Patent Publication Number: US-7902815-B2

Title: Wireless system and method for collecting motion and non-motion related data of a rotating system

Description:
ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention was made in part by an employee of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to wireless sensing systems. More specifically, the invention is a wireless system for collecting data that can be used to determine multiple characteristics associated with a non-conductive rotating system such as tires, pulleys, propellers, etc. Collected data can be used to determine, for example, rotational speed, temperature of the rotating system, rotational direction, and conditions during manufacturing and/or rotational operation. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Most vehicles use some type of inflated tire as the point-of-contact between the vehicle and a ground/road surface. The integrity of a vehicle&#39;s tires is critical to vehicle safety. Accordingly, a variety of sensor systems (e.g., surface acoustic wave transducers, radio frequency identification-based sensors, etc.) has been developed that provide for the monitoring of various tire parameters of interest. However, each of these systems requires a dedicated sensor for each type of parameter to be measured. This increases the complexity and cost of a tire health monitoring system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for collecting data of rotating systems such as tires, pulleys and propellers. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for collecting tire data in a wireless fashion. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system and method for collecting a variety of types of tire data using a single sensor. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a system and method for collecting a variety of types of tire data using a single sensor that is a single component. 
     Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more obvious hereinafter in the specification and drawings. 
     In accordance with the present invention, a wireless system for collecting data indicative of a tire&#39;s characteristics uses at least one electrical conductor having first and second ends and shaped to form a geometric pattern therebetween. The conductor so-shaped defines an open-circuit having no electrical connections that can store energy in a magnetic field and an electric field and transfer the energy between both fields. In the presence of a time-varying magnetic field, the conductor so-shaped resonates to generate a harmonic response having a frequency, amplitude and bandwidth. The conductor so-shaped is adapted to be positioned within a tire. A magnetic field response recorder is used to (i) wirelessly transmit the time-varying magnetic field to the conductor, and (ii) wirelessly detect the harmonic magnetic field response frequency, amplitude and bandwidth associated therewith. The recorder is adapted to be positioned in a location that is fixed with respect to the tire as the tire rotates. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of a portion of a tire&#39;s interior having a sensor mounted therein and a schematic view of a magnetic field response recorder for powering/reading the sensor in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the tire taken along line  2 - 2  in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view of an embodiment of a magnetic field response recorder used in the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view of a spiral trace sensor whose traces are non-uniform in width; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of a spiral trace sensor having non-uniform spacing between the traces thereof; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of a spiral trace sensor having non-uniform trace width and non-uniform trace spacing; 
         FIG. 7A  is a cross-sectional view of a spiral trace sensor with a tire&#39;s dielectric material disposed between the sensor&#39;s traces with the sensor being flush with the tire&#39;s interior surface; 
         FIG. 7B  is a cross-sectional view of a spiral trace sensor embedded within a tire&#39;s dielectric material; and 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view of a portion of a tire&#39;s interior having two sensors mounted therein in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic of another embodiment of the present invention having an inductively coupled tire sensor array. 
         FIG. 10  is a view of the tire sensor array of  FIG. 9  positioned inside the tire and affixed to the inner sidewall and inner wall bottom surface. 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of the sensor array of  FIG. 9  inside the tire. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to the drawings and more particularly to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a wireless system for collecting tire data in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown. In  FIG. 1 , a portion of a tire  100  is illustrated as it would appear if viewed from the center thereof while  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of tire  100  taken along line  2 - 2  in  FIG. 1 . Tire  100  has side walls  102  and a tread wall  104  that combine to define a generally U-shape cross-section as would be well understood in the art. The interior surface of tread wall  104  is referenced by numeral  104 A. In general, tire  100  is made from a rubber-based material and can have cords and/or metal belts (not shown) embedded therein as is well known in the art of tire construction. It is to be understood that the particular construction of tire  100  is not a limitation of the present invention. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a wireless system for collecting tire data uses an open-circuit spiral trace sensor  10  and a magnetic field response recorder  20 . Although a spiral trace is shown, the sensor can be any open-circuit geometric pattern having no electrical connections that can store energy In a magnetic field and an electric field and transfer the energy between both fields. Sensor  10  is attached to interior surface  104 A of tread wall  104  so that sensor  10  is protected from elements outside of tire  100 . Details of sensor  10  are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/671,089, filed Feb. 5, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and will be repeated herein to provide a complete description of the present invention. 
     Spiral trace sensor  10  is made from an electrically-conductive run or trace that can be deposited directly onto interior surface  104 A. Sensor  10  could also be deposited onto a substrate material (not shown) that is electrically non-conductive and can be sufficiently elastically flexible to facilitate mounting to the curved interior surface  104 A. The particular choice of the substrate material will vary depending on how it is to be attached to interior surface  104 A. In either case, sensor  10  is a spiral winding of conductive material with its ends  10 A and  10 B remaining open or unconnected. Accordingly, sensor  10  is said to be an open-circuit. Techniques used to deposit sensor  10  either directly onto interior surface  104 A or on a substrate material can be any conventional metal-conductor deposition process to include thin-film fabrication techniques. In the illustrated embodiment, sensor  10  is constructed to have a uniform trace width throughout (i.e., trace width W is constant) with uniform spacing (i.e., spacing d is constant) between adjacent portions of the spiral trace. However, as will be explained further below, the present invention is not limited to a uniform width conductor spirally wound with uniform spacing. 
     As is well known and accepted in the art, a spiral inductor is ideally constructed/configured to minimize parasitic capacitance so as not to influence other electrical components that will be electrically coupled thereto. This is typically achieved by increasing the spacing between adjacent conductive portions or runs of the conductive spiral trace. However, in the present invention, sensor  10  is constructed/configured to have a relatively large parasitic capacitance. The capacitance of sensor  10  is operatively coupled with the sensor&#39;s inductance such that magnetic and electrical energy can be stored and exchanged by the sensor. Since other geometric patterns of a conductor could also provide such a magnetic/electrical energy storage and exchange, it is to be understood that the present invention could be realized using any such geometrically-patterned conductor and is not limited to a spiral-shaped sensor. 
     The amount of inductance along any portion of a conductive run of sensor  10  is directly related to the length thereof and inversely related to the width thereof. The amount of capacitance between portions of adjacent conductive runs of sensor  10  is directly related to the length by which the runs overlap each other and is inversely related to the spacing between the adjacent conductive runs. The amount of resistance along any portion of a conductive run of sensor  10  is directly related to the length and inversely related to the width of the portion. Total capacitance, total inductance and total resistance for spiral trace sensor  10  is determined simply by adding these values from the individual portions of sensor  10 . The geometries of the various portions of the conductive runs of the sensor can be used to define the sensor&#39;s resonant frequency. 
     Spiral trace sensor  10  with its inductance operatively coupled to its capacitance defines a magnetic field response sensor. In the presence of a time-varying magnetic field, sensor  10  electrically oscillates at a resonant frequency that is dependent upon the capacitance and inductance of sensor  10 . This oscillation occurs as the energy is harmonically transferred between the inductive portion of sensor  10  (as magnetic energy) and the capacitive portion of sensor  10  (as electrical energy). In order to be readily detectable, the capacitance, inductance and resistance of sensor  10  and the energy applied to sensor  10  from the external oscillating magnetic field should be such that the amplitude of the sensor&#39;s harmonic response is at least 10 dB greater than any ambient noise where such harmonic response is being measured. 
     The application of the magnetic field to sensor  10  as well as the reading of the induced harmonic response at a resonant frequency is accomplished by magnetic field response recorder  20 . The operating principles and construction details of recorder  20  are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,086,593 and 7,159,774, S. E. Woodard, S. D. Taylor, “Measurement of Multiple unrelated Physical Quantities Using a Single Magnetic Field Response Sensor,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18 (2007) 1603-1613, and S. E. Woodard, B. D. Taylor, Q. A. Shams, R. L. Fox, “Magnetic Field Response Measurement Acquisition System,” NASA Technical Memorandum 2005-213518, the contents of each being hereby incorporated by reference m their entirety. Briefly, as shown in  FIG. 3 , magnetic field response recorder  20  includes a processor  22  and a broadband radio frequency (RF) antenna  24  capable of transmitting and receiving RF energy. Processor  22  includes algorithms embodied in software for controlling antenna  24  and for analyzing the RF signals received from the magnetic field response sensor defined by sensor  10 . On the transmission side, processor  22  modulates an input signal that is then supplied to antenna  24  so that antenna  24  produces either a broadband time-varying magnetic field or a single harmonic field. On the reception side, antenna  24  receives harmonic magnetic responses produced by sensor  10 . Antenna  24  can be realized by two separate antennas or a single antenna that is switched between transmission and reception. For an operational scenario where tire  100  is mounted on a vehicle, recorder  20  is typically attached to the vehicle in a fixed location  200 , such as the vehicle&#39;s wheel well. Another option is to fixedly mount just antenna  24  in proximity to the tire while mounting processor  22  at another location in the vehicle. 
     As mentioned above, both the width of the sensor&#39;s conductive trace and the spacing between adjacent portions of the conductive trace can be uniform as shown in  FIG. 1 . However, the present invention is not so limited. For example,  FIG. 4  illustrates a sensor  40  in which the width of the conductive trace is non-uniform while the spacing between adjacent portions of the conductive trace is uniform. The lengths of the outer portion of the spiral trace are also annotated.  FIG. 5  illustrates a sensor  50  in which the width of the conductive trace is uniform, but the spacing between adjacent portions of the conductive trace is non-uniform. Finally,  FIG. 6  illustrates a sensor  60  having both a non-uniform width conductive trace and non-uniform spacing between adjacent portions of the conductive trace. 
     As described above, the length/width of the conductive t race and the spacing between adjacent portions of the conductive trace determine the capacitance and inductance (and, therefore, the resonant frequency) of a spiral trace sensor in the present invention. In addition, the sensor&#39;s resonant frequency can be modified by providing a dielectric material (i) that resides between adjacent portions of the sensor&#39;s conductive trace, or (ii) that encases the sensor&#39;s conductive trace. This is illustrated in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  where a cross-sectional view of a sensor in accordance with the present invention (e.g., sensor  10 ) has been embedded in tire  100  which comprises a dielectric material. For example, in  FIG. 7A , sensor  10  is embedded in tread wall  104  such that it is flush with interior surface  104 A so that the dielectric material of tire  100  is under and between the conductive traces of sensor  10 . In  FIG. 7B , sensor  10  is fully embedded/encased in tread wall  104  so that the dielectric material of tire  100  fully encases and protects sensor  10 . Placing sensor  10  on the inner wall of the tire also protects the sensor. 
     The completely wireless system having only one sensor as described above can be used to collect/record data about a tire. The sensor installed or embedded in the tire is powered and read by a magnetic field response recorder as the tire rotates during vehicle operation. As a result of being powered by a time-varying magnetic field from the recorder, the sensor resonates and the recorder collects/records the frequency, amplitude and bandwidth of the sensor&#39;s harmonic response. The present invention uses the attributes of the sensor&#39;s harmonic resonance to provide information about the tire. For example, the amplitude of the harmonic response can be used to determine the tire&#39;s rotation rate which, in turn, is indicative of vehicle speed and distance traveled. More specifically, since amplitude of the sensor&#39;s harmonic response will peak, at its point of closest approach  10  the magnetic field response recorder&#39;s antenna, one revolution of tire  100  is indicated each time the peak (or a threshold revel near the peak) is recorded. The time between such peak/threshold level detections can be used in a straight forward fashion to determine tire rotation rate and distance traveled. 
     The present invention can also be used to determine a number of attributes indicative of the tire&#39;s health. If the sensor is embedded within the dielectric material of the tire, tire monitoring in accordance with the present invention can begin daring the manufacture of the tire. That is, if a geometric-patterned sensor in accordance with the present invention is embedded in a tire prior to the curing thereof, the present invention can be used to monitor curing and establish a baseline harmonic response that can be used as a reference measurement for later operational monitoring of the tire. Furthermore, with the sensor embedded in the tire&#39;s dielectric material, the sensor is protected from damage, corrosion, etc. 
     Assuming a sensor of the present invention is embedded in the tire&#39;s dielectric material, the present invention can track the curing process by wirelessly powering the sensor and then periodically recording amplitude and frequency of the sensor&#39;s harmonic response. Until the tire&#39;s dielectric material cures, the embedded sensor&#39;s resonant frequency will change with phase changes in the curing dielectric material. Accordingly, the curing process is considered to be active until such time that the sensor&#39;s amplitude and frequency stabilize. At this point, the amplitude, frequency and bandwidth of the sensor&#39;s harmonic response define a baseline harmonic response that can be used when monitoring the tire during its useful life as will now be described. 
     A tire that includes a geometric-patterned sensor of the present invention is mounted on a vehicle&#39;s wheel (not shown) some time after the tire has cured. A magnetic field response recorder is also mounted on the vehicle in a fixed location that will allow the recorder to power the sensor and collect the harmonic response generated thereby as described above. By way of example,  FIGS. 1 and 2  will be referred to again where tire  100  includes sensor  10  and recorder  20  is fixed to a portion  200  of the vehicle (e.g., a wheel well) on which tire  100  is mounted. 
     As tire  100  rotates, recorder  20  wirelessly transmits a time-varying magnetic field that causes sensor  10  to resonate. Recorder  20  also wirelessly detects the sensor&#39;s harmonic response resulting from such resonation. Recorder  20  compares the cured tire&#39;s baseline frequency, amplitude and bandwidth to the sensor&#39;s current harmonic response attributes. By virtue of these comparisons, a number of physical attributes can be determined using just one sensor. For example, strain changes in the tire are indicated when there is a frequency change (relative to the baseline frequency) without a corresponding change in the bandwidth. Since stress is proportional to tire strain and since tire pressure is proportional to stress in the tire, strain can be used to indicate tire pressure. 
     Tire damage is indicated when the sensor&#39;s frequency is permanently shifted relative to the baseline frequency. That is, the permanent frequency shift indicates that the sensor&#39;s conductor is damaged (e.g., via a tire puncture or crack). Tire wear is indicated by gradual changes in frequency and amplitude relative to the tire&#39;s baseline frequency and baseline amplitude. If the tire includes steel belts in its construction, the present invention can also be used to monitor the tire for delamination, i.e., tire rubber and steel belt separation. More specifically, tire delamination is indicated when frequency decreases relative to the tire&#39;s baseline frequency while amplitude increases relative to the tire&#39;s baseline amplitude. 
     Tire temperature can also be monitored by comparing the bandwidth of the sensor&#39;s harmonic response (while the tire is being used) to the tire&#39;s baseline bandwidth. This can be explained briefly as follows. The sensor&#39;s resistance R is dependent upon temperature T, and can be referenced to a baseline resistance R 0  by the following relationship
 
 R=R   0 (1 +αT )  (1)
 
where
 
α=0.00427 and R 0 =R(0° C.)
 
or more generally
 
 R   2   =R   1 [1+α 1 ( T   1   −T   2 )]  (2)
 
where
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     When a sensor is electrically excited via Faraday induction at 0° C., the current in the sensor I 0  is 
                       I   0     ⁡     (     0   ⁢   °   ⁢           ⁢     C   .       )       =           ⅆ     Φ     B   TX           ⅆ   t       ⁢     |     t   0               S   2     +       R   2     ⁡     (     0   ⁢   °   ⁢           ⁢     C   .       )                     (   4   )               
where
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     The inductance and resistance are the sum of the inductance and resistance, respectively, of all sensor portions. The capacitance is the sum of the capacitance from the spacing between the traces. Therefore, for n sensor portions, 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     The interrogation antenna (i.e., antenna  24  in recorder  20 ) transmits a magnetic field of frequency ω, and the sensor has capacitance C and inductance L. The magnetic field response B RX (0° C.) produced by the geometric pattern at any point in space is 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     where the magnetic flux, Φ B     TX   , from the external transmitting antenna acting on the sensor is
 
Φ B     TX     =∫B   TX   ·dS.   (10)
 
     B TX  is a vector whose direction and magnitude are those of the magnetic field from the transmitting antenna. S is a surface vector whose direction is that of the surface normal and whose magnitude is the area of the sensor surface. In accordance with Faraday&#39;s law on induction, the induced electromotive force ∈ on the sensor is 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     The sensor trace is a series of portions with each portion having a length l i  as shown in  FIG. 4 . The responding magnetic field B RX (T) of the geometric pattern (sensor) is due to the combined response of each element dl i  along all the sensor portions l i . Each element dl i  is at a distance r from a point on the receiving antenna. The sensor response B RX (T) at any temperature T in degrees Celsius, in terms of the sensor electrical resistance at 0° C., is 
                       B   RX     ⁡     (   T   )       =         [     μ     4   ⁢   π       ]     [           ⅆ     Φ     B   TX           ⅆ   t       ⁢     |     t   0               S   2     +         (     1   +     0.00427   ⁢   T       )     2     ⁢       R   2     ⁡     (     0   ⁢   °   ⁢           ⁢     C   .       )               ]     ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       ∫     l   i               ⁢           ⁢           ⅆ     l   i       ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ       r   2       .                   (   12   )               
B RX (T) is dependent on temperature for fixed values of T, L and C and a reference response B RX (0° C.) . Note that any temperature could be used to establish a reference. Using this relationship, one can readily see that the bandwidth increases monotonically with temperature. The total sensor response received by the receiving antenna would be the summation of the response for each point on the antenna.
 
     The advantages of the present invention are numerous. A single, geometric-patterned, open-circuit sensor mounted in a tire can provide a variety of tire data when wirelessly powered and read by a magnetic field response recorder. When the sensor is embedded in the tire during its manufacture, the present invention can also be used to monitor the tire&#39;s curing process. The sensor can be made from a lightweight conductive trace and will, therefore, not affect a tire&#39;s rotational balance. The present invention can be readily extended to work with any non-conducting rotating system such as pulleys, propellers, etc. 
     Although the invention has been described relative to a specific embodiment thereof, there are numerous variations and modifications that will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. For example, as shown in  FIG. 8 , a second sensor  12  having a unique resonant frequency can be positioned in tire  100 . Sensor  12  is spaced apart from the first sensor  10  in the direction of tire rotation. Using two sensors having unique resonant frequencies, the present invention can also be used to indicate a rotational direction of the tire. That is, if the resonant frequency of sensor  10  is f 10  and the resonant frequency of sensor  12  is f 12  where f 10 ≠f 12 , the tire&#39;s direction, of rotation is indicated by the order in which the amplitudes of the two sensors&#39; harmonic responses increase.  FIG. 9  illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention having an array  300  of spiral trace sensors ( 10   a - 10   g ). Other geometric patterns could also be used in the array. Sensor array  300  has all but two sensors ( 10   a  and  10   g ) aligned. Although five aligned sensors ( 10   b - 10   f ) are shown, the present invention is not limited to a particular number. Any number of aligned sensors can be used. The two sensors  10   a  and  10   g  are placed adjacent to the aligned sensors so that they are inductively coupled to the aligned sensors, but not positioned along the same line. Although the non-aligned sensors are shown on opposite sides of the aligned sensors, they could be positioned along either side. The response recorder  20  with external antenna  24  is positioned to power and receive the responses from sensors  10   a  and  10   g . Because sensors  10   b - 10   f  are inductively coupled to sensors  10   a  and  10   g , their responses will be superimposed upon both sensor  10   a  and sensor  10   g . For an operational scenario where tire  100  is mounted on a vehicle, recorder  20  with external antenna  24  is typically attached to the vehicle in a fixed location  200 , such as the vehicle&#39;s wheel well. Alternatively, antenna  24  can be mounted in proximity to the tire while processor  22  is mounted at another location in the vehicle.  FIG. 10  illustrates sensor array  300  placed inside the tire. The array  300  is positioned so that sensors  10   a  and  10   g  are completely placed on the inner tire sidewall  104   b , therefore allowing their responses to not be attenuated by the tire&#39;s steel belts. Sensors  10   b - 10   f  are positioned on the inner wall bottom surface  104   a , with a portion of each sensor placed upon the tire inner sidewall.  FIG. 11  illustrates a cross-sectional view of sensor array  300  placed inside the tire  100 . If any sensor in the array  300  should have its response change (as result of the change in a physical quantity that it is measuring), the change will manifest Itself in the responses of sensors  10   a  and  10   g.    
     The array  300  is applicable to either steel belted or non-steel belted tires. Sensor  10   a  and  10   g  have response frequencies ω a  and ω g  which are unique and separated in value from those of sensors  10   b - 10   f . Sensors  10   a  and  10   g  can be used to determine wheel speed and direction. All sensors ( 10   a - 10   g ) can be used to measure rubber curing, tire pressure, rubber delamination, tire wear, tire damage and inner tire temperature. Sensor array  300  is placed along the inner wall of the tire in a manner that allows sensors  10   b - 10   f  to extend beyond the tire&#39;s inner bottom wall onto the tires inner side wall. All sensors  10   a - 10   g  are inductively coupled so that any damage such as puncture, tear or wear to either sensor will be discernable by measuring change in response to any sensor. The sensors generally to be measured are  10   a  and  10   g . Each sensor ( 10   a - 10   g ) can have a unique frequency range that does not overlap with the other sensors. In an even further embodiment, sensor  10   a  and  10   g  have unique frequency ranges, and sensors  10   b - 10   f  have the same frequency. Multiple arrays  300  can be placed along the inner wall of the tire so that the entire inner wall is completely covered with the sensors. Sensors  10   a  and  10   g  can be interrogated using a recorder  20  whose antenna  24  is placed in the wheel well of a vehicle. 
     It is therefore to re understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described.