Patent Publication Number: US-11647005-B2

Title: Systems and methods for application pre-launch

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of and priority as a divisional to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/183,232, titled “Systems and Methods for Application Pre-Launch,” filed on Nov. 7, 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present application generally relates to management and pre-establishment of network application and secure communication sessions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     As the workforce of an enterprise becomes more mobile and work under various conditions, an individual can use one or more client devices, including personal devices, to access network resources such as web applications. Due to differences between the client devices and the manner in which network resources can be accessed, there are significant challenges to the enterprise in managing access to network resources and monitoring for potential misuse of resources. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Many network-provided resources, such as secure communications via transport layer security (TLS) protocols or network applications such as web applications, require significant processing time for establishment of sessions for clients. For example, secure communications channels may require generation or negotiation of encryption keys, authentication, handshaking, etc., which may incur significant latencies. Similarly, network applications provided via virtual machines or other resources may require instantiation of such virtual machines, reservation of processing threads, authentication of user or device credentials, handshaking, decompression and loading of resources, etc. In many implementations, establishing these communication or application sessions may result in significant delays for users or client devices. Furthermore, in many enterprise deployments, many users or devices may attempt to establish these sessions within a short time (e.g. at the start of a workday). The additional handshaking and processing overhead from establishing dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of sessions simultaneously may result in large delays before sessions become actually usable. 
     The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for management and pre-establishment of network application and secure communication sessions. Session logs may be analyzed to identify an application or secure communication sessions likely to be accessed, and prior to receiving a request to establish the session, an intermediary (e.g. another device such as an intermediary appliance or other device, or an intermediary agent on a client such as a client application) may pre-establish the session, performing any necessary handshaking or credential or key exchange processes. When the session is subsequently requested (e.g. in response to a user request), the system may immediately begin using the pre-established session. This pre-establishment may be coordinated within the enterprise providing load balancing and scheduling of session establishment to prevent large processing loads at any one point in time. 
     The present disclosure is also directed towards systems and methods of an embedded browser. A client application executing on a client device can allow a user to access applications (apps) that are served from and/or hosted on one or more servers, such as web applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications (hereafter sometimes generally referred to as network applications). A browser that is embedded or integrated with the client application can render to the user a network application that is accessed or requested via the client application, and can enable interactivity between the user and the network application. The browser is sometimes referred to as an embedded browser, and the client application with embedded browser (CEB) is sometimes referred to as a workspace application. The client application can establish a secure connection to the one or more servers to provide an application session for the user to access the network application using the client device and the embedded browser. The embedded browser can be integrated with the client application to ensure that traffic related to the network application is routed through and/or processed in the client application, which can provide the client application with real-time visibility to the traffic (e.g., when decrypted through the client application), and user interactions and behavior. The embedded browser can provide a seamless experience to a user as the network application is requested via the user interface (shared by the client application and the embedded browser) and rendered through the embedded browser within the same user interface. 
     In one aspect, this disclosure is directed to a method for pre-launch of network applications. The method includes receiving a request to authenticate a user, by a client application comprising an embedded browser executed by a client device. The method also includes authenticating the user as valid, by the client application. The method also includes identifying, by the client application from a log of previous behavior of the user, one or more network applications provided by one or more application servers to which the user is likely to request access. The method also includes transmitting a request to access the identified one or more network applications on behalf of the user, by the client application to the one or more application servers, the request to access the identified one or more network applications transmitted prior to receiving a request from the user to access a network application. The method also includes receiving, by the client application from the one or more application servers, data of the identified one or more network applications executed on behalf of the user for rendering via the embedded browser, the received data stored in a memory of the client application. The method also includes receiving the request from the user to access a first network application of the identified one or more network applications. The method also includes responsive to receipt of the request to access the first network application, providing the received data of the first network applications to the embedded browser from the memory of the client application, the browser rendering the provided data for display to the user. 
     In some implementations, the method includes identifying one or more network applications to which the user is likely to request access by identifying data of the one or more network applications or views within the one or more network applications to which the user is likely to request access; and wherein the request to access the identified one or more network applications further comprises a request for the identified data of the one or more network applications or views within the one or more network applications. 
     In some implementations, the method includes identifying one or more network applications to which the user is likely to request access by providing the log of previous behavior of the user to a machine learning engine, the machine learning engine identifying the one or more network applications from inputs comprising identifications of network applications previously accessed via the embedded browser, identifications of times of access via the embedded browser, or identifications of data accessed by the embedded browser. 
     In some implementations, the method includes monitoring, by the client application, user interactions with the one or more network applications via the embedded browser; identifying, by the client application from the monitored user interactions, a second one or more network applications provided by one or more application servers to which the user is likely to request access; transmitting a request to access the identified second one or more network applications on behalf of the user, by the client application to the one or more application servers, responsive to the identification; receiving, by the client application from the one or more application servers, data of the identified second one or more network applications executed on behalf of the user for rendering via the embedded browser, the received data of the identified second one or more network applications stored in the memory of the client application; receiving a request of the user, by the client application via the embedded browser, to access a second network application of the second one or more network applications; and responsive to receipt of the request to access the second network application, providing the received data of the second network application to the embedded browser from the memory of the client application, the browser rendering the provided data for display to the user. 
     In some implementations, the method includes authenticating the user by performing an authentication procedure with a remote authentication server, and wherein the transmission of the request to access the identified one or more network applications and receipt of data of the identified one or more network applications occurs prior to completion of the authentication procedure. 
     In some implementations, the method includes receiving data of the identified one or more network applications by storing the received data in the memory of the client application without providing visual output to the embedded browser. In a further implementation, storing the received data in the memory of the client application without providing visual output to the embedded browser includes instantiating a new tab or window of the embedded browser having disabled visibility, the received data of the first network application provided to the instantiated new tab or window for rendering. In some such further implementations, the method includes responsive to receipt of the request to access the first network application, enabling visibility of the instantiated new tab or window for display to the user. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for pre-establishment of secure communication channels. The method includes establishing, by a session record manager server via a first network connection, a secure communication session with an application server providing a network application. The method includes receiving, by the session record manager from the application server, a session record identifying parameters of the secure communication session. The method includes receiving, by the session record manager via a second network connection from a client device executing a client application comprising an embedded browser, a request to access the network application provided by the application server. The method includes forwarding the session record, by the session record manager to the client application, the client application transmitting a request to resume the secure communication session to the application server via a third network connection. 
     In some implementations, the method includes establishing the secure communication session by performing a cryptographic handshaking procedure. In a further implementation, the session record comprises an identification of a cryptographic key used for the secure communication session, and the client application transmits the request to resume the secure communication session utilizing the cryptographic key used for the secure communication session. 
     In some implementations, the application server is a first application server of a plurality of application servers and the client device is a first client device of a plurality of client devices, and establishing the secure communication session includes selecting the first application server from the plurality of application servers responsive to a history of high utilization of the first application server by the plurality of client devices. In some implementations, the method includes establishing the secure communication session by establishing a plurality of secure communication sessions with the application server, by the session record manager, each secure communication session associated with a different session record. In some implementations, the method includes receiving a plurality of requests to access the network application provided by the application server from a corresponding plurality of client devices, by the session record manager; and forwarding a session record associated with a different secure communication session to each of the plurality of client devices, by the session record manager, each client device of the plurality of client devices transmitting a request to resume the corresponding secure communication session to the application server. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a system for pre-launch of network applications. The system includes a client device comprising a network interface, a memory device, and a processor executing a client application comprising an embedded browser. The client application is configured to receive a request to authenticate a user; authenticate the user as valid; and identify, from a log of previous behavior of the user, one or more network applications provided by one or more application servers to which the user is likely to request access. The network interface is configured to: transmit a request to access the identified one or more network applications on behalf of the user, to the one or more application servers, the request to access the identified one or more network applications transmitted prior to receiving a request from the user to access a network application; and receive, from the one or more application servers, data of the identified one or more network applications executed on behalf of the user for rendering via the embedded browser, the received data stored in the memory device. The client application is further configured to: receive the request from the user to access a first network application of the identified one or more network applications; and responsive to receipt of the request to access the first network application, provide the received data of the first network applications to the embedded browser from the memory device, the browser rendering the provided data for display to the user. 
     In some implementations, the client application is further configured to identify data of the one or more network applications or views within the one or more network applications to which the user is likely to request access; and the request to access the identified one or more network applications further comprises a request for the identified data of the one or more network applications or views within the one or more network applications. 
     In some implementations, the client application is further configured to provide the log of previous behavior of the user to a machine learning engine, the machine learning engine identifying the one or more network applications from inputs comprising identifications of network applications previously accessed via the embedded browser, identifications of times of access via the embedded browser, or identifications of data accessed by the embedded browser. 
     In some implementations, the client application is further configured to: monitor user interactions with the one or more network applications via the embedded browser; and identify, from the monitored user interactions, a second one or more network applications provided by one or more application servers to which the user is likely to request access. The network interface is further configured to: transmit a request to access the identified second one or more network applications on behalf of the user, to the one or more application servers, responsive to the identification; and receive, from the one or more application servers, data of the identified second one or more network applications executed on behalf of the user for rendering via the embedded browser, the received data of the identified second one or more network applications stored in the memory device. The client application is further configured to receive a request of the user, via the embedded browser, to access a second network application of the second one or more network applications; and responsive to receipt of the request to access the second network application, provide the received data of the second network application to the embedded browser from the memory device, the browser rendering the provided data for display to the user. 
     In some implementations, the client application is further configured to perform an authentication procedure with a remote authentication server; and wherein the transmission of the request to access the identified one or more network applications and receipt of data of the identified one or more network applications occurs prior to completion of the authentication procedure. 
     In some implementations, the client application is further configured to store the received data in the memory device without providing visual output to the embedded browser. In a further implementation, the client application is further configured to: instantiate a new tab or window of the embedded browser having disabled visibility, the received data of the first network application provided to the instantiated new tab or window for rendering; and responsive to receipt of the request to access the first network application, enable visibility of the instantiated new tab or window for display to the user. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the present solution will become more apparent and better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of embodiments of a computing device; 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram of an illustrative embodiment of cloud services for use in accessing resources; 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an example embodiment of an enterprise mobility management system; 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of a system  400  of an embedded browser; 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for using a secure browser; 
         FIG.  6    is an example representation of an implementation for browser redirection using a secure browser plug-in; 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram of example embodiment of a system of using a secure browser; 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for using local embedded browser(s) and hosted secured browser(s); 
         FIG.  9    is an example process flow for using local embedded browser(s) and hosted secured browser(s); 
         FIG.  10    is an example embodiment of a system for managing user access to webpages; 
         FIG.  11    is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for pre-establishment of application sessions; 
         FIG.  12    is a flow chart of an implementation of a method for pre-establishment of application sessions; 
         FIG.  13    is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for pre-establishment of secure communication sessions; and 
         FIG.  14    is a flow chart of an implementation of a method for pre-establishment of secure communication sessions. 
     
    
    
     The features and advantages of the present solution will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     For purposes of reading the description of the various embodiments below, the following descriptions of the sections of the specification and their respective contents may be helpful: 
     Section A describes a computing environment which may be useful for practicing embodiments described herein. 
     Section B describes systems and methods for an embedded browser. 
     Section C describes systems and methods for application and communication session pre-launch 
     A. Computing Environment 
     Prior to discussing the specifics of embodiments of the systems and methods detailed herein in Section B, it may be helpful to discuss the computing environments in which such embodiments may be deployed. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , computer  101  may include one or more processors  103 , volatile memory  122  (e.g., random access memory (RAM)), non-volatile memory  128  (e.g., one or more hard disk drives (HDDs) or other magnetic or optical storage media, one or more solid state drives (SSDs) such as a flash drive or other solid state storage media, one or more hybrid magnetic and solid state drives, and/or one or more virtual storage volumes, such as a cloud storage, or a combination of such physical storage volumes and virtual storage volumes or arrays thereof), user interface (UI)  123 , one or more communications interfaces  118 , and communication bus  150 . User interface  123  may include graphical user interface (GUI)  124  (e.g., a touchscreen, a display, etc.) and one or more input/output (I/O) devices  126  (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, a microphone, one or more speakers, one or more cameras, one or more biometric scanners, one or more environmental sensors, one or more accelerometers, etc.). Non-volatile memory  128  stores operating system  115 , one or more applications  116 , and data  117  such that, for example, computer instructions of operating system  115  and/or applications  116  are executed by processor(s)  103  out of volatile memory  122 . In some embodiments, volatile memory  122  may include one or more types of RAM and/or a cache memory that may offer a faster response time than a main memory. Data may be entered using an input device of GUI  124  or received from I/O device(s)  126 . Various elements of computer  101  may communicate via one or more communication buses, shown as communication bus  150 . 
     Computer  101  as shown in  FIG.  1    is shown merely as an example, as clients, servers, intermediary and other networking devices and may be implemented by any computing or processing environment and with any type of machine or set of machines that may have suitable hardware and/or software capable of operating as described herein. Processor(s)  103  may be implemented by one or more programmable processors to execute one or more executable instructions, such as a computer program, to perform the functions of the system. As used herein, the term “processor” describes circuitry that performs a function, an operation, or a sequence of operations. The function, operation, or sequence of operations may be hard coded into the circuitry or soft coded by way of instructions held in a memory device and executed by the circuitry. A “processor” may perform the function, operation, or sequence of operations using digital values and/or using analog signals. In some embodiments, the “processor” can be embodied in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics processing units (GPUs), microcontrollers, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), multi-core processors, or general-purpose computers with associated memory. The “processor” may be analog, digital or mixed-signal. In some embodiments, the “processor” may be one or more physical processors or one or more “virtual” (e.g., remotely located or “cloud”) processors. A processor including multiple processor cores and/or multiple processors multiple processors may provide functionality for parallel, simultaneous execution of instructions or for parallel, simultaneous execution of one instruction on more than one piece of data. 
     Communications interfaces  118  may include one or more interfaces to enable computer  101  to access a computer network such as a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Personal Area Network (PAN), or the Internet through a variety of wired and/or wireless or cellular connections. 
     In described embodiments, the computing device  101  may execute an application on behalf of a user of a client computing device. For example, the computing device  101  may execute a virtual machine, which provides an execution session within which applications execute on behalf of a user or a client computing device, such as a hosted desktop session. The computing device  101  may also execute a terminal services session to provide a hosted desktop environment. The computing device  101  may provide access to a computing environment including one or more of: one or more applications, one or more desktop applications, and one or more desktop sessions in which one or more applications may execute. 
     Additional details of the implementation and operation of network environment, computer  101  and client and server computers may be as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,538,345, issued Jan. 3, 2017 to Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., the teachings of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     B. Systems and Methods for an Embedded Browser 
     The present disclosure is directed towards systems and methods of an embedded browser. A client application executing on a client device can allow a user to access applications (apps) that are served from and/or hosted on one or more servers, such as web applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications (hereafter sometimes generally referred to as network applications). A browser that is embedded or integrated with the client application can render to the user a network application that is accessed or requested via the client application, and can enable interactivity between the user and the network application. The browser is sometimes referred to as an embedded browser, and the client application with embedded browser (CEB) is sometimes referred to as a workspace application. The client application can establish a secure connection to the one or more servers to provide an application session for the user to access the network application using the client device and the embedded browser. The embedded browser can be integrated with the client application to ensure that traffic related to the network application is routed through and/or processed in the client application, which can provide the client application with real-time visibility to the traffic (e.g., when decrypted through the client application), and user interactions and behavior. The embedded browser can provide a seamless experience to a user as the network application is requested via the user interface (shared by the client application and the embedded browser) and rendered through the embedded browser within the same user interface. 
     The client application can terminate one end of a secured connection established with a server of a network application, such as a secure sockets layer (SSL) virtual private network (VPN) connection. The client application can receive encrypted traffic from the network application, and can decrypt the traffic before further processing (e.g., rendering by the embedded browser). The client application can monitor the received traffic (e.g., in encrypted packet form), and also have full visibility into the decrypted data stream and/or the SSL stack. This visibility can allow the client application to perform or facilitate policy-based management (e.g., including data loss prevention (DLP) capabilities), application control (e.g., to improve performance, service level), and collection and production of analytics. For instance, the local CEB can provide an information technology (IT) administrator with a controlled system for deploying web and SaaS applications through the CEB, and allow the IT administrator to set policies or configurations via the CEB for performing any of the forgoing activities. 
     Many web and SaaS delivered applications connect from web servers to generic browsers (e.g., Internet Explorer, Firefox, and so on) of users. Once authenticated, the entire session of such a network application is encrypted. However, in this scenario, an administrator may not have visibility, analytics, or control of the content entering the network application from the user&#39;s digital workspace, or the content leaving the network application and entering the user&#39;s digital workspace. Moreover, content of a network application viewed in a generic browser can be copied or downloaded (e.g., by a user or program) to potentially any arbitrary application or device, resulting in a possible breach in data security. 
     This present systems and methods can ensure that traffic associated with a network application is channeled through a CEB. By way of illustration, when a user accesses a SaaS web service with security assertion markup language (SAML) enabled for instance, the corresponding access request can be forwarded to a designated gateway service that determines, checks or verifies if the CEB was used to make the access request. Responsive to determining that a CEB was used to make the access request, the gateway service can perform or provide authentication and single-sign-on (SSO), and can allow the CEB to connect directly to the SaaS web service. Encryption (e.g., standard encryption) can be used for the application session between the CEB and the SaaS web service. When the content from the web service is unencrypted in the CEB to the viewed via the embedded browser, and/or when input is entered via the CEB, the CEB can provide added services on selective application-related information for control and analytics for instance. For example, an analytics agent or application programming interface (API) can be embedded in the CEB to provide or perform the added services. 
     The CEB (sometimes referred to as workspace application or receiver) can interoperate with one or more gateway services, intermediaries and/or network servers (sometimes collectively referred to as cloud services or Citrix Cloud) to provide access to a network application. Features and elements of an environment related to the operation of an embodiment of cloud services are described below. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an embodiment of cloud services for use in accessing resources including network applications. The cloud services can include an enterprise mobility technical architecture  200 , which can include an access gateway  260  in one illustrative embodiment. The architecture can be used in a bring-your-own-device (BYOD) environment for instance. The architecture can enable a user of a client device  202  (e.g., a mobile or other device) to both access enterprise or personal resources from a client device  202 , and use the client device  202  for personal use. The user may access such enterprise resources  204  or enterprise services  208  via a client application executing on the client device  202 . The user may access such enterprise resources  204  or enterprise services  208  using a client device  202  that is purchased by the user or a client device  202  that is provided by the enterprise to user. The user may utilize the client device  202  for business use only or for business and personal use. The client device may run an iOS operating system, and Android operating system, or the like. The enterprise may choose to implement policies to manage the client device  202 . The policies may be implanted through a firewall or gateway in such a way that the client device may be identified, secured or security verified, and provided selective or full access to the enterprise resources. The policies may be client device management policies, mobile application management policies, mobile data management policies, or some combination of client device, application, and data management policies. A client device  202  that is managed through the application of client device management policies may be referred to as an enrolled device. The client device management policies can be applied via the client application for instance. 
     In some embodiments, the operating system of the client device may be separated into a managed partition  210  and an unmanaged partition  212 . The managed partition  210  may have policies applied to it to secure the applications running on and data stored in the managed partition. The applications running on the managed partition may be secure applications. In other embodiments, all applications may execute in accordance with a set of one or more policy files received separate from the application, and which define one or more security parameters, features, resource restrictions, and/or other access controls that are enforced by the client device management system when that application is executing on the device. By operating in accordance with their respective policy file(s), each application may be allowed or restricted from communications with one or more other applications and/or resources, thereby creating a virtual partition. Thus, as used herein, a partition may refer to a physically partitioned portion of memory (physical partition), a logically partitioned portion of memory (logical partition), and/or a virtual partition created as a result of enforcement of one or more policies and/or policy files across multiple apps as described herein (virtual partition). Stated differently, by enforcing policies on managed apps, those apps may be restricted to only be able to communicate with other managed apps and trusted enterprise resources, thereby creating a virtual partition that is not accessible by unmanaged apps and devices. 
     The secure applications may be email applications, web browsing applications, software-as-a-service (SaaS) access applications, Windows Application access applications, and the like. The client application can include a secure application launcher  218 . The secure applications may be secure native applications  214 , secure remote applications  222  executed by the secure application launcher  218 , virtualization applications  226  executed by the secure application launcher  218 , and the like. The secure native applications  214  may be wrapped by a secure application wrapper  220 . The secure application wrapper  220  may include integrated policies that are executed on the client device  202  when the secure native application is executed on the device. The secure application wrapper  220  may include meta-data that points the secure native application  214  running on the client device  202  to the resources hosted at the enterprise that the secure native application  214  may require to complete the task requested upon execution of the secure native application  214 . The secure remote applications  222  executed by a secure application launcher  218  may be executed within the secure application launcher application  218 . The virtualization applications  226  executed by a secure application launcher  218  may utilize resources on the client device  202 , at the enterprise resources  204 , and the like. The resources used on the client device  202  by the virtualization applications  226  executed by a secure application launcher  218  may include user interaction resources, processing resources, and the like. The user interaction resources may be used to collect and transmit keyboard input, mouse input, camera input, tactile input, audio input, visual input, gesture input, and the like. The processing resources may be used to present a user interface, process data received from the enterprise resources  204 , and the like. The resources used at the enterprise resources  204  by the virtualization applications  226  executed by a secure application launcher  218  may include user interface generation resources, processing resources, and the like. The user interface generation resources may be used to assemble a user interface, modify a user interface, refresh a user interface, and the like. The processing resources may be used to create information, read information, update information, delete information, and the like. For example, the virtualization application may record user interactions associated with a graphical user interface (GUI) and communicate them to a server application where the server application may use the user interaction data as an input to the application operating on the server. In this arrangement, an enterprise may elect to maintain the application on the server side as well as data, files, etc., associated with the application. While an enterprise may elect to “mobilize” some applications in accordance with the principles herein by securing them for deployment on the client device (e.g., via the client application), this arrangement may also be elected for certain applications. For example, while some applications may be secured for use on the client device, others might not be prepared or appropriate for deployment on the client device so the enterprise may elect to provide the mobile user access to the unprepared applications through virtualization techniques. As another example, the enterprise may have large complex applications with large and complex data sets (e.g., material resource planning applications) where it would be very difficult, or otherwise undesirable, to customize the application for the client device so the enterprise may elect to provide access to the application through virtualization techniques. As yet another example, the enterprise may have an application that maintains highly secured data (e.g., human resources data, customer data, engineering data) that may be deemed by the enterprise as too sensitive for even the secured mobile environment so the enterprise may elect to use virtualization techniques to permit mobile access to such applications and data. An enterprise may elect to provide both fully secured and fully functional applications on the client device. The enterprise can use a client application, which can include a virtualization application, to allow access to applications that are deemed more properly operated on the server side. In an embodiment, the virtualization application may store some data, files, etc., on the mobile phone in one of the secure storage locations. An enterprise, for example, may elect to allow certain information to be stored on the phone while not permitting other information. 
     In connection with the virtualization application, as described herein, the client device may have a virtualization application that is designed to present GUIs and then record user interactions with the GUI. The virtualization application may communicate the user interactions to the server side to be used by the server side application as user interactions with the application. In response, the application on the server side may transmit back to the client device a new GUI. For example, the new GUI may be a static page, a dynamic page, an animation, or the like, thereby providing access to remotely located resources. 
     The secure applications may access data stored in a secure data container  228  in the managed partition  210  of the client device. The data secured in the secure data container may be accessed by the secure wrapped applications  214 , applications executed by a secure application launcher  222 , virtualization applications  226  executed by a secure application launcher  218 , and the like. The data stored in the secure data container  228  may include files, databases, and the like. The data stored in the secure data container  228  may include data restricted to a specific secure application  230 , shared among secure applications  232 , and the like. Data restricted to a secure application may include secure general data  234  and highly secure data  238 . Secure general data may use a strong form of encryption such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128-bit encryption or the like, while highly secure data  238  may use a very strong form of encryption such as AES 256-bit encryption. Data stored in the secure data container  228  may be deleted from the device upon receipt of a command from the device manager  224 . The secure applications may have a dual-mode option  240 . The dual mode option  240  may present the user with an option to operate the secured application in an unsecured or unmanaged mode. In an unsecured or unmanaged mode, the secure applications may access data stored in an unsecured data container  242  on the unmanaged partition  212  of the client device  202 . The data stored in an unsecured data container may be personal data  244 . The data stored in an unsecured data container  242  may also be accessed by unsecured applications  248  that are running on the unmanaged partition  212  of the client device  202 . The data stored in an unsecured data container  242  may remain on the client device  202  when the data stored in the secure data container  228  is deleted from the client device  202 . An enterprise may want to delete from the client device selected or all data, files, and/or applications owned, licensed or controlled by the enterprise (enterprise data) while leaving or otherwise preserving personal data, files, and/or applications owned, licensed or controlled by the user (personal data). This operation may be referred to as a selective wipe. With the enterprise and personal data arranged in accordance to the aspects described herein, an enterprise may perform a selective wipe. 
     The client device  202  may connect to enterprise resources  204  and enterprise services  208  at an enterprise, to the public Internet  248 , and the like. The client device may connect to enterprise resources  204  and enterprise services  208  through virtual private network connections. The virtual private network connections, also referred to as microVPN or application-specific VPN, may be specific to particular applications (e.g., as illustrated by microVPNs  250 ), particular devices, particular secured areas on the client device (e.g., as illustrated by O/S VPN  252 ), and the like. For example, each of the wrapped applications in the secured area of the phone may access enterprise resources through an application specific VPN such that access to the VPN would be granted based on attributes associated with the application, possibly in conjunction with user or device attribute information. The virtual private network connections may carry Microsoft Exchange traffic, Microsoft Active Directory traffic, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) traffic, HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) traffic, application management traffic, and the like. The virtual private network connections may support and enable single-sign-on authentication processes  254 . The single-sign-on processes may allow a user to provide a single set of authentication credentials, which are then verified by an authentication service  258 . The authentication service  258  may then grant to the user access to multiple enterprise resources  204 , without requiring the user to provide authentication credentials to each individual enterprise resource  204 . 
     The virtual private network connections may be established and managed by an access gateway  260 . The access gateway  260  may include performance enhancement features that manage, accelerate, and improve the delivery of enterprise resources  204  to the client device  202 . The access gateway may also re-route traffic from the client device  202  to the public Internet  248 , enabling the client device  202  to access publicly available and unsecured applications that run on the public Internet  248 . The client device may connect to the access gateway via a transport network  262 . The transport network  262  may use one or more transport protocols and may be a wired network, wireless network, cloud network, local area network, metropolitan area network, wide area network, public network, private network, and the like. 
     The enterprise resources  204  may include email servers, file sharing servers, SaaS/Web applications, Web application servers, Windows application servers, and the like. Email servers may include Exchange servers, Lotus Notes servers, and the like. File sharing servers may include ShareFile servers, and the like. SaaS applications may include Salesforce, and the like. Windows application servers may include any application server that is built to provide applications that are intended to run on a local Windows operating system, and the like. The enterprise resources  204  may be premise-based resources, cloud based resources, and the like. The enterprise resources  204  may be accessed by the client device  202  directly or through the access gateway  260 . The enterprise resources  204  may be accessed by the client device  202  via a transport network  262 . The transport network  262  may be a wired network, wireless network, cloud network, local area network, metropolitan area network, wide area network, public network, private network, and the like. 
     Cloud services can include an access gateway  260  and/or enterprise services  208 . The enterprise services  208  may include authentication services  258 , threat detection services  264 , device manager services  224 , file sharing services  268 , policy manager services  270 , social integration services  272 , application controller services  274 , and the like. Authentication services  258  may include user authentication services, device authentication services, application authentication services, data authentication services and the like. Authentication services  258  may use certificates. The certificates may be stored on the client device  202 , by the enterprise resources  204 , and the like. The certificates stored on the client device  202  may be stored in an encrypted location on the client device, the certificate may be temporarily stored on the client device  202  for use at the time of authentication, and the like. Threat detection services  264  may include intrusion detection services, unauthorized access attempt detection services, and the like. Unauthorized access attempt detection services may include unauthorized attempts to access devices, applications, data, and the like. Device management services  224  may include configuration, provisioning, security, support, monitoring, reporting, and decommissioning services. File sharing services  268  may include file management services, file storage services, file collaboration services, and the like. Policy manager services  270  may include device policy manager services, application policy manager services, data policy manager services, and the like. Social integration services  272  may include contact integration services, collaboration services, integration with social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and the like. Application controller services  274  may include management services, provisioning services, deployment services, assignment services, revocation services, wrapping services, and the like. 
     The enterprise mobility technical architecture  200  may include an application store  278 . The application store  278  may include unwrapped applications  280 , pre-wrapped applications  282 , and the like. Applications may be populated in the application store  278  from the application controller  274 . The application store  278  may be accessed by the client device  202  through the access gateway  260 , through the public Internet  248 , or the like. The application store may be provided with an intuitive and easy to use User Interface. 
     A software development kit  284  may provide a user the capability to secure applications selected by the user by providing a secure wrapper around the application. An application that has been wrapped using the software development kit  284  may then be made available to the client device  202  by populating it in the application store  278  using the application controller  274 . 
     The enterprise mobility technical architecture  200  may include a management and analytics capability. The management and analytics capability may provide information related to how resources are used, how often resources are used, and the like. Resources may include devices, applications, data, and the like. How resources are used may include which devices download which applications, which applications access which data, and the like. How often resources are used may include how often an application has been downloaded, how many times a specific set of data has been accessed by an application, and the like. 
       FIG.  3    depicts is an illustrative embodiment of an enterprise mobility management system  300 . Some of the components of the mobility management system  200  described above with reference to  FIG.  2    have been omitted for the sake of simplicity. The architecture of the system  300  depicted in  FIG.  3    is similar in many respects to the architecture of the system  200  described above with reference to  FIG.  2    and may include additional features not mentioned above. 
     In this case, the left hand side represents an enrolled client device  302  with a client agent  304 , which interacts with gateway server  306  to access various enterprise resources  308  and services  309  such as Web or SasS applications, Exchange, Sharepoint, public-key infrastructure (PKI) Resources, Kerberos Resources, Certificate Issuance service, as shown on the right hand side above. The gateway server  306  can include embodiments of features and functionalities of the cloud services, such as access gateway  260  and application controller functionality. Although not specifically shown, the client agent  304  may be part of, and/or interact with the client application which can operate as an enterprise application store (storefront) for the selection and/or downloading of network applications. 
     The client agent  304  can act as a UI (user interface) intermediary for Windows apps/desktops hosted in an Enterprise data center, which are accessed using the High-Definition User Experience (HDX) or Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) display remoting protocol. The client agent  304  can also support the installation and management of native applications on the client device  302 , such as native iOS or Android applications. For example, the managed applications  310  (mail, browser, wrapped application) shown in the figure above are native applications that execute locally on the device. Client agent  304  and application management framework of this architecture act to provide policy driven management capabilities and features such as connectivity and SSO (single sign on) to enterprise resources/services  308 . The client agent  304  handles primary user authentication to the enterprise, for instance to access gateway (AG) with SSO to other gateway server components. The client agent  304  obtains policies from gateway server  306  to control the behavior of the managed applications  310  on the client device  302 . 
     The Secure interprocess communication (IPC) links  312  between the native applications  310  and client agent  304  represent a management channel, which allows client agent to supply policies to be enforced by the application management framework  314  “wrapping” each application. The IPC channel  312  also allows client agent  304  to supply credential and authentication information that enables connectivity and SSO to enterprise resources  308 . Finally the IPC channel  312  allows the application management framework  314  to invoke user interface functions implemented by client agent  304 , such as online and offline authentication. 
     Communications between the client agent  304  and gateway server  306  are essentially an extension of the management channel from the application management framework  314  wrapping each native managed application  310 . The application management framework  314  requests policy information from client agent  304 , which in turn requests it from gateway server  306 . The application management framework  314  requests authentication, and client agent  304  logs into the gateway services part of gateway server  306  (also known as NetScaler access gateway). Client agent  304  may also call supporting services on gateway server  306 , which may produce input material to derive encryption keys for the local data vaults  316 , or provide client certificates which may enable direct authentication to PKI protected resources, as more fully explained below. 
     In more detail, the application management framework  314  “wraps” each managed application  310 . This may be incorporated via an explicit build step, or via a post-build processing step. The application management framework  314  may “pair” with client agent  304  on first launch of an application  310  to initialize the Secure IPC channel and obtain the policy for that application. The application management framework  314  may enforce relevant portions of the policy that apply locally, such as the client agent login dependencies and some of the containment policies that restrict how local OS services may be used, or how they may interact with the application  310 . 
     The application management framework  314  may use services provided by client agent  304  over the Secure IPC channel  312  to facilitate authentication and internal network access. Key management for the private and shared data vaults  316  (containers) may be also managed by appropriate interactions between the managed applications  310  and client agent  304 . Vaults  316  may be available only after online authentication, or may be made available after offline authentication if allowed by policy. First use of vaults  316  may require online authentication, and offline access may be limited to at most the policy refresh period before online authentication is again required. 
     Network access to internal resources may occur directly from individual managed applications  310  through access gateway  306 . The application management framework  314  is responsible for orchestrating the network access on behalf of each application  310 . Client agent  304  may facilitate these network connections by providing suitable time limited secondary credentials obtained following online authentication. Multiple modes of network connection may be used, such as reverse web proxy connections and end-to-end VPN-style tunnels  318 . 
     The Mail and Browser managed applications  310  can have special status and may make use of facilities that might not be generally available to arbitrary wrapped applications. For example, the Mail application may use a special background network access mechanism that allows it to access Exchange over an extended period of time without requiring a full AG logon. The Browser application may use multiple private data vaults to segregate different kinds of data. 
     This architecture can support the incorporation of various other security features. For example, gateway server  306  (including its gateway services) in some cases might not need to validate active directory (AD) passwords. It can be left to the discretion of an enterprise whether an AD password is used as an authentication factor for some users in some situations. Different authentication methods may be used if a user is online or offline (i.e., connected or not connected to a network). 
     Step up authentication is a feature wherein gateway server  306  may identify managed native applications  310  that are allowed to have access to more sensitive data using strong authentication, and ensure that access to these applications is only permitted after performing appropriate authentication, even if this means a re-authentication is requested from the user after a prior weaker level of login. 
     Another security feature of this solution is the encryption of the data vaults  316  (containers) on the client device  302 . The vaults  316  may be encrypted so that all on-device data including clipboard/cache data, files, databases, and configurations are protected. For on-line vaults, the keys may be stored on the server (gateway server  306 ), and for off-line vaults, a local copy of the keys may be protected by a user password or biometric validation. When data is stored locally on the device  302  in the secure container  316 , it is preferred that a minimum of AES 256 encryption algorithm be utilized. 
     Other secure container features may also be implemented. For example, a logging feature may be included, wherein all security events happening inside an application  310  are logged and reported to the backend. Data wiping may be supported, such as if the application  310  detects tampering, associated encryption keys may be written over with random data, leaving no hint on the file system that user data was destroyed. Screenshot protection is another feature, where an application may prevent any data from being stored in screenshots. For example, the key window&#39;s hidden property may be set to YES. This may cause whatever content is currently displayed on the screen to be hidden, resulting in a blank screenshot where any content would normally reside. 
     Local data transfer may be prevented, such as by preventing any data from being locally transferred outside the application container, e.g., by copying it or sending it to an external application. A keyboard cache feature may operate to disable the autocorrect functionality for sensitive text fields. SSL certificate validation may be operable so the application specifically validates the server SSL certificate instead of it being stored in the keychain. An encryption key generation feature may be used such that the key used to encrypt data on the device is generated using a passphrase or biometric data supplied by the user (if offline access is required). It may be XORed with another key randomly generated and stored on the server side if offline access is not required. Key Derivation functions may operate such that keys generated from the user password use KDFs (key derivation functions, notably Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2)) rather than creating a cryptographic hash of it. The latter makes a key susceptible to brute force or dictionary attacks. 
     Further, one or more initialization vectors may be used in encryption methods. An initialization vector might cause multiple copies of the same encrypted data to yield different cipher text output, preventing both replay and cryptanalytic attacks. This may also prevent an attacker from decrypting any data even with a stolen encryption key. Further, authentication then decryption may be used, wherein application data is decrypted only after the user has authenticated within the application. Another feature may relate to sensitive data in memory, which may be kept in memory (and not in disk) only when it&#39;s needed. For example, login credentials may be wiped from memory after login, and encryption keys and other data inside objective-C instance variables are not stored, as they may be easily referenced. Instead, memory may be manually allocated for these. 
     An inactivity timeout may be implemented via the CEB, wherein after a policy-defined period of inactivity, a user session is terminated. 
     Data leakage from the application management framework  314  may be prevented in other ways. For example, when an application  310  is put in the background, the memory may be cleared after a predetermined (configurable) time period. When backgrounded, a snapshot may be taken of the last displayed screen of the application to fasten the foregrounding process. The screenshot may contain confidential data and hence should be cleared. 
     Another security feature relates to the use of an OTP (one time password)  320  without the use of an AD (active directory)  322  password for access to one or more applications. In some cases, some users do not know (or are not permitted to know) their AD password, so these users may authenticate using an OTP  320  such as by using a hardware OTP system like SecurID (OTPs may be provided by different vendors also, such as Entrust or Gemalto). In some cases, after a user authenticates with a user ID, a text is sent to the user with an OTP  320 . In some cases, this may be implemented only for online use, with a prompt being a single field. 
     An offline password may be implemented for offline authentication for those applications  310  for which offline use is permitted via enterprise policy. For example, an enterprise may want storefront to be accessed in this manner. In this case, the client agent  304  may require the user to set a custom offline password and the AD password is not used. Gateway server  306  may provide policies to control and enforce password standards with respect to the minimum length, character class composition, and age of passwords, such as described by the standard Windows Server password complexity requirements, although these requirements may be modified. 
     Another feature relates to the enablement of a client side certificate for certain applications  310  as secondary credentials (for the purpose of accessing PKI protected web resources via the application management framework micro VPN feature). For example, an application may utilize such a certificate. In this case, certificate-based authentication using ActiveSync protocol may be supported, wherein a certificate from the client agent  304  may be retrieved by gateway server  306  and used in a keychain. Each managed application may have one associated client certificate, identified by a label that is defined in gateway server  306 . 
     Gateway server  306  may interact with an Enterprise special purpose web service to support the issuance of client certificates to allow relevant managed applications to authenticate to internal PKI protected resources. 
     The client agent  304  and the application management framework  314  may be enhanced to support obtaining and using client certificates for authentication to internal PKI protected network resources. More than one certificate may be supported, such as to match various levels of security and/or separation requirements. The certificates may be used by the Mail and Browser managed applications, and ultimately by arbitrary wrapped applications (provided those applications use web service style communication patterns where it is reasonable for the application management framework to mediate https requests). 
     Application management client certificate support on iOS may rely on importing a public-key cryptography standards (PKCS) 12 BLOB (Binary Large Object) into the iOS keychain in each managed application for each period of use. Application management framework client certificate support may use a HTTPS implementation with private in-memory key storage. The client certificate might never be present in the iOS keychain and might not be persisted except potentially in “online-only” data value that is strongly protected. 
     Mutual SSL or TLS may also be implemented to provide additional security by requiring that a client device  302  is authenticated to the enterprise, and vice versa. Virtual smart cards for authentication to gateway server  306  may also be implemented. 
     Both limited and full Kerberos support may be additional features. The full support feature relates to an ability to do full Kerberos login to Active Directory (AD)  322 , using an AD password or trusted client certificate, and obtain Kerberos service tickets to respond to HTTP Negotiate authentication challenges. The limited support feature relates to constrained delegation in Citrix Access Gateway Enterprise Edition (AGEE), where AGEE supports invoking Kerberos protocol transition so it can obtain and use Kerberos service tickets (subject to constrained delegation) in response to HTTP Negotiate authentication challenges. This mechanism works in reverse web proxy (aka corporate virtual private network (CVPN)) mode, and when http (but not https) connections are proxied in VPN and MicroVPN mode. 
     Another feature relates to application container locking and wiping, which may automatically occur upon jail-break or rooting detections, and occur as a pushed command from administration console, and may include a remote wipe functionality even when an application  310  is not running. 
     A multi-site architecture or configuration of enterprise application store and an application controller may be supported that allows users to be service from one of several different locations in case of failure. 
     In some cases, managed applications  310  may be allowed to access a certificate and private key via an API (example OpenSSL). Trusted managed applications  310  of an enterprise may be allowed to perform specific Public Key operations with an application&#39;s client certificate and private key. Various use cases may be identified and treated accordingly, such as when an application behaves like a browser and no certificate access is used, when an application reads a certificate for “who am I,” when an application uses the certificate to build a secure session token, and when an application uses private keys for digital signing of important data (e.g., transaction log) or for temporary data encryption. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4   , depicted is a block diagram of a system  400  of an embedded browser. In brief overview, the system  400  may include a client device  402  with a digital workspace for a user, a client application  404 , cloud services  408  operating on at least one network device  432 , and network applications  406  served from and/or hosted on one or more servers  430 . The client application  404  can for instance include at least one of: an embedded browser  410 , a networking agent  412 , a cloud services agent  414 , a remote session agent  416 , or a secure container  418 . The cloud services  408  can for instance include at least one of: secure browser(s)  420 , an access gateway  422  (or CIS, e.g., for registering and/or authenticating the client application and/or user), or analytics services  424  (or CAS, e.g., for receiving information from the client application for analytics). The network applications  406  can include sanctioned applications  426  and non-sanctioned applications  428 . 
     Each of the above-mentioned elements or entities is implemented in hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, in one or more embodiments. Each component of the system  400  may be implemented using hardware or a combination of hardware or software detailed above in connection with  FIG.  1   . For instance, each of these elements or entities can include any application, program, library, script, task, service, process or any type and form of executable instructions executing on hardware of the client device  402 , the at least one network device  432  and/or the one or more servers  430 . The hardware includes circuitry such as one or more processors in one or more embodiments. For example, the at least one network device  432  and/or the one or more servers  430  can include any of the elements of a computing device described above in connection with at least  FIG.  1    for instance. 
     The client device  402  can include any embodiment of a computing device described above in connection with at least  FIG.  1    for instance. The client device  402  can include any user device such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet device, a smart phone, or any other mobile or personal device. The client device  402  can include a digital workspace of a user, which can include file system(s), cache or memory (e.g., including electronic clipboard(s)), container(s), application(s) and/or other resources on the client device  402 . The digital workspace can include or extend to one or more networks accessible by the client device  402 , such as an intranet and the Internet, including file system(s) and/or other resources accessible via the one or more networks. A portion of the digital workspace can be secured via the use of the client application  404  with embedded browser  410  (CEB) for instance. The secure portion of the digital workspace can include for instance file system(s), cache or memory (e.g., including electronic clipboard(s)), application(s), container(s) and/or other resources allocated to the CEB, and/or allocated by the CEB to network application(s)  406  accessed via the CEB. The secure portion of the digital workspace can also include resources specified by the CEB (via one or more policies) for inclusion in the secure portion of the digital workspace (e.g., a particular local application can be specified via a policy to be allowed to receive data obtained from a network application). 
     The client application  404  can include one or more components, such as an embedded browser  410 , a networking agent  412 , a cloud services agent  414  (sometimes referred to as management agent), a remote session agent  416  (sometimes referred to as HDX engine), and/or a secure container  418  (sometimes referred to as secure cache container). One or more of the components can be installed as part of a software build or release of the client application  404  or CEB, or separately acquired or downloaded and installed/integrated into an existing installation of the client application  404  or CEB for instance. For instance, the client device may download or otherwise receive the client application  404  (or any component) from the network device(s)  432 . In some embodiments, the client device may send a request for the client application  404  to the network device(s)  432 . For example, a user of the client device can initiate a request, download and/or installation of the client application. The network device(s)  432  in turn may send the client application to the client device. In some embodiments, the network device(s)  432  may send a setup or installation application for the client application to the client device. Upon receipt, the client device may install the client application onto a hard disk of the client device. In some embodiments, the client device may run the setup application to unpack or decompress a package of the client application. In some embodiments, the client application may be an extension (e.g., an add-on, an add-in, an applet or a plug-in) to another application (e.g., a networking agent  412 ) installed on the client device. The client device may install the client application to interface or inter-operate with the pre-installed application. In some embodiments, the client application may be a standalone application. The client device may install the client application to execute as a separate process. 
     The embedded browser  410  can include elements and functionalities of a web browser application or engine. The embedded browser  410  can locally render network application(s) as a component or extension of the client application. For instance, the embedded browser  410  can render a SaaS/Web application inside the CEB which can provide the CEB with full visibility and control of the application session. The embedded browser can be embedded or incorporated into the client application via any means, such as direct integration (e.g., programming language or script insertion) into the executable code of the client application, or via plugin installation. For example, the embedded browser can include a Chromium based browser engine or other type of browser engine, that can be embedded into the client application, using the Chromium embedded framework (CEF) for instance. The embedded browser can include a HTML5-based layout graphical user interface (GUI). The embedded browser can provide HTML rendering and JavaScript support to a client application incorporating various programming languages. For example, elements of the embedded browser can bind to a client application incorporating C, C++, Delphi, Go, Java, .NET/Mono, Visual Basic 6.0, and/or Python. 
     In some embodiments, the embedded browser comprises a plug-in installed on the client application. For example, the plug-in can include one or more components. One such components can be an ActiveX control or Java control or any other type and/or form of executable instructions capable of loading into and executing in the client application. For example, the client application can load and run an Active X control of the embedded browser, such as in a memory space or context of the client application. In some embodiments, the embedded browser can be installed as an extension on the client application, and a user can choose to enable or disable the plugin or extension. The embedded browser (e.g., via the plugin or extension) can form or operate as a secured browser for securing, using and/or accessing resources within the secured portion of the digital workspace. 
     The embedded browser can incorporate code and functionalities beyond that available or possible in a standard or typical browser. For instance, the embedded browser can bind with or be assigned with a secured container  418 , to define at least part of the secured portion of a user&#39;s digital workspace. The embedded browser can bind with or be assigned with a portion of the client device&#39;s cache to form a secured clipboard (e.g., local to the client device, or extendable to other devices), that can be at least part of the secured container  418 . The embedded browser can be integrated with the client application to ensure that traffic related to network applications is routed through and/or processed in the client application, which can provide the client application with real-time visibility to the traffic (e.g., when decrypted through the client application). This visibility to the traffic can allow the client application to perform or facilitate policy-based management (e.g., including data loss prevention (DLP) capabilities), application control, and collection and production of analytics. 
     In some embodiments, the embedded browser incorporates one or more other components of the client application  404 , such as the cloud services agent  414 , remote session agent  416  and/or secure container  418 . For instance, a user can use the cloud services agent  414  of the embedded browser to interoperate with the access gateway  422  (sometimes referred to as CIS) to access a network application. For example, the cloud services agent  414  can execute within the embedded browser, and can receive and transmit navigation commands from the embedded browser to a hosted network application. The cloud services agent can use a remote presentation protocol to display the output generated by the network application to the embedded browser. For example, the cloud services agent  414  can include a HTML5 web client that allows end users to access remote desktops and/or applications on the embedded browser. 
     The client application  404  and CEB operate on the application layer of the operational (OSI) stack of the client device. The client application  404  can include and/or execute one or more agents that interoperate with the cloud services  408 . The client application  404  can receive, obtain, retrieve or otherwise access various policies (e.g., an enterprise&#39;s custom, specified or internal policies or rules) and/or data (e.g., from an access gateway  422  and/or network device(s) of cloud services  408 , or other server(s), that may be managed by the enterprise). The client application can access the policies and/or data to control and/or manage a network application (e.g., a SaaS, web or remote-hosted application). Control and/or management of a network application can include control and/or management of various aspects of the network application, such as access control, session delivery, available features or functions, service level, traffic management and monitoring, and so on. The network application can be from a provider or vendor of the enterprise (e.g., salesforce.com, SAP, Microsoft Office 365), from the enterprise itself, or from another entity (e.g., Dropbox or Gmail service). 
     For example, the cloud services agent  414  can provide policy driven management capabilities and features related to the use and/or access of network applications. For example, the cloud services agent  414  can include a policy engine to apply one or more policies (e.g., received from cloud services) to determine access control and/or connectivity to resources such as network applications. When a session is established between the client application and a server  430  providing a SaaS application for instance, the cloud services agent  414  can apply one or more policies to control traffic levels and/or traffic types (or other aspects) of the session, for instance to manage a service level of the SaaS application. Additional aspects of the application traffic that can be controlled or managed can include encryption level and/or encryption type applied to the traffic, level of interactivity allowed for a user, limited access to certain features of the network application (e.g., print-screen, save, edit or copy functions), restrictions to use or transfer of data obtained from the network application, limit concurrent access to two or more network applications, limit access to certain file repositories or other resources, and so on. 
     The cloud services agent  414  can convey or feed information to analytics services  424  of the cloud services  408 , such as information about SaaS interaction events visible to the CEB. Such a configuration using the CEB can monitor or capture information for analytics without having an inline device or proxy located between the client device and the server(s)  430 , or using a SaaS API gateway ‘out-of-band’ approach. In some embodiments, the cloud services agent  414  does not execute within the embedded browser. In these embodiments, a user can similarly use the cloud services agent  414  to interoperate with the access gateway (or CIS)  422  to access a network application. For instance, the cloud services agent  414  can register and/or authenticate with the access gateway (or CIS)  422 , and can obtain a list of the network applications from the access gateway (or CIS)  422 . The cloud services agent  414  can include and/or operate as an application store (or storefront) for user selection and/or downloading of network applications. Upon logging in to access a network application, the cloud services agent  414  can intercept and transmit navigation commands from the embedded browser to the network application. The cloud services agent can use a remote presentation protocol to display the output generated by the network application to the embedded browser. For example, the cloud services agent  414  can include a HTML5 web client that allows end users to access remote desktops and/or applications on the embedded browser. 
     In some embodiments, the cloud services agent  414  provides single sign on (SSO) capability for the user and/or client device to access a plurality of network applications. The cloud services agent  414  can perform user authentication to access network applications as well as other network resources and services, by communicating with the access gateway  422  for instance. For example, the cloud services agent  414  can authenticate or register with the access gateway  422 , to access other components of the cloud services  408  and/or the network applications  406 . Responsive to the authentication or registration, the access gateway  422  can perform authentication and/or SSO for (or on behalf of) the user and/or client application, with the network applications. 
     The client application  404  can include a networking agent  412 . The networking agent  412  is sometimes referred to as a software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) agent, mVPN agent, or microVPN agent. The networking agent  412  can establish or facilitate establishment of a network connection between the client application and one or more resources (e.g., server  430  serving a network application). The networking agent  412  can perform handshaking for a requested connection from the client application to access a network application, and can establish the requested connection (e.g., secure or encrypted connection). The networking agent  412  can connect to enterprise resources (including services) for instance via a virtual private network (VPN). For example, the networking agent  412  can establish a secure socket layer (SSL) VPN between the client application and a server  430  providing the network application  406 . The VPN connections, sometimes referred to as microVPN or application-specific VPN, may be specific to particular network applications, particular devices, particular secured areas on the client device, and the like, for instance as discussed above in connection with  FIG.  3   . Such VPN connections can carry Microsoft Exchange traffic, Microsoft Active Directory traffic, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) traffic, HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) traffic, as some examples. 
     The remote session agent  416  (sometimes referred to as HDX engine) can include features of the client agent  304  discussed above in connection with  FIG.  2    for instance, to support display a remoting protocol (e.g., HDX or ICA). In some embodiments, the remote session agent  416  can establish a remote desktop session and/or remote application session in accordance to any variety of protocols, such as the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Appliance Link Protocol (ALP), Remote Frame Buffer (RFB) Protocol, and ICA Protocol. For example, the remote session agent  416  can establish a remote application session for a user of the client device to access an enterprise network application. The remote session agent  416  can establish the remote application session within or over a secure connection (e.g., a VPN) established by the networking agent  412  for instance. 
     The client application or CEB can include or be associated with a secure container  418 . A secure container can include a logical or virtual delineation of one or more types of resources accessible within the client device and/or accessible by the client device. For example, the secure container  418  can refer to the entirety of the secured portion of the digital workspace, or particular aspect(s) of the secured portion. In some embodiments, the secure container  418  corresponds to a secure cache (e.g., electronic or virtual clipboard), and can dynamically incorporate a portion of a local cache of each client device of a user, and/or a cloud-based cache of the user, that is protected or secured (e.g., encrypted). The secure container can define a portion of file system(s), and/or delineate resources allocated to a CEB and/or to network applications accessed via the CEB. The secure container can include elements of the secure data container  228  discussed above in connection with  FIG.  2    for example. The CEB can be configured (e.g., via policies) to limit, disallow or disable certain actions or activities on resources and/or data identified to be within a secure container. A secured container can be defined to specify that the resources and/or data within the secure container are to be monitored for misuse, abuse and/or exfiltration. 
     In certain embodiments, a secure container relates to or involves the use of a secure browser (e.g., embedded browser  410  or secure browser  420 ) that implements various enterprise security features. Network applications (or web pages accessed by the secure browser) that are configured to run within the secure browser can effectively inherit the security mechanisms implemented by the secure browser. These network applications can be considered to be contained within the secure container. The use of such a secure browser can enable an enterprise to implement a content filtering policy in which, for example, employees are blocked from accessing certain web sites from their client devices. The secure browser can be used, for example, to enable client device users to access a corporate intranet without the need for a VPN. 
     In some embodiments, a secure container can support various types of remedial actions for protecting enterprise resources. One such remedy is to lock the client device, or a secure container on the client device that stores data to be protected, such that the client device or secure container can only be unlocked with a valid code provided by an administrator for instance. In some embodiments, these and other types of remedies can be invoked automatically based on conditions detected on the client device (via the application of policies for instance), or can be remotely initiated by an administrator. 
     In some embodiments, a secure container can include a secure document container for documents. A document can comprise any computer-readable file including text, audio, video, and/or other types of information or media. A document can comprise any single one or combination of these media types. As explained herein, the secure container can help prevent the spread of enterprise information to different applications and components of the client device, as well as to other devices. The enterprise system (which can be partially or entirely within a cloud network) can transmit documents to various devices, which can be stored within the secure container. The secure container can prevent unauthorized applications and other components of the client device from accessing information within the secure container. For enterprises that allow users to use their own client devices for accessing, storing, and using enterprise data, providing secure container on the client devices helps to secure the enterprise data. For instance, providing secure containers on the client devices can centralize enterprise data in one location on each client device, and can facilitate selective or complete deletion of enterprise data from each client device when desired. 
     The secure container can include an application that implements a file system that stores documents and/or other types of files. The file system can comprise a portion of a computer-readable memory of the client device. The file system can be logically separated from other portions of the computer-readable memory of the client device. In this way, enterprise data can be stored in a secure container and private data can be stored in a separate portion of the computer-readable memory of the client device for instance. The secure container can allow the CEB, network applications accessed via the CEB, locally installed applications and/or other components of the client device to read from, write to, and/or delete information from the file system (if authorized to do so). Deleting data from the secure container can include deleting actual data stored in the secure container, deleting pointers to data stored in the secure container, deleting encryption keys used to decrypt data stored in the secure container, and the like. The secure container can be installed by, e.g., the client application, an administrator, or the client device manufacturer. The secure container can enable some or all of the enterprise data stored in the file system to be deleted without modifying private data stored on the client device outside of the secure container. The file system can facilitate selective or complete deletion of data from the file system. For example, an authorized component of the enterprise&#39;s system can delete data from the file system based on, e.g., encoded rules. In some embodiments, the client application can delete the data from the file system, in response to receiving a deletion command from the enterprise&#39;s system. 
     The secure container can include an access manager that governs access to the file system by applications and other components of the client device. Access to the file system can be governed based on document access policies (e.g., encoded rules) maintained by the client application, in the documents and/or in the file system. A document access policy can limit access to the file system based on (1) which application or other component of the client device is requesting access, (2) which documents are being requested, (3) time or date, (4) geographical position of the client device, (5) whether the requesting application or other component provides a correct certificate or credentials, (6) whether the user of the client device provides correct credentials, (7) other conditions, or any combination thereof. A user&#39;s credentials can comprise, for example, a password, one or more answers to security questions (e.g., What is the mascot of your high school?), biometric information (e.g., fingerprint scan, eye-scan), and the like. Hence, by using the access manager, the secure container can be configured to be accessed only by applications that are authorized to access the secure container. As one example, the access manager can enable enterprise applications installed on the client device to access data stored in the secure container and to prevent non-enterprise applications from accessing the data stored in the secure container. 
     Temporal and geographic restrictions on document access may be useful. For example, an administrator may deploy a document access policy that restricts the availability of the documents (stored within the secure container) to a specified time window and/or a geographic zone (e.g., as determined by a GPS chip) within which the client device must reside in order to access the documents. Further, the document access policy can instruct the secure container or client application to delete the documents from the secure container or otherwise make them unavailable when the specified time period expires or if the client device is taken outside of the defined geographic zone. 
     Some documents can have access policies that forbid the document from being saved within the secure container. In such embodiments, the document can be available for viewing on the client device only when the user is logged in or authenticated via the cloud services for example. 
     The access manager can also be configured to enforce certain modes of connectivity between remote devices (e.g., an enterprise resource or other enterprise server) and the secure container. For example, the access manager can require that documents received by the secure container from a remote device and/or sent from the secure container to the remote device be transmitted through secured tunnels/connections, for example. The access manager can require that all documents transmitted to and from the secure container be encrypted. The client application or access manager can be configured to encrypt documents sent from the secure container and decrypt documents sent to the secure container. Documents in the secure container can also be stored in an encrypted form. 
     The secure container can be configured to prevent documents or data included within documents or the secure container from being used by unauthorized applications or components of the client device or other devices. For instance, a client device application having authorization to access documents from the secure container can be programmed to prevent a user from copying a document&#39;s data and pasting it into another file or application interface, or locally saving the document or document data as a new file outside of the secure container. Similarly, the secure container can include a document viewer and/or editor that do not permit such copy/paste and local save operations. Moreover, the access manager can be configured to prevent such copy/paste and local save operations. Further, the secure container and applications programmed and authorized to access documents from the secure container can be configured to prevent users from attaching such documents to emails or other forms of communication. 
     One or more applications (e.g., applications installed on the client device, and/or network applications accessed via the CEB) can be programmed or controlled (e.g., via policy-based enforcement) to write enterprise-related data only into the secure container. For instance, an application&#39;s source code can be provided with the resource name of the secure container. Similarly, a remote application (e.g., executing on a device other than the client device) can be configured to send data or documents only to the secure container (as opposed to other components or memory locations of the client device). Storing data to the secure container can occur automatically, for example, under control of the application, the client application, and/or the secure browser. The client application can be programmed to encrypt or decrypt documents stored or to be stored within the secure container. In certain embodiments, the secure container can only be used by applications (on the client device or a remote device) that are programmed to identify and use the secure container, and which have authorization to do so. 
     The network applications  406  can include sanctioned network applications  426  and non-sanctioned network applications  428 . By way of a non-limiting example, sanctioned network applications  426  can include network applications from Workday, Salesforce, Office 365, SAP, and so on, while non-sanctioned network applications  426  can include network applications from Dropbox, Gmail, and so on. For instance,  FIG.  4    illustrates a case where sanctioned applications  426  are accessed via a CEB. In operation (1), a user instance of a client application  404 , that is installed on client device  402 , can register or authenticate with the access gateway  422  of cloud services  408 . For example, the user can authenticate the user to the client device and login to the client device  402 . The client application can automatically execute, or be activated by the user. In some embodiments, the user can sign in to the client application (e.g., by authenticating the user to the client application). In response to the login or sign-in, the client application can register or authenticate the user and/or the client application with the access gateway  422 . 
     In operation (2), in response to the registration or authentication, the access gateway  422  can identify or retrieve a list of enumerated network applications available or pre-assigned to the user, and can provide the list to the client application. For example, in response to the registration or authentication, the access gateway can identify the user and/or retrieve a user profile of the user. According to the identity and/or user profile, the access gateway can determine the list (e.g., retrieve a stored list of network applications matched with the user profile and/or the identity of the user). The list can correspond to a list of network applications sanctioned for the user. The access gateway can send the list to the client application or embedded browser, which can be presented via the client application or embedded browser to the user (e.g., in a storefront user interface) for selection. 
     In operation (3), the user can initiate connection to a sanctioned network application (e.g., a SaaS application), by selecting from the list of network applications presented to the user. For example, the user can click on an icon or other representation of the sanctioned network application, displayed via the client application or embedded browser. This user action can trigger the CEB to transmit a connection or access request to a server that provisions the network application. The request can include a request to the server (e.g., SaaS provider) to communicate with the access gateway to authenticate the user. The server can send a request to the access gateway to authenticate the user for example. 
     In operation (4), the access gateway can perform SSO with the server, to authenticate the user. For example, in response to the server&#39;s request to authenticate the user, the access gateway can provide credentials of the user to the server(s)  430  for SSO, to access the selected network application and/or other sanctioned network applications. In operation (5), the user can log into the selected network application, based on the SSO (e.g., using the credentials). The client application (e.g., the networking agent  412  and/or the remote session agent  416 ) can establish a secure connection and session with the server(s)  430  to access the selected network application. The CEB can decrypt application traffic received via the secure connection. The CEB can monitor traffic sent via the CEB and the secured connection to the servers  430 . 
     In operation (6), the client application can provide information to the analytics services  424  of cloud services  408 , for analytics processing. For example, the cloud services agent  414  of the client application  404  can monitor for or capture user interaction events with the selected network application. The cloud services agent  414  can convey the user interaction events to the analytics services  424 , to be processed to produce analytics. 
       FIG.  5    depicts an example embodiment of a system for using a secure browser. In brief overview, the system includes cloud services  408 , network applications  406  and client device  402 . In some embodiments, various elements of the system are similar to that described above for  FIG.  4   , but that the client application (with embedded browser) is not available in the client device  402 . A standard or typical browser may be available on the client device, from which a user can initiate a request to access a sanctioned network application for instance. A network application can be specified as being sanctioned or unsanctioned via policies that can be set by an administrator or automatically (e.g., via artificial intelligence). 
     For example, in operation (1), the user may log into the network application using the standard browser. For accessing a sanctioned network application, the user may access a predefined URL and/or corresponding webpage of a server that provisions the network application, via the standard browser, to initiate a request to access the network application. In some embodiments, the request can be forwarded to or intercepted by a designated gateway service (e.g., in a data path of the request). For example, the gateway service can reside on the client device (e.g., as an executable program), or can reside on a network device  432  of the cloud services  408  for instance. In some embodiments, the access gateway can correspond to or include the gateway service. The gateway service can determine if the requested network application is a sanctioned network application. The gateway service can determine if a CEB initiated the request. The gateway service can detect or otherwise determine that the request is initiated from a source (e.g., initiated by the standard browser) in the client device other than a CEB. In some embodiments, there is no requirement for a designated gateway service to detect or determine if the request is initiated from a CEB, for example if the requested network application is sanctioned, that user is initiating the request via a standard browser, and/or that the predefined URL and/or corresponding webpage is accessed. 
     In operation (2), the server may authenticate the user via the access gateway of the cloud services  408 . The server may communicate with the access gateway to authenticate the user, in response to the request. For instance, the request can include an indication to the server to communicate with the access gateway to authenticate the user. In some embodiments, the server is pre-configured to communicate with the access gateway to authenticate the user, for requests to access a sanctioned network application. The server may send a request to the access gateway to authenticate the user. In response to the server&#39;s request to authenticate the user, the access gateway can provide credentials of the user to the server  430 . 
     In operation (3), the gateway service and/or the server can direct (or redirect) all traffic to a secure browser  420  which provides a secure browsing service. This may be in response to at least one of: a determination that the requested network application is a sanctioned network application, a determination that the request is initiated from a source other than a CEB, a determination that the requested network application is sanctioned, a determination that user is initiating the request via a standard browser, and/or a determination that the predefined URL and/or corresponding webpage is accessed. 
     The user&#39;s URL session can be redirected to the secure browser. For example, the server, gateway service and/or the access gateway can generate and/or send a URL redirect message to the standard browser, responsive to the determination. The secure browser plug-in of the standard browser can receive the URL redirect message, and can for example send a request to access the non-sanctioned network application, to the secure browser  420 . The secure browser  420  can direct the request to the server of the non-sanctioned network application. The URL redirect message can instruct the standard browser (and/or the secure browser plug-in) to direct traffic (e.g., destined for the network application) from the standard browser to the secure browser  420  hosted on a network device. This can provide clientless access and control via dynamic routing though a secure browser service. In some embodiments, a redirection of all traffic to the secure browser  420  is initiated or configured, prior to performing authentication of the user (e.g., using SSO) with the server. 
     In some embodiments, the gateway service can direct or request the server of the requested network application to communicate with the secure browser  420 . For example, the gateway service can direct the server and/or the secure browser to establish a secured connection between the server and the secure browser, for establishing an application session for the network application. 
     In some embodiments, the secured browser  420  comprises a browser that is hosted on a network device  432  of the cloud services  408 . The secured browser  420  can include one or more features of the secured browser  420  described above in connection with at least  FIG.  4    for instance. The hosted browser can include an embedded browser of a CEB that is hosted on the network device  432  instead of on the client device. The hosted browser can include an embedded browser of a hosted virtualized version of the CEB that is hosted on the network device  432 . Similar to the CEB installed on the client device, traffic is routed through the CEB hosted on the network device, which allows an administrator to have visibility of the traffic through the CEB and to remain in control for security policy control, analytics, and/or management of performance. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example implementation for browser redirection using a secure browser plug-in. In brief overview, the implementation includes a web browser  512  with a secure browser plug-in  516  operating on a client device, and a hosted web browser (or secure browser)  522  residing on a network device. The web browser  512  can correspond to a standard browser, instead of an embedded browser as discussed above in connection with  FIG.  4    for example. The secure browser plug-in  516  can execute within a first network  510  and access a server  430  in a second network  530 . The first network  510  and the second network  530  are for illustration purposes and may be replaced with fewer or additional computer networks. A secure browser plug-in  516  can be installed on the standard browser  512 . The plug-in can include one or more components. One such component can include an ActiveX control or Java control or any other type and/or form of executable instructions capable of loading into and executing in the standard browser. For example, the standard browser can load and run an Active X control of the secure browser plug-in  516 , in a memory space or context of the standard browser. In some embodiments, the secure browser plug-in can be installed as an extension on the standard browser, and a user can choose to enable or disable the plugin or extension. The secure browser plug-in can communicate and/or operate with the secured browser  420  for securing, using and/or accessing resources within the secured portion of the digital workspace. 
     By using the secure browser plug-in  516  operating within the standard browser  512  network applications accessed via the standard browser  512  can be redirected to a hosted secure browser. For instance, the secure browser plug-in  516  can be implemented and/or designed to detect that a network application is being accessed via the standard browser, and can direct/redirect traffic from the client device associated with the network application, to the hosted secure browser. The hosted secure browser can direct traffic received from the network application, to the secure browser plug-in  516  and/or a client agent  514  for rendering and/or display for example. The client agent  514  can execute within the web browser  512  and/or the secure browser plug-in, and can include certain elements or features of the client application  404  discussed above in connection with at least  FIG.  4    for example. For instance, the client agent  514  can include a remote session agent  416  for rendering the network application at the web browser  512 . In some embodiments, the network application is rendered at the hosted secure browser, and the rendered data is conveyed or mirrored to the secure browser plug-in  516  and/or the client agent  514  for processing and/or display. 
     By way of an example, a user may be working remotely and may want to access a network application that is internal to a secure corporate network while the user is working on a computing device connected to an unsecure network. In this case, the user may be utilizing the standard browser  512  executing in the first network  510 , in which the first network  510  may comprise an unsecure network. The server  430  that the user wants to access may be on the second network  530 , in which the second network  530  comprises a secure corporate network for instance. The user might not be able to access the server  430  from the unsecure first network  510  by clicking on an internal uniform record locator (URL) for the secure website  532 . That is, the user may need to utilize a different URL (e.g., an external URL) while executing the standard browser  512  from the external unsecure network  510 . The external URL may be directed to or may address one or more hosted web browsers  522  configured to access server(s)  430  within the second network  530  (e.g., secure network). To maintain secure access, the secure browser plug-in  516  may redirect an internal URL to an external URL for a hosted secure browser. 
     The secure browser plug-in  516  may be able to implement network detection in order to identify whether or not to redirect internal URLs to external URLs. The standard browser  512  may receive a request comprising an internal URL for a website executing within the secure network. For example, the standard browser  512  may receive the request in response to a user entering a web address (e.g., for secure website  532 ) in the standard browser. The secure browser plug-in  516  may redirect the user web browser application  512  from the internal URL to an external URL for a hosted web browser application. For example, the secure browser plug-in  516  may replace the internal URL with an external URL for the hosted web browser application  522  executing within the secure network  530 . 
     The secure browser plug-in  516  may allow the client agent  514  to be connected to the hosted web browser application  522 . The client agent  514  may comprise a plug-in component, such as an ActiveX control or Java control or any other type and/or form of executable instructions capable of loading into and executing in the standard browser  512 . For example, the client agent  514  may comprise an ActiveX control loaded and run by a standard browser  512 , such as in the memory space or context of the user web browser application  512 . The client agent  514  may be pre-configured to present the content of the hosted web browser application  522  within the user web browser application  512 . 
     The client agent  514  may connect to a server or the cloud/hosted web browser service  520  using a thin-client or remote-display protocol to present display output generated by the hosted web browser application  522  executing on the service  520 . The thin-client or remote-display protocol can be any one of the following non-exhaustive list of protocols: the Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.; or the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. 
     The hosted web browser application  522  may navigate to the requested network application in full-screen mode, and can render the requested network application. The client agent  514  may present the content or rendition of the network application on the web browser application  512  in a seamless and transparent manner such that it appears that the content is being displayed by the standard browser  512 , e.g., based on the content being displayed in full screen mode. In other words, the user may be given the impression that the web site content is displayed by the user web browser application  512  and not by the hosted web browser application  522 . The client agent  514  may transmit navigation commands generated by the user web browser application  512  to the hosted web browser application  522  using the thin-client or remote-display protocol. Changes to the display output of the hosted web browser application  522 , due to the navigation commands, may be reflected in the user web browser application  512  by the client agent  514 , giving the impression to the user that the navigation commands were executed by the user web browser application  512 . 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5   , and in operation (4), a new browser tab can open on the standard browser, to render or display the secure browser session. The new browser tab can be established or opened by the secure browser plug-in for instance. The secure browser plug-in and/or a client agent can receive data from the secure browser session, and can render the network application within the new browser tab as discussed above in connection with  FIG.  6    for instance. 
     In operation (5), the secure browser can feed all user interaction events via the network application, back to analytics service for processing. The secure browser plug-in can monitor for and intercept any user interaction events directed to the rendition of the network application within the browser tab. Hence, a user can use a native (or standard) browser to access a network application while allowing visibility into the network application&#39;s traffic, via the interoperation of cloud services and a secure browser (in the absence of the client application). 
       FIG.  7    depicts another example embodiment of a system of using a secure browser. In brief overview, the system includes cloud services  408 , network applications  406  and the client device  402 . In some embodiments, various elements of the system are similar to that described above for  FIG.  5   . A client application with embedded browser is not available in the client device  402 . A standard or typical (e.g., HTML5) browser is available on the client device, from which a user can initiate a request to access a non-sanctioned network application. A network application can be specified as being sanctioned or non-sanctioned via policies that can be set by an administrator or automatically (e.g., via artificial intelligence). 
     In operation (1), the user may attempt to log into a non-sanctioned network application using the standard browser. The user may attempt to access a webpage of a server that provisions the network application, and to initiate a request to access the network application. In some embodiments, the request can be forwarded to or intercepted by a designated gateway service (e.g., in a data path of the request). For example, the gateway service (sometimes referred to as SWG) can reside on the client device (e.g., as an executable program), or can reside on a network device  432  of the cloud services  408  for instance. The gateway service can detect or otherwise determine if the requested network application is a sanctioned network application. The gateway service can determine if a CEB initiated the request. The gateway service can detect or otherwise determine that the request is initiated from a source (e.g., initiated by the standard browser) in the client device other than a CEB. 
     In operation (2), the gateway service detects that the requested network application is a non-sanctioned network application. The gateway service can for instance extract information from the request (e.g., destination address, name of the requested network application), and compare the information against that from a database of sanctioned and/or non-sanctioned network applications. The gateway service can determine, based on the comparison, that the requested network application is a non-sanctioned network application. 
     In operation (3), responsive to the determination, the gateway service can block access to the requested network application, e.g., by blocking the request. The gateway service can generate and/or send a URL redirect message to the standard browser, responsive to the determination. The URL redirect message can be similar to a URL redirect message sent from the server to the standard browser in  FIG.  5    in operation (3). A secure browser plug-in of the standard browser can receive the URL redirect message, and can for example send a request to access the non-sanctioned network application, to the secure browser  420 . The secure browser  420  can direct the request to the server of the non-sanctioned network application. 
     The server of the non-sanctioned network application may authenticate the user via the access gateway of the cloud services  408 , e.g., responsive to receiving the request from the secure browser. The server may communicate with the access gateway to authenticate the user, in response to the request. The server may send a request to the access gateway to authenticate the user. In response to the server&#39;s request to authenticate the user, the access gateway can provide credentials of the user to the server  430 . Upon authentication, the secure browser (or a corresponding CEB) can establish a secured connection and an application session with the server. 
     In operation (4), a new browser tab can open on the standard browser, to render or display the secure browser&#39;s application session. The new browser tab can be established or opened by the secure browser plug-in for instance. The secure browser plug-in and/or a client agent can receive data from the secure browser session, and can render the network application within the new browser tab as discussed above in connection with  FIGS.  5 - 6    for instance. 
     In operation (5), the secure browser can feed all user interaction events via the network application, back to analytics service for processing. The secure browser plug-in can monitor for and intercept any user interaction events directed to the rendition of the network application within the browser tab. Hence, a user can use a native (or standard) browser to access a network application while allowing visibility into the network application&#39;s traffic, via the interoperation of cloud services and a secure browser (in the absence of the client application). 
     In some embodiments, in the absence or non-availability of a CEB on the client device, browser redirection is performed so that each requested network application is accessed via a corresponding hosted secure browser (or hosted CEB) for handling, instead of having all traffic redirected through a single hosted secure browser (or hosted CEB). Each dedicated secure browser can provide compartmentalization and improved security. 
     The use of a CEB, whether hosted or local to the client device, can allow for end-to-end visibility of application traffic for analytics, service level agreement (SLA), resource utilization, audit, and so on. In addition to such visibility, the CEB can be configured with policies for managing and controlling any of these as well as other aspects. For example, DLP features can be supported, to control “copy and paste” activities, download of files, sharing of files, and to implement watermarking for instance. As another example, the CEB can be configured with policies for managing and controlling access to local drives and/or device resources such as peripherals. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  8   , an example embodiment of a system for using local embedded browser(s) and hosted secured browser(s) is depicted. An environment is shown where different types of client devices  402 A,  402 B may be used (e.g., in a BYOD context), such that one may be locally equipped with a suitable CEB, and another client device may not have a suitable local CEB installed. In such an environment, systems described in  FIGS.  4 ,  5  and  7    can be used to support each of the client devices based on the availability of a locally installed and suitable CEB. 
       FIG.  9    depicts an example process flow for using local embedded browser(s) and hosted secured browser(s). The process flow can be used in the environment described above in  FIG.  8   , to determine whether an embedded browser or a hosted secured browser should be used for each client device to access a network application. For example, in operation  901 , a HTTP client can attempt to access a web service (e.g., server of a network application). In operation  903 , the web service can redirect the HTTP client to a gateway service for authentication. In operation  905 , the gateway service can determine if the HTTP client is a CEB. If so, in operation  909 , the gateway service can determine if the CEB is a suitable CEB, e.g., capable of enforcing defined application policies. If so, in operation  911 , the CEB is allowed access to the web service, and can enforce the defined policies. 
     If the gateway service determines that the HTTP client is not a CEB, the gateway service can cause a virtualized version of a CEB to be initialized and hosted on a remote server (e.g., a network device  432  of cloud services  408 ), in operation  907 . In some embodiments, such a hosted CEB may already be available on a network device  432 , and can be selected for use. For example in operation  911 , the CEB is allowed access to the web service, and can enforce the defined policies. 
     If the gateway service determines that the HTTP client is a CEB, but that the CEB is not a suitable CEB, the gateway service can cause a virtualized version of a CEB to be initialized and hosted on a remote server (e.g., a network device  432  of cloud services  408 ), in operation  907 . In some embodiments, such a hosted CEB may already be available on a network device  432 , and can be selected for use. For example in operation  911 , the CEB is allowed access to the web service, and can enforce the defined policies. 
     In some embodiments, if the user is requesting access to a web application located in a company data center, the gateway service (in cloud service or on premise) can allow access when the client application with CEB is detected. Otherwise, the request can be routed to a service with the hosted virtualized version of the CEB, and then access is authenticated and granted. 
     At operation  905  and/or operation  909  for instance, the decisions made on whether the HTTP client is a CEB and whether it is a suitable CEB may be determined by a number of factors. For example, to determine if the HTTP client is CEB, the gateway service may take into account factors, for example including at least one of: user Identity and strength of authentication, client Location, client IP Address, how trusted the user identity, client location, client IP are, jailbreak status of the client device, status of anti-malware software, compliance to corporate policy of the client device, and/or remote attestation or other evidence of integrity of the client software. 
     To determine if the CEB is able to honor or support all defined application policies (which may vary by client version, client OS platform and other factors), the client device&#39;s software and gateway service may perform capability negotiation and/or exchange version information. In some embodiments, the gateway service can query or check a version number or identifier of the CEB to determine if the CEB is a suitable CEB to use. 
     Driving all the traffic though the CEB then allows additional control of content accessing SaaS and Web based systems. Data Loss Prevention (DLP) of SaaS and Web traffic can be applied through the CEB app with features including copy and paste control to other CEB access applications or IT managed devices. DLP can also be enforced by enabling content to be downloaded only to designated file servers or services under IT control. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  10   , depicted is an example embodiment of a system for managing user access to webpages. Some webpages (or websites) are known to be safe while others may be suspect. A user may access a webpage via a corresponding URL through a standard browser. For example, the user may click on a link corresponding to the URL, which may be included in an email being viewed using a mail application. An access gateway (SWG) may intercept an access request generated by the clicking of the link, and can determine if the corresponding URL is safe or suspect. If the URL is known to be safe, the access gateway can allow the request to proceed to the corresponding website or web server. If the URL is suspect, the access gateway can redirect the request to be handled via a hosted secure browser. The secure browser can request access for, and access the webpage (on behalf of the standard browser), and can allow the webpage information to be conveyed to the standard browser, similar to the handling of a network application via browser redirection as discussed in connection with at least  FIGS.  7  and  5   . 
     C. Systems and Methods for Application and Communication Session Pre-Launch 
     Many network-provided resources, such as secure communications via transport layer security (TLS) protocols or network applications such as web applications, require significant processing time for establishment of sessions for clients. For example, secure communications channels may require generation or negotiation of encryption keys, authentication, handshaking, etc., which may incur significant latencies. Similarly, network applications provided via virtual machines or other resources may require instantiation of such virtual machines, reservation of processing threads, authentication of user or device credentials, handshaking, decompression and loading of resources, etc. In many implementations, establishing these communication or application sessions may result in significant delays for users or client devices. Furthermore, in many enterprise deployments, many users or devices may attempt to establish these sessions within a short time (e.g. at the start of a workday). The additional handshaking and processing overhead from establishing dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of sessions simultaneously may result in large delays before sessions become actually usable. 
     The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for management and pre-establishment of network application and secure communication sessions. Session logs may be analyzed to identify an application or secure communication sessions likely to be accessed, and prior to receiving a request to establish the session, an intermediary (e.g. another device such as an intermediary appliance or other device, or an intermediary agent on a client such as a client application) may pre-establish the session, performing any necessary handshaking or credential or key exchange processes. When the session is subsequently requested (e.g. in response to a user request), the system may immediately begin using the pre-established session. This pre-establishment may be coordinated within the enterprise providing load balancing and scheduling of session establishment to prevent large processing loads at any one point in time. 
     For example, with regard to network application pre-launch or pre-establishment of network application sessions, the act of logging into the SaaS container via a client application or embedded browser may be utilized as a trigger for the system to manage transparently logging into the contained SaaS applications, without further user involvement or initiation. This may be done intelligently, to enhance the user&#39;s experience without being wasteful of underlying resources. For example, in some implementations, through an analysis of users&#39; behavior, the system may predict what network applications tend to be used together, and may pre-launch them in hidden tabs of the embedded browser. When the user subsequently explicitly launches the corresponding application, the browser may make the corresponding hidden tab or tabs visible, and the application is instantly available, reducing delays due to login/single-sign-on processes and page load time, which can be substantial in the case of a secure browser remote session. 
     The system may thus transparently sign-on or access one or more network applications when the user signs into the SaaS container or initiates execution of the client application and performs authentication (e.g. provides user credentials). The set of one or more network applications may be determined via an intelligent machine learning system, from past access patterns of the user, device, or other users or devices in a similar set (e.g. within an enterprise organization, team, department, geographic location, etc.). The machine learning system may comprise a neural network in some implementations, with outputs corresponding to network applications and/or pages, views, or reports within the network applications; and inputs corresponding to user interactions with applications and/or user or device characteristics (e.g. type of device, user group, time of day or day of week, initiation or access to a first application or view within an application, access to user or shared data items, etc.). For example, in one implementation, a neural network may be trained from a log of user behaviors including launching applications, performing actions within an application, etc., with corresponding further applications, data, or views to be launched as outputs. Various interactions or behaviors (or other variables such as device type or time of day) that precede a user accessing an application, view, or data may be correlated with launch of the application, view, or data, such that once trained, responsive to a user performing the interaction or the variable or behaviors being identified, the system may transparently pre-launch the corresponding application, view, or data in a hidden window or tab prior to any user request. The pre-launching may be performed responsive to a learned conditional probability of accessing the application, view, or data exceeding a threshold, given the set or sequence of interactions or variables or behaviors. 
     Pre-launching of applications may include signing in the user into the network application, downloading or accessing any resources utilized by the application, and having a landing page or internal page pre-loaded and ready for access. If the application is delivered in a secure browser, pre-launching may include session initialization and delivery of the application in the secure browser. The application pre-launch and transparent sign on can thus be thought of as a form of “pre-fetching” or a predictive, optimistic preparation of the system, in anticipation of subsequent use. 
     Implementations not utilizing the intelligent pre-launching systems and methods discussed herein may attempt to pre-fetch or locally cache data or portions of applications. However, first, such systems may merely pre-fetch most-accessed data or applications, and thus cannot predict applications or data that may be accessed responsive to accessing other data or applications (e.g. a weekly time entry application may be less used than, for example, a word processing application, but may be always launched at the same time, or may be always launched with templates or other user preference data). Furthermore, single user or device-based pre-fetching may be unable to identify common access patterns within a group of users (e.g. users in the same group may all access a particular meeting or collaboration application at a designated time once a week), and pre-launch the data or applications accordingly. The intelligent systems discussed herein, however, may identify and pre-launch these applications or data via the machine learned conditional probabilities discussed above. Furthermore, the system may intelligently schedule pre-launching for the group of users or devices, in some implementations, reducing peak processing and bandwidth requirements when each user accesses the same application or data. 
     Second, implementations not utilizing the intelligent pre-launching systems and methods discussed herein may be unable to access user-specific data, or access applications or data utilizing user credentials and privileges. For example, many network applications require authentication of user or device credentials in order to access the application or user data. Such network applications cannot typically be pre-fetched or cached locally without authentication. Furthermore, dynamic network applications that utilize “live” data may not be cached locally in many implementations, as the data may change. Similarly, pre-fetching application data at geographically proximate caches (e.g. edge caching) may not be effective for multi-user applications that require user-specific credentials. However, by pre-loading applications or data once the user has provided credentials or authenticated with a client application, the systems and methods discussed herein may allow for such access to dynamic applications and user-specific data. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , depicted is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system  1100  for pre-launching network applications and/or user data. The system  1100  may include a client application  1112  that includes an embedded browser  1114  that can render information of a network application accessed via the client application  1112 , and a pre-launch agent  1116 . The client application  1112  may be an instance of the client application  1112  previously detailed herein. The client application  1112  with the embedded browser  1114  (CEB) can include any element of a CEB as previously described herein. In some embodiments, the client applications  1112  may execute on a client device  1104  operated by a user. The network application may include any type or form of network application  1108  previously detailed herein. 
     Each of the above-mentioned elements or entities is implemented in hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, in one or more embodiments. Each component of the system  1100  may be implemented using hardware or a combination of hardware or software detailed above in connection with  FIG.  1   . For instance, each of these elements or entities can include any application, program, library, script, task, service, process or any type and form of executable instructions executing on hardware of a client device (e.g., the client applications  1112 ). The hardware includes circuitry such as one or more processors in one or more embodiments. 
     The pre-launch agent  1116  may comprise an application, server, service, daemon, routine, or other executable logic for predicting or anticipating or otherwise selecting applications or data for access and initiating requests for access to the applications or data, prior to receipt of a request to access the applications or data from a user. Pre-launch agent  1116  may perform authentication or handshaking with an application server or servers  1102 , and may access one or more parts of an application or user data on behalf of a user or embedded browser (e.g. landing pages of an application or internal pages or views, etc.). Pre-launch agent  1116  may instantiate new windows or tabs of the embedded browser  1114  and may load the accessed portion of the applications into the new windows or tabs. The windows or tabs may initially be invisible or hidden. When a user requests access to the application or view (e.g. via a link or thumbnail on a launching page provided by the client application, by double-clicking on an associated icon, etc.), the corresponding window or tab made be made visible. 
     As shown, pre-launch agent  1116  may be deployed on a client device  1104 , or on an application server  1102  or intermediary device  1106 , in various implementations. In implementations in which pre-launch agent  1116  is not on a client device  1104 , pre-launch agent  1116  may send commands to a client application  1112  or embedded browser to instantiate new tabs or windows and access selected applications. Such implementations may allow the system to easily leverage historical interaction logs from multiple client devices at a central location. 
       FIG.  12    is a flow chart of an implementation of a method for pre-establishment of application sessions. At step  1202 , a client application may perform an authentication process with an authentication server or application server. Authentication may include receiving a request to authenticate a user (e.g. upon login to a web application or server, or from launch of the client application or selection of a login interface), obtaining user credentials (e.g. account name or number, biometric data, passwords, or other such identifiers, either via a prompt or via an input interface (e.g. NFC or Bluetooth interface receiving an authentication token provided by another device, data from a fingerprint reader, etc.)), transmitting an authentication request to an authentication server or application server, and if the credentials are determined to be valid, receiving an authentication token. The request may include encrypted or hashed credential data, and the server may compare the hash to similar hashed data to identify a match, indicating that the credentials are valid. In other implementations, other authentication or handshaking protocols may be employed. 
     At step  1204 , a pre-launch agent or client application may identify, from a log of previous behavior of the user or a group of users of which the user is a member, one or more network applications provided by one or more application servers to which the user is likely to request access. In some implementations, identifying the one or more network applications may comprise using a machine learning system trained from previous user interactions with applications and requests for access to applications. Inputs to the system may include identifications of network applications previously accessed, access times or dates, navigation within applications (e.g. to different pages of a web application), etc. In some implementations, identifying the one or more network applications may comprise identifying data to be used by the one or more network applications, including user-specific data. 
     At step  1206 , the pre-launch agent or client application may request access to the identified one or more applications on behalf of the user or the embedded browser of the client application. The request may be transmitted to one or more application servers, and may be transmitted prior to receiving an explicit request or interaction of the user to access the application (e.g. clicking a link or thumbnail corresponding to the application, selecting the application from a menu, etc.). The request may include an authentication token of the user or client device such that the network application may be accessed with user credentials or privileges. 
     At step  1208 , the pre-launch agent or client application may receive data of the identified one or more network applications for rendering via the embedded browser. The embedded browser may instantiate a new tab or window in a hidden state and render the received data. Rendering the data may comprise executing code of the network application, including HTML or Javascript or any other type and form of executable instructions, as well as transmitting further requests for embedded data (e.g. images or other media, user data, etc.) and rendering the received embedded data. 
     At step  1210 , the client application may receive a request from the user to access a network application. The request may be via a user interface, such as selection of a menu item, link, thumbnail, tile, or other entity associated with the application, and may be made via the embedded browser in many implementations. 
     If the requested application corresponds to one of the pre-launched applications—e.g., if data has been requested and received—then at step  1212 , the client application may provide the received data for rendering by the embedded browser. In some implementations, the received data may be already rendered in a hidden tab or window, and at step  1212 , the client application or embedded browser may enable visibility of the hidden tab or window. 
     If the requested application does not correspond to a pre-launched application, then at step  1214 , the client application may request access to the network application normally (e.g. transmitting a request to an application server to access the application, initiating execution of the network application or instantiating a virtual machine for the network application, etc.). 
     At step  1216 , in some implementations, the pre-launch agent or client application may update application selection data or an historical log of application access, for use in updating training of the application selection system as discussed above. In some implementations, updating the application selection data may comprise providing application selection information to an intermediary device or application server, which may aggregate the information with information from other client devices in order to provide more accurate application selection predictions. Similarly, at step  1218 , the client application or pre-launch agent may monitor interactions of the user with the network application, with monitored interactions (e.g. selecting internal pages of a web application, accessing user data, etc.) used to update training and selection of applications or data for pre-launch. 
     Although primarily discussed in terms of network applications, the same process may apply to selection of and pre-launch or pre-access to data for use by network applications. Additionally, the process may be performed continuously or repeated. For example, the pre-launch agent may pre-launch several network applications for use by a user; and in response to the user selecting a first network application, the pre-launch agent may request or pre-launch user data for use by the first network application (e.g. data accessible via a further page of a web application, etc.). When the user navigates to the corresponding page in the network application or requests to load the data, the embedded browser may enable visibility of a corresponding tab or window and display the pre-launched data, effectively eliminating latency between the user request and user access to the data by retrieving the data prior to the user request. A similar process may be used for pre-launching further applications that a user is likely to access after accessing the first application. 
     Selecting applications and user data for pre-launching via an intelligent machine learning system may thus drastically accelerate access to the applications, by retrieving corresponding data in advance of user requests. In addition, a similar process may also be used for establishing secure communications sessions. 
     Specifically, establishing secure communication channels such as via TLS protocols or similar encrypted protocols provides for secured data transfer between clients and servers (as well as other devices). However, establishing these channels comes at a cost, due to processing and network overheads associated with secured channel establishment, such as secured key generation, exchange, authentication and handshaking. To avoid these overheads (or really, to make them transparent or unnoticeable to a user of the client device), a machine learning system may identify secure communication channels that will likely be needed (e.g. for accessing network applications and/or user data, as discussed above), and pre-establish or pre-launch the channels, performing the overhead processing tasks prior to the user initiating access. When the connection is subsequently needed, it may already be established and may be immediately utilized, eliminating delays as far as the user is concerned. Additionally, because communications channels may be established in advance of predicted usage, a system may schedule these processing tasks over time, allowing temporal load balancing of requests from a large plurality of client devices. 
     In enabling this pre-establishment of secure communications channels, in some implementations, the system allows formation of a trusted set of applications at the LAN boundary of an enterprise, and ensures optimal security and authentication inside the trusted set. Session establishment may be optimized between clients and servers wanting to establish a secured communication channel over latent WAN, and the system may manage thousands of concurrent connections over time, reducing peak processing and network utilization. This also helps in an enterprise where the most commonly used applications are trying to connect to servers at the same time. By using an intelligent machine learning system, the system may adaptively learn the most frequently or most likely to be used services of an enterprise at any particular time and pre-establish TLS connections to them, thereby fostering session resumption across thousands of clients. 
     A client wanting a secured communication channel using TLS protocol with a server requires a successful TLS handshake to be preset before any data can be exchanged. Establishing a new TLS handshake is an involved process, which puts serious demand on computational resources due to secured key generation, exchanges, sending and receiving of several handshakes over WAN, certificate authentication etc. A latent network poses a big threat impacting the TLS handshakes due to the associated network delays and using of higher asymmetric keys size for more secure key exchange and authentication further increases computational resource. A combination of both results in a TLS handshake exacerbates the problem further. A common use case is when multiple clients are trying to connect to the same server at the same time. Any saving in optimizing the overheads associated with the TLS session establishment is therefore a win-win situation. 
     To achieve these benefits, the system allows for establishment of secure communications sessions in advance of their use by clients, either by a client or by an intermediary device, and resumption of the session by clients for actual use. Resuming an already created TLS Session during a previous successful TLS handshake without requiring session specific state at the TLS server, helps servers and clients to save computation power of performing key generation, exchange and authentication. This is more helpful when servers handle a large number of connections from different clients. Additionally, it saves bandwidth of sending full handshake messages. 
     The system and methods discussed herein reduces the number of full TLS handshakes over the WAN and provides some particular benefits over implementations not utilizing these systems and methods:
         Morning Login Syndrome: A huge influx of session requests for a specific application by a plethora of users logging in may thrash the WAN network with multiple TLS handshakes to the same server by all the applications/users. By using a pre-fetched session information, applications starting a fresh TLS connection to the remote server can attempt session resumption and benefit if server honors the session resumption. This immediately offers huge benefits at WAN and computation resources standpoint allowing greater efficiency in application management and delivery.   Pave way for higher asymmetric key sizes with reduction of handshakes: The enterprise servers can use higher asymmetric key sizes as the number of full handshakes can be reduced. The computation load on the enterprise servers are reduced due to reduction of full TLS handshakes.   Seamless handling of critical cases like user application crash/Server crash/Session lifetime expiry: In the event of an application crash/software crash, the client has to reinitiate the TLS handshake to the server. This is an extra penalty. Additionally, when the clients keep using the session information for resumption, if a TLS server does not honor the session ticket in cases when the server is re-started, the session ticket key is rotated, server crashed and resumed, etc., this also requires a new TLS handshake, thereby making the situation worse with a large number of client applications suffering this situation. By allowing resumption of TLS sessions, these expiration and crash-initiated handshakes are avoided.   Integration with a machine learning framework to use most frequently used or most likely accessed servers: This will improve the benefits of reducing the number of full TLS handshakes over the WAN.       

       FIG.  13    is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for pre-establishment of secure communication sessions. A client device  1304  executing a client application  1312  comprising an embedded browser  1314  may communicate with one or more application servers  1302  to access network applications  1308 . A session record manager  1316  executed by an intermediary device  1306  may pre-establish secure communications sessions (A) with the application server  1302  and maintain parameters of the sessions in a session database  1318 . 
     Subsequently, the client device  1304  may transmit a request to establish a session to the intermediary device  1306  (B). The session record manager  1316  may select an established secure communications session and pass parameters of the session to the client application  1312 , which may then immediately resume the session with the application server  1302  directly (C). 
     The session record manager  1316  may comprise an application, server, service, daemon, routine, or other executable logic for selecting application servers or data servers with which to establish secure communications sessions; for establishing the sessions and recording parameters; and for transferring parameters to clients to allow resumption of the session. The session record manager  1316  may receive data from client devices and/or application servers about the frequently accessed network applications, either overall and/or at particular times or dates. The session record manager  1316  creates and manages client certificates of the users or client devices in some implementations, maintaining certificates in a session database  1318 . The session record manager  1316  pre-fetches session information per server (learnt from the analytics service or machine learning system) and initiates TLS handshakes or similar secure communication session handshakes with the servers. The session information is immediately available for all the numerous users or devices in the enterprise, thereby saving the additional handshakes and computation overload at each client. The session record manager  1316  also frequently updates the IPs of the frequently used servers and ensures that the data is valid and recent, latest with itself for feeding to the clients. 
     The session record manager  1316  may also validate client applications or devices belonging to a Trusted Set and shares Session Record if available. A trusted set is a virtual group comprising a set of applications integrated with a client application  1312  that successfully established a secure connection and authentication using client certificate with the Session Record Manager. 
     In operation, an administrator of the system may create certificates for individual users or devices in the enterprise using the session record manager  1316 , and may distribute the certificates to the respective users or devices to allow them to become part of the trusted set. The session record manager  1316  periodically receives identifications of accessed network applications and application servers in the enterprise. The session record manager  1316  establishes Session Records by performing TLS handshakes or similar protocols with the frequently visited servers as if a standard client application, thereby being a single point representative of all of the client applications. Unlike a proxy module, the session record manager  1316  servers as an accelerator to session resumptions by sharing session information for clients needing to establish connection with servers thereby enhancing the handshake and making the whole process more enhanced and effective. 
     A client application may establish a valid TLS connection with the session record manager  1316 . In many implementations, the intermediary device  1306  may be deployed on a LAN connection with the client device  1304 , resulting in a very high speed and low latency connection. The client application may receive a Session Record from the session record manager  1316 , if one is available. The client application may attempt to reuse the received Session Record from the session record manager  1316  to establish an optimized TLS Session with a corresponding application server  1302 . If a Session Record is not received from the session record manager  1316 , the client application may continue with the regular TLS handshake. 
     Session records may include a lifetime hint or identifier of a session ticket received from the server. The session record manager  1316  may use the lifetime identifier to refresh and update the session record of the respective server. As long as the session information and the existing session is valid from the perspective of the server, session resumption can be leveraged easily by the client application. Sessions may be similarly resumed in cases of application or software crash, user application restart, laptop restarts, server crashes or restarts, or if the server rotates or refreshes its keys, etc. 
     In implementations that do not use these systems and methods, each client application may have to either use the session information individually and learn from the server when a session becomes stale, and then resort to regular TLS handshaking for establishing connectivity to the server. This is a very costly operation given the number of clients in a typical enterprise which would again start blasting the WAN with new TLS handshakes due to the above conditions especially a server crash/restart/server key refresh/rotation or majorly even with client application outages. 
       FIG.  14    is a flow chart of an implementation of a method for pre-establishment of secure communication sessions. In brief overview, a session record manager  1316  may prefetch all the session records by proactively establishing connections to the top most servers or most likely to be accessed application servers. The session record manager  1316  operates on the session lifetime hint of each session and helps refresh the session tickets proactively for immediate consumption by all the numerous clients in the enterprise. In the event of server crashes or server key refresh, in some implementations, a client device may initiate a TLS handshake to the server directly and may also direct the session record manager  1316  to replenish the session information from the server by re-initiating TLS handshake. The newly refreshed session information may then be made available to all of the client devices, and session resumption follows seamlessly without any new TLS handshakes to be initiated by the clients on the WAN, reducing the use of compute resources by client applications. 
     In some implementations, the session record manager  1316  may periodically receive updates from application servers, client devices, and/or analytics servers regarding the most frequently visited servers. Such updates may include fully qualified domain names (FQDN) and port information, and may comprise a list of the top n frequently visited servers for the enterprise with a tuple FQDN:PORT for each server. The session record manager  1316  may make DNS queries in some implementations to receive the IP address of each FQDN (as the IP addresses may change, depending on implementation, such as with hosted servers within a cloud, geographically distributed servers for enterprises with multiple locations, etc. The session record manager  1316  may form keys of FQDN:IP:PORT to associate session record information in a session record table or database. 
     Periodically, the session record manager  1316  may review entries in the database to determine if any entry has expired. If an entry has expired or no session exists, then at step  1402 , the session record manager  1316  may start the pre-fetch or pre-create process by initiating a TLS handshake to the server and then saving the session record details received from the server at step  1404 . If a server has disabled TLS session ticket support, in some implementations, no entry may be added to the database or table, and the session record manager  1316  may record that there is no session ticket support for this tuple. 
     To initiate a secure communication session with a server, the client application first establishes a TLS connection with the session record manager  1316  and authenticates itself using the client certificate provided by the admin. After successful authentication, the client becomes part of the trusted set of the session record manager  1316 . This may occur when first executing the client application or starting up the client device, in some implementations. Subsequently, or when a client application wants to establish a TLS connection with the server at step  1406 , the client application may contact the session record manager  1316  with a request for a session comprising FQDN:IP:PORT tuple details. If an active session is available, the session record manager  1316  may respond with the Session Record at step  1408 . 
     The client application may initiate the connection to the server using the received session record from the session record manager  1316  by re-using the session information. If the session re-use is honored by the server, the full TLS handshake is avoided; otherwise, the client application may fall back to a fresh handshake. 
     In some implementations, if no session is available, the session record manager  1316  may establish a new connection at step  1410 , update the session record database and provide the connection information to the client device. In other implementations, if no session is available, the client application may establish its own connection and perform TLS handshaking. 
     Application selection information may be updated at step  1412 , e.g. by the session record manager  1316  or by an analytics server. For example, in some implementations, the session record manager may increment a counter for the corresponding application accessed by the client device via the secure communication session. This information may be used to identify likely application servers with which to establish sessions at step  1402 . 
     Thus, using similar pre-launch techniques, secure communication sessions may be pre-established prior to receiving any client request, and prior to receiving any interaction of a user indicating to access a network application. In combination with pre-launch of applications, a user may experience little to no latency with securely accessing network applications: the user may log in to the client application, which may automatically and transparently select applications likely to be accessed by the user, and may request to establish secure communication sessions with corresponding application servers from the session record manager. The client application may receive session information for an existing and active secure communication session with the corresponding server, and may immediately resume the session and request and receive application data and/or user data. If the user subsequently selects to access the network application, the received data may be rendered in a new window or tab of the embedded browser or an invisible tab or window may be made visible. The window or tab may be associated with the resumed secure communication session, allowing immediate and secure access to the network application, without any delay for performing additional handshaking or receiving application data. 
     It should be understood that the systems described above may provide multiple ones of any or each of those components and these components may be provided on either a standalone machine or, in some embodiments, on multiple machines in a distributed system. The systems and methods described above may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. In addition, the systems and methods described above may be provided as one or more computer-readable programs embodied on or in one or more articles of manufacture. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass code or logic accessible from and embedded in one or more computer-readable devices, firmware, programmable logic, memory devices (e.g., EEPROMs, ROMs, PROMs, RAMs, SRAMs, etc.), hardware (e.g., integrated circuit chip, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), etc.), electronic devices, a computer readable non-volatile storage unit (e.g., CD-ROM, USB Flash memory, hard disk drive, etc.). The article of manufacture may be accessible from a file server providing access to the computer-readable programs via a network transmission line, wireless transmission media, signals propagating through space, radio waves, infrared signals, etc. The article of manufacture may be a flash memory card or a magnetic tape. The article of manufacture includes hardware logic as well as software or programmable code embedded in a computer readable medium that is executed by a processor. In general, the computer-readable programs may be implemented in any programming language, such as LISP, PERL, C, C++, C#, PROLOG, or in any byte code language such as JAVA. The software programs may be stored on or in one or more articles of manufacture as object code. 
     While various embodiments of the methods and systems have been described, these embodiments are illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the described methods or systems. Those having skill in the relevant art can effect changes to form and details of the described methods and systems without departing from the broadest scope of the described methods and systems. Thus, the scope of the methods and systems described herein should not be limited by any of the illustrative embodiments and should be defined in accordance with the accompanying claims and their equivalents.