Patent Publication Number: US-2017351087-A1

Title: Photonic Modulator and Switch

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. patent application, docket number JH170612DIV is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/014,257 (docket number JH130805US) filed on Aug. 29, 2013 and claims priority from provisional patent application 61/694,765 with docket number JH091103PR which was filed on Aug. 30, 2012. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This US patent application relates to switching electromagnetic radiation between at least two states. More generally it relates to modulating electromagnetic radiation. Modulating or switching electromagnetic radiation and in particular optical signals has applications in multiple fields including, but not limited to, optical communications; optical data storage; optical imaging and analysis; generation of a train of optical pulses; and extracting a single optical pulse. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Modulating electromagnetic radiation, and in particular switching optical signals between two or more intensities or phases is used to encode information on an optical signal for purposes such as communication or storage of information. The amount of information that can be encoded is related to the rate or frequency at which modulation can be performed. 
     At relatively low modulation rates, optical modulation can be performed by, for example, modulating the current to a laser diode. Modulating the current to turn the laser diode on or off is often referred to as on-off keying (OOK). Such on-off current modulation generates an intensity modulated optical signal. 
     To achieve intensity modulation at very high modulation rates a common technique is to separate the optical signal into two components, phase modulate at least one component such that a 180 degree relative phase shift can be introduced between the two components which are then recombined. Modulating the phase in this manner results in an intensity modulated optical signal, as in a conventional Mach Zehnder modulator. 
     Another conventional technique for modulating or switching an optical signal is to use a Pockels cell, which is a voltage controlled wave-plate based on the electro-optic effect. A Pockels cell is typically combined with a polarizer and can switch the plane of polarization of an optical signal between zero optical rotation and 90° rotation at high speeds. Such a rotation enables redirecting the optical signal by means of a polarized beam splitter. 
     Operation of a Mach Zehnder modulator or a Pockels cell modulator depends on weak bulk material effects of the phase modulating material of the Mach Zehnder modulator and the voltage controlled wave-plate material of the Pockels cell. The requirement of modifying bulk properties of a material to achieve modulation has speed limiting consequences and places a significant burden on the manufacturing and operation of these devices, requiring a Mach Zehnder modulator to be physically long and requiring high voltage for operation of a Pockels cell modulator. These burdens have negative physical size and cost consequences. 
     There is therefore an unmet need for a method, apparatus and system for high speed a optical modulator or switch that is not limited by speed limitations of bulk material based modulators and is not limited by the physical size and cost issues of bulk material based modulators. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention taught herein provides a method, device and system for modulating or switching electromagnetic radiation by controlling a polarization characteristic of the radiation, by directing the radiation at a reflective or transmissive structure, such that the radiation is incident on the structure. The structure includes a property that can be dynamically switched between two configurations, one of which is asymmetric and is designed to modify the polarization characteristic of the radiation. The dynamically configurable structure can be combined with polarization components to achieve modulation. An embodiment suitable for mode-locking a laser is also disclosed. An embodiment suitable for cavity dumping a mode-locked laser is also disclosed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is an illustration of a preferred embodiment in which a dynamically configurable reflective element in combination with a polarized beam splitter comprises an optical modulator according to the invention.  FIG. 1B  is an illustration of an example of a modulating signal. 
         FIG. 2A ,  FIG. 2B ,  FIG. 2C  and  FIG. 2D  illustrate in more detailed the dynamically configurable reflective element. 
         FIG. 3A  is a detailed illustration of the preferred embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element.  FIG. 3B  is a side view of the preferred embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates electronic circuit aspects of the preferred embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element. 
         FIG. 5A  is an illustration of an alternative embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element.  FIG. 5B  is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element. 
         FIG. 6A ,  FIG. 6B  and  FIG. 6C  illustrate another alternative embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element. 
         FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B  illustrate yet another embodiment of the inventive system suitable for applications such as: (a) mode-locking a laser, (b) cavity dumping a laser. 
         FIG. 8A  is an illustration of a modulating signal associated with a mode-locked laser.  FIG. 8B  is an illustration of the resulting mode-locked optical pulse train.  FIG. 8C  is an illustration of a modified modulating signal.  FIG. 8D  is an illustration of the resulting mode-locked optical pulse output from the laser cavity due to modulating signal in  FIG. 8C . 
         FIG. 9A ,  FIG. 9B  and  FIG. 9C  illustrate an embodiment of the inventive system where the dynamically configurable element consists of an induced diffraction grating that is imposed by an optically generated interference pattern. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A preferred embodiment of this invention is illustrated in and described with reference to  FIG. 1A . The preferred embodiment includes an optical source  101 , that generates collimated linearly polarized electro-magnetic radiation  103  that is applied to an optional polarization optic  105 . The optional polarization optic  105  is a polarizer that enhances the degree of linear polarization of the radiation  103 . The optional polarization optic  105  may also include a wave-plate to rotate the plane of polarization. 
     The linearly polarized radiation  123 , is applied to a polarized beam splitter  107  that directs substantially all the radiation  109  of one linear polarization with a first polarization vector through the polarized beam splitter  107  towards a reflective element  111  also referred to herein as a reflective structure. Any residual radiation at a polarization angle orthogonal the first linear polarization vector is directed out of the system along the line labeled  113  (as is any leakage at the first polarization vector angle) or to an optional monitoring detector  115 . The radiation  109  can be considered as a first ensemble of photons with a first polarization vector, 
     The radiation  109  is incident on the reflective element  111  at normal incidence and, in the preferred embodiment, a substantial amount of the incident radiation  109  is reflected back along the same line as indicated by the line of the radiation  109 . 
     The reflective element  111  has a property that can be dynamically configured by an electronic signal  117 . In a first configuration of the reflective element  111 , the dynamically configurable property is symmetric in that it reflects incident radiation with a polarization vector of any orientation with substantially the same high reflectivity. In this symmetric configuration the reflective element  111  has substantially no effect on the linear polarization vector of the radiation  109 . In this first symmetric configuration, because there is no change in polarization upon reflection, the reflected radiation is directed back through the polarized beam splitter  107  back towards the optical source  101 . 
     In this first configuration of the reflective element  111  there is substantially no radiation redirected by the polarized beam splitter  107  along the output direction indicated by  113  (because there is no change in polarization caused by the reflective element  111 ). In this configuration, the actual amount of radiation redirected by the polarized beam splitter  107  is determined by the extinction ratio of the polarized beam splitter  107 . Even a low cost consumer polarized beam splitter can be very high extinction ratio. 
     In a second configuration of the reflective element  111 , the dynamically configurable property is asymmetric in that the reflectivity of the reflective element  111  is different for incident radiation of different polarization vector orientation. In the preferred embodiment the reflective element  111  would have a first reflectivity if orientated parallel to the polarization vector of the incident radiation and would have a second different reflectivity if orientated perpendicular (or orthogonal) to the polarization vector of the incident radiation. In the preferred embodiment the first reflectivity is a high reflectivity of greater than 97.5% and the second reflectivity is greater than 95% but less than the first reflectivity. 
     In the preferred embodiment the asymmetry of the second configuration of the reflective element  111  is a periodic perturbation that can be dynamically induced. The periodic perturbation can be considered as a diffractive grating, also referred to as a diffractive element, which diffracts a small amount of incident radiation with a polarization vector perpendicular to the effective lines of the diffractive element, thereby reducing the reflectivity for incident radiation with this polarization vector. 
     The dynamically induced diffractive element has substantially no effect on incident radiation with a polarization vector parallel to the effective lines of the diffractive element, thereby enabling higher reflectivity for incident radiation with this polarization vector than for incident radiation with a polarization vector perpendicular to the effective lines of the diffractive element. 
     In the preferred embodiment the diffractive element is azimuthally aligned at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the linear polarization vector of the radiation incident on the reflective element  111 . This alignment of the diffractive element causes the incident radiation to behave as if 50% of the photons have a polarization vector perpendicular to the effective lines of the diffractive element 50% of the photons have a polarization vector parallel to the effective lines of the diffractive element. 
     Incident radiation can be considered as an ensemble of photons. The polarization vector of an incident ensemble of photons can be considered as a quantum state of the incident radiation. When the incident ensemble of photons encounters the diffractive element azimuthally aligned at 45 degrees with respect to the polarization vector of the incident radiation, the diffractive element causes the quantum state of incident photons to switch to one of two quantum states both of which have polarization vectors at an angle of 45 degrees to the polarization vector of the incident radiation. The polarization vectors of the two sets of photons have orthogonal polarization vectors, i.e. that are at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other. 
     This switching to one of two quantum states results in the incident ensemble of photons with a first polarization vector, that can be considered as a first quantum state, being resolved into two reflected ensembles of photons, with different polarization vectors from each other and with polarization vectors that are different from the first polarization vector of the incident radiation. The resulting two polarization vectors of the reflected radiation can be also considered as quantum states different from the quantum state of the incident radiation. 
     The occurrence or non-occurrence of this quantum state switching from an incident first polarization vector of the incident radiation to at least one second different polarization vector of the reflected radiation is dependent on the presence or absence of the diffractive element and is substantially insensitive to the magnitude of the diffraction effect (or diffraction efficiency) of the diffractive element. 
     This insensitivity to the magnitude of the diffraction effect is of both practical and of philosophical interest. In contrast, conventional optical switches, such as a Pockels cell, rely on a relatively weak electro-optic effect and application of a high voltage to incrementally rotate a polarization vector as radiation propagates through a significant volume of such a cell. In the case of a Pockles cell the magnitude of the rotation is sensitive to the magnitude of the electro-optic effect and typically requires propagating through a significant length of material to accomplish a significant polarization vector rotation. 
     In the preferred embodiment the magnitude of the diffraction efficiency does determine the decrease in intensity of the radiation associated with one reflected ensemble of photons. In the preferred embodiment the diffraction efficiency of the induced diffractive element is small resulting in an intensity decrease of a reflected ensemble of photons of not greater than 2.5%. In other embodiments the induced diffractive element could have higher diffraction efficiency. Furthermore the relative phase of the two reflected ensembles can be controlled by design. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1  with the reflective element  111  in the second configuration. The reflected radiation, with an angle of substantially 45 degrees with respect to the polarization vector of the radiation incident on the reflective element  111 , is reflected back to the polarized beam splitter  107  and approximately 50% of this reflected radiation is redirected by the polarized beam splitter  107  along the direction indicated by  113  which is the output direction. 
     The remaining approximately 50% of the reflected radiation is directed by the polarized beam splitter  107  back towards the optical source  101 . In situations where the optical source can be adversely affected by radiation being sent back to the optical source, the source can be isolated from such back directed radiation using conventional isolation techniques. 
     In this second configuration of the reflective element  111 , there is a substantial amount of radiation redirected by the polarized beam splitter  107  along the output direction indicated by  113 . That is, a substantial amount of radiation is switched in the direction indicated by  113 . 
     The electronic signal  117  switches the reflective element  111  between the first and second configurations and thereby switches between (a) redirecting substantially no radiation by the polarized beam splitter  107  along the output direction indicated by  113 ; and (b) redirecting approximately 50% of the radiation reflected back to the polarized beam splitter  107 , i.e. the electronic signal modulates or switches the radiation output along the output direction indicated by  113 . 
     An example of a OOK type modulating signal is illustrated in  FIG. 1B  where the voltage at a first level indicated by  119  is at a first voltage, V 1 , (which in the preferred embodiment is ground voltage). When this first voltage is applied to the dynamically configurable asymmetric property of the reflective element  111  (by way of the electronic signal  117  which is also referred to as Vmod), it has no effect on the linear polarization of the radiation  109 . In this configuration the reflected radiation is directed through the polarized beam splitter  107  back towards the optical source  101 . 
     In the situation where the voltage applied to the dynamically configurable property is at a second different level, V 2 , indicated by  121 , which puts the dynamically configurable property of the reflective element  111  into a second configuration that is an asymmetric configuration. In this configuration the linear polarization vector of the reflected radiation is at an azimuthal angle of substantially 45 degrees with respect to the polarization vector of the radiation incident on the reflective element  111  (i.e. the first ensemble of photons). 
     In this asymmetric configuration of V 2 , the resulting reflected radiation is redirected by the polarized beam splitter  107  along the direction indicated by  113  which is the output direction. Thus the radiation is intensity modulated in a manner determined by the electronic modulating signal  117 . The combination of the polarized beam splitter  107  and the dynamically configurable reflective element  111  comprises an optical modulator and is also referred to as a photonic switch. 
     The mechanism by which the electronic signal  117  switches the reflective element  111  of  FIG. 1A  between the first and second configurations is illustrated in and described with respect to  FIG. 2 . The dynamically configurable reflective element  111  (of  FIG. 1A ) is shown in more detail in  FIG. 2A ,  FIG. 2B  and  FIG. 2C . 
       FIG. 2A  depicts the incident radiation  201  passing through a substrate  203  to the reflecting element  205 . An expanded view (not to scale) of  FIG. 2A  is shown in  FIG. 2B  where again the incident radiation  207  passes through the substrate  209  and is substantially reflected by a first layer  211  that is optically highly reflective and has specific electrically conductive properties. 
     A second layer  213 , that is an electrical insulating layer, electrically isolates the first layer  211  from a third layer  215 . The third layer  215  is shown in more detail in  FIG. 2C  where a bottom view in the circle  217  depicts a patterned electrically conductive element that consists of a combination of large pads, such as  219 , and a set of separated conductive lines, one of which is indicated by  221 . 
     When an electrical current flows in the conductive lines, such as  221 , it induces electrical behavior in the first layer  211  of  FIG. 2B . The direction  223  of the patterned conductive lines, such as  221 , is rotated (azimuthally) by approximately 45 degrees from the direction of the polarization vector  225  of the incident radiation. 
     The induced electrical behavior in the first layer  211  is asymmetric and is also aligned with the direction  223 . This induced asymmetric property in the first layer  211  generates an effective diffractive element in this first layer  211 . The induced diffractive element modifies the polarization vector of the incident radiation such that the reflected radiation has different polarization characteristics. 
     The polarization vector of the incident radiation is illustrated in  FIG. 2D , as  227 . The vector  227  can be resolved into component  229  (parallel to the direction  223  of the conductive lines  221 ) and component  231  perpendicular (or orthogonal) to direction  223 . 
     The incident radiation is composed of a collection of photons, also referred to as an ensemble of photons. The ensemble of photons has a polarization vector determined by the polarized beam splitter  107  of  FIG. 1A . When the ensemble of photons encounters the reflective element  111  in the first configuration, i.e. the symmetric configuration, the ensemble of photons is reflected with its polarization vector substantially unchanged. 
     When the ensemble of photons encounters the reflective element  111  in the second configuration, i.e. the asymmetric configuration, the ensemble of photons is resolved into two ensembles of photons. The first of the two ensembles of photons has a polarization vector  229  parallel to the direction  223 . The second of the two ensembles of photons has a polarization vector  231  perpendicular (or orthogonal) to the direction  223 . 
     When the two reflected ensembles of photons with polarization vectors  229  and  231  encounter the beam splitter  107  of  FIG. 1  they are resolved into components one of which is parallel to the incident polarization vector  227  and the other of which is perpendicular to the incident polarization vector  227 . 
     The parallel components pass through the beam splitter  107  back towards the optical source while the components perpendicular to the incident polarization vector  227  are redirected by the beam splitter  107  along the direction  113  of  FIG. 1 . In this manner the radiation propagating out of the system along direction  113  is intensity modulated by the modulating voltage applied to the patterned electrically conductive element. 
     The magnitudes of the two components  229  and  231  of  FIG. 2D  are depicted as being substantially the same value, however, in the preferred embodiment, the magnitude of one component will be diminished by the magnitude of the radiation that is diffracted by the induced asymmetric property of the diffractive element in the first reflective layer  211 . 
     While in the preferred embodiment the first reflectivity is a high reflectivity of greater than 97.5% and the second reflectivity is greater than 95% but less than the first reflectivity, in another embodiment the second reflectivity is less than 95% and in yet another embodiment the magnitude of the second reflectivity is negligible. 
     Whether the reflected radiation consists of one ensemble of photons with the same polarization vector as that of the incident radiation or whether the reflected radiation consists of one or two ensembles of photons with polarization vectors different from that of the incident radiation depends on the presence or absence of the diffractive element and is substantially independent of the magnitude of the diffractive effect. 
     This substantial insensitivity to the magnitude of the diffractive effect enables achieving significant depth of modulation with weak modulating signals and thereby enables high speed operation and reduced sensitivity to noise on the modulating signal. 
     Depending on the specific application, the magnitude of the induced asymmetric property required to cause the incident ensemble of photons into two reflected ensembles of photons may be minimal, resulting in minimal diffracted radiation. Alternatively the magnitude of the induced asymmetric property can be large in order to significantly diminish the magnitude of one reflected ensemble. Furthermore the reflective element can be designed to achieve a desired relative phase of the two reflected ensembles of photons. 
     A more detailed illustration of the preferred embodiment of the dynamically configurable reflective element is depicted in  FIG. 3A . The first layer  211  of  FIG. 2B  is depicted in  FIG. 3A  as  301  and in the preferred embodiment is comprised of a conductive material such as: gold; silver; copper; etc. or semi-conducting materials such as silicon. An electrically insulating second layer  303  separates the first layer  301  from the third patterned layer  305  also comprised of a conductive material such as: gold; silver; copper; etc. 
     The patterned layer  305  includes interleaved conductive lines. An example of such a conductive line is  307 . In the preferred embodiment one end of the conductive lines is connected by means of a through-hole or via to the first layer  301 . Such through-holes are depicted by the circular ends of the lines, an example of which is depicted as  309 . 
     A side view of the layers in relation to the substrate is depicted in  FIG. 3B  where the substrate  311 , the first conducting layer  313 , the insulating layer  315  and the patterned conducting layer  317  are all illustrated. 
     A schematic diagram illustrating electronic circuit aspects of the preferred embodiment of the dynamically reconfigurable reflective element is depicted in  FIG. 4 . The first conducting layer  401 , the insulating layer  403  and the patterned conducting layer  405  are again illustrated. The first conducting layer  401  is connected to ground as indicated by  407 . The patterned conducting layer  405  is connected to the modulating voltage Vmod indicated by  409 . 
     As described earlier, the modulating voltage Vmod, indicated by  117 , switches between a voltage V 1  which in the preferred embodiment is ground and a different voltage V 2 . When the V 2  voltage is applied to the patterned layer a current flows in one direction in the set of lines, of which  411  is one. The line  411  is connected to ground by way of the through-hole  413 . Meanwhile a current will flow in the opposite direction flows in the second set of lines, of which  415  is one. 
     These counter flowing currents induce a periodic electrical pattern in the first conductive layer  401  which constitutes an asymmetric property of the reflective layer  401 . The asymmetric property persists only as long as the non-zero voltage is applied to the patterned layer  405 . 
     Ideally the incident radiation should encounter substantially the same asymmetric property at all regions of the cross-section of the beam and so should be confined to the region indicated by the dashed circle. The incident radiation may be focused within the dashed circle in order to minimize the area of the asymmetric property in order to optimize modulation speed or for other reasons. 
     It should be understood that the schematic diagram depicted in  FIG. 4  is for illustrative purposes and not intended to be to scale or to be an accurate or complete depiction of the electronic aspects. Many considerations, such as modulation speed will determine an appropriate physical layout. 
     Embodiments other than the preferred embodiment are included in this invention. An alternative embodiment is illustrated in  FIG. 5A . In many respects this embodiment is similar to that depicted in  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B  and  FIG. 4 , however in this embodiment there are two addition layers and the first layer  301  of  FIG. 3A and 313  of  FIG. 5B  is not connected by through-holes to the patterned layer  305  of  FIG. 3A and 315  of  FIG. 5B . 
     The two additional layers consist of an insulating layer  501  and a conductive layer  503 . These layers are shown in side view as layers  505  and  507  respectively. In this embodiment the ends of the lines of the patterned layer  305  are connected by through-holes to the additional conductive layer  503 . One such through-holes is indicated by  509 . 
     In this embodiment the modulating voltage is again applied to the patterned layer  305 . The additional conductive layer  503  is connected to ground. The first conducting layer  301  may optionally be also connected to ground. 
     A second alternative embodiment is illustrated in  FIG. 6  which in many respects is similar to the first alternative embodiment described above. In this second alternative embodiment the incident radiation  601  propagates through a substrate  603  that has a reflective dielectric stack  607  deposited on its base. The dielectric stack  607  is also referred to as a reflective structure. Additional layers  609  and  611  are also deposited and consist of a patterned conductive layer  609  and a conductive layer  611  with one or more insulating layers separating the patterned layer from a conductive layer. 
     The conductive layer is connected to the ends of the conductive lines of the patterned layer by means of through-holes in a similar manner as in the first alternative embodiment. In this second alternative embodiment, layer  611  of the dielectric stack is a conductive but optically transparent layer in which the asymmetric property is induced. 
     Many variations of this second alternative embodiment are possible. For example, layer  611  could consist of non-conducting material in which an asymmetric charge distribution is the asymmetric property induced by the electric currents in the patterned layer. More than one  611  layer could be embedded in the dielectric stack. In yet another alternative embodiment, such layers could have their refractive index modified to generate one or more asymmetric refractive index distribution in response to the electric currents in the patterned layer. 
     In the preferred embodiment the modulating signal shown in  FIG. 1B  is a digital waveform with an abrupt transition between the high and low voltage values. The transition between the high and low voltage values cause the transition between the symmetric and asymmetric configurations of the dynamically configurable element which in turn causes the reflected radiation to consist of a single ensemble of photons with one polarization vector or to consist of two ensembles of photons with two different polarization vectors. 
     As previously indicated, switching to the state consisting of two ensembles of photons with two different polarization vectors depends on the existence of the asymmetric configuration and is relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the asymmetry and therefore insensitive to the magnitude of the high voltage. This insensitivity to the magnitude of the asymmetry has significant practical value. 
     One practical value of being insensitive to the magnitude of the asymmetry is that the speed of switching from one state to the other is less sensitive to the rise and fall time of the electronic signal. A second practical value is that the depth of modulation of the output modulated optical radiation  113  of  FIG. 1  is determined by the extinction ratio of the polarized beam splitter  107  of  FIG. 1  (or the extinction ratio of an equivalent optical element in other embodiments). 
     The modulating digital waveform of the preferred embodiment is suitable for applications such as optical communications or optical storage, however, other modulating waveforms are suitable for other applications. An application involving mode-locking a laser is illustrated in  FIG. 7A  which includes a simplified schematic diagram of an end pumped laser. The laser cavity is comprised of the two reflective elements  701  and  703 . 
     The reflective element  701  is one end of a lasing material  705 . The reflective element  701  is highly transmissive at the pump wavelength of the pump radiation  707  emitted by the pump source  709 . The pump source  709  may, for example, be a laser diode. The reflective element  701  is also highly reflective at the lasing wavelength or wavelength range. 
     The reflective element  703  is a dynamically configurable reflective element on a substrate  711  as described earlier. With no modulating signal being applied to the dynamically configurable reflective element  701  the reflective element  701  is highly reflective at the lasing wavelength or wavelengths which confines the lasing electromagnetic radiation within the laser cavity. 
     In this first configuration of the dynamically configurable property of the reflective element  701  the polarization vector of electromagnetic radiation of the laser cavity remains substantially unchanged upon reflection at the reflective element  701 , thus allowing the electromagnetic radiation to substantially remain in the laser cavity. This lasing radiation constitutes a first lasing ensemble of photons with a first polarization vector. 
     The reflective element  701  is configured to be azimuthally aligned with respect to the polarized beam splitter  719 , located in the laser cavity, which is also referred to as a first polarized optical element such that when the dynamically configurable element of the reflective element  701  is in the second configuration then the first lasing ensemble of photons is resolved into two second ensembles of photons with polarization vectors different from the first lasing ensemble of photons. 
     A polarized beam splitter  719  located in the laser cavity is azimuthally aligned with the preferred polarization vector of the lasing radiation  717 . This polarized beam splitter  719  will direct any residual radiation at a perpendicular or orthogonal polarization vector out of the cavity along directions  731  and  721 . Any radiation directed along the direction  721  may be detected by an optional detector  723 . 
     Applying the modulating signal  725  (also referred to as Vmod) of  FIG. 7B  to the dynamically configurable reflective element  703  periodically switches the reflective element  703  between its two configurations. Only photons or photon ensembles whose polarization vector encounters the reflective element  703  while it is in its configuration determined by the first voltage, V 1 , propagate back through the polarized beam splitter  719  substantially unaffected by the polarized beam splitter  719 . 
     Photons or photon ensembles whose polarization vector encounters the reflective element  703  while it is in its configuration determined by the second voltage V 2 , or some fraction thereof, propagate back through the polarized beam splitter  719  with a polarization vector component that will be directed by the polarized beam splitter  719  out of the laser cavity along the direction of  731 . 
     An electronic modulating signal suitable for mode-locking the laser of  FIG. 7A  is illustrated in  FIG. 7B . The electronic modulating signal  725  is a sine wave type signal that periodically varies from one voltage (V 1 , which is typically ground) indicated by  727  to a different second voltage (V 2 ). The period of the signal  729  is selected to match the round trip time of radiation in the laser cavity of  FIG. 7A . 
     The electronic signal with the second voltage (V 2 ) is applied, synchronously with the round trip time of the laser cavity, to the reflective element with a dynamically configurable property, such that the electronic signal configures the reflective element  703  in the second configuration whereby at least a portion of the lasing ensemble of photons is resolved into two second ensembles of photons with polarization vectors different from the first lasing ensemble of photons. 
     This will cause at least a portion of the two second ensembles of photons to be directed by the polarized beam splitter  719 , also referred to as a polarization element, out of the laser cavity. Thus the first lasing ensemble of photons is loss modulated and since the modulating voltage (V 2 ) is applied synchronously with the round trip time of the laser cavity, it is a periodic loss modulation that has the effect of mode-locking the lasing electromagnetic radiation of the laser cavity in a manner similar to conventional acousto-optic or phase modulation mode-locking that will be familiar to one skilled in the art. 
     Any residual photons with the same polarization vector (possibly amplified by the lasing material  705 ) are directed out of the laser cavity along the direction of  721  by the polarized beam splitter  719 . 
       FIG. 8A  again depicts electronic mode-locking drive signal  801  that mode-locks the radiation in the laser cavity of  FIG. 7A . The next to top trace  803  in  FIG. 8B  depicts the resulting mode-locked optical pulse train. The trace  803  shows the intensity profile of a time sequence of optical pulses, one of which is  805 . The pulse width of such pulses is determined (in part) by the bandwidth of the lasing material  705  of  FIG. 7A . 
     By modifying the electronic modulating signal  713  of  FIG. 7A , that is applied synchronously with the round trip time of the laser cavity, so that it is an extended electronic signal that remains active for at least the duration of a mode-locked pulse in the manner depicted in  FIG. 8C  where the electronic modulating signal remains at the high voltage V 2  for the time period between the dashed lines indicated by the double arrow  809 . 
     Applying the high voltage V 2  for the time period  809  causes the polarization vector of the pulse  807  of  FIG. 8B  to be at least in part switched or rotated with respect to the polarization vector of the incident pulse. This polarization rotation causes a portion of pulse  807  of  FIG. 8B  to be directed out of the laser cavity of  FIG. 7A  by the polarized beam splitter  719  along the direction  731  of  FIG. 7A . 
     In this manner, at least a portion of a first ensemble of photons that constitutes at least one mode-locked pulse is resolved into two second ensembles of photons with polarization vectors different from said ensemble of photons and since they have polarization vectors that are different from the polarization vector of the lasing radiation, at least a portion of at least one of the second ensembles of photons will be directed by the polarized beam splitter  719  out of the laser cavity. This is also referred to as dumping a pulse from the laser cavity. 
     The single pulse dumped from the laser cavity of  FIG. 7A  is depicted as  811  of  FIG. 8D . The extended high modulation voltage  809  can occur periodically or can occur according to a selected pattern. For example a periodic repetition of the extended high voltage  809  every N cycles of the modulating signal would produce a pulse train with a repetition rate N times lower than the repetition rate of the original mode-locked pulse train depicted in  FIG. 8A . 
     Such reduction in pulse train repetition is useful in an embodiment that consists of a compact mode-locked laser which generates a high repetition rate mode-locked pulse train (because of its short round trip time) but enables using conventional detection and electronic techniques that typically operate at lower repetition rates and thereby reduces the electronic bandwidth requirements of the system. 
     Such reduction in pulse train repetition rate is also useful in generating very low repetition rate pulse trains similar to those achieved by conventional cavity dumping techniques. However, with the present invention, a very compact cavity dumped mode-locked laser can be achieved. 
     It should be understood that the diagram depicted in  FIG. 7A  is a simplified diagram of a mode-locked laser for illustrative purposes. An actual mode-locked laser, such as a Ti:saphire (titanium:sapphire) mode-locked laser, may have additional optical elements, such as focusing elements and dispersive elements. Such dispersive elements may be prisms or mirrors. 
     It should also be understood that the applications of the invention described herein are to illustrate the invention and not intended to limit the scope or application of the invention. In addition to optical switching or modulation for: optical communications; optical data storage; mode-locking or cavity dumping lasers; the invention is suitable for other applications including, but not limited to, display systems, such as video display systems. 
     It should further be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations and combinations of the above embodiments are possible. Many of the features have functional equivalents that are intended to be included in the invention as being taught and many other variations and combinations of the above embodiments are possible, for example, various combinations of beam-splitters can be used, including but not limited to: cube beam splitters; plate beam splitters. 
     The preferred embodiments illustrated are free space configurations. Equivalent configurations could be implemented in optical fiber or in combinations of free space and optical fiber. In such designs or configurations beam-splitters could be replaced by fiber couplers. Equivalent configurations could be implemented using wave-guide techniques. 
     The invention applies to all regions of the electro-magnetic spectrum, including but not limited to, micro-wave, infra-red, visible, ultra-violet, X-ray, or gamma ray and is not restricted to the region conventionally referred to as optical. 
     Optical sources, include but are not limited to, light emitting diodes (LED); superluminescent diodes (SLD); laser sources; laser diodes; fiber lasers; wavelength tunable laser diodes; swept source lasers; mode-locked lasers; and continuum generating sources. 
     The preferred embodiments include collimated optical sources, however, they could also various combinations of lenses or lens arrays could be employed to collimate the radiation or to focus the radiation onto the dynamically configurable reflective element. 
     In the preferred embodiments, the asymmetric property that resolves the incident ensemble of photons into two ensembles of photons with different polarization vectors is a diffractive element that is dynamically induced by means electric currents, i.e. the diffractive element is electronically induced. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiments the induced diffractive element is normal to the incident radiation. 
     In other embodiments the induced diffractive element could be aligned with the incident radiation in a manner other than normal, for example, in a plane parallel to the incident radiation. In other embodiments a dynamically induced asymmetric property could be a diffractive element induced by means other than electric currents, for example, by magnetic means, or by an optical interference based fringe pattern, i.e. by an optical interference signal. 
     In other embodiments a dynamically induced asymmetric property need not be based on inducing a diffractive element, but could be any asymmetric property that can be dynamically induced and that resolves an incident ensemble of photons into one or two ensembles of photons where the polarization vectors of the one or two resolved ensembles are different from each other and different from the polarization vector of the incident ensemble. 
     In the preferred embodiments, the polarization vector of the incident radiation on the dynamically configurable reflective element is substantially azimuthally at 45 degrees to the direction of the direction of the diffractive element. In other embodiments, the polarization vector of the incident radiation on the dynamically configurable reflective element can be at angles different from 45 degrees to the direction of the direction of the diffractive element. 
     In the preferred embodiments, the two resolved ensembles of photons are reflected by a reflective structure along the direction of incidence of the incident ensemble of photons. In other embodiments the two resolved ensembles of photons could be reflected at one or more angles with respect to the direction of incidence of the incident ensemble of photons or could be transmitted through the structure along the direction of incidence or transmitted at one or more angles with respect to the direction of incidence of the incident ensemble of photons. 
     In the preferred embodiments the polarization vector of the incident ensemble of photons can be considered as a quantum state of the incident radiation. The reflective element with the dynamically configurable asymmetric property leaves the quantum state of the ensemble of photons unchanged when in its symmetric configuration. 
     In its asymmetric configuration, the reflective element with the dynamically configurable asymmetric property switches the quantum state of the incident photons resulting in one or two ensembles of photons with quantum states different from the quantum state of the incident photons. 
     In other embodiments a quantum state other than one related to a polarization vector could be switched by a dynamically configurable property other than a reflective element with a dynamically configurable diffractive element. In general the dynamically configurable property can switch a quantum state of ensemble of photons to at least one different quantum state when in an asymmetric configuration and leave the quantum state substantially unchanged when in its symmetric configuration. 
     An example of an embodiment that is a combination of the above described examples is illustrated and described with respect to  FIG. 9A . This embodiment again includes an optical source  901 , that generates collimated linearly polarized electro-magnetic radiation  903  that is applied to an optional polarization optic  905 . The optional polarization optic  905  is a polarizer that enhances the degree of linear polarization of the radiation  903 . The optional polarization optic  905  may also include a wave-plate to rotate the plane of polarization. 
     The linearly polarized radiation  907 , is applied to a dynamically configurable element  909  that has a property that can be dynamically configured by an optical signal. In a first configuration of the dynamically configurable element  909 , the dynamically configurable property is symmetric. In this symmetric first configuration it transmits incident radiation  907  with no effect on the linear polarization vector of the radiation  907 . 
     In this first configuration of the dynamically configurable element  909 , the output radiation  911 , with no modification of polarization vector, is applied to a polarized beam splitter  913  which is azimuthally oriented to direct substantially all the radiation  911  transmitted with the dynamically configurable element  909  in the (symmetric) first configuration in the direction indicated by the arrow  915 . 
     In this embodiment the dynamically configurable property of the dynamically configurable element  909  is an optically induced diffractive element. Such a diffractive element may be induced in the dynamically configurable element  909  by the imposition of an optical interference based fringe pattern. Such an interference based fringe pattern may, for example, be generated by directing two coherent laser beams  917  and  919  at the dynamically configurable element  909 . 
     The angles of incidence and wavelength of the two coherent laser beams can be selected to generate an interference based fringe pattern with a spatial periodicity designed to optimize diffraction of the wavelength of the radiation  911 . There are many conventional techniques for generating such a fringe pattern based on well known interference effects. 
     In the case of the imposed interference based fringe pattern being induced in a non-conductive layer (transparent at the wavelength of the incident radiation  907 ), the fringe pattern causes a perturbation of the charge distribution thereby inducing a diffractive element corresponding to the imposed optical interference based fringe pattern. In other embodiments the interference based fringe pattern could induce magnetic or electric fields or electric currents that would constitute a periodic perturbation. 
     A representation of such an imposed interference based fringe pattern, that constitutes one configuration of the dynamically configurable element  909 , is depicted in (the dashed circle)  FIG. 9B . The azimuthally asymmetric pattern  925  is azimuthally aligned at substantially 45 degrees with respect to the azimuthal direction  927  of the polarization vector of the radiation  907 . 
     In this asymmetric configuration of the dynamically configurable element  909 , the induced diffractive element  925  resolves the ensemble of photons that constitute radiation  907  with polarization vector  933  of  FIG. 9C  (in dashed box  931 ) into two ensembles of photons with polarization vectors  935  and  937  of  FIG. 9C  that propagate at least in part as radiation  911 . 
     When the two ensembles of photons with polarization vectors  935  and  937  encounter the polarized beam splitter  913 . A component of each of the two ensembles of photons with polarization vectors  935  and  937  are resolved propagates through the polarized beam splitter  913  as output radiation  921 . 
     Thus the presence or absence of the interference pattern  925  determines the presence or absence of the output radiation  921 , i.e. the output radiation  921  is switched on or off by the presence or absence of the interference pattern. 
     More generally  FIG. 9A  depicts a system for modifying a quantum state of electromagnetic radiation comprising an optical source that generates electromagnetic radiation with a first linear polarization vector which constitutes a first ensemble of photons with a first quantum state and a transmissive optical element upon which a dynamically configurable optically induced diffraction grating can be imposed which constitutes a transmissive element with a dynamically configurable property to which the above mentioned radiation, i.e. the first ensemble of photons is applied. 
     The optical interference fringe pattern that optically induces the diffractive pattern is generated by convention optical interference means using one or more coherent laser sources and constitutes a signal generator that generates the signal that is applied to the transmissive element with a dynamically configurable property, i.e. the diffractive element that can be imposed. 
     The presence of the optically induced diffractive grating causes at least a portion of the incident electromagnetic radiation with a first linear polarization vector (i.e. the first ensemble of photons with a first quantum state) to be resolved into two ensembles of photons with polarization vectors different from the first linear polarization (i.e. the first ensemble of photons with a first quantum state is switched to at least one second ensemble of photons with a quantum state different from the quantum state of said first ensemble of photons. 
     The polarized beam splitter  913  enables only components of the resolved ensembles of photons with polarization vectors orthogonal to the polarization vector of the first ensemble of photons to be output. In another embodiment the polarized beam splitter  913  could be replaced by a conventional polarizer. 
     The relative phases of the two resolved ensemble of photons could be controlled to have a desired relationship (such as being coincident) by designing the optical element  909  (upon which the diffractive element is imposed) to have bulk birefringent properties for vectors  935  and  937  such that the desired relationship is achieved. 
     Rather than a system that includes an optical source  901  (and possibly the optional element  905 ) a device could be configured that was comprised of: (a) the dynamically configurable element; (b) the signal generator for generating and applying the interference fringe pattern; and (c) a polarizing output element, either polarized beam splitter, polarizer, or an equivalent. 
     Other examples will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. The scope of this invention should be determined with reference to the specification, the drawings, the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents as applied thereto.