Patent Publication Number: US-2015064222-A1

Title: Nutritional compositions for enhancing immune function

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to nutritional compositions for pediatric subjects, such as infant formulas and children&#39;s nutritional products and to methods for enhancing immune function in a pediatric subject. 
     2. Background Art 
     Infants and children are exposed to a variety of pathogens, and the incidence of infectious diseases peaks in the first 4 years of life. As such, improving the innate immune response in infants and/or children would provide an opportunity to reduce the incidence of infections and to maintain or improve their overall health. 
     The infant gut microflora is rapidly established in the first few weeks following birth. The nature of this intestinal colonization is initially determined by early exposure to environmental sources of microbes as well as the health of the infant. Whether the infant is breast-fed or formula fed also has a strong influence on the intestinal bacterial population. Bifidobacteria are generally considered “beneficial” bacteria and are known to protect against colonization by pathogenic bacteria. 
     Human milk (HM) contains a number of factors that may contribute to the growth and population of  Bifidobacterium  spp. in the gut microflora of infants. Among these factors is a complex mixture of more than 130 different oligosaccharides that reach levels as high as 8-12 g/L in transitional and mature milk. Kunz, et al.,  Oligosaccharides in Human Milk: Structure, Functional, and Metabolic Aspects , Ann. Rev. Nutr. 20: 699-722 (2000). These oligosaccharides are resistant to enzymatic digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reach the colon intact, where they then serve as substrates for colonic fermentation. HM oligosaccharides are believed to elicit an increase in the number of Bifidobacteria in the colonic microflora, along with a reduction in the number of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Kunz, et al., 15  Oligosaccharides in Human Milk: Structure, Functional, and Metabolic Aspects , Ann. Rev. Nutr. 20: 699-722 (2000); Newburg,  Do the Binding Properties of Oligosaccharides in Milk Protect Human Infants from Gastrointestinal Bacteria ?, J. Nutr. 217:S980-S984 (1997). 
     Because cow&#39;s milk and commercially available infant formulas that are based on cow&#39;s milk provide only trace amounts of oligosaccharides, prebiotics can be used to supplement the diet of formula-fed infants. Prebiotics have been defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of cells in the colon that can improve the health of the host. 
     The incorporation of various prebiotic ingredients into infant formulas has been disclosed. For example, U.S. Patent App. No. 20030072865 to Bindels, et al. discloses an infant formula with an improved protein content and at least one prebiotic. Similarly, U.S. Patent App. No. 20040191234 to Haschke discloses a method for enhancing the immune response which comprises administering at least one prebiotic, which can be present in an infant cereal. 
     Unfortunately, however, there are some disadvantages in the administration of certain prebiotics to pediatric subjects, such as infants and children. While prebiotics may beneficially affect the population of probiotics in the gut, the fermentation of many of these prebiotic substances occurs at a very rapid rate, which may produce excess gas, abdominal distension, bloating, and diarrhea. 
     Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide a nutritional composition for pediatric subjects comprising a substance that stimulates the immune system, wherein the substance is well tolerated and does not produce or cause excess gas, abdominal distension, bloating or diarrhea. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Briefly, the present disclosure is directed, in an embodiment, to a nutritional composition comprising a lipid or fat, a protein source, and a source of β-glucan. In certain embodiments, the source of β-glucan is a source of β-1,3-glucan. In other embodiments, the source of β-glucan is a source of β-1,3;1,6-glucan. Moreover, in some embodiments, the nutritional composition further includes a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or a prebiotic composition which includes a plurality of oligosaccharides such that the overall fermentation rate profile of the prebiotic composition provides an increased population of beneficial bacteria in the human gut over an extended period of time. The prebiotic composition can include a plurality of oligosaccharides, such that at least one of the oligosaccharides has a relatively fast fermentation rate and one of the oligosaccharides has a relatively slow fermentation rate, whereby the combination of the oligosaccharides provides a beneficial overall fermentation rate. In certain embodiments, the prebiotic comprises a combination of galacto-oligosaccharide and polydextrose. 
     The disclosure is also directed to a nutritional composition comprising, in some embodiments: 
     a. up to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid, more preferably about 3 to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid; 
     b. up to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, more preferably about 1 to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source; 
     c. about 5 to about 100 mg/100 kcal of a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which include DHA, more preferably about 10 to about 50 mg/100 kcal of a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which include DHA; 
     d. about 1.0 to about 10.0 g/L, more preferably about 2.0 g/L to about 8.0 g/L, of a prebiotic composition comprising a plurality of oligosaccharides such that the overall fermentation rate profile of the prebiotic composition provides an increased population of beneficial bacteria in the human gut over an extended period of time; and 
     e. a source of β-glucan. 
     In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to a nutritional composition having improved digestibility, the composition comprising a lipid or fat, a protein source, a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prebiotic composition which comprises at least 20% of an oligosaccharide mixture comprising polydextrose and galacto-oligosaccharide, and a source of β-1,3-glucan. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present embodiments of the disclosure and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the disclosure as it is claimed. The description serves to explain the principles and operations of the claimed subject matter. Other and further features and advantages of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following disclosure. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference now will be made in detail to the embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more examples of which are set forth herein below. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the nutritional composition of the present disclosure and is not a limitation. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. 
     Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Other objects, features and aspects of the present disclosure are disclosed in or are obvious from the following detailed description. It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present disclosure. 
     “Nutritional composition” means a substance or formulation that satisfies at least a portion of a subject&#39;s nutrient requirements. 
     “Pediatric subject” means a human that is less than 13 years of age. In some embodiments, a pediatric subject refers to a human subject that is less than 8 years old. 
     “Infant” means a subject ranging in age from birth to not more than about one year and includes infants from 0 to about 12 months corrected age. The term infant includes low birth weight infants, very low birth weight infants, and preterm infants. The phrase “corrected age” means an infant&#39;s chronological age minus the amount of time that the infant was born premature. Therefore, the corrected age is the age of the infant if it had been carried to full term. 
     “Child” means a subject ranging in age from about 12 months to about 13 years. In some embodiments, a child is a subject between the ages of one and twelve years old. In other embodiments, the terms “children” or “child” refer to subjects that are two, three, four, five or six years old. In other embodiments, the terms “children” or “child” refer to any range of ages between about 12 months and about 13 years. 
     “Children&#39;s nutritional product” refers to a composition that satisfies at least a portion of the nutrient requirements of a child. 
     “Infant formula” means a composition that satisfies at least a portion of the nutrient requirements of an infant. In the United States, the content of an infant formula is dictated by the federal regulations set forth at 21 C.F.R. Sections 100, 106, and 107. These regulations define macronutrient, vitamin, mineral, and other ingredient levels in an effort to stimulate the nutritional and other properties of human breast milk. 
     “Nutritionally complete” means a composition that may be used as the sole source of nutrition, which would supply essentially all of the required daily amounts of vitamins, minerals, and/or trace elements in combination with proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. 
     “Probiotic” means a microorganism with low or no pathogenicity that exerts beneficial effects on the health of the host. 
     “Prebiotic” means a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the digestive tract that can improve the health of the host. 
     “Effective amount” means an amount that provides a stimulatory immune effect in the subject. 
     “β-glucan” means all β-glucan, including both β-1,3-glucan and β-1,3;1,6-glucan, as each is a specific type of β-glucan. Moreover, β-1,3;1,6-glucan is a type of β-1,3-glucan. Therefore, the term “β-1,3-glucan” includes β-1,3;1,6-glucan. 
     All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein are by weight of the total formulation, unless otherwise specified. 
     The nutritional composition of the present disclosure may be substantially free of any optional or selected ingredients described herein, provided that the remaining nutritional composition still contains all of the required ingredients or features described herein. In this context, and unless otherwise specified, the term “substantially free” means that the selected composition may contain less than a functional amount of the optional ingredient, typically less than 0.1% by weight, and also, including zero percent by weight of such optional or selected ingredient. 
     All references to singular characteristics or limitations of the present disclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristic or limitation, and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made. 
     All combinations of method or process steps as used herein can be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the referenced combination is made. 
     The methods and compositions of the present disclosure, including components thereof, can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the embodiments described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components or limitations described herein or otherwise useful in nutritional compositions. 
     As used herein, the term “about” should be construed to refer to both of the numbers specified in any range. Any reference to a range should be considered as providing support for any subset within that range. 
     The present disclosure describes a nutritional composition for a subject comprising a carbohydrate source, a lipid source, a protein source and a source of β-glucan, especially β-1,3-glucan. The disclosed nutritional composition may be provided in any form known in the art, such as a powder, a gel, a suspension, a paste, a solid, a liquid, a liquid concentrate, reconstitutable powdered milk substitute, or a ready-to-use product. The nutritional composition may, in certain embodiments, comprise a nutritional supplement, children&#39;s nutritional product, infant formula, human milk fortifier, growing up milk or any other nutritional composition designed for a pediatric subject. Nutritional compositions of the present disclosure include, for example, orally-ingestible, health-promoting substances including, for example, chewable foods, beverages, tablets, capsules and powders. The nutritional composition of the present disclosure may be standardized to a specific caloric content, it may be provided as a ready-to-use product, or it may be provided in a concentrated form. 
     The present disclosure also describes a method of enhancing the immune function of a pediatric subject comprising administering an effective amount of a nutritional composition comprising a carbohydrate source, a lipid source, a protein source and β-glucan. 
     Suitable fat or lipid sources for practicing the present invention may be any known or used in the art, including but not limited to, animal sources, e.g., milk fat, butter, butter fat, egg yolk lipid; marine sources, such as fish oils, marine oils, single cell oils; vegetable and plant oils, such as corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, palmolein, coconut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, flaxseed (linseed) oil, cottonseed oil, high oleic safflower oil, palm stearin, palm kernel oil, wheat germ oil; medium chain triglyceride oils and emulsions and esters of fatty acids; and any combinations thereof. 
     Bovine milk protein sources useful in practicing the present invention include, but are not limited to, milk protein powders, milk protein concentrates, milk protein isolates, nonfat milk solids, nonfat milk, nonfat dry milk, whey protein, whey protein isolates, whey protein concentrates, sweet whey, acid whey, casein, acid casein, caseinate (e.g. sodium caseinate, sodium calcium caseinate, calcium caseinate) and any combinations thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the proteins are provided as intact proteins. In other embodiments, the proteins are provided as a combination of both intact proteins and partially hydrolyzed proteins, with a degree of hydrolysis of between about 4% and 10%. In certain other embodiments, the proteins are more completely hydrolyzed. In yet another embodiment, the protein source may be supplemented with glutamine-containing peptides. 
     In a particular embodiment of the invention, the whey:casein ratio of the protein source is similar to that found in human breast milk. In an embodiment, the protein source comprises from about 40% to about 80% whey protein and from about 20% to about 60% casein. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the nutritional composition may contain one or more probiotics. The term “probiotic” means a microorganism that exerts beneficial effects on the health of the host. Any probiotic known in the art may be acceptable in this embodiment provided it achieves the intended result. In a particular embodiment, the probiotic may be selected from any  Lactobacillus  species,  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  GG,  Bifidobacterium  species,  Bifidobacterium longum , and  Bifidobacterium animalis  subsp.  lactis  BB-12 or any combination thereof. 
     If included in the composition, the amount of the probiotic may vary from about 10 4  to about 10 10  colony forming units (cfu) per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the amount of the probiotic may vary from about 10 6  to about 10 9  cfu per kg body weight per day. In yet another embodiment, the amount of the probiotic may be at least about 10 6  cfu per kg body weight per day. 
     In an embodiment, the probiotic(s) may be viable or non-viable. As used herein, the term “viable”, refers to live microorganisms. The term “non-viable” or “non-viable probiotic” means non-living probiotic microorganisms, their cellular components and/or metabolites thereof. Such non-viable probiotics may have been heat-killed or otherwise inactivated, but they retain the ability to favorably influence the health of the host. The probiotics useful in the present invention may be naturally-occurring, synthetic or developed through the genetic manipulation of organisms, whether such new source is now known or later developed. 
     The nutritional composition contains one or more prebiotics. The term “prebiotic” as used herein refers to indigestible food ingredients which exert health benefits upon the host. Such health benefits may include, but are not limited to, selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of beneficial gut bacteria, stimulation of the growth and/or activity of ingested probiotic microorganisms, selective reduction in gut pathogens, and favorable influence on gut short chain fatty acid profile. Such prebiotics may be naturally-occurring, synthetic, or developed through the genetic manipulation of organisms and/or plants, whether such new source is now known or developed later. Prebiotics useful in the present invention may include oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and other prebiotics that contain fructose, xylose, soya, galactose, glucose and mannose. More specifically, prebiotics useful in the present invention may include polydextrose, polydextrose powder, lactulose, lactosucrose, raffinose, gluco-oligosaccharide, inulin, fructo-oligosaccharide, isomalto-oligosaccharide, soybean oligosaccharides, lactosucrose, xylo-oligosaccharide, chito-oligosaccharide, manno-oligosaccharide, aribino-oligosaccharide, siallyl-oligosaccharide, fuco-oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide, and gentio-oligosaccharides. 
     In an embodiment, the total amount of prebiotics present in the nutritional composition may be from about 1.0 g/L to about 10.0 g/L of the composition. More preferably, the total amount of prebiotics present in the nutritional composition may be from about 2.0 g/L and about 8.0 g/L of the composition. At least 20% of the prebiotics can comprise a mixture of galacto-oligosaccharide and polydextrose. The amount of each of galacto-oligosaccharide and polydextrose in the nutritional composition may, in an embodiment, be within the range of from about 1.0 g/L to about 4.0 g/L. 
     The amount of galacto-oligosaccharide in the nutritional composition may, in an embodiment, be from about 0.1 mg/100 Kcal to about 1.0 mg/100 Kcal. In another embodiment, the amount of galacto-oligosaccharide in the nutritional composition may be from about 0.1 mg/100 Kcal to about 0.5 mg/100 Kcal. The amount of polydextrose in the nutritional composition may, in an embodiment, be within the range of from about 0.1 mg/100 Kcal to about 0.5 mg/100 Kcal. In another embodiment, the amount of polydextrose may be about 0.3 mg/100 Kcal. In a particular embodiment, galacto-oligosaccharide and polydextrose are supplemented into the nutritional composition in a total amount of about at least about 0.2 mg/100 Kcal and can be about 0.2 mg/100 Kcal to about 1.5 mg/100 Kcal. 
     The nutritional composition of the invention contains a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) that comprises docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Other suitable LCPUFAs include, but are not limited to, α-linoleic acid, γ-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). 
     In one embodiment, the nutritional composition is supplemented with both DHA and ARA. In this embodiment, the weight ratio of ARA:DHA may be from about 1:3 to about 9:1. In one embodiment of the present invention, this ratio is from about 1:2 to about 4:1. 
     The amount of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nutritional composition is advantageously at least about 5 mg/100 Kcal, and may vary from about 5 mg/100 kcal to about 100 mg/100 kcal, more preferably from about 10 mg/100 kcal to about 50 mg/100 kcal. 
     The nutritional composition may be supplemented with oils containing DHA and ARA using standard techniques known in the art. For example, DHA and ARA may be added to the composition by replacing an equivalent amount of an oil, such as high oleic sunflower oil, normally present in the composition. As another example, the oils containing DHA and ARA may be added to the composition by replacing an equivalent amount of the rest of the overall fat blend normally present in the composition without DHA and ARA. 
     If utilized, the source of DHA and ARA may be any source known in the art such as marine oil, fish oil, single cell oil, egg yolk lipid, and brain lipid. In some embodiments, the DHA and ARA are sourced from the single cell Martek oil, DHASCO®, or variations thereof. The DHA and ARA can be in natural form, provided that the remainder of the LCPUFA source does not result in any substantial deleterious effect on the infant. Alternatively, the DHA and ARA can be used in refined form. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, sources of DHA and ARA are single cell oils as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,374,567; 5,550,156; and 5,397,591, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. However, the present invention is not limited to only such oils. 
     As noted, the disclosed nutritional composition includes a source of β-glucan in each embodiment thereof. Glucans are polysaccharides, specifically polymers of glucose, which are naturally occurring and may be found in cell walls of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and plants. Beta glucans (β-glucans) are themselves a diverse subset of glucose polymers, which are made up of chains of glucose monomers linked together via beta-type glycosidic bonds to form complex carbohydrates. 
     β-1,3-glucans are carbohydrate polymers purified from, for example, yeast, mushroom, bacteria, algae, or cereals. (Stone B A, Clarke A E. Chemistry and Biology of (1-3)-Beta-Glucans. London: Portland Press Ltd; 1993.) The chemical structure of β-1,3-glucan depends on the source of the β-1,3-glucan. Moreover, various physiochemical parameters, such as solubility, primary structure, molecular weight, and branching, play a role in biological activities of β-1,3-glucans. (Yadomae T., Structure and biological activities of fungal beta-1,3-glucans. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2000; 120:413-431.) 
     β-1,3-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides, with or without β-1,6-glucose side chains that are found in the cell walls of a variety of plants, yeasts, fungi and bacteria. β-1,3;1,6-glucans are those containing glucose units with (1,3) links having side chains attached at the (1,6) position(s). β-1,3;1,6 glucans are a heterogeneous group of glucose polymers that share structural commonalities, including a backbone of straight chain glucose units linked by a β-1,3 bond with β-1,6-linked glucose branches extending from this backbone. While this is the basic structure for the presently described class of β-glucans, some variations may exist. For example, certain yeast β-glucans have additional regions of β(1,3) branching extending from the β(1,6) branches, which add further complexity to their respective structures. 
     β-glucans derived from baker&#39;s yeast,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , are made up of chains of D-glucose molecules connected at the 1 and 3 positions, having side chains of glucose attached at the 1 and 6 positions. Yeast-derived β-glucan is an insoluble, fiber-like, complex sugar having the general structure of a linear chain of glucose units with a β-1,3 backbone interspersed with β-1,6 side chains that are generally 6-8 glucose units in length. More specifically, β-glucan derived from baker&#39;s yeast is poly-(1,6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,3)-β-D-glucopyranose. 
     Moreover, β-glucans have been discovered to have the ability to stimulate the immune system of adults. Indeed, a variety of these polysaccharides have been shown to bind to β-1,3-glucan receptors on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. (Czop, J. K., &amp; Austen, K. F. (1985). Properties of glycans that activate the human alternate complement pathway and interact with the human monocyte beta glucan receptor.  J. Immuno.  135, 3388-3393). β-glucan has not, however, been identified as a substance that provides the benefits of the present disclosure and that can be administered to pediatric subjects. 
     Indeed, the gut microflora of infants is well known to be less developed than that of an adult. While the microflora of the adult human consists of more than 10 13  microorganisms and nearly 500 species, the gut microflora of an infant contains only a fraction of those microorganisms, both in absolute number and species diversity. Because the bacterial populations and species vary immensely between the gut of an infant or child and an adult, it cannot be assumed that a prebiotic substance that has a beneficial effect on adults would also have a beneficial effect on infants and/or children. 
     As noted, glucans are polysaccharides that belong to a group of physiologically active compounds described as biological defense modifiers. β-1,3-glucans, and even more specifically, β-1,3;1,6-glucans, are a polysaccharide fraction that prime immune surveillance, which may decrease microbial-related illnesses in children or infants by stimulating immune function when administered as part of the nutritional composition of the present disclosure Furthermore, β-glucans are well tolerated and do not produce or cause excess gas, abdominal distension, bloating or diarrhea in pediatric subjects. 
     Addition of β-1,3;1,6 glucan to a nutritional composition for a pediatric subject, such as an infant formula or a children&#39;s nutritional product, will improve the subject&#39;s immune response by increasing resistance against invading pathogens and therefore maintaining or improving overall health. 
     When administered orally, β-1,3-glucans, such as, for example, β-1,3;1,6-glucan, are not directly absorbed by the metabolic processes of the digestion system. Indeed, significant systemic exposure following yeast β-glucan ingestion does not occur; however, small amounts of insoluble β-glucan particles are taken up by the Peyer&#39;s patches of the small intestine, and these particles subsequently enter the systemic circulation, as they are transported via macrophages. Following phagocytosis of β-glucan by macrophages, small fragments of the ingested β-glucan are released from the macrophages. These fragments prime neutrophils and lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, β-glucan can stimulate cytokine production and may also stimulate T lymphocytes (T cells). This mechanism of action of β-glucan can link the activation of the innate immune system with the activation of adaptive immunity. 
     In some embodiments, the use of β-1,3;1,6-glucan enhances immune system function. For example, the use of β-1,3;1,6-glucan may enhance resistance to infection and/or reduce inflammatory responses. Thus, in an embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for enhancing the immune system function in a pediatric subject comprising administering β-1,3;1,6-glucan to the subject. In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for enhancing resistance to infection caused by a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral pathogens in a pediatric subject comprising administering β-1,3;1,6-glucan to the pediatric subject. In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed at a method for reducing the duration and severity of infection caused by a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral pathogens in a pediatric subject comprising administering β-1,3;1,6-glucan to the pediatric subject. In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for reducing inflammatory responses accompanying such infections in a pediatric subject comprising administering β-1,3;1,6-glucan to the pediatric subject. 
     The nutritional composition of the present disclosure comprises β-glucan. In some embodiments, the β-glucan is β-1,3;1,6-glucan. In some embodiments, the β-1,3;1,6-glucan is derived from baker&#39;s yeast. The nutritional composition may comprise whole glucan particle β-glucan, particulate β-glucan, PGG-glucan (poly-1,6-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3-β-D-glucopyranose) or any mixture thereof. 
     β-glucans are glucooligomers in which one or more of the glucose units are linked by β-linkages. The β-glucan of the present disclosure is an oligomer that resists digestion in the upper gut, meaning that they are minimally degraded by the digestive enzymes of the upper gut. Non-limiting examples of species from which suitable β-1,3;1,6-glucan may be extracted for practice of the present disclosure include  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (bakers yeast),  Lentinus edodes  (Shitake mushrooms),  Grifola frondosa  (Maitake mushrooms),  Schizophillum commune, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium glucanicum  and the like. In some embodiments, the β-1,3;1,6-glucan of the present disclosure is isolated from yeasts, mushrooms or other fungi. In one embodiment, the β-glucan is derived from baker&#39;s yeast; more particularly, WGP β-glucan is obtained from the cell walls of baker&#39;s yeast. Likewise, particulate β-1,3;1,6 glucan may be isolated from yeast walls of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6-glucan linkage extracted from yeast cells walls acts as a non-specific immune activator. In some embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises WGP β-glucan consisting of long polymers of β-1,3 glucose with about 3-6% of the backbone glucose units possessing a β-1,6 branch. In some embodiments, the WGP β-glucan may be particulate Wellmune WGP® provided by Biothera of Eagan, Minn., USA. In some embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises insoluble β-1,3-glucan with at least one β-1,6-branch. 
     In an embodiment, the nutritional composition of the present disclosure comprises insoluble β-glucan. Some naturally occurring β-glucans are insoluble in water and may be very large molecules having relatively high molecular weights. Humans are unable to digest carbohydrate polymers with β-glucosidic linkages. Because humans are unable to digest carbohydrate polymers with β-glucosidic linkages, absorption by the intestinal epithelium and significant exposure to particulate yeast β-glucans does not occur. However, some systemic exposure following oral administration does occur and is regulated within the Peyer&#39;s patches of the small intestine. The β-glucan absorbed via the Peyer&#39;s patches is then transported to the reticuloendothelial system via macrophages. 
     In some embodiments, the β-glucan of the nutritional composition functions as a prebiotic, which is not digested in the human stomach and small intestine, surviving mainly intact into the colon, at which point it is available for microbial fermentation. In some embodiments, the β-glucan in the nutritional composition may comprise water-soluble, low molecular weight β-glucan. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the nutritional composition may comprise enzymatically treated β-glucans. In still other embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises whole yeast β-glucan particles. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of β-glucan present in the composition is at between about 0.010 and about 0.050 g per 100 g of composition. In some embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises about 10 mg β-glucan per serving. In another embodiment, the nutritional composition comprises between about 5 and about 50 mg β-glucan per serving. In other embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises an amount of β-glucan sufficient to provide about 40 mg β-glucan per day. In some embodiments, β-glucan may be added to the nutritional composition at a concentration sufficient to deliver a target of about 38 mg of β-glucan per day to a subject. The nutritional composition may be delivered in multiple doses to reach a target amount of β-glucan delivered to the subject throughout the day. 
     The β-1,3;1,6-glucan may be provided in the form of whole glucan particles, particulate or microparticulate β-glucan particles or a combination thereof. Moreover, the nutritional composition comprising β-1,3;1,6 glucan may be useful in enhancing the immune system and/or improving resistance to infection in a pediatric subject. 
     In some embodiments, the nutritional composition of the present disclosure may be administered to a pediatric subject in an amount sufficient to deliver an amount of β-glucan ranging from between about 0.5 mg and about 200 mg per day. In another embodiment, the amount of β-glucan administered to a pediatric subject via the nutritional composition may range from about 1 mg to about 100 mg per day. In still another embodiment, the amount of β-glucan administered to a pediatric subject may range from about 20 mg to about 50 mg per day. In yet another embodiment, the amount of β-glucan administered to a pediatric subject may be about 35 mg per day. 
     In another embodiment, the children&#39;s product is a milk substitute in the form of a reconstituteable powder to be served 1 to 3 times per day, and the amount of β-glucan administered to a child may range from about 25 to about 50 mg/day of β-glucan. In yet another embodiment, three servings per day of the nutritional composition is recommended for a pediatric subject, with each to deliver a total of from about 25 to about 50 mg/day of β-glucan. 
     In an embodiment, the nutritional composition comprising β-1,3-glucan is provided as a nutritionally complete infant formula, which contains suitable types and amounts of lipid, carbohydrate, protein, vitamins and minerals. In this embodiment, the amount of carbohydrate may vary from about 8 to about 12 g/100 kcal, with protein from about 1 to about 5 g/100 kcal, lipid or fat from about 3 to about 7 g/100 kcal and may be supplemented with an amount of β-1,3;1,6-glucan comprising between about 5 and about 577 mg/100 kcal. 
     In embodiments providing a children&#39;s nutritional product, one or more vitamins and/or minerals may be added in amounts sufficient to supply the daily nutritional requirements of children between one and thirteen years old. It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that vitamin and mineral requirements will vary for children between the ages of one and thirteen years. Thus, the embodiments are not intended to limit the nutritional composition to a particular age group but, rather, to provide a range applicable to children between the one and thirteen years old. 
     In embodiments providing a nutritional composition for a child, the composition may optionally include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following vitamins or derivations thereof: vitamin B 1  (thiamin, thiamin pyrophosphate, TPP, thiamin triphosphate, TTP, thiamin hydrochloride, thiamin mononitrate), vitamin B 2  (riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, FMN, flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD, lactoflavin, ovoflavin), vitamin B 3  (niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, NicMN, pyridine-3-carboxylic acid), vitamin B 3 -precursor tryptophan, vitamin B 6  (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine hydrochloride), pantothenic acid (pantothenate, panthenol), folate (folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid), vitamin B 12  (cobalamin, methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosylcobalamin, cyanocobalamin, hydroxycobalamin, adenosylcobalamin), biotin, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin A (retinol, retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, retinyl esters with other long-chain fatty acids, retinal, retinoic acid, retinol esters), vitamin D (calciferol, cholecalciferol, vitamin D 3 , 1,25,-dihydroxyvitamin D), vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol acetate, α-tocopherol succinate, α-tocopherol nicotinate, α-tocopherol), vitamin K (vitamin K 1 , phylloquinone, naphthoquinone, vitamin K 2 , menaquinone-7, vitamin K 3 , menaquinone-4, menadione, menaquinone-8, menaquinone-8H, menaquinone-9, menaquinone-9H, menaquinone-10, menaquinone-11, menaquinone-12, menaquinone-13), choline, inositol, β-carotene and any combinations thereof. 
     In embodiments providing a children&#39;s nutritional product, the composition may optionally include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following minerals or derivations thereof: boron, calcium, calcium acetate, calcium gluconate, calcium chloride, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, chloride, chromium, chromium chloride, chromium picolonate, copper, copper sulfate, copper gluconate, cupric sulfate, fluoride, iron, carbonyl iron, ferric iron, ferrous fumarate, ferric orthophosphate, iron trituration, polysaccharide iron, iodide, iodine, magnesium, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium stearate, magnesium sulfate, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, potassium phosphate, potassium iodide, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, selenium, sulfur, sodium, docusate sodium, sodium chloride, sodium selenate, sodium molybdate, zinc, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting exemplary derivatives of mineral compounds include salts, alkaline salts, esters and chelates of any mineral compound. 
     The minerals can be added to children&#39;s nutritional compositions in the form of salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium glycerol phosphate, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, cupric sulfate, manganese sulfate, and sodium selenite. Additional vitamins and minerals can be added as known within the art. 
     In an embodiment, the children&#39;s nutritional composition may contain between about 10 and about 50% of the maximum dietary recommendation for any given country, or between about 10 and about 50% of the average dietary recommendation for a group of countries, per serving of vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, iron, iodine, selenium, and choline. In another embodiment, the children&#39;s nutritional composition may supply about 10-30% of the maximum dietary recommendation for any given country, or about 10-30% of the average dietary recommendation for a group of countries, per serving of B-vitamins. In yet another embodiment, the levels of vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium in the children&#39;s nutritional product may correspond with the average levels found in milk. In other embodiments, other nutrients in the children&#39;s nutritional composition may be present at about 20% of the maximum dietary recommendation for any given country, or about 20% of the average dietary recommendation for a group of countries, per serving. 
     The children&#39;s nutritional composition of the present disclosure may optionally include one or more of the following flavoring agents, including, but not limited to, flavored extracts, volatile oils, cocoa or chocolate flavorings, peanut butter flavoring, cookie crumbs, vanilla or any commercially available flavoring. Examples of useful flavorings include, but are not limited to, pure anise extract, imitation banana extract, imitation cherry extract, chocolate extract, pure lemon extract, pure orange extract, pure peppermint extract, honey, imitation pineapple extract, imitation rum extract, imitation strawberry extract, or vanilla extract; or volatile oils, such as balm oil, bay oil, bergamot oil, cedarwood oil, cherry oil, cinnamon oil, clove oil, or peppermint oil; peanut butter, chocolate flavoring, vanilla cookie crumb, butterscotch, toffee, and mixtures thereof. The amounts of flavoring agent can vary greatly depending upon the flavoring agent used. The type and amount of flavoring agent can be selected as is known in the art. 
     The nutritional compositions of the present disclosure may optionally include one or more emulsifiers that may be added for stability of the final product. Examples of suitable emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, lecithin (e.g., from egg or soy), alpha lactalbumin and/or mono- and di-glycerides, and mixtures thereof. Other emulsifiers are readily apparent to the skilled artisan and selection of suitable emulsifier(s) will depend, in part, upon the formulation and final product. 
     The nutritional compositions of the present disclosure may optionally include one or more preservatives that may also be added to extend product shelf life. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, potassium sorbate, sodium sorbate, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, calcium disodium EDTA, and mixtures thereof. 
     The nutritional compositions of the present disclosure may optionally include one or more stabilizers. Suitable stabilizers for use in practicing the nutritional composition of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, agar, furcellaran, guar gum, gellan gum, locust bean gum, pectin, low methoxyl pectin, gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose, CMC (sodium carboxymethylcellulose), methylcellulose hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, DATEM (diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides), dextran, carrageenans, and mixtures thereof. 
     The following examples are provided to illustrate some embodiments of the of the nutritional composition of the present disclosure but should not be interpreted as any limitation thereon. Other embodiments within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from the consideration of the specification or practice of the nutritional composition or methods disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the example, be considered to be exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the claims which follow the example. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Table 1 provides an example embodiment of a powdered nutritional composition according to the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the weight of corn syrup solids may be adjusted when alternate sources of oligofructose and/or DHA powder are used. Moreover, the powdered nutritional composition described in Table 1 may be reconstituted with water. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutrition profile of an example embodiment of the nutritional  
               
               
                 composition for a pediatric subject 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AMOUNT PER:  
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 100.0 KG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MILK BUTTERMILK POWDER 
                 31.000 KG 
               
               
                 MILK WHOLE POWDER INSTANT CODEX 
                 28.000 KG 
               
               
                 SUCROSE 
                 15.000 KG 
               
               
                 CREAM POWDER COCONUT OIL 
                 12.600 KG 
               
               
                 CORN SYRUP SOLIDS 
                  7.519 KG 
               
               
                 OLIGOFRUCTOSE 
                  1.815 KG 
               
               
                 INULIN 
                  1.810 KG 
               
               
                 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC 
                  0.700 KG 
               
               
                 FLAVOR VANILLA ARTIFICIAL 
                  0.582 KG 
               
               
                 OIL POWDER MARINE HIGH DHA HIGH VIT C 
                  0.322 KG 
               
               
                 CORN SYRUP SOLIDS 
                 145.070 G  
               
               
                 TAURINE 
                 22.000 G 
               
               
                 TOCOPHERYL ACETATE, DL-ALPHA, 50% (DRY, 
                 16.244 G 
               
               
                 S.D.) 
                   
               
               
                 NIACINAMIDE 
                  7.130 G 
               
               
                 VITAMIN A PALMITATE, DRY BEADLETS, CW 
                  3.738 G 
               
               
                 DISPERSIBLE 
                   
               
               
                 VITAMIN K1, 1% 
                  2.546 G 
               
               
                 VITAMIN D3 POWDER (CHOLECALCIFEROL) 
                  1.524 G 
               
               
                 PYROXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 
                  0.540 G 
               
               
                 THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 
                  0.534 G 
               
               
                 CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE 
                  0.500 G 
               
               
                 RIBOFLAVIN 
                  0.114 G 
               
               
                 FOLIC ACID 
                  0.060 G 
               
               
                 IRON TRITURATION Y0034(01) 
                  0.180 KG 
               
               
                 CORN SYRUP SOLIDS 
                 139.441 G  
               
               
                 FERROUS SULFATE 
                 36.000 G 
               
               
                 ASCORBIC ACID WP 
                  4.509 G 
               
               
                 MANGANESE SULFATE 
                  0.050 G 
               
               
                 CHOLINE BITARTRATE CONDITIONED 80 MESH 
                 100.000 G  
               
               
                 MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC 
                 80.000 G 
               
               
                 LACTOSE DRY BLEND 
                 44.339 G 
               
               
                 ZINC SULFATE, MONOHYDRATE (PURIFIED BY 
                 12.198 G 
               
               
                 POWDER) 
                   
               
               
                 SODIUM SELENITE S.D. IN CSS 
                  2.946 G 
               
               
                 CORN SYRUP SOLIDS BIG-BAG DRB 
                  2.931 G 
               
               
                 SODIUM SELENITE ANHYDROUS 
                  0.015 G 
               
               
                 COPPER SULFATE ANHYDROUS, EXTRA PURE 
                  0.295 G 
               
               
                 MANGANESE SULFATE, MONOHYDRATE 
                  0.222 G 
               
               
                 BAKER&#39;S YEAST BETA GLUCAN 
                 32.000 G 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All references cited in this specification, including without limitation, all papers, publications, patents, patent applications, presentations, texts, reports, manuscripts, brochures, books, internet postings, journal articles, periodicals, and the like, are hereby incorporated by reference into this specification in their entireties. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by their authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references. 
     Although embodiments of the disclosure have been described using specific terms, devices, and methods, such description is for illustrative purposes only. The words used are words of description rather than of limitation. It is to be understood that changes and variations may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit or the scope of the present disclosure, which is set forth in the following claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged in whole or in part. For example, while methods for the production of a commercially sterile liquid nutritional supplement made according to those methods have been exemplified, other uses are contemplated. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the versions contained therein.