Patent Publication Number: US-RE37505-E

Title: Stacked capacitor construction

Description:
RELATED PATENT DATA 
     This patent resulted from a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/854,435, filed Mar. 18, 1992, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,862. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to three dimensional sack capacitors and the fabrication thereof. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As DRAMs increase in memory cell density, there is a continuous challenge to maintain sufficiently high storage capacitance despite decreasing cell area A principal way of increasing cell capacitance is through cell structure techniques. Such techniques include three dimensional cell capacitors such as trenched or stacked capacitors. This invention concerns stacked capacitor cell constructions. 
     With the conventional stacked capacitor, the capacitor is formed immediately above and electrically connected to the active device area of the associated MOS transistor of the memory cell. Typically, only the upper surface of the lower storage polysilicon node of the capacitor is utilized for capacitance. However, some attempts have been made to provide constructions to increase capacitance, whereby the back side of one capacitor terminal is used to store charge. Such is shown by way of example by T. Ema et al. “3-Dimensional Stacked Capacitor Cell For 16M and 64M DRAMS”, IEDM Tech. Digest, pp. 592, 595, 1988 and S. Inoue et al., “A Spread Stacked Capacitor (SSC) Cell For 64 MBit DRAMs”, IEDM Tech. Digest, pp. 31-34, 1989. 
     One standard prior art technique for forming a stacked “crown” cell capacitor is described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. “Crown” capacitors are characterized by upward spire-like, or fin-like projections, thereby increasing surface area and corresponding capacitance as compared to planar capacitors. FIG. 1 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment  10  comprised of a bulk substrate  12 , word lines  14 ,  16 , field oxide region  18 , and an active area  20  for connection with a capacitor. Wafer  10  also comprises a layer of insulating dielectric  22  through which a desired contact opening  24  has been provided to active area  20 . Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, contact opening  24  has an elliptical or circular shape with walls  26 . The vertical lines illustrated in FIG. 1 illustrate shading only for identifying sidewalls  26  and depicting a smooth surface which arcs into the page. Such lines do not indicate texture or other patterning. Sidewalls  26  are typically smooth and straight. The elliptical shape of contact  24  can be produced by depositing a photoresist film over the bulk substrate  10  and transferring the contact  24  pattern by photolithographic means using the proper image mask. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, a layer  28  of conductive material, such as conductively doped polysilicon, is deposited atop wafer  10  and to within contact opening  24 . Layer  28  will provide the storage node poly for formation of one of the capacitor plates. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, polysilicon layer  28  is first chemical mechanical polished or resist planerization dry etched to be flush with the upper surface of insulating layer  22 . Thereafter, insulating layer  22  is etched selectively relative to polysilicon to produce an isolated storage node  30  having the illustrated crown portions projecting upwardly from layer  22 . Thereafter, a cell dielectric would be deposited, followed by a cell polysilicon layer to complete the capacitor construction. 
     It is an object of this invention to enable such and similar stacked capacitor constructions to have increased capacitance. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a cross sectional/elevational view of a semiconductor wafer fragment processed in accordance with prior art techniques, and is described in the “Background” section above. 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of the FIG. 1 wafer fragment, with the line  1 — 1  illustrating where the FIG. 1 section cut is taken. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross section/elevational view of the FIG. 1 wafer fragment illustrated at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 1 wafer fragment illustrated at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 is a cross sectional/elevational view of a semiconductor wafer fragment processed in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a top view of the FIG. 5 wafer fragment, with the line  5 — 5  illustrating where the FIG. 5 section cut is taken. 
     FIG. 7 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 5 wafer fragment illustrated at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIGS. 5 and 6. 
     FIG. 8 is a top view of the FIG. 7 wafer fragment, with the line  7 — 7  illustrating where the FIG. 7 section cut is taken. 
     FIG. 9 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 5 wafer fragment illustrated at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIGS. 7 and 8. 
     FIG. 10 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 9 wafer fragment taken through line  10 — 10  in FIG.  9 . 
     FIG. 11 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 5 wafer fragment illustrated at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIGS. 9 and 10. 
     FIG. 12 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 11 wafer fragment taken through line  12 — 12  in FIG.  11 . 
     FIG. 13 is a cross sectional/elevational view of the FIG. 5 wafer illustrated at a processing step subsequent to that shown by FIG.  12 . 
     FIG. 14 is a top view of a prior art capacitor contact opening. 
     FIG. 15 is a top view of a capacitor contact opening produced in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8). 
     In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method of forming a capacitor on a semiconductor wafer comprises the following steps: 
     providing a layer of insulating dielectric atop a semiconductor wafer to a selected thickness; 
     in a dry etching reactor, selectively anisotropically dry etching a capacitor contact opening having a minimum selected open dimension into the insulating dielectric layer utilizing selected gas flow rates of a reactive gas component and an inert gas bombarding component, the flow rate of the bombarding component significantly exceeding the flow rate of the reactive component to effectively produce a capacitor contact opening having grooved striated sidewalls and thereby defining female capacitor contact opening striations; 
     providing a layer of electrically conductive material atop the wafer and within the striated capacitor contact opening to a selected thickness which is less than the selected open dimension, the electrically conductive material filling the grooved striations of the capacitor contact opening thereby defining striated external conductive material sidewalls within the capacitor contact opening which are male complementary its shape to the female capacitor contact opening striations; 
     removing at least a portion of the conductive material layer to define an isolated capacitor storage node within the insulating dielectric; 
     etching the insulating dielectric layer selectively relative to the conductive material sufficiently to expose at least a portion of the external male striated conductive material sidewalls; 
     providing a conformal capacitor dielectric layer atop the etched conductive material and over its exposed striated sidewalls; and 
     providing a conformal capacitor cell layer of electrically conductive material atop the capacitor dielectric layer. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a stacked capacitor construction formed within a semiconductor substrate comprises: 
     an electrically conductive storage node, the storage node having upwardly rising external sidewalls, the upwardly rising external sidewalls having longitudinally extending striations to maximize surface area and corresponding capacitance; 
     a striated cell dielectric layer provided over the storage node and its associated longitudinally extending striations; and 
     an electrically conductive striated cell layer provided over the striated cell dielectric layer. 
     More particularly and with reference to the figures, FIG. 5 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment  40  comprised of a bulk silicon substrate  42 , word lines  44 ,  46 , field oxide region  48 , and active area  50 . A layer  52  of insulating dielectric, such as SiO 2 , is also provided to a selected thickness. A unique capacitor contact opening  54  is etched through insulating layer  52  to upwardly expose contact opening  54 . 
     More specifically, contact opening  54  results from a selective anisotropic dry etch in a dry etching reactor to produce a minimum selected open dimension “A” into insulating dielectric layer  52 . A wider open dimension “C” for contact opening  54  results from the elliptical shape. Such etching is conducted utilizing selected gas flow rates of a reactive gas component and an inert gas bombarding component. The flow rate of the bombarding component significantly and effectively exceeds the flow rate of the reactive component to produce capacitor contact opening  54  having grooved striated sidewalls  56 . As illustrated, striated sidewalls have peak ridges  55  and low valleys  57 , which define (for purposes of continuing discussion) female capacitor contact opening striations  58 . Effective excess flow of an inert gas bombarding component, as compared to the reactive gas component, has been determined to enable controllable production of the illustrated striations. 
     The bombarding gas component is preferably selected from the group consisting of argon, krypton and xenon or mixtures thereof. The invention was reduced to practice utilizing argon. The reactive gas component need be reactive with the insulating material of layer  52 . Where such layer comprises SiO 2 , reactive gas components of CF 4  and CHF 3  would be operable. Preferably, the flow rate to the reactor of the bombarding gas component is sufficient to produce a partial pressure of bombarding gas within the reactor of greater than or equal to about 31 mTorr. 
     Argon, CF 4 and CF 3  are known prior art components for etching smooth-walled contact openings through SiO 2  layers but not utilized in the manner claimed in this document For example, a conventional prior art process for etching a prior art contact opening  24  (FIG. 1) into a SiO 2  layer of dielectric in an Applied Materials P5000™ etcher includes argon at 50 sccm, CF 4  at 20 sccm, and CHF 3  at 25 sccm, providing a total reactor pressure of 100 mTorr. Such provides a partial pressure of argon within the reactor of approximately 50 mTorr, with such an etch producing substantially smooth contact opening sidewalls. This invention was reduced to practice, in part, utilizing the same Applied Materials P5000™ reactor and flow rates of Ar at 90 sccm, CF 4  at 20 sccm, and CHF 3  at 25 sccm. Total reactor pressure was 50 mTorr, power supplied was 700, magnetic field strength was 75 gauss, oxide thickness was 2 microns, and the runs were conducted for 300 seconds. The P5000™ etcher has an internal volume of 4.6 liters, which produced a partial pressure of Ar at a 90 sccm flow rate of 31 mTorr. Example runs were also conducted at Ar flow rates of 60 sccm and 110 sccm, with the flow rates of CF 4  and CHF 3  for each such run being maintained at 20 sccm and 25 sccm, respectively. The 60 sccm Ar flow rate example produced no striations, while the 110 sccm Ar flow rate produced significant striations equal or greater in magnitude than that produced by the 90 sccm example above. From such data, it is apparent that the desired striations can be produced where the flow rate of the bombarding gas component significantly exceeds the flow rate of the reactive component in an amount sufficient to effectively produce grooved striated contact opening sidewalls and thereby define female capacitor contact opening striations. 
     Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, a layer  60  of electrically conductive material such as conductively doped polysilicon, is provided atop wafer  10  and within striated capacitor contact opening  54  to a selected thickness “B” which is less than the selected open dimension “A”. Electrically conductive material  60  fills grooved striations  58  of capacitor contact opening  54 . This thereby defines a striated external conductive material sidewall  62  within capacitor contact opening  54  which has external male striations  59  which are complementary in shape to female capacitor contact opening striations  58 . Selected thickness “B” is most preferably less than or equal to about 30% of minimum selected open contact dimension “A” to provide sufficient space within contact opening  54  for subsequent provision of a capacitor dielectric layer and cell polysilicon layer. An example preferred thickness for poly layer  60  would be 1200 Angstroms. Such could be deposited by known techniques, and thereafter further texturized as desired. As illustrated, striations from external conductive material sidewall  62  transfer to an internal conductive material sidewall  65 , producing internal male striations  59 a 
     Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, thickness “B” of polysilicon layer  60  is removed atop dielectric  52  by a conventional polish or etching technique to define an isolated capacitor storage node within insulating dielectric layer  52 . Insulating dielectric layer  52  is then selectively etched relative to polysilicon layer  60  to expose at least a portion of external male striated conductive material sidewalls  62  and associated external male striations  59  (FIG.  10 ). 
     Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, a conformal capacitor dielectric layer  64  such as Si 3 N 4 , is conformally deposited atop the etched conductive material  60  and over its exposed striated sidewalls  62 . Such striations translate through capacitor dielectric layer  64  such that its external surface  67  is as well striated. Additionally, internal conductive material striations  59 a translate to striate internal capacitor dielectric material sidewalls  69 . 
     Referring to FIG. 13, a conformal capacitor cell layer  66  of conductive material, such as conductively doped polysilicon, is conformally deposited atop capacitor dielectric layer  64 . Striations from internal and external surfaces of layer  64  will probably only partially translate to outer surfaces of layer  66  due to the increasing thickness and corresponding smoothing effect imparted by subsequent layers. Layers  66  and  64  may be subsequently etched, as desired, to pattern desired capacitor constructions. 
     The above-described technique and construction increases contact sidewall surface area significantly over the prior art for maximization of capacitance for a given photo feature size. The prior art embodiment of FIGS. 1-4 and the embodiment of the invention of FIGS. 5-13 utilize the same photo tool. Yet, a greater surface area of the contact opening is produced as a result of the described anisotropic dry etch which effectively increases the radius of the inventive contact over that of the standard prior art contact. The effect is shown in contrast in FIGS. 14 and 15. FIG. 14 shows a prior art contact  100 , while FIG. 15 shows a contact  200  in accordance with the invention, both of which are made from the same photo tool. Contact  100  has some effective or average radius “r”, while contact  200  has an effective or average radius “r”, which is slightly greater than “r”, thus increasing surface area. 
     The intent is to maximize flow of the bombarding component, while minimizing total reactor pressure, and thereby increase the flow rate of argon relative to the reactive gas components. The invention functions by providing a pretexturized, striated surface before polysilicon is deposited to maximize surface area in both external and internal portions of the deposited polysilicon. The resultant product is improved over the prior art the result of increased capacitance. 
     In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.