Patent Publication Number: US-8527090-B2

Title: Method, computer program product and apparatus for facilitating storage and/or retrieval of unit dose medications

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate generally to storing and retrieving unit dose medications. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a typical hospital, nursing home, or other similar institution, doctors will visit their patients on a routine basis and prescribe various medications for each patient. In turn, each patient will likely be placed on a certain medication treatment plan that requires that he or she take one or more doses of various medications daily. Some medications may require that they be administered only at certain times of the day (e.g., after meals) and/or at intervals of one or more hours each day. In addition, patients may request certain medications on an elective basis for complaints, such as head or body aches. These requests are typically included with the doctor&#39;s medication request or prescription that he or she sends to a pharmacy of the hospital for filling. 
     Medication requests or prescriptions received by the pharmacy will likely be checked by a registered pharmacist and then entered into the pharmacy information system. These requests reflect not only orders that are added to a particular patient&#39;s treatment plan, but also changes in a patient&#39;s existing treatment plan. The pharmacy information system combines this information with the patient&#39;s existing medication schedule and develops a patient medication profile. Using the patient medication profile, a fill list can be created that lists all medications that must be distributed to all patients for a given time period (e.g., a day). 
     In some instances, this list is printed and used by a pharmacist or pharmacy technician to hand pick each of the drugs needed for each patient (in the form of unit doses) and place those drugs in corresponding patient-specific medication containers (e.g., drawers, boxes, bins or bags). A registered pharmacist then checks the accuracy of the patient order, and, assuming the order was accurate, the individual patient boxes are loaded into a large transport cart and delivered to a nursing unit. 
     Several drawbacks exist, however, to this method of medication retrieval and distribution. In particular, it is very time consuming and manpower intensive. As a result, systems were created for automating the process of retrieving unit dose medications and distributing them to patients according to their respective medication profiles. One example of such a system is the ROBOT-Rx® system, offered by McKesson Automation Inc. and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,468,110, 5,593,267 and 5,880,443, and other examples are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/382,605, filed May 10, 2006, 11/611,956, filed Dec. 18, 2006 and 11/755,207, filed May 30, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     The ROBOT-Rx® system, like other similar systems, is a stationary robotic system that automates the drug storing, dispensing, returning, restocking and crediting process by using barcode technology. In particular, single doses of medications are re-packaged, for example in a clear plastic bag, so that each package contains a barcode corresponding to the package contents. The barcode may include the name of the medication, quantity, weight, instructions for use and/or expiration date. 
     The packaged medications are then stored in a storage area, such as a storage rack having a frame and a plurality of rod supports on which each package can be hung in a manner that provides each with an X, Y coordinate. Using the X, Y coordinates, packages can then be selected by an automated picking means (e.g., a robotic arm capable of moving at least in three, mutually orthogonal directions designated X, Y and Z), for distribution to individual patients. 
     More specifically, in one instance, a pharmacist or technician may manually enter the identification of a specific medication he or she would like the automated system to retrieve, for example, as a patient&#39;s first dose, in an emergency situation. The automated system, and, in particular, a computer associated with the automated system, would then locate the desired medication (i.e., the X, Y and Z coordinates of the medication) and instruct the picking means to retrieve the medication at that location. In another instance, the fill list created based on each patient&#39;s medication profile may be communicated to the computer associated with the automated system, providing the automated system with a current list of all patients and their individual medication needs. The computer also maintains a database of all medications stored in the storage area along with their corresponding X, Y and Z coordinates. 
     Patient-specific containers (e.g., drawers or bins) displaying barcodes that include the corresponding patient&#39;s unique identification code are placed on a conveyer belt associated with the automated system. At one point on the belt, a barcode reader reads the barcode displayed on the patient-specific box or container and communicates the patient&#39;s identification to the computer. The computer will then retrieve the patient&#39;s medication needs from the fill list, and determine the corresponding coordinates for each medication by accessing the database. 
     The computer can then guide the picking means to select the desired unit dose medications and deposit them in the patient-specific boxes or containers. In particular, the picking means, which also includes a barcode reader, moves to the designated location of a particular medication, as instructed by the computer, scans the barcode displayed on the package containing the medication to identify the medication contained in the package, and provides the identity to the computer. 
     After the computer confirms that the correct unit dose medication is contained in the package, the picking means will remove the package from the storage area (e.g., using a vacuum generator to produce suction to pull the package off the rod, or other holding means, and hold the package until it can be deposited) and drop it into the patient-specific container. 
     The process is repeated until the patient&#39;s prescription has been filled (i.e., until the patient-specific medication container contains each dose of medication to be taken by the patient in the given time period or, in the instance where the unit dose retrieved the first dose for a new patient, until that first dose has been retrieved). The conveyor belt then moves the patient-specific container to a check station where an operator can use yet another barcode reader to scan the barcode label on the patient-specific container to retrieve and display the patient&#39;s prescription, as well as to scan the barcodes on each package in the container to verify that the medications are correct. 
     As described above, unit dose medications dispensed robotically may be packaged into bags, boxes or a variety of other over-wraps prior to being stored in the storage area. This repackaging effort is performed for several reasons. First, the size and shape of the raw packages vary greatly; therefore, without some commonality in product shape, robotic handling becomes extremely difficult. Second, while robotic systems typically rely on barcodes to identify the products throughout the process, the majority of products originating from various manufacturers do not contain barcodes of any kind or are inconsistent with respect to the information they provide. Accordingly, in these instances, over-wrapping the unit dose with a package containing a barcode may be accomplished for identification purposes. 
     More recently, efforts have been made to reduce any need for repackaging since, for example, repackaging adds material costs to the final product and requires both additional technician time to perform the packaging as well as additional pharmacist time to validate the content of the package against the description on the label. In addition, repacking by a hospital, or similar institution, shortens the expiration date of the repackaged item based on United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) repackaging standards. Moreover, since efforts are being made to ensure that all human drug products have a barcode on the smallest container or package distributed which, in many instances, is the unit dose medication, each unit dose on a unit dose blister card will have a barcode thereon. This includes all human prescription drug products and over-the-counter drugs that are dispensed pursuant to an order in the hospital. The barcode must contain, at a minimum, a National Drug Code (NDC) in a linear barcode, in the Uniform Code Council (UCC) or Health Industry Business Communications Council (HIBCC) format. Following the effective date of this mandate, assuming that the unit dose medications are the smallest container or package used, all unit dose medications will contain barcodes that can be used by robotic dispensing systems, thus eliminating the need to overwrap or repackage merely for identification purposes. 
     However, even though improvements may be achieved by enhancing the utility of an automated dispensing system in relation to eliminating repackaging or over-wrapping operations, such systems still require a fair amount of manual intervention to prepare the medications for automated dispensing. Additionally, there is no standard shape or configuration for unit dose blister cards, so automatic dispensing of unit doses was a challenge. This challenge was initially met by U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,605, filed May 10, 2006, which provided a robotic device capable of dispensing unit dose blisters automatically. However, even for an automatic or robotic dispensing system, there may be challenges encountered in relation to ensuring proper alignment of medication packages and/or the containers that facilitate handling of the medication packages. For example, if a medication package or container is not properly aligned, the machinery used for automatic handling and dispensing may not be able to function properly. Accordingly, it may be desirable to provide a mechanism by which to improve automatic operation of robotic dispensing equipment. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide improvements relating to, among other things, providing a mechanism by which to perform alignment detection functions with respect to a device used to pick medications during automatic medication handling and dispensing. In this regard, for example, some example embodiments may provide enablement for determining a cause for an alignment failure encountered during handling and/or for automatically learning storage locations. 
     In particular, according to one example embodiment, an apparatus for facilitating storage and/or retrieval of unit dose medications is provided. The apparatus may include a processing circuitry configured for receiving an indication that a medication receptacle is positioned proximate to an alignment pin, determining a position of the alignment pin relative to an alignment guide disposed in the medication receptacle, and providing an output indicative of an alignment state of the medication receptacle based on the position determined. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a method for facilitating storage and/or retrieval of unit dose medications is provided. The method may include method for receiving an indication that a medication receptacle is positioned proximate to an alignment pin, determining a position of the alignment pin relative to an alignment guide disposed in the medication receptacle, and providing an output indicative of an alignment state of the medication receptacle based on the position determined. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a computer program product for facilitating storage and/or retrieval of unit dose medications is provided. The computer program product may include at least one computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable program code instructions stored therein. The computer-executable program code instructions may include program code portions for receiving an indication that a medication receptacle is positioned proximate to an alignment pin, determining a position of the alignment pin relative to an alignment guide disposed in the medication receptacle, and providing an output indicative of an alignment state of the medication receptacle based on the position determined. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
       Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates several unit dose blisters; 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  illustrate a storage, retrieval and delivery system in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a storage system in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5 , which includes  FIGS. 5A and 5B , illustrates top and bottom perspective views, respectively, of a unit dose blister mount according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6 , which includes  FIGS. 6A and 6B , illustrates perspective views of a picking system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  shows a perspective view of a mount removal mechanism according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of a Z axis component according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a perspective view of an alignment tool according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a conceptual block diagram of an alignment pin according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an apparatus for facilitating storage and/or retrieval of unit dose medications according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 12  is a flow chart illustrating a method for facilitating storage and/or retrieval of unit dose medications in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments of the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the inventions are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     In general, exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a mechanism by which medication (e.g., in unit dose blisters) may be handled and ultimately dispensed either automatically or with minimal manual assistance. Moreover, embodiments of the present invention may provide a mechanism by which to accurately and reliably determine whether an interruption in medication picking is due to an alignment error or due to missing medication. As such, some example embodiments relate to an alignment detection mechanism that may employ optical or other sensing techniques to determine whether alignment errors exist. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may provide a mechanism for automatic handling and dispensing of unit dose packages in a repeatable fashion so that they can be selectively retrieved and delivered, for example by one of the automatic retrieval systems discussed above (e.g., the ROBOT-Rx® system or a robot system able to handle blister dispensing such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,605, filed May 10, 2006). 
     The term “unit dose blister” refers to a unit dose medication, or one or more oral solids of the same or different strength, form or type, that has been sealed in a package, such as a vinyl and foil package in which the vinyl conforms to the shape of the medication. The vinyl is typically sealed to a foil that offers a flat surface with medication information printed on the opposite side from the vinyl cavity.  FIG. 1  illustrates several examples of unit dose blisters. As shown, the unit dose blister may include a support panel having opposed first  10  and second  20  sides, wherein the unit dose medication  30  (i.e., the one or more oral solids) is positioned proximate the first side  10  of the support panel, and an identification code  40  (e.g., a barcode, radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, or simple text including any number and combination of alphanumeric characters) including information identifying the unit dose medication  30  is displayed on the second side  20  of the support panel. 
     When unit dose medications are packaged into a blister, they are typically packaged with several medications per blister card. Thus, there are a corresponding number of equally-spaced vinyl formed cavities per blister card. These cavities are typically separated by a perforation. During formation of a blister card, several manufacturing stations are encountered, but there is no correlation between the handling techniques employed at each station. Accordingly, a blister card that passes through a station for forming a cavity, labeling of the blister, punching of the blister receptacle, punching out of the card, etc., may not be handled in the same manner at each station as the previous or subsequent blister card. Accordingly, inconsistencies may be created between different blister cards. A singulated blister is one that has been separated from a blister card typically along its perforation. 
     As one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, while reference is made throughout to unit dose blisters of the form described above, these unit dose blisters provide just one form in which unit dose medications may be packaged. Use of unit dose blisters in the description of exemplary embodiments included herein should not, therefore, be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention to use with such unit dose packages. In contrast, other unit dose packages may similarly be used in connection with exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , which illustrate one example of a storage, retrieval and dispensing system  100 , in which exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. As one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, the system  100  illustrated and described herein is just one manner in which the unit dose packages, or packages containing unit dose medications (e.g., unit dose blisters) may be handled in their natural or raw state (i.e. not over-wrapped or repackaged) in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention. The system  100  of  FIGS. 2 and 3  is provided for exemplary purposes only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention in any way, since other systems may likewise be implemented without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The system  100  of exemplary embodiments may include a means for storing a plurality of unit dose blisters of various shapes and sizes, referred to herein as a “storage system”  102 . As shown, the storage system  102  of one exemplary embodiment, which is also illustrated in  FIG. 4 , may be in the form of one or more carousels capable of rotating around a rod or pole  110  extending upward through the center of the carousel. While not shown, the storage system may, alternatively, comprise a linear track that is stationary and essentially resembles a plurality of pigeon holes or mail slots each including a unit dose package mount (e.g., a unit dose blister mount), which is described in detail below. Returning to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the rod or pole  110  may be configured to support a plurality of circular panels  120  positioned at some distance from one another, wherein each panel is, in turn, configured to support a plurality of unit dose package mounts (e.g., unit dose blister mounts) (not shown in  FIG. 2  or  4 ), via a plurality of package mount receptacles  150  (e.g., blister mount receptacles—shown in  FIG. 4 ). 
     In this regard, the blister mount receptacles  150  of one embodiment shown in  FIG. 4  extend between adjacent panels  120  so as to define a plurality of wedge-shaped cavities. While the panels  120  could be spaced and the unit dose blister mounts sized such that each wedge-shaped cavity defined by the blister mount receptacles  150  received a single unit dose blister mount, the storage system  102  of the illustrated embodiment is capable of storing a plurality of unit dose blister mounts within each wedge-shaped cavity. In this regard, the blister mount receptacles  150  can include tracks for engaging corresponding grooves or other features defined by the unit dose blister mounts such that multiple unit dose blister mounts can be inserted into a single storage location, e.g., a single wedge-shaped cavity, in an organized manner. 
       FIG. 5 , which includes  FIGS. 5A and 5B , illustrates one example of a unit dose blister mount  140 , which may be used in order to position a unit dose package (e.g., unit dose blister), in its natural/raw state (i.e., not over-wrapped or repackaged), in a repeatable, predetermined orientation (i.e., in a predetermined plane) so that it can be selectively retrieved and delivered in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention. In particular, the unit dose blister mount  140  of exemplary embodiments is configured to accept a plurality of different types of unit dose blisters of various shapes and sizes. As one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, the unit dose blister mount  140  illustrated and described herein is just one example of a storage apparatus capable of accepting unit dose packages of various shapes and sizes and should not be taken as limiting the scope of embodiments of the present invention. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the unit dose blister mount  140 , also referred to herein as a “storage apparatus,” of one exemplary embodiment may include a carrier  145  defining one or more cavities  143  therein. Each cavity may be configured to receive the unit dose medication (i.e., the one or more oral solids of the same or different strength, form or type) of a unit dose blister while the support panel of the unit dose blister lies and is maintained in a predetermined plane relative to the carrier. In particular, in one exemplary embodiment, the carrier  145  includes a surface, through which the one or more cavities  143  open. In this embodiment, each cavity  143  may receive the unit dose medication in such a way that the support panel of the unit dose is supported by the surface of the carrier  145  in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the carrier. In this regard, the unit dose medication is generally disposed within the cavity  143  while the corners or other peripheral portions of the support panel contact and are supported by the carrier  145 . In another exemplary embodiment, where the depth of the medication cavity of the unit dose blister is greater than the depth of the cavity  143  defined by the carrier  145 , the unit dose medication is in contact with the carrier  145  (i.e., at the floor of the cavity  143 ), while the support panel is suspended just above the surface of the carrier, but remains in a plane substantially parallel to that surface. 
     The size, shape and depth of the cavities  143  of one exemplary embodiment may be determined to accommodate a large sampling of unit dose blisters of various shapes and sizes. For example, the cavity  143  may be sized to be large enough to receive at least a majority of the unit dose medications packaged in the unit dose blisters of the large sampling. The cavity  143  may also be sized small enough to prevent the majority of unit dose blisters from falling entirely into the cavity. In one example embodiment shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the carrier  145  may be configured to hold two unit dose blisters, wherein each cavity  143  has an elliptical shape with major and minor dimensions of 1.25 inches and 0.625 inches, respectively.  FIG. 5A  provides a top or overhead perspective of the unit dose blister mount of exemplary embodiments, while  FIG. 5B  provides the bottom perspective. However, it should be appreciated that unit dose blister mounts, carriers and cavities could each be shaped and sized differently in other example embodiments. 
     According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the unit dose blister is able to naturally sit in the unit dose blister mount  140 , or storage apparatus, with its medication cavity down. This orientation may position the unit dose blister to lie substantially flat in a plane defined by the unit dose blister mount  140  (e.g., via the carrier  145 ), such as the horizontal plane, having its identification code and other printed drug information (i.e., the information displayed on the second side of the support panel of the unit dose blister) viewable from above. Due at least in part to this orientation, the unit dose blister may be scanned and perhaps also picked up relatively easily. 
     In an example embodiment, the unit dose blister mount  140  may include a handle  142  via which the unit dose blister mount  140  may be grabbed, held, moved or otherwise manipulated. In some embodiments, the handle  142  may include an alignment hole  147  (which is an example of an alignment guide). Additionally or alternatively, instances of the alignment hole  147  may be included at other portions of the unit dose blister mount  140  (e.g., in one or more of the carriers  145 ). According to some example embodiments, perhaps after reading of a barcode on the unit dose blister, the unit dose blister may be stored in the unit dose blister mount  140  or automatically removed from the unit dose blister mount  140  by a picking system. 
       FIG. 6 , which includes  FIGS. 6A and 6B , illustrates a picking system  201  according to an example embodiment. The picking system  201  of one exemplary embodiment may include X-Axis  220 , Y-Axis  230  and Z-Axis  240  components configured to enable the picking system  201  to move in three, mutually orthogonal directions, designated X, Y and Z, in order to retrieve a unit dose blister, typically while disposed within a unit dose blister mount  140 , from the storage system  102 . 
     The Y-Axis component  230  may comprise one or more timing belts driven by a closed-loop motor and configured to move the X and Z-Axis components  220 ,  240  in the Y-direction (e.g., up and down). The X-Axis component  220  may, likewise, be driven by a closed-loop motor (e.g., a servo motor) to move linearly in the X-direction (e.g., left and right). In embodiments in which the unit dose blister is disposed within a unit dose blister mount while stored within the storage system  102 , the X-Axis component  220  may include one or more cantilevered unit dose package (e.g., blister) mount removal mechanisms  224 L,  224 R (referred to herein as “mount removal mechanisms”), illustrated in  FIG. 7 , which are configured to remove a unit dose blister mount  140  from the storage system  102  and present it to a blister removal mechanism  242 , which is discussed in further detail below. Where, for example, the storage system  102  of the retrieval and delivery system  100  comprises two carousels, the X-Axis component may include both a left  224 L and a right hand  224 R mount removal mechanism. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the mount removal mechanism  224 L,  224 R may comprise a gripper  226  capable of gripping the handle  142  of a unit dose blister mount  140 . In one exemplary embodiment, the gripper  226  is configured to grip the handle while off center, in other words, despite the fact that the gripper  226  and handle  142  are not completely aligned. The mount removal mechanism  224 L,  224 R may further include an extension and a retraction mechanism  223  configured to extend the mount removal mechanism  224 L,  224 R back and forth from the location of the unit dose blister mount  140  to the location where the unit dose blister mount  140  is presented to the blister removal mechanism  242 . In other words, the mount removal mechanism  224 L,  224 R may be configured to move from a first position to a second position proximate the unit dose blister mount  140 , to grip the handle  142  of the unit dose blister mount  140 , and to then retract away from the second position, in order to present the unit dose blister mount  140  to the blister removal mechanism  242 . 
     The Z-Axis component  240  of the picking system  201 , which is shown in more detail in  FIG. 8 , may comprise one or more unit dose package (e.g., blister) removal mechanisms  242  configured to remove one or more unit dose blisters from a unit dose blister mount  140  when the unit dose blister mount  140  has been presented to the blister removal mechanism  242 . The blister removal mechanism  242  may likewise be configured to remove unit dose blisters from restock trays during z restocking process. In one exemplary embodiment, the blister removal mechanism  242  comprises one or more vacuum generators  243  capable of generating a sufficient suction to remove the unit dose blister from the mount  140  or tray  229  (both of which may be examples of medication receptacles), for example using one or more vacuum cups  245 , and to hold the unit dose blister until it can be deposited in a specified location, such as a container that is associated with the overall system  260  (shown in  FIG. 6B ) and from which the unit dose blister may, for example, be dispelled from the back of the system into a patient-specific medication container, or a floor stock container or out a chute in the front of the system, for example, for the purpose of filling a patient first dose (i.e., not as part of a routine fill process). 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the vacuum generators are capable of generating a local vacuum through the use of one or more diaphragm electric pumps capable of being turned on and off. In particular, rather than requiring the use of compressed air, which can be costly, inefficient and fairly disruptive in terms of the noise and required piping associated with the use of an air compressor, the system of exemplary embodiments of the present invention uses one or more electric vacuum generators to produce a local vacuum, thus eliminating the need for compressed air and enabling the storage, retrieval and delivery system to essentially be moved into a facility and plugged into an electric power outlet in the wall. It should be appreciated that although a vacuum based removal mechanism has been described above, other mechanisms for removing unit dose blisters could alternatively be employed. 
     In some embodiments, the dispensing system  100  may further include one or more readers  244 , including, for example, barcode or radio frequency identification (RFID) tag readers, cameras, or the like, capable of reading the identification code  40  displayed on the unit dose blister located in the unit dose blister mount  140  and communicating the information obtained (e.g., the identity of the unit dose medication, or one or more oral solids, held by the unit dose blister) to a controller associated with the storage, retrieval and delivery system  100 , for the purpose of verifying that the correct medication has been selected. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the one or more code readers  244  can be carried by the Z-Axis component  240 . Using the card reader  244  to employ a scanning technique, the picking system  201  of a storage, retrieval and delivery system  100  may be enabled to reliably read the barcode, or similar identification code, on the medication without having to reorient the medication in any way. In addition, this position and containment offers a consistent, reliable means for the picking system  201  to vacuum pick (e.g., using the blister removal mechanism  242 ) the unit dose blister during the retrieval and delivery process. 
     In some embodiments, if the blister removal mechanism  242  fails to remove medication from the unit dose blister mount  140  during operation, a fault may be sensed. The fault may generally have occurred due to any of a number of reasons. For example, the unit dose blister mount  140  may not be properly aligned to permit the blister removal mechanism  242  to remove the medication (e.g., the unit dose blister) or there may actually not be any medication in the carrier  145  or the cavity  143 . An exemplary embodiment of the present invention may provide a solution for determining the reason for failure remove the medication and/or assist in the prevention of failures that may otherwise occur due to improper alignment or positioning of the unit dose blister mount  140 . 
     In this regard, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may employ an alignment tool  300 . The alignment tool  300 , an example of which is shown in  FIG. 9 , may include an alignment pin  302  that may be configured to interact with the alignment hole  147  of the unit dose blister mount  140 . In this regard, when the unit dose blister mount  140  is presented to the blister removal mechanism  242 , the alignment tool  300  may be employed to determine whether the unit dose blister mount  140  is properly aligned in connection with the removal of medication from the unit dose blister mount  140 . In one embodiment, the alignment tool  300  may determine proper alignment of the unit dose blister mount  140  prior to initiation of attempts to remove medication. In such cases, an indication from the alignment tool  300  of proper alignment may enable continued operation of the blister removal mechanism  242  for medication removal. In an alternative case, the alignment tool  300  may determine proper alignment of the unit dose blister mount  140  during the removal process such that the operation of the alignment tool  300  may not substantially delay operation of the blister removal mechanism  242 . In still another alternative, the alignment tool  300  may determine proper alignment of the unit dose blister mount  140  in response to a failure to remove medication from the unit dose blister mount  140 . In such cases, the verification of proper alignment may be useful in determining a cause for the failure. 
     As indicated in  FIG. 9 , the alignment tool  300  may be positioned on a blister robot end-of-arm-tool (EOAT). As such, for example, the alignment pin  302  may be positioned at a bottom portion of blister removal mechanism  242 ′. The alignment pin  302  of some example embodiments may be positioned to align with the alignment hole  147  of a unit dose blister mount that is properly positioned to allow medication removal. Although the alignment pin  302  may be extendible and/or retractable, in some embodiments, the alignment pin  302  may generate an electrical, optical or other readable signal that may be enabled to pass unobstructed through the alignment hole  147  of a properly aligned unit dose blister mount. If there is obstruction of the signal, the alignment tool  300  may determine that the alignment hole  147  is not properly aligned with respect to the alignment pin  302  due to the unit dose blister mount  140  not being properly positioned to permit removal of the medication. As such, the alignment pin  302  may be enabled to determine whether the blister removal mechanism  242  (e.g., a pick head of the blister removal mechanism  242 ) is properly aligned to permit medication removal based on whether the alignment pin  302  hits the unit dose blister mount  140  or whether a received signal generated from the alignment pin  302  is indicative of physical obstruction. In the example described above, a sensor may be positioned on an opposite side of the unit dose blister mount  140  with respect to a signal emitter or transmitter collocated with the alignment pin  302 . However, in an alternative embodiment, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 10 , the alignment pin may include a signal emitter  500  configured to emit a signal toward the alignment hole  147  and a sensor  510  configured to receive signal reflections that may occur due to the signal reflecting off a top or bottom surface of the unit dose blister mount  140  (or a tray) due to misalignment. 
     In an example embodiment, the alignment tool  300  may include or otherwise operate under the control of processing circuitry. Moreover, in some embodiments the processing circuitry of  FIG. 11  may also control the storage, retrieval and delivery system  100  of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. As such, the system  100  may further comprise a processor, controller, or similar processing device, capable of directing operation of the alignment tool  300  and perhaps also other portions of the system  100  including, for example, the blister removal mechanism  242  and/or the picking system  201 . 
     An exemplary embodiment will now be described referring to  FIG. 11 , which is a block diagram of a controller, or similar processing device, capable of operating in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the processing circuitry may include various means for performing one or more functions in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, including those more particularly shown and described herein. It should be understood, however, that the processing circuitry, which may include a controller, or similar processing device, may include alternative means for performing one or more like functions, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. As shown, the processing circuitry may include a processor  400  connected to a memory  410 . In addition to the memory  410 , the processor  400  may also be connected to at least one interface or other means for displaying, transmitting and/or receiving data, content or the like. In this regard, the interface(s) can include at least one communication interface  420  or other means for transmitting and/or receiving data, content or the like, as well as at least one user interface that may include a display  430  and/or a user input interface  440 . The user input interface  440 , in turn, may comprise any of a number of devices allowing the controller to receive data from a user, such as a keypad, a touch display, a joystick, a foot pedal, actuator, button or other input device. However, in some embodiments, the display  430 , user input interface  440  and/or the communication interface  420  may be omitted. 
     The processor  400  may be embodied as various processing means such as a processing element, a coprocessor, a controller or various other processing devices including integrated circuits such as, for example, an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit), an FPGA (field programmable gate array), a PLC (programmable logic controller), a hardware accelerator, or the like. The processor  400  may be configured (e.g., via hardcoded instructions or via execution of software instructions) to perform or control the various functions of the processing circuitry. The memory  410  may include volatile and/or non-volatile memory, and typically stores content, data or the like. For example, the memory  410  may be non-transitory memory capable of storing content transmitted from, and/or received by, the processing circuitry. Also for example, the memory  410  may store software applications, instructions or the like for enabling the processor  400  to perform steps associated with operation of the processing circuitry in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In one exemplary embodiment, the memory  410  stores instructions for directing the processor  400  to control the alignment tool  300  in relation to operations described herein. 
     In operation, the unit dose blister mount  140  may be presented to the blister removal mechanism  242  (e.g., under direction provided by the processor  400 ) and the alignment tool  300  (e.g., under direction provided by the processor  400 ) may control transmission of the signal from the alignment pin  302 . Responsive to detection of at least a portion of the signal at the opposite side of the alignment hole  147  from which the side from which the signal is transmitted (or from the same side if a reflected signal is measured instead of measuring a degree of transmissivity presented through the alignment hole  147 ), the alignment tool  300  may determine an alignment state of the unit dose blister mount  140 . In some embodiments, an output regarding the alignment state may be provided to the user (e.g., via the display  430  or audibly). However, regardless of whether the user is informed, an output regarding the alignment of the alignment pin  302  with the alignment hole  147  may be generated, for example, for feedback for use in better alignment or for storing location information as described below. 
     In some embodiments, the alignment tool  300  may further operate (e.g., under control by the processor  400  and based on instructions and location information stored in the memory  410 ) to learn proper pick and place locations for a plurality (or perhaps each) of the storage locations that are accessible to the robot. As an example, a technician may manually move the EOAT toward a unit dose blister mount or tray that is being held by the robot and the alignment pin  302  may be aligned with the alignment hole  147  of the unit dose blister mount or tray (e.g., by placing the alignment pin  302  into the alignment hole  147 ). The position (e.g., in terms of X, Y and Z coordinates) corresponding to this alignment may be recorded (e.g., in the memory  410 ). From this initial recorded position, the robot may be configured to use the alignment pin  302  to detect a top surface of the unit dose blister mount in order to determine the proper pick and place height for the unit dose blister mount based on known offsets from the top surface of the unit dose blister mount. Thereafter, the robot may be configured to detect edges of the alignment hole  147  by making small lateral movements in the plane of the top surface of the unit dose blister mount in which one or more lateral movements may be followed by a corresponding vertical movement attempting to seat the alignment pin within the alignment hole  147  and thereby learn the best location for picking the unit dose blister mount. A boundary between the alignment hole and the top surface of the unit dose blister mount may be detected by the state of the alignment pin signal. Accordingly, for example, the processor  400  may execute an alignment algorithm to find (at least approximately) edges and perhaps also a center of the alignment hole  147 , which may be recorded so that the picking system  201  may be enabled to thereafter select the correct location and height at which to grab the unit dose blister mount based on stored location information generated responsive to alignment of the alignment pin  302  relative to the alignment hole  147 . Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention may provide an ability to self align the alignment tool  300  to pre-stored unit dose blister mount (or other medication receptacle) locations based on feedback signals received regarding alignment of the alignment pin  302  relative to the alignment hole  147 . 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may provide a mechanism for use in measuring alignment information for medication receptacles. As such, some embodiments may provide alignment detection functions with respect to a device used to pick medications during automated medication handling and dispensing. In this regard, for example, some example embodiments may provide enablement for determining a cause for an alignment failure encountered during handling and/or for automatically learning storage locations to facilitate robotic operation with respect to handling medications. 
       FIG. 12  is a flowchart of a method and program product according to exemplary embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart, may be implemented by various means, such as hardware, firmware, processor, circuitry and/or other device associated with execution of software including one or more computer program instructions. For example, one or more of the procedures described above may be embodied by computer program instructions. In this regard, the computer program instructions which embody the procedures described above may be stored by a memory device and executed by a processor (e.g., processor  400 ). As will be appreciated, any such computer program instructions may be loaded onto a computer or other programmable apparatus (i.e., hardware) to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block(s). These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that may direct a computer or other programmable apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart block(s). The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable apparatus to cause a series of operations to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide operations for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block(s). 
     In this regard, a method of receiving an indication that a medication receptacle (e.g., unit dose blister mount  140  or tray  229 ) is positioned proximate to an alignment pin at operation  600 , determining a position of the alignment pin relative to an alignment guide (e.g., alignment hole  147 ) disposed at the medication receptacle at operation  610 , and providing an output indicative of an alignment state of the medication receptacle based on the position determined at operation  620 . 
     In some embodiments, optional operations may be provided in addition to the operations described above. It should be appreciated that each of the optional operations described below may be included with the operations above either alone or in combination with any others among the features described herein. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method may further include storing position information indicative of a position of the alignment pin extended into the alignment guide at operation  630  and/or employing an algorithm to measure alignment information responsive to a series of lateral movements of the alignment pin to substantially determine a predetermined position (e.g., a center) of the alignment guide at operation  640 . In some embodiments, the method may further include utilizing the position information stored to locate the medication receptacle after storage for subsequent movement of the medication receptacle by an automated device at operation  650 . 
     In some embodiments, the operations described above may be modified. The modifications may be included in any combination and in any order. As such, in some cases, determining the position of the alignment pin may include transmitting a signal from the alignment pin toward the alignment guide and measuring the signal to determine the position based on a result of the measuring. In some cases, transmitting the signal may include transmitting an electrical signal or an optical signal. In some cases, determining the position of the alignment pin may include extending the alignment pin into the alignment guide. 
     Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, although the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings describe exemplary embodiments in the context of certain exemplary combinations of elements and/or functions, it should be appreciated that different combinations of elements and/or functions may be provided by alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In this regard, for example, different combinations of elements and/or functions other than those explicitly described above are also contemplated as may be set forth in some of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.