Patent Publication Number: US-2007103839-A1

Title: Shielded Energy Conditioner

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/472,113, filed May 21, 2003, having attorney docket number X2YA0013P-US, U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/445,802, filed Feb. 10, 2003, having attorney docket number X2YA0012P-US, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/443,855, filed Jan. 31, 2003, having attorney docket number X2YA0011P-US, and the contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention relates to electrical technology. More specifically, this invention relates to low inductance devices and energy conditioning.  
     DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND  
      The word “terminal” means electrically conductive material at the point at which current enters or leaves an electrical device.  
      The terms “X” capacitor and “line to line capacitor” both mean a two terminal passive lumped circuit element having a capacitance value across the two terminals wherein the two terminals are connected in parallel configuration with a circuit load device. X capacitors are primarily used to prevent electrical droop across loads. That is, X capacitors are typically used to provide storage of charge to be used as a source or sink of electrical energy. An X capacitor can also be formed including a conductive shield separating at least two electrodes.  
      The terms “Y” capacitor and “line to ground capacitor” both mean a two terminal passive lumped circuit element having a capacitance value across the two terminals wherein one of the two terminals is connected to a line which is located in a circuit path between a source and a load and the other terminal is connected to an electrically conductive structure such as a metal layer on a PC board that, in lumped circuit diagrams, is usually shown as a ground. However, the voltage potential of the alleged ground may vary depending upon the amount of charge it receives or distributes. In applications, the alleged ground typically is one of an earth ground, a floating ground, and a chassis ground, and each one of these types of grounds could function as a circuit voltage reference. Y capacitors are primarily used to filter noise from signals.  
      The term “plate” is used throughout to refer to structure typically formed by layering processes. Use of the term “plate” herein means structures that are integrated during their formation. The term plate as used herein means a structure with at least two relatively large area major surfaces and one or more relatively smaller area edge surfaces. Each major surface may but need not be flat.  
      Energy conditioning means at least one of filtering, decoupling, and transient suppression of electrical energy propagating between a source and a load.  
      Filtering means modifying the frequency spectrum of a signal.  
      Decoupling is a term typically applied to active circuitry. In such circuitry, active devices change their properties, such as trans-conductance, which affects voltage on coupled elements. Decoupling means the minimization of the affects on the voltage of coupled elements due to the changes in the active circuitry.  
      Transients include energy anomalies and energy spikes due to external effects, such as static discharges and parasitics, such as self induction induced in a circuit.  
      U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,018,448 and 6,373,673 disclose a variety of devices that provide electrical energy conditioning. The teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,018,448 and 6,373,673 are incorporated herein by reference.  
      The novel inventions disclosed herein are structures that have certain performance characteristics that significantly improve at least the decoupling aspect of electrical energy conditioning compared to the devices described above.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      An object of the invention is to provide a novel structure, a method of making the structure, and a method of using the structure, wherein the structure has a certain capacitance and provides energy conditioning that results in an ultra high insertion loss and improved decoupling.  
      Another object of the invention is to provide a circuit including a novel structure of the invention, a method of making the circuit, and a method of using the circuit.  
      Additional objects of the invention are to provide devices, circuits, and methods of using them that provide improved energy conditioning over a wide frequency range.  
      These and other objects of the invention are provided by a structure comprising a first electrode including a first electrode plate, a second electrode including a second electrode plate, and an electrically conductive shielding including a center shield portion between the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate and outer shield portions facing sides of the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate opposite the sides facing the center shield portion, wherein the elements of the structure have certain geometric values, relative values, relative positions, and shapes.  
      Generally speaking, plates of the first electrode receive electrical energy only along a conductive path that connects to only a portion of relatively long sides of the plate. Similarly, generally speaking, the first electrode receive electrical energy only along a path that connects to only a portion of relatively long sides of the plate.  
      Preferably, substantially all plates of the first electrode have substantially the same shape and are stacked vertically aligned with one another. Preferably, substantially all plates of the second electrode also have substantially the same shape and are stacked substantially vertically aligned with one another. However, plates of the first electrode and the second electrode may each have an axis of symmetry or a plane of symmetry. If so, plates of the second electrode may be oriented in the plane of the plates and inverted about the axis of symmetry or plane of symmetry relative to a plate of the first electrode.  
      These and other objects of the invention are provided by a structure comprising:  
      a first electrode including (A) a first electrode first plate, said first electrode first plate defining (1) a first electrode first plate an inner surface, (2) a first electrode first plate outer surface, and (3) a first electrode first plate edge surface defined by perimeters of said first electrode first plate inner surface and said first electrode first plate outer surface and (B) a first electrode contact region having a first electrode contact region surface for electrically contacting said first electrode;  
      a second electrode including (A) a second electrode first plate, said second electrode first plate defining (1) a second electrode first plate an inner surface, (2) a second electrode first plate outer surface, and (3) a second electrode first plate edge surface defined by perimeters of said second electrode first plate inner surface and said second electrode first plate outer surface and (B) a second electrode contact region having a second electrode contact region surface for electrically contacting said second electrode;  
      a shielding electrode including (1) an inner shielding plate, (2) a first outer shielding plate, (3) a second outer shielding plate, and (4) a shielding electrode contact region having a shielding electrode contact region surface for electrically contacting said shielding electrode;  
      wherein said first electrode first plate inner surface faces said second electrode first plate inner surface;  
      wherein (A) said inner shielding plate is between said a first electrode first plate inner surface and said second electrode first plate inner surface, (B) said first outer shielding plate is faced by said first electrode first plate outer surface, and (C) said second outer shielding plate is faced by said second electrode first plate outer surface; and  
      wherein the elements of said structure have certain geometric values, relative values, relative positions, and shapes.  
      Hereinafter electrodes of the structures of the invention other than the shielding electrode are sometimes referred to as non-shielding electrodes in order to distinguish them from the shielding electrode. A structure of the invention may include a plurality of shielding electrodes. A structure of the invention may include a plurality of non-shielding electrodes.  
      The structure may also include, in the stack of electrode plates, additional first electrode plates of the first electrode, second electrode plates of the second electrode, and shielding electrode plates of the shielding electrode. The shield electrode may include shield electrode terminals, which may be in the shape of caps, and which include surfaces facing edges of plates of the first and second electrodes and surfaces defining a portion of the surface of the structure. The shield electrode terminals may also include surfaces facing portions of outer surfaces of plates of the first and second electrodes. The structure may have some of its surface regions defined by electrically insulating material. Each shielding electrode may be in the shape of a cap.  
      The structure preferably has an electrically insulating material between the plates that thereby substantially prevents electrons from moving from one electrode through the insulating material to another electrode. The insulating material may be any material that has a dielectric constant. Examples of the insulating material are air, which has a dielectric constant of one, ferro-magnetic material, ferrite material, diamond material, NPO dielectric material, COF dielectric material, and X7R. X7R has a dielectric constant of about 4600.  
      The certain geometric values, relative values, relative positions, and shapes of structures of the invention include shapes of each of the plates of at least the first and second electrodes in the plane defined by the major surfaces of those plates, the locations and relative extensions of the electrode contact regions where electrical energy connects to those plates. In addition, the shapes of the plates include the thickness of the plates. The relative values include the spacings between the plates and the alignment of plates relative to one another.  
      In one embodiment, plates of the invention have a finger-like shape, and are configured to define combs.  
      The structures of the invention may include additional internal structural elements, such as electrically conductive wire lines, insulating portions and electrode edge interconnection structures. The structures of the invention may also include electrode terminals. The electrode terminals are conductive structure designed for contact and electrical connection to other circuit elements. The structures of the invention may also include apertures which may be lined with either non-conductive or conductive material, and which may be either partially or entirely filled with either non-conductive or conductive material. These apertures and their contents may serve the purpose of conducting electrical energy from outside the structure to one or more plates of electrodes inside the structure. Plates of the structure may include interior surfaces defining apertures in the plates through which electrically conductive wire lines extend. The material inside the apertures themselves can be made conductive and can serve in place of conductive wires. These types of apertures are known as conductive vias. Various apertures can also have portions that are either non-conductive and conductive areas that allow electricity to propagate from and to predetermined areas of electrodes to which these apertures pass thru. Electrically conducting wire lines may electrically connect to plates of the same electrode while extending through apertures in plates of other electrodes and remaining insulated from those other electrodes. In embodiments including an electrode terminal, the electrode terminal may electrically interconnect plates of the same electrode to one another, and physically and connect to edges of plates of the electrode. The wire lines may be either formed and then inserted into the apertures or formed in the apertures.  
      The plates of the shielding electrode are electrically connected to one another. The plates of the shielding electrode preferably substantially shield each plates of each non-shielding electrode from one another. At least one plate of a non-shielding electrode is substantially shielded by a shielding electrode from every other plate of the non-shielding electrodes. The plates of the shielding electrode and at least a conductive structure electrically connects the plates of the shielding electrode to each other in order to substantially shield the plates of the non-shielding electrodes from one another.  
      A first level interconnect is a structure or device that provides an initial circuit connection to an integrated circuit. In use as intended, a first level interconnect has energy pathways that connect to at least an energy source and/or to at least to an energy return.  
      An interposer is a structure or device that provides a circuit connection to an integrated circuit.  
      A structure of the invention may be formed as a discrete component, such as a component suited for connection to a PC board. Alternatively, a structure of the invention may be formed into and form part of another structure, such as a PC board, a first level interconnect, an interposer, or an integrated circuit, including monolithic integrated circuits. In discrete component embodiments of the invention, the first electrode contact region surface defines a portion of a surface of the structure; the second electrode contact region surface defines a portion of the surface of the structure; and the shielding electrode contact region surface defines a portion of the surface of the structure.  
      Discrete component and PC boards that incorporate the novel structures of the invention may be formed by conventional multiple-layering, screening, laminating and firing techniques.  
      In either discrete or non-discrete arrangements of the novel structures employed for applications including, PC board and/or integrated circuit embodiment, certain ones of the electrode contact region surfaces that define a portion of the surface of the structure do not exist, per se. This is because the regions where those surfaces would otherwise define termination of a discrete component are formed in contact with electrically conductive material connecting to vias and/or extending from and/or through some portion of the PC board, substrate, first level interconnect, interposer and/or integrated circuit beyond the regions containing the first electrode, the second electrode, and/or the shielding electrode. Electrodes used could include arrangements with or without holes (apertures) and any combination of such are fully contemplated by the inventors.  
      Preferably, the inner shielding plate extends, in the plane defined by its major surfaces, beyond the edges of adjacent plates of the first and second electrodes such that, with the possible exceptions noted below, any line passing through both of the adjacent plates (i.e., a plate of the first electrode and a plate of the second electrode) also passes through and/or contacts the inner shielding plate. An exception exists wherein, in some embodiments, relatively small regions of the plates of each of the first and second electrodes extend beyond the extension of the shield plates. The relatively small portions of the plates of the first and second electrodes that extend beyond the extension of the shield plates contact either an electrode edge interconnection structure or an electrode terminal. The edge electrode interconnection structure functions to electrically connect substantially all plates of the first electrode to one another and/or substantially all plates of the second electrode to one another. In addition or alternatively, at least a portion of the inner shielding plate generally extends a distance beyond the extension of adjacent plates of the first and second electrodes by at least one, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10, and most preferably at least 20 times the distance separating the inner shielding plate from an adjacent plate.  
      The electrode edge interconnection structure and/or the electrode terminal are structures that electrically contact one or more edges of all or substantially all of the plates of an electrode thereby electrically connecting the plates that make up one of the electrodes to one another. The electrode edge interconnection structure and/or the electrode terminal of one electrode does not contact the plates of any other electrode. Electrode terminals typically exist in discrete components.  
      In PC board and integrated circuit embodiments of structures of the invention, there may be no electrode edge interconnection structure or electrode terminal. Instead, typically, there will be structure electrically interconnecting all plates of the same electrode which includes electrically conducting wire lines that connect to plates of the same electrode. The electrically conducting wire lines that connect to plates of one electrode do not electrically connect to plates of other electrodes.  
      Preferably, the electrically conducting wire lines connected to plates of one electrode pass through apertures in plates of other electrodes such that those wire lines do not electrically connect to the plates of the other electrodes. Other embodiments include arrangements with and arrangements without electrically conducting wire lines, and any combination of such are contemplated.  
      In certain embodiments of structures of the invention, the shield plates may be interconnected at their periphery by a sufficient density of electrically conducting wire lines such that the shielding electrode provides a Faraday cage effect to the first electrode and the second electrode. Typically, the density of electrically conducting wire lines can be made sufficient to provide a Faraday cage effect to the first electrode and the second electrode by spacing at least one electrically conducting wire line at predetermined intervals or near the periphery of the shielding electrode plates.  
      In some embodiments, it is preferable that the density of electrically conducting wire lines that electrically connect to the shielding electrode and surround the plates of the first electrode and the second electrode is at least one per centimeter, preferably at least one every two millimeters, and more preferably, at least one every millimeter. In these same embodiments, there may also be at least one and preferably several electrically conducting wire lines electrically connecting to plates of the first electrode. These electrically conducting wire lines pass through apertures and do not electrical connect to plates of the other electrodes. In these same embodiments, there may also be at least one and preferably several electrically conducting wire lines electrically connecting to plates of the second electrode and passing through apertures and not electrically connecting to plates of the other electrodes. Preferably, any electrically conducting wire line that connects to one plate of an electrode connects to substantially all of the remaining plates of that electrode.  
      Preferably, the electrically conducting wire lines are oriented such that they extend in the direction substantially non-parallel to the plane defined by at least one plate of one electrode of the structure. For example, the electrically conducting wire lines may be oriented substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by a major surface at least one plate of one electrode of the structure. Preferably, the electrically conductive wire lines define either a generally circular cross-section, a generally rectangular cross-section, or a strip shaped cross-section.  
      Additional plates of the electrodes may exist in the structure in a stacked formation such that major surfaces of plates oppose one another. These additional plates of the electrodes include the aforementioned three plates of the shielding electrode interleaved between the first plate of the first electrode and the second plate of the second electrode. The sequence of the additional plates of the structure may include the following, in repetitions: (1) a plate of the first electrode, followed by a shield plate, followed by a plate of the second electrode, followed by a shield plate; (2) a plate of the first electrode followed by one, two, three, four, or five shield plates, a plate of the second electrode followed by one, two, three, four, or five shield plates; (3) a plate of either the first or second electrode followed by one, two, three, four, or five shield plates, or more, another plate of the first or second electrode followed by one, two, three, four, or five shield plates, or more. Preferably, there are tens or hundreds of the repetitions of plate sequences noted above, in each structure. Preferably, the stack of shielding electrode plates in each structure also terminates with at least one shield plate.  
      Alternatively, the foregoing sequences of plates may entirely replace and be in lieu of three plates of the shielding electrodes interleaved between the first plate of the first electrode and the second plate of the second electrode.  
      Moreover, plates of any one electrode may be stacked such that the respective perimeter of each plate of the same electrode is substantially aligned or superposed with the other plates of the same electrode, even for plates separated from one another within a stack of plates. For example, plates of one electrode may have their major surfaces all rectangular in shape and the same size, and the rectangular plates may have the long axis of the rectangle aligned with one another. Plates may alternatively be hexagonal, circular, octagonal, pentagon, and a variety of other shapes that can be positionally and rotationally aligned.  
      Furthermore, plates of one electrode may be aligned either positionally or rotationally to plates of another electrode, for example along axis of symmetry defined in the plane of the plates by the shape of the plates. In addition, plates of one electrode may be aligned offset laterally in position or rotationally skewed relative to plates of another electrode.  
      Preferably, there is always at least one shield plate between any two plates of the first electrode, the second electrode or the first and second electrodes. Preferably, there is always at least one shield plate exterior to all plates of the first and second electrodes, i.e., outer shield plates. There may be two, three, four, or five shield plates exterior to all plates of the first and second electrodes on either or both ends of the stack of plates.  
      Preferably, all plates of the first electrode have substantially (within manufacturing tolerances) the same dimensions and shape as one another, all plates of the second electrode have substantially (within manufacturing tolerances) the same dimensions and shape as one another, and generally all plates of the shielding electrode have substantially (within manufacturing tolerances) the same dimensions and shape as one another, with the exception of the outer shield layers. The outer shield layers, which are those layers exterior to all plates of the first electrode and the second electrode, may extend further in the plane defined by the plate surfaces than other plates of the shielding electrode. Preferably, all of the plates are substantially planar, that is, have plate surfaces that are flat, within manufacturing tolerances.  
      Additional embodiments of the invention include in combination with any integral structure of the invention a conductive area found beyond the structure such as on a first level interconnect, such that the conductive area serves as a final shielding plate for the shielding electrode of the structure of the invention. All plates of the first electrode and all plates of the second electrodes may also be of substantially the same dimensions and shape as one another. All plates of the first electrode and all plates of the second electrodes may also be positioned complementary relative to one another and paired.  
      The plate thicknesses vary with the type of fabrication. For discrete components fabricated by thick film technologies, such as layering and subsequent firing, each layer is typically between 0.5 and 30 microns, more preferably between 1 and 10 microns. However, the preferred layer thickness is a function of the conductivity of the plate layers and the area of the planar surface of each plate such that, the preferred thickness decreases as the planar dimensions of the plates decrease or the conductivity of the material forming the plates increases. Thus, smaller structures, such as structures formed by semiconductor fabrication, including lithographic processes, the preferred plate thicknesses may be as small as a few tens or hundreds of angstroms.  
      The thickness of insulating layers between the conductive plates of the first, second, and shielding electrodes are of the same magnitude as the thickness of the conductive plates. However, for structures designed for higher voltage circuits, the insulating layers may be thicker than the thickness of the plates of the conductive layers in order to avoid dielectric breakdown in the insulating layers since thicker insulating layers reduce the electric field strength for a given voltage. Structures designed for higher voltage circuits may also incorporate higher dielectric breakdown dielectric materials, such as Diamond. For structures designed for use in lower voltage circuits, the thickness of the insulating layers may be substantially less than the thickness of the conductive plates. Particularly, for devices fabricated in semiconductor layered structures, such as in integrated circuits, the insulating layers may be less than one half, preferably less than one fifth of the thickness of the conductive plate layers. In digital semiconductor applications, wherein switching voltages are typically less than 5 volts, insulating layer thicknesses are preferably less than 20 microns, more preferably less than 5 microns, still more preferably less than 2 microns, and most preferably less than 0.5 microns.  
      In discrete structures, the electrical energy typically enters the structures at the electrical edge interconnection structure. In non-discrete structures, the electrical energy enters the structure along a first set of one or more conducting pathways that are electrically connected to the first electrode, a second set of one or more conductive pathways that are electrically connected to the second electrode, and a third set of one or more conductive pathways that are electrically connected to the shielding electrode. Any one or more of the first, second, and third sets of conductive pathways may include at least one conductive pathway extending in substantially the same plane as a plane defined by a major surface of a plate of one of the electrodes of the structure. Any one or more of the first, second, and third sets of conductive pathways may include at least one conductive pathway extending in a direction that is substantially non-parallel, such as substantially perpendicular, to the plane defined by a major surface of a plate of one of the electrodes of the structure. For example, the first, second, or third set of conductive pathways may each include a lithographically defined conductive line in a plane defined by a major surface of one of the plates, or they may each include conductive material filling a via that extends non-parallel, such as substantially perpendicular, to the plane.  
      The regions of conductive pathways where electrical energy enters the volume surrounded by the plates of the first, second, and shielding electrodes are referred to herein below as the energy entry regions of the first and second electrodes.  
      An important feature of structures of this invention are relationships between the locations on the plates of the energy entry regions and the shapes of the plates. One novel limitation associated with certain structures of the invention relates to the distance between the energy entry regions of the first and second electrodes and the extension of the plates in a direction perpendicular to a line connecting the projection of the energy entry regions of the first and second electrodes onto a plane parallel to the major surface of the plates.  
      More specifically, define a line segment, connecting the projection onto a plane parallel to a major surface of a first plate of the first electrode, of the energy entry regions of the first and second electrodes of the structure, as an energy pathway line segment.  
      Also, define the length of the energy pathway line segment as the energy pathway line segment length.  
      Also, define the length of any line segment perpendicular to the energy pathway line segment that terminates at an intersection with the edge of one plate of the first or second electrode as an energy perpendicular line segment.  
      Finally, define the longest of the energy perpendicular line segments that intersects the energy pathway line segment as the maximal energy perpendicular line segment, and define the length of that segment as the maximal energy perpendicular line segment length.  
      A novel limitation of certain structures of this invention is that the maximal energy perpendicular line segment length is equal to or greater than the energy pathway line segment length.  
      Another novel limitation of certain structures of this invention that have first and second electrodes including at least one generally rectangular plate is that the energy entry region of the electrode including the generally rectangular plate is closer to a longer side of the generally rectangular plate than to either of the short sides of the generally rectangular plate.  
      Another novel limitation of certain structures of this invention that have first and second electrodes including at least one generally rectangular plate is that the energy entry region of the electrode including the generally rectangular plate is closer to the center of a longer side of the generally rectangular plate than to the ends of the longer side.  
      Another novel limitation of certain structures of this invention that have first and second electrodes including at least one generally rectangular plate is that the energy entry region of the electrode including the generally rectangular plate extends along a longer side of the generally rectangular plate by a fraction of the length of the longer side of at least 1/20, more preferably at least 1/10, more preferably at least about ⅕ and preferably less then about ⅔.  
      Another novel limitation of certain structures of this invention that have first and second electrodes including at least one generally rectangular plate is that there are a plurality of the energy entry regions of the electrode including the generally rectangular plate, and the interval between at least two of those energy entry regions extends in the direction defined by the longer side of the generally rectangular plate by a fraction of the length of the longer side of at least 1/20, more preferably, at least 1/10, more preferably at least about ⅕ and preferably equal to or less then 1 and preferably less than about ⅔.  
      Another novel limitation of certain structures of this invention that have first and second electrodes is that they are shaped, they have four sides that make up a perimeter, with two side portions of the perimeter longer than the other two side portions of the perimeter.  
      One or more energy entry regions may be in a plane substantially parallel to a plane defined by a major surface of a plate of the first or second electrode, or in a plane perpendicular to a plane defined by a major surface of a plate of the first or second electrode.  
      The inventor recognizes that each energy entry region is not a mathematical point and instead has a certain spatial extent. Accordingly, and only to the extent necessary to determine whether the novel geometric limitations disclosed herein above involving the relative positions and locations of the energy entry regions exist in a certain structure, associate with the one or more energy entry regions of an electrode a mathematical point that minimizes the mean root square distance to the loci of all points associated with the or those energy entry region or regions. In common language, associate one point most central to the energy entry region or regions connecting to an electrode, and then use the corresponding points defined for each of the electrodes (1) to define the aforementioned line segments and (2) to determine if the energy entry region is closer to a longer side of a generally rectangular plate than to either of the shorter sides of the generally rectangular plate.  
      For structures of the invention having electrode edge interconnection structure or electrode terminals, the length of the energy pathway line segment may be equal to or greater than the length of a plate of the first or second electrode. In these structures, a novel limitation of this invention is that a first length defined as the length of a plate along the energy pathway line segment is equal to or shorter than a second length defined as the length of the plate in the direction perpendicular to the energy pathway line segment. In these structures, another novel limitation of this invention is that a first length defined as the length between electrode edge interconnection structure or electrode terminal of the first electrode and the second electrode is equal to or shorter than a second length defined as the length of the plate in the direction perpendicular to a plane defined by a major surface of the edge interconnection structure or electrode terminal and parallel to a plane defined by a major surface of a plate of the first or the second electrode. Preferably, the ratio of the second length to the first length is greater than one, more preferably greater than 1.1, more preferably greater than 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2, and most preferably greater than 3. Preferably, in view of manufacturing limitations, this ratio is less than 100.  
      The foregoing lengths of the energy pathway line segment and the energy perpendicular line segments are defined relative to a single plate of the structure.  
      The ratio of the length of the maximal energy perpendicular line segment to the length of the energy pathway line segment is referred to herein as the energy pathway ratio. Preferably the energy pathway ratio is greater than 1, preferably, greater than 1.1, more preferably greater than 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2, and most preferably greater than 3. Preferably, in view of manufacturing limitations, this ratio is less than 100.  
      The shape of the plates of the first and second electrodes vary from generally oval to generally rectangular. Preferably, the shapes of the plates of the first and second electrodes are generally rectangular having the edges of the plates rounded thereby avoiding high radius of curvature corners. Preferably, edge connection regions of the plates protrude in the plane of each plate, relative to the rest of the same edge of the same plate, along the direction of the energy pathway line segment. The edge protrusion distance is sufficient to enable connection of that plate to the edge interconnection structure or electrode terminal.  
      The actual dimensions of each plate along the energy pathway line segment and the energy perpendicular line segment depends upon the actual embodiment which in turn depends upon intended usage criteria including the desired DC capacitances of the structure. For discrete components, the typical actual edge parallel dimension and edge perpendicular dimensions range from about a tenth of a millimeter to several centimeters. However, for large capacitance high power applications, the inventors recognize that the actual edge parallel dimension and edge perpendicular dimensions may extend to tens of centimeters or meters. For example, very large capacitance structures may be employed in power grids to reduce the effect on line voltage of a rapid change in load.  
      The conductive material running non-parallel, for example, perpendicular, to the plane defined by the large surfaces of the plates without also contacting plates in the stack of plates that form part of the other electrodes is referred to herein as an edge protrusion connection.  
      Alternatively or in addition to including edge protrusion regions, the plates of the same electrode may be electrically connect to one another by an electrically conducting material extending non-parallel, such as perpendicular, to the plane of the plates that contacts the plates of the same electrode and passes through apertures of plates of the other electrodes such that the electrically conducting material extending non-parallel, such as perpendicular, to the plane of the plates do not electrically contact plates of the other electrodes.  
      The shape of the plates of the shielding electrode are generally similar to the shape of the plates of the other electrodes. However, preferably, the shielding plates generally extend in the plane beyond the extension of the plates of the first electrode and the second electrode. However, the shielding plates may not extend beyond the extension of the edge protrusion regions so that edge protrusion regions of each of the first electrode and the second electrode may electrically connect the plates of each electrode to one another without also electrically connecting to the shielding electrode.  
      In one preferred embodiment, the edge protrusion connection of each of the first electrode and the second electrode has a surface that also defines a part of the surface of the structure. That surface enables electrical connection of that electrode to a circuit. In this preferred embodiment, the surface edge protrusion connection that also defines a part of the surface of the structure extends over three non-parallel, such as perpendicular, surfaces of the structure such that two of those surfaces are parallel, to the planar dimensions of the plates of the electrodes.  
      Preferably, the shield plates of the shielding electrode generally extend in the plane of the plates beyond the extension of the plates of the first electrode and the second electrode, with exceptions for the edge protrusions of the first electrode and the second electrode. Moreover, the shielding electrode preferably also includes a shielding electrode edge connection that electrically connects the plates of the shielding electrode to one another. Preferably, the shielding electrode edge connection has a shielding electrode edge connection electrode surface that forms part of the surface of the structure. Preferably, the shielding electrode edge connection electrode surface extends in a first plane non-parallel, such as perpendicular, to the plane defined by the large area surfaces of plates. Preferably, the shielding electrode edge connection electrode surface also extends to part of both surfaces of the structure that are non-perpendicular, such as parallel, to the plane defined by the large area surfaces of the plates. Preferably, the shielding electrode edge connection electrode surface also extends to part of both surfaces of the structure that are non-parallel, such as perpendicular, to the planes defined by the large area surfaces of the plates and also non-parallel, such as perpendicular, to the first plane perpendicular to the plane defined by the large area surfaces of plates. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the shielding electrode forms a part of the surface of the structure that covers one side of the structure. Preferably, the shielding electrode also forms a part of the surface of the structure that also covers the opposite side and/or complimentary sides of the structure. In some embodiments, performance of the structure may be improved by electrically connecting the shielding electrode to conductive material having substantial surface area outside of the shielding electrode. Preferably, the conductive material having substantial surface area outside of the shielding electrode has a surface area at least as large as the surface area of a plate of the shield electrode, more preferably at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, or 100 times the surface area of a plate of the shield electrode. Alternatively, electrically connecting the shielding electrode to conductive material having substantial surface area, the structure of the invention may be formed including the conductive material having the substantial surface area. Most preferably, the surface area of the conductive material external to the shielding electrode and electrically connected to the shielding electrode is large enough so that the conductive material acts as fixed voltage for the shielding electrode.  
      For all embodiments of the invention, preferably there is at least one shielding electrode plate between any plate of the first electrode and any plate of the second electrode. For all embodiments of the invention, preferably there is at least one shielding plate above all plates of both non-shielding electrodes and one shielding plate electrode below all plates of both the first and second electrodes.  
      In one aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; and wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate having a first electrode plate major surface and at least one first electrode plate energy entry region, said second electrode includes a second electrode plate having at least one second electrode plate energy entry region; an energy pathway line segment is defined by a line segment terminating in regions defined by a projection onto a plane parallel to a plane defined by said first electrode plate major surface of (1) said at least one first electrode plate energy entry region and (2) said at least one second electrode plate energy entry region; said energy pathway line segment having an energy pathway line segment length; a maximal energy perpendicular line segment corresponding to said energy pathway line segment, said maximal energy perpendicular line segment having a maximal energy perpendicular line segment length; wherein said maximal energy perpendicular line segment length is greater than said energy pathway line segment length.  
      Additional aspects of this invention include that the structure provides an insertion loss at ten megahertz across said first electrode and said second electrode of at least 80 dB; has a length of each energy perpendicular line segment is greater than said energy pathway line segment length; wherein said first electrode plate has only one first electrode plate energy entry region; wherein said first electrode plate has a plurality of first electrode plate energy entry regions; wherein said at least one first electrode plate comprises a first electrode plate necked region that defines an energy entry region of said first electrode plate; wherein said at least one first electrode plate intersects at least one wire line at an energy entry region intersection, said at least one wire line extends substantially perpendicular to said first electrode plate major surface, and said energy entry region intersection defines an energy entry region of said first electrode plate; wherein said first electrode comprises a plurality of first electrode plates and said at least one wire line intersects each one of said plurality of first electrode plates; wherein said energy entry region intersection does not contact a peripheral edge of said first electrode plate; wherein said first electrode comprises a first electrode plate having a thickness less than 50 microns; wherein said first electrode comprises a first electrode plate having a thickness greater than a few tens of angstroms; wherein said at least one first electrode plate comprises a first electrode plate necked region that defines at least part of an energy entry region of said first electrode; wherein said at least one first electrode plate is generally rectangular and has a first electrode plate longer side and two first electrode plate shorter sides adjacent said first electrode plate longer side; wherein said at least one first electrode plate has a first electrode plate region forming at least part of an energy entry region of said first electrode, and said first electrode plate region is closer to said first electrode plate longer side than to either of said two first electrode plate shorter sides; wherein said first electrode plate longer side has a first electrode plate longer side length, said at least one first electrode plate includes a first electrode plate region forming at least part of an energy entry region of said first electrode, and said first electrode plate region that extends along said first electrode plate longer side for a length of at least one twentieth of said first electrode plate longer side length; wherein said first electrode plate longer side has a first electrode plate longer side length, said at least one first electrode plate includes a first electrode plate region forming at least part of an energy entry region of said first electrode, and said first electrode plate regions extends along said first electrode plate longer side for a length of less than said first electrode plate longer side length; wherein said first electrode plate longer side has a first electrode plate longer side length, said at least one first electrode plate includes a first electrode plate region that forms at least part of an energy entry region of said first electrode, and said first electrode plate region extends along said first electrode plate longer side for a length of no more than two thirds said first electrode plate longer side length; wherein said at least one first electrode plate includes a first electrode plate region that forms at least part of an energy entry region of said first electrode, and said longer side has a longer side center and two longer side ends, and said first electrode plate region is closer to said longer side center than to either of said two longer side ends; wherein said structure forms a discrete component; wherein said structure forms part of an interposer or first level interconnect to an integrated circuit; wherein said structure forms part of an integrated circuit; wherein a ratio of said maximal energy perpendicular line segment length to said energy pathway line segment length is greater than 1.2; wherein ratios of lengths of all energy perpendicular line segments to said energy pathway line segment length are all greater than 1.5; wherein a ratio of said energy perpendicular line segment length to said energy pathway line segment length is greater than 2; wherein a ratio of said energy perpendicular line segment length to said energy pathway line segment length is less than 100; wherein said first electrode plate major surface has a generally rectangular shape; wherein said first electrode plate major surface has a generally oval shape; wherein said first electrode plate major surface has a neck that protrudes from the rest of said first electrode plate in a direction parallel to said energy pathway line segment; wherein the structure further comprises a first edge interconnection structure and wherein said neck forms an edge protrusion connection to said first edge interconnection structure; wherein said first electrode comprises a plurality of first electrode plates and said plurality of first electrode plates are connected to one another by conductive material extending perpendicular to said first electrode plate major surface; wherein said shielding electrode comprises a plurality of shielding electrode plates and said plurality of shielding electrode plates are connected to one another by conductive material extending perpendicular to said first electrode plate major surface; wherein said shielding electrode further comprises at least one terminal; wherein said at least two plates of said shielding electrode that sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode and said at least one terminal substantially enclose said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said at least one terminal of said shielding electrode comprises at least a first shielding electrode terminal and a second shielding electrode terminal, and electrically conductive material extends exterior to said first electrode and said second electrode to connect said first shielding electrode terminal to said second shielding electrode terminal; and wherein the structure further comprises an electrically conductive element exterior to said first electrode and said second electrode which is electrically connected to said shielding electrode and which has a surface area of at least the area defined by a plate of said shielding electrode.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; and a first edge electrode interconnection structure electrically connecting plates of said first electrode to one another; a second edge electrode interconnection structure electrically connecting plates of said second electrode to one another; wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate having a first electrode plate major surface and at least one first electrode plate energy entry region including a first contact region in contact with said first edge electrode interconnection structure; wherein said second electrode includes a second electrode plate having a second electrode plate major surface and at least one second electrode plate energy entry region including a second contact region in contact with said second edge electrode interconnection structure; an energy pathway line segment is defined by a line segment terminating in regions defined by a projection onto a plane parallel to a plane defined by said first electrode plate major surface of (1) said first contact region and (2) said second contact region; said energy pathway line segment having an energy pathway line segment length; a maximal energy perpendicular line segment corresponding to said energy pathway line segment, said maximal energy perpendicular line segment having a maximal energy perpendicular line segment length; wherein said maximal energy perpendicular line segment length is greater than said energy pathway line segment length.  
      Additional aspects of this invention include the structure providing an insertion loss at ten megahertz across said first electrode and said second electrode of at least 80 dB; wherein length of each energy perpendicular line segment is greater than said energy pathway line segment length; and wherein first electrode plate has only one first electrode plate energy entry region.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a method of making a structure comprising: forming a first electrode; forming a second electrode; and forming a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate having a first electrode plate major surface and at least one first electrode plate energy entry region, said second electrode includes a second electrode plate having at least one second electrode plate energy entry region; an energy pathway line segment is defined by a line segment terminating in regions defined by a projection onto a plane parallel to a plane defined by said first electrode plate major surface of (1) said at least one first electrode plate energy entry region and (2) said at least one second electrode plate energy entry region; said energy pathway line segment having an energy pathway line segment length; a maximal energy perpendicular line segment corresponding to said energy pathway line segment, said maximal energy perpendicular line segment having a maximal energy perpendicular line segment length; wherein said maximal energy perpendicular line segment length is greater than said energy pathway line segment length; wherein said forming steps include depositing, layer by layer, material for plates of said first electrode, said second electrode, and said shielding electrode to form a deposited structure.  
      Additional aspects of this invention include comprises depositing between layers of said first electrode, said second electrode, and said shielding electrode, at least one of insulating material and precursor for insulating material; the step of firing said structure; wherein said depositing includes depositing material in a vacuum; wherein said depositing includes depositing material from a vapor; further comprising depositing a resist, exposing a pattern in said resist, and removing resist corresponding to said pattern; further comprising at least one of depositing after removing said resist corresponding to said pattern and etching corresponding to said pattern; further comprising folding said deposited structure to form a folded structure; and further comprising rolling said deposited structure to form a generally cylindrically shaped rolled structure.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a method of using a structure, said structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; and wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate having a first electrode plate major surface and at least one first electrode plate energy entry region, said second electrode includes a second electrode plate having at least one second electrode plate energy entry region; an energy pathway line segment is defined by a line segment terminating in regions defined by a projection onto a plane parallel to a plane defined by said first electrode plate major surface of (1) said at least one first electrode plate energy entry region and (2) said at least one second electrode plate energy entry region; said energy pathway line segment having an energy pathway line segment length; a maximal energy perpendicular line segment corresponding to said energy pathway line segment, said maximal energy perpendicular line segment having a maximal energy perpendicular line segment length; wherein said maximal energy perpendicular line segment length is greater than said energy pathway line segment length; said method comprising electrically connecting said first electrode and said second electrode across a source and a load; and applying power from said source to said load.  
      Additional aspects of this method include connecting said shielding electrode to a relatively large metallic structure which is not electrically connected to either said first electrode or said second electrode; wherein said relatively large metallic structure is a chassis ground; wherein said relatively large metallic structure is an earth ground.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; and wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; and wherein said first electrode includes a generally rectangular plate having a longer side and two shorter sides, and an energy entry region of said first electrode is closer to a longer side of said generally rectangular plate than to either of said two shorter sides.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a generally rectangular plate, said generally rectangular plate having a longer side and a shorter side, and said longer side is longer than said shorter side, said longer side having a longer side first end, a longer side second end, and a longer side center; and wherein an energy entry region of said first electrode is closer to said longer side center than to either one of said longer side first end and longer side second end.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a generally rectangular plate having a longer side and a shorter side, and said longer sides is longer than said shorter side; and wherein an energy entry region of said first electrode extends along said longer side.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a plate having a longer side and a shorter side, said longer side is longer than said shorter side, and said longer side has a longer side length; and wherein there are a plurality of the energy entry regions for the first electrode, and the interval between at least two of said plurality of energy entry regions extends in a direction defined by the general extension of said longer side, and said interval extends for less than about ⅔ of said longer side length.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate and edge interconnection structure; and wherein a length of said first electrode plate along a direction of an energy pathway line segment of said first electrode plate is equal to or less than a length of said first electrode plate in a direction non-parallel to said energy pathway line segment and non-perpendicular to a plane defined by a major surface of said first electrode plate.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate and edge interconnection structure; and wherein a length of said first electrode plate along a direction of an energy pathway line segment of said first electrode plate is equal to or less than a length of said first electrode plate in a direction perpendicular to said energy pathway line segment and perpendicular to a plane defined by a major surface of said first electrode plate.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate and a first electrode terminal; wherein said second electrode includes a second electrode plate and a second electrode terminal; and wherein a length of a first line segment extending from said first electrode terminal to said second electrode terminal in a plane defined by said first electrode plate is equal to or shorter than a length of a second line segment extending rom said first electrode plate in a direction in said plane and perpendicular to said first line segment.  
      In another aspect, the invention provides a structure comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a shielding electrode; wherein at least one plate of said shielding electrode separates each plate of said first electrode from any plate of said second electrode; wherein at least two plates of said shielding electrode sandwich between them all plates of said first electrode and said second electrode; wherein said first electrode includes a first electrode plate and a first electrode terminal; wherein said second electrode includes a second electrode plate and a second electrode terminal; and wherein a length of a first line segment extending from said first electrode terminal to said second electrode terminal in a plane defined by said first electrode plate is equal to or shorter than a length of a second line segment extending rom said first electrode plate in a direction in said plane and non-parallel to said first line segment. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      These and other aspects of the inventions are described with reference to the following drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to identical or corresponding elements.  
       FIG. 1  is a schematic of a test circuit used to test insertion loss of devices;  
       FIG. 2  is a graph showing measurement of insertion loss in a log sweep mode for two devices;  
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of devices of the type tested using the circuit of  FIG. 1  and for which insertion loss is shown in  FIG. 2 ;  
       FIG. 4   a  is a perspective view of part of a first device structure of the type tested using the circuit of  FIG. 1  and for which insertion loss is shown in  FIG. 2  as curve  210 , and wherein edge interconnection structure and/or electrode terminal is removed to show portions of electrode plates that electrically contact to the edge interconnection structure and/or electrode terminal.  
       FIG. 4   b  is a perspective view of part of a second device structure  400   a  of the type tested using the circuit of  FIG. 1  and for which insertion loss is shown in  FIG. 2  as curve  220 , and wherein the edge interconnection structure and/or electrode terminal is removed to show portions of electrode plates that electrically contact to the edge interconnection structure and/or electrode terminal. Structure  400   a  is a first embodiment of the invention.  
       FIG. 5 . is a perspective sectional view along the line X-X in  FIG. 4   b  showing arrangement of electrode plates  401   b - 405   b,    
       FIG. 6  is a perspective sectional view along the line Y-Y in  FIG. 4   b  showing arrangement of electrode plates  401   b - 405   b.    
       FIG. 7  is a top sectional view along the line Z 1 -Z 1  in  FIG. 4   b , i.e., exposing on a top surface the lowest one of the three shielding electrode plates  401   b  and surrounding material.  
       FIG. 8  is a top sectional view along the line Z 2 -Z 2  in  FIG. 4   b , i.e., exposing a top surface of lower non-shielding electrode plate  402   b  and surrounding material.  
       FIG. 9  is a top sectional view along the line Z 4 -Z 4  in  FIG. 4   b , i.e., exposing a top surface of upper non-shielding electrode plate  404   b  and surrounding material.  
       FIG. 10  is a perspective sectional view along the line X-X in  FIG. 4   a  showing arrangement of electrode plates  401   a - 405   a.    
       FIG. 11  is a perspective sectional view along the line Y-Y in  FIG. 4   a  showing the arrangement of electrode plates  401   a - 405   a.    
       FIG. 12  is a top sectional view along the line Z 1 -Z 1  in  FIG. 4   a ., i.e., exposing a top surface of the lower shielding electrode layer  401   a  and surrounding material;  
       FIG. 13  is a top sectional view along the line Z 2 -Z 2  in  FIG. 4   a ., i.e., exposing a top surface of the lower non-shielding electrode layer  402   a  and surrounding material;  
       FIG. 14  is a top sectional view along the line Z 4 -Z 4  in  FIG. 4   a ., i.e., exposing a top surface of the upper non-shielding electrode layer  404   a  and surrounding material;  
       FIG. 15  is a perspective partial sectional view showing portions of eleven shield plates of a shielding electrode, five plates of a first electrode, and five plates of a second electrode, and an electrode interconnection structure of a structure  1500  of a second embodiment of the invention.  
       FIG. 16   a  is a partial section and schematic view at a plane intersecting a conductive wire line electrically connecting plates of a first electrode to one another and conductive wire line electrically connecting plates of a second electrode to one another of structure  1600  of third through fifth embodiments of the invention.  
       FIG. 16   b  is a partial section and schematic view in a plane intersecting conductive wire lines electrically connecting plates of the shielding electrode to one another of structure  1600 .  
       FIG. 16   c  is a plan view showing a surface of a plate of the shielding electrode showing locations of intersection with the conductive wire lines and optional apertures of structure  1600 .  
       FIG. 16   d  is a plan view showing a surface of a plate of a non-shielding electrode showing intersections with conductive wire lines and optional apertures of structure  1600 .  
       FIG. 17  is a plan view generally showing two electrodes plates and examples of an energy pathway line segment and two energy perpendicular line segments including the maximal energy perpendicular line segment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic of test circuit  1  including source  10 , device  20 , meter  30 , common points  40 ,  50 , ground (or source or sink of charge)  60 , and device contacts or terminals a, b, and g. Source  10  is a source capable of providing voltage, current, or power with specified frequency components. Meter  30  is a device capable of measuring transmission of the signal provided by source  10  across the a and b terminals of device  20 .  
      Device  10  is a device which, in a lumped element theory, would be considered a three terminal device. Lumped element theory corresponds fixed values for inductance and/or capacitance with a physical structure of an element. A lumped element theory may not adequately describe the circuit properties of device  10 .  
      Device  10  is a device which, in a distributed element theory, would be considered as having at least three terminals. Distributed element theory associates values for inductance and/or capacitance to each conductive portion of a circuit, such as in transmission line theory.  
      Device  10  may be a device which when energized, for example, becomes a voltage divider. When the energy potential measured across a source to meter line/load connection A from point  40  to a line having a meter to source return connection B from point  50  has a voltage V 1 , and the potential between these conductors and ground  60  is a voltage V 2  being approximately half of the voltage V 1 , by interposing the shielding electrode structure (not shown) between non-shielding electrodes (also not shown), a phase balancing device and a voltage divider is created. It should be noted that this configuration can be easily and economically achieved using substantially less dielectric material disposed between non-shielding electrode plates relative to a shielding electrode plate to accommodate the voltage V 2  as desired. It is of course recognized that the configuration or location and the numbers of shielding electrode plates could be modified to reflect or cause a change in the relative energized relationship between voltages V 1  and V 2 .  
      Alternative novel structures of device  10  are described herein below.  
       FIG. 2  is a graph  200  in which the x axis depicts frequency from ten thousand hertz to ten gigahertz and the y axis depicts transmission loss in dB from 0 to −120. Graph  200  shows curve  210  for a prior art device structure, device A, similar to structure  400   a  (see  FIG. 4   a ) and curve  220  for a novel device structure, device B, similar to structure  400   b  (see  FIG. 4   b ). Curves  210 ,  220 , represent insertion loss data for a peak to peak voltage difference of 50 Volts. Both device structures A and B have the same nominal DC capacitance of 100 nano Farads as one another, include nominally the same composition of dielectric material as one another, and have nominally the same external dimensions of 3.2 by 1.6 by 1.1 millimeters as one another, with plates stacked along the 1.1 millimeter dimension.  
      Prior art device A has the same internal electrode layer configuration as device structure  400   a  (see  FIG. 4   a ) except that it contains more electrode plate layers than device structure  400   a . Novel device B has the same internal electrode layer configuration as device structure  400   b  (See  FIG. 4   b ) except that it contains more electrode plate layers than device structure  400   b.    
      Summary data comparing insertion loss for curves  210  (for prior art device A) and  220  (for novel device B) appears in the following chart. The data values shown below are based upon  FIG. 2  and have an uncertainty of about 2 dB.  
                                                   Insertion loss               Insertion loss   data       Frequency (Khz)   Device A (dB)   Device B (dB)   Difference                                                30   −42   −95   53       100   −50   −105   55       1000   −62   −110   48       10000   −63   −110   47       100000   −63   −90   27       200000   −75   −60   15       300000   −65   −56   11       400000   −60   −54   6       500000   −51   −51   0       1000000   −42   −45   −3                  
 
 Curve  220  shows an insertion loss for device B from about 30 kilo Hertz to about 100 mega Hertz that is at or below noise threshold of meter  30  of about −110 db. 
 
      Curves  210  and  220  show that the insertion loss of device A exceeds that of device B by at least about 64 dB over the range one mega Hertz to 100 mega Hertz. Curve  220  shows an insertion loss from one mega Hertz to 100 mega Hertz of no less than about −100 dB.  
      Curve  220  shows an insertion loss for novel device B that is greater than the insertion loss of curve  210  for device A over the frequency range 30 kilo Hertz to 500 mega Hertz. For frequencies from 30 kilo Hertz to 100 kilo hertz, the insertion loss of device A exceeds that of device B by at least 40 dB; for 30 kilo hertz to 10 mega Hertz by at least 30 dB; for 10 mega Hertz to 100 mega Hertz by at least about 25 dB; and for 30 kilo Hertz to 200 mega Hertz by at least about 10 dB.  
      Over the entire frequency range of 30 kilo Hertz to 100 mega Hertz the insertion loss of device A is greater than −60 dB, greater than −70 dB, greater than −80 dB, and greater than approximately −90 dB.  
       FIG. 2  shows that structures like structure  400   b  have an insertion loss that is substantially greater than the insertion loss of structures like structure  400   a , for frequencies from just above zero to a few hundred mega Hertz.  
      This invention is directed to the differences in structures, like the differences in structures  400   a  and  400   b , that provide the tremendously greater insertion loss of structures like novel device structure  400   b  relative to device structure  400   a.    
       FIG. 3  shows external structure of both prior art device  400   a  and novel device  400   b.    
       FIGS. 4   a  and  10 - 14  illustrate internal structure of a prior art device  400   a.    
       FIGS. 4   b  and  5 - 9  illustrate the internal structure of novel device structure  400   b.    
       FIG. 3  shows a perspective view of structure  300 . The external structure of both devices  400   a  (see  FIG. 4   a ) and  400   b  (see  FIG. 4   b ) are the same as the external structure  300 .  
      Structure  300  has edge interconnection structure in the form of side electrode terminals  301 ,  305 , front electrode terminal  306 , back electrode terminal  310 . Side electrode terminal  301  includes side electrode terminal conductive portions  302 ,  303 ,  304 , and a side electrode terminal conductive portion on the hidden face opposing side electrode portion  303 . Front electrode terminal  306  includes front electrode terminal conductive portions  307 ,  308 ,  309 . Side electrode terminal  305  and side electrode terminal  301  are mirror images of one another. Front electrode terminal  306  and back electrode terminal  310  are mirror images of one another.  
      Structure  300  has electrically insulating top surface portion  311 , electrically insulating front surface portions  312   a ,  312   b  electrically insulating back surface portions  313   a ,  313   b  and electrically insulating bottom surface portion  314 .  
       FIG. 3  also shows back electrode terminal side to side width  320  delimited by opposing arrows, back electrode terminal front to back width  321  delimited by opposing arrows, and side electrode terminal conductive portion side to side width  322  delimited by opposing arrows.  
       FIG. 3  also shows structure  300 &#39;s side surfaces  324 ,  325 , front surface  326 , and top surface  328 , and it identifies structure  300 &#39;s back surface  327  and bottom surface  329 .  
       FIG. 3  also shows structure  300 &#39;s side to side length L delimited by opposing arrows, front to back width W delimited by opposing arrows, and top to bottom height H delimited by opposing arrows.  
      Electrode terminals  301 ,  305 ,  306 ,  310  may be formed from any conductive material including elemental metals, alloys, and conductive plastics and polymers. Preferably, electrode terminals  301 ,  305 ,  306 ,  310  are formed from indium, aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, gold, platinum, paladium, iridium, ruthenium, or alloys containing at least one of those elements.  
      The electrically insulating surface portions  311 ,  312   a ,  312   b ,  313 , and  314  may be formed from any dielectric material including for example inorganic oxides, nitrides, flourides, various ceramics and glasses, insulating polymers and resins, and, undoped insulating semiconductors such as silicon, carbon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, III-V semiconductors, and II-VI semiconductors.  
       FIG. 4   a  shows structure  400   a  which has the external configuration of structure  300  of  FIG. 3 . However, edge interconnection structure is not included in  FIG. 4   a  such that surfaces of  FIG. 3  underneath edge interconnection structure form the external surfaces of structure  400   a .  FIG. 4   a  and subsequent figures show a side or side surface  324  corresponding to side surface  324  of  FIG. 3  in order to orient views relative to external surfaces shown in  FIG. 3 , and sometimes show surfaces numbered  325 - 329  corresponding in orientation of structure to side surfaces  325 - 329  of  FIG. 3 .  
       FIG. 4   a  shows in stacking sequence of electrode plates. The sequence is as follows: lower shielding electrode plate  401   a , first electrode plate  402   a , central shield plate  403   a , second electrode plate  404   a , and upper shielding electrode plate  405   a . First electrode plate  402   a  has an edge exposed on side  324  of structure  400   a  and on no other side. Second electrode plate  404   a  has an edge exposed on the side  325  (corresponding to side surface  325  of structure  300 ) opposite side  324  of structure  400   a  and on no other side. Shielding electrode plates  401   a ,  403   a , and  405   a  have edges exposed on sides of structure  400   a  corresponding to front and back surfaces  326 ,  327  of structure  300  and on no other side.  
       FIG. 4   b  shows structure  400   b  having a stacking sequence of electrode plates. The sequence is the same as for structure  400   a  shown in  FIG. 4   a , which is as follows: lower shielding electrode plate  401   b , first electrode plate  402   b , central shield plate  403   b , second electrode plate  404   b , and upper shielding electrode plate  405   b.    
       FIG. 4  shows electrically insulating surface portion  312   a  between the edges of shielding electrode plates  401   b ,  403   b ,  405   b  and side face  324 .  
      In contrast with structure  400   a , first electrode plate  402   b  of structure  400   b  has an edge exposed on front side  326  of structure  400   b  and on no other side. Second electrode plate  404   b  has an edge exposed on the back side  327  of structure  400   b  and on no other side. Shielding electrode plates  401   a ,  403   a , and  405   a  have edges exposed on sides of structure  400   b  corresponding to side surfaces  324 ,  325 , and on no other side.  
       FIG. 5 . shows structure  400   b &#39;s electrodes&#39; plate stack sequence for electrode plates  401   b - 405   b  along the X-X cut in  FIG. 4   b . Shielding electrode plates  401   b ,  403   b , and  405   b  extend an entire length from side  324  to side  325 . Shielding electrode plates  401   b ,  403   b , and  504   b  include electrode shield plate edges  501   b ,  503   b ,  505   b , respectively, in side surface  324 , and corresponding edges in opposite side surface  325 . First and second electrode plates  402   b ,  404   b  do not include plate edges in side surfaces  324 ,  325 .  
       FIG. 6  shows structure  400   b &#39;s electrodes&#39; plate stack sequence for electrode plates  401   b - 405   b  along the Y-Y cut in  FIG. 4   b . Shielding electrode plates  401   b ,  403   b ,  405   b  do not extend to front surface  326  or back surface  329 . First electrode plate  402   b  has an edge  602   b  in front surface  326 , and does not extend to back surface  329  or side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Second electrode plate  404   b  has an edge (not shown) in back surface  329  and does not extend to front surface  326  or side surfaces  324 ,  325 .  FIG. 6  shows distance  620  from an edge of shielding electrode plate  405   b  proximal front side  326  to an edge of second electrode plate  404   b  proximal front side  326 .  FIG. 6  shows a distance  630  between second electrode plate  404   b  and shielding electrode plate  405   b.    
       FIG. 7  shows lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  and surrounding dielectric material  710 . Lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  has shielding electrode plate side edges  720 ,  730  in side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  defines generally rectangular top major surface  740 . Lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  does not extend to front surface  326  or back surface  327 . Lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  has lower shielding electrode plate front edge  770  recessed from front surface  326  by lower shielding electrode front edge distance  771 . Lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  has lower shielding electrode plate back edge  780  recessed from back surface  327  by lower shielding electrode back edge distance  781 . Surrounding dielectric material  710  defines surface  750  forming part of front surface  326  and another surface  760  forming part of side back surface  327 .  
      Shielding electrode plates  403   b ,  405   b  have the same general structure as shielding electrode plate  401   b.    
       FIG. 8  shows lower electrode plate  402   b  and surrounding dielectric material  710 . Lower first electrode plate  402   b  has lower first electrode plate front edge  820 , lower first electrode plate front edges  830 ,  840 , and lower first electrode plate edge transition regions  850 ,  860 . Front edge  820  does not extend to side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Lower first electrode plate front edges  820 ,  830 ,  840  intersect edge transition regions  850 ,  860 . Edge transition regions  850 ,  860 , transition the front facing edges of lower first electrode plate  402   b  from front edge  820  in the front surface  326  into front edges  830 ,  840 . Front edges  830 ,  840  are recessed from the front surface  326  by front edge recess distance  870 .  
      Lower first electrode plate  402   b  defines lower first electrode plate side edges  880 ,  881 , which are recessed from side surfaces  324 ,  325  by lower first electrode plate side recess distance  883 . Lower first electrode plate back edge  884  is recessed from back surface  327  by lower first electrode plate back recess distance  885 .  
      Lower first electrode plate  402   b  defines lower first electrode plate corner edge recessed transitions  890   a ,  890   b ,  890   c ,  890   d . Edge recess transitions  890   a ,  890   b ,  890   c ,  890   d  do not form 90 degree angles. Instead, they define a finite radius of curvature on the order of a fraction of the length or width dimension of structure  400   b.    
       FIG. 9  shows upper second electrode plate  404   b  and surrounding dielectric material  710 .  FIG. 9  also shows a center line  910  halfway along side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Upper plate  404   b  is a mirror image about center line  910  of lower plate  402   b . Upper plate front edge  984  is recessed from front surface  327  by upper plate front recess distance  985 .  
       FIG. 10  shows structure  400   a &#39;s electrodes&#39; plate stack sequence for electrode plates  401   a - 405   a  along the X-X cut in  FIG. 4   a . Shielding electrode plates  401   a ,  403   a , and  405   a  do not extend to side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Shielding electrode plates  401   a ,  403   a , and  405   a  do extend a substantial fraction of the distance from side surfaces  324  to side surface  325 . Electrode plates  402   a ,  404   b  do not include electrode plate edges in side surfaces  324 ,  325 . At the X-X plane, shielding electrode plates  401   a ,  403   a ,  405   a  are centered between side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Lower first electrode plate  402   a  has an edge in side surface  324 . Upper second electrode plate  404   a  has an edge in the hidden side surface  325 .  
       FIG. 11  shows structure  400   a &#39;s electrodes&#39; plate stack sequence for electrode plates  401   a - 405   a  along the Y-Y cut in  FIG. 4   a . At the Y-Y plane, shielding plate electrodes  401   a ,  403   a ,  405   a  extend to side front and back surfaces  326 ,  327  such that they each have an edge in front surface  326  and back surface  327 . First and second electrode plates  402   a ,  404   a  do not extend to front or back surfaces  326 ,  327 .  
       FIG. 12  shows lower shielding electrode plate  401   a  and surrounding dielectric material  710 . Lower shielding electrode plate  401   a  has lower shielding electrode plate front edge  1220 , lower shielding electrode plate front edges  1230 ,  1240 , and lower shielding electrode plate front edge transition regions  1250 ,  1260 . Front edge  1220  does not extend to side surfaces  324 ,  325 . Lower electrode plate front edges  1220 ,  1230 ,  1240  intersect front edge transition regions  1250 ,  1260 . Front edge transition regions  1250 ,  1260 , transition the front facing edge of lower shielding electrode plate  401   a  from front edge  1220  in the front surface  326  into front edges  1230 ,  1240 , respectively, which are recessed from the front surface  326  by front edge recess distance  1270 .  
      Lower shielding electrode plate  401   b  defines lower shielding electrode plate side edges  1280 ,  1281 , which are recessed from side surfaces  324 ,  325  by lower electrode plate side recess distance  1283 . Lower shielding electrode plate back edges  1284 ,  1286 , are recessed from back surface  327  by lower shielding electrode plate back recess distance  1285 .  
      Lower first electrode plate  401   a  defines lower first electrode plate corner edge recessed transitions  1290   a ,  1290   b ,  1290   c ,  1290   d . Edge recess transitions  1290   a ,  1290   b ,  1290   c ,  1290   d  do not form right angles. Instead, they define a finite radius of curvature on the order of a fraction of the length or width dimension of structure  400   a.    
      Shielding electrode plates  403   a ,  405   a  have the same general shape as lower shielding electrode plate  401   a.    
       FIG. 13  shows lower first electrode plate  402   a  and surrounding dielectric material  710 . Lower first electrode plate  402   a  defines lower first electrode plate side edge  1320  in side surface  324 . Lower first electrode plate  402   a  defines generally rectangular top major surface  1340 . However, lower first electrode plate  402   a  defines lower first electrode plate side edges  1330   a ,  1330   b , adjacent side surface  325  that are not right angles and that have radii of curvature less than the length or width of structure  400   a . Lower first electrode plate  402   a  does not extend to front surface  326  or back surface  327 . Surrounding dielectric material  710  defines surface  750  forming part of front surface  326  and surface  760  forming part of side back surface  327 . Lower first electrode plate  402   a  defines lower first electrode plate front edge  1370  recessed from front surface  326  by lower first electrode plate front edge recess distance  1371 . Lower first electrode plate  402   a  defines lower first electrode plate back edge  1380  recessed from back surface  327  by lower first electrode plate back edge recess distance  1381 .  
       FIG. 14  shows upper second electrode plate  404   a  and surrounding dielectric material  710 . Upper second electrode plate  404   a  is generally a mirror image of lower first electrode plate  402   a  mirrored along an imaginary vertical line of symmetry passing through the center of electrode  402   a  as shown in  FIG. 13 .  
       FIG. 4   b  and  FIGS. 5-9  illustrate structures of layers and a sequence of layers of one embodiment of the invention having the external structure shown in  FIG. 3 . This embodiment shows only a minimum sequence of plates of the shielding electrode, first electrode, and second electrode including one plate of a first electrode and one plate of a second electrode. The first and second electrodes may each include multiple electrode plates. Preferably, the first electrode has the same number of plates as the second electrode. Preferably, the number of plates of the shielding electrode that are spaced between a plate of the first electrode and a plate of the second electrode (i.e., excluding the plates of the shielding electrode external to the plates of the first and second electrodes) is equal to or greater than the sum of the number of electrode plates of the first electrode plus the number of electrode plates of the second electrode, minus 1.  
       FIG. 15  illustrates a second embodiment of the invention including more than one plate forming each one of the first electrode and the second electrode.  
       FIG. 15  illustrates another novel device structure  1500  having the outer surface structure shown in  FIG. 3 . Structure  1500  includes shielding electrode bottom plate  1501 ; shielding electrode middle plates  1503 ,  1505 ,  1507 ,  1509 ,  1511 ,  1513 ,  1515 ,  1517 ,  1519 ; shielding electrode top plate  1521 ; first electrode lower plate  1502 ; first electrode middle plates  1506 ,  1510 ,  1514 ; first electrode upper plate  1518 ; second electrode lower plate  1504 ; second electrode plates  1504 ,  1508 ,  1512 ,  1516 ; and second electrode upper plate  1518 . Structure  1500  also includes edge interconnection structure in the form of side electrode terminal  301  defining side electrode terminal conductive portion  1571  in top surface  328  and side electrode terminal side portion  1522  in side surface  324 .  
      Structure  1500  includes 11 shield plates for the shielding electrode and 5 plates for each of first and second electrodes. Each plate of the first electrode is separated a plate of the second electrode by a plate of the shielding electrode. In addition, there is a plate of the shielding electrode external to all plates of the first and second electrodes at the top of the structure and another plate of the shielding electrode external to all plates of the first and second electrodes at the bottom of structure.  
      Structure  1500  shows an equal number of plates of the first electrode and the second electrode, which is preferred, because it provides improved signal conditioning. However, when structures like structure  1500  include a large enough number of plates in the first and second electrodes, a slight difference in number of plates in the first and second electrodes will not significantly impact signal conditioning ability.  
      Accordingly, preferably for all embodiments, the difference between the number of plates of the first electrode and the number of plates of the second is less than one percent of the number of plates of either electrode.  
       FIGS. 16   a - d  relate to structures that incorporate electrically conductive paths passing through apertures in plates of one or more electrodes in order to electrically connect plates of one electrode to one another and/or electrically conductive paths not passing through apertures in plates of one or more electrodes in order to electrically connect plates of a shielding electrode to one another and define a cage including shielding electrode plates and electrically conductive paths around all plates of the first and second electrodes. Electrically conductive paths passing through apertures in plates of one or more electrodes can be incorporated in discrete, PC board, and IC embodiments of this invention.  
       FIG. 16   a  shows a cross section of structure  1600  including upper shielding electrode plate  1601 ; shielding electrode plates  1603 ,  1605 ,  1607 ; lower shielding electrode plate  1609 ; first electrode plates  1602 ,  1606 ; second electrode plates  1604 ,  1608 ; first electrode conductive wire line  1610 , second electrode conductive wire line  1611 , first electrode plate extensions  1620 ,  1621 ; first electrode plate-wire line intersections  1630 ,  1631 ; and first electrode wire line termination point  1640 .  
      In structure  1600  each plate of the first electrode is separated from a plate of the second electrode by a plate of the shielding electrode, and the shielding electrode includes at least one plate above all plates of the first and second electrodes and one at least one plate below all plates of the first and second electrodes.  
      Wire line  1610  electrically connects to plate  1602  at plate-wire line intersection  1631 , and electrically connects to plate  1606  at plate-wire line intersection  1630 . Wire line  1611  includes plate-wire interconnections that electrically connect plates  1604  and  1608  to one another. First electrode plate  1602  may include first electrode plate extension  1621 .  
      A plate overlap region means a region in which major surfaces of two plates overlap.  
      First electrode plate extension  1621  of plate  1602  extends from a plate overlap region of plate  1602  with one other plate in structure  1600  to a side of wire line  1610  opposite the side on which the one other plate entirely resides. The one other plate could be any one of plates  1601 , and  1603 - 1609 . First electrode plate  1606  may include plate extension  1620 . Each one of second electrode plates  1604 ,  1608 , may include a plate extension, as shown but not numbered.  
      Wire line  1610 &#39;s extension in the vertical direction as shown in  FIG. 16   a  terminates at termination point  1640 . Termination point  1640  may be connected to a signal line or a return line.  
      First electrode plate extension  1621 , if it exists, terminates in first electrode plate extension termination  1650 . Termination  1650  is shown as a point in a cross-section. In a plan view of plate  1602 , termination  1650  is defined by an edge of plate  1602 . That edge may be generally straight, may have rounded edges defining radii of curvature less than the width of plate  1602 , or may define a necked structure having the general shape shown for the necked structure defined by transitions  850 ,  860  and edge  820  of the front side edge of plate  402   b  in  FIG. 8 .  
      In a fourth alternative embodiment indicated by dashed line  1670 , at least one of and preferably all of the shield electrode plates have a shield electrode plate extension, like shielding electrode plate extension  1670  of shielding electrode plate  1601 , indicated by the dashed line in  FIG. 16   a , that extends away from the region of overlapped plates and/or the region between wire lines  1610 ,  1611  beyond wire line  1640 , preferably also extends beyond the extension of at least one of the extension regions  1620 ,  1621  of the plates of the first electrode, and preferably extends beyond the extension of all of the extension regions of the first and second electrodes. In this fourth embodiment, plate  1601  includes aperture  1680  in which a section of wire line  1610  resides. Aperture  1680  is large enough to prevents electrical contact of wire line  1610  to shielding electrode plate  1601 .  
      In another and fifth alternative embodiment relating to  FIG. 16   a , conductive wire line  1690 , indicated by a dashed line in  FIG. 16   a , intersects with and electrically connects to shielding electrode plate extension  1670 . Preferably, conductive wire line  1690  also connects to all of the other plates of the shielding electrode, which plates also have shielding electrode plate extensions along the path of wire line  1690 .  
       FIG. 16   b  shows a section of structure  1600  in a plane showing wire lines connecting plates of the shielding electrodes. This plate is generally non-parallel, such as generally perpendicular, to the plane of the cut shown in  FIG. 16   a . Shielding electrode wire lines  1610   b ,  1611   b  intersect with and electrically connect shielding electrode plates  1601 ,  1603 ,  1605 ,  1607  to one another. Wire line  1610   b  terminates at termination  1640   b  and intersects shielding electrode plates at shielding plate-wire intersections  1630   b.    
      Wire lines  1610   b ,  1611   b  exist beyond the extension of plates  1602 ,  1604 ,  1606 ,  1608  for all electrodes other than the shielding electrode.  
       FIG. 16   c  shows, in a plan view, a surface of plate  1603  of the shielding electrode of structure  1600 . Shielding plate-wire intersections  1603   b , which are represented by dots in  FIG. 16   c , are locations where wire lines extending out of the page of  FIG. 16   c  and intersect with and electrically connect to plate  1603 . Shielding plate-wire intersections  1630   b , are distributed along a closed path near the periphery of plate  1603 . Apertures  1680  are distribute at opposite sides  324 ,  325 , of plate  1603 .  
       FIG. 16   d  shows, in plan view, electrode plate  1602 . Other plates of the non-shielding electrode have corresponding structure.  
      In a six alternative embodiment, plate  1602  includes one or more apertures  1691  away from the periphery of electrode plate  1602 . In the sixth embodiment, non-peripheral wire lines extend through apertures  1602  such that the non-peripheral wire lines do not electrically connect to electrode plate  1602 , and each such non-peripheral wire does electrically connect to at least on other plate in structure  1600 . For example, non-peripheral wire lines may connect all plates of one electrode to one another, may connect all plates of each non-shielding electrode to one another, or may connect all plates of the shielding electrode to one another.  
       FIG. 17  shows in plan view visible sections of a stack consisting of first electrode plate  1701  and second electrode plate  1720  for purposes of illustrating examples of energy pathway line segments and energy perpendicular line segments.  
       FIG. 17  shows plate stack  1700  including top plate  1701  and bottom plate  1720 . Top plate  1701  includes necked portion  1708 . Bottom plate  1720  includes necked portion  1721 . Necked portions  1708 ,  1721  correspond to necked portions discussed herein above which electrically connect plates of electrodes to edge inter connection structure. Plate stack  1700  includes right side surface  1704 , left side surface  1705 , and left side portions  1706 ,  1707 . Points  1710 ,  1723  represent the location geometric center of necked portions  1708 ,  1721 .  
      Line segment  1750  extends between points  1723 ,  1710 , and line segment  1750 . Line segment  1750  is the energy pathway line segment.  
      Line segment  1751  extends from right side  1704  to region  1707  of left side  1705 , and line segment  1751  is generally perpendicular to line segment  1750 . Line segment  1751  represents an energy perpendicular line segment.  
      Line segment  1752  extends from right side  1704  to region  1707  of left side  1705 , and it is perpendicular to line segment  1750 . Line segment  1752  intersects dashed line segment  1750  at a location resulting in the longest energy perpendicular line segment, and it is the maximal energy perpendicular line segment. Line segment  1752  is longer than line segment  1751  because left side edge region  1707  is further than left side edge region  1706  from right side edge  1704 .  
     Alternative Embodiments  
       FIG. 1  depicts a test circuit. Circuits including a structure of the invention typically include a source of electrical power providing current, voltage, or power, a load to which electrical power from the source of electrical power is supplied, and a structure of the invention like novel Device B in which (1) a first electrode of the structure is electrically connected to the source or to a conductive path electrically connected to the source, a second electrode is electrically connected to the return or to a conductive path electrically connected to the return, and a shielding electrode is electrically connected to a ground (or source or sink of charge). In some embodiments, the source or sink of charge to which the shielding electrode is electrically connected is a chassis ground. The conductive paths may be wires, coaxial cables, strip line, coplanar, waveguide, or any other type of conductive pathway used from zero to very high frequencies to transmit electrical energy.  
       FIG. 2  shows that the insertion loss of Device B exceeds that of Device A over a 100 megahertz range. The inventors recognize that the frequency range over which insertion loss of a structure of the invention exceeds a comparably dimensioned and externally shaped structure of a prior art device, various configurations of the invention may provide a different range in which the insertion loss exceeds the insertion loss of a corresponding prior art device, such as 1-1 mega Hertz, 0-10 mega Hertz, 0-1000 mega Hertz, 0-10000 mega Hertz, and that the absolute value of the insertion loss of these various devices of invention may range from greater than −40 dB, −50 dB, −60 dB, −70 dB, −80 dB, −90 dB, −100 dB, −110 dB, and −120 dB, depending upon frequency, dimensions of the structure of the invention, circuit configuration of the conductive structure electrically connected to the shielding electrode, and composition of the materials forming the structure of the invention.  
       FIG. 3  shows external dimensions of structure  300  and its edge interconnection structure in which each portion of the side electrode terminals  301 ,  305 , front electrode terminal  306 , back electrode terminal  310  forming part of each side of structure  300  is rectangular. Alternatively, any of these portions of the side, front, and back electrode terminals could have edges that are irregularly shaped, concave, convex, tapered, rounded, or with edges rounded. Moreover, the edge interconnection structure may be formed from different conductive material than plates of wire lines in the structure. For example, at least some of the edge interconnection structure may be formed from higher cost higher conductivity materials, such as substantially pure gold, platinum, palladium, or iridium, and at least some of the conductive material internal to the structure may be formed substantially from nickel or copper.  
      The center of front electrode terminal  306  may reside closer to side surface  324  than side surface  325  or vice versa. The center of back electrode terminal  310  may reside closer to side surface  324  than side surface  325  or vice versa. Preferably, front electrode terminal  306  covers front edge  820  of first electrode plate  402   b . Preferably, back electrode terminal  310  covers the back edge of upper plate  404   b  that corresponds in shape to front edge  820 . Thus, if the front electrode terminal of the back electrode terminal is offset towards one side, preferably the corresponding edges of the electrode plates of the non-shielding electrodes are also offset towards that side so that they each remain covered by an electrode terminal.  
      Side electrode terminals  301  and  305  may include electrically conductive material extending between front electrode terminal  306  and back electrode terminal  310  thereby electrically connecting side electrode terminals  301 ,  305  to one another to form a single external electrode terminal connecting to the plates of the shielding electrode.  
      Dielectric material may cover some parts of electrode terminals  301 ,  305 ,  306 ,  310 .  
      Portions of side electrode terminal  301 , side electrode  305 , or structure electrically connecting those two terminals to one another, may overlap portions of one or both of front and back electrodes  306 ,  310 , and be electrically insulated therefrom by a dielectric material.  
      Back electrode terminal side to side width  320  may be less than 95 percent of the side to side width L, preferably less than 70 percent of side to side width L, and most preferably less than 30 percent of side to side width L. Side electrode terminal conductive portion side to side width  322  may be zero, may be less than 5 percent of side to side width L, may be less than 15 percent of side to side width L, may be less than 40 percent of side to side width L, and preferably is interconnected to conductive portions of side electrode terminal  305  in a region between the front and back electrodes  306 ,  310 .  
      Structure  300  is shown as generally three dimensionally rectangular. Alternatively, structure  300  may have arcuate major surfaces with curvature either from side to side or front to back.  
      Structure  300  may be curved to the extent as to form a coiled generally cylindrical structure wherein one of side electrode terminals  301 ,  305  is at the center of the cylinder and aligned with the cylindrical axis and the other one of side electrode terminals is at the periphery of the cylinder and aligned with the cylindrical axis. In this alternative, front and back electrodes  306 ,  310 , are at ends of the cylinder and offset from the center and periphery of the cylinder.  
      Structure  300  may be curved and modified to the extent as to form a coiled generally cylindrical structure wherein side electrode terminals  301 ,  305  are at opposite ends of the cylinder, one of front and back electrodes  306 ,  310  is at the center of the cylinder, and the other one of front and back electrodes has a surface portion forming part of the cylindrical surface of structure  300  at a middle of structure  300 . In this alternative, the one of the front and back electrodes  306 ,  310  at the center of the cylinder is modified to include a conductive path extending along the axis of the cylinder to one end of the cylinder, and the side electrode terminal  306 ,  310  at that end of the cylinder is modified such that there is an insulating region surrounding portion of the conductive path connected to the centrally located terminal that extends to the end of the cylinder.  
      Alternatively, structure  300  may contain a series of folds in a zig zag configuration with fold axis along either the side to side or front to back direction.  
      Preferably, the ground or source or sink of charge connected to a shielding electrode of any embodiment of the invention has a surface area of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 50, or 100 times the surface area of any plate of the shielding electrode.  
      Alternatively, structure  300  may include a set of front electrode terminals, similar in shape and dimension to front electrode terminal  306 , but distributed along front surface  326  (and portions in the top and bottom surfaces) and/or a set of back electrode terminals distributed along back surface  327  (and portions in the top and bottom surfaces). Alternatively, front electrode terminal  306  or any one of multiple front and back electrodes may not include portions on one or both of the top and bottom surfaces of structure  300 . Multiple front or back electrode embodiments preferably also have electrical connected to each front or back electrode at least one plate.  
      Multiple front electrode embodiments may have a different set of plates electrically connected to each electrode of the front plate. Similarly, multiple back electrode embodiments may have a different set of plates electrically connected to each electrode of the back plate. Sets of different electrode plates connected to multiple front and back electrodes would provide a structure with more than two non-shielding electrodes. Such a structure having multiple terminals can be incorporated in a circuit architecture having multiple loads or multiple sources wherein each pair of paths between a load and its source electrically contacts a terminal of the structure. Thus, one, two, three, or more sources and/or one, two, three, or more loads may be connected across a structure of the invention.  
      Multiple front electrode embodiments may have located in at least one plate multiple plates each either electrically connected to the same electrode or to different electrodes. In these embodiments, preferably the multiple plates in the same plane are plates of the electrodes other than the shielding electrode.  
       FIG. 4   b  shows in structure  400   b  portions of electrode plates that electrically contact to the electrode edge interconnection structure and/or electrode terminal shown in  FIG. 3 .  FIGS. 5-8  show aspects of structure  400   b.    
      Alternatively, as previously indicated, structures of the invention may include multiple plates in each electrode. At least one or each plate of each of the first and second electrodes an similar additional non-shielding electrodes may have a plurality of edges that form part of a front or back surface  326 ,  327 . The necked portions of the type formed by lower first electrode plate front edge  820  and transitions  850 ,  860 , may form right angles, or they may be very gradual having relatively large radii of curvatures extending from the edge  820  all the way to the corner edge recessed transitions  890   a - d . In one alternative embodiment transitions  850 ,  860  and corner edge recessed transitions  890   a - d  merge to form a substantially circular major surface shaped plate, with our without a substantial necked portion resulting in edge  820 .  
      The recesses of the type shown by front edge recess distance  870  from the front or back edges  326 ,  327  may have a length ranging from substantially zero to about 40 percent of front to back width W, preferably at least 1 percent, more preferably at least 4 percent, and preferably at least 10 percent of front to back width W.  
      Distance  630  may be less than, equal to, or greater than the length of front edge recess distance  870 . Distance  630  may be zero, may be at least one, more preferably at least 2, 5, 10, or 20 times plate separation distance  630 . Preferably, non-shielding electrode plates are recessed relative to adjacent shielding electrode plates along their entire periphery, except for the necked regions where they connect to electrode interconnection structure.  
      The setback distance of the shielding electrode plates, like lower shielding electrode front edge distance  771 , from front and back surfaces  326 ,  327 , is preferably less than the recess distance  870  of non-shielding electrode plates. Distance  771  along the front side surface in a region overlapping a neck of a non-shielding electrode plate such as edge  820  of plate  402   b  shown in  FIG. 8 , must be sufficient to prevent electrical connection of the shielding electrode plate to the non-shielding electrode&#39;s plate. Typically, distance  771  in such a region is at least one micron, preferably at least 5 microns, and may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or more microns.  
       FIG. 7  shows a rectangular shielding plate electrode major surface for plate  401   b . Alternatively, the width between front  326  and back  327  may vary. This width may be flared such that the width between the front  326  and the back  327  is large at sides  324 ,  325 . The width of plate  401   b  at sides  324 ,  325  may equal the width from front to back of plate surrounding material  710 . Plate  401   b  may be shaped to form in an inverse neck wherein the major surface of plate  401   b  has width W at all portions except a portion adjacent necked regions of the non-shielding electrodes like necked region  820 ,  850 ,  860  shown in  FIG. 8 .  
       FIGS. 8 and 9  shows lower and upper non-shielding electrode terminals as mirror images about line  910  in  FIG. 9 . Alternatively, each of these plates may include a set of more than one necked regions for making a plurality of electrical contacts to edge interconnection structure. Moreover, the necked regions may exist at different locations along the side to side length between sides  325 ,  325 . Moreover, necks may have different neck widths (i.e., like the width between  850 ,  860 ) or edge widths (i.e., like the length of edge  82 ) from one another on the same plate or on different plates. Further, the setback distance  870  may be different between different necks on the same plate or on different plates. For example, in embodiments including more than two non-shielding electrode terminals, plates of one non-shielding electrode may all have the same neck width and different setback distance as one another, and either of both of those distance may be different from at least one other or all other plates of any other non-shielding electrode in the structure.  
      Structure  402   b  is shown with equal distances between plates and represent plates as energy pathways. However, each plate of the non-shielding electrodes and shielding electrode may have a different thickness form one another, and the distances between the top two and bottom two plates may be different from distances between the center three plates.  
       FIG. 15  shows a multilayer structure  1500  of the invention with equally spaced layers, and equally spaced recesses of layers from surfaces (such as the surface on the right hand side of the structure) and relative to the edges of the shielding layers. Alternatively, the distance of the recesses of each layer from a surface, the length of the recess of edges of plates of the non-shielding electrodes from the edges of plates of the shielding electrode, and the distances between adjacent plates may all be different from one another. In some embodiments, distances between several layers adjacent either or both of the top or the bottom are spaced further apart from one another than layers further from the top or bottom of the structure. Manufacturing requirements on a specified thickness of a specified number of layers may require adjusting thicknesses of the final layers to be either thicker or thinner than initial layers in order to meed the specified thickness. Manufacturing processing, such as heating, may result in layers all of initially the same nominal thickness having different thicknesses towards one or both of the top or bottom of the structure.  
      Structures like multilayer structure  1500  may have the same features and variations to their plates and overall shape as noted above for structure  402   b.    
       FIG. 16   a  shows one section view of structure  1600 . Alternatively, in the same section, there may be only one of conductive wire lines  1610 ,  1611 , or 2, 3, 4, 5, or more conductive wire lines connecting plates of the same non-shielding electrode to one another. Alternatively, of course, structure  1600  may include a larger number of plates, such as the 11 shielding plates and 5 plates in each non-shielding electrode as in structure  1500 , or more layers, such as 50, 100, 150, 200, or more. In structure with more layers, each wire line may not electrically connect to each plate of the same non-shielding electrode, and there may be 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 50, or more conductive wire lines electrically connecting to plates of the same non-shielding electrode. Further, the variations in shapes of the plates and the limitations on their relative setbacks and recesses discussed for structures  402   b  and  1500  are applicable to structures like structure  1600 . Setback distances and relative distances discussed for edges of plates of non-shielding electrodes of structure  402   b  relative to edge interconnection structure correspond to the distance, in the plane of a plate, from edges of plates of non-shielding electrodes of structure  1500  to shielding plate-wire intersections  1630   b.    
      Structures of the invention may be formed by laying down suitable precursor layers for dielectric and conductive material and subsequent heating, by thin film deposition, masking, and lithography techniques, by machining techniques including micro machining. Many such techniques are well known in the art.  
      Circuits may be constructed by the foregoing techniques, and also by soldering and mechanically and/or electrically connecting components to one another and to supporting structure.  
      In one circuit embodiment, a ground (or source or sink of charge), such as ground (or source or sink of charge)  60  in  FIG. 2  is electrically connected to the shielding electrode interconnection structure at both sides  324 ,  325 . Such connections were made in the circuit in which Device A and Device B were tested by mechanical connection of the ground (or source or sink of charge)  60  to each side corresponding to sides  324 ,  325  of structure  300  for devices A and B.  
      The foregoing disclosure is illustrative of certain embodiments of the invention. However, the inventor intends the scope of protection based upon the following claims and obvious equivalents thereof.