Patent Publication Number: US-10772824-B2

Title: Cosmetic methods and products

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/323,702, filed Jan. 3, 2017, which is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/GB2015/051746, filed Jun. 12, 2015, entitled “COSMETIC METHODS AND PRODUCTS,” which designated, among the various States, the United States of America, and which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     This invention relates to methods of improving the appearance of skin or hair. In particular, it relates to cosmetic products such as creams and serums comprising a subject&#39;s own platelet rich plasma (PRP), a fraction of plasma which is particularly rich in platelets, and uses thereof. It also relates to uses of cosmetic products, such as creams and serums comprising a subject&#39;s own platelet rich plasma in conjunction with treatment to improve the appearance of the skin or hair. 
     Ageing causes tissue repair and cell regeneration to slow down. Skin ageing is caused by a slowing down of the skin renewal cycles over the years exacerbated by damage to the skin due to stress, photo-exposure, pollution, exposure to cigarette smoke and unhealthy lifestyle factors. The skin aging process is marked by very distinct signs: the appearance of wrinkles, a variation in the skin pigmentation, loss of elasticity and compactness, and the relaxing of the tissues. Skin aging influences the three main skin structures: epidermis, dermal-epidermal junction and dermis. In particular, among the various factors which significantly participate in the skin aging process, is a reduction in the thickness of the dermis. The dermis is a connective tissue having a thickness of 3-4 mm, beneath the epidermis, consisting of a cell population dispersed in an abundant intercellular matrix. The majority of dermal cells are fibroblasts, destined for the synthesis of collagen and elastic fibres. The former have the function of support and resistance, the elastic fibres ensure a correct elasticity of the skin whereas the intercellular matrix in which they are immersed has a strengthening function. As we age the renewal of these important structures slows down and this leads to the signs such as uneven skin tone and wrinkles that many people would like to avoid in order to have a more youthful appearance. 
     Plasma comprises a multitude of molecules and cells that are responsible for regulating key process involved in tissue repair, including proliferation, chemotaxis. Platelets, initially known to be responsible for blood clotting, release growth factors including Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent chemotactic agent, and TGF beta, which stimulates the deposition of extracellular matrix. Both of these growth factors have been shown to play a significant role in the repair and regeneration of connective tissues. The concentrated platelets in PRP deliver an increased number of growth factors to the topical area and activation of the platelets, for example with calcium chloride releases the majority of growth factors from the platelets. 
     The seven principal known growth factors in platelets are: Platelet Delivered Growth Factors such as (PDGFaa), (PDGFbb), (PDGFab), Transforming Growth Factor beta-, (TGF-b), TGF-b2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Epithelial Growth Factor 
     As a concentrated source of platelets, plasma contains several cytokines that stimulate tissue regeneration and have an anti-ageing activity. Plasma has received popular attention due to its use in treating sports injuries in professional athletes and it is also known for use in dentistry and wound healing. Plasma therapy, involves centrifuging a person&#39;s blood until the blood gets separated in its main compounds: red blood cells, white blood cells and plasma. The richer part of plasma is called PRP or F2 fraction (F2) and the poorer part of plasma is called PPP or F1 fraction (F1). Growth factors can be released by activating the plasma and then injected into the injured tissue. 
     Plasma, PPP and PRP have been used in a range of applications by injecting it into the skin to reduce the visible signs of ageing and also in medical treatments for wound healing and speeding the repair of damaged tissues. Most medical and cosmetic uses of plasma are done by activating the plasma using calcium chloride to release the growth factors from the platelets and injecting activated plasma into the skin or damaged tissue. 
     Activated plasma has been injected into the dermal layer of the skin in order to reduce the signs of ageing but this treatment can be painful and lead to redness, soreness and bruising of the skin. The effects of the plasma only last for a few weeks or months and the treatment must be repeated in order to prolong the effect. Various other anti-ageing treatments, such as cosmetic laser treatments are known to have positive effects on the appearance of the skin but also can cause skin irritation, pain and redness in the short term. 
     It would therefore be advantageous to provide a topical formulation of PRP that could be used to improve the appearance of skin and also can be used after other cosmetic treatments, such as injected PRP and cosmetic laser treatment, to prolong and enhance the effects of the cosmetic treatments so that they could be carried out less frequently. 
     The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a skin-care product that makes it possible to apply PRP to the skin topically either as a cosmetic treatment alone or after a first cosmetic treatment such as injected PRP treatment or cosmetic laser treatment to prolong and enhance the cosmetic effects of the first cosmetic treatment. 
     In a first aspect the present invention provides a method of improving the cosmetic appearance of skin and/or hair of a subject wherein the method comprises,
     (a) Providing a sample of PRP from the subject;   (b) Providing a cosmetically acceptable carrier;   (c) Admixing a portion of the PRP to a portion of the cosmetically acceptable carrier to form a topical composition;   (d) Applying the topical composition to an area of the subject&#39;s skin.   (e) Repeating steps (c) and (d)   

     Steps c and d may be repeated every day for up to 8 days. After 8 days fresh PRP may be provided from the subject to continue the treatment. An advantage of the present method is that a portion of PRP may be mixed with activator each day immediately before it is applied to the skin. This means that growth factors are kept inside the platelets, which protects them from degradation, until the activator is mixed with PRP. The growth factors are then released from the platelets into the composition. The advantage of this method is that it allows the treatment to be used every day with fresh growth factors that have just been released from the platelets immediately before application to the skin. These advantages are provided without having to provide a new sample of PRP from the subject each day. Therefore, the subject can continue the treatment at home for 8 days using freshly activated PRP every day. 
     Various authors have discussed the use of a patient&#39;s own plasma in wound healing and in cosmetic procedures and there is varied and inconsistent use of a number of terms in this field. In this application the terms PRP and F2 are used to describe the richer fraction of plasma that contains a higher number of platelets and the terms PPP and F1 are used to describe the poorer fraction of the plasma that contains a lower number of platelets. This is shown in  FIGS. 27-29 . The methods described herein may, preferably be performed using the PRP fraction of plasma. This is advantageous because the higher number of platelets provides a richer source of growth factors and skin enhancing factors. 
     In contrast to the use in this application, other authors have used the term PRP to describe the whole plasma fraction of the blood rather than just the fraction of plasma that is rich in platelets. 
     An activator may be admixed with the PRP within less than 4 hours, within less than 3 hours, within less than 2 hours, within less than 1 hour, within less than 30 minutes, within less than 20 minutes, within less than 10 minutes or within less than 8 minutes before the topical composition is applied to the subject&#39;s skin. 
     Preferably an activator may be admixed with PRP immediately before the topical composition is applied to the skin. Immediately before means a few minutes or seconds before, for example, immediately before may mean the PRP is admixed with an activator less than 5 minutes, less than 2 minutes, less than one minute or less than 30 seconds before applying the mixture to the skin. This is advantageous because platelets in the PRP may be activated and release growth factors immediately before applying the composition to the skin so that the growth factors do not degrade before they are applied to the skin and there may be a high level of growth factors in the composition. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator and the topical composition may be applied to the area of the subject&#39;s skin immediately after admixing the cosmetically acceptable carrier comprising activator with the PRP. 
     The topical composition may be applied to the area of the subject&#39;s skin within less than 4 hours, within less than 3 hours, within less than 2 hours, within less than 1 hour, within less than 30 minutes, within less than 20 minutes, within less than 10 minutes or within less than 8 minutes of the activator mixing with the PRP. 
     Preferably the cosmetically acceptable carrier may be admixed with PRP immediately before the topical composition is applied to the skin. Immediately before means a few minutes or seconds before, for example, immediately before may mean the PRP is admixed with the cosmetically acceptable carrier less than 5 minutes, less than 2 minutes, less than one minute or less than 30 seconds before applying the mixture to the skin. This is advantageous because platelets in the PRP may be activated and release growth factors immediately before applying the composition to the skin so that the growth factors do not degrade before they are applied to the skin and there may be a high level of growth factors in the composition. 
     The PRP may be stored separately from the cosmetically acceptable carrier comprising an activator and the PRP may be mixed with the cosmetically acceptable carrier comprising an activator immediately before applying the composition to the skin. 
     In some embodiments the cosmetically acceptable carrier may not comprise an activator and an activator may be admixed with the PRP and the cosmetically acceptable carrier immediately before application of the mixture to the skin. 
     If the activator is not in the cosmetically acceptable carrier the PRP may be mixed with the cosmetically acceptable carrier soon after it is made and stored as a composition comprising PRP and the cosmetically acceptable carrier. This is advantageous because the cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise ingredients that stabilise or preserve the PRP and/or platelets in the PRP. An activator may be stored separately from the composition comprising the cosmetically acceptable carrier and PRP. The activator may be admixed with the composition immediately before applying the composition to the skin. 
     Step (e) or steps (c) and (d) may be repeated at least once a day, at least twice a day, at least three times a day, at least four times a day or at least six times a day. 
     Step (e) or steps (c) and (d) may be repeated for at least two days, at least three days, at least four days, at least five days, at least six days, at least seven days, at least eight days, at least nine days or at least ten days. 
     Step (e) may be repeated at least once a day for at least eight days. 
     The activator may be collagen. This is advantageous because collagen is naturally occurring in the skin and therefore is not likely to cause adverse reactions in the skin. The activator may not be calcium chloride. This is advantageous because calcium chloride can cause adverse reactions and/or be irritating to the skin. 
     The method may be performed on an area of the subject&#39;s skin that has been treated using PRP injection or another cosmetic treatment such as cosmetic laser skin treatments. 
     The method may comprise, before or after step (c), a further step (f) injecting a portion of the platelet rich plasma into one or more areas of the subject&#39;s skin. When the method is used in conjunction with injecting PRP into an area of the subject&#39;s skin the topical composition is applied to at least the same area of the subject&#39;s skin. When the method is used in conjunction with injecting PRP into an area of the subject&#39;s skin the topical composition may be applied to at least the same area of the subject&#39;s skin immediately after or within an hour after the injections have been performed and then the topical composition may be applied to the same area of skin repeatedly thereafter. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention we provide a method for improving the appearance of the skin and/or hair of a subject comprising the steps of:
         (g) Providing a sample of platelet rich plasma from the subject;   (h) Injecting a first portion of platelet rich plasma into one or more areas of the subject&#39;s skin;   (i) Combining a second portion of platelet rich plasma with a cosmetically acceptable carrier to provide a topical composition;   (j) Applying the topical composition from step (i) to the one or more areas of the subject&#39;s skin where the platelet rich plasma was injected in step (h).       

     Platelet rich plasma may be provided by centrifuging a sample of blood from a person in order to separate the platelets from the other blood cells and taking a fraction comprising plasma with a high concentration of platelets. 
     The PRP may comprise more than 10,000 platelets/μl, more than 10,000 platelets/μl, more than 10,000 platelets/μl, more than 10,000 platelets/μl, more than 10,000 platelets/μl, more than 100,000 platelets/μl, more than 500,000 platelets/μ1 or more than 900,000 platelets/μl. The PRP may comprise Platelet Delivered Growth Factors such as (PDGFaa), (PDGFbb), (PDGFab), Transforming Growth Factor beta-, (TGF-b), TGF-b2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF). 
     The PRP may be autologous, i.e. taken from a subject and injected back into the same subject. This is advantageous because it avoids any risk of disease transmission between a donor and recipient and also avoids the possibility of reactions to foreign tissues or different ABO blood antigens. It also avoids allergic or adverse reactions. 
     The area of skin where the topical composition is applied may be on any part of the body. In particular the area of skin where the topical composition is applied may be on the face, scalp, neck, chest, hands, arms, legs, abdomen or buttocks. It is advantageous to apply the topical composition to areas where ageing skin causes concern such as the face and neck. It is also advantageous to apply the topical composition to the scalp because it can prolong the life of hair follicles and increase hair growth. For use on the scalp the topical composition may be hair Gel, hair lotion or leave in conditioner. The topical composition may be formulated for use after PRP injection into the scalp. The topical composition may be formulated for use with other hair-restoring treatments. 
     The portion of the platelet rich plasma that is injected into the skin may be activated by mixing it with activating agents such as calcium chloride or collagen before injection into the skin. Adding calcium chloride or collagen to the PRP causes the platelets to release most of the growth factors very quickly. This is advantageous because it provides a high concentration of growth factors in the area where the PRP is injected. 
     The portion of PRP that is reserved for admixing with the cosmetically acceptable carrier may have an activator such as calcium chloride or collagen added to it. 
     The activator may be collagen. This is advantageous because collagen is naturally occurring in the skin and therefore is not likely to cause adverse reactions in the skin. The activator may not be calcium chloride. This is advantageous because calcium chloride can cause adverse reactions and/or be irritating to the skin. 
     The portion of PRP that is reserved for admixing with the cosmetically acceptable carrier may have no activator added to it. This is advantageous because calcium chloride can be irritating to the skin. This is further advantageous because the growth factors are preserved inside the platelets until the platelets are activated. 
     Portions of PRP without activator may be added to a cosmetically acceptable carrier that comprises an activator shortly before being applied to the skin, for example before being applied to the skin. It is advantageous to addmix a portion of PRP without activator and a portion of a cosmetically acceptable carrier that comprises activator immediately before applying the mixture to the skin. For example they may be mixed a few seconds to or up to two minutes before applying to the skin. This ensures that the growth factors are released from the platelets just before the cosmetic composition is applied to the skin so that the growth factors are as active as possible when they are applied to the skin. The PRP may be stored without an activator for several days, for example at least 2 days, at least three days, at least four days, at least five days, at least six days, at least seven days, at least eight days, at least nine days at least ten days or at least two weeks and then added to the cosmetically acceptable carrier comprising an activator which makes platelets release growth factors quickly after mixing. PRP may be stored at room temperature, for example at about 22° C. PRP may not be stored in a refrigerator (for example at about 4° C. because cold storage will activate platelets during storage rather than when mixed with an activator. PRP may also be stored frozen but the platelets are damaged by freezing and release the growth factors shortly after the PRP is thawed. If freezing is used the PRP may be frozen in portions and each portion may be thawed immediately before application to the skin to avoid degradation of the growth factors. PRP may be stored for several weeks or several months frozen. When frozen PRP is thawed it may be mixed with the cosmetically acceptable carrier and applied to skin immediately because growth factors may be released from the platelets as the thawing process may act as an activator. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise calcium chloride. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise collagen. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator such as collagen, soluble collagen, or hydrolyzed collagen that is less likely than calcium chloride to irritate the skin or cause adverse reactions. Collagen is present in the skin and therefore provides a more natural activator than calcium chloride. Collagen may act as a gentler activator causing growth factors to be released from the platelets at a slower rate than calcium chloride does. It is therefore suitable for use in the cosmetically acceptable carrier of the present invention. The topical composition may comprise an activator that is not calcium chloride. 
     The activator may be collagen, soluble collagen or hydrolysed collagen and may be from any source such as animal collagen, bovine collagen or synthetic collagen. 
     Advantageously, the cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator and be stored separately from the PRP. A portion of cosmetically acceptable carrier may be mixed with a portion of PRP within 1 hour, within 30 minutes, within 20 minutes or within 10 minutes before the composition is applied to the skin. Preferably a portion of cosmetically acceptable carrier may be mixed with a portion of PRP and applied to the skin immediately or within a few seconds up to 2 minutes of mixing. Where the cosmetically acceptable carrier comprises an activator the activator may be calcium chloride or collagen. Collagen may be an advantageous activator for inclusion in a cosmetically acceptable carrier because it may not cause irritation of the skin. 
     Each portion of PRP and cosmetically acceptable carrier may be just enough for one application. This is advantageous because just enough PRP and cosmetically acceptable carrier may be mixed for one application and the mixture applied to the skin immediately, for example within a few seconds or up to two minutes. This means that the growth factors are released from PRP immediately before application to the skin so that they are fresh and active when they are applied to the skin. The portions of PRP and cosmetically acceptable carrier may be roughly equal in volume so that it is simple to make a 1:1 mixture of the two components. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise or consist of a cream, gel, serum, balm, sun cream, after sun cream, foundation, tinted cream, tinted sun cream, soothing anti redness cream with green tint, scalp serum, solution, suspension, emulsion, ointment, foam, paste, lotion, powder, soap, surfactant-containing cleansing oil or spray. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may advantageously be a cream, gel, lotion or a serum. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise at least one ingredient to increase penetration of the platelet rich plasma into the skin. A composition that comprises at least one ingredient that increases penetration into the skin may be a serum. A serum may also have a consistency, lipid content and/or hydrophobicity that increases the amount of penetration into the skin. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise or consist of a dressing, adhesive bandage, gauze, or a facial mask. PRP may be soaked into a facial mask that is applied to the skin after PRP has been injected. This can reduce irritation, swelling, pain and redness of the skin at the site where the PRP has been injected. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise the ingredients from table 4 and at least one preservative from table 5. 
     The carrier may comprise at least one humectant, at least one emollient and at least one emulsifier. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may be suitable for preserving and stabilising platelet rich plasma that is not mixed with calcium chloride or collagen. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may not comprise an activator. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may not comprise calcium chloride. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise a suitable amount of collagen to act as an activator of platelets. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may not comprise calcium chloride. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may not comprise any activator except for collagen. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise at least one ingredient to increase penetration of the platelet rich plasma or growth factors into the skin. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may further comprise one or more ingredients from table 1 or table 2. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may further comprise one or more ingredients selected from monocytes, stem cells, gene therapy products, vitamins, palmitate retinol, tocoferil acetate, sodium ascorbil phosphate, D-panthenol, peptides, recombinant growth factors, micronized human-identical hormones, aminoacids, phyto-extracts, anti-oxidants, lipoic acid, DMAE, collagen, GAG, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thimine, trace elements, minerals, proteases, ceramides, polisaccarides, algae and marine extracts. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a cosmetic composition comprising the cosmetically acceptable carrier and platelet rich plasma. Between 10 and 20 ml of PRP may be diluted with cosmetic composition up to a final volume of 50 ml. 
     The platelet-rich plasma concentration in the cosmetic composition may between 0.1 and 50% (w/w), between 1 and 50%, between 2 and 30%, between 4 and 10% or between 30 and 50% of the total weight of the composition. 
     The PRP may have no activator added. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise no activator. The cosmetic composition may comprise no activator. 
     The cosmetic composition may comprise active growth factors for at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 10 days, at least 2 weeks or at least 3 weeks. 
     In the method of the present invention the step of applying the cosmetic composition to the area of skin where PRP has been injected may be repeated at least twice, at least three times, at least four times, at least five times, at least six times, at least seven times, at least eight times or at least nine times. 
     In the method of the present invention the step of applying the cosmetic composition to the area of skin where PRP has been injected may be repeated at least once every day, at least twice daily, at least three times daily, at least four times daily. The step of applying the cosmetic composition to the area of skin where the PRP has been injected may be repeated once or twice daily for up to 8 days. 
     In the method of the present invention the step of applying the cosmetic composition to the area of skin may be repeated for at least two days, at least three days, at least four days, at least six days, at least seven days, at least 10 days, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks, at least six weeks or at least 8 weeks. 
     This is advantageous because, after the PRP injection treatment, applying the cosmetic composition comprising PRP may reduce immediate soreness, redness, swelling or bruising. This is also advantageous because, after PRP injection treatment, applying the cosmetic composition comprising PRP may prolong and/or enhance the cosmetic effect of the PRP injection treatment. 
     In a further aspect, the present invention provides a kit suitable for use in performing the method of the present invention. 
     The kit may comprise one or more containers comprising chambers suitable for storing PRP for one or more days. The one or more containers may be sterile. The one or more chambers may be arranged to allow the PRP to be introduced into the container under sterile conditions. The Kit may comprise one or more portions of cosmetically acceptable carrier. The kit may be arranged to allow mixing of a portion the PRP from the PRP container with a portion of the cosmetically acceptable carrier. The kit may be arranged so that a portion of PRP and a portion of cosmetically acceptable carrier can be mixed to provide a PRP composition and the composition can be applied to the skin. 
     This is advantageous because the cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator. When a portion of PRP and a portion of cosmetically acceptable carrier are mixed the platelets in that portion of PRP may be activated and release growth factors. The remainder of the PRP in the container may remain un-activated and may preserve the growth factors it contains. Freshly activated PRP may therefore be applied every day for several days. 
     The kit may comprise a suitable container for storing PRP, one or more portions of the cosmetically acceptable carrier comprising collagen as an activator and instructions for use. The user may then admix a portion of PRP with a portion of cosmetically acceptable carrier immediately before applying the mixture to the skin. The container for storing PRP may be designed to exclude airflow into the container. The container for storing PRP may be sterile inside. 
     For example, the kit may comprise 8 ampules each containing a portion of cosmetically acceptable carrier including collagen, a container for the PRP and instructions for use. 
     The kit may further comprise a mini vibration table/Agitator and the instruction for use. 
     An agitator may be advantageous because it is advantageous to store the PRP with agitation to prolong the life of the platelets. Platelets that have been stored with agitation have a greater amount of growth factors on day 8 than platelets that have not been stored with agitation. The kit may also be adapted for storage at room temperature as storage at room temperature improves the storage time of the platelets and means that there are more growth factors on day 8 of storage. 
     The kit may further comprise instructions for use. The instructions for use may be use in a method of the present invention. 
     The container may be sterile. The container may be arranged to allow oxygen penetration into the container. The container may be arranged not to allow oxygen penetration into the container. The kit may comprise a container according to the present invention comprising a cosmetically acceptable carrier in at least one chamber and at least one chamber arranged to accept a portion of PRP. The kit may further comprise suitable equipment for drawing blood, suitable containers for holding blood while it is centrifuged, suitable equipment for removing a PRP fraction from the blood and/or suitable equipment for injecting PRP into the skin. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a container comprising a first chamber and a second chamber arranged so that contents of the first chamber and contents of the second chamber are mixed as they exit the container. The container may be sterile. A cosmetically acceptable carrier contained in the first chamber and the second chamber is arranged to accept platelet rich plasma. The container may be sterile. A portion of PRP may be put into the second chamber of the container. The PRP may be stored in the second chamber of the container until the user is ready to apply the cosmetic composition. When the container is used a portion of the cosmetically acceptable carrier in the first chamber and a portion of the PRP in the second chamber leave the container and are mixed as they leave the container to provide a cosmetic composition comprising the cosmetically acceptable carrier and PRP. The cosmetically acceptable carrier and the PRP may be mixed in suitable proportions to provide a cosmetic composition of the invention. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier may be contained in a first chamber of the container and PRP may be contained in a second chamber of the container. This is advantageous because the carrier may comprise an activator, for example calcium chloride, collagen or another activator. The PRP may remain in a chamber of the container and not be activated for several days so growth factors remain inside the platelets in the PRP. When the cosmetic composition is required the container may be activated and carrier may be mixed with PRP. The platelets in the PRP may release growth factors when they are mixed with the carrier that comprises an activator and therefore the resulting cosmetic composition may comprise a high level of active growth factors. This arrangement is advantageous because the growth factors may remain active inside the platelets for several days before being released when the PRP is mixed with a carrier comprising an activator. The container may be arranged so that a portion of the PRP and a portion of the carrier may be released at each use of the container. PRP may be prepared once at the time that blood is taken from a subject and put into one chamber of the container. The PRP can thereby be stored without activation until needed and only a portion of the stored PRP may be mixed with carrier including activator each day before applying the composition to the skin. 
     The cosmetically acceptable carrier that does not comprise an activator may be contained in a first chamber of the container and PRP may be added to the cosmetically acceptable carrier. An activator may be contained in a second chamber of the container. This is advantageous because the carrier may comprise ingredients that stabilise PRP and/or stabilise growth factors inside the platelets in the PRP. An activator, for example calcium chloride, collagen or another activator may be contained in a second chamber of the container. The PRP and cosmetically acceptable carrier may remain in a chamber of the container and the PRP may not be activated for several days so growth factors remain inside the platelets in the PRP. When the cosmetic composition is required the container may be activated and the activator may be mixed with cosmetically acceptable carrier and PRP. The platelets in the PRP may release growth factors when they are mixed with the activator and therefore the resulting cosmetic composition may comprise a high level of active growth factors. This arrangement is advantageous because the growth factors may remain active inside the platelets for several days before being released when the PRP is mixed with an activator. It is also advantageous because the PRP is mixed with a cosmetically acceptable carrier soon after it is made and the cosmetically acceptable carrier can stabilise and preserve the PRP until it is mixed with an activator. The container may be arranged so that a portion of the PRP mixed with cosmetically acceptable carrier and a portion of the activator may be released at each use of the container. PRP may be prepared once at the time that blood is taken from a subject and put into one chamber of the container with the cosmetically acceptable carrier. The PRP can thereby be stored without activation until needed and only a portion of the stored PRP may be mixed with activator each day before applying the composition to the skin. 
     In order to prolong the life of the platelets and preserve the growth factors inside them it is advantageous to store the PRP at room temperature. It is also advantageous to store the PRP so that it is agitated. It is further advantageous to store the PRP with low oxygen and minimal airflow. It is further advantageous to mix an activator with the PRP immediately before applying the mixture to the skin so that the growth factors are released from the platelets immediately before the mixture is applied to the skin. The kit is arranged to provide all of these features by providing a storage container for the PRP that is airtight and sterile, providing a device for agitating the PRP in the container during storage. The container may be suitable for storage at room temperature. The activator may be included in the cosmetically acceptable composition so that it can be mixed with the PRP immediately before applying to the skin. 
    
    
     
       There now follows by way of example only a detailed description of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which; 
         FIG. 1  shows a view of an embodiment of a container of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a view of an embodiment of a container of the present invention, the whole container is shown in  FIG. 2 a   , embodiments of a chamber suitable for containing PRP is shown in  FIGS. 2 b   - d.    
         FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of a chamber suitable for containing PRP. 
         FIG. 4  shows pictures of the treated areas of patients 1, 2 and 3 from group 1 and patients 1, 2 and 3 from group 2 showing a comparison of the skin before the treatment and after the treatment. Group 1 had PRP injections in the treated area followed by using serum mixed with PRP each day for 16 days. Group 2— only used serum mixed with PRP each day for 24 days on one side of their face (fresh blood was taken every 8 days) Group 3-used the collagen serum only (without adding PRP to it). 
         FIG. 5  shows Light transmittance platelet aggregometry. The aggregometer measures changes in light transmission of a stirred platelet suspension exposed to a platelet agonist. It is calibrated by a cuvette containing platelet poor plasma which equates to 100% light transmission. Platelet rich plasma stirred in the absence of platelet agonist equates to 0% light transmission (baseline, A). Change in platelet shape due to platelet activation induced by addition of a platelet agonist results in a short decrease in the light transmission (B). When platelet aggregates are forming an increase in the light transmission is recorded by the device and calculated as percentage of aggregation (C). 
         FIG. 6  shows the PRP storage containers: (a) 70 mL Nunc™ flask (smallest shown) (b) 30 mL Sterilin™ universal, 
         FIG. 7  shows Luckham R100 Rotatest Shaker 
         FIG. 8  shows the ELISA plate is provided already coated with a capture antibody directed against human PDGF-BB. The PDGF-BB present in test samples or standards, the target protein, binds to the capture antibodies and becomes anchored to the plate. A second antibody directed against human PDGF-BB that is conjugated to Biotin is added which binds to the PDGF-BB captured by the first antibody during a two hour incubation. Residual, unbound material is washed off and streptavidin conjugated to the enzyme horse radish peroxidise (HRP) is added to each well. Streptavidin forms strong, non-covalent 1:1 complexes with biotin during a two hour incubation. Residual material is washed off and a substrate for the enzyme, tetramethyl-benzidine, is added. The product of the enzyme-substrate reaction is coloured, the intensity of which is directly proportional to the amount of PDGF-BB in the samples, which is assessed against a standard curve. Diagram reproduced from www.mitosciences.com 
         FIG. 9  shows Collagen-induced aggregation: Day 1. Trace 1 and Trace 3: 10 μg/mL collagen. Trace 2 and Trace 4: 5 μg/mL collagen, 
         FIG. 10  shows Collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in Nunc™ flasks: Day 2, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 27% Plt: 257×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 52% Plt: 241×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 65% Plt: 228×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 29% Plt: 243×109/L   

         FIG. 11  shows collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in universals: Day 2
     Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 79% Plt: 149×109/L   Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 92% Plt: 221×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 101% Plt: 215×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 77% Plt: 149×109/L   

         FIG. 12  shows collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in Nunc™ flasks: Day 3, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 19% Plt: 245×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 36% Plt: 202×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 40% Plt: 213×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 12% Plt: 221×109/L   

         FIG. 13  shows collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in universals: Day 3, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 61% Plt: 128×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 88% Plt: 221×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 97% Plt: 233×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 47% Plt: 145×109/L   

         FIG. 14  shows collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in Nunc™ flasks: Day 4, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 15% Plt: 223×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 23% Plt: 213×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 37% Plt: 209×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 15% Plt: 213×109/L   

         FIG. 15  shows collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in universals: Day 4, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 43% Plt: 117×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 65% Plt: 236×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 77% Plt: 243×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 34% Plt: 133×109/L   

         FIG. 16  shows collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in Nunc™ flasks: Day 5, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 13% Plt: 205×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 18% Plt: 193×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 30% Plt: 183×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 11% Plt: 200×109/L   

         FIG. 17  shows Collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in universals: Day 5, Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 61% Plt: 102×109/L
     Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 64% Plt: 222×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 75% Plt: 233×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 27% Plt: 118×109/L   

         FIG. 18  shows Collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in Nunc™ flasks: Day 8
     Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 6% Plt: 191×109/L   Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 12% Plt: 151×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 20% Plt: 146×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 6% Plt: 186×109/L   

         FIG. 19  shows Collagen-induced aggregation for PRP stored in universals: Day 8
     Trace 1 and Trace 2 Constant agitation MA: 58% Plt: 85×109/L   Trace 3 and Trace 4 Intermittent agitation MA: 39% Plt: 188×109/L   Trace 5 and Trace 6 Stationary MA: 37% Plt: 208×109/L   Trace 7 and Trace 8 Constant agitation+PGE1 MA: 27% Plt: 87×109/L   

         FIGS. 20 and 21  plot the changes in final percentage collagen-induced aggregation over time in PRP variably stored in Nunc™ flasks and universal containers respectively 
         FIGS. 22 and 23  plot the changes in platelet count over time in PRP variably stored in Nunc™ flasks and universal containers respectively 
         FIG. 24  shows Standard curve for PDGF-BB ELISA, 
         FIG. 25  shows Plots of supernatant PDGF-BB levels count over time in variably stored PRP  FIGS. 25 and 26  plot the PDGF-BB levels in supernatants of collagen-activated PRP that had been variably stored in Nunc™ flasks and universal containers respectively. Serial PDGF-BB levels for supernatants of Nunc™ flask-stored PRP after collagen activation. Note that a nominal level has been entered for the unavailable Day 2 result of constant agitation+PGE1 to permit full graphical plot 
         FIG. 26  shows Serial PDGF-BB levels for supernatants of universal-stored PRP after collagen activation. Note that a nominal level has been entered for the unavailable Day 2 result of constant agitation to permit full graphical plot. 
         FIG. 27  shows blood that has been separated by centrifugation. Starting from the bottom of each tube the first layer is Erythrocytes, the second very thin layer is of Leukocytes, above the leukocytes is the F2 fraction of the plasma (also called PRP) (about 50% of the plasma) and right on the top is the F1 fraction of the plasma (also called PPP) (the other 50% of the plasma). It is the F2 (PRP) that was used in the tests on platelet storage conditions that are described in this application and it is also the F2 (PRP) fraction that was used in the clinical tests described in this application. F2 fraction is slightly darker than F1 fraction which makes it possible for a practitioner to draw up the F1 fraction first and then F2 fraction separately. The plasma fraction is marked. The plasma fraction is separated into Fraction 1 (F1) (PPP) and Fraction 2 (F2) (PRP). F2 is richer in platelets than F1 and therefore F2 is preferably used in the methods of the present invention. 
         FIG. 28  shows blood that has been separated by centrifugation. Fraction 1 of the plasma (F1) (also called PPP) is marked. 
         FIG. 29  shows blood that has been separated by centrifugation where the F1 fraction has been removed leaving the F2 fraction, 
         FIG. 30  shows 4 views, from top left clockwise: inside; front; back and front open, of the centrifuge used to separate blood to provide F1 and F2 fractions of plasma. The centrifuge is a BTI-Endornet centrifuge which spins the blood at 580 G for 8 minutes. During the centrifugation process blood gets separated into the fractions described in  FIGS. 27 to 29 . 
         FIG. 31  shows a kit according to the present invention. The kit comprises: a container that is sterile inside for keeping the plasma, PRP or F2 in, this is shown at the right hand side of the figure; several ampules containing the cosmetically acceptable composition, there may be one ampule for each application of the composition to the skin, the ampules are shown at the top of the figure; an agitating device which can be used to constantly agitate the plasma, PRP or F2 inside its container, this is shown at the bottom of the picture. 
     
    
    
     The cosmetic composition may be: Sun cream, After sun, Foundation, Tinted cream, tinted sun cream, Soothing anti redness cream with the green tint to mask redness of the skin, Scalp serum. 
     The Growth Factors: 
     For any PRP, 7 fundamental protein growth factors are concentrated in the plasma after centrifuging (to what degree and with what level of undesirable components will vary)
         Platelet-derived growth factors—PDGF-AA, PDGFAB, PDGFBB   Transforming growth factors—TGFB1, TGFB2   Vascular endothelial growth factors—VEGF   Epithelial growth factors—EGF       

     This concentrate also contains 3 proteins in the blood to act as cell adhesion molecules: fibrin, fibronectin, and vitronectin. 
     PDFG, VEGF and EGF are the most important for new tissue regeneration. The carrier may comprising one or more ingredients selected from table 1. 
     The carrier may comprise 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 All items stated include both their Organic and Synthetic versions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Item 
                 Function 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D522 (Dry Flo Plus) 
                 Absorbant 
               
               
                 D572 (Dry Flo AF) 
                 Absorbant 
               
               
                 K505 (Kaolin 2747) 
                 Absorbant 
               
               
                 M742 (Magnesium Carbonate) 
                 Absorbant 
               
               
                 S813 (Sorbosil BFG50) 
                 Absorbant 
               
               
                 C936 (Color Clay Rosa) 
                 Absorbant/abrasive 
               
               
                 A577-CC (Alistin P5) 
                 Active against cell membrane damage 
               
               
                 L592 (Latex LATZ) 
                 Adhesive polymer 
               
               
                 G513 (Glypure 70) 
                 AHA, pH adjuster 
               
               
                 L546 (Lactic Acid 90%) 
                 AHA, pH adjuster 
               
               
                 Z503 (Zincidone) 
                 Anti dandruff 
               
               
                 A764 (Avenacare Beta Glucan) 
                 Anti oxidant 
               
               
                 D571-HM (Deepaline PVB) 
                 Anti wrinkle active 
               
               
                 M704-CC (Matrixyl 3000) 
                 Anti wrinkle active 
               
               
                 S759 (Syn-tacks) 
                 Anti wrinkle active 
               
               
                 S761 (Syn-Ake) 
                 Anti wrinkle active 
               
               
                 C911 (Symglucan) 
                 Anti-ageing active 
               
               
                 O581-CC (Oxygen Complex LS 9641) 
                 Anti-ageing active 
               
               
                 C642 (Cabosil M5) 
                 Anticaking agent 
               
               
                 V506 (Veegum Ultra) 
                 Anticaking agent 
               
               
                 P564 (Protaderm HA) 
                 Antidandruff active 
               
               
                 S559 (Sodium Salicylate) 
                 Antimicrobial 
               
               
                 S965 (Sodium Sulfite) 
                 Antimicrobial 
               
               
                 B507 (BHT) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 O510 (Oxynex K Liquid) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 P835 (Phyto Terra Organic Mate) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 S578 (Stay C50) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 V501 (Vitamin E Acetate (dl-alpha 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 Tocopheryl Acetate)) 
                   
               
               
                 V528 (Vitamin A Palmitate (1.7 iu)) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 V529 (Vitamin A Palmitate (1.0 ml U/g)) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 V550 (Ascorbyl Palmitate) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 V551 (Tocopherols Mixed (Natural) INCI: 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 Tocopherol) 
                   
               
               
                 V552 (dl-Alpha Tocopherol (INCI: 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 Tocopherol)) 
                   
               
               
                 v614 (D-Alpha Tocopherol Natural) 
                 Antioxidant 
               
               
                 S717 (Sodium Disulfite Extra Pure) 
                 Antioxidant/preservative 
               
               
                 P822 (Phycosaccharide AIP) 
                 Antioxidant/protective extract 
               
               
                 M507 (Merquat Plus 3331) 
                 Antistatic agent 
               
               
                 P739 (Polyquarternium-7) 
                 Antistatic agent 
               
               
                 HEW574 (Actiphyte of Witch Hazel PG) 
                 Astringent 
               
               
                 HEW575 (Actiphyte of Horse Chestnut 
                 Astringent/anti inflammatory 
               
               
                 PG) 
                   
               
               
                 A589 (Organic Aloe Vera Powder 200:1 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 Freeze Dried) 
                   
               
               
                 C582 (Codiavelane) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 C755-LM (Crodarom Velvet Flower) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 C786-AN (Cosflor Marshmallow HGL-1 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 (PS)) 
                   
               
               
                 C787-AN (Cosflor Mango HGL-1 (PS)) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 E560 (Emblica) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEO503 (Green Tea Lipo S) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEO596 (Organix Marigold PS) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW1040 (Witch Hazel Organic) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW1066-MB (Green Tea LG) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW1085-MB (Ceapro Oat 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 Avenanthramides) 
                   
               
               
                 HEW1103-MB (Witch Hazel Distilled, 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 Phenoxyethanol) 
                   
               
               
                 HEW1122 (Specifix Chamomile FG) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW1130 (Specifix Yarrow 1579) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW1136 (Specifix Comfrey Leaf PF) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW1154 (Orange Secrets) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW503 (Extrait Concombre HG) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW505 (Aloe Vera 10:1) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW596 (NAB Fennel Seed Extract) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW643-LL (Witch Hazel) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW717 (Extract NAB Red Clover 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 Isoflavones) 
                   
               
               
                 HEW822 (Green Tea ECO Extract) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW863 (Rosewater) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW966 (Calendula ECO) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HEW987 (Cosflor Roman Chamomile 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 HGL-1) 
                   
               
               
                 P850-CC (Pronalen Ruscus Spe) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 P909 (Proteasyl LS8951 PW) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 R516 (Regu-SEB (331-01)) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 R563 (Rosamine R) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 R566-CC (Remoduline B E1) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 S981-AN (Slippery Elm Bark Powder) 
                 Botanical extract 
               
               
                 D642 (Dissolvine GL-38) 
                 Chelating agent 
               
               
                 N502 (Dissolvine Na2 (EDTA Na2)) 
                 Chelating agent 
               
               
                 N504 (Dissolvine NA (tetra sodium)) 
                 Chelating agent 
               
               
                 P666-HM (Procircul 8) 
                 Circulation active 
               
               
                 A611 (AC Yeast Beta Glucan) 
                 Collagen producing active 
               
               
                 Z507 (Zinc Oxide EP) 
                 colouring agent 
               
               
                 C766 (Claritea Prov) 
                 Dark circle/complexion lightening active 
               
               
                 S586 (Salicylic Acid) 
                 Denaturant 
               
               
                 P831 (Proteasyl TP POE LS 9818) 
                 Elasticity active 
               
               
                 B515 (Butylene Glycol) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 B586 (Cocoa Butter (Blanova)) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 C534 (Cetiol OE) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 C581 (Cetiol V) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 C608 (Organic Cupuacu Butter Refined 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 Grade) 
                   
               
               
                 C673 (Cocoa Butter) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 C760 (Cetiol C5) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 C918 (Cetiol AB) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 D585 (Dragoxat 89) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 D783 (DC245) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 G523 (Glucamate LT) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 G549 (Glucamate SSE20) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 G550 (Glucate SS) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 H568 (Heliogel) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 H592-HM (Hexyl Laurate) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 H593 (Hydrogenated Polyisobutene) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 HEO502 (Aloe Vera Oil Extract CG) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 I512 (Isopropyl Palmitate) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 I513 (Isopropyl Myristate) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 I564 (Isopropyl Myristate) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 I569 (Isononyl Isononanoate (Dubb ININ)) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 I570 (Isopropyl Isostearate) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 L548 (Lipovol MOS-70) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 L595 (Linosa PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 L642 (Lipex Shea) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 L645 (Lipex Sheasoft) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 M726 (Mikrokil Cos (12002)) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL503 (Almond Oil (Sweet) - Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL506 (Jojoba Oil Light) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL511 (Grapeseed Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL512 (Avocado Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL520 (Peach Kernel Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL522 (Soybean Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL533 (Blackcurrant Seed Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL536 (Olive Oil - Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL541-AN (Castor Oil, Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL568 (Organic Jojoba Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL572 (Organic Coconut Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL574-AN (Hemp Oil, Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL590 (Organic Grapeseed Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL593 (Calendula Oil 1210) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL599 (Organic Shea Butter) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL606 (Organic Sweet Almond Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL613 (Organic Evening Primrose Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL614 (Organic Wheatgerm Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL619 (Camelina Oil Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL621 (Organic Almond Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL633 (Coconut Oil - Fractionated 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 (liquid)) 
                   
               
               
                 OIL638 (Rapeseed Oil Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL655 (Coconut Oil RD) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL658 (Herbal Extract Aloe Vera Oily) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL659 (Sunflower Oil Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL661 (Jojoba Oil, Golden) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL669 (Mineral Oil BO) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL676 (Tea Tree Oil Organic) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL678 (Olive Oil, Organic) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL686 (Avocado Oil Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL706 (Organic Castor Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL722 (Macadamia Oil Organic) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL729-NK (Tamanu Oil, stabilised) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL734-CC (Corn Oil Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL751 (Hazlenut Oil, Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL756 (Rosehip Oil, Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL809 (Organic Safflower Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL830 (Soyabean Oil Refined) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL831 (Lady&#39;s Thistle Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL841 (Meadowfoam Seet Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL853 (Avocado Oil, Crude) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL867-AN (Babobab Oil Organic) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL870 (Calendula Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 OIL907 (Organic Deodorised Argan Oil) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 S1014 (Silicone CM56 (DC345)) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 S1050 (Saboderm ISN) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 S510 (Stearyl Alcohol) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 S523 (Silicone DC 200 Fluid 350 CST (see 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 B665)) 
                   
               
               
                 S574 (Silicone DC 200/100) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 S575 (Silicone DC 1501) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 S614 (Silicone DC 245) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 V588-AN (Viatenza Shea PO6) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 W516 (Wickenol 156 (replaces L503)) 
                 Emolient 
               
               
                 T527 (Tegosoft LSE 65K Soft) 
                 Emolient/foam enhancer/viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 A504 (Amphisol K) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 A633-AN (Axol C 62 Pellets) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 C736 (Span 60-PA-(SG) (previoulsy Crill 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 3 - sorbitan stearate)) 
                   
               
               
                 C750-CC (Crovol A70 UK) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 C813 (Crodafos CES) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 C815 (Ceteareth 25) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 C933-CC (Cetyl Palmitate 95%) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 D609 (Dermofeel SL) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 E529 (Euperlan PK 1200) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 E633 (Edenor C12 98-100 MY) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 K570 (Kemest GDS) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 K571 (Kemionic SLES 228) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 L536 (Lexemul 561) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 L583 (Lexemul T) same as G621) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 L601 (Linosa SLES 70) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 M519 (Montanov 68) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 M550 (Montanov 202) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 M564 (Montanov S) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 P559 (Procol CS-20D) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 P680 (Procol CS 20 (Ceteareth-20)) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 P869-MB (Palmitic Acid) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 S748 (Surfac JH 200) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 S840 (Surfhope SE Cosme C-1616) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 T609 (Tegosoft PC41) 
                 Emulsifier 
               
               
                 S677 (Surfac UN90) 
                 Emulsifier/degreasing agent 
               
               
                 H554-SD (Hydramol TGL Ester) 
                 Emulsifier/skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S976 (Sveltine LDRM 961S) 
                 Emulsifier/skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S718 (Sorbitan Mono Stearate) 
                 Emulsifier/surfactant 
               
               
                 C810 (Surface CS (Cetearyl Alcohol)) 
                 Emulsioin stabiliser 
               
               
                 B648 (Organic Beeswax) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 B661 (Beeswax, white granules (8104)) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 C674 (Cetyl Alcohol) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 E566 (Emulium Kappa) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 M606 (Montanov L) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 S1003 (Stearic Acid) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 S505 (Stearic Acid 1810) 
                 Emulsion stabiliser 
               
               
                 HEW602 (NAB Willow Bark Extract) 
                 Exfoliating BHA 
               
               
                 E530 (Peeling Enzymatique) 
                 Exfoliator 
               
               
                 F561 (Florabeads 28/60 Arizona Sky) 
                 Exfoliator 
               
               
                 P521 (Pumice Powder Coarse (50 mesh)) 
                 Exfoliator 
               
               
                 T614 (Tabishirex) 
                 Exfoliator 
               
               
                 A607 (Antileukine 6) 
                 Extract with UV protection 
               
               
                 HEW672 (NAB Arnica Extract) 
                 Eye active (inflammation/puffiness) 
               
               
                 L606 (Liponate ISA) 
                 Fatty acid 
               
               
                 L565 (Luviset Clear) 
                 Film former 
               
               
                 L727 (Luviskol K30) 
                 Film former 
               
               
                 P657 (Pepha-Tight) 
                 Film former 
               
               
                 D683 (Daitosol 5500GM K-5136) 
                 Film former 
               
               
                 C759 (Covacryl SP) 
                 Film former/conditioning agent 
               
               
                 C762-SD (Copolymer 845 G) 
                 Film former/conditioning agent 
               
               
                 E531 (Egg White Powder P11) 
                 Film former/conditioning agent 
               
               
                 L713 (Luviquat UltraCare) 
                 Film former/hair fixative 
               
               
                 M663 (Mirustyle XHP) 
                 Film former/hair fixative 
               
               
                 B643 (Biopeptide EL) 
                 Firming active 
               
               
                 T682-CC (Tensine) 
                 Firming active 
               
               
                 T685-CC (Tensine 2) 
                 Firming active 
               
               
                 HEW671 (Extract NAB Mushroom) 
                 Firmness and anti wrinkle active 
               
               
                 S696 (Sodium Bicarbonate) 
                 Fizzing agent 
               
               
                 A640 (GLB60 (Antil HS 60) 
                 Foam booster/viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 D625 (DC949 Cationic Emulsion) 
                 Hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 M644 (Mirustyle MFP PE) 
                 Hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S979-SD (Styleze CC10) 
                 Hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 T666 (Tinocare SiA1) 
                 Hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 V603-AN (Varisoft 432 CG) 
                 Hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 V606-AN (Varisoft BTMS Flake) 
                 Hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 K558 (Keratec IFP PE) 
                 Hair/skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 G537 (Glycerin (Surfac G995V)) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 G540 (Organic Glycerine) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 G628 (Organic Glycerin) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 HEW585 (Extrait Ginseng HG) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 HEW677 (Extract NAB Siberian Ginseng) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 L549 (Lubragel Oil) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 L556 (Lactofill Sensitive) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 L622-CC (Lubrajel PF) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 L717 (Lubrajel Oil Free) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 P501 (Propylene Glycol) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 P553 (D-Panthenol 751 (liquid)) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 P668 (Protachem GL26 (same as L616)) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 S521 (Squalane - Olive Derived (was 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 D527)) 
                   
               
               
                 S522 (Sodium Hyaluronate 1% Solution 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 (Liquid)) 
                   
               
               
                 S545 (Sorbitol Syrup 70% (Sorbidex NC 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 16205)) 
                   
               
               
                 S771 (Sodium Hyaluronate Salt (Powder)) 
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 W503 (Waglinol 6014 (IPM)) 
                 Imolient 
               
               
                 S676 (Solaveil CT-100 Clarus) 
                 Inorganic sunscreen 
               
               
                 Z502 (Zinc Oxide CM3K 50 XZA) 
                 Inorganic sunscreen 
               
               
                 S789 (Suberlift) 
                 Lift active 
               
               
                 N600-CC (Nano LPDs Arbutin PF) 
                 Lightening active 
               
               
                 S952 (Surfac HT10) 
                 Low foam surfactant 
               
               
                 B610 (Bamboo Exfoliator 500) 
                 Micro exfoliator 
               
               
                 D545 (Diamond Powder SY-FS 60/70) 
                 Micro exfoliator 
               
               
                 P601 (Pearl Powder 125) 
                 Micro exfoliator 
               
               
                 R557 (Rice Exfoliator 500) 
                 Micro exfoliator 
               
               
                 I561 (Isocell MAP) 
                 Microencapsulated antioxidant 
               
               
                 U532-CC (UV Titan M 262) 
                 Mineral/inorganic sunscreen 
               
               
                 N598-CC (Norgel) 
                 Moisturiser 
               
               
                 H594-CC (Hydrosoy 2000 PE) 
                 Moisturising 
               
               
                 L547 (Lamesoft PO65) 
                 Moisturising 
               
               
                 V534-CC (Viamerine 4000) 
                 Moisturising 
               
               
                 T557 (Tagravit F1) 
                 Moisturising/anti-ageing 
               
               
                 K562 (Kahl Berry Wax 6290) 
                 Natural wax, texturiser 
               
               
                 A562 (Acusol OP 301) 
                 Opacifier 
               
               
                 M727 (Myristic Acid PC) 
                 Opacifier 
               
               
                 T687 (Tego Pearl N300) 
                 Pearliser 
               
               
                 C510 (Citric Acid Monohydrate) 
                 pH adjuster 
               
               
                 P886 (Potassium Hydroxide) 
                 pH adjuster 
               
               
                 S517 (Sodium Hydroxide) 
                 pH adjuster 
               
               
                 S960 (Sodium Hydroxide 45% solution) 
                 pH adjuster 
               
               
                 T501 (Triethanolamine 99% (T.E.A)) 
                 pH adjuster 
               
               
                 C536 (Calcium Carbonate) 
                 pH buffer 
               
               
                 T691 (Tris Amino Ultra PC) 
                 pH buffer 
               
               
                 G569 (Gelinnov) 
                 Polymer 
               
               
                 L715 (Luvigel EM) 
                 Polymer/skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 D589 (Dermosoft Octiol) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 G609 (Geogard 221) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 P590 (Potassium Sorbate Granules 105119) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR502 (Nipagin M) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR504 (Kathon CG) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR505 (Nipasol M) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR506 (Nipastat) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR508 (Phenonip) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR510 (Phenoxetol (Phenoxyethanol) use 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR572) 
                   
               
               
                 PR515 (Germaben II) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR518 (Euxyl K100) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR526 (Euxyl K702) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR533-CC (Paratexin CPS 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 (Chlorphenesin)) 
                   
               
               
                 PR546 (Germall 115 USP (Powder)) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR547 (Euxyl PE 9010) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR548 (Grapefruit Seed Extract G2) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR561 (Optiphen) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR563 (Benzyl Alcohol) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR568 (Sodium Benzoate) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR572 (Saliethanol (phenoxyethanol)) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR580 (Geogard Ultra) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR585 (Sorbic Acid) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR588-LM (Euxyl K712) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR593 (Euxyl K701) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR595 (Elestab CPN) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 PR607 (BlagGuard GPL (same as PR537)) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 S963-CC (Symdiol 68T (177441)) 
                 Preservative booster/antioxidant 
               
               
                 S950 (Sensiva SC 10) 
                 Preservative/emolient 
               
               
                 HEW675 (Actiphyte of White Tea GL) 
                 Protective 
               
               
                 I546 (Protanal FM 6130 (Isagel FM 
                 Setting agent 
               
               
                 Alginate)) 
                   
               
               
                 A774 (Avenacare ECO Oat Beta Glucan) 
                 Skin and hair rejuvenation 
               
               
                 HEW963 (Oligophycocorail SPE) 
                 Skin balancing 
               
               
                 A734 (Aloe Vera Gel Base) 
                 Skin calming 
               
               
                 HEW885 (Horsetail Extract (1552)) 
                 Skin conditioning 
               
               
                 HEW896 (Camomile ECO) 
                 Skin Conditioning 
               
               
                 A502 (Allantoin 98.9%) 
                 Skin Conditioning Agent 
               
               
                 A676-AN (Aquarich) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 A732-CC (AC Oak Kernel Protein Powder) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 B503 (Bernel Ester TCC) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 C577 (Cosmocair C100) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 C698 (Cytobiol Lumin Eye) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 C949-CC (Cetiol S) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 C954 (Cegesoft C24 (same as T526)) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 D564 (DC556) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 D654-AN (Dermofeel P-30) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 F509 (Fucogel 1000PP) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 F541 (Fucogel 1.5P) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 G563 (Gatuline Age Defence 2) 
                 Skin Conditioning agent 
               
               
                 G589-AN (Gluadin Wlm Benz) 
                 Skin Conditioning agent 
               
               
                 G605 (Gatuline Skin Repair Bio) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 G631 (Gatuline RP) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 I560 (Isododecane (CSI Code 5108)) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 K567-AN (Kapilarine) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 M543 (Mango Butter Refined) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 M625 (Myritol 312) 
                 Skin Conditioning agent 
               
               
                 P556 (Peg 8) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 P658 (Pentavitin) 
                 Skin Conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S804 (Shea Butter, Refined) 
                 Skin Conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S825-CC (DC2501 Cosmetic Wax) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S982-AN (Sunflohair) 
                 Skin Conditioning agent 
               
               
                 U502 (Urea) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 V509 (Vitamin F Glycerinester O/S) 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 V546 (Vitamin A (Water Miscible) Type 
                 Skin conditioning agent 
               
               
                 100) 
                   
               
               
                 A629-CC (AC Zaatt) 
                 Skin conditioning and lightening agent 
               
               
                 A653 (Achromaxyl IS) 
                 Skin lightening agent 
               
               
                 B677 (Belides ORG) 
                 Skin lightening agent 
               
               
                 P779 (Phytexcell Mulberry) 
                 Skin lightening extract 
               
               
                 D647 (Dismutin J PF) 
                 Skin protecting antioxidant 
               
               
                 S1010 (Schercemol 1688 Ester) 
                 Skin/hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 T709 (Triethylhexanoin) 
                 Skin/hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 P839 (Peptan SR Marine) 
                 Skin/hair conditioning gent 
               
               
                 D523-LL (Solubiliser 660352) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 N608 (Natragem S140NP) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 P519 (Polysorbate 60 (Protasorb S-20 NF)) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 P587 (Protasorb O-20) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 P622-HM (Procol OA-20) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 P646 (Protachem HCO 40) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 P880 (PEG-20 Glyceryl Laurate (Tagat 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 L2)) 
                   
               
               
                 S535 (Surfacare T20) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 S564 (Solubilisant LRI) 
                 Solubiliser 
               
               
                 C951 (Crillet 3 (Tween 60-SS)) 
                 Solubiliser/emulsifier 
               
               
                 C719-CC (Cibafast H Liquid) 
                 Solvent 
               
               
                 E504 (Ethanol DEB 100) 
                 Solvent 
               
               
                 T619 (Transcutol CG) 
                 Solvent 
               
               
                 HEW980-CC (Cosflor Cucumber HGL-1 
                 Soothing 
               
               
                 (PS)) 
                   
               
               
                 P823-HM (Phytexcell Centaury) 
                 Soothing/astringent extract 
               
               
                 A604 (Aquacacteen) 
                 Soothing/calming/firming extract 
               
               
                 HEW673 (Authenticals of Cucumber) 
                 Soothing/calming/firming extract 
               
               
                 S823 (Syntran PC5227CG) 
                 SPF booster 
               
               
                 HEW625 (Actiphyte of Paraguay Tea 
                 SPF booster/irritancy reducer of AHA&#39;s 
               
               
                 Conc.) 
                   
               
               
                 M735 (MALTODEXTRIN (replaces D529)) 
                 Stabiliser 
               
               
                 O564-LL (Oxynex ST Liquid) 
                 Sunscreen stabiliser 
               
               
                 A542 (Steol CA-330-E (AES 136)) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 C777-CC (Crodasinic LS 30) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 D566 (Dehyton K (Sabosol PB)) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 H523 (Hostapon SCI 85 G (Granular)) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 H540 (Hostapon CT TEIG) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 K569 (Kemthox FA S 21 (P776)) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 O523 (Oramix CG 110 (Sue Stowell)) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 O532 (Oramix NS 10) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 P527 (Plantacare 2000 UP (Kemgluco 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 CEHL)) 
                   
               
               
                 P534-AN (Plantacare 818) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 P538 (Kemgluc CLM Plantacare 1200 UP) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 P879 (Procetyl AWS) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 S1047 (Steol CS-330) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 S547-LM (Surfac GMS NSE40) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 S710 (Stepanol AM 30) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 T512 (Tegobetaine F50) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 V599 (Varisoft 300) 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 S766 (Steol BES70 D5) 
                 Surfactant/emulsifier 
               
               
                 S777 (Sucragel CF) 
                 Surfactant/emulsifier 
               
               
                 V511 (Varisoft BT85 (Pellets)) 
                 Surfactant/hair conditioning agent 
               
               
                 S795 (Surfacare DHA) 
                 Tanning agent 
               
               
                 E576-HM (Erythrulose) 
                 Tanning enhancer 
               
               
                 C920 (Covabead PMMA) 
                 Texturising effect 
               
               
                 B673 (BRG SG 116 (DC 9040) 
                 Texturising Silicone 
               
               
                 C503 (Carbopol Ultrez 10) 
                 Thickener 
               
               
                 X507 (Xperse 201) 
                 UV broad spectrum protection 
               
               
                 S699 (Sunspheres Powder) 
                 UV protection 
               
               
                 T683 (Tinosorb M) 
                 UVA absorber 
               
               
                 UV504 (Uvinul MS40 (Benzophenone-4)) 
                 UVA absorber 
               
               
                 UV505 (Parsol 1789) 
                 UVA absorber 
               
               
                 UV514 (Uvinul A Plus Granular) 
                 UVA absorber 
               
               
                 Z505 (Z-Cote HP1) 
                 UVA and UVB protection 
               
               
                 UV510 (Eusolex 4360 (Benzophenone-3)) 
                 UVA/B absorber 
               
               
                 E571 (Eusolex t-2000) 
                 UVB absorber 
               
               
                 UV502 (Parsol MCX) 
                 UVB absorber 
               
               
                 UV525-CC (Escalol 587) 
                 UVB absorber 
               
               
                 C955 (Carbopol 980) 
                 Viscosity control 
               
               
                 L721 (Lexfilm Sun) 
                 Viscosity control 
               
               
                 M565 (Mackol CAS 100N) 
                 Viscosity control 
               
               
                 V527-CC (Viscarin GP209NF) 
                 Viscosity control 
               
               
                 A539 (Aculyn 28) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 A601 (Amigel) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 C584 (Carbopol Ultrez 21) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 C594 (Carbopol Ultrez 20) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 H555-HM (Wacker HDK H20) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 K502 (Keltrol F) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 K531 (Keltrol CG TE) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 K532 (Keltrol CG-RD) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 K537 (Keltrol CG SFT) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 L651 (Lanette D) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 M528 (Methocel J75 MS) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 N509 (Natrosol 250 HHR) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 N533 (Natrosol Plus CS Grade 330) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 P530 (Pemulen TR 2) 
                 Viscosity Modifier 
               
               
                 S589 (Structure XL) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 S723 (Simulgel NS) 
                 Viscosity modifier 
               
               
                 A554-HM (Antil 171) 
                 Viscosity modifier for surfactants 
               
               
                 S544 (Sepigel 305 × 4) 
                 Viscosity modifier/emulsifier 
               
               
                 A766 (Avicel PC-611) 
                 Viscosity modifiers 
               
               
                 S1036 (Sylvaclear A200V) 
                 Waterproofing 
               
               
                 S501 (Sodium Chloride (salt)) 
                   
               
               
                 C905 (Organic Cocoa Butter) 
                   
               
               
                 Collagen Ingredients 
                   
               
               
                 Marine Hydrolysed Collagen LMW 
                 Hydrolysed Collagen (Marine) 
               
               
                 Collagen 1% 
                 Soluble collagen (porcine) 
               
               
                 Collagen Hydrolysate Cosmetic N-SS 
                 Hydrolysed Collagen 
               
               
                 Solu-Coll Native 
                 Soluble Collagen (Cattle) 
               
               
                 Solu-Coll M 
                 Soluble Collagen (Marine) 
               
               
                 Solu-Mar Native 
                 Soluble Collagen (Marine) 
               
               
                 Dermosot 1388 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Retinol (tretinoin) 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Saponin 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Q Enzyme 10 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Glycerrhinitic Acid 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Fragrances 
                   
               
               
                 FRAG1065 (Fresh Style PN994475) 
                   
               
               
                 FRAG1104 (Celebrity Chic UKB06022) 
                   
               
               
                 EO806 (Organic Tea Tree Oil) 
                   
               
               
                 EO807 (Organic Lavender Oil) 
                   
               
               
                 EO898 (Orange Sweet Essential Oil 
                   
               
               
                 UN1169) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Caprilyc capric triglyceride, Stearic acid, Glyceryl Strearate, Cetearyl Alcohol, Q10, 
               
               
                 sodium Lauroyl, Glutamate, Retinol Palmitate, Cetearyl Alcohol, Shea butter, 
               
               
                 Isolanolin, Sorbitan stearate, lactate, urea, Hyluronic Acid, Saponins, D-Panthenol, 
               
               
                 Glycerin, Sodium Anisate, sodium levulinate, Glyceril Caprilate, EDTA, CaprylyL 
               
               
                 Glycol, Potassium Sorbate, Caprylic acid combo, Cetyl palmitate, Stearic acid, 
               
               
                 Cetearyl alcohol, Sodium lauroyl glutamate, Caprilyc capric triglyceride, Sorbitol, 
               
               
                 Glyceryl stearate, Demin sterile water, Disodium EDTA 0.1%, Hyluronic acid, 
               
               
                 Retinol (tretinoin) 0.5%, Saponin, Q enzyme10, Glycerrhinitic acid, Collagen, lacto 
               
               
                 ceramide, L-Cartinine, Lactic acid, Glycolic acid, Sorbitan stearate, Sorbitol, Lactate, 
               
               
                 Decandenol, Licorice extract, Green tea Extract, Arnica, calcium chloride, gluconate, 
               
               
                 Thrombin, Demineralised sterile water, Vitamin A, PEG-40 sterarate, Ascorbyl 
               
               
                 palmitate, Glycine Argenine HCL, Sodium hyluronate, Lauroyl Lysine 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 - Bladderwrack extract (seaweed): Derived from the dried thallus 
               
               
                 (bulbous root) of Fucus vesiculosus, a type of seaweed. 
               
               
                 2 - Horsetail extract: Equisetum arvense, commonly known as horsetail, 
               
               
                 mare&#39;s tail, shave grass, or bottle brush, is a plant that grows 
               
               
                 throughout central Europe. 
               
               
                 3 - Hydrocotyl extract: Hydrocotyl asiatica, commonly known as gotu 
               
               
                 kola or Indian pennywort. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The composition may comprise one or more natural ingredients listed in table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 EDTA 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerin 
               
               
                   
                 Xanthan Gum 
               
               
                   
                 Avenacare Beta Glucan - Beta Glucan, Water, Maltodextrin 
               
               
                   
                 Collasurge - Aqua, Collagen Amino Acids, Potassium Sorbate, 
               
               
                   
                 Ethylhexyl Glycerin, Phenoxyethanol 
               
               
                   
                 Crotein M - Hydrolysed Collagen 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Hydroxide 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Preservatives: 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dermosoft 1388 - Water, Levulinic Acid, Parfum, p-Anisic Acid, 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Hydroxide, Glycerin 
               
               
                   
                 Gerogard 221 - Benzyl alcohol, Water, Dehydroacetic Acid 
               
               
                   
                 Dermosoft GMCY - Glyceryl Caprylate 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium sorbate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 1  shows a side view of an embodiment of a container according to the present invention. The container  10  may be made of any suitable material, for example rigid or flexible plastics. 
     Alternatively, one of the chambers,  11  may be arranged to be filled with an activator  12   a  according to the present invention. One of the chambers  13  may be filled with a cosmetically acceptable carrier  19  and may be arranged with an opening, valve or port  18  arranged to allow platelet rich plasma (PRP) to be introduced into the chamber so that it mixes with the cosmetically acceptable carrier. The opening, valve or port may be arranged to be re-sealable after introduction of the PRP, for example by being equipped with a lock or cap or being a rubber seal that can be injected through. 
     The container may further comprise a mixing chamber  14  in communication with each of the chambers  11  and  13  so arranged that contents of each of the chambers can enter the mixing chamber in a required ratio. A valve, seal, cap or lock may close an exit from the mixing chamber  17  which allows the contents of the mixing chamber to exit the container when required. The container may be activated, for example by squeezing the container or by a mechanism that urges the contents of the two chambers  11  and  13  into the mixing chamber  14  in a required ratio and the mixed contents out of the container via an exit  17 . The container may be activated on multiple occasions, each activation causing a suitable portion of the contents of each of the chambers to be mixed together and to exit the container. 
       FIG. 2 a    shows a view of an embodiment of an embodiment of the container of the present invention. The container comprises a chamber  20  suitable for containing PRP, the container  20  may be sterile. The container comprises a multiplicity of chambers  21  comprising a cosmetically acceptable carrier  22 . The cosmetically acceptable carrier may comprise an activator. The chambers comprising cosmetically acceptable carrier can be opened and a suitable amount of PRP can be added to the cosmetically acceptable carrier and mixed before applying the composition to the skin. 
       FIG. 2 b    shows a side view of a chamber suitable for containing PRP. The chamber  23  has a top lid  24  and a bottom lid  25 .  FIG. 2 c    shows the chamber  23  with the top lid removed to show that the chamber is equipped with a dropper  26  to allow drops of PRP to be shaken out of the chamber.  FIG. 2 d    shows a view of the chamber  23  upside down with the top lid  24  in place. The bottom lid has been removed. PRP in a syringe  27  with a needle,  28  is injected through a rubber seal  29  that allows PRP to be transferred into the chamber under sterile conditions. 
     Tests on Human Volunteers 
     Platelet Rich Plasma is to be used topically, in combination with a Serum containing Collagen. The Collagen in the serum, when in contact with the PRP, induces platelet activation and release growth factors from the activated platelets. 
     A serum containing collagen has been prepared with the following formulation: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAS Number 
                 INCI 
                 Function/Description 
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 7732-18-5 
                 Aqua (Water) 
                 Solvent 
                 94.5895 
               
               
                 56-81-5 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant &amp; Moisturiser 
                 2.0015 
               
               
                 73049-73-7 
                 Hydrolyzed Collagen 
                 Skin Conditioning Agent 
                 1.0600 
               
               
                 26402-26-6 
                 Glyceryl Caprylate 
                 Emollient, Emulsifier, Emulsifier: HLB 06- 
                 1.0000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10.9 
                   
               
               
                 11138-66-2 
                 Xanthan Gum 
                 Emulsion Stabiliser, Skin Conditioning 
                 0.9000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Agent, Surfactant, Viscosity Control 
                   
               
               
                 110-44-1 
                 Sorbic Acid 
                 Antimicrobial 
                 0.3000 
               
               
                 139-33-3 
                 Disodium EDTA 
                 Chelating Agent 
                 0.1000 
               
               
                 9050-36-6 
                 Maltodextrin 
                 Absorbant &amp;/or Abrasive Powder, 
                 0.0200 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Emulsion Stabiliser, Film Former &amp;/or 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hair Fixative 
                   
               
               
                 532-32-1 
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 Antimicrobial 
                 0.0100 
               
               
                   
                 Oat Beta Glucan 
                 Skin Conditioning 
                 0.0100 
               
               
                 24634-61-5 590-00-1 
                 Potassium Sorbate 
                 Antimicrobial, Vitamin and vitamin 
                 0.0060 
               
               
                   
                   
                 derivatives 
                   
               
               
                 123-76-2 
                 Levulinic Acid 
                 Skin conditioning 
                 0.0015 
               
               
                 19856-23-6 
                 Sodium Levulinate 
                 Skin conditioning 
                 0.0015 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 100.0000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Product Specification 
     The Collagen Serum is a pale yellow, thin liquid with a hazy appearance. 
     The pH of the Collagen Serum is pH 5.20-5.50 and the Viscosity is 4000-7000 cps using Spindle 4@5. 
     Product Stability and Preservation 
     The Collagen Serum remains suitably stable for the duration of a stability test, with a recommended shelf life determined to be 12 months from the date of opening. 
     The Collagen Serum has passed a full challenge test carried out to the European Pharmacopoeia standards. 
     Clinical Tests 
     9 subjects were recruited who wanted to improve the appearance of areas of their skin. These patients were divided into three groups. 
     Group 1 
     Blood was taken from each group 1 subject and centrifuged to separate plasma from other blood components such as red blood cells and white blood cells. Only the richest part of plasma called PRP or F2 fraction was collected as this is the fraction that is richest in platelets. The poorer fraction: PPP or F1 was not used in the serum. 
     PRP was injected into the skin using a series of intradermal injections across the treated area. The remaining PRP was stored. Each day for the following eight days a sample of PRP was mixed with equal volume of serum containing collagen and the mixture was applied to the treated area. On day eight further blood was taken and fresh PRP F2 was collected so that the topical treatment was continued for another 8 days after the day of injection treatment. 
     Group 2 
     Blood was taken from each group 2 subject and centrifuged to separate plasma from other blood components such as red blood cells and white blood cells. Only the richest part of the plasma, PRP fraction or F2 was separated and collected from the rest of the plasma as this is the fraction that is richest in platelets. 
     The PRP was stored. Each day for the following eight days a sample of PRP was mixed with equal volume of serum containing collagen and the mixture was applied to the treated area on one side of the subject&#39;s face. On day 8 and 16 further blood was taken and fresh PRP (or F2) was collected so that the topical treatment was continued for a total of 24 days after the start of treatment treatment. No PRP injections were given to this group, only topical treatment with PRP mixed with collagen serum. 
     Group 3 
     The subjects in group 2 applied the collagen serum twice a day for 24 days without any injections or any PRP mixed with the serum. 
     Results 
     The appearance of the skin on the treated area before and after the treatment for each subject is shown in  FIG. 4 . Pictures of the treated areas of patients 1, 2 and 3 from group 1 and patients 1, 2 and 3 from group 2 show a comparison of the skin before the treatment and after the treatment. Group 1 had PRP injections in the treated area followed by using serum mixed with PRP each day for 16 days. Group 2—only used serum mixed with PRP each day for 24 days on one side of their face so we could compare the difference with the other side of their face Group 3—used the collagen serum only (without adding PRP to it). 
     After using the PRP Injections for as anti aging treatment we know that PRP activates tissue regeneration and improves the tone and skin elasticity. 
     By:
     stimulating the natural production of Hyaluronic Acid by our own cells
       promoting the increased secretion of Collagen and Elastin which generates a greater consistency, firmness and reduced sagging in the skin   it improves the skin hydration   
       softens lines and wrinkles
       it increases the luminosity and gives the skin a higher luster.   
       

     The only problem with the injections is the post operative swelling, bruising caused by many injections all over the sensitive areas like face and neck, soreness and the fact that the effect doesn&#39;t last very long which is why the present invention will dramatically improve the effect of the PRP, here dude the recovery time from the post operative problems and maintain the results for much longer. The only problem with the injections is the post operative swelling, bruising caused by many injections all over the sensitive areas like face and neck, soreness and the fact that the effect doesn&#39;t last very long. The advantage of the present invention is that mixing PRP with serum and using it post PRP injections dramatically improves and prolongs the effect of the PRP and also allows the active factors to penetrate into the skin without the need for injection. The PRP with serum can be used as a course of treatment where a portion of PRP is mixed with a portion of serum each day to activate fresh platelets every day and the activated platelets are applied to the skin. This treatment can be carried out alone or after a course of treatment of PRP injection to prolong and enhance the effects of the PRP by injection treatment and also to help reduce the amount of bruising, swelling and soreness caused by the PRP by injection treatment. 
     Feed Back from the Clients in Group 1, 2 and 3 
     Group 1 
     Client 1: was a 47 years old lady who had PRP injections both in the face and hands followed by using our plasma serum for 8 days. Before the treatment she suffered from red patchy areas on her cheeks and the side of her nose as you can see in the first picture below on the left. Immediately after the PRP injections her face was slightly swollen and inflamed because of the injections. It also felt very sore. I made her the plasma serum that day and she started using it immediately and carried on for 8 days. 
     After 8 days the red patchy areas were all gone. The dark circles under the eyes improved. She reported that her skin felt softer, plumper and more hydrated and she had a healthy “Glow”. She no longer needed to use any foundation on her skin. 
     The same client had her hands treated by PRP injections followed by 8 days using the plasma serum 
     Hands Before: 
     Skin was very dry. Red patchy areas and deep lines around the wrist. Even using hand creams several times daily was not enough to keep the skin moisturized and soft. As a result skin looked old and wrinkly 
     Hands after Treatment 
     The skin was much softer, tighter and more hydrated. The redness had faded dramatically on the wrist and the deep lines had softened. 
     The soreness and bruising after the PRP injections healed very quickly, much quicker than it would normally 
     The skin on the hands felt soft and was glowing. It was softer, more hydrated, lines and patchy red areas had faded dramatically 
     Client 2: This was a 67 years old lady with deep frown lines and lots of smaller lines around the eyes, on the cheeks and the chin. She had deep dark circles below the eyes and patchy red/brown areas all over her face. To this lady sagging was the biggest problem and previous filler treatments on her face weren&#39;t giving her the result she desired. 
     She was treated with just PRP injections 9 months ago. She took about 5 days to recover from post-operative swelling and bruising. After that skin felt great but it didn&#39;t last very long. 
     This time I treated her with PRP injections first followed by using my Plasma serum for 8 days. 
     Not only she recovered from post-operative swelling, soreness and bruising within 24 hours, her skin continued to feel softer, plumper, and brighter and had a very healthy glow. The biggest improvement with this lady was the tightening of the skin. She described it as ‘A gentle face lift’ 
     The little lines on the cheeks and chin softened dramatically. The deep frown lines also softened. The areas under her eyes looked brighter and healthier and her skin had a more even and brighter tone. 
     Client 3 This was a 32 years old man with a very deep Nasio Labial fold (laughter line) which made him look older than his age. The skin inside the fold was also very dry and made shaving very hard for him. 
     This subject was treated with one session of deep PRP injections followed by using the Plasma serum for 8 days. The fold didn&#39;t completely disappear but improved a lot, it now looks more like a fine line. The skin also felt softer, tighter and more hydrated. 
     Group 2: 
     The clients in this group reported very similar feedback: The treated side of the face felt much tighter, more hydrated, plumper and smoother than the untreated side throughout the whole 24 days despite being out in the sun and wind. 
     The dark circle around the eyes looked much lighter. 
     They all reported a new healthy “Glow” 
     As a result of this rehydration the lines around the eyes looked much softer. 
     Those who had very dry and patchy skin and after using the serum for 24 days reported softer, plumper, tighter and more even tone on the skin on the treated side while the untreated side remained the same. 
     GROUP 3: This Group Reported No Significant or Visible Improvements Other than the skin felt a little more moisturized whenever they applied the collagen serum on but the effect didn&#39;t last more than 2-3 hours. 
     Kit 
     The kit may contain: 
     Eight plastic capsules containing the collagen serum (cosmetically acceptable carrier comprising collagen activator) for 8 days use or a suitable number of plastic capsules, one for each day or one for each application of the PRP. The amount of collagen serum in each capsule may be enough for one application. The collagen serum will be mixed with the same volume of PRP, mixed between finger tips and applied on the face, neck, chest and/or hands. 
     A container for holding the PRP made of a suitable material, for example Steriline polypropylene which according to the test described in this application has proven to be the best material for storage of PRP (also called F2 which is the richer part of plasma). 
     The PRP container may be designed to reduce the amount of air that flows into the bottle so that there is some oxygen inside but not a constant flow of oxygen. The container may be arranged to dispense the PRP in a dropwise manner so that the user can dispense a suitable number of drops of PRP to be mixed with the cosmetically acceptable carrier for each application. 
     3— A small battery driven vibrating table is also included now so that the client can keep the PRP agitated for the 8 days. Although our test showed great results even with the PRP group that was only shaken a few times/day we know that the best results are always achieved if the PRP is agitated constantly which is why a little vibrating table is in the kit. 
     Platelet Storage Conditions 
     Whilst PRP is generally preferred to recombinant growth factors in promotion of wound healing there is a paucity of data on stability of PRP preparations in this clinical setting. Being anucleate, platelets have a short in vivo lifespan of 8-10 days, and platelet donations taken into citrate-based anticoagulants stored at 22° C.±2° C. with continuous, gentle agitation are generally assigned a 5 day expiry. In our study we investigated serial (daily), collagen-induced PDGF-BB release from normal donor platelets stored at room temperature over 8 days under variable conditions. 
     Collection of Donor Platelets 
     A total of 125.0 mL of blood was taken from a haemostatically asymptomatic, clinically well adult male donor into 25 BD Vacutainer® tubes (Bunzl Healthcare, Enfield, UK), each containing 1.0 mL of Acid-Citrate-Dextrose solution B (ACD-B) as the anticoagulant. 
     The non-traumatic venepuncture was performed with minimal stasis using a 21 g-butterfly needle. The donor had not received any drugs known to affect platelet function in the preceding two weeks, or any foodstuffs known to affect platelet function in the preceding five days. 
     Blood for platelet diagnostics is normally taken into 0.105M tri-sodium citrate in a ratio of nine parts blood to one part anticoagulant. However, this is based on diagnostic assays being performed within four hours of venepuncture to assess function on freshly drawn platelets before natural deterioration adversely affects diagnostic accuracy. The choice of ACD-B as anticoagulant for this study was based on the work of Lei et al who demonstrated that ACD-B was superior to tri-sodium citrate in maintaining platelet structure integrity and preventing spontaneous aggregation. 
     Preparation of Platelet-Rich Plasma 
     The blood was allowed to cool for 15 minutes after the venepuncture to prevent formation of plasma clots. The tubes were then centrifuged at 22° C. in an IEC Centra CL3 centrifuge (Thermo Scientific, Basingstoke, UK) at 130 RCF (800 RPM) for 20 minutes to generate PRP. 
     After centrifugation, the PRP was pooled by transferring into two 30 mL Sterilin™ polypropylene universal containers (Thermo Scientific) using plastic transfer pipettes and avoiding the white blood cell-rich buffy coat layer. Use of polypropylene containers and plastic pipettes prevents platelet activation during sample manipulation. The contents of the two containers were multiply inter-mixed to achieve homogeneity. 
     The remaining whole blood was centrifuged at 2450 RCF (3500 RPM) for 10 minutes to obtain platelet poor plasma (PPP) for use as a blank in the collagen-induced platelet activation. The PPP was transferred into a separate universal container. 
     A blood count was performed on the PRP [12] using a Sysmex PocH 100i (Sysmex UK, Milton Keynes, UK) to check that: 
     The platelet count was between 150-600×109/L 
     The white blood cell count was &lt;0.5×109/L 
     The red blood cell count was &lt;0.5×1012/L 
     If the platelet count is too high, artefactual inhibition of in vitro aggregation can occur, and too many red blood cells will interfere with detection of aggregation. White blood cells can inhibit platelet aggregation so it is important that most of them are removed from PRP. 
     Collagen-Activated Platelet Aggregometry 
     Immediately after preparation, aliquots of the PRP were subjected to activation by Collagen Reagent HORM® (Takeda Austria, Linz, Austria), an equine tendon collagen suspension, in a PAP8 platelet aggregometer (Alpha Laboratories, Eastleigh, UK). The PAP8 employs light transmittance aggregometry, which is summarised in  FIG. 5 . 
     The platelets were activated with collagen at a final concentration in the PRP of 5 μg/mL, a standard concentration for diagnostic purposes that should instigate full aggregation in normal platelets. Separate aliquots were activated with collagen at a concentration of 10 μg/mL to ascertain whether doubling the dose might maximise aggregation, and thus, α-granule content release. Once aggregation was complete, the aliquots were centrifuged to pellet the platelet aggregates and the supernatant removed and frozen at −80° C. 
     Storage of Platelet-Rich Plasma 
     The remaining PRP was stored under different conditions in two types of container. Container 1 was a 70 mL Nunc™ non-treated flask (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Langenselbold, Germany), a sterile, non-activating polystyrene tissue culture flask, which is shown in  FIG. 6( a ) . Although the polystyrene body of the flask is not oxygen permeable, the filter cap permits a constant air flow. Container 2 was a 30 mL Sterilin™ polypropylene universal container (Thermo Scientific), which is sterile but not oxygen permeable, which is shown in  FIG. 6( b ) . 
     Each container type was used to store PRP in four different ways over an eight day period, as described below:
     (a) Kept agitated throughout an 8 day storage   (b) Gently shaken/inverted several times per day   (c) Kept stationary throughout   (d) Kept agitated throughout an 8 day storage+addition of PGE1   

     The 150 mL volume of donated blood plus anticoagulant yielded approximately 65 mL of PRP, which permitted storage of approximately 8.0 mL of PRP in each container. 
     It has long been recognised that gently agitating platelets during storage reduces activation and debris formation. It has been shown that an interruption of one day has negligible, measurable effect, but longer periods can result in significant, deleterious changes. For this reason, aliquots of PRP were stored constantly agitated, intermittently agitated/mixed or kept stationary to assess the impact of variable agitation. An additional constantly agitated storage condition was introduced to include addition of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), a natural platelet inhibitor that triggers an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels which counteracts platelet activation by reducing calcium flux. Addition of PGE1 to PRP reduces platelet activation during storage whilst permitting a response to most agonists during in vitro analysis. PGE1 was added to the PRP at a final concentration of 10 μg/mL, the standard concentration for diagnostic use. All PRP was stored at room temperature since cold storage activates platelets. 
     A Luckham R100 Rotatest Shaker ( FIG. 7 ) was used to agitate the containers requiring constant agitation. The platform was rotated on setting 5, a mid-point setting to approximately mimic that employed for platelets being stored for transfusion. The aliquots being mixed intermittently were shaken/inverted hourly during the laboratory core hours of 09.00-17.00 h for the first five days and left undisturbed for days six and seven as they were over a weekend. 
     Serial Collagen-Activated Platelet Aggregometry 
     At approximately the same time each day as when the freshly prepared PRP was analysed, aliquots of mixed PRP from each of the eight containers were separately activated in the PAP8 aggregometer with collagen at a final concentration in PRP of 10 μg/mL and the aggregation patterns recorded. Once aggregation was complete, the aliquots were centrifuged to pellet the platelet aggregates and the supernatants removed and frozen at −80° C. This was undertaken on days 2-5 and day 8. Platelet counts were also performed each day as an on-going assessment of PRP quality and platelet activation and spontaneous aggregation. Platelet counts were performed immediately prior to aggregometry. 
     Analysis of Supernatants for PDGF-BB 
     To assess storage and release of growth factors from stored platelets, measurement of PDGF-BB was chosen as a representative marker since it has been employed in similar studies for the same purpose, becaplermin is a recombinant version of PDGF-BB, and reagents for analysing PDGF-BB levels are commercially available. 
     PDGF-BB levels in the supernatants were quantified with Human PDGF-BB Platinum ELISA reagent kit (Affymetrix eBioscience, Hatfield, UK). The principle of measurement of PDGF-BB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is depicted in  FIG. 8 . 
     Prior to use in quantification of released PDGF-BB in the stored supernatants, the kit was evaluated for standard curve linearity and analytical precision. Whilst each step of the assay was performed manually, end-point detection, standard curve generation, test raw data and calculation of final results were all performed on a Dynex DS2™ ELISA analyser (Instrumentation Laboratory, Warrington, UK). 
     Cell Counting of PRP on the Day of Donation 
     The blood cell counts on the PRP immediately after harvesting, and prior to collagen-induced platelet aggregation, are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Cell counts 
               
               
                 on PRP Parameter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Results 
                 Units 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 White cell count 
                 0.0 
                 ×109/L 
               
               
                   
                 Red cell count 
                 0.00 
                 ×1012/L  
               
               
                   
                 Platelet count 
                 236 
                 ×109/L 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The aliquots activated with 5 μg/mL collagen achieved 93% and 85% aggregation (mean 89%). The aliquots activated with 10 μg/mL collagen achieved 91% and 84% aggregation (mean 88%). Although this revealed no increase in the activation/aggregation responses to a doubling of the standard collagen concentration, the 10 μg/mL collagen concentration was adopted for the serial testing to allow for ageing of the platelets during the course of the experiments. 
     Collagen-Induced Aggregation of Stored PRP: Day 2 
     Collagen-induced aggregometry was performed in duplicate on aliquots of PRP from each storage situation. The aggregation traces for PRP stored in the Nunc™ flasks are shown in  FIG. 10 , and the non-oxygen permeable universal containers in  FIG. 11 . Platelet count (Plt) prior to aggregometry and mean percentage final aggregation (MA) for each duplicate are given in the legends. 
     Collagen-Induced Aggregation of Stored PRP: Day 3 
     Collagen-induced aggregometry was performed in duplicate on aliquots of PRP from each storage situation. The aggregation traces for PRP stored in the Nunc™ flasks are shown in  FIG. 12 , and the non-oxygen permeable universal containers in  FIG. 13 . 
     Platelet count (Plt) prior to aggregometry and mean percentage final aggregation (MA) for each duplicate are given in the legends 
     Collagen-Induced Aggregation of Stored PRP: Day 4 
     Collagen-induced aggregometry was performed in duplicate on aliquots of PRP from each storage situation. The aggregation traces for PRP stored in the Nunc™ flasks are shown in  FIG. 14 , and the non-oxygen permeable universal containers in  FIG. 15  Platelet count (Plt) prior to aggregometry and mean percentage final aggregation (MA) for each duplicate are given in the legends. 
     Collagen-Induced Aggregation of Stored PRP: Day 8 
     Collagen-induced aggregometry was performed in duplicate on aliquots of PRP from each storage situation. The aggregation traces for PRP stored in the Nunc™ flasks are shown in  FIG. 18 , and the non-oxygen permeable universal containers in  FIG. 19  Platelet count (Plt) prior to aggregometry and mean percentage final aggregation (MA) for each duplicate are given in the legends. 
     Plots of changes in % aggregation over time in variably stored PRP are shown in  FIGS. 20-23 . 
     Platelet Parameters Over Time in Variably Stored PRP 
     In addition to counting platelet numbers, the Sysmex PocH 100i analyser generates other platelet diagnostic parameters, as described below: 
     Mean platelet volume (MPV) 
     Platelet distribution width (PDW) calculates the relative width of platelet volume distribution 
     Platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR) is the ratio of platelets smaller than 12 fL to those with a volume between 12-30 fL 
     Reference ranges from literature for whole blood are as follows:
     MPV: 7.5-11.5 fL   PDW: 9.3-16.0 fL   P-LCR: 24.8-41.2%   

     Table 8 shows the platelet parameters in variably stored PRP immediately prior to collagen activation on each day. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Serial platelet parameters in variably stored PRP 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Storage 
                 Platelet 
                 Day of analysis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 container 
                 conditions 
                 parameters 
                 Day 1 
                 Day 2 
                 Day 3 
                 Day 4 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No storage 
                 Fresh PRP 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 11.6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MPV (fL) 
                 9.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                 22.3 
               
               
                 Nunc ™ flask 
                 Constant 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 16.2 
                 15.2 
                 14.0 
                 12.2 
                 8.8 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 11.8 
                 11.1 
                 10.7 
                 10.1 
                 8.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 41.2 
                 36.0 
                 33.0 
                 28.5 
                 18.4 
               
               
                   
                 Intermittent 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 13.4 
                 17.5 
                 14.4 
                 14.2 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 10.7 
                 11.8 
                 11.3 
                 11.0 
                 10.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 29.7 
                 41.8 
                 36.4 
                 34.7 
                 30.5 
               
               
                   
                 Stationary 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 12.5 
                 16.4 
                 16.1 
                 15.2 
                 13.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 10.2 
                 11.7 
                 11.7 
                 11.4 
                 11.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 26.4 
                 41.5 
                 41.2 
                 38.0 
                 35.6 
               
               
                   
                 Constant 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 16.5 
                 15.2 
                 14.1 
                 12.2 
                 9.7 
               
               
                   
                 agitation + PGE 1   
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 11.7 
                 11.1 
                 10.9 
                 10.2 
                 8.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 41.3 
                 36.4 
                 34.4 
                 29.1 
                 20.2 
               
               
                 Universal 
                 Constant 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 9.9 
                 9.4 
                 No 
                 8.6 
                 8.3 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 8.8 
                 8.6 
                 analyser 
                 8.6 
                 8.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 16.9 
                 17.9 
                 output 
                 19.2 
                 18.3 
               
               
                   
                 Intermittent 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 11.3 
                 11.6 
                 12.6 
                 12.0 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 9.6 
                 9.7 
                 10.2 
                 10.1 
                 10.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 21.0 
                 21.9 
                 25.8 
                 24.9 
                 31.1 
               
               
                   
                 Stationary 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 11.0 
                 11.8 
                 11.5 
                 12.3 
                 14.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 9.5 
                 10.1 
                 10.1 
                 10.1 
                 11.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 19.6 
                 23.8 
                 23.8 
                 23.5 
                 36.6 
               
               
                   
                 Constant 
                 PDW (fL) 
                 — 
                 9.8 
                 8.7 
                 8.5 
                 7.8 
                 8.9 
               
               
                   
                 agitation + PGE 1   
                 MPV (fL) 
                   
                 8.8 
                 8.3 
                 8.1 
                 8.1 
                 8.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 P-LCR (%) 
                   
                 16.4 
                 17.1 
                 13.8 
                 15.4 
                 20.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Serial PDGF-BB levels in variably stored collagen (10 μg/ml) activated 
               
               
                 platelets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Storage 
                 PDGF-BB (pg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 container 
                 conditions 
                 Day 1 
                 Day 2 
                 Day 3 
                 Day 4 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No storage 
                 Fresh PRP 
                 18 734 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Nunc ™ flask 
                 Constant 
                 — 
                 13 190 
                 14 580 
                 11 081 
                 13 689 
                 10 332 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
               
               
                   
                 Intermittent 
                 — 
                 12 871 
                 11 488 
                 10 589 
                  9 991 
                 10 042 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
               
               
                   
                 Stationary 
                 — 
                 11 159 
                 12 441 
                 10 973 
                 11 969 
                 11 210 
               
               
                   
                 Constant 
                 — 
                 Not 
                 10 055 
                  7 842 
                  9 796 
                  9 808 
               
               
                   
                 agitation + PGE 2   
                   
                 available 
               
               
                 Universal 
                 Constant 
                 — 
                 Not 
                 12 486 
                 12 905 
                 10 950 
                  9 925 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
                   
                 available 
               
               
                   
                 Intermittent 
                 — 
                 15 303 
                 14 141 
                 12 514 
                 10 547 
                  8 701 
               
               
                   
                 agitation 
               
               
                   
                 Stationary 
                 — 
                 10 875 
                 13 649 
                 12 939 
                 10 938 
                 11 398 
               
               
                   
                 Constant 
                 — 
                 13 082 
                 11 836 
                  9 829 
                 10 148 
                  8 967 
               
               
                   
                 agitation + PGE 3   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note that results for Day 2 of constant agitation + PGE 1  in the Nunc ™ flask and constant agitation in the universal are unavailable due to technical problems 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Virtually without exception, publications on the use of Plasma for cosmetic and wound healing uses describe use of freshly drawn PRP, or in some cases, PRP that has been frozen and thawed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate growth factor release from PRP stored at room temperature over a number of days, using PDGF-BB as the marker. Freezing PRP is known to damage the platelets causing a rapid release of growth factors on thawing. For this reason frozen PRP may not be useful for techniques where the plasma is stored for use on several consecutive days unless the PRP is frozen in portions so that one may be thawed immediately before each application. 
     Effects of Storage on Platelet Number and Size Parameters 
     There was a steady fall in platelet count over time in all storage containers and conditions except for the two universals under constant agitation which exhibited a marked fall on Day 2 before beginning a steady decline after that. There is no immediately obvious explanation for this observation, although the platelet parameter results are revealing. Both these containers had lower PDW, MPV and P-LCR values than the stationary and intermittently agitated universals on all days of analysis. The smaller platelet size, narrower width distribution and lower ratio suggest that larger platelets were missing from these two containers, but why this may be the case is unclear. It would be tempting to suggest that the intensity of agitation was too high and had achieved a degree of activation, with the more reactive larger platelets perhaps being more susceptible, yet this was not mirrored in the two constantly agitated Nunc™ flasks with apparently greater oxygen access. The otherwise steady decline in platelet count in all containers will have been largely due to the well described platelet storage lesion. 
     Remarkably, all PDW, MPV and P-LCR results from universal-stored PRP were lower than their Nunc™ flask-stored counterparts, indicating container-induced effects. Furthermore, platelet parameters on Day 2 were closer to those of fresh PRP in the universal-stored PRP than Nunc™ flask-stored PRP. Minor increases in MPV and PDW during storage up to five days have been reported previously but not to the marked extent of the PDW results in the Nunc™ flask-stored PRP. If MPV does not normally increase significantly over this time in stored PRP, the moderate increase on Day 2 in these flasks accompanied by marked increase in PDW, particularly in the constantly agitated flasks, is suggestive that a degree of microaggregate formation had occurred. This would explain the increase in P-LCR that was suggesting the presence of higher numbers of larger cells, which were more likely to have been microaggregates. The only moderately increased MPVs indicate they remained small enough for the vast majority to be counted as platelets. Interestingly, PDW, MPV and P-LCR reduced over time in the constantly agitated Nunc™ flasks, probably due to increasing spontaneous aggregation over time such that the largest aggregates were not aspirated into the blood count analyser. Further evidence of microaggregate formation was found from apparent low red blood cell counts in many of the Nunc™ flask-stored PRP results (data not shown). There were no red cells in the PRP on Day 1 and these counts were due to small populations of aggregates too large to be counted as platelets. The only universal-stored PRP to register a low red cell count was from the stationary universal on Day 8, which had the highest PDW, MPV and P-LCR values of any universal-stored PRP. MPV was more stable over time in the intermittently agitated and stationary Nunc™ flasks, suggesting that constant agitation exacerbated spontaneous aggregate formation in a storage situation where low-level activation was already more likely. There was little difference between the platelet parameters of the constantly agitated Nunc™ flasks with and without PGE1, or the universals, so it appears that the PGE1 did not suppress spontaneous aggregation. It may be that a higher concentration was required, or that the PGE1 is insufficiently stable for stored PRP. 
     Converse results were seen in universal-stored PRP in that PDW, MPV and P-LCR were lower in the constantly agitated universals than in the intermittently agitated and stationary universals. As described above, there was a curious fall in platelet count, PDW, MPV and P-LCR parameters on Day 2 in the constantly agitated universals, which may have been due to an immediate, more intense formation of aggregates that were not counted in the analyser, followed by relatively small reductions in PDW and MPV over time. In contrast to the steep falls in P-LCR over time in the constantly agitated Nunc™ flasks, the counterpart universals exhibited mild increase over time, suggesting low level aggregate formation. Some degree of activation and aggregate formation is expected in stored platelets. Only the intermittently agitated and stationary universals mirrored baseline PDW, MPV and P-LCR values on Day 2, with the anticipated gradual but small increases over time of PDW and MPV. The increases in P-LCR over time were more marked, suggesting a degree of aggregate formation in these containers too. 
     Based on these observations, the intermittently agitated universal maintained the greater platelet integrity over time. Hunter et al showed that interruption of agitation for one day produces no measurable platelet damage, so the intermittent agitation during laboratory core hours and less than 24 hour interruption overnight appears to have been sufficient to maintain comparable integrity. 
     Effects of Storage on Platelet Aggregation Responses 
     As previously reported, there was an overall continuous fall in platelet aggregability over time under all storage conditions in the study. An unanticipated finding was the remarkable fall in final percentage aggregation of Nunc™ flask-stored PRP on Day 2 and thereafter, in stark contrast to the more gradual declines in universal-stored PRP. The minimal platelet count reductions, other than from the constantly agitated universals on Day 2, indicate that relatively few platelets had formed aggregates and that the aggregation responses were a result of activation of the majority of the stored platelets. In which case, the storage conditions in the Nunc™ flasks were detrimental to overall platelet function. 
     Polypropylene is the preferred material for platelet storage although platelet adhesion to untreated polystyrene is normally minimal with non-activated platelets. However, binding of plasma proteins such as fibrinogen and VWF to the polystyrene can promote platelet adhesion and subsequent activation. Again, the minimal fall in platelet counts suggest this either did not occur, or occurred only minimally. Thus, the container itself would not be expected to inhibit platelet function and conditions in the PRP itself were the more likely culprit. The most probable explanation for such marked storage-induced differences in initially identical samples of PRP is a drift in plasma pH. Watts et al showed that PRP stored in a closed system to maintain pH better preserved platelet function than PRP stored in a controlled CO2/air environment, which was probably related to the presence of an air/liquid interface in the latter. The universals have screw top lids which were only removed once a day to extract PRP for aggregometry, whilst the Nunc™ flasks permitted air flow. Since the 30 mL universals were used to store only approximately 8.0 mL of PRP, they likely retained sufficient oxygen in the ‘dead space’ until the next opening to not significantly impair platelet integrity. The anticoagulant used for sample collection can also affect pH of PRP. 
     A commonality in aggregometry responses between the two storage containers is the reduced final percentage aggregation in PRP from the constantly agitated samples compared to those intermittently agitated or kept stationary. This is counter-intuitive as accepted dogma is that stored platelets should be constantly, gently agitated to reduce activation and debris formation. It may be that the agitation was too harsh or too gentle for the PRP volumes and containers that were employed, or that pH changes were exaggerated by the constant movement, even in the universals since they retained an appreciable amount of air. 
     Effects of Storage on PDGF-BB Levels 
     The amount of released PDGF-BB in freshly prepared PRP is affected by numerous variables, including anticoagulant, donor whole blood platelet count, PRP preparation conditions, platelet count in PRP and type and concentration of agonist used to induce release. Nonetheless, the PDGF-BB level of 18 734 pg/mL in the freshly prepared PRP in this study broadly mapped to levels reported by other workers. From similar centrifugation conditions, Gonzalez et al reported a PDGF-BB range of 9.6-14.6 ng/mL from PRP obtained from 32 donors, and Castillo et al reported 13.0-33.2 ng/mL from five donors. 
     A marked fall in PDGF-BB levels was observed on Day 2 in all storage conditions where results were available. The mean percentage reduction was 32%, ranging from the 18% reduction in the intermittently agitated universal to the 42% reduction in the stationary universal. Most were followed by a steady, continuous decrease in PDGF-BB levels, some ostensibly reaching a plateau by Days 5 and 8. To a large extent these findings are unsurprising as platelet secretory capacity falls during storage, yet by Day 8, appreciable levels of PDGF-BB remained despite the expectation that the majority of platelets would be dead or poorly functional by that time. A potential explanation is that the PDGF-BB in the supernatant may have merely leaked from the platelets as they aged and membrane integrity was lost. In view of the minimal reduction in platelet counts for most storage conditions, and even the steady fall after the initial marked reduction in the constantly agitated universals, this would seem unlikely to be the only causative factor. Furthermore, if the platelets were fragmenting over time there would likely have been gradual reductions in MPV, which was only observed in constantly agitated Nunc™ flasks, whilst others remained stable or increased over time. However, microaggregate formation could mask more subtle volume loss from membrane fragmentation. If those MPV reductions in the constantly agitated Nunc™ flasks were due to fragmentation, a concomitant increase in PDW over time would be expected, but the converse was the case. 
     What is also interesting is that the relatively poor aggregation responses from Day 2 onwards in constantly agitated Nunc™ flask-stored PRP are not accompanied by similarly marked PDGF-BB reductions. This was true, albeit to a lesser extent, with the other paired storage conditions. It appears that some of the PDGF-BB in the supernatants is not derived from platelet release, and the explanation for this comes from other studies that additionally measured PDGF-BB in PPP. Gonzalez et al reported a range in PPP of 8.8-12.6 ng/mL, whilst Valeri et al reported a range of 1549-2813 pg/mL. There are clear between-study differences yet plasma PDGF-BB does contribute to values measured in platelet releasates unless platelets are washed prior to analysis. The mechanical trauma of PPP and PRP preparation will also have contributed to the presence of free PDGF-BB in the PPP. The platelet counts in the PRP of the study by Gonzalez et al were adjusted to 250×109/L, similar to the count in the donor PRP for this study, whilst the mean count in PRPs from the study by Castillo et al was 566×109/L. From a clinical perspective, the PDGF-BB values from collagen-activated PRP reported in this study relate to a lower platelet count than would be used in clinical practice, so the differentiation between release from fresh and stored PRP would be greater. Again, the aim of the study was to investigate relative loss of PDGF-BB release, which had to be performed at lower platelet counts to maximise application of available analytical techniques. 
     Parameter Stability 
     Platelet rich plasma stored in the intermittently agitated universal maintained better stability in the parameters studied than that stored in other conditions. Up to Day 5 there was minimal reduction in platelet count and elevations in PDW, MPV and P-LCR, particularly in comparison with some of the marked platelet parameter changes in PRP stored in Nunc™ flasks. The platelet changes in the stationary universal were greater except the platelet count, and there is no clear explanation for the marked fall in platelet count on Day 2 in the two constantly agitated universals. 
     Platelet aggregation responses to collagen activation were lower in Nunc™ flask-stored PRP than universal stored PRP for the reasons described above. Higher final percentage aggregation over time was achieved by the PRP in intermittently agitated and stationary universals compared to their constantly agitated partners, other than an apparent surge on Days 5 and 8 in the universal without PGE1. However, the falls in aggregation (representing overall platelet reactivity), particularly in Nunc™ flask-stored PRP, were not accompanied by similarly dramatic reductions in supernatant PDGF-BB levels. It seems likely that although secretory capacity reduced over time, PDGF-BB levels did not fall to near zero due to a mixture of leakage from senescing platelets, mechanical trauma and innate plasma levels. 
     Although PRP stored in the intermittently agitated universal maintained better overall stability, it did in fact generate the lowest PDGF-BB value on Day 8 despite achieving 39% final aggregation. An important consideration is that the study merely assessed PDGF-BB concentration but not function, so it is impossible to know what levels of PDGF-BB are therapeutically efficacious, and therefore, at what point during storage the PRP should be discarded. Furthermore, the PDGF-BB itself may lose functionality over time and be therapeutically ineffective despite an apparently high level of release. 
     Consideration of function aside, PDGF-BB levels from activation of PRP under all storage conditions were within the range reported by González et al for fresh PRP with a similar platelet count, up to Day 5. Although this may be encouraging in terms of storage potential, all the values were markedly lower than for fresh PRP. Without knowledge of PDGF-BB functionality, or that of other released growth factors, it would seem that freezing either the fresh PRP or the post-activation supernatant might generate a more efficacious therapeutic product. Whilst acknowledging the controversy regarding PRP cryopreservation, Roffi et al showed that frozen-thawed PRP without prior agonist activation achieved comparable in vitro effects on cultured cells to those of fresh PRP despite reductions in PDGF-AB/BB levels. The freeze/thaw cycle acts as a surrogate ‘activator’ by disrupting platelet membranes and inducing content release. In view of the lower growth factor levels in the freeze/thawed PRP, it may be a less efficient approach to increasing growth factor availability than agonist-induced platelet activation since they are ‘packaged’ within α-granules rather than free in the cytoplasm. Durante et al reported PDGF-BB levels in fresh PRP of 17 904±1346 pg/mL but reduced levels even after three freeze/thaw cycles. This suggests that freezing the post-collagen activation supernatant is more likely to generate and preserve higher growth factor levels, with the possible additional value of excluding platelet debris from the final product.