Patent Publication Number: US-2023143859-A1

Title: A wind power plant

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention generally concerns a wind power plant and in particular arrangements for connecting wind turbines forming the wind power plant. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Conventionally, wind power plants comprise multiple wind turbines connected to each other by cable array arranged in a string configuration. In such configuration, a whole of a serial array power cables connecting the turbines is most frequently sized for the combined power of all turbines in the serial cable array. Sometimes it has been chosen to decrease a cross-sectional area of one or more of the connections between end-most turbines, or e.g, between the second last turbine and the last turbine of such string or serial array cable. 
     STATEMENTS OF INVENTION 
     It may be seen as an object of the invention to provide an improved wind power plant. In particular, it may be seen as an object to provide a solution which decreases one or more or all of a cost of designing the wind power plant, a cost of materials and equipment used in the wind power plant, a cost of commissioning the wind power plant, a cost of maintaining the wind power plant—while maintaining or increasing a life time of the wind power plant and maintaining or increasing a power production of the wind power plant. 
     Preferably, the invention alleviates, mitigates or eliminates one or more of the above or other disadvantages singly or in any combination. 
     According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a wind power plant comprising a plurality of wind turbines connected to a distribution line; a connection station comprising a plurality of switchgear devices connected to a substation via the distribution line; and, a plurality of power cables connecting the plurality of switchgear devices and the plurality of wind turbines, wherein the plurality of power cables are respectively arranged to connect a single switchgear device of the plurality of switchgear devices and a single wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines. 
     Thus, an improved wind power plant is provided. It may be seen as an advantage of the invention that a cost of materials and equipment used in the wind power plant is decreased; This may be seen to be due to the insight as disclosed and claimed herein that a connection station and internal grid layout in the wind power plant as described is of benefit. 
     Optionally, the connection station further comprises a primary switchgear device connecting the plurality of switchgear devices and the distribution line. The primary switchgear device provides an indirect connection between the plurality of switchgear devices and distribution line and enables all of the wind turbines that are coupled to the connection station to be simultaneously connected or disconnected from the wind power plant. 
     Optionally, at least one wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines comprises a connection box and wherein at least one power cable of the plurality of power cables directly connects a single switchgear device of the plurality of switchgear devices and the at least one wind turbine via the connection box. The connection box may provide a ground or earthing point for the wind power plant within each wind turbine. Moreover, the presence of connection boxes is also beneficial as a connection point for commissioning and/or testing the wind power plant, during which the wind turbine are often not present and are mounted only after the commissioning and/or testing is complete. 
     Optionally, at least one wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines comprises a switchgear device and wherein at least one power cable of the plurality of power cables directly connects a single switchgear device of the plurality of switchgear devices and the at least one wind turbine via the switchgear device. This arrangement makes use of a known wind turbine configuration while still drawing the benefits of using the connection station. 
     Optionally, the connection station further comprises a step-up transformer connecting the plurality of switchgear devices and the distribution line. This enables the power equipment in the wind turbines to have a lower rating. 
     Optionally, the step-up transformer is rated at 66 kV or greater. 
     Optionally, the power equipment in the plurality of wind turbines is rated at 36 kV or lower. The fact that the power equipment can be rated at 36 kV or lower means that its size and cost can be reduced comparative to conventional power equipment. Reducing the size of the power equipment is particularly advantageous as it enables the size of the tower door, which provides access to the interior of the tower, to be reduced which, in turn, improves its structural response to loads acting on the tower. Reducing the size of the power equipment also provides the additional advantage of increasing the available space within the tower, meaning that it could be repurposed as, for example, storage space. 
     Optionally, at least one power cable of the plurality of power cables directly connects a single switchgear device of the plurality of switchgear devices and a generator of a wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines such that an AC output from the generator is transferred untransformed to the step-up transformer. Alternatively, the wind turbines each may have respective power converters positioned between the generators and respective switchgear devices on the connection station, allowing the generator to deliver as high voltage as possible (e.g. over 1 kV). 
     Optionally, each power cable comprises three cores with a cross-sectional area of e.g. 0.000095 m 2 , 0.00012 m 2  or 0.00015 m 2 . The fact that the power cables have a comparatively smaller cross-sectional area when compared with known power cable means that they use less material, which reduces cost. 
     Optionally, the connection station further comprises an auxiliary power supply configured to supply power to at least one wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines. The auxiliary power supply may be used to power the wind turbines before they are fully commissioned and/or under certain start-up conditions. 
     Optionally, the wind power plant is an offshore wind power plant and wherein the connection station is located on a floating platform. This arrangement provides straightforward transportation of the connection station as necessary. 
     Alternatively, the wind power plant is an offshore wind power plant and wherein the connection station is located on a monopile or a jacket comprising three or four anchoring points. This arrangement makes use of existing infrastructure. 
     Optionally, the plurality of power cables each comprise a communication line configured to send control signals to its respective switchgear device. 
     Optionally, the communication lines are fibre optic cables, ensuring fast communication between the wind turbines and their respective circuit breaker panels. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a connection station comprising a plurality of switchgear devices for use in a wind power plant according to the previous aspect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic view of a known wind turbine; 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic systems view of a power generation system for use in the wind turbine of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic view of a known wind power plant comprising an array of wind turbines of  FIG.  1   : 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic view of the known wind power plant of  FIG.  3    showing a break in a cable array; 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic view of a wind power plant according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic view of a switchgear device used in the wind power plant of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic view of a wind power plant according to another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic view of a wind power plant according to yet another embodiment of the invention; and, 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic view of a wind power plant according to yet another embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     In the drawings, like features are denoted by like reference signs where appropriate. 
     SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION 
     Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in which numerous features will be discussed in detail in order to provide a thorough understanding of the inventive concept as defined by the appended claims. However, it will be apparent to the skilled reader that the invention may be put in to effect without the specific details and that, in some instances, well known methods, techniques and structures have not been described in detail in order not to obscure the inventive concept unnecessarily. 
       FIG.  1    shows a known wind turbine, generally designated by  10 . In this particular example, the wind turbine  10  is an off-shore wind turbine and the skilled reader will understand that the general arrangement of a wind turbine is the same regardless of whether it is an off- or on-shore wind turbine. In this instance, the wind turbine  10  is a three-bladed upwind horizontal-axis wind turbine, which is the most common type of wind turbine in use. The wind turbine  10  comprises a tower  12  supporting a nacelle  14 , to which a rotor  16  is mounted. The rotor  16  comprises a plurality of rotor blades  18  extending radially from a central hub  20 . In this example, the rotor  16  comprises three rotor blades  18 , although only two are visible because of the orientation of the wind turbine  10 . However, it will be apparent to the skilled reader that other rotor  16  configurations are possible. The rotor  16  is operatively coupled to a power generation system, represented schematically by box  22 , housed inside the nacelle  14 . The power generation system  22  comprises a generator, arranged to be driven by the rotor  16  to produce electrical power, and a power converter system, which converts the electrical power outputted from the generator into a form suitable for delivery to an electrical grid (not shown). In addition to the power generation system  22 , the nacelle  14  and the tower  12  house miscellaneous components required for converting wind energy into electrical energy, along with various other components needed to operate, control and optimise the performance of the wind turbine  10 . 
     The wind turbine  10  is located on an offshore foundation in the form of a monopile  24 . In this example, the monopile  24  includes a platform  26  that is supported on a plurality of pillars  28  that are piled into the seabed. A transition piece  30  is provided on the platform  26 , positioned below and arranged to carry the wind turbine  10 . 
     A coupling transformer  32 , which acts to suitably couple the power generation system  22  to a grid transmission or distribution line (not shown), is located inside the transition piece  30  and is operatively connected to the power generation system  22  via a set of conductor lines  34  that extend inside the tower  12 . A switchgear device  36 , comprising a circuit breaker panel for isolating the electrical equipment inside the wind turbine  10  in the event of a fault condition, is also located in the transition piece  30 , and is connected to the coupling transformer  32  via a set of power cables or busbar  38 . 
     In addition to the circuit breaker panel, the switchgear device  36  comprises a high-voltage joint associated with an incoming array cable  40  and an outgoing array cable  42 . The busbar  38 , power generation system  22 , set of conductor lines  34 , coupling transformer  32  and switchgear device  36  all form part of the power equipment of the wind turbine  10 , together with any other miscellaneous components required for converting wind energy into electrical energy. 
     The components of the power generation system  22  of the wind turbine  10 , as shown in  FIG.  2   , are conventional and, as such, will be familiar to the skilled reader, and so will only be described in overview. Moreover, it should be noted that the example of the power generation system  22  shown in  FIG.  2    is representative only, and the skilled reader will appreciate that the invention may be applicable to many different configurations and is not limited to a particular convertor architecture. As already noted, the power generation system  22  comprises the generator  23 , driven by the rotor  16  (not shown in  FIG.  2   ) to produce electrical power, along with a low voltage link defined by the set of conductor lines  34  terminating at the coupling transformer  32 , The power generation system  22  also includes a power converter system  25 , together with a filter  27 , disposed between the generator  23  and the coupling transformer  32 , to process the output of the generator  23  into a waveform having a suitable frequency and an appropriate phase angle. 
     The power converter system  25  provides AC to AC conversion by feeding electrical current through a generator side converter  29  followed by a line side converter  31  in series for converting AC to DC and DC to AC respectively. The generator side converter  29  is connected to the line side converter  31  by a DC link  33 , providing smoothing for the DC output of the generator side converter  29 . The smoothed DC output of the generator side converter  29  is received as a DC input by the line side converter  31 , which creates a three-phase AC output for delivery to the coupling transformer  32 . The filter  27  provides low-pass filtering for removing switching harmonics from the AC waveform. 
     Although the wind turbine  10  has been described individually up to this point, it would typically form part of an offshore wind power plant  44  comprising a plurality of wind turbine that are electrically connected together via a cable array, as shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     The wind power plant  44  of  FIG.  3    comprises a plurality of wind turbines  10   a - 10   c , together with their respective monopiles  24   a - 24   c  and transition pieces  30   a - 30   c . In this example, three wind turbines  10   a - 10   c  are shown, but the skilled reader will appreciate that there would normally be many more than this in a typical wind power plant, ranging from 10s to 100s of wind turbines. The transition pieces  30   a - 30   c , containing respective switchgear devices  36   a - 36   c , are installed prior to the installation of the wind turbines  10   a - 10   c . This arrangement allows array cables  46 ,  48 ,  50  forming the cable array to be connected, in an end-to-end or string configuration, and tested prior to installing the wind turbines  10   a - 10   c . In this example, array cable  46  performs the functions of an outgoing array cable for transition piece  30   c  and an incoming array cable for transition piece  30   b , and array cable  48  performs the functions of an outgoing array cable for transition piece  30   b  and an incoming array cable for transition piece  30   a . Array cable  50 , associated with the first transition piece  30   a , connects the other array cables  46 ,  48  to a substation  52 , which is arranged to supply electrical power to the grid distribution or transmission line (not shown). Although not represented in  FIG.  3   , the substation  52  would typically include its own switchgear device comprising a circuit breaker panel, allowing it to be connected to or disconnected from the wind power plant  44  as required. 
     The string configuration of the array cables  46 ,  48 ,  50  means that the first array cable, connecting the plurality of wind turbines  10   a - 10   c  to the substation  52 , which in this example is array cable  50 , must be sufficiently rated so as to carry electric current from each of the wind turbines  10   a - 10   c . Whereas the final array cable in the string configuration, which in this example is array cable  46 , need only carry electric current from a single wind turbine  10   c . This affords an opportunity to reduce the cross-sectional area of array cables the further along the string configuration they are from the substation  52 , comparative to those array cables that are closer to the substation  52  within the string configuration, and so are required to carry electric current from multiple wind turbines  10 . Typically, in such an arrangement, the first and last power cables might have cross-sectional areas of approximately 630 mm 2  (0.00063 m 2 ) and 240 mm 2  (0.00024 m 2 ) respectively, with the cross-sectional area of any intermediate array cables, represent in this example by power cable  48 , being somewhere between these values depending on how much electric current they are required to carry. However, in practice, in order to ensure that the array cables are sufficiently rated for their purpose and by reason of the economics of utilising array cables with differing cross-sectional areas, all array cables tend have the larger of the cross-sectional areas referred to above, regardless of their position within the string configuration. 
     Another significant drawback of using a cable array having a string or serial configuration is that in the unlikely event of a breakage in the cable array, this renders all of the other wind turbines within the cable array unusable, which when scaled up across the wind power plant, can result in a significant loss in energy production. 
     Especially for an off-shore site and if e.g. a floating wind turbine needs to removed from the other wind turbines for reasons of maintenance, repair or similar, the array cables associated with the one wind turbine form a break in the cable array. This renders all of the other wind turbines within the cable array unusable, which when scaled up across the wind power plant, can result in a significant loss in energy production. This situation is illustrated in  FIG.  4   , where the wind turbine  10   b  has been removed, along with its associated transition piece  30   b  and monopile  24   b , leaving a break  54  in the cable array. Such an operation can result is a significant loss in energy production when scaled up across an wind power plant comprising 10s or 100s of wind turbines. An electrical joint could be used at the break  54  to temporarily connect the power cables  46 ,  48 , meaning that the remaining wind turbines  10   a ,  10   c  could be used in the absence of the removed wind turbine  10   b , but this poses a laborious undertaking, most particularly when considered across a large offshore wind power plant. Thus, in conclusion, possible disadvantages of the disclosed solutions are among others that special design considerations may have to be carried out with respect to cable sizing, and/or certain internal grid layouts may become rather expensive in terms of a cost of their power equipment. Thus, various disadvantages of existing internal grid designs have hereby been disclosed, and it is against this background that the invention has been devised. 
       FIG.  5    shows a wind power plant  55  according to an embodiment of the invention. For reasons of consistency with the preceding figures, an off-shore wind power plant is illustrated in  FIG.  5    but the skilled reader will understand that the invention, as set out by the appended claims, is not limited only to off-shore wind power plants but could also be used for on-shore wind power plants. The wind power plant  55  comprises a plurality of wind turbines, which in this embodiment is represented by four wind turbines  56   a - 56   d , along with their respective transition pieces  58   a - 58   d  and monopiles  60   a - 60   d . As with the example of the known wind power plant shown in  FIG.  3   , the skilled reader will appreciate that, in practice, the wind power plant  55  of this embodiment of the invention could comprise many more wind turbines, ranging from 10s to 100s of wind turbines. The wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  are the same as the known wind turbines  10   a - 10   d  in most aspects, in that they comprise a rotor operatively coupled to a power generation system housed with a nacelle. The power generation system comprises a generator driven by the rotor and a power converter system for converting electrical power outputted from the generator into a form suitable for delivery to an electrical grid. The transition pieces  58   a - 58   d  each include a coupling transformer  32   a - 32   d , suitably coupling the power generation system to a distribution line  62 , and the various miscellaneous components required for converting wind energy into electrical energy, along with other components required to operate, control and optimise the performances of the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  are of course also included. However, the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  of this embodiment of the invention differ from known wind turbines  10   a - 10   d  in that they do not include a switchgear device including a circuit breaker panel. Instead, the wind power plant  55  comprises a connection station, generally designated by  64 , comprising a plurality of switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  connected to a substation  52  by the distribution line  62 . Not having switchgear in the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  is advantageous because it can make the process of constructing the wind power plant  55  more straightforward insofar that, in the absence of any switchgear, the transition pieces  58   a - 58   d  can be made as single pieces being comparatively smaller and lighter, making their transportation easier. As this embodiment relates to an off-shore wind power plant  55 , the connection station  64  may be located on a monopile or a jacket comprising three or four anchoring points which has been vacated by a wind turbine, making use of existing infrastructure, or on a floating platform, providing straightforward transportation of the connection station  64  for reasons of maintenance or repair, or any other reason. In this embodiment, the connection station  64  includes four switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d , one for each wind turbine  56   a - 56   d , providing one-to-one relationship between the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  and switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d . The wind power plant  55  comprises a plurality of power cables arranged in a parallel configuration to electrically connect the switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  and coupling transformers  32   a - 32   d . In this embodiment of the invention, the plurality of power cables comprises four power cables  68   a - 68   d , each one of which connecting one of the switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  to one of the coupling transformers  32   a - 32   d , The switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  each comprises respective outgoing power cables  70   a - 70   d  that are connected to each other by a busbar  72 , which is itself connected to the distribution line  62 . In this embodiment of the invention, and in the following and other embodiments, the connection between the busbar  72  and distribution line  62  may be a direct connection or alternatively the connection station  64  comprises a primary switchgear device  74 , as shown in  FIG.  5   . The primary switchgear device  74  provides an indirect connection between the switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  and distribution line  62  and enables all of the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  that are coupled to the connection station  64  to be simultaneously connected or disconnected from the wind power plant  55 . 
       FIG.  6    is a schematic view of one of the switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  shown in  FIG.  5   . In this instance, only switchgear device  36   a  is shown but it should be understood that, in this embodiment of the invention, the remaining switchgear devices  36   b - 36   d  and the primary switchgear device  74  have the same configuration. The switchgear device  36   a  includes a high-voltage joint, generally designated by  76 , comprising a switch assembly  78  associated with the outgoing power cable  70   a , together with a circuit breaker panel  80  for protecting the one or more coupling transformers  32   a  to which the switchgear device  36   a  is connected. This arrangement, in addition to facilitating the testing of the outgoing power cables  70   a  prior to installation of the wind turbine  56   a , also enables the wind turbine  56   a  to be de-energised by disconnecting it from the wind power plant  55 , for example when service operations on the wind turbine  56   a  are undertaken. In situations in which the wind turbine  56   a  needs to be altogether removed or electrically disconnected from the wind power plant  55 , in the event of a fault, for example, the fact that the plurality of power cables  68   a - 68   d  are arranged in a parallel configuration, connecting a single switchgear device  36   a - 36   d  to a single wind turbine  56   a - 56   d , means that the wind turbine  56   a  is electrically isolated from the other wind turbines  56   b - 56   d  such that it can be disconnected from the connection station  64  without shutting down other wind turbines  56   b - 56   d . Accordingly, the wind power plant  55  does not bear a disproportionate loss in energy production compared to the number of wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  being disconnected therefrom. 
     The parallel configuration of the power cables  68   a - 68   d , connecting a switchgear device  36   a - 36   d  and a respective wind turbine  56   a - 56   d  in a one-to-one relationship, also means that each power cable  68   a - 68   d  is only required to carry an electric current from a single wind turbine  56   a - 56   d . This is opposed to the situation illustrated in  FIG.  3    where array cable  50 , for example, is required to carry electric current from multiple wind turbines  10   a - 10   c  connected serially, and so has to be rated accordingly, typically requiring a cross-sectional area of approximately 630 mm 2 . However, because each power cable  68   a - 68   d  in this and other embodiments of the invention is required to carry an electric current from a single wind turbine  56   a - 56   d , their respective cross-sectional areas can be comparatively smaller at around 240 mm 2 . Alternatively, each power cable  68   a - 68   d  comprises three cores having cross-sectional areas of around 95 mm 2  (000095 m 2 ), 120 mm 2  (0.00012 m 2 ) or 150 mm 2  (0.00015 m 2 ), any one of which might be used to carry an electric current from a single wind turbine  56   a - 56   d . This affords the opportunity not only to reduce the overall cost of the wind power plant  55 , through using less material, but also reduces the complexity of the network of power cables  68   a - 68   d , making the processes of commissioning and maintaining the wind power plant  55  comparatively more straightforward. 
       FIG.  7    shows a wind power plant  55  according another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is largely the same as the previous embodiment shown in  FIG.  5    save that the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  further comprise a connection box  82   a - 82   d  housed within their transition pieces  58   a - 58   d . The connection boxes  82   a - 82   d  may comprise a high-voltage joint between respective coupling transformers  32   a - 32   d  and power cables  68   a - 68   d , and may provide a ground or earthing point for the wind power plant  55  within the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d . Moreover, the inclusion of connection boxes  82   a - 82   d  is also beneficial as a connection point when commissioning and/or testing the wind power plant  55 , during which the wind turbine  56   a - 56   d  are often not present and are mounted only after the commissioning and/or testing is complete. 
       FIG.  8    shows a wind power plant  55  according to another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is largely the same as the embodiment shown in  FIG.  5    except that the connection station  64  further comprises a step-up transformer  84  connected to the substation  52  via the distribution line  62 . In one example, the step-up transformer  84  is rated at 66 kV or greater. For example, the step-up transformer  84  may be rated at 132 kV or greater, meaning that the power equipment within the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  themselves does not need to be equivalently rated, but can instead have a low rating, such as for example 36 kV or lower, reducing the cost, size and/or complexity of the power equipment. For example, the power equipment within the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  may be rated at 1 kV, 3.3 kV, 7.4 kV, 10 kV, 15 kV, 16 kV, 24 kV or 33 kV. Reducing the size of the power equipment is particularly advantageous as it enables the size of the tower door, which provides access to the interior of the tower, to be reduced which, in turn, improves its structural response to loads acting on the tower. Reducing the size of the power equipment also provides the additional advantage of increasing the available space within the tower, meaning that it could be repurposed as, for example, storage space. In particular, lower rated power equipment is far cheaper than higher rated power equipment. Further, centralizing higher rated power equipment means lowering a number of such higher rated power equipment. 
       FIG.  9    shows a wind power plant  55  according to another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is similar to the previous embodiment shown in  FIG.  8    save that the power cables  68   a - 68   d  connect the generators  23   a - 23   d  of the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  to respective switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  on the connection station  64  such that an AC output from the generator is transferred untransformed to the step-up transformer  84 . This arrangement removes the need for separate transformations and/or power converters  25  within each wind turbine  56   a - 56   d , but replaces them with centralised versions of these functional components. Alternatively, the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  each may have respective power converters  25  positioned between the generators  23   a - 23   d  and respective switchgear devices  36   a - 36   d  on the connection station  64 . 
     The skilled reader will appreciate that modifications may be made to the specific embodiments of the wind power plants  55  described above without departing from the inventive concept as defined in the appended claims, and that other embodiments of the wind power plant  55  in accordance with the inventive concept are also envisaged. For example, an embodiment is envisaged that is largely the same as the earlier embodiment shown in  FIG.  5    save that the wind turbines themselves also include respective switchgear devices, similar to the wind turbine shown in  FIG.  1   . In this embodiment, the each of the power cables directly connects a single switchgear device on the connection station to a respective wind turbine via the switchgear device housed within the wind turbine. 
     Also, the connection station  64  may comprise an auxiliary power supply to supply power to at least one of the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d . The auxiliary power supply may be used to power the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  before they are fully commissioned and/or under certain start-up conditions. 
     Further, each of the power cables  68   a - 68   b  may comprise a communication line configured to send control signals, issued by respective controllers on the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d , to its respective switchgear device  36   a - 36   d  held on the connection station  64  in order to trigger the circuit breaker panel  80  when necessary, such as in the event of the fault. In some embodiments, the communication lines are fibre optic cables, ensuring fast communication between the wind turbines  56   a - 56   d  and their respective circuit breaker panels  80 . 
     The invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment thereof in order to illustrate the principles of operation. The above description is thus by way of illustration and directional references and any other terms having an implied orientation refer only to the orientation of the features as shown in the accompanying drawings. They should not be read to be requirements or limitations; particularly as to the position, orientation, or use of the invention unless specifically set forth in the appended claims. Connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, joined, secured and the like) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a connection of elements and relative movement between elements. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other, unless specifically set forth in the appended claims.