Patent Publication Number: US-2015069339-A1

Title: Organic light-emitting display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0108621, filed on Sep. 10, 2013, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     One or more aspects according to embodiments of the present invention relate to an organic light-emitting display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Organic light-emitting display apparatuses provide high-quality features such as wide viewing angles, high contrast ratio, quick response times, and low power consumption. Therefore, organic light-emitting display apparatuses can be used for personal portable devices such as MP3 players or cellular phones, TVs, and the like. Additionally, in response to consumers&#39; demand, thicknesses of some organic light-emitting display apparatuses have been reduced. 
     However, when the thicknesses of the organic light-emitting display apparatuses are reduced, it is difficult to achieve or secure mechanical reliability of the apparatuses during tests such as a drop test or a twist test. If mechanical reliability is not achieved or secured, a seal of the apparatus is easily broken, even by a minor shock. Accordingly, the lifespan of the organic light-emitting display apparatuses having reduced thickness is decreased. 
     Because organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that form pixels include organic materials that are vulnerable to moisture and/or oxygen, a sealant is used to protect the OLEDs from moisture and/or oxygen. Thus, a material of the sealant greatly affects mechanical reliability. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more aspects according to embodiments of the present invention are directed toward an organic light-emitting display apparatus in which shock resistance reliability is improved and attachment between an upper substrate and a lower substrate is prevented from weakening (or an amount or likelihood of such weakening is reduced), and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments. 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, an organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: a first substrate including at least one organic light-emitting diode (OLED); a second substrate facing the first substrate; an inorganic sealant between the first and second substrates and attaching the first and second substrates together; a shock absorber between the first and second substrates and configured to absorb a shock applied to at least one of the first and second substrates; and a block member between the inorganic sealant and the shock absorber and configured to separate the shock absorber from the inorganic sealant. 
     The block member and the inorganic sealant may be formed of a same material. 
     The block member may be less than or equal to the inorganic sealant in height. 
     A ratio of a width of the block member to a width of the inorganic sealant may be about 0.05 to about 0.15. 
     The shock absorber may include an organic material. 
     The shock absorber may be between the OLED and the inorganic sealant. 
     A second block member may be between the OLED and the shock absorber. 
     The substrate may have a trench, and a portion of the shock absorber may be inserted in the trench. 
     A portion of the block member may be inserted in the trench. 
     A height of the block member may be greater than a height of the inorganic sealant. 
     A difference between the height of the block member and the height of the inorganic sealant may be less than a depth of the trench. 
     A depth of the trench may be in a range of about 1 μm to about 3 μm. 
     A portion of the block member may be inserted in a support on the first substrate. 
     A portion of the block member may be inserted in a support on the trench. 
     The substrate may include a display area including the OLED, and a non-display area surrounding the display area, and a ratio of a width of the inorganic sealant to a width of the non-display area may be about 0.15 to about 0.55. 
     The first substrate may include a display area including the OLED, and a non-display area surrounding the display area, and a ratio of a width of the shock absorber to a width of the non-display area may be about 0.08 to about 0.2. 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: providing a first substrate and at least one organic light-emitting diode (OLED) on the first substrate; providing an inorganic sealant, a block member, and a shock absorber on a second substrate; positioning the inorganic sealant on the second substrate to face the first substrate; and attaching the first and second substrates together. 
     The block member may be between the inorganic sealant and the shock absorber. 
     The inorganic sealant and the block member may be formed of a same material. 
     The providing of the shock absorber on the second substrate may include providing the shock absorber at an inner side of the inorganic sealant, and further providing a second block member at an inner side of the shock absorber. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and/or other aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 1  taken along lines II-II′; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a portion of an example of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 6A to 6D  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 2 , according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view illustrating an attachment state of a first substrate and a second substrate of an organic light-emitting display apparatus, which, in contrast to embodiments of the present invention, does not include a block member and a second block member; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIGS. 10 and 11  are cross-sectional views of organic light-emitting display apparatuses including alternative embodiments of the trench of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 13  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 12 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. 
     It will be understood that although the terms “first”, “second”, etc. may be used herein to describe various components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These components are only used to distinguish one component from another. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” or “formed on,” another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly on or formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may or may not be present. 
     Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited to the sizes and thicknesses depicted in the drawings. 
     Certain embodiments may be implemented in an order different from those described herein. For example, a specific process order may be performed differently from the order described herein. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time (e.g., concurrently or simultaneously) or performed in an order opposite to the described order. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present invention refers to “one or more embodiments of the present invention.” 
       FIG. 1  is a plan view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 1  taken along line II-II′.  FIG. 3  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the organic light-emitting display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate  100 , on which a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LEDs)  110  are formed; a second substrate  200  disposed to face (e.g., facing) the first substrate  100 ; and an inorganic sealant  310  disposed between the first and second substrates  100  and  200  so as to surround the plurality of LEDs  110 . 
     In the embodiments shown in  FIG. 1 , the first substrate  100  may include a display area DA, a non-display area NDA around the display area DA, and a pad area PA at a side of the non-display area NDA. The display area DA includes at least one LED  110 , for example, the plurality of LEDs  110 . The non-display area NDA includes the inorganic sealant  310 , a block member  410 , and a shock absorber  320 . The pad area PA includes a driving circuit  120  for driving the LED  110 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the LED  110  is an organic-light emitting diode. The LED  110  may include an anode electrode  111 , a cathode electrode  114 , and an organic light-emitting layer  113  between the anode electrode  111  and the cathode electrode  114 . The organic light-emitting layer  113  is formed in a light-emitting layer (e.g., an area in which the anode electrode  110  is exposed) defined by a pixel-defining layer  112 . The organic light-emitting layer  113  may include a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL), an electron transport layer (ETL), and/or an electron injection layer (EIL). 
     A thin film transistor (TFT)  130  for controlling operations and a capacitor that maintains signals may be connected to the LED  110 . The anode electrode  111  of the LED  110  may be connected to the TFT  130  via a contact hole in a planarization insulating layer  138 . The TFT  130  includes a semiconductor layer  132  providing a source and drain areas and a channel area (e.g., an area between the source and drain areas, such as an intrinsic region); a gate electrode  134  that is insulated from the semiconductor layer  132  by a gate insulating layer  133 ; and a source electrode  136  and a drain electrode  137  that are connected to the semiconductor layer  132  via contact holes formed in an insulating layer  135  and the gate insulating layer  133 . A buffer layer  131  may be between the TFT  130  and the first substrate  100 . 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the second substrate  200  is disposed to overlap at least a portion of the display area DA and the non-display area NDA of the first substrate  100 . For example, the second substrate  200  may have a form (e.g., a shape and area) that corresponds to that of the first substrate  100 . When the organic light-emitting display apparatus is a top emission type (e.g., a top emission display), the second substrate  200  may be formed of a transparent material such as glass; however, when the organic light-emitting display apparatus is a bottom emission type (e.g., a bottom emission display), the second substrate  200  may be formed of an opaque material. 
     The inorganic sealant  310  is between the first and second substrates  100  and  200  so as to surround the LED  110 , and thus prevents (or reduces) penetration of external moisture or oxygen. The inorganic sealant  310  may include (or be formed of) an inorganic material that may be melted by laser or infrared rays and attach to the first and second substrates  100  and  200 . For example, the inorganic material may be glass frit. 
     In order to reduce a dead space and stabilize attachment, a width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  may be about 0.15 to about 0.55 times a width w 0  of the non-display area NDA (e.g., a ratio of the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  to the width w 0  of the non-display area NDA may be about 0.15 to about 0.55). For example, if the width w 0  of the non-display area NDA is in a range of about 1300 μm to about 1700 μm, the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  may be in a range of about 300 μm to about 700 μm. 
     When there is a possibility of a shock on (e.g., applied to) the organic light-emitting display apparatus, in order to ensure shock reliability, the shock absorber  320  may be disposed between the first and second substrates  100  and  200 . If there is a shock on at least one of the first and the second substrates  100  and  200 , the shock absorber  320  absorbs the shock (or a portion of the shock) applied on (or to) at least one of the first and second substrates  100  and  200  so as to prevent the inorganic sealant  310  from being damaged (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such damage), or prevent the attachment of the first and second substrates  100  and  200  from being separated (or reduce an amount or likelihood of such separation). 
     The shock absorber  320  may be disposed at an inner side of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., an inner side defined by the inorganic sealant  310 ). For example, the shock absorber  320  may be disposed closer to the LED  110  than the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., the shock absorber  320  may be between the LED  110  and the inorganic sealant  310 ). Thus, when there is a shock on (or to) an inner side of the organic light-emitting display apparatus, the shock absorber  320  may efficiently absorb the shock (or a portion of the shock) before the shock reaches the inorganic sealant  310 . However, a position of the shock absorber  320  is not limited thereto. For example, the shock absorber  320  may be disposed at an outer side or at both outer and inner sides of the inorganic sealant  310 . 
     The shock absorber  320  may be formed of an organic material. For example, the organic material may be an organic material monomer including an acryl-based monomer, an epoxy-based monomer, or a silicon-based monomer. 
     In order to reduce the dead space and secure shock resistance reliability, a width w 2  of the shock absorber  320  may be about 0.08 to about 0.2 times the width w 0  of the non-display area NDA (e.g., a ratio of the width w 2  of the shock absorber  320  to the width w 0  of the non-display area NDA may be about 0.08 to about 0.2). For example, if the width w 0  of the non-display area NDA is in a range of about 1300 μm to about 1700 μm, the width w 2  of the shock absorber  320  may be in a range of about 150 μm to about 250 μm 
     The block member  410  may be disposed between the inorganic sealant  310  and the shock absorber  320 . The block member  410  may prevent or block the shock absorber  320 , which is relatively more mobile than the inorganic sealant  310 , from contacting the inorganic sealant  310  (or reduce an amount or likelihood of such contact) during a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus. Therefore, the inorganic sealant  310  may be prevented from being contaminated by contacting the shock absorber  320  (or an amount or likelihood of such contamination may be reduced). When the inorganic sealant  310  is contaminated by the shock absorber  320 , attachment by using a laser may weaken. However, according to an embodiment of the present invention, because the block member  410  prevents the inorganic sealant  310  from being contaminated by the shock absorber  320  (or reduces an amount or likelihood of such contamination), the attachment may be prevented from weakening (or an amount or likelihood of such weakening may be reduced). 
     The block member  410  may maintain a predetermined (or set) form so as to block movements of the shock absorber  320 . To do so, the block member  410  may include (or be formed of) an inorganic material or an organic material. The inorganic material may be glass frit; and the organic material may be an acryl-based compound. 
     A material of the block member  410  may be the same (or substantially the same) material as that of the inorganic sealant  310 . For example, if the inorganic sealant  310  includes glass frit, the block member  410  may include glass frit. Because the materials are the same (or substantially the same), while forming the inorganic sealant  310 , the block member  410  may also be formed. Because the block member  410  and the inorganic sealant  310  may include the same (or substantially the same) material, the block member  410  may be easily formed without a separate additional process for forming the block member  410 , and a manufacturing method may be simplified and manufacturing costs may be reduced. 
     A second block member  420  may be disposed between the shock absorber  320  and the LED  110 . For example, the second block member  420  may be disposed closer to the LED  110  than the shock absorber  320 . The second block member  420  may prevent or block the shock absorber  320  from contacting the LED  110  (or reduce an amount or likelihood of such contact) during the method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus. Therefore, the LED  110  may be prevented from being contaminated by contacting the shock absorber  320  (or an amount or likelihood of such contamination may be reduced). 
     When applying the block member  410  and the second block member  420  to the first and second substrates  100  and  200 , it may be advantageous (or necessary) to consider a size of the dead space and the attachment of the first and second substrates  100  and  200 . 
       FIG. 4  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 2 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , in order to reduce the dead space and efficiently block the shock absorber  320 , a width w 3  of the block member  410  may be about 0.05 times to about 0.2 times the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., a ratio of the width w 3  of the block member  410  to the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  may be about 0.05 to about 0.2). For example, if the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  is in a range of about 300 μm to about 700 μm, the width w 3  of the block member  410  may be in a range of about 40 μm to about 60 μm. 
     In order to reduce the dead space and efficiently block the shock absorber  320 , a width w 4  of the second block member  420  may be about 0.05 times to about 0.2 times the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., a ratio of the width w 4  of the second block member  420  to the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  may be about 0.05 to about 0.2). For example, if the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  is in a range of about 300 μm to about 700 μm, the width w 4  of the second block member  420  may be in a range of about 40 μm to about 60 μm. The width w 4  of the second block member  420  may be the same as or different from the width w 3  of the block member  410 . 
     The block member  410  may be formed to have a height that does not hinder the attachment of the first and second substrates  100  and  200 , which are attached together by the inorganic sealant  310 . For example, while the first and second substrates  100  and  200  are both flat, as shown in  FIG. 4 , when the block member  410  and the inorganic sealant  310  are disposed between the first and second substrates  100  and  200 , a height h 3  of the block member  410  may be formed to not be greater than a height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . For example, the height h 3  of the block member  410  may be less than or equal to (e.g., the same as) the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., h 3 ≦h 1 ). If the height h 3  of the block member  410  is greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 , the inorganic sealant  310  may not stably attach to at least one of the first and second substrates  100  and  200 , and accordingly, the attachment of the first and second substrates  100  and  200  may be hindered. 
     The second block member  420  may also be formed to not hinder the attachment of the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together by the inorganic sealant  310 . For example, a height h 4  of the second block member  420  may be formed to not be greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . For example, the height h 4  of the second block member  420  may be less than or equal to (e.g., the same as) the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., h 4 ≦h 1 ). The height h 4  of the second block member  420  may be equal to (e.g., the same as) or different from the height h 3  of the block member  410 . 
     The embodiments described above provide examples in which the block member  410  and the second block member  420  are formed at two sides, respectively, of the shock absorber  320 , but the present invention is not limited thereto and the second block member  420  may be selectively applied if desired (or necessary). For example, as in  FIG. 5 , the second block member  420  may be omitted from the organic light-emitting display apparatus. 
       FIGS. 6A to 6D  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 2 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , the first substrate  100 , on which the plurality of LEDs  110  are formed, is provided (or prepared). The first substrate  100  may include the display area DA in which the LED  110  is formed, the non-display area NDA surrounding the display area DA, and a pad area provided at a side of the non-display area NDA. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6B , the second substrate  200  for sealing the LED  110  of the display area DA is prepared. The second substrate  200  may be formed so that the second substrate  200  overlaps portions of the display area DA and the non-display area NDA of the first substrate  100 . 
     The inorganic sealant  310  is continuously formed along an outer region of the second substrate  200  (as shown in  FIG. 1 ). The inorganic sealant  310  may be formed of glass frit, and may be formed by dispensing, screen printing, or other deposition processes, but the inorganic sealant  310  is not limited thereto. 
     The block member  410  and the second block member  420  are formed such that the block member  410  and the second block member  420  are separated from the inner side of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., the inner side defined by the inorganic sealant  310 ). The block member  410  and the second block member  420  are continuously formed around an edge of the LED  110 . At least one of the block member  410  and the second block member  420  may be formed of the same (or substantially the same) material as that of the inorganic sealant  310 . For example, the material of the block member  410  and the second block member  420  may be glass frit. By forming at least one of the block member  410  and the second block member  420  of the same (or substantially the same) material as the inorganic sealant  310 , the inorganic sealant  310  and at least one of the block member  410  and the second block member  420  may be concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) formed in a single process. 
     To stably attach the first and second substrates  100  and  200  by using the inorganic sealant  310 , the height h 3  of the block member  410  and the height h 4  of the second block member  420  may be less than or equal to (e.g., the same as) the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . 
     Also, in order to reduce the dead space and efficiently block the shock absorber  320 , the width w 3  of the block member  410  may be about 0.05 times to about 0.2 times the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., a ratio of the width w 3  of the block member  410  to the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  may be about 0.05 to about 0.2). For example, if the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  is in a range of about 300 μm to about 700 μm, the width w 3  of the block member  410  may be in a range of about 40 μm to about 60 μm. 
     In order to reduce the dead space and efficiently block the shock absorber  320 , the width w 4  of the second block member  420  may be about 0.05 times to about 0.2 times the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (e.g., a ratio of the width w 4  of the second block member  420  to the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  may be about 0.05 to about 0.2). For example, if the width w 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  is in a range of about 300 μm to about 700 μm, the width w 4  of the second block member  420  may be in a range of about 40 μm to about 60 μm. The width w 4  of the second block member  420  may be equal to (e.g., the same as) or different from the width w 3  of the block member  410 . 
     Next, the shock absorber  320  is formed between the block member  410  and the second block member  420 . For example, the shock absorber  320  may be formed to be disposed at an inner side of the block member  410  and at an outer side of the second block member  420  (e.g., an inner side defined by the block member  410  and an outer side defined by the second block member  420 ). By forming the shock absorber  320  at the inner side of the block member  410 , the shock absorber  320  may be prevented from contacting the inorganic sealant  310  that is formed at an outer side of the block member  410  (or an amount or likelihood of such contact may be reduced). By forming the shock absorber  320  at the outer side of the second block member  420 , the shock absorber  320  may be prevented from contacting the LED  110  that is disposed at the inner side of the second block member  420  (or an amount or likelihood of such contact may be reduced). 
     The shock absorber  320  may be formed of an organic material. For example, the organic material may be an organic material monomer including an acryl-based monomer, an epoxy-based monomer, or a silicon-based monomer, but the shock absorber is not limited thereto. The shock absorber  320  may have a greater viscosity than the inorganic sealant  310 , the block member  410 , and the second block member  420 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6C , the second substrate  200  is disposed on the first substrate  100  so as to face the first substrate  100 . For example, the inorganic sealant  310 , the block member  410 , the shock absorber  320  and the second block member  420  of the second substrate  200  may be formed to face the first substrate  100 . The first substrate  100  may be disposed so that the LED  110  faces the second substrate  200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6D , the first and second substrates  100  and  200  are attached together. As the first and second substrates  100  and  200  are attached together, the inorganic sealant  310 , the block member  410 , the shock absorber  320  and the second block member  420  may contact the first substrate  100 . 
     While the inorganic sealant  310  is contacting the first and second substrates  100  and  200 , a laser beam is irradiated along the inorganic sealant  310 . As a result of the heat that is generated as the laser beam is absorbed, the inorganic sealant  310  melts, and thus, the inorganic sealant  310  attaches the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together, and the LED  110  is sealed from the outside. Because the inorganic sealant  310  is not contaminated by the shock absorber  320  (or an amount or likelihood of such contamination is reduced), the inorganic sealant  310  may be stably attached to the first and second substrates  100  and  200 . 
     When attaching the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together, the block member  410  and the second block member  420  may block the shock absorber  320  from contacting the inorganic sealant  310  and the LED  110  (or reduce an amount or likelihood of such contact). 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view illustrating an attachment state of the first and second substrates  100  and  200  when the block member  410  and the second block member  420  are not included, in contrast to the above-described embodiments of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 7 , when the block member  410  and the second block member  420  are not included, the shock absorber  320 ′, which has a smaller viscosity than the inorganic sealant  310 , may move and contact the inorganic sealant  310  and the LED  110 . In this case, because the inorganic sealant  310  is contaminated by the shock absorber  320 , when curing the inorganic sealant  310  by irradiating a laser beam or infrared rays, the inorganic sealant  310  may not be completely attached to the first substrate  100 , and accordingly, the sealing state may be inadequate or unsuitable. Accordingly, the inorganic sealant  310  may easily be detached from (or come off from) the first substrate  100  due to a shock. Also, because the LED  110  is contaminated by the shock absorber  320 , the light-emission efficiency of the LED  110  may be decreased. Thus, the organic light-emitting display apparatus may be less reliable. 
     However, according to embodiments of the present invention, the block member  410  is formed between the inorganic sealant  310  and the shock absorber  320 , and the second block member  420  is formed between the shock absorber  320  and the LED  110 , so as to prevent the inorganic sealant  310  and the LED  110  from being contaminated (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such contamination). 
     In the embodiments described above, the inorganic sealant  310 , the block member  410 , the shock absorber  320 , and the second block member  420  are all formed as a single structure. However, they are not limited thereto, and the inorganic sealant  310 , the block member  410 , the shock absorber  320 , and the second block member  420  may be two or more structures. 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 9  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 8 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the organic light-emitting display apparatus may include the first substrate  100 , on which the plurality of LEDs  110  are formed; the second substrate  200  disposed to face (e.g., facing) the first substrate  100 ; the inorganic sealant  310  disposed between the first and second substrates  100  and  200  so as to surround the plurality of LEDs  110 ; the shock absorber  320  disposed at the inner side of the inorganic sealant  310 ; and the block member  410  and the second block member  420  disposed at the both sides of the shock absorber  320 . The elements and the configurations of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 8  that are the same as the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 2  described above are not repeatedly described, and only the difference therebetween is described here. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , trenches  101  and  102  may be formed in the first substrate  100 . A portion of the shock absorber  320  may be inserted in the trenches  101  and  102 . By inserting or accommodating a portion of the shock absorber  320  in the trenches  101  and  102 , the shock absorber  320  may be prevented from horizontally moving on the first substrate  100  (or an amount or likelihood of such movement may be reduced). For example, during the process of attaching the first and second substrates  100  and  200 , the shock absorber  320  may be blocked from moving in a direction of the inorganic sealant  310  (or an amount or likelihood of such movement may be reduced), firstly by the trench  101 , and secondly by the block member  410 . Therefore, it is possible to further block the shock absorber  320  from contacting inorganic sealant  310  (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such contact). Because the trenches  101  and  102  are formed in the first substrate  100  on which the LED  110  is formed, the trenches  101  and  102  may be concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) formed with the LED  110 . For example, the trenches  101  and  102  may be formed by using a process of forming a contact hole, but the trenches are not limited thereto. Thus, the trenches  101  and  102  may be easily formed without a performing a separate additional process. 
     A portion of the block member  410  may be inserted in the trench  101 . Because a portion of the block member  410  is inserted in the trench  101 , the height h 3  of the block member  410  may be increased. For example, the height h 3  of the block member  410  may be greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . By increasing the height h 3  of the block member  410 , it is possible to more efficiently block the shock absorber  320  from moving in the direction of the inorganic sealant  310  (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such movement) before attaching the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together. Even during the process of attaching the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together, it is possible to more efficiently block the shock absorber  320  from moving in the direction of the inorganic sealant  310  (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such movement). 
     When the height h 3  of the block member  410  is greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 , a depth d t  of the trench  101  may be greater than the difference (h 3 −h 1 ) between the height h 3  of the block member  410  and the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (h 3 −h 1 &lt;d t ). Accordingly, a portion of the block member  410  and a portion of the shock absorber  320  may be inserted in the trench  101 . For example, the depth d t  of the trench  101  may be in a range of about 1 μm to about 3 μm. A width of the trench  101  may be greater than the width w 3  of the block member  410  so that a portion of the shock absorber  320  may be inserted in the trench  101 . 
     A portion of the second block member  420  may be inserted in the trench  102 . Because a portion of the second block member  420  is inserted in the trench  102 , the height h 4  of the second block member  420  may be increased. For example, the height h 4  of the second block member  420  may be greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . By increasing the height h 4  of the second block member  420 , it is possible to more efficiently block the shock absorber  320  from moving in a direction of the LED  110  (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such movement) before attaching the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together. Even during the process of attaching the first and second substrates  100  and  200  together, it is possible to more efficiently block the shock absorber  320  from moving in the direction of the LED  110  (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such movement). 
     When the height h 4  of the second block member  420  is greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 , a depth d 1  of the trench  102  may be greater than the difference (h 4 −h 1 ) between the height h 4  of the second block member  420  and the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310  (h 4 −h 1 &lt;d t ). Accordingly, a portion of the second block member  420  and a portion of the shock absorber  320  may be inserted in the trench  102 . For example, the depth d t  of the trench  102  may be in a range of about 1 μm to about 3 μm. A width of the trench  102  may be greater than the width w 4  of the second block member  420  so that a portion of the shock absorber  320  may be inserted in the trench  102 . The respective depths and widths of the trenches  101  and  102  may be the same or different. 
     In  FIGS. 8 and 9 , a case where the trenches  101  and  102  are formed in locations of the first substrate  100  that respectively correspond to the block member  410  and the second block member  420 , are illustrated. However, the forms of the trenches  101  and  102  are not limited thereto and may be modified in various ways. As an example, as shown in  FIG. 10 , a trench  103  may be formed as a single structure so as to correspond to the block member  410 , the shock absorber  320 , and the second block member  420 . In this case, a width of the trench  103  may be equal to (e.g., the same as) the respective widths w 2 , w 3  and w 4  of the shock absorber  320 , the block member  410 , and the second block member  420 ; however, the respective heights h 3  and h 4  of the block member  410  and the second block member  420  may be greater than the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . As another example, as shown in  FIG. 11 , a trench  104  may be formed as a single structure so as to have a width corresponding to the width w 2  of the shock absorber  320  so that a portion of the shock absorber  320  is inserted, but the block member  410  and the second block member  420  are not inserted. In this case, the width of the trench  104  may be less than or equal to (e.g., the same as) the width w 2  of the shock absorber  320 . The respective heights h 3  and h 4  of the block member  410  and the second block member  420  may be less than or the same as the height h 1  of the inorganic sealant  310 . 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 13  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the organic light-emitting display of  FIG. 12 . The elements and the configurations of the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIG. 12  that are the same as the organic light-emitting display apparatus of  FIGS. 8  to  11  described above are not repeatedly described, and only the difference therebetween is described here. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , structures (e.g., supports)  501  and  502  may be disposed on the first substrate  100 . For example, trenches  105  and  106  may be formed in the first substrate  100 , and the structures  501  and  502  may be inserted in the trenches  105  and  106 , respectively. A portion of the block member  410  and a portion of the second block member  420  may be inserted in the structures  501  and  502 , respectively. Functions of the structure (e.g., support)  501 , in which a portion of the block member  410  is inserted, are similar to functions of the structure (e.g., support)  502 , in which a portion of the second block member  420  is inserted. Therefore, the structure  501 , in which a portion of the block member  410  is inserted, is mainly described hereinafter. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , a groove G, in which a portion of the block member  410  may be inserted, is formed in the structure  501 . On both sides of the groove G, a first protrusion  5011  and a second protrusion  5012  that protrude from the first substrate  100  are formed. The structure  501  may efficiently block the shock absorber  320  from moving in the direction of the inorganic sealant  310  (or reduce an amount or likelihood of such movement). The shock absorber  320  is blocked from moving in the direction of the inorganic sealant  310  (or an amount or likelihood of such movement is reduced), firstly by the first protrusion  5011 , secondly by the block member  410 , and thirdly by the second protrusion  5012 . 
     Similarly to the structure  501  described above, a groove, a first protrusion, and a second protrusion may be formed in the structure  502  in which a portion of the second block member  420  is inserted. Thus, it is possible to efficiently block the shock absorber  320  from moving in the direction of the LED  110  (or to reduce an amount or likelihood of such movement). 
     Materials of the structures  501  and  502  may be a photoresist, but the structures  501  and  502  are not limited thereto. Because the photoresist is a material that is generally used in the process of forming the LED  110 , the structures  501  and  502  may be easily formed on the first substrate  100  without performing separate additional processes. 
     In the embodiments of the present invention described above, an example in which the structures  501  and  502  that are disposed on the first substrate  100  and are inserted in the trenches  105  and  106  of the first substrate  100  is mainly described. However, the structures  501  and  502  are not limited thereto, and may be formed on the first substrate  100  that is flat and does not have the trenches  105  and  106  formed therein. 
     The organic light-emitting display apparatuses of  FIGS. 8 to 13  may be manufactured by partially modifying the manufacturing method described with reference to  FIGS. 6A to 6D . As an example, the organic light-emitting display apparatuses of  FIGS. 8 to 13  may be manufactured by forming the trenches  101 ,  102 ,  103 , and  104  in predetermined (or set) forms, as described in  FIGS. 8 to 11 , in the first substrate  100 , and then proceeding with the same (or substantially the same) processes as described with respect to  FIGS. 6B to 6D . The trenches  101 ,  102 ,  103  and  104  may be concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) formed with the contact hole during the process of forming the LED  110 . As another example, the organic light-emitting display apparatuses of  FIGS. 12 to 13  may be manufactured by forming the trenches  105  and  106  of predetermined (or set) forms on the first substrate  100 , forming the structures  501  and  502  in the trenches  105  and  106 , and then proceeding with the same (or substantially the same) processes as described with respect to  FIGS. 6B to 6D . The trenches  105  and  106  and the structures  501  and  502  may be formed during the process of forming the LED  110 . 
     As described above, according to one or more of the above embodiments of the present invention, in an organic light-emitting display apparatus, shock resistance reliability is improved and attachment between an upper substrate and a lower substrate is prevented from weakening (or an amount or likelihood of weakening of attachment between an upper substrate and a lower substrate is reduced). 
     It should be understood that the exemplary embodiments described therein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. 
     While one or more embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims, and equivalents thereof.