Patent Publication Number: US-2023162834-A1

Title: Devices, systems, and methods for intelligent stress level detection

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/235,567, filed Aug. 20, 2021, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present invention relates to the field of computer technologies, and particularly, to devices, systems, and methods for intelligent stress level detection. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Contact centers manage omnichannel customer interactions from patrons. Some channels managed by contact centers include telephone (e.g., VoIP call), email, text, chat, and website interface services in which an agent interacts with the customer. The omnichannel nature of contact centers, however, results in large amounts of data from the customer interactions. Many contact centers employ tools before, during, and after customer interactions, for example, to help resolve customer issues (e.g., by managing call queues and automatic responses), to track customer interactions, to capture customer interaction and engagements, and to develop and analyze performance data. 
     Contact centers are staffed with agents to handle customer interactions. Vast amounts of interactions between customers and agents at a contract center occur daily, increasing exponentially when considering larger periods of time. Some of these interactions are more difficult than others. Like most people, agents have physical, psychological, and physiological thresholds. Stress levels should be managed to avoid raising these thresholds for health and safety reasons and to promote a healthy workplace environment. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates to the field of computer technologies, and particularly, to devices, systems, and methods for intelligent stress level quantification and/or management. Below, several examples are presented as some of the many examples disclosed elsewhere herein. As such, no further limitations should be inferred from their order or their noted features. In fact, numerous (e.g., all) the features from these examples and those disclosed elsewhere herein can be combined without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     A first example of examples disclosed herein is a computer-implemented method for intelligently quantifying and/or managing a stress level of an agent at a contact center. Such computer-implemented methods can include identifying one or more escalation factors that are indicative of an escalation of stress. The computer-implemented method can include aggregating the one or more escalation factors that have been identified into a total stress level. The computer-implemented method can include presenting one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level. 
     In examples, the computer-implemented method can include comparing the total stress level or escalation factor to normal levels that correspond to at least one of a contact center normal level and an agent normal level. In examples, the total stress level can be compared to the contact center normal stress. The contact center normal stress can be based on a relative distribution of the total stress level for a plurality of agents at the contact center. In examples, comparing the total stress level to the normal stress level can include determining whether the total stress level satisfies a threshold value of the normal stress level. In examples, the threshold value can indicate that the total stress level is in the first or fourth quartile of the normal stress level. In examples, the threshold value can indicate that the total stress level is in the first or fifth quintile of the normal stress level. 
     Continuing with the first example, the computer-implemented method can include weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level and a relative distribution of the escalation factors. In examples, weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level can include assigning a positive weighting value to an escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in an upper percentile of the relative distribution. In examples, weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level can include assigning a negative weighting value to the escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the total stress level is in a lower percentile of the relative distribution. In examples, the escalation factors (e.g., customer escalated calls, negative sentiment calls, escalation phrases, etc.) can be identified by parsing one or more conversational transcripts of the call, audio of the call, and/or call metadata (call length, number of time placed on hold, etc.). 
     In a second example, a data processing system for intelligently determining a stress level of an agent at a contact center is disclosed. The data processing system can include a memory for storing one or more modules and a processor configured to access the memory. The processor can be configured to process an identification module that is configured to identify one or more escalation factors that are indicative of an escalation of stress. The processor can be configured to process an aggregation module that is configured to aggregate the one or more escalation factors that have been identified into a total stress level. The processor can be configured to process a presentation module that is configured to present one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level. In examples, the processor can be configured to process a comparison module configured to compare the escalation factor or total stress level to normal levels that correspond to at least one of a contact center normal level and an agent normal level. In examples, the processor can be configured to process a weighting module configured to weight the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level and a relative distribution of the escalation factors. 
     In examples, weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level can include assigning a positive weighting value to an escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the total stress level is in an upper percentile of the relative distribution and assigning a negative weighting value to the escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in a lower percentile of the relative distribution. 
     In a third example, non-transitory computer-readable mediums that store instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to perform certain functions are disclosed. The instructions can cause the one or more processors to identify one or more escalation factors that are indicative of an escalation of stress. The instructions can cause the one or more processors to aggregate the one or more escalation factors that have been identified into a total stress level. The instructions can cause the one or more processors to present one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level. The instructions can cause the one or more processors to compare the total stress level to a normal stress level that corresponds to at least one of a contact center normal stress and an agent normal stress of an agent. In examples, the total stress level is compared to the contact center normal stress. In examples, the contact center normal stress is based on a relative distribution of the total stress level for a plurality of agents at a contact center. In examples, comparing the total stress level to the normal stress level comprises determining whether the total stress level satisfies a threshold value of the normal stress level. For instance, the agent&#39;s stress level can be the agent&#39;s current stress level as compared to a normal stress level (e.g., of the agent, group, queue, contact center, etc.). 
     In examples, the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to weight the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to a normal stress level and a relative distribution of the escalation factors. Weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level can include assigning a positive weighting value to an escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in an upper percentile of the relative distribution. Weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level can include assigning a negative weighting value to the escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in a lower percentile of the relative distribution. 
     In examples, assigning the positive weighting value to an escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in the upper percentile of the relative distribution comprises assigning a first positive weighting value when the escalation factor is in about the first or fourth quartile of the normal stress level and assigning a second positive weighting value when the escalation factor is in about the first or fifth quintile of the normal stress level, the second positive weighting value being higher than the first positive weighting value. In examples, assigning the negative weighting value to the escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in the lower percentile of the relative distribution comprises assigning a first negative weighting value when the escalation factor is in about the first quartile of the normal stress level and assigning a second negative weighting value when the escalation factor is in about the first quintile of the normal stress level, the second negative weighting value being higher than the first negative weighting value. In examples, the weighting value is programmable by the user and can be any value (e.g., 1.1×, 2×, 3.4×, etc.) with linear or exponential trends. 
     Additional features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of the illustrative examples exemplifying the disclosure as presently perceived. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this disclosure, and the manner of obtaining them, will become more apparent, and will be better understood by reference to the following description of the exemplary examples taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    is a flowchart of a method for quantifying and/or managing agent stress levels, according to principles of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram schematic representation of a data processing system, according to principles of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. Although the drawings represent examples of various features and components according to the present disclosure, the drawings are not necessarily to scale and certain features can be exaggerated in order to better illustrate and explain the present disclosure. The exemplification set out herein illustrates an example of the invention, and such an exemplification is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the examples illustrated in the drawings, which are described below. The exemplary examples disclosed herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, these exemplary examples were chosen and described so that others skilled in the art can utilize their teachings. It is not beyond the scope of this disclosure to have a number (e.g., all) of the features in a given example be used across all examples. 
     Computer-implemented methods disclosed herein can intelligently determine a stress level of an agent at a contact center. In industry, contact centers are a hub for customer contact in various forms (e.g., calls, emails, etc.), which are often tended to by the agent. Recording media such as audio recordings and conversational transcripts can be used to document interactions between a customer making a call and the agent at the contact center. In this regard, these recording media tell the story of those interactions and as such can be parsed into individual calls or call segments to identify characteristics of the interactions. As such, certain call segments can be indicative of a stress level of the call participants (e.g., the customer and/or the agent) with the stress levels varying from low stress, to normal stress, to high stress, and degrees therebetween. 
     Considering the agent&#39;s perspective, for example, stress levels can deescalate, fluctuate, or escalate during a call. In the instance of escalation, in general, an upset customer will have instances of escalation (e.g., escalation factors as further discussed below), the totality of which may exceed the norm of the contact center. These instances of escalation can be indicative of difficult problems or difficult customers. Difficult problems and/or difficult customers can require elevated “energy” (e.g., emotional, physical, and other efforts) from the agent to handle. Increased energy drain in this manner can be analogous to highly stressful interactions. This basis can be used to inform principles of the present disclosure, which is useful for quantifying and/or managing stress levels of individuals. Under these circumstances, potential stress quantification and/or management measures can be presented to a contact center supervisor with a high-level overview of which agents are experiencing a higher/lower stress levels relative to the normal operations of that particular contact center. 
     It should be noted that while discussed in the context of agents and contact centers, principles of the present disclosure (including measuring and/or aggregating stress levels and quantification and/or management thereof) can be used in many other fields (e.g., wherever there is sufficient data to determine a normalized stress level). For instance, these fields can include high volume, high interactability jobs (such as bank teller, customer service representatives, cashiers, medical professionals, insurance workers, lawyers, etc.) 
     As illustrated in the flowchart of  FIG.  1   , a method  100  of intelligent stress level quantification and/or management is disclosed. According to principles of the present disclosure, at step  102 , the method  100  can include identifying one or more escalation factors that are indicative of an escalation of stress. At step  104 , the method  100  can include aggregating the one or more escalation factors that have been identified into a total stress level. At step  106 , the method  100  can include presenting one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level. These steps and other optional steps, as indicated by the dashed lines, are discussed in further detail below. It is worth noting that these and other steps below may benefit from feedback loops (as shown) for applications that require continuous handling, processing through a set of escalation factors, or increasing the accuracy of certain steps (e.g., using artificial intelligence), and the like. Also, the method itself can be repeated or looped in certain instances. 
     As alluded to above, the method  100  can begin with escalation factors, which can vary in form and which can inform a variety of steps in the method  100 . For instance, escalation factors can include any factor (common or uncommon) that can influence the stress level of the agent. For instance, escalation factors can include at least one of escalation factors that are indicative of difficult encounters during a call; call length; negative customer sentiment, long call duration, talk over, long holds, escalation/complaint language, lack of agent knowledge, etc. In examples, the escalation factors are identified by parsing one or more conversational transcripts or audio of the call. One manner of determining escalation factors includes generating a list of call factors that we anticipated to be “predictive” of call stress. As further discussed below, these escalation factors can be weighted according to their influence on the total stress level. For instance, a weighting scheme for each escalation factor on the list can be generated by taking weights assigned by individuals at the contact center or with contact center experience based on their interpretation of the relative importance on overall stress. Similarly, stress mitigation factors (e.g., break lengths) can have the opposite effect than escalation factors on the agent&#39;s stress level. 
     An agent&#39;s stress level and weights can be relative, for example, based on the type of contacts center or contacts received by the contact center. For instance, a customer complaint contact center or segment thereof may have more stressful contacts than a customer reward contact center or segment thereof. To compensate for this discrepancy in norms, in examples, at step  108 , the computer-implemented method  100  can include comparing the total stress and/or escalation factor to normal levels thereof that correspond to at least one of a contact center normal level and an agent normal level. In examples, the total stress and/or escalation factor can be compared to the contact center normal levels, the team normal levels, the agent normal levels, and the like. It is worth noting, the normal stress level can also be calculated at the team or group level. The normal stress level can also be calculated at the queue level where similar calls are handled. In examples, there may be a hierarchy among normal stress levels (e.g., agent stress level, then queue stress level, then team level, then contact center level). For instance, a weighting scheme for each escalation factor on the list can be generated by taking weights assigned by individuals at the contact center or with contact center experience based on their interpretation of the relative importance on overall stress. In examples, a provider can suggest weights based on research. End user can tune or adjust these weights to their own desires. 
     Distribution models can be used to determine a degree to which a particular contact center or agent&#39;s stress level deviates from the norm. The contact center normal stress can be based on a relative distribution of the total stress level for a plurality of agents at the contact center. In examples, comparing the total stress level to the normal stress level can include determining, at step  110 , whether the total stress level satisfies a threshold value of the normal stress level. For instance, the agent&#39;s stress level can be the agent&#39;s current stress level as compared to a normal stress level (e.g., of the agent, group, queue, contact center, etc.). It is worth noting that in addition to comparing total stress to normal stress levels, comparisons can be made at the escalation factor level such that each escalation factor is compared to a normal distribution thereof. In examples, the threshold value can indicate that the escalation factor or total stress level is in a particular quantile of the normal distribution thereof. For instance, the threshold value can indicate that the escalation factor is in the first and fourth quartile (e.g. up to the 25 th  percentile and greater than the 75 th  percentile) of the relative distribution. In examples, the threshold value can indicate that the escalation factor is in the first or fifth quintile (e.g., up to the 20 th  percentile and great than the 80 th  percentile) of the relative distribution. In practice, the quantiles can be singular or tiered to whichever values are desired by the user. Thus, the threshold value is not limited to just quartiles, quintiles, etc. For instance, the thresholds values can be the 2.5 th , 5 th , 95 th  and 97.5 th  percentiles and the like. 
     As noted above, principles of the present disclosure can employ a weighting scheme with which to assign relative values to escalation factors. In examples, the computer-implemented method  100  can include, at step  112 , adjusting the total stress level by incorporating weighted escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress or escalation factor to normal values and/or a relative distribution thereof. In examples, weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the escalation factors to normal levels can include assigning a positive weighting value to an escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in an upper percentile of the relative distribution. In examples, weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the escalation factor to normal levels can include assigning a negative weighting value to the escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in a lower percentile of the relative distribution. Of course, similar comparisons can be done with relative distributions as well as, in addition or in alternative, weighting total stress levels in a similar manner. 
     Principles of the present disclosure can provide supervisors with a list of options to assist in overall stress reduction. In examples, presenting the one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level can include a presentation of respective stress levels for each of the agents in the plurality of agents. In examples, the presentation can be configured to queue each the agents in the plurality of agents based on respective stress levels thereof. In examples, the presentation can include prompting providing the agent with at least one of a switch to a less stressful task and a break. Less stressful tasks than handling customer calls can include training, email responses, etc. when available. Providing a break can occur only when scheduling permits. In examples, stress quantification and/or identification can cross day boundaries to track long term stressful situations but may also occur within day boundaries too. 
     As illustration of the above-described principles, a specific non-limiting example will now be presented. As noted above, each contact center has its own level of ‘normal’ stress. To account for that, large amounts of contact center interaction data (e.g., over a month or so) can be used determine the relative distribution of values for each contact center. These distributions can be used to assign threshold values. For example, an escalation factor for “Call Length” will have a time associated with the first and fourth quartile and first and fifth quintile markers. Any call length in an evaluation period (e.g., 8 hours, one day, two days, and the like) that exceeds the time marker for the fourth quartile can be assigned 1 unit of stress. If it exceeds the fifth quintile then it receives 2 units of stress. If the call length is in the first quartile or quintile, then it receives −1 or −2 units of stress respectively. Each call for the agent (and optionally other agents) is evaluated on each escalation factor, and the stress units can be aggregated to determine a total stress at the current time that the agent has experienced up until this point. Some low-stress escalation factors, such as breaks, can have defined stress reduction values. For example, an 8-hour break can have a 100% stress reduction, allowing for a daily reset. Shorter breaks can have a proportional or varied stress reduction depending on the application. It is again worth noting that they units of stress and the quantiles may be modified by the user to fit their particular applications. 
     Escalation factors can take a variety of forms, a number of which will be listed here for reference. For instance, escalation factors can include escalation phrases that are indicative of difficult encounters during a call; call length; percentage time on hold; overall call sentiment; positive sentiment saturation; negative sentiment saturation; sentiment trend; talkover time; number of transfers; number of URLs/applications used; escalation category phrase hits; repeat effort category phrase hits; and service barriers category phrase hits. Phrase hits are text matches, and saturation is the amount of positivity/negativity versus the total call. Sentiment trend is the change from the sentiment at the start to the sentiment at the end. Additional escalation factors can include silence time, average speed of answer, amount of calls within an hour, or any other factors indicative of an agent&#39;s stress level. 
     A data processing system  200  according to principles of the present disclosure, as shown in  FIG.  2   , can employ principles of the present disclosure. For example, a data processing system  200  for stress management can include a memory  210  for storing one or more modules (e.g., an identification module  212 , an aggregation module  214 , and a presentation module  216 ) and a model  218 , such as a distribution model  218 . In addition, or in alternative, the data processing system  200  can include a processor  220  or a computer  220  configured to access the memory  210 . In this regard, exemplary procedures in accordance with the present disclosure described herein can be performed by a processing arrangement (e.g., one or more processors  220 ), a computing arrangement (e.g., one or more computers  220 ), or both. Such arrangements can be, e.g., entirely or a part of, or include, but not limited to, a computer  220 , a processor  220 , or both, each of which can include, e.g., one or more processors  220  (e.g., CPUs or microprocessors), and use a non-transitory computer-readable medium  230  (e.g., RAM, ROM, hard drive, or other storage device) with instructions  232  stored thereon. 
     The processor  220  can be in communication with the display unit  250 , which, according to some examples of the present disclosure, can be a touchscreen configured to input information to the processor  220  in addition to outputting information from the processor  220 . Further, the display unit  250 , the storage  260 , or both can be used to display, store, or both display and store contact data  262  (e.g., conversation transcripts, categories, history of user input, etc.) in a format that is either or both user-readable and user-accessible. In examples, the data processing system  200  can be a server running a private cloud platform or a multi-tenant platform. As further discussed below, the data processing system  200  can include a display unit  250  that is configured to present one or more stress reduction suggestions from the presentation module  216 . 
     Various procedures, at least some of which are similar to those in the previously discussed methods, are performed by the processor  220  in some examples. For instance, the processor  220  can be configured to process the identification module  212 , the aggregation module  214 , and the presentation module  216 . Input for the data processing system  200  can be one or more escalation factors or data (such as the aforementioned recording media) that contains one or more escalation factors. The identification module  212  can be configured to identify one or more escalation factors that are indicative of an escalation of stress. The aggregation module  214  can be configured to aggregate the one or more escalation factors that have been identified into a total stress level. The presentation module  216  can be configured to present one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level. 
     As with the aforementioned methods, the data processing system  200  can include various optional features. For instance, the data processing system  200  can include a comparison module  264  configured to compare the total stress level to a normal stress level that corresponds to at least one of a contact center normal stress and an agent normal stress of the agent. Similarly, the comparison module  264  can be configured to compare escalation factors to normal values that corresponds to at least one of a contact center normal value and an agent normal value. The data processing system  200  can include a weighting module  266  configured to weight the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level and a relative distribution of the escalation factors. Under these circumstances, weighting the one or more escalation factors based on the comparison of the total stress level to the normal stress level can include assigning various values to the escalation factors. For instance, weighting the one or more escalation factors in this manner can include assigning a positive weighting value to an escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in an upper percentile of the relative distribution. Weighting the one or more escalation factors in this manner can include assigning a negative weighting value to the escalation factor of the one or more escalation factors when the escalation factor is in a lower percentile of the relative distribution. In examples, the weighting value is programmable by the user and can be any values (e.g., 1.1×, 2×, 3.4×, etc.) with linear or exponential trends. 
     The display unit  250  can include a graphic user interface  252  (GUI  252 ) and a software  254  as further described below. In examples, the display unit  250  is configured to present (e.g., as a ranked/ordered list, matrix, or the like) one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level from the presentation module  216 . For instance, as noted above, potential stress quantification and/or management measures can be presented to a contact center supervisor with a high-level overview of which agents are experiencing a higher/lower stress levels relative to the normal operations of that particular contact center. In examples, the presentation can be configured to queue each the agents in the plurality of agents based on respective stress levels thereof. This queue can be displayed (e.g., as an ordered or marked list) on the display unit  250 . In examples, the presentation can include prompting providing the agent with at least one of a switch to a less stressful task and a break. Less stressful tasks than handling customer calls can include training, email responses, etc. when available. Providing a break can occur only when scheduling permits. 
     User intervention with the model  218  can be facilitated via the display unit  250 . For example, the display unit  250  can include software  254  in communication with the server and the GUI  252  with which to prompt a user and receive a user input (e.g., an analog or digital input). In examples, the display unit  250  is configured to optionally allow for user input to confirm or modify the inputs and results from the processor  220 , modify criteria used by the processor  220 , or trigger subsequent runs of the model  218 . Of course, in other examples, the display unit  250  can be configured to allow any combination of these functions and more as these functions are just some of many examples one skilled in the art would appreciate. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  2   , a non-transitory computer-readable medium  230  is also included in the present disclosure. The non-transitory computer-readable medium  230  can store instructions  232  that, when executed by one or more processors  220 , can cause the one or more processors  220  to perform one or more functions, such as the steps discussed in the aforementioned methods. For instance, the instructions  232  can cause the processor  220  to identify one or more escalation factors that are indicative of an escalation of stress. The instructions  232  can cause the processor  220  to aggregate the one or more escalation factors that have been identified into a total stress level. The instructions  232  can cause the processor  220  to present one or more stress reduction suggestions for reducing the total stress level. 
     In certain examples, the instructions  232 , when executed by the one or more processors  220 , can cause the one or more processors  220  to compare the total stress level to a normal stress level that corresponds to at least one of a contact center normal stress and an agent normal stress of an agent. The total stress level can be compared to the contact center normal stress. The contact center normal stress can be based on a relative distribution of the total stress level for a plurality of agents at a contact center. In examples, comparing the total stress level to the normal stress level can include determining whether the total stress level satisfies a threshold value of the normal stress level. 
     As used herein, the modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (for example, it includes at least the degree of error associated with the measurement of the particular quantity). When used in context of a range, the modifier “about” should also be considered as disclosing the range defined by the absolute values of the two endpoints. For example, the range “from about 2 to about 4” also disclosed the range “from 2 to 4.” 
     It is well understood that methods that include one or more steps, the order listed is not a limitation of the claim unless there are explicit or implicit statements to the contrary in the specification or claim itself. It is also well settled that the illustrated methods are just some examples of many examples disclosed, and certain steps can be added or omitted without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such steps can include incorporating devices, systems, or methods or components thereof as well as what is well understood, routine, and conventional in the art. 
     The connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections can be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that can cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements. The scope is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone can be present in an example, B alone can be present in an example, C alone can be present in an example, or that any combination of the elements A, B or C can be present in a single example; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. 
     In the detailed description herein, references to “one example,” “an example,” “an exemplary example,” etc., indicate that the example described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every example can not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same example. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an example, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art with the benefit of the present disclosure to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other examples whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative examples. 
     Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(f), unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus 
     While the present disclosure has been described as having an exemplary design, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practices in the art to which this invention pertains.