
     For both local and systemic infections, a scale of 1 to 9 was used to score the severity of infection. Table 9 provides a detailed description of the Xcc test scoring scale. A score of 9 corresponded to a plant that was completely healthy with an absence of symptoms. A score of 1 corresponded to a plant that was completely wilted/dead. At the end of systemic infection scoring, susceptible plants scored 1.  FIGS. 18A-18D  show exemplary images of plants scored as 1, 3, 5, and 7. 
                     TABLE 9                  Xcc test scoring scale                     Local infection   Systemic infection                             Infection       Infection           severity   Phenotype   severity   Phenotype               1   All leaves are more than   1   Plant is dead           50% infected       3   All leaves are less than 50%   3   All new leaves are infected           infected       4   More than 2, but not all   4   More than 2, but not all new           leaves infected       leaves infected       5   1 or 2 leaves infected with   5   1 or 2 new leaves infected with           V-shaped lesions       V-shaped lesions       7   No clear infection, but some   7   No clear infection, but older           leaves show spots       leaves show some symptoms       9   Nothing to see, completely   9   Nothing to see, completely           clean plant       clean plant                    
Downy Mildew Whole Plant Test G
 
     The downy mildew whole plant test was performed as described in Example 7. 
     Results 
       FIGS. 19A and 19B  show the results of the Xcc test using Xcc 1.  FIG. 19A  shows local infection scores. Both of the resistant control plant lines (R1 and R2) had an average local infection score of about 7, while the susceptible control plant line (KT38) had an average local infection score of about 2. The wild type plants processed with the same protocol as the GE plants (GE.WT) had an average local infection score of about 3. The DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants (GE) had an average local infection score of about 5, which was intermediate between the resistant and susceptible control line results.  FIG. 19B  shows systemic infection scores. Both R1 and R2 had an average systemic infection score of about 5 to 6, while KT38 had an average systemic infection score of about 1 to 2. GE.WT had an average systemic infection score of about 3. GE had an average systemic infection score of about 6, which was comparable to the resistant control line (R1 and R2) results. 
       FIGS. 19C and 19D  show the results of the Xcc test using Xcc 4.  FIG. 19C  shows local infection scores. The resistant control line R1 had an average local infection score of about 5, while the resistant control line R2 had an average local infection score of about 8. The susceptible control line (KT38) had an average local infection score of about 1. GE.WT had an average local infection score of about 3. GE had an average local infection score of about 5, which was the same as the R1 score, and intermediate between the R2 and KT38 scores.  FIG. 19D  shows systemic infection scores. Both R1 and R2 had an average systemic infection score of about 8, while KT38 had an average systemic infection score of about 1. GE.WT had an average systemic infection score of about 4, and GE had an average systemic infection score of about 7.  FIG. 20  shows an exemplary image of the systemic resistance phenotype of a GE plant (on right) compared to a GE.WT plant (on left). 
     For both Xcc 1 and Xcc 4, the local infection score results showed that GE plants were more resistant than GE.WT and KT38 plants. The resistant control plants, R1 and R2, were more resistant than GE plants. The systemic infection score results for both Xcc 1 and Xcc 4 showed that GE plants were more resistant than GE.WT and KT38. The comparison to the resistant controls revealed differences between Xcc 1 and Xcc 4: R1 and R2 plants were more resistant to Xcc 4 than GE plants, but GE, R1, and R2 plants all had a similar resistance to Xcc 1. 
       FIG. 21  shows the result of the downy mildew whole plant test. WT plants had an average disease score of about 5 (i.e., susceptible), while GE plants had an average disease score of about 7 (i.e., resistant). 
     Taken together, these results show that DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 double knockout plants have intermediate resistance to Xcc (i.e., Xcc 1 and Xcc 4) and resistance to downy mildew. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Testing a Double Knockout of DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 in  Brassica  Species for Resistance to Downy Mildew and Xcc 
     Experimental Procedures 
     Additional cauliflower lines, broccoli lines, and kohlrabi lines containing a double knockout of DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 will be produced using the mutant alleles described in Examples 7 and 8. These double knockout lines will be tested for resistance to downy mildew and Xcc as described in Examples 7 and 8. 
     Successful lines will be combined with resistant QTL identified from known resistant lines R1 and R2. These lines containing stacked resistant traits will be developed commercially. 
     Results 
     The cauliflower lines, broccoli lines, and kohlrabi lines containing a double knockout of DMR6-1 and DMR6-2 are resistant to downy mildew and are intermediate resistant to Xcc. The lines containing stacked resistant traits are resistant to downy mildew and are intermediate resistant to Xcc.