Patent Publication Number: US-11657797-B2

Title: Routing for chatbots

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/839,580 filed Apr. 26, 2019, entitled “ROUTING FOR CHATBOTS.” The contents of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/839,580 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Chatbots provide an interface for conversations with human users. Chatbots can be configured to perform various tasks in response to user input provided during a conversation. The user input can be supplied in various forms including, for example, audio input and text input. Thus, natural language understanding (NLU), speech-to-text, and other linguistic processing techniques may be employed as part of the processing performed by a chatbot. In some computing environments, multiple chatbots are available for conversing with a user, with each chatbot handling a different set of tasks. 
     One of the challenges to implementing a chatbot system is determining when to permit a chatbot to handle a particular piece of user input (e.g., a text utterance). In a system with multiple chatbots, a user may wish to interact with different chatbots at different times, including switching to another chatbot while the user is engaged in a conversation with a particular chatbot. It is therefore desirable to be able to route user input to chatbots in an intelligent manner, so that the user input is sent to the chatbot that the user intends to interact with. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to chatbot systems, and more particularly, to improved techniques for routing user input to one or more chatbots in a chatbot system. More particularly, techniques are described for invoking and switching between chatbots in connection with conversations with a user. Various embodiments are described herein, including methods, systems, non-transitory computer-readable storage media storing programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors, and the like. 
     In certain embodiments, a chatbot system includes a master bot configured to route user input to one or more chatbots (referred to herein as “bots,” “skill bots,” or “skills”). The master bot can evaluate user input and direct or redirect the user to an appropriate bot by selecting, based on the evaluation of the user input, a bot to invoke. To determine which bot to route the user input to, the master bot may identify candidate bots based on confidence scores computed using a predictive model. A list of candidate bots can be refined, for example, by eliminating from consideration any bot whose confidence score indicates, by virtue of failing to satisfy a confidence threshold, that the bot is unlikely to be able to handle the input. The determining of which bot to route to can involve applying multiple types of thresholds to the confidence scores. 
     Routing can be performed in a context aware manner so that the degree of consideration given to a particular bot depends on the identity or the behavior of a bot that the user is currently interacting with. For example, in certain embodiments, a method performed by a computer-implemented chatbot system involves determining that (i) an utterance received from a user while the user is interacting with a first chatbot of the chatbot system is an invalid input to the first chatbot or (ii) that the first chatbot is attempting to route the utterance to a destination associated with the first chatbot. The method further involves, responsive to the determining that the utterance is an invalid input to the first chatbot or that the first chatbot is attempting to route the utterance to a destination associated with the first chatbot, identifying a second chatbot for generating a response to the utterance. Identifying the second chatbot can include computing, using a predictive model, a confidence score for the first chatbot and a confidence score for the second chatbot, the confidence score for the first chatbot indicating a likelihood of the utterance being representative of a task that the first chatbot is configured to perform, and the confidence score for the second chatbot indicating a likelihood of the utterance being representative of a task that the second chatbot is configured to perform. Identifying the second chatbot can further include determining that the confidence score for the second chatbot satisfies one or more confidence score thresholds. The utterance is then routed to the second chatbot based on the identifying of the second chatbot. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a simplified block diagram of an environment incorporating a chatbot system according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a simplified block diagram of a master bot system according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a simplified block diagram of a skill bot system according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a simplified flowchart depicting a process for routing an utterance according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a simplified flowchart depicting a process for context aware routing according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    is a simplified diagram of a distributed system for implementing one or more embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    is a simplified block diagram of a cloud-based system environment in which various chatbot-related services may be offered as cloud services, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary computer system that may be used to implement certain embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of certain inventive embodiments. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. 
     The present disclosure relates to chatbot systems, and more particularly, to improved techniques for routing user input to one or more chatbots in a chatbot system. More particularly, techniques are described for invoking and switching between chatbots in connection with conversations with a user. 
     Chatbot System Overview (Example) 
       FIG.  1    is a simplified block diagram of an environment  100  incorporating a chatbot system according to certain embodiments. Environment  100  comprises a digital assistant builder platform (DABP)  102  that enables users of DABP  102  to create and deploy digital assistants or chatbot systems. DABP  102  can be used to create one or more digital assistants (DAs) or chatbot systems. For example, as shown in  FIG.  1   , user  104  representing a particular enterprise can use DABP  102  to create and deploy a digital assistant  106  for users of the particular enterprise. For example, DABP  102  can be used by a bank to create one or more digital assistants for use by the bank&#39;s customers. The same DABP  102  platform can be used by multiple enterprises to create digital assistants. As another example, an owner of a restaurant (e.g., a pizza shop) may use DABP  102  to create and deploy a digital assistant that enables customers of the restaurant to order food (e.g., order pizza). 
     For purposes of this disclosure, a “digital assistant” is an entity that helps users of the digital assistant accomplish various tasks through natural language conversations. A digital assistant can be implemented using software only (e.g., the digital assistant is a digital entity implemented using programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors), using hardware, or using a combination of hardware and software. A digital assistant can be embodied or implemented in various physical systems or devices, such as in a computer, a mobile phone, a watch, an appliance, a vehicle, and the like. A digital assistant is also sometimes referred to as a chatbot system. Accordingly, for purposes of this disclosure, the terms digital assistant and chatbot system are interchangeable. 
     A digital assistant, such as digital assistant  106  built using DABP  102 , can be used to perform various tasks via natural language-based conversations between the digital assistant and its users  108 . As part of a conversation, a user may provide one or more user inputs  110  to digital assistant  106  and get responses  112  back from digital assistant  106 . A conversation can include one or more of inputs  110  and responses  112 . Via these conversations, a user can request one or more tasks to be performed by the digital assistant and, in response, the digital assistant is configured to perform the user-requested tasks and respond with appropriate responses to the user. 
     User inputs  110  are generally in a natural language form and are referred to as utterances. A user utterance  110  can be in text form, such as when a user types in a sentence, a question, a text fragment, or even a single word and provides the text as input to digital assistant  106 . In some embodiments, a user utterance  110  can be in audio input or speech form, such as when a user says or speaks something that is provided as input to digital assistant  106 . The utterances are typically in a language spoken by the user  108 . When an utterance is in speech form, the speech input is converted to text form utterances in that particular language and the text utterances are then processed by digital assistant  106 . Various speech-to-text processing techniques may be used to convert a speech or audio input to a text utterance, which is then processed by digital assistant  106 . In some embodiments, the speech-to-text conversion may be done by digital assistant  106  itself. 
     An utterance, which may be a text utterance or a speech utterance, can be a fragment, a sentence, multiple sentences, one or more words, one or more questions, combinations of the aforementioned types, and the like. Digital assistant  106  is configured to apply natural language understanding (NLU) techniques to the utterance to understand the meaning of the user input. As part of the NLU processing for an utterance, digital assistant  106  is configured to perform processing to understand the meaning of the utterance, which involves identifying one or more intents and one or more entities corresponding to the utterance. Upon understanding the meaning of an utterance, digital assistant  106  may perform one or more actions or operations responsive to the understood meaning or intents. For purposes of this disclosure, it is assumed that the utterances are text utterances that have been provided directly by a user  108  of digital assistant  106  or are the results of conversion of input speech utterances to text form. This however is not intended to be limiting or restrictive in any manner. 
     For example, a user  108  input may request a pizza to be ordered by providing an utterance such as “I want to order a pizza.” Upon receiving such an utterance, digital assistant  106  is configured to understand the meaning of the utterance and take appropriate actions. The appropriate actions may involve, for example, responding to the user with questions requesting user input on the type of pizza the user desires to order, the size of the pizza, any toppings for the pizza, and the like. The responses provided by digital assistant  106  may also be in natural language form and typically in the same language as the input utterance. As part of generating these responses, digital assistant  106  may perform natural language generation (NLG). For the user ordering a pizza, via the conversation between the user and digital assistant  106 , the digital assistant may guide the user to provide all the requisite information for the pizza order, and then at the end of the conversation cause the pizza to be ordered. Digital assistant  106  may end the conversation by outputting information to the user indicating that the pizza has been ordered. 
     At a conceptual level, digital assistant  106  performs various processing in response to an utterance received from a user. In some embodiments, this processing involves a series or pipeline of processing steps including, for example, understanding the meaning of the input utterance (using NLU), determining an action to be performed in response to the utterance, where appropriate causing the action to be performed, generating a response to be output to the user responsive to the user utterance, outputting the response to the user, and the like. The NLU processing can include parsing the received input utterance to understand the structure and meaning of the utterance, refining and reforming the utterance to develop a better understandable form (e.g., logical form) or structure for the utterance. Generating a response may include using natural language generation (NLG) techniques. Thus, the natural language processing (NLP) performed by a digital assistant can include a combination of NLU and NLG processing. 
     The NLU processing performed by a digital assistant, such as digital assistant  106 , can include various NLU related processing such as sentence parsing (e.g., tokenizing, lemmatizing, identifying part-of-speech tags for the sentence, identifying named entities in the sentence, generating dependency trees to represent the sentence structure, splitting a sentence into clauses, analyzing individual clauses, resolving anaphoras, performing chunking, and the like). In certain embodiments, the NLU processing or portions thereof is performed by digital assistant  106  itself. In some other embodiments, digital assistant  106  may use other resources to perform portions of the NLU processing. For example, the syntax and structure of an input utterance sentence may be identified by processing the sentence using a parser, a part-of-speech tagger, and/or a named entity recognizer. In one implementation, for the English language, a parser, a part-of-speech tagger, and a named entity recognizer such as ones provided by the Stanford NLP Group are used for analyzing the sentence structure and syntax. These are provided as part of the Stanford CoreNLP toolkit. 
     While the various examples provided in this disclosure show utterances in the English language, this is meant only as an example. In certain embodiments, digital assistant  106  is also capable of handling utterances in languages other than English. Digital assistant  106  may provide subsystems (e.g., components implementing NLU functionality) that are configured for performing processing for different languages. These subsystems may be implemented as pluggable units that can be called using service calls from an NLU core server. This makes the NLU processing flexible and extensible for each language, including allowing different orders of processing. A language pack may be provided for individual languages, where a language pack can register a list of subsystems that can be served from the NLU core server. 
     A digital assistant, such as digital assistant  106  depicted in  FIG.  1   , can be made available or accessible to its users  108  through a variety of different channels, such as but not limited to, via certain applications, via social media platforms, via various messaging services and applications (e.g., an instant messaging application), and other applications or channels. A single digital assistant can have several channels configured for it so that it can be run on and be accessed by different services simultaneously. 
     A digital assistant or chatbot system generally contains or is associated with one or more skills. In certain embodiments, these skills are individual chatbots (referred to as skill bots) that are configured to interact with users and fulfill specific types of tasks, such as tracking inventory, submitting timecards, creating expense reports, ordering food, checking a bank account, making reservations, buying a widget, and the like. For example, for the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  1   , digital assistant or chatbot system  106  includes skills  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , and so on. For purposes of this disclosure, the terms “skill” and “skills” are used synonymously with the terms “skill bot” and “skill bots,” respectively. 
     Each skill associated with a digital assistant helps a user of the digital assistant complete a task through a conversation with the user, where the conversation can include a combination of text or audio inputs provided by the user and responses provided by the skill bots. These responses may be in the form of text or audio messages to the user and/or provided using simple user interface elements (e.g., select lists) that are presented to the user for the user to make selections. 
     There are various ways in which a skill or skill bot can be associated or added to a digital assistant. In some instances, a skill bot can be developed by an enterprise and then added to a digital assistant using DABP  102 , e.g., through a user interface provided by DABP  102  for registering the skill bot with the digital assistant. In other instances, a skill bot can be developed and created using DABP  102  and then added to a digital assistant created using DABP  102 . In yet other instances, DABP  102  provides an online digital store (referred to as a “skills store”) that offers multiple skills directed to a wide range of tasks. The skills offered through the skills store may also expose various cloud services. In order to add a skill to a digital assistant being generated using DABP  102 , a user of DABP  102  can access the skills store via DABP  102 , select a desired skill, and indicate that the selected skill is to be added to the digital assistant created using DABP  102 . A skill from the skills store can be added to a digital assistant as is or in a modified form (for example, a user of DABP  102  may select and clone a particular skill bot provided by the skills store, make customizations or modifications to the selected skill bot, and then add the modified skill bot to a digital assistant created using DABP  102 ). 
     Various different architectures may be used to implement a digital assistant or chatbot system. For example, in certain embodiments, the digital assistants created and deployed using DABP  102  may be implemented using a master bot/child(or sub) bot paradigm or architecture. According to this paradigm, a digital assistant is implemented as a master bot that interacts with one or more child bots that are skill bots. For example, in the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  1   , digital assistant  106  comprises a master bot  114  and skill bots  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , etc. that are child bots of master bot  114 . In certain embodiments, digital assistant  106  is itself considered to act as the master bot. 
     A digital assistant implemented according to the master-child bot architecture enables users of the digital assistant to interact with multiple skills through a unified user interface, namely via the master bot. When a user engages with a digital assistant, the user input is received by the master bot. The master bot then performs processing to determine the meaning of the user input utterance. The master bot then determines whether the task requested by the user in the utterance can be handled by the master bot itself, else the master bot selects an appropriate skill bot for handling the user request and routes the conversation to the selected skill bot. This enables a user to converse with the digital assistant through a common single interface and still provide the capability to use several skill bots configured to perform specific tasks. For example, for a digital assistant developed for an enterprise, the master bot of the digital assistant may interface with skill bots with specific functionalities, such as a CRM bot for performing functions related to customer relationship management (CRM), an ERP bot for performing functions related to enterprise resource planning (ERP), an HCM bot for performing functions related to human capital management (HCM), etc. This way the end user or consumer of the digital assistant need only know how to access the digital assistant through the common master bot interface and behind the scenes multiple skill bots are provided for handling the user request. 
     In certain embodiments, in a master bot/child bots infrastructure, the master bot is configured to be aware of the available list of skill bots. The master bot may have access to metadata that identifies the various available skill bots, and for each skill bot, the capabilities of the skill bot including the tasks that can be performed by the skill bot. Upon receiving a user request in the form of an utterance, the master bot is configured to, from the multiple available skill bots, identify or predict a specific skill bot that can best serve or handle the user request. The master bot then routes the utterance (or a portion of the utterance) to that specific skill bot for further handling. Control thus flows from the master bot to the skill bots. The master bot can support multiple input and output channels. In certain embodiments, routing may be performed with the aid of processing performed by one or more available skill bots. For example, as discussed below, a skill bot can be trained to infer an intent for an utterance and to determine whether the inferred intent matches an intent with which the skill bot is configured. Thus, the routing performed by the master bot can involve the skill bot communicating to the master bot an indication of whether the skill bot has been configured with an intent suitable for handling the utterance. 
     While the embodiment in  FIG.  1    shows digital assistant  106  comprising a master bot  114  and skill bots  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , and  116 - 3 , this is not intended to be limiting. A digital assistant can include various other components (e.g., other systems and subsystems) that provide the functionalities of the digital assistant. These systems and subsystems may be implemented only in software (e.g., code, instructions stored on a computer-readable medium and executable by one or more processors), in hardware only, or in implementations that use a combination of software and hardware. 
     DABP  102  provides an infrastructure and various services and features that enable a user of DABP  102  to create a digital assistant including one or more skill bots associated with the digital assistant. In some instances, a skill bot can be created by cloning an existing skill bot, for example, cloning a skill bot provided by the skills store. As previously indicated, DABP  102  can provide a skills store or skills catalog that offers multiple skill bots for performing various tasks. A user of DABP  102  can clone a skill bot from the skills store. As needed, modifications or customizations may be made to the cloned skill bot. In some other instances, a user of DABP  102  creates a skill bot from scratch using tools and services offered by DABP  102 . 
     In certain embodiments, at a high level, creating or customizing a skill bot involves the following steps: 
     (1) Configuring settings for a new skill bot 
     (2) Configuring one or more intents for the skill bot 
     (3) Configuring one or more entities for one or more intents 
     (4) Training the skill bot 
     (5) Creating a dialog flow for the skill bot 
     (6) Adding custom components to the skill bot as needed 
     (7) Testing and deploying the skill bot 
     Each of the above steps is briefly described below. 
     (1) Configuring settings for a new skill bot—Various settings may be configured for the skill bot. For example, a skill bot designer can specify one or more invocation names for the skill bot being created. These invocation names, which serve as identifiers for the skill bot, can then be used by users of a digital assistant to explicitly invoke the skill bot. For example, a user can include an invocation name in the user&#39;s utterance to explicitly invoke the corresponding skill bot. 
     (2) Configuring one or more intents and associated example utterances for the skill bot—The skill bot designer specifies one or more intents (also referred to as bot intents) for a skill bot being created. The skill bot is then trained based upon these specified intents. These intents represent categories or classes that the skill bot is trained to infer for input utterances. Upon receiving an utterance, a trained skill bot infers an intent for the utterance, where the inferred intent is selected from the predefined set of intents used to train the skill bot. The skill bot then takes an appropriate action responsive to an utterance based upon the intent inferred for that utterance. In some instances, the intents for a skill bot represent tasks that the skill bot can perform for users of the digital assistant. Each intent is given an intent identifier or intent name. For example, for a skill bot trained for a bank, the intents specified for the skill bot may include “CheckBalance,” “TransferMoney,” “DepositCheck,” and the like. 
     For each intent defined for a skill bot, the skill bot designer may also provide one or more example utterances that are representative of and illustrate the intent. These example utterances are meant to represent utterances that a user may input to the skill bot for that intent. For example, for the CheckBalance intent, example utterances may include “What&#39;s my savings account balance?”, “How much is in my checking account?”, “How much money do I have in my account,” and the like. Accordingly, various permutations of typical user utterances may be specified as example utterances for an intent. 
     The intents and their associated example utterances are used as training data to train the skill bot. Various different training techniques may be used. As a result of this training, a predictive model is generated that is configured to take an utterance as input and output an intent inferred for the utterance. In some instances, input utterances are provided to an intent analysis engine (e.g., a rules-based or machine-learning based classifier executed by the skill bot), which is configured to use the trained model to predict or infer an intent for the input utterance. The skill bot may then take one or more actions based upon the inferred intent. 
     (3) Configuring entities for one or more intents of the skill bot—In some instances, additional context may be needed to enable the skill bot to properly respond to a user utterance. For example, there may be situations where a user input utterance resolves to the same intent in a skill bot. For instance, in the above example, utterances “What&#39;s my savings account balance?” and “How much is in my checking account?” both resolve to the same CheckBalance intent, but these utterances are different requests asking for different things. To clarify such requests, one or more entities can be added to an intent. Using the banking skill bot example, an entity called AccountType, which defines values called “checking” and “saving” may enable the skill bot to parse the user request and respond appropriately. In the above example, while the utterances resolve to the same intent, the value associated with the AccountType entity is different for the two utterances. This enables the skill bot to perform possibly different actions for the two utterances in spite of them resolving to the same intent. One or more entities can be specified for certain intents configured for the skill bot. Entities are thus used to add context to the intent itself. Entities help describe an intent more fully and enable the skill bot to complete a user request. 
     In certain embodiments, there are two types of entities: (a) built-in entities provided by DABP  102 , and (2) custom entities that can be specified by a skill bot designer. Built-in entities are generic entities that can be used with a wide variety of bots. Examples of built-in entities include, without limitation, entities related to time, date, addresses, numbers, email addresses, duration, recurring time periods, currencies, phone numbers, URLs, and the like. Custom entities are used for more customized applications. For example, for a banking skill, an AccountType entity may be defined by the skill bot designer that enables various banking transactions by checking the user input for keywords like checking, savings, and credit cards, etc. 
     (4) Training the skill bot—A skill bot is configured to receive user input in the form of utterances, parse or otherwise process the received input, and identify or select an intent that is relevant to the received user input. As indicated above, the skill bot has to be trained for this. In certain embodiments, a skill bot is trained based upon the intents configured for the skill bot and the example utterances associated with the intents (collectively, the training data), so that the skill bot can resolve user input utterances to one of its configured intents. In certain embodiments, the skill bot uses a predictive model that is trained using the training data and allows the skill bot to discern what users say (or in some cases, are trying to say). DABP  102  provides various different training techniques that can be used by a skill bot designer to train a skill bot, including various machine-learning based training techniques, rules-based training techniques, and/or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a portion (e.g., 80%) of the training data is used to train a skill bot model and another portion (e.g., the remaining 20%) is used to test or verify the model. Once trained, the trained model (also sometimes referred to as the trained skill bot) can then be used to handle and respond to user utterances. In certain cases, a user&#39;s utterance may be a question that requires only a single answer and no further conversation. In order to handle such situations, a Q&amp;A (question-and-answer) intent may be defined for a skill bot. Q&amp;A intents are created in a similar manner as regular intents. The dialog flow for Q&amp;A intents can be different from that for regular intents. For example, unlike regular intents, the dialog flow for a Q&amp;A intent may not involve prompts for soliciting additional information (e.g., the value for a particular entity) from the user. 
     (5) Creating a dialog flow for the skill bot—A dialog flow specified for a skill bot describes how the skill bot reacts as different intents for the skill bot are resolved responsive to received user input. The dialog flow defines operations or actions that a skill bot will take, e.g., how the skill bot responds to user utterances, how the skill bot prompts users for input, and how the skill bot returns data. A dialog flow is like a flowchart that is followed by the skill bot. The skill bot designer specifies a dialog flow using a language, such as markdown language. In certain embodiments, a version of YAML called OBotML may be used to specify a dialog flow for a skill bot. The dialog flow definition for a skill bot acts as a model for the conversation itself, one that lets the skill bot designer choreograph the interactions between a skill bot and the users that the skill bot services. 
     In certain embodiments, the dialog flow definition for a skill bot contains three sections: 
     (a) a context section 
     (b) a default transitions section 
     (c) a states section 
     Context section—The skill bot designer can define variables that are used in a conversation flow in the context section. Other variables that may be named in the context section include, without limitation: variables for error handling, variables for built-in or custom entities, user variables that enable the skill bot to recognize and persist user preferences, and the like. 
     Default transitions section—Transitions for a skill bot can be defined in the dialog flow states section or in the default transitions section. The transitions defined in the default transition section act as a fallback and get triggered when there are no applicable transitions defined within a state, or the conditions required to trigger a state transition cannot be met. The default transitions section can be used to define routing that allows the skill bot to gracefully handle unexpected user actions. 
     States section—A dialog flow and its related operations are defined as a sequence of transitory states, which manage the logic within the dialog flow. Each state node within a dialog flow definition names a component that provides the functionality needed at that point in the dialog. States are thus built around the components. A state contains component-specific properties and defines the transitions to other states that get triggered after the component executes. 
     Special case scenarios may be handled using the states section. For example, there might be times when it is desirable to provide users the option to temporarily leave a first skill they are engaged with to do something in a second skill within the digital assistant. For example, if a user is engaged in a conversation with a shopping skill (e.g., the user has made some selections for purchase), the user may want to jump to a banking skill (e.g., the user may want to ensure that he/she has enough money for the purchase), and then return to the shopping skill to complete the user&#39;s order. To address this, the states section in the dialog flow definition of the first skill can be configured to initiate an interaction with the second different skill in the same digital assistant and then return to the original dialog flow. 
     (6) Adding custom components to the skill bot—As described above, states specified in a dialog flow for a skill bot name components that provide the functionality needed corresponding to the states. Components enable a skill bot to perform functions. In certain embodiments, DABP  102  provides a set of preconfigured components for performing a wide range of functions. A skill bot designer can select one of more of these preconfigured components and associate them with states in the dialog flow for a skill bot. The skill bot designer can also create custom or new components using tools provided by DABP  102  and associate the custom components with one or more states in the dialog flow for a skill bot. 
     (7) Testing and deploying the skill bot—DABP  102  provides several features that enable the skill bot designer to test a skill bot being developed. The skill bot can then be deployed and included in a digital assistant. 
     While the description above describes how to create a skill bot, similar techniques may also be used to create a digital assistant (or the master bot). At the master bot or digital assistant level, built-in system intents may be configured for the digital assistant. These built-in system intents are used to identify general tasks that the digital assistant itself (i.e., the master bot) can handle without invoking a skill bot associated with the digital assistant. Examples of system intents defined for a master bot include: (1) Exit: applies when the user signals the desire to exit the current conversation or context in the digital assistant; (2) Help: applies when the user asks for help or orientation; and (3) UnresolvedIntent: applies to user input that doesn&#39;t match well with the Exit and Help intents. The digital assistant also stores information about the one or more skill bots associated with the digital assistant. This information enables the master bot to select a particular skill bot for handling an utterance. 
     At the master bot or digital assistant level, when a user inputs a phrase or utterance to the digital assistant, the digital assistant is configured to perform processing to determine how to route the utterance and the related conversation. The digital assistant determines this using a routing model, which can be rules-based, AI-based, or a combination thereof. The digital assistant uses the routing model to determine whether the conversation corresponding to the user input utterance is to be routed to a particular skill for handling, is to be handled by the digital assistant or master bot itself per a built-in system intent, or is to be handled as a different state in a current conversation flow. 
     In certain embodiments, as part of this processing, the digital assistant determines if the user input utterance explicitly identifies a skill bot using its invocation name. If an invocation name is present in the user input, then it is treated as an explicit invocation of the skill bot corresponding to the invocation name. In such a scenario, the digital assistant may route the user input to the explicitly invoked skill bot for further handling. If there is no specific or explicit invocation, in certain embodiments, the digital assistant evaluates the received user input utterance and computes confidence scores for the system intents and the skill bots associated with the digital assistant. The score computed for a skill bot or system intent represents how likely the user input is representative of a task that the skill bot is configured to perform or is representative of a system intent. Any system intent or skill bot with an associated computed confidence score exceeding a threshold value (e.g., a Confidence Threshold routing parameter) is selected as a candidate for further evaluation. The digital assistant then selects, from the identified candidates, a particular system intent or a skill bot for further handling of the user input utterance. In certain embodiments, after one or more skill bots are identified as candidates, the intents associated with those candidate skills are evaluated (using the trained model for each skill) and confidence scores are determined for each intent. In general, any intent that has a confidence score exceeding a threshold value (e.g., 70%) is treated as a candidate intent. If a particular skill bot is selected, then the user utterance is routed to that skill bot for further processing. If a system intent is selected, then one or more actions are performed by the master bot itself according to the selected system intent. 
     Routing Behavior 
       FIG.  2    is a simplified block diagram of a master bot (MB) system  200  according to certain embodiments. MB system  200  may correspond to the master bot  114  in  FIG.  1    and can be implemented in software only, hardware only, or a combination of hardware and software. As indicated above, a master bot can be implemented by a digital assistant/chatbot system. Therefore, the master bot functionality described below with respect to the MB system  200  or other master bot embodiments can be provided as part of the processing performed by a digital assistant. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the MB system  200  includes a language processing subsystem  210  and a routing subsystem  220 . The language processing subsystem  210  is configured to process an utterance  202  provided by a user. As discussed in the Chatbot System Overview section above, such processing can involve NLU processing performed to understand the meaning of an utterance. Accordingly, the language processing subsystem  210  may include a language detector  212  configured to detect the language of the utterance  202  and a language parser  214  configured to parse utterance  202  to understand its meaning. The processing performed by the language processing subsystem  210  can include, for example, sentence parsing (e.g., tokenizing, lemmatizing, identifying part-of-speech tags for the sentence, identifying named entities in the sentence, generating dependency trees to represent the sentence structure, splitting a sentence into clauses, analyzing individual clauses, resolving anaphoras, performing chunking, and the like). The language processing subsystem  210  outputs the utterance  202  together with extracted information  205  generated as a result of the above noted processing. For example, the extracted information  205  may include a dependency tree, a list of part-of-speech tags, and so on. In some embodiments, the language processing subsystem  210  may reformat the utterance  202  for input to the routing subsystem  220 . Reformatting may involve, for example, rearranging the order of words in the utterance  202 , splitting the utterance  202  into different parts for separate processing of each part, correcting grammatical errors, and the like. 
     Routing subsystem  220  is configured to determine which bot (e.g., one of a set of available skill bots  216 - 1  to  216 - 3  or the MB system  200  itself) should handle the utterance  202 . For example, as discussed earlier, a master bot can be configured with one or more system intents (Exit, Help, UnresolvedIntent, etc.). The system intents are master bot or digital assistant level intents associated with tasks that are not specific to any particular skill bot. For example, the Exit intent may have a dialog flow associated with it that prompts the user for input confirming the user&#39;s desire to exit a current conversation with a particular skill bot. Similarly, the Help intent may have a dialog flow associated with it that guides the user through a series of questions and answers designed to provide the user with help about using the digital assistant or interacting with skill bots in general. 
     The dialog flow definition for a bot (master or child/skill) can include a reference to at least one intent configured for the bot. In some embodiments, such references are specified as actions associated with an intent state, where the intent state is one of the states defined in the states section of the dialog flow definition. For example, the intent state for a pizza ordering bot may include a reference to a component configured to infer the intents for the pizza ordering bot (e.g. a built-in “System.Intent” component that executes an intent model  320  configured for the pizza ordering bot), a list of properties for the intent state (e.g., one or more variables), and a transitions section including a separate action for each intent of the bot. Each intent of a bot can have an associated dialog flow. The example intent state shown below includes transitions to three different intents (OrderPizza, CancelPizza, UnresolvedIntent) associated with a pizza ordering bot, where each transition brings the dialog flow to a particular state (resolvesize, cancelorder, unresolved). 
     Intent:
         Component: “System.Intent”   Properties:
           variable: “iResult”   
           Transitions:
           Actions:
               OrderPizza: “resolvesize”   CancelPizza: “cancelorder”   UnresolvedIntent: “unresolved”   
               
               

     To determine whether the utterance  202  should be handled by a particular system intent, the routing subsystem  220  can apply a system intent model  222 . Similarly, the routing subsystem  220  can apply a skill bot model  224  (also referred to as a candidate skills model) to determine whether the utterance  202  should be handled by a particular skill bot (e.g.,  216 - 1 ,  216 - 2 , or  216 - 3 ). In some embodiments, the models  222  and  224  are combined into a single model. Each of the models  222 ,  224  can be implemented as a rules-based and/or AI-based model. For instance, the models  222 ,  224  can be implemented as neural networks trained to infer which system intent or skill bot is most suited for responding to the utterance  202 . Accordingly, the routing subsystem  220  can make a routing decision based on one or more rules  252  configured for the master bot and/or for a particular skill bot. Alternatively or additionally, the routing decision can be based on trained parameters (e.g., weight value and bias values) resulting from prior training of the models  222 ,  224  on training data. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the rules  252  and trained parameters  254  can be stored in a data store  250  accessible to the MB system  200 . The data store  250  can also store system intent information  256  and skill bot information  258 . The system intent information  256  can include information about the capabilities of the MB system  200  with respect to system intents, training data for the system intent model  222  (e.g., example utterances representative of system intents), and/or configuration information for the system intents. For instance, the system intent information  256  can include dialog flow information for each system intent and values for confidence thresholds specific to system intents. Similarly, the skill bot information  258  can include information about the capabilities of the skill bots  216 , training data for the skill bot model  224 , and/or configuration information for the skill bots  216 . 
     The input to the models  222 ,  224  can include the utterance  202  itself and/or information derived from the utterance  202 , e.g., the extracted information  205 . For instance, when implemented as neural networks, each of the models  222 ,  224  can receive an encoded version of the utterance  202  for processing (e.g., a set of word embeddings containing a separate embedding for each word in the utterance  202 , where each embedding is a multi-dimensional feature vector containing values for features of a corresponding word). Each model  222 ,  224  may be configured to infer a class or category based on the input to the model, where the class/category represents a particular system intent or skill bot. Training data can include example utterances and, for each example utterance, a label (ground truth) indicating which system intent or skill bot should be used to handle the example utterance. The models  222 ,  224  can be trained by comparing the outputs generated based on the example utterances to their corresponding labels, and then adjusting parameters of the models  222 ,  224  (e.g., a weight and/or bias value employed in an activation function of a node in a neural network) when there is a difference between the inference and the label. For instance, the training may involve backpropagation to minimize a loss function. 
     When implemented as rules-based models, the models  222 ,  224  may employ rules  252  that are configured for determining whether the utterance  202  is a match to a particular system intent or skill bot. For example, the rules  252  may include, for each system intent or skill bot, a corresponding regular expression (regex) that defines a search pattern for an utterance. For instance, a regex for a pizza ordering bot may specify that, in order for an utterance to match to the pizza ordering bot, the utterance must contain the word “pizza” in combination with at least one word among a set of synonyms for placing an order (e.g., “order,” “buy,” “purchase,” etc.) 
     As indicated above, the routing performed by a digital assistant may involve the digital assistant computing, in the absence of an explicit invocation, confidence scores for the system intents and the skill bots associated with the digital assistant. Thus, the routing subsystem  220  may process the utterance  202  by first determining whether the utterance  202  contains an invocation name of a system intent or skill bot. The invocation names can be stored as part of the system intent information  256  and the skill bot information  258 . If the utterance  202  includes an invocation name, the routing subsystem  220  will invoke the corresponding system intent or skill bot and provide at least part of the utterance  202  (e.g., the utterance  202  with the invocation name removed) as input to the system intent or skill bot. 
     If the utterance  202  does not include an invocation name, then the routing subsystem  220  can apply the system intent model  222  to compute a separate confidence score (e.g., a value between 0% and 100%) for each system intent associated with the digital assistant. For example, each system intent may be associated with a corresponding node in an output layer of a neural network implementing the system intent model  222 , where the node in the output layer is configured to compute a confidence score whose value indicates the likelihood that the utterance  202  can be handled by the system intent. Similarly, the routing subsystem  220  can apply the skill bot model  224  to compute a separate confidence score for each skill bot associated with the digital assistant, the confidence score indicating the likelihood that the utterance  202  can be handled by the skill bot. 
     In addition to considering confidence scores for system intents and confidence scores for skill bots, the routing subsystem  220  may further base its routing decision upon confidence scores for intents associated with one or more of the skill bots  216 , i.e., bot intents. In some embodiments, the system intent model  222  is configured to compute confidence scores for each system intent associated with the digital assistant, the skill bot model  224  is configured to compute confidence scores for each skill bot associated with the digital assistant, and each skill bot  216  is configured to compute a separate confidence score for each of its configured intents. Thus, the routing subsystem  220  may receive confidence scores  227  computed by the skill bots  216  for intents associated with the skill bots  216 . In other embodiments, all three types of confidence scores are computed at the digital assistant or master bot level. 
     To determine whether to route the utterance  202  to any system intent, the routing subsystem  220  may be configured to apply one or more confidence thresholds. If the confidence score for a system intent satisfies the one or more confidence thresholds, then the system intent is deemed a match for the utterance  202  and the routing subsystem  220  will cause the utterance  202  to be handled using a dialog flow configured for the matching system intent. If no system intent has a confidence score that satisfies the confidence threshold(s), then the routing subsystem  220  may proceed with evaluating skill scores and, optionally, bot intent scores (e.g., the confidence scores  227 ). 
     As with the system intents, the routing subsystem  220  may apply one or more confidence thresholds to the skill scores to determine which skill bot  216  is a match for the utterance  202 . Further, the routing subsystem  220  may apply one or more confidence thresholds to the bot intent scores to determine which bot intent is a match for the utterance  202 . In some embodiments, the routing subsystem  220  may simply forward the utterance  202  to the matching skill bot  216  and the matching skill bot  216  will decide which bot intent to use for generating a response to the utterance  202 . Thus, confidence thresholds for bot intent scores can be applied during local processing within a skill bot. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the routing subsystem  220  may, based on evaluating the bot intent scores  227 , decide which bot intent to use for the utterance  202 . 
     Evaluating both skill scores and bot intent scores improves the accuracy of the matching for the utterance  202 . Depending on the way the utterance  202  is worded, it may be possible for a skill score to not meet confidence score criteria (one or more confidence thresholds) and yet the bot intent score for one of the intents with which the skill is configured could meet confidence score criteria. Similarly, none of the bot intent scores for a particular skill may meet confidence score criteria, but the skill score for the particular skill could meet confidence score criteria. Taking both skill scores and bot intent scores into consideration during routing reduces the likelihood that the utterance  202  is routed to a skill or bot intent that is incapable of handling the utterance  202 . 
     Confidence thresholds for skills or bot intents are not necessarily the same as confidence thresholds for system intents. For example, a different confidence threshold value can be used for skills than for system intents. Similarly, confidence thresholds may differ between skills and bot intents. In some embodiments, confidence thresholds for skills and/or bot intents are configurable on a per-skill basis. For example, in the embodiment of  FIG.  2   , a confidence threshold used to determine whether the skill bot  216 - 1  is a match for an utterance could be set to a different value than a confidence threshold used to determine whether the skill bot  216 - 2  is a match for an utterance. 
     Examples of different types of confidence thresholds that can be applied by the routing subsystem  220  include: 
     Confidence Threshold—Applicable to system intents, skills, and bot intents. This is the minimum score required for a system intent/skill/bot intent to be deemed a candidate (i.e., a potential match) for an input utterance, e.g., 0.4 or 40%. Anything scoring below this threshold is automatically eliminated from further consideration.
 
Confidence Win Margin—Applicable to system intents, skills, and bot intents. This is the maximum allowable difference between the highest score and any other score in order for the other scores to remain under consideration (assuming there is at least one other score that meets or exceeds the Confidence Threshold). In other words, if the highest score exceeds the next highest score by more than the Confidence Win Margin, then only the highest score will be considered even if the next highest score meets or exceeds the Confidence Threshold. For example, if the Confidence Win Margin is set to 0.1 and the highest score is 0.6, then any candidates whose scores are between 0.5 and 0.6 will also be considered (assuming that the Confidence Threshold is 0.5 or less). Therefore, when the Confidence Win Margin is not satisfied, multiple candidates could be deemed to be matching and this may trigger further evaluation by the digital assistant and/or disambiguation processing (e.g., prompting the user for additional input confirming which candidate the user wishes to invoke).
 
Consider All Threshold—Applicable to system intents, skills, and bot intents. This is the minimum required score for all matching candidates to be considered. For example, if the Consider All Threshold is set to 0.7 and the two highest scores are 0.71 and 0.9, then both scores will be kept under consideration. The Consider All Threshold is typically set to a higher value than the Confidence Threshold and takes precedence over the Confidence Win Margin. Thus, even if the score of 0.9 satisfies the Confidence Win Margin with respect to the score of 0.71, the intents or skills associated with both scores will be kept under consideration. Therefore, this is a threshold value that, when met or exceeded by a confidence score computed for a chatbot, renders the chatbot eligible to be considered for use in generating a response to an utterance irrespective of a confidence score computed for any other chatbot. As with failure to satisfy the Confidence Win Margin, when there are multiple scores that satisfy the Consider All Threshold, this may trigger further evaluation by the digital assistant and/or disambiguation processing (e.g., prompting the user for additional input confirming which candidate the user wishes to invoke).
 
Consider Only Current Context Threshold—Applicable to skills and bot intents. The current context is the bot that the user is currently interacting (e.g., having a conversation) with. For instance, the current context could be the master bot/digital assistant. The current context could also be a particular skill. If any confidence score computed for a particular skill that the user is currently interacting with (including scores for bot intents associated with the particular skill) is at least equal to this threshold, then only this particular skill will be considered. More specifically, one of the intents associated with the particular skill will be identified as being the intent to which the utterance should be routed for handling. All other skills and intents are eliminated from consideration. Thus, this is a threshold associated with elimination from consideration of chatbots other than a chatbot that the user is currently interacting with.
 
     In addition to confidence thresholds used to determine which intent or skill to route to, the routing subsystem  220  may apply one or more confidence thresholds for determining what types of responses (e.g., prompt messages) are presented to a user in connection with transitions between skills or intents. Examples of such confidence thresholds include: 
     Interrupt Prompt Confidence Threshold—Applies when an utterance has been matched to a different intent than the intent that the user is currently interacting with (e.g., a different intent within the same skill or an intent associated with another skill). When such a match occurs, it leads to a switch in dialog flow. If the confidence score for the matching intent is greater than or equal to the Interrupt Prompt Confidence Threshold, then the switch to the new dialog flow is performed without requesting the user to confirm that the user wants to switch dialog flows. Instead, a message may simply be presented to inform the user that the switch is about to occur. However, if the confidence score for the matching intent is less than this threshold, then the digital assistant may prompt the user to confirm whether the user wants to switch to the new dialog flow.
 
Exit Flow Confidence Threshold—Applies when an utterance causes a dialog flow to end. For example, the utterance could be “cancel this flow” or “exit.” This is the minimum score required for the digital assistant to respond to an exit request with only a message. If the confidence score for the “Exit” system intent (described in the Chatbot System Overview section above) meets or exceeds this threshold, a message can be presented to inform the user about the end of the current dialog flow, e.g., “Exited ShowMenu intent in pizza ordering bot.” Otherwise, if the confidence score for the Exit system intent is below this threshold, the digital assistant may output a prompt requesting the user to confirm that they want to exit the current dialog flow.
 
     Once a skill bot  216  or a system intent has been identified, e.g., based on confidence scoring, the routing subsystem  220  can invoke the identified skill bot or system intent and can also generate, based on the utterance  202 , an input to the skill bot or system intent. For example, as depicted in  FIG.  2   , the routing subsystem  220  may generate an input  235  for a skill bot being invoked. The input  235  could include an exact copy of the utterance  202 . Alternatively, the input  235  could include a modified form of the utterance  202 . For example, input  235  may correspond to the utterance  202  after removing one or more words such as “I,” “would like,” “please,” or other words that are unnecessary as input for generating a response to the utterance (e.g., words that do not represent named entities or variables). The input  235  could also include information derived from the utterance  202  (e.g., the extracted information  205 ). 
     The input to the skill bot or system intent (e.g., the input  235 ) can be processed in accordance with a dialog flow that the skill bot or master bot has been configured with. As discussed above, a dialog flow defines operations or actions that a skill bot will take, e.g., how the skill bot responds to user utterances, how the skill bot prompts users for input, and how the skill bot returns data. Dialog flows can also be defined at the master bot level, e.g., for system intents. Thus, a response to the utterance  202  (e.g., an action to be performed by the digital assistant or a message to be presented to the user) could be generated based on the processing of the input to the skill bot or system intent. 
     The response to the utterance  202  can be provided by a particular component within the digital assistant. For example, the response could be an action performed using a built-in or custom component. In certain embodiments, responses are handled by a dialog engine. The dialog engine can be shared by the master bot and each of the skill bots. Alternatively, the master bot and each of the skill bots can have their own dialog engines (e.g., as shown in the embodiment of  FIG.  3   ). The dialog engine acts as a conversation manager and its responsibilities could include executing the dialog flow that produces the response to utterance  202 . Thus, the dialog engine may be configured to initiate state transitions and make calls to components associated with different states. 
       FIG.  3    is a simplified block diagram of a skill bot (SB) system  300  according to certain embodiments. SB system  300  may correspond to any of the skill bots  216  in  FIG.  2    and can be implemented in software only, hardware only, or a combination of hardware and software. As shown in  FIG.  3   , the SB system  300  can include an intent model  320  and a dialog engine  330 . However, as indicated above, the dialog engine  330  can be shared between a master bot and multiple skill bots. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the dialog engine  330  is local to a digital assistant. 
     Intent model  320  (also referred to as a skill model) operates in a similar manner to the skill bot model  224  in  FIG.  2   . The intent model  320  can be a rules-based and/or AI-based model configured to infer an intent for an utterance (e.g., the utterance  202 ). The intent model  320  can use the same input as the skill bot model  224  (e.g., the utterance  202  and the extracted information  205 ). Like the skill bot model  224 , the intent model  320  could be an AI model that is pre-trained using training data that includes example utterances. However, unlike the skill bot model  224 , the intent model  320  is configured to determine whether an utterance is a match to a particular intent. In contrast, the skill bot model  224  is configured to determine whether an utterance is a match to a particular skill bot. Accordingly, the training data for the intent model  320  could include, for each intent associated with the skill bot system  300 , a set of utterances representative of the intent. Similarly, the training data for the skill bot model  224  could include, for each skill bot in the chatbot system, a set of utterances representative of the skill bot. 
     In some embodiments, training data and/or trained parameters for all predictive models employed by a digital assistant (e.g., system intent model  222 , skill bot model  224 , intent model  320 ) is maintained in a central location (e.g., data store  250 ). Alternatively, each skill bot can maintain its own training data and/or trained parameters in a separate data store. For example, training data or trained parameters for the intent model  320  could be obtained from a data store  350  accessible to the SB system  300 . As shown in  FIG.  3   , the data store  350  can be configured to store rules  352  and intents information  354 . The rules  352  may, for example, include a separate regex for each intent associated with the SB system  300 . The intents information  354  may, for example, include training utterances for the intent model  320  and/or other intent-related configuration information. For instance, the intents information  354  could include one or more confidence threshold values specific to bot intents. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the intent model  320  can be configured to generate confidence scores  327 . The confidence scores  327  can include a separate score for each bot intent associated with the SB system  300  and can be generated based on the utterance  202  and/or the extracted information  205 , in a manner similar to the generating of confidence scores for skills or system intents, as described above. Thus, the confidence scores  327  in  FIG.  3    may correspond to a subset of the confidence scores  227  in  FIG.  2   . 
     Upon identifying an intent as matching the utterance  202  (e.g., based on applying one or more confidence thresholds to the confidence scores  327 ), the intent model  320  can output an indication  322  of the identified intent to the dialog engine  330 . The identified intent could be the same intent that is currently being used by the SB system  300  to interact with the user. In some scenarios, the identified intent is a different intent than the intent currently being used by the SB system  300 . This might happen, for example, when the current conversation with the user relates to a particular task that the SB system  300  is capable of performing and the utterance  202  pertains to a different task that the SB system  300  is capable of performing. In such scenarios, the dialog engine  330  can trigger a switch from a dialog flow associated with the current intent to a dialog flow associated with the identified intent. In response to receiving the indication  322 , the dialog engine  330  may determine a response  335  to the utterance  202 . For example, the response  335  may correspond to one of the DA responses  112  in the embodiment of  FIG.  1    and could be an action or message specified in a dialog flow definition  355  configured for the SB system  300 . For instance, the dialog engine  330  could access the dialog flow definition  355  from the data store  350  and determine, based on the dialog flow definition  355 , a state associated with the indicated intent as being the next state to transition to. 
     ROUTING EXAMPLES 
     The following examples illustrate routing behavior in different scenarios. 
     Example 1: Definitive Match to a Single Skill Bot 
     System Intent Confidence Thresholds:
         Confidence Threshold: 60%   Confidence Win Margin: 10%   Consider All Confidence Threshold: 80%       

     Skill Bot Confidence Thresholds:
         Confidence Threshold: 60%   Confidence Win Margin: 10%   Consider All Confidence Threshold: 80%       

     Dialog:
         User: order pizza   DA: How old are you?       

     Confidence Score Results:
         No system intent has a score above 60%.   Pizza Ordering skill score: 100%   Clothing Store skill score: 22%   OrderPizza intent (within pizza ordering skill) score: 100%       

     In example 1, the OrderPizza intent is assigned a score of 100% (e.g., by an intent model configured for the pizza ordering skill). The OrderPizza intent is therefore identified as a matching intent for the utterance “order pizza.” Similarly, the pizza ordering skill is assigned a score of 100% (e.g., by a skill bot model of a master bot or digital assistant) and is identified as a matching skill. Accordingly, the utterance is routed to the OrderPizza intent for handling. As shown above, the response generated based on a dialog flow associated with the OrderPizza intent is a question intended to verify that the user is old enough to order pizza: “How old are you?” 
     Example 2: Match to Multiple Bots with Disambiguation Dialog 
     System Intent Confidence Thresholds:
         Confidence Threshold: 60%   Confidence Win Margin: 10%   Consider All Confidence Threshold: 80%       

     Skill Bot Confidence Thresholds:
         Confidence Threshold: 40%   Confidence Win Margin: 10%   Consider All Confidence Threshold: 80%       

     Bot Intent Confidence Thresholds:
         Confidence Threshold: 40%   Confidence Win Margin: 10%   Consider All Confidence Threshold: 80%       

     Dialog:
         User: what is my account balance   DA: Do you want to go to: (1) GiftCardBalance in Clothing store skill or (2) Balances in Banking skill?       

     Confidence Score Results:
         No system intent has a score above 60%.   Banking skill score: 94%   Clothing store skill score: 91%   Pizza ordering skill score: 33%   Balances intent (within banking skill) score: 94%   GiftCardBalance intent (within clothing store skill) score: 91%       

     In example 2, the banking skill and the clothing store skill are identified as candidate skills for the utterance “what is my balance.” The pizza ordering skill&#39;s score is below the Confidence Threshold for skill bots, and is therefore deemed not to be a candidate. Further, the Balances intent of the banking skill and the GiftCardBalance intent of the clothing store skill are identified as candidate intents. Both candidate intents satisfy the bot intent-specific confidence thresholds indicated above. In particular, the scores for the GiftCardBalance intent and the Balance intent both satisfy the Consider All Confidence Threshold for bot intents (80%). Accordingly, the digital assistant prompts the user to confirm which of these two intents to proceed with. Thus, if the user responds to the prompt with the utterance “balances in banking,” then the next confidence score computed for the Balances intent might be 100%. Similarly, if the user responds with the utterance “gift card balance,” then the next confidence score computed for the GiftCardBalance intent might be 100%. 
     Example 3: Context Aware Routing—Current Context Weighted More Heavily 
     Continuing with example 2 above, the dialog following the prompt for disambiguation might be as follows: 
     User: balances in banking 
     DA: For which account do you want your balance? (1) savings (2) checking, (3) credit card 
     User: checking 
     DA: The balance in your checking account (903423-123) is $2,404.53 
     User: what is my balance 
     DA: For which account do you want your balance? (1) savings (2) checking, (3) credit card 
     In example 3, the user responds to the disambiguation prompt with an utterance indicating that the user wants to proceed with checking their bank balance using the banking skill. The digital assistant responds by asking the user which account the user wants to know the balance of. In response to the utterance “checking,” the digital assistant may invoke the Balances intent with “checking” as the value for an AccountType entity configured for the banking skill. The response determined by the dialog flow associated with the Balances intent is the action of presenting the user&#39;s account balance, in this case, the balance in the user&#39;s checking account. The user is now in the banking skill context. 
     As shown above, when the user inputs “what is my balance” after being presented with the balance in their checking account, the digital assistant matches this utterance to the banking skill and therefore once again asks the user which account the user wants to know the balance of. Unlike in example 2, where the user is prompted to disambiguate, the utterance “what is my balance” can be definitively matched to the banking skill as a result of the confidence score for the banking skill satisfying the Consider Only Current Context Threshold discussed earlier. For example, if the Consider Only Current Context Threshold is set to 80% and the banking skill or the Balances intent is a 90% match for “what is my balance,” then all other skills (e.g., the clothing store skill in example 2) are eliminated from further consideration. Consequently, the utterance is matched to an intent configured for the banking skill, in this example, the Balances intent. 
     In certain embodiments, the digital assistant or master bot can maintain a history of prior user interactions. For instance, the history can include the last skill or a certain number of most recent skills that the user engaged in conversation with. More recent or more used skills (in terms of frequency of use or total number of use instances) can be weighted more heavily than less recent or less used skills. 
     Example 4: Context Aware Routing—Prioritize Help State for Current Context Over Help System Intent 
     Suppose that the digital assistant invokes a banking skill based on user input of the utterance “what is my balance in bank.” Based on a dialog flow configured for the banking skill, the digital assistant may prompt the user to indicate which account the user wants to know the balance of, and the user may respond to this prompt with a second utterance “help.” The digital assistant may determine that the only match to the utterance “help” is the “Help” system intent (described in the Chatbot System Overview section above). For instance, the Help system intent could be assigned a score of 100% and none of the intents associated with any of the skill bots may have a qualifying score. The digital assistant could respond to the second utterance by initiating a dialog flow associated with the Help system intent. However, since the user is currently in the banking skill context, the digital assistant may instead present help-related dialog specific to the banking skill, for example, as follows: 
     User: help 
     DA: You are at banking skill. Here are some things you can do: (1) go to banking skill home menu, (2) check my balance, (3) send money 
     In some embodiments, the help-related dialog is generated as a help card with fields populated based on information stored for the current skill. For example, the help card could include a field for the invocation name of the skill, a field for a brief description of the skill, and a field with a list of example utterances for the skill. The information for populating the help card could be specified by a skill bot designer as parameters for a help state of the skill. 
     Example 5: Context Aware Routing—Invocation Name of Skill not Associated with Current Context 
     As discussed above, a skill can be explicitly invoked based on an utterance containing an invocation name of the skill. For example, if “Bank” is the invocation name of the banking skill in example 3, the digital assistant may invoke the banking skill in response to the utterance “what is my balance in Bank.” Upon determining that the banking skill is being explicitly invoked, the digital assistant could also try to match the utterance to an intent of the banking skill (e.g., the Balance intent) or let the banking skill perform the match. Explicit invocation takes precedence over other factors or metrics (such as confidence score) in deciding where to route an utterance. As a result, once an invocation name has been detected in an utterance, the digital assistant may disregard confidence scores of other skills and system intents. In some implementations, the digital assistant may not even compute such scores once the skill being explicitly invoked has been identified. 
     The explicit invocation behavior discussed above assumes that the user is not currently interacting with a skill. However, if the current context is a particular skill, the user inputs an utterance containing an invocation name not associated with the particular skill (e.g., the invocation name of a different skill), and there is a match to an intent associated with the current context, then the digital assistant may respond by prompting the user to disambiguate. For example: 
     User: order pizza 
     DA: How old are you? 
     User: cancel my order in ClothingStore 
     DA: do you want to go to: (1) CancelOrder intent in ClothingStore or (2) CancelPizza intent in PizzaStore 
     In example 5, the user is in the pizza ordering context after providing the utterance “order pizza.” The next utterance “cancel my order in ClothingStore” contains the invocation name “ClothingStore” of a clothing store skill. Further, this utterance could match to an intent configured for the pizza ordering skill (e.g., “CancelPizza”). Accordingly, the digital assistant may prompt the user to confirm which skill the user wants to proceed with. 
     Example 6: Context Aware Routing—Prioritize System Intents when not Currently in a Skill Context 
     Suppose that the utterance “help order pizza” is received while the user is in the digital assistant or master bot context, i.e., not in a skill bot context. In this scenario, the digital assistant could disregard or omit computing confidence scores for any skills. Instead, assuming that no other system intents match to the utterance, the digital assistant could route the utterance to the Help system intent. 
     Example 7: Context Pinning after Explicit Invocation 
     As discussed above in example 3, matches to intents associated with the current context/skill can be weighted more heavily compared to other skills by setting a value of the Consider Only Current Context Threshold. A similar preference for the current context can be applied in situations involving an explicit invocation. In particular, the digital assistant may be configured to eliminate all other skills and, by extension, intents associated with those skills from consideration as a potential match to one or more utterances received after an utterance which resulted in an explicit invocation. In this manner, the conversation can be “pinned” to the current skill. This is because in the case of an explicit invocation, it is usually safe to assume that the next utterance relates to the skill that was just invoked. For example, the digital assistant could explicitly invoke the pizza ordering skill in response to the utterance “go to PizzaStore” and then consider only intents associated with the pizza ordering skill for matching to the next utterance (e.g., “order pizza”). 
     Pinning can be applied to a certain number of subsequent utterances to define a window within which matches to other skills are ignored. In certain embodiments, this window may be a size of one so that only the utterance that immediately follows an explicit invocation is pinned to the current skill. 
     In certain embodiments, pinning is performed only when an explicit invocation fails to route to an intent (e.g., an utterance that contains an invocation name of a skill, but no indication of which intent associated with the skill to use). For explicit invocations where the intent is identified, the current context can be weighted more heavily, but other skills may still be considered (see example 3 above). 
     In certain embodiments, when no match is found for an utterance while the conversation is pinned, the utterance can be handled at the skill level instead of handling the utterance using the UnresolvedIntent system intent. For instance, the pizza ordering skill could be configured with its own intent for resolving utterances that fail to match to any other intent associated with the pizza ordering skill (e.g., an UnresolvedIntent configured for the pizza ordering skill). 
     Example 8: Resuming an Interrupted Flow 
     In certain embodiments, the digital assistant can be configured such that when an input utterance causes a switch to a different skill or a different intent within the same skill, the digital assistant will prompt the user to confirm whether the user wants to resume interacting with the earlier skill/intent (e.g., in the same state where the earlier skill/intent left off). The prompt can, for example, be of the form “do you want to resume (earlier intent) in (earlier skill)?” In some embodiments, the digital assistant can also present a message indicating that the dialog flow associated with the earlier intent/skill is being resumed. 
     User: order pizza 
     DA: How old are you? 
     User: how much did I spend for dining? 
     DA: Do you want to switch to Track Spending in Finance Skill now? Yes/No 
     User: Yes 
     DA: You spent $40 on restaurant 
     DA: Do you want to resume OrderPizza in Pizza Skill now? Yes/No 
     User: Yes 
     DA: How old are you? 
     Example 9: Selective Interception of Utterances when in Skill Context 
     In certain embodiments, the digital assistant is configured to permit the skill that the user is currently interacting with to handle utterances that are received after the skill has been invoked. However, in certain circumstances, the digital assistant may intervene by intercepting and making routing decisions for such utterances. For example, the digital assistant could be configured with the following features:
         Always check input utterances for a match to the “Exit” system intent (described in the Chatbot System Overview section above) and for explicit invocations. This allows the user to exit the current context or explicitly invoke a different skill at any time.   If no match to Exit system intent and not an explicit invocation, pass the utterance to the current skill for handling.   Intercept the utterance if the current skill fails to understand the utterance or the current skill tries to make a local routing decision (e.g., route to a different intent associated with the current skill).       

     By implementing the features listed above, the digital assistant can minimize the number of routing decisions that are made at the digital assistant or master bot level, instead allowing the current skill to handle utterances according to the dialog flow definition for the current skill. As indicated above, there are some scenarios where the digital assistant can make a routing decision while the user is in a skill context. For instance, the digital assistant can always check to see if an utterance matches to the Exit system intent (e.g., the user inputs “cancel pizza” to exit the pizza ordering skill). The digital assistant can also check for explicit invocations by examining utterances for invocation names. If there is no explicit invocation and no match to the Exit system intent, the digital assistant may pass the utterance to the current skill for handling. 
     After passing an utterance to the current skill for handling, the digital assistant can still intervene sometimes. For instance, as indicated above, the current skill may not be able to understand the meaning of the utterance. This can occur, for example, when the current skill expects a value for a particular named entity, but the user provides an utterance that is non-responsive or contains an invalid value (e.g., a value that is invalid for the named entity, such as a numerical value that is out of expected range or a decimal value when an integer is expected). The digital assistant can detect this failure to understand the utterance in various ways. In some embodiments, the digital assistant monitors a “system.invalidUserInput” flag variable that is set by a skill when the skill does not understand an utterance. 
     The digital assistant can also intervene in response to detecting that the current skill is attempting to perform local routing. The digital assistant may defer to the current skill the handling of utterances that do not trigger a switch to a different destination associated with the current skill (e.g., a dialog flow state associated with a different intent). However, if the current skill is attempting local routing, this means there is a possibility that the current skill is not the appropriate skill to use for handling the utterance. In such situations, the digital assistant can override or bypass the local routing of the current skill by determining whether other available skills are a potential match to the utterance and making a routing decision accordingly (e.g., based on evaluating confidence scores for all available skills). In some embodiments, the digital assistant detects a local routing attempt by intercepting a call from a skill to a component that infers intents (e.g., the System.Intent component mentioned above). 
     In some embodiments, whether the digital assistant will intervene after passing an utterance to a particular skill for processing is configurable by setting a value of a “daIntercept” parameter in the dialog flow definition for the particular skill. For instance, the daIntercept parameter could be set to a value of “never” to prevent the digital assistant from overriding local routing decisions made by the particular skill. 
     As shown in the example dialog below, the utterance “what is my balance” is a non-sequitur because it does not logically follow the preceding DA response “Here are our pizzas you can order today.” When this occurs, the pizza ordering skill may attempt to perform local routing, e.g., by computing confidence scores, using its intent model  320 , for each intent with which the pizza ordering skill has been configured. The digital assistant can prevent the pizza order skill from routing to one of the pizza ordering skill&#39;s intents by making a routing decision based on consideration of other skills that are available (e.g., a finance or banking skill). For instance, as shown below, the digital assistant could, based on computing a threshold-satisfying confidence score for the finance skill, prompt the user to confirm whether the user wants to proceed to the finance skill. 
     User: order pizza 
     DA: How old are you? 
     User: 18 years old 
     DA: Here are our pizzas you can order today: (1) Cheese, (2) Pepperoni, (3) See more pizzas 
     User: what is my balance 
     DA: Exited OrderPizza in pizza ordering skill 
     DA: Do you want to go to: (1) Balances in Finance skill, (2) Ask question in Finance skill, (3) None of the above 
     Example Methods 
       FIGS.  4  and  5    depict routing-related processing according to certain embodiments. The processing depicted in  FIGS.  4  and  5    may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device). The methods presented in  FIGS.  4  and  5    and described below are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. Although  FIGS.  4  and  5    depict the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the steps may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel. In certain embodiments, such as in the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  1   , the processing depicted in  FIGS.  4  and  5    may be performed by a digital assistant or chatbot system, e.g., the digital assistant  106 . More specifically, in a master bot-child bot architecture, the processing depicted in  FIGS.  4  and  5    can be performed by a master bot (e.g., the master bot system  200  in  FIG.  2   ) that is in communication with a child bot (e.g., the skill bot system  300  in  FIG.  3   ). 
       FIG.  4    is a simplified flowchart depicting a process  400  for routing an utterance according to certain embodiments. At  402 , an utterance is received by a chatbot system. In some embodiments, utterances are initially received by a master bot that routes the utterance to a skill bot or a system intent for generating responses to the utterances. As indicated above, an utterance can be a text utterance or a speech utterance. If the utterance is supplied by a user as a speech utterance, the utterance can be converted to text for input to the processing in  404 . 
     At  404 , the utterance received in  402  is examined to determine whether the utterance contains an invocation name of a skill bot. If so, then the skill bot is explicitly invoked at  406  (e.g., based on a call from the master bot to the skill bot). Otherwise, processing proceeds to  408 . 
     At  408 , confidence scores are computed for available system intents. As indicated above, examples of such system intents include Help, Exit, and UnresolvedIntent. For each system intent, a corresponding confidence score is computed that indicates a likelihood of the utterance from  402  being representative of the system intent. In the examples described above, a higher confidence score is associated with a greater degree of likelihood. The computing of the confidence scores in  408  can be performed using a rules-based and/or artificial intelligence (e.g., machine-learning) based predictive model such as the system intent model  222  in  FIG.  2   . 
     At  410 , a determination is made whether there is a match to a system intent based on the confidence score(s) computed in  408 . As indicated above, in order to match to an utterance, a system intent may be required to satisfy one or more confidence thresholds, such as the Confidence Threshold, the Confidence Win Margin, and/or the Consider All Threshold. For instance, to be treated as a candidate for matching, the system intent may need to have a score that is at least equal to the Confidence Threshold. Once it is determined that the system intent is a candidate by virtue of satisfying the Confidence Threshold, it can be determined whether the system intent is a match based on satisfying any additional confidence thresholds imposed by the digital assistant. For instance, the system intent can be deemed to be a match only if the Confidence Win Margin is also satisfied. If a matching system intent is identified based on the determination in  410 , processing proceeds to  412 . Otherwise, processing proceeds to  414 . 
     At  412 , a response to the utterance is determined based on a dialog flow associated with the matching system intent. The response could be an action performed by the digital assistant (e.g., by the master bot). Alternatively, the response could be dialog (e.g., a text message containing information for the user or a prompt requesting input from the user). 
     At  414 , confidence scores are computed for available skill bots. Similar to the confidence scores computed in  408  above, for each skill bot, a corresponding confidence score can be computed that indicates a likelihood of the utterance from  402  being representative of a task that the skill bot can perform. The confidence scores in  414  may be generated using a predictive model configured based on information relating to all available skill bots. For example, the confidence scores in  414  may be computing using the skill bot model  224  in  FIG.  2   . As indicated above, a predictive model can be pre-trained using example utterances. For example, the training data for the predictive model that computes the confidence scores in  414  can include, for each skill bot, a set of utterances representative of tasks the skill bot is configured to perform. In some embodiments, the computing of confidence scores for skill bots in  414  may be performed concurrently with the computing of confidence scores for system intents in  408 . 
     At  416 , a determination is made whether there is at least one skill bot candidate that has been identified based on the confidence scores computed in  414 . To qualify as a candidate, a skill bot may be required to satisfy one or more confidence thresholds, e.g., a skill bot-specific Confidence Threshold. If no skill bot candidate has been identified, then processing proceeds to  418 . Otherwise, processing proceeds to  420 . 
     At  418 , a response to the utterance is determined based on a dialog flow associated with an unresolved intent (e.g., the UnresolvedIntent system intent). For example, the dialog flow associated with the unresolved intent could provide for output of the message “Sorry, I don&#39;t understand” followed by a prompt that includes a hint for the user, for example, “Here are some things you can say . . . .” 
     At  420 , confidence scores are computed for intents associated with the skill bot candidate(s). For example, a separate confidence score can be computed for each intent that a skill bot candidate is configured with. This makes it possible to evaluate every intent of every skill bot candidate for a possible match to the utterance. In some embodiments, the confidence scores in  420  are computed using a predictive model that is specific to a particular skill bot. For example, confidence scores for intents of a pizza ordering bot could be computed using an intent model (e.g., an instance of the intent model  320  in  FIG.  3   ) that has been trained using utterances representative of the various intents of the pizza ordering bot. Thus, a separate predictive model may apply to each skill bot candidate. 
     At  422 , a determination is made whether there is a match to a skill bot or a bot intent. The determination in  422  can be based on the confidence scores computed for skill bots in  414  and/or based on the confidence scores computed for bot intents in  420 . For instance, in some embodiments, a skill bot can be deemed a match to an utterance when the confidence score for the skill bot satisfies one or more confidence thresholds, such as the Confidence Threshold, the Confidence Win Margin, and/or the Consider All Threshold. Similarly, a bot intent can be deemed a match to an utterance when the confidence score for the skill bot satisfies one or more confidence thresholds, such as the Confidence Threshold, the Confidence Win Margin, and/or the Consider All Threshold. Accordingly, a skill bot candidate can be identified as being a match to an utterance based on the skill bot&#39;s overall confidence score or based on a confidence score for a particular intent associated with the skill bot candidate. If no match is determined in  422 , then processing proceeds to  418  (described above). Otherwise, processing proceeds to  424 . 
     At  424 , the matching skill bot is invoked, for example, through a call from the master bot. The skill bot can be invoked in a particular state. For instance, if an intent of the skill bot was deemed a match, then the skill bot can be invoked in a state associated with the matching intent. Alternatively, if the skill bot matched based on its overall confidence score instead of a confidence score for a particular intent, the skill bot could be invoked in a default or starting state. 
       FIG.  5    is a simplified flowchart depicting a process  500  for context-aware routing according to certain embodiments. The processing in  FIG.  5    assumes that a user is currently interacting with a skill bot, i.e., in a particular skill context. Thus, a skill bot has already been invoked by the time the process  500  begins at  502 . 
     At  502 , a determination is made that (i) an utterance received from a user while the user is interacting with a first chatbot of a chatbot system is an invalid input to the first chatbot or (ii) the first chatbot is attempting to route the utterance to a destination associated with the first chatbot. As discussed earlier, there are various ways in which these two situations can be detected, such as monitoring the status of a flag variable indicating whether a skill bot has received an invalid input, or intercepting a call from a skill to a component that infers intents. If neither of these situations occurs, then the utterance can be handled according to the dialog flow definition configured for the first chatbot. However, as discussed earlier, there may be certain situations where an utterance is intercepted (e.g., by a master bot) before reaching the skill bot that the user is interacting with (e.g., invocation of the Exit system intent or an explicit invocation of another skill bot). If either (i) or (ii) is true, then processing proceeds to  504 . 
     At  504 , a second chatbot is identified, in response to the determination in  502 , for generating a response to the utterance received while the user is interacting with the first chatbot. The second chatbot can be identified based on computing one or more types of confidence scores. For example, the processing in  504  can be implemented using the same steps discussed above in connection with blocks  408  to  424  in  FIG.  4   . Thus, the second chatbot could be identified by computing, using a predictive model, separate confidence scores for the first chatbot and the second chatbot and determining that the second chatbot is a match to the utterance based on a confidence score computed for the second chatbot satisfying one or more confidence score thresholds. However, as indicated above, the processing in  408  to  424  does not always lead to a response being generated by a skill bot. For example, in some instances, the response to an utterance is generated based on a system intent. Further, it may be possible that the skill bot identified for generating the response is the same bot that the user is currently interacting with, i.e., the first chatbot is the same as the second chatbot. 
     At  506 , the utterance received while the user is interacting with the first chatbot is routed to the second chatbot. If the first chatbot and the second chatbot are different, the digital assistant may output a message indicating that a switch to the second chatbot is occurring, or the digital assistant may prompt the user to confirm that the user wants to proceed with the switch. As discussed earlier, such a message or prompt can be based on the Interrupt Prompt Confidence Threshold. Accordingly, there can be additional interaction between the user and the digital assistant before the second chatbot is permitted to generate a response to the utterance. 
     Regardless of whether the first chatbot and the second chatbot are different, the digital assistant may resume the earlier interaction between the user and the first chatbot, either automatically or after prompting the user for confirmation. For example, upon conclusion of a dialog flow associated with the second chatbot, the digital assistant may prompt the user to confirm whether the user wants to return to a dialog flow that is associated with the first chatbot and that was interrupted as result of the processing in  502  to  506 . 
     Example Computing Environments for Implementing a Chatbot System 
       FIG.  6    depicts a simplified diagram of a distributed system  600  for implementing an embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, distributed system  600  includes one or more client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608 , coupled to a server  612  via one or more communication networks  610 . Clients computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608  may be configured to execute one or more applications. 
     In various embodiments, server  612  may be adapted to run one or more services or software applications that enable a master bot or digital assistant to facilitate a conversation between a user and a skill bot. 
     In certain embodiments, server  612  may also provide other services or software applications that can include non-virtual and virtual environments. In some embodiments, these services may be offered as web-based or cloud services, such as under a Software as a Service (SaaS) model to the users of client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and/or  608 . Users operating client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and/or  608  may in turn utilize one or more client applications to interact with server  612  to utilize the services provided by these components. 
     In the configuration depicted in  FIG.  6   , server  612  may include one or more components  618 ,  620  and  622  that implement the functions performed by server  612 . These components may include software components that may be executed by one or more processors, hardware components, or combinations thereof. It should be appreciated that various different system configurations are possible, which may be different from distributed system  600 . The embodiment shown in  FIG.  6    is thus one example of a distributed system for implementing an embodiment system and is not intended to be limiting. 
     Users may use client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and/or  608  to more configure a master bot and/or skill bot, register or unregister a skill bot, and engage in conversation with the master bot and/or a registered skill bot, in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. A client device may provide an interface that enables a user of the client device to interact with the client device. The client device may also output information to the user via this interface. Although  FIG.  6    depicts only four client computing devices, any number of client computing devices may be supported. 
     The client devices may include various types of computing systems such as portable handheld devices, general purpose computers such as personal computers and laptops, workstation computers, wearable devices, gaming systems, thin clients, various messaging devices, sensors or other sensing devices, and the like. These computing devices may run various types and versions of software applications and operating systems (e.g., Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems, Linux or Linux-like operating systems such as Google Chrome™ OS) including various mobile operating systems (e.g., Microsoft Windows Mobile®, iOS®, Windows Phone®, Android™, BlackBerry®, Palm OS®). Portable handheld devices may include cellular phones, smartphones, (e.g., an iPhone®), tablets (e.g., iPad®), personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the like. Wearable devices may include Google Glass® head mounted display, and other devices. Gaming systems may include various handheld gaming devices, Internet-enabled gaming devices (e.g., a Microsoft Xbox® gaming console with or without a Kinect® gesture input device, Sony PlayStation® system, various gaming systems provided by Nintendo®, and others), and the like. The client devices may be capable of executing various different applications such as various Internet-related apps, communication applications (e.g., E-mail applications, short message service (SMS) applications) and may use various communication protocols. 
     Network(s)  610  may be any type of network familiar to those skilled in the art that can support data communications using any of a variety of available protocols, including without limitation TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol), SNA (systems network architecture), IPX (Internet packet exchange), AppleTalk®, and the like. Merely by way of example, network(s)  610  can be a local area network (LAN), networks based on Ethernet, Token-Ring, a wide-area network (WAN), the Internet, a virtual network, a virtual private network (VPN), an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), an infra-red network, a wireless network (e.g., a network operating under any of the IEEE 802.11 suite of protocols, Bluetooth®, and/or any other wireless protocol), and/or any combination of these and/or other networks. 
     Server  612  may be composed of one or more general purpose computers, specialized server computers (including, by way of example, PC (personal computer) servers, UNIX® servers, mid-range servers, mainframe computers, rack-mounted servers, etc.), server farms, server clusters, or any other appropriate arrangement and/or combination. Server  612  can include one or more virtual machines running virtual operating systems, or other computing architectures involving virtualization such as one or more flexible pools of logical storage devices that can be virtualized to maintain virtual storage devices for the server. In various embodiments, server  612  may be adapted to run one or more services or software applications that provide the functionality described in the foregoing disclosure. 
     The computing systems in server  612  may run one or more operating systems including any of those discussed above, as well as any commercially available server operating system. Server  612  may also run any of a variety of additional server applications and/or mid-tier applications, including HTTP (hypertext transport protocol) servers, FTP (file transfer protocol) servers, CGI (common gateway interface) servers, JAVA® servers, database servers, and the like. Exemplary database servers include without limitation those commercially available from Oracle®, Microsoft®, Sybase®, IBM® (International Business Machines), and the like. 
     In some implementations, server  612  may include one or more applications to analyze and consolidate data feeds and/or event updates received from users of client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608 . As an example, data feeds and/or event updates may include, but are not limited to, Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates or real-time updates received from one or more third party information sources and continuous data streams, which may include real-time events related to sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performance measuring tools (e.g., network monitoring and traffic management applications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile traffic monitoring, and the like. Server  612  may also include one or more applications to display the data feeds and/or real-time events via one or more display devices of client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608 . 
     Distributed system  600  may also include one or more data repositories  614 ,  616 . These data repositories may be used to store data and other information in certain embodiments. For example, one or more of the data repositories  614 ,  616  may be used to store conversation histories, master bot and skill bot configuration information, routing rules, and/or other chatbot-related information. Data repositories  614 ,  616  may reside in a variety of locations. For example, a data repository used by server  612  may be local to server  612  or may be remote from server  612  and in communication with server  612  via a network-based or dedicated connection. Data repositories  614 ,  616  may be of different types. In certain embodiments, a data repository used by server  612  may be a database, for example, a relational database, such as databases provided by Oracle Corporation® and other vendors. One or more of these databases may be adapted to enable storage, update, and retrieval of data to and from the database in response to SQL-formatted commands. 
     In certain embodiments, one or more of data repositories  614 ,  616  may also be used by applications to store application data. The data repositories used by applications may be of different types such as, for example, a key-value store repository, an object store repository, or a general storage repository supported by a file system. 
     In certain embodiments, the chatbot-related functionalities described in this disclosure may be offered as services via a cloud environment.  FIG.  7    is a simplified block diagram of a cloud-based system environment in which various chatbot-related services may be offered as cloud services, in accordance with certain embodiments. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  7   , cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide one or more cloud services that may be requested by users using one or more client computing devices  704 ,  706 , and  708 . Cloud infrastructure system  702  may comprise one or more computers and/or servers that may include those described above for server  612 . The computers in cloud infrastructure system  702  may be organized as general purpose computers, specialized server computers, server farms, server clusters, or any other appropriate arrangement and/or combination. 
     Network(s)  710  may facilitate communication and exchange of data between clients  704 ,  706 , and  708  and cloud infrastructure system  702 . Network(s)  710  may include one or more networks. The networks may be of the same or different types. Network(s)  710  may support one or more communication protocols, including wired and/or wireless protocols, for facilitating the communications. 
     The embodiment depicted in  FIG.  7    is only one example of a cloud infrastructure system and is not intended to be limiting. It should be appreciated that, in some other embodiments, cloud infrastructure system  702  may have more or fewer components than those depicted in  FIG.  7   , may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of components. For example, although  FIG.  7    depicts three client computing devices, any number of client computing devices may be supported in alternative embodiments. 
     The term cloud service is generally used to refer to a service that is made available to users on demand and via a communication network such as the Internet by systems (e.g., cloud infrastructure system  702 ) of a service provider. Typically, in a public cloud environment, servers and systems that make up the cloud service provider&#39;s system are different from the customer&#39;s own on-premise servers and systems. The cloud service provider&#39;s systems are managed by the cloud service provider. Customers can thus avail themselves of cloud services provided by a cloud service provider without having to purchase separate licenses, support, or hardware and software resources for the services. For example, a cloud service provider&#39;s system may host an application, and a user may, via the Internet, on demand, order and use the application without the user having to buy infrastructure resources for executing the application. Cloud services are designed to provide easy, scalable access to applications, resources and services. Several providers offer cloud services. For example, several cloud services are offered by Oracle Corporation® of Redwood Shores, Calif., such as middleware services, database services, Java cloud services, and others. 
     In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide one or more cloud services using different models such as under a Software as a Service (SaaS) model, a Platform as a Service (PaaS) model, an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model, and others, including hybrid service models. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may include a suite of applications, middleware, databases, and other resources that enable provision of the various cloud services. 
     A SaaS model enables an application or software to be delivered to a customer over a communication network like the Internet, as a service, without the customer having to buy the hardware or software for the underlying application. For example, a SaaS model may be used to provide customers access to on-demand applications that are hosted by cloud infrastructure system  702 . Examples of SaaS services provided by Oracle Corporation® include, without limitation, various services for human resources/capital management, customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM), enterprise performance management (EPM), analytics services, social applications, and others. 
     An IaaS model is generally used to provide infrastructure resources (e.g., servers, storage, hardware and networking resources) to a customer as a cloud service to provide elastic compute and storage capabilities. Various IaaS services are provided by Oracle Corporation®. 
     A PaaS model is generally used to provide, as a service, platform and environment resources that enable customers to develop, run, and manage applications and services without the customer having to procure, build, or maintain such resources. Examples of PaaS services provided by Oracle Corporation® include, without limitation, Oracle Java Cloud Service (JCS), Oracle Database Cloud Service (DBCS), data management cloud service, various application development solutions services, and others. 
     Cloud services are generally provided on an on-demand self-service basis, subscription-based, elastically scalable, reliable, highly available, and secure. For example, a customer, via a subscription order, may order one or more services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702 . Cloud infrastructure system  702  then performs processing to provide the services requested in the customer&#39;s subscription order. For example, a customer may submit a subscription order for registering a skill bot with a master bot or otherwise adding/configuring a skill bot within a chatbot system. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may be configured to provide one or even multiple cloud services. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide the cloud services via different deployment models. In a public cloud model, cloud infrastructure system  702  may be owned by a third party cloud services provider and the cloud services are offered to any general public customer, where the customer can be an individual or an enterprise. In certain other embodiments, under a private cloud model, cloud infrastructure system  702  may be operated within an organization (e.g., within an enterprise organization) and services provided to customers that are within the organization. For example, the customers may be various departments of an enterprise such as the Human Resources department, the Payroll department, etc. or even individuals within the enterprise. In certain other embodiments, under a community cloud model, the cloud infrastructure system  702  and the services provided may be shared by several organizations in a related community. Various other models such as hybrids of the above mentioned models may also be used. 
     Client computing devices  704 ,  706 , and  708  may be of different types (such as devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608  depicted in  FIG.  6   ) and may be capable of operating one or more client applications. A user may use a client device to interact with cloud infrastructure system  702 , such as to request a service provided by cloud infrastructure system  702 . For example, a user may use a client device to request a chatbot-related service described in this disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the processing performed by cloud infrastructure system  702  for providing chatbot-related services may involve big data analysis. This analysis may involve using, analyzing, and manipulating large data sets to detect and visualize various trends, behaviors, relationships, etc. within the data. This analysis may be performed by one or more processors, possibly processing the data in parallel, performing simulations using the data, and the like. For example, big data analysis may be performed by cloud infrastructure system  702  for determining, based on usage trends for a group of users, which skill or intent to route a particular utterance to. The data used for this analysis may include structured data (e.g., data stored in a database or structured according to a structured model) and/or unstructured data (e.g., data blobs (binary large objects)). 
     As depicted in the embodiment in  FIG.  7   , cloud infrastructure system  702  may include infrastructure resources  730  that are utilized for facilitating the provision of various cloud services offered by cloud infrastructure system  702 . Infrastructure resources  730  may include, for example, processing resources, storage or memory resources, networking resources, and the like. 
     In certain embodiments, to facilitate efficient provisioning of these resources for supporting the various cloud services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702  for different customers, the resources may be bundled into sets of resources or resource modules (also referred to as “pods”). Each resource module or pod may comprise a pre-integrated and optimized combination of resources of one or more types. In certain embodiments, different pods may be pre-provisioned for different types of cloud services. For example, a first set of pods may be provisioned for a database service, a second set of pods, which may include a different combination of resources than a pod in the first set of pods, may be provisioned for Java service, and the like. For some services, the resources allocated for provisioning the services may be shared between the services. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may itself internally use services  732  that are shared by different components of cloud infrastructure system  702  and which facilitate the provisioning of services by cloud infrastructure system  702 . These internal shared services may include, without limitation, a security and identity service, an integration service, an enterprise repository service, an enterprise manager service, a virus scanning and white list service, a high availability, backup and recovery service, a service for enabling cloud support, an email service, a notification service, a file transfer service, and the like. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may comprise multiple subsystems. These subsystems may be implemented in software, or hardware, or combinations thereof. As depicted in  FIG.  7   , the subsystems may include a user interface subsystem  712  that enables users or customers of cloud infrastructure system  702  to interact with cloud infrastructure system  702 . User interface subsystem  712  may include various different interfaces such as a web interface  714 , an online store interface  716  where cloud services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702  are advertised and are purchasable by a consumer, and other interfaces  718 . For example, a customer may, using a client device, request (service request  734 ) one or more services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702  using one or more of interfaces  714 ,  716 , and  718 . For example, a customer may access the online store, browse cloud services offered by cloud infrastructure system  702 , and place a subscription order for one or more services offered by cloud infrastructure system  702  that the customer wishes to subscribe to. The service request may include information identifying the customer and one or more services that the customer desires to subscribe to. For example, a customer may place a subscription order for a chatbot-related service offered by cloud infrastructure system  702 . As part of the order, the customer may provide information identifying a set of users who are authorized to access a particular skill or bot. 
     In certain embodiments, such as the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  7   , cloud infrastructure system  702  may comprise an order management subsystem (OMS)  720  that is configured to process the new order. As part of this processing, OMS  720  may be configured to: create an account for the customer, if not done already; receive billing and/or accounting information from the customer that is to be used for billing the customer for providing the requested service to the customer; verify the customer information; upon verification, book the order for the customer; and orchestrate various workflows to prepare the order for provisioning. 
     Once properly validated, OMS  720  may then invoke the order provisioning subsystem (OPS)  724  that is configured to provision resources for the order including processing, memory, and networking resources. The provisioning may include allocating resources for the order and configuring the resources to facilitate the service requested by the customer order. The manner in which resources are provisioned for an order and the type of the provisioned resources may depend upon the type of cloud service that has been ordered by the customer. For example, according to one workflow, OPS  724  may be configured to determine the particular cloud service being requested and identify a number of pods that may have been pre-configured for that particular cloud service. The number of pods that are allocated for an order may depend upon the size/amount/level/scope of the requested service. For example, the number of pods to be allocated may be determined based upon the number of users to be supported by the service, the duration of time for which the service is being requested, and the like. The allocated pods may then be customized for the particular requesting customer for providing the requested service. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may send a response or notification  744  to the requesting customer to indicate when the requested service is now ready for use. In some instances, information (e.g., a link) may be sent to the customer that enables the customer to start using and availing the benefits of the requested services. In certain embodiments, for a customer requesting the chatbot-related service, the response may include a confirmation that a bot has been successfully registered or configured, and is therefore ready to begin interacting with end-users. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide services to multiple customers. For each customer, cloud infrastructure system  702  is responsible for managing information related to one or more subscription orders received from the customer, maintaining customer data related to the orders, and providing the requested services to the customer. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may also collect usage statistics regarding a customer&#39;s use of subscribed services. For example, statistics may be collected for the amount of storage used, the amount of data transferred, the number of users, and the amount of system up time and system down time, and the like. This usage information may be used to bill the customer. Billing may be done, for example, on a monthly cycle. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide services to multiple customers in parallel. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may store information for these customers, including possibly proprietary information. In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system  702  comprises an identity management subsystem (IMS)  728  that is configured to manage customers information and provide the separation of the managed information such that information related to one customer is not accessible by another customer. IMS  728  may be configured to provide various security-related services such as identity services, such as information access management, authentication and authorization services, services for managing customer identities and roles and related capabilities, and the like. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary computer system  800  that may be used to implement certain embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, computer system  800  may be used to implement any of various servers and computer systems described above. As shown in  FIG.  8   , computer system  800  includes various subsystems including a processing subsystem  804  that communicates with a number of other subsystems via a bus subsystem  802 . These other subsystems may include a processing acceleration unit  806 , an I/O subsystem  808 , a storage subsystem  818 , and a communications subsystem  824 . Storage subsystem  818  may include non-transitory computer-readable storage media including storage media  822  and a system memory  810 . 
     Bus subsystem  802  provides a mechanism for letting the various components and subsystems of computer system  800  communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem  802  is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple buses. Bus subsystem  802  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures, and the like. For example, such architectures may include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, which can be implemented as a Mezzanine bus manufactured to the IEEE P1386.1 standard, and the like. 
     Processing subsystem  804  controls the operation of computer system  800  and may comprise one or more processors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The processors may include be single core or multicore processors. The processing resources of computer system  800  can be organized into one or more processing units  832 ,  834 , etc. A processing unit may include one or more processors, one or more cores from the same or different processors, a combination of cores and processors, or other combinations of cores and processors. In some embodiments, processing subsystem  804  can include one or more special purpose co-processors such as graphics processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), or the like. In some embodiments, some or all of the processing units of processing subsystem  804  can be implemented using customized circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). 
     In some embodiments, the processing units in processing subsystem  804  can execute instructions stored in system memory  810  or on computer readable storage media  822 . In various embodiments, the processing units can execute a variety of programs or code instructions and can maintain multiple concurrently executing programs or processes. At any given time, some or all of the program code to be executed can be resident in system memory  810  and/or on computer-readable storage media  822  including potentially on one or more storage devices. Through suitable programming, processing subsystem  804  can provide various functionalities described above. In instances where computer system  800  is executing one or more virtual machines, one or more processing units may be allocated to each virtual machine. 
     In certain embodiments, a processing acceleration unit  806  may optionally be provided for performing customized processing or for off-loading some of the processing performed by processing subsystem  804  so as to accelerate the overall processing performed by computer system  800 . 
     I/O subsystem  808  may include devices and mechanisms for inputting information to computer system  800  and/or for outputting information from or via computer system  800 . In general, use of the term input device is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for inputting information to computer system  800 . User interface input devices may include, for example, a keyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball, a touchpad or touch screen incorporated into a display, a scroll wheel, a click wheel, a dial, a button, a switch, a keypad, audio input devices with voice command recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. User interface input devices may also include motion sensing and/or gesture recognition devices such as the Microsoft Kinect® motion sensor that enables users to control and interact with an input device, the Microsoft Xbox® 360 game controller, devices that provide an interface for receiving input using gestures and spoken commands. User interface input devices may also include eye gesture recognition devices such as the Google Glass® blink detector that detects eye activity (e.g., “blinking” while taking pictures and/or making a menu selection) from users and transforms the eye gestures as inputs to an input device (e.g., Google) Glass®. Additionally, user interface input devices may include voice recognition sensing devices that enable users to interact with voice recognition systems (e.g., Siri® navigator) through voice commands. 
     Other examples of user interface input devices include, without limitation, three dimensional (3D) mice, joysticks or pointing sticks, gamepads and graphic tablets, and audio/visual devices such as speakers, digital cameras, digital camcorders, portable media players, webcams, image scanners, fingerprint scanners, barcode reader 3D scanners, 3D printers, laser rangefinders, and eye gaze tracking devices. Additionally, user interface input devices may include, for example, medical imaging input devices such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, and medical ultrasonography devices. User interface input devices may also include, for example, audio input devices such as MIDI keyboards, digital musical instruments and the like. 
     In general, use of the term output device is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for outputting information from computer system  800  to a user or other computer. User interface output devices may include a display subsystem, indicator lights, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. The display subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device, such as that using a liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display, a projection device, a touch screen, and the like. For example, user interface output devices may include, without limitation, a variety of display devices that visually convey text, graphics and audio/video information such as monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, automotive navigation systems, plotters, voice output devices, and modems. 
     Storage subsystem  818  provides a repository or data store for storing information and data that is used by computer system  800 . Storage subsystem  818  provides a tangible non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for storing the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of some embodiments. Storage subsystem  818  may store software (e.g., programs, code modules, instructions) that when executed by processing subsystem  804  provides the functionality described above. The software may be executed by one or more processing units of processing subsystem  804 . Storage subsystem  818  may also provide a repository for storing data used in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. 
     Storage subsystem  818  may include one or more non-transitory memory devices, including volatile and non-volatile memory devices. As shown in  FIG.  8   , storage subsystem  818  includes a system memory  810  and a computer-readable storage media  822 . System memory  810  may include a number of memories including a volatile main random access memory (RAM) for storage of instructions and data during program execution and a non-volatile read only memory (ROM) or flash memory in which fixed instructions are stored. In some implementations, a basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer system  800 , such as during start-up, may typically be stored in the ROM. The RAM may contain data and/or program modules that are presently being operated and executed by processing subsystem  804 . In some implementations, system memory  810  may include multiple different types of memory, such as static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and the like. 
     By way of example, and not limitation, as depicted in  FIG.  8   , system memory  810  may load application programs  812  that are being executed, which may include various applications such as Web browsers, mid-tier applications, relational database management systems (RDBMS), etc., program data  814 , and an operating system  816 . By way of example, operating system  816  may include various versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems, a variety of commercially-available UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems (including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operating systems, the Google Chrome® OS, and the like) and/or mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows® Phone, Android® OS, BlackBerry® OS, Palm® OS operating systems, and others. 
     Computer-readable storage media  822  may store programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of some embodiments. Computer-readable media  822  may provide storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer system  800 . Software (programs, code modules, instructions) that, when executed by processing subsystem  804  provides the functionality described above, may be stored in storage subsystem  818 . By way of example, computer-readable storage media  822  may include non-volatile memory such as a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, an optical disk drive such as a CD ROM, DVD, a Blu-Ray® disk, or other optical media. Computer-readable storage media  822  may include, but is not limited to, Zip® drives, flash memory cards, universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, secure digital (SD) cards, DVD disks, digital video tape, and the like. Computer-readable storage media  822  may also include, solid-state drives (SSD) based on non-volatile memory such as flash-memory based SSDs, enterprise flash drives, solid state ROM, and the like, SSDs based on volatile memory such as solid state RAM, dynamic RAM, static RAM, DRAM-based SSDs, magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) SSDs, and hybrid SSDs that use a combination of DRAM and flash memory based SSDs. 
     In certain embodiments, storage subsystem  818  may also include a computer-readable storage media reader  820  that can further be connected to computer-readable storage media  822 . Reader  820  may receive and be configured to read data from a memory device such as a disk, a flash drive, etc. 
     In certain embodiments, computer system  800  may support virtualization technologies, including but not limited to virtualization of processing and memory resources. For example, computer system  800  may provide support for executing one or more virtual machines. In certain embodiments, computer system  800  may execute a program such as a hypervisor that facilitated the configuring and managing of the virtual machines. Each virtual machine may be allocated memory, compute (e.g., processors, cores), I/O, and networking resources. Each virtual machine generally runs independently of the other virtual machines. A virtual machine typically runs its own operating system, which may be the same as or different from the operating systems executed by other virtual machines executed by computer system  800 . Accordingly, multiple operating systems may potentially be run concurrently by computer system  800 . 
     Communications subsystem  824  provides an interface to other computer systems and networks. Communications subsystem  824  serves as an interface for receiving data from and transmitting data to other systems from computer system  800 . For example, communications subsystem  824  may enable computer system  800  to establish a communication channel to one or more client devices via the Internet for receiving and sending information from and to the client devices. For example, the communication subsystem may be used for communications between a master bot and an individual bot in connection with a routing decision, or for communications between an individual bot and a user after the user has been routed to the individual bot. 
     Communication subsystem  824  may support both wired and/or wireless communication protocols. For example, in certain embodiments, communications subsystem  824  may include radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessing wireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephone technology, advanced data network technology, such as 3G, 4G or EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution), WiFi (IEEE 802.XX family standards, or other mobile communication technologies, or any combination thereof), global positioning system (GPS) receiver components, and/or other components. In some embodiments communications subsystem  824  can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet) in addition to or instead of a wireless interface. 
     Communication subsystem  824  can receive and transmit data in various forms. For example, in some embodiments, in addition to other forms, communications subsystem  824  may receive input communications in the form of structured and/or unstructured data feeds  826 , event streams  828 , event updates  830 , and the like. For example, communications subsystem  824  may be configured to receive (or send) data feeds  826  in real-time from users of social media networks and/or other communication services such as Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates, web feeds such as Rich Site Summary (RSS) feeds, and/or real-time updates from one or more third party information sources. 
     In certain embodiments, communications subsystem  824  may be configured to receive data in the form of continuous data streams, which may include event streams  828  of real-time events and/or event updates  830 , that may be continuous or unbounded in nature with no explicit end. Examples of applications that generate continuous data may include, for example, sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performance measuring tools (e.g. network monitoring and traffic management applications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile traffic monitoring, and the like. 
     Communications subsystem  824  may also be configured to communicate data from computer system  800  to other computer systems or networks. The data may be communicated in various different forms such as structured and/or unstructured data feeds  826 , event streams  828 , event updates  830 , and the like to one or more databases that may be in communication with one or more streaming data source computers coupled to computer system  800 . 
     Computer system  800  can be one of various types, including a handheld portable device (e.g., an iPhone® cellular phone, an iPad® computing tablet, a PDA), a wearable device (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounted display), a personal computer, a workstation, a mainframe, a kiosk, a server rack, or any other data processing system. Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description of computer system  800  depicted in  FIG.  8    is intended only as a specific example. Many other configurations having more or fewer components than the system depicted in  FIG.  8    are possible. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the various embodiments. 
     Although specific embodiments have been described, various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, and equivalents are possible. Embodiments are not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments, but are free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although certain embodiments have been described using a particular series of transactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that this is not intended to be limiting. Although some flowcharts describe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process may have additional steps not included in the figure. Various features and aspects of the above-described embodiments may be used individually or jointly. 
     Further, while certain embodiments have been described using a particular combination of hardware and software, it should be recognized that other combinations of hardware and software are also possible. Certain embodiments may be implemented only in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. 
     Where devices, systems, components or modules are described as being configured to perform certain operations or functions, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation such as by executing computer instructions or code, or processors or cores programmed to execute code or instructions stored on a non-transitory memory medium, or any combination thereof. Processes can communicate using a variety of techniques including but not limited to conventional techniques for inter-process communications, and different pairs of processes may use different techniques, or the same pair of processes may use different techniques at different times. 
     Specific details are given in this disclosure to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. This description provides example embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of other embodiments. Rather, the preceding description of the embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing various embodiments. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements. 
     The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope as set forth in the claims. Thus, although specific embodiments have been described, these are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the following claims.