Patent Publication Number: US-2020276974-A1

Title: Vehicle loss calculation for improved fuel economy

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/558,944, filed on Sep. 15, 2017, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems for determining vehicle losses, and more particularly to method and systems using advanced sensors and external information to predict vehicle losses to permit improved fuel economy. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The power required to propel a vehicle varies substantially in response to a variety of factors, many of which are external to the vehicle. If the influencing factors can be determined in real time or even predicted, then the performance of the engine and the powertrain may be controlled to maintain drivability while improving fuel economy. Conventional systems either use static, calibrated values for vehicle loss parameters or estimate losses in response to changes in operating conditions, not in anticipation of such changes. Accordingly, an improved approach to vehicle loss determination is needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of operating a vehicle is provided, comprising: receiving ambient air information; receiving size, distance to and relative velocity information about at least one vehicle in proximity to the vehicle; receiving road surface properties information; receiving wind velocity and direction information; computing an air density ratio factor using the ambient air information; computing an aerodynamic drag ratio factor using the size, distance and relative velocity information; computing a rolling resistance ratio factor using the road surface properties information; computing an effective velocity of the vehicle using the wind velocity and direction information; combining at least one of the air density ratio factor, the aerodynamic drag ratio factor and the rolling resistance ratio factor with vehicle loss coefficients to determining new vehicle loss coefficients; computing at least one of energy loss or power loss of the vehicle using the new vehicle loss coefficients and the effective velocity of the vehicle; and using the computed at least one of energy loss or power loss to control the vehicle to improve a fuel economy of the vehicle. In one aspect of this embodiment, the ambient air information includes information about air temperature, air pressure and air humidity. In another aspect, receiving ambient air information includes receiving air temperature information from a temperature sensor on the vehicle, receiving air pressure information from a pressure sensor on the vehicle, and receiving air humidity information from a humidity sensor on the vehicle. In another aspect, receiving size, distance and relative velocity information includes receiving information from a proximity sensor on the vehicle. In yet another aspect, the road surface properties information includes information about road wetness. Still another aspect of this embodiment further comprises predicting at least one of motion of the vehicle relative to another vehicle, roadway conditions or weather conditions. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of operating a vehicle, comprising: receiving ambient air information; receiving size, distance to and relative velocity information about at least one vehicle in proximity to the vehicle; receiving road surface properties information; receiving wind velocity and direction information; computing an air density variable using the ambient air information; computing an aerodynamic drag variable using the size, distance and relative velocity information; computing at least one of a static rolling resistance variable and a dynamic rolling resistance variable using the road surface properties information; computing effective velocity of the vehicle using the wind velocity and direction information; receiving road terrain property information; computing at least one of energy loss or power loss of a powertrain of the vehicle; computing vehicle propulsion power using at least one of the air density variable, the aerodynamic drag variable, the static and dynamic rolling resistance variables, the effective velocity, the road terrain property information, and the computed powertrain loss; and using the computed at least one of energy loss or power loss to control the powertrain of the vehicle to improve a fuel economy of the vehicle. In one aspect of this embodiment, computing vehicle propulsion power includes determining the sum of the aerodynamic drag variable, a wheel drag variable determined using the static rolling resistance variable, the dynamic rolling resistance variable, a road grade variable and the effective velocity, a gravity factor, and a post-engine powertrain loss factor. Another aspect of this embodiment further comprises predicting at least one of motion of the vehicle relative to another vehicle, roadway conditions or weather conditions. In another aspect, the ambient air information includes information about air temperature, air pressure and air humidity. In another aspect, receiving ambient air information includes receiving air temperature information from a temperature sensor on the vehicle, receiving air pressure information from a pressure sensor on the vehicle, and receiving air humidity information from a humidity sensor on the vehicle. In yet another aspect, receiving size, distance and relative velocity information includes receiving information from a proximity sensor on the vehicle. In still another aspect of this embodiment, the road surface properties information includes road wetness information. In another aspect, the road terrain property information includes information about road grade. 
     In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a system for operating a vehicle to enhance fuel economy, comprising: a vehicle; a temperature sensor configured to provide an ambient air temperature output signal; a pressure sensor configured to provide an air pressure output signal; a humidity sensor configured to provide an air humidity output signal; at least one proximity sensor configured to provide a proximity output signal including information about a size, distance to and relative velocity of at least one vehicle in proximity to the vehicle; a wind sensor configured to provide a wind output signal including information about a velocity and direction of wind in proximity to the vehicle; a road surface properties data source configured to provide road surface properties information; a powertrain configured to power movement of the vehicle; and an engine control module configured to: compute an air density ratio factor using the ambient air temperature output signal, the air pressure output signal and the air humidity signal; compute an aerodynamic drag ratio factor using the proximity output signal; compute a rolling resistance ratio factor using the road surface properties information; compute an effective velocity of the vehicle using the wind output signal; combine at least one of the air density ratio factor, the aerodynamic drag ratio factor and the rolling resistance ratio factor with vehicle loss coefficients to determining new vehicle loss coefficients; compute at least one of energy loss or power loss of the vehicle using the new vehicle loss coefficients and the effective velocity of the vehicle; and control the powertrain to improve fuel economy of the vehicle using the computed at least one of energy loss or power loss. In one aspect of this embodiment, the road surface properties information includes information about road wetness. In another aspect, the engine control module is further configured to predict at least one of motion of the vehicle relative to another vehicle, roadway conditions or weather conditions. In another aspect, the engine control module is further configured to compute vehicle propulsion power by determining the sum of an aerodynamic drag variable, a wheel drag variable determined using a static rolling resistance variable, a dynamic rolling resistance variable, a road grade variable and the effective velocity, a gravity factor, and a post-engine powertrain loss factor. In a variant of this aspect, the engine control module computes vehicle propulsion power using received road terrain property information including information about road grade. In yet another aspect of this embodiment, the temperature sensor, the pressure sensor, the humidity sensor, the at least one proximity sensor and the wind sensor are mounted to the vehicle, and the road surface properties data source is communicatively coupled to the engine control module over a network. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a method according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified block diagram of another method according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a method of computing vehicle losses according to one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a method of computing vehicle propulsion power according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 5  is an expanded block diagram of the method depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure in any manner. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Fuel economy improvements may be achieved using Data Enabled Technology (“DET”), which includes the use of various information to provide “beyond the flywheel” fuel economy improvements. In general, DET may affect vehicle systems to cause vehicle drivers to operate more like the best vehicle drivers, to make the best use of the vehicle powertrain, and to manage the tradeoff between fuel economy and performance. As explained herein, the present disclosure permits accurate computation of vehicle losses based on advanced sensors. This permits estimation of the best speed for the vehicle and/or when to shift or coast. Control over these parameters permits improved fuel economy while maintaining acceptable performance. For example, the vehicle Engine Control Module (“ECM”) could use information gathered and processed according to the principles of the present disclosure to place controls on the vehicle speed to maintain a desired engine economy performance. 
     The information leveraged in DET includes internal information, external static information and external dynamic information. The internal information may include information about components of the vehicle and information about the vehicle&#39;s immediate surroundings that changes with time and is only available substantially instantaneously. This information may be available from on-board sensors and through communication with the vehicle&#39;s powertrain components. Examples of such internal information include engine speed, vehicle speed, temperature, humidity, current road grade, etc. All of these parameters are highly variable with time. 
     External static information may include information about parameters external to the vehicle that remain constant or change slowly over time (e.g., daily, weekly, etc.). This external static information may be obtained from map based data and/or communication with devices outside the vehicle or vehicle-to-external object (“V2X”) communications using a communications network. Examples of such external static information include road grade, intersection information, road curvature, vehicle charging locations, construction site locations, etc. 
     External dynamic information may include information about parameters external to the vehicle that change frequently over time. Such information may be obtained using V2X communication, such as vehicle-to-vehicle communication, using a communications network. Examples of such external dynamic information include traffic density, weather forecasts (including wind speed and precipitation), traffic light phases, road conditions, current fuel/electricity prices, etc. 
     By using the above-described information, a system according to the present disclosure accurately predicts vehicle losses to determine how best to control vehicle/engine parameters such as vehicle speed, engine torque, vehicle coasting, acceleration, etc. to improve fuel economy. Vehicle loss models may be used to estimate engine power by estimating coefficients of the model and determining when the coefficients converge (or come within a threshold of the actual engine power). This approach is described in detail in U.S. Publication No. 2017/0174216, entitled “VEHICLE CONTROLS INCLUDING DYNAMIC VEHICLE PARAMETER DETERMINATION,” filed Dec. 21, 2015 (“the &#39;216 publication”), the entire disclosure of which being hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. According to this approach, however, there may be delays in the availability of new vehicle losses after a change is detected. The present disclosure, on the other hand, provides vehicle losses directly based on vehicle motion and advanced sensors. This may have particular significance in the context of multi-vehicle controls such as platooning, where it is important to know vehicle losses in real time, as they change dynamically as a result of movement of the vehicle relative to other vehicles or objects on the road. For example, vehicle losses are significantly different when a vehicle is drafting another vehicle, as compared to when the vehicles are in adjacent lanes. The ability to rapidly identify those loss differences is useful in improving vehicle drivability and fuel economy. The methods of the present disclosure also take into account rolling resistance, which is important in low speed applications and dependent upon weather conditions. 
     As explained in the &#39;216 publication, a vehicle loss model may correlate total vehicle power loss as a dependent variable with vehicle speed as an independent variable. The model may be structured as a polynomial as represented by equation (1) below, including coefficients a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , . . . a n  and vehicle velocity u. 
         a   0   +a   1   ·u+a   2   ·u   2 + . . . + a   n   ·u   n ; n≥ 2 .   (1)
 
     This polynomial represents a loss power estimation, which may also be represented as follows: 
     Loss Power Estimation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         P 
                         
                           eng 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           out 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         P 
                         Gravity 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         P 
                         Accl 
                       
                     
                      
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         P 
                         Aero 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         P 
                         
                           Whl 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           drag 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         P 
                         Loss 
                       
                     
                      
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In equation (2), the total vehicle power loss is represented by the right side of the equation, taking into account losses due to aerodynamic drag, wheel drag and post-engine powertrain losses. 
     The present disclosure permits determination of changes to (or absolute values of) a i , coefficients based on advanced sensors (internal information) and external static and dynamic information. As indicated above, the information used may include the proximity of other vehicles including a front vehicle, the size and shape of surrounding vehicles, the relative velocity of surrounding vehicles, weather information such as rain, snow, and sun light, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, air temperature, air density, road surface information (e.g., amount of ice and/or water on the road), tire pressure, etc. 
     Many parameters affect power losses of a vehicle, and consequently fuel economy. For example, it is well known that aerodynamic drag significantly affects fuel consumption. When a trail vehicle drafts behind a lead vehicle, particularly by a distance roughly equivalent to one vehicle length, the aerodynamic drag on the trail vehicle is substantially reduced. The present disclosure proposes the use of proximity sensors (e.g., radar, lidar, IR, cameras, etc.) to detect the size and shape of surrounding vehicles as well as the distance between the vehicles. This information is used to determine the change in aerodynamic drag to the vehicle being controlled. In this manner, the vehicle ECM may control various powertrain components to improve fuel economy quickly in reaction to relative movements of the vehicles. 
     Wind is another significant factor in fuel economy. It is well-known that, ignoring all other factors in determining a vehicle&#39;s velocity except wind, the vehicle velocity is equal to the velocity of the vehicle without any wind plus the product of the wind velocity and cos(θ), where θ is the angle between the vehicle&#39;s motion and the direction of the wind. In various embodiments, wind speed and direction may be obtained by the present system through use of on-board sensors or through V2X communication. 
     Air density also affects the fuel economy of a vehicle. The more dense the air, the more fuel is required to power the vehicle through the air at a particular speed. Air density is affected by the humidity, temperature and pressure of the air. As shown in equation (3) below, it is known that 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ρ 
                   = 
                   
                     p 
                     
                       
                         R 
                         specific 
                       
                        
                       T 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where ρ is air density (kg/m 3 ), p is absolute pressure (Pa), T is absolute temperature (K) and R specific  is the specific gas constant for dry air (J/(kg*K)). The equation for humid air is shown in equation (4) below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ρ 
                     
                       humid 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       air 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           p 
                           d 
                         
                         
                           
                             R 
                             d 
                           
                            
                           T 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           p 
                           v 
                         
                         
                           
                             R 
                             v 
                           
                            
                           T 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             p 
                             d 
                           
                            
                           
                             M 
                             d 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             p 
                             v 
                           
                            
                           
                             M 
                             v 
                           
                         
                       
                       RT 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where ρ  humid air  is the density of humid air (kg/m 3 ), p d  is the partial pressure of dry air (Pa), R d  is the specific gas constant for dry air (287.058 J/(kg*K)), T is absolute temperature (K), p e  is the pressure of water vapor (Pa), R e  is the specific gas constant for water vapor (461.495 J/(Kg*K)), M d  is the molar mass of dry air (0.028964 kg/mol), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/(K*mol)), and p v  is the vapor pressure of water (i.e., the product of the relative humidity and the saturation vapor pressure). Humidity, temperature and pressure may be obtained using on-board sensors and/or using V2X communication. 
     Rolling resistance is another factor that affects fuel economy. For example, rolling resistance decreases as temperature increases, thereby increasing fuel economy. Rolling resistance is affected by ambient temperature, road surface temperature and tire temperature, as well as road wetness. Information regarding these parameters may be obtained by ECM using on-board sensors or V2X communications. 
     In a very basic form, a method according to the present disclosure may be depicted as shown in  FIG. 1 . In the example of  FIG. 1 , changes in vehicle losses are predicted using the information sources described above. More specifically, the relative velocity of vehicles around the controlled vehicle (i.e., traffic) and the existence of a tunnel or bridge (both influencing the effects of wind on aerodynamic drag) and other information are used to predict the changes in vehicle loss coefficients due to changes in drag coefficient over a specific look-ahead distance or time. In the method  10 , the relative velocity of the vehicles is determined using on-board sensors or V2X communications at step  12 . The ECM obtains information (internal and/or external) about parameters that may affect vehicle losses during the specified time period or distance at step  14 . At step  16 , the ECM determines the predicted changes in vehicle losses during the specified time period or distance based on the information obtained in step  14 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a conceptual functional diagram of a system of the present disclosure is shown. In system  18 , information that may affect fuel economy is collected from any and/or all of the above-described sources at block  20 . In the example shown, the information may include one or more of wind direction, wind velocity, relative air humidity, air temperature, air pressure, vehicle velocity, size and distance of surrounding vehicles, and relative velocity of surrounding vehicles. Block  22  represents an algorithm (as is further described herein as being performed by the vehicle ECM) that uses the information collected at block  20  to determine absolute vehicle losses (including aerodynamic losses, rolling resistance losses, friction losses, etc.). In an alternative embodiment, the algorithm may determine a change in the coefficients calculated in the manner described in the &#39;216 publication. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a first example of a vehicle loss system  50  is shown. In system  50 , air temperature (T 1 ), absolute air pressure (p 1 ) and relative air humidity (ϕ 1 ) are measured by appropriate on-board sensors (represented by block  52 ) or otherwise read by ECM  54  using V2X communications. Block  56  represents on-board proximity sensors (e.g., radar, lidar, IR, cameras, etc.) for determining the size and relative distance of surrounding vehicles. The sensors of block  56  may be on the controlled vehicle and/or on the surrounding vehicles. As indicated above, this information, particularly information about the size and location of the front vehicle, permits ECM  54  to account for aerodynamic drag effects. Additional on-board sensors or data sources accessible using V2X communications are represent by block  58  and provide information about road wetness, which affects the rolling resistance of the vehicle as indicated above. Finally, block  60  represents one or more on-board sensor or accessible data source for providing current wind speed and direction. 
     ECM  54  receives information from the sensors/sources represented by blocks  52 ,  56 ,  58  and  60  and uses the information to compute vehicle losses in the manner described below. ECM  54  processes data from sensors/sources  52  according to processing block  62  to determine an air density ratio factor k 3 , where 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 k 
                 3 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     a 
                     3 
                     0 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         T 
                         0 
                       
                       , 
                       
                         ρ 
                         0 
                       
                       , 
                       
                         φ 
                         0 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     a 
                     3 
                     1 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         T 
                         1 
                       
                       , 
                       
                         ρ 
                         1 
                       
                       , 
                       
                         φ 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     ECM  54  processes data from sensors/sources  56  using a look-up table, transfer function or equation as represented by processing block  64  to compute an aerodynamic drag ratio factor k 4 , where 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 k 
                 4 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     a 
                     3 
                     0 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       Baseline 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       surrounding 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     a 
                     3 
                     1 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       new 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       surrounding 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     Similarly, ECM  54  processes data from sensors/sources  58  using a look-up table, transfer function or equation as represented by processing block  66  to compute a rolling resistance ratio factor k 1,2 , where 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 k 
                 
                   1 
                   , 
                   2 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     a 
                     
                       1 
                       , 
                       2 
                     
                     0 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         u 
                         
                           v 
                            
                           e 
                            
                           
                             h 
                             0 
                           
                         
                       
                       , 
                       
                         wetnes 
                          
                         
                           s 
                           0 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     a 
                     
                       1 
                       , 
                       2 
                     
                     1 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         u 
                         
                           v 
                            
                           e 
                            
                           
                             h 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       , 
                       
                         wetnes 
                          
                         
                           s 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
     In this embodiment, inputs from sensors/sources  52 ,  56  and  58  are also processed according to the principles of the &#39;216 publication at block  68  to determine vehicle loss coefficients a 0   0 , a 1   0  . . . under baseline surroundings. At processing block  70 , ECM  54  combines ratio factors k1, k2, k3 and k4 with the loss coefficients a 0   0 , a 1   0  . . . from block  68  to find the new coefficients a 0   1 , a 1   1  . . . a n   1 . 
     Wind velocity and direction information from sensors/sources  60  is processed by ECM  54  at processing block  72  to determine the impact on the relative velocity of the vehicle in the manner described above. Finally, at processing block  74  ECM  54  computes vehicle losses using Equation (1) above. 
       FIG. 4  depicts another embodiment of a system  80  according to the present disclosure. System  80  determines vehicle propulsion power as described below. Blocks  52 ,  56 ,  58  and  60  are identical to those described with reference to  FIG. 3 . At processing block  62 , ECM  54  determines air density p according to the equation in processing block  62 . At processing block  64 , ECM  54  determines aerodynamic drag variable C D  using a look-up table, a transfer function or an equation. At processing block  66 , ECM  54  determines static and dynamic rolling resistance variables C rr,dyn , C rr, static  using a look-up table, a transfer function or an equation. At processing block  72 , ECM  54  determines the relative velocity of the vehicle, u, using the equation listed in block  72 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , road grade information is sensed such as by an appropriate on-board sensor or accessible by ECM  54  from a storage location (either on-board or accessible using V2X communications) (all represented at block  82 ). The current road grade is represented by the variable θ. At processing block  84 , ECM  54  calculates powertrain losses using map-based look-up tables or curve fitting techniques to estimate the losses. The results of all of processing blocks  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  72  and  84  as well as current road grade information are processed at processing block  86 . 
     In system  50 , air temperature (T 1 ), absolute air pressure (P 1 ) and relative air humidity (ϕ 1 ) are measured by appropriate on-board sensors (represented by block  52 ) or otherwise read by ECM  54  using V2X communications. 
     At processing block  86 , ECM  54  determines the power consumed to propel the vehicle using the equation P propulsion =P eng out =P Aero +P Whl drag +P Gravity +P Accl +P Loss . As shown in processing block  86 , the factor P Aero  uses the variables ρ, C D  and u as calculated in the manner described above. P Whldrag  uses the static and dynamic rolling resistance variables discussed above, as well as the road grade variable θ and relative velocity u. The factor P Gravity  also uses θ and u. The factor P Accl  takes into account several factors of power consumption as shown which may be broken down into the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     Accl 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           m 
                           · 
                           a 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         u 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               I 
                               whl 
                             
                              
                             
                               
                                 ω 
                                 . 
                               
                               whl 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         ω 
                         whl 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             I 
                             FD 
                           
                            
                           
                             
                               ω 
                               . 
                             
                             FD 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         ω 
                         FD 
                       
                     
                     + 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             I 
                             trans 
                           
                            
                           
                             
                               ω 
                               . 
                             
                             trans 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         ω 
                         trans 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             I 
                             eng 
                           
                            
                           
                             
                               ω 
                               . 
                             
                             eng 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         ω 
                         eng 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           m 
                           · 
                           a 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       u 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             M 
                             eqv 
                           
                           · 
                           a 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         u 
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     ECM  54  processes the information and solves for P propulsion  which is output and may be used in controlling the vehicle&#39;s performance (e.g., speed, shifting, coasting, etc.) to increase fuel economy. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , the process  10  of  FIG. 1  is provided in expanded form. As shown, at block  90  the distances and sizes of vehicles surrounding the controlled vehicle are measured by sensors as described above. This information, along with the relative velocity and predicted route of the controlled vehicle is provided to processing block  92  of ECM  54 . At block  92 , ECM  54  predicts the motion of the vehicle relative to surrounding vehicles and predicts the distance between the vehicles. ECM  54  also predicts roadway conditions and weather conditions (e.g., temperature, wind, humidity, etc.) at block  92 . For example, if the vehicle is predicted to begin drafting (getting closer to the front vehicle), then the predicted aerodynamic drag will be reduced. If the vehicle is predicted to travel into a dense forest, then the effect of wind on the vehicle will be reduced. Also, if the vehicle is predicted to travel over a bridge, then the predicted rolling resistance will be impacted. 
     Processing blocks  62 ,  64 ,  66  and  72  are the same as those described above with reference to  FIGS. 3 and 4 . The output of processing block  62  is either air density, ρ, as explained above with reference to  FIG. 5  or k 3  as explained above with reference to  FIG. 3 . Similarly, the output of processing block  64  is either C D  as explained above with reference to  FIG. 5  or k 4  as explained above with reference to  FIG. 3 . Likewise, the output of processing block  66  is either C rr,dyn , C rr, static  as explained above with reference to  FIG. 4  or k 1,2  as explained above with reference to  FIG. 3 . The output of processing block  72  is the relative velocity of the vehicle as explained above with reference to  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
     The predicted change in vehicle losses is then determined by ECM  54  using either the approach of  FIG. 3  or the approach of  FIG. 4  at processing block  94 . In other words, if the approach of  FIG. 3  is used the ratio factors k 1,2 , k 3  and k 4  are determined in processing blocks  66 ,  62  and  64 , respectively, and provided to processing block  70  of  FIG. 3  where the factors are combined with the loss coefficients output by a system according to the &#39;216 publication (block  68 ). Then, the new coefficients output by block  70  are used, along with the relative velocity of block  72  to compute vehicle losses as described above with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     Alternatively, if the approach of  FIG. 4  is employed to compute propulsion power, the outputs of processing blocks  62 ,  64  and  66  are ρ, C D , and C rr,dyn , C rr, static , respectively, which are provided to processing block  86  of  FIG. 4  along with relative velocity from block  72 , grade information from block  82  and computed powertrain losses from block  84 . These inputs are processed in the manner discussed above to a provide vehicle propulsion power output. 
     Using the teachings of the present disclosure, requirements for new sensor technology may be established to provide desired fuel efficiency benefits. The embodiments of the present disclosure permit improved estimation capability for vehicle losses in various traffic conditions, road conditions, weather conditions and applications. This permits the development of improved accuracy DET algorithms to control the vehicle&#39;s powertrain for improved fuel economy, drivability and performance. Advance Drive Assistance System (“ADAS”) algorithms may also be improved. 
     While this invention has been described as having exemplary designs, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims. 
     Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements. The scope is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” 
     Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B or C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. 
     Systems, methods and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic with the benefit of this disclosure in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments. 
     Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.