Patent Publication Number: US-8987275-B2

Title: Indazole compounds and their uses

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a §371 filing based on International Application No. PCT/US2011/025423, filed Feb. 18, 2011, which claims the benefit of priority to Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/314,402 filed on Mar. 16, 2010. The contents of these patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     This invention was made with government support under Grant #0744413 awarded by the National Science Foundation and under R01 grant awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The United States Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     According to data collected by the American Cancer Society, more than 1.43 million people in the United States were diagnosed with cancer in 2008. Although earlier diagnoses and improved treatments have allowed for modest increases in five-year survival rates, the overall mortality rate per 100,000 people has gone down only 5 percent since 1950 due to the increased incidence of several types of cancer over the same period (SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2004, NCI “55-Year Trends in U.S. Cancer Death Rates”). 
     Research directed toward the mechanisms by which cancer cells proliferate and survive has implicated the deregulation of protein kinases. Therefore, methods of modulating or inhibiting kinase activity, including the use of small molecule agents, represent a promising direction in oncology drug development. 
     Thus, there remains a need for compounds that inhibit the activity of one or more protein kinases, as they can be expected to be useful in the treatment of cancer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or disorders associated with abnormal or deregulated kinase activity, particularly diseases or disorders that involve abnormal activation of the Abl, BCR-Abl, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK, Src or PDGFR kinases. Such diseases include, for example, cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia. 
     Thus, in one aspect provided herein is a compound of Formula I. In one embodiment, Formula I is represented as Formula II. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula I. The cancer can be selected from the group consisting of adenocarcinoma, multiple myeloma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, hematologic tumors, hematologic malignancies, childhood leukemia, childhood lymphomas, Hodgkin&#39;s disease, lymphomas of lymphocytic origin, lymphomas of cutaneous origin, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, plasma cell neoplasm, lymphoid neoplasm and cancers associated with AIDS. In another embodiment, the cancer is pancreatic cancer or non-small cell lung cancer. In still another embodiment, the cancer is gastrointestinal stromal tumor or chronic myelogenous leukemia. The cancer can be resistant to treatment with Gleevec or Imatinib, wherein treatment-resistance can be due to one or more point-mutations in an Abl kinase, a BCR-Abl kinase domain, a c-kit kinase, a EML4-ALK kinase, a TEL-ALK kinase, an Src kinase or a PDGFR kinase. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer in a subject. 
     In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting the activity of a kinase, comprising utilizing a compound of Formula I. In one embodiment, the kinase is selected from Abl, Abl (T315I), BCR-Abl, ALK, BLK, CDK5, CDK2, CDK3, CDK7, CDK8, CSF1R, EML4-ALK, FAK, FER, FLT1, FLT3, FLT4, HIPK4, JNK2, KDR, kit, LCK, p38, RET, RIPK1, SLK, TEL-ALK, TIE1, TNK1, TTK or Src comprising utilizing a compound of Formula I. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting the activity of Abl kinase, BCR-Abl kinase, c-kit kinase, EML4-ALK kinase, TEL-ALK kinase, PDGFRA or PDGFRB kinase, or Src kinase comprising utilizing a compound of Formula I. In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method of treating a disease in a subject, wherein the disease etiology or progression is at least partially mediated by the activity of Abl kinase, BCR-Abl kinase, c-kit kinase, Src kinase, EML4-ALK kinase, TEL-ALK kinase or PDGFR kinase, comprising administering to the subject a compound of Formula I. In still another embodiment, provided herein is a method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically effective amount of an additional anti-cancer agent. The additional anti-cancer agent can be imatinib or nilotinib. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds of the Invention 
     This invention is directed toward compounds, intermediates thereto and derivatives thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds for use in treatment of protein kinase-associated disorders. The compounds of the invention or compositions thereof are useful as inhibitors of the kinase enzymes c-Abl, c-kit, BCR-Abl, PDGFR, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK, Src and combinations thereof. Furthermore, the compounds of the invention or compositions thereof can be used in the treatment of cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia. The present invention is also directed to methods of inhibiting protein kinase activity in cells, or for treating, preventing or ameliorating one or more symptoms of cancer using the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions, in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent. 
     In one aspect, the invention provides compounds of the Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, or racemates thereof, wherein
         X is NR, O, S or a bond;
           wherein R is selected from H and C 1-6  alkyl;   
           R 1a  and R 1b  are optionally, independently selected from H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C(O)—C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl and C(O)-phenyl,
           wherein C 1 - 6  alkyl, C(O)—C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl and C(O)-phenyl can be independently substituted one or more times with heterocyclyl, or heterocyclyl-C 11 - 6  alkyl;   
           R A  is selected from H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 1 - 6  alkoxy and QR 5 , provided that at least one instance of R A  is QR 5 ;
           wherein Q is selected from —C(O)—, —C(O)N(H)—, —NHC(O)— and —N(H)C(O)N(H)—;   R 5  is selected from C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl, C 3 - 6  cycloheteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  alkyloxy, heterocyclyl, or a phenyl ring;
               wherein the C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl, C 3 - 6  cycloheteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  alkyloxy, heterocyclyl, or phenyl ring is optionally, independently substituted one or more times with: C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 2 - 6  alkenyl, C 1 - 6  heteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  monohaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  dihaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C 1 - 6  alkyl, or C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl; and   
               
           n is selected from 1-5.       

     In one embodiment of Formula I,
         X is NR, O, S or a bond;
           wherein R is selected from H and C 1-6  alkyl;   
           R 1a  and R 1b  are optionally, independently selected from H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C(O)—C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl and C(O)-phenyl,
           wherein C 1 - 6  alkyl, C(O)—C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl and C(O)-phenyl can be independently substituted one or more times with heterocyclyl, or heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl;   
           R A  is selected from H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 1 - 6  alkoxy and QR 5 , provided that at least one instance of R A  is QR 5 ;
           wherein Q is selected from —C(O)N(H)—, —NHC(O)— and —N(H)C(O)N(H)—;   R 5  is a phenyl ring that is optionally, independently substituted one or more times with: C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 2 - 6  alkenyl, C 1 - 6  heteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  monohaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  dihaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C 1 -6 alkyl, or C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl; and   
           n is selected from 1-5.       

     In one embodiment, Formula I is represented as Formula II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, or racemates thereof, wherein:
         X is NR, O, S or a bond,
           wherein R is selected from H and C 1-6  alkyl;   
           R 1a  and R 1b  are optionally, independently selected from H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C(O)—C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl and C(O)-phenyl;
           wherein the phenyl can be independently substituted one or more times with, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl;   
           R 2  is selected from H and C 1 - 6  alkyl; and   R 3  and R 4  are optionally, independently selected from H and QR 5 , provided that at least one of R 3  and R 4  is QR 5 ;
           wherein Q is selected from —C(O)N(H)—, —NHC(O)— and —N(H)C(O)N(H)—;   R 5  is a phenyl ring that is optionally, independently substituted one or more times with: H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 1 - 6  heteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  monohaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  dihaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C 1 - 6  alkyl, or C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl;
               wherein the heterocyclyl moieties can be substituted or unsubstituted.   
               
               

     In another embodiment of Formula I or II, R 1a  is C(O)-phenyl and the phenyl is unsubstituted. 
     In one embodiment of Formula II, R 2  is selected from H or C 1 - 6  alkyl; R 3  and R 4  are optionally, independently selected from H and QR 5 , provided that at least one of R 3  and R 4  is QR 5 ; wherein Q is selected from —C(O)N(H)—, —NHC(O)— and —N(H)C(O)N(H)—, and wherein R 5  is phenyl ring that is optionally, independently substituted one or more times with: H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 1 - 6  heteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  monohaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  dihaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C 1 - 6  alkyl, or C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl moieties can be substituted or unsubstituted. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 5  is: 
                         
wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8  and R 9  are each, independently H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C 1 - 6  heteroalkyl, C 1 - 6  monohaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  dihaloalkyl, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C 1 - 6  alkyl, or C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl.
 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 2  is H or C 1 - 6  alkyl. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 3  is H or QR 5 . 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 4  is H or QR 5 . 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 6  is H. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 7  is H, C 1 - 6  haloalkyl, or heteroaryl-C 1 - 6  alkyl. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 8  is H or C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 9  is H, C 1 - 6  haloalkyl, or heteroaryl-C 1 - 6  alkyl. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, X is NR, O, S or a bond, wherein R is selected from H and C 1-6  alkyl; R 1a  and R 1b  are optionally, independently selected from H, C 1 - 6  alkyl, C(O)—C 3 - 6  cycloalkyl, C(O)-phenyl and C(O)-phenyl-piperazinyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl; R 2  is H or C 1 - 6  alkyl; R 3  is H or QR 5 ; R 4  is H or QR 5 ; wherein R 5  is: 
                         
wherein R 6  is H; R 7  is selected from H, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, and heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl; R 8  is selected from H and C 1 - 6  alkyl-heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl; and R 9  is selected from H, C 1 - 6  trihaloalkyl, and heterocyclyl-C 1 - 6  alkyl.
 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, X is NR, O, or a bond; R is H; R 1a  is H, CH 3 , C(O)-cyclopropyl, C(O)Ph or C(O)Ph-piperazinyl-CH 3 ; R 1b  is H; R 2  is H or CH 3 ; R 3  is H or C(O)N(H)—R 5 ; R 4  is H or QR 5 ; wherein R 5  is: 
                         
wherein R 6  is H; R 7  is selected from H, CF 3 , and imidazolyl-CH 3 ; R 8  is selected from H, —CH 2 -piperazinyl-CH 3  and —CH 2 -piperazinyl-CH 2 CH 3 ; and R 9  is selected from H, CF 3 , and imidazolyl-CH 3 .
 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 8  and R 9  are each, independently H, CF 3 , 1-ethyl-4-methylpiperazinyl or 4-methyl-1H-imidazolyl, 
                         
respectively.
 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, X is NR. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, X is O. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, X is S. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, X is a bond. 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 1a  is selected from H and C(O)-cyclopropyl; R 1b  is H; R 2  is selected from H and C 1-6  alkyl; R 3  and R 4  are each, independently H or QR 5 ; provided that one of R 3  and R 4  is H and the other is QR 5 ; wherein R 5  is: 
                         
wherein R 6  is H; R 7  is CF 3 ; R 8  is selected from H and 1-ethyl-4-methylpiperazinyl; R 9  is selected from H and 4-methyl-1H-imidazolyl.
 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 1a  is C(O)-cyclopropyl; R 1b  is H; R 2  is H; R 3  and R 4  are each, independently H or QR 5 , provided that one of R 3  and R 4  is H and the other is QR 5 ; wherein R 5  is: 
                         
wherein R 6  is H; R 7  is CF 3 ; R 8  is H or 1-ethyl-4-methylpiperazinyl; R 9  is H or 4-methyl-1H-imidazolyl.
 
     In another embodiment of Formula II, R 4  is C(O)N(H)—R 5 ; wherein R 5  is: 
                         
wherein R 8  is 1-ethyl-4-methylpiperazinyl and R 9  is H; or R 4  is C(O)N(H)—R 5 ; wherein R 5  is:
 
                         
wherein R 8  is H and R 9  is 4-methyl-1H-imidazolyl; or R 4  is N(H)C(O)—R 5 ; wherein R 5  is:
 
                         
wherein R 8  is 1-ethyl-4-methylpiperazinyl and R 9  is H.
 
     In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I or II is selected from the compounds listed in Table A. 
     Preferred embodiments of Formula I (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, atropisomers or racemates thereof) are shown below in Table A and are also considered to be “compounds of the invention.” The compounds of the invention are also referred to herein as “protein kinase inhibitors.” 
                             TABLE A                       Physical Data       Compound         1 H NMR 600 MHz and/or MS       Number   Structure   (m/z)                                            1                           1 H NMR 600 MHz (CD 3 OD) δ 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.97 (t, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.63 (t, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.04 (s, 2H), 0.94 (m, 2H), MS m/z: 465.15 (M + 1).               2                           1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 11.52 (s, 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, 8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (m, 2H), 7.76 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.28 (dd, 8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (q, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 2.86 (d, 4.8 Hz, 3H), 2.3-2.5 (m, 10H), 0.97 (t, 7.2 Hz, 3H). MS m/z: 537.25 (M + 1).               3                         MS m/z: 627.26 (M + 1).               4                         MS m/z: 591.26 (M + 1).               6                         MS m/z: 545.18 (M + 1).               7                         MS m/z: 434 (M + 1).               8                         MS m/z: 458 (M + 1).               9                         MS m/z: 523 (M + 1).               10                         MS m/z: 361 (M + 1).               11                         MS m/z: 351 (M + 1).               12                         MS m/z: 335 (M + 1).               13                         MS m/z: 605 (M + 1).               14                         MS m/z: 537 (M + 1).               15                         MS m/z: 479 (M + 1).               16                         MS m/z: 559 (M + 1).               17                         MS m/z: 523.23 (M + 1).               18                         MS m/z: 491.17 (M + 1).               19                         MS m/z: 591.26 (M + 1).               20                         MS m/z: 523.23 (M + 1).               21                         MS m/z: 606.27 (M + 1).               22                         MS m/z: 361.16 (M + 1).               23                         MS m/z: 591.26 (M + 1).               24                         MS m/z: 606.27 (M + 1).               25                         MS m/z: 494 (M + 1).               26                         MS m/z: 622 (M + 1).               27                         MS m/z: 484 (M + 1).               28                         MS m/z: 599 (M + 1).                    
Methods of Treatment
 
     Compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of protein kinase-associated disorders. 
     As used herein, the term “protein kinase-associated disorder” includes disorders and states (e.g., a disease state) that are associated with the activity of a protein kinase. Non-limiting examples of protein kinase-associated disorders include abnormal cell proliferation, including protein kinase-associated cancers, viral infections, fungal infections, autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. 
     Non-limiting examples of protein-kinase associated disorders include proliferative diseases, such as viral infections, auto-immune diseases, fungal disease, cancer, psoriasis, vascular smooth cell proliferation associated with atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis glomerulonephritis, chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and post-surgical stenosis and restenosis. Protein kinase-associated disorders also include diseases related to abnormal cell proliferation, including, but not limited to, cancers of the head and neck, breast, ovary, cervix, prostate, testis, esophagus, stomach, skin, lung, bone, colon, pancreas, thyroid, biliary passages, buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), larynx, lip, tongue, mouth, small intestine, colon-rectum, large intestine, rectum, prostate, brain and central nervous system, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin&#39;s, hairy cells, and leukemia. 
     Protein kinase-associated disorders also include diseases associated with apoptosis, including, but not limited to, cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. 
     Examples of protein kinase-associated cancers include carcinomas, hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, tumors of mesenchymal origin, tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, melanoma, seminoma, teratocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, xenoderoma pigmentosum, keratoctanthoma, thyroid follicular cancer and Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma. 
     Additional, non-limiting examples of protein-kinase associated disorders include tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Non-limiting examples of protein-kinase associated disorders also include vascular smooth muscle proliferation associated with atherosclerosis, postsurgical vascular stenosis and restenosis, and endometriosis. 
     Non-limiting examples of protein-kinase associated disorders include viral infections in a patient in need thereof, wherein the viral infections include, but are not limited to, HIV, human papilloma virus, herpes virus, poxyirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Sindbis virus and adenovirus. 
     Further non-limiting examples of protein-kinase associated disorders include those associated with infectious agents, including yeast, fungi, protozoan parasites such as  Plasitiodium falciparum , and DNA and RNA viruses. 
     Compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of cancer, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, hematologic tumors, hematologic malignancies, childhood leukemia, childhood lymphomas, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin&#39;s disease, lymphomas of lymphocytic origin, lymphomas of cutaneous origin, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, plasma cell neoplasm, lymphoid neoplasm and cancers associated with AIDS. 
     In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention are used for modulating the activity of a protein kinase, including, but not limited to, protein kinases selected from the group consisting of Abl, ATK, BCR-Abl, Blk, Brk, Btk, BRAF, c-fms, e-kit, c-met, c-src, CDK, cRafl, CSFIR, CSK, EGFR, EML4-ALK, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, ERK, DDR-1, Fak, fes, FGFRI, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR5, Fgr, FLK-4, flt-1, flt-3, flt-4, Fps, Frk, Fyn, GSK, Gst-Flkl, Hck, Her-2, Her-4, HIPK-1, IGF-IR, INS-R, Jak, JNK, KDR, Lck, LOK, Lyn, MEK, p38, panHER, PDGFR, PLK, PKC, PYK2, Raf, Rho, ros, SRC, TEL-ALK, TRK, TYK2, UL97, VEGFR, Yes, Zap70, Aurora-A, GSK3-alpha, HIPK1, HIPK2, HIP3, 1RAK1, JNK1, JNK2, JNK3, TRKB, CAMKII, CK1, CK2, RAF, GSK3Beta, MAPK1, MKK4, MKK7, MST2, NEK2, AAK1, PKCalpha, PKD, RET, RIPK2, ROCK-II, and TIE2 
     As used herein, the term “modulating” or “modulation” refers to the alteration of the catalytic activity of a protein kinase. In particular, modulating refers to the activation of the catalytic activity of a protein kinase, preferably the activation or inhibition of the catalytic activity of a protein kinase, depending on the concentration of the compound or salt to which the protein kinase is exposed or, more preferably, the inhibition of the catalytic activity of a protein kinase. The term “catalytic activity” as used herein refers to the rate of phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine or threonine under the influence, direct or indirect, of a protein kinase. 
     The three main classes that pharmacological inhibitors of kinase activity are categorized by are (1) Type I, or “DFG-in” ATP competitive inhibitors, which directly compete with ATP in the ATP binding site (i.e. dual Src, ABL inhibitor dasatinib, (2) Type II, or “DFG-out” ATP competitive inhibitors, which, in addition to binding the ATP binding site also engage an adjacent hydrophobic binding site that is only accessible when the kinase is in an inactivated configuration (i.e. the activation loop is oriented in a conformation that would block substrate binding) (i.e. imatinib, nilotinib), and (3) non-ATP competitive inhibitors that binds at sites outside the ATP binding site that affect the activity of the kinase (i.e. GNF-2). 
     Second generation Abl inhibitors, such as dasatinib, and nilotinib, are highly active against imatinib-resistant leukemia. Both agents are significantly more potent against Bcr-Abl than imatinib, and are active against many imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl mutants. However, neither agent is able to override imatinib resistance due to the mutation of a threonine to an isoleucine at residue 315 (T315I, the “gatekeeper” position). This highly prevalent and highly imatinib-resistant mutation is centrally located in the nucleotide binding cleft of Abl. Both dasatinib and nilotinib make a hydrogen bonding interaction to the side-chain hydroxyl group of T315, which is resistant to these compounds due to direct steric intrusion of the isobutyl side chain and a loss in the middle of the ATP-cleft of a hydrogen-bonding interaction. 
     In addition to BCR-Abl T315I, other gatekeeper residues that play an integral role in imatinib-resistant disease include c-kit-T670I, which is associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor characterized by early metastasis and shorter progression-free survival; this mutation substantially modifies the binding pocket of c-Kit, and occurs only under the selective pressure of imatinib therapy, PDGFRA-T674M/I, which is found in the FIP1LI-PDGFRA kinase domain and gives rise to imatinib resistance in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), and PDGFRB-T681M/I. 
     The compounds of the invention are type II class kinase inhibitors that traverse the gatekeeper position in a manner that accommodates amino acid side chains of a variety of sizes. 
     The above-listed protein kinases may exhibit one or more point mutations, including, but not limited to mutations of the hinge region, mutations of the P-loop, and mutations of the A-loop. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the protein kinase is selected from the group consisting of mutated or non-mutated Abl, mutated or non-mutated c-kit, mutated or non-mutated BCR-Abl, mutated or non-mutated PDGFR, mutated or non-mutated Src and any combination thereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the protein kinase is selected from the group consisting of mutated or non-mutated c-kit, mutated or non-mutated BCR-Abl, mutated or non-mutated PDGFR, mutated or non-mutated Src, mutated or non-mutated TEL-ALK and mutated or non-mutated EML4-ALK. 
     In one embodiment, a compound of the present invention is characterized as an inhibitor of a combination of protein kinases, e.g., BCR-Abl and/or c-kit and/or PDGFR. 
     In certain embodiments, a compound of the present invention is used for protein kinase-associated diseases, and/or as an inhibitor of any one or more protein kinases. It is envisioned that a use can involve the inhibition one or more isoforms of the protein kinase. 
     The efficacy of therapeutic kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib is typically correlated with their affinity toward one or more kinase targets that are associated with a particular disease state. Point-mutations, which can occur naturally or under the selective pressure of chemotherapy, can decrease the affinity of the chemotherapeutic for its kinase target, thereby conferring resistance to these therapies. 
     The compounds of the invention are also inhibitors of mutated or non-mutated forms of the kinase enzymes Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit PDGFR, EML4-ALK, 1EL-ALK or Src, which are implicated in certain disease states related to cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia. BCR-Abl activates a number of cell cycle-controlling proteins and enzymes, speeding up cell division and inhibiting DNA repair, thus resulting in genomic instability and, potentially, blast crisis in CML. Aberrant activation of c-kit is observed in most gastrointestinal stromal tumors, while the effects of PDGFR include cell proliferation and angiogenesis. 
     Without being bound by theory, it is believed that inhibition of the kinase enzymes Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, PDGFR, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and Src will promote apoptosis, inhibit cancer cell proliferation and inhibit tumor growth. 
     The present invention also includes treatment of one or more symptoms of cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia, as well as protein kinase-associated disorders such as those described above, but the invention is not intended to be limited to the manner by which the compound performs its intended function of treatment of a disease. The present invention includes treatment of diseases described herein in any manner that allows treatment to occur. 
     In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention are used alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, e.g. imatinib, nilotinib or dasatinib. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of any of the compounds of the present invention. In a related embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of any of the compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In certain embodiments, the invention includes the compounds as novel chemical entities. 
     In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting the activity of a protein kinase. The method includes contacting a cell with any of the compounds of the present invention. In a related embodiment, the method further provides that the compound is present in an amount effective to selectively inhibit the activity of a protein kinase. 
     Additionally, a method of the invention includes administering to a subject an effective amount of a protein kinase-modulating compound of the invention, e.g., protein kinase-modulating compounds of Formula I, as well as Table A (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, atropisomers or racemates thereof). 
     In other embodiments, the present invention provides a use of any of the compounds of the invention for manufacture of a medicament to treat cancer. 
     In other embodiments, the invention provides a method of manufacture of a medicament, including formulating any of the compounds of the present invention for treatment of a subject. 
     One embodiment provided herein is a method of treating pancreatic cancer, comprising administering compound 6 to a subject in need thereof, such that the pancreatic cancer is treated. 
     Another embodiment provided herein is a method of treating non-small cell lung cancer, comprising administering compound 6 to a subject in need thereof, such that the non-small cell lung cancer is treated. 
     In yet another embodiment provided herein is a method of treating gastrointestinal stromal tumor, comprising administering compound 6 to a subject in need thereof, such that the gastrointestinal stromal tumor is treated. 
     In still another embodiment embodiment provided herein is a method of treating chronic myelogenous leukemia, comprising administering compound 6 to a subject in need thereof, such that the chronic myelogenous leukemia is treated. 
     One other embodiment provided herein is a method of treating pancreatic cancer, comprising administering compound 19 to a subject in need thereof, such that the pancreatic cancer is treated. 
     Another embodiment provided herein is a method of treating non-small cell lung cancer, comprising administering compound 19 to a subject in need thereof, such that the non-small cell lung cancer is treated. 
     In yet another embodiment provided herein is a method of treating gastrointestinal stromal tumor, comprising administering compound 19 to a subject in need thereof, such that the gastrointestinal stromal tumor is treated. 
     In still another embodiment embodiment provided herein is a method of treating chronic myelogenous leukemia, comprising administering compound 19 to a subject in need thereof, such that the chronic myelogenous leukemia is treated. 
     One embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 6 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in a subject in need thereof. 
     In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 6 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in a subject in need thereof. 
     In yet another embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 6 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a subject in need thereof. 
     In still another embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 6 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a subject in need thereof. 
     One other embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 19 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in a subject in need thereof. 
     In another embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 19 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in a subject in need thereof. 
     In yet another embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 19 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a subject in need thereof. 
     In still another embodiment, provided herein is the use of compound 19 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a subject in need thereof. 
     Definitions 
     The term “treat,” “treated,” “treating” or “treatment” includes the diminishment or alleviation of at least one symptom associated or caused by the state, disorder or disease being treated. In certain embodiments, the treatment comprises the induction of a protein kinase-associated disorder, followed by the activation of the compound of the invention, which would in turn diminish or alleviate at least one symptom associated or caused by the protein kinase-associated disorder being treated. For example, treatment can be diminishment of one or several symptoms of a disorder or complete eradication of a disorder. 
     The term “use” includes any one or more of the following embodiments of the invention, respectively: the use in the treatment of protein kinase-associated disorders; the use for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of these diseases, e.g., in the manufacture of a medicament; methods of use of compounds of the invention in the treatment of these diseases; pharmaceutical preparations having compounds of the invention for the treatment of these diseases; and compounds of the invention for use in the treatment of these diseases; as appropriate and expedient, if not stated otherwise. In particular, diseases to be treated and are thus preferred for use of a compound of the present invention are selected from cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia, or inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, and HIV infection, as well as those diseases that depend on the activity of protein kinases. The term “use” further includes embodiments of compositions herein that bind to a protein kinase sufficiently to serve as tracers or labels, so that when coupled to a fluor or tag, or made radioactive, can be used as a research reagent or as a diagnostic or an imaging agent. 
     The term “subject” is intended to include organisms, e.g., prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are capable of suffering from or afflicted with a disease, disorder or condition associated with the activity of a protein kinase. Examples of subjects include mammals, e.g., humans, dogs, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, mice, rabbits, rats, and transgenic non-human animals. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human, e.g., a human suffering from, at risk of suffering from, or potentially capable of suffering from cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia, or inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, and HIV infection, and other diseases or conditions described herein (e.g., a protein kinase-associated disorder). In another embodiment, the subject is a cell. 
     The language “protein kinase-modulating compound,” “modulator of protein kinase” or “protein kinase inhibitor” refers to compounds that modulate, e.g., inhibit, or otherwise alter, the activity of a protein kinase. Examples of protein kinase-modulating compounds include compounds of the invention, i.e., Formula I, as well as the compounds of Table A (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, atropisomers or racemates thereof). 
     As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a fully saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon moiety. Preferably the alkyl comprises 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like. Furthermore, the expression “C x -C y -alkyl”, wherein x is 1-5 and y is 2-10 indicates a particular alkyl group (straight- or branched-chain) of a particular range of carbons. For example, the expression C 1 -C 4 -alkyl includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and isobutyl. 
     The term “alkenyl,” alone or in combination refers to a straight-chain, cyclic or branched hydrocarbon residue comprising at least one olefinic bond and the indicated number of carbon atoms. Preferred alkenyl groups have up to 8, preferably up to 6, particularly preferred up to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 1-cyclopentenyl. 
     The term “alkynyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length to the alkyls described above, but which contain at least one triple bond. For example, the term “alkynyl” includes straight-chain alkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, etc.), branched-chain alkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups. The term alkynyl further includes alkynyl groups that include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkynyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 2 -C 6  for straight chain, C 3 -C 6  for branched chain). The term C 2 -C 6  includes alkynyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 
     As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to saturated or unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-12 carbon atoms, preferably 3-9, or 3-7 carbon atoms. Exemplary monocyclic hydrocarbon groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl and the like. Exemplary bicyclic hydrocarbon groups include bornyl, indyl, hexahydroindyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl and the like. Exemplary tricyclic hydrocarbon groups include adamantyl and the like. 
     The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 3 rings and 4 to 8 carbons per ring. Exemplary groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl. The term “cycloalkenyl” also includes bicyclic and tricyclic groups in which at least one of the rings is a partially unsaturated, carbon-containing ring and the second or third ring may be carbocyclic or heterocyclic, provided that the point of attachment is to the cycloalkenyl group. 
     “Alkoxy” refers to those alkyl groups, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom. Alkoxy groups with 1-8 carbon atoms are preferred. The alkyl portion of an alkoxy may be linear, cyclic, or branched, or a combination thereof. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, cyclopentyloxy, and the like. An alkoxy group can also be represented by the following formula: —OR i , where R i  is the “alkyl portion” of an alkoxy group. 
     The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms, more preferably from one to three heteroatoms, selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroalkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon atom or a heteroatom. 
     The term “alkylcarbonyl” refers to a group having the formula —C(O)—R ii , wherein R ii  is an alkyl group as defined above and wherein the total number of carbon atoms refers to the combined alkyl and carbonyl moieties. An “alkylcarbonyl” group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group (i.e., -alkyl-C(O)—R ii ). 
     The term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a group having the formula —C(O)O—R iii , wherein R iii  is an alkyl group as defined above and wherein the total number of carbon atoms refers to the combined alkyl and carbonyl moieties. An “alkoxycarbonyl” group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl group (i.e., -alkyl-C(O)O—R iii ). 
     The term “heteroalkylcarbonyl” refers to a group having the formula —C(O)R iv , wherein R iv  is a heteroalkyl group as defined above and wherein the total number of carbon atoms refers to the combined alkyl and carbonyl moieties. A “heteroalkylcarbonyl” group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl or heteroalkyl group (i.e., -alkyl-C(O)O—R iv  or -heteroalkyl-C(O)O—R iv ). 
     The term “aryl” includes aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, hydrocarbon ring systems consisting only of hydrogen and carbon and containing from six to nineteen carbon atoms, or six to ten carbon atoms, where the ring systems may be partially saturated. Aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, anthryl, naphthyl and phenanthryl. Aryl groups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclic rings which are not aromatic so as to form a polycycle (e.g., tetralin). 
     The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, represents a stable monocyclic or bicyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include but are not limited to: acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrrazolyl, indolyl, benzotriazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydroquinoline. As with the definition of heterocycle below, “heteroaryl” is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In cases where the heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring or via the heteroatom containing ring, respectively. 
     The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” refers to a five-member to ten-member, fully saturated or partially unsaturated nonaromatic heterocylic groups containing at least one heteroatom such as O, S or N. The most frequent examples are piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl or pirazinyl. Attachment of a heterocyclyl substituent can occur via a carbon atom or via a heteroatom. 
     Moreover, the alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycle groups described above can be “unsubstituted” or “substituted.” The term “substituted” is intended to describe moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more atoms, e.g. C, O or N, of a molecule. Such substituents can independently include, for example, one or more of the following: straight or branched alkyl (preferably C 1 -C 5 ), cycloalkyl (preferably C 3 -C 8 ), alkoxy (preferably C 1- C 6 ), thioalkyl (preferably C 1 -C 6 ), alkenyl (preferably C 2 -C 6 ), alkynyl (preferably C 2- C 6 ), heterocyclic, carbocyclic, aryl (e.g., phenyl), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (e.g., phenyloxyalkyl), arylacetamidoyl, alkylaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbonyl or other such acyl group, heteroarylcarbonyl, or heteroaryl group, (CR′R″) 0-3 NR′R″ (e.g., —NH 2 ), (CR′R″) 0-3 CN (e.g., —CN), —NO 2 , halogen (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I), (CR′R″) 0-3 C(halogen) 3  (e.g., —CF 3 ), (CR′R″) 0-3 CH(halogen) 2 , (CR′R″) 0-3 CH 2 (halogen), (CR′R″) 0-3 CONR′R″, (CR′R″) 0-3 (CNH)NR′R″, (CR′R″) 0-3 S(O) 1-2 NR′R″, (CR′R″) 0-3 CHO, (CR′R″) 0-3 O(CR′R″) 0-3 H, (CR′R″) 0-3 S(O) 0-3 R′ (e.g., —SO 3 H, —OSO 3 H), (CR′R″) 0-3 O(CR′R″) 0-3 H (e.g., —CH 2 OCH 3  and —OCH 3 ), (CR′R″) 0-3 S(CR′R″) 0-3 H (e.g., —SH and —SCH 3 ), (CR′R″) 0-3 OH (e.g., —OH), (CR′R″) 0-3 COR′, (CR′R″) 0-3  (substituted or unsubstituted phenyl), (CR′R″) 0-3 (C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl), (CR′R″) 0-3 CO 2 R′ (e.g., —CO 2 H), or (CR′R″) 0-3 OR′ group, or the side chain of any naturally occurring amino acid; wherein R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen, a C 1 -C 5  alkyl, C 2 -C 5  alkenyl, C 2 -C 5  alkynyl, or aryl group. 
     The term “amine” or “amino” should be understood as being broadly applied to both a molecule, or a moiety or functional group, as generally understood in the art, and may be primary, secondary, or tertiary. The term “amine” or “amino” includes compounds where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon, hydrogen or heteroatom. The terms include, for example, but are not limited to, “alkyl amino,” “arylamino,” “diarylamino,” “alkylarylamino,” “alkylaminoaryl,” “arylaminoalkyl,” “alkaminoalkyl,” “amide,” “amido,” and “aminocarbonyl.” The term “alkyl amino” comprises groups and compounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group. The term “dialkyl amino” includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups. The term “arylamino” and “diarylamino” include groups wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively. The term “alkylarylamino,” “alkylaminoaryl” or “arylaminoalkyl” refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group. The term “alkaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group. 
     The term “amide,” “amido” or “aminocarbonyl” includes compounds or moieties which contain a nitrogen atom which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group. The term includes “alkaminocarbonyl” or “alkylaminocarbonyl” groups which include alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group bound to a carbonyl group. It includes arylaminocarbonyl and arylcarbonylamino groups which include aryl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. The terms “alkylaminocarbonyl,” “alkenylaminocarbonyl,” “alkynylaminocarbonyl,” “arylaminocarbonyl,” “alkylcarbonylamino,” “alkenylcarbonylamino,” “alkynylcarbonylamino,” and “arylcarbonylamino” are included in term “amide.”Amides also include urea groups (aminocarbonylamino) and carbamates (oxycarbonylamino). 
     In a particular embodiment of the invention, the term “amine” or “amino” refers to substituents of the formulas N(R 8 )R 9 , CH 2 N(R 8 )R 9  and CH(CH 3 )N(R 8 )R 9 , wherein R 8  and R 9  are each, independently, selected from the group consisting of H and (C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 0-1 G, wherein G is selected from the group consisting of COOH, H, PO S H, SO 3 H, Br, Cl, F, O—C 1-4 -alkyl, S—C 1-4 -alkyl, aryl, C(O)OC 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C(O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-COOH, C(O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and C(O)-aryl. 
     The description of the disclosure herein should be construed in congruity with the laws and principals of chemical bonding. For example, it may be necessary to remove a hydrogen atom in order accommodate a substitutent at any given location. Furthermore, it is to be understood that definitions of the variables (i.e., “R groups”), as well as the bond locations of the generic formulae of the invention (e.g., Formulas I or II), will be consistent with the laws of chemical bonding known in the art. It is also to be understood that all of the compounds of the invention described above will further include bonds between adjacent atoms and/or hydrogens as required to satisfy the valence of each atom. That is, bonds and/or hydrogen atoms are added to provide the following number of total bonds to each of the following types of atoms: carbon: four bonds; nitrogen: three bonds; oxygen: two bonds; and sulfur: two-six bonds. 
     The compounds of this invention may include asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understood accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., all enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, or racemates) are included within the scope of this invention. Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis. Furthermore, the structures and other compounds and moieties discussed in this application also include all tautomers thereof. Compounds described herein may be obtained through art recognized synthesis strategies. 
     It will also be noted that the substituents of some of the compounds of this invention include isomeric cyclic structures. It is to be understood accordingly that constitutional isomers of particular substituents are included within the scope of this invention, unless indicated otherwise. For example, the term “tetrazole” includes tetrazole, 2H-tetrazole, 3H-tetrazole, 4H-tetrazole and 5H-tetrazole. 
     Isotopes 
     The present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds of Formulas (I) and (II), wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. 
     Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention comprises isotopes of hydrogen, such as  2 H and  3 H, carbon, such as  11 C,  13 C and  14 C, chlorine, such as  36 Cl, fluorine, such as  18 F, iodine, such as  123 I and  125 I, nitrogen, such as  13 N and  15 N, oxygen, such as  15 O,  17 O and  18 O, phosphorus, such as  32 P, and sulphur, such as  35 S. 
     Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of Formulas (I) and (II), for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e.  3 H, and carbon-14, i.e.  14 C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. 
     Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e.  2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. 
     Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as  11 C,  18 F,  15 O and  13 N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. 
     Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formulas (I) and (II) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagents in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed. 
     Combinations 
     The compounds of this invention are also useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents. Such known anti-cancer agents include the following: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and other angiogenesis inhibitors. 
     “Estrogen receptor modulators” refers to compounds, which interfere or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081, toremifene, fulvestrant, 4-[7-(2,2dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phe-nyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone, and SH646. 
     “Androgen receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasteride and other 5α-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, liarozole, and abiraterone acetate. 
     “Retinoid receptor modulators” refers to compounds, which interfere or inhibit the binding of retinoids to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of such retinoid receptor modulators include bexarotene, tretinoin, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, .alpha.-difluoromethylornithine, ILX23-7553, trans-N-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, and N-4-carboxyphenyl retinamide. 
     “Cytotoxic agents” refer to compounds which cause cell death primarily by interfering directly with the cell&#39;s functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell myosis, including alkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, microtubulin inhibitors, and topoisomerase inhibitors. 
     Examples of cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, tirapazimine, sertenef, cachectin, ifosfamide, tasonermin, lonidamine, carboplatin, doxorubicin, altretamine, prednimustine, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, temozolomnide, heptaplatin, estramustine, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfainide, nimustine, dibrospidium chloride, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifosfamide, cis-aminedichloro(2-methyl-pyridine)platinum, benzylguanine, glufosfamide, GPX100, (trans, trans, trans)-bis-mu-(hexane-1,6-diamine)-mu-[diamine-platinum(II)]bis[diamiine(-chloro)platinum (II)]tetrachloride, diarizidinylspermine, arsenic trioxide, 1-(11-dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, zorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, bisantrene, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, pinafide, valrubicin, amrubicin, antineoplaston, 3′-deamino-3′-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycarminomycin, annamycin, galarubicin, elinafide, MEN10755, and 4-demethoxy-3-deamino-3-aziridinyl-4-methylsulphonyl-daunorubicin (see WO 00/50032). 
     Examples of microtubulin inhibitors include paclitaxel, vindesine sulfate, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine, docetaxol, rhizoxin, dolastatin, mivobulin isethionate, auristatin, cemadotin, RPR109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycin, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro4-methoxyphenyl)benzene sulfonamide, anhydrovinblastine, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide, TDX258, and BMS188797. 
     Some examples of topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, irinotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusin, 9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridine-2-(6H) propanamine, 1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-9-hydroxy4-methyl-1H,12H-benzo[de]pyrano[3′,4′:b,7]indolizino[1,2b]quinoline-10,13(9H, 15H)dione, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecin, BNP1350, BNPI1100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane, 2′-dimethylamino-2′-deoxy-etoposide, GL331, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazo-le-1-carboxamide, asulacrine, (5a, 5aB, 8aa,9b)-9-[2-[N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl]-5-[4-hydrox-y-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexohydrofuro(3′,4′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d-)-1,3-dioxol-6-one, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridiniu-m, 6,9-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]benzo[g]isoguinoline-5,10-dione, 5-(3-aminopropylamino)-7,10-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl)-6H-py-razolo[4,5,1-de]acridin-6-one, N-[1-[2(diethylamino)ethylaminol]-7-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen4-ylmethyl-]formamide, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine4-carboxamide, 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one, and dimesna. 
     “Antiproliferative agents” includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and INX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofurin, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine, 2′-fluoromethylene-2′-deoxycytidine, N-[5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N6-[4-deoxy-4-[N2-[2(E),4(E)-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-B-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]adenine, aplidine, ecteinascidin, troxacitabine, 4-[2-amino4-oxo4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4-b][1,4]thiazin-6-yl-(—S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoyl-L-glutamic acid, aminopterin, 5-flurouracil, alanosine, 11-acetyl-8-(carbamoyloxymethyl)4-formyl-6-methoxy-14-oxa-1,11-diazatetra-cyclo(7.4.1.0.0)-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetic acid ester, swainsonine, lometrexol, dexrazoxane, methioninase, 2′-cyano-2′-deoxy-N4-palmitoyl-1-B-D-arabino furanosyl cytosine, and 3-amninopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone. 
     “Antiproliferative agents” also includes monoclonal antibodies to growth factors, other than those listed under “angiogenesis inhibitors”, such as trastuzumab, and tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, which can be delivered via recombinant virus-mediated gene transfer (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,134, for example). 
     “HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors” refers to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Compounds which have inhibitory activity for HMG-CoA reductase can be readily identified by using assays well-known in the art. For example, see the assays described or cited in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938 at col. 6, and WO 84/02131 at pp. 30-33. The terms “HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor” and “inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase” have the same meaning when used herein. 
     Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include, but are not limited to lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin and cerivastatin. The structural formulae of these and additional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instant methods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, “Cholesterol Lowering Drugs”, Chemistry &amp; Industry, pp. 85-89 (5 Feb. 1996) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,782,084 and 4,885,314. The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefore the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention. 
     “Prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor” refers to a compound which inhibits any one or any combination of the prenyl-protein transferase enzymes, including farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGPTase-I), and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type-II (GGPTase-II, also called Rab GGPTase). Examples of prenyl-protein transferase inhibiting compounds include (+/−)-6-[amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methyl]-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone, (−)-6-[amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]4-(3-chloro-phenyl)-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone, (+)-6-[amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methyl]4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone, 5(S)-n-butyl-1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)4-[1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazolylmethy-1]-2-piperazinone, (S)-1-(3-chlorophenyl) 4-[1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazolylmethyl]-5-[2-(ethanesulfonyl)methyl)-2-piperazinone, 5(S)-n-Butyl-1-(2-methylphenyl)4-[1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazolylmethyl]-2-piperazinone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-[1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-2-methyl-5-imidazolylmethyl]-2-pi-perazinone, 1-(2,2-diphenylethyl)-3-[N-(1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-1H-imidazol-5-ylethyl)carba-moyl]piperidine, 4-{5-[4-hydroxymethyl4-(4-chloropyridin-2-ylmethyl)-piperidine-1-ylmethyl-]-2-methylimidazol-1-ylmethyl}benzonitrile,4-{5-[4-hydroxymethyl-4-(3-chlo-robenzyl)-piperidine-1-ylmethyl]-2-methylimidazol-1-ylmethyl}benzonitrile, 4-{3-[4-(2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)benzyl]-3H-imidazol4-ylmethyl}benzonitrile-, 4-{3-[4-(5-chloro-2-oxo-2H-[1,2′]bipyridin-5′-ylmethyl]-3H-imidazol4-ylm-ethyl}benzonitrile, 4-{3-[4-(2-oxo-2H-[1,2′]bipyridin-5′-ylmethyl]-3H-imidazol4-ylmethyl}benz-onitrile, 4-[3-(2-oxo-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridin4-ylmethyl)-3H-imidazol4-ylmethyl}benzonitrile,18,19-dihydro-19-oxo-5H,17H-6,10:12,16-dimetheno-1H-imidazo[4,3-c][1,11,4]dioxaazacyclo-nonadecine-9-carbonitrile, (+/−)-19,20-dihydro-19-oxo-5H-18,21-ethano-12,14-etheno-6,10-metheno-22H-benzo[d]imidazo[4,3-k][1,6,9,12]oxatriaza-cyclooctadecine-9-carbonitrile, 19,20-dihydro-19-oxo-5H,17H-18,21-ethano-6,10:12,16-dimetheno-22H-imidazo-[3,4-h][1,8,11,14]oxatriazacycloeicosine-9-carbonitrile, and (+/−)-19,20-dihydro-3-methyl-19-oxo-5H-18,21-ethano-12,14-etheno-6,10-me-theno-22H-benzo[d]imidazo[4,3-k][1,6,9,12]oxa-triazacyclooctadecine-9-carbonitrile. 
     Other examples of prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors can be found in the following publications and patents: WO 96/30343, WO 97/18813, WO 97/21701, WO 97/23478, WO 97/38665, WO 98/28980, WO 98/29119, WO 95/32987, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,420,245, 5,523,430, 5,532,359, 5,510,510, 5,589,485, 5,602,098, European Patent Publ. 0 618 221, European Patent Publ. 0 675 112, European Patent Publ. 0 604 181, European Patent Publ. 0 696 593, WO 94/19357, WO 95/08542, WO 95/11917, WO 95/12612, WO 95/12572, WO 95/10514, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,152, WO 95/10515, WO 95/10516, WO 95/24612, WO 95/34535, WO 95/25086, WO 96/05529, WO 96/06138, WO 96/06193, WO 96/16443, WO 96/21701, WO 96/21456, WO 96/22278, WO 96/24611, WO 96/24612, WO 96/05168, WO 96/05169, WO 96/00736, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,792, WO 96/17861, WO 96/33159, WO 96/34850, WO 96/34851, WO 96/30017, WO 96/30018, WO 96/30362, WO 96/30363, WO 96/31111, WO 96/31477, WO 96/31478, WO 96/31501, WO 97/00252, WO 97/03047, WO 97/03050, WO 97/04785, WO 97/02920, WO 97/17070, WO 97/23478, WO 97/26246, WO 97/30053, WO 97/44350, WO 98/02436, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359. For an example of the role of a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor on angiogenesis see European J. of Cancer, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1394-1401 (1999). 
     Examples of HIV protease inhibitors include amprenavir, abacavir, CGP-73547, CGP-61755, DMP-450, indinavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, ABT-378, AG 1776, and BMS-232,632. Examples of reverse transcriptase inhibitors include delaviridine, efavirenz, GS-840, HB Y097, lamivudine, nevirapine, AZT, 3TC, ddC, and ddI. 
     “Angiogenesis inhibitors” refers to compounds that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, regardless of mechanism. Examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR20), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-.alpha., interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib (PNAS, Vol. 89, p. 7384 (1992); JNCI, Vol. 69, p. 475 (1982); Arch. Opthalmol., Vol. 108, p. 573 (1990); Anat. Rec., Vol. 238, p. 68 (1994); FEBS Letters, Vol. 372, p. 83 (1995); Clin, Orthop. Vol. 313, p. 76 (1995); J. Mol. Endocrinol., Vol. 16, p. 107 (1996); Jpn. J. Pharmacol., Vol. 75, p. 105 (1997); Cancer Res., Vol. 57, p. 1625 (1997); Cell, Vol. 93, p. 705 (1998); Intl. J. Mol. Med., Vol. 2, p. 715 (1998); J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 274, p. 9116 (1999)), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamnine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-I, angiotensin II antagonists (see Fernandez et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105:141-145 (1985)), and antibodies to VEGF. (see, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 17, pp. 963-968 (October 1999); Kim et al., Nature, 362, 841-844 (1993); WO 00/44777; and WO 00/61186). 
     Assays 
     The inhibition of protein kinase activity by the compounds of the invention may be measured using a number of assays available in the art. Examples of such assays are described in the Exemplification section below. 
     Pharmaceutical Compositions 
     The compounds of the present invention are suitable as active agents in pharmaceutical compositions that are efficacious particularly for treating protein kinase-associated disorders and cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia. The pharmaceutical composition in various embodiments has a pharmaceutically effective amount of the present active agent along with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, fillers, diluents and the like. 
     The language “pharmaceutically effective amount” of the compound is that amount necessary or sufficient to treat or prevent a protein kinase-associated disorder, e.g. prevent the various morphological and somatic symptoms of a protein kinase-associated disorder, and/or a disease or condition described herein. In an example, an effective amount of a compound of the invention is the amount sufficient to treat a protein kinase-associated disorder in a subject. The effective amount can vary depending on such factors as the size and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particular compound of the invention. For example, the choice of the compound of the invention can affect what constitutes an “effective amount.” One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the factors contained herein and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the compounds of the invention without undue experimentation. 
     The regimen of administration can affect what constitutes an effective amount. A compound of the invention can be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of a protein kinase-associated disorder. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages can be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose can be continuously infused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the compound(s) of the invention can be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation. 
     The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable amount” of a compound of the present invention refers to an amount of a compound of the present invention that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, reduction or inhibition of an enzyme or a protein activity, or ameliorate symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease, etc. In one non-limiting embodiment, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable amount” refers to the amount of a compound of the present invention that, when administered to a subject, is effective to (1) at least partially alleviate, inhibit, prevent and/or ameliorate a condition, or a disorder or a disease (i) mediated by kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR, or (ii) associated with kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR activity, or (iii) characterized by abnormal activity of kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR; or (2) reduce or inhibit the activity of kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR; or (3) reduce or inhibit the expression of kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR. In another non-limiting embodiment, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable amount” refers to the amount of a compound of the present invention that, when administered to a subject, is effective to at least partially alleviate, inhibit, prevent and/or ameliorate cancer, e.g. pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or chronic myelogenous leukemia. In still another non-limiting embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable amount” refers to the amount of a compound of the present invention that, when administered to a cell, or a tissue, or a non-cellular biological material, or a medium, is effective to at least partially reduce or inhibit the activity of kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR; or at least partially reduce or inhibit the expression of kinase enzymes c-Abl, BCR-Abl, c-kit, Src, EML4-ALK, TEL-ALK and/or PDGFR. 
     The acceptable amount can vary depending on such factors as the size and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particular organic compound. For example, the choice of the organic compound can affect what constitutes an “acceptable amount.” One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the aforementioned factors and make the determination regarding the acceptable amount of the organic compound without undue experimentation. 
     Compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment of states, disorders or diseases as described herein, or for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of these diseases. Methods of use of compounds of the present invention in the treatment of these diseases, or pharmaceutical preparations having compounds of the present invention for the treatment of these diseases. 
     The language “pharmaceutical composition” includes preparations suitable for administration to mammals, e.g., humans. When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals to mammals, e.g., humans, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art recognized and includes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, suitable for administering compounds of the present invention to mammals. The carriers include liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer&#39;s solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. 
     Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions. 
     Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, α-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. 
     Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred per cent, this amount will range from about 1 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 per cent to about 70 per cent, most preferably from about 10 per cent to about 30 per cent. 
     Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. 
     Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste. 
     In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. 
     A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. 
     The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients. 
     Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. 
     Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents. 
     Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof. 
     Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound. 
     Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate. 
     Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required. 
     The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. 
     Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane. 
     Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the active compound in a polymer matrix or gel. 
     Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents. 
     Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. 
     These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin. 
     In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. 
     Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue. 
     The preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given by forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc., administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. Oral and/or IV administration is preferred. 
     The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion. 
     The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,” “peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as used herein mean the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient&#39;s system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration. 
     These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually. 
     Regardless of the route of administration selected, the compounds of the present invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. 
     Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. 
     The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts. 
     A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. 
     In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, intravenous and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used for the indicated analgesic effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, more preferably from about 0.01 to about 50 mg per kg per day, and still more preferably from about 1.0 to about 100 mg per kg per day. An effective amount is that amount treats a protein kinase-associated disorder. 
     If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. 
     While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical composition. 
     Synthetic Procedure 
     Compounds of the present invention are prepared from commonly available compounds using procedures known to those skilled in the art, including any one or more of the following conditions without limitation: 
     Acid addition salts of the compounds of the invention are most suitably formed from pharmaceutically acceptable acids, and include for example those formed with inorganic acids e.g. hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric or phosphoric acids and organic acids e.g. succinic, malaeic, acetic or fumaric acid. Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts e.g. oxalates can be used for example in the isolation of the compounds of the invention, for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. Also included within the scope of the invention are solvates and hydrates of the invention. 
     The conversion of a given compound salt to a desired compound salt is achieved by applying standard techniques, in which an aqueous solution of the given salt is treated with a solution of base e.g. sodium carbonate or potassium hydroxide, to liberate the free base which is then extracted into an appropriate solvent, such as ether. The free base is then separated from the aqueous portion, dried, and treated with the requisite acid to give the desired salt. 
     In vivo hydrolyzable esters or amides of certain compounds of the invention can be formed by treating those compounds having a free hydroxy or amino functionality with the acid chloride of the desired ester in the presence of a base in an inert solvent such as methylene chloride or chloroform. Suitable bases include triethylamine or pyridine. Conversely, compounds of the invention having a free carboxy group can be esterified using standard conditions which can include activation followed by treatment with the desired alcohol in the presence of a suitable base. 
     Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include, without limitation, the non-toxic inorganic and organic acid addition salts such as the hydrochloride derived from hydrochloric acid, the hydrobromide derived from hydrobromic acid, the nitrate derived from nitric acid, the perchlorate derived from perchloric acid, the phosphate derived from phosphoric acid, the sulphate derived from sulphuric acid, the formate derived from formic acid, the acetate derived from acetic acid, the aconate derived from aconitic acid, the ascorbate derived from ascorbic acid, the benzenesulphonate derived from benzensulphonic acid, the benzoate derived from benzoic acid, the cinnamate derived from cinnamic acid, the citrate derived from citric acid, the embonate derived from embonic acid, the enantate derived from enanthic acid, the fumarate derived from fumaric acid, the glutamate derived from glutamic acid, the glycolate derived from glycolic acid, the lactate derived from lactic acid, the maleate derived from maleic acid, the malonate derived from malonic acid, the mandelate derived from mandelic acid, the methanesulphonate derived from methane sulphonic acid, the naphthalene-2-sulphonate derived from naphtalene-2-sulphonic acid, the phthalate derived from phthalic acid, the salicylate derived from salicylic acid, the sorbate derived from sorbic acid, the stearate derived from stearic acid, the succinate derived from succinic acid, the tartrate derived from tartaric acid, the toluene-p-sulphonate derived from p-toluene sulphonic acid, and the like. Particularly preferred salts are sodium, lysine and arginine salts of the compounds of the invention. Such salts can be formed by procedures well known and described in the art. 
     Other acids such as oxalic acid, which can not be considered pharmaceutically acceptable, can be useful in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining a chemical compound of the invention and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. 
     Metal salts of a chemical compound of the invention include alkali metal salts, such as the sodium salt of a chemical compound of the invention containing a carboxy group. 
     Mixtures of isomers obtainable according to the invention can be separated in a manner known per se into the individual isomers; diastereoisomers can be separated, for example, by partitioning between polyphasic solvent mixtures, recrystallisation and/or chromatographic separation, for example over silica gel or by, e.g., medium pressure liquid chromatography over a reversed phase column, and racemates can be separated, for example, by the formation of salts with optically pure salt-forming reagents and separation of the mixture of diastereoisomers so obtainable, for example by means of fractional crystallisation, or by chromatography over optically active column materials. 
     Intermediates and final products can be worked up and/or purified according to standard methods, e.g., using chromatographic methods, distribution methods, (re-) crystallization, and the like. 
     At all stages of the reactions, mixtures of isomers that are formed can be separated into the individual isomers, for example diastereoisomers or enantiomers, or into any desired mixtures of isomers, for example racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomers, for example analogously to the methods described in Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformation. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 2005. 
     The solvents from which those solvents that are suitable for any particular reaction may be selected include those mentioned specifically or, for example, water, esters, such as lower alkyl-lower alkanoates, for example ethyl acetate, ethers, such as aliphatic ethers, for example diethyl ether, or cyclic ethers, for example tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, liquid aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene or toluene, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or 1- or 2-propanol, nitriles, such as acetonitrile, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride or chloroform, acid amides, such as dimethylformamide or dimethyl acetamide, bases, such as heterocyclic nitrogen bases, for example pyridine or N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, carboxylic acid anhydrides, such as lower alkanoic acid anhydrides, for example acetic anhydride, cyclic, linear or branched hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, hexane or isopentane, or mixtures of those solvents, for example aqueous solutions, unless otherwise indicated in the description of the processes. Such solvent mixtures may also be used in working up, for example by chromatography or partitioning. 
     The compounds, including their salts, may also be obtained in the form of hydrates, or their crystals can, for example, include the solvent used for crystallization. Different crystalline forms may be present. 
     The invention relates also to those forms of the process in which a compound obtainable as an intermediate at any stage of the process is used as starting material and the remaining process steps are carried out, or in which a starting material is formed under the reaction conditions or is used in the form of a derivative, for example in a protected form or in the form of a salt, or a compound obtainable by the process according to the invention is produced under the process conditions and processed further in situ. 
     Prodrugs 
     This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing, and methods of treating protein kinase-associated disorders through administering, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of compounds of the compounds of the invention. For example, compounds of the invention having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can be converted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues is covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group of compounds of the invention. The amino acid residues include but are not limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also includes 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. Additional types of prodrugs are also encompassed. For instance, free carboxyl groups can be derivatized as amides or alkyl esters. Free hydroxy groups may be derivatized using groups including but not limited to hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, as outlined in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1996, 19, 115. Carbamate prodrugs of hydroxy and amino groups are also included, as are carbonate prodrugs, sulfonate esters and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups. Derivatization of hydroxy groups as (acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers wherein the acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, are also encompassed. Prodrugs of this type are described in J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities. 
     Any reference to a compound of the present invention is therefore to be understood as referring also to the corresponding pro-drugs of the compound of the present invention, as appropriate and expedient. 
     Kits 
     Advantageously, the present invention also provides kits for use by a consumer for treating disease. The kits comprise a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibiotic and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent; and, optionally, b) instructions describing a method of using the pharmaceutical composition for treating the specific disease. The instructions may also indicate that the kit is for treating disease while substantially reducing the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with antibiotic administration. 
     A “kit” as used in the instant application includes a container for containing the separate unit dosage forms such as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet. The container can be in any conventional shape or form as known in the art which is made of a pharmaceutically acceptable material, for example a paper or cardboard box, a glass or plastic bottle or jar, a re-sealable bag (for example, to hold a “refill” of tablets for placement into a different container), or a blister pack with individual doses for pressing out of the pack according to a therapeutic schedule. The container employed can depend on the exact dosage form involved, for example a conventional cardboard box would not generally be used to hold a liquid suspension. It is feasible that more than one container can be used together in a single package to market a single dosage form. For example, tablets may be contained in a bottle which is in turn contained within a box. 
     An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack. Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process, recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of individual tablets or capsules to be packed or may have the size and shape to accommodate multiple tablets and/or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses accordingly and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed. As a result, the tablets or capsules are individually sealed or collectively sealed, as desired, in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet. Preferably the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening. 
     It may be desirable to provide a written memory aid, where the written memory aid is of the type containing information and/or instructions for the physician, pharmacist or subject, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested or a card which contains the same type of information. Another example of such a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card e.g., as follows “First Week, Monday, Tuesday,” . . . etc. . . . “Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . ” etc. Other variations of memory aids will be readily apparent. A “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several tablets or capsules to be taken on a given day. 
     Another specific embodiment of a kit is a dispenser designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time. Preferably, the dispenser is equipped with a memory-aid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen. An example of such a memory-aid is a mechanical counter, which indicates the number of daily doses that, has been dispensed. Another example of such a memory-aid is a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken. 
     EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as further limiting. The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. 
     General Synthesis Processes 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
                         
General Synthesis Methods
 
     Non-limiting general synthesis procedures are depicted in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2. As shown in Scheme 1, step I involves condensation of the fluoronitrile compound with hydrazine, using conditions well-known in the art (e.g., using a solvent such as n-butanol at a temperature such as 130° C.) to afford a 2-aminoindazole product. Steps II. and III. involve optional alkylation or acylation of the indicated nitrogen atoms, with reactants comprising R, R 1a  and R 1b  groups, using conditions well-known in the art (e.g., using a solvent such as pyridine at a temperature such as 0° C.). Step IV. involves the coupling of reactants bearing Y and W groups respectively, wherein Y and W are functional groups known to those of skill in the art to undergo such reactions, under conditions well-known in the art (e.g., using a metal catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Cl 2 , a base such as Na 2 CO 3 , and a solvent such as dioxane/water at a temperature such as 100° C.). 
     As shown in Scheme 2, step I. involves condensation of the fluoronitrile compound with hydrazine, using conditions well-known in the art (e.g., using a solvent such as n-butanol at a temperature such as 130° C.) to afford a 2-aminoindazole product. Steps II. and III. involve optional alkylation or acylation of the indicated nitrogen atoms, with reactants comprising R, R 1a  and R 1b  groups, using conditions well-known in the art (e.g., using a solvent such as pyridine at a temperature such as 0° C.). Step IV. involves the coupling of reactants bearing Y and Z groups respectively, wherein Y and Z are functional groups known to those of skill in the art to undergo such reactions, under conditions well-known in the art (e.g., using a metal catalyst such as Pd 2 (dba) 3 , a ligand such as X-Phos, a base such as K 2 CO 3 , and a solvent such as t-butanol). 
     All starting materials, building blocks, reagents, acids, bases, dehydrating agents, solvents, and catalysts utilized to synthesis the compounds of the present invention are either commercially available or can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Houben-Weyl 4th Ed. 1952, Methods of Organic Synthesis, Thieme, Volume 21). Further, the compounds of the present invention can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art as shown in the following examples. 
     Referring to the examples that follow, compounds of the preferred embodiments were synthesized using the methods described herein, or other methods, which are known in the art. 
     Synthesis Examples 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     6-Bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The reaction mixture of 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile (10 g, 50 mmol), hydrazine hydrate (7.85 ml, 250 mmol) in n-butanol (60 mL) was heated at 130° C. for overnight. After cooling down to room temperature, the precipitated crystalline solid was filtered off and washed three times with ethyl acetate (15 mL each). The product was dried in vacuo (10.3 g). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 11.48 (s, 1H); 7.62 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (s, 2H). MS m/z: 211.97 (M+1). 
     N-(6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine (4.24 g, 20 mmol) in pyridine (100 mL) was added cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (1.83 mL, 20 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 4 hours. Once the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in DMF, and water was added dropwise. The precipitated solid was filtered off and washed three times with hexanes (15 ml each). The product was dried in vacuo and used without further purification (4.3 g). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 12.71 (s, 1H), 10.72 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 0.82 (m, 4H). MS m/z: 280.0 (M+1). 
     Ethyl 3-(3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzoate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of N-(6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (560 mg, 2.0 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) and 1N sodium carbonate solution (8 mL) were added 3-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid (388 mg, 2.0 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (103 mg, 0.2 mmol). After the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours and cooled to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed by ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was washed by brine, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with 20:1 (v/v) methylene chloride-methanol to afford the title product (560 mg). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 12.70 (s, 1H), 10.69 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (q, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.34 (t, 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.8-0.9 (m, 4H). MS m/z: 350.14 (M+1). 
     3-(3-(Cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1H-indazol-6-yl)-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of ethyl 3-(3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzoate (42 mg, 0.12 mmol) in THF/MeOH/H 2 O was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (50 mg, 1.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. Once the reaction was completed, the reaction solvent was removed to one third and the pH was adjusted to about 6. The formed precipitate was filtered, dried in vacuo and used without further purification. To a solution of above acid in DMSO were added 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (25 μL, 0.20 mmol), O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) (57 mg, 0.15 mmol) and DIEA (52 μL, 0.30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight and purified by HPLC to afford the title product (10 mg). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (CD 3 OD) δ 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.97 (t, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.63 (t, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.04 (s, 2H), 0.94 (m, 2H). MS m/z: 465.15 (M+1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Phenyl-6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-yl carbamate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine (1.27 g, 6.0 mmol) in pyridine (24 mL) was added phenyl chloroformate (0.83 mL, 6.6 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. After stirring at this temperature for 4 hours, the reaction was quenched by water. After the solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed by 1N HCl and brine. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with 30:70 (v/v) ethyl acetate-hexanes to afford the title product (0.80 g). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 12.82 (s, 1H), 10.53 (br, 1H), 7.77 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 3H), 7.20 (dd, 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H). MS m/z: 332.0 (M+1). 
     6-Bromo-N-methyl-1H-indazol-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of phenyl 6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-ylcarbamate (0.80 g, 2.42 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (40 mL) was added lithium aluminum hydride (2 M solution in THF, 2.42 mL, 2.42 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. After stirring at 100° C. for 4 hours, the reaction was quenched by 0.2 mL water, followed by 0.2 mL 15% NaOH and 0.6 mL water. The reaction mixture was then filtered and the solid was washed by ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed by brine, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with 50:50 (v/v) ethyl acetate-hexanes to afford the title product (0.29 g). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 11.50 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (q, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (d, 4.8 Hz, 3H). MS m/z: 226.0 (M+1). 
     N-methyl-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 6-bromo-N-methyl-1H-indazol-3-amine (158 mg, 0.7 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added bis(pinacolato)diboron (196 mg, 0.77 mmol), KOAc (206 mg, 2.1 mmol), dppf (39 mg, 0.07 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (57 mg, 0.07 mmol). After the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours and cooled to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed by ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was washed by sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with 50:50 (v/v) ethyl acetate-hexanes to afford the title product (175 mg). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 11.41 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (q, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (d, 4.8 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (s, 12H). MS m/z: 274.16 (M+1). 
     N-(4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(methylamino)-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of N-methyl-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-amine (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dioxane (1.25 mL) and 1N sodium carbonate solution (0.25 mL) were added N-(4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-iodobenzamide (26 mg, 0.05 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (4 mg, 5 μmol). After the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours and cooled to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed by ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was washed by brine, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by HPLC to afford the title product (4.9 mg). 
       1 H NMR 600 MHz (DMSO-d6) δ 11.52 (s, 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, 8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (m, 2H), 7.76 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.28 (dd, 8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (q, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 2.86 (d, 4.8 Hz, 3H), 2.3-2.5 (m, 10H), 0.97 (t, 7.2 Hz, 3H). MS m/z: 537.25 (M+1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ethyl 3-(3-amino-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzoate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine (2.1 g, 10.0 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) and sodium carbonate (1N, 40 mL) were added 3-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid (1.94 g, 10.0 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2  (816 mg, 1.0 mmol). After the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours and cooled to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed by ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was washed by brine, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with 50:1 (v/v) methylene chloride-methanol to afford the title product (1.46 g), MS m/z: 282.11 (M+1). 
     Ethyl 3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzamido)-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzoate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a stirred suspension of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid (220.27 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 5 mL of dichloromethane and 20 μL of DMF was added oxalyl chloride (87 μL, 1.0 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, the reaction was concentrated by rotavapor. The residue was dried under vacuum pump and the crude was used in next step without further purification. 
     To a stirred solution of ethyl 3-(3-amino-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzoate (160 mg) in 5 mL of pyridine was added the suspension of the above acid chloride in 4 mL of DMF at 0° C. Then the reaction was warmed up to room temperature gradually and stirred overnight. After the reaction was complete as monitored by reverse phase analytical liquid-chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 100 mL of dichloromethane was added and the resulting mixture was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica-gel chromatography with dichloromethane: 3.5 N ammonia methanol solution (50:1 v/v) to give the title compound (126 mg), MS m/z: 484.22 (M+1). 
     3-(3-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzamido)-1H-indazol-6-yl)-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of ethyl 3-(3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1H-indazol-6-yl)benzoate (121 mg, 0.25 mmol) in THF/MeOH (2.0 mL/2.0 mL) was added 2.0 mL of 1.0 N lithium hydroxide aqueous solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After the reaction was complete as monitored by LC-MS, the solvent was removed to one third and the pH was adjusted to about 6 by 1N HCl solution. The resulted precipitate was filtered, dried in vacuo and used without further purification. 
     To a solution of the above acid (23 mg, 0.05 mmol) in 1.0 mL of DMSO was added 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (25 μL, 0.20 mmol), O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) (38 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DIEA (52 μL, 0.30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC using a water (0.05% TFA)/acetonitrile (0.05% TFA) gradient to afford the title compound as the TFA salt (8 mg), MS m/z: 599.23 (M+1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N-(6-bromo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 6-bromo-1H-indazol-3-amine (560 mg, 2.0 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added sodium hydride (160 mg, 60% in mineral oil) at 0° C. After 30 mins, (2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane (0.39 mL, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. until it was complete as monitored by LC-MS. The resulting mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted by ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed by brine, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with 1:5 (v/v) ethyl acetate-hexane afford the title product (548 mg, 67%), MS (ESI) m/z 411 (M+H) + . 
     3-(3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indazol-6-ylamino)-4-methyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of N-(6-bromo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)cyclo-propanecarboxamide (41 mg, 0.1 mmol) in t-BuOH (1.5 mL) were added 3-amino-4-methyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)benzamide (29 mg, 0.1 mmol) and K 2 CO 3  (42 mg, 0.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed for 10 minutes. To a mixture were added Pd 2 (dba) 3  (6.0 mg) and t-Bu-X-phos (4 mg). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. until it was complete as monitored by LC-MS. Then the resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and eluted with dichloromethane. The to solvent was removed by rotavapor and the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography with methylene chloride-methanol to afford the title product (25 mg, 40%), MS (ESI) m/z 624 (M+H) + . 
     3-(3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1H-indazol-6-ylamino)-4-methyl-N-(3-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl)benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 3-(3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indazol-6-ylamino)-4-methyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide (25 mg) in CH 2 Cl 2  (1 mL) was added TFA (0.25 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours and the organic solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure. To a solution of the resulting mixture in THF (0.5 mL) and MeOH (0.5 mL) was added LiOH aqueous solution (1.0 M, 1.0 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for another 2 hours at room temperature. The organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4  and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep HPLC and acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure. The remained water was freeze-dried to afford TFA salt of title compound (16 mg, 66%), MS (ESI) m/z 494 (M+H) + . 
     Chemical Compounds and Biologic Reagents 
     All compounds are initially dissolved in DMSO to make 10 mM stock solutions, and then are serially diluted to obtain final concentrations for in vitro experiments. 
     Cell Lines and Cell Culture 
     Ba/F3.p210 cells are obtained by transfecting the IL-3-dependent marine hematopoietic Ba/F3 cell line with a pGD vector containing p210BCR-ABL (B2A2) cDNA (Daley and Baltimore, 1988; Sattler et al., 1996; Okuda et al., 1996). Murine hematopoietic 32D cells are transduced with retrovirus to express p210 Bcr-ABL (32D.p210 cells) (Matulonis et al., 1993); the 32D-T315I cell line is transfected by electroporation with the imatinib resistant BCR-ABL construct (pCI-neo Mammalian Expression Vector; Promega (#E1841) harboring the point mutation T315I (Weisberg et al., 2005). Ba/F3 cells are stably transfected by electroporation with imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL constructs (pCI-neo Mammalian Expression Vector; Promega (#E1841) harboring the point mutations T315I, F317L, F486S, and M351T; transfectants are selected for neomycin resistance and IL-3-independent growth (Weisberg et al., 2005). Ba/F3 cells are stably transfected by electroporation with BCR-ABL point mutants identified in a random mutagenesis screen for BCR-ABL point mutants conferring resistance to nilotinib: Q252H, E292K, Y253C, Y253H, E255K, and V289L (Ray et al., 2007). Ba/F3 cells are made to express Tel-PDGFRβ as described by Golub et al., 1994, and Carroll et al., 1996. Constructs of D842V-PDGFRα and V561D-PDGFRα cDNA cloned into pcDNA3.1 are stably transfected into Ba/F3 cells by electroporation, and cells are selected for neomycin resistance and IL3-independent growth as described by Weisberg et al., 2006. 
     All cell lines are cultured with 5% CO 2  at 37° C. in RPMI (Mediatech, Inc., Herndon, Va.) with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and supplemented with 1% L-glutamine. Parental Ba/F3 cells are similarly cultured with 15% WEHI-conditioned medium as a source of IL-3. Transfected cell lines are cultured in media supplemented with 1 mg/ml G418. 
     Antibodies and Immunoblotting and Immunoprecipitation 
     Anti-p-Tyr (clone 4G10, Upstate Biotechnology, NY) is used at 1:1000 for immunoblotting. The ABL antibody (clone 24-21, Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.) is used at 1:1000 for immunoblotting. The KIT antibody (C-19, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA) is used at 1:1000 for immunoblotting. The phospho-KIT antibody (Tyr719, Cell Signaling, Danvers, Mass.) is used at 1:1000 for immunoblotting. PDGFRA antibody (C-20, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA) is used at 1:200 for immunoblotting. The monoclonal anti-β-actin antibody (clone AC-15) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) is used at a 1:2000 dilution. Cells are lysed in lysis buffer (0.02 M Tris [pH 8.0], 0.15 M NaCl, 10% glycerol, 1% NP-40 (wt/vol), 0.1 M NaF, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 40 μg/ml leupeptin, and 20 μg/ml aprotinin). Protein lysates are incubated for 25 min on ice, with vortexing at 5 min intervals, and then centrifuged for 15 min at 12,000×g. Supernatants are saved, and the Bio-Rad Protein Assay is used to determine protein yields (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). Equivalent amounts of protein are subsequently loaded directly onto a gel for immunoblotting experiments. For immunoprecipitation, cell lysates are incubated with FLT3/Flk-2 (C-20) antibody and protein A Sepharose overnight with rocking at 4° C. As a control, cell lysates are also incubated with protein A Sepharose beads alone. Following incubation, immune complexes are washed 2× with lysis buffer, 2× with 1×PBS, and are dissolved in Laemmeli&#39;s sample buffer by boiling for 5 min. For immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, whole cell lysates and immune complexes, respectively, are resolved on a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-7.5% polyacrylamide gel. Following this, protein is electrophoretically transferred to a Protran nitrocellulose transfer and immobilization membrane (Schleicher and Schuell, Dassel, Germany). The membrane is then blocked overnight at 4° C. with 5% nonfat dry milk in 1×TBS (10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 150 mM NaCl) and then probed for 2 hr at 25° C. with pTYR, antibody or overnight at 4 C with FLT3/Flk-2 (C-20) antibody in 1×TBST buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween20). Following 3 washes with 1×TBST, membranes are incubated for 1 hr at 25° C. with anti-mouse immunoglobulin (horseradish peroxidase-linked whole antibody from sheep) or anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (horseradish peroxidase linked whole antibody from donkey) (Amersham Life Science, Inc., Arlington Heights, Ill.). The membrane is washed 5× in 1×TBST buffer, with 5 min intervals between buffer changes, and bound antibodies are detected with enhanced luminol and oxidizing reagent as specified by the manufacturer (NEN Life Science Products, Boston, Mass.). Bound antibodies are removed with stripping buffer (2% SDS, 0.0625 mol/L Tris [pH 6.8], and 0.7% 2-mercaptoethanol) 50° C. for 30 min. The filter is then probed with additional antibodies. 
     Cell Cycle Analysis 
     Cell cycle analysis is performed using approximately 500,000 cells, which are centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min, washed in PBS, and the pellet re-suspended in 500 μl of propidium iodide solution (50 μg/ml propidium iodide, 0.1% NP-40, 0.1% sodium citrate). The mixture is stored in the dark at 4° C. for a minimum of 15 min, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis of drug-treated cells is measured using the Annexin-V-Fluos Staining Kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis). 
     Apoptosis Assay 
     Cells cultured in the presence or absence of drug are washed 1× with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and centrifuged for 5 min at 1500 rpm. Washed cell pellets are re-suspended in 100 μl of 20% Annexin-V-fluorescein labeling reagent and 20% propidium iodide (PI) in HEPES buffer. Cells are incubated for 15 min at room temperature, followed by dilution with 0.8 ml of HEPES buffer. Samples are then analyzed by flow cytometry. As controls, cells are incubated for 15 min with PI alone, Annexin-V-fluorescein labeling reagent alone, or HEPES buffer, and then diluted with HEPES buffer and analyzed by flow cytometry. 
     Drug Combination Studies 
     For drug combination studies, compounds are added simultaneously at fixed ratios to cells, and cell viability is determined by trypan blue exclusion and expressed as the function of growth affected (FA) drug-treated versus control cells. Synergy is assessed by Calcusyn software (Biosoft, Ferguson, Mo. and Cambridge, UK), using the Chou-Talalay method (Chou and Talalay, 1984). The combination index=[D] 1 [D x ] 1 +[D] 2 /[D x ] 2 , where [D] 1  and [D] 2  are the concentrations required by each drug in combination to achieve the same effect as concentrations [D x ] 1  and [D x ] 2  of each drug alone. Values less than one indicate synergy, whereas values greater than one indicate antagonism. 
     Bioluminescent Imaging 
     Cells are transduced with a retrovirus encoding firefly luciferase (MSCV-Luc), and selected with puromycin at 2 μg/ml to generate 32D. p210-luc+ cells, as described by Weisberg et al., 2005. Ba/F3-KIT-T670I cells are transduced with MSCV-luc-neo vector following the same protocol as described by Weisberg et al., 2005. 
     Kinase Screen 
     KINOMEscan™ (Ambit Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.), a high-throughput method for screening small molecular agents against a large panel of human kinases, is utilized. The technology is a competition binding assay that profiles the selectivity of compounds against 350 kinases, each fused to a proprietary tag. The quantity of each kinase bound to an immobilized, active site-directed ligand is measured in the presence and absence of compound. 
     Tables and Figures 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 IC 50  values (in units of micromolar) 
               
               
                 of compounds against kinase targets. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compound 
                 T3151 
                 Bcr-Abl 
                 EML4-Alk 
                 Tel-Alk 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 — 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.63 
                 0.05 
                 4.19 
                 4.48 
               
               
                 3 
                 — 
                 0.47 
                 1.67 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.31 
                 3.07 
                 1.34 
                 2.90 
               
               
                 7 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 8 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 9 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 11 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 12 
                 2.08 
                 1.90 
                 1.05 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.50 
                 0.03 
                 1.06 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 14 
                 &gt;10 
                 1.05 
                 5.60 
                 1.44 
               
               
                 15 
                 &gt;10 
                 1.19 
                 8.47 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 16 
                 &gt;10 
                 0.22 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 17 
                 7.12 
                 0.78 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 18 
                 3.08 
                 1.57 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.34 
                 0.65 
                 0.06 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 20 
                 0.31 
                 0.09 
                 0.40 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 21 
                 0.24 
                 0.53 
                 0.36 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 22 
                 1.27 
                 0.36 
                 0.50 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 23 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 24 
                 3.11 
                 2.38 
                 2.53 
                 3.75 
               
               
                 25 
                 &gt;10 
                 7.18 
                 &gt;10 
                 7.18 
               
               
                 26 
                 — 
                 7.08 
                 &gt;10 
                 7.08 
               
               
                 27 
                 1.56 
                 0.07 
                 4.22 
                 5.26 
               
               
                 28 
                 &gt;10 
                 1.44 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 29 
                 &gt;10 
                 1.66 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 31 
                 &gt;10 
                 7.96 
                 7.09 
                 8.35 
               
               
                 32 
                 &gt;10 
                 4.01 
                 &gt;10 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Equivalents 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments and methods described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the following claims. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications and other references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.