Patent Publication Number: US-10784688-B2

Title: Management of energy demand and energy efficiency savings from voltage optimization on electric power systems using AMI-based data analysis

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/387,714, filed Dec. 22, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/193,770, filed Feb. 28, 2014, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application 61/800,028 filed on Mar. 15, 2013, which are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/562,134, filed Dec. 5, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,325,174, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to a method, an apparatus, a system and a computer program for controlling an electric power system, including controlling the voltage on the distribution circuits with respect to optimizing voltage, conserving energy, reducing demand and improving reliability. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a method of controlling energy efficiency, electrical demand and customer voltage reliability using advanced metering infrastructure (“AMI”)-based data analysis. This method enables the direct control of customer level secondary voltages to optimally reduce energy usage and electrical demand for an electric energy delivery system (EEDS). The method executes voltage control using the secondary AMI-based measurements, significantly improving the accuracy of the customer voltage measurement and level, enabling the EEDS operator to improve the reliability of customer voltage performance. 
     Electricity is commonly generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, which are typically driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, or driven by kinetic energy flowing from water or wind. The electricity is generally supplied to end users through transmission grids as an alternating current signal. The transmission grids may include a network of power stations, transmission circuits, substations, and the like. 
     The generated electricity is typically stepped-up in voltage using, for example, generating step-up transformers, before supplying the electricity to a transmission system. Stepping up the voltage improves transmission efficiency by reducing the electrical current flowing in the transmission system conductors, while keeping the power transmitted nearly equal to the power input. The stepped-up voltage electricity is then transmitted through the transmission system to a distribution system, which distributes the electricity to end users. The distribution system may include a network that carries electricity from the transmission system and delivering it to end users. Typically, the network may include medium-voltage (for example, less than 69 kV) power lines, electrical substations, transformers, low-voltage (for example, less than 1 kV) distribution wiring, electric meters, and the like. 
     The following, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference, describe subject matter related to power generation or distribution: Engineering Optimization Methods and Applications, First Edition, G. V. Reklaitis, A. Ravindran, K. M. Ragsdell, John Wiley and Sons, 1983; Estimating Methodology for a Large Regional Application of Conservation Voltage Reduction, J. G. De Steese, S. B. Merrick, B. W. Kennedy, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1990; Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, Second Edition, H. Lee Willis, 2004; Implementation of Conservation Voltage Reduction at Commonwealth Edison, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, D. Kirshner, 1990; Conservation Voltage Reduction at Northeast Utilities, D. M. Lauria, IEEE, 1987; Green Circuit Field Demonstrations, EPRI, Palo Alto, Calif., 2009, Report 1016520; Evaluation of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) on a National Level, PNNL-19596, Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830, Pacific Northwest National Lab, July 2010; Utility Distribution System Efficiency Initiative (DEI) Phase 1, Final Market Progress Evaluation Report, No 3, E08-192 (7/2008) E08-192; Simplified Voltage Optimization (VO) Measurement and Verification Protocol, Simplified VO M&amp;V Protocol Version 1.0, May 4, 2010; MINITAB Handbook, Updated for Release 14, fifth edition, Barbara Ryan, Brian Joiner, Jonathan Cryer, Brooks/Cole-Thomson, 2005; Minitab Software, http://www.minitab.com/en-US/products/minitab/Statistical Software provided by Minitab Corporation. 
     Further, U.S. patent application 61/176,398, filed on May 7, 2009 and U.S. publication 2013/0030591, entitled VOLTAGE CONSERVATION USING ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUBSTATION CENTRALIZED VOLTAGE CONTROL, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference, describe a voltage control and energy conservation system for an electric power transmission and distribution grid configured to supply electric power to a plurality of user locations. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments described herein provide a novel method, apparatus, system and computer program for controlling an electric power system, including implementation of voltage control using AMI-based secondary voltage measurement to optimally control the voltages for load tap changing control (LTC) transformers, voltage regulators, capacitor banks, and distributed generation, storage and high variation loads such as photovoltaic generation, electric vehicle charging and microgrids. 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, the voltage control and conservation system (VCC) controls the electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) primary and secondary independent voltage control devices such as load tap changing control (LTC) transformers, voltage regulators, capacitor banks, and distributed generation, storage, photovoltaic generation, and microgrids to optimize the energy losses while improving the reliability of the voltage delivered to the energy usage system (EUS). The electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) is made up of an energy supply system (ESS) that connects electrically to one or more energy usage systems (EUS). The energy usage system (EUS) supplies voltage and energy to energy usage devices (EUD) at electrical points on an electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) and the EUS is made up of many energy usage devices (EUD) randomly using energy at any given time. The purpose of the energy validation process (EVP) is to operate the voltage levels of the EEDS in a manner that optimizes the energy losses EEDS, EUS and ESS. The electrical energy supply to the electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) is measured in watts, kilowatts (kw), or Megawatts (Mw) at the supply point of the ESS and at the energy user system (EUS) or meter point. This measurement records the average usage of energy (AUE) over set time periods such as one hour. The energy and voltage measurements made within the EEDS are communicated back to a central control using a communication network for processing by the VCC which then issues control changes to the primary and secondary voltage control devices to produce more precise and reliable voltage control that optimally minimizes the energy losses for the BEDS. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the energy validation process (EVP) measures the level of change in energy usage for the electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) that is made up of an energy supply system (ESS) that connects electrically to one or more energy usage systems (EUS). The test for the level of change in energy use improvement is divided into two basic time periods: The first is the time period when the VCC is not operating, i.e., in the “OFF” state. The second time period is when the VCC is operating, i.e., in “ON” state. Two variables must be determined to estimate the savings capability for an improvement in the EEDS: The available change in voltage created by the VCC and the EEDS capacity for energy change with respect to voltage change or the CVR factor. The average change in voltage is determined by direct measurement on the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The details regarding the calculation of the CVR factor and average voltage change are described in patent application No. 61/789,085, entitled ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM CONTROL WITH MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY DEMAND AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY USING T-DISTRIBUTIONS, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, the entirety of which is incorporated herein. 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, the energy planning process (EPP) projects the voltage range capability of a given electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) (made up of an energy supply system (ESS) that connects electrically via the electrical energy distribution connection system (EEDCS) to one or more energy usage systems (EUS)) at the customer secondary level (the EUS) by measuring the level of change in energy usage from voltage management for the EEDS. The EPP can also determine potential impacts of proposed modifications to the equipment and/or equipment configuration of the EEDS and/or to an energy usage device (EUD) at some electrical point(s) on an electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) made up of many energy usage devices randomly using energy at any given time during the measurement. The purpose of the energy validation process (EVP) is to measure the level of change in energy usage for the EEDS for a change in voltage level. The specifics of the EVP are covered in the co-pending/P006 application. One purpose of the EPP system of the disclosed embodiments is to estimate the capability of the EEDS to accommodate voltage change and predict the level of change available. The potential savings in energy provided by the proposed modification to the system can be calculated by multiplying the CVR factor (% change in energy/% change in voltage) (as may be calculated by the EVP, as described in the co-pending/P006 application) by the available change in voltage (as determined by the EPP) to determine the available energy and demand savings over the time interval being studied. The electrical energy supply to the electrical energy delivery system (EEDS) is measured in watts, kilowatts (kw), or Megawatts (Mw) (a) at the supply point of the ESS and (b) at the energy user system (EUS) or meter point. This measurement records the average usage of energy (AUE) at each of the supply and meter points over set time periods such as one hour. 
     The test for energy use improvement is divided into two basic time periods: The first is the time period when the improvement is not included, i.e., in “OFF” state. The second time period is when the improvement is included, i.e., in “ON” state. Two variables must be determined to estimate the savings capability for a modification in the EEDS: The available voltage change in voltage created by the modification and the EEDS capacity for energy change with respect to voltage change (the CVR factor, the calculation of which is described in the co-pending/P006 application). 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the VCC uses the EVP and the EPP to enable the full optimization of the voltage, both during planning and construction of the EEDS components and during the operation of the EEDS by monitoring the EVP process to detect when the system changes its efficiency level. When these three processes (VCC, EVP and EPP) are operating together, it is possible to optimize the construction and the operation of the EEDS. The EPP optimizes the planning and construction of the EEDS and its components and the EVP is the measurement system to allow the VCC to optimize the operation of the EEDS. The EPP provides the configuration information for the VCC based on the information learned in the planning optimization process. This full optimization is accomplished across the energy efficiency, demand management and the voltage reliability of the EEDS. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the EEDS can be represented as a linear model over the restricted voltage range of operational voltages allowed for the EUS. This narrow band of operation is where the optimization solution must occur, since it is the band of actual operation of the system. The linear models are in two areas. The first area for use of linear models is that energy loss for the EEDCS primary and secondary equipment losses can be represented in linear form using some simple approximations for EEDCS characteristics of voltage and energy. This second approximation is that the voltage and energy relationship of the EUS can be represented by the CVR factor and the change in voltage over a given short interval. This allows the entire loss function for the EEDS over reasonably short interval and narrow ranges of voltage (+/−10%) to be represented as linear functions of measurable voltages at the ESS and the EUS. This linear relationship greatly reduces the complexity of finding the optimum operating point to minimize energy use on the EEDS. The second area for use of linear models is an approximation that the EUS voltages can be represented by linear regression models based only on the EUS voltage and energy measurements. These two approximations greatly reduce the optimization solution to the EEDS VCC, making the optimization process much simpler. 
     The calculation of the change in voltage capability is the novel approach to conservation voltage reduction planning using a novel characterization of the EEDS voltage relationships that does not require a detailed loadflow model to implement. The input levels to the EEDCS from the ESS are recorded at set intervals, such as one hour periods for the time being studied. The input levels to the EUS from the EEDCS, at the same intervals for the time being studied, are measured using the AMI system and recorded. The EEDS specific relationship between the ESS measurements and the EUS usage measurements is characterized using a linear regression technique over the study period. This calculation specifically relates the effects of changes in load at the ESS to change in voltage uniquely to each customer EUS using a common methodology. 
     Once these linear relationships have been calculated, a simple linear model is built to represent the complex behavior of voltage at various loading levels including the effects of switching unique EUS specific loads that are embedded in the AMI collected data (e.g., the data includes the “ON” and “OFF” nature of the load switching occurring at the EUS). Then, the linear model for the voltages is passed to the VCC for determining the normal operation of the EUS for specific conditions at the ESS. Using this simple linear model is a novel method of planning and predicting the voltage behavior of an EEDS caused by modifications to the EEDS by using the VCC. 
     The relationships between the modification (e.g., adding/removing capacitor banks, adding/removing regulators, reducing impedance, or adding distributed generation) are developed first by using a simple system of one ESS and a simple single phase line and a single EUS with a base load and two repeating switched loads. By comparing a traditional primary loadflow model of the simplified EEDS to the linear statistical representation of the voltage characteristics, the linear model changes can be obtained to relate the EUS voltage changes resulting from capacitor bank operation. Once this is done, the effects on the EUS voltage can be forecasted by the VCC and used to determine whether the optimum operating point has been reached. 
     Once the linear model is built then the model can be used to apply simple linear optimization to determine the best method of controlling the EEDS to meet the desired energy efficiency, demand and reliability improvements. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the energy planning process (EPP) can be used to take the AMI data from multiple AMI EUS points and build a linear model of the voltage using the linearization technique. These multiple point models can be used to predict voltage behavior for a larger radial system (e.g., a group of contiguous transmission elements that emanate from a single point of connection) by relating the larger system linear characteristics to the system operation of capacitor banks, regulators, and LTC transformers. With the new linear models representing the operation of the independent variables of the EEDS, the optimization can determine the optimum settings of the independent variables that will minimize the linear model of the EEDS losses. This optimum control characteristics are passed from the EVP to the VCC in the configuration process. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the energy planning process (EPP) can be used to take the AMI data from multiple AMI EUS points and multiple ESS points and build a linear model of the voltage using the linearization technique. The linear model that exists for normal operation can be determined based on the characteristics of the linearization. Using this normal operation model as a “fingerprint”, the other EUS points on the EEDS can be filtered to determine the ones, if any, that are displaying abnormal behavior characteristics and the abnormal EUS points can be compared against a list of expected characteristics denoting specific abnormal behavior that represents the potential of low reliability performance. As an example, the characteristics of a poorly connected meter base has been characterized to have certain linear characteristics in the model. The observed linear characteristics that represent this abnormal condition can be used to identify any of the EUS meters that exhibit this behavior, using the voltage data from AMI. This allows resolution of the abnormality before customer equipment failure occurs and significantly improves the reliability of the EEDS. A set of the voltage fingerprints will be passed by the EVP to the VCC in the configuration process. The EPP can then use this recognition to provide alarms, change operation level for efficiency, demand or reliability improvement. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the energy planning process (EPP) can be used to take the AMI data from multiple AMI EUS points and multiple ESS points and build a linear model of the voltage using the linearization technique. Using this model and the measured AMI data the EPP can be used to project the initial group of monitored meters that can be used in the voltage management system to control the minimum level of voltage across the EEDS for implementation of CVR. This information is passed from the EPP to the VCC in the configuration process. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the energy planning process (EPP) can be used to take the AMI data from multiple AMI EUS points and multiple ESS points and build a linear model of the voltage using the linearization technique. The voltage data can be used to provide location information about the meter connection points on the circuit using voltage correlation analysis. This method matches the voltages by magnitude and by phase using a technique that uses the voltage data for each meter to provide the statistical analysis. Common phase voltage movement is correlated and common voltage movement by circuit is identified using linear regression techniques. This information is provided by the EPP to the VCC in the configuration process and used to detect when voltages in the monitored group are not from the EEDS being controlled. This enables the VCC to stop control and return itself to a safe mode until the problem is resolved. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the VCC samples the monitored group voltages at the EUS and uses the linear models to project the required level of independent variables required to make the EUS voltages remain in the required voltage band based on the linear regression model for the EUS location. This sampling also allows the VCC to determine when the samples are greatly deviating from the linear regression model and enable alarming and change of VCC state to maintain reliability of the EEDS. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the devices that represent the voltage regulation on the circuit, LTC transformers, regulators, and distributed generation are assigned non overlapping zones of control in the EEDS. In each zone there is one parent device and for the EEDS there is also one substation parent device (node parent device) that controls all other zones and devices. The EEDS topology determines which zones are secondary to the node zone and the relationship to other zones. In each of these zones there are other independent devices that form child devices such as capacitor banks. These are controlled by their zone parent control. The control processing proceeds by zone topology to implement the optimization process for the EEDS. For each zone control device and child device a monitored group of meters are assigned and used to initiate control point changes that implement the optimization process for the EEDS. This control process only requires the configuration information from the EPP and measurements of voltages from the monitored meters at the EUS and measurements of the meters at the ESS to determine the optimization and control the independent devices/variables of the optimization solution. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the non-monitored meters in the EEDS provide voltage exception reporting (see the US 2013/0030591 publication) that is used to re-select meters that are detected to be below the existing monitored group level for any device and connect them to the monitored group and disconnect meters that are not representing the lowest/highest of the meters in the EEDS. Monitored groups are maintained to track the upper and lower operating levels of the control device block where the total population of meters affected by the device reside. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the solution to the optimization of the EEDS is determined. The first step is to define the boundary of the optimization problem. The optimization deals with the EEDS, the ESS, the EEDCS, the EUS and the energy delivery (ED) system (EDS) and involves the voltage and energy relationships in these systems. The second step is to determine the performance criterion. This performance criterion is the energy loss from the ESS to the EUS that occurs in the EEDCS and the energy loss in the EUS and ED from CVR. The first loss is normally less than 5% of the total controllable losses from the voltage optimization. The second energy loss is the conservation voltage reduction loss in the EUS that is a combination of all of the CVR losses in the ED connected to the EUS point and is normally 95% of the potential controllable losses. The performance criterion is to minimize these two losses while maintaining or increasing the reliability of the voltage at the EUS and ED. The third steps to determine the independent variable in the optimization problem. The independent variables are the voltages being controlled by the LTC transformers, the voltage regulators, the capacitor bank position, and the EUS/EDS voltage control such as distributed generation voltage controllers. Each of these are specifically represented in the control by the VCC. The next step is creating the system model. The linear model of the losses represent the performance criterion model. The linear model of the ESS to EUS voltages represents the system model for the EEDCS. The final step is to determine the constraints. In this case, the constraints are the voltage range limits on the EUS and ED which are based on the appropriate equipment and operating standards. 
     The following assumptions were made to evaluate the optimization solution. First, it is assumed that the loads are evenly distributed by block, as defined in the VCC. This is a very reliable assumption since the blocks can be specifically selected. The second is that there is a uniformity between the percentage ESS voltage drop on the primary and the percentage EUS voltage drop on the secondary. With these two assumptions, it is shown that the model is monotonic, decreasing with voltage and with the slope of the voltage on the EEDCS. This means that the reduction in control voltage at the independent variable points always results in a decrease in the voltage at the EUS and a resulting decrease in the losses and if the slope of the voltage is minimized by the capacitor bank position simultaneously, then the application of linear optimization technique shows that the optimum will always occur at a boundary condition. This means that the first boundary condition that is encountered will identify the optimum operating point for the ED to minimize losses. The VCC is an implementation of a control process that implements the search for this boundary condition to assure optimum loss operation base on voltage control. 
     According to a further aspect of the disclosure, the VCC combines the optimization of the EPP and the optimization of the VCC to produce a simultaneous optimization of both the EEDS design and construction with the VCC operating optimization, to produce a continuous improvement process that cycles through the overall voltage optimization for the EEDS using a Plan, Manage, and Validate process. This continuous improvement process adapts the optimization to the continuously changing EEDS load environment completing the Voltage Optimization process. 
     Additional features, advantages, and embodiments of the disclosure may be set forth or apparent from consideration of the detailed description and drawings. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing summary of the disclosure and the following detailed description are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation without limiting the scope of the disclosure as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the detailed description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. No attempt is made to show structural details of the disclosure in more detail than may be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the disclosure and the various ways in which it may be practiced. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of an EEDS made up of an electricity generation and distribution system connected to customer loads, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows an example of a voltage control and conservation (VCC) system combined with an energy validation process (EVP) and an energy planning process (EPP) that is being measured at the ESS meter point and the EUS meter point made up of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) measuring voltage and energy, according to the principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows an example of how the EEDCS is represented as a linear model for the calculation of the delivery voltages and the energy losses by just using a linear model with assumptions within the limitations of the output voltages, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  shows an example of a EEDS structure for an electric distribution system with measuring points at the ESS delivery points and the EUS metering points, showing the equipment and devices within the system and the independent variables that can be used to accomplish the optimization of the EEDS, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  shows an example of the measuring system for the AMI meters used in the VCC, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  shows an example of the linear regression analysis relating the control variables to the EUS voltages that determine the power loss, voltage level and provide the input for searching for the optimum condition and recognizing the abnormal voltage levels from the AMI voltage metering, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  shows an example of the mapping of control meters to zones of control and blocks of control, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  shows an example of how the voltage characteristics from the independent variables are mapped to the linear regression models of the bellwether meters, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  shows the model used for the implementation of the optimization solution for the VCC, including the linearization for the EEDCS and the linearization of the two loss calculations, according to the principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  shows a representation of the approach to applying the per unit calculation to demonstrate the representation of the relative values of the impedances and losses of the EEDCS during VCC operation, according to principles of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  shows the way the VCC displays the ESS voltage data and the EUS monitored meter data for display to the operators; 
         FIG. 12  is similar to  FIG. 16 , except that it is a display for the capacitor bank child control showing its bandwidth limits and the operating voltage in the top graph and the monitored group of meters in the lower group that also searches the boundary and the slope from the LTC transformer monitored to the capacitor bank monitored is used to determine the optimum point in the loading to switch the capacitor bank in to minimize the slope of the line connecting the two monitored groups; and 
         FIG. 13  is a chart of the overall VCC, EVP, and EPP processes, showing optimization of the VCC process as well as optimization of the EEDS EPP process and improvement of the VCC process that minimizes real time losses in the EEDS and ED. 
     
    
    
     The present disclosure is further described in the detailed description that follows. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The disclosure and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments and examples that are described and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and features of one embodiment may be employed with other embodiments as the skilled artisan would recognize, even if not explicitly stated herein. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques may be omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments of the disclosure. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the disclosure may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments of the disclosure. Accordingly, the examples and embodiments herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Moreover, it is noted that like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     A “computer”, as used in this disclosure, means any machine, device, circuit, component, or module, or any system of machines, devices, circuits, components, modules, or the like, which are capable of manipulating data according to one or more instructions, such as, for example, without limitation, a processor, a microprocessor, a central processing unit, a general purpose computer, a super computer, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, a workstation computer, a server, or the like, or an array of processors, microprocessors, central processing units, general purpose computers, super computers, personal computers, laptop computers, palmtop computers, notebook computers, desktop computers, workstation computers, servers, or the like. 
     A “server”, as used in this disclosure, means any combination of software and/or hardware, including at least one application and/or at least one computer to perform services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. The at least one server application may include, but is not limited to, for example, an application program that can accept connections to service requests from clients by sending back responses to the clients. The server may be configured to run the at least one application, often under heavy workloads, unattended, for extended periods of time with minimal human direction. The server may include a plurality of computers configured, with the at least one application being divided among the computers depending upon the workload. For example, under light loading, the at least one application can run on a single computer. However, under heavy loading, multiple computers may be required to run the at least one application. The server, or any if its computers, may also be used as a workstation. 
     A “database”, as used in this disclosure, means any combination of software and/or hardware, including at least one application and/or at least one computer. The database may include a structured collection of records or data organized according to a database model, such as, for example, but not limited to at least one of a relational model, a hierarchical model, a network model or the like. The database may include a database management system application (DBMS) as is known in the art. At least one application may include, but is not limited to, for example, an application program that can accept connections to service requests from clients by sending back responses to the clients. The database may be configured to run the at least one application, often under heavy workloads, unattended, for extended periods of time with minimal human direction. 
     A “communication link”, as used in this disclosure, means a wired and/or wireless medium that conveys data or information between at least two points. The wired or wireless medium may include, for example, a metallic conductor link, a radio frequency (RF) communication link, an Infrared (IR) communication link, an optical communication link, or the like, without limitation. The RF communication link may include, for example, WiFi, WiMAX, IEEE 802.11, DECT, 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G or 4G cellular standards, Bluetooth, and the like. 
     The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof, as used in this disclosure, mean “including, but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “a”, “an”, and “the”, as used in this disclosure, means “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. 
     Although process steps, method steps, algorithms, or the like, may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may be configured to work in alternate orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of the processes, methods or algorithms described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously. 
     When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article. The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. 
     A “computer-readable medium”, as used in this disclosure, means any medium that participates in providing data (for example, instructions) which may be read by a computer. Such a medium may take many forms, including non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media may include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media may include dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Transmission media may include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying sequences of instructions to a computer. For example, sequences of instruction (i) may be delivered from a RAM to a processor, (ii) may be carried over a wireless transmission medium, and/or (iii) may be formatted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, including, for example, WiFi, WiMAX, IEEE 802.11, DECT, 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G or 4G cellular standards, Bluetooth, or the like. 
     According to one non-limiting example of the disclosure, a voltage control and conservation (VCC) system  200  is provided (shown in  FIG. 2 ) and the EVP  600  is used to monitor the change in EEDS energy from the VCC  200 . The VCC  200 , includes three subsystems, including an energy delivery (ED) system  300 , an energy control (EC) system  400 , an energy regulation (ER) system  500 . Also shown in  FIG. 2  are an energy validation (EVP) system  600  and an energy planning process (EPP) system  1700 . The VCC system  200  is configured to monitor energy usage at the ED system  300  and determine one or more energy delivery parameters at the EC system (or voltage controller)  400 . The EC system  400  may then provide the one or more energy delivery parameters C ED  to the ER system  500  to adjust the energy delivered to a plurality of users for optimal maximum energy conservation. The EVP system  600  monitors through communications link  610  all metered energy flow and determines the change in energy resulting from a change in voltage control at the ER system  500 . The EVP system  600  also reads weather data information through a communication link  620  from an appropriate weather station  640  to execute the EVP process  630 . The EVP system  600  is more fully described in the co-pending/P006 application. 
     The EPP system  1700  reads the historical databases  470  via communication link  1740  for the AMI data. The EPP system  1700  can process this historical data along with measured AMI data to identify problems, if any, on the EEDS system  700 . The EPP system  1700  is also able to identify any outlier points in the analysis caused by proposed optimal system modifications and to identify the initial meters to be used for monitoring by VCC system  200  until the adaptive process (discussed in the US 2013/0030591 publication) is initiated by the control system. 
     The VCC system  200  is also configured to monitor via communication link  610  energy change data from EVP system  600  and determine one or more energy delivery parameters at the EC system (or voltage controller)  400 . The EC system  400  may then provide the one or more energy delivery parameters C ED  to the ER system  500  to adjust the energy delivered to a plurality of users for maximum energy conservation. Similarly, the EC system  400  may use the energy change data to control the EEDS  700  in other ways. For example, components of the EEDS  700  may be modified, adjusted, added or deleted, including the addition of capacitor banks, modification of voltage regulators, changes to end-user equipment to modify customer efficiency, and other control actions. 
     The VCC system  200  may be integrated into, for example, an existing load curtailment plan of an electrical power supply system. The electrical power supply system may include an emergency voltage reduction plan, which may be activated when one or more predetermined events are triggered. The predetermined events may include, for example, an emergency, an overheating of electrical conductors, when the electrical power output from the transformer exceeds, for example, 80% of its power rating, or the like. The VCC system  200  is configured to yield to the load curtailment plan when the one or more predetermined events are triggered, allowing the load curtailment plan to be executed to reduce the voltage of the electrical power supplied to the plurality of users. 
       FIG. 1  is similar to FIG. 1 of US publication 2013/0030591, with overlays that show an example of an EEDS  700  system, including an ESS system  800 , an EUS system  900  and an EEDCS system  1000  based on the electricity generation and distribution system  100 , according to principles of the disclosure. The electricity generation and distribution system  100  includes an electrical power generating station  110 , a generating step-up transformer  120 , a substation  130 , a plurality of step-down transformers  140 ,  165 ,  167 , and users  150 ,  160 . The electrical power generating station  110  generates electrical power that is supplied to the step-up transformer  120 . The step-up transformer steps-up the voltage of the electrical power and supplies the stepped-up electrical power to an electrical transmission media  125 . The ESS  800  includes the station  110 , the step-up transformer  120 , the substation  130 , the step-down transformers  140 ,  165 ,  167 , the ER  500  as described herein, and the electrical transmission media, including media  125 , for transmitting the power from the station  110  to users  150 ,  160 . The EUS  900  includes the ED  300  system as described herein, and a number of energy usage devices (EUD)  920  that may be consumers of power, or loads, including customer equipment and the like. The EEDCS system  1000  includes transmission media, including media  135 , connections and any other equipment located between the ESS  800  and the EUS  900 . 
     As seen in  FIG. 1 , the electrical transmission media may include wire conductors, which may be carried above ground by, for example, utility poles  127 ,  137  and/or underground by, for example, shielded conductors (not shown). The electrical power is supplied from the step-up transformer  120  to the substation  130  as electrical power E In (t), where the electrical power E In  in MegaWatts (MW) may vary as a function of time t. The substation  130  converts the received electrical power E In (t) to E Supply (t) and supplies the converted electrical power E Supply (t) to the plurality of users  150 ,  160 . The substation  130  may adjustably transform the voltage component V In (t) of the received electrical power E In (t) by, for example, stepping-down the voltage before supplying the electrical power E Supply (t) to the users  150 ,  160 . The electrical power E Supply (t) supplied from the substation  130  may be received by the step-down transformers  140 ,  165 ,  167  and supplied to the users  150 ,  160  through a transmission medium  142 ,  162 , such as, for example, but not limited to, underground electrical conductors (and/or above ground electrical conductors). 
     Each of the users  150 ,  160  may include an Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI)  330 . The AMI  330  may be coupled to a Regional Operations Center (ROC)  180 . The ROC  180  may be coupled to the AMI  330 , by means of a plurality of communication links  175 ,  184 ,  188 , a network  170  and/or a wireless communication system  190 . The wireless communication system  190  may include, but is not limited to, for example, an RF transceiver, a satellite transceiver, and/or the like. 
     The network  170  may include, for example, at least one of the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a personal area network (PAN), a campus area network, a corporate area network, the electrical transmission media  125 ,  135  and transformers  140 ,  165 ,  167 , a global area network (GAN), a broadband area network (BAN), or the like, any of which may be configured to communicate data via a wireless and/or a wired communication medium. The network  170  may be configured to include a network topology such as, for example, a ring, a mesh, a line, a tree, a star, a bus, a full connection, or the like 
     The AMI  330  may include any one or more of the following: A smart meter; a network interface (for example, a WAN interface, or the like); firmware; software; hardware; and the like. The AMI may be configured to determine any one or more of the following: kilo-Watt-hours (kWh) delivered; kWh received; kWh delivered plus kWh received; kWh delivered minus kWh received; interval data; demand data; voltage; current; phase; and the like. If the AMI is a three phase meter, then the low phase voltage may be used in the average calculation, or the values for each phase may be used independently. If the meter is a single phase meter, then the single voltage component will be averaged. 
     The AMI  330  may further include one or more collectors  350  (shown in  FIG. 2 ) configured to collect AMI data from one or more AMIs  330  tasked with, for example, measuring and reporting electric power delivery and consumption at one or more of the users  150 ,  160 . Alternatively (or additionally), the one or more collectors may be located external to the users  150 ,  160 , such as, for example, in a housing holding the step-down transformers  140 ,  165 ,  167 . Each of the collectors may be configured to communicate with the ROC  180 . 
     The VCC system  200  plugs into the DMS and AMI systems to execute the voltage control function. In addition, the EVP system  600  collects weather data and uses the AMI data from the ESS system  800  to calculate the energy savings level achieved by the VCC system  200 . In addition, the EPP system  1700  provides a process to continually improve the performance of the EEDS by periodically reviewing the historical AMI voltage data and providing identification of problem EUS voltage performance and the modifications needed to increase the efficiency and reliability of the EEDS system  700 , using the VCC system  200 . 
     VCC System  200   
       FIG. 2  shows an example of the VCC system  200  with the EVP system  600  monitoring the change in energy resulting from the VCC controlling the EEDS in the more efficient lower 5% band of voltage, according to principles of the disclosure. The VCC system  200  includes the ED system  300 , the EC system  400  and the ER system  500 , each of which is shown as a broken-line ellipse. The VCC system  200  is configured to monitor energy usage at the ED system  300 . The ED system  300  monitors energy usage at one or more users  150 ,  160  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) and sends energy usage information to the EC system  400 . The EC system  400  processes the energy usage information and generates one or more energy delivery parameters C ED , which it sends to the ER system  500  via communication link  430 . The ER system  500  receives the one or more energy delivery parameters C ED  and adjusts the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied to the users  150 ,  160  based on the received energy delivery parameters C ED . The EVP system  600  receives the weather data and the energy usage data and calculates the energy usage improvement from the VCC  200 . 
     The VCC system  200  minimizes power system losses, reduces user energy consumption and provides precise user voltage control. The VCC system  200  may include a closed loop process control application that uses user voltage data provided by the ED system  300  to control, for example, a voltage set point V SP  on a distribution circuit (not shown) within the ER system  500 . That is, the VCC system  200  may control the voltages V Supply (t) of the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied to the users  150 ,  160 , by adjusting the voltage set point V SP  of the distribution circuit in the ER system  500 , which may include, for example, one or more load tap changing (LTC) transformers, one or more voltage regulators, or other voltage controlling equipment to maintain a tighter band for optimization of the operation of the voltages V Delivered (t) of the electric power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160 , to lower power losses and facilitate efficient use of electrical power E Delivered (t) at the user locations  150  or  160 . 
     The VCC system  200  optimally controls or adjusts the voltage V Supply (t) of the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied from the EC system  500  based on AMI data, which includes measured voltage V Meter (t) data from the users  150 ,  160  in the ED system  300 , and based on validation data from the EVP system  600  and information received from the EPP system  1700 . The VCC system  200  may adjust the voltage set point V SP  at the substation or line regulator level in the ER system  500  by, for example, adjusting the LTC transformer (not shown), circuit regulators (not shown), or the like, to maintain the user voltages V Meter (t) in a target voltage band V Band-n , which may include a safe nominal operating range. 
     The VCC system  200  is configured to maintain the electrical power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160  within one or more voltage bands V Band-n . For example, the energy may be delivered in two or more voltage bands V Band-n  substantially simultaneously, where the two or more voltage bands may be substantially the same or different. The value V Band-n  may be determined by the following expression [ 1 ]:
 
 V   Band-n   =V   SP   ΔV   [1]
 
where V Band-n  is a range of voltages, n is a positive integer greater than zero corresponding to the number of voltage bands V Band  that may be handled at substantially the same time, V SP  is the voltage set point value and ΔV is a voltage deviation range.
 
     For example, the VCC system  200  may maintain the electrical power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160  within a band V Band-1  equal to, for example, 111V to 129V for rural applications, where V SP  is set to 120V and ΔV is set to a deviation of seven-and-one-half percent (+/−7.5%). Similarly, the VCC system  200  may maintain the electrical power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160  within a band V Band-2  equal to, for example, 114V to 126V for urban applications, where V SP  is set to 120V and ΔV is set to a deviation of five (+/−5%). 
     The VCC system  200  may maintain the electrical power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160  at any voltage band V Band-n  usable by the users  150 ,  160 , by determining appropriate values for V SP  and ΔV. In this regard, the values V SP  and ΔV may be determined by the EC system  400  based on the energy usage information for users  150 ,  160 , received from the ED system  300 . 
     The EC system  400  may send the V SP  and ΔV values to the ER system  500  as energy delivery parameters C ED , which may also include the value V Band-n . The ER system  500  may then control and maintain the voltage V Delivered (t) of the electrical power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160 , within the voltage band V Band-n . The energy delivery parameters C ED  may further include, for example, load-tap-changer (LTC) control commands. 
     The EVP system  600  may further measure and validate energy savings by comparing energy usage by the users  150 ,  160  before a change in the voltage set point value V SP  (or voltage band V Band-n ) to the energy usage by the users  150 ,  160  after a change in the voltage set point value V SP  (or voltage band V Band-n ), according to principles of the disclosure. These measurements and validations may be used to determine the effect in overall energy savings by, for example, lowering the voltage V Delivered (t) of the electrical power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160 , and to determine optimal delivery voltage bands V Band-n  for the energy power E Delivered (t) delivered to the users  150 ,  160 . 
     ER System  500   
     The ER system  500  may communicate with the ED system  300  and/or EC system  400  by means of the network  170 . The ER system  500  is coupled to the network  170  and the EC system  400  by means of communication links  510  and  430 , respectively. The EC system  500  is also coupled to the ED system  300  by means of the power lines  340 , which may include communication links. 
     The ER system  500  includes a substation  530  which receives the electrical power supply E In (t) from, for example, the power generating station  110  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) on a line  520 . The electrical power E In (t) includes a voltage V In (t) component and a current I In (t) component. The substation  530  adjustably transforms the received electrical power E In (t) to, for example, reduce (or step-down) the voltage component V In (t) of the electrical power E In (t) to a voltage value V Supply (t) of the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied to the plurality of AMIs  330  on the power supply lines  340 . 
     The substation  530  may include a transformer (not shown), such as, for example, a load tap change (LTC) transformer. In this regard, the substation  530  may further include an automatic tap changer mechanism (not shown), which is configured to automatically change the taps on the LTC transformer. The tap changer mechanism may change the taps on the LTC transformer either on-load (on-load tap changer, or OLTC) or off-load, or both. The tap changer mechanism may be motor driven and computer controlled. The substation  530  may also include a buck/boost transformer to adjust and maximize the power factor of the electrical power E Delivered (t) supplied to the users on power supply lines  340 . 
     Additionally (or alternatively), the substation  530  may include one or more voltage regulators, or other voltage controlling equipment, as known by those having ordinary skill in the art, that may be controlled to maintain the output the voltage component V Supply (t) of the electrical power E Supply (t) at a predetermined voltage value or within a predetermined range of voltage values. 
     The substation  530  receives the energy delivery parameters C ED  from the EC system  400  on the communication link  430 . The energy delivery parameters C ED  may include, for example, load tap coefficients when an LTC transformer is used to step-down the input voltage component V In (t) of the electrical power E In (t) to the voltage component V Supply (t) of the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied to the ED system  300 . In this regard, the load tap coefficients may be used by the ER system  500  to keep the voltage component V Supply (t) on the low-voltage side of the LTC transformer at a predetermined voltage value or within a predetermined range of voltage values. 
     The LTC transformer may include, for example, seventeen or more steps (thirty-five or more available positions), each of which may be selected based on the received load tap coefficients. Each change in step may adjust the voltage component V Supply (t) on the low voltage side of the LTC transformer by as little as, for example, about five-sixteenths (0.3%), or less. 
     Alternatively, the LTC transformer may include fewer than seventeen steps. Similarly, each change in step of the LTC transformer may adjust the voltage component V Supply (t) on the low voltage side of the LTC transformer by more than, for example, about five-sixteenths (0.3%). 
     The voltage component V Supply (t) may be measured and monitored on the low voltage side of the LTC transformer by, for example, sampling or continuously measuring the voltage component V Supply (t) of the stepped-down electrical power E Supply (t) and storing the measured voltage component V Supply (t) values as a function of time tin a storage (not shown), such as, for example, a computer readable medium. The voltage component V Supply (t) may be monitored on, for example, a substation distribution bus, or the like. Further, the voltage component V Supply (t) may be measured at any point where measurements could be made for the transmission or distribution systems in the ER system  500 . 
     Similarly, the voltage component W In (t) of the electrical power E In (t) input to the high voltage side of the LTC transformer may be measured and monitored. Further, the current component I Supply (t) of the stepped-down electrical power E Supply (t) and the current component I In (t) of the electrical power E In (t) may also be measured and monitored. In this regard, a phase difference φ In (t) between the voltage V In (t) and current I In (t) components of the electrical power E In (t) may be determined and monitored. Similarly, a phase difference φ Supply (t) between the voltage V Supply (t) and current I Supply (t) components of the electrical energy supply E Supply (t) may be determined and monitored. 
     The ER system  500  may provide electrical energy supply status information to the EC system  400  on the communication links  430  or  510 . The electrical energy supply information may include the monitored voltage component V Supply (t). The electrical energy supply information may further include the voltage component V In (t), current components I In (t), I Supply (t), and/or phase difference values φ In (t), φ Supply (t), as a function of time t. The electrical energy supply status information may also include, for example, the load rating of the LTC transformer. 
     The electrical energy supply status information may be provided to the EC system  400  at periodic intervals of time, such as, for example, every second, 5 sec., 10 sec., 30 sec., 60 sec., 120 sec., 600 sec., or any other value within the scope and spirit of the disclosure, as determined by one having ordinary skill in the art. The periodic intervals of time may be set by the EC system  400  or the ER system  500 . Alternatively, the electrical energy supply status information may be provided to the EC system  400  or ER system  500  intermittently. 
     Further, the electrical energy supply status information may be forwarded to the EC system  400  in response to a request by the EC system  400 , or when a predetermined event is detected. The predetermined event may include, for example, when the voltage component V Supply (t) changes by an amount greater (or less) than a defined threshold value V SupplyThreshold  (for example, 130V) over a predetermined interval of time, a temperature of one or more components in the ER system  500  exceeds a defined temperature threshold, or the like. 
     ED System  300   
     The ED system  300  includes a plurality of AMIs  330 . The ED system  300  may further include at least one collector  350 , which is optional. The ED system  300  may be coupled to the network  170  by means of a communication link  310 . The collector  350  may be coupled to the plurality of AMIs  330  by means of a communication link  320 . The AMIs  330  may be coupled to the ER system  500  by means of one or more power supply lines  340 , which may also include communication links. 
     Each AMI  330  is configured to measure, store and report energy usage data by the associated users  150 ,  160  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). Each AMI  330  is further configured to measure and determine energy usage at the users  150 ,  160 , including the voltage component V Meter  (t) and current component I Meter  (t) of the electrical power E Meter (t) used by the users  150 ,  160 , as a function of time. The AMIs  330  may measure the voltage component V Meter (t) and current component I Meter (t) of the electrical power E Meter (t) at discrete times t s , where s is a sampling period, such as, for example, s=5 sec., 10 sec., 30 sec., 60 sec., 300 sec., 600 sec., or more. For example, the AMIs  330  may measure energy usage every, for example, minute (t 60 sec ), five minutes (t 300 sec ), ten minutes (t 600 sec ), or more, or at time intervals variably set by the AMI  330  (for example, using a random number generator). 
     The AMIs  330  may average the measured voltage V Meter (t) and/or I Meter (t) values over predetermined time intervals (for example, 5 min, 10 min., 30 min., or more). The AMIs  330  may store the measured electrical power usage E (t) including E Meter  the measured voltage component V Meter (t) and/or current component I Meter (t) as AMI data in a local (or remote) storage (not shown), such as, for example, a computer readable medium. 
     Each AMI  330  is also capable of operating in a “report-by-exception” mode for any voltage V Meter (t), current I Meter (t), or energy usage E Meter (t) that falls outside of a target component band. The target component band may include, a target voltage band, a target current band, or a target energy usage band. In the “report-by-exception” mode, the AMI  330  may sua sponte initiate communication and send AMI data to the EC system  400 . The “report-by-exception” mode may be used to reconfigure the AMIs  330  used to represent, for example, the lowest voltages on the circuit as required by changing system conditions. 
     The AMI data may be periodically provided to the collector  350  by means of the communication links  320 . Additionally, the AMIs  330  may provide the AMI data in response to a AMI data request signal received from the collector  350  on the communication links  320 . 
     Alternatively (or additionally), the AMI data may be periodically provided directly to the EC system  400  (for example, the MAS  460 ) from the plurality of AMIs, by means of, for example, communication links  320 ,  410  and network  170 . In this regard, the collector  350  may be bypassed, or eliminated from the ED system  300 . Furthermore, the AMIs  330  may provide the AMI data directly to the EC system  400  in response to a AMI data request signal received from the EC system  400 . In the absence of the collector  350 , the EC system (for example, the MAS  460 ) may carry out the functionality of the collector  350  described herein. 
     The request signal may include, for example, a query (or read) signal and a AMI identification signal that identifies the particular AMI  330  from which AMI data is sought. The AMI data may include the following information for each AMI  330 , including, for example, kilo-Watt-hours (kWh) delivered data, kWh received data, kWh delivered plus kWh received data, kWh delivered minus kWh received data, voltage level data, current level data, phase angle between voltage and current, kVar data, time interval data, demand data, and the like. 
     Additionally, the AMIs  330  may send the AMI data to the meter automation system server MAS  460 . The AMI data may be sent to the MAS  460  periodically according to a predetermined schedule or upon request from the MAS  460 . 
     The collector  350  is configured to receive the AMI data from each of the plurality of AMIs  330  via the communication links  320 . The collector  350  stores the received AMI data in a local storage (not shown), such as, for example, a computer readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium). The collector  350  compiles the received AMI data into a collector data. In this regard, the received AMI data may be aggregated into the collector data based on, for example, a geographic zone in which the AMIs  330  are located, a particular time band (or range) during which the AMI data was collected, a subset of AMIs  330  identified in a collector control signal, and the like. In compiling the received AMI data, the collector  350  may average the voltage component V Meter (t) values received in the AMI data from all (or a subset of all) of the AMIs  330 . 
     The EC system  400  is able to select or alter a subset of all of the AMIs  330  to be monitored for predetermined time intervals, which may include for example 15 minute intervals. It is noted that the predetermined time intervals may be shorter or longer than 15 minutes. The subset of all of the AMIs  330  is selectable and can be altered by the EC system  400  as needed to maintain minimum level control of the voltage V Supply (t) supplied to the AMIs  330 . 
     The collector  350  may also average the electrical power E Meter (t) values received in the AMI data from all (or a subset of all) of the AMIs  330 . The compiled collector data may be provided by the collector  350  to the EC system  400  by means of the communication link  310  and network  170 . For example, the collector  350  may send the compiled collector data to the MAS  460  (or ROC  490 ) in the EC system  400 . 
     The collector  350  is configured to receive collector control signals over the network  170  and communication link  310  from the EC system  400 . Based on the received collector control signals, the collector  350  is further configured to select particular ones of the plurality of AMIs  330  and query the meters for AMI data by sending a AMI data request signal to the selected AMIs  330 . The collector  350  may then collect the AMI data that it receives from the selected AMIs  330  in response to the queries. The selectable AMIs  330  may include any one or more of the plurality of AMIs  330 . The collector control signals may include, for example, an identification of the AMIs  330  to be queried (or read), time(s) at which the identified AMIs  330  are to measure the V Meter (t), I Meter (t), E Meter (t) and/or φ Meter (t) (φ Meter (t) is the phase difference between the voltage V Meter  (t) and current I Meter (t) components of the electrical power E Meter (t) measured at the identified AMI  330 ), energy usage information since the last reading from the identified AMI  330 , and the like. The collector  350  may then compile and send the compiled collector data to the MAS  460  (and/or ROC  490 ) in the EC system  400 . 
     EC System  400   
     The EC system  400  may communicate with the ED system  300  and/or ER system  500  by means of the network  170 . The EC system  400  is coupled to the network  170  by means of one or more communication links  410 . The EC system  400  may also communicate directly with the ER system  500  by means of a communication link  430 . 
     The EC system  400  includes the MAS  460 , a database (DB)  470 , a distribution management system (DMS)  480 , and a regional operation center (ROC)  490 . The ROC  490  may include a computer (ROC computer)  495 , a server (not shown) and a database (not shown). The MAS  460  may be coupled to the DB  470  and DMS  480  by means of communication links  420  and  440 , respectively. The DMS  480  may be coupled to the ROC  490  and ER system  500  by means of the communication link  430 . The database  470  may be located at the same location as (for example, proximate to, or within) the MAS  460 , or at a remote location that may be accessible via, for example, the network  170 . 
     The EC system  400  is configured to de-select, from the subset of monitored AMIs  330 , a AMI  330  that the EC system  400  previously selected to monitor, and select the AMI  330  that is outside of the subset of monitored AMIs  330 , but which is operating in the report-by-exception mode. The EC system  400  may carry out this change after receiving the sua sponte AMI data from the non-selected AMI  330 . In this regard, the EC system  400  may remove or terminate a connection to the de-selected AMI  330  and create a new connection to the newly selected AMI  330  operating in the report-by-exception mode. The EC system  400  is further configured to select any one or more of the plurality of AMIs  330  from which it receives AMI data comprising, for example, the lowest measured voltage component V Meter (t), and generate an energy delivery parameter C ED  based on the AMI data received from the AMI(s)  330  that provide the lowest measured voltage component V Meter (t). 
     The MAS  460  may include a computer (not shown) that is configured to receive the collector data from the collector  350 , which includes AMI data collected from a selected subset (or all) of the AMIs  330 . The MAS  460  is further configured to retrieve and forward AMI data to the ROC  490  in response to queries received from the ROC  490 . The MAS  460  may store the collector data, including AMI data in a local storage and/or in the DB  470 . 
     The DMS  480  may include a computer that is configured to receive the electrical energy supply status information from the substation  530 . The DMS  480  is further configured to retrieve and forward measured voltage component V Meter (t) values and electrical power E Meter (t) values in response to queries received from the ROC  490 . The DMS  480  may be further configured to retrieve and forward measured current component I Meter (t) values in response to queries received from the ROC  490 . The DMS  480  also may be further configured to retrieve all “report-by-exception” voltages V Meter (t) from the AMIs  330  operating in the “report-by-exception” mode and designate the voltages V Meter (t) as one of the control points to be continuously read at predetermined times (for example, every 15 minutes, or less (or more), or at varying times). The “report-by-exception voltages V Meter (t) may be used to control the EC  500  set points. 
     The DB  470  may include a plurality of relational databases (not shown). The DB  470  includes a large number of records that include historical data for each AMI  330 , each collector  350 , each substation  530 , and the geographic area(s) (including latitude, longitude, and altitude) where the AMIs  330 , collectors  350 , and substations  530  are located. 
     For instance, the DB  470  may include any one or more of the following information for each AMI  330 , including: a geographic location (including latitude, longitude, and altitude); a AMI identification number; an account number; an account name; a billing address; a telephone number; a AMI type, including model and serial number; a date when the AMI was first placed into use; a time stamp of when the AMI was last read (or queried); the AMI data received at the time of the last reading; a schedule of when the AMI is to be read (or queried), including the types of information that are to be read; and the like. 
     The historical AMI data may include, for example, the electrical power E Meter (t) used by the particular AMI  330 , as a function of time. Time t may be measured in, for example, discrete intervals at which the electrical power E Meter  magnitude (kWh) of the received electrical power E Meter (t) is measured or determined at the AMI  330 . The historical AMI data includes a measured voltage component V Meter (t) of the electrical energy E Meter (t) received at the AMI  330 . The historical AMI data may further include a measured current component I Meter (t) and/or phase difference φ Meter (t) of the electrical power E Meter  (t) received at the AMI  330 . 
     As noted earlier, the voltage component V Meter (t) may be measured at a sampling period of, for example, every five seconds, ten seconds, thirty seconds, one minute, five minutes, ten minutes, fifteen minutes, or the like. The current component I Meter (t) and/or the received electrical power E Meter (t) values may also be measured at substantially the same times as the voltage component V Meter (t). 
     Given the low cost of memory, the DB  470  may include historical data from the very beginning of when the AMI data was first collected from the AMIs  330  through to the most recent AMI data received from the AMIs  330 . 
     The DB  470  may include a time value associated with each measured voltage component V Meter (t), current component I Meter (t), phase component φ Meter (t) and/or electrical power E Meter (t), which may include a timestamp value generated at the AMI  330 . The timestamp value may include, for example, a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute, a second, and a fraction of a second. Alternatively, the timestamp may be a coded value which may be decoded to determine a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute, a second, and a fraction of a second, using, for example, a look up table. The ROC  490  and/or AMIs  330  may be configured to receive, for example, a WWVB atomic clock signal transmitted by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or the like and synchronize its internal clock (not shown) to the WWVB atomic clock signal. 
     The historical data in the DB  470  may further include historical collector data associated with each collector  350 . The historical collector data may include any one or more of the following information, including, for example: the particular AMIs  330  associated with each collector  350 ; the geographic location (including latitude, longitude, and altitude) of each collector  350 ; a collector type, including model and serial number; a date when the collector  350  was first placed into use; a time stamp of when collector data was last received from the collector  350 ; the collector data that was received; a schedule of when the collector  350  is expected to send collector data, including the types of information that are to be sent; and the like. 
     The historical collector data may further include, for example, an external temperature value T Collector (t) measured outside of each collector  350  at time t. The historical collector data may further include, for example, any one or more of the following for each collector  350 : an atmospheric pressure value P Collector (t) measured proximate the collector  350  at time t; a humidity value H Collector (t) measured proximate the collector  350  at time t; a wind vector value W Collector (t) measured proximate the collector  350  at time t, including direction and magnitude of the measured wind; a solar irradiant value L Collector (t) (kW/m 2 ) measured proximate the collector  350  at time t; and the like. 
     The historical data in the DB  470  may further include historical substation data associated with each substation  530 . The historical substation data may include any one or more of the following information, including, for example: the identifications of the particular AMIs  330  supplied with electrical energy E Supply (t) by the substation  530 ; the geographic location (including latitude, longitude, and altitude) of the substation  530 ; the number of distribution circuits; the number of transformers; a transformer type of each transformer, including model, serial number and maximum Megavolt Ampere (MVA) rating; the number of voltage regulators; a voltage regulator type of each voltage regulator, including model and serial number; a time stamp of when substation data was last received from the substation  530 ; the substation data that was received; a schedule of when the substation  530  is expected to provide electrical energy supply status information, including the types of information that are to be provided; and the like. 
     The historical substation data may include, for example, the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied to each particular AMI  330 , where E Supply (t) is measured or determined at the output of the substation  530 . The historical substation data includes a measured voltage component V Supply (t) of the supplied electrical power E Supply (t), which may be measured, for example, on the distribution bus (not shown) from the transformer. The historical substation data may further include a measured current component I Supply (t) of the supplied electrical power E Supply (t). As noted earlier, the voltage component V Supply (t), the current component I Supply (t), and/or the electrical power E Supply (t) may be measured at a sampling period of, for example, every five seconds, ten seconds, thirty seconds, a minute, five minutes, ten minutes, or the like. The historical substation data may further include a phase difference value φ Supply (t) between the voltage V Supply (t) and current I Supply (t) signals of the electrical power E Supply (t), which may be used to determine the power factor of the electrical power E Supply (t) supplied to the AMIs  330 . 
     The historical substation data may further include, for example, the electrical power E In (t) received on the line  520  at the input of the substation  530 , where the electrical power E In (t) is measured or determined at the input of the substation  530 . The historical substation data may include a measured voltage component V In (t) of the received electrical power E In (t), which may be measured, for example, at the input of the transformer. The historical substation data may further include a measured current component I In  (t) of the received electrical power E In (t). As noted earlier, the voltage component V In (t), the current component I In (t), and/or the electrical power E In (t) may be measured at a sampling period of, for example, every five seconds, ten seconds, thirty seconds, a minute, five minutes, ten minutes, or the like. The historical substation data may further include a phase difference φ In (t) between the voltage component V In (t) and current component I In (t) of the electrical power E In (t). The power factor of the electrical power E In (t) may be determined based on the phase difference φ In (t). 
     According to an aspect of the disclosure, the EC system  400  may save aggregated kW data at the substation level, voltage data at the substation level, and weather data to compare to energy usage per AMI  330  to determine the energy savings from the VCC system  200 , and using linear regression to remove the effects of weather, load growth, economic effects, and the like, from the calculation. 
     In the VCC system  200 , control may be initiated from, for example, the ROC computer  495 . In this regard, a control screen  305  may be displayed on the ROC computer  495 , as shown, for example, in FIG. 3 of the US 2013/0030591 publication. The control screen  305  may correspond to data for a particular substation  530  (for example, the TRABUE SUBSTATION) in the ER system  500 . The ROC computer  495  can control and override (if necessary), for example, the substation  530  load tap changing transformer based on, for example, the AMI data received from the ED system  300  for the users  150 ,  160 . The ED system  300  may determine the voltages of the electrical power supplied to the user locations  150 ,  160 , at predetermined (or variable) intervals, such as, e.g., on average each 15 minutes, while maintaining the voltages within required voltage limits. 
     For system security, the substation  530  may be controlled through the direct communication link  430  from the ROC  490  and/or DMS  480 , including transmission of data through communication link  430  to and from the ER  500 , EUS  300  and EVP  600 . 
     Furthermore, an operator can initiate a voltage control program on the ROC computer  490 , overriding the controls, if necessary, and monitoring a time it takes to read the user voltages V Meter (t) being used for control of, for example, the substation LTC transformer (not shown) in the ER system  500 . 
     EVP System  600   
       FIG. 2  of the co-pending/P006 application shows the energy validation process  600  for determining the amount of conservation in energy per customer realized by operating the VCC system in  FIGS. 1-2  of the present application. The process is started  601  and the data the ON and OFF periods is loaded  602  by the process manager. The next step is to collect  603  the hourly voltage and power (MW) data from the metering data points on the VCC system from the DMS  480  which may be part of a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) type of industrial control system. Next the corresponding weather data is collected  604  for the same hourly conditions. The data is processed  605 ,  606 ,  607 ,  608  to improve its quality using filters and analysis techniques to eliminate outliers that could incorrectly affect the results, as describe further below. If hourly pairing is to be done the hourly groups are determined  609  using the linear regression techniques. The next major step is to determine  611 ,  612 ,  613 ,  614 ,  615 ,  616 ,  617  the optimal pairing of the samples, as described further below. 
     EPP System  1700   
       FIG. 2  of the present application also shows an example of the EPP system  1700  applied to a distribution circuit, that also may include the VCC system  200  and the EVP system  600 , as discussed previously. The EPP system  1700  collects the historic energy and voltage data from the AMI system from database  470  and/or the distribution management systems (DMS)  480  and combines this with the CVR factor analysis from the EVP system  600  (discussed in detail in the co-pending/P006 application) to produce an optimized robust planning process for correcting problems and improving the capability of the VCC system  200  to increase the energy efficiency and demand reduction applications. 
       FIG. 3  shows an example of how the EEDCS  1000  is represented as a linear model for the calculation of the delivery voltages and the energy losses by just using a linear model with assumptions within the limitations of the output voltages. This model enables a robust model that can implement an optimization process and is more accommodating to a secondary voltage measuring system (e.g., AMI-based measurements). The two linear approximations for the power losses associated with the voltage drops from the ESS  800  to the EUS  900  are shown and make up the mathematical model for the performance criterion over limited model range of the voltage constraints of the EUS AMI voltages. The energy losses in the EEDCS  1000  can be linearized based on the voltage drop from the ESS  800  to the EUS  900 , as represented by the equation: Vs−V AMI =B EEDCS ×P LossEEDCS , where Vs is the ESS voltage, V AMI  is the EUS voltage (as measured by AMI  330 ), B EEDCS  represents the slope of the linear regression, and P LossEEDCS  represents the loss energy losses in the EEDCS  1000 . Similarly, the energy loss in an EUS  900  (e.g., the difference in energy between when the load is in the ON and OFF states) can be linearized based on the voltage difference between a measurement in the load-ON state and a measurement in the load-OFF state, as represented by the equation: V AMIon −V AMIoff =B EUS ×P LossEUS , where V AMIon  is the EUS voltage in the ON state, V AMIoff  is the EUS voltage in the OFF state, B EUS  represents the slope of the linear regression, and P LossEUS  represents the difference in energy between the load-ON and load-OFF states. The relative loss amounts between the primary and secondary EEDCS (P LossEEDCS ) to the CVR factor-based losses of the EUS to ED (P LossEUS ) are less than 5% and more than 95%. This near order of magnitude difference allows more assumptions to be used in deriving the smaller magnitude of the EEDCS losses and the more accurate model for calculating the larger CVR factor losses of the EUS to ED. 
       FIG. 4  shows an example of an EEDS control structure for an electric distribution system with measuring points at the ESS delivery points and the EUS metering points. The control points are the independent variables in the optimization model that will be used to determine the optimum solution to the minimization of the power losses in the EEDS  700 . The blocks at the top of the  FIG. 4  illustrate the components of the various systems of the EEDS.  700 , e.g., ESS  800 , EEDCS  1000 , EUS  900  and ED system  300 , where the controls or independent variables are located. Below each box include examples of the independent variables that can be used to accomplish the optimization of the EEDS  700 . For example, the independent variables to be used in the optimization may include the LTC transformer output voltages, the regulator output voltages, the position of the capacitor banks, the voltage level of the distributed generation, customer voltage control devices, the inverters for electrical vehicle charging, direct load control devices that affect voltage. The AMI meters  330  are placed at points where the independent variables and the output voltages to the EUS  900  can be measured by the VCC  200 . 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of the measuring system for the AMI meters  330  used in the VCC  200 . The key characteristic is that the meters  330  sample the constantly changing levels of voltage at the EUS  900  delivery points and produce the data points that can be compared to the linear model of the load characteristics. This process is used to provide the 5-15 minute sampling that provides the basis to search the boundary conditions of the EEDS  700  to locate the optimum point (discussed in more detail below with reference to  FIGS. 9-13 ). The independent variables are measured to determine the inputs to the linear model for producing an expected state of the output voltages to the EUS  900  for use in modeling the optimization and determining the solution to the optimization problem. 
       FIG. 6  shows an example of the linear regression analysis relating the control variables to the EUS voltages that determine the power loss, voltage level and provide the input for searching for the optimum condition and recognizing the abnormal voltage levels from the AMI voltage metering. The specifics of this linear regression analysis are discussed in more detail in are described in co-pending patent application No. 61/794,623, entitled ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM CONTROL WITH PLANNING OF ENERGY DEMAND AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY USING AMI-BASED DATA ANALYSIS, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, the entirety of which is incorporated herein 
       FIG. 7  shows an example of the mapping of control meters to zones of control and blocks of control. Each “zone” refers to all AMIs  330  downstream of a regulator and upstream of the next regulator (e.g., LTC, regulator) and each “block” refers to areas within the sphere of influence of features of the distribution system (e.g., a specific capacitor). In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the LTC Zone includes all AMIs  330  downstream of the LTC and upstream of regulator  1402  (e.g., the AMIs  330  in B 1  and B 2 ), the Regulator Zone includes all AMIs  330  downstream of regulator  1402  (e.g., the AMIs  300  in B 3 ), and Block  2  (B 2 ) includes all AMIs  330  within the influence (upstream or downstream) of capacitor  1403 . Each block includes a specific set of meters  330  for monitoring. The particular meters  330  that are monitored may be determined by the adaptive process within the VCC  200  (as described in US publication 2013/0030591) with respective AMI meter populations. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example of how the voltage characteristics from the independent variables are mapped to the linear regression models of the monitored meters  330 . The primary loadflow model is used to determine how the general characteristics of the LTC transformer, regulator, capacitor bank, distributed generation and other voltage control independent variables affect the linear regression model. This change is initiated and used to determine the decision point for operating the independent variable so that the optimization process can be implemented to determine the new limiting point from the boundary conditions. The model uses the conversion of the electrical model to a per unit calculation that is then converted to a set of models with nominal voltages of 120 volts. This is then used to translate to the VCC process for implementing the linear regression models for both the ESS to EUS voltage control and the calculation of the EEDS losses. The modeling process is described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 6  of the co-pending/P008 application. 
     Tables 1-4 and  FIG. 9  show the implementation of the optimization control for the VCC  200 . Table 1 shows the definition of the boundary conditions for defining the optimization problem and solution process for the VCC  200 . Table 1 also describes the boundaries where the model does not apply, for example, the model does not represent the loading of the equipment within the EEDS  700 . This modeling is done, instead by more detailed loadflow models for the primary system of the EEDS  700  and is accomplished in the more traditional distribution management systems (DMS) not covered by this disclosure. The present voltage control process is a voltage loss control process that can be plugged into the DMS  480  controls using the VCC  200  process described in  FIG. 2 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The Voltage Optimization Problem 
               
               
                 Problem Boundaries: EEDS System 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Specifically, the boundary is around control of two characteristics 
               
               
                   
                 Power flow from the ESS to the EUS 
               
               
                   
                 Power flow from the EUS to the EDS with CVR 
               
               
                   
                 The control of the secondary or EUS delivery voltages 
               
               
                   
                 The loading of the equipment is outside of the problem boundaries 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows the performance criterion (e.g., the values to be optimized) and the independent variables (e.g., the values that are varied to gain the optimized solution) of the optimization problem for the VCC  200 . The performance criterion are represented by the linear loss models for the EEDCS primary and secondary as well as the CVR factor linear model of the EUS to ED. The use of these linear models in the optimization allows a simple method of calculating the losses within the constraints of the EUS voltages. It also takes advantage of the order of magnitude difference between the two types of losses (as described above with respect to  FIG. 3 ) to make a practical calculation of the performance criterion for the optimization problem. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The Voltage Optimization Problem 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 The Performance Criterion: EEDS System Losses 
               
               
                 Power flow losses from the ESS to the EUS 
               
               
                 Power flow from the EUS to the EDS from CVR 
               
               
                 The losses in the EDS beyond CVR from loading of the equipment is not 
               
               
                 included 
               
               
                 The Independent Variables: 
               
               
                 LTC Control Voltage setpoints 
               
               
                 Capacitor Bank Voltage and/or Var setpoints 
               
               
                 Line Regulator Voltage setpoints 
               
               
                 EUS Voltage Control 
               
               
                 EDS level Voltage Control 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 9  shows the summary model used for the implementation of the optimization solution for the VCC including the linearization for the EEDCS and the linearization of the two loss calculations as well as the linearization model  1750  of the control variables to the output EUS voltages in the bellwether group as well as the general EUS voltage population. These models allow a direct solution to the optimization to be made using linear optimization theory. 
     Table 3 shows the operational constraints of the EUS voltages and the specific assumptions and calculations needed to complete the derivation of the optimization solution that determines the process used by the VCC  200  to implement the optimization search for the optimum point on the boundary conditions determined by the constraints by the EUS voltages. The assumptions are critical to understanding the novel implementation of the VCC control  200  process. The per unit calculation process develops the model basis where the primary and secondary models of the EEDCS  1000  can be derived and translated to a linear process for the determination of the control solution and give the VCC  200  its ability to output voltages at one normalized level for clear comparison of the system state during the optimization solution. The assumption of uniform block loading is critical to derive the constant decreasing nature of the voltage control independent variables and the slope variable from the capacitor bank switching. Putting these assumptions together allows the solution to the optimization problem to be determined. The solution is a routine that searches the boundary conditions of the optimization, specifically the constraint levels for the EUS to ED voltages to locate the boundary solution to the linear optimization per linear optimization theory. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The Voltage Optimization Problem 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 The System Model 
               
               
                   
                 Subject to constraints: 
               
               
                   
                  V AMI  &lt;+5% of Nominal 
               
               
                   
                  V AMI  &lt;−5% of Nominal 
               
               
                   
                 The Optimum is at a System Model Boundary 
               
               
                   
                 The Per Unit Calculation 
               
               
                   
                 Uniform Load Assumption 
               
               
                   
                 Calculation of EEDCS Losses and EUS to EDS losses 
               
               
                   
                 Decreasing Loss with Decreasing Control Variable 
               
               
                   
                 Decreasing Loss with Decreasing Voltage Slope 
               
               
                   
                 The Boundary Search Algorithm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 4 shows the general form of the solution to the optimization problem with the assumptions made in Table 3. The results show that the VCC  200  process must search the boundary conditions to find the lowest voltages in each block and used the minimization of the slope of the average block voltages to search the level of independent variables to find the optimal point of voltage operation where the block voltages and block voltage slopes are minimized locating the solution to the optimization problem where the EEDCS  1000  and the EUS  900  to ED  300  losses are minimized satisfying the minimization of the performance criterion by linear optimization theory. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Controlling Voltage Optimization 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 The Optimization Specification 
               
               
                   
                 Performance Criterion: Minimize Loss EEDCS and CVR factor 
               
               
                   
                 EUS to EDS 
               
               
                   
                 The EEDS Model Equations: Linear Voltage Relationships 
               
               
                   
                 Vs − Vami = A + BIami 
               
               
                   
                  I is ESS current levels 
               
               
                   
                  Vs is the ESS source voltages 
               
               
                   
                  Vami is the EUS to EDS output voltages 
               
               
                   
                  A and B are linear regression constants 
               
               
                   
                 Constraints: −5% &lt; Vami &lt; +5% 
               
               
                   
                 The Boundary Condition solution 
               
               
                   
                 Voltage Centered in combined regression bands 
               
               
                   
                 Slope Minimization 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 5 is similar to Table 4, with an added practical solution step to the VCC optimization of using the process of boundary searching to output the setpoint change to the independent control variables with a bandwidth that matches the optimization solution, allowing the control to precisely move the EEDS  700  to the optimum point of operation. This also allows the VCC process  200  to have a local failsafe process in case the centralized control loses its connection to the local devices. If this occurs the local setpoint stays on the last setpoint and minimizes the failure affect until the control path can be re-established. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Controlling Voltage Optimization 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 The Optimization Specification 
               
               
                   
                 Performance Criterion: Minimize Loss EEDCS and CVR factor 
               
               
                   
                 EUS to EDS 
               
               
                   
                 The EEDS Model Equations: Linear Voltage Relationships 
               
               
                   
                 Vs − Vami = A + BIami 
               
               
                   
                  I is ESS current levels 
               
               
                   
                  Vs is the ESS source voltages 
               
               
                   
                  Vami is the EUS to EDS output voltages 
               
               
                   
                  A and B are linear regression constants 
               
               
                   
                 Constraints: −5% &lt; Vami &lt; +5% 
               
               
                   
                 The Boundary Condition solution 
               
               
                   
                 Voltage Centered in combined regression bands 
               
               
                   
                 Slope Minimization 
               
               
                   
                 Setpoint control with bandwidths 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 10 , which is similar to  FIG. 8 , shows a representation of the approach to applying the per unit calculation to demonstrate the representation of the relative values of the impedances and losses of the EEDCS  1000  during VCC  200  operation. This model also shows that the per unit values can be used to build a model at the primary and secondary side that can translate the EEDS  700  and EUS  900  voltages to a common 120 volt base for comparison. This method is the method that the VCC  200  uses to display information on voltage to the operators using a familiar looking interface (e.g., the interface is made to look similar to what the operator is accommodated to seeing with the older standard LTC transformer and regulator in a DMS frame of reference, see e.g.,  FIG. 11 ). This has a practical benefit of making the transition to using the VCC  200  an easy transition for the operators because it reacts in a very intuitive way similar to the older type of controls. 
       FIG. 11  shows the way the VCC  200  displays the ESS voltage data and the EUS monitored meter data on the common 120 nominal voltage levels for display to the operators. The average value of the lowest meters tracking the block lowest voltages is displayed in the lower graph. This is the block method of searching for the optimum condition by tracking the low voltage boundary conditions directly at the block voltage limits. Between the two graphs it is simple and intuitive to determine the expected operation of the VCC  200 . 
       FIG. 12  is the same diagram as  FIG. 11  except that it is for the capacitor bank child control showing its bandwidth limits and the operating voltage in the top graph and the monitored group of meters in the lower graph, that also searches the boundary and the slope from the LTC transformer monitored meter to the capacitor bank monitored meter is used to determine the optimum point in the loading at which to switch in the capacitor bank in order to minimize the slope of the line connecting the two monitored groups. This display makes it easy for the operator to see intuitively how the system is controlling the capacitor to implement the optimization for the EEDS  700 . 
       FIG. 13  is the final chart of the overall VCC  200 , EVP  600 , and EPP  1700  processes used together that not only optimizes the VCC process but also optimizes the EEDS EPP process by selecting the best improvements to be made to improve the reliability of the EEDS voltage control and also improves the VCC process that minimizes real-time losses in the EEDS and ED. This continuous improvement process for the EEDS  700  optimizes the EEDS both continuously in near time intervals as well as over longer periods of time allowing the optimization of the EEDS over planning review cycles to focus on system modifications that allow overall improvements in the EEDS optimization level by extending the ability to operate on more efficient boundary conditions.