Patent Publication Number: US-11022933-B2

Title: Process cartridge, image forming apparatus and cleaning apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a process cartridge having a cleaning member for removing developer remaining on an electrophotographic photosensitive member after a developer image has been transferred from the electrophotographic photosensitive member to a recording medium or intermediate transfer member, and to an image forming apparatus and a cleaning apparatus. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Conventionally, as described in Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Application Publication No. S58-71762, a seal sheet made of thermoplastic urethane has been known as a suitable seal member for an apparatus for cleaning developer from an electrophotographic photosensitive drum (hereunder, a photosensitive drum) used as an image bearing member of an image forming apparatus. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     However, in recent years image forming apparatuses have tended towards smaller size, higher speed, greater energy efficiency and higher image quality. When an image forming apparatus is made smaller, the size of the photosensitive drum is also reduced. When the speed is increased, the photosensitive drum rotates more rapidly. This means that a cleaning blade (cleaning member) in contact with the photosensitive drum slides against the surface of the photosensitive drum at high speed. The temperature of the cleaning blade itself rises as a result, and the cleaning blade becomes softer, thereby increasing the contact surface between the cleaning blade and the photosensitive drum so that the frictional force between the photosensitive drum surface and the cleaning blade is increased. The drive torque for driving the photosensitive drum increases as a result. This leads to increased power consumption, detracting from energy efficiency. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus and a cleaning apparatus whereby an increase in the drive torque for driving an image bearing member can be controlled. 
     To achieve this object, the process cartridge used in the image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a rotatable image bearing member having a peripheral surface whereon a latent image is formed, 
     a developing apparatus that supplies a developer to the image bearing member to develop the latent image, 
     a cleaning member that comes into contact with the peripheral surface and removes the developer from the peripheral surface, and 
     a seal member that comes into contact with the peripheral surface at a contact part between the seal member and the peripheral surface on an upstream side of the cleaning member in the rotation direction of the image bearing member, and that allows developer to move from an upstream side of the contact part to a downstream side of the contact part in the rotation direction while regulating movement of the developer from the downstream side of the contact part to the upstream side of the contact part in the rotation direction; 
     wherein the developer includes a toner having a toner particle containing a toner base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the toner base particle surface, 
     the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by formula (1) below, and 
     the organosilicon polymer forms protrusions on the toner base particle surface, and 
     wherein either 
     (i) the work function of the seal member, is greater than the work function of the developer when the developer has a negative charging polarity, and is smaller than the work function of the developer when the developer has a positive charging polarity, or 
     (ii) the absolute value of the difference between the work function of the seal member and the work function of the developer is within a predetermined range;
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
in the formula, R is a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group.
 
     To achieve this object, the image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a main body; and 
     the process cartridge of the present invention, the process cartridge being detachable from the main body. 
     To achieve this object, the image forming apparatus for forming images on a recording material of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a rotatable image bearing member having a peripheral surface whereon a latent image is formed, 
     a developing apparatus that supplies a developer to the image bearing member to develop the latent image, 
     a cleaning member that comes into contact with the peripheral surface and removes the developer from the peripheral surface, 
     a seal member that comes into contact with the peripheral surface at a contact part between the seal member and the peripheral surface on an upstream side of the cleaning member in the rotation direction of the image bearing member, and that allows developer to move from an upstream side of the contact part to a downstream side of the contact part in the rotation direction while regulating movement of the developer from the downstream side of the contact part to the upstream side of the contact part in the rotation direction, and 
     an voltage application means for applying voltage to the seal member, 
     wherein the developer includes a toner having a toner particle containing a toner base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the toner base particle surface, 
     the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by formula (1) below, and 
     the organosilicon polymer forms protrusions on the toner base particle surface, and 
     wherein the seal member is a member having electrical conductivity, and 
     wherein the voltage application means applies voltage having a polarity opposite to the normal charging polarity of the toner;
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
in the formula, R is a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group.
 
     To achieve this object, the cleaning apparatus of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a frame, 
     an image bearing member that is rotatably supported by the frame and carries a developer image consisting of a developer, and 
     a cleaning member that is provided on the frame and that cleans developer remaining on the surface of the image bearing member after the developer image has been transferred from the image bearing member, and that has a contact portion capable of coming into contact with the surface of the image bearing member, 
     wherein during use, an intervening particle is present in an adjacent region, which is located on an upstream side of a contact area between the contact portion and the image bearing member, and which is adjacent to the contact area, in the rotation direction of the image bearing member, 
     wherein the intervening particle is a composite particle having a first particle which contains a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by formula (1) below, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer forms protrusions on the toner base particle surface, and 
     wherein, in a flat image obtained by observing a cross-section of the composite particle with a scanning transmission electron microscope STEM, drawing a line along the circumference of the base particle surface, and converting based on this line along the circumference, and 
     assuming that the length of the line along the circumference for a segment where a protrusion and the toner base particle form a continuous interface is taken as a protrusion width w, the maximum length of a protrusion in the direction normal to the protrusion width w is taken as a protrusion diameter d, and the length, in the line segment that forms the protrusion diameter d, from the peak of the protrusion to the line along the circumference is taken as a protrusion height h, 
     the numerical proportion P(d/w), in protrusions having a protrusion height h from 40 nm to 300 nm, of protrusions having a ratio d/w of protrusion diameter d to protrusion width w from 0.33 to 0.80 is at least 70 number %, and 
     wherein the protrusion is transported from the surface of the base particle to the contact area by the rotation of the image bearing member;
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
in the formula, R is a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group.
 
     To achieve this object, the process cartridge of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a frame, 
     an image bearing member that is rotatably supported by the frame and carries a developer image consisting of a developer, 
     a developer carrying member that supplies developer to the image bearing member so that a latent image formed on the image bearing member is developed into the developer image, and 
     a cleaning member provided on the frame that cleans developer remaining on the surface of the image bearing member after the developer image has been transferred from the image bearing member, and that has a contact portion capable of coming into contact with the surface of the image bearing member, 
     wherein during use, an intervening particle is present in an adjacent region, which is located on an upstream side of a contact area between the contact portion and the image bearing member, and which is adjacent to the contact area, in the rotation direction of the image bearing member, and 
     wherein the intervening particle is a composite particle having a first particle which contains a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by formula (1) below, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer forms protrusions on the toner base particle surface, and 
     wherein, in a flat image obtained by observing a cross-section of the composite particle with a scanning transmission electron microscope STEM, drawing a line along the circumference of the base particle surface and converting based on this line along the circumference, and 
     assuming that the length of the line along the circumference for a segment where a protrusion and the toner base particle from a continuous interface is taken as a protrusion width w, the maximum length of a protrusion in the direction normal to the protrusion width w is taken as a protrusion diameter d, and the length, in the line segment that forms the protrusion diameter d, from the peak of the protrusion to the line along the circumference is taken as a protrusion height h, and 
     wherein, the numerical proportion P (d/w), in protrusions having a protrusion height h from 40 nm to 300 nm, of protrusions having a ratio d/w of protrusion diameter d to protrusion width w from 0.33 to 0.80 is at least 70 number %, and 
     wherein the protrusion is transported from the surface of the base particle to the contact area by the rotation of the image bearing member rotates;
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
in the formula, R is a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group.
 
     To achieve this object, the image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a frame, 
     an image bearing member that is rotatably supported by the frame and carries a developer image consisting of a developer, and 
     a cleaning member that is provided on the frame and that cleans developer remaining on the surface of the image bearing member after the developer image has been transferred from the image bearing member, and that has a contact portion capable of coming into contact with the surface of the image bearing member, 
     wherein during use, an intervening particle is present in an adjacent region, which is located on an upstream side of a contact area between the contact portion and the image bearing member, and which is adjacent to the contact area, in the rotation direction of the image bearing member, 
     wherein the intervening particle is a composite particle having a first particle which contains a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by formula (1) below, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer forms protrusions on the toner base particle surface, and 
     wherein, in a flat image obtained by observing a cross-section of the composite particle with a scanning transmission electron microscope STEM, drawing a line along the circumference of the base particle surface and converting based on this line along the circumference, and 
     assuming that the length of the line along the circumference for a segment where a protrusion and the toner base particle from a continuous interface is taken as a protrusion width w, the maximum length of a protrusion in the direction normal to the protrusion width w is taken as a protrusion diameter d, and the length, in the line segment that forms the protrusion diameter d, from the peak of the protrusion to the line along the circumference is taken as a protrusion height h, 
     the numerical proportion P (d/w), in protrusions having a protrusion height h from 40 nm to 300 nm, of protrusions having a ratio d/w of protrusion diameter d to protrusion width w from 0.33 to 0.80 is at least 70 number %, and 
     wherein the protrusion is transported from the surface of the base particle to the contact area by the rotation of the image bearing member rotates;
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
in the formula, R is a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group.
 
     To achieve this object, the image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises the following: 
     a frame, 
     an image bearing member that is rotatably supported by the frame and carries a developer image consisting of a developer, 
     a developer carrying member that supplies developer to the image bearing member so that a latent image formed on the image bearing member is developed into the developer image, and 
     a cleaning member provided on the frame that cleans developer remaining on the surface of the image bearing member after the developer image has been transferred from the image bearing member, and that has a contact portion capable of coming into contact with the surface of the image bearing member, 
     wherein during use, an intervening particle is present in an adjacent region, which is located on an upstream side of a contact area between the contact portion and the image bearing member, and which is adjacent to the contact area, in the rotation direction of the image bearing member, 
     wherein the intervening particle is a composite particle having a first particle which contains a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by formula (1) below, and 
     wherein the organosilicon polymer forms protrusions on the toner base particle surface, and 
     wherein, in a flat image obtained by observing a cross-section of the composite particle with a scanning transmission electron microscope STEM, drawing a line along the circumference of the base particle surface, and converting based on this line along the circumference, and 
     assuming that the length of the line along the circumference for a segment where a protrusion and the toner base particle from a continuous interface is taken as a protrusion width w, the maximum length of a protrusion in the direction normal to the protrusion width w is taken as a protrusion diameter d, and the length, in the line segment that forms the protrusion diameter, from the peak of the protrusion to the line along the circumference is taken as a protrusion height h, 
     the numerical proportion P(d/W), in protrusions having a protrusion height h from 40 nm to 300 nm, of protrusions having a ratio d/w of protrusion diameter d to protrusion width w from 0.33 to 0.80 is at least 70 number %, and 
     wherein the protrusion is transported from the surface of the base particle to the contact area by the rotation of the image bearing member;
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
in the formula, R is a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group.
 
     The present invention can provide a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus whereby an increase in the drive torque for driving an image bearing member can be controlled. 
     Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic sectional view of a process cartridge of Example 1; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic sectional view of an image forming apparatus of Example 1; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic sectional view of a cleaning apparatus of Example 1; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a protrusion of a toner particle in Example 1; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a protrusion of a toner particle in Example 1; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of a protrusion of a toner particle in Example 1; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of a protrusion of a toner particle in Example 1; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are enlarged views of a contact part between a photosensitive drum and a cleaning member in Example 1; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic sectional view of an image forming apparatus of Example 2; 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are explanatory drawings of the contact/separation mechanism of a developing means in Example 3; 
         FIG. 11  is an enlarged view of a contact portion between a photosensitive drum and a cleaning member in Example 3; 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are schematic diagrams of the state near the cleaning nip N 1  in Example 3; 
         FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C  are schematic diagrams of a lubricant placement method in a second embodiment; 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  are schematic diagrams of a lubricant placement method in a third embodiment; and 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic diagram of a lubricant placement method in a fourth embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, a description will be given, with reference to the drawings, of embodiments (examples) of the present invention. However, the sizes, materials, shapes, their relative arrangements, or the like of constituents described in the embodiments may be appropriately changed according to the configurations, various conditions, or the like of apparatuses to which the invention is applied. Therefore, the sizes, materials, shapes, their relative arrangements, or the like of the constituents described in the embodiments do not intend to limit the scope of the invention to the following embodiments. 
     Example 1 
     Image Forming Apparatus 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic sectional view explaining the configuration of a process cartridge  100  of Example 1 of a first embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 2  is a schematic sectional view explaining the configuration of an image forming apparatus  200  of Example 1 of the present invention using this process cartridge  100 . Each of the sectional views used in the following explanations including  FIGS. 1 and 2  show cross-sections as viewed in the rotational axis direction of the photosensitive drum  1  used as the image bearing member (that is, cut perpendicular to this rotational axis). In this example, the image forming apparatus  200  is configured by mounting the process cartridge  100  on an image forming apparatus main body. That is, the constituent parts of the image forming apparatus  200  other than the process cartridge  100  constitute the main body of the apparatus. The process cartridge  100  comprises a photosensitive drum  1 , a charging roller  6 , a developing apparatus  7  and a cleaning apparatus  2 , and these are integrated together as a whole. 
     The image forming apparatus  200  is configured as follows. The photosensitive drum  1  is provided in the center as an electrophotographic photosensitive member for forming electrostatic latent images on the surface thereof. Various process means are then disposed around this photosensitive drum  1 . That is, the charging roller  6  is provided as a charging means for charging the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  uniformly to a negative polarity, and a light exposure apparatus  17  is provided for forming an electrostatic latent image by laser exposure on the charged photosensitive drum  1  in response to printing data and image data. The developing apparatus  7  is provided as a developing means for making the formed electrostatic latent image visible by reverse developing negatively charged toner on the electrostatic latent image. A transfer roller  11  is also provided as a transfer means for transferring the visible toner image (developer image) to recording material  12  as a recording medium (transfer material). Furthermore, a fixing apparatus  13  is provided for permanently fixing the transferred toner image on the recording material  12 . A paper cassette  14 , a feed roller  15  and a registration roller  16  are also provided as feed equipment for supplying the recording material  12 . The cleaning apparatus  2  is also provided for removing untransferred toner that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  rather than being transferred to the recording material  12  in the transfer step. 
     The charging roller  6  of this example is disposed in contact with the photosensitive drum  1  so that it rotates in conjunction with the rotation of the photosensitive drum  1 . In this example, DC voltage of about −1,000 V is applied by a charging bias power supply (not shown) to the charging roller  6  during image formation, and the surface potential on the photosensitive drum  1  is charged to a dark potential (VD) of −500 V. 
     Once the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  has been charged to a dark potential by the charging roller  6 , it is exposed by the exposure apparatus  17  in response to printing information, image information and the like, forming an electrostatic latent image. The potential of the exposed part becomes a light potential (VL) of −100 V. 
     The developing apparatus  7  comprises a developing roller  8 , a supply roller  9  and a developing blade  10 . The developing roller  8  of this example, which is a developer carrying member having a two-layer configuration comprising an acrylic-urethane rubber coated on the surface of a base layer of silicon rubber on a metal core, develops electrostatic latent images on the photosensitive drum  1 . The supply roller  9 , which supplies toner to the developing roller  8 , comprises a urethane sponge on a metal core. The metal developing blade  10  regulates the toner layer thickness on the developing roller  8  and charges the toner to a negative polarity. The developing roller  8  is arranged so as to perform development in contact with the photosensitive drum  1 . During image formation, about −300 V of DC voltage is applied to the developing roller  8  by a developing bias power supply (not shown) to reverse develop the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum  1  and make the electrostatic latent image visible as a toner image. 
     The transfer roller  11  consisting of an EPDM sponge and a transfer bias power source (not shown) for applying voltage to this transfer roller  11  are provided as transfer means in this embodiment. The voltage applied to the transfer roller  11  is subject to constant voltage control during image formation. The toner image on the photosensitive drum  1  is transferred to the recording material  12  in the transfer nip N 3 , which is the transfer position where the transfer roller  11  faces the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     The recording material  12  contained in the paper cassette  14  is supplied by the feed roller  15  to the registration roller  16  in synchronization with the formation of the visible image on the photosensitive drum  1 . This recording material  12  is then conveyed between the transfer roller  11  and the photosensitive drum  1  by the registration roller  16  in synchronization with the leading end of the visible image formed on the photosensitive drum  1 . About +1,500 V of DC voltage is applied to the transfer roller  11  to transfer the toner image to the recording material  12 . 
     The toner image transferred to the recording material  12  is transported together with the recording material  12  to the fixing apparatus  13 , where it is fixed by application of heat and pressure to obtain a recorded image. 
     Meanwhile, untransferred toner that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  without being transferred to the recording material  12  after passing through the nip N 3  between the transfer roller  11  and the drum is moved to the cleaning apparatus  2 . 
     The cleaning apparatus  2  includes a cleaning blade  3  as a cleaning member, a seal sheet  4  as a seal member, and a frame that supports these members while forming a waste toner storage container  5  between them and the photosensitive drum  1 . The frame of the cleaning apparatus  2  both supports the photosensitive drum  1  rotatably and supports the charging roller  6  rotatably so as to maintain a predetermined contact state between the charging roller  6  and the photosensitive drum  1 . After first passing through the seal sheet  4 , which is a seal member in light contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , the toner is removed from the photosensitive drum  1  by the cleaning blade  3 , which is a cleaning member consisting of polyurethane rubber. The removed toner is then contained in the waste toner storage container  5 . After this, the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  is charged again by the charging roller  6  in preparation for the next image formation. 
     Cleaning Apparatus 
     The cleaning apparatus  2  of this example is explained using  FIG. 3 . 
     The cleaning blade  3  is fixed to the frame of the cleaning apparatus  2 . The cleaning blade  3  comprises a support member  25  as a metal substrate support and a cleaning part  26  as an elastic body consisting of a thermosetting resin. Residual toner (residual developer) on the photosensitive drum  1  is removed by bringing the tip ridge part of the cleaning part  26  into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     One end of the cleaning part  26  is fixed to the plate-shaped support member (metal plate)  25 , and the other, free end constitutes a contact portion capable of coming into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , thereby forming a cleaning nip N 1 , which is the contact region with the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     The support member  25  is fixed to the frame of the cleaning apparatus  2 . One end of the support member  25  is fixed to the frame of the cleaning apparatus  2 , and the cleaning part  26  is fixed to the other, free end. The support member  25  is bent in an L shape, and one plate part of the L shape is fixed to the frame of the cleaning apparatus  2  by a fastener such as a screw, while the cleaning part  26  is fixed to the tip of the other plate part, which extends in a direction roughly perpendicular to the first plate part. The support member  25  (other plate part) and the cleaning part  26  extend as an integral body in roughly the same direction from the fixed end (first plate part) of the support member  25 . The direction in which they extend is the opposite direction (reverse direction) to the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1  at the part where the end (other end) of the cleaning part  26  comes into contact with the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum  1 , or in other words the counter direction. 
     The positioning of the process cartridge  100  in the drawings is the positioning when the cartridge is mounted on the main body of the image forming apparatus (during use), and descriptions of the positional relationships, directions and the like of the various members of the process cartridge  100  in this Description pertain to the positional relationships, directions and the like in this positioning. That is, the up-down direction of the paper surface corresponds to the perpendicular direction in the drawings, and the left-right direction of the paper surface corresponds to the horizontal direction. The positional configuration is set on the assumption that the image forming apparatus  200  is in a normal installation condition on a horizontal surface. 
     In the cleaning part  26 , an angle of 90° is formed by the cut surface  26   a  (the tip surface of the cleaning part  26 ) and the air surface  26   b  (the lower surface of the cleaning part  26 ), which are adjacent to each other on either side of the tip ridge across the full width of the cleaning blade  3  in the longitudinal direction. The cut surface  26   a  has a thickness of 1.8 mm. 
     The intrusion amount δ of the cleaning part  26  is the virtual amount of intrusion into the photosensitive drum  1  without deformation of the blade tip ridge part. The set angle θ of the cleaning part  26  is the angle formed by the air surface  26   b  with the tangent X at the intersection between the air surface  26   b  and the photosensitive drum  1 . Such a cleaning part  26  is set up so as to come into contact with the photosensitive drum  1  with a specific intrusion amount δ and set angle θ. Cleaning is thus performed in a state where the cleaning member  2  and the photosensitive drum  1  are in contact with each other at a desired contact pressure. In this example, the blade intrusion amount δ is set at 0.7 mm, and the blade set angle θ at 22°. 
     When the cleaning part  26  is brought into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , the air surface  26   b  of the cleaning part  26  is pulled by the frictional force between it and the photosensitive drum  1 , forming a curl-down part where the tip is curled. Toner intrusion is prevented because load is concentrated in the curl-down part of the tip where the cleaning part  26  is in contact the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     Seal Sheet 
     The seal sheet  4  that is a feature of this example is explained next. 
     One end of the seal sheet  4  is fixed to the frame of the cleaning apparatus  2 , while the other, free end is provided in contact with the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum  1 . The extension direction extending from the one end of the seal sheet  4  toward the other end is roughly the same direction as the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1  at the part where the tip (other end) of the seal sheet  4  comes into contact with the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum  1 , or in other words the forward direction. The seal sheet  4  allows toner to move from upstream on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum  1  from the contact part N 2  in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1  to downstream from the contact part N 2  while coming into contact with the photosensitive drum  1  so as to regulate movement from the downstream side to the upstream side upstream from the contact part N 2 . 
     A sheet-shaped member having either (i) a greater work function than the toner or (ii) a work function not much different from that of the toner is used as the material of the seal sheet  4  of this example. 
     In more detail, (i) the value of the work function of the material of the seal sheet  4  is greater than the work function of the toner at the same polarity as the normal charging polarity of the toner. Moreover, (ii) even if the value of work function of the material of the seal sheet  4  is different from the work function of the toner at the reverse polarity from the normal charging polarity of the toner, the absolute value of the difference is within a predetermined range. In other words, it is a feature of this example that the seal sheet  4  is composed of a material having a work function such that the charged state of the toner is not increased by rubbing with the seal sheet  4 . 
     Specifically, a sheet comprising a PTFE tape (3M Company, PTFE tape, product number 5490) affixed to the surface of a PET sheet (Toray Industries, Inc., Lumirror®) was used as a (i) material having a large difference in work function from the toner. In this case, the surface having the affixed PTFE tape was brought into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     A PET sheet (Toray Industries, Inc., Lumirror®) was used as a (ii) material having a small difference in work function from the toner. 
     The work function (Φ) of the seal sheet  4  was measured using a photoelectron spectroscope (Riken Keiki Co., Ltd., AC-2). In this example, a deuterium lamp was used in this apparatus and measurement was performed with the irradiation light quantity and energy scanning range set appropriately. The work function was then calculated by arithmetic processing using the work function analysis software built into the device. 
     The results showed that the work function of the PTFE tape was 5.75 eV, and the work function of the PET sheet was 5.42 eV. 
     The seal sheet  4  is also installed relative to the photosensitive drum  1  in such a way that toner that has accumulated in the waste toner storage container  5  does not leak from the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 . Furthermore, the contact pressure between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4  is set to a value that allows the toner on the photosensitive drum  1  to be passed through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4  by the movement of the photosensitive drum  1  without damaging the surface layer of the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     Toner 
     The toner used in this example is explained next. 
     The toner of the present invention has protrusions containing an organosilicon polymer on the toner particle surface. These protrusions are in surface contact with the surface of the toner base particle. Due to this surface contact, a dramatic suppression effect on transfer, detachment and burial of the protrusions can be expected. Cross-sectional observation of the toner by STEM was performed to assess the degree of surface contact.  FIGS. 4 to 7  show schematic views of such toner particle protrusions. 
       30  in  FIG. 4  is a STEM image illustrating about ¼ of the cross-sectional configuration of a toner particle, in which Tp is the toner base particle, Tps is the toner base particle surface, and e is a protrusion. That is, this image shows the cross-sectional configuration of one of four quadrants of a coordinate system whose origin is the center of the toner particle cross-section, and it is supposed that the other three quadrants have symmetrically similar configurations. 
     A cross-sectional image of the toner is observed, and a line is drawn tracing the circumference of the toner base particle surface. This is then converted to a flat image based on the line tracing the circumference. In this flat image, the length of a line tracing the circumference at the part where a continuous interface is formed between the protrusion and the toner base particle is given as the protrusion width w. The maximum length of the protrusion in the normal direction of the protrusion width w is given as the protrusion diameter d, and the length from the peak of the protrusion in the line segment forming the protrusion diameter d to the line tracing the circumference is given as the protrusion height h. 
     The results of cross-sectional observation showed three typical configurations of the protrusion e as shown in  FIGS. 5 to 7 . Most of the protrusions formed in a toner manufactured by the manufacturing method of this example as described below had the configuration of the protrusion e shown in  FIG. 5 , which is a protrusion e having a flat part ep and a curved part ec as described below. 
     In  FIGS. 5 to 7 , the protrusion height h is the same as the protrusion diameter d, while in  FIG. 6  the protrusion diameter d is greater than the protrusion height h. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the adhering state of a particle characterized as a bowl-shaped particle, which is a hemispherical particle with a bowl-shaped center obtained by crushing, cracking or the like of a hollow particle. In  FIG. 7 , the protrusion width w is the total length of the organosilicon compound that is in contact with the surface of the toner base particle. That is, in  FIG. 7  the protrusion width w is the total of W 1  and W 2 . 
     Based on these conditions, we discovered that with protrusions of an organosilicon compound, transfer, detachment and burial of the protrusions are unlikely with a convex shape in which the ratio d/w of the protrusion diameter d to the protrusion width w is at least 0.33 and not more than 0.80. That is, in the case of protrusions with a protrusion height h of at least 40 nm and not more than 300 nm, we discovered that excellent transferability capable of withstanding long-term use could be obtained if the quantity ratio P(d/w) of protrusions with a ratio d/w of at least 0.33 and not more than 0.80 was at least 70 number %. 
     It is thought that transferability is improved with protrusions of at least 40 nm because these exert a spacer effect between the toner base particle surface and the transfer member. Moreover, it appears that with protrusions of not more than 300 nm, a suppression effect on transfer, detachment and burial is exhibited significantly throughout an endurance evaluation. 
     We found that if the quantity ratio P(d/w) is at least 70 number % as a percentage of protrusions of at least 40 nm and not more than 300 nm, an even greater member contamination suppression effect can be obtained while maintaining transferability throughout long-term use. The P(d/w) is preferably at least 75 number % or more preferably at least 80 number %. There is no particular upper limit, but preferably it is not more than 99 number %, or more preferably not more than 98 number %. 
     In cross-sectional observation of the toner with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), moreover, given perimeter length L as the width of the flat image (length of a line tracing the circumference of the toner base particle surface) and Ew as the total of the protrusion widths w of protrusions with a protrusion height h of at least 40 nm and not more than 300 nm out of the organosilicon polymer protrusions present in the same flat image, Σw/L is preferably at least 0.30 and not more than 0.90. 
     If Σw/L is at least 0.30, transferability and suppression of member contamination are improved, while if Σw/L is not more than 0.90, transferability is more excellent. Ew/L is more preferably at least 0.45 and not more than 0.80. 
     The fixing rate of the organosilicon polymer in the toner is preferably at least 80 mass %. If the fixing rate is at least 80 mass %, transferability and suppression of member contamination can be more easily sustained throughout long-term use. This fixing rate is more preferably at least 90 mass %, or still more preferably at least 95 mass %. There is no particular upper limit, but preferably it is not more than 99 mass %, or more preferably not more than 98 mass %. Examples of methods for controlling this fixing rate include methods of controlling the addition rate of the organosilicon polymer, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the pH during the reaction and the timing of pH adjustment when adding and polymerizing the organosilicon compound. 
     To further improve transferability, taking the cumulative distribution of the protrusion heights h of protrusions with a protrusion height h of 40 nm to 300 nm, and given h 80 as the protrusion height h at 80 number % integrated from the smaller protrusion height h, this h 80 is preferably at least 65 nm, or more preferably at least 75 nm. There is no particular upper limit, but more preferably it is not more than 120 nm, or still more preferably not more than 100 nm. 
     In observation of the toner with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), given protrusion diameter R as the maximum diameter of protrusions of the organosilicon polymer, the number-average of this protrusion diameter R is preferably at least 20 nm and not more than 80 nm, or more preferably at least 35 nm and not more than 60 nm. Within this range, member contamination is less likely to occur. 
     The toner contains an organosilicon polymer having a structure represented by formula (1) below:
 
[C3]
 
R—SiO 3/2   (1)
 
     (in which R represents a C 1-6  alkyl group or phenyl group). 
     In an organosilicon polymer having the structure of formula (1), one of the four valence electrons of the Si atom bonds with R, and the other three bond with O atoms. Both of the valence electrons of the O atom bond with Si atoms, constituting a siloxane bond (Si—O—Si). Looking at the Si atoms and O atoms of the organosilicon polymer, the structure is represented as —SiO 3/2  because there are two Si atoms and three O atoms. The —SiO 3/2 — structure of this organosilicon polymer is thought to have properties similar to silica (SiO 2 ) composed of many siloxane bonds. 
     In the partial structure represented by formula (1), R is preferably a C 1-6  alkyl group, and more preferably a C 1-3  alkyl group. 
     A methyl, ethyl or propyl group is preferred as the C 1-3  alkyl group, and more preferably R is a methyl group. 
     The organosilicon polymer is preferably a condensation polymer of an organosilicon compound having a structure represented by formula (Z) below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (in (Z), R 1  represents a C 1-6  hydrocarbon (preferably alkyl) group, and each of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  independently represents a halogen atom, hydroxy group, acetoxy group or alkoxy group). 
     R 1  is preferably a C 1-3  aliphatic hydrocarbon group, or more preferably a methyl group. 
     Each of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  independently represents a halogen atom, hydroxy group, acetoxy group or alkoxy group (hereunder also called a reactive group). These reactive groups form crosslinked structures by hydrolysis, addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. 
     From the standpoint of gradual hydrolysis at room temperature and deposition on the surface of the toner base particle, a C 1-3  alkoxy group is preferred, and a methoxy or ethoxy group is more preferred. 
     Hydrolysis, addition polymerization and condensation polymerization of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  can be controlled by controlling the reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction solvent and pH. One kind of organosilicon compound having three functional groups (R 2 , R 3  and R 4 ) in the molecule apart from R 1  in formula (Z) above (also called a trifunctional silane below) or a combination of multiple kinds may be used to obtain the organosilicon polymer used in the present invention. 
     Examples of compounds represented by the formula (Z) above include the following: trifunctional methyl silanes such as methyl trimethoxysilane, methyl triethoxysilane, methyl diethoxymethoxysilane, methyl ethoxydimethoxysilane, methyl trichlorosilane, methyl methoxydichlorosilane, methyl ethoxydichlorosilane, methyl dimethoxychlorosilane, methyl methoxyethoxychlorosilane, methyl diethoxychlorosilane, methyl triacetoxysilane, methyl di acetoxymethoxysilane, methyl diacetoxyethoxysilane, methyl acetoxydimethoxysilane, methyl acetoxymethoxyethoxysilane, methyl acetoxydiethoxysilane, methyltrihydroxysilane, methyl methoxydihydroxysilane, methyl ethoxydihydroxysilane, methyldimethoxyhydroxysilane, methyl ethoxymethoxyhydroxysilane and methyl diethoxyhydroxysilane; 
     trifunctional silanes such as ethyl trimethoxysilane, ethyl triethoxysilane, ethyl trichlorosilane, ethyl triacetoxysilane, ethyl trihydroxysilane, propyl trimethoxysilane, propyl triethoxysilane, propyl trichlorosilane, propyl triacetoxysilane, propyl trihydroxysilane, butyl trimethoxysilane, butyl triethoxysilane, butyl trichlorosilane, butyl triacetoxysilane, butyl trihydroxysilane, hexyl trimethoxysilane, hexyl triethoxysilane, hexyl trichlorosilane, hexyl triacetoxysilane and hexyl trihydroxysilane; and 
     trifunctional phenyl silanes such as phenyl trimethoxysilane, phenyl triethoxysilane, phenyl trichlorosilane, phenyl triacetoxysilane and phenyl trihydroxysilane. 
     An organosilicon polymer obtained by combining the following with an organisilicon compound having a structure represented by formula (Z) may also be used as long as this does not detract from the effects of the invention: an organosilicon compound having four reactive groups in the molecule (tetrafunctional silane), an organosilicon compound having two reactive groups in the molecule (bifunctional silane), or an organosilicon compound having one reactive group (monofunctional silane). Examples of these include dimethyl diethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, hexamethyl di silazane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl triethoxysilane, and trifunctional vinyl silanes such as vinyl triisocyanatosilane, vinyl trimethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, vinyl diethoxymethoxysilane, vinyl ethoxydimethoxysilane, vinyl ethoxydihydroxysilane, vinyl dimethoxyhydroxysilane, vinyl ehtoxymethoxyhydroysilane and vinyl diethoxyhydroxilane. 
     The content of the organosilicon polymer in the toner particle is preferably at least 1.0 mass % and not more than 10.0 mass %. 
     One preferred method for forming these specific convex shapes on the toner particle surface is to first disperse the toner base particle in an aqueous medium to obtain a toner base particle dispersion, and then add an organosilicon compound to form convex shapes and obtain a toner particle dispersion. 
     The solids concentration of the toner base particle dispersion is preferably adjusted to a at least 25 mass % and not more than 50 mass %. Moreover, the temperature of the toner base particle dispersion is preferably first adjusted to at least 35° C. Furthermore, the pH of this toner base particle dispersion is preferably adjusted to a pH at which condensation of the organosilicon compound does not progress easily. Because the pH at which condensation of the organosilicon polymer does not progress easily differs depending on the substance, the pH is preferably within ±0.5 of the pH at which the reaction is most unlikely to progress. 
     It is also desirable to use an organosilicon compound that has been subjected to hydrolysis treatment. For example, hydrolysis is first performed in a separate container to pre-treat the organosilicon compound. The hydrolysis charge concentration is preferably at least 40 mass parts and not more than 500 mass parts, or more preferably at least 100 mass parts and not more than 400 mass parts of water from which the ion component has been removed, such as ion exchange water or RO water, per 100 mass parts of the organosilicon compound. For the hydrolysis conditions, preferably the pH is 2 to 7, the temperature is 15° C. to 80° C., and the time is 30 to 600 minutes. 
     The resulting hydrolysis solution is mixed with the toner base particle dispersion and adjusted to a suitable pH for condensation (preferably 6 to 12, or 1 to 3, or more preferably 8 to 12). To facilitate formation of convex shapes, the amount of the hydrolysis solution is adjusted to at least 5.0 mass parts and not more than 30.0 mass parts of the organosilicon compound per 100 mass parts of the toner base particle. As the temperature and time for condensation and protrusion shape formation, the temperature is preferably maintained at 35° C. to 99° C. for 60 minutes to 72 hours. 
     Moreover, the pH is preferably adjusted in two stages to control the convex shapes on the surface of the toner particles. The shapes of the protrusions on the toner particle surface can be controlled by appropriately adjusting the holding time before pH adjustment and the holding time before the second-stage pH adjustment when condensing the organosilicon compound. For example, the pH is preferably maintained at pH 4.0 to 6.0 for 0.5 hours to 1.5 hours, and then maintained at pH 8.0 to 11.0 for 3.0 hours to 5.0 hours. The shapes of the protrusions can also be controlled by adjusting the condensation temperature of the organic compound within the range of 35° C. to 80° C. 
     The protrusion width w can be controlled for example by controlling the added amount of the organosilicon compound, the reaction temperature, and the pH and reaction time in the first stage. For example, the protrusion width tends to be greater the longer the reaction time in the first stage. 
     Furthermore, the protrusion diameter d and protrusion height h can be controlled by controlling the added amount of the organosilicon compound, the reaction temperature, and the pH and the like in the second stage. For example, the protrusion diameter d and protrusion height h tend to be greater the higher the reaction pH in the second stage. 
     Specific toner manufacturing examples are explained below, but the invention is not limited to these examples. 
     Preferably the toner base particle is manufactured in an aqueous medium, and protrusions contained an organosilicon compound are formed on the surface of the toner base particle. 
     A suspension polymerization method, dissolution suspension method or emulsification aggregation method is preferred as the method for manufacturing the toner base particle, and a suspension polymerization method is especially preferred. In a suspension polymerization method, the organosilicon polymer can be easily precipitated onto the surface of the toner base particle and the adhesiveness of the organosilicon compound is excellent, resulting in good environmental stability, suppression of charge amount reversal components, and durable continuity of these features. A suspension polymerization method is explained in more detail below. 
     In suspension polymerization, a polymerizable monomer composition containing a polymerizable monomer capable of generating a binder resin together with additives such as colorants as necessary is granulated in an aqueous medium, and the polymerizable monomer contained in the polymerizable monomer composition is polymerized to obtain a toner base particle. 
     A release agent or another resin may be added as necessary to the polymerizable monomer composition. After completion of the polymerization step, the resulting particle may be collected by washing and filtration using known methods. The temperature may also be raised during the second half of this polymerization step. Part of the dispersion medium may also be distilled off during the second half of the polymerization step or after completion of the polymerization step in order to remove unreacted polymerizable monomers or by-products. 
     Protrusions of an organic silicon polymer are preferably formed by the methods described above using a toner base particle thus obtained. 
     A release agent may also be used in the toner. Examples of the release agent include the following: petroleum waxes such as paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax and petrolatum, and their derivatives, montan wax and its derivatives, hydrocarbon waxes obtained by the Fischer-Tropsch method, and their derivatives, polyolefin waxes such as polyethylene and polypropylene wax, and their derivatives, natural waxes such as carnauba wax and candelilla wax, and their derivatives, higher fatty alcohols, fatty acids such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, or their acid amides, esters or ketones, hydrogenated castor oil and its derivatives, plant waxes, animal waxes, and silicone resin. 
     Derivatives include oxides, block copolymers with vinyl monomers, and modified grafts. One release agent alone or a mixture of multiple kinds may be used. 
     The content of the release agent is preferably at least 2.0 and not more than 30.0 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the binder resin or the polymerizable monomer for producing the binder resin. 
     The following resins for example may be used as the other resin: monopolymers of styrenes and substituted styrenes, such as polystyrene and polyvinyl toluene; styrene copolymers such as styrene-propylene copolymer, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymer, styrene-vinylnaphthalene copolymer, styrene-methyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-octyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-butyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-vinyl methyl ether copolymer, styrene-vinyl ethyl ether copolymer, styrene-vinyl methyl ketone copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-isoprene copolymer, styrene-maleic acid copolymer and styrene-maleic acid ester copolymer; and polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl butyral, silicone resin, polyester resin, polyamide resin, epoxy resin, polyacrylic resin, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, phenolic resin, aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon resin, and aromatic petroleum resin. These may be used individually, or a mixture of multiple kinds may be used. 
     Desirable examples of the polymerizable monomer include the following vinyl polymerizable monomers: styrene; styrene derivatives such as α-methylstyrene, β-methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methyl styrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, p-n-butylstyrene, p-tert-butyl styrene, p-n-hexylstyrene, p-n-octyl styrene, p-n-nonylstyrene, p-n-decylstyrene, p-n-dodecyl styrene, p-methoxystyrene and p-phenylstyrene; acrylic polymerizable monomers such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, iso-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, iso-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, n-amyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-nonyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, dimethyl phosphate ethyl acrylate, diethyl phosphate ethyl acrylate, dibutyl phosphate ethyl acrylate and 2-benzoyloxyethyl acrylate; methacrylic polymerizable monomers such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, iso-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, n-amyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-nonyl methacrylate, diethyl phosphate ethyl methacrylate and dibutyl phosphate ethyl methacrylate; methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acid esters; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl formate; vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether and vinyl isobutyl ether; and vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl hexyl ketone and vinyl isopropyl ketone. 
     Of these vinyl polymers, styrene, styrene derivatives, acrylic polymerizable monomers and methacrylic polymerizable monomers are preferred. 
     A polymerization initiator may also be added when polymerizing the polymerizable monomer. Examples of the polymerization initiator include the following: azo or diazo polymerization initiators such as 2,2′-azobis-(2,4-divaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis-4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile and azobisisobutyronitrile; and peroxide polymerization initiators such as benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, diisopropyl oxycarbonate, cumene hydroperoxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide and lauroyl peroxide. 
     These polymerization initiators are preferably added in the amount of 0.5 to 30.0 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the polymerizable monomer, and one or multiple kinds may be used. 
     A chain transfer agent may also be added when polymerizing the polymerizable monomer to control the molecular weight of the binder resin constituting the toner base particle. The added amount is preferably 0.001 to 15.000 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the polymerizable monomer. 
     A crosslinking agent may also be added when polymerizing the polymerizable monomer to control the molecular weight of the binder resin constituting the toner base particle. 
     Examples include the following: divinyl benzene, bis(4-acryloxypolyethoxyphenyl) propane, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, diacrylates of polyethylene glycol #200, #400 and #600, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polyester diacrylate (MANDA, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) and these acrylates converted to methacrylates. 
     Examples of polyfunctional crosslinkable monomers include pentaerythritol triacrylate, trimethylol ethane triacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate, tetramethylol methane tetraacrylate, oligoester acrylates and methacrylates, 2,2-bis(4-methacryloxy-polyethoxyphenyl) propane, diacryl phthalate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate and diaryl chlorendate. 
     The added amount is preferably 0.001 to 15.000 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the polymerizable monomer. 
     When the medium used for suspension polymerization is an aqueous medium, the following may be used as dispersion stabilizers for the particles of the polymerizable monomer composition: tricalcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, zinc phosphate, aluminum phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, bentonite, silica and alumina. 
     The following may also be used as organic dispersants: polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, and starch. 
     A commercial nonionic, anionic or cationic surfactant may also be used. Examples of such surfactants include sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium pentadecyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium oleate, sodium laurate and potassium stearate. 
     A colorant may also be used in the toner, and a known colorant may be used without any particular limitations. 
     The content of the colorant is preferably 3.0 to 15.0 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the binder resin or the polymerizable monomer for producing the binder resin. 
     A charge control agent may be used during toner manufacture, and a known agent may be used. The added amount of these charge control agents is preferably 0.01 to 10.00 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the binder resin or polymerizable monomer. 
     The toner particle may be used as is as the toner, or various organic and inorganic powders may be added as necessary to the toner particle. From the standpoint of durability when added to the toner particle, the particle diameter of such an organic or inorganic powder is preferably not more than 1/10 the weight-average particle diameter of the toner particle. 
     The following organic or inorganic powders may be used for example. 
     (1) Flowability imparting agents: silica, alumina, titanium oxide, carbon black and carbon fluoride 
     (2) Abrasives: metal oxides (such as strontium titanate, cerium oxide, alumina, magnesium oxide and chromium oxide), nitrides (such as silicon nitride), carbonates (such as silicon carbonate) and metal salts (such as calcium sulfate, barium sulfate and calcium carbonate) 
     (3) Lubricants: fluorine resin powders (such as vinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene) and fatty acid metal salts (such as zinc stearate and calcium stearate) 
     (4) Charge control particles: metal oxides (such as tin oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, silica and alumina) and carbon black 
     The toner may also be surface treated with an organic or inorganic fine powder to improve flowability or charge uniformity. Examples of organic or inorganic fine powders as hydrophobic treatment agents include unmodified silicone varnish, various kinds of modified silicone varnish, unmodified silicone oil, various kinds of modified silicone oil, silane compounds, silane coupling agents, other organosilicon compounds and organic titanium compounds. One of these treatment agents alone or a combination of multiple kinds may be used. 
     The various measurement methods in the present invention are explained below. 
     Method for Observing Toner Cross-section with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) 
     A toner cross-section for observation with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is prepared as follows. 
     The procedures for preparing the toner cross-section are explained below. 
     First, the toner is spread as a single layer on a cover glass (Matsunami Glass Ind., Ltd., square cover glass No. 1) and given an Os film (5 nm) and naphthalene film (20 nm) as protective films using an osmium plasma coater (Filgen, Inc., OPC80T). 
     Next, a PTFE tube (Φ 1.5 mm×Φ 3 mm×3 mm) is filled with D800 photocurable resin (JEOL Ltd.), and the previous cover glass is set carefully on the tube so that the toner is brought into contact with the D800 photocurable resin. This is exposed to light in this state to cure the resin, after which the cover glass is removed to form a resin cylinder with the toner enveloped in the outermost surface of the resin. 
     The resin cylinder is then cut at a cutting rate of 0.6 mm/s with an ultrasonic ultramicrotome (Leica, UC7) at exactly half the diameter of the toner (such as 4.0 μm if the weight-average particle diameter (D4) is 8.0 μm) from the outermost surface of the resin to expose a cross-section of the toner center. 
     This is then cut to a thickness of 100 nm to prepare a thin sample of the toner cross-section. A cross-section of the toner center can be obtained by cutting by such methods. 
     Images are obtained with a STEM probe size of 1 nm and an image size of 1,024×1,024 pixels. Images are obtained with the Contrast adjusted to 1,425 and the Brightness to 3,750 on the bright field image Detector Control panel and the Contrast adjusted to 0.0, the Brightness to 0.5 and the Gamma to 1.00 on the Image Control panel. The image magnification is 100,000×, and image capture is performed so that about one-fourth to one-half of the circumference of the cross-section of one toner particle is contained as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     The resulting image is subjected to image analysis using “Image J” image processing software (obtainable from https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/), and the protrusions containing the organosilicon polymer are measured. Image analysis is performed on 30 STEM images. 
     First, the line drawing tool (select Segmented line of Straight tab) is used to draw a line tracing the circumference of the toner base particle. In places where the protrusions of the organic silicon polymer are buried in the toner base particle, the line is continued smoothly as if there were no burial. 
     The image is converted to a flat image based on this line (choose Selection in Edit tab, change line width to 500 pixels in properties, then choose Selection in Edit tab and run Straightener). For this flat image, the protrusion width w, protrusion diameter d and protrusion height h are measured by the above methods for each protrusion containing the organosilicon polymer. The P(d/w) is calculated from the results from 30 measured STEM images. The cumulative distribution of protrusion height h is also taken and the h80 is calculated. 
     Σw is given as the total value of the protrusion widths w of protrusions with a height h of at least 40 nm and not more than 300 nm in the flat image used for image analysis, and the width of the flat image used for image analysis is given as the perimeter length L. The width of this flat image corresponds to the length of the toner base particle surface in the STEM image. Ew/L is calculated for each image, and the arithmetic mean of 30 STEM images is adopted. 
     Detailed measurement of the protrusions is as explained above and as shown in  FIGS. 5 to 7 . 
     Measurement is performed with the Image J software after overlaying the scale on the image with Straight Line on the Straight tab, and setting the length of the scale on the image with Set Scale on the Analyze tab. A line segment corresponding to the protrusion width w or protrusion height h can be drawn with Straight Line on the Straight tab and measured with Measure on the Analyze tab. 
     Method for Calculating Average Particle Diameter of Protrusions under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 
     SEM observation is performed as follows using images taken with a Hitachi S-4800 ultrahigh resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi High Technologies Corporation). The imaging conditions for the S-4800 are as follows. 
     (1) Sample Preparation 
     A conductive paste (TED PELLA, Inc., Product No. 16053, PELCO Colloidal Graphite, Isopropanol base) is thinly coated on a sample stand (15 mm×6 mm aluminum sample stand), and the toner is blown onto the paste. Air is then blown to remove excess fine particles from the sample stand, after which platinum deposition is performed for 15 seconds at 15 mA. The sample stand is set in a sample holder, and the sample stand height is adjusted to 30 mm with a sample height gauge. 
     (2) Setting S-4800 Observation Conditions 
     Liquid nitrogen is injected to overflowing into an anti-contamination trap attached to the housing of the S-4800 and left for 30 minutes. “PC-SEM” is operated on the S-4800 to perform flushing (purification of FE chip electron source). The acceleration voltage display part of the control panel on the image is clicked, and the “Flushing” button is pressed to open a flushing execution dialog. This is executed after the flushing strength is confirmed to be 2. The emission current from flushing is then confirmed to be 20 to 40 μA. The sample holder is inserted into the sample chamber of the S-4800 housing. “Origin” is pressed on the control panel to transfer the sample holder to the observation position. 
     The acceleration voltage display part is clicked to open an HV setting dialog, and the acceleration voltage is set to “2.0 kV” and the emission current to “10 μA”. In the “Basic” tab of the operation panel, the signal selection is set to “SE” and “Lower (L)” is selected as the SE detector to establish the observation mode for the backscattered electron image. In the same “Basic” tab of the operation panel, the probe current of the electronic optical system condition block is set to “Normal”, the focus mode to “UHR”, and WD to “8.0 mm”. The “ON” button of the acceleration voltage display part on the control panel is pressed to apply acceleration voltage. 
     (3) Focus Adjustment 
     The magnification is set to 5,000×(5 k) by dragging within the magnification display part of the control panel. The “COARSE” focus knob of the operations panel is turned, and once a certain focus is achieved the aperture alignment is adjusted. “Align” is clicked on the control panel to open an alignment dialog, and “Beam” is selected. The STIGMA/ALIGNMENT knobs (X, Y) on the operations panel are turned to move the displayed beam to the center of the concentric circles. 
     “Aperture” is then selected, and the STIGMA/ALIGNMENT knobs (X, Y) are turned one at a time until image movement stops or is minimized. The aperture dialog is closed, and the device is focused with the autofocus. This operation is repeated twice more to focus the device. With the center of the maximum diameter of the observed particle aligned with the center of the measurement screen, the magnification is set to 10,000×(10 k) by dragging within the magnification display part of the control panel. The “COARSE” focus knob of the operations panel is turned, and once a certain focus is achieved the aperture alignment is adjusted. “Align” is clicked on the control panel to open an alignment dialog, and “Beam” is selected. The STIGMA/ALIGNMENT knobs (X, Y) on the operations panel are turned to move the displayed beam to the center of the concentric circles. 
     “Aperture” is then selected, and the STIGMA/ALIGNMENT knobs (X, Y) are turned one at a time until image movement stops or is minimized. The aperture dialog is closed, and the device is focused with the autofocus. The magnification is then set to 50,000×(50 k), the focus is adjusted as before using the focus knob and STIGMA/ALIGNMENT knobs, and the device is focused again in autofocus. These operations are repeated again to focus the device. 
     (4) Image Storage 
     Brightness is adjusted in ABC mode, and 640×480-pixel photographs are taken and stored. 
     The number-average diameter (D1) of 500 protrusions of at least 20 nm on the toner particle surface was calculated with the image processing software (Image J) from the resulting SEM image. The measurement methods are as follows. 
     Measuring Number-Average Diameter of Protrusions of Organic Silicon Polymer 
     Using particle analysis, the protrusions and toner base particles in the images are binarized and color coded. The maximum length of the selected shape is then selected from the measurement commands, and the protrusion diameter R (maximum diameter) of one protrusion is measured. This operation is performed multiple times, and the arithmetic mean of 500 locations is determined to calculate the number average of the protrusion diameters R. 
     Method for Measuring Fixing Rate of Organic Silicon Polymer 
     160 g of sucrose (Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) is added to 100 ml of ion exchange water and dissolved while boiling the water to prepare a concentrated sucrose solution. 31 g of this concentrated sucrose solution and 6 ml of Contaminon N (a 10 mass % aqueous solution of a pH 7 neutral detergent for washing precision measurement equipment, comprising a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant and an organic builder, made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) are placed in a centrifuge tube (capacity 50 ml) to prepare a dispersion. 1.0 g of the toner is added to this dispersion, and toner lumps are broken up with a spatula or the like. 
     The centrifuge tube is shaken for 20 minutes in a shaker at 350 spm (strokes per minute). After being shaken, the solution is transferred to a glass tube for a swing rotor (capacity 50 ml) and separated under conditions of 30 minutes at 3,500 rpm with a centrifuge (H-9R, Kokusan Co., Ltd.). Thorough separation of the toner from the aqueous solution is confirmed visually, and the toner separated in the uppermost layer is collected with a spatula or the like. The aqueous solution containing the collected toner is filtered with a vacuum filter and dried for at least one hour in a dryer. The dried product is broken up with a spatula, and the amount of silicon is measured by fluorescence X-ray. The fixing rate (%) is then calculated from the element ratios of the measured elements in the washed toner and the initial toner. 
     Fluorescence X-ray measurement of each element is performed in accordance with JIS K0119-1969, specifically as follows. 
     As the measurement equipment, an Axios wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (Panalytical Co.) is used together with the dedicated SuperQ ver. 4.0 F software (Panalytical Co.) for setting the measurement conditions and analyzing the measurement data. Rh is used for the anode of the X-ray tube and vacuum as the measurement atmosphere, with a measurement diameter (collimator mask diameter) of 10 mm and a measurement time of 10 seconds. Detection is performed with a proportional counter (PC) when measuring light elements and with a scintillation counter (SC) when measuring heavy elements. 
     About 1 g of the washed toner and initial toner is placed in a dedicated aluminum pressing ring 10 mm in diameter, spread flat, and pressed for 60 seconds at 20 MPa with a BRE-32 tablet press (Maekawa Testing Machine Mfg. Co., Ltd.) to mold a roughly 2 mm-thick pellet for use as a measurement sample. 
     Measurement is performed under the above conditions, the elements are identified based on the peak positions in the resulting X-ray, and their concentrations are calculated from the count rate (unit: cps), which is the number of X-ray photons per unit time. 
     To quantify the elements in the toner, in the case of silicon for example silica (SiO 2 ) powder is added in the amount of 0.5 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the toner particle, and thoroughly mixed with a coffee mill. Similarly, silica powder is also added and mixed with the toner particle in the amounts of 2.0 mass parts and 5.0 mass parts, and these samples are used to prepare a calibration curve. 
     Sample pellets for the calibration curve are prepared from each of these samples using a tablet press as described above, and the count rate (unit: cps) of Si-Kα rays observed at a diffraction angle (2θ) of 109.08° using PET as the spectral crystal is measured. During this process, the acceleration voltage and current value of the X-ray generating device are 24 kV and 100 mA, respectively. A linear function calibration curve is obtained by plotting the resulting X-ray count rate on the vertical axis and the added amount of SiO 2  in each calibration curve sample on the horizontal axis. 
     Next, the toner to be analyzed is made into a pellet with a tablet press as described above, and the count rate of Si-Ka rays is measured. The content of the organic silicon polymer in the toner is then determined from the above calibration curve. The ratio of the elemental amount in the washed toner to the elemental amount in the initial toner as calculated by the above methods is given as the fixing rate (%). 
     Toner T Manufacturing Example 
     The present invention is explained in detail below using a toner T manufacturing example, but the invention is not limited to this manufacturing example. Unless otherwise specified, “parts” of each material in the manufacturing example are all based on mass. 
     Toner T Manufacturing Example 
     Aqueous Medium 1 Preparation Step 
     14.0 parts of sodium phosphate (Rasa Industries, Ltd. 12-hydrate) were added to 650.0 parts of ion exchange water in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a return pipe, and maintained for 1.0 hours at 65° C. as the system was purged with nitrogen. 
     The mixture was stirred at 15,000 rpm with a T. K. Homomixer (Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co. Ltd.) as a calcium chloride aqueous solution comprising 9.2 parts of calcium chloride (dihydrate) in 10.0 parts of ion exchange water was added all at once to prepare an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer. 10 mass % of hydrochloric acid was further added to the aqueous medium to adjust the pH to 5.0 and obtain an aqueous medium 1. 
     Polymerizabie Monomer Composition Preparation Step 
     Styrene: 60.0 pts 
     C.I. pigment blue 15:3: 6.5 pts 
     These materials were placed in an attritor (Mitsui Miike Kakoki K. K.), and dispersed for 5.0 hours at 220 rpm with zirconia beads 1.7 mm in diameter to prepare a pigment dispersion. The following materials were added to this pigment dispersion. 
     Styrene: 20.0 pts 
     n-butyl acrylate: 20.0 pts 
     Crosslinking agent (divinyl benzene): 0.3 pts 
     Saturated polyester resin: 5.0 pts 
     (polycondensate of propylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2-mol adduct) and terephthalic acid (mole ratio 10:12), glass transition temperature Tg=68° C., weight-average molecular weight Mw=10,000, Molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn=5.12) 
     Fischer-Tropsch wax (melting point 78° C.): 7.0 pts 
     These were maintained at 65° C., and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 500 rpm with a T. K. Homomixer (Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co. Ltd.) to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. 
     Granulation Step 
     The temperature of the aqueous medium 1 was maintained at 70° C. and the rotation of the T. K. Homomixer at 15,000 rpm as the polymerizable monomer composition was added to the aqueous medium 1, and 10.0 parts of t-butyl peroxypivalate were added as a polymerization initiator. This was then granulated as is for 10 minutes with the rotation maintained at 15,000 rpm with the stirrer. 
     Polymerization and Distillation Step 
     Following the granulation step, the stirrer was replaced with a propeller stirring blade, and the mixture was stirred at 150 rpm as polymerization reaction was performed by polymerizing for 5.0 hours with the temperature maintained at 70° C. and then raising the temperature to 85° C. and heating for 2.0 hours. 
     Next, the return pipe of the reactor was replaced with a cooling pipe, and the slurry was heated to 100° C. and distilled for 6 hours to remove unreacted polymerizable monomer and obtain a toner base particle dispersion. 
     Polymerization of Organosilicon Compound 
     60.0 parts of ion exchange water were measured into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and a thermometer, and the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with 10 mass % hydrochloric acid. This was heated under stirring, to a temperature of 40° C. 40.0 parts of the organosilicon compound methyl triethoxysilane were then added, and hydrolysis was performed under stirring for at least 2 hours. Completion of hydrolysis was confirmed visually when the oil and water formed one layer without separating, at which point the mixture was cooled to obtain a hydrolysis solution of the organosilicon compound. 
     The toner base particle dispersion obtained above was cooled to 55° C., and 25.0 parts of the hydrolysis solution of the organosilicon compound were added to initiate polymerization of the organosilicon compound. This was maintained as is for 15 minutes, after which the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with 3.0% sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution. Stirring was continued at 55° C. and maintained for 60 minutes, after which the pH was adjusted to 9.5 with 3.0% sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution and the mixture was maintained for a further 240 minutes to obtain a toner particle dispersion. 
     Washing and Drying Step 
     After completion of the polymerization step, the toner particle dispersion was cooled, adjusted to a pH of not more than 1.5 by addition of hydrochloric acid, left for one hour under stirring, and then subjected to solid-liquid separation in a pressure filter to obtain a toner cake. This was re-slurried with ion exchange water to again obtain a dispersion, which was then subjected to solid-liquid separation in the same filter to obtain a toner cake. 
     The resulting toner cake was dried for 72 hours in a 40° C. thermostatic tank and classified to obtain a toner particle T. 
     When a toner T prepared as described above was placed in the developing apparatus  7  of this example, the toner T became negatively charged. 
     Work Function of Toner 
     The work function (Φ) of the toner was measured with a photoelectron spectroscope (Riken Keiki Co., Ltd., AC-2) in the same way as the material used in the seal sheet  4 . 
     The results showed that the toner had a work function of 5.53 eV. 
     Toner Purge Sequence 
     In this example, toner is supplied periodically to the cleaning blade  3  in order to impart lubricity to the cleaning blade  3 . 
     To this end, the toner purge sequence for supplying toner from the developing apparatus  7  to the cleaning apparatus  2  in the image forming apparatus  200  is set to operate after every specific number of printed pages. 
     In the toner purge sequence of this example, a non-image-forming interval is provided for every 100 printed sheets, in which image formation is interrupted and the toner purge sequence is activated during that interval. For each toner purge sequence, a horizontal band pattern is drawn having a width of 15 mm in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1  (direction of arrow A in  FIG. 1  and the like), and the toner is developed on the photosensitive drum  1 . −200 V of transfer bias is then applied to the transfer roller  11  so that the toner will not be transferred to the transfer roller  11 , and the toner is supplied to the cleaning apparatus  2 . 
     Toner is thus supplied periodically to the cleaning apparatus  2 . 
     Drive Torque 
     Measurement of the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  in this example is explained next. 
     In this measurement, a rotating jig with an attached torque measuring device for measuring the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was connected to the frame of the cleaning apparatus  2  with the photosensitive drum  1 , the cleaning blade  3  and the seal sheet  4  mounted on the cleaning apparatus  2 . Presupposing a supply of toner to the cleaning apparatus  2  by the toner purge sequence, a photosensitive drum  1  was used having a solid horizontal band image formed across the axial range for 15 mm in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1  upstream from the seal sheet  4 . 
     As a result, the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  five seconds after the start of rotation was 1.74 kgf cm when using a cleaning apparatus  2  having a PTFE tape affixed to the surface of the seal sheet  4 . 
     In the case of a cleaning apparatus  2  using a different material, namely a PET sheet as the seal sheet  4 , the drive torque was 1.78 kgf·cm. 
     Explanation of Low-torque Operation 
     Next, the drive torque is reduced by effectively supplying protrusions of a toner having surface protrusions to the cleaning nip N 1  in the cleaning apparatus  2  of this embodiment. The mechanism for this is explained in detail using  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
       FIG. 8A  is a schematic view showing the condition near the cleaning nip N 1  when toner T (residual toner) that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  without being transferred is cleaned by the cleaning part  26 . 
     The toner (developer) T comprises a toner base particle Tp together with multiple protrusions e formed on the surface of the toner base particle Tp. 
     Toner T (residual toner) that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  without being transferred to the recording material  12  passes through contact part N 2  between the seal sheet  4  and the photosensitive drum  1  to reach the cleaning part  26 . Toner T arriving at the cleaning part  26  rubs against the cleaning part  26 , and at least some of the protrusions e formed on the surface of the toner T transfer from the toner base particle Tp to the cleaning part  26 . Some of the transferring protrusions e are then transported to the cleaning nip N 1  under pressure from other protrusions e that have transported to the cleaning part  26 , and the flat parts ep of these protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . Protrusions e that have been unable to enter the cleaning nip N 1  accumulate near the entrance to the cleaning nip N 1 , forming a deposition layer  23  of protrusions e. 
     Once the deposition layer  23  has formed, as shown in  FIG. 8B , toner T (residual toner) that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  without being transferred runs up against the deposition layer  23 . This is then pushed upwards in the direction of arrow B 1  by the circulation of toner T pressing continuously from behind (from upstream in the direction of movement of the photosensitive drum  1 ). The toner T that is pushed upwards then moves by gravity in the direction of arrow B 2 . This causes circulation of the toner T from arrow B 1  to arrow B 2  in region  27 . At this time the toner T rubs against cut the surface  26   a  and other toner T particles, so that the protrusions e formed on the surface of the toner T transfer to the surface of other toner T particles or to the deposition layer  23 . 
     However, the toner T also rubs against the seal sheet  4  before reaching the cleaning nip N 1 . In this example, the seal sheet  4  is made of either (i) a material (PTFE) having a greater work function than the toner T or (ii) a material (PET) having almost the same work function as the toner T. 
     When (i) PTFE is used for the seal sheet  4 , the material is such that the toner T is charged positively when the toner T and PTFE rub together. Consequently, when the toner T rubs against the seal sheet  4  as it passes through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 , the toner charge moves towards the positive side. Because the toner T is negatively charged before passing through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 , its charge quantity is reduced when its charge moves to the positive side due to rubbing with the seal sheet  4 . The electrostatic adhesion force of the toner T is weakened as a result, and its flowability is improved. 
     When (ii) PET is used for the seal sheet  4 , there is little change in the flowability of the toner T because there is little change in the charge of the toner T even when the toner T and the seal sheet  4  rub together. 
     Because the flowability of the toner T has not deteriorated by the time it reaches the region  27 , the toner T moves easily and there are more chances for the toner T to rub against the cut surface  26   a  or other toner particles, thereby increasing the amount of protrusions e that transfer from the surface of the toner T to other toner T particles, or to the cleaning part  26 , or to the deposition layer  23 . It is thus possible to supply many of the transferring protrusions e to the cleaning nip N 1 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , with the toner T used in this example the protrusions e that transfer to other toner T particles or to the cleaning part  26  or to the deposition layer  23  have flat parts ep and curved parts ec, and in the case of those transferring protrusions e that enter the cleaning nip N 1 , the flat parts ep of the protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . As a result, the curved parts ec of the protrusions e come into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , reducing the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1 . The cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  slide more easily as a result, allowing the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  to be reduced. 
     In addition to functioning as a developer in image formation (development of latent images), the toner T used in this embodiment also functions as a composite particle (intervening particle) that confers lubricity in the area of contact between the photosensitive drum  1  and the cleaning blade  3 . That is, the toner T exists as composite particles (intervening particles) in the region  27 , which is an adjacent region that adjoins the area of contact between the photosensitive drum  1  and the cleaning blade  3  upstream in the direction of rotation of the photosensitive drum  1 . The drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  can then be reduced by the aforementioned lubricating function of the “protrusions e” that are transported from the toner T base particles to the area of contact by the rotation of the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     Apart from this embodiment, a toner as a composite particle for lubrication can also be prepared separately from the toner as a developer for image formation (latent image development), or in other words different kinds of dedicated particles (toners) can also be configured specially for each function. The composite particle for lubrication may be a lubricant having a first particle containing a base particle and an organic silicon polymer on the surface of the base particle like the toner for development. 
     The method for supplying the toner as a composite particle to the apparatus is not particularly limited. For example, it may be a method of storing the composite particle in advance in the toner storage container  5 . That is, the composite particle may be stored in advance in a separate location from the developing toner when the apparatus is manufactured, and then supplied to the location where it confers the desired lubricity when the apparatus is operated. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A material having a smaller work function than the toner T or in other words a material that charges the toner T negatively when it rubs against the toner T was used for the seal sheet  4  in Comparative Example 1. Specifically, a sheet comprising nylon tape (3M Company, product number 2756) affixed to the surface of a PET sheet (Toray Industries, Inc., Lumirror®) was used. The surface having the affixed nylon tape was brought into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     The work function (Φ) of the seal sheet  4  was measured using the same photoelectron spectroscope (Riken Keiki Co., Ltd., AC-2) as in the Example 1. The results showed that the work function of the nylon tape was 5.20 eV. 
     The drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was also measured by the same methods as in the Example 1. As a result, the drive torque in a cleaning apparatus  2  comprising nylon tape affixed to the surface of the seal sheet  4  was 2.13 kgf·cm. 
     Thus, when a material that negative charges the toner T or in other words a material having a smaller work function than the toner T is used as the material of the seal sheet  4 , the charge of the toner T changes as follows. That is, when the toner T passes through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 , its charge moves towards the negative side due to rubbing with the seal sheet  4 . Because the toner T is already negatively charged before passing through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 , its charge quantity is increased when its charge moves further to the negative side due to rubbing with the seal sheet  4 . The electrostatic adhesion force of the toner T is reinforced as a result, and the flowability of the toner T deteriorates. Because the toner T has a large negative charge, moreover, the toner T particles aggregate even after reaching the region  27 , constricting the movement of the toner T near the region  27  and reducing opportunities for rubbing between the toner T and the cut surface  26   a  and other toner T particles. This makes it more difficult for the protrusions e to transfer from the toner base particle Tp to the toner T, the cleaning part  26  or the deposition layer, thereby reducing the amount of the transferring protrusions e that are supplied to the cleaning nip N 1 . The amount of the transferring protrusions e that adhere to the side of the cleaning part  26  is reduced as a result, making it more difficult for the cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  to slide against each other. The drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  is increased as a result. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     In another comparative example, Comparative Example 2, a toner having no surface protrusions e was used as the toner, the materials used for the seal sheet  4  were the same as in Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1, and the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was measured. 
     One of the materials used for the seal sheet  4  was a sheet comprising PTFE tape (3M Company, PTFE tape, product number 5490) affixed to the surface of a PET sheet (Toray Industries, Inc., Lumirror®). A PET sheet (Toray Industries, Inc., Lumirror®) and a sheet comprising nylon tape (3M Company, product number 2756) affixed to the surface of a PET sheet (Toray Industries, Inc., Lumirror®) were also used. 
     When the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was measured in the same way using these materials, the torque was 2.94 kgf·cm using the PTFE tape, 3.09 kgf·cm using the PET sheet, and 3.04 kgf·cm using the nylon tape. 
     Thus, even if a toner having no surface protrusions e reaches the deposition layer  23  and an external additive detaches from the toner base particle Tp and enters the cleaning nip N 1 , little of the external additive attaches to the cleaning part  26  because the external additive lacks flat parts. The external additive is then removed from the cleaning part  26  by the movement of the photosensitive drum  1 . Thus, the cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  cannot slide easily together, and the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  is increased. 
     As discussed above, in an image forming apparatus using a toner T having surface protrusions e and a negative regular charging polarity, the work function of the material used for the seal sheet  4  is (i) greater than the work function of the toner T or (ii) not much different from the work function of the toner T. 
     This means that when the toner passes through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 , even if the toner T and the seal sheet  4  rub together the toner T is either neutralized or maintains its charge, and thus the toner T acquires very little additional minus charge. Consequently, the electrostatic adhesion force of the toner T does not increase, and its flowability does not deteriorate. When the toner T then reaches the region  27 , because the toner T has maintained flowability it has many opportunities to rub against the cut surface  26   a  and other particles of the toner T, increasing the amount of the protrusions e that transfer from the toner T surface to the toner T or to the cleaning part  26  or to the deposition layer or the like. It is thus possible to supply many transferring protrusions to the cleaning nip N 1 . 
     In the toner T used in this example, the protrusions e that transfer to the toner T or the cleaning part  26  or to the deposition layer or the like have flat parts ep and curved parts ec, and in the case of those transferring protrusions e that enter the cleaning nip N 1 , the flat parts ep of the protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . This reduces the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1  because the flat parts ec of the protrusions e come into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 . The cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  slide more easily as a result, allowing the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  to be reduced. 
     In this example, moreover, a PET sheet was used as an example having (ii) a small difference in work function between the toner T and the seal sheet  4 , but this example is not limiting. For example, as long as the work function difference between the toner and the seal sheet  4  is within 0.15 eV, it is thought that little charge is imparted due to rubbing, and toner flowability is maintained. 
     Moreover, although the explanations in this example pertain to a toner having a negative regular charging polarity, this example is not limiting, and with a toner having a positive regular charging polarity, the work function value of the seal sheet  4  is reduced relative to the work function value of the toner. As a result, rubbing between the seal sheet  4  and the toner imparts a negative charge to the positively charged toner, reducing the charge quantity of the toner. The electrostatic adhesion force of the toner is weakened as a result, toner flowability is improved, and it is easier for the protrusions e on the toner surface to migrate to the toner, to the cleaning part  26  and to the deposition layer. It is thus possible to supply the toner protrusions e to the cleaning nip N 1 , where the flat parts ep of the protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . The drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  is thus reduced because the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1  is smaller. 
     Moreover, although the explanations in this example pertain to a configuration provided with a process cartridge that is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus  200 , the applicable configurations are not limited to this in the present invention. 
     For example, the present invention is also applicable to a device configuration in which the cleaning apparatus is not detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus. 
     Moreover, although the explanations of this example pertain to a process cartridge equipped with a charging roller  6 , a developing apparatus  7  and a cleaning apparatus  2 , the present invention is applicable to any process cartridge having at least a cleaning apparatus. 
     Example 2 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of a process cartridge  100  of Example 2 of the present invention. In Example 2 of the invention, a stainless steel (SUS) sheet is used as the sheet of the seal sheet  4 , and bias is applied to the SUS sheet from a high voltage power supply  40  as a voltage application means. The applied bias is bias of plus voltage (voltage having polarity opposite the charging polarity of the toner 4) or 0 V voltage bias, or in other words bias that does not increase the charge quantity of the toner 4 (bias having no magnitude on the same polarity side as the charging polarity of the toner 4). 
     Elements that are the same in the configurations of Example 2 and Example 1 are indicated with the same symbols, and explanations are omitted. The explanations of Example 1 are incorporated. 
     The image forming apparatus  200  of this example is configured like Example 1, except that the sheet used for the seal sheet  4  in the cleaning apparatus  2  is a SUS sheet. Moreover, bias is applied to the SUS sheet from a high voltage power supply  40  provided in the image forming apparatus  200  (main body of the apparatus). 
     The material of the sheet used for the seal sheet  4  is not limited to SUS, and another electrically conductive material may be used. 
     Seal Sheet, High-Voltage Bias 
     The seal sheet  4  that is a feature of this example and the voltage bias that is applied to the seal sheet  4  by the high voltage power supply  40  are explained next. 
     A SUS sheet (SUS 304, thickness 40 μm) was used as the material of the seal sheet  4  in this example. 
     +400 V and 0 V of DC bias (DC voltage) was applied by the high voltage power supply  40  to the seal sheet  4  as high voltage bias. 
     By thus forming the seal sheet  4  from a metal material and applying bias to the seal sheet  4 , it is possible to neutralize the toner T and prevent an increase in the electrostatic attachment force of the toner T. 
     Drive Torque 
     Measurement of the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  in this example is explained next. 
     The drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was measured under similar conditions to Example 1 with +400 V or 0 V of DC bias applied to the seal sheet  4  from the high voltage power supply  40 . 
     As a result, the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was found to be 1.96 kgf·cm when +400 V of bias was applied, and 1.89 kgf·cm when 0 V of bias was applied. 
     Explanation of Low-torque Operation 
     Then, the mechanism of the drive torque in this example is explained. 
     As in Example 1, toner T (residual toner) that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  without being transferred to the recording material  12  arrives at the cleaning part  26 . Toner T that reaches the cleaning part  26  rubs against the cleaning part  26 , and at least some of the protrusions e formed on the surface of the toner T transfer from the toner base particle Tp to the cleaning part  26 . The flat parts ep of the transferring protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 , and transferring protrusions e also accumulate near the entrance to the cleaning nip N 1 , forming a deposition layer  23 . 
     Once the deposition layer  23  has formed, toner T (residual toner) that has remained on the photosensitive drum  1  without being transferred runs up against the deposition layer  23  of the protrusions e, causing circulation from arrow B 1  to arrow B 2  in the region  27 . At this time the toner T rubs against the cut surface  26   a  and other toner particles T, and the protrusions e formed on the toner surface transfer to the surface of the other toner T particles or to the deposition layer  23 . 
     However, the toner T also rubs against the seal sheet  4  before reaching the cleaning nip N 1 . In this example, +400 V or 0 V of bias is applied to the seal sheet  4 . 
     That is, when +400 V of DC bias is applied to the seal sheet  4 , an electrical field forms between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 . When the toner T and seal sheet  4  then rub together, because the seal sheet  4  is a conductive body, the minus charge of the toner T migrates to the positive side (seal sheet  4 ). By contrast, because the photosensitive drum  1  is an insulating body there is almost no movement of charge from the photosensitive drum  1  to the toner T. The toner T is neutralized as a result. 
     When 0 V of DC bias is applied to the seal sheet  4 , no field is formed between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 . Then when the toner T and seal sheet  4  rub together, because the seal sheet  4  is a conductive body, the pre-existing minus charge of the toner T migrates to the seal sheet  4 . By contrast, because the photosensitive drum  1  is an insulating body there is almost no movement of charge from the photosensitive drum  1  to the toner T. The toner T is neutralized as a result. 
     Ultimately the pre-existing minus charge of the toner T migrates to the seal sheet  4 , the toner is neutralized, and charge quantity of the toner T is reduced. The electrostatic attraction force of the toner T is weakened as a result, and toner T flowability is improved. 
     Once this toner T reaches the region  27 , because the toner T has good flowability it moves easily, creating more chances for the toner T to rub against the cut surface  26   a  and other toner T particles, and causing more of the protrusions e to transfer from the toner surface to other toner T surfaces and to the deposition layer  23 . It is thus possible to supply many of the transferring protrusions e to the cleaning nip N 1 . In the toner T used in this example, the transferring protrusions e have flat parts ep and curved parts ec, and in the case of those transferring protrusions e that enter the cleaning nip N 1 , the flat parts ep of the protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . As a result, the curved parts ec of the protrusions e come into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , reducing the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1 . The cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  slide more easily as a result, allowing the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  to be reduced. 
     Comparative Example 
     As a comparative example, the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was measured under the same conditions as in the Example 1 with −400 V of DC bias applied to the seal sheet  4  from the high voltage power supply  40 . 
     As a result, the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was 2.39 kgf·cm, meaning that like Example 2, the value of the drive torque was greater than when +400 V or 0 V of DC voltage was applied to the seal sheet  4 . 
     This is because an electrical field forms between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4  when −400 V of DC bias is applied to the seal sheet  4 . When the toner T and the seal sheet  4  then rub against each other, because the seal sheet  4  is a conductive body and the toner T is on the plus side compared to the seal sheet  4  in terms of potential, minus charge migrates from the seal sheet  4  to the toner T. By contrast, because the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  is an insulating body, there is almost no movement of charge from the photosensitive drum  1  to the toner T. The minus charger of the toner T increases still further as a result, the electrostatic adhesion force of the toner increases, and the flowability of the toner T deteriorates. 
     Because the toner T has a large negative charge, moreover, the toner T particles aggregate after reaching the region  27 , constricting the movement of the toner T near the region  27  and reducing opportunities for rubbing between the toner T and the cut surface  26   a  and other toner T particles. This makes it more difficult for the protrusions e to transfer from the toner T, and fewer transferring protrusions e accumulate in the deposition layer  23 . The amount of the protrusions e that are supplied to the cleaning nip N 1  is reduced as a result, so that the amount of protrusions e adhering to the side of the cleaning part  26  is reduced. This makes it more difficult for the cleaning blade  3  to slide against the surface of the photosensitive drum  1 , and the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  increases as a result. 
     Thus, in an image forming apparatus using a toner T having surface protrusions e, a SUS sheet is used as the sheet for the seal sheet  4 , and a positive voltage or a zero voltage bias is applied to this SUS sheet from the high voltage power supply  40 . This causes the toner T to be neutralized even when toner T and the seal sheet  4  rub together as the toner passes through the contact part N 2  between the photosensitive drum  1  and the seal sheet  4 . The electrostatic adhesion force of the toner T is weakened as a result, and its flowability is improved. Once this toner T reaches the region  27 , because the toner T has improved flowability there are more chances for the toner T to rub against the cut surface  26   a  and other toner T particles, causing more of the protrusions e to transfer from the toner surface to other toner T particles and the deposition layer  23 . It is thus possible to supply many of the transferring protrusions e to the cleaning nip N 1 . In the toner T used in this example, the transferring protrusions e have flat parts ep and curved parts ec, and in the case of those transferring protrusions e that enter the cleaning nip N 1 , the flat parts ep of the protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . As a result, the curved parts ec of the protrusions e come into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , reducing the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1 . The cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  slide more easily as a result, allowing the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  to be reduced. 
     Although 0 V of bias is applied to the seal sheet  4  in this example by connecting it to the high voltage power supply  40 , this example is not limiting, and it may instead be connected to the ground (GND) of the main body of the image forming apparatus  200 . 
     Moreover, although the explanations in this example pertain to a configuration provided with a process cartridge that is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus  200 , the applicable configurations are not limited to this in the present invention. 
     For example, the present invention is also applicable to a device configuration in which the cleaning apparatus is not detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus. 
     Moreover, although the explanations of this example pertain to a process cartridge equipped with a charging roller  6 , a developing apparatus  7  and a cleaning apparatus  2 , the present invention is applicable to any process cartridge having at least a cleaning apparatus. 
     Example 3 
     Example 3 of the present invention is explained here. The process cartridge  100  and image forming apparatus  200  of this example are basically configured in the same way as the image forming apparatus  200  of Example 1 shown in  FIG. 1 , so elements having the same function and configuration in both examples are indicating with the same symbols, and explanations are omitted. 
     Some of the toner T that accumulates in the region  27  as explained in  FIGS. 8A and 8B  ends up in the waste toner storage container  5  as the photosensitive drum  1  is driven. Therefore, when an image with a low print percentage is printed continuously or when the photosensitive drum  1  is driven with a separation between the developing roller  8  and the photosensitive drum  1 , no new toner T is supplied to the region  27 . The amount of toner in the region  27  declines as a result, causing the drive torque to rise. 
     In this example, therefore, the cut surface  26   a  is arranged so as to prevent a reduction in the toner T contained in the region  27 . 
     Specifically, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the cut surface  26   a  is set horizontal or with a positive elevation (an angle that increases in height from the horizontal line H with increasing distance from the surface of the photosensitive drum  1 ), and preferably the angle β formed by the cut surface  26   a  and the horizontal line H is equal to or greater than the angle of repose of the toner T. 
     Furthermore, this example is configured with a contact/separation mechanism that separates the developing roller  8  from the photosensitive drum  1  so that the developing mechanism (developing roller  8 ) can be separated from the photosensitive drum  1  when the photosensitive drum  1  is rotating during non-image formation periods in order to prevent fogging of contact development. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  shows one example of a contact state switching means (contact/separation mechanism) for the developing roller  8 . In the image forming apparatus of this example, a cam member  18  is disposed as an operating member of the contact state switching means on the main body of the apparatus in contact with a part of the frame  21  of the developing apparatus  7 . The unit is configured so that the developing apparatus  7  can swing around a support shaft (not shown) relative to the main body of the apparatus in response to the rotation of this cam member  18 , and the contact and separation operation (contact state and separation state) of the photosensitive drum  1  and developing roller  8  is controlled by this swinging movement of the developing apparatus  7 . 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing how the developing roller  8  and photosensitive drum  1  are switched between states of contact and separation by the rotation of the cam member  18 , with (a) showing the contact state and (b) the separation state. 
     When the photosensitive drum  1  is driven with the developing roller  8  separated from the photosensitive drum  1  as shown in  FIG. 10B , the drive torque of the cleaning apparatus  2  (drive torque of motor  50  for rotating photosensitive drum  1 ) rises, and the mechanism for this is explained below. 
     Mechanism for Rise in Drive Torque During Non-Image Formation 
     As explained in Example 1, when toner T that has accumulated in the region  27  circulates and the toner T rubs against the cleaning part  26  or other toner T, the protrusions e transfer from the toner T to the cleaning nip N 1 , where they reduce the torque through attachment. However, when the photosensitive drum  1  is driven with the developing roller  8  separated from the drum, no new residual toner T is supplied to the toner layer of the region  27 . When the photosensitive drum  1  is driven without a supply of new residual toner T, the vibration of the cleaning part  26  as the photosensitive drum  1  is driven causes the toner T that has accumulated on the cut surface  26   a  in the region  27  to fall into the waste toner storage container  5 . The amount of accumulate toner on the cut surface  26   a  in the region  27  is reduced as a result. When the amount of toner in the region  27  is reduced, the amount of protrusions e in the deposition layer  23  is also reduced, and the drive torque is increased because there are fewer protrusions e attaching to the cleaning nip N 1 . 
     The inventors of this application discovered that the rise in drive torque is greatly affected by the angle of the cut surface  26   a , and that the reduction in the amount of accumulated toner in the region  27  due to the vibration of the cleaning part  26  could be reduced by giving the angle of the cut surface  26   a  a positive elevation relative to the horizontal plane. The experimental results are explained in detail below. 
     Experimental Results for Drive Torque 
     In this example we focused on the disposition of the cut surface  26   a , varying the angle of the cut surface relative to the horizontal plane and evaluating the drive torque of the cleaning apparatus  2  with the developing roller  8  in a separated state. The drive torque was measured by the same methods used in Example 1, 5 seconds and 90 seconds after the start of rotation. 
       FIG. 11  is a schematic cross-section showing an enlarged view of the area around the contact portion between the photosensitive drum  1  and the cleaning part  26  in the cleaning apparatus  2  of this example. 
     The angle β formed by the cut surface  26   a  and the horizontal line H was changed as shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B , and the drive torque was measured. 
     The drive torque with the angle β at a positive elevation (at least 0 degrees) was measured with the blade intrusion amount δ fixed at 0.7 mm and the blade set angle at 22°, the same conditions used in Example 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Angle β 
                 −20 
                 −10 
                 0 
                 10 
                 20 
                 30 
                 50 
                 60 
                 90 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Torque (kgf · cm) 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 immediately after 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 rotation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Torque (kgf · cm) 
                 2.4 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 after 90 seconds 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It can be seen from Table 1 that when the angle is positive, an increase in torque after 90 seconds can be suppressed. It is thought that this occurs because if the cut surface  26   a  has a positive elevation (an angle that increases in height from the horizontal line H with increasing distance from the surface of the photosensitive drum  1 ), less of the toner in the region  27  falls into the waste toner storage container  5  due to the vibration of the cleaning part  26  as the photosensitive drum  1  is driven. 
     The torque immediately after rotation also tends to be reduced if the angle β is at or above 50 degrees, which is the angle of repose of the toner. 
       FIG. 12A  is a schematic diagram showing the vicinity of the cleaning nip N 1  when angle β is a 0° angle, while  FIG. 12B  shows the vicinity of the cleaning nip N 1  when angle β is a 50° angle. 
     Because the cleaning blade  3  is disposed with a specific blade set angle θ relative to the photosensitive drum  1 , the contact position of the photosensitive drum  1  relative to the cleaning part  26  differs in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , giving the cut surface  26   a  an angle greater than the angle of repose causes the toner T near the cut surface  26   a  to move by gravity in the direction of the cleaning nip N 1 . This means that more of the protrusions e transfer to the deposition layer  23  due to circulation of the toner T in the toner layer of the region  27 . 
     The toner angle of repose is explained here. The toner angle of repose is the ridge angle formed by a mountain of toner on a flat surface when the toner is deposited onto the plane surface. In this example, the angle of repose was measured with a PT-S powder tester (Hosokawa Micron Corporation). 150 g of toner is placed on a mesh of 250 μm and the mesh is vibrated to cause the toner to be deposited through a filter onto a circular table 8 cm in diameter. Enough toner is deposited so that it overflows the edges of the table. The angle formed between the surface of the circular table and the ridgeline of the deposited toner is measured to determine the angle of repose. 
     Although the explanations in this example pertain to a configuration having a contact/separation mechanism for separating the developing roller  8  from the photosensitive drum  1 , this is not a limitation, and the present invention may also be applied to configurations in which the developing roller  8  is in constant contact with the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     Each of the aboveexamples can be configured by combining the respective configurations as much as possible 
     Second Embodiment 
     In this embodiment, the explanations pertain to a configuration for reducing the torque at the contact portion during the interval from the time when a new photosensitive drum is driven to the time when the developer from the developing apparatus is developed on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum and the developer (toner) is transported to the contact portion with the cleaning blade. 
     Image Forming Apparatus 
     Because the image forming apparatus and process cartridge of this embodiment are configured as described in Example 1 (image forming apparatus), the explanations are omitted in this embodiment. 
     Cleaning Apparatus 
     Because the cleaning apparatus of this embodiment is configured as described in Example 1 (cleaning apparatus), the explanations are omitted in this embodiment. 
     Developer 
     Because the toner used as the developer constituting the “composite particle (intervening particle)” of this embodiment has the same configuration as the “toner” described in Example 1, the explanations are omitted in this embodiment. 
     In this embodiment, the following toner (composite particle) that functions as a lubricant is used to reduce the drive torque at the contact portion between the new photosensitive drum and the cleaning blade. Because the toner used as a lubricant can also be used as a developer, the “developer” and “lubricant” may be the same particle (composite particle). Of course, the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, and the “developer” and “lubricant” need not be the same. 
     That is, a particle (composite particle) that functions as a lubricant may also be contained (mixed) in advance in the developer container with the toner used (as a developer) for image formation (development of latent images). 
     Thus, the toner (developer) used for development may be used as a lubricant (composite particle) to impart a specific lubricating function to the rubbing parts of the cartridge, or a specialized particle used primarily for lubrication may be provided. 
     When a specialized particle (composite particle) is used, it may be a lubricant (composite particle) having a first particle containing a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle, similar to the “protrusions e” derived from the toner (developer) of this embodiment, which also have a lubricating function. 
     In this case, a composite particle (lubricant) designed primarily for lubrication can have the same effect as a composite particle consisting of a developer as in this embodiment if it is configured so that the organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle migrates (is supplied) from the base particle to the cleaning nip N 1 . 
     Toner T Manufacturing Example 
     Because the manufacturing example of the toner T of this embodiment is configured as described in Example 1 (toner T manufacturing example), the explanations are omitted in this embodiment. 
     Lubricant Placement Method 
     The lubricant placement method that is a feature of the present invention is explained with reference to  FIGS. 13A to 13C . The present embodiment pertains to the lubricant placement method of  FIG. 13A . However, the lubricant placement methods of  FIGS. 13B and 13C  are explained additionally because they are also possible lubricant placement methods. 
     In this embodiment the toner T is placed as a lubricant, but as discussed above, a composite particle other than the toner T may also be placed as a lubricant. 
     The lubricant placement method of  FIG. 13A  in this embodiment is explained first. The lubricant is placed on the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  when the process cartridge is manufactured, forming a lubricant area  28 . This lubricant area  28  is disposed between the seal sheet  4  and the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning blade  3 . That is, in this configuration the toner T coated in advance as a lubricant on the lubricant area  28  on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum  1 . In an alternate configuration, the lubricant area  28  may be contained in the internal space of the frame of the cleaning apparatus. In this case, when the apparatus is first driven the toner T as a lubricant that is coated on the lubricant area  28  is transported by the rotation of the photosensitive drum  1  to the contact region between the photosensitive drum  1  and the cleaning blade  3  (the adjacent region  27  before the contact area), where the protrusions e transfer to the contact region and serve a lubricating function. 
     When the lubricant area  28  is disposed between the cleaning blade  3  and the seal sheet  4 , contamination of the charging roller  6  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  outside the lubricant area  28  due to lubricant scattering can be prevented because the lubricant area  28  is within the waste toner storage container  5 . Because the distance between the lubricant area  28  and the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning blade  3  is short, moreover, the lubricant is disposed on the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning blade  3  as soon as the photosensitive drum  1  is driven, thereby reducing drive torque and reducing physical damage to the cleaning blade  3 . 
     Because of  FIG. 13B  is also a possible lubricant placement example, it is additionally explained next. As in  FIG. 13A , the lubricant placed on the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  forms a lubricant area  29 , and this lubricant area  29  is disposed upstream in the rotation direction A of the photosensitive drum  1  from the seal sheet  4 . Consequently, the amount of lubricant can be greater in  FIG. 13B  than in  FIG. 13A . The amount of the lubricant that is transported to the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning blade  3  is increased as a result, and a more stable lubricating effect is obtained. The position of the lubricant area  29  is upstream from the seal sheet  4  in the rotation direction A of the photosensitive drum  1 , and to prevent contamination of the charging roller, it is preferably disposed before the drum is brought into contact with the charging roller  6 . 
     In addition,  FIG. 13C  is explained as another possible lubricant placement example. As in  FIG. 13A , the lubricant placed on the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  forms a lubricant area  30 , and this lubricant area  30  is disposed upstream in the rotation direction A of the photosensitive drum  1  from the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning blade  3 . Therefore, the lubricant may be placed on the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning blade  3  as soon as the photosensitive drum  1  is driven as in  FIG. 13A , or a stable lubricating effect may be obtained if the coated amount of the lubricant can be increased as in  FIG. 13B . As in  FIG. 13B , considering contamination of the charging roller the lubricant area  30  in  FIG. 13C  is preferably positioned upstream from the seal sheet  4  in the rotation direction A of the photosensitive drum  1  and before the drum is brought into contact with the charging roller  6 . 
     Lubricant 
     A toner is used as a lubricant in this embodiment. A toner as a lubricant is explained in detail below. 
     The toner having protrusions containing an organic silicon polymer on the toner particle surface that was explained as the “toner” of this embodiment was used as the lubricant. Regarding the detailed conditions for the toner as a lubricant, multiple toners of the embodiment and multiple toners as comparative examples were manufactured and tested for torque reduction. The various manufacturing conditions are shown in Table 2. 
     Manufacturing Example of Lubricant 1 
     Aqueous Medium 1 Preparation Step 
     14.0 parts of sodium phosphate (Rasa Industries, Ltd. 12-hydrate) were added to 650.0 parts of ion exchange water in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer and a return pipe, and the temperature was maintained for at 65° C. 1.0 hours as the system was purged with nitrogen. 
     This was stirred at 15,000 rpm with a T. K. Flomomixer (Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co. Ltd.) as a calcium chloride aqueous solution comprising 9.2 parts of calcium chloride (dihydrate) dissolved in 10.0 parts of ion exchange water was added all at once to prepare an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer. 10 mass % of hydrochloric acid was further added to the aqueous medium to adjust the pH to 5.0 and obtain an aqueous medium 1. 
     Polymedzable Monomer Composition Preparation Step
         Styrene 60.0 pts   C.I. pigment blue 15:3: 6.5 pts       

     These materials were placed in an attritor (Mitsui Miike) and dispersed for 5.0 hours at 220 rpm with zirconia beads 1.7 mm in diameter to prepare a pigment dispersion. The following materials were then added to this pigment dispersion.
         Styrene: 20.0 pts   n-butyl acrylate: 20.0 pts   Crosslinking agent (divinyl benzene): 0.3 pts   Saturated polyester resin: 5.0 pts
 
(polycondensate of propylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2-mol adduct)) and terephthalic acid (mole ratio 10:12), glass transition temperature Tg=68° C., weight-average molecular weight Mw=10,000, molecular weight distribution 1 Mw/Mn=5.12)
   Fischer-Tropsch wax (melting point 78° C.): 7.0 pts       

     This was maintained at 65° C., and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 500 rpm with a T. K. Homomixer to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. 
     Granulation Step 
     The temperature of the aqueous medium 1 was maintained at 70° C. and the rotation of the T. K. Homomixer (Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co. Ltd.) at 15,000 rpm as the polymerizable monomer composition was added to the aqueous medium 1, and 10.0 parts of t-butyl peroxypivalate were added as a polymerization initiator. This was then granulated for 10 minutes with the stirrer maintained at 15,000 rpm. 
     Polymerization and Distillation Step 
     Following the granulation step, the stirring device was replaced with a propeller stirring blade, and the mixture was stirred at 150 rpm as a polymerization reaction was performed by polymerizing for 5.0 hours with the temperature maintained at 70° C. and then raising the temperature to 85° C. and heating for 2.0 hours. 
     Next, the return pipe of the reactor was replaced with a cooling pipe, and the slurry was heated to 100° C. and distilled for 6 hours to remove unreacted polymerizable monomer and obtain a colorant particle dispersion. 
     Polymerization of Organic Silicon Compound 
     60.0 parts of ion exchange water were measured into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and a thermometer, and the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with 10 mass % hydrochloric acid. This was heated under stirring, to a temperature of 40° C. 40.0 parts of the organosilicon compound methyl triethoxysilane were then added, and hydrolysis was performed under stirring for at least 2 hours. Completion of hydrolysis was confirmed visually when the oil and water formed one layer without separating, at which point the mixture was cooled to obtain a hydrolysis solution of the organic silicon compound. 
     The resulting colorant particle dispersion was cooled to 55° C., and 25.0 parts of the hydrolysis solution of the organosilicon compound were added to initiate polymerization of the organosilicon compound. This was maintained as is for 15 minutes, after which the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with 3.0% sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution. Stirring was continued at 55° C. and maintained for 60 minutes, after which the pH was adjusted to 9.5 with 3.0% sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution and the mixture was maintained for a further 240 minutes to obtain a toner particle dispersion. 
     Washing and Drying Step 
     After completion of the polymerization step, the toner particle dispersion was cooled, adjusted to a pH of not more than 1.5 by addition of hydrochloric acid, left for one hour under stirring, and then subjected to solid-liquid separation in a pressure filter to obtain a toner cake. This was re-slurried with ion exchange water to again obtain a dispersion, which was then subjected to solid-liquid separation in the same filter to obtain a toner cake. 
     The resulting toner cake was dried for 72 hours in a 40° C. thermostatic tank and classified to obtain a toner particle 1. The manufacturing conditions for the toner particle 1 are shown in Table 2. 
     Methods for Manufacturing Toner Particles 2 to 12 
     Toner particles 2 to 12 were obtained in the same way as the toner particle 1 except that the conditions were changed as shown in Table 2. The manufacturing conditions for the toner particles 2 to 12 are shown in Table 2. 
     Method for Manufacturing Comparative Toner Particle 1 
     A comparative toner particle 1 was obtained in the same way as the toner particle 1 except that polymerization of the organic silicon compound was changed as shown below. The manufacturing conditions for the comparative toner 1 are shown in Table 2. 
     Polymerization of Organic Silicon Compound 
     60.0 parts of ion exchange water were measured into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and a thermometer, and the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with 10 mass % hydrochloric acid. This was heated under stirring, to a temperature of 40° C. 40.0 parts of the organosilicon compound methyl triethoxysilane were then added, and hydrolysis was performed under stirring for at least 2 hours. Completion of hydrolysis was confirmed visually when the oil and water formed one layer without separating, at which point the mixture was cooled to obtain a hydrolysis solution of the organosilicon compound. 
     The resulting colorant particle dispersion was cooled to 70° C., and the pH was adjusted to 9.5 with a 3.0% sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution. Stirring was continued at 70° C. as 5.0 mass parts of colloidal silica (Snowtex ST-ZL: solids 40%) and 12.5 parts of the hydrolysis solution of the organosilicon compound were added to initiate polymerization of the organosilicon compound. This was then maintained as is for 300 minutes to obtain a toner particle dispersion. 
     Method for Manufacturing Comparative Toner Particle 2 
     A comparative toner particle 2 was obtained in the same way as the toner particle 1 except that the polymerization of the organosilicon compound was changed as shown below. The manufacturing conditions for the comparative toner particle 2 are shown in Table 2. 
     Polymerization of Organosilicon Compound 
     The colorant particle dispersion was dispersed in a mixed solvent of 1.0 mass part of polyvinyl alcohol dissolved in 20 mass parts of a mixed ethanol/water (mass ratio 1:1) solution, 20 parts of 3-(methacryloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane as a silicon compound were further dissolved, and this was stirred for a further 5 hours to swell and enclose the 3-(methacryloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane in the toner particles. 
     The temperature was then set at 70° C., and the pH was adjusted to 9.5 with 3.0% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. This was stirred for 10 hours at room temperature to promote a sol-gel reaction on the toner particle surface and obtain a comparative toner particle 2. 
     Method for Manufacturing Comparative Toner Particle 3 
     A comparative toner particle 3 was obtain by not polymerizing the organosilicon compound in the manufacturing example of the toner particle 1. The manufacturing conditions for the comparative toner particle 3 are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Type of 
                   
                   
                 Condensation 
                 Condensation 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 organosilicon 
                 Added 
                 Holding 
                 reaction 1 
                 reaction 2 
                 Temper- 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 compound 
                 amount 
                 time 
                 pH 
                 Time 
                 pH 
                 Time 
                 ature 
                 Remarks 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 1 
                 Methyl 
                 10 
                 0.25 
                 5.5 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 4.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 2 
                 Methyl 
                 12 
                 0.25 
                 5.5 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 4.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 3 
                 Methyl 
                 16 
                 0.25 
                 5.5 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 4.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 4 
                 Methyl 
                 10 
                 0.25 
                 7.0 
                 1.5 
                 9.5 
                 3.5 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 5 
                 Methyl 
                 12 
                 0.25 
                 7.0 
                 1.5 
                 9.5 
                 3.5 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 6 
                 Methyl 
                 16 
                 0.25 
                 7.0 
                 1.5 
                 9.5 
                 3.5 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 7 
                 Methyl 
                 12 
                 0.25 
                 7.0 
                 3.5 
                 9.5 
                 1.5 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 8 
                 Methyl 
                 16 
                 0.25 
                 4.0 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 3.5 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 9 
                 Methyl 
                 16 
                 0.25 
                 4.0 
                 2.0 
                 9.5 
                 3.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 10 
                 Methyl 
                 10 
                 0.50 
                 5.5 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 4.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 trimethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 11 
                 Methyl 
                 9.5/0.5 
                 0.50 
                 5.5 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 4.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane/Te 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toner particle 12 
                 Methyl 
                 9.0/1.0 
                 0.50 
                 5.5 
                 1.0 
                 9.5 
                 4.0 
                 55 
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 triethoxysilane/ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                 Vinyl  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 triethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Methyl 
                  5 
                 1.00 
                 9.5 
                 5.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 70 
                 Sol-gel silica 
               
               
                 toner particle 1 
                 trimethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 included 
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 when adding 
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 organosilicon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 compound 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 3-(methaeryloxy) 
                 30 
                 5.00 
                 9.5 
                 10.0  
                 — 
                 — 
                 70 
                   
               
               
                 toner particle 2 
                 propyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                 trimethoxysilane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Not used 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 No 
               
               
                 toner particle 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 organosilicon 
               
               
                 manufacturing 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 compound 
               
               
                 example 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 added 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Measuring Drive Torque 
     Next, measurement of the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  in this embodiment is explained. 
     In this measurement, the torque was measured with a photosensitive drum  1 , a charging roller fixed so as to rotate with the photosensitive drum  1 , a cleaning blade  3  and a seal sheet  4  mounted on the frame of a cleaning apparatus  2 . A rotating jig with an attached torque measuring device for measuring the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  was also connected to measure the torque. Because this embodiment assumes the drive torque at the initial stage of cartridge use, the developing apparatus  7  was separated from the photosensitive drum  1  to exclude the effects of the developing apparatus  7 . 
     To confirm the degree to which the lubricating effect of the lubricant was maintained, drive torque measurement was performed immediately after the start of drive and 60 seconds after the start of drive. The resulting drive torque values were used to establish a ranking system based on the following evaluation criteria. When evaluating the presence or absence of a lubricating effect in this embodiment, a rank of Δ or better for the drive torque 60 seconds after the start of drive was considered good. The torque measurement results for each of the tested toners are shown in Table 3. 
     Evaluation Standard 
     O: Drive torque not more than 1.8 kgf·cm 
     Δ: Drive torque 1.8 kgf·cm to 2.0 kgf·cm 
     X: Drive torque higher than 2.0 kgf·cm 
     In the results of Table 3, the torque tends to be lower 60 seconds after the start of drive when the Σw/L of the toner is small. It is thought that this promotes detachment of the protrusions e on the lubricant surface due to sliding of lubricant particles with each other and with the cut surface  26   a  as time elapses from the start of drive. 
     The torque also tends to be lower 60 seconds after the start of drive when the toner has a low P(D/w). It is thought that if the protrusions e on the lubricant surface have a low height h, the torque is increased because the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1  is not reduced. 
     Explanation of Initial Low-Torque Operation 
     Next, the initial drive torque is reduced by supplying protrusions of the lubricant (toner having surface protrusions) to the cleaning nip N 1  in the cleaning apparatus  2  of this embodiment. The mechanism for this is explained in detail using  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
     In  FIG. 8A  is a schematic view showing the condition near the cleaning nip N 1  when lubricant that has been placed on the photosensitive drum is collected by the cleaning part  26 . As discussed above, the lubricant comprises a toner base particle Tp and multiple protrusions e formed on the surface of the toner base particle Tp. The lubricant arrives at the cleaning part  26  by the lubricant coating method described above. When the lubricant arrives at the cleaning part  26 , the cleaning part  26  and photosensitive drum  1  move relative to each other as the photosensitive drum  1  is driven, causing “convection” of the lubricant between the cleaning part  26  and the photosensitive drum  1  in the “adjacent region”. This causes repeated rubbing between the lubricant and other lubricant particles or other members, so that the lubricant surface is subjected to “shear stress”. At least some of the protrusions e formed on the lubricant surface transfer from the toner base particles Tp to the cleaning part  26  as a result. Some of the transferring protrusions e are then transported to the cleaning nip N 1  under pressure from other protrusions e that have transported to the cleaning part  26 , and the flat parts ep of these protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . Protrusions e that have not been able to enter the cleaning nip N 1  accumulate near the entrance to the cleaning nip N 1 , forming a deposition layer  23  of protrusions e. 
     Once the deposition layer  23  has formed, rotation of the photosensitive drum  1  in the direction of arrow A exerts force that pushes up the lubricant that has accumulated in the region formed by the photosensitive drum  1  and the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning part  26  in the direction of the arrow B 1 , and the raised lubricant is then moved by gravity in the direction of the arrow B 2 . This causes the lubricant to circulate from arrow B 1  to arrow B 2  in the region  27 . The lubricant rubs against the cut surface  26   a  and other lubricant particles as it circulates, so that the protrusions e formed on the lubricant surface become detached and move to the deposition layer  23  and the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning part  26 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , with the lubricant used in this embodiment the protrusions e that transfer to the other lubricant particles, the cleaning part  26  and the deposition layer  23  have flat parts ep and curved parts ec, and in the case of those transferring protrusions e that enter the cleaning nip N 1 , the flat parts ep of the protrusions e attach to the side of the cleaning part  26 . As a result, the curved parts ec of the protrusions e come into contact with the photosensitive drum  1 , reducing the contact area between the cleaning blade  3  and the photosensitive drum  1 . The cleaning blade  3  and the surface of the photosensitive drum  1  slide more easily as a result, allowing the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  to be reduced. 
     With a lubricant satisfying the conditions of Embodiments 4 to 15 in Table 3, the protrusions e formed on the surface of the toner base particles Tp are transported to the cut surface  26   a  of the cleaning part  26 , where they can have a torque lowering effect on the drive of the photosensitive drum  1  until the developer from the developing apparatus  7  is developed on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     Although the toners described in Embodiments 4 to 15 are used as the lubricant in this embodiment, the toners described in Embodiments 4 to 15 have viscoelasticity equal to or greater than the toner T used as a developer. The toner used as a lubricant is placed on the photosensitive drum in this embodiment, but it could also be moved to the contact nip with the cleaning member when the photosensitive drum is slightly rotated or the like during transport of the process cartridge for example. In comparison with the toner used as a developer, therefore, because the toner used as a lubricant is expected to undergo rubbing and pressure it is sometimes exposed to a relatively unfavorable environment for deformation and adhesion, and this is the reason for using a toner having a viscoelasticity equal to or greater than the toner T used as a developer. 
     Considering the effects on the toner as a developer, moreover, a Ye toner is used as a lubricant in this embodiment, because Ye has little effect even when mixed with other colors. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Torque 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SEM 
                 Fluorescence X-ray 
                 measurement 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 image 
                 analysis results 
                 Immediately 
                 After 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 analysis 
                   
                 Fixing  
                 after 
                 60 s 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Toner 
                 TEM image analysis results 
                 results 
                 Silicon 
                 rate 
                 drive 
                 drive 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Test toner 
                 particle used 
                 P (D/w) 
                 Σ (w/L) 
                 H 80 nm 
                 D 50 nm 
                 wt % 
                 % 
                 kgf · cm 
                 kgf · cm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Embodiment 4 
                 Toner particle 1 
                 0.89 
                 0.61 
                 75 
                  45 
                 3.5 
                 99 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 5 
                 Toner particle 2 
                 0.85 
                 0.60 
                 80 
                  40 
                 4.3 
                 98 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 6 
                 Toner Particle 3 
                 0.82 
                 0.64 
                 85 
                  45 
                 5.3 
                 97 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 7 
                 Toner particle 4 
                 0.79 
                 0.33 
                 80 
                  30 
                 3.6 
                 99 
                 ○ 
                 Δ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 8 
                 Toner particle 5 
                 0.77 
                 0.40 
                 85 
                  35 
                 4.4 
                 98 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 9 
                 Toner particle 6 
                 0.77 
                 0.42 
                 90 
                  40 
                 5.4 
                 95 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 10 
                 Toner particle 7 
                 0.90 
                 0.30 
                 90 
                  25 
                 4.4 
                 91 
                 ○ 
                 Δ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 11 
                 Toner particle 8 
                 0.95 
                 0.83 
                 75 
                  60 
                 5.4 
                 84 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 12 
                 Toner particle 9 
                 0.85 
                 0.91 
                 70 
                  65 
                 5.3 
                 94 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 13 
                 Toner particle 10 
                 0.90 
                 0.62 
                 80 
                  40 
                 3.4 
                 94 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 14 
                 Toner particle 11 
                 0.87 
                 0.45 
                 90 
                  40 
                 3.5 
                 92 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 15 
                 Toner particle 12 
                 0.95 
                 0.85 
                 70 
                  55 
                 3.4 
                 99 
                 ○ 
                 ○ 
               
               
                 Embodiment 16 
                 Comparative 
                 0.00 
                 0.75 
                 65 
                  60 
                 5.3 
                 92 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 toner particle 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Embodiment 17 
                 Comparative 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 45 
                  30 
                 3.5 
                 78 
                 Δ 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 toner particle 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Embodiment 18 
                 Comparative 
                 0.40 
                 0.20 
                 75 
                 180 
                 4.4 
                 68 
                 Δ 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 toner particle 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Embodiment 19 
                 Comparative 
                 0.00 
                 0.30 
                 60 
                  80 
                 4.2 
                 85 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                   
                 toner particle 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Third Embodiment 
     Because the lubricant placement method is a feature of this embodiment, only the lubricant supply method is explained. Descriptions of other elements including the image formation apparatus are the same as in the Second Embodiment, and so the explanations are omitted. 
     Lubricant Placement Method 
     In this embodiment, the lubricant placement method that differs from Embodiment 2 is explained using  FIGS. 14A and 14B . It is a feature of this embodiment that the lubricant  31  is stored in advance in the waste toner storage container  5 . 
     Like the toner T, the lubricant  31  is a composite particle having a first particle containing a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle. When the apparatus is driven, it is transported and supplied by the rotation of the photosensitive drum  1  to the adjacent region  27  adjoining the contact area between the photosensitive drum  1  and the cleaning blade  3  on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1 . A reduction in the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  can then be achieved through the lubricating function of the protrusions transferring to this contact area from the base particle surface, which is similar to the lubricating function of the protrusions e in the toner T. 
     The waste toner storage container  5  shown in  FIG. 14B  is shown upside-down In  FIG. 14A . The lubricant  31  is stored in the waste toner storage container  5  as shown by the dotted line in the waste toner storage container  5  in  FIG. 14A . When the photosensitive drum  1  is assembled, the position of the waste toner storage container  5  is changed so that the lubricant  31  is supplied to the photosensitive drum  1  between the seal sheet  4  and the cleaning blade  3 . A torque reduction effect is thus obtained as explained in the Second Embodiment (lubricant placement method). 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     Because the lubricant placement method is also a feature of this embodiment, only the lubricant supply method is explained. Descriptions of other elements including the image formation apparatus are the same as in the Second Embodiment, and so the explanations are omitted. 
     Lubricant Placement Method 
     In this embodiment, the lubricant placement method that differs from Embodiment 2 is explained using  FIG. 15 . It is a feature of this embodiment that the lubricant  32  is placed (coated) in advance on the surface of the developing roller  8 . 
     Like the toner T, the lubricant  32  is a composite particle having a first particle containing a base particle and an organosilicon polymer on the surface of the base particle. When the apparatus is driven, it is transported and supplied by the rotation of the developing roller  8  and the photosensitive drum  1  to the adjacent region  27  adjoining the contact area between the photosensitive drum  1  and the cleaning blade  3  on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1 . A reduction in the drive torque of the photosensitive drum  1  can then be achieved through the lubricating function of the protrusions transferring to this contact area from the base particle surface, which is similar to the lubricating function of the protrusions e in the toner T. 
     The toner T may also be used as the lubricant  32 . 
       FIG. 15  shows the lubricant  32  placed on the surface of the developing roller  8 . When the photosensitive drum  1  and the developing roller  8  are in contact and the developing roller  8  is rotating, voltage is applied so that the photosensitive drum  1  has a positive polarity relative to the developing roller  8 , and the lubricant  32  is developed on the surface of the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     The lubricant is thus placed as in  FIG. 13C  in Embodiment 2, and a torque reduction effect can be obtained as a result. 
     For the lubricant  32  placed on the developing roller  8  to be supplied to the photosensitive drum  1  it is necessary that the photosensitive drum  1  and developing roller  8  be in contact, but they may be in contact either constantly or only during development. Moreover, the rotation direction of the developing roller  8  may be either the forward rotation direction or reverse rotation direction relative to the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum  1 . 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions. 
     This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-094056, filed on May 17, 2019, and No. 2020-005444, filed on Jan. 16, 2020, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.