Patent Publication Number: US-2020291298-A1

Title: Liquid-crystalline medium

Description:
The present invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium having improved transmission, in particular for use in VA, IPS- and FFS panels. 
     Liquid-crystalline media having negative dielectric anisotropy can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays. 
     The principle of electrically controlled birefringence, the ECB effect or also DAP (deformation of aligned phases) effect, was described for the first time in 1971 (M. F. Schieckel and K. Fahrenschon, “Deformation of nematic liquid crystals with vertical orientation in electrical fields”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 19 (1971), 3912). This was followed by papers by J.F. Kahn (Appl. Phys. Lett. 20 (1972), 1193) and G. Labrunie and J. Robert (J. Appl. Phys. 44 (1973), 4869). 
     The papers by J. Robert and F. Clerc (SID 80 Digest Techn. Papers (1980), 30), J. Duchene (Displays 7 (1986), 3) and H. Schad (SID 82 Digest Techn. Papers (1982), 244) showed that liquid-crystalline phases must have high values for the ratio of the elastic constants K 3 /K 1 , high values for the optical anisotropy Δn and values for the dielectric anisotropy of Δε≤−0.5 in order to be suitable for use in high-information display elements based on the ECB effect. Electro-optical display elements based on the ECB effect have a homeotropic edge alignment (VA technology=vertically aligned). Dielectrically negative liquid-crystal media can also be used in displays which use the so-called IPS or FFS effect. 
     Displays which use the ECB effect, as so-called VAN (vertically aligned nematic) displays, for example in the MVA (multi-domain vertical alignment, for example: Yoshide, H. et al., paper 3.1: “MVA LCD for Notebook or Mobile PCs . . . ”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book I, pp. 6 to 9, and Liu, C. T. et al., paper 15.1: “A 46-inch TFT-LCD HDTV Technology . . . ”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 750 to 753), PVA (patterned vertical alignment, for example: Kim, Sang Soo, paper 15.4: “Super PVA Sets New State-of-the-Art for LCD-TV”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 760 to 763), ASV (advanced super view, for example: Shigeta, Mitzuhiro and Fukuoka, Hirofumi, paper 15.2: “Development of High Quality LCDTV”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 754 to 757) modes, have established themselves as one of the three more recent types of liquid-crystal display that are currently the most important, in particular for television applications, besides IPS (in-plane switching) displays (for example: Yeo, S.D., paper 15.3: “An LC Display for the TV Application”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 758 &amp; 759) and the long-known TN (twisted nematic) displays. The technologies are compared in general form, for example, in Souk, Jun, SID Seminar 2004, seminar M-6: “Recent Advances in LCD Technology”, Seminar Lecture Notes, M-6/1 to M-6/26, and Miller, Ian, SID Seminar 2004, seminar M-7: “LCD-Television”, Seminar Lecture Notes, M-7/1 to M-7/32. Although the response times of modern ECB displays have already been significantly improved by addressing methods with overdrive, for example: Kim, Hyeon Kyeong et al., paper 9.1: “A 57-in. Wide UXGA TFT-LCD for HDTV Application”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book I, pp. 106 to 109, the achievement of video-compatible response times, in particular on switching of grey shades, is still a problem which has not yet been satisfactorily solved. 
     Industrial application of this effect in electro-optical display elements requires LC phases, which have to satisfy a multiplicity of requirements. Particularly important here are chemical resistance to moisture, air and physical influences, such as heat, infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation and direct and alternating electric fields. 
     Furthermore, industrially usable LC phases are required to have a liquid-crystalline mesophase in a suitable temperature range and low viscosity. 
     None of the hitherto-disclosed series of compounds having a liquid-crystalline mesophase includes a single compound which meets all these requirements. Mixtures of two to 25, preferably three to 18, compounds are therefore generally prepared in order to obtain substances which can be used as LC phases. However, it has not been possible to prepare optimum phases easily in this way since no liquid-crystal materials having significantly negative dielectric anisotropy and adequate long-term stability were hitherto available. 
     Matrix liquid-crystal displays (MLC displays) are known. Non-linear elements which can be used for individual switching of the individual pixels are, for example, active elements (i.e. transistors). The term “active matrix” is then used, where a distinction can be made between two types:
     1. MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistors on a silicon wafer as substrate   2. thin-film transistors (TFTs) on a glass plate as substrate.   

     In the case of type 1, the electro-optical effect used is usually dynamic scattering or the guest-host effect. The use of single-crystal silicon as substrate material restricts the display size, since even modular assembly of various part-displays results in problems at the joints. 
     In the case of the more promising type 2, which is preferred, the electro-optical effect used is usually the TN effect. 
     A distinction is made between two technologies: TFTs comprising compound semiconductors, such as, for example, CdSe, or TFTs based on polycrystalline or amorphous silicon. The latter technology is being worked on intensively worldwide. 
     The TFT matrix is applied to the inside of one glass plate of the display, while the other glass plate carries the transparent counterelectrode on its inside. Compared with the size of the pixel electrode, the TFT is very small and has virtually no adverse effect on the image. This technology can also be extended to fully colour-capable displays, in which a mosaic of red, green and blue filters is arranged in such a way that a filter element is opposite each switchable pixel. 
     The term MLC displays here covers any matrix display with integrated non-linear elements, i.e. besides the active matrix, also displays with passive elements, such as varistors or diodes (MIM=metal-insulator-metal). 
     MLC displays of this type are particularly suitable for TV applications (for example pocket TVs) or for high-information displays in automobile or air-craft construction. Besides problems regarding the angle dependence of the contrast and the response times, difficulties also arise in MLC displays due to insufficiently high specific resistance of the liquid-crystal mixtures [TOGASHI, S., SEKIGUCHI, K., TANABE, H., YAMAMOTO, E., SORI-MACHI, K., TAJIMA, E., WATANABE, H., SHIMIZU, H., Proc. Eurodisplay 84, Sept. 1984: A 210-288 Matrix LCD Controlled by Double Stage Diode Rings, pp. 141 ff., Paris; STROMER, M., Proc. Eurodisplay 84, September 1984: Design of Thin Film Transistors for Matrix Addressing of Television Liquid Crystal Displays, pp. 145 ff., Paris]. With decreasing resistance, the contrast of an MLC display deteriorates. Since the specific resistance of the liquid-crystal mixture generally drops over the life of an MLC display owing to interaction with the inside surfaces of the display, a high (initial) resistance is very important for displays that have to have acceptable resistance values over a long operating period. 
     There is still a great demand for MLC displays having very high specific resistance at the same time as a large working-temperature range, short response times and a low threshold voltage with the aid of which various grey shades can be generated. 
     The disadvantage of the MLC-TN displays frequently used is due to their comparatively low transmission values. Thus, there continues to be a need to improve the transmission of liquid-crystal displays in order on the one hand to reduce the costs and on the other hand to extend the battery lives. In the case of VA applications with so-called multidomain structures, in particular PVA (patterned vertical alignment) with structured, slotted electrodes, it has surprisingly been found that optimisation of certain liquid-crystal properties results in a significant improvement in the transmission. It should be noted here that the voltage-transmission curve (V-T curve) can be influenced both in shape, in particular the steepness, and also with respect to its position along the voltage axis (x axis) by modifying the mixture properties. A reduction in the value of the elastic constant for splay K 11  results in greater steepness. An increase in the modulus of the dielectric anisotropy |Δε| results in a shift in the V-T curve to lower voltages. The same effect, i.e. a shift to lower voltages, can be achieved by reducing the value for the elastic constant for bend, i.e. for K 33 . These three measures enable a higher transmission value to be achieved for a given voltage. This applies, in particular, to the maximum value of the voltage that can be applied to a display element, which is fixed by the driver used. The modification in the case of K 11 , K 33  and |Δε| can in this case result in the saturation value of the transmission being acquired before this maximum voltage value is reached and thus in an improvement in the transmission resulting. Apart from the modulus of |Δε|, both anisotropic dielectric parameters ε perpendicular  and ε parallel  can have their own contribution to the change in the V-T curve. 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that the K 11  value of a liquid-crystalline mixture, in particular in LC mixtures having negative dielectric anisotropy Δε, preferably for VA, IPS and FFS displays, is reduced by the use of the compound of the formula IA. 
     The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium which comprises at least one compound of the formula IA, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which
     Z 1  denotes a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH═CH—, —CH 2 O—, —OCH 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —C 2 F 4 —, —C≡C—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CHCHO— or —CH 2 CF 2 O—,   

     and in addition at least one compound of the formula CC-n-V and/or the compound of the formula CC-V-V1, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where n denotes 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, 
     with the provisos that
         the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of the formula IA is greater than or equal to the percentage proportion of CC-n-V,       

     and/or
         the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of the formula IA is greater than the percentage proportion of CC-V-V1,       

     where the percentage proportion is in each case based on the liquid-crystalline medium. 
     With the aid of the compounds of the formula IA, it is possible to prepare liquid-crystal mixtures, preferably VA, PS-VA, PA-VA, PSA, SS-VA, IPS and FFS mixtures, which have high values for the transmission and at the same time short response times, good phase properties and good low-temperature behaviour. The liquid-crystalline mixtures according to the invention are distinguished, in particular, by a very good ratio of the rotational viscosities and the elastic constants, preferably K 33 . 
     The mixtures according to the invention furthermore exhibit very broad nematic phase ranges with clearing points ≥65° C., preferably ≥70° C., in particular ≥75° C., very favourable values for the capacitive threshold, relatively high values for the holding ratio and at the same time very good low-temperature stabilities at −20° C. and −30° C., as well as very low rotational viscosities and short response times. The mixtures according to the invention are furthermore distinguished by the fact that, in addition to the improvement in the rotational viscosity γ 1 , relatively high values of the elastic constants K 33  for improving the response times can be observed. The compounds of the formula IA are suitable, in particular, for the preparation of liquid-crystalline mixtures having negative Δε. 
     Some preferred embodiments of the mixtures according to the invention are indicated below. 
     In the compounds of the formula IA, Z 1 , independently of one another, very particularly preferably denotes a single bond. Preferred compounds of the formula IA are indicated below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Particular preference is given to the compound of the formula IA-1. 
     The media according to the invention preferably comprise one or two compounds from the group of the compounds of the formula IA. 
     The compounds of the formula IA are preferably employed in the liquid-crystalline medium in amounts of 1-50% by weight, based on the mixture, preferably 5-50% by weight and very particularly preferably 10-50% by weight. 
     Preferred embodiments of the liquid-crystalline medium according to the invention are indicated below:
     a) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC,   

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R 2A , R 2B  and R 2C  each, independently of one another, denote H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF 3  or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH 2  groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
         L 1-4  each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF 3  or CHF 2 , preferably F,   Z 2  and Z 2′  each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH═CH—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCH 2 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —C 2 F 4 —, —CF═CF—, —C≡C— or —CH═CHCH 2 O—,   (O) denotes a single bond or —O—,   p denotes 0, 1 or 2,   q denotes 0 or 1, and   v denotes 1 to 6.   In the compounds of the formulae IIA and IIB, Z 2  may have identical or different meanings. In the compounds of the formula IIB, Z 2  and Z 2′  may have identical or different meanings.   In the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC, R 2A , R 2B  and R 2C  each preferably denote alkyl having 1-6 C atoms, in particular CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , n-C 3 H 7 , n-C 4 H 9  or n-C 5 H 11 , furthermore alkenyl, in particular CH 2 ═CH, CH 3 CH═CH, C 2 H 5 CH═CH or C 3 H 7 CH═CH.   In the compounds of the formulae IIA and IIB, L 1 , L 2 , L 3  and L 4  preferably denote L 1 =L 2 =F and L 3 =L 4 =F, furthermore L 1 =F and L 2 =Cl, L 1 =Cl and L 2 =F, L 3 =F and L 4 =Cl, L 3 =Cl and L 4 =F. Z 2  and Z 2′  in the formulae IIA and IIB preferably each, independently of one another, denote a single bond, furthermore a —C 2 H 4 — bridge.   If in the formula IIB Z 2 ═—C 2 H 4 — or —CH 2 O—, Z 2′  is preferably a single bond or, if Z 2′ ═—C 2 H 4 — or —CH 2 O—, Z 2  is preferably a single bond. In the compounds of the formulae IIA and IIB, (O)C v H 2v+1  preferably denotes OC v H 2v+1 , furthermore C v H 2v+1 . In the compounds of the formula IIC, (O)C v H 2v+1  preferably denotes C v H 2v+1 . In the compounds of the formula IIC, L 3  and L 4  preferably each denote F.   Preferred compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and IIC are indicated below:       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms and alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 
             Particularly preferred mixtures according to the invention comprise one or more compounds of the formulae IIA-2, IIA-8, IIA-14, IIA-26, II A-28, IIA-33, IIA-39, IIA-45, IIA-46, IIA-47, IIA-50, IIB-2, IIB-11, IIB-16, IIB-17 and IIC-1. 
             The proportion of compounds of the formulae IIA and/or IIB in the mixture as a whole is preferably at least 20% by weight. 
             Particularly preferred media according to the invention comprise at least one compound of the formula IIC-1, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which alkyl and alkyl* have the meanings indicated above, preferably in amounts of &gt;3% by weight, in particular &gt;5% by weight and particularly preferably 5-25% by weight. 
           
         
         b) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formula III, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R 31  and R 32  each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyloxy radical having up to 12 C atoms, and 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             Z 3  denotes a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH═CH—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCH 2 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —C 2 F 4 —, —C 4 H 8 —, —C≡C— or —CF═CF—. 
             Preferred compounds of the formula III are indicated below: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             alkyl and 
             alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, 
             alkenyl and 
             alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 
           
         
         c) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or more tetracyclic compounds of the formulae 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R 7-10  each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated for R 2A  in claim  4 , and 
             w and x each, independently of one another, denote 1 to 6, and 
             (O) denotes a single bond or —O—. 
             Particular preference is given to mixtures comprising at least one compound of the formula V-9 and/or of the formula V-10. 
           
         
         d) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the formulae Y-1 to Y-6, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 14 -R 19  each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms; z and m each, independently of one another, denote 1-6. 
             The medium according to the invention particularly preferably comprises one or more compounds of the formulae Y-1 to Y-6, preferably in amounts of ≥5% by weight. 
           
         
         e) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising one or more fluorinated terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-22, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms, and m=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and n denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and (O) denotes a single bond or —O—. 
             R preferably denotes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, meth-oxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy. 
             The medium according to the invention preferably comprises the terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-22 in amounts of 2-30% by weight, in particular 5-20% by weight. 
             Particular preference is given to compounds of the formulae T-1, T-2, T-5, T-20 and T-21. In these compounds, R preferably denotes alkyl, furthermore alkoxy, each having 1-6 C atoms. In the compounds of the formula T-20, R preferably denotes alkyl or alkenyl, in particular alkyl. In the compound of the formula T-21, R preferably denotes alkyl. 
             The terphenyls are preferably employed in the mixtures according to the invention if the Δn value of the mixture is to be ≥0.1. Preferred mixtures comprise 2-20% by weight of one or more terphenyl compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae T-1 to T-22. 
           
         
         f) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising one or more biphenyls of the formulae B-1 to B-3, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and 
             alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 
             The proportion of the biphenyls of the formulae B-1 to B-3 in the mixture as a whole is preferably at least 3% by weight, in particular ≥5% by weight. 
             Of the compounds of the formulae B-1 to B-3, the compounds of the formulae B-1 and B-2 are particularly preferred. 
             Particularly preferred biphenyls are 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which alkyl* denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms. The medium according to the invention particularly preferably comprises one or more compounds of the formulae B-1a and/or B-2c. 
             Preferred compounds of the formula B-1a are, in particular, the compounds of the formulae 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         g) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising at least one compound of the formulae Z-1 to Z-7, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R has the meanings indicated for R 2A , (O) denotes a single bond or —O— and alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms. 
           
         
         h) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising at least one compound of the formulae O-1 to O-17, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 1  and R 2  have the meanings indicated for R 2A . Preferably, R 1  and R 2  each, independently of one another, denote straight-chain alkyl or alkenyl. The compound(s) of the formula O-17 should of course be selected in such a way that it is (they are) not identical to the compound of the formula IA. 
             Preferred media comprise one or more compounds of the formulae O-1, O-3, O-4, O-6, O-7, O-10, O-11, O-12, O-14, O-15, O-16 and/or O-17. 
             Mixtures according to the invention very particularly preferably comprise the compounds of the formulae O-10, O-12, O-16 and/or O-17, in particular in amounts of 5-30% by weight. 
             Preferred compounds of the formula O-17 are selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             The proportion of compounds of the formula O-17 in the mixture as a whole is preferably at least 5% by weight. 
           
         
         i) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising at least one compound of the formula 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             preferably in total amounts of ≥5% by weight, in particular ≥10% by weight. 
             Preference is furthermore given to mixtures according to the invention comprising the compound (acronym: CC-3-V1) 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             preferably in amounts of 2-15% by weight. 
             Preferred mixtures comprise 5-45%, preferably 5-40%, in particular 10-30% by weight of the compound of the formula (acronym: CC-3-V) 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             Preference is furthermore given to mixtures which comprise a compound of the formula (acronym: CC-3-V) 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             and a compound of the formula (acronym: CC-3-V1) 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             preferably in amounts of 10-60% by weight. 
           
         
         j) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising at least one compound of the formula O-10 and at least one compound of the formula O-17 selected from the group of the following compounds: 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             The medium according to the invention particularly preferably comprises the tricyclic compounds of the formula O-10a and/or of the formula O-10b in combination with one or more bicyclic compounds of the formulae O-17a to O-17e. The total proportion of the compounds of the formulae O-10a and/or O-10b in combination with one or more compounds selected from the bicyclic compounds of the formulae O-17a to O-17e is preferably 5-40%, very particularly preferably 15-35%. 
             Very particularly preferred mixtures comprise the compounds O-10a and O-17a 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             or 
             the compounds O-10a and O-17b 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             The compounds O-10a and O-17a or O-10a and O-17b are preferably present in the mixture in a concentration of 15-35%, particularly preferably 15-25% and especially preferably 18-22%, based on the mixture as a whole. 
             Very particularly preferred mixtures comprise the compounds O-10b and O-17a, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             or 
             the compounds O-10b and O-17b, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             The compounds O-10b and O-17a or O-10b and O-17b are preferably present in the mixture in a concentration of 15-35%, particularly preferably 15-25% and especially preferably 18-22%, based on the mixture as a whole. 
             Very particularly preferred mixtures comprise the following three compounds: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             The compounds O-10a, O-10b and O-17a or O-10a, O-10b and O-17b are preferably present in the mixture in a concentration of 15-35%, particularly preferably 15-25% and especially preferably 18-22%, based on the mixture as a whole. 
             Preferred mixtures comprise at least one compound selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 1  and R 2  have the meanings indicated above. 
             In the compounds O-6, O-7 and O-17, preferably R 1  denotes alkyl or alkenyl having 1-6 or 2-6 C atoms respectively and R 2  denotes alkenyl having 2-6 C atoms. In the compounds of the formula O-10, R 1  preferably denotes alkyl or alkenyl having 1-6 or 2-6 C atoms respectively and R 2  preferably denotes alkyl having 1-6 C atoms. 
             Preferred mixtures comprise at least one compound selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae O-6a, O-6b, O-7a, O-7b, O-17e, O-17f, O-17g and O-17h: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms. 
             The compounds of the formulae O-6, O-7 and O-17f-h are preferably present in the mixtures according to the invention in amounts of 1-40% by weight, in particular 2-35% by weight and very particularly preferably 2-30% by weight. 
           
         
         k) Preferred liquid-crystalline media according to the invention comprise one or more substances which contain a tetrahydronaphthyl or naphthyl unit, such as, for example, the compounds of the formulae N-1 to N-5, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which R 1N  and R 2N  each, independently of one another, have the meanings indicated for R 2A , preferably denote straight-chain alkyl, straight-chain alkoxy or straight-chain alkenyl, and 
             Z 1  and Z 2  each, independently of one another, denote —C 2 H 4 —, —CH═CH—, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 O—, —O(CH 2 ) 3 —, —CH═CHCH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH═CH—, —CH 2 O—, —OCH 2 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —C 2 F 4 —, —CF═CF—, —CF═CH—, —CH═CF—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CH 2 — or a single bond. 
           
         
         l) Preferred mixtures comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of the difluorodibenzochroman compounds of the formula BC, chromanes of the formula CR, fluorinated phenanthrenes of the formulae PH-1 and PH-2 and fluorinated dibenzofurans or benzothiophenes of the formulae BF-1 to BF-4, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R B1 , R B2 , R CR1 , R CR2 , R 1 , R 2  each, independently of one another, have the meaning of R 2A . C is 0, 1 or 2 and d is 1 or 2. R 1  and R 2  preferably, independently of one another, denote alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 1 or 2 to 6 C atoms respectively. 
             The mixtures according to the invention preferably comprise the compounds of the formulae BC, CR, PH-1, PH-2 and/or BF in amounts of 3 to 20% by weight, in particular in amounts of 3 to 15% by weight. 
             Particularly preferred compounds of the formulae BC and CR are the compounds BC-1 to BC-7 and CR-1 to CR-5, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and 
             alkenyl and 
             alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. 
             Very particular preference is given to mixtures comprising one, two or three compounds of the formulae BC-2, BF-1 and/or BF-2. 
           
         
         m) Preferred mixtures comprise one or more indane compounds of the formula In, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R 11 , R 12    
             R 13  each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, where R 12  and R 13 , independently of one another, may additionally denote H, 
             R 12  and R 13  additionally denote halogen, preferably F, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             i denotes 0, 1 or 2. 
             Preferred compounds of the formula In are the compounds of the formulae In-1 to In-16 indicated below, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             Particular preference is given to the compounds of the formulae In-1, In-2, In-3 and In-4. 
             The compounds of the formula In and the sub-formulae In-1 to In-16 are preferably employed in the mixtures according to the invention in concentrations ≥5% by weight, in particular 5-30% by weight and very particularly preferably 5-25% by weight. 
           
         
         n) Preferred mixtures additionally comprise one or more compounds of the formulae L-1 to L-11, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             in which 
             R, R 1  and R 2  each, independently of one another, have the meanings indicated for R 2A  in claim  4  and alkyl denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms and (0) denotes a single bond or —O—. s denotes 1 or 2. 
             Particular preference is given to the compounds of the formulae L-1 and L-4, in particular L-4. 
             The compounds of the formulae L-1 to L-11 are preferably employed in concentrations of 5-50% by weight, in particular 5-40% by weight and very particularly preferably 10-40% by weight. 
           
         
       
    
     Particularly preferred mixture concepts are indicated below: (the acronyms used are explained in Table A. n and m here each, independently of one another, denote 1-15, preferably 1-6). 
     The mixtures according to the invention preferably comprise
         the compound of the formula IA-1, preferably in concentrations of 5-60%,       

     and/or
         CC-3-V1, preferably in concentrations of 3-15%,       

     and/or
         CC-3-V, preferably in concentrations of 5-40%,       

     and/or
         PGIY-n-Om, preferably in concentrations of 3-15%,       

     and/or
         CC-n-2V1, preferably in concentrations of 3-20%,       

     and/or
         CPY-n-Om, in particular CPY-2-O2, CPY-3-O2 and/or CPY-5-O2, preferably in concentrations &gt;5%, in particular 10-30%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CY-n-Om, preferably CY-3-O2, CY-3-O4, CY-5-O2 and/or CY-5-O4, preferably in concentrations &gt;5%, in particular 15-50%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CCY-n-Om, preferably CCY-4-O2, CCY-3-O2, CCY-3-O3, CCY-3-O1 and/or CCY-5-O2, preferably in concentrations &gt;5%, in particular 10-30%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CLY-n-Om, preferably CLY-2-O4, CLY-3-O2 and/or CLY-3-O3, preferably in concentrations &gt;5%, in particular 10-30%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CK-n-F, preferably CK-3-F, CK-4-F and/or CK-5-F, preferably &gt;5%, in particular 5-25%, based on the mixture as a whole.       

     Preference is furthermore given to mixtures according to the invention which comprise the following mixture concepts: 
     (n and m each, independently of one another, denote 1-6.)
         CPY-n-Om and CY-n-Om, preferably in concentrations of 10-80%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or 
     CPY-n-Om and CK-n-F, preferably in concentrations of 10-70%, based on the mixture as a whole, 
     and/or
         Y-nO-Om, preferably Y-40-04, in particular in concentrations of 2-20% by weight, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CPY-n-Om and PY-n-Om, preferably CPY-2-O2 and/or CPY-3-O2 and PY-3-O2, preferably in concentrations of 10-45%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CPY-n-Om and CLY-n-Om, preferably in concentrations of 10-80%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CCVC-n-V, preferably CCVC-3-V, preferably in concentrations of 2-10%, based on the mixture as a whole,       

     and/or
         CCC-n-V, preferably CCC-2-V and/or CCC-3-V, preferably in concentrations of 2-10%, based on the mixture as a whole.       

     In a preferred embodiment, the medium according to the invention, besides one or more compounds of the formula IA, comprises at least one compound selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae T-20, T-21, IIA-26, IIA-28, IIA-33, IIA-39, IIA-50, IIA-51, IIB-16, BF-1, BF-2, BF-3, O-6a, L-4 and CC-3-V. 
     The invention furthermore relates to an electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB, VA, PS-VA, PA-VA, SS-VA, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS or PS-FFS effect, characterised in that it contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to one or more of claims  1  to  16 . 
     The liquid-crystalline medium according to the invention preferably has a nematic phase from ≤−20° C. to ≥70° C., particularly preferably from ≤−30° C. to ≥80° C., very particularly preferably from ≤−40° C. to ≥90° C. 
     The expression “have a nematic phase” here means on the one hand that no smectic phase and no crystallisation are observed at low temperatures at the corresponding temperature and on the other hand that clearing still does not occur on heating from the nematic phase. The investigation at low temperatures is carried out in a flow viscometer at the corresponding temperature and checked by storage in test cells having a layer thickness corresponding to the electro-optical use for at least 100 hours. If the storage stability at a temperature of −20° C. in a corresponding test cell is 1000 h or more, the medium is referred to as stable at this temperature. At temperatures of −30° C. and −40° C., the corresponding times are 500 h and 250 h respectively. At high temperatures, the clearing point is measured by conventional methods in capillaries. 
     The liquid-crystal mixture preferably has a nematic phase range of at least 60 K and a flow viscosity ν 20  of at most 30 mm 2 ·s −1  at 20° C. 
     The values of the birefringence Δn in the liquid-crystal mixture are generally between 0.07 and 0.16, preferably between 0.08 and 0.13. 
     The liquid-crystal mixture according to the invention has a Δε of −0.5 to −8.0, in particular −2.5 to −6.0, where Δε denotes the dielectric anisotropy. 
     The rotational viscosity γ 1  at 20° C. is preferably ≤150 mPa·s, in particular ≤120 mPa·s. 
     The liquid-crystal media according to the invention have relatively small values for the threshold voltage (V 0 ). They are preferably in the range from 1.7 V to 3.0 V, particularly preferably ≤2.5 V and very particularly preferably ≤2.3 V. 
     For the present invention, the term “threshold voltage” relates to the capacitive threshold (V 0 ), also known as the Freedericks threshold, unless explicitly indicated otherwise. 
     In addition, the liquid-crystal media according to the invention have high values for the voltage holding ratio in liquid-crystal cells. 
     In general, liquid-crystal media having a low addressing voltage or threshold voltage exhibit a lower voltage holding ratio than those having a higher addressing voltage or threshold voltage and vice versa. 
     For the present invention, the term “dielectrically positive compounds” denotes compounds having a Δε&gt;1.5, the term “dielectrically neutral compounds” denotes those where −1.5≤Δε≤1.5 and the term “dielectrically negative compounds” denotes those having Δε&lt;−1.5. The dielectric anisotropy of the compounds is determined here by dissolving 10% of the compounds in a liquid-crystalline host and determining the capacitance of the resultant mixture in at least one test cell in each case having a layer thickness of 20 μm with homeotropic and with homogeneous surface alignment at 1 kHz. The measurement voltage is typically 0.5 V to 1.0 V, but is always lower than the capacitive threshold of the respective liquid-crystal mixture investigated. 
     All temperature values indicated for the present invention are in ° C. 
     The mixtures according to the invention are suitable for all VA-TFT applications, such as, for example, VAN, MVA, (S)-PVA, ASV, PSA (polymer sustained VA), PS-VA (polymer stabilised VA), SA-VA (surface alignment VA) and SS-VA (surface stabilized VA.) They are furthermore suitable for IPS (in-plane switching) and FFS (fringe field switching) having negative Δε. 
     The nematic liquid-crystal mixtures in the displays according to the invention generally comprise two components A and B, which themselves consist of one or more individual compounds. 
     Component A has significantly negative dielectric anisotropy and gives the nematic phase a dielectric anisotropy of ≤−0.5. Besides one or more compounds of the formula IA, it preferably comprises the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and/or IIC, furthermore one or more compounds of the formula O-17. 
     The proportion of component A is preferably between 45 and 100%, in particular between 60 and 100%. 
     For component A, one (or more) individual compound(s) which has (have) a value of Δε≤−0.8 is (are) preferably selected. This value must be more negative, the smaller the proportion A in the mixture as a whole. 
     Component B has pronounced nematogeneity and a flow viscosity of not greater than 30 mm 2 ·s −1 , preferably not greater than 25 mm 2 ·s −1 , at 20° C. 
     A multiplicity of suitable materials is known to the person skilled in the art from the literature. Particular preference is given to compounds of the formula O-17. 
     Particularly preferred individual compounds in component B are extremely low-viscosity nematic liquid crystals having a flow viscosity of not greater than 18 mm 2 ·s −1 , preferably not greater than 12 mm 2 ·s −1 , at 20° C. 
     Component B is monotropically or enantiotropically nematic, has no smectic phases and is able to prevent the occurrence of smectic phases down to very low temperatures in liquid-crystal mixtures. For example, if various materials of high nematogeneity are in each case added to a smectic liquid-crystal mixture, the nematogeneity of these materials can be compared through the degree of suppression of smectic phases that is achieved. 
     The mixture may optionally also comprise a component C, comprising compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of Δε≥1.5. These so-called positive compounds are generally present in a mixture of negative dielectric anisotropy in amounts of ≤20% by weight, based on the mixture as a whole. 
     If the mixture according to the invention comprises one or more compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of Δε≥1.5, these are preferably one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae P-1 to P-4, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which
     R denotes straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or alkenyl, each having 1 or 2 to 6 C atoms respectively, and   X denotes F, Cl, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHFCF 3  or CCF 2 CHFCF 3 , preferably F or OCF 3 .   

     The compounds of the formulae P-1 to P-4 are preferably employed in the mixtures according to the invention in concentrations of 2-15%, in particular 2-10%. 
     Particular preference is given to the compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     which is preferably employed in the mixtures according to the invention in amounts of 0.5-15%. 
     In addition, these liquid-crystal phases may also comprise more than 18 components, preferably 18 to 25 components. 
     Besides one or more compounds of the formula IA, the phases preferably comprise 4 to 15, in particular 5 to 12, and particularly preferably &lt;10, compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and/or IIC and optionally one or more compounds of the formula O-17. 
     Besides compounds of the formula IA and the compounds of the formulae IIA, IIB and/or IIC and optionally O-17, other constituents may also be present, for example in an amount of up to 45% of the mixture as a whole, but preferably up to 35%, in particular up to 10%. 
     The other constituents are preferably selected from nematic or nematogenic substances, in particular known substances, from the classes of the azoxybenzenes, benzylideneanilines, biphenyls, terphenyls, phenyl or cyclohexyl benzoates, phenyl or cyclohexyl cyclohexanecarboxylates, phenylcyclohexanes, cyclohexylbiphenyls, cyclohexylcyclohexanes, cyclohexylnaphthalenes, 1,4-biscyclohexylbiphenyls or cyclohexylpyrimidines, phenyl- or cyclohexyldioxanes, optionally halogenated stilbenes, benzyl phenyl ethers, tolanes and substituted cinnamic acid esters. 
     The most important compounds which are suitable as constituents of liquid-crystal phases of this type can be characterised by the formula IV, 
       R 20 -L-G-E-R 21   IV
 
     in which L and E each denote a carbo- or heterocyclic ring system from the group formed by 1,4-disubstituted benzene and cyclohexane rings, 4,4′-disubstituted biphenyl, phenylcyclohexane and cyclohexylcyclohexane systems, 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidine and 1,3-dioxane rings, 2,6-disubstituted naphthalene, di- and tetrahydronaphthalene, quinazoline and tetrahydroquinazoline, 
     G denotes —CH═CH— —N(O)═N—
         CH═CQ- —CH═N(O)—   —C≡C— —CH 2 —CH 2 —   CO—O— —CH 2 —O—   CO—S— —CH 2 —S—   CH═N— —COO-Phe-COO—   CF 2 O— —CF═CF—   OCF 2 — —OCH 2 —   (CH 2 ) 4 — —(CH 2 ) 3 O—       

     or a C—C single bond, Q denotes halogen, preferably chlorine, or —CN, and R 20  and R 21  each denote alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy having up to 18, preferably up to 8, carbon atoms, or one of these radicals alternatively denotes CN, NC, NO 2 , NCS, CF 3 , SF 5 , OCF 3 , F, Cl or Br. 
     In most of these compounds, R 20  and R 21  are different from one another, one of these radicals usually being an alkyl or alkoxy group. Other variants of the proposed substituents are also common. Many such substances or also mixtures thereof are commercially available. All these substances can be prepared by methods known from the literature. 
     It goes without saying for the person skilled in the art that the VA, IPS or FFS mixture according to the invention may also comprise compounds in which, for example, H, N, O, Cl and F have been replaced by the corresponding isotopes. 
     Polymerisable compounds, so-called reactive mesogens (RMs), for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,107, may furthermore be added to the mixtures according to the invention in concentrations of preferably 0.01-5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.2-2% by weight, based on the mixture. These mixtures may optionally also comprise an initiator, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,665. The initiator, for example Irganox-1076 from BASF, is preferably added to the mixture comprising polymerisable compounds in amounts of 0-1%. Mixtures of this type can be used for so-called polymer-stabilised VA modes (PS-VA) or PSA (polymer sustained VA), in which polymerisation of the reactive mesogens is intended to take place in the liquid-crystalline mixture. The prerequisite for this is that the liquid-crystal mixture itself comprises no polymerisable components which likewise polymerise under the conditions where the compound of the formula M polymerises. 
     The polymerisation is preferably carried out under the following conditions: the polymerisable components are polymerised in a cell using a UV-A lamp of defined intensity for a defined period and applied voltage, preferably 10 V to 30 V alternating voltage, frequencies in the range from 60 Hz-1 kHz. The UV-A light source employed is typically a halogen metal vapour lamp or a high-pressure mercury lamp having an intensity of 50 mW/cm 2 . These are reaction conditions where, for example, liquid-crystalline compounds having an alkenyl or alkenyloxy side chain, such as, for example, the compounds of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     do not polymerise. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymerisable compounds are selected from the compounds of the formula M 
       R Ma -A M1 -(Z M1 -A M2 ) m1 -R Mb   M
 
     in which the individual radicals have the following meaning:
     R Ma  and R Mb  each, independently of one another, denote P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, SF 5 , H, CN, —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, SF 5 , NO 2 , an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2  groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R 0 )═C(R 00 )—, —C≡C—, —N(R 00 )—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— or —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and where preferably at least one of the radicals R Ma  and R Mb  denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-,   P denotes a polymerisable group,   Sp denotes a spacer group or a single bond,   A M1  and A M2  each, independently of one another, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably having 4 to 25 ring atoms, preferably C atoms, which also includes or may contain annellated rings, and which may optionally be mono- or polysubstituted by L,   L denotes P, P-Sp-, OH, CH 2 OH, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO 2 , —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(R x ) 2 , —C(═O)Y 1 , —C(═O)R x , —N(R x ) 2 , optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 20 C atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, preferably P, P-Sp-, H, OH, CH 2 OH, halogen, SF 5 , NO 2 , an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group,   Y 1  denotes halogen,   Z M1  denotes —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —OCO—, —O—CO—O—, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —SCH 2 —, —CH 2 S—, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CF 2 S—, —SCF 2 —, —(CH 2 ) n1 —, —CF 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CF 2 —, —(CF 2 ) n1 —, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—, —COO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, CR 0 R 00  or a single bond,   R 0  and R 00  each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms,   R x  denotes P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2  groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 40 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group having 2 to 40 C atoms,   m1 denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and   n1 denotes 1, 2, 3 or 4,   

     where at least one, preferably one, two or three, particularly preferably one or two, from the group R Ma , R Mb  and the substituents L present denotes a group P or P-Sp- or contains at least one group P or P-Sp-. 
     Particularly preferred compounds of the formula M are those in which
     R Ma  and R Mb  each, independently of one another, denote P, P-Sp-, H, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO 2 , —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, SF 5  or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2  groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R 0 )═C(R 00 )—, —C≡C—, —N(R 00 )—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN, P or P-Sp-, where at least one of the radicals R Ma  and R Mb  preferably denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-,   A M1  and A M2  each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, coumarine, flavone, where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2  groups may be replaced by O and/or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]-pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl or octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl, where all these groups may be unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by L,   L denotes P, P-Sp-, OH, CH 2 OH, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NO 2 , —NCO, —NCS, —OCN, —SCN, —C(═O)N(R x ) 2 , —C(═O)Y 1 , —C(═O)R x , —N(R x ) 2 , optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 20 C atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-,   P denotes a polymerisable group,   Y 1  denotes halogen,   R x  denotes P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2  groups may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 40 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group having 2 to 40 C atoms.   

     Very particular preference is given to compounds of the formula M in which one of R Ma  and R Mb  or both denote P or P-Sp-. 
     Suitable and preferred RMs or monomers or comonomers for use in liquid-crystalline media and PS-VA displays or PSA displays according to the invention are selected, for example, from the following formulae: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
     P 1 , P 2  and P 3  each, independently of one another, denote a polymerisable group, preferably having one of the meanings indicated above and below for P, particularly preferably an acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetane, vinyloxy or epoxy group,   Sp 1 , Sp 2  and Sp 3  each, independently of one another, denote a single bond or a spacer group, preferably having one of the meanings indicated above and below for Sp a , and particularly preferably —(CH 2 ) p1 —, —(CH 2 ) p1 —O—, —(CH 2 ) p1 —CO—O— or —(CH 2 ) p1 —O—CO—O—, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, and where in the last-mentioned groups the linking to the adjacent ring takes place via the O atom, where, in addition, one or more of the radicals P 1 -Sp 1 -,
       P 2 -Sp 2 - and P 3 -Sp 3 - may denote a radical R aa , with the proviso that at least one of the radicals P 1 -Sp 1 -, P 2 -Sp 2 - and P 3 -Sp 3 - present does not denote R aa      
       R aa  denotes H, F, Cl, CN or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2  groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R 0 )═C(R 00 )—, —C≡C—, —N(R 0 )—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN or P′-Sp′-, particularly preferably straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms (where the alkenyl and alkynyl radicals have at least two and the branched radicals at least three C atoms),   R 0 , R 00  each, independently of one another and on each occurrence identically or differently, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms,   R Y  and R z  each, independently of one another, denote H, F, CH 3  or CF 3 ,   X 1 , X 2  and X 3  each, independently of one another, denote —CO—O—, O—CO— or a single bond,   Z 1  denotes —O—, —CO—, —C(R y R z )— or —CF 2 CF 2 —,   Z 2  and Z 3  each, independently of one another, denote —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —CH 2 O—, —OCH 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —OCF 2 — or —(CH 2 ) n —, where n is 2, 3 or 4,   L on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes F, Cl, CN, SCN, SF 5  or straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms, preferably F,   L′ and L″ each, independently of one another, denote H, F or Cl,   r denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,   s denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3,   t denotes 0, 1 or 2, and   x denotes 0 or 1.   

     In the compounds of the formulae M1 to M44, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     preferably denotes 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which L, on each occurrence identically or differently, has one of the above meanings and preferably denotes F, Cl, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C(CH 3 ) 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 )C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , OC 2 F 5  or P-Sp-, particularly preferably F, Cl, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 , OCF 3  or P-Sp-, very particularly preferably F, Cl, CH 3 , OCH 3 , COCH 3  or OCF 3 , in particular F or CH 3 . 
     Suitable polymerisable compounds are listed, for example, in Table D. 
     The liquid-crystalline media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise in total 0.1 to 10%, preferably 0.2 to 4.0%, particularly preferably 0.2 to 2.0%, of polymerisable compounds. 
     Particular preference is given to the polymerisable compounds of the formula M and of the formulae RM-1 to RM-96. 
     The mixtures according to the invention may furthermore comprise conventional additives, such as, for example, stabilisers, antioxidants, UV absorbers, nanoparticles, microparticles, etc. 
     The structure of the liquid-crystal displays according to the invention corresponds to the usual geometry, as described, for example, in EP-A 0 240 379. 
     The following examples are intended to explain the invention without limiting it. Above and below, percent data denote percent by weight; all temperatures are indicated in degrees Celsius. 
     Throughout the patent application, 1,4-cyclohexylene rings and 1,4-phenylene rings are depicted as follows: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The cyclohexylene rings are trans-1,4-cyclohexylene rings. 
     Throughout the patent application, (O)alkyl or (O)-alkyl, or (O)alkyl* or (O)-alkyl* denote either O-alkyl (alkoxy) or alkyl, or O-alkyl* (alkoxy*) or alkyl* respectively. Furthermore, throughout the patent application, (O)alkenyl or (O)-alkenyl, or (O)alkenyl* or (O)-alkenyl* denote either O-alkenyl (alkenyloxy) or alkenyl, or O-alkenyl* (alkenyloxy*) or alkenyl* respectively. 
     Throughout the patent application and in the working examples, the structures of the liquid-crystal compounds are indicated by means of acronyms. 
     Unless indicated otherwise, the transformation into chemical formulae is carried out in accordance with Tables 1-3. All radicals C n H 2n+1 , C m H 2m+1  and C m′ H 2m′+1  or C n H 2n  and C m H 2m  are straight-chain alkyl radicals or alkyl-ene radicals, in each case having n, m, m′ or z C atoms respectively. n, m, m′ and z each, independently of one another, denote 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In Table 1 the ring elements of the respective compound are coded, in Table 2 the bridging members are listed and in Table 3 the meanings of the symbols for the left-hand or right-hand side chains of the compounds are indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ring elements 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 AI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 B(S) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 D 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 DI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 FI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 GI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 K 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 L 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 LI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 M 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 MI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 N 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 NI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 P 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 S 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 U 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 UI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Y 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Y(F,Cl) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Y(Cl,F) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Bridging members 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 E 
                 —CH 2 CH 2 — 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 V 
                 —CH═CH— 
               
               
                   
                 T 
                 —C≡C— 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 —CF 2 CF 2 — 
               
               
                   
                 Z 
                 —COO— 
                 ZI 
                 —OCO— 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 —CH 2 O— 
                 OI 
                 —OCH 2 — 
               
               
                   
                 Q 
                 —CF 2 O— 
                 QI 
                 —OCF 2 — 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Side chains 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Left-hand side chain 
                 Right-hand side chain 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 n- 
                 C n H 2n+1 — 
                 -n 
                 —C n H 2n+1   
               
               
                 nO- 
                 C n H 2n+1 —O— 
                 -On 
                 —O—C n H 2n+1   
               
               
                 V- 
                 CH 2 ═CH— 
                 -V 
                 —CH═CH 2   
               
               
                 nV- 
                 C n H 2n+1 —CH═CH— 
                 -nV 
                 —C n H 2n —CH═CH 2   
               
               
                 Vn- 
                 CH 2 ═CH—C n H 2n — 
                 -Vn 
                 —CH═CH—C n H 2n+1   
               
               
                 nVm- 
                 C n H 2n+1 —CH═CH—C m H 2m — 
                 -nVm 
                 —C n H 2n —CH═CH—C m H 2m+1   
               
               
                 N- 
                 N≡C— 
                 -N 
                 —C≡N 
               
               
                 F- 
                 F— 
                 -F 
                 —F 
               
               
                 Cl- 
                 Cl— 
                 -Cl 
                 —Cl 
               
               
                 M- 
                 CFH 2 — 
                 -M 
                 —CFH 2   
               
               
                 D- 
                 CF 2 H— 
                 -D 
                 —CF 2 H 
               
               
                 T- 
                 CF 3 — 
                 -T 
                 —CF 3   
               
               
                 MO- 
                 CFH 2 O— 
                 -OM 
                 —OCFH 2   
               
               
                 DO- 
                 CF 2 HO— 
                 -OD 
                 —OCF 2 H 
               
               
                 TO- 
                 CF 3 O— 
                 -OT 
                 —OCF 3   
               
               
                 T- 
                 CF 3 — 
                 -T 
                 —CF 3   
               
               
                 A- 
                 H—C≡C— 
                 -A 
                 —C≡C—H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Besides one or more compounds of the formula IA, the mixtures according to the invention preferably comprise one or more of the compounds from Table A indicated below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The following abbreviations are used: 
               
               
                 (n, m, m′, z: each, independently of one another, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; 
               
               
                 (O)C m H 2m+1  means OC m H 2m+1  or C m H 2m+1 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 AIK-n-F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 AIY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 AY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 B-nO-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 B-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 B(S)-nO-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 B(S)-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CB(S)-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CB-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CB-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PB-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PB-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 BCH-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 BCH-nmF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 BCN-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C-1V-V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY(F,Cl)-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY(Cl,F)-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CAIY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY(F,Cl)-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY(Cl,F)-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-V-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-Vn-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-n-OmV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CBC-nmF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CBC-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCP-V-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCP-Vn-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCP-nV-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCP-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPYP-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CYYC-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCYY-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-n-O2V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCH-nOm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCC-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCC-n-V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCH-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-n-V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-n-V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-n-2V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-n-Vm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-V-V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-V-V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-2V-V2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CVC-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-n-mV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CC-n-mV1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCOC-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CP-nOmFF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CH-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CEY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CEY-V-n 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CVY-V-n 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-V-On 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-n-O1V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-n-OC(CH 3 )═CH 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCN-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-n-OV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCPC-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-n-zOm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPY-V-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CQY-n-(O)M 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CQIY-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCQY-n-(O)M 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCQIY-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPQY-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPQIY-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPYG-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-V-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-V2-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-1V2-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCY-3V-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCVC-n-V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCVC-V-V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CPGP-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CY-nV-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CENaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 COChrom-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 COChrom-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCOChrom-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCOChrom-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CONaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCONaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCNaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CNaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CETNaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CTNaph-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CK-n-F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CLY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CLY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 LYLI-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CYLI-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 LY-n-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 COYOICC-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 COYOIC-n-V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCOY-V-O2V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCOY-V-O3V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 COY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCOY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CCEY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CZYY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 D-nOmFF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PCH-nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PCH-nOm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PGIGI-n-F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PGP-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PP-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PP-n-2V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PPP-n-2V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PGP-n-2V1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PGP-n-2V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PYP-n-mV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PYP-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PGIY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PYP-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PPYY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YPY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YPY-n-mV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PY-n-m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 PY-V2-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 DFDBC-n(O)-(O)m 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Y-nO-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Y-nO-OmV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Y-nO-OmVm′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YG-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YG-nO-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YGI-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YGI-nO-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YY-n-Om 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 YY-nO-Om 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The liquid-crystal mixtures which can be used in accordance with the invention are prepared in a manner which is conventional per se. In general, the desired amount of the components used in lesser amount is dissolved in the components making up the principal constituent, advantageously at elevated temperature. It is also possible to mix solutions of the components in an organic solvent, for example in acetone, chloroform or methanol, and to remove the solvent again, for example by distillation, after thorough mixing. 
     By means of suitable additives, the liquid-crystal phases according to the invention can be modified in such a way that they can be employed in any type of, for example, ECB, VAN, IPS, GH or ASM-VA LCD display that has been disclosed to date. 
     The dielectrics may also comprise further additives known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, such as, for example, UV absorbers, antioxidants, nanoparticles and free-radical scavengers. For example, 0-15% of pleochroic dyes, stabilisers, such as, for example, phenols, HALS (hindered amine light stabilizers), for example Tinuvin 770 (=bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate), or chiral dopants may be added. Suitable stabilisers for the mixtures according to the invention are, in particular, those listed in Table B. 
     For example, 0-15% of pleochroic dyes, furthermore conductive salts, preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenzoate, tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylboranate or complex salts of crown ethers (cf., for example, Haller et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Volume 24, pages 249-258 (1973)), may be added in order to improve the conductivity or substances may be added in order to modify the dielectric anisotropy, the viscosity and/or the alignment of the nematic phases. Substances of this type are described, for example, in DE-A 22 09 127, 22 40 864, 23 21 632, 23 38 281, 24 50 088, 26 37 430 and 28 53 728. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE B 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CB 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CM 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R/S-811 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CM 44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CM 45 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CM 47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 CN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R/S-2011 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R/S-3011 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R/S-4011 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R/S-5011 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R/S-1011 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table B shows possible dopants which can be added to the mixtures according to the invention. If the mixtures comprise a dopant, it is added in amounts of 0.01-4% by weight, preferably 0.01-3% by weight. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE C 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Stabilisers which can be added, for example, to the mixtures according to the invention in amounts of 0-10% by weight, preferably 0.001-5% by weight, in particular 0.001-1% by weight, are shown below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE D 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-23 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-39 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-41 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-42 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-43 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-45 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-46 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-48 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-49 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-51 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-53 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-54 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-55 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-56 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-57 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-58 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-59 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-60 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-61 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-63 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-64 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-65 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-66 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-67 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-68 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-69 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-70 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-71 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-72 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-74 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-76 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-77 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-78 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-79 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-81 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-82 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-83 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-84 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-86 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-87 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-88 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-89 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-90 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-91 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-92 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-93 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-94 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-95 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-96 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-97 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 RM-99 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table D shows example compounds which can preferably be used as reactive mesogenic compounds in the LC media in accordance with the present invention. If the mixtures according to the invention comprise one or more reactive compounds, they are preferably employed in amounts of 0.01-5% by weight. It may also be necessary to add an initiator or a mixture of two or more initiators for the polymerisation. The initiator or initiator mixture is preferably added in amounts of 0.001-2% by weight, based on the mixture. A suitable initiator is, for example, Irgacure (BASF) or Irganox (BASF). 
     In a preferred embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention comprise one or more polymerisable compounds, preferably selected from the polymerisable compounds of the formulae RM-1 to RM-99. Media of this type are suitable, in particular, for PS-VA, PS-FFS and PS-IPS applications. Of the reactive mesogens shown in Table D, compounds RM-1, RM-2, RM-3, RM-4, RM-5, RM-11, RM-17, RM-35, RM-41, RM-44, RM-64, RM-81, RM-95 and RM-98 are particularly preferred. 
    
    
     WORKING EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are intended to explain the invention without limiting it. In the examples, b.p. denotes the melting point and C denotes the clearing point of a liquid-crystalline substance in degrees Celsius; boiling temperatures are denoted by m.p. Furthermore: C denotes crystalline solid state, S denotes smectic phase (the index denotes the phase type), N denotes nematic state, Ch denotes cholesteric phase, I denotes isotropic phase, T g  denotes glass-transition temperature. The number between two symbols indicates the conversion temperature in degrees Celsius an. 
     The host mixture used for determination of the optical anisotropy Δn of the compounds of the formula IA is the commercial mixture ZLI-4792 (Merck KGaA). The dielectric anisotropy Δε is determined using commercial mixture ZLI-2857. The physical data of the compound to be investigated are obtained from the change in the dielectric constants of the host mixture after addition of the compound to be investigated and extrapolation to 100% of the compound employed. In general, 10% of the compound to be investigated are dissolved in the host mixture, depending on the solubility. 
     Unless indicated otherwise, parts or percent data denote parts by weight or percent by weight. 
     Above and below:
     V o  denotes threshold voltage, capacitive [V] at 20° C.,   n e  denotes extraordinary refractive index at 20° C. and 589 nm,   n o  denotes ordinary refractive index at 20° C. and 589 nm,   Δn denotes optical anisotropy at 20° C. and 589 nm,   ε ⊥  denotes dielectric permittivity perpendicular to the director at 20° C. and 1 kHz,   ε ∥  denotes dielectric permittivity parallel to the director at 20° C. and 1 kHz,   Δε denotes dielectric anisotropy at 20° C. and 1 kHz,   cl.p., T(N,I) denotes clearing point [° C.],   γ 1  denotes rotational viscosity measured at 20° C. [mPa·s], determined by the rotation method in a magnetic field,   K 1  denotes elastic constant, “splay” deformation at 20° C. [pN],   K 2  denotes elastic constant, “twist” deformation at 20° C. [pN],   K 3  denotes elastic constant, “bend” deformation at 20° C. [pN],   LTS denotes low-temperature stability (nematic phase), determined in test cells.   

     Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all values indicated in the present application for temperatures, such as, for example, the melting point T(C,N), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I), are indicated in degrees Celsius (° C.). M.p. denotes melting point, cl.p.=clearing point. Furthermore, Tg=glass state, C=crystalline state, N=nematic phase, S=smectic phase and I=isotropic phase. The numbers between these symbols represent the transition temperatures. 
     The term “threshold voltage” for the present invention relates to the capacitive threshold (V 0 ), also called the Freedericksz threshold, unless explicitly indicated otherwise. In the examples, as is generally usual, the optical threshold can also be indicated for 10% relative contrast (V 10 ). 
     The display used for measurement of the capacitive threshold voltage consists of two plane-parallel glass outer plates at a separation of 20 μm, which each have on the insides an electrode layer and an unrubbed polyimide alignment layer on top, which cause a homeotropic edge alignment of the liquid-crystal molecules. 
     The display or test cell used for measurement of the tilt angle consists of two plane-parallel glass outer plates at a separation of 4 μm, which each have on the insides an electrode layer and a polyimide alignment layer on top, where the two polyimide layers are rubbed antiparallel to one another and cause a homeotropic edge alignment of the liquid-crystal molecules. 
     The polymerisable compounds are polymerised in the display or test cell by irradiation with UVA light (usually 365 nm) of a defined intensity for a prespecified time, with a voltage simultaneously being applied to the display (usually 10 V to 30 V alternating current, 1 kHz). In the examples, unless indicated otherwise, a 50 mW/cm 2  mercury vapour lamp is used, and the intensity is measured using a standard UV meter (make Ushio UNI meter) fitted with a 365 nm band-pass filter. 
     The tilt angle is determined by a rotational crystal experiment (Autronic-Melchers TBA-105). A low value (i.e. a large deviation from the 900 angle) corresponds to a large tilt here. 
     The VHR value is measured as follows: 0.3% of a polymerisable monomeric compound are added to the LC host mixture, and the resultant mixture is introduced into TN-VHR test cells (rubbed at 90°, alignment layer TN polyimide, layer thickness d=6 μm). The HR value is determined after 5 min at 100° C. before and after UV exposure for 2 h (sun test) at 1 V, 60 Hz, 64 μs pulse (measuring instrument: Autronic-Melchers VHRM-105). 
     In order to investigate the low-temperature stability, also known as “LTS”, i.e. the stability of the LC mixture to spontaneous crystallisation of individual components at low temperatures, bottles containing 1 g of LC/RM mixture are stored at −10° C., and it is regularly checked whether the mixtures have crystallised out. 
     The so-called “HTP” denotes the helical twisting power of an optically active or chiral substance in an LC medium (in μm). Unless indicated otherwise, the HTP is measured in the commercially available nematic LC host mixture MLD-6260 (Merck KGaA) at a temperature of 20° C. 
     Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all concentrations in the present application are indicated in percent by weight and relate to the corresponding mixture as a whole, comprising all solid or liquid-crystalline components, without solvents. All physical properties are determined in accordance with “Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals”, Status November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany, and apply for a temperature of 20° C., unless explicitly indicated otherwise. 
     The following mixture examples having negative dielectric anisotropy are suitable, in particular, for liquid-crystal displays which have at least one planar alignment layer, such as, for example, IPS and FFS displays, in particular UB-FFS(=ultra-bright FFS), and for VA displays. 
     MIXTURE EXAMPLES 
     Example M1 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1080 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M2 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 14.50% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1078 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.0 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.4 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.35 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 15.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
                 LTS bulk [−25° C.]: 
                 &gt;1000 h 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LTS bulk [−30° C.]: 
                 &gt;1000 h 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M2a 
     The mixture from Example M2 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M3 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 10.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.7 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1085 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-3-1 
                 2.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.7 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.44 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 7.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 4.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 5.50% 
               
               
                   
                 Y-4O-O4 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M4 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 14.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1087 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 2.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.50% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.0 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-V-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.8 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 3.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M4a 
     The mixture according to Example M4 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M5 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 13.50% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1080 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 4.50% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 4.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.1 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 13.6 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.7 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 3.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.39 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 15.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PPP-1-2V1 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M6 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 17.50% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1067 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 7.2 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 10.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.7 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.1 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 5.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.11 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 2.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M6a 
     The mixture from Example M6 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M7 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1075 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 2.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 3.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.2 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 5.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.42 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
                 LTS bulk [−20° C.]: 
                 &gt;1000 h 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 2.00% 
                 LTS bulk [−30° C.]: 
                 &gt;1000 h 
               
               
                   
                 PGP-2-2V1 
                 3.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M7a 
     The mixture according to Example M7 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M8 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 14.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1097 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.44 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 15.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 2.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PGP-2-2V 
                 3.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M9 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 17.50% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1012 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 7.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.7 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 8.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.8 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.5 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.10 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M10 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 13.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1081 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 2.50% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.1 
               
               
                   
                 CCEY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 13.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 2.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 16.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.40 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 16.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
                 LTS bulk [−20° C.]: 
                 &gt;1000 h 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M10a 
     The mixture according to Example M10 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M11 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 13.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1081 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.3 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 3.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.41 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PGP-2-2V1 
                 6.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M11a 
     The mixture according to Example M11 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M12 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 19.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1071 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CZYY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.4 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 0.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M12a 
     The mixture from Example M12 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M13 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1058 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 7.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.2 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.4 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.38 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M14 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 14.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1069 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 2.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.50% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.0 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.38 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 3.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M14a 
     The mixture according to Example M14 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M14b 
     The mixture according to Example M14 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M15 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 16.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1075 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.38 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M15a 
     The mixture from Example M15 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M16 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1086 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCOY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 13.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.8 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.44 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 3.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M16a 
     The mixture from Example M16 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M16b 
     The mixture from Example M16 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M17 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 17.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.8 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1078 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.7 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.2 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.42 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-V2-O2 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-V-O2 
                 6.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-V-O4 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-V-O2 
                 6.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M17a 
     The mixture from Example M17 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M17b 
     The mixture from Example M17 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M17c 
     The mixture according to Example M17 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M17d 
     The mixture according to Example M17 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M18 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1076 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.9 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.40 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M19 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 17.50% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1010 
               
               
                   
                 CCOY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 7.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.7 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.3 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 6.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.3 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.15 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 2.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 2.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M19a 
     The mixture according to Example M19 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M20 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 35.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1084 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 4.50% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.7 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 9.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.2 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.3 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 2.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M21 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1090 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 2.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 4.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.7 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.47 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
                 LTS bulk [−25° C.]: 
                 &gt;1000 h 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 3.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PPP-1-2V1 
                 2.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M21a 
     The mixture according to Example M21 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M22 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1072 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 7.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.3 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-V-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.42 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M23 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 14.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1076 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 9.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 3.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 5.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 9.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.4 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-02 
                 12.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.9 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 3.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.55 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 7.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M23a 
     The mixture according to Example M23 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M23b 
     The mixture according to Example M23 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M24 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1078 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 9.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.2 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 6.50% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.7 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.2 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 1.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.75 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 10.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 67 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 9.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M24a 
     The mixture according to Example M24 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M25 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 13.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1080 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCEY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 13.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 16.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.51 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 10.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 3.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M25a 
     The mixture according to Example M25 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M26 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 6.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1083 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.0 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 13.2 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.44 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 1.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 86.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 2.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-1-O4 
                 2.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-2V1 
                 8.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M26a 
     The mixture according to Example M26 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M27 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 5.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1108 
               
               
                   
                 CCH-34 
                 12.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −4.2 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 9.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CEY-3-O2 
                 9.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-5-O2 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-3-1 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-V-O1 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-V-O2 
                 11.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-301 
                 2.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-3-3 
                 2.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CAIY-3-O2 
                 7.00% 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-V-O4 
                 8.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M28 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 19.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.0996 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-3-1 
                 4.50% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.7 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.2 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.1 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.29 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 9.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M29 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 9.50% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 29.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.0988 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-3-1 
                 5.75% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.7 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.2 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.9 
               
               
                   
                 CY-3-O2 
                 8.25% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.29 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 8.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M29a 
     The mixture according to Example M29 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M30 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 19.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.0994 
               
               
                   
                 CCP-3-1 
                 6.50% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −3.32 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 8.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.6 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.6 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.29 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 80.5 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 12.00% 
               
               
                   
                 COY-3-O2 
                 6.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M30a 
     The mixture according to Example M30 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M31 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1080 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 4.50% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.50% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M32 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1077 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 7.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 7.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 15.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 4.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 10.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                 COY-3-O2 
                 5.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M33 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1076 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 ε ∥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 ε ⊥  [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.9 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.5 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 11.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.40 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 13.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M34 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 74 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1076 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 11.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.5 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-4-O2 
                 3.00% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.40 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-2-O2 
                 5.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 10.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 9.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 8.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                 COY-3-O2 
                 3.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M34a 
     The mixture from Example M34 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M35 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CC-3-V 
                 15.00% 
                 Clearing point [° C.]: 
                 75.5 
               
               
                   
                 CC-V-V 
                 20.00% 
                 Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 
                 0.1077 
               
               
                   
                 CC-3-V1 
                 8.00% 
                 Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: 
                 −2.8 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O1 
                 6.00% 
                 K 1  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-3-O2 
                 11.00% 
                 K 3  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-3-O2 
                 4.50% 
                 V 0  [pN, 20° C.]: 
                 2.42 
               
               
                   
                 CCY-V-O2 
                 6.00% 
                 γ 1  [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-V-O2 
                 4.50% 
               
               
                   
                 CPY-V-O4 
                 4.50% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-3-O2 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PY-V2-O2 
                 10.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PYP-2-3 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 PP-1-2V1 
                 1.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example M35a 
     The mixture according to Example M35 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M36 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M37 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M38 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M39 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M40 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M41 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M42 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M43 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M44 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M45 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M46 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M47 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M48 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M49 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M50 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M51 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M52 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M53 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M2 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M54 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M55 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M56 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M57 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M58 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M59 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M60 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M61 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M62 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M3 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M63 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M64 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M65 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M66 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M67 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M68 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M69 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M70 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M71 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M4 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M72 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M5 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M73 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M5 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M74 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M5 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M75 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M6 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M76 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M6 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M77 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M6 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M78 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M79 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M80 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M81 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M82 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M83 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M84 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M85 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M86 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M7 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M87 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M8 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M88 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M9 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M89 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M10 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M90 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M10 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M91 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M11 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M92 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M11 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M93 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M12 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M94 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M12 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M95 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M13 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M96 
     For the preparation of a PS-VA mixture, the mixture according to Example M13 is mixed with the polymerisable compound RM-1 of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M97 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M14 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M98 
     For the preparation of a PS-VA mixture, the mixture according to Example M15 is mixed with the polymerisable compound RM-88 of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M99 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M15 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M100 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M16 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M101 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M16 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M102 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M19 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M103 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M20 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M104 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M20 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M105 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M106 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M107 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M108 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M109 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M110 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M111 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M2a are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M112 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M22 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M113 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M22 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M114 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M22 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M115 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M22 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M116 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M22 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M117 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M17 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M118 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M18 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M119 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M19 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M120 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M20 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M121 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M21 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M122 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M23 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M123 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M23 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M124 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M24 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M125 
     For the preparation of a PS-VA mixture, the mixture according to Example M24 is mixed with the polymerisable compound RM-1 of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M126 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M24 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M127 
     For the preparation of a PS-VA mixture, the mixture according to Example M24 is mixed with the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M128 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M26 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M129 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M27 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M130 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M27 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M131 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M27 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M132 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M28 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M133 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M29 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M134 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M30 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M135 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M31 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M136 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M32 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M137 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M33 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M138 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M33 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M139 
     For the preparation of a PS-VA mixture, the mixture according to Example M34 is mixed with the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M140 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M35 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M141 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M36 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M142 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M37 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M143 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M38 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M144 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M38 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M145 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M38 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M146 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M38 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M147 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.7% of the mixture according to Example M38 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M148 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.75% of the mixture according to Example M37 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M149 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M150 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M1 are mixed with 0.25% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M151 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M16 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M152 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M13 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M153 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M15 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M154 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M29 are mixed with 0.2% of the polymerisable compound of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M155 
     For the preparation of a PS (polymer-stabilised) mixture, for example for PS-VA, PS-IPS or PS-FFS displays, 99.8% of the mixture according to Example M31 are mixed with 0.3% of the polymerisable compound of the 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M156 
     The mixture from Example M2 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M157 
     The mixture from Example M6 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M158 
     The mixture from Example M27 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example M159 
     The mixture according to Example M1 additionally comprises 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. 
     In the foregoing and in the examples, all temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius and, all parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated. 
     The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications, cited herein and of corresponding European Application No. EP 15000692.2, filed Mar. 10, 2015 are incorporated by reference herein. 
     The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples. 
     From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.