Patent Publication Number: US-2022218749-A1

Title: Car t-cells targeting bcma and uses thereof

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application relates to the field of immunotherapy, more particularly to the field of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Here, CARs are proposed that are directed against B-cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA, also known as CD269). Also proposed are polynucleotides, vectors encoding the transmembrane polypeptide chains and cells expressing such CARs. These cells are particularly suitable for use in immunotherapy, and strategies to treat diseases such as cancer using these cells are also provided. The engineered immune cells, such as T-cells or natural killer (NK) cells, expressing such CARs are particularly suitable for treating lymphomas, multiple myeloma and leukemia. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The recent FDA approval of the first two CAR-T therapies, both directed against the B cell antigen CD19, has led to an ever-increasing interest in the CAR-T field. There is a continuous need for improvement of CAR design and novel targets. One of the most promising targets is another B cell antigen, called B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA, also known as TNFRSF17). BCMA is a tumor necrosis family receptor (TNFR) member expressed in cells of the B-cell lineage. BCMA expression is the highest on terminally differentiated B cells. BCMA is involved in mediating the survival of plasma cells for maintaining long-term humoral immunity. The expression of BCMA has been recently linked to a number of cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Cancers with increased expression of BCMA include some hematological cancers, such as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin&#39;s and non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, various leukemias, and glioblastoma. Particularly in multiple myeloma, BCMA is considered a promising target, and several targeted therapies (including antibody-based therapies, ADC-based therapies and CAR-T based therapies) are under development. 
     Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and constitutes 2% of all cancer deaths. MM is a heterogeneous disease and caused by mostly by chromosome translocations inter alia t(l 1; 14),t(4; 14),t(8; 14),del(13),del(17) (Drach et al., (1998) Blood 92 (3): 802-809; Gertz et al., (2005) Blood 106 (8):2837-2840; Facon et al., (2001) Blood 97 (6): 1566-1571). MM-affected patients may experience a variety of disease-related symptoms due to, bone marrow infiltration, bone destruction, renal failure, immunodeficiency, and the psychosocial burden of a cancer diagnosis. The current 5-year survival rate for MM is approximately 50% highlighting that MM is a difficult-to-treat disease where there are currently no curative options. 
     While there already are numerous BCMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in development, each of them demonstrates a different efficacy and safety profile, and each uses a different construct. There is no link between the antibody binding efficacy and the therapeutic efficacy of the CAR. Although initial results and response rates of BCMA CAR-T therapies have generated excitement, it becomes ever more obvious that all of the BCMA CARs tested so far have a problem with durability of response and remission, and none of the BCMA CARs are close to being approved. The current CAR-T regimens also come at a cost of frequent adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. 
     Thus, there is a continued need for alternative BCMA CAR-T therapies that can improve durability of response, particularly CAR-T that are highly effective and have less side effects (e.g. by being more specific or by reaching the same efficacy at lower, less toxic dose levels). 
     SUMMARY 
     In the current application, we developed numerous BCMA CARs and compare them side by side. To this end, a common backbone was used, where only the BCMA binding moiety was altered. These different CARs were tested in a number of test set-ups (see Examples section), and one particular CAR clearly outperformed the others. Surprisingly, the binding moiety for this construct came from an antibody that has not been used in a CAR before and binds to a conformational epitope composed of residues in the β-hairpin (residues Y13-H19) and helix-loop-helix (residues L26, R27, and N31-L35) regions of BCMA. The binding moiety can also disrupt the APRIL and BAFF signaling pathways in plasma cells through steric occlusion and direct competition for the BCMA binding site. Interestingly, APRIL and BAFF can signal using other receptors, such as TACI and BAFF-R, and BCMA knock-out mice are still viable. Therefore, blocking the APRIL and BAFF activity through BCMA occlusion with this CAR construct may not be critically toxic for MM patients. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide CAR constructs and CAR-T cells that target BCMA and are suitable for therapy. 
     According to a first aspect, chimeric antigen receptors are provided herein comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     According to further embodiments, the anti-BCMA binding domain further comprises a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of GGNNIGSKSVH (SEQ ID NO: 4), a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of DDSDRPS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of QVWDSSSDHVV (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
     According to particular embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of QLQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSGSYFWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYYSGITYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQ FSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARHDGAVAGLFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7). According to particular embodiments, the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SYVLTQPPSVSVAPGQTARITCGGNNIGSKSVHWYQQPPGQAPVVVVYDDSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISR VEAGDEAVYYCQVWDSSSDHVVFGGGTKLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     The antibody sequences have first been described in WO2017031104, incorporated herein in its entirety. Both the epitope and the paratope of the antibody have been characterized, and mutant antibody sequences have been generated therein. There, it was shown that several mutated CDR sequences bound BCMA with similar affinity. For instance, in the heavy chain CDR1, in the sequence SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), the first G amino acid (at position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1) can be mutated to a S and/or the F residue (at position 5) can be mutated to a Y while retaining or improving binding. Thus, CARs comprising the sequences SSSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 9), SGSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 10) and SSSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 11) in heavy chain CDR1 are also provided herein. Particularly sequences with the G to S substitution (SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11) are envisaged. Further, in the heavy chain CDR2, in the sequence SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), the second I amino acid (at position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 2) can be mutated to a S while retaining or improving binding. Thus, CARs comprising the sequences SIYYSGSTYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 12) in heavy chain CDR2 are also provided herein. Further, in the heavy chain CDR3, in the sequence HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3), the V amino acid (at position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 3) can be mutated to a T while retaining or improving binding. Thus, CARs comprising the sequences HDGATAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 13) in heavy chain CDR3 are also provided herein. 
     According to further embodiments, the signaling domain of the CAR molecules contains a signaling domain functional in immune cells. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain comprises a signaling domain selected from the group consisting of a CD3 zeta domain, a Fc epsilon RI gamma domain, a CD3 epsilon domain or the recently described DAP10/DAP12 signaling domain (Zheng et al., 2020). 
     The signaling domain may further contain accessory domains that reinforce or modify the signal. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain further comprises a costimulatory domain. According to further particular embodiments, the costimulatory domain is selected from a CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, DAP10, DAP12, CD27, and CD2 costimulatory domain. 
     According to a further aspect, CARs are not provided as proteins, but as nucleic acid molecules that encode these proteins (typically isolated nucleic acid molecules). Such nucleic acid molecules can then be expressed in suitable cells to generate the CARs (e.g. in T cells to generate CAR-T cells). These CARs encoded by nucleic acids may have all the features described herein. 
     Thus, nucleic acid molecules are provided encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The anti-BCMA binding domain encoded by these nucleic acid molecules may further comprise a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of GGNNIGSKSVH (SEQ ID NO: 4), a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of DDSDRPS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of QVWDSSSDHVV (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
     According to particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encode a heavy chain which comprises the amino acid sequence of QLQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSGSYFWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYYSGITYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQ FSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARHDGAVAGLFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7). According to particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encode a light chain which comprises the amino acid sequence of SYVLTQPPSVSVAPGQTARITCGGNNIGSKSVHWYQQPPGQAPVVVVYDDSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISR VEAGDEAVYYCQVWDSSSDHVVFGGGTKLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     Likewise, nucleic acids encoding CARs comprising the sequences SSSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 9), SGSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 10) and SSSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 11) in heavy chain CDR1 are also provided herein. Particularly sequences with the G to S substitution (SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11) are envisaged. Further, in the heavy chain CDR2, in the sequence SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), the second I amino acid (at position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 2) can be mutated to a S while retaining or improving binding. Thus, polynucleotides encoding CARs comprising the sequences SIYYSGSTYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 12) in heavy chain CDR2 are also provided herein. Further, in the heavy chain CDR3, in the sequence HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3), the V amino acid (at position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 3) can be mutated to a T while retaining or improving binding. Thus, nucleic acid molecules encoding CARs comprising the sequences HDGATAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 13) in heavy chain CDR3 are also provided herein. 
     According to further embodiments, the signaling domain of the CAR encoded by the nucleic acid molecules contains a signaling domain functional in immune cells. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain comprises a signaling domain selected from the group consisting of a CD3 zeta domain, a Fc epsilon RI gamma domain, a CD3 epsilon domain or the recently described DAP10/DAP12 signaling domain (Zheng et al., 2020). 
     The signaling domain encoded by the nucleic acid molecules may further contain accessory domains that reinforce or modify the signal. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain further comprises a costimulatory domain. According to further particular embodiments, the costimulatory domain is selected from a CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, DAP10, DAP12, CD27, and CD2 costimulatory domain. 
     Typically, the nucleic acid molecules will be provided in the form of a vector. Accordingly, vectors are provided comprising a nucleic acid molecule as described herein. Thus, provided are vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). All of the metes and limitations of these CARs (and the specific domains) are as described herein. 
     In addition to the CAR, it is envisaged that the nucleic acid molecules and vectors may contain other features that enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the CAR. Examples of such features that can be encoded include, but are not limited to, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, chemokines, suicide genes, shRNA, antibodies, other CARs, anticalins, or the like. According to particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules and vectors may contain shRNA against CD3ζ. This is particularly envisaged for allogeneic applications. 
     According to a further aspect, the CARs are particularly useful when expressed in a cell, such as an immune cell. Accordingly, cells are provided comprising a CAR as described herein, that is: cells comprising a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Also, cells are provided comprising a nucleic acid molecule as described herein, that is: cells comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Also, cells are provided comprising a vector as described herein, that is: cells comprising a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). Typically, these cells will be immune cells such as T cells or NK cells. 
     All of the features described for these CARs (and the specific domains) can thus also be provided in cells. 
     According to a further aspect, the cells described herein (i.e. containing an anti-BCMA CAR) are provided for use as a medicament. According to a further particular aspect, the cells described herein are provided for use in treating cancer. According to particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma (MM). Most particularly, the cells are provided for use in treating multiple myeloma. According to alternative embodiments, the cells are provided for use in treating autoimmune disorders, as BCMA has been implicated in autoimmune disorders as well as B-lymphocyte malignancies. Examples of autoimmune diseases where BCMA inhibition has been proven useful include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Hofmann et al., Front Immunol. 2018; 9:835). 
     The cells containing a BCMA CAR can be autologous cells (the subject receives cells that originated from his or her body, but have been modified ex vivo) or can be allogeneic cells (the immune cells are derived from a donor, and have been modified ex vivo prior to administration to a subject that is not the donor). Allogeneic cells may contain further features, such as e.g. shRNA against CD3ζ. 
     This is equivalent as stating that methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The cancer typically is selected from leukemia, lymphoma or MM. Most particularly, it is MM. 
     Alternatively, methods of treating an autoimmune disease are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The autoimmune disease to be treated typically is selected from RA, SLE and MS. 
     In these methods of treatment, the CARs can further contain all of the features described for them or for specific domains. The cells typically are immune cells. 
     The methods for treatment can be autologous methods (the subject receives cells that originated from his or her body) or can be allogeneic methods (the cells are derived from a donor that is not the subject). 
     According to an alternative aspect, the nucleic acid molecules described herein (i.e. encoding an anti-BCMA CAR) are provided for use as a medicament. Typically, these nucleic acid molecules will then be used to transduce a cell so that it expresses a CAR. Although the cell will then typically be the agent that is administered to a subject in need thereof, nucleic acid molecules are typically easier to store or transport, and more amenable for use as a medicament. Also, although not particularly preferred, direct administration of nucleic acid molecules to a subject is envisaged herein as well. According to a further particular aspect, the nucleic acids described herein are provided for use in treating cancer. According to particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma (MM). Most particularly, the nucleic acids are provided for use in treating multiple myeloma. According to alternative embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules are provided for use in treating autoimmune disorders. Exemplary autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. 
     Likewise, the vectors described herein (i.e. encoding an anti-BCMA CAR) are provided for use as a medicament. Typically, these vectors will then be used to transduce a cell so that it expresses a CAR. Although the cell will then typically be the agent that is administered to a subject in need thereof, vector molecules are typically easier to store or transport, and more amenable for use as a medicament. Also, although not particularly preferred, direct administration of vectors to a subject is envisaged herein as well. According to a further particular aspect, the vectors described herein are provided for use in treating cancer. According to particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma (MM). Most particularly, the vectors are provided for use in treating multiple myeloma. According to alternative embodiments, the vectors are provided for use in treating autoimmune disorders. Exemplary autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. 
     This is equivalent as stating that methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Or, that methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The cancer typically is selected from leukemia, lymphoma or MM. Most particularly, it is MM. 
     Alternatively, methods of treating an autoimmune disease are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a nucleic acid encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Or, methods of treating an autoimmune disease are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a vector containing a nucleic acid encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The autoimmune disease to be treated typically is selected from RA, SLE and MS. 
     In these methods of treatment, the CARs can further contain all of the features described for them or for specific domains. 
     However, most typically, the nucleic acid molecules and vectors will not be directly administered to a subject. Rather, they will be used in a method of adoptive cell transfer (ACT). ACT refers to the transfer of cells, most typically immune cells, into a patient. These cells may have originated from the patient (autologous therapy) or from another individual (allogeneic therapy). The goal of the therapy is to improve immune functionality and characteristics, and in cancer immunotherapy, to raise an immune response against the cancer. Although T cells are most often used for ACT, it is also applied using other immune cell types such as NK cells, lymphocytes (e.g. tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)), dendritic cells and myeloid cells. Also stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be used. 
     According to this aspect, cells will be provided (either obtained from a subject to be treated, or from a donor), and these cells will then be transduced, transfected or otherwise engineered with the nucleic acid molecules or vectors described herein. The resulting cells can then be administered to a subject (either the same subject, in case of autologous therapy, or a different subject, in case of allogeneic therapy). 
     Accordingly, methods of engineering a cell are provided, comprising:
         Providing cells derived from a subject   Introducing in said cells a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3).       

     Alternatively, methods of engineering a cell are provided, comprising:
         Providing cells derived from a subject   Introducing in said cells a nucleic a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3).       

     According to particular embodiments, these methods are ex vivo or in vitro methods. 
     In these methods, the CARs can further contain all of the features described for them or for specific domains. The cells typically are immune cells. Most particularly, the cells are selected from the group of T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, myeloid cells, stem cells, progenitor cells or iPSCs. 
     When cells are being engineered for use in an allogeneic method, it is envisaged that the nucleic acid molecule or the vector will additionally contain features to prevent or reduce graft versus host disease, such as nucleic acid encoding inhibitors of TCR function (e.g. shRNA or TCR inhibitory molecules, as described in WO2013166051). 
     The methods may further comprise a step of administering the engineered cells to a subject in need thereof, making them methods of treatment. The methods for treatment can be autologous methods (the subject receives cells that originated from his or her body) or can be allogeneic methods (the cells are derived from a donor that is not the subject). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1 . A: design of the BCMA CAR expression vector. LTR: Long terminal repeat; pack. Ψ: psi packaging signal; tCD34: truncated CD34, a marker protein; CD247: shRNA against CD247. The upper design is for autologous use, the lower design for allogeneic use, where the shRNA against CD247 inhibits TCR signaling. B: BCMA CAR protein lay-out. Anti-BCMA scFv: BCMA binding moiety; CD8 H+TM: hinge+transmembrane part of the molecule derived from CD8; CD28/4-1BB: costimulatory domains used; CD3ζ: CD3 zeta signaling domain. 
         FIG. 2 . 11 different anti-BCMA scFv were tested in the BCMA CAR design of  FIG. 1 . PBMCs from three different healthy donors were transduced with the indicated BCMA CAR construct or a Mock (tCD34) control vector. Fold cell expansion between day 4 to day 10 was compared (A). All constructs showed a similar fold expansion. Viability at harvest was comparable between cells transduced with the different BCMA CAR constructs (B). 
         FIG. 3 . A. Cells transduced with the different BCMA-CAR constructs and expanded for 10 days were stained with BCMA-Fc fusion protein. In a second step, cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-Fc and an APC-conjugated anti-CD34 antibodies. A. The expression of the transgene on the cell surface, using as surrogate marker the mean fluorescence intensity of tCD34 is shown. B. Summary of the percentage BCMA-CAR positive cells (%) was assessed in total population of T cells. C. Median fluorescence intensity of BCMA-Fc staining is shown for BCMA CAR+ T cells. 
         FIG. 4 . Cellular cytotoxicity of the different BCMA-CAR T cells was assessed by co-culturing the cells with different BCMA-positive cancer cell lines (RPMI-8226 (A), U266 (B), OPM-2 (C)). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the media was used as a biomarker for cellular cytotoxicity and cytolysis. 
         FIG. 5 . Different BCMA expressing cancer cell lines were co-cultured with Mock (tCD34), or BCMA-CAR expressing T cells. 24 h after co-culture with different BCMA-positive cancer cell lines (RPMI-8226 (A), U266 (B), OPM-2 (C)), IFN-γ levels were measured in the supernatants. 
         FIG. 6 . NSG mice were engrafted with KMS11-luc multiple myeloma cells. Mice were randomized following bioluminescence measurement at day 5 into three different groups. At day 6, animals were treated with vehicle control, tCD34 transduced T cells or T cells transduced with the selected BCMA-CAR. Bioluminescence values in photons per second that are leaving a square centimeter of tissue and radiating into a solid angle of one steradian are shown. 
         FIG. 7 . Survival curves of mice treated with a single injection of T-cells in (A) a KMS-11 MM model and (B) a RPMI-8226 MM model. Survival curve of NSG mice (n=5 per group) injected intravenously with vehicle or 10 7  CYAD-211 cells or 10 7  control T-cells, 6 days following intravenous injection of 5×10 6  KMS-11 cancer cells (A) or RPMI-8226 cancer cells (B). Control T-cells are cells transduced with the same vector backbone as CYAD-211 cells, without the BCMA CAR or the shRNA-CD3ζ. CYAD-211: anti-BCMA CAR based on scFv #11, including shRNA against CD3ζ. 
         FIG. 8 . BCMA CAR T cell engraftment in mouse peripheral blood. Mice (n=3 per group) were treated with a single injection of vehicle or of CYAD-211 cells 14 days after injection of RPMI-8226 BCMA-expressing MM cells. The frequency of human T cells (the sum of mCD45−/GFP−/hCD45+/hCD4+ viable cells and mCD45−/GFP−/hCD45+/hCD8+ viable cells in the total population (mCD45+/GFP− viable cells and hCD45+/GFP− viable cells) was measured by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood at 4 hr (Day 14), 24 hr (Day 15), 48 hr (Day 16), 1 w (Day 21), 2 w (Day 28) and 1 mo (Day 42) post injection. CYAD-211: anti-BCMA CAR based on scFv #11, including shRNA against CD3ζ. 
         FIG. 9 . Kaplan-Meier survival curves of NGS mice injected with CYAD-211 cells, control T-cells or vehicle. Mice (n=5 per group) were injected with 20×10 6  CYAD-211 cells, control T-cells or vehicle 1 day after receiving 1.44 Gy total body irradiation. Results shown for three separate donors. CYAD-211: anti-BCMA CAR based on scFv #11, including shRNA against CD3ζ. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
     The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments and with reference to certain drawings but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope. The drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes. Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun e.g. “a” or “an”, “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated. 
     Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein. 
     The following terms or definitions are provided solely to aid in the understanding of the invention. 
     Unless specifically defined herein, all terms used herein have the same meaning as they would to one skilled in the art of the present invention. Practitioners are particularly directed to Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (2012); and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (up to Supplement 114), John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York (2016), for definitions and terms of the art. The definitions provided herein should not be construed to have a scope less than understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     A “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” as used herein refers to a chimeric receptor (i.e. composed of parts from different sources) that has at least a binding moiety with a specificity for an antigen (which can e.g. be derived from an antibody, a receptor or its cognate ligand) and a signaling moiety that can transmit a signal in an immune cell (e.g. a CD3 zeta chain). 
     A “transmembrane domain” or “TM domain” as used herein is any membrane-spanning protein domain. Most typically, it is derived from a transmembrane protein. However, it can also be artificially designed. Transmembrane domains used herein will typically associate with other transmembrane domains, through charged and non-charged interactions. 
     The term “signaling domain” as used herein refers to a moiety that can transmit a signal in a cell, particularly in an immune cell. The signaling domain typically comprises a domain derived from a receptor that signals by itself in immune cells, such as the T Cell Receptor (TCR) complex or the Fc receptor. Additionally, it may contain a costimulatory domain (i.e. a domain derived from a receptor that is required in addition to the TCR to obtain full activation, or the full spectrum of the signal in case of inhibitory costimulatory domains, of T cells). The costimulatory domain can be from an activating costimulatory receptor or from an inhibitory costimulatory receptor. 
     The terms “B-cell maturation antigen”, BCMA, CD269, or TNFRSF17 (UniProt Q02223; Gene ID: 608 in humans), as used herein refer to a member of the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily that is preferentially expressed in differentiated plasma cells (Laabi et al. (1992) EMBO J 11 (11):3897-3904; Madry et al. (1998) Int Immunol 10 (11):1693-1702). BCMA is a non-glycosylated type I transmembrane protein, which is involved in B cell maturation, growth and survival. BCMA is a receptor for two ligands of the TNF superfamily: APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand, CD256, TNFSF13), the high-affinity ligand to BCMA and the B cell activation factor BAFF (THANK, BlyS, B lymphocyte stimulator, TALL-1 and zTNF4), the low-affinity ligand to BCMA. APRIL and BAFF show structural similarity and overlapping yet distinct receptor binding specificity. The negative regulator TACI also binds to both BAFF and APRIL. An anti-BCMA binding domain is a domain that binds to the BCMA protein. 
     The term “immune cells” as used herein refers to cells that are part of the immune system (which can be either the adaptive or the innate immune system). Immune cells as used herein are typically immune cells that are manufactured for adoptive cell transfer (either autologous transfer or allogeneic transfer). Many different types of immune cells are used for adoptive therapy and thus are envisaged for use in the methods described herein. Examples of immune cells include, but are not limited to, T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, myeloid cells, stem cells, progenitor cells or iPSCs. The latter three are not immune cells as such, but can be used in adoptive cell transfer for immunotherapy (see e.g. Jiang et al., Cell Mol Immunol 2014; Themeli et al., Cell Stem Cell 2015). Typically, while the manufacturing starts with stem cells or iPSCs (or may even start with a dedifferentiation step from immune cells towards iPSCs), manufacturing will entail a step of differentiation to immune cells prior to administration. Stem cells, progenitor cells and iPSCs used in manufacturing of immune cells for adoptive transfer (i.e., stem cells, progenitor cells and iPSCs or their differentiated progeny that are transduced with a CAR as described herein) are considered as immune cells herein. According to particular embodiments, the stem cells envisaged in the methods do not involve a step of destruction of a human embryo. 
     Particularly envisaged immune cells include white blood cells (leukocytes), including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Particularly envisaged lymphocytes include T cells, NK cells and B cells, most particularly envisaged are T cells. In the context of adoptive transfer, note that immune cells will typically be primary cells (i.e. cells isolated directly from human or animal tissue, and not or only briefly cultured), and not cell lines (i.e. cells that have been continually passaged over a long period of time and have acquired homogenous genotypic and phenotypic characteristics). According to specific embodiments, the immune cell is a primary cell. According to alternative specific embodiments, the immune cell is not a cell from a cell line. 
     “Antibody” refers to all isotypes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgY) including various monomelic, polymeric and chimeric forms, unless otherwise specified. 
     Specifically encompassed by the term “antibody” are polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and antibody-like polypeptides, such as chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies. “Antigen-binding fragments” are any proteinaceous structure that may exhibit binding affinity for a particular antigen. Antigen-binding fragments include those provided by any known technique, such as enzymatic cleavage, peptide synthesis, and recombinant techniques. Some antigen-binding fragments are composed of portions of intact antibodies that retain antigen-binding specificity of the parent antibody molecule. For example, antigen-binding fragments may comprise at least one variable region (either a heavy chain or light chain variable region) or one or more CDRs of an antibody known to bind a particular antigen. Examples of suitable antigen-binding fragments include, without limitation diabodies and single-chain molecules as well as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fc, Fabc, and Fv molecules, single chain (Sc) antibodies, individual antibody light chains, individual antibody heavy chains, chimeric fusions between antibody chains or CDRs and other proteins, protein scaffolds, heavy chain monomers or dimers, light chain monomers or dimers, dimers consisting of one heavy and one light chain, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHI domains, or a monovalent antibody as described in WO2007059782, bivalent fragments comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region, a Fd fragment consisting essentially of the V.sub.H and C.sub.Hl domains; a Fv fragment consisting essentially of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, a dAb fragment (Ward et al., Nature 341, 544-546 (1989)), which consists essentially of a VH domain and also called domain antibodies (Holt et al; Trends Biotechnol. 2003 November; 21 (11):484-90); camelid or nanobodies (Revets et al; Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005 January; 5 (1): 111-24); an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR), and the like. All antibody isotypes may be used to produce antigen-binding fragments. Additionally, antigen-binding fragments may include non-antibody proteinaceous frameworks that may successfully incorporate polypeptide segments in an orientation that confers affinity for a given antigen of interest, such as protein scaffolds. Antigen-binding fragments may be recombinantly produced or produced by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies. The phrase “an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be used to denote that a given antigen-binding fragment incorporates one or more amino acid segments of the antibody referred to in the phrase. 
     The term “epitope” means a protein determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents. The epitope may comprise amino acid residues directly involved in the binding and other amino acid residues, which are not directly involved in the binding, such as amino acid residues which are effectively blocked or covered by the specifically antigen binding peptide (in other words, the amino acid residue is within the footprint of the specifically antigen binding peptide). 
     “Specific binding” or “immunospecific binding” or derivatives thereof when used in the context of antibodies, or antibody fragments, represents binding via domains encoded by immunoglobulin genes or fragments of immunoglobulin genes to one or more epitopes of a protein of interest, without preferentially binding other molecules in a sample containing a mixed population of molecules. Typically, an antibody binds to a cognate antigen with a KD of less than about 1×10 −8  M, as measured by a surface plasmon resonance assay or a cell binding assay. Phrases such as “[antigen]-specific” antibody (e.g., BCMA-specific antibody) are meant to convey that the recited antibody specifically binds the recited antigen. 
     “Isolated” as used herein means a biological component (such as a nucleic acid, peptide or protein) has been substantially separated, produced apart from, or purified away from other biological components of the organism in which the component naturally occurs, i.e., other chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA and RNA, and proteins. Nucleic acids, peptides and proteins that have been “isolated” thus include nucleic acids and proteins purified by standard purification methods. “Isolated” nucleic acids, peptides and proteins can be part of a composition and still be isolated if such composition is not part of the native environment of the nucleic acid, peptide, or protein. The term also embraces nucleic acids, peptides and proteins prepared by recombinant expression in a host cell as well as chemically synthesized nucleic acids. An “isolated” antibody or antigen-binding fragment, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment which is substantially free of other antibodies or antigen-binding fragments having different antigenic specificities (for instance, an isolated antibody that specifically binds to BCMA is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than BCMA). An isolated antibody that specifically binds to an epitope, isoform or variant of BCMA may, however, have cross-reactivity to other related antigens, for instance from other species (such as BCMA species homologs). 
     The phrase “nucleic acid molecule” synonymously referred to as “nucleotides” or “nucleic acids” or “polynucleotide” refers to any polyribonucleotide or polydeoxyribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. Nucleic acid molecules include, without limitation single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, single-and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions. In addition, “polynucleotide” refers to triple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. The term polynucleotide also includes DNAs or RNAs containing one or more modified bases and DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons. “Modified” bases include, for example, tritylated bases and unusual bases such as inosine. A variety of modifications may be made to DNA and RNA; thus, “polynucleotide” embraces chemically, enzymatically or metabolically modified forms of polynucleotides as typically found in nature, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells. “Polynucleotide” also embraces relatively short nucleic acid chains, often referred to as oligonucleotides. 
     A “vector” is a replicon, such as plasmid, phage, cosmid, or virus in which another nucleic acid segment may be operably inserted so as to bring about the replication or expression of the segment. A “clone” is a population of cells derived from a single cell or common ancestor by mitosis. A “cell line” is a clone of a primary cell that is capable of stable growth in vitro for many generations. In some examples provided herein, cells are transformed by transfecting the cells with DNA. 
     The terms “express” and “produce” are used synonymously herein, and refer to the biosynthesis of a gene product. These terms encompass the transcription of a gene into RNA. These terms also encompass translation of RNA into one or more polypeptides, and further encompass all naturally occurring post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications. 
     The term “subject” refers to human and non-human animals, including all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, mice, rabbits, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, cows, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles. In most particular embodiments of the described methods, the subject is a human. 
     The terms “treating” or “treatment” refer to any success or indicia of success in the attenuation or amelioration of an injury, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement, remission, diminishing of symptoms or making the condition more tolerable to the patient, slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline, making the final point of degeneration less debilitating, improving a subject&#39;s physical or mental well-being, or prolonging the length of survival. The treatment may be assessed by objective or subjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination, neurological examination, or psychiatric evaluations. 
     An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic, such as the transformed immune cells described herein, may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the therapeutic (such as the cells) to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the therapeutic are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. 
     The phrase “graft versus host disease” or “GvHD” refers to a condition that might occur after an allogeneic transplant. In GvHD, the donated bone marrow, peripheral blood (stem) cells or other immune cells view the recipient&#39;s body as foreign, and the donated cells attack the body. As donor immunocompetent immune cells, such as T cells, are the main driver for GvHD, one strategy to prevent GvHD is by reducing (TCR-based) signaling in these immunocompetent cells, e.g. by directly or indirectly inhibiting the function of the TCR complex. 
     The present application is the first application to show a systematic side-by-side comparison of BCMA scFvs in a common CAR background. This allowed identification of a scFv that has not been used in a CAR before and that outperforms other scFvs in several experimental set-ups. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide chimeric antigen receptors comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     According to further embodiments, the anti-BCMA binding domain further comprises a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of GGNNIGSKSVH (SEQ ID NO: 4), a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of DDSDRPS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of QVWDSSSDHVV (SEQ ID NO: 6). As the light chain CDR1 is not actively involved in ligand binding, according to alternative embodiments, the anti-BCMA binding domain further comprises a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of DDSDRPS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of QVWDSSSDHVV (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
     According to particular embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of QLQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSGSYFWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYYSGITYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQ FSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARHDGAVAGLFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7). According to particular embodiments, the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SYVLTQPPSVSVAPGQTARITCGGNNIGSKSVHWYQQPPGQAPVVVVYDDSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISR VEAGDEAVYYCQVWDSSSDHVVFGGGTKLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     The antibody sequences have first been described in WO2017031104, incorporated herein in its entirety. As described in Example 2 therein, a human immunoglobulin transgenic rat strain (OmniRat®; OMT, Inc.) was used to develop human BCMA monoclonal antibody expressing hybridoma cells. When immunized with recombinant human BCMA (rhBCMA), this transgenic rat produces human IgG antibodies specific to human BCMA. Antibodies generated thus were purified and characterized, and the antibody derived from the M2 hybridoma-named BCMB69− was selected as the best hit. This antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 as its heavy and light chains, respectively. After crystallization, the epitope, paratope and interactions were determined (Example 6 in WO2017031104). The antibody recognizes a conformational epitope composed of residues in the β-hairpin (residues Y13-H19) and helix-loop-helix (residues L26, R27, and N31-L35) regions of BCMA. Its epitope comprises an area of about 830 A 2  on BCMA and contains the ligand-binding DXL motif (residues D15-L18 in the type I turn of the β-hairpin), which protrudes into a shallow cavity lined by the antibody complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Leucine 17, at the tip of the DXL turn, is completely buried in the antibody cavity and has extensive interactions with the antibody. Another prevalent epitope residue is Arg27, which makes several hydrogen bond contacts with the heavy chain CDRs. 
     The antibody paratope is composed of residues from all CDRs except CDR-L1. Thus, according to some embodiments, the sequence of CDR1 in the light chain can be varied without impacting the properties of the antibody. The heavy chain has twice the number of contacts with BCMA compared to the light chain, and 40% of total contacts are made by CDR-H3. 
     Thus, both the epitope and the paratope of the antibody have been characterized, and mutant antibody sequences have been generated therein. There, it was shown that several mutated CDR sequences bound BCMA with similar affinity. For instance, in the heavy chain CDR1, in the sequence SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), the first G amino acid (at position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1) can be mutated to a S and/or the F residue (at position 5) can be mutated to a Y while retaining or improving binding. Thus, CARs comprising the sequences SSSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 9), SGSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 10) and SSSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 11) in heavy chain CDR1 are also provided herein. Particularly sequences with the G to S substitution (SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11) are envisaged. Further, in the heavy chain CDR2, in the sequence SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), the second I amino acid (at position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 2) can be mutated to a S while retaining or improving binding. Thus, CARs comprising the sequences SIYYSGSTYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 12) in heavy chain CDR2 are also provided herein. Further, in the heavy chain CDR3, in the sequence HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3), the V amino acid (at position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 3) can be mutated to a T while retaining or improving binding. Thus, CARs comprising the sequences HDGATAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 13) in heavy chain CDR3 are also provided herein. 
     According to further embodiments, the signaling domain of the CAR molecules contains a signaling domain functional in immune cells. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain comprises a signaling domain selected from the group consisting of a CD3 zeta domain, a Fc epsilon RI gamma domain, a CD3 epsilon domain, and a DAP10/DAP12 domain. 
     The signaling domain may further contain accessory domains that reinforce or modify the signal. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain further comprises a costimulatory domain. According to further particular embodiments, the costimulatory domain is selected from a CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, DAP10, DAP12, CD27, and CD2 costimulatory domain. 
     According to a further aspect, CARs are not provided as proteins, but as nucleic acid molecules that encode these proteins (typically isolated nucleic acid molecules). Such nucleic acid molecules can then be expressed in suitable cells to generate the CARs (e.g. in T cells to generate CAR-T cells). These CARs encoded by nucleic acids may have all the features described herein. 
     Thus, nucleic acid molecules are provided encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The anti-BCMA binding domain encoded by these nucleic acid molecules may further comprise a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of GGNNIGSKSVH (SEQ ID NO: 4), a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of DDSDRPS (SEQ ID NO: 5), and a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of QVWDSSSDHVV (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
     According to particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encode a heavy chain which comprises the amino acid sequence of QLQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSGSYFWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYYSGITYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQ FSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARHDGAVAGLFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7). According to particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encode a light chain which comprises the amino acid sequence of SYVLTQPPSVSVAPGQTARITCGGNNIGSKSVHWYQQPPGQAPVVVVYDDSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISR VEAGDEAVYYCQVWDSSSDHVVFGGGTKLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     Likewise, nucleic acids encoding CARs comprising the sequences SSSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 9), SGSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 10) and SSSYYWG (SEQ ID NO: 11) in heavy chain CDR1 are also provided herein. Particularly sequences with the G to S substitution (SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11) are envisaged. Further, in the heavy chain CDR2, in the sequence SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), the second I amino acid (at position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 2) can be mutated to a S while retaining or improving binding. Thus, polynucleotides encoding CARs comprising the sequences SIYYSGSTYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 12) in heavy chain CDR2 are also provided herein. Further, in the heavy chain CDR3, in the sequence HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3), the V amino acid (at position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 3) can be mutated to a T while retaining or improving binding. Thus, nucleic acid molecules encoding CARs comprising the sequences HDGATAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 13) in heavy chain CDR3 are also provided herein. 
     According to further embodiments, the signaling domain of the CAR encoded by the nucleic acid molecules contains a signaling domain functional in immune cells. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain comprises a signaling domain selected from the group consisting of a CD3 zeta domain, a Fc epsilon RI gamma domain, a CD3 epsilon domain and a DAP10/DAP12 domain. 
     The signaling domain encoded by the nucleic acid molecules may further contain accessory domains that reinforce or modify the signal. According to particular embodiments, the signaling domain further comprises a costimulatory domain. According to further particular embodiments, the costimulatory domain is selected from a CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, DAP10, DAP12, CD27, and CD2 costimulatory domain. 
     Typically, the nucleic acid molecules will be provided in the form of a vector. Accordingly, vectors are provided comprising a nucleic acid molecule as described herein. Thus, provided are vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). All of the metes and limitations of these CARs (and the specific domains) are as described herein. 
     In addition to the CAR, it is envisaged that the nucleic acid molecules and vectors may contain other features that enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the CAR. Examples of such features that can be encoded include, but are not limited to, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, chemokines, suicide genes, shRNA, antibodies, other CARs, anticalins, or the like. According to particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules and vectors may contain shRNA against CD3ζ. This is particularly envisaged for allogeneic applications. 
     According to a further aspect, the CARs are particularly useful when expressed in a cell, such as an immune cell. Accordingly, cells are provided comprising a CAR as described herein, that is: cells comprising a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Also, cells are provided comprising a nucleic acid molecule as described herein, that is: cells comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Also, cells are provided comprising a vector as described herein, that is: cells comprising a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR comprising an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     All of the features described for these CARs (and the specific domains) can thus also be provided in cells. 
     According to a further aspect, the cells described herein (i.e. containing an anti-BCMA CAR) are provided for use as a medicament. According to a further particular aspect, the cells described herein are provided for use in treating cancer. According to particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma (MM). Most particularly, the cells are provided for use in treating multiple myeloma. According to alternative embodiments, the cells are provided for use in treating autoimmune disorders, as BCMA has been implicated in autoimmune disorders as well as B-lymphocyte malignancies. Examples of autoimmune diseases where BCMA inhibition has been proven useful include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Hofmann et al., Front Immunol. 2018; 9:835). 
     The cells containing a BCMA CAR can be autologous cells (the subject receives cells that originated from his or her body, but have been modified ex vivo) or can be allogeneic cells (the immune cells are derived from a donor, and have been modified ex vivo prior to administration to a subject that is not the donor). 
     This is equivalent as stating that methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The cancer typically is selected from leukemia, lymphoma or MM. Most particularly, it is MM. In principle, any BCMA-expressing cancer is amenable for treatment; BCMA is known to be a prominent antigen in MM. 
     Alternatively, methods of treating an autoimmune disease are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The autoimmune disease to be treated typically is selected from RA, SLE and MS. 
     The CAR will typically be administered in an effective amount, i.e. an amount that results in the improvement of at least one symptom or parameter in the subject that receives the treatment. The methods may contain the further step of thereby improving at least one symptom or parameter of the disease. 
     In these methods of treatment, the CARs can further contain all of the features described for them or for specific domains. 
     The methods for treatment can be autologous methods (the subject receives cells that originated from his or her body) or can be allogeneic methods (the cells are derived from a donor that is not the subject). 
     According to an alternative aspect, the nucleic acid molecules described herein (i.e. encoding an anti-BCMA CAR) are provided for use as a medicament. Typically, these nucleic acid molecules will then be used to transduce a cell so that it expresses a CAR. Although the cell will then typically be the agent that is administered to a subject in need thereof, nucleic acid molecules are typically easier to store or transport, and more amenable for use as a medicament. Also, although not particularly preferred, direct administration of nucleic acid molecules to a subject is envisaged herein as well. According to a further particular aspect, the nucleic acids described herein are provided for use in treating cancer. According to particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma (MM). Most particularly, the nucleic acids are provided for use in treating multiple myeloma. According to alternative embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules are provided for use in treating autoimmune disorders. Exemplary autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. 
     Likewise, the vectors described herein (i.e. encoding an anti-BCMA CAR) are provided for use as a medicament. Typically, these vectors will then be used to transduce a cell so that it expresses a CAR. Although the cell will then typically be the agent that is administered to a subject in need thereof, vector molecules are typically easier to store or transport, and more amenable for use as a medicament. Also, although not particularly preferred, direct administration of vectors to a subject is envisaged herein as well. According to a further particular aspect, the vectors described herein are provided for use in treating cancer. According to particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma (MM). Most particularly, the vectors are provided for use in treating multiple myeloma. According to alternative embodiments, the vectors are provided for use in treating autoimmune disorders. Exemplary autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. 
     This is equivalent as stating that methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Or, that methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The cancer typically is selected from leukemia, lymphoma or MM. Most particularly, it is MM. 
     Alternatively, methods of treating an autoimmune disease are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a nucleic acid encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     Or, methods of treating an autoimmune disease are provided, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a vector containing a nucleic acid encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     The autoimmune disease to be treated typically is selected from RA, SLE and MS. 
     The nucleic acids or vectors will typically be administered in an effective amount, i.e. an amount that results in the improvement of at least one symptom or parameter in the subject that receives the treatment. The methods may contain the further step of thereby improving at least one symptom or parameter of the disease. 
     In these methods of treatment, the CARs can further contain all of the features described for them or for specific domains. The nucleic acids or vectors encoding the CARs described herein may contain further features to improve therapeutic efficacy. For instance, when provided for use in allogeneic methods, the nucleic acids/vectors typically will further comprise an inhibitor of the T cell receptor complex, to prevent GvHD. Other elements typically contained in nucleic acid or vector constructs include, but are not limited to, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, chemokines, and the like. 
     However, most typically, the nucleic acid molecules and vectors will not be directly administered to a subject. Rather, they will be used in a method of adoptive cell transfer (ACT). ACT refers to the transfer of cells, most typically immune cells, into a patient. These cells may have originated from the patient (autologous therapy) or from another individual (allogeneic therapy). The goal of the therapy is to improve immune functionality and characteristics, and in cancer immunotherapy, to raise an immune response against the cancer. Although T cells are most often used for ACT, it is also applied using other immune cell types such as NK cells, lymphocytes (e.g. tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)), dendritic cells and myeloid cells. Also stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be used. 
     According to this aspect, cells will be provided (either obtained from a subject to be treated, or from a donor), and these cells will then be transduced, transfected or otherwise engineered with the nucleic acid molecules or vectors described herein. The resulting cells can then be administered to a subject (either the same subject, in case of autologous therapy, or a different subject, in case of allogeneic therapy). 
     Accordingly, methods of engineering a cell are provided, comprising:
         Providing cells derived from a subject   Introducing in said cells a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3).       

     Alternatively, methods of engineering a cell are provided, comprising:
         Providing cells derived from a subject   Introducing in said cells a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CAR containing an anti-BCMA binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein said anti-BCMA binding domain comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) having the amino acid sequence of SGSYFWG (SEQ ID NO: 1), a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS (SEQ ID NO: 2), and a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of HDGAVAGLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 3).       

     According to particular embodiments, these methods are ex vivo or in vitro methods. 
     In these methods, the CARs can further contain all of the features described for them or for specific domains. The cells typically are immune cells. Most particularly, the cells are selected from the group of T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, myeloid cells, stem cells, progenitor cells or iPSCs. 
     When cells are being engineered for use in an allogeneic method, it is envisaged that the nucleic acid molecule or the vector will additionally contain features to prevent or reduce graft versus host disease, such as nucleic acid encoding inhibitors of TCR function (e.g. shRNA or TCR inhibitory molecules, as described in WO2013166051). 
     The methods may further comprise a step of administering the engineered cells to a subject in need thereof, making them methods of treatment. The methods for treatment can be autologous methods (the subject receives cells that originated from his or her body) or can be allogeneic methods (the cells are derived from a donor that is not the subject). 
     The cells will typically be administered in an effective amount, i.e. an amount that results in the improvement of at least one symptom or parameter in the subject that receives the treatment. The methods may contain the further step of thereby improving at least one symptom or parameter of the disease. 
     It is to be understood that although particular embodiments, specific configurations as well as materials and/or molecules, have been discussed herein for cells and methods according to present invention, various changes or modifications in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. The following examples are provided to better illustrate particular embodiments, and they should not be considered limiting the application. The application is limited only by the claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1. Design of Several BCMA CARs 
     To be able to compare different binding moieties for an improved BCMA CAR side by side, an identical backbone construct was used, where only the binding moiety of the BCMA-CAR was altered between the different constructs to be tested. This backbone construct is shown in  FIG. 1A , is based on a retroviral vector and further contains a marker. Further, for use in allogeneic setting, an identical construct was made that further contained shRNA against CD247 ( FIG. 1A , bottom). When expressed in cells, this shRNA interferes with the function of the T cell receptor complex and thus can prevent the development of graft versus host disease (GvHD) in allogeneic ACT. 
     The design of the BCMA CAR is shown in more detail in  FIG. 1B . Eleven different binding moieties were tested, but the hinge, transmembrane and CD3 zeta signaling domains were kept identical. Each construct was tested in a version with either a CD28 or a 4-1BB costimulatory domain. For the BCMA binding moieties (all anti-BCMA scFvs), some sequences were taken from BCMA CARs currently in development (as a benchmark), whereas other sequences were used from BCMA antibodies that have not been used in a CAR before. Examples of CAR sequences are those from WO2013154760, WO2015158671 and WO2016014789. 
     Example 2. Properties of Different CARs in Vitro 
     To test whether all CARs could be successfully expressed, PBMCs from three different healthy donors were transduced with the indicated BCMA CAR construct or a Mock (tCD34) control vector. Fold cell expansion between day 4 to day 10 was compared ( FIG. 2A ). All constructs showed a similar fold expansion. Viability at harvest was also comparable between cells transduced with the different BCMA CAR constructs ( FIG. 2B ). Results from here onwards are done with 4-1BB based CARs. 
     Next, in order to assess the affinity with which the different scFvs bind to BCMA, cells transduced with the different BCMA-CAR constructs were stained with BCMA-Fc fusion protein. In a second step, cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-Fc and an APC-conjugated anti-CD34 antibodies. The expression of the transgene on the cell surface, using as surrogate marker the mean fluorescence intensity of tCD34 is shown in  FIG. 3A . 
       FIG. 3B  shows the summary of the percentage BCMA-CAR positive cells (%), assessed in the total population of T cells. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of BCMA-Fc staining is also shown in  FIG. 3B , for BCAM CAR+ T cells. Here, it can be seen that some scFvs have a better affinity for BCMA than others. The difference is not due to variation in expression levels, as there is no change in the tCD34 levels from the same vector. Thus, the affinity difference is for most part due to BCMA recognition and cannot be attributed to expression alone. 
     Example 3. Activity Against Tumor Cells 
     To further evaluate the activity of different anti-BCMA CARs, cellular toxicity and activity against cancer cells of the different BCMA-CAR T cells was evaluated. The ability of the distinct scFv to elicit functional responses was explored by incubating the CAR T-cells for 24 hours at 1:1 ratio with different BCMA-expressing MM cancer cell lines (RPMI-8226, OPM-2 and U266). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the media was used as a biomarker for cellular cytotoxicity and cytolysis. Results are shown in  FIG. 4 . Constructs #4, #6 and #11 displayed the highest level of cytotoxic activity independent of the cancer cell line, while construct #3 showed very high cytotoxic activity against RPMI-8226 and OPM-2 tumor cells. 
     Likewise, interferon gamma secretion was used to measure activity against cancer cells. To this end, different BCMA expressing cancer cell lines were co-cultured with Mock (tCD34), or BCMA-CAR expressing T cells. 24 h after co-culture, IFN-γ levels were measured in the supernatants. Results are shown in  FIG. 5 . The highest levels of IFN-γ were secreted by T-cells transduced with the constructs #4, #6 and #11, which was independent of the cancer cell line engaged in the assay. 
     Based on the expression level of the transgene and the functionality of T-cells against BCMA-expressing MM cell lines, the constructs bearing the scFv #4 and #11 systematically demonstrated higher performance compared to the other constructs evaluated and were selected for further investigation in a validation phase. 
     PBMC from 7 healthy donors, different to the ones of the primary screen, were used to generate CAR T-cells using the constructs #4 and #11, as well as control T-cells (using the same vector backbone but without the CAR). IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxic activity was measured using ELISA and an LDH assay respectively, in the supernatant of 24-hour co-culture of CAR T-cells and control T-cells generated from 7 healthy donors with MM cancer cell lines (RPMI-8226, OPM-2 and KMS-11) (data not shown). 
     While both constructs elicited potent cytotoxic response against MM cancer cell lines, the construct #11 showed a trend for higher IFN-γ secretion upon co-culture with BCMA-expressing cancer cell lines. As scFv #11 is humanized, while scFv #4 is of murine origin (derived from BCAR003 in table 5 of WO2018028647), construct #11 was selected for further characterization and in vivo evaluation, with the logic to avoid potential induction of host immune responses and consequently limited persistence (Stoiber et al., 2019). 
     In short, BCMA scFv #11 outperforms the other scFvs tested: not only does it have high expression levels and affinity, it is also the CAR that has the highest activity against the three distinct cancer cell lines tested in a reproducible way. 
     scFv #4 is a monovalent sequence derived from a bivalent CAR, the scFv used corresponds to the first 295 amino acids of sequence 308 in WO2018028647. Remarkably, scFv #11 is derived from an antibody that has not before been used in a CAR, and in these assays thus outperforms several of the scFvs currently in clinical development. scFv #11 is a sequence that has been derived from WO2017031104, “Anti-bcma antibodies, bispecific antigen binding molecules that bind bcma and cd3, and uses thereof”, incorporated herein in its entirety. Briefly, the binding sequences of the antibody described therein have been used to create a scFv by fusing the variable regions of the heavy and light chains interspersed with a linker peptide. The CDRs of scFv #11 correspond to: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Heavy chain: 
               
               
                   
                 CDR1: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                   
                 SGSYFWG, 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CDR2: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
                 SIYYSGITYYNPSLKS, 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CDR3: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
                 HDGAVAGLFDY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Light chain: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CDR1: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
                 GGNNIGSKSVH, 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CDR2: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
                 DDSDRPS, 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CDR3: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
                 QVWDSSSDHVV. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In more detail, the heavy chain contains the amino acid sequence QLQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSGSYFWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYYSGITYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQ FSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARHDGAVAGLFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7) and the light chain contains the sequence SYVLTQPPSVSVAPGQTARITCGGNNIGSKSVHWYQQPPGQAPVVVVYDDSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISR VEAGDEAVYYCQVWDSSSDHVVFGGGTKLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     The full sequence of scFv #11 used herein corresponds to MALPVTALLLPLALLLHAARPQLQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSGSYFWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYYSGI TYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARHDGAVAGLFDYWGQGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG GGSYVLTQPPSVSVAPGQTARITCGGNNIGSKSVHWYQQPPGQAPVVVVYDDSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTI SRVEAGDEAVYYCQVWDSSSDHVVFGGGTKLTVLSS (SEQ ID NO: 14). The sequence of scFv #4 used herein corresponds to MALPVTALLLPLALLLHAARPQVKLEESGGGLVQAGRSLRLSCAASEHTFSSHVMGWFRQAPGKERESVAVIGWR DISTSYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARRIDAADFDSWGQGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGS GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSAVQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLTCTASGRAFSTYFMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAGIAWSGGST AYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCASRGIEVEEFGAWGQGTQVTVSSTSTTTPAPRPP (SEQ ID NO: 15). 
     To make the respective CARs, both sequences were fused to a CD8 domain and a CD3ζ domain. The respective sequences used for those are: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                   
                 AAAFVPVFLPAKPTTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPEACRPAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGAVHTRGLDFACDIYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLVITLYCNHRNKR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEEDGCSCRFPEEEEGGCE 
               
               
                   
                 and 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                   
                 LRVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNELNLGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EMGGKPQRRKNPQEGLYNELQKDKMAEAYSEIGMKGERRRGKGH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DGLYQGLSTATKDTYDALHMQALPPR. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4. In Vivo Activity Against Tumor 
     To check whether the superior performance of scFv #11 in in vitro assays also translates to in vivo anti-tumor efficacy, an experiment was performed in mice. NSG mice were engrafted with KMS11-luc multiple myeloma cells. Mice were randomized following bioluminescence measurement at day 5 into three different groups. At day 6, animals were treated with vehicle control, tCD34 transduced T cells or T cells transduced with the selected BCMA-CAR. Results are shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     While in vehicle- and mock-treated animals, the tumor continues to grow, in mice treated with the selected BCMA CAR, the tumors shrink. In one of three animals, the tumor starts to regrow, while in two others, the bioluminescence appears to stay at a plateau level. This remaining bioluminescence is most likely due to background luminescence, as these two animals appear to be tumor-free. 
     Apart from tumor growth, long term survival was assessed in two distinct xenograft models of MM to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor activity of the scFv #11-based anti-BCMA CAR. In the first model, 5×10 6  KMS-11 cells were injected intravenously in Nod-Scid IL-2Rg -/-  (NSG) mice, followed by infusion of 10 7  T-cells or vehicle 6 days later. Apheretic material from 2 different healthy donors was used to generate anti-BCMA CAR cells based on scFv #11 with shRNA against CD3ζ (see  FIG. 1A ; this specific construct is also referred to as CYAD-211 herein), as well as control T-cells, transduced with the same vector without the BCMA CAR and the shRNA-CD3ζ. Whilst mice that received vehicle injections or control T-cells succumbed to tumor with a median survival of 35 and 43 days respectively, mice injected with scFv #11-based anti-BCMA CAR T cells remained alive until the end of the experiment, showing a statistically significant difference from the control cells of the respective donor ( FIG. 7A ). 
     The same approach was used to test the efficacy of CYAD-211 cells against a second MM model, based on the injection of RPMI-8226 cancer cells. Briefly, 10 7  CYAD-211 cells, 10 7  control T-cells or vehicle were administered in NSG mice 14 days after intravenous injection of 5×10 6  RPMI-8226 cells. As illustrated in  FIG. 7B , mice injected with vehicle presented a median survival of 49 days. In donor 1, mice injected with control T-cells had a median survival of 58 days, while all mice injected with CYAD-211 cells survived until the end of the experiment. Regarding donor 2, all mice injected with human T-cells survived until the end of the experiment. Both modes demonstrate the effective anti-tumor activity of this CAR against MM cancer cells in vivo. 
     Example 5. Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology 
     The frequency of CYAD-211 cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow was assessed in a RPMI-8226-based mouse model of MM. NSG mice were injected with 5×10 6  RPMI-8226 cells (MM tumor cells expressing BCMA). Fourteen days after tumor establishment, mice received a single intravenous injection of 10 7  CYAD-211 cells. As shown in  FIG. 8 , 4 hours after injection, human T-cells were barely detectable in the peripheral blood of mice injected with CYAD-211 cells. No human cells were detected in mice injected with vehicle, demonstrating the specificity of the assay. Human T-cell frequency in the blood increased to reach a peak 48 hours post-injection, representing 4.1% of total cells. After this point, CYAD-211 cell frequency decreased gradually, to become barely detectable 2 weeks after injection and undetectable 1 month after injection. 
     Toxicology 
     Intravenous injection of CYAD-211 cells to healthy or tumor-bearing NGS mice was well tolerated and did not produce any significant toxicity nor histological damage. 
     Potential liver and kidney toxicity of CYAD-211 was investigated by biochemical analysis of the serum upon a single intravenous injection of 10 7  CYAD-211 cells, 14 days after establishment of RPMI-8226 MM tumors. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine concentration in the mouse serum were analysed before and 4 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month after vehicle or CYAD-211 cell injection. 
     AST catalyzes the transfer of an a-amino group between aspartate and glutamate. AST is present in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells, and serum levels of AST are commonly used as biomarkers for liver failure. AST levels in mice injected with CYAD-211 were similar to those observed in mice injected with vehicle (data not shown). In both groups of animals, AST levels remained low throughout the study, indicative of no overt liver damage. 
     Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. Increased level of creatinine in the serum is a sign of kidney disfunction. 
     The creatinine levels in all mice, injected either with vehicle or CYAD-211 cells, remained relatively stable and within the baseline values (mean±3×SD) throughout the experiment (between 12±1 μmol/L and 22±6 μmol/L for the vehicle and between 18±1 μmol/L and 15±2 μmol/L for the CYAD-211 group). At 48 hours post-injection, creatinine levels in mice injected with vehicle showed a peak, at 49±5 μmol/L, potentially indicating a transient effect of the vehicle. At the same time point, creatinine levels of the mice injected with CYAD-211 were 29±9 μmol/L, much closer to the baseline levels. At 1 month post-injection, the creatinine levels in the mice injected with CYAD-211 were slightly higher than the mean value of the baseline (33±1 μmol/L). 
     Collectively, the biochemical analysis of the serum demonstrated that CYAD-211 cells were well tolerated, with no apparent evidence of kidney or liver dysfunction. 
     Allogeneic Toxicity: Graft Versus Host Disease (GvHD) 
     The major challenge of allogeneic T cell therapy to date is the potential induction of GvHD. The gold standard in vivo model of GvHD is administration of human T-cells in immunodeficient strains of mice upon sublethal irradiation, that allows improved human cell engraftment. Xenogeneic GvHD manifests initially with weight loss, leading gradually to cachexia and death (Ali et al., 2012). 
     To evaluate GvHD, NGS mice received 1.44 Gy total body irradiation 1 day prior to a single intravenous injection of 20×10 6  human T-cells or vehicle. Injection of the vehicle is an important control in this study, as NGS mice lack the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit that participates in DNA double strand break repair, and therefore irradiation alone may induce toxicity (Fulop and Phillips, 1990). Apheretic material from 3 different healthy donors was used to produce CYAD-211 cells and control T-cells, transduced with a vector with the same backbone as CYAD-211, but without the BCMA CAR or the shRNA-CD3ζ. Control T-cells have intact TCR on the cell surface and thus the potential to generate GvHD, therefore serving as positive control in this experiment. 
     Out of the 3 donors tested, the highest engraftment in NGS mice was observed using cells deriving from donor 3. Initial engraftment was similar for all donors (8.8±2.3%, 5.5±2.0% and 7.8±3.0% for donors 1, 2 and 3 respectively). The frequency of control T-cells showed an initial peak in all donors on day 7. After this point, the frequency of T-cells decreased progressively in mice injected with cells from donors 1 and 2, and reached barely detectable levels as of day 42 for the former, while remaining at a plateau until the end of the experiment for the latter. In mice injected with control T-cells from donor 3, after a small initial decrease, T-cell frequency progressively augmented to reach 47.4±19.3% on day 28, the last day before death or euthanasia in this group. 
     The kinetics of T-cell engraftment were distinct for CYAD-211 cells. After an initial engraftment similar to the control T-cells, (mean frequency on day 1, 12.3±4.1%, 6.5±2.3% and 6.8±2.0% for donors 1, 2 and 3 respectively), T-cell frequency remained relatively stable until day 14 and decreased thereafter to reach undetectable levels by day 42 (data not shown). 
     The engraftment kinetics of the control T-cells for the 3 donors correlate to the generation of GvHD. Indeed, control T-cells derived from donor 3, that demonstrated the highest engraftment, generated GvHD, manifested with weight loss onset as of day 23 and median survival of 32 days ( FIG. 9  and data not shown). Mice injected with control T-cells from donor 1, that demonstrated the lowest engraftment, did not show any sign of GvHD, while mice administered with control T-cells from donor 2, with intermediate engraftment, demonstrated weight loss onset close to the end of the experiment, as of day 37 and one mouse died on day 68. 
     Limited and transient weight loss can be observed in all groups and donors on days 15, 51 and 65. As this was also observed to the same extent and at the same time points in mice injected with vehicle, this can be attributed to the vehicle, handling (including blood draw) or irradiation effect. 
     Importantly, no mouse injected with CYAD-211 cells, from any of the 3 donors, showed specific weight loss and with all mice survived until the end of the experiment ( FIG. 9  and data not shown). These data demonstrate that intravenous injections of CYAD-211 cells were well tolerated, did not produce any significant systemic toxicity and did not give any signs of xenogeneic GvHD. 
     Conclusion 
     Investigation of the therapeutic impact of a BCMA CAR based on scFv #11 in vivo demonstrated that these cells inhibit tumor growth in two distinct murine MM models. Expression of a shRNA targeting CD3ζ alongside the BCMA CAR, so that the CAR can be used in allogeneic settings, protected mice from xenogeneic GvHD and no weight loss or any other systemic or tissue toxicity or histological damage was observed. 
     Overall, the set of experiments leading to the design and evaluating the function of BCMA CAR based on scFv #11 demonstrate high efficacy accompanied by a favorable safety profile. 
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     Zheng L, Ren L, Kouhi A, Khawli L A, Hu P, Kaslow H R, Epstein A L. A Humanized Lym-1 CAR With Novel DAP10/DAP12 Signaling Domains Demonstrates Reduced Tonic Signaling and Increased Anti-Tumor Activity in B Cell Lymphoma Models. Clin Cancer Res. 2020. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-3417.