Patent Publication Number: US-2012040897-A1

Title: Novel derivatives of acyl cyanopyrrolidines

Description:
The present invention relates to novel derivatives of acyl cyanopyrrolidines as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors which are effective in conditions mediated by DPP-IV, methods of preparing the same and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same as active agent. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (Enzyme Commission number 3.4.14.5) is a member of a family of serine protease that catalyses the cleavage of N-terminal dipeptides from a peptide chain containing, in general, a proline or an alanine residue in the penultimate position. It is widely expressed in mammalian tissue as a type II integral membrane protein. The protease is expressed on the surface of differentiated epithelial cells of the intestine, liver, kidney proximal tubules, prostate, corpus luteum, and on leukocyte subsets such as lymphocytes and macrophages. A soluble form of the enzyme is found in serum that has structure and function identical to the membrane-bound form of the enzyme but lacks the hydrophobic transmembrane domain. In the human immune system the enzyme is expressed almost exclusively by activated T-lymphocytes of the CD4+ type where the enzyme has been shown to be synonymous with the cell-surface antigen CD26. 
     In addition to DPP-IV, the serine protease family encompasses other members for example dipeptidyl peptidase-11 (DPP-II), dipeptidyl peptidase IV beta, dipeptidyl peptidase 8, dipeptidyl peptidase 9, aminopeptidase P, fibroblast activating protein alpha (seprase), prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase, prolyl oligopeptidase (endoproteinase Pro-C), attractin (soluble dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase), acylaminoacyl-peptidase (N-acylpeptide hydrolase; fMet aminopeptidase) and lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase (angiotensinase C, prolyl carboxypeptidase). All these enzymes have preference for cleavage after H 2 N—X-Pro in vitro, and thus are likely to be involved in at least some of the increasing number of biological processes that appear to be regulated by proline-specific NH 2 -terminal processing. 
     A number of bioactive peptides are substrates of DPP-IV. Several of these peptides are neuropeptides, for e.g., Substance P, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). Some other substrate of DPP-IV are involved in immune responses, such as macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), monocyte chemoactive protein (MCP) and regulated-on-activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) protein. Some other DPP-IV substrates are oligopeptides involved in digestion and metabolism, such as enterostatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Several gastrointestinal hormones are substrates for DPP-IV such as peptide YY (PYY), glucagons-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagons-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Thus DPP-IV is a wide spread enzyme with activity to cleave the two N-terminal amino acids of a number of biologically active peptides involved in different functions in immunology, gastroenterology and endocrinology. 
     GLP-1(7-36) is a 29 amino acid peptide derived by post translational processing of proglucagon in the small intestine. It is known to have physiological actions such as an accelerating action on insulin secretion from the pancreas, decreases hepatic glucose production, gastric emptying, and food intake. Based on physiological profile, the actions of GLP-1(7-36) are expected to have direct beneficial effects on glucose disposal such as in the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes and potentially obesity. DPP-IV has been shown to be the primary degrading enzyme of GLP-1(7-36) in vivo and is degraded efficiently by DPP-IV to GLP-1(9-36), which has been speculated to act as a physiological antagonist. Inhibitors of DPP-IV enzyme preserve GLP-1 function for a longer time which leads to an increase in GLP-1 action, enhancement of insulin action and improvement of glucose metabolism which promotes satiety, weight loss, and the antidiabetic effects of GLP-1. For example, inhibition of DPP-IV with the known compound NVP-DPP728 increases plasma GLP-1 concentrations and improves oral glucose tolerance in obese Zucker rats. Both subcutaneously and intravenously administered GLP-1 is rapidly degraded from the NH2-terminus in type II diabetic patients and in healthy subjects. DPPIV inhibition is therefore expected to be useful in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. 
     Inhibitors of DPP-IV are described inter alia in WO2003000180, WO200000181, WO200004498, WO2003082817, WO2004032836, WO2004007468, EP1679069 and WO2005121089. Several groups have disclosed inhibitors of DPP-IV. While some leads have been found from random screening programs, the majority of the work in this field has been directed towards the investigation of substrate analogs. Inhibitors of DPP-IV that are substrate analogs are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,928, U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,396, WO95/15309 (equivalent to U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,560 and EP 0731789), WO98/19998 (equivalent to U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,155), WO99/46272 and WO99/61431. 
     Some of the DPP-IV inhibitors known in the art are exemplified in the table below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     While not being limited thereby, the compounds of the present invention are believed to be useful for the treatment of a variety of metabolic, gastrointestinal, viral, and inflammatory diseases, including, but not limited to, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, dermatological or mucous membrane disorders, psoriasis, intestinal distress, constipation, autoimmune disorders such as encephalomyelitis, complement mediated disorders such as glomerulonephritis, lipodystrophy, and tissue damage, psychosomatic, depressive, and neuropsychiatric disease such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, schizophrenia, epilepsy, spasm, and chronic pain, HIV infection, allergies, inflammation, arthritis, transplant rejection, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, tumors, and stress-induced abortions, for example cytokine-mediated murine abortions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides compound represented by formula I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a tautomeric form, regioisomer, stereoisomer, solvate, N-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein
 
‘a’—is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring and substituted or unsubstituted carbohydrate moiety
 
y is a member selected from —O—, —CO—, —SO2—, aminoalkyl or
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein, R w  is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl;
 
x is a member selected from —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2—, CONR10, NR10CO and —NR d —, or x and y together represent a chemical bond;
 
R10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl
 
Rd is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl;
 
R and R′ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyallyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, oxo, hydroxyiminocarbonyl, alkoxyiminocarbonyl, or an alkylidene group with 1-5 carbon atoms, or R and R′ can form, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached a C 3-7  cyclic or heterocycloalkyl ring when x and y together do not represent a chemical bond;
 
Z is selected from —CH—, —N—.
 
R″ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl;
 
R9 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, COOR 11 , wherein R 11  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl
 
p 1  is 0, 1 or 2 and p 2  is 0, 1 or 2 provided that the sum of p 1  and p 2  is not 1;
 
m and n are integers selected from 0, 1 or 2;
 
t is an integer selected from 0 to 4; with the provisos that
 
when ‘a’ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring then ‘t’ is not 0
 
and when y=—CO—, x is not NR d .
 
     The present invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     The present invention also provides for method for treating or preventing diseases which are associated with DPP-IV. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides compound represented by formula I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a tautomeric form, regioisomer, stereoisomer, solvate, N-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein
 
‘a’—is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring and substituted or unsubstituted carbohydrate moiety
 
y is a member selected from —O—, —CO—, —SO2-, aminoalkyl or
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein, R w  is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl;
 
x is a member selected from —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2-, CONR10, NR10CO and —NR d —, or x and y together represent a chemical bond;
 
R10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl
 
Rd is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl;
 
R and R′ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyallyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, oxo, hydroxyiminocarbonyl, alkoxyiminocarbonyl, or an alkylidene group with 1-5 carbon atoms, or R and R′ can form, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached a C 3-7  cyclic or heterocycloalkyl ring when x and y together do not represent a chemical bond;
 
Z is selected from —CH—, —N—.
 
R″ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl;
 
R9 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, COOR 11 , wherein R 11  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl
 
p 1  is 0, 1 or 2 and p 2  is 0, 1 or 2 provided that the sum of p 1  and p 2  is not 1;
 
m and n are integers selected from 0, 1 or 2;
 
t is an integer selected from 0 to 4; with the provisos that
 
when ‘a’ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring then ‘t’ is not 0
 
and when y=—CO—, x is not NR d .
 
     As used throughout this specification and the appended claims, the following terms have the following meanings: 
     The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein includes reference to a saturated or partially saturated non-aromatic heterocyclic moiety having 3-12 ring carbon atoms and 1-7 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulphur. Unless otherwise specified, it can be monocyclic, bicyclic or a polycyclic ring system. This term includes reference to groups such as azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, quinolizidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl. aziridinyl, azepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, thioxanyl, pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, and the like 
     The term “alkyl” as used herein includes reference to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-diemthylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl and n-decyl. 
     The term “alkenyl”, as employed herein either alone or as a part of another group, denoted both straight and branched chain, optionally substituted radicals, for example containing 2-12 carbons atoms in a chain, which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. 
     The term “alkynyl”, as employed herein either alone or as a part of another group, denoted both straight and branched chain, optionally substituted radicals, for example containing 2-12 carbons atoms in a chain, which contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. 
     The term “alkylidene” as used herein refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl radical which is attached via a carbon-carbon double bond. 
     The terms “alkoxy” as used refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy. The term “alkoxyalkyl” as used refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, 1-methoxypropyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 1-ethoxypropyl, 1-(1-propyloxy)propyl, 1-(2-propyloxy)propyl. 
     The term “cycloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of the cycloalkyl ring systems include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. 
     The term “cycloalkylalkyl” as used herein, refers to a cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a alkyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “spirocycloalkyl” refers to saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons having one carbon common to both rings, including for example spirocyclopropyl, spirocyclobutyl, spirocyclopentyl and spirocyclohexyl. 
     The terms “cycloalkyloxy” as used refers to an cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. 
     The term “alkylcarbonyl” or “alkanoyl” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1-oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl. 
     The term “cycloalkylcarbonyl,” or “cycloalkanoyl” as used herein, refers to cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. 
     The term “alkoxylcarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkoxygroup, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. 
     The term “alkoxycarbonylalkyl” as used herein, means an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “aryl,” as used herein, refers to an aromatic ring system. Representative examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, and naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl. 
     The term “biaryl,” as used herein, refers to an aromatic ring system. Representative examples of biaryl include, but are not limited to biphenyl, binaphthyl. 
     The term “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, and 2-naphth-2-ylethyl. 
     The term “alkylaryl” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an aryl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylaryl include, but are not limited to methyl benzene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene. 
     The term “arylcarbonyl or aroyl” as used herein, refers to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, benzoyl and naphthoyl. 
     The terms “aryloxy” as used refers to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of aryloxy include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, naphthyloxy. 
     The terms “arylalkoxy” as used refers to an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom 
     The terms “alkylamino” as used refers to an, amino group monosubstituted with the lower alkyl group, as defined herein, and appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. Representative examples of alkylamino include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, butylamino, sec-butylamino and tert-butylamino. 
     The terms “dialkylamino” as used refers to an, amino group disubstituted with identical or different lower alkyl groups as defined herein, and appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. Representative examples of dialkylamino include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino, methylpropylamino and diisopropylamino. 
     The term “heterocycloalkylalkyl” as used herein, refers to a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a alkyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “heterocycloalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, refers to an heterocycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “heteroaryl” as used herein includes reference to an aromatic heterocyclic ring system having 5-10 ring atoms, at least one of which is selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. The group may be a polycyclic ring system, having two or more rings, at least one of which is aromatic. This term includes reference to groups such as pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, pyrazinyl, purinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl, phenothiazinyl, triazinyl, phthalazinyl, 2H-chromenyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, pteridinyl and the like. 
     The term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to heteroaryl group appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group as defined herein 
     The term “imino” as denotes a nitrogen atom containing one substituent such as hydrido, hydroxy or alkyl and having two covalent bonds available for bonding to single atom such as carbon. Examples of such imino radicals include ═NH, ═NOH, ═NOCH3 
     The term “halogen” as used herein includes reference to F, Cl, Br or I. In a particular, halogen may be F or Cl, of which F is more common. 
     The term “alkylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylsulfinyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinyl and ethylsulfinyl. 
     The term “cycloalkylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “arylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “heterocycloalkylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “heteroarylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “arylalkylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an cycloalkylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “alkoxysulfinyl” as used herein, means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. 
     The term “alkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl and ethylsulfonyl. 
     The term “arylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group 
     The term “heterocycloalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an heterocycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein 
     The term “heteroarylsulfonyl” as used herein, means a heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group 
     The term “arylalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group. 
     The term “cycloalkyalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an cycloalkylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group 
     The term “heterocycloalkylalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an heterocycloalkylalkyl alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group 
     The term “heteroarylalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an heteroarylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group 
     The term “carbohydrate moiety” also known commonly as sugars refers to substituted and unsubstituted monosaccharide, monosaccharide derivatives, oligosaccharide, pseudosugar, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and mixtures thereof. 
     The term “monosaccharide” refers to sugars (in the L or D configuration), typically having 5 or 6 carbons (a pentose monosaccharide or a hexose monosaccharide), as well as 7 carbons (heptose monosaccharide). Monosaccharides consist of single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit. Most monosaccharides exist as cyclic hemiacetals or hemiketals, and may be in the α or β anomeric form. Cyclic forms with a five-membered ring are called furanoses, with a six-membered ring are called pyranoses, with a seven-membered ring are called septanoses. Cyclic sugar residues are preferred, particularly 5-membered (furanose) and 6-membered (pyranose) rings. The monosaccharide may be substituted or unsubstituted. 
     The term “Oligosaccharides” refers to compounds in which 2 to 10 monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkages, including both oxygen and carbon glycosidic linkages. According to the number of units, they are called disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides. 
     The term “protecting group” refers to a group which, when bound to one or more group(s), limits reactions occurring at these group(s) and which protecting groups can be removed by conventional chemical or enzymatic steps to reestablish the group(s). The particular removable protecting group employed is determined by the nature of the compounds and chemical processes being utilized. For example an amine group can be protected by protecting group P as follows 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In (b) the amine group is completely protected from reacting with another moiety whereas in (a) the amine group is partially protected to limit the invention to the available hydrogen. 
     For example N-protecting groups include acyl groups such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, 2-chloroacetyl, 2-bromoacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phthalyl, o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, alpha.-chlorobutyryl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl, 4-nitrobenzoyl, and the like; sulfonyl groups such as benzenesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and the like; carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl(Cbz), p-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 1-(p-biphenylyl)-1-methylethoxycarbonyl, .alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, benzhydryloxycarbonyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl, isopropyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2,-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, 4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl, fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), allyloxycarbonyl(Alloc), cyclopentyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, phenylthiocarbonyl and the like; alkyl groups such as benzyl, triphenylmethyl, benzyloxymethyl and the like; and silyl groups such as trimethylsilyl and the like. Preferred N-protecting groups are formyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, Fmoc, Boc and Cbz. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein includes reference to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. This term includes acceptability for both human and veterinary purposes. 
     Where two or more moieties are described as being “each independently” selected from a list of atoms or groups, this means that the moieties may be the same or different. The identity of each moiety is therefore independent of the identities of the one or more other moieties. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein “a” is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring containing at least one oxygen atom and ‘t” is 1 to 4. The heterocycloalkyl ring containing at least one oxygen atom may be selected from substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran and the like. The substituents may be present on one or more carbon atoms. Preferred substituents on the tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran ring are hydroxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, biaryl, alkylaryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkylamino, dialkyamino, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkanoyl, aroyl, biaroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, heterocycloalkylthio, heteroarylthio, arylalkylthio, cycloalkylalkylthio, heterocycloaklalkylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfinyl, arylalkylsulfinyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfinyl, alkoxysulfonyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl. Each of these substituents may be further substituted with alkyl, amine, nitro halo, alkoxy. Preferably when the alkyl group is substituted then the substituents on the alkyl groups may be selected from cycloalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, amine. If more than one hydroxy groups are present then the hydroxy substituents on ring may be attached to another carbon atom to form a 1,3-dioxolane ring or a 1,3-dioxolane ring with spirocycloalkyl or a spiroheterocycloalkyl ring. 
     In one embodiment the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein the carbohydrate moiety; comprises hexoses and pentoses with partial or full protection of the hydroxyl functionality that is present in the carbohydrate moiety. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein ‘t’ is 0 and ‘a’ is a substituted or unsubstituted monosaccharide or it&#39;s derivative. Preferably the monosaccharide is present in pyranose or furanose form. Suitable monosaccharides include, but are not limited to, any of sugars (in the L or D configuration), typically having 5 or 6 carbons (a pentose monosaccharide or a hexose monosaccharide), as well as 7 carbons (heptose monosaccharide). The monosaccharide derivative may be selected from the group consisting of deoxysugar, unsaturated monosaccharide, aza sugars, amino sugars (sugar) derivatives, or the sulfate and/or phosphate derivatives of monosaccharides. Deoxysugars are sugars wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups of the monosaccharide is replaced with a hydrogen. Amino sugars are sugars in which a hydroxyl substituent on the simple sugar is replaced with an amino group. Unsaturated monosaccharides (sugars) are sugars which have a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms of the monosaccharide and aza sugars are sugars in which the ring oxygen is substituted with nitrogen atom. The monosaccharide may be attached to ‘x’ through the carbon atom of the cyclic ring of the monosaccharide or through the exocyclic carbon atom of the monosaccharide. 
     One or more of the hydroxyl groups on monosaccharides or it&#39;s derivatives may optionally be substituted. Alternatively the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of the monosaccharide is substituted. The substituents may be selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, biaryl, alkylaryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkylamino, dialkyalmino, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkanoyl, aroyl, biaroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, heterocycloalkylthio, heteroarylthio, arylalkylthio, cycloalkylalkylthio, heterocycloalkylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfinyl; arylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfinyl, arylalkylsulfinyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkylalkyxlsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfinyl, alkoxysulfonyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfinyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, N(R d ) 2 CO—, wherein R d  is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl. Each of these substituents may be further substituted with alkyl, amine, nitro halo, alkoxy. Preferably when the alkyl group is substituted then the substituents on the alkyl groups may be selected from cycloalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, amine. If more than one hydroxy groups are present then the hydroxy substituents on ring may be attached to another carbon atom to form a 1,3-dioxolane ring or a 1,3-dioxolane ring with spirocycloalkyl or a spiroheterocycloalkyl ring. 
     Representative examples of monosaccharides and its derivatives are glucosamine, 5-thio-D-glucose, nojirimycin, deoxynojirimycin, 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol, 2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-deoxy-D-glucose, allose, arabinose, arabinitol, fucitol, fucose, galactitol, glucitol, iditol, lyxose, mannitol, levo-rhamnitol, 2-deoxy-D-ribose, ribose, ribitol, ribulose, rhamnose, xylose, xylulose, allose, altrose, fructose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, levulose, mannose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, talose, galactal, glucal, fucal, rhamnal, arabinal, xylal, valienamine, validamine, valiolamine, valiol, valiolon, valienol, valienone, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, gluconic acid D-lactone, galactonic acid gamma-lactone, galactonic acid, delta.-lactone, mannonic acid, gamma.-lactone, D-altro-heptulose, D-manno-heptulose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptose, D-glycero-D-gluco-heptose, D-alto-heptulose, D-altro-3-heptulose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol, D-glycero-D-altro-heptitol and the like. 
     In a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a compound of formula I, wherein monosaccharide or it&#39;s derivative is selected from the group consisting of compound of formula II, III, IV, V and VA. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein q is 0 or 1, when q is 0, R 3  and R 4  are connected to the two oxygen atoms, when q is 1, R 3  and R 4  is connected to b.
 
b is selected from —C(R 3 ,R 4 )—, —C(R 3 R 4 )—CO—, —C(R 3 R 4 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —C(R 3 R 4 )—CH 2 —;
 
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  may be substituted or unsubstituted and are independently selected from the group consisting of
 
hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, biaryl, alkylaryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyaryl, arylalkyl, alkylamino, dialkyalmino, alkanoyl, substituted alkanoyl, cycloalkanoyl, aroyl, biaroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfinyl, arylalkylsulfinyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, oximinoaroylmethyl, a attached acetamido derivative, cycloalkylsulfonyl, N(R d ) 2 CO—, wherein R d  having same meaning as described above; and wherein the substituents may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, amine;
 
or R3, R4 together form C═O, C═S, C═N—OR w , wherein R w  is as defined earlier;
 
or R 1  and R 2  or R 3  and R 4  together with the carbon atom to which they are attached may form a C5-7 1,3-dioxolane ring or C5-7 1,3-dioxolane ring with C4-7 spirocycloalkyl or C4-C7 spiroheterocycloalkyl ring;
 
or R 5  and R 6  may form, together with the oxygen atoms to which they are attached, a 1,3-dioxolane ring or a spirocycloalkyl (C4-C6)-substituted 1,3-dioxolane ring;
 
or R 6  and R 7  may form, together with the oxygen atoms to which they are attached, a 1,3-dioxolane ring or a spirocycloalkyl(C 4 -C 6 )-substituted 1,3-dioxolane ring;
 
wherein ORm in compound of formula VA with monounsaturation represents OR5 and OR7 or OR6 or OR7 and OR5;
 
wherein the groups alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl selected for R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6  and R 7  may optionally contain one or more unsaturations or hetero atoms or carbonyls or oxime in the moieties; and wherein the monosaccharide is attached to ‘x’ through the carbon atom present in the ring or the exocyclic carbon atom of the monosaccharide.
 
     The point of attachment of the monosaccharide to ‘x’ may be through the carbon atom of the cyclic ring of the monosaccharide or through the exocyclic carbon atom of the monosaccharide. For example in one instance ‘x’ is attached to the monosaccharide of formula II at the exocyclic carbon atom which is attached to OR 8 . Thus the OR 8  of the monosaccharide is replaced by ‘x’ to give compound of formula IA 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Similarly for compounds of formula III, IV and V the OR 8  would be replaced by ‘x’ to give the following compounds of formulae IB, IC and ID. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one embodiment when the monosaccharide is attached from the ring carbon then ‘x and y together do not represent a chemical bond. Thus one of the OR 1  to OR 7  groups of the monosaccharide may be replaced by x. In preferred embodiments when the monosaccharide is attached from the ring carbon, then x=O and y=CO 
     For instance the OR 7  of the compound of formula IV or it&#39;s derivative may be replaced and the ring carbon of compound of formula IV is attached to ‘x’ to give compounds of formula IE and I.F 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of formula I wherein Z=N and x and y together form a bond, t=0 and ‘a’ is a monosaccharide In a more preferred embodiment the monosaccharide is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted fructopyranose, galactopyranose, ribofuranose, xylofuranose and arabinofuranose. The hydroxyl group of the monosaccharide may be substituted with substituents as described earlier. According to a further embodiment of the present invention Z═N and x and y together form a bond, t=0 and ‘a’ is a monosaccharide and R 9  is H. 
     In one embodiment the carbohydrate is an oligosaccharide. Suitable oligosaccharides include, but are not limited to, carbohydrates having from 2 to 10 or more monosaccharides linked together. The constituent monosaccharide unit may be, for example, a pentose monosaccharide, a hexose monosaccharide or a pseudosugar (including a pseudoaminosugar). Oligosaccharides do not include bicyclic groups that are formed by fusing a monosaccharide to a benzene ring, a cyclohexane ring, or a heterocyclic ring. 
     Pseudosugars that may be used in the invention are members of the class of compounds wherein the ring oxygen atom of the cyclic monosaccharide is replaced by a methylene group. 
     The compounds of the invention can exist in different forms, such as free acids, free bases, esters and other prodrugs, salts and tautomers, and the disclosure includes all these variant forms of the compounds 
     The compounds of the invention can be exemplified by the following compounds. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                  1 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}- 
               
               
                   
                 1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  2 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 (S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  3 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile- 
               
               
                   
                 4,4-difluoro)}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  4 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  5 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 (S)-fluoro)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  6 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile- 
               
               
                   
                 4,4-difluoro)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy fructopyranose 
               
               
                  7 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-fluoromethyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  8 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methoxymethyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  9 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-2-ethylpropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  10 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-cyclopentylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy fructopyranose 
               
               
                  11 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[azetidine-{3-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1- 
               
               
                   
                 yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  12 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{(R)-3-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  13 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{3-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}- 
               
               
                   
                 1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  14 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  15 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  16 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  17 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  18 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-fluoromethyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  19 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methoxymehyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  20 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-cyclopentylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  21 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{(R)-3-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  22 
                 4,5-Dihydoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{3-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  23 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  24 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(n-pentanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  25 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(isobutyric acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  26 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  27 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(cyclobutane carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  28 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(3-methyl oxetane-3-carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  29 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(cyclopropane carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose- 
               
               
                  30 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(2-hydroxy benzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  31 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(cyclopentane carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  32 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(6-methoxy-2-napthoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  33 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(3-phenylpropionic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  34 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-{4-(4-chlorophenyl) cyclohexane carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  35 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-fluoro)}-1-yl]-5-(cyclopropane carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  36 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(isobutyric acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  37 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(3-methyl oxetane-3-carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  38 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(3-phenylpropionic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  39 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(4-trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  40 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(cyclopropane carboxylic acid ester)-1- 
               
               
                   
                 deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  41 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(furan-3-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  42 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(2-methoxybenzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  43 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  44 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(6-methoxy-2-napthoicacid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  45 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{(3-cyclopentyl)-propanoic acid ester)}-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  46 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(3,4-difluorobenzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  47 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(undecanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  48 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(propionic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  49 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(hexadecanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  50 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(4-carbethoxy-3-ethoxybenzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  51 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(heptanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  52 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{(S)-2-(2-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid ester}-1- 
               
               
                   
                 deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  53 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{(R)-2-(2-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid ester}1- 
               
               
                   
                 deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  54 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(morpholine-4-acetic ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  55 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(2-propyl pentanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  56 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(adamantane-2-carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  57 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylicacid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  58 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(n-butanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  59 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl propionic acid 
               
               
                   
                 ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  60 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(n-pentanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  61 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(1-methyl cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  62 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5(3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  63 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(isobutyric acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  64 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(propionic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  65 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(n-butyric acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  66 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(n-pentanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  67 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(3-methyl oxetane-3-carboxylic acid ester)- 
               
               
                   
                 1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  68 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(3-phenylacrylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  69 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-yl-methoxyiminoacetic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  70 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-({5-[1,2]-dithiolan-3-yl}pentanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  71 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  72 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-yl-methoxyiminoacetic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  73 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(5-[1,2]-dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  74 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{2-[4-(4-Chloro-benzoyl)-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic 
               
               
                   
                 acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  75 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-({5-[1,2]-dithiolan-3-yl}pentanoic acid ester)- 
               
               
                   
                 1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  76 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β- 
               
               
                   
                 D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  77 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{-2-[4-(4-chloro-benzoyl)-phenoxy]-2-methyl- 
               
               
                   
                 propionic acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  78 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-(2-hydroxybenzoic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  79 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{2-(R)-amino-3-methyl butyric acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose 
               
               
                  80 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{(2-(S)-amino-3-methyl butyric acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  81 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-4,5-{(2-(S)-amino-3-methyl butyric acid) diester}-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  82 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4- 
               
               
                   
                 acetic acid-5-isobutyric acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  83 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-4,5-isobutyric acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  84 
                 4,5-O-Carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  85 
                 4,5-O-Carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  86 
                 4,5-O-Carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  87 
                 4,5-O-Carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  88 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-N,N-Dimethylcarbamoyl-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  89 
                 5-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4-N,N-Dimethylcarbamoyl-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  90 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(1- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  91 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 fluoro)}-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  92 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                  93 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  94 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 fluoro)}-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  95 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  96 
                 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  97 
                 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl 
               
               
                   
                 pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro}-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  98 
                 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-fluoro)}-(4-methyl)-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
               
               
                  99A 
                 4-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-O-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose 
               
               
                  99B 
                 5-Hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-4-O-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                 fructopyranose 
               
               
                 100 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile)}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-4,5-dimethoxy-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
               
               
                 101 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl}-2-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                 N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetra-hydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′d]-pyran-3a-ylmethyl)- 
               
               
                   
                 acetamide 
               
               
                 102 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl}-N- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl-2-oxo-N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a- 
               
               
                   
                 ylmethyl)-acetamide 
               
               
                 103 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo ethylamino]-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl}N- 
               
               
                   
                 cyclopropyl-2-oxo N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl tethrahydrobis[1,3]dioxolo-[4,5-b; 4′,5′-d]pyran- 
               
               
                   
                 3a-ylmethyl)-acetamide. 
               
               
                 104 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl}-N-(6,7- 
               
               
                   
                 dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide 
               
               
                 105 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl}-N-(6,7- 
               
               
                   
                 dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-N-methyl-2-oxo- 
               
               
                   
                 acetamide 
               
               
                 106 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethylamino]-4-methyl piperidine-1-yl}-N- 
               
               
                   
                 cyclopropyl-N-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b]pyran-3a- 
               
               
                   
                 ylmethyl)-2-oxo acetamide 
               
               
                 107 
                 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1- 
               
               
                   
                 yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
               
               
                 108 
                 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 (S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
               
               
                 109 
                 1,2:3,4-O-Diisopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
               
               
                 110 
                 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4- 
               
               
                   
                 (S)-fluoro)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
               
               
                 111 
                 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}- 
               
               
                   
                 (1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
               
               
                 112 
                 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-[{piperidin-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
               
               
                 113 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 114 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-ethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 115 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-isopropyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 116 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-ethoxyethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
               
               
                 117 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methoxyethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 118 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-cyclopentyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
               
               
                 119 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-benzyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 120 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 121 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-ethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
               
               
                 122 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-isopropyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 123 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-ethoxyethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 124 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-trifluoroethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
               
               
                 125 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 126 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-ethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 127 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-isopropyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 128 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 129 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-ethyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 130 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-isopropyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 131 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 132 
                 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}-4-methyl-(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
               
               
                 133 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethylamino]-4-methyl piperidine-1-yl}-N-(6- 
               
               
                   
                 methoxy-2,2-dimethyl tetrahydro furo[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo acetamide 
               
               
                 134 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5- 
               
               
                   
                 deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
               
               
                 135 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[4-methyl piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}- 
               
               
                   
                 1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
               
               
                 136 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 fluoro}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 137 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-3- 
               
               
                   
                 (isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
               
               
                 138 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
               
               
                 139 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(n-butyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
               
               
                 140 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(3-methyl butyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 141 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(n-propionic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 142 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(n-pentanoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 143 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(3-methyl oxetane-3-carboxylic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 144 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(2-hydroxy benzoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 145 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(furan-2-carboxylic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 146 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 147 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 148 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(acetic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 149 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(n-hexanoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 150 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(3-cyclopentyl propionic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 151 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(undecanoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 152 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(4-carbethoxy butyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 153 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxy benzoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 154 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(4-methoxy benzoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 155 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-[5-(1,2-dithiolane-3-yl pentanoic acid estetr)]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 156 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 157 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(2-hydroxyethylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 158 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 159 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(isobutylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 160 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 161 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(pyrrolidinecarbamoyl-1-yl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 162 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(isopropylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 163 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(ethyl methyl carbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 164 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 165 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-(1-sulfonyl)-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 166 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 167 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(isobutyloxy carbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
               
               
                 168 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(methoxy carbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 169 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(n-pentyloxy carbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 170 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(tert-butyloxy carbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 171 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-O-(N,N-dimethyl carbonyl methyl)-α-D-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 172 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-O-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl methyl)-α-D-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 173 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(cyclopropylamino carbonyl methyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 174 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(aminomethyl carbonyl methyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 175 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-O-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 176 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-O-benzy-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 177 
                 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-Cyano pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethylamino]-4-methyl piperidine-1-yl}-N-(6- 
               
               
                   
                 hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl tetrahydro furo[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-oxo acetamide 
               
               
                 178 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4--N-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-N- 
               
               
                   
                 (ethoxycarbonyl)}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 179 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-N′- 
               
               
                   
                 methoxycarbonyl)}(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 180 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4--N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-N′- 
               
               
                   
                 benzyloxycarbonyl}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 181 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-N- 
               
               
                   
                 pentyloxycarbonyl}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 182 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-N- 
               
               
                   
                 phenyloxycarbonyl}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 183 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy α-D-ribofuranose 
               
               
                 184 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3-(methoxy carbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-ribofuranose 
               
               
                 185 
                 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(4- 
               
               
                   
                 methyl)-1-yl]-3,5-dideoxy-α-1-arabinose 
               
               
                 186 
                 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonitrile}(4-methyl)-1-yl methyl]-2,3-dihydrofuran 
               
               
                 187 
                 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 188 
                 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1- 
               
               
                   
                 carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
               
               
                 189 
                 4-[2-(2-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (2,2,7,7- 
               
               
                   
                 tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-amide 
               
               
                 190 
                 4-[2-(2-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-cyclohexane-carboxylicacid methyl- 
               
               
                   
                 (2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo-[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-amide 
               
               
                 191 
                 4-[2-(2-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]cyclohexane-carboxylic acid (6-methoxy- 
               
               
                   
                 2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-methyl-amide. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The compounds of the invention can be produced as a mixture of isomers or racemic mixtures or as optically pure compounds. The compositions of the invention may similarly contain mixtures of stereoisomers, mixtures of one or more stereoisomers, or be enriched for one or more stereoisomers. All of these forms are specifically included in this invention and are intended to be included in the claims. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the process of preparation of compounds of formula I 
     The compounds of the invention can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VI 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R, R′, m, and n have the meaning as defined above and L is a leaving group such as, but not limited to, a halogen, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, perhaloalkylsulfonyloxy or an arylsulfonyloxy group, preferably a halogen such as chlorine, bromine or iodine;
 
with a primary amine compound of formula VII
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the substitutions have the meaning as defined above.
 
or salts thereof, and optionally, making the product into pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
 
     The reaction of the compound of formula VI with the compound of formula VII can be carried out in presence of a solvent or the mixture of solvents. As the solvent, any solvent may be used as long as it does not adversely effect the reaction, and can be, for example, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform or mixed solvents thereof. Preferred being dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide. Further the reaction may be carried out in presence of a base such as inorganic or an organic base. Preferably, the reaction may be carried out in presence of an organic bases such as, but not limited to triethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, pyridine, picolines, quinolines, etc, most preferably in presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine. 
     Alternatively, the compounds of formula I may be prepared by a process comprising the following steps. 
     Step 1 comprises reacting a compound of formula VI with a compound of formula VIII 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     to obtain a compound of formula IX
 
Step 2 involves deprotection of a compound of formula IX
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the compounds of formula VI, VII, VIII and IX wherein a, t, x, y, z, p 1 , p 2  and R″ have the meaning as defined for compound of formula I, P is a nitrogen protecting group. 
     Step 1, can be carried out in presence of a suitable solvent or a mixture of solvents. Additionally, the reaction can be carried out in presence of a base. Suitable bases for the reaction are for example, triethylamine, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, picolines, quinoline, N-methylmorpholine, potassium tertiarybutoxide, sodium hydride, etc, preferred being N,N-diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine. 
     Step 2 involves treating the compound resulting from step 1 with a deprotecting agent sufficient to remove the protecting group to give the compound of formula I. The reagents and the conditions used for the reaction depends on the type of protecting agents used, and the methods, in general, are known in the art. T W Greene, P G Wuts, “Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 sup. Ed”. (John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York 1999). For example, the formation of Boc-protected amines and amino acids is conducted under either aqueous or anhydrous conditions, by reaction with a base and the anhydride Boc 2 O. The deprotection is done under acidic conditions; Fmoc group can be removed in basic conditions (usually 20% piperidine in DMF); the Cbz group can be removed using either HBr/acetic acid or catalytic hydrogenation process; the alloc group can be removed using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) along with mixture of chloroform, acetic acid, and N-methylmorpholine (NMM). Thus a suitable protecting and deprotectiog agent can be chosen based on the desired reaction conditions. 
     Further, the compounds of formula VII and/or VIII can be prepared by a process as illustrated in Scheme I-Scheme IV below, however, it should be understood that the method of synthesis is not limited to these processes. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the compounds of formula VII, VIII, X and XI the terms m, n, p 1 , p 2 , R″, a, t, x, y, z, have the meaning as described above; P represents a nitrogen protecting group as defined above. 
     L in formula X is, independently, a leaving group, such as, but not limited to, halogens, sulfonate esters, preferred being, chlorine, bromine, triflate, mesylate, tosylate. 
     Step 1, as depicted in Scheme I, may be carried out in presence of a suitable solvent or a mixture of solvents. Additionally, the reaction can be carried out in presence of a base. Suitable bases for the reaction are for example, triethylamine, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, picolines, quinoline, N-methylmorpholine, potassium tertiarybutoxide, sodium hydride, preferred being N,N-diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine. Step 2 involves treating the compound resulting from step 1 with a deprotecting agent sufficient to remove the protecting group to give the compound of formula VII. The reagents and the conditions used for the reaction depends on the type of protecting agents used, and the methods, in general, are known in the art. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Scheme I-IV demonstrates process for preparing compounds of formula VIII. The reaction can be carried out in presence of a solvent and a base. Suitable bases that can be used in this reaction are as described in Scheme I above. Additionally the product form can be isolated in the form of a salt. 
     Alternatively the compound of formula I can also be prepared by reacting a compound of formula X with a compound of formula XVIII. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound of formula XVIII can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula VI with a compound of formula XIX 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compounds of the invention as well as their intermediates can exist as salts. The salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or in a separate reaction of the compounds with acid or a base. 
     The compounds with basic groups can be treated with an acid to prepare the acid addition salts, especially pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Without limiting the scope of the invention, the representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, isethionate, fumarate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, oxalate, maleate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, glutamate, para-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and the like. The amino groups of the compounds can also be quaternized with alkyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, lauryl, myristyl, stearyl, and the like. 
     Alternatively, basic addition salts can be prepared by reaction of a carboxyl group with a suitable base such as, but not limited to, hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or aluminum, or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. Quaternary amine salts derived from methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributlyamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine, and the like, are contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention. 
     The present compounds can also exist as therapeutically acceptable prodrugs. The term “therapeutically acceptable prodrug,” refers to those prodrugs or zwitterions which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use. The term “prodrug,” refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to the parent compounds of formula (I) for example, by facile metabolism. 
     Asymmetric centers can exist in the present compounds. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds can be prepared by synthesis from chiral starting materials or by preparation of racemic mixtures and separation by conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation, chromatographic techniques, or direct separation of the enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns. 
     Geometric isomers can exist in the present compounds. The invention contemplates various geometric isomers and mixtures thereof resulting from the disposition of substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond, a cycloalkyl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group. Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond are designated as being of Z or E configuration and substituents around a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl are designated as being of cis or trans configuration. 
     A third aspect of the present invention is use of the compounds of the invention in therapy. 
     A fourth aspect of the present invention is method of treatment of conditions mediated by DPP-4 by administering a therapeutically effective amount of compound of the present invention. 
     The compounds of the invention possess important utility as in pharmaceuticals, especially in the treatment of medical conditions which can be alleviated by inhibition of DPP IV. The instant compounds can be used for treating diabetes, especially type II diabetes, as well as impaired glucose homeostasis, impaired glucose tolerance, infertility, growth disorders, allograft rejection in transplantation, autoimmune disease (such as scleroderma and multiple sclerosis), various immunomodulatory diseases, intestinal diseases, inflammatory bowel syndrome, chemotherapy induced intestinal mucosal atrophy or injury, anorexia nervosa, osteoporosis, dysmetabolic syndrome, diabetic complications, hyperinsulinemia, low glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL level, high LDL level, atherosclerosis &amp; its sequelae, vascular restenoysis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenarative disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, syndrome X, ovarian hyperandrogenism (polycystic ovarian syndrome), dermatological or mucous membrane disorders, psoriasis, intestinal distress, constipation, autoimmune disorders, encephalomyelitis, complement mediated disorders, glomerulonephritis, lipodystrophy, tissue damage, psychosomatic, depressive, aneuropsychiatric disease, anxiety, depression, insomnia, schizophrenia, epilepsy, spasm, chronic pain, HIV infection, allergies, inflammation, arthritis, transplant rejection, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, tumors, stress-induced abortions and cytokine-mediated murine abortions 
     The ability of the compounds of the instant invention to bind to, and inhibit DPP IV further renders the compounds of the invention useful in a variety of diagnostic and research applications. For example, in vitro techniques can be used to identify and characterize cellular components or chemical compounds that interact with DPP IV in a cell-free environment, as would be the case when a compound of the invention is used to competitively bind to, or inhibit, DPP IV in the presence of such other chemical compound or cellular component. Further, compounds of the invention may be labeled with a suitable radioisotope and in such form utilized for determining the cellular or tissue distribution of DPP IV in a given tissue sample, or utilized as a diagnostic medical imaging agent for the visualization of e.g. tumors which express high levels of DPP 
     Further, it is known in the art that other members of the serine peptidase family, other than DPPIV, as mentioned above, notably, DPP8 and DPP9, share the common catalytic triad with the DPP-IV and thus compounds that inhibit DPP-IV may inhibit DPP8 and DPP9 as well. Simultaneous inhibition of each enzyme, however, has proven undesirable. Toxicity studies in rat and dog have shown that DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition produces toxicity, including alopecia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, enlarged spleen, multiple histological pathologies, bloody diarrhea, emesis, tenesmus, and mortality. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition has been shown to produce mortality in both wild type and DPP-IV deficient mice, confirming that the toxicity is not a result of DPP-IV inhibition. Since inhibition of DPP8 and DPP9 is associated with toxicities, selective inhibition of DPP-IV is necessary for an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention were found to be selective in their ability to inhibit DPP-IV and not inhibit DPP8 or DPP9. 
     In still another aspect, the instant invention provides a method of inhibiting DPP-4 comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The term “therapeutically effective amount,” refers to a sufficient amount of a compound of formula (I) to effectively ameliorate disorders by inhibiting DPP-IV at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion; the duration of the treatment; and drugs used in combination or coincidental therapy. For therapeutic purpose the compounds of the invention as well salt thereof can be used in the form of pharmaceutical composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention with one or more therapeutically acceptable excipients. The term “therapeutically acceptable excipient,” as used herein, represents a non-toxic, solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material, or formulation auxiliary of any type. Examples of therapeutically acceptable excipients include sugars; cellulose and derivatives thereof; oils; glycols; solutions; buffering, coloring, releasing, coating, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents; and the like. These therapeutic compositions can be administered orally, parenterally, intrathecally, rectally, intraperitoneally, locally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation or intraocularly. The compositions may also be administered or coadministered in slow release dosage forms. 
     The therapeutic compositions may be in the form of solid, liquid or semisolid dosage form and may include for example, tablets, capsules, pills, granules, dragees, powders, suppositories, solution for oral administration, injectable solution, inhalation, lotion, suspension, emulsion, ointment, gel, cream, transdermal patches, or the like. The composition may be formulated for immediate or delayed release of the active ingredient by the choice of suitable excipients. 
     The compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional active ingredients selected from the group consisting of a second dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor; an insulin sensitizer selected from the group consisting of a PPARγ agonist, a PPARα/γ dual agonist, a PPARα agonist, a biguanide and a protein tyrosine phospatase-IB inhibitor; an insulin or insulin mimetic; a sulfonylurea or other insulin secretagogue; an α-glucosidase antagonist; a glucagon receptor antagonist; GLP-1, a GLP-1 mimetic or a GLP-1 receptor agonist; SGLT2 inhibitor; GIP, a GIP mimetic or a GIP receptor agonist; PACAP, a PACAP mimetic or a PACAP receptor agonist; a cholesterol lowering agent such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, sequestrant, nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, PPARα agonist, PPARα/γ dual agonist, inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor and antioxidant a PPARδ agonist; an anti obesity compound; an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor; an anti-inflammatory agent; and antihypertensive agent. 
     The total daily dose of the compounds of the present invention necessary to inhibit the action of DPP-IV may vary depending on the administration method, age, weight and condition of a patient and it is generally about 1 mg to 2500 mg per day, preferably about 5 mg to 1000 mg per day. Further, the compound can be administered in single or divided doses. Single dose compositions can contain such amounts or multiple doses thereof of the compounds of the present invention to make up the daily dose. 
     The invention is described concretely with reference to the following examples, which however, are not intended to restrict the scope of the invention. The method of producing some of the starting compounds used in the examples is described as reference examples. 
     Reference Example 1 
     Preparation of (4-fluoromethyl piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (4.5 mL, 0.323 mol) followed by diphenylphosphoryl azide (6.5 mL, 0.03 mol) is added to a stirred solution of piperidine-1,4,4-tricarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester (6.5 g, 0.022 mol) in toluene (48 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 45 minutes. Benzyl alcohol (3.3 mL, 0.324 mol) is introduced and the reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. for 20 hrs. Toluene is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 70:30) to furnish 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (1.8 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester (4.0 g, 0.01 mol) in ethanol (30 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 2 hrs 15 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×35 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 4-amino piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Lithium aluminium hydride (0.472 g, 0.012 mol) is added in portion to a stirred solution of 4-amino piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylicacid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester (3.4 g, 0.011 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) at 0-5° C. and stirred for 45 minutes. Ethyl acetate (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 0-5° C. and stirred for 15 minutes. D. M. water (2 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under reduced pressure gives crude material which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:ammonium hydroxide, 89:10:1) to get 4-amino-4-hydroxymethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (3.19 mL, 0.023 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-amino-4-hydroxymethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.36 g, 0.019 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (45 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., benzyl chloroformate (3.24 g, 0.019 mol) is added and then stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hrs. D. M. water (20 mL) is added and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to furnish 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-hydroxymethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. 
     Step V 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (2.5 g, 0.016 mol) is added drop wise to a solution of 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-hydroxymethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.7 g, 0.012 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0-5° C. under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen and then stirred for 1 hr. D. M. water (2 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 0-5° C. and stirred for five minutes. Concentration of the reaction mixture under reduced pressure yields crude material which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 80:20) to get 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-fluoromethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. 
     Step VI 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrochloric acid (4N, 4.1 mL) in dioxane is added to 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-fluoromethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.95 g, 0.003 mol) and stirred at room temperature for over night. Concentration of the reaction mixture under reduced pressure followed by trituration of the residue with diethyl ether furnished (4-fluoromethyl piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester. 
     Reference Example 2 
     Preparation of (4-methoxymethyl piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     n-Butyllithium (20.4 mL, 0.033 mol) is added to a stirred solution of diisopropyl amine (3.53 g, 0.035 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) at −70° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen and stirred for 30 minutes. A solution of piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester (5.6 g, 0.022 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (12 mL) is introduced at −70° C. Hexamethylphosphoramide (8.4 mL) is added and reaction mixture is allowed to stir till the temperature reaches at −45° C. Reaction mixture is again cooled to −70° C., methoxymethyl chloride (5.26 g, 0.065 mol) is added and stirred for 30 minutes. Saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (60 mL) is added slowly into the reaction mixture at −45° C. and stirred for five minutes. Aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×60 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 80:20) to furnish 4-methoxymethyl piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An aqueous solution (12 mL) of sodium hydroxide (0.96 g, 0.024 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-methoxymethyl piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester-4-ethyl ester (4.8 g, 0.016 mol) in methanol (36 mL). Reaction mixture is heated under refluxed for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (10 mL) is added and is acidified (pH 4.5-4.6) using hydrochloric acid (2N). Aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives 4-methoxymethyl piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (3.78 mL, 0.027 mol) followed by diphenylphosphoryl azide (6.97 g, 0.025 mol) is added to a solution of 4-methoxymethyl piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-1-tert-butyl ester (4.94 g, 0.018 mol) in toluene (40 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 45 minutes. Benzyl alcohol (2.93 g, 0.027 mol) is introduced and heated at 80° C. for 20 hrs. The reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 70:30) to furnish 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methoxymethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrochloric acid (4N, 18.45 mL) in dioxane is added to 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methoxymethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.29 g, 0.011 mol) and stirred at room temperature for over night. Concentration of the reaction mixture under reduced pressure followed by tituration of the residue with diethyl ether furnished (4-methoxymethyl piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester. 
     Similarly other 4-substituted piperidine intermediates and 3-amino azetidines are prepared. 
     General method of preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β D-fructopyranose 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (3.6 mL, 0.046 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose (7.0 g, 0.027 mol) in dichloromethane (70 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (5.3 mL, 0.032 mol) is introduced drop wise over a period of 10 minutes and then stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. D.M.water (30 mL) is added, dichloromethane layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure furnish the triflate derivative of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (4.46 mL, 0.026 mol) is added to a stirred heterogenous mixture of piperidin-4-yl carbamic acid benzyl ester (5.52 g, 0.02 mol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of the triflate derivative of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose (5.0 g, 0.013 mol) in acetronitrile (10 mL) is introduced and heated at reflux for 4 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (40 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 60:40) to get 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.7 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[pmeridin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (3.5 g, 0.007 mol) in ethanol (40 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through reaction mixture under stirring for 15 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.05 mL, 0.006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (2.5 g, 0.007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (1.05 g, 0.006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D.M.water (25 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D.M.water (1×25 mL) followed by brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin {4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (1) 
     Compounds of examples 2-10 are prepared in a manner similar to that described for example 1. 
     Table 1 illustrates the chemical structures and the mass spectrometry data of the representative examples. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 479.12 
               
               
                 2 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 497.27 
               
               
                 3 
                 H 
                 F 
                 F 
                 515.07 
               
               
                 4 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 493.13 
               
               
                 5 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 511.28 
               
               
                 6 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 F 
                 529.23 
               
               
                 7 
                 CH 2 F 
                 H 
                 H 
                 523.17 
               
               
                 8 
                 CH 2 OCH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 511.28 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 535.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 531.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 451.15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 479.12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 479.13 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Example 14 
     Preparation of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrochloric acid (2N, 7.9 mL) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin {4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.79 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (16 mL) and heated at 65° C. for 1 hr 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D.M.water (5 mL) is added and the solution is made alkaline (pH ˜11) with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Aqueous solution is saturated with solid sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives crude solid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to furnish 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (14) 
     Compound of examples 15-22 are prepared following a procedure similar to that of example 14. 
     Table 2 illustrates the chemical structures and the mass spectrometry data of the representative examples. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 439.14 
               
               
                 15 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 457.24 
               
               
                 16 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 453.09 
               
               
                 17 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 471.25 
               
               
                 18 
                 CH 2 F 
                 H 
                 H 
                 471.25 
               
               
                 19 
                 CH 2 OCH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 483.12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 465.10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 439.11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 439.07 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-monocarboxylic acid ester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4-monocarboxylic acid ester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Method A 
     Example 23 
     Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose &amp; 
     Preparation of 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step I 
     1-Hydroxybenztriazole (0.185 g, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2-furoic acid (0.154 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (7 mL) and stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.6 g, 0.001 mol) is introduced followed by addition of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.395 g, 0.002 mol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated at room temperature under reduced pressure, D.M.water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×10 mL) followed by brine solution (1×10 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 65:35) to get 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene 1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose as major product. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.111 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.55 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.08 mL, 0.0005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.2 g, 0.0005 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (7 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.08 g, 0.0005 mol) is added and the reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D.M.water (10 mL) is added and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(furan-2-carboxilic acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (23). 
     Method B 
     Example 73 
     Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid ester}-1-deoxy fructopyranose 
     Preparation of 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-4-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid ester}-1-deoxy fructopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.25 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 4,5-dihydroxy 2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-methyl-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.85 g, 0.002 mol) in ethanol (25 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-amino-4-methyl-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     Triethylamine (0.26 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-amino-4-methyl-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.59 g, 0.002 mol) in tertahydrofuran (20 mL). N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (0.63 g, 0.002 mole) is added to the reaction mixture at room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×35 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×25 mL) followed by brine solution (1×25 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxyamino)}-4-methyl-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-Hydroxybenztriazole (0.49 g, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred solution of (±)-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid (0.35 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 10 minutes. A solution of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-(4-(9-fluorenylmethoxy carbonyloxyamino)-4-methyl}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.95 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) is added followed by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.69 g, 0.005 mol) and reaction mixture is stirred for 3 hrs at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×20 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×20 mL) and brine solution (1×20 mL). Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 70:30) to furnish 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxyamino)-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl-Pentanoic acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose as major product. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Diethylamine (3.25 mL) is added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxyamino)-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-{(5-[ 1 , 2 ]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.65 g, 0.0009 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 6 hrs. Concentration of reaction mixture under reduced pressure at room temperature gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 90:9:1) to get 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-4-methyl-1-yl]-5-(541,2]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid ester-)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.093 mL, 0.0005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-4-methyl-1-yl]-5-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid ester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.3 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (8 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.093 g, 0.0005 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 2 hours. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (8 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 94:6) to get 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl-pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-{5-[1,2]-dithiolan-3-yl-pentanoic acid ester}-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (73). Compounds of examples 23-81 are prepared by a process similar to that of example 23 or example 73 i.e. either by method A or method B 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 G 1   
                 R 3   
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 532.98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 H 
                 n-C 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 509.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 509.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 H 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 480.99 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 521.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 536.98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 506.97 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 558.94 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 534.98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 623.14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 571.16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 525.22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 523.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 551.00 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 598.99 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 625.13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 521.20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 547.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 587.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 547.24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 637.10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 577.33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 593.12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 10 H 21   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 621.37 
               
               
                 48 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 2 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 509.28 
               
               
                 49 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 15 H 31   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 691.50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 687.37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 6 H 13   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 565.22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 679.15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 679.29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 580.27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 579.33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 615.34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 551.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 3 H 7   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 523.29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 569.26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 537.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 577.33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 647.26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 541.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 CH 3   
                 C 2 H 5   
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 527.29 
               
               
                 65 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 3 H 7   
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 541.24 
               
               
                 66 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 555.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 569.26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 569.16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 590.11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 627.09 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 544.13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 604.13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 641.09 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 753.29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 659.27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 576.24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 771.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 573.28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 552.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 552.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 651.32 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4,5-dicarboxylic acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Example 82 
     Preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4-acetic acid-5-isobutyric acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.14 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-5-(isobutyric acid ester)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.4 g, 0.0008 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL). Acetyl chloride (0.06 mL, 0.0009 mol) followed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.01 g) are added to the reaction mixture at room temperature and stirred for 1.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×20 mL) followed by brine solution (1×20 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 50:50) to furnish 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-4-acetic-5-isobutyric acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.076 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-4-acetic-5-isobutyric acid diester-β-D-fructopyranose (0.38 g, 0.0007 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-4-acetic acid ester-5-isobutyric acid ester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-4-acetic-5-isobutyric acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. (0.27 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.1 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 94:6) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4-acetic acid-5-isobutyric acid diester-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (82). 
     Compound of Examples 83 is prepared by a similar process as example 82. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 G 1   
                 G 2   
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 551.00 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 592.98 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 4,5-O-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[{piperidin-(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Example 84 
     Preparation of 4,5-O-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[{piperidin-(4-aminoacety pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triphosgene (0.314 g, 0.001 mol) and triethylamine (0.36 mL, 0.003 mol) are added to a stirred solution of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.56 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (6 mL) at −78° C. and stirred for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is slowly allowed to attain room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered and washed with tetrahydrofuran. Removal of combined tetrahydrofuran under reduced pressure gives crude material which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane: methanol, 95:5) to furnish 4,5-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.14 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of 4,5-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.465 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 4,5-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1 [{piperidin-4-amino}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.08 mL, 0.0005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4,5-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.184 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (7 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.08 g, 0.0005 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 93:7) to get 4,5-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (84). 
     Compounds of examples 85-87 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 84. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 464.58 
               
               
                 85 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 483.19 
               
               
                 86 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 479.12 
               
               
                 87 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 497.20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 88 
     Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl-pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose &amp; 
     Preparation of 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl-pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Dimethylamine (4 mL) is added to a stirred solution of 4,5-carbonate-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.88 g, 0.002 mol) in toluene (10 mL) and heated at 80° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 96:4) to furnish two regio-isomers namely 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-5-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose and 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl))-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. Both isomers are carried forward separately up to final step. 
     Step II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.062 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-5-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.31 g, 0.0006 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-5-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.07 mL, 0.0004 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-5-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.17 g, 0.0005 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.07 g, 0.0004 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 60° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 93:5:2) to furnish 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl-pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-{N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl}-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (88). 
     The other regioisomer (89) is also prepared in the similar way 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 88 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 510.15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 510.15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[{piperidin-(4-substituted-1-carbonyl)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-βD-fructopyranose 
     Example 90 
     Preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[{piperidin-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.32 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose (0.5 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (0.387 g, 0.002 mol) is added and then stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with 5% cold aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1×10 mL), followed by D. M. water (1×10 mL) and brine solution (1×10 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, toluene:ethyl acetate, 90:10) to furnish 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-(4-nitrophenoxy carbonyl)-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.0009 mol) is added to a solution of piperidin-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.209 g, 0.0008 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-β-D-fructopyranose (0.3 g, 0.0007 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) is introduced into the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M. water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with 5% cold aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1×10 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×10 mL) and brine solution (1×10 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives crude solid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, toluene:ethyl acetate, 70:30) to yield 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-carbonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.1 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-carbonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (0.5 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (25 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 20 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-amino-1-carbonyl}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.0008 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-amino-1-carbonyl}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (0.33 g, 0.0009 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.134 g, 0.0008 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 94:6) to get 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-14 {piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (90). 
     Compound of examples 91-93 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 90. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 522.97 
               
               
                 91 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 541.24 
               
               
                 92 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 536.98 
               
               
                 93 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 555.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-(4-substituted-1-sulfonyl)-4-{aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Example 95 
     Preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a stirred solution of sulfuryl chloride (3.49 g, 0.043 mol) in ethyl acetate (70 mL) is added a solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose (7.0 g, 0.027 mol) in ethyl acetate (70 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to −5 to −10° C. and pyridine (3.47 mL, 0.043 mol) is added slowly over a period of 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is slowly allowed to attain the room temperature and then stirred for 1 hr. Again reaction mixture is cooled to −5° C. and D. M. water (70 mL) is added slowly under vigorous stirring. Organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (4×70 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×30 mL) till pH of the washed aqueous layer become 7 and then the solution is preserved under cold condition which is used directly for the next step. 
     Triethylamine (0.74 g, 0.007 mol) is added to a solution of 4-methyl piperidin-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester (1.0 g, 0.004 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. A solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-5-chlorosulphate-β-D-fructopyranose (1.05 g, 0.003 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is introduced into the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr 15 minutes. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture followed by ethyl acetate (10 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes. Organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×15 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 70:30) to furnish 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.285 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (0.95 g, 0.002 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 20 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose which is used directly for the next step. Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.0007 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfononyl}-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (0.35 g, 0.0008 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.12 g, 0.0007 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (5 mL) is added and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:methanol, 95:5) to get 2,3:4,5-O-diisopropylidene-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (95). 
     Compound of examples 94 &amp; 96 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 95. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 577.20 
               
               
                 95 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 572.96 
               
               
                 96 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 591.21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 97 
     Preparation of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-Isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl-pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro}-1-sulfonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrochloric acid (2N, 2.3 mL) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-fluoro}-1-sulfonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (0.23 g, 0.0004 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (4.6 mL) and heated at 65° C. for 2.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D.M. water (5 mL) is added and made alkaline (pH ˜8) with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Aqueous layer is saturated with solid sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to furnish 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-(2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-(S)-fluoro}-1-sulfonyl-1-yl]-β-D-fructopyranose (97). 
     Compound of example 98 is prepared in a manner similar to that of example 97. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 97 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 537..17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 551.18 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 99A &amp; 99B 
     Preparation of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (99A) 
     5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-4-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (99B) 
     Step I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Sodium hydride (0.132 g, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (1.0 g, 0.002 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (8 mL). 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.334 g, 0.003 mol) is dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) added slowly to the reaction mixture at room temperature and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). Combined organic layer is then washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get a mixture of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose and 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-4-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step II: 
     Scheme: 
     5% Pd/C (0.076 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of the mixture of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose and 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-4-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.38 g, 0.0007 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish mixture of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose &amp; 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-4-O-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. 
     Step III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of the mixture of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose &amp; 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-4-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.32 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.115 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 93:7) to get a mixture of 4-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (99A) &amp; 5-hydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-4-O—(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (99B). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 99A &amp; 99B 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 538.32 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 100 
     Preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-4,5-dimethoxy-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose 
     Step I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Sodium hydride (0.16 g, 0.003 mol, ˜50% emulsion in mineral oil) is added slowly to a solution of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.68 g, 0.002 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) at 0-5° C. and stirred for 10 minutes. Methyl iodide (0.19 mL, 0.003 mol) is added to the reaction mixture, stirred at 0-5° C. for 15 minutes and then stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. D. M. water (20 mL) is added slowly to the reaction mixture at 0-5° C. and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution (1×30 mL) followed by brine solution (1×30 mL). Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 60:40) to get 4,5-dimethoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose. Step II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.13 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 4,5-dimethoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.46 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 4,5-dimethoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose, which is directly used for the next step without purification. 
     Step III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.14 mL, 0.0008 mol) is added to a solution of 4,5-dimethoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-â-D-fructopyranose (0.3 g, 0.0009 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.14 g, 0.0008 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 94:6) to get 4,5-dimethoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-â-D-fructopyranose (100). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 100 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 481.31 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 101 
     Preparation of 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidine-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl}-2-oxo-N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-acetamide (101) 
     Step I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.76 mL, 0.006 mol) is added to a stirred of (4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.625 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., and ethyl chlorooxoacetate (0.25 mL, 0.002 mol) is added slowly to the reaction mixture. Catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (5 mg) is added to the reaction mixture and is stirred for 1 hr at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 6:4) to furnish (4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid ethyl ester. 
     Step II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An aqueous solution (1.5 mL) of sodium hydroxide (0.05 g, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred ethanolic solution (4 mL) of (4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.265 g, 0.0007 mol) and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (2 mL) is added and acidified (pH ˜2) with 2N hydrochloric acid. The precipitate thus formed is filtered and dried under reduced pressure to get (4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (0.3 g, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of (4-benzyloxy carbonylamino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid (0.65 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL). C-(2,2,7,7-Tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-yl)-methylamine (0.527 g, 0.002 mol) is introduced followed by addition of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide.hydrochloride (0.58 g, 0.003 mol) and stirred at room temperature overnight. D.M.water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×10 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 35:65) to get [4-methyl-1-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)aminooxalyl]piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester. 
     Step IV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.134 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of [4-methyl-1-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)aminooxalyl]piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.67 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×25 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 2-(4-amino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)acetamide 
     Step V: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.17 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2-(4-amino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)acetamide (0.51 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (7 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.172 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 4 hrs 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 94:6) to get 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl}-2-oxo-N-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-acetamide (101). 
     Compound of examples 102 &amp; 103 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 101 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 R 10   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 564.28 
               
               
                 102 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 3   
                 578.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 604.32 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 104 
     Preparation of 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl}-N-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-[1,3]-dioxolo[4,5-b]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide 
     Step I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrochloric acid (2N, 7.5 mL) is added to a stirred solution of [4-methyl-1-(2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetraliydro-bis-[1,3]-dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)aminooxalyl]piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.75 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) and heated at 65° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D.M.water (5 mL) is added to the residue and made alkaline (pH ˜8) with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL) and combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives solid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:methanol, 95:5) to furnish [1-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-[1,3]-dioxolo-[[4,5-b]-pyran-3a-ylmethyl)aminooxalyl]-4-methyl piperidin-4-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester. 
     Step II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.12 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of [1-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-[1,3]-dioxolo-[4,5-b]-pyran-3a-ylmethyl)aminooxalyl]-4-methyl piperidin-4-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.194 g, 0.0004 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 3 hrs 30 minutes at room temperature. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 2-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-N-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-[1,3]-dioxolo[4,5-b]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide. 
     Step III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.05 mL, 0.0003 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-N-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide (0.13 g, 0.0003 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.053 g, 0.0003 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 4 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl}-N-(6,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-[1,3]-dioxolo-[4,5-b]-pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide (104) 
     Compound of examples 105 &amp; 106 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 104 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 R 10   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 104 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 524.26 
               
               
                   
                 105 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 3   
                 538.28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 106 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 564.28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 109 
     General method of preparation of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose Preparation of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-methyl}-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (0.53 mL, 0.007 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose (1.0 g, 0.004 mol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (0.76 mL, 0.005 mol) is introduced drop wise over a period of 10 minutes and then stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. D. M. water (10 mL) is added, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×10 mL). Combined dichloromethane layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure furnish triflate derivative of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.66 mL, 0.010 mol) is added to a stirred solution of (4-methyl piperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester (1.31 g, 0.005 mol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of the triflate derivative of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose in acetronitrile (2 mL) is introduced and heated at 65-70° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (10 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined ethyl acetate layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate) to get 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-methyl)-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.14 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-methyl}-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose (0.7 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through the celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol layer under reduced pressure furnish 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-4-amino-4-methyl-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-4-amino-4-methyl-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose (0.25 g, 0.0007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.1 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-4-methyl}-1-yl]-6-deoxy-D-galactopyranose (109). Compounds of examples 107, 108 &amp; 110 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 109. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 479.14 
               
               
                 108 
                 H 
                 F 
                 H 
                 497.27 
               
               
                 109 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 493.00 
               
               
                 110 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 511.28 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 111 
     Preparation of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.64 mL, 0.005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose (1.0 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (0.697 g, 0.003 mol) is added and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with 5% cold aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1×10 mL), followed by D. M. water (1×10 mL) and, brine solution (1×10 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, toluene:ethyl acetate, 90:10) to furnish 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-D-galactopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a solution of piperidin-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.531 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-D-galactopyranose (0.76 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) is introduced into the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined ethyl acetate layer is washed with 5% cold aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1×10 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×10 mL) and brine solution (1×10 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate layer under reduced pressure gives crude material which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 50:50) to yield 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.09 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-carbonyl-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose (0.45 g, 0.0009 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-(4-amino]-carbonyl)-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.0008 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-(4-amino-1-carbonyloxy)-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose (0.32 g, 0.0008 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.13 g, 0.0008 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 92:8) to get 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(1-carbonyloxy)-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose (111). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 111 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 522.97 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 112 
     Preparation of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene 6-[4-methyl piperidin-{-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}(1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a stirred solution of sulfuryl chloride (2.49 g, 0.018 mol) in ethyl acetate (60 mL) is added a solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose (3.0 g, 0.012 mol) in ethyl acetate (10 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to −5 to −10° C. and pyridine (1.49 mL, 0.018 mol) is added slowly over a period of 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is slowly allowed to attain the room temperature and then stirred for 3 hrs. Again reaction mixture is cooled to −5° C. and D. M. water (60 mL) is added slowly under vigorous stirring. Organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (4×70 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×30 mL) till pH of the washed aqueous layer become 7 and then the solution is preserved under cold condition which is used directly for the next step. 
     Triethylamine (0.58 g, 0.006 mol) is added to a solution of piperidin-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.8 g, 0.003 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. A solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-chlorosulphate-D-galactopyranose (0.84 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) is introduce into the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr 15 minutes. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture followed by ethyl acetate (10 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes. Organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×15 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 70:30) to furnish 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.285 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose (0.9 g, 0.002 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 20 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.09 mL, 0.0005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-y]FD-galactopyranose (0.25 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (7 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.09 g, 0.0005 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 2.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-[piperidin-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-D-galactopyranose (112). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 112 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 573.15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-alkyl-5-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
     Example 113 
     Preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (0.5 mL, 0.006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose (0.75 g, 0.004 mol) in dichloromethane (10 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-10° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (0.79 mL, 0.005 mole) is added drop wise to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 minutes at 0-10° C. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×10 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×20 mL) followed by brine solution (1×20 mL). It is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to furnish triflate derivative of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.48 mL, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred heterogeneous solution of piperidine-4-yl carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride (0.65 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). Reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of the triflate derivative of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose (0.6 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure. D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue, aqueous layer is saturated with solid sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to furnish viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 80:20) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.05 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-5-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose.(0.24 g, 0.0006 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidine-4-amino-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.07 mL, 0.0004 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidine-(4-amino)-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (0.14 g, 0.0005 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (7 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.07 g, 0.0004 mole) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane: methano 1, 90:10) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose (113). 
     Compounds of examples 114 to 130 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 113. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 R 5   
                 X 1   
                 X 2   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 113 
                 H 
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 423.12 
               
               
                 114 
                 H 
                 C 2 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 437.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 451.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 481.05 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 467.19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 477.24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 H 
                 PhCH 2   
                 H 
                 H 
                 499.19 
               
               
                 120 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 437.14 
               
               
                 121 
                 CH 3   
                 C 2 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 451.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                 465.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 H 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 2 CF 3   
                 H 
                 H 
                 505.22 
               
               
                 125 
                 H 
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 441.24 
               
               
                 126 
                 H 
                 C 2 H 5   
                 F 
                 H 
                 455.24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 F 
                 H 
                 469.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 3   
                 F 
                 H 
                 455.26 
               
               
                 129 
                 CH 3   
                 C 2 H 5   
                 F 
                 H 
                 469.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 F 
                 H 
                 483.26 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 131 
     Preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl 5-[piperidin-{-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (1.21 mL, 0.009 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose (1.5 g, 0.007 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-10° C., 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (1.33 g, 0.007 mol) is added in portions over a period of 10 minutes and then allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined ethyl acetate layer is washed with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1×20 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×20 mL) and brine solution (1×20 mL). It is then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentration under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetae:n-hexane, 25:75) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-O-1-O-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-D-ribofuranose carbonic acid ester. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.48 mL, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred heterogeneous solution of piperidine-4-yl carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride (0.64 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-O-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-D-ribofuranose (0.8 g, 0.002 mole) in acetonitrile (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1×20 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×20 mL) and brine solution (1×20 mL). Removal of combined ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:toluene, 30:70) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-carbonyl}-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.108 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-carbonyl}-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (0.54 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (25 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-1-carbonyl}-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-1-carbonyl}-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (0.37 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.16 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and saturated with solid sodium chloride. Aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×15 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbo nitrile}-(1-carbonyl)-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (131). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 131 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 466.97 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 132 
     Preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-{4-methyl piperidin-1-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-(1-sulfonyloxy)-5-yl]-D-ribofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose (2.0 g, 0.001 mol) in ethyl acetate (10 mL) is added drop wise to a stirred solution of sulfuryl chloride (1.02 mL, 0.016 mol) in ethyl acetate (30 mL) at −10 to −5° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Reaction mixture is stirred at −10 to −5° C. for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 3 hours. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., D. M. water (40 mL) is added and organic layer is separated. Aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×40 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×40 mL) and brine solution (1×40 mL). It is then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to get chlorosulfuric acid ester of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     Triethylamine (0.81 mL, 0.006 mol) is added to a stirred heterogeneous solution of (4-methyl piperidine-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride (0.8 g, 0.003 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL). Reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. A solution of chlorosulfuric acid ester of 2,3-O isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-D-ribofuranose (0.71 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (5 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentration under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 30:70) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl)-1-y]FD-ribofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.075 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (0.5 g, 0.0005 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-(4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[piperidin-(4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl)-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (0.27 g, 0.0007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.1 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 2.5 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:methanol, 95:5) to get 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-[4-methyl piperidin-[{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl-1-yl]-D-ribofuranose (132). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 132 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 517.16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 133 
     Preparation of 2-{4-[2-O-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl}-N-(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro-[3,4-d][1,3]-dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide 
     Step I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (0.211 g, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of (4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid (0.5 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL). 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide.hydrochloride (0.449 g, 0.002 mol) followed by 2,3-O-sopropylidene-β-1-O-methyl-5-aminomethyl 
     -5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose (0.317 g, 0.002 mol) are added and stirred at room temperature for 15 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (20 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×10 mL) followed by brine solution (1×10 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 40:60) to get [1-(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro-[3,4-d][1,3]-dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-aminooxalyl]-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester. 
     Step II: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.175 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of [1-(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro-[3,4-d][1,3]-dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-aminooxalyl]-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.6 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 2-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-N-(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro furo-[3,4-d][1,3]-dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide. 
     Step III: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.15 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-N-(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro furo[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide (0.35 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (8 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.148 g, 0.00 μmol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at, 75° C. for 3 hrs. D. M. water (30 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 10-15° C. and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (2×20 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives brown solid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 92:8) to get 2-{4-[2-(2-cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl}-N-(6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo-[3,4-d][1,3]-dioxol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide (133) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 133 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 508.26 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Example 134 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-1-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (1.1 mL, 0.013 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (1.5 g, 0.008 mol) in dichloromethane (15 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (1.7 mL, 0.01 mol) is added drop wise and then stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hrs. D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×15 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to get triflate derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (3.2 mL, 0.018 mol) is added to a stirred heterogeneous solution of piperidine-4-yl carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride (2.68 g, 0.01 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL). Reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of triflate derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (2.0 g, 0.006 mole) in acetonitrile (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and then heated at 80° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (10 mL) is added and concentrated under reduced pressure. Again, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentration under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:methanol, 90:10) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.14 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.75 g, 0.002 mol) in ethanol (25 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.32 mL, 0.002 mole) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.55 g, 0.002 mole) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.32 g, 0.002 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 1.5 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 93:6:1) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetylpyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (134) 
     Compound of example 135 &amp; 136 are prepared in the similar manner as that of example 134. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 134 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 409.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 423.12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 441.24 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General method of preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{(4-substituted)-4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-3-carboxylic acid ester-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Method A 
     Example 137 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.4 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at room temperature. Isobutyryl chloride (0.11 mL, 0.001 mol) followed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.08 g) are added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×10 mL) followed by brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate layer under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane: methano 1, 95:5) to give 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.07 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino}-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-Dxylofuranose (0.34 g, 0.0007 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-4-amino-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.11 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino}-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.24 g, 0.0007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.11 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 65° C. for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 93:6:1) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile}-1-yl]-3-(isobutyric acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (137) 
     Method B 
     Example 155 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-[4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-15-11.21dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester)-5-deoxy-α-D-5-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.3 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyl oxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.0 g, 0.002 mol) in ethanol (25 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-Dxylofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     Triethylamine (0.35 mL, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-(4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.72 g, 0.003 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL). N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (0.85 g, 0.003 mole) is added to the reaction mixture at room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×35 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×25 mL) followed by brine solution (1×25 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose, which is directly used for the next step without purification. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-Hydroxybenztriazole (0.35 g, 0.003 mol) is added to a solution of 5-[1,2]-dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid (0.49 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 10 minutes. A solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.1 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) is added followed by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.62 g, 0.003 mol) and reaction mixture is stirred for 17 hrs at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×20 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×20 mL) and brine solution (1×20 mL). Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 60:40) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester}-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Diethylamine (7.25 mL) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(9-fluorenyl methoxycarbonylamino)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(511,2]dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester}-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.2 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 16 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 90:9:1) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester}-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.165 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester}-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.5 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.165 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (10 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-{5-[1,2]dithiolan-3-yl pentanoic acid ester}-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (155). 
     Compounds of Examples 137-155 are prepared by a process similar to that of example 137 or example 155 i.e. Either by method A or method B 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 G 3   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 137 
                 H 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 479.15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 492.61 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 492.60 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 507.38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 479.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 507.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 521.28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 543.34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 517.26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 617.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 528.29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 465.26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 521.33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 547.32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 591.37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 551.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 587.29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 557.28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 611.32 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 156 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.9 mL, 0.007 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (2.1 g, 0.005 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) at room temperature. 4-Nitrophenyl chloroformate (1.2 g, 0.006 mol) is added to the reaction mixture in portions over a period of 10 minutes and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose, which is used for the next step without purification. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.19 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.5 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature. Methyl amine solution (0.33 mL, 0.004 mol, —40% aqueous solution) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×20 mL) followed by brine solution (1×20 mL). Removal of combined ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloro methane: methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.084 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.21 g, 0.0004 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose, which is used for the next step without purification. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.07 mL, 0.0004 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-α-D-5-deoxy xylofuranose (0.15 g, 0.0005 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.07 g, 0.0004 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 60° C. and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 88:12) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (156). 
     Compounds of examples 157 to 164 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 156. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 G 4   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 3   
                 480.32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 510.35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 506.27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 522.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 CH 3   
                 (CH3) 2   
                 494.27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 520.40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 508.37 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 163 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 508.27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 524.33 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 165 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-4-methyl-1-sulfonyloxy}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of pyridine (0.64 mL, 0.008 mol) and 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (1.5 g, 0.008 mol) in ethyl acetate (15 mL) is added drop wise to a stirred solution of sulfuryl chloride (0.64 mL, 0.008 mol) in ethyl acetate (15 mL) at 0-5° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Reaction mixture is stirred at 0-5° C. for 1 hr and then diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL). D. M. water (40 mL) is added, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1×30 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×30 mL) and brine solution (1×30 mL) respectively. Ethyl acetate layer is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-chlorosulphate-α-D-xylofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (1.36 mL, 0.010 mol) is added to a heterogeneous mixture of 4-methyl piperidine-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride (1.25 g, 0.004 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-chlorosulfate-α-D-xylofuranose (1.13 g, 0.004 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 1 hr at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to get crude viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 50:50) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.23 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxy carbonylamino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose (0.58 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.18 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl-1-sulphonyl}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose (0.42 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.18 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (10 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 92:8) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-4-methyl-1-sulfonyl}-1-yl}-α-D-xylofuranose (165). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 165 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 503.21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 166 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-[(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.2 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.5 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature. Ethyl chloroformate (0.125 mL, 0.001 mol) followed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.05 g) are added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.06 g, 50% wet) is introduced to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose (0.3 g, 0.0006 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose which is directly used for next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.09 mL, 0.0005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.2 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (15 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.087 g, 0.0005 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 92:8) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose (166). 
     Compounds of examples 167 to 170 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 166. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 G 5   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 495.36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 523.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 481.24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 537.32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 523.31 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 171 
     Preparation of 3-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-aminoacetyl pyrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Sodium hydride (0.103 g, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.7 g, 0.002 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL). A solution of 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.302 g, 0.003 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) is added slowly to the reaction mixture and then heated at 70° C. for 45 minutes. D. M. water (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.052 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. (0.35 g, 0.0007 mol) in ethanol. (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.25 g, 0.0007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.105 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-14-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-(dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (171). 
     Compounds of examples 172 to 174 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 171. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 G 6   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 CH 3   
                 N(CH 3 ) 2   
                 508.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 534.37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 CH 3   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 520.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 CH 3   
                 NHCH 3   
                 494.28 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 175 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}1-yl]-3-methoxy-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Sodium hydride (0.17 g, 0.004 mol, ˜50% emulsion in mineral oil) is added slowly to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.64 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at 0-5° C. and stirred for 10 minutes. Methyl iodide (0.18 mL, 0.003 mol) is added to the reaction mixture, stirred at 0-5° C. for 15 minutes and then stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and concentrated at 30° C. D. M. water (20 mL) is again added to the residue, aqueous layer is saturated with solid sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution (1×20 mL) followed by brine solution (1×20 mL). Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 88:10:2) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-O-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-O-methyl-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose (0.19 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.1 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane: methanol, 88:12) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-methyl-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose (175) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES+) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 175 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 437.17 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 176 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-[(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Potassium tert-butoxide (1.473 g, 0.016 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (3.0 g, 0.016 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at room temperature. Benzyl bromide (1.86 mL, 0.016 mol) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) and the solution was added slowly to the reaction mixture at room temperature. Reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hr, concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (20 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetated (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D.M.water (1×10 mL) followed by brine solution (1×10 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 70:30) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (0.24 mL, 0.003 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-α-D-xylofuranose (0.5 g, 0.002 mol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (0.39 mL, 0.002 mol) is added drop wise and then stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. D.M.water (10 mL) is added, dichloromethane is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane layer under reduced pressure furnish trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid ester of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-α-D-xylofuranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.54 mL, 0.004 mol) is added to a stirred solution of (4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride salt (0.635 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid ester of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-α-D-xylofuranose (0.575 g, 0.001 mol) in acetronitrile (10 mL) is introduced and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate layer under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 25:75) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.06 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-benzyl-α-D-5-deoxyxylofuranose (0.3 g, 0.0006 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.09 mL, 0.0005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{4-amino-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.22 g, 0.0006 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.09 g, 0.0005 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. D.M.water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 0-5° C. and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate layer gives brown solid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 93:7) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidin-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (176). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES*) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 176 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 513.30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 177 
     Preparation of 2-[4-[2-(2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (5.04 mL, 0.063 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (7.0 g, 0.037 mol) in dichloromethane (70 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (7.94 mL, 0.048 mol) is added dropwise and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. D.M.water (50 mL) is added, dichloromethane layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane layer under reduced pressure furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)-α-D-5-deoxyxylofuranose which is used directly for the next step. 
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (2.09 mL, 0.012 mol) is added to a stirred solution of benzyl amine (1.3 mL, 0.011 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) at room temperature. A solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)-α-D-5-deoxyxylofuranose (3.0 g, 0.009 mol) in acetronitrile (15 mL) is introduced and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate layer under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:dichlomethane, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(benzylaminomethyl)-α-D-5-deoxyxylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.72 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(benzylaminomethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.8 g, 0.007 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Reaction mixture is stirred under hydrogen pressure for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(aminomethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (0.24 g, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of (4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid (0.58 g, 0.002 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide.hydrochloride (0.52 g, 0.003 mol) followed by 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(aminomethyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.34 g, 0.002 mol) are added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D.M.water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (1×10 mL) followed by 2(N) hydrochloric acid solution (1×5 mL). Finally the organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×10 mL) and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 25:75) to get [1-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-aminooxalyl]-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.136 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of [1-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-aminooxalyl]-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester (0.68 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure furnish 2-(4-amino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro furo [2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.21 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2-(4-amino-4-methyl piperidin-1-yl)-N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro furo-[2,3-d][1,3]-dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide (0.48 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.21 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 0-5° C. and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (2×20 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate gives brown solid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 92:8) to get 2-{4-[2-(2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl}-N-(6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-acetamide (177) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 177 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 494.27 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 178 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-(piperidine-{4-(N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-N′-ethoxycarbonyl)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.79 mL, 0.006 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl)-1-yl]-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (2.0 g, 0.005 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at room temperature. Acetyl chloride (0.37 mL, 0.005 mol) is added slowly to the reaction mixture followed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.1 g, 0.0008 mol) and then reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. D. M. water (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and concentrated under reduced pressure. Again, D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1×20 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×20 mL) and brine solution (1×20 mL) respectively. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.36 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.8 g, 0.004 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose, which is used for the next step without purification. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.62 mL, 0.004 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.3 g, 0.004 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (25 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.62 g, 0.004 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (25 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 90:10) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-(4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methy I)}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step IV: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.0009 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-α-D-5-deoxy xylofuranose (0.35 g, 0.0008 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at room temperature. Ethyl chloroformate (0.08 mL, 0.0008 mol) is added slowly to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. D. M. water (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and concentrated under reduced pressure. Again, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-N′-ethoxycarbonyl)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step V 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An aqueous solution (5 mL) of potassium carbonate (0.02 g, 0.0002 mol) is added to a ethanolic solution (15 mL) of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-N′-ethoxycarbonyl)-(4-methyl)}-1-01-3-acetyl-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose (0.16 g, 0.0003 mol) at room temperature and stirred for 1 hr 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 35° C., D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×15 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(N-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile-N′-ethoxycarbonyl)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-á-D-xylofuranose (178). 
     Compounds of examples 179 to 182 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 178. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Examples 
                 R″ 
                 R 9   
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 2 CH 3 OCO— 
                 495.28 
               
               
                 179 
                 CH 3   
                 CH 3 OCO— 
                 481.27 
               
               
                 180 
                 CH 3   
                 PhCH 2 OCO— 
                 557.33 
               
               
                 181 
                 CH 3   
                 n-C 5 H 11 OCO— 
                 537.29 
               
               
                 182 
                 CH 3   
                 PhOCO— 
                 543.23 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 183 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (4.38 mL, 0.032 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (5.0 g, 0.026 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., acetyl chloride (1.68 mL, 0.024 mol) is added slowly to the reaction mixture. 4-Dimethyl aminopyridine (0.5 g, 0.004 mol) is added and reaction mixture is stirred at 0-5° C. for 45 minutes. D.M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and concentrated under reduced pressure. Again, D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1×20 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×20 mL) and brine solution (1×20 mL) respectively. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 50:50) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Oxalyl chloride (2.82 mL, 0.033 mol) is added to a solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (3.05 mL, 0.043 mol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at −78° C. over a period of 10 minutes and then stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-á-D-xylofuranose (2.5 g, 0.010 mol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) is slowly introduce into the reaction mixture at −78° C. and stirred for 1 hr 30 minutes at −78° C. Triethyl amine (10.57 mL, 0.076 mol) is added over a period of 10 minutes and stirred at −78° C. for 20 minutes. Reaction mixture is then allowed to warm to −60° C. and a solution (40 mL) of sodium borohydride (0.82 g, 0.021 mol) in ethanol:water mixture (4:1) is added to the reaction mixture. Reaction mixture is then allowed to warm at −20° C. over a period of 20 minutes. D.M. water (15 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous potassium hydrogen sulphate solution (1×25 mL) followed by brine solution (1×25 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-á-D-ribofuranose, which is directly used for the next step without purification. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An aqueous solution (10 mL) of potassium carbonate (0.72 g, 0.005 mol) is added to a ethanolic solution (50 m L) of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-á-D-ribofuranose (4.82 g, 0.021 mol) at room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 35° C., dichloromethane is added to the residue and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-á-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (1.75 mL, 0.022 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-á-D-ribofuranose (2.43 g, 0.013 mol) in dichloromethane (30 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (2.54 mL, 0.015 mol) is added slowly and stirred at 0-5° C. for 45 minutes. D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×15 mL) followed by brine solution (1×15 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives triflate derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-á-D-ribofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (5.18 mL, 0.030 mol) is added to a heterogeneous mixture of 4-methyl piperidine-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride salt (4.45 g, 0.016 mol) in acetonitrile (35 mL) and then stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of triflate derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-â-ribofuranose (3.87 g, 0.012 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and heated at 85° C. for 1.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 45° C., D. M. water (30 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×40 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×40 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step V 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.1 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose (0.32 g, 0.0008 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step VI 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.0007 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-β-5-deoxy ribofuranose (0.21 g, 0.0007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.12 g, 0.0007 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 88:12) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose (183). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 183 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 423.31 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 184 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.2 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-β-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose (0.44 g, 0.001 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at room temperature. Methyl chloroformate (0.1 mL, 0.001 mol) is added slowly to the reaction mixture followed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.02 g, 0.0002 mol) and stirred for 1 hr. at room temperature. D. M. water (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and concentrated under reduced pressure. Again, D.M. water (5 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×20 mL) followed by brine solution (1×20 mL). Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 70:30) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methoxy carbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.07 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-β-5-deoxy ribofuranose (0.33 g, 0.0007 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 30, minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose which is directly used for the next step 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.0006 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose (0.23 g, 0.0007 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (8 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.1 g, 0.0006 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 60° C. and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 93:7) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-deoxy-á-D-ribofuranose (184). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 184 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 481.28 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 185 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3,5-dideoxy-á-L-arabinose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Pyridine (2.9 mL, 0.035 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-á-D-xylofuranose (4.8 g, 0.021 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (4.5 mL, 0.027 mol) is added slowly and stirred for 30 minutes at 0-5° C. D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×50 mL) followed by brine solution (1×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives triflate derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-á-D-xylofuranose which is directly used for the next step. 
     Tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride (51.0 mL, 0.051 mol, 1M solution in tetrahydrofuran) is added slowly to a solution of triflate derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-á-D-xylofuranose (8.1 g, 0.022 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (80 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 4 hrs 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 45° C., D. M. water (50 ml) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (2×50 mL) followed by brine solution (1×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 20:80) to furnish 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-acetoxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An aqueous solution (12 mL) of potassium carbonate (01.28 g, 0.009 mol) is added to a methanolic solution (28 mL) of 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-acetoxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (4.0 g, 0.019 mol) at room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 35° C. D. M. water (40 mL) is added to the residue, aqueous layer made saturated with solid sodium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×40 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×40 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (4.5 mL, 0.026 mol) is added to a solution of 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (1.5 g, 0.009 mol) in dichloromethane (15 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., methanesulfonylchloride (0.68 mL, 0.009 mol) is added slowly and stirred for 30 minutes at 0-5° C. D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×25 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×15 mL) followed by brine solution (1×15 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure at 30° C. gives mesylate derivative of 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran which is directly used for the next step. 
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (4.45 mL, 0.026 mol) is added to a heterogeneous mixture of 4-methyl piperidine-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride (2.93 g, 0.01 mol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of mesylate derivative of 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (2.15 g, 0.009 mol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 40° C., D. M. water (30 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×40 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×40 mL) followed by brine solution (1×40 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 96:4) to get 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl-methyl]-2,3-dihydro furan. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.25 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl-methyl]-2,3-dihydro furan (0.62 g, 0.0002 mol) in ethanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 2 hrs. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×20 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3,5-dideoxy-A-L-arabinose which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step V 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.0009 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-amino-4-methyl}-1-yl]-3,5-dideoxy-á-L-arabinose (0.28 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.16 g, 0.0009 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 86:14) to famish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl]-3,5-dideoxy-á-L-arabinose (185) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 185 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 405.27 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 186 
     Preparation of 2(R),3(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl methyl]-2,3-dihydro furan 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (1.28 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.2 g, 0.009 mol) in ethanol (30 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 1 hr 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×15 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 4-amino-4-methyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, which is directly used for the next step without purification. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (1.2 mL, 0.007 mol) is added to a solution of 4-amino-4-methyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.65 g, 0.008 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (1.2 g, 0.007 mol) is added to the reaction mixture and heated at 75° C. for 3 hrs 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, D. M. water (15 mL) is added and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×40 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 4-[2-(2-(S)-cyano pyrrolidine-1-yl)-2-oxo ethylamino]-4-methyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrochloric acid (4M) in 1,4-dioxane (6.8 mL) is added to 4-[2-(2-(S)-cyano pyrrolidine-1-yl)-2-oxo ethylamino]-4-methyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.7 g, 0.005 mol) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, diethyl ether (20 mL) is added to the residue and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. Diethyl ether is then decanted and the residue is dried under reduced pressure to get 1-[2-(4-methyl piperidin-4-ylamino)acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile as dihydrochloride salt. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (1.0 mL, 0.006 mol) is added to a solution of 2-(R),3-(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (0.35 g, 0.002 mol) in dichloromethane (10 mL). Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., methanesulfonylchloride (0.16 mL, 0.002 mol) is added slowly and stirred for 30 minutes at 0-5° C. D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×10 mL) followed by brine solution (1×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure at 30° C. gives mesylate derivative of 2-(R),3-(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran which is directly used for the next step. 
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (1.38 mL, 0.008 mol) is added to a heterogeneous mixture of 1-[2-(4-methyl piperidin-4-ylamino)-acetyl]-pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile dihydrochloride salt (0.77 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of mesylate derivative of 2-(R),3-(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (0.5 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and heated at 55° C. for 1 hr 30 minutes. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the residue and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (3×30 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with brine solution (1×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 93:7) to get 2-(R),3-(R)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(4-methyl)}-1-yl methyl]-2,3-dihydro furan (186). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 186 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 407.15 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 187 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-(piperidine-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (0.72 mL, 0.005 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose (1.0 g, 0.004 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., 4-nitrophenylchloroformate (0.956 g, 0.005 mol) is added in portion over a period of 10 minutes and then heated at 60° C. for 1.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and a heterogenous mixture of (4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester.hydrochloride salt (1.35 g, 0.005 mol) and triethylamine (0.72 mL, 0.005 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) is added to the reaction mixture. Reaction mixture is again heated at 60° C. for 1.5 hrs, cooled to room temperature D.M.water (15 mL) is added to the reaction mixture. Aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2×10 mL) followed by D. M. water (1×15 mL) and brine solution (1×10 mL) and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 55:45) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.172 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-(1-carbonyl)}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose (0.86 g, 0.02 mol) in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (3×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-amino)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.27 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-amino)-(1-carbonyl)}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose (0.7 g, 0.002 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.27 g, 0.002 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 75° C. for 4 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 94:6) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An aqueous solution (1.0 mL) of lithium hydroxide (0.024 g, 0.001 mol) is added to a stirred ethanolic solution (3 mL) of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl)}-1-yl]-5-acetyl-α-D-xylofuranose (0.367 g, 0.001 mol) and stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (5 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gives viscous liquid which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{(4-aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-α-D-xylofuranose (187). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex- 
                   
                 MS 
               
               
                 amples 
                 Structure 
                 (ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 187 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 467.29 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 188 
     Preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (7.32 mL, 0.053 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (5.0 g, 0.026 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C. and p-toluenesulfonylchloride (8.0 g, 0.042 mol) is added in portions. Reaction mixture is then allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 hrs. D. M. water (30 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, organic layer is separated and aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with D. M. water (1×50 mL) followed by brine solution (1×50 mL). Removal of dichloromethane under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 40:60) to get 5-O-tosyl derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Lithium aluminium hydride (2.5 g, 0.065 mol) is added to a solution of 5-O-tosyl derivative of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (3.2 g, 0.009 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) at room temperature. Reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. for 1.5 hr. Reaction mixture is cooled to 0-5° C., ethyl acetate (30 mL) followed by ice cold D. M. water (30 mL) are added slowly to the reaction mixture respectively. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Organic layer is separated from filterate and aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Combined organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to get viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 45:55) to get 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Triethylamine (1 mL, 0.007 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (1.1 g, 0.004 mol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) at room temperature. 4-Nitrophenyl chloroformate (1.23 g, 0.006 mol) is added to the reaction mixture in portions over a period of 10 minutes and stirred at 45° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure, D. M. water (20 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with ice cold 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution followed by D. M. water (1×50 mL) and brine solution (1×50 mL) respectively. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:toluene, 5:95) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step IV 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.43 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a heterogeneous mixture of 4-methyl piperidine-4-yl-carbamic acid benzyl ester hydrochloride salt (0.57 g, 0.002 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. A solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.6 g, 0.001 mol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 1 hr at 45° C. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure at 45° C., D. M. water (10 mL) is added to the residue and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). Combined organic layer is washed with ice cold 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution followed by D. M. water (1×50 mL) and brine solution (1×50 mL) respectively. Removal of ethyl acetate under reduced pressure after drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate gives viscous liquid, which is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, ethyl acetate:n-hexane, 40:60) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-carbonyl-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose. 
     Step V 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.25 g, 50% wet) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-carbonyl-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.6 g, 0.001 mol) in ethanol (15 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture at room temperature for 1 hr. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with ethanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined ethanol under reduced pressure gives 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{4-amino-1-carbonyl-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose, which is directly used for the next step. 
     Step VI 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.2 mL, 0.001 mol) is added to a solution of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-(4-amino-1-carbonyl-4-methyl}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (0.41 g, 0.001 mol) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (10 mL) at room temperature. 1-(2-chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.2 g, 0.001 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 90° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol, 95:5) to furnish 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-[piperidine-{4-(aminoacetyl pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile)-(1-carbonyl-4-methyl)}-1-yl]-5-methyl-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranose (188). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex- 
                   
                 MS 
               
               
                 amples 
                 Structure 
                 (ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 188 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 451.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 189 
     Preparation of 4-[2-(2-Cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-amide 
     Step I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide.hydrochloride (0.69 g, 0.004 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-aminomethyl-1-deoxy-β-D-fructopyranose (0.845 g, 0.003 mol) and 4-benzyloxycamonylamino cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (0.9 g, 0.003 mol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) at room temperature. Catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (7 mg) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 15 hrs at room temperature. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol 97:3) to furnish {4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-cyclohexyl}-carbamic acid. 
     Step II 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5% Pd/C (0.408 g, 50% wet) is added to a stirred solution of {4-[(2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-cyclohexyl}-carbamic acid. (1.36 g, 0.003 mol) in methanol (20 mL). Hydrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture is filtered through celite bed and washed with methanol (2×10 mL). Removal of combined methanol under reduced pressure furnish 4-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-amide. 
     Step III 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 0.002 mol) is added to a stirred solution of 4-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-amide (1.0 g, 0.003 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (15 mL). 1-(2-Chloroacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-(S)-carbonitrile (0.374 g, 0.002 mol) is added and reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 1.5 hrs. Reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia, 94:5:1) to get 4-[2-(2-cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethylamino]-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4′,5′-d]pyran-3a-ylmethyl)-amide (189). 
     Compounds of examples 190 and 191 are prepared following the same procedure as that of example 189. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 Structure 
                 MS(ES + ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 189 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 521.1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 190 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 535.12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 191 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 479.13 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Measuring the Bioactivity of the Compounds of the Invention 
     The utility of the compounds of formula I, in the treatment of the conditions enumerated above in mammals may be demonstrated in conventional assays known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including the invitro assay described below. 
     Invitro DPP4 Inhibition Assay: 
     DPP-IV inhibition may be demonstrated invitro by the following assay, which is adapted from Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2003, Vol. 46, No. 13. The assay system comprises of 25111 of rat plasma, 20 mM MgCl 2  test compound, 50 uM substrate Gly-Pro-AMC &amp; buffer (25 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl, 1% BSA, pH 7.8) in a total reaction volume of 100 μl. The test compound was preincubated with plasma and MgCl 2  for 10 minutes at 37° C. followed by further incubation of 20 minutes after addition of substrate. The experiment was repeated using vehicle as control. The AMC (7-Amino-4-Methylcoumarin) liberated in the samples was quantified in a Multilable counter at excitation wavelength 355 nm &amp; emission wavelength 462 nm from a standard AMC plot. The DPP4 activity in each sample was represented as pmoles of AMC released/mg/min. Plasma protein was estimated by Lowry&#39;s method. 
     The following Table 38 gives IC50 values, as determined for exemplary compounds of the invention 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 DPP IV Inhibition IC 50    
               
               
                 No. 
                 Structure 
                 in Rat plasma nM 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5.98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 18.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 14.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 22.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following Table 39 gives percent inhibition DPP7, DPP8 &amp; DPP9 activity, as determined for exemplary compounds of the invention 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 39 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % Inhibition at 10000 nM concentration 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example No. 
                 Structure  
                 DPP7 
                 DPP8 
                 DPP9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 0 
                 18 
                 29