Patent Publication Number: US-2021177055-A1

Title: Ultrasonic mist inhaler

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSED TECHNOLOGY 
     The invention relates to an ultrasonic mist inhaler for atomizing a liquid by ultrasonic vibrations. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic vaporizing inhalers are becoming popular among smokers who also want to avoid the tar and other harsh chemicals associated with traditional cigarettes and who wish to satisfy the craving for nicotine. Electronic vaporizing inhalers may contain liquid nicotine, which is typically a mixture of nicotine oil, a solvent, water, and often flavoring. When the user draws, or inhales, on the electronic vaporizing inhaler, the liquid nicotine is drawn into a vaporizer where it is heated into a vapor. As the user draws on the electronic vaporizing inhaler, the vapor containing the nicotine is inhaled. Such electronic vaporizing inhalers may have medical purpose. 
     Electronic vaporizing inhalers and other vapor inhalers typically have similar designs. Most electronic vaporizing inhalers feature a liquid nicotine reservoir with an interior membrane, such as a capillary element, typically cotton, that holds the liquid nicotine so as to prevent leaking from the reservoir. Nevertheless, these cigarettes are still prone to leaking because there is no obstacle to prevent the liquid from flowing out of the membrane and into the mouthpiece. A leaking electronic vaporizing inhaler is problematic for several reasons. As a first disadvantage, the liquid can leak into the electronic components, which can cause serious damage to the device. As a second disadvantage, the liquid can leak into the electronic vaporizing inhaler mouthpiece, and the user may inhale the unvaporized liquid. 
     Electronic vaporizing inhalers are also known for providing inconsistent doses between draws. The aforementioned leaking is one cause of inconsistent doses because the membrane may be oversaturated or undersaturated near the vaporizer. If the membrane is oversaturated, then the user may experience a stronger than desired dose of vapor, and if the membrane is undersaturated, then the user may experience a weaker than desired dose of vapor. Additionally, small changes in the strength of the user&#39;s draw may provide stronger or weaker doses. Inconsistent dosing, along with leaking, can lead to faster consumption of the vaping liquid. 
     Additionally, conventional electronic vaporizing inhalers tend to rely on inducing high temperatures of a metal heating component configured to heat a liquid in the e-cigarette, thus vaporizing the liquid that can be breathed in. Problems with conventional electronic vaporizing inhalers may include the possibility of burning metal and subsequent breathing in of the metal along with the burnt liquid. In addition, some may not prefer the burnt smell caused by the heated liquid. 
     Electronic vaporizing inhalers are generally designed so that the liquid nicotine reservoir is arranged away from the metal heating component to prevent heating the unused liquid in the reservoir. This arrangement makes the inhaler device cumbersome and more complex to produce. 
     Thus, a need exists in the art for an electronic vaporizing inhaler that is better able to withstand these disadvantages. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     According to one aspect of the invention, an ultrasonic mist inhaler, comprises:
         a liquid reservoir structure comprising a liquid chamber adapted to receive liquid to be atomized,   a sonication chamber in fluid communication with the liquid chamber,   a capillary element arranged between the liquid chamber and the sonication chamber       

     wherein the capillary element is a material at least partly in bamboo fibers. 
     The capillary element according to the invention allows a high absorption capacity, a high rate of absorption as well as a high fluid-retention ratio. 
     It was found that the inherent properties of the proposed material used for the capillarity have a significant impact on the efficient functioning of the ultrasonic mist inhaler. 
     Further, inherent properties of the proposed material include a good hygroscopicity while maintaining a good permeability. This allows the drawn liquid to efficiently permeate the capillary while the observed high absorption capacity allows the retention of a considerable amount of liquid thus allowing the ultrasonic mist inhaler to last for a longer time when compared with the other products available in the market. 
     Another significant advantage of using the bamboo fibers is the naturally occurring antimicrobial bio-agent namely “Kun” inherently present within the bamboo fiber making it antibacterial, anti-fungal and odor resistant making it suitable for medical applications. 
     The inherent properties have been verified using numerical analysis regarding the benefits of the bamboo fiber for sonication. 
     The following formulae have been tested with bamboo fibers material and others material such a cotton, paper, or other fiber strands for the use as capillary element and demonstrates that bamboo fibers have much better properties for the use in sonication: 
     
       
         
           
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C (cc/gm of fluid/gm) is the volume per mass of the liquid absorbed divided by the dry mass of the capillary element,
 
A (cm 2 ) is the total surface area of the capillary element
 
T (cm) is the thickness of the capillary element,
 
W f  (gm) is the mass of the dry capillary element,
 
P f  (cc/g·sec) is the density of the dry capillary element,
 
α is the ratio of increase in volume of capillary element upon wetting to the volume of liquid diffused in the capillary element,
 
V d  (cc) is the amount of liquid diffused in the capillary element,
 
     
       
         
           
             
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     Q (cc/sec) is the amount of liquid absorbed per unit time,
 
r (cm) is the radius of the pores within the capillary element,
 
γ (N/m) is the surface tension of the liquid,
 
θ (degrees) is the angle of contact of the fiber,
 
η (m 2 /sec) is the viscosity of the fluid.
 
     In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the capillary element material may be 100% bamboo fiber. 
     Extensive testing have concluded that a 100% pure bamboo fiber is the most optimal choice for sonication. 
     In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the capillary element material may be in at least 75% bamboo fiber and, preferably, 25% cotton. 
     Capillary element from 100% pure bamboo fiber or with a high percentage of bamboo fibers demonstrates a high absorption capacity as well as improved fluid transmission making it an optimal choice for the application of the ultrasonic mist inhaler. 
     In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the capillary element may have a flat shape. 
     In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the capillary element may comprise a central portion and a peripheral portion. 
     In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the peripheral portion may have an L-shape cross section extending down to the liquid chamber. 
     In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the central portion may have a U-shape cross section extending down to the sonication chamber. 
     It is noted that the expression “mist” used in the invention means the liquid is not heated as usually in traditional inhalers known from the prior art. In fact, traditional inhalers use heating elements to heat the liquid above its boiling temperature to produce a vapor, which is different from a mist. 
     In fact, when sonicating liquids at high intensities, the sound waves that propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles, at different rates depending on the frequency. During the low-pressure cycle, high-intensity ultrasonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid. When the bubbles attain a volume at which they can no longer absorb energy, they collapse violently during a high-pressure cycle. This phenomenon is termed cavitation. During the implosion very high pressures are reached locally. At cavitation, broken capillary waves are generated, and tiny droplets break the surface tension of the liquid and are quickly released into the air, taking mist form. 
     The ultrasonic mist inhaler according to the invention, wherein said liquid to be received in the liquid chamber comprises 57-70% (w/w) vegetable glycerin and 30-43% (w/w) propylene glycol, said propylene glycol including nicotine and flavorings. 
     An ultrasonic mist inhaler or a personal ultrasonic atomizer device, comprising:
         a liquid reservoir structure comprising a liquid chamber or cartridge adapted to receive liquid to be atomized,   a sonication chamber in fluid communication with the liquid chamber or cartridge,       

     wherein said liquid to be received in the liquid chamber comprises 57-70% (w/w) vegetable glycerin and 30-43% (w/w) propylene glycol, said propylene glycol including nicotine and flavorings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is an exploded view of components of the ultrasonic mist inhaler according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an exploded view of components of the inhaler liquid reservoir structure according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-section view of components of the inhaler liquid reservoir structure according to  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4A  is an isometric view of an airflow member of the inhaler liquid reservoir structure according to  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         FIG. 4B  is a cross-section view of the airflow member shown in  FIG. 4A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of certain embodiments of the present invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. 
     As used herein, an element recited in the singular and preceded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural of said elements, unless such exclusion is explicitly stated. Furthermore, the references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Moreover, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, embodiments “comprising” or “having” an element or a plurality of elements having a particular property may include additional such elements not having that property. 
     The present invention is directed to an ultrasonic mist inhaler. The description of the invention and accompanying figures will be directed to the electronic vaporizing inhaler embodiment; however, other embodiments are envisioned, such as an inhaler for hookah, flavored liquids, medicine, and herbal supplements. Additionally, the device can be packaged to look like an object other than a cigarette. For instance, the device could resemble another smoking instrument, such as a pipe, water pipe, or slide, or the device could resemble another non-smoking related object. 
     Ultrasonic mist inhalers are either disposable or reusable. The term “reusable” as used herein implies that the energy storage device is rechargeable or replaceable or that the liquid is able to be replenished either through refilling or through replacement of the liquid reservoir structure. Alternatively, in some embodiments reusable electronic device is both rechargeable and the liquid can be replenished. A disposable embodiment will be described first, followed by a description of a reusable embodiment. 
     Conventional electronic vaporizing inhaler tend to rely on inducing high temperatures of a metal component configured to heat a liquid in the inhaler, thus vaporizing the liquid that can be breathed in. The liquid typically contains nicotine and flavorings blended into a solution of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), which is vaporized via a heating component at high temperatures. Problems with conventional inhaler may include the possibility of burning metal and subsequent breathing in of the metal along with the burnt liquid. In addition, some may not prefer the burnt smell or taste caused by the heated liquid. 
     In contrast, aspects of the present disclosure include an ultrasonic mist inhaler that atomizes the liquid through ultrasonic vibrations, which produces micro water bubbles in the liquid. When the bubbles come into contact with ambient air molecules, water droplets of about 0.25 to 0.5 microns spray into the air, thereby generating micro-droplets that can be absorbed through breathing, similar to breathing in a mist. 
     No heating elements are involved, thereby leading to no burnt elements and reducing second-hand smoke effects. 
       FIG. 1  to  FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of an ultrasonic inhaler comprising a capillary element  7  according to the invention. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a disposable ultrasonic mist inhaler embodiment 100 of the invention. As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , the ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  has a cylindrical body with a relatively long length as compared to the diameter. In terms of shape and appearance, the ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  is designed to mimic the look of a typical cigarette. For instance, the inhaler can feature a first portion  101  that primarily simulates the tobacco rod portion of a cigarette and a second portion  102  that primarily simulates a filter. In the disposable embodiment of the invented device, the first portion and second portion are regions of a single, but-separable device. The designation of a first portion  101  and a second portion  102  is used to conveniently differentiate the components that are primarily contained in each portion. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , the ultrasonic mist inhaler comprises a mouthpiece  1 , a liquid reservoir structure  2  and a casing  3 . The first portion  101  comprises the casing  3  and the second portion  102  comprises the mouthpiece  1  and the reservoir structure  2 . 
     The first portion  101  contains the power supply energy. 
     An electrical storage device  30  powers the ultrasonic mist inhaler  100 . The electrical storage device  30  can be a battery, including but not limited to a lithium-ion, alkaline, zinc-carbon, nickel-metal hydride, or nickel-cadmium battery; a super capacitor; or a combination thereof. In the disposable embodiment, the electrical storage device  30  is not rechargeable, but, in the reusable embodiment, the electrical storage device  30  would be selected for its ability to recharge. In the disposable embodiment, the electrical storage device  30  is primarily selected to deliver a constant voltage over the life of the inhaler  100 . Otherwise, the performance of the inhaler would degrade over time. Preferred electrical storage devices that are able to provide a consistent voltage output over the life of the device include lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries. 
     The electrical storage device  30  has a first end  30   a  that generally corresponds to a positive terminal and a second end  30   b  that generally corresponds to a negative terminal. The negative terminal is extending to the first end  30   a.    
     Because the electrical storage device  30  is located in the first portion  101  and the liquid reservoir structure  2  is located in the second portion  102 , the joint needs to provide electrical communication between those components. In the present invention, electrical communication is established using at least an electrode or probe that is compressed together when the first portion  101  is tightened into the second portion  102 . 
     In order for this embodiment to be reusable, the electrical storage device  30  is rechargeable. The casing  3  contains a charging port  32 . 
     The integrated circuit  4  has a proximal end  4   a  and a distal end  4   b . The positive terminal at the first end  30   a  of the electrical storage device  30  is in electrical communication with a positive lead of the flexible integrated circuit  4 . The negative terminal at the second end  30   b  of the electrical storage device  30  is in electrical communication with a negative lead of the integrated circuit  4 . The distal end  4   b  of the integrated circuit  4  comprise a microprocessor. The microprocessor is configured to process data from a sensor, to control a light, to direct current flow to means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  in the second portion  102 , and to terminate current flow after a preprogrammed amount of time. 
     The expression “means of ultrasonic vibrations” is similar to the expression “ultrasonic oscillation component” used in the patent application PCT/IB2019/055192. 
     The sensor detects when the ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  is in use (when the user draws on the inhaler) and activates the microprocessor. The sensor can be selected to detect changes in pressure, air flow, or vibration. In a preferred embodiment, the sensor is a pressure sensor. In the digital embodiment, the sensor takes continuous readings which in turn requires the digital sensor to continuously draw current, but the amount is small and overall battery life would be negligibly affected. 
     Additionally, the integrated circuit  4  may comprise a H bridge, preferably formed by 4 MOSFETs to convert a direct current into an alternate current at high frequency. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , illustrations of a liquid reservoir structure  2  according to an embodiment are shown. The liquid reservoir structure  2  comprises a liquid chamber  21  adapted to receive liquid to be atomized and a sonication chamber  22  in fluid communication with the liquid chamber  21 . 
     In the embodiment shown, the liquid reservoir structure  2  comprises an inhalation channel  20  providing an air passage from the sonication chamber  22  toward the surroundings. 
     As an example of sensor position, the sensor may be located in the sonication chamber  22 . 
     The inhalation channel  20  has a frustoconical element  20   a  and an inner container  20   b.    
     As depicted in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , further the inhalation channel  20  has an airflow member  27  for providing air flow from the surroundings to the sonication chamber  22 . 
     The airflow member  27  has an airflow bridge  27   a  and an airflow duct  27   b  made in one piece, the airflow bridge  27   a  having two airway openings  27   a ′ forming a portion of the inhalation channel  20  and the airflow duct  27   b  extending in the sonication chamber  22  from the airflow bridge  27   a  for providing the air flow from the surroundings to the sonication chamber. 
     The airflow bridge  27   a  cooperates with the frustoconical element  20   a  at the second diameter  20   a   2 . 
     The airflow bridge  27   a  has two opposite peripheral openings  27   a ″ providing air flow to the airflow duct  27   b.    
     The cooperation with the airflow bridge  27   a  and the frustoconical element  20   a  is arranged so that the two opposite peripheral openings  27   a ″ cooperate with complementary openings  20   a ″ in the frustoconical element  20   a.    
     The mouthpiece  1  and the frustoconical element  20   a  are radially spaced and an airflow chamber  28  is arranged between them. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the mouthpiece  1  has two opposite peripheral openings  1 ″. 
     The peripheral openings  27   a ″,  20   a ″,  1 ″ of the airflow bridge  27   a , the frustoconical element  20   a  and the mouthpiece  1  directly supply maximum air flow to the sonication chamber  22 . 
     The frustoconical element  20   a  includes an internal passage, aligned in the similar direction as the inhalation channel  20 , having a first diameter  20   a   1  less than that of a second diameter  20   a   2 , such that the internal passage reduces in diameter over the frustoconical element  20   a.    
     The frustoconical element  20   a  is positioned in alignment with the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  and a capillary element  7 , wherein the first diameter  20   a   1  is linked to an inner duct  11  of the mouthpiece  1  and the second diameter  20   a   2  is linked to the inner container  20   b.    
     The inner container  20   b  has an inner wall delimiting the sonication chamber  22  and the liquid chamber  21 . 
     The liquid reservoir structure  2  has an outer container  20   c  delimiting the outer wall of the liquid chamber  21 . 
     The inner container  20   b  and the outer container  20   c  are respectively the inner wall and the outer wall of the liquid chamber  21 . 
     The liquid reservoir structure  2  is arranged between the mouthpiece  1  and the casing  3  and is detachable from the mouthpiece  1  and the casing  3 . 
     The liquid reservoir structure  2  and the mouthpiece  1  or the casing  3  may include complimentary arrangements for engaging with one another; further such complimentary arrangements may include one of the following: a bayonet type arrangement; a threaded engaged type arrangement; a magnetic arrangement; or a friction fit arrangement; wherein the liquid reservoir structure  2  includes a portion of the arrangement and the mouthpiece  1  or the casing  3  includes the complimentary portion of the arrangement. 
     In the reusable embodiment, the components are substantially the same. 
     The differences in the reusable embodiment vis-a-vis the disposable embodiment are the accommodations made to replace the liquid reservoir structure  2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the liquid chamber  21  has a top wall  23  and a bottom wall  25  closing the inner container  20   b  and the outer container  20   c  of the liquid chamber  21 . 
     The capillary element  7  is arranged between a first section  20   b   1  and a second section  20   b   2  of the inner container  20   b.    
     The capillary element  7  has a flat shape extending from the sonication chamber to the liquid chamber. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 2 or 3 , the capillary element  7  comprises a central portion  7   a  in U-shape and a peripheral portion  7   b  in L-shape. 
     The L-shape portion  7   b  extends into the liquid chamber  21  on the inner container  20   b  and along the bottom wall  25 . 
     The U-shape portion  7   a  is contained into the sonication chamber  21 . The U-shape portion  7   a  on the inner container  20   b  and along the bottom wall  25 . In the ultrasonic mist inhaler, the U-shape portion  7   a  has an inner portion  7   a   1  and an outer portion  7   a   2 , the inner portion  7   a   1  being in surface contact with an atomization surface  50  of the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  and the outer portion  7   a   2  being not in surface contact with the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 . 
     The bottom wall  25  of the liquid chamber  21  is a bottom plate  25  closing the liquid chamber  21  and the sonication chamber  22 . The bottom plate  25  is sealed, thus preventing leakage of liquid from the sonication chamber  22  to the casing  3 . 
     The bottom plate  25  has an upper surface  25   a  having a recess  25   b  on which is inserted an elastic member  8 . The means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  are supported by the elastic member  8 . The elastic member  8  is formed from an annular plate-shaped rubber having an inner hole  8 ′ wherein a groove is designed for maintaining the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 . 
     The top wall  23  of the liquid chamber  21  is a cap  23  closing the liquid chamber  23 . 
     The top wall  23  has a top surface  23  representing the maximum level of the liquid that the liquid chamber  21  may contain and the bottom surface  25  representing the minimum level of the liquid in the liquid chamber  21 . 
     The top wall  23  is sealed, thus preventing leakage of liquid from the liquid chamber  21  to the mouthpiece  1 . 
     The top wall  23  and the bottom wall  25  are fixed to the liquid reservoir structure  2  by means of fixation such as screws, glue, or friction. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 3 , the elastic member is in line contact with the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  and prevents contact between the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  and the inhaler walls, suppression of vibrations of the liquid reservoir structure are more effectively prevented. Thus, fine particles of the liquid atomized by the atomizing member can be sprayed farther. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 3 , the inner container  20   b  has openings  20   b ′ between the first section  20   b   1  and the second section  20   b   2  from which the capillary element  7  is extending from the sonication chamber  21 . The capillary element  7  absorbs liquid from the liquid chamber  21  through the apertures  20   b ′. The capillary element  7  is a wick. The capillary element  7  transports liquid to the sonication chamber  22  via capillary action. Preferably the capillary element  7  is made of bamboo fibers. Preferably, the capillary element  7  may be of a thickness between 0.27 mm and 0.32 mm and, preferably, has a density between 38 g/m 2  and 48 g/m 2 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  are disposed directly below the capillary element  7 . 
     The means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  may be a transducer. For example, the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  may be a piezoelectric transducer, preferably designed in a circular plate-shape. The material of the piezoelectric transducer is preferably in ceramic. 
     A variety of transducer materials can also be used for the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 . 
     The end of the airflow duct  27   b   1  faces the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 . The means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  are in electrical communication with electrical contactors  101   a ,  101   b . It is noted that, the distal end  4   b  of the integrated circuit  4  has an inner electrode and an outer electrode. The inner electrode contacts the first electrical contact  101   a  which is a spring contact probe, and the outer electrode contacts the second electrical contact  101   b  which is a side pin. Via the integrated circuit  4 , the first electrical contact  101   a  is in electrical communication with the positive terminal of the electrical storage device  30  by way of the microprocessor, while the second electrical contact  101   b  is in electrical communication with the negative terminal of the electrical storage device  30 . 
     The electrical contacts  101   a ,  101   b  crossed the bottom plate  25 . The bottom plate  25  is designed to be received inside the perimeter wall  26  of the liquid reservoir structure  2 . The bottom plate  25  rests on complementary ridges, thereby creating the liquid chamber  21  and sonication chamber  22 . 
     The inner container  20   b  comprises a circular inner slot  20   d  on which a mechanical spring is applied. 
     By pushing the central portion  7   a   1  onto the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 , the mechanical spring  9  ensures a contact surface between them. 
     The liquid reservoir structure  2  and the bottom plate  25  can be made using a variety of thermoplastic materials. 
     When the user draws on the ultrasonic mist inhaler  100 , an air flow is drawn from the peripheral openings  1 ″ and penetrates the airflow chamber  28 , passes the peripheral openings  27   a ″ of the airflow bridge  27   a  and the frustoconical element  20   a  and flows down into the sonication chamber  22  via the airflow duct  27   b  directly onto the capillary element  7 . At the same time, the liquid is drawn from the reservoir chamber  21  by capillarity, through the plurality of apertures  20   b ′, and into the capillary element  7 . The capillary element  7  brings the liquid into contact with the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  of the inhaler  100 . The user&#39;s draw also causes the pressure sensor to activate the integrated circuit  4 , which directs current to the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 . Thus, when the user draws on the mouthpiece  1  of the inhaler  100 , two actions happen at the same time. Firstly, the sensor activates the integrated circuit  4 , which triggers the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  to begin vibrating. Secondly, the draw reduces the pressure outside the reservoir chamber  21  such that flow of the liquid through the apertures  20   b ′ begins, which saturates the capillary element  7 . The capillary element  7  transports the liquid to the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5 , which causes bubbles to form in a capillary channel by the means of ultrasonic vibrations  5  and mist the liquid. Then, the mist liquid is drawn by the user. 
     The ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  of the present disclosures is a more powerful version of current portable medical nebulizers, in the shape and size of current e-cigarettes and with a particular structure for effective vaporization. It is a healthier alternative to cigarettes and current e-cigarettes products. 
     The ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  of the present disclosures has particular applicability for those who use electronic inhalers as a means to quit smoking and reduce their nicotine dependency. The ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  provides a way to gradually taper the dose of nicotine. 
     Other embodiments of the invented ultrasonic mist inhaler  100  are easily envisioned, including medicinal delivery devices. 
     It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments may be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope.