Patent Publication Number: US-2022223659-A1

Title: Display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Description:
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0002585, filed on Jan. 8, 2021, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Embodiments relate to a display apparatus that displays an image and a method of manufacturing the display apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     As display apparatuses that visually express an electric signal develop, various display apparatuses are being introduced with excellent characteristics, such as being thinner and more lightweight, and low power consumption. Flexible display apparatuses that are foldable or rollable in a roll shape have been introduced, for example. 
     Recently, research is being actively carried out on a stretchable display apparatus that may be changed in various shapes. 
     SUMMARY 
     Since a stretchable display apparatus is changeable in various shapes, the stretchable display apparatus may be arranged on a locally irregular surface shape of an object. A display apparatus may include a plurality of pixels that display an image. When the display apparatus is arranged along a locally irregular surface shape of an object, intervals between the plurality of pixels may be different from each other. 
     Embodiments include a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same, which may entirely or substantially prevent a plurality of pixels from being viewed to users as being non-uniformly arranged in the display apparatus arranged along a locally irregular surface shape of an object. 
     Additional features will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the invention. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a display apparatus disposed on an object including a first surface having a first shape and a second surface having a second shape different from the first shape, includes a display panel arranged on the object and including a first display area extending along the first surface, a second display area extending along the second surface, a plurality of first pixels arranged with a preset interval in the first display area and a plurality of second pixels arranged with the preset interval in the second display area, where when tensile force is applied, a first elongation rate of the display panel in the first display area is different from a second elongation rate of the display panel in the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the first display area may include a plurality of first pixel areas and a plurality of first through areas, the plurality of first pixels may be respectively arranged in the plurality of first pixel areas, and the plurality of first through areas in which respective openings are defined through the display panel may be arranged outside the plurality of first pixel areas and passing through the display panel, and the second display area may include a plurality of second pixel areas and a plurality of second through areas, the plurality of second pixels may be respectively arranged in the plurality of second pixel areas, and the plurality of second through areas in which respective openings are defined through the display panel may be arranged outside the plurality of second pixel areas and passing through the display panel. 
     In an embodiment, a first region of one of the plurality of first pixel areas may be different from a second region of one of the plurality of second pixel area. 
     In an embodiment, the first display area may further include a plurality of first connection areas extending between the plurality of first pixel areas adjacent to each other, the second display area may further include a plurality of second connection areas extending between the plurality of second pixel areas adjacent to each other, and a shape of one of the plurality of first connection areas may be different from a shape of one of the plurality of second connection areas. 
     In an embodiment, a first width of one of the plurality of first connection areas may be different from a second width of one of the plurality of second connection areas. 
     In an embodiment, a first length of one of the plurality of first connection areas may be different from a second length of one of the plurality of second connection areas. 
     In an embodiment, one of the plurality of first connection areas may extend in a linear shape, and one of the plurality of second connection areas may extend in a curved shape. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel may further include an inorganic layer arranged in the first display area and the second display area, and a ratio of the inorganic layer to the display panel in the first display area may be different from a ratio of the inorganic layer to the display panel in the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the display apparatus may further include a film layer arranged on at least one of a first surface of the display panel and a second surface of the display panel opposite to the first surface of the display panel in a thickness direction, where, when the tensile force is applied, an elongation rate of the film layer in the first display area may be different from an elongation rate of the film layer in the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel in the first display area may be in one of a relatively high elongation state and a relatively low elongation state, and the display panel in the second display area may be in a remaining one of the relatively high elongation state and the relatively low elongation state. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes elongating a display substrate including a first region and a second region such that the display substrate extends along a surface shape of an object, determining a first elongation state of the display substrate in the first region and a second elongation state of the display substrate in the second region, and forming a display panel including a first display area and a second display area and extending in one direction, a plurality of first pixels being arranged with a first interval set from the first elongation state in the first display area, and a plurality of second pixels being arranged with a second interval set from the second elongation state in the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include transforming the display panel to extend along a surface shape of the object, and changing the first interval and the second interval to be identical to each other. 
     In an embodiment, the first elongation state may be one of a relatively high elongation state and a relatively low elongation state, and the second elongation state may be a remaining one of the relatively high elongation state and the relatively low elongation state. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel may include a first surface of the display panel and a second surface of the display panel opposite to the first surface of the display panel in a thickness direction, and the transforming of the display panel may include allowing a mold to face one of the first surface of the display panel and the second surface of the display panel. 
     In an embodiment, when tensile force is applied, the display panel may have a first elongation rate in the first display area and have a second elongation rate in the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include attaching a film layer to at least one of a first surface of the display panel and a second surface of the display panel opposite to the first surface of the display panel in a thickness direction, where, when tensile force is applied, an elongation rate of the film layer in the first display area may be different from an elongation rate of the film layer in the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include after the attaching of the film layer to the display panel, processing the film layer arranged on at least one of the first display area and the second display area. 
     In an embodiment, the elongating of the display substrate along the surface shape of the object may include transforming the display substrate extending in one direction to extend along a surface shape of a mold. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes preparing a substrate including a first region and a second region each extending along a surface shape of an object, applying tensile force to extend the first region and the second region in one direction, determining a first elongation state of the substrate in the first region and a second elongation state of the substrate in the second region, and forming a plurality of first pixels with a first interval set from the first elongation state in the first region and forming a plurality of second pixels with a second interval set from the second elongation state in the second region. 
     The method may further include after the forming of the plurality of first pixels and the plurality of second pixels, removing the tensile force. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features, and advantages of predetermined embodiments of the invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a display apparatus; 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view of an embodiment of a display apparatus; 
         FIGS. 3A to 3C  are plan views of a first display area and a second display area according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus taken along lines C-C′ and D-D′ of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus taken along lines C-C′ and D-D′ of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 6  is a plan view of an embodiment of a first display area and a second display area; 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  are cross-sectional views of a display apparatus taken along lines E-E′ and F-F′ of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus; 
         FIGS. 9A to 9E  are cross-sectional views showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus; 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are cross-sectional views showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus; 
         FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus; 
         FIG. 13  is a flowchart showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus; and 
         FIGS. 14A to 14D  are cross-sectional views showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, where like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the drawing figures, to explain features of the description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. 
     As the disclosure allows for various changes and numerous embodiments, certain embodiments will be illustrated in the drawings and described in the written description. Effects and features of the disclosure, and methods for achieving them will be clarified with reference to embodiments described below in detail with reference to the drawings. However, the disclosure is not limited to the following embodiments and may be embodied in various forms. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout and a repeated description thereof is omitted. 
     While such terms as “first” and “second” may be used to describe various components, such components must not be limited to the above terms. The above terms are used to distinguish one component from another. 
     The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” as used herein are intended to include the plural forms as well unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     It will be understood that the terms “comprise,” “comprising,” “include” and/or “including” as used herein specify the presence of stated features or components but do not preclude the addition of one or more other features or components. 
     It will be further understood that, when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present. 
     Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated or reduced for convenience of explanation. For example, since sizes and thicknesses of elements in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     When an embodiment may be implemented differently, a certain process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “connected” to another layer, region, or component, it may be “directly connected” to the other layer, region, or component or may be “indirectly connected” to the other layer, region, or component with other layer, region, or component interposed therebetween. For example, it will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “electrically connected” to another layer, region, or component, it may be “directly electrically connected” to the other layer, region, or component or may be “indirectly electrically connected” to other layer, region, or component with other layer, region, or component interposed therebetween. 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a display apparatus  1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the display apparatus  1  may include an apparatus for displaying moving images or still images and may be used as a display screen of various products including televisions, notebook computers, monitors, advertisement boards, Internet of things (“IOT”) apparatus as well as portable electronic apparatuses including mobile phones, smart phones, tablet personal computers (“PC”), mobile communication terminals, electronic organizers, electronic books, portable multimedia players (“PMP”), navigations, and ultra mobile personal computers (“UMPC”). In addition, the display apparatus  1  may be used in wearable devices including smartwatches, watchphones, glasses-type displays, and head-mounted displays (“HMD”). In addition, the display apparatus  1  may be used as instrument panels for automobiles, center fascias for automobiles, or center information displays (“CID”) arranged on a dashboard, room mirror displays that replace side mirrors of automobiles, and displays arranged on the backside of front seats as an entertainment for back seats of automobiles. 
     The display apparatus  1  may be arranged on an object OB. The object OB may include various objects to which the display apparatus  1  is attached. In an embodiment, the object OB may include a structure supporting the display apparatus  1 . 
     The object OB may include a surface SS having a predetermined shape. In other words, the surface SS of the object OB may have a shape set in advance. In an embodiment, the surface SS of the object OB may have a plurality of curvatures. In another embodiment, the surface SS of the object OB may be bent. In another embodiment, the surface SS of the object OB may not be entirely flat. The surface SS of the object OB may be irregular. 
     The surface SS of the object OB may include a plurality of surfaces. The plurality of surfaces may each be partial surfaces defining a portion of the surface SS of the object OB. In an embodiment, the surface SS of the object OB may include a first surface SS 1 , a second surface SS 2 , and a third surface SS 3 . The first surface SS 1  may have a first shape. The second surface SS 2  may have a second shape. The third surface SS 3  may have a third shape. In an embodiment, one of the first shape, the second shape, and the third shape may be different from another of the first shape, the second shape, and the third shape. In the specification, when the first shape is different from the second shape, it means that the first shape does not coincide with the second shape. In an embodiment, the first surface SS 1  may have a first curvature. The second surface SS 2  may have a second curvature. The first curvature of the first surface SS 1  may be less or greater than the second curvature of the second surface SS 2 . The third surface SS 3  may be flat. Hereinafter, the case where the surface SS of the object OB includes the first surface SS 1 , the second surface SS 2 , and the third surface SS 3  is mainly described in detail. However, the invention is not limited thereto. The embodiment is applicable to the surface SS of the object OB having various shapes. 
     The display apparatus  1  may include a display panel  10 . The display panel  10  may display an image. The display panel  10  may be an organic light-emitting display panel that uses an organic light-emitting diode including an organic emission layer. In an alternative embodiment, the display panel  10  may be a light-emitting diode display panel that uses a light-emitting diode. The size of the light-emitting diode may be a micro scale or a nano scale. In an embodiment, a light-emitting diode may be a micro light-emitting diode. In an alternative embodiment, a light-emitting diode may be a nanorod light-emitting diode. A nanorod light-emitting diode may include gallium nitride (GaN). In an embodiment, a color-conversion layer may be arranged on a nanorod light-emitting diode. The color-conversion layer may include quantum dots. In an alternative embodiment, the display panel  10  may be a quantum-dot light-emitting display panel that uses a quantum-dot light-emitting diode including a quantum-dot emission layer. In an alternative embodiment, the display panel  10  may be an inorganic light-emitting display panel that uses an inorganic light-emitting element including an inorganic semiconductor. Hereinafter, the case where the display panel  10  is an organic light-emitting display panel that uses an organic light-emitting diode as a display element is mainly described in detail. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  10  may include a display area DA. The display area DA may be an area which displays an image. The display area DA may extend along the surface SS of the object OB. In an embodiment, the display area DA may extend along the first surface SS 1 , the second surface SS 2 , and the third surface SS 3 . In an embodiment, the display area DA may include a first display area DA 1 , a second display area DA 2 , and a third display area DA 3 . The first display area DA 1  may extend along the first surface SS 1 . In this case, the first display area DA 1  may have a first curvature. The second display area DA 2  may extend along the second surface SS 2 . In this case, the second display area DA 2  may have a second curvature. The third display area DA 3  may extend along the third surface SS 3 . In this case, the third display area DA 3  may be flat. Accordingly, the display panel  10  may extend along a surface shape of the object OB. 
     The display panel  10  may include a substrate  100  and a pixel layer  200 . The substrate  100  may overlap the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3 . The substrate  100  may extend along the surface SS of the object OB. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include glass or a polymer resin such as polyethersulfone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polycarbonate, cellulose tri acetate, or cellulose acetate propionate. The substrate  100  including a polymer resin may be flexible, rollable, or bendable. The substrate  100  may have a multi-layered structure including a base layer and a barrier layer each including a polymer resin. 
     The pixel layer  200  may be arranged on the substrate  100 . The pixel layer  200  may include a pixel PX. The pixel layer  200  may include a plurality of pixels PX. The plurality of pixels PX may be arranged in the display area DA and may emit light. The plurality of pixels PX may each include sub-pixels. In an embodiment, a pixel PX may include a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel. A pixel PX may include a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel, and a white sub-pixel. 
     The plurality of pixels PX may be arranged with a constant interval int. In an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be arranged in the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3  with a constant interval int. The constant interval int may be a distance between the plurality of pixels PX adjacent to each other in an extension direction of the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, a distance between first pixels PX 1  adjacent to each other in the first display area DA 1 , a distance between second pixels PX 2  adjacent to each other in the second display area DA 2 , and a distance between third pixels PX 3  adjacent to each other in the third display area DA 3  may be the same. Accordingly, in an embodiment, a plurality of pixels PX arranged on the surface SS of the object OB may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed to a user as being non-uniformly arranged. 
     When viewed by a user, the plurality of pixels PX may be uniformly arranged in the display area DA. In an embodiment, a user may view the display apparatus  1  in a z-direction (also referred to as a thickness direction) of  FIG. 1 . When viewed by a user, distances between a plurality of adjacent pixels PX may be substantially the same. In an embodiment, by a user, a distance between a plurality of adjacent first pixels PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 , a distance between a plurality of adjacent second pixels PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 , and a distance between a plurality of adjacent third pixels PX 3  in the third display area DA 3  may be substantially the same. Therefore, in an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX arranged on the surface SS of the object may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed to a user as being non-uniformly arranged. 
     The density of the plurality of pixels PX in the display area DA may be substantially the same. Accordingly, the plurality of pixels PX may be uniformly arranged in the display area DA. In an embodiment, the density of the first pixels PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 , the density of the second pixels PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 , and the density of the third pixels PX 3  in the third display area DA 3  may be substantially the same. The density of the first pixels PX 1  in the first display area DA 1  may be defined by the number of first pixels PX 1  per area of the first display area DA 1 . The density of the second pixels PX 2  in the second display area DA 2  may be defined by the number of second pixels PX 2  per area of the second display area DA 2 . The density of the third pixels PX 3  in the third display area DA 3  may be defined by the number of third pixels PX 3  per area of the third display area DA 3 . Therefore, in an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX arranged on the surface SS of the object may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed to a user as being non-uniformly arranged. 
     In an embodiment, the pixel layer  200  may include a pixel circuit and a display element. The pixel circuit may be electrically connected to the display element. The pixel circuit may control light emission of the display element. The display element may emit light. In an embodiment, the display element may be an organic light-emitting diode. In an embodiment, the pixel circuit and the display element may be a portion of a pixel PX. 
     In an embodiment, the pixel layer  200  may include an insulating layer. The insulating layer may include an inorganic material and/or an organic material. 
     The display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be in one of a relatively high elongation state and a relatively low elongation state, and the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  may be in the other of the relatively high elongation state and the relatively low elongation state. The elongation state may be defined as a state in which the display panel  10  is stretched due to tensile force. The relatively high elongation state may be a state further elongated than the relatively low elongation state. In an embodiment, when the tensile force is removed, the display panel  10  may be transformed. In this case, transformation of the relatively high elongation state may be greater than that of relatively low elongation state. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  is in the relatively high elongation state, the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  is in the relatively low elongation state, and the display panel  10  in the third display area DA 3  is in a state that is not elongated. In this case, the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be further elongated than the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . The display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  may be further elongated than the display panel  10  in the third display area DA 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  is in the relatively low elongation state, the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  is in the relatively high elongation state, and the display panel  10  in the third display area DA 3  is in a state that is not elongated. In this case, the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  may be further elongated than the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1 . The display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be further elongated than the display panel  10  in the third display area DA 3 . 
     In the case where the display apparatus extending in one direction and including a plurality of adjacent pixels PX arranged with a uniform interval is elongated and/or contracted, an interval between adjacent first pixels PX 1 , an interval between adjacent second pixels PX 2 , and an interval between adjacent third pixels PX 3  may be different from one another. Accordingly, the pixels PX may be arranged non-uniformly. In this case, when a user views the display apparatus  1  arranged on the surface SS of the object OB, the user may sense a decrease in resolution in a predetermined display area DA due to non-uniform interval between the pixels PX. 
     In contrast, in an embodiment, even though the display panel  10  is elongated and/or contracted along the surface SS of the object OB, an interval int between the pixels PX arranged in the display area DA may be maintained constant. Accordingly, in an embodiment, a decrease in resolution in a predetermined display area DA may be prevented or reduced. 
     In another embodiment, the display panel  10  may not be in an elongation state. In this case, the substrate  100  extends along the surface SS of the object OB, and then tensile force may be applied to the substrate  100 . When tensile force is applied to the substrate  100 , the substrate  100  may extend in one direction. Under this state, the pixel layer  200  may be provided. Next, the display panel  10  may be contracted to extend along the surface SS of the object OB by removing the tensile force. 
     When the tensile force is applied, a first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In the specification, an elongation rate may be defined as a degree by which an element is stretched. That is, when constant tensile force is applied, a degree by which the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  stretches may be different from a degree by which the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  stretches. 
     An elongation rate of the display panel  10  may be determined by the material of the display panel  10  and/or the structure of the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In an alternative embodiment, the material of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the material of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In an alternative embodiment, the structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 , and the material of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the material of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, a first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than a second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, a first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than a second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . Accordingly, in the case where tensile force or compressing force is applied to extend or contract the display panel  10  along the surface SS of the object OB, degrees by which the display panel  10  in the display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  is elongated and/or contracted may be different from each other. 
     In an embodiment, when tensile force is applied, an elongation rate of the display panel  10  may vary depending on the surface SS of the object OB. Accordingly, even though the display panel  10  extends along the surface SS of the object OB, an interval int between a plurality of adjacent pixels PX may be maintained constant. 
       FIG. 2  is a plan view of an embodiment of the display apparatus  1 .  FIG. 2  is a plan view of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  before the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  are transformed to extend along the surface of the object. In this case, the display apparatus  1  may be flat. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the display panel  10  may include the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 . When tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the first display area DA 1  may be different from the second elongation rate of the second display area DA 2 . 
     The second display area DA 2  may surround at least a portion of the first display area DA 1 , and the third display area DA 3  may surround at least a portion of the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3  may be adjacent to each other. In another embodiment, the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3  may be spaced apart from each other. As described above, the positions of the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3  may be various inside the display panel  10 . 
     Density of the plurality of pixels PX in the display area DA may be different depending on a position thereof in the display area DA. In an embodiment, a density of the first pixels PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 , a density of the second pixels PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 , and a density of the third pixels PX 3  in the third display area DA 3  may be different from one another. The density of the first pixels PX 1  in the first display area DA 1  may be defined as the number of first pixels PX 1  per area of the first display area DA 1 . The density of the second pixels PX 2  in the second display area DA 2  may be defined as the number of second pixels PX 2  per area of the second display area DA 2 . The density of the third pixels PX 3  in the third display area DA 3  may be defined as the number of third pixels PX 3  per area of the third display area DA 3 . 
     Accordingly, when the display apparatus  1  that is flat is transformed along the surface shape of the object, the densities of the plurality of pixels PX may be the same within the display area DA, and the plurality of pixels PX may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed as being non-uniformly arranged on the surface of the object. 
       FIGS. 3A to 3C  are plan views of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  according to various embodiments.  FIGS. 3A to 3C  are enlarged views of regions A and B of  FIG. 2 . In  FIGS. 3A to 3C , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIGS. 1 and 2  denote the same elements, descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3A to 3C , the display panel  10  may include the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 . When tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the first display area DA 1  may be different form the second elongation rate of the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, a structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The first display area DA 1  may include a first pixel area PA 1 , a first connection area CA 1 , and a first through area PNA 1 . In an embodiment, the first pixel area PA 1  may have a quadrangular shape. In another embodiment, the first pixel area PA 1  may have various shapes such as a polygonal shape, a circular shape, or an elliptical shape. 
     The first pixel area PA 1  may be provided in plural. The plurality of first pixel areas PA 1  may be spaced apart from each other. In an embodiment, the plurality of first pixel areas PA 1  may be spaced apart from each other in a first direction (e.g., an x-direction or a (−) x-direction) and/or a second direction (e.g., a y-direction or a (−) y-direction). 
     The first pixel PX 1  may be arranged in the first pixel area PA 1 . In an embodiment, the plurality of first pixels PX 1  may be respectively arranged in the plurality of first pixel areas PA 1 . In another embodiment, the plurality of first pixels PX 1  may be arranged in one first pixel area PA 1 . Hereinafter, the case where the plurality of first pixels PX 1  is respectively arranged in the plurality of first pixel areas PA 1  is mainly described in detail. 
     The first connection area CA 1  may extend from the first pixel area PA 1 . In an embodiment, the first connection area CA 1  may extend in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) and/or the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) from the first pixel area PA 1 . In another embodiment, the first connection area CA 1  may extend in a direction crossing the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) and the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) from the first pixel area PA 1 . 
     In an embodiment, an edge PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be perpendicular to an edge CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1 . In another embodiment, the edge PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may extend to the edge CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1  in a curved line. 
     In an embodiment, the first connection area CA 1  may extend between adjacent first pixel areas PA 1 . In an embodiment, the first pixel areas PA 1  may each extend to four first connection areas CA 1 . Four first connection areas CA 1  extend from one first pixel area PA 1  may extend in different directions, and each first connection area CA 1  may extend to another first pixel area PA 1  adjacent to the one first pixel area PA 1 . In an embodiment, the first pixel area PA 1  and the first connection area CA 1  may be provided as one body. 
     An opening may be defined through the display panel  10  in the first through area PNA 1 . The first pixel PX 1  may not be arranged in the first through area PNA 1 . The first through area PNA 1  may be an empty area of the display panel  10 . Because the first display area DA 1  includes a plurality of first through areas PNA 1 , which are empty areas, the first display area DA 1  may be elongated and/or contracted. 
     In an embodiment, the first display area DA 1  may include a plurality of first through areas PNA 1 . The plurality of first through areas PNA 1  may be arranged outside the plurality of first pixel areas PA 1 . The plurality of first through areas PNA 1  may be spaced apart from each other with the first pixel area PA 1  and/or the first connection area CA 1  therebetween. 
     At least a portion of the shape of the first through area PNA 1  may be defined by edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  and edges CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1 . In an embodiment, the shape of the first through area PNA 1  may be defined by the edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  and the edges CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1 . In this case, it is shown in  FIGS. 3A to 3C  that the edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  and the edges CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1  constitute a closed curve. In another embodiment, one side of the first through area PNA 1  may be open. 
     The second display area DA 2  may include a second pixel area PA 2 , a second connection area CA 2 , and a second through area PNA 2 . In an embodiment, the second pixel area PA 2  may have a quadrangular shape. In another embodiment, the second pixel area PA 2  may have various shapes such as a polygonal shape, a circular shape, or an elliptical shape. 
     The second pixel area PA 2  may be provided in plural. The plurality of second pixel areas PA 2  may be spaced apart from each other. In an embodiment, the plurality of second pixel areas PA 2  may be spaced apart from each other in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) and/or the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). 
     The second pixel PX 2  may be arranged in the second pixel area PA 2 . In an embodiment, the plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be respectively arranged in the plurality of second pixel areas PA 2 . In another embodiment, the plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be arranged in one second pixel area PA 2 . Hereinafter, the case where the plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be respectively arranged in the plurality of second pixel areas PA 2  is mainly described in detail. 
     The second connection area CA 2  may extend from the second pixel area PA 2 . In an embodiment, the second connection area CA 2  may extend in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) and/or the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) from the second pixel area PA 2 . In another embodiment, the second connection area CA 2  may extend in a direction crossing the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) and the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) from the second pixel area PA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, an edge PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  may be perpendicular to an edge CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In another embodiment, the edge PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  may extend to the edge CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2  in a curved line. 
     In an embodiment, the second connection area CA 2  may extend between adjacent second pixel areas PA 2 . In an embodiment, the second pixel areas PA 2  may each be connected to four second connection areas CA 2 . Four second connection areas CA 2  connected to one second pixel area PA 2  may extend in different directions, and each second connection area CA 2  may extend to another second pixel area PA 2  adjacent to the one second pixel area PA 2 . In an embodiment, the second pixel area PA 2  and the second connection area CA 2  may be provided as one body. 
     An opening may be defined through the display panel  10  in the second through area PNA 2 . The second pixel PX 2  may not be arranged in the second through area PNA 2 . The second through area PNA 2  may be an empty area of the display panel  10 . Because the second display area DA 2  includes a plurality of second through areas PNA 2 , which are empty areas, the second display area DA 2  may be elongated and/or contracted. 
     In an embodiment, the second display area DA 2  may include a plurality of second through areas PNA 2 . The plurality of second through areas PNA 2  may be arranged outside the plurality of second pixel areas PA 2 . The plurality of second through areas PNA 2  may be spaced apart from each other with the second pixel area PA 2  and/or the second connection area CA 2  therebetween. 
     At least a portion of the shape of the second through area PNA 2  may be defined by edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  and edges CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In an embodiment, the shape of the second through area PNA 2  may be defined by the edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  and the edges CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In this case, it is shown in  FIGS. 3A to 3C  that the edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  and the edges CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2  constitute a closed curve. In another embodiment, one side of the second through area PNA 2  may be open. 
     The shape of one of a plurality of first through areas PNA 1  may be different from that of one of a plurality of second through areas PNA 2 . In an embodiment, the width of the first through area PNA 1  in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) may be different from that of the second through area PNA 2  in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction). In another embodiment, the width of the first through area PNA 1  in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) may be different from that of the second through area PNA 2  in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). In another embodiment, one of the first through area PNA 1  and the second through area PNA 2  may have a curved shape, and the other of the first through area PNA 1  and the second through area PNA 2  may have a linear shape. 
     Accordingly, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3A , a first area of one of a plurality of first pixel area PA 1  may be different from a second area of one of a plurality of second pixel area PA 2 . In this case, for uniform resolution, the area of the first pixel PX 1  may be the same as the area of the second pixel PX 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the first region of the first pixel area PA 1  may be greater than the second region of the second pixel area PA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the first region of the first pixel area PA 1  may be less than the second region of the second pixel area PA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     A width PAw 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be different from a width PAw 2  of the second pixel area PA 2 . The width PAw 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be a distance between the edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  facing each other. In an embodiment, the width PAw 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be a distance between the edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  facing each other in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). The width PAw 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  may be a distance between the edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  facing each other. In an embodiment, the width PAw 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  may be a distance between the edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  facing each other in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). 
     In an embodiment, the width PAw 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be greater than the width PAw 2  of the second pixel area PA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the width PAw 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be less than the width PAw 2  of the second pixel area PA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the shape of one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  may be different from that of one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2 . The shape of the first connection area CA 1  may be defined by the edge CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1 . The shape of the second connection area CA 2  may be defined by the edge CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In other words, the shape of the first connection area CA 1  may not coincide with that of the second connection area CA 2 . 
     A first length CAI 1  of one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  may be different from a second length CAI 2  of one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2 . The first length CAI 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be a distance between the edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  facing each other with the first through area PNA 1  therebetween. In an embodiment, the first length CAI 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be a distance between the edges PAE 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  facing each other in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) with the first through area PNA 1  therebetween. The second length CAI 2  of the second connection area CA 2  may be a distance between the edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  facing each other with the second through area PNA 2  therebetween. In an embodiment, the second length CAI 2  of the second connection area CA 2  may be a distance between the edges PAE 2  of the second pixel area PA 2  facing each other in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) with the second through area PNA 2  therebetween. 
     In an embodiment, the first length CAI 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be less than the second length CAI 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the first length CAI 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be greater than the second length CAI 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , a first width CAw 1  of one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  may be different from a second width CAw 2  of one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2 . The first width CAw 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be a distance between the edges CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1  facing each other in a direction perpendicular to an extension direction of the first connection area CA 1 . In an embodiment, in the case where the first connection area CA 1  extends in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction), the first width CAw 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be a distance between the edges CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1  facing each other in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). A second width CAw 2  of the second connection area CA 2  may be a distance between the edges CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2  facing each other in a direction perpendicular to an extension direction of the second connection area CA 2 . In an embodiment, in the case where the second connection area CA 2  extends in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction), the second width CAw 2  of the second connection area CA 2  may be a distance between the edges CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2  facing each other in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). 
     In an embodiment, the first width CAw 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be greater than the second width CAw 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the first width CAw 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be less than the second width CAw 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3C , one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  may extend in a linear shape, and one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2  may extend in a curved shape. The first connection area CA 1  may extend in a linear shape and the edge CAE 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may extend in one direction. In an embodiment, the second connection area CA 2  may extend in a curved shape and the edge CAE 2  of the second connection area CA 2  may include a curved shape. In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     In another embodiment, one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  may extend in a curved shape, and one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2  may extend in a linear shape. In this case, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     In another embodiment, one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  and one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2  may each extend in a curved shape. 
     Though not shown, in an embodiment, the thickness of one of the plurality of first connection areas CA 1  may be different from that of one of the plurality of second connection areas CA 2 . In an embodiment, the thickness of one of the plurality of first pixel areas PA 1  may be different from that of one of the plurality of second pixel areas PA 2 . Accordingly, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 3A to 3C , the first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may each include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb. A red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb may respectively emit red light, green light, and blue light. In another embodiment, the first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may each include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, a blue sub-pixel Pb, and a white sub-pixel. A red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, a blue sub-pixel Pb, and a white sub-pixel may respectively emit red light, green light, blue light, and white light. Hereinafter, the case where the first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may each include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb is mainly described in detail. 
     In an embodiment, the area of a sub-pixel of the first pixel PX 1  may be the same as the area of a sub-pixel of the second pixel PX 2 . Accordingly, the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  may maintain the same resolution. 
     In an embodiment, a sub-pixel arrangement structure of the first pixel PX 1  and a sub-pixel arrangement structure of the second pixel PX 2  may be provided in an S-stripe structure. In an embodiment, a blue sub-pixel Pb may be arranged on a first column  11 , and a red sub-pixel Pr and a green sub-pixel Pg may be arranged on an adjacent second column  21 . In this case, blue sub-pixels Pb may be arranged in a quadrangular shape having long sides in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction), and red sub-pixels Pr and green sub-pixels Pg may be arranged in a quadrangular shape. In other words, a side of a red sub-pixel Pr and a side of a green sub-pixel Pg may face long sides of blue sub-pixels Pb. 
     In another embodiment, a sub-pixel arrangement structure of the first pixel PX 1  and a sub-pixel arrangement structure of the second pixel PX 2  may be provided in an S-stripe structure. In an embodiment, a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb may be arranged side by side in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) or in the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction). In another embodiment, a sub-pixel arrangement structure of the first pixel PX 1  and a sub-pixel arrangement structure of the second pixel PX 2  may be provided in a pentile structure. 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  1  taken along lines C-C′ and D-D′ of  FIG. 3A . In  FIG. 4 , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIG. 3A  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the display apparatus  1  may include the display panel  10 . The display panel  10  may include the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 . When tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the first display area DA 1  may be different form the second elongation rate of the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, a structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The display panel  10  may include the substrate  100 , the pixel layer  200 , and an inorganic layer  300 . The pixel layer  200  may include the first pixel PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 . The pixel layer  200  may include the second pixel PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may each include a blue sub-pixel Pb, a red sub-pixel Pr, and a green sub-pixel (not shown). 
     In an embodiment, when tensile force is applied, the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     In the case where the substrate  100  includes an organic material, the softness of the organic material in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the softness of the organic material in the second display area DA 2 . In the case where the substrate  100  includes polyimide, the hardness of the polyimide in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the hardness of the polyimide in the second display area DA 2 . In an alternative embodiment, the material of the substrate  100  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the material of the substrate  100  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The inorganic layer  300  may be arranged between the substrate  100  and the pixel layer  200 . In an embodiment, the inorganic layer  300  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO x ). Zinc oxide (ZnO x ) may be ZnO and/or ZnO 2 . 
     In an embodiment, a ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be the same as a ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, a ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . The ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  may be a ratio of the volume of the organic layer  300  to the volume of the display panel  10 . In an alternative embodiment, the ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  may be a ratio of the weight of the inorganic layer  300  to the weight of the display panel  10 . In an alternative embodiment, the ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  may be a ratio of the thickness of the inorganic layer  300  to the thickness of the display panel  10 . In an alternative embodiment, the ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  may be a ratio of the area of the inorganic layer  300  to the area of the display panel  10 . 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  1  taken along lines C-C′ and D-D′ of  FIG. 3A . In  FIG. 5 , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIG. 4  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the display apparatus  1  may include the display panel  10  and a film layer  20 . The display panel  10  may include the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 . When tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The display panel  10  may include the substrate  100  and the pixel layer  200 . The pixel layer  200  may include the first pixel PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 . The pixel layer  200  may include the second pixel PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may each include a blue sub-pixel, a red sub-pixel, and a green sub-pixel (not shown). 
     The film layer  20  may be arranged on at least one of an upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  and a lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . The upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  may be opposite to the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . The film layer  20  may include an organic material. The film layer  20  may include polymer. In an embodiment, the film layer  20  may include polyethylene terephthalate. 
     In an embodiment, the film layer  20  may include an upper film layer  20 U and a lower film layer  20 L such that the upper film layer  20 U is disposed on the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10 , and the lower film layer  20 L is disposed on the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . In another embodiment, the film layer  20  may include the upper film layer  20 U and may not be arranged on the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . In another embodiment, the film layer  20  may not be arranged on the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  and may include the lower film layer  20 L. Hereinafter, the case where the film layer  20  includes the upper film layer  20 U and the lower film layer  20 L is mainly described in detail. 
     In an embodiment, when tensile force is applied, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be different from the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be less than the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, when tensile force is applied, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be the same as the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be different from the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, a groove or a hole may be defined in at least one of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  and the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be the same as the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may include a first upper film layer  20 U 1  and a first lower film layer  20 L 1 . In this case, a groove or a hole may be defined in at least one of the first upper film layer  20 U 1  and the first lower film layer  20 L 1 . In an embodiment, the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may include a second upper film layer  20 U 2  and a second lower film layer  20 L 2 . In this case, a groove or a hole may be defined in at least of the second upper film layer  20 U 2  and the second lower film layer  20 L 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be different from the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, only one of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  and the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may further include an additive. In an embodiment, the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be different from the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . 
       FIG. 6  is a plan view of an embodiment of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 .  FIG. 6  is an enlarged view of regions A and B of  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 6 , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIGS. 3A to 3C  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the display panel  10  may include the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be the same as the structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The first display area DA 1  may include the first pixel area PA 1 , the first connection area CA 1 , and the first through area PNA 1 . The first pixel PX 1  may be arranged in the first pixel area PA 1 . The first connection area CA 1  may extend from the first pixel area PA 1 . An opening may be defined through the display panel  10  in the first through area PNA 1 . 
     The second display area DA 2  may include the second pixel area PA 2 , the second connection area CA 2 , and the second through area PNA 2 . The second pixel PX 2  may be arranged in the second pixel area PA 2 . The second connection area CA 2  may extend from the second pixel area PA 2 . An opening may be defined through the display panel  10  in the second through area PNA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the shape of one of the plurality of first through areas PNA 1  may be the same as the shape of one of the plurality of second through areas PNA 2 . In an embodiment, the width PAw 1  of the first pixel area PA 1  may be the same as the width PAw 2  of the second pixel area PA 2 . In an embodiment, the first length CAI 1  of the first connection area CA 1  may be the same as the second length CAI 2  of the second connection area CA 2 . 
     A kind of the material of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a kind of the material of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . Accordingly, when tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     In an embodiment, a ratio of an inorganic layer (not shown) to the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a ratio of an inorganic layer (not shown) to the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, a ratio of the area of the inorganic layer to the entire area of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a ratio of the area of the inorganic layer to the entire area of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  are cross-sectional views of the display apparatus  1  taken along lines E-E′ and F-F′ of  FIG. 6 . In  FIGS. 7A and 7B , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIG. 4  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , the display apparatus  1  may include the display panel  10 . The display panel  10  may include the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2 . When tensile force is applied, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The display panel  10  may include the substrate  100 , the pixel layer  200 , and the inorganic layer  300 . The pixel layer  200  may include the first pixel PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 . The pixel layer  200  may include the second pixel PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may each include a blue sub-pixel Pb, a red sub-pixel Pr, and a green sub-pixel (not shown). The inorganic layer  300  may be arranged between the substrate  100  and the pixel layer  200 . 
     A ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a ratio of the inorganic layer  300  to the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7A , a thickness  300   t   1  of the inorganic layer  300  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a thickness  300   t   2  of the inorganic layer  300  in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the thickness  300   t   1  of the inorganic layer  300  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the thickness  300   t   2  of the inorganic layer  300  in the second display area DA 2 . In this case, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the thickness  300   t   1  of the inorganic layer  300  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the thickness  300   t   2  of the inorganic layer  300  in the second display area DA 2 . In this case, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7B , the inorganic layer  300  may be continuously arranged in the first display area DA 1 . The inorganic layer  300  may include a plurality of inorganic patterns spaced apart from each other in the second display area DA 2 . In an embodiment, the inorganic layer  300  may include a first inorganic pattern  300 P 1  and a second inorganic pattern  300 P 2  spaced apart from each other in the second display area DA 2 . In this case, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be less than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . In another embodiment, the inorganic layer  300  in the first display area DA 1  may include a plurality of inorganic patterns spaced apart from each other. The inorganic layer  300  may be continuously arranged in the second display area DA 2 . In this case, the first elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the second elongation rate of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     The embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 7A and 7B  is applicable to the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  described with reference to  FIGS. 3A to 3C . 
       FIG. 8  is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus.  FIGS. 9A to 9E  are cross-sectional views showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus. In  FIGS. 9A to 9E , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIG. 1  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the method of manufacturing the display apparatus may include elongating a display substrate to extend along a surface shape of an object, the display substrate including a first region and a second region (S 11 ), determining a first elongation state of the display substrate in the first region and a second elongation state of the display substrate in the second region (S 13 ), and forming a display panel extending in one direction and including a first display area and a second display area, where a plurality of first pixels is arranged with a first interval set from the first elongation state, and a plurality of second pixels is arranged with a second interval set from the second elongation state (S 15 ). Hereinafter, the method of manufacturing the display apparatus is described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 9A to 9E . 
     Referring to  FIG. 9A , a display substrate DS may be elongated to extend along the surface shape of an object. The display substrate DS may include a first region R 1 , a second region R 2 , and a third region R 3 . The first region R 1  may be a region that overlaps a first mold surface SSM 1  of a mold MD described below. The second region R 2  may be a region that overlaps a second mold surface SSM 2  of the mold MD described below. The third region R 3  may be a region that overlaps a third mold surface SSM 3  of the mold MD described below. 
     The display substrate DS may include the substrate  100  and the pixel layer  200 . In an embodiment, the display substrate DS may further include an inorganic layer (not shown) between the substrate  100  and the pixel layer  200 . In an embodiment, the display substrate DS may further include a film layer (not shown) arranged on at least one of an upper surface DSUS of the display substrate DS and a lower surface DSLS of the display substrate DS. The upper surface DSUS of the display substrate DS may be opposite to the lower surface DSLS of the display substrate DS. The display substrate DS may include substantially the same material as that of a display apparatus (not shown) that is manufactured. 
     In an embodiment, the display substrate DS extending in one direction may be pressed to the mold MD. In an embodiment, the mold MD may face the lower surface DSLS of the display substrate DS. In an embodiment, the mold MD may include a protrusion that protrudes in a predetermined direction (e.g., upper direction in  FIG. 9A ). 
     A surface SSM of the mold MD may include a plurality of surfaces. The surface SSM of the mold MD may be substantially the same as the surface SS (refer to  FIG. 1 ) of the object OB (refer to  FIG. 1 ). The plurality of surfaces may each be a partial surface defining a portion of the surface SS of the mold MD. In an embodiment, the surface SSM of the mold MD may include a first mold surface SSM 1 , a second mold surface SSM 2 , and a third mold surface SSM 3 . The first mold surface SSM 1  may have a first mold shape. The second mold surface SSM 2  may have a second mold shape. The third mold surface SSM 3  may have a third mold shape. 
     In an embodiment, one of the first mold shape, the second mold shape, and the third mold shape may be different from another of the first mold shape, the second mold shape, and the third mold shape. In an embodiment, the first mold surface SSM 1  may have a first curvature. The second mold surface SSM 2  may have a second curvature. The first curvature of the first mold surface SSM 1  may be less or greater than the second curvature of the second mold surface SSM 2 . The third mold surface SSM 3  may be flat. Hereinafter, the case where the surface SSM of the mold MD includes the first mold surface SSM 1 , the second mold surface SSM 2 , and the third mold surface SSM 3  is mainly described in detail. However, the invention is not limited thereto. The embodiment is applicable to the surface SSM of the mold MD having various shapes. 
     In an embodiment, the display substrate DS extending in one direction may be transformed to extend along the surface SSM of the mold MD. In an embodiment, the display substrate DS extending in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) may be transformed to extend along the surface SSM of the mold MD. In an embodiment, the first region R 1  may be transformed to extend along the first mold surface SSM 1 . In this case, the first region R 1  may have a first curvature. The second region R 2  may be transformed to extend along the second mold surface SSM 2 . The second region R 2  may have a second curvature. The third region R 3  may extend along the third mold surface SSM 3 . The third region R 3  may be flat. 
     The display substrate DS may be elongated on the surface SSM of the mold MD. In an embodiment, the first region R 1  may be elongated to a first elongation state ER 1 . The second region R 2  may be elongated to a second elongation state ER 2 . In this case, a degree in which the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  is elongated may be different from a degree in which the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  is elongated. In an embodiment, a degree in which the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  is elongated may be less than a degree in which the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  is elongated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9B , a plurality of pixels PX may be arranged with a constant interval int on the display substrate DS that is transformed. In an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be arranged with a constant interval int in the first region R 1 , the second region R 2 , and the third region R 3 . The constant interval int may be a distance between the plurality of pixels PX that are adjacent in an extension direction of the display substrate DS. In an embodiment, a distance between the first pixels PX 1  that are adjacent in the first region R 1 , a distance between the second pixels PX 2  that are adjacent in the second region R 2 , and a distance between the third pixels PX 3  that are adjacent in the third region R 3  may be the same. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be arranged on the display substrate DS that is transformed to be uniformly arranged when viewed by a user. In an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be uniformly arranged when the display substrate DS that is transformed is viewed in a z-direction of  FIG. 9B . 
     In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be arranged on the display substrate DS that is transformed such that the density of the pixels PX is substantially the same. In an embodiment, the pixels PX may be arranged such that the density of the first pixels PX 1  in the first region R 1 , the density of the second pixels PX 2  in the second region R 2 , and the density of the third pixels PX 3  in the third region R 3  are substantially the same. 
     The first elongation state ER 1  of the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  and the second elongation state ER 2  of the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  may be determined. In an embodiment, a plurality of align marks may be arranged with a preset interval before the display substrate DS is elongated. Next, the display substrate DS is elongated, and then, the positions of the plurality of align marks may be determined. Accordingly, the first elongation state ER 1  of the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  and the second elongation state ER 2  of the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  may be determined. Specifically, a degree in which the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  is elongated and a degree in which the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  is elongated may be determined. In another embodiment, the first elongation state ER 1  and the second elongation state ER 2  may be determined through computer simulation. In an embodiment, a mesh structure set in advance may be set in the display substrate DS extending in one direction. Next, when the display substrate DS is elongated, the change of the mesh structure may be determined through computer simulation. Accordingly, the first elongation state ER 1  of the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  and the second elongation state ER 2  of the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  may be determined. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9B and 9C , the display panel  10  may be provided. The display panel  10  may extend in one direction. In an embodiment, the display panel  10  may extend in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction). 
     The display panel  10  may include the display area DA. The display area DA may include the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3 . The plurality of pixels may be arranged in the display area DA. The plurality of pixels PX may include the first pixel PX 1 , the second pixel PX 2 , and the third pixel PX 3 . The first pixel PX 1  may be arranged in the first display area DA 1 . The second pixel PX 2  may be arranged in the second display area DA 2 . The third pixel PX 3  may be arranged in the third display area DA 3 . 
     The first pixel PX 1  may be provided in plural in the first display area DA 1 . The plurality of first pixels PX 1  may be arranged with a first interval int 1  in the first display area DA 1 . The first interval int 1  may be set from the first elongation state ER 1 . In an embodiment, for the plurality of first pixels PX 1  to be arranged with a constant interval int in the display panel  10  that is elongated along the surface shape of an object, the first interval int 1  may be reduced by a ratio in which the display substrate DS is elongated in the first region R 1  compared to the constant interval int. Accordingly, the first pixels PX 1  may be arranged with the first interval int 1  in the display panel  10  in one direction. Such description is applicable to not only the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction), but also the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) and/or a third direction (e.g. a z-direction or a (−) z-direction). 
     The second pixel PX 2  may be provided in plural in the second display area DA 2 . The plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be arranged with a second interval int 2  in the second display area DA 2 . The second interval int 2  may be set from the second elongation state ER 2 . In an embodiment, for the plurality of second pixels PX 2  to be arranged with a constant interval int in the display panel  10  that is elongated along the surface shape of an object, the second interval int 2  may be reduced by a ratio in which the display substrate DS is elongated in the first region R 1  compared to the constant interval int. Accordingly, the second pixels PX 2  may be arranged with the second interval int 2  in the display panel  10  in one direction. In an embodiment, the second interval int 2  may be less than the first interval int 1 . Such description is applicable to not only the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction), but also the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) and/or the third direction (e.g. the z-direction or the (−) z-direction). 
     The third pixel PX 3  may be provided in plural in the third display area DA 3 . The plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be arranged with a third interval int 3  in the third display area DA 3 . In the case where the third display area DA 3  is not elongated, the third interval int 3  may be substantially the same as the constant interval int. 
     In other words, the densities of the plurality of pixels PX in the display area DA may be different depending on the position of the pixels PX inside the display area DA. In an embodiment, the density of the first pixels PX 1  in the first display area DA 1 , the density of the second pixels PX 2  in the second display area DA 2 , and the density of the third pixels PX 3  in the third display area DA 3  are be different from one another. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9D , the display panel  10  may be transformed to extend along the surface shape of the object. In an embodiment, the display panel  10  may be transformed by the mold MD having substantially the same surface shape as the surface shape of an object. 
     The mold MD may face one of the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  and the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . The upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  may be an upper surface of the pixel layer  200 . The lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10  may be a lower surface of the substrate  100 . In an embodiment, the mold MD may face the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . 
     The first interval int 1  and the second interval int 2  may be changed to be the same as each other. In an embodiment, the first display area DA 1  may be elongated to the first elongation state ER 1 , and the first interval int 1  between the first pixels PX 1  that are adjacent to each other may be changed. In an embodiment, the second display area DA 2  may be elongated to the second elongation state ER 2 , and the second interval int 2  between the second pixels PX 2  that are adjacent to each other may be changed. The first interval int 1  and the second interval int 2  are values by respectively taking into account the first elongation state ER 1  and the second elongation state ER 2 , and may be changed to a constant interval int. In an embodiment, the third display area DA 3  may not be elongated. Accordingly, an interval between the third pixels PX 3  that are adjacent to each other may be maintained as the third interval int 3 . In an embodiment, the plurality of first pixels PX 1 , the plurality of second pixels PX 2 , and the plurality of third pixels PX 3  may each be arranged with a constant interval int in the display panel  10  that is elongated. 
     In an embodiment, the first elongation state ER 1  may be one of a relatively high elongation state and a relatively low elongation state, and the second elongation state ER 2  may be the other of the relatively high elongation state and the relatively low elongation state. In an embodiment, the first elongation state ER 1  may be the relatively high elongation state. The second elongation state ER 2  may be the relatively low elongation state. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9E , the display apparatus  1  may be arranged on the object OB. In an embodiment, the first elongation state of the display substrate DS in the first region R 1  and the second elongation state of the display substrate DS in the second region R 2  may be determined, and the first interval int 1  and the second interval int 2  may be respectively set from the first elongation state ER 1  and the second elongation state ER 2 . In addition, the display panel  10  may extend in one direction and include the plurality of first pixels PX 1  and the plurality of second pixels PX 2  respectively spaced apart from each other with the first interval int 1  and the second interval int 2 . 
     Next, the display panel  10  extending in one direction is transformed, and the display apparatus  1  having a uniform pixel arrangement may be arranged on the surface of the object OB having various shapes. Accordingly, the plurality of pixels arranged on the surface of the object OB may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed to a user as being non-uniformly arranged. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  are cross-sectional views showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus. In  FIGS. 10A and 10B , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIGS. 9A to 9E  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10A , the display substrate DS may be elongated to extend along the surface shape of an object. The display substrate DS may include a first region R 1 - 1 , a second region R 2 - 1 , and a third region R 3 - 1 . Because the first region R 1 - 1 , the second region R 2 - 1 , and the third region R 3 - 1  are the same as or similar to the first region R 1 , the second region R 2 , and the third region R 3  of  FIG. 9A , repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     In an embodiment, the display substrate DS extending in one direction may be pressed to a mold MD- 1 . In an embodiment, the mold MD- 1  may face the upper surface DSUS of the display substrate DS. The upper surface DSUS of the display substrate DS may be an upper surface of the pixel layer  200 . In an embodiment, a concave portion that is dented in a predetermined direction (e.g., upper direction in  FIG. 10A ) may be defined in the mold MD- 1 . 
     A surface SSM- 1  of the mold MD- 1  may include a plurality of surfaces. In an embodiment, the surface SSM- 1  of the mold MD- 1  may have a shape that is dented to transform the shape of the display substrate DS such that the display substrate DS is arranged on the surface SS (refer to  FIG. 1 ) of the object OB (refer to  FIG. 1 ). In an embodiment, the surface SSM- 1  of the mold MD- 1  may include a first mold surface SSM 1 - 1 , a second mold surface SSM 2 - 1 , and a third mold surface SSM 3 - 1 . 
     In an embodiment, the display substrate DS extending in one direction may be transformed to extend along the surface SSM- 1  of the mold MD- 1 . In an embodiment, the display substrate DS extending in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction) may be transformed to extend along the surface SSM- 1  of the mold MD- 1 . 
     The display substrate DS may be elongated on the surface SSM- 1  of the mold MD- 1 . In an embodiment, the first region R 1 - 1  may be elongated to a first elongation state ER 1 - 1 . The second region R 2 - 1  may be elongated to a second elongation state ER 2 - 1 . In this case, the first elongation state ER 1 - 1  may be different from the second elongation state ER 2 - 1 . In an embodiment, a degree in which the display substrate DS in the first region R 1 - 1  is elongated may be greater than a degree in which the display substrate DS in the second region R 2 - 1  is elongated. 
     Next, the plurality of pixels may be arranged with a constant interval on the display substrate DS that is transformed, and the first elongation state ER 1 - 1  of the display substrate DS in the first region R 1 - 1  and the second elongation state ER 2 - 1  of the display substrate DS in the second region R 2 - 1  may be determined. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10B , the display panel  10  may be provided. The display panel  10  may extend in one direction. In an embodiment, the display panel  10  may extend in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction). The display area DA may include the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3 . 
     The first pixel PX 1  may be provided in plural in the first display area DA 1 . The plurality of first pixels PX 1  may be arranged with a first interval int 1 - 1  in the first display area DA 1 . The first interval int 1 - 1  may be set from the first elongation state ER 1 - 1 . 
     The second pixel PX 2  may be provided in plural in the second display area DA 2 . The plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be arranged with a second interval int 2 - 1  in the second display area DA 2 . The second interval int 2 - 1  may be set from the second elongation state ER 2 - 1 . 
     In an embodiment, the second interval int 2 - 1  may be greater than the first interval int 1 - 1 . 
     The third pixel PX 3  may be provided in plural in the third display area DA 3 . The plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be arranged with a third interval int 3 - 1  in the third display area DA 3 . 
     Next, the display panel  10  may be transformed to extend along the surface shape of an object. In an embodiment, the display panel  10  that extends in one direction may be transformed by the mold MD- 1 . 
     The mold MD- 1  may face one of the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  and the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the mold MD- 1  may face the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10 . The upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  may be the upper surface of the pixel layer  200 . 
     The first interval int 1 - 1  and the second interval int 2 - 1  may be changed to be the same as each other. In an embodiment, the first display area DA 1  may be elongated to a first elongation state ER 1 - 1 , and the first interval int 1 - 1  between the first pixels PX 1  that are adjacent to each other may be changed. In an embodiment, the second display area DA 2  may be elongated to the second elongation state ER 2 - 1 , and the first interval int 2 - 1  between the second pixels PX 1  that are adjacent to each other may be changed. The first interval int 1 - 1  and the second interval int 2 - 1  are values by respectively taking into account the first elongation state ER 1 - 1  and the second elongation state ER 2 - 1 , and the first interval int 1 - 1  and the second interval int 2 - 1  may be changed into a constant interval. In an embodiment, the third display area DA 3  may not be elongated. Accordingly, an interval between the third pixels PX 3  that are adjacent to each other may be maintained as the third interval int 3 - 1 . In an embodiment, the plurality of first pixels PX 1 , the plurality of second pixels PX 2 , and the plurality of third pixels PX 3  may each be arranged at a constant interval in the display panel  10  that is elongated. 
     In an embodiment, the first elongation state ER 1 - 1  may be one of a relatively high elongation state and a relatively low elongation state, and the second elongation state ER 2 - 1  may be the other of the relatively high elongation state and the relatively low elongation state. In an embodiment, the first elongation state ER 1 - 1  may be in the relatively low elongation state. The second elongation state ER 2 - 1  may be in the relatively high elongation state. 
     The method of manufacturing the display apparatus described with reference to  FIGS. 10A and 10B  is different from the method of manufacturing the display apparatus described with reference to  FIGS. 9A to 9E  in that the surface of the display panel  10  that faces the mold is selected as one of the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  and the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . The first elongation state of the first display area DA 1  and the second elongation state of the second display area DA 2  may be different depending on each method, and pixel arrangement may be different when the display panel  10  that extends in one direction is provided. 
     In an embodiment, an elongation state of each region may be determined from the display substrate DS that is transformed, and the pixels may be provided in each region with a pixel interval set from the elongation state. Accordingly, whatever method is used, intervals between pixels that are adjacent to each other in the display panel that extends along the shape of an object may be substantially the same. 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the method of manufacturing the display apparatus may include elongating a display substrate to extend along a surface shape of an object, the display substrate including a first region and a second region (S 11 ), determining a first elongation state of the display substrate in the first region and a second elongation state of the display substrate in the second region (S 13 ), and forming a display panel extending in one direction, the display panel including a first display area having a first elongation rate and a second display area having a second elongation rate, where a plurality of first pixels is arranged with a first interval set from the first elongation state, and a plurality of second pixels is arranged with a second interval set from the second elongation state (S 16 ). 
     In an embodiment, the display panel may be provided such that the first display area has the first elongation rate and the second display area has the second elongation rate when tensile force is applied. In an embodiment, the first elongation rate may be determined based on the structure of the display panel in the first display area and/or the material of the display panel in the first display area. In addition, the second elongation rate may be determined based on the structure of the display panel in the second display area and/or the material of the display panel in the second display area. In an embodiment, as in the embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 3A to 3C , the display panel may be provided such that the structure of the first display area DA 1  is different from the structure of the second display area DA 2 . 
     In another embodiment, as in the embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 4 , the display panel may be provided such that the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the first display area DA 1  is different from the elongation rate of the substrate  100  in the second display area DA 2  when tensile force is applied. 
     In another embodiment, as in the embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B , the display panel may be provided such that a kind of the material of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  is different from a kind of the material of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2 . 
     Accordingly, even though the display panel extends along the surface of an object, an interval between the plurality of pixels that are adjacent to each other may be maintained as constant. 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus. In  FIG. 12 , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIG. 9C  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , the display panel  10  may be provided. The display panel  10  may extend in one direction. In an embodiment, the display panel  10  may extend in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction). 
     The display panel  10  may include the display area DA. The display area DA may include the first display area DA 1 , the second display area DA 2 , and the third display area DA 3 . 
     The plurality of pixels PX may include the first pixel PX 1 , the second pixel PX 2 , and the third pixel PX 3 . The first pixel PX 1  may be arranged in the first display area DA 1 . The plurality of first pixels PX 1  may be arranged with the first interval int 1  in the first display area DA 1 . The second pixel PX 2  may be arranged in the second display area DA 2 . The plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be arranged with the second interval int 2  in the second display area DA 2 . The third pixel PX 3  may be arranged in the third display area DA 3 . The plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be arranged with the third interval int 3  in the third display area DA 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the film layer  20  may be attached to at least one of the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10  and the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the upper film layer  20 U may be attached to the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10 , and the lower film layer  20 L may be attached to the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . In another embodiment, the upper film layer  20 U may be attached to the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10 , and the lower film layer  20 L may not be attached to the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . In another embodiment, the upper film layer  20 U may not be attached to the upper surface  10 US of the display panel  10 , and the lower film layer  20 L may be attached to the lower surface  10 LS of the display panel  10 . Hereinafter, the case where both the upper film layer  20 U and the lower film layer  20 L are attached to the display panel  10  is mainly described in detail. 
     In an embodiment, the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may include the first upper film layer  20 U 1  and the first lower film layer  20 L 1 . In an embodiment, the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may include the second upper film layer  20 U 2  and the second lower film layer  20 L 2 . In an embodiment, the film  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3  may include a third upper film layer  20 U 3  and a third lower film layer  20 L 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 , the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 , and the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3  may be different from one another. In an embodiment, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  may be greater than the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 . In addition, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may be greater than the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3 . The elongation rate of the film layer  20  may be changed depending on temperature during a process of forming the film layer  20 , a material composition of the film layer  20 , and a condition under which the film layer  20  is hardened. 
     In another embodiment, the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 , the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 , and the elongation rate of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3  may be substantially the same. 
     In an embodiment, the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 , the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 , and the shape of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3  may be different from one another. In an embodiment, a groove or a hole may be defined in at least one of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 , the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 , and the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 , the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 , and the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3  may be different from one another. In an embodiment, one of the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1  and the material of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may include an additive. 
     In an embodiment, the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 , the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2 , and the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3  may be different from one another. In an embodiment, in the case where the second interval int 2  is less than the first interval int 1 , the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may be less than the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the first display area DA 1 . In the case where the first interval int 1  is less than the third interval int 3 , the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the second display area DA 2  may be less than the modulus of the film layer  20  that overlaps the third display area DA 3 . 
     The film layer  20  is attached to the display panel  10 , and then the film layer  20  arranged on one of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  may be processed. In an embodiment, the film layer  20  arranged on one of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  may be additionally processed by heat, pressure, and/or external force. 
     In an embodiment, an additional process of increasing the elongation rate of the film layer  20  arranged in one of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  may be performed, and an additional process of reducing the elongation rate of the film layer  20  arranged in the other of the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  may be performed. 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the second lower film layer  20 L 2  and the second upper film layer  20 U 2  may be processed. In an embodiment, a groove or a hole may be defined in at least one of the second lower film layer  20 L 2  and the second upper film layer  20 U 2 . In this case, the elongation rate of the second lower film layer  20 L 2  and the second upper film layer  20 U 2  may be improved. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  10  including the first display area DA 1  and the second display area DA 2  is provided. The first pixels PX 1  spaced apart from each other with the first interval int 1  may be arranged in the first display area DA 1 , and the second pixels PX 2  spaced apart from each other with the second interval int 2  may be arranged in the second display area DA 2 . Then, the film layer  20  may be attached to the display panel  10 . In this case, the elongation rate of the display apparatus  1  including the display panel  10  and the film layer  20  may be reduced. The elongation of the second display area DA 2  that is desired to have a high elongation rate may be reduced, and when the display apparatus  1  is transformed along the shape of an object, the pixels PX may not be uniformly arranged, for example. In an embodiment, at least a portion of the film layer  20  is additionally processed, and thus, the elongation rate of the display apparatus  1  may be improved. Accordingly, when the display apparatus  1  is transformed along the shape of an object, the pixels PX may be uniformly arranged. In an embodiment, when the film layer  20  is additionally processed, the display panel  10  may be additionally processed. 
       FIG. 13  is a flowchart showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus.  FIGS. 14A to 14D  are cross-sectional views showing another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus. In  FIGS. 14A to 14D , because the same reference numerals as those of  FIGS. 9A to 9E  denote the same elements, repeated descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the method of manufacturing the display apparatus may include preparing a substrate including a first area and a second area each extending along a surface shape of an object (S 21 ), applying tensile force on the first area and the second area to extend in one direction (S 23 ), determining a first elongation state of the substrate in the first area and a second elongation state of the substrate in the second area (S 25 ), and forming a plurality of first pixels, with a first interval set from the first elongation state, in the first area, and forming a plurality of second pixels, with a second interval set from the second elongation state, in the second area (S 27 ). Hereinafter, the method of manufacturing the display apparatus is described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 14A to 14D . 
     Referring to  FIG. 14A , the substrate  100  may be prepared. The substrate  100  may extend along the surface shape of an object. In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include an upper surface  100 US of the substrate  100  and a lower surface  100 LS of the substrate  100 . The upper surface  100 US of the substrate  100  may be opposite to the lower surface  100 LS of the substrate  100 . 
     The substrate  100  may be pressed to a first mold MD 1  and a second mold MD 2 . In an embodiment, the first mold MD 1  may face the lower surface  100 LS of the substrate  100 . The lower surface  100 LS of the substrate  100  may extend along the surface of the first mold MD 1 . In an embodiment, the first mold MD 1  may include a protrusion portion that protrudes in a predetermined direction (e.g., upper direction in  FIG. 14A ). 
     In an embodiment, the second mold MD 2  may face the upper surface  100 US of the substrate  100 . The upper surface  100 US of the substrate  100  may extend along the surface of the second mold MD 2 . In an embodiment, a concave portion that is dented in a predetermined direction (e.g., upper direction in  FIG. 14A ) may be defined in the second mold MD 2 . The concave portion may overlap the protrusion portion. 
     The substrate  100  may include a first region R 1 - 2 , a second region R 2 - 2 , and a third region R 3 - 2 . In an embodiment, the first region R 1 - 2  may have a first curvature. The second region R 2 - 2  may have a second curvature. The third region R 3 - 2  may be flat. In an embodiment, because the shape of the substrate  100  itself extends along the surface shape of an object, the substrate  100  may not be elongated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 14B , tensile force may be applied to the substrate  100 . Accordingly, the substrate  100  may be transformed to extend in one direction. In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may be transformed to extend in one direction from a shape extending along the surface shape of an object. In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may extend in the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction). 
     The first region R 1 - 2 , the second region R 2 - 2 , and the third region R 3 - 2  may be transformed to extend in one direction. In an embodiment, the first region R 1 - 2 , the second region R 2 - 2 , and the third region R 3 - 2  may be transformed to be flat. 
     Next, a first elongation state ER 1 - 2  of the substrate  100  in the first region R 1 - 2  and a second elongation state ER 2 - 2  of the substrate  100  in the second region R 2 - 2  may be determined. In an embodiment, a plurality of align marks may be arranged with a preset interval before the substrate  100  is elongated. Next, the substrate  100  is elongated, and then the positions of the plurality of align marks may be determined. Accordingly, the first elongation state ER 1 - 2  of the substrate  100  in the first region R 1 - 2  and the second elongation state ER 2 - 2  of the substrate  100  in the second region R 2 - 2  may be determined. Specifically, a degree in which the substrate  100  in the first region R 1 - 2  is elongated and a degree in which the substrate  100  in the second region R 2 - 2  is elongated may be determined. In another embodiment, the first elongation state ER 1 - 2  and the second elongation state ER 2 - 2  may be determined through computer simulation. In an embodiment, a preset mesh structure may be set to the substrate  100 . Next, when the substrate  100  is elongated, a change in the mesh structure may be determined through computer simulation. Accordingly, the first elongation state ER 1 - 2  of the substrate  100  in the first region R 1 - 2  and the second elongation state ER 2 - 2  of the substrate  100  in the second region R 2 - 2  may be determined. 
     Referring to  FIG. 14C , the pixel layer  200  including the plurality of pixels PX may be disposed on the substrate  100 . The plurality of first pixels PX 1  may be provided with the first interval int 1 - 2  in the first region R 1 - 2 . The first interval int 1 - 2  may be set from the first elongation state ER 1 - 2 . When tensile force is removed, the display apparatus  1  may be contracted to the surface shape of an object. For the plurality of first pixels PX 1  to be arranged in the display apparatus  1  that is contracted, the first interval int 1 - 2  may be increased compared to the constant interval by a rate in which the substrate  100  in the first region R 1 - 2  is elongated. Accordingly, the first pixels PX 1  may be arranged with the first interval int 1 - 2  on the substrate  100  extending in one direction. Such description is applicable to not only the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction), but also the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) and/or the third direction (e.g. the z-direction or the (−) z-direction). 
     The plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be provided with the second interval int 2 - 2  in the second region R 2 - 2 . The second interval int 2 - 2  may be set from the second elongation state ER 2 - 2 . When tensile force is removed, the display apparatus  1  may be contracted to the surface shape of an object. For the plurality of second pixels PX 2  to be arranged in the display apparatus  1  that is contracted, the second interval int 2 - 2  may be increased compared to the constant interval by a rate in which the substrate  100  in the second region R 2 - 2  is elongated. Accordingly, the second pixels PX 2  may be arranged with the second interval int 2 - 2  on the substrate  100  extending in one direction. Such description is applicable to not only the first direction (e.g., the x-direction or the (−) x-direction), but also the second direction (e.g., the y-direction or the (−) y-direction) and/or the third direction (e.g. the z-direction or the (−) z-direction). 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be provided with the third interval int 3 - 2  in the third region R 3 - 2 . When the substrate  100  in the third region R 3 - 2  is not elongated due to tensile force, the third interval int 3 - 2  may be substantially the same as the constant interval. In another embodiment, when the substrate  100  in the third region R 3 - 2  is elongated due to tensile force, the third interval int 3 - 2  should be greater than the constant interval. 
     In an embodiment, the structure of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from the structure of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  as in the embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 3A to 3C . 
     In an embodiment, a kind of the material of the display panel  10  in the first display area DA 1  may be different from a kind of the material of the display panel  10  in the second display area DA 2  as in the embodiment described with reference to  FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B . 
     In an embodiment, the display apparatus  1  may further include an inorganic layer (not shown) between the substrate  100  and the pixel layer  200 . In an embodiment, a film layer may be further arranged on at least one of the upper surface of the display panel  10  and the lower surface of the display panel  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 14D , the plurality of pixels PX is provided, and then, tensile force may be removed. In an embodiment, the plurality of first pixels PX 1 , the plurality of second pixels PX 2 , and the plurality of third pixels PX 3  are provided, and then, the tensile force may be removed. 
     The display apparatus  1  may be contracted to extend along the surface shape of an object. The first interval and the second interval may be changed to be the same as each other. In an embodiment, the first display area DA 1  and/or the first region R 1 - 2  may be contracted by an increase in the first elongation state. Accordingly, the first interval between the first pixels PX 1  that are adjacent to each other may be reduced. The second display area DA 2  and/or the second region R 2 - 2  may be contracted by an increase in the second elongation state. Accordingly, the second interval between the second pixels PX 2  that are adjacent to each other may be reduced. The first interval and the second interval are values set by respectively taking into account the first elongation state and the second elongation state, and may be changed to a constant interval int. Accordingly, the plurality of first pixels PX 1 , the plurality of second pixels PX 2 , and the plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be arranged with a constant interval int in the display panel  10 , and the plurality of pixels PX arranged on the surface of an object may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed to a user as being non-uniformly arranged. In addition, because tensile force is removed from the display apparatus  1 , the display apparatus  1  may not be in an elongated and/or contracted state. 
     According to the above description, in an embodiment, the plurality of first pixels and the plurality of second pixels may be uniformly arranged in the first display area and the second display area. Accordingly, the plurality of pixels may be entirely or substantially prevented from being viewed to a user as being non-uniformly arranged. 
     It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or advantages within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or advantages in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawing figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.