Patent Publication Number: US-2022224666-A1

Title: Generating automated messages within messaging threads that facilitate digital signatures by verified users

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/662,152, filed on Jul. 27, 2017. The aforementioned application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Network users increasingly share and promote different types of digital content using social networking systems. For example, corporations, educational institutions, firms, and other organizations promote commercial products, data services, social causes, and other products and services using posts or in-application messages within a social networking system. Individual users likewise promote such causes, products, or services using private accounts of a social networking system. 
     But as some organizations and individuals proliferate digital content on social networking systems, other users perpetrate cyber fraud using certain existing social networking systems. Some existing social networking systems, for example, allow network users to create accounts using a pseudonym or alternative moniker. Regardless of the type of user account offered, some existing social networking systems also lack proper security checks for a user&#39;s identity and risk people or software bots creating accounts using fictitious or stolen identities. Given these security vulnerabilities, organizations and individuals may inadvertently promote causes or transact electronic commerce with fictitious users or false accounts using a social networking system. This increased cyber fraud impedes organizations and individuals from promoting causes or conducting electronic commerce with real users using social networking systems. 
     In addition to cyber-security concerns, the proliferation of digital content on social networking systems has complicated the sharing of digital content in public, semi-public, and private communication forums. Some existing social networking systems, for example, provide digital forums for users to share digital content publicly or with a group of selected contacts, but lack corresponding digital forums for users to exchange information privately in a secure environment. For example, certain existing social networking systems provide a social feed or timeline in which users may post images or other digital content items, but lack a corresponding digital forum that enables users to privately exchange information about (or in connection with) such digital content items. 
     Accordingly, some existing social networking systems lack security mechanisms that ensure organizations and individuals promote causes, products, and services to real users and not to fictitious users or deceivers using stolen social-networking accounts. Additionally, some existing social networking systems lack transition mechanisms that enable users to move from a public or semi-public digital forum into a private forum with a third party to exchange information about (or in connection with) digital content. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure describes one or more embodiments of methods and systems that solve the foregoing problems in addition to providing other benefits. To solve these and other problems, the disclosed methods and systems verify a user&#39;s identity and generate automated messages within a messaging thread to prompt the user to digitally sign a digital document. Before generating such automated messages, the disclosed methods and systems optionally cause a client device to transition from presenting a newsfeed comprising a third party&#39;s digital content item to (alternatively or additionally) presenting a messaging thread. For instance, in some embodiments, the methods and systems provide a messaging thread for a user and the third party upon receiving a selection by the user of an option within the newsfeed associated with the digital content item. Within the messaging thread, the methods and systems then generate automated messages that prompt the user to digitally sign the digital document, such as a digital petition or contract. 
     In some embodiments, for instance, the methods and systems provide a user of a social networking system a newsfeed comprising a digital content item for a third party. Upon receiving a selection by the user of a selectable option associated with the digital content item, the methods and systems provide a messaging thread between the user and the third party. Within this messaging thread, the methods and systems generate a first automated message that comprises a signature option to digitally sign a digital document. When the user selects the signature option, the methods and systems generate a second automated message comprising an image of a digital signature for the user to add to the digital document. The disclosed methods and systems also verify the user&#39;s identity. Based on the user&#39;s selection to add the digital signature and verification of the user&#39;s identity, the methods and systems add the digital signature to the digital document. 
     By transitioning from a newsfeed to a messaging thread that facilitates a digital signature, the disclosed methods and systems provide a digital forum (i.e., a newsfeed) that facilitates promoting causes, products, or services associated with digital documents and a one-on-one digital forum (i.e., a messaging thread) in which the digital document can be signed. This transition from a newsfeed to a messaging thread avoids the exchange of sensitive information on a timeline, comment section, newsfeed, or other, more visible space of a social networking system. The automated messages further facilitate organizations and individuals in promoting causes, products, and services on a social networking system that benefit from (or require) a digital signature from a verified user. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The detailed description refers to the drawings briefly described below. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an environment for implementing a social networking system in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 2A-2D  illustrate a sequence-flow diagram of generating automated messages within a messaging thread for a verified user of a social networking system to digitally sign a digital document in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 3A-3B  illustrate a sequence-flow diagram of generating automated messages within a messaging thread for a verified user of a social networking system to pay a third party or join an email-distribution list in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A-4I  illustrate user interfaces of a client device presenting automated messages within a messaging thread for a verified user of a social networking system to digitally sign a digital document, pay a third party, or join an email-distribution list in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts in a method of generating automated messages within a messaging thread for a verified user of a social networking system to digitally sign a digital document in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of an example computing device in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a network environment of a networking system according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example social graph for a networking system in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure describes one or more embodiments of a social networking system that verifies a user&#39;s identity and generates automated messages within a messaging thread to prompt the user to digitally sign a digital document. Before generating such automated messages, the social networking system optionally causes a client device to transition from presenting a newsfeed comprising a third party&#39;s digital content item to presenting a messaging thread. For instance, in some embodiments, the social networking system provides a messaging thread for a user and the third party upon receiving a selection by the user of an option within the newsfeed associated with the digital content item (e.g., a call-to-action button or link). Within the messaging thread, the social networking system generates automated messages that prompt the user to digitally sign the digital document, such as a digital petition or contract. 
     In some embodiments, for instance, the social networking system provides a user of a social networking system a newsfeed comprising a digital content item for a third party. Upon receiving a selection by the user of a selectable option associated with the digital content item, the social networking system provides (e.g., generates and/or opens) a messaging thread between the user and the third party. Within this messaging thread, the social networking system generates a first automated message that comprises a signature option to digitally sign a digital document. When the user selects the signature option, the social networking system generates a second automated message comprising an image of a digital signature for the user to add to the digital document. The social networking system further verifies the user&#39;s identity. Based on the user&#39;s selection to add the digital signature and verification of the user&#39;s identity, the social networking system adds the digital signature to the digital document. 
     The image of the digital signature may take several forms. For example, in some embodiments, the image of the digital signature comprises a preloaded image of a previous digital signature that a user can confirm represents her digital signature. Additionally, in some embodiments, the social networking system provides a digital signature field in which the user inputs a digital signature, such as by drawing a digital signature with touch gestures on a touch screen. In yet additional embodiments, the social networking system automatically generates an image of a digital signature based on a name designated for an account of the user for the social networking system. 
     In addition to adding a digital signature to a digital document, in certain embodiments, the social networking system provides selectable options within the messaging thread to share the user&#39;s support for the third party in one of the system&#39;s digital forums. For example, in some instances, the social networking system provides a post-sharing option within the messaging thread that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system to generate a suggested digital content item for the user to post to the user&#39;s timeline or otherwise share with other users of the social networking system. In some such instances, the suggested digital content item indicates the user&#39;s support for the third party, such as by indicating that the user digitally signed a digital document associated with the third party. 
     The suggested digital content item also optionally includes a selectable option (e.g., a call-to-action button or link) that triggers the social networking system to provide an additional messaging thread to another user to facilitate more digital signatures of the digital document. By suggesting that users post digital content with such selectable options, the social networking system can create a digital snowball effect. When users post the suggested digital content with options to support the third party, the social networking system encourages more users to support a cause, product, or service associated with the third party and a digital document (e.g., a petition for a social cause or contract for a product or service). 
     Similarly, in some embodiments, the social networking system provides a message-sharing option within the messaging thread that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system to provide a list of the user&#39;s contacts (e.g., friends or followers) and a suggested message for the user to send in a messaging thread to other users. Similar to the suggested digital content item, in some such instances, the suggested message indicates the user&#39;s support for the third party, such as by indicating that the user digitally signed a digital document associated with the third party. The suggested message also optionally includes a selectable option that triggers similar messaging threads to facilitate more digital signatures of the digital document by users to whom the suggested messages are sent. 
     In addition to selectable options that facilitate digital signatures, in certain embodiments, the disclosed social networking system also provides options within a messaging thread that facilitate paying a third party and/or adding a user&#39;s email address to an email-distribution list. In some such embodiments, the social networking system includes within an automated message a payment option that (upon selection) causes a client device to generate payment fields to facilitate a user&#39;s donation or payment to a third party. Additionally, or alternatively, the social networking system includes within an automated message an email-distribution option that (upon selection) causes the social networking system to automatically provide an email address associated with an account of the user for addition to the third party&#39;s email-distribution list. 
     As noted above, some existing social networking systems lack transition mechanisms that enable users to move from a public- or semi-public digital forum into a private digital forum with a third party to exchange information concerning digital content. For example, some existing social networking systems provide no mechanism for a user to privately send messages to another user or organization (with which the user is not connected) to process a digital signature, complete a financial transaction, or add an email to an email-distribution list. In the mobile device context, for example, some existing social networking systems cannot transition from a mobile-software application that facilitates the display of digital content to multiple users, on the one hand, to a mobile-software application that facilitates the exchange of information in a secure, one-on-one context. 
     The disclosed social networking system solves these problems by providing a selectable option and corresponding back-end systems that transition a client device from presenting a newsfeed to presenting a messaging thread with automated messages that prompt the user&#39;s digital signature. The disclosed social networking system thus provides a digital forum (i.e., a newsfeed) that facilitates promoting causes, products, or services associated with digital documents and a one-on-one digital forum (i.e., a messaging thread) in which the digital document can be signed, a payment made, or email address added to a list. In some embodiments, for instance, the selectable option triggers a client device to transition from a social networking application with a newsfeed to a messaging application with a messaging thread for the user and a third party to exchange sensitive information. Similarly, in some embodiments, the selectable option triggers a client device to transition from a web browser with a newsfeed to overlay a messaging thread for the user and a third party to exchange sensitive information. 
     As also noted above, some existing social networking systems lack security mechanisms that ensure organizations and individuals promote causes, products, and services to real users, instead of fictitious users or deceivers using stolen accounts. The disclosed social networking system solves this problem by using a chatbot that generates automated messages for gathering digital signatures, payments, and email addresses from verified users. After the social networking system verifies a user&#39;s identity, the social networking system uses a chatbot to represent the third party in a one-on-one messaging thread between the user and the chatbot. This private messaging thread allows users to securely exchange sensitive information away from the more visible digital forums of some social networking systems. 
     Turning now to the figures,  FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a system environment  100  in which a social networking system  102  operates. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the system environment  100  includes the social networking system  102 , including server(s)  104 . The system environment  100  further includes a third-party device  106  and client devices  116   a  and  116   b . As depicted in  FIG. 1 , the third-party device  106  has an associated third party  112 . Similarly, each of the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  have an associated user—with a user  122   a  associated with the client device  116   a  and a user  122   b  associated with the client device  116   b.    
     As suggested by  FIG. 1 , the third party  112  sends a digital content item from the third-party device  106  to the social networking system  102  to share with other users (e.g., users  122   a  and  122   b ). As used in this disclosure, the term “digital content item” refers to any digital image, photo, text, symbol, video, file, or any combination thereof capable of posting to or sharing through a social networking system. For example, a digital content item can include an image and accompanying text with a call-to-action button posted within a newsfeed for a user of the social networking system  102 . As another example, a digital content item can include a video with an accompanying link posted within a newsfeed for a user of the social networking system  102 .  FIG. 4A  below provides a further example of a digital content item. 
     The term “newsfeed” refers to a compilation of recent social networking activity on a social networking system relevant to a user. For example, a newsfeed includes recently posted digital content items from a user&#39;s friends, followees, or contacts on the social networking system  102 . A newsfeed may also include digital content items distributed by third parties, such as sponsored digital content items that promote a cause, product, or service. In some embodiments, the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  present newsfeeds with digital content items within a graphical user interface.  FIG. 4A  below provides a further example of a newsfeed. 
     After the social networking system  102  adds a digital content item to newsfeeds for the user  122   a  and  122   b , one or both of the users  122   a  and  122   b  view the digital content item on their respective client devices  116   a  and  116   b . Although  FIG. 1  illustrates a particular number of client devices  116   a  and  116   b  and a particular number of associated users  122   a  and  122   b , the system environment  100  may include any number of client devices and any number of associated users. Any number of these users may view digital content items from third parties within the users&#39; respective newsfeeds. 
     When the client device  116   a  presents the digital content item within a newsfeed for the user  122   a , for example, the client device  116   a  receives an indication of a selection by the user  122   a  of a selectable option associated with the digital content item for the third party  112 . In some embodiments, this selection triggers the social networking system  102  to provide a messaging thread to the client device  116   a . The provided messaging thread is private and between the third party  112  and the user  122   a . In some embodiments, the social networking system  102  digitally encrypts the messages sent and received over the network  114  as part of the messaging thread. 
     As used in this disclosure, the term “messaging thread” refers to a collection of one or more digital messages exchanged between users of a networking system. Accordingly, a messaging thread may include multiple digital messages sent and received exclusively by users of the social networking system  102 . But a messaging thread may likewise include a single digital message sent exclusively from one user to another user of the social networking system  102 . In some embodiments, both the third party  112  and a chatbot that represents the third party  112  have access to a messaging thread between the third party  112  and another user of the social networking system  102 , such as the user  122   a . As described below, in some embodiments, the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  present graphical user interfaces that include messaging threads, such as the messaging threads shown in  FIGS. 4B-4E and 4I  described below. 
     In addition to being private, the provided messaging thread is shown to a verified user. The social networking system  102  verifies an identity of the user  122   a  sometime before providing the messaging thread. For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  compares a username and password to a username and password associated with an account of the user  122   a . Additionally, in certain embodiments, the social networking system  102  also compares a location of the client device  116   a  and a device identifier of the client device  116   a  to locations and device identifiers of one or more client devices tracked within a user history for the user  122   a.    
     Continuing the example from above, after providing a messaging thread to the client device  116   a , the social networking system  102  generates automated messages that prompt the user to perform certain tasks. Specifically, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  uses a chatbot to generate such automated messages. For example, a chatbot may generate automated messages that prompt the user  122   a  to digitally sign a digital document, pay the third party  112 , and/or add an email address to an email-distribution list. 
     As used in this disclosure, the term “automated message” refers to a digital message that a chatbot generates within a messaging thread. For example, an automated message may include text and selectable options that prompt a user to perform tasks. Moreover, an automated message may likewise include a digital document that the automated message prompts a user to sign and/or an image of a digital signature for a user to add to the digital document.  FIGS. 4B-4E and 4I  below provide examples of automated messages. 
     Relatedly, the term “digital document” refers to any document represented in a digital format. A digital document may include, but is not limited to, a digital agreement, contract, financial statement, indenture, license, memorandum, pledge, promissory note, petition, tax form, written statement, waiver, or image. In some embodiments, a digital document includes fields within which a digital signature may be added. The term “digital signature” refers to any signature generated or captured by a computing device (e.g., initials, a name, a code). A digital signature includes, but is not limited to, a signature drawn with a mouse, stylus, or touch gesture using a computer interface (e.g., a finger drawing a signature on a touch screen) or an automatically generated representation of a user&#39;s signature based on a name designated for an account of a user of the social networking system  102 .  FIGS. 4B and 4D  described below provide examples of digital signatures. In some embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides a digital signature in the form of an image, such as a .JPG file comprising a digital signature. 
     After the social networking system  102  has provided a messaging thread, it optionally generates an automated message within the messaging thread that prompts the user  122   a  to sign a digital document. In some such embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides an image of a digital signature for the user  122   a  to add to the digital document. After receiving a confirmation that the digital signature represents a signature of the user  122   a  or receiving a new digital signature from the user  122   a , the social networking system  102  adds a digital signature for the user  122   a  to the digital document. 
     When sending and receiving digital content items, digital messages, or other content, the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  communicate over a network  114  with the social networking system  102 , including the server(s)  104 . This disclosure describes additional details related to the social networking system  102  below with reference to  FIGS. 7-8 . Additionally, the network  114  may represent a network or a collection of networks, such as the Internet, a corporate intranet, a local area network (“LAN”), or a combination of two or more such networks. The network  114  may also be any suitable network over which the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  (or other components) access the social networking system  102  (or vice versa). 
     As further shown in  FIG. 1 , the server(s)  104  can enable the various functions, features, processes, methods, and systems described in this disclosure using, for example, instructions within the social networking system  102 . Additionally, or alternatively, the server(s)  104  coordinate with the third-party device  106  and/or the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  to perform or provide the various functions, features, processes, methods, and systems described in more detail below. Although  FIG. 1  illustrates a particular arrangement of the social networking system  102 , server(s)  104 , third-party device  106 , network  114 , and client devices  116   a  and  116   b , various additional arrangements are possible. For example, the social networking system  102  and the server(s)  104  may directly communicate with the third-party device  106  and/or the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  and thus bypass the network  114 . 
     Generally, the third-party device  106  and client devices  116   a  and  116   b  can include any one of various types of client devices. For example, the third-party device  106  or client devices  116   a  and  116   b  can include a mobile device (e.g., a smart phone), tablet, laptop computer, desktop computer, television, or any other type of computing device as further explained below with reference to  FIG. 6 . Similarly, the server(s)  104  can include one or more computing devices, including those explained below with reference to  FIG. 6 . Moreover, the server(s)  104 , social networking system  102 , third-party device  106 , network  114 , and client devices  116   a  and  116   b  may communicate using any communication applications and technologies suitable for transporting data and/or communication signals, including any known communication technologies, devices, media, and protocols supportive of data communications, examples of which are described below with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     As an overview of the system environment  100 , the server(s)  104  provide the third-party device  106  and client devices  116   a  and  116   b  access to the social networking system  102  through the network  114 . In one or more embodiments, when accessing the server(s)  104  of the social networking system  102 , the third-party device  106  transmits digitally encoded data to the social networking system  102 , such as digitally encoded data for a digital content item or digital message. For example, the social networking system  102  may provide a website that enables the third party  112  to send digital content items for posting to a page/account for the third party and adding to the newsfeeds of users of the social networking system  102 . By contrast, in one or more embodiments, when the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  access the server(s)  104  of the social networking system  102  (e.g., through a website), the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  receive a transmission of digitally encoded data from the social networking system  102 , such as digitally encoded data for a digital content item or digital message. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  communicate with the server(s)  104  of the social networking system  102  via dedicated applications on the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b . In particular, the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  each have an associated social networking application and messaging application—with a social networking application  108  and a messaging application  110  associated with the third-party device  106 , a social networking application  118   a  and a messaging application  120   a  associated with the client device  116   a , and a social networking application  118   b  and a messaging application  120   b  associated with the client device  116   b.    
     Among other things, the social networking applications  108 ,  118   a , and  118   b  provide tools for the third party  112  and the users  122   a  and  122   b  to send digital content items to the social networking system  102  for posting on timelines or newsfeeds for users. By contrast, the messaging applications  110 ,  120   a , and  120   b  facilitate direct messaging within a messaging thread between the third party  112  (or a chatbot for the third party  112 ) and another user of the social networking system  102 . Although  FIG. 1  depicts the social networking applications  108 ,  118   a , and  118   b , on the one hand, and the messaging applications  110 ,  120   a , and  120   b , on the other hand, as separate applications from each other, in an alternative embodiment, the messaging applications  110 ,  120   a , and  120   b  are respectively part of the social networking applications  108 ,  118   a , and  118   b  (or vice versa). 
     In some embodiments, the social networking applications  108 ,  118   a , and  118   b  and the messaging applications  110 ,  120   a , and  120   b  comprise web browsers, applets, or other software applications (e.g., native applications) available to the third-party device  106  and the client devices  116   a  and  116   b . Additionally, in some instances, the social networking system  102  provides data packets including instructions that, when executed by the third-party device  106  or the client devices  116   a  and  116   b , respectively create or otherwise integrate the social networking applications  108 ,  118   a , and  118   b  within an application or webpage. Similarly, in some instances, the social networking system  102  provides data packets including instructions that, when executed by the third-party device  106  or the client devices  116   a  and  116   b , respectively create or otherwise integrate messaging applications  110 ,  120   a , and  120   b  within an application or webpage. 
     As suggested above, the third-party device  106  may share digital content items with the client device  116   a  and  116   b . In some cases, the third-party device  106  launches the social networking application  108  to facilitate interacting with the social networking system  102 . In some such embodiments, the social networking application  108  coordinates communications between the third-party device  106  and the server(s)  104  such that, for example, the third-party device  106  sends a digital content item to the social networking system  102  (and the social networking system  102  in turn sends the digital content item to the client devices  116   a  and  116   b ) to add to a newsfeed for a user. 
     To facilitate user interaction with the social networking system  102 , the social networking application  108  and the messaging application  110  each optionally comprise one or more graphical user interfaces associated with the social networking system  102 ; receive indications of interactions of the third party  112  with the graphical user interfaces; and perform various requests, queries, or responses to other user input, such as displaying a digital content item in the social networking application  108  or displaying a messaging thread within the messaging application  110 . Similarly, the social networking applications  118   a  and  118   b  and the messaging applications  120   a  and  120   b  each perform the same functions for the client devices  116   a  and  116   b  (and the users  122   a  and  122   b ) as the social networking application  108  and the messaging application  110  performs for the third-party device  106  (and the third party  112 ). 
     For example, the graphical user interfaces of the social networking application  108  and social networking applications  118   a - 118   b  facilitate the transmission of digital content items for display within a newsfeed or with other content. Based on detecting an interaction between the user  122   a  and a graphical user interface (provided by the client device  116   a )—such as a selection of a selectable thumbnail for the social networking application  118   a —the client device  116   a  verifies an identity of the user  122   a . After verifying the identity of the user  122   a , the client device  116   a  requests a newsfeed from the social networking system  102 . Upon receiving the request, the social networking system  102  transmits a digital content item for the third party  112  with a newsfeed to the client device  116   a.    
     The client device  116   a  then presents the digital content item within the newsfeed in a graphical user interface. Based on detecting an additional interaction between the user  122   a  and a graphical user interface (provided by the client device  116   a )—such as a selection of a selectable option associated with the digital content item—the client device  116   a  requests from the social networking system  102  a messaging thread between the third party  112  and the user  122   a . Upon making the request, the client device  116   a  launches the messaging application  120   a  to view the requested messaging thread. The social networking system  102  then provides the requested messaging thread to the client device  116   a  for presentation within a graphical user interface. Using a chatbot, the social networking system  102  generates automated messages within the messaging thread that prompt the user  122   a  to digitally signing a digital document, pay the third party  112 , and/or add an email address to an email-distribution list. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 2A-2D and 3 , these figures provide an overview of embodiments of the social networking system  102  that verify a user&#39;s identity and generate automated messages within a messaging thread to prompt the user to digitally sign a digital document, pay a third party, or join an email-distribution list. Specifically,  FIGS. 2A-2D  illustrate a representation of a sequence of acts  202 - 262  that the social networking system  102 , the third-party device  106 , or the client device  116   a  perform, such as sending a digital content item to add to a newsfeed for a user, providing a messaging thread, generating an automated message comprising a signature option, and verifying an identity of a user. Similarly,  FIGS. 3A-3B  illustrates a representation of a sequence of acts  302 - 324  that the social networking system  102 , the third-party device  106 , or the client device  116   a  perform, such as generating an automated message comprising a signature option, a payment option, and an email-distribution option; providing payment fields; and generating an automated message comprising an email address for a user. 
     Various components of the system environment  100  perform the acts  202 - 262  shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D  or the acts  302 - 324  shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B . In some embodiments, for example, the social networking system  102  comprises computer-executable instructions that cause the server(s)  104  to perform one or more of the acts  202 - 262  or the acts  302 - 324 . Similarly, in certain embodiments, the social networking application  108  and the messaging application  110  comprise computer-executable instructions—and the social networking application  118   a  and the messaging application  120   a  comprise computer-executable instructions—that respectively cause the third-party device  106  or the client device  116   a  to perform one or more of the acts  202 - 262  or the acts  302 - 324 . Rather than repeatedly describe the instructions within the social networking system  102  as causing the server(s)  104  to perform certain acts—or the instructions within the social networking applications  108  and  118   a  and the messaging applications  110  and  120   a  as causing the third-party device  106  or client device  116   a  to perform certain acts—this disclosure primarily describes the social networking system  102 , the third-party device  106 , or the client device  116   a  as performing the acts  202 - 262  and the acts  302 - 324  as a shorthand for those relationships. 
     Turning back now to  FIGS. 2A-2D , as shown in  FIG. 2A , the third-party device  106  performs the act  202  of sending a digital content item to the social networking system  102 . The social networking system  102  in turn performs the act  204  of adding the digital content item to a newsfeed for the user  122   a  and the act  206  of providing the newsfeed to the client device  116   a . For example, in some embodiments, the third-party device  106  sends a digital content item from the third party  112  to add to newsfeeds for users of the social networking system  102 . Such a digital content item may include, for example, an image and text soliciting signatures for a petition supporting a cause, a video of a product with an accompanying text describing and promoting features of the product (e.g., clothing, computing device, vehicle, video game), or an image and an accompanying text promoting a service (e.g., an amusement park, hotel, video streaming service). 
     As noted above, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  includes a selectable option associated with the digital content item. As used in this disclosure, the term “selectable option” refers to a call-to-action button, a selectable thumbnail, a selectable icon, a visible hyperlink, an invisible hyperlink, a radio button, or other option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  or a client device to perform an action. For example, when the client device  116   a  detects a selection of the selectable option associated with the digital content item, the client device  116   a  sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 , which in turn triggers the social networking system  102  to provide a messaging thread to the client device  116   a.    
     Upon receipt of the digital content item for the third party  112 , the social networking system  102  adds the digital content item to some (or all) newsfeeds for users of the social networking system  102 . In some embodiments, for example, the social networking system  102  adds the digital content item as sponsored content to newsfeeds for users who satisfy certain demographic criteria, who have performed certain actions within the social networking system  102  (e.g., liking an organization&#39;s page, followed a particular user), or who are associated with a geographic location. In some such embodiments, the social networking system  102  adds the digital content item for a limited period of time specified by the third party  112  (e.g., a time period selected by the third party  112  for an advertising campaign on the social networking system  102 ). 
     As suggested by the act  206  in  FIG. 2A , when the social networking system  102  receives a request from the client device  116   a  to access a newsfeed for the user  122   a , the social networking system  102  provides the newsfeed to the client device  116   a . For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  sends digitally encoded data to the client device  116   a  that represents some or all of the digital content items within the newsfeed for the user  122   a . These digital content items may include the digital content item for the third party  112 . In some such embodiments, the social networking system  102  sends digitally encoded data to the client device  116   a  that represent the most recently added digital content items for the newsfeed, including the digital content item for the third party  112 . 
     As noted above, the social networking system  102  provides the newsfeed to the client device  116   a  with the digital content item from the third party  112 . As shown in  FIG. 2A , the client device  116   a  performs the act  208  of presenting the newsfeed with the digital content item and the act  210  of detecting a selection of a selectable option associated with the digital content item. For example, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  presents within a graphical user interface a newsfeed that includes social networking activity and the digital content item for the third party  112 . When presenting a newsfeed, the client device  116   a  may, for instance, present the digital content item together with an associated selectable option. In some embodiments, the client device  116   a  presents a call-to-action button that prompts the user  122   a  to sign a petition, support a cause, purchase a product or service, or find out more information concerning a cause, product, or service. As part of the act  210 , the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of the selectable option associated with the digital content item. As further shown in  FIG. 2A , the client device  116   a  then sends an indication of the selection of the selectable option to the social networking system  102 . For example, in certain embodiments, the client device  116   a  sends data encoded to indicate a selection by the user  122   a  of the selectable option. 
     This indication that the user  122   a  selected the selectable option triggers the social networking system  102  to provide a messaging thread to the client device  116   a . As shown in  FIG. 2A , the social networking system  102  performs the act  212  of providing a messaging thread to the client device  116   a . In some embodiments, for example, the social networking system  102  provides data packets including instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to launch or open the messaging application  120   a . In some such embodiments, the instructions further cause the client device  116   a  to open a messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112 . As explained below, the messaging thread may further include an automated message generated by a chatbot from the third party  112 . 
     When the client device  116   a  is a mobile computing device, for example, the instructions from the social networking system  102  optionally cause the client device  116   a  to transition from presenting a graphical user interface for one mobile-software application (e.g., the social networking application  118   a ) that includes the newsfeed to presenting a graphical user interface for another mobile-software application (e.g., the messaging application  120   a ) that includes the messaging thread. This and other transitions are examples of how the social networking system  102  avoids the problems of some existing social networking systems by transitioning from a more visible digital forum to a private, one-on-one digital forum where a verified user may exchange sensitive information with a third party. 
     By contrast, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides data packets including instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to present a graphical user interface for the messaging application  120   a  as an overlay on a graphical user interface for the social networking application  118   a . For example, in some such embodiments—where both the social networking application  118   a  and messaging application  120   a  comprise one or more web browsers—the client device  116   a  transitions from presenting a first graphical user interface for the social networking application  118   a  to additionally presenting a second graphical user interface for the messaging application  120   a  as an overlay on the first graphical user interface. In such embodiments, the selectable option triggers the client device  116   a  to transition from a web browser comprising a newsfeed for the user  122   a  to overlaying a messaging thread for the user  122   a  and the third party  112  within a graphical user interface for the web browser. 
       FIG. 2A  depicts the social networking system  102  providing the messaging thread in response to receiving an indication of a selection of a certain selectable option associated with a digital content item. But the social networking system  102  optionally provides the messaging thread independent of such an indication. For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  may provide a messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112  in response to a selection by the user  122   a  to view the messaging thread from within an inbox of the messaging application  120   a . In some such cases, a graphical user interface of the messaging application  120   a  includes an inbox for the user  122   a  that indicates a message received from the third party  112 . In other words, in some embodiments, the third party  112  may initiate contact with the user  122   a  when, for example, the third party  112  and the user  122   a  have previously exchanged messages within the messaging thread. 
     Regardless of how the social networking system  102  provides the messaging thread, in some embodiments, a chatbot represents the third party  112  within the messaging thread. In some instances, the social networking system  102  uses the open source Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity (“ALICE”) engine and the open source Artificial Intelligence Mark Language (“AIML”) to train the chatbot to generate automated messages for the third party  112 . Alternatively, in other embodiments, the social networking system  102  uses Facebook&#39;s Wit.ai platform to train the chatbot to generate automated messages for the third party  112 . To take but one example, the social networking system  102  trains the chatbot to generate automated messages that prompt the user  122   a  to digitally sign a digital document. Examples of such automated messages are described below, including automated messages that comprise signature options and images of digital signatures. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A , the social networking system  102  performs the act  214  of generating an automated message comprising a signature option to digitally sign a digital document. In some embodiments, for instance, the social networking system  102  generates an automated message within the messaging thread that refers to (or includes a text for) a digital document, a hyperlink to a digital document, or a downloadable file for a digital document. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates an automated message within the messaging thread that refers to a digital document by a name or representation, such as by referring by name or visual representation to a digital document within the digital content item for the third party  112  or to a website or native application that includes the digital document. 
     Regardless of whether or how an automated message includes or refers to a digital document, the social networking system  102  generates an automated message comprising a signature option to digitally sign the digital document as part of (or separate from) the automated message referring to the digital document. As indicated by  FIG. 2A , the social networking system  102  further sends the automated message to the client device  116   a  for display within a graphical user interface. In some embodiments, the signature option comprises a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for the user  122   a  to digitally sign the digital document. In some instances, the signature option includes a text, image, or other indicator that prompts or requests the user  122   a  to sign the digital document. As described further below with reference to  FIGS. 3A-3B , in certain embodiments, the automated message may include additional selectable options. 
     After presenting the automated message comprising the signature option, the client device  116   a  performs the act  216  of detecting a selection of the signature option. As shown in  FIG. 2A , upon detection, the client device  116   a  sends an indication of the selection of the signature option to the social networking system  102 . For example, in certain embodiments, the client device  116   a  sends data encoded to indicate a selection by the user  122   a  of the signature option. This indication triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for digitally signing the digital document. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 2A , the social networking system  102  performs the act  218  of generating an automated message comprising an image of a digital signature and an add-signature option. As indicated by the arrow associated with the act  218 , the social networking system  102  also sends the automated message to the client device  116   a  for presentation within a graphical user interface. In some embodiments, the image of the digital signature comprises a preloaded image of a previous digital signature, such as a digital signature previously digitally drawn by the user  122   a . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates an image of a digital signature based on a name designated for an account of the user  122   a  for the social networking system  102 . For example, the social networking system  102  may generate an image of stylized or plain text of the name designated for the account of the user  122   a.    
     In addition to the image of the digital signature, the automated message comprises an add-signature option. As suggested by its name, upon selection, the add-signature option triggers the social networking system  102  to add a digital signature for the user  122   a  to the digital document. In some instances, the add-signature option indicates (by text, image, or other indicator) that upon selecting the add-signature option, the signature of the user  122   a  will be added to the digital document. Alternatively, the add-signature option indicates (by text, image, or other indicator) that upon selecting the add-signature option, the digital document will be digitally signed on behalf of the user  122   a . In certain embodiments, the add-signature option further indicates to the user  122   a  that selecting the add-signature option confirms that the image of the digital signature represents a digital signature for the user  122   a.    
     The social networking system  102 , however, also optionally provides options to change, edit, or add a new signature. As shown in  FIG. 2B , the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  220  of providing a new-signature option to the client device  116   a . The client device  116   a  in turn optionally performs the act  222  of detecting a selection of the new-signature option. Similar to some of the options described above, the new-signature option is a selectable option. The new-signature option triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for the user  122   a  to attach, create, link, or upload a digital signature that differs from the image of the digital signature initially presented to the user  122   a  by the social networking system  102 . In some embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides the new-signature option as part of the automated message comprising the image of the digital signature for the user  122   a . In other words, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates an automated message comprising an image of a digital signature, an add-signature option, and a new-signature option. 
     As suggested by  FIG. 2B , when the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of the new-signature option, the client device  116   a  sends an indication of the selection of the new-signature option to the social networking system  102 . For example, in certain embodiments, the client device  116   a  sends data encoded to indicate a selection by the user  122   a  of the new-signature option. This indication that the user  122   a  selected the new-signature option triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for the user  122   a  to create or add a new digital signature. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2B , for example, the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  224  of providing a digital signature field. In some cases, the social networking system  102  generates the digital signature field within the messaging thread. The term “digital signature field” refers to a digital space in which a user attaches, inputs, links, or uploads a digital signature. For example, in some embodiments, a digital signature field comprises a digital space in which the client device  116   a  renders strokes drawn by the user  122   a  on a touch screen or other computer interface of the client device  116   a  to create a digital signature. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, a digital signature field comprises a digital space in which the client device  116   a  renders an image of a digital signature attached, linked, or uploaded by the user  122   a  to the client device  116   a.    
     As further shown in  FIG. 2B , after the social networking system  102  provides the digital signature field, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  226  of receiving a new digital signature. In some embodiments, for example, the messaging application  120   a  comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to detect a signature input by a keyboard, mouse, stylus, or touch gesture. While some such digital signatures may be input as a drawing or with strokes, other digital signatures may be input as a code or text. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the messaging application  120   a  comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to detect a file attached, uploaded, or linked by the user  122   a  within the digital signature field. In some such embodiments, the digital signature field includes within (or has the social networking system  102  populate nearby) a selectable option to attach, upload, or link an image of a digital signature within the messaging thread. Upon receipt of the new digital signature, the client device  116   a  sends the image or other file comprising the new digital signature to the social networking system  102 . 
     Independent of whether the user  122   a  uses an image of a digital signature from the social networking system  102  or inputs a new digital signature, the social networking system  102  facilitates the user  122   a  in adding the digital signature to the digital document. As shown in  FIG. 2B , the client device  116   a  performs the act  228  of detecting a selection of the add-signature option. In some embodiments, by detecting a selection of the add-signature option, the client device  116   a  receives a confirmation from the user  122   a  that the image of the digital signature from the social networking system  102  represents a digital signature for the user  122   a . In some such instances, for example, the client device  116   a  receives a confirmation from the user  122   a  that a preloaded image of a previous digital signature (or an automatically generated digital signature) represents a signature of the user  122   a.    
     When the client device  116   a  receives a new digital signature, however, detecting a selection of the add-signature option represents something different. In some embodiments, by detecting a selection of the add-signature option, the client device  116   a  receives a confirmation from the user  122   a  that the new digital signature represents a digital signature for the user  122   a . Regardless of whether the detection refers to a digital signature received from the social networking system  102  or a new digital signature, by detecting a selection of the add-signature option, the client device  116   a  receives an indication from the user  122   a  to add a digital signature to the digital document. 
     As noted above, in addition to providing a messaging thread and signature options, the social networking system  102  verifies a user&#39;s identity. As shown in  FIG. 2B , for example, the social networking system  102  performs the act  230  of verifying an identity of the user  122   a . In some embodiments, the social networking system  102  compares a username and password to a username and password associated with an account of the user  122   a . Additionally, or alternatively, in certain embodiments, the social networking system  102  compares a location of the client device  116   a  and a device identifier of the client device  116   a  to locations and device identifiers of one or more client devices tracked within a user history for the user  122   a.    
     For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  compares coordinates or a location identifier from a Global Positioning System (“GPS”), Assisted GPS, synthetic GPS, a Cell ID, Wi-Fi fingerprint, or Bluetooth beacon, on the one hand, to a same type of coordinates or identifier in a user history of the social networking system  102  for the user  122   a , on the other hand. Relatedly, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  compares a device fingerprint, a browser fingerprint, an internal or external Internet Protocol (“IP”) address, or an IP address for a network to which the client device  116   a  is connected, on the one hand, to a same type of fingerprint or address in a user history of the social networking system  102  for the user  122   a , on the other hand. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  further determines whether the user  122   a  is a real or fictitious person based on social networking activity and profile information associated with an account of the user  122   a  for the social networking system  102 . For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  determines one or more of (a) whether an account of the user  122   a  includes a real image or another image available on the Internet (e.g., a stock image), (b) whether the account is connected to contacts or “friends” who are also connected to each other through the social networking system  102  (e.g., whether the account is connected to “mutual friends”), (c) whether a timeline associated with the account has posted photos of a person and how many such photos are posted on the timeline, (d) a number of pages followed or liked by the user  122   a , (e) a number of comments, reactions (e.g., likes, emoji reactions), or shares by the user  122   a  associated with social networking posts of contacts or friends, (f) a number of fields with information within profile information associated with the account, (g) a number of birthday wishes posted on a timeline associated with the account, (h) a regularity of signing in to the account (e.g., a sign in every day, week, or month), or (i) a time since the account was created for the user  122   a.    
     In one or more embodiments, the social networking system  102  assigns a score to one or more of the factors (a) through (i) to determine whether the user  122   a  is a real or fictitious person. In such embodiments, when a cumulative score accounting for each considered factor exceeds a threshold cumulative score, the social networking system  102  determines that the user  122   a  is likely a real person. By contrast, when a cumulative score accounting for each considered factor falls below a threshold cumulative score, the social networking system  102  determines that the user  122   a  is likely a fictitious person. 
     Although  FIGS. 2A-2B  depict the social networking system  102  as verifying an identity of the user  122   a  after providing a newsfeed and a messaging thread for the user  122   a , in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  verifies an identity of the user  122   a  at any point before adding a digital signature to the digital document. For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  verifies an identity of the user  122   a  when the client device  116   a  launches the social networking application  118   a  or the messaging application  120   a.    
     In addition to verifying an identity of users, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  also adds a digital signature to a digital document. As further shown in  FIG. 2B , the social networking system  102  performs the act  232  of adding the digital signature to the digital document. In some embodiments, the social networking system  102  adds the digital signature based on receiving an indication of a selection of the add-signature option and verifying the identity of the user  122   a.    
     The social networking system  102  may add the digital signature to the digital document in a variety of ways. For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  adds the digital signature to a digital document stored by the social networking system  102  for the third party  112 . In such embodiments, the social networking system  102  may, for example, add an image of the digital signature to the digital document, such as by superimposing the image onto the digital document or by adding the image to a digital field for signatures; add a code representing the digital signature to the text of the digital document, such as by adding a code that represents the digital signature or a unique identifier that identifies the image; or attach the image of the digital signature to the digital document, such as by attaching an additional digital signature page referencing the digital document. 
     As indicated by the arrow for the act  232  in  FIG. 2B , in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  optionally sends the digital signature or an image of the digital signature to the third-party device  106 . In some embodiments, for instance, the social networking system  102  primarily transfers the digital signature or image of the digital signature to the third-party device  106  for the third party  112  to add to the digital document. Accordingly, in some such cases, while the social networking system  102  stores a version of the digital document, the third party  112  adds the digital signature to the digital document. 
     In addition to adding the digital signature to the digital document, in certain embodiments, the social networking system  102  performs the act  234  of sending the digital signature to the third-party device  106 . In some cases, for instance, the social networking system  102  sends the digital document with the digital signature to the third-party device  106 . Alternatively, in certain instances, the social networking system  102  sends a notice to the third-party device  106  that the digital signature has been added to the digital document stored by the social networking system  102 . For embodiments in which the third party  112  adds the digital signature, the social networking system  102  sends the digital signature or image of the digital signature to the third-party device  106  for the third party  112  to add to the digital document. 
     As noted above, in addition to adding a digital signature to a digital document, in certain embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides selectable options within the messaging thread for the user  122   a  to share her support for the third party  112  with other users in various digital forums of the social networking system  102 . As shown in  FIG. 2C , for example, the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  236  of generating an automated message comprising a post-sharing option and/or a message-sharing option. As further indicated by the arrow associated with the act  236 , the social networking system  102  generates this automated message within the message thread and sends the automated message to the client device  116   a.    
     Both the post-sharing option and the message-sharing options are selectable options. In some embodiments, the post-sharing option includes a text, image, or other indicator that prompts or requests the user  122   a  to post a suggested digital content item to a timeline indicating that the user supports the third party  112 . Similarly, the message-sharing option includes a text, image, or other indicator that prompts or request the user  122   a  to notify other users using suggested messages in messaging threads that the user  122   a  supports the third party  112 . In some instances, the post-sharing option and message-sharing option facilitate actions that prompt digital signatures from other users of the digital document. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 2C , after receiving the automated message comprising the post-sharing option, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  238  of detecting a selection of the post-sharing option. In response to receiving an indication of that selection, the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  240  of providing a suggested digital content item to the client device  116   a.    
     The suggested digital content item may be any digital image, photo, text, symbol, video, file, or any combination thereof that indicates the user  122   a  supports the third party  112 . For example, in some embodiments, the suggested digital content item includes an image or video representing a cause and a text indicating that the user  122   a  digitally signed a digital document associated with the third party  112 , such as by digitally signing a petition or pledge. By contrast, in some embodiments, the suggested digital content item comprises an image or video of a product or service and a text indicating that the user  122   a  purchased the product or service from the third party  112 . In some such embodiments, the image, video, or text do not specifically reference a digital document, such as by omitting mention of a contract or agreement. 
     Additionally, in certain embodiments, the suggested digital content item includes an associated selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide to a client device a messaging thread between the selecting user and the third party  112 . In other words, the selectable option triggers the social networking system  102  to generate automated messages within a messaging thread that prompt the selecting user to digitally sign a digital document for the third party  112 . 
     Regardless of the format of (or communication within) the suggested digital content item, the social networking system  102  sends the suggested digital content item to the client device  116   a  for presentation. As shown in  FIG. 2C , the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  242  of presenting the suggested digital content item. In some embodiments, the messaging application  120   a  or the social networking application  118   a  include computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to present the suggested digital content item in a format for posting on a timeline or newsfeed for the user  122   a . In other words, the client device  116   a  presents the suggested digital content item in a format that previews how the suggested digital content item would appear to another user within a timeline or newsfeed. 
     In addition to presenting the suggested digital content item, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  further enables the user  122   a  to edit the suggested digital content item. As shown in  FIG. 2C , the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  244  of editing the suggested digital content item. For example, in some instances, the messaging application  120   a  or the social networking application  118   a  include computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to present options to edit a digital image, photo, text, symbol, video, or file within the suggested digital content item. By contrast, in some embodiments, the instructions prohibit or limit editing of the suggested digital content item. For example, the client device  116   a  optionally limits the user  122   a  to editing only a portion of a text within the suggested digital content item. 
     Regardless of whether the user  122   a  edits the suggested digital content item, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  246  of detecting a selection to add the suggested digital content item. In response to receiving an indication of that selection, the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  250  of adding the suggested digital content item to a timeline. For example, in certain embodiments, the client device  116   a  receives a confirmation from the user  122   a  to post the suggested digital content item to a timeline of the user  122   a . The client device  116   a  then sends to the social networking system  102  data encoded to indicate a confirmation from the user  122   a  to add the suggested digital content item. The social networking system  102  in turn posts the suggested digital content item to a timeline of the user  122   a . Alternatively, the client device  116   a  receives and sends a confirmation from the user  122   a  to add an edited version of the suggested digital content item to a timeline of the user  122   a , and the social networking system  102  posts the edited version to a timeline of the user  122   a.    
     As shown in  FIG. 2D , in addition to processing the post-sharing option, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  250  of detecting a selection of the message-sharing option. In response to receiving an indication of that selection, the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  252  of providing a list of potential recipients to the client device  116   a  and the act  254  of providing a suggested message to the client device  116   a . For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides a list of users with whom the user  122   a  is connected through the social networking system  102  as potential recipients of the suggested message, such as a list of friends or followers of the user  122   a . In certain embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides the list of potential recipients with a selectable option for each potential recipient to be added as an addressee of a message within an additional messaging thread. 
     Similar to the suggested digital content item, the suggested message may be a digital image, photo, text, symbol, video, file, or any combination thereof that indicates the user  122   a  supports the third party  112 . For example, in certain embodiments, the suggested message comprises a thumbnail for the digital document and a text indicating that the user  122   a  digitally signed the digital document associated with the third party  112 . By contrast, in some embodiments, the suggested message comprises an image or video of a product or service and a text indicating that the user  122   a  purchased the product or service from the third party  112 . In some such embodiments, the image, video, or text do not specifically reference a digital document, such as by omitting mention of a contract or agreement. 
     Additionally, in certain embodiments, the suggested message includes an associated selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide to a client device a messaging thread between the recipient of the suggested message and the third party  112 . In other words, as above, the selectable option triggers the social networking system  102  to generate automated messages within a messaging thread that prompt the recipient of the suggested message to digitally sign a digital document for the third party  112 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 2D , the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  256  of presenting the list of potential recipients and the suggested message. In some embodiments, the client device  116   a  separately presents the list of potential recipients and the suggested message. In other embodiments, the client device  116   a  presents the list of potential recipients and the suggested message within a single graphical user interface. 
     As suggested above, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  presents the list of potential recipients with a selectable option for each potential recipient. In such embodiments, the selectable option prompts the client device  116   a  to add the selected recipient as an addressee of the suggested message within an additional messaging thread. In one such embodiment, the messaging application  120   a  includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to present an address book of users with whom the user  122   a  is connected through the social networking system  102 , such as a list of friends or followers of the user  122   a . The user  122   a  could select one or more of these users as an addressee for the suggested message. 
     In addition to presenting the suggested message, the client device  116   a  also includes options to edit the suggested message. For example, in some instances, the messaging application  120   a  includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the client device  116   a , cause the client device  116   a  to present options to edit a digital image, photo, text, symbol, video, or file within the suggested message. By contrast, in some embodiments, the instructions prohibit or limit editing of the suggested message. For example, the client device  116   a  optionally limits the user  122   a  to editing only a portion of a text or deleting an image or video within the suggested message. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 2D , after presenting the list of potential recipients and the suggested message, the client device  116   a  performs a set of acts that culminates in sending the suggested message. Specifically, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  258  of detecting a selection of recipient(s), the act  260  of detecting a selection to send the suggested message, and the act  262  of sending the suggested message. As suggested above, the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of recipient(s) from the list of potential recipients or from independent input by the user  122   a . As for the latter input, the client device  116   a  optionally detects input of a name or address of a user of the social networking system  102  as a recipient of the suggested message. 
     Upon detecting a selection by the user  122   a  to send the suggested message to the selected recipient(s), the client device  116   a  sends the suggested message. As suggested above, the client device  116   a  may send an edited or unedited version of the suggested message. Although not shown in  FIG. 2D , upon receipt of the suggested message from the client device  116   a , the social networking system  102  generates (or adds) the suggested message within an additional messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the selected recipient(s). 
     Turning back now to  FIGS. 3A-3B , this figure illustrates a representation of a sequence of acts  302 - 324  that the social networking system  102 , the third-party device  106 , or the client device  116   a  perform in the alternative (or in addition) to the acts  214 - 234  shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B . As alternative or additional acts,  FIGS. 3A-3B  illustrates options provided by the social networking system  102  that facilitate paying the third party  112  within a messaging thread and adding an email address of the user  122   a  to an email-distribution list. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3A , the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  302  of generating an automated message comprising a signature option, a payment option, and/or an email-distribution option. In comparison to the automated message generated as part of the act  214  shown in  FIG. 2A , the automated message generated as part of the act  302  includes additional options—the payment option and/or the email-distribution option. This disclosure describes each of the payment option and the email-distribution option in turn. In some embodiments, the payment option comprises a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for paying the third party  112 . In some instances, the payment option includes a text, image, or other indicator that prompts or requests the user  122   a  to pay the third party  112 . 
     Regardless of the form of the payment option, the corresponding payment to the third party  112  may be for different purposes. For example, in some embodiments, the payment comprises a donation to the third party  112 . In other embodiments, the payment comprises compensation paid to the third party  112  in exchange for a product or service. 
     As indicated by the arrow associated with the act  302 , the social networking system  102  sends the automated message to the client device  116   a  for presentation within a graphical user interface. As further shown in  FIG. 3A , after receiving the automated message comprising the payment option, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  304  of detecting a selection of the payment option. In response to detecting that selection, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  308  of generating payment fields within a payment interface and the act  310  of receiving user input indicating a payment method and a payment amount. 
     As used in this disclosure, the term “payment field” refers to a digital field in which payment information is input. For example, a payment field may comprise a digital field for entering a credit or debit card number, a card security code, an expiration date, or a cardholder name. As another example, a payment field may comprise a digital field for entering in a payment amount. Relatedly, a “payment interface” refers to a graphical user interface for entering or processing payment information. The payment interface may be a graphical user interface for Facebook&#39;s Messenger Pay or a third-party payment service. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  generates payment fields with a prepopulated credit or debit card number, an expiration date, and/or a cardholder name within a payment interface based on payment information saved by the social networking system  102 . Additionally, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  generates a payment field for a payment amount and a payment field for a credit security code. 
     When performing the act  310 , in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  receives user input comprising a confirmation from the user  122   a  that the payment fields include a proper payment method (e.g., by selection of a selectable option), user input indicating a payment amount (e.g., by selection of a selectable option or text entry), and user input indicating a credit security code (e.g., by text entry). In addition, the client device  112   a  optionally receives user input confirming that the user  122   a  has selected an option to proceed with the payment using the entered payment information. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  generates payment fields for a credit or debit card number, an expiration date, a cardholder name, a credit security code, and a payment amount within a payment interface, but without any prepopulated payment information. In some such embodiments, the client device  116   a  receives user input comprising entries from the user  122   a  for the credit or debit card number, expiration date, cardholder name, credit security code, and payment amount (e.g., by text entry). In addition, the client device  112   a  optionally receives user input confirming that the user  122   a  has selected an option to proceed with the payment using the entered payment information. 
     As indicated by the arrow associated with the act  310 , after receiving a confirmation from the user  122   a , the client device  116   a  sends payment information to the social networking system  102  for processing. For example, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  sends (and the social networking system  102  receives) an indication of a donation amount and a payment method and an indication of a confirmation from the user  122   a . In some such embodiments, the client device  116   a  sends (and the social networking system  102  receives) digitally encoded data that communicates a donation amount, a payment method, and a selection of a confirmation option by the user  122   a.    
     As further shown in  FIG. 3A , after receiving payment information and confirmation from the client device  116   a , the social networking system  102  performs the act  312  of processing a payment for the third party  112 . For example, the social networking system  102  may process a donation from the user  122   a  for the third party  112  using a donation amount and a payment method entered within the payment fields. When processing the payment, the social networking system  102  optionally uses the methods and systems disclosed in Facilitating Sending and Receiving of Payments Using Message-Based Contextual Prompts, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/524,380, filed 27 Oct. 2014; Facilitating Same Day Payment Transactions, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/572,275, filed 16 Dec. 2014; Facilitating Sending and Receiving of Peer-to-Business Payments, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/577,410, filed 19 Dec. 2014; or Facilitating Sending and Receiving of Peer-to-Peer Payments, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/525,008, filed 27 Oct. 2014, each of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
     In addition to processing a payment, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  notifies the third party  112  of the payment from the user  122   a . As shown in  FIG. 3A , the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  314  of sending a notice of payment to the third-party device  106 . For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates an automated message within the messaging thread between the third party  112  and the user  122   a  comprising a text notifying the third party  112  of the payment. The social networking system  102  sends this automated message to the third-party device  106 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  sends an email to the third-party device  106  notifying the third party  112  of the payment. 
     As noted above, in addition to the payment option, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates an automated message comprising an email-distribution option. The email-distribution option comprises a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for adding an email address to an email-distribution list of the third party  112 . By adding an email address to the email-distribution list, the user  122   a  chooses to receive emails from the third party  112 . In some instances, the email-distribution option includes a text, image, or other indicator that prompts or requests the user  122   a  to add an email address to an email-distribution list of the third party  112 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3B , the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  316  of detecting a selection of the email-distribution option. In response to receiving an indication of that selection, the social networking system  102  optionally performs the act  318  of generating an automated message comprising an email address. As indicated by the arrow associated with the act  318 , the social networking system  102  sends the automated message comprising the email address to the client device  116   a  for presentation within a graphical user interface. 
     When generating an automated message as part of the act  318 , in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates a suggested message within the messaging thread for the user  122   a  to send to the third party  112 . The suggested message indicates that the user  122   a  has selected to add her email address to the email-distribution list of the third party  112 . As described below,  FIG. 4G  includes an example of a suggested message. 
     Regardless of the format of the automated message, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  generates an automated message comprising an email address associated with an account of the user  122   a  for the social networking system  102 . The email address may, for example, be designated by the user  122   a  within the profile information of the social networking system  102 . As another example, in some embodiments, the email address may be associated with an account of the user  122   a  for the messaging application  120   a.    
     As further shown in  FIG. 3B , the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  320  of detecting a selection to add the email address to the email-distribution list. For example, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  to send the suggested message to the third-party device  106 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of a selectable option to send a notice to the third-party device  106  for the third party  112  to add the email address to the email-distribution list. 
     After detecting the selection to add the email address, the client device  116   a  optionally performs the act  322  of sending (to the social networking system  102 ) a notice to add the email address to the email-distribution list. In response to receiving the notice, the social networking system  102  performs the act  324  of sending (to the third-party device  106 ) the notice to add the email address to the email-distribution list. In some embodiments, the client device  116   a  (and the social networking system  102 ) send the suggested message described above indicating that the user  122   a  has selected to add her email address to the email-distribution list of the third party  112 . By contrast, in some embodiments, the client device  116   a  (and the social networking system  102 ) send the email address to a designated email address for the third party  112 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 4A-4I , these figures generally illustrate user interfaces of the client device  116   a  presenting a newsfeed and automated messages within a messaging thread for a verified user to digitally sign a digital document, pay a third party, or join an email-distribution list. Consistent with the disclosure above, the social networking application  118   a  and the messaging application  120   a  each comprise computer-executable instructions that cause the client device  116   a  to perform tasks depicted in  FIGS. 4A-4I . Rather than repeatedly describe the computer-executable instructions within the social networking application  118   a  or the messaging application  120   a  as causing the client device  116   a  to perform such tasks, this disclosure primarily describes the client device  116   a  as simply performing tasks as a shorthand for that relationship. Additionally, while this disclosure refers to touch gestures as examples of user interactions when describing  4 A- 4 I, in additional or alternative embodiments, the client device  116   a  detects any suitable user interaction, including a mouse click, stylus interaction, or a keyboard input. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4A , the client device  116   a  presents a newsfeed  412  within a graphical user interface  404  (“GUI  404 ”) of a touch screen  402 . Specifically, in response to the user  122   a  selecting a social-networking-application thumbnail (not shown) by touch gesture, the client device  116   a  initiates the social networking application  118   a  and requests a newsfeed for the user  122   a . Upon receiving that request, the social networking system  102  provides the newsfeed  412  comprising digital content items to the client device  116   a  for presentation within the GUI  404 . The client device  116   a  presents the digital content items within the GUI  404  as the user  122   a  scrolls through the newsfeed  412 . As shown, the newsfeed  412  includes a first digital content item  406  and a second digital content item  410 . 
     The first digital content item  406  comprises images and text from the third party  112 . The social networking system  102  generates the first digital content item  406  based on the images and text sent from the third-party device  106 . Consistent with the disclosure above, the social networking system  102  adds the first digital content item  406  to the newsfeed  412  for the user  122   a  as sponsored content for an advertising campaign. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4A , the first digital content item  406  includes text that promotes a social cause and prompts the user  122   a  to sign a digital document, that is, a digital petition. 
     In contrast to the first digital content item  406 , the second digital content item  410  comes from a contact, friend, or follower of the user  122   a . In other words, the second digital content item  410  is not sponsored content for an advertising campaign for the third party  112 , but social networking activity from another user that the social networking system  102  adds to the newsfeed  412 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, the newsfeed  412  comprises both social networking activity and digital content items sponsored by third parties. 
     Turning back now to the first digital content item  406 . The first digital content item  406  includes a selectable option  408 . As shown in  FIG. 4A , the selectable option  408  is a call-to-action button. In alternative embodiments, however, other selectable options may be used consistent with the disclosure above. The selectable option  408  includes text that solicits support for the third party  112  (i.e., “Get Involved”). When the client device  116   a  detects a selection of the selectable option  408 , the client device  116   a  sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 . The indication triggers the social networking system  102  to provide to the client device  116   a  a messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112 . 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an example of a messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112 . As shown in  FIG. 4B , the client device  116   a  presents a messaging-thread display  416  within a graphical user interface  414  (“GUI  414 ”) of the touch screen  402 . Specifically, in response to the user  122   a  selecting the selectable option  408  by touch gesture, the client device  116   a  initiates the messaging application  120   a  and sends a request to the social networking system  102  for a messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112 . Upon receiving that request, the social networking system  102  provides the messaging thread to the client device  116   a  for presentation within the GUI  414 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 4B , the social networking system  102  uses a chatbot to generate a first automated message  418 . The first automated message  418  includes a textual message  419  and a digital-document thumbnail  420 . The textual message  419  indicates delivery of a digital document (i.e., a digital petition for  FIG. 4B ) to the user  122   a  within the messaging thread. The digital-document thumbnail  420  includes a portion of the digital document&#39;s text. To facilitate presentation of additional text, the digital-document thumbnail  420  also contains an additional-text option  422 . When the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of the additional-text option  422 , the client device  116   a  presents additional text of the digital document. 
     In addition to the textual message  419  and the digital-document thumbnail  420 , the first automated message  418  includes a signature option  424 , a donate option  426 , and an email-distribution option  428 . Consistent with the disclosure above, the signature option  424  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for the user  122   a  to digitally sign the digital document. By contrast, the donate option  426  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for donating to the third party  112 . Finally, the email-distribution option  428  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for adding an email address to an email-distribution list of the third party  112 . 
     Turning back now to the additional-text option  422 ,  FIG. 4C  illustrates the client device  116   a  presenting additional text from the digital document. As indicated above, in response to detecting a selection of the additional-text option  422  by touch gesture, the client device  116   a  presents additional text of the digital document. Accordingly, in  FIG. 4C , the digital-document thumbnail  420  includes additional text of the digital document. In some embodiments, the client device  116   a  presents an entire text of a digital document in response to detecting a selection of the additional-text option  422 . 
     As also noted above, in some embodiments, the signature option  424  triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for digitally signing the digital document.  FIG. 4D  illustrates an example of such tools. As shown in  FIG. 4D , the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of the signature option  424 . In response to receiving an indication of the selection of the signature option  424 , the social networking system  102  uses the chatbot to generate a second automated message  430  within the messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112 . 
     The client device  116   a  presents the second automated message  430  within the messaging-thread display  416 . As further shown in  FIG. 4D , the second automated message  430  includes a textual message  431  indicating delivery of a digital signature for the user  122   a  within the messaging thread. The second automated message  430  also includes a digital-signature image  432 . This digital-signature image  432  is an image (e.g., a .JPG file) of a digital signature previously drawn by the user  122   a  that the social networking system  102  associated with an account of the user  122   a  and stored for later use. 
     As noted above, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  provides tools for the user  122   a  to either confirm and use a digital signature provided by the social networking system  102  or create a new digital signature. The second automated message  430  includes such tools. Specifically, the second automated message  430  includes an add-signature option  434  and a new-signature option  436 . Consistent with the disclosure above, the add-signature option  434  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to add the digital signature depicted in the digital-signature image  432  to the digital document. By contrast, the new-signature option  436  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for the user  122   a  to input a new digital signature. 
     For example, the add-signature option  434  initiates the following actions. In response to detecting a selection by the user  122   a  of the add-signature option  434 , the client device  116   a  sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 . Upon receiving the indication of that selection, the social networking system  102  adds the digital signature depicted in the digital-signature image  432  to the digital document. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4D , the social networking system  102  adds the digital signature to a digital petition stored by the social networking system  102  for the third party  112 . In some such embodiments, the social networking system  102  adds the digital-signature image  432  to one of many digital fields for digital signatures within the digital petition. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4E , this figure illustrates some of the tools that the new-signature option  436  triggers the social networking system  102  to provide. In response to detecting a selection by the user  122   a  of the new-signature option  436 , the client device  116   a  sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 . Upon receiving the indication of that selection, the social networking system  102  uses the chatbot to generate a third automated message  438 . The third automated message  438  includes a textual message  439  directing the user  122   a  to digitally sign his name within a digital signature field  440 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4E , the third automated message  338  further includes the digital signature field  440 . The digital signature field  440  is a digital space in which the user  122   a  may input a new digital signature. As indicated by  FIG. 4E , the client device  116   a  detects touch gestures from the user  122   a  drawing a new digital signature within the digital signature field  440 . The client device  116   a  then presents the new digital signature within the GUI  414  as shown in  FIG. 4E . In some embodiments, in response to detecting a selection by the user  122   a  of a refresh-field option  442 , the client device  116   a  deletes any digital signature within the digital signature field  440  and refreshes the digital signature field  440  to appear empty. 
     In addition to detecting a new digital signature, the client device  116   a  further detects a selection by the user  122   a  of an add-signature option  444 . As suggested above, the add-signature option  444  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to add the new digital signature (drawn within the digital signature field  440 ) to the digital document. The add-signature option  444  further triggers the social networking system  102  to use the chatbot to generate a fourth automated message  446  within the messaging thread. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4E , the social networking system  102  provides the fourth automated message  446  in response to receiving an indication of selection of the add-signature option  444 . After receiving the fourth automated message  446 , the client device  116   a  presents the fourth automated message  446  within the messaging-thread display  416 . The fourth automated message  446  includes a textual message  448 . This textual message  448  acknowledges that the new digital signature has been added to the digital document. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 4E , the fourth automated message  446  also includes three selectable options—a post-sharing option  450 , a messaging-sharing option  452 , and a return-to-newsfeed option  454 . The post-sharing option  450  (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide a suggested digital content item for the user  122   a  to post on a timeline. Similarly, the message-sharing option  452  (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to generate a suggested message within a messaging thread for the user  122   a  to send to other users. By contrast, the return-to-newsfeed option  454  (upon selection) causes the social networking system  102  to redirect the client device  116   a  to back to the social networking application  118   a  and present a graphical user interface of the social networking application  118   a , such as by again presenting the newsfeed  412 . 
     In describing  FIGS. 4B, 4D, and 4E , this disclosure refers to the first automated message  418 , the second automated message  430 , the third automated message  438 , and the fourth automated message  446  in numerical order. But the numeric references of first, second, third, and fourth do not imply a set order. The social networking system  102  may generate automated messages in a different order. For example, in some embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates the first automated message  418 , the second automated message  430 , and the fourth automated message  446 , but without the third automated message  438 . 
       FIG. 4F  illustrates an example of the social networking system  102  responding to a selection of the post-sharing option  450 . Specifically, in response to receiving an indication that the user  122   a  selects the post-sharing option  450 , the client device  116   a  transitions back to the social networking application  118   a  and presents a suggested digital content item  456  within the GUI  404 . The suggested digital content item  456  includes a textual message  460  that indicates the user  122   a  supports the third party  112 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4F , the textual message  460  indicates that the user  122   a  signed the digital document. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 4F , the suggested digital content item  456  includes a third party&#39;s textual message  462  and a third party&#39;s image  464 . As their names suggest, the social networking system  102  received the third party&#39;s textual message  462  and the third party&#39;s image  464  from the third party  112  to include within the suggested digital content item  456 . The textual message  460 , the third party&#39;s textual message  462 , and the third party&#39;s image  464  together form part of the suggested digital content item  456  that promote a cause for the third party  112 . In other embodiments, the social networking system  102  generates and provides different suggested digital content items that promote a product or service for the third party  112 . 
     In addition to the promotional content, the suggested digital content item  456  further includes an additional selectable option  466 . Like the selectable option  408  associated with the first digital content item  406  above, the additional selectable option  466  (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide to a different client device a messaging thread between a selecting user and the third party  112 . In other words, the additional selectable option triggers the social networking system  102  to generate automated messages within a messaging thread that prompts the selecting user to digitally sign a digital document for the third party  112 . The automated messages shown in  FIGS. 4B-4E  provide examples of such automated messages. 
     To encourage the user  122   a  to post the suggested digital content item  456 , the client device  116   a  further presents a post option  458  within the GUI  404 . By providing the post option  458  and the suggested digital content item  456  together, the social networking system  102  provides easy-to-use options for the user  122   a  to post the suggested digital content item  456  with one (or a few) simple selections. 
     Upon detecting a selection by the user  122   a  of the post option  458 , the client device  116   a  sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 . The social networking system  102  in turn adds the suggested digital content item  456  to a timeline of the user  122   a . Once posted on the timeline, the social networking system  102  adds the suggested digital content item  456  to newsfeeds for other users of the social networking system  102 . 
     Turing now to  FIG. 4G , this figure illustrates an example of the social networking system  102  responding to a selection of the message-sharing option  452 . Specifically, in response to receiving an indication that the user  122   a  selects the message-sharing option  452 , the client device  116   a  sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 . In response to receiving that indication, the social networking system  102  provides a potential-recipient list and a suggested message to the client device  116   a . The client device  116   a  in turn presents a potential-recipient list  468  and a suggested message  470  within the GUI  414 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4G , the potential-recipient list  468  includes a list of users of the social networking system  102  with whom the user  122   a  is connected. Specifically, the potential-recipient list  468  includes friends or followers of the user  122   a  who correspond to recipient options  470   a - 470   d . When the client device  116   a  detects a selection of one of the recipient options  470   a - 470   d  by the user  122   a , the client device  116   a  adds an indicator of the user corresponding to the selected recipient option to an addressee field  474 . As suggested by  FIG. 474 , the addressee field  474  indicates the users who have been selected to receive the suggested message  472 . 
     Turning back now to the suggested message  472 , the suggested message  472  includes a textual message  476 . The textual message  476  indicates that the user  122   a  supports the third party  112 . Specifically, the textual message  460  indicates that the user  122   a  signed the digital document. 
     The suggested message  472  further includes a digital-document thumbnail  478 , a signature option  480 , a donation option  482 , and an email-distribution option  484 . After the client device  116   a  sends the suggested message  472  to a recipient user, the digital-document thumbnail  478 , signature option  480 , donation option  482 , and email-distribution option  484  respectively resemble and function similarly as the digital-document thumbnail  420 , signature option  424 , donation option  426 , and email-distribution option  428  shown in  FIG. 4B —with at least one important difference. 
     When a recipient user receives the suggested message  472  within a messaging thread—and selects the digital-document thumbnail  478 , signature option  480 , donation option  482 , or email-distribution option  484 —the social networking system  102  provides an additional messaging thread between the recipient user and the third party  112  to the recipient user&#39;s device. After the client device  116   a  sends the suggested message  472  to a recipient user, the digital-document thumbnail  478 , signature option  480 , donation option  482 , and email-distribution option  484  otherwise function the same as the digital-document thumbnail  420 , signature option  424 , donation option  426 , and email-distribution option  428  shown in  FIG. 4B . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 4G , the GUI  414  includes a send option  486 . Upon detecting a selection by the user  122   a  of the send option  486 , the client device  116   a  sends the suggested message  472  (through the social networking system  102 ) to one or more recipient users within the addressee field  474 . By providing the send option  486  and the suggested message  472  together, the social networking system  102  provides easy-to-use options for the user  122   a  to send a suggested message indicating support for the third party  112  to other users with one (or a few) simple selections. Once sent, the suggested message  472  likewise promotes a cause for the third party  112 . As indicated above, a suggested message may also promote a product or service for the third party  112 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4H , as noted above, in some embodiments, the donate option  426  comprises a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for donating to the third party  112 .  FIG. 4H  illustrates an example of such tools. As shown in  FIG. 4H , the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of the donation option  426 . In response to receiving an indication of the selection of the donation option  426 , the client device  116   a  generates payment fields  490   a - 490   c  within a payment interface  488 . As shown the payment interface  488  resembles a payment interface for Facebook&#39;s Messenger Pay. 
     The payment fields  490   a - 490   c  each serve different purposes. The payment field  490   a  is a digital field for entering a donation amount. The payment field  490   b  is a digital field for entering a card type. The payment field  490   c  is a digital field for a card number. As shown in  FIG. 4G , the payment field  490   a  includes a donation amount detected by the client device  116   a  from touch gestures by the user  122   a  corresponding to a numerical digit interface  496 . By contrast, the payment field  490   b  includes a card type for a credit card number saved by the social networking system  102  for the user  122   a . The payment field  490   c  similarly includes a portion of a credit card number saved by the social networking system  102  for the user  122   a.    
     Although not shown in  FIG. 4H , in alternative embodiments, the client device  116   a  generates blank payment fields for a credit or debit card number, an expiration date, a cardholder name, a credit security code, and a payment amount. For example, the client device  116   a  optionally generates such blank payment fields in response to detecting a selection of a change-payment-method option  492  included within the payment interface  488 . Upon detecting input from the user  122   a  corresponding to each blank payment field, the client device  116   a  presents payment information within the formerly blank payment fields. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 4H , the client device  116   a  further generates and presents a donate-confirmation option  494 . Upon detecting a selection by the user  122   a  of the donate-confirmation option  494 , the client device  116   a  sends payment information to the social networking system  102  for processing of a donation. Specifically, the client device  116   a  sends a credit card number, an expiration date, a cardholder name, a credit security code, and a payment amount to the social networking system  102  for processing of the donation. Consistent with the disclosure above, the social networking system  102  processes the donation. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4I , as noted above, the email-distribution option  428  is a selectable option that (upon selection) triggers the social networking system  102  to provide tools for adding an email address to an email-distribution list of the third party  112 .  FIG. 4H  illustrates an example of an automated message that facilitates adding an email address to an email-distribution list of the third party  112 . As shown in  FIG. 4I , the client device  116   a  detects a selection by the user  122   a  of the email-distribution option  428  and sends an indication of that selection to the social networking system  102 . In response to receiving that indication, the social networking system  102  users the chatbot to generate a suggested message  497  within the messaging thread between the user  122   a  and the third party  112 . 
     Upon receiving the suggested message  497 , the client device  116   a  presents the suggested message  497  within the messaging-thread display  416 . As shown in  FIG. 4I , the suggested message  497  indicates that the user  122   a  has selected to add his email address to an email-distribution list of the third party  112 . The suggested message  497  further includes an email address entered within profile information for an account of the user  122   a.    
     In addition to the suggested message  497 , the client device  116   a  further presents a send option  498  that (upon selection) sends the suggested message  497  to the social networking system  102  to add to the messaging thread and to relay to the third-party device  106 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , this figure illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts in a method  500  of generating automated messages within a messaging thread for a verified user of a social networking system to digitally sign a digital document in accordance with one or more embodiments. While  FIG. 5  illustrates acts according to one embodiment, alternative embodiments may omit, add to, reorder, and/or modify any of the acts shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  510  of providing to a client device a newsfeed comprising a digital content item for a third party. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  510  includes providing, to a client device associated with a user of a social networking system, a newsfeed of social networking activity, the newsfeed comprising a digital content item for a third party. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  520  of receiving from the client device a selection of a selectable option. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  520  includes receiving from the client device a selection by the user of a selectable option associated with the digital content item. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  530  of providing to the client device a messaging thread between the user and the third party. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  530  includes, in response to receiving the selection of the selectable option, providing to the client device a messaging thread between the user and the third party. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  540  of generating a first automated message within the messaging thread comprising a signature option. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  540  includes generating a first automated message within the messaging thread comprising a signature option to digitally sign a digital document. 
     For example, in some embodiments, generating the first automated message comprises generating the first automated message within the messaging thread comprising a donate option for the user to donate money to the third party. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, generating the first automated message comprises generating the first automated message within the messaging thread comprising an email-distribution option for the user to receive emails from the third party. Relatedly, in some embodiments, generating the first automated message comprises generating the first automated message within the messaging thread comprising a view option to view the digital document in its entirety. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  550  of generating a second automated message within the messaging thread comprising an image of a digital signature and an add-signature option. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  550  includes, in response to receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the signature option, generating a second automated message within the messaging thread comprising an image of a digital signature for the user and an add-signature option to add the digital signature to the digital document. 
     For example, in some embodiments, generating the second automated message comprises generating the second automated message within the messaging thread comprising an automatically generated image of a digital signature for the user based on a name designated for an account of the user for the social networking system. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  560  of receiving from the client device a selection of the add-signature option. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  560  includes receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the add-signature option. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  570  of verifying an identity of the user. For example, in some embodiments, verifying the identity of the user comprises comparing a location of the client device and a device identifier of the client device to locations and device identifiers of one or more client devices tracked within a user history for the user. Additionally, in certain embodiments, verifying the identity of the user occurs before providing the newsfeed of social networking activity. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , the method  500  includes an act  580  of adding the digital signature to the digital document. In particular, in some embodiments, the act  580  includes, based on receiving the selection of the add-signature option and verifying the identity of the user, adding the digital signature to the digital document. 
     In addition to the acts  510 - 580 , in some embodiments, the method  500  further includes redirecting the client device to the newsfeed. Moreover, in certain embodiments, generating the second automated message comprises generating the second automated message comprising a new-signature option to input a new digital signature; receiving from the client device the selection by the user of the add-signature option comprises: receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the new-signature option; providing to the client device within the messaging thread a digital signature field within which the user may input the new digital signature; receiving user input representing the new digital signature within the digital signature field; and receiving from the client device a selection by the user to add the new digital signature to the digital document; and adding the digital signature to the digital document comprises adding the new digital signature to the digital document. 
     By contrast, in some embodiments, generating the second automated message comprises generating the second automated message comprising a preloaded image of a previous digital signature of the user; and receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the add-signature option comprises receiving a confirmation from the client device that the preloaded image of the previous digital signature represents a signature of the user. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments that include the donate option, the method  500  further includes receiving from the client device an indication of user input indicating a donation amount and a payment method entered within payment fields; receiving from the client device a confirmation to donate to the third party; and in response to receiving the confirmation from the client device to donate to the third party, processing a donation from the user for the third party in the donation amount using the payment method. 
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the method  500  further includes receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the email-distribution option; generating a third automated message within the messaging thread comprising an email address associated with an account of the user for the social networking system; receiving from the client device a selection by the user to add the email address to an email-distribution list of the third party; and sending the email address to the third party to add to the email-distribution list. 
     Relatedly, in some embodiments, the method  500  further includes receiving from the client device the selection by the user to add the email address to the email-distribution list of the third party comprises receiving an updated email address for the user from the client device; and sending the email address to the third party to add to the email-distribution list comprises sending the updated email address to the third party to add to the email-distribution list. In some such embodiments, receiving from the client device the selection by the user to add the email address to the email-distribution list of the third party comprises receiving a confirmation from the client device to add the email address to the email-distribution list of the third party. 
     As suggested above, in some embodiments, the method  500  includes a post-sharing option. For example, in certain embodiments, the method  500  includes generating a third automated message comprising a post-sharing option for the social networking system to post a suggested digital content item to the user&#39;s timeline indicating that the user supports the third party; receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the post-sharing option; in response to receiving a selection from the client device of the post-sharing option, providing to the client device the suggested digital content item for the user&#39;s timeline; and in response to receiving a confirmation from the client device to post the suggested digital content item, posting the suggested digital content item to the user&#39;s timeline indicating that the user supports the third party. 
     Relatedly, in some embodiments, providing to the client device the suggested digital content item for the user&#39;s timeline comprises providing to the client device the suggested digital content item comprising an additional selectable option for users of the social networking system to support the third party; and posting the suggested digital content item to the user&#39;s timeline comprises posting the suggested digital content item comprising the additional selectable option to the user&#39;s timeline. 
     Alternatively, in certain embodiments, providing to the client device the suggested digital content item for the user&#39;s timeline comprises: providing to the client device an edit option to edit a text of the suggested digital content item indicating that the user supports the third party; and receiving, from the client device, user input that edits the text of the suggested digital content item; wherein posting the suggested digital content item to the user&#39;s timeline comprises posting the suggested digital content item with an edited text to the user&#39;s timeline indicating that the user supports the third party. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, generating the third automated message comprising the post-sharing option for the social networking system to post the suggested digital content item to the user&#39;s timeline indicating that the user supports the third party comprises generating the third automated message comprising the post-sharing option for the social networking system to post the suggested digital content item to the user&#39;s timeline indicating that the user signed the digital document. 
     As also suggested above, in some embodiments, the method  500  includes a message-sharing option. For example, in certain embodiments, the method  500  includes generating a third automated message comprising a message-sharing option to notify other users of the social networking system in messaging threads that the user signed the digital document; receiving from the client device a selection by the user of the message-sharing option; and providing a list of users of the social networking system with whom the user is connected and a suggested message indicating that the user supports the third party; in response to receiving from the client device a selection by the user of an additional user of the social networking system and a send option, generating the suggested message indicating that the user supports the third party within an additional messaging thread between the user and the additional user. 
     Relatedly, in some embodiments, generating the suggested message comprises generating the suggested message comprising an additional selectable option for the additional user to digitally sign the digital document. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of exemplary computing device  600  that may be configured to perform one or more of the processes described above. One will appreciate that one or more computing devices such as the computing device  600  may implement the social networking system  102 . As shown by  FIG. 6 , the computing device  600  can comprise a processor  602 , a memory  604 , a storage device  606 , an I/O interface  608 , and a communication interface  610 , which may be communicatively coupled by way of a communication infrastructure  612 . While an exemplary computing device  600  is shown in  FIG. 6 , the components illustrated in  FIG. 6  are not intended to be limiting. Additional or alternative components may be used in other embodiments. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the computing device  600  can include fewer components than those shown in  FIG. 6 . Components of the computing device  600  shown in  FIG. 6  will now be described in additional detail. 
     In one or more embodiments, the processor  602  includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, the processor  602  may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, the memory  604 , or the storage device  606  and decode and execute them. In one or more embodiments, the processor  602  may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. As an example and not by way of limitation, the processor  602  may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (“TLBs”). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in the memory  604  or the storage device  606 . 
     The memory  604  may be used for storing data, metadata, and programs for execution by the processor(s). The memory  604  may include one or more of volatile and non-volatile memories, such as Random Access Memory (“RAM”), Read Only Memory (“ROM”), a solid state disk (“SSD”), Flash, Phase Change Memory (“PCM”), or other types of data storage. The memory  604  may be internal or distributed memory. 
     The storage device  606  includes storage for storing data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage device  606  can comprise a non-transitory storage medium described above. The storage device  606  may include a hard disk drive (“HDD”), flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (“USB”) drive or a combination of two or more of these. The storage device  606  may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. The storage device  606  may be internal or external to the computing device  600 . In one or more embodiments, the storage device  606  is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In other embodiments, the storage device  606  includes read-only memory (“ROM”). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask programmed ROM, programmable ROM (“PROM”), erasable PROM (“EPROM”), electrically erasable PROM (“EEPROM”), electrically alterable ROM (“EAROM”), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. 
     The I/O interface  608  allows a user to provide input to, receive output from, and otherwise transfer data to and receive data from computing device  600 . The I/O interface  608  may include a mouse, a keypad or a keyboard, a touchscreen, a camera, an optical scanner, network interface, modem, other known I/O devices or a combination of such I/O interfaces. The I/O interface  608  may include one or more devices for presenting output to a user, including, but not limited to, a graphics engine, a display (e.g., a display screen), one or more output drivers (e.g., display drivers), one or more audio speakers, and one or more audio drivers. In certain embodiments, the I/O interface  608  is configured to provide graphical data to a display for presentation to a user. The graphical data may be representative of one or more graphical user interfaces and/or any other graphical content as may serve a particular implementation. 
     The communication interface  610  can include hardware, software, or both. In any event, the communication interface  610  can provide one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between the computing device  600  and one or more other computing devices or networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, the communication interface  610  may include a network interface controller (“MC”) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (“WNIC”) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, the communication interface  610  may facilitate communications with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (“PAN”), a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), a metropolitan area network (“MAN”), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, the communication interface  610  may facilitate communications with a wireless PAN (“WPAN”) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”) network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination thereof. 
     Additionally, the communication interface  610  may facilitate communications various communication protocols. Examples of communication protocols that may be used include, but are not limited to, data transmission media, communications devices, Transmission Control Protocol (“TCP”), Internet Protocol (“IP”), File Transfer Protocol (“FTP”), Telnet, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (“HTTPS”), Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”), Simple Object Access Protocol (“SOAP”), Extensible Mark-up Language (“XML”) and variations thereof, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (“SMTP”), Real-Time Transport Protocol (“RTP”), User Datagram Protocol (“UDP”), Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”) technologies, Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”) technologies, Time Division Multiple Access (“TDMA”) technologies, Short Message Service (“SMS”), Multimedia Message Service (“MMS”), radio frequency (“RF”) signaling technologies, Long Term Evolution (“LTE”) technologies, wireless communication technologies, in-band and out-of-band signaling technologies, and other suitable communications networks and technologies. 
     The communication infrastructure  612  may include hardware, software, or both that couples components of the computing device  600  to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, the communication infrastructure  612  may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (“AGP”) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (“EISA”) bus, a front-side bus (“FSB”), a HYPERTRANSPORT (“HT”) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (“ISA”) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count (“LPC”) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (“MCA”) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (“PCI”) bus, a PCI-Express (“PCIe”) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (“SATA”) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (“VLB”) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination thereof. 
     A social-networking system may enable its users (such as persons or organizations) to interact with the system and with each other. The social-networking system may, with input from a user, create and store in the social-networking system a user profile associated with the user. The user profile may include demographic information, communication-channel information, and information on personal interests of the user. The social-networking system may also, with input from a user, create and store a record of relationships of the user with other users of the social-networking system, as well as provide services (e.g. wall posts, photo-sharing, on-line calendars and event organization, messaging, games, or advertisements) to facilitate social interaction between or among users. Also, the social-networking system may allow users to post photographs and other visual media items to a user&#39;s profile page (typically known as “wall posts” or “timeline posts”) or in a photo album, both of which may be accessible to other users of the social-networking system depending upon the user&#39;s configured privacy settings. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example network environment  700  of a social-networking system. Network environment  700  includes a client device  706 , a social networking system  702 , and a third-party system  708  connected to each other by a network  704 . Although  FIG. 7  illustrates a particular arrangement of client device  706 , social networking system  702 , third-party system  708 , and network  704 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable arrangement of client device  706 , social networking system  702 , third-party system  708 , and network  704 . As an example and not by way of limitation, two or more of client device  706 , social networking system  702 , and third-party system  708  may be connected to each other directly, bypassing network  704 . As another example, two or more of client device  706 , social networking system  702 , and third-party system  708  may be physically or logically co-located with each other in whole or in part. Moreover, although  FIG. 7  illustrates a particular number of client devices  706 , social networking systems  702 , third-party systems  708 , and networks  704 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable number of client devices  706 , social networking systems  702 , third-party systems  708 , and networks  704 . As an example and not by way of limitation, network environment  700  may include multiple client devices  706 , social networking systems  702 , third-party systems  708 , and networks  704 . 
     This disclosure contemplates any suitable network  704 . As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of network  704  may include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (“VPN”), a local area network (“LAN”), a wireless LAN (“WLAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), a wireless WAN (“WWAN”), a metropolitan area network (“MAN”), a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (“PSTN”), a cellular telephone network, or a combination of two or more of these. Network  704  may include one or more networks  704 . 
     Links may connect client device  706 , social networking system  702 , and third-party system  708  to communication network  704  or to each other. This disclosure contemplates any suitable links. In particular embodiments, one or more links include one or more wireline (such as for example Digital Subscriber Line (“DSL”) or Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (“DOCSIS”)), wireless (such as for example Wi-Fi or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (“WiMAX”)), or optical (such as for example Synchronous Optical Network (“SONET”) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (“SDH”)) links. In particular embodiments, one or more links each include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a MAN, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a cellular technology-based network, a satellite communications technology-based network, another link, or a combination of two or more such links. Links need not necessarily be the same throughout network environment  700 . One or more first links may differ in one or more respects from one or more second links. 
     In particular embodiments, client device  706  may be an electronic device including hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components and capable of carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by client device  706 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a client device  706  may include any of the computing devices discussed above in relation to  FIG. 7 . A client device  706  may enable a network user at client device  706  to access network  704 . A client device  706  may enable its user to communicate with other users at other client devices  706 . 
     In particular embodiments, client device  706  may include a web browser, such as MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, GOOGLE CHROME or MOZILLA FIREFOX, and may have one or more add-ons, plug-ins, or other extensions, such as TOOLBAR or YAHOO TOOLBAR. A user at client device  706  may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (“URL”) or other address directing the web browser to a particular server (such as server, or a server associated with a third-party system  708 ), and the web browser may generate a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) request and communicate the HTTP request to server. The server may accept the HTTP request and communicate to client device  706  one or more Hyper Text Markup Language (“HTML”) files responsive to the HTTP request. Client device  706  may render a webpage based on the HTML files from the server for presentation to the user. This disclosure contemplates any suitable webpage files. As an example and not by way of limitation, webpages may render from HTML files, Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language (“XHTML”) files, or Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) files, according to particular needs. Such pages may also execute scripts such as, for example and without limitation, those written in JAVASCRIPT, JAVA, MICROSOFT SILVERLIGHT, combinations of markup language and scripts such as AJAX (Asynchronous JAVASCRIPT and XML), and the like. Herein, reference to a webpage encompasses one or more corresponding webpage files (which a browser may use to render the webpage) and vice versa, where appropriate. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may be a network-addressable computing system that can host an online social network. Social networking system  702  may generate, store, receive, and send social-networking data, such as, for example, user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph information, or other suitable data related to the online social network. Social networking system  702  may be accessed by the other components of network environment  700  either directly or via network  704 . In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may include one or more servers. Each server may be a unitary server or a distributed server spanning multiple computers or multiple datacenters. Servers may be of various types, such as, for example and without limitation, web server, news server, mail server, message server, advertising server, file server, application server, exchange server, database server, proxy server, another server suitable for performing functions or processes described herein, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, each server may include hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components for carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by server. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may include one or more data stores. Data stores may be used to store various types of information. In particular embodiments, the information stored in data stores may be organized according to specific data structures. In particular embodiments, each data store may be a relational, columnar, correlation, or other suitable database. Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular types of databases, this disclosure contemplates any suitable types of databases. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces that enable a client device  706 , a social networking system  702 , or a third-party system  708  to manage, retrieve, modify, add, or delete, the information stored in data store. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may store one or more social graphs in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, a social graph may include multiple nodes—which may include multiple user nodes (each corresponding to a particular user) or multiple concept nodes (each corresponding to a particular concept)—and multiple edges connecting the nodes. Social networking system  702  may provide users of the online social network the ability to communicate and interact with other users. In particular embodiments, users may join the online social network via social networking system  702  and then add connections (e.g., relationships) to a number of other users of social networking system  702  whom they want to be connected to. Herein, the term “friend” may refer to any other user of social networking system  702  with whom a user has formed a connection, association, or relationship via social networking system  702 . 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may provide users with the ability to take actions on various types of items or objects, supported by social networking system  702 . As an example and not by way of limitation, the items and objects may include groups or social networks to which users of social networking system  702  may belong, events or calendar entries in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications that a user may use, transactions that allow users to buy or sell items via the service, interactions with advertisements that a user may perform, or other suitable items or objects. A user may interact with anything that is capable of being represented in social networking system  702  or by an external system of third-party system  708 , which is separate from social networking system  702  and coupled to social networking system  702  via a network  704 . 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may be capable of linking a variety of entities. As an example and not by way of limitation, social networking system  702  may enable users to interact with each other as well as receive content from third-party systems  708  or other entities, or to allow users to interact with these entities through an application programming interfaces (“API”) or other communication channels. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party system  708  may include one or more types of servers, one or more data stores, one or more interfaces, including but not limited to APIs, one or more web services, one or more content sources, one or more networks, or any other suitable components, e.g., that servers may communicate with. A third-party system  708  may be operated by a different entity from an entity operating social networking system  702 . In particular embodiments, however, social networking system  702  and third-party systems  708  may operate in conjunction with each other to provide social-networking services to users of social networking system  702  or third-party systems  708 . In this sense, social networking system  702  may provide a platform, or backbone, which other systems, such as third-party systems  708 , may use to provide social-networking services and functionality to users across the Internet. 
     In particular embodiments, a third-party system  708  may include a third-party content object provider. A third-party content object provider may include one or more sources of content objects, which may be communicated to a client device  706 . As an example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include information regarding things or activities of interest to the user, such as, for example, movie show times, movie reviews, restaurant reviews, restaurant menus, product information and reviews, or other suitable information. As another example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include incentive content objects, such as coupons, discount tickets, gift certificates, or other suitable incentive objects. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  also includes user-generated content objects, which may enhance a user&#39;s interactions with social networking system  702 . User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or “post” to social networking system  702 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user communicates posts to social networking system  702  from a client device  706 . Posts may include data such as status updates or other textual data, location information, photos, videos, links, music or other similar data or media. Content may also be added to social networking system  702  by a third-party through a “communication channel,” such as a newsfeed or stream. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may include a variety of servers, sub-systems, programs, modules, logs, and data stores. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may include one or more of the following: a web server, action logger, API-request server, relevance-and-ranking engine, content-object classifier, notification controller, action log, third-party-content-object-exposure log, inference module, authorization/privacy server, search module, advertisement-targeting module, user-interface module, user-profile store, connection store, third-party content store, or location store. Social networking system  702  may also include suitable components such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load balancers, failover servers, management-and-network-operations consoles, other suitable components, or any suitable combination thereof. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may include one or more user-profile stores for storing user profiles. A user profile may include, for example, biographic information, demographic information, behavioral information, social information, or other types of descriptive information, such as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences, interests, affinities, or location. Interest information may include interests related to one or more categories. Categories may be general or specific. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user “likes” an article about a brand of shoes the category may be the brand, or the general category of “shoes” or “clothing.” A connection store may be used for storing connection information about users. The connection information may indicate users who have similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies, educational history, or are in any way related or share common attributes. The connection information may also include user-defined connections between different users and content (both internal and external). A web server may be used for linking social networking system  702  to one or more client devices  706  or one or more third-party system  708  via network  704 . The web server may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for receiving and routing messages between social networking system  702  and one or more client devices  706 . An API-request server may allow a third-party system  708  to access information from social networking system  702  by calling one or more APIs. An action logger may be used to receive communications from a web server about a user&#39;s actions on or off social networking system  702 . In conjunction with the action log, a third-party-content-object log may be maintained of user exposures to third-party-content objects. A notification controller may provide information regarding content objects to a client device  706 . Information may be pushed to a client device  706  as notifications, or information may be pulled from client device  706  responsive to a request received from client device  706 . Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or more privacy settings of the users of social networking system  702 . A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information associated with a user can be shared. The authorization server may allow users to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged by social networking system  702  or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party system  708 ), such as, for example, by setting appropriate privacy settings. Third-party-content-object stores may be used to store content objects received from third parties, such as a third-party system  708 . Location stores may be used for storing location information received from client devices  706  associated with users. Advertisement-pricing modules may combine social information, the current time, location information, or other suitable information to provide relevant advertisements, in the form of notifications, to a user. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates example social graph  800 . In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may store one or more social graphs  800  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, social graph  800  may include multiple nodes—which may include multiple user nodes  802  or multiple concept nodes  804 —and multiple edges  806  connecting the nodes. Example social graph  800  illustrated in  FIG. 8  is shown, for didactic purposes, in a two-dimensional visual map representation. In particular embodiments, a social networking system  702 , client device  706 , or third-party system  708  may access social graph  800  and related social-graph information for suitable applications. The nodes and edges of social graph  800  may be stored as data objects, for example, in a data store (such as a social-graph database). Such a data store may include one or more searchable or query able indexes of nodes or edges of social graph  800 . 
     In particular embodiments, a user node  802  may correspond to a user of social networking system  702 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over social networking system  702 . In particular embodiments, when a user registers for an account with social networking system  702 , social networking system  702  may create a user node  802  corresponding to the user, and store the user node  802  in one or more data stores. Users and user nodes  802  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to registered users and user nodes  802  associated with registered users. In addition, or as an alternative, users and user nodes  802  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to users that have not registered with social networking system  702 . In particular embodiments, a user node  802  may be associated with information provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including social networking system  702 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may provide his or her name, profile picture, contact information, birth date, sex, marital status, family status, employment, education background, preferences, interests, or other demographic information. Each user node of the social graph may have a corresponding web page (typically known as a profile page). In response to a request including a user name, the social-networking system can access a user node corresponding to the user name, and construct a profile page including the name, a profile picture, and other information associated with the user. A profile page of a first user may display to a second user all or a portion of the first user&#39;s information based on one or more privacy settings by the first user and the relationship between the first user and the second user. 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  804  may correspond to a concept. As an example and not by way of limitation, a concept may correspond to a place (such as, for example, a movie theater, restaurant, landmark, or city); a website (such as, for example, a website associated with social networking system  702  or a third-party website associated with a web-application server); an entity (such as, for example, a person, business, group, sports team, or celebrity); a resource (such as, for example, an audio file, video file, digital photo, text file, structured document, or application) which may be located within social networking system  702  or on an external server, such as a web-application server; real or intellectual property (such as, for example, a sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea, photograph, or written work); a game; an activity; an idea or theory; another suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept node  804  may be associated with information of a concept provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including social networking system  702 . As an example and not by way of limitation, information of a concept may include a name or a title; one or more images (e.g., an image of the cover page of a book); a location (e.g., an address or a geographical location); a website (which may be associated with a URL); contact information (e.g., a phone number or an email address); other suitable concept information; or any suitable combination of such information. In particular embodiments, a concept node  804  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with concept nodes  804 . In particular embodiments, a concept node  804  may correspond to one or more webpages. 
     In particular embodiments, a node in social graph  800  may represent or be represented by a webpage (which may be referred to as a “profile page”). Profile pages may be hosted by or accessible to social networking system  702 . Profile pages may also be hosted on third-party websites associated with a third-party system  708 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a profile page corresponding to a particular external webpage may be the particular external webpage and the profile page may correspond to a particular concept node  804 . Profile pages may be viewable by all or a selected subset of other users. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user node  802  may have a corresponding user-profile page in which the corresponding user may add content, make declarations, or otherwise express himself or herself. As another example and not by way of limitation, a concept node  804  may have a corresponding concept-profile page in which one or more users may add content, make declarations, or express themselves, particularly in relation to the concept corresponding to concept nodes  804 . 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  804  may represent a third-party webpage or resource hosted by a third-party system  708 . The third-party webpage or resource may include, among other elements, content, a selectable or other icon, or other inter-actable object (which may be implemented, for example, in JavaScript, AJAX, or PHP codes) representing an action or activity. As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party webpage may include a selectable icon such as “like,” “check in,” “eat,” “recommend,” or another suitable action or activity. A user viewing the third-party webpage may perform an action by selecting one of the icons (e.g., “eat”), causing a client device  706  to send to social networking system  702  a message indicating the user&#39;s action. In response to the message, social networking system  702  may create an edge (e.g., an “eat” edge) between a user node  802  corresponding to the user and a concept node  804  corresponding to the third-party webpage or resource and store edge  806  in one or more data stores. 
     In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in social graph  800  may be connected to each other by one or more edges  806 . An edge  806  connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship between the pair of nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge  806  may include or represent one or more data objects or attributes corresponding to the relationship between a pair of nodes. As an example and not by way of limitation, a first user may indicate that a second user is a “friend” of the first user. In response to this indication, social networking system  702  may send a “friend request” to the second user. If the second user confirms the “friend request,” social networking system  702  may create an edge  806  connecting the first user&#39;s user node  802  to the second user&#39;s user node  802  in social graph  800  and store edge  806  as social-graph information in one or more of data stores. In the example of  FIG. 8 , social graph  800  includes an edge  806  indicating a friend relation between user nodes  802  of user “A” and user “B” and an edge indicating a friend relation between user nodes  802  of user “C” and user “B.” Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular edges  806  with particular attributes connecting particular user nodes  802 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  806  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  802 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  806  may represent a friendship, family relationship, business or employment relationship, fan relationship, follower relationship, visitor relationship, subscriber relationship, superior/subordinate relationship, reciprocal relationship, non-reciprocal relationship, another suitable type of relationship, or two or more such relationships. Moreover, although this disclosure generally describes nodes as being connected, this disclosure also describes users or concepts as being connected. Herein, references to users or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer to the nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected in social graph  800  by one or more edges  806 . 
     In particular embodiments, an edge  806  between a user node  802  and a concept node  804  may represent a particular action or activity performed by a user associated with user node  802  toward a concept associated with a concept node  804 . As an example and not by way of limitation, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , a user may “like,” “attended,” “played,” “listened,” “cooked,” “worked at,” or “watched” a concept, each of which may correspond to an edge type or subtype. A concept-profile page corresponding to a concept node  804  may include, for example, a selectable “check in” icon (such as, for example, a clickable “check in” icon) or a selectable “add to favorites” icon. Similarly, after a user clicks these icons, social networking system  702  may create a “favorite” edge or a “check in” edge in response to a user&#39;s action corresponding to a respective action. As another example and not by way of limitation, a user (user “C”) may listen to a particular song (“Ramble On”) using a particular application (SPOTIFY, which is an online music application). In this case, social networking system  702  may create a “listened” edge  806  and a “used” edge (as illustrated in  FIG. 8 ) between user nodes  802  corresponding to the user and concept nodes  804  corresponding to the song and application to indicate that the user listened to the song and used the application. Moreover, social networking system  702  may create a “played” edge  806  (as illustrated in  FIG. 8 ) between concept nodes  804  corresponding to the song and the application to indicate that the particular song was played by the particular application. In this case, “played” edge  806  corresponds to an action performed by an external application (SPOTIFY) on an external audio file (the song “Imagine”). Although this disclosure describes particular edges  806  with particular attributes connecting user nodes  802  and concept nodes  804 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  806  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  802  and concept nodes  804 . Moreover, although this disclosure describes edges between a user node  802  and a concept node  804  representing a single relationship, this disclosure contemplates edges between a user node  802  and a concept node  804  representing one or more relationships. As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  806  may represent both that a user likes and has used at a particular concept. Alternatively, another edge  806  may represent each type of relationship (or multiples of a single relationship) between a user node  802  and a concept node  804  (as illustrated in  FIG. 8  between user node  802  for user “E” and concept nodes  804  for “SPOTIFY”). 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may create an edge  806  between a user node  802  and a concept node  804  in social graph  800 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user viewing a concept-profile page (such as, for example, by using a web browser or a special-purpose application hosted by the user&#39;s client device  706 ) may indicate that he or she likes the concept represented by the concept nodes  804  by clicking or selecting a “Like” icon, which may cause the user&#39;s client device  706  to send to social networking system  702  a message indicating the user&#39;s liking of the concept associated with the concept-profile page. In response to the message, social networking system  702  may create an edge  806  between user node  802  associated with the user and concept nodes  804 , as illustrated by “like” edge  806  between the user and concept nodes  804 . In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may store an edge  806  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, an edge  806  may be automatically formed by social networking system  702  in response to a particular user action. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user uploads a picture, watches a movie, or listens to a song, an edge  806  may be formed between user node  802  corresponding to the first user and concept nodes  804  corresponding to those concepts. Although this disclosure describes forming particular edges  806  in particular manners, this disclosure contemplates forming any suitable edges  806  in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be text (which may be HTML-linked), one or more images (which may be HTML-linked), one or more videos, audio, one or more ADOBE FLASH files, a suitable combination of these, or any other suitable advertisement in any suitable digital format presented on one or more webpages, in one or more e-mails, or in connection with search results requested by a user. In addition, or as an alternative, an advertisement may be one or more sponsored stories (e.g., a news-feed or ticker item on social networking system  702 ). A sponsored story may be a social action by a user (such as “liking” a page, “liking” or commenting on a post on a page, RSVPing to an event associated with a page, voting on a question posted on a page, checking in to a place, using an application or playing a game, or “liking” or sharing a website) that an advertiser promotes, for example, by having the social action presented within a pre-determined area of a profile page of a user or other page, presented with additional information associated with the advertiser, bumped up or otherwise highlighted within news feeds or tickers of other users, or otherwise promoted. The advertiser may pay to have the social action promoted. As an example and not by way of limitation, advertisements may be included among the search results of a search-results page, where sponsored content is promoted over non-sponsored content. 
     In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be requested for display within social-networking-system webpages, third-party webpages, or other pages. An advertisement may be displayed in a dedicated portion of a page, such as in a banner area at the top of the page, in a column at the side of the page, in a GUI of the page, in a pop-up window, in a drop-down menu, in an input field of the page, over the top of content of the page, or elsewhere with respect to the page. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may be displayed within an application. An advertisement may be displayed within dedicated pages, requiring the user to interact with or watch the advertisement before the user may access a page or utilize an application. The user may, for example view the advertisement through a web browser. 
     A user may interact with an advertisement in any suitable manner. The user may click or otherwise select the advertisement. By selecting the advertisement, the user may be directed to (or a browser or other application being used by the user) a page associated with the advertisement. At the page associated with the advertisement, the user may take additional actions, such as purchasing a product or service associated with the advertisement, receiving information associated with the advertisement, or subscribing to a newsletter associated with the advertisement. An advertisement with audio or video may be played by selecting a component of the advertisement (like a “play button”). Alternatively, by selecting the advertisement, social networking system  702  may execute or modify a particular action of the user. 
     An advertisement may also include social-networking-system functionality that a user may interact with. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to “like” or otherwise endorse the advertisement by selecting an icon or link associated with endorsement. As another example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to search (e.g., by executing a query) for content related to the advertiser. Similarly, a user may share the advertisement with another user (e.g., through social networking system  702 ) or RSVP (e.g., through social networking system  702 ) to an event associated with the advertisement. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may include social-networking-system context directed to the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may display information about a friend of the user within social networking system  702  who has taken an action associated with the subject matter of the advertisement. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may determine the social-graph affinity (which may be referred to herein as “affinity”) of various social-graph entities for each other. Affinity may represent the strength of a relationship or level of interest between particular objects associated with the online social network, such as users, concepts, content, actions, advertisements, other objects associated with the online social network, or any suitable combination thereof. Affinity may also be determined with respect to objects associated with third-party systems  708  or other suitable systems. An overall affinity for a social-graph entity for each user, subject matter, or type of content may be established. The overall affinity may change based on continued monitoring of the actions or relationships associated with the social-graph entity. Although this disclosure describes determining particular affinities in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates determining any suitable affinities in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may measure or quantify social-graph affinity using an affinity coefficient (which may be referred to herein as “coefficient”). The coefficient may represent or quantify the strength of a relationship between particular objects associated with the online social network. The coefficient may also represent a probability or function that measures a predicted probability that a user will perform a particular action based on the user&#39;s interest in the action. In this way, a user&#39;s future actions may be predicted based on the user&#39;s prior actions, where the coefficient may be calculated at least in part based on the history of the user&#39;s actions. Coefficients may be used to predict any number of actions, which may be within or outside of the online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, these actions may include various types of communications, such as sending messages, posting content, or commenting on content; various types of an observation actions, such as accessing or viewing profile pages, media, or other suitable content; various types of coincidence information about two or more social-graph entities, such as being in the same group, tagged in the same photograph, checked-in at the same location, or attending the same event; or other suitable actions. Although this disclosure describes measuring affinity in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates measuring affinity in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may use a variety of factors to calculate a coefficient. These factors may include, for example, user actions, types of relationships between objects, location information, other suitable factors, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, different factors may be weighted differently when calculating the coefficient. The weights for each factor may be static or the weights may change according to, for example, the user, the type of relationship, the type of action, the user&#39;s location, and so forth. Ratings for the factors may be combined according to their weights to determine an overall coefficient for the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, particular user actions may be assigned both a rating and a weight while a relationship associated with the particular user action is assigned a rating and a correlating weight (e.g., so the weights total 100%). To calculate the coefficient of a user towards a particular object, the rating assigned to the user&#39;s actions may comprise, for example, 60% of the overall coefficient, while the relationship between the user and the object may comprise 40% of the overall coefficient. In particular embodiments, the social networking system  702  may consider a variety of variables when determining weights for various factors used to calculate a coefficient, such as, for example, the time since information was accessed, decay factors, frequency of access, relationship to information or relationship to the object about which information was accessed, relationship to social-graph entities connected to the object, short- or long-term averages of user actions, user feedback, other suitable variables, or any combination thereof. As an example and not by way of limitation, a coefficient may include a decay factor that causes the strength of the signal provided by particular actions to decay with time, such that more recent actions are more relevant when calculating the coefficient. The ratings and weights may be continuously updated based on continued tracking of the actions upon which the coefficient is based. Any type of process or algorithm may be employed for assigning, combining, averaging, and so forth the ratings for each factor and the weights assigned to the factors. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may determine coefficients using machine-learning algorithms trained on historical actions and past user responses, or data farmed from users by exposing them to various options and measuring responses. Although this disclosure describes calculating coefficients in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates calculating coefficients in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may calculate a coefficient based on a user&#39;s actions. Social networking system  702  may monitor such actions on the online social network, on a third-party system  708 , on other suitable systems, or any combination thereof. Any suitable type of user actions may be tracked or monitored. Typical user actions include viewing profile pages, creating or posting content, interacting with content, joining groups, listing and confirming attendance at events, checking-in at locations, liking particular pages, creating pages, and performing other tasks that facilitate social action. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may calculate a coefficient based on the user&#39;s actions with particular types of content. The content may be associated with the online social network, a third-party system  708 , or another suitable system. The content may include users, profile pages, posts, news stories, headlines, instant messages, chat room conversations, emails, advertisements, pictures, video, music, other suitable objects, or any combination thereof. Social networking system  702  may analyze a user&#39;s actions to determine whether one or more of the actions indicate an affinity for subject matter, content, other users, and so forth. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user may make frequently posts content related to “coffee” or variants thereof, social networking system  702  may determine the user has a high coefficient with respect to the concept “coffee.” Particular actions or types of actions may be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than other actions, which may affect the overall calculated coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user emails a second user, the weight or the rating for the action may be higher than if the first user simply views the user-profile page for the second user. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may calculate a coefficient based on the type of relationship between particular objects. Referencing the social graph  800 , social networking system  702  may analyze the number and/or type of edges  806  connecting particular user nodes  802  and concept nodes  804  when calculating a coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, user nodes  802  that are connected by a spouse-type edge (representing that the two users are married) may be assigned a higher coefficient than user nodes  802  that are connected by a friend-type edge. In other words, depending upon the weights assigned to the actions and relationships for the particular user, the overall affinity may be determined to be higher for content about the user&#39;s spouse than for content about the user&#39;s friend. In particular embodiments, the relationships a user has with another object may affect the weights and/or the ratings of the user&#39;s actions with respect to calculating the coefficient for that object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is tagged in first photo, but merely likes a second photo, social networking system  702  may determine that the user has a higher coefficient with respect to the first photo than the second photo because having a tagged-in-type relationship with content may be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than having a like-type relationship with content. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may calculate a coefficient for a first user based on the relationship one or more second users have with a particular object. In other words, the connections and coefficients other users have with an object may affect the first user&#39;s coefficient for the object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user is connected to or has a high coefficient for one or more second users, and those second users are connected to or have a high coefficient for a particular object, social networking system  702  may determine that the first user should also have a relatively high coefficient for the particular object. In particular embodiments, the coefficient may be based on the degree of separation between particular objects. Degree of separation between any two nodes is defined as the minimum number of hops required to traverse the social graph from one node to the other. A degree of separation between two nodes can be considered a measure of relatedness between the users or the concepts represented by the two nodes in the social graph. For example, two users having user nodes that are directly connected by an edge (i.e., are first-degree nodes) may be described as “connected users” or “friends.” Similarly, two users having user nodes that are connected only through another user node (i.e., are second-degree nodes) may be described as “friends of friends.” The lower coefficient may represent the decreasing likelihood that the first user will share an interest in content objects of the user that is indirectly connected to the first user in the social graph  800 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-graph entities that are closer in the social graph  800  (i.e., fewer degrees of separation) may have a higher coefficient than entities that are further apart in the social graph  800 . 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may calculate a coefficient based on location information. Objects that are geographically closer to each other may be considered to be more related, or of more interest, to each other than more distant objects. In particular embodiments, the coefficient of a user towards a particular object may be based on the proximity of the object&#39;s location to a current location associated with the user (or the location of a client device  706  of the user). A first user may be more interested in other users or concepts that are closer to the first user. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is one mile from an airport and two miles from a gas station, social networking system  702  may determine that the user has a higher coefficient for the airport than the gas station based on the proximity of the airport to the user. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may perform particular actions with respect to a user based on coefficient information. Coefficients may be used to predict whether a user will perform a particular action based on the user&#39;s interest in the action. A coefficient may be used when generating or presenting any type of objects to a user, such as advertisements, search results, news stories, media, messages, notifications, or other suitable objects. The coefficient may also be utilized to rank and order such objects, as appropriate. In this way, social networking system  702  may provide information that is relevant to user&#39;s interests and current circumstances, increasing the likelihood that they will find such information of interest. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may generate content based on coefficient information. Content objects may be provided or selected based on coefficients specific to a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generate media for the user, where the user may be presented with media for which the user has a high overall coefficient with respect to the media object. As another example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generate advertisements for the user, where the user may be presented with advertisements for which the user has a high overall coefficient with respect to the advertised object. In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may generate search results based on coefficient information. Search results for a particular user may be scored or ranked based on the coefficient associated with the search results with respect to the querying user. As an example and not by way of limitation, search results corresponding to objects with higher coefficients may be ranked higher on a search-results page than results corresponding to objects having lower coefficients. 
     In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may calculate a coefficient in response to a request for a coefficient from a particular system or process. To predict the likely actions a user may take (or may be the subject of) in a given situation, any process may request a calculated coefficient for a user. The request may also include a set of weights to use for various factors used to calculate the coefficient. This request may come from a process running on the online social network, from a third-party system  708  (e.g., via an API or other communication channel), or from another suitable system. In response to the request, social networking system  702  may calculate the coefficient (or access the coefficient information if it has previously been calculated and stored). In particular embodiments, social networking system  702  may measure an affinity with respect to a particular process. Different processes (both internal and external to the online social network) may request a coefficient for a particular object or set of objects. Social networking system  702  may provide a measure of affinity that is relevant to the particular process that requested the measure of affinity. In this way, each process receives a measure of affinity that is tailored for the different context in which the process will use the measure of affinity. 
     In connection with social-graph affinity and affinity coefficients, particular embodiments may utilize one or more systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or acts disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/503,093, filed 11 Aug. 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978,027, filed 22 Dec. 2010, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978,265, filed 23 Dec. 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/642,869, filed 1 Oct. 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference. 
     In particular embodiments, one or more of the content objects of the online social network may be associated with a privacy setting. The privacy settings (or “access settings”) for an object may be stored in any suitable manner, such as, for example, in association with the object, in an index on an authorization server, in another suitable manner, or any combination thereof. A privacy setting of an object may specify how the object (or particular information associated with an object) can be accessed (e.g., viewed or shared) using the online social network. Where the privacy settings for an object allow a particular user to access that object, the object may be described as being “visible” with respect to that user. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user of the online social network may specify privacy settings for a user-profile page identify a set of users that may access the work experience information on the user-profile page, thus excluding other users from accessing the information. In particular embodiments, the privacy settings may specify a “blocked list” of users that should not be allowed to access certain information associated with the object. In other words, the blocked list may specify one or more users or entities for which an object is not visible. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may specify a set of users that may not access photos albums associated with the user, thus excluding those users from accessing the photo albums (while also possibly allowing certain users not within the set of users to access the photo albums). In particular embodiments, privacy settings may be associated with particular social-graph elements. Privacy settings of a social-graph element, such as a node or an edge, may specify how the social-graph element, information associated with the social-graph element, or content objects associated with the social-graph element can be accessed using the online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, a particular concept node  804  corresponding to a particular photo may have a privacy setting specifying that the photo may only be accessed by users tagged in the photo and their friends. In particular embodiments, privacy settings may allow users to opt in or opt out of having their actions logged by social networking system  702  or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party system  708 ). In particular embodiments, the privacy settings associated with an object may specify any suitable granularity of permitted access or denial of access. As an example and not by way of limitation, access or denial of access may be specified for particular users (e.g., only me, my roommates, and my boss), users within a particular degrees-of-separation (e.g., friends, or friends-of-friends), user groups (e.g., the gaming club, my family), user networks (e.g., employees of particular employers, students or alumni of particular university), all users (“public”), no users (“private”), users of third-party systems  708 , particular applications (e.g., third-party applications, external websites), other suitable users or entities, or any combination thereof. Although this disclosure describes using particular privacy settings in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates using any suitable privacy settings in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, one or more servers may be authorization/privacy servers for enforcing privacy settings. In response to a request from a user (or other entity) for a particular object stored in a data store, social networking system  702  may send a request to the data store for the object. The request may identify the user associated with the request and may only be sent to the user (or a client device  706  of the user) if the authorization server determines that the user is authorized to access the object based on the privacy settings associated with the object. If the requesting user is not authorized to access the object, the authorization server may prevent the requested object from being retrieved from the data store, or may prevent the requested object from be sent to the user. In the search query context, an object may only be generated as a search result if the querying user is authorized to access the object. In other words, the object must have a visibility that is visible to the querying user. If the object has a visibility that is not visible to the user, the object may be excluded from the search results. Although this disclosure describes enforcing privacy settings in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates enforcing privacy settings in any suitable manner. 
     The foregoing specification is described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Various embodiments and aspects of the disclosure are described with reference to details discussed herein, and the accompanying drawings illustrate the various embodiments. The description above and drawings are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. 
     The additional or alternative embodiments may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present disclosure is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.