Patent Publication Number: US-2017373900-A1

Title: Transmitting and Receiving Narrowband Synchronization Signals

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application generally relates to transmission and reception of synchronization signals, and particular relates to transmission and reception of a narrowband primary synchronization signal and a narrowband secondary synchronization signal within a synchronization signal period. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A wireless communication device performs a procedure known as cell search in order to find and synchronize to one of the cells in a cellular communication system. Synchronizing to a cell involves synchronizing the device&#39;s transmission and reception timing to the cell&#39;s transmission and reception timing. For example, transmissions may be performed according to a timing structure that is specified at a relatively high level of granularity in terms of “frames” (e.g., 10 ms), at a lower level of granularity in terms of “sub-frames” (e.g., 1 ms), and at yet a lower level of granularity in terms of “symbols”. Synchronization in this case therefore includes acquiring the frame and symbol timing of a cell (i.e., acquiring symbol-level timing alignment with the frame structure of a cell). Synchronization may also include acquiring frequency synchronization to the cell (e.g., correcting for frequency offset), obtaining an identifier of the cell, and acquiring an absolute frame number reference. 
     Cell search is typically achieved by periodically transmitting one or more known sequences to facilitate detection. The one or more known sequences are referred to collectively as a “synchronization signal”. In some systems, a synchronization signal includes multiple different component signals that serve different purposes in synchronization. These component signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) in some systems, such as Wideband Code Division Multiplexing (WCDMA) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. The PSS alone may for instance facilitate timing synchronization at a coarse resolution (e.g., on a symbol basis), whereas the PSS in combination with the SSS facilitates timing synchronization at a finer resolution (e.g., on a frame basis). 
     Synchronization proves challenging in certain contexts. In particular, cellular communication systems are currently being developed and improved for machine type communication (MTC). MTC is characterized by lower demands on data rates than for example mobile broadband, but with higher requirements on e.g. low cost device design, better coverage, and ability to operate for years on batteries without charging or replacing the batteries. Currently, the 3 rd  generation partnership project (3GPP) is standardizing a feature called Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) for satisfying all the requirements put forward by MTC type applications, while maintaining backward compatibility with the current LTE radio access technology. NB-IoT transmissions may occur in-band of a wideband LTE transmission, within a guard band of a wideband LTE transmission, or in standalone spectrum. Regardless, synchronization in a NB-IoT environment proves challenging because NB-IoT devices may need to operate at very low signal to noise ratios (SNRs). This means that narrowband synchronization signal design should be extremely robust to be able to operate at a wide range of SNRs, yet still provide backwards compatibility. Known narrowband synchronization signal designs fall short in this regard. 
     SUMMARY 
     A radio network node (e.g., a base station) according to some embodiments herein transmits a narrowband primary synchronization signal (NB-PSS) and a narrowband secondary synchronization signal (NB-SSS) within a synchronization signal period comprising multiple frames. The radio network node maps the NB-PSS to the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted. The radio network node similarly maps the NB-SSS to the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-SSS is to be transmitted. This includes at least one frame in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted (i.e., the NB-PSS and NB-SSS are to be transmitted in the same frame, for at least one frame in the synchronization signal period). The radio network node accomplishes this by mapping the NB-SSS to one or more subframes that differ from the one or more subframes to which the NB-PSS is mapped. The radio network node then transmits the NB-PSS and NB-SSS within the synchronization signal period according to this mapping. In some embodiments, for instance, the radio network node transmits the NB-SSS in every other frame in which the NB-PSS is transmitted. 
     Transmitting the NB-PSS and NB-SSS in this way advantageously facilitates higher synchronization signal density within the synchronization signal period. Indeed, by transmitting the NB-PSS and NB-SSS in different subframes (i.e., with different subframe positions in time), the NB-PSS transmission density is not constrained by potential collision with the NB-SSS transmission. In fact, the NB-PSS in some embodiments is even transmitted within every frame of the synchronization signal period. Transmitting the NB-PSS with higher density in time translates into synchronization that proves more robust in the face of low SNR. 
     In at least some embodiments, a radio network node herein maps the NB-PSS and NB-SSS to certain select subframes, e.g., in order to ensure or at least maximize backwards compatibility. For example, in one or more embodiments, the radio network node maps each of the NB-PSS and NB-SSS exclusively to one or more subframes that are immune to configuration as low interference subframes and/or are downlink subframes in all or a majority of possible time division duplex configurations of the radio network node. Alternatively or additionally, the radio network node may map each of the NB-PSS and NB-SSS exclusively to subframes that lack transmission of system information on a broadcast channel. 
     Regardless, in one or more embodiments, the radio network node transmits the NB-PSS in every frame of the synchronization signal period. Alternatively, radio network node transmits the NB-PSS in only odd-numbered frames of the synchronization signal period. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the radio network node transmits the NB-SSS in only one frame of the synchronization signal period. Alternatively, the radio network node transmits the NB-SSS in each frame in which the NB-PSS is transmitted. 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node transmits the NB-SSS in only even-numbered frames of the synchronization signal period. 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node maps the NB-SSS to only a single subframe within each frame in which the NB-SSS is to be transmitted. For example, in some embodiments, the radio network node maps the NB-SSS to subframe  9  within each frame in which the NB-SSS is to be transmitted. 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node maps the NB-PSS to only a single subframe within each frame in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted. For example, in some embodiments, the radio network node maps the NB-PSS to subframe  5  within each frame in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted. Regardless, in order to map the NB-PSS to only a single subframe, the radio network node may generate the NB-PSS from the sum of two base NB-PSS sequences. 
     In one or more embodiments, the radio network node maps each of the NB-PSS and NB-SSS exclusively to one or more subframes that are immune to configuration as low interference subframes and are downlink subframes in all or a majority of possible time division duplex configurations of the radio network node. Alternatively or additionally, the radio network node maps each of the NB-PSS and NB-SSS exclusively to one or more subframes that lack transmission of system information on a broadcast channel. 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node generates the NB-PSS as different base NB-PSS sequences, and transmits the NB-PSS by transmitting different respective ones of the base NB-PSS sequences in different frames of the synchronization signal period, with only one base NB-PSS sequence transmitted in any given frame. In this case, the different base NB-PSS sequences may comprise two base NB-PSS sequences, and the radio network node may transmit the NB-PSS within select frames of the synchronization signal period. The radio network node may then alternate every other one of the select frames between transmitting one of the two base NB-PSS sequences and transmitting the other of the two base NB-PSS sequences. 
     In one or more embodiments, the radio network node transmits the NB-PSS and/or the NB-SSS to indicate one or more parameters. The one or more parameters may include one or more of: a narrowband deployment type indicating whether narrowband transmissions from the radio network node are in-band of a wideband transmission, in a guard band of a wideband transmission, or standalone; a transmission resource index indicating a location of narrowband transmissions that are located in-band of a wideband transmission; and an operation mode of the radio network node indicating whether the radio network node is operating in a frequency division duplexing mode or a time division duplexing mode. 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node selects a length of a cyclic prefix with which to transmit the NB-PSS and NB-SSS. In this case, the radio network node may generate the NB-PSS in different ways for different selected lengths, by using the same one or more base NB-PSS sequences, irrespective of the selected length, but using different puncturing patterns for different selected lengths. By contrast, the radio network node may generate the NB-SSS in the same way for different selected lengths. 
     In any or all of these embodiments, the NB-PSS and NB-SSS may be narrowband internet of things (IoT) synchronization signals. In such a case, the synchronization signal period may be 80 ms, a frame may be 10 ms, and a subframe may be 1 ms. 
     Embodiments herein further include a method implemented by a wireless communication device (e.g., a user equipment) for receiving a narrowband primary synchronization signal (NB-PSS) and a narrowband secondary synchronization signal (NB-SSS) within a synchronization signal period comprising multiple frames. The method comprises receiving the NB-PSS and NB-SSS within the synchronization signal period. This may include for instance receiving the NB-SSS in every other frame in which the NB-PSS is received. The method further entails de-mapping the NB-PSS from the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-PSS is received. The method also includes de-mapping the NB-SSS from the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-SSS is received, including at least one frame in which the NB-PSS is received, by de-mapping the NB-SSS from one or more subframes that differ from the one or more subframes from which the NB-PSS is de-mapped. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication device receives the NB-PSS in every frame of the synchronization signal period. Alternatively, the wireless communication device receives the NB-PSS in only odd-numbered frames of the synchronization signal period. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication device receives the NB-SSS in only even-numbered frames of the synchronization signal period. 
     Alternatively or additionally, the wireless communication device receives the NB-SSS in only one frame of the synchronization signal period. Alternatively, the wireless communication device receives the NB-SSS in each frame in which the NB-PSS is received. 
     In one or more embodiments, the wireless communication device demaps the NB-SSS from only a single subframe within each frame in which the NB-SSS is received. For example, in some embodiments, the wireless communication device may de-map the NB-SSS from subframe  9  within each frame in which the NB-SSS is received. Alternatively or additionally, the wireless communication device demaps the NB-PSS from only a single subframe within each frame in which the NB-PSS is received. For example, in some embodiments, the wireless communication device may de-map the NB-PSS from subframe  5  within each frame in which the NB-PSS is received. Regardless, in order to de-map the NB-PSS from only a single subframe, the wireless communication device may recover the NB-PSS from the sum of two base NB-PSS sequences. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication device demaps each of the NB-PSS and NB-SSS exclusively from one or more subframes that are immune to configuration as low interference subframes and are downlink subframes in all or a majority of possible time division duplex configurations of the radio network node. Alternatively or additionally, the wireless communication device demaps each of the NB-PSS and NB-SSS exclusively from one or more subframes that lack transmission of system information on a broadcast channel. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication device recovers the NB-PSS as different base NB-PSS sequences, and receives the NB-PSS by receiving different respective ones of the base NB-PSS sequences in different frames of the synchronization signal period, with only one base NB-PSS sequence received in any given frame. In such a case, the different base NB-PSS sequences may comprise two base NB-PSS sequences. The device may receive the NB-PSS within select frames of the synchronization signal period, and alternate every other one of the select frames between receiving one of the two base NB-PSS sequences and receiving the other of the two base NB-PSS sequences. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless communication device determines one or more parameters from the NB-PSS and/or the NB-SSS. The one or more parameters include one or more of: a narrowband deployment type indicating whether narrowband transmissions from the radio network node are in-band of a wideband transmission, in a guard band of a wideband transmission, or standalone; a transmission resource index indicating a location of narrowband transmissions that are located in-band of a wideband transmission; and an operation mode of the radio network node indicating whether the radio network node is operating in a frequency division duplexing mode or a time division duplexing mode. 
     In one or more embodiments, the wireless communication device acquires frame and symbol timing of a cell provided by the radio network node, based on the received NB-PSS and NB-SSS. 
     In any or all of these embodiments, the NB-PSS and NB-SSS may be narrowband internet of things (IoT) synchronization signals. In such a case, the synchronization signal period may be 80 ms, a frame may be 10 ms, and a subframe may be 1 ms. 
     Embodiments herein also include a radio network node for transmitting a narrowband primary synchronization signal (NB-PSS) and a narrowband secondary synchronization signal (NB-SSS) within a synchronization signal period comprising multiple frames. The radio network node is configured to map the NB-PSS to the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted. The radio network node is also configured to map the NB-SSS to the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-SSS is to be transmitted, including at least one frame in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted, by mapping the NB-SSS to one or more subframes that differ from the one or more subframes to which the NB-PSS is mapped. The radio network node is further configured to transmit the NB-PSS and NB-SSS within the synchronization signal period according to said mapping. In some embodiments, for instance, the radio network node is configured to transmit the NB-SSS in every other frame in which the NB-PSS is transmitted. 
     Embodiments herein further include a wireless communication device for receiving a narrowband primary synchronization signal (NB-PSS) and a narrowband secondary synchronization signal (NB-SSS) within a synchronization signal period comprising multiple frames. The wireless communication device is configured to receive the NB-PSS and NB-SSS within the synchronization signal period. This may include for instance receiving the NB-SSS in every other frame in which the NB-PSS is received. The wireless communication device is also configured to de-map the NB-PSS from the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-PSS is received. The wireless communication device is further configured to de-map the NB-SSS from the same one or more subframes within each frame in which the NB-SSS is received, including at least one frame in which the NB-PSS is received, by de-mapping the NB-SSS from one or more subframes that differ from the one or more subframes from which the NB-PSS is de-mapped. 
     Embodiments herein thereby include a number of NB-IoT synchronization signal placement designs, addressing one or more aforementioned drawbacks associated with the known designs. Furthermore, the support of TDD and extended CP is considered. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a wireless communication system according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a logic flow diagram of a method implemented by a radio network node according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 3A-3B  are block diagrams of different synchronization signal mappings according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A-4C  are block diagrams of different subframe constraints taken into account in the synchronization signal mappings according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 5A-5B  are block diagrams of different synchronization signal mappings according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a synchronization signal mapping according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 7A-7D  are block diagrams of different synchronization signal mappings according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of synchronization signal generation according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a logic flow diagram of a method implemented by a wireless communication device according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram of a radio network node according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a radio network node according to one or more other embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a wireless communication device according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a wireless communication device according to one or more other embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a radio network node  10  and a wireless communication device  12  in a wireless communication system according to one or more embodiments. The radio network node  10  is configured to transmit a narrowband primary synchronization signal (NB-PSS)  14  and a narrowband secondary synchronization signal (NB-SSS)  16 , e.g., for narrowband Internet of Things (IoT). Depending on the node&#39;s deployment mode, these narrowband signals  14 ,  16  may be transmitted in standalone spectrum (e.g., re-farmed from GSM), in a guard band of a wideband transmission (e.g., a wideband LTE transmission), or in-band of a wideband transmission. Regardless, the wireless communication device  12  in some embodiments receives the narrowband synchronization signals  14 ,  16  as part of cell search, in order to acquire frame and symbol timing of a cell provided by the radio network node  10 . 
     The radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS and NB-SSS within a synchronization signal period  18 .  FIG. 1  shows multiple such periods  18  as periods  18 A,  18 B,  18 C, etc. that periodically recur over time (e.g., every 80 ms). Each synchronization signal period  18  comprises multiple so-called frames  20 . A frame  20  is defined as being a specific amount of time (e.g., 10 ms) at a certain level of granularity according to the wireless communication system&#39;s timing structure. Each frame  20  comprises multiple subframes  22 . Each subframe  22  is similarly defined as being a specific amount of time (e.g., 1 ms) at a lower level of granularity according to the system&#39;s timing structure. 
     The radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  within certain frames  20  and subframes  22 , e.g., in order to achieve a certain synchronization signal density within a synchronization signal period  18 . The radio network node  10  in this regard performs the processing shown in  FIG. 2  for transmitting the signals  14 ,  16  within a synchronization signal period  18 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , processing at the radio network node  10  involves mapping the NB-PSS  14  to the same one or more subframes  22  within each frame  20  in which the NB-PSS is to be transmitted (Block  110 ). That is, the subframe(s)  22  in which the NB-PSS  14  is mapped are the same across the different frames  20  in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted (i.e., the positions of the subframes  22  within each frame  20  is the same). As shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  to the same two subframes  22 A and  22 B within each frame  20  in which the NB-PSS  14  is to be transmitted. The position of these two subframes  22 A and  22 B is the same within each frame  20  (e.g., the NB-PSS  14  is mapped to subframe positions  4  and  5  within each frame  20  in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted). 
     Processing at the radio network node  10  similarly involves mapping the NB-SSS  16  to the same one or more subframes  22  within each frame  20  in which the NB-SSS  16  is to be transmitted (Block  110 ). Again, this means that the subframe(s)  22  in which the NB-SSS  16  is mapped are the same across the different frames  20  in which the NB-SSS  16  is transmitted (i.e., the positions of the subframes  22  within each frame  20  is the same). As shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-SSS  16  to the same single subframe  22 C within each frame  20  in which the NB-SSS  16  is to be transmitted. 
     Notably, the NB-SSS  16  is transmitted within at least one frame  20  in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted. That is, the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  within at least one frame  20  that is the same. The radio network node  10  accomplishes this by mapping the NB-SSS  16  to one or more subframes  22  that differ from the one or more subframes  22  to which the NB-PSS  14  is mapped.  FIG. 1  for instance shows the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  both being transmitted within the last frame of a synchronization signal period  18 , but the NB-PSS  14  is mapped to subframes  22 A and  22 B while the NB-SSS  16  is mapped to a different (non-overlapping) subframe  22 C within that same frame. Regardless, processing  100  at the radio network node  10  further comprises transmitting the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  within the synchronization signal period  18  according to this mapping (Block  130 ). In some embodiments, for instance, the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-SSS in every other frame in which the NB-PSS is transmitted. 
     Transmitting the NB-PSS and NB-SSS in this way advantageously facilitates higher synchronization signal density within the synchronization signal period  18 . Indeed, by transmitting the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  in different subframes (i.e., with different subframe positions in time), the NB-PSS  14  transmission density is not constrained by potential collision with the NB-SSS  16  transmission (e.g., the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  may be transmitted within the same frame, because they are mapped to different subframes). Transmitting the NB-PSS  14  with higher density in time translates into synchronization that proves more robust in the face of low SNR (e.g., due to low transmission power for an in-band or guard band transmission of the narrowband synchronization signals  14 ,  16 ). Furthermore, the synchronization signal density is increased in this way without meaningful impact on the complexity demanded for synchronization signal detection, e.g., when the synchronization signals are transmitted using the same subframes in every frame. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates one non-limiting example of how NB-PSS  14  density is increased by mapping the synchronization signals  14 ,  16  according to the processing of  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3A , a synchronization signal period  18  comprises eight frames  20 , consecutively indexed or otherwise numbered as frames  0 - 7 . Each frame  20  in turn comprises ten subframes  22 , consecutively indexed or otherwise numbered as subframes  0 - 9 . The radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  to the same two subframes  22  (indexed as subframes  4  and  5 ) in each frame in which the NB-PSS  14  is to be transmitted. More particularly in this example, the radio network node  10  generates the NB-PSS  14  as two different base sequences NB-PSS 1  and NB-PSS 2  (e.g., Zadoff-Chu sequences), and maps NB-PSS 1  to subframe  4  and maps NB-PSS 2  to subframe  5 . By contrast, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-SSS  16  to only one subframe  22  in each frame  20  in which the NB-SSS  16  is transmitted (although two subframes may be used in other embodiments). Indeed, in at least some embodiments, transmission of the NB-SSS  16  in only one subframe still provides acceptable detection performance for the NB-SSS  16  even in low SNR environments. Regardless, this one subframe is different than any of the subframes to which the NB-PSS  14  is mapped. As shown, the node  10  maps the NB-SSS  16  to subframe  9 , which is distinct from subframes  4  and  5  to which the NB-PSS  14  is mapped. 
     Mapping the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  to different subframes (i.e., at different positions) in this way enables the radio network node  10  to transmit the NB-PSS  14  with higher density in the synchronization signal period  18 , e.g., than would otherwise be possible without this mapping strategy. In fact, in the example of  FIG. 3A , the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS  14  in every one of the eight frames  0 - 7  within the synchronization signal period  18 . With lower density transmission of NB-SSS  16  proving sufficient in even the low SNR environments, the radio network node  10  by contrast transmits NB-SSS  16  in only one frame of the synchronization signal period  18 ; namely, the last frame  7 . Where both the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are transmitted in the last frame  7  in this way, collision between the signals  14 ,  16  is avoided due to the signals  14 ,  16  occupying different subframes. 
     Moreover, the radio network node  10  still maintains flexibility regarding the density of the NB-PSS  14 . In some embodiments, such as those shown in  FIG. 3B , the radio network node  10  instead transmits the NB-PSS  14  with lower density, by transmitting the NB-PSS  14  in every other frame  20 , e.g., in only odd-numbered frames of a synchronization signal period  18  (i.e., 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . ). 
     In at least some embodiments, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  and 
     NB-SSS  16  to certain select subframes, based on one or more constraints that govern how different subframes are permitted to be used. These constraints may concern for instance whether any given subframe is configurable as a low interference subframe (e.g., a multicast-broadcast single frequency network, MBSFN, subframe), a downlink subframe, and/or a subframe in which system information may be transmitted on a broadcast channel. Regardless of the particular constraints, though, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  to certain subframes selected in such a way as to balance potentially competing constraints about how the subframes are to be used. 
     Consider for instance embodiments where a defined number of possible time division duplex (TDD) configurations govern which subframes are configurable as downlink subframes.  FIG. 4A  illustrates seven such possible TDD configurations. As shown, subframes  0  and  5  are configured as downlink subframes in all seven possible TDD configurations, subframe  9  is configured as a downlink subframe in all possible TDD configurations except configuration  0 , and subframes  4  and  8  are configured as downlink subframes in four out of three possible TDD configurations. Accounting for this, the radio network node  10  in some embodiments maps each of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  exclusively to one or more subframes that are downlink subframes in all (or a majority of) possible TDD configurations of the radio network node  10 . 
     Alternatively or additionally, the radio network node  10  in its mapping accounts for the fact that certain subframes may be configurable as so-called low interference subframes. A low interference subframe is a subframe that causes no or a limited amount of interference to other subframes transmitted by a different transmitter on the same frequency resource. The radio network node  10  may for instance reduce its transmission power, e.g., as compared to a nominal transmission power for normal subframes, on one or more transmission resources within a low interference subframe (e.g., by puncturing or otherwise not transmitting on certain time-frequency resources). As one example, a low interference subframe may be a multicast-broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) subframe. 
     In any event, the radio network node  10  in some embodiments maps each of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  exclusively to one or more subframes that are immune to configuration as low interference subframes.  FIG. 4B  for instance illustrates one example where subframes  1 - 3  and  6 - 8  are configurable as low interference subframes. The radio network node  10  selects the subframes to which the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are to be mapped, by accounting for this. Indeed, in some embodiments, the radio network node  10  selects the subframes to which to map the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  from the set consisting of subframes  0 ,  4 ,  5 , and  9 , since those subframes are immune to configuration as a low interference subframe. 
     In still other embodiments, the radio network node  10  in its mapping accounts for the fact that system information may be transmitted on a broadcast channel within certain subframes.  FIG. 4C  for example illustrates that system information is transmitted on a broadcast channel (e.g., the narrowband physical broadcast channel, NB-PBCH) within subframe  0 . In order to avoid a conflict with this system information transmission, the radio network node  10  in some embodiments maps each of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  exclusively to subframes that lack transmission of system information on a broadcast channel. In  FIG. 4C , for example, the radio network node  10  selects the subframes to which to map the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  from the set consisting of subframes  1 - 9 , since those subframes (always) lack transmission of system information. 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node  10  maps each of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  exclusively to one or more subframes that are immune to configuration as low interference subframes and are downlink subframes in all (or a majority of) possible TDD configurations of the radio network node  10 . Consider for instance the embodiments already illustrated in  FIGS. 3A-3B . There, the subframes to which the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are mapped (namely, subframes  4 ,  5 , and  9 ) are immune to configuration as low interference subframes according to  FIG. 4B . Moreover, the subframes are downlink subframes in a majority of the possible TDD configurations in  FIG. 4A , namely, configurations  1 ,  2 ,  4 , and  5  (subframe  9  is not a downlink subframe in configuration  0 , and subframe  4  is not a downlink subframe in configuration  3  or  6 ).  FIGS. 3A-3B  further represent embodiments where the radio network node  10  also maps each of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  exclusively to one or more subframes that lack transmission of system information on a broadcast channel. Indeed, according to  FIG. 4C , no system information is transmitted on the subframes  4 ,  5 , and  9  to which the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are mapped. 
     In other embodiments herein, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  to subframes that are compatible with a greater number of potential TDD configurations than the mappings in  FIGS. 3A-3B .  FIGS. 5A-5B  illustrate different examples in this regard. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A-5B , the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  to only a single subframe within each frame in which the NB-PSS  14  is to be transmitted. Indeed, rather than mapping the NB-PSS  14  to subframes  4  and  5  as in  FIGS. 3A-3B , the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  to only subframe  5 . In some embodiments, this advantageously means that the subframes to which the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are mapped (namely, subframes  5  and  9 ) are immune to configuration as low interference subframes according to  FIG. 4B , are downlink subframes in a majority of the possible TDD configurations in  FIG. 4A  (namely, configurations  1 - 6 , where subframe  9  is not a downlink subframe in configuration  0 ), and lack transmission of system information on a broadcast channel according to  FIG. 4C . 
     In order to map the NB-PSS  14  to only a single subframe, the radio network node  10  in some embodiments generates the NB-PSS  14  to comprise a single NB-PSS sequence. The radio network node  10  may for instance generate this single sequence from the sum of two base NB-PSS sequences. For example, the radio network node  10  may generate the same two base NB-PSS sequences transmitted in different subframes in  FIGS. 3A-3B , namely sequences NB-PSS 1  and NB-PSS 2 , but sum them together, e.g., as 
     
       
         
           
             
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     in order to form a single combined sequence for transmission in a single subframe. 
     In some embodiments (not shown), the radio network node  10  still transmits the NB-SSS  16  in only one frame of the synchronization signal period  18  (e.g., the last frame), as in  FIGS. 3A-3B , while mapping the NB-PSS  14  as shown in  FIGS. 5A-5B . In other embodiments, though, the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-SSS  16  in more than one frame of the synchronization signal period  18 . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 5A-5B , the radio network node  10  may transmit the NB-SSS  16  in each frame in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted. Of course, in other embodiments, the radio network node  10  may transmit the NB-SSS  16  in fewer frames (e.g., in every other frame in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted). 
     Regardless, the radio network node  10  in at least some embodiments advantageously transmits the NB-SSS  16  at a higher density, e.g., than needed for detecting the NB-SSS  16  even in low SNR environments. The node  10  may exploit the increase in information-carrying capacity resulting from this higher density, or may otherwise utilize the NB-SSS  16 , in order to signal one or more parameters to the wireless communication device  12 . These one or more parameters may include for instance a narrowband deployment type indicating whether narrowband transmissions from the radio network node  10  are in-band of a wideband transmission, in a guard band of a wideband transmission, or standalone. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more parameters may include a transmission resource index indicating a location of narrowband transmissions that are located in-band of a wideband transmission (e.g., a physical resource block, PRB, index of a NB-IoT transmission with an in-band deployment). In still other embodiments, the one or more parameters additionally or alternatively include an operation mode of the radio network node  10  indicating whether the radio network node  10  is operating in a frequency division duplexing mode or a time division duplexing mode. 
     The radio network node  10  may signal these one or more parameters via the NB-SSS  16  in any number of ways. For example, the radio network node  10  may select a sequence on which the NB-SSS  16  is generated, based on the one or more parameters. In this way, the selected sequence and thereby the NB-SSS  16  encodes or implicitly indicates the one or more parameters. In other embodiments explained more fully below, the radio network node  10  implicitly indicates the one or more parameters by the way in which the NB-SSS  16  is transmitted (e.g., which subframes and/or frames in which the NB-SSS  16  is transmitted). 
     Alternatively or additionally, the radio network node  10  may signal any or all of the above-described parameters via the NB-PSS  14 . The radio network node  10  in such cases may similarly select a sequence on which the NB-PSS  14  is generated, based on the one or more parameters. In this way, the selected sequence and thereby the NB-PSS  14  encodes or implicitly indicates the one or more parameters. In other embodiments, the radio network node  10  implicitly indicates the one or more parameters by the way in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted (e.g., which subframes and/or frames in which the NB-PSS  14  is transmitted). 
     In yet other embodiments herein, the radio network node  10  maps the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  to subframes that are compatible with an even greater number of potential TDD configurations than the mappings in  FIGS. 3A-3B and 5A-5B .  FIG. 6  illustrate one example in this regard. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the radio network node  10  maps the NB-SSS  16  to only a single subframe. But rather than mapping the NB-SSS  16  to subframe  9 , as in  FIGS. 3A-3B and 5A-5B , the radio network node  10  maps the NB-SSS  16  to subframe  0 . This means that the mapping is compatible with all of the possible TDD configurations illustrated in  FIG. 4A . Indeed, the subframes to which the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are mapped (namely, subframes  0  and  5 ) are designated as downlink subframes in all seven of the TDD configurations. Moreover, these subframes are immune to configuration as low interference subframes according to  FIG. 4B . 
     In some embodiments, the radio network node&#39;s mapping proves more compatible with possible TDD configurations, but at the expense of potential conflict with system information transmissions. As shown in  FIG. 4C , for example, system information may be transmitted on a broadcast channel in subframe  0 . Mapping the NB-SSS  16  to subframe  0  as in  FIG. 6  thereby subjects the NB-SSS  16  to conflict with system information transmissions. 
     The radio network node  10  in various embodiments resolves this potential conflict by transmitting the NB-SSS  16  in as few frames as needed to achieve a target NB-SSS detection threshold, and transmitting system information in one or more of the other NB-SSS-free frames. As shown in  FIG. 6 , for example, the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-SSS  16  in only the last frame (i.e., frame  7 ) of the synchronization signal period  18 . As described above, such low density transmission may meet a target NB-SSS detection threshold, even in low SNR environments. And this frees up the remaining frames in the synchronization signal period  18  for system information transmission. For example, the system information may be transmitted within subframe  0  of frames  0 - 6 , while NB-SSS  16  is transmitted within subframe  0  of frame  7 . Omitting system information from this one frame only marginally degrades detection performance of the system information (e.g., of the NB-PBCH), e.g., by approximately 0.6 dB. 
     Note that  FIG. 6  also shows alternative embodiments for transmitting the NB-PSS  14  within a single subframe. Contrasted with the embodiments illustrated by  FIGS. 5A-5B  in which different base NB-PSS sequences are transmitted in combination at the same time, the radio network node  10  in these embodiments transmits different NB-PSS sequences at different times (without combining the sequences). Specifically, the radio network node  10  transmits different respective ones of the base NB-PSS sequences in different frames of the synchronization signal period  18 . In some embodiments, only one base NB-PSS sequence is transmitted in any given frame. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example with two base NB-PSS sequences (namely, NB-PSS 1  and NB-PSS 2 ), and where the radio network node  10  transmits a base NB-PSS sequence in every frame of the synchronization signal period  18 . In this case, the radio network node  10  alternates every other frame between transmitting NB-PSS 1  and transmitting NB-PSS 2  (e.g., NB-PSS 1  is transmitted in even-numbered frames, while NB-PSS 2  is transmitted in odd-numbered frames). More generally, though, where the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS within select frames of the synchronization signal period, the node  10  alternates every other one of the select frames between transmitting one of the two base NB-PSS sequences and transmitting the other of the two base NB-PSS sequences. In at least some embodiments, this approach advantageously enables the wireless communication device  12  to estimate both the frequency offset and the timing offset simultaneously (or in parallel). 
     Any of the above embodiments may be used separately or in combination. As an example of an isolated embodiment, the radio network node  10  may apply the same embodiment without regard to conditions that may affect signal density demands (e.g., always apply the embodiment in  FIG. 6  regardless of whether operating in TDD or FDD mode). As an example of combined embodiments, by contrast, the radio network node  10  may selectively apply different embodiments under different conditions and/or at different times. 
     In one or more such embodiments, the radio network node  10  applies one embodiment when operating in a TDD mode and applies a different embodiment when operating in a frequency division duplexing (FDD) mode. For example, the radio network node  10  may transmit the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6  when operating in TDD mode (e.g., to ensure compatibility with all possible TDD configurations), but transmit the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 3A-3B or 5A-5B  when operating in FDD mode (e.g., since TDD configuration compatibility is inapplicable). In such a case, the node&#39;s transmission of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  encodes or implicitly indicates the node&#39;s operating mode as being either TDD or FDD. The wireless communication device  12  may for instance identify the node&#39;s operating mode as being TDD or FDD based on evaluating the time separation between NB-PSS transmissions. 
     Alternatively or additionally, the radio network node  10  applies one embodiment when operating under conditions demanding relatively high synchronization signal density and applies a different embodiment when operating under conditions demanding only a relatively low synchronization signal density. Such conditions may for instance depend on the narrowband deployment mode of the radio network node, which may change dynamically or at a given point in time. For example, a standalone mode may produce conditions that demand a relatively lower synchronization signal density (e.g., a lower repetition interval), whereas in-band or guard band mode may produce conditions that demand a relatively higher synchronization signal density (e.g., a higher repetition interval). 
     In some embodiments, therefore, the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  according to the embodiments illustrated in  FIG. 3A, 5A , or  6  when operating in in-band or guard band mode, but transmits the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3B or 5B  when operating in standalone mode. Alternatively, the radio network node  10  transmits the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  according to the embodiments illustrated in  FIG. 3B or 5B  when operating in in-band or guard band mode, but transmits the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  according to another embodiment not shown when operating in standalone mode. One such non-shown embodiment may comprise for instance a modified version of  FIG. 3B or 5B , where the NB-PSS  14  and/or NB-SSS  16  are transmitted in only a subset of the shown frames and/or subframes (e.g., the NB-SSS  16  is transmitted in only frames  1  and  5 , rather than  1 ,  3 ,  5 , and  7 ). 
     Accordingly, the node&#39;s transmission of the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  in these embodiments encodes or implicitly indicates the node&#39;s deployment mode as being either standalone, in-band, or guard band. The wireless communication device  12  may for instance identify the node&#39;s deployment mode as being standalone, in-band, or guard band based on evaluating the time separation between NB-PSS transmissions. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  may be mapped more particularly to transmission resources within a given subframe in any of a number of ways.  FIGS. 7A-87D  illustrate a few examples in a context where the narrowband synchronization signals  14 ,  16  are transmitted in-band of a wideband LTE transmission. A subframe  22  in this example comprises multiple Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols  24 . 
       FIGS. 7A-7B  show that a subframe  22  comprises fourteen OFDM symbols  24 . This is the case for instance when the synchronization signals  14 ,  16  are transmitted with a normal length cyclic prefix (CP). As shown in  FIG. 7A , the NB-PSS  14  may be transmitted within the last eleven of the subframe&#39;s OFDM symbols. The remaining OFDM symbols  24  are not used by the synchronization signals  14 ,  16 , but instead are left free for transmission of wideband control information (e.g., the LTE PDCCH).  FIG. 7B  shows that the NB-SSS  14  may be transmitted within the last nine of the subframe&#39;s OFDM symbols. Again, the remaining OFDM symbols  24  are not used, but instead are left free for other transmissions including wideband control information. Regardless, the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  occupy a fixed number of OFDM symbols in each synchronization signal period  18 . 
       FIGS. 7C-7D  further show a so-called resource block that comprises multiple resource elements. Each resource element is a time-frequency resource formed as a combination of one OFDM symbol and one frequency subcarrier (e.g., of 15 kHz). As shown, the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  are punctured on certain resource elements by a wideband cell-specific reference signal (CRS)  26  (e.g., LTE CRS). The wideband CRS  26  also puncture transmission of wideband control information on a wideband physical downlink control channel (WB-PDCCH)  28 , such as the LTE PDCCH. Transmitting the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  in this way, to avoid conflict with CRS and PDCCH transmission, advantageously provides backwards compatibility with associated wideband transmissions (e.g., wideband LTE). 
     In other embodiments not shown, though, the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  may occupy a different number of symbols within any given subframe  22 . In some normal cyclic prefix embodiments, for example, the NB-PSS  14  spans 11 or 9 symbols in each subframe  22 , and the NB-SSS  16  spans 6 to 11 symbols in each subframe  22 . 
     Still other embodiments herein support extended cyclic prefixes (CP) that are longer in length than normal CP. With normal CP, each subframe comprises fourteen OFDM symbols, whereas with extended CP, each subframe comprises only 12 OFDM symbols. In some extended cyclic prefix embodiments, the NB-PSS  14  spans 9 symbols in each subframe  22 , and the NB-SSS  16  spans 6 to 9 symbols in each subframe  22 . 
     The radio network node  10  realizes support for both normal and extended CP in some embodiments by generating the NB-PSS  14  using base sequences of different lengths. For example, the radio network node  10  may generate the NB-PSS  14  using one or more base sequences of length  141  when transmitting with a normal CP, but may generate the NB-PSS  14  using one or more base sequences of length  133  when transmitting with an extended CP. No matter that length, though, the radio network node  10  may puncture certain symbols in the sequence to achieve a required number of symbols (e.g., 132) for mapping to the 9 OFDM symbols spanned by the NB-PSS  14 . 
     In other embodiments, the radio network node  10  realizes support for both normal and extended CP by using different puncturing patterns for different normal and extended CP. Specifically, the radio network node  10  in some embodiments selects a length of a cyclic prefix with which to transmit the NB-PSS and NB-SSS. The node  10  then generates the NB-PSS  14  in different ways for different selected lengths. The node  10  does so by using the same one or more base NB-PSS sequences, irrespective of the selected CP length, but using different puncturing patterns for different selected CP lengths. For example, to generate the NB-PSS for normal CP, the radio network node  10  may puncture or remove a certain pattern of symbols from a length- 141  base sequence; namely, the 13 th , 26 th , 51 st , 64 th , 77 th , 90 th , 103 rd , 116 th , and 141 st  symbols, in order to make the NB-PSS span eleven OFDM symbols. But to generate the NB-PSS for extended CP, the radio network node  10  may puncture or remove another pattern of symbols from the length- 141  base sequence; namely, the 13 th , 14 th , 15 th , 28 th , 29 th , 30 th , 43 rd , 44 th , 45 th , 58 th , 59 th , 60 th , 73 rd , 74 th , 75 th , 88 th , 89 th , 90 th , 103 rd , 104 th , 105 th , 118 th , 119 th , 120 th  and 133 rd  through 141 st  symbols, in order to make the NB-PSS span nine OFDM symbols. Note that support for extended CP requires increasing the number of NB-PSS correlations by a factor of 2, in order to achieve satisfactory performance. 
     Since the NB-SSS occupies only 9 OFDM symbols in each occupied subframe in both normal and extended CP, no modification is required to enable support for extended cyclic prefix. Accordingly, the radio network node  10  in some embodiments generates the NB-SSS in the same way for different selected CP lengths. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates additional details of synchronization signal generation according to one or more embodiments. As shown, a base NB-PSS sequence with a length of L is obtained by a sequence obtaining module or circuit  30  in the form of a Zadoff Chu sequence. A symbol removal module or circuit  32  removes a certain pattern of symbols or elements from the sequence in order to obtain a punctured Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence d u . For L=N PSS =141, for example, the 13 th , 26 th , 51 st , 64 th , 77 th , 90 th , 103 rd , 116 th  and 141 st  symbols may be removed to make the NB-PSS span element OFDM symbols. A subsequence generation module or circuit  34  then divides the punctured ZC sequence d u  into m sub-sequences, shown as d u,1 , d u,2 , . . . d u,m . If the length of the sequences are not divisible by m, then zeros may be padded to make it divisible. A discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)  36  is then employed for each of these m sub-sequences to generate frequency domain representations r u,1 , r u,2 , . . . r u,m  of the sub-sequences. These frequency domain representations are input into an inverse fast Fourier transform module or circuit  38 , in order to produce rate-converted versions t u,1 , t u,2 , . . . t u,m  of the sub-sequences; that is the rate-converted versions are at a different sampling rate (e.g., 1.92 kHz) due to the DFT and IFFT. A cyclic prefix (CP) module or circuit  40  is finally employed to add and CP and generate the synchronization signal NB-PSS. 
     Of course, in some embodiments, the NB-PSS consists of two Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences NB-PSS 1  and NB-PSS 2 . NB-PSS 1  is generated based on a N PSS -length ZC sequence with root index  1 , while NB-PSS 2  is based on the complex conjugate of NB-PSS 1 : 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     The NB-SSS design may also consist of two Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences NB-SSS 1  and NB-SSS 2 , e.g., in embodiments not shown in any of the Figures where NB-SSS is transmitted in two subframes rather than just one. NB-SSS 1  and NB-SSS 2  in this case are generated based on a N SSS -length ZC sequence with root index u 1  and u 2  respectively. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     The length N SSS  is chosen to be prime (e.g., 107) in order to enable support for up to N SSS −1 different sequences. The combination of the two IDs (u 1 , u 2 ) is sufficient to encode the physical cell ID and the timing within the synchronization signal period (e.g., an 80 ms block). 
     Alternatively, in other embodiments, the NB-SSS may consist of a single ZC sequence generated in a similar manner as NB-SSS 1  or NB-SSS 2 . 
     Depending on the position of the frame where the NB-SSS is transmitted, a scrambling code may be applied on it in order to provide the correct timing within a synchronization signal period (e.g., an 80 ms block). 
     In order to enable support for 504 different physical cell IDs, e.g., in LTE-related embodiments, the radio network node  10  may use a combination of the roots and cyclic shifts of the different Zadoff Chu sequences. 
     In view of the modifications and variations described above, those skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments herein include corresponding processing performed at the wireless communication device  12  for receiving the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16 , as transmitted by the radio network node  10 .  FIG. 9  illustrations processing  200  performed by the wireless communication device  12  in this regard. 
     As shown, processing  200  at the device  12  includes receiving the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  within the synchronization signal period  18  (Block  210 ). This may include for instance receiving the NB-SSS in every other frame in which the NB-PSS is received. Processing  200  further includes de-mapping the NB-PSS  14  from the same one or more subframes  22  within each frame  20  in which the NB-PSS  14  is received (Block  220 ). Processing  200  also entails de-mapping the NB-SSS  16  from the same one or more subframes  22  within each frame  20  in which the NB-SSS  16  is receive (Block  230 ). This includes at least one frame  20  in which the NB-PSS  14  is received. The device  12  does this by de-mapping the NB-SSS  16  from one or more subframes  22  that differ from the one or more subframes  22  from which the NB-PSS  14  is de-mapped. The device  12  may for instance employ reception processing as needed to recover the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  as transmitted according to any of  FIGS. 3-8 . In at least some embodiments, the device  12  also acquires frame and symbol timing of a cell provided by the radio network node  10 , based on the received NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16 . 
     In at least some embodiments, the radio network node  10  and wireless communication device  12  operate according to narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) specifications. In this regard, embodiments described herein are explained in the context of operating in or in association with a RAN that communicates over radio communication channels with wireless communication devices, also interchangeably referred to as wireless terminals or UEs, using a particular radio access technology. More specifically, embodiments are described in the context of the development of specifications for NB-IoT, particularly as it relates to the development of specifications for NB-IoT operation in spectrum and/or using equipment currently used by E-UTRAN, sometimes referred to as the Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network and widely known as the LTE system. However, it will be appreciated that the techniques may be applied to other wireless networks, as well as to successors of the E-UTRAN. Thus, references herein to signals using terminology from the 3GPP standards for LTE should be understood to apply more generally to signals having similar characteristics and/or purposes, in other networks. 
     A radio network node  10  herein is any type of network node (e.g., a base station) capable of communicating with another node over radio signals. A wireless communication device  12  is any type device capable of communicating with a radio network node  10  over radio signals. A wireless communication device  12  may therefore refer to a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, a machine-type communications (MTC) device, a NB-IoT device, etc. The wireless device may also be a UE, however it should be noted that the UE does not necessarily have a “user” in the sense of an individual person owning and/or operating the device. A wireless device may also be referred to as a radio device, a radio communication device, a wireless terminal, or simply a terminal—unless the context indicates otherwise, the use of any of these terms is intended to include device-to-device UEs or devices, machine-type devices or devices capable of machine-to-machine communication, sensors equipped with a wireless device, wireless-enabled table computers, mobile terminals, smart phones, laptop-embedded equipped (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), etc. In the discussion herein, the terms machine-to-machine (M2M) device, machine-type communication (MTC) device, wireless sensor, and sensor may also be used. It should be understood that these devices may be UEs, but are generally configured to transmit and/or receive data without direct human interaction. 
     In an IOT scenario, a wireless communication device as described herein may be, or may be comprised in, a machine or device that performs monitoring or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring measurements to another device or a network. Particular examples of such machines are power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances, e.g. refrigerators, televisions, personal wearables such as watches etc. In other scenarios, a wireless communication device as described herein may be comprised in a vehicle and may perform monitoring and/or reporting of the vehicle&#39;s operational status or other functions associated with the vehicle. 
     Note that the radio network node  10  as described above may perform the processing herein by implementing any functional means or units. In one embodiment, for example, the radio network node  10  comprises respective circuits configured to perform the steps shown in  FIG. 2 . The circuits in this regard may comprise circuits dedicated to performing certain functional processing and/or one or more microprocessors in conjunction with memory. In embodiments that employ memory, which may comprise one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc., the memory stores program code that, when executed by the one or more microprocessors, carries out the techniques described herein. That is, in some embodiments memory of the radio network node  10  contains instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the radio network node  10  is configured to carry out the processing herein. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates additional details of a radio network node  10  in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown, the radio network node  10  includes one or more processing circuits  620  and one or more radio circuits  610 . The one or more radio circuits  610  are configured to transmit via one or more antennas  640 . The one or more processing circuits  620  are configured to perform processing described above, e.g., in  FIG. 2 , such as by executing instructions stored in memory  630 . The one or more processing circuits  620  in this regard may implement certain functional means or units. 
       FIG. 11  in this regard illustrates a radio network node  10  in accordance with one or more other embodiments. As shown, the radio network node  10  may include a mapping module or unit  650  for mapping the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  as described above, and a transmitting module or unit  660  for transmitting the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16 , e.g., via the one or more radio circuits  610 . These modules or units may be implemented by the processing circuit(s)  620  of  FIG. 10 . 
     Also, the wireless communication device  12  may perform the processing herein by implementing any functional means or units. In one embodiment, for example, the wireless communication device  12  comprises respective circuits configured to perform the steps shown in  FIG. 9 . The circuits in this regard may comprise circuits dedicated to performing certain functional processing and/or one or more microprocessors in conjunction with memory. In embodiments that employ memory, which may comprise one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc., the memory stores program code that, when executed by the one or more microprocessors, carries out the techniques described herein. That is, in some embodiments memory of the device  12  contains instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the device  12  is configured to carry out the processing herein. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates additional details of a wireless communication device  12  in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown, the wireless communication device  12  includes one or more processing circuits  720  and one or more radio circuits  710 . The one or more radio circuits  710  are configured to transmit via one or more antennas  740 . The one or more processing circuits  720  are configured to perform processing described above, e.g., in  FIG. 9 , such as by executing instructions stored in memory  730 . The one or more processing circuits  720  in this regard may implement certain functional means or units. 
       FIG. 13  in this regard illustrates additional details of a wireless communication device  12  in accordance with one or more other embodiments. As shown, the device  12  may include a receiving module or unit  750  for receiving the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16 , e.g., via the one or more radio circuits  710 , and a de-mapping module or unit  760  for de-mapping the NB-PSS  14  and NB-SSS  16  as described above. These units or modules may be implemented by the one or more processing circuits  720  in  FIG. 12 . 
     Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that embodiments herein further include corresponding computer programs. 
     A computer program comprises instructions which, when executed on at least one processor of a node, cause the node to carry out any of the respective processing described above. A computer program in this regard may comprise one or more code modules corresponding to the means or units described above. 
     Embodiments further include a carrier containing such a computer program. This carrier may comprise one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention may be carried out in other ways than those specifically set forth herein without departing from essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are thus to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.