Patent Publication Number: US-2020299525-A1

Title: Solvent compounds for use as coalescents

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates generally to solvent compounds that may be used as a coalescent. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to VOC-exempt solvent compounds that may be used as a coalescent or as a retarding solvent. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Smog is known to have negative health effects on humans and the environment. A major contributor to smog formation is the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are emitted from many sources including automobile exhaust and organic solvents. VOCs are defined as “any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions”. Numerous consumer products contain VOCs as an integral component of the consumer product&#39;s function or application, such as paints or chemical coating strippers. To combat the adverse effects VOCs have on air quality in North America, agencies such as Environment and Climate Change (Canada) and the Environmental Protection Agency (United States) enforce limits on VOC content in manufacturing workplaces and consumer products. VOC emission limits in some municipalities have become even more stringent than federal standards. For example, the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), which regulates VOC emissions in and around Orange County, Calif., has found success in reducing smog levels by half since the 1980&#39;s despite population growth in the area. Such successes inspire increased awareness and provide support for SCAQMD&#39;s mission. While increased awareness and enforcing limits on VOC content has helped combat smog formation significantly, many sources of VOC emissions have not been curtailed. Replacing solvents that are known to contribute heavily to smog formation, due to high VOC content, with solvents that have zero or low VOC content are thus highly sought after. To further the health and safety of their constituents some agencies have also reviewed the toxicity of commonly used chemicals. In Canada, the use of solvents and paints alone corresponds to 15% of all VOC emissions, with 314.0 kilotonnes in 2014, making it the second largest contributor next to the oil and gas industry (734.1 kilotonnes in 2014). Since the VOC&#39;s used in paints and coatings are released into the environment, they should be as biodegradable and non-toxic as possible. Although some zero or low VOC solvents exist in the market place, their cost and limited applicability reduce their wide-spread use. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R is C 1-12  alkyl, optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with oxygen. 
     In some embodiments, the compound may be: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or may be 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the compound is a coalescent, such as an inert coalescent or a film forming coalescent. 
     In some embodiments, the compound is a retarding solvent. 
     In some embodiments, the compound is a substitute for an ester alcohol. 
     In some embodiments, the compound is a reactive intermediate in the formation of an ester derivative for a plasticizer. 
     In some embodiments, the compound is a thickener. 
     In some embodiments, the compound is an inert ingredient in an insecticide, fungicide or rodenticide formulation. 
     In some aspects, the present invention provides a kit or commercial package including a compound as described herein, together with instructions for use. 
     In some aspects, the present invention provides a method of forming a coating on a substrate, by applying a compound of Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R is C 1-12  alkyl, optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with oxygen, to the substrate. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) may be provided in admixture with a paint. 
     Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific examples. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, #4 spindle, in a PVA Flat formula; 
         FIG. 1B  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 20 rpm and 100 rpm, #4 spindle, in a PVA Flat formula; 
         FIG. 1C  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, 20 rpm and 100 rpm, #4 spindle, in a PVA Flat formula; 
         FIG. 2A  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm in a PVA Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 2B  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm in a PVA Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 2C  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, 20 rpm and 100 rpm in a PVA Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 3  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 20 rpm and 100 rpm in an EVA Flat formula; 
         FIG. 4  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 20 rpm and 100 rpm in a Styrene Acrylic Flat formula; 
         FIG. 5  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 20 rpm and 100 rpm in a Styrene Acrylic Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 6A  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, #4 spindle, in an Acrylic Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 6B  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 20 rpm and 100 rpm, #4 spindle, in an Acrylic Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 6C  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, 20 rpm and 100 rpm, #4 spindle, in an Acrylic Semi Gloss formula; 
         FIG. 7A  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, #5 spindle, in an Acrylic Flat formula; 
         FIG. 7B  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 100 rpm, #5 spindle, in an Acrylic Flat formula; and 
         FIG. 7C  is a bar graph showing the viscosity at 0.5 rpm, 20 rpm and 100 rpm, #5 spindle, in an Acrylic Flat formula. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure provides, in part, compounds useful as coalescents. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R is C 1-12  alkyl, optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituents with oxygen. 
     The compound may be: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (referred to herein as XTR5), or may be: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (referred to herein as XTR3). 
     “Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation and including, for example, from one to ten carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more oxygen atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically herein, it is understood that the substitution can occur on any carbon of the alkyl group. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a high boiling point, for example, a boiling point over 200° C. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a boiling point between about 200° C. to about 400° C., or any value therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have very low vapour pressure, for example, a vapour pressure below 0.01 Pa. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a vapour pressure between about 0.01 Pa to about 0.06 Pa, or any value therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a low freezing point, for example, a freezing point below −50° C. (minus 50° C.). In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a freezing point between about −50° C. (minus 50° C.) to about −70° C. (minus 70° C.), or any value therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be hydrolytically stable, for example, as observed by placing the compounds in water and confirming their structure by  1 H-NMR spectroscopy. By “hydrolytically stable” is meant that the compound does not exhibit substantial decomposition i.e., less than about 30% decomposition when placed in water. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may exhibit about 0% to about 30% decomposition, or any value therebetween, when placed in water. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may break down into carbon dioxide and water. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may break down into carbon dioxide and water when exposed to air at ambient room temperature. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may break down into carbon dioxide and water when exposed to air at a temperature &gt;−1° C. (minus 1° C.). 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have high hydrophobicity, for example, does not readily dissolve in water. Hydrophobicity may be measured using standard techniques, for example, by determining the solubility constant of the compound in water. By “high hydrophobicity” is meant a solubility constant of 99% or more. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a hydrophobicity (i.e., solubility constant) between about 0% to about 99.9%, or any value therebetween. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have high efficiency of coalescence, for example, in comparison to typically used coalescents, such as Texanol™ (2-methyl-, 3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl ester), Film Former IBT (2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol Monoisobutyrate; isobutyric acid, ester with 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol) or Opti Film Enhancer 400, when used as a direct replacement. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may not be classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or as containing Saturates, Asphaltenes, Resins and Aromatics (SARA). In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be VOC-exempt. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may reduce the overall VOC of a composition in which it is present. For example, when a compound according to the present disclosure is provided in combination with a VOC-containing compound, the overall VOC of the combination may be reduced. By “about” is meant a variance (plus or minus) from a value or range of 5% or less, for example, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, etc. 
     By “about” is meant a variance (plus or minus) from a value or range of 5% or less, for example, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, etc. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have low toxicity as determined, for example by one or more of oral LD 50  on rats, biodegradability, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity and/or hepatic and renal toxicity measurements, which can be determined using standard methods. In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may contain reagents classified as non-carcinogenic. A compound according to the present disclosure may have an LD 50  of 5000 mg/kg or more. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be substantially anhydrous, for example, containing less than 0.05 wt % water. In alternative embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may contain less than 500 ppm of water. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may have a purity of, for example, at least 99.5%, for example, at least 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100%. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful as a coalescent. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful as an inert coalescent for, for example, latex or acrylic paints or coatings. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may offer superior coalescing performance in a wide variety of conditions including climate and substrates of different compositions and porosity. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful as a retarding solvent in, for example, coil coatings and high-bake enamel, oil field, floor polish, and/or wood preservatives formulations. By “retarding solvent” is meant a solvent capable of slowing down the drying time of a film to, for example, enhance film appearance and coverage. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful as a substitute for an ester alcohol when used, for example, to coalesce a film, enhance thickening efficiency and/or act as a retarding solvent for use in coil coatings and/or high-bake enamels. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful as a reactive intermediate in the formation of ester derivatives for a plasticizer. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful as a film forming coalescent in a variety of coatings. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may improve the gloss of a paint and/or coating. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may improve the integrity and/or durability of a paint and/or coating. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may improve the scrub resistance of a paint and/or coating. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may improve the ability of a paint and/or coating to form a durable film at less than −1° C. (minus 1° C.). 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be useful to: create a film of high integrity; improve the overall performance characteristics of a paint or coating; allow film coalescence at low temperatures (for example, about 5° C.; enhance colour development of a film; improve gloss of a film; improve washability of a film; improve scrub resistance of a film; increase the thermal torsional and tensile strength of a film; resist mud cracking of a film; and/or provide superior adhesion properties of a film. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may enhance the thickening efficiency of various associative thickeners, such as Bentonite, HEC (Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose) or HEUR (Hydrophobe-modified Ethoxylated Urethane), and thereby improve the practical viscosity of a paint or coating. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be widely useful as a general industrial primer, intermediate and/or topcoat, as automotive refinish and/or OEM, wood primer and/or topcoats, marine, can and/or coil, printing ink (for example, lithographic and/or letterpress) and/or oil field chemical (such as drilling mud, frothing agent, ore flotation) formulae. 
     In some embodiments, a compound according to the present disclosure may be used as an inert ingredient, which is permitted for non-food use contact, in the formulation of an insecticides, a fungicide and/or a rodenticide. 
     A compound according to the present disclosure may be prepared as described herein, or using techniques based on, or similar to, those known in the art, such as those referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,125, 4,181,676, 3,657,310, 3,642,858, or 3,632,828. 
     Example 1 
     Synthesis of bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ether Bi-Product Formation 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The alcohol 1-butoxypropan-2-ol, CAS #5131-66-8 (1.0 L) was put in a 2 L round bottom flask. The flask was then charged with sodium methanolate (˜1.5 g) and hexanes (˜350 mL). Dimethyl carbonate (270 mL) is then added. Boiling stones (3-10) are added to prevent bumping during the reaction. A Dean Stark apparatus is attached to the round bottom flask, and 15 mL of distilled water was added to the trap, the rest of the trap volume was filled with hexanes. A condenser is attached to the top of the Dean Stark apparatus. The reaction was then heated gently until the distillate temperature is 53(±3)° C. As the distillate condenses into the Dean Stark trap the methanol formed from the transesterification reaction separates to the bottom of the trap. The trap was refreshed when the bottom layer of the Dean stark trap was approximately half full. The reaction was monitored by taking  1 H-NMR of the reaction mixture and is continued until the dimethyl carbonate was completely consumed and less than 5% of the unsymmetric organic carbonate intermediate was observed, the hexanes are then distilled off. The reaction was then cooled and filtered through a 1-3 cm layer of diatomaceous earth and transferred to another 2 L round bottom flask. The crude material is then distilled under vacuum (currently do not know the pressure) and when the distillate reaches 130° C., it was collected and analyzed for purity. The typical yield was 450 mL of the desired product. 
     The physical/chemical properties of bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) were determined to be as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL %) 
                 7.04 
               
               
                   
                 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL %) 
                 0.40 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Auto Ignition Temp (° C.) 
                 300 
                 (572° F.) 
               
               
                   
                 Flashpoint (° C.) (PMCC) 
                 143.3 
                 (290° F.) 
               
               
                   
                 Boiling Point (° C.) 
                 285 
                 (545° F.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Molecular Weight (g/mol) 
                 290.4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Density (g/mL @ 20° C.) 
                 0.951 
                 (7.94 lb/gal) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Viscosity (cP @ 25° C.) 
                 0.58 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Gravity (@15.5°) 
                 0.956 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Solubility in H 2 O (g/mL @ 25° C.) 
                 Insoluble 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Vapour Pressure (mm Hg @ 25° C.) 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporation Rate (n-Butyl Acetate = 1) 
                 0.0004 
               
               
                   
                 Vapour Density (mm Hg Air = 1) 
                 0.95 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Freezing Point 
                 &lt;−60 
                 (&lt;−76° F.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Purity (Wt % Min) 
                 99.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Water Content (ppm) 
                 &lt;0.01 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Colour (Alpha, max) 
                 10 
                 (Clear) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Volatility (%) 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 TGA Weight Loss (Ambient 115-240° C.) 
                 97.94% 
               
               
                   
                 Heat of Combustion (Blu/lb) 
                 −13000 
               
               
                   
                 (Kcal/Kg) 
                 −7100 
               
               
                   
                 (Kj/mol) 
                 −8600 
               
               
                   
                 Heat of Vaporization (Blu/lb) 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 (cal/g) 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 (Kj/mol) 
                 43 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Partial Coefficient (Range) 
                 0.7-2.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 VOC (g/L) 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             Texanol Solubility: Soluble 
             Water Solubility: Not Soluble 
             Odor: Pleasant Odor 
             Clarity: Clear 
             Evaporation Rate: Slow and Close to Texanol 
           
         
       
    
     Bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) was used as a direct replacement for other typical coalescents, such as, Texanol™, as follows. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 7.5% of Coalescent in Acrylic Polymer (Raycryl 1526 
               
               
                 from Specialty Polymers Tg = 25° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Raycryl 1526 (50% Solid) 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Coalescent 
                 3.75 
                 3.75 
               
               
                   
                 Physical Properties 
               
               
                   
                 Mixing Ease 
                 Not Easy, 
                 Not Easy, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Needs speed 
                 Needs speed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to dissolve 
                 to dissolve 
               
               
                   
                 Compatibility 
                 Compatible 
                 Compatible 
               
               
                   
                 Film Clarity 
                 Clear 
                 Clear 
               
               
                   
                 Film Gloss 
                 Glossy 
                 Glossy 
               
               
                   
                 Film Flexibility, Softness 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
               
                   
                 Touch Dry (3 mils Wet Film) 
                 45 min. 
                 45 min. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 XTR5 v.s. Texanol in Raycryl 1526 (Tg = 25° C.) 
               
               
                 Acrylic Emulsion Polymer from Specialty Polymers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Water 
                 180.0 
                 180.0 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulosic Thickener 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Co-Dispersant 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Anionic Disperser 
                 8.0 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Non-ionic Surfactant 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Base Defoamer 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium Dioxide 
                 150.0 
                 150.0 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Carbonate 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 Raycryl 1526 (50%) 
                 450.0 
                 450.0 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene Glycol 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Texanol 
                 17.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 XTR 
                 — 
                 17.0 
               
               
                   
                 Silicone Base Defoamer 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 HEAT Associated Thickener 
                 13.5 
                 13.5 
               
               
                   
                 HEUR Associated Thickener 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 948.5 
                 948.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Physical Properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Polymer Solid % 
                 23.7 
                 23.7 
               
               
                   
                 Texanol or XTR Solid 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer % 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Gravity g/cm3 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 Weight Solid % 
                 51.91 
                 51.91 
               
               
                   
                 Volume Solid %~VOC 
                 40.91 
                 40.91 
               
               
                   
                 (Without Water) g/L 
                 95.0 
                 45.0 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Test Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Paint Properties 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity 
                 90 KU 
                 90 KU 
               
               
                   
                 Fineness of Grind 
                 40-45 
                 40-45 
               
               
                   
                   
                 micron 
                 micron 
               
               
                   
                 Hide at 5.0 mils 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
               
                   
                 Touch Dry @ 20° C. 
                 45 minutes 
                 45 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Gloss @ 60 Degree 
                 ~15 
                 ~15 
               
               
                   
                 Flexibility 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 XTR5 vs Texanol in Raycryl 1001 (Tg = 36° C.) 
               
               
                 Acrylic Emulsion Polymer from Specialty Polymers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Water 
                 160.0 
                 160.0 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulosic Thickener 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Co-Dispersant 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Anionic Dispersing Agent 
                 8.0 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Base Defoamer 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium Dioxide 
                 200.0 
                 200.0 
               
               
                   
                 Raycryl 1001 (46%) 
                 440.0 
                 440.0 
               
               
                   
                 Texanol 
                 18.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 XTR 
                 — 
                 18.0 
               
               
                   
                 HEUR Associative Thickener 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
                 Silicone Defoamer 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 935.5 
                 935.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Physical Properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Polymer Solid % 
                 21.6 
                 21.6 
               
               
                   
                 Texanol ot XTR on Solid 
                 9.0 
                 9.0 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer % 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Gravity g/cm3 
                 1.32 
                 1.32 
               
               
                   
                 Weight Solid % 
                 54.6 
                 54.6 
               
               
                   
                 Volume Solid % 
                 41.1 
                 41.1 
               
               
                   
                 VOC (Without Water) g/L 
                 54.6 
                 1.5 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Test Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Coating Properties 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity 
                 95 KU 
                 95 KU 
               
               
                   
                 Fineness of Grind 
                 45-50 
                 45-50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 micron 
                 micron 
               
               
                   
                 Hide at 5.0 mils 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
               
                   
                 Touch Dry @ 20° C. 
                 35 minutes 
                 35 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Gloss @ 60 Degree 
                 ~20 
                 ~20 
               
               
                   
                 Flexibility 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 XTR5 vs Texanol in EPS 2708 (MFFT = 20° 
               
               
                 C.) Acrylic Emulsion Polymer from EPS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Water 
                 220.0 
                 220.0 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulosic Thickener 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Co-Dispersant 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Anionic Dispersing Agent 
                 8.0 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Non-ionic Surfactant 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Base Defoamer 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium Dioxide 
                 50.0 
                 50.0 
               
               
                   
                 Nepheline Syenite Filler 
                 150.0 
                 150.0 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Carbonate 
                 150.0 
                 150.0 
               
               
                   
                 EPS 2708 (50.0%) 
                 360.0 
                 360.0 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene Glycol 
                 15.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Texanol 
                 15.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 XTR 
                 — 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Low VOC Coalescent 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 HEUR Associative Thickener 
                 16.0 
                 16.0 
               
               
                   
                 Oil Base Defoamer 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 999.5 
                 999.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Texanol 
                 XTR5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Physical Properties 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Polymer Solid % 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
               
               
                   
                 Texanol or XTR on Solid 
                 11.1 
                 11.1 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer % 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Gravity g/cm3 
                 1.33 
                 1.33 
               
               
                   
                 Weight Solid % 
                 54.5 
                 54.5 
               
               
                   
                 Volume Solid % 
                 41.0 
                 41.0 
               
               
                   
                 VOC (Without Water) g/L 
                 103.3 
                 59.6 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Test Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Coating Properties 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Viscosity 
                 95 
                 KU 
                 95 
                 KU 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Fineness of Grind 
                 45-50 
                 45-50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 micron 
                 micron 
               
               
                   
                 Hide at 5.0 mils 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Touch Dry @ 20° C. 
                 30 
                 minutes 
                 30 
                 minutes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Gloss @ 60 Degree 
                 ~15 
                 ~15 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Flexibility 
                 The same 
                 The same 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results indicated that XTR5 performed the same as the tested coalescent, in terms of dry time, gloss, brush roll application and film integrity. 
     Example 2 
     Synthesis of bis(1-propoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (XTR3) 
     XTR3 was prepared as set forth in Example 1, herein, except 1-propoxypropan-2-ol, CAS #1569-01-3, was used in place of 1-butoxypropan-2-ol. 
     Example 3 
     Results of bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) Tests 
     Bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as follows. Water was added to a container and the additives were added. The container was placed under a high speed disperser and mixed under slow speed. Natrosol™ hydroxyethylcellulose was added slowly and allowed to mix for 10 minutes increasing speed as needed. The pigments were then added, slowly increasing speed and water as needed. After the pigments were added, the speed was increased to about 2800 rpms. After 10 to 15 minutes the speed was reduced to about 1000 rpms. The latex was added slowly into the vortex. The rest of the water and other additives (depending on the formulation) were then added and allowed to mix for 5 minutes. 
     The testing was conducted as follows. A 3 wet mil drawdown was made on a opacity chart. Dry time was done by putting the opacity chart under a Gardco Ultracycle RHT 5022 dry time tester and letting it run until the coating was dry. The optical properties were done using the same opacity chart after 24 hours dry time. The L* a* b* were read using a X-rite RM200QC. The gloss was measured using aETB-0833 glossmeter. 
     In some tests, bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) was substituted for propylene glycol to evaluate its effectiveness in replacing propylene glycol to create a lower VOC and lower toxicity material. The results indicated that replacement of bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) for propylene glycol resulted in far lower or zero (0) VOC materials. Parameters such as dry time, gloss, solids %, and opacity, which are important in measuring the qualities of a coating, were not adversely affected. 
     In the various tests, the following abbreviations were used: 
     TEX: Texanol™ 
     PG: Propylene Glycol 
     GLY: GlykoSol (Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate), XBC4) 
     TREV, TER or TRV: TreviSol (bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate) 
     OP: Optifilm™ 400, and 
     FF: Film Former IBT. 
     Example 4 
     PVA Flat Formula 
     Table 1 shows materials and combinations tested in a PVA flat formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PVA Flat Latex Formula 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 397.5 
               
               
                 NATROSOL 330 PLUS 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 KTPP 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 226 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 IGEPAL CO-610 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 691 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 91.1 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB 325G 
                 235.5 
               
               
                 KAMIN 70C 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 UCAR 379 
                 250.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                   
                   
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 23.3 
                   
                 23.3 
                   
                 23.3 
                   
                 23.3 
               
               
                 GLYKOSOL 
                   
                 23.3 
                   
                 23.3 
                   
                 23.3 
                   
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for the viscosities (PVA flat) are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CQ217016 PVA FLAT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 50 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEX/PG 
                 9600 
                 7000 
                 4240 
                 3000 
                 2120 
                 1510 
                 1016 
                 774 
                 1008 
                 1470 
                 2000 
                 2840 
                 4000 
                 6200 
                 8800 
               
               
                 TEX/GLY 
                 11200 
                 7800 
                 4880 
                 3360 
                 2340 
                 1650 
                 1056 
                 760 
                 1040 
                 1600 
                 2260 
                 3160 
                 4640 
                 7200 
                 10000 
               
               
                 TREV/PG 
                 8000 
                 6000 
                 3760 
                 2600 
                 1840 
                 1330 
                 892 
                 670 
                 888 
                 1310 
                 1800 
                 2520 
                 3680 
                 6000 
                 9200 
               
               
                 TREV/GLY 
                 11600 
                 8400 
                 5200 
                 3520 
                 2440 
                 1710 
                 1088 
                 778 
                 1068 
                 1650 
                 2320 
                 3280 
                 4800 
                 7600 
                 11200 
               
               
                 OP/PG 
                 8400 
                 6000 
                 3760 
                 2640 
                 1880 
                 1350 
                 904 
                 680 
                 896 
                 1330 
                 1820 
                 2520 
                 3600 
                 5800 
                 8800 
               
               
                 OP/GLY 
                 11200 
                 7800 
                 4960 
                 3400 
                 2380 
                 1700 
                 1116 
                 820 
                 1108 
                 1680 
                 2320 
                 3240 
                 4640 
                 7400 
                 10400 
               
               
                 FF/PG 
                 8800 
                 6200 
                 3920 
                 2800 
                 1980 
                 1430 
                 964 
                 734 
                 960 
                 1410 
                 1920 
                 2680 
                 3840 
                 6000 
                 9600 
               
               
                 FF/GLY 
                 11200 
                 7800 
                 4960 
                 3400 
                 2380 
                 1700 
                 1116 
                 820 
                 1108 
                 1680 
                 2320 
                 3240 
                 4640 
                 7400 
                 10400 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (PVA flat) are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 0.7 
                 1.1 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 L* 
                 95.7 
                 95.7 
                 95.6 
                 95.5 
                 95.6 
                 95.6 
                 95.7 
                 95.7 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
               
               
                 b* 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 88.6 
                 89.3 
                 88.6 
                 88.8 
                 87.8 
                 87.8 
                 88.4 
                 88.1 
               
               
                 VOC (CALCULATED) (g/l) 
                 104.8 
                 33.9 
                 76.1 
                 0.0 
                 105.2 
                 34.0 
                 105.1 
                 34.0 
               
               
                 DRY TIME MINUTES 
                 22 
                 22 
                 20 
                 25 
                 20 
                 25 
                 22 
                 28 
               
               
                 SOLIDS (2 HRS) 
                 52.11% 
                 53.75% 
                 52.78% 
                 53.41% 
                 51.97% 
                 53.65% 
                 52.09% 
                 53.01% 
               
               
                 SOLIDS (24 HRS) 
                 51.89% 
                 52.52% 
                 51.89% 
                 52.21% 
                 51.60% 
                 52.58% 
                 51.69% 
                 51.96% 
               
               
                 SOLIDS CALCULATED 
                 51.35% 
                 51.41% 
                 51.35% 
                 51.41% 
                 51.35% 
                 51.41% 
                 51.35% 
                 51.41% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS. 1A-C  show differences in viscosity, depending on the components. The tests were performed on a Brookfield viscometer and demonstrate that different components have different effects in thickness or viscosity within a formula. 
     Example 5 
     PVA Semi Gloss Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. Table 4 shows materials and combinations tested in a PVA semi gloss formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 292.0 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 226 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 IGEPAL CO-630 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 AMP-95 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 COLLIDS 691 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 200.0 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB 3G 
                 90.0 
               
               
                 NATROSOL PLUS 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 ENCOR 379G 
                 400.2 
               
               
                 ACRYSOL TT-935 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 AMMONIA 
                 1.6 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 14.0 
                 14.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 14.0 
                 14.0 
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                   
                   
                 14.0 
                 14.0 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 14.0 
                 14.0 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 24.7 
                   
                 24.7 
                   
                 24.7 
                   
                 24.7 
               
               
                 GLYKOSOL 
                   
                 24.7 
                   
                 24.7 
                   
                 24.7 
                   
                 24.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for the viscosities (PVA Semi Gloss) are shown in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CQ217015 PVA SEMIGLOSS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 50 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEX/PG 
                 10000 
                 6700 
                 3760 
                 2440 
                 1590 
                 1055 
                 634 
                 447 
                 618 
                 1005 
                 1470 
                 2240 
                 3400 
                 5800 
                 8800 
               
               
                 TEX/GLY 
                 12400 
                 8200 
                 4640 
                 2920 
                 1910 
                 1255 
                 748 
                 517 
                 736 
                 1220 
                 1830 
                 2780 
                 4320 
                 7800 
                 12200 
               
               
                 TREV/PG 
                 7200 
                 5000 
                 3080 
                 2040 
                 1360 
                 925 
                 560 
                 392 
                 546 
                 880 
                 1280 
                 1880 
                 2840 
                 4800 
                 7400 
               
               
                 TREV/GLY 
                 12400 
                 8100 
                 4400 
                 2740 
                 1780 
                 1175 
                 698 
                 486 
                 696 
                 1155 
                 1730 
                 2620 
                 4120 
                 7300 
                 11800 
               
               
                 OP/PG 
                 7800 
                 5300 
                 3080 
                 1980 
                 1320 
                 880 
                 536 
                 383 
                 492 
                 845 
                 1230 
                 1860 
                 2720 
                 4700 
                 7200 
               
               
                 OP/GLY 
                 11400 
                 7300 
                 4080 
                 2620 
                 1700 
                 1120 
                 670 
                 468 
                 670 
                 1100 
                 1640 
                 2480 
                 3840 
                 6800 
                 10400 
               
               
                 FF/PG 
                 10400 
                 6700 
                 3720 
                 2320 
                 1530 
                 1030 
                 616 
                 436 
                 606 
                 975 
                 1440 
                 2160 
                 3320 
                 5800 
                 9400 
               
               
                 FF/GLY 
                 11400 
                 7600 
                 4240 
                 2720 
                 1780 
                 1175 
                 504 
                 493 
                 702 
                 1155 
                 1730 
                 2620 
                 4080 
                 7300 
                 11400 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (PVA Semi Gloss) are shown in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 20 Deg Gloss 
                 4.1 
                 4.0 
                 3.9 
                 6.2 
                 5.3 
                 5.5 
                 3.4 
                 3.4 
               
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 26.0 
                 25.8 
                 25.5 
                 33.1 
                 27.0 
                 31.3 
                 24.2 
                 24.0 
               
               
                 L* 
                 97.0 
                 96.8 
                 96.8 
                 96.9 
                 96.4 
                 96.9 
                 96.7 
                 96.8 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.7 
               
               
                 b* 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 95.5 
                 95.9 
                 95.9 
                 96.4 
                 96.4 
                 96.2 
                 96.6 
                 96.9 
               
               
                 DRY TIME MINUTES 
                 45.0 
                 20.0 
                 25.0 
                 45.0 
                 30.0 
                 25.0 
                 25.0 
                 25.0 
               
               
                 KU VISC 
                 70.0 
                 71.0 
                 69.0 
                 71.0 
                 69.0 
                 71.0 
                 69.0 
                 71.0 
               
               
                 VOC (CALCULATED) 
                 117.2 
                 45.8 
                 78.6 
                 0.0 
                 117.8 
                 46.0 
                 117.6 
                 49.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS. 2A-C  show differences in viscosity, depending on the components. The tests were performed on a Brookfield viscometer and demonstrate that different components have different effects in thickness or viscosity within a formula. 
     Example 6 
     EVA Flat Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. Table 7 shows materials and combinations tested in an EVA flat formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 324.9 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 226 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 IGEPAL CO-630 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 AMP-95 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 COLLIDS 691 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 150.0 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB G325 
                 250.0 
               
               
                 NATROSOL PLUS 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 KAMIN 70C 
                 150.0 
               
               
                 ECOVAE 405 
                 310.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                   
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for the viscosities (EVA flat) are shown in Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CQ217023 EVA FLAT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 50 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEX/PG 
                 46400 
                 28800 
                 15360 
                 9680 
                 6360 
                 4280 
                 2616 
                 1892 
                 2576 
                 4120 
                 6080 
                 9200 
                 14400 
                 27200 
                 44800 
               
               
                 TEX/GLY 
                 50400 
                 31600 
                 17120 
                 10720 
                 7000 
                 4580 
                 2896 
                 2036 
                 2792 
                 4480 
                 6680 
                 10080 
                 15840 
                 29600 
                 48800 
               
               
                 TREV/PG 
                 47200 
                 29200 
                 15520 
                 9840 
                 6400 
                 4240 
                 2536 
                 1844 
                 2520 
                 4040 
                 6000 
                 9120 
                 14560 
                 27200 
                 44800 
               
               
                 TREV/GLY 
                 45600 
                 29220 
                 15680 
                 10160 
                 6680 
                 4460 
                 2704 
                 1948 
                 2680 
                 4300 
                 6360 
                 9600 
                 15040 
                 28400 
                 47200 
               
               
                 OP/PG 
                 45600 
                 28400 
                 15200 
                 9600 
                 6240 
                 4140 
                 2528 
                 1796 
                 2472 
                 3960 
                 5840 
                 8880 
                 14080 
                 26000 
                 44000 
               
               
                 OP/GLY 
                 48000 
                 30800 
                 16640 
                 10640 
                 6920 
                 4620 
                 2824 
                 1996 
                 2736 
                 4360 
                 6440 
                 9760 
                 15200 
                 28400 
                 47200 
               
               
                 FF/PG 
                 48800 
                 30000 
                 16320 
                 10320 
                 6760 
                 4500 
                 2720 
                 1952 
                 2640 
                 4220 
                 6200 
                 9440 
                 14880 
                 27200 
                 46400 
               
               
                 FF/GLY 
                 52000 
                 32400 
                 17600 
                 11200 
                 7320 
                 4900 
                 3000 
                 2116 
                 2888 
                 4620 
                 6840 
                 10400 
                 16160 
                 30000 
                 49600 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (EVA flat) are shown in Table 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 L* 
                 96 
                 96 
                 96 
                 96 
                 96.1 
                 96.1 
                 96.1 
                 96.1 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.7 
               
               
                 b* 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 92.2 
                 92.8 
                 92.2 
                 92.5 
                 92.5 
                 92.8 
                 92.5 
                 92.9 
               
               
                 VOC CALCULATED 
                 27.6 
                 14.0 
                 14.0 
                 0.0 
                 27.6 
                 14.0 
                 27.6 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 3  shows shows the viscosity results in graphical form. 
     Example 7 
     EVA Semi Gloss Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. Table 10 shows materials and combinations tested in an EVA semi gloss formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 FORMULATION EVA SEMI-GLOSS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 316.0 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 226 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 IGEPAL CO-630 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 AMP-95 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 COLLIDS 691 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 150.0 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB 3G 
                 80.0 
               
               
                 NATROSOL PLUS 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 ECOVAE 405 
                 408.0 
               
               
                 ACRYSOL TT-935 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 AMMONIA 
                 8.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                   
                   
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
               
               
                 GLYKOSOL 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
                   
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for the viscosities (EVA semi gloss) are shown in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CQ217022 EVA SEMIGLOSS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 50 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEX/PG 
                 21200 
                 13600 
                 7440 
                 4760 
                 3140 
                 3110 
                 1304 
                 954 
                 1284 
                 2000 
                 2900 
                 4360 
                 6720 
                 12400 
                 20400 
               
               
                 TEX/GLY 
                 22400 
                 14400 
                 7920 
                 5160 
                 3420 
                 2340 
                 1460 
                 1038 
                 1404 
                 2180 
                 3160 
                 4720 
                 7200 
                 13600 
                 22400 
               
               
                 TREV/PG 
                 20000 
                 12800 
                 7040 
                 4560 
                 3020 
                 2040 
                 1268 
                 912 
                 1224 
                 1910 
                 2780 
                 4200 
                 6480 
                 12000 
                 19200 
               
               
                 TREV/GLY 
                 22800 
                 14200 
                 7920 
                 5080 
                 3380 
                 2280 
                 1420 
                 1018 
                 1380 
                 2150 
                 3100 
                 4640 
                 7120 
                 13200 
                 21600 
               
               
                 OP/PG 
                 20400 
                 13000 
                 7120 
                 4640 
                 3060 
                 2070 
                 1284 
                 920 
                 1244 
                 1940 
                 2820 
                 4240 
                 6640 
                 12200 
                 20400 
               
               
                 OP/GLY 
                 22800 
                 14400 
                 8080 
                 5200 
                 3460 
                 2330 
                 1448 
                 1040 
                 1408 
                 2190 
                 3080 
                 4760 
                 7280 
                 13600 
                 21600 
               
               
                 FF/PG 
                 20800 
                 13000 
                 7200 
                 4680 
                 3100 
                 2060 
                 1292 
                 938 
                 1268 
                 1980 
                 2880 
                 4360 
                 6800 
                 12600 
                 20400 
               
               
                 FF/GLY 
                 21200 
                 13800 
                 7680 
                 5040 
                 3380 
                 2310 
                 1448 
                 1046 
                 1416 
                 2200 
                 3180 
                 4760 
                 7280 
                 13400 
                 21600 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (EVA semi gloss) are shown in Table 12. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 29.9 
                 29.9 
                 29.8 
                 30.2 
                 30.3 
                 30.6 
                 30.7 
                 30.3 
               
               
                 L* 
                 96.6 
                 96.5 
                 96.5 
                 96.4 
                 96.6 
                 96.6 
                 96.6 
                 96.5 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
               
               
                 b* 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 93.4 
                 93.3 
                 9.9 
                 93.1 
                 92.9 
                 92.7 
                 93.0 
                 92.6 
               
               
                 DRY TIME MINUTES 
                 40 
                 35 
                 32 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 40 
               
               
                 VOC CALCULATED 
                 34.7 
                 17.6 
                 17.7 
                 0.0 
                 34.7 
                 17.7 
                 34.7 
                 17.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 8 
     Styrene Acrylic Flat Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. Table 13 shows materials and combinations tested in a styrene acrylic flat formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 FORMULATION STRYENE ACRYLIC FLAT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 233.9 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 226 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 IGEPAL CO-630 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 AMP-95 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 COLLIDS 691 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 NATROSOL PLUS 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 150.0 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB 3G 
                 250.0 
               
               
                 ENCOR 471 
                 350.0 
               
               
                 ENCOR 471 
                 350.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 GLYOKSOL 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (styrene acrylic flat) are shown in Table 14. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 L* 
                 96.2 
                 96.3 
                 96.1 
                 96.4 
                 96.2 
                 96.3 
                 96.2 
                 96.2 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
                 −0.9 
               
               
                 b* 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 93.1 
                 93.4 
                 92.8 
                 93.4 
                 92.8 
                 93.4 
                 93.4 
                 92.8 
               
               
                 VOC CALCULATED 
                 129.6 
                 77.5 
                 60.8 
                 0.0 
                 130.1 
                 78.2 
                 129.9 
                 78.2 
               
               
                 DRY TIME MINUTES 
                 35 
                 35 
                 40 
                 30 
                 35 
                 45 
                 28 
                 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 4  shows the viscosity results (styrene acrylic flat) in graphical form. 
     Example 9 
     Styrene Acrylic Semi Gloss Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. Table 15 shows materials and combinations tested in a styrene acrylic semi gloss formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 FORMULATION STRYENE ACRYLIC SEMI-GLOSS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 402.4 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 224 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 IGEPAL CO-630 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 AMP-95 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 COLLIDS 691 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 NATROSOL PLUS 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 150.6 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB 3G 
                 34.2 
               
               
                 ENCOR 471 
                 381.1 
               
               
                 ACRYSOL TT-935 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 AMMONIA 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 ENCOR 471 
                 381.1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 GLYOKSOL 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
                 — 
                 23.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (styrene acrylic semi gloss) are shown in Table 16. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 6.8 
                 13.7 
                 6.3 
                 14.9 
                 5.2 
                 12.5 
                 6.0 
                 14.0 
               
               
                 L* 
                 96.0 
                 95.6 
                 96.3 
                 96.4 
                 96.4 
                 96.5 
                 96.4 
                 95.9 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
               
               
                 b* 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 90.2 
                 90.9 
                 90.1 
                 90.4 
                 90.8 
                 90.1 
                 90.5 
                 90.7 
               
               
                 VOC CALCULATED 
                 197.2 
                 121.3 
                 97.0 
                 0.0 
                 198.3 
                 122.8 
                 197.8 
                 122.5 
               
               
                 DRY TIME MINUTES 
                 55 
                 50 
                 45 
                 30 
                 50 
                 25 
                 25 
                 45 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 5  shows the viscosity results (styrene acrylic semi gloss) in graphical form. 
     Example 10 
     Acrylic Semi Gloss Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. Table 17 shows materials and combinations tested in an acrylic semi gloss formula. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 FORMULATION ACRYLIC SEMI-GLOSS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 WATER 
                 223.0 
               
               
                 AMP-95 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 COLLOIDS 226 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 COLLIDS 691 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 TIO2(R-706) 
                 152.0 
               
               
                 HUBERCARB 3G 
                 78.0 
               
               
                 ENCOR 662 
                 530.0 
               
               
                 ACRYSOL TT-935 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 AMMONIA 
                 10.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEXANOL 
                 8.3 
                 8.3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TREVISOL 
                   
                   
                 8.3 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 OPTIFILM 400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8.3 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 UCAR FILM IBT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8.3 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 20.0 
                   
                 20.0 
                   
                 20.0 
                   
                 20.0 
               
               
                 GLYKOSOL 
                   
                 20.0 
                   
                 20.0 
                   
                 20.0 
                   
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for the viscosities (acrylic semi gloss) are shown in Table 18. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CQ217018 ACRYLIC SEMIGLOSS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 50 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEX/PG 
                 12400 
                 7200 
                 3840 
                 2400 
                 1520 
                 990 
                 600 
                 422 
                 600 
                 1000 
                 1520 
                 2400 
                 3760 
                 6800 
                 11600 
               
               
                 TEX/GLY 
                 8800 
                 6400 
                 4160 
                 2920 
                 2200 
                 1720 
                 1280 
                 1018 
                 1272 
                 1680 
                 2100 
                 2760 
                 3760 
                 5800 
                 7600 
               
               
                 TREV/PG 
                 11600 
                 6600 
                 3520 
                 2240 
                 1480 
                 1000 
                 644 
                 482 
                 640 
                 980 
                 1420 
                 2120 
                 3280 
                 6000 
                 10000 
               
               
                 TREV/GLY 
                 6000 
                 5200 
                 5760 
                 3640 
                 3080 
                 2670 
                 2156 
                 1700 
                 2156 
                 2660 
                 3060 
                 3560 
                 4240 
                 6200 
                 6800 
               
               
                 OP/PG 
                 9600 
                 6600 
                 3520 
                 2240 
                 1480 
                 1000 
                 636 
                 476 
                 636 
                 980 
                 1420 
                 2160 
                 3360 
                 6200 
                 10000 
               
               
                 OP/GLY 
                 5600 
                 5000 
                 3920 
                 3200 
                 2620 
                 2220 
                 1764 
                 1418 
                 1764 
                 2190 
                 2580 
                 3080 
                 3840 
                 4800 
                 5600 
               
               
                 FF/PG 
                 11200 
                 7000 
                 3760 
                 2320 
                 1500 
                 980 
                 596 
                 426 
                 596 
                 970 
                 1460 
                 2280 
                 3680 
                 7000 
                 11600 
               
               
                 FF/GLY 
                 7200 
                 6400 
                 4160 
                 3000 
                 2260 
                 1770 
                 1324 
                 1056 
                 1316 
                 1730 
                 2180 
                 2880 
                 3840 
                 6000 
                 8400 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results for different parameters (acrylic semi gloss) are shown in Table 19. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TEX 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PG 
                 TEX 
                 TREV 
                 TREV 
                 OP 
                 OP 
                 FF 
                 FF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTROL 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
                 PG 
                 GLY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 20 Deg Gloss 
                 6.9 
                 6.7 
                 6.8 
                 6.8 
                 7.1 
                 7.2 
                 7.2 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 60 Deg Gloss 
                 30.4 
                 29.4 
                 29.7 
                 29.7 
                 30.5 
                 30.4 
                 30.9 
                 30.5 
               
               
                 L* 
                 96.1 
                 96.6 
                 96.6 
                 96.8 
                 96.6 
                 96.7 
                 96.7 
                 96.7 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.7 
                 −0.8 
                 −0.8 
               
               
                 b* 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 1 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Opacity (Y) 
                 93.7 
                 94.3 
                 93.7 
                 94.1 
                 94.1 
                 94.3 
                 93.8 
                 94.2 
               
               
                 VOC (CALCULATED) 
                 133.6 
                 43.1 
                 98.8 
                 0.0 
                 134.1 
                 43.3 
                 134.0 
                 43.2 
               
               
                 DRY TIME MINUTES 
                 15 
                 20 
                 25 
                 30 
                 20 
                 30 
                 25 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS. 6A-C  show the viscosity results (acrylic semi gloss) in graphical form, where TEX is Texanol™, PG is Propylene Glycol, GLY is GlykoSol, OP is Optifilm™ 400, and FF is Film Former IBT. 
     Example 11 
     Acrylic Flat Formula 
     Bis(2-ButoxyEthyl Carbonate) was tested in a number of water-based flat paints, as set out in Example 3. 
     The results for the viscosities (acrylic flat) are shown in Table 20. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CQ218002 ACRYLIC FLAT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 50 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TEX/PG 
                 1400 
                 1300 
                 1240 
                 1000 
                 840 
                 715 
                 596 
                 542 
                 624 
                 735 
                 820 
                 900 
                 1000 
                 1200 
                 1400 
               
               
                 TEX/GLY 
                 3800 
                 3800 
                 3000 
                 2240 
                 1720 
                 1345 
                 1020 
                 842 
                 1004 
                 1240 
                 1440 
                 1660 
                 1920 
                 2200 
                 2800 
               
               
                 TREV/PG 
                 1600 
                 1500 
                 1320 
                 1040 
                 860 
                 725 
                 586 
                 508 
                 588 
                 700 
                 780 
                 840 
                 960 
                 1200 
                 1200 
               
               
                 TREV/GLY 
                 2800 
                 2800 
                 2360 
                 1940 
                 1580 
                 1295 
                 1080 
                 907 
                 1088 
                 1355 
                 1560 
                 1800 
                 2040 
                 2400 
                 2800 
               
               
                 OP/PG 
                 1200 
                 1300 
                 1200 
                 940 
                 790 
                 665 
                 542 
                 479 
                 548 
                 640 
                 720 
                 780 
                 880 
                 1000 
                 1200 
               
               
                 OP/GLY 
                 4800 
                 4100 
                 2760 
                 2160 
                 1720 
                 1375 
                 1050 
                 867 
                 1046 
                 1320 
                 1550 
                 1800 
                 2080 
                 2500 
                 2800 
               
               
                 FF/PG 
                 1400 
                 1300 
                 1080 
                 920 
                 760 
                 650 
                 540 
                 478 
                 544 
                 635 
                 700 
                 760 
                 880 
                 900 
                 1000 
               
               
                 FF/GLY 
                 4400 
                 4200 
                 3280 
                 2500 
                 1890 
                 1485 
                 1122 
                 922 
                 1108 
                 1395 
                 1630 
                 1900 
                 2200 
                 2600 
                 3000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIGS. 7A-C  show the viscosity results (acrylic flat) in graphical form. 
     Example 12 
     Texanol Comparison 
     Bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) was also tested to evaluate its performance against Texanol in forming a cohesive film at various temperatures. Scrubs were done after one week dry time using ASTM-D2486; blocking was done after one week dry time using ASTM-D4946-89; and the Minimum Film Forming Temperature (MFFT_ was done by ASTM D 2354 using Rhopoint TE-MFFT-9011. 
     The MMFT results were as follows (MFFT ENCOR 471): 
     a. resin only, greater that 33° C.; 
     b. 3% Texanol, 22.6° C.; 
     c. 3% TreviSol, 19.9° C.; 
     d. 4% Texanol; 22.6° C.; 
     e. 4% TreviSol, 13° C.; 
     f. 5% Texanol, 13.4° C.; 
     g. 5% TreviSol, 7.3° C.; 
     h. 6% Texanol, 10.6° C.; 
     i. 6% TreviSol, less than −1° C. 
     The results showed that bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) is far more efficient at forming a film at similar temperatures but that it may also form a film as low as −1 deg C. By contrast, the lowest temperature Texanol could form a film was 10.6 Deg C. 
     Furthermore, the ASTM D 2486 scrub tests showed that when a film is fully coalesced using bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5), it has greater integral strength and far more resistant to burnishing, marking, scuffs and abrasion. Thus, a film using bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) as the coalescent solvent in the formula is far more efficient than Texanol and less bis(1-butoxypropan-2-yl) carbonate (TreviSol, XTR5) can be used. 
     In the preceding description, for purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the examples. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required. 
     The above-described examples are intended to be exemplary only. 
     Alterations, modifications and variations can be effected to the particular examples by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope, which is defined by the claims appended hereto.