Patent Publication Number: US-9849549-B2

Title: Method for the attachment of a hollow element such as a hollow rivet or a nut element to a component consisting of a composite material

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to German Patent Application No. 10 2012 001 068.0, filed on Jan. 20, 2012, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for the attachment of a hollow element such as a hollow rivet or a nut element to a component consisting of a composite material such as a fiber reinforced plastic part or a fabric reinforced plastic part, with the element having a flange part and a shaft part or a rivet section extending away from the flange part, with the hollow element having a central passage, which is optionally provided with a thread cylinder. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Composite materials are frequently used in the most diverse areas and consist mainly of plastic with embedded fiber reinforcement. The fiber reinforcement can for example take the form of tapes, fabrics, felts and mats. For example, coachwork parts of polyester resin reinforced with glass fibers and plastics such as epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fibers are frequently used in motor car construction and numerous further components such as consoles and cladding are likewise manufactured from such composite materials. When using carbon fibers as a reinforcement, fabrics of carbon fibers are frequently used because one can then obtain a reinforcement in all directions of the component. 
     The field of composite materials is however in no way restricted to glass fibers and carbon fibers there are many other reinforcement fibers which can be considered. Furthermore, the most diverse plastics can also be used as a matrix material. All such materials are described here generically as composite materials or fiber reinforced plastics. They can also be described by the generic term “organic sheet metals”. This term is understood in some circles as a specialist term. The present invention primarily uses those composite materials which use a thermoplastic material, i.e. a thermoplastic as matrix material which softens or becomes pasty at elevated temperatures below the melting point. It is, however, not precluded that duroplastics can also be used as a matrix material provided these are adequately soft or become soft or pasty at elevated temperature, i.e. at temperatures which lie beneath the temperatures at which the matrix material or the component is permanently damaged. The method claimed here can also be used for composite materials with matrix materials which are indeed not thermoplastics but have not yet reached their final state but rather are present in a state in which they soften with or without heating but which can be transferred into a harder state in the course of time or by the action of ultraviolet light or humidity or otherwise through progressive polymerization or cross-linking. 
     It is frequently necessary to use components of composite materials with fastener elements, for example in order to secure the corresponding components to other parts or to attach other parts to the fiber reinforced plastic components. 
     Both rivet elements and also bolt or nut elements can be considered which can all be subsumated under the term functional elements. This term applies also for clips and bearings which can likewise be secured to composite materials. Irrespective of what form such functional elements have it is always necessary to provide a hole or a plurality of holes in a plastic part in order to enable the attachment of the respective desired functional element, unless threaded inserts or eyes are integrated into the plastic component during the manufacture of the component, which is however very time consuming and complicated and leads to further costs and sometimes makes a local thickening of the plastic part necessary. The manufacture of holes is mainly achieved by a drilling process, whereby material residues such as cuttings arise and the composite material is weakened in the region of the bore. 
     It is conceivable to subject the component to a punching process in order to generate a hole, whereby waste in the form of punching slugs which has to be dispensed of arises as well as a local weakening of the component. 
     Composite materials consist of any desired reinforcement material or fibers and any desired plastically deformable or meltable matrix material. The term “composite materials” as used here in accordance with the invention includes therefore not only plastics with fiber reinforcement but, for example, also matrix materials of metal, for example aluminum, with a reinforcing material, such as for example carbon fibers or ceramic particles. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to provide a method and an auxiliary device which makes it possible to provide holes in a component consisting of composite material, in an at least substantially loss-free manner and without pronounced weakening of the composite material, for the reception of hollow elements such as hollow rivets and rivet nuts and also to attach such hollow elements to the component. 
     Furthermore, the method should be capable of being carried out in a cost-favorable manner and efficiently in the corresponding auxiliary devices by use of the manufacture at favorable cost, whereby the disposing of the auxiliary devices can be considered or they are preferably reusable so that here no waste arises which has to be disposed off. 
     In order to satisfy this object a method of the initially named kind is provided in accordance with the invention with the special characterizing features that an auxiliary tip is either introduced from the flange side of the element through the passage or from the side of the free end in the shaft part or of the rivet section into the passage, such that a conically converging region of the auxiliary tip projects from the free end of the shaft part or of the rivet section, and that the hollow element is pressed with its tip to the fore against the component and the tip is pressed through the component until the component enters into contact with the adjacent side of the flange part and the tip has produced a hole in the component. 
     The auxiliary tips can be manufactured at favorable cost in a large number as simple cylindrical parts, for example by a cold-forming process from wire material. As will be explained in the following they can either be disposed of as a disposal article or can be reused. As the auxiliary tips are carried with the hollow elements the piercing process can take place during the attachment of a hollow element in one stroke of the press or of another tool. For specific types of auxiliary tips these can either be repeatedly used by each stroke of the press or of another tool, for example when the auxiliary tip is a preceding hole punch so that a somewhat more expensive auxiliary tip can straightforwardly be considered. Here the advantage is also achieved that the piercing process takes place together with the attachment of the hollow element in one stroke of the press or of another tool. 
     When carrying out the method the free end of the shaft part of the rivet section can be reshaped by means of a rivet die to a rivet bead, whereby the component is trapped in form-fitted manner between the flange part and the rivet bead. In this manner rivet elements and nut elements which are known per se and tested and also new rivetable elements can be attached in form-fitted manner to components of composite materials. This can be done using proven rivet techniques from the field of sheet metal processing and good mechanical values such as press-out resistance, security against rotation and button-out resistance can be achieved. 
     Features providing security against rotation are preferably provided in the region of the flange part and are pressed into the matrix material and/or the matrix material is pressed into the features providing security against rotation in order to form a security against rotation between the hollow elements and the component. In this way excellent values for security against rotation can be achieved. 
     The flange part can, for example, be provided with an annular planar contact surface which is provided with discrete axial projections which are pressed into the matrix material of the component. 
     It is particularly favorable when the flange part is provided with an annular planar contact surface and has an axial ring groove radially within this contact surface which is preferably arranged concentric to the shaft part, with features providing security against rotation such as ribs providing security against rotation and/or recesses providing security against rotation being present at the base region of the ring groove. The method is the matrix material of the component is pressed into the axial ring groove and brought into contact with the surfaces of the features providing security against rotation. 
     In one embodiment the auxiliary tip is held by a press fit in the passage. This is a possibility, which can be realized and released easily for transporting the auxiliary tip with the hollow element and of using it in a manner secure against loss. The auxiliary tip can be introduced coming from below or from above in the hollow passage of the hollow element. 
     Alternatively, the possibility exists, when a hollow element with an internal thread is used, of providing the auxiliary tip with an external thread which is screwed into the internal thread. This solution can also be realized at a favorable price without the internal thread being damaged and without the danger that the auxiliary tip becomes lost. 
     A particularly favorable solution consists in the arrangement in which the auxiliary tip has a cylindrical region which is introduced into the passage of the hollow element and has a ring shoulder between the conically converging tip and the cylindrical region which is brought into engagement against the free end of the shaft part, or of the rivet section, prior to the piercing of the component. In this embodiment the auxiliary tip can also be used, by means of the neck provided behind the conically converging region, which is brought into contact against the free end of the shaft part or of the rivet section prior to the piercing of the component to form the rivet section into a rivet bead. In this way a more complex riveting die is not necessary, the component only need to be supported on a suitable support. 
     The auxiliary tip can be straightforwardly introduced through the passage of the hollow element from the flange side as a preceding hole punch, whereby the auxiliary tip can be repeatedly reused during the attachment of each new element, which enables a very rational manufacture in large series. 
     The free end of the hollow shaft part of the element or the free end of the rivet section can be given a conically converging shape which is matched to the conical shape of the auxiliary tip that is used or approximately continues this, whereby the component is partly pierced by the conically converging shape of the auxiliary tip and partly by the conically converging shape of the free end of the shaft part or of the rivet section. In this connection it is not absolutely essential that the conically converging shape of the auxiliary tip and the conically converging shape of the free end of the shaft part or of the rivet shape have the same cone angle, but rather the one angle can be made smaller than the other. It is only necessary to pay attention to the fact that no disturbing discontinuity is present at the transition. This is not the case when the free end of the conically converging region of the rivet section is provided with a rounded surface, which is customary with rivet sections in the field of sheet metal processing, in order to ensure that a ring nose of a die button can engage at the inner side of the rivet section and can deflect the free end of the rivet section radially outwardly by the ring nose of the die button while sliding on the latter. 
     A particularly favorable form of the auxiliary tip is it has diverging spring tongues behind the conically converging region which end in their diverging shape at a diameter which corresponds approximately to the outer diameter of the free end of the shaft part, or of the free end face of a conically converging shape of the free end of the shaft part or of the rivet section, and in that the spring tongues are pressed inwardly after the piercing of the component in order to be pressed together by the central passage of the riveting die and either withdrawn through the die button or, even better, rearwardly out of the passage of the nut element. This represents a particularly favorable realization of a preceding hole punch, which can be used with both hollow elements having a conically converging region and also with those with an axially parallel cylindrical rivet section. 
     In this connection the auxiliary tip can have a cylindrical extension to the rear which is guided in a hollow insert which is positioned or screwed into the passage of the hollow element. The hollow insert can have a chamfer at the front end which, with suitable axial positioning, can also be used to support the spring tongues at their free ends, so that they cannot be pressed together by the forces prevailing during the hole formation. This can however also likewise be achieved by a special design of the spring tongues or by special positioning of the spring tongues in relation to the rivet section and supporting of their free ends at the free end of the rivet section. 
     The movement of the tip through the component, in order to form the hole, is normally a purely translatory movement. 
     The axial movement of the hollow element with auxiliary tip and/or of the auxiliary tip alone is preferably brought about by a tool which is selected from the group comprising: a press, a setting head, a robot, tongs, and a C-frame with power cylinder, with the component preferably being either free standing during the piercing or supported on die button, for example a piercing die or a riveting die. 
     For some matrix materials the component is heated, at least in the region of the piercing, to a matrix material dependent temperature at which the matrix material of the composite material does not melt, but softens or becomes pasty, for example at a temperature of 260° C. when the material is PA6. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The invention will be explained in more detail in the following with reference to embodiments and to the drawings in which are shown: 
         FIGS. 1A-1E  a representation of a first hollow element in form of a nut element with an auxiliary tip and indeed in a perspective view from above ( FIG. 1A ), in a perspective view from below ( FIG. 1B ), in a plane view from below ( FIG. 1C ), in a representation partly sectioned in the longitudinally direction ( FIG. 1D ) and in a plan view from above ( FIG. 1E ), 
         FIGS. 2A-2E  the attachment of the hollow element with an auxiliary tip of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  to a component consisting of composite material and indeed in a partly sectioned representation of a section of a component ( FIG. 2A ), the penetration of the component by the auxiliary tip ( FIG. 2B ), a drawing similar to  FIG. 2B  in which however the rivet section of the hollow element has entered into the hole region of the component ( FIG. 2C ), the use of a die button in order to form the rivet section of the hollow nut element into the rivet bead ( FIG. 2D ) and the finished component assembly consisting of the component to which the hollow element is riveted ( FIG. 2E ), 
         FIGS. 3A-3E  a series of drawings corresponding to the series of drawings of  FIGS. 1A-1E  with an alternative embodiment of the auxiliary tip, 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  a series of drawings to represent the attachment of the hollow element in accordance with  FIGS. 3A-3E  to a component corresponding to the representations of  FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2E  of the series of drawings of  FIGS. 2A-2E , 
         FIGS. 5A-5E  a further drawing corresponding to  FIGS. 1A-1E  but without an auxiliary tip and with a special shape of the rivet section, 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  a representation of a first variant for the attachment of the nut element in accordance with  FIGS. 5A-5E  to a component consisting of composite material using an auxiliary tip in the form of a screwed in pin with tip and indeed in a first representation in which the hollow element of  FIGS. 5A-5E  is arranged with an auxiliary tip above the component ( FIG. 6A ), a representation in which the hollow element with the auxiliary tip has been pressed through the component to such an extent that the particularly shaped region of the rivet section is located in the component ( FIG. 6B ) and a representation with the finished component assembly consisting of the hollow element riveted to the component ( FIG. 6C ), 
         FIGS. 7A-7C  a further series of drawings similar to the series of drawings  6 A- 6 C but with the representation of an alternative auxiliary tip and 
         FIGS. 8A-8E  an alternative possibility for the attachment of a nut element in accordance with  FIGS. 1A-1E  to a component consisting of composite material which has been prepierced. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring first of all to  FIGS. 1A-1E  a first example for a hollow element is shown in the form of a nut element  100  which has a flange part  102  and a shaft part  104  extending away from the flange part. The shaft part  104  is formed here as a rivet section  106 . The nut element  100  further has a central passage  108  which is arranged concentric to the central longitudinal axis  110  of the hollow element and is provided with a thread cylinder  112 . 
     As is in particular evident from  FIGS. 1C and 1D , the nut element  100  has an annular contact surface  114  at the side of the flange part  102  adjacent to the shaft part and a ring groove  116  is located radially within this contact surface  114  and surrounds the shaft part  104 . In the base region of the groove  116 , which is here approximately rectangular in cross-section, there are ribs  118  providing security against rotation which fully bridge the base region of the ring groove  116 . The ribs  118  are smaller in height than the depth of the groove  116  from the annular contact surface  114 . The transition of the ring groove into the annular contact surface  114  is shown here with a rounded edge. Other shapes for such ring grooves are well known in the field of sheet metal processing and from patent applications of the present applicants and can be used as desired. It should be noted that the present invention is in no way restricted to the use of a nut element  100  in accordance with  FIGS. 1A to 1E  or in accordance with the further Figures of this application but rather all hollow elements can be considered which have the basic design which is set forth for the hollow element in claim  1 . I.e. the present invention can as well be used or realized with all such elements. 
     Furthermore, smaller raised portions  120  in plan view are located on the annular contact surface  114  and are preferably flattened off at their upper sides. 
     Above the flange  102  in the representation in accordance with  FIG. 1D  there is a cylindrical projection  122  with a part of the threads  112  being formed within this projection  122 , while the further part is located in the region of the flange part  102 . The cylindrical projection  122  merges into the flange part  102  but is of smaller diameter than the shaft part  102 , whereby an annular surface  124  arises concentric to the central longitudinal axis  110 . This surface  124  represents a so-called driven surface, i.e. a surface on which pressure can be exerted when the element is incorporated into a component, without the danger existing that the thread is deformed by the forces that are exerted or that the element is otherwise damaged. 
     The general shape of the element as shown in  FIGS. 1A-1B  is known per se in the form of an RND element of the company Profil Verbindungstechnik GmbH 86 Co. KG, apart from the specific dimensions and above all the broad contact surface  114  and the small raised portions  102  outwardly on the annular contact surface  114  which here offer a good security against rotation. The flange part  102  has an approximately ball-like shape which is likewise known for the RND element. 
     The nut element  100  of  FIGS. 1A-1E  is supplemented by an auxiliary tip  126  which can best be seen from  FIG. 1D . One notes that this auxiliary tip has a conical front tip part  128  converging to a point at the front end. The conical tip merges at its end remote from the point into a rounded neck  129  the minimum dimension of which corresponds to the cylindrical inner diameter of the section  106 . The neck  129  merges via a ring step  131  into a cylindrical section  133  which has a light press fit within the thread cylinder  112  or is held there by magnetic force. Thus the tip cannot be lost. 
     In this embodiment the auxiliary tip  126  is inserted from the side of the free end of the shaft part  104 , i.e. of the rivet section  106 , into the passage  108  such that the conically converging region  180  of the auxiliary tip projects from the free end of the shaft part or of the rivet section  106 . One sees that the broadest diameter of the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  126  has the same diameter as the outer diameter of the rivet section  106 . 
     The attachment of the above-described hollow rivet element with the auxiliary tip to a component consisting of a composite material will be described in more detail with reference to the series of drawings of  FIGS. 2A-2E . 
     The  FIG. 2A  shows first of all a section of a component  130  of a composite material in a partly sectioned representation. The component can be a three-dimensional component, for example in the form of a wing or of a bumper or a console or the like, with only a flat region of the component being shown here, although it is not essential that the region is absolutely straight, but rather it could also be a component with a slight curvature in the region of the attachment of the nut element  100 . 
     The combination consisting of the nut element  100  and the auxiliary tip  126  is pressed with the tip  126  to the fore against the component  130  and the tip is pressed through the component, as can first be seen in  FIG. 2B . In this way a hole  132  arises in the component  130  and the material which is displaced by means of the tip builds up at the underside and at the upper side of the component  130  in the form of thickened portions  134  and  136 , as shown in  FIG. 2C . In  FIG. 2C  one can further see that the rivet section is now just about to be fully received in the hole  132 . Furthermore one can see in  FIG. 2C  a die button  140  with a central passage  142  and a conical recess  144  which receives the tip. During further downwardly directed movement of the nut element  100  the auxiliary tip  126 , i.e. its conically converging region  128 , enters into full area contact against the conical recess  144  of the die button  140  and annular contact surface  114  enters into contact against the upper side of the component  130 . Furthermore the planar upper end face  146  of the die button  140  comes into contact with the underside of the component  130  as shown in  FIG. 2D . Through the corresponding movement of the nut element  100  towards the die button  140  the material which is located in the region of the raised portions  134  and  136  is shifted or displaced so that it completely fills out the ring groove  116  and enters into full area contact against the ribs  116  providing security against rotation. Furthermore, the noses  120  providing security against rotation are pressed into the upper side of the component  130 . Moreover, through this movement of the nut element  100  towards the die button, the auxiliary tip  126  is pressed downwardly, whereby the neck  129  reshapes the rivet section  106  to a rivet bead  150  as is shown in  FIG. 2D  and in  FIG. 2E . It is particularly favorable when the hollow element has a maximum diameter behind the conically converging tip which corresponds to the outer diameter of the shaft part or of the rivet section or is somewhat smaller and merges via a neck into a section of smaller diameter which is received in the thread cylinder or in the passage. With this design the auxiliary tip can, as already mentioned, also serve for the formation of the rivet bead, in particular when the curvature of the neck is selected to be so different from the shape of the free end of the rivet section at the radially inner side that a gap is initially present there. During the exertion of a force on the auxiliary tip in the direction of the longitudinal axis, in the direction towards the flange part, this auxiliary tip can be displaced axially relative to the shaft part, i.e. to the rivet section, whereby the gap is initially approximately closed and the rivet section is deflected radially outwardly and reshaped into a rivet bead. It is eventually sufficient when the neck has the same shape as the inner side of the free end of the rivet section, so that no gap is present, since the radius of the neck can also be sufficient in order to bring about the formation of the rivet bead. Thus a special riveting die is not necessary and the attachment process can be made very simple. 
     The die button and the auxiliary tip can then be removed and the finished component assembly consisting of the nut element  100  riveted to the composite component  130  is then formed as shown in  FIG. 2E . One notes that the underside  152  of the component  130  in  FIG. 2E  lies in one plane, at least in the region of the nut element  100 . In this way a planar screw-on surface is provided so that a further component (not shown) can be screwed onto the component  130  from the underside and indeed by means of a bolt element which is screwed through the further component and through the rivet bead into the thread  112  of the nut element  100 . 
     When, in this description, there is talk of “underside” and “upper side”, “below” and “above” or similar, this manner of designation is solely to be related to the geometric representation and does not represent any restriction of the geometrical arrangement. It would, for example, be straightforwardly possible to secure the nut element  100  coming from below onto the component  130  or in any desired inclined position when the local plane of the component  130  has a correspondingly inclined position. 
     The piercing of the composite component in accordance with the series of drawings of  FIGS. 2A-2E  takes places as a rule as a temperature at which the matrix material of the component  130  is soft or pasty, for example at 260° C. for PA6 (polyamide 6). As the component is soft in this state the forces which are required in order to press the tip through the component are relatively small and a particular support of the component is not absolutely necessary. Instead the component can, so to say, be pierced free standing. On the other hand, nothing speaks against supporting of the component during the piercing on a corresponding die button, for example on the die button which is shown in the simultaneously filed patent application of the present applicants with the attorney&#39;s file reference P10447PDE, the content of which is made part of the content of the present application. 
     In the following further embodiments of the invention will be described and in this further description the same reference numerals will be used for features or functions which have already been described. It should be understood that the previous description also applies for the further embodiments unless something to the contrary is stated. Thus, the description will not be unnecessarily repeated. 
     The  FIGS. 3A-3E  show the same nut element  100  as in the drawings of  FIGS. 1A-1E  but here a differing auxiliary tip  126  is used. One sees, in particular from  FIG. 3D , that the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  126  again converges to a point but here has a maximum diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the cylindrical part of the hollow rivet section  106 . This diameter emerges via a ring step  160  into a thread part  162  which is screwed into the internal thread  112  of the hollow nut element  100 . 
     The attachment of the combination of the nut element  100  with the auxiliary tip  126  in accordance with  FIGS. 3A-3E  to a component  130  takes place in similar manner to the attachment of the combination in accordance with  FIGS. 1A-1E , with the attachment being specifically shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D . 
     Since the maximum diameter of the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  126  corresponds to the internal diameter of the hollow rivet section the piercing is partly effected by the conically converging region of the auxiliary tip and partly by the free end of the rivet section. This is however unproblematic, since the rivet section is rounded at its free end and is able to assist the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  128  during the carrying out of a piercing and to take care of the final dilation of the hole pierced in the composite component. It is uncritical when the slight discontinuity between the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  128  and the free end face of the rivet section  106  leads to a material displacement downwardly, because this material forms part of the thickened portion  134  and is finally pressed upwardly again and flat by the die button  140 . 
     When the nut element with the rivet section has been pressed into the component sufficiently far that the state of  FIG. 4C  is achieved then the component is supported at its underside  152  by means of a die button placed from below and the nut element  100  is pressed from above onto the die button  140 . The free end  146  of the die button also presses here against the free end face  152  of the component and it displaces the material of the raised portions  134  and  136  into the ring groove of the nut element  100  and presses the underside of the component flat. In distinction to the representations of  FIGS. 2A-2E  the die button  140  is provided here with a ring nose  166  which extends around the central passage  142  of the die button and is arranged concentric to the longitudinal axis  110 . This passage  142  has an internal diameter which corresponds to the maximum diameter of the auxiliary tip  126  or is fractionally larger. The ring nose  166  engages at the inner side of the hollow rivet section  104 , favored by the curved shape of the free end of the rivet section and dilates the rivet section  106  into the rivet bead  150  as is shown in  FIG. 4D . 
     Here a planar screw-on surface in accordance with the reference numeral  152  also arises. After the completion of the rivet connection between the component  130  and the hollow nut element  100  a component assembly results, as shown in  FIG. 4D , which is identical with the component assembly of  FIG. 2E . It is naturally necessary here to unscrew the auxiliary tip  126  again so that the component assembly in accordance with  FIG. 4D  adopts the final form and a further component can be screwed onto the planar screwing surface  152  as described in connection with the previous embodiment. In this embodiment also the attachment takes place at an elevated temperature so that the matrix material of the composite material is soft or pasty and/or can be brought into form-fitted interlock with the nut element  100  without damaging the fiber reinforcement. 
     At this point it should be stated that in all the embodiments described here the use of an auxiliary tip is also favorable because the tip damages no fibers or only a few fibers during the piercing of the component  130 . Instead it rather much more displaces the fibers, whereby not only a thickened portion of the component arises in the region around the pierced hole, as well as a high concentration of the reinforcing fibers in the area of the form-fitted attachment of the nut element, but rather also the fibers experience a certain stretching so that the composite material in the region of the attachment to the nut element  100  has a permanent compressive stress which is favorable for the prevention of fatigue cracks. 
     Here also the attachment of the nut element can be carried out so to say free standing, i.e. the component  130  is not supported or is only supported in a primitive way and means, or is supported with the aid of a support, which can be formed as a die button and indeed as described above in accordance with the simultaneously filed patent application of the present applicants with the attorney&#39;s file reference P10447PDE. 
     It is entirely possible to supply the nut element  100  together with the auxiliary tips by means of an automatic feed system to the component  130 . This can, for example, take place using a setting head known per se which is used for the attachment of RND elements to sheet metal parts. In similar manner to an RND setting head the components  130  can be introduced in a press and can be supported on the lower tool of the press, or on a suitable die button. The nut element  100 , with the auxiliary tip  126  to the fore, is attached to the components, on the closing of the press, by the setting head which is carried by the upper tool of the press or by an intermediate plate of the press. It is, however, not essential to use a press here but rather the setting head can be used, for example, in a type of arbor press or in an apparatus similar to a pillar drill (drill press) (without rotation of the setting head), because the soft state of the component  130  does not make any high piercing forces necessary. The nut elements can also be attached by means of a robot, or in a C-frame equipped with a power cylinder, or by means of suitable tongs, or otherwise, to the components  130 . 
     A further embodiment of the nut element  100  is shown in the  FIGS. 5A-5E . The nut element  100  of  FIGS. 5A-5E  differs from the previously described nut element only in that the rivet section has been shaped as a truncated cone, i.e. the rivet section  106  has here a conically converging region  180 . This shape is particularly favorable because the truncated cone region  180  of the rivet section  106  can be used for a part of the piercing process. For example, the  FIGS. 6A-6C  show how an auxiliary tip in the form of a bolt-like pin  182  without a thread can be pressed through the central passage  108  of the hollow nut element  100  and indeed from the side of the nut element  100  remote from the rivet section. In this way the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  126  leading to a point at the free end projects beyond the free end of the conical region  180  of the rivet section and represents an extension of the conical surface of the conical region  180 . Only a small discontinuity is present at the transition from the conically converging region  128  into the conical region  180 .  FIG. 4B  then shows how both conical regions, i.e.  128  and  180  are simultaneously (or immediately sequentially) used in order to pierce the component  130 . As shown in  FIG. 6B  a die button with a ring nose  166  is used. In similar manner to the embodiment in accordance with  FIGS. 4A-4D  this ring nose  166  is able to engage the inner side of the conical region of the rivet section and to form this into a rivet bead  150  as is shown in  FIG. 6C . Here the rounded end face of the free end of the rivet section also favors the engagement with the ring nose  166  which, as previously, has an inclined surface at the outer side which favors a sliding movement of the rivet section and the formation of the rivet bead  150 . 
     When using an embodiment in accordance with  FIGS. 6A-6C  the nut element  100  can also be supplied by means of a setting head, and here pressure is not only exerted on the driven surface  124  of the nut element  100  but rather also, or instead of this, on the end face  186  of the head part of the bolt-like auxiliary tip  126 . After the completion of the component assembly in accordance with  FIG. 6C  the auxiliary tip is withdrawn upwardly out of the component assembly. 
     A further not shown possibility consists in using an auxiliary tip which is formed as a preceding hole punch. Such preceding hole punches are used in the field of sheet metal processing in order to rivet hollow functional elements to sheet metal parts and have there the task of punching a piercing slug from the sheet metal part with a diameter which corresponds at least substantially to the diameter of the preceding hole punch. This corresponds in turn to the core diameter of the thread cylinder contained in the functional element. Such preceding hole punches in the prior art have however a planar end face, since one cuts out a circular piercing slug from the sheet metal part by means of the hole punch. During the attachment of functional elements to sheet metal parts using preceding hole punches, the preceding hole punch is pressed through the center of the nut element and through the sheet metal part in the same stroke of the press which is used for the riveting of the nut element to the sheet metal part. After the completion of the piercing the riveting section of the nut element forms the sheet metal part into a conically downwardly directed collar. The free end of the rivet section ultimately passes through the opening at the free end of the collar and is beaded over outwardly around the free end of the collar by the riveting die, which simultaneously functions as the piercing die, in order to form the rivet connection. 
     In the use of a preceding hole punch or, more precisely stated, a preceding piercing tip for the present invention the piercing tip is admittedly moved in a similar manner but is equipped with a conically converging region  128  at its free end which converges to a point and which operates as an auxiliary tip and does not generate any piercing slug. Instead it forms the corresponding hole  132  by displacement of material of the component  130 . The use of such a preceding hole punch with piercing tip is advantageous because a large number of components can be pierced with one and the same punch whereas, when using an auxiliary tip of the previously described form, the part which is termed the auxiliary tip has to be removed from the corresponding element after each piercing and can either be disposed of as waste or can be reused with a certain effort. 
     A further possibility of using the element of  FIGS. 5A-5E  is shown in the  FIGS. 7A-7C . 
     The auxiliary tip  126  in accordance with  FIGS. 7A-7C  is of two-part design, it includes not only the actual part with the conically converging region  128  but rather also a cylinder part  200  which is introduced into the passage  108  with a slight press fit or is otherwise positioned there, for example by means of a setting head (not shown) which supplies the nut element to the component  130 . The cylinder part  200  serves as a guide for the cylindrical shaft part  202  of the “front” auxiliary tip  126 . 
     Behind the conically converging region  128  of the front auxiliary tip  126  there is a hollow cylindrical region  204  in which the lower end of the shaft part  202  is received, for example by means of an outer thread at the lower end of the shaft part  202  and an internal thread in the cylindrical region  204  of the front auxiliary tip  126 . A thread connection of this kind is however not essential but rather this could be an adhesively bonded connection or a press fit and the shaft part  202  can also be integral with the front auxiliary tip  126 . 
     Behind the conically converging region  128  and in the illustrated form behind the preferably provided cylindrical region  204 , the auxiliary tip has diverging spring tongues  206 . These diverging spring tongues  206  extend in a diverging shape starting from the diameter of the cylindrical region  204 , or from the maximum diameter of the conically converging region  128  of the auxiliary tip  126 , end ending at a diameter which corresponds to the outer diameter of the conically converging region  180  of the rivet section  106 . 
     The piercing of the component  130  initially takes place through the conically converging region  128  of the tip which converges to a point and then through the diverging shape of the spring tongues  206  and finally by the conical region  180  of the rivet section  106  as can easily be understood from  FIGS. 7A and 7B . 
     After or during the piercing of the component  130 , the front end of the auxiliary tip  126  is guided in the central passage  142  of the die button  140  which is provided with a ring nose  166  in the same way as the die button  140  of  FIG. 6B . Through the axial movement of the shaft part  202  of the front auxiliary tip  126  relative to the cylindrical guide  200  the spring tongues  206  release from it. During the further movement through the hollow passage  142  of the die button  140  the spring tongues are pressed from the diverging shape in accordance with  FIG. 7A  into an axially parallel position in accordance with  FIG. 7B . In this way, the free end of the rivet section  104  is exposed for the ring nose  166  for the die button  140  to such an extent that the ring nose  166  can act on the inner side of the rivet section and deform this radially outwardly into a rivet bead. In other words, the die button  140 , i.e. its ring nose  166 , also serves in this example to form the conical region  180  of the rivet section  106  into a rivet bead  150 , as is shown in  FIG. 7C . 
     The auxiliary tip  126  together with the guide sleeve  200  and the shaft part  202  can now be completely removed downwardly through the central passage  108  of the die button and reused. It is, however, even more favorable to draw the auxiliary tip  126 , together with the guide sleeve  200  and the shaft part  202 , out upwardly from the finished component assembly consisting of the nut element  100  and the component  130  through the hollow passage  108  of the nut element  100 , which can be brought about by means of a setting head. 
     As the parts  126 ,  200  and  202  are arranged in the setting head and can, in some phases of the attachment process, be moved during a single working stroke of the tool that is used (for example a press) with the setting head and, in other phases, can be moved relative to the setting head and relative to one another (i.e. a relative movement of the guide sleeve  200  on the one hand and of the front auxiliary tip  126  with the shaft part  202  on the other hand) a fully automated process can be carried out. Thus the auxiliary tip  126 , together with the guide sleeve  200  and the shaft part  202 , can be introduced for renewed use into the central passage  108  of a new nut element  100  which is supplied to the setting head via a supply means known per se. 
     Only when the rivet bead  15  has been formed can the auxiliary tip, i.e. the parts  126 ,  200  and  202  be withdrawn simply upwardly out of the nut element by means of the setting head. The die button ensures that the spring tongues retain their axially parallel position in which they lie within an imaginary cylinder with a diameter smaller than the internal diameter of the thread cylinder  112 . Thus the auxiliary tip  126  with the parts  200  and  202  can be straightforwardly drawn upwardly out of the element. This is particularly favorable because the one-, two- or three-part auxiliary tip (depending on the specific design) can then be reused, in a similar manner to a preceding hole punch. 
     In this variant the conical region  180  of the rivet section also makes a contribution to the piercing operation. The auxiliary tip  126  of the  FIGS. 7A and 7B  can, however, also be used with a rivet section without a conical region  180 . It is likewise conceivable to make the auxiliary tip in accordance with  FIGS. 7A and 7B  in one piece (not shown). The two-piece design is, however, advantageous when the guide sleeve  200  in  FIG. 7A  can be pressed downwardly in relation to the front auxiliary tip to an axial position in relation to the nut element and to the front auxiliary tip  126 . In this way the conical region at the lower end of the guide sleeve  200  can press the spring tongues outwardly, or support them in their outwardly sprung position and hold them at or bring them to a diameter which corresponds to the diameter at the free end region of the conical region  180  of the rivet section  106 . In this way, a gentle transition is provided from the diameter of the cylindrical region  204  of the front tip to the conical region  180  of the rivet section, which is favorable for the hole formation. 
     The guide sleeve  200  is however not absolutely essential, the shaft part  202  of the auxiliary tip  126  could be guided directly in the central passage  108  of the nut element and the free ends of the spring tongues supported at the free end of the rivet section, if such a support is at all necessary and the inherent stiffness of the spring tongues is not on its own sufficient in order to prevent a pronounced resilient deflection of the spring tongues radially inwardly during the hole formation. 
     It is pointed out that the nut elements in accordance with  FIGS. 1A-1E  can also be attached without an auxiliary tip in an otherwise pre-pierced component  130 , as is shown in series of drawings of  FIGS. 8A to 8E . Stated briefly, the component  130  is pre-pierced in  FIG. 8A  by means of the pointed tip  24  and it then has the pre-pierced state in accordance with  FIG. 8B . Then the nut element  100  with the rivet section to the fore is inserted from above through the hole  132  of the component  130  and the rivet section is reformed to the rivet bead by means of a die button coming from below in accordance with  FIG. 8D  and the two raised portions  134  and  136  are simultaneously so crushed that the material present there flows into the ring groove and is brought flat against the inside  152  of the component  130  and into contact with the ribs  118  providing security against rotation within the ring groove  116 , with the noses  120  providing security against rotation simultaneously being pressed into the surface of the component  130 . The die button  140  in this embodiment does not require a central passage and the nose  166  is not ring-shaped here but rather post-like. The result in accordance with  FIG. 8E  corresponds also the previous result in accordance with  FIGS. 2E, 4D, 6C and 7C . 
     It is further pointed out that when pre-piercing the composite component this pre-piercing can not only be carried out by means of a tip but rather it would also be conceivable to carry out a drilling process or a punching process for which the component not necessarily have to be pre-heated. It is also conceivable to provide the hole  132  in the component with raised portions  134  and  136  already during the manufacture of the component by using a suitable mold. 
     In all embodiments it is to be noted that the hollow element does not necessarily be formed as a rivet element. The shaft part  104  does not have to be formed as a rivet section  106  but rather the nut element could also have the form of a press-in element with undercuts for the form-fitted reception of the material of the composite material, whereby the required resistance to press-out and/or required security against rotation is achieved. Such undercuts can then be formed at the shaft part and/or between the shaft part and the flange part. Such designs are known per se for pressing elements in the field of sheet metal processing. When the nut element used for the purpose of this invention is such a press-in element an auxiliary tip is nevertheless used to carry out the piercing process. The above given explanation also explains why a distinction is made in the main claim between the shaft part and the rivet section, quite apart from the fact that the rivet section can be formed at the end of a non-deformable or at least substantially non-deformable shaft part remote from the flange part, so that both a shaft part and also a rivet section can be present.