Patent Publication Number: US-2022216248-A1

Title: Wafer level lens

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present technology relates to an imaging element, a method of manufacturing the imaging element, and an electronic apparatus, and particularly to an imaging element, a method of manufacturing the imaging element, and an electronic apparatus that make it possible to suppress generation of a void in an infrared cutoff filter layer. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     There is proposed a method of forming an infrared cutoff filer integrally with a solid-state imaging element substrate. For example, for example, PTL 1 discloses a camera module in which an infrared cutoff filter is provided on a planarized film that is formed on a top face of an on-chip lens of a solid-state imaging element substrate, and a glass substrate is disposed on the infrared cutoff filter. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2013-137337 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
     However, in a configuration of the PTL 1, there is no adhesive agent between the infrared cutoff filter and the glass substrate, and the glass substrate is bonded after curing the infrared cutoff filter formed by spin coating. As a result, a void (a clearance gap) is likely to be generated between the infrared cutoff filter and the glass substrate, which potentially causes occurrence of deterioration in optical characteristics and any image defect. 
     The present technology has been made in light of such circumstances, and is intended to make it possible to suppress generation of a void in the infrared cutoff filter layer. 
     Means for Solving the Problems 
     An imaging element according to a first aspect of the present technology includes: a light receiving sensor that performs photoelectric conversion of incoming light; a protective substrate that protects a top surface side sewing as a light incidence surface of the light receiving sensor; a frame that is disposed in an outer peripheral portion between the light receiving sensor and the protective substrate, and is formed with use of an inorganic material; and an infrared cutoff filter layer that is formed on an inner side on a same plane as the frame. 
     A method of manufacturing an imaging element according to a second aspect of the present technology includes: forming a frame at a position of an outer peripheral portion of a light receiving sensor on a protective substrate that protects the light receiving sensor, the frame being formed with use of an inorganic material; forming an infrared cutoff filter layer on an inner side on a same plane as the frame; and bonding the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane to the light receiving sensor by an adhesive agent. 
     In the second aspect of the present technology, the frame that is formed with use of an inorganic material is formed at the position of the outer peripheral portion of the light receiving sensor on the protective substrate that protects the light receiving sensor; the infrared cutoff filter layer is formed on the inner side on the same plane as the frame; and the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane are bonded to the light receiving sensor by the adhesive agent. 
     An electronic apparatus according to a third aspect of the present technology is provided with an imaging element that includes: a light receiving sensor that performs photoelectric conversion of incoming light; a protective substrate that protects a top surface side serving as a light incidence surface of the light receiving sensor; a frame that is disposed in an outer peripheral portion between the light receiving sensor and the protective substrate, and is formed with use of an inorganic material; and an infrared cutoff filter layer that is formed on an inner side on a same plane as the frame. 
     In the first and third aspects of the present technology, in the imaging element is provided with the light receiving sensor that performs photoelectric conversion of incoming light; the protective substrate that protects the top surface side serving as the light incidence surface of the light receiving sensor; the frame that is disposed in the outer peripheral portion between the light receiving sensor and the protective substrate, and is formed with use of the inorganic material; and the infrared cutoff filter layer that is formed on the inner side on the same plane as the frame. 
     The imaging element and the electronic apparatus may be independent apparatuses or modules to be incorporated into another apparatus. 
     Effects of the Invention 
     According to the first to third aspects of the present technology, it is possible to suppress generation of a void in the infrared cutoff filter layer. 
     It is to be noted that the effects described here are not necessarily limitative, but may be any of effects described in the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a simplified configuration of an imaging element to which the present technology is applied. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram for describing a method of manufacturing an imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram for describing the method of manufacturing the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram for describing the method of manufacturing the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram for further describing the manufacturing method described with reference to  FIG. 2  to  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram for describing another method of manufacturing the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram for describing still another method of manufacturing the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating modification examples of the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating an overview of configuration examples of a stacked imaging element that is applicable as a light receiving sensor in the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a first configuration example of a stacked solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 . 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a second configuration example of the stacked solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 . 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a third configuration example of the stacked solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 . 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of another configuration example of the stacked solid-state imaging apparatus that is applicable as the light receiving sensor in the imaging apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of an imaging apparatus as an electric apparatus to which the technology according to the present disclosure is applied. 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram for describing usage examples of an image sensor. 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram depicting an example of a schematic configuration of an in-vivo information acquisition system. 
         FIG. 17  is a view depicting an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system. 
         FIG. 18  is a block diagram depicting an example of a functional configuration of a camera head and a camera control unit (CCU). 
         FIG. 19  is a block diagram depicting an example of schematic configuration of a vehicle control system. 
         FIG. 20  is a diagram of assistance in explaining an example of installation positions of an outside-vehicle information detecting section and an imaging section. 
     
    
    
     MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present technology (hereinafter referred to as embodiments) are described. It is to be noted that description is given in the following order. 
     1. Cross-Sectional View of Imaging Element 
     2. Method of Manufacturing Imaging Element 
     3. Modification Examples of Imaging Element 
     4. Detailed Configuration Examples of Light Receiving Sensor 
     5. Example of Application to Electronic Apparatus 
     6. Usage Examples of Image Sensor 
     7. Example of Application to In Vivo Information Acquisition System 
     8. Example of Application to Endoscopic Surgical System 
     9. Example of Application to Mobile Body 
     &lt;1. Cross-Sectional View of Imaging Element&gt; 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an imaging element as an embodiment to which the present technology is applied. 
     An imaging element  1  illustrated in  FIG. 1  has a CSP (Chip Size Package) structure that includes a light receiving sensor  11  having a chip size and a cover glass  15  protecting a top surface side as a light incidence surface of the light receiving sensor  11 . The light receiving sensor  11  generates and outputs an imaging signal by performing photoelectric conversion of incoming light. In  FIG. 1 , light enters in a downward direction from an upper side of the cover glass  15  to be received by the light receiving sensor  11 . 
     A frame  13  is bonded at a position of an outer peripheral portion of a bottom surface on the light receiving sensor  11  side of the cover glass  15 , and an infrared cutoff filter layer (hereinafter referred to as an IRCF filter)  14  is formed with the same thickness as that of the frame  13  on an inner side in a planar direction of the frame  13 . The frame  13  is formed with use of an inorganic material such as glass and silicon, for example. The IRCF layer  14  is formed with use of, for example, a curable resin composition material. 
     Meanwhile, in the light receiving sensor  11 , a light receiving region  22  is formed on a surface on the cover glass  15  side that is a top surface of a semiconductor substrate  21  that is configured using a silicon substrate or the like. In the light receiving region  22 , pixels each of which includes a photoelectric conversion device such as a photodiode, a plurality of pixel transistors, and the like are disposed two-dimensionally in a matrix pattern, and a color filter (not illustrated) of, for example, R (red), G (green), or B (blue), and an on-chip lens  23  are disposed for each pixel on a top surface of the light receiving region  22 . A planarizing film  24  is disposed on an upper side of the on-chip lens  23 . The planarizing film  24  formed in an uppermost portion of the light receiving sensor  11  is bonded to bottom surfaces of the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  that are disposed on the same plane over an entire opposed region by an adhesive agent  12 . 
     An imaging signal generated in the light receiving region  22  of the light receiving sensor  11  is outputted from a through electrode  25  penetrating the semiconductor substrate  21 , and a rewiring line  26  disposed on a bottom surface of the semiconductor substrate  21 . A region on the bottom surface of the semiconductor substrate  21  other than a terminal section that includes the through electrode  25  and the rewiring line  26  is covered with a solder resist  27 . 
     The terminal section that includes the through electrode  25  and the rewiring line  26  of the light receiving sensor  11  is coupled to a main substrate, or an interposer substrate on which the imaging element  1  is mounted with use of a solder ball or the like. 
     The imaging element  1  configured as described above is a chip-size package (CSP) with a cavityless structure in which there is no void in the frame  13 , the IRCF layer  14 , the planarizing film  24 , and the like between the cover glass  15  that protects the light incidence surface (the top surface) of the light receiving sensor  11  and the light receiving sensor  11 . 
     In the imaging element  1 , the frame  13  is disposed between the cover glass  15  that protects the light incidence surface of the light receiving sensor  11  and the light receiving sensor  11 , and the inner side in the planar direction of the frame  13  is filled with the IRCF layer  14 . Accordingly, the IRCF layer  14  is surrounded by the frame  13  including the inorganic material, which achieves a moisture blocking effect, resulting in improved reliability of the IRCF layer  14 . Further, presence of the frame  13  including the inorganic material makes it possible to enhance substrate rigidity and suppress warpage of an entire package. 
     It is to be noted that, in the present embodiment, description is provided on an example of using the cover glass  15  as a protective substrate that protects the light receiving sensor  11 ; however, for example, a light transmissive resin substrate may be used instead of the cover glass  15 . 
     &lt;2. Method of Manufacturing Imaging Element&gt; 
     Next, a method of manufacturing the imaging element  1  illustrated in  FIG. 1  is described with reference to  FIG. 2  to  FIG. 4 . 
     First, as illustrated in A of  FIG. 2 , a wafer-state frame substrate  13 W that is used as a material of the frame  13  is prepared. For a material of the wafer-state frame substrate  13 W, for example, an inorganic material such as glass and silicon is used as described above. It is to be noted that, in the present specification and the drawings, any component denoted by adding “W” to a reference numeral such as the frame substrate  13 W is a component in a wafer state. 
     For such a wafer-state frame substrate  13 W, as illustrated in B of  FIG. 2 , a through-hole (an opening)  41  is formed at each location serving as a region to be filled with the IRCF layer  14  in configuring the imaging element  1 . For formation of the through-hole  41 , it is possible to adopt any processing method, such as laser processing, sandblasting, and wet etching. The through-hole  41  is formed not to block light entering the light receiving region  22  of the light receiving sensor  11 , and a planer shape of the through-hole  41  may be rectangular or circular, or may be polygonal such as an octagon. The frame substrate  13 W remaining after formation of the through-hole  41  is diced in a subsequent process, resulting in formation of the frame  13 . 
     Next, as illustrated in C of  FIG. 2 , the wafer-state frame substrate  13 W in which a plurality of the through-holes  41  is formed, and a wafer-state glass substrate  15 W are bonded to each other. For bonding the wafer-state frame substrate  13 W and the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W, direct bonding is adoptable in addition to bonding using an adhesive agent (an adhesive resin). 
     Here, description is provided on the direct bonding. A silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride film is formed as a front surface layer on each of surfaces of two substrates to be bonded, and a hydroxyl group is bound to each of such front surface layers. Thereafter, the two substrates are bonded to each other, and are heated and dehydration-condensed. As a result, a silicon-oxygen covalent bond is formed between the front surface layers of the two substrates. This leads to direct bonding of the two substrates. It is to be noted that, as a result of condensation, elements contained in the two front surface layers are also likely to form a direct covalent bond. 
     In the present specification, as described above, fixing the two substrates with an inorganic material layer interposed between the two substrates; fixing the two substrates by chemically binding inorganic material layers disposed on respective front surfaces of the two substrates; fixing the two substrates by forming a bond resulting from dehydration condensation between inorganic material layers disposed on the respective front surfaces of the two substrates; fixing the two substrates by forming an oxygen-mediated covalent bond or a covalent bond of elements contained in each of inorganic material layers between the inorganic material layers disposed on the respective front surfaces of the two substrates; or fixing the two substrates by forming a silicon-oxygen covalent bond or a silicon-silicon covalent bond between silicon oxide layers or between silicon nitride layers that are disposed on the respective front surfaces of the two substrates is called the direct bonding. In a case where the two substrates are bonded using the direct bonding, it is possible to suppress deformation caused cure shrinkage of a resin over an entire substrate, or deformation caused by thermal expansion of a resin during actual use that occurs in a case where the two substrates are bonded with use of an adhesive resin. 
     Next, as illustrated in D of  FIG. 2 , the frame substrate  13 W of the wafer-state frame substrate  13 W and the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W that have been bonded to each other, is ground using a grinder or the like to adjust a thickness of the frame substrate  13 W to a desired thickness. In a case where a material of the frame substrate  13 W is silicon, the thickness may be adjusted using CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing). 
     The above-described processes illustrated in A to D of  FIG. 2  are processes that are adoptable in any case where a material of the wafer-state frame substrate  13 W is either glass or silicon; however, a method illustrated in A to D of  FIG. 3  is also adoptable in a case where the material of the wafer-state frame substrate  13 W is glass. 
     In other words, A to D of  FIG. 3  illustrate manufacturing processes that are adoptable in a case where both of the frame  13  and the cover glass  15  include glass. First, as illustrated in A of  FIG. 3 , the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W is prepared that has a thickness of a total value or more of a thickness of the frame  13  and a thickness of the cover glass  15  at the time of completion of the imaging element  1 . 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in B of  FIG. 3 , a resist  42  is patterned in a predetermined region on the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W. A region in which the resist  42  is not formed on the glass substrate  15 W corresponds to a location serving as a region filled with the IRCF layer  14  at the time of completion of the imaging element  1 . 
     As illustrated in C of  FIG. 3 , the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W is etched to a desired thickness by dry etching using the resist  42  as a musk. 
     Finally, the resist  42  is peeled off, resulting in completion of the same state as a state illustrated in D of  FIG. 2 . After the resist  42  is peeled off, a thickness of a portion corresponding to the frame substrate  13 W in  FIG. 2  may be adjusted. 
     After formation is finished until a stage of a state in D of  FIG. 2  or D of  FIG. 3 , as illustrated in A of  FIG. 4 , a resin material  14 W of the IRCF layer  14  is applied onto the glass substrate  15 W to which the frame substrate  13 W is bonded with use of a predetermined method, such as an ink jet method, a dispense method, a slit coating method, and a spin coating method. At this time, a thickness of the applied resin material  14 W is greater than a thickness of the frame substrate  13 W (is higher than the frame substrate  13 W). 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in B of  FIG. 4 , a portion of the resin material  14 W that is formed with a thickness greater than a height of the glass substrate  15 W is polished and planarized using the CMP, resulting in a state in which the IRCF layer  14  is embedded in the glass substrate  15 W. 
     It is to be noted that, in a case where the ink jet method or the dispense method is used, the resin material  14 W may be applied in the frame substrate  13 W on the glass substrate  15 W to cause a thickness of the resin material  14 W to be formed to become equal to a height of the frame substrate  13 W. In such a case, it is possible to omit a process of the CMP in B of  FIG. 4 , which makes it easier to form the IRCF layer  14 . 
     Next, as illustrated in C of  FIG. 4 , the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W to which the frame substrate  13 W is bonded is flipped upside down to bond, with an adhesive agent  12 W, top surfaces of the frame substrate  13 W and the IRCF layer  14  (a surface on the lower side in C of  FIG. 4 ) and a wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W that is fabricated in another process. 
     Subsequently, along a scribe line indicated with a dashed line in D of  FIG. 4 , the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W and the glass substrate  15 W that are bonded to each other are diced, resulting in completion of the imaging element  1  illustrated in  FIG. 1  as illustrated in E of  FIG. 4 . 
     The method of manufacturing the imaging element  1  that is described with reference to  FIG. 2  to  FIG. 4  is a method of bonding the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W to which the frame substrate  13 W is bonded and the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W to each other, and thereafter dicing in a chip size, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     As described above, in addition to a manufacturing method in which both the glass substrate  15 W to which the frame substrate  13 W is bonded and the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W are fabricated in a wafer state, and thereafter are bond together, it is also possible to fabricate the imaging element  1  by a manufacturing method in which one or both of these substrates are diced in the chip size, and thereafter are bonded together. 
     More specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , it is also possible to adopt a manufacturing method in which the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W to which the frame substrate  13 W is bonded is diced in the chip size, the cover glass  15  with the frame  13  formed by such dicing is bonded to the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W, and the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W to which the cover glass  15  is bonded is diced. 
     As an alternative, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W to which the frame substrate  13 W is bonded is diced in the chip size, and the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W is also diced in the chip size. Subsequently, the cover glass  15  with the frame  13  that is diced and the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W is diced are bonded together. Such a method of manufacturing the imaging element  1  is also adoptable. 
     According to the methods of manufacturing the imaging element  1  as described above, the cover glass  15  with the frame  13  and the light receiving sensor  11  are bonded to each other with use of the adhesive agent  12 , and the adhesive agent  12  is applied onto an entire top surface of the light receiving sensor  11 . Therefore, no void (clearance gap) is generated therein, which avoids occurrence of deterioration in optical characteristics and any image defect. Further, it is possible to apply the adhesive agent  12  onto the entire surface in a wafer state, which makes it possible to form the imaging element  1  easily with use of a wafer process such as spin coating. 
     Further, according to the methods of manufacturing the imaging element  1 , as described above, patterning of the IRCF layer  14  is unnecessary, which makes it easy to form the IRCF layer  14 . 
     In addition, according to a configuration of the imaging element  1 , a scribe line to be used in dicing the wafer-state light receiving sensor substrate  11 W and the wafer-state glass substrate  15 W that are bonded to each other corresponds to a location where the frame  13 , the cover glass  15 , and the semiconductor substrate  21  are stacked, and an inorganic material layer with a certain amount of hardness is provided at such a location, which makes it easy to dice such a layer. 
     &lt;3. Modification Examples of Imaging Element&gt; 
       FIG. 8  illustrates modification examples of the imaging element  1 . 
     In the imaging element  1  illustrated in  FIG. 1 , it is possible to form a low-reflection film (an antireflective film) that reduces reflection of incoming light at a predetermined location of a portion including the frame  13 , the IRCF layer  14 , and the cover glass  15  as a target to be bonded to the light receiving sensor  11  with use of the adhesive agent  12 . A to D of  FIG. 8  illustrate a plurality of examples in which the low-reflection film is provided in the imaging element  1 . 
     A of  FIG. 8  illustrates an example of the imaging element  1  in which a low-reflection film  61 A is formed between the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  that are formed on the same plane and the adhesive agent  12 . The low-reflection film  61 A is formed on top surfaces of the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  before the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  are bonded to the light receiving sensor  11  with use of the adhesive agent  12 , for example. 
     B of  FIG. 8  illustrates an example of the imaging element  1  in which the low-reflection film  61 A is formed between the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  that are formed on the same plane and the cover glass  15 . The low-reflection film  61 A is formed on a top surface of the cover glass  15  before the frame  13  and the cover glass  15  are bonded to each other, for example. 
     C of  FIG. 8  illustrates an example of the imaging element  1  in which, a low-reflection film  61 B is formed in a layer between the frame  13  and the adhesive agent  12  in a region where the frame  13  out of the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  that form the same plane is formed, and the low-reflection film  61 B is formed in a layer between the IRCF layer  14  and the cover glass  15  in a region where the IRCF layer  14  out of the frame  13  and the IRCF layer  14  is formed. The low-reflection film  61 B is formed on top surfaces of the frame  13  and the cover glass  15  before the IRCF layer  14  is embedded, for example. 
     D of  FIG. 8  illustrates an example of the imaging element  1  in which both the low-reflection film  61 A in B of  FIG. 8  and the low-reflection film  61 B in C of  FIG. 8  are formed. In such a case, each of the low-reflection films  61 A and  61 B may include a function of a low-reflection film, or a stacked structure of the low-reflection films  61 A and  61 B may achieve the function of the low-reflection film. 
     It is possible to configure each of the low-reflection films  61 A and  61 B by alternatively stacking a plurality of low-refraction films and a plurality of high-refraction films. The low-refraction films include, for example, an oxide film, such as SiOx (1≤x≤2), SiOC, and SiOF, and the high-refraction films include, for example, a metallic oxide film, such as TiO, TaO, and Nb2O5. As a matter of course, each of the low-reflection films  61 A and  61 B may be a single-layer film that includes an oxide, a nitride, or any other insulating material. 
     Alternatively, for materials of the low-reflection films  61 A and  61 B, it is also possible to use a resin-based materials, such as a styrene-based resin, an acrylic resin, a styrene-acrylic copolymer-based resin, or a siloxane-based resin. 
     &lt;4. Detailed Configuration Examples of Light Receiving Sensor&gt; 
     As the above-described light receiving sensor  11 , it is possible to apply a non-stacked solid-state imaging apparatus, and a stacked solid-state imaging apparatus configured by stacking a plurality of substrates, as described below. 
       FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating an overview of configuration examples of a solid-state imaging apparatus that is applicable as the light receiving sensor  11 . 
     A of  FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified configuration example of a non-stacked solid-state imaging apparatus. As illustrated in A of  FIG. 9 , a solid-state imaging apparatus  23010  has one die (a semiconductor substrate)  23011 . The die  23011  includes a pixel region  23012  in which pixels are disposed in an array, a control circuit  23013  that performs various types of control of pixel driving and any other operation, and a logic circuit  23014  for signal processing. 
     Each of B and C of  FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified configuration example of a stacked solid-state imaging apparatus. As illustrated in B and C of  FIG. 9 , in a solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 , two dies, that is, a sensor die  23021  and a logic die  23024  are stacked and coupled electrically to configure one semiconductor chip. 
     In B of  FIG. 9 , the pixel region  23012  and the control circuit  23013  are mounted on the sensor die  23021 , and the logic circuit  23014  including a signal processing circuit that performs signal processing are mounted on the logic die  23024 . 
     In C of  FIG. 9 , the pixel region  23012  is mounted on the sensor die  23021 , and the control circuit  23013  and the logic circuit  23014  are mounted on the logic die  23024 . 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a first configuration example of the stacked sold-state imaging apparatus  23020 . 
     A PD (photodiode) that configures each of pixels serving as the pixel region  23012 , an FD (floating diffusion), a Tr (MOS FET), a Tr serving as the control circuit  23013 , and the like are formed in the sensor die  23021 . Further, a wiring line layer  23101  having a wiring line  23110  including a plurality of layers is formed in the sensor die  23021 . In this example, the wiring line  23110  includes three layers. It is to be noted that the control circuit  23013  (the Tr serving as the control circuit  23013 ) may be included in the logic die  23024  instead of the sensor die  23021 . 
     A Tr included in the logic circuit  23014  is formed in the logic die  23024 . Further, a wiring line layer  23161  having a wiring line  23170  including a plurality of layers is formed in the logic die  23024 . In this example, the wiring lines includes three layers. In addition, a contact hole  23171  having an insulating film  23172  formed on an inner wall surface thereof is formed in the logic die  23024 , and an interconnecting conductor  23173  to be coupled to the wiring line  23170  and the like is embedded in the contact hole  23171 . 
     The sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024  are bonded together with the respective wiring line layers  23101  and  23161  opposed to each other, thereby forming the stacked solid-state imaging apparatus  23020  in which the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024  are stacked. A film  23191  such as a protective film is formed on a bonding surface between the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024 . 
     A contact hole  23111  is formed in the sensor die  23021 . The contact hole  23111  penetrates the sensor die  23021  from a back surface side (side where light enters the PD) (upper side) of the sensor die  23021  and reaches the wiring line  23170  in the uppermost layer of the logic die  23024 . Furthermore, a contact hole  23121  is formed in the sensor die  23021 . The contact hole  23121  is located adjacent to the contact hole  23111  and reaches the wiring line  23110  in the first layer from the back surface side of the sensor die  23021 . An insulating film  23112  is formed on an inner wall surface of the contact hole  23111 , and an insulating film  23122  is formed on an inner wall surface of the contact hole  23121 . Subsequently, interconnecting conductors  23113  and  23123  are respectively embedded in the contact holes  23111  and  23121 . The interconnecting conductor  23113  and the interconnecting conductor  23123  are electrically coupled to each other on the back surface side of the sensor die  23021 , and thus the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024  are electrically coupled to each other through the wiring line layer  23101 , the contact hole  23121 , the contact hole  23111 , and the wiring line layer  23161 . 
       FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a second configuration example of the stacked solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 . 
     In the second configuration example of the solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 , one contact hole  23211  formed in the sensor die  23021  electrically couples ((the wiring lines  23110  of) the wiring line layer  23101  of) the sensor die  23021  and ((the wiring lines  23170  of) the wiring line layer  23161  of) the logic die  23024  to each other. 
     That is, in  FIG. 11 , the contact hole  23211  is formed to penetrate the sensor die  23021  from the back surface side of the sensor die  23021 , and reach the wiring line  23170  in the uppermost layer of the logic die  23024  and also reach the wiring line  23110  in the uppermost layer of the sensor die  23021 . An insulating film  23212  is formed on an inner wall surface of the contact hole  23211 , and an interconnecting conductor  23213  is embedded in the contact hole  23211 . The sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024  are electrically coupled to each other by the two contact holes  23111  and  23121  in  FIG. 10  described above, but the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024  are electrically coupled to each other by the one contact hole  23211  in  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a third configuration example of the stacked solid-state imaging apparatus  23020 . 
     The solid-state imaging apparatus  23020  in  FIG. 12  is different from the case in  FIG. 10  in that the film  23191  such as a protective film is not formed on the bonding surface between the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024 . In the case of  FIG. 10 , the film  23191  such as a protective film is formed on the bonding surface between the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024 . 
     The solid-state imaging apparatus  23020  in  FIG. 12  is foil fed by stacking the sensor die  23021  and the logic die  23024  to bring the wiring lines  23110  and  23170  into direct contact with each other, and applying specific load and heat thereto to directly join the wiring lines  23110  and  23170  together. 
       FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of another configuration example of a stacked solid-state imaging apparatus that is applicable as the light receiving sensor  11 . 
     In  FIG. 13 , a solid-state imaging apparatus  23401  has a three-layer stacked structure including three stacked dies including a sensor die  23411 , a logic die  23412 , and a memory die  23413 . 
     The memory die  23413  has a memory circuit that stores data temporarily necessary, for example, in signal processing performed in the logic die  23412 . 
     In  FIG. 13 , In  FIG. 20 , the logic die  23412  and the memory die  23413  are stacked under the sensor die  23411  in this order, but it is possible to stack the logic die  23412  and the memory die  23413  under the sensor die  23411  in the inverse order, that is, in the order of the memory die  23413  and the logic die  23412 . 
     It is to be noted that, in  FIG. 13 , a PD serving as a photoelectric conversion section of a pixel, and a source/drain region of a pixel Tr are formed in the sensor die  23411 . 
     A gate electrode is disposed around the PD with a gate insulating film in between, and the gate electrode and the paired source/drain regions form a pixel Tr  23421  and a pixel Tr  23422 . 
     The pixel Tr  23421  adjacent to the PD is a transfer Tr, and one of the paired the source/drain regions included in the pixel Tr  23421  is an FD. 
     Further, an interlayer insulating film is formed in the sensor die  23411 , and contact holes are foil led in the interlayer insulating film. Interconnecting conductors  23431  coupled to the pixel Tr  23421  and the pixel Tr  23422  are formed in the contact holes. 
     Further, a wiring line layer  23433  having a multilayer wiring line  23432  coupled to each of the interconnecting conductors  23431  is formed in the sensor die  23411 . 
     In addition, an aluminum pad  23434  serving as an electrode for external coupling is formed in a lowermost layer of the wiring line layer  23433  in the sensor die  23411 . That is, the aluminum pad  23434  is formed closer to a bonding surface  23440  with the logic die  23412  than the wiring line  23432  in the sensor die  23411 . The aluminum pad  23434  is used as one end of a wiring line engaged in input and output of signals to and from the outside. 
     Further, a contact  23441  is formed in the sensor die  23411 . The contact  23441  is used for electrical coupling to the logic die  23412 . The contact  23441  is coupled to a contact  23451  in the logic die  23412  and is also coupled to an aluminum pad  23442  in the sensor die  23411 . 
     A pad hole  23443  is then foil led in the sensor die  23411  to reach the aluminum pad  23442  from a back surface side (upper side) of the sensor die  23411 . 
     The configurations of the solid-state imaging apparatus as described above are applicable to the light receiving sensor  11 . 
     &lt;5. Example of Application to Electronic Apparatus&gt; 
     The technology according to the present disclosure is not limited to application to an imaging element. That is, the technology according to the present disclosure is applicable to general electronic apparatuses that use the imaging element for an image capturing section (a photoelectric conversion section), including imaging apparatuses such as digital still cameras and video cameras, mobile terminals having an imaging function, copiers that use the imaging element for an image reading section, and the like. The imaging element may be in one-chip form or in a module form having an imaging function achieved by packing an imaging section and a signal processing section or an optical system together. 
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of an imaging apparatus as an electronic apparatus to which the technology according to the present disclosure is applied. 
     An imaging apparatus  200  in  FIG. 14  includes an optical section  201  including a lens group and the like, an imaging element (an imaging device)  202  adopting the configuration of the imaging element  1  in  FIG. 1 , and a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) circuit  203  that is a camera signal processing circuit. Further, the imaging apparatus  200  also includes a frame memory  204 , a display section  205 , a recording section  206 , an operation section  207 , and a power source  208 . The DSP circuit  203 , the frame memory  204 , the display section  205 , the recording section  206 , the operation section  207 , and the power source  208  are coupled to one another through a bass line  209 . 
     The optical section  201  captures incoming light (image light) from a subject and forms an image on an imaging plane of the imaging element  202 . The imaging element  202  converts the amount of the incoming light for image formation on the imaging plane by the optical section  201  into an electric signal in units of pixels and outputs the electric signal as a pixel signal. As the imaging element  202 , it is possible to use the imaging element  1  in  FIG. 1 , that is, the imaging element  1  that suppresses generation of a void by providing the frame  13  between the light receiving sensor  11  and the cover glass  15 , and filling an inner side in a planer direction of the frame  13  with the IRCF layer  14 . 
     The display section  205  includes, for example, a thin display such as an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) display, and displays a moving image or a still image captured by the imaging element  202 . The recording section  206  records the moving image or the still image captured by the imaging element  202  on a recording medium such as a hard disk or a semiconductor memory. 
     The operation section  207  is operated by a user to issue operation instructions for various functions of the imaging apparatus  200 . The power source  208  supplies the DSP circuit  203 , the frame memory  204 , the display section  205 , the recording section  206 , and the operation section  207  with various types of power for operating these targets as appropriate. 
     As described above, the use of the above-described imaging element  1  as the imaging element  202  makes it possible to suppress occurrence of deterioration in the optical characteristics and any image defect. Thus, even in the imaging apparatus  200  such as a video camera and a digital still camera, and further a camera module for a mobile device such as a mobile phone, it is possible to generate an image having high image quality while achieving miniaturization. 
     &lt;6. Usage Examples of Image Sensor&gt; 
       FIG. 15  is a diagram illustrating usage examples of examples of the above-described imaging element  1  as an image sensor. 
     The image sensor using the above-described imaging element  1  is usable, for example, in the following various cases in which light such as visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays is sensed.
         Apparatuses that shoot images for viewing such as digital cameras and mobile devices having a camera function       Apparatuses for traffic use such as onboard sensors that shoot images of the front, back, surroundings, inside, and so on of an automobile for safe driving such as automatic stop and for recognition of driver&#39;s state, monitoring cameras that monitor traveling vehicles and roads, and distance measuring sensors that measure a distance between vehicles or the like.   Apparatuses for use in home electrical appliances such as televisions, refrigerators, and air-conditioners to shoot images of a user&#39;s gesture and operate the appliances in accordance with the gesture   Apparatuses for medical care and healthcare use such as endoscopes and apparatuses that shoot images of blood vessels by receiving infrared light   Apparatuses for security use such as monitoring cameras for crime prevention and cameras for individual authentication   Apparatuses for beauty care use such as skin measuring devices that shoot images of skin and microscopes that shoot images of scalp   Apparatuses for sports use such as action cameras and wearable cameras for sports applications   Apparatuses for agricultural use such as cameras for monitoring fields and crops   

     &lt;7. Example of Application to In-Vivo Information Acquisition System&gt; 
     The technology (present technology) according to the present disclosure is applicable to various products as described above. For example, the technology according to the present disclosure may be applied to an in-vivo information acquisition system of a patient using a capsule type endoscope. 
       FIG. 16  is a block diagram depicting an example of a schematic configuration of an in-vivo information acquisition system of a patient using a capsule type endoscope, to which the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure (present technology) can be applied. 
     The in-vivo information acquisition system  10001  includes a capsule type endoscope  10100  and an external controlling apparatus  10200 . 
     The capsule type endoscope  10100  is swallowed by a patient at the time of inspection. The capsule type endoscope  10100  has an image pickup function and a wireless communication function and successively picks up an image of the inside of an organ such as the stomach or an intestine (hereinafter referred to as in-vivo image) at predetermined intervals while it moves inside of the organ by peristaltic motion for a period of time until it is naturally discharged from the patient. Then, the capsule type endoscope  10100  successively transmits information of the in-vivo image to the external controlling apparatus  10200  outside the body by wireless transmission. 
     The external controlling apparatus  10200  integrally controls operation of the in-vivo information acquisition system  10001 . Further, the external controlling apparatus  10200  receives information of an in-vivo image transmitted thereto from the capsule type endoscope  10100  and generates image data for displaying the in-vivo image on a display apparatus (not depicted) on the basis of the received information of the in-vivo image. 
     In the in-vivo information acquisition system  10001 , an in-vivo image imaged a state of the inside of the body of a patient can be acquired at any time in this manner for a period of time until the capsule type endoscope  10100  is discharged after it is swallowed. 
     A configuration and functions of the capsule type endoscope  10100  and the external controlling apparatus  10200  are described in more detail below 
     The capsule type endoscope  10100  includes a housing  10101  of the capsule type, in which a light source unit  10111 , an image pickup unit  10112 , an image processing unit  10113 , a wireless communication unit  10114 , a power feeding unit  10115 , a power supply unit  10116  and a control unit  10117  are accommodated. 
     The light source unit  10111  includes a light source such as, for example, a light emitting diode (LED) and irradiates light on an image pickup field-of-view of the image pickup unit  10112 . 
     The image pickup unit  10112  includes an image pickup element and an optical system including a plurality of lenses provided at a preceding stage to the image pickup element. Reflected light (hereinafter referred to as observation light) of light irradiated on a body tissue which is an observation target is condensed by the optical system and introduced into the image pickup element. In the image pickup unit  10112 , the incident observation light is photoelectrically converted by the image pickup element, by which an image signal corresponding to the observation light is generated. The image signal generated by the image pickup unit  10112  is provided to the image processing unit  10113 . 
     The image processing unit  10113  includes a processor such as a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU) and performs various signal processes for an image signal generated by the image pickup unit  10112 . The image processing unit  10113  provides the image signal for which the signal processes have been performed thereby as RAW data to the wireless communication unit  10114 . 
     The wireless communication unit  10114  performs a predetermined process such as a modulation process for the image signal for which the signal processes have been performed by the image processing unit  10113  and transmits the resulting image signal to the external controlling apparatus  10200  through an antenna  10114 A. Further, the wireless communication unit  10114  receives a control signal relating to driving control of the capsule type endoscope  10100  from the external controlling apparatus  10200  through the antenna  10114 A. The wireless communication unit  10114  provides the control signal received from the external controlling apparatus  10200  to the control unit  10117 . 
     The power feeding unit  10115  includes an antenna coil for power reception, a power regeneration circuit for regenerating electric power from current generated in the antenna coil, a voltage booster circuit and so forth. The power feeding unit  10115  generates electric power using the principle of non-contact charging. 
     The power supply unit  10116  includes a secondary battery and stores electric power generated by the power feeding unit  10115 . In  FIG. 16 , in order to avoid complicated illustration, an arrow mark indicative of a supply destination of electric power from the power supply unit  10116  and so forth are omitted. However, electric power stored in the power supply unit  10116  is supplied to and can be used to drive the light source unit  10111 , the image pickup unit  10112 , the image processing unit  10113 , the wireless communication unit  10114  and the control unit  10117 . 
     The control unit  10117  includes a processor such as a CPU and suitably controls driving of the light source unit  10111 , the image pickup unit  10112 , the image processing unit  10113 , the wireless communication unit  10114  and the power feeding unit  10115  in accordance with a control signal transmitted thereto from the external controlling apparatus  10200 . 
     The external controlling apparatus  10200  includes a processor such as a CPU or a GPU, a microcomputer, a control board or the like in which a processor and a storage element such as a memory are mixedly incorporated. The external controlling apparatus  10200  transmits a control signal to the control unit  10117  of the capsule type endoscope  10100  through an antenna  10200 A to control operation of the capsule type endoscope  10100 . In the capsule type endoscope  10100 , an irradiation condition of light upon an observation target of the light source unit  10111  can be changed, for example, in accordance with a control signal from the external controlling apparatus  10200 . Further, an image pickup condition (for example, a frame rate, an exposure value or the like of the image pickup unit  10112 ) can be changed in accordance with a control signal from the external controlling apparatus  10200 . Further, the substance of processing by the image processing unit  10113  or a condition for transmitting an image signal from the wireless communication unit  10114  (for example, a transmission interval, a transmission image number or the like) may be changed in accordance with a control signal from the external controlling apparatus  10200 . 
     Further, the external controlling apparatus  10200  performs various image processes for an image signal transmitted thereto from the capsule type endoscope  10100  to generate image data for displaying a picked up in-vivo image on the display apparatus. As the image processes, various signal processes can be performed such as, for example, a development process (demosaic process), an image quality improving process (bandwidth enhancement process, a super-resolution process, a noise reduction (NR) process and/or image stabilization process) and/or an enlargement process (electronic zooming process). The external controlling apparatus  10200  controls driving of the display apparatus to cause the display apparatus to display a picked up in-vivo image on the basis of generated image data. Alternatively, the external controlling apparatus  10200  may also control a recording apparatus (not depicted) to record generated image data or control a printing apparatus (not depicted) to output generated image data by printing. 
     An example of the in-vivo information acquisition system to which the technology according to the present disclosure may be applied has been described above. The technology according to the present disclosure may be applied to the image pickup unit  10112  among the components described above. Specifically, the imaging element  1  described above is applicable as the image pickup unit  10112 . Applying the technology according to the present disclosure to the image pickup unit  10112  allows the capsule type endoscope  10100  to be more miniaturized. This makes it possible to further reduce the burden on a patient. In addition, it is possible to acquire an image having high image quality while miniaturizing the capsule type endoscope  10100 . 
     &lt;8. Example of Application to Endoscopic Surgery System&gt; 
     For example, the technology according to the present disclosure may be applied to an endoscopic surgery system. 
       FIG. 17  is a view depicting an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system to which the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure (present technology) can be applied. 
     In  FIG. 17 , a state is illustrated in which a surgeon (medical doctor)  11131  is using an endoscopic surgery system  11000  to perform surgery for a patient  11132  on a patient bed  11133 . As depicted, the endoscopic surgery system  11000  includes an endoscope  11100 , other surgical tools  11110  such as a pneumoperitoneum tube  11111  and an energy device  11112 , a supporting arm apparatus  11120  which supports the endoscope  11100  thereon, and a cart  11200  on which various apparatus for endoscopic surgery are mounted. 
     The endoscope  11100  includes a lens barrel  11101  having a region of a predetermined length from a distal end thereof to be inserted into a body cavity of the patient  11132 , and a camera head  11102  connected to a proximal end of the lens barrel  11101 . In the example depicted, the endoscope  11100  is depicted which includes as a rigid endoscope having the lens barrel  11101  of the hard type. However, the endoscope  11100  may otherwise be included as a flexible endoscope having the lens barrel  11101  of the flexible type. 
     The lens barrel  11101  has, at a distal end thereof, an opening in which an objective lens is fitted. A light source apparatus  11203  is connected to the endoscope  11100  such that light generated by the light source apparatus  11203  is introduced to a distal end of the lens barrel  11101  by a light guide extending in the inside of the lens barrel  11101  and is irradiated toward an observation target in a body cavity of the patient  11132  through the objective lens. It is to be noted that the endoscope  11100  may be a forward-viewing endoscope or may be an oblique-viewing endoscope or a side-viewing endoscope. 
     An optical system and an image pickup element are provided in the inside of the camera head  11102  such that reflected light (observation light) from the observation target is condensed on the image pickup element by the optical system. The observation light is photo-electrically converted by the image pickup element to generate an electric signal corresponding to the observation light, namely, an image signal corresponding to an observation image. The image signal is transmitted as RAW data to a CCU  11201 . 
     The CCU  11201  includes a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or the like and integrally controls operation of the endoscope  11100  and a display apparatus  11202 . Further, the CCU  11201  receives an image signal from the camera head  11102  and performs, for the image signal, various image processes for displaying an image based on the image signal such as, for example, a development process (demosaic process). 
     The display apparatus  11202  displays thereon an image based on an image signal, for which the image processes have been performed by the CCU  11201 , under the control of the CCU  11201 . 
     The light source apparatus  11203  includes a light source such as, for example, a light emitting diode (LED) and supplies irradiation light upon imaging of a surgical region to the endoscope  11100 . 
     An inputting apparatus  11204  is an input interface for the endoscopic surgery system  11000 . A user can perform inputting of various kinds of information or instruction inputting to the endoscopic surgery system  11000  through the inputting apparatus  11204 . For example, the user would input an instruction or a like to change an image pickup condition (type of irradiation light, magnification, focal distance or the like) by the endoscope  11100 . 
     A treatment tool controlling apparatus  11205  controls driving of the energy device  11112  for cautery or incision of a tissue, sealing of a blood vessel or the like. A pneumoperitoneum apparatus  11206  feeds gas into a body cavity of the patient  11132  through the pneumoperitoneum tube  11111  to inflate the body cavity in order to secure the field of view of the endoscope  11100  and secure the working space for the surgeon. A recorder  11207  is an apparatus capable of recording various kinds of information relating to surgery. A printer  11208  is an apparatus capable of printing various kinds of information relating to surgery in various forms such as a text, an image or a graph. 
     It is to be noted that the light source apparatus  11203  which supplies irradiation light when a surgical region is to be imaged to the endoscope  11100  may include a white light source which includes, for example, an LED, a laser light source or a combination of them. Where a white light source includes a combination of red, green, and blue (RGB) laser light sources, since the output intensity and the output timing can be controlled with a high degree of accuracy for each color (each wavelength), adjustment of the white balance of a picked up image can be performed by the light source apparatus  11203 . Further, in this case, if laser beams from the respective RGB laser light sources are irradiated time-divisionally on an observation target and driving of the image pickup elements of the camera head  11102  are controlled in synchronism with the irradiation timings. Then images individually corresponding to the R, G and B colors can be also picked up time-divisionally. According to this method, a color image can be obtained even if color filters are not provided for the image pickup element. 
     Further, the light source apparatus  11203  may be controlled such that the intensity of light to be outputted is changed for each predetermined time. By controlling driving of the image pickup element of the camera head  11102  in synchronism with the timing of the change of the intensity of light to acquire images time-divisionally and synthesizing the images, an image of a high dynamic range free from underexposed blocked up shadows and overexposed highlights can be created. 
     Further, the light source apparatus  11203  may be configured to supply light of a predetermined wavelength band ready for special light observation. In special light observation, for example, by utilizing the wavelength dependency of absorption of light in a body tissue to irradiate light of a narrow band in comparison with irradiation light upon ordinary observation (namely, white light), narrow band observation (narrow band imaging) of imaging a predetermined tissue such as a blood vessel of a superficial portion of the mucous membrane or the like in a high contrast is performed. Alternatively, in special light observation, fluorescent observation for obtaining an image from fluorescent light generated by irradiation of excitation light may be performed. In fluorescent observation, it is possible to perform observation of fluorescent light from a body tissue by irradiating excitation light on the body tissue (autofluorescence observation) or to obtain a fluorescent light image by locally injecting a reagent such as indocyanine green (ICG) into a body tissue and irradiating excitation light corresponding to a fluorescent light wavelength of the reagent upon the body tissue. The light source apparatus  11203  can be configured to supply such narrow-band light and/or excitation light suitable for special light observation as described above. 
       FIG. 18  is a block diagram depicting an example of a functional configuration of the camera head  11102  and the CCU  11201  depicted in  FIG. 17 . 
     The camera head  11102  includes a lens unit  11401 , an image pickup unit  11402 , a driving unit  11403 , a communication unit  11404  and a camera head controlling unit  11405 . The CCU  11201  includes a communication unit  11411 , an image processing unit  11412  and a control unit  11413 . The camera head  11102  and the CCU  11201  are connected for communication to each other by a transmission cable  11400 . 
     The lens unit  11401  is an optical system, provided at a connecting location to the lens barrel  11101 . Observation light taken in from a distal end of the lens barrel  11101  is guided to the camera head  11102  and introduced into the lens unit  11401 . The lens unit  11401  includes a combination of a plurality of lenses including a zoom lens and a focusing lens. 
     The number of image pickup elements which is included by the image pickup unit  11402  may be one (single-plate type) or a plural number (multi-plate type). Where the image pickup unit  11402  is configured as that of the multi-plate type, for example, image signals corresponding to respective R, G and B are generated by the image pickup elements, and the image signals may be synthesized to obtain a color image. The image pickup unit  11402  may also be configured so as to have a pair of image pickup elements for acquiring respective image signals for the right eye and the left eye ready for three dimensional (3D) display. If 3D display is performed, then the depth of a living body tissue in a surgical region can be comprehended more accurately by the surgeon  11131 . It is to be noted that, where the image pickup unit  11402  is configured as that of stereoscopic type, a plurality of systems of lens units  11401  are provided corresponding to the individual image pickup elements. 
     Further, the image pickup unit  11402  may not necessarily be provided on the camera head  11102 . For example, the image pickup unit  11402  may be provided immediately behind the objective lens in the inside of the lens barrel  11101 . 
     The driving unit  11403  includes an actuator and moves the zoom lens and the focusing lens of the lens unit  11401  by a predetermined distance along an optical axis under the control of the camera head controlling unit  11405 . Consequently, the magnification and the focal point of a picked up image by the image pickup unit  11402  can be adjusted suitably. 
     The communication unit  11404  includes a communication apparatus for transmitting and receiving various kinds of information to and from the CCU  11201 . The communication unit  11404  transmits an image signal acquired from the image pickup unit  11402  as RAW data to the CCU  11201  through the transmission cable  11400 . 
     In addition, the communication unit  11404  receives a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head  11102  from the CCU  11201  and supplies the control signal to the camera head controlling unit  11405 . The control signal includes information relating to image pickup conditions such as, for example, information that a frame rate of a picked up image is designated, information that an exposure value upon image picking up is designated and/or information that a magnification and a focal point of a picked up image are designated. 
     It is to be noted that the image pickup conditions such as the frame rate, exposure value, magnification or focal point may be designated by the user or may be set automatically by the control unit  11413  of the CCU  11201  on the basis of an acquired image signal. In the latter case, an auto exposure (AE) function, an auto focus (AF) function and an auto white balance (AWB) function are incorporated in the endoscope  11100 . 
     The camera head controlling unit  11405  controls driving of the camera head  11102  on the basis of a control signal from the CCU  11201  received through the communication unit  11404 . 
     The communication unit  11411  includes a communication apparatus for transmitting and receiving various kinds of information to and from the camera head  11102 . The communication unit  11411  receives an image signal transmitted thereto from the camera head  11102  through the transmission cable  11400 . 
     Further, the communication unit  11411  transmits a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head  11102  to the camera head  11102 . The image signal and the control signal can be transmitted by electrical communication, optical communication or the like. 
     The image processing unit  11412  performs various image processes for an image signal in the form of RAW data transmitted thereto from the camera head  11102 . 
     The control unit  11413  performs various kinds of control relating to image picking up of a surgical region or the like by the endoscope  11100  and display of a picked up image obtained by image picking up of the surgical region or the like. For example, the control unit  11413  creates a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head  11102 . 
     Further, the control unit  11413  controls, on the basis of an image signal for which image processes have been performed by the image processing unit  11412 , the display apparatus  11202  to display a picked up image in which the surgical region or the like is imaged. Thereupon, the control unit  11413  may recognize various objects in the picked up image using various image recognition technologies. For example, the control unit  11413  can recognize a surgical tool such as forceps, a particular living body region, bleeding, mist when the energy device  11112  is used and so forth by detecting the shape, color and so forth of edges of objects included in a picked up image. The control unit  11413  may cause, when it controls the display apparatus  11202  to display a picked up image, various kinds of surgery supporting information to be displayed in an overlapping manner with an image of the surgical region using a result of the recognition. Where surgery supporting information is displayed in an overlapping manner and presented to the surgeon  11131 , the burden on the surgeon  11131  can be reduced and the surgeon  11131  can proceed with the surgery with certainty. 
     The transmission cable  11400  which connects the camera head  11102  and the CCU  11201  to each other is an electric signal cable ready for communication of an electric signal, an optical fiber ready for optical communication or a composite cable ready for both of electrical and optical communications. 
     Here, while, in the example depicted, communication is performed by wired communication using the transmission cable  11400 , the communication between the camera head  11102  and the CCU  11201  may be performed by wireless communication. 
     An example of the endoscopic surgery system to which the technology according to the present disclosure may be applied has been described above. The technology according to the present disclosure may be applied to, for example, the image pickup unit  11402  of the camera head  11102  among the components described above. Specifically, the imaging element  1  described above is applicable as the image pickup unit  11402 . Applying the technology according to the present disclosure to the image pickup unit  11402  makes it possible to acquire an image having high image quality while miniaturizing the camera head  11102 . 
     It is noted that the endoscopic surgery system has been described here as an example, but the technology according to the present disclosure may be additionally applied to, for example, a microscopic surgery system or the like. 
     &lt;9. Example of Application to Mobile Body&gt; 
     Further, for example, the technology according to the present disclosure may be achieved as an apparatus mounted on any type of mobile body such as an automobile, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a motorcycle, a bicycle, a personal mobility, an airplane, a drone, a vessel, or a robot. 
       FIG. 19  is a block diagram depicting an example of schematic configuration of a vehicle control system as an example of a mobile body control system to which the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can be applied. 
     The vehicle control system  12000  includes a plurality of electronic control units connected to each other via a communication network  12001 . In the example depicted in  FIG. 19 , the vehicle control system  12000  includes a driving system control unit  12010 , a body system control unit  12020 , an outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030 , an in-vehicle information detecting unit  12040 , and an integrated control unit  12050 . In addition, a microcomputer  12051 , a sound/image output section  12052 , and a vehicle-mounted network interface (I/F)  12053  are illustrated as a functional configuration of the integrated control unit  12050 . 
     The driving system control unit  12010  controls the operation of devices related to the driving system of the vehicle in accordance with various kinds of programs. For example, the driving system control unit  12010  functions as a control device for a driving force generating device for generating the driving force of the vehicle, such as an internal combustion engine, a driving motor, or the like, a driving force transmitting mechanism for transmitting the driving force to wheels, a steering mechanism for adjusting the steering angle of the vehicle, a braking device for generating the braking force of the vehicle, and the like. 
     The body system control unit  12020  controls the operation of various kinds of devices provided to a vehicle body in accordance with various kinds of programs. For example, the body system control unit  12020  functions as a control device for a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or various kinds of lamps such as a headlamp, a backup lamp, a brake lamp, a turn signal, a fog lamp, or the like. In this case, radio waves transmitted from a mobile device as an alternative to a key or signals of various kinds of switches can be input to the body system control unit  12020 . The body system control unit  12020  receives these input radio waves or signals, and controls a door lock device, the power window device, the lamps, or the like of the vehicle. 
     The outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030  detects information about the outside of the vehicle including the vehicle control system  12000 . For example, the outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030  is connected with an imaging section  12031 . The outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030  makes the imaging section  12031  image an image of the outside of the vehicle, and receives the imaged image. On the basis of the received image, the outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030  may perform processing of detecting an object such as a human, a vehicle, an obstacle, a sign, a character on a road surface, or the like, or processing of detecting a distance thereto. 
     The imaging section  12031  is an optical sensor that receives light, and which outputs an electric signal corresponding to a received light amount of the light. The imaging section  12031  can output the electric signal as an image, or can output the electric signal as information about a measured distance. In addition, the light received by the imaging section  12031  may be visible light, or may be invisible light such as infrared rays or the like. 
     The in-vehicle information detecting unit  12040  detects information about the inside of the vehicle. The in-vehicle information detecting unit  12040  is, for example, connected with a driver state detecting section  12041  that detects the state of a driver. The driver state detecting section  12041 , for example, includes a camera that images the driver. On the basis of detection information input from the driver state detecting section  12041 , the in-vehicle information detecting unit  12040  may calculate a degree of fatigue of the driver or a degree of concentration of the driver, or may determine whether the driver is dozing. 
     The microcomputer  12051  can calculate a control target value for the driving force generating device, the steering mechanism, or the braking device on the basis of the information about the inside or outside of the vehicle which information is obtained by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030  or the in-vehicle information detecting unit  12040 , and output a control command to the driving system control unit  12010 . For example, the microcomputer  12051  can perform cooperative control intended to implement functions of an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) which functions include collision avoidance or shock mitigation for the vehicle, following driving based on a following distance, vehicle speed maintaining driving, a warning of collision of the vehicle, a warning of deviation of the vehicle from a lane, or the like. 
     In addition, the microcomputer  12051  can perform cooperative control intended for automatic driving, which makes the vehicle to travel autonomously without depending on the operation of the driver, or the like, by controlling the driving force generating device, the steering mechanism, the braking device, or the like on the basis of the information about the outside or inside of the vehicle which information is obtained by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030  or the in-vehicle information detecting unit  12040 . 
     In addition, the microcomputer  12051  can output a control command to the body system control unit  12020  on the basis of the information about the outside of the vehicle which information is obtained by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030 . For example, the microcomputer  12051  can perform cooperative control intended to prevent a glare by controlling the headlamp so as to change from a high beam to a low beam, for example, in accordance with the position of a preceding vehicle or an oncoming vehicle detected by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit  12030 . 
     The sound/image output section  12052  transmits an output signal of at least one of a sound and an image to an output device capable of visually or auditorily notifying information to an occupant of the vehicle or the outside of the vehicle. In the example of  FIG. 19 , an audio speaker  12061 , a display section  12062 , and an instrument panel  12063  are illustrated as the output device. The display section  12062  may, for example, include at least one of an on-board display and a head-up display. 
       FIG. 20  is a diagram depicting an example of the installation position of the imaging section  12031 . 
     In  FIG. 20 , the imaging section  12031  includes imaging sections  12101 ,  12102 ,  12103 ,  12104 , and  12105 . 
     The imaging sections  12101 ,  12102 ,  12103 ,  12104 , and  12105  are, for example, disposed at positions on a front nose, sideview mirrors, a rear bumper, and a back door of the vehicle  12100  as well as a position on an upper portion of a windshield within the interior of the vehicle. The imaging section  12101  provided to the front nose and the imaging section  12105  provided to the upper portion of the windshield within the interior of the vehicle obtain mainly an image of the front of the vehicle  12100 . The imaging sections  12102  and  12103  provided to the sideview minors obtain mainly an image of the sides of the vehicle  12100 . The imaging section  12104  provided to the rear bumper or the back door obtains mainly an image of the rear of the vehicle  12100 . The imaging section  12105  provided to the upper portion of the windshield within the interior of the vehicle is used mainly to detect a preceding vehicle, a pedestrian, an obstacle, a signal, a traffic sign, a lane, or the like. 
     Incidentally,  FIG. 20  depicts an example of photographing ranges of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104 . An imaging range  12111  represents the imaging range of the imaging section  12101  provided to the front nose. Imaging ranges  12112  and  12113  respectively represent the imaging ranges of the imaging sections  12102  and  12103  provided to the sideview minors. An imaging range  12114  represents the imaging range of the imaging section  12104  provided to the rear bumper or the back door. A bird&#39;s-eye image of the vehicle  12100  as viewed from above is obtained by superimposing image data imaged by the imaging sections  12101  to  12104 , for example. 
     At least one of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104  may have a function of obtaining distance information. For example, at least one of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104  may be a stereo camera constituted of a plurality of imaging elements, or may be an imaging element having pixels for phase difference detection. 
     For example, the microcomputer  12051  can determine a distance to each three-dimensional object within the imaging ranges  12111  to  12114  and a temporal change in the distance (relative speed with respect to the vehicle  12100 ) on the basis of the distance information obtained from the imaging sections  12101  to  12104 , and thereby extract, as a preceding vehicle, a nearest three-dimensional object in particular that is present on a traveling path of the vehicle  12100  and which travels in substantially the same direction as the vehicle  12100  at a predetermined speed (for example, equal to or more than 0 km/hour). Further, the microcomputer  12051  can set a following distance to be maintained in front of a preceding vehicle in advance, and perform automatic brake control (including following stop control), automatic acceleration control (including following start control), or the like. It is thus possible to perform cooperative control intended for automatic driving that makes the vehicle travel autonomously without depending on the operation of the driver or the like. 
     For example, the microcomputer  12051  can classify three-dimensional object data on three-dimensional objects into three-dimensional object data of a two-wheeled vehicle, a standard-sized vehicle, a large-sized vehicle, a pedestrian, a utility pole, and other three-dimensional objects on the basis of the distance information obtained from the imaging sections  12101  to  12104 , extract the classified three-dimensional object data, and use the extracted three-dimensional object data for automatic avoidance of an obstacle. For example, the microcomputer  12051  identifies obstacles around the vehicle  12100  as obstacles that the driver of the vehicle  12100  can recognize visually and obstacles that are difficult for the driver of the vehicle  12100  to recognize visually. Then, the microcomputer  12051  determines a collision risk indicating a risk of collision with each obstacle. In a situation in which the collision risk is equal to or higher than a set value and there is thus a possibility of collision, the microcomputer  12051  outputs a warning to the driver via the audio speaker  12061  or the display section  12062 , and performs forced deceleration or avoidance steering via the driving system control unit  12010 . The microcomputer  12051  can thereby assist in driving to avoid collision. 
     At least one of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104  may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays. The microcomputer  12051  can, for example, recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not there is a pedestrian in imaged images of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104 . Such recognition of a pedestrian is, for example, performed by a procedure of extracting characteristic points in the imaged images of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104  as infrared cameras and a procedure of determining whether or not it is the pedestrian by performing pattern matching processing on a series of characteristic points representing the contour of the object. When the microcomputer  12051  determines that there is a pedestrian in the imaged images of the imaging sections  12101  to  12104 , and thus recognizes the pedestrian, the sound/image output section  12052  controls the display section  12062  so that a square contour line for emphasis is displayed so as to be superimposed on the recognized pedestrian. The sound/image output section  12052  may also control the display section  12062  so that an icon or the like representing the pedestrian is displayed at a desired position. 
     An example of the vehicle control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure may be applied has been described above. The technology according to the present disclosure may be applied to the imaging section  12031  among the components described above. Specifically, the imaging element  1  described above is applicable as the imaging section  12031 . Applying the technology according to the present disclosure to the imaging section  12031  makes it possible to acquire an image having high image quality while achieving miniaturization. 
     An embodiment of the present technology is not limited to the above-described embodiment, but various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present technology. 
     For example, it is possible to adopt a combination of all or a portion of the plurality of embodiments described above. 
     Further, the present technology is applicable not only to solid-state imaging apparatuses, but also to general semiconductor apparatuses that have other semiconductor integrated circuits. 
     It is to be noted that the present technology may be configured as follows. 
     (1) 
     An imaging element including: 
     a light receiving sensor that performs photoelectric conversion of incoming light; 
     a protective substrate that protects a top surface side serving as a light incidence 
     surface of the light receiving sensor; 
     a frame that is disposed in an outer peripheral portion between the light receiving sensor and the protective substrate, and is formed with use of an inorganic material; and 
     an infrared cutoff filter layer that is formed on an inner side on a same plane as the frame. 
     (2) 
     The imaging element according to (1), in which the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane are bonded to a planarizing film over an entire opposed region by an adhesive agent, the planarizing film being formed in an uppermost portion of the light receiving sensor. 
     (3) 
     The imaging element according to (1) or (2), further including a low-reflection film at a predetermined position between a planarizing film and the protective substrate, the planarizing film being formed in an uppermost portion of the light receiving sensor. 
     (4) 
     The imaging element according to (3), in which the low-reflection film is formed between the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane and the light receiving sensor. 
     (5) 
     The imaging element according to (3), in which the low-reflection film is formed between the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane and the protective substrate. 
     (6) 
     The imaging element according to (3), in which the low-reflection film is formed between the frame and the light receiving sensor and between the infrared cutoff filter layer and the protective substrate. 
     (7) 
     The imaging element according to (3), in which 
     the low-reflection film has at least two layers of a first low-reflection film and a second low-reflection film, 
     the first low-reflection film is formed between the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane and the protective substrate, and 
     the second low-reflection film is formed between the frame and the light receiving sensor and between the infrared cutoff filter layer and the protective substrate. 
     (8) 
     The imaging element according to any one of (1) to (7), in which the frame is formed with use of glass. 
     (9) 
     The imaging element according to any one of (1) to (7), in which the frame is formed with use of silicon. 
     (10) 
     A method of manufacturing an imaging element, the method including: 
     forming a frame at a position of an outer peripheral portion of a light receiving sensor on a protective substrate that protects the light receiving sensor, the frame being formed with use of an inorganic material; 
     forming an infrared cutoff filter layer on an inner side on a same plane as the frame; and 
     bonding the frame and the infrared cutoff filter layer that are formed on the same plane to the light receiving sensor by an adhesive agent. 
     (11) 
     The method of manufacturing the imaging element according to (10), in which the frame is formed by forming a through-hole in a substrate formed with use of an inorganic material, and the substrate in which the frame is formed and the protective substrate are bonded to each other, thereby forming the frame on the protective substrate. 
     (12) 
     The method of manufacturing the imaging element according to (10), in which the frame is formed on the protective substrate by etching a region in which the infrared cutoff filter layer is formed of a substrate formed with use of an inorganic material to a desired thickness. 
     (13) 
     The method of manufacturing the imaging element according to any one of (10) to (12), further including forming a low-reflection film at a predetermined position between a planarizing film and the protective substrate, the planarizing film being formed in an uppermost portion of the light receiving sensor. 
     (14) 
     The method of manufacturing the imaging element according to any one of (10) to (13), in which processes until the bonding by the adhesive agent are performed in a wafer state, and thereafter dicing in a chip size is performed. 
     (15) 
     An electronic apparatus provided with an imaging element, the imaging element including: 
     a light receiving sensor that performs photoelectric conversion of incoming light; 
     a protective substrate that protects a top surface side serving as a light incidence surface of the light receiving sensor; 
     a frame that is disposed in an outer peripheral portion between the light receiving sensor and the protective substrate, and is formed with use of an inorganic material; and 
     an infrared cutoff filter layer that is formed on an inner side on a same plane as the frame. 
     REFERENCE NUMERAL LIST 
       1 : imaging element 
       11 : light receiving sensor 
       12 : adhesive agent 
       13 : frame 
       14 : infrared cutoff filter layer (IRCF layer) 
       15 : cover glass 
       24 : planarizing film 
       41 : through-hole 
       61  ( 61 A and  61 B): low-reflection film 
       200 : imaging apparatus 
       202 : imaging element