Patent Publication Number: US-2018044545-A1

Title: Photocurable inks for indirect printing method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/067,054, filed Oct. 30, 2013, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety 
    
    
     INTRODUCTION 
     The presently disclosed embodiments are related generally to a photocurable ink composition for indirect printing method. 
     Indirect printing process is a two-step printing process wherein the ink is first applied imagewise onto an intermediate receiving member (drum, belt, etc.) using an inkjet printhead. The ink wets and spreads onto the intermediate receiving member to form a transient image. The transient image then undergoes a change in properties (e.g., partial or complete drying, thermal or photo-curing, gelation etc.) and the resulting transient image is then transferred to the substrate. 
     Inks suitable for such indirect printing process may be designed and optimized to be compatible with the different subsystems, such as, jetting, transfer, etc., that enable high quality printing at high speed. Typically, inks that display good wettability do not transfer efficiently onto the final substrate, or conversely inks that transfer efficiently to the substrate do not wet the intermediate receiving member. To date, there is no commercially available ink that enables both the wetting and the transfer functions. 
     Thus, there exists a need to develop an ink suitable for indirect printing process, and particularly, there exists a need to develop an ink that exhibits good wetting of the intermediate receiving member and is capable of efficient transfer to the final substrate. 
     Each of the foregoing U.S. patents and patent publications are incorporated by reference herein. Further, the appropriate components and process aspects of the each of the foregoing U.S. patents and patent publications may be selected for the present disclosure in embodiments thereof. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to embodiments illustrated herein, there is provided a photocurable ink for use in an indirect printing process comprising a radiation curable material selected from the group consisting of a curable monomer, a curable oligomer, and mixtures thereof; a first photoinitiator that absorbs radiation at a first wavelength from about 370 to about 420 nm; a second photoinitiator that absorbs radiation at a second wavelength from about 250 to about 370 nm; and a surfactant; wherein the ink is partially cured to a viscosity of from about 5,000 to about 1,000,000 cps before transfer from the intermediate transfer member to the final substrate. 
     In particular, the present embodiments provide a photocurable ink for use in an indirect printing process comprising a radiation curable material selected from the group consisting of a curable monomer, a curable oligomer, and mixtures thereof; a first photoinitiator comprising acylphosphine oxide that absorbs radiation at a first wavelength from about 370 to about 420 nm; a second photoinitiator comprising hydroxyketone, aminoketone and/or phenylgloxylate that absorbs radiation at a second wavelength from about 250 to about 370 nm; and a miscible surfactant. 
     In further embodiments, there is provided method of printing with a photocurable ink comprising a) providing a photocurable ink comprising a radiation curable material selected from the group consisting of a curable monomer, a curable oligomer, and mixtures thereof; a first photoinitiator that absorbs radiation at a first wavelength from about 370 to about 420 nm; a second photoinitiator that absorbs radiation at a second wavelength from about 250 to about 370 nm; and a surfactant; b) applying the ink to an intermediate substrate; c) exposing the ink to a first UV wavelength from about 370 to about 420 nm; d) transferring the ink from the intermediate substrate to a final substrate; and e) exposing the ink to a second UV wavelength from about 250 to about 420 nm to induce complete crosslinking to form an image. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the present embodiments, reference may be made to the accompanying FIGURES. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatical illustration of an imaging member in accordance with the present embodiments for applying a two-step transfer and curing process in an indirect printing system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and operational changes may be made without departure from the scope of the present embodiments disclosed herein. 
     In this specification and the claims that follow, singular forms such as “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. All ranges disclosed herein include, unless specifically indicated, all endpoints and intermediate values. In addition, reference may be made to a number of terms that shall be defined as follows: 
     The term “curable” describes, for example, a material that may be cured via polymerization, including for example free radical routes, and/or in which polymerization is photoinitiated though use of a radiation-sensitive photoinitiator. The term “radiation-curable” refers, for example, to all forms of curing upon exposure to a radiation source, including light and heat sources and including in the presence or absence of initiators. Exemplary radiation-curing techniques include, but are not limited to, curing using ultraviolet (UV) light, for example having a wavelength of 200-400 nm or more rarely visible light, optionally in the presence of photoinitiators and/or sensitizers, curing using electron-beam (i.e., e-beam) radiation, optionally in the absence of photoinitiators, curing using thermal curing, in the presence or absence of high-temperature thermal initiators (and which may be largely inactive at the jetting temperature), and appropriate combinations thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “viscosity” refers to a complex viscosity, which is the typical measurement provided by a mechanical rheometer that is capable of subjecting a sample to a steady shear strain or a small amplitude sinusoidal deformation. In this type of instrument, the shear strain is applied by the operator to the motor and the sample deformation (torque) is measured by the transducer. Examples of such instruments are the Rheometrics Fluid Rheometer RFS3 or the ARES rheometer, both made by Rheometrics, a division of TA Instruments. The present embodiments disclose photocurable inks and their uses for an indirect print process, or indirect printing ink jet applications. The present embodiments also disclose method of printing with photocurable inks, where the photocurable inks cure upon exposure to UV radiation. 
     The photocurable ink of the present embodiments may possess the required surface tension (in the range of 15-50 mN/m), viscosity (in the range of 3-20 cps), and pigment particle size (&lt;600 nm) for use in an inkjet (e.g., piezoelectric) printhead. 
     In embodiments, the ink has a surface tension of from about 15 mN/m to about 50 mN/m, for example from about 18 mN/m to about 40 mN/m, or from about 20 mN/m to about 30 mN/m at the jetting temperature. 
     In embodiments, the ink has a viscosity of from about 2 cps to about 20 cps, for example from about 3 cps, to about 15 cps, or from about 4 cps to about 12 cps, at the temperature of jetting. In particular embodiments, the ink compositions are jetted at temperatures of less than about 100° C., such as from about 25° C. to about 100° C., or from about 30° C. to about 95° C., such as from about 30° C. to about 90° C. 
     In embodiments, the ink has an average pigment particle size of less than about 600 nm, for example from about 25 nm to about 500 nm, or from about 50 nm to about 300 nm. 
       FIG. 1  discloses a diagrammatical illustration of an imaging system in accordance with the present embodiments for applying a two-step transfer and curing process whereby an ink of the present disclosure is printed onto an intermediate transfer surface for subsequent transfer to a receiving substrate. During the indirect print process, the ink of the present embodiments is jetted and spread onto an intermediate receiving member  5  via an inkjet  1 . The intermediate receiving member  5  may be provided in the form of a drum, as shown in  FIG. 1 , but may also be provided as a web, platen, belt, band or any other suitable design. 
     The ink of the present embodiments contains a mixture of photoinitiators, some of which are sensitive to long UV wavelengths and some of which are sensitive to shorter UV wavelengths, and some of which are sensitive to both. The change in properties of the ink can be induced by UV light  4  (long wavelength, e.g., 370-420 nm) resulting in partial polymerization and a “tacky” state in which the ink has a viscosity of from about 5,000 to about 1,000,000 cps, from about 50,000 to about 200,000 cps, or from about 50,000 to about 150,000 cps, rendering it suitable for transfer to the substrate. Using long wavelength light for the pre-cure step results in polymerization in the bulk of the ink down to the ink/transfer substrate interface while leaving the surface largely uncured. This partially cured state should enable both release from the transfer substrate, due to increased cohesion, and transfer to the final substrate, due to the tacky surface of the uncured ink film. The resulting ink film includes partially cured monomers and/or oligomers, additives, and optional colorants. The “tacky” film (i.e., ink image  8 ) may be then transferred under controlled temperature and pressure from the intermediate receiving member  5  to the final receiving substrate  10 . The transfer of the ink image may be performed through contact under pressure. The transferred image  9  is then further subjected to a second UV light  6  (full UV spectrum e.g., 250-420 nm) to induce complete crosslinking thereby resulting in a robust image  11 . 
     It is important to note that an ink suitable for an indirect printing process must be able to wet the intermediate receiving member  5  to enable formation of the transient image  2 , and undergo a stimulus induced property change to enable release from the intermediate receiving member  5  in the transfer step. 
     Radiation Curable Monomers and Oligomers 
     In embodiments, the photocurable ink includes a radiation curable material. Examples of radiation curable materials include any suitable curable monomer, and/or oligomer. In embodiments, the curable monomer is a monofunctional acrylate monomer, a multifunctional acrylate monomer, a monofunctional methacrylate monomer, a multifunctional methacrylate monomer, or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the curable monomer is a methacrylate monomer, acrylate monomer, dimethacrylate monomer, diacrylate monomer, triacrylate monomer, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of curable monomers include, for example, 3,3,5, trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate (e.g., CD421®), dicyclopentadienyl methacrylate (e.g., CD535®) diethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (e.g., CD545®), methoxy polyethylene glycol (550) monoacrylate monomer (CD553®), alkoxylated tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (e.g., CD611®), ethoxylated ( 4 ) nonyl phenol methacrylate (e.g., CD612®), ethoxylated nonyl phenol acrylate (e.g., CD613®), triethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate (e.g., CD730®), monofunctional acid ester (e.g., CD9050®), alkoxylated lauryl acrylate (e.g., CD9075®), alkoxylated phenol acrylate (e.g., CD9087®), tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (e.g., SR203®), isodecyl methacrylate (e.g., SR242®), 2(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate (e.g., SR256®), stearyl acrylate (e.g., SR257®), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (e.g., SR285®), lauryl methacrylate (e.g., SR313A®), stearyl methacrylate (e.g., SR324®), lauryl acrylate (e.g., SR335®), 2-phenoxylethyl acrylate (e.g., SR339®), 2-phenoxylethyl methacrylate (e.g., SR340®), isodecyl acrylate (e.g., SR395®), isobornyl methacrylate (e.g., SR423®), isooctyl acrylate (e.g., SR440®), octadecyl acrylate (SR484®), tridecyl acrylate (SR489®), tridecyl methacrylate (SR493®), caprolactone acrylate (e.g., SR495®), ethoxylated ( 4 ) nonyl phenol acrylate (e.g., SR504®), isobornyl acrylate (e.g., SR506A®), cyclic trimethylolpropane formal acrylate (e.g., SR531®), methoxy polyethylene glycol (350) monomethacrylate (e.g., SR550®), polyethylene glycol (400) dimethacrylate (SR603®), polyethylene glycol (600) diacrylate (e.g., SR610®), polypropylene glycol (400) dimethacrylate (e.g., SR644®), polyethylene glycol (1000) dimethacrylate (e.g., SR740®), tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate (e.g., SR833S®), propoxylated ( 2 ) neopentyl glycol diacrylate (e.g., SR9003®), alkoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (e.g., SR9045®), alkoxylated aliphatic diacrylate (e.g., SR9209A®), dipropylene glycol diacrylate (e.g., SR508®), and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. All of the monomers disclosed above are commercially available from Sartomer Co. Inc. 
     The viscosity of the curable acrylate monomers is typically from about 1-150 cps, from about 2-145 cps, or from about 3-140 cps at 25° C. 
     Specific examples of curable oligomers include, for example, diacrylate oligomer (e.g., CN132®), aliphatic monoacrylate oligomer (e.g., CN152®), aromatic monoacrylate oligomer (e.g., CN131®), acrylic oligomer (e.g., CN2285®), tetrafunctional acrylic oligomer (e.g., CN549®), and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. All of the oligomers disclosed above are commercially available from Sartomer Co. Inc. 
     The viscosity of the curable acrylate oligomers is typically from about 50-1200 cps, from about 75-1100 cps, or from about 100-1000 cps at 25° C. 
     The monomer, oligomer, or mixtures thereof, can be present in any suitable amount. In embodiments, the monomer, oligomer, or mixtures thereof is present in an amount of from about 50 to about 95%, from about 60 to about 90%, or from about 70 to about 85%, by weight based on the total weight of the photocurable ink. 
     Photoinitiators 
     The photocurable ink of the present embodiments may include at least one photoinitiator that primarily absorbs radiation at wavelengths greater than about 370 nm. Such photoinitiators generate oxygen sensitive radicals upon absorption of long wavelengths, such as from about 350 to about 460 nm, from about 360 to about 440 nm, or from about 370 to about 420 nm. The photocurable ink of the present embodiments may include at least one photoinitiator that primarily absorbs radiation at wavelengths less than about 380 nm, for example, from about 200 to about 380 nm, from about 225 to about 370 nm, or from about 250 to about 370 nm, in order to cure the ink surface. In embodiments, the photocurable ink of the present embodiments includes at least one photoinitiator that primarily absorbs radiation at a first wavelength greater than about 370 nm, and at least one photoinitiator that primarily absorbs radiation at a second wavelength less than about 370 nm. 
     In embodiments, the photoinitiators include benzophenone, hydroxyketones (e.g., alpha-hydroxyketones), aminoketones (e.g., alpha-aminoketones), phenylglyoxylates, acylphosphine oxides, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of photoinitiators include benzophenone; 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, such as, for example, Irgacure® 184 (BASF Corp.) having the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone) alpha-hydroxy ketone, such as, for example Irgacure® 500 (BASF Corp.) which is a 1:1 mixture of Irgacure® 184 and benzophenone; Esacure® TZT (eutectic mixture of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone and 4-methylbenzophenone), Esacure KIP 100F (benzophenone (50 wt %) liquid recrystallization below 18° C.), Esacure® KL 200 (2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, 100% active liquid), Darocur® 1173 (2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone), Irgacure® 2959 (2-Hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone), Darocur® 4265 (1:1 wt % mixture of Darocur® TPO and Darocur® 1173), Irgacure® 2022 (1:4 wt % mixture of Irgacure® 819 and Darocur® 1173), Esacure KIP 150 (Oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone]/semi solid), Esacure KIP 75LT (Oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone]/liquid mixture diluted with 25% of TPGDA (Tripropyleneglycol diacrylate), Esacure® KIP IT (Oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone]/liquid mixture diluted with 35% of Propoxylated glycerol triacrylate, Irgacure® 369 (2-Benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl) phenyl]-1-butanone), Irgacure® 379 (2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-butan-1-one, Irgacure® 907 (2-Methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanone), Irgacure® 1300 (3:7 wt % mixture of Irgacure® 369 and Irgacure® 651); Irgacure® 651 (2,2′-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one); acylphosphone oxide such as ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate having the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     for example, Lucirin® TPO-L (BASF Corp.), Irgacure® 2022 (1:4 wt % mixture of Irgacure® 819 and Darocur® 1173), Irgacure® 2100 (liquid blend of acylphosphine oxides); Lucirin® TPO (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide), Darocur® 4265 (1:1 mixture wt % of Lucirin® TPO and Darocur® 1173); phenylglyoxylate such as Dacrocur® MBF (BASF Corp.) (phenyl glyoxylic acid methyl ester), Irgacure® 754 (oxy-phenyl-acetic acid 2-[2 oxo-2-phenyl-acetoxy-ethoxy]-ethyl ester and oxy-phenyl-acetic 2-[2-hydroxy-ethoxy]-ethyl ester); and mixtures thereof. 
     Typically, the first photoinitiator and the second photoinitiator are different. In embodiments, the first photoinitiator may include acyl phosphine oxides, such as Lucirin TPO, Lucirin TPO-L, Irgacure 2100, Irgacure 819, Darocur 4265 and Irgacure 2022, and mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the second photoinitiator may include hydroxyketones, aminoketones, phenylglyoxylates, and mixtures thereof, such as alpha-hydroxyketones Irgacure 184, Darocur 1173, Irgacure 127, Irgacure 2959, Irgacure 500; alpha-aminoketones Irgacure 907, Irgacure 369 and Irgacure 379; and phenylglyoxylates, such as Irgacure 754, Darocur MBF, and mixtures thereof. Photoinitiators that absorbs wavelengths in both of these ranges may also be used, including Darorcur 4265 (a mixture of Darocur TPO (50 wt %)+Darocur 1173 (50 wt %)), Irgacure 2022 (a mixture of Irgacure 819 (20 wt %)+Darocur 1173 (80 wt %)) and mixtures thereof. 
     The total amount of photoinitiator included in the ink composition may be from, for example, from about 1 percent to about 20 percent by weight, such as from about 2 percent to about 15 percent, or from about 3 percent to about 10 percent by weight of the ink composition. The amount of initiator that absorbs radiation at wavelengths greater than about 370 nm may be from about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight of the ink composition. The amount of initiator that absorbs radiation at wavelengths less than about 420 nm may be from about 1 percent to about 5 percent by weight of the ink composition. 
     Table 1 below shows the UV absorption range of the commercial photoinitators. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 UV/VIS absorption 
               
               
                 Photoinitiator 
                 Chemical Name 
                 peaks (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Esacure KL 200 
                 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1- 
                 245, 280, 331 
               
               
                   
                 propanone 100% active liquid 
               
               
                 Irgacure 184 
                 1-Hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl- 
                 246, 280, 333 
               
               
                   
                 ketone 
               
               
                 Irgacure 500 
                 IRGACURE 184 (50 wt %), 
                 250, 332 
               
               
                   
                 benzophenone (50 wt %) 
               
               
                 Darocur 1173 
                 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1- 
                 245, 280, 331 
               
               
                   
                 propanone 
               
               
                 Irgacure 2959 
                 2-Hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]- 
                 276, 331 
               
               
                   
                 2-methyl-1-propanone 
               
               
                 Darocur 4265 
                 DAROCUR TPO (50 wt %) + 
                 240, 290, 380 
               
               
                   
                 DAROCUR 1173 (50 wt %) 
               
               
                 Irgacure 2022 
                 IRGACURE 819 (20 wt %) + 
                 246, 282, 370 
               
               
                   
                 DAROCUR 1173 (80 wt %) 
               
               
                 Esacure KIP 100F 
                 liquid mixture of Esacure KIP 150, 
                 induces surface cure 
               
               
                   
                 70 wt % and Esacure KL 200, 30 wt % 
               
               
                 Esacure One 
                 n/a 
                 induces surface cure 
               
               
                 Esacure KIP 150 
                 Oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl--1-[4-(1- 
                 induces surface cure 
               
               
                   
                 methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone] 
               
               
                 Esacure KIP 75LT 
                 Oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl--1-[4-(1- 
                 induces surface cure 
               
               
                   
                 methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone] 
               
               
                 Esacure KIP IT 
                 Oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl--1-[4-(1- 
                 induces surface cure 
               
               
                   
                 methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone] 
               
               
                 Lucirin TPO 
                 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl- 
                 295, 380, 393 
               
               
                   
                 diphenylphosphine oxide 
               
               
                 Lucirin TPO-L 
                 ethyl-2,4,6- 
                 242, 280, 370 
               
               
                   
                 trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate 
               
               
                 Irgacure 819 
                 Phosphine oxide, phenyl bis 
                 360, 365, 405 
               
               
                   
                 (2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl) 
               
               
                 Irgacure 2100 
                 liquid blend of acylphosphine 
                 275, 370 
               
               
                   
                 oxides 
               
               
                 Irgacure 369 
                 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4- 
                 233, 324 
               
               
                   
                 morpholinophenyl)-butan-1-one 
               
               
                 Irgacure 379 
                 2-dimethylamino-2-(4-methyl- 
                 237, 320 
               
               
                   
                 benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl- 
               
               
                   
                 phenyl)-butan-1-one 
               
               
                 Irgacure 907 
                 2-Methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]- 
                 232, 240, 307 
               
               
                   
                 2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanone 
               
               
                 Irgacure 651 
                 Alpha, alpha-dimethoxy-alpha- 
                 254, 337 
               
               
                   
                 phenylacetophenone 
               
               
                 Darocur MBF 
                 Methylbenzoylformate 
                 255, 325 
               
               
                 Irgacure 754 
                 oxy-phenyl-acetic acid 2-[2 oxo-2 
                 260, 345 
               
               
                   
                 phenyl-acetoxy-ethoxy]-ethyl ester 
               
               
                   
                 and oxy-phenyl-acetic 2-[2- 
               
               
                   
                 hydroxy-ethoxy]-ethyl ester 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Surfactants 
     A surfactant is generally used to lower the surface tension of the composition to allow wetting and leveling of the substrate surface, if necessary, before curing. The surfactant can be selected by both its hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. In embodiments, the ink of the present disclosure includes a silicone containing surfactant. These silicone surfactants may include one or more functional group such as carbinol, alkyl, aryl, glycol, polyether, siloxane, and mixtures thereof. Suitable surfactant may include, but are not limited to polydimethylsiloxane copolymer (Siltech® C-20, C-42, C-468), alkyl and aryl modified polydimethylsiloxane (Siltech® C-32), silicone polyether (Siltech® C-101, 442), block copolymer of dimethylsiloxane and a polyoxyalkylene (Siltech® C-241), and the like, and mixtures thereof. 
     The surfactants may be included in the ink of the present disclosure in an amount from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.1% to about 3%, from 0.1% to about 2%, or from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of the ink composition. 
     The surfactants may be miscible with the radiation curable material (i.e., acrylate or methacrylate miscible). 
     Colorants 
     The ink compositions may optionally contain a colorant. Any desired or effective colorant can be employed in the ink compositions, including dyes, pigments, mixtures thereof, and the like, provided that the colorant can be dissolved or dispersed in the ink vehicle. Pigments, which are typically cheaper and more robust than dyes, may be included in particular embodiments. The color of many dyes can be altered by the polymerization process occurring during the curing stage, presumably from attack of their molecular structure by the free radicals. The compositions can be used in combination with conventional ink-colorant materials, such as Color Index (C.I.) Solvent Dyes, Disperse Dyes, modified Acid and Direct Dyes, Basic Dyes, Sulphur Dyes, Vat Dyes, and the like. 
     Examples of suitable dyes include Neozapon Red 492 (BASF); Orasol Red G (Ciba); Direct Brilliant Pink B (Oriental Giant Dyes); Direct Red 3BL (Classic Dyestuffs); Supranol Brilliant Red 3BW (Bayer AG); Lemon Yellow 6G (United Chemie); Light Fast Yellow 3G (Shaanxi); Aizen Spilon Yellow C-GNH (Hodogaya Chemical); Bernachrome Yellow GD Sub (Classic Dyestuffs); Cartasol Brilliant Yellow 4GF (Clariant); Cibanon Yellow 2GN (Ciba); Orasol Black CN (Ciba); Savinyl Black RLSN (Clariant); Pyrazol Black BG (Clariant); Morfast Black 101 (Rohm &amp; Haas); Diaazol Black RN (ICI); Orasol Blue GN (Ciba); Savinyl Blue GLS (Clariant); Luxol Fast Blue MBSN (Pylam Products); Sevron Blue 5GMF (Classic Dyestuffs); Basacid Blue 750 (BASF), Neozapon Black X51 (BASF), Classic Solvent Black 7 (Classic Dyestuffs), Sudan Blue 670 (C.I. 61554) (BASF), Sudan Yellow 146 (C.I. 12700) (BASF), Sudan Red 462 (C.I. 26050) (BASF), C.I. Disperse Yellow 238, Neptune Red Base NB543 (BASF, C.I. Solvent Red 49), Neopen Blue FF-4012 from BASF, Lampronol Black BR from ICI (C.I. Solvent Black 35), Morton Morplas Magenta 36 (C.I. Solvent Red 172), metal phthalocyanine colorants such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,137, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, and the like. Polymeric dyes can also be used, such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,022 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,135, the disclosures of each of which are herein entirely incorporated herein by reference, and commercially available from, for example, Milliken &amp; Company as Milliken Ink Yellow 869, Milliken Ink Blue 92, Milliken Ink Red 357, Milliken Ink Yellow 1800, Milliken Ink Black 8915-67, uncut Reactant Orange X-38, uncut Reactant Blue X-17, Solvent Yellow 162, Acid Red 52, Solvent Blue 44, and uncut Reactant Violet X-80. 
     Pigments are also suitable colorants for the curable phase change inks. Examples of suitable pigments include PALIOGEN Violet 5100 (commercially available from BASF); PALIOGEN Violet 5890 (commercially available from BASF); HELIOGEN Green L8730 (commercially available from BASF); LITHOL Scarlet D3700 (commercially available from BASF); SUNFAST Blue 15:4 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); Hostaperm Blue B2G-D (commercially available from Clariant); Hostaperm Blue B4G (commercially available from Clariant); Permanent Red P-F7RK; Hostaperm Violet BL (commercially available from Clariant); LITHOL Scarlet 4440 (commercially available from BASF); Bon Red C (commercially available from Dominion Color Company); ORACET Pink RF (commercially available from Ciba); PALIOGEN Red 3871 K (commercially available from BASF); SUNFAST Blue 15:3 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); PALIOGEN Red 3340 (commercially available from BASF); SUNFAST Carbazole Violet 23 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); LITHOL Fast Scarlet L4300 (commercially available from BASF); SUNBRITE Yellow 17 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); HELIOGEN Blue L6900, L7020 (commercially available from BASF); SUNBRITE Yellow 74 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); SPECTRA PAC C Orange 16 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); HELIOGEN Blue K6902, K6910 (commercially available from BASF); SUNFAST Magenta 122 (commercially available from Sun Chemical); HELIOGEN Blue D6840, D7080 (commercially available from BASF); Sudan Blue OS (commercially available from BASF); NEOPEN Blue FF4012 (commercially available from BASF); PV Fast Blue B2GO1 (commercially available from Clariant); IRGALITE Blue BCA (commercially available from BASF); PALIOGEN Blue 6470 (commercially available from BASF); Sudan Orange G (commercially available from Aldrich), Sudan Orange 220 (commercially available from BASF); PALIOGEN Orange 3040 (BASF); PALIOGEN Yellow 152, 1560 (commercially available from BASF); LITHOL Fast Yellow 0991 K (commercially available from BASF); PALIOTOL Yellow 1840 (commercially available from BASF); NOVOPERM Yellow FGL (commercially available from Clariant); Ink Jet Yellow 4G VP2532 (commercially available from Clariant); Toner Yellow HG (commercially available from Clariant); Lumogen Yellow D0790 (commercially available from BASF); Suco-Yellow L1250 (commercially available from BASF); Suco-Yellow D1355 (commercially available from BASF); Suco Fast Yellow DI 355, DI 351 (commercially available from BASF); HOSTAPERM Pink E 02 (commercially available from Clariant); Hansa Brilliant Yellow 5GX03 (commercially available from Clariant); Permanent Yellow GRL 02 (commercially available from Clariant); Permanent Rubine L6B 05 (commercially available from Clariant); FANAL Pink D4830 (commercially available from BASF); CINQUASIA Magenta (commercially available from DU PONT); PALIOGEN Black L0084 (commercially available from BASF); Pigment Black K801 (commercially available from BASF); and carbon blacks such as REGAL 330™ (commercially available from Cabot), Nipex 150 (commercially available from Degusssa) Carbon Black 5250 and Carbon Black 5750 (commercially available from Columbia Chemical), and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. 
     Also suitable are the colorants disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,523, U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,755, U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,219, U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,747, U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,614, U.S. Pat. No. 6,663,703, U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,902, U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,082, U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,552, U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,748, U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,111, U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,139, U.S. Pat. No. 6,958,406, U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,327, U.S. Pat. No. 7,053,227, U.S. Pat. No. 7,381,831 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,323, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     The ink may also contain a pigment stabilizing surfactant or dispersant having portions or groups that have an excellent adsorption affinity for the various pigments used in the colored inks of the ink set, and also having portions or groups that allow for dispersion within the ink vehicle are desired. Selection of an appropriate dispersant for all of the colored inks of the ink set may require trial and error evaluation, capable by those of ordinary skill in the art, due to the unpredictable nature of dispersant/pigment combinations. 
     As example dispersants, random and block copolymers may be suitable. A particularly desirable block copolymer is an amino acrylate block copolymer, for example including an amino or amino acrylate block A and an acrylate block B, the acrylate portions permitting the dispersant to be stably and well dispersed in the ink vehicle while the amino portions adsorb well to pigment surfaces. Commercially available examples of block copolymer dispersants that have been found suitable for use herein are DISPERBYK-2001 (BYK Chemie GmbH) and EFKA 4340 (Ciba Specialty Chemicals). 
     The colorant may be included in the ink composition in an amount of from, for example, about 0.1 to about 15% by weight of the ink composition, such as about 2 to about 9% by weight of the ink composition. 
     Ink Composition Preparation and Use 
     The inks of embodiments may be prepared by any suitable technique. As an example, the inks may be prepared by combining the monomers, oligomers, photoinitiators, stabilizer and surfactant and stirring at a temperature between 30 and 90° C. until a homogeneous solution is formed. To this solution is added the pigment dispersion which can be incorporated by any suitable method, including stirring and homogenization. The ink composition may then be filtered, optionally at an elevated temperature, to remove extraneous particles. Further examples of ink preparation methods are set forth in the Examples below. 
     The ink compositions described herein may be jetted at temperatures of less than about 100° C., such as from about 25° C. to about 100° C., or from about 30° C. to about 95° C. The ink compositions are thus ideally suited for use in piezoelectric ink jet devices. 
     In the indirect-printing process, the intermediate-transfer member can be of any desired or suitable configuration, such as a drum or roller, a belt or web, a flat surface or platen, or the like. The member surface may be at room temperature, or may be heated to have a surface temperature. The temperature of the intermediate-transfer member can be controlled by any desired or suitable method, such as by situating heaters in or near the intermediate-transfer member, using air flow to cool the transfer member, or the like. Transfer from the intermediate-transfer member to the final recording substrate can be made by any desired or suitable method, such as by passing the final recording substrate through a nip formed by the intermediate-transfer member and a back member, which can be of any desired or effective configuration, such as a drum or roller, a belt or web, a flat surface or platen, or the like. Transfer can be carried out at any desired or effective nip pressure, for example from about 5 pounds per square inch to about 2,000 pounds per square inch, such as from about 10 to about 200 pounds per square inch. The transfer surface may be hard or soft and compliant. Prior to and after transfer, the image on the substrate is cured. The radiation to cure the photo-polymerizable components of the ink composition may be provided by a variety of possible techniques, including but not limited to a xenon lamp, laser light, medium pressure mercury lamps, micro-wave excited mercury lamps often known as a H bulb, doped mercury lamps often referred to as D or V bulbs, LED etc. 
     The present disclosure provides a method of printing with a photocurable ink of the present embodiments. The method includes providing an photocurable ink of the present embodiments; applying the ink to an intermediate substrate; exposing the ink to a first UV light to partially polymerize the radiation curable material; transferring the ink from the intermediate substrate to a final substrate; and exposing the ink to a second UV light to induce complete crosslinking to form an image. The first UV light may be used for pre-curing of the radiation curable materials. During the pre-curing step, the monomers/oligomers may be partially polymerized to form an ink film on the intermediate transfer substrate. Pre-curing of the transient image may increase the cohesion of the ink film and allows for more efficient ink transfer from the intermediate substrate to final substrate. Pre-curing is achieved by exposing the transient image to long wavelength, e.g., 370-420 nm resulting in partial polymerization and a “tacky” state, possessing a viscosity of about 5,000 cps to about 1,000,000 cps, suitable for transfer to the substrate. Using long wavelength light for the pre-cure step results in polymerization in the bulk of the ink down to the ink/transfer substrate interface while leaving the surface largely uncured. This partially cured state should enable both release from the transfer substrate, due to increased cohesion, and transfer to the final substrate, due to the tacky surface of the uncured ink film. The resulting ink film includes partially cured monomers and/or oligomers, additives, and optional colorants. The “tacky” film may be then transferred under controlled temperature and pressure from the intermediate receiving member to the final receiving substrate. The transfer of the ink image may be performed through contact under pressure, and/or at an elevated temperature. The transferred image is then further subjected to a second UV light (full UV spectrum e.g., 250-420 nm) to induce complete crosslinking thereby resulting in a final robust image. 
     It is also note that no drying step is required in the printing process, as the inks of the present disclosure are non-aqueous. 
     It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also, various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, and are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 
     While the description above refers to particular embodiments, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of embodiments herein. 
     The presently disclosed embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of embodiments being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning of and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The examples set forth herein below and are illustrative of different compositions and conditions that can be used in practicing the present embodiments. All proportions are by weight unless otherwise indicated. It will be apparent, however, that the present embodiments can be practiced with many types of compositions and can have many different uses in accordance with the disclosure above and as pointed out hereinafter. 
     Example 1 
     Prophetic Example: Ink Formulation A 
     To a 50 mL amber glass vial is added SR9003, SR399LV, CN132, Irgastab UV10, Esacure KIP 150, Irgacure 379, Irgacure 819 and Siltech C-101 surfactant; the mixture is stirred at 30-90° C. for 30 minutes to ensure dissolution of the UV stabilizer and photoinitiators. The pigment dispersion is then added and the ink is homogenized for 10-20 minutes at 2,000-3,000 RPM. The pigment dispersion can be a cyan, a magenta, a yellow, or a black concentrate prepared by any suitable process, for example, by a ball milling in dispersant and reactive diluents. 
     Table 2 below shows the components of Ink Formulation A. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 Function 
                 wt % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 SR9003 
                 Monomer 
                 68-78 
               
               
                 SR399LV 
                 Monomer 
                 1.0-5.0 
               
               
                 CN132 
                 Oligomer 
                 1.0-5.0 
               
               
                 Siltech C-101 
                 Wetting 
                 0.5-1.0 
               
               
                   
                 agent 
               
               
                 Irgastab UV10 (BASF) 
                 UV stabilizer 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 Esacure KIP 150 
                 Photoinitiator 
                 2.0-4.0 
               
               
                 Irgacure 379 
                 Photoinitiator 
                 1.0-3.0 
               
               
                 Irgacure 819 
                 Photoinitiator 
                 0.5-2.0 
               
               
                 Pigment dispersion (15 wt % pigment/EFKA 
                 Pigment 
                 20    
               
               
                 4340 in SR9003) 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation A is applied via inkjet  1  (see,  FIG. 1 ) onto an intermediate receiving member  5  (e.g., a drum) having a higher surface energy than the liquid ink surface tension. 
     After the ink is jetted onto the intermediate substrate  5 , the ink is partially cured by a first exposure to long wavelength UV radiation  4 . 
     The wavelength selection can be achieved through use of a band pass filter in conjunction with a conventional UV light source or, alternatively, a long wavelength UV-LED may be employed. In formulation A, exposure to long (370-420 nm) light results in partial polymerization in the ink bulk and down to the ink/substrate interface rather than at the ink surface. The reason for the selective curing is two-fold: 1) longer wavelengths of light are more effective at penetrating through the ink layer and 2) the radicals generated by irradiation of Irgacure 819 are highly sensitive to quenching by oxygen and therefore are not effective in initiating polymerization at the ink/air interface. As a result the pre-curing step gives rise to a partially polymerized film with a particularly tacky surface that is more highly polymerized through its depth. Pre-curing of the transient image increases the cohesion of the ink film and allows for more efficient ink transfer from the intermediate substrate  5  to final substrate  10 . The film is then transferred to the substrate  10  through contact under specified temperature and pressure. The transferred image is then subjected to the full spectrum of UV irradiation  6  to induce complete crosslinking thereby resulting in an extremely robust image. The claims, as originally presented and as they may be amended, encompass variations, alternatives, modifications, improvements, equivalents, and substantial equivalents of the embodiments and teachings disclosed herein, including those that are presently unforeseen or unappreciated, and that, for example, may arise from applicants/patentees and others. Unless specifically recited in a claim, steps or components of claims should not be implied or imported from the specification or any other claims as to any particular order, number, position, size, shape, angle, color, or material. 
     All the patents and applications referred to herein are hereby specifically, and totally incorporated herein by reference in their entirety in the instant specification.