Patent Publication Number: US-7719425-B2

Title: Radio frequency shielding

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims priority and benefit from commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Applications: No. 60/650,478 entitled “RFID Shielding,” filed Feb. 7, 2005; No. 60/678,428 entitled “RFID device,” filed May 6, 2005; No. 60/685,331 entitled “RF Powered Remote,” filed May 27, 2005; No. 60/700,884 entitled “Electronically Switchable RFID,” filed Jul. 19, 2005; No. 60/712,308 entitled “Passive radio frequency data logger,” filed Aug. 30, 2005; No. 60/715,641 entitled “RFID applications,” filed Sep. 10, 2005; No. 60/752,933 entitled “Multi-key FOB,” filed Dec. 21, 2005; and No. 60/758,751 entitled “Multi-switch Credit Card,” filed Jan. 13, 2006. The disclosures of these provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
   This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/349,766 entitled “Containers Including Radio Frequency Shielding,” and filed Feb. 7, 2006, and to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/350,185 entitled “Identity Devices Including Radio Frequency Shielding,” and filed Feb. 7, 2006. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The invention is in the fields of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, and more specifically in the field of RFID tag shielding. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   Radio Frequency identity (RFID) tags are, for example, typically small, flexible, and low profile devices that can be affixed to items for electronic tracking and information storage purposes. An RFID tag can be read by an RFID reader when the RFID tag is brought within a certain vicinity of the reader that is broadcasting a radio frequency signal. In some cases, once within that vicinity, the RFID tag receives sufficient power from the radio frequency signal to permit it to transmit a return radio frequency signal using the received power. These RFID tags are referred to as passive RFID tags. In other cases the RFID tag has an independent power source for generating a return radio frequency signal. These RFID tags are referred to as active RFID tags. With either passive or active RFID tags, the return radio frequency signal may include an encoded copy of information stored within the RFID tag. As RFID tags achieve more wide-spread use they will become ubiquitous on forms of identification, and be included in personal and business effects, such as passports, driver&#39;s licenses, keys, cell phones, PDAs, and so forth. For example, an RFID tag may be incorporated in a driver&#39;s license to store personal information about the licensee. As used herein, RFID tags include radio frequency contactless chips. 
   A problem with using RFID tags to store security, confidential and/or personal information is that an RFID reader can read any RFID tags that pass within its range. Even if data is encrypted, this creates a possibility of unauthorized access to the personal data and other information stored in the RFID tag, or at the least, detection of the presence of the RFID tag. 
   SUMMARY 
   The invention includes the use of shielding in relation to RFID tags. For example, some embodiments of the invention include shielded containers for storing devices including RFID tags. These devices can include identification devices such as passports, credit cards, or driver&#39;s licenses. 
   Some embodiments of the invention include shielded containers and RFID tags, the RFID tags configured for use in determining a state of the container. For example, detection of an RFID tag can be used to determine if the container is open or closed. These embodiments are optionally used in event logging or security. 
   Some embodiments of the invention include shielding attached to identification devices. This shielding may, for example, be included in a clamshell configuration, as a shielding insert, or as part of a page or cover. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a container comprising an RFID tag configured for determining if the container is open or closed, and radio frequency shielding configured to shield a signal from the RFID tag responsive to whether the container is open or closed. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a vehicle comprising a receptacle attached to the vehicle and configured to receive an identification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the receptacle and configured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device is placed within the receptacle. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a purse comprising a receptacle configured to receive an identification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the purse and configured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device is placed in the receptacle. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a wallet comprising a receptacle configured to receive an identification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the wallet and configured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device is placed in the receptacle. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a shielded RFID device comprising an identity device including an RFID tag, and a cover physically attached to the device, the cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag in a first position and to not shield the RFID tag in a second position. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include an identification device comprising a base including a surface configured to display identifying information, an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, and a cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag when closed and to allow the RFID tag to communicate with a reader when open. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport device comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surface configured to visually display the identifying information, and an attached cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag when the cover is closed, and configured to enable reading of the RFID tag when the cover is open. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport device comprising a first cover part including identifying information on an inside surface, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by a fold, an RFID tag within the first cover or the second cover part, and a page between the first cover part and the second cover part, the page including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in a first position and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a driver&#39;s license device comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surface configured to visually display the identifying information, and a cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured to shield the RFID tag in a first position, and configured to enable reading of the RFID tag in a second position. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a credit card device comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit account information, an attached cover including radio frequency shielding and configured to move relative to the RFID tag, to shield the RFID tag in a first position, and not to shield the RFID that in a second position. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a shielding device comprising a shielding material configured to be temporally attached to an identity device and to shield an RFID tag within the identity device, and an attachment mechanism configured for attaching the shielding material to the identity device. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport reading system comprising an RFID reader, and a base disposed to form a slot between the base and the RFID reader, a width of the slot configured for passage of a passport in an open position such that shielding material within the passport does not interfere with communications between the RFID reader and an RFID tag included in the passport. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport reading system comprising a first RFID reader, a second RFID reader, a third RFID reader, the first, second and third RFID readers surrounding a passport reading volume and being disposed such that at least one of the first, second and third RFID readers will be at a proper angle relative to an antenna of an RFID tag within a passport in the passport reading volume to read the RFID tag, and also disposed such that transmission between the RFID tag and the at least one of the first, second and third RFID readers is not prevented by shielding within the passport when the passport is open in the passport reading zone regardless of the angle of the shielding relative to the first, second and third readers. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a cover material configured for inclusion in a polarity of identity devices, a strip of shielding deposited on the cover material, a first RFID tag deposited on the cover material, a second RFID tag deposited on the cover material, and a cutting area configured to be cut in order to produce the plurality of identity devices, the cut including cutting of the strip of shielding and separation of the first RFID tag and the second RFID tag. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surface configured to visually display the identifying information, and a cover including a first part and a second part separated by a fold, the first part including the RFID tag and the second part including a radio frequency shielding configured to shield the RFID tag when the cover is closed, and configured to allow reading of the RFID tag when the cover is open, the radio frequency shielding including metallic fibers disposed within the second part. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising a first cover part including identifying information including a photograph on an inside surface, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by a fold, an RFID tag within the first cover or the second cover part, and a page between the first cover part and the second cover part, the page including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in a first position and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising a first cover part including an RFID tag disposed at least 5 mm from a fold, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by the fold and including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in a first position of the second cover part and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position of the cover part. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a cover material configured for inclusion in a polarity of identity devices, a strip of shielding deposited on the cover material, a first RFID tag deposited on the cover material, a second RFID tag deposited on the cover material, and a cutting area configured to be cut in order to produce the plurality of identity devices, the cut including cutting of the strip of shielding and separation of a location for depositing of the first RFID tag and a location for depositing of the second RFID tag. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include a method comprising depositing a radio frequency shielding material on a first part of a cover material, depositing at least a first radio frequency identity tag and a second radio frequency identity tag on a second part of the cover material, cutting the cover material through the radio frequency shielding, and creating a fold in the flexible material, the fold separating the first part of the cover material from the second part of the cover material. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a container including a receptacle configured to store an ID incorporating an RFID tag, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a container including an RFID tag or alternatively an RFID tag reader. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates various monitoring systems that employ illustrative embodiments of the container of  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates further details of an embodiment of the container of  FIG. 2  that includes a monitored vial. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment of a monitored vial that includes more than one compartment. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of the container of  FIG. 2  wherein the container is a room. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an access system based on an RFID tag, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a clamshell ID including a base including an RFID tag and a cover connected to the base, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a clamshell ID similar to that shown in  FIG. 8  except that the base and cover are pivotally connected at a point rather than along an edge, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrate an ID similar to that shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9  except that the cover is configured to fit into the base, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates further detail of some embodiments of a clamshell ID having a first cover and second cover separated by a fold. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates further embodiments of a clamshell ID including a first cover and second cover separated by a fold. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a clamshell ID wherein shielding is added to a page, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an identification device, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a method of allowing communication to an RFID tag, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a method of modifying an RFID enabled identification device, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a method of making an identity device including, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating a stage in the manufacture of an identification device, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates the method of manufacturing an identification device, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates an RFID reader system, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates an alternative RFID reader system, according to various embodiments of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Various embodiments of the present invention includes holders (e.g., containers) including radio frequency shielding materials to protect items, such as IDs (identification devices), incorporating RFID tags from being read. In some embodiments, a person can allow information within an RFID tag to be read by removing the item from the holder, while in other embodiments the holder is merely opened or removed to allow the RFID tag to be read. Replacing the item within the holder, or closing the holder, secures the item&#39;s RFID tag from unwanted readings from, or detection by, unknown or unauthorized RFID readers. It will be appreciated that items other than IDs, such as library books, consumer electronics, medications, and so forth, can also include, or be packaged with, RFID tags that a person may wish to shield from unauthorized RFID readers. Holders specifically tailored for such items, as well as general purpose holders such as wallets, purses and briefcases, can also include radio frequency shielding (also referred to herein as shielding) according to the present invention. 
   The holder can be in the general form of a container as an illustrative example, having two similar rectangular sides joined around three edges, being configured to be repeatedly opened and close, and optionally including a closure or flap along the fourth side. Such holders are well suited to the typical shape of most personal IDs such as passports, driver&#39;s licenses, green cards, credit and debit cards, medical information cards, insurance cards, medical alerts, student identification cards, security badges, immigration documents, or the like. Typically, the holder is configured to be repeatedly opened and closed to receive the ID. 
   The holder can also be a case such as a carrying-case for a cell phone or digital camera. The holder can also be a purse, suitcase, backpack, briefcase, satchel, glove compartment, a jewelry container, and the like. In some embodiments, the RF shielding is physically attached to the holder. The holder can alternatively include a checkbook holder, a wallet, a ticket holder, or a windshield visor pocket. Some embodiments of the invention are directed at articles of clothing in which one or more pockets include an attached radio frequency shielding material. Additional embodiments are directed to key holders. 
   The desirability of RFID shielding for the objects listed above will be readily appreciated. Being able to read an RFID tag on a green card (an immigration document) without the owner of the green card giving consent or being aware that the green card is being read, for example, can enable less scrupulous individuals to engage in improper behaviors. Incorporating RFID shielding into a wallet, purse, or other type of holder would prevent an RFID tag on an item within the holder from being read unless the item is deliberately exposed to the RFID reader, for instance, by removing the item from the holder. In view of the problem of identity theft, such shielding is desirable for credit cards with RFID tags, social security cards with RFID tags, driver&#39;s licenses with RFID tags, and so forth. 
   In some instances the RFID tag is essentially a label that has been attached to an object for inventory or similar purposes. Library books can carry RFID tags, for example. Accordingly, providing RFID shielding for various carrying devices, such as purses, suitcases, book bags, briefcases, and satchels can prevent RFID tags in library books and other objects from being read without permission. In other instances the RFID tag is more integral with an object. Consumer electronics, electronic media, and so forth, can be manufactured to include RFID tags inside of housings, on printed circuit boards, and on electronic components, for example. Often, such devices have specially designed cases such as cell phone cases and camera cases. These cases can also comprise RFID shielding to prevent the RFID tags in the associated devices from being read without authorization. 
   In some embodiments, the holder is clear (e.g., transparent) so that the ID, such as a driver&#39;s license, can be readily seen without having to be removed from the holder. Many wallets include either a plastic sleeve or a leather pocket with a plastic window for this purpose. In some embodiments, of the invention in which at least part of the holder is transparent, the shielding in the transparent region needs to also be transparent. Certain electrically conductive polymers can serve as the RFID shielding material in these embodiments. Other transparent and non-transparent materials for RFID shielding are discussed further herein. 
   In some embodiments, the holder is designed to allow the ID to be easily and repeatedly removed and returned. For instance, some credit and debit cards have a smaller format (mini-cards) and can be stored in a matching case that can serve as a fob for keys. In some of these embodiments, the holder and the ID card are pivotally attached to one another so that the ID card can flip out from the holder, and in still further embodiments a spring mechanism aids in extending and retracting the ID card. Other cases of the present invention can comprise a clamshell configuration. Such ID card holders of the present invention include an RFID shielding material. 
   The present invention also provides for articles of clothing designed to include pockets that can shield RFID tags on objects within the pockets. In these embodiments the articles of clothing can be made from a cloth that includes a radio frequency shielding material, or the pocket can be lined with the radio frequency shielding material. 
   The present invention also provides for key holders comprising RFID shielding. The keys that are held by such key holders can be either mechanical or electronic, where mechanical is used herein to refer to keys meant to fit into mechanical locks such as car keys, house keys, and the like. Electronic keys refer to keys that carry an encoded password on a magnetic strip, a bar code, an RFID tag, or the like. Either type of key can include an RFID tag as either a further component of the locking mechanism or for completely unrelated reasons. An RFID tag on a key is part of the locking mechanism, for example, when the lock reads the RFID tag for some purpose, such as to read the key numbers from RFID tags on different keys in order to track which keys are being used in the lock. 
   Electronic keys are often placed on ID badges and other forms of identification. An RFID tag with such electronic keys may carry confidential information but be unrelated to the lock mechanism. In some embodiments, the key holder is retractable, and in some of these embodiments the key holder is spring-loaded to automatically retract the key into the key holder. 
   In the embodiments described herein, the holder, whether an container, case, article of clothing, or key holder, has some form of opening through which the ID or other object having an RFID tag can be transferred. In some embodiments, the holder also includes a closure for closing the opening. In some of these embodiments, the closure can comprise a flap that closes over the opening. In other embodiments the closure is a zipper, Velcro, or related closure device. The closure can provide an electrical contact between opposing sides of the opening, in some instances. 
   In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is incorporated into an ID. For example, a passport can include an RFID shielding material in the passport&#39;s cover so that an RFID tag within the passport can only be read when the passport is opened. Similarly, a driver&#39;s license can include a clamshell cover and base including an RFID shielding material, or a pivoting cover including an RFID shielding material. 
   The RFID shielding material can be provided in numerous different ways. The radio frequency shielding material can include a conductive material such as a metal or an electrically conductive plastic. The RFID shielding can be attached using adhesive. The radio frequency shielding material can include a mesh with a mesh size small enough to provide shielding against the radio frequency range used by RFID readers. The radio frequency shielding material can be laminated, either by laminating the RFID shielding material to another layer, such as a protective material layer, and/or by laminating together multiple layers of RFID shielding materials. In many embodiments the RFID shielding material is either flexible, transparent, or both. Examples of suitable RFID shielding materials include metal-coated elastomers such as aluminized Mylar and copper-coated plastic sheets and films. In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is a semi-transparent mesh. 
   In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is effective to form a Faraday cage around the ID, object, or key. Closing the closure can be effective to complete the Faraday cage, in some instances. In other embodiments the RFID shielding is used in selective locations in the holder. For example, where a nation&#39;s passport includes an RFID tag in a lower right-hand corner of the cover, passport holders designed for that nation&#39;s passports need only include RFID shielding above and/or below the location of the RFID tag when the passport is in the passport holder. 
   The RFID shielding shields an RFID tag from a reader in two ways. First, the RFID shielding greatly reduces the power being broadcast from the reader that reaches the RFID tag within the holder. This cuts the power available to the RFID tag to transmit information back. Secondly, even if the RFID tag receives enough power to transmit, the signal sent from the RFID tag is also attenuated. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the effectiveness of the RFID shielding can be varied considerably based on choices of radio frequency shielding materials and their thicknesses, mesh sizes, and so forth. In some embodiments, the radio frequency shielding material provides a reduction of input power to the RFID tag by between about 5 db-30 db, 10 db-25 db, 15 db-20 db, or more than 15, 25, 35 or 45 db. 
   In some embodiments, the container is configured to be repeatedly opened and closed to receive an item including an RFID tag. In some embodiments, the container includes a closure configured to enhance the shielding. 
   In some embodiments, the container configured to just fit a standard California driver&#39;s license. These embodiments may be characterized by inner dimensions of less then 3.5 inches, 3.75 inches, 4 inches or 4.5 inches height, and less then 2.25 inches, 2.5 inches or 2.75 inches in width. In some embodiments, the container is configured to just fit a U.S. passport or a passport issued by another country. These embodiments may be characterized by inner dimensions of less then 5 inches, 5.25 inches, 5.5 inches or 6 inches in height, and less than 3.5 inches, 3.75 inches, 4 inches or 4.5 inches in width. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates a Container  100  including a Receptacle  110  configured to store an ID  130  (identification device) incorporating an RFID Tag  140 . The Container  100  and Receptacle  110  may include a wallet, purse, passport holder, key chain, ticket holder, pocket, sleeve, slot, opening, niche, compartment, lid &amp; base, glove compartment, jewelry, suitcase, backpack, bag, carrier, carton, box, sack, carton, casing, shell, carapace, covering, sheath, or the like. Container  100  further includes attached Shielding  120  configured to attenuate the transmission of radio frequency signals to or from the RFID Tag  140 . Receptacle  110  is configured to be repeatedly opened and repeatedly closed for insertion and removal of ID  130 . 
     FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of a Container  200  including RFID Tag  140  or alternatively an RFID tag Reader  210 . Container  200  is optionally an embodiment of the Container of  FIG. 1 , and visa-versa. Container  200  further includes Shielding  120  configured to attenuate the transmission of radio frequency signals to or from the RFID Tag  140  or Reader  210 . The shielding effect of the Shielding  120  is optionally dependent on a state of the Container  200 . For example, in some embodiments, the Shielding  120  may be more efficient at attenuating RF transmission when Container  120  is closed than when it is open. As such, in some embodiments, the state of the Container  200  may be determined by a magnitude of a detected radio frequency signal between RFID Tag  140  and Reader  210  either of which may be within Container  200 . 
     FIG. 3  illustrates various monitoring systems that employ illustrative embodiments of Container  200 . These illustrative embodiments include a wall hanging (e.g., a Picture  320 ), a Refrigerator  325 , a Jewelry Box  330 , a Chest of Drawers  335 , a Monitored Vial  340 , a Filing Cabinet  345 , and a Safe  350 . In these embodiments, the monitoring systems further include RFID tag Reader  210  and optional Alarm and/or Log  310 . Each of these examples of Container  200  include one or more RFID Tag  140  and Shielding  120  (whether shown or not) configured to modify the transmission of RFID signals from Reader  210  to RFID Tags  140  responsive to a state of the Container  200 . 
   For example, the Picture  320  illustrated includes Shielding  120  (not shown) that surrounds the RFID Tag  140  while Picture  320  is mounted on Wall  330 . Shielding  120  is configured such that the attenuation effect of the shielding will be reduced if Picture  320  is removed from Wall  330 . For example, Shielding  120  may be disposed to form a Faraday cage around or interfere with the RFID Tag  140  (e.g. be on the back of the picture, optional standoffs, and/or wall) and if Picture  320  is removed from Wall  330  a resulting gap, or reduction in interference, will allow increased RFID signal transmission between the associated RFID Tag  140  and Reader  210 . Picture  320  may alternatively be a statue or some other object designed to sit on a surface with an RFID tag between the object and the surface. 
   In a similar manner each of the Refrigerator  325 , Jewelry Box  330 , Chest  335 , Monitored Vial  340 , Filing Cabinet  345  and Safe  350  includes Shielding  120  configured such that a magnitude of an RFID tag signal received by Reader  210  is dependent on whether the particular container is open or not. 
   Reader  210  is configured to detect RFID signals from one or more of the RFID Tags  140  and to generate a responsive output signal. In some embodiments, this responsive output signal is a quantitative or qualitative indication of the state of one or more of the containers. The reader is optionally configured to distinguish the signals received from each of the one or more RFID tags and, thus, identify which of the containers is open. 
   Alarm/Log unit  310  is optionally an alarm system or a logging system configured to activate an alarm or log an event responsive to the output signal of Reader  210 . For example, in some embodiments, the Alarm/Log unit  310  is configured to activate an alarm when Picture  320  is removed from the wall or Safe  350  is opened. In some embodiments, the Alarm Log unit  310  is configured to log when Filing Cabinet  345 , Chest  335  or Drawers or Refrigerator  325  is opened. 
   In alternative embodiments, Reader  210  may be placed within the container and RFID Tag  140  outside. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates further details of an embodiment of the Container of  FIG. 2  that includes Monitored Vial  340 . Monitored Vial  340  includes shielding in a Lid  410  and/or Base  420 . When the Lid  410  and Base  420  are attached the shielding attenuates any signal from the enclosed RFID Tag  140 . When Lid  410  is opened the attenuation is reduced. The RFID tag is optionally disposed on the underside of Lid  410 . The illustrated embodiments are optionally used to monitor the use of medication or other material stored within Monitored Vial  340 . The monitored vial is optionally an alternative form of Container  200  and optionally configured to store alternative types of goods. In some embodiments, Reader  210  of  FIG. 3  is configured to log when Monitored Vial  340  is opened and closed. For example, if a user has a medication that should be taken at a specific time Reader  210  may be used to detect if Monitored Vial  340  is opened at these times and activate a reminder using Alarm/Log  310  if Monitored Vial  340  is not opened at a time medication should be taken. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment of Monitored Vial  340  that includes more than one Compartment  510 . Each Compartment  510  includes a separate RFID Tag  140  that may be separately identifiable using Reader  210 . This embodiment may be used, for example, to monitor an activity that should occur at a variety of different times (e.g., times of day or days of the week.). 
     FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of the Container of  FIG. 2  wherein Container  200  includes a Room  610 . In these embodiments, radio frequency signals between RFID Tag  140  and Reader  210  may be used to determine if an opening to the room is open. Room  610  includes Shielded Wall(s)  620  that block radio frequency signals between Tag  140  and Reader  210  when an Opening  630  is closed. When Opening  630  is open Tag  140  can be detected by Reader  210  and this stage can be logged by Alarm/Log  310 . While the illustration shows Reader  210  within Room  610  and RFID Tag  140  outside, these positions are optionally exchanged. Room  610  is optionally a shipping container. RFID Tag  140  is optionally mounted on Opening  630  such that Tag  140  is brought within reading range of Reader  210  when Opening  630  is opened. Opening  630  can be, for example, a window or door. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates an access system based on an RFID Tag  140 . RFID Tag  140  is optionally implanted within a Animal or Person  720  or attached to an animal collar. A Reader/Lock Control  710  is configured to detect a signal from RFID Tag  140  and to control a Lock  740  in response. Lock  740  controls the function of a Barrier  730 , such as a door or gate. Reader/Lock Control  710  is optionally programmable to operate responsive to particular instances of RFID Tag  140 . 
   The Reader/Lock Control  710  illustrated in  FIG. 7  is optionally used in the following manner. RFID Tag  140  is placed within or attached to the Animal or Person  720 . Reader/Lock Control  710  is placed in a programming mode. A serial number of the RFID Tag  140  is programmed into the Reader/Lock Control  710  either by digital data entry or communication, or by bringing the RFID Tag  140  within the reading range of the Reader/Lock Control  710 , such that the serial number can be read from the RFID Tag  140 . The Reader/Lock Control  710  in placed in a normal operation mode wherein it monitor&#39;s for the presence of the RFID Tag  140 . The RFID Tag  140  is detected by the Reader/Lock Control  710 . The serial number is read from the detected RFID Tag  140  by Reader/Lock Control  710 . Reader/Lock Control  710  compares the read serial number with the serial number programmed into the Reader/Lock Control  710  while in the programming mode. If the read and programmed serial numbers agree Lock  740  is activated in response. Activation of Lock  730  controls (e.g., locks or unlocks) access through Barrier  730 . After the detected RFID tag is no longer detected by the Reader/Lock Control  710 , Reader/Lock Control  710  optionally reactivates Lock  740  to return it to a previous state. 
     FIG. 8  illustrates a Clamshell ID  810  (e.g. greencard (immigration card), passport, driver&#39;s license, transaction card, key card, national identity card, or the like). Transaction cards include credit cards, debit cards, check cards, payment cards, fare (e.g., transit) cards, or the like. Clamshell ID  810  includes an optional picture, a Base  830  including an RFID Tag  140 , and a Cover  820  connected to Base  830  in a clamshell configuration, e.g., connected along an edge or Fold  840 . Cover  820  and/or Base  830  include RFID shielding configured to attenuate radio frequency signals to or from RFID Tag  140  when Cover  820  is closed (e.g., shut), and to not attenuate, or attenuate to a lesser extent, radio frequency signals to or from RFID Tag  140  when Cover  820  is open. The shielding is optionally laminated into Base  830  and/or Cover  820 . In some embodiments, Clamshell ID  810  includes shielding in both Base  830  and Cover  820 . Base  820  can be the cover of a passport or other document. In some embodiments, Base  830  includes a plastic card. 
   In various embodiments, Clamshell ID  810  includes a passport, driver&#39;s license, credit card, etc. that includes RF shielding in one part (e.g., a page or cover) and an RFID tag in another part (e.g., a different page or cover). Not shown in  FIG. 8  are pages that may be included between the covers (e.g., Base  830  and Cover  820 ). The RF shielding and RFID Tag  140  are configured such that, when Clamshell ID  810  is closed the shielding interferes with the RF pickup of the RFID tag to an extent sufficient for reading of RFID Tag  140  to be attenuated. 
   In some embodiments, Clamshell ID  810  can be closed in two ways. First, such that a picture and/or other identification information is displayed on the exposed surface of Base  830 . Or, second, such that the picture and/or other identification information are covered by Cover  820 . These two methods of closure are achieved by rotating Cover  820  and Base  830  relative to each other in different directions around Fold  840 . In the first instance, the picture and/or other identification information can be used for identification while RFID Tag  140  is still shielded. Thus, Clamshell ID  810  can be used for identification (non-RFID) without unshielding RFID Tag  140 . 
   When the Clamshell ID  810  is open, the shielding is less close to RFID Tag  140  and, thus, the interference of the shielding is reduced and RFID Tag  140  can be read. The shielding does not necessarily form a Faraday cage around RFID Tag  140  when Clamshell ID  810  is closed. In some embodiments, shielding is not included in the part of Clamshell ID  810  that includes the RFID Tag  140 . Clamshell ID  810  is optionally formed by laminating RFID Tag  140  and RF shielding between layers of Cover  820  or to a page disposed between Cover  820  and Base  830 . Further visible information such as a name and/or photograph can be placed on any surface of the Clamshell ID. Thus, in some embodiments, this visible information is visible when the Clamshell ID is open or closed. In other embodiments, this visible information is visible only when the Clamshell ID is open. 
     FIG. 9  illustrates an ID  910  similar to that shown in  FIG. 8  except that Base  830  and Cover  820  are pivotally connected at a Pivot Point  920  rather than in a clamshell configuration. Cover  820  is configured to rotate over Base  830  as shown. When Cover  820  covers the Base  830  the RFID Tag  140  is shielded. When Cover  820  is rotated away from Base  830  RFID Tag  140  is unshielded. In some embodiments, Cover  820  may have two sections between which Base  830  fits. Either Cover  820  and/or Base  830  can include the RF shielding. 
     FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrate an ID similar to that shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9  except that Cover  820  is configured to fit into Base  839 , or visa versa. In the example shown, Cover  820  slides into and out of a slot in Base  830  and thus shields and exposes, respectively, RFID Tag  140 . This embodiment may include an item to be worn such as a medical alert bracelet, an identity tag, a ring, clothing, glasses, or the like. For example, in the case of a medical alert bracelet, the bracelet includes an RFID tag (having medical information) that is only readable when a cover element of the bracelet is opened to expose the RFID tag to an RFID tag reader. When the cover is opened medical personal can read data from the RFID tag. When the cover is closed the medical information is shielded from being read by unauthorized persons and is thus kept confidential. 
   One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card (16) and case having sides (12) and (14) as illustrated in U.S. patent application 2004/0117514. In this embodiment, credit card (16) further (additionally) includes an RFID Tag  140  and sides (12) and/or (14) n further include RF shielding, or visa versa. The credit card may be replaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver&#39;s license, debit card, or others discussed herein. 
   On embodiment of the invention includes the credit card (3) and holder (1) as illustrated in U.S. patent application 2005/0011776. In this embodiment, credit card (3) further includes an RFID Tag  140  and the holder (1) further includes RF shielding. The credit card may be replaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver&#39;s license, debit card, or the like. 
   One embodiment of the invention includes the carrying case taught in U.S. patent application 2004/0256469, wherein the carrying case further includes RF shielding. 
   One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card and pivoting case described in U.S. patent application 2004/0237360, wherein an RFID tag is included in one part (e.g., the credit card) and shielding in another part (e.g., the case). Thus, when the credit card is pivoted into the case the RFID tag is shielded. One embodiment of the invention includes a credit card and case illustrated in FIG. 10 of U.S. patent application 2004/0237360. In this embodiment, the credit card includes an RFID Tag  140  and the case includes shielding. The credit card may be replaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver&#39;s license, debit card, or the like. 
   One embodiment of the invention includes the security wallet illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,497, wherein the security wallet further includes RFID shielding. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include the foldable transaction cards illustrated in US. Patent Applications 2004/0169087 and 2004/0089724, wherein shielding is further included in one side of the fold while RFID Tag  140  is further included in the other side. RFID Tag  140  is shielded when the transaction card is folded closed and unshielded when it is open. 
   Various embodiments of the invention include the several different folding cards illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,037 and Application 2005/0205665. Wherein these cards further include RFID Tag  140  in one part and shielding in another part, such that in one fold position RFID Tag  140  is shielded by the shielding, and in another fold position RFID Tag  140  is un-shielded. 
   One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card case illustrated in U.S. patent application 2002/0117243. Where in the credit card case further includes shielding configured to shield an rfid enabled credit card or other identification device. 
     FIG. 11  illustrates further detail of some embodiments of Clamshell ID  810 , having a First Cover  1110  and a Second Cover  1120  separated by Fold  840 . First Cover  1110  and a Second Cover  1120  may be, for example, Base  830  and Cover  820 . Fold  840  can be a spine, hinge, crease, or the like. In alternative embodiments, First Cover  1110  and/or Second Cover  1120  can be embodied as a page or pages between covers of an identity document. Shielding  1130  is disposed as part of the second cover (e.g., or on or in an ID document cover or page). Shielding  1130  is optionally disposed away from fold  840  such that, when Clamshell ID  810  is open, the shielding as well separated from RFID Tag  140 . In various embodiments, the separation between shielding  1130  and Fold  840  is greater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm. Likewise, RFID Tag  140  is optionally disposed away from Fold  830 . In various embodiments, the separation between RFID Tag  140  (including antenna) and Fold  840  is greater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm. Alternatively, RFID Tag  140  and/or Shielding  1130  may be disposed to abut Fold  840 . 
     FIG. 12  illustrates embodiments of Clamshell ID  810  including a First Cover  1210  and a Second Cover  1220  separated by Fold  830 . These embodiments further include a Page  1230  disposed between First Cover  1210  and Second Cover  1220 . Page  1230  includes RFID Tag  140  or Shielding  1130 . For example, these embodiments of Clamshell ID  810  can include a passport including a photograph and identity information within an inside surface (facing toward Page  1230 ) of First Cover  1210 , RFID Tag  140  within First Cover  1210  or Second Cover  1220 , and Shielding  1130  within Page  1230 . RFID Tag  140  can be shielded and un-shielded by moving Page  1230  close to or away from RFID Tag  140 . In embodiments, wherein RFID Tag  140  is included in Second Cover  1220 , RFID Tag  140  is shielded when Page  1230  is held close to Second Cover  1220 . In this position is may be possible to view the photograph and identity information within the inside surface of First Cover  1210  without un-shielding RFID Tag  140 . When Page  1230  is moved away from Second Cover  1220  then RFID Tag  140  is unshielded. 
   By including the RF Shielding  1130  with one of the one or more Page  1230 , Clamshell ID  810  can be opened without necessarily removing Shielding  1130  from the vicinity of RFID Tag  140 . For example, if RFID Tag  140  is disposed within the back cover, and Clamshell ID  810  is opened such that the inside of the First Cover  1210  is visible, Page  1230  including Shielding  1130  could remain adjacent to Second Cover  1220  and thus limit communication with the RFID Tag  140 . To allow communication with RFID Tag  130  Page  1230  including Shielding  1130  is turned such that it moves away from Second Cover  1220 . The Shielding  1130  may be attached to Page  1230  or be included within Page  1230 . For example, Shielding  1130  may be laminated within Page  1230 , be sewn on Page  1230 , be glued on Page  1230 , be within the material of Page  1230 , or otherwise be connected to Page  1230 . In various embodiments, Shielding  1130  includes a wire mesh, metallic fibers, metallic particles, metallic thread, or the like. Shielding is optionally attached to a binding of Clamshell ID  810  as Page  1230 . Page  1230  is optionally bound to Clamshell ID by stable, pin, wire, thread, adhesive, laminate, or the like. 
     FIG. 13  illustrates embodiments of Clamshell ID  810  wherein Shielding  1130  is added to Page  1230  following assembly of Clamshell ID. In these embodiments, Shielding  1130  is included in a Shielding Insert  1310 . Shielding Insert  1310  optionally includes Adhesive  1320  or some other mechanism for attaching Shielding Insert  1310  to Page  1230 . The attachment of Shielding Insert  1310  to Page  1230  can be permanent or temporary (e.g., Shielding Insert  1310  may be removable). In various embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  includes a metal plate, wire mesh, metallic fibers, metallic particles, metallic thread, or other forms of shielding. 
   The size of Shielding Insert  1310  is optionally the same as or slightly smaller then a European Union Passport, a Japanese Passport, a Chinese Passport, a United States Passport, or the like. Alternatively, in various embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  is configured in size such that it can be attached to Clamshell ID  810  at least greater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm from Fold  830 . For example, Shielding Insert  1310  may be configured to attach to Page  1230  such that Shielding Insert  1310  extends from near an outer edge (opposite Fold  830 ) of Page  1230  to within 10 mm of Fold  830 . 
     FIG. 14  illustrates embodiments of an Identification Device  1410 , such as Clamshell ID  810 . In these embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  includes one or more clips  1420 , clamp, pin, slot, rivet, or other mechanism configured for, optionally temporary, attaching Shielding Insert  1310  to Identification Device  1410 . In some embodiments Clip  1420  is replaced by a slot configured to receive that part of Identification Device  1410  including an RFID tag. Shielding Insert  1320  is optionally pivotally connected to Identification Device  1210 . In the embodiments illustrated by  FIG. 14 , Fold  830 , Second Cover  1220  and Page  1230  are optional. For example, Identification Device  1410  can be a single piece driver&#39;s license, credit card, etc. (without separate front and back covers) including RFID Tag  140 . Shielding Insert  1310  is configured to be attached to First Cover  1210 , Page  1230 , and/or Second Cover  1220 . In these embodiments Page  1230  need not include shielding. In some embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  may be attached to that part of Identification Device  1410  that includes RFID Tag  140 . In these embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  is inserted to shield RFID Tag  140  and removed in order to un-shield RFID Tag  140 . In some embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  includes a flat metal plate configured to fit within a passport, e.g., a passport issued by the United States, a European Country, or an Asian Country. In these embodiments, the size of shielding insert may be similar to or slightly smaller than the dimensions of the passport. In some embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  can include an attachment device, such as Clip  1420 , on more than one side (face). As such, Shielding Insert  1310  may be configured to shield and RFID enabled driver&#39;s license on one side and an RFID enabled credit card on the other side. Shielding Insert  1310  is optionally approximately the size of a driver&#39;s license or credit card. In some embodiments, Shielding Insert  1310  has height and width dimensions similar to or smaller than a page between the front cove and the back cover. Shielding Insert  1310  is optionally thin and optionally flexible. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 15 , some embodiments of the invention include a method of allowing communication to an RFID tag. The method includes a Step  1510  of opening a front cover of an identification device, such as Clamshell ID  810  or Identification Device  1410 , in order to make information included on the inside of the front cover visible, an RF shielding page being kept in proximity of the back cover such that an RF tag within the back cover is unreadable. The RF shielding page can be for example an instance of Page  1230  or a page with Shielding Insert  1310  attached. The method further includes a Step  1520  of visually presenting the information on the inside of the front cover. The information can include a name, citizenship, photograph, identification number, or the like. A step  1530  includes turning the shielding page away from the back cover such that the RFID tag becomes un-shielded and can communicate with a reader. The shielding page is a page, between the front cover and the back cover, that includes or is attached to RF shielding configured to limit communication with the RFID tag. In alternative embodiments of this method, the rolls of the front cover and back cover are reversed. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , some embodiments of the invention include a method of modifying an RFID enabled identification device, e.g., Identification Device  1410 . This method includes, a Step  1610  of opening the identification device by turning a back cover away from a front cover; a Step  1620  of selecting a page disposed (optionally bound) between the front cover and the back cover; an optional Step  1630  of exposing an adhesive surface on an RF shielding insert, the RF shielding configured to limit RF communication between an RFID tag included in the identification device and a reader; and a Step  1640  of attaching the RF shielding insert to the selected page using the exposed adhesive. In alternative embodiments, the adhesive is optionally replaced by a clip, clamp, pin, slot, or other mechanism configured for temporary attachment to the identification device. The identification device is optionally a passport, driver&#39;s license, immigration document, national identity document, or other identification device discussed herein. The RF shielding insert is optionally sized (as discussed elsewhere herein) such that it is disposed at a distance from a fold in the identification device. 
   As illustrated by  FIG. 17 , one embodiment of the invention includes a method of making an identity device including: a Step  1710  of adding an RFID tag to a first cover layer; a Step  1720  of adding a second cover layer such that the RFID tag is disposed between the first cover layer and the second cover layer; and a Step  1730  of a attaching an RF shield to the combined first cover layer and second cover layer. The RF shield is optionally attached as a page configured to be disposed between to parts of the combined first cover layer and second cover layer when the combination is folded. The RF shield is optionally temporally attached to the combined first cover layer and second cover layer. 
     FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating the manufacture of an identification device, such as a passport. At one stage in the manufacturing process Shielding  1130  is dispensed in the form of a strip. The strip is laid down over what will be several separate identification devices when the manufacturing is completed. A plurality of RFID Tags  140  are deposited. The assembled material, including shielding is cut along a Cutting Line  1820  (cutting area) to separate the locations where the RFID Tags  140  are deposited or to be deposited. As a result a plurality of identity documents are produced. The cut along Cutting Line  1820  occurs after Shielding  1130  is laid down. Pages are optionally added to the assembled material prior to cutting. 
     FIG. 19  illustrates the method of illustrating an identification device as shown in  FIG. 18 . In an Add Shielding Step  1910 , shielding is added to an area of a cover that will become a first identification device and a second identification device. In an Add RFIDs Step  1920 , a first RFID tag is added to that part of the cover that will become the first identification device and a second RFID tag is added to that part of the cover that will become the second identification device. In a Cut Step  1930 , the cover is cut to separate that part that will become the first identification device and that part that will be come the second identification device. Cut Step  1930  includes cutting the shielding added in Add Shielding Step  1910 . 
     FIG. 20  illustrates an RFID reader system configured to read Clamshell ID  810  e.g., an RFID enabled passport including shielding. Spacing between an RFID Reader  2010  and a Base  2020  is configured to form a Passport Slot  2030 . RFID Reader  2010  is configured to read Clamshell ID  810 . The height of Passport Slot  2030  is configured such that Clamshell ID  810  is sufficiently open when passed though Passport Slot  2030  between the RFID Reader  2010  and Base  2020 . E.g., Passport Slot  2030  is configured such that, in order to pass through Passport Slot  2030  Clamshell ID  810  cannot be partially open such that shielding within Clamshell ID  810  could block the communication between RFID Reader  2010  and the RFID tag included in Clamshell ID  810 . The width of the passport slot is optionally configured to assure that the shielding is not disposed between the RFID reader and the RFID tag. 
     FIG. 21  illustrates an RFID reader system including more than one RFID readers (RFID Reader  2010 A, RFID Reader  1010 B, and optionally RFID Reader  1010 C). The more than one RFID readers are disposed such that any shielding within an ID is never within the line of sites between all of the one or more RFID readers and an RFID tag in a reading volume. And in addition, the more than one RFID readers are disposed such that the angle between an antenna of the RFID tag is at least one of the RFID readers is favorable for communicating between the RFID tag and RFID reader. Achieving both or these criteria may require three or more RFID readers. In alternative embodiments, this system may include fewer or more RFID readers than illustrated. The illustrated readers optionally surround a walk through reading volume. 
   Several embodiments are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations are covered by the above teachings and within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope thereof. For example, an RFID key device may include more than one RFID tag and moving of shielding may be used to determine which RFID tag can communicate with readers. The RFID tags discussed herein may include active or passive contactless circuits configured to transmit identification information. 
   The embodiments discussed herein are illustrative of the present invention. As these embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to illustrations, various modifications or adaptations of the methods and or specific structures described may become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such modifications, adaptations, or variations that rely upon the teachings of the present invention, and through which these teachings have advanced the art, are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Hence, these descriptions and drawings should not be considered in a limiting sense, as it is understood that the present invention is in no way limited to only the embodiments illustrated.