Patent Publication Number: US-10790173-B2

Title: Printed components on substrate posts

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/207,665, filed Dec. 3, 2018, Printing Components to Substrate Posts, by Gomez et al., to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/207,738, filed Dec. 3, 2018, entitled Module Structures with Component on Substrate Post, by Rotzoll et al., to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/207,774, filed Dec. 3, 2018, entitled Printing Components Over Substrate Post Edges, by Trindade et al., to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/207,804, filed Dec. 3, 2018, entitled Device Structures with Acoustic Wave Transducers and Connection Posts, by Cok, to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/047,250, filed Feb. 18, 2016, entitled Micro-Transfer-Printed Acoustic Wave Filter Device, by Bower et al., and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/639,495, filed Jun. 30, 2017, entitled Transverse Bulk Acoustic Wave Filter, by Bower et al., the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to printed or printable structures including components and methods for disposing components on substrate posts of patterned substrates. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Substrates with electronically active components distributed over the extent of the substrate may be used in a variety of electronic systems, for example, in flat-panel display devices such as flat-panel liquid crystal or organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays, in imaging sensors, and in flat-panel solar cells. The electronically active components are typically either assembled on the substrate, for example using individually packaged surface-mount integrated-circuit devices and pick-and-place tools, or by sputtering or spin coating a layer of semiconductor material on the substrate and then photolithographically processing the semiconductor material to form thin-film circuits on the substrate. Individually packaged integrated-circuit devices typically have smaller transistors with higher performance than thin-film circuits but the packages are larger than can be desired for highly integrated systems. 
     Other methods for transferring active components from one substrate to another are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,491. In an example of these approaches, small integrated circuits are formed on a native semiconductor source wafer. The small unpackaged integrated circuits, or chiplets, are released from the native source wafer by etching a layer formed beneath the circuits. A viscoelastic stamp is pressed against the native source wafer and the process side of the chiplets is adhered to individual stamp posts. The chiplets on the stamp are then pressed against a destination substrate or backplane with the stamp and adhered to the destination substrate. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,458 entitled Optical Systems Fabricated by Printing-Based Assembly teaches transferring light-emitting, light-sensing, or light-collecting semiconductor elements from a wafer substrate to a destination substrate or backplane. 
     In some examples of methods, in order to populate a large destination substrate with components from a native source wafer, a stamp repeatedly picks up components from different locations on a native source wafer with stamp posts and prints the components to different locations on a destination substrate. The arrangement of components on the destination substrate is at least partly defined by the arrangement of the components on the native source wafer and the arrangement of posts on the stamp. The location of the stamp with respect to the native source wafer and the destination substrate can be controlled by an opto-electro-mechanical control system. Additional transfers to the destination substrate can be made by picking up additional components from the native source wafer. 
     SUMMARY 
     Conventional methods of transfer printing typically involve picking up a new set of components from a source wafer for each area of destination substrate to be populated with the components. The present disclosure includes the recognition that moving a stamp, a native source wafer, or a destination substrate to provide additional components on a destination substrate increases fabrication time thereby reducing manufacturing throughput. There is a need, therefore, for systems, structures, devices, materials, and methods that enable improved throughput and functionality for printed systems having various micro-component structures. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a solution to the reduced efficiency of multiple transfers between a native source wafer and a destination substrate by utilizing patterned substrates including substrate posts for selective printing of components. 
     The present disclosure provides, inter alia, structures, materials, and methods for providing components on posts of a destination substrate. In accordance with certain embodiments, a method of printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) comprises providing a component source wafer comprising components, a transfer device, and a patterned substrate, wherein the patterned substrate comprises substrate posts that extend from a surface of the patterned substrate, picking up the components from the component source wafer by adhering the components to the stamp, and printing one or more of the picked-up components to the patterned substrate by disposing each of the one or more picked-up components onto one of the substrate posts, thereby providing one or more printed components in a printed structure (e.g., a micro-transfer printed structure). In some embodiments, the transfer device is a stamp, for example comprising a viscoelastic material such as PDMS, or an electro-static transfer device. The components can be adhered to the substrate posts, for example with van der Waals forces or with an adhesive layer. 
     According to some embodiments, each of the one or more of the picked-up components is a first picked-up component and one or more of the picked-up components other than the one or more first picked-up components is a second picked-up component and the method comprises moving the transfer device relative to the patterned substrate and printing to the patterned substrate by disposing each of the one or more second picked-up components onto one of the substrate posts. 
     In some embodiments, the method comprises moving the transfer device relative to the patterned substrate after printing the first picked-up components and printing the second picked-up components to the patterned substrate without picking up any components additional to the first and second picked-up components. 
     In some embodiments, each of the picked-up components comprises a broken (e.g., fractured) component tether. 
     In some embodiments, the transfer device picks up every component on the component source wafer. In some embodiments, the transfer device picks up a subset of the components on the component source wafer. In some embodiments, the transfer device picks up every component on the component source wafer within a simple closed curve on the component source wafer. The subset of picked-up components can be a regular rectangular array of components. All of the picked-up components can be printed. 
     In some embodiments, a subset of the picked-up components is printed and no picked-up components that are not in the subset of picked-up components are between the picked-up components that are in the subset of the picked-up components. In some embodiments, a subset of the picked-up components is printed and picked-up components that are not in the subset of picked-up components are between the picked-up components that are in the subset of the picked-up components. 
     The substrate posts can be disposed in a regular rectangular array and can be enclosed in a simple closed curve, for example a rectangle. 
     According to some embodiments, the picked-up components are separated by a component separation distance in each of one or two dimensions and the substrate posts are separated by a substrate post distance in each of one or two dimensions. The substrate post separation distance can be greater than the component separation distance. 
     In some embodiments, for at least one of the one or more printed components, the one printed component does not extend over an edge of the one of the substrate posts. In some embodiments, for at least one of the one or more printed components, the one printed component extends over an edge, multiple edges, opposing edges, or all of the edges of the one of the substrate posts. 
     Each of the one or more components can be adhered to the one of the substrate posts. In some embodiments, for at least one of the substrate posts, the one substrate post forms a ridge that extends in one direction beyond one of the one or more printed components printed on the substrate post. More than one of the one or more printed components can be printed on a single ridge. Similarly, a printed component can be printed on more than one ridge or substrate post. For each of the one or more printed components, the one of the substrate posts can be disposed between a center of the printed component and the substrate. In some embodiments, the one of the substrate posts on which a component is placed is not disposed between a center of the printed component and the substrate. 
     According to some embodiments, the transfer device is a stamp comprising a stamp post, one of the picked-up components is disposed on the stamp after being picked up, and the stamp post has a dimension substantially the same as a corresponding dimension of at least one of the substrate posts. 
     In some embodiments, a method comprises disposing a solder between each of the one or more printed components and the one of the substrate posts and heating the solder to electrically connect a substrate post electrode on the substrate post to a component electrode on the component. Methods can comprise (i) wire bonding a wire to a component electrode on each of the one or more printed components, (ii) wire bonding a wire to a substrate post electrode on the one of the substrate posts, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 
     According to some embodiments, a method comprises printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) the one or more picked-up components on to ones of the substrate posts having locations relatively different from locations of the one or more picked-up components on the component source wafer. The printed structure can be a printable module (e.g., a micro-transfer printable module) comprising at least a portion of a module tether connected to the patterned substrate. 
     According to some embodiments, a device structure (e.g., a micro-transfer printed structure) comprises a patterned substrate comprising a substrate surface and a substrate post protruding from the substrate surface, the substrate post comprising a substrate post material. A component has a component top side and a component bottom side opposite the component top side, the component bottom side disposed on the substrate post and extending over at least one edge of the substrate post, the component comprising a component material different from the substrate post material, and the component comprising a broken (e.g., fractured) or separated component tether. 
     In some embodiments, the component is a first component and the printed structure comprises a second component adhered to the substrate post. 
     In some embodiments, the substrate post is a ridge with a length greater than a width over the substrate and the substrate post has a substrate post top side to which the component bottom side is adhered. In some embodiments, a device structure comprises one or more substrate post electrodes on the substrate post top side and the one or more substrate post electrodes is electrically connected to the component. The substrate post can be electrically conductive and can be electrically connected to the component. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises one or more component top electrodes disposed on the component top side. In some embodiments, a device structure comprises (i) a wire bond electrically connected to at least one of the one or more component top electrodes, (ii) a substrate post electrode disposed on the substrate post and comprising a wire bond electrically connected to the substrate post electrode, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). The substrate post can be electrically conductive or can comprise one or more substrate post electrodes that are each electrically connected to at least one of the one or more component top electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises one or more component bottom electrodes disposed on the component bottom side. The substrate post can be electrically conductive or can comprise one or more substrate post electrodes that are each electrically connected to at least one of the one or more component bottom electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, the component has at least one of a length and a width less than or equal to 200 microns, less than or equal to 100 microns, less than or equal to 50 microns, less than or equal to 20 microns, less than or equal to 10 microns, or less than or equal to 5 microns. The substrate post can be electrically conductive or comprises one or more substrate post electrodes. The component material can be a semiconductor, the substrate post material can be a dielectric, or the substrate post material can be an electrical conductor. 
     In some embodiments, the component extends over at least two, three, or four sides of the substrate post. The component can extend over opposing sides of the substrate post. The component can be rectangular, can be plus sign shaped, or can be disc shaped. 
     The component can be adhered or attached to the patterned substrate only by the component bottom side. The component can be an electronic or an opto-electronic component and can comprise an electronic circuit. The component can be responsive to at least one of electrical energy, optical energy, electromagnetic energy, and mechanical energy. The component can comprise electrically conductive connection posts. 
     In some embodiments, the patterned substrate is a semiconductor substrate comprising an electronic circuit. 
     In some embodiments, the device structure is a printable module (e.g., a micro-transfer printable module) and comprises at least a portion of a module tether connected to the patterned substrate. 
     In some embodiments, a module structure comprises a patterned substrate having a substrate surface and a substrate post protruding from the substrate surface. A component is disposed on the substrate post. The component has a component top side and a component bottom side opposite the component top side. The component bottom side is disposed on the substrate post. The component extends over at least one edge of the substrate post and one or more component electrodes are disposed on the component. The one or more component electrodes can comprise (i) a component top electrode disposed on the component top side, (ii) a component bottom electrode disposed on the component bottom side, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 
     The module structure can comprise a cavity formed or disposed in or on the patterned substrate. The cavity can have a cavity floor and one or more cavity walls and can contain, enclose, or surround one or more components. The substrate post can be disposed on the cavity floor. One or more cavity walls can be formed on the patterned substrate. In some embodiments, a cap is disposed over the cavity. The cavity walls can be formed on the patterned substrate and adhered to the cap with adhesive. The cavity walls can be formed on or as part of the cap and adhered to the patterned substrate with adhesive. Thus, in some embodiments, a cap comprises cavity walls, the cap is adhered to the cavity floor with adhesive, and the cap defines a cavity around, enclosing, or surrounding the component. The cap can comprise a broken (e.g., fractured) or separated cap tether. 
     In some embodiments, the module structure comprises two or more substrate posts disposed within the cavity. Two or more components can be disposed within the cavity. The one or more component electrodes of each of the two or more components disposed within the cavity can be electrically connected. 
     In some embodiments, a module structure can comprise two or more substrate posts disposed within the cavity and can comprise two or more components disposed within the cavity. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more component electrodes of each of the two or more components disposed within the cavity are electrically connected. 
     In some embodiments of the module structure, the component comprises a broken (e.g., fractured) or separated component tether. The component can be adhered or attached to the substrate or substrate post only on the component bottom side. The component can be adhered to the substrate post with adhesive. The component can comprise a piezo-electric material. The substrate can comprise a semiconductor substrate comprising a component electronic or electrical circuit. The component can comprise a component material different from a substrate post material. 
     According to some embodiments, module source wafer comprising a patterned sacrificial layer comprising one or more sacrificial portions each adjacent to one or more anchors, wherein the one or more sacrificial portions are differentially etchable from the module source wafer and the patterned substrate is disposed at least partially on or over one of the one or more sacrificial portions. The sacrificial portions can comprise a material different from a module source wafer material. The sacrificial portions can comprise an anisotropically etchable material. 
     According to some embodiments, a module structure comprises a module source wafer comprising a patterned sacrificial layer comprising an anchor. The patterned substrate can be connected to the anchor by a tether and disposed such that a gap exists between the patterned substrate and a surface of the module source wafer. The module structure can comprise a broken (e.g., fractured) or separated module tether connected to the patterned substrate. The component can comprise electrically conductive connection posts. 
     According to some embodiments, a method of making a micro-module structure comprises providing a substrate. The substrate has a substrate surface and the substrate comprises a substrate post protruding from the substrate surface. A component is disposed on the substrate post, the component having a component top side and a component bottom side opposite the component top side. The component bottom side is disposed on the substrate post and the component extends over at least one edge of the substrate post. The method further comprises providing one or more component electrodes disposed on the component. The one or more component electrodes can comprise (i) a component top electrode disposed on the component top side, (ii) a component bottom electrode disposed on the component bottom side, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 
     In some embodiments, the substrate is patterned to form a patterned substrate and to form the substrate post. The component can be printed (e.g., micro-transfer printed) from a component source wafer to the substrate post. The component can be formed on the substrate. 
     In some embodiments, methods can comprise providing a cavity in or on the substrate, the cavity having a cavity floor and one or more cavity walls. The substrate can be etched to form the one or more cavity walls and the cavity floor. The substrate post can be formed on the cavity floor. 
     In some embodiments, methods can comprise disposing a cap over the cavity, laminating the cap over the cavity, or printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) the cap to dispose the cap over the cavity. 
     In some embodiments, methods can comprise etching the substrate to form a cavity with one or more side walls and a substrate post layer, depositing component material over the substrate, patterning the component material to form the component, and etching the substrate post layer to form the substrate post. In some embodiments, methods can comprise providing a cap with one or more walls and printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) the cap with walls over the component and substrate post, thereby defining a cavity having one or more cavity walls. The one or more component electrodes can be formed on the component. 
     In some embodiments, methods can comprise providing a module source wafer comprising a patterned sacrificial layer comprising one or more sacrificial portions each adjacent to one or more anchors, wherein the one or more sacrificial portions are differentially etchable from the wafer and the substrate is disposed at least partially on one of the one or more sacrificial portions. The sacrificial portions can be anisotropically etchable. 
     In some embodiments, methods can comprise etching one of the one or more sacrificial portions, picking up the module structure with a pick-up transfer device, transferring the module structure to a printing transfer device, and printing the module structure to a cap with the printing transfer device. 
     One of the one or more sacrificial portions can be etched, and the substrate transferred to a destination substrate. The pick-up transfer device and the printing transfer device can each be a stamp, for example an electro-static or viscoelastic stamp. 
     In some embodiments, providing the component comprises providing a component source substrate, disposing the component over or on the component source substrate, providing a sacrificial layer over at least a portion of the component, adhering the sacrificial layer to a carrier substrate with an adhesive, and removing the component source substrate and exposing at least a portion of the sacrificial layer. Providing the sacrificial layer can comprise forming the sacrificial layer. Embodiments can comprise forming at least one of the one or more component electrodes on the component before forming the sacrificial layer, forming a component electrode on the component after removing the component source substrate, etching the sacrificial layer to form a component tether attaching the component to an anchor portion of the adhesive, or printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) the component. 
     In some embodiments, the component comprises a piezo-electric material. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a device structure comprises an acoustic wave transducer comprising a component comprising a piezo-electric material, component electrodes disposed on the component, and connection posts extending away from the component, each of the connection posts electrically connected to one of the component electrodes. The component has a center and a length greater than a width and, for each of the connection posts, a distance between the connection post and the center is no more than one quarter of the length (e.g., is less than one quarter of the length, is no more than one eighth of the length, is no more than one tenth of the length, is no more than one twentieth of the length). The component posts can be at the center of the component in one dimension, for example a length dimension (e.g., that is greater than a width dimension). In some embodiments, each of the connection posts is closer to the component center than an end of the component. 
     In some embodiments, the component has a component top side and a component bottom side opposite the component top side and at least one of the component electrodes is a component top electrode disposed on the component top side. In some embodiments, the component has a component top side and a component bottom side opposite the component top side and at least one of the component electrodes is a component bottom electrode disposed on the component bottom side. 
     In some embodiments, the acoustic wave transducer is a surface acoustic wave transducer or filter, or the component is a bulk acoustic wave transducer or filter. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises a dielectric layer disposed at least partially between the component and a distal end of a connection post. The connection posts can have a distal end and a proximal end, the distal end having an area smaller than an area of the proximal end, wherein the distal end forms a sharp point. The connection posts can comprise planar edges or a pyramidal structure. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises a component source wafer comprising a sacrificial layer comprising sacrificial portions, wherein each sacrificial portion is adjacent to one or more anchors. The component can be disposed entirely, completely, or exclusively over one of the sacrificial portions. In some embodiments, the components can comprise portions that extend over or form part of a tether or anchor. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises a dielectric layer disposed between the one of the sacrificial portions and the component, wherein each of the connection posts is electrically connected to one of the component electrodes through the dielectric layer. One of the sacrificial portions can be differentially etchable from the anchors or can comprise different materials, for example differentially etchable materials. In some embodiments, one of the sacrificial portions comprises an anisotropically etchable material. The connection posts can extend into the one of the sacrificial portions. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises a component source wafer comprising a patterned sacrificial layer comprising an anchor, wherein the component is connected to the anchor by a tether and disposed such that a gap exists between the component and a surface of the module source wafer. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises a substrate having a substrate surface and electrodes disposed on the substrate surface, and the component disposed on the substrate surface. Each of the connection posts can be in electrical contact with one of the electrodes. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises a patterned layer of adhesive adhering the connection posts to the substrate surface. The patterned layer of adhesive can contact only a portion of a bottom surface of the component to the substrate surface. The component can have at least one of a length and width less than or equal to 200 microns. The patterned substrate can comprise a semiconductor comprising an electronic substrate circuit. 
     In some embodiments, a device structure comprises three or at least four connection posts. The component can comprise at least a portion of a component tether. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent and better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIGS. 1A-12  are successive illustrations of structures formed during a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1A  is a perspective and  FIG. 1B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 1A  of a stamp and component source wafer according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross section of a stamp in contact with components on a component source wafer according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3A  is a perspective and  FIG. 3B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 3A  of a stamp with components removed from a component source wafer according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4A  is a perspective and  FIG. 4B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 4A  of a stamp and patterned substrate before micro-transfer printing from the stamp to the patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross section of a stamp micro-transfer printing a first subset of components to a patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6A  is a perspective and  FIG. 6B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 6A  of a stamp and patterned substrate before micro-transfer printing a second subset of components from the stamp to the patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross section of a stamp micro-transfer printing a second subset of components to a patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8A  is a perspective and  FIG. 8B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 8A  of a stamp and patterned substrate after micro-transfer printing a second subset of components from the stamp to the patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 9-12  are successive perspectives of structures following  FIGS. 8A and 8B  of a stamp and patterned substrate before and after micro-transfer printing successive subsets of components from the stamp to the patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram of a micro-transfer printing and construction process corresponding to  FIGS. 1A to 12  according to illustrative methods of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  is a flow diagram illustrating a construction method; 
         FIGS. 15-16  are perspectives of a stamp populated with components before micro-transfer printing the components to a patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17A  is a perspective and  FIG. 17B  is a corresponding cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 17A  of a component micro-transfer printed to a patterned substrate where the component does not extend over an edge of a substrate post according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18A  is a perspective and  FIG. 18B  is a corresponding cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 18A  of a component micro-transfer printed to a patterned substrate where the component extends over the edges of a substrate post according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19A  is a perspective and  FIGS. 19B and 19C  are corresponding micrographs of a component micro-transfer printed to a patterned substrate where the component extends over the edges of a substrate post in one direction but not in an orthogonal direction according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20A  is a perspective and  FIG. 20B  is a corresponding cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 20A  of a stamp micro-transfer printing a component to a patterned substrate where a stamp post has an area substantially equal to an area of a substrate post to which the component is micro-transfer printed according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  is a perspective of two components micro-transfer printed to a common substrate post according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 22A  is a perspective and  FIG. 22B  is a corresponding cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 22A  of a component, substrate post, substrate circuit, and patterned substrate electrodes according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 22C-22D  are cross sections of a component, substrate post, substrate circuit, and patterned substrate wire bonds according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 23A  is a perspective and  FIG. 23B  is a corresponding cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 23A  of extensive component electrodes with a substrate post, substrate circuit, and patterned substrate electrodes according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 23C-23E  are perspectives of extensive component electrodes with a substrate post and patterned substrate electrodes according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 24A-24C  are perspectives of components having different shapes according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 25A, 25B and 26  are perspectives of a component, substrate post(s), and electrodes according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 27-30  are cross sections of a component within a cavity according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 31-35  are flow diagrams of construction methods according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 36A-36L  are successive cross sections of structures formed during a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 37A-37C  are successive cross sections of structures formed during a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 38  is a cross section of a micro-transfer printable module according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 39A-39H  are successive cross sections of structures formed during a method according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 40  is a perspective of a component comprising two connection posts located near a center of the component according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 41  is a perspective of a component comprising four connection posts located near a center of the component according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 42  is a top plan view of a micro-transfer printed component corresponding to  FIG. 41  comprising four connection posts located near a center of the component according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 43  is a cross section of a component in accordance with the component shown in  FIG. 40  or  FIG. 41  comprising two or four connection posts located near a center of the component according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 44  is a perspective of a micro-transfer printable component having two connection posts located near each end of the component in a length-wise direction according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 45  is a cross section of a component corresponding to  FIG. 44  having connection posts embedded in or penetrating substrate electrodes on a patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 46A-46B  are cross sections of micro-transfer printable components with connection posts on a component source wafer according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 47  is a perspective of a micro-transfer printed component in accordance with the component shown in  FIG. 40  or  FIG. 46A  having patterned component top electrodes electrically connected to a substrate circuit on a patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 48  is a perspective of a micro-transfer printed component in accordance with the component shown in  FIG. 44 or 46B  having a patterned component top electrode electrically connected to a substrate circuit on a patterned substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIGS. 49A-49F  are successive cross sections of structures formed during a method of making micro-transfer printable components according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     The perspectives shown in  FIGS. 1A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 8A, 9-12, 19, 20, 25A and 25B  are exploded illustrations with exaggerated viewing angles. The two cross section lines A indicated in some of the perspective Figures are actually congruent and illustrate the same cross section line for different elements of the figure. 
     The features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 
     Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward methods of printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) arrays of components from a component source wafer to a patterned substrate using a transfer device (e.g., stamp), where the patterned substrate comprises structures that extend from a surface of the patterned substrate. Each such structure is referred to herein as a substrate post and the substrate post serves to contact and adhere a picked-up component disposed (temporarily) on the transfer device. Thus, in some embodiments, only those components present on a stamp that contact a substrate post are printed (e.g., transfer printed) to the patterned substrate so that the arrangement of printed (e.g., micro-transfer printed) components on the patterned substrate is at least partially defined by the arrangement of substrate posts on the patterned substrate, and not solely by the arrangement of components on the stamp. According to some embodiments, a device structure comprises an acoustic wave transducer comprising a component (e.g., and one or more component electrodes). An acoustic wave transducer (e.g., a bulk or surface acoustic wave transducer) can be a portion of an acoustic wave filter or sensor. 
     Referring to the sequential cross sections and perspectives of  FIGS. 1A-12  and the flow diagram of  FIG. 13 , according to some embodiments, a method of micro-transfer printing comprises providing a component source wafer  40  comprising components  30  in step  100  and providing a transfer device  20  (e.g., a stamp  20 ) in step  110  (as shown in the exploded  FIG. 1A  perspective and corresponding cross section  FIG. 1B  taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 1A ). Stamp  20  can, but does not necessarily, comprise stamp posts  22 , each with a stamp post area  26 , that protrude from stamp  20  to contact components  30  when stamp  20  is pressed against components  30 . As shown in  FIG. 1B , components  30  are entirely disposed over, and can be formed on, sacrificial portions  82  spatially separated by anchors  50  in sacrificial layer  81  of component source wafer  40 . Components  30  can be, but are not necessarily, arranged in a rectangular array of components  30 , for example in a regular two-dimensional arrangement within a rectangular simple closed curve  46 . A dielectric layer  44  disposed over patterned substrate  10  and sacrificial portions  82  connects each component  30  with a component tether  52  to an anchor  50 . Component tethers  52  can be laterally connected to anchors  50  (as shown) or disposed in other locations, for example beneath components  30  (shown in  FIGS. 39D-39H  discussed below). 
     Reference is made throughout the present description to examples of micro-transfer printing with stamp  20  when describing certain examples of printing components  30  (e.g., in describing  FIGS. 1A-12 ). Similar other embodiments are expressly contemplated where a transfer device  20  that is not a stamp  20  is used to similarly print components  30 . For example, in some embodiments, a transfer device  20  that is a vacuum-based or electrostatic transfer device  20  can be used to print components  30 . A vacuum-based or electrostatic transfer device  20  can comprise a plurality of transfer posts, each transfer post being constructed and arranged to pick up a single component  30  (similarly to stamp posts  22  in stamp  20 ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , sacrificial portions  82  (shown in  FIG. 1B ) are sacrificed, for example by etching sacrificial portions  82  to form gaps  84  (indicated by arrows), so that components  30  are suspended over gaps  84  and attached to anchors  50  of component source wafer  40  by component tethers  52  that maintain the physical position of components  30  relative to (e.g., with respect to) component source wafer  40  after sacrificial portions  82  are etched. (Components  30  shown in  FIG. 2  are said to comprise at least a portion of a component tether  52 , which may break or separate during a pick-up portion of a printing.) Stamp  20  is moved into position relative to component source wafer  40 , for example by an opto-mechatronic motion platform, in step  130  and components  30  are picked up from component source wafer  40  by adhering components  30  to stamp  20 , for example by pressing stamp  20  against components  30  on component source wafer  40  with the motion platform and adhering components  30  to the distal ends of stamp posts  22 , for example with van der Waals or electrostatic forces. 
     Referring to the  FIG. 3A  perspective and  FIG. 3B  cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 3A , stamp  20  in contact with components  30  suspended over gaps  84  is then removed from component source wafer  40  by the motion platform, fracturing dielectric layer  44  component tethers  52  from anchors  50  to form fractured component tethers  53  and picking up components  30  from component source wafer  40  with stamp  20  in step  140 . (Fractured component tethers  53  are said to each be at least a portion of a component tether  53 .) For clarity, components  30  adhered to stamp  20  or stamp posts  22  of stamp  20  are also referred to as stamp components  30 S. Thus, picked-up stamp components  30 S can comprise a separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tether  53 . 
     Referring to the perspective of  FIG. 4A  and cross section of  FIG. 4B  taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 4A , a patterned substrate  10  comprising substrate posts  12  that extend from a substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  is provided in step  120 . Patterned substrate  10  is patterned at least because of substrate posts  12  formed on or in patterned substrate  10 . Substrate posts  12  can comprise the same material as patterned substrate  10  or can be a patterned structure formed by processing a substrate, for example a structured substrate. Substrate posts  12  are spatially separated over patterned substrate  10  by a substrate post separation distance  14  in each of one or two dimensions. In step  150 , stamp  20  and stamp components  30 S with fractured component tethers  53  are moved into position relative to (e.g., with respect to) patterned substrate  10  and substrate posts  12 . Stamp components  30 S can be spatially separated by a stamp component separation distance  24  in each of one or two dimensions that is different from substrate post separation distance  14 , for example smaller, and an extent of stamp  20  (e.g., a convex hull of stamp posts  22 ) can be different from an extent of patterned substrate  10  (e.g., a convex hull of substrate posts  12 ). Hence, substrate post separation distance  14  can be greater than component separation distance  24 . Thus, in some embodiments, a subset of stamp components  30 S are selected by substrate posts  12  to micro-transfer print the subset of stamp components  30 S to the selecting substrate posts  12 . In the example of  FIGS. 4A and 4B , every other stamp component  30 S in two dimensions positioned on the front left of stamp  20  is transfer printed to corresponding adjacent substrate posts  12  on the front left of patterned substrate  10  so that components  30  micro-transfer-printed to substrate posts  12  (referred to herein as substrate post components  30 P) are spatially separated by twice the substrate post separation distance  14  in each of the two dimensions over patterned substrate  10  as component  30 S separated by stamp component separation distance  24 . In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 4A , components  30  have a component area  36  that is substantially equal to a substrate post area  18  of substrate posts  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , in step  160  one or more of picked-up stamp components  30 S with fractured component tethers  53  are printed to patterned substrate  10  by disposing each of one or more picked-up stamp components  30 S onto a substrate post  12  protruding from substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  to provide micro-transfer-printed components  30  on substrate posts  12 , referred to as substrate post components  30 P. Not all of stamp components  30 S need contact a substrate post  12 , so that substrate posts  12  can effectively select a subset of stamp components  30 S from stamp posts  22  of stamp  20 . Stamp components  30 S that contact a substrate post  12  are adhered to substrate post  12  and those stamp components  30 S that do not contact a substrate post  12  remain adhered to stamp  20 , for example to a stamp post  22 . 
     Once substrate post components  30 P contacting substrate posts  12  are adhered to substrate posts  12 , stamp  20  can be removed and, if all of component  30  are not yet micro-transfer printed from stamp  20  (step  170 ), stamp  20  is repositioned with respect to patterned substrate  10  (repeating step  150  and as shown in the perspective of  FIG. 6A  and cross section of  FIG. 6B  taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 6A ) to micro-transfer print a different subset of stamp components  30 S with fractured component tethers  53  from stamp posts  22  to a different subset of substrate posts  12  on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  (repeating step  160  and as shown in the cross section of  FIG. 7 ). In the example of  FIG. 6B , every other stamp component  30 S in two dimensions positioned on the front right of stamp  20  is micro-transfer printed to corresponding adjacent substrate posts  12  on the front right of patterned substrate  10  so that micro-transfer printed substrate post components  30 P are spatially separated by twice substrate post separation distance  14  in each of the two dimensions over patterned substrate  10  compared to stamp component separation distance  24 . Stamp  20  is removed as shown in the perspective of  FIG. 8A  and cross section of  FIG. 8B  taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 8A , leaving substrate post components  30 P adhered to front right substrate posts  12  of patterned substrate  10 . 
     If components  30  are not all transferred the process is not done (step  170 ) and the same process steps  150  and  160  are repeated again to select and transfer back left stamp components  30 S with fractured component tethers  53  on stamp posts  22  of stamp  20  to back left substrate posts  12  on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  (shown in the perspective of  FIG. 9  before micro-transfer printing and the perspective of  FIG. 10 , after micro-transfer printing) and then transfer back right stamp components  30 S to back right substrate posts  12  of patterned substrate  10  (shown in the perspective of  FIG. 11  before transfer printing and the perspective of  FIG. 12 , after transfer printing). When all of components  30  are micro-transfer printed to substrate posts  12 , the process is complete (step  180 ), as shown in  FIG. 12 . 
     Thus, methods according to certain embodiments can comprise micro-transfer printing components  30  onto substrate posts  12  having locations relatively different from the locations of components  30  on component source wafer  40 , so that the extent of micro-transfer printed components  30  over patterned substrate  10  is larger than the extent of components  30  over component source wafer  40 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more of picked-up stamp components  30 S are first picked-up stamp components  30 S and one or more of picked-up stamp components  30 S other than first picked-up stamp components  30 S that are not printed are second picked-up stamp components  30 S so that first and second stamp components  30 S are disjoint subsets of stamp components  30 S on stamp  20 . Methods according to certain embodiments can comprise moving stamp  20  with respect to patterned substrate  10  and printing to patterned substrate  10  by disposing each first picked-up stamp component  30 S onto a substrate post  12  and the disposing each second picked-up stamp component  30 S onto a substrate post  12  without picking up any more components  30  from component source wafer  40 . Stamp  20  can be moved relative (e.g., with respect to) patterned substrate  10  by moving stamp  20  with a fixed location of patterned substrate  10 , by moving patterned substrate  10  with a fixed location of stamp  20  or moving both stamp  20  and patterned substrate  10  (e.g., in opposing directions), for example. 
     In some embodiments, the order in which stamp components  30 S are printed (e.g., front right stamp components  30 S versus back left stamp components  30 S) is arbitrary. Likewise, the order in which substrate posts  12  are selected for printing can be arbitrary. For example, the front right stamp components  30 S could be printed to back left substrate posts  12  as a first printing step in certain embodiments. 
     Certain embodiments provide an advantage in enabling multiple component  30  print steps to a substrate without intervening pickup steps from a component source wafer  40  with a stamp  20 . In some embodiments, elimination of intervening pickup steps improves manufacturing throughput. Referring to  FIG. 14  and in contrast to the steps illustrated in  FIG. 13 , after providing a component source wafer  40  in step  100 , a stamp  20  in step  110 , and an unpatterned substrate in step  121 , stamp  20  is aligned with component source wafer  40  in step  130 , stamp components  30 S are picked up from component source wafer  40  in step  140 , and stamp  20  is aligned with the unpatterned substrate in step  151 . In the absence of substrate posts  12  as on the unpatterned substrate, all of stamp components  30 S on stamp  20  transfer to the unpatterned substrate in print step  161 , because all of stamp components  30 S are in contact with a surface of the unpatterned substrate, and the pick-up and print processes are both repeated, necessitating a pickup step  140  for every print step  161  until all of components  30  are micro-transfer printed (step  170 ) and the process completed (step  180 ). In contrast, as shown in  FIG. 13 , some embodiments enable a single pickup step  140  followed by multiple print steps  160 , thus improving printing throughput. For example,  FIGS. 1A-12  illustrate a single pickup step  140  followed by four print steps  160 . In some embodiments, the relative number of pickup and print steps are at least partly specified by the number and arrangement of stamp components  30 S on stamp  20  and the number and arrangement of substrate posts  12  on patterned substrate  10 . 
     Thus, according to some embodiments, the printed substrate post components  30 P of one or more picked-up stamp components  30 S are first components  30  (e.g., first picked-up components) and one or more of picked-up stamp components  30 S other than the first components  30  are second components  30  (e.g., second picked-up components) and methods comprise moving stamp  20  with relative to (e.g., with respect to) patterned substrate  10  after printing first component  30  and printing second components  30  to patterned substrate  10  without picking up any components  30  additional to first and second components  30 . 
     According to some embodiments, micro-transfer printing can include any method of transferring components  30  from a source substrate (e.g., component source wafer  40 ) to a destination substrate (e.g., patterned substrate  10 ) by contacting components  30  on the source substrate with a patterned or unpatterned stamp surface of a stamp  20  to remove components  30  from the source substrate, transferring stamp  20  and contacted components  30  to the destination substrate, and contacting components  30  to a surface of the destination substrate. Components  30  can be adhered to stamp  20  or the destination substrate by, for example, van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces, chemical forces, adhesives, or any combination of the above. In some embodiments, components  30  are adhered to stamp  20  with separation-rate-dependent adhesion, for example kinetic control of viscoelastic stamp materials such as can be found in elastomeric transfer devices such as a PDMS stamp  20 . Stamps  20  can be patterned or unpatterned and can comprise stamp posts  22  having a stamp post area  26  on the distal end of stamp posts  22 . Stamp posts  22  can have a length, a width, or both a length and a width, similar or substantially equal to a length, a width, or both a length and a width of component  30 . In some embodiments, as discussed further below, stamp posts  22  can be smaller than components  30  or have a dimension, such as a length and/or a width, substantially equal to or smaller than a length or a width of substrate posts  12  in one or two orthogonal directions. In some embodiments, stamp posts  22  each have a contact surface of substantially identical area. 
     In exemplary methods, a viscoelastic elastomer (e.g., PDMS) stamp  20  (e.g., comprising a plurality of stamp posts  22 ) is constructed and arranged to retrieve and transfer arrays of components  30  from their native component source wafer  40  onto non-native patterned substrates  10 . In some embodiments, stamp  20  mounts onto motion-plus-optics machinery (e.g., an opto-mechatronic motion platform) that can precisely control stamp  20  alignment and kinetics with respect to both component source wafers  40  and patterned substrates  10  with substrate posts  12 . During micro-transfer printing, the motion platform brings stamp  20  into contact with components  30  on component source wafer  40 , with optical alignment performed before contact. Rapid upward movement of the print-head (or, in some embodiments, downward movement of component source wafer  40 ) breaks (e.g., fractures) or separates component tether(s)  52  forming broken (e.g., fractured) or separated component tethers  53 , transferring component(s)  30  to stamp  20  or stamp posts  22 . The populated stamp  20  then travels to patterned substrate  10  (or vice versa) and one or more components  30  are then aligned to substrate posts  12  and printed. 
     A component source wafer  40  can be any source wafer or substrate with transfer printable components  30  that can be transferred with a transfer device  20  (e.g., a stamp  20 ). For example, a component source wafer  40  can be or comprise a semiconductor (e.g., silicon) in a crystalline or non-crystalline form, a compound semiconductor (e.g., comprising GaN or GaAs), a glass, a polymer, a sapphire, or a quartz wafer. Sacrificial portions  82  can be formed of a patterned oxide (e.g., silicon dioxide) or nitride (e.g., silicon nitride) layer or can be an anisotropically etchable portion of sacrificial layer  81  of component source wafer  40 . Typically, component source wafers  40  are smaller than patterned substrates  10 . 
     Components  30  can be any transfer printable structure, for example including any one or more of a wide variety of active or passive (or active and passive) components  30 . Components can be any one or more of integrated devices, integrated circuits (such as CMOS circuits), light-emitting diodes, photodiodes, sensors, electrical or electronic devices, optical devices, opto-electronic devices, magnetic devices, magneto-optic devices, magneto-electronic devices, and piezo-electric device, materials or structures. Components  30  can comprise electronic component circuits  34  that operate component  30 . Component  30  can be responsive to electrical energy, to optical energy, to electromagnetic energy, or to mechanical energy, for example. In some embodiments, an acoustic wave transducer  94  comprises component  30 . In some embodiments, two acoustic wave transducers  94  both comprise component  30 , for example when used in an acoustic wave filter or sensor. 
     Components  30  formed or disposed in or on component source wafers  40  can be constructed using integrated circuit, micro-electro-mechanical, or photolithographic methods for example. Components  30  can comprise one or more different component materials, for example non-crystalline (e.g., amorphous), polycrystalline, or crystalline semiconductor materials such as silicon or compound semiconductor materials or non-crystalline or crystalline piezo-electric materials. In some embodiments, component  30  comprises a layer of piezo-electric material disposed over or on a layer of dielectric material, for example an oxide or nitride such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. 
     In certain embodiments, components  30  can be native to and formed on sacrificial portions  82  of component source wafers  40  and can include seed layers for constructing crystalline layers on or in component source wafers  40 . Components  30 , sacrificial portions  82 , anchors  50 , and component tethers  52  can be constructed, for example using photolithographic processes. Components  30  can be micro-devices having at least one of a length and a width less than or equal to 200 microns, less than or equal to 100 microns, less than or equal to 50 microns, less than or equal to 25 microns, less than or equal to 15 microns, less than or equal to 10 microns, or less than or equal to five microns, and alternatively or additionally a thickness of less than or equal to 50 microns, less than or equal to 25 microns, less than or equal to 15 microns, less than or equal to 10 microns, less than or equal to five microns, less than or equal to two microns, or less than or equal to one micron. Components  30  can be unpackaged dice (each an unpackaged die) transferred directly from native component source wafers  40  on or in which components  30  are constructed to patterned substrate  10 . 
     Anchors  50  and component tethers  52  can each be or can comprise portions of component source wafer  40  that are not sacrificial portions  82  and can include layers formed on component source wafers  40 , for example dielectric or metal layers and for example layers formed as a part of photolithographic processes used to construct or encapsulate components  30 . 
     Patterned substrate  10  can be any destination substrate or target substrate with substrate posts  12  to which components  30  are transferred (e.g., micro-transfer printed), for example flat-panel display substrates, printed circuit boards, or similar substrates can be used in various embodiments. Patterned substrates  10  can be, for example substrates comprising one or more of glass, polymer, quartz, ceramics, metal, and sapphire. Patterned substrates  10  can be semiconductor substrates (for example silicon) or compound semiconductor substrates. 
     In some embodiments, a layer of adhesive  16 , such as a layer of resin, polymer, or epoxy, either curable or non-curable, adheres components  30  onto substrate posts  12  of patterned substrate  10  and can be disposed, for example by coating or lamination (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 17A and 17B  discussed below). In some embodiments, a layer of adhesive  16  is disposed in a pattern, for example between electrical substrate post electrodes  64  on a substrate post  12  or component electrodes  61  on a component  30 . In some embodiments, a layer of adhesive  12  is disposed in a pattern, for example over substrate post electrodes  64  to improve contact between connection posts  67  extending from a component  30  and substrate posts electrodes  64 . A layer of adhesive can be disposed using inkjet, screening, or photolithographic techniques, for example. In some embodiments, a layer of adhesive  16  is coated, for example with a spray or slot coater, and then patterned, for example using photolithographic techniques. A patterned layer of adhesive can provide substrate posts  12 , for example by coating and imprinting or photolithographic processing or by inkjet deposition. In some embodiments, solder  68  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 22C and 22D  and discussed below) is pattern-wise coated and disposed on substrate post  12  or component electrodes  61 , for example by screen printing, and improves an electrical connection between a component  30  and an electrical conductor on a substrate post  12 . 
     In some embodiments, a substrate post  12  is any protuberance or protrusion extending from a substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 . In some embodiments, substrate posts  12  have a substantially rectangular cross section. In some embodiments, substrate posts  12  have non-rectangular cross sections, such as circular or polygonal cross sections for example. In some embodiments, substrate posts  12  have a flat surface on a distal end of each substrate post  12  in a direction parallel to the patterned substrate  10  surface, e.g., can be a mesa. In some embodiments, substrate posts  12  can comprise any material to which components  30  can be adhered. A substrate post  12  can be a pedestal or post and can comprise the same material as patterned substrate  10  or can comprise a different material from patterned substrate  10  or component  30 . For example, in some embodiments, substrate posts  12  comprise the same material (e.g., silicon or other semiconductor materials) as patterned substrate  10  and are patterned in substrate  10 , for example by patterned etching using photoresists and other photolithographic processes, stamping, or molding. In some embodiments, substrate posts  12  are formed on patterned substrate  10  (e.g., by coating). In some embodiments, substrate posts  12  comprise different materials from substrate  10 , for example by coating a material in a layer on substrate  10  and pattern-wise etching the coated layer to form substrate posts  12 . 
     For example, a substrate post  12  can be or comprise a dielectric material, such as an oxide (e.g., silicon dioxide) or nitride (e.g., silicon nitride) or polymer, resin, or epoxy and can be organic or inorganic. Substrate posts  12  can be a cured resin and can be deposited in an uncured state and cured or patterned before components  30  are micro-transfer printed to substrate posts  12  or cured after components  30  are micro-transfer printed to substrate posts  12 . Substrate posts  12  can be electrically conductive and comprise, for example, metals or metallic materials or particles. Substrate posts  12  can be formed using photolithographic processes, for example substrate posts  12  can be formed by coating a resin over a substrate and then patterning and curing the resin using photolithographic processes (e.g., coating a photoresist, exposing the photoresist to patterned radiation, curing the photoresist, etching the pattern to form substrate posts  12  and patterned substrate  10 , and stripping the photoresist). Substrate posts  12  can be constructed by inkjet deposition or imprinting methods, for example using a mold, and can be imprinted structures. 
     Patterned electrical conductors (e.g., wires, traces, or electrodes (e.g., electrical contact pads) such as those found on printed circuit boards, flat-panel display substrates, and in thin-film circuits) can be formed on any combination of components  30 , substrate posts  12 , and patterned substrate  10 , and any one can comprise electrodes (e.g., electrical contact pads) that electrically connect to components  30 , for example as described further below with respect to  FIGS. 21-23 . Such patterned electrical conductors and electrodes (e.g., contact pads) can comprise, for example, metal, transparent conductive oxides, or cured conductive inks and can be constructed using photolithographic methods and materials, for example metals such as aluminum, gold, or silver deposited by evaporation and patterned using pattern-wise exposed, cured, and etched photoresists, or constructed using imprinting methods and materials or inkjet printers and materials, for example comprising cured conductive inks deposited on a surface or provided in micro-channels in or on patterned substrate  10  or substrate posts  12 , or both. 
     According to some embodiments, stamp  20  can pick up every component  30  on component source wafer  40 , as shown in  FIG. 3A . In some embodiments, stamp  20  picks up a subset of components  30  on component source wafer  40 . In some embodiments, stamp  20  picks up every component  30  on component source wafer  40  within a simple closed curve  46  (shown in  FIG. 1A ) on component source wafer  40 , for example every component  30  within a rectangle on component source wafer  40 . In some embodiments, stamp  20  picks up a subset of components  30  on component source wafer  40  within a simple closed curve  46 , for example every other component  30  within a rectangle on component source wafer  40 . Thus, in some embodiments, the subset of picked-up stamp components  30 S forms a regular rectangular array, for example matching an array or sub-array of components  30  on component source wafer  40  or a subset of such components  30 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , all of picked-up stamp components  30 S are micro-transfer printed so that, after a single micro-transfer printing, no stamp components  30 S are adhered to stamp  20 , for example to stamp posts  22 . As shown in  FIG. 15 , a stamp component  30 S is transfer printed to each of substrate posts  12  on patterned substrate  10  and all of stamp components  30 S on stamp posts  22  of stamp  20  are micro-transfer printed. As shown in  FIG. 16 , only a subset of substrate posts  12  on patterned substrate  10  receive a stamp component  30 S from stamp posts  22  of stamp  20  although all of stamp components  30 S are micro-transfer printed. The subset of substrate posts  12  can be adjacent neighbors to each other, for example as shown in  FIGS. 6B, 8B, 10, 12, 18 and 19 , or the subset of substrate posts  12  can be sampled within a patterned substrate  10  area. 
     In some embodiments, only a subset of components  30  adhered to stamp  20  are transferred to substrate posts  12  in a micro-transfer print step so that stamp components  30 S not in the subset remain adhered to stamp posts  22  of stamp  20  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 4A-12 ). The subset of components  30  that are micro-transfer printed can be adjacent to each other on stamp  20  and substrate posts  12  so that no components  30  not in the subset are between micro-transfer printed components  30 . In some embodiments, the subset of components  30  that are micro-transfer printed are not all adjacent to each other on stamp  20  so that components  30  not in the subset are between the micro-transfer printed components  30 , for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 6B, 10, and 11 , in which every other component  30  on stamp  20  is transferred to substrate posts  12  in each micro-transfer print step. Micro-transfer printed components  30  on substrate posts  12  can be adjacent even if they are not adjacent on stamp  20 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 6B, 10, and 11  for example, so that components  30  on substrate posts  12  and patterned substrate  10  extend over a greater area than components  30  did on component source wafer  40  (where the area can be the convex hull of components  30  over the respective surface). Thus, in some such embodiments, picked-up stamp components  30 S on stamp  20  are separated by a distance in one or two dimensions by a stamp component separation distance  24  and substrate posts  12  are separated by a distance in one or two dimensions by a substrate post separation distance  14  that is greater than stamp component separation distance  24 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
     As shown, substrate posts  12  can form a regular rectangular array of substrate posts  12  on patterned substrate  10 , but can, in general, be arranged in any desired pattern, including, for example, polygons curves, circles, or a random arrangement. 
     In some embodiments, for example as shown in  FIGS. 17A and 17B  (and  FIGS. 6B, 8B, 10, and 12 ), a micro-transfer printed substrate post component  30 P does not extend over an edge of a substrate post  12  on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 . For example, a substrate post component  30 P can have a component area  36  over the extent of substrate post  12  equal to or smaller than a substrate post area  18  of a surface of substrate post  12  on which substrate post component  30 P is micro-transfer printed. An edge of substrate post component  30 P can be aligned with an edge of a substrate post  12  on which substrate post component  30 P is micro-transfer printed, as shown in  FIGS. 6B, 8B, 10, and 12 , or can be spatially set back from a substrate post  12  edge, as shown in  FIGS. 17A and 17B . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 17A and 17B , substrate post components  30 P can be adhered to substrate posts  12  with a patterned layer of adhesive  16 , for example coated on substrate post  12 , or provided as a lamination, or by van der Waals forces. As noted above, components  30  can comprise active component circuits  34 . Patterned substrate  10  can comprise substrate circuits  90  formed in, on, or disposed on patterned substrate  10  that are electrically connected to the active circuits in components  30 , as described further below. 
     In some embodiments, any one or all of a component center, centroid, or center of mass (any one or more of which is referred to as component center  32 ) of component  30  can be disposed over substrate post  12  so that substrate post  12  is between component center, component centroid, or component center of mass  32  and patterned substrate  10 . As used herein, component center  32  refers to any one or more of a component center, component centroid, and component center of mass. It is understood that in a given arrangement, a component center of mass may not be in the same location as a center or centroid of the component. In some embodiments, this arrangement can provide a robust mechanical structure that can help keep component  30  adhered to substrate post  12 , especially when exposed to mechanical stress, such as vibration. 
       FIGS. 17A and 17B  illustrate a substrate post component  30 P that is disposed completely within a substrate post area  18  of a surface of a substrate post  12 . In some embodiments, referring to  FIGS. 18A and 18B , a micro-transfer printed substrate post component  30 P on a substrate post  12  on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  extends over an edge of substrate post  12  in two dimensions. Printed structure  99  comprises a patterned substrate  10  comprising a substrate surface  11  and a substrate post  12  protruding from substrate surface  11 . Substrate post  12  comprises a substrate post material. Component  30  has a component top side  38  and a component bottom side  39  opposite component top side  38 . Component bottom side  39  is adhered to substrate post  12  and extends over at least one edge of substrate post  12 . In some embodiments, a component  30  comprises a component material different from a substrate post material. Component  30  can comprise a separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tether  53 . In some embodiments, a component  30  is adhered or attached to a patterned substrate  10  and substrate post  12  only by component bottom side  39 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIGS. 19A-19C , a micro-transfer printed substrate post component  30 P on a substrate post  12  extends over an edge of substrate post  12  in one dimension or direction and does not extend over an edge of substrate post  12  in an orthogonal dimension or direction. In such embodiments, for example, a substrate post  12  can form a ridge with a length greater than a width that extends in a length direction beyond a substrate post component  30 P micro-transfer printed on substrate post  12  with component center  32  disposed over substrate post  12 . Thus, according to some micro-transfer printed structure embodiments, substrate post component  30 P extends over one side of substrate post  12 , extends over two sides of substrate post  12 , extends over four sides of substrate post  12 , or extends over opposing sides of substrate post  12 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 19B and 19C , a component  30  (substrate post component  30 P) having a component circuit  34  has been micro-transfer printed onto a substrate post  12  on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  with component center  32  disposed over substrate post  12 . The component  30  has been electrically operated. In some embodiments, referring still to  FIGS. 19B and 19C , by disposing a substrate post component  30 P with an edge extending over an edge of substrate post  12 , the extending portion of substrate post component  30 P can vibrate, for example operating in an acoustic wave transducer  94 , for example in a bulk or surface acoustic wave filter or sensor, while a center portion of substrate post component  30 P is adhered to substrate post  12  to support substrate post component  30 P. In some embodiments, component  30  can comprise acoustic mirrors having a speed of sound transmission different from the speed of sound transmission in other component  30  material. Acoustic mirrors can be, for example, disposed on component top side  38 , component bottom side  39 , or both. In some embodiments, such acoustic wave mirrors are unnecessary, since the length-wise ends of component  30  are not adhered to any structure and are free to vibrate without disturbing other structures, for example without disturbing patterned substrate  10 , thereby providing a simpler and more efficient acoustic wave transducer  94  structure (e.g., in an acoustic wave filter or sensor) that is easier and less expensive to construct. 
     In some embodiments, components  30  are adhered to a stamp post  22  of a stamp  20  and transferred to a substrate post  12 , for example by van der Waals forces. The adhesion between a component  30  and a surface of stamp post  22  can be dependent, at least in part, on the area of component  30  that is in contact with stamp post  22 , for example a distal end of stamp post  22 . Similarly, the adhesion between a surface of a substrate post  12  and a component  30  micro-transfer printed to substrate post  12  can be dependent, at least in part, on the area of component  30  that is in contact with substrate post  12 , for example a distal end of substrate post  12 . In some embodiments, in order to micro-transfer print a component  30  from a stamp post  22  to a substrate post  12 , an adhesion between component  30  and substrate post  12  must be greater than an adhesion between component  30  and stamp post  22 . Thus, it can be helpful if the area of substrate post  12  surface to which component  30  is micro-transfer printed is at least as large, or larger than, the area of stamp post  22  from which component  30  is micro-transfer printed. In some embodiments, in which substrate post area  18  of substrate post  12  is larger than component area  36  of component  30 , the difference in stamp post area  26  and substrate post area  18  is not necessarily significant, since an adhesion area for each can be the same (component area  36  of component  30 ), for example as shown in  FIGS. 17A, 17B . However, in a case in which component  30  extends over an edge of substrate post  12  and is likely to have a component area  36  greater than substrate post area  18 , it can be helpful to employ a stamp post  22  with a stamp post area  26  in contact with component  30  that is equal to or less than substrate post area  18  that is in contact with component  30  during micro-transfer printing, so that a stamp  20  adhesion area in contact with component  30  is equal to or less than substrate post  12  adhesion area in contact with component  30 . Moreover, if component  30  extends over an edge of substrate post  12  and a stamp post  22  likewise extends over substrate post  12  edge, when component  30  is transfer printed to substrate post  12 , stamp  20  can press against component  30  on a portion of component  30  that is not supported by substrate post  12 , possibly bending or breaking component  30 . Referring to  FIGS. 20A and 20B , stamp  20  has a stamp post  22  with a stamp post area  26  on the distal end of stamp post  22  that is substantially equal (at least within manufacturing tolerances) to substrate post area  18  of substrate post  12 . Thus, the area of component  30  in contact with stamp post  22  is equal to the area of component  30  in contact with during micro-transfer printing substrate post  12  (substrate post area  18 ). Accordingly, in some embodiments, stamp  20  comprises a stamp post  22  and stamp post  22  has a dimension W (e.g., a width) substantially the same as a corresponding dimension W of substrate post  12 . 
     In some embodiments, a substrate post  12  extends over substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  to form a ridge that has a length greater than a dimension of component  30 , for example a substrate post length along substrate surface  11  greater than a width W of component  30 , as shown in  FIG. 21 , in which the length L of component  30  is oriented orthogonally to the length of substrate post  12 . In some such embodiments, more than one component  30  can be printed on a single ridge or substrate post  12 . Thus, if a component  30  is a first component  30  adhered to a substrate post  12 , printed structure  99  can comprise a second component  30  adhered to substrate post  12 . The ridge (substrate post  12 ) can have a substrate post top side  19  opposite patterned substrate  10  to which a component bottom side  39  of a component  30  is adhered. In some embodiments, a substrate post  12  extends in a straight line and has a rectangular cross section parallel to surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 . In some embodiments, a substrate post  12  extends in one or more directions and can form a square, rectangle, curve, circle, ellipse, polygon, U-shape, X-shape, or other arbitrary collection of connected line segments or curved segments over substrate surface  11 . In some embodiments, a component  30  is micro-transfer printed to two or more substrate posts  12 . 
     Referring further to  FIG. 21 , a printed structure  99  in accordance with some embodiments can comprise electrical conductors disposed on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 , forming a substrate electrode  66 . In some embodiments, electrical conductors can be disposed on substrate post  12 , forming a substrate post electrode  64 . In some embodiments, substrate post  12  can be electrically conductive and can conduct one or more of electrical power, ground, and signals. Substrate electrodes  66  can be electrically connected to substrate post electrodes  64  and substrate post electrodes  64  can be electrically connected to components  30 , for example through component electrodes  61  on components  30 , to provide electrical power and control signals to operate components  30 . Thus, a printed structure  99  according to some embodiments, can comprise one or more substrate post electrodes  64  on substrate post top side  19 . A component  30  can be electrically connected to the one or more substrate post electrodes  64 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, components  30  can have one or more component electrodes  61  on a component top side  38  of components  30  opposite substrate post  12  (component top electrodes  60 ) or components  30  can have one or more component electrodes  61  on a component bottom side  39  of components  30  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 18B ) adjacent to substrate post  12  (component bottom electrodes  62 ), as shown in  FIGS. 22A and 22B , or both. Component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  can be electrically connected to substrate post electrodes  64  and then to substrate electrodes  66 . In some embodiments of the present invention, component bottom electrodes  62  can be congruent with substrate post electrodes  64 . Component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  can be referred to collectively or individually as component electrodes  61 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , two components  30  each having two component top electrodes  60  electrically connected to substrate post electrodes  64  are disposed on substrate post  12 . Components  30  are electrically connected in series through component top electrodes  60  but can be connected in any desired fashion or combination of series and parallel electrical connections in various embodiments. Each component  30  is also electrically connected through a component bottom electrode  62  (not visible in  FIG. 21 ) to a substrate post electrode  64 . Substrate post electrodes  64  are electrically connected to substrate electrodes  66  on patterned substrate  10 . 
     In some embodiments illustrated with the perspectives of  FIGS. 22A, 23A  and cross sections of  FIGS. 22B, 23B  taken along cross section lines A, a component  30  disposed on substrate post  12  has a single component top electrode  60  and a single component bottom electrode  62 , each electrically connected on opposite sides of substrate post  12  to a substrate post electrode  64 . Substrate post electrodes  64  are electrically connected to substrate electrodes  66 . In  FIGS. 22A and 22B , substrate electrodes  66  are electrically connected to a substrate circuit  90  on patterned substrate  10 . Substrate circuit  90  can be an electronic circuit that electrically controls, operates, provides signals to, or receives signals from component  30  through substrate electrodes  66 , substrate post electrodes  64 , and component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62 . 
     The embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 21, 22A, and 22B  have component top electrodes  60  electrically connected to component  30  through a component electrode  61  or other electrical connection that is relatively small compared to a component surface extent of component  30  (component area  36 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 17A, 17B ). Such embodiments can be useful in applications in which component  30  is responsive to electrical currents provided by component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62 , for example when components  30  comprise electronic or opto-electronic devices or circuits. In the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 23A, 23B , component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62 , extend over much or substantially all of the top and bottom surfaces of component  30 , respectively (e.g., component top side and component bottom side  38 ,  39 , for example as shown in  FIG. 18B ). Such embodiments can be useful in applications in which component  30  is responsive to an electrical field provided by component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62 , for example when components  30  comprise piezo-electric material. Structures in accordance with  FIGS. 23A and 23B  have been constructed and demonstrated to have resonant modes at desirable frequencies. 
       FIGS. 21, 22A and 22B, 23A and 23B, 25A and 25B, and 26 , illustrate a variety of embodiments in which any combination of one, two, or more component top electrodes  60 , component bottom electrodes  62 , substrate post electrodes  64 , and substrate electrodes  66  are used to provide power and/or ground connections and/or provide and receive electrical signals to operate, control, or respond to components  30 . Components  30  can each be disposed on a single substrate post  12  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 19A-19C ), multiple components  30  can be disposed on a single substrate post  12  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 21 and 26 ), or a component  30  can be disposed on multiple substrate posts  12  (not shown). In any case, components  30  can operate individually or can be electrically connected to form a circuit. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 22C , printed structures  99  comprise solder  68  disposed between a substrate post  12  and a component  30  to improve an electrical connection between a component bottom electrode  62  and a substrate post electrode  64 . In a method in accordance with certain embodiments, solder  68  is heated and cooled to electrically connect a substrate post electrode  64  on substrate post  12  to a component bottom electrode  62  on a component  30 . 
     As also shown in  FIG. 22C , in some embodiments, a component top electrode  60  is wire bonded to a substrate post electrode  64  or a substrate electrode  66  with a wire bond  69  wire and a method comprises wire bonding a wire to electrically connect a component top electrode  60  on component  30  to a substrate post electrode  64  or to a substrate electrode  66  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 22D ). A wire bond  69  can also electrically connect a substrate post electrode  64  to a substrate electrode  66 . Thus, printed structures  99 , according to some embodiments, comprise a wire bond  69  electrically connected to at least one of the one or more component top electrodes  60  or comprise a substrate post electrode  64  disposed on a substrate post  12  and a wire bond  69  electrically connected to substrate post electrode  64 , or both. 
     In some embodiments, component  30  comprises a piezo-electric material. Component  30  can be at least a portion of a piezo-electric transducer or piezo-electric resonator. For example, component  30  can be used in an acoustic wave filter or sensor, such as a bulk acoustic wave filter or sensor or a surface acoustic wave filter or sensor. For example, in some embodiments in which component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  extend over a substantial portion of component top and bottom sides  38 ,  39  of component  30 , respectively, component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  can provide an electrical field in component  30  that, when controlled at a suitable frequency can cause resonant mechanical vibrations in component  30  such that the component and electrodes serve as an acoustic wave transducer  94 . In some embodiments, a component top electrode  60  and a component bottom electrode  62  are provided on component top and bottom sides  38 ,  39 , respectively, to form a two-electrode acoustic wave filter (e.g., as shown in the perspective of  FIG. 23A  and corresponding cross section of  FIG. 23B  taken across cross section line A of  FIG. 23A ). In some embodiments, two component top electrodes  60  and two component bottom electrodes  62  are provided on component top and bottom sides  38 ,  39 , respectively, to form a four-electrode acoustic wave filter, for example as shown in  FIG. 23C . Two component top electrodes  60  can be interdigitated, for example as shown in  FIG. 23D , or two component bottom electrodes  62  can be interdigitated, or both.  FIG. 23E  illustrates another arrangement of component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62 . In some embodiments, because one or more ends of component  30  are not adhered to a surface and are free to move, resonant frequencies of mechanical vibration in component  30  can be controlled and a high quality (high Q) acoustic wave transducer  94  (or filter) is provided. Various arrangements and patterns of component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  can be used in various embodiments and can implement bulk or surface acoustic wave transducers  94  (e.g., in bulk or surface acoustic wave filters, respectively) with a corresponding variety of resonant modes in component  30  using two, three, four or more component electrodes  61 . A printed structure  99  corresponding to  FIGS. 19A-19C and 22A-22B  has been constructed and operated. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 24A-24C , in some embodiments according to the present invention, components  30  can have a variety of shapes and form factors, for example a rectangular form factor commonly used for integrated circuits, as shown in  FIG. 24A . In some embodiments, for example where components  30  are used in acoustic transducers, various component  30  shapes can be useful, for example circular or disc-shaped ( FIG. 24B ) or x-shaped, cross-shaped, or the shape of a plus sign ( FIG. 24C ). In general, according to some embodiments, components  30  can have any useful shape in either two dimensions or three dimensions. Such shapes can be useful, for example in enabling vibrational resonance modes for acoustic devices. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 25A and 25B , an exploded view of a single micro-transfer printed component  30  with a separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tether  53  illustrates component bottom electrodes  62  aligned with substrate post electrodes  64  on substrate post  12  (shown in  FIG. 25A ) or multiple substrate posts  12  (shown in  FIG. 25B ). Substrate post electrodes  64  are electrically connected to substrate electrodes  66  on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 .  FIG. 26  illustrates two of the micro-transfer printed components  30  with separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tethers  53  shown in  FIGS. 25A, 25B  disposed on a single substrate post  12  with a single substrate post electrode  64  electrically connected to a substrate electrode  66  on substrate surface  11  on patterned substrate  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 26 , in some embodiments, a printed structure  99  includes a micro-transfer printable module structure  98  (also referred to as module  98 ) that can be printed or placed on a destination substrate such as a printed circuit board (PCB). Such a module  98  can be constructed on, for example, a semiconductor wafer with sacrificial portions  82  and anchors  50  and module tethers  92  connecting modules to anchors  50  (e.g., similar to  FIG. 1B  with component tethers  52 ). (Module tethers  92  connecting modules  98  to a wafer are said to each be at least a portion of a module tether  92 ). A method can comprise printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) a module  98  to a destination substrate. (Module tethers  92  that are broken or separated as a result of printing are said to each be at least a portion of a module tether  92 .) 
     According to some embodiments and referring to  FIGS. 27 and 28 , a module structure  98  comprises a patterned substrate  10  having a substrate surface  11  and a substrate post  12  protruding from the substrate surface  11  or a layer provided on substrate surface  11 . A component  30  is disposed on the substrate post  12 . Component  30  has a component top side  38  and a component bottom side  39  opposite component top side  38 . Component bottom side  39  is adhered to substrate post  12  and component  30  extends over at least one edge of substrate post  12 . Component  30  can be adhered or attached to patterned substrate  10  or substrate post  12  only on component bottom side  39 . 
     Referring still to  FIGS. 27 and 28 , one or more component electrodes  61  are disposed on component  30  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 22B ). The one or more component electrodes  61  can comprise a component top electrode  60  disposed on component top side  38 , a component bottom electrode  62  disposed on component bottom side  39 , or both. Component top electrodes  60  and component bottom electrodes  62  are generically referred to as component electrodes  61 . 
     In some embodiments, module structure  98  comprises a cavity  70  formed or disposed in or on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 . Cavity  70  can have a cavity floor  72  (for example, congruent with substrate surface  11  in cavity  70 ) and cavity walls  74 . Substrate post  12  can be disposed on cavity floor  72 . In some embodiments, module structure  98  comprises a cap  76  disposed over cavity  70  to substantially or completely surround or enclose cavity  70 . In some embodiments, cap  76  can have a small opening through cap  76  so that cavity  70  is not completely sealed. In some embodiments, cavity walls  74  are formed on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  and cap  76  is adhered to cavity walls  74 , for example with a patterned layer of adhesive  16  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 27 ). In some embodiments, cavity walls  74  are formed on cap  76  and adhered to substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 , for example with a patterned layer of adhesive  16  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 28 ). 
     In some embodiments, component  30  is micro-transfer printed from a component source wafer  40  and includes a separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tether  53 . In some such embodiments, component  30  can be adhered to substrate post  12 , for example with a patterned layer of adhesive  16  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 17A, 17B  where adhesive  16  is patterned to be disposed only on substrate posts  12 ). In some embodiments, component  30  is not micro-transfer printed and can be, for example, constructed in place using photolithographic techniques. Similarly, in some embodiments, cap  76  is micro-transfer printed from a cap source wafer and includes a separated or broken (e.g., fractured) cap tether  78 . In some embodiments, cap  76  is not micro-transfer printed and can be, for example, laminated over cavity  70 . According to some embodiments, a printed structure  99  includes a module  98  that can be or is printed or placed on a destination substrate, such as a printed circuit board (PCB) for example. In some embodiments, a module  98  can be constructed on, for example, a semiconductor wafer with sacrificial portions  82  and anchors  50  and module tethers  92  connecting modules to anchors  50  (as shown in  FIGS. 29 and 30 , discussed below). A method can comprise micro-transfer printing such a module structure  98  module to a destination substrate. In some embodiments, module structure  98  is not micro-transfer printable or micro-transfer printed and can be, for example, constructed in place using photolithographic techniques. 
     According to some embodiments, two or more substrate posts  12  are disposed within cavity  70  or two or more components  30  are disposed within cavity  70 , or both. In some embodiments, a substrate post  12  within cavity  70  can have two or components  30  disposed on each substrate post  12 , for example as discussed above with respect to FIG.  26 . According to some embodiments, one or more component electrodes  61  of the two or more components  30  disposed within cavity  70  are electrically connected, for example a component top or bottom electrode  60 ,  62  of a first component  30  is electrically connected to a component top or bottom electrode  60 ,  62  of a second component  30 , where first and second components  30  are both disposed within a common cavity  70  and can be, but are not necessarily, disposed on a common substrate post  12 , e.g., to form a common circuit. 
     Module structure  98  can comprise component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  on opposing component top and bottom sides  38 ,  39  of component  30 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 27 and 28  or in  FIGS. 23A-23D . As described with respect to  FIGS. 23A-23D , component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  can be electrically connected to respective substrate post electrodes  64  and substrate electrodes  66  to receive or provide an electrical power or ground or control or information signals. Substrate electrodes  66  can extend beyond cavity  70  and can be controlled by devices external to cavity  70 , for example be extending along substrate surface  11 . 
     In some embodiments, patterned substrate  10  is a semiconductor substrate and comprises an electronic substrate circuit  90  ( FIGS. 17A-17B, 22A-22D ). Electronic substrate circuit  90  can be electrically connected through substrate electrodes  66 , substrate post electrodes  64 , and component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  to control, provide signals to, or respond to component  30 . Substrate circuit  90  can extend beyond cavity  70  and can interface with devices external to cavity  70 , for example be extending along substrate surface  11 . 
     In some embodiments, component  30  comprises a component material different from the substrate post material. In some embodiments, the component material can be the same as or substantially similar to the substrate post material. A substrate post material can be a dielectric, can comprise conductors (e.g., substrate post electrodes  64 ), or can be a conductor (e.g., a metal). A component material can be or include one or more of a semiconductor, a compound semiconductor, a III-V semiconductor, a II-VI semiconductor, or a ceramic (e.g., a synthetic ceramic). For example, a component material can be or include one or more of GaN, AlGaN, AlN, gallium orthophosphate (GaPO 4 ), Langasite (La 3 Ga 5 SiO 14 ), lead titanate, barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), lead zirconate titanate (Pb[Zr x Ti 1-x ]O 3  0≤x≤1), potassium niobate (KNbO 3 ), lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ), lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ), sodium tungstate (Na 2 WO 3 ), Ba 2 NaNb 5 O 5 , Pb 2 KNb 5 O 15 , zinc oxide (ZnO), Sodium potassium niobate ((K,Na)NbO 3 ) (NKN), bismuth ferrite (BiFeO 3 ), Sodium niobate (NaNbO 3 ), bismuth titanate (Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 ), sodium bismuth titanate (Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 ), wurtzite, and polyvinylidene fluoride. A component material can be or include a piezo-electric material that exhibits a piezo-electric effect. In some embodiments, component  30  can be processed or formed using photolithographic methods. Photolithographic methods and materials are also useful to form component top and bottom electrodes  60 ,  62  (component electrodes  61 ) and any component circuit  34 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 29 and 30 , some embodiments can comprise a module source wafer  80  comprising a sacrificial layer  81  having one or more sacrificial portions  82  separated by anchors  50 . The sacrificial layer  81  can be patterned. One or more sacrificial portions  82  are differentially etchable from module source wafer  80  and patterned substrate  10  is disposed at least partially on one of the one or more sacrificial portions  82 . Substrate  10  can extend beyond sacrificial portion  82  to form a portion of anchor  50  and can also form at least a part of module tether  92  (and in some embodiments with a micro-transfer printable component  30 , a component substrate can similarly form a part of a component tether  52 ). In some embodiments, a material of sacrificial portion  82  is a material different from module source wafer  80  or is an anisotropically etchable material. Sacrificial layer  81  can comprise a same anisotropically etchable material as module source wafer  80 . As shown in  FIG. 30 , once sacrificial portion  82  is etched, a gap  84  (indicated by a double-ended arrow) is defined. Once module structure  98  is removed from module source wafer  80  (for example with transfer device  20  such as a viscoelastic stamp), module tether  92  is broken (e.g., fractured) or separated (e.g., is at least a portion of a module tether  92 ). 
     According to some embodiments and referring to  FIG. 31 , a method of making a module structure  98  comprises providing a patterned substrate  10  having a substrate surface  11  and a substrate post  12  protruding from substrate surface  11  or a layer disposed on substrate surface  11  in step  200 . In step  210 , a component  30  is disposed on substrate post  12 , component  30  having a component top side  38  and a component bottom side  39  opposite component top side  38 . Component bottom side  39  is disposed on substrate post  12  and component  30  extends over at least one edge of substrate post  12 , forming a module structure  98 . One or more component electrodes  61  are disposed on component  30 . In step  220 , a cap  76  is disposed over component  30  and patterned substrate  10  to enclose component  30  in a cavity  70 . In optional step  230 , module structure  98  is encapsulated and in optional step  240 , module structure  98  is micro-transfer printed. 
     In some embodiments, providing component electrodes  61  can comprise providing a component top electrode  60  disposed on component top side  38 , providing a component bottom electrode  62  disposed on component bottom side  39 , or both. 
     In some embodiments, a substrate is patterned to form a patterned substrate  10  and substrate post  12 , for example a glass or polymer substrate patterned using photolithographic methods and materials. 
     In some embodiments and referring to  FIG. 32 , component  30  is provided in step  210  by micro-transfer printing component  30  from component source wafer  40  to substrate post  12  (step  212 ). In some embodiments, a cavity  70  is provided in or on a substrate (e.g., patterned substrate  10 ), cavity  70  having a cavity floor  72  and cavity walls  74 . In some embodiments, cavity  70  is provided by micro-transfer printing a cap  76  comprising cavity walls  74  from a cap source wafer to substrate surface  11  or a layer on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  as shown in  FIG. 28 ) in step  222 . 
     In some embodiments and referring to  FIG. 33A , cavity  70  is provided by forming cavity walls  74  on substrate surface  11  or a layer on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  in step  202  as part of forming patterned substrate  10 , for example using photolithographic materials and processes (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 27 ). Component  30  can then be provided in step  212 , for example by micro-transfer printing component  30  from component source wafer  40  to substrate post  12  and cap  76  by micro-transfer printing or laminating cap  76  to cavity walls  74  in step  225 . In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 33B , a component  30  with patterned substrate  10  and substrate post  12  is micro-transfer printed to a substrate post  12  to form a module  98 . Side walls that serve as cavity walls  74  can be provided either with cap  76  or with patterned substrate  10 . In either case, module  98  can be micro-transfer printed to a cap  76  in step  226 . As illustrated in  FIG. 33C , a sacrificial portion  82  on which a module  98  is disposed can be etched so that module  98  can be picked up by a pick-up stamp  20  in step  227 , transferred to a print stamp  20  in step  228 , and printed to a cap  76  in step  229 . A similar process can be used to micro-transfer print a cap  76 . Referring to  FIG. 34 , in some embodiments, cavity walls  74  are formed in step  224  after component  30  is provided in step  212  by micro-transfer printing component  30  from component source wafer  40  to substrate post  12 , for example using photolithographic techniques. 
     As described with respect to  FIGS. 31-34 , in some embodiments, component  30  can be provided by micro-transfer printing. In some embodiments, component  30  is constructed or formed on or over a substrate  10  or layer disposed on substrate  10 . Referring to  FIG. 35 , a substrate  10  can be provided in step  206 , a component  30  formed over, on, or in substrate  10  in step  214 , and an optional etch-mask layer provided and patterned in step  216 . In step  218 , substrate  10  is etched to form patterned substrate  10  with cavity walls  74  and substrate post  12 , providing module structure  98 . 
     Methods according to certain embodiments are described in more detail in  FIGS. 36A-36L . Referring to  FIG. 36A , a substrate, for example a module source wafer  80 , is provided with a sacrificial layer  81  defining sacrificial portions  82  laterally separated by anchors  50 . A substrate  10  is disposed over sacrificial portions  82  and optionally over anchors  50 . Substrate  10  is differentially etchable from sacrificial portions  82 . The portions of substrate  10  between sacrificial portions  82  can be considered a part of anchors  50  (as shown in  FIG. 36B ). Substrate  10  can comprise any of a wide variety of materials suitable as a lithographic substrate, for example including one or more of glass, polymer, and a semiconductor. 
     For clarity,  FIGS. 36C-36J  are details of an individual sacrificial portion  82  (with anchors  50  not shown for simplicity). Referring to  FIG. 36C , cavity layer  56  is disposed over substrate  10  and patterned (as shown in  FIG. 36D ), for example by etching, to form a cavity  70  with cavity walls  74  and a cavity floor  72  with a post layer  57  of material (from cavity layer  56 ) on patterned substrate  10 . Cavity layer  56  can be or comprise, for example, a resin, oxide, or nitride, for example that can be patterned using photolithographic methods. Optional electrodes can be deposited and patterned, and an optional seed layer can be provided on post layer  57  in cavity  70 . 
     Referring next to  FIG. 36E , a component layer  58  of material (e.g., a layer of semiconductor or piezo-electric material) is blanket deposited and patterned (as shown in  FIG. 36F ) and can be further processed to form component  30 . An etch-stop layer  86 , for example a dielectric, is deposited (as shown in  FIG. 36G ) and patterned (as shown in  FIG. 36H ), exposing patterned substrate  10  and only a portion of post layer  57 , using photolithographic methods. The exposed portion of post layer  57  is then etched to form substrate post  12  on cavity floor  72  between component  30  and substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  (as shown in  FIG. 36I ). At any point after component material is deposited, component electrodes  61  (shown in  FIG. 22B ) can be formed on component  30 . As shown in  FIG. 36J , a cap  76  can then be disposed over (e.g., laminated or micro-transfer printed to) cavity walls  74  to encapsulate module  98 . 
       FIGS. 36K and 36L  are less detailed than  FIGS. 35A-35J  and show two modules  98  on a module source wafer  80 . Each module  98  is disposed entirely over a sacrificial portion  82  and the modules  98  are attached to anchors  50  by module tethers  92  (as shown in  FIG. 36K ) (e.g., module tethers  92  are each at least a portion of a module tether  92 ). As shown in  FIG. 36L , sacrificial portions  82  are etched to form gaps  84  (indicated by a double-ended arrow) over which each module  98  is suspended. Sacrificial portions  82  can be anisotropically etchable portions of module source wafer  80  or a layer of material that is differentially etchable from module source wafer  80  and patterned substrate  10 . Modules  98  are attached to anchors  50  only with module tethers  92 . An encapsulation layer  79  encapsulates the module  98  and forms module tethers  92 . Encapsulation layer  79  can be, for example, an oxide or nitride such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. Encapsulation layer  79  can be, for example, a polymer. Thus, referring still to  FIG. 36L , modules  98  are ready to be micro-transfer printed by a micro-transfer printing stamp  20 . 
     According to some embodiments and with reference to  FIGS. 37A-37C , methods of constructing modules  98  can comprise providing a module source substrate  80  with a patterned sacrificial portion  82  on which a patterned substrate  10  is provided and a substrate post  12  disposed (shown in  FIG. 37A ). Referring to  FIG. 37B , a component  30  with (or without) component electrodes  61  (e.g., component top electrodes  60 ) and a separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tether  53  is micro-transfer printed onto substrate post  12 . Additional processing can be provided to electrically connect component electrodes  61  (e.g., component top electrodes  60  or component bottom electrodes  62 , or both) to substrate electrodes  66  (not shown in  FIG. 37B , see  FIGS. 22A, 22B  for example). As shown in  FIG. 37C , a cap  76  is provided over component  30  to provide cavity  70 , for example by micro-transfer printing cap  76  with separated or broken (e.g., fractured) cap tether  78  to patterned substrate  10 .  FIG. 38  is a less detailed cross section of module structure  98  in  FIG. 37C  provided on a module source wafer  80  with sacrificial portions  82  laterally separated by anchors  50  connected to modules  98  with module tethers  92 .  FIG. 38  also illustrates a substrate circuit  90  formed on or in substrate  10  and electrically connected to component  30  through substrate electrodes  66 . Fractured cap tether  78  can be present, for example if cap  76  is micro-transfer printed to substrate  10  (as shown in  FIG. 38 ) or is not present, for example, if cap  76  is formed on substrate  10 . Once sacrificial portions  82  are etched, module  98  can be micro-transfer printed, for example with a viscoelastic stamp  20 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIGS. 39A-39H , components  30  can be provided on a component source wafer  40  (shown in  FIG. 39A ), optional structures such as component electrodes  61  (shown in  FIG. 39B ) or substrate posts  12  (not shown) formed on components  30 , a patterned sacrificial layer  81  disposed over components  30  (shown in  FIG. 39C ), a layer of adhesive  16  provided on sacrificial layer  81  (shown in  FIG. 39D ) to adhere a carrier substrate  17  to sacrificial layer  81  (shown in  FIG. 39E ), component source substrate  40  removed to expose component  30  and at least a portion of sacrificial layer  81  (shown in  FIG. 39F ), for example by laser lift-off or grinding. Optional structures such as component electrodes  61  (shown in  FIG. 39G ) can be formed on components  30  and at least a portion of sacrificial layer  81  removed (shown in  FIG. 39H ) to prepare component  30  for micro-transfer printing. Component electrodes  61  can be component top electrodes  60  or component bottom electrodes  62  or both. In some embodiments, sacrificial layer  81  is etched to form a component tether  52  attaching component  30  to an anchor  50  of the layer of adhesive  16 , and component  30  micro-transfer printed. Component  30  can comprise a semiconductor or piezo-electric material. The process described in  FIGS. 39A-39H  enables the construction of structures on both sides of component  30 , for example any one or more of component electrodes  61 , dielectric structures, substrate posts  12 , component circuits  34 , and optical structures. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 40-48 , in some embodiments, a printed structure  99  comprises an acoustic wave transducer  94  comprising component  30  and component electrodes  61  disposed on component  30 , and connection posts  67  attached (e.g., directly or indirectly) to and extending away from component  30  or layers on component  30 . Connection posts  67  can extend away from component bottom side  39  (shown in  FIG. 18B ) and can be in direct contact with component  30  or one or more layers in contact with component  30 . Each component electrode  61  (e.g., either a component top or a component bottom electrode  60 ,  62 , for example as shown in  FIG. 22B ) is electrically connected to a connection post  67 . A connection post  67  is an electrically conductive structure that extends away and protrudes from component  30  or a layer in contact with component  30 . A connection post  67  can have a base on a proximal end of connection post  67  that has a larger area than a distal end of connection post  67  so that connection post  67  can have a sharp or pointed distal end or structure able to extend into or penetrate an electrical substrate electrode  66  on a substrate  10  when component  30  is micro-transfer printed to the substrate, for example patterned substrate  10 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 43 and 45 . In some embodiments, patterned substrate  10  is patterned with substrate electrodes  66  disposed on substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 , component  30  is disposed on substrate surface  11 , and each connection post  67  is in electrical contact with a substrate electrode  66 . Substrate electrodes  66  can comprise a layer of solder to facilitate electrical connection between each substrate electrode  66  and connection post  67 . Patterned substrate  10  can be a semiconductor substrate and can comprise electronic substrate circuit  90 , as shown in  FIGS. 47 and 48 . Thus, substrate circuit  90  can be electrically connected to component  30  through component electrodes  61 , connection posts  67 , and substrate electrodes  66  and, in some embodiments, can operate, control, send signals to, or receive signals from component  30 . Each bottom component electrode  62  can be electrically connected to one or more connection posts  67 . 
     Referring to the perspectives of  FIGS. 40 and 41 , component  30  connected to separated or broken (e.g., fractured) component tether  53  has two or more connection posts  67  (shown in  FIG. 40 ) or four or more connection posts  67  (shown in  FIG. 41 ) extending from a component electrode  61  (e.g., a component bottom electrode  62 ) with a sharp point. In some embodiments (not shown), component  30  can have  3  connection posts  67 . Referring to  FIG. 42 , a plan view illustrates component  30  with four connection posts  67  on a single substrate post  12 . Single substrate post  12  is disposed under component  30  and component  30  extends over two edges of single substrate post  12 . Referring to the cross section of  FIG. 43 , component  30  is micro-transfer printed so that connection posts  67  extend into or penetrate (e.g., pierce) electrical substrate electrodes  66  to make an electrical contact between component  30  and substrate electrodes  66 . Component  30  can be adhered to patterned substrate  10  with a patterned layer of adhesive  16  that forms a substrate post  12 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 40-43 , connection posts  67  are disposed near component center  32  of component  30  (shown in  FIGS. 19A-19C ), for example no further from component center  32  than one quarter (e.g., one quarter, one fifth, one eighth, one tenth, or one twentieth) of the length of component  30 , where component  30  has a length greater than a width over patterned substrate  10 , so that the distance between each connection post  67  and component center  32  is no more than one quarter of the length (e.g., no more than one quarter of the length, no more than one fifth of the length, no more than one eighth of the length, no more than one tenth of the length, no more than one twentieth of the length). In some embodiments, each of a plurality of connection posts  67  (e.g., every connection post  67 ) is closer to component center  32  than an edge of component  30 . By disposing connection posts  67  closer to component center  32  of component  30 , for example, if component  30  is or comprises a piezo-electric material, the ends of component  30  can vibrate in a direction orthogonal to substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10 , for example providing bulk acoustic wave resonant modes in component  30  and for example as shown in  FIGS. 23A-23C . In other resonant modes, the component  30  vibrates longitudinally, for example becomes longer and shorter in a lengthwise direction. In some embodiments, both vibrational modes are present in component  30  when it is in operation. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 44-45 , connection posts  67  are disposed near a length-wise end of component  30 , for example farther from component center  32  than one quarter of the length of component  30 , where component  30  has a length greater than a width over patterned substrate  10 , so that the distance between connection posts  67  and component center  32  is greater than one quarter the length. By disposing connection posts  67  farther from the center of component  30 , for example, the center of component  30  can vibrate in a direction parallel to substrate surface  11  of patterned substrate  10  (a longitudinal direction), providing surface acoustic wave resonant modes in component  30 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 43 and 45 , component  30  can be adhered to patterned substrate  10  with a layer of patterned and cured adhesive  16  (e.g., forming one or more substrate posts  12 ). Only a portion of component  30  is adhered to patterned substrate  10  so that, if component  30  is part of an acoustic wave transducer (e.g., used in an acoustic wave filter or sensor), component  30  is free to mechanically vibrate in desired resonant modes and directions. In particular, ends of component  30  are free to oscillate vertically, horizontally, or both, enabling additional and stronger resonant modes. In some embodiments, components  30  are smaller in any one or more of length, width, and thickness than other prior-art devices and therefore can have fewer and stronger resonant modes. 
     In some embodiments, a layer of adhesive  16  can be deposited and patterned by inkjet printing. In some embodiments, a layer of adhesive  16  is deposited, component  30  is micro-transfer printed onto the layer of adhesive  16 , the layer of adhesive  16  is pattern-wise cured, for example at the locations of the connection posts  67 , and the remaining adhesive  16  removed, for example by stripping, washing, or etching the uncured adhesive  16 , or by etching a support layer and undercutting component  30  as shown in  FIGS. 36H and 36I . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 46A and 46B , a micro-transfer printable component  30  with connection posts  67  can be constructed by providing a component source wafer  40  with a sacrificial layer  81  comprising sacrificial portions  82  laterally separated by anchors  50 . Sacrificial portions  82  are differentially etchable from anchor  50  or can be an anisotropically etchable material. Depressions (e.g., pits, holes, or pyramidal structures) are etched into sacrificial portions  82 , one for each connection post  67 . The shape of the etched depression and corresponding connection posts  67  can have planar faces separated by sharp, linear edges and can be a pyramidal shape, for example if sacrificial portion  82  comprises a crystalline structure and is anisotropically etchable (for example comprising a crystalline silicon material). The edges of the forms (and connection posts  67 ) can be planar, for example if connection post forms are made by etching crystalline materials. A metal layer is deposited over sacrificial portions  82  (for example by evaporation or sputtering) and the depressions and patterned to form a separate electrical conductor for each connection post  67  that extends into sacrificial portion  82 , for example using photolithographic methods and materials. A substrate  88 , e.g., a dielectric substrate, is deposited and patterned over the electrical conductors, for example by coating, evaporation, or sputtering and photolithographic patterning) so that substrate  88  is disposed between at least portions of component  30  and at least portions of connection posts  67 . The dielectric substrate  88  can also form a component tether  52  (or portion thereof) and extend onto or form a part of anchor  50 . A component tether  52  can also be constructed using an encapsulation layer or a structure or layer of component  30  for example. 
     Referring still to  FIGS. 46A and 46B , component  30  is formed over dielectric substrate  88 , optionally with the use of a seed layer, and is disposed entirely over sacrificial portion  82 . A via is formed through dielectric substrate  88  and component electrodes  61  patterned to electrically connect component  30  to connection posts  67  through dielectric substrate  88 , with component top electrodes  60  (as shown in  FIG. 46A ) or component bottom electrodes  62  (as shown in  FIG. 46B ), or both. Component electrodes  61  can be evaporated and patterned metal traces or wires. Dielectric substrate  88  can be patterned and sacrificial portions  82  etched to suspend component  30  over a sacrificial gap  84  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 30 ) so that component  30  can be micro-transfer printed, fracturing component tether  52  to form fractured component tether  53 , for example micro-transfer printing component  30  onto a patterned layer of adhesive  16  or a drop of adhesive  16  on patterned substrate  10 . Adhesive  16  can be disposed in contact with connection posts  67  and optionally in contact with only a portion of component bottom side  39  or dielectric substrate  88 , for example limited to the region of connection posts  67 , avoiding areas of component bottom side  39  or dielectric substrate  88  distant from connection posts  67 . In some embodiments, by micro-transfer printing component  30  with connection posts  67  directly to electrodes  66  on patterned substrate  10 , subsequent photolithographic processing can be avoided, improving manufacturing efficiency. Only portions of components  30  are adhered to patterned substrate  10  so that non-adhered component  30  portions can move freely, enabling improved component mechanical resonance. Components  30  with connection posts  67  have been constructed and successfully micro-transfer printed, electrically connected, and operated. 
       FIG. 47  illustrates an acoustic wave transducer  94  comprising component top electrode  60 , component bottom electrode  62  (obscured in  FIG. 47 ), and component  30 , where component top electrode  60  and component bottom electrode  61  can form resonant acoustic waves in component  30 . Component top electrode  60  extends onto dielectric substrate  88  and is electrically connected to a connection post  67  (obscured in  FIG. 47  but as shown in  FIG. 46A ).  FIG. 48  illustrates two acoustic wave transducers  94  comprising component top electrodes  60  and component  30 , where electrodes  60  can form surface acoustic waves in component  30 . Component top electrodes  60  extend onto dielectric substrate  88  and are electrically connected to connection posts  67  (obscured in  FIG. 48  but as shown in  FIG. 46B ). (Component  30  is a portion of both acoustic wave transducers  94  shown in  FIG. 48 .) In either case, dielectric substrate  88  can be in contact with substantially all of component bottom side  39  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 17B ) or dielectric substrate  88  can be present only in the local region of connection posts  67  (as shown in  FIGS. 47, 48 , for example under component  30  for less than or equal to one half, one third, one quarter, one fifth, or one eighth of the component  30  length, or is closer to the component center  32  than to an end of component  30 ) so that component  30  can vibrate more readily and with fewer mechanical constraints. Dielectric substrate  88  can be shaped or structured by photolithographic processes such as etching, for example by undercutting component  30  (shown in  FIG. 36I ). In some embodiments, both or either bulk or surface acoustic wave resonant modes are present in a component  30  and substrate post  12  configuration. In some embodiments, both or either bulk or surface acoustic wave resonant modes are present in a component  30  and dielectric substrate  88  configuration. Thus, component  30  can be a portion of a surface acoustic wave transducer  94  (e.g., along with one or more component electrodes  61 ) or a portion of a bulk acoustic wave transducer  94  (e.g., along with one or more component electrodes  61 ). In some embodiments, a printed or printable structure  99  includes a bulk or surface acoustic wave filter or a bulk or surface acoustic wave sensor that includes an acoustic wave transducer  94  (and optionally a second acoustic wave transducer  94 ). 
     In some embodiments, and as shown in  FIG. 48 , a component  30  can be disposed on two or more substrate posts  12  and can extend over an edge of each substrate post  12 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 49A-49F , according to some embodiments, micro-transfer printable components  30  with top and bottom component electrodes  60 ,  62  can be constructed on a component source wafer  40  by providing component source wafer  40  with a sacrificial layer  81  comprising sacrificial portions  82  adjacent to one or more anchors  50  (shown in  FIG. 49A ), disposing and patterning component bottom electrode  62  at least partially on or, in some embodiments, completely on sacrificial layer  82  (shown in  FIG. 49B ), disposing and patterning component  30  on or over component bottom electrode  62  (shown in  FIG. 49C ), disposing and patterning component top electrode  60  on or over component  30  (shown in  FIG. 49D ), and disposing and patterning encapsulation layer  79  on or over component top electrode  60  to encapsulate component  30  and form component tethers  52  (shown in  FIG. 49E ). Sacrificial portion  82  can be etched to form gap  84  and release component  30  from component source substrate  40  so that component  30  (with top and bottom component electrodes  60 ,  62  and encapsulation layer  79 ) can be micro-transfer printed (shown in  FIG. 49F ). 
     Examples of micro-transfer printing processes suitable for disposing components  30  onto patterned substrates  10  are described in  Inorganic light - emitting diode displays using micro - transfer printing  (Journal of the Society for Information Display, 2017, DOI #10.1002/jsid.610, 1071-0922/17/2510-0610, pages 589-609), U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,458 entitled Optical Systems Fabricated by Printing-Based Assembly, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/461,703 entitled Pressure Activated Electrical Interconnection by Micro-Transfer Printing, U.S. Pat. No. 8,889,485 entitled Methods for Surface Attachment of Flipped Active Components, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/822,864 entitled Chiplets with Connection Posts, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/743,788 entitled Micro-Assembled LED Displays and Lighting Elements, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/373,865, entitled Micro-Transfer Printable LED Component, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Examples of micro-transfer printed acoustic wave filter devices are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/047,250, entitled Micro-Transfer Printed Acoustic Wave Filter Device, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     For a discussion of various micro-transfer printing techniques, see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,622,367 and 8,506,867, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Micro-transfer printing using compound micro-assembly structures and methods can also be used in certain embodiments, for example, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/822,868, filed Aug. 10, 2015, entitled Compound Micro Assembly Strategies and Devices, which is hereby also incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, any one or more of component  30 , module  98 , printed structure  99  (e.g., including an acoustic wave transducer  94 ) is a compound micro-assembled structure (e.g., a compound micro-assembled macro-system). 
     According to various embodiments, component source wafer  40  can be provided with components  30 , patterned sacrificial portions  82 , component tethers  52 , and anchors  50  already formed, or they can be constructed as part of a method in accordance with certain embodiments. Component source wafer  40  and components  30 , micro-transfer printing device (e.g., a stamp  20 ), and patterned substrate  10  can be made separately and at different times or in different temporal orders or locations and provided in various process states. 
     The spatial distribution of any one or more of components  30 , modules  98 , and printed or printable structures  99  is a matter of design choice for the end product desired. In some embodiments, all components  30  in an array on a component source wafer  40  are transferred to a transfer device  20 . In some embodiments, a subset of components  30  in an array on a component source wafer  40  is transferred. By varying the number and arrangement of stamp posts  22  on transfer stamps  20 , the distribution of components  30  on stamp posts  22  of the transfer stamp  20  can be likewise varied, as can the distribution of components  30  on patterned substrate  10 . 
     Because components  30 , in certain embodiments, can be made using integrated circuit photolithographic techniques having a relatively high resolution and cost and patterned substrate  10 , for example a printed circuit board, can be made using printed circuit board techniques having a relatively low resolution and cost, electrical conductors (e.g., substrate post electrodes  64 ) and substrate electrodes  66  on patterned substrate  10  can be much larger than electrical contacts or component electrodes  61  on component  30 , thereby reducing manufacturing costs. For example, in certain embodiments, micro-transfer printable component  30  has at least one of a width, length, and height from 0.5 μm to 200 μm (e.g., 0.5 to 2 μm, 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, 20 to 50 μm, or 50 to 100 μm, or 100 to 200 μm). 
     In certain embodiments, patterned substrate  10  is or comprises a member selected from the group consisting of polymer (e.g., plastic, polyimide, PEN, or PET), resin, metal (e.g., metal foil) glass, a semiconductor, and sapphire. In certain embodiments, a patterned substrate  10  has a thickness from 5 microns to 20 mm (e.g., 5 to 10 microns, 10 to 50 microns, 50 to 100 microns, 100 to 200 microns, 200 to 500 microns, 500 microns to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 1 mm, 1 mm to 5 mm, 5 mm to 10 mm, or 10 mm to 20 mm). 
     Components  30 , in certain embodiments, can be constructed using foundry fabrication processes used in the art. Layers of materials can be used, including materials such as metals, oxides, nitrides and other materials used in the integrated-circuit art. Each component  30  can be or include a complete semiconductor integrated circuit and can include, for example, any combination of one or more of a transistor, a diode, a light-emitting diode, and a sensor. Components  30  can have different sizes, for example, at least 100 square microns, at least 1,000 square microns, at least 10,000 square microns, at least 100,000 square microns, or at least 1 square mm. Alternatively or additionally, components  30  can be no more than 100 square microns, no more than 1,000 square microns, no more than 10,000 square microns, no more than 100,000 square microns, or no more than 1 square mm, for example. Components  30  can have variable aspect ratios, for example between 1:1 and 10:1 (e.g., 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, or 10:1). Components  30  can be rectangular or can have other shapes, such as polygonal or circular shapes for example. 
     Various embodiments of structures and methods were described herein. Structures and methods were variously described as transferring components  30 , printing components  30 , or micro-transferring components  30 . Micro-transfer-printing involves using a transfer device (e.g., an elastomeric stamp  20 , such as a PDMS stamp  20 ) to transfer a component  30  using controlled adhesion. For example, an exemplary transfer device can use kinetic or shear-assisted control of adhesion between a transfer device and a component  30 . It is contemplated that, in certain embodiments, where a method is described as including micro-transfer-printing a component  30 , other analogous embodiments exist using a different transfer method. As used herein, transferring a component  30  (e.g., from a component source substrate or wafer  40  to a destination patterned substrate  10 ) can be accomplished using any one or more of a variety of known techniques. For example, in certain embodiments, a pick-and-place method can be used. As another example, in certain embodiments, a flip-chip method can be used (e.g., involving an intermediate, handle or carrier substrate). In methods according to certain embodiments, a vacuum tool or other transfer device is used to transfer a component  30 . 
     As is understood by those skilled in the art, the terms “over” and “under” are relative terms and can be interchanged in reference to different orientations of the layers, elements, and substrates included in various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a first layer or first element “on” a second layer or second element, respectively, is a relative orientation of the first layer or first element to the second layer or second element, respectively, that does not preclude additional layers being disposed therebetween. For example, a first layer on a second layer, in some implementations, means a first layer directly on and in contact with a second layer. In other implementations, a first layer on a second layer includes a first layer and a second layer with another layer therebetween (e.g., and in mutual contact). In some embodiments, a component  30  has connection posts  67  extending therefrom and is disposed “on” a substrate  10  or a substrate post  12  with connection posts  67  disposed between substrate  10  or substrate post  12  and component  30 . 
     Having described certain implementations of embodiments, it will now become apparent to one of skill in the art that other implementations incorporating the concepts of the disclosure may be used. Therefore, the disclosure should not be limited to certain implementations, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims. 
     Throughout the description, where apparatus and systems are described as having, including, or comprising specific elements, or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are apparatus and systems of the disclosed technology that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited elements, and that there are processes and methods according to the disclosed technology that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps. 
     It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain action is immaterial so long as the disclosed technology remains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions in some circumstances can be conducted simultaneously. The disclosure has been described in detail with particular reference to certain embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the following claims. 
     PARTS LIST 
     
         
         A cross section line 
         L length 
         W width 
           10  substrate/patterned substrate 
           11  substrate surface 
           12  substrate post 
           14  substrate post separation distance 
           16  adhesive 
           17  carrier substrate 
           18  substrate post area 
           19  substrate post top side 
           20  transfer device/stamp 
           22  stamp post 
           24  stamp component separation distance 
           26  stamp post area 
           30  component 
           30 P substrate post component 
           30 S stamp component 
           32  component center 
           34  component circuit 
           36  component area 
           38  component top side 
           39  component bottom side 
           40  component source wafer/substrate 
           44  dielectric layer 
           46  simple closed curve 
           50  anchor 
           52  component tether 
           53  broken component tether 
           56  cavity layer 
           57  post layer 
           58  component layer 
           60  component top electrode 
           61  component electrode 
           62  component bottom electrode 
           64  substrate post electrode 
           66  substrate electrode 
           67  connection post 
           68  solder 
           69  wire bond 
           70  cavity 
           72  cavity floor 
           74  cavity wall 
           76  cap 
           78  broken cap tether 
           79  encapsulation layer 
           80  module source wafer 
           81  sacrificial layer 
           82  sacrificial portion 
           84  sacrificial gap 
           86  etch-stop layer 
           88  dielectric substrate 
           90  substrate circuit 
           92  module tether 
           94  acoustic wave transducer 
           98  module structure/module 
           99  printed structure/printable structure 
           100  provide component source wafer step 
           110  provide stamp step 
           120  provide patterned substrate step 
           121  provide substrate step 
           130  move stamp to component source wafer step 
           140  pick up components from component source wafer with stamp step 
           150  move stamp to patterned substrate location step 
           151  move stamp to substrate location step 
           160  print components to patterned substrate with stamp step 
           161  print components to substrate with stamp step 
           170  done step 
           180  complete step 
           200  provide patterned substrate with substrate post step 
           202  provide patterned substrate with substrate post and walls step 
           206  provide substrate step 
           210  dispose component step 
           212  micro-transfer print component from component source wafer step 
           214  form component step 
           216  optional form etch mask step 
           218  form cavity with substrate post and walls step 
           220  dispose cap step 
           222  micro-transfer print cap with walls step 
           224  form walls step 
           225  micro-transfer print or laminate cap step 
           226  micro-transfer print module step 
           227  pick up module with pick-up stamp step 
           228  transfer module to print stamp step 
           229  print module with print stamp step 
           230  optional encapsulate module step 
           240  optional micro-transfer print module from module substrate step