Patent Publication Number: US-9835379-B2

Title: Hot water distribution system and method for a cooling tower

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 13/077,834, filed on Mar. 31, 2011, which claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) to U.S. provisional Application Ser. No. 61/319,810, filed on Mar. 31, 2010, and which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to cooling towers, and in particular, to a hot water basin and distribution system for use in cooling towers, including crossflow cooling towers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Most cooling towers are classified as either open or closed. Open cooling towers are configured generally as crossflow or counterflow designs. Conventional crossflow cooling towers have the cooling water flowing downward with air flowing perpendicular to the cooing fluid flow. In contrast, conventional counterflow cooling towers have the cooling water flowing downward with the air flowing parallel to the water flow. 
     The fluid distribution systems in cooling towers are generally of two types: gravity and spray. Spray systems are normally used in counterflow towers while gravity systems are utilized in crossflow towers. In a spray distribution system, spray nozzles are mounted to the distribution pipes. In a gravity distribution system, hot water reservoirs (commonly referred to as a basin or pan) disposed above heat-exchanging material (commonly referred to as “fill” material) include orifices (holes, passageways) configured in the bottom of the basin that allow a gravity release of the water within the basin. In some systems, each orifice is configured with a “target” nozzle to manipulate the water as it falls on the fill material. As water is released and output through the orifices, the falling water contacts the heat-exchanging material below which assists in increasing the cooling rate of the water as it flows over the fill material. 
     As is well known in the art, the rate of cooling of the water is important. Efficiencies in the distribution system may increase the cooling rate or thermal performance of the cooling tower. Thus, an efficient hot water basin distribution system is important. 
     A conventional crossflow cooling tower typically includes two hot water basins  14 , with each hot water basin located on opposite sides from each other and along an outer edge.  FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of one hot water basin distribution system  12  on one side of a crossflow cooling tower  10 . As illustrated, the hot water basin distribution system  12  includes the hot water basin  14  which is rectangular in shape, and further includes multiple outlet (discharge) pipes  16  spaced apart from each other. Each outlet  16  pipe includes an opening that is oriented to dispense water substantially vertically downward (substantially perpendicular to the horizontal). For each outlet pipe  16 , a baffle  18  (in this case, rectangular shaped) and/or weirs are positioned around the outlet area in an attempt to provide more equal flow of water within the hot water basin  14 . 
     The baffles are typically constructed to be raised above the bottom of the hot water basin a few inches or so. Without the baffles, the velocity of the discharged water as it spreads out through the hot water basin would be such that the water flowing through the bottom orifices (providing the gravity outlet to the wet deck) would be inefficient—as some orifices would output more or less water than others—resulting in thermal inefficiencies. This is undesirable. However, even with these baffle structures, water flow is relatively uneven resulting in less efficiency. 
     Accordingly, there is needed a system, method and apparatus for hot water distribution in crossflow cooling towers that increases water flow efficiency within the hot water basin and gravity distribution system to increase thermal performance of the cooling tower. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with one embodiment, there is provided a hot water basin distribution system for use in a cooling tower. The system includes a hot water basin including a plurality of discharge orifices and a distribution lateral pipe disposed over the hot water basin. The pipe extends substantially horizontally and receives fluid from a distribution header pipe and discharges the received fluid into the hot water basin. The distribution lateral pipe includes a plurality of discharge outlets arranged in a first row and a second row extending along a substantial length of the distribution lateral pipe, and the first row discharges fluid at a first angle and the second row discharges fluid at a second angle from a horizontal. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, there is provided a method of cooling fluid within a cooling tower. The method includes (1) distributing fluid carried by a distribution header within the cooling tower into a distribution lateral structure; (2) discharging the fluid from the distribution lateral pipe through at least one row of discharge outlets arranged in a row along a substantial length of the distribution lateral pipe into a hot water basin; (3) releasing, through a plurality of orifices within the hot water basin, the fluid onto heat-exchanging material disposed below the hot water basin; and (4) collecting the fluid in a cold water basin, the fluid in the cold water basin having a temperature less than a temperature of the fluid in the hot water basin. 
     In yet another embodiment, there is provided a cooling tower for cooling fluid. The cooling tower includes a supporting structure supporting a motor, a fan, a fan stack, fill material and a fluid distribution system. The fluid distribution system includes a distribution header, a reservoir basin including a plurality of discharge orifices, and a distribution lateral disposed over the reservoir basin and extending substantially horizontally for receiving fluid from the distribution header and discharging received fluid into the reservoir basin. In addition, the distribution lateral includes a plurality of discharge outlets arranged in a first row and a second row extending along a substantial length of the distribution lateral pipe, wherein the first row discharges fluid at a first angle and the second row discharges fluid at a second angle from a horizontal of the distribution lateral. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers designate like objects, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of a conventional prior art hot water basin and distribution system in a crossflow cooling tower; 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view of a hot water basin distribution system in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the hot water basin distribution system along view A-A of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a more detailed diagram depicting a coupling between a distribution header and one or more distribution laterals shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C  illustrate one embodiment of a distribution lateral for discharging fluid into the hot water basin received from a distribution header in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C  illustrate another embodiment of a hot water basin and distribution system and another embodiment of a distribution lateral; and 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a cooling tower in accordance with the present disclosure in which one or more of the hot water basis distribution systems and distribution laterals illustrated herein are integrated or incorporated. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Prior art crossflow cooling towers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,860 to Kinney, et al. (1999), which is fully incorporated herein by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,528 to Kaplan, which is also fully incorporated herein by reference. The present disclosure describes a hot water basin distribution system that can be utilized, integrated or incorporated in the cross-flow towers disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,860 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,528, and can be used with one or more components of the cooling towers described therein. For example, the lateral distribution pipe and hot water basin described herein can be used to replace the hot water distributor  32  or the basin and hot water distribution pans  90  disclosed within the cooling tower(s) illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,860. Similarly, for example, the lateral distribution pipe and hot water basin described herein can be used in place of all or part of the distribution system  10  within the cooling tower(s) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,528. 
     Prior art cooling towers using fiber-reinforced pultruded frame structures are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,734 to Bland, et al., which is fully incorporated herein by reference. The frame structures and cooling tower components described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,275,734 can be combined with the hot water basin distribution system described herein to form one or more embodiments of a crossflow cooling tower. 
     It will be understood that the term “water” used throughout this document, e.g., as used in “hot water basin” or “hot water basin distribution system basin”, may refer to not only water, but to other “fluids” that may be utilized for cooling (heat exchange)) purposes. 
     Now referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , there is shown a plan view and view along A-A, respectively, of a hot water basin distribution system  100  in accordance with the present disclosure. The system  100  includes hot water reservoirs, basins or pans  102  (hereinafter referred to as “basin”) each configured to receive hot water (or other cooling fluid) from a distribution lateral structure  110 . The hot water basins  102  are formed to hold water, and can have various dimensions. In one embodiment, the hot water basins are rectangular in shape, include four side walls, and may be about 6-30 inches in depth, 2-8 feet in width, and 4 to 50 feet in length. Other dimensions may be utilized, depending on the particular configuration and size of the cooling tower. The hot water basins  102  further include multiple orifices, holes or passageways  120  (hereinafter referred to as an “orifice”) for outletting water within the hot water basin  102  onto heat-exchanging material disposed below the basins  102  (not shown). Optionally, nozzles (not shown) may be affixed proximate the orifices  120  to receive water and distribute the water more evenly over and onto the fill material (not shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 )). In one embodiment, the orifices  120  and nozzles (not shown) are configured or structured such that each nozzle snaps through the orifice  120  into the floor of the hot water basin  102 . 
     The distribution lateral structure  110  is operably connected to a distribution header  130  that supplies the hot water to the distribution lateral structure  110  for dispensing into the hot water distribution basin  102 . In one embodiment, the distribution lateral structure  110  is a fluid transporting pipe formed to distribute the incoming hot water over a large portion of the hot water basin  102 . As illustrated, the distribution lateral  110  extends parallel or lateral along substantially the length of the hot water basin. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the distribution lateral  110  receives fluid from the distribution header  130  at a single point—such as its midpoint. In other embodiments, and as will be appreciated, multiple discharge points into the distribution lateral  110  could be used, and these may be positioned or located at any point(s) along the distribution lateral. It will also be understood that the distribution lateral  110  may be formed of multiple components, such as two or more pipes, with each pipe coupled to an outlet chamber of the distribution header  130 . Other configurations may be utilized. 
     While the distribution lateral  110  and the distribution header  130  are shown extending perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the length of the hot water basin  102 , any other suitable configuration may be utilized, such as a configuration in which the distribution lateral  110  extends parallel, while header extends perpendicular, to the length of the hot water basin  102 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 4 , there is illustrated one embodiment of the structures utilized for coupling the distribution header  130  to the distribution lateral  110 . On opposite sides of the outlet chamber of the distribution header  130  are valves  140  which couple the distribution header outlet chamber(s) to the distribution laterals  110 . 
     In the structural configuration illustrated in the  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the distribution lateral  110  is oriented at approximately right angles (substantially perpendicular) to the distribution header  130 , and the distribution lateral  110  includes two laterals  110   a . As will be appreciated, while  FIG. 2  illustrates two hot water basins  102 , each with a distribution header  130  which has distribution laterals  110   a , any number and size of hot water basins  102 , distribution headers  130  and distribution laterals  110   a  may be utilized, depending on the size and dimensions of the cooling tower, provided the distribution lateral  110  is positioned along a hot water basin  102  for discharge of the incoming hot water into the basin  102 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the distribution lateral  110  is disposed at a predetermined distance above the floor  103  of the hot water basin  102 . In various embodiments, this distance may be greater than about 3 inches, greater than about 6 inches, or greater than about 9 inches. In another embodiment, the distribution lateral  110  is disposed and affixed at a position such that at least a portion of distribution lateral  110  lies within the interior volume defined by the hot water basin  102  (defined by the floor and walls of the basin). In other embodiments, the distribution lateral  110  lies entirely within, or entirely outside, this interior volume. 
     The distribution lateral  110  is constructed with multiple distribution outlets  150  (orifices, holes, passageways) spaced apart along a length of the distribution lateral  110 . In one embodiment, the outlets  150  are spaced along substantially the length of the distribution laterals  110   a . In another embodiment, the outlets  150  may be spaced in groups along one or more specific lengths of the laterals  110   a  while some other portion(s) of the laterals do not include the outlets  150 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the outlets are configured in two rows (as identified by reference numerals  150   a ,  150   b ) along the distribution lateral  110 , with each row  150   a ,  150   b  spaced apart from each other, such as spaced circumferentially when the distribution lateral  110  is circular (such as a circular shaped pipe, in one embodiment). The distribution lateral  110  is formed and structured so that the outlets and rows are positioned to allow cooling fluid outlet into the hot water basin  102  that promotes a more even fluid flow within the hot water basin  102  to increase flow and efficiency. 
     As cooling fluid is discharged, multiple streams of fluid exit those outlets  150  within row  150   a  at a first angle (Angle A) with respect to the horizontal. See,  FIG. 5C . Similarly, multiple streams of fluid exit those outlets  150  within row  150   b  at a second angle (Angle B) with respect to the horizontal. The physical location of the outlets  150  and rows in the distribution lateral  110  and the orientation of the distribution lateral  110  (as affixed in the system) will determine the angle of fluid discharge to the horizontal. The first angle (Angle A) is different from the second angle (Angle B). 
     In different embodiments, the first and second angles may range between about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees, between about 10 and about 80 degrees, between about 20 and about degrees and between about 30 and 60 degrees, from the horizontal. In one embodiment, the first angle is between about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees, and the second angle is between about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees, to the horizontal. In one specific embodiment, the first angle is about 30 degrees and the second angle is about 45 degrees. Though two rows are shown positioned at different circumferential points on the distribution lateral  110 , it may be possible in one embodiment for the distribution lateral to operate with a single row  150   a  or  150   b  of outlets  150 . 
     It will be appreciated that different angles may utilized depending on the dimensions of the hot water basin  102  and positioning of the distribution lateral  110  with respect to the basin  102 , the diameter of the distribution lateral  110 , the fluid flow rate, and the number and diameters of the outlets  150 . It will be appreciated that the diameter of the distribution lateral  110  and the number and size of the outlets formed therein should be chosen to promote even fluid flow through the distribution lateral  110 , wherein the fluid through the distribution lateral pipe has the least amount of velocity while maintaining enough fluid flow the pipe to fill its interior volume. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine these variables without undue experimentation. 
     In one embodiment, the dimensions of the distribution lateral(s) pipes  110  and the outlets  150  are configured such that the cooling fluid discharge velocity is in the range of between about 0.5 to 2.5 feet/second. In another embodiment, the range is between about 1 to 1.5 feet/second. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the distribution lateral  110  is shown positioned nearer one wall of the hot water basin  102  than the other opposite wall. In one embodiment, it is positioned proximate a wall of the hot water basin, the wall that is nearest the center of the cooling tower. However, it will be appreciated that the lateral  110  may be positioned at any point about the basin, such as at or near the center, or closer to one side or the other. In addition, multiple distribution laterals  110 , spaced apart from each other but parallel to each other, may be used. Other configurations are possible. 
     Now turning to  FIGS. 5A-5C , there are shown  FIG. 5A  (bottom view),  FIG. 5B  (side view) and  FIG. 5C  (view along A-A of  FIG. 5B ) illustrating one embodiment of the distribution lateral  110  in accordance with this disclosure. Four rows  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c  and  150   d  of discharge outlets  150  are shown extending along substantially the length of the lateral  110 . Each of the rows is positioned on one side (circumferentially about one half, the lower half) of the distribution lateral  110 , as shown. Thus, the angles of discharge for each of the rows can range from about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees (and as set forth above) to the horizontal. 
     The positioning and configuration of the outlet rows  150   a  ad  150   b  has been previously described (see above). The positioning and configuration of the outlet rows  150   c  and  150   d  are similar as that described above with respect to rows  150   a  and  150   b , but from the horizontal on the other side of the distribution lateral  110 . Reference to  FIG. 5C  illustrates this concept. As a result, in different embodiments, a third angle (Angle C) and a fourth angle (Angle D) may range between about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees, between about 10 and about 80 degrees, between about 20 and about 70 degrees and between about 30 and 60 degrees, from the horizontal. In one embodiment, the third angle is between about 20 degrees to about 35 degrees, and the fourth angle is between about 40 degrees to about 55 degrees, to the horizontal. In one specific embodiment, the third angle is about 30 degrees and the fourth angle is about 45 degrees. 
       FIG. 5C  illustrates the fixed configuration of the distribution lateral  110  in one position located above the hot water basin. As shown, the rows of outlets  150   a - 150   d  are positioned such that fluid discharges at four different angles. This generates a more even fluid flow within the hot water basin  102  and results in a more even fluid flow over and onto the heat-exchanging material disposed below the hot water basin, resulting in increased thermal efficiency. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the distribution lateral  110  is positioned at a distance from one side wall of the hot water basin  102  such that the fluid discharged from the third row of outlets  120   c  and/or the fourth row of outlets  120   d  contacts the side wall of the hot water basin  102  or is discharged at the angle(s) such that it would contact the side wall when discharged if no fluid was present in the hot water basin  102 . 
     In another configuration (not shown), the distribution lateral  110  may be positioned towards or at the center or midpoint of the hot water basin  102  such that a plurality of outlet rows, such as two or more of rows  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c  or  150   d  are utilized such that cooling fluid is discharged towards both sides of the hot water basin  102 . In another similar embodiment (not shown), the distribution lateral  110  may include a row of outlets (not shown) positioned at an angle of around 90 degrees to the horizontal (e.g., discharges fluid substantially vertically). 
     It will be understood that the cross-sectional shape of the distribution lateral pipe  110  may be circular, rectangular, or some other shape. Further, the shape of the outlets  150  may be circular, slotted, rectangular, oval or some other shape (or even a combination thereof). In addition, in different embodiments, the quantity of outlets  150  may range from about 10 to 100 per distribution lateral, may be greater than 20 per distribution lateral, and/or may range from about 3 to 10 per linear foot of distribution lateral. 
     Now turning to  FIGS. 6A-6C , there is shown a different embodiment of the hot water basin distribution system of the present disclosure.  FIG. 6A  illustrates a portion of another hot water basin distribution system  100   b  in which the distribution header  130   b  extends or runs parallel to the length of the hot water basin  102   b  (the distribution lateral(s)  110   b  are not shown in  FIG. 6A , but they extend perpendicular to the distribution header  130   b ).  FIG. 6B  (side view) and  FIG. 6C  (view along A-A of  FIG. 6B ) illustrate the distribution lateral  110   b  in accordance with this disclosure. Two rows  650   a  and  650   b  of discharge outlets  650  are shown extending along substantially the length of the lateral  110   b . Each of the rows is positioned on one side (circumferentially about one half, the lower half) of the distribution lateral  110   b , as shown. Thus, the angles of discharge for each of the rows can range from about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees (and as set forth above) to the horizontal. Though not specifically shown in  FIG. 6B  (but illustrated by  FIG. 6C , two additional rows  650   c  and  650   d  of discharge outlets are included. 
     In this embodiment, the outlets  650  have a slot or slotted shape. Other shapes may be utilized, as described above with respect to outlets  150 . 
     As cooling fluid is discharged, multiple streams of fluid exit those outlets  650  within row  650   a  at a first angle (Angle A) with respect to the horizontal. See,  FIG. 6C . Similarly, multiple streams of fluid exit those outlets  650  within row  650   b  at a second angle (Angle B) with respect to the horizontal. The physical location of the outlets  650  and rows in the distribution lateral  110   b  and the orientation of the distribution lateral  110   b  (as affixed in the system) will determine the angle of fluid discharge to the horizontal. The first angle (Angle A) is different from the second angle (Angle B). 
     In different embodiments, the first and second angles may range between about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees, between about 10 and about 80 degrees, between about 20 and about degrees and between about 30 and 50 degrees, from the horizontal. In one embodiment, the first angle is between about 30 degrees to about 40 degrees, and the second angle is between about 60 degrees to about 70 degrees, to the horizontal. In one specific embodiment, the first angle is about 35 degrees and the second angle is about 65 degrees. Though two rows are shown positioned at different circumferential points on the distribution lateral  110   b , it may be possible in one embodiment for the distribution lateral to operate with a single row  650   a  or  650   b  of outlets  650 . 
     It will be appreciated that different angles may be utilized depending on the dimensions of the hot water basin  102   b  and positioning of the distribution lateral  110   b  with respect to the basin  102   b , the diameter of the distribution lateral  110   b , the fluid flow rate, and the number and diameters of the outlets  650 . It will be appreciated that the diameter of the distribution lateral  110   b  and the number and size of the outlets formed therein should be chosen to promote even fluid flow through the distribution lateral  110   b , wherein the fluid through the distribution lateral pipe has the least amount of velocity while maintaining enough fluid flow the pipe to fill its interior volume. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine these variables without undue experimentation. 
     In one embodiment, the dimensions of the distribution lateral(s) pipes  110   b  and the outlets  650  are configured such that the cooling fluid discharge velocity is in the range of between about 0.5 to 2.5 feet/second. In another embodiment, the range is between about 1 to 1.5 feet/second. 
     The positioning and configuration of the outlet rows  650   a  and  650   b  has been previously described (see above). The positioning and configuration of the outlet rows  650   c  and  650   d  are similar as that described above with respect to rows  650   a  and  650   b , but from the horizontal on the other side of the distribution lateral  110   b . Reference to  FIG. 5C  illustrates this concept. As a result, in different embodiments, a third angle (Angle C) and a fourth angle (Angle D) may range between about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees, between about 10 and about 80 degrees, between about 20 and about 70 degrees and between about 30 and 60 degrees, from the horizontal. In one embodiment, the third angle is between about 30 degrees to about 40 degrees, and the fourth angle is between about 60 degrees to about 70 degrees, to the horizontal. In one specific embodiment, the third angle is about 35 degrees and the fourth angle is about 65 degrees. 
       FIG. 6C  illustrates the fixed configuration of the distribution lateral  110   b  in one position located above the hot water basin  102   b . As shown, the rows of outlets  650   a - 650   d  are positioned such that fluid discharges at four different angles. This generates a more even fluid flow within the hot water basin  102   b  and results in a more even fluid flow over and onto the heat-exchanging material disposed below the hot water basin, resulting in increased thermal efficiency. 
     Now turning to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a cooling tower  700  (in a partial cut-away view) in accordance with the present disclosure in which one or more of the hot water basin distribution systems  100 ,  100   b  and distribution laterals  110 ,  110   b  illustrated herein are integrated or incorporated. The cooling tower  700  includes a hot water distribution system  110 ,  100   b  that includes one or more distribution headers  130  (or  130   b ), one or more distribution laterals  110  (or  110   b ), and one or more hot water basins  102  (or  102   b ). The cooling tower  700  further includes a support structure  710  for supporting various cooling tower components, a fan  720 , fan stack  730 , a motor  740  for powering the fan  720 , fill material  750  disposed below the hot water basin  102  (or  102   b ), and a cold water basin  760  for collecting the cooled fluid that passes through the fill material. 
     Within a method or process for cooling (e.g. reducing the temperature of the fluid received at an inlet port) fluid within the cooling tower  700 , one or more distribution headers  130 ,  130   b  carry or distribute the fluid to one or more distribution lateral structures or pipes  110   a ,  110   b . At this point, the fluid can be referred to as “hot fluid” having a first temperature. The distribution laterals  110   a ,  110   b  discharge the fluid into one or more hot water basins  102 ,  102   b  that include many orifices (holes, passageways)  120  usually positioned in the bottom of the basin. The basins  102 ,  102   b  are disposed above heat-exchanging or fill material  750 , and the orifices  120  allow a gravity release of the fluid within the basin. In some systems, each orifice  120  is configured with a “target” nozzle to manipulate the fluid as it falls on the fill material  750 . As fluid is released and output through the orifices  120  within the basin, the falling fluid contacts the fill material  750  below which assists in increasing the cooling rate (decreasing temperature) of the fluid as it flows over the fill material  750 , which is then collected in a cold water basin  760  disposed below the fill material. At this point, the fluid can be referred to as “cold fluid” having a second temperature (less than the first temperature). 
     The distribution lateral  110   a ,  110   b  is configured structurally to discharge the fluid through a plurality of orifices (holes, passageways)  150 ,  650  at one or more angles (as compared to the horizontal) and into the hot water basins  102 ,  102   b . In one embodiment, the orifices  150 ,  160  are organized into at least one row  150   a ,  650   a  that extends along some predetermined length of the lateral  110 ,  110   b  and positioned to discharge the fluid at the angle. In another embodiment, two rows  150   a - 150   b ,  650   a - 650   b  of orifices (extending along one or more lengths of the lateral) discharge the fluid at two respective angles. In another embodiment, four or more rows  150   a - 150   b ,  650   a - 650   d  may be utilized. As the fluid is discharged at the one or more angles by the one or more rows of discharge orifices  150 ,  650 , this enhances and promotes a more even fluid flow within the hot water basin  102 ,  102   b  and results in a more even fluid flow over and onto the heat-exchanging material  750  disposed below the hot water basin  102 ,  102   b , resulting in increased thermal efficiency. 
     It may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases that may be used within this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like. The term “couple” or “connect” refers to any direct or indirect connection between two or more components, unless specifically noted that a direct coupling or direct connection is present. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in the foregoing detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiment(s) disclosed but is capable of numerous rearrangements, substitutions and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.