Patent Publication Number: US-2020297002-A1

Title: Colorless transparent beverage containing calcium

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to calcium-containing colorless transparent beverages, and in particular to colorless transparent beverages having reduced harshness coming from calcium. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In recent years, flavored water has gained popularity against the backdrop of the rise in consumers&#39; health consciousness and natural preference. Flavored water is a beverage with moderate sweetness produced by adding ingredients such as flavorant, extract, and/or fruit juice to water such as mineral water (including natural mineral water), and is a beverage with a water-like colorless transparent appearance, also called “near-water”. Those beverages like flavored water, which are colorless and transparent but have a flavor of fruit or the like and moderate sweetness, generally have such a clean taste and refreshing flavor that one can drink them as an alternative to water, and are characterized by being as easy to drink as or easier to drink than water. 
     Meanwhile, it is known to be effective to drink a beverage containing a specified amount of minerals for the purpose of efficiently replenishing water and minerals lost from the human body by sweating during exercise or daily life activities (PTLs 1 to 5). 
     However, it is known that among minerals, calcium has peculiar tastes such as harshness, and thus it may have an impact on the flavor of a beverage depending on the type of the beverage to which to add it. In particular, colorless transparent beverages like flavored water, due to their nature, have various restrictions on the types and amounts of ingredients added. For example, the amount of extract, fruit juice, etc. added is significantly restricted for the purpose of ensuring the maintenance of the colorless transparent nature of such beverages. Therefore, colorless transparent beverages are felt to be more prominent in the harshness coming from calcium as compared to other common beverages (e.g., colored beverages or cloudy beverages). Further, there was a problem in that the clean taste and refreshing flavor characteristic of flavored water may be deteriorated only with the use of conventional techniques. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literatures 
     PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. JP 2017-12004 
     PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. JP 2016-42812 
     PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. JP 2016-7149 
     PTL 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. JP 2015-211651 
     PTL 5: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. JP 2015-167523 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to reduce the harshness coming from calcium in a calcium-containing colorless transparent beverage. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The present inventors have made intensive studies to achieve the aforementioned object, and as a result, found that when lactose and/or an oligosaccharide are/is incorporated in a calcium-containing colorless transparent beverage, the harshness coming from calcium is reduced in the beverage. Based on this finding, the inventors completed the present invention. 
     More specifically, the present invention is directed, but not limited, to the following. 
     (1) A beverage comprising calcium, and lactose and/or at least one type of oligosaccharide, wherein the beverage satisfies the following requirements (i) to (iv):
 
(i) an absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm of 0.06 or less;
 
(ii) a ΔE (color difference) value of 3.5 or less relative to pure water;
 
(iii) a calcium content of 1 to 50 mg/100 mL;
 
(iv) (a) and/or (b) as defined below should be satisfied:
 
     (a) a lactose content of 0.1 g/100 mL or more; 
     (b) a total oligosaccharide content of 0.1 g/100 mL or more. 
     (2) The beverage as set forth in (1), wherein the beverage has a degree of sweetness of 3 to 10.
 
(3) The beverage as set forth in (1) or (2), wherein the beverage has a pH of 4 to 7.
 
(4) A method for producing a beverage comprising calcium and satisfying the following requirements (i) to (iii):
 
(i) an absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm of 0.06 or less;
 
(ii) a ΔE (color difference) value of 3.5 or less relative to pure water; and
 
(iii) a calcium content of 1 to 50 mg/100 mL;
 
     the method comprising the step of adding lactose and/or at least one type of oligosaccharide to the beverage so as to ensure that (a) and/or (b) as defined below can be satisfied: 
     (a) a lactose content in the beverage should be 0.1 g/100 mL or more; 
     (b) a total oligosaccharide content in the beverage should be 0.1 g/100 mL or more. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     The present invention can provide a colorless transparent beverage characterized in that while calcium is contained in the beverage, the harshness coming from calcium is reduced. This invention can also provide a colorless transparent beverage that can maintain a clean taste and a refreshing flavor due to reduced harshness coming from calcium. Additionally, the “harshness” as referred to herein means an unpleasant taste that feels as if the tongue is roughened upon drinking, and differs from “bitterness” and “astringency”. The “harshness coming from calcium” as referred to in this invention refers to the peculiar harshness characteristic of calcium, and differs from those coming from other minerals. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The following provides descriptions of the beverage and related method according to the present invention. All numerical ranges defined herein by lower and upper limits, i.e. defined as “lower limit to upper limit”, include their lower and upper limits. For example, the range defined as “1 to 2” includes 1 and 2. 
     (Calcium) 
     The beverage of the present invention comprises calcium. In this invention, calcium can be added to the beverage in the form of a salt that can be used in beverages and foods, or in the form of deep ocean water, seaweed extract, or the like which are rich in calcium. Examples of the salt that can be used to add calcium to the beverage of this invention include, but are not limited to, calcium pantothenate and calcium lactate. 
     The calcium content in the beverage of the present invention is in the range of 1 to 50 mg/100 mL, preferably 5 to 45 mg/100 mL, more preferably 10 to 40 mg/100 mL. When the calcium content in a colorless transparent beverage falls within the aforementioned range, harshness is prominently felt upon drinking this beverage. 
     When calcium is used in the present invention in the form of a salt, the calcium content in the beverage can be calculated in terms of the content of its free form. Further, in the context of this invention, the calcium content or concentration in a beverage (sample solution) can be measured by a known procedure using an ICP optical emission spectrometer. 
     (Lactose) 
     The beverage of the present invention can contain lactose. The lactose content in the beverage of this invention is 0.1 g/100 mL or more, preferably 0.15 g/100 mL or more, more preferably 0.2 g/100 mL or more. The upper limit of the lactose content in the beverage of this invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 35 g/100 mL less. The lactose content is more preferably 20 g/100 mL less, still more preferably 10 g/100 mL or less. If the lactose content in the beverage is less than 0.1 g/100 mL, the harshness coming from calcium tends to be not effectively reduced. If the lactose content in the beverage exceeds 35 g/100 mL, the effect of this invention, which is to reduce the harshness of calcium, can be achieved, but the beverage tends to become excessively sweet, so that the taste of the beverage itself may be deteriorated. The lactose content in the beverage of this invention is typically in the range of 0.1 to 35 g/100 mL, 0.15 to 20 g/100 mL, or 0.2 to 10 g/100 mL. 
     In the present invention, the lactose content in the beverage can be measured by a known procedure using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 
     (Oligosaccharide) 
     The beverage of the present invention can contain an oligosaccharide. The “oligosaccharide” as referred to herein refers to a sugar composed of 3 to 7 monosaccharides linked through glycosidic linkages. In other words, the “oligosaccharide” is a sugar characterized in that the number of monosaccharides constituting a sugar chain is in the range of 3 to 7. The oligosaccharide of this invention is a chain oligosaccharide, or namely an oligosaccharide composed of unit constituent saccharides linked in the form of a straight chain and/or a branched chain, and does not include a cyclic oligosaccharide composed of unit constituent saccharides linked in a cyclic form. The chain oligosaccharide of this invention can be a straight-chain oligosaccharide or a branched-chain oligosaccharide, with a straight-chain oligosaccharide being preferred. Examples of the unit constituent saccharide include, but are not limited to, glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose, and mannose, with glucose being particularly preferred. The mode of linkage of unit constituent saccharides is preferably one or two selected from α-1,4 linkage and α-1,6 linkage, more preferably α-1,4 linkage. Examples of the oligosaccharide include, but are not limited to, maltooligosaccharides (e.g., maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose), isomaltooligosaccharides (e.g., isomaltotriose, isomaltotetraose, isomaltopentaose, isomaltohexaose, and isomaltoheptaose), xylooligosaccharides (e.g., xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentaose, xylohexaose, xyloheptaose), and nigerooligosaccharides (e.g., nigerotriose, nigerotetraose, nigeropentaose, nigerohexaose, nigeroheptaose). Preferred oligosaccharides are maltooligosaccharides and isomaltooligosaccharides, more preferably maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltoheptaose, isomaltotriose, and isomaltotetraose. The beverage of this invention may contain only a single type of oligosaccharide or two or more types of oligosaccharides. Different types of oligosaccharide mixtures are commercially available, and can be used in the beverage of this invention. 
     The total oligosaccharide content in the beverage of the present invention is 0.1 g/100 mL or more, preferably 0.15 g/100 mL, more preferably 0.2 g/100 mL or more. The upper limit of the total oligosaccharide content in the beverage of this invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 70 g/100 mL or less. The total oligosaccharide content is more preferably 65 g/100 mL or less, still more preferably 60 g/100 mL or less. If the total oligosaccharide content in the beverage is less than 0.1 g/100 mL, the harshness coming from calcium tends to be not effectively reduced. If the total oligosaccharide content in the beverage exceeds 70 g/100 mL, the effect of this invention, which is to reduce the harshness of calcium, can be achieved, but the beverage tends to become excessively sweet, so that the taste of the beverage itself may be deteriorated. The total oligosaccharide content in the beverage of this invention is typically in the range of 0.1 to 70 g/100 mL, 0.15 to 65 g/100 mL, 0.2 to 60 g/100 mL, 0.2 to 10 g/100 mL, or 0.2 to 9 g/100 mL. 
     In the present invention, the total oligosaccharide content in the beverage can be measured by a LC-MS method. 
     (Colorless Transparent Beverage) 
     The beverage of the present invention is colorless. The colorless appearance of the beverage can be defined by a ΔE (color difference) value of transmitted light as measured relative to pure water using a colorimetric color difference meter (e.g., ZE 2000 (produced by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.)). To be specific, the ΔE value of the beverage of this invention as measured relative to pure water is 3.5 or less. The ΔE value is preferably 2.3 or less. 
     Also, the beverage of the present invention is transparent. By stating that “the beverage is transparent”, it is meant that the beverage is not white turbid like so-called sports drinks nor cloudy like cloudy fruit juices, and is visually transparent like water. The transparency of the beverage can be converted to numerical data using a known technique for measuring liquid turbidity. For example, the transparency of the beverage can be defined by absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm as measured using an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (e.g., UV-1600 (produced by Shimadzu Corporation)). To be specific, the beverage of this invention has an absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm of 0.06 or less. 
     (Degree of Sweetness) 
     The beverage of the present invention can have moderate sweetness. The degree of sweetness of the beverage of this invention is not particularly limited, but is for example in the range of 3 to 10, preferably 3 to 9, more preferably 3 to 8, still more preferably 3 to 7. 
     The “degree of sweetness”, as referred to herein, is an index that indicates the sweetness of a beverage as determined based on the sweetness of 100 g of a beverage containing 1 g of sucrose, which is taken as “1”. The degree of sweetness of the beverage is determined by converting the content of each sweetness component into a sucrose equivalent based on the relative ratio of the sweetness of each sweetness component to that of sucrose, which is taken as 1, and then by totaling the sucrose sweetness equivalents of all sweetness components (including sweetness components derived from fruit juice, extract, etc.) contained in the beverage. The relative ratios of the sweetness of different representative sweetness components to that of sucrose, which is taken as 1, are listed in Table 1. With regard to other sweetness components not listed in Table 1, the degrees of sweetness presented by manufacturers who produce or sell those other sweetness components can be used, or the degrees of sweetness can be determined by sensory evaluation. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sweetness component 
                 Degree of sweetness 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Glucose 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Fructose 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 HFCS (with 55% fructose) 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Trehalose 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 D-psicose 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 Maltose 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitol 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Mannitol 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Maltitol 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Xylitol 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Reduced palatinose 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 Erythritol 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Lactitol 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Saccharified reduced starch 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Stevia 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Glycyrrhizin 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Thaumatin 
                 2000 
               
               
                   
                 Saccharin 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Aspartame 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Acesulfame potassium 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Sucralose 
                 600 
               
               
                   
                 Alitame 
                 2000 
               
               
                   
                 Cyclamate 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Dulcin 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Neotame 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 Neohesperidin 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 Monellin 
                 25000 
               
               
                   
                 Lysozyme 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the present invention, the degree of sweetness of the beverage can be adjusted using a sweetness component(s). As the sweetness component(s), lactose and/or an oligosaccharide can be used, but besides them, the sweetness components listed in Table 1 may also be used. Other particularly preferred sweetness components besides lactose and an oligosaccharide are fructose, sugar, high-fructose corn syrup (with 55% fructose), glucose, and sucrose. It is better not to use a high-intensity sweetener in the beverage of this invention, since the effect of this invention is easier to perceive. As referred to herein, the high-intensity sweetener refers to an artificial or natural sweetener having a degree of sweetness of 10 or more times as high as sucrose. In this invention, such a sweetness component may be directly added as a sweetener to the beverage, or a fruit juice, extract or the like containing such a sweetness component may be added to the beverage. 
     (pH) 
     The pH of the beverage of the present invention is for example in the range of 4 to 7, preferably 4 to 6, more preferably 5 to 6. If the pH of the beverage is less than 3, the effect of this invention may not be fully obtained. 
     (Acidulant) 
     The beverage of the present invention may contain an acidulant. The pH of the beverage of this invention can be adjusted by adding an acidulant. The type of an acidulant used in this invention is not particularly limited, and typical examples of the acidulant include citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, and salts thereof. In particular, citric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, and salts thereof are preferred. The beverage of this invention may contain only a single type of acidulant or two or more types of acidulants. The term “acidulant” as used herein in relation to this invention encompasses not only food additives but also acids derived from fruit juice. To be specific, if the beverage contains a fruit juice which contains such an acid as listed above, said acid is regarded as an acidulant. 
     (Tannin) 
     The tannin content in the beverage of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 150 ppm or less, since tannin, when present in large amounts, tends to cause coloration of a beverage. If the tannin content in the beverage exceeds 150 ppm, the beverage may be colored so that it may not be kept colorless and transparent. Since tannin has a peculiar astringent taste, it may impair the palatability of a beverage when it is present in the beverage in large amounts. 
     (Caffeine) 
     The beverage of the present invention preferably contains caffeine. The preferred concentration of caffeine in the beverage is in the range of 100 to 200 ppm. With the aid of the stimulus generated by a moderate concentration of caffeine, the effect of this invention can be perceived more prominently. However, if the caffeine concentration exceeds 200 ppm, the palatability of the beverage may be impaired due to the bitterness of caffeine. 
     (Other Components) 
     In addition to the different components described hereinabove, various additives used in common beverages, such as flavorant, sugar, enrichment (e.g., vitamin), antioxidant, emulsifier, preservative, extract, dietary fiber, pH adjustor, and quality stabilizer, can be added to the beverage of the present invention, to the extent that such additives do not impair the effect of the present invention. In particular, since the beverage of this invention is characterized by being colorless and transparent, there is a significant limitation on the amount added of an extract, fruit juice, etc. Thus, in order to compensate for this limitation, it is preferred to add a flavorant. Preferred flavorants include tea flavor, coffee flavor, and milk flavor. 
     (Beverage) 
     The type of the beverage of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the beverage is a colorless transparent beverage contemplated by this invention, or namely a soft drink. The inventive beverage can be of any type, including nutritional beverage, functional beverage, flavored water (near water) beverage, tea beverage (e.g., black tea, oolong tea), coffee beverage, or carbonated beverage, with flavored water being preferred. In one embodiment, the beverage is preferably a tea-flavored beverage, more preferably a black tea-flavored beverage, particularly preferably a milky tea-flavored beverage. In another embodiment, the beverage is preferably a coffee-flavored beverage, more preferably a milky coffee-flavored beverage. In contrast, alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of 1% or more are not preferred, since the effect of this invention may be impeded by an alcohol contained in the beverage. 
     The beverage of the present invention is preferably a packaged beverage which is packed in a package. The package used is not particularly limited, and exemplary packages include PET bottle, aluminum can, steel can, carton, cup for chilled drink, and glass bottle. Inter alia, it is preferred to use a colorless transparent package such as PET bottle, since one can see the characteristic colorless transparent appearance of the beverage of this invention while the beverage is packed in such a package. When the packaged beverage is heat sterilized, the method of heat sterilization is not particularly limited. Heat sterilization can be performed using a common technique such as UHT sterilization or retort sterilization. The temperature conditions for heat sterilization process are not particularly limited, and are, for example, 65 to 130° C., preferably 85 to 120° C., for 10 to 40 minutes. However, any other sterilization process may also be performed at an appropriate temperature for several seconds, such as 5 to 30 seconds, as long as such a process can achieve a comparable sterilizing value to that process under the aforementioned conditions. 
     (Method) 
     In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for producing a beverage comprising calcium and satisfying the following requirements (i) to (iii): 
     (i) an absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm of 0.06 or less;
 
(ii) a ΔE (color difference) value of 3.5 or less relative to pure water; and
 
(iii) a calcium content of 1 to 50 mg/100 mL.
 
     This method comprises the step of adding lactose and/or at least one type of oligosaccharide to the beverage so as to ensure that (a) and/or (b) as defined below can be satisfied: 
     (a) a lactose content in the beverage should be 0.1 g/100 mL or more; 
     (b) a total oligosaccharide content in the beverage should be 0.1 g/100 mL or more. 
     Further, since this method can reduce the harshness coming from calcium felt upon drinking of the beverage, the present invention is also directed to a method for reducing the harshness coming from calcium in the beverage. 
     The types and contents of the components contained in the beverage, the color difference, absorbance, degree of sweetness and pH of the beverage, and preferred ranges thereof, as well as the adjustment procedures thereof are as described above in relation to the beverage of this invention or are obvious from the descriptions given above. The timings of different steps are not limited. For example, the aforementioned step can be performed simultaneously with, or separately from, other steps such as color difference adjustment step, absorbance adjustment step, degree of sweetness adjustment step, pH adjustment step, and calcium content adjustment step, or all those steps can be performed in random order. Any procedure can be adopted as long as the beverage finally obtained satisfies the aforementioned requirements. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Hereunder, the present invention will be described by way of working examples, but this invention is not limited to these examples. 
     Test Example 1 
     Different beverages were prepared by mixing water with different ingredients in different amounts as indicated in the table given below. The degree of sweetness of the beverages was adjusted with sugar, and the pH of the beverages was adjusted with phosphoric acid and trisodium citrate. However, no sugar was used in Trial Product 14, and no phosphoric acid nor trisodium citrate were used in Trial Product 15. The prepared beverages were measured for their absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV-1600 (produced by Shimadzu Corporation)), and also measured for their ΔE of transmitted light relative to pure water using a colorimetric color difference meter (ZE 2000 (produced by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.)). All of the prepared beverages showed an absorbance of 0.06 or less and a ΔE value of transmitted light of 3.5 or less as measured relative to pure water. 
     The different beverages were rated by 3 panelists on whether the harshness coming from calcium was felt upon drinking. To be specific, the beverages were rated on a six-grade scale from 1 to 6, with “1” being “harshness coming from calcium is strongly felt”, and “6” being “no harshness is felt”. More specifically, the following evaluation criteria were adopted. 
     6 points: No harshness is felt
 
5 points: Little harshness is felt
 
4 points: Harshness is slightly felt
 
3 points: Harshness is somewhat felt
 
2 points: Harshness is noticeably felt
 
1 point: Harshness is strongly felt
 
The beverages rated as 1 or 2 points were regarded as not maintaining a clean taste or refreshing flavor characteristic of flavored water, and those rated as 3 to 6 points were regarded as maintaining a clean taste or refreshing flavor characteristic of flavored water. The averages of their ratings are shown in the table given below. Before the sensory evaluation, the panelists had confirmed the relationship between the different intensities of harshness and their corresponding ratings using samples serving as standards for evaluation, so as to ensure that their ratings were standardized as much as possible.
 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lactose (g/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 0.3 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 1.0 
                 5.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Calcium lactate (mg/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 5.45 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
               
               
                 Degree of sweetness 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Calcium (mg/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 1 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 pH 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Lactose/calcium 
                 — 
                 300 
                 0 
                 20.0 
                 60 
                 200 
                 1000 
                 2000 
               
               
                 Sensory rating 
                 6.0 
                 4.7 
                 1.7 
                 3.7 
                 4.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.3 
                 5.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lactose (g/100 mL) 
                 0.33 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 10.4 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Calcium lactate (mg/100 mL) 
                 109 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
               
               
                 Degree of sweetness 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                 Calcium (mg/100 mL) 
                 20 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 pH 
                 5.5 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 7.0 
                 7.0 
                 5.5 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 Lactose/calcium 
                 16.5 
                 0 
                 200 
                 0 
                 200 
                 2080 
                 200 
               
               
                 Sensory rating 
                 3.0 
                 2.0 
                 5.3 
                 1.3 
                 4.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As evident from the table given above, lactose functioned to reduce the harshness coming from calcium. Also, particularly superior effect was observed when the lactose content fell within the particular range. The effect of lactose was observed even in a sample prepared without the use of sugar (Trial Product 14). 
     Test Example 2 
     Different beverages were prepared by mixing water with different ingredients in different amounts as indicated in the table given below. The oligosaccharide used was Fujioligo #360 (produced by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.; percent content of maltooligosaccharides composed of 3 to 7 sugar chain-constituting monosaccharides: 70%; percent maltotriose content: 60%; degree of sweetness: 0.3). The degree of sweetness of the beverages was adjusted with sugar, and the pH of the beverages was adjusted with phosphoric acid and trisodium citrate. However, no sugar was used in Trial Product 29, and no phosphoric acid nor trisodium citrate were used in Trial Product 30. The prepared beverages were measured for their absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm and their ΔE of transmitted light relative to pure water by following the same procedures as in Test Example 1. All of the prepared beverages showed an absorbance of 0.06 or less and a ΔE value of transmitted light of 3.5 or less as measured relative to pure water. 
     The prepared beverages were subjected to sensory testing by following the same procedure as in Test Example 1. The averages of their ratings are shown in the table given below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
                 22 
                 23 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fujioligo #360 (g/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.4 
                 1.4 
                 7.1 
                 14.3 
               
               
                 Calcium lactate (mg/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 5.45 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
               
               
                 Maltooligosaccharide (g/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 0.3 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.3 
                 1.0 
                 5.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Degree of sweetness 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Calcium (mg/100 mL) 
                 0 
                 1 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 pH 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Maltooligosaccharide/calcium 
                 — 
                 300 
                 0 
                 20 
                 60 
                 200 
                 1000 
                 2000 
               
               
                 Sensory rating 
                 6.0 
                 4.7 
                 1.7 
                 3.3 
                 4.0 
                 4.3 
                 5.3 
                 5.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 24 
                 25 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
                 29 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fujioligo #360 (g/100 mL) 
                 0.6 
                 0 
                 1.4 
                 0 
                 1.4 
                 14.9 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Calcium lactate (mg/100 mL) 
                 109 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
               
               
                 Maltooligosaccharide (g/100 mL) 
                 0.4 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 10.4 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Degree of sweetness 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                 Calcium (mg/100 mL) 
                 20 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 pH 
                 5.5 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 7.0 
                 7.0 
                 5.5 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 Maltooligosaccharide/calcium 
                 20 
                 0 
                 200 
                 0 
                 200 
                 2080 
                 200 
               
               
                 Sensory rating 
                 3.0 
                 2.0 
                 5.0 
                 1.3 
                 4.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As evident from the table given above, the oligosaccharide functioned to reduce the harshness coming from calcium. Also, particularly superior effect was observed when the oligosaccharide content fell within the particular range. The effect of an oligosaccharide was observed even in a sample prepared without the use of sugar (Trial Product 29). 
     Test Example 3 
     Experiments were done with the use of oligosaccharides having different constitutional profiles. To be specific, different beverages were prepared by mixing water with different ingredients in different amounts as indicated in the table given below. The oligosaccharide used was Fujioligo G67 (produced by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.; percent content of oligosaccharides composed of 3 to 7 sugar chain-constituting monosaccharides: 63%; percent maltohexaose+maltoheptaose content: 40%; degree of sweetness: 0.18), or Biotose #50 (produced by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.; percent content of oligosaccharides composed of 3 to 7 sugar chain-constituting monosaccharides: 28%; degree of sweetness: 0.5). The degree of sweetness of the beverages was adjusted with sugar, and the pH of the beverages was adjusted with phosphoric acid and trisodium citrate. The prepared beverages were measured for their absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm and their ΔE of transmitted light relative to pure water by following the same procedures as in Test Example 1. All of the prepared beverages showed an absorbance of 0.06 or less and a ΔE value of transmitted light of 3.5 or less as measured relative to pure water. Also, all of the prepared beverages had a tannin content of 0 ppm (below detection limit). 
     The prepared beverages were subjected to sensory testing by following the same procedure as in Test Example 1. The averages of their ratings are shown in the table given below. Both of the oligosaccharides tested functioned to reduce the harshness coming from calcium. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Fujioligo G67 (g/100 mL) 
                 1.6 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Biotose #50 (g/100 mL) 
                 — 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium lactate (mg/100 mL) 
                 27.2 
                 27.2 
               
               
                   
                 Oligosaccharide (g/100 mL) 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Degree of sweetness 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium (mg/100 mL) 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 Oligosaccharide/calcium 
                 200 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Sensory rating 
                 4.3 
                 4.3