Patent Publication Number: US-11386912-B1

Title: Method and computer program product for allowing a plurality of musicians who are in physically separate locations to create a single musical performance using a teleconferencing platform provided by a host server

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/459,250 filed Aug. 27, 2021, which, in turn, is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/317,218 filed May 11, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,107,490 , both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     This application claims priority to copending U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 63/024,205 filed May 13, 2020, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The general field of the invention is noise suppression in videoconferencing systems, software, hardware, and physical spaces. These systems are used so that people in different locations, physically remote from each other, can hold meetings in real time, both seeing and hearing each other during the meeting. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of videoconferencing systems and software such as Zoom®, Microsoft Teams®, Intermedia Unite® and AnyMeeting® Cisco Webex® Meetings, ClickMeeting®, Google Meet™, Slack®, Zoho Meeting, and Join.Me®. Use has exploded during the coronavirus pandemic, with the accompanying shelter-in-place orders. 
     Such videoconferencing and teleconferencing systems employ the internet to connect people, each at physically separate (and distant) locations by way of each person&#39;s computing device including, but not limited to, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a workstation, computer server, a smart phone, or a tablet computing device. In the discussions and descriptions below, mention of a computer or computing device, is intended to include all of the above, and any similar electronic device which performs similar computational functions. 
     A limitation on all of these systems is that they are not full-duplex, that is, only one person can talk at a time. When two people using two different audio streams try to talk at once, generally one is suppressed by the system or its software. Otherwise a combination of lag times, feedback, and echo, make the audio unintelligible. Extraneous background noise can create and contribute to such interference, feedback and echo. This is why such videoconferencing products employ filters (software and/or acoustic) to suppress persistent background noise, intermittent background noise, echoes, and other unnecessary sounds. Sources of peripheral background noise can include (but are not limited to) pets, children, street traffic, the sound of typing on a keyboard, a radio, a stereo system, instrumental music, a TV set, clinking of glasses, and whispering between two participants in the same physical room. Even a small amount of background noise can add up to unacceptable interference with audio quality, especially in a meeting with participants sending audio streams from many locations. Consequently, participants will often try to limit background noise (such as by turning off radios and stereos, closing windows and doors, or asking children to leave the room). For the same reason, the host of a video meeting will often ask participants to mute themselves when they are not talking. Likewise, many of the systems allow the host to mute all participants (or any particular participant) and unmute them one at a time or as needed for their participation in the discussion. 
     This also means that people in different locations cannot generally use these videoconferencing systems to sing or play music together in real time, at least not without suppressing the audio. In some limited cases, when the sound volume of a second speaker/singer is significantly lowered, and synchronicity of the two voices is not paramount, the system can allow more than one voice to be heard at the same time without unacceptable sound degradation. For example, the Rolling Stones judicious mastery of these limitations made for a wonderful live presentation of “You Can&#39;t Always Get What You Want” in the live streaming One World concert on Apr. 19, 2020, using Zoom (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7pZgQepXfA). But this great performance also highlights these system limits and constraints. 
     There are a number of examples of choirs and orchestras on YouTube, which appear as if the singers and musicians were performing live over the internet on a platform such as Zoom. See for example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqvVL8IurMw (Hamilton Original Broadway Cast Zoom Performance “Alexander Hamilton” posted Apr. 8, 2020). However, a closer reading of the performance descriptions reveals that these were not live performances, but rather individual audio-video files sent individually to someone who combined them using audio-video editing equipment and software for later broadcast. 
     Software, such as Vocalign by Synchro Arts, using techniques known to those knowledgeable in the art, is designed to automatically align vocal overdub and replacement dialog on multi-track audio-video recordings when pitch and tempo of recordings differ. However, Zoom and other videoconferencing systems do not present the multiple audio streams in a way that such tools can align them in real time. 
     As is well known to practitioners of the art, a variety of methods are used to filter out noise in an audio signal. (“In audio, noise is generally any unpleasant sound and, more technically, any unwanted sound that is unintentionally added to a desired sound,” https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/audio-noise, emphasis added.) They include but are not limited to (a) removing all frequencies outside the normal conversational range of the human voice (above or below that range), (b) sampling persistent background sound, creating a frequency and volume model of it, and removing those sounds from the audio stream, (c) sampling the audio stream for footprints of a particular modeled intermittent noise (such as typing on a keyboard) and then actively removing those sounds from the audio stream, and (d) suppressing echoes by detecting a signal going in one direction on a circuit, recognizing when it re-appears, with some delay, in the audio signal, and then muting, attenuating, or subtracting it from the audio signal, often coming in the other direction. 
     One method of “subtracting” or “deleting” a portion of an audio signal is through polarity inversion, often referred to as phase inversion. When two otherwise identical audio waves with opposite phases are combined they cancel each other out. (See https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/66737/what-is-the-purpose-of-phase-invert.) For example, this signal cancellation sometimes happens when multiple microphones record a live audio session over separate channels. Many audio processing sound cards and mixers have a phase invert button or control for each channel to make adjustments to fix this. This cancellation property can also be used to edit an audio signal. For example, in Audacity (open-source, digital audio-editing software: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacity_(audio_editor)) the invert function can be used to manually remove vocals from a sound track: http://manual.audacityteam.org/man/invert/html. 
     One feature of Zoom is the ability to create virtual break-out rooms or mini-sessions within a larger meeting. This has been increasingly used during the pandemic as a wider variety of enterprises (including schools and universities) have been forced to gather, teach, and solve problems online. Microsoft Teams and Google Meet have some similar features. When breakout rooms are used, each participant who is not a host (or co-host) is usually sent into one specific breakout room, or may remain in the original “room”. Participants in each particular room can see and hear each other, and interact via text chat and sharing their computer screens. However, they cannot see, hear, or interact with the participants in any other room. (The host or co-host of the overall session can also participate in any room, but only one room at a time.) A reason for isolating the audio interactions to within each breakout room is to prevent the same kind of interference and feedback described previously. 
     A host can send a text message to all participants, regardless of which room the host is in, and every participant (regardless of which room he or she is in) can signal the host to request help. However, in order to prevent interference and echoes, the host in some videoconferencing platforms cannot speak to all participants in all rooms at the same time, or send other audio signals to all of them. In other videoconferencing platforms such as Wonder and Gatherly, the host can speak (send an audio-video stream) to all participants in all breakout rooms (sometimes referred to as “circles”, “groups”, or “floors” in those platforms). Indeed, in Gatherly, the host can send an audio-video stream to all participants on one particular “floor” but not other “floors”. However such host broadcasts in Wonder and Gatherly, simultaneously mute all audio interaction among other non-host participants. 
     The issue of audio feedback, echo cancellation, and noise suppression is simplified when all participants wear headsets, headphones, or earphones. In that case, audio from the videoconference cannot come out of a user&#39;s loudspeaker and reenter the videoconference audio via the user&#39;s microphone. This may approximate (or become) full duplex. Some conferencing systems, such as Teooh (also known as “RoomKey”), require headsets, while others (such as Gatherly and gather.town) may just strongly recommend them. Other systems try to mute all but one speaking participant or sound source. 
     Though originally developed to aid workplace collaboration, video conferencing systems and tools have increasingly been used for social gatherings during the coronavirus pandemic. These gatherings include virtual happy hours, virtual luncheons, virtual birthday parties, virtual game nights, and virtual dance parties. Many of these efforts involve small groups, but others, especially dance parties such as those held by VYVE, involve hundreds of participants: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/virtual-social-distancing-1.5505099 (Virtual dance parties, happy hours spring up to fight against loneliness during COVID-19, posted Mar. 21, 2020). One problem with using a video-conferencing platform to host a dance party is that everyone except the disc jockey (or the person streaming the music) must be muted. If participants want to talk to each other, they would have to go into a breakout room, but then they wouldn&#39;t hear the music. One organizer of dance parties (QuaranTeam) ends the dance party with small breakout groups so that participants can socialize: https://www.eventbrite.ca/e/quaranteam-new-virtual-dance-and-festival-experience-be-yourself-tickets-100862129344. 
     A more natural experience would be if participants could leave the virtual “dance room” and go to a breakout room to talk, but still hear the music, though at a low enough volume to have a conversation in a natural voice—and then return at will to the “dance room” with its music. This would mimic being in a real nightclub, where attendees can leave the dance floor and move to a table or booth (which is more acoustically separate or distanced from the dance floor audio system), and where it is quiet enough to engage in conversation. Then attendees can return to the dance floor when they wish, or alternate between the dance floor and their table. However, mimicking such a “dance club” cannot be done using current videoconferencing platforms, systems or software. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In contrast with prior art, the present invention discloses a new way for audio in a videoconferencing system to be sent or streamed to all participants in a breakout room (or all participants in all breakout rooms) without causing interference or echoes when those in the breakout room speak to each other. 
     In contrast to current and prior art, the essence of the invention is to intentionally introduce sound (or rather sounds generally considered unwanted noise) in a controlled and knowing way, so that those sounds can then be removed using well-known noise reduction and echo cancellation techniques. 
     A preferred embodiment of the invention accomplishes this via three steps. A hub-and-spoke platform architecture is assumed in this first described embodiment, meaning that all audio-video streams are routed through a host server (or the host&#39;s computer) before being sent to individual participants. Alternate embodiments with similar steps (described subsequently) address platforms which employ peer-to-peer or more distributed architecture. 
     Step 1: An audio stream or signal (such as the host&#39;s voice or a dance tune) is intentionally sent from the host to every participant in the meeting&#39;s breakout rooms (the “Host-sent Audio”)—while the system retains a digital copy of the frequency wave form of this signal for future reference and processing (referred to as the “Audio Signal Copy”). 
     In a hub-and-spoke platform, the Audio Signal Copy is retained at the hub—a host server or host computer. The signal of the audio stream (the Host-sent Audio) is “played” on every participant&#39;s speaker, “heard” by every participant, and then detected by every participant&#39;s microphone. 
     Step 2: The Host-sent Audio when detected by the microphones of participants, is deleted from the audio streams that have been returned to the system/host for re-distribution 
     To prevent the multiple instances of the Host-sent Audio signal from creating interference or feedback when fed back into the system, the system treats each intentionally Host-sent Audio, when detected by each participant&#39;s microphone, as if it were noise or an echo. Using techniques of echo suppression well known to those practitioners of the art, the system (in this embodiment at the host server) uses the waveform sound-print of the Audio Signal Copy to remove the wave-form of the Host-sent Audio from the audio stream that each participant&#39;s microphone detects. All that is left for re-distribution is the participant&#39;s voice. (The present invention permits all other noise reduction filters previously employed by a videoconferencing platform to be successfully applied.) 
     Consequently, if the participant is not speaking, even though the Host-sent Audio is playing for the participant at his or her location, the videoconferencing software will not re-distribute any audio signal back through the system. On the other hand, if the participant is speaking, the Host-sent Audio will be filtered out by the software, so that only the participant&#39;s voiced words (“Participant&#39;s Audio”) will be sent back through the system on the return stream. 
     Step 3: The Participant Audio will be sent out to all other participants along with any new (or new portion of) Host-sent Audio. 
     The Host-sent Audio is by nature a continuing audio stream. However, these steps describe discrete time points in the process and discrete time points with respect to this continuing stream. When the system sends the Participant Audio out to other participants, it will also be sending a new portion of the continuing Host-sent Audio (if there is a new portion). 
     Whether or not these streams (Participant Audio and new portion of the Host-sent Audio) are mixed, the system will create and retain a new Audio Signal Copy of this new portion of the Host-sent Audio. In this way, Step 3 acts as a new Step 1as the process repeats. The system may send the Participant Audio and the new Host-sent Audio on separate channels, employ separate frequency, or send instructions for recreating, coding, or modeling the new Host-sent Audio. 
     In an alternate preferred embodiment in a more distributed videoconferencing platform, the Audio Signal Copy is made at each participant&#39;s computer in Step 1. Then Step 2, the removal of the Host-sent Audio is performed at each participant&#39;s computer rather than a system server, so that the audio sent back to the system contains only that Participant Audio. Step 3 remains the same.  FIGS. 2 and 3 , more fully described below, illustrate such a more distributed platform. 
     In another alternative preferred embodiment for a videoconferencing platform based on peer-to-peer architecture, Step 1 and Step 2 are accomplished at each participant&#39;s computer. In Step 3, each participant&#39;s computer distributes its Participant Audio to the other participant computers, while the host computer continues to send the Host-sent Audio stream. 
     This is a new use of the noise-suppression and echo suppression technology for intentionally introduced audio streams. However, as will be obvious to those knowledgeable in the art, this system will not only allow Host-sent Audio to be heard by every participant in a breakout room, but will permit them to still converse intelligibly with each other without creating additional audio interference or feedback. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart of current (prior art) breakout room technology. 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart of one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a generalized diagram of a video conferencing system in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of major components of the video conferencing system shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic view of the processes involved in a hub-and-spoke videoconferencing platform with noise suppression and echo cancellation being accomplished through central processing. 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic view of the processes involved when one preferred embodiment of the present invention is embodied in a hub-and-spoke platform as described in  FIG. 6A . 
         FIG. 7A  is a schematic view of a hub-and-spoke videoconferencing platform in which noise suppression and echo cancellation are accomplished in a more distributed manner where at least some of the processing may occur at individual participant computers. 
         FIG. 7B  is a schematic view of the processes involved when another preferred embodiment of the present invention is embodied in a hub-and-spoke platform with distributed processing as described in  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 8A  is a schematic view of the processes involved in a peer-to-peer videoconferencing platform with noise suppression and echo cancellation being accomplished at individual participant computers. 
         FIG. 8B  is a schematic view of the processes involved when another preferred embodiment of the present invention is embodied in a peer-to-peer platform as described in  FIG. 8A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. The words “a” and “an”, as used in the claims and in the corresponding portions of the specification, mean “at least one.” 
     I. Terminology and Definitions 
     The following terminology and definitions are provided to promote understanding of the present invention. The terminology and definitions of the prior art are not necessarily consistent with the terminology and definitions of the present invention. Where there is conflict, the following terminology and definitions apply. 
     streaming audio—Streaming audio is a one-way audio transmission over a data network. The streaming audio referred to herein may come from any number of different sources such as the audio portion of a videoconference session (e.g., host of a Zoom® session), audio of a live streaming event with audio and video, or an audio only source. More specifically, the streaming audio is a one-way transmission, such as from a host (source of the streaming audio) to participants (recipients of the streaming audio), wherein the participants cannot, or are not intended to, send audio back to the host. Feedback or echo may occur if a participant sends audio back to the host. 
     The streaming audio may be the audio portion of streaming video that is intended to be viewed by the participants. Another example of streaming audio may be the audio of a recorded event, such as a movie, sports, or news event. Certain embodiments of the present invention may be used for “watch parties” wherein participants can watch videos, live or recorded, and interact with one another around them in the same moment. In these embodiments, the streaming audio is the audio of the live or recorded videos. In one embodiment, the watch party may be the watching of a Twitch session, wherein the Twitch session livestreams the game sounds and any simultaneously occurring comments made by the game player(s). In this example, the streaming audio is the audio of the livestream. 
     Streaming audio is also interchangeably referred to herein as “host-sent audio.” 
     A participant may also receive other sources of streaming audio that are not host-sent. For example, the participant may be listening to Spotify or Pandora on his or her participant computer as background music. As discussed below, the “audio signal copy” is not intended to capture these other sources of streaming audio, and is not intended to be used to cancel out these other sources of streaming audio. 
     host—The host is a provider of the streaming audio. The host may have a co-host. However, the host and the co-host are collectively referred to herein as the “host.” The host need not be the person or entity which initiated the streaming event, and need not be the person or entity on whose server account the streaming event is being held. 
     participant—The participants are recipients of the streaming audio, and also simultaneously engage in remote audio communications with each other. Each participant thus receives at least two sources of audio, namely, (i) the streaming audio (each participant receives the same streaming audio), and (ii) audio communications inputted by one or more other participants that are in audio communication with each other. Consider, for example, an embodiment with three participants, P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 . P 1  receives the streaming audio and any audio communications inputted by P 2  and P 3 . P 2  receives the streaming audio and any audio communications inputted by P 1  and P 3 . P 3  receives the streaming audio and any audio communications inputted by P 1  and P 2 . In the broadest embodiment, there may be only two participants. There is no technical limitation on the maximum number of participants, but there are practical limitations on the number of participants because each participant is free to communicate with other participants, and thus there may be uncontrollable chatter among the participants unless strict order is maintained on how many participants can speak or be unmuted at one time. 
     participant computer—Each participant has a participant computer which allows the respective participant to engage in sessions initiated by the host, and to communicate with other participant computers as part of the host-initiated session. Each participant computer includes a microphone that receives any audio communications inputted by the respective participant, such as utterances of the participant. In some instances, the participant must be invited by the host, via their respective computers, to participate in the host-initiated session. In other instances, the host-initiated session is open to any participants who wish to join a host-initiated session. In some instances, the host controls which participant may communicate with each other, whereas in other instances, the participants may independently select which other participants they wish to communicate with. 
     The participant computer is also interchangeably referred to herein as a “computing device.” The participant computer (computing device) may have many different form factors, such as a smartphone or a tablet. 
     host computer—A host computer provides the source of the streaming audio. Similar to the co-host described above, there may be a co-host computer. However, the host computer and the co-host computer are collectively referred to herein as the “host computer.” The co-host, via the co-host computer, may be the actual source of the streaming audio. In this embodiment, the host computer designates the co-host computer to be the source of the streaming audio. Consider, for example, a musician or a disc jockey (DJ) who is the designated co-host for providing the streaming audio. The musician may play live music, whereas the DJ may play recorded music. In the case of a co-host providing the streaming audio, a host server may receive the streaming audio either directly from the co-host computer (along with instructions from the host computer to use the streaming audio of the co-host computer as the source of the streaming audio), or the host server may receive the streaming audio from the co-host computer via the host computer which acts in a relay capacity for the streaming audio. The host computer (also referred to herein as a “host computing device”) may have many different form factors, such as a smartphone or a tablet. 
     host server—A host server functions as a coordinating entity between the host computer and the plurality of participant computers. The host server is in wired or wireless electronic communication with the host computer and the plurality of participant computers via an electronic network, such as the internet. The exact functions of the host server depend upon the system architecture. In one type of system architecture, referred to herein as a “hub and spoke” configuration, all or most of the communications occur through the host server, including the communications between the host computer and the plurality of participant computers, as well as any communications between the plurality of participant computers. Thus, in the example above, any communications between the host computer and P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  occur through the host server. Likewise, any communications between P 1  and P 2 , or P 1  and P 3 , or P 2  and P 3  occur through the host server. In addition, acoustic echo cancellation of signals received from P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 , also occurs at the host server. 
     In another type of system architecture, referred to herein as a “peer-to-peer” configuration, the participant computers electronically communicate directly with each other for certain functions, particularly for conveying “processed audio communication signals” therebetween. In the peer-to-peer configuration, each of the participant computers still receive the streaming audio from the host computer. In the peer-to-peer configuration, acoustic echo cancellation of signals occurs at each of the respective participant computers. In the example above, this means that P 1  performs its own acoustic echo cancellation before transmitting its “processed audio communication signals” directly to P 2  and P 3 . Likewise, P 2  performs its own acoustic echo cancellation before transmitting its “processed audio communication signals” directly to P 1  and P 3 , and P 3  performs its own acoustic echo cancellation before transmitting its “processed audio communication signals” directly to P 1  and P 2 . 
     Another type of system architecture, referred to herein as a “hybrid” configuration, performs acoustic echo cancellation in a similar manner as the “peer-to-peer” configuration, but communications between the participant computers occur via the host server in the same manner as described above with respect to the “hub and spoke” configuration. 
     In certain system configuration, the host computer may be part of the host server. Consider, for example, a server farm that is used to implement a “watch party” to a large number of participants. In such a configuration, the host computer may simply be part of the host server, wherein the host server is the portion of the server farm system that comprises the host. This is in contrast to a host which functions using a single server entity, such as when the host is videoconferencing from their computer via Zoom. 
     audio signal copy—An “audio signal copy” is a digital copy of the frequency waveform of the host-sent streaming audio, and is created directly from the host-sent streaming audio. Since the streaming audio is a continuous waveform, the audio signal copy may thus also be a continuous waveform. While the streaming audio is simply meant to be played on speakers at the respective participant computers, the audio signal copy is intended to be stored in memory for subsequent use in performing acoustic echo cancellation. Timestamps embedded in the audio signal copy are used to ensure that the two waveforms can be synchronized with each other when performing the acoustic echo cancellation. In the “hub and spoke” configuration, the audio signal copy is created in the host server and is stored in memory of the host server, whereas in the “peer to peer” or hybrid configuration, the audio signal copy is created in each of the participant computers and is stored in memory of the respective participant computers. 
     microphone input signals—The microphone input signals for each participant computer include the host-sent streaming audio outputted by the speaker of the respective participant computer, and any audio communications inputted by the respective participant, such as utterances of the respective participants. Thus, it is inherent in the present invention that the microphone is in close proximity to the participant. The microphone input signals may also include ambient noise picked up from sources in proximity to the participant computer. In addition, the microphone input signals may also include audio communications from other participants that are outputted by the speaker of a respective participant. Consider again, the example of participants P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 . The speaker of P 1 &#39;s computer outputs any audio communications from the participants P 2  and P 3 , which are then included in the microphone input signal of P 1 &#39;s computer. Similar scenarios occur for P 2  and P 3 . 
     speaker (audio speaker)—A “speaker” as referred to herein refers to an output hardware device that connects to a computer to generate sound. The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the computer&#39;s sound card. More specifically, the “speaker” referred to herein outputs sound to the ambient environment, as opposed to an “earphone speaker” or “earphone” or speaker portion of a headphone/headset, all of which are designed to deliver the sound directly to a person&#39;s eardrums, while minimizing sound dispersion to the ambient environment. Thus, in the present invention, the microphone input signal ideally would not pick up any sound that might be delivered to an earphone. Of course, if the volume of the earphone is very high, human perceptible sound will travel into the ambient environment, and could be picked up by a microphone. However, this is not the intended use of an earphone, and such an embodiment is excluded by the present invention. Stated another way, the speaker described herein may be characterized as an ambient speaker, or an ambient audio speaker, or a non-earphone-type ambient speaker. In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the speaker is used to output the host-sent streaming audio at each of the participant computers, so that the respective participants can hear the streaming audio, while simultaneously engaging in remote audio communications with one or more other participants. 
     The speaker also outputs audio generated by other participants and the microphone input signal for the participant computer will also capture this audio. However, as discussed elsewhere, this audio is not intended to be canceled out by the system components that are dedicated to perform cancellation of the host-sent streaming audio. Also, this audio generated by other participants may be canceled out, filtered, suppressed, or attenuated by other audio processing components of the videoconferencing platform as noted below as part of “signal conditioning,” and may be processed differently by different platforms depending upon the capabilities and settings of the respective platforms. 
     audio communications—“Audio communications” refers to audio inputted by participants into their respective participant computer microphones. Audio communications are thus distinct from the streaming audio which is provided from the host computer. 
     processed audio communication signals—“Processed audio communication signals” represent the audio signals that are outputted from the microphone input signals of the respective participant computers after the signals have undergone audio signal processing including both (i) acoustic echo cancellation to remove the streaming audio that is received at the respective participant computers, outputted by the speakers of the respective participant computers, and then picked up by the microphones of the respective participant computers, and (ii) signal conditioning to perform one or more of ambient noise suppression, and echo suppression of audio communications from one or more of the participants. The signal conditioning is conventional signal processing performed by existing videoconferencing platforms and is distinct from the acoustic echo cancellation that removes the host-sent streaming audio received at the respective participant computers. The host server or the participant computers may also perform other forms of signal conditioning, other than the two types discussed above. 
     After removal of the streaming audio, the signals retain any audio communications inputted by the respective participants. The processed audio communication signals for each participant are provided to the remaining participants who are engaged in remote communications with each other. In this manner, the participants may engage in remote audio communications without receiving acoustic echoes of the streaming audio received by other participant computers, while still being able to individually hear the streaming audio outputted from their respective speakers. 
     In the hub and spoke configuration, the host server performs the audio signal processing, whereas in the peer-to-peer and hybrid configurations, the participant computers perform the audio signal processing. 
     acoustic echo cancellation (AEC)—AEC, as described herein, refers to a process that removes an originally transmitted audio signal that re-appears, with some delay, in a received audio signal. The re-appearing audio signal is also referred to in the art as “acoustic echoes.” The originally transmitted audio signal is removed via a subtraction or deletion process (also, interchangeably referred to as “phase inversion” or “polarity inversion”) using an “audio signal copy” of the originally transmitted audio signal. This process is generally implemented digitally using a digital signal processor or software, although it can be implemented in analog circuits as well. This process is also referred to herein as “echo suppression.” The originally transmitted audio signal is the host-sent streaming audio described above. The audio signal copy of the originally transmitted audio signal is interchangeably referred to herein as a “copy signal.” 
     Conventional videoconferencing technology automatically removes certain types of background noise, as well as participant-generated audio that is picked up by respective participant computer microphones, when distributing audio signals to participants in a videoconference. These noise cancellation and conventional echo suppression techniques, which are interchangeably referred to herein as “signal conditioning,” may be implemented in parallel with the AEC process described herein, which is specifically directed to performing AEC on host-sent streaming audio. The description below does not include details of this conventional videoconferencing technology, but the present invention is fully compatible with such technology to provide an enhanced videoconferencing experience. 
     II. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Consider first  FIG. 4  which shows a diagram of a typical video conferencing system,  400 , as used in prior art and this invention. The system consists of a number of people ( 419 ,  421 ,  423 ,  425 ,  427 ,  429 ), participating in the video conference using equipment on their desks or immediate physical environment which will display audio-video from a virtual meeting, as well as gather audio-video for transmission to the virtual meeting ( 409 ,  411 ,  413 ,  415 ,  417 ). This interfacing equipment can include (but is not limited to) a smart phone,  409 , a tablet,  411 , a laptop computer,  415 , or a personal computer (or workstation),  417 , and sometimes even a telephone,  413 . (Note that a telephone,  413 , can only provide access to the audio component of a virtual meeting. However, many video conferencing systems allow this, particularly for large meetings, where the audio of the presentation is more important than the visual. Telephone audio access can also be combined with video access using another device, such as  409 ,  411 ,  415 , or  417 , when the microphone in the other device is not working, or provides lower audio quality.) Interfacing equipment includes hand-held devices ( 409 ,  411 , and some telephones,  413 , such as older style home phones, wireless phones, and “non-smart” cell phones), laptop devices ( 411  and  415 ), desktop devices ( 413 ,  415 , and  417 ). Interfacing equipment includes telephones ( 409  and  413 ), full featured computers ( 415 ,  417 , and even full-featured computers such as Microsoft&#39;s Surface Pro, which is produced in a tablet-style configuration,  411 ) and more limited featured handhelds (such as many smartphones,  409 , and tablets,  411 ). 
     The term “non-smart” phone refers to phones which do not have CPUs ( FIG. 5, 523 ) and do not transmit their signals using modems ( FIG. 5, 521 ). Such phones may be analog, rather than digital, and do not usually have capabilities for receiving or transmitting video, consequently, they frequently do not have a video screen ( 529 ) or webcam ( 541 ). They usually have only limited flash memory (at most), and not the kind and amount of memory cache,  527 , deployed by this invention. 
     Of course, more than one person can participate in the conference using the same device, such as two people,  425  and  427 , sitting in front of the same laptop computer,  415 . This can be the situation for other devices shown (including even a telephone,  413 , when it has a speaker instead of or in addition to an earphone). In some cases, specially outfitted physical rooms (not shown) are outfitted with large screen monitors, cameras, speakers, and computing equipment, which perform the same audio-visual display and input-transmission functions as the devices shown. For example, the Zoom company calls rooms outfitted with their equipment “Zoom rooms”. A Zoom room permits more than one person—often several people around a table, or even a larger crowd in an auditorium—to join a conference occurring in several locations at the same time. 
     Nonetheless, even with more than one person in front of and using the same interfacing device, the interfacing device captures only one audio-video stream, so all the people using that device will be referred to collectively, in the description below, as a single Participant or a single Musician. 
     The interfacing devices are connected to ( 433 ) a transmission system ( 401 ) and they are connected to each other virtually through a transmission system,  433  and  401 . The transmission system,  401 , includes, but is not limited to, the Internet and other networks, telephone systems including land line systems, cell phone systems, VOIP (voice over internet protocol) systems, satellite and other radio transmission systems, as well as other wireless transmission systems such as (but not limited to) WiFi and Bluetooth. The interfacing devices may be connected ( 433 ) to the transmission system ( 401 ) by various ways, including, but not limited to, wire, coaxial cable, Ethernet cable, fiber-optics, WiFi, Bluetooth, and radio transmissions. 
     Many video conferencing systems also include one or more computer servers “in the cloud”, such as  403 ,  405 , and  407 , which are connected ( 431 ) to the transmission system,  401 . These computer servers may perform all of the video and audio processing for the video conferencing system (a central processing system) or only some of the video and audio processing (a system with a mixture of local processing and central processing). (Some peer-to-peer video conferencing systems might not include any such computer servers.) The servers may be multi-purpose, or might have specific capabilities such as data processing, video processing. They may be database servers, web servers, video streaming servers. 
     Consider now  FIG. 5 , which is a more schematic view of the components of the video conferencing system in  FIG. 4 . The remote data source, shown in  FIG. 5  as  501 , might reside on a computer server, such as those shown in  FIG. 4 . as  403 ,  405 ,  407 , or without loss of generality, the data might be distributed among them. 
     The transmission system shown in  FIG. 4  as  401 , is shown as bifurcated in  FIGS. 5  ( 511  and  513 ) in part, because the processing and transmission of audio-only signals from “non-smart” phones ( 547 ) do not use modems ( 505  and  521 ). In addition, telephone handsets (not shown, but as known to both the general populace as well as practitioners of the art) separate the speaker (held near the ear) and the microphone (held near the mouth) in a way that permits a lower volume of sound and nearly eliminates interference and echo. With such telephones, a person can listen and speak at the same time (full-duplex). 
     The video conferencing system includes a variety of local devices, with representative examples show ( 515 ,  517 , and  519 ). In particular, consider local device,  515 , a personal computer,  543 , such as, but not limited to,  415  or  417  in  FIG. 4 . The local device includes a CPU,  523 , a memory cache,  527 , used in processing, a monitor or screen,  529 , and speakers,  533 , to display video and audio, respectively, as well as a microphone,  537 , and camera (or webcam),  541 , for audio and video input (respectively), along with a keyboard,  539 , for alphanumeric input, such as for text chat. Note that for many desktop computers, such as pictured in  FIG. 4 .  417 , the monitor, speakers, microphone, webcam, and keyboard are not built into the main housing of the computer as they are in a laptop computer ( 415 ), but are connected as accessory peripheral devices. However, they serve the same function, and output to them as well as input from them are processed by the CPU,  523 , in the same way. (Other input devices such as pointing devices, as embodied in a touch pad, computer mouse, or touch screen, may be used to control some aspects of a video conferencing system, but are not essential to the novel aspects of this invention, and thus are not pictured.) 
     In general, input to the local device,  515 , via keyboard,  539 , microphone,  537 , or webcam,  541 , is processed in the CPU,  523 , then converted by a modem,  521 , to signals transmissible through the transmission system,  511 . 
     Local device  517 , a handheld device,  545 , such as a smart phone ( FIG. 4, 409 ) or tablet ( FIG. 4, 411 ) has the same components: CPU,  523 , memory cache,  527 , screen,  531 , speakers,  533 , microphone,  537 , webcam  541 , keyboard,  539 , and modem,  521 . Input to a handheld device ( 515 ) via keyboard,  539 , microphone,  537 , or webcam,  541 , is processed in the CPU,  523 , stored in memory,  527 , converted in a modem,  521 , and sent to the transmission system,  511 , in the same process as for local device,  515 . 
     The signals are transmitted through the transmission system,  511 , to other local devices, such as  517 , or are transmitted to a remote computer server ( FIG. 4, 403, 405 , or  407 ) acting as a remote data source,  501 . There, during data exchange,  509 , the modem,  505 , converts the signal to one which can be processed by the server CPU,  503 , which may store the signal, in memory,  502 , or retrieve data from memory to help with processing, and then resend to the local devices (such as  513  and  517 ) via modem,  505 , and transmission system,  511 . When the data signal reaches a local device such as  515  or  517 , the modem,  521  (labeled the same in both devices), converts the signal to one that can be processed by the device CPU,  523 . The CPU may store some of the data in memory cache  527 , or used data from memory cache to process that data. In any event the CPU,  523 , transmits the signal to the screen,  531 , and speakers,  533 , where it is heard by people ( FIGS. 4, 419, 421, 423, 425, 427, and 429 ) in front of the device,  515  and  517 . 
     In contrast, when the local device,  519 , is a telephone,  547 , the user of the device can only experience the audio portion of the video conference through the device. Sound from the virtual conference can be heard through the speaker,  535 , and input is obtained through the microphone,  537 . As mentioned, when both the speaker,  535 , and microphone,  537 , are in a handset, the separation of these two functions may permit full duplex connections. Consequently, the telephone user might not have need for the present invention, even if other participants in the virtual conference do. When receiving input from the microphone,  537 , the audio signal is sent to the circuit board,  525 , which converts it for transmission via wire or radio wave to the telephone system,  513 , which transmits it to a remote computer server,  501 , via a data exchange process,  509  and a phone signal converter,  507 . After that, the remote data source might process the digital signal in its CPU,  503 , possibly storing some of that information in memory,  502 . The CPU may also send a processed signal to the phone signal converter  507 , then through the telephone system,  513 , to a local device,  519 , which is a telephone  547 . The circuit board,  525 , converts the signal to an audio signal and plays it on the speaker,  535 . 
     Current breakout room systems employ a half-duplex approach, which generally allows only one person to speak. With the filters and algorithms employed, when one person is speaking other speech tends to be suppressed. In some cases, the second speaker&#39;s voice is made dominant while the first is suppressed. If no one is speaking, and two people start speaking at once, the system usually suppresses both, with a loud “squawk”. For the most part this approach permits an acceptable level of intelligible conversation, and participants understand that only one person can talk at a time. 
     As mentioned above, when everyone in the videoconference uses headphones, many of the noise suppression issues disappear. However, videoconference platforms are most useful, when headphones are not required. 
     Consider now  FIG. 6A , describing a videoconferencing platform using hub-and-spoke architecture.  FIG. 6A  also describes a breakout room within such a videoconferencing platform. There may be many participants in a particular videoconference or breakout room, but without loss of generality,  FIG. 6A  shows only two participants, referred to as P 1  and P 2 . (In  FIG. 4 , these would be some subset of  419 ,  421 ,  423 ,  425  and  427  collectively, and  429 .) The system shown in  FIG. 6A  includes a host server ( 601 )—or cluster of linked servers serving the same function—as well as the computing devices used by individual participants in a videoconference, referred to as participant computers ( 605 ). Only two participant computers are shown, labeled P 1  ( 607 ) the computer of participant P 1 , and P 2  ( 609 ) the computer of participant P 2 . Each participant computer in  FIG. 6A  has components shown in  FIG. 5 , such as a modem ( 521 ), CPU ( 523 ), monitor or screen ( 529 ), memory cache ( 527 ), keyboard ( 539 ), webcam ( 541 ), speakers ( 533 ), microphone ( 537 ), and other standard ancillary equipment such as a pointing device (not shown in  FIG. 5 ). However only a speaker ( 611 ) and microphone ( 613 ), are shown in  FIG. 6A  (or for that matter, the related  FIG. 6B ), because that is sufficient for the explanatory purposes of the figure. 
     In the hub-and-spoke architecture shown in  FIG. 6A , sound that is captured by the microphones ( 613 ) of the participant computers ( 605 ), such as P 1  ( 607 ) and P 2  ( 609 ), is digitized and sent to the host server ( 601 ), where the participant audio streams are processed and distributed ( 603 ), then sent back to the participant computers ( 605 ) to be turned into soundwaves by the speakers ( 611 ) and played aloud to the participants. Step  603  is used to identify any type of signal processing and distribution that may happen in the server ( 601 ). For example, in  FIG. 6A , the processing ( 603 ) of the digitized participant audio signals is done centrally, including signal conditioning such as noise suppression and echo cancellation of audio communications from one or more of the participants. To prevent feedback noise in this half-duplex setting, the processing and distribution circuitry may determine which participant is speaking, and distribute this participant&#39;s audio signal—but not other participant&#39;s audio signals—to particular participant computers, effectively muting the participants which the server at ( 603 ) determines are not the primary speaker. For similar reasons, to prevent feedback noise, the server at ( 603 ) does not send the participant audio of one participant (say P 1 ) back to that participant, but only to other participants. This processing, signal conditioning, and distribution of  603  is conventional signal processing such as performed by existing videoconferencing platforms and is distinct from the acoustic echo cancellation of the present invention that removes the host-sent streaming audio received at the respective participant computers. This is only a partial description of the participant audio signal processing and distribution done by the host server ( 601 ) at  603 .  FIG. 6A , for example, may describe the processes of a videoconferencing platform in which participants join a video conference via a web browser by clicking on a link, without having previously downloaded application software for the platform. 
     Now consider  FIG. 6B  which shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention using similar hub-and-spoke architecture as described in  FIG. 6A . Importantly, the participant computers ( 605 ) of participants P 1  ( 607 ) and P 2  ( 609 ) remain the same in both  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B , and so are labeled identically. 
     To send an audio stream to all participants, the host directs a host computer ( 623 ) to send the audio stream (Host-sent Audio) to the host server ( 621 ), where the stream is copied ( 627 ), stored ( 625 ) at the host server ( 621 ), and forwarded to the participant computers ( 605 ), where it is played aloud by the speakers ( 611 ) on P 1  ( 607 ) and P 2  ( 609 ). If participant computers are receiving other audio, whether other participant audio streams, rock music from a YouTube video, or streaming music from a platform such as Pandora or Spotify, the sound card of each participant computer ( 605 ) mixes the Host-sent Audio received by that computer with other audio streams received by that computer and plays the audio aloud through the computer speakers ( 611 ). (Note that each individual participant may be playing different background or auxiliary audio on his or her computer.) 
     When each or any participant speaks, the sound of the participant&#39;s voice is captured by the microphone ( 613 ) of the participant&#39;s computer. The captured sound includes Host-sent Audio that had been played aloud through the speaker ( 611 ) of that computer, as well as other background sound within the participant&#39;s environment. When a participant does not speak, the sound that is captured by the microphone still includes Host-sent Audio that is played aloud through the speaker ( 611 ) of that computer, as well as other background sound within the participant&#39;s environment. This sound input is digitized in  FIG. 6B  and sent to the host server ( 621 ), as a participant audio stream in a similar manner as in  FIG. 6A . 
     However, in the embodiment described in  FIG. 6B , before the participant&#39;s respective audio streams are processed and distributed, the participant&#39;s respective audio streams are first subject to acoustic echo cancellation ( 629 ), also referred to herein as “AEC”, at the host server ( 621 ). The acoustic echo cancellation process ( 629 ) has received an Audio Signal Copy of the original Host-sent Audio signal ( 627 ), which is used to individually remove the Host-sent Audio from each participant audio stream, using methods well known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to phase inversion. 
     All individual Participant Audio streams are then processed and distributed ( 603 ) in the identical manner as in  FIG. 6A . Note that the input of individual participant audio streams to  603  is the same in both  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B . That is because the individual Participant Audio streams in  FIG. 6B  have been “cleaned” or “scrubbed” of the Host-sent Audio. Consequently, at  603 , the same methods of noise reduction, echo cancellation, feedback mitigation, and audio stream distribution that are used by hub-and-spoke technology described in  FIG. 6A  for situations without Host-sent Audio can still be used by the embodiment described in  FIG. 6B  to additionally process and then distribute the Participant Audio streams. 
     The above discussion of  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B , has mentioned speakers ( 611 ) but not headsets or headphones. If a participant is using a headset instead of a loudspeaker, the Host-sent Audio will not be introduced into the participant audio stream by the microphone ( 613 ), so does not need to be deleted from the participant audio stream by acoustic echo cancellation ( 629 ). In fact, certain noise and echo suppression methods such as phase inversion will create noise problems if no noise or echo already exists. That is because they introduce a cancelling noise, which becomes mere noise if there is nothing to cancel. 
     To remedy this, this embodiment uses and accesses the property in today&#39;s computers which recognizes the sound device (and the kind of sound device) which is attached to an application and plays the audio produced by the application. If a particular participant, say P 1 , is using a headset on his or her computer ( 607 ), the embodiment has that computer send headset information back to the host server ( 621 ). (Because of the effect of headsets on employing and adjusting noise and echo suppression, some video conferencing platforms may already be doing this.) In any event, the host server ( 621 ) uses headset information to turn off the acoustic echo cancellation ( 629 ) for any individual participant audio stream associated with a participant using a headset. This ensures that the AEC does not introduce extraneous sound to the streams of headset wearers. 
     Consider now  FIG. 7A , describing a videoconferencing platform using hub-and-spoke architecture, but with more distributed processing, such that some (or all) of the noise and echo suppression is processed locally at individual participant computers ( 711 ). An example might be a videoconferencing system which requires users to download application software.  FIG. 7A  also describes a breakout room in such a platform. 
     Again, there may be many participants in a particular videoconference or breakout room, but without loss of generality,  FIG. 7A  shows only two participants, referred to as P 1  and P 2 . The system shown in  FIG. 7A  includes a host server ( 701 )—or cluster of linked servers serving the same function—as well as the computing devices used by individual participants in a videoconference, referred to as participant computers ( 711 ). Only two participant computers are shown, labeled P 1  ( 713 ) the computer of participant P 1 , and P 2  ( 715 ) the computer of participant P 2 . Each participant computer in  FIG. 7A  has components shown in  FIG. 5 , such as a modem ( 521 ), CPU ( 523 ), monitor or screen ( 529 ), memory cache ( 527 ), keyboard ( 539 ), webcam ( 541 ), speakers ( 533 ), microphone ( 537 ), and other standard ancillary equipment (such as a pointing device, not shown). However only a speaker ( 707 ) and microphone ( 709 ), are shown in  FIG. 7A  (or for that matter, the related  FIG. 7B ), because that is sufficient for the explanatory purposes of these figures. 
     In the hub-and-spoke audio distribution architecture shown in  FIG. 7A , sound that is captured by the microphones ( 709 ) of the participants computers ( 711 ), such as P 1  ( 713 ) and P 2  ( 715 ), is digitized. Then the digitized audio may be processed for noise and echo suppression ( 705 ) in full or part by the individual participant computers ( 713 ,  715 ), after which the participant audio streams are sent to the host server ( 701 ). There the participant audio streams are further processed ( 703 ), after which they are distributed ( 703 ) by sending them back to the participant computers ( 711 ) to be turned into soundwaves by the speakers ( 707 ) and played aloud to the participants. 
     Steps  703  and  705  are used to identify any type of signal processing and distribution that may happen in the host server ( 701 ) or the participant computers ( 713  and  715 ). This processing and distributing includes signal conditioning such as performing ambient noise suppression, and echo suppression of audio communications from one or more of the participants. The signal conditioning is conventional signal processing such as performed by existing videoconferencing platforms and is distinct from the acoustic echo cancellation of the present invention that removes the host-sent streaming audio received at the respective participant computers. Notice that  FIG. 7A  is similar to  FIG. 6A , except that in  FIG. 6A , all of the noise and echo suppression ( 603 ) is performed at the host server ( 601 ), whereas in  FIG. 7A , in addition to audio processing and distribution ( 703 ) at the host server ( 701 ), some of the noise and echo suppression ( 705 ) may be performed at the individual participant computers ( 711  and  715 ). 
     Now consider  FIG. 7B  which shows an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention using similar hub-and-spoke architecture as shown in  FIG. 7A , with portions of the embodiment&#39;s application software distributed among the participant computers ( 731 ). In particular, copying of the Host-sent Audio ( 737 ) and implementation of the acoustic echo cancellation (labeled AEC at  739 ) is accomplished at each participant&#39;s computer, e.g., the P 1  computer ( 733 ) and the P 2  computer ( 735 ), rather than centrally at the host server ( 721 ). 
     Now, to send an audio stream to all participants in the system shown in  FIG. 7B , the host directs a host computer ( 723 ) to send the audio stream (Host-sent Audio) to the host server ( 721 ). At the host server, the Host-sent Audio is not copied as in  FIG. 6B , instead it is just forwarded ( 725 ) to the participant computers ( 731 ). There the Host-sent Audio is copied ( 737 ), forwarded to the speakers ( 707 ), and sent to the local acoustic echo cancellation software ( 739 ). The speakers ( 707 ) on P 1  ( 733 ) and P 2  ( 735 ) play the audio aloud. 
     If participant computers are receiving other audio, the sound card of each participant computer ( 731 ) mixes the Host-sent Audio received by that computer with other audio streams received by that computer and plays the audio aloud through the computer speakers ( 707 ). 
     When each or any participant speaks, the sound of the participant&#39;s voice is captured by the microphone ( 709 ) of the participant&#39;s computer. The captured sound includes Host-sent Audio that had been played aloud through the speaker ( 707 ) of that computer, as well as other background sound within the participant&#39;s environment. When a participant does not speak, the sound that is captured by the microphone still includes Host-sent Audio that is played aloud through the speaker ( 707 ) of that computer, as well as other background sound within the participant&#39;s environment. This sound input is digitized in  FIG. 7B . The Host-sent Audio is removed from each participant audio stream using the Audio Signal Copy via acoustic echo cancellation ( 739 ), using methods well known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to phase inversion. 
     The scrubbed Participant Audio is then processed in part locally ( 705 ) in individual participant computers ( 731 ) and then sent to the host server ( 721 ). At the host server, it is processed and distributed ( 703 ) to the individual computers ( 731 ), where it is turned into soundwaves by the speakers ( 707 ) and played aloud to the participants. 
     Note that the acoustic echo cancellation ( 739 ) incorporated in this embodiment is different and distinct from audio treatments otherwise performed in the system at  705  and  703 , even though these other audio treatments might also include noise or echo suppression elements. Note also that the Participant Audio stream as it enters  705  and then  703  in  FIG. 7B  is the same as that entering  705  and  703  in  FIG. 7A . Consequently, the same methods of noise reduction, echo cancellation, and feedback mitigation that are used by the hub-and-spoke technology described in  FIG. 7A  for situations without Host-sent Audio can still be used by the embodiment described in  FIG. 7B  to additionally process and then distribute the participant audio streams. 
     Again, the discussion of  FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B , has mentioned speakers ( 707 ) but not headsets or headphones. If a participant is using a headset instead of a loudspeaker, the Host-sent Audio will not be introduced into the participant audio stream by the microphone ( 709 ), so does not need to be deleted from the participant audio stream by acoustic echo cancellation ( 709 ). 
     Again, to remedy this, this embodiment uses and accesses the property in today&#39;s computers which recognizes the sound device which is attached to an application and playing the audio produced by the application. If a particular participant, say P 1 , is using a headset on his or her computer ( 733 ), the acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) component ( 739 ) will recognize this and not implement acoustic echo cancellation. This ensures that the AEC does not introduce extraneous sound to the streams of headset wearers. 
     Consider now  FIG. 8A , describing a videoconferencing platform using peer-to-peer architecture. All of the noise and echo suppression is processed locally at individual participant computers ( 811 ), as well as the host&#39;s computer ( 803 ), which is treated as a peer. Such a system may employ a host server ( 801 ) to help initiate the peer-to-peer videoconference in the same way that Sonobus uses a host server to initiate—but not run—a peer to peer audio conference.  FIG. 8A  also describes a breakout room in such a platform. 
     Again, there may be many participants in a particular videoconference or breakout room, but without loss of generality,  FIG. 8A  shows only two participants, referred to as P 1  and P 2 , plus the host. The system shown in  FIG. 8A  includes a host server ( 801 )—or cluster of linked servers serving the same function—as well as the computing devices used by individual participants in a videoconference, referred to as participant computers ( 811 ), plus the computer of the host ( 803 ). 
     Only two participant computers are shown, labeled P 1  ( 813 ) the computer of participant P 1 , and P 2  ( 815 ) the computer of participant P 2 . A host computer ( 803 ) is also shown as if the host is set up like any other participant so that the host computer ( 803 ) also serves as a participant computer. Each participant or host computer in  FIG. 8A  has components shown in  FIG. 5 , such as a modem ( 521 ), CPU ( 523 ), monitor or screen ( 529 ), memory cache ( 527 ), keyboard ( 539 ), webcam ( 541 ), speakers ( 533 ), microphone ( 537 ), and other standard ancillary equipment (such as a pointing device, not shown), however only a speaker ( 807 ) and microphone ( 809 ), are shown in  FIG. 8A  (or for that matter, in related  FIG. 8B ), because that is sufficient for the explanatory purposes of these figures. 
     In the peer-to-peer audio distribution architecture shown in  FIG. 8A , sound that is captured by the microphone ( 809 ) of a host computer ( 803 ) or participant computer ( 811 ), such as P 1  ( 813 ) and P 2  ( 815 ), is digitized. Then the digitized audio is processed for noise and echo suppression by the individual participant and host computers ( 805 ), after which the participant and host audio streams are distributed to each other using peer-to-peer methods. Upon being received, the audio streams are turned into soundwaves by the speakers ( 807 ) and played aloud to the host and participants. 
     Step  805  is used to identify any type of signal processing and distribution that may happen in the host computer ( 803 ) or the participant computers ( 813  and  815 ). This processing and distributing includes signal conditioning such as performing ambient noise suppression, and echo suppression of audio communications from one or more of the participants. The signal conditioning is conventional signal processing such as performed by existing videoconferencing platforms and is distinct from the acoustic echo cancellation of the present invention that removes the host-sent streaming audio received at the respective participant computers. 
     Now consider  FIG. 8B  which shows an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention using similar peer-to-peer architecture as shown in  FIG. 8A . As in  FIG. 8A , the host computer ( 823 ) in  FIG. 8B  also serves as a participant computer. As in  FIG. 7B , copying of the Host-sent Audio ( 827 ) and implementation of the acoustic echo cancellation (labeled AEC at  829 ) are accomplished at each participant&#39;s computer, e.g., the P 1  computer ( 833 ) and the P 2  computer ( 835 ), as well as the host computer ( 823 ), rather than centrally at the host server ( 801 ). Indeed  737  (Copy signal in  FIG. 7B ) works the same as  827  (Copy signal in  FIG. 8B ) and  739  (AEC in  FIG. 7B ) works the same as  829  (AEC in  FIG. 8B ). 
     Now, to send an audio stream to all participants in the system shown in  FIG. 8B , the host directs an audio stream (Host-sent Audio) from an audio signal source ( 831 ) on the host computer ( 823 ) to the sound system of host&#39;s own computer ( 823 ) and the other participant computers ( 821 ). There the Host-sent Audio is copied ( 827 ), forwarded to the speakers ( 807 ), and sent to the local acoustic echo cancellation software ( 829 ). The speakers ( 807 ) on P 1  ( 833 ), P 2  ( 835 ), and the host computer ( 823 ) play the audio aloud. 
     If participant computers are receiving other audio, the sound card of each participant or host computer mixes the Host-sent Audio received by that computer with other audio streams received by that computer and plays the audio aloud through the computer speakers ( 807 ). 
     When each or any participant speaks, the sound of the participant&#39;s voice is captured by the microphone ( 809 ) of the participant&#39;s computer. The captured sound includes Host-sent Audio that had been played aloud through the speaker ( 807 ) of that computer, as well as other background sound within the participant&#39;s environment. When a participant does not speak, the sound that is captured by the microphone still includes Host-sent Audio that is played aloud through the speaker ( 807 ) of that computer, as well as other background sound within the participant&#39;s environment. This sound input is then digitized. The Host-sent Audio is removed from each participant audio stream using the Audio Signal Copy via acoustic echo cancellation ( 829 ), using methods well known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to phase inversion. 
     The scrubbed Participant Audio is then processed locally ( 805 ) in host and individual participant computers ( 821  and  823 ) and then distributed to the other peers in the peer-to-peer network, where it is turned into soundwaves by the speakers ( 807 ) and played aloud to the participants. 
     Again, the discussion of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B , has mentioned speakers ( 807 ) but not headsets or headphones. Headphones are dealt with in  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  in the identical way they were dealt with in  FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B . 
     Consider now  FIG. 1  describing current (prior art) breakout room technology, using a flow chart for a breakout room with three participants. Call these Participant  1  (referred to in  109 ), Participant  2  (referred to in  119 ), and Participant  3  (referred to in  133 ). (In  FIG. 4 , these would be some subset of  419 ,  421 ,  423 ,  425  and  427  collectively, and  429 .) A similar flow chart describes any breakout room regardless of the number of participants. Without loss of generality, this flow chart shows that Participant  1  is the first to speak (break a silence) in the room. (This assumption is embodied in the steps Participant  2  DOES NOT speak,  119 , and Participant  3  DOES NOT speak,  133 .) Again without loss of generality, there might be more than one person at any one computer, listening to the videoconference, and speaking into the computer&#39;s microphone (for example, in  FIG. 4 , persons  425  and  427  at device  415 ), nonetheless, all persons (and their collective voicings) at any one computer station will be referred to as a single participant. 
     After the Start ( 101 ) of a silence, the question ( 109 ) is, Does Participant  1  speak? If not, the microphone ( FIG. 5, 537  in local device  515  or  517 ) acting as input to the videoconferencing system (that is, the networked equipment and software, including computers) detects nothing,  125 , and the process stops,  139 . Of course, the networked equipment, software and platform are ready to start again at  101 . 
     However, if at step  109 , Participant  1  does speak, the microphone ( FIG. 5, 537  in local device  515 ,  517 , or  519 ) detects Participant  1 &#39;s voice,  111 , and transmits it to the system,  115 . This audio file or waveform is then conveyed through a network ( FIG. 5, 511 ) to the equipment (such as a computer,  543 , handheld device,  545 , or telephone,  547 ) of Participant  2  and Participant  3 . The audio is converted to sound waves and played on the speaker,  533  or  535 , of Participant  2 ′s computer (similar equipment),  117 , as well as the speaker,  533 , of Participant  3 &#39;s computer,  131 . If there were additional participants, the audio would be transmitted to their equipment, converted to sound waves, and played in the same manner. 
     Because Participant  1  is speaking, Participant  2  does not speak,  119 , or equivalently the system treats Participant  2  as not speaking, muting Participant  2 . Likewise, because Participant  1  is speaking, Participant  3  does not speak,  133 , or equivalently the system treats Participant  3  as not speaking, muting Participant  3 . The same applies to additional participants in a breakout room. 
     Because Participant  2  does not speak,  119 , his or her microphone ( FIG. 5, 537 ) detects nothing,  121 . If Participant  2  does speak, but is muted by the system, the system acts as if Participant  2 &#39;s microphone detects nothing, and the process stops,  139 . Likewise, because Participant  3  does not speak,  133 , his or her microphone,  537 , detects nothing,  135 . If Participant  3  does speak, but is muted by the system, the system acts as if Participant  3 &#39;s microphone detects nothing, and the process stops,  139 . Of course, the networked equipment, software and platform are ready to start again at  101 . 
     In contrast consider  FIG. 2  which shows a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2  describes a breakout room with three participants: as in  FIG. 1 , the three participants are indicated as Participant  1  (referred to in  109 ), Participant  2  (referred to in  119 ), and Participant  3  (referred to in  133 ).  FIG. 2  describes the case where every participant is at a device with a CPU ( 523 ) and memory cache ( 527 ), that is, no one is joining the video conference via a telephone ( FIG. 5, 547 ).  FIG. 2  describes the case where every participant is listening via the computer speaker (that is, no participant is using a headset or headphones). When some participants use headphones,  FIG. 2  is adjusted per discussions above with respect to  FIG. 7B  and  FIG. 8B . 
     A flow chart similar to  FIG. 2  describes any such breakout room regardless of the number of participants. Without loss of generality, this flow chart shows that Participant  1  is the first to speak (break a silence) in the room. (This assumption is embodied in the steps Participant  2  DOES NOT speak,  119 , and Participant  3  DOES NOT speak,  133 .) Again, without loss of generality, there might be more than one person at any one computer, listening to the videoconference, and speaking into the computer&#39;s microphone (for example, in  FIG. 4 , persons  425  and  427  at device  415 ), nonetheless, all persons (and their collective voicings) at any one computer station will be referred to as a single participant. 
     In contrast to  FIG. 1 , which starts with a silence (even if momentary) in the breakout room,  FIG. 2  starts with an audio stream (the Host-sent Audio) being transmitted to every computing device ( FIGS. 5, 543 and 545 ) of every participant in the breakout room. 
     After the Start ( 201 ) the host has the system transmit audio to all the participants of the breakout room,  203 . When the electronic encoded version of this audio is received by a participant&#39;s computer, the participant&#39;s computer&#39;s CPU,  523 , creates a copy of it, which it stores in memory cache,  527 , as in  205  for Participant  1 ,  225  for Participant  2 , and  235  for Participant  3 . Then the audio is played on each of the participants&#39; computers&#39; speakers,  533 : as in  207  for Participant  1 ,  117  for Participant  2 , and  131  for Participant  3 . 
     Now, the question ( 109 ) is, Does Participant  1  speak? If not, the microphone,  537 , acting as input to the videoconferencing system (that is, the networked equipment and software, including computers) detects only the Host-sent Audio,  217 , being played on the computer speakers,  207  (and  529 ). The computer&#39;s CPU,  523 , retrieves the Audio Signal Copy from memory cache,  527 , and uses the Audio Signal Copy to subtract the Host-sent Audio from the audio stream,  219 . (As noted above, this Audio Signal Copy was made in step  205 .) If there is no more Host-sent Audio ( 221 ), the process stops,  223 . Of course, the networked equipment, software and platform are ready to start again at  201 . 
     However, if at step  109 , Participant  1  does speak, the microphone,  537 , detects Participant  1 &#39;s voice and the Host-sent Audio,  211 , and processes it in the CPU,  523 , by using the Audio Signal Copy (retrieved from memory cache  527 ) to subtract the Host-sent Audio form the audio stream,  213 , so that the audio stream includes Participant  1 &#39;s voice without the Host-sent Audio. Then Participant  1 &#39;s voice is transmitted to the system,  115  (and  511 ). This audio file or waveform is   then conveyed through a network (not shown) to the equipment (such as a computer) of Participant  2  and Participant  3 . 
     There the audio stream of Participant  1 &#39;s voice, along with the continuation of the Host-sent Audio, is played by each of the other participant&#39;s computers&#39; speakers  429 : at  117  for Participant  2 , and  131  for Participant  3 . 
     More particularly, the audio is converted to sound waves by a CPU ( 523 ) and played on Participant  2 &#39;s computer (or similar equipment),  117 , as well as Participant  3 &#39;s computer,  131 . If there were additional participants, the audio would be transmitted to their equipment, combined with the Host-sent Audio, converted to sound waves, and played in the same manner. 
     Because Participant  1  is speaking, Participant  2  does not speak,  119 , or equivalently, in a step not shown in  FIG. 1 , but through processes well known to those practiced in the art, and described in part above, the system treats Participant  2  as not speaking, muting Participant  2 . Likewise, because Participant  1  is speaking, Participant  3  does not speak,  133 , or equivalently, in a step not shown, but through processes well known to those practiced in the art the system treats Participant  3  as not speaking, muting Participant  3 . The same applies to additional participants in a breakout room. 
     Because Participant  2  does not speak,  119 , his or her microphone, ( 537 ), detects only the sound of the Host-sent Audio,  231 . The computer CPU ( 523 ) retrieves the Audio Signal Copy from memory cache ( 527 ), and uses the Audio Signal Copy to subtract the Host-sent Audio from the audio stream,  233 . (As noted above, this Audio Signal Copy was made in step  225 .) Likewise, because Participant  3  does not speak,  133 , his or her microphone ( 537 ) detects only the sound of the Host-sent Audio,  241 . The computer CPU ( 523 ) retrieves the Audio Signal Copy from memory cache ( 527 ), and uses the Audio Signal Copy to subtract the Host-sent Audio from the audio stream,  243 . (As noted above, this Audio Signal Copy was made in step  235 .) 
     Once Participant  1  stops speaking, if there is no more Host-sent Audio ( 221 ) the process stops for both Participant  2  and Participant  3 ,  223 . Of course, the networked equipment, software and platform are ready to start again at  201 . 
     Otherwise, if, when Participant  1  stops speaking, the Host-sent Audio continues ( 221 ) and the process returns to step  203 . 
     Consider now the case when one or more participants use devices such as a telephone ( 547 ) without a CPU ( 523 ) or memory cache ( 527 ). These devices have handsets, as mentioned above and known to practitioners of the art, with both the speaker,  535 , and microphone,  537 . Telephone handsets separate the speaker (held near the ear) and the microphone (held near the mouth) in a way that permits a lower volume of sound and nearly eliminates interference and echo. With such telephones, a person can listen and speak at the same time (full-duplex). In other words, in such a telephone device,  535 , even as Host-sent Audio is played over the speaker,  535 , then at a step analogous to  211 , the microphone,  537 , would only detect a voice. It would not detect the Host-sent Audio, so step  213  can be eliminated, and Participant  1 &#39;s voice is transmitted to the system,  513 , in a step analogous to  115 . In this way  FIG. 2  is generalized to include local devices,  519 , which are telephones,  547 , with handsets, but not speakerphones. 
     Note: a speakerphone is a telephone with a loudspeaker and microphone, allowing it to be used without picking up the handset. This adds utility to the telephone, but reduces it from a full-duplex device to a half-duplex one. 
     In an alternate embodiment, a telephone,  FIG. 5, 547 , with speakerphone capabilities is given (a) a flash memory (not shown), and (b) an upgraded circuit-board,  525 . The upgraded circuit-board (i) stores an Audio Signal Copy of the Host-sent Audio to the flash memory, (ii) retrieves the Audio Signal Copy when the microphone,  537 , receives an audio signal, and (iii) has filter circuits that filter out the Host-sent Audio from the audio signal, before transmitting the signal to the telephone system,  513 . This allows a speakerphone, when used by Participant  1 , to follow the flow chart in  FIGS. 2, 205, 207, 102, 211, 213, and 135 , even though it does not have the generalized computer abilities that require a CPU. 
       FIG. 2  describes a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the Audio Signal Copy is created at each participant&#39;s computer ( 205 ,  225 ,  235 ) and subsequently used to subtract the Host-sent Audio from the audio stream ( 213 ,  233 ,  221 ). This implementation would be particularly used in a peer-to-peer environment ( FIG. 8B ) or a platform with more distributed processing ( FIG. 7B ). In an alternative hub-and-spoke embodiment (such as  FIG. 6B ), this subtractive process would be performed centrally at a hosting computer. This alternate embodiment works on a speaker phone. The Audio Signal Copy (step  627  of  FIG. 6B ) of the Host-sent Audio is made at the remote data source ( 501 ) by the CPU ( 503 ) and saved in memory ( 502 ), prior to being sent to participants (in a step analogous to step  203  of  FIG. 2 ). Likewise, Participant  1 &#39;s voice with the Host-sent Audio is transmitted back through the telephone system  513 , to the remote data source,  501 . There, the CPU,  503 , retrieves the Audio Signal Copy from memory,  502 , and subtracts the Host-sent Audio from the signal (in step  629  of  FIG. 6B , analogous to step  213  of  FIG. 2 ) before transmitting it to other participants through  511  and  513 . 
     In yet another alternative embodiment, the subtractive process would be performed by a combination of central servers and individual participants&#39; computers. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the Host-sent Audio stream is sent to all rooms (and all participants in every room), including all breakout rooms at the same volume setting. In an alternative embodiment, the Host-sent Audio stream is sent to some virtual rooms, but not all such rooms. In an alternative embodiment, the Host-sent Audio stream is sent to different rooms at different volume settings, so that participants in different rooms hear the Host-sent Audio at different volumes. In an alternative embodiment, different Host-sent Audio streams are sent to different rooms and at the same or different volumes. 
     In an alternative embodiment, each Participant can adjust the volume of the Host-sent Audio stream. In this way the Host-sent Audio stream will be like a whole house music system that is played at different volumes in each room. However, because the Participant&#39;s computer knows (or can sense) the volume setting, the Host-sent Audio can be filtered out of the returning audio stream. Notice that every participant hears the Host-sent Audio but at a volume he or she prefers, and consistent with the participant&#39;s ability to hear the voices and words of other participants. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the teachings of this invention can be used to enable a live performance combining together in real-time the music and song of multiple musicians who are located in physically separate locations, but linked through a teleconferencing platform and system such as Zoom. In a preferred embodiment, the musicians need to be interfacing with the videoconferencing system using computing devices with CPUs ( 523 ) and memory caches ( 527 ). 
     To do this, each musician receives a Host-sent Audio, which includes separable tempo and tone reference, such as a metronomic beat on a particular pitch. The Host-sent Audio might also include a reference orchestral or choral recording of the work to help the musicians harmonize and blend. Each musician hears the Host-sent Audio, and adds his voice or instrument to the group. The invention then uses the Audio Signal Copy to send this combined audio stream back to the host server, after subtracting everything except (a) the musician&#39;s addition (voice or instrument) and (b) the tempo and tone reference. The server then uses software and hardware such as those of Vocalign to automatically synchronize the tempo and tone of the various musicians in real time, after which the tempo and tone reference is subtracted from the audio stream. The resulting multi-voice orchestral and/or choral live performance is then transmitted with a slight delay (due to processing) to the non-musicians participating in the videoconference. 
     In this embodiment, the non-musicians who hear the performance are not situated in the same room (or breakout room) as any of the musicians. Each musician can perform his or her own part, but cannot hear any other musician. In this sense, each musician might be considered in his or her own breakout room. 
     For a detailed description, consider  FIG. 3 , a flow chart of this process. As the process starts,  301 , the Host-sent Audio, including separable tempo and tone reference is transmitted to every musician,  303 .  FIG. 3  focuses on the process flow for two musicians, labeled, without loss of generality, Musician  1  and Musician  2 . The details of the process for each are identical, though their audio streams might not be produced in synch. Consequently, and without loss of generality,  FIG. 3  shows all details of the process only for Musician  1 . However,  FIG. 3  does show how the process flows for the two musicians are brought together and their audio streams combined. For the same reason, this diagram can be extrapolated to any number of musicians. 
     Again, without loss of generality, more than one person might be listening and performing at any one computer (for example, in  FIG. 4 , persons  425  and  427  at device  415 ), nonetheless, all persons performing at any one computer or computing station—and their collective voicings (instrumental and vocal)—will be referred to as a single musician for purposes of the flow chart in  FIG. 3 . 
     Consider now the next  8  steps in the process that occur after the Host-sent Audio is transmitted to each of the musicians (steps  305 ,  307 ,  309 ,  311 ,  313 ,  315 ,  317 , and  319 ). The steps are essentially identical for each musician, so without loss of generality, consider those with respect to Musician  1  at his or her computing device. 
     An Audio Signal Copy (with separate copy of tempo and tone reference) is created at Musician  1 &#39;s computer,  305 , by the CPU ( 523 ) and stored in memory cache ( 527 ). Then the Host-sent Audio is played on the speaker ( 533 ) of Musician  1 &#39;s computer&#39;s,  307 . The computer queries whether Musician  1  is producing audio (singing, playing an instrument, speaking dialogue, or otherwise performing),  309 . If not, then Musician  1 &#39;s microphone ( 537 ) detects only the Host-sent Audio,  317 . The computer CPU ( 523 ) retrieves the Audio Signal Copy from the memory cache ( 527 ), uses the Audio Signal Copy to subtract from the audio stream that portion of the Host-sent Audio which is not the tempo and tone reference  319 . That is, when leaving step  319 , the audio only consists of the tempo and tone reference channel. 
     On the other hand, If Musician  1  is performing ( 309 ), the microphone ( 537 ) detects a voice and/or music plus the Host-sent Audio played in the background,  311 . The computer CPU ( 523 ) uses the Audio Signal Copy (retrieved from memory cache,  527 ) to subtract from the audio stream that portion of the host-sent Audio which is not the tempo and tone reference,  313 . After that, Musician  1 &#39;s voice and/or music is transmitted to the system,  511 , and the host server ( 501 ) along with a tempo and tone reference channel,  315 . As the Musician  1  alternates between performing and not performing, a continuous electronic audio stream issues out of  315  and  319  (alternately) being transmitted from Musician  1 &#39;s computer through a network (such as the Internet) to the videoconferencing host sever,  353  (and  501 ). 
     At approximately the same time as steps  305 ,  307 ,  309 ,  311 ,  313 ,  315 ,  317 , and  319  are being executed at Musician  1 &#39;s computer, the same processes are being executed at Musician  2 &#39;s computer. The eight steps:  305 ,  307 ,  309 ,  311 ,  313 ,  315 ,  317 , and  319  accomplished in Musician  1 &#39;s computer are replicated for Musician  2  (and with “Musician  2 ” substituted for “Musician  1 ” as necessary) in Musician  2 &#39;s computer; and re-labeled as steps  325 ,  327 ,  329 ,  341 ,  343 ,  345 ,  347  and  349  respectively ( 351 ). The resulting continuous electronic audio stream from Musician  2 &#39;s computer is transmitted through a network,  511 , (such as the Internet) to the videoconferencing host server,  353  (and  501 ). 
     The process of transmitting the Host-sent Audio to different musicians, and then receiving the return audio with added musical stylings may have induced some time lags, so that the host server does not receive the audio streams at the same time. In addition, the audio reproduction and recording equipment (speakers and microphones) at each musician&#39;s computer may have induced variations in tempo and tone. At step  353 , the host server CPU ( 503 ) uses processes such in Vocalign by Synchro Arts to synchronize the tempos and tones of the various audio streams received from the various musicians. While  FIG. 3  shows the flow chart for only two musicians (Musician  1  and Musician  2 ), it is evident that the process can be expanded without limitation or loss of generality to any countable number of musicians. 
     After that, the host server CPU ( 503 ) subtracts the tempo and tone reference from the audio stream,  355 , and sends the stream to all other participants in the video conference through the transmission system ( 511  and  513 ), who may be in various rooms (main, breakout, or otherwise),  357 . If there is no more music to be performed ( 359 ) the process stops,  361 . Otherwise, the process continues as more Host-sent Audio (with separable tempo and tone reference channel) is transmitted to the musicians,  303 . 
     The processing functions performed by the host server, host computer, and respective participant computers are preferably implemented in software code which is executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers, within the respective host server, host computer and participant computer. While not shown in the figures, each of the host server, host computer, and respective participant computers include such processors. 
     The software code can be included in an article of manufacture (e.g., one or more tangible computer program products) having, for instance, non-transitory computer readable storage media. The storage media has computer readable program code stored therein that is encoded with instructions for execution by a processor for providing and facilitating the mechanisms of the present invention. 
     The storage media can be any known media, such as computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other tangible computer storage medium. The storage media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. 
     It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It is intended that the present invention include such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the present invention.