Patent Publication Number: US-2023152668-A1

Title: MEMS Assembly and Process Flow

Description:
RELATED CASE(S) 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/280,576 filed on 17 Nov. 2021; the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to actuators in general and, more particularly, to miniaturized MEMS actuators configured for use within camera packages and methods of making the same. 
     BACKGROUND 
     As is known in the art, actuators may be used to convert electronic signals into mechanical motion. In many applications such as e.g., portable devices, imaging-related devices, telecommunications components, and medical instruments, it may be beneficial for miniature actuators to fit within the small size, low power, and cost constraints of these application. 
     Micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) technology is the technology that in its most general form may be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical dimensions of MEMS devices may vary from well below one micron to several millimeters. In general, MEMS actuators are more compact than conventional actuators, and they consume less power. 
     SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE 
     In one implementation, a glass membrane deformation assembly configured to deform a glass membrane includes: a deformable glass membrane having a first surface and a second surface; a piezoelectric layer affixed to at least a portion of the first surface of the deformable glass membrane, wherein the piezoelectric layer is controllably deformable via a voltage potential; and a structural layer affixed to at least a portion of the second surface of the deformable glass membrane; wherein the controllably deformation of the piezoelectric layer is configured to controllably deform the deformable glass membrane. 
     One or more of the following features may be included. The piezoelectric layer may be configured to controllably deform the deformable glass membrane from a generally planar configuration to a generally convex configuration. The deformable glass membrane may be a circular deformable glass membrane. The piezoelectric layer may be a ring-shaped piezoelectric layer. The piezoelectric layer may be affixed to the first surface of the deformable glass membrane via a physical deposition technique. The piezoelectric layer may include a first electrode and a second electrode for applying the voltage potential. The structural layer may be a ring-shaped structural layer. The structural layer may include one or more of: a metal-based structural layer; and a silicon-based structural layer. The structural layer may be affixed to the second surface of the deformable glass membrane via an epoxy. The structural layer may be affixed to the second surface of the deformable glass membrane via a bonding technique. The deformable glass membrane may be a quartz-based deformable glass membrane. 
     In another implementation, a glass membrane deformation assembly configured to deform a glass membrane includes: a deformable glass membrane having a first surface and a second surface; a piezoelectric layer affixed to at least a portion of the first surface of the deformable glass membrane, wherein the piezoelectric layer is controllably deformable via a voltage potential; and a structural layer affixed to at least a portion of the second surface of the deformable glass membrane; wherein: the controllably deformation of the piezoelectric layer is configured to controllably deform the deformable glass membrane, the deformable glass membrane is a circular deformable glass membrane, the piezoelectric layer is a ring-shaped piezoelectric layer, and the structural layer is a ring-shaped structural layer. 
     One or more of the following features may be included. The piezoelectric layer may be configured to controllably deform the deformable glass membrane from a generally planar configuration to a generally convex configuration. The piezoelectric layer may include a first electrode and a second electrode for applying the voltage potential. The structural layer may include one or more of: a metal-based structural layer; and a silicon-based structural layer. The deformable glass membrane may be a quartz-based deformable glass membrane. 
     In another implementation, a method of producing a glass membrane deformation assembly includes: affix a piezoelectric layer to a first surface of a deformable glass membrane; etch a portion of the piezoelectric layer to expose a portion of the first surface of the deformable glass membrane; affix a structural layer to a second surface of the deformable glass membrane; and etch a portion of the structural layer to expose a portion of the second surface of the deformable glass membrane. 
     One or more of the following features may be included. The deformable glass membrane may be thinned to a desired thickness. Affixing a piezoelectric layer to a first surface of a deformable glass membrane may include: physical deposition the piezoelectric layer to the first surface of the deformable glass membrane. Affixing a structural layer to a second surface of the deformable glass membrane may include: affixing the structural layer to the second surface of the deformable glass membrane via an epoxy. Affixing a structural layer to a second surface of the deformable glass membrane may include: bonding the structural layer to the second surface of the deformable glass membrane via a bonding technique. 
     The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of a MEMS package in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2 A  is a diagrammatic view of an in-plane MEMS actuator with the optoelectronic device in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2 B  is a perspective view of an in-plane MEMS actuator with the optoelectronic device in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a diagrammatic view of an in-plane MEMS actuator in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a diagrammatic view of a comb drive sector in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a diagrammatic view of a comb pair in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a diagrammatic view of fingers of the comb pair of  FIG.  5    in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  are diagrammatic views of a piezoelectric out-of-plane actuator in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7 D  is a diagrammatic view of a piezoelectric in-plane actuator in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    is a diagrammatic view of a MEMS package in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 D  are diagrammatic views of a glass membrane deformation assembly in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  are diagrammatic views of the glass membrane deformation assembly of  FIGS.  9 A- 9 D  in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  11    is a flowchart of an implementation of a process of manufacturing the glass membrane deformation assembly of  FIGS.  9 A- 9 D  in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  12 A- 12 F  are diagrammatic views of various states of assembly of the glass membrane deformation assembly of  FIGS.  9 A- 9 D  in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     System Overview: 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , there is shown MEMS package  10 , in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. In this example, MEMS package  10  is shown to include printed circuit board  12 , multi-axis MEMS assembly  14 , driver circuits  16 , electronic components  18 , flexible circuit  20 , and electrical connector  22 . Multi-axis MEMS assembly  14  may include micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  (configured to provide linear three-axis movement) and optoelectronic device  26  coupled to micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 . 
     As will be discussed below in greater detail, examples of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include but are not limited to an in-plane MEMS actuator, an out-of-plane MEMS actuator, and a combination in-plane/out-of-plane MEMS actuator. For example and if micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  is an in-plane MEMS actuator, the in-plane MEMS actuator may include an electrostatic comb drive actuation system (as will be discussed below in greater detail). Additionally, if micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  is an out-of-plane MEMS actuator, the out-of-plane MEMS actuator may include a piezoelectric actuation system or electrostatic actuation. And if micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  is a hybrid in-plane/out-of-plane MEMS actuator, the combination in-plane/out-of-plane MEMS actuator may include an electrostatic comb drive actuation system and a piezoelectric actuation system. 
     As will be discussed below in greater detail, examples of optoelectronic device  26  may include but are not limited to an image sensor, a holder assembly, an IR filter and/or a lens assembly. Examples of electronic components  18  may include but are not limited to various electronic or semiconductor components and devices. Flexible circuit  20  and/or connector  22  may be configured to electrically couple MEMS package  10  to e.g., a smart phone or a digital camera (represented as generic item  28 ). 
     In some embodiments, some of the components of MEMS package  10  may be joined together using various epoxies/adhesives. For example, an outer frame of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include contact pads that may correspond to similar contact pads on printed circuit board  12 . 
     Referring also to  FIG.  2 A , there is shown multi-axis MEMS assembly  14 , which may include optoelectronic device  26  coupled to micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 . As discussed above, examples of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include but are not limited to an in-plane MEMS actuator, an out-of-plane MEMS actuator, and a combination in-plane/out-of-plane MEMS actuator. 
     When configured to provide in-plane actuation functionality, micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include outer frame  30 , plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32 , MEMS actuation core  34  for attaching a payload (e.g., a device), and attached optoelectronic device  26 . Optoelectronic device  26  may be coupled to MEMS actuation core  34  of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  by epoxy (or various other adhesives/materials and/or bonding methods). 
     Referring also to  FIG.  2 B , plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32  of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may be curved upward and buckled to achieve the desired level of flexibility &amp; compression. In the illustrated embodiment, plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32  may have one end attached to MEMS actuation core  34  (e.g., the moving portion of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 ) and the other end attached to outer frame  30  (e.g., the fixed portion of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 ). 
     Plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32  may be conductive wires that may extend above the plane (e.g., an upper surface) of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  and may electrically couple laterally separated components of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 . For example, plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32  may provide electrical signals from optoelectronic device  26  and/or MEMS actuation core  34  to outer frame  30  of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 . As discussed above, outer frame  30  of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may be affixed to circuit board  12  using epoxy (or various other adhesive materials or devices). 
     Referring also to  FIG.  3   , there is shown a top view of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. Outer frame  30  is shown to include (in this example) four frame assemblies (e.g., frame assembly  100 A, frame assembly  100 B, frame assembly  100 C, frame assembly  100 D) that are shown as being spaced apart to allow for additional detail. 
     Outer frame  30  of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include a plurality of contact pads (e.g., contact pads  102 A on frame assembly  100 A, contact pads  102 B on frame assembly  100 B, contact pads  102 C on frame assembly  100 C, and contact pads  102 D on frame assembly  100 D), which may be electrically coupled to one end of plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32 . The curved shape of electrically conductive flexures  32  is provided for illustrative purposes only and, while illustrating one possible embodiment, other configurations are possible and are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. 
     MEMS actuation core  34  may include a plurality of contact pads (e.g., contact pads  104 A, contact pads  104 B, contact pads  104 C, contact pads  104 D), which may be electrically coupled to the other end of plurality of electrically conductive flexures  32 . A portion of the contact pads (e.g., contact pads  104 A, contact pads  104 B, contact pads  104 C, contact pads  104 D) of MEMS actuation core  34  may be electrically coupled to optoelectronic device  26  by wire bonding, silver paste, or eutectic seal, thus allowing for the electrical coupling of optoelectronic device  26  to outer frame  30 . 
     Electrostatic Actuation 
     MEMS actuation core  34  may include one or more comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) that are actuation sectors disposed within micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24 . The comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) within MEMS actuation core  34  may be disposed in the same plane and may be positioned orthogonal to each other to allow for movement in two axes (e.g., the X-axis and the Y-axis). Accordingly, the in-plane MEMS actuator generally (and MEMS actuation core  34  specifically) may be configured to provide linear X-axis movement and linear Y-axis movement. 
     While in this particular example, MEMS actuation core  34  is shown to include four comb drive sectors, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible. For example, the number of comb drive sectors may be increased or decreased depending upon design criteria. 
     While in this particular example, the four comb drive sectors are shown to be generally square in shape, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible. For example, the shape of the comb drive sectors may be changed to meet various design criteria. 
     While the comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) within MEMS actuation core  34  are shown to be positioned orthogonal to each other to allow for movement in two axes (e.g., the X-axis and the Y-axis), this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible. For example, the comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) within MEMS actuation core  34  may be positioned parallel to each other to allow for movement in a single axis (e.g., either the X-axis or the Y-axis). 
     Each comb drive sector (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) within MEMS actuation core  34  may include one or more moving portions and one or more fixed portions. As will be discussed below in greater detail, a comb drive sector (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) within MEMS actuation core  34  may be coupled, via a cantilever assembly (e.g., cantilever assembly  108 ), to outer periphery  110  of MEMS actuation core  34  (i.e., the portion of MEMS actuation core  34  that includes contact pads  104 A, contact pads  104 B, contact pads  104 C, contact pads  104 D), which is the portion of MEMS actuation core  34  to which optoelectronic device  26  may be coupled, thus effectuating the transfer of movement to optoelectronic device  26 . 
     Referring also to  FIG.  4   , there is shown a top view of comb drive sector  106  in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Each comb drive sector (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) may include one or more motion control cantilever assemblies (e.g., motion control cantilever assemblies  150 A,  150 B) positioned outside of comb drive sector  106 , moveable frame  152 , moveable spines  154 , fixed frame  156 , fixed spines  158 , and cantilever assembly  108  that is configured to couple moving frame  152  to outer periphery  110  of MEMS actuation core  34 . In this particular configuration, motion control cantilever assemblies  150 A,  150 B may be configured to prevent Y-axis displacement between moving frame  152 /moveable spines  154  and fixed frame  156 /fixed spines  158 . 
     Comb drive sector  106  may include a movable member including moveable frame  152  and multiple moveable spines  154  that are generally orthogonal to moveable frame  152 . Comb drive sector  106  may also include a fixed member including fixed frame  156  and multiple fixed spines  158  that are generally orthogonal to fixed frame  156 . Cantilever assembly  108  may be deformable in one direction (e.g., in response to Y-axis deflective loads) and rigid in another direction (e.g., in response to X-axis tension and compression loads), thus allowing for cantilever assembly  108  to absorb motion in the Y-axis but transfer motion in the X-axis. 
     Referring also to  FIG.  5   , there is shown a detail view of portion  160  of comb drive sector  106 . Moveable spines  154 A,  154 B may include a plurality of discrete moveable actuation fingers that are generally orthogonally-attached to moveable spines  154 A,  154 B. For example, moveable spine  154 A is shown to include moveable actuation fingers  162 A and moveable spine  154 B is shown to include moveable actuation fingers  162 B. 
     Further, fixed spine  158  may include a plurality of discrete fixed actuation fingers that are generally orthogonally-attached to fixed spine  158 . For example, fixed spine  158  is shown to include fixed actuation fingers  164 A that are configured to mesh and interact with moveable actuation fingers  162 A. Further, fixed spine  158  is shown to include fixed actuation fingers  164 B that are configured to mesh and interact with moveable actuation fingers  162 B. 
     Accordingly, various numbers of actuation fingers may be associated with (i.e., coupled to) the moveable spines (e.g., moveable spines  154 A,  154 B) and/or the fixed spines (e.g., fixed spine  158 ) of comb drive sector  106 . As discussed above, each comb drive sector (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) may include two motion control cantilever assemblies  150 A,  150 B separately placed on each side of comb drive sector  106 . Each of the two motion control cantilever assemblies  150 A,  150 B may be configured to couple moveable frame  152  and fixed frame  156 , as this configuration enables moveable actuation fingers  162 A,  162 B to be displaceable in the X-axis with respect to fixed actuation fingers  164 A,  164 B (respectively) while preventing moveable actuation fingers  162 A,  162 B from being displaced in the Y-axis and contacting fixed actuation fingers  164 A,  164 B (respectively). 
     While actuation fingers  162 A,  162 B,  164 A,  164 B (or at least the center axes of actuation fingers  162 A,  162 B,  164 A,  164 B) are shown to be generally parallel to one another and generally orthogonal to the respective spines to which they are coupled, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible. Further and in some embodiments, actuation fingers  162 A,  162 B,  164 A,  164 B may have the same width throughout their length and in other embodiments, actuation fingers  162 A,  162 B,  164 A,  164 B may be tapered. 
     Further and in some embodiments, moveable frame  152  may be displaced in the positive X-axis direction when a voltage potential is applied between actuation fingers  162 A and actuation fingers  164 A, while moveable frame  152  may be displaced in the negative X-axis direction when a voltage potential is applied between actuation fingers  162 B and actuation fingers  164 B. 
     Referring also to  FIG.  6   , there is shown a detail view of portion  200  of comb drive sector  106 . Fixed spine  158  may be generally parallel to moveable spine  154 B, wherein actuation fingers  164 B and actuation fingers  162 B may overlap within region  202 , wherein the width of overlap region  202  is typically in the range of 10-50 microns. While overlap region  202  is described as being in the range of 10-50 microns, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible. 
     Overlap region  202  may represent the distance  204  where the ends of actuation fingers  162 B extends past and overlap the ends of actuation fingers  164 B, which are interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, actuation fingers  162 B and actuation fingers  164 B may be tapered such that their respective tips are narrower than their respective bases (i.e., where they are attached to their spines). As is known in the art, various degrees of taper may be utilized with respect to actuation fingers  162 B and actuation fingers  164 B. Additionally, the overlap of actuation fingers  162 B and actuation fingers  164 B provided by overlap region  202  may help ensure that there is sufficient initial actuation force when an electrical voltage potential is applied so that MEMS actuation core  34  may move gradually and smoothly without any sudden jumps when varying the applied voltage. The height of actuation fingers  162 B and actuation fingers  164 B may be determined by various aspects of the MEMS fabrication process and various design criteria. 
     Length  206  of actuation fingers  162 B and actuation fingers  164 B, the size of overlap region  202 , the gaps between adjacent actuation fingers, and actuation finger taper angles that are incorporated into various embodiments may be determined by various design criteria, application considerations, and manufacturability considerations, wherein these measurements may be optimized to achieve the required displacement utilizing the available voltage potential. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3    and as discussed above, MEMS actuation core  34  may include one or more comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ), wherein the comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sector  106 ) within MEMS actuation core  34  may be disposed in the same plane and may be positioned orthogonal to each other to allow for movement in two axes (e.g., the X-axis and the Y-axis). 
     Specifically and in this particular example, MEMS actuation core  34  is shown to include four comb drive sectors (e.g., comb drive sectors  106 ,  250 ,  252 ,  254 ). As discussed above, comb drive sector  106  is configured to allow for movement along the X-axis, while preventing movement along the Y-axis. As comb drive sector  252  is similarly configured, comb drive sector  252  may allow for movement along the X-axis, while preventing movement along the Y-axis. Accordingly, if a signal is applied to comb drive sector  106  that provides for positive X-axis movement, while a signal is applied to comb drive sector  252  that provides for negative X-axis movement, actuation core  34  may be displaced in a clockwise direction. Conversely, if a signal is applied to comb drive sector  106  that provides for negative X-axis movement, while a signal is applied to comb drive sector  252  that provides for positive X-axis movement, actuation core  34  may be displaced in a counterclockwise direction. 
     Further, comb drive sectors  250 ,  254  are configured (in this example) to be orthogonal to comb drive sectors  106 ,  252 . Accordingly, comb drive sectors  250 ,  254  may be configured to allow for movement along the Y-axis, while preventing movement along the X-axis. Accordingly, if a signal is applied to comb drive sector  250  that provides for positive Y-axis movement, while a signal is applied to comb drive sector  254  that provides for negative Y-axis movement, actuation core  34  may be displaced in a counterclockwise direction. Conversely, if a signal is applied to comb drive sector  250  that provides for negative Y-axis movement, while a signal is applied to comb drive sector  254  that provides for positive Y-axis movement, actuation core  34  may be displaced in a clockwise direction. 
     Accordingly, the in-plane MEMS actuator generally (and MEMS actuation core  34  specifically) may be configured to provide rotational (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise) Z-axis movement 
     Piezoelectric Actuation 
     As stated above, examples of micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include but are not limited to an in-plane MEMS actuator, an out-of-plane MEMS actuator, and a combination in-plane/out-of-plane MEMS actuator. For example and referring also to  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C , micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  is shown to include an in-plane MEMS actuator (e.g., in-plane MEMS actuator  256 ) and an out-of-plane MEMS actuator (e.g., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ), wherein  FIGS.  3 - 6    illustrate one possible embodiment of in-plane MEMS actuator  256 . Optoelectronic device  26  may be coupled to in-plane MEMS actuator  256 ; and in-plane MEMS actuator  256  may be coupled to out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 . 
     An example of in-plane MEMS actuator  256  may include but is not limited to an image stabilization actuator. As is known in the art, image stabilization is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure. Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization may also compensate for rotation. Image stabilization may be used in image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and smartphones. With still cameras, camera shake may be a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length (telephoto or zoom) lenses. With video cameras, camera shake may cause visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem may be amplified by variations in the atmosphere (which changes the apparent positions of objects over time). 
     An example of out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  may include but is not limited to an autofocus actuator. As is known in the art, an autofocus system may use a sensor, a control system and an actuator to focus on an automatically (or manually) selected area. Autofocus methodologies may be distinguished by their type (e.g., active, passive or hybrid). Autofocus systems may rely on one or more sensors to determine correct focus, wherein some autofocus systems may rely on a single sensor while others may use an array of sensors. 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  show one possible embodiment of out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  in various states of activation/excitation. Out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  may include frame  260  (which is configured to be stationary) and moveable stage  262 , wherein out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  may be configured to provide linear Z-axis movement. For example, out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  may include a multi-morph piezoelectric actuator that may be selectively and controllably deformable when an electrical charge is applied, wherein the polarity of the applied electrical charge may vary the direction in which the multi-morph piezoelectric actuator (i.e., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ) is deformed. For example,  FIG.  7 A  shows out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  in a natural position without an electrical charge being applied. Further,  FIG.  7 B  shows out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  in an extended position (i.e., displaced in the direction of arrow  264 ) with an electrical charge having a first polarity being applied, while  FIG.  7 C  shows out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  in a retracted position (i.e., displaced in the direction of arrow  266 ) with an electrical charge having an opposite polarity being applied. 
     As discussed above, the multi-morph piezoelectric actuator (i.e., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ) may be deformable by applying an electrical charge. In order to accomplish such deformability that allows for such linear Z-axis movement, the multi-morph piezoelectric actuator (i.e., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ) may include a bending piezoelectric actuator. 
     As discussed above, the multi-morph piezoelectric actuator (i.e., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ) may include rigid frame assembly  260  (which is configured to be stationary) and moveable stage  262  that may be configured to be affixed to in-plane MEMS actuator  256 . As discussed above, optoelectronic device  26  may be coupled to in-plane MEMS actuator  256  and in-plane MEMS actuator  256  may be coupled to out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 . Accordingly and when out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  is in an extended position (i.e., displaced in the direction of arrow  264 ) with an electrical charge having a first polarity being applied (as shown in  FIG.  7 B ), optoelectronic device  26  may be displaced in the positive z-axis direction and towards a lens assembly (e.g., lens assembly  300 ,  FIG.  8   ). Alternatively and when out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  is in a retracted position (i.e., displaced in the direction of arrow  266 ) with an electrical charge having an opposite polarity being applied (as shown in  FIG.  7 C ), optoelectronic device  26  may be displaced in the negative z-axis direction and away from a lens assembly (e.g., lens assembly  300 ,  FIG.  8   ). Accordingly and by displacing optoelectronic device  26  in the z-axis with respect to a lens assembly (e.g., lens assembly  300 ,  FIG.  8   ), autofocus functionality may be achieved. 
     The multi-morph piezoelectric actuator (i.e., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ) may include at least one deformable piezoelectric portion (e.g., deformable piezoelectric portions  268 ,  270 ,  272 ,  274 ) configured to couple moveable stage  262  to rigid frame assembly  260 . 
     For example and in one particular embodiment, multi-morph piezoelectric actuator (i.e., out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 ) may include a rigid intermediate stage (e.g., rigid intermediate stages  276 ,  278 ). A first deformable piezoelectric portion (e.g., deformable piezoelectric portions  268 ,  270 ) may be configured to couple rigid intermediate stage (e.g., rigid intermediate stages  276 ,  278 ) to moveable stage  262 ; and a second deformable piezoelectric portion (e.g., deformable piezoelectric portions  272 ,  274 ) may be configured to couple the rigid intermediate stage (e.g., rigid intermediate stages  276 ,  278 ) to rigid frame assembly  260 . 
     Linear Z-axis (i.e., out-of-plane) movement of moveable stage  262  of out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  may be generated due to the deformation of the deformable piezoelectric portion (e.g., deformable piezoelectric portions  268 ,  270 ,  272 ,  274 ), which may be formed of a piezoelectric material (e.g., PZT (lead zirconate titanate), zinc oxide or other suitable material) that may be configured to deflect in response to an electrical signal. As is known in the art, piezoelectric materials are a special type of ceramic that expands or contracts when an electrical field is applied, thus generating motion and force. 
     While out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  is described above as including a single moveable stage (e.g., moveable stage  262 ) that enables linear movement in the Z-axis, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible and are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. For example, out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  may be configured to include multiple moveable stages. For example, if deformable piezoelectric portions  272 ,  274  were configured to be separately controllable, additional degrees of freedom (such as tip and/or tilt) may be achievable. For example and in such a configuration, displacing intermediate stage  276  in an upward direction (i.e., in the direction of arrow  264 ) while displacing intermediate stage  278  in a downward direction (i.e., in the direction of arrow  266 ) would result in clockwise rotation of optoelectronic device  26  about the Y-axis; while displacing intermediate stage  276  in a downward direction (i.e., in the direction of arrow  266 ) while displacing intermediate stage  278  in a upward direction (i.e., in the direction of arrow  264 ) would result in counterclockwise rotation of optoelectronic device  26  about the Y-axis. Additionally/alternatively, corresponding clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of optoelectronic device  26  about the X-axis may be achieved via additional/alternative intermediate stages. 
     While  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  each show one possible embodiment of an out-of-plane piezoelectric MEMS actuator in various states of activation/excitation, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possible and are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. For example and as shown in  FIG.  7 D , in-plane piezoelectric MEMS actuator  280  may be formed in a fashion similar to that of the above-described in-plane electrostatic MEMS actuators. Accordingly, in-plane piezoelectric MEMS actuator  280  may include a plurality of piezoelectric drive sectors (e.g., piezoelectric drive sectors  282 ,  284 ,  286 ,  288 ) configured in a similar orthogonal fashion (e.g., piezoelectric drive sectors  282 ,  286  being configured to enable movement in one axis and piezoelectric drive sectors  284 ,  288  being configured to enable movement in an orthogonal axis), thus enabling movement in the X-axis and the Y-axis, and rotation about the Z-axis. 
     Glass Membrane Deformation Assembly: 
     As discussed above, optoelectronic device  26  may be coupled to in-plane MEMS actuator  256  and in-plane MEMS actuator  256  may be coupled to out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258 . Accordingly and when out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  is in an extended position (i.e., displaced in the direction of arrow  264 ) with an electrical charge having a first polarity being applied (as shown in  FIG.  7 B ), optoelectronic device  26  may be displaced in the positive z-axis direction and towards a lens assembly (e.g., lens assembly  300 ,  FIG.  8   ). Alternatively and when out-of-plane MEMS actuator  258  is in a retracted position (i.e., displaced in the direction of arrow  266 ) with an electrical charge having an opposite polarity being applied (as shown in  FIG.  7 C ), optoelectronic device  26  may be displaced in the negative z-axis direction and away from a lens assembly (e.g., lens assembly  300 ,  FIG.  8   ). Accordingly and by displacing optoelectronic device  26  in the z-axis with respect to a lens assembly (e.g., lens assembly  300 ,  FIG.  8   ), autofocus functionality may be achieved. 
     Referring also to  FIG.  9 A , micro-electrical-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator  24  may include a glass membrane deformation assembly (e.g., glass membrane deformation assembly  350 ) configured to perform such autofocus functionality. In one exemplary embodiment, glass membrane deformation assembly  350  may be positioned between optoelectronic device  26  and lens assembly  300 . Specifically and as will be discussed below, glass membrane deformation assembly  350  may replace one of the lenses within lens assembly  300 , and may be configured to vary the focal length of lens assembly  300 , thus effectuating such autofocus functionality. 
     Referring also to  FIGS.  9 B- 9 C , glass membrane deformation assembly  350  may be configured to deform a glass membrane. Accordingly, glass membrane deformation assembly  350  may include a deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) having a first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) and a second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ). An example of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) may include but is not limited to a quartz-based deformable glass membrane. 
     A piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may be affixed to at least a portion of the first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ). This piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may be controllably deformable via a voltage potential (e.g., from voltage source  360 ). An example of voltage source  360  may include but is not limited to a DC (i.e., direct current) voltage source configured to provide a DC voltage of sufficient strength (e.g., upwards of 200 volts DC) to effectuate the desired level of deformation of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ). The piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may include a first electrode (e.g., first electrode  362 ) and a second electrode (e.g., second electrode  364 ) for applying the voltage potential (e.g., from voltage source  360 ). 
     An example of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may include but is not limited to a multi-morph piezoelectric layer that may be selectively and controllably deformable when an electrical charge is applied (e.g., from voltage source  360 ), wherein the polarity of the applied electrical charge (e.g., from voltage source  360 ) may vary the direction in which the multi-morph piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) is deformed. 
     The piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may be affixed to the first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) via a physical deposition technique. One example of such a physical deposition technique is sputtering. As is known in the art, sputtering is a phenomenon in which microscopic particles of a solid material are ejected from its surface after the material is itself bombarded by energetic particles of a plasma or gas. 
     A structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) may be affixed to at least a portion of the second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ). The controllably deformation of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may be configured to controllably deform the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ). 
     The structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) may include one or more of: a metal-based structural layer (e.g., a nickel structural layer or a stainless-steel structural layer) and a silicon-based structural layer. The structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) may be affixed to the second surface of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) via an epoxy (or various other adhesives/materials) and/or via a bonding technique (e.g., applying the structural layer  366  at a specific temperature so that it adheres to deformable glass membrane  352 ). 
     In a preferred embodiment, an example of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) may include but is not limited to a circular deformable glass membrane; an example of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may include but is not limited to a ring-shaped piezoelectric layer; and an example of the structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) may include but is not limited to a ring-shaped structural layer. 
     Deformable glass membrane  352  may be processed to make deformable glass membrane  352  more easily deformed. For example, one or more grooves may be etched into deformable glass membrane  352  in the illustrative pattern shown in  FIG.  9 D . 
     Generally speaking, the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) may be configured to controllably deform the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) from a generally planar configuration (as shown in  FIG.  10 A ) to a generally convex configuration (as shown in  FIG.  10 B  and/or  FIG.  10 C ). 
     For example and for illustrative purposes:
           FIG.  10 A  illustrates glass membrane deformation assembly  350  when no voltage potential is applied to first electrode  362  and second electrode  364  of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ), resulting in deformable glass membrane  352  being essential planar.     FIG.  10 B  illustrates glass membrane deformation assembly  350  when a voltage potential (e.g., from voltage source  360 ) having a forward polarity is applied to first electrode  362  and second electrode  364  of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ). The application of such a forward polarity voltage potential may result in a deformation of piezoelectric layer  358 , resulting in outward radial expansion of piezoelectric layer  358  and an upward convexity of deformable glass membrane  352  (in the positive Z axis) due to structural layer  366  resisting such outward radial expansion of piezoelectric layer  358 .     FIG.  10 C  illustrates glass membrane deformation assembly  350  when a voltage potential (e.g., from voltage source  360 ) having a reverse polarity is applied to first electrode  362  and second electrode  364  of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ). The application of such a reverse polarity voltage potential may result in a deformation of piezoelectric layer  358 , resulting in inward radial contraction of piezoelectric layer  358  and a downward convexity of deformable glass membrane  352  (in the negative Z axis) due to structural layer  366  resisting such inward radial contraction of piezoelectric layer  358 .       

     As discussed above, glass membrane deformation assembly  350  may replace one of the lenses within lens assembly  300 , and may be configured to vary the focal length of lens assembly  300 , thus effectuating such autofocus functionality. Specifically, a lens (e.g., lens  368 ) may be affixed to first surface  354  and/or second surface  356  of deformable glass membrane  352 . An example of lens  368  may include a soft polymer optical lens that is reshaped as the deformable glass membrane  352  transitions from the essentially planar configuration (as shown in  FIG.  10 A ) to the upwardly convex configuration (as shown in  FIG.  10 B ) to the downwardly convex configuration (as shown in  FIG.  10 C ), thus effectuating such autofocus functionality. 
     Process Flow: 
     Referring also to  FIG.  11   , there is shown a method (e.g., method  400 ) of producing glass membrane deformation assembly  350 . Method  400  may utilize a standard thickness piece of glass as the starting point for producing glass membrane deformation assembly  350  with. As discussed above, an example of such a standard thickness piece of glass may include but is not limited to a quartz-based piece of glass, as shown in  FIG.  12 A . 
     Method  400  may affix  402  a piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) to a first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) of a deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ), including first electrode  362  and second electrode  364 , as shown in  FIG.  12 B . In one embodiment, piezoelectric layer  358  may be 3 μm thick, wherein electrodes  362 ,  364  may each be 150 nanometers thick. 
     When affixing  402  the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) to the first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ), method  400  may physically deposit  404  the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) onto the first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ). As discussed above, one example of such a physical deposition technique is sputtering, wherein sputtering is a phenomenon in which microscopic particles of a solid material are ejected from its surface after the material is itself bombarded by energetic particles of a plasma or gas. 
     Method  400  may etch  406  a portion of the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer  358 ) to expose a portion of the first surface (e.g., first surface  354 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ), as shown in  FIG.  12 C . 
     Method  400  may thin  408  the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) to a desired thickness. When thinning  408  the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) to a desired thickness, method  400  may mount that assembly (thus far) upside on a tape assembly to allow for such thinning  408  to proceed, as shown in  FIG.  12 D . An example of such a desired thickness for deformable glass membrane  352  may include but is not limited to 20 μm. 
     Method  400  may affix  410  a structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) to a second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ), as shown in  FIG.  12 E . In one embodiment, structural layer  366  may be 200 μm thick. As discussed above, an example of the structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) may include one or more of: a metal-based structural layer (e.g., a nickel structural layer or a stainless-steel structural layer) and a silicon-based structural layer. 
     When affixing  410  a structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) to a second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ), method  400  may:
         affix  412  the structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) to the second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) via an epoxy.   bond  414  the structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) to the second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ) via a bonding technique.       

     Method  400  may etch  416  a portion of the structural layer (e.g., structural layer  366 ) to expose a portion of the second surface (e.g., second surface  356 ) of the deformable glass membrane (e.g., deformable glass membrane  352 ), as shown in  FIG.  12 F . Specifically, by etching  406  a portion of piezoelectric layer  358  to expose a portion of first surface  354  of deformable glass membrane  352 ) and etching  416  a portion of structural layer  366  to expose a portion of second surface  356  of deformable glass membrane  352 , deformable glass membrane  352  may allow for the passage of light and may function as a lens for MEMS package  10 . 
     General: 
     In general, the various operations of method described herein may be accomplished using or may pertain to components or features of the various systems and/or apparatus with their respective components and subcomponents, described herein. 
     The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. 
     Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of example block diagrams, flow charts and other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration. 
     While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or other configuration for the disclosure, which is done to aid in understanding the features and functionality that can be included in the disclosure. The disclosure is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but the desired features can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Indeed, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art how alternative functional, logical or physical partitioning and configurations can be implemented to implement the desired features of the present disclosure. Additionally, with regard to flow diagrams, operational descriptions and method claims, the order in which the steps are presented herein shall not mandate that various embodiments be implemented to perform the recited functionality in the same order unless the context dictates otherwise. 
     Although the disclosure is described above in terms of various example embodiments and implementations, it should be understood that the various features, aspects and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described, but instead can be applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more of the other embodiments of the disclosure, whether or not such embodiments are described and whether or not such features are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described example embodiments, and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications to the previous descriptions may be made within the scope of the claims. 
     As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the present disclosure may be embodied as a method, a system, or a computer program product. Accordingly, the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable storage medium having computer-usable program code embodied in the medium. 
     Any suitable computer usable or computer readable medium may be utilized. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium may include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a transmission media such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may also be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-usable medium may include a propagated data signal with the computer-usable program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer usable program code may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to the Internet, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc. 
     Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present disclosure may be written in an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like. However, the computer program code for carrying out operations of the present disclosure may also be written in conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through a local area network/a wide area network/the Internet (e.g., network  18 ). 
     The present disclosure is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer/special purpose computer/other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures may illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     A number of implementations have been described. Having thus described the disclosure of the present application in detail and by reference to embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the disclosure defined in the appended claims.