Patent Publication Number: US-11658233-B2

Title: Semiconductors with improved thermal budget and process of making semiconductors with improved thermal budget

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The disclosure relates to semiconductors with improved thermal budget. The disclosure further relates to a process of making semiconductors with improved thermal budget. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Semiconductor devices such as Group III-nitride based high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are very promising candidates for high power amplifiers, radiofrequency (RF) applications, and also for low frequency high power switching applications since the material properties of Group III-nitrides, such as gallium nitride (GaN) and its alloys enable achievement of high voltage and high current along with high RF gain and linearity for RF applications. A typical Group III-nitride HEMT comprises a substrate, a Group III-nitride (e.g., GaN) buffer or channel layer formed on the substrate, and a higher band-gap Group III-nitride (e.g., AlGaN) layer formed on the buffer or channel layer. Respective source, drain, and gate contacts are electrically coupled to the barrier layer. The HEMT relies on a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed at an interface between the higher band-gap barrier layer and the lower bandgap buffer or channel layer, where the lower bandgap material has a higher electron affinity. The 2DEG is an accumulation layer in the lower bandgap material and can contain a high electron concentration and high electron mobility. 
     HEMTs fabricated in the Group III-nitride material system have the potential to generate large amounts of RF power because of the combination of material characteristics that includes high breakdown fields, wide bandgaps, large conduction band offset, and/or high saturated electron drift velocity. 
     However, the device performance implementing semiconductor devices, such as Group III-nitride HEMTs, can be limited by a thermal budget that limits tolerable operational temperatures due to leakage current increases and the like that lead to reducing device life based in part on direct current (DC) stress, radiofrequency (RF) stress, and the like. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for improving a thermal budget of semiconductor devices. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     One general aspect includes a device including: a substrate, a buffer layer on the substrate, a barrier layer on the buffer layer, a passivation layer on the barrier layer, a source electrically coupled to the barrier layer, a gate electrically coupled to the barrier layer, and a drain electrically coupled to the barrier layer. The gate including at least one first surface connected to at least one second surface through at least one inflection point. The at least one inflection point is arranged within the passivation layer. 
     One general aspect includes a process of forming a device including: providing a substrate, arranging a buffer layer on the substrate, arranging a barrier layer on the buffer layer, electrically coupling a source to the barrier layer, electrically coupling a gate to the barrier layer, electrically coupling a drain to the barrier layer, forming a passivation layer on the barrier layer, and forming a gate electrically coupled to the barrier layer. The gate including at least one first surface connected to at least one second surface through at least one inflection point. The at least one inflection point is arranged within the passivation layer. 
     One general aspect includes a device including a substrate, a buffer layer on the substrate, a barrier layer on the buffer layer, a passivation layer on the barrier layer, a source electrically coupled to the barrier layer, a gate electrically coupled to the barrier layer, a drain electrically coupled to the barrier layer, and the gate including at least one step portion. Where the at least one step portion is arranged within the passivation layer. 
     One general aspect includes a process of forming a device including providing a substrate, arranging a buffer layer on the substrate, arranging a barrier layer on the buffer layer, electrically coupling a source to the barrier layer, electrically coupling a gate to the barrier layer, electrically coupling a drain to the barrier layer, forming a passivation layer on the barrier layer, forming a gate electrically coupled to the barrier layer, and the gate including at least one step portion. Where the at least one step portion is arranged within the passivation layer. 
     One general aspect includes a device including a substrate, a passivation layer, a source, a gate, a drain, and the gate including at least one step portion. Where the at least one step portion is arranged within the passivation layer, the at least one step portion includes at least one first surface and at least one second surface, where the at least one first surface is connected to the at least one second surface, where the gate includes a third surface, and where the at least one step portion is connected to the third surface. 
     Additional features, advantages, and aspects of the disclosure may be set forth or apparent from consideration of the following detailed description, drawings, and claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing summary of the disclosure and the following detailed description are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation without limiting the scope of the disclosure as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate aspects of the disclosure and together with the detailed description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. No attempt is made to show structural details of the disclosure in more detail than may be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the disclosure and the various ways in which it may be practiced. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1    shows a cross-sectional view of one aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  4    shows a cross-sectional view of one aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  6    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  7    shows a partial cross-sectional view of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    shows a comparison between a process of record (POR) transistor and transistors according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    shows a process of making a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The aspects of the disclosure and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting aspects and examples that are described and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and features of one aspect may be employed with other aspects as the skilled artisan would recognize, even if not explicitly stated herein. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques may be omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the aspects of the disclosure. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the disclosure may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the aspects of the disclosure. Accordingly, the examples and aspects herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, which is defined solely by the appended claims and applicable law. Moreover, it is noted that like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region, or substrate is referred to as being “on” or extending “onto” another element, it can be directly on or extend directly onto the another element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or extending “directly onto” another element, there are no intervening elements present. Likewise, it will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region, or substrate is referred to as being “over” or extending “over” another element, it can be directly over or extend directly over the another element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly over” or extending “directly over” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the another element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     Relative terms such as “below” or “above” or “upper” or “lower” or “horizontal” or “vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, layer, or region to another element, layer, or region as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that these terms and those discussed above are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including” when used herein specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     In addition to the type of structure, the characteristics of the semiconductor material from which a transistor is formed may also affect operating parameters. Of the characteristics that affect a transistor&#39;s operating parameters, a leakage, a leakage current, and the like may have an effect on a transistor&#39;s operational characteristics. 
     As used herein, leakage is a phenomenon where mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) flow through a semiconductor, for example in an insulating region. In one aspect, leakage is an undesired phenomenon where mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) flow through a semiconductor, for example in an insulating region. In one aspect, leakage is a phenomenon where mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) tunnel through an insulating region. In one aspect, leakage may be characterized as a quantum phenomenon where mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) tunnel through an insulating region. 
     The disclosure includes both extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors are undoped (pure). Extrinsic semiconductors are doped, meaning an agent has been introduced to change the electron and hole carrier concentration of the semiconductor at thermal equilibrium. Both p-type and n-type semiconductors are disclosed, with p-types having a larger hole concentration than electron concentration, and n-types having a larger electron concentration than hole concentration. 
     Silicon carbide (SiC) has excellent physical and electronic properties, which should theoretically allow production of electronic devices that can operate at higher temperatures, higher power, and higher frequency than devices produced from silicon (Si) or gallium arsenide (GaAs). The high electric breakdown field of about 4×E6 V/cm (volts per centimeter), high saturated electron drift velocity of about 2.0×E7 cm/sec and high thermal conductivity of about 4.9 W/cm−° K indicate that SiC would be suitable for high frequency and high power applications. 
     As used herein, the term “Group III-nitride” refers to those semiconducting compounds formed between nitrogen and one or more elements in Group III of the periodic table, usually aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and indium (In). The term also refers to binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds such as GaN, AlGaN, and AlInGaN. The Group III elements can combine with nitrogen to form binary (e.g., GaN), ternary (e.g., AlGaN), and quaternary (e.g., AlInGaN) compounds. These compounds may have empirical formulas in which one mole of nitrogen is combined with a total of one mole of the Group III elements. Accordingly, formulas such as AlxGa1−xN where 1&gt;x&gt;0 are often used to describe these compounds. 
     Semiconductors, such as Group III-nitride HEMTs need the improvement of a thermal budget that limits tolerable operational temperatures due to increases in leakage current. Increases in leakage current may lead to reducing device life that may be based on in part on DC stress, RF stress, and like. The disclosure presents devices and processes to improve the thermal budget utilizing a modified gate shape. In particular, changing a gate shape may modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage and/or a lower leakage current flow. The disclosure further presents devices and processes utilizing a modified gate shape that may enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. 
     In some aspects of the disclosure, utilizing the modified gate shape may better control gate leakage current by arranging metal portions of the gate closer to the epitaxial layers while maintaining a gate length. In this regard, in some of implementations maintaining the gate length may maintain a performance at a frequency of interest. On the other hand, implementing a prior art T-shaped gate with metal portions closer to the epitaxial layers may result in capacitance problems. Moreover, when changing the dimensions of the gate to address the capacitance problems, then dimensions of other structures may need to be modified, which leads to other problems. The disclosed modified gate shape allows the gate length to be maintained and may improve gate leakage control while not adversely introducing unwanted capacitances. For example, it may be beneficial to maintain the gate length to ensure the same and/or similar device performance. In particular, increasing a gate length has been found to result in increasing capacitance/or resulting in degrading a cut-off frequency. Additionally, introducing unwanted capacitances may lead to increases in undesired impedance. 
       FIG.  1    shows a cross-sectional view of one aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  1    shows a cross-sectional view of a transistor  100 . The transistor  100  may include a source  110 , a gate  114 , and a drain  112 . To protect and separate the gate  114  and the drain  112 , a passivation layer  116  may be arranged on the transistor  100 . In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may include one or more layers. As illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the passivation layer  116  is shown with a dashed line indicating the layered structure of the passivation layer  116 . In some aspects, the passivation layer  116  may include more layers than illustrated. 
     In particular, the gate  114  may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage and/or a lower leakage current flow. Moreover, the gate  114  may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. 
     The gate  114  may be formed of platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), and/or gold (Au). However, other metals known to one skilled in the art to achieve the Schottky effect, may be used. In one aspect, the gate  114  may include a Schottky gate contact that may have a three layer structure. Such a structure may have advantages because of the high adhesion of some materials. In one aspect, the gate  114  may further include an overlayer of highly conductive metal. In one aspect, the gate  114  may be configured as a T-shaped gate. In one aspect, the gate  114  may be configured as a non-T-shaped gate. 
     The gate  114  may be utilized in various semiconductors, semiconductor based transistor devices, micro-electronic devices, and the like with similar operational improvements. For brevity, the gate  114  will be generally described in an application that may be a Group III-nitride based high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). 
       FIG.  2    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  1   . 
     In particular,  FIG.  2    illustrates one aspect of a shape of the gate  114 . The gate  114  may include a portion  216  configured to be arranged above the passivation layer  116 ; and the gate  114  may include a portion  218  configured to be arranged within the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the portion  218  of the gate  114  may include a step portion  200 . In aspects, the step portion  200  may include a first surface portion connected to a second surface portion. In aspects, the step portion  200  may include a first surface portion connected to a second surface portion with an inflection point  210  between the surfaces. In other aspects, the step portion  200  may define a transition in dimensions in surfaces, transitions between surfaces, and the like associated with an inflection point  210  between the surfaces. 
     In one aspect, the gate  114  implementing the step portion  200  may be a channel layer electromagnetic field modulation component, a pinch-off voltage lowering component, a leakage current flow lowering component, a component configured to provide channel layer depletion region enhancement, and/or the like. In one aspect, the gate  114  implementing the step portion  200  may be a channel layer electromagnetic field modulation, pinch-off voltage lowering, leakage current flow lowering, channel layer depletion region enhancement component. 
     In one aspect, the step portion  200  may define in part a gate shape of the gate  114  that may modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage, a lower leakage current flow, and/or the like. Moreover, the step portion  200  may define a gate shape of the gate  114  that may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. 
     In one aspect, the step portion  200  may extend continuously along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to the X axis and the Y axis. In one aspect, the step portion  200  may extend discontinuously along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to the X axis and the Y axis. In one aspect, the step portion  200  may extend partially along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to X axis and the Y axis. In one aspect, the step portion  200  may extend only in selective areas along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to the X axis and the Y axis. 
     As described herein, the step portion  200  may be configured with a number of different shapes and configurations. In the aspect of  FIG.  2   , the step portion  200  may include a first surface  204 . The first surface  204  may be inclined with respect to the Y axis and/or the first surface  204  may be inclined with respect to a line perpendicular to an upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the first surface  204  may be inclined with respect to the dashed line at an angle  214 . The angle  214  may be 1°-70°, 1°-5°, 5°-10°, 10°-15°, 15°-20°, 20°-25°, 25°-30°, 30°-35°, 35°-40°, 40°-45°, 45°-50°, 50°-55°, 55°-60°, 60°-65°, or 65°-70°. 
     In other aspects, the first surface  204  may be parallel to the Y axis, and/or the first surface  204  may be parallel to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . 
     In the aspect of  FIG.  2   , the step portion  200  may include a second surface  206 . The second surface  206  may be parallel to the X axis and/or the second surface  206  may be parallel to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . 
     In other aspects, the second surface  206  may be inclined with respect to the X axis and/or the second surface  206  may be inclined with respect to a line parallel to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . In this aspect, the second surface  206  may be inclined 1°-10°, 1°-2°, 2°-3°, 3°-4°, 4°-5°, 5°-6°, 6°-7°, 7°-8°, 8°-9°, or 9°-10°. 
     In one aspect, the first surface  204  may connect to the second surface  206  at an inflection point  210 . The inflection point  210  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, a change in direction, an area of curvature, an edge, or the like. 
     In the aspect of  FIG.  2   , the step portion  200  may connect to a third surface  208 . The third surface  208  may be inclined with respect to the Y axis and/or the third surface  208  may be inclined with respect to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the third surface  208  may be inclined with respect to the dashed line at an angle  212 . The angle  212  may be 1°-70°, 1°-5°, 5°-10°, 10°-15°, 15°-20°, 20°-25°, 25°-30°, 30°-35°, 35°-40°, 40°-45°, 45°-50°, 50°-55°, 55°-60°, 60°-65°, or 65°-70° 
     In other aspects, the third surface  208  may be parallel to the Y axis, and/or the third surface  208  may be parallel to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the third surface  208  may extend to a bottom surface  226  of the gate  114 . In one aspect, the third surface  208  may connect to the bottom surface  226  at a junction  228 . The junction  228  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, or the like. 
     In one aspect, the second surface  206  may connect to the third surface  208  at a junction  222 . The junction  222  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, a change in direction, an area of curvature, or the like. 
     The first surface  204  and/or the step portion  200  may connect to a surface  202  that may be arranged parallel to an upper surface of the passivation layer  116  and/or the surface  202  that may be arranged parallel to X axis as illustrated in  FIG.  2   . In one aspect, the surface  202  may be arranged along an upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the surface  202  may be arranged above an upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the surface  202  may be arranged below an upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . The surface  202  may connect to the portion  216  at a junction  224 . The junction  224  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, or the like. In other aspects, the surface  202  may be inclined with respect to the X axis and/or the surface  202  may be inclined with respect to a line parallel to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . In this aspect, the surface  202  may be inclined 1°-10°, 1°-2°-3°, 3°-4°, 4°-5°, 5°-6°, 6°-7°, 7°-8°, 8°-9°, or 9°-10°. 
     The gate  114  may include the portion  216  configured to be arranged above the passivation layer  116 . As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the portion  216  may be symmetrical about a Y axis. In other aspects, the portion  216  may be asymmetrical about the Y axis. 
     In one aspect, the portion  218  may be symmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis as illustrated in  FIG.  2   . In one aspect, the portion  218  may be asymmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis (not shown). In one aspect, the step portion  200  may be symmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis as illustrated in FIG.  2 . In one aspect, the step portion  200  may be asymmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis (not shown). 
       FIG.  3    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  1   . 
     In particular,  FIG.  3    illustrates exemplary dimensions of the first surface  204  and the second surface  206 . A depth of the first surface  204  may be defined as a depth d1. The depth d1 may be taken along a line parallel to the Y axis, and/or a line parallel to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . Moreover, the depth d1 may be defined as a percentage of the depth d of the passivation layer  116 . In aspects, the depth d1 may be 10%-80% of the depth d, 10%-20% of the depth d, 20%-30% of the depth d, 30%-40% of the depth d, 40% 45% of the depth d, 45%-50% of the depth d, 45%-55% of the depth d, 50%-55% of the depth d, 50%-60% of the depth d, 60%-70% of the depth d, or 70%-80% of the depth d. 
     A depth of the second surface  206  may be defined as a depth d2. The depth d2 may be taken along a line parallel to the X axis, and/or a line parallel to the upper surface  220  of the passivation layer  116 . Moreover, the depth d2 may be defined as a percentage of a distance LGS defined as a length between the gate  114  and the source  110 . In one aspect, the distance LGS may be defined as a length between a lower left edge (junction  228 ) of the gate  114  and a lower right edge  230  of the source  110  as illustrated in  FIG.  3   . 
     In aspects, the depth d2 may be 5%-80% of the distance LGS, 5%-10% of the distance LGS, 10%-20% of the distance LGS, 20%-30% of the distance LGS, 30%-40% of the distance LGS, 40%-50% of the distance LGS, 45%-55% of the distance LGS, 50%-55% of the distance LGS, 50%-60% of the distance LGS, 60%-70% of the distance LGS, or 70%-80% of the distance LGS. 
     In aspects of the disclosure, a shape of the gate  114  may be defined by the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may be shaped and the gate  114  deposited thereon. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may be etched and the gate  114  deposited thereon. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may include one or more layers and one or more layers may be etched and gate metals may be deposited thereon for formation of the gate  114 . In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may include one or more layers; the one or more layers may be etched to form a shape of the gate  114 ; and the gate  114  may be deposited thereon. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may include one or more layers; the one or more layers may be each etched to form a step; and gate metals may be deposited thereon for formation of the gate  114 . In one aspect, an etching process may include one or more photo-lithographic masks. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may be etched and the gate  114  deposited such that the bottom surface  226  of the gate  114  is on or adjacent a surface of a barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, a metal forming the gate  114  may be patterned to extend across passivation layer  116 . In other aspects, a shape of the gate  114  may be formed and/or defined utilizing other methodologies. 
     With reference back to  FIG.  1   , the transistor  100  may be implemented as a HEMT and may include a substrate layer  102  and a buffer layer  104 . The transistor  100  may further include a barrier layer  108  arranged on the buffer layer  104 . In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be arranged directly on the buffer layer  104 . 
     In one aspect, a bandgap of the buffer layer  104  may be less than a bandgap of the barrier layer  108  to form a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at a heterointerface  152  between the buffer layer  104  and barrier layer  108  when biased at an appropriate level. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  is a Group III-nitride material, such as GaN, and the barrier layer  108  is a Group III-nitride material, such as AlGaN or AlN. In some aspects, there may be intervening layer(s) or region(s) between the substrate layer  102  and the buffer layer  104 , such as a nucleation layer  136 . In one aspect, there may be intervening layer(s) or region(s) (not shown) between the buffer layer  104  and the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  is made of multiple layers, such as an AlN barrier layer on the buffer layer  104 , and an AlGaN layer on the AlN barrier layer. In one aspect, there are intervening layer(s) or region(s) between the barrier layer  108  and a passivation layer  116  and/or the source  110 , the gate  114  and/or the drain  112 . In one aspect, the composition of these layers can be step-wise or continuously graded. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  can start with a higher percentage of Al near the buffer layer  104  and decrease in Al percentage away from the buffer layer  104 . 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, a gate contact may be provided for the gate  114  in between the source  110  and the drain  112 . Furthermore, in certain aspects of the disclosure, the gate contact may be disposed on the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, the gate contact may be disposed directly on the barrier layer  108 . 
       FIG.  4    shows a cross-sectional view of one aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  4    is a transistor  100  that may include any one or more of the features of the disclosure. More specifically, the transistor  100  of  FIG.  4    may include a gate  114  that may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage and/or a lower leakage current flow. Moreover, the gate  114  may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. In one aspect of  FIG.  4   , the passivation layer  116  may include one or more layers (not shown for purposes of clarity only). 
       FIG.  5    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  4   . 
     In particular,  FIG.  5    illustrates one aspect of a shape of the gate  114 . The gate  114  may include a portion  316  configured to be arranged above the passivation layer  116 ; and the gate  114  may include a portion  318  configured to be arranged within the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the portion  318  of the gate  114  may include the step portions  300 . In aspects, the step portions  300  may include one or more connected surface portions. In aspects, the step portions  300  may include one or more connected surface portions having an inflection point between the surfaces. In other aspects, the step portions  300  may define transitions in dimensions in surfaces, transitions between surfaces, and the like associated with an inflection point between the surfaces. 
     In one aspect, the gate  114  implementing the step portions  300  may be a channel layer electromagnetic field modulation component, a pinch-off voltage lowering component, a leakage current flow lowering component, a component configured to provide channel layer depletion region enhancement, and/or the like. In one aspect, the gate  114  implementing the step portions  300  may be a channel layer electromagnetic field modulation, pinch-off voltage lowering, leakage current flow lowering, channel layer depletion region enhancement component. 
     In one aspect, the step portions  300  may define in part a gate shape of the gate  114  that may modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage, a lower leakage current flow, and/or the like. Moreover, the step portions  300  may define a gate shape of the gate  114  that may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. 
     In one aspect, there may be N number of the step portions  300 , where N is a positive integer. In particular, N may be 2-30 step portions  300 , 2-4 step portions  300 , 4-6 step portions  300 , 6-8 step portions  300 , 8-10 step portions  300 , 10-12 step portions  300 , 12-14 step portions  300 , 14-16 step portions  300 , 16-20 step portions  300 , 20-24 step portions  300 , or 24-30 step portions  300 . 
     In one aspect, the step portions  300  may extend continuously along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to the X axis and the Y axis. In one aspect, the step portions  300  may extend discontinuously along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to the X axis and the Y axis. In one aspect, the step portions  300  may extend partially along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to X axis and the Y axis. In one aspect, the step portions  300  may extend only in selective areas along the edge and/or edges of the gate  114  perpendicular to the X axis and the Y axis. 
     As described herein, the step portions  300  may be configured with a number of different shapes and configurations. In the aspect of  FIG.  5   , the step portions  300  may include first surfaces  304 . The first surfaces  304  may be inclined with respect to the Y axis and/or the first surfaces  304  may be inclined with respect to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the first surfaces  304  may be inclined with respect to the dashed line at an angle  314 . The angle  314  may be 1°-70°, 1°-5°, 5°-10°, 10°-15°, 15°-20°, 20° 25°, 25°-30°, 30°-35°, 35°-40°, 40°-45°, 45°-50°, 50°-55°, 55°-60°, 60°-65°, or 65°-70°. In one aspect, the first surfaces  304  may be implemented with the same angle  314 . In one aspect, one or more the first surfaces  304  may be implemented with a different one of the angle  314 . 
     In other aspects, one or more of the first surfaces  304  may be parallel to the Y axis, and/or one or more the first surfaces  304  may be parallel to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . 
     In the aspect of  FIG.  5   , the step portions  300  may include second surfaces  306 . One or more of the second surfaces  306  may be parallel to the X axis and/or the second surfaces  306  may be parallel to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . 
     In other aspects, one or more of the second surfaces  306  may be inclined with respect to the X axis and/or the second surfaces  306  may be inclined with respect to a line parallel to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . In this aspect, one or more the second surfaces  306  may be inclined 1°-10°, 1°-2°, 2°-3°, 3°-4°, 4°-5°, 5°-6°, 6°-7°, 7°-8°, 8°-9°, or 9°-10°. 
     In one aspect, the first surfaces  304  may connect to the second surfaces  306  at junctions  310 . The junctions  310  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, or the like. 
     In the aspect of  FIG.  5   , one of the step portions  300  may connect to a third surface  308 . The third surface  308  may be inclined with respect to the Y axis and/or the third surface  308  may be inclined with respect to a line perpendicular to an upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the third surface  308  may be inclined with respect to the dashed line at an angle  312 . The angle  312  may be 1°-70°, 1°-5°, 5°-10°, 10°-15°, 15°-20°, 20°-25°, 25°-30°, 30°-35°, 35°-40°, 40°-45°, 45°-50°, 50°-55°, 55°-60°, 60°-65°, or 65°-70° 
     In other aspects, the third surface  308  may be parallel to the Y axis, and/or the third surface  308  may be parallel to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . 
     In one aspect, one of the second surfaces  306  may connect to the third surface  308  at a junction  322 . The junction  322  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, or the like. In one aspect, the third surface  308  may extend to a bottom surface  326  of the gate  114 . In one aspect, the third surface  308  may connect to the bottom surface  326  at a junction  328 . The junction  328  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, or the like. 
     One of first surfaces  304  may connect to a surface  302  that may be arranged parallel to an upper surface of the passivation layer  116  and/or the surface  302  that may be arranged parallel to X axis as illustrated in  FIG.  5   . In one aspect, the surface  302  may be arranged along an upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the surface  302  may be arranged above an upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the surface  302  may be arranged below an upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . The surface  302  may connect to the portion  316  at a junction  324 . The junction  324  may be a connection, a corner, a curved corner, an edge, or the like. In other aspects, the surface  302  may be inclined with respect to the X axis and/or the surface  302  may be inclined with respect to a line parallel to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . In this aspect, the surface  302  may be inclined 1°-10°, 1°-2°, 2°-3°, 3°-4°, 4°-5°, 5°-6°, 6°-7°, 7°-8°, 8°-9°, or 9°-10°. 
     The gate  114  may include the portion  316  configured to be arranged above the passivation layer  116 . As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the portion  316  may be symmetrical about a Y axis. In other aspects, the portion  316  may be asymmetrical about the Y axis. 
     In one aspect, the portion  318  may be symmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis as illustrated in  FIG.  5   . In one aspect, the portion  318  may be asymmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis (not shown). In one aspect, the step portions  300  may be symmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis as illustrated in  FIG.  5   . In one aspect, the step portions  300  may be asymmetrical about a line parallel to the Y axis (not shown). 
       FIG.  6    shows a partial cross-sectional view of the transistor according to  FIG.  4   . 
     In particular,  FIG.  6    illustrates exemplary dimensions of the first surfaces  304  and the second surfaces  306 . A depth of the first surfaces  304  may be defined as a depth d3. The depth d3 may be taken along a line parallel to the Y axis, and/or a line parallel to a line perpendicular to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . Moreover, the depth d3 may be defined as a percentage of the depth d of the passivation layer  116 . In aspects, the depth d3 may be 10%-80% of the depth d, 10%-20% of the depth d, 20%-30% of the depth d, 30%-40% of the depth d, 40% 45% of the depth d, 45%-50% of the depth d, 45%-55% of the depth d, 50%-55% of the depth d, 50%-60% of the depth d, 60%-70% of the depth d, or 70%-80% of the depth d. 
     A depth of the second surfaces  306  may be defined as a depth d4. The depth d4 may be taken along a line parallel to the X axis, and/or a line parallel to the upper surface  320  of the passivation layer  116 . Moreover, the depth d4 may be defined as a percentage of a distance LGS defined as a length between the gate  114  and the source  110 . In one aspect, the distance LGS may be defined as a length between a lower left edge (junction  328 ) of the gate  114  and a lower right edge  330  of the source  110  as illustrated in  FIG.  6   . 
     In aspects, the depth d4 may be 5%-80% of the distance LGS, 5%-10% of the distance LGS, 10%-20% of the distance LGS, 20%-30% of the distance LGS, 30%-40% of the distance LGS, 40%-50% of the distance LGS, 45%-55% of the distance LGS, 50%-55% of the distance LGS, 50%-60% of the distance LGS, 60%-70% of the distance LGS, or 70%-80% of the distance LGS. 
       FIG.  7    shows a partial cross-sectional view of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  7    illustrates one aspect of a shape of the gate  114 . The gate  114  may include a portion  316  configured to be arranged above the passivation layer  116 ; and the gate  114  may include a portion  318  configured to be arranged within the passivation layer  116 . In one aspect, the portion  318  of the gate  114  may include the step portions  300 . In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may include one or more layers. As illustrated in  FIG.  13   , the passivation layer  116  is shown with dashed lines indicating the layered structure of the passivation layer  116 . In some aspects, the passivation layer  116  may include more or less layers than illustrated. 
       FIG.  8    shows a comparison between a process of record (POR) transistor and transistors according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  8    shows a graph  700  that illustrates a comparison between a process of record (POR) transistor and transistors according to the disclosure. The Y axis of the graph  700  references normalized leakage current (Norm(IgLkg)) where values closer to 0 are indicative of less leakage current through a transistor. The X axis references a test level temperature  702 , a depth d2 of the gate  114  in percent  704 , and an indication of the transistor tested  706 . More specifically, the left three graphs relate to a transistor  100  of  FIGS.  1 - 3    implementing the gate  114  (depth d2 equals 20%, depth d2 equals 40%, and depth d2 equals 60% respectively); and the rightmost graph relates to a transistor similar to the transistor  100  implementing a prior art gate configuration. 
     In particular,  FIG.  8    illustrates that the transistor  100  of the disclosure implementing the gate  114  (depth d2 equals 20%, depth d2 equals 40%, and depth d2 equals 60% respectively) exhibited a normalized leakage current (Norm(IgLkg)) between 0 and −0.2. Moreover,  FIG.  8    illustrates that the process of record (POR) transistor implementing a prior art gate configuration exhibited a normalized leakage current (Norm(IgLkg)) between −0.3 and −1. 
     Accordingly, as normalized leakage current (Norm(IgLkg)) values closer to 0 are indicative of less leakage current through a transistor,  FIG.  8    illustrates that the transistor  100  of the disclosure implementing the gate  114  (depth d2 equals 20%, depth d2 equals 40%, and depth d2 equals 60% respectively) exhibits less leakage current than the process of record (POR) transistor implementing a prior art gate configuration. In particular,  FIG.  8    illustrates that the transistor  100  of the disclosure implementing the gate  114  (depth d2 equals 20%, depth d2 equals 40%, and depth d2 equals 60% respectively) exhibits lower leakage current flow over the temperature variation in comparison to the process of record (POR) transistor implementing a prior art gate configuration. More specifically,  FIG.  8    illustrates that the transistor  100  of the disclosure implementing the gate  114  (depth d2 equals 20%, depth d2 equals 40%, and depth d2 equals 60% respectively) exhibits lower leakage current flow over the temperature variation in comparison to the process of record (POR) transistor implementing a prior art gate configuration, which results in an improved thermal budget. In this regard, the leakage current flow may be 1 to 10 times less, 1 to 2 times less, 2 to 4 times less, 4 to 6 times less, 6 to 8 times less, or 8 to 10 times less. 
     It is contemplated that the various gate shape configurations of the disclosure should provide likewise beneficial reductions in leakage current through the transistor  100  of the disclosure. Moreover, it is contemplated that the various gate shape configurations of the disclosure should provide likewise beneficial reductions in leakage current through other similar micro-electronic devices, other transistors, other semiconductor devices, and the like. 
       FIG.  9    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  9    is a transistor  100  that may include any one or more of the features of the disclosure. In one aspect, the transistor  100  of  FIG.  9    may include one or more of the features of the disclosure illustrated in  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and  FIG.  3    and the description thereof.  FIG.  9    further illustrates that the transistor  100  may include a spacer layer  117  and may include a nucleation layer  136 . 
       FIG.  10    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  10    is a transistor  100  that may include any one or more of the features of the disclosure. In one aspect, the transistor  100  of  FIG.  10    include one or more of the features of the disclosure illustrated in  FIG.  4   ,  FIG.  5   , and  FIG.  6    and the description thereof.  FIG.  10    further illustrates that the transistor  100  may include a spacer layer  117  and may include a nucleation layer  136 . 
       FIG.  11    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  11    illustrates a transistor  100  that may include any one or more of the features of the disclosure. In one aspect, the transistor  100  of  FIG.  11    may include one or more of the features of the disclosure illustrated in  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and  FIG.  3    and the description thereof.  FIG.  11    further illustrates that the transistor  100  may include a spacer layer  117 , a field plate  132 , and a nucleation layer  136 . In one aspect, a plurality of the field plates  132  may be used and each of the plurality of field plates  132  may be stacked with a dielectric material therebetween (not shown). 
       FIG.  12    shows a cross-sectional view of another aspect of a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  12    is a transistor  100  that may include any one or more of the features of the disclosure. In one aspect, the transistor  100  of  FIG.  12    may include one or more of the features of the disclosure illustrated in  FIG.  4   ,  FIG.  5   , and  FIG.  6    and the description thereof.  FIG.  12    further illustrates that the transistor  100  may include a spacer layer  117 , a field plate  132 , and may include a nucleation layer  136 . In one aspect, a plurality of the field plates  132  may be used and each of the plurality of field plates  132  may be stacked with a dielectric material therebetween (not shown). 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the substrate layer  102  may be made of Silicon Carbide (SiC) or sapphire. In some aspects, the substrate layer  102  may be a semi-insulating SiC substrate, a p-type substrate, an n-type substrate, and/or the like. In some aspects, the substrate layer  102  may be very lightly doped. In one aspect, the background impurity levels may be low. In one aspect, the background impurity levels may be 1E15/cm 3  or less. In one aspect, the substrate layer  102  may be formed of SiC selected from the group of 6H, 4H, 15R, 3C SiC, or the like. In another aspect, the substrate layer  102  may be GaAs, GaN, or other material suitable for the applications described herein. In another aspect, the substrate layer  102  may include sapphire, spinel, ZnO, silicon, or any other material capable of supporting growth of Group III-nitride materials. 
     On the substrate layer  102 , a buffer layer  104 , and/or a nucleation layer  136 , may be formed. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  is formed on the substrate layer  102 . In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  is formed directly on the substrate layer  102 . In one aspect, the nucleation layer  136  may be formed on the substrate layer  102 . In one aspect, the nucleation layer  136  may be formed directly on the substrate layer  102 . Intervening layer(s) and/or region(s) are possible throughout the described structures. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the nucleation layer  136  may be formed on the substrate layer  102  to reduce a lattice mismatch between the substrate layer  102  and a next layer in the transistor  100 . The nucleation layer  136  may include many different materials, such as Group III-nitride materials, with a suitable material being Al z Ga 1-z N (0&lt;=z&lt;=1). The nucleation layer  136  may be formed on the substrate layer  102  using known semiconductor growth techniques such as Metal Oxide Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD), Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE), Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), or the like. In further aspects, there may be intervening layers between the nucleation layer  136  and the substrate layer  102 . In further aspects, there may be intervening layers between the nucleation layer  136  and the buffer layer  104 . 
     The buffer layer  104  may be a group III-nitride, such as GaN, Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN), Aluminum Nitride (AlN), Al x Ga y In (1−x−y) N (where 0&lt;=x&lt;=1, 0&lt;=y&lt;=1, x+y&lt;=1), Al x In y Ga 1−x−y N (where 0&lt;=x&lt;=1 and 0&lt;=y&lt;=1), and the like, or another suitable material and may also include a nucleation layer  136  of a group III-nitride material, such as AlN. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  is formed of AlGaN. The buffer layer  104  may be a p-type material, or alternatively can be undoped. In one aspect, an AlN nucleation layer  136  may be used to adhere to the substrate layer  102  and may help grow the buffer layer  104 . The buffer layer  104  may bind to the substrate layer  102 . In one aspect, the nucleation layer  136  may be AlN or AlGaN. 
     In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may be high purity GaN. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may be high purity GaN that may be a low-doped n-type. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may also use a higher band gap Group III-nitride layer as a back barrier, such as an AlGaN back barrier, on the other side of the buffer layer  104  from the barrier layer  108  to achieve better electron confinement. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, on the buffer layer  104 , the barrier layer  108  may be formed. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be formed directly on the buffer layer  104 . The barrier layer  108  may provide an additional layer between the buffer layer  104  and the source  110 , the drain  112 , and the gate  114 . The barrier layer  108  may be AlGaN, AlN, a Group III-nitride, InAlGaN, or another suitable material. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be AlGaN. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be undoped. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be doped. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be an n-type material. In some aspects, the barrier layer  108  may have multiple layers of n-type material having different carrier concentrations. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be a Group III-nitride or a combination thereof. In one aspect, a bandgap of the buffer layer  104  may be less than a bandgap of the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, a bandgap of the buffer layer  104  may be less than a bandgap of the barrier layer  108  to form a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at a heterointerface  152  between the buffer layer  104  and barrier layer  108  when biased at an appropriate level. In one aspect, additional Group III-nitride layer(s) or region(s) and/or other layer(s) or region(s) of different materials are possible on the barrier layer  108  and/or in the overall structure. Any of the layers and/or regions can have uniform, non-uniform, graded and/or changing composition, thicknesses, and/or doping. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the source  110  and/or the drain  112  may be connected directly to the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, the source  110  and/or drain  112  may be connected indirectly to the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may include a region under the source  110  and/or drain  112  that is an N+ material. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may include a region under the source  110  and/or drain  112  that is Si doped. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the source  110  and/or the drain  112  may be connected directly to the buffer layer  104 . In one aspect, the source  110  and/or drain  112  may be connected indirectly to the buffer layer  104 . In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may include a region under the source  110  and/or drain  112  that is an N+ material. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may include a region under the source  110  and/or drain  112  that is Si doped. 
     To protect and separate the gate  114  and the drain  112 , the passivation layer  116  may be arranged on the barrier layer  108 , on a side opposite the buffer layer  104 , adjacent the gate  114  and the drain  112 . The passivation layer  116  may be a passivation layer made of SiN, AlO, SiO, SiO 2 , AlN, or the like, or a combination incorporating multiple layers thereof. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  is a passivation layer made of SiN. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  can be deposited using MOCVD, plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD), hot-filament CVD, or sputtering. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may include deposition of Si 3 N 4 . In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  forms an insulating layer. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  forms an insulator. In one aspect, the passivation layer  116  may be a dielectric. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, a non-conducting spacer layer  117  may be formed over the gate  114  between the source  110  and the drain  112 . In one aspect, the spacer layer  117  may include a layer of non-conducting material such as a dielectric. In one aspect, the spacer layer  117  may include a number of different layers of dielectrics or a combination of dielectric layers. In one aspect, the spacer layer  117  may be many different thicknesses, with a suitable range of thicknesses being approximately 0.5 to 2 microns. 
     In one aspect, the spacer layer  117  may include a material such as a dielectric or insulating material, such as SiN, SiO2, etc. In some aspects the spacer layer  117  may be a passivation layer, such as SiN, AlO, SiO, SiO 2 , AlN, or the like, or a combination incorporating multiple layers thereof 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the buffer layer  104  may be designed to be of the high purity type where the Fermi level is in the upper half of the bandgap, which minimizes slow trapping effects normally observed in GaN HEMTs. In this regard, the traps under the Fermi level are filled always and thus slow transients may be prevented. In some aspects, the buffer layer  104  may be as thin as possible consistent with achieving good crystalline quality. Applicants have already demonstrated 0.4 μm layers with good quality. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, a Group III-nitride nucleation layer  136  and/or buffer layer  104  may be grown on the substrate layer  102  via an epitaxial crystal growth method, such as MOCVD (Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition), HVPE (Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy) or MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy). The formation of the nucleation layer  136  may depend on the material of the substrate layer  102 . 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the buffer layer  104  may be formed with Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth (LEO). LEO can, for example, improve the crystalline quality of GaN layers. When semiconductor layers of a HEMT are epitaxial, the layer upon which each epitaxial layer is grown may affect the characteristics of the device. For example, LEO may reduce dislocation density in epitaxial GaN layers. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the buffer layer  104  may include nonpolar GaN. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may include semipolar GaN. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may include hot wall epitaxy. In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may include hot wall epitaxy having a thickness in the range of 0.15 microns to 0.25 microns, 0.2 microns to 0.3 microns, 0.25 microns to 0.35 microns, 0.3 microns to 0.35 microns, 0.35 microns to 0.4 microns, 0.4 microns to 0.45 microns, 0.45 microns to 0.5 microns, 0.5 microns to 0.55 microns, or 0.15 microns to 0.55 microns. 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, one or more metal overlayers may be provided on one or more of the source  110 , the drain  112 , and the gate  114 . The overlayers may be Au, Silver (Ag), Al, Pt, Ti, Si, Ni, Al, and/or Copper (Cu). Other suitable highly conductive metals may also be used for the overlayers. 
     In one aspect, the field plate  132  may be arranged on the spacer layer  117  between the gate  114  and drain  112 . In one aspect, the field plate  132  may be deposited on the spacer layer  117  between the gate  114  and the drain  112 . In some aspects, the field plate  132  may be adjacent the gate  114  and an additional spacer layer  117  of dielectric material may be included at least partially over the gate  114  to isolate the gate  114  from the field plate  132  (not shown). In some aspects, the field plate  132  may overlap the gate  114  and an additional spacer layer  117  of dielectric material may be included at least partially over the gate  114  to isolate the gate  114  from the field plate  132 . 
     The field plate  132  may extend different distances from the edge of the gate  114 , with a suitable range of distances being approximately 0.1 to 2 microns. In some aspects, the field plate  132  may include many different conductive materials with a suitable material being a metal, or combinations of metals, deposited using standard metallization methods. In one aspect, the field plate  132  may include titanium, gold, nickel, titanium/gold, nickel/gold, or the like. 
     In one aspect, the field plate  132  may be formed on the spacer layer  117  between the gate  114  and the drain  112 , with the field plate  132  being in proximity to the gate  114  but not overlapping the gate  114 . In one aspect, a space between the gate  114  and field plate  132  may be wide enough to isolate the gate  114  from the field plate  132 , while being small enough to maximize a field effect provided by the field plate  132 . 
     In certain aspects, the field plate  132  may reduce a peak operating electric field in the transistor  100 . In certain aspects, the field plate  132  may reduce the peak operating electric field in the transistor  100  and may increase the breakdown voltage of the transistor  100 . In certain aspects, the field plate  132  may reduce the peak operating electric field in the transistor  100  and may reduce trapping in the transistor  100 . In certain aspects, the field plate  132  may reduce the peak operating electric field in the transistor  100  and may reduce leakage currents in the transistor  100 . 
     In aspects of the transistor  100  of the disclosure, the source  110  and the drain  112  may be symmetrical with respect to the gate  114 . In some device application aspects, the source  110  and the drain  112  may be asymmetrical with respect to the gate  114 . 
       FIG.  13    shows a process of making a transistor according to the disclosure. 
     In particular,  FIG.  13    shows an exemplary process  800  for making the transistor  100  of the disclosure. It should be noted that the process  800  is merely exemplary and may be modified consistent with the various aspects disclosed herein. 
     The process  800  may begin at box  802  by forming a substrate layer  102 . The substrate layer  102  may be made of Silicon Carbide (SiC). In some aspects, the substrate layer  102  may be a semi-insulating SiC substrate, a p-type substrate, an n-type substrate, and/or the like. In some aspects, the substrate layer  102  may be very lightly doped. In one aspect, the background impurity levels may be low. In one aspect, the background impurity levels may be 1E15/cm 3  or less. The substrate layer  102  may be formed of SiC selected from the group of 6H, 4H, 15R, 3C SiC, or the like. In another aspect, the substrate layer  102  may be GaAs, GaN, or other material suitable for the applications described herein. In another aspect, the substrate layer  102  may include spinel, ZnO, silicon, or any other material capable of supporting growth of Group III-nitride materials. Additionally, the above-noted process may include any other aspects consistent with the disclosure. 
     The buffer layer  104  may be formed at box  804  on the substrate layer  102 . The buffer layer  104  may be grown or deposited on the substrate layer  102 . In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may be GaN. In another aspect, the buffer layer  104  may be formed with LEO. In one aspect, the nucleation layer  136  may be formed on the substrate layer  102  and the buffer layer  104  may be formed on the nucleation layer  136 . The buffer layer  104  may be grown or deposited on the nucleation layer  136 . In one aspect, the buffer layer  104  may be GaN. In another aspect, the buffer layer  104  may be formed with LEO. Additionally, the above-noted process may include any other aspects consistent with the disclosure. 
     At box  806 , the barrier layer  108  may be formed on the buffer layer  104 . The barrier layer  108  may be an n-type conductivity layer or may be undoped. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be AlGaN. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be formed directly on the buffer layer  104 . The barrier layer  108  may provide an additional layer between the buffer layer  104  and the source  110 , the drain  112 , and the gate  114 . The barrier layer  108  may be AlGaN, AlN, a Group III-nitride, InAlGaN, or another suitable material. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be AlGaN. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be undoped. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be doped. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be an n-type material. In some aspects, the barrier layer  108  may have multiple layers of n-type material having different carrier concentrations. In one aspect, the barrier layer  108  may be a Group III-nitride or a combination thereof. In one aspect, a bandgap of the buffer layer  104  may be less than a bandgap of the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, a bandgap of the buffer layer  104  may be less than a bandgap of the barrier layer  108  to form a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at a heterointerface  152  between the buffer layer  104  and barrier layer  108  when biased at an appropriate level. In one aspect, additional Group III-nitride layer(s) or region(s) and/or other layer(s) or region(s) of different materials are possible on the barrier layer  108  and/or in the overall structure. Any of the layers and/or regions can have uniform, non-uniform, graded and/or changing composition, thicknesses, and/or doping. Additionally, the above-noted process may include any other aspects consistent with the disclosure. 
     At box  808 , the passivation layer  116  may be formed. The passivation layer  116  may be a passivation layer, such as SiN, AlO, SiO, SiO 2 , AlN, or the like, or a combination incorporating multiple layers thereof, which may be deposited over the exposed surface of the barrier layer  108 . Additionally, the above-noted process may include any other aspects consistent with the disclosure. 
     In one aspect, for the formation of the gate  114  that may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein, the passivation layer  116  may comprise at least one layer and at least one etching process. In one aspect, for the formation of the gate  114  that may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein, the passivation layer  116  may comprise a plurality of layers and a plurality of etching processes. 
     In one aspect, for the formation of the gate  114  that may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein, at least one layer of the passivation layer  116  may be deposited; and a shape of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  may be etched in the at least one layer of the passivation layer  116  utilizing at least one photo-lithographic mask. 
     In one aspect, for the formation of the gate  114  that may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein, the passivation layer  116  may include a plurality of layers; each layer may be deposited to form a part of a shape of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300 ; and each layer may be etched utilizing an etching process to form a shape of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein. The etching process may include any process to remove portions of the passivation layer  116  to form a shape of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein. The etching processes may include a masking material which resists etching. The masking material may be a photoresist which has been patterned using photolithography. The etching processes may include one or more of wet etching, anisotropic wet etching, plasma etching, and the like. 
     In one aspect, for the formation of the gate  114  that may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein, the passivation layer  116  may include a plurality of layers; each layer may be deposited to form a part of a shape of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300 ; and each layer may be etched utilizing a photo-lithographic mask and/or a plurality of different shaped photo-lithographic masks that may include wider gate length openings to form a shape of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein. 
     In one aspect, for the formation of the gate  114  that may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein, the passivation layer  116  may include a plurality of layers; each layer may be deposited to form a step of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300 ; and each layer may be etched utilizing a photo-lithographic mask and/or a plurality of different shaped photo-lithographic masks that may include wider gate length openings to each form a step of the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein. 
     At box  810 , the gate  114  may be arranged on the barrier layer  108  between the source  110  and the drain  112 . The gate  114  may extend on top of a spacer or the passivation layer  116 . The passivation layer  116  may be etched and the gate  114  deposited such that the bottom of the gate  114  is on and/or adjacent the surface of barrier layer  108  as described above. The metal forming the gate  114  may be patterned to extend across passivation layer  116  so that the top of the gate  114  forms a field plate  132 . 
     In particular, the formation of the gate  114  may include the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  as described herein. In one aspect, the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  of the gate  114  may be formed by etching the passivation layer  116  as described above. Other aspects may be utilized to form the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  of the gate  114 . 
     A layer of Ni, Pt, AU, or the like may be formed for the gate  114  by evaporative deposition or another technique. The gate structure may then be completed by deposition of Pt and Au, or other suitable materials. In some aspects, the contacts of the gate  114  may include Al, Ti, Si, Ni, and/or Pt. 
     Further during the process  800 , additional processes  812  may be performed. For example, the source  110  may be arranged on the barrier layer  108 . The source  110  may be an ohmic contact of a suitable material that may be annealed. For example, the source  110  may be annealed at a temperature of from about 500° C. to about 800° C. for about 2 minutes. However, other times and temperatures may also be utilized. Times from about 30 seconds to about 10 minutes may be, for example, acceptable. In some aspects, the source  110  may include Al, Ti, Si, Ni, and/or Pt. In one aspect, a region under the source  110  that is an N+ material may be formed in the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, a region under the drain  112  may be Si doped. 
     Further during the process  812 , the drain  112  may be arranged on the barrier layer  108 . Like the source  110 , the drain  112  may be may be an ohmic contact of Ni or another suitable material, and may also be annealed in a similar fashion. In one aspect, an n+ implant may be used in conjunction with the barrier layer  108  and the contacts are made to the implant. In one aspect, a region under the drain  112  that is an N+ material may be formed in the barrier layer  108 . In one aspect, a region under the drain  112  may be Si doped. 
     The source  110  and the drain  112  electrodes may be formed making ohmic contacts such that an electric current flows between the source  110  and drain  112  electrodes via a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) induced at the heterointerface  152  between the buffer layer  104  and barrier layer  108  when a gate  114  electrode is biased at an appropriate level. In one aspect, the heterointerface  152  may be in the range of 0.005 μm to 0.007 μm, 0.007 μm to 0.009 μm, and 0.009 μm to 0.11 μm. 
     Further during some aspects of the process  812 , the field plate  132  may be arranged on top of another protective layer and may be separated from the gate  114 . In one aspect, the field plate  132  may be deposited on the spacer layer  117  between the gate  114  and the drain  112 . In some aspects, the field plate  132  may include many different conductive materials with a suitable material being a metal, or combinations of metals, deposited using standard metallization methods. In one aspect, the field plate  132  may include titanium, gold, nickel, titanium/gold, nickel/gold, or the like. In one aspect, a plurality of the field plates  132  may be used. In one aspect, a plurality of the field plates  132  may be used and each of the plurality of field plates  132  may be stacked with a dielectric material therebetween. In one aspect, the field plate  132  extends toward the edge of gate  114  towards the drain  112 . In one aspect, the field plate  132  extends towards the source  110 . In one aspect, the field plate  132  extends towards the drain  112  and towards the source  110 . In another aspect, the field plate  132  does not extend toward the edge of gate  114 . Finally, the structure may be covered with a dielectric spacer layer  117  such as silicon nitride. The dielectric spacer layer  117  may also be implemented similar to the passivation layer  116 . Moreover, it should be noted that the cross-sectional shape of the gate  114 , shown in the Figures is exemplary. For example, the cross-sectional shape of the gate  114  in some aspects may not include the T-shaped extensions. Other constructions of the gate  114  may be utilized. Additionally, the above-noted process may include any other aspects consistent with the disclosure. 
     It should be noted that the aspects of process  800  may be performed in a different order consistent with the aspects described above. Additionally, it should be noted that portions of the process  800  may be performed in a different order consistent with the aspects described above. Moreover, the process  800  may be modified to have more or fewer processes consistent with the various aspects disclosed herein. 
     Accordingly, the disclosure has set forth a transistor  100  and process of making a transistor having a gate that may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage and/or a lower leakage current flow. Moreover, the disclosure has set forth a transistor  100  and process of making a transistor having a gate that may be configured, structured, and/or arranged to have a gate shape that may enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. Additionally, the disclosure has set forth a transistor  100  and process of making a transistor having a gate having improved thermal budget that increases tolerable operational temperatures due to a decrease in leakage current. Additionally, the disclosure has set forth a transistor  100  and process of making a transistor having a gate having improved thermal budget that increases device life that may be based in part on direct current (DC) stress, radiofrequency (RF) stress, and the like. 
     Additionally, as described herein, the gate  114  having the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  may be utilized in a Gallium Nitride (GaN) based high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). However, the disclosure is not limited to this particular application of the gate  114  having the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300 . The gate  114  having the step portion  200  and/or the step portions  300  may be utilized in other similar micro-electronic devices, other transistors, other semiconductor devices, and the like with similar operational improvements. 
     In particular aspects, the transistor  100  of the disclosure may be utilized in amplifiers. In further aspects, the transistor  100  of the disclosure may be utilized in wireless base stations that connect to a wireless device. In further aspects, the transistor  100  of the disclosure may be utilized in amplifiers implemented by wireless base stations that connect to a wireless device. In further aspects, the transistor  100  of the disclosure may be utilized in in wireless devices. In further aspects, the transistor  100  of the disclosure may be utilized in amplifiers implemented in wireless devices. 
     In this disclosure it is to be understood that reference to a wireless device is intended to encompass electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, gaming systems, MP3 players, personal computers, PDAs, user equipment (UE), and the like. A “wireless device” is intended to encompass any compatible mobile technology computing device that can connect to a wireless communication network, such as mobile phones, mobile equipment, mobile stations, user equipment, cellular phones, smartphones, handsets, wireless dongles, remote alert devices, Internet of things (IoT) based wireless devices, or other mobile computing devices that may be supported by a wireless network. The wireless device may utilize wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, other wide area network (WAN) technology, 3G technology, 4G technology, 5G technology, LTE technology, and the like. 
     In this disclosure it is to be understood that reference to a wireless base station is intended to cover base transceiver station (BTS), node B devices, Base Station (BS) devices, evolved node B devices, and the like that facilitate wireless communication between wireless devices and a network. The wireless base station and/or the network may utilize wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, other wide area network (WAN) technology, 3G technology, 4G technology, 5G technology, LTE technology, and the like. 
     In aspects, the dimensions of d1, d2, d3, and/or d4 may be critical in order to modulate an electromagnetic field in a channel layer, resulting in a lower pinch-off voltage, a lower leakage current flow, and/or the like. In aspects, the dimensions of d1, d2, d3, and/or d4 may be critical in order to enhance a depletion region in a channel layer, resulting in reducing the leakage current flow. 
     While the disclosure has been described in terms of exemplary aspects, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure can be practiced with modifications in the spirit and scope of the appended claims. These examples given above are merely illustrative and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible designs, aspects, applications or modifications of the disclosure.