Patent Publication Number: US-10775043-B2

Title: Combustor and method for damping vibrational modes under high-frequency combustion dynamics

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Disclosed embodiments are generally related to a combustor and a method as may be used in a turbine engine, such as a gas turbine engine, and, more particularly, to a combustor and a method involving burner mains configured to damp vibrational modes that can develop under high-frequency combustion dynamics. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A turbine engine, such as a gas turbine engine, comprises for example a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. Intake air is compressed in the compressor section and then mixed with a fuel. The mixture is burned in the combustor section to produce a high-temperature and high-pressure working gas directed to the turbine section, where thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy. 
     During combustion of the mixture, relatively high-frequency thermo-acoustic oscillations can occur in the combustor as a consequence of normal operating conditions depending on fuel/air stoichiometry, total mass flow, and other operating conditions. These thermo-acoustic oscillations can lead to unacceptably high levels of pressure oscillations in the combustor that can result in mechanical and/or thermal fatigue to combustor hardware. 
     One known technique to mitigate such thermo-acoustic oscillations, involves use of Helmholtz-type resonators. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 7,080,514. Further techniques effective to reliably and cost-effectively mitigate such thermo-acoustic oscillations are desirable. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a frontal elevational view of one non-limiting embodiment of a disclosed combustor including certain burner mains configured with a body having a different structural feature relative to the bodies of the remaining mains, and selectively grouped to introduce structural asymmetries effective to damp vibrational modes that can develop in the combustor. 
         FIG. 2  is a non-limiting example plot of pressure oscillations indicative of a 1R vibrational mode that can be effectively damped with the mains arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a lateral elevational view of one non-limiting embodiment of a disclosed combustor comprising mains with bodies comprising varying axial length. 
         FIG. 4  is a frontal elevational view of a disclosed combustor indicating mains configured with a different structural feature that in another non-limiting embodiment may be selectively grouped to damp a 1T vibrational mode, as indicated in the non-limiting example plot of pressure oscillations shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 6  is a frontal elevational view of a disclosed combustor indicating mains configured with a different structural feature that in yet another non-limiting embodiment may selectively grouped to damp a 2T vibrational mode, as indicated in the non-limiting example plot of pressure oscillations shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         FIGS. 8-10  are respective cross-sectional views illustrating further non-limiting embodiments of different structural features that may be configured in certain of the mains to reduce coherent interaction of thermo-acoustic oscillations, and thus effective to damp vibrational modes in the combustor. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The inventors of the present invention have recognized certain issues that can arise in the context of some prior art combustors, as may be used in gas turbine engines. High-frequency combustion dynamics, as may comprise any of various acoustic vibrational modes—e.g., a transverse acoustic mode, where acoustic standing waves can propagate along a radial direction, a circumferential direction, or both radial and circumferential directions—can limit the operational envelope of the engine. In prior art combustors involving substantially symmetrical structures, the level of these vibrational modes may be exacerbated by coherent interaction of acoustic pressure oscillations and heat release oscillations (i.e., thermo-acoustic oscillations), and may result in degraded emissions performance of the combustor and may further lead to a shortened lifetime of the combustor hardware. In view of such a recognition, the present inventors propose an improved combustor and method involving burner mains (hereinafter just referred to as mains) configured to reliably and cost-effectively damp vibrational modes that can develop in the combustor. Structural asymmetries arranged in the mains are effective to reduce coherent interaction of such thermo-acoustic oscillations and, thus, effective to damp vibrational modes that can develop under the high-frequency combustion dynamics in the combustor. 
     In the following detailed description, various specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of such embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details, that the present invention is not limited to the depicted embodiments, and that the present invention may be practiced in a variety of alternative embodiments. In other instances, methods, procedures, and components, which would be well-understood by one skilled in the art have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessary and burdensome explanation. 
     Furthermore, various operations may be described as multiple discrete steps performed in a manner that is helpful for understanding embodiments of the present invention. However, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations need be performed in the order they are presented, nor that they are even order dependent, unless otherwise indicated. Moreover, repeated usage of the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may. It is noted that disclosed embodiments need not be construed as mutually exclusive embodiments, since aspects of such disclosed embodiments may be appropriately combined by one skilled in the art depending on the needs of a given application. 
     The terms “comprising”, “including”, “having”, and the like, as used in the present application, are intended to be synonymous unless otherwise indicated. Lastly, as used herein, the phrases “configured to” or “arranged to” embrace the concept that the feature preceding the phrases “configured to” or “arranged to” is intentionally and specifically designed or made to act or function in a specific way and should not be construed to mean that the feature just has a capability or suitability to act or function in the specified way, unless so indicated. 
       FIG. 1  is a frontal elevational view of one non-limiting embodiment of a disclosed combustor  10 , as may be used in a turbine engine (schematically represented by block  12 ), such as a gas turbine engine. Combustor  10  includes a carrier  14  and a plurality of mains  16  that may be annularly disposed in the carrier, for example, about a centrally-disposed pilot burner  18 . In one non-limiting embodiment, combustor  10  may comprises a diluted oxygen combustion (DOC) type of combustor. 
     In accordance with aspects of the present invention, some of the plurality of mains (designated with the letter X) have a body having a different structural feature relative to the respective bodies of the remaining mains (not designated with any letter). The mains with the different structural feature can be selectively grouped in the carrier to form one or more sets of such mains effective to damp predefined vibrational modes in the combustor, such as without limitation, a 1R vibrational mode, as represented in the plot of pressure oscillations shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     In one non-limiting embodiment, the annular arrangement of mains may comprise at least two concentric annuli of mains and the set of mains with the different structural feature may be a set grouped in the radially inner-most annulus of such at least two concentric annuli of mains, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     As may be appreciated in  FIG. 3 , in one non-limiting embodiment, the different structural feature configured to introduce structural asymmetries may comprise an axial body extension  20  so that the plurality of mains  16  have bodies of different axial length. For example, the mains may be manufactured with an approximately equal axial length and then body extensions  20  may be subsequently affixed (e.g., welding, threaded connection, etc.) to some of the mains. Alternatively, the mains may be manufactured in lots having a different axial length and thus, in this alternative embodiment, body extensions  20  may not be necessary. It will be appreciated that other forms of structural features may be arranged in the mains to provide such structural asymmetries. 
     Without limitation,  FIGS. 8-10  are respective cross-sectional views illustrating further non-limiting embodiments of different structural features that may constructed in some of the mains to reduce the coherence of such thermo-acoustic oscillations. In one non-limiting embodiment, the respective bodies of the plurality of mains may comprise a tubular body, and, as shown in  FIG. 8 , some of the mains  16  may comprise a discharge end  22  defining a cross-sectional area that is slanted relative to a longitudinal axis  24  of the tubular body. In another non-limiting embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 9 , some of the mains  16  may comprise a plurality of undulations  26  that may be constructed at each respective discharge end  22  of such mains. In still another non-limiting embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 10 , some of the mains  16  may comprise a plurality of castellations  28  that may be constructed at each respective discharge end  22  of such mains. It will be appreciated that the foregoing examples of different structural features that may constructed in some of the mains should be construed in an example sense and not in a limiting sense since aspects of the present invention are not limited to any specific type of structural feature to introduce structural asymmetries. 
     As may be appreciated in  FIGS. 4 and 6 , the mains with different structural features (labelled with the letter X) may comprise respective sets  30  of mains selectively grouped (e.g., symmetrically distributed) over sectors  32  in the two concentric annuli of mains. In the non-limiting example shown in  FIG. 4 , one can appreciate three respective sets  30  arranged in three equidistant sectors  32  with an angular separation of approximately 120 degrees. In this non-limiting example, sets  30  are effective to damp a 1T vibrational mode, as represented in the plot of pressure oscillations shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     As a further non-limiting example,  FIG. 6  illustrates two respective sets  30  arranged in two equidistant sectors  30  with an angular separation of approximately 180 degrees. In this further non-limiting example, sets  30  are effective to damp a 2T vibrational mode, as represented in the plot of pressure oscillations shown in  FIG. 7 . It will be appreciated that aspects of the present invention are not limited to damping just the specific vibrational modes illustrated in  FIGS. 2, 5 and 7 . Broadly, depending on the needs of a given application, the sets of mains may be selectively arranged to damp any vibrational modes as may be defined by their appropriate eigenvectors, or to reduce vibrational mode interactions (e.g., inter-mode coupling) that could arise under the high-frequency combustion dynamics. 
     While embodiments of the present disclosure have been disclosed in exemplary forms, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, additions, and deletions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and its equivalents, as set forth in the following claims.