Patent Publication Number: US-2022223881-A1

Title: Ternary alloy catalyst and method for preparing the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0002306 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Jan. 8, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a ternary alloy catalyst for a fuel cell and a method for preparing the same. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that directly converts chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy. Because the fuel cell has superior efficiency compared with existing internal combustion engines, it has been spotlighted as a next-generation energy source due to its high energy density and environment-friendliness. 
     Polyelectrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) mainly operate at a low temperature of less than or equal to about 80° C., and thus an electrode catalyst is required to increase rates of oxidation and reduction reactions of the fuel cell. In particular, platinum has been mainly used as an electrode catalyst for a fuel cell because it is the only catalyst capable of promoting oxidation of fuel (hydrogen or alcohol) and reduction of oxygen from room temperature to around 100° C. However, since platinum reserves are limited and very expensive, it is very important to reduce the amount of platinum used or maximize catalytic activity per unit mass for commercialization of fuel cells. 
     In order to achieve the above object, studies on platinum alloy catalysts have been conducted. For example, platinum alloy catalysts theoretically have greater activity and stability than pure platinum catalysts due to electrical and structural characteristics of the particle surface, and thus are attracting attention as a reliable alternative to fuel cell electrode materials. 
     However, the platinum alloy catalysts have a problem of deteriorating durability along with catalytic activity, because a significant amount of transition metals not forming an alloy are present on the particle surfaces and easily diluted during a process of preparing catalyst slurry with less than or equal to pH 1 and under an acidic operating condition of fuel cells. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one preferred aspect, provided is a method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst capable of improving durability along with catalytic activity by preventing the phase separation of alloy-forming particles as well as improving the elution phenomenon of metal components in the alloy catalyst. 
     In one preferred aspect, provided is a ternary alloy catalyst prepared by using a method for preparing a ternary alloy catalyst. 
     In one aspect, a method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst is provided, comprising treating a precursor admixture comprising a precursor of a noble metal, a precursor of a first transition metal and a precursor of a second transition metal, wherein the precursor of the second transition metal is an acetate-based precursor. The precursor admixture may suitably further comprises a carrier. In certain embodiments, the precursor admixture is treated with ultrasonic waves. 
     In an aspect, provided is a method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst. The method may include irradiating ultrasonic waves to a precursor admixture including a precursor of a noble metal, a precursor of a first transition metal, a precursor of a second transition metal, and a carrier. Particularly, the precursor of the second transition metal may be an acetate-based precursor. 
     The noble metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), and an alloy thereof. 
     The precursor of the noble metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of a nitrate, a sulfate, an acetate, a chloride, an oxide, and an acetylacetonate of the noble metal. 
     The first transition metal and the second transition metal may be different transition metals. 
     The first transition metal or the second transition metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), niobium (Nb), lanthanum (La), and an alloy thereof. 
     The precursor of the first transition metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of a nitrate, a sulfate, an acetate, a chloride, an oxide, and an acetylacetonate of the first transition metal. 
     The carrier may include one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, carbon nanofiber, graphitized carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, and carbon nanowire. 
     In the irradiating of ultrasonic waves, core-shell particles including a transition metal oxide coating layer may be formed. 
     The core-shell particles may include a transition metal core including a first transition metal and a second transition metal, a shell surrounding the transition metal core and including a noble metal, and a transition metal oxide coating layer surrounding the shell and including an oxide of a first transition metal and an oxide of a second transition metal. 
     A thickness of the transition metal oxide coating layer may be about 0.2 nm to about 0.88 nm. 
     The irradiating of the ultrasonic waves may be performed for about 2 hours to about 6 hours at an output of about 100 W to about 300 W based on 100 mL of the precursor admixture. 
     The method of preparing the ternary alloy catalyst may further include annealing core-shell particles to form alloy particles including a transition metal oxide coating layer, and removing the transition metal oxide coating layer from the alloy particles. 
     Each of the alloy particles may include an alloy core including an alloy of a first transition metal and a second transition metal, and a noble metal skin layer surrounding the alloy core and including a noble metal. 
     The annealing may be performed at a temperature of about 200° C. to about 400° C. for about 0.5 hours to about 16 hours. 
     The removing of the transition metal oxide coating layer from the alloy particles may be performed by acid treatment. 
     In an aspect, provided is a ternary alloy catalyst includes an alloy core including an alloy of a first transition metal and a second transition metal, and a noble metal skin layer including a noble metal surrounding the alloy core. 
     In the ternary alloy catalyst, an atomic ratio of the noble metal, the first transition metal, and the second transition metal may be about 1:0.8 to 0.2:0.2 to 0.8. 
     The methods of preparing the ternary alloy catalyst according to various exemplary embodiments may improve the durability along with the catalytic activity by preventing the phase-separation of alloy-forming particles as well as improving the elution phenomenon of metal components in the alloy catalyst. 
     Other aspects of the invention are disclosed infra. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an exemplary method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing in-situ XRD analysis results of the binary alloy catalyst prepared in Reference Example 1 and the ternary alloy catalyst prepared in Comparative Example 1. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing in-situ XRD analysis results of the binary alloy catalyst prepared in Reference Example 1, and the ternary alloy catalysts prepared in Example 1 to Example 3. 
         FIG. 4  is photographs of the binary alloy catalyst prepared in Reference Example 1, and the ternary alloy catalysts prepared in Example 1 to Example 3 observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). 
         FIGS. 5 and 6  are graphs showing the results of measuring the performance of the binary alloy catalyst prepared in Reference Example 1, and the ternary alloy catalysts prepared in Example 1 to Example 3. 
         FIGS. 7 to 10  are graphs showing results of measuring durability of the binary alloy catalysts prepared in Reference Example 1 and Example 1 to Example 3, respectively. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The advantages and features of the present disclosure and the methods for accomplishing the same will be apparent from the embodiments described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the embodiments should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, terms defined in a commonly used dictionary are not to be ideally or excessively interpreted unless explicitly defined. In addition, unless explicitly described to the contrary, the word “comprise,” and variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of stated elements but not the exclusion of any other elements. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers, values, and/or expressions referring to quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, polymer compositions, and formulations used herein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about” as such numbers are inherently approximations that are reflective of, among other things, the various uncertainties of measurement encountered in obtaining such values. 
     Further, unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from the context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term “about.” 
     Further, where a numerical range is disclosed herein, such range is continuous, and includes unless otherwise indicated, every value from the minimum value to and including the maximum value of such range. Still further, where such a range refers to integers, unless otherwise indicated, every integer from the minimum value to and including the maximum value is included. 
     Further, the singular includes the plural unless mentioned otherwise. 
     A method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst includes irradiating ultrasonic waves to a precursor admixture including a precursor of a noble metal, a precursor of a first transition metal, a precursor of a second transition metal, and a carrier. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic view showing the method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst according to an embodiment. For example, the method of preparing a ternary alloy catalyst is described. 
     When ultrasonic waves are irradiated to the precursor admixture  10  including a precursor of a noble metal, a precursor of a first transition metal, a precursor of a second transition metal, and a carrier, core-shell particles  20  including the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  may be formed (S 1 ). 
     High frequency oscillation of the ultrasonic waves generates bubbles in a cavity, resulting in oscillatory growth, and when the oscillation finally reaches a certain scale, the cavity may explode. This series of processes caused by the ultrasonic irradiation is called to be “an acoustics cavitation mechanism.” 
     The cavity explosion occurring in the final stage of the acoustics cavitation mechanism may cause a huge amount of thermal energy up to about 5000 K, which is dissipated in a very short time of about 10 −6  seconds. 
     When reactants in the chemical reaction combined with ultrasonic irradiation are at least two materials having different vapor pressures, the at least two reactants may have different evaporation rates to bubbles by a high frequency oscillation of ultrasonic waves, so that structural and electrochemical characteristics of the reaction resultants may be controlled using the same. For example, when nanoparticles including at least two metals are prepared by using a noble metal precursor and a transition metal precursor as reactants and irradiating the same with ultrasonic waves, distributions of the noble metal and the transition metal elements in nanoparticles may be controlled according to a vapor pressure difference of the noble metal precursor and the transition metal precursor. 
     For example, in the nanoparticles, the noble metal having a low vapor pressure may be disposed in shell portions, and the transition metal having a high vapor pressure may be disposed in core portions, forming core-shell particles  20 . 
     The irradiating of ultrasonic waves may be performed for about 2 hours to about 6 hours at an output of about 100 W to about 300 W based on about 100 mL of the precursor admixture  10 . When the irradiating of ultrasonic waves is performed at an output of less than about 100 W or for less than about 2 hours, metal ions may be insufficiently reduced, but when at an output of greater than about 300 W or for greater than about 6 hours, the particles may grow into an unnecessary size. 
     The irradiating of ultrasonic waves may be performed at a temperature of about 130° C. to about 180° C. When the irradiating of ultrasonic waves is performed at less than about 130° C., the metal ions may be insufficiently reduced, but when at greater than about 180° C., the particles may grow into an unnecessary size. 
     The noble metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), and an alloy thereof. The precursor of the noble metal may have a lower vapor pressure than that of the transition metal precursor, and may contribute to a galvanic substitution reaction after formation of transition metal seed particles and increase of the sizes. For example, the precursor of the noble metal may be in a form of salts of the noble metal, and may include a nitrate, a sulfate, an acetate, a chloride, an oxide, or a combination thereof. Particularly, the noble metal precursor may include an acetyl acetonate of the noble metal, a hexafluoroacetyl acetonate of the noble metal, or a pentafluoroacetyl acetonate of the noble metal. 
     The transition metal includes a first transition metal and a second transition metal, and the first transition metal and the second transition metal may be different transition metals. 
     The first transition metal or the second transition metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), niobium (Nb), lanthanum (La), and an alloy thereof. 
     Meanwhile, the second transition metal may be a transition metal capable of improving an elution phenomenon of the first transition metal. In other words, when the alloy catalyst includes the noble metal and the first transition metal alone, the first transition metal may be easily eluted during a process of preparing catalyst slurry with pH 1 or less or under an acidic operating condition of a fuel cell and thus deteriorate durability along with catalytic activity. To the contrary, when the second transition metal is further included, the elution phenomenon of the first transition metal may be improved. 
     For example, the first transition metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and an alloy thereof, and the second transition metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), ruthenium (Ru), and an alloy thereof. In particular, the first transition metal may be iron (Fe) and the second transition metal may be copper (Cu). 
     The precursor of the first transition metal may be in a form of salts of the first transition metal, and may include, for example, a nitrate, a sulfate, an acetate, a chloride, an oxide, or a combination thereof. Particularly, the precursor of the first transition metal may be an acetyl acetonate of the first transition metal, a hexafluoroacetyl acetonate of the transition metal, or a pentafluoroacetyl acetonate of the first transition metal. 
     This precursor of the first transition metal may be rapidly volatilized due to the high vapor pressure and trapped in the cavity by the ultrasonic waves, and accordingly, the transition metal may be located in the core portion of the core-shell particles  20 . 
     On the other hand, when the ternary alloy catalyst is prepared through the ultrasonic synthesis by further including the precursor of the second transition metal, the precursor of the second transition metal may be phase-separated, forming non-alloyed second transition metal particles. 
     In order to solve this problem, the precursor of the second transition metal may be an acetate-based precursor. For example, when the precursor of the second transition metal is sulfate, catalytic activity may be deteriorated by adsorbing and poisoning the sulfate on the surface of catalyst particles due to high adsorption energy of SO x  anions. When the precursor of the second transition metal is chloride, ClO x   y−  may be formed during the ultrasonic reaction and thus damage an ultrasonic device, and when the precursor of the second transition metal is nitrate, an alloy formation ratio of the second transition metal may be reduced due to the low dispersion in an organic solvent. On the contrary, when the precursor of the second transition metal is acetate-based, these problems do not occur, but since this precursor has lower reactivity (i.e., volatility) thereof than the other precursors and thus may form a ternary alloy without the phase-separation. 
     The carrier may include one or more selected from the group consisting of a carbon carrier, for example, carbon black, graphite, carbon nanofiber, graphitized carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanowire, or a combination thereof. The carbon black may include denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black. 
     The precursor admixture  10  may further include a reducing solvent. 
     The reducing solvent may be an organic material having no moisture or oxygen source, for example, a solvent having a reducing power at a temperature of greater than or equal to about 70° C. or a solvent having a reducing power at a temperature of about 70° C. to about 400° C. Particularly, the reducing solvent may include one or more selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol, tri-ethylene glycol, poly-ethylene glycol, and glycerol. 
     The reducing solvent may be one of reactants of a noble metal precursor and a transition metal precursor in a cavity formed by the ultrasonic treatment, and also, maintaining a high boiling point to create an external liquid environment for generating and extinguishing a cavity. 
     Meanwhile, on the surface of the core-shell particles  20  formed through the ultrasonic treatment, the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  surrounding the noble metal shell  120  may be included. 
     The transition metal oxide coating layer  150  may be formed due to insufficient solubility of the transition metals into a platinum lattice, a difference of the reduction rates, and a component ratio of an excessive transition metal during the ultrasonic treatment. 
     A thickness of the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  may be about 0.2 nm to about 0.88 nm. When the thickness of the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  is less than about 0.2 nm, the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  may be formed in a non-uniform and thin thickness, and thereby, a particle size may not be well controlled, while when the thickness of the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  is greater than about 0.88 nm, a crystalline transition metal oxide may be produced after the annealing process, leaving a residue. 
     Since the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  is derived from the transition metal precursor like transition metal core  110 , the transition metal core  110  may include the first transition metal and the second transition metal, and the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  may include oxides of the first and second transition metals, and accordingly, the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  and the transition metal core  110  may include the same transition metal. 
     The method of preparing the ternary alloy catalyst  30  according to various exemplary embodiments of the present invention may simplify a process and reduce a cost by forming the core-shell particles  20  including the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  as one process through the ultrasonic treatment. 
     The method of preparing the ternary alloy catalyst  30  may further include annealing the core-shell particles  20  (S 2 ), and removing the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  (S 3 ). 
     In the annealing of the core-shell particles  20  (S 2 ), the alloy particles  130  including the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  are formed. 
     Particularly, through the annealing process, the alloy particles  130  including an alloy core including an alloy of a first transition metal and a second transition metal, and a noble metal skin layer including a noble metal surrounding the alloy core is formed. 
     Herein, since the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  suppresses growth of the particles and thus controls the alloy particles  130  to have a size of several nanometers during the annealing process, a high temperature annealing process may be sufficiently performed to regularly arrange metal atoms in the alloy and thus increase composition uniformity and catalytic activity. 
     The annealing may be performed at a temperature of about 200° C. to about 400° C. When the annealing temperature is less than 200° C., an increase in catalytic activity may be limited due to the lack of improvement in the regular arrangement of metal atoms in the alloy. When the annealing temperature is greater than about 400° C., an effect of inhibiting particle size growth may decrease, resulting in decreased catalytic activity. 
     The annealing process may be performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as argon, nitrogen, or a mixed gas atmosphere of an inert gas and hydrogen (H 2 ), and an atmosphere including about 4 volume % to about 6 volume % of hydrogen based on a total volume of the mixed gas. 
     Finally, the removing (S 3 ) of the transition metal oxide coating layer  150  may be performed by acid treatment. 
     The acid used for the acid treatment may include HClO 4 , HNO 3 , HCl, or a combination thereof. 
     A concentration of the acid may be about 0.01 M to about 1.0 M. When the concentration of the acid is less than about 0.01 M, it may be insufficiently etched, and the acid treatment time may be lengthened, while when the concentration of the acid is greater than about 1.0 M, platinum may be dissolved together. 
     The acid treatment may be performed at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 94° C. for about 2 hours to about 4 hours. When the acid treatment temperature is less than about 60° C. or the acid treatment time is less than 2 hours, etching may be insufficient. When the acid treatment temperature is greater than about 94° C., a boiling phenomenon in the container may be severe even if refluxed, causing safety problems and when the acid treatment time is greater than about 4 hours, there is no change in the transition metal content, which may waste process time and cost. 
     A ternary alloy catalyst  30  prepared by the aforementioned method for preparing the ternary alloy catalyst is also provided. 
     The ternary alloy catalyst  30  includes an alloy core  210  including an alloy of a first transition metal and a second transition metal, and a noble metal skin layer  220  surrounding the alloy core  210  and including a noble metal. 
     According to the method of preparing the ternary alloy catalyst  30  according to various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, since the core-shell particles  20  formed through the irradiating of ultrasonic waves include the transition metals in the core, the ternary alloy catalyst  30  formed through the annealing thereof has the noble metal skin layer  220  in which the noble metal particles are exposed to the outer surface of the ternary alloy catalyst  30  and dispersed in high density therein. 
     In general, a slurry preparation process for electrode formation proceeds at a pH of less than or equal to about 1, and since the fuel cell is operated in an acidic atmosphere, the transition metals in the alloy catalyst may be easily eluted, and the eluted transition metals enter the ion exchange membrane to increase the membrane resistance. As a result, deterioration of the fuel cell performance may be caused. 
     However, since the ternary alloy catalyst  30  prepared by the aforementioned method of preparing the ternary alloy catalyst includes the second transition metal, elution of the first transition metal may be suppressed. 
     A thickness of the noble metal skin layer  220  may be less than or equal to about 0.5 nm, or may be about 0.2 nm to about 0.5 nm. When the thickness of the noble metal skin layer  220  is greater than about 0.5 nm, it has a surface structure similar to that of the existing platinum catalyst, and thus the effect of improving performance due to alloying may be lost. 
     In the ternary alloy catalyst  30 , the atomic ratio of the noble metal, the first transition metal, and the second transition metal may be about 1:0.8 to 0.2:0.2 to 0.8. When the atomic ratio of the first transition metal is greater than about 0.8, the effect of the second transition metal may be insufficient, while when it is less than about 0.2, separation of the second transition metal may occur. 
     A particle diameter of the ternary alloy catalyst  30  may be about 2 nm to about 20 nm. When the particle diameter of the ternary alloy catalyst  30  is less than about 2 nm, durability of the catalyst may be deteriorated, while when it is greater than about 20 nm, it may be insufficient to secure an electrochemical specific surface area. 
     Further provided is an electrode for a fuel cell, including the ternary alloy catalyst  30  and the ionomer mixed with the ternary alloy catalyst  30 . 
     Also provided is a membrane-electrode assembly including an anode and a cathode facing each other, and an ion exchange membrane between the anode and cathode, wherein the anode, the cathode, or both are the aforementioned electrodes. 
     Moreover, provided is a fuel cell including the aforementioned membrane-electrode assembly. 
     The electrode, the membrane-electrode assembly, and the fuel cell are the same as those of the general electrode, the membrane-electrode assembly, and the fuel cell, except that the aforementioned ternary alloy catalyst  30  is included, so detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Hereinafter, specific examples of the invention are described. However, the examples described below are for illustrative purposes only, and the scope of the invention is not limited thereto. 
     Preparation Example 
     Preparation of Ternary Alloy Catalyst 
     Reference Example 1 
     Platinum acetylacetonate (or Pt(acac) 2 ), iron acetylacetonate (or Fe(acac) 3 ), and a porous carbon carrier (Vulcan XC72) were added to ethylene glycol to have compositions shown in Table 1 to prepare each precursor admixture, and 100 mL of the precursor admixture was irradiated by using tip-type ultrasonic waves (amplitude 30%, 13 mm solid probe, 20 kHz, Model VC-500 made by Sonic &amp; Materials, Inc.) for 3 hours at an output of 150 W under an argon atmosphere. 
     Subsequently, the obtained particles were annealed under an H 2 /Ar mixed gas atmosphere at a temperature of 400° C. for 2 hours to prepare a PtFe/C catalyst. 
     Examples 1 to 3 
     Each precursor admixture was prepared by adding Pt(acac) 2 , Fe(acac) 3 , copper(II) acetate, and a porous carbon carrier (Vulcan XC72) to ethylene glycol to have compositions shown in Table 1, and 100 mL of each precursor admixture was irradiated by using tip-type ultrasonic waves (amplitude 30%, 13 mm solid probe, 20 kHz, Model VC-500 made by Sonic &amp; Materials, Inc.) under an argon atmosphere at an output of 150 W for 3 hours to form core-shell particles including a transition metal oxide coating layer. 
     The obtained core-shell particles were annealed under a H 2 /Ar mixed gas atmosphere at a temperature of 400° C. for 2 hours to form an alloy particle including a transition metal oxide coating layer. 
     The alloy particles were acid-treated with a mixed solution of 0.1 M HClO 4  and ethanol at a temperature of 94° C. for 4 hours to prepare a ternary alloy catalyst. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A ternary alloy catalyst was prepared according to the same method as Example 1 except that copper acetylacetonate (or Cu(acac) 2 ) was used instead of the copper (II) acetate. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Trans- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ition 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pt 
                 Fe 
                 Cu 
                 Pt 
                 metal 
               
               
                   
                 Com- 
                 content 
                 content 
                 content 
                 loading 
                 loading 
               
               
                   
                 position 
                 (mol %) 
                 (mol %) 
                 (mol %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Reference 
                 PtFe/C 
                 1 
                 0.21 
                 — 
                 27.6 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 PtFeCu/C-1 
                 1 
                 0.19 
                 0.09 
                 26.5 
                 28.8 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 PtFeCu/C-2 
                 1 
                 0.12 
                 0.17 
                 26.3 
                 28.7 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 PtFeCu/C-3 
                 1 
                 0.18 
                 0.39 
                 23.9 
                 28.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Experimental Example 1 
     XRD and TEM Analyses of Ternary Alloy Catalyst 
     The binary alloy catalyst prepared in Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C) and the ternary alloy catalyst prepared in Comparative Example 1 (PtFeCu/C) were in-situ XRD analyzed, and the results are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , as for the PtFeCu ternary alloy catalyst prepared by using Cu(acac) 2 , a portion of Cu was phase-separated into metallic Cu. 
     In addition, the binary alloy catalyst of Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C) and the ternary alloy catalysts of Examples 1 to 3 (PtFeCu/C-1 to PtFeCu/C-3) were in-situ XRD analyzed, and the results are shown in  FIG. 3 . The ternary alloy catalysts prepared in Examples 1 to 3 exhibited no metallic Cu and thus had no Cu phase-separation. 
     In addition, the binary alloy catalyst of Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C) and the ternary alloy catalysts of Examples 1 to 3 (PtFeCu/C-1 to PtFeCu/C-3) were examined with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the results are shown in  FIG. 4 . The binary alloy catalyst of Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C) and the ternary alloy catalysts of Examples 1 to 3 (PtFeCu/C-1 to PtFeCu/C-3) all had a size of about 3 nm regardless of the compositions and were well dispersed on a carbon support. 
     Experimental Example 2 
     Performance and Durability Analysis of Ternary Alloy Catalyst 
     The binary alloy catalyst of Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C) and the ternary alloy catalysts of Examples 1 to 3 (PtFeCu/C-1 to PtFeCu/C-3) were respectively used to manufacture half-cells, and then, performances of the half-cells were measured, and the results are shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6  and summarized in Table 2. As a reference, a commercially available Pt/C catalyst was used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 js @ 
                 jm @ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Com- 
                 ECSA 
                 0.9 V 
                 0.9 V 
                 E 1/2   
               
               
                   
                 position 
                 (m 2 /gpt) 
                 (uA/cm 2 ) 
                 (A/mg pt ) 
                 (V) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 ref 
                 Pt/C 
                 84.1 
                 248.3 
                 0.21 
                 886 
               
               
                 Reference Example 1 
                 PtFe/C 
                 93.0 
                 350.8 
                 0.33 
                 905 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 PtFeCu/C-1 
                 81.3 
                 808.8 
                 0.66 
                 922 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 PtFeCu/C-2 
                 64.0 
                 513.6 
                 0.33 
                 913 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 PtFeCu/C-3 
                 68.2 
                 491.9 
                 0.34 
                 902 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The PtFe/C binary alloy catalyst (0.33 A/mg Pt ) had about 1.5 times improved catalyst performance, compared with that of the commercially available Pt/C catalyst (0.21 A/mg Pt ), and the PtFeCu/C-1 ternary alloy catalyst (0.66 A/mg Pt ) prepared by adding a small amount of Cu exhibited about twice improved performance, compared with that of the PtFe/C binary alloy catalyst (0.33 A/mg Pt ), and as Cu was added in a more amount, durability performance was more secured, but the catalyst performance gradually decreased. 
     In addition, the ternary alloy catalysts of Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C), and Examples 1 to 3 (PtFeCu/C-1 to PtFeCu/C-3) were manufactured into half-cells, and then, durability of the half-cells was measured (DOE catalyst AST condition), and the results are respectively shown in  FIGS. 7 and 10 . In particular, the durability was evaluated by comparing electrochemical active surface areas (ΔECSA) and half-wave potential (ΔE½) changes. 
       FIG. 7  is a graph showing the results of measuring the durability of the binary alloy catalyst prepared in Reference Example 1 (PtFe/C),  FIG. 8  is a graph showing the durability of the ternary alloy catalyst prepared in Example 1 (PtFeCu/C-1),  FIG. 9  is a graph showing the results of measuring the durability of the ternary alloy catalyst prepared in Example 2 (PtFeCu/C-2), and  FIG. 10  is a graph showing the results of measuring the durability of the ternary alloy catalyst prepared in Example 3 (PtFeCu/C-3). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7 and 10 , the PtFeCu/C ternary alloy catalyst prepared by adding Cu exhibited smaller ΔECSA and ΔE½ than those of the PtFe/C binary alloy catalyst. In other words, durability performance of the alloy catalyst was greatly improved by adding Cu. 
     While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be preferred exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope greater than or equal to appended claims. 
     DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 
       10 : precursor admixture 
       20 : core-shell particle 
       30 : ternary alloy catalyst 
       110 : transition metal core 
       120 : noble metal shell 
       130 : alloy particle 
       150 : transition metal oxide coating layer 
       210 : alloy core 
       220 : noble metal shell