Patent Publication Number: US-10309929-B2

Title: Practical ion mobility spectrometer apparatus and methods for chemical and/or biological detection

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/38,736 filed on Dec. 19, 2016, which is pending. Application Ser. No. 15/38,736 is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/083,128, filed on Apr. 8, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,314,383, which is a Divisional patent of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/946,679, filed on Nov. 28, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,901. The present application claims the benefit of and priority to corresponding U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/867,400 filed Nov. 28, 2006; the entire content of the application is herein incorporated by reference. The contents of all of these patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many chemical and/or biological analytical instruments that are currently used for sample analysis have many limitations. Some areas that are currently deficient are: the ability to quickly analyze a sample using a compact instrument in a high throughput manner, an efficient and effective sampling method, and an effective manner to interface multiple analytical instruments. A comprehensive instrumental approach can address chemical and/or biological detection issues in many areas/applications such as pharmaceutical, environmental, and food industry, as well as homeland security, in particular home made explosives, liquid detection needs with adaptability to future threats. A comprehensive instrumental approach on ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) apparatus and methods offer all of the following advantages: improved throughput compared to current detection systems; adaptability to new ionization methods that can be used to introduce samples in different categories of chemicals in vapor, liquid and particle forms; enhanced capability for detecting labile chemicals, such as homemade explosives TATP, nitroglycerine and PETN; and an interface to mass spectrometers (MS) that will enhance field performance of future MS based field detection systems. 
     Ion mobility based spectrometers need to utilize various methods and components to be able to analyze samples in a high throughput manner and/or operate in a portable design. Current ion mobility based spectrometers require complicated mechanically designed parts for construction of the drift tube, whereby each component in the drift tube requires multiple parts and produces an overall high power consumption system. The high power consumption significantly limits the performance of the ion mobility based spectrometer. One aspect of the present invention relates to ion mobility based spectrometer systems for continuous sampling operations, rapid temperature control/temperature gradient analysis, and low power consumption portability. 
     In practical chemical detection, such as explosive detection, applications, the two major challenges to a given analytical instrument are system effectiveness and readiness. Even though existing IMS based trace detection systems can meet the current throughput requirements at airport checkpoint, these detection systems need to have much higher throughput in order to handle the detection requirements for mass transit applications. 
     Ion mobility based spectrometers (IMS) and MS utilize various methods to introduce the vapor of a sample into the analysis chamber and/or ionization chamber of the given instrument. For example liquid samples can be injected via a syringe and thermally vaporized. Whereas solid samples are commonly vaporized via thermal desorption. Many different methods can be utilized, the chemical nature of the sample generally influences the method used. Heating samples to elevated temperatures in order to vaporize them can be destructive. Since the currently used methods for heating the samples in an IMS range between 220° C. and 300° C., decomposition can occur at these elevated temperatures. For example, the explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) decomposes at 238° C. 
     The basic components of a typical ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) include an ionization source, a drift tube that includes a reaction region, an ion shutter grid, a drift region, and an ion detector. In gas phase analysis, the sample to be analyzed is introduced into the reaction region by an inert carrier gas, ionization of the sample is often accomplished by passing the sample through a reaction region and/or an ionization region. The generated ions are directed toward the drift region by an electric field that is applied to drift rings (sometime referred as guard rings or ion guide) that establish the drift region. A narrow pulse of ions is then injected into, and/or allowed to enter, the drift region via an ion shutter grid. Once in the drift region, ions of the sample are separated based upon their ion mobilities. The arrival time of the ions at a detector is an indication of ion mobility, which can be related to ion mass. However, one skilled in the art appreciates that ion mobility is not only related to ion mass, but rather is fundamentally related to the ion-drift gas interaction potential, which is not solely dependent on ion mass. 
     State-of-the art ion mobility spectrometers include drift tubes with complicated mechanic parts. Each component in the drift tube typically requires the assembly of multiple parts. Such complex mechanical designs significantly increase the cost of ion mobility spectrometer and can also limit the performance of the ion mobility spectrometer. In general, the more parts in the drift tube design, then the higher probability that the drift tube will have technical problems, such as gas leakage, inadequate temperature control, inadequate pressure control, thermal and/or electrical insulation leakage. 
     For many applications, such as explosive detection in highly contaminated field environments, normal operation of the spectrometer is frequently prevented by overloading the system with large samples or contaminants. Rapid self cleaning mechanisms are highly desired for these applications. Conventional ion mobility spectrometer drift tube constructions are described by Ching Wu, et al., “Construction and Characterization of a High-Flow, High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometer for Detection of Explosives after Personnel Portal Sampling” Talanta, 57, 2002, 123-134. The large thermal mass of the tube structure prevents the system from flash heating and rapid cooling of the ion mobility spectrometric components for cleaning purpose. Spectrometric components can be cleaned by “baking out” the components. However, “baking out” typically takes hours to complete. 
     Previous publications have indicted that a uniform electric field in the drift region of an ion mobility spectrometer is imperative to achieve high mobility resolution in such devices. See, for example, Ching Wu, et al., “Electrospray Ionization High Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, 70, 1998, 4929-4938. A uniform electric field can be created by reducing the size of each voltage drop step and increasing the number of drift rings. Narrow drift rings are utilized to generate the desired field distribution. However, the more drift rings that are used in a drift tube, the more lead wires are needed to be sealed at the wall to complete the drift tube structure. Structure complication greatly limits the possibility of creating highly uniform electric fields in the drift tube. U.S. Pat. No. 4,7120,080 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0211894 A1 describe layers of conductive coating that are commonly proposed to build the drift tube. However, coatings that are exactly the same thickness along the drift tube are a very challenging to make. Conductive layers with uneven coating thickness will cause distorted electric field distributions and unpredictable system performance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to systems and methods of analyzing samples using a chemical and/or biological analytical instrument, in particular this invention addresses current issues of chemcial detection/analysis by developing a comprehensive detection system based on an integrated IMS that could be used for explosive detection for scenarios under high throughput conditions. Interfacing the IMS to new ionization methods that can be used to introduce different categories of explosives and using the IMS to bridge the sampling system and concept of operations for IMS to MS based detection systems, thus enhancing and enabling the fieldablity of MS based detectors. The subject matter of the present invention involves, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of one or more systems and/or articles. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a high throughput trace detector (HTTD, this term sometime is used interchangeable with IMS) is based on high thermal conductivity ion mobility spectrometers (HTCIMS). The unique configuration of the HTCIMS allows rapid change of detector temperature thus enabling time-temperature desorption methods and TRUE temperature ramping in the trace detection process. True temperature ramping enables higher sensitivity and selectivity for thermally labile explosives. The low thermal mass construction of the HTCIMS will also allow rapid system clean up in seconds, which eliminates system down time in high throughput detection applications. In addition, the low thermal mass construction allows a lower overall power consumption system that is useful for portable detection applications. In another set of embodiments, the invention uses the HTCIMS to eliminate detector memory effects and achieve simultaneous temperature ramping of desorber and IMS detector; this innovative detection system will improve capabilities of IMS based trace detection systems and provide a device that has higher throughput and greater detection effectiveness for explosive detection. 
     In yet another set of embodiments, the IMS system is equipped with chemically assisted thermal desorption (CATD) capability to control the fragmentation pathway during the temperature programmed desorption. CATD desorbs explosives under controlled chemical environments. During the desorption process, unstable explosives undergo known decomposition paths, resulting in predictable and detectable fragment ions in the HTCIMS. CATD can greatly enhance system sensitivity and specificity of peroxide detection, especially for HMTD that is known for rapid decomposition during the thermal desorption process. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the capability of the HTTD will be further improved by allowing modernized ionization methods to be utilized. With electrospray ionization, black powers and other inorganic explosives can be reliably detected. The invention describes a combined thermal desorber and electrospray unit without additional mechanical components and pumps. The new HTTD has a multi-function sample introduction apparatus that can also accommodate multiple sample introduction ports for introducing samples in vapor, liquid and solid phases. The liquid injection port can be used to analyze unknown liquids with minimal sample preparation. In addition, the compatibility of other new ionization methods, such as DESI and DART may be used. 
     In another set of embodiments, the HTTD will be developed as an interface to MS. With versatile sample introduction and high throughput performance, the HTTD as a front end will eliminate many problems when converting laboratory MS systems to field chemical detection applications. One of the major issues for tandem IMS-MS is the ion transportation efficiency between high pressure IMS and high vacuum MS. HTTD-MS will address this issue with three electric field zone extraction. The integrated HTTD-MS system not only has the potential for being used as an advance trace detection system, but also can be become the benchmark used to evaluate the performance of all other ETDs used in explosive detection applications. 
     In yet another set of embodiments, a multi-function sample introduction apparatus can be used for: thermal desorption of solid samples on a substrate or from a removable sample holder, electrospraying liquid samples from a liquid inlet, and electrospraying a sample from a removable sample holder. 
     Other advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. In cases where the present specification and a document incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure, the present specification shall control. If two or more documents incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure with respect to each other, then the document having the later effective date shall control. 
     The present invention relates to ion mobility spectrometers and to methods of operating ion mobility spectrometers. In one embodiment, the ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention uses a simplified ion mobility spectrometer design having helical resistive material, such as helical resistive wire. The helical resistive wire forms substantially constant electric fields that guide ion movements. The drift tube for ion mobility spectrometers described herein is constructed with a non-conductive frame, resistance wires, an ion gate assembly, a protective tube, flow handling components, and an ion detector assembly. In some embodiments, single or plural resistance wires are wrapped on the non-conductive frame to form coils in various shapes, such as round, oval, square, rectangular, or other polygons shapes. The coil generates an even and continuous electric field that guides ions drift through the ion mobility spectrometer. 
     In addition to forming the electric field, the helical resistive coil can increase the temperature of the drift tube and any gases flowing through the drift tube. In some embodiments of the ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention, the drift tube temperature is controlled by using the helical resistive coil and a heating element that preheats the drift gas to the designed temperature. The drift gas is delivered directly inside the coil and pumped away from the gas outlet on the protective housing. This configuration provides a robust ion mobility spectrometer that is simple to build with lower thermal mass along the ion and drift gas path, thus allowing rapid temperature modulation, which is required by some applications. 
     One feature of the present invention is that the drift tube design described herein enables the ion mobility spectrometer to be built with a lower weight, lower power consumption, lower manufacturing cost, and free of sealants that may out gas. In addition, the drift tube can be isolated from ambient environment using vacuum sealing methods that can sustain pressure levels greater than atmospheric pressure. 
     In addition, the ion mobility spectrometer configuration described herein provides a means to rapidly change pressure inside of the drift tube during the ion mobility measurement. The resistance coil based drift tube configuration allows operating time-of-flight type IMS under high electric field conditions. Measuring ion mobilities of the same ionic species under both high and low field conditions (E/p ratio) provide additional information for ion identification. Unresolved ion mobility peaks under low field conditions may be separated and identified under high field conditions. Methods of sequentially measuring ion mobilities under different E/p ratio according to the present invention allows correlating low field and high field mobilities for comprehensive ion identification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other aspects, embodiments, and features of the inventions can be more fully understood from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings like reference characters generally refer to like features and structural elements throughout the various figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the inventions. 
         FIG. 1  schematically shows one example of a low thermal mass IMS using a resistance coil structure; 
         FIG. 2  schematically shows an example of low thermal mass component for IMS using a resistive material affixed on a dielectric substrate; 
         FIG. 3  schematically shows a IMS using a metalized dielectric structure and details of the leading electrical contacts in the IMS construction; 
         FIG. 4  schematically shows a IMS using a metalized dielectric structure that consists of multiple dielectric substrate components; in particular the metalized dielectric substrates are substantially flat; 
         FIG. 5  schematically shows a construction of a Bradbury-Nielsen ion gate using metalized dielectric rings and parallel wires; 
         FIG. 6  schematically shows a stack ring design using high thermal conductive electrodes (metal) and dielectric spacers that allow rapid heating and cooling of the apparatus using a heat pump; 
         FIG. 7  schematically shows a chemical assistant thermal desorption apparatus that chemically modifies the environment during thermal desorption of samples on a swab and/or a preconcentrator. 
         FIG. 8  schematically shows a multi-function sample introduction apparatus; 
         FIG. 9A-C  are drawings that show the removable sample holder ( 9 A shows the sample holder open with a sample swab inside,  9 B shows the closed sample holder, and  9 C shows the closed sample holder inside the multi-function sample introduction apparatus; 
         FIG. 10  schematically shows details of the interface between a orthogonal TOFMS and an IMS; 
         FIG. 11  schematically shows the mechanism of extracting ions in a transverse direction from the extraction zone into a vacuum inlet; 
         FIG. 12  schematically shows examples of drift ring or guard ring configurations for the extraction zone; 
         FIG. 13  schematically shows the mechanism of extracting ions in axial direction from the extraction zone into a vacuum inlet; 
         FIG. 14  schematically shows an example of IMS-MS interface; particularly an IMS is interfaced to an orthogonal TOFMS where ions are extracted from IMS in the transverse direction of their drift axis. Multi-dimensional IMS can be operated under different pressure conditions before mass analysis; 
         FIG. 15  schematically shows a preferred embodiment of the IMS and orthogonal TOFMS interface where the drift axis is parallel to the flight axis in the TOFMS. A vacuum inlet with an array of pinholes is shown to demonstrate effective sampling of a portion of mobility separated ions in transverse direction. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the drift tube of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a rectangular resistance coil built from a single resistance wire with four-rod supporting frame. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a round resistance coil built from four resistance wires on a supporting frame. 
         FIGS. 20A and 20B  illustrate cross-sectional views of the four-wire coil.  FIG. 20A  depicts a radial cross section of the four-wire coil.  FIG. 20B  depicts a local axial cross section view of the four-wire coil. 
         FIGS. 21A and 21B  illustrate cross-sectional views of an inner and outer concentric coils and detector matrix.  FIG. 21A  depicts a local axial cross section of the concentric coils and detector matrix.  FIG. 21B  depicts a radial cross section of the detector matrix with multiple Faraday plates that is used to detect ions in an ion mobility spectrometer according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  shows ion source outlet configurations of the ion mobility spectrometer according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS 
     As used herein, the term “analytical instrument” generally refers to ion mobility based spectrometer, MS, and any other instruments that have the same or similar functions. 
     Unless otherwise specified in this document the term “ion mobility based spectrometer” is intended to mean any device that separates ions based on their ion mobilities or mobility differences under the same or different physical and chemical conditions and detecting ions after the separation process. Many embodiments herein use the time of flight type IMS, although many features of other kinds of IMS, such as differential mobility spectrometer and field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometer are included. Unless otherwise specified, the term ion mobility spectrometer or IMS is used interchangeable with the term ion mobility based spectrometer defined above. 
     Unless otherwise specified in this document the term “mass spectrometer” or MS is intended to mean any device or instrument that measures the mass to charge ratio of a chemical/biological compounds that have been converted to an ion or stores ions with the intention to determine the mass to charge ratio at a later time. Examples of MS include, but are not limited to: an ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS), a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS), and MS with one or more quadrupole mass filters. 
     The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. 
     The present invention generally relates to systems and methods of analyzing samples using a chemical and/or biological analytical instrument, in particular this invention addresses current issues of explosive detection by developing a comprehensive detection system based on common core technologies: a high thermal conductivity material and/or a low thermal mass construction, a novel sample introduction system, and a novel instrument interface system. All of these novel features ether together or used separately improves the currently used technology. The subject matter of the present invention involves, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of one or more systems and/or articles. 
     In one set of embodiments of the invention, a HTTD is based on high thermal conductivity ion mobility spectrometers (HTCIMS). The unique configuration of the HTCIMS allows rapid change of detector temperature thus enabling time-temperature desorption methods and TRUE temperature ramping in the trace detection process. True temperature ramping enables higher sensitivity and selectivity for peroxides detection, as well as other thermally labile explosives. The low thermal mass construction of the HTCIMS will also allow rapid system clean up in seconds, which eliminates system down time in high throughput trace detection applications. In addition, the low thermal mass construction allows a lower overall power consumption system that is useful for portable detection applications. 
     In another set of embodiments, the configuration of the HTCIMS, a variety of ionization methods, including but not limited to radioactive ionization, corona discharge, electrospray, desorption electrospray, DART, secondary electrospray ionization, photo ionization and etc., will be used to ionize targeted chemicals. The ionization source structure will also be designed to accommodate multiple ionization methods. 
     In some embodiments, the low thermal mass constructed analytical instrument  100  is shown in  FIG. 1 . The drift tube and reaction region is made from a wrapped resistance coil  105  that allows rapid temperature gradients, either heating and/or cooling. The other components shown in  FIG. 1  include; a thermal desorber  110 , an ion gate  115 , a Faraday ion collector  120 , and a protective tube  125 . 
     The resistance coil ion mobility based spectrometer (RCIMS) uses helical resistive material to form constant electric fields that are used to guide ion movements in an IMS. This drift tube for IMS is constructed with a non-conductive frame, continuous resistance wires, an ion gate assembly, a protective tube, flow handling components, an ion detector assembly, and other components. The resistance wires are wrapped on the non-conductive frame form coils in a round (or polygon) shape. The coil generates an even and continuous electric field that guides ion drift through the IMS. The resistance wires are not only used to form the electric field, they also function as the heating element to heat up the drift tube. The IMS design controls drift tube temperature using the resistive coil to maintain drift gas temperature; a separate heating element is used to preheat the drift gas before entering the drift region. The drift gas is delivered directly inside the coil and pumped away from the gas exit on the protective housing. This configuration provides a robust IMS that is simple to build with extremely low thermal mass along the ion and drift gas path, thus allowing rapid temperature changes. In summary, the drift tube design enables the IMS to be build with lower weight, lower power consumption, lower manufacturing cost, and is completely free of sealants that may out gas causing manufacturing problems for conventional spectrometers. An example configuration of a RCIMS: using 51 gauge Alloy COJ to construct a drift tube of 1.5 inch in diameter and 4 inch long, the total resistance is 1.4 Mohm; power consumption of 4.7 W at a drift field strength of 250 V/cm. 
     The RCIMS can be operated in either positive or negative ion mode, or a rapid switching mode (note that the basic concept of polarity switching has no patent infringement issue). With much lower total resistance, the drift field can be established much faster compared to common drift ring designs. The linked desorber-detector temperature ramping is achieved by continuously increasing voltages on the coil over ionization and reaction regions. In addition, if the drift voltage is also ramped in the same fashion, additional information could be generated by analyzing kinetics of ion decomposition reactions and transportation properties to gain higher specificity for explosives detection. At the end of each temperature ramping program, the spectrometer can be completely cleaned up by increasing the voltage across the spectrometer: a) all residue ions in the drift tube will be accelerated and neutralized on the collector; b) the coil temperature may increase to 500-600° C., thus all chemical residues on the wall of the drift tube will be evaporated into purge flow or decomposed (note the Alloy COJ has a melting point of 1200° C.). 
     In addition, with electrical current passing through the resistance wires, the coil can create a magnetic field inside the spectrometer. This magnetic field is used to effect ion movements in the RCIMS. With the effects of ion focusing and de-focusing, two-dimensional separation can be achieved by adjusting the electric and magnetic field conditions inside the drift tube. In the RCIMS design, the ions can be pushed out of the ionization source through a much smaller opening. After entering the drift region, the ions will not only drift down the drift tube under influence of the electric field, but also move in a circular motion because of the circular component of the electric field generated by the resistance coil. When the ions cut through the magnetic field, they are pushed toward the coil. The strength of the force is related to the speed of the ions which is determined by their ion mobilities. Therefore, ions with different mobility are detected at different locations on the Faraday plate. A Faraday plate that consists of multiple concentric rings can be used for obtaining the two-dimensional separation data. The 2D detection approach can improve the detector specificity and reduce false alarm rates. 
     In one set of embodiments, the low thermal mass structure is a resistive material  201  affixed on a non-conductive (dielectric) wall  205  as shown in  FIG. 2 . The term affixed should be understood to mean deposited on the surface though process, such screen printing or thin film deposition. The wall could be made of non-conductive material including, but not limited to, ceramic, fused silica, quartz. In particularly, highly thermal conductive and dielectric material including, but limited to, beryllium oxide (BeO) and aluminium nitride (AlN) represents the best choice. However, other materials, such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) or any other kind of ceramics has suitable electrical properties and mechanical structures can also be used for the analytical instrument construction. In a variety of embodiments, the resistive material can be arranged in, but not limited to, a serpentine line (as illustrated in  FIG. 2 ), multiple lines that are substantially parallel straight or curved from the first end  200  to the second end  202  of the wall. The analytical instrument can be assembled using one or multiple pieces of wall structure. The wall could be in any shape that is suitable for constructing the analytical instrument including, but limited to, a flat plate, a curved plate, a round tube, a half round tube, a rectangular tube. 
     Yet another aspect of the present invention is the IMS using a metalized dielectric structure to create necessary electrode layout for generating electric field in the IMS. A metalized dielectric tube is shown in  FIG. 3 . To realize the design as shown in this figure, the dielectric tube  301  is first machined for between inner and outer surface quality; array of holes for the leading electrical contacts are also prepared  315 ; and then, the entire inner surface is coated with single or multiple layer to metallization materials. The metallization process is commonly finished with a thin layer of nickel, gold or other inert metal for enhanced chemical resistivity. The metalized inner wall of the tube is then machined into rings by removing a narrow gap of the metal layer (as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The metalized rings on the inner wall  303  of the tube are connected to the power supply via array of electrical contact wires  305  through the holes on the wall. An ion gate  311  is also shown in  FIG. 3 . A heater  307  and a heat sink component  309  for cooling are tightly mounted on the outer wall of the dielectric tube. As high thermal conductivity ceramic will be used for this contraction, the heating and cooling process is expected to be accomplished within seconds. Without pursuing the highest heating and cooling rate, the ceramic material can be 92 to 99.9% alumina, Al 2 O 3 , or any other kind of ceramic that has suitable electrical and mechanical properties. For optimized thermal conductivity, aluminum nitride (AlN) can be used as the base ceramic tube for the drift tube structure. Beyond the examples given above, other dielectrics with high thermal conductivity and the proper dielectric constants could also be used for the IMS drift tube construction. 
     In one set of embodiments, the IMS using a metalized surface on a substantially flat dielectric material, such as ceramic, but not limited to this material is shown in  FIG. 4 . In addition, the dielectric material (substrate) does not necessarily need to be flat, but can include a curved shape. A thin layer of nickel, gold or other inert metal  404  for enhanced chemical resistivity is formed directly on the substrate  402  using an additive method such as screen printing and thin film deposition to each inner wall. Conductive leading contacts  408  are either extensions of metalized pads or bonded lead wires. The flat plates can be assembled into an enclosed chamber for use in an IMS spectrometer. The assembled shape of the metalized flat plates shown in  FIG. 4  is rectangular, although the metalized flat plates can be assembled into any useful shape, in particular, square. The assembled  4  plates can have metalized pads that are: individual, partially connected forming a partial ring structure, and interconnected to each other forming a full ring structure. In the case of the interconnected or partially connected metalized pads, the number of lead contacts or wires used may be less then when employing individual metalized pads. A heating element or heating elements can be arranged surrounding the enclosed chamber or mounted on one or more plate(s) in case high thermal conductivity materials used for the construction of the entire plate can serve as a heater for the enclosed chamber. Reduced thermal mass of this device can be achieved by choosing high thermal conductivity substrate and reducing physical dimension of components and overall device. 
     In one embodiment, components of an IMS using a metalized ceramic material is shown in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 5  shows a unique construction method of a Bradbury-Nielsen ion gate. It is built with a frame ring, a tension ring  502  and parallel wires  505  that are pre-winded on a metal frame. One or the rings, either the frame ring or the tension ring is metalized  515  with a pattern  510  that connects every other wire to each other. In one embodiment, the frame ring has metalized contacts  507  that are 1 mm apart (center to center). During the ion gate construction, the parallel wires are lined up with these contacts and form a firm contact while the tension ring is pushed down into the frame ring. As the wire is selected to match the thermal expansion of the frame ring and tension ring, the wires can be maintained parallel while the IMS is operated under different temperature conditions. The gate control voltage(s) are applied to the wires by attaching an electrical lead to the contact point that is on the outside of the frame ring. Not only for metalized ceramic tube IMS design, the Bradbury-Nielsen ion gate can be used for other analytical instruments. 
     In another embodiment, the invention using the HTCIMS has a stack ring design IMS; this device is designed and constructed using high thermal conductive electrodes (metal or metal coated components) and insulation materials (dielectric) for rapid heating and cooling methods. A heat sink with cooling means will be used to rapidly pump away the excessive heat after each heating cycle.  FIG. 6  shows one embodiment that uses a heating belt  603  that is mounted on a dielectric structure  605  and a forced air heat pump  607  to rapidly heat and cool the device. A heat pump as used herein is a device to add or remove heat from analytical instrument. Unrelated to the specific example shown in this figure, the heat pump can be used on any IMS device and/or analytical instrument. The heat can also be added or removed from a device via a media, such as gas or liquid. An ion detector  615  and an ionization source  620  are pictured, although both of these elements of the instrument could be used externally. A drift gas preheating element (not shown in the figure) is also used to work cooperatively with the drift tube temperature control components described above. Instead of traditional stainless steel guard rings used in many previous art IMS, the HTCIMS uses high thermal conductivity metals and/or alloys for the guard ring construction  610 , i.e. gold coated aluminum rings, but not limited to these. The spacer between guard rings  612  are also made of high thermal conductivity materials, i.e. AlN, but not limited to this. With the HTCIMS, the heating and/or cooling of the device from 50 to 350° C. can be achieved within several seconds. In trace detection applications, the rapid heating and cooling is used to perform synchronized thermal desorber-IMS temperature ramping, on-the-fly desorber and IMS clean up, declustering ions in unwanted form during IMS measurements and study ion chemistry in the drift tube. One method for operating the low thermal mass IMS comprises: rapidly adjusting an IMS temperature to the first starting operating temperature and then ramping the temperature to the ending operating temperature at a designed rate using the heat pump. This method of ramping the temperature can be done while, before, or after obtaining ion mobility spectra. This method can also include: ramping temperature of a thermal desorber that is in fluid communication with a sample inlet of the IMS wherein the design rate of the IMS temperature ramping is substantially equal to or higher than the desorber temperature ramping rate. This method of temperature ramping can also be used for cleaning the IMS in-between sample runs. 
     In another set of embodiments of the invention,  FIG. 7  shows the apparatus of the HTCIMS with a thermal desorber  702  for swiped (swabbed using dry or wet swabs) sample  703  and a preconcentrator  704  for vapors and particles collected from air; this preconcentrator is particular useful for peroxide detection from the gas phase. The home made explosive (HME) vapor preconcentrator is made from plural layer of coils. The coil is made of resistance alloy. The pitch size of the coil is made to precisely trap/filter out certain size of the particles during preconcentration. Multiple coils could be made with different pitch sizes to achieve multiple step filtrations. As shown in  FIG. 7 , When the sample flow “ 710 ” enters the preconcentrator chamber, it pass through the coils (only single layer of coil is shown) and then pumped away with flow “ 715 ”. The particles of different sizes are trapped on different layer of coils. The vapor sample can be trapped on any coils when interacted with the coil surface. They could be trapped without any affinitive coating as the preconcentrator is at related low temperature. During the sample preconcentration stage of operation, valve V 1  is closed, V 2  and V 3  are open to allow flow to pass design direction. In addition, the affinity layer coating material generally has higher electrical resistance compared to the coil material itself. Thus it can function as insulating layer when electrical current is passing through the coil for flash heating. Different coils or different section of the coil can be coated with different material to trap chemicals of different classes. 
     During the desorption process, a local chemical environment is created to assist sample desorption/evaporation process. The function of these chemicals is either to directly react with the trapped samples and convert them into IMS detectable form, or to control their fragmentation path way at elevated temperature. To introduce additional chemical to into the preconcentrator, valve “V 2  and V 3 ” are closed, V 1  is open, thus Gas flow “ 720 ” that pass through a chemical chamber  725  is introduced to the preconcentration chamber during the desorption process. During the desorption process, the coils are flash heated with controlled temperature ramping speed to evaporate the trapped chemicals. If the chemicals are not necessary, the desorption flow can be redirected by closing V 1  and open V 3 . There are many thermal labile explosives that decompose before being evaporated, the CATD can be used to create known fragments and subsequentially detected by RCIMS. Similarly, CATD approach can also be used during the desorption of sample on a swipe (substrate) (in this case V 1  &amp; V 2  are closed and V 3  &amp; V 4  is open). The airflow  730  will bring desorbed sample into the resistive coil spectrometer  755 , the ionization source  750 , and both drift flow  740  and sample flow  730  will be purged via V 3  through flow  745 . The CATD can potentially be a great advantage when used HTTD for peroxide detection. For example, Hexamethylene Triperoside Diamine (HMTD) does not have sensitive response IMS based systems because of the thermal decomposition, however, if the explosive is desorbed in the modified chemical environment that is doped with acidic vapor, a decomposition product can be predicted. In this specific case, the product is peroxy-bis-methanol [Jounal; Legler; CHBEAM; Chem. Ber.; 18; 1885; 3344] that could be sensitively detected by HTTD in the negative ion mode. CATD can not only being used for peroxides detection, but also improve detection of other thermal labile common explosives or taggants. 
     In yet another set of embodiments of the invention, the sample introduction system is threefold; to add an electrospray method that is compatible with current sampling techniques, add additional sample introduction ports that can be used to directly introduce liquid samples, and combine with other ionization methods, such as DESI and DART for HTTD. The compatible electrospray ionization add-on for HTTD will address one of the major shortcomings of IMS based trace detectors, i.e. detection of low explosives, such as black powers, and other nonvolatile explosives, such as inorganic sodium chlorate and ammonium perchlorate. In addition, with the importance and recent interests in touchless sampling, interfacing the HTTD with DESI and/or DART ionization methods may enable the HTTD to collect samples remotely. More importantly, if the ions created by these ionization methods can be effectively introduced into the HTCIMS, then the HTCIMS can be used to isolate the MS system from contaminants that are desorbed from the sampling surface. As most mass spectrometric system are operated at room temperature, desorbed neutral explosive samples and contaminates can easily accumulated at the inlet area other components that are exposed. System clean up and false alarms are anticipated under field operating conditions, especially since many of these ionization methods require high sample flow rate for the desorption ionization. 
     In some embodiments, a wet sampling scheme, e.g., electrospray ionization can be used to process the wet samples by directly spraying collected sample into the ionization chamber. One implementation of this method includes having the wet samples put into a removable sample holder, which has an electrospray needle and electrodes where an electrospray voltage can be applied. As the sample is sealed inside the holder, pressure is applied to the holder/soaked sample substrate either directly or indirectly, and the solvents and dissolved sample reach the electrospray needle, and are electrosprayed to form highly charged droplets. The electrospray sample ions can be guided into the ionization chamber for analysis. The combination of wet sampling and direct electrospray ionization for the instrument can provide, for example, detection capabilities for both inorganic and organic explosives and other chemicals of interest. 
     Unless otherwise specified in this document the term “particle” is intended to mean chemical and/or biological single or plurality of atom, molecule, large or macro molecule, nanoparticle, or other matters that are; solid, liquid, crystal, charged species, vapor, droplets, an aerosol, gas, supercritical fluid and/or other fluidic materials or any other medium in which specific molecules of interest may be deposited/applied to a sampling substrate. 
     Sampling particles from a desired target utilizing a sampling substrate or swab can be accomplished in many ways, including but not limited to: physically touching (wiping) a sampling substrate across a surface and then inserting the sampling substrate in a detector or a removable sample holder for analysis and/or collecting the particle on a sampling substrate without contacting the surface followed by directly inserting the sampling substrate into the detector or removable sample holder. 
     In a variety of embodiments,  FIG. 8  shows the multi-function sample introduction apparatus  801 . Utilizing the current sampling technique, i.e. swipe (swabbing) and particle desorption operation, the sampling substrate can be inserted into a sample loading port between the shaped heating plate  803  (thermal desorber) and sample inlet screen  805 , in the location of the illustrated removable sample holder  809 . As the samples are heated up with the temperature program, they are vaporized and transferred into the ionization chamber of the instrument by way of an opening and/or interface that has a gas outlet. The vaporized sample is ionized by an ionization source  807 , such as a corona discharge source, but not limited to this source. The ionization chamber has an opening that accepts a sample in neutral and/or ionic form. For liquid sample introduction, a liquid inlet  808  is also included in the apparatus which can electrospray the liquid sample by applying a voltage. The removable sample holder  809  that that is illustrated in  FIG. 8 , containing a plurality of electrospray nozzles  811  can also be inserted into the multi-function sample introduction apparatus  801 . With the electrospray capability, unknown liquids can be placed on the sample substrate and electrosprayed into the spectrometer. The multi-function sample introduction apparatus  801  can be interfaced to a variety of instruments, such as a MS, a ion mobility based spectrometer, in particular a high thermal conductivity IMS, but not necessarily limited to these. 
     One embodiment of the invention relates to transferring the sampling substrate to a removable sample holder prior to analysis. The removable sample holder comprises: a substantially sealed inner chamber, at least one opening for releasing a sample to a spectrometer, and at least one opening to receive the sample. In addition, the removable sample holder may include a single or plurality of electrospray nozzles, an electrical contact, and/or a porous material, such as foam, sponge, zeolite, membrane, metallic foam, but not limited to these that a applied solvent can flow. The removable sample holder body can be made from a number of materials that are inert from outgasing and/or experience chemical changes in their composition while being exposed to any solvents or mixtures of solvents, in addition the removable sample holder can be made from a material that can withstand rapid heating from low to high temperatures. The removable sample holder body may include an identification marking, such as a bar code or rf tag, but not necessarily limited to these. The solvents or mixtures of solvents that may be applied to the porous material may include; water, acetonitrile, alcohols, in particular, methanol and ethanol, hydrocarbons, in particular, hexane and pentane, halogenated, in particular methylene choride and chloroform, ketones, in particular acetone, but not limited to these; any suitable solvent or mixture of solvents that can dissolve the sample for use in a electrospray process. 
     In some embodiments, where the removable sample holder will be used for multiple sample introductions, the removable sample holder can be delivered in a sealed bag. Removal of the bag or solvent sealing strip makes the removable sample holder ready for use. The removable sample holder can be re-used for multiple sampling substrates (swabs). One sample introduction method would comprise: loading a known amount of sample into the removable sample holder, then inserting a removable sample holder into a sample loading port, and vaporizing some sample under a controlled temperature and/or temperature gradient into the ionization chamber. Another substrate sampling introduction method comprises: swabbing a sample with a wet or dry swab, loading the sample into a removable sample holder, dissolving the un-dissolved sample, and then electrospraying the dissolved sample into a analytical instrument. 
     In a non limiting example of the removable sample holder being used for electrospray ionization, the sample substrate  900  is placed in an open removable sample holder  902  within which a porous material  903  is soaked with solvent or solvent mixture for electrospraying ( FIG. 9A ); when the removable sample holder is closed  904 , the knife edge ring  905  will push down into the lower body  907  and form a seal around the electrospray nozzles thus forming a sealed inner chamber ( FIG. 9B ); as the sample holder is inserted between the shaped heating plate (at room temperature) and the sample inlet screen, the electrospray nozzles will be set at a higher voltage against the sample inlet screen. Meanwhile the shaped heating plate  910  will push into the porous material and create a higher pressure to start the electrospray ( FIG. 9C ). The removable sample holder may include an electrical contact  901  incorporated into the body and may also include at least one deformable surface that allows for increasing the pressure in the sealed inner chamber. 
     In one embodiment, the inner surface of the electrospray nozzle will be treated to be hydrophilic to the selected solvent and hydrophobic for the area surrounding the nozzle. When the holder is closed, the solvent will soak through the sample substrate and the dissolved samples will be accumulated in the electrospray nozzle with a local high concentration. Pulsed electrospray operation and positive and negative spray operation will be used to analyze both positive and negative ions. 
     A variety of materials, according to certain aspects of the invention, can be used to form any of the above-described components of the systems and devices of the invention. In some cases, the various materials selected lend themselves to various methods. For example, various components of the invention can be formed from solid materials that are inert. These inert materials should not outgas at elevated temperatures and/or experience chemical changes in their composition while being exposed to solvents, solvent mixtures, and/or heat. In one embodiment, the sampling substrate is made of a porous material such as cellulose, fabric, glass fiber and/or a fine wire mesh, multilayer diffusion bonded metal screens but not limited to only these materials. The screens can be made of, but not limited to, stainless steel, bronze, Monel, and other metal alloys. The opening of the screen may be in the range from sub-microns to hundreds of microns. The sampling substrate can be any size or shape that would be suitable for use in the described apparatus. 
     In another embodiment, the above-described porous material used for the sampling substrate can be chemically treated to assist in particle sampling, in particular for vapor sampling, the sample substrate may also be coated with a layer of affinitive material, such as modified PDMS used for SPME. Possible coating material may also include a functionalized surface, such as sol-gel. In addition to and including sampling vapors, the sampling substrate material may have chemical functionality covalently linked through the matrix of the material. These functional groups will assist in collecting the particles on the sampling substrate. For example, certain explosive materials are inherently sticky, such as C-4 (a RDX based explosive), and Deltasheet (PETN based explosive). Due to their makeup, these explosive molecules are generally greasy substances and are hydrophobic. Particles which are not explosive molecules can also be hard to remove from the surface and the methods disclosed below can be used not only for explosive molecules, but for particles in general. A non-limiting example of such functional groups are hydrophobic groups, such as an alkane, alkene, benzene derivative, haloalkane, but not limited to theses, that are chemically linked through a covalent bond to a cellulose matrix. 
     In alternative embodiments of the invention, the HTTD is used as sample introduction/pre-separation method for MS. Even though the HTTD has high resolution and is suitable for rapid screening of trace chemicals, the combination of HTTD and MS can provide addition technical merits. MS systems have greater resolution and the potential to reduce false alarm/identification rates for trace chemical detection applications. As most mass spectrometric instruments are configured for laboratory use, advanced sampling methods are required field trace detection applications. The HTTD can be interfaced to a MS as an integrated IMS-MS system. Compared to other types of MS, TOFMS may the advantage of higher resolution and rapid data acquisition. However, it also requires higher vacuum for operation, and it has been a major challenge to interface an atmospheric pressure IMS to a TOFMS because of the greater pressure difference.  FIG. 10  shows the concept of interfacing the HTTD to the orthogonal interface  1005  of a TOFMS. In a variety of embodiments, the figure shows the HTTD  1001  is interfaced to a TOFMS (not shown) The mobility separated ions are extracted into the MS under vacuum through an interface assembly  1010  that may consist of, but not limited to, a pin-hole opening, single/multiple tube structure, or a slit opening in combination with skimmers and/or other ion optics commonly used for state of art MS. The ion extraction zone  1006  at the end of the HTTD and the interface assembly  1010  to MS are described in details in later sections. The integrated HTTD-MS detection system has improved selectivity and a versatile sample introduction apparatus as described in previously. 
     To resolve the ion transportation issues at IMS-MS interfaces, several ion extraction methods in front of MS interface are described in this invention. In a variety of embodiments, a novel multiple field zone ion extraction mechanism is described to extract ions in front of the vacuum inlet into the MS under vacuum conditions.  FIG. 11  shows a non-limiting example of extracting mobility separated ions into the MS. When a group of mobility separated ions  1101  travels into the ion extraction zone  1103  through a grid  1116  that serve as a separator of the ion extraction zone and ion drift region, ions are kicked out from high field zone  1105  to a low field zone  1107  in front of the MS interface. In this low field zone, the “ion plug” is compressed in the direction that is perpendicular to its drift direction  1109  into a narrow band  1110 . On the other hand, a high field zone  1112  is created by adding substantial voltage difference on each side of vacuum inlet tube  1115 . The configuration of this inlet tube can be similar to a time of flight type IMS but with a small internal diameter. In particularly, the inlet tube can be made of a resistive glass tube. At the boundary area between high field zone  1112  and the low field zone  1107 , an ion focusing effect can be achieved to extract ions from a larger area into the MS. As the ions are kicked out into this area, they can be transported into the MS with higher ion population. In a practical application, the high voltage ion kick out pulse is on for several microseconds. The ion extraction can be performed on the entire ion mobility spectrum or can selectively extract ions with mobilities of interest into the MS. As chemicals have already been ionized and separated in the HTTD, only chemicals that have the same ion mobility will be introduced into the MS during each kick out. 
     As discussed above, the method of mass analyzing mobility separated ions may involve generating ions in front of a IMS, separating ions in the IMS and transporting ions in the front of a vacuum inlet, collecting a section of mobility separated ions into the vacuum inlet in the direction that is perpendicular ion drift direction; and measuring mass to charge ratio in a MS. The method may also involve transporting ions into an ion extraction zone; and then compressing ions by applying a pulse of high electric field in the ion extraction zone, the ions are pushed into a low field zone in front of vacuum inlet. The ions are further transported and/or focused into the vacuum with assistance of a local high field inside the inlet and a gas flow. Alternatively, a method of introducing ions into a vacuum may involve transporting ions from a high pressure condition in to an ion extraction zone, and then compressing ions by applying a pulse of high electric field in ion extraction zone and push them into a low field zone in front of vacuum inlet; and further extracting ions into the vacuum inlet with another high electric field. 
       FIG. 12  shows examples of possible embodiments of drift ring or ion guide configuration for ion extraction zone. As shown in  FIG. 12 , many possible configurations can be used and the invention is not limited to a round ring shape structure. The electrodes are arranged to provide optimal electric field for the ion extraction and the maximum efficient for ion extraction. 
     In  FIG. 13 , the mobility separated ions  1301  are compressed/condensed  1303  by the kick out voltage temporarily applied in the first high field zone  1305  that is defined by the field separator grid  1307  and an optional grid can as be placed between the high field (extraction) zone the vacuum inlet. The ion compression is in the direction that is in line with their drift direction. Compared to the method described in  FIG. 11 , the total amount of available ions can be less. The transverse field ion extraction can theoretically improve system sensitivity. An alternative embodiment of using transverse field ion extraction at the IMS-MS interface may not involve ion compression described in  FIG. 11 . Simply extract mobility separated ions into a MS in the direction that is perpendicular to their drift direction can provide better IMS-MS system sensitivity compared to inline IMS-MS interface that has be demonstrated in prior arts. 
       FIG. 14  shows the concept of one of the embodiments for interfacing an IMS to a TOFMS. An ion source  1402  is used for generating ions under ambient pressure conditions; An IMS  1403  having an inlet  1404  at first end accepting ion from the ionization source; As the ions are brought into the IMS, they are subsequently separated based on ion mobility along the drift axis; the ions enter ion extraction zone through a field separating grid  1407 ; the ion extraction zone locating in front of the vacuum inlet  1401  is designed to assist extracting ions from the IMS into the vacuum inlet in the direction that is substantially perpendicular to the ion drift axis; ions are kicked out from the ion extraction zone into a the vacuum inlet; the drift rings (or ion guide or guard rings) are segmented elements  1416  (View B) as described also in  FIG. 12 , where an extraction electric field can be created by applying a designed voltage on each element. During the ion kick out process, the normal ion drift electric field is temporarily converted to a strong electric field that is perpendicular to the drift axis, thus ions in the extraction zone are forced to move in the direction that is perpendicular to the original drift axis. The temporary ion extraction field is relatively short in time compared to ion drift time, thus ions outside the ion extraction zone can maintain their drift motion while ions in the extraction zone are forced toward the vacuum inlet. The ion extraction field is arranged to avoid mixing mobility separated ions during the extraction. As shown in the figure, the interface  1401  does not necessarily need to be a round orifice, pin-hole, or tubing; it could also be an array of pin-holes or an slit, or any other shape that allow multiple mobility separated ions entering the MS at same time. The figure shows an IMS-TOFMS interface; however, the interface could be used with other types of MS as well, such as, a microarray ion trap mass spectrometer, linear ion trap mass spectrometer, etc. Depending on the shape of the vacuum inlet, a section of mobility separated ion pockets are sampled into the vacuum inlet in the direction that is perpendicular to the ion drift direction. In a variety of embodiments,  FIG. 14  shows a non-limiting example of using orthogonal TOFMS to measure mass to charge ratio of mobility separated ions. As ions are leaving IMS and enter the orthogonal interface  1408  (view B), they are directed into the ion accelerator  1411  by surrounding electric field and ion propeller  1410 , if necessary; the ions fly through accelerator, field free region, reflectron  1412 , and then to ion detector  1414 . Note that instruments, such as MS and IMS, illustrated in this specification does represent accurate/complete configurations, they are used as non-limiting examples to show the concept of this invention; state of the art instruments, e.g. TOFMS, should be used in practice. 
     In addition, a multidimensional IMS can provide multiple step mobility separation prior to mass separation. As a multiple drift tube is used, each dimension of IMS drift tube may be operated under different pressure conditions. In  FIG. 14 , if the ionization source  1402  is replaced with a drift tube and the drift tube is operated under higher pressure conditions, the drift tube  1403  shown in this figure can be operated under a different pressure. With the first dimension drift tube at ambient pressure and second drift tube at medium pressure, e.g. from mTorr to 100 s Ton, MS interfaced to second dimension drift tube may have a bigger opening, because of the reduced pressure difference between the second dimension drift tube and vacuum chamber for MS, the ion transfer efficiency can be improved. In summary, the apparatus of mass analyzing mobility separated ions using a first IMS having an inlet accepting ions from an ion source and subsequently mobility separating ions under a first pressure condition along a first axis; with multidimensional IMS, at least one higher order IMS can receive ions from the first IMS and subsequently mobility separating them under other pressure conditions along axes that is orthogonal to the first IMS; and an MS having an interface receiving a section of mobility separated ions for mass analysis. Note that the MS does not necessary to be a TOFMS, the method shall apply to operating a multidimensional IMS with any analytical instruments. 
     Without a multidimensional IMS, the drift tube can also be operated under medium pressure; a similar effect on ion transportation efficiency is expected. As shown in the figure, mobility separated ions are introduced into a TOFMS in the direction that is perpendicular to the flight path of ions in the TOFMS. The initial energy difference effect to the TOFMS resolution is eliminated by accelerating ions into the direction that is orthogonal to the sample inlet. Ions with a different mobility may be introduced into the vacuum chamber simultaneously and detected at different regions on the TOFMS detector without loss of ion mobility information. The spatial resolution on the detector can also be used for the ion identification based on both mass to charge ratio and ion mobility, thus improving the systems detection specificity. 
     In a variety of embodiments,  FIG. 15  shows a non-limiting example of IMS-TOFMS configuration. In  FIG. 15A , the vacuum inlet  1501  is shown as an array of pin-holes, however, the inlet could be a round orifice, pin-hole, or tubing, or a slit, or any other shape that could serve as the barrier of vacuum and high pressure interface. In the shown example, the vacuum inlet has a shape that is similar to the projected profile of mobility separated ion pockets. When ions are generated in the ion source  1502  and introduced to the IMS via a inlet  1502  on one end, mobility separated ions pass through the field separator  1506 , being extracted from the extraction zone  1524  in the direction that is perpendicular to their drift direction  1522 ; therefore a larger section of the mobility separated ion pocket could be brought into the orthogonal interface  1508  of the TOFMS. Alternatively, mobility separated ions can be detected by a detector  1520  under high pressure conditions. Subsequently the ions are kicked into the ion accelerator  1511  by repeller plate  1510  into the flight axis of the TOFMS and detected at the TOFMS ion detector  1514 ; a reflectron  1512  could be used for improved TOFMS performance. In the specific example shown in  FIG. 15  A and B, the direction of the flight axis  1518  is parallel to the ion drift direction  1522 . With a vacuum inlet having a shape that matches the side view cross section of ion pocket, orthogonally extracting ions into the MS provides a great benefit of ion transportation efficiency through the vacuum inlet. In general, when IMS ion outlet and TOFMS ion inlet (together shown as  1501  in  FIG. 15B ) matches, the TOFMS flight axis  1518  and IMS drift axis  1522  can be arranged in any angle or angles depending on the instrument design needs, especially when a symmetric vacuum inlet, e.g. round, square, is used. With the example shown in  FIG. 15 , having the flight axis  1518  and drift axis  1522  arranged substantially parallel (zero degrees) and/or anti-parallel (180 degrees) is preferred. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention. The sample is introduced to the spectrometer through a sample inlet  1600 . The sample is ionized while it passes through the ionization source  1602 . The ionization process is completed in the reaction region  1604  before reaching the ion gate assembly  1606 . In various embodiments, the ion mobility spectrometer described herein can also sample chemicals in ionic form and/or from an external ionization source. The ion gate assembly  1606  includes either a Bradbury-Nielsen gate or multiple grids that generate a narrow pulse of ions that is introduce into the drift region  1608 . Both the reaction region  1604  and the drift region  1608  of the drift tube are guarded with ion guides. 
     The ion guides of the present invention are made of a single or a plurality helical coil of resistance wires. The coil of resistance wires used in the reaction region and in drift region can be the same or different coils. In prior art systems, the ion guides (or drift rings) are made of a series of rings with a wire attached to it. The lead wires are brought to the outside of the drift tube and are connected to a series of resistors that divide the drift voltage into multiple voltage drop steps. The ion guide ring and resistor series in prior art systems are replaced by a helical coil that is made of continuous resistance wire  1622  wrapped around a supporting frame  1624 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , the reaction  1604  and drift region  1608  are separated by the ion gate assembly  1606 . The reaction  1604  and drift region  1608  can either share the same coil or use different coils.  FIG. 16  shows the coil in reaction region  1610  has large pitch between wires, which is designed to allow the drift gas to leak into the outer chamber, where it is pumped away from the gas outlet  1612 . Using wires with different resistivity in these two regions can control the time the ions stay in a giving region. For example, in the reaction region  1604 , the resistivity of coil can be lower than the resistivity of the coil in the drift region  1608 . In this example, the ions move at a relatively slow rate in the reaction region  1604 , which allows the ions to have sufficient time for the ionization reaction to be completed. In some embodiments, the wire resistivities in both the reaction  1604  and the drift region  1608  are optimized to generate the desired electric field strength. 
     In other embodiments, the resistivities of the coils for drift  1608  and reaction  1604  regions can also be adjusted to heat these two regions to different temperatures, respectively. For example, when the drift tube is interfaced to an electrospray ionization source, the reaction needs to be at a relatively higher temperature to assist in the desolvation process. In these embodiments, the resistance of the coil in the reaction region  1604  is made to be relatively high. However, if both a lower voltage drop and a higher temperature are desirable in the region, then plural coils may be used in the reaction region  1604 . The above example shows an alternative embodiment where the drift  1608  and reaction  1604  region could be build with different coil configurations. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the drift tube of the present invention. The alternative embodiment shows a segmented resistance coil that is used as an ion mobility drift tube. The sections of the coil are arranged in a similar fashion as the prior art drift rings. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a three dimensional drawing of a rectangular resistance coil  1802  built from a single resistance wire  1806  supported by a four-rod frame  1804 . The size of the rod can be minimized to avoid charge build up that may influence the electric field distribution inside the drift tube. 
     In some embodiments, the drift tube is made from multiple coils that are wrapped in opposite directions. Such coils can be formed by using another resistance wire that starts on the same rod as the existing wire, but that is wound in a counter clockwise direction. The wire will meet the other wire on the bottom-left rod. As both of the coils continue, they will overlap at every half turn. In these embodiments, the magnetic field generated from the coil will be effectively cancelled. The ion cyclotron motion under atmospheric pressure is negligible for ion separation. However, under low pressure conditions, the effects from the magnetic field in a resistance coil based ion mobility spectrometer can be significant. In another embodiment, symmetric multiple reverse coils that overlap after a certain number of turns are used to generate a more uniform electric field and can eliminate the effect of the magnetic field in the drift tube. 
     Depending on the drift tube design, the ion guide of the present invention can also be formed of a plurality of coils.  FIG. 19  illustrates a round drift tube comprising four resistance coils on a supporting frame  1900 . The four coils  1902 ,  1904 ,  406 , and  408  started at the same level in the axis direction, but are offset by 90 degrees. Different numbers of resistance coils can be used depending on the desired electric field uniformity requirements. In some embodiments, the electric field uniformity is improved by increasing the number of coils. However, in these embodiments, material with higher resistivities is used in order to maintain the same level of power consumption. The resistance coil can be formed in many different shapes depending on the frame design, such as round, rectangular, oval, or other polygons. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the resistance coil can be formed in an almost unlimited number of shapes. 
       FIG. 20A  illustrates the radial cross sectional view of the four coil drift tube. In many embodiments, the same voltage is applied to all four wires  2002 ,  2004 ,  2006 , and  2008 . The cross section view shows ions in the center of the drift tube experience a symmetric electric field that causes the ions to drift along the axis similar to the conventional ion mobility spectrometer drift tubes.  FIG. 20B  illustrates an axial cross sectional view of the four coils. The four wires  2002 ,  2004 ,  2006 , and  2008  are separated with a distance that is chosen to prevent arcing between the wires. The distance is also optimized to shield the drift region from outside electric fields. 
     After ions are introduced into the drift region  1608 , the ions travel toward the ion detection assembly  1614  under the influence of an electric field. The ions are then detected as an ion current on the detector matrix. During the time that the ions travel in the drift region  1608 , they are separated based on their ion mobility. The ion gate assembly  1606  normally consists of a set of parallel wires where adjacent wires in the set of parallel wires can be set to different voltages (Bradbury-Nielsen gate). The ion gate assembly  1606  may also be made of two parallel grids that perform a push-pull type of ion extraction. An example of push-pull type ion extraction is setting the downstream grid at a relatively low voltage and the upstream grid at a relative high voltage briefly during ion extraction. Ions between the two grids are then ejected into drift region  1608  in a pulse form. In some embodiments, the downstream grid is replaced by a Bradbury-Nielsen gate. The Bradbury-Nielsen gate can be opened for a shorter time duration than the time duration that a higher voltage is applied on the upstream grid. In these embodiments, a combination of Bradbury-Nielsen gate and push-pull type ion extraction generates a narrow pulse with a high ion density. The gate is used to control the ion pulse width. 
     The detector assembly consists of an aperture grid and a detector matrix.  FIG. 21B  illustrates a detector matrix with multiple Faraday plates that is used to detect ions in an ion mobility spectrometer according to the present invention. The detector matrix illustrated in  FIG. 21B  is a segmented single Faraday plate. In the embodiment shown, the single Faraday plate is segmented into multiple Faraday plates in a circular design. The number of the segments depends on the desired detector resolution. 
     Multiple coil ion mobility spectrometers use the detector matrix to detect spatially resolved ions in the radial direction under the influence of the radial direction electric field. The detector matrix can also be used with an ordinary ion mobility spectrometer, which is similar to Configuration A  2202  described in connection with  FIG. 22 , to selectively read out ion current at different radial locations. The selective reading method can improve ion mobility spectrometer resolution by eliminating the effect of diffusion in the radial direction and non-uniform electric field distribution close to drift tube wall. 
     For example, a resistance coil drift tube can be built using resistance wire of Iron Chrome Aluminum Molybdenum alloy that has electrical resistivity of 153 Microhms/cm.sup.3. When selecting a wire in “ribbon” form, with 0.035 mm in thickness and 0.08 mm in width, the wire has resistance of 603 ohms/m. To build a drift tube of 2.54 cm i.d. and 4 cm total length, 32 meters of the resistance wire is needed (assuming the drift electric field strength is 200 V/cm and the total power consumption is 33 W). Similarly, with the same material in round shape, 0.05 mm in diameter, the resistance is 728 ohm/m. Assuming a 4 cm total drift length, 42.5 meters of resistance wire is used. The same drift field of 200 V/cm is achieved and the total power consumption is 20 W. 
     As described herein, in one embodiment of the invention, a single resistance wire may also function as a 33 or 20 W heater for the spectrometer. Such a heater will eliminate the heating element required in prior art conventional ion mobility spectrometers. In these embodiments, the resistance coil functions as an electric field barrier to guard the drift  1608  and reaction  1604  region, and also as a temperature barrier that guarantees drift and reaction region temperature. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16 , the drift flow is introduced to the spectrometer at the drift gas inlet  1616  that is located behind the detector assembly  1614 . The drift gas enters the drift region  1608  (inside of the resistance coil) after being preheated. The resistance coil maintains the drift gas temperature after it enters the drift tube. As the drift gas flows toward the ionization source  1602 , it also leaks out through the coil into the outer space between the resistance coil and the spectrometer housing  1618 . If the resistance coil has a large pitch in the reaction region  1604  as shown in  FIG. 16 , the majority of the drift gas exits from the reaction region  1604  section of the drift tube and is pumped away via the gas outlet  1612 . Excessive sample and sample carrier gas are also pumped away from the same outlet. Note that in an alternative embodiment, the sample inlet  1600  can also be used as gas outlet if the gas outlet  1612  is used as sample inlet. In order to use the gas outlet  1612  as the sample inlet, a nonconductive tube needs to be used to deliver samples to the inside of the resistance coil. 
     The drift tube of the present invention can be rapidly heated or cooled down because of the low thermal mass construction. The drift tube temperature is controlled by the drift gas pre-heater  1620  and the resistance coil. The drift tube of the present invention eliminates all ceramic or glass tubing and other heavy and/or complex components. The pre-heater  1620  shown in  FIG. 16  directly exposes high temperature heating wire to the drift gas. If the drift gas is recycled using a closed loop wherein the inlet and outlet for the drift gas are connected to form a circulatory gas system, the high temperature zone in the pre-heater  1620  may also be used to cause thermal decomposition of contaminants in the drift gas. Catalytic material may also be used in the pre-heater  1620  for gas regeneration. 
     This invention eliminates the majority of the lead wires of the drift rings used in prior art conventional ion mobility designs. The electrical contacts that need to feed through the protective housing  1618  are one high voltage power supply wire, a signal cable for the detector matrix, and lead wires for ion gate assembly  1606 . The ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention has relatively few feed-through devices. The protective housing  1618  can completely seal the drift tube from the ambient conditions. By regulating the flow of drift gas and sample inlet/outlet, the ion mobility spectrometer can operate under controlled pressure conditions. 
     In one embodiment, the resistance coil is segmented into multiple sections that are arranged sequentially to form a continuous constant electric field in the reaction region or in the drift region. The multiple resistance coils could be used to achieve the same performance for rapid spectrometer heating and cooling, and other IMS operating conditions. The segmented coils do not require using high resistance wires to form the coil as they could be interconnected using the voltage divider circuit shown in  FIG. 17 . There is only a small voltage drop across the segmented coils. The resistivity of the coil is only required to heat the drift tube. A voltage divider circuit  1702  is used to define the drift field for ions traveling in the drift tube.  FIG. 17  shows a portion of the drift tube that is made of segmented resistance coils  1704 , where an AC power supply  1706  is used to drive the coils. A high voltage DC power supply  1708  is used to define the drift field through a high voltage divider circuits. 
     The ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention can operate under a continuous pressure gradient which achieves separation in both high (&gt;2 V/cm-torr) and low (&lt;2 V/cm-torr) field conditions. In low field conditions, the ion mobility is a constant for a given ionic species. However, the ion mobility is no longer constant under high field conditions. The mobility change vs. field condition characteristics (E/p, where E is the electric field strength and p is the pressure) is dependent on the particular ionic species being in the drift tube. Operating an ion mobility spectrometer in high field conditions can separate ions that are inseparable in low field conditions. 
     The field condition is related to the drift field strength and to the operating pressure. Scanning through a wide range of drift voltage is difficult. In one embodiment, the ion mobility spectrometer of the present invention forms a continuous pressure gradient that generates low/high field conditions which achieve maximum separation based on both constant and differential mobility of ions. 
     Drift field strengths in prior art ion mobility spectrometers are in the range of 200 V/cm to 500 V/cm depending on the size of the molecules being separated. Using a drift field strength of 200 V/cm and pressure changes from 760 torr to 1 torr, the E/p ratio changes from a low field condition of 0.26 V/cm-torr to a very high field condition of 760 V/cm-torr. To realize this operating condition, the pressure in the drift tube needs to be pumped from ambient pressure to 1 torr, which can be achieved using commonly available vacuum pumps. 
     It should be understood that the methods of operation described herein can be applied to any ion mobility spectrometer having the ability to regulate the pressure to create low field and high field conditions. The present invention is not limited to the ion mobility spectrometer described in this invention having the resistance coil configurations. 
     In operation, samples are introduced into the spectrometer either by sample carrier gas flow or by direct electrospray of liquid samples in the ionization/reaction region. The sample concentration normally lasts from a few seconds to a few minutes. During this period of time when samples are continuously introduced into the instrument, the ion mobility spectrometer acquires significant number of spectra the sample. The pressure gradient may start synchronously or asynchronously with the ion mobility spectra acquisition. Alternatively, the drift tube may be set to one or multiple pressure values that allow measuring ion mobility in different field conditions. 
     The sample introduction at the sample inlet  1600  of the spectrometer may be used as a trigger to start the data acquisition if a mechanical vacuum pump is connected to the gas outlet  1612  as shown in  FIG. 16  and both the drift gas and the sample inlet flow are restricted to control the pressure in the drift tube. After a few moments of delay or after the target ions have been detected, the vacuum pump starts to reduce the pressure in the drift tube. 
     The mobility spectra can be plotted in a 3-D figure with ion mobility (K.sub.o) as x-axis, ion intensity as y-axis, and the number of spectra as z-axis. Traceable changes of a given ion mobility peak that are a constant under low field conditions will be seen. The peak may start to shift as the time elapses (number or spectra in z-axis increase) and the drift tube entering vacuum conditions. The curve that describes this shifting function (projected on the x-z plane) can be used for chemical identification. The drift tube is typically designed to avoid the generation of arcs between the resistance coil and the surrounding electrodes under the desired vacuum conditions. The distance between high voltage electrodes and the protective housing  118  (which is typically at ground potential) is chosen to reduce the probability of generating an electrical discharge. 
     In one embodiment, a multiple resistance coil configuration of ion mobility spectrometer is arranged using concentric coils as shown in  FIG. 21A . Given an inner coil  2103  having a constant voltage difference in the radial direction from the outer coil  2105  along the axis of the coils, ions traveling between the coils experience a force from the electric field in both the radial and the axial direction. Ions can be separated in both the radial and the axial directions simultaneously, thus achieving two dimensional separation. The electric field strength in the axial and the radial directions can be selected to achieve simultaneous high field  2107  and low field  2109  ion mobility measurements. 
       FIG. 22  shows ion source outlet configurations of the ion mobility spectrometer according to the present invention. Configuration A  2202  introduces uniform ion population along the radial direction. The radial electric fields are used to focus or de-focus the ion beam as they travel through the drift tube. In Configuration B  2204 , ions are pulsed into the drift tube in a ring shape; with the radial electric force pointing toward the center of the coil. The ions are separated while they are drifting down the drift tube as well as moving toward the center of the drift tube. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 21B , the detector matrix  2102  detects the ion current, and also detects the relative location toward the center of the drift tube. Even though the figure only shows six elements  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2110 ,  2112 , and  2114  in the detector matrix  2102 , the matrix may contain any desired number of rings so as to achieve the required radial mobility resolution. The ion motion under the influence of high and low electrical field conditions (E/p) is related to the ion drift conditions in the drift tube, which includes electrical field strength, drift gas properties, pressure, and temperature. 
     Configuration C  2206  shows another embodiment that achieves the two dimensional separation. In this case, the ions are introduced near the center of the drift tube. A de-focusing force is created with an electric field in radial direction. Both ion intensity and location may be detected on the detector matrix. The size and radial location of the ion outlet apertures  2208  of the ionization source can be changed by adjusting the outer ring  2210  and inner disc  2212 . The size is adjusted to balance the tradeoff between the resolution and the sensitivity for 2D separation, i.e. reduce aperture size for higher resolution, and increase aperture size for higher sensitivity. 
     A pulse of ions from the ionization source can either be generated using conventional Bradbury-Nielsen ion gate configuration down stream from the ion outlet aperture  2208 ; or by using inner disc  2212  and outer ring  2210  as shown in  FIG. 22 . The gate is closed by applying a voltage across the outer ring  2210  and the inner disc  2212  and opened by setting  2210  and  2212  at the same voltage. In this case, the gate assembly can generate ion pulses in the shape of a ring.