Patent Publication Number: US-9853032-B2

Title: Semiconductor devices and methods for fabricating the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. non-provisional patent application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/570,365, filed Dec. 15, 2014, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/415,165, filed Mar. 8, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,912,629, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0022440, filed on Mar. 14, 2011, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Embodiments of the inventive concepts relate generally to semiconductor devices. More particularly, embodiments of the inventive concepts relate to semiconductor devices and methods of fabricating the same. 
     Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices employ capacitors as information storage elements. To meet the demands of high-capacity and high-density semiconductor memory devices, DRAM capacitors are continually subject to further miniaturization. However, with such miniaturization, in order for the capacitors to maintain adequate capacitance for proper device operation, lengthening of the capacitors in the vertical direction, and especially, lengthening of lower electrodes thereof, is required. With such vertical lengthening of the capacitor, a variety of technical problems in fabricating the DRAM devices can ensue, such as leaning or bending of the capacitor lower electrodes during or following fabrication. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the inventive concepts provide semiconductor devices configured to prevent leaning or bending of capacitor lower electrodes. 
     Other embodiments of the inventive concepts provide fabricating methods that prevent capacitor lower electrodes from leaning or bending. 
     According to some embodiments of the inventive concepts, a capacitor lower electrode may be supported by a multi-layered supporting pattern. In some embodiments, at least one of layers constituting the multi-layered supporting pattern may be patterned without the requirement of additional or excessive photolithography processes. 
     In an aspect, a semiconductor device comprises: a substrate; a plurality of storage nodes on the substrate and extending in a vertical direction relative to the substrate; a lower support pattern in contact with the storage nodes between a bottom and a top of the storage nodes, the lower support pattern spaced apart from the substrate in the vertical direction; the lower support pattern having a first maximum thickness in the vertical direction; and an upper support pattern in contact with the storage nodes above the lower support pattern relative to the substrate, the upper support pattern spaced apart from the lower support pattern in the vertical direction, the lower support pattern having a second maximum thickness in the vertical direction that is greater than the first maximum thickness of the lower support pattern. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of the lower support pattern that extends between neighboring storage nodes has a substantially constant thickness. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of the upper support pattern that extends between neighboring storage nodes varies in thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the portion of the upper support pattern extending between neighboring storage nodes has an intermediate region of relatively greater thickness than first and second end regions thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the intermediate region has a thickness that is the second maximum thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the end regions correspond to contact portions of the upper support pattern at which the upper support pattern makes contact with the storage nodes and wherein the intermediate region corresponds to intermediate portions of the upper support pattern between neighboring storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the storage nodes each have a height in the vertical direction between a bottom and a top of the storage node; and the lower support pattern is positioned at a position in the vertical direction that is greater than or equal to a half of the height of the storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern has a first vertical cross-sectional profile; and the upper support pattern has a second vertical cross-sectional profile that is different than the first cross-sectional profile. 
     In some embodiments, the storage nodes are arranged in rows and columns; the lower support pattern has a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes; wherein the upper support pattern has a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes; and the openings of the lower support pattern and the openings of the upper support pattern correspond with each other in the vertical direction. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of the openings is elongated so as to have a width that corresponds to a distance between directly neighboring storage nodes arranged in neighboring rows and so as to have a length that corresponds to a distance between storage nodes arranged in the same column. 
     In some embodiments, the width of the at least one of the openings corresponds to a distance between centers of the storage nodes arranged in neighboring rows. 
     In some embodiments, the width of the at least one of the openings corresponds to a distance between sidewalls of the storage nodes arranged in neighboring rows. 
     In some embodiments, the openings are arranged in a zig-zag pattern wherein a set of first openings are arranged between first neighboring rows and a set of second openings are arranged between second neighboring rows, the set of first openings alternating with the second set of openings, and wherein the positions of the first openings and the second of openings are offset with regard to their column positions. 
     In some embodiments, the openings are arranged in a linear pattern wherein the openings extend between neighboring rows of storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, each storage node comprises a capacitor including a lower electrode, a capacitor dielectric layer covering the lower electrode, and an upper electrode covering the dielectric layer. 
     In some embodiments, each storage node further comprises an insulative protective layer covering the upper electrode layer. 
     In some embodiments, the semiconductor device further comprises an etch stop layer at sidewalls of a portion proximal to the bottoms of the storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the semiconductor device further comprises a plurality of contact plugs, each in contact with a corresponding storage node. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern comprises silicon nitride. 
     In some embodiments, the upper support pattern comprises silicon nitride. 
     In another aspect, a semiconductor device, comprises: a substrate; a plurality of storage nodes on the substrate and extending in a vertical direction relative to the substrate, the storage nodes each having a height in the vertical direction between a bottom and a top of the storage node; a lower support pattern in contact with the storage nodes between the bottom and the top of the plurality of storage nodes, the lower support pattern spaced apart from the substrate in the vertical direction; an upper support pattern in contact with the storage nodes above the lower support pattern relative to the substrate, the upper support pattern spaced apart from the lower support pattern in the vertical direction; and wherein the lower support pattern is positioned at a position in the vertical direction that is greater than or equal to a half of the height of the storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern has a first maximum thickness in the vertical direction; and wherein the lower support pattern has a second maximum thickness in the vertical direction that is greater than the first maximum thickness of the lower support pattern. 
     In another aspect, a semiconductor device, comprises: a substrate; a plurality of storage nodes extending in a vertical direction relative to the substrate; a lower support pattern in contact with the storage nodes between a bottom and a top of the plurality of storage nodes, the lower support pattern spaced apart from the substrate in the vertical direction; the lower support pattern having a first vertical cross-sectional profile; and an upper support pattern in contact with the storage nodes above the lower support pattern relative to the substrate, the upper support pattern spaced apart from the lower support pattern in the vertical direction, the lower support pattern having a second vertical cross-sectional profile, wherein the second vertical cross-sectional profile is different than the first vertical cross-sectional profile. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern has a thickness that is substantially constant. 
     In some embodiments, the upper support pattern has a thickness that varies substantially. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of the upper support pattern that extends between neighboring storage nodes varies in thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the portion of the upper support pattern extending between neighboring storage nodes has an intermediate region of relatively greater thickness than first and second end regions thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the end regions correspond to contact portions of the upper support pattern at which the upper support pattern makes contact with the storage nodes and wherein the intermediate region corresponds to intermediate portions of the upper support pattern between neighboring storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern has a first maximum thickness in the vertical direction; and wherein the lower support pattern has a second maximum thickness in the vertical direction that is greater than the first maximum thickness of the lower support pattern. 
     In another aspect, a semiconductor device comprises: a substrate; a plurality of storage nodes extending in a vertical direction relative to the substrate, the storage nodes being arranged in rows and columns; a lower support pattern in contact with the storage nodes between a bottom and a top of the plurality of the storage nodes, the lower support pattern spaced apart from the substrate; the lower support pattern having a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes; and an upper support pattern in contact with the storage nodes above the lower support pattern relative to the substrate, the upper support pattern spaced apart from the lower support pattern in the vertical direction, the upper support pattern having a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes, wherein the openings of the lower support pattern and the openings of the upper support pattern correspond with each other in the vertical direction. 
     In some embodiments, the openings of the lower support pattern each expose multiple storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, and wherein the openings of the upper support pattern each expose multiple storage nodes of the array of storage nodes. 
     In another aspect, a semiconductor device comprises: a substrate; a plurality of storage nodes extending in a vertical direction relative to the substrate, the storage nodes being arranged in rows and columns; a lower support pattern in contact with the storage nodes between a bottom and a top of the plurality of the storage nodes, the lower support pattern spaced apart from the substrate; the lower support pattern having a plurality of openings, each opening exposing multiple storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes; and an upper support pattern in contact with the storage nodes above the lower support pattern relative to the substrate, the upper support pattern spaced apart from the lower support pattern in the vertical direction, the upper support pattern having a plurality of openings, each opening exposing multiple storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes, wherein the openings of the lower support pattern and the openings of the upper support pattern correspond with each other in the vertical direction. 
     In another aspect, a method of forming a semiconductor device, comprises: forming a plurality of storage nodes in a vertical direction relative to a substrate through a mold stack, the mold stack comprising a lower mold layer on the substrate, a lower support layer on the lower mold layer, an upper mold layer on the lower support layer, and an upper support layer on the upper mold layer; patterning the upper support layer to form an upper support pattern having a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, removing the upper mold layer; and patterning the lower support layer using the upper support pattern as an etch mask to form a lower support pattern having a plurality of openings. 
     In some embodiments, multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, patterning the lower support layer forms the lower support pattern to have a plurality of openings that correspond with the openings in the upper support layer in the vertical direction. 
     In some embodiments, removing the upper mold layer comprises performing a wet etch to remove the upper mold layer. 
     In some embodiments, removing the upper mold layer comprises removing the upper mold layer using the plurality of openings in the upper support layer. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing the lower mold layer. 
     In some embodiments, removing the upper mold layer comprises removing the upper mold layer using the plurality of openings in the upper support layer. 
     In some embodiments, removing the lower mold layer comprises performing a wet etch to remove the lower mold layer. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern is in contact with the storage nodes and a portion of the lower support pattern that extends between neighboring storage nodes has a substantially constant thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the upper support pattern is in contact with the storage nodes and a portion of the upper support pattern that extends between neighboring storage nodes varies in thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the portion of the upper support pattern extending between neighboring storage nodes has an intermediate region of relatively greater thickness than first and second end regions thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the intermediate region has a thickness that corresponds to a maximum thickness of the upper support pattern, and wherein the maximum thickness of the upper support pattern is greater than a maximum thickness of the lower support pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the end regions correspond to contact portions of the upper support pattern at which the upper support pattern makes contact with the storage nodes and wherein the intermediate region corresponds to intermediate portions of the upper support pattern between neighboring storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments: the storage nodes each have a height in the vertical direction between a bottom and a top of the storage node; and the lower support pattern is positioned at a position in the vertical direction that is greater than or equal to a half of the height of the storage nodes. 
     In some embodiments, the lower support pattern has a first vertical cross-sectional profile; and the upper support pattern has a second vertical cross-sectional profile that is different than the first cross-sectional profile. 
     In some embodiments, the storage nodes are arranged in rows and columns; the lower support pattern has a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes; the upper support pattern has a plurality of openings, each opening extending between multiple pairs of neighboring storage nodes of the array of storage nodes, wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring rows of the array of storage nodes and wherein multiple openings are present between neighboring columns of the array of storage nodes; and the openings of the lower support pattern and the openings of the upper support pattern correspond with each other in the vertical direction. 
     In some embodiments, forming the plurality of storage nodes comprises: forming a plurality of lower electrodes, forming a capacitor dielectric layer on the plurality of lower electrodes; forming an upper electrode layer on the capacitor dielectric layer; and removing upper portions of the upper electrode layer to separate the upper electrode layer into a plurality of upper electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, patterning of the upper support layer to form the upper support pattern occurs following the forming of the plurality of lower electrodes and prior to forming the capacitor dielectric layer and forming the upper electrode layer. 
     In some embodiments, the patterning of the upper support layer to form the upper support pattern removes upper portions of the lower electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises forming an insulative protective layer on the storage nodes, following separation of the upper electrode layer into the plurality of upper electrodes. 
     In another aspect, a method of forming a semiconductor device, comprises: providing a first layer; providing a second layer on the first layer; providing a third layer on the second layer; providing vertical structures extending in a vertical direction through the second layer; patterning the third layer to form a third layer pattern having a plurality of openings; removing the second layer through the openings in the third layer using a wet etch process, exposing sidewalls of the vertical structures; and patterning the first layer using the third layer as an etch mask to form a plurality of openings in the first layer that correspond in the vertical direction with the openings in the third layer. 
     In another aspect, a memory system comprises: a memory controller that generates command and address signals; and a memory module comprising a plurality of memory devices, the memory module receiving the command and address signals and in response storing and retrieving data to and from at least one of the memory devices, wherein each memory device comprises: a substrate; a plurality of storage nodes on the substrate and extending in a vertical direction relative to the substrate; a lower support pattern in contact with the storage nodes between a bottom and a top of the storage nodes, the lower support pattern spaced apart from the substrate in the vertical direction; the lower support pattern having a first maximum thickness in the vertical direction; and an upper support pattern in contact with the storage nodes above the lower support pattern relative to the substrate, the upper support pattern spaced apart from the lower support pattern in the vertical direction, the lower support pattern having a second maximum thickness in the vertical direction that is greater than the first maximum thickness of the lower support pattern. 
     According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include a plurality of capacitors on a substrate, each of the capacitors comprising a lower electrode vertically extending from the substrate, a dielectric layer covering the lower electrode, and an upper electrode covering the dielectric layer and facing the lower electrode, and a supporting pattern being in contact with sidewalls of the lower electrodes and doubly supporting the lower electrodes at different levels. The supporting pattern may include an upper supporting pattern being in contact with sidewalls of upper end-portions of the lower electrodes, and a lower supporting pattern being in contact with sidewalls of the lower electrodes at a level downward spaced apart from the upper supporting pattern, the lower supporting pattern having the substantially same shape as the upper supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern comprises upper line patterns extending parallel to a top surface of the substrate to cross each other, the upper line patterns partially surrounding the sidewalls of the upper end-portions of the lower electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern is configured to have upper mesh openings, each of which is defined by the upper line patterns to expose some of the lower electrodes, wherein the upper mesh openings are arranged in a zigzag manner. 
     In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern comprises lower line patterns extending along the upper line patterns to cross each other, the lower line patterns partially surrounding the sidewalls of the lower electrodes at the level downward spaced apart from the upper supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern is configured to have lower mesh openings defined by lower upper line patterns, wherein the lower mesh openings are vertically aligned with the upper mesh openings and arranged in a zigzag manner. 
     In some embodiments, the upper line pattern has an uneven top surface, compared with the lower line pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the lower electrode comprises a recessed portion positioned under the upper mesh opening, wherein the lower electrodes with the recessed portions are alternatingly arranged along a direction on the substrate. 
     In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern is provided at the same level as a center point of the lower electrode or at a level intermediate between the center point of the lower electrode and the upper supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern has a thickness equivalent to or greater than the lower supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the dielectric layer and the upper electrode are disposed to further cover the lower and upper supporting patterns. 
     According to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include at least one capacitor including a lower electrode electrically connected to a substrate, an upper electrode facing the lower electrode, and a dielectric layer interposed between the lower and upper electrodes to cover the lower electrode, and a multi-layered supporting pattern including upper and lower supporting patterns vertically spaced apart from each other to support the lower electrode at different levels. The upper supporting pattern has upper mesh openings exposing some of the lower electrodes, and the lower supporting pattern has the substantially same planar shape as the upper supporting pattern and has lower mesh openings vertically aligned with the upper mesh openings. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern has an uneven top surface and the lower supporting pattern has an even top surface, compared with the upper supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern comprises at least one thick portion and at least one thin portion, the thick portion being greater than the thin portion in terms of a width given by a distance between a pair of the lower electrodes adjacent to the thick or thin portion. 
     In some embodiments, the lower mesh openings have the same shape as the upper mesh openings. 
     In some embodiments, the lower electrode comprises a recessed portion under the upper mesh opening, thereby having an ‘L’-shaped vertical section. 
     In some embodiments, the upper and lower supporting patterns are formed to have a line structure including a plurality of first patterns disposed parallel to each other on the substrate to support the lower electrode, or a mesh structure including the first patterns and a plurality of second patterns disposed between the first patterns to connect the first patterns with each other. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern and the lower supporting pattern are aligned with each other in plan view. 
     According to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of capacitors, each of which includes a lower electrode vertically standing up on the semiconductor substrate, an upper electrode facing the lower electrode, and a dielectric layer interposed between the lower and upper electrodes to cover the lower electrode, an upper supporting pattern being in contact with sidewalls of upper end-portions of the lower electrodes to support the capacitors, and a lower supporting pattern being in contact with sidewalls of the lower electrodes at a level downward spaced apart from the upper supporting pattern to support the capacitors. The lower supporting pattern has the substantially same planar shape as the upper supporting pattern and has an uneven top surface, compared with the lower supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern comprises the same material as the lower supporting pattern and has a thickness equivalent to or greater than the lower supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the lower electrode is shaped like a cup or cylinder having inner and outer sidewalls, and the upper and lower supporting patterns are in direct contact with the outer sidewall of the lower electrode. 
     According to still example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device may include forming a mold stack on semiconductor substrate, forming a lower electrode vertically penetrating the mold stack to be electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate, and patterning the mold stack to form a multi-layered supporting pattern including upper and lower supporting patterns vertically spaced apart from each other to support the lower electrode. The lower supporting pattern may be patterned using the upper supporting pattern as an etching mask and have the substantially same shape as the upper supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the mold stack includes sequentially stacking a lower mold layer, a lower supporting layer, an upper mold layer, and an upper supporting layer on the semiconductor substrate, and each of the upper and lower mold layers includes an insulating layer having an etch selectivity with respect to the upper and lower supporting layers. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the mold stack further includes forming an etch stop layer between the lower mold layer and the semiconductor substrate. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the multi-layered supporting pattern includes patterning the upper supporting layer to form the upper supporting pattern partially surrounding and supporting an upper sidewall of the lower electrode, and patterning the lower supporting layer by an etching process using the upper supporting pattern as an etch mask to form the lower supporting pattern partially surrounding and supporting a lower sidewall of the lower electrode. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the upper supporting pattern includes patterning the upper supporting layer to form an upper mesh opening penetrating the upper supporting layer and exposing a portion of the upper mold layer disposed below the upper supporting layer. 
     In some embodiments, the method may further include removing the upper mold layer by supplying an etchant through the upper mesh opening to form an upper space separating the upper supporting pattern from the lower supporting layer, before the limning of the lower supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the method may further include forming a protection layer to cover a portion of the lower electrode exposed by at least one of the upper mesh opening and the upper space, after the forming of the upper space. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the lower supporting pattern includes patterning the lower supporting layer to form a lower mesh opening penetrating the lower supporting layer and exposing a portion of the lower mold layer disposed below the lower supporting layer. 
     In some embodiments, the lower mesh opening may be formed to have the substantially same shape as the upper mesh opening. 
     In some embodiments, the method may further include removing the lower mold layer by supplying an etchant through the lower mesh opening to form a lower space separating the lower supporting pattern from the semiconductor substrate, after the forming of the lower supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the upper supporting pattern may be performed to etch a portion of the lower electrode exposed by the upper mesh opening, during the forming of the upper mesh opening. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the lower supporting pattern may be performed to partially remove the upper supporting pattern during the patterning of the lower supporting layer, such that the upper supporting pattern has an uneven top surface profile. 
     In some embodiments, the method may further include forming a dielectric layer covering at least one of the lower electrode or the multi-layered supporting pattern, and forming an upper electrode covering the dielectric layer. The lower electrode, the dielectric layer, and the upper electrode constitute a capacitor electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate. 
     According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device may include sequentially stacking a lower mold layer, a lower supporting layer, an upper mold layer, and an upper supporting layer on a semiconductor substrate to form a mold stack; forming a lower electrode vertically penetrating the mold stack to be electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate; patterning the upper supporting layer to form an upper supporting pattern partially surrounding and supporting an upper sidewall of the lower electrode, the upper supporting pattern having an upper mesh opening exposing a portion of the lower electrode; removing the upper mold layer through the upper mesh opening to expose the lower mold layer; patterning the lower supporting layer to form a lower supporting pattern partially surrounding and supporting a lower sidewall of the lower electrode, the lower supporting pattern having an lower mesh opening exposing the lower mold layer; removing the lower mold layer exposed by the lower mesh opening; and sequentially forming a dielectric layer and an upper electrode to form a capacitor electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the lower supporting pattern comprises patterning the lower supporting layer by an etching process using the upper supporting pattern as an etch mask to form the lower supporting pattern having the same planar shape as the upper supporting pattern. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the lower supporting pattern is performed to partially etch the upper supporting pattern, such that the upper supporting pattern has an uneven top surface profile. 
     In some embodiments, the forming of the capacitor may include forming the dielectric layer covering a surface of the lower electrode, and forming an upper electrode covering the dielectric layer. The dielectric layer is formed to further cover surfaces of the lower and upper supporting patterns. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive concept, and are incorporated in, and constitute a part of, this specification. The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the inventive concept. In the drawings: 
         FIGS. 1A through 1M  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are sectional views illustrating a patterning method used in fabricating a semiconductor device according to embodiments of the inventive concepts; 
         FIG. 3A  is a plan view of  FIG. 1I ; 
         FIG. 3B  is a sectional view taken along a line I-I′ of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 3C  is a sectional view taken along a line II-If of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIGS. 4A through 4H  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts; 
         FIGS. 5A through 5I  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts; 
         FIGS. 6A through 6E  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts; 
         FIGS. 7A through 7G  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts; and 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are block diagrams schematically illustrating electronic devices including a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
     
    
    
     It should be noted that these figures are intended to illustrate the general characteristics of methods, structure and/or materials utilized in certain example embodiments and to supplement the written description provided below. These drawings are not, however, to scale and may not precisely reflect the precise structural or performance characteristics of any given embodiment, and should not be interpreted as defining or limiting the range of values or properties encompassed by example embodiments. For example, the relative thicknesses and positioning of molecules, layers, regions and/or structural elements may be reduced or exaggerated for clarity. The use of similar or identical reference numbers in the various drawings is intended to indicate the presence of a similar or identical element or feature. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example embodiments of the inventive concepts will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which example embodiments are shown. Example embodiments of the inventive concepts may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of example embodiments to those of ordinary skill in the art. In the drawings, the thicknesses of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. Like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements, and thus their description will be omitted. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. As used herein the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements or layers should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” “on” versus “directly on”). 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first”, “second”, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of example embodiments. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes” and/or “including,” if used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof. 
     Example embodiments of the inventive concepts are described herein with reference to cross-sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of example embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, example embodiments of the inventive concepts should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle may have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of example embodiments. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments of the inventive concepts belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly-used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
       FIGS. 1A through 1M  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. Here,  FIG. 1J  is a perspective view selectively illustrating some elements of the structure shown in  FIG. 1I , and  FIG. 1M  is a perspective view selectively illustrating some elements of the structure shown in  FIG. 1K . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A , an interlayer dielectric layer  105  may be formed on a semiconductor substrate  101 , and a mold stack  100  may be formed on the interlayer dielectric layer  105 . Although not depicted in  FIG. 1A , a plurality of word lines and a plurality of bit lines may be formed on the semiconductor substrate  101 . In some embodiments, the word and bit lines may be disposed to cross each other, from a plan-view perspective, and be covered by the interlayer dielectric layer  105 . Junction regions may be formed in the semiconductor substrate  101  at both sides of the word line, and contact plugs  107  may penetrate vertically through the interlayer dielectric layer  105  to be connected to the junction regions. 
     The formation of the mold stack  100  may include the depositing of a plurality of insulating layers. Here, at least two of the insulating layers may have an etch selectivity with respect to each other; this enables the selective etching of the various insulating layers of the mold stack  100 . In some embodiments, the mold stack  100  may include a lower mold layer  115 , a lower supporting layer  120 , an upper mold layer  125 , and an upper supporting layer  130 . The lower and upper mold layers  115  and  125  may be formed of oxide and the lower and upper supporting layers  120  and  130  may be formed of nitride, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the lower and upper mold layers  115  and  125  may be formed of silicon oxide, and the lower and upper supporting layers  120  and  130  may be formed of silicon nitride. In some embodiments, a vertical height of a capacitor lower electrode  155  shown in  FIG. 1D  may be determined by a vertical height of the mold stack  100 . 
     In other embodiments, the mold stack  100  may further include an etch stop layer  110  and/or a buffer layer  135 . For example, the etch stop layer  110  may be formed between the lower mold layer  115  and the interlayer dielectric layer  105 . The buffer layer  135  may be formed on the upper supporting layer  130 . At least one of the etch stop layer  110  and the buffer layer  135  may be formed of oxide or nitride. In some embodiments, the etch stop layer  110  may be formed of silicon nitride, and the buffer layer  135  may be formed of silicon oxide. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1B , a plurality of capacitor holes  140  may be formed to vertically penetrate the mold stack  100  and to expose an upper portion of the contact plugs  107 . The formation of the capacitor hole  140  may be performed using at least one of a wet etching process, a dry etching process, a mechanical drilling process, and a laser drilling process. In some embodiments, the formation of the capacitor hole  140  may include depositing a silicon nitride layer on the buffer layer  135  to form a first hard mask layer  142 , forming a first photoresist pattern  145  on the first hard mask layer  142 , and patterning the mold stack  100  to form the capacitor hole  140 . Here, the first photoresist pattern  145  may be formed by coating and patterning a photoresist film and have a plurality of first openings  145   a , each defining a position of the capacitor hole  140 . In some embodiments, the first openings  145   a  may be vertically aligned to the contact plug  107  and have a circular shape in a plan view orientation. The patterning of the mold stack  100  may include a dry or wet etching process using the first photoresist pattern  145  as an etch mask. Accordingly, a planar section of the capacitor hole  140  may be dependent on the shape of the first opening  145   a . In some embodiments, the capacitor hole  140  may be shaped like a circular cylinder. In other embodiments, the capacitor hole  140  may be shaped like a square pillar, when the first opening  145   a  is formed to have a square shape. The first photoresist pattern  145  and the first hard mask layer  142  may be removed after the formation of the capacitor hole  140 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1C , a lower electrode layer  150  may be formed on the resultant structure provided with the capacitor hole  140 . In some embodiments, the lower electrode layer  150  may be conformally formed on the mold stack  100  using a chemical vapor deposition or a physical vapor deposition. The lower electrode layer  150  may be formed to cover a top surface of the mold stack  100  as well as an inner wall and a bottom surface of the respective capacitor holes  140 . The lower electrode layer  150  may be formed of polysilicon, metal, or metal nitride. In some embodiments, the lower electrode layer  150  may be a titanium nitride (TiN) layer formed using a chemical vapor deposition process. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1D , a node separation process may be performed to form a plurality of lower electrodes  155 , each one to correspond with one of the plurality of contact plugs  107 . The node separation process may include etching or polishing the lower electrode layer  150  to expose the top surface of the mold stack  100 . In some embodiments, during the node separation process, the buffer layer  135  may be removed to expose a top surface of the upper supporting layer  130 . In some embodiments, the lower electrode  155  may have a cup shape or a bottom-closed cylinder shape and have the substantially same vertical height as the mold stack  100 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1E , a second hard mask layer  160  may be formed to cover the mold stack  100 . The second hard mask layer  160  may be formed on the mold stack  100  and a portion thereof may extend to fill inner spaces of the capacitor holes  140  and their corresponding lower electrodes  155 . In some embodiments, the second hard mask layer  160  may be formed of oxide (e.g., a silicon oxide layer) or nitride (e.g., a silicon nitride layer), and the formation thereof may be performed using a deposition technique such as physical vapor deposition or a chemical vapor deposition. Thereafter, a second photoresist pattern  165  may be formed on the second hard mask layer  160  to have a plurality of second openings  165   a . The second photoresist pattern  165  may be formed by coating and patterning a photoresist film. In some embodiments, the second openings  165   a  may be configured in a zig-zag arrangement. In some embodiments, each of the second openings  165   a  may be elongated in a generally rectangular shape having a first width W 1  and a first length L 1  in plan view, where the first width W 1  may be equivalent to a space between centers of adjacent two of the lower electrodes  155  and the first length L 1  may be equivalent to a maximum distance between centers of adjacent four of the lower electrodes  155 . However, example embodiments of the inventive concepts may not be limited thereto, as will be described in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 1F through 1I . In some embodiments, the number of the lower electrodes  155  to be exposed by the second openings  165   a , when the second hard mask layer  160  is later patterned, may vary, depending on an area of the second opening  165   a.    
     In some embodiments, the openings are elongated so as to have a width W 1  that corresponds to a distance between directly neighboring lower electrodes  155  arranged in neighboring rows, and to have a length L 1  that corresponds to a distance between storage nodes arranged in the same column. 
     In some embodiments, the second openings  165   a  are arranged in zig-zag pattern such that a first set of the openings  165   a  are arranged between first neighboring rows and a second set of openings are arranges between second neighboring rows. The set of first openings alternates with the second set of openings, such that the positions of openings of the first set and the positions of openings of the second set are offset with regard to their column positions. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1F , the second hard mask layer  160  may be patterned by an etching process using the second photoresist pattern  165  as an etch mask. For instance, in the case where the second hard mask layer  160  may be formed of a silicon oxide layer, the second hard mask layer  160  may be patterned by a wet etch or dry etch process using an etchant capable of selectively removing the silicon oxide layer. As a result of the patterning, the second hard mask layer  160  may be formed to have a plurality of open holes  160   a  exposing top surfaces  155   t , or top portions, of the lower electrodes  155  and a top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting layer  130 . Similar to the second openings  165   a , the open holes  160   a  may be arranged in a zig-zag configuration and each of them may be generally rectangular in shape having the first width W 1  and the first length L 1  in plan view. After the formation of the open hole  160   a , the second photoresist pattern  165  may be removed using an ashing process. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1G , an etching process may be performed to selectively remove a portion of the upper supporting layer  130  exposed by the open hole  160   a  of the second hard mask layer  165 . In some embodiments, the etching of the upper supporting layer  130  may be performed after or before the removal of the second photoresist pattern  165 . As the result of the etching process, the upper supporting layer  130  may become an upper supporting pattern  130   p  having a plurality of upper mesh openings  130   a . In some embodiments, the upper mesh openings  130   a  may be formed to partially expose sidewalls  155   s  of upper portions of the lower electrodes  155  and a top surface  125   t  of the upper mold layer  125 , as shown in  FIG. 1G . For instance, in a case where the upper supporting layer  130  is formed of a silicon nitride layer, the formation of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may include etching the upper supporting layer  130  in a wet etch or dry etch process using an etchant capable of selectively removing the silicon nitride layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1H , the second hard mask layer  160  and the upper mold layer  125  may be removed. In a case where the second hard mask layer  160  is formed of a silicon oxide layer, the second hard mask layer  160  may be removed in a wet or dry etch procedure using an etchant capable of selectively removing the silicon oxide layer. The upper mold layer  125  may be removed by supplying an etchant through the upper mesh opening  130   a , following the removal of the second hard mask layer  160 , or contemporaneous with the removal of the second hard mask layer  160 . For instance, in a case that the upper mold layer  125  is formed of a silicon oxide layer, the upper mold layer  125  may be removed using a wet or dry etch procedure using an etchant capable of selectively removing the silicon oxide layer. In some embodiments, the second hard mask layer  160  and the upper mold layer  125  may be formed of an oxide (e.g., silicon oxide), and in this case, the second hard mask layer  160  and the upper mold layer  125  may be concurrently removed by a LAL lift-off process using a LAL solution containing ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and a water. In some embodiments, the upper mold layer  125  is removed through the openings  130   a  in the upper support pattern  130   a.    
     As the result of the LAL lift-off process, an upper space  125   e  may be formed to separate the upper supporting pattern  130   p  from the lower supporting layer  120  so that they are spaced apart in a vertical direction. The lower electrodes  155  may be supported by the upper supporting pattern  130   p , and sidewalls  155   s  of the lower electrodes  155  may be partially exposed by the upper mesh openings  130   a . Similar to the open holes  160   a  of the second hard mask layer and/or the second openings  165   a  of the second photomask layer, the upper mesh openings  130   a  may be arranged in a zigzag configuration, and each of them may be shaped in a rectangular form, for example in the manner described above having the first width W 1  and the first length L 1  in plan view. In some embodiments, an amount or area of the sidewalls of the lower electrodes  155  exposed by the upper mesh opening  130   a  may vary, depending on the position thereof. For instance, in terms of the area exposed by the upper mesh opening  130   a , the area of exposed sidewall of the lower electrodes  155  located at corners of the upper mesh openings  130   a  may be smaller than the area of exposed sidewall of the lower electrodes located at sides of the upper mesh openings  130   a . The upper mesh opening  130   a  may expose a plurality of (for example, 4 or more) the lower electrodes  155 . In some embodiments, such as the embodiment depicted at  FIG. 1I , sidewall portions of eight lower electrodes  155  may be exposed by the upper mesh opening  130   a . However, example embodiments of the inventive concepts are not necessarily limited thereto, and the number of the lower electrodes  155  exposed by the upper mesh opening  130   a  may vary depending on the area of the upper mesh opening  130   a . For instance, the larger the upper mesh opening  130   a , the greater the number of lower electrodes  155  exposed by the upper mesh opening  130   a.    
     Referring to  FIGS. 1I and 1J , the lower supporting layer  120  may be patterned to form a lower supporting pattern  120   p . The patterning of the lower supporting layer  120  may include supplying an etchant through the upper mesh opening  130   a  to remove a portion of the lower supporting layer  120  exposed by the upper mesh opening  130   a . In some embodiments, the patterning of the lower supporting layer  120  may be performed using a wet or dry etch procedure. As described herein with reference to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to have a substantially same or similar shape or pattern as that of the upper supporting pattern  130   p . According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, the shape of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  can be transferred to the lower supporting layer  120 , without the need for an additional photolithography process. A lower pattern  12   p , an upper pattern  13   p , an empty space  14 , and a supporting layer  15  in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  may correspond to the lower supporting pattern  120   p , the upper supporting pattern  130   p , the upper space  125   e , and the lower electrode  155  in  FIG. 1I , respectively. 
     The lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to have a plurality of lower openings  120   a . In some embodiments, the openings  120   a  can be formed in a mesh configuration, similar to those of the upper supporting pattern  130   p . Similar to the upper mesh openings  130   a  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p , the lower mesh openings  120   a  may have a rectangular shape having the first width W 1  and the first length L 1  in plan view, as shown in  FIG. 1J . The lower mesh openings  120   a  may be formed to partially expose a top surface  115   t  of the lower mold layer  115  and the sidewalls  155   s  of the lower electrodes  155 . The lower mesh openings  120   a  may be aligned to, or otherwise correspond with, the upper mesh openings  130   a , in the vertical direction. 
     The upper supporting pattern  130   p  may become partially etched during the formation of the lower supporting pattern  120   p . For instance, a portion of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  (e.g., an upper portion thereof) may be etched. In this case, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be caused to have a reduced thickness, as compared with an original thickness thereof. The etching amount of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may vary depending on the etch rate of the upper supporting pattern  130   p , relative to the etch rate of the lower supporting pattern  120   p . In this sense, a thickness of the upper supporting layer  130 , shown in  FIG. 1A , may be determined in due consideration of the subordinate etching of the upper supporting pattern  130   p , which may occur during the patterning (e.g., an etch-back process) of the lower supporting layer  120 . As the result of the subordinate etching of the upper supporting pattern  130   p , the lower electrode  155  may protrude in an upward, vertical, direction from a top surface of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  as shown in FIG. H. 
     In some embodiments, in a case where the upper supporting pattern  130   p  has an etch rate equivalent to, or similar to, that of the lower supporting layer  120  with respect to a specific etchant, the upper supporting layer  130  may be formed to have a thickness greater than the lower supporting layer  120 . In other embodiments, in a case where the upper supporting pattern  130   p  has an etch rate that is less than that of the lower supporting layer  120  with respect to a specific etchant, the upper supporting layer  130  may be formed to have a thickness equivalent to or less than that of the lower supporting layer  120 . 
     The difference in etch rate between the lower and upper supporting layers  120  and  130  may result in a change in thickness of the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p . Accordingly, in the case where the lower and upper supporting layers  120  and  130  are formed of the same material, the upper supporting layer  130  may be formed to have a thickness greater than the lower supporting layer  120 , in consideration of the anticipated amount of etching, the etching margin, and so forth. In this case, the resulting upper supporting pattern  130   p  may have a thickness equivalent to, or greater than, the lower supporting pattern  120   p.    
     In some embodiments, the top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be substantially flat. In other embodiments, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be partially etched during the formation of the lower supporting pattern  120   p  as described above, and, in this case, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may have a generally uneven top surface  130   t  as will be described with reference to  FIGS. 3A through 3C . Furthermore, the top surface  120   t  of the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be relatively flat, planar, or even, as compared with the top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p.    
     Referring to  FIG. 1K , the lower mold layer  115  may be removed. The removal of the lower mold layer  115  may include supplying an etchant through the lower mesh opening  120   a . In some embodiments, the lower mold layer  115  may be removed by a LAL lift-off process. 
     As the result of the removal of the lower mold layer  115 , a lower space  115   e  may be formed to separate the lower supporting pattern  120   p  from the etch stop layer  110  so that they are spaced apart in the vertical direction. In other words, the lower space  115   e  may be formed between the lower supporting pattern  120   p  and the etch stop layer  110  or the ILD layer  105 , and the upper space  125   e  may be formed between the lower supporting pattern  120   p  and the upper supporting pattern  130   p . According to some embodiments of the inventive concepts, the lower and upper spaces  115   e  and  125   e  may be formed by twice-performing the LAL lift-off process. 
     The lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  may be vertically spaced apart from each other by the upper space  125   e  to constitute a double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  supporting the lower electrodes  155 . In some embodiments, each of the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  may be shaped in a mesh pattern as shown in  FIG. 1K , and the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  may be in direct contact with lower and upper portions, respectively, of the lower electrode  155  vertically spaced apart from each other. Furthermore, the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  may be vertically aligned relative to each other in a z-direction, or vertical direction, that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the lower electrodes  155 . The upper supporting pattern  130   p  may include Y line patterns  130   py  and X line patterns  130   px , which extend along y- and x-directions, respectively. Here, the x- and y-directions may be substantially orthogonal to each other and may be parallel to the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  101 . The Y line patterns  130   py  may be in contact with the lower electrodes  155  to support the lower electrodes  155 , and the X line patterns  130   px  may support the lower electrodes  155  and connect the Y line patterns  130   py  to each other. As a result, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  can robustly support or fasten the lower electrodes  155 . The lower supporting pattern  120   p  can have the same technical features and effects as the upper supporting pattern  130   p . For instance, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may include line patterns extending parallel to Y and X line patterns  130   py  and  130   px.    
     The upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed near an uppermost portion of the lower electrode  155 , and the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed thereunder. In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed at a level equivalent to or adjacent to a center point (or half height) of the lower electrode  155 . In other embodiments, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed at a level intermediate between the center point of the lower electrode  155  and the upper supporting pattern  130   p . In other embodiments, the lower support pattern  120   p  is positioned at a position in the vertical direction that is greater than or equal to one-half of a height of the lower electrodes, or storage nodes, wherein the storage nodes each have a height in the vertical direction that is between a bottom and a top of the storage nodes. 
     In order to reduce complexity in the drawings and to provide better understanding of example embodiments of the inventive concepts, the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  is exemplarily described above. However, example embodiments of the inventive concepts may not be limited thereto; for instance, embodiments employing a three or more support pattern layers on the basis of the embodiments described above are equally applicable to the present inventive concepts. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1L and 1M , a dielectric layer  175  and an upper electrode  195  may be sequentially formed on the resultant structure provided with the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p . The dielectric layer  175  and the upper electrode  195  may be applied to sequentially cover exposed surfaces of the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  and exposed surfaces of the lower electrodes  155 . The lower electrode  155 , the upper electrode  195 , and the dielectric layer  175  interposed between the lower and upper electrodes  155  and  195  may constitute a capacitor  190 , or storage node, disposed on the semiconductor substrate  101 . In some embodiments, each capacitor  190  may be structurally supported by the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  and may be used as a memory element of a semiconductor memory device  1  such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In various embodiments, the dielectric layer  175  may be formed of at least one of oxide-nitride, oxide-nitride-oxide, and metal oxide, which may be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition, an atomic layer deposition, and so forth. For instance, the dielectric layer  175  may be formed of hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ). In other embodiments, the dielectric layer  175  can be formed of another suitable dielectric material. 
     Similar to the lower electrode  155 , the upper electrode  195  may be formed by depositing a layer of polysilicon, metal, or metal nitride. In some embodiments, the upper electrode  195  may comprise a titanium nitride (TiN) layer deposited by a chemical vapor deposition. The capacitor  190  may include the cylindrical lower electrode  155 , and thus, the capacitor  190  can have a relatively high capacitance. According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, the lower electrode  155  may be supported in two places by the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p . A first support is provided at an intermediate position of the storage node, and a second support is provided at an upper position of the storage node. This configuration can prevent or suppress leaning by the lower electrodes  155 , even in cases where the lower electrodes  155  have relatively great length in the vertical direction. 
     Sidewall surfaces of the lower electrodes  155  may be partially contacted by the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p . Although this would otherwise lead to a reduction in the capacitance of capacitors including the lower electrodes  155 , such a reduction can more than adequately be compensated for in accordance with embodiments of the present inventive concepts, since the electrodes can be formed to much greater heights in consideration of the support provided by the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p . As a result, the resulting semiconductor device  1  can enjoy reliable operation, without the technical problems associated with the reduction in capacitance. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  are sectional views illustrating a patterning method, which may be used to fabricate the semiconductor device according to embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2A , a lower layer  12  and an upper pattern  13   p  may be formed spaced apart from each other in a vertical direction, and a supporting layer  15  may be formed on the lower layer  12  to support the upper pattern  13   p . In some embodiments, the lower layer  12  may be formed to have a different shape from the upper pattern  13   p  and the supporting layer  15 . For instance, the upper pattern  13   p  may be formed to define gaps  13   a  penetrating the upper pattern  13   p , and the lower layer  12  may be shaped like a plate, and the supporting layer  15  may be shaped like a pillar. In addition, there may be an empty space  14 , which is not occupied by the supporting layer  15 , between the upper pattern  13  and the lower layer  12 . The lower layer  12  can be patterned by an etchant supplied through the gaps  13   a , in an etch process that is performed through the gaps  13   a  in the upper pattern. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2B , the lower layer  12  may be patterned to form a lower pattern  12   p . The patterning of the lower layer  12  may include the step of supplying an etchant to the lower layer  12  via the gaps  13   a  and the empty space  14 . In this case, the upper pattern  13   p  may operate as an etching mask for transferring a shape of the upper pattern  13   p  into the lower layer  12 ; that is, the lower pattern  12   p  may be formed to have the substantially same shape of the upper pattern  13   p . In this manner, the lower pattern  12   p  can be formed without the need for an additional photolithography process. In some embodiments, a top surface of the upper pattern  13   p  may be partially recessed during the formation of the lower pattern  12   p . An etching amount of the upper pattern  13   p  may vary, depending on an etch rate of the upper pattern  130 . In this sense, in a case where the upper pattern  13   p  is formed of a material having an etch rate equivalent to the lower layer  12 , the upper pattern  13   p  may be formed to have a thickness greater than the lower layer  12 , as shown in  FIG. 2B . However, in a case where the upper pattern  13   p  has an etch rate smaller than the lower layer  12 , the upper pattern  13   p  may be formed to have a thickness smaller than or equivalent to the lower layer  12 . In other embodiments, where more than two support patterns are employed, the patterning process may be performed to transfer the shape of the upper pattern  13   p  into two or more lower layers  12 , in a manner similar to the manner described herein. 
       FIG. 3A  is a plan view of FIG. H.  FIG. 3B  is a sectional view taken along a line I-I′ of  FIG. 3A , and  FIG. 3C  is a sectional view taken along a line of  FIG. 3A . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3A through 3C , the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may include a first portion between sidewalls of transversally adjacent ones of the lower electrodes  155 , a second portion between sidewalls of longitudinally adjacent ones of the lower electrodes  155 , and a third portion between sidewalls of diagonally adjacent ones of the lower electrodes  155 . A width A of the first portion may be substantially the same as a width B of the second portion and may be shorter than a width C of the third portion. Accordingly, the third portion of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be etched to a greater degree, as compared with the etching amounts of the first and second portions of the upper supporting pattern  130   p . This is because the etchant can be more readily supplied to a wide region (i.e., the third portion), as compared with narrow regions (i.e., the first and second portions). As the result of the difference in the amount of etching, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C , the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed to have an uneven top surface  130   t . For example, the top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be positioned at a relatively lower level  130   d  on the third portion having width C and at a relatively higher level  130   h  on the first and second portions having widths A and B. 
     In this manner, the upper support pattern  130   p  may have a vertical cross-sectional profile that is different than that of the lower support pattern  120   p . In some embodiments, the lower support pattern  120   p  may have a thickness that is relatively constant, while the upper support pattern  130   p  may have a thickness that varies substantially. In some embodiments, portions of the upper support pattern  130   p  that extend between neighboring storage nodes vary in thickness. Also, portions of the upper support pattern  130   p  that extend between neighboring storage nodes may have an intermediate region of relatively greater thickness than first and second end regions thereof. In this case, the end regions correspond to contact portions of the upper support patterns, at which the upper support pattern  130   p  makes contact with the storage nodes, and the intermediate regions correspond to intermediate portions of the upper support pattern that lie between neighboring storage nodes. 
     In the formation of the semiconductor device  1  shown in  FIG. 1L , the lower electrode  155  and the double-layered supporting pattern  100  may be formed using one of various methods, as will be described below. In the description that follows, a discussion of features identical to those of  FIGS. 1A through 1M, 2A, 2B, and 3A through 3C  will be minimized in order to avoid redundancy. 
       FIGS. 4A through 4H  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to other example embodiments of the inventive concepts. Here,  FIG. 4G  is a perspective view selectively illustrating some elements of the structure shown in  FIG. 4F . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4A , the capacitor holes  140  may be formed through the mold stack  100  to expose the contact plugs  107 , respectively. A conductive layer (e.g., of titanium nitride) may be deposited on the resultant structure provided with the capacitor holes  140 , and then the node separation process may be performed to form the lower electrodes  155 , each of which is connected to the corresponding one of the contact plugs  107  and is disposed in the corresponding one of the capacitor holes  140 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4B , a hard mask layer  160  (e.g., of silicon oxide) may be deposited on the resultant structure provided with the lower electrodes  155 , and then, a photoresist pattern  165  may be formed on the hard mask layer  160  to have a plurality of openings  165   a . The photoresist pattern  165  may be formed by coating and patterning a photoresist film, and the openings  165   a  may be arranged in a zigzag configuration. The hard mask layer  160  may be partially exposed by the openings  165   a . Each of the openings  165   a  may be shaped in the general form of a rectangle, or elongated shape, having a second width W 2  and a second length L 2  in plan view. In some embodiments, with regard to the second width W 2 , the opening  165   a  may be formed so as not to cover a portion of the upper supporting layer  130 , which is disposed between two adjacent ones of the lower electrodes  155 ; that is, the second width W 2  may be smaller than the first width W 1  depicted in  FIG. 1E . The second length L 2  may be equivalent to, or greater than, a maximum distance between centers of adjacent four of the lower electrodes  155 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4C , portions of the hard mask layer  160  exposed by the opening  165   a  may be selectively removed. As the result of the selective removal of the hard mask layer  160 , open holes  160   a  may be formed in the hard mask layer  160  to partially expose the upper supporting layer  130 . Similar to the openings  165   a  in the photoresist patter  165 , the open holes  160   a  in the hard mask layer  160  may have the general shape of rectangles having the second width W 2  and the second length L 2  in plan view. The photoresist pattern  165  may then be removed using an ashing process. In some embodiments, the open holes  160   a  may be formed so as not to expose upper portions of the lower electrode  155 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4D , portions of the upper supporting layer  130  exposed by the open holes  160   a  in the hard mask layer  160  may be selectively removed. As a result, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed to have a plurality of upper mesh openings  130   a  penetrating the upper supporting layer  130  and partially exposing top portions of the upper mold layer  125 . Similar to the open holes  160   a  in the hard mask layer  160 , the upper mesh openings  130   a  in the upper supporting layer may have the general shape of rectangles having the second width W 2  and the second length L 2  in plan view. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4E , the hard mask layer  160  and the upper mold layer  125  may be removed by a first LAL lift-off process. As a result, the upper space  125   e  may be formed to separate the upper supporting pattern  130   p  from the lower supporting layer  120 , so that they are spaced apart in the vertical direction. In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed to cover mostly or fully sidewall portions of the lower electrodes  155  located at the same level of the upper supporting pattern  130   p , thereby robustly supporting upper portions of the lower electrodes  155 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4F and 4G , the lower supporting layer  120  may be patterned by an etching process using the upper supporting pattern  130   p  as a hard mask to form the lower supporting pattern  120   p . In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be partially etched during the process of etching the lower supporting layer  120 , and as a result, the top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may have an uneven surface profile, for example in accordance with the manner described in connection with  FIGS. 3B and 3C . According to the present embodiments, the shape of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  can be transferred onto the lower supporting layer  120 , without the need for an additional photolithography process. Similar to the upper supporting pattern  130   p , the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to have the lower mesh openings  120   a , each of which may be shaped in the general shape of a rectangle having a second width W 2  and a second length L 2  in plan view. In this manner, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to have a mesh structure. In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to cover mostly or fully the sidewalls of portions of the lower electrodes  155  located at the same level of the lower supporting pattern  120   p . Moreover, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to partially expose the lower mold layer  115 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4H , the lower mold layer  115  may be removed by a second LAL lift-off process. As a result, the lower space  115   e  may be formed to separate the lower supporting pattern  120   p  from the etch stop layer  110 . The lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  may be vertically spaced apart from each other by the upper space  125   e  to support lower and upper portions, respectively, of the lower electrode  155  that are vertically spaced apart from each other. The lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  may comprise a double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  structurally supporting the lower electrodes  155 , and each of them may be shaped in a mesh pattern. Thereafter, as shown in  FIGS. 1L and 1M , the dielectric layer  175  and the upper electrode  195  may be sequentially formed on the resultant structure provided with the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p . The lower electrode  155 , the upper electrode  195 , and the dielectric layer  175  therebetween may constitute the capacitor  190  which operates as a memory element of the semiconductor memory device  1 . 
       FIGS. 5A through 5I  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to still other example embodiments of the inventive concepts. Here,  FIG. 5I  is a perspective view selectively illustrating some elements of the structure shown in  FIG. 5H . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5A , capacitor holes  140  and the cylindrical lower electrodes  155  may be formed to penetrate the mold stack  100 . Thereafter, the hard mask layer  160  may be formed on the resultant structure, and the photoresist pattern  165  may be formed on the hard mask layer  160  to have the openings  165   a . Each of the openings  165   a  may be shaped like a rectangle having the first width W 1  and the first length L 1  in plan view. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5B , the hard mask layer  160  may be patterned by an etching process using the photoresist pattern  165  as an etch mask to form the open holes  160   a . Each of the open holes  160   a  may be formed to expose a portion of the upper supporting layer  130  and portions of the lower electrodes  155 . Each open hole  160   a  may be shaped to have a generally rectangular shape having a first width W 1  and a first length L 1  in plan view. The photoresist pattern  165  may be removed using an ashing process. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5C , portions of the upper supporting layer  130  exposed by the open holes  160   a  may be selectively removed by supplying an etchant through the open hole  160   a . As the result of the etching process, the upper supporting layer  130  is patterned to become the upper supporting pattern  130   p  having the upper mesh openings  130   a . The upper mesh openings  130   a  may each have the general shape of a rectangle having the first width W 1  and the first length L 1  in plan view. In some embodiments, during the formation of the upper supporting pattern  130   p , upper portions of the lower electrodes  155  may be partially removed, in accordance with the time of etch, or in accordance with the etchant used for removing the upper supporting layer  130 . Here, any difference in the exposed surface area of the lower electrode  155  may result in a difference in the degree to which the lower electrode may become etched. For instance, a lower electrode  155  positioned at a corner of the upper mesh opening  130   a  may be etched to a relatively lower degree, as compared with others of the lower electrodes  155  positioned at sides of the upper mesh opening  130   a . The partially etched lower electrodes  155  may have a variety of shapes or structures, according to the spatial difference in the etching amount, and these modifications will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 5D . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5D , the hard mask layer  160  and the upper mold layer  125  may be removed by a first LAL lift-off process. As a result, the upper space  125   e  may be formed between the upper supporting pattern  130   p  and the lower supporting layer  120  so that the upper and lower patterns  130   p ,  125   e  are spaced apart from each other in the vertical direction. In some embodiments, the lower electrode  155  may be partially removed to have an ‘L’-shaped vertical section. In some embodiments, the lower electrodes  155 , which are arranged along the X-direction and are disposed at both sides of the upper mesh openings  130   a  to face each other, may have a mirror-symmetry and the ‘L’-shaped vertical sections thereof may face each other. Like this, the lower electrodes  155 , each of which has a recessed portion under the upper mesh opening  130   a , may be alternatingly arranged along the X-direction. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5E and 5F , the lower supporting layer  120  may be patterned by an etching process using the upper supporting pattern  130   p  as a hard mask to form the lower supporting pattern  120   p . The openings of the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may have the same or similar shape as those of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  in plan view, or may otherwise correspond with the openings of the upper supporting pattern  130   p . For instance, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may have the lower mesh openings  120   a , each of which may be shaped generally in the form of a rectangle having a first width W 1  and the first length L 1  in plan view and may partially expose upper portions of the lower mold layer  115 . In some embodiments, the top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may have an uneven surface profile, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5G , the lower mold layer  115  may be removed by a second LAL lift-off process to form the lower space  115   e  separating the lower supporting pattern  120   p  from the etch stop layer  110  in the vertical direction. According to the present embodiments, the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  of mesh shape may be vertically spaced apart from each other by the upper space  125   e  and constitute the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  structurally supporting the lower electrodes  155 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5H and 5I , the dielectric layer  175  and the upper/electrode  195  may be sequentially formed to cover exposed surfaces of the lower electrodes  155 . The lower electrode  155 , the upper electrode  195 , and the dielectric layer  175  therebetween may constitute a capacitor  190  serving as a memory element of a semiconductor memory device  2 . According to the present embodiments, the capacitor  190  may include the lower electrode  155 , having a vertical section that is generally in an ‘L’-shaped configuration. 
     In a case where an etching amount of the lower electrode  155  has a spatial dependence, as described with reference to  FIG. 5C , surface areas of the lower electrodes  155  may have the substantially same spatial dependence as shown in  FIG. 5D . This may lead to a spatially varying capacitance property and a deterioration of electric reliability of the semiconductor device  2 . According to the herein-described embodiments of the inventive concepts, the lower electrodes  155  can be formed to have sufficient and enhanced vertical length so as to neglect the difference in surface area of the lower electrodes  155 , when compared to the total surface area, since the lower electrodes  155  can be robustly supported by the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p . As a result, the semiconductor device  2  can be operated reliably without being limited by certain technical problems otherwise associated with the spatially varying capacitance property. 
       FIGS. 6A through 6E  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to even other example embodiments of the inventive concepts. Here,  FIG. 6D  is a perspective view selectively illustrating some elements of the structure shown in  FIG. 6C . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed using the fabricating method described with reference to  FIGS. 1A through 1H . As a result, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be vertically spaced apart from the lower supporting layer  120  by the upper space  125   e  and be formed to include the upper mesh openings  130   a . Furthermore, each of the upper mesh openings  130   a  may be formed to have the first width W 1  and the first length L 1 . In other embodiments, the upper mesh opening  130   a  may be formed to have the second width W 2  smaller than the first width W 1 , as shown in  FIG. 4E ; that is, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed to mostly surround or fully surround portions of the lower electrodes  155  located at the same level of the upper supporting pattern  130   p.    
     Referring to  FIG. 6B , a protection layer  180  may be formed to cover the lower electrode  155 . Due to the presence of the protection layer  180 , it is possible to prevent the lower electrode  155  from becoming damaged during the subsequent processes of etching the lower supporting layer  120  and/or the lower mold layer  125  and to prevent an etching by-product (e.g., polymers) from being excessively generated from a reaction between the lower electrode  155  and an etchant used in the fabrication processes. The protection layer  180  may be formed of a material capable of preventing etching attacks against the lower electrode  155 . For example, the protection layer  180  may be formed by depositing at least one of an oxide layer, such as a silicon oxide layer, or a nitride layer. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6C and 6D , the lower supporting layer  120  may be patterned by an etching process using the upper supporting pattern  130   p  as a mask to form the lower supporting pattern  120   p . During the etching of the lower supporting layer  120 , the protection layer  180  may protect the lower electrode  155  from an etching attack caused by an etchant supplied through the upper mesh openings  130   a . In some embodiments, the protection layer  180  may be partially removed from a top surface of the upper supporting pattern  130   p . The resultant protection layer  180  may be formed to cover inner surfaces of the lower electrode  155  and, partially, outer surfaces of the lower electrode  155  positioned above the lower supporting layer  120 . In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to have a different shape than that of the upper supporting pattern  130   p . In some embodiments, the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may further include an arch-shaped portion  120   s  protruding toward the lower mesh opening  120   a , as shown in  FIG. 6D . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6E , the lower mold layer  115  may be removed by a LAL lift-off process to form the lower space  115   e . According to the present embodiments, the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  of mesh shape may be vertically spaced apart from each other by the upper space  125   e  and constitute the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  structurally supporting the lower electrodes  155 . Thereafter, as shown in  FIGS. 1L and 1M , the dielectric layer  175  and the upper electrode  195  may be sequentially formed to cover the lower electrode  155 . The lower electrode  155 , the upper electrode  195 , and the dielectric layer  175  therebetween may constitute the capacitor  190  serving as a memory element of the semiconductor memory device  1 . In some embodiments, the protection layer  180  may be removed before the formation of the dielectric layer  175 . In other embodiments, the protection layer  180  may operate as a portion of a capacitor dielectric layer of the capacitor  190 . 
       FIGS. 7A through 7G  are perspective views illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to yet other example embodiments of the inventive concepts. Here,  FIG. 7F  is a perspective view selectively illustrating some elements of the structure shown in  FIG. 7E . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7A , the capacitor holes  140  may be formed to vertically penetrate the mold stack  100 , and then the cylindrical lower electrodes  155  may be formed to fill the capacitor holes  140 . Thereafter, the hard mask layer  160  may be formed on the resultant structure provided with the lower electrodes  155 , and the photoresist pattern  165  may be formed on the hard mask layer  160 . In some embodiments, the photoresist pattern  165  may include a plurality of line patterned openings having the first width W 1 . As a result, the photoresist pattern  165  may be formed to define a plurality of line-shaped openings  165   b  exposing the hard mask layer  160 . In some embodiments, from a plan view, the photoresist pattern  165  may be formed in such a way that the line pattern thereof is overlapped with a portion of each of the lower electrodes  155 . For instance, each of the line patterns may have a width equivalent to a distance between centers of adjacent two of the lower electrodes  155  and a sidewall thereof may be substantially positioned at or near a central axis of the lower electrode  155 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7B , the hard mask layer  160  may be patterned by an etching process using the photoresist pattern  165  as an etch mask. In some embodiments, the hard mask layer  160  may be formed to have open lines  160   b  having the first width W 1  and exposing the upper supporting layer  130  between the lower electrodes  115 . The photoresist pattern  165  may be removed by an ashing process. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7C , the upper supporting layer  130 , exposed by the open lines  160   b , may be selectively removed by an etching process using the hard mask layer  160  as an etch mask. As the result of the selective removal of the upper supporting layer  130 , the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed to define upper-through lines  130   b  having the first width W 1 . The upper-through lines  130   b  may at least partially expose a plurality of the lower electrodes  155  that are arranged along the running direction of the upper supporting pattern  130   p.    
     Referring to  FIG. 7D , the hard mask layer  160  and the upper mold layer  125  may be removed by a first LAL lift-off process to form the upper space  125   e  separating the upper supporting pattern  130   p  from the lower supporting layer  120 . In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be formed to partially, or fully, surround a plurality of the lower electrodes  155  arranged along the running direction of the upper supporting pattern  130   p.    
     Referring to  FIGS. 7E and 7F , the lower supporting layer  120  may be patterned by an etching process using the upper supporting pattern  130   p  as a mask to four the lower supporting pattern  120   p . In some embodiments, the shape of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  can be transferred onto the lower supporting layer  120 , without the need for an additional photolithography process. Similar to the upper supporting pattern  130   p , the lower supporting pattern  120   p  may be formed to have the lower through lines  120   b  having the first width W 1 . In some embodiments, the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may be partially etched during the process of etching the lower supporting layer  120 , and, as a result, the top surface  130   t  of the upper supporting pattern  130   p  may have an uneven surface profile, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7G , the lower mold layer  115  may be removed by a second LAL lift-off process to form the lower space  115   e . According to the present embodiments, the lower and upper supporting patterns  120   p  and  130   p  having a line shape may be vertically spaced apart from each other by the upper space  125   e  and constitute the double-layered supporting pattern  100   p  that structurally supports the lower electrodes  155 . Thereafter, as shown in  FIGS. 1L and 1M , the dielectric layer  175  and the upper electrode  195  may be sequentially formed to cover the lower electrode  155 . The lower electrode  155 , the upper electrode  195 , and the dielectric layer  175  therebetween may constitute the capacitor  190  serving as a memory element of the semiconductor memory device  1 . 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  are block diagrams schematically illustrating electronic devices including a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8A , an electronic device  1300  including a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts will be described. The electronic device  1300  may, for example, be employed in one of a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a mobile computer, a web tablet, a wireless phone, a cell phone, a digital music player, a wire or wireless electronic device, or a complex electronic device including at least two or more such components thereof. The electronic device  1300  may include a controller  1310 , an input/output device  1320  such as a keypad, a keyboard, a display, a memory  1330 , and a wireless interface  1340  that are connected to each other through a bus  1350 . The controller  1310  may include, for example, at least one microprocessor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller or the like. The memory  1330  may be configured to store a command code to be used by the controller  1310  or a user data. The memory  1330  may include a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. The electronic device  1300  may use a wireless interface  1340  configured to transmit data to or receive data from a wireless communication network using a RF signal. The wireless interface  1340  may include, for example, an antenna, a wireless transceiver and the like. The electronic system  1300  may be used in a communication interface protocol of a communication system such as CDMA, GSM, NADC, E-TDMA, WCDMA, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, Muni Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, DECT, Wireless USB, Flash-OFDM, IEEE 802.20, GPRS, iBurst, WiBro, WiMAX, WiMAX-Advanced, UMTS-TDD, HSPA, EVDO, LTE-Advanced, MMDS, and other suitable protocols. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8B , a memory system including a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts will be described. The memory system  1400  may include a memory device  1410  for storing huge amounts of data and a memory controller  1420 . The memory controller  1420  controls the memory device  1410  so as to read data stored in the memory device  1410  or to write data into the memory device  1410  in response to a read/write request of a host  1430 . The memory controller  1420  may include an address mapping table for mapping an address provided from the host  1430  (e.g., a mobile device or a computer system) into a physical address of the memory device  1410 . The memory device  1410  may be a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
     According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a double-layered supporting pattern is provided, which is configured to structurally support capacitor lower electrodes at two different levels. In some embodiments, the double-layered supporting pattern supports the electrodes at intermediate and upper portions of the capacitor electrodes. Due to the presence of the double-layered supporting pattern, it is possible to prevent the capacitor lower electrodes from leaning or bending during the fabrication of DRAM devices. Furthermore, according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, the double-layered supporting pattern can be formed through a simplified process, and this enables a reduction in production costs. 
     While example embodiments of the inventive concepts have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that variations in fond and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the attached claims.