Patent Publication Number: US-8126685-B2

Title: Automatic real-time optimization and intelligent control of electrical power distribution and transmission systems

Description:
APPLICATIONS FOR CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/806,224 filed Jun. 29, 2006. This application also claims priority as a Continuation-In-Part under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/734,709 filed Apr. 12, 2007 and entitled “Systems and Methods for Performing Automatic Real-Time Harmonics Analyses for Use in Real-Time Power Analytics of an Electrical Power Distribution System,” which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/792,175 filed Apr. 12, 2006. The disclosures of the above-identified applications are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     I. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to computer modeling and management of systems and, more particularly, to computer simulation techniques with real-time system monitoring and optimization of electrical system performance. 
     II. Background of the Invention 
     Computer models of complex systems enable improved system design, development, and implementation through techniques for off-line simulation of the system operation. That is, system models can be created that computers can “operate” in a virtual environment to determine design parameters. All manner of systems can be modeled, designed, and operated in this way, including machinery, factories, electrical power and distribution systems, processing plants, devices, chemical processes, biological systems, and the like. Such simulation techniques have resulted in reduced development costs and superior operation. 
     Design and production processes have benefited greatly from such computer simulation techniques, and such techniques are relatively well developed, but such techniques have not been applied in real-time, e.g., for real-time operational monitoring, optimization, and management. In addition, predictive failure analysis techniques do not generally use real-time data that reflect actual system operation. Greater efforts at real-time operational monitoring, optimization, and management would provide more accurate and timely suggestions for system optimization decisions, and such techniques applied to failure analysis would provide improved predictions of system problems before they occur. With such improved techniques, operational costs could be greatly reduced. 
     For example, power system optimization has traditionally been a static and off-line activity undertaken by planners. Real-time use of a logical simulation model for the prediction of health and status of the power system targeted for optimization along with the application of such technology in a real-time decision and management loop has not been available. This is because modern electrical power systems are highly complex, a complexity made even greater as a result of the required redundancy. That is, once the facility is constructed, because such design are so complex, and there are many interdependencies, it can be extremely difficult and time consuming to track the failure and all its dependencies and then take corrective action that doesn&#39;t result in other system disturbances. Moreover, changing or upgrading the system can similarly be time consuming and expensive, requiring an expert to model the potential change, e.g., using the design and modeling program. Unfortunately, system interdependencies can be difficult to simulate, making even minor changes risky. 
     In fact, no reliable means for optimizing an electrical power system exists that takes into consideration a virtual model that “ages” with the actual facility. All prior systems use a rigid simulation model that does not take aging effects into consideration when computing predicted electrical values. A model that can age with a facility is critical in generating power system optimization parameters that are reflective of the systems health and performance in relation to the life cycle of the system. Without an aging ability, recommendations about how to optimize power system operations become of little value as they are no longer reflective of the actual facility status and may lead to false conclusions. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods for real-time optimization and intelligent control of electrical power distribution and transmission systems are disclosed 
     In one aspect, a system for real-time optimization of power resources on an electrical system is disclosed. The system includes a data acquisition component, an analytics server, a control element and a client terminal. The data acquisition component is communicatively connected to a sensor configured to acquire real-time data output from the electrical system. 
     The analytics server is communicatively connected to the data acquisition component and is comprised of a virtual system modeling engine, an analytics engine and a power flow optimization engine. 
     The virtual system modeling engine is configured to generate predicted data output for the electrical system utilizing a virtual system model of the electrical system. The analytics engine is configured to monitor the real-time data output and the predicted data output of the electrical system initiating a calibration and synchronization operation to update the virtual system model when a difference between the real-time data output and the predicted data output exceeds a threshold. The power flow optimization engine is configured to utilize the virtual system model to generate system control parameters that optimize power resources on the electrical system. 
     The control element is interfaced with an electrical system component and communicatively connected to the analytics server. The control element is configured to receive the system control parameters and effectuate changes to the operational settings of the electrical system component. 
     The client terminal is communicatively connected to the analytics server and configured to communicate the system control parameters and to change a configuration setting of the power flow optimization engine. 
     In another aspect, a method for real-time optimization of power resources on an electrical system is disclosed. The virtual system model of the electrical system is updated in response to real-time data. The updated virtual system model is received. Optimization settings are selected. System control parameters, responsive to the optimization settings, are generated to optimize the utilization of power resources on the electrical system. The operational settings of an element of the electrical system is adjusted based on the system control parameters generated. 
     These and other features, aspects, and embodiments of the invention are described below in the section entitled “Detailed Description.” 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the principles disclosed herein, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of a system for utilizing real-time data for predictive analysis of the performance of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a detailed view of an analytics server included in the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating how the system of  FIG. 1  operates to synchronize the operating parameters between a physical facility and a virtual system model of the facility. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of the scalability of a system for utilizing real-time data for predictive analysis of the performance of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram that shows the configuration details of the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 , in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of a flowchart describing a method for real-time monitoring and predictive analysis of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of a flowchart describing a method for managing real-time updates to a virtual system model of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is an illustration of a flowchart describing a method for synchronizing real-time system data with a virtual system model of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart illustrating an example method for updating the virtual model in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating an example process for monitoring the status of protective devices in a monitored system and updating a virtual model based on monitored data. 
         FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating an example process for determining the protective capabilities of the protective devices being monitored. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating an example process for determining the protective capabilities of a High Voltage Circuit Breaker (HVCB). 
         FIG. 13  is a flowchart illustrating an example process for determining the protective capabilities of the protective devices being monitored in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating a process for evaluating the withstand capabilities of a MVCB in accordance with one embodiment 
         FIG. 15  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for analyzing the reliability of an electrical power distribution and transmission system in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for analyzing the reliability of an electrical power distribution and transmission system that takes weather information into account in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating an example process for predicting in real-time various parameters associated with an alternating current (AC) arc flash incident. 
         FIG. 18  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for real-time analysis of the operational stability of an electrical power distribution and transmission system in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for conducting a real-time power capacity assessment of an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 20  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for performing real-time harmonics analysis of an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 21  is a diagram illustrating how the HTM Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Engine works in conjunction with the other elements of the analytics system to make predictions about the operational aspects of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 22  is an illustration of the various cognitive layers that comprise the neocortical catalyst process used by the HTM Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Engine to analyze and make predictions about the operational aspects of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 23  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for real-time optimization and intelligent control of an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 24  is a diagram illustrating how the Security Constrained Optimal Power flow (SCOPF) Engine works in conjunction with the other elements of the analytics system to optimize and control an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Systems and methods for real-time optimization and intelligent control of electrical power distribution and transmission systems are disclosed. It will be clear, however, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
     As used herein, a system denotes a set of components, real or abstract, comprising a whole where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component within the whole. Examples of systems include machinery, factories, electrical systems, processing plants, devices, chemical processes, biological systems, data centers, aircraft carriers, and the like. An electrical system can designate a power generation and/or distribution system that is widely dispersed (i.e., power generation, transformers, and/or electrical distribution components distributed geographically throughout a large region) or bounded within a particular location (e.g., a power plant within a production facility, a bounded geographic area, on board a ship, etc.). 
     A network application is any application that is stored on an application server connected to a network (e.g., local area network, wide area network, etc.) in accordance with any contemporary client/server architecture model and can be accessed via the network. In this arrangement, the network application programming interface (API) resides on the application server separate from the client machine. The client interface would typically be a web browser (e.g. INTERNET EXPLORER™, FIREFOX™, NETSCAPE™, etc) that is in communication with the network application server via a network connection (e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, RSS, etc.). 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of a system for utilizing real-time data for predictive analysis of the performance of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown herein, the system  100  includes a series of sensors (i.e., Sensor A  104 , Sensor B  106 , Sensor C  108 ) interfaced with the various components of a monitored system  102 , a data acquisition hub  112 , an analytics server  116 , and a thin-client device  128 . In one embodiment, the monitored system  102  is an electrical power generation plant. In another embodiment, the monitored system  102  is an electrical power transmission infrastructure. In still another embodiment, the monitored system  102  is an electrical power distribution system. In still another embodiment, the monitored system  102  includes a combination of one or more electrical power generation plant(s), power transmission infrastructure(s), and/or an electrical power distribution system. It should be understood that the monitored system  102  can be any combination of components whose operations can be monitored with conventional sensors and where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component within the combination. For a monitored system  102  that is an electrical power generation, transmission, or distribution system, the sensors can provide data such as voltage, frequency, current, power, power factor, and the like. 
     The sensors are configured to provide output values for system parameters that indicate the operational status and/or “health” of the monitored system  102 . For example, in an electrical power generation system, the current output or voltage readings for the various components that comprise the power generation system is indicative of the overall health and/or operational condition of the system. In one embodiment, the sensors are configured to also measure additional data that can affect system operation. For example, for an electrical power distribution system, the sensor output can include environmental information, e.g., temperature, humidity, etc., which can impact electrical power demand and can also affect the operation and efficiency of the power distribution system itself. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, the sensors are configured to output data in an analog format. For example, electrical power sensor measurements (e.g., voltage, current, etc.) are sometimes conveyed in an analog format as the measurements may be continuous in both time and amplitude. In another embodiment, the sensors are configured to output data in a digital format. For example, the same electrical power sensor measurements may be taken in discrete time increments that are not continuous in time or amplitude. In still another embodiment, the sensors are configured to output data in either an analog or digital format depending on the sampling requirements of the monitored system  102 . 
     The sensors can be configured to capture output data at split-second intervals to effectuate “real time” data capture. For example, in one embodiment, the sensors can be configured to generate hundreds of thousands of data readings per second. It should be appreciated, however, that the number of data output readings taken by a sensor may be set to any value as long as the operational limits of the sensor and the data processing capabilities of the data acquisition hub  112  are not exceeded. 
     Still with  FIG. 1 , each sensor is communicatively connected to the data acquisition hub  112  via an analog or digital data connection  110 . The data acquisition hub  112  may be a standalone unit or integrated within the analytics server  116  and can be embodied as a piece of hardware, software, or some combination thereof. In one embodiment, the data connection  110  is a “hard wired” physical data connection (e.g., serial, network, etc.). For example, a serial or parallel cable connection between the sensor and the hub  112 . In another embodiment, the data connection  110  is a wireless data connection. For example, a radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, infrared or equivalent connection between the sensor and the hub  112 . 
     The data acquisition hub  112  is configured to communicate “real-time” data from the monitored system  102  to the analytics server  116  using a network connection  114 . In one embodiment, the network connection  114  is a “hardwired” physical connection. For example, the data acquisition hub  112  may be communicatively connected (via Category 5 (CAT5), fiber optic or equivalent cabling) to a data server (not shown) that is communicatively connected (via CAT5, fiber optic or equivalent cabling) through the Internet and to the analytics server  116  server. The analytics server  116  being also communicatively connected with the Internet (via CAT5, fiber optic, or equivalent cabling). In another embodiment, the network connection  114  is a wireless network connection (e.g., Wi-Fi, WLAN, etc.). For example, utilizing an 802.11b/g or equivalent transmission format. In practice, the network connection utilized is dependent upon the particular requirements of the monitored system  102 . 
     Data acquisition hub  112  can also be configured to supply warning and alarms signals as well as control signals to monitored system  102  and/or sensors  104 ,  106 , and  108  as described in more detail below. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, the analytics server  116  hosts an analytics engine  118 , virtual system modeling engine  124  and several databases  126 ,  130 , and  132 . The virtual system modeling engine can, e.g., be a computer modeling system, such as described above. In this context, however, the modeling engine can be used to precisely model and mirror the actual electrical system. Analytics engine  118  can be configured to generate predicted data for the monitored system and analyze difference between the predicted data and the real-time data received from hub  112 . 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a more detailed view of analytic server  116 . As can be seen, analytic server  116  is interfaced with a monitored facility  102  via sensors  202 , e.g., sensors  104 ,  106 , and  108 . Sensors  202  are configured to supply real-time data from within monitored facility  102 . The real-time data is communicated to analytic server  116  via a hub  204 . Hub  204  can be configure to provide real-time data to server  116  as well as alarming, sensing and control featured for facility  102 . 
     The real-time data from hub  204  can be passed to a comparison engine  210 , which can form part of analytics engine  118 . Comparison engine  210  can be configured to continuously compare the real-time data with predicted values generated by simulation engine  208 . Based on the comparison, comparison engine  210  can be further configured to determine whether deviations between the real-time and the expected values exists, and if so to classify the deviation, e.g., high, marginal, low, etc. The deviation level can then be communicated to decision engine  212 , which can also comprise part of analytics engine  118 . 
     Decision engine  212  can be configured to look for significant deviations between the predicted values and real-time values as received from the comparison engine  210 . If significant deviations are detected, decision engine  212  can also be configured to determine whether an alarm condition exists, activate the alarm and communicate the alarm to Human-Machine Interface (HMI)  214  for display in real-time via, e.g., thin client  128 . Decision engine  212  can also be configured to perform root cause analysis for significant deviations in order to determine the interdependencies and identify the parent-child failure relationships that may be occurring. In this manner, parent alarm conditions are not drowned out by multiple children alarm conditions, allowing the user/operator to focus on the main problem, at least at first. 
     Thus, in one embodiment, and alarm condition for the parent can be displayed via HMI  214  along with an indication that processes and equipment dependent on the parent process or equipment are also in alarm condition. This also means that server  116  can maintain a parent-child logical relationship between processes and equipment comprising facility  102 . Further, the processes can be classified as critical, essential, non-essential, etc. 
     Decision engine  212  can also be configured to determine health and performance levels and indicate these levels for the various processes and equipment via HMI  214 . All of which, when combined with the analytic capabilities of analytics engine  118  allows the operator to minimize the risk of catastrophic equipment failure by predicting future failures and providing prompt, informative information concerning potential/predicted failures before they occur. Avoiding catastrophic failures reduces risk and cost, and maximizes facility performance and up time. 
     Simulation engine  208  operates on complex logical models  206  of facility  102 . These models are continuously and automatically synchronized with the actual facility status based on the real-time data provided by hub  204 . In other words, the models are updated based on current switch status, breaker status, e.g., open-closed, equipment on/off status, etc. Thus, the models are automatically updated based on such status, which allows simulation engine to produce predicted data based on the current facility status. This in turn, allows accurate and meaningful comparisons of the real-time data to the predicted data. 
     Example models  206  that can be maintained and used by server  116  include power flow models used to calculate expected kW, kVAR, power factor values, etc., short circuit models used to calculate maximum and minimum available fault currents, protection models used to determine proper protection schemes and ensure selective coordination of protective devices, power quality models used to determine voltage and current distortions at any point in the network, to name just a few. It will be understood that different models can be used depending on the system being modeled. 
     In certain embodiments, hub  204  is configured to supply equipment identification associated with the real-time data. This identification can be cross referenced with identifications provided in the models. 
     In one embodiment, if the comparison performed by comparison engine  210  indicates that the differential between the real-time sensor output value and the expected value exceeds a Defined Difference Tolerance (DDT) value (i.e., the “real-time” output values of the sensor output do not indicate an alarm condition) but below an alarm condition (i.e., alarm threshold value), a calibration request is generated by the analytics engine  118 . If the differential exceeds, the alarm condition, an alarm or notification message is generated by the analytics engine  118 . If the differential is below the DTT value, the analytics engine does nothing and continues to monitor the real-time data and expected data. 
     In one embodiment, the alarm or notification message is sent directly to the client (i.e., user)  128 , e.g., via HMI  214 , for display in real-time on a web browser, pop-up message box, e-mail, or equivalent on the client  128  display panel. In another embodiment, the alarm or notification message is sent to a wireless mobile device (e.g., BLACKBERRY™, laptop, pager, etc.) to be displayed for the user by way of a wireless router or equivalent device interfaced with the analytics server  116 . In still another embodiment, the alarm or notification message is sent to both the client  128  display and the wireless mobile device. The alarm can be indicative of a need for a repair event or maintenance to be done on the monitored system. It should be noted, however, that calibration requests should not be allowed if an alarm condition exists to prevent the models form being calibrated to an abnormal state. 
     Once the calibration is generated by the analytics engine  118 , the various operating parameters or conditions of model(s)  206  can be updated or adjusted to reflect the actual facility configuration. This can include, but is not limited to, modifying the predicted data output from the simulation engine  208 , adjusting the logic/processing parameters utilized by the model(s)  206 , adding/subtracting functional elements from model(s)  206 , etc. It should be understood, that any operational parameter of models  206  can be modified as long as the resulting modifications can be processed and registered by simulation engine  208 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , models  206  can be stored in the virtual system model database  126 . As noted, a variety of conventional virtual model applications can be used for creating a virtual system model, so that a wide variety of systems and system parameters can be modeled. For example, in the context of an electrical power distribution system, the virtual system model can include components for modeling reliability, modeling voltage stability, and modeling power flow. In addition, models  206  can include dynamic control logic that permits a user to configure the models  206  by specifying control algorithms and logic blocks in addition to combinations and interconnections of generators, governors, relays, breakers, transmission line, and the like. The voltage stability parameters can indicate capacity in terms of size, supply, and distribution, and can indicate availability in terms of remaining capacity of the presently configured system. The power flow model can specify voltage, frequency, and power factor, thus representing the “health” of the system. 
     All of models  206  can be referred to as a virtual system model. Thus, virtual system model database can be configured to store the virtual system model. A duplicate, but synchronized copy of the virtual system model can be stored in a virtual simulation model database  130 . This duplicate model can be used for what-if simulations. In other words, this model can be used to allow a system designer to make hypothetical changes to the facility and test the resulting effect, without taking down the facility or costly and time consuming analysis. Such hypothetical can be used to learn failure patterns and signatures as well as to test proposed modifications, upgrades, additions, etc., for the facility. The real-time data, as well as trending produced by analytics engine  118  can be stored in a real-time data acquisition database  132 . 
     As discussed above, the virtual system model is periodically calibrated and synchronized with “real-time” sensor data outputs so that the virtual system model provides data output values that are consistent with the actual “real-time” values received from the sensor output signals. Unlike conventional systems that use virtual system models primarily for system design and implementation purposes (i.e., offline simulation and facility planning), the virtual system models described herein are updated and calibrated with the real-time system operational data to provide better predictive output values. A divergence between the real-time sensor output values and the predicted output values generate either an alarm condition for the values in question and/or a calibration request that is sent to the calibration engine  134 . 
     Continuing with  FIG. 1 , the analytics engine  118  can be configured to implement pattern/sequence recognition into a real-time decision loop that, e.g., is enabled by a new type of machine learning called associative memory, or hierarchical temporal memory (HTM), which is a biological approach to learning and pattern recognition. Associative memory allows storage, discovery, and retrieval of learned associations between extremely large numbers of attributes in real time. At a basic level, an associative memory stores information about how attributes and their respective features occur together. The predictive power of the associative memory technology comes from its ability to interpret and analyze these co-occurrences and to produce various metrics. Associative memory is built through “experiential” learning in which each newly observed state is accumulated in the associative memory as a basis for interpreting future events. Thus, by observing normal system operation over time, and the normal predicted system operation over time, the associative memory is able to learn normal patterns as a basis for identifying non-normal behavior and appropriate responses, and to associate patterns with particular outcomes, contexts or responses. The analytics engine  118  is also better able to understand component mean time to failure rates through observation and system availability characteristics. This technology in combination with the virtual system model can be characterized as a “neocortical” model of the system under management 
     This approach also presents a novel way to digest and comprehend alarms in a manageable and coherent way. The neocortical model could assist in uncovering the patterns and sequencing of alarms to help pinpoint the location of the (impending) failure, its context, and even the cause. Typically, responding to the alarms is done manually by experts who have gained familiarity with the system through years of experience. However, at times, the amount of information is so great that an individual cannot respond fast enough or does not have the necessary expertise. An “intelligent” system like the neocortical system that observes and recommends possible responses could improve the alarm management process by either supporting the existing operator, or even managing the system autonomously. 
     Current simulation approaches for maintaining transient stability involve traditional numerical techniques and typically do not test all possible scenarios. The problem is further complicated as the numbers of components and pathways increase. Through the application of the neocortical model, by observing simulations of circuits, and by comparing them to actual system responses, it may be possible to improve the simulation process, thereby improving the overall design of future circuits. 
     The virtual system model database  126 , as well as databases  130  and  132 , can be configured to store one or more virtual system models, virtual simulation models, and real-time data values, each customized to a particular system being monitored by the analytics server  118 . Thus, the analytics server  118  can be utilized to monitor more than one system at a time. As depicted herein, the databases  126 ,  130 , and  132  can be hosted on the analytics server  116  and communicatively interfaced with the analytics engine  118 . In other embodiments, databases  126 ,  130 , and  132  can be hosted on a separate database server (not shown) that is communicatively connected to the analytics server  116  in a manner that allows the virtual system modeling engine  124  and analytics engine  118  to access the databases as needed. 
     Therefore, in one embodiment, the client  128  can modify the virtual system model stored on the virtual system model database  126  by using a virtual system model development interface using well-known modeling tools that are separate from the other network interfaces. For example, dedicated software applications that run in conjunction with the network interface to allow a client  128  to create or modify the virtual system models. 
     The client  128  may utilize a variety of network interfaces (e.g., web browser, CITRIX™, WINDOWS TERMINAL SERVICES™, telnet, or other equivalent thin-client terminal applications, etc.) to access, configure, and modify the sensors (e.g., configuration files, etc.), analytics engine  118  (e.g., configuration files, analytics logic, etc.), calibration parameters (e.g., configuration files, calibration parameters, etc.), virtual system modeling engine  124  (e.g., configuration files, simulation parameters, etc.) and virtual system model of the system under management (e.g., virtual system model operating parameters and configuration files). Correspondingly, data from those various components of the monitored system  102  can be displayed on a client  128  display panel for viewing by a system administrator or equivalent. 
     As described above, server  116  is configured to synchronize the physical world with the virtual and report, e.g., via visual, real-time display, deviations between the two as well as system health, alarm conditions, predicted failures, etc. This is illustrated with the aid of  FIG. 3 , in which the synchronization of the physical world (left side) and virtual world (right side) is illustrated. In the physical world, sensors  202  produce real-time data  302  for the processes  312  and equipment  314  that make up facility  102 . In the virtual world, simulations  304  of the virtual system model  206  provide predicted values  306 , which are correlated and synchronized with the real-time data  302 . The real-time data can then be compared to the predicted values so that differences  308  can be detected. The significance of these differences can be determined to determine the health status  310  of the system. The health stats can then be communicated to the processes  312  and equipment  314 , e.g., via alarms and indicators, as well as to thin client  128 , e.g., via web pages  316 . 
       FIG. 4  is an illustration of the scalability of a system for utilizing real-time data for predictive analysis of the performance of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. As depicted herein, an analytics central server  422  is communicatively connected with analytics server A  414 , analytics server B  416 , and analytics server n  418  (i.e., one or more other analytics servers) by way of one or more network connections  114 . Each of the analytics servers is communicatively connected with a respective data acquisition hub (i.e., Hub A  408 , Hub B  410 , Hub n  412 ) that communicates with one or more sensors that are interfaced with a system (i.e., Monitored System A  402 , Monitored System B  404 , Monitored System n  406 ) that the respective analytical server monitors. For example, analytics server A  414  is communicative connected with data acquisition hub A  408 , which communicates with one or more sensors interfaced with monitored system A  402 . 
     Each analytics server (i.e., analytics server A  414 , analytics server B  416 , analytics server n  418 ) is configured to monitor the sensor output data of its corresponding monitored system and feed that data to the central analytics server  422 . Additionally, each of the analytics servers can function as a proxy agent of the central analytics server  422  during the modifying and/or adjusting of the operating parameters of the system sensors they monitor. For example, analytics server B  416  is configured to be utilized as a proxy to modify the operating parameters of the sensors interfaced with monitored system B  404 . 
     Moreover, the central analytics server  422 , which is communicatively connected to one or more analytics server(s) can be used to enhance the scalability. For example, a central analytics server  422  can be used to monitor multiple electrical power generation facilities (i.e., monitored system A  402  can be a power generation facility located in city A while monitored system B  404  is a power generation facility located in city B) on an electrical power grid. In this example, the number of electrical power generation facilities that can be monitored by central analytics server  422  is limited only by the data processing capacity of the central analytics server  422 . The central analytics server  422  can be configured to enable a client  128  to modify and adjust the operational parameters of any the analytics servers communicatively connected to the central analytics server  422 . Furthermore, as discussed above, each of the analytics servers are configured to serve as proxies for the central analytics server  422  to enable a client  128  to modify and/or adjust the operating parameters of the sensors interfaced with the systems that they respectively monitor. For example, the client  128  can use the central analytics server  422 , and vice versa, to modify and/or adjust the operating parameters of analytics server A  414  and utilize the same to modify and/or adjust the operating parameters of the sensors interfaced with monitored system A  402 . Additionally, each of the analytics servers can be configured to allow a client  128  to modify the virtual system model through a virtual system model development interface using well-known modeling tools. 
     In one embodiment, the central analytics server  422  can function to monitor and control a monitored system when its corresponding analytics server is out of operation. For example, central analytics server  422  can take over the functionality of analytics server B  416  when the server  416  is out of operation. That is, the central analytics server  422  can monitor the data output from monitored system B  404  and modify and/or adjust the operating parameters of the sensors that are interfaced with the system  404 . 
     In one embodiment, the network connection  114  is established through a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet. In another embodiment, the network connection is established through a local area network (LAN) such as the company intranet. In a separate embodiment, the network connection  114  is a “hardwired” physical connection. For example, the data acquisition hub  112  may be communicatively connected (via Category 5 (CAT5), fiber optic or equivalent cabling) to a data server that is communicatively connected (via CAT5, fiber optic or equivalent cabling) through the Internet and to the analytics server  116  server hosting the analytics engine  118 . In another embodiment, the network connection  114  is a wireless network connection (e.g., Wi-Fi, WLAN, etc.). For example, utilizing an 802.11b/g or equivalent transmission format. 
     In certain embodiments, regional analytics servers can be placed between local analytics servers  414 ,  416 , . . . ,  418  and central analytics server  422 . Further, in certain embodiments a disaster recovery site can be included at the central analytics server  422  level. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram that shows the configuration details of analytics server  116  illustrated in  FIG. 1  in more detail. It should be understood that the configuration details in  FIG. 5  are merely one embodiment of the items described for  FIG. 1 , and it should be understood that alternate configurations and arrangements of components could also provide the functionality described herein. 
     The analytics server  116  includes a variety of components. In the  FIG. 5  embodiment, the analytics server  116  is implemented in a Web-based configuration, so that the analytics server  116  includes (or communicates with) a secure web server  530  for communication with the sensor systems  519  (e.g., data acquisition units, metering devices, sensors, etc.) and external communication entities  534  (e.g., web browser, “thin client” applications, etc.). A variety of user views and functions  532  are available to the client  128  such as: alarm reports, Active X controls, equipment views, view editor tool, custom user interface page, and XML parser. It should be appreciated, however, that these are just examples of a few in a long list of views and functions  532  that the analytics server  116  can deliver to the external communications entities  534  and are not meant to limit the types of views and functions  532  available to the analytics server  116  in any way. 
     The analytics server  116  also includes an alarm engine  506  and messaging engine  504 , for the aforementioned external communications. The alarm engine  506  is configured to work in conjunction with the messaging engine  504  to generate alarm or notification messages  502  (in the form of text messages, e-mails, paging, etc.) in response to the alarm conditions previously described. The analytics server  116  determines alarm conditions based on output data it receives from the various sensor systems  519  through a communications connection (e.g., wireless  516 , TCP/IP  518 , Serial  520 , etc) and simulated output data from a virtual system model  512 , of the monitored system, processed by the analytics engines  118 . In one embodiment, the virtual system model  512  is created by a user through interacting with an external communication entity  534  by specifying the components that comprise the monitored system and by specifying relationships between the components of the monitored system. In another embodiment, the virtual system model  512  is automatically generated by the analytics engines  118  as components of the monitored system are brought online and interfaced with the analytics server  508 . 
     Continuing with  FIG. 5 , a virtual system model database  526  is communicatively connected with the analytics server  116  and is configured to store one or more virtual system models  512 , each of which represents a particular monitored system. For example, the analytics server  116  can conceivably monitor multiple electrical power generation systems (e.g., system A, system B, system C, etc.) spread across a wide geographic area (e.g., City A, City B, City C, etc.). Therefore, the analytics server  116  will utilize a different virtual system model  512  for each of the electrical power generation systems that it monitors. Virtual simulation model database  538  can be configured to store a synchronized, duplicate copy of the virtual system model  512 , and real-time data acquisition database  540  can store the real-time and trending data for the system(s) being monitored. 
     Thus, in operation, analytics server  116  can receive real-time data for various sensors, i.e., components, through data acquisition system  202 . As can be seen, analytics server  116  can comprise various drivers configured to interface with the various types of sensors, etc., comprising data acquisition system  202 . This data represents the real-time operational data for the various components. For example, the data may indicate that a certain component is operating at a certain voltage level and drawing certain amount of current. This information can then be fed to a modeling engine to generate a virtual system model  612  that is based on the actual real-time operational data. 
     Analytics engine  118  can be configured to compare predicted data based on the virtual system model  512  with real-time data received from data acquisition system  202  and to identify any differences. In some instances, analytics engine can be configured to identify these differences and then update, i.e., calibrate, the virtual system model  512  for use in future comparisons. In this manner, more accurate comparisons and warnings can be generated. 
     But in other instances, the differences will indicate a failure, or the potential for a failure. For example, when a component begins to fail, the operating parameters will begin to change. This change may be sudden or it may be a progressive change over time. Analytics engine  118  can detect such changes and issue warnings that can allow the changes to be detected before a failure occurs. The analytic engine  118  can be configured to generate warnings that can be communicated via interface  532 . 
     For example, a user can access information from server  116  using thin client  534 . For example, reports can be generate and served to thin client  534  via server  540 . These reports can, for example, comprise schematic or symbolic illustrations of the system being monitored. Status information for each component can be illustrated or communicated for each component. This information can be numerical, i.e., the voltage or current level. Or it can be symbolic, i.e., green for normal, red for failure or warning. In certain embodiments, intermediate levels of failure can also be communicated, i.e., yellow can be used to indicate operational conditions that project the potential for future failure. It should be noted that this information can be accessed in real-time. Moreover, via thin client  534 , the information can be accessed form anywhere and anytime. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 5 , the Analytics Engine  118  is communicatively interfaced with a HTM Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Engine  551 . The HTM Engine  551  is configured to work in conjunction with the Analytics Engine  118  and a virtual system model of the monitored system to make real-time predictions (i.e., forecasts) about various operational aspects of the monitored system. The HTM Engine  551  works by processing and storing patterns observed during the normal operation of the monitored system over time. These observations are provided in the form of real-time data captured using a multitude of sensors that are imbedded within the monitored system. In one embodiment, the virtual system model is also updated with the real-time data such that the virtual system model “ages” along with the monitored system. Examples of a monitored system includes machinery, factories, electrical systems, processing plants, devices, chemical processes, biological systems, data centers, aircraft carriers, and the like. It should be understood that the monitored system can be any combination of components whose operations can be monitored with conventional sensors and where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component within the combination. 
       FIG. 6  is an illustration of a flowchart describing a method for real-time monitoring and predictive analysis of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. Method  600  begins with operation  602  where real-time data indicative of the monitored system status is processed to enable a virtual model of the monitored system under management to be calibrated and synchronized with the real-time data. In one embodiment, the monitored system  102  is a mission critical electrical power system. In another embodiment, the monitored system  102  can include an electrical power transmission infrastructure. In still another embodiment, the monitored system  102  includes a combination of thereof. It should be understood that the monitored system  102  can be any combination of components whose operations can be monitored with conventional sensors and where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component within the combination. 
     Method  600  moves on to operation  604  where the virtual system model of the monitored system under management is updated in response to the real-time data. This may include, but is not limited to, modifying the simulated data output from the virtual system model, adjusting the logic/processing parameters utilized by the virtual system modeling engine to simulate the operation of the monitored system, adding/subtracting functional elements of the virtual system model, etc. It should be understood, that any operational parameter of the virtual system modeling engine and/or the virtual system model may be modified by the calibration engine as long as the resulting modifications can be processed and registered by the virtual system modeling engine. 
     Method  600  proceeds on to operation  606  where the simulated real-time data indicative of the monitored system status is compared with a corresponding virtual system model created at the design stage. The design stage models, which may be calibrated and updated based on real-time monitored data, are used as a basis for the predicted performance of the system. The real-time monitored data can then provide the actual performance over time. By comparing the real-time time data with the predicted performance information, difference can be identified a tracked by, e.g., the analytics engine  118 . Analytics engines  118  can then track trends, determine alarm states, etc., and generate a real-time report of the system status in response to the comparison. 
     In other words, the analytics can be used to analyze the comparison and real-time data and determine if there is a problem that should be reported and what level the problem may be, e.g., low priority, high priority, critical, etc. The analytics can also be used to predict future failures and time to failure, etc. In one embodiment, reports can be displayed on a conventional web browser (e.g. INTERNET EXPLORER™, FIREFOX™, NETSCAPE™, etc) that is rendered on a standard personal computing (PC) device. In another embodiment, the “real-time” report can be rendered on a “thin-client” computing device (e.g., CITRIX™, WINDOWS TERMINAL SERVICES™, telnet, or other equivalent thin-client terminal application). In still another embodiment, the report can be displayed on a wireless mobile device (e.g., BLACKBERRY™, laptop, pager, etc.). For example, in one embodiment, the “real-time” report can include such information as the differential in a particular power parameter (i.e., current, voltage, etc.) between the real-time measurements and the virtual output data. 
       FIG. 7  is an illustration of a flowchart describing a method for managing real-time updates to a virtual system model of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. Method  700  begins with operation  702  where real-time data output from a sensor interfaced with the monitored system is received. The sensor is configured to capture output data at split-second intervals to effectuate “real time” data capture. For example, in one embodiment, the sensor is configured to generate hundreds of thousands of data readings per second. It should be appreciated, however, that the number of data output readings taken by the sensor may be set to any value as long as the operational limits of the sensor and the data processing capabilities of the data acquisition hub are not exceeded. 
     Method  700  moves to operation  704  where the real-time data is processed into a defined format. This would be a format that can be utilized by the analytics server to analyze or compare the data with the simulated data output from the virtual system model. In one embodiment, the data is converted from an analog signal to a digital signal. In another embodiment, the data is converted from a digital signal to an analog signal. It should be understood, however, that the real-time data may be processed into any defined format as long as the analytics engine can utilize the resulting data in a comparison with simulated output data from a virtual system model of the monitored system. 
     Method  700  continues on to operation  706  where the predicted (i.e., simulated) data for the monitored system is generated using a virtual system model of the monitored system. As discussed above, a virtual system modeling engine utilizes dynamic control logic stored in the virtual system model to generate the predicted output data. The predicted data is supposed to be representative of data that should actually be generated and output from the monitored system. 
     Method  700  proceeds to operation  708  where a determination is made as to whether the difference between the real-time data output and the predicted system data falls between a set value and an alarm condition value, where if the difference falls between the set value and the alarm condition value a virtual system model calibration and a response can be generated. That is, if the comparison indicates that the differential between the “real-time” sensor output value and the corresponding “virtual” model data output value exceeds a Defined Difference Tolerance (DDT) value (i.e., the “real-time” output values of the sensor output do not indicate an alarm condition) but below an alarm condition (i.e., alarm threshold value), a response can be generated by the analytics engine. In one embodiment, if the differential exceeds, the alarm condition, an alarm or notification message is generated by the analytics engine  118 . In another embodiment, if the differential is below the DTT value, the analytics engine does nothing and continues to monitor the “real-time” data and “virtual” data. Generally speaking, the comparison of the set value and alarm condition is indicative of the functionality of one or more components of the monitored system. 
       FIG. 8  is an illustration of a flowchart describing a method for synchronizing real-time system data with a virtual system model of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. Method  800  begins with operation  802  where a virtual system model calibration request is received. A virtual model calibration request can be generated by an analytics engine whenever the difference between the real-time data output and the predicted system data falls between a set value and an alarm condition value. 
     Method  800  proceeds to operation  804  where the predicted system output value for the virtual system model is updated with a real-time output value for the monitored system. For example, if sensors interfaced with the monitored system outputs a real-time current value of A, then the predicted system output value for the virtual system model is adjusted to reflect a predicted current value of A. 
     Method  800  moves on to operation  806  where a difference between the real-time sensor value measurement from a sensor integrated with the monitored system and a predicted sensor value for the sensor is determined. As discussed above, the analytics engine is configured to receive “real-time” data from sensors interfaced with the monitored system via the data acquisition hub (or, alternatively directly from the sensors) and “virtual” data from the virtual system modeling engine simulating the data output from a virtual system model of the monitored system. In one embodiment, the values are in units of electrical power output (i.e., current or voltage) from an electrical power generation or transmission system. It should be appreciated, however, that the values can essentially be any unit type as long as the sensors can be configured to output data in those units or the analytics engine can convert the output data received from the sensors into the desired unit type before performing the comparison. 
     Method  800  continues on to operation  808  where the operating parameters of the virtual system model are adjusted to minimize the difference. This means that the logic parameters of the virtual system model that a virtual system modeling engine uses to simulate the data output from actual sensors interfaced with the monitored system are adjusted so that the difference between the real-time data output and the simulated data output is minimized. Correspondingly, this operation will update and adjust any virtual system model output parameters that are functions of the virtual system model sensor values. For example, in a power distribution environment, output parameters of power load or demand factor might be a function of multiple sensor data values. The operating parameters of the virtual system model that mimic the operation of the sensor will be adjusted to reflect the real-time data received from those sensors. In one embodiment, authorization from a system administrator is requested prior to the operating parameters of the virtual system model being adjusted. This is to ensure that the system administrator is aware of the changes that are being made to the virtual system model. In one embodiment, after the completion of all the various calibration operations, a report is generated to provide a summary of all the adjustments that have been made to the virtual system model. 
     As described above, virtual system modeling engine  124  can be configured to model various aspects of the system to produce predicted values for the operation of various components within monitored system  102 . These predicted values can be compared to actual values being received via data acquisition hub  112 . If the differences are greater than a certain threshold, e.g., the DTT, but not in an alarm condition, then a calibration instruction can be generated. The calibration instruction can cause a calibration engine  134  to update the virtual model being used by system modeling engine  124  to reflect the new operating information. 
     It will be understood that as monitored system  102  ages, or more specifically the components comprising monitored system  102  age, then the operating parameters, e.g., currents and voltages associated with those components will also change. Thus, the process of calibrating the virtual model based on the actual operating information provides a mechanism by which the virtual model can be aged along with the monitored system  102  so that the comparisons being generated by analytics engine  118  are more meaningful. 
     At a high level, this process can be illustrated with the aid of  FIG. 9 , which is a flow chart illustrating an example method for updating the virtual model in accordance with one embodiment. In step  902 , data is collected from, e.g., sensors  104 ,  106 , and  108 . For example, the sensors can be configured to monitor protective devices within an electrical distribution system to determine and monitor the ability of the protective devices to withstand faults, which is describe in more detail below. 
     In step  904 , the data from the various sensors can be processed by analytics engine  118  in order to evaluate various parameters related to monitored system  102 . In step  905 , simulation engine  124  can be configured to generate predicted values for monitored system  102  using a virtual model of the system that can be compared to the parameters generated by analytics engine  118  in step  904 . If there are differences between the actual values and the predicted values, then the virtual model can be updated to ensure that the virtual model ages with the actual system  102 . 
     It should be noted that as the monitored system  102  ages, various components can be repaired, replaced, or upgraded, which can also create differences between the simulated and actual data that is not an alarm condition. Such activity can also lead to calibrations of the virtual model to ensure that the virtual model produces relevant predicted values. Thus, not only can the virtual model be updated to reflect aging of monitored system  102 , but it can also be updated to reflect retrofits, repairs, etc. 
     As noted above, in certain embodiments, a logical model of a facilities electrical system, a data acquisition system (data acquisition hub  112 ), and power system simulation engines (modeling engine  124 ) can be integrated with a logic and methods based approach to the adjustment of key database parameters within a virtual model of the electrical system to evaluate the ability of protective devices within the electrical distribution system to withstand faults and also effectively “age” the virtual system with the actual system. 
     Only through such a process can predictions on the withstand abilities of protective devices, and the status, security and health of an electrical system be accurately calculated. Accuracy is important as the predictions can be used to arrive at actionable, mission critical or business critical conclusions that may lead to the re-alignment of the electrical distribution system for optimized performance or security. 
       FIGS. 10-12  are flow charts presenting logical flows for determining the ability of protective devices within an electrical distribution system to withstand faults and also effectively “age” the virtual system with the actual system in accordance with one embodiment.  FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating an example process for monitoring the status of protective devices in a monitored system  102  and updating a virtual model based on monitored data. First, in step  1002 , the status of the protective devices can be monitored in real time. As mentioned, protective devices can include fuses, switches, relays, and circuit breakers. Accordingly, the status of the fuses/switches, relays, and/or circuit breakers, e.g., the open/close status, source and load status, and on or off status, can be monitored in step  1002 . It can be determined, in step  1004 , if there is any change in the status of the monitored devices. If there is a change, then in step  1006 , the virtual model can be updated to reflect the status change, i.e., the corresponding virtual components data can be updated to reflect the actual status of the various protective devices. 
     In step  1008 , predicted values for the various components of monitored system  102  can be generated. But it should be noted that these values are based on the current, real-time status of the monitored system. In step  1010 , it can be determined which predicted voltages are for a value, such as a value for a node or load, which can be calibrated. At the same time, real time sensor data can be received in step  1012 . This real time data can be used to monitor the status in step  1002  and it can also be compared with the predicted values in step  1014 . As noted above, the difference between the predicted values and the real time data can also be determined in step  1014 . 
     Accordingly, meaningful predicted values based on the actual condition of monitored system  102  can be generated in steps  1004  to  1010 . These predicted values can then be used to determine if further action should be taken based on the comparison of step  1014 . For example, if it is determined in step  1016  that the difference between the predicted values and the real time sensor data is less than or equal to a certain threshold, e.g., DTT, then no action can be taken e.g., an instruction not to perform calibration can be issued in step  1018 . Alternatively, if it is determined in step  1020  that the real time data is actually indicative of an alarm situation, e.g., is above an alarm threshold, then a do not calibrate instruction can be generated in step  1018  and an alarm can be generated as described above. If the real time sensor data is not indicative of an alarm condition, and the difference between the real time sensor data and the predicted values is greater than the threshold, as determined in step  1022 , then an initiate calibration command can be generated in step  1024 . 
     If an initiate calibration command is issued in step  1024 , then a function call to calibration engine  134  can be generated in step  1026 . The function call will cause calibration engine  134  to update the virtual model in step  1028  based on the real time sensor data. A comparison between the real time data and predicted data can then be generated in step  1030  and the differences between the two computed. In step  1032 , a user can be prompted as to whether or not the virtual model should in fact be updated. In other embodiments, the update can be automatic, and step  1032  can be skipped. In step  1034 , the virtual model could be updated. For example, the virtual model loads, buses, demand factor, and/or percent running information can be updated based on the information obtained in step  1030 . An initiate simulation instruction can then be generated in step  1036 , which can cause new predicted values to be generated based on the update of virtual model. 
     In this manner, the predicted values generated in step  1008  are not only updated to reflect the actual operational status of monitored system  102 , but they are also updated to reflect natural changes in monitored system  102  such as aging. Accordingly, realistic predicted values can be generated in step  1008 . 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating an example process for determining the protective capabilities of the protective devices being monitored in step  1002 . Depending on the embodiment, the protective devices can be evaluated in terms of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards or in accordance with the United States or American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards. It will be understood, that the process described in relation to  FIG. 11  is not dependent on a particular standard being used. 
     First, in step  1102 , a short circuit analysis can be performed for the protective device. Again, the protective device can be any one of a variety of protective device types. For example, the protective device can be a fuse or a switch, or some type of circuit breaker. It will be understood that there are various types of circuit breakers including Low Voltage Circuit Breakers (LVCBs), High Voltage Circuit Breakers (HVCBs), Mid Voltage Circuit Breakers (MVCBs), Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs), Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs), Vacuum Circuit Breakers, and Air Circuit Breakers, to name just a few. Any one of these various types of protective devices can be monitored and evaluated using the processes illustrated with respect to  FIGS. 10-12 . 
     For example, for LVCBs, or MCCBs, the short circuit current, symmetric (I sym ) or asymmetric (I asym ), and/or the peak current (I peak ) can be determined in step  1102 . For, e.g., LVCBs that are not instantaneous trip circuit breakers, the short circuit current at a delayed time (I symdelay ) can be determined. For HVCBs, a first cycle short circuit current (I sym ) and/or I peak  can be determined in step  1102 . For fuses or switches, the short circuit current, symmetric or asymmetric, can be determined in step  1102 . And for MVCBs the short circuit current interrupting time can be calculated. These are just some examples of the types of short circuit analysis that can be performed in Step  1102  depending on the type of protective device being analyzed. 
     Once the short circuit analysis is performed in step  1102 , various steps can be carried out in order to determine the bracing capability of the protective device. For example, if the protective device is a fuse or switch, then the steps on the left hand side of  FIG. 11  can be carried out. In this case, the fuse rating can first be determined in step  1104 . In this case, the fuse rating can be the current rating for the fuse. For certain fuses, the X/R can be calculated in step  1105  and the asymmetric short circuit current (I sym ) for the fuse can be determined in step  1106  using equation 1.
 
 I   ASYM =I SYM √{square root over (1+2 e   −2p(X/R) )}
 
     In other implementations, the inductants/reactants (X/R) ratio can be calculated instep  1108  and compared to a fuse test X/R to determine if the calculated X/R is greater than the fuse test X/R. The calculated X/R can be determined using the predicted values provided in step  1008 . Various standard tests X/R values can be used for the fuse test X/R values in step  1108 . For example, standard test X/R values for a LVCB can be as follows:
         PCB, ICCB=8.59   MCCB, ICCB rated&lt;=10,000 A=1.73   MCCB, ICCB rated 10,001-20,000 A=3.18   MCCB, ICCB rated&gt;20,000 A=4.9       

     If the calculated X/R is greater than the fuse test X/R, then in step  1112 , equation 12 can be used to calculate an adjusted symmetrical short circuit current (I adjsym ). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
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                       SYM 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
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                             1 
                             + 
                             
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                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ⅇ 
                                 
                                   
                                     - 
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                                         CALC 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
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                                           X 
                                           / 
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                             + 
                             
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                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
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                   12 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If the calculated X/R is not greater than the fuse test X/R then Iadjsym can be set equal to I sym  in step  1110 . In step  1114 , it can then be determined if the fuse rating (step  1104 ) is greater than or equal to I adjsym  or I asym . If it is, then it can determine in step  1118  that the protected device has passed and the percent rating can be calculated in step  1120  as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               % 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               rating 
             
             = 
             
               
                 I 
                 
                   ADJ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   SYM 
                 
               
               
                 Device 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rating 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           or 
         
       
       
         
           
             
               % 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               rating 
             
             = 
             
               
                 I 
                 ASYM 
               
               
                 Device 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rating 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If it is determined in step  1114  that the device rating is not greater than or equal to I adjsym , then it can be determined that the device as failed in step  1116 . The percent rating can still be calculating in step  1120 . 
     For LVCBs, it can first be determined whether they are fused in step  1122 . If it is determined that the LVCB is not fused, then in step  1124  can be determined if the LVCB is an instantaneous trip LVCB. If it is determined that the LVCB is an instantaneous trip LVCB, then in step  1130  the first cycle fault X/R can be calculated and compared to a circuit breaker test X/R (see example values above) to determine if the fault X/R is greater than the circuit breaker test X/R. If the fault X/R is not greater than the circuit breaker test X/R, then in step  1132  it can be determined if the LVCB is peak rated. If it is peak rated, then I peak  can be used in step  1146  below. If it is determined that the LVCB is not peak rated in step  1132 , then I adjsym  can be set equal to I sym  in step  1140 . In step  1146 , it can be determined if the device rating is greater or equal to I adjsym , or to I peak  as appropriate, for the LVCB. 
     If it is determined that the device rating is greater than or equal to I adjsym , then it can be determined that the LVCB has passed in step  1148 . The percent rating can then be determined using the equations for I adjsym  defined above (step  1120 ) in step  1152 . If it is determined that the device rating is not greater than or equal to I adjsym , then it can be determined that the device has failed in step  1150 . The percent rating can still be calculated instep  1152 . 
     If the calculated fault X/R is greater than the circuit breaker test X/R as determined in step  1130 , then it can be determined if the LVCB is peak rated in step  1134 . If the LVCB is not peak rated, then the I adjsym  can be determined using equation 12. If the LVCB is peak rated, then I peak  can be determined using equation 11. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     PEAK 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       I 
                       SYM 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         1.02 
                         + 
                         
                           0.98 
                           ⁢ 
                           
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                               - 
                               
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                   Eq 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   11 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It can then be determined if the device rating is greater than or equal to I adjsym  or I peak  as appropriate. The pass/fail determinations can then be made in steps  1148  and  1150  respectively, and the percent rating can be calculated in step  1152 . 
     
       
         
           
             
               % 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               rating 
             
             = 
             
               
                 I 
                 
                   ADJ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
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                 Device 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
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           or 
         
       
       
         
           
             
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               rating 
             
             = 
             
               
                 I 
                 PEAK 
               
               
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                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
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                 rating 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If the LVCB is not an instantaneous trip LVCB as determined in step  1124 , then a time delay calculation can be performed at step  1128  followed by calculation of the fault X/R and a determination of whether the fault X/R is greater than the circuit breaker test X/R. If it is not, then Iadjsym can be set equal to Isym in step  1136 . If the calculated fault at X/R is greater than the circuit breaker test X/R, then Iadjsymdelay can be calculated in step  1138  using the following equation with, e.g., a 0.5 second maximum delay: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       
                         ADJ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         SYM 
                       
                       DELAY 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
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                         DELAY 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ⅇ 
                                 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     0.5 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     p 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         CALC 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           X 
                                           / 
                                           R 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ⅇ 
                                 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     0.5 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     p 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         TEST 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           X 
                                           / 
                                           R 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   14 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It can then be determined if the device rating is greater than or equal to I adjsym  or I adjsymdelay . The pass/fail determinations can then be made in steps  1148  and  1150 , respectively and the percent rating can be calculated in step  1152 . 
     If it is determined that the LVCB is fused in step  1122 , then the fault X/R can be calculated in step  1126  and compared to the circuit breaker test X/R in order to determine if the calculated fault X/R is greater than the circuit breaker test X/R. If it is greater, then I adjsym  can be calculated in step  1154  using the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       ADJ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       SYM 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       SYM 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           1.02 
                           + 
                           
                             0.98 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ⅇ 
                               
                                 
                                   - 
                                   3 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     CALC 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       X 
                                       / 
                                       R 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           1.02 
                           + 
                           
                             0.98 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ⅇ 
                               
                                 
                                   - 
                                   3 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     TEST 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       X 
                                       / 
                                       R 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   13 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If the calculated fault X/R is not greater than the circuit breaker test X/R, then I adjsym  can be set equal to I sym  in step  1156 . It can then be determined if the device rating is greater than or equal to I adjsym  in step  1146 . The pass/fail determinations can then be carried out in steps  1148  and  1150  respectively, and the percent rating can be determined in step  1152 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating an example process for determining the protective capabilities of a HVCB. In certain embodiments, the X/R can be calculated in step  1157  and a peak current (Ipeak) can be determined using equation 11 in step  1158 . In step  1162 , it can be determined whether the HVCB&#39;s rating is greater than or equal to Ipeak as determined in step  1158 . If the device rating is greater than or equal to Ipeak, then the device has passed in step  1164 . Otherwise, the device fails in step  1166 . In either case, the percent rating can be determined in step  1168  using the following: 
     
       
         
           
             
               % 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               rating 
             
             = 
             
               
                 I 
                 PEAK 
               
               
                 Device 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rating 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In other embodiments, an interrupting time calculation can be made in step  1170 . In such embodiments, a fault X/R can be calculated and then can be determined if the fault X/R is greater than or equal to a circuit breaker test X/R in step  1172 . For example, the following circuit breaker test X/R can be used;
         50 Hz Test X/R=13.7   60 Hz Test X/R=16.7   (DC Time constant=0.45 ms)       

     If the fault X/R is not greater than the circuit breaker test X/R then I adjintsym  can be set equal to I sym  in step  1174 . If the calculated fault X/R is greater than the circuit breaker test X/R, then contact parting time for the circuit breaker can be determined in step  1176  and equation 15 can then be used to determine I adjintsym  in step  1178 . 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       
                         ADJ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         INT 
                       
                       SYM 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       
                         INT 
                         SYM 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ⅇ 
                                 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     4 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   p 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     f 
                                     ∘ 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     t 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         CALC 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           X 
                                           / 
                                           R 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ⅇ 
                                 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     4 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   p 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     f 
                                     ∘ 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     t 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         TEST 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           X 
                                           / 
                                           R 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   15 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In step  1180 , it can be determined whether the device rating is greater than or equal to I adjintsym . The pass/fail determinations can then be made in steps  1182  and  1184  respectively and the percent rating can be calculated in step  1186  using the following: 
     
       
         
           
             
               % 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               rating 
             
             = 
             
               
                 I 
                 
                   ADJ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   INT 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   SYM 
                 
               
               
                 Device 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rating 
               
             
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 13  is a flowchart illustrating an example process for determining the protective capabilities of the protective devices being monitored in step  1002  in accordance with another embodiment. The process can start with a short circuit analysis in step  1302 . For systems operating at a frequency other than 60 hz, the protective device X/R can be modified as follows:
 
( X/R )mod=( X/R )*60 H /(system Hz).
 
     For fuses/switches, a selection can be made, as appropriate, between use of the symmetrical rating or asymmetrical rating for the device. The Multiplying Factor (MF) for the device can then be calculated in step  1304 . The MF can then be used to determine I adjasym  or I adjsym . In step  1306 , it can be determined if the device rating is greater than or equal to I adjasym  or I adjsym . Based on this determination, it can be determined whether the device passed or failed in steps  1308  and  1310  respectively, and the percent rating can be determined in step  1312  using the following:
 
% rating= I   adjasym *100/device rating; or
 
% rating= I   adjsym *100/device rating.
 
     For LVCBs, it can first be determined whether the device is fused in step  1314 . If the device is not fused, then in step  1315  it can be determined whether the X/R is known for the device. If it is known, then the LVF can be calculated for the device in step  1320 . It should be noted that the LVF can vary depending on whether the LVCB is an instantaneous trip device or not. If the X/R is not known, then it can be determined in step  1317 , e.g., using the following: 
     
       
         
           
             
               PCB 
               . 
               ICCB 
             
             = 
             6.59 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   MCCB 
                   . 
                   ICCB 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rated 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               &lt;= 
               
                 10 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   , 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 000 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 A 
               
             
             = 
             1.73 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   MCCB 
                   . 
                   ICCB 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rated 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 10 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   , 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 001 
               
               - 
               
                 20 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   , 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 000 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 A 
               
             
             = 
             3.18 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   MCCB 
                   . 
                   ICCB 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 rated 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               &gt; 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 20 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   , 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 000 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 A 
               
             
             = 
             4.9 
           
         
       
     
     If the device is fused, then in step  1316  it can again be determined whether the X/R is known. If it is known, then the LVF can be calculated in step  1319 . If it is not known, then the X/R can be set equal to, e.g., 4.9. 
     In step  1321 , it can be determined if the LVF is less than 1 and if it is, then the LVF can be set equal to 1. In step  1322  I intadj  can be determined using the following:
         MCCB/ICCB/PCB With instantaneous:   Int,adj=LVF*Isym,rms   PCB Without instantaneous:   Int,adj=LVFp*lsym,rms(½ Cyc)   Int,adj=LVFasym*Isym,rms(3-8 Cyc)       

     In step  1323 , it can be determined whether the device&#39;s symmetrical rating is greater than or equal to I intadj , and it can be determined based on this evaluation whether the device passed or failed in steps  1324  and  1325  respectively. The percent rating can then be determined in step  1326  using the following:
 
% rating= I   intadj *100/device rating.
 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating a process for evaluating the withstand capabilities of a MVCB in accordance with one embodiment. In step  1328 , a determination can be made as to whether the following calculations will be based on all remote inputs, all local inputs or on a No AC Decay (NACD) ratio. For certain implementations, a calculation can then be made of the total remote contribution, total local contribution, total contribution (I intrmssym ), and NACD. If the calculated NACD is equal to zero, then it can be determined that all contributions are local. If NACD is equal to 1, then it can be determined that all contributions are remote. 
     If all the contributions are remote, then in step  1332  the remote MF (MFr) can be calculated and I int  can be calculated using the following:
 
 I   int   =MFr*I   intrmssym .
 
     If all the inputs are local, then MFl can be calculated and I int  can be calculated using the following:
 
 I   int   =MFl*I   intrmssym .
 
     If the contributions are from NACD, then the NACD, MFr, MFl, and AMFl can be calculated. If AMFl is less than 1, then AMFl can be set equal to 1. I int  can then be calculated using the following:
 
 I   int   =AMFl*I   intrmssym   /S.  
 
     In step  1338 , the 3-phase device duty cycle can be calculated and then it can be determined in step  1340 , whether the device rating is greater than or equal to I int . Whether the device passed or failed can then be determined in steps  1342  and  1344 , respectively. The percent rating can be determined in step  1346  using the following:
 
% rating= I   int *100/3 p  device rating.
 
     In other embodiments, it can be determined, in step  1348 , whether the user has selected a fixed MF. If so, then in certain embodiments the peak duty (crest) can be determined in step  1349  and MFp can be set equal to 2.7 in step  1354 . If a fixed MF has not been selected, then the peak duty (crest) can be calculated in step  1350  and MFp can be calculated in step  1358 . In step  1362 , the MFp can be used to calculate the following:
 
 I   mompeak   =MFp*I   symrms .
 
     In step  1366 , it can be determined if the device peak rating (crest) is greater than or equal to I mompeak . It can then be determined whether the device passed or failed in steps  1368  and  1370  respectively, and the percent rating can be calculated as follows:
 
% rating= I   mompeak *100/device peak(crest)rating.
 
     In other embodiments, if a fixed MF is selected, then a momentary duty cycle (C&amp;L) can be determined in step  1351  and MFm can be set equal to, e.g., 1.6. If a fixed MF has not been selected, then in step  1352  MFm can be calculated. MFm can then be used to determine the following:
 
 I   momsym   =MFm*I   symms .
 
     It can then be determined in step  1374  whether the device C&amp;L, rms rating is greater than or equal to I momsym . Whether the device passed or failed can then be determined in steps  1376  and  1378  respectively, and the percent rating can be calculated as follows:
 
% rating= I   momasym *100/device C&amp;L, rms rating.
 
     Thus, the above methods provide a mean to determine the withstand capability of various protective devices, under various conditions and using various standards, using an aged, up to date virtual model of the system being monitored. 
     The influx of massive sensory data, e.g., provided via sensors  104 ,  106 , and  108 , intelligent filtration of this dense stream of data into manageable and easily understandable knowledge. For example, as mentioned, it is important to be able to assess the real-time ability of the power system to provide sufficient generation to satisfy the system load requirements and to move the generated energy through the system to the load points. Conventional systems do not make use of an on-line, real-time system snap shot captured by a real-time data acquisition platform to perform real time system availability evaluation. 
       FIG. 15  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for analyzing the reliability of an electrical power distribution and transmission system in accordance with one embodiment. First, in step  1502 , reliability data can be calculated and/or determined. The inputs used in step  1502  can comprise power flow data, e.g., network connectivity, loads, generations, cables/transformer impedances, etc., which can be obtained from the predicted values generated in step  1008 , reliability data associated with each power system component, lists of contingencies to be considered, which can vary by implementation including by region, site, etc., customer damage (load interruptions) costs, which can also vary by implementation, and load duration curve information. Other inputs can include failure rates, repair rates, and required availability of the system and of the various components. 
     In step  1504  a list of possible outage conditions and contingencies can be evaluated including loss of utility power supply, generators, UPS, and/or distribution lines and infrastructure. In step  1506 , a power flow analysis for monitored system  102  under the various contingencies can be performed. This analysis can include the resulting failure rates, repair rates, cost of interruption or downtime versus the required system availability, etc. In step  1510 , it can be determined if the system is operating in a deficient state when confronted with a specific contingency. If it is, then is step  1512 , the impact on the system, load interruptions, costs, failure duration, system unavailability, etc. can all be evaluated. 
     After the evaluation of step  1512 , or if it is determined that the system is not in a deficient state in step  1510 , then it can be determined if further contingencies need to be evaluated. If so, then the process can revert to step  1506  and further contingencies can be evaluated. If no more contingencies are to be evaluated, then a report can be generated in step  1514 . The report can include a system summary, total and detailed reliability indices, system availability, etc. The report can also identify system bottlenecks are potential problem areas. 
     The reliability indices can be based on the results of credible system contingencies involving both generation and transmission outages. The reliability indices can include load point reliability indices, branch reliability indices, and system reliability indices. For example, various load/bus reliability indices can be determined such as probability and frequency of failure, expected load curtailed, expected energy not supplied, frequency of voltage violations, reactive power required, and expected customer outage cost. The load point indices can be evaluated for the major load buses in the system and can be used in system design for comparing alternate system configurations and modifications. 
     Overall system reliability indices can include power interruption index, power supply average MW curtailment, power supply disturbance index, power energy curtailment index, severity index, and system availability. For example, the individual load point indices can be aggregated to produce a set of system indices. These indices are indicators of the overall adequacy of the composite system to meet the total system load demand and energy requirements and can be extremely useful for the system planner and management, allowing more informed decisions to be made both in planning and in managing the system. 
     The various analysis and techniques can be broadly classified as being either Monte Carlo simulation or Contingency Enumeration. The process can also use AC, DC and fast linear network power flow solutions techniques and can support multiple contingency modeling, multiple load levels, automatic or user-selected contingency enumeration, use a variety of remedial actions, and provides sophisticated report generation. 
     The analysis of step  1506  can include adequacy analysis of the power system being monitored based on a prescribed set of criteria by which the system must be judged as being in the success or failed state. The system is considered to be in the failed state if the service at load buses is interrupted or its quality becomes unacceptable, i.e., if there are capacity deficiency, overloads, and/or under/over voltages 
     Various load models can be used in the process of  FIG. 15  including multi-step load duration curve, curtailable and Firm, and Customer Outage Cost models. Additionally, various remedial actions can be proscribed or even initiated including MW and MVAR generation control, generator bus voltage control, phase shifter adjustment, MW generation rescheduling, and load curtailment (interruptible and firm). 
     In other embodiments, the effect of other variables, such as the weather and human error can also be evaluated in conjunction with the process of  FIG. 15  and indices can be associated with these factors. For example,  FIG. 16  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for analyzing the reliability of an electrical power distribution and transmission system that takes weather information into account in accordance with one embodiment. Thus, in step  1602 , real-time weather data can be received, e.g., via a data feed such as an XML feed from National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA). In step  1604 , this data can be converted into reliability data that can be used in step  1502 . 
     It should also be noted that National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) have mandated that facilities comply with proper workplace safety standards and conduct Arc Flash studies in order to determine the incident energy, protection boundaries and PPE levels needed to be worn by technicians. Unfortunately, conventional approaches/systems for performing such studies do not provide a reliable means for the real-time prediction of the potential energy released (in calories per centimeter squared) for an arc flash event. Moreover, no real-time system exists that can predict the required personal protective equipment (PPE) required to safely perform repairs as required by NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584. 
     When a fault in the system being monitored contains an arc, the heat released can damage equipment and cause personal injury. It is the latter concern that brought about the development of the heat exposure programs referred to above. The power dissipated in the arc radiates to the surrounding surfaces. The further away from the arc the surface is, the less the energy is received per unit area. 
     As noted above, conventional approaches are based on highly specialized static simulation models that are rigid and non-reflective of the facilities operational status at the time a technician may be needed to conduct repairs on electrical equipment. But the PPE level required for the repair, or the safe protection boundary may change based on the actual operational status of the facility and alignment of the power distribution system at the time repairs are needed. Therefore, a static model does not provide the real-time analysis that can be critical for accurate PPE level determination. This is because static systems cannot adjust to the many daily changes to the electrical system that occur at a facility, e.g., motors and pumps may be on or off, on-site generation status may have changed by having diesel generators on-line, utility electrical feed may also change, etc., nor can they age with the facility to accurately predict the required PPE levels. 
     Accordingly, existing systems rely on exhaustive studies to be performed off-line by a power system engineer or a design professional/specialist. Often the specialist must manually modify a simulation model so that it is reflective of the proposed facility operating condition and then conduct a static simulation or a series of static simulations in order to come up with recommended safe working distances, energy calculations and PPE levels. But such a process is not timely, accurate nor efficient, and as noted above can be quite costly. 
     Using the systems and methods described herein a logical model of a facility electrical system can be integrated into a real-time environment, with a robust AC Arc Flash simulation engine (system modeling engine  124 ), a data acquisition system (data acquisition hub  112 ), and an automatic feedback system (calibration engine  134 ) that continuously synchronizes and calibrates the logical model to the actual operational conditions of the electrical system. The ability to re-align the simulation model in real-time so that it mirrors the real facility operating conditions, coupled with the ability to calibrate and age the model as the real facility ages, as describe above, provides a desirable approach to predicting PPE levels, and safe working conditions at the exact time the repairs are intended to be performed. Accordingly, facility management can provide real-time compliance with, e.g., NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584 standards and requirements. 
       FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating an example process for predicting in real-time various parameters associated with an alternating current (AC) arc flash incident. These parameters can include for example, the arc flash incident energy, arc flash protection boundary, and required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) levels, e.g., in order to comply with NFPA-70E and IEEE-1584. First, in step  1702 , updated virtual model data can be obtained for the system being model, e.g., the updated data of step  1006 , and the operating modes for the system can be determined. In step  1704 , an AC 3-phase short circuit analysis can be performed in order to obtain bolted fault current values for the system. In step  1706 , e.g., IEEE 1584 equations can be applied to the bolted fault values and any corresponding arcing currents can be calculated in step  1708 . 
     The ratio of arc current to bolted current can then be used, in step  1710 , to determine the arcing current in a specific protective device, such as a circuit breaker or fuse. A coordinated time-current curve analysis can be performed for the protective device in step  1712 . In step  1714 , the arcing current in the protective device and the time current analysis can be used to determine an associated fault clearing time, and in step  1716  a corresponding arc energy can be determined based on, e.g., IEEE 1584 equations applied to the fault clearing time and arcing current. 
     In step  1718 , the 100% arcing current can be calculated and for systems operating at less than 1 kV the 85% arcing current can also be calculated. In step  1720 , the fault clearing time in the protective device can be determined at the 85% arcing current level. In step  1722 , e.g., IEEE 1584 equations can be applied to the fault clearing time (determined in step  1720 ) and the arcing current to determine the 85% arc energy level, and in step  1724  the 100% arcing current can be compared with the 85% arcing current, with the higher of the two being selected. IEEE 1584 equations, for example, can then be applied to the selected arcing current in step  1726  and the PPE level and boundary distance can be determined in step  1728 . In step  1730 , these values can be output, e.g., in the form of a display or report. 
     In other embodiments, using the same or a similar procedure as illustrated in  FIG. 17 , the following evaluations can be made in real-time and based on an accurate, e.g., aged, model of the system:
         Arc Flash Exposure based on IEEE 1584;   Arc Flash Exposure based on NFPA 70E;   Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems/Single Branch Case;   Network-Based Arc Flash Exposure on AC Systems/Multiple Branch Cases;   Network Arc Flash Exposure on DC Networks;   Exposure Simulation at Switchgear Box, MCC Box, Open Area and Cable Grounded and Ungrounded;   Calculate and Select Controlling Branch(s) for Simulation of Arc Flash;   Test Selected Clothing;   Calculate Clothing Required;   Calculate Safe Zone with Regard to User Defined Clothing Category;   Simulated Art Heat Exposure at User Selected locations;   User Defined Fault Cycle for 3-Phase and Controlling Branches;   User Defined Distance for Subject;   100% and 85% Arcing Current;   100% and 85% Protective Device Time;   Protective Device Setting Impact on Arc Exposure Energy;   User Defined Label Sizes;   Attach Labels to One-Line Diagram for User Review;   Plot Energy for Each Bus;   Write Results into Excel;   View and Print Graphic Label for User Selected Bus(s); and   Work permit.       

     With the insight gained through the above methods, appropriate protective measures, clothing and procedures can be mobilized to minimize the potential for injury should an arc flash incident occur. Facility owners and operators can efficiently implement a real-time safety management system that is in compliance with NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584 guidelines. 
       FIG. 18  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for real-time analysis of the operational stability of an electrical power distribution and transmission system in accordance with one embodiment. The ability to predict, in real-time, the capability of a power system to maintain stability and/or recover from various contingency events and disturbances without violating system operational constraints is important. This analysis determines the real-time ability of the power system to: 1. sustain power demand and maintain sufficient active and reactive power reserve to cope with ongoing changes in demand and system disturbances due to contingencies, 2. operate safely with minimum operating cost while maintaining an adequate level of reliability, and 3. provide an acceptably high level of power quality (maintaining voltage and frequency within tolerable limits) when operating under contingency conditions. 
     In step  1802 , the dynamic time domain model data can be updated to re-align the virtual system model in real-time so that it mirrors the real operating conditions of the facility. The updates to the domain model data coupled with the ability to calibrate and age the virtual system model of the facility as it ages (i.e., real-time condition of the facility), as describe above, provides a desirable approach to predicting the operational stability of the electrical power system operating under contingency situations. That is, these updates account for the natural aging effects of hardware that comprise the total electrical power system by continuously synchronizing and calibrating both the control logic used in the simulation and the actual operating conditions of the electrical system 
     The domain model data includes data that is reflective of both the static and non-static (rotating) components of the system. Static components are those components that are assumed to display no changes during the time in which the transient contingency event takes place. Typical time frames for disturbance in these types of elements range from a few cycles of the operating frequency of the system up to a few seconds. Examples of static components in an electrical system include but are not limited to transformers, cables, overhead lines, reactors, static capacitors, etc. Non-static (rotating) components encompass synchronous machines including their associated controls (exciters, governors, etc), induction machines, compensators, motor operated valves (MOV), turbines, static var compensators, fault isolation units (FIU), static automatic bus transfer (SABT) units, etc. These various types of non-static components can be simulated using various techniques. For example:
         For Synchronous Machines: thermal (round rotor) and hydraulic (salient pole) units can be both simulated either by using a simple model or by the most complete two-axis including damper winding representation.   For Induction Machines: a complete two-axis model can be used. Also it is possible to model them by just providing the testing curves (current, power factor, and torque as a function of speed).   For Motor Operated Valves (MOVs): Two modes of MOV operation are of interest, namely, opening and closing operating modes. Each mode of operation consists of five distinct stages, a) start, b) full speed, c) unseating, d) travel, and e) stall. The system supports user-defined model types for each of the stages. That is, “start” may be modeled as a constant current while “full speed” may be modeled by constant power. This same flexibility exists for all five distinct stages of the closing mode.   For AVR and Excitation Systems: There are a number of models ranging form rotating (DC and AC) and analogue to static and digital controls. Additionally, the system offers a user-defined modeling capability, which can be used to define a new excitation model.   For Governors and Turbines: The system is designed to address current and future technologies including but not limited to hydraulic, diesel, gas, and combined cycles with mechanical and/or digital governors.   For Static Var Compensators (SVCs): The system is designed to address current and future technologies including a number of solid-state (thyristor) controlled SVC&#39;s or even the saturable reactor types.   For Fault Isolation Units (FIUs): The system is designed to address current and future technologies of FIUs also known as Current Limiting Devices, are devices installed between the power source and loads to limit the magnitude of fault currents that occur within loads connected to the power distribution networks.   For Static Automatic Bus Transfers (SABT): The system is designed to address current and future technologies of SABT (i.e., solid-state three phase, dual position, three-pole switch, etc.)       

     In one embodiment, the time domain model data includes “built-in” dynamic model data for exciters, governors, transformers, relays, breakers, motors, and power system stabilizers (PSS) offered by a variety of manufactures. For example, dynamic model data for the electrical power system may be OEM manufacturer supplied control logic for electrical equipment such as automatic voltage regulators (AVR), governors, under load tap changing transformers, relays, breakers motors, etc. In another embodiment, in order to cope with recent advances in power electronic and digital controllers, the time domain model data includes “user-defined” dynamic modeling data that is created by an authorized system administrator in accordance with user-defined control logic models. The user-defined models interacts with the virtual system model of the electrical power system through “Interface Variables”  1816  that are created out of the user-defined control logic models. For example, to build a user-defined excitation model, the controls requires that generator terminal voltage to be measured and compared with a reference quantity (voltage set point). Based on the specific control logic of the excitation and AVR, the model would then compute the predicted generator field voltage and return that value back to the application. The user-defined modeling supports a large number of pre-defined control blocks (functions) that are used to assemble the required control systems and put them into action in a real-time environment for assessing the strength and security of the power system. In still another embodiment, the time domain model data includes both built-in dynamic model data and user-defined model data. 
     Moving on to step  1804 , a contingency event can be chosen out of a diverse list of contingency events to be evaluated. That is, the operational stability of the electrical power system can be assessed under a number of different contingency event scenarios including but not limited to a singular event contingency or multiple event contingencies (that are simultaneous or sequenced in time). In one embodiment, the contingency events assessed are manually chosen by a system administrator in accordance with user requirements. In another embodiment, the contingency events assessed are automatically chosen in accordance with control logic that is dynamically adaptive to past observations of the electrical power system. That is the control logic “learns” which contingency events to simulate based on past observations of the electrical power system operating under various conditions. 
     Some examples of contingency events include but are not limited to:
         Application/removal of three-phase fault.   Application/removal of phase-to-ground fault   Application/removal of phase-phase-ground fault.   Application/removal of phase-phase fault.   Branch Addition.   Branch Tripping   Starting Induction Motor.   Stopping Induction Motor   Shunt Tripping.   Shunt Addition (Capacitor and/or Induction)   Generator Tripping.   SVC Tripping.   Impact Loading (Load Re Changing Mechanical Torque on Induction Machine. With this option it is actually possible to turn an induction motor to an induction generator.   Loss of Utility Power Supply/Generators/UPS/Distribution Lines/System Infrastructure   Load Shedding       

     In step  1806 , a transient stability analysis of the electrical power system operating under the various chosen contingencies can be performed. This analysis can include identification of system weaknesses and insecure contingency conditions. That is, the analysis can predict (forecast) the system&#39;s ability to sustain power demand, maintain sufficient active and reactive power reserve, operate safely with minimum operating cost while maintaining an adequate level of reliability, and provide an acceptably high level of power quality while being subjected to various contingency events. The results of the analysis can be stored by an associative memory engine  1818  during step  1814  to support incremental learning about the operational characteristics of the system. That is, the results of the predictions, analysis, and real-time data may be fed, as needed, into the associative memory engine  1818  for pattern and sequence recognition in order to learn about the logical realities of the power system. In certain embodiments, engine  1818  can also act as a pattern recognition engine or a Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) engine. Additionally, concurrent inputs of various electrical, environmental, mechanical, and other sensory data can be used to learn about and determine normality and abnormality of business and plant operations to provide a means of understanding failure modes and give recommendations. 
     In step  1810 , it can be determined if the system is operating in a deficient state when confronted with a specific contingency. If it is, then in step  1812 , a report is generated providing a summary of the operational stability of the system. The summary may include general predictions about the total security and stability of the system and/or detailed predictions about each component that makes up the system. 
     Alternatively, if it is determined that the system is not in a deficient state in step  1810 , then step  1808  can determine if further contingencies needs to be evaluated. If so, then the process can revert to step  1806  and further contingencies can be evaluated. 
     The results of real-time simulations performed in accordance with  FIG. 18  can be communicated in step  1812  via a report, such as a print out or display of the status. In addition, the information can be reported via a graphical user interface (thick or thin client) that illustrated the various components of the system in graphical format. In such embodiments, the report can simply comprise a graphical indication of the security or insecurity of a component, subsystem, or system, including the whole facility. The results can also be forwarded to associative memory engine  1818 , where they can be stored and made available for predictions, pattern/sequence recognition and ability to imagine, e.g., via memory agents or other techniques, some of which are describe below, in step  1820 . 
     The process of  FIG. 18  can be applied to a number of needs including but not limited to predicting system stability due to: Motor starting and motor sequencing, an example is the assessment of adequacy of a power system in emergency start up of auxiliaries; evaluation of the protections such as under frequency and under-voltage load shedding schemes, example of this is allocation of required load shedding for a potential loss of a power generation source; determination of critical clearing time of circuit breakers to maintain stability; and determination of the sequence of protective device operations and interactions. 
       FIG. 19  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for conducting a real-time power capacity assessment of an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. The stability of an electrical power system can be classified into two broad categories: transient (angular) stability and voltage stability (i.e., power capacity). Voltage stability refers to the electrical system&#39;s ability to maintain acceptable voltage profiles under different system topologies and load changes (i.e., contingency events). That is, voltage stability analyses determine bus voltage profiles and power flows in the electrical system before, during, and immediately after a major disturbance. Generally speaking, voltage instability stems from the attempt of load dynamics to restore power consumption beyond the capability of the combined transmission and generation system. One factor that comes into play is that unlike active power, reactive power cannot be transported over long distances. As such, a power system rich in reactive power resources is less likely to experience voltage stability problems. Overall, the voltage stability of a power system is of paramount importance in the planning and daily operation of an electrical system. 
     Traditionally, transient stability has been the main focus of power system professionals. However, with the increased demand for electrical energy and the regulatory hurdles blocking the expansion of existing power systems, the occurrences of voltage instability has become increasingly frequent and therefore has gained increased attention from power system planners and power system facility operators. The ability to learn, understand and make predictions about available power system capacity and system susceptibility to voltage instability, in real-time would be beneficial in generating power trends for forecasting purposes. 
     In step  1902 , the voltage stability modeling data for the components comprising the electrical system can be updated to re-align the virtual system model in “real-time” so that it mirrors the real operating conditions of the facility. These updates to the voltage stability modeling data coupled with the ability to calibrate and age the virtual system model of the facility as it ages (i.e., real-time condition of the facility), as describe above, provides a desirable approach to predicting occurrences of voltage instability (or power capacity) in the electrical power system when operating under contingency situations. That is, these updates account for the natural aging effects of hardware that comprise the total electrical power system by continuously synchronizing and calibrating both the control logic used in the simulation and the actual operating conditions of the electrical system 
     The voltage stability modeling data includes system data that has direct influence on the electrical system&#39;s ability to maintain acceptable voltage profiles when the system is subjected to various contingencies, such as when system topology changes or when the system encounters power load changes. Some examples of voltage stability modeling data are load scaling data, generation scaling data, load growth factor data, load growth increment data, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the voltage stability modeling data includes “built-in” data supplied by an OEM manufacturer of the components that comprise the electrical equipment. In another embodiment, in order to cope with recent advances power system controls, the voltage stability data includes “user-defined” data that is created by an authorized system administrator in accordance with user-defined control logic models. The user-defined models interact with the virtual system model of the electrical power system through “Interface Variables”  1916  that are created out of the user-defined control logic models. In still another embodiment, the voltage stability modeling data includes a combination of both built-in model data and user-defined model data 
     Moving on to step  1904 , a contingency event can be chosen out of a diverse list of contingency events to be evaluated. That is, the voltage stability of the electrical power system can be assessed under a number of different contingency event scenarios including but not limited to a singular event contingency or multiple event contingencies (that are simultaneous or sequenced in time). In one embodiment, the contingency events assessed are manually chosen by a system administrator in accordance with user requirements. In another embodiment, the contingency events assessed are automatically chosen in accordance with control logic that is dynamically adaptive to past observations of the electrical power system. That is the control logic “learns” which contingency events to simulate based on past observations of the electrical power system operating under various conditions. Some examples of contingency events include but are not limited to: loss of utility supply to the electrical system, loss of available power generation sources, system load changes/fluctuations, loss of distribution infrastructure associated with the electrical system, etc. 
     In step  1906 , a voltage stability analysis of the electrical power system operating under the various chosen contingencies can be performed. This analysis can include a prediction (forecast) of the total system power capacity, available system power capacity and utilized system power capacity of the electrical system of the electrical system under various contingencies. That is, the analysis can predict (forecast) the electrical system&#39;s ability to maintain acceptable voltage profiles during load changes and when the overall system topology undergoes changes. The results of the analysis can be stored by an associative memory engine  1918  during step  1914  to support incremental learning about the power capacity characteristics of the system. That is, the results of the predictions, analysis, and real-time data may be fed, as needed, into the associative memory engine  1918  for pattern and sequence recognition in order to learn about the voltage stability of the electrical system in step  1920 . Additionally, concurrent inputs of various electrical, environmental, mechanical, and other sensory data can be used to learn about and determine normality and abnormality of business and plant operations to provide a means of understanding failure modes and give recommendations. 
     In step  1910 , it can be determined if there is voltage instability in the system when confronted with a specific contingency. If it is, then in step  1912 , a report is generated providing a summary of the specifics and source of the voltage instability. The summary may include general predictions about the voltage stability of the overall system and/or detailed predictions about each component that makes up the system. 
     Alternatively, if it is determined that the system is not in a deficient state in step  1910 , then step  1908  can determine if further contingencies needs to be evaluated. If so, then the process can revert to step  1906  and further contingencies can be evaluated. 
     The results of real-time simulations performed in accordance with  FIG. 19  can be communicated in step  1912  via a report, such as a print out or display of the status. In addition, the information can be reported via a graphical user interface (thick or thin client) that illustrated the various components of the system in graphical format. In such embodiments, the report can simply comprise a graphical indication of the capacity of a subsystem or system, including the whole facility. The results can also be forwarded to associative memory engine  1918 , where they can be stored and made available for predictions, pattern/sequence recognition and ability to imagine, e.g., via memory agents or other techniques, some of which are describe below, in step  1920   
     The systems and methods described above can also be used to provide reports (step  1912 ) on, e.g., total system electrical capacity, total system capacity remaining, total capacity at all busbars and/or processes, total capacity remaining at all busbars and/or processes, total system loading, loading at each busbar and/or process, etc. 
     Thus, the process of  FIG. 19  can receive input data related to power flow, e.g., network connectivity, loads, generations, cables/transformers, impedances, etc., power security, contingencies, and capacity assessment model data and can produce as outputs data related to the predicted and designed total system capacity, available capacity, and present capacity. This information can be used to make more informed decisions with respect to management of the facility. 
       FIG. 20  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for performing real-time harmonics analysis of an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. As technological advances continue to be made in the field of electronic devices, there has been particular emphasis on the development of energy saving features. Electricity is now used quite differently from the way it used be used with new generations of computers and peripherals using very large-scale integrated circuitry operating at low voltages and currents. Typically, in these devices, the incoming alternating current (AC) voltage is diode rectified and then used to charge a large capacitor. The electronic device then draws direct current (DC) from the capacitor in short non-linear pulses to power its internal circuitry. This sometimes causes harmonic distortions to arise in the load current, which may result in overheated transformers and neutrals, as well as tripped circuit breakers in the electrical system. 
     The inherent risks (to safety and the operational life of components comprising the electrical system) that harmonic distortions poses to electrical systems have led to the inclusion of harmonic distortion analysis as part of traditional power analysis. Metering and sensor packages are currently available to monitor harmonic distortions within an electrical system. However, it is not feasible to fully sensor out an electrical system at all possible locations due to cost and the physical accessibility limitations in certain parts of the system. Therefore, there is a need for techniques that predict, through real-time simulation, the sources of harmonic distortions within an electrical system, the impacts that harmonic distortions have or may have, and what steps (i.e., harmonics filtering) may be taken to minimize or eliminate harmonics from the system. 
     Currently, there are no reliable techniques for predicting, in real-time, the potential for periodic non-sinusoidal waveforms (i.e. harmonic distortions) to occur at any location within an electrical system powered with sinusoidal voltage. In addition, existing techniques do not take into consideration the operating conditions and topology of the electrical system or utilizes a virtual system model of the system that “ages” with the actual facility or its current condition. Moreover, no existing technique combines real-time power quality meter readings and predicted power quality readings for use with a pattern recognition system such as an associative memory machine learning system to predict harmonic distortions in a system due to changes in topology or poor operational conditions within an electrical system. 
     The process, described herein, provides a harmonics analysis solution that uses a real-time snap shot captured by a data acquisition system to perform a real-time system power quality evaluation at all locations regardless of power quality metering density. This process integrates, in real-time, a logical simulation model (i.e., virtual system model) of the electrical system, a data acquisition system, and power system simulation engines with a logic based approach to synchronize the logical simulation model with conditions at the real electrical system to effectively “age” the simulation model along with the actual electrical system. Through this approach, predictions about harmonic distortions in an electrical system may be accurately calculated in real-time. Condensed, this process works by simulating harmonic distortions in an electrical system through subjecting a real-time updated virtual system model of the system to one or more simulated contingency situations. 
     In step  2002 , the harmonic frequency modeling data for the components comprising the electrical system can be updated to re-align the virtual system model in “real-time” so that it mirrors the real operating conditions of the facility. These updates to the harmonic frequency modeling data coupled with the ability to calibrate and age the virtual system model of the facility as it ages (i.e., real-time condition of the facility), as describe above, provides a desirable approach to predicting occurrences of harmonic distortions within the electrical power system when operating under contingency situations. That is, these updates account for the natural aging effects of hardware that comprise the total electrical power system by continuously synchronizing and calibrating both the control logic used in the simulation and the actual operating conditions of the electrical system. 
     Harmonic frequency modeling data has direct influence over how harmonic distortions are simulated during a harmonics analysis. Examples of data that is included with the harmonic frequency modeling data include: IEEE 519 and/or Mil 1399 compliant system simulation data, generator/cable/motor skin effect data, transformer phase shifting data, generator impedance data, induction motor impedance data, etc. 
     Moving on to step  2004 , a contingency event can be chosen out of a diverse list of contingency events to be evaluated. That is, the electrical system can be assessed for harmonic distortions under a number of different contingency event scenarios including but not limited to a singular event contingency or multiple event contingencies (that are simultaneous or sequenced in time). In one embodiment, the contingency events assessed are manually chosen by a system administrator in accordance with user requirements. In another embodiment, the contingency events assessed are automatically chosen in accordance with control logic that is dynamically adaptive to past observations of the electrical power system. That is the control logic “learns” which contingency events to simulate based on past observations of the electrical power system operating under various conditions. Some examples of contingency events include but are not limited to additions (bringing online) and changes of equipment that effectuate a non-linear load on an electrical power system (e.g., as rectifiers, arc furnaces, AC/DC drives, variable frequency drives, diode-capacitor input power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies, etc.) or other equipment that draws power in short intermittent pulses from the electrical power system. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 20 , in step  2006 , a harmonic distortion analysis of the electrical power system operating under the various chosen contingencies can be performed. This analysis can include predictions (forecasts) of different types of harmonic distortion data at various points within the system. Harmonic distortion data may include but are not limited to:
         Wave-shape Distortions/Oscillations data   Parallel and Series Resonant Condition data   Total Harmonic Distortion Level data (both Voltage and Current type)   Data on the true RMS system loading of lines, transformers, capacitors, etc.   Data on the Negative Sequence Harmonics being absorbed by the AC motors Transformer K-Factor Level data   Frequency scan at positive, negative, and zero angle response throughout the entire scanned spectrum in the electrical system.       

     That is, the harmonics analysis can predict (forecast) various indicators (harmonics data) of harmonic distortions occurring within the electrical system as it is being subjected to various contingency situations. The results of the analysis can be stored by an associative memory engine  2016  during step  2014  to support incremental learning about the harmonic distortion characteristics of the system. That is, the results of the predictions, analysis, and real-time data may be fed, as needed, into the associative memory engine  2016  for pattern and sequence recognition in order to learn about the harmonic distortion profile of the electrical system in step  2018 . Additionally, concurrent inputs of various electrical, environmental, mechanical, and other sensory data can be used to learn about and determine normality and abnormality of business and plant operations to provide a means of understanding failure modes and give recommendations. 
     In step  2010 , it can be determined if there are harmonic distortions within the system when confronted with a specific contingency. If it is, then in step  2012 , a report is generated providing a summary of specifics regarding the characteristics and sources of the harmonic distortions. The summary may include forecasts about the different types of harmonic distortion data (e.g., Wave-shape Distortions/Oscillations data, Parallel and Series Resonant Condition data, etc.) generated at various points throughout the system. Additionally, through these forecasts, the associative memory engine  2016  can make predictions about the natural oscillation response(s) of the facility and compare those predictions with the harmonic components of the non-linear loads that are fed or will be fed from the system as indicated form the data acquisition system and power quality meters. This will give an indication of what harmonic frequencies that the potential resonant conditions lie at and provide facility operators with the ability to effectively employ a variety of harmonic mitigation techniques (e.g., addition of harmonic filter banks, etc.) 
     Alternatively, if it is determined that the system is not in a deficient state in step  2010 , then step  2008  can determine if further contingencies needs to be evaluated. If so, then the process can revert to step  2006  and further contingencies can be evaluated. 
     The results of real-time simulations performed in accordance with  FIG. 20  can be communicated in step  2012  via a report, such as a print out or display of the status. In addition, the information can be reported via a graphical user interface (thick or thin client) that illustrated the various components of the system in graphical format. In such embodiments, the report can simply comprise a graphical indication of the harmonic status of subsystem or system, including the whole facility. The results can also be forwarded to associative memory engine  2016 , where they can be stored and made available for predictions, pattern/sequence recognition and ability to imagine, e.g., via memory agents or other techniques, some of which are describe below, in step  2018   
     Thus, the process of  FIG. 20  can receive input data related to power flow, e.g., network connectivity, loads, generations, cables/transformers, impedances, etc., power security, contingencies, and can produce as outputs data related to Point Specific Power Quality Indices, Branch Total Current Harmonic Distortion Indices, Bus and Node Total Voltage Harmonic Distortion Indices, Frequency Scan Indices for Positive Negative and Zero Sequences, Filter(s) Frequency Angle Response, Filter(s) Frequency Impedance Response, and Voltage and Current values over each filter elements (r, xl, xc). 
       FIG. 21  is a diagram illustrating how the HTM Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Engine works in conjunction with the other elements of the analytics system to make predictions about the operational aspects of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. As depicted herein, the HTM Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Engine  551  is housed within an analytics server  116  and communicatively connected via a network connection  114  with a data acquisition hub  112 , a client terminal  128  and a virtual system model database  526 . The virtual system model database  526  is configured to store the virtual system model of the monitored system. The virtual system model is constantly updated with real-time data from the data acquisition hub  112  to effectively account for the natural aging effects of the hardware that comprise the total monitored system, thus, mirroring the real operating conditions of the system. This provides a desirable approach to predicting the operational aspects of the monitored power system operating under contingency situations. 
     The HTM Machine Learning Engine  551  is configured to store and process patterns observed from real-time data fed from the hub  112  and predicted data output from a real-time virtual system model of the monitored system. These patterns can later be used by the HTM Engine  551  to make real-time predictions (forecasts) about the various operational aspects of the system. 
     The data acquisition hub  112  is communicatively connected via data connections  110  to a plurality of sensors that are embedded throughout a monitored system  102 . The data acquisition hub  112  may be a standalone unit or integrated within the analytics server  116  and can be embodied as a piece of hardware, software, or some combination thereof. In one embodiment, the data connections  110  are “hard wired” physical data connections (e.g., serial, network, etc.). For example, a serial or parallel cable connection between the sensors and the hub  112 . In another embodiment, the data connections  110  are wireless data connections. For example, a radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, infrared or equivalent connection between the sensor and the hub  112 . 
     Examples of a monitored system includes machinery, factories, electrical systems, processing plants, devices, chemical processes, biological systems, data centers, aircraft carriers, and the like. It should be understood that the monitored system can be any combination of components whose operations can be monitored with conventional sensors and where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component within the combination. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 21 , the client  128  is typically a conventional “thin-client” or “thick client” computing device that may utilize a variety of network interfaces (e.g., web browser, CITRIX™, WINDOWS TERMINAL SERVICES™, telnet, or other equivalent thin-client terminal applications, etc.) to access, configure, and modify the sensors (e.g., configuration files, etc.), analytics engine (e.g., configuration files, analytics logic, etc.), calibration parameters (e.g., configuration files, calibration parameters, etc.), virtual system modeling engine (e.g., configuration files, simulation parameters, etc.) and virtual system model of the system under management (e.g., virtual system model operating parameters and configuration files). Correspondingly, in one embodiment, the data from the various components of the monitored system and the real-time predictions (forecasts) about the various operational aspects of the system can be displayed on a client  128  display panel for viewing by a system administrator or equivalent. In another embodiment, the data may be summarized in a hard copy report  2102 . 
     As discussed above, the HTM Machine Learning Engine  551  is configured to work in conjunction with a real-time updated virtual system model of the monitored system to make predictions (forecasts) about certain operational aspects of the monitored system when it is subjected to a contingency event. For example, where the monitored system is an electrical power system, in one embodiment the HTM Machine Learning Engine  551  can be used to make predictions about the operational reliability of an electrical power system in response to contingency events such as a loss of power to the system, loss of distribution lines, damage to system infrastructure, changes in weather conditions, etc. Examples of indicators of operational reliability include but are not limited to failure rates, repair rates, and required availability of the power system and of the various components that make up the system. 
     In another embodiment, the operational aspects relate to an arc flash discharge contingency event that occurs during the operation of the power system. Examples of arc flash related operational aspects include but are not limited to quantity of energy released by the arc flash event, required personal protective equipment (PPE) for personnel operating within the confines of the system during the arc flash event, and measurements of the arc flash safety boundary area around components comprising the power system. In still another embodiment, the operational aspect relates to the operational stability of the system during a contingency event. That is, the system&#39;s ability to sustain power demand, maintain sufficient active and reactive power reserve, operate safely with minimum operating cost while maintaining an adequate level of reliability, and provide an acceptably high level of power quality while being subjected to a contingency event. 
     In still another embodiment, the operational aspect relates to the voltage stability of the electrical system immediately after being subjected to a major disturbance (i.e., contingency event). Generally speaking, voltage instability stems from the attempt of load dynamics to restore power consumption, after the disturbance, in a manner that is beyond the capability of the combined transmission and generation system. Examples of predicted operational aspects that are indicative of the voltage stability of an electrical system subjected to a disturbance include the total system power capacity, available system power capacity and utilized system power capacity of the electrical system under being subjected to various contingencies. Simply, voltage stability is the ability of the system to maintain acceptable voltage profiles while under the influence of the disturbances. 
     In still yet another embodiment, the operational aspect relates to harmonic distortions in the electrical system subjected to a major disturbance. Harmonic distortions are characterized by non-sinusoidal (non-linear) voltage and current waveforms. Most harmonic distortions result from the generation of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear load signatures. A nonlinear load is characteristic in products such as computers, printers, lighting and motor controllers, and much of today&#39;s solid-state equipment. With the advent of power semiconductors and the use of switching power supplies, the harmonics distortion problem has become more severe. 
     Examples of operational aspects that are indicative of harmonic distortions include but are not limited to: wave-shape distortions/oscillations, parallel and series resonance, total harmonic distortion level, transformer K-Factor levels, true RMS loading of lines/transformers/capacitors, indicators of negative sequence harmonics being absorbed by alternating current (AC) motors, positive/negative/zero angle frequency response, etc. 
       FIG. 22  is an illustration of the various cognitive layers that comprise the neocortical catalyst process used by the HTM Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Engine to analyze and make predictions about the operational aspects of a monitored system, in accordance with one embodiment. As depicted herein, the neocortical catalyst process is executed by a neocortical model  2202  that is encapsulated by a real-time sensory system layer  2204 , which is itself encapsulated by an associative memory model layer  2206 . Each layer is essential to the operation of the neocortical catalyst process but the key component is still the neocortical model  2202 . The neocortical model  2202  represents the “ideal” state and performance of the monitored system and it is continually updated in real-time by the sensor layer  2204 . The sensory layer  2204  is essentially a data acquisition system comprised of a plurality of sensors imbedded within the monitored system and configured to provide real-time data feedback to the neocortical model  2202 . The associative memory layer observes the interactions between the neocortical model  2202  and the real-time sensory inputs from the sensory layer  2204  to learn and understand complex relationships inherent within the monitored system. As the neocortical model  2202  matures over time, the neocortical catalyst process becomes increasingly accurate in making predictions about the operational aspects of the monitored system. This combination of the neocortical model  2202 , sensory layer  2204  and associative memory model layer  2206  works together to learn, refine, suggest and predict similarly to how the human neocortex operates. 
       FIG. 23  is a flow chart illustrating an example process for real-time optimization and intelligent control of an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. 
     As discussed above, power system operation naturally “ages” with time due to changes in system architecture (e.g., additions and/or subtractions of equipment, etc.) and/or the effects of “natural wear and tear” (natural changes to the operational performance of equipment) on the components comprising the system. Power system optimization has traditionally been a static and off-line activity undertaken by engineers and consultants who perform detailed and time consuming studies of the power system architecture and performance each time the system is optimized. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to optimize power system operations, in real-time, so that the system is optimized using operational data that reflects the true “aged” state of the system. Therefore, there is a need for techniques that can optimize power system operations, through real-time simulation, such that the natural aging affects of the system may be taken into account. 
     The process, described herein, integrates into a real-time environment, a logical model (i.e., a virtual system model) of the facility electrical power system, a data acquisition system, and power system simulation engines with a logic based approach to the optimization (through recommendations or actual control actions) of the power system infrastructure, and adjustment of key database parameters within the virtual system model of the facility to effectively “age” the virtual system with the “aged” state of the actual system. 
     That is, this process offers an advanced security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) simulation engine that is a tool for optimizing power system control settings (e.g., generator active power, transformer taps, scheduled voltages of generators, etc.) and providing optimal planning (i.e., sizing and placement) for additions of new reactive power resources (e.g., reactors, capacitors, SVCs, etc.) to the power system. The power flow simulation engine may operate in either an operations optimization mode or a reactive power optimization and planning mode. 
     When operating in an operation optimization mode, the process finds an operating point that optimizes a given objective function (i.e., optimization objective) and satisfies a set of physical (i.e., control device, controls mode) and/or operational constraints (i.e., device capability constraints) for the base power system configuration and contingency situations (e.g., loss of utility supply to the electrical system, loss of available power generation sources, system load changes/fluctuations, loss of distribution infrastructure associated with the electrical system, etc.). 
     When operating in a reactive power optimization and planning mode, the process determines a minimum cost reactive power expansion plan with reactive power (VAr) equipment, which ensures an acceptable system operation level while under normal state (base case) conditions or unexpected contingency situations. Generally, the optimization process remains the same under either of the power flow optimization engine operating modes, except that the recommendations generated by the optimization engine is different depending on the operating mode of the engine. 
     In step  2302 , a virtual system model of the electrical power system generates simulated power flow data for components that comprise the power system and sends that data to the SCOPF simulation engine. The virtual system model is updated in “real-time” with data continuously fed from a data acquisition system comprised of a plurality of sensors that are interfaced with the various components that make up the power system, such that model always mirrors the real-time operating conditions of the facility. This ability to calibrate and age the virtual system model of the facility as it ages (i.e., real-time condition of the facility), provides a baseline data platform for optimizing the operations of the power system in “real-time.” That is, these updates account for the natural aging effects of hardware that comprise the total electrical power system by continuously synchronizing and calibrating both the operating parameters of the virtual system model of the power system (used to predict data output from the system) and the control logic (i.e., power flow data) used by the SCOPF simulation engine. 
     In step  2304 , the control devices/modes used to optimize the electrical power system can be selected. That is, these are the control devices and control device settings that the power flow optimization engine simulates to optimize the operation of the power system. Examples of control devices and controls settings include, but are not limited to: generator settings that control active power output, transformer tap settings, scheduled generator voltage settings, scheduled capacitor/reactor voltage settings, load shedding and interruptions, etc. It should be understood, however, that these are but just a few examples of the type of control devices and control device settings that can be utilized to optimize an electrical power system, and that essentially any component integrated with the electrical power system can be used to optimize the power system as long as it can effectuate changes to the total power output of the electrical system. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 23 , in step  2306 , the control device operational constraints can be selected. These device constraints are settings that represent the maximum operational capabilities of each of the control devices that are used by the power flow optimization engine to optimize the power system. In one embodiment, the device constraints represent the actual maximum operational capabilities of the control devices. That is, the constraints represent the safe operating limits of the control devices. In another embodiment, the device constraints are a theoretical maximum operational capabilities of the control devices. That is, the constraints are chosen based on user requirements or desires and do not represent the maximum safe operating limits of the control devices. 
     Examples of control device constraints include, but are not limited to: normal bus voltage limits, emergency bus voltage limits, cable/line loading limits, transformer loading limits, generator reactive power (MVAr) output limits, generator active power (MW) output limits, and switchable capacitor/reactor limits. It should be appreciated, however, that these are but just some examples of control device constraints and that essentially any type of operational constraint can be imposed upon the control devices as long as it does not call for the unsafe operation of the control device. 
     Moving on to step  2308 , the optimization objectives can be selected. These are the optimization objectives that the power flow optimization engine targets while processing the real-time data inputs (i.e., real-time power flow data) supplied by sensors interfaced with the components that make up the electrical power system and configuration inputs (e.g., control device selection/modes, control device operational constraints, etc.) supplied by the user. Examples of optimization objectives include, but are not limited to: 
     Real-Time Minimization of Total System Losses: 
     The objective is to find the optimum control settings for the generators scheduled voltages, active power generations, transformer taps, SVCs scheduled voltages such that total system active power losses is minimized. The solution at the same time makes sure that all system voltages are within user defined range, power flows through lines and transformers are within limits, active power generations are within minimum and maximum generators limits, and transformer taps are within their upper and lower bounds. 
     Real-Time Minimization of Total Generation Cost: (Also Known as Economic Dispatch) 
     The objective is to allocate active power generation to different generators in the system such that total generation cost is minimized. Again the solution will make sure that all system constraints are met (i.e. system voltages are within user defined range, power flows through lines and transformers are within limits, etc.). 
     Real-Time Minimization of Controls Movements: 
     The objective is to find the minimum control movements (generators scheduled voltages, active power generations, transformer taps, SVCs scheduled voltages) such that all system voltages are within user defined range, power flows through lines and transformers are within limits, active power generations are within minimum and maximum generators limits, and transformer taps are within their upper and lower bounds. 
     Real-Time Minimization of Load Shedding: 
     The objective is to determine the minimum amount of load shedding (including locations) required such that all system constraints are met (i.e. system voltages are within user defined range, power flows through lines and transformers are within limits, etc.) 
     Real-Time Interactive Minimization of Reactive Power Resource Allocation Cost: 
     The objective is to minimize the cost of addition of new reactive resources (i.e., capacitors/inductors) such that all system constraints are met. The user can interactively select the locations of reactive power resources or the program will identify the most effective sites. 
     Real-Time Maximization of Active Power Flow Across an Interface: 
     The objective is to maximize active power flow across an interface (set of circuits) while at the same time maintaining feasibility in the contingency configurations and basecase (i.e., all system constraints are met). This is important to the determination of “Available Transfer Capability” (ATC) of the system and predicted performance and behavior. 
     Real-Time Maximization of Loads at a Group of Buses: 
     The objective is to maximize, in real-time, the load at a group of buses while maintaining the same load power factor and feasibility in the basecase and contingency configurations. The solution can also determine, in real-time, the optimal direction of the load increase. Candidate sites for load increases can be specified individually, by area, or by zone. This objective function can be used in the computation of voltage stability margins (voltage collapse) capability in a given area. 
     Real-Time Maximization of Active Power Transfer Between Two Groups of Buses: 
     The objective is to maximize, in real-time, the active power transfer between any pair of network buses while insuring system feasibility in the basecase and contingency configurations. In one embodiment, this function can also be used to determine the “Available Transfer Capability” (ATC). 
     Real-Time Minimization of Swing Bus Generation: 
     The objective is to re-allocate the power generation at the swing bus(es) to all other generators in the system such that all system constraints are met. 
     It should be understood, however, that these are but just a few examples of power system optimization objectives that the power flow optimization engine can be set to target and that the engine can be set to achieve essentially any optimization objective as long as it does not result in the unsafe operation of the electrical power system. 
     After, receiving the real-time power flow data inputs, user configuration inputs and the optimization objective(s), the power flow optimization engine is configured to execute a series of algorithms to generate a reactive power optimization plan and/or a set of power system control parameters to achieve the targeted optimization objective(s). The optimization engine can be operated to solve the reactive power resource optimization problem alone or together with the security constrained optimized power flow problem, based on a hierarchical decomposition of the problem into two parts: 1. the reactive power planning problem, where the location and size of new reactive sources are determined, and 2. the security constrained optimal power flow problem in which the reactive power resources are used to optimize power system operation. The algorithms generate the reactive power optimization plan and/or the set of optimized power system control parameters through an iterative method of investment and operation sub problems. The investment sub problem initially produces trial values for the reactive resources. The effect of adding these resources in terms of operating feasibility is evaluated by the operating sub problem. If operational constraints are not violated, then, the optimal solution has been found. 
     Otherwise, information about the infeasibility of the problem is fed back to the investment sub problem to obtain a revised reactive resources plan. This process continues until a feasible solution is found. When the option for optimizing a basecase objective function along with reactive resources investment cost is considered, both the feasibility and the optimality criterions are tested before the iterative process is terminated. 
     The system solves the reactive power resource planning sub problem by a mixed integer programming method and the operation sub problem by an advanced nonlinear primal-dual interior point method. If contingencies are to be considered, then, the operation sub problem itself is further subdivided into basecase and contingency operation sub problems making the entire process a three level hierarchical structure. To solve the pure SCOPF problem a two level hierarchical structure is used consisting only of the operation sub problem. 
     The system finds the optimal operation of a power system by adjusting controllable quantities such that physical and operational constraints are satisfied. Mathematically it can be expressed as follows:
 
Minimize g(z)
 
subject to  h ( z )=0
 
L≦z≦U
 
     g(z) is the objective function and h(z) is the equality constraints. z is a vector that includes the independent (x) and control variables (u), i.e. z=[x,u]. The power flow equations are given by h(z) and equipment limits and system operating limits are specified by L and U. 
     In most conventional optimization software the inequality constraints are converted into equality constraints. In linear programming, slack variables are used to convert any inequality constraints to equality constraints. The power flow optimization engine, herein, uses a nonlinear optimization technique that employs a barrier method (primal and dual) to convert inequalities to equalities. Equation (1), then, is reformulated as follows in the system implementation: 
     
       
         
           
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     Where S 1  and S 2  are slack variables representing system and equipment constraints. The system will optimize the objective function by adjusting the control settings of the equipment (i.e., generator active power and voltage set-points, transformers tap positions, and voltage set-points of switchable shunts). 
     These controls can be optimized separately or in any combination. It should be noted that a power flow program solves equality constraints, h(z), defined in equation (1) above and keep the equipment settings within their acceptable ranges (e.g. generator reactive power is in between maximum and minimum reactive power generation). The system solves complete system of equations defined in (1) respecting constraints on system variables (e.g. bus voltages, power flows, etc.). 
     Proceeding on to step  2310 , the power flow optimization engine outputs the reactive power optimization plan and/or the set of power system control parameters in the form of recommendations or actual device control actions. Examples of outputs from the optimization include, but are not limited to: optimal bus voltages, least cost generators active power dispatch, optimal generator/SVC scheduled voltages, optimal transformer tap settings, reactor/capacitor scheduled voltage settings, load shedding settings, etc. 
     In step  2312 , the recommendations can be displayed on a HMI user interface for viewing and interpretation by a user. In one embodiment, the recommendations are displayed to the user in the form of a text report that details the reactive power optimization plan and/or set of power system control parameters. In another embodiment, the recommendations are displayed to the user in the form of graphical elements that summarizes and distills the reactive power optimization plan and/or set of power system control parameters. In still another embodiment, the recommendations are displayed to a user using both text and graphics. 
     Alternatively, the output can be forwarded to a pattern recognition/associative memory decision engine  2314  (where it can be stored and made available for predictions, pattern/sequence recognition and ability to imagine, e.g., via memory agents or other techniques) or to a receiving entity  2316  (that executes the recommendations summarized in the output). In one embodiment, the receiving entity is a power system operator who interprets the report and then decides on which of the recommendations to implement. In another embodiment, the receiving entity is the control device itself. That is, the recommendations (summarized in the output) are automatically implemented by the control device. 
       FIG. 24  is a diagram illustrating how the Security Constrained Optimal Power flow (SCOPF) Engine works in conjunction with the other elements of the analytics system to optimize and control an electrical power distribution and transmission system, in accordance with one embodiment. As depicted herein, the SCOPF Engine  2402  is housed within an analytics server  116  and communicatively connected via a network connection  114  with a data acquisition hub  112 , a client terminal  128 , a virtual system model database  526 , and a plurality of power system control devices  2404 . The virtual system model database  526  is configured to store the virtual system model of the monitored system. The virtual system model is constantly updated with real-time data from the data acquisition hub  112  to effectively account for the natural aging effects of the hardware that comprise the total electrical power system, thus, mirroring the real operating conditions of the system. This provides a desirable approach to optimizing the operational settings of a power system in real-time. 
     The SCOPF engine  2402  is configured to process real-time data fed from the hub  112 , predicted data output (e.g., power flow data, etc.) generated using a real-time virtual system model of the power system, and user-defined inputs (e.g., control devices/modes, control device constraints, optimization objectives, etc.) to optimize the operation of the power system in real-time. As discussed previously, the optimization process involves the SCOPF engine  2402  executing a series of complex algorithms to simulate the operation of the power system under various control device settings and device combinations. 
     The data acquisition hub  112  is communicatively connected via data connections  110  to a plurality of sensors that are embedded throughout a monitored system  102 . The data acquisition hub  112  may be a standalone unit or integrated within the analytics server  116  and can be embodied as a piece of hardware, software, or some combination thereof. In one embodiment, the data connections  110  are “hard wired” physical data connections (e.g., serial, network, etc.). For example, a serial or parallel cable connection between the sensors and the hub  112 . In another embodiment, the data connections  110  are wireless data connections. For example, a radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, infrared or equivalent connection between the sensor and the hub  112 . 
     Continuing with  FIG. 24 , the client  128  is typically a conventional “thin-client” or “thick client” computing device that may utilize a variety of network interfaces (e.g., web browser, CITRIX™, WINDOWS TERMINAL SERVICES™, telnet, or other equivalent thin-client terminal applications, etc.) to access, configure, and modify the sensors (e.g., configuration files, etc.), analytics engine (e.g., configuration files, analytics logic, etc.), calibration parameters (e.g., configuration files, calibration parameters, etc.), SCOPF engine  2402  (e.g., configuration files, user defined optimization parameters, etc.) and virtual system model of the system under management (e.g., virtual system model operating parameters and configuration files). Correspondingly, the data from the various components of the electrical power system and the real-time recommendations to optimize the control devices of the system can be displayed on a client  128  display panel for viewing by a system administrator or equivalent. 
     In order to optimize the operational performance of the power system, the SCOPF engine  2402  simulates adjustments to the configuration settings of each of the plurality of power system control devices  2404  until it ascertains a set of control device settings that results in the power system operating in a manner that matches or exceeds the user-defined optimization objectives for the system. As discussed above, examples of control device settings include, but are not limited to: generator settings that control active power output, transformer tap settings, scheduled generator voltage settings, scheduled capacitor/reactor voltage settings, load shedding and interruptions, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the SCOPF engine  2402  generates a set of recommended control device settings, for optimizing the power system, that is sent to a power system operator who interprets the recommendations and decides which of the recommendations to implement. In another embodiment, the SCOPF engine  2402  generates the set of recommended control device settings and then automatically applies them to the control devices via a device manager component or equivalent. 
     The embodiments described herein, can be practiced with other computer system configurations including hand-held devices, microprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers and the like. The embodiments can also be practiced in distributing computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a network. 
     It should also be understood that the embodiments described herein can employ various computer-implemented operations involving data stored in computer systems. These operations are those requiring physical manipulation of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as producing, identifying, determining, or comparing. 
     Any of the operations that form part of the embodiments described herein are useful machine operations. The invention also relates to a device or an apparatus for performing these operations. The systems and methods described herein can be specially constructed for the required purposes, such as the carrier network discussed above, or it may be a general purpose computer selectively activated or configured by a computer program stored in the computer. In particular, various general purpose machines may be used with computer programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may be more convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the required operations. 
     The embodiments described herein can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data, which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include hard drives, network attached storage (NAS), read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, magnetic tapes, and other optical and non-optical data storage devices. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over a network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. 
     Certain embodiments can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data, which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include hard drives, network attached storage (NAS), read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, magnetic tapes, and other optical and non-optical data storage devices. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over a network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. 
     Although a few embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail herein, it should be understood, by those of ordinary skill, that the present invention may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details provided therein, but may be modified and practiced within the scope of the appended claims.