Patent Publication Number: US-2018040757-A1

Title: Light redirecting film useful with solar modules

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from, and is a continuing application filing under 35 U.S.C. 1.111(a) of, International Application No. PCT/US2016/027066, filed Apr. 12, 2016, which claims the benefit of both U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/149,245, filed Apr. 17, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/151,503, filed Apr. 23, 2015. The disclosures of all three applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. 
     The present disclosure relates to reflective microstructured films, and their use in solar modules. 
     Renewable energy is energy derived from natural resources that can be replenished, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. The demand for renewable energy has grown substantially with advances in technology and increases in global population. Although fossil fuels provide for the vast majority of energy consumption today, these fuels are non-renewable. The global dependence on these fossil fuels has not only raised concerns about their depletion but also environmental concerns associated with emissions that result from burning these fuels. As a result of these concerns, countries worldwide have been establishing initiatives to develop both large-scale and small-scale renewable energy resources. One of the promising energy resources today is sunlight. Globally, millions of households currently obtain power from photovoltaic systems. The rising demand for solar power has been accompanied by a rising demand for devices and material capable of fulfilling the requirements for these applications. 
     Harnessing sunlight may be accomplished by the use of photovoltaic (PV) cells (also referred to as solar cells), which are used for photoelectric conversion (e.g., silicon photovoltaic cells). PV cells are relatively small in size and typically combined into a physically integrated PV module (or solar module) having a correspondingly greater power output. PV modules are generally formed from two or more “strings” of PV cells, with each string consisting of a plurality of PV cells arranged in a row and electrically connected in series using tinned flat copper wires (also known as electrical connectors, tabbing ribbons, or bus wires). These electrical connectors are typically adhered to the PV cells by a soldering process. 
     PV modules typically further comprise the PV cell(s) surrounded by an encapsulant, such as generally described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0078445 (Patel et al.), the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some constructions, the PV module includes encapsulant on both sides of the PV cell(s). Two panels of glass (or other suitable polymeric material) are bonded to the opposing, front and back sides, respectively, of the encapsulant. The two panels are transparent to solar radiation and are typically referred to as the front-side layer and the backside layer (or backsheet). The front-side layer and the backsheet may be made of the same or a different material. The encapsulant is a light-transparent polymer material that encapsulates the PV cells and also is bonded to the front-side layer and the backsheet so as to physically seal off the PV cells. This laminated construction provides mechanical support for the PV cells and also protects them against damage due to environmental factors such as wind, snow and ice. The PV module is typically fit into a metal frame, with a sealant covering the edges of the module engaged by the metal frame. The metal frame protects the edges of the module, provides additional mechanical strength, and facilitates combining it with other modules so as to form a larger array or solar panel that can be mounted to a suitable support that holds the modules together at a desired angle appropriate to maximize reception of solar radiation. 
     The art of making PV cells and combining them to make laminated modules is exemplified by the following U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,191 (Gonsiorawski et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,920 (Gonsiorawski et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,362 (St. Angelo et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,178,685 (Borenstein et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,684 (Amick et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,402 (Hanoka). 
     With many PV module designs, the tabbing ribbons represent an inactive shaded region (i.e., area in which incident light is not absorbed for photovoltaic or photoelectric conversion). The total active surface area (i.e., the total area in which incident light is use for photovoltaic or photoelectric conversion) is thus less than 100% of the original photovoltaic cell area due to the presence of these inactive shaded areas. Consequently, an increase in the number or width of the tabbing ribbons decreases the amount of current that can be generated by the PV module because of the increase in inactive shaded area. 
     To address the above concerns, PCT Publication No. WO 2013/148149 (Chen et al.), the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a light directing medium, in the form of a strip of microstructured film carrying a light reflective layer, applied over the tabbing ribbons. The light directing medium directs light that would otherwise be incident on an inactive shaded area onto an active area. More particularly, the light directing medium redirects the incident light into angles that totally internally reflect (TIR) from the front-side layer; the TIR light subsequently reflects onto an active PV cell area to produce electricity. In this way, the total power output of the PV module can be increased, especially under circumstances where an arrangement of the microstructures relative to a position of the sun is relatively constant over the course of the day. However, where asymmetrical conditions are created by the PV module installation relative to a position of the sun (e.g., a non-tracking PV module installation, portrait vs. landscape orientation, etc.), light reflection caused by the microstructured film may undesirably lead to some of the reflected light escaping from the PV module. 
     In light of the above, a need exists for a light redirecting film useful, for example, with PV modules in reflecting increased levels of incident light at angles within the critical angle of the corresponding front-side layer. 
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward a light redirecting film article. The article includes a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis. The light redirecting film comprises a base layer, an ordered arrangement of plurality of microstructures, and a reflective layer. The plurality of microstructures project from the base layer. Further, each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis. The primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis. Finally, the reflective layer is disposed over the microstructures opposite the base layer. With this construction, the obliquely arranged, reflectorized microstructure(s) will reflect light in a unique manner relative to the longitudinal axis that differs from an on-axis arrangement. In some embodiments, a majority or all of the microstructures are arranged such that the corresponding primary axes are all oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis. In other embodiments, the longitudinal axis and the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures, optionally a majority or all of the microstructures, forms a bias angle in the range of 1°-89°, alternative in the range of 20°-70°. In yet other embodiments, the light redirecting film article further includes an adhesive layer disposed on the base layer opposite the microstructures. 
     Other aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward a PV module including a plurality of PV cells electrically connected by tabbing ribbons. Further, a light redirecting film article is disposed over at least a portion of at least one of the tabbing ribbons. The light redirecting film article can have any of the constructions described above. A front-side layer (e.g., glass) is located over the PV cells and the light redirecting film article. The light redirecting film article can render the PV module to be orientation independent, exhibiting relatively uniform annual efficiency performance in a stationary (i.e., non-tracking) installation independent of landscape orientation or portrait orientation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a simplified top plan view of a light redirecting film article in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1B  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the article of  FIG. 1A , taken along the line  1 B- 1 B; 
         FIG. 1C  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the article of  FIG. 1A , taken along the line  1 C- 1 C; 
         FIG. 2  is a greatly simplified top plan view of a portion of another light redirecting film useful with articles of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified side view of a portion of another light redirecting film useful with articles of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of another light redirecting film article in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of another light redirecting film article in accordance with principles of the present disclosure and provided in a rolled form; 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified cross-sectional view of a portion of a PV module in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7A  is a simplified top plan view of the PV module of  FIG. 6  at an intermediate stage of manufacture; 
         FIG. 7B  is a simplified top plan view of the PV module of  FIG. 7A  at a later stage of manufacture; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic side view of a portion of a conventional PV module; 
         FIG. 9  is a conoscopic representation of the solar path for 30° North latitude; 
         FIG. 10A  is a simplified top view of the conventional PV module of  FIG. 8  in a landscape orientation; 
         FIG. 10B  is a simplified top view of the conventional PV module of  FIG. 8  in a portrait orientation; 
         FIG. 11A  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the conventional PV module of  FIG. 8  in landscape orientation at a 30° North latitude location superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11B  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the conventional PV module of  FIG. 8  in portrait orientation at a 30° North latitude location superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 12A  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the PV module of  FIG. 6  in landscape orientation at a 30° North latitude location superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 12B  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the PV module of  FIG. 6  in portrait orientation at a 30° North latitude location superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 13A  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the conventional PV module of  FIG. 8  in portrait orientation at a 30° North latitude location, 10° from the ground, and facing due-South superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 13B  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the conventional PV module of  FIG. 8  in portrait orientation at a 30° North latitude location, 10° from the ground, and facing 20° East of due-South superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 13C  is a plot of modeled efficiency of the PV module of  FIG. 6  in portrait orientation at a 30° North latitude location, 10° from the ground, and facing 20° East of due-South superimposed on the conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 ; and 
         FIG. 14  is a simplified top plan view illustrating manufacture of a PV module in accordance with principles of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure provide light redirecting films and light redirecting film articles. The light redirecting films (sometimes referred to as reflective films or light directing mediums) of the present disclosure can generally include reflective surface-bearing microstructures that are arranged at an oblique or biased angle relative to a lengthwise or longitudinal axis of the film. The light redirecting films and light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure have multiple end-use applications, and in some embodiments are useful with PV modules as described below. However, the present disclosure is not limited to PV modules. 
     As used herein, the term “ordered arrangement” when used to describe microstructural features, especially a plurality of microstructures, means an imparted pattern different from natural surface roughness or other natural features, where the arrangement can be continuous or discontinuous, can be a repeating pattern, a non-repeating pattern, a random pattern, etc. 
     As used herein, the term “microstructure” means the configuration of features wherein at least 2 dimensions of the feature are microscopic. The topical and/or cross-sectional view of the features must be microscopic. 
     As used herein, the term “microscopic” refers to features of small enough dimension so as to require an optic aid to the naked eye when viewed from any plane of view to determine its shape. One criterion is found in Modern Optic Engineering by W. J. Smith, McGraw-Hill, 1966, pages 104-105 whereby visual acuity, “ . . . is defined and measured in terms of the angular size of the smallest character that can be recognized.” Normal visual acuity is considered to be when the smallest recognizable letter subtends an angular height of 5 minutes of arc of the retina. At a typical working distance of 250 mm (10 inches), this yields a lateral dimension of 0.36 mm (0.0145 inch) for this object. 
     Light Redirecting Film Article 
     One embodiment of a light redirecting film article  20  in accordance with principles of the present disclosure is shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C . The light redirecting film article  20  comprises a light redirecting film  22  having a base layer  30 , an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures  32 , and a reflective layer  34 . As a point of reference, features of the microstructures  32  can be described with respect to a longitudinal axis of the light redirecting film  22 . In this regard, the light redirecting film  22  can be provided as an elongated strip having or defining a length L and a width W. For example, in some embodiments, the strip of light redirecting film  22  terminates at opposing end edges  40 ,  42  and opposing side edges  44 ,  46 . The length L of the light redirecting film  22  is defined as the linear distance between the opposing end edges  40 ,  42 , and the width W as the linear distance between the opposing side edges  44 ,  46 . The length L is greater than the width W (e.g., on the order of at least ten times greater). The longitudinal axis of the light redirecting film  22  is defined in the direction of the length L, and is identified as the “X-axis” in  FIG. 1A . A lateral axis (or Y-axis in  FIG. 1A ) is defined in the direction of the width W. In some embodiments, the longitudinal (X) and lateral (Y) axes can also be viewed as the web (or machine) and cross-web axes or directions, respectively, in accordance with accepted film manufacture conventions. 
     As best shown in  FIGS. 1B and 1C , in one embodiment of the light redirecting film article, the base layer  30  has opposing, first and second major faces  50 ,  52 , and each of the microstructures  32  projects from the first major face  50  to a height (Z-axis) of 5-500 micrometers is some embodiments. A shape of each of the microstructures  32  can be substantially prismatic (e.g., within 10% of a true prism), for example the substantially triangular prism shape shown (e.g., a “roof” prism, although other prismatic shapes are also acceptable), and defines at least two facets  54 . Throughout the instant disclosure, a “substantially triangular prism shape” refers to a prism shape having a cross-sectional area that is 90% to 110% of the area of largest inscribed triangle in the corresponding cross-sectional area of the prism. Regardless, a shape of each of the microstructures  32  terminates or defines a peak  60  opposite the base layer  30 . In some embodiments, the peak  60  can define an apex angle of about 120 degrees (e.g., plus or minus 5 degrees) for the shape of the corresponding microstructure  32 . While the peak  60  of each of the microstructures  32  is shown in  FIGS. 1B and 1C  as being a sharp corner for ease of illustration, in other embodiments, one or more of the peaks  60  can be rounded for reasons made clear below. The peaks  60  (and valleys  62  between immediately adjacent ones of the microstructures  32 ) are also generally illustrated in the simplified top view of  FIG. 1A  that otherwise reflects that the microstructures  32  extend continuously across the base layer  30  (it being understood that in the view of  FIG. 1A , although the base layer  30  is generally identified, the base layer  30  is effectively “behind” the plurality of microstructures  32 ). In this embodiment, the microstructures extend continuously, but other embodiments do not necessarily need to meet this requirement. 
     The continuous, elongated shape establishes a primary axis A for each of the microstructures  32  (i.e., each individual microstructure has a primary axis). It will be understood that the primary axis A of any particular one of the microstructures  32  may or may not bisect a centroid of the corresponding cross-sectional shape at all locations along the particular microstructure  32 . Where a cross-sectional shape of the particular microstructure  32  is substantially uniform (i.e., within 5% of a truly uniform arrangement) in complete extension across the base layer  30 , the corresponding primary axis A will bisect the centroid of the cross-sectional shape at all locations along a length thereof. Conversely, where the cross-sectional shape is not substantially uniform in extension across the base layer  30  (as described in greater detail below), the corresponding primary axis A may not bisect the centroid of the cross-sectional shape at all locations. For example,  FIG. 2  is a simplified top view of an alternative light redirecting film  22 ′, and generally illustrates another microstructure  32 ′ configuration in accordance with principles of the present disclosure. The microstructure  32 ′ has a “wavy” shape in extension across the base layer  30 , with variations in one or more of the facets  54 ′ and the peak  60 ′. The primary axis A generated by the elongated shape of the microstructure  32 ′ is also identified, and is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis X of the light redirecting film  22 ′. In more general terms, then, and returning to  FIGS. 1A-1C , the primary axis A of any particular one of the microstructures  32  is a straight line that is a best fit with a centroid of the elongated shape in extension across the base layer  30 . 
     The microstructures  32  can be substantially identical with one another (e.g., within 5% of a truly identical relationship) in terms of at least shape and orientation, such that all of the primary axes A are substantially parallel to one another (e.g., within 5% of a truly parallel relationship). Alternatively, in other embodiments, some of the microstructures  32  can vary from others of the microstructures  32  in terms of at least one of shape and orientation, such that one or more of the primary axes A may not be substantially parallel with one or more other primary axes A. Regardless, the primary axis A of at least one of the microstructures  32  is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis X of the light redirecting film  22 . In some embodiments, the primary axis A of at least a majority of the microstructures  32  provided with the light redirecting film  22  is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis X; in yet other embodiments, the primary axis A of all of the microstructures  32  provided with the light redirecting film  22  is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis X. Alternatively stated, the angle between the longitudinal axis X and the primary axis A of at least one of the microstructures  32  define a bias angle B, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The bias angle B is in the range of 1°-90°, alternatively in the range of 20°-70°, alternatively in the range of 70°-90°. It should be noted the bias angle B can be measured clockwise from the axis X or anti-clockwise from the axis X. The discussion throughout this application describes positive bias angles for simplicity. Bias angles of B, −B, (m*180°+B), and −(m*180°−B) where m is an integer are part of this disclosure. For example, a bias angle B of 80° can also be described as a bias angle B of −120°. In other embodiments, the bias angle B is about 45° (e.g., plus or minus 5°). In other embodiments, for example in embodiments in which the PV module is in the portrait orientation, the bias angle B is from 65° to 90°, or from 70° to 90°, or from 75° to 90°, or from 75° to 85°, or from 80° to 90°, or from 80° to 85°, or 74°, or 75°, or 76°, or 77°, or 78°, or 79°, or 80°, or 81°, or 82°, or 83°, or 84°, or 85°, or 86°, or 87°, or 88°, or 89°, or 90°. In some embodiments, the bias angle B about 82° (e.g., plus or minus 8°). In some embodiments, the primary axis A of at least a majority of the microstructures  32  provided with the light redirecting film  22  combine with the longitudinal axis X to define the bias angle B as described above; in yet other embodiments, the primary axis A of all of the microstructures  32  provided with the light redirecting film  22  combine with the longitudinal axis X to define the bias angle B as described above. In this regard, the bias angle B can be substantially identical (e.g., within 5% of a truly identical relationship) for each of the microstructures  32 , or at least one of the microstructures  32  can establish the bias angle B that differs from the bias angle B of others of the microstructures  32  (with all the bias angles B being within the range(s) set forth above). As described below, the oblique or biased arrangement of one or more of the microstructures  32  relative to the longitudinal axis X renders the light redirecting film  22  well-suited for use with PV modules as described below. 
     The reflective layer  34  can assume various forms appropriate for reflecting light, such as metallic, inorganic materials or organic materials. In some embodiments, the reflective layer  34  is a mirror coating. The reflective layer  34  can provide reflectivity of incident sunlight and thus can prevent some of the incident light from being incident on the polymer materials of the microstructures  32 . Any desired reflective coating or mirror coating thickness can be used, for example on the order of 30-100 nm, optionally 35-60 nm. Some exemplary thicknesses are measured by optical density or percent transmission. Obviously, thicker coatings prevent more UV light from progressing to the microstructures  32 . However, coatings or layers that are too thick may cause increased stress within the layer, leading to undesirable cracking. When a reflective metallic coating is used for the reflective layer  34 , the coating is typically silver, aluminum, or a combination thereof. Aluminum is more typical, but any suitable metal coating can be used. Generally, the metallic layer is coated by vapor deposition, using well understood procedures. The use of a metallic layer may require an additional coating to electrically insulate the light redirecting film article from electrical components in the PV module. Some exemplary inorganic materials include (but are not limited to) oxides (e.g., SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Ta 2 O 5 , etc.) and fluorides (e.g., MgF 2 , LaF 3 , AlF 3 , etc.) that can be formed into alternating layers to provide a reflective interference coating suitable for use as a broadband reflector. Unlike metals, these layered reflectors may allow wavelengths non-beneficial to a PV cell, for example, to transmit. Some exemplary organic materials include (but are not limited to) acrylics and other polymers that may also be formed into layered interference coatings suitable for use as a broadband reflector. The organic materials can be modified with nanoparticles or used in combination with inorganic materials. 
     The base layer  30  comprises a polymeric material. A wide range of polymeric materials are suitable for preparing the base layer  30 . Examples of suitable polymeric materials include cellulose acetate butyrate; cellulose acetate propionate; cellulose triacetate; poly(meth)acrylates such as polymethyl methacrylate; polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate; copolymers or blends based on naphthalene dicarboxylic acids; polyether sulfones; polyurethanes; polycarbonates; polyvinyl chloride; syndiotactic polystyrene; cyclic olefin copolymers; silicone-based materials; and polyolefins including polyethylene and polypropylene; and blends thereof. Particularly suitable polymeric materials for the base layer  30  are polyolefins and polyesters. 
     Typically, the microstructures  32  also comprise a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the polymeric material of the microstructures  32  is the same composition as the base layer  30 . In other embodiments, the polymeric material of the microstructures  32  is different from that of the base layer  30 . In some embodiments, the base layer  30  material is a polyester and the microstructure  32  material is a poly(meth)acrylate. 
     The reflective layer  34  can assume various forms appropriate for reflecting light, such as metallic, inorganic materials or organic materials. In some embodiments, the reflective layer  34  is a mirror coating. The reflective layer  34  can provide reflectivity of incident sunlight and thus can prevent some of the incident light from being incident on the polymer materials of the microstructures  32 . Any desired reflective coating or mirror coating thickness can be used, for example on the order of 30-100 nm, optionally 35-60 nm. Some exemplary thicknesses are measured by optical density or percent transmission. Obviously, thicker coatings prevent more UV light from progressing to the microstructures  32 . However, coatings or layers that are too thick may cause increased stress within the layer, lending to undesirable cracking. When a reflective metallic coating is used for the reflective layer  34 , the coating is typically silver, aluminum, or a combination thereof. Aluminum is more typical, but any suitable metal coating can be used. Generally, the metallic layer is coated by vapor deposition, using well understood procedures. Some exemplary inorganic materials include (but are not limited to) oxides (e.g., SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Ta 2 O 5 , etc.) and fluorides (e.g., MgF 2 , LaF 3 , AlF 3 , etc.) that can be formed into alternating layers to provide a reflective interference coating suitable for use as a broadband reflector. Unlike metals, these layered reflectors may allow wavelengths non-beneficial to a PV cell, for example, to transmit. Some exemplary organic materials include (but are not limited to) acrylics and other polymers that may also be formed into layered interference coatings suitable for use as a broadband reflector. The organic materials can be modified with nanoparticles or used in combination with inorganic materials. 
     With embodiments in which the reflective layer  34  is provided as a metallic coating (and optionally with other constructions of the reflective layer  34 ), the microstructures  32  can be configured such that the corresponding peaks  60  are rounded, as alluded to above. One non-limiting example of the rounded peak construction is shown in  FIG. 3 . Depositing a layer of metal (i.e., the reflective layer  34 ) on rounded peaks is easier than depositing on sharp peaks. Also, when the peaks  60  are sharp (e.g., come to a point), it can be difficult to adequately cover the sharp peak with a layer of metal. This can, in turn, result in a “pinhole” at the peak  60  where little or no metal is present. These pinholes not only do not reflect light, but also may permit passage of sunlight to the polymeric material of the microstructure  32 , possibly causing the microstructure  32  to degrade over time. With the optional rounded peak constructions, the peak  60  is easier to coat and the risk of pinholes is reduced or eliminated. Further, rounded peak films can be easy to handle and there are no sharp peaks present that might otherwise be vulnerable to damage during processing, shipping, converting or other handling steps. 
     Returning to  FIGS. 1A-1C , in some embodiments, construction of the light redirecting film  22  generally entails imparting microstructures into a film. With these embodiments, the base layer  30  and the microstructures  32  comprise the same polymeric composition. In other embodiments, the microstructures  32  are prepared separately (e.g., as a microstructured layer) and laminated to the base layer  30 . This lamination can be done using heat, a combination of heat and pressure, or through the use of an adhesive. In still other embodiments, the microstructures  32  are formed on the base layer  30  by means of embossing, extrusion or the like. Formation of the microstructures  32  apart from the base layer  30  can be done by microreplication. 
     One manufacturing technique conducive to microreplicating the microstructures  32  oblique to the longitudinal axis X (e.g., at a selected bias angle B) is to form the microstructures  32  with an appropriately constructed microreplication molding tool (e.g., a workpiece or roll) apart from the base layer  30 . For example, a curable or molten polymeric material could be cast against the microreplication molding tool and allowed to cure or cool to form a microstructured layer in the molding tool. This layer, in the mold, could then be adhered to a polymeric film (e.g., the base layer  30 ) as described above. In a variation of this process, the molten or curable polymeric material in the microreplication molding tool could be contacted to a film (e.g., the base layer  30 ) and then cured or cooled. In the process of curing or cooling the polymeric material in the microreplication molding tool can adhere to the film. Upon removal of the microreplication molding tool, the resultant construction comprises the base layer  30  and the projecting microstructures  32 . In some embodiments, the microstructures  32  (or microstructured layer) are prepared from a radiation curable (meth)acrylate material, and the molded (meth)acrylate material is cured by exposure to actinic radiation. 
     An appropriate microreplication molding tool can be formed by a fly-cutting system and method, examples of which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,443,704 (Burke et al.) and U.S. Application Publication No. 2009/0038450 (Campbell et al.), the entire teachings of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. The techniques described in the &#39;704 Patent and the &#39;450 Publication can form microgrooves in a cylindrical workpiece or microreplication molding tool at an angle relative to a central axis of the cylinder; the microgrooves are then desirably arranged to generate biased or oblique microstructures relative to the longitudinal axis of a film traversing the cylinder in a tangential direction in forming some embodiments of the light redirecting films and articles of the present disclosure. The fly-cutting techniques (in which discrete cutting operations progressively or incrementally form complete ones of the microgrooves) may impart slight variations into one or more of the faces of the microgrooves along a length thereof; these variations will be imparted into the corresponding face or facet  54  of the microstructures  32  generated by the microgrooves, and in turn by the reflective layer  34  as applied to the microstructures  32 . Light incident on the variations is diffused. As described in greater detail below, this optional feature may beneficially improve performance of the light redirecting film  22  as part of a PV module construction. 
     Another embodiment light redirecting film article  100  in accordance with principles of the present disclosure is shown in  FIG. 4 . The article  100  includes the light redirecting film  22  as described above along with an adhesive layer  102  applied (e.g., coated) to the second major face  52  of the base layer  30 . The adhesive layer  102  can assume various forms. For example, the adhesive of the adhesive layer  102  can be a hot-melt adhesive such as an ethylene vinyl acetate polymer (EVA). Other types of suitable hot-melt adhesives include polyolefins. In other embodiments, the adhesive of the adhesive layer  102  is a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). Suitable types of PSAs include, but are not limited to, acrylates, silicones, polyisobutylenes, ureas, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the PSA is an acrylic or acrylate PSA. As used herein, the term “acrylic” or “acrylate” includes compounds having at least one of acrylic or methacrylic groups. Useful acrylic PSAs can be made, for example, by combining at least two different monomers (first and second monomers). Exemplary suitable first monomers include 2-methylbutyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, n-decyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, and isononyl acrylate. Exemplary suitable second monomers include a (meth)acrylic acid (e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid), a (meth)acrylamide (e.g., acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-ethyl acrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, N-octyl acrylamide, N-t-butyl acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, N,Ndiethyl acrylamide, and N-ethyl-N-dihydroxyethyl acrylamide), a (meth)acrylate (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate or methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, or isobornyl acrylate), N-vinyl pyrrolidone, N-vinyl caprolactam, an alpha-olefin, a vinyl ether, an allyl ether, a styrenic monomer, or a maleate. Acrylic PSAs may also be made by including cross-linking agents in the formulation. 
     In some embodiments, the adhesive layer  102  can be formulated for optimal bonding to an expected end-use surface (e.g., tabbing ribbon of a PV module). Though not shown, the light redirecting film article  100  can further include a release liner as known in the art disposed on the adhesive layer  102  opposite the light redirecting film  22 . Where provided, the release liner protects the adhesive layer  102  prior to application of the light redirecting film article  100  to a surface (i.e., the release liner is removed to expose the adhesive layer  102  for bonding to an intended end-use surface). 
     The light redirecting film articles  20 ,  100  of the present disclosure can be provided in various widths and lengths. In some embodiments, the light redirecting film article can be provided in a roll format, as represented by roll  150  in  FIG. 5 . The roll  150  can have various widths W appropriate for an expected end-use application. For example, with some embodiments useful with PV module end-use applications, the light redirecting film article  152  of the roll  150  can have a width W of not more than about 15.25 cm (6 inches) in some embodiments, or of not more than 7 mm in some embodiments. Commensurate with the above descriptions, the primary axis of the microstructures (not shown) provided with the light redirecting film article  152  are oblique with respect to the width W (and the wound length thereof). 
     PV Modules 
     The light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure have multiple end use applications. In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure relate to use of the light redirecting films as part of a PV or solar module. For example,  FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of one exemplary embodiment of a PV module  200  according to the present disclosure. The PV module  200  includes a plurality of rectangular PV cells  202   a ,  202   b ,  202   c . Any PV cell format can be employed in the PV modules of the present disclosure (e.g., thin film photovoltaic cells, CuInSe 2  cells, a-Si cells, e-Si sells, and organic photovoltaic devices). A metallization pattern is applied to the PV cells, most commonly by screen printing of silver inks. This pattern consists of an array of fine parallel gridlines, also known fingers (not shown). Exemplary PV cells include those made substantially as illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,191 (Gonsiorawski et al), U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,921 (Gonsiorawski et al), U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,362 (St. Angelo et al), U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,684 (Amick et al) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,402 (Hanoka), each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Electrical connectors or tabbing ribbons  204  (referenced generally in  FIG. 7A ; two of the tabbing ribbons are visible in  FIG. 6  and are identified at  204   a  and  204   b ) are disposed over and typically soldered to the PV cells, to collect current from the fingers. In some embodiments, the electrical connectors  204  are provided in the form of coated (e.g., tinned) copper wires. Although not shown, it is to be understood that in some embodiments, each PV cell includes a rear contact on it rear surface. 
     A strip of a light redirecting film article  210  is applied over at least a portion of at least one of the electrical connectors  204  as described in greater detail below. The light redirecting film article  210  can have any of the forms described above. In some embodiments, the light redirecting film article  210  is bonded to the corresponding electrical connector  204  by an adhesive  212  (referenced generally). The adhesive  212  can be a component of the light redirecting film article  210  (e.g., the light redirecting film article  100  described above with respect to  FIG. 4 ). In other embodiments, the adhesive  212  (e.g., thermally-activated adhesive, pressure sensitive adhesive, etc.) is applied over the electrical connector(s)  204  prior to application of the strip(s) of light redirecting film article  210 . Though not shown, an additional strip of the light redirecting film article  210  can be applied to other regions of the PV module  200 , such as between two or more of the PV cells, around the perimeter of one or more of the PV cells, etc. 
     The PV module  200  also includes a back protector member, often in the form of a backsheet  220 . In some embodiments, the backsheet  220  is an electrically insulating material such as glass, a polymeric layer, a polymeric layer reinforced with reinforcing fibers (e.g., glass, ceramic or polymeric fibers), or a wood particle board. In some embodiments, the backsheet  220  includes a type of glass or quartz. The glass can be thermally tempered. Some exemplary glass materials include soda-lime-silica based glass. In other embodiments, the backsheet  220  is a polymeric film, including a multilayer polymer film One commercially available example of a backsheet is available under the trade designation 3M™ Scotchshield™ film from 3M Company of St. Paul, Minn. Other exemplary constructions of the backsheet  220  are those that include extruded PTFE. The backsheet  220  may be connected to a building material, such as a roofing membrane (e.g., in building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)). 
     Overlying the PV cells  202   a - 202   c  is a generally planar light transmitting and electrically non-conducting front-side layer  230 , which also provides support to the PV cells  202   a - 202   c . In some embodiments, the front-side layer  230  includes a type of glass or quartz. The glass can be thermally tempered. Some exemplary glass materials include soda-lime-silica based glass. In some embodiments, the front-side layer  230  has a low iron content (e.g., less than about 0.10% total iron, more preferably less than about 0.08, 0.07 or 0.06% total iron) and/or an antireflection coating thereon to optimize light transmission. In other embodiments, the front-side layer  230  is a barrier layer. Some exemplary barrier layers are those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,186,465 (Bright), U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,291 (Bright), U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,909 (Shaw et al), U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,939 (Shaw et al), U.S. Pat. No. 6,975,067 (McCormick et al), U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,898 (Kohler et al), U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,237 (Kohler et al), U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,713 (Padiyath et al), and U.S. Publication Nos. 2007/0020451 and 2004/0241454, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     In some embodiments, interposed between the backsheet  220  and the front-side layer  230  is an encapsulant  240  that surrounds the PV cells  202   a - 202   c  and the electrical connectors  204 . The encapsulant is made of suitable light-transparent, electrically non-conducting material. Some exemplary encapsulants include curable thermosets, thermosettable fluoropolymers, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butryral (PVB), polyolefins, thermoplastic urethanes, clear polyvinylchloride, and ionomers. One exemplary commercially available polyolefin encapsulant is available under the trade designation PO8500™ from 3M Company of St. Paul, Minn. Both thermoplastic and thermoset polyolefin encapsulants can be used. 
     The encapsulant  240  can be provided in the form of discrete sheets that are positioned below and/or on top of the array of PV cells  202   a - 202   c , with those components in turn being sandwiched between the backsheet  220  and the front-side layer  230 . Subsequently, the laminate construction is heated under vacuum, causing the encapsulant sheets to become liquefied enough to flow around and encapsulate the PV cells  202   a - 202   c , while simultaneously filling any voids in the space between the backsheet  220  and the front-side layer  230 . Upon cooling, the liquefied encapsulant solidifies. In some embodiments, the encapsulant  240  may additionally be cured in situ to form a transparent solid matrix. The encapsulant  240  adheres to the backsheet  220  and the front-side layer  230  to form a laminated subassembly. 
     With the general construction of the PV module  200  in mind,  FIG. 6  reflects that the first PV cell  202   a  is electrically connected to the second PV cell  202   a  by a first electrical connector or tabbing ribbon  204   a . The first electrical connector  204   a  extends across the entire length of and over the first PV cell  202   a , extending beyond the edge of the first PV cell  202   a , and bending down and under the second PV cell  202   b . The first electrical connector  204   a  then extends across the entire length of and underneath the second PV cell  202   b . A similar relationship is established by a second electrical connector or tabbing ribbon  204   b  relative to the second and third PV cells  202   b ,  202   c , as well as by additional electrical connectors relative to adjacent pairs of additional PV cells provided with the PV module  200 .  FIG. 7A  is a simplified top view representation of the PV module  200  during an intermediate stage of manufacture and prior to application of the light redirecting film article(s)  210 . The array of PV cells  202  generates a length direction LD and a width direction WD, with various ones of the tabbing ribbons  204  being aligned in the length direction LD (e.g.,  FIG. 7A  identifies the first and second electrical connectors  204   a ,  204   b  described above) to collectively establish tabbing ribbon lines  250  (referenced generally). With additional reference to  FIG. 7B , strips of the light redirecting film article  210  can be applied along respective ones of the tabbing ribbon lines  250 , completely overlapping the corresponding electrical connectors  204  (e.g., a first strip of light redirecting film article  210   a  extends along a first tabbing ribbon line  250   a  covering the first and second tabbing ribbons  204   a ,  204   b , and all other tabbing ribbons of the first tabbing ribbon line  250   a ; a second strip of light redirecting film article  210   b  extends along a second tabbing ribbon line  250   b ; etc.). With this exemplary construction, each strip of the light redirecting film article  210  optionally extends continuously across a length of the PV module  200 . In some embodiments, the light redirecting film article  210  can be applied to other inactive regions of the PV module  200 , such as between adjacent ones of the PV cells  202 , around a perimeter of one or more of the PV cells  202 , etc. In related embodiments, differently formatted versions (in terms of at least bias angle B) of the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure can be utilized in different inactive regions of the PV module  200 . For example, the bias angle B of the light redirecting film article arranged so as to extend in the length direction LD (e.g., between two immediately adjacent ones of the PV cells  202 ) can be different from that of a light redirecting film article arranged to extend in the width direction WD (e.g., between another two immediately adjacent PV cells  202 ). 
       FIG. 7B  further illustrates, in greatly exaggerated form, reflectorized microstructures  260  provided with each of the strips of the light redirecting film articles  210  commensurate with the above descriptions. In some exemplary embodiments, the reflectorized microstructures  260  are identically formed along at least one of the light redirecting film articles  210 , with the primary axis A of all the reflectorized microstructures  260  being substantially parallel and oblique with respect to the corresponding longitudinal axis X of the light redirecting film article  210 . By way of example, reflectorized microstructures  260  of the first light redirecting film article  210   a  identified in  FIG. 7B  are oblique to the longitudinal axis X of the first light redirecting film article  210   a . The first light redirecting film article  210   a  is applied in the lengthwise direction LD, such that the longitudinal axis X of the first light directing film article  210   a  is parallel with the length direction LD of the PV module  200 ; thus, the primary axis A of each of the reflectorized microstructures  260  of the first light redirecting film article  210   a  is also oblique with respect to the length direction LD. Because the longitudinal axis X and the length direction LD are parallel, the bias angle B described above also exists relative to the length direction LD. In other words, upon final assembly, the primary axis A of one or more or all of the reflectorized microstructures  260  of the first light directing film article  210   a  combine or intersect with the length direction LD to establish the bias angle B as described above; the bias angle B can be on the order of 45° (plus or minus 5°) in some non-limiting embodiments. In related embodiments, each of the strips of the light redirecting film articles  210 , as applied along a respective one of the tabbing ribbon lines  250 , are identically formed and are substantially identically oriented (e.g., within 10% of a truly identical relationship) relative to the length direction LD. While the light redirecting film articles  210  are illustrated in  FIG. 7B  as each extending continuously across the PV module  200 , in other embodiments, the light redirecting film article  210  can be a smaller-length strip or segment applied to an individual one of the PV cells  202  for example. Regardless, in some configurations, the primary axis A of all of the reflectorized microstructures  260  of all of the light redirecting film articles  210  (at least as applied over the tabbing ribbon lines  250 ) are oblique with respect to the length direction LD in some embodiments. In related optional embodiments in which other inactive regions of the PV module are covered by a light redirecting film article of the present disclosure and arranged so as to extend in the width direction WD (or any other direction other than the length direction LD), the so-applied light redirecting film article format (in term of bias angle B) can differ from that of the light redirecting film article  210  as shown. In some embodiments, the light redirecting film article format can be selected as a function of the particular installation site, for example such that upon final installation, the primary axis of the corresponding reflectorized microstructures are all substantially aligned with the East-West direction of the installation site (e.g., the primary axis deviates no more than 45 degrees, optionally no more than 20 degrees, alternatively no more than 5 degrees from the East-West direction). 
     It has surprisingly been found that PV modules incorporating the light redirecting film articles in accordance with the present disclosure have increased optical efficiency as compared to conventional designs. As a point of reference,  FIG. 8  is a simplified representation of a portion of a conventional PV module  300 , including a PV cell  302  and an electrical connector  304 . A conventional light reflecting film  306  is disposed over the electrical connector  304 . A front-side layer  308  (e.g., glass) covers the assembly. The light reflecting film  306  includes reflective microprisms  310  (a size of each of which is greatly exaggerated in  FIG. 8 ). Incident light (identified by arrow  320 ) impinging on the light reflecting film  306  is discretely reflected (identified by arrows  322 ) is discretely reflected back at angles of larger than the critical angle of the front-side layer  308 . This light undergoes total internal reflection (TIR) to reflect back (identified by arrows  324 ) back to the PV cell  302  (or other PV cells of the PV module  300 ) for absorption. Typically, the normal incidence beam  320  can undergo a total deviation of more than 26° in the plane perpendicular to the primary axis of the reflective microprisms  310  before TIR is defeated. 
     The reflective microprisms  310  are illustrated in  FIG. 8  as being in-line or parallel with the longitudinal axis of the conventional light reflecting film  306  (i.e., the light reflecting film  306  is different from the light redirecting films and articles of the present disclosure, and the corresponding PV module  300  is different from the PV modules of the present disclosure). Under circumstances where the PV module  300  is part of a two-dimensional tracking-type PV module installation, the PV module  300  will track movement of the sun, such that over the course of the day, incident light will have the approximate relationship relative to the reflective microprisms  310  as shown, desirably experiencing reflection at angles larger than the critical angle. Under circumstances where the PV module  300  is part of a one-dimensional tracking-type PV module installation, the PV module  300  will track movement of the sun, but incident light is not guaranteed to have the approximate relationship relative to the reflective microprisms  310  as shown over the course of the day, and may not generate reflection angles that correspond to TIR at all times. Further, where the particular installation is stationary or non-tracking, as the angle of sun changes with respect to the facet angle(s) of the reflective microprisms  310 , some of the light will be reflected at angles outside of the critical angle and escape back through the front-side layer  308 . Non-tracking systems inherently have some degree of asymmetry as the sun&#39;s position relative to the PV module changes throughout the day and year. The angle of incidence of the sun with respect to the face of the PV module will change by up to 180° (East to West) over the course of the day, and 47° (North to South) over the year.  FIG. 9  is a conoscopic representation plot of the path of the sun for a 30° North latitude location. The center of the plot is the Zenith. East is represented at the 3 o&#39;clock position and North is represented at the 12 o&#39;clock position. On the Summer Solstice, the sun traces the arc closest to the center of the plot. On the Winter Solstice, the sun traces the arc furthest from the center of the plot. Dark regions within the white region are display errors due to sampling frequency. 
     Returning to  FIG. 8 , due to changes in the sun&#39;s position over the course of the day and year (relative to a non-tracking or stationary PV module installation), the angular response of the reflective microprisms  310  is not uniform at all angles of incidence. This angular response coupled with the solar path effectively dictates that the conventional PV module  300 , and in particular the conventional light reflecting film  306  as incorporated therein, is orientation dependent. More particularly, with conventional constructions in which the reflective microprisms  310  are parallel or aligned with the length direction LD (not identified in  FIG. 8 , but will be understood to be into a plane of the page of  FIG. 8 ) of the PV module  300 , the light reflecting film  306  will increase the energy output for the PV module  300  to a certain extent, though at a less-than optimal level as the sun&#39;s position changes over the course of the day and year. A spatial orientation of the length direction LD relative to the sun will also impact the optical efficiency of the PV module  300 /light reflecting film  306 . Typically, and as shown by a comparison of  FIGS. 10A and 10B , non-tracking PV modules are installed in either a landscape orientation ( FIG. 10A ) or a portrait orientation ( FIG. 10B ). In the landscape orientation, the reflective prisms  310  ( FIG. 8 ) are aligned with the East-West direction; in the portrait orientation, the reflective prisms  310  are aligned with North-South direction. The angular response of the reflective prisms  310  coupled with the solar path results in the landscape orientation of the PV module  300  having an increased energy output as compared to the same PV module  300  in the portrait orientation as described below. 
     In the landscape orientation ( FIG. 10A ), light reflecting from the reflective prisms  310  ( FIG. 8 ) is directed almost exclusively within angles trapped by TIR at the interface of external air and the front-side layer  308  ( FIG. 8 ). In portrait orientation ( FIG. 10B ), light reflecting from the reflective prisms  310  is directed into angles trapped by TIR between certain hours of day light (e.g., mid-day such as between 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM). During the remainder of the day, light is only partially reflected at the interface of external air and the front-side layer  308 . For example,  FIG. 11A  depicts the angles for which the reflective prisms  310  ( FIG. 104 ) effectively trap the reflected light for the PV module  300  ( FIG. 10A ) under installation conditions or non-tracking, South-facing, landscape oriented, at 10° from the ground for a 30° North latitude location and superimposed on the solar path conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 11B  represents information for the same PV module installation conditions, except that the PV module  300  is in a portrait orientation (i.e., the orientation of  FIG. 10B ). The efficiency of the light reflecting film  306  ( FIG. 8 ) is shown in greyscale with, light areas being the most efficient and dark areas being least efficient. The landscape orientation ( FIG. 11A ) is very efficient with the exception of midday during the winter. The portrait orientation ( FIG. 11B ) is only efficient midday throughout the year. 
     The present disclosure overcomes the orientation dependent drawbacks of previous PV modules designs. In particular, by incorporating the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure into the PV module construction, optical efficiency of the resultant PV module is similarly increased regardless of portrait or landscape orientation. For example, and returning to the non-limiting embodiment of  FIG. 7B , the light redirecting film articles  210  otherwise covering the tabbing ribbons  204  ( FIG. 7A ), can be constructed and arranged relative to the length direction LD of the PV module  200  such that the primary axis A of each of the reflectorized microstructures  260  is biased 45° relative to the longitudinal axis X (i.e., the bias angle B as described above is 45°) and thus relative to the length direction LD.  FIG. 12A  is a modeling of the so-constructed PV module  200  installed under the same conditions as  FIG. 11A  (i.e., landscape orientation, South-facing, 10° from the ground at a 30° North latitude location) superimposed over the solar path conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 12B  is a modeling of the so-constructed PV module  200  installed under the same conditions as  FIG. 11B  (i.e., portrait orientation, South-facing, 10° from the ground at a 30° North latitude location) superimposed over the solar path conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 . Again, light areas represent high efficiency; dark areas are least efficient. 
     A comparison of  FIGS. 12A and 12B  reveals that the annual efficiency of the PV module  200  is very similar in both landscape and portrait orientations. It should be noted that both orientations have lower efficiency seasonally. While landscape orientation has lower efficiency in the afternoon during the summer, the lower efficiency manifests itself during morning for portrait orientation. Similarly in the fall, winter and spring, the lower efficiency for landscape orientation is in the morning but in the afternoon for portrait orientation. Further, a comparison of  FIGS. 12A and 12B  with  FIGS. 11A and 11B  reveals that the annual efficiency of the PV module  200  (with 45° biased reflectorized microstructures) is consistent with the average of the conventional PV module (with “aligned” or on-axis reflective microprisms) in landscape and portrait orientations. 
     The models of  FIGS. 12A and 12B  represent performance of one non-limiting example of a light redirecting film article (i.e., with a bias angle B of 45°) of the present disclosure in combination with a PV module. In other embodiment PV modules in accordance with principles of the present disclosure, the obliquely arranged reflectorized microstructures of the provided light redirecting film article(s) (e.g., covering at least portions of one or more of the tabbing ribbons) can have a bias angle other than 45° and improved efficiencies achieved. In addition or alternatively, the facet(s) of the microstructures (and thus of the resultant reflectorized microstructures) can exhibit non-uniformities that further reduce modify the reflected irradiance. For example, and as described above, in some embodiments the light redirecting film useful with the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure can be manufactured using a microreplication tool that is generated by a fly-wheel (or similar) cutting process that inherently imparts variations into the tool, and thus into the reflectorized microstructure facet(s). When employed as part of a PV module (e.g., covering at least a portion of a tabbing ribbon), light impinging on the facet variations experiences diffusion that in turns spreads the reflected beam of what would otherwise be a specular reflection (i.e., were the variations not present). As a point of reference, if the specularly reflected beam would be at an angle outside of the critical angle for TIR, it may escape the PV module into a narrow angular range and may cause stray light or glare. It is expected that even modest diffusion of the reflected light by plus or minus 1° spreads the reflection in such a way as to decrease the radiance of this stray light by a factor of 25. 
     Returning to  FIG. 7B , the light redirecting film articles  210  can be formatted to provide a common bias angle B that is “tuned” to the particular installation conditions of the PV module  200 , optionally balancing orientation and seasonality. For example, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the PV module manufacturer can have different versions of the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure available, each version providing a different reflectorized microstructure bias angle. The PV module manufacturer then evaluates the conditions of a particular installation site and selects the light redirecting film article having a reflectorized microstructure bias angle best suited for those conditions. In related embodiments, a manufacturer of the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure can be informed by the PV module manufacturer of the conditions of a particular installation and then generate a light redirecting film article having a bias angle best suited for those conditions. 
     In addition to optionally rendering the PV module  200  to be orientation independent (in terms of optical efficiency of the light redirecting film articles  210  as applied over the tabbing ribbons  204  ( FIG. 7A )), the light redirecting film articles and corresponding PV modules of the present disclosure can offer other advantages over PV modules conventionally incorporating a light reflecting film with reflective microprisms arranged in the on-axis direction. For example, with a conventional PV module having on-axis reflective microprisms and arranged in the portrait orientation (e.g., the PV module  300  of  FIG. 10B ), glare is oftentimes evident during the times light reflected by the light reflecting film  306  does not undergo TIR at the interface between external air and the front-side layer  208  ( FIG. 8 ). The glare moves as the sun moves. With the light redirecting film articles and corresponding PV modules of the present disclosure, the time of day and seasonality of the glare, if any, can be shifted as desired (as a function of the bias angle selected for the light redirecting film articles incorporated into the PV module). For example, the light redirecting film article, as applied over the tabbing ribbons, can be formatted such that glare into a building proximate the PV module installation during the afternoon is avoided. 
     Additionally, it is sometimes the case that installation site restrictions do not allow the PV module to face due south (in Northern Hemisphere locations) as would otherwise be desired. The performance of a non-South facing (Northern Hemisphere), conventional PV modules (otherwise incorporating a light reflecting film with on-axis reflective microprisms) is undesirably skewed. The light redirecting film articles and corresponding PV modules of the present disclosure can be formatted to overcome these concerns, incorporating a biased reflectorized microstructure orientation that corrects for the expected skew. For example,  FIG. 13A  illustrates the performance results for a conventional PV module (incorporating a conventional light reflecting film with on-axis reflective microprisms) installed to be south-facing, portrait oriented, and 10° from the ground at a 30° North latitude location with morning-afternoon symmetry superimposed over the solar path conoscopic plot of  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 13B  illustrates the performance results for a PV module under the same installation conditions except rotated 20° towards the East. The morning-afternoon symmetry is broken with higher efficiency in the morning and lower efficiency in the afternoon. Finally,  FIG. 13C  models the performance for a PV module in accordance with the present disclosure and incorporating light redirecting film article with reflectorized microstructures each having a primary axis biased 20°, and arranged under the same conditions as  FIG. 13B  (i.e., portrait orientation, 10° from the ground, rotated 20° East from due South). The biased reflectorized microstructures center the performance of the non-South facing PV module to be more closely akin to that of a South facing PV module. 
     Further optional benefits associated with some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to flexibility in the manufacture of a PV module. With reference to  FIG. 14 , PV manufactures may sometimes desire to apply strips of the light redirecting film article in the length direction LD (e.g., applied over one of the tabbing ribbons in the same direction as the tabbing ribbon). This approach is reflected in  FIG. 14  by a strip of a light redirecting film article  350 A being applied, from a first roll  352 A, in the length direction LD along a first tabbing ribbon line  360 . In other instances, it is desired to apply the light redirecting film article in the width direction WD (e.g., perpendicular to a length of one of the tabbing ribbons and cut to a width of the tabbing ribbon in situ). For example,  FIG. 14  shows a strip of a light redirecting film article  350 B being applied, from a second roll  352 B, to a second tabbing ribbon  362 . With non-limiting embodiments which the PV module manufacturer is provided with a light redirecting film article in accordance with principles of the present disclosure and having a reflectorized microstructure bias angle B of 45°, the PV module manufacturer is afforded the flexibility of applying the light redirecting film article in either direction yet still achieve the benefits described above. For example, the same roll  352 A or  352 B can be used to apply the corresponding light redirecting film article  350 A or  350 B in either the length direction LD or the width direction WD. 
     The light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure provide a marked improvement over previous designs. The biased angle, reflective surface microstructures of the light redirecting film articles present unique optical properties not available with conventional on-axis light redirecting films. The light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure have numerous end use applications, such as, for example, with PV modules. The PV modules of the present disclosure can have improved efficiencies independent of orientation. Moreover, other improvements to PV module performance can be achieved with the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, while the light redirecting film articles of the present disclosure have been described as being useful with PV modules, multiple other end-use applications are equally acceptable. The present disclosure is in no way limited to PV modules. 
     Exemplary Embodiments 
     1. A light redirecting film article comprising: 
     a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis and including:
         a base layer;   an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures projecting from the base layer;   wherein each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis;   and further wherein the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis; and   a reflective layer over the microstructures opposite the base layer.
 
2. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the primary axis of a majority of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis.
 
3. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the primary axis of all of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis.
 
4. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the longitudinal axis and the primary axis of the at least one microstructure form a bias angle in the range of 1°-89°.
 
5. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 4, wherein the bias angle is in the range of 20°-70°.
 
6. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 5, wherein primary axis of each of the microstructures and the longitudinal axis form a bias angle in the range of 20°-70°.
 
7. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 4, wherein the bias angle is about 45°.
 
8. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the light directing film is a strip having opposing end edges and opposing side edges, a length of the strip being defined between the opposing end edges and a width of the strip being defined between the opposing side edges, and further wherein the length is at least 10× the width, and even further wherein the longitudinal axis is in a direction of the length.
 
9. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein each of the microstructures has a substantially triangular prism shape.
 
10. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 9, wherein the primary axis is defined along a peak of the substantially triangular prism shape.
 
11. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 10, wherein the substantially triangular prism shape includes opposing facets extending from the corresponding peak to the base layer, and further wherein at least one of the peak and opposing sides of at least one of the microstructures is non-linear in extension along the base layer.
 
12. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 10, wherein the peak of at least some of the microstructures is rounded.
 
13. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein a peak of the substantially triangular prism shape defines an apex angle of about 120°.
 
14. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the microstructures project 5 micrometers-500 micrometers from the base layer.
 
15. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the base layer comprises a polymeric material.
 
16. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the microstructures comprise a polymeric material.
 
17. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 16, wherein the microstructures comprises the same polymeric material as the base layer.
 
18. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the reflective layer comprises a material coating selected from the group consisting of a metallic material, an inorganic material, and an organic material.
 
19. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, further comprising:
       

     an adhesive carried by the base layer opposite the microstructures. 
     20. The light redirecting film article of embodiment 1, wherein the light redirecting film is formed as a roll having a roll width of not more than 15.25 cm (6 inches).
 
21. A PV module, comprising:
 
     a plurality of PV cells electrically connected by tabbing ribbons; and 
     a light redirecting film article applied over at least a portion of at least one of the tabbing ribbons, the light redirecting film article comprising:
         a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis and including:
           a base layer,   an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures projecting from the base layer,   wherein each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis,   and further wherein the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis, and   a reflective layer over the microstructures opposite the base layer.
 
22. The PV module of embodiment 20, wherein the at least one tabbing ribbon defines a length direction, and further wherein the light redirecting film article as applied over the at least one tabbing ribbon arranges the primary axis of the at least one microstructure to be oblique with respect to the length direction.
 
23. The PV module of embodiment 21, further comprising the light redirecting film article applied to at least one additional region that is free of the PV cells.
 
24. The PV module of embodiment 23, wherein the at least one additional region is a perimeter of at least one of the PV cells.
 
25. The PV module of embodiment 23, wherein the at least one additional region is an area between an immediately adjacent pair of the PV cells.
 
26. The PV module of embodiment 21, wherein the PV module exhibits substantially similar annual efficiency performance when installed in a landscape orientation or a portrait orientation.
 
27. A method of making a PV module including a plurality of PV cells electrically connected by tabbing ribbons, the method comprising:
   
               

     applying a light redirecting film article over at least a portion of at least one of the tabbing ribbons, the light redirecting film article comprising:
         a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis and including:
           a base layer,   an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures projecting from the base layer,   wherein each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis,   and further wherein the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis, and   a reflective layer over the microstructures opposite the base layer.
 
28. The method of embodiment 27, further comprising:
   
               

     applying a length of the light redirecting film article to a region between immediately adjacent ones of the PV cells. 
     29. The method of embodiment 27, further comprising: 
     applying a length of the light redirecting film article about a perimeter of at least one of the PV cells. 
     30. A method of installing a PV module at an installation site, the PV module including a plurality of spaced apart PV cells arranged to define regions of the PV module that are free of PV cells, the method comprising: 
     applying a first light redirecting film article over at least a portion of one of the regions free of PV cells, the first light redirecting film article including:
         a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis and including:
           a base layer,   an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures projecting from the base layer,   wherein each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis,   and further wherein the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis, and   a reflective layer over the microstructures opposite the base layer; and mounting the PV module at the installation site;   
               

     wherein following the step of mounting, the primary axis of the at least one microstructure is substantially aligned with an East-West direction of the installation site. 
     31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein following the step of applying the light redirecting film, a front-side layer is disposed over the PV cells in completing the PV module.
 
32. The method of embodiment 30, wherein following the step of mounting, the primary axis of the at least one microstructure defines an angle with respect to the East-West direction of no more than 45 degrees.
 
33. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the angle is no more than 20 degrees.
 
34. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the angle is no more than 5 degrees.
 
35. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the PV module defines a length direction and a width direction, and further wherein the light redirecting film article is disposed between two immediately adjacent ones of the PV cells and extends in the length direction.
 
36. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the PV module defines a length direction and a width direction, and further wherein the light redirecting film article is disposed between two immediately adjacent ones of the PV cells and extends in the width direction.
 
37. The method of embodiment 30, further comprising:
 
     applying a second light redirecting film article over at least a portion of a second one of the regions free of the PV cells, the second light redirecting film article including:
         a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis and including:
           a base layer,   an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures projecting from the base layer,   wherein each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis,   and further wherein the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis, and   a reflective layer over the microstructures opposite the base layer;   
               

     wherein the first and second light redirecting film articles extend in differing directions relative to a perimeter shape of the PV module; 
     and further wherein following the step of mounting, the primary axis of the at least one microstructure of the second light redirecting film article is substantially aligned with the East-West direction of the installation site. 
     38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein a bias angle of the at least one microstructure of the first light redirecting film article differs from a bias angle of the at least one microstructure of the second light redirecting film article.
 
39. A PV module, comprising:
 
     a plurality of PV cells electrically connected by tabbing ribbons; and 
     a light redirecting film article applied over article applied to at least one region that is free of the PV cells, the light redirecting film article comprising:
         a light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis and including:
           a base layer,   an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures projecting from the base layer,   wherein each of the microstructures continuously extends along the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis,   and further wherein the primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis, and   a reflective layer over the microstructures opposite the base layer.
 
40. The PV module of embodiment 39, wherein the at least one tabbing ribbon defines a length direction, and further wherein the light redirecting film article as applied over the at least one tabbing ribbon arranges the primary axis of the at least one microstructure to be oblique with respect to the length direction.
 
41. The PV module of embodiment 39, wherein the at least one region is a perimeter of at least one of the PV cells.
 
42. The PV module of embodiment 39, wherein the at least one region is an area between an immediately adjacent pair of the PV cells.
 
43. The PV module of embodiment 39, wherein the PV module exhibits substantially similar annual efficiency performance when installed in a landscape orientation or a portrait orientation.