Patent Publication Number: US-9403667-B2

Title: Dynamic vibration control systems and methods for industrial lift trucks

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/454,188, filed Mar. 18, 2011, and entitled “Dynamic Stability Control Systems And Methods For Industrial Lift Trucks,” which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT CONCERNING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of industrial lift trucks, and more specifically to systems and methods for improved vibration control for lift trucks. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Lift trucks are designed in a variety of configurations to perform a variety of tasks. A lift truck traveling throughout a facility may encounter debris on the floor and uneven floor surfaces. These can take the form of expansion joints, cracks in the floor surface or man-made objects such as ramps going between buildings or into tractor trailers. Tire irregularities and/or the floor can also cause periodic vibration that can be transmitted throughout the frame of the truck. 
     When a lift truck is traveling fast, one or more wheels strike an edge of the uneven surface harder than when the truck is traveling slowly. The energy from this motion is transmitted throughout the truck in the form of shock waves. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the resultant forces may be transmitted throughout a truck  10  in any of the three axes, including the X-axis  12 , the Y-axis  14 , and the Z-axis  16 , and may be felt by the operator (not shown) creating a sense of discomfort. The truck  10  may include a tractor unit  17  and vertically movable forks  19  mounted relative to the tractor unit, the movable forks being vertically movable between an upper position and a lower position. If there is no operator, such as when the truck is being remotely controlled, the resultant forces may still have negative effects because equipment  18  on the truck may be rendered less effective. If there is equipment  18  on the truck, such as sensitive sensory equipment, the quality of the data from the equipment  18  may diminish because of the resultant forces and resultant truck reaction. 
     When a lift truck strikes a floor condition that affects only one side, such as when only one wheel, such as caster wheel  20 , strikes a raised crack in the floor, and that side is forced up, the resultant motion is commonly called roll, and is shown as movement about the X-axis  12 . The effect of roll causes the entire truck to temporarily move or tilt to one side (to the side of the truck with the wheel that did not strike the crack), and any sensory equipment mounted on the truck will also be directed to the same side. Equipment  18 , such as a sensor mounted several feet away from the original point of movement, (the caster wheel  20 ), will have its reaction exaggerated. The sudden movement caused by the floor condition can diminish the effectiveness and/or accuracy of the sensory equipment and may necessitate that the truck be operated at slower speeds to reduce the effects of the floor conditions. Slower operating speeds may equate to an undesirable reduction in overall equipment productivity. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a variety of lift truck configurations use spring loaded casters  24 , including for example pallet trucks and stacker trucks, that have a center traction wheel  26  spaced between the two spring loaded casters  24 . The spring loaded casters allow for driving over rough surfaces or floors  28  while still maintaining good contact force for the traction wheel  26 . This contact force is important because acceleration, braking, and control are mainly achieved through the traction wheel, so the wheel  26  should maintain floor contact with enough force to control the truck motion. Typically, the casters are adjusted to find an optimum operation between traction wheel slippage and the truck rocking or tilting between both casters. 
     The casters  24  can be adjusted by adding shims  30  to push down harder on the floor, thus raising the truck slightly, or shims can be removed to make caster springs  32  push less, thus slightly lowering the truck. Typically, the caster springs  32  themselves are not adjusted. The purpose of the shim  30  is to set how much of the vehicle weight is on the traction wheel  26  versus how much is on the spring loaded casters  24 . Without the flexible spring loaded casters and the ability to adjust the casters with shims, the casters may end up carrying most of the weight and the traction wheel may slip due to not enough contact force, or the traction wheel may take most of the weight, causing the truck to slightly tilt to one caster or the other. 
     Caster adjustment may be time consuming, and may include jacking up the truck, estimating how big a shim to install, and then seeing if the shim was too big or too little. In this configuration, there is no dynamic adjustment of the spring force while the truck is in motion. 
     Spring only casters can range from hard, with a high spring constant, to soft, with a low spring constant. A softer caster tolerates a rougher floor, but also lets the truck tilt on turns and shifts in the load or the operator position. A hard caster works well as long as the floor is completely flat. Conversely, the operator may sense rough floor conditions and objects on the floor, or cracks in the floor may effect the truck as the caster rolls over them. 
     Other varieties of lift truck configurations use spring loaded casters and include a known shock absorber  34  for damping. The addition of damping allows for softer springs, but still reduces the oscillation of rocking on a rough floor. Nevertheless, when one caster hits a large bump on the floor, the damper responds to the high speed motion of the caster by generating considerable force and may tilt the truck because the damper force is a function of caster motion, not truck roll. When the damper reacts in this way, it diminishes the advantages of softer springs. 
     Other varieties of lift truck configurations use a sway bar or torsion bar  36  between casters  24 . Much like the spring and shock absorber configuration described above, with the inclusion of a torsion bar  36 , the rough floor is averaged out so small random bumps don&#39;t tilt the truck. When tilting to one side, it automatically reduces the spring force on the other, which may stop the tilt. But also like the spring and shock absorber configuration, with a torsion bar, one caster hitting debris may raise the caster on the other side. On the contact side, the caster will push up while at the same time the caster on the other side is being pulled up by the torsion bar. So, in some cases, the torsion bar may actually induce a tilt in the truck. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , still other varieties of lift truck configurations use fixed casters  38  and a suspended traction wheel  40 . This configuration lets the suspension springs  42  provide enough force to keep the traction wheel in contact with the floor, and is more prevalent with very flat floors. On rough floors, operators of a truck with this configuration are known to feel oscillations and the truck may tilt on most every bump. Also, the effect of hitting an object with one caster may cause a significant contact and tilt. 
     The prior methods suffer from not monitoring the orientation of the truck in one or more of the three axis of motion. For example, the casters only need to put out a force when the truck is moving away from horizontal, or roll, in the X-axis  12 . If the truck is horizontal, or not changing quickly from horizontal, then the caster spring could be very soft. Yet, all these existing solutions respond to vertical motion of the caster wheel regardless of whether it is tilting the truck or not. 
     At best, the prior methods only improve the tradeoff between soft springs and the truck rolling versus hard springs and truck dampers that limit the performance of the spring only caster configurations. Another disadvantage of these previously used methods has been that the force or motion created is fixed. Even though variables like speed, mass and direction of motion are changing constantly as the truck is used, the compensating forces from a spring or shock are fixed, having been calculated from average or nominal values. Therefore only a narrow range of motion can be effectively addressed or mitigated. 
     If the motion of the caster wheel can be mitigated or even cancelled, the truck would then be capable of traveling faster without the potential damage to components or loss or degradation of truck data, along with a more comfortable ride for the operator. A more stable mounting platform for sensitive sensory components also improves the quality of data produced, allowing greater flexibility in the use of the truck in either automatic or manual modes. 
     What is needed is a lift truck configured to retain desirable features of flexible casters and yet to add more stability control to the lift truck. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention overcomes the drawbacks of the previous lift truck systems and methods by providing additional vibration control features to reduce or eliminate motion of the truck in one or more of the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis. Some embodiments may include, alone or in combination with the vibration control, stability control to further stabilize the motion of the truck. 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides a lift truck having vibration control. The lift truck comprises a tractor unit, with vertically movable forks mounted relative to the tractor unit, the forks being vertically movable between an upper position and a lower position. A vertical support is mounted relative to the tractor unit, and a platform is mounted relative to the vertical support, the platform for mounting electrical components. The vertical support comprises a hollow tube at least partially filled with a vibration damping material to damper vibrations from reaching the platform. 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of reducing vibrations on a lift truck. The method comprises steps including providing a lift truck, the lift truck comprising a tractor unit and vertically movable forks mounted relative to the tractor unit, the forks being vertically movable between an upper position and a lower position. The steps also include providing a vertical support mounted relative to the tractor unit; providing a platform mounted relative to the vertical support, the platform for mounting electrical components; damping vibrations from reaching the platform with at least one of a vibration damping material in the vertical support and a mass-damper system; and providing control circuitry coupled to the at least one of the vibration damping material and the mass-damper system to control a degree of vibration damping. 
     The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will appear in the detailed description which follows. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a lift truck showing three axis of possible motion; 
         FIG. 2  is a rear view of a lift truck, showing known spring loaded caster configurations; 
         FIG. 3  is a rear view of a lift truck similar to the truck of  FIG. 2 , except showing a known fixed caster configuration with a suspended traction wheel; 
         FIG. 4  is a rear view of a lift truck similar to the truck of  FIG. 1 , and including embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart of an algorithm according to an embodiment of the invention, the algorithm adapted to improve the stability of a lift truck; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic drawing of a system for improving the stability of a lift truck in the Z-axis according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic drawing of a system for improving the stability of a lift truck by reducing the vibration in the lift truck. 
     
    
    
     The invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The scope of the invention is defined in the appended claims, rather than in the specific description preceding them. All embodiments that fall within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The various aspects of the invention will be described in connection with improved stability and vibration control of industrial lift trucks. That is because the features and advantages that arise due to embodiments of the invention are well suited to this purpose. Still, it should be appreciated that the various aspects of the invention can be applied to achieve other objectives as well. 
     Embodiments of the invention described herein, either alone or in combination, are well suited to provide a dynamically stabilized lift truck, including, for example, a dual-purpose fork lift truck that may be operated as an automated robotic vehicle and also as a standard manually operated truck. The truck achieves stabilization through one or more individual or combined improvements that are configured to effect motion in any one of three axes, and in some embodiments, plus reduce vibration. The collective improvements provide protection for sensitive electronic components, increase operator comfort, and allow greater productivity by permitting faster travel speeds. 
     In addition, features of the invention allow for the creation of a dynamically stable platform for mounting sensitive electronic components, such as sensors, controls, and position detecting/reporting equipment, which allows the components to be more effective, regardless of the floor conditions. The dynamically stabilized truck and platform allows the sensors and control equipment to generate better quality data, and to ensure more reliable operation. With better quality data, the truck may be allowed to travel faster due to more confidence in the accuracy of the data it produces. And, when the truck can travel faster and operate more reliably, the truck will likely generate more productivity. 
     The improved stability control systems and methods can be described as including a variety of unique features, where each feature can individually contribute to the improved stability of the truck in is own way, and each can be combined with one or more of the others to contribute to the improved stability of the truck in combination. Therefore, each of the unique features will be described separately below. 
     I. Active Roll and Pitch Control 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , when a lift truck  50  strikes a floor condition that affects only one side, such as when only one wheel, such as caster wheel  52 , strikes a crack  54  in the floor  56 , and side  58  of the truck  50  is forced up due to the motion, the resultant side to side motion is commonly called roll, and is shown as movement  70  about the X-axis  12 . The effect of roll causes the entire truck to move or tilt to one side (the side  60  of the truck  50  with the wheel that did not strike the crack), and mechanical and/or electronic components  64  such as any sensory equipment mounted on a platform  62  will also be directed to the same side. The components  64 , such as a sensor, mounted several feet away from the original point of movement, such as the caster wheel  52 , will have its reaction exaggerated. The sudden movement caused by the floor condition can diminish the effectiveness of the electronic components and may cause the truck to be operated at slower speeds to reduce the effects of the floor conditions. Slower operating speeds may equate to an undesirable reduction in overall equipment productivity. Sudden movement at one or more wheels may result in an undesirable overall vehicle movement and can be detected and mitigated by actively controlling one or more of the resultant forces in any of the three axis, for example one or both of pitch (rotation or movement about the Y-axis) and roll of the truck. 
     As previously noted, prior methods suffer from not monitoring the orientation, e.g., pitch and/or roll of the truck. In an improved lift truck, the casters only need to provide a reactant force when the truck is moving away from horizontal in either pitch or roll. If the truck is horizontal, or not changing quickly from horizontal, then the caster spring could be very soft. Prior solutions respond to vertical motion of the caster wheel regardless of whether the vertical motion is tilting the truck or not. 
     Embodiments of the active roll and pitch control include a number of features: 
     1. Systems and methods measure the angular speed of rotation of the truck  50  around the X-axis  12 , the Y-axis  14 , and in the Z-axis  16 . As discussed herein and as shown in  FIG. 4 , roll  70  is described as the movement, e.g., rotational speed, about the X-axis  12  in degrees per second, or dps. Similarly, pitch  72  is described as movement, e.g., the rotational speed, about the Y-axis  14 . This angular speed of rotation around the X and Y-axis may be measured to provide a numerical value of the measured roll  70  and/or pitch  72 . 
     2. When the roll  70  and/or pitch  72  of the truck  50  exceeds a predetermined threshold value, the systems and methods may be configured to “lock” one or more of the casters  52  to control the roll and/or pitch. In this context, “lock” means to stop the motion of the caster(s) in the Z-axis so it behaves like a fixed caster, or like a caster with an extremely hard spring. An actuator  76  locks the caster so it can act like a fixed caster. A locked caster may not expand or retract, or it would take great force to expand or retract, compared to an unlocked state. In one embodiment, the motion of the caster is locked suddenly, and in an alternative embodiment, the motion is locked over a predetermined amount of time. The motion of the casters may also be locked in relation to other factors, such as speed of the truck, or the weight of the truck or load, or the height of the load, or steering angle, or any combination. 
     3. After a predetermined duration of time, the casters may be unlocked. The predetermined duration of lock time for the locked casters may be a fixed duration, or, similar to locking the motion of the castors, it may be varied with vehicle speed and/or other factors. For example, at low speeds, the duration for locked casters may be longer than at high speeds. In one embodiment, at very low speeds, with the load raised, all the casters may be locked to create a temporary “fixed” caster truck configuration. Alternatively, the force on the left and right casters may be sensed, and the sensed force on each caster may be compared to determine when one or more of the casters could be unlocked. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , one embodiment of a method is shown for control of caster locking using feedback control of angular speed. It is to be appreciated that the systems and methods are adaptable for one or more of the resultant forces in any of the three axis to control, for example, either or both of pitch  72  and roll  70  together or individually, and can use feedback of any of the factors described above, or other factors that would be known to one of skill in the art. 
     The caster locking/unlocking algorithm  80  may start with an initialization process indicated as KEY ON at process block  82 . At KEY ON, the algorithm checks and/or adjusts, i.e., calibrates a GZERO stationary value  81  that represents zero degrees per second or “dps” for a GYRO signal  83  received from a gyroscope  84  while the truck is stationary. A gyroscope is preferably positioned at or generally near an axis of rotation. Alternatively, one or more accelerometers  85  may be used and may be placed in other available locations on the truck. In this example, the GYRO signal  83  represents a roll  70 , in dps, around the X-axis  12 . When the gyroscope  84  sends a signal having a dps value greater than the value of GZERO, the truck is rolling (i.e., tilting) over to the right at GYRO-GZERO dps. Likewise, a GYRO signal  83  having a dps value smaller than GZERO indicates the truck is rolling (i.e., tilting) to the left at GZERO-GYRO dps. In some embodiments, the KEY ON initialization/calibration compensates for small shifts in the gyroscope sensor measurement. 
     In the embodiment shown, after the KEY ON initialization, the algorithm may run in a loop  86 , as shown. First, at LOOP CYCLE SPEED process block  88 , the algorithm waits a predetermined and possibly a fixed amount of time to control how fast the loop  86  runs. In one embodiment, a 10 milli-second wait time may be used, so, in this example, the loop cannot run faster than 100 times a second. This example LOOP CYCLE SPEED wait time may be used to give mechanical actuators time to change states. Without allowing a sufficient amount of time for mechanical actuators to change, the software may end up oscillating because it is able to change state faster than the truck is able to change its motion. The LOOP CYCLE SPEED wait time may generally be dependent on the truck design, the type of actuators used to lock up the casters, and other delays inherent or built into the system. 
     Next, at decision block  90 , an absolute value of GYRO minus GZERO is compared to a THRESHOLD dps value. In one embodiment, the system may be configured to stop tilts (e.g., pitch and/or roll) with a dps value equal to or larger than the THRESHOLD dps value and not act upon smaller GYRO signals having a dps value less than or equal to the THRESHOLD value. During normal operation, there may be some minor pitches and/or rolls and the system may not react until the pitch or roll dps is at or exceeds THRESHOLD, typically where the GRYO signal is far from zero, although not a requirement. In a non-tilt example, if the GRYO signal is close to zero, (and not more than THRESHOLD), then the algorithm continues to decision block  92 , where it may simply check any lock timers (e.g., LOCK TIMER L, LOCK TIMER R) to determine if they are ON, and if they are, the algorithm continues to decision block  94  to determine if any lock timers have been ON for a predetermined DURATION. If any timer is at or exceeds the DURATION, then the appropriate LOCK TIMER L or LOCK TIMER R may be turned OFF and reset, e.g., to zero msec. The loop  86  may then repeat by going back to process block  88 , LOOP CYCLE SPEED. This permits a short predetermined period of time for the truck to respond. 
     In a tilt scenario, the truck will start to tilt, and the GYRO signal will shift away from GZERO by more than THRESHOLD. In this example, at decision block  96 , the algorithm determines which way the truck is rolling by whether the GYRO signal is larger than GZERO or smaller than GZERO. Based on this determination, the algorithm branches to either the set LOCK R process block  98  or the set LOCK L process block  100 , and locks up the caster on that side for the pre-determined DURATION. The LOCK R (or LOCK L) is set to ON, and the LOCK TIMER R (or LOCK TIMER L) is set to DURATION. The truck is thereby prevented from rolling in that direction and should, after some time delay, cause the GYRO signal to return to GZERO or at least make the absolute value of GYRO minus GZERO less than THRESHOLD. 
     Note that embodiments of the invention may allow the truck to tilt slowly. An advantage of the systems and methods described herein is that a rapid roll to either side or oscillation (rocking around the roll axis) is stopped. For example, in one embodiment, a truck making a sudden turn may have the outside caster lock up to prevent rolling as the truck makes the turn. In another example, if a moving truck hits a bump on the right caster, the left caster may lock up to prevent rolling. But if the operator shifts the load and waits for several DURATION periods, then the truck may slowly lean toward the heavy side. 
     This slow tilt feature of the invention is useful and important. Useful because it lets the spring loaded casters adjust for wear so the traction tire always has good contact force with the floor. The traction tire may be the main source for control and braking, and it is important that the traction wheel maintain contact with the proper force against the floor surface. 
     After locking the appropriate side and starting the associated timer at process block  98  or process block  100 , the algorithm repeats the loop  86  by going back to process block  88 , CYCLE SPEED LIMIT. During the DURATION period, the actuator  76  locks the left or right side caster  52  so the caster acts like a fixed caster. In some embodiments, the actuator  76  could be a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid filled damper. One embodiment of an MR damper is able to lock up in about 20 milli-seconds, or more or less, while others are able to lock up in about 8 to 10 milli-seconds, or more or less, and stop the caster from compressing the caster spring  78 . The caster may still have spring(s), but the springs could be soft so that a rough floor would not annoy the operator. The DURATION period is set long enough to account for most shocks or tilts due to sharp turns or other obstacles that would tilt a truck with soft or even hard springs. In one embodiment, a typical DURATION could range from about 0.1 seconds to about 5 seconds, or more or less, and may be predetermined in the algorithm for a particular truck design or truck application. In an alternative embodiment, the algorithm and associated system may be able to adjust the DURATION period for long durations at low speeds and shorter durations at high speeds. At high speeds, the truck would complete the turn, or roll over the bump in the floor, in a much shorter time than at low speeds. 
     Embodiments according to the invention provide several benefits and advantages that cannot be obtained in existing truck configurations. For example, embodiments of the invention enable the truck to stay level instead of rocking due to uneven floors. This is beneficial to the operator standing on the truck because a rocking truck may increase operator fatigue. In lifting loads onto or off of high racks or stacks, embodiments of the invention may lock both the left and right casters to make the mast more stable and stay vertical. Embodiments of the invention may also be more economical than fixed caster and floating traction wheel alternatives. Also, the ride quality may be much improved over fixed casters that typically transmit every bump into the platform the operator stands on. Embodiments of the invention will also allow use of very soft springs so the ride quality can be better than spring casters and spring-damper-caster designs. Notably, the invention detects and stops the pitch and/or roll while other known alternative designs do not detect the truck pitch or roll. 
     A variety of alternative embodiments are contemplated for the invention, and may be included individually or in any combination. 
     In some alterative embodiments, a variety of actuators  76  are contemplated for use with the invention. For example, small hydraulic cylinders with a rapid response profile are available. Also, solenoid based actuators could use an electromagnet to lock the caster into a fixed position. Pneumatic cylinders can be used to increase or decrease the force of the caster on the floor in parallel with springs, or in place of the mechanical springs. The MR actuator could act as a variable damper that increases the mechanical resistance based on the rotation speed (e.g., roll and/or pitch) instead of locking the caster solid. Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators can also act as sensors to detect caster compression and measure, or predict, the truck tilting. The hydraulic system could shut a valve to lock the caster, and the pneumatic system could open a valve to reduce pressure from a compressing caster or apply more pressure to extend a caster to exert more force on the floor. Additional materials, including piezoelectric composites and electroactive polymers, or EAPs, are also contemplated for actuator use. Piezoelectric composites can be used for both sensor and actuator functions. Piezoelectric materials can convert electrical signals into useful displacement or force. EAPs are polymers that exhibits a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field. A beneficial characteristic property of an EAP is that they are able to undergo a large amount of deformation while sustaining large forces. 
     In other alternative embodiments, a variety of different sensors are contemplated for use with embodiments of the invention. For example, a variety of gyroscope configurations are available, such as a solid state Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS) gyroscope. There are also several other types of gyroscope sensors or combinations of sensors that can replace a true gyroscope. In other embodiments, the rotation of the truck could be sensed by differential accelerometers, such as two Z-axis accelerometers with one mounted on each side of the truck. For rolls around the X-axis  12 , the difference between the Z-axis  16  acceleration on the right and left side would indicate a roll is happening. Also, the tilt of the truck could be measured by mechanical devices used as sensors. The compression of the spring  78  for each caster  52  could be measured by any type of proximity sensor. By using geometry, the vertical location of one or more of the casters can be used to infer the truck tilt, or to predict that the truck will tilt due to unequal forces. In addition, hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders convert caster compression into a change in fluid pressure or fluid volume. Again, the vertical position of each caster, and the force it is exerting to tilt the truck, can be inferred from measuring the fluid pressure or fluid volume. For example, with a pneumatic cylinder, the contraction of the caster will increase the gas pressure. For a hydraulic cylinder, compression of the caster will force fluid out of the cylinder and into an expansion chamber. In addition to sensing or predicting truck tilt, these devices can also be used to lock the caster or apply force to stop the truck tilting. 
     Other alternative embodiments are adaptable for a variety of different applications. In one application having the suitable arrangement of lockable casters, the pitch around the Y-axis  14  can be controlled just as the roll around the X-axis  12 . In a scenario where the operator is lifting a pallet high above the floor, the caster springs typically allow the truck mast to tilt, which is not desired. The tilting may make it more difficult to put the load on a shelf. One possible application for an embodiment of the invention would be to let the operator manually, or the truck software automatically, lock one or more of the casters while the load is some predetermined height above the floor. In this configuration, for example, for a short distance at low speeds, the truck could have fixed casters that would keep the mast from tilting. 
     In yet additional alternative embodiments, the invention may embody predictive control. For example, the truck may use power steering, a measured steering angle, or have limit switches that indicate the position of the steering controls. In these and other configurations, the truck software may anticipate the truck tilting due to steering position, truck speed, fork height above the floor, and/or other inputs from the operator. It is to be appreciated that the truck software could trigger a lock before the gyroscope  84  senses any tilt. And, the software described may release the lock after DURATION has passed (assuming the gyroscope senses no rotation larger than THRESHOLD). 
     Other embodiments may utilize stability control parameters that may be accessible on a local or remote computer system, such as a fleet management system, for example, to set or adjust one or more stability control parameters for a truck. Stability control parameters may be set or adjusted based on a variety of factors, such as type of truck, type of load, load weight, and/or the operator, as non-limiting examples. Stability measurements that monitor truck motion, such as data from accelerometers and gyroscopes, may also be passed on to the fleet management system. For example, the accelerometers can report impacts, and the gyroscopes may provide an indication that the truck casters need adjustment. This data may be recorded and available for analysis and display on a system monitor, for example. 
     Other embodiments may use a wide range of systems and methods to adjust the truck stability, and each may be used alone or in combination with other stability controls. Some embodiments may use a steered caster. In this configuration, the caster orientation may be monitored and controlled to maximize stability. In some other embodiments, a reduction in the permitted acceleration and speed of the truck could be used in combination with other systems and methods for stability control. For example, when a truck is turning, the casters may be locked to stop or reduce a roll. If that doesn&#39;t stop the roll, to a predetermined degree, then one or more factors affecting stability may be limited, such as the acceleration of the truck, and then another factor may be limited, such as speed of the truck, and so on, to reduce or stop the truck roll. 
     II. Z-Axis Control 
     An additional aspect of the invention describes an embodiment of the invention where movement in the vertical direction, the Z-axis  16 , may be controlled by dynamically suppressing movement of one or more vertical supports  110 . Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 6 , a vertical support  110  according to an embodiment of the invention may be composed of two or more cylinders  112 ,  114  that function as a spring-mass-damper or tuned mass-damper system. Each vertical support may be constructed similar to a piston or hydraulic (pneumatic) cylinder and may be filled with a spring  116  and a fluid  118  (e.g., air, liquid). The fluid  118  may be ported to an orifice  120 , such as a variable valve, and to a reservoir  122 . The orifice  120  may be electrically controlled via a control circuit  124 , which may optionally include an amplifier  126 , to allow a variable amount of fluid motion. In one embodiment, an accelerometer  128  is used in the vertical axis (Z-axis  16 ) to detect movement with respect to time. Single and multi-axis models of accelerometers are available to detect magnitude and direction of the acceleration. If the acceleration is high, for example, as from a sudden shock to the truck when contacting a bump, the control circuit  124  may allow a fast fluid flow through the orifice providing cushioning, with the spring  116 , to a portion of the vertical support, effectively serving as a shock absorber. If the acceleration rates are small, the fluid movement may be limited, thereby keeping the vertical movement minimal. This embodiment is well suited to provide a more stable platform  62  (see  FIG. 4 ) for mounting components  64  on the vertical supports  110 . If the detected motion from a shock can be mitigated or even cancelled, the truck may then be capable of traveling faster without the potential adverse effects to components, or loss or degradation of data. A more stable mounting platform for sensitive sensory components also improves the quality of data produced, allowing greater flexibility in the use of the vehicle in either automatic or manual modes. 
     III. Vibration Control 
     An additional aspect of the invention describes an embodiment of the invention including vibration control. Vibration can develop in most mechanical bodies during normal operation. While vibrations usually do not exhibit the same peak energy levels as the contact of an obstacle, it can cause other problems. Within a mechanical body, a vibration can cause small movements that occur at specific frequencies. In some cases, the mechanical structure, by virtue of its shape and mass, can develop resonances that may have the effect of creating oscillations. 
     Vibration from truck movement over a floor surface can travel throughout a frame of the truck and anything attached to it. Referring now to  FIGS. 4 and 7 , a vertical support  130  may be used for mounting the platform  62  and associated components  64 . The support  130  may transmit vibrations experienced from truck motion through the support  130  and to the components  64 . Damping the vibrations may be beneficial to the integrity of the sensor equipment and other components  64 , and the quality of data produced. In one embodiment, construction of the vertical support  130  may use hollow tubing  140 . The tubing  140  may contain one or more plugs or sections  142  partially or completely filled with, for example, a phase changing, energy absorbing material such as Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid. The smaller particles within the MR fluid can move with respect to each other and can dampen higher frequency vibration that the vertical support experiences. Piezoelectric materials and electroactive polymers, for example, are also considered for use in tubing  140 . The phase changing material in the sections  142  may be electrically controlled via the control circuit  124 , which may optionally include an amplifier  126 , to allow a variable amount of phase change in the phase changing material. 
     An alternative embodiment describes an active vibration dampening system built into the support structure of the truck. In one embodiment, the system uses accelerometers  144  to detect vibration and movement both at the mounting frame base  146  and at the stabilized platform  62 . Vibration frequencies that are detected in the mounting frame  146  may travel through the tubing  140  to the platform  62  if not acted upon. As described above, in one embodiment, a phase changing or variable viscosity material may be used, such as MR fluid, to change the shape of the resonant cavity in the support structure tubing  140 , thereby dampening vibrations and/or any oscillations that start to occur. Because the truck may be moving with different speeds and with different loads, the mass and dynamic conditions are likely to be constantly changing. The active control is able to occasionally or continuously change the resonant characteristics of the support structure and prevent vibrations from becoming parasitic oscillations that may cause unwanted results. 
     In alternative embodiments, the tubing material  140  that the vertical support  130  is made from can be filled with one or more granular or pelletized materials  148 , such as metal shot, plastic beads, or sand, as non-limiting examples. The ability of the particles to move against each other may help dissipate the higher frequency vibration energy and reduce and resultant undesirable motion. It is to be appreciated that the vertical support  130  can be mounted anywhere on the truck  50 . It is also to be appreciated that any of the above embodiments can be combined to provide vibration control. 
     The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the invention. Various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described. For example, any of the various features described herein can be combined with some or all of the other features described herein according to alternate embodiments. While the preferred embodiment has been described, the details may be changed without departing from the invention, which is defined by the claims. 
     Finally, it is expressly contemplated that any of the processes or steps described herein may be combined, eliminated, or reordered. In other embodiments, instructions may reside in computer readable medium wherein those instructions are executed by a processor to perform one or more of processes or steps described herein. As such, it is expressly contemplated that any of the processes or steps described herein can be implemented as hardware, software, including program instructions executing on a computer, or a combination of hardware and software. Accordingly, this description is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not to otherwise limit the scope of this invention.