Patent Publication Number: US-7584592-B2

Title: Packaging system and method

Description:
This invention claims the benefit of the filing dates of the following international patent application and U.S. provisional patent applications: International Patent Application No. PCT/US2005/027624, filed Aug. 4, 2005; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/669,713, filed Apr. 7, 2005; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/655,645, filed Feb. 22, 2005; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/644,736 filed Jan. 18, 2005; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/598,689, filed Aug. 4, 2004, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to a packaging system for providing a quantity of dunnage material for insertion into containers in which one or more articles are to be packed for shipping. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In a typical application, a packer pulls articles itemized on a list of articles to be shipped and places them in a container. Before shipping the articles, a protective packaging material or other type of dunnage is placed around the article in the container. The dunnage material fills at least a portion of any voids and/or cushions the article during shipment to prevent or minimize movement of the article relative to the container and/or prevent or minimize damage to the article during transport. Some commonly used dunnage materials are plastic foam peanuts, plastic bubble pack, air bags and crumpled paper material. 
     An operator of a dunnage dispenser observes the container as it is being filled with dunnage material and stops the dispenser when the container appears to be full. The container is then closed for shipment. Some exemplary dispensers include: plastic peanut dispensers, which are often associated with an air delivery system; foam-in-place dispensers, air bag machines and paper dunnage converters. 
     Oftentimes a dispenser operator overfills the container with the result that more dunnage material is placed in the container than was needed to adequately protect the article and/or fill the void in the container. In other instances, the operator puts too little dunnage material in the container, whereupon the article has more room to move in the container and/or can be damaged during shipment. 
     Over-filling and under-filling typically become more of a problem as the speed of the dispensing operation increases. Today, void-fill dispensers, in particular paper dunnage converters, can deliver a strip of dunnage material at rates in excess of fifty feet per minute (about one-quarter of a meter per second). 
     SUMMARY 
     A system and methodology for automating a void-filling packaging operation is provided. An embodiment provides a packaging system that includes a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations, each of which has at least one dunnage dispenser from which a dunnage material can be dispensed, and a transport network for conveying containers to and from at least two dunnage dispensing stations for dunnage to be placed therein. The dispensing stations can be arranged along a portion of the transport network such that one or more containers can be conveyed to multiple dispensing stations sequentially in series and/or in parallel. The system can also include a supply of dunnage that can be dispensed at at least one dunnage dispensing station. The supply can include a dunnage conversion machine that can convert a stock material into a relatively less dense dunnage material and supply it to one or more dunnage dispensing stations. The supply of dunnage can include, for example, one of air bags, crumpled paper, foam strips, foam peanuts, and paper strips. 
     The system also can include a controller for controlling one or more elements of the system. These elements can include, for example, one or more loading stations where one or more articles are placed in one or more containers for transport, one or more intermediate stations upstream of at least one dunnage dispensing station that includes a void sensor for sensing a characteristic of the void volume in the container, and/or one or more devices, such as sensors, for determining whether the container conforms to predetermined criteria. In the latter instance, a transport network can also include a way to divert nonconforming containers that fail to meet the predetermined criteria. 
     A packaging method provided herein includes routing the container to a dunnage dispensing station selected from a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations based on routing criteria and supplying dunnage to a container at a dunnage dispensing station. The routing criteria can include, for example, the availability of dunnage dispensing stations, characteristics of the dunnage material, characteristics of the container, characteristics of the void in the container, and/or characteristics of the article to be shipped in the container. Supplying dunnage can include, for example, determining the void volume in the container. 
     In an embodiment, a method also includes assigning an identifier to each container and tracking the container as it moves through the packaging system. 
     An embodiment provides a system and method characterized by one or more void sensing stations that sense characteristics of a void volume of a container, one or more dunnage dispensing stations that can dispense dunnage material based on the sensed characteristics of the void sensing stations, and a transport network for conveying the container from one of the void sensing stations to a selected one or more of the dunnage dispensing stations. 
     Optionally, an embodiment of a packaging system includes at least one sensor that senses at least one characteristic of a container, and a controller that determines whether the container is suitable for placing dunnage material therein based on the sensed characteristic of the container. A packaging system can include one or more dunnage dispensing stations where dunnage is dispensed for insertion in a void in a container, with at least one dunnage dispensing station being capable of dispensing multiple types of dunnage material. 
     Another embodiment of a packaging method can include the following steps: routing the container to a dunnage dispensing station selected from a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations based on routing criteria, and supplying dunnage to a container at a dunnage dispensing station. 
     Optionally, the the routing step can include routing based on routing criteria that includes one or more of characteristics of the dunnage material, characteristics of the container, characteristics of the void in the container, and characteristics of the article to be shipped in the container. 
     An embodiment of the invention can include one or more of the following steps: determining the type of dunnage dispensed, controlling the quantity of dunnage dispensed, measuring characteristics of the container, and consulting a database to determine the void volume. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a packaging system includes one or more void sensing stations that sense characteristics of a void volume of a container; a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations that can dispense dunnage material based on the sensed characteristics of the void sensing stations; and a transport network for moving the container from one of the void sensing stations to a selected one of the dunnage dispensing stations. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a packaging method includes determining a void volume of a container, conveying the container to a selected one of a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations, and dispensing dunnage material based on the void volume of the container. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a packaging system includes a sensor that senses a characteristic of a container, and a controller that determines whether the container is suitable for placing dunnage material therein based on the sensed characteristic of the container. 
     In another embodiment of the invention a packaging method includes sensing at least one characteristic of a container; and determining whether the container is suitable for placing dunnage material therein based on the sensed characteristic. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a packaging system includes a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations where dunnage is dispensed to place in a void in a container, at least one dunnage dispensing station being capable of dispensing multiple types of dunnage material. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, an automated packaging system for filling the void in a container includes a plurality of loading stations for loading containers, a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations, a transport network linking the loading station to the plurality of dunnage dispensing stations for transporting the containers from the plurality of loading stations to one or more dunnage dispensing station, and a controller. The controller automatically routes containers via the transport network to selected dunnage dispensing stations. 
     Optionally, the system can include one or more of: a void volume detection device upstream of at least one dispensing station for obtaining information indicative of the void volume in the container and providing the obtained information to the controller; a controller that determines a volume of dunnage to be dispensed at a dunnage dispensing station as a function of the information indicative of the void volume and directs a dunnage dispensing station to automatically dispense the determined volume of dunnage; a void volume detection device that includes a sensor that obtains measurements of the container; and a void volume detection device that includes a sensor that obtains data indicative of the topography of the contents of the container; wherein the data indicative of the void volume is obtained from one of a bar code, an RFID chip, and data stored in a database. 
     In an embodiment of the invention an automated system for packaging articles in a container includes a loading station for loading one or more articles in a container; means for identifying a characteristic of the container; means for determining a volume of dunnage to dispense into the container; a plurality of dunnage dispensers; and means for routing the container from the loading station to a selected one of the plurality of dunnage dispensers. The selected dunnage dispenser provides the determined volume of dunnage into the container. 
     Optionally, the system can include means for determining that the container is not suitable for automatic filling of dunnage as a function of the identified characteristic; and/or one or more dunnage dispensers that include one or more dunnage converters that convert a stock material into a dunnage product. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, an automatic packaging system includes a loading station for loading a container; a sensor for obtaining a characteristic of the loaded container; a dunnage dispensing station for automatically placing dunnage in the container; a transport network for moving the container from the loading station to the dunnage dispensing station; and a controller for determining as a function of the obtained characteristic whether to place dunnage in the loaded container. 
     Optionally, whether to place dunnage in the loaded container is a function of whether the container conforms to a predetermined criteria; and/or the transport network comprises a container diverter to divert a non-conforming container; and/or the container diverter comprises a mechanism to remove the container from the transport network; and/or the container diverter comprises a mechanism to route the container to a manual station. 
     The foregoing and other features are hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims, the following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail one or more illustrative embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are but a few, however, of the various ways in which the principles of the invention can be employed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPENDED DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view of a packaging system in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view of an embodiment of a packaging system in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic side elevation view of a path a container might take through a packaging system. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a standard regular slotted container (RSC) for use with the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a side elevation view of a void volume scanner used in the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  is an end view of the void volume scanner of  FIG. 5 , looking from the line  6 - 6  of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of a container in which several articles have been placed, with the remaining void being denoted by cross-hatching. 
         FIG. 8  is a flowchart illustrating a packaging process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to the drawings, and initially to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary packaging system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is indicated generally at  10 . The system  10  includes one or more container loading stations  12  such as, for example, loading stations  12   a ,  12   b ,  12   c  and  12   d , and multiple dunnage dispensing stations  14 , such as, for example, dunnage dispensing stations  14   a ,  14   b ,  14   c ,  14   d ,  14   e ,  14   f  and  14   g . At a loading station  12  one or more articles  16  ( FIG. 3 ) are placed into a container  20 . Then at a dunnage dispensing station  14  a dunnage material is dispensed and is placed in the void in the container  20 . The void is the space in the container  20  that is not taken up by the one or more articles  16 . 
     The system  10  also can include one or more intermediate stations  22  as may be needed to assist the dunnage dispensing stations  14 ; a transport network  24  that moves the containers  20  through the stations; and/or a system controller  26  for controlling one or more actions in the system  10 , such as controlling the flow of containers  20  through the system  10 .  FIG. 1  illustrates a transport network  24  that can route the containers  20  in several different ways through the system  10 , such as, for example, from multiple stations to a common station, and from a single station to multiple subsequent stations. Although plural stations of a given type (container loading, intermediate, etc.) are shown in  FIG. 1 , for a given application only a single station of a given type may be sufficient, and/or no station of a given type may be needed. 
     Optionally, one or more of the intermediate stations  22  can include a device for determining whether or not the container meets predetermined criteria before receiving dunnage. In addition, optionally one or more of the intermediate stations can include a void determination station or device  30  ( FIG. 3 ) to determine the void volume in the container  20 . The void determination device  30  can be used to identify the void volume to calculate the required volume of dunnage to fill the void. The void determination device  30  can also function as a device for determining whether or not the container meets the predetermined criteria. 
     The embodiment of the system  10  shown in  FIG. 1  optionally can include one or more closing stations  102  for closing the container  20 , and optionally, the system  10  can include one or more shipping stations  104  for processing the container for shipping. 
     As will be appreciated, the system  10  can be configured in an embodiment that minimizes or eliminates the need for a packer or other operator, thereby reducing the time required for packing a container and/or increasing the reliability of the packing operation. The system can use, for example, a machine that can dispense and insert the dunnage into the container at a rate faster than that of a packer, thereby reducing the packing time. In addition, the system can be configured, for example, to improve reliability because the correct volume of dunnage can be automatically calculated, thereby reducing or eliminating overfill and underfill problems. The various stations in the illustrated system  10  will be described in further detail with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3 ,  FIG. 2  showing one particular exemplary system  300  and  FIG. 3  showing one path a container  20  can follow through the system. 
     Loading Stations 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the loading stations  12  can include a box erector  32  for erecting the containers  20 , such as cardboard boxes, from flat blanks  34 . Other types of containers can be used with this system  10  and a box erector is not required. The box erector can be, for example, a task area at which box blanks are converted into a box by a packer, or an automatic device that automatically converts a box blank into a box. The box erector can even be an apparatus that fabricates the box on site. 
     An exemplary container  20  is a regular slotted container (RSC), and another type of container is a shoe-box style container. Alternatively, another type of shipping container can be used in this system  10 . An RSC typically has four flaps, with one set of opposing flaps typically spanning at least half the distance between them. 
     Referring briefly to  FIG. 4 , an RSC has a specified relationship between the width of the container W and the height of the side flaps  36  and end flaps  38 . The flaps  36  and  38  typically have a height that is one half the width W of the container, for example. Accordingly, the height H of the side walls  40  and the end walls  42  of the container  20  (i.e., the height of the container when closed) can be determined from a measure of the height of the container  20  with the flaps  36  and  38  upright in their unfolded state. The height of the side and end walls  40  and  42  (the height of the article-containing portion of the container  20 ) will be a known fraction of the height of the container when the flaps  36  and  38  are upright and unfolded. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the height H can be determined in other ways, such as when the flaps  36  and  38  are folded down, which provides a direct measurement of the height of the side and end walls  40  and  42  of the container  20 . 
     Multiple loading stations can be arranged in series so that multiple stations can supply the one or more articles  16  to a container  20  as the container  20  sequentially moves past multiple loading stations. For example and as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a first article or articles can be placed in a container at a first station  12   c , and then the container can be transported to a second station  12   d  where a second article or articles can be placed in the container. The articles can be different from one another or the same. 
     Alternatively, multiple loading stations can be arranged in parallel. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , loading stations  12   a  and  12   b , which are arranged in parallel relationship, can be used at the same time for packing separate containers, or independently of one another, such that if needed or desired one loading station can be taken off line without requiring the entire system  10  to be shut down. 
     The article or articles  16  can be supplied for loading in the container in several ways. Before being placed in the container  20 , the one or more articles  16  can be retrieved from storage and placed in a temporary receptacle (not shown), such as a tote, from which one or more articles  16  are then pulled for placement in the container  20 . The articles  16  can be supplied randomly, without a predictable pattern as to which articles will be required for placing in a particular container  20 , or a loading station can be dedicated to supplying one or more articles  16  based on one or more criteria. Some criteria that could be used include container dimensions, shipping company, shipping mode, article fragility, article weight, article size, article relationships, etc. 
     The articles  16  can be loaded into the container  20  in a variety of ways. For example, a packer can place the articles  16  in a container  20  by hand. Alternatively, the packer can initiate or otherwise control or supervise one or more steps that are performed by one or more devices that place the article or articles  16  in the container  20  (such as a pick-and-place robot (not shown), which can move an article into the container and optionally also orient the article relative to the container). Moreover, the articles  16  can be placed in the container  20  independent of any external control by an operator. In this latter example, one or more machines or other devices, controlled by the controller  26 , for example, place the article or articles  16  in the container  20  without any assistance from a packer. 
     Transport Network 
     The transport network  24  transports the containers  20  between stations, typically in a downstream direction through the system  10 . Any method or combination of methods of physically moving the containers  20  through the system  10  can be employed. For example, the transport network  24  can include a conveyor network that generally starts, stops, transports and orients the container  20  as needed, in which case fewer, if any, people are needed. In a highly automated system, there may only be needed one or a few people to supervise and troubleshoot transport problems for multiple lines within the network. 
     The transport network  24  can include multiple conveyor lines  68  that define paths through the system  10 . In  FIG. 1 , these lines  68   a - 68   z  are shown schematically and diverge and come together to selectively route the containers along a path, such as  68   b ,  68   f ,  68   m ,  68   t  through the system  10 . In  FIG. 3 , the transport network  24  includes a conveyor  60  such as, for example, a zero pressure accumulating conveyor. In a zero pressure accumulating conveyor, a conveyor is divided into multiple zones, each of which is sized to support at least one container. The containers move from an upstream zone to the next downstream zone as the downstream zone clears. Each zone can be powered separately, stop gates or other means can be employed to regulate the flow of containers from and within each zone, and sensors can be used to determine when a container has left a zone. A supervising controller such as controller  26  typically controls the operation of each zone. 
     Intermediate Stations 
     The optional intermediate station or stations  22  are located between the loading stations  12  and the dunnage dispensing stations  14 . The intermediate stations  22  can include a void determination station or device  70  for acquiring data representative of the void volume to help the dunnage dispensing stations  14  dispense a controlled quantity of dunnage. 
     The void determination device  70  acquires data that can be used to determine the void volume and thereby determine how much dunnage to put into the container  20 . The void volume can be determined by measuring characteristics of the container  20 , the void and/or the contents directly. An exemplary void determination device is described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,478, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The void determination device  70  in  FIG. 3  includes a void volume scanner  72  having a scan area through which a container  20  can be conveyed. The void volume data obtained can be stored in an electronic storage device, which can be part of the controller  26 , for example. 
     Optionally, the void volume can be measured by hand, using a measuring tool to measure one or more characteristics of the container. These measurements can be compared with dimensions in a look-up table to determine the void volume indirectly, or the void volume can be calculated directly from the measurements. 
     The void volume also can be measured with contour sensing for mapping the topography of the void volume, using electromagnetic imaging techniques and devices, such as high frequency radar, ultrasound, laser, machine vision, etc. An imaging sensor or sensors can be used to create a stereoscopic image, from which a three-dimensional model can be created for calculating the void volume. 
     Alternatively, a two-dimensional array of relatively movable rods can be deployed over the container to extend into the container to probe the depth. Each rod would measure the depth at its position in the array by extending downward until it encountered the top of an article  16  or a surface of the container  20 . With a map of the topography, the dunnage can be directed to those areas requiring the most fill. 
     An exemplary void volume scanner is described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2004/041653, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In  FIGS. 5 and 6 , an exemplary void volume scanner  72  can be seen to include a frame  74  having a pair of uprights  76  straddling the conveyor  60  and a cross beam  78  supported atop the uprights  76  at a fixed distance from the upper surface of the conveyor  60 . The uprights  76  can be floor supported, for example, or can be mounted to the conveyor  60 . 
     The void volume scanner  72  includes one or more sensors  80 , such as a weigh scale, an optical, infrared, ultrasonic, laser or other type of sensor, for obtaining data representative of the volume of the empty space or void in a container  20  in which the articles  16  have been placed for packing. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensors  80  include a height sensor  82  for providing an output representative of a height of a container  20 , a width sensor  84  for providing an output representative of a width of the container  20 , and a contour sensor  86  for providing an output representative of a contour of the container  20 , particularly its interior and the one or more articles  16  in the container  20 . 
     The contour sensor  86 , shown mounted to the cross beam  78  above the conveyor  60 , preferably but not necessarily is of a type that continuously senses the top surface of the one or more articles  16  in the container  20  as the conveyor  60  moves the container  20  therebeneath. 
     An exemplary contour sensor  86  is a non-contact optic laser scanner that operates by measuring the time of flight of laser light pulses, such as the Sick Optic LMS 200-30106 laser scanner. The laser scanner emits a pulsed laser beam that is reflected from the interior of the container and any articles placed therein. The reflection is registered by the laser scanner&#39;s receiver. The time between transmission and reception of the reflected impulse is directly proportional to the distance between the laser scanner and the surface from which it was reflected. The pulsed laser beam can be deflected by a rotating mirror inside the scanner so that a fan-shaped scan is made of the surrounding area, whereby the contour of the article (e.g., distance from a fixed reference point/plane) can be determined from the sequence of impulses received. The fan beam is oriented perpendicular to the movement path of the container past the sensor. Thus the contour of container  20  and the articles  16  therein passing the contour sensor  86  is progressively measured as the container  20  moves past the sensor  86 . 
     The width sensor  84  can be any suitable sensor for determining the width of the container  20  passing thereby. In the illustrated embodiment, the width sensor  84  is an infrared distance sensor that can be used to measure the distance a first side  40   a  ( FIG. 4 ) of the container  20  is spaced from the sensor or other reference point. In order for this embodiment to yield the width of the container, the location of an opposing side  40   b  ( FIG. 4 ) of the container is registered at a known fixed distance from the width sensor  84  which, as shown, can be mounted to one of the uprights  76  of the scanner frame  74  at a location just above the level of the conveyor  60 . To this end, the containers  20  can be registered against a guide rail  90  on the side of the conveyor  60  opposite the width sensor  84 , which guide rail  90  is at a known distance from the width sensor  84  and thus functions as a zero reference. One side of the container also is oriented to be parallel the guide rail  90 . Accordingly, the width of the container will be the difference between the location of the guide rail  90  and the measured location of the side of the container nearest the width sensor  84 . Any suitable means can be employed to register the container against the guide rail  90  or otherwise place the container  20  in a desired consistent orientation, such as a pneumatically operated arm, a low friction surface formed by a roller conveyor, for example, inclined toward the guide rail, etc. 
     The height sensor  82  can be any suitable sensor for determining a height of the container  20 . An exemplary sensor  82  includes an array  92  of emitters and an array  94  of receivers disposed on opposite transverse sides of the scan area. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the emitter and receiver arrays  92  or  94  are mounted to respective scanner frame uprights  76 . Each array includes a row of emitters/receivers that is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the conveyor  60 . Accordingly, the emitter array  92  produces a curtain of light that is sensed by the receiver array  94 . As a container  20  moves through the curtain, the curtain will be interrupted by the container up to the height of the container, whereby a measurement of the container height can be obtained. 
     A separate sensor can be provided to measure the length of the container. In the illustrated embodiment, however, the container length is determined indirectly by measuring the length of time the container takes to pass any one of the sensors, such as the width sensor  84 , and by knowing the speed at which the conveyor  18  moves the container past the sensor. The length of time multiplied by the speed of the conveyor  60  yields the length of the container. If the speed of the conveyor is a known constant, then only the length of time needs to be measured to determine the length of the container. If the speed of the conveyor varies, stops, starts, or for other reasons, a conveyor speed sensor can be used to measure the conveyor speed and communicate the same to the controller  26  for processing. The speed sensor, for example, can be an encoder interfaced with the conveyor drive motor for providing a series of pulses, the rate of which are proportional to the speed of the motor and thus the speed of the conveyor. The controller can be calibrated to convert the pulse rate to a container speed that can be multiplied with the time measured by the width sensor for the container to pass by the width sensor to determine the length of the container. 
     The void volume also can be measured without a contour sensor  86  or other methods of mapping the topography of the void volume, using such features as weight differential and volume displacement. Using the average density of shipped articles, the void volume can be calculated from the weight of the container before and after loading. The weight difference divided by the density would yield an approximate void volume. The approximate void volume would on average be accurate enough to allow automatic filling of the void from the dunnage dispensing equipment. A volume displacement technique uses the volume of fluid (such as a gas) to determine the void volume from the known empty volume of a shipping container. 
     Since a void determination station  70  generally can automatically provide void volume data at a faster rate than a dunnage dispenser  52  can provide dunnage for insertion into each container  20 , the same void volume determination station  70  can be used to acquire void volume data that can be used to determine the amount of dunnage material to be dispensed from each multiple dunnage dispensing stations  14   e ,  14   f ,  14   g . This can improve the throughput through the system  10 , as well as increase the flexibility of the system  10  via the routing criteria. 
     Optionally, instead of taking measurements to determine the void volume, the void volume can be determined indirectly. For example, a sensor, such as a bar code sensor, could detect an identifier, such as a bar code, that identifies the article or multiple articles  16  and/or the container  20 , and from that information a data set could be consulted that would either give their respective volumes from which the void volume can be calculated or the void volume for that particular combination of articles and container can be stored in and retrieved from the data set. 
     Another way to identify the container  20  and determine the void volume is by sensing one or more characteristics of the container, including container dimensions, container size, weight, etc. and looking up the void volume that most closely corresponds to the detected characteristics. For further information on an exemplary method of determining the void volume indirectly, reference can be made to International Patent Publication No. WO 98/56663, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Each container  20  and/or article  16  can include a unique identifier that can be detected by an identification sensor  100 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . Once a particular container  20  has been assigned a unique identifier, that unique identifier can be used to associate data with that container  20  throughout the system  10 , like a license plate or name tag. Separate identification sensors  100  can be used at one or more locations within the system  10 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , and/or an identification sensor can be an integral component of the void volume scanner  72 . 
     The identifier can take any form including a label, hardware identifiers embedded in the container, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, colors, shapes, numbers, holes, protrusions, surface texture, patterns, dimensions of the container, thermal image, ultraviolet image, weight, electronic article surveillance (EAS) tags, etc. An EAS tag includes a microwave tag, an electromagnetic (EM) tag or an acousto-magnetic tag, for example. 
     The container identification sensor  100  can include an optical system to obtain an image of the container  20  or a portion thereof that can be electronically analyzed for identification. For example, a digital camera can be placed in a position that allows for a digital picture to be made of each container. The picture can then be compared to pictures of standard containers in a database. The container can be identified from its dimensions or an identifier marking such as, for example: dots, numbers, shapes, holes, color, thermal pattern, ultraviolet image, etc. The database can also provide container dimensions and empty container volume information. 
     Alternatively, the container identification sensor can detect radio frequency (RF) tags. An RF tag typically is associated with a container at the loading station  12  and is associated with the container throughout the packaging process. When the container is erected and dedicated to an order, an order specific RF tag is adhered to the container or placed inside the container. Order specific information (container contents, external container dimensions and empty container volume, for example) can be stored on the tag and is downloaded by an RF tag reader positioned upstream of the dunnage dispenser. The tag information is sent to an information processor that can retrieve container content information from a database. A tag retrieval station can be employed to recycle the RF tags at the end of the packaging process to make the system more cost effective. Another exemplary container identifier is a bar code. Bar code labels typically are attached to an outer surface of the container. 
     In some situations the void volume can be determined from the container identifier, such as when a known volume of articles is placed in a particular type of container. Once a sensor detects the container identifier, that information can be communicated to a processor having or linked to a database that provides, for example: article volume, container dimensions, void volume, empty container volume, etc. The void volume thus can be predetermined and retrievable or can be calculated from the volumes of the contents of the container and the empty container volume and/or dimensions of the container. The information can be automatically uploaded to manual, semi-automated or fully automated dunnage dispensers. 
     An embodiment also contemplates sequentially routing containers  20  to dunnage dispensing stations  14  without detecting an identifier for the container, either at the void determination station  70  or at the dunnage dispensing station  14 , or anywhere in the system  10 . Since the void determination station  70  acquires the void volume data for containers  20  provided in sequence, that data or related data representative of the amount of dunnage material to be dispensed can be communicated directly to the dunnage dispensing station  14  to which the container  20  is routed. Thus, if three containers  20   a ,  20   b ,  20   c  pass through the void determination station  70  in sequence, data can be communicated to the respective dunnage dispensing station  14  to which each container is routed without reading a bar code label on the containers. In this case, the void volume data is associated with a particular container by its place in a sequence and the routing of the container to a particular dispensing station. Consequently, container identification is effected by keeping track of where a given container has been moved in the system. 
     An operator can initiate or otherwise control one or more steps that are performed by one or more devices that determine the required quantity of dunnage. Alternatively, the void volume can be determined automatically, without external intervention or control by a person. As is apparent from the above description, however, the intermediate stations are not always needed. In some situations the void volume does not have to be determined. For example, the void volume can be filled until the container is full. The system  10  simply needs to know when to stop filling the container  20 , using sensors, backpressure or mechanical resistance. 
     In one known method, for example, an airbag is inflated within a container until the walls of the container move outward, which indicates that the container is full. 
     As yet another alternative for instances where the void volume does not need to be determined, the container  20  can be deliberately overfilled and the excess dunnage removed to obtain the desired degree of fill. The excess dunnage removed can be returned to the supply thereof. The amount of dunnage dispensed can be predetermined based on the volume of the largest potential container, or can be guided by one or more sensors. For example, a container can be transported under a continuous waterfall of flowable dunnage at a rate sufficient to allow the largest anticipated void to be filled, and then any excess dunnage can be removed and recycled through a recycling hopper and transported back into a fill hopper, for example, along with any overflow. 
     In this case, the void volume around the articles in the container does not have to be determined. A swiping or blow-off apparatus can be employed to remove excess dunnage at the top of the container. In this system, RSC flaps must be in the down position, folded outside the container, or a shoe box-style container must be employed. In the case of an RSC, flap handling equipment must be employed to prepare the container for filling and to raise the flaps again for sealing the container, i.e. to move the flaps up and down as needed. 
     Another type of intermediate station  22 , is a go/no go station for determining whether a container conforms to predetermined criteria. The predetermined criteria can include factors that makes the container suitable for receiving dunnage and/or that would prevent the container from closing properly, for example. The functions of the go/no go station optionally can be performed by a void volume scanner  70  or other component of the system  10 . Thus the go/no go station can be its own intermediate station, or part of one or more of the other stations. For example, the void determination station  70  also can include one or more sensors used to determine whether the container is suitable for receipt of dunnage, i.e., whether a non-conforming fault condition exists. 
     One or more fault conditions could make the container unsuitable for receiving dunnage, in which case a nonconforming container requires special processing. Special processing can include repositioning an article in a container, manually dispensing the desired amount of dunnage and placing it in the void in the container and/or reintroducing the container to the transport network  24  after resolving the nonconforming fault condition. The controller  26  can provide a signal to alert an operator to the existence of nonconforming fault conditions for which an operator&#39;s attention is desired before the container can continue. Additionally or alternatively, upon detecting one of these or other fault conditions where a container falls outside acceptable operating criteria, the controller  26  can automatically route the container to a separate conveyor for special processing by an operator. 
     Nonconforming fault conditions include, for example, an indication that no container is detected, a flap of a container partially or completely blocks the opening into a container, one or more measured container dimensions is below minimum and/or above maximum thresholds, container weight is below a minimum and/or above a maximum threshold, a void volume equal to the container volume (which would indicate that there is no article in the container) or exceeds container volume (which can indicate that the container is overfull), weight (empty or overweight), conditions that would prevent the container from closing properly, such as articles-extending above a certain height, etc. A nonconforming fault condition also can indicate a situation that fails to meet other predetermined criteria, such as a narrow but deep void volume, that might require special processing by an operator. 
     Controller 
     As above mentioned, the controller  26  functions to control one or more components of the system  10 . For example, the controller  26  can route containers  20  along the transport network  24  from the loading stations  12  to the dunnage dispensing stations  14 , as well as the void determination stations  70  when included, and/or controllably dispense dunnage material for placement in the void volume. In addition, optionally the controller  26  can track containers  20  through the system  10 . 
     The various functions of the controller  26  can be performed by a single processor unit, such as a control unit for the void determination stations  70 , or the functions can be distributed among several processor units, each having separate processors, such as among a control unit for one or more void determination stations  70 , one or more control units for the dunnage dispensing stations  14 , a separate (possibly remotely located) microprocessor of a personal computer, or combinations thereof. 
     The controller  26  can be any one of a number of commercially available processors or combinations thereof, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and general purpose processing chips with various output and input ports and associated electronic data storage devices including read-only memory (ROM) and random-access memory (RAM). The controller  26  also can provide wireless communications capabilities, including cellular, infrared, wireless modem, microwave, radio frequency, satellite communications technology, etc., for remote control, data transfer and other communications purposes. The communications can be one-way or two-way. Wireless communications can be advantageous for remote control, monitoring and diagnostics; updating software; and eliminating or minimizing wiring to and from the system, as but a few examples. The controller  26  can be controlled by suitable software that among other things uses data received from the scanning sensors to determine container length, width, height and interior contour, and thus the void volume, as well as determining the amount of dunnage material to be dispensed for insertion into that volume, the type of dunnage material to be dispensed and/or the speed at which the dunnage material is dispensed. 
     The controller  26  can be equipped with various ports (not shown) for connection with various elements of the system  10 , including input devices, such as a foot switch  110  for the dunnage converter  52 , a conveyor speed sensor  112 , a mouse, a keyboard, a keypad, a touch screen, etc.; and output devices such as an operator panel, a display  114  for the dunnage converter  52 , a nonconforming container indicator (not shown), a container sensor (not shown), etc. 
     For example, an operator panel  114  ( FIG. 3 ) for the dunnage converter  52  can be equipped with a touch screen as an input device, or a personal computer can have a touch screen or other input device associated therewith. The operator panel  114  and/or controller  26  can have a monitor for displaying the various indicators and/or other information, such as the measured dimension of the container  20 , the total volume of the container  20 , the volume of the contents of the container  20 , an identification of the container  20  and the volume of the void above the container contents  16 , etc. 
     Additionally, the operator panel  114  and/or controller  26  can be provided with a selector device enabling the selection of a void-fill density from a plurality of void-fill densities. The selector device is an input device, and can include a dial whereby a desired density can be dialed in, a mouse pointer, a touch screen with one or more input regions, a keyboard or keypad for entry of a desired void-fill density, a foot switch, etc. In accordance with the selected void-fill density, the controller can vary the amount of dunnage material to be dispensed per measured volume of void, thereby to provide the selected void-fill density. That is, the controller can be programmed to have a default setting where it will command a predetermined amount of dunnage to be dispensed for each unit volume of measured void. If minimal protection is needed, for example, the operator can select a lower void-fill density and the controller will command, for example, 10% less dunnage material to be dispensed per given unit of measured top-fill void. This will result in a lower density fill of the container  20  and will consume a smaller quantity of dunnage material. On the other hand, if greater protection is needed and/or the articles packed in the container  20  are heavier, the operator can select a higher void-fill density and the controller  26  will command, for example, 10% more dunnage material to be dispensed per given unit of measured top-fill void. The containers  20  cannot only be filled with different densities of dunnage, but different densities can be provided to different segments of the void volume, so that more or less dunnage can be provided to different volume segments of the container. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the controller  26  can be programmed to select a density and/or a dunnage fill speed based on shipping criteria. The shipping criteria can be provided by a label, a bar code, or other features of the container and/or the articles packaged therein. Some examples of shipping criteria include void volume, container size, container weight, a specified transportation company, a specified mode of transport (water, land or air transport, for example; or truck or train transport; or local or long distance transport; etc.), features of the article (oversize, fragility, etc.), type of dunnage material being used (closed-cell foam, expanding foam, air pillows, paper dunnage, flowable dunnage, etc.) or combinations thereof. The invention is not limited to the listed shipping criteria. As noted, these are but a few general examples of potential shipping criteria. 
     The controller  26  also can record the amount of dunnage dispensed by the dunnage dispensers and other events, such as when the instructions to a dispenser were overridden by an operator to provide more or less dunnage to a container, in addition to tracking the shipping criteria and other data. This information can be used to improve the system over time either manually or automatically, identify packaging trends, and identify maintenance needs. For example, if under particular shipping criteria an operator frequently manually overrides the dunnage dispensing instructions and dispenses additional dunnage, then the instructions for the shipping criteria can be automatically updated to instruct a dispenser to dispense additional dunnage for that shipping criteria. As another example, if a small number of the available dunnage dispensers are used for a particular shipping criteria and that shipping criteria is being applied more frequently, then the controller  26  might generate a report with an indication that additional dispensers need to be assigned to that shipping criteria. 
     In one embodiment, the controller  26  is operable to process the void volume data acquired by the void determination stations  70 . The controller  26  then determines the amount of dunnage material needed to place in the void left in the container  20  when the one or more articles  16  have been placed in the container (or the bottom wall of the container if not overlain by an article). In  FIG. 7 , this void  120  is illustrated by the cross-hatching. After the void volume is determined, the controller can command the dunnage dispensing station  14  to dispense the determined amount of dunnage. The dunnage can flow directly into the container  20  and/or be placed or guided into the container  20  by an operator. 
     Dunnage Dispensing Stations 
     At the dunnage dispensing stations  14  a controlled amount of dunnage is dispensed and placed in the void  120  ( FIG. 7 ) in the container  20  around the article or multiple articles  16  to minimize or prevent the articles from shifting during transport and to protect them from damage. Each dunnage station  14  includes or is connected to a supply of dunnage. An exemplary dunnage dispensing station is shown in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2003/089163, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention contemplates use of any type of dunnage dispensing device or means. 
     The containers  20  can be delivered to a dunnage dispensing station  14  randomly, or based on one or more routing criteria. Exemplary routing criteria include container size, container weight, packing priority, shipping destination, dunnage type, mode of shipment, shipping company, void geometry, void volume density, article fragility, dunnage dispensing station availability, etc. 
     As with the loading stations  12 , and as shown in  FIG. 1 , in an embodiment the dunnage dispensing stations  14  can be arranged in series, such as, for example, dunnage dispensing stations  14   f  and  14   g . With such an arrangement multiple in line stations can supply dunnage to a container sequentially, such as for dispensing one or more types of dunnage, one or more quantities of dunnage, dunnage to a batch of containers simultaneously and/or one or more densities of dunnage, for example. 
     Optionally the dunnage dispensing stations  14  can be arranged in parallel, such as, for example, dunnage dispensing stations  14   a - 14   e . With such an arrangement, dunnage can be dispensed for multiple containers substantially simultaneously (i.e., at about the same time) and independently of one another such that, for example, a dunnage dispensing station  14  can be taken off line for maintenance or for refilling without impacting the entire system. Optionally each of these dunnage dispensing stations  14  can be dedicated to a particular container  20  based on routing criteria, as discussed below. 
     The dunnage dispensing stations  14  can each supply a single type or multiple types of dunnage, or respective stations can provide dunnage having one or more different characteristics. For example, the containers  20  can be filled with different densities of dunnage, including different densities in different areas of a single container. If the topography, geometry or contour of a surface of the void volume is known, more or less dunnage can be provided to different areas according to that known information. 
     The supply of dunnage at each station  14  can include a dunnage dispenser, such as a hopper or other storage container. Additionally or alternatively, the dunnage dispenser can be a dunnage converter  52  as shown in  FIG. 3 , for converting a stock material into a relatively less dense dunnage product. The dunnage can be provided in a common supply for multiple dunnage dispensers or each dispensing station  14  can have its own supply. 
     In the case of a dunnage converter  52 , the dunnage can be produced on site, since a dunnage converter  52  and the stock material together typically occupy less space than an equivalent stored volume of dunnage material. The dunnage dispenser also can include any type of suitable mechanism for moving the dunnage toward or into the container, including mechanical feeding or transporting mechanisms (such as a conveyor, pusher, screw, roller, movable support, etc.), pneumatic or electromagnetically powered devices, or even gravity. 
     Dunnage 
     Suitable dunnage includes any material that can be placed in the void in the container  20 . Several examples of different types of dunnage include continuous strip dunnage, discrete pad-like dunnage, expandable dunnage, and flowable dunnage. 
     A continuous dunnage strip or strips can be used to fill the void volume. Exemplary dunnage of this type includes paper, typically crumpled or otherwise formed into a three-dimensional shape that takes up a greater volume than the area and thickness of the stock material; a strip of soft or rigid foam having a predetermined width and/or either a predetermined length or a variable length; a strip of air bags; an air bag “tube” having a predetermined cross-sectional area that can be formed in a range of lengths; a strip of bubble pack, typically formed from a pair of plastic sheets affixed to each other to entrain pockets of air “bubbles” between the sheets; an extruded-in-place strip or tube of foam that forms as it is dispensed from an outlet; and linked dunnage, such as chains of linked dunnage segments or sausage links. With respect to paper dunnage, optionally the paper can be formed into a strip. 
     Linked dunnage includes relatively low density portions connected by a higher density material, and generally can occupy a greater volume than a similar size and number of unconnected low density dunnage portions. Linked dunnage includes, for example, connected air bags, with lower density portions connected by higher density portions, etc. 
     The continuous strips of dunnage can be fed directly into the void in a container using a chute with rotating members to “shoot” the strip into the container or into an intermediate chamber or other holding location from which the strip can be pushed, dropped or otherwise moved into the container. The strips also could be wound into a coil and then sections can be withdrawn from the coil as needed. 
     Dunnage segments or discrete dunnage units are sections of dunnage. Typically, when using discrete pad-like dunnage, one or more dunnage pads having one common length or different lengths are placed in the void volume. Otherwise, the pad-like dunnage can be similar in shape to respective dunnage strips described above. Exemplary dunnage pads include paper pads formed, for example, by crumpling or otherwise forming a paper sheet or sheets into a three-dimensional shape that takes up a greater volume than the area and thickness of the stock material; discrete or connected sections of soft or rigid foam; air bags having a predetermined size and shape; air bag “tubes” having a predetermined cross-sectional area that can be formed in predetermined lengths; and sheets of bubble pack of predetermined lengths, etc. Optionally the paper can be coated to increase its mass; and/or portions of the paper can be cut or otherwise removed to reduce its mass. 
     Discrete pad-like dunnage can be oriented and placed in a container by a pick-and-place robot, pushed into a container from a holding location or dropped or otherwise fed into the container directly from a hopper or dunnage conversion machine. An exemplary pad-producing dunnage dispenser, such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,123,889, for example, can convert one or more plies of sheet stock material (such as kraft paper) into a relatively less dense dunnage material. 
     Expandable dunnage expands to fill a range of volumes. Some examples of expandable dunnage include: foam-in-a-bag, where the chemical components of a foam are placed in a sealed bag, typically made of some type of polymer suitable for controlled activation; and inflate-in-place air pillows that can be inflated inside the container to fill the void volume, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,253,806, for example. In foam-in-a-bag dunnage, the foam expands within the bag to fill an enclosed volume, either the bag itself or the void in a closed volume. The expanded foam solidifies in a shape that approximates the shape of the void volume. The bag can be placed in the container, which is then closed and the foam fills the closed volume, or, particularly when the shape of the void volume is known, the foam-in-a-bag can be solidified in a mold having the desired shape before it is placed in the container. 
     Flowable dunnage includes a plurality of relatively small dunnage products that can flow into the void in the container. Some examples of flowable dunnage include: foam “peanuts,” paper peanuts, air bag “ravioli” formed of small air bags, etc. 
     The flowable dunnage product can include multiple sizes within the supply. Flowable dunnage typically is dispensed first to a hopper for storage, and then fed through tubes or chutes into the container. One exemplary flowable dunnage dispenser is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,672,037. A vibration table also can be used to ensure that the flowable dunnage settles into the void volume in the container. 
     The type of dunnage dispenser or converter  52  employed typically will be dunnage-dependent. For each dunnage product there can be multiple ways to deliver and place the dunnage in the container  20  other than the exemplary methods described herein. The dunnage dispenser  52  also can include self-limiting features that stop delivery of the dunnage once a sensor is triggered, such as an electromagnetic sensor, mechanical trigger or backpressure sensor. For example, a limiting plate with a passage therethrough can be placed over the opening in a container, and a gate valve, butterfly valve or other valve can be used to allow flowable dunnage to pass through the limiting plate. The plate effectively closes the top of the container, but allows the dunnage to fill the container until one or more sensors are triggered to indicate that the container is full. One example is disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/624,348, filed Nov. 2, 2004, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     The dunnage supplied at each dunnage dispensing station  14  can be placed in the container  20  entirely by hand; or the dunnage can be placed by a packer initiating or otherwise controlling one or more steps that are performed by one or more devices that place the dunnage in the container  20  (such as a pick-and-place robot). As another alternative, the dunnage can be placed in the container independent of any external control. In this latter example, one or more devices, controlled by the controller  26 , for example, automatically place the dunnage in the void volume in the container  20  without any assistance from a packer. 
     Container Closing Station 
     The container closing station  102  is where the container is closed and prepared for shipping. After dispensing the dunnage, the container  20  is transferred to a container closing station  102  to close the container  20 . Devices for automatically closing a container  20 , typically referred to as “box closers,” are known and can be used in the final step of the packing process to automatically close and seal the container for shipment. In the case of a RSC container, the container  20  can be automatically sealed using automatic flap folding equipment integral to or ancillary to an automatic box sealing device, including but not limited to random case sealers, tapers, and strapping equipment. If a shoe box-style container  20  is used, the container  20  is sealed using hot glue or strapping equipment that secures a separate lid on the container, using hot glue, tape or straps, for example, to close the container  20  and secure it for shipping. Shipping labels also can be applied automatically, meaning than in many instances the operator&#39;s involvement in the packaging process can be minimal or nonexistent, freeing the operator to deal with non-conforming fault conditions and/or placing articles in more containers. 
     Alternatively, the packer can close and seal the container  20  using tape, straps, or an adhesive. Alternatively, the packer performs some steps, such as folding flaps down or placing the lid on the container, and other steps are performed by a container closing mechanism. Finally, the container  20  is routed to a shipping station  104 . There the containers  20  can be sorted by destination, mode of transport, etc. and further bundled for shipment, if necessary. 
     Exemplary Method of Operation 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary methodology for an automated packaging system. The steps or blocks shown represent functions, actions or events performed. If embodied in software, each block may represent a module, segment or portion of code that comprises one or more executable instructions to implement the specified logical function(s). If embodied in hardware, each block may represent one or more circuits or other electronic devices to implement the specified logical function(s). Computer software applications generally involve dynamic and flexible processes such that the functions, actions or events performed by the software and/or the hardware can be performed in other sequences different than the one shown. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 3 and 8 , an exemplary system can operate in the following manner. One or more containers  20  are erected by a container erector  32  at one of one or more loading stations  12  where one or more articles  16  subsequently are placed in the container for shipping at step  200 . The container  20  is then routed in step  202  to a selected one of a plurality of void determination stations  70  for determining the void volume, if the void volume is needed. This step is not always necessary and in some cases can be omitted, as previously mentioned. A container identifier also can be detected at step  204 , if required. The container  20  is examined for suitability for receiving dunnage, i.e. for a fault condition, at step  206 . If a nonconforming fault condition exists the container  20  can be diverted for special handling by an operator in step  208 . If there is no nonconforming fault condition, the dunnage requirements for the void volume are determined at step  210 . The container  20  is routed to a selected one of a plurality of dunnage dispensing stations  14  in step  212  where dunnage is dispensed and placed in the void volume in step  214 . 
     A prescribed amount of dunnage can be dispensed automatically, based on the determined void volume. The container  20  can be automatically positioned at the outlet of a dunnage dispenser  14   a  and dunnage can be dispensed automatically, directly into the container  20 , without intervention by an operator, or the dunnage can be dispensed automatically but not directly into the container  20  or can be dispensed under the direction of an operator for subsequent placement in the container  20 . After the prescribed amount of dunnage material has been dispensed and either dispensed directly into the container  20  or placed in the container  20  in a subsequent step, the container  20  can be passed on for further processing, such as routing the container  20  through a container closer at the container closing station  130  in step  216  and closing the container  20  in step  218  and then routing the container  20  through a shipping station  132  at step  220  for further transport to a remote location. 
     Returning now to  FIG. 2 , this figure illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a packaging system  300 . The system  300  includes a plurality of loading stations  12   a ,  22   b ; a transport network  24  having a plurality of transport lines  68   b ,  68   c ,  68   f ,  68   g ,  68   h ,  68   m ,  68   n ,  68   o , and  68   t , for example; a container diverter  301 ; diverter lines  68   aa ,  68   bb ,  68   cc ; router gates  302   a  and  302   b ; an intermediate station  22   a ; and dunnage dispensing stations  14   a ,  14   b ,  14   c , and  14   d . During normal operation, articles (not shown) are placed in containers  20  at parallel loading stations  12   a  and  12   b . The articles may be placed in the containers manually or via an automated system. The containers  20  travel to an intermediate station  22   a  via either transport lines  68   b  or  68   c , or a combination thereof. 
     The transport lines  68  are illustrated as multiple conveyers, i.e. transport lines  68   b ,  68   c ,  68   f ,  68   g ,  68   h ,  68   m ,  68   n ,  68   o , and  68   t , etc. The transport network  24  can include any means, however, for transporting the containers  20  between two or more stations, such as, for example: one or more conveyers, which may be driven by motors, gravity, pneumatically, manually; one or more chutes; etc. In addition, the transport network  24  can include any combination of the different types of transport lines. Moreover, the length of each transport line  68  generally is dependent on the distances between the stations. In some embodiments, the sensors or components described herein with respect to different or separated stations may be integrated into a single station. For example, a sensor for determining whether the container should be automatically filled with dunnage has been described with respect to an intermediate station, but could be integrated into the loading stations  12   a  and  12   b , or integrated into the dispensing stations  14   a ,  14   b  and  14   c . In such a case, the transport line between the sensor and the station can be very short, such as, for example, less than a foot. 
     At intermediate station  22   a  data or information regarding the container  20  and/or its contents is obtained. The data is obtained via one or more sensors (not shown) and the data can include, for example, the topography of the contents of the container  20 , the size of the container  20 , the location of the contents, etc. A controller  26  determines whether the loaded container  20  is suitable for automatic dunnage insertion as a function of the data obtained at intermediate station  22   a . If the loaded container  20  is not suitable for automatic dunnage insertion, for example, if the contents of the container  20  are above the top of the container  20 , the container  20  is moved to diverter line  68   aa , by the container diverter  301 . In one embodiment, the container diverter  301  is a pneumatically-operated piston that pushes the container  20  onto diverter line  68   aa . The container diverter  301  can include any means for diverting the container  20  to the diverter line  68   aa , such as, for example, a switching bar, a trap door, a pick-and-place robot, etc. In another embodiment, the container diverter  301  does not physically remove the container  20  from the transport lines leading to the dunnage dispensing stations  14 . Instead, the controller  24 , instructs the dispensing stations  14  to allow the container to pass through the dispensing station  14  without inserting dunnage into the container  20 , thereby indirectly removing the container  20  from the transport line. In this case, the container  20  optionally can be removed from the system after it passes the dunnage dispensers  14 . 
     Returning to the illustrated embodiment, the diverter line  68   aa  is a means for physically removing the container  20  from the transport line leading to the automatic dunnage dispensers  14   a ,  14   b  and  14   c . Optionally, the diverter line  68   aa  can include a transport line to a diversion station  14   d  where the non-conforming condition can be resolved. Dunnage can be placed in the container at the diversion station  14   d , or the container  20  can then be reintroduced to a transport line  68   f ,  68   g  or  68   h  leading to the automatic dunnage dispensing stations  14   a ,  14   b  and  14   c , or can be transported to a dunnage dispensing station (not shown) outside of the transport network  24 . 
     If a container  20  is suitable for packing (e.g., there is no non-conforming fault condition), the controller  26  can control a series of router gates  302   a  and  302   b  that are controllably opened and closed by the controller  26  to direct the container to a selected dunnage dispensing station  14 . The first router gate  302   a  is used to route the container  20  to either dunnage dispensing station  14   a  or on toward the second router gate  302   b  and dunnage dispensing stations  14   b  and  14   c . The router gates  302   a  and  302   b  each include respective pneumatically-operated swing arms  304   a  and  304   b . If the first swing arm  304   a  is activated or otherwise placed in a closed condition, the container  20  is routed to a first transport line  68   f  and to automatic dunnage dispenser  14   a . If the first swing arm  304   a  is open and the second swing arm  304   b  is activated or otherwise placed in a closed position, the container  20  is routed to transport line  68   g  and to automatic dunnage dispensing station  14   b . Otherwise, if both swing arms  304   a  and  304   b  are open, the container will be directed to transport line  68   h  and to automatic dunnage dispensing station  14   c . The router gates  302   a  and  302   b  can include any means of routing the container  20  to a selected automatic dunnage dispensing station  14   a ,  14   b , or  14   c  such as, for example, a single arm, a robotic arm, a bush bar, a rotating table, a plate, etc. 
     The controller  26  determines the volume of dunnage to be placed in the container  20  as a function of the data obtained at intermediate station  22   a . The controller  26  provides a signal to the selected dunnage dispensing station  14   a ,  14   b  or  814   c . The controller  26  thus instructs the dunnage dispenser, such as a dunnage converter (not shown), to dispense the required volume of dunnage. At automatic dunnage dispensing stations  14   a ,  14   b  and  14   c  the container  20  is automatically filled with the determined volume of dunnage. 
     From dunnage dispensing station  14   a , the container  20  moves on transport line  68   m  to a closing station  102   a , where the container is closed, and then on to a shipping station  104   a  via transport line  68   t . From dunnage dispensing stations  14   b  and  14   c , respective transport lines  68   n  and  68   o  transport containers to a shared closing station  102   b . In the illustrated embodiment, the diversion dunnage dispensing station  14   d  transports a container to a closing station  102   c  via transport line  68   bb  and then transport line  68   cc  transports the container to a shipping station  104   b  that is shared with automatic dunnage dispensing stations  14   b  and  14   c.    
     Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention can have been disclosed with respect to only one of the several embodiments, such feature can be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.