Patent Publication Number: US-9899742-B2

Title: Artificial microstructure and artificial electromagnetic material using the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2011/081367, filed Oct. 27, 2011, and claims the priority of Chinese Patent Application Nos. 201110131817.9, filed May 20, 2011, 201110120003.5, May 10, 2011, 201110070889.7, Mar. 23, 2011 and 201110061804.9, filed Mar. 15, 2011 all of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The exemplary disclosure relates to electromagnetic field, and particularly, to an artificial microstructure and an artificial electromagnetic material using the same. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Metamaterial is a new academic vocabulary of 21st century in physics in recent years, and is usually mentioned in scientific literatures. Three important characteristics of the metamaterial include: (1) Metamaterial is usually a composite with novel artificial structure; (2) Metamaterial has extraordinary physical properties (which generally do not exist in materials of the nature); (3) Property of the metamaterial is not generally determined by the intrinsic nature of the constituent material, but is mainly determined by the artificial structure. 
     Overall, metamaterial is a material based on artificial structure serving as basic unit, and based on spatial arrangement of the basic units in special way. And metamaterial is a new material having special electromagnetic effect. Property of the electromagnetic effect is characterized by its artificial structure. By orderly designing key physical scale of the material structure, limitations of some of the apparent laws of the nature can be overcame, thus obtaining extraordinary material nature beyond ordinary property inherent in the nature. 
     Metamaterial includes artificial structure, wherein the electromagnetic response of the artificial structure mainly depends on the topological feature and size of structural units. 
     Metamaterial further includes matrix material with artificial structures attached thereon. The matrix material is used to support the artificial structure, and can be any material different from the artificial structure. 
     The artificial structure and the matrix material overlap with each other spatially to generate an equivalent dielectric constant ξ and a magnetic permeability μ. The two physical parameters correspond to an electric field response of the material and magnetic response, respectively. Therefore, designing the artificial structure of the metamaterial is the most important part in the field of metamaterial. How to attain a metamaterial, and to further improve the electromagnetic properties of the existing magnetic material, thus replacing the existing magnetic material in actual applications have become a major problem in the development of modern technology. 
     Therefore, there is room for improvement within the art. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, an artificial microstructure is disclosed. The artificial microstructure used in artificial electromagnetic material includes a first line segment and a second line segment. The second line segment is perpendicular to the first line segment. The first line segment and the second line segment intersect with each other to form a cross-type structure. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes a number of third segments, and distal ends of the first line segment and the second line segment are respectively connected to the third line segments. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, a distal end of the third line segment extends outward in a direction 45 degrees relative to the first line segment or the second line segment. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes a line segment group, the line segment group includes a number of fourth line segments, each of the third segments has a fourth line segment vertically connected to both ends thereof. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure comprises N line segment groups, each line segment of the N segment group is connected to a distal end of the line segment of the N−1 line segment group, and is perpendicular to the line segment of the N−1 segment group, wherein N represents an integer greater than 1. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, a distal end of the first line segment and a distal end of the second line segment each include a curve portion. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the curve portion includes at least one circuitous curve. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the circuitous curve of the curve portion is round angle, right angle, or acute angle. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes a plurality of third line segments, and the curve portion is connected to a corresponding third line segment. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the first line segment and the second line segment intersect with each other to form four parts, each of the parts and a corresponding curve portion thereof form a spiral. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, two curve portions located at a same imaginary line of the first line segment or the second line segment are symmetric relative to each other. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the spiral is rectangular spiral or triangular spiral. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the first line segments and the second line segments of a number of artificial microstructures intersect with each other at an imaginary central point. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, each curve portion coincides with a neighboring curve portion if such curve portion rotates 360/M degrees about an imaginary point intersected by the first line segment and the segment and served as a rotation center, wherein M represents the number of curve portion. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes a sixth line segment, the sixth line segment is perpendicular to the first line segment and the second line segment, and the sixth line segment, the first line segment and the second line segment interest at a point. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes a number third line segments, a distal end of the first line segment and a distal end of the second line segment each are respectively connected to the third line segments. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes a line segment group, the line segment group includes a number of fourth line segments, each of the third segments has a fourth line segment vertically connected to both ends thereof. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructure includes N line segment groups, each line segment of the N segment group is connected to a distal end of the line segment of the N−1 line segment group, and is perpendicular to the line segment of the N−1 segment group, wherein N represents an integer greater than 1. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, lengths of each line segment of the N segment group are equal to each other or different to each other. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the artificial microstructures are mirror images of each other along an imaginary center axis. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, size of the artificial microstructure is equal to or less than one fifth of the wavelength of a corresponding electromagnetic wave, which the artificial microstructure generates a response to. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, an artificial electromagnetic material is disclosed. The artificial electromagnetic material includes a substrate. The substrate includes a number of structural units. The artificial microstructure above is arranged in the corresponding structural unit. 
     Using the present disclosure, the metamaterial can reduce a volume of the artificial microstructure, and leads to a miniaturization of an electronic component or an electronic device. The artificial microstructure of the present disclosure can obviously increase the absolute value of a minus permeability of the metamaterial and satisfy some specific conditions to obtain the minus permeability. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, a size of the structural unit equal to or less than one tenth of the wavelength of the response electromagnetic. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, the substrate insulating material. 
     In one embodiment of the disclosure, dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the artificial electromagnetic material is less than zero. 
     Artificial electromagnetic materials of the above embodiments are a new material with special electromagnetic effects. The artificial electromagnetic materials can replace the existing magnetic material, and can be applied to a variety of applications. For example, the artificial electromagnetic materials can be applied to electromagnetic wave propagation modulation materials and devices, such as smart antenna, angle zoom, or the modulation of the waveguide system applied to the electromagnetic mode, functional polarization modulation devices, microwave circuit, THz (terahertz), and optical application. 
     Other advantages and novel features of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiment when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments of this invention. In such drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a third embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a fifth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 6-7  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a sixth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 8-9  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a seventh embodiment. 
         FIGS. 10-11  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a eighth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 12-13  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a ninth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 14-15  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a tenth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 16-17  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to an eleventh embodiment. 
         FIGS. 18-20  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a twelfth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 21-22  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a thirteenth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 23-24  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a fourteenth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 25-26  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a fifteenth embodiment. 
         FIG. 27  is a schematic diagram of a sixteenth embodiment of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a sixteenth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 28-31  are schematic diagrams of an artificial electromagnetic material according to a seventeenth embodiment. 
         FIG. 32  is a schematic diagram of an eighteenth embodiment of an artificial electromagnetic material according to an eighteenth embodiment. 
         FIG. 33  is a schematic diagram of a graphic of ξ-f relation between dielectric constant ξ of an artificial electromagnetic material and a magnetic permeability f in the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 34  is a schematic diagram of a graphic of μ-f relation between a magnetic permeability μ of the artificial electromagnetic material and an electromagnetic wave frequency fin the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 35  is a schematic diagram of a working frequency of the artificial electromagnetic material in the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS 
     To improve the electromagnetic characteristics of typical electromagnetic materials in the existing technology, the present disclosure provides an artificial electromagnetic material. The artificial electromagnetic material can be used to replace the existing electromagnetic material, and used in varied electromagnetic application system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the first embodiment in the present disclosure relates to an artificial electromagnetic material  100 . The artificial electromagnetic material  100  includes a substrate  101 . The substrate  101  includes a number of structural units  103 , as seen in region of  FIG. 1 , which are divided by dotted lines and verge of the substrate  101 . The artificial electromagnetic material  100  in the present disclosure further includes a number of artificial microstructure  102 . The artificial microstructures  102  are arranged in the structural units  103 , respectively. In this embodiment, the substrate  101  is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In alternative embodiments, the substrate  101  is made of ceramics, or other insulating materials. Size of the structural units  103  and the artificial microstructure  102  can be adjusted if necessary. For example, when the artificial electromagnetic material needs to response to an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength λ, the size of the structural units  103  and the artificial microstructure  102  can be set to be less than one fifth of the wavelength λ. Preferably, in order to simplify the preparation process, magnitude of the size of the structure unit  103  and the artificial microstructures  102  can be one tenth of the wavelength λ. For example, in this embodiment, it is necessary to generate a special response to an electromagnetic wave with 3 cm wavelength, thus the size of the structural unit  103  and the artificial microstructure  102  is set to be between 1.5 mm˜3 min, preferably 1.5 mm. The artificial microstructure  102  includes a first line segment  102   a  and a second line segment  102   b , and the first line segment  102   a  and the second line segment  102   b  intersect with each other to form a cross-typed structure. The artificial microstructure  102  generally has structure, such as certain geometry plane or three-dimensional structure made from a metal wire. The metal wire can be copper or silver line having cylindrical section or flat section. The section of the metal wire may be other shapes. The artificial microstructure  102  can be attached to the structural units  103  by etching, plating, diamond engraving, lithography, e-engraving or ion engraving, or other forms of manufacturing method. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an artificial electromagnetic material  200  according to a second embodiment. The electromagnetic material  200  is similar to the electromagnetic materials  100 . The electromagnetic material  200  includes a first line segment  202   a  and a second line segment  202   b . However, the electromagnetic material  200  differs from the electromagnetic materials  100  in that the electromagnetic material  200  further includes a third line segment  202   c . The third line segment  202   c  is connected to a distal end of the first line segment  202   a  and a distal end of the second line segment  202   b . The first line segment  202   a  and the second line segment  202   b  are perpendicular bisector of the third line segment  202   c.    
       FIG. 3  illustrates an artificial microstructure  302  according to a third embodiment. The artificial microstructure  302  is similar to the artificial microstructure  202 . However, the artificial microstructure  302  differs from the artificial microstructure  202  in that two distal ends of the third line segment  302   c  extends outward in a direction 45 degrees (relative to the first line segment or the second line segment). 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an artificial microstructure  402  according to a fourth embodiment. The artificial microstructure  402  is similar to the artificial microstructure  202 . However, the artificial microstructure  402  differs from the artificial microstructure  202  in that the artificial microstructure  402  further includes a first line segment group, the first line segment group includes a number of fourth line segments  402   d , two distal ends of the third line segment  402   c  are connected to the fourth line segment  402   d . The fourth line segment  402   d  is perpendicular to the third line segment  402   c.    
       FIG. 5  illustrates an artificial microstructure  502  according to a fifth embodiment. The artificial microstructure  502  is similar to the artificial microstructure  202 . However, the artificial microstructure  502  differs from the artificial microstructure  402  in that the artificial microstructure  502  further includes a second line segment group. The second line segment group includes a number of fifth line segments  502   e . Two distal ends of the fourth line segment  502   c  are connected to the fifth line segment  502   d . The fifth line segment  502   e  is perpendicular to the fourth line segment  502   d . Similarly, the artificial microstructure  502  may further includes a third line segment group. The structure of the third line segment group is in a manner same to the second line segment group. That is, each line segment of the third line segment group is connected between the fifth line segments  502   e  and perpendicular to the fifth line segments  502   e , etc. When the artificial microstructure  502  includes N line segment groups, each line segment of the N segment group is connected to a distal end of the line segment of the N−1 line segment group, and is perpendicular to the line segment of the N−1 segment group, wherein N represents an integer greater than 1. These artificial microstructures are all derivative structures from 2D snowflake-shaped artificial microstructures. 
     Using the artificial microstructures as shown in  FIG. 2-5 , a quick and stable response on the two-dimensional electric field in a plane can be achieved, two pairs of the third line segments on the horizontal direction and the vertical direction form superposition of equivalent capacitance respectively, such that the metamaterial overall has high dielectric constant. 
       FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  illustrate an artificial electromagnetic material  600  according to a sixth embodiment. In this embodiment, a number of artificial electromagnetic materials  600  are stacked in sequence along a direction perpendicular to the artificial electromagnetic materials  600  plane (z axis direction). The artificial electromagnetic material  600  are assembled or attached together by filling material, such as liquid substrate adhesive between each two neighboring artificial electromagnetic materials  600 . The artificial electromagnetic materials  600  can be connected to each other, when the adhesive becomes solid, and thus the artificial electromagnetic materials  600  are integrated to form a whole. The artificial electromagnetic material  600  can be ceramic material made of FR-4, F4b, CEM1, CEM3, or TP-1 with high dielectric constant. 
     The structural units  603  of the artificial electromagnetic material  600  are arrayed in row (x axis direction) and column (y axis direction perpendicular to the x axis direction). The structural units  603  each include an artificial microstructure  602 . 
     The first line segment  602   a  and the second line segment  602   b  of the artificial microstructure  602  intersect at point O. The first line segment  602   a  and the second line segment  602   b  can be divided into four branches A, B, C and D. One end of each branch A, B, C or D is connected to the point O, and the other end is a free end. Each free end includes a curve portion  602   c . Each curve portion  602   c  includes at least one circuitous curve. In this embodiment, the curve portion of the circuitous curve is a right angle. Any branch A, B, C or D coincides with another corresponding branch if it rotates 90, 180, and 270 degrees about point O. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the artificial electromagnetic material  700  in this embodiment differs from the artificial electromagnetic materials  600  shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  in that each curve portion  702   c  of the artificial microstructure  702   c  is connected to a third line segment  702   d , and the curve portion  702   c  is connected to a middle of the third line segment  702   d.    
     As shown in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , the artificial electromagnetic material  800  in this embodiment differs from the artificial electromagnetic materials  600  shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  in that each curve portion  802   c  of the circuitous curve of the artificial microstructure  802  is a round corner. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13 , the artificial electromagnetic material  900  in this embodiment differs from the artificial electromagnetic materials  800  shown in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11  in that each curve portion  902   c  of the artificial microstructure  902  is connected to a third line segment  902   d , and the curve portion  902   c  is connected to a middle of the third line segment  902   d.    
     As shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the artificial electromagnetic material  110  in this embodiment differs from the artificial electromagnetic materials  600  shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  in that each curve portion  112   c  of the artificial microstructure  112  is a sharp corner. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the artificial electromagnetic material  120  in this embodiment differs from the artificial electromagnetic material  110  shown in  FIG. 14  and  FIG. 15  in that each curve portion  122   c  of the artificial microstructure  122  is connected to a third line segment  122   d , and the curve portion  122   c  is connected to a middle of the third line segment  122   d.    
     In the embodiments as shown in  FIGS. 6-17 , by changing structure of each branch in the crossing shaped artificial microstructure and increasing the length of the metal line, dielectric constant of the isotropic metamaterial having such artificial microstructure in a very wide frequency is very stable in simulation result. In addition, comparing to metamaterial with crossing shaped artificial microstructure, dielectric constant and refractive index both apparently increase. When the microstructure is spatially symmetric and isotropic, responses of electromagnetic wave from the microstructure incident in different directions are same to each other. That is, the response values on X, Y and Z axis are same to each other. When the microstructure forms artificial electromagnetic material, if the artificial electromagnetic material has isotropic properties, the response value of the artificial electromagnetic material in X, Y and Z axis component are uniform. The isotropic metamaterial with high dielectric constant can be applied in the field of antenna manufacturing and semiconductor manufacturing, and as the technical solution overcomes dielectric constant limitation in per unit in existing technology, thus the technical solution has significant impact on miniaturization microwave devices. 
     Referring from  FIGS. 18 to 20 , the artificial electromagnetic material  130  in this embodiment differs from the artificial electromagnetic material  600  shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  in that the curve portion  132   c  of the artificial microstructure  132  is spiral. Two curve portions  132   c  located at a same imaginary line of the first line segment  132   a  or the second line segment  132   b  are symmetric relative to each other. The first line segment  132   a  and the second line segment  132   b  intersecting with each other to form four parts, each of the parts and a corresponding distal end there of form four spirals in a same structural manner. Each spiral extends outward from an inner endpoint P 1  to the outer endpoint P 2 . The four spirals do not intersecting with each other and share a same outer endpoint P 2 . Each spiral coincides with a neighboring spiral if such spiral rotates 360/M degree about the outer endpoint P 2 , wherein M represents the number of spirals. In this embodiment, each spiral coincides with a neighboring spiral if such spiral rotate 360/4=90 degrees. An area of each spiral is one fourth of an area of the structural unit  133 . 
     The spiral in this embodiment is a triangular spiral. In this embodiment, the triangular spiral is consisted of a number of lines connected with each other in sequence. The lines are divided into three groups. The lines in each group are parallel to each other. Three lines can be selected randomly from three groups respectively. The three lines extend and intersect with each other to form a triangular. Such spiral is a triangular spiral. In addition, the spiral in this embodiment is an isosceles triangle spiral, that is, the above mentioned three lines extend and intersect with each other to form an isosceles triangular. 
     Referring from  FIGS. 21 to 22 , the structural unit  143  in this embodiment differs from the structural unit  133  shown in  FIG. 18  and  FIG. 19  in that the curve portion  142   c  of the artificial microstructure  142  is a rectangular spiral. The artificial microstructure  142  in this embodiment includes four spirals in a same structural manner. Similarly, the four different spirals each snaked extend outward from a corresponding inner endpoint P 1  to the outer endpoint P 2 . The four different spirals share a same outer endpoint P 2 . Each spiral coincides with a neighboring spiral if such spiral rotate 360/4=90 degrees from the outer endpoint P 2 . An area of each spiral is one fourth of an area of the structural unit  143 . 
     The spiral in this embodiment is a rectangular spiral. In this embodiment, the rectangular spiral is consisted of a number of lines connected with each other in sequence. The lines are divided into four groups. The lines in each group are parallel to each other. The four lines can be selected randomly from four groups respectively. The four lines each extend and intersect with a neighboring line to form a rectangular. Such spiral is a rectangular spiral. 
     Referring from  FIGS. 23 to 24 , the structural unit  153  in this embodiment differs from the structural unit  143  shown in  FIG. 18  and  FIG. 19  in that the structural unit  153  includes two artificial microstructures  152 . One of the artificial microstructures  152  includes four first spirals  152   c  in a same structural manner, and the other artificial microstructure  152  includes four different spirals  152   d , wherein M=8. The first and the second spirals  152   c ,  152   d  each snaked extend outward clockwise from a corresponding inner endpoint P 1  to the outer endpoints P 20  and P 21 . The two outer endpoints P 20 , P 21  are a same point. A linear structure consisted of a first spiral and a second spiral coincides with a neighboring linear structure if such linear structure rotates 90 degrees from the outer endpoint P 20 . 
     Each of the first spiral  152   c  and the second spiral  152   d  is an isosceles right triangle spiral. An area of the first spiral  152   c  or the second spiral  152   d  is one eighth of an area of the structural unit  153 . 
     Referring also to  FIGS. 25 to 26 , the structural unit  143  in this embodiment differs from the structural unit  143  shown in  FIG. 23  and  FIG. 24  in that the two neighboring spirals are symmetric relative to each other. 
     The spiral  162   c ,  162   d  each are isosceles right triangle spiral, and snaked extend outward from an corresponding inner endpoints P 10 , P 11  to the outer endpoints P 20  and P 21 . An area of each spiral is one eighth of an area of the structural unit  163 . 
     For any substrate unit with particular size, such substrate unit can snaked extends as much as possible on an surface area thereof. Comparing to the artificial microstructure made of traditional artificial electromagnetic material, the artificial microstructure in the present disclosure is much longer. 
     In existing technologies, each artificial microstructure can be equal to inductance, capacitance and resistance. By changing a length of the lines, an equivalent inductance can be changed accordingly. The opposite area of the bipolar plate of the capacitor is equal to the length between two adjacent lines relative to other multiplied by thickness of the lines. Therefore, for a specific structural unit, if other conditions are same, the equivalent inductance and the capacitance increase along with length of the artificial microstructure. Accordingly, dielectric constant of the material unit increases along with length of the artificial microstructure. In addition, the formula n=√{square root over (∈μ)} indicates that the refractive index n increases along with length of the artificial microstructure. 
     Preferably, the spiral of the artificial microstructure as shown in  FIG. 22-26  is rather suitable to have a right angle, and the right angles are close to four edges of the surface of the structural unit, thus four corners on surface of the structural unit and the edge space can be fully utilized. Accordingly, the spirals can extend as long as possible, thereby increasing the refractive index. Artificial microstructure made of artificial electromagnetic material in the existing technology does not fully use the surface space of the structural unit, thus, the length of the line is much shorter than that in the present disclosure, and thus the refractive index is limited. The present disclosure obtains high dielectric constant and refractive index. Referring to the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 18-20 , when surface area of the substrate unit is 1.4 mm ••1.4 mm, and thickness of the substrate unit is 0.4 mm, and substrate material of the substrate unit is FR-4, distance from edges of the four sides of the artificial microstructure is 0.05 mm away from the surface of the substrate unit. When using copper wire line with line width of 0.1 mm for the artificial microstructure, trace spacing is about 0.1 mm. In addition, in 13 GHz frequency environment, refractive index of the artificial electromagnetic material in the present disclosure can be as high as 6.0. 
     Referring to  FIG. 27 , a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is shown in  FIG. 27 . The coordinate system includes three axes X, Y, and Z intersect with and perpendicular to each other. In this embodiment, the artificial microstructure  172  includes a first line segment  172   a  having length a in the X-axis, a second line segment  172   b  having length b in the Y-axis, and a sixth line segment  172   f  having length c in Z-axis. The midpoints of the first line segment  172   a , the second line segment  172   b , and the sixth line segment  172   f  are located at the three-dimensional coordinate system origin O (not shown). Accordingly, the first segment  172 A, the second segment  172   b , and the sixth line segment  172   f  compose the artificial microstructure  172 . The lengths of a, b and c in one tenth of the wavelength λ or smaller is needed, such that space array of the artificial microstructures generates an effective response to electromagnetic waves with wavelength λ. 
     Referring to  FIG. 28 , an artificial microstructure  182  is similar to the artificial microstructure  172  in another embodiment. The artificial microstructure  182  differs from the artificial microstructure  172  in that the artificial microstructure  182  further includes a first line segment group. The first line segment group includes fourth line segments D 1 •   2 •   1 •   2 •   1 •   2 . Distal ends of the first line segment  182   a , the second line segment  182   b , and the sixth line segment  182   f  are connected to the fourth line segments D 1 •   2 •   1 •   2 •   1 •   2 . The fourth line segment is perpendicular to the line connected thereto. A fourth segment D 1  with length d 1  and a fourth segment D 2  with length d 2  are located at two distal ends of the first line segment  182   a . A fourth segment E 1  with length e 1  and a fourth segment E 2  with length e 2  are located at two distal ends of the second line segment  182   b . A fourth segment F 1  with length f 1  and a fourth segment F 2  with length f 2  are located at two distal ends of the sixth line segment  182   f.    
     Referring to  FIGS. 29-31 ,  FIG. 29  is a schematic diagram of a structural unit  183  of the artificial electromagnetic material  180  of the artificial microstructure  182  in this disclosure.  FIG. 30  is a one-dimensional structure diagram of the artificial electromagnetic material  180  of the artificial microstructure  182  in this disclosure.  FIG. 30  is a 2D structure diagram of the artificial electromagnetic material  180  of the artificial microstructure  182  in this disclosure. It is to be understood that the artificial electromagnetic material  180  of the artificial microstructure  182  may has a 3-dimensional structure. The artificial electromagnetic material  180  with 3-dimensional structure can be achieved by stacking the artificial electromagnetic materials  180  with 2D structure. 
     Sizes of the above mentioned artificial microstructures  182  can be same to each other, and uniformly arranged on the substrate. In alternative embodiments, the sizes of the artificial microstructures  182  can be different from each other, and uniformly arranged on the substrate. In other alternative embodiments, the sizes of the artificial microstructures  182  can be same to each other, but unevenly arranged on the substrate. For example, density of the artificial microstructures  182  in one place can be greater while density of the artificial microstructures  182  in another place is less. In further other alternative embodiments, the sizes of the artificial microstructures  182  can be different from each other, and unevenly arranged on the substrate. 
     Referring to  FIG. 32 , an artificial microstructure  192  is similar to the artificial microstructure  182  in this embodiment. The artificial microstructure  192  differs from the artificial microstructure  182  in that the artificial microstructure  192  further includes a second line segment group. The second line segment group includes fifth line segments  192   e . The fifth line segment  192   e  is connected to distal ends of the fourth line segment  192   d . Each of the fifth line segments  192   e  is perpendicular to fourth line segment  192   d.    
     In other embodiments, a number of third line segment group perpendicular to the fifth line segments  192   e  can be set at distal ends of the fifth line segments  192   e , and a number of fourth line segment group perpendicular to the third line segments can be set at distal ends of the third line segments. Similarly, more topology structure can be derived therefrom, such structure is similar to the snowflake structure, and is derivative structure of the snowflake structure. 
     In the derivative structure based on the snowflake structure, length a of the first line segment  182   a , length b of the second line segment  182   b , and length c of the third line segment  182   a  are independent variables, and can be any length value. The single snowflake artificial structure show different property when different length value is selected. The lengths d 1 , d 2 , e 1 , e 2 , f 1  and f 2  corresponding to the fifth line segments D 1 , D 2 , E 1 , E 2 , F 1 , F 2  can be any length value. In addition, the fifth line segments D 1  and D 2 , E 1  and E 2 , F 1  and F 2  can be spatially parallel to each other, or not spatially parallel to each other. Different property of the single snowflake artificial structure is determined by the lengths and location relationships of the fifth line segments. 
     Only when a, b and c are equal to each other, d 1 , d 2 , e 1 , e 2 , f 1  and f 2  accordingly are equal to each other, and the fifth line segments located on a same straight line are parallel to each other. The fifth line segments accordingly parallel to the sixth line segment. When the fifth line segment F 1 , F 2  are parallel to the first line segment  182   a , respectively, the single snowflake structure has a symmetric structure, and the structural unit with the snowflake structure therein shows isotropic property toward the electromagnetic wave. When the artificial microstructure includes N line segment groups, all the line segments in the Nth line segment group is parallel to each other, and have a same length. In addition, all the line segments in the Nth line segment group is parallel to any of the first line segment  182   a , the second line segment  182   b , and the sixth line segment  182   f , if the derivative structure is needed to show isotropic property, otherwise the derivative structure show anisotropy property. In the present disclosure, isotropic property and anisotropy property can be achieved when necessary. 
     Artificial electromagnetic materials as shown in  FIGS. 27-32  are modulated electromagnetic waves. The propagation of electromagnetic wave normally includes propagation of electric and propagation of magnetic field, and accordingly generates response in the propagation medium, which is expressed as dielectric constant ξ and the magnetic permeability μ. Dielectric constant ξ and magnetic permeability rate of general dielectric material is approximately greater than zero. In the air the dielectric constant ξ=1, magnetic permeability μ=1. As to a single snowflake artificial structure in the present disclosure, the dielectric constant ξ&lt;0 and magnetic permeability μ&lt;0, that is to say, when the electromagnetic wave propagates and refracts in the artificial electromagnetic material, the incident light and refraction light is located at the same side of the incident plane normal. 
     By designing the structural arrangement of the artificial microstructure, and presetting electromagnetic properties of the artificial electromagnetic material in each three-dimensional coordinates of the space, the electromagnetic properties can be uniform rather than gradient. The electromagnetic properties can be otherwise uneven and gradient according to actual needs. In the present disclosure. 
     Dimension and arrangement structure of the artificial microstructure can be changed by designing, optimizing, and processing the artificial electromagnetic material, such that the dielectric constant ξ and the magnetic permeability μ of the artificial electromagnetic material can be changed according b any preset value. In addition, propagation direction of the magnetic field also can be changed. In the present disclosure, the gradient, non-gradient property is referred to the gradient, non-gradient property of the dielectric constant ξ and the magnetic permeability μ. Propagation direction of the magnetic field and the dielectric constant ξ, as well as the magnetic permeability μ can be controlled by controlling the structure of the artificial electromagnetic material. 
     In addition to the above mentioned property, resonant frequency of artificial electromagnetic material can be tuned by changing the single snowflake artificial structure, the microstructure and implementation. That is, tuning of the resonant frequency of artificial electromagnetic material can be achieved by changing the material, a single microstructure, or material of the substrate. 
     Referring to  FIG. 33  and  FIG. 34 ,  FIG. 33  is a schematic graph illustrating relationship of dielectric constant ξ and magnetic frequency μ of the artificial electromagnetic material in the present disclosure.  FIG. 34  is a schematic graph illustrating relationship of dielectric constant ξ and the magnetic permeability μ in the present disclosure, wherein f 0  is resonant frequency. It is understood in existing technology that when response frequency f is near to resonant frequency f 0  of the system, resonant loss is accordingly generated. The resonant loss is the largest one, and not only reduces the life of the system, but also affects the work efficiency. By using the above mentioned tuning method in the present disclosure, the artificial electromagnetic material is tuned by adjusting sum of the dielectric constant ξ and magnetic permeability μ of the artificial electromagnetic materials, such that the resonant frequency f 0  pan. Generally, the frequency f 0  is relatively high, thus working frequency of the artificial electromagnetic material is far away from the resonant frequency. In the present disclosure, by changing the dielectric constant ξ of the artificial microstructure, thus changing dielectric constant ξ of the microstructure, and further changing sum of the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability μ of the artificial electromagnetic material, the working frequency of the artificial electromagnetic material is far away from the resonant frequency artificial electromagnetic material. Such that excessive loss is avoided. In addition of the above advantages, work of the artificial electromagnetic material can be efficiently predicted by Math, thus designing values of the dielectric constant of the artificial electromagnetic material and the magnetic permeability. 
     Referring to  FIG. 35 ,  FIG. 35  is a schematic graph illustrating working frequency of the present disclosure. By using tuning effect, artificial electromagnetic materials in the present disclosure further achieve scope of ultra-wideband working range. When the response frequency is away from resonant frequency, the range of the frequency response of the artificial electromagnetic materials is accordingly widened. Lower limit of the operating frequency is f 1 , and upper limit of the working frequency is f 2 . The work bandwidth value is (f 1 −f 2 ). Comparing to existing magnetic materials, the operating frequency of the present disclosure is relatively great, belonging to the value of ultra-wideband. 
     When the electromagnetic wave incident from a direction perpendicular to the microstructure, the microstructure does not response to the magnetic fields. When the microstructure is spatial symmetric and has isotropic response, the microstructure have the same response toward the incident electromagnetic waves in all directions. That is, the microstructure has a same response value along the X, Y and Z axes. As mentioned above, when the microstructure form an artificial electromagnetic material, if the artificial electromagnetic materials has isotropic properties, response value of the artificial electromagnetic materials in the X, Y and Z axes component are uniform. On the contrary, if it is anisotropy, the response value is uneven distribution, resulting in convergence of electromagnetic waves, offset, etc. When the electromagnetic wave incident vertical to the artificial electromagnetic materials, and through the artificial electromagnetic materials, propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave is deflected according to the preset dielectric constant and magnetic permeability. Generally, the deflection is generated toward a direction of which the absolute value of the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability is great, thus achieving aggregation and offset of the electromagnetic wave. When the electromagnetic wave incident straightly into the artificial electromagnetic materials, and is emitted from the other direction parallel to the incident direction, the incident light and the emitted light are parallel to translation of the communication line horizontally shifted. 
     Artificial electromagnetic materials of the above embodiments are new material with special electromagnetic effects. The artificial electromagnetic materials can replace the existing magnetic material, and can be applied to a variety of applications. For example, the artificial electromagnetic materials can be applied to electromagnetic wave propagation modulation materials and devices, such as smart antenna, angle zoom, or the modulation of the waveguide system applied to the electromagnetic mode, functional polarization modulation devices, microwave circuit, THz (terahertz), and optical application. 
     Although the present disclosure has been specifically described on the basis of the exemplary embodiment thereof, the disclosure is not to be construed as being limited thereto. Various changes or modifications may be made to the embodiment without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure.