Patent Publication Number: US-11398596-B2

Title: Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) integration on backside of silicon

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments of the disclosure are in the field of integrated circuit structures and, in particular, magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) integration on backside of silicon. 
     BACKGROUND 
     For the past several decades, the scaling of features in integrated circuits has been a driving force behind an ever-growing semiconductor industry. Scaling to smaller and smaller features enables increased densities of functional units on the limited real estate of semiconductor chips. For example, shrinking transistor size allows for the incorporation of an increased number of memory devices on a chip, lending to the fabrication of products with increased functionality. The drive for ever-more functionality, however, is not without issue. The necessity to optimize the performance of each device becomes increasingly significant. 
     Non-volatile embedded memory, e.g., on-chip embedded memory with non-volatility can enable energy and computational efficiency. However, leading embedded memory options such as spin torque transfer magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) can suffer from high voltage and high current-density problems during the programming (writing) of the cell. The density limitations of STT-MRAM may be due to large write switching current and select transistor requirements. Specifically, traditional STT-MRAM has a cell size limitation due to the drive transistor requirement to provide sufficient spin current. Furthermore, such memory is associated with large write current (&gt;100 μA) and voltage (&gt;0.7 V) requirements of conventional magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based devices. In particular, this is manifested as i) high write error rates or low speed switching (exceeding 20 ns) in magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based MRAM, and reliability issues due to tunneling current in magnetic tunnel junctions. 
     As such, significant improvements are still needed in the area of non-volatile memory arrays based on MTJs. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a two terminal 1T-1MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction) bit-cell for a STT-MRAM. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates an integrated circuit comprising a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates a typical material stack for GSHE Spin Orbit Torque (SOT) Switching based 1T-1MTJ bit cell, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2C  is a top view of the device of  FIG. 2B . 
         FIG. 2D  is a cross-section of the SOT electrode that shows direction of spin currents and charge currents as decided by SOT in metals. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a memory device comprising a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS in further detail according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a top view of a layout of a cross sectional view of a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view of 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS along line cross sectional line AA of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a plot of write energy-delay conditions for 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell compared to traditional MTJs, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a plot of reliable write times for 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS and traditional MTJs, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram representing various operations in a method of fabricating a 1T-1MTJ memory device with MOBS in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate a wafer composed of semiconductor material and that includes one or more dies having integrated circuit (IC) structures formed on a surface of the wafer. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated circuit (IC) device assembly that may include one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a computing device in accordance with one implementation of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments for a filter layer for magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) integration on backside of silicon are described. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as specific material and tooling regimes, in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features, such as single or dual damascene processing, are not described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the various embodiments shown in the FIGS. are illustrative representations and are not necessarily drawn to scale. In some cases, various operations will be described as multiple discrete operations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the present disclosure, however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation. 
     Certain terminology may also be used in the following description for the purpose of reference only, and thus are not intended to be limiting. For example, terms such as “upper”, “lower”, “above”, “below,” “bottom,” and “top” refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made. Terms such as “front”, “back”, “rear”, and “side” describe the orientation and/or location of portions of the component within a consistent but arbitrary frame of reference which is made clear by reference to the text and the associated drawings describing the component under discussion. Such terminology may include the words specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. 
     Embodiments described herein may be directed to front-end-of-line (FEOL) semiconductor processing and structures. FEOL is the first portion of integrated circuit (IC) fabrication where the individual devices (e.g., transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are patterned in the semiconductor substrate or layer. FEOL generally covers everything up to (but not including) the deposition of metal interconnect layers. Following the last FEOL operation, the result is typically a wafer with isolated transistors (e.g., without any wires). 
     Embodiments described herein may be directed to back end of line (BEOL) semiconductor processing and structures. BEOL is the second portion of IC fabrication where the individual devices (e.g., transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are interconnected with wiring on the wafer, e.g., the metallization layer or layers. BEOL includes contacts, insulating layers (dielectrics), metal levels, and bonding sites for chip-to-package connections. In the BEOL part of the fabrication stage contacts (pads), interconnect wires, vias and dielectric structures are formed. For modern IC processes, more than 10 metal layers may be added in the BEOL. 
     Embodiments described below may be applicable to FEOL processing and structures, BEOL processing and structures, or both FEOL and BEOL processing and structures. In particular, although an exemplary processing scheme may be illustrated using a FEOL processing scenario, such approaches may also be applicable to BEOL processing. Likewise, although an exemplary processing scheme may be illustrated using a BEOL processing scenario, such approaches may also be applicable to FEOL processing. 
     One or embodiments of the present invention is directed to magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) integration on backside of silicon. General applications of such an array include, but are not limited to, embedded memory, magnetic tunnel junction architectures, MRAM, non-volatile memory, spin hall effects, spin torque memory, and embedded memory using magnetic memory devices. 
     More specifically, one or more embodiments a MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction) MRAM (Magnetic Random Access Memory) with metallization on both side (MOBS) bit-cell is described. In one embodiment, the bit-cell is fabricated on both sides of a substrate having a front side and a backside, wherein a first conductive line is on the backside and a second conductive line is on the front side. A transistor is on the front side between the second conductive line and the substrate. A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is on the backside between the first conductive line and the substrate, wherein one end of the MTJ is coupled through the substrate to the transistor and an opposite end of the MTJ is connected to the first conductive line, and wherein the transistor is further connected to the second conductive line on the front side. In one embodiment, the bit-cell is a 1T (one transistor)-1MTJ with metal on both side (MOBS) bit-cell. The embodiments also describe a layout of the 1T-1MTJ with MOBS bit-cell. 
     In order to provide context,  FIG. 1  illustrates a two terminal 1T-1MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction) bit-cell  100  for STT-MRAM. All components shown are on the same side of a substrate. The read and write current paths for bit-cell  100  are identical, resulting in many design trade-offs. For example, during read operation, higher resistance of MTJ device is desired than during write operation. However, same current paths for passing read and write currents discourages from having different resistances for read and write operations. To write a logical high to bit-cell  100 , bit line is raised relative to source (or select) line, and to write a logical low to bit-cell  100 , bit line is lowered relative to the source line. To read from bit-cell  100 , source line is set to logical low and MTJ resistance is sensed using weak current (e.g., ⅛ th  of write current). 
     The 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  100  may have large write current (e.g., greater than 100 μA) and large voltage (e.g., greater than 0.7 V) requirements of the MTJ. The 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  100  may have high write error rates or low speed switching (e.g., exceeding 20 ns) in MTJ based MRAM. The 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  100  may also have reliability issues due to tunneling current in magnetic tunnel junctions. For example, an insulator layer in the MTJ device is a barrier (e.g., 1 KΩ to 10 KΩ) which resists flow of large current, and lower current flow causes higher write errors. 
     According to one or more embodiments, an improved implementation for a MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction) MRAM (Magnetic Random Access Memory) is provided, which is directed to a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with metal on both side (MOBS), as shown in  FIG. 2A . 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates an integrated circuit comprising a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell  200  with MOBS, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The bit-cell  200  comprises a substrate  202  having front side  204  of metallization and backside  206  of metallization, where a first conductive line  212 , such as a bit line, is on the backside, and a second conductive line  208 , such as a source line, is on the front side. A transistor  210  is located on the front side  204  between the second conductive line  208  and the substrate  202 . A MTJ device  214  is on the backside  206  between the first conductive line  212  and the substrate  202 , wherein one end of the MTJ device  214  is coupled through the substrate  202  to the transistor  210 , and an opposite end of the MTJ device  214  is connected to the first conductive line  212  in the backside  206 . On the front side, the transistor  210  is further connected to the second conductive line  208 . 
     The 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  200  with MOBS provides a highly compact RAM via the Giant Spin Hall Effect (GSHE), which produces high spin injection efficiency. Some non-limiting technical effects of the embodiments are that low programming voltages (or higher current for identical voltages) are enabled by the GSHE; lower write error rates are realized to enable faster MRAM (e.g., less than 10 ns); write and read paths are decoupled to enable faster read latencies; and low resistance write operation is realized which allows for injection or higher currents to obtain ultra-fast switching behavior of the MTJ. 
       FIG. 2B  illustrates a typical material stack  220  for GSHE Spin Orbit Torque (SOT) Switching based 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  200 , according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The example MTJ stack comprises free magnetic layer (FM1), tunneling barrier, fixed magnetic layer (FM2), coupler layer, Synthetic Antiferro-magnet (SAF)/pinning layer, and a top electrode comprising three capping metal layers. 
     The MTJ functions essentially as a resistor, where the resistance of an electrical path through the MTJ may exist in two resistive states, either “high” or “low,” depending on the direction or orientation of magnetization in the free magnetic layer and in the fixed magnetic layer. In the case that the directions of magnetization in the free magnetic layer and the fixed magnet layer closest to it are substantially opposed or anti-parallel with one another, a high resistive state exists. In the case that the directions of magnetization in the coupled free magnetic layers and the fixed magnetic layer closest to it are substantially aligned or parallel with one another, a low resistive state exists. It is to be understood that the terms “low” and “high” with regard to the resistive state of the MTJ are relative to one another. In other words, the high resistive state is merely a detectibly higher resistance than the low resistive state, and vice versa. Thus, with a detectible difference in resistance, the low and high resistive states can represent different bits of information (i.e. a “0” or a “1”). 
     In certain aspects and in at least some embodiments of the present invention, certain terms hold certain definable meanings. For example, the “free” layer magnetic layer is a magnetic layer storing a computational variable. A “fixed” magnetic layer is a magnetic layer with fixed magnetization (magnetically harder than the free magnetic layer). The free layer and the fixed layer may be ferromagnetic layers. In one embodiment, the free layer may be complex and made of two separate magnetic layers with a coupler layer in between. In one embodiment, the fixed layer is complex and made of two magnets with a coupler layer in between. In yet another embodiment, both the free layer and the fixed layer may be complex. A tunneling barrier material is one located between free and fixed magnetic layers. The SAF/pinning layer allows for cancelling the dipole fields around the free magnetic layer. A coupler layer aids the SAF/pinning layer in pinning the fixed layer, and centers the magnetic hysteresis loop by overcoming the dipole field between the fixed and the free magnetic layers. In one embodiment, the coupler layer may comprise Ru, Ir, W, or Ta. 
     A wide combination of materials can be used for material stacking of the 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  200 . For example, in one embodiment, the free magnetic layer and the fixed magnetic layer may comprise Co x Fe y B z  (Cobalt, Iron, Boron), where ‘x,’ ‘y,’ and ‘z’ are integers. The tunneling barrier layer may comprise an oxide layer such as magnesium oxide (MgO). The free magnetic layer is in direct contact with a SOT electrode  222 , which may comprise a GSHE metal or heavy metal dopants made of heavy metals with high spin-orbit coupling, such as β-Tantalum (β-Ta), β-Tungsten (β-W), Pt, Hf, Ir, Bi, and Cu doped with elements such as Iridum, bisumuth, and/or any of the elements of 3d, 4d, 5d and 4f, 5f periodic groups in the periodic table. In another embodiment, the SOT electrode  222  and optionally the SAF/pinning layer may comprise Co/antiferro-magnet, Fe/antiferro-magnet, Ni/antiferro-magnet, MnGa/antiferro-magnet, MnGeGa/antiferro-magnet, Bct-Ru/antiferro-magnet, and alloys thereof. In yet another embodiment, the SOT electrode  222  and optionally the SAF/pinning layer may comprise quasi-two-dimensional triangular antiferro-magnets including Ni1-xMxGa2S4 where M=Mn, Fe, Co and Zn and transition metal di-chalcogenides/topological insulators such as BiSe2, WTe2, WSe2, MoSe2 and the like, IrMn, PtMn, NiMn or other triangular, Kagomi, chiral or hexagonal antiferro-magnets and in their single crystal form or their amorphous alloys in various compositions. In one embodiment, the SOT electrode  222  transitions into a normal high conductivity metal (e.g., Cu) to minimize the SOT electrode resistance. In alternative embodiments, other materials may be used to form the 1T-1MTJ bit-cell  200 . 
       FIG. 2C  is a top view  230  of the device of  FIG. 2B . In  FIG. 2C , the magnet is oriented along the width of the SOT electrode  222  for appropriate spin injection. The magnetic cell is written by applying a charge current via the SOT electrode  222 . The direction of the magnetic writing is decided by the direction of the applied charge current. Positive currents (along+y) produce a spin injection current with transport direction (along+z) and spins pointing to (+x) direction. SOT can impact both perpendicular and in plane magnetic free layers, this disclosure applies to both. Because what is known as the Spin Hall Effect may be responsible for the current-induced magnetization switch in the MTJ device, an SOT-MRAM may also be referred to as a Giant Spin Hall Effect (GSPHE) MRAM. 
       FIG. 2D  is a cross-section of the SOT electrode  222  that shows direction of spin currents and charge currents as decided by SOT in metals. The injected spin current in-turn produces spin torque to align the magnet in the +x or −x direction. The transverse spin current ({right arrow over (I)} s ={right arrow over (I)} ↑ −{right arrow over (I)} ↓  with spin direction {circumflex over (σ)}) for a charge current ({right arrow over (I)} c ) in the SOT electrode  222  is given by equation (1):
 
 I   s   ρ   P   she ( W,t,λ   sp ϕ SHE )(σ xI   s   ρ )  (1)
 
where P SHE =({right arrow over (I)} ↑ −{right arrow over (I)} ↓ )/({right arrow over (I)} ↑ +{right arrow over (I)} ↓ ) is the spin hall injection efficiency which is the ratio of magnitude of transverse spin current to lateral charge current, w is the width of the magnet, t is the thickness of the GSHE metal electrode, λsf is the spin flip length in the GSHE metal, θGSHE is the spin hall angle for the GSHE-metal to FM1 interface. The injected spin angular momentum responsible for spin torque is given by {right arrow over (S)}=ℏ{right arrow over (I)} s /2e.
 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a memory device comprising a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell  300  with MOBS in further detail according to one embodiment of the disclosure, where like components from  FIG. 2A  have like reference numbers, but are not limited to such. The MRAM bit-cell  300  is fabricated on both the front side  204  and the backside  206  of substrate  202  and is configured as a three terminal device compared to the two terminal bit-cell  100 . The backside  206  comprises a bit line  312  and a MTJ device  214 , where a read bit line  312   a  and a write bit line  312   b  of bit line  312  are decoupled from one another forming the first and second terminals. The front side  204  comprises a source line  308 , which forms the third terminal, and a transistor  210 , which is controllable by a word line (WL)  224  and is coupled to the source line. 
     According to the disclosed embodiments, the MTJ device  214  on the backside  206  includes a SOT electrode  222  comprising a SHE material and a free magnetic layer (e.g., CoFeB) in direct contact with the SOT electrode  222 , wherein the SOT electrode  222  defines one end of the MTJ device  214  and is directly coupled to the write bit line  312   b ; and a top electrode defines an opposite end of the MTJ device  214  and is coupled to the read bit line  312   a . In one embodiment, SOT electrode  222  is exclusive to the MTJ device, i.e., it is not shared with other MTJ devices. 
     In one embodiment, one of drain/source terminals of the transistor  210  on the front side  204  is coupled through a via  226  in the substrate  202  to the SOT electrode  222  on the backside  206 , and another of the source/drain terminals is coupled to the source line  308  on the front side  204 . In one embodiment, word line  224  is coupled to the gate terminal of transistor  210 . In one embodiment, transistor  210  is an n-type transistor e.g., NMOS, or a p-type transistor e.g., PMOS. In one embodiment, transistor  210  may be placed in saturation mode to overcome the existing limitation in highly scaled MRAM arrays 
     In one embodiment, to write data to bit-cell  200 , spin current is injected in the free magnetic layer of the MTJ device which is in direct contact with the SOT electrode  222  formed from SHE material. In one embodiment, to read data from bit-cell  200 , a sense amplifier (not shown) senses read bit line  312   a  and write bit line  312   b.    
     There are several advantages of bit-cell  200  over bit-cell  100 . For example, the write and read operation of the bit-cell  200  are decoupled from one another allowing for highly optimized write operation, e.g., less than 10 ns with very low BER (bit error rate). Other advantages include, for example, the read path resistance can now be optimized for read sense amplifier requirements; feasibility to achieve spin injection efficiency of approximately 100% or higher due to Spin Hall Enhancement; the same density compared to density of existing 1T-1MTJ designs. 
       FIG. 4  is a top view of a layout of a cross sectional view of a 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The bit-cell layout  400  shows a transistor area  402  comprising source  404 , gate  406 , and drain  408 . A source line  410  extends over the transistor area  402 , and MTJ  412  lies under a portion of the drain  408 . As shown, the 1T-1MTJ bit-cell layout  400  has a 1.5× transistor pitch and a 1.0× metal 0 (M0) pitch. The 1.5 P, 1.0 M0 layout is 33% denser than a 1.5 P, 1.5 M0 layout of a conventional 1T-1R layout. Another advantage of the bit-cell layout  400  is that the layout allows for high temperature processing for the MTJ stack, since the MTJ stack is on a different side of the substrate from the logic. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view of 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS along line cross sectional line AA of  FIG. 4 , where like components of  FIG. 4  have like reference numerals. The cross-section view of the bit-cell layout  400  shows the transistor area  402  fabricated on a front side  502  of substrate  500 , and the MTJ  412  fabricated on a backside  504  of the substrate  500 . In one embodiment, the source  404  and drain  408  of the transistor are coupled to metal layers TCN and in turn couple to M0C and M0B lines respectively, where M0C and M0B are segments of metal in M0 layer. In one embodiment, M0C is a continuous line for a row of bit-cells in an array. In one embodiment, source line is coupled to M0C. The drain  408  is coupled to MTJ  412  on the backside  504  using a through via  506  in substrate  500 . The through via  506  is connected to a via pedestal  508  that is in contact with one end of MTJ  412 . An opposite end of MTJ  412  is coupled to bit line  510 . 
       FIG. 6  is a plot  600  of write energy-delay conditions for 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell compared to traditional MTJs, according to one embodiment. The x-axis is energy (fJ/Write) and y-axis is delay in nano-seconds. Plot  700  shows five waveforms. Plot  700  compares the energy-delay trajectory of GSHE and MTJ (GSHE-MTJ) devices for in-plane magnet switching as the applied write voltage is varied. The energy-delay trajectory (for in-plane switching) can be written as: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     where R write  is the write resistance of the devices (RGSHE or RMTJ-P, RMTJ-AP), ‘P’ is the spin current polarization (PGSHE or PMTJ), μ 0  is vacuum permeability, and ‘e’ is the electron charge. The energy at a given delay is directly proportional to the square of the Gilbert damping. τ 0 =M s Ve/I c Pμ B  varies as the spin polarization varies for various GSHE metal electrodes. The combined effect of spin Hall polarization, damping and resistivity of the spin Hall electrodes is plotted in plot  600 . 
     All the cases considered in plot  600  assume a 30×60 nm magnet with 40 kT thermal energy barrier and 3.5 nm GSHE electrode thicknesses. The energy-delay trajectories of the devices are obtained assuming a voltage sweep from 0-0.7 V in accordance to voltage restrictions of scaled CMOS. The energy-delay trajectory of the GSHE-MTJ devices exhibits broadly two operating regions. Region 1 where the energy delay product is approximately constant, which is expressed as:
 
(τ d   &lt;M   s   Ve/I   c   Pμ   B )  (4)
 
Region 2 where the energy is proportional to the delay, which is expressed as:
 
τ d   &gt;M   s   Ve/I   c   Pμ   B   (5)
 
The two regions are separated by energy minima at:
 
τ opt   =M   s   Ve/I   c   Pμ   B   (6)
 
where minimum switching energy is obtained for the spin torque devices.
 
     The energy-delay trajectory of the STT-MTJ devices (plots  604  and  605 ) is limited with a minimum delay of 1 ns for in-plane devices at 0.7 V maximum applied voltage, the switching energy for P-AP and AP-P are in the range of 1 pJ/write. In contrast, the energy-delay trajectory of GSHE-MTJ (in-plane anisotropy) devices  701 ,  702 , and  703  can enable switching times as low as 20 ps (β-W with 0.7 V, 20 fJ/bit) or switching energy as small as 2 fJ (β-W with 0.1 V, 1.5 ns switching time). Plot  700  shows that 1T-1 SHE MTJ device with same energy exhibits lower write operation delay. 
       FIG. 7  is a plot  700  of reliable write times for 1T-1MTJ MRAM bit-cell with MOBS and traditional MTJs, according to one embodiment. Plot  00  shows write times of the 1T-1 SHE MTJ devices using bit-cell circuit simulations coupled with Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert nanomagnet dynamics. The Spin Hall MTJ shows significant write time improvement compared to perpendicular and in-plane MTJs. 
       FIG. 8  is a flow diagram representing various operations in a method of fabricating a 1T-1MTJ memory device with MOBS in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein. As previously described, fabrication techniques of a 1T-1MTJ memory device are implemented within the context of a MOBS scheme. In some such embodiments, the MOBS scheme may be achieved by forming first and second multilayered substrates, including bulk wafers (e.g., a bulk silicon) or a semiconductor-on-insulator wafers (e.g., silicon-on-insulator or SOI wafer) (block  800 ). 
     Standard front-end processing can then be performed on the first substrate to form as many semiconductor devices (e.g., transistors) as desired (block  802 ). 
     Standard back-end processing can then be performed over the transistors to form contacts and as many metal (or otherwise electrically conductive) back-end layers as desired on the first substrate (block  804 ). In some embodiments, front side vias or contacts may be processed very deep, such as into at least a portion of the substrate below the device layer, as the deeply processed vias may be used for making contact through wafer between drains of the transistor and the MTJ. 
     Standard front-end processing can then be performed on the second substrate to form as many semiconductor devices (e.g., MTJs) as desired (block  806 ). In an embodiment, the SOT electrodes of the MTJs are formed in a dielectric layer by a damascene or a dual damascene process that is well known in the art. In an embodiment, the SOT electrode may comprises a Giant Spin Hall Effect (GSHE) metal made of β-Tantalum (β-Ta), β-Tungsten (β-W), Pt, Copper (Cu) doped with elements such as Iridum, Bismuth and any of the elements of 3d, 4d, 5d and 4f, 5f periodic groups in the periodic table. 
     In one embodiment, a MTJ material stack is formed on the SOT electrode. In one embodiment, the MTJ material stack and the material layer stack are blanket deposited. The layers of the MTJ stack may be formed by sputter-deposition techniques with deposition rates in the Ångstrom-per-second range. The techniques include physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically planar magnetron sputtering, and ion-beam deposition. In an embodiment, the MTJ stack may be subjected to an annealing process performed at a temperature between 300-400 degrees Celsius. In an embodiment, layers of the material layer stack may be respectively blanket deposited by an evaporation process, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process or by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. In an embodiment, the chemical vapor deposition process is enhanced by plasma techniques such as RF glow discharge (plasma enhanced CVD) to increase the density and uniformity of the film. In an embodiment, an uppermost layer of material layer stack may include the top electrode layer that ultimately acts as a hardmask. 
     The deposition process can be configured to control the magnetic properties of the magnetic layers. For example, the direction of the magnetic anisotropy of the ferromagnetic materials can be set during the deposition of the layer by applying a magnetic field across the substrate. The resulting uniaxial anisotropy is observed as magnetic easy and hard directions in the magnetization of the layer. Since the anisotropy axis affects the switching behavior of the material, the deposition system must be capable of projecting a uniform magnetic field across the substrate, typically in the 20-100 Oe range, during deposition. The deposition process can control other magnetic properties, such as coercivity and magnetorestriction, by the choice of magnetic alloy and deposition conditions. Because the switching field of a patterned bit depends directly on the thickness of the free layer magnet, the thickness uniformity and repeatability must meet strict requirements. 
     Standard back-end processing can then be performed over the MTJs to form contacts and as many metal (or otherwise electrically conductive) back-end layers as desired on the second substrate (block  808 ). For example, the bit lines may be patterned on an uppermost surface of the top electrode of the MTJs to complete formation of a memory cell. In an embodiment, the bit lines may comprise conductive material such as W, TiN, TaN or Ru. In an embodiment, the bit line is formed by using a dual damascene process (not shown) and includes a barrier layer such as Ru, Ta or Ti and a fill metal such as W or Cu. 
     The MTJs from the second substrate are then attached to the first substrate (block  810 ). In one example process flow, this may be accomplished as follows. MTJ stacks are formed over a transfer layer on the second substrate. Thereafter, a temporary substrate is formed on the top of the second substrate. The second substrate is then separated from the MTJ stacks at the transfer layer. The MTJ stacks with the temporary substrate thereon are then attached to the first substrate having a device layer formed thereon including the transistors. The transfer layer of the temporary wafer is then removed, for example by, etching. 
     In one embodiment, the MTJs from the second substrate may be attached to the first substrate prior to backend processing (block  808 ). In another embodiment, the MTJs may be fabricated on the first substrate and the transistors fabricated on the second substrate. In an embodiment, where the substrates are wafers, respective die from the first and second wafers may be bonded together. The die may be bonded using any suitable wafer bonding process known to those of ordinary skill. 
     The transistor in each 1T-1MTJ bit-cell with MOBS is connected with a word line and a source line in a manner that will be understood to those skilled in the art. The 1T-1MTJ bit-cell with MOBS may further include additional read and write circuitry (not shown), a sense amplifier (not shown), a bit line reference (not shown), and the like, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, for the operation of the 1T-1MTJ bit-cell with MOBS. It is to be understood that a plurality of the 1T-1MTJ bit-cell with MOBS may be operably connected to one another to form a memory array (not shown), wherein the memory array can be incorporated into a non-volatile memory device. 
     Suitable semiconductor substrates include, but are not limited to, single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon and silicon on insulator (SOI), as well as similar substrates formed of other semiconductor materials. The semiconductor substrate, depending on the stage of manufacture, often includes transistors, integrated circuitry, and the like. The substrate may also include semiconductor materials, metals, dielectrics, dopants, and other materials commonly found in semiconductor substrates. Furthermore, although not depicted, structures described herein may be fabricated on underlying lower level back end of line (BEOL) interconnect layers. For example, in one embodiment, an embedded non-volatile memory structure is formed on a material composed of a dielectric material such as, but not limited to, silicon dioxide, silicon oxy-nitride, silicon nitride, or carbon-doped silicon nitride. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B , a wafer  900  may be composed of semiconductor material and may include one or more dies  902  having integrated circuit (IC) structures formed on a surface of the wafer  900 . Each of the dies  902  may be a repeating unit of a semiconductor product that includes any suitable IC (e.g., ICs including one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device, such as described above. After the fabrication of the semiconductor product is complete, the wafer  900  may undergo a singulation process in which each of the dies  902  is separated from one another to provide discrete “chips” of the semiconductor product. In particular, structures that include embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device as disclosed herein may take the form of the wafer  900  (e.g., not singulated) or the form of the die  902  (e.g., singulated). The die  902  may include one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device and/or supporting circuitry to route electrical signals, as well as any other IC components. In some embodiments, the wafer  900  or the die  902  may include an additional memory device (e.g., a static random access memory (SRAM) device), a logic device (e.g., an AND, OR, NAND, or NOR gate), or any other suitable circuit element. Multiple ones of these devices may be combined on a single die  902 . For example, a memory array formed by multiple memory devices may be formed on a same die  902  as a processing device or other logic that is configured to store information in the memory devices or execute instructions stored in the memory array. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein may be used to manufacture a wide variety of different types of integrated circuits and/or microelectronic devices. Examples of such integrated circuits include, but are not limited to, processors, chipset components, graphics processors, digital signal processors, micro-controllers, and the like. In other embodiments, semiconductor memory may be manufactured. Moreover, the integrated circuits or other microelectronic devices may be used in a wide variety of electronic devices known in the arts. For example, in computer systems (e.g., desktop, laptop, server), cellular phones, personal electronics, etc. The integrated circuits may be coupled with a bus and other components in the systems. For example, a processor may be coupled by one or more buses to a memory, a chipset, etc. Each of the processor, the memory, and the chipset, may potentially be manufactured using the approaches disclosed herein. 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of an integrated circuit (IC) device assembly that may include one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device, in accordance with one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , an IC device assembly  1000  includes components having one or more integrated circuit structures described herein. The IC device assembly  1000  includes a number of components disposed on a circuit board  1002  (which may be, e.g., a motherboard). The IC device assembly  1000  includes components disposed on a first face  1040  of the circuit board  1002  and an opposing second face  1042  of the circuit board  1002 . Generally, components may be disposed on one or both faces  1040  and  1042 . In particular, any suitable ones of the components of the IC device assembly  1000  may include embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device, such as disclosed herein. 
     In some embodiments, the circuit board  1002  may be a printed circuit board (PCB) including multiple metal layers separated from one another by layers of dielectric material and interconnected by electrically conductive vias. Any one or more of the metal layers may be formed in a desired circuit pattern to route electrical signals (optionally in conjunction with other metal layers) between the components coupled to the circuit board  1002 . In other embodiments, the circuit board  1002  may be a non-PCB substrate. 
     The IC device assembly  1000  illustrated in  FIG. 10  includes a package-on-interposer structure  1036  coupled to the first face  1040  of the circuit board  1002  by coupling components  1016 . The coupling components  1016  may electrically and mechanically couple the package-on-interposer structure  1036  to the circuit board  1002 , and may include solder balls (as shown in  FIG. 8 ), male and female portions of a socket, an adhesive, an underfill material, and/or any other suitable electrical and/or mechanical coupling structure. 
     The package-on-interposer structure  1036  may include an IC package  1020  coupled to an interposer  1004  by coupling components  1018 . The coupling components  1018  may take any suitable form for the application, such as the forms discussed above with reference to the coupling components  1016 . Although a single IC package  1020  is shown in  FIG. 10 , multiple IC packages may be coupled to the interposer  1004 . It is to be appreciated that additional interposers may be coupled to the interposer  1004 . The interposer  1004  may provide an intervening substrate used to bridge the circuit board  1002  and the IC package  1020 . The IC package  1020  may be or include, for example, a die (the die  902  of  FIG. 9B ), or any other suitable component. Generally, the interposer  1004  may spread a connection to a wider pitch or reroute a connection to a different connection. For example, the interposer  1004  may couple the IC package  1020  (e.g., a die) to a ball grid array (BGA) of the coupling components  1016  for coupling to the circuit board  1002 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the IC package  1020  and the circuit board  1002  are attached to opposing sides of the interposer  1004 . In other embodiments, the IC package  1020  and the circuit board  1002  may be attached to a same side of the interposer  1004 . In some embodiments, three or more components may be interconnected by way of the interposer  1004 . 
     The interposer  1004  may be formed of an epoxy resin, a fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin, a ceramic material, or a polymer material such as polyimide. In some implementations, the interposer  1004  may be formed of alternate rigid or flexible materials that may include the same materials described above for use in a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon, germanium, and other group III-V and group IV materials. The interposer  1004  may include metal interconnects  1010  and vias  1008 , including but not limited to through-silicon vias (TSVs)  1006 . The interposer  1004  may further include embedded devices, including both passive and active devices. Such devices may include, but are not limited to, capacitors, decoupling capacitors, resistors, inductors, fuses, diodes, transformers, sensors, electrostatic discharge (ESD) devices, and memory devices. More complex devices such as radio-frequency (RF) devices, power amplifiers, power management devices, antennas, arrays, sensors, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices may also be formed on the interposer  1004 . The package-on-interposer structure  1036  may take the form of any of the package-on-interposer structures known in the art. 
     The IC device assembly  1000  may include an IC package  1024  coupled to the first face  1040  of the circuit board  1002  by coupling components  1022 . The coupling components  1022  may take the form of any of the embodiments discussed above with reference to the coupling components  1016 , and the IC package  1024  may take the form of any of the embodiments discussed above with reference to the IC package  1020 . 
     The IC device assembly  1000  illustrated in  FIG. 10  includes a package-on-package structure  1034  coupled to the second face  1042  of the circuit board  1002  by coupling components  1028 . The package-on-package structure  1034  may include an IC package  1026  and an IC package  1032  coupled together by coupling components  1030  such that the IC package  1026  is disposed between the circuit board  1002  and the IC package  1032 . The coupling components  1028  and  1030  may take the form of any of the embodiments of the coupling components  1016  discussed above, and the IC packages  1026  and  1032  may take the form of any of the embodiments of the IC package  1020  discussed above. The package-on-package structure  1034  may be configured in accordance with any of the package-on-package structures known in the art. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a computing device  1100  in accordance with one implementation of the disclosure. The computing device  1100  houses a board  1102 . The board  1102  may include a number of components, including but not limited to a processor  1104  and at least one communication chip  1106 . The processor  1104  is physically and electrically coupled to the board  1102 . In some implementations the at least one communication chip  1106  is also physically and electrically coupled to the board  1102 . In further implementations, the communication chip  1106  is part of the processor  1104 . 
     Depending on its applications, computing device  1100  may include other components that may or may not be physically and electrically coupled to the board  1102 . These other components include, but are not limited to, volatile memory (e.g., DRAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM), flash memory, a graphics processor, a digital signal processor, a crypto processor, a chipset, an antenna, a display, a touchscreen display, a touchscreen controller, a battery, an audio codec, a video codec, a power amplifier, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a compass, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a speaker, a camera, and a mass storage device (such as hard disk drive, compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD), and so forth). 
     The communication chip  1106  enables wireless communications for the transfer of data to and from the computing device  1100 . The term “wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not. The communication chip  1106  may implement any of a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long term evolution (LTE), Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing device  1100  may include a plurality of communication chips  1106 . For instance, a first communication chip  1106  may be dedicated to shorter range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and a second communication chip  1106  may be dedicated to longer range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others. 
     The processor  1104  of the computing device  1100  includes an integrated circuit die packaged within the processor  1104 . In some implementations of the disclosure, the integrated circuit die of the processor includes one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device, in accordance with implementations of embodiments of the disclosure. The term “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. 
     The communication chip  1106  also includes an integrated circuit die packaged within the communication chip  1106 . In accordance with another implementation of embodiments of the disclosure, the integrated circuit die of the communication chip includes one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device, in accordance with implementations of embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In further implementations, another component housed within the computing device  1100  may contain an integrated circuit die that includes one or more embedded non-volatile memory structures having a 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device, in accordance with implementations of embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In various implementations, the computing device  1100  may be a laptop, a netbook, a notebook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra mobile PC, a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a server, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, an entertainment control unit, a digital camera, a portable music player, or a digital video recorder. In further implementations, the computing device  1100  may be any other electronic device that processes data. 
     Thus, embodiments described herein include embedded non-volatile memory structures having 1T-1MTJ with MOBS memory device elements. 
     The above description of illustrated implementations of embodiments of the disclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. While specific implementations of, and examples for, the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. 
     These modifications may be made to the disclosure in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the disclosure to the specific implementations disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the disclosure is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation. 
     The following examples pertain to further embodiments. The various features of the different embodiments may be variously combined with some features included and others excluded to suit a variety of different applications. 
     Example Embodiment 1 
     A memory device comprises a substrate having a front side and a backside, wherein a first conductive line is on the backside and a second conductive line is on the front side. A transistor is on the front side between the second conductive line and the substrate. A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is on the backside between the first conductive line and the substrate, wherein one end of the MTJ is coupled through the substrate to the transistor and an opposite end of the MTJ is connected to the first conductive line, and wherein the transistor is further connected to the second conductive line on the front side. 
     Example Embodiment 2 
     The memory device of example embodiment 1, wherein the MTJ is connected to a drain of the transistor, and a source of the transistor is coupled to the second conductive line. 
     Example Embodiment 3 
     The memory device of claim  1  or  2 , wherein the MTJ is connected to the drain of the transistor using a through via that extends through the substrate from the front side to the backside. 
     Example Embodiment 4 
     The memory device of claim  3 , wherein a gate of the transistor is coupled to a word line. 
     Example Embodiment 5 
     The memory device of claim  1 ,  2  or  3 , wherein the first conductive line comprises a bit line and the second conductive line comprises a source line. 
     Example Embodiment 6 
     The memory device of claim  5 , wherein the bit line comprises a read bit line and a write bit line. 
     Example Embodiment 7 
     The memory device of claim  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  or  6 , wherein the memory device comprises a 1T-1MTJ magnetic random access memory (MRAM). 
     Example Embodiment 8 
     The memory device of claim  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6  or  7 , wherein the MTJ device includes a SOT electrode comprising GSHE material. 
     Example Embodiment 9 
     The memory device of claim  8 , wherein the GSHE material comprises at least one of β-Tantalum (β-Ta), β-Tungsten (β-W), Pt, Hf, Ir, Bi, and doped Cu. 
     Example Embodiment 10 
     The memory device of claim  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8  or  9 , wherein the MTJ device includes a free magnetic layer coupled the SOT electrode, wherein the SOT electrode is coupled to a write bit line; and an opposite end of the MTJ device is coupled to a read bit line. 
     Example Embodiment 11 
     The memory device of claim  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9  or  10 , wherein a material stack comprising the MTJ device further includes: a tunneling barrier, a fixed magnetic layer, a coupler layer, a Synthetic Antiferro-magnet (SAF)/pinning layer, and a top electrode. 
     Example Embodiment 12 
     A memory device comprises a substrate. A backside of the substrate comprises a read bit line and write bit line, and a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device. A front side of the substrate comprises a source line; and a transistor controllable by a wordline and coupled to the source line. 
     Example Embodiment 13 
     The memory device of claim  12 , wherein the MTJ device on the backside includes a write electrode comprising a spin hall effect material and a free magnetic layer in direct contact with the SOT electrode, wherein the SOT electrode defines one end of the MTJ device and is coupled to the write bit line; and a top electrode defines an opposite end of the MTJ device and is coupled to the read bit line. 
     Example Embodiment 14 
     The memory device of claim  12  or  13 , wherein the one of drain/source terminals of the transistor on the front side is coupled through a via in the substrate to the SOT electrode on the backside. 
     Example Embodiment 15 
     The memory device of claim  14 , wherein the through via is connected to a via pedestal that is in contact with one end of MTJ device. 
     Example Embodiment 16 
     The memory device of claim  12 ,  13 ,  14  or  15 , wherein the memory device comprises a three terminal device, wherein the read bit line and the write bit line on the backside form a first terminal and a second terminal, and the source line forms a third terminal. 
     Example Embodiment 17 
     The memory device of claim  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15  or  16 , wherein one of drain/source terminals of the transistor on the front side is coupled through the substrate to the SOT electrode on the backside, and another of the source/drain terminals is coupled to the source line on the front side. 
     Example Embodiment 18 
     The memory device of claim  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16  or  17 , wherein word line is coupled to a gate terminal of transistor. 
     Example Embodiment 19 
     The memory device of claim  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 ,  17  or  18 , wherein the memory device comprises a 1T-1MTJ magnetic random access memory (MRAM). 
     Example Embodiment 20 
     The memory device of claim  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 ,  17 ,  18  or  19 , wherein the MTJ device includes a SOT electrode comprising GSHE material. 
     Example Embodiment 21 
     The memory device of claim  20 , wherein the GSHE material comprises at least one of β-Tantalum (β-Ta), β-Tungsten (β-W), Pt, Hf, Ir, Bi, and doped Cu. 
     Example Embodiment 22 
     The memory device of claim  19  or  20 , wherein the MTJ device includes a free magnetic layer coupled the SOT electrode, wherein the SOT electrode is coupled to a write bit line; and an opposite end of the MTJ device is coupled to a read bit line. 
     Example Embodiment 23 
     The memory device of claim  22 , wherein a material stack comprising the MTJ device further includes: a tunneling barrier, a fixed magnetic layer, a coupler layer, a Synthetic Antiferro-magnet (SAF)/pinning layer, and a top electrode. 
     Example Embodiment 24 
     A method of fabricating an integrated circuit device comprises forming a first substrate and a second substrate. Front-end processing is performed on the first substrate to form transistors. Back-end processing is performed over the transistors to form first contacts and electrically conductive back-end layers on the first substrate. Front-end processing is performed on the second substrate to form magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), Back-end processing is performed over the MTJs to form second contacts and electrically conductive back-end layers on the second substrate. The MTJs from the second substrate are then attached to the first substrate. 
     Example Embodiment 25 
     The method of claim  24 , further comprising: coupling one of drain/source terminals of the transistor on a front side of the first substrate to the MTJ on a backside of the first substrate using a through a via in the substrate.