Patent Publication Number: US-7709283-B2

Title: Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having an insulating protective film covering at least a portion of a tile-shaped element

Description:
This is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 10/463,673 filed Jun. 18, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,435,998. The disclosure of the prior application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a method of manufacturing the same, an electro-optic device and an electronic apparatus. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     In the related art, a gallium arsenide surface emitting laser (VCSEL), a photodiode (PD) or a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is provided on a silicon semiconductor substrate, and a micro silicon transistor is provided instead of a thin film transistor (TFT) for each pixel of a liquid crystal display (LCD). In this way, various related art techniques can be used to form a semiconductor device on a substrate including a different material. 
     An example of such a semiconductor device including a semiconductor composed of a different material is an optoelectronics integrated circuit (OEIC). The optoelectronics integrated circuit is an integrated circuit including an optical input/output device in which an optical signal is used to input and output a signal from and to the outside, while an electric signal is used to process a signal. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a computer, the operational speed (operational clock) in a CPU can be increased due to the miniaturization of the internal structure of an integrated circuit. However, the signal transfer speed of a bus is reaching a limit substantially, and thus the transfer speed becomes a bottleneck of the processing speed of a computer. If signal transfer in the bus can be performed by an optical signal, the limit of the processing speed of a computer can be significantly increased. In order to realize this, a micro light-emitting element or light-receiving element must be incorporated into an integrated circuit including silicon. 
     However, silicon is an indirect semiconductor and thus cannot emit light. Therefore, silicon must be combined with a semiconductor light-emitting element including a material other than silicon to form an integrated circuit. 
     A promising related art semiconductor light-emitting element is a surface emitting laser (VCSEL) including a compound semiconductor such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) or the like. However, the surface emitting laser does not have lattice matching with silicon, and it is thus very difficult to form the surface emitting laser directly on a silicon integrated circuit by a semiconductor process, such as epitaxy or the like. 
     The surface emitting laser is generally formed on a gallium arsenide substrate. Therefore, in a conceivable related art method, the surface emitting laser on the gallium arsenide substrate is formed in a chip, and the chip is mechanically mounted on a silicon integrated circuit board to combine together an electric signal transfer circuit and an optical signal transfer circuit. 
     However, when a semiconductor light-emitting element such as a surface emitting laser chip or the like, or a semiconductor light-receiving element, such as a photodiode or the like, is mechanically mounted on a silicon semiconductor substrate, there is a problem of reliability such as the short lifetime of a semiconductor element. Therefore, it is necessary to suppress the deterioration in function of the semiconductor element in practical use. 
     Particularly, when the semiconductor light-emitting element or semiconductor light-receiving element is used as the semiconductor element, the optical properties of a film for covering the semiconductor element and an adhesive to bond the film to the substrate must be controlled to facilitate light emission and reception. 
     The present invention addresses the above and/or other considerations, and provides a semiconductor device, a method of manufacturing the same, an electro-optic device and an electronic apparatus. All of the above can be provided to address or solve the problem with mechanical mounting of a semiconductor device chip on a substrate. 
     In order to address or achieve the above, a semiconductor device of the present invention includes a tile-shaped microelement bonded to a substrate, and an insulating functional film provided to cover at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement. 
     In the semiconductor device of the present invention, the function as an electronic device or optical device can be imparted to the tile-shaped microelement to form a device having any desired function, and the semiconductor device can be made compact (high density). 
     Since the insulating functional film is provided to cover at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement, for example, the functional film is given a barrier property against oxygen and moisture to suppress the deterioration in the element function, thereby increasing the lifetime of the element. The tile-shaped microelement may include a compound semiconductor or a silicon semiconductor, and the substrate having the tile-shaped microelement bonded thereto may be a silicon semiconductor substrate or a compound semiconductor substrate. 
     In the semiconductor device, the functional film preferably covers the tile-shaped microelement in a sealed state. 
     In this case, particularly when the functional film is given the barrier property against oxygen and moisture, the deterioration of the tile-shaped microelement due to oxygen and moisture can be securely reduced or prevented. 
     In the semiconductor device, the tile-shaped microelement is preferably a light emitting element, such as a surface emitting laser or light emitting diode, or a light receiving element such as a photodiode or the like. 
     In this case, when the tile-shaped microelement is mechanically mounted on, for example, a silicon integrated circuit board, an electric signal transfer circuit and an optical signal transfer circuit can be combined together. 
     In the semiconductor device, the functional film is preferably transmissive to visible light and infrared light. 
     In this case, the functional film is provided corresponding to a light emitting section or light receiving section of the tile-shaped microelement serving as the light-emitting element or light-receiving element so that light emission from or reception by the tile-shaped microelement is not inhibited by the functional film. 
     In the semiconductor device, the functional film is preferably non-transmissive to visible light and infrared light. 
     In this case, the functional film is provided on the side opposite to the surface on which the light emitting section or light receiving section of the tile-shaped microelement serving as the light-emitting element or light-receiving element is formed, so that even when the tile-shaped microelement is thin and thus transmits light, the functional film can prevent a leakage of light transmitted through the tile-shaped microelement to the outside or reduce such leakage. 
     In the semiconductor device, the substrate is light-transmissive, and the tile-shaped microelement is preferably bonded to the light-transmissive substrate with an adhesive which is transmissive to visible light and infrared light. 
     In this case, when the light emitting section or light receiving section is provided on the substrate side of the tile-shaped microelement serving as the light-emitting element or light-receiving element, light emission from or reception by the tile-shaped microelement is not inhibited by the adhesive. 
     In the semiconductor device, the tile-shaped microelement is preferably bonded to the substrate with an adhesive which is non-transmissive to visible light and infrared light. 
     In this case, the light emitting section or light receiving section is formed on the side opposite to the substrate side of the tile-shaped microelement serving as the light-emitting element or light-receiving element so that even when the tile-shaped microelement is thin and thus transmits light, the adhesive can reduce or prevent a leakage of light transmitted through the tile-shaped microelement from the substrate side. 
     The semiconductor device includes a plurality of the tile-shaped microelements provided on the substrate, one of the tile-shaped microelements being preferably a device having a function different from the function of the other tile-shaped microelements. 
     In this case, a semiconductor device including a compact combination of a plurality of devices having different functions can be formed, although such a semiconductor device cannot be formed by using a monolithic substrate. 
     In the semiconductor device, the functional film preferably includes a resin film, an inorganic film, or a laminated film including these films. 
     In this case, a film comprising a material having a desired property according to the function of the tile-shaped microelement can be appropriately selected and used, thereby improving the function of the tile-shaped microelement. 
     In the semiconductor device, the functional film preferably has an anti-reflection function. 
     In this case, a fault, such as noise due to light reflection, can be reduced or prevented. 
     A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device of the present invention includes: forming a semiconductor element on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, separating a functional layer which is a surface layer of the semiconductor substrate and which includes the semiconductor element, to form a tile-shaped microelement, bonding the tile-shaped element to a surface of another substrate, and forming an insulating functional film to cover at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement. 
     The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device is capable of forming an integrated circuit by bonding the semiconductor element which is separated in a micro tile-shaped shape to any material. 
     The tile-shaped microelement can be given the function as an electronic device or optical device to form a device having any desired function, and the semiconductor device can be made compact (high density). 
     Since the insulating functional film is provided to cover at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement, for example, the functional film can be given the barrier property against oxygen and moisture to reduce or suppress deterioration in the element function, increasing the lifetime of the element. 
     Also, the semiconductor is completed on the semiconductor substrate and then separated in the micro tile-shaped shape, and thus the semiconductor element can be tested and sorted before an integrated circuit is formed. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a semiconductor element on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, bonding a film to the surface of the semiconductor substrate on which the semiconductor element is formed, separating only a functional layer which is a surface layer of the semiconductor substrate and which includes the semiconductor element, to form a tile-shaped microelement, bonding the tile-shaped element to a surface of another substrate, and forming an insulating functional film to cover at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement. 
     The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device is capable of separating the functional layer including the semiconductor element in a micro tile shape from the semiconductor substrate, and then mounting the semiconductor element on a film for permitting handling. Therefore, any desired semiconductor element can be selected separately and joined to a final substrate, and the size of the semiconductor element which can be handled can be decreased to a size smaller than that in a related art mounting technique. 
     The tile-shaped microelement can be given the function as an electronic device or optical device to form a device having any desired function, and the semiconductor device can be made compact (high density). 
     Since the insulating functional film is provided to cover at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement, for example, the functional film can be given the barrier property against oxygen and moisture to reduce or suppress deterioration in the element function, increasing the lifetime of the element. 
     Also, the semiconductor is completed on the semiconductor substrate and then separated in the micro tile shape, and thus the semiconductor element can be tested and sorted before an integrated circuit is formed. 
     In the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device, the insulating functional film is preferably formed by a droplet discharge process or dispenser process. 
     In this case, a material for the functional film can be coated on any desired portion, and thus can be selectively provided only at any desired position of the substrate. Also, the amount of the material used for the functional film can be significantly decreased to decrease the manufacture cost. 
     In the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device, the semiconductor element in the tile-shaped microelement bonded to the other substrate is preferably bonded to a circuit formed on the other substrate. 
     In this case, the semiconductor layer in the functional layer is electrically connected to a circuit formed on the other substrate to form a semiconductor device having multiple functions. 
     An electro-optic device of the present invention includes the above-described semiconductor device or a semiconductor device manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method. 
     The electro-optic device can be made compact (high density), and has higher reliability because it includes the semiconductor device in which deterioration in the element function is reduced or suppressed. 
     An electronic apparatus of the present invention includes the above-described electro-optic device. 
     The electronic apparatus has higher reliability because it includes the electro-optic device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion of the schematic construction of a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion of the schematic construction of a surface emitting laser formed in a tile-shaped microelement. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic illustrating the current path in the surface emitting laser shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion of the schematic construction of a semiconductor device according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion of the schematic construction of a semiconductor device according to a modified exemplary embodiment of the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a first step of an example of a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a second step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 8  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a third step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 9  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a fourth step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 10  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a fifth step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 11  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a sixth step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 12  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a seventh step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 13  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in an eighth step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 14  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in a ninth step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 15  is a sectional side view illustrating a significant portion in an eleventh step of the example of the manufacturing method. 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic showing an example in which an electronic apparatus including an electro-optic device of the present invention is applied to a cellular phone. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic showing an example in which an electronic apparatus including an electro-optic device of the present invention is applied to a wristwatch-type electronic apparatus. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic showing an example in which an electronic apparatus including an electro-optic device of the present invention is applied to a portable information processor. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A semiconductor device according to the present invention is described below with reference to the drawings. 
     First Exemplary Embodiment 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic showing a semiconductor device according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The semiconductor device includes a substrate  10 , a tile-shaped microelement  1 , and a functional film  12  covering the tile-shaped element  1 . In this exemplary embodiment, a surface emitting semiconductor laser is formed as the semiconductor device. 
     The tile-shaped microelement  1  has a micro tile shape (a substantially plate shape) having a semiconductor device (semiconductor element) formed therein, and includes a surface emitting laser having a structure, for example, shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     The surface emitting laser includes a highly conductive layer (high carrier concentration layer)  52   b  including an n-type gallium arsenide compound semiconductor layer (n-type GaAs layer) having a rectangular planar shape, a lower reflecting mirror layer structure (hereinafter “lower mirror”)  52   a  formed over the entire upper surface of the highly conductive layer  52   b , and layers  53   a  to  53   f  which are laminated on the lower mirror  52   a  in that order to form a cylindrical mesa. Also, an insulating layer  54  made of polyimide or the like and electrodes  53   g  and  53   h  are properly provided around the mesa. The tile-shaped microelement  1  including the surface emitting laser includes a semiconductor element  53  including the layers  53   a  to  53   h , and the lower mirror  52   a.    
     In the present invention, the tile-shaped microelement  1  has an element structure necessary to exhibit at least a desired function as a semiconductor element. For example, when the function as the surface emitting laser is exhibited, the tile-shaped microelement  1  has a semiconductor layer structure including at least the upper and lower mirrors  53   e  and  52   a  and the layers held between both mirror layers. However, the tile-shaped microelement  1  may include secondary components to exhibit the function, such as the contact layer  53   f , the electrodes  53   g  and  53   h , and the insulating layer  54 . A portion including the tile-shaped microelement  1 , the functional layer  12  and the high carrier concentration layer  52   b  is referred to as a “semiconductor element member  500 ”. The mesa may have any desired shape. 
     The mesa includes the following structure. The n-type clad layer  53   a  including n-type Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 As formed on the lower mirror  52   a , and the active layer  53   b  and the p-type clad layer  53   c  including p-type Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 As are formed on the n-type clad layer  53   a . Also, the horizontal oxide layer (current aperture)  53   d  formed in a ring in the periphery of the mesa, and the upper reflecting mirror layer structure (hereinafter “upper mirror”)  53   e  and the contact layer  53   f  including a p-type GaAs layer are further formed in that order. Furthermore, the insulating layer  54  is formed around the mesa, the p-type (cathode) electrode  53   g  and n-type (anode) electrode  53   h  are formed on the upper surfaces of the contact layer  53   f  and the lower mirror  52   a , respectively. Therefore, when a voltage is applied between both electrodes, a laser beam is emitted from the upper end of the mesa in the axial direction thereof. The cathode electrode  53   g  is formed in a ring so that the laser beam is emitted from the center of the mesa. 
     The highly conductive layer  52   b  is adapted to secure a current path to decrease the electric resistance of the semiconductor element. The highly conductive layer  52   b  comprises a high carrier concentration layer of the same conduction type as the lower mirror  52   a , and has a carrier concentration of about 5 to 10×10 18  cm −3 . Although the high carrier concentration layer is preferably a GaAs layer, it may be an Al x Ga 1-x As layer (x is 0.2 or less). However, in the Al x Ga 1-x As layer, the resistance tends to increase as x increases. The thickness of the highly conductive layer  52   b  is 0.3 μm or more, and preferably 1 μm or more. 
     The active layer  53   b  includes a GaAs well layer and an Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As barrier layer, the well layer having a multiquantum well structure (MQW) including three layers. 
     Each of the mirrors  52   a  and  53   e  constitutes a resonator serving as a laser reflecting mirror, and, for example, it is a distributed Bragg reflection multilayer film mirror (DBR mirror) in which two types of Al x Ga 1-x As layers having different compositions are alternately laminated. In this exemplary embodiment, the lower mirror  52   a  comprises about 30 pairs of n-type Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 As layer and n-type Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As layer which are alternately laminated, and the upper mirror  53   e  comprises about 25 pairs of p-type Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 As layer and p-type Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As layer which are alternately laminated. Each of the Al x Ga 1-x As layers has an optical thickness corresponding to ¼ of the laser emission wavelength, and a carrier concentration of about 1 to 5×10 18  cm −3 . The upper mirror  53   e  is doped with C (carbon) to be made the p-type, and the lower mirror  52   a  is doped with Si to be made the n-type. Therefore, the upper mirror  53   e , the active layer  53   b  undoped with an impurity and the lower mirror  52   a  constitute a PIN diode. The conduction types of the lower and upper mirrors may be reversed according to the polarity of the laser. Also, a dielectric multilayer film or metal film may be formed instead of the semiconductor multilayer film. 
     The current aperture  53   d  is an insulating layer mainly including an Al oxide, and has the effect of decreasing the area of an active region to emit light to decrease the threshold current and narrow the beam width. 
     The surface emitting laser having the above-described element structure has such a current path as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     In  FIG. 3 , the resistance R 3  of the upper mirror  53   e , the resistance R 1  of the lower mirror  52   a  and the resistance R 2  of the high carrier concentration layer  53   b  are connected to each other to form an electric circuit between the electrodes  53   g  and  53   h , and a current possibly flows in the circuit. The resistances R 1  and R 2  are connected in parallel, and thus if the resistances R 1  and R 2  are considered as a total resistance R, the resistances R and R 3  are connected in series in the electric circuit. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the resistivity of the lower mirror  52   a  is about 1.1×10 −2  Ωcm (the DBR mirror including 30 pairs of layers and having a carrier concentration of 5×10 18  cm −3 ), and thus R 1 =20Ω when the thickness is 3 μm. On the other hand, in this exemplary embodiment, the resistivity of the high carrier concentration layer is about 1.3×10 −3  Ωcm (the n-GaAs layer having a carrier concentration of 1×10 19  cm −3 ), and thus R 2 =6.7Ω when the thickness is 1 μm, and R 2 =3.35Ω when the thickness is 2 μm. As described above, the resistances R 1  and R 2  are connected in parallel, and thus the total resistance R=5.0Ω when the thickness of the high carrier concentration layer is 1 μm, and R=2.9Ω when the thickness of the high carrier concentration layer is 2 μm. These values are ¼ to ⅙ of that of a single lower mirror without the high carrier concentration layer, and thus the electric resistance of the surface emitting laser can be decreased. 
     When the carrier concentration of the lower mirror  52   a  is increased to about 1×10 19  cm −3  to impart conductivity to the lower mirror  52   a , an optical absorption loss is increased to deteriorate the function (optical property) as a reflecting layer. In this exemplary embodiment, therefore, the high carrier concentration layer which has high conductivity and a high optical-absorption coefficient and which thus has the influence on the optical property is provided below (a portion apart from the light emission path of the laser beam) the lower mirror as viewed from the active layer, thereby preventing the influence of the laser on the optical property. 
     The position of the highly conductive layer may be appropriately set according to the influence on the properties of the semiconductor element, and the position is not limited to the above-described position. For example, the highly conductive layer may be inserted into the functional layer. 
     The thickness of the tile-shaped microelement  1  is, for example, about 1 μm to 10 (20) μm. The semiconductor device (semiconductor element) is formed in the tile-shaped microelement  1 . Besides the surface emitting laser (VCSEL), a light emitting diode (LED), a photodiode (PD), a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), a hetero bipolar transistor (HBT), or the like can be formed as the semiconductor device. Any one of these semiconductor devices includes a plurality of epitaxial layers laminated on a predetermined substrate. Each of the semiconductor devices further includes electrodes, and is subjected to an operation test. 
     The tile-shaped microelement  1  is separated in a predetermined shape from the substrate by the method described below. The size (length and width) of the tile-shaped microelement  1  is, for example, several tens pm to several hundreds μm. 
     The tile-shaped microelement  1  is bonded to a substrate  10  other than the substrate used to manufacture the tile-shaped microelement  1  to form a semiconductor device, such as OEIC or the like. Namely, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the tile-shaped microelement  1  is bonded to the Si substrate  10  with an adhesive layer  11 . Also, a cathode electrode  61  and anode electrode  62  are formed on the surface of the substrate  10  so as to be connected to a circuit (not shown in the drawings) previously formed thereon. Furthermore, the electrode  61  is connected to the electrode  53   g  through wiring  64  formed on the surface of an insulating layer  63 , and the electrode  62  is connected to the electrode  53   h  through wiring  65  formed on the surface of the insulating layer  63 . 
     As an adhesive to form the adhesive layer  11 , an insulating resin is preferably used. The insulating adhesive layer  11  exhibits insulating performance together with the insulating layer  63 , thereby securely preventing a short circuit in the wirings  64  and  65 . In this exemplary embodiment, as described above, the surface emitting laser of the tile-shaped microelement  1  emits light to the side opposite to the substrate  10 , and thus the adhesive is preferably non-transmissive to visible light and infrared light. In this case, even when the tile-shaped microelement  1  is thin and thus likely to transmit light to the side opposite to the emission side, the adhesive can prevent a leakage of the light transmitted through the tile-shaped microelement  1  from the substrate  10  side. 
     Preferred examples of the insulating adhesive include ultraviolet curing resins such as acrylic resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, polyimide resins, and the like, and heat curing resins. Also, a two-liquid mixing curing epoxy resin can be used as a chemical reaction curing type. 
     Although the adhesives including these resins have slight differences in light transmittance, they are substantially transparent, i.e., light-transmissive. Therefore, a black pigment or black dye, such as carbon black or the like, is added to the resin to decrease transmittance, thereby making the resin non-transmissive (light absorptive). The insulating performance decreases as the amount of the carbon black added increases. In this case, two layers including an adhesive layer containing carbon black and an adhesive layer not containing carbon black may be laminated by coating according to demand. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the tile-shaped microelement  1  bonded to the substrate  10  is coated with the insulating functional film  12  together with the wirings  64  and  65 . The functional film  12  is formed to have a function (property) according to the function of the semiconductor element in the tile-shaped microelement  1 , and includes a resin film, an inorganic film, or a laminated film including these films. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the functional film  12  is provided to cover and seal the entire tile-shaped microelement  1 , and functions as a protective film. Namely, the functional film  12  has a barrier property against oxygen and moisture, and thus can prevent the progress of deterioration of the surface emitting laser in the tile-shaped microelement  1  due to oxygen and moisture. 
     As a material to form the functional film  12  having the barrier property against oxygen and moisture, the above-described resin material or inorganic material is used. Particularly, the resin material, such as an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, a polyimide resin, or the like is preferably used. Since the functional film  12  covers the light emission side of the surface emitting laser in the tile-shaped microelement  1 , the functional film  12  is transmissive to visible light and infrared light. As described above, each of the above resins is transmissive to light and thus can be used for the transmissive functional film  12  of this exemplary embodiment without the addition of the black pigment or the like, unlike in the formation of the adhesive layer  11 . 
     Various types of films can be used as the functional film  12  according to the function of the semiconductor element (semiconductor device) in the tile-shaped microelement  1 , and various materials can also be used. 
     For example, the semiconductor element (semiconductor device) can be formed and used as various devices (not shown) other than the surface emitting laser, for example, a light emitting element (light emitting diode), a light receiving element (photodiode), a transistor, a diode, and the like. With respect to an operation state, for example, the light emitting element or light receiving element can be used in a state in which its light emitting section or light receiving section faces the substrate  10  side or the side opposite to the substrate  10 , or faces in the planar direction of the substrate  10 . In this case, the functional film  12  transmissive to visible light and infrared light is preferably used for the light emitting section or light receiving section of the light emitting element or light receiving element, and the side opposite to the light emitting section or light receiving section is preferably coated with a film non-transmissive to visible light and infrared light. 
     When the functional film  12  is provided for partial protection and insulation, the entire region of the tile-shaped microelement  1  is not coated, but only a principal portion, for example, the light emitting section or light receiving section of the light emitting element of light receiving element, may be coated, or only the wiring portion may be coated. 
     Besides the resin materials, oxides and nitride, such as SiOx, SiN, AlN, AlOx, ZrOx, ZnOx, TiOx, TaOx, Y 2 O 3 , and the like, and inorganic materials, such as diamond and the like, may be used for the functional film  12 . Also, a laminated film of an inorganic material film and a resin material film may be used. 
     As the method of forming the resin film (the functional film  12 ), a droplet discharge process (ink jet process), a dispenser process, a spin coating process, a roll coating process, a printing process, or the like can be used. Particularly, when position selectivity is required, for example, when the resin film is selectively coated only on the light emitting section or light receiving section, the droplet discharge process or dispenser process is preferably used. The droplet discharge process or dispenser process is capable of providing the material for the functional film  12  only at a desired position, and thus the functional film  12  can be selectively provided only at a desired position of the substrate  10 . Also, the amount of the material used for the functional film  12  can be significantly decreased, thereby decreasing the manufacture cost. 
     When the functional film  12  includes an inorganic film or diamond film, the functional film  12  can be caused to function as a heat radiating layer. Namely, during driving, heat is generated from the semiconductor element in the tile-shaped microelement  1  to increase the element temperature to deteriorate the element properties. However, the functional film  12  can radiate heat to reduce or prevent the deterioration in the element properties. 
     As the method of forming the inorganic film (the functional film  12 ), a vacuum deposition method, a CVD method, or a method including forming a film of a precursor (for example, polysilazane when a SiO 2  film is formed) of a material to form the film, and then oxidizing (heating) or nitriding the film to form a desired film can be used. 
     The functional film  12  may include a laminate of inorganic material films, a laminate of resin material films, or a laminate of an inorganic material film and resin material film. In this case, the functions of the respective films are combined to form a film having multiple functions. 
     For example, inorganic material films having different refractive indexes may be laminated, or an inorganic material film and resin material film may be laminated to form the functional film  12  functioning as an anti-reflection film. 
     Consideration is given to the simplest case in which the single-layer anti-reflection film is formed on a GaAs (refractive index n=3.6) surface. When a film with a refractive index n is formed to a thickness d=λ/4n, the lowest reflectance can be obtained at wavelength λ. The reflectance becomes minimum when the refractive index n of the film is close to the square root 1.89 of the refractive index of 3.6 of GaAs. 
     Therefore, when yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ; refractive index n=1.87) is used as the material of the film, and the thickness d is 113.6 nm, the calculated reflectance at λ=850 nm is 0.5%. Therefore, the film is found to be the good anti-reflection film. 
     When zirconia (ZrO 2 ; refractive index n=2.0) is used as the material of the film, and the thickness d is 106.25 nm, the calculated reflectance at λ=850 nm is 2%. Therefore, the film is also found to sufficiently function as the anti-reflection film. 
     Also, a metal film may be laminated on the resin material film or inorganic material film to make the transmissive film non-transmissive and enhance the barrier property against oxygen and moisture. 
     Besides the silicon semiconductor substrate, a substrate including quartz glass, sapphire, a metal, a ceramic or plastic film may be used as the substrate  10 . When the substrate  10  includes a silicon semiconductor, the substrate  10  may be used for CCD (charge coupled device). When the substrate  10  includes glass, such as quartz or the like, the substrate  10  can be used for a display, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic EL device, or the like. When the substrate  10  includes a plastic film, the substrate  10  can be used for a liquid crystal display, an organic electroluminescence panel, an IC film package or the like. 
     Furthermore, a plurality of the tile-shaped microelements  1  may be provided on the substrate  10 . In this case, one of the tile-shaped microelements  1  preferably includes a device having a function different from the functions of the other tile-shaped microelements  1 . 
     Examples of a combination of the tile-shaped microelements  1  include the following: 
     (1) One of the tile-shaped microelement  1  includes a light emitting element, and the other tile-shaped microelements  1  include light receiving elements. 
     (2) One of the tile-shaped microelement  1  includes a light emitting element emitting light at a wavelength λ 1 , and the other tile-shaped microelements  1  include light emitting elements emitting light at a wavelength λ 2 . 
     (3) One of the tile-shaped microelement  1  includes a light receiving element detecting light at a wavelength λ 1 , and the other tile-shaped microelements  1  include light receiving elements detecting light at a wavelength λ 2 . 
     (4) One of the tile-shaped microelement  1  includes a transistor, and the other tile-shaped microelements  1  include diodes. 
     Herein, examples of the light emitting element include the above-described gallium arsenide surface emitting laser (VCSEL), a photodiode (PD), and the like. Examples of the transistor include a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), and the like. The semiconductor element (semiconductor device) provided in the tile-shaped microelement  1  may include a resistor or capacitor, or only the resistor or capacitor may be formed as the semiconductor device. 
     Second Exemplary Embodiment 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic showing a semiconductor device according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Particularly, the semiconductor device includes two types of tile-shaped microelements  1  which are superposed. 
     Namely, the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 4  includes a tile-shaped microelement  1   a  including a surface emitting laser  21  and a tile-shaped microelement  1   b  including a photodiode  22 , both of which are provided on a transparent substrate  10   a , and a functional film  30  covering these elements. 
     Each of adhesive layers  11   a  and  11   b  for respectively bonding the tile-shaped microelement  1   a  and the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  to the substrate  10   a  has transparency and insulation performance. The adhesive layer  11   b  to bond together the tile-shaped microelement  1   a  and the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  also serves as a functional film to cover and protect the tile-shaped microelement  1   a . The functional film  30  comprises a non-transmissive material, i.e., the above-described resin material containing a black pigment, such as carbon black or the like. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the surface emitting laser  21  of the tile-shaped microelement  1   a  emits a laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) toward the substrate  10   a , and also emits a laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) toward the tile-shaped microelement  1   b . The photodiode  22  of the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  is disposed on the emission axis of the surface emitting laser  21 . Therefore, the laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) emitted to the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  is incident on the photodiode  22  so that the output (emission amount) of the laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) emitted from the surface emitting laser  21  is detected by the photodiode  22 . 
     On the other hand, the laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) emitted to the substrate  10   a  is transmitted through the transparent substrate  10   a  and is used as a communication signal or the like. 
     The laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) emitted from the surface emitting laser  21  of the tile-shaped microelement  1   a  and incident on the photodiode  22  of the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  is transmitted through the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  and absorbed by the non-transmissive functional film  30 , thereby reducing or preventing a leakage to the outside. Therefore, stray light due to the laser beam transmitted through the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  can be significantly decreased, and noise due to feedback light can be decreased. 
       FIG. 5  shows a modified exemplary embodiment of the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 4 . The semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 5  is different from the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 4  in that the positions of the tile-shaped microelements  1   a  and  1   b  are reversed vertically, in that each of the surface emitting laser  21  and the photodiode  22  provided on the tile-shaped microelements  1   a  and  1   b , respectively, faces the side opposite to that in  FIG. 4 , in that the upper surface of the tile-shaped microelement  1   a  including the surface emitting laser  21  is covered with a transmissive functional film  31 , in that the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  is bonded to the substrate  10   a  with an adhesive layer  11   c  comprising a non-transmissive adhesive, and in that anti-reflection layers  41  and  42  are provided at the top and bottom of the substrate  10   a . When the substrate  10   a  includes a non-transparent member, the anti-reflection layer need not be provided at the bottom of the substrate  10   a . Instead of the anti-reflection layer  42  provided at the bottom of the substrate  10   a , a light absorbing layer may be provided at the bottom of the substrate  10   a . The functional film  31  includes a light-transmissive material, i.e., the above-described light-transmissive resin material or inorganic material. 
     Therefore, in the semiconductor device of this exemplary embodiment, a laser beam (wavelength λ 0 ) is emitted upward (upward in the drawing) apart from the substrate  10   a  in the direction opposite to that in the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 4 . Like in the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 4 , stray light due to a laser beam transmitted through the tile-shaped microelement  1   b  can be significantly decreased, and noise due to feedback light can be decreased. 
     (Exemplary Method of Manufacturing the Tile-Shaped Microelement) 
     A description is provided below of the method of manufacturing the tile-shaped microelement and the semiconductor device. 
     In the manufacturing method, a description is provided of a case in which a compound semiconductor device (compound semiconductor element) formed as the tile-shaped microelement is bonded to a silicon LSI chip used as a substrate. However, the present invention can be applied to any type of semiconductor device and any type of LSI chip. In this exemplary embodiment, the “semiconductor substrate” means a substrate including a semiconductor material. However, the “semiconductor substrate” is not limited to a plate-shaped substrate, and includes any substrate including a semiconductor material regardless of the shape. 
     &lt;First Step&gt; 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic sectional view showing the first step of the manufacturing method. In  FIG. 6 , a substrate  110  is a semiconductor substrate, for example, a gallium arsenide compound semiconductor substrate. A sacrificial layer  111  is provided as a bottom layer on the substrate  110 . The sacrificial layer  111  includes aluminum arsenide (AlAs) and has a thickness of, for example, several hundreds nm. 
     For example, a functional layer  112  is provided on the sacrificial layer  111 . The thickness of the functional layer  112  is, for example, about 1 μm to 10 (20) μm. Furthermore, semiconductor devices (semiconductor elements)  113  are formed on the functional layer  112 . As the semiconductor devices  113 , for example, light emitting diodes (LED), surface emitting lasers (VCSEL), photodiodes (PD), high electron mobility transistors (HEMT), hetero bipolar transistors (HBT), or the like can be formed. Any one of these semiconductor devices  113  is formed by laminating a plurality of epitaxial layers on the substrate  110 . Each of the semiconductor devices  113  further comprises an electrode, and is subjected to an operating test. 
     &lt;Second Step&gt; 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic sectional view showing the second step of the manufacturing method. In this step, separation grooves  121  are formed to separate the respective semiconductor devices  113 . The separation grooves  112  have a depth reaching at least the sacrificial layer  111 . For example, the width and depth of the separation grooves  121  are 10 μm to several hundreds pm. The separation grooves  121  are connected to each other without dead ends so that the selective etching solution described below flows through the separation grooves  121 . Furthermore, the separation grooves  121  are preferably formed in a grid-like shape. 
     The interval of the separation grooves  121  is several tens μm to several hundreds μm, and thus the size of each of the semiconductor devices  113  separated by the separation grooves  121  has an area of several tens μm to several hundreds μm square. The separation grooves  121  are formed by a method including photolithography and wet etching, or a dry etching method. The separation grooves  121  may be formed in U-shaped grooves by dicing in a range causing no crack in the substrate. 
     &lt;Third Step&gt; 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic sectional view showing the third step of the manufacturing method. In this step, an intermediate transfer film  131  is bonded to the surface (the semiconductor device  113  side) of the substrate  110 . The intermediate transfer film  131  is a flexible strip-shaped film having a surface coated with an adhesive. 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic sectional view showing the fourth step of the manufacturing method. In this step, a selective etching solution  141  is injected into the separation grooves  121 . In this step, low concentration hydrochloric acid having high selectivity to aluminum arsenide is used as the selective etching solution  141  to selectively etch only the sacrificial layer  111 . 
     &lt;Fifth Step&gt; 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic sectional view showing the fifth step of the manufacturing method. In this step, the sacrificial layer  111  is entirely removed by selective etching after the passage of a predetermined time from the injection of the selective etching solution  141  into the separation grooves  121  in the fourth step. 
     &lt;Sixth Step&gt; 
       FIG. 11  is a schematic sectional view showing the sixth step of the manufacturing method. After the sacrificial layer  111  is entirely etched out in the fifth step, the functional layer  112  is separated from the substrate  110 . 
     In the sixth step, the intermediate transfer film  131  is separated from the substrate  110  to separate the functional film  112  bonded to the intermediate transfer film  131  from the substrate  110 . 
     As a result, the functional film  112  having the semiconductor devices  113  formed thereon is divided into predetermined shapes (for example, micro tile shapes) by the separation grooves  121  and etching of the sacrificial layer  111  to form semiconductor elements (the “tile-shaped microelements” of each of the above embodiments), the functional film  112  being adhered to the intermediate transfer film  131 . In this step, the thickness of the functional layer  112  is preferably, for example, 1 μm to 8 μm, and the size (width and length) is preferably, for example, several tens μm to several hundreds μm. 
     &lt;Seventh Step&gt; 
       FIG. 12  is a schematic sectional view showing the seventh step of the manufacturing method. In this step, the intermediate transfer film  131  having the tile-shaped microelements  161  bonded thereto is moved to align each of the tile-shaped microelements  161  with a desired position of a final substrate  171  (the substrate  10  or  10   a ). The final substrate  171  includes, for example, a silicon semiconductor, and a LSI region  172  is formed on the final substrate  171 . Also, an adhesive  173  is coated on the desired position of the final substrate  171 , to bond the tile-shaped microelement  161 . 
     &lt;Eighth Step&gt; 
       FIG. 13  is a schematic sectional view showing the eighth step of the manufacturing method. In this step, the tile-shaped microelement  161  aligned with the desired position of the final substrate  171  is pressed by a collet  181  with the intermediate transfer film  131  provided therebetween, and is joined to the final substrate  171 . Since the desired position is coated with the adhesive  173 , the tile-shaped microelement  161  is bonded to the desired position of the final substrate  171 . 
     &lt;Ninth Step&gt; 
       FIG. 14  is a schematic sectional view showing the ninth step of the manufacturing method. In this step, the adhesive force of the intermediate transfer film  131  is lost to separate the intermediate transfer film  131  from the tile-shaped microelement  161 . 
     The adhesive of the intermediate transfer film  131  is preferably UV curable or heat curable. With the UV curable adhesive, the collet  181  including a transparent material is used, and an ultraviolet ray (UV) is applied to the end of the collet  181  to lose the adhesive force of the intermediate transfer film  131 . With the heat curable adhesive, the collet  181  may be heated. Alternatively, the entire surface of the intermediate transfer film  131  may be irradiated with an ultraviolet ray to lose the adhesive force of the entire surface after the sixth step. Although the adhesive force is lost, adhesion actually slightly remains so that the tile-shaped microelement  161  is held on the intermediate transfer film  131  because the tile-shaped microelement  161  is thin and lightweight. 
     &lt;Tenth Step&gt; 
     This step is not shown in a drawing. In this step, the tile-shaped microelement  161  is finally bonded to the final substrate  171  by heating or the like. 
     &lt;Eleventh Step&gt; 
       FIG. 15  is a schematic sectional view showing the eleventh step of the manufacturing method. In this step, the electrode of the tile-shaped microelement  161  is electrically connected to the circuit  172  formed on the final substrate  171  through wiring  191  to complete a semiconductor device, such as an LSI chip. As the final substrate  171 , a glass quartz substrate or plastic film as well as the silicon semiconductor may be used. 
     &lt;Twelfth Step&gt; 
     In this step, a resin material or inorganic material film is formed on the tile-shaped microelement  161  formed on the final substrate  171  in the step shown in  FIG. 15  to form a functional film covering at least a portion of the tile-shaped microelement  161 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The properties and shape of the functional film are appropriately selected according to the semiconductor element (semiconductor device) provided in the tile-shaped microelement  161 . 
     When the tile-shaped microelements are superposed, the steps from the first step to the twelfth step are repeated. By performing these steps, a plurality of tile-shaped microelements can be simply and rapidly superposed on a predetermined substrate. 
     (Application) 
     Examples of application of the semiconductor device of the present invention are described below. 
     In a first example of application, the semiconductor device of the second exemplary embodiment is used as an optoelectronics integrated circuit. Namely, like in the second exemplary embodiment, a light emitting element (surface emitting laser) and a light receiving element (photodiode) are superposed, and an APC circuit is also provided to form an integrated circuit comprising an optical output device. A plurality of light emitting elements having different emission wavelengths may be superposed to form an integrated circuit including an emission means (output device). Alternatively, a plurality of light receiving elements selectively detecting lights at different wavelengths may be superposed to form an integrated circuit including a receiving device (input device). 
     By using any of these integrated circuits, for example, a computer is formed. Although an electric signal is used for signal processing in the integrated circuit constituting a CPU, an optical input/output device is used in a bus to transmit data between the CPU and a storage device. 
     In this example of application, the signal transfer speed of the bus, which is a bottleneck of the processing speed of the computer, can be significantly increased, as compared with a related art computer. 
     In this example of application, the tile-shaped microelements are superposed, and thus the computer can be significantly miniaturized. 
     In this example of application, when a surface emitting laser with an APC circuit is used for the input/output device constituting the bus, a high-performance state can be stably maintained over a long period of time. 
     In a second example of application, instead of a thin film transistor (TFT) generally used as a driving transistor, a resistor, a capacitor or the like, a silicon transistor, a resistor or a capacitor formed in the tile-shaped microelement is used for each pixel of an electro-optic device, such as a liquid crystal display, a plasma display or an organic EL (Electroluminescence) display to form a semiconductor device. 
     In this example of application, a high-performance switching function can be achieved as compared with the use of the TFT, and an electro-optic device capable of changing display states at a high speed can be provided. 
     (Exemplary Electronic Apparatus) 
     Examples of an electronic apparatus including the semiconductor device and electro-optic device of any one of the exemplary embodiments are described below. 
       FIG. 16  is a perspective view showing an example of a cellular phone. In  FIG. 16 , reference numeral  1000  denotes a cellular phone body including the semiconductor device, and reference numeral  1001  denotes a display section comprising the electro-optic device. 
       FIG. 17  is a perspective view showing an example of a wristwatch-type electronic apparatus. In  FIG. 17 , reference numeral  1100  denotes a watch body including the semiconductor device, and reference numeral  1101  denotes a display section including the electro-optic device. 
       FIG. 18  is a perspective view showing an example of portable information processors, such as a word processor, a personal computer, and the like. In  FIG. 18 , reference numeral  1200  denotes an information processor, reference numeral  1202  denotes an input section such as a key board or the like, reference numeral  1204  denotes an information processor body including the semiconductor device, and reference numeral  1206  denotes a display section including the electro-optic device. 
     Each of the electronic apparatuses shown in  FIGS. 16 to 18  includes the semiconductor device and the electro-optic device of any one of the exemplary embodiments, and thus an electronic apparatus including a display section having high display quality, particularly a bright screen with high responsiveness, can be realized. By using the semiconductor device of any of the exemplary embodiments, an electronic apparatus can be miniaturized as compared with a related art apparatus. Furthermore, by using the semiconductor device of any of the exemplary embodiments, the manufacturing cost can be decreased as compared with a related art apparatus. 
     The present invention is not limited to the above-described exemplary embodiments, and various changes can be made within the scope of the gist of the present invention. For example, the materials and layer structures of the above embodiments are only examples, and a proper change can be made. 
     In the exemplary embodiments, a semiconductor device includes a plurality of superposed tile-shaped microelements having different functions. However, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments, and the tile-shaped microelements may be separately disposed on a substrate. 
     [Advantages] 
     As described above, in the present invention, an insulating functional film is provided to cover at least a portion of a tile-shaped microelement. Therefore, for example, when the functional film is given a barrier property against oxygen and moisture, deterioration in the element function can be reduced or suppressed to increase the lifetime of the element, thereby enhancing reliability.