Patent Publication Number: US-2011054289-A1

Title: Physiologic Database And System For Population Modeling And Method of Population Modeling

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This non-provisional application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/275,635, filed on Sep. 1, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to methods and systems for processing physiological and athletic performance data. More particularly, the invention relates to a physiologic and/or athletic performance database and system for population modeling and a method of population modeling. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In medical diagnosis and treatment of a patient, it is often necessary to defer to physiological profiles of subjects that have presented similar physiological characteristics or symptoms to the patient. The physiological profiles are often created from various sensor signals representing physiological characteristics associated with the subjects. 
     Monitoring physiological and performance parameters of a subject can also be important in planning and evaluating athletic training and activity. A subject may exercise or otherwise engage in athletic activity for a variety of reasons, including, for example, maintaining or achieving a level of fitness, to prepare for or engage in competition, and for enjoyment. The subject may have a training program tailored to his or her fitness level and designed to help him or her progress toward a fitness or exercise goal. Physiological and performance parameters of a subject can provide useful information about the subject&#39;s progression in a training program, or about the athletic performance of the subject. In order to accurately appraise the subject&#39;s fitness level or progress toward a goal, it may be useful to determine, monitor, and record various physiological or performance parameters, and related contextual information. 
     Various methods and systems utilizing heart rate have been introduced to approximate effort and physiological stress during exercise. Convenient, practicable, and comfortable means of measuring pulmonary ventilation in non-laboratory conditions, however, have been scarce. While of good value, heart rate can only give an approximation as to the true physiological state of an athlete or medical patient, as it can be confounded by external factors including, for example, sleep levels, caffeine, depressants, beta blockers, stress levels, hydration status, temperature, etc. Furthermore, accurate use of heart rate to gauge physiological performance requires knowledge of the amount of blood flowing to the muscles, which in turn requires knowledge of the instantaneous stroke volume of the heart as well as the rate of pumping. These parameters can be difficult to determine while a subject is engaging in a physical activity. 
     As is well known in the art, there are a multitude of monitoring systems and associated methods available to acquire signals representing physiological and anatomical parameters. Illustrative are the systems and associated methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,840,907, issued Jan. 11, 2005, 5,002,060, issued Mar. 26, 1991, 6,790,183, issued Sep. 14, 2004, 6,599,251, issued Jul. 29, 2003, 6,454,719, issued Sep. 24, 2002, 6,527,729, issued Mar. 4, 2003, 6,015,388, issued Jan. 18, 2000, and 6,047,203, issued Apr. 4, 2000. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,840,907 discloses a respiratory analysis system for monitoring a respiratory variable of a patient. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,060 discloses a monitoring system adapted to simultaneously monitor cardiac and respiratory rates and characteristics and substantial changes in temperature of a subject. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,183 discloses a lung sound diagnostic system for use in collecting, organizing, and analyzing lung sounds associated with the inspiration(s) and expiration(s) of a patient. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,251 discloses non-invasive techniques for monitoring the blood pressure of a subject. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,454,719 discloses techniques for determining the cardiac condition of a patient by a cardiac monitor apparatus using a respiration parameter, such as a current respiration signal or a respiration rate. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,729 discloses a method for monitoring the progression of disease of a heart failure patient. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,388 to Sackner et al. (VivoMetrics, Inc.) discloses a method for measuring respiratory drive, including determining a peak inspiratory flow and a peak inspiratory acceleration from a breath waveform derived from rib cage motion and abdominal motion using a plethysmograph or other external respiratory measuring device. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,047,203 to Sackner et al. (VivoMetrics, Inc.) discloses physiological monitoring apparel worn by a monitored individual, the apparel having attached sensors for monitoring parameters reflecting pulmonary function, cardiac function, or the function of other organ systems. 
     Although the noted monitoring systems effectively acquire and transmit signals reflecting physiological and performance characteristics, the signals are limited in many respects. In many instances, the signals transmitted by the noted systems only reflect a few characteristics (e.g., respiratory rate, blood pressure, or temperature). Thus, to create an effective library of physiologic and/or performance data, multiple systems would need to be employed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides apparatuses and methods for creating a physiologic database or library that can be indexed to at least health, disease, patient characteristics, and acute medical crises or other dangerous conditions. The database can be structured and continuous/pseudo-continuous modeling statistics applied to provide novel insight into the natural history of disease and the response to treatment, and ultimately to improve care delivery. 
     The present invention also provides apparatuses and methods for creating an athletic performance database or library. The database can be structured and continuous/pseudo-continuous modeling statistics applied to provide novel insight into performance and progress of an athlete or group of athletes, as well as standing relative to other athletes. 
     The database (and information derivation approach), coupled with the wealth of relevant/real-world data provides improved insight into epidemiology, the natural history of various diseases, the impact of treatment, the true costs of diseases and treatments, and will ultimately improve patient medical care. The approach will also improve insight into performance and progress of an athlete or group of athletes, as well as standing relative to other athletes. 
     An embodiment of the present invention provides a database system for population modeling, the database system including a data acquisition subsystem configured to generate and transmit signals representing a characteristic the subject, and a processor subsystem in communication with the data acquisition subsystem and being configured to receive the signals and to transmit the signals to a database, the database being configured to receive and store the signals. 
     An embodiment of the present invention also provides a database for population modeling, the database including a storage unit configured to receive and store signals representing a characteristic of a subject, wherein the signals are received from a sensor, the sensor being positioned proximate to the subject&#39;s body, and being configured to generate and transmit the signals. 
     An embodiment of the present invention also provides a method for modeling a population, the method including receiving signals representing a characteristic of a subject, and storing the signals in a database in association with demographic information of the subject and performance history of the subject, wherein the database includes a storage unit. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
       Further features and advantages will become apparent from the following and more particular description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and in which like referenced characters generally refer to the same parts or elements throughout the views. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a physiology monitoring system, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a dual-paired electromagnetic coil arrangement, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a side view of a subject, showing the position of the dual-paired electromagnetic coil arrangement of  FIG. 2  on the subject, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the subject, showing the position of electromagnetic coils on the front of the subject, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a plane view of the subject&#39;s back, showing the position of electromagnetic coils thereon, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 6 and 7  are schematic illustrations of a multiple-paired electromagnetic coil arrangement, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a subject, showing the position of the multiple-paired electromagnetic coils shown in  FIG. 6  on the front of the subject, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a plane view of the subject&#39;s back, showing the position of electromagnetic coils thereon, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 10-12  are schematic illustrations of coil transmission axes provided by several multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a subject, showing alternative positions of the multiple-paired electromagnetic coils shown in  FIG. 6  on the front of the subject, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a plane view of the subject&#39;s back, showing the positioning of three pairs of electromagnetic coils thereon, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a plane view of the subject&#39;s back, showing alternative positions of the paired electromagnetic coils shown in  FIG. 14  thereon, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of a subject, showing the position of six pairs of electromagnetic coils on the front and one side of the subject, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a plane view of the subject&#39;s back, showing the position of five pairs of electromagnetic coils on the back and both sides of the subject, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Before describing the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particularly exemplified methods, apparatuses, systems, or circuits, as such may, of course, vary. Thus, although a number of methods and systems similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred methods, apparatus and systems are described herein. 
     It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the invention only and is not intended to be limiting. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one having ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. 
     As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. 
     Further, all publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication(s) by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed. 
     DEFINITIONS 
     The terms “respiratory parameter” and “respiratory characteristic”, as used herein, mean and include a characteristic associated with the respiratory system and functioning thereof, including, without limitation, breathing frequency (fB), tidal volume (V T ), inspiration volume (V I ), expiration volume (V E ), minute ventilation (VE), inspiratory breathing time, expiratory breathing time, and flow rates (e.g., rates of change in the chest wall volume). The terms “respiratory parameter” and “respiratory characteristic” further mean and include inferences regarding ventilatory mechanics from synchronous or asynchronous movements of the chest wall compartments. 
     According to the present invention, flow rates and respiratory accelerations can be determined from a volume signal. Further, numerous inferences regarding ventilatory mechanics can be drawn from the degree of asynchrony in movement occurring amongst the discrete compartments that make up the chest wall. 
     The terms “respiratory system disorder”, “respiratory disorder”, and “adverse respiratory event”, as used herein, mean and include any dysfunction of the respiratory system that impedes the normal respiration or ventilation process. 
     The terms “physiological parameter” and “physiological characteristic”, as used herein, mean and include, without limitation, electrical activity of the heart, electrical activity of other muscles, electrical activity of the brain, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation level, skin temperature, and core temperature. 
     The terms “spatial parameter” and “spatial characteristic”, as used herein, mean and include a subject&#39;s orientation and/or movement. 
     The terms “patient” and “subject”, as used herein, mean and include humans and animals. 
     Pulmonary ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and other associated respiratory characteristics can provide a reliable and practical measure of oxygen and carbon dioxide transpiration in a living body. Respiratory characteristics are directly related to exercise effort, physiological stress, and other physiological characteristics. One way to externally determine tidal volume is to measure the change in thoracic volume. Change in thoracic volume is caused by the expansion and contraction of the lungs. As the gas pressure in the lungs at the maxima and minima of the pressure ranges is equilibrated to surrounding air pressure, there is a very close and monotonic relationship between the volume of the lungs and the volume of air inspired. 
     Accurate measurement of the change in thoracic volume involves measuring the change in the diameter of the chest at the ribcage. Measurement of the change in the diameter of the chest below the ribcage can provide additional accuracy to the measurement. Monitoring changes in the diameter of the chest below the ribcage can account for diaphragm delivered breathing where the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm muscle causes the organs of the abdomen to be pushed down and outwards, thereby increasing the available volume of the lungs. 
     Monitoring and analyzing respiratory characteristics can be particularly useful in athletic applications, as there is a direct link between performance and an athlete&#39;s processing of oxygen and carbon dioxide. For example, in many athletic training situations, it is helpful to know when the athlete&#39;s body transitions between aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise, sometimes referred to as the athlete&#39;s ventilatory threshold. Crossing over the ventilatory threshold level is an indicator of pending performance limitations during sport activities. For example, it can be beneficial for athletes to train in the anaerobic state for limited periods of time. However, for many sports, proper training requires only limited periods of anaerobic exercise interrupted by lower intensity aerobic exercises. It is difficult for an athlete to determine which state, anaerobic or aerobic, he or she is in without referencing physiological characteristics such as respiratory characteristics. Therefore, respiratory monitoring and data processing can provide substantial benefits in athletic training by allowing for accurate and substantially instantaneous measurements of the athlete&#39;s exercise state. Changes in an athlete&#39;s ventilatory threshold over time, as well as patterns of tidal volume during post-exercise recovery, can be valuable to measure improvements in the athlete&#39;s fitness level over the course of a training regime. Respiratory monitoring can further allow for monitoring and analyzing changes in a subject&#39;s resting metabolic rate. 
     A second ventilatory threshold exists at the point when the load on the body is such that the pulmonary ventilation is no longer sufficient to support life sustainably. Dwelling too long in this state will lead to collapse and so determination of this point can be of value in medical applications, and particularly to first responders and other emergency response personnel. 
     As indicated above, the present invention is directed to a method and system for creating an unprecedented physiologic database or library that can be indexed to at least health, disease, patient characteristics, and acute medical crises. The database can be structured and continuous/pseudo-continuous modeling statistics applied to provide novel insight into the natural history of disease and the response to treatment, and to ultimately improve care delivery. The database can also be an athletic performance database or library that can be indexed to performance or progress of an athlete or group of athletes, as well as standing relative to other athletes. The database can also be indexed to dangerous athletic conditions, such as, for example, exhaustion or overheating. 
     The database (and information derivation approach), coupled with the wealth of relevant/real-world data will enable otherwise impossible insight into epidemiology, natural history of various diseases, and the impact of treatment, will enable better insight into true cost of disease and treatment, and will ultimately improve patient medical care. The approach will also provide better insight into performance and progress of an athlete or group of athletes, as well as standing relative to other athletes. 
     According to the invention, various conventional monitoring systems can be employed within the scope of the invention to provide the physiological, performance, and anatomical information to create the physiologic databases or the athletic performance databases of the invention. The signals acquired by conventional systems, however, often only reflect one or a few physiological or performance characteristics (e.g., respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature, speed, and/or heart rate). Thus, to create an in-depth library of physiologic or athletic performance data, multiple systems would need to be employed. 
     One preferred physiological monitoring system and associated method that is adapted to provide a plurality of signals representing multiple physiological and anatomical characteristics and parameters is disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,575, filed Sep. 1, 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0250001], filed concurrently herewith, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     One preferred athletic performance monitoring system and associated method that is adapted to provide a plurality of signals representing multiple performance characteristics and parameters is disclosed in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/892,023, titled “Sports Electronic Training System, and Applications Thereof,” commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/467,944, titled “Portable Fitness Monitoring Systems, and Applications Thereof,” and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/836,421, titled “Fitness Monitoring Methods, Systems, and Program Products, and Applications Thereof,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a physiology monitoring system of the invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the physiology monitoring system  10  preferably includes a data acquisition subsystem  20 , a control-data processing subsystem  40 , a data transmission subsystem  50 , a data monitoring subsystem  60 , and a power source  70 , such as a battery. 
     Data Acquisition Subsystem 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the data acquisition subsystem  20  includes means for acquiring anatomical parameters that can be employed to determine at least one respiratory characteristic, more preferably a plurality of respiratory characteristics, in cooperation with control-data processing subsystem  40 , and, in some embodiments, data monitoring subsystem  60 . The anatomical parameters may include changes in (or displacements of) the anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen, and axial displacement of the chest wall. The means for acquiring the noted parameters, e.g., sensors. The sensors can include paired electromagnetic coils or magnetometers. 
     Although the present invention is described herein in terms of magnetometers and magnetometer systems, it is understood that other types of sensor systems capable of measuring changes in distance between two or more sensors in the system can be used in place of, or in addition to, magnetometers. Specifically, the invention is not limited to the use of electromagnetic coils or magnetometers to measure changes in the anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen, and axial displacement of the chest wall. Various additional means and devices that can be readily adapted to measure the noted anatomical parameters can be employed within the scope of the invention. Such means and devices include, without limitation, Hall effect sensors and electronic compass sensors. Wireless sensors with the capability of measuring time delay in a signal sent from one sensor to another and thereby determine the distance between the two sensors can be substituted for or provided in addition to magnetometers in accordance with the present invention. 
     According to the invention, at least two magnetometers can be employed to measure the noted subject parameters (or displacements). In some embodiments of the invention, two pairs of magnetometers are employed. In some embodiments, more than two pairs of magnetometers are employed. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown one embodiment of a dual-paired electromagnetic coil arrangement for detecting and measuring displacement(s) of the rib cage, abdomen, and chest wall. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the electromagnetic coils include first transmission and receive coils  22   a ,  22   b , and second transmission and receive coils  24   a ,  24   b . In  FIG. 2 , the letter T designates the transmission coils and the letter R designates the receiving coils, however, the coils are not limited to such designations. The electromagnetic coils of embodiments of the present invention are described as “receiving” or “transmitting”, however each receiving coil can alternatively and independently be a transmitting coil, and each transmitting coil can alternatively and independently be a transmitting coil. 
     Details of the noted arrangement and associated embodiments (discussed below) are set forth in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/231,692, filed Sep. 5, 2008, co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,576, filed Sep. 1, 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0260001], filed concurrently herewith, each of which, as indicated above, is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     As set forth in the noted applications, in some embodiments of the invention, at least receive coil  24   b  is adapted to receive coil transmissions from each of transmission coils  22   a ,  24   a  (i.e., at least receive coil  24   b  may be a dual function coil, where “dual function coil” refers to a coil capable of receiving transmissions from a plurality of different transmission coils). In some embodiments, each receive coil  22   b ,  24   b  is adapted to receive transmissions from each transmission coil  22   a ,  24   a.    
     Referring now to  FIGS. 3-5 , there is shown the position of coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b  on a subject or patient  100 , in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As illustrated in  FIGS. 3-5 , first transmission coil  22   a  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  proximate the umbilicus of subject  100 , and first receive coil  22   b  is preferably positioned proximate the same axial position, but on back  102  of subject  100 . Second receive coil  24   b  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  proximate the base of the sternum, and second transmission coil  24   a  is preferably positioned proximate the same axial position, but on back  102  of subject  100 . 
     As set forth in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/231,692, the positions of transmission coils  22   a ,  24   a  and receive coils  22   b ,  24   b  can be reversed (i.e., transmission coil  22   a  and receive coil  24   b  can be placed on back  102  of subject  100  and transmission coil  24   a  and receive coil  22   b  can be placed on front  101  of subject  100 . Both transmission coils  22   a  and  24   a  can also be placed on front  101  or back  102  of subject  100  and receive coils  22   b  and  24   b  can be placed on the opposite side. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 3 , an arrow  23  represents the chest wall or, in this instance, the xiphi-umbilical distance (Xi) that is monitored. An arrow  25  represents the monitored rib cage distance, while an arrow  29  represents the monitored abdominal distance. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, wherein coil  24   b  is a dual function coil, as subject or patient  100  breathes, displacement(s) of the rib cage and abdomen (i.e., changes in the distance between each pair of coils  22   a ,  22   b  and  24   a ,  24   b , denoted, respectively, by arrow  29  and arrow  25 ), is determined from measured changes in voltage between paired coils  22   a ,  22   b  and  24   a ,  24   b . The axial displacement of the chest wall, denoted by arrow  23 , (e.g., xiphi-umbilical distance (Xi)), is also determined from measured changes in voltage between transmission coil  22   a  and receive coil  24   b.    
     As indicated above, in some embodiments of the invention, more than two pairs of electromagnetic coils can be employed. As set forth in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,575, filed Sep. 1, 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0250001], filed concurrently herewith, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, adding additional pairs of electromagnetic coils in anatomically appropriate positions on a subject provides numerous significant advantages over dual-paired coil embodiments. Among the advantages is the provision of additional (and pertinent) data and/or information regarding chest wall movement(s) and the relationship(s) thereof to respiratory activity and respiratory associated events, such as speaking, sneezing, laughing, and coughing. 
     Further, the multiple single, cross, and interaction axes of the electromagnetic coil transmissions that result from the additional coils (and placement thereof) provide highly accurate quantification of changes in chest wall volume, and facilitate three-dimensional modeling of chest wall shape and movement of ambulatory subjects, and the evaluation and quantification of ventilatory mechanics, e.g., synchronous and asynchronous movement of the chest wall compartments. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 6-17 , the multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail. It is, however, to be understood that the invention is not limited to the multiple-paired coil embodiments described herein. As will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, the multiple-paired coil embodiments can include any number of additional electromagnetic coils (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). For example, in embodiments using three magnetometers, for example, electromagnetic coils, it is understood that the three electromagnetic coils can function as multiple pairs. Specifically, referring to the coils as first, second, and third coils, the first coil can form a pair with the second coil and the first coil can also form a pair with the third coil. In addition, the second coil can also form a pair with the third coil. Thus, a magnetometer system utilizing three electromagnetic coils can be configured to form one, two, or three pairs. Each of the first, second, and third coils can be configured to transmit signals, receive signals, or to both receive and transmit signals. A magnetometer can communicate with a plurality of other magnetometers, and therefore a particular magnetometer can form a part of more than one pair. The position of the additional coils and the function thereof can also be readily modified and/or adapted for a particular application within the scope of the present invention. 
     Referring first to  FIGS. 6-8 , there is shown one embodiment of the multiple-paired coil embodiment of the invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the noted embodiment similarly includes electromagnetic coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b . According to the invention, any of the aforementioned dual-paired coil embodiments associated with coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b  can be employed with the multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention. 
     As also illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the multiple-paired coil embodiment can further include at least two additional pairs of electromagnetic coils: third transmission coil  32   a , third receive coil  32   b , fourth transmission coil  34   a , and fourth receive coil  34   b.    
     In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of the two additional receive coils  32   b ,  34   b  is a dual function coil and, hence, adapted to receive transmissions from each of transmission coils  32   a ,  22   a ,  34   a . In some embodiments, each receive coil  32   b ,  34   b  is adapted to receive transmissions from each transmission coil  32   a ,  22   a ,  34   a.    
     Referring now to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , there is shown the position of coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b ,  32   a ,  32   b ,  34   a ,  34   b  on a subject or patient  100 , in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , first transmission coil  22   a  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  proximate the umbilicus of subject  100 , and first receive coil  22   b  is preferably positioned proximate the same axial position, but on back  102  of subject  100 . Second receive coil  24   b  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  proximate the base of the sternum, and second transmission coil  24   a  is positioned proximate the same axial position, but on back  102  of subject  100 . 
     Third transmission coil  32   a  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  and axially spaced to the right of first transmission coil  22   a . Fourth transmission coil  34   a  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  and axially spaced to the left of first transmission coil  22   a . In the illustrated embodiment, each transmission coil  32   a ,  22   a ,  34   a  is preferably positioned proximate the same axial plane (denoted “AP 1 ” in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ). 
     Third receive coil  32   b  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  and axially spaced to the right of second receive coil  24   b . Fourth receive coil  34   b  is preferably positioned on front  101  of subject  100  and axially spaced to the left of second receive coil  24   b . Preferably, each receive coil  32   b ,  24   b ,  34   b  is similarly positioned proximate the same axial plane (denoted “AP 2 ” in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ). 
     As will readily be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, the axial spacing of coils  32   a ,  32   b ,  34   a ,  34   b  will, in many instances, be dependant on the body size and structure of the subject, e.g., adult, female, male, adolescent. The distance between and amongst the coils can also vary with the degree of measurement precision required or desired. 
     As indicated above, a significant advantage of the multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention is the provision of multiple single, cross, and interaction coil transmission axes that facilitate three-dimensional modeling of chest wall shape and movement of ambulatory subjects, and evaluation and quantification of ventilatory mechanics, e.g., synchronous and asynchronous movement of the chest wall compartments. 
     A further significant advantage of the multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention is that real-time, three-dimensional models of the chest wall can be created by simultaneous monitoring of the chest wall with the multiple-paired coils of the invention. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 10-12 , there are shown several schematic illustrations of coil transmission axes provided by three multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention. Referring first to  FIG. 10 , there is shown one embodiment, wherein each receive coil  32   b ,  24   b ,  34   b ,  22   b  is a single function coil. Receive coil  32   b  is adapted to receive a transmission T 32  from transmission coil  32   a . Receive coil  24   b  is adapted to receive a transmission T 22  from transmission coil  22   a . Receive coil  34   b  is adapted to receive a transmission T 34  from transmission coil  34   a . Receive coil  22   b  is adapted to receive a transmission T 24  from transmission coil  24   a.    
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , there is shown another embodiment, wherein receive coil  24   b  is a dual function coil. Receive coil  32   b  is adapted to receive transmission T 32  from transmission coil  32   a , receive coil  34   b  is adapted to receive transmission T 34  from transmission coil  34   a , and receive coil  22   b  is adapted to receive transmission T 24  from transmission coil  24   a . Receive coil  24   b  is, however, adapted to receive transmission T 32  from transmission coil  32   a , transmission T 22  from transmission coil  22   a , transmission T 34  from transmission coil  34   a , and transmission T 24  from transmission coil  24   a.    
     In a further embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 11 , each receive coil  32   b ,  24   b ,  34   b ,  22   b  is a dual function coil. As illustrated in  FIG. 11 , receive coil  32   b  is adapted to receive transmission T 32  from transmission coil  32   a , transmission T 22  from transmission coil  22   a , transmission T 34  from transmission coil  34   a , and transmission T 24  from transmission coil  24   a . Receive coils  24   b ,  34   b , and  22   b  are also adapted to receive transmission T 32  from transmission coil  32   a , transmission T 22  from transmission coil  22   a , transmission T 34  from transmission coil  34   a , and transmission T 24  from transmission coil  24   a.    
     The noted multiple-paired coil embodiments significantly enhance the available data and information associated with chest wall movement and, hence, respiratory activity and respiratory associated events. The additional data and information also facilitates the evaluation and quantification of ventilatory mechanics, e.g., synchronous and asynchronous movement of the chest wall compartments. 
     The supplemental coil transmissions (or signals) can also be readily employed to reduce or eliminate the frequency and impact of magnetic field interference and artifacts, which are commonly encountered in electromagnetic coil systems. 
     As indicated above, the multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention are not limited to the embodiment described above, wherein two additional pairs of electromagnetic coils are uniformly positioned on the front of a subject. Referring now to  FIGS. 13-17 , there are shown additional multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 13 , there is shown a multiple-paired coil embodiment, wherein the two additional coil pairs  32   a ,  32   b , and  34   a ,  34   b  are non-uniformly positioned on front  101  of subject  100 . As indicated, the additional coil pairs can be positioned at any appropriate (or desired) positions on the torso of subject  100 . 
     Additional paired coils (e.g., transmission coil  36   a  paired with receive coil  36   b , and transmission coil  38   a  paired with receive coil  38   b ) can also be positioned on back  102  of subject  100 , as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . Coils  36   a ,  36   b ,  38   a ,  38   b  can be positioned uniformly, as shown in  FIG. 14 , or non-uniformly, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 16-17 , there is shown another multiple-paired coil embodiment, wherein additional paired coils are positioned on the torso of subject  100 . As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , additional paired coils (e.g., transmission coil  33   a  paired with receive coil  33   b , and transmission coil  35   a  paired with receive coil  35   b ) can be positioned on front  101  of subject  100 . In the noted embodiment, transmission coil  33   a  is preferably positioned above and between transmission coils  32   a  and  22   a , and transmission coil  35   a  is preferably positioned above and between transmission coils  22   a  and  34   a . Receive coil  33   b  is preferably positioned above and between receive coils  32   b  and  24   b , and receive coil  35   b  is preferably positioned above and between receive coils  24   b  and  34   b.    
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , additional paired coils (e.g., transmission coil  37   a  paired with receive coil  37   b , and transmission coil  39   a  paired with receive coil  39   b ) can be also positioned on opposite sides of the subject  100 . 
     Additionally, the transmission coils and receive coils disclosed herein need not necessarily be paired one-to-one. For example, a single receive coil may be configured to receive transmissions from multiple transmission coils, and a single transmission coil may be configured to transmit to multiple receive coils. 
     As indicated above, the multiple-paired coil embodiments of the invention are not limited to the multiple-paired coil embodiments shown in  FIGS. 6-17 . It is again emphasized that the multiple-paired coil embodiments can include any number of additional pairs of electromagnetic coils. Further, the position of the additional coils and the function thereof can also be readily modified and/or adapted for a particular application within the scope of the present invention. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the data acquisition subsystem  20  can include means for directly monitoring the orientation and/or movement of subject  100 , e.g., spatial parameters. According to the invention, various conventional means can be employed to monitor or measure subject orientation and movement, including optical encoders, proximity and Hall effect switches, laser interferometry, accelerometers, gyroscopes, global positioning systems (GPS), and/or other spatial sensors. 
     In one embodiment, the means for directly monitoring the orientation and movement of a subject includes at least one multi-function inertial sensor, e.g., 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope. As is well known in the art, orientation and motion of a subject can be readily determined from the signals or data transmitted by a multi-function accelerometer. 
     According to the invention, the accelerometer can be disposed in any anatomically appropriate position on a subject. In one embodiment of the invention, an accelerometer (denoted “AC 1 ” in  FIG. 8 ) is disposed proximate the base of the subject&#39;s sternum. Accelerometers and other inertial sensors can assist in determining the rate of speed at which a subject is traveling, the amount of energy an athlete is exerting during physical exercise, whether the athlete is airborne, and various information related to gait characteristics of the subject. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, data acquisition subsystem  20  includes at least one additional physiological sensor (preferably, a plurality of additional physiological sensors) adapted to monitor and record one or more physiological characteristics associated with monitored subject  100 . The physiological sensors can include, without limitation, sensors that are adapted to monitor and record electrical activity of the brain, heart, and other muscles (e.g., EEG, ECG, EMG), pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation level (e.g., SpO 2 ), skin temperature, and core temperature. Physiological parameters measured and/or calculated may include, for example, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen level, blood flow, hydration status, calories burned, muscle fatigue, and/or body temperature. 
     Exemplary physiological sensors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,252, U.S. Pat. No. 7,267,652, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/764,527, filed Jun. 18, 2007, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, the additional sensors can be disposed in a variety of anatomically appropriate positions on a subject. By way of example, a first sensor (e.g., a pulse rate sensor) can be disposed proximate the heart of subject  100  to monitor pulse rate, and a second sensor (e.g., a microphone) can be disposed proximate the throat of subject  100  to monitor sounds emanating therefrom (e.g., sounds reflecting coughing). 
     As indicated above, data acquisition subsystem  20  can also include one or more audio sensors, such as, for example, a microphone, for monitoring sounds generated by a monitored subject, and a speaker to enable two-way communication by and between the monitored subject and a monitoring station or individual. 
     According to embodiments of the invention, the paired coils (e.g., electromagnetic coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b , and the aforementioned additional sensors) can be positioned on or proximate a subject by various suitable means. Thus, in some embodiments, the paired coils and/or additional sensors can be directly attached to the subject. 
     In some embodiments, the paired coils, additional sensors, processing and monitoring systems (e.g., LDUs, if employed) are embedded in or carried by a wearable garment or item that can be comfortably worn by a monitored subject. The associated wiring, cabling, and other power and signal transmission apparatuses and/or systems can also be embedded in the wearable garment. 
     According to embodiments of the invention, the wearable monitoring garment can be one or more of a variety of garments, such as a shirt, vest or jacket, belt, cap, patch, and the like. A suitable wearable monitoring garment (a vest) is illustrated and described in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,576, filed Sep. 1, 2009, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0260001], filed concurrently herewith, co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,633, filed Sep. 1, 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0290001], filed concurrently herewith, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Control-Data Processing Subsystem 
     According to the present invention, control-data processing subsystem  40  can include programs, instructions, and associated algorithms for performing the methods of the invention, including control algorithms and associated parameters to control data acquisition subsystem  20  and, hence, the paired electromagnetic coils, e.g., coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b ,  32   a ,  32   b ,  34   a ,  34   b  and the function thereof, and the transmission and receipt of coil transmissions, e.g., transmissions T 32 , T 22 , T 34 , and T 24 , as well as data transmission subsystem  50  and data monitoring subsystem  60 . Such is discussed in detail below. 
     Control-data processing subsystem  40  is further programmed and adapted to retrieve and process coil transmissions or signals from the electromagnetic coils (e.g., coils  22   a ,  22   b ,  24   a ,  24   b ,  32   a ,  32   b ,  34   a ,  34   b ) in order to determine physiological information associated with monitored subject  100 , to retrieve, process, and interpret additional signals transmitted by additional spatial parameter and physiological sensors (discussed below), and to transmit selective coil data, physiological and spatial parameters, physiological characteristics, and subject information to data monitoring subsystem  60 . 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, control-data processing subsystem  40  further includes at least one “n-degrees-of-freedom” model or algorithm for determining at least one respiratory characteristic (e.g., V T ) from the retrieved coil transmissions or signals (e.g., measured displacements of the rib cage, abdomen, and chest wall). 
     Control-data processing subsystem  40  also preferably includes suitable algorithms that are designed and adapted to conduct multivariable analyses of data acquired by data acquisition subsystem  20 , (e.g., coil transmissions and signals transmitted by additional spatial parameter and physiological sensors, as discussed below). 
     In one embodiment, control-data processing subsystem  40  includes one or more “three-degrees-of-freedom” models or algorithms for determining at least one respiratory characteristic (preferably, a plurality of respiratory characteristics) from the retrieved coil transmissions (or signals). Preferred “three-degrees-of-freedom” models (or algorithms) are set forth in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/231,692. 
     In some embodiments, control-data processing subsystem  40  is further programmed and adapted to assess physiological characteristics and parameters by comparison with stored physiological benchmarks. Control-data processing subsystem  40  can also be programmed and adapted to assess respiratory and spatial characteristics and parameters by comparison with stored respiratory and spatial benchmarks Control-data processing subsystem  40  can generate status signals if corresponding characteristics or parameters are present. The benchmarks may indicate, for example, adverse conditions or fitness goals, and the status signals may include warnings or alarms. 
     Control-data processing subsystem  40  also preferably includes suitable algorithms that are designed and adapted to determine respiratory characteristics, parameters, and statuses from measured multiple, interactive chest wall displacements. The algorithms are also preferably adapted to discount measured chest wall displacements that are associated with non-respiration movement, e.g., twisting of the torso, to enhance the accuracy of respiratory characteristic (and/or parameter) determinations. 
     Control-data processing subsystem  40  additionally preferably includes suitable programs, algorithms, and instructions to generate three-dimensional models of subject&#39;s chest wall from the measured multiple, interactive chest wall displacements. 
     According to the invention, various programs and methods known in the mathematical arts (e.g., differential geometric methods) can be employed to process the signals (reflecting the chest wall distances and displacement) into a representation of the shape of the torso. Indeed, it is known that providing sufficient distances defined on a two dimensional surface (a metric) permit the shape of the surface to be constructed in a three dimensional space. See, e.g., Badler, et al., “ Simulating Humans: Computer Graphics, Animation, and Control ”, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) and DeCarlo, et al., “ Integrating Anatomy and Physiology for Behavior Modeling ”, Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 3 (San Diego, 1995). 
     Preferably, in some embodiments of the invention, control-data processing subsystem  40  is further programmed and adapted to determine additional and, in some instances, interrelated anatomical parameters, such as bending, twisting, coughing, etc., from the measured multiple, interactive chest wall displacements. In one embodiment, control-data processing subsystem  40  is programmed and adapted to compare retrieved coil transmissions reflecting measured chest wall displacements with stored selective combinations of coil transmissions and chest wall parameters that are associated therewith (e.g., “normal respiration and bending”, “normal respiration and coughing”). 
     By way of example, in one embodiment, a first chest wall parameter (CWP 1 ) defined as (or reflecting) “normal respiration and twisting of the torso” is stored in control-data processing subsystem  40 . The coil transmissions and data associated with the first chest wall parameter (CWP 1 ) include transmissions T 32 , T 22 , T 34 , and T 24  received by receive coil  24   b  that can represent displacements x, y, and z. 
     During monitoring of subject  100 , similar coil transmissions may be received by receive coil  24   b . Control-data processing subsystem  40  then compares the detected (or retrieved) transmissions to the stored transmissions and chest wall parameters associated therewith to determine (in real-time) the chest wall movement and, hence, respiratory activity based thereon; in this instance “normal respiration and twisting of the torso”. 
     In some embodiments, the signals transmitted by the accelerometer (e.g., spatial parameter signals) are employed with the detected coil transmissions to determine and classify chest wall movement and associated respiratory activity of the monitored subject. In the noted embodiments, each stored chest wall parameter also includes spatial parameter signals associated with the chest wall parameter (e.g., normal respiration and twisting of the torso). According to the invention, control-data processing subsystem  40  is adapted to compare retrieved coil transmissions and spatial parameter signals to the stored transmissions and spatial parameter signals, and the chest wall parameters associated therewith, to determine the chest wall movement and, hence, respiratory activity based thereon. 
     In some embodiments, the spatial parameter signals are used to generate a spatial model of the subject. The spatial model can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional, and can reflect the real-time orientation and movement of the subject. The spatial model can be displayed to provide the subject or another with a representation of the real-time orientation and movement of the subject. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, control-data processing subsystem  40  is programmed and adapted to determine chest wall movement and respiratory activity based on retrieved coil transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio signals. In the noted embodiments, data acquisition subsystem  20  can also include an audio sensor, such as, e.g., a microphone, that is disposed in an anatomically appropriate position on a subject, e.g., proximate the throat. 
     According to the invention, each stored chest wall parameter also includes at least one audio parameter (e.g., &gt;N db, based on the audio signal) that is associated with the chest wall parameter (e.g., normal respiration and coughing). Suitable speech and cough parameters (and threshold determinations) are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 7,267,652, issued Sep. 11, 2007, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Upon receipt of coil transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio signals, control-data processing subsystem  40  compares the retrieved coil transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio signals to the stored transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio parameters, and the chest wall parameters associated therewith, to determine the chest wall movement and respiratory activity based thereon (e.g., normal respiration and coughing). 
     In some embodiments of the invention, control-data processing subsystem  40  is programmed and adapted to determine fitness activity based on retrieved coil transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio signals. In the noted embodiments, data acquisition subsystem  20  may also include an audio sensor, such as, for example, a microphone, that is disposed in an anatomically appropriate position on a subject (e.g., proximate the throat). 
     Upon receipt of coil transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio signals, control-data processing subsystem  40  compares the retrieved coil transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio signals to the stored transmissions, spatial parameter signals, and audio parameters, and the chest wall parameters associated therewith, to determine a fitness activity of the subject (e.g., running, jogging, stretching, swimming, performing push-ups, performing sit-ups, performing chin-ups, performing arm curls, playing basketball, playing baseball, or playing soccer). 
     Data Monitoring Subsystem 
     According to embodiments of the invention, data monitoring subsystem  60  is designed and adapted to receive and, in some embodiments, to selectively monitor coil transmissions or signals (e.g., transmissions T 32 , T 22 , T 34 , and T 24 ) and to display parameters associated therewith (e.g., displacement(s) along a selective axis), and/or a chest wall parameter (e.g., CWP 1 ), and/or a respiratory characteristic (e.g., V T ) or event. 
     Data monitoring subsystem  60  is further preferably designed and adapted to display selective subject parameters, characteristics, information, and warnings or alarms. Data monitoring subsystem  60  can also be adapted to display data or broadcast data aurally. The aurally presented data can be voice messages, music, or other noises signifying an event. Data monitoring subsystem  60  can be adapted to allow headphones or speakers to connect to the data monitoring subsystem, either wireless or wired, to broadcast the aural data. Data monitoring subsystem  60  can be adapted to include a display, or to allow a display to connect to the data monitoring subsystem, to display the data. Such display can include, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a light emitting diode (LED) display, or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, data monitoring subsystem  60  is also adapted to receive and, in some embodiments, selectively monitor spatial parameter signals and signals transmitted by additional anatomical and physiological sensors (e.g., signals indicating skin temperature, or SpO 2 ) and to display parameters and information associated therewith. The parameters can be associated with an athlete&#39;s physical activity. Physical or anatomical parameters measured and/or calculated may include, for example, time, location, distance, speed, pace, stride count, stride length, stride rate, and/or elevation. Physiological parameters measured and/or calculated may include, for example, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen level, blood flow, hydration status, calories burned, muscle fatigue, and/or body temperature. In an embodiment, performance parameters may also include mental or emotional parameters such as, for example, stress level or motivation level. Mental and emotional parameters may be measured and/or calculated directly or indirectly either through posing questions to the athlete or by measuring things such as, for example, trunk angle or foot strike characteristics while running. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, data monitoring subsystem  60  includes a local electronic module or local data unit (LDU). The term “local” as used in connection with an LDU is intended to mean that the LDU is disposed close to the electromagnetic coils, such as on or in a wearable garment containing the coils (discussed in detail below). 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the LDU is preferably adapted to receive and monitor coil transmissions (or signals), to preprocess the coil transmissions, to store the coil transmissions and related data, and to display selective data, parameters, physiological characteristics, and subject information. 
     In some embodiments, the LDU is also adapted to receive and monitor the spatial parameter transmissions (or signals) and additional signals transmitted by additional anatomical and physiological sensors (if employed), to preprocess the signals, to store the signals and related data, and to display selective data, physiological and spatial parameters, physiological characteristics, and subject information via a variety of media, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, and/or a computer monitor, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the LDU includes a remote monitor or monitoring facility. In these embodiments, the LDU is further adapted to transmit selective coil and sensor data, physiological parameters and characteristics, spatial parameters, and subject information to the remote monitor or facility. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the LDU includes the features and functions of control-data processing subsystem  40  (e.g., an integral control-processing/monitoring subsystem) and, hence, is also adapted to control data acquisition subsystem  20 . The LDU is thus adapted to control the paired coils that are employed, to determine selective physiological characteristics and parameters, to assess physiological characteristics and parameters for adverse conditions, and to generate warnings or alarms if adverse characteristics or parameters are present. 
     Suitable LDUs are described in co-pending International Application No. PCT/US2005/021433 (Pub. No. WO 2006/009830 A2), published Jan. 26, 2006, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, monitoring subsystem  60  includes a separate, remote monitor or monitoring facility. According to embodiments of the invention, the remote monitor or facility is adapted to receive sensor data and information, physiological and spatial parameters, physiological characteristics, and subject information from control-data processing subsystem  40 , and to display the selective coil sensor data and information, physiological and spatial parameters, physiological characteristics, and subject information via a variety of mediums, such as a PDA, computer monitor, etc. 
     Data Transmission Subsystem 
     According to embodiments of the invention, various communication links and protocols can be employed to transmit control signals to data acquisition subsystem  20  and, hence, paired coils, and to transmit coil transmissions (or signals) from the paired coils to control-data processing subsystem  40 . Various communication links and protocols can be employed to transmit data and information, including coil transmissions (or signals) and related parameters, physiological characteristics, spatial parameters, and subject information from control-data processing subsystem  40  to data monitoring subsystem  60 . 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the communication link between data acquisition subsystem  20  and control-data processing subsystem  40  includes conductive wires or similar direct communication means. In some embodiments, the communication link between data acquisition subsystem  20  and control-data processing subsystem  40 , as well as between control-data processing subsystem  40  and data monitoring subsystem  60 , is a wireless link. 
     As set forth in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,587, filed Sep. 1, 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0280001], filed concurrently herewith, both of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, data transmission subsystem  50  of the invention can also include multimodal communications means, which enable effective communication to data monitoring subsystem  60  or other desired device or system to be acquired in a wide range of settings where a single radio mode would be ineffective. 
     In one embodiment, the multimodal communications means includes multiple radio subsystems, including, for example, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and BlueTooth® systems. 
     Data transmission subsystem  50  may farther include algorithms and programming to control the noted multimodal communications means. Such controls may include preprogrammed transmission of signals (e.g., transmission when the physiological characteristic represented by a signal is deemed relevant). 
     The multimodal communications means in conjunction with the real-time signal acquisition and processing capabilities discussed above creates a “smart” communications structure that maximizes battery efficiency, ensures connectivity across a range of environments, and enables data to be transmitted only when relevant. 
     As set forth in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/275,634, filed Sep. 1, 2009, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0300001], filed concurrently herewith, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, the physiological monitoring systems and methods described above can readily provide a plurality of signals representing a multitude of key physiological, performance, and contextual parameters continuously (or pseudo-continuously), synchronously, and simultaneously. 
     Acquiring the signals continuously (or pseudo-continuously), synchronously, and simultaneously facilitates the creation of in-depth physiologic databases and libraries and provides context that enables the interpretation and analysis of the data to be more effective. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the databases are continuously updated in real-time or pseudo real-time with detailed physiological or performance data from a large number of subjects in the general population. In one embodiment, individual subject data-packages are annotated with subject demographic and medical or athletic performance history data enabling subsets of the larger database to be evaluated. This database structure, coupled with continuous real-world data updates and regular and frequent data reduction and algorithm treatment, will provide an unprecedented physiologic/medical library for disease and treatment profiling, or athletic performance library for performance monitoring and comparison. 
     The total database can be evaluated for normative data values for, for example, cardiac activity, respiratory activity, and other physiologic parameters. The total database can also or alternatively be evaluated for normative data values for, for example, athletic performance characteristics or progression. 
     In one embodiment, subsets of the database are developed based on disease state, and pattern recognition algorithms are applied to determine signals representing disease worsening, improvement, response to treatment, etc. This function of the database provides substantial potential benefit for future pharmaceutical and biotechnology development by providing normative data for disease groups as well as novel potential treatment targets and endpoints for clinical trial work. 
     Additionally, specific subsets of patients within the larger disease definitions will likely become evident and this will result in more precise diagnoses and delivery of medical care and treatment. 
     In one embodiment, subsets of the database are developed based on attributes such as, for example, athletic performance level and type of sport played, and pattern recognition algorithms are applied to determine signals representing performance worsening, improvement, response to training, etc. This function of the database provides substantial potential benefit for future athletic performance training development by providing non-native data for athlete groups as well as novel potential fitness targets and goals for athletic performance optimization. The database can help an athlete track changes in various physical and performance characteristics over time, which can help the athlete determine which training methods or programs are most effective. 
     Additionally, information included in the database can be used to predict disease progression accurately by correlating a subject&#39;s present condition to historical data of disease progression in other subjects exhibiting similarities to the subject&#39;s present condition. Such predictions can be further personalized to a particular subject by comparison with demographic data of the other subjects. 
     Additionally, information included in the database can be used to predict athletic performance progression accurately by correlating an athlete&#39;s present performance level or characteristics to historical data of athletic performance progression in other athletes exhibiting similarities to the athlete&#39;s present performance level or characteristics. Such predictions can be further personalized to a particular subject by comparison with demographic data of the other athletes. 
     In some exemplary embodiments the database may be embodied in a single physical storage medium or unit, such as, for example, a hard drive, random access memory (RAM), read-only or rewritable optical discs such as, for example, compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), compact disc rewritable (CD-RW), and digital video disc (DVD), floppy discs, floptical discs, solid-state memory, and various other storage mediums and units that would be apparent to one of skill in the art. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the database is embodied in multiple separate storage mediums, which may or may not be of the same type. The separate storage mediums can all be a part of one cohesive system, connected to one another and to an access unit, such as a computer. Such connection can be by wires or wirelessly. In some embodiments the separate storage units can be connected to various distinct systems, which may or may not be located remotely from one another. In such a case, the separate storage units can be connected to one another and at least one access unit via a network, such as an intranet or the Internet. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, an access unit used to access the database is directly connected to the database unit(s) (e.g., via wires or wirelessly). In some exemplary embodiments an access unit to access the database is located remotely from the database unit(s) and connects to the database via, for example, a network, such as an intranet or the Internet. 
     Additional advantages and applications of the present invention are apparent with reference to the systems and methods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0010001], filed concurrently herewith, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0250001], filed concurrently herewith, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0260001], filed concurrently herewith, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0270001], filed concurrently herewith, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0280001], filed concurrently herewith, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 3483.0290001], filed concurrently herewith, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ [Attorney Docket No. 0300001], filed concurrently herewith, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, one of ordinary skill can make various changes and modifications to the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. As such, these changes and modifications are properly, equitably, and intended to be, within the full range of equivalence of the invention.