Patent Publication Number: US-2023139309-A1

Title: Measuring Gas in Shale Reservoirs

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 62/970,262, filed Feb. 5, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The determination of the gas-in-place for shale gas reservoirs is important for assessing the quality of the reservoir and the suitability of that reservoir for development. Generally, gas-in-place for shale gas reservoirs is estimated by partitioning the total stored gas into free and adsorbed gas. Free gas is gas that is present in the reservoir either in gaseous phase at reservoir pressures or that will evolve out of the formation fluid as the formation pressure decreases. The free gas volume is calculated using the porosity of the rock and the amount of gas that can be stored in the rock at a given pressure and temperature assuming ‘real gas’ behavior. 
     Adsorbed gas is gas that accumulates on the pore surfaces of solid materials in the formation. The volume of adsorbed gas is computed from Langmuir adsorption isotherm tests, which assume a mono-layer adsorption of gas (of higher density) on the pore surfaces. The free gas and adsorbed gas volumes make up the total gas available in the reservoir but are assumed to behave differently under pressure drawdown scenarios. 
     It is understood that the physical properties and behavior of fluids in confined pore spaces are very different than bulk fluid behavior. In nano-porous rock systems, characteristic length scale of the medium approaches both the mean free path and the molecular size of the saturating fluid. Thus, in these systems fluid-pore interactions may tend to dominate over fluid-fluid interactions. For example, heightened capillary forces may impact interfacial tensions, fluid densities, viscosities, saturation pressures, phase compositions, and phase boundaries. 
     Understanding the behavior of gas stored in nano-porous rock systems is important for predicting and managing production from shale gas reservoirs. Thus, there remains a need for experimental methods for evaluating the behavior of gas stored in nano-porous rock systems. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more detailed description of the embodiments of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates one embodiment of the current invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It is to be understood that the following disclosure describes several exemplary embodiments for implementing different features, structures, or functions of the invention. Exemplary embodiments of components, arrangements, and configurations are described below to simplify the disclosure; however, these exemplary embodiments are provided merely as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Additionally, the disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various exemplary embodiments and across the Figures provided herein. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various exemplary embodiments and/or configurations discussed in the various Figures. Finally, the exemplary embodiments presented below may be combined in any combination of ways, i.e., any element from one exemplary embodiment may be used in any other exemplary embodiment, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     All numerical values in this disclosure may be exact or approximate values unless otherwise specifically stated. Accordingly, various embodiments of the disclosure may deviate from the numbers, values, and ranges disclosed herein without departing from the intended scope. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. 
     In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to.” Furthermore, as it is used in the claims or specification, the term “or” is intended to encompass both exclusive and inclusive cases, i.e., “A or B” is intended to be synonymous with “at least one of A and B,” unless otherwise expressly specified herein. 
     Certain terms are throughout the following description and claims refer to particular components. As one having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, various entities may refer to the same component by different names, and as such, the naming convention for the elements described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, unless otherwise specifically defined herein. Further, the naming convention used herein is not intended to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   , a system  10  for testing a rock sample  12  comprises an overburden system  20 , a gas injection system  30 , and a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer  40 . Overburden system  20  includes a fluid pump  22 , heater  24 , pressure regulator  26 , and overburden cell  28 . Overburden cell  28  may be constructed from a ceramic or other material that does not generate an NMR signal. Gas injection system  30  includes a vacuum pump  32 , gas source  34 , pressure gauges  36 , and thermocouples  38 . NMR spectrometer  40  may be a 12 MHz NMR spectrometer capable of performing gradient measurements in 1D, 2D, or 3D. 
     Referring still to  FIG.  1   , a rock sample  12  is loaded into overburden cell  28  that is placed in the NMR spectrometer  40 . Overburden cell  28  is coupled to the overburden system  20  and the sample  12  is coupled to the gas injection system  30 . Confining pressure is applied to the overburden cell  28  by using fluid pump  22  to pressurize a confining fluid that may also be heated. The confining fluid is preferably a non-reactive fluid that does not produce an NMR signal, such as Flourinert™ sold by 3M™. In certain test procedures, the sample  12  may be subjected to the temperatures and pressures typical in the formation from which the sample was taken. 
     Vacuum pump  32  is used to draw hydrocarbon gas from gas source  34  to the sample  12  at controlled pressures, which may be between 100 psi and 10000 psi to saturate the sample with hydrocarbon gas by injecting gas from both sides of the sample  12 . Gas pressures in the sample are constantly monitored above and below the sample using high precision pressure gauges till pressures stabilize, conveying complete saturation at a given pressure. During this saturation process, overburden system  20  can be used to control the desired confining pressure and temperature of the sample  50 . As the sample  12  is saturated with hydrocarbon gas, NMR spectrometer  40  is used to measure the amount of hydrocarbon gas being stored within the sample  12  at the gradually increasing pressures and temperatures. 
     In certain embodiments, NMR 1D, 2D and 3D scans are performed during the saturation process so as to measure the amount of gas stored and compute the density of the gas within the sample  12  at different pressures. As the injection pressure is increased, confining pressure may be kept about a 1000-2000 psi higher than the injection pressure until reservoir pressures are reached. To regulate the confining pressure, a back-pressure regulator  26  (set at reservoir overburden stress) is used which discharges the extra confining fluid back to the confining fluid pump  22  as needed. 
     To heat the sample and the gas in the sample, heater system  24  is used. Confining pump  22  is flowed at high flow rates (25 cc/min) in the overburden cell  28 . The confining lines connecting the pump  22  to the overburden cell  28  are heated using heater system  24 . This flow loop heats the confining fluid which in turn heats the sample  12  and the gas stored in the sample. Inline thermocouples  38  are used to monitor the temperatures at the top and bottom of the sample  12 . NMR 1D, 2D and 3D scans are performed at reservoir temperature and pressure to understand gas storage in the samples. 
     To establish known behavior of a hydrocarbon gas in conventional large pore systems, and the associated NMR magnetization signal, a machinable glass ceramic cylindrical plug with a cylindrical bore of a known volume can be used as a standard. This standard has a fixed void volume associated with the cylindrical bore and this volume can be measured in multiple ways (helium porosimetry, calipered dimensions, Archimedes immersion, etc). The standard void volume becomes the reference for the measured NMR magnetization signal of a gas that is stored in this volume at a given temperature and pressure when the gas is behaving as a ‘real gas’ without the influence of any nano-pore confinement effects. 
     The ratio of the measured NMR volume of the standard to the true void volume of the standard can be defined as the “Real Gas Index” for a particular hydrocarbon gas for a range of pressures and temperatures. When the same hydrocarbon gas is stored in porous media at a given pressure and temperature, the deviation of the measured NMR volume from the Real Gas Index for that porous media sample would indicate that the gas is not behaving as a ‘real gas in the porous media. 
     By way of example, this test was performed on a known conventional pore size rock system (Berea sandstone—average pore size of about 10 to 20 microns) and the measured NMR response indicated that gas in this rock behaves purely as a ‘real gas.’ The gas indexes for the standard and Berea sandstone were also in agreement with published NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) density values. Further, the difference between the NMR Real Gas Index and the actual NMR magnetization of the gas in the porous media can be used to estimate the difference in the density of the gas due to pore confinement effects. 
     For the gas storage measurement, NMR hydrocarbon gas volumes at reservoir temperature and pressure are measured based using 2D NMR T1T2 maps. These NMR volumes are then corrected using the Real Gas Index measured on the standard at the same temperature and pressure. These corrected hydrocarbon gas volumes can then be compared to the void volumes measured using helium porosimetry to further understand and quantify pore confinement effects. 
     Thus, experimentation using the described methods allow for the measurement of density of supercritical hydrocarbon gases, calculation of total gas-in-place, and establishment of gas saturation levels in nano-pore dominated systems of organic shale rocks at varying pressures and temperatures (reservoir conditions). The methods described herein can support the quantification of hydrocarbon gas storage in nano-pore organic shales using NMR relaxometry to understand phase behavior of hydrocarbon gas as a function of capillary condensation and pore-confinement and measure mass transport of stored gas in nano-pore rock systems as reservoir pressure is dropped (drawdown); while keeping temperature and overburden stress at reservoir conditions. 
     While the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and description. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the claims to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the claims.