Patent Publication Number: US-2017348520-A1

Title: Electroceutical device and wrap for using the same

Description:
I. RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/305,789 entitled “Wrap for Electroceutical Device” filed on Mar. 9, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/397,799 entitled “Electroceutical Device” filed on Sep. 21, 2016, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     II. FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This disclosure relates to the self-care treatment of pain, both chronic and acute, using certain forms of energy. In certain embodiments, the disclosure describes an electroceutical device for non-invasive pain relief and/or accelerated healing self-care treatments. 
     III. BACKGROUND 
     Physical pain is felt when nerves in the body communicate signals to the brain. One method of alleviating pain is to use electrical stimulation to block pain signals to the brain (i.e., essentially the brain receives a “busy signal” when a pain signal is trying to reach the brain). Treatments that use this method are generally referred to as electroceuticals. In general, electroceuticals, such as those available over-the-counter (OTC) are non-invasive devices that use certain forms of energy (referred to as modalities or therapies) to deliver specific actions that are of therapeutic benefit to the body. 
     Three primary, non-invasive and OTC electroceutical modalities are Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), Ultrasound (US), and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). TENS sends impulses to the nerves through electrodes that reduce or eliminate sensations or feelings of pain. These impulses override and/or block the normal pain signals being communicated to the brain. When the impulses are sent at particular frequencies, they may also help the body produce natural pain killers such as endorphins, which may prolong the pain relief sensation and aid in healing. Ultrasound generally uses deep, penetrating, high-frequency sound waves to deliver therapeutic benefits. A water based gel is applied to the skin under the ultrasonic device to conduct the sound waves into the body&#39;s tissues where it can be absorbed to reduce soft tissue inflammation, accelerate healing, improve range of motion, and decrease pain. LEDs produce particular wavelengths of light referred to as photons that penetrate the body&#39;s cells and deliver energy, stimulating cellular renewal and accelerating repair of damaged tissue. In particular, using wavelengths such as  660  nanometers (red light) and  880  nanometers (infrared light) promotes collagen and elastin for tissue growth, which helps accelerate healing and aids in pain reduction. 
     Conventional OTC electroceutical devices are typically limited to a single modality for treating pain and usually include a battery that needs to be replaced with use. OTC electroceutical devices that use a single modality can limit the pain relief and healing benefits possible from electroceuticals. Moreover, the effectiveness of a modality varies based on parameters such as frequency used and the area of the body treated. A user may not understand the best possible frequency or type of modality to use for treating an area of their body. Moreover, a user can experience trouble placing an OTC electroceutical device on an area of his or her body if the user has limited mobility, whether from a medical condition or otherwise. If fact, the pain that a user seeks to treat with the electroceutical device may itself limit physical dexterity. 
     Users can also experience problems properly placing the electrodes of an electroceutical device on an area of their body, as is conventionally manually done by the user. The proper placement of the electrodes in relation to the TENS device and to each other can significantly impact the effectiveness of the TENS treatment. Thus, a user can inadvertently limit the effectiveness of a TENS treatment by accidently placing the electrodes at improper locations. Moreover, since some conventional electrodes are attached by an adhesive, if a user attempts to change the location of the electrodes after they are attached, the user may experience discomfort (from the removal of the adhesive) and may have trouble reattaching the electrodes (since adhesives typically lose adhesive strength each time they are removed). After a limited number of uses, the electrodes must typically be replaced, even if they are otherwise functional. 
     Thus, there is a need in the art for an electroceutical device, especially an OTC electroceutical device, that can employ more than one modality of pain relief and/or accelerated healing to provide more effective pain relief and/or accelerated healing than currently available devices. There is a need for an OTC electroceutical device that can more easily be used by a user with limited mobility and that can take the guesswork out of the type and best settings for treatment, as well as the proper placement of the electroceutical device and electrodes on an area of the user&#39;s body. Finally, there is a need for an OTC electroceutical device that requires only a one-time purchase for use and eliminates the costs of replacement batteries for the device and/or the costs of replacement electrodes. 
     IV. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method and apparatus for self-care of using non-invasive modalities to treat pain, such as musculoskeletal pain, and/or accelerate healing at selected areas of a user&#39;s body. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a controller and a pod unit. The controller and pod unit can be configured to be used by a layperson (i.e., not having medical training, knowledge, or experience) without the supervision of someone having medical training, knowledge, or experience. The controller and/or pod unit can be any color, such as white, or include a print or other design. Additionally, the controller and/or pod unit can include a brand, such as “360 Approach to Health.” The pod unit may be attached to an area of the body to be treated and may employ a TENS modality or a combination of TENS and LED or Ultrasound modalities to effect such treatment. In one embodiment, the combination of selected modalities have parameters that are preprogrammed into the apparatus and that, when in use, automatically deliver fixed frequencies or outputs in a sequential and timed manner to treat a specific area of a user&#39;s body. The apparatus can be portable. For example, the pod unit may be worn comfortably under clothing, weigh about 0.35 lbs and have a height of about 2.5 inches, width of about 1.5 inches, and thickness of about 1 inch. The controller can also be lightweight and be sized to fit into and be used by a user&#39;s hand. For example, the controller, can be of a rectangular shape having a height of about 4.5 inches, width of about 2.25 inches, and thickness of about 1 inch. The controller and pod unit can be of other shapes and sizes as well. 
     In one embodiment, the pod unit is “hands-free” and is held in place on an area of the user&#39;s body by a premade wrap. The wrap can be any color, such as black, or include a print or other design. Additionally, the wrap can include a brand, such as “360 Approach to Health.” The wrap can include a shaped hole for receiving a portion of the pod unit. The shaped hole may maintain the pod unit in place relative to the wrap using tension, friction, by interlocking features, by fasteners (such as snap fasteners), or otherwise. The wrap may also include electrodes that can be configured to removably couple with the pod unit (e.g., via wires or cables) for delivery of the treatment from the pod unit to an area of the user&#39;s body. One side of the electrodes (the side facing the user&#39;s skin) may include a layer of electrically-conductive gel to help facilitate current flow into the body. In one embodiment, the other side of the electrodes (the side facing the wrap) may include fastener(s) such as fabric hook and loop fasteners and/or snap fasteners for attaching the electrodes to the wrap via, for example, counterpart hook and loop fasteners and/or snap fastener receptacles affixed to the wrap on the side facing the user. The location of the counterpart fasteners on the wrap may be at any distance transversely away from the coupled pod unit and each other that ensures a therapeutically-desirable flow of electric current between the coupled electrodes. Thus, when the wrap is coupled to an area of the body, the electrodes and pod unit are also coupled to the area of the body without requiring an adhesive. Attaching electrodes, in particular, to a user&#39;s skin using an adhesive has many disadvantages such as pain and/or discomfort when removing the electrodes and the inability to reattach the electrodes to the body after a limited number of uses. When attached to a wrap by fastener(s) such as a fabric hook and loop fasteners and/or snap fasteners, the electrodes may be removed and reattached to a user&#39;s skin any number of times via the wrap. In one embodiment, the electrodes may be embedded in the wrap at a desirable distance away from a coupled pod unit and from each other to ensure a therapeutically-desirable flow of current between the electrodes. In one embodiment, a user is not required to guess where to place the electrodes relative to the pod unit or to each other. 
     In one embodiment, the wrap is sized and designed to comfortably accommodate a specific area of the body (e.g., back, hip, neck, shoulder, knee, elbow, wrist, ankle, or calf) by having, for example, curved corners and a thin shape to fit under clothing without drawing attention. The wrap may be adjustable by employing, for example, one or more straps with fasteners, such as mechanical-based fasteners, for example, fabric hook and loop fasteners and/or snap fasteners. The straps can be formed into the wrap, providing a unitary construction, or can be separate elements. The wrap and/or strap(s) (or portions of them) may be made of any useful material such as, e.g., plastic, vinyl, rubber, or cloth such as a cotton or polyester based cloth, and may employ an elastic material such as, e.g., neoprene. 
     In one embodiment, the controller can be configured to removably couple to the pod unit for controlling delivery of therapeutic care through the pod unit to an area of the user&#39;s body and/or to provide power to the pod unit. The controller can be configured to removably couple to the pod unit through a universal serial bus (USB) connection, a male to male TRRS (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve) cable, or otherwise, including through a wireless connection. The pod unit and/or controller can include a rechargeable battery such as, for example, a 3.7 Volt, 1000 milliampere per hour lithium-ion polymer rechargeable battery having protection circuitry. To recharge the battery(ies), the controller may be configured to include a port for receiving a cable of a wall charger, such as a five Volt, two Ampere output wall charger. 
     The controller can receive an indication to begin the therapeutic treatment, for example from a user input, detect a type of therapeutic care to be delivered, for example based on the type of coupled pod unit, and communicate to the pod unit the type of therapeutic care to be delivered. In one embodiment, the type of delivered therapeutic care can adjust between TENS-based and LED-or Ultrasound-based therapeutic care and the intensity level of the TENS-based treatment can adjust between, for example, approximately 15 volts, 21 volts, 27 volts, 33 volts, 39 volts and 45 volts. The intensity of TENS-based therapeutic care may be based on inputs received from a user, for example, though an interface on the controller communicated to the pod unit. The controller may also communicate the intensity of the TENS-based therapeutic care and/or the type of therapeutic care being delivered at a particular moment in time to a user by, for example, activating one or more LEDs positioned on the controller or by making an audible “ring” or other sound. The controller may also communicate other information to the user through, for example, LEDs, such as whether the pod unit and/or controller is on or off, whether the pod unit is coupled to the controller, whether the pod unit and/or controller is charging or charged, and whether the pod unit and/or controller have a low battery. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the apparatus is configured to provide therapeutic treatment to a specific area of the body. Examples of such areas include lower back, hip, neck, shoulder, knee, elbow, ankle, wrist, and calf. The below combinations are merely illustrative and are not intended to be exhaustive, limiting, or preferable. 
     When configured to treat the lower back or hip, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 10-40 Hertz (Hz) for 10 minutes followed with pulsed Ultrasound treatment at a frequency of about 1 megahertz (MHz) for about 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 60-100 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s lower hip or back during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. The low TENS frequency is intended to activate the body&#39;s endorphins and provide pain relief. It is generally effective against chronic pain and has a significant carry over period of pain relief. The TENS high frequencies are responsible for pain-gate activation which is when transmission of the perception of pain to the brain is blocked by the activity of the large diameter, fast-conducting sensory nerve fibers. This activity effectively closes the gateway to the brain through which you would normally perceive pain. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with pulsed Ultrasound to effectively penetrate tissues, which facilitates healing of the soft tissue. 
     When configured to treat the neck, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 10-40 Hz for 10 minutes followed with LED treatment at about 660 nanometers (red light) and/or about 880 nanometers (infrared light) for 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 60-100 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s neck during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. The low TENS frequency may activate the body&#39;s endorphins and provide pain relief. It is generally effective against chronic pain and has a significant carry over period of pain relief. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with LED treatment to release free radicals (considered the body&#39;s natural vasodilator), which allows for increased blood circulation to promote tissue healing. 
     When configured to treat the knee, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 60-100 Hz for 10 minutes followed with LED treatment at about 660 nanometers (red light) and/or about 880 nanometers (infrared light) for 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 60-100 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s knee during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. A mid-range to high TENS frequency may be used for the knee because high frequencies effectively treat boney and superficial soft tissues, which are predominant in the knee; and mid-range frequencies block pain signals. The TENS mid to high frequencies are responsible for pain-gate activation which is when transmission of the perception of pain to the brain is blocked by the activity of the large diameter, fast-conducting sensory nerve fibers. This activity effectively closes the gateway to the brain through which you would normally perceive pain. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with LED treatment to release free radicals (considered the body&#39;s natural vasodilator), which allows for increased blood circulation to promote healing. 
     When configured to treat the elbow, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 60-100 Hz for 10 minutes followed with Ultrasound treatment at a frequency of about 1 MHz for 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 60-100 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s elbow during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. A mid-range to high TENS frequency may be used for the elbow because high frequencies effectively treat boney and superficial soft tissues, which are predominant in the elbow; and mid-range frequencies block pain signals. The TENS mid to high frequencies are responsible for pain-gate activation which is when transmission of the perception of pain to the brain is blocked by the activity of the large diameter, fast-conducting sensory nerve fibers. This activity effectively closes the gateway to the brain through which you would normally perceive pain. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with pulsed Ultrasound to effectively penetrate tissues, which facilitates healing of the soft tissue. 
     When configured to treat the shoulder, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 20-80 Hz for 10 minutes followed with Ultrasound treatment at a frequency of about 1 MHz for 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 20-80 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s shoulder during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. A low to mid-range TENS frequency may be used for the shoulder and calf because low frequencies activate the body&#39;s endorphins and provide pain relief; mid-range frequencies block pain signals. The frequency range is effective against chronic pain and has a significant carry over period of pain relief. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with pulsed Ultrasound to effectively penetrate tissues, which facilitates healing of the soft tissue. 
     When configured to treat the ankle or wrist, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 80-150 Hz for 10 minutes followed with LED treatment at about 660 nanometer (red light) and/or about 880 nanometers (infrared light) for 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 80-150 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s ankle or wrist during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. A high TENS frequency may be used to treat boney and superficial soft tissues, which are predominant in the ankle or wrist. The TENS high frequencies are responsible for pain-gate activation which is when transmission of the perception of pain to the brain is blocked by the activity of the large diameter, fast-conducting sensory nerve fibers. This activity effectively closes the gateway to the brain through which you would normally perceive pain. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with LED treatment to release free radicals (considered the body&#39;s natural vasodilator), which allows for increased blood circulation to promote healing. 
     When configured to treat the calf, the apparatus may use a TENS pulse with a frequency of about 20-80 Hz for 10 minutes followed with LED treatment at about 660 nanometers (red light) and/or about 880 nanometers (infrared light) for 10 minutes, followed by another TENS treatment with a frequency of about 20-80 Hz. The timing and frequency or output delivered to the user&#39;s calf during these three 10 minute periods are fixed (i.e., not changeable by the user) and programmed to run sequentially. A low to mid-range TENS frequency may be used for the calf because low frequencies activate the body&#39;s endorphins and provide pain relief; and mid-range frequencies block pain signals. The frequency range is effective against chronic pain and has a significant carry over period of pain relief. The TENS treatment may be used sequentially with LED treatment to release free radicals (considered the body&#39;s natural vasodilator), which allows for increased blood circulation to promote healing. 
     In one embodiment, the treatment (whether TENS and LED or TENS and Ultrasound or otherwise) is used in combination with other products such as creams or gels (for example, the commercial product known as “360 Turned Up”). When using a cream or gel, the cream or gel may be applied to the treatment area concurrently with apparatus application to further potentiate pain relief. 
     In one embodiment, the apparatus allows only a single, continuous mode of treatment at a time for a pre-programmed period of time. The mode may be non-adjustable other than intensity. Whether the embodiment is TENS and LED or TENS and Ultrasound, the treatments may run sequentially. In one embodiment, the intensity may vary between zero and 50 Volts into a 1000 Ohm load. As discussed below, the level of intensity of the TENS-based treatment may be selected by the user. The mode (including number of cycles) may last for a period of time and the TENS frequency may vary during the period, depending, for example, on the area of the body treated. Intensity of the Ultrasonic or LED output does not vary and cannot be adjusted by, for example, the user. To illustrate, when treating the lower back or hip, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area may be treated with a low TENS frequency (about 10-40 Hz) for about the first 10 minutes and then treated with a mid-range to high TENS frequency (about 60-100 Hz) for about the last 10 minutes. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute TENS treatments, the area of the lower back or hip may be treated with pulsed Ultrasound for about 10 minutes wherein the output may be about 1 MHz for a 50% duty cycle at 0.25 Watts per centimeter squared. The intensity of the Ultrasound output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     When treating the neck, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area may be treated with a low TENS frequency (about 10-40 Hz) for about the first 10 minutes and then treated with a mid-range to high TENS frequency (about 60-100 Hz) for about the last  10  minutes of the treatment. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute TENS treatments, the area of the neck may be treated with LEDs for about 10 minutes, wherein the output of the LEDs may be about 0.214 Joules (for 660 nanometer or red light) and about 22.4 milliwatts per square radian (for 880 nanometer or infrared light). The intensity of the LED output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     When treating the knee, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area is treated with a mid-range to high TENS frequency (about 60-100 Hz) for about the first and last 10 minutes of the treatment. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute high-frequency TENS treatments (about 60-100 Hz), the area of the knee may be treated with LEDs for about 10 minutes, wherein the output of the LEDs may be about 0.214 Joules (for 660 nanometer or red light) and about 22.4 milliwatts per square radian (for 880 nanometer or infrared light). The intensity of the LED output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     When treating the elbow, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area may be treated with a mid-range to high TENS frequency (about 60-100 Hz) for about the first and last 10 minutes of the treatment. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute TENS treatments, the area of the elbow may be treated with pulsed Ultrasound for about 10 minutes, wherein the output may be about 1 Megahertz for a 50% duty cycle at 0.25 Watts per centimeter squared. The intensity of the Ultrasound output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     When treating the shoulder, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area may be treated with a low to mid-range TENS frequency (about 20-80 Hz) for about the first and last 10 minutes of the treatment. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute TENS treatments, the area of the shoulder or calf may be treated with pulsed Ultrasound for about 10 minutes, wherein the output may be about 1 MHz for a 50% duty cycle at 0.25 Watts per centimeter squared. The intensity of the Ultrasound output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     When treating the ankle or wrist, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area may be treated with a high TENS frequency (about 80-150 Hz) for about the first and last 10 minutes of the treatment. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute TENS treatments, the area of the ankle or wrist may be treated with LEDs for about 10 minutes, wherein the output of the LEDs may be about 0.214 Joules (for 660 nanometer or red light) and about 22.4 milliwatts per square radian (for 880 nanometer or infrared light). The intensity of the LED output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     When treating the calf, the mode may have two cycles, wherein the area may be treated with a low to mid-range TENS frequency (about 20-80 Hz) for about the first and last 10 minutes of the treatment. The user may adjust the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered (within in a preprogrammed range) during these periods. Between these 10 minute TENS treatments, the area of the calf may be treated with LEDs for about 10 minutes, wherein the output of the LEDs may be about 0.214 Joules (for 660 nanometer or red light) and about 22.4 milliwatts per square radian (for 880 nanometer or infrared light). The intensity of the LED output may not be adjusted by the user. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly certain features and technical advantages of embodiments of the present invention in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same or similar purposes. It should also be realized by those having ordinary skill in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Additional features will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended to limit the present invention. 
    
    
     
       V. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following drawings illustrate by way of example not limitation. For the sake of brevity and clarity, every feature of a given structure is not always labeled in every figure in which that structure appears. Identical reference numbers do not necessarily indicate an identical structure. Rather, the same reference number may be used to indicate a similar feature or a feature with similar functionality, as may non-identical reference numbers. The figures are drawn to scale (unless otherwise noted), meaning the sizes of the depicted elements are accurate relative to each other for at least the embodiment depicted in the figure. 
         FIG. 1 a    is a front view (side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of a portion of a wrap according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1 b    (not to scale) is a front view (side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of a strap according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1 c    is a front view (side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of a portion of a wrap according to one embodiment of the present invention that is different than the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1   a.    
         FIG. 2 a    is a front view (side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of a portion of a wrap according to one embodiment of the present invention that is different than the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 1 a    and  1   c.    
         FIG. 2 b    is a bottom view (side facing a user&#39;s skin) of the wrap depicted in  FIG. 2 a    according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2 c    is a front view of a wrap according to one embodiment of the present invention that is different than the embodiment of  FIG. 2   a.    
         FIG. 3 a    is a top view (side facing away from the user&#39;s skin) of electrodes according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3 b     1  is a top view (side facing away from the user&#39;s skin) of electrodes according to one embodiment of the present invention that is different than the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3   a.    
         FIG. 3 b     2  is a side view of the electrodes depicted in  FIG. 4 b     1  according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4 a     1  is a top view (side facing away from the user&#39;s skin) of a pod unit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4 a     2  (not to scale) is a side view of the pod unit of  FIG. 4 a     1  according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4 a     3  is a bottom view (side facing the user&#39;s skin) of the pod unit of  FIG. 4 a     1  according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4 b     1  is a top view (side facing away from the user&#39;s skin) of a pod unit according to an embodiment of the present invention that is different than the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 4 a     1 . 
         FIG. 4 b     2  is a side view of the pod unit of  FIG. 4 b     1  according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4 b     3  is a bottom view (side facing the user&#39;s skin) of the pod unit of  FIG. 4 b     1  according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4 b 3 a    is a bottom view (side facing the user&#39;s skin) of a pod unit according to one embodiment of the invention, wherein the pod unit comprises Ultrasound components. 
         FIG. 4 b 3 b    is a bottom view (side facing the user&#39;s skin) of a pod unit according to one embodiment of the invention, wherein the pod unit comprises LED components. 
         FIG. 4 b     4  is a partial cross-sectional view of the pod unit of  FIG. 4 b     1  according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5 a    is perspective view of the controller according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5 b    is a perspective view of the controller according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5 c    is a perspective view of the controller according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6 a    is an electronic block diagram of the controller of one embodiment of the present invention, such as that shown in  FIG. 5 a , 5 b   , or  5   c.    
         FIG. 6 b    is a flow chart describing operation of the controller of  FIG. 6 a    when coupled to a pod unit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of an electroceutical treatment system (side facing away from the user&#39;s skin) according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a bottom view (side facing user&#39;s skin) of a portion of an electroceutical treatment system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     VI. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
       FIG. 1 a    shows a portion of one embodiment of the wrap  100  with an ergonomic shape and a thickness less than its length or width, so that it may comfortably be worn by a user underneath clothing. Wrap  100  can be made of neoprene or another comfortable material. Wrap  100  can include electrode fasteners  307  (see  FIG. 8 ) on it bottom side (side facing user&#39;s skin) that can removably (i.e., without requiring a tool) attached to (and roughly fit the shape of) electrodes  300  (see  FIG. 3 a   ). The wrap  100  has a hole  101  including a plurality of slits  102 . A pod unit  400  (see  FIG. 4 a     1 ) can be removably coupled to wrap  100  via, for example, hole  101  and slits  102 . Wrap  100  also includes a plurality of slots  103  near its ends for attaching a plurality of straps  104  (see  FIG. 1 b   ). 
     Straps  104 , shown in  FIG. 1 b   , may have a thickness less than their length or width, so that they may be comfortably worn underneath clothing. The strap may be, for example, 1-5 mm thick. The front of strap  104  (side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) includes one or more strap fasteners  105  located closer to one end of strap  104 . Alternatively, strap fasteners  105  may comprise a single, unitary strip having sufficient length to allow adjustment. Strap fasteners  105  may be of any type conventionally known, such as button fasteners, snap fasteners, or fabric hook and loop fasteners or may be a type later-invented. Strap  104  also includes one or more wrap fasteners  105   a  (relative location shown in dotted line) on its bottom side, positioned close to the end of strap  104  opposite that of the plurality of strap fasteners  105 . Strap  104  can be attached to wrap  100  by feeding its end closest to wrap fastener  105   a  through a slot  103  of wrap  100  and attaching wrap fastener  105   a  to a strap fastener  105 , such as the strap fastener closest to wrap fastener  105   a . Such attachment may be accomplished in any conventional or later developed manner. For example, when using a fabric hook and loop fastener, as illustrated here, strap fasteners  105  could be the “hook” side of the fabric hook and loop fastener and wrap fastener  105   a  could be the “loop” side, or vice versa. Once attached, wrap fastener  105   a  and its corresponding strap fastener  105  are strong enough in the transverse direction, i.e., the direction of force when the strap is pulled, to reasonably resist detachment. A second strap (not shown) is generally attached to another slot  103  in the same manner as first strap  104 . The second strap may be identical to first strap  104 , except that its strap fasteners contain counterpart fasteners corresponding to the strap fasteners of first strap  104 . For example, if strap fasteners  105  are fabric hook and loop fasteners, the strap fasteners on strap  104  could be the “hook” side of the fabric hook and loop fastener and the strap fasteners on the second strap could be the “loop” side of the fabric hook and loop fastener, or vice versa. As another example, if strap fasteners  105  on strap  104  are snap fasteners, the strap fasteners on the second strap can be snap fastener receptacles, such as snap fastener receptacles  203 , shown in  FIG. 2  In these ways, the two straps may be fastened to one another after wrapping around a portion of the user&#39;s body by attaching the strap fasteners of strap  104  to the counterpart strap fasteners of the second strap. 
       FIG. 1 c    depicts a portion of a wrap  110  according to an embodiment of the present invention having a pod unit removably coupled thereto. Wrap  110  has similar features as wrap  100  except that strap  114 , unlike strap  104 , is included as part of wrap  110 . Strap  114  does not include strap fasteners  105  and does not attach to wrap  110  or another strap by fasteners. Instead, strap  214  may have a length sufficient to reach around an area of the body and then to attach to an end of wrap  110  using, for example, slots  113   a ,  113   b . Slots  113   a ,  113   b  are on the same end of wrap  110  and facilitate connection by strap  114  by feeding strap  114 , for example, first through slot  113   a  from the side facing away from the user&#39;s skin to the side facing the user&#39;s skin, and then through slot  113   b  from the side facing the user&#39;s skin to the side facing away from the user&#39;s skin, or vice versa. The strap can be held in place by tension, friction, or otherwise, and may optionally be fed back through one of slots  113   a ,  113   b  to more firmly hold the wrap in place. To facilitate firm placement of the strap by tension and/or friction, the width (i.e., the dimension running parallel with the length of strap  114 ) of slots  113   a ,  113   b  may be only slightly larger than the thickness of strap  114 . Additionally, wrap  110 , including strap  114 , may be made from a material having a large coefficient of friction, such as neoprene. 
     In another embodiment (not shown), a single slot may be disposed in an end of the wrap  110  and strap  114  may include one or more strap fasteners on one side, e.g., its top, close to its free end, i.e., the end spaced apart from the hole for the pod unit, and counterpart strap fasteners on the same side, e.g., its top, but disposed relatives further away from its free end, i.e., closer to hole for the pod unit, such that strap  114  may be fed through one end of the single slot, e.g., from the top side of strap  114  to the bottom side of strap  114 , and folded back over itself to removably couple the strap fasteners and counterpart strap fasteners together. In one embodiment, the strap fasteners and counterpart strap fasteners may comprise a single, unitary piece that is of sufficient length to permit adjustment of wrap  110 . 
       FIG. 2 a    depicts a front view (side facing away from a user&#39; skin) of a portion of a wrap  200  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Wrap  200  has an ergonomic shape and a thickness less than its length or width, so that it may comfortably be worn by a user underneath clothing. For example, wrap  200  may be about 2 mm thick and made of neoprene. Wrap  200  includes a central hole  201  for receiving a portion of a pod unit, such as pod unit  410  (see  FIGS. 4 b     1 - 4   b   4 ). Wrap  200  also includes secondary holes  202  configured to allow electrodes, such as electrodes  310  (see  FIGS. 3 b     1 - 3   b   2 ), to removably couple to the pod unit through the wrap, as shown in  FIG. 4 b     4 , such as via large snap fasteners and large snap fastener receptacles. Wrap  200  also includes snap fastener receptacles  203  configured to removably couple to correspondingly sized snap fasteners, such as snap fasteners  314  of electrodes  310 . Snap fastener receptacles  203  can made from plastic or another material. 
     A strap  204  is included as part of wrap  200  on one end of wrap  200 . The other end of wrap  200  includes a buckle  207  that can be made from steel or another rigid material. As shown more clearly in  FIG. 2 b   , which is a back view (side facing a user&#39;s skin) of wrap  200 , strap  204  includes one or more strap fasteners  205 , such as hook and loop fasteners on the end spaced apart from the central portion of the wrap (i.e., away from the portion having central hole  201 ). The other side of strap  204  can include corresponding strap fasteners  205   a  (relative location shown in dotted line). For example, strap fasteners  205  could be the “hook” side of a fabric hook and loop fastener and corresponding strap fasteners  205   a  could be the “loop” side of a fabric hook and loop fastener, or vice versa. To couple wrap  200  to a portion of a user&#39;s body, strap  204  is wrapped around the portion of the user&#39;s body (e.g., arm, leg), fed through buckle  207 , and then back over itself so that strap fasteners  205  removably couple to corresponding strap fasteners  205   a . Corresponding strap fasteners  205   a  can be disposed along most of the length of strap  204  on one side so that the length of strap  205  (and thus the length of wrap  200 ) can be adjusted. 
       FIG. 2 c    depict a front view (side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of a wrap  210  according to one embodiment of the present invention that is similar to wrap  200  of  FIG. 2 a   , but shaped to wrap around a larger portion of the user&#39;s body, such as the user&#39;s torso, so that a portion of the user&#39;s body, such as their back, may be treated by an electroceutical device coupled to the wrap  210 . For example, wrap  210  may be about 50 inches in length. Wrap  210  has an ergonomic shape and a thickness less than its length or width, so that it may comfortably be worn by a user underneath clothing. For example, wrap  210  may be about 2 mm thick and made of neoprene. Wrap  210  include a central hole  211  that can receive a portion of a pod unit, such as pod unit  410  (see  FIGS. 4 b     1 - 4   b   4 ). Wrap  210  also includes secondary holes  212  configured to allow electrodes, such as electrodes  310  (see  FIGS. 3 b     1 - 3   b   2 ), to removably couple to the pod unit through the wrap, as shown in  FIG. 4 b     4 , such as via large snap fasteners and large snap fastener receptacles. Wrap  210  includes snap fastener receptacles  213  that may be removably coupled to snap fasteners of electrodes such as snap fasteners  314  of electrodes  310 . Snap fastener receptacles  213  made from plastic or another material. 
     Wrap  210  includes two strap portions  214   a  and  214   b . Strap portion  214   a  includes a strap fastener  215  on the side facing away from a user&#39;s skin. Strap fastener  215  can be any type of removable fastener such as a fabric hook and loop fastener or a snap fastener. Strap fastener  215  can be one continuous piece or can be separate, spaced apart pieces. Strap portion  214   b  includes a strap fastener  215   a  on the side facing a user&#39;s skin. Strap fastener  215   a  can be one continuous piece or can be separate, spaced apart pieces. Strap fastener  215   a  corresponds to and is configured to removably couple with strap fastener  215  of strap portion  214   a . For example, strap fastener  215  can be a hook portion of fabric hook and loop and fastener and corresponding strap fastener  215   a  can be the loop portion of a fabric hook and loop fastener, or vice versa. As a further example, strap fastener  215  can be a snap fastener and corresponding strap fastener  215   a  can be a snap fastener receptacle, or vice versa. Strap fastener  215  and/or corresponding strap fastener  215   a  can be of sufficient length/number to adjust the length of wrap  210  when coupled together. 
       FIG. 3 a    depicts a front view (facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of two electrodes  300  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Electrodes  300  can be shaped to fit on the back side (facing user&#39;s skin) of a wrap, such as wraps  100  or  110  and around hole  101  to not interfere with a pod unit disposed therein. Electrodes  300  each include an electrode wire  301  with an end that may attach to the pins located within coverings  403  of a pod unit  400 . The front side (side shown in  FIG. 3 a   ) of electrodes  300  includes a readily-detached (i.e., without requiring a tool) electrode fastener  306  such as a fabric hook and loop fastener that attaches to corresponding electrode fasteners  307  (see  FIG. 8 ) on the back side (facing user&#39;s skin) of wrap  100  or wrap  110  in a conventional manner. For example, if using a fabric hook and loop fastener, electrode fasteners  306  could be the “hook” and electrode fasteners  307  could be the “loop,” or vice versa. The back side of electrodes  300  (facing a user&#39;s skin) may include a gel to better conduct electric current through a user&#39;s body. 
       FIG. 3 b     1  depicts a front view (facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of two electrodes  310  according to an embodiment of the present invention that is different than the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3 a   . Electrodes  310  can be shaped to fit on the back side (facing user&#39;s skin) of a wrap having snap fastener receptacles, such as snap fastener receptacles  203  or  213  of wrap  200 ,  210 , respectively, around a central hole, such as hole  201  or hole  211  of wrap  200  or wrap  210 , respectively, such that electrodes  310  do not interfere with the coupling of a pod unit, such as pod unit  410 , to the wrap through the central hole. Electrodes  310  can include one or more snap fasteners  314  configured to removably couple the electrodes to the wrap via the snap fastener receptacles of the wrap. For example, electrodes  310  can be removably coupled to wrap  200  or wrap  210  by coupling snap fasteners  314  with snap fastener receptacles  203  or  213 , respectively. Snap fasteners  314  can be made from a non-conductive material such as plastic. 
     Electrodes  310  can include one or more large snap fasteners  312  configured to removably couple the electrodes to the pod unit via large snap fastener receptacles on the pod unit, such as large snap fastener receptacles  419  of pod unit  410  (see  FIG. 4 b     4 ). As partially shown in  FIG. 4 b     4 , electrodes  310  can be advantageously coupled to one side of a wrap, such as wrap  200  or wrap  210 , via snap fasteners  314  and snap fastener receptacles  203  or  213 , respectively, and also to a pod unit, such as pod unit  410  via large snap fasteners  312  and large snap fasteners receptacles  419 , on the other side of the wrap via secondary holes of the wrap, such as secondary holes  202  or  212  of wrap  200  or  210 , respectively. In this configuration, the pod unit is functionally coupled to the wrap. Large snap fasteners  312  can be made from a conductive material such as metal. 
     Electrodes  310  also include embedded wire(s) (not shown) that conduct electric current from large snap fasteners  312  into electrodes  310 , for example from large snap fastener receptacles  419  (when made of an electrically conductive material such as metal) of pod unit  410  through coupled large snap fasteners  312 .  FIG. 3 b     2  depicts a side view of electrodes  310  of  FIG. 3 b     1 . 
       FIG. 4 a     1  depicts a top view (facing away from the user&#39;s skin) of an embodiment of the pod unit  400 . As shown, the pod unit may include a port  401  for communicating with a handheld controller for various functions such as turning on and off pod unit  400 , adjusting intensity of electrodes, and monitoring a treatment. Pod unit  400  can perform TENS treatment alone or in conjunction (although not necessarily temporally) with other electroceutical treatments such as Ultrasound or LED treatment and can be configured to provide treatment to a specific area of the body (e.g., lower back, hip, neck, shoulder, knee, elbow, ankle, wrist, and/or calf), as illustratively explained above. Pod unit  400  can be made of any suitable materials, such as lightweight plastics. Pod unit  400  can have an oval shape as shown in  FIG. 4 a     1  with a length greater than its width and thickness, such that when positioned in a wrap, such as wrap  100  or wrap  110 , it can be worn comfortably under clothing. For example, pod unit  400  can have a length of 5 centimeters and a thickness of 1.5 centimeters. 
       FIG. 4 a     2  depicts a side view of one embodiment of the pod unit  400  of  FIG. 4 a     1 . As seen in  FIG. 4 a     2 , pod unit  400  includes a primary portion  402  that can house TENS treatment components and/or other treatment components such as LED or Ultrasound components. The TENS treatment components may be connected to electrodes through coverings  403 . Coverings  403  house pins (not shown) that facilitate electric connection with electrode wires, such as electrode wires  301  shown in  FIG. 3 a   . Pod unit  400  includes a secondary portion  404  that can house other electroceutical treatment components such as an Ultrasound or LED treatment components. The cross-sectional area along line A-A of secondary portion  404  and line B-B of coverings  403  can be slightly larger than the dimensions of hole  101  and slits  102 , respectively, of wrap  100  or wrap  110  so that pod unit  400  can fit snugly in hole  101  of wrap  100  or wrap  110  and be held in place by tension and/or friction. The cross-sectional area of primary portion  402  along line C-C can be larger than hole  101  of wrap  100  or wrap  110  to prevent the pod unit  400  from passing through hole  101 . In operation, pod unit  400  is inserted into the front side (facing away from the user&#39;s skin) of wrap  100  or wrap  110  through hole  101  with secondary portion  404  entering hole  101  first. 
       FIG. 4 a     3  depicts a bottom view (facing user&#39;s skin) of one embodiment of pod unit  400  employing TENS treatment components in primary housing  402  and other electroceutical components such as Ultrasound or LED components in secondary housing  404 . Pod unit  400  can be connected to electrodes  300  via pins (not shown) positioned in coverings  403 , for example, after coupling to wrap  100  or wrap  110 , as just described. Secondary portion  404  can extend far enough to be in contact with a portion of a user&#39;s skin when pod unit  400  is coupled to a wrap, such as wrap  100  or wrap  110 . 
     In one embodiment of pod unit  400  (not depicted), the top surfaces of coverings  403  (i.e., the side facing away from a user&#39;s skin) do not physically contact the bottom surfaces of primary portion  402 . In such an embodiment, coverings  403  directly physically contact only the side of secondary portion  404 . The gap between the top surface of coverings  403  and the bottom surface of primary portion  402  can be about the thickness of wrap  100  or wrap  110  and allow the pod unit  400  to not only fit snugly within hole  101  but to be thereafter twisted to interlock with wrap  100  or wrap  110  by positioning coverings  403  at a different planar location than slits  102 . In such an embodiment, pod unit  400  can be removably coupled to wrap  100  or wrap  110  by the interlocking just described as well by tension and/or friction. 
       FIG. 4 b     1  depicts a top view of pod unit  410  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Pod unit  410  has the same or similar functionality as pod unit  400  of  FIG. 4 a     1  but different physical features, including a different physical shape, that can also be worn comfortably under clothing. Pod unit  410  includes a port  412  (a portion of which is shown in  FIG. 4 b     4 ) for communicating with a handheld controller for various functions such as turning on and off pod unit  410 , adjusting intensity of electrodes, and monitoring a treatment. Pod unit  410  also includes a central portion  414  for housing TENS treatment components and/or other treatment components such as LED or Ultrasound components, and a plurality of flange portions  416  for housing electrode interfaces. Central portion  414  and flange portions  416  may be a single unitary piece or may be made of separate, interlocking pieces.  FIG. 4 b     2  depicts a side view of the pod unit  410  of  FIG. 4 b     1 . As shown, pod unit  410  includes a cover  418  that can be made of a material capable of transmitting Ultrasound or LED outputs, such as stainless steel (see  FIG. 4 b 3 a   ) or plastic (see  FIG. 4 b 3 b   ), respectively. Cover  418  can extend from the bottom of flange portions  416  far enough to contact an area of a user&#39;s skin when the pod unit is coupled to, for example, wrap  200  or wrap  210 .  FIG. 4 b     3  depicts a bottom view of the pod unit  410 . Large snap receptacles  419 , shown more clearly in  FIG. 4 b     4 , can be located in peripheral portions  414  and can be removably coupled to, for example, large snaps  312  on wrap electrodes  310  (see  FIGS. 3 b     1  and  3   b   2 ). Large snap receptacles  419  can be made from a similar material as large snaps  312 , i.e., conductive metal, such that an electric current can pass therethrough. 
       FIG. 4 b     4  depicts a cross-sectional view of pod unit  410  along the line D-D of  FIG. 4 b     3  when pod unit  410  is coupled to a wrap such as, for example, wrap  200  or wrap  210  and to electrodes, such electrodes  310 . As shown, pod unit  410  can include a top housing portion  410   a  and a bottom housing portion  410   b  can that be fixedly or removably coupled together by, for example, screws or plastic bonding. Pod unit  410  includes an interface  420 , such as a printed circuit board (PCB), fixedly coupled to a large snap receptacle  419 , which is removably coupled to a large snap fastener  312  such that an electric current can flow from interface  420  through large snap receptacle  419  and large snap fastener  312  and into electrodes  310 . 
       FIG. 5 a    depicts a perspective view of a controller  500  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Controller  500  can have a shape that fits comfortably within a user&#39;s hand and permits the user to push any of the buttons with the hand. In particular, the controller  500  includes an “On/Off” or “Start” button  501  and two intensity-adjustment buttons  502   a ,  502   b . When controller  500  is removably coupled (whether by cable or wirelessly) to a pod unit, such as pod unit  300 , positioned for treatment on an area of a user&#39;s body, intensity-adjustment button  502   a  (or “Plus” button) allows a user to increase the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered to the area of the body by a preprogrammed amount each time it is pushed by the user up to maximum programmed amount. Likewise, intensity-adjustment button  502   b  (or “Minus” button) allows a user to decrease the intensity of the TENS treatment delivered to the area of the body by a preprogrammed amount each time it is pushed by the user down to a minimum programmed amount. Indicator LEDs  503   a  through  503   f  indicate to the user the intensity level of the TENS treatment being delivered. In particular, LED  503   a  is the only LED lit up when the lowest intensity is being delivered; LEDs  503   a  and  503   b  are both lit up when the next highest intensity is being delivered (e.g., following a user pushing intensity-adjustment button  502   a ); LEDs  503   a ,  503   b , and  503   c  are lit up when the next highest intensity is being delivered (e.g., after a user pushes intensity-adjustment button  502   a  again); and so on. While six lights are representatively shown, indicating six intensity levels, any number of lights and levels may be utilized. In addition to the six LEDs just described, controller  500  may also include one or more LEDs  504  that can indicate other information, such as when the controller and/or pod unit are on, being charged, when its power (e.g., provided by an internal battery) is low, and/or the type of treatment being delivered. For example, LED  504  may glow green when the controller and/or pod unit are on, yellow when the controller and/or pod unit are charging, and red when the controller and/or pod unit are low on power. Alternatively or additionally, “on/off” button  501  may include an LED that indicates to the user when the controller and/or pod unit are on or other information such that just described. Controller  500  may also include a charging port (not shown) for charging a power storage device, such as a battery, in the controller and/or pod unit, as well as a USB port  506  (see  FIG. 7 ) for connecting controller  500  to a pod unit such as pod unit  400  or  410  via a cable such as cable  701  (see  FIG. 7 ). The electronic functions of controller  500  and interaction with pod unit  400  or  410  are exemplary described with reference to  FIGS. 6 a -6 b    below. 
       FIG. 5 b    depicts a controller  510  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Controller  510  can function in the same manner as controller  500  with the same components, but includes an additional LED  515  that can indicate information to a user. For example, LED  515  can glow yellow when the internal battery of controller  510  is low or a variety of colors to indicate which type of treatment is being (e.g., blue for TENS and red for LED or Ultrasound). 
       FIG. 5 c    depicts a controller  520  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Controller  510  can function in the same manner as controller  500  or controller  510 , but has a shape configured to more comfortably fit in a user&#39;s hand. For example, controller  520  can have a length of about 12.2 cm and a width of about 6.75 cm at it largest portion. 
       FIG. 6 a    is an electronic block diagram of the controller of one embodiment of the present invention, such as controller  500  just described. The controller may include a number of modules  602 ,  604 , and/or  606  for performing certain functions. Certain units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. A module is “[a] self-contained hardware or software component that interacts with a larger system.” Alan Freedman, “The Computer Glossary” 268 (8th ed.  1998 ). A module comprises a machine or machines executable instructions. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like. 
     Modules may also include software-defined units or instructions, that when executed by a processing machine or device, transform data stored on a data storage device from a first state to a second state. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module, and when executed by the processor, achieve the stated data transformation. 
     Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices. 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of programming, software modules, user selections, network transactions, database queries, database structures, hardware modules, hardware circuits, hardware chips, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. 
     Embodiments of the controller  500  may include a controller module  602 , a power supply module  604 , and/or an interface module  606 . Power supply module  604  may include, for example, an energy storage device (e.g., a Lithium-ion or Lithium-polymer battery, a capacitor, a Zinc-air battery, or other type of battery) and circuitry for managing the energy storage device and/or controlling an output power level from the energy storage device. For example, when the storage device is a Lithium-based battery, the power supply module  604  may include circuitry for controlling charging and discharging of the battery and circuitry for regulating a supply voltage generated from the battery. In some embodiments, such circuitry may include a buck converter and/or a high voltage boost converter. A buck converter may be used, for example, to generate a 3.3 Volt power supply for operating logic circuitry within controller  500 , such as within controller module  602 . A high voltage boost converter may be used, for example, to generate a higher voltage level for operating LEDs, Ultrasound components, TENS components, or other electrical devices requiring a higher voltage level than the cell voltage of the battery. Power supply module  604  may have one or more outputs for different voltage levels, such as a 3.3 Volt output and a high-voltage output. In some embodiments, all outputs may be coupled to controller module  602  for distribution to other modules, such as pod unit  400  or pod unit  410 . In other embodiments, some outputs may be coupled to controller module  602  and some outputs may be coupled directly to other components, such as pod unit  400  or pod unit  410 . 
     Controller  500  may also include an interface module  606 . Interface module  606  may include, for example, one or more LEDs for providing output to a user, one or more LCDs for providing output and/or receiving input from a user, and/or one or more buttons, switches, toggle levels, or the like, for receiving input from a user. Controller module  602  may be coupled to interface module  606  to control the input from and/or output to a user of the controller  500 . For example, interface module  606  may include a “START” or “On/Off” button for activating treatment, and controller module  602  may receive an indication of that input and begin treatment, such as by executing a method described below with reference to  FIG. 6 b   . As another example, interface module  606  may include a series of LEDs to indicate a status of the treatment to the user, and controller module  602  may activate LEDs in the series of LEDs to indicate completion of the various stages of an executed treatment. As a further example, interface module  606  may include a series of LEDs to indicate the intensity of the TENS treatment being delivered and a “Plus” and/or “Minus” button for adjusting the intensity of the delivered TENS treatment, such that controller module  602  may receive an indication of that input, adjust the intensity of the delivered TENS treatment, and communicate the adjustment to the user, such as by executing instructions to interface module  606  to illuminate one or more of the series of LEDs. The interface module may also include one or more LEDs to indicate power status (e.g., on, charging, low battery) of controller  500  and/or pod unit  400  or pod unit  410 , and the controller module may activate the one or more LEDs to indicate the status. 
     Controller module  602  may carry out steps for the operation of controller  500  and/or pod unit  400  or pod unit  410 . Controller module  602  may be coupled to an interface  610  for communicating with pod unit  300 . Interface  610  may couple to pod unit  400  or pod unit  410  through power lines  610 A and data lines  610 B. In some embodiments, power lines  610 A and data lines  610 B may be general purpose conductors that provide both power and data or that are time-shared between power and data. In some embodiments, interface  610  may be a universal serial bus (USB) interface. Controller module  602  may include one or more modules (e.g., LED module  602 A and Ultrasound module  602 B) for performing certain functions in addition to a central module (not shown) for coordinating between other modules within controller module  602  and other modules in controller  500  and interface  610 . LED module  602 A may be configured to operate an LED-based pod unit or an LED portion of a pod unit for delivering therapeutic treatment. Ultrasound module  602 B may be configured to operate an Ultrasound-based pod unit or Ultrasound portion of a pod unit for delivering therapeutic treatment. Pod unit  300  may be designed for treating a specific area of the body, for example, in any of the embodiments described above, and controller module  602  may be configured to detect the specific pod unit, e.g., pod unit  400  or pod unit  410 , coupled to controller  500  by, for example, receiving a signal from the pod unit prior to activating treatment as described below with reference to  FIG. 6 b   . In some embodiments, the signal may include a model number or identifier of the encoded as data and transmitted to controller module  602 . In some embodiments, the signal may be used to measure a characteristic of the pod unit that can be used to identify the pod unit, such as an impedance of the connection to the pod unit or a power consumption level of the pod unit. The controller may send different instructions for different therapeutic treatments to the pod unit based on the identity of the pod unit. 
       FIG. 6 b    is a flow chart describing operation of the controller when coupled to a pod unit according to one embodiment of the present invention. In operation, a user couples a pod unit, such as pod unit  400  or pod unit  410 , to controller  500  through an interface  610 . When ready for treatment, the user signals initiation of treatment (e.g., by pushing the “Start” or “On/Off” button). This signal is received by an interface module  606 , which communicates it to a controller module  602 . Controller module  602  detects the type of pod unit (e.g., for treating the lower back, hip, neck, shoulder, knee, elbow, ankle, wrist, and/or calf) through interface  610  and executes instructions for the pod unit to begin treatment according to the type of pod unit, as illustratively explained above. For example, if the pod unit is configured to treat the elbow of a user, controller module  602  may instruct the pod unit to begin TENS treatment of a mid to high frequency. The pod unit may continue this treatment until it receives new instructions from controller module  602  (e.g., to stop TENS treatment and begin Ultrasound treatment). Controller module  602  may be preprogrammed to execute a specific program for the type of pod unit detected and/or may execute instruction based on user inputs. For example, controller module  602  may receive a user input through a “Plus” or “Minus” button of the interface module  606  to alter the intensity of a delivered TENS treatment and send instructions to the pod unit to adjust the intensity of the delivered TENS treatment based on the input. Controller module  602  may also include limits that restrict the user from increasing the intensity by more than a threshold amount over a specified time period or may also include limits that set a maximum intensity level based on the specific pod unit coupled to controller module  602 . 
     The operations described above as performed by a controller module, when embodied as hardware, may be performed by any circuit configured to perform the described operations. Such a circuit may be an integrated circuit (IC) constructed on a semiconductor substrate and include logic circuitry, such as transistors configured as logic gates, and memory circuitry, such as transistors and capacitors configured as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), electronically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or other memory devices. The logic circuitry may be configured through hard-wire connections or through programming by instructions contained in firmware. Further, the logic circuity may be configured as a general purpose processor capable of executing instructions contained in software. If implemented in firmware and/or software, functions described above may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Examples include non-transitory computer-readable media encoded with a data structure and computer-readable media encoded with a computer program. Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc includes compact discs (CD), laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs (DVD), floppy disks and Blu-ray discs. Generally, disks reproduce data magnetically, and discs reproduce data optically. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     In addition to storage on computer readable medium, instructions and/or data may be provided as signals on transmission media included in a communication apparatus. For example, a communication apparatus may include a transceiver having signals indicative of instructions and data. The instructions and data are configured to cause one or more processors to implement the functions outlined in the claims. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a plan view (facing away from a user&#39;s skin) of a pod unit  400  removably coupled to a wrap  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention. A strap  104  is removably coupled to one end of wrap  100 . A handheld controller  500  is operationally coupled to pod unit  400  via ports  401  and  506  by a cable  701 . Cable  701  may be, for example, a male USB Micro to Male USB-A cable or a male-to-male TRRS cable.  FIG. 8  depicts a bottom view (facing a user&#39;s skin) of pod unit  400  attached to wrap  100  (illustrated without straps) and connected to electrodes  300  by electrode wires  301  according to one embodiment of the present invention. When taken in combination (and with a second strap coupled to the other end of wrap  100 ),  FIGS. 7 and 8  illustrate an example of an electroceutical treatment system ready to be coupled to an area of a user&#39;s body for therapeutic treatment. 
     The above specification and examples provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments. Although certain embodiments have been described with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of this invention. As such, the various illustrative embodiments of the present devices are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, they include all modifications and alternatives falling with the scope of the claims, and may include some or all of the features of any depicted embodiment. For example, pod unit  300  can have any suitable dimensions or shape that permit the present apparatuses to function as described in this disclosure, e.g., attach to wraps  100  or  110  through hole  101 , which may have altered dimensions as well. Further, where appropriate, aspects of any of the examples described above may be combined with aspects of any of the other examples described to form further examples having comparable or different properties and addressing the same or different problems. Similarly, it will be understood that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to several embodiments. 
     Although the present disclosure and certain representative advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the present disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 
     The claims are not intended to include, and should not be interpreted to include means-plus or step-plus function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase(s) “means for” or “step for,” respectively.