Patent Publication Number: US-2015074777-A1

Title: Dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password

Description:
BENEFIT CLAIM 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 as a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/035,873, filed Feb. 25, 2011, which claims benefit of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/825,827, filed on Apr. 16, 2004, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,934,101 on Apr. 26, 2011, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to computer security with password rules enforcement. The invention relates more specifically to dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section. 
     One type of computer system provides the ability to authenticate, authorize, and account (AAA) for users accessing computer services in the system on a network. The AAA services provide security to ensure that legitimate users are accepted, their access is controlled with authorization parameters, and their behaviors are tracked and audited with accounting. The AAA services also attempt to ensure that unknown or illegitimate users can be blocked. AAA services may be used in network systems, where the AAA service may be a separate process or physical device such as an access control server, or may be used in computer systems, where the AAA service is a thread or programming module running as part of a computer system on one or more physical machines. To protect users from entering “weak” or guessable passwords, some AAA systems retain password rules. These rules require certain password lengths, special characters, or other requirements for user passwords, thereby ensuring that only “strong” passwords are used. 
     A problem with the approach is that these systems help protect against weak passwords, but do so only at the time of password creation. Therefore, if password rules change, there is no way to ensure compliance of the passwords that are already in the repository. There is no batch mechanism to apply password rules to hundreds or thousands of passwords or to change out-of-compliance passwords that already exist in the system. 
     AAA servers may proxy authentication to other services or servers. For example, the AAA server may proxy an Oracle™ database server and an application-licensing server each running on separate physical machines. Each of the services may have its own password policy or security policy, may have different password policies based on the role of the user (e.g. administrator, guest, etc.), and may change its password policies over time. A second problem with the approach is that the AAA system has no mechanism for enforcing different security or password policies based on which service is being accessed, role of the user, or newly defined password rules. 
     Therefore, there is clearly a need for techniques to ensure that mitigating action is taken when passwords in the repository are not compliant with applicable security or password policy. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram that illustrates an overview of a system for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password. 
         FIG. 2A  is a flow diagram that illustrates a high level overview of one embodiment of a method for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password. 
         FIG. 2B  is a flow diagram that illustrates examples of performing a responsive action to a password not being of sufficient quality. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system upon which an embodiment may be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A method and apparatus for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. 
     Embodiments are described herein according to the following outline:
         1.0 General Overview   2.0 Structural Overview   3.0 Functional Overview   4.0 Implementation Mechanisms—Hardware Overview   5.0 Extensions and Alternatives       

     1.0 General Overview 
     The needs identified in the foregoing Background, and other needs and objects that will become apparent for the following description, are achieved in the present invention, which comprises, in one aspect, a method dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password by obtaining a password from a user when the user attempts to access a service; determining whether the password meets quality criteria; and if the password does not meet the quality criteria, performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service. 
     In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service includes, if the password meets the quality criteria, granting to the user a first level of access to the service, where the first level of access to the service is associated with the quality criteria; if the password meets a second quality criteria, granting to the user a second level of access to the service, where the second level of access to the service is associated with the second quality criteria, where the second quality criteria is distinct from the quality criteria and where, if a particular password meets the quality criteria, then the password meets the second quality criteria. 
     In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service may include performing one or more of logging information related to the password; sending a report about the password; generating an alert about the password; forcing a password change; or blocking the user&#39;s access to the service. In a related feature, the method further includes, if the password does meet the quality criteria, providing user access to the service. 
     In a related feature, the step of determining whether the password meets quality criteria includes one or more of the steps of performing a dictionary look-up based on the one or more symbols used in the password; checking the length of the one or more symbols used in the password; checking the number of unique characters of the one or more symbols used in the password; checking the case of the characters in the one or more symbols used in the password; checking the sequencing of characters in the one or more symbols used in the password; or performing statistical analysis based on the one or more symbols used in the password. 
     In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service includes logging information related to the password. In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service includes sending a report about the password. In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service includes generating an alert about the password. In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service includes forcing a password change. In a related feature, the step of performing one or more responsive actions that relate to accessing the service includes blocking the user&#39;s access to the service. 
     In a related feature, obtaining the password from the user includes obtaining the password from the user via a graphical user interface. In a related feature, obtaining the password from the user includes obtaining the password from the user via an electronic interface. In a related feature, the method further includes the step of determining a quality score for the password, and where the step of determining whether the password meets quality criteria includes comparing the quality score to a predefined threshold value. 
     In a related feature, the method further includes obtaining the password from a repository of passwords; making a first determination whether the password meets quality criteria; and storing in a particular machine-readable medium an indication of the first determination for the password; where the step of determining whether the password meets quality criteria includes accessing the particular machine-readable medium. 
     In a related feature, the step of obtaining the password includes obtaining the password from a particular user, the particular user is associated with a particular user role, and where determining whether the password meets quality criteria includes determining whether the password meets quality criteria for the particular user role. In a related feature, determining whether the password meets the quality criteria includes determining whether the password meets quality criteria for the service. 
     In a related feature, the step of obtaining the password includes an access service obtaining the password from the user when the user attempts to access the service, where the access service includes machine executable instructions executing on a particular machine, and the service includes machine executable instruction executing on the same particular machine. In a related feature, the step of obtaining the password includes an access service obtaining the password from the user when the user attempts to access the service, where the access service includes machine executable instructions executing on a first machine and the service includes machine executable instructions executing on a second machine, where the first machine is distinct from the second machine. 
     In other aspects, the invention encompasses a computer apparatus and a machine-readable medium configured to carry out the foregoing steps. 
     2.0 Structural Overview 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram that illustrates an overview of a system for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password. 
     A user  101  is communicatively coupled to an access service  150 . The user  101  may be a human, a human operating a logical machine, or a physical machine. The access service  150  is communicatively coupled to a log  135 , services  120   a  and  120   b,  and an authentication and authorization service  110 . The authentication and authorization service  110  is also communicatively coupled to a log  136 . In various embodiments, the coupling is accomplished by optical, infrared, or radio signal transmission, direct cabling, wireless networking, local area networks (LANs), wide area network (WANs), the Internet, or any appropriate communication mechanism. 
     The access service  150  may be communicatively coupled to a log  135 , and the authentication and authorization service  110  may be communicatively coupled to a log  136 . In various embodiments, the logs  135 ,  136  are databases, flat files, data structures, or any other appropriate storage means. The access service  150  may store information related to activity at the access service  150  in the log  135 . Similarly, the authentication and authorization service  110  may store information related to activity at the authentication and authorization service  110  in the log  136 . 
     The access service  150 , services  120   a  and  120   b,  and authentication and authorization service  110  may each be implemented on a logical machine. Each logical machine may run on separate physical computing machines or may run on the same physical computing machine as one or more of the other logical machines. Each logical machine may run as a separate process on the same physical machine. Logical machines may comprise one or more computer programs or other software elements. One or more of the logical machines may run as part of the same process or thread on the same physical machine. Various embodiments of computers and other physical machines are described in detail below in the section entitled Hardware Overview. 
     In various embodiments, the access service  150  comprises or is hosted by a wireless access point, a virtual private network device, a network access server, a switch, a router, or any other appropriate device. In other embodiments, the access service  150  is a computer program module, embedded machine instructions, or any other appropriate service. In one embodiment, the access service  150  is a Cisco Secure Access Control Server. 
     For example, a computer program running on a computer may provide programming modules for access service  150 , services  120   a  and  120   b,  and authentication and authorization service  110  as part of a single computer program to control access to services  120   a  and  120   b . The computer program may control the access of a user  101  by proving an access service  150  to retrieve a username and password when the user  101  tries to access the either of services  120   a  and  120   b,  and an authentication and authorization service  110  to determine the validity of the username and password. 
     As another example, the access service  150  may be a wireless access point that controls access to services  120   a  and  120   b  on the wireless network, and the authentication and authorization service  110  is an Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting server. A user  101  is a supplicant attempting to access the service  120   a.  The wireless access point  150  obtains a username and password from the supplicant  101  and the AAA server  110  authenticates and authorizes the supplicant  101 . If the supplicant  101  is successfully authenticated and authorized, the wireless access point  150  provides the supplicant  101  access to the service  120   a.  In one embodiment, the access service  150  provides a graphical user interface (GUI)  151  to the user  101  and the user  101  is communicatively coupled to the access service  150  via the GUI  151 . 
     In other embodiments, the authentication and authorization service  110  or a process thereto communicatively coupled provides the GUI  151  to the user. In various embodiments, a graphical user interface  151  is provided to a user  101  via a computer program running on a machine accessible to the user, via a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), secure HTTP (HTTPS), or file transfer protocol (FTP) server, via an rsync gateway, via a HTML or XML browser, or any appropriate means. 
     Alternatively, the user  101  may be provided an electronic interface  152 . In various embodiments, the electronic interface  152  comprises a HTTP server or client, a HTTPS server or client, a FTP server or client, an rsync gateway, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) sockets, Universal Datagram Protocol (UDP) sockets, or any other appropriate communication means. Alternatively, the electronic interface  152  may include a remote procedure call interface, a Java Remote Method Invocation interface, or any other remote interface. In related embodiments, the electronic interface  152  allows communications to be formatted in a proprietary format, Extensible Markup Language (XML), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), or any other appropriate format. In one embodiment, the access service  150  provides an electronic interface  152 , and the user  101  is communicatively coupled to the access service  150  via the electronic interface  152 . In other embodiments, the authentication and authorization service  110  or a process thereto communicatively coupled provides the electronic interface  152 . 
     3.0 Functional Overview 
       FIG. 2A  is a flow diagram that illustrates a high level overview of one embodiment of a method for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password. 
     In step  210 , a password is obtained. A password may be obtained from a user by an access service when the user attempts to access a particular service, the access to which is controlled by the access service. In various embodiments, obtaining a password includes receiving a password from the user via a graphical or electronic interface. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , an access service  150  obtains a password from a user  101  when the user attempts to access a service  120   a,  the access service  150  provides to the user  101  a GUI  151  into which a human user may type a username and password. As another example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , a user  101  is a machine attempting to access a service  120   a.  The access service  150  provides an electronic interface  152  to the user  101 . The user  101  provides the password to the access service  150  via the electronic interface  152 . 
     In step  220 , the quality of the password is determined. In various embodiments, determining the quality of a password includes performing a dictionary lookup on the password, checking the length of the password, checking the number of unique characters in the password, checking the mixing of cases in the password, checking the sequencing of the characters in the password, performing a statistical analysis of the password, or any other appropriate check. See for example the “Department of Defense Password Management Guideline,” CSC-STD, 85-002, Department of Defense Computer Security Center, 1986. 
     In one embodiment, one or more quality scores are generated for the password. In a related embodiment, the one or more quality scores are generated after the password is obtained in step  210 . Alternatively, the one or more quality scores may be generated before the password is obtained in step  210 . For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , an authentication and authorization service  110  determines the quality scores of one or more passwords, including a particular password, each time there is a change to the password policy for the authentication and authorization service  110 . When the access service  150  sends the particular password to the authentication and authorization service  110 , the authentication and authorization service  110  performs a check of the quality of the password by retrieving from a machine-readable medium the latest quality score determined for the particular password. 
     In step  230 , a test is performed to determine whether the password is of sufficient quality. Testing to determine whether the password is of sufficient quality may include comparing a quality score generated in step  220  to a predetermined value or a set of predetermined values. For example, a quality score generated in step  220  may be compared to a force-password-change threshold value and an alert threshold value, where the force-password-change value is lower than the alert value. If the quality score generated in step  220  is below the force-password-change threshold value, then the user is forced to change the password in step  240  (described below). If the quality score generated in step  220  is above the force-password-change threshold value, but below the alert value, then the user is notified that the password should be changed (in step  240 ), or a log record is created, but a change is not forced. 
     In various embodiments, determining whether the password is of sufficient quality includes determining the role of the user or the access that the user is permitted for the service. A user may be associated with a role such as administrator, user, or guest. Each role may have associated with it a different password strength requirement. For example, a password for a user with the role of “administrator” may need to be stronger than a password for the role of user. A password for a user with the role of “guest” may not need to be as strong as passwords for users in the role of admin or user. 
     In one embodiment, an access service controls access to multiple services. In such an embodiment, the password strength for each service may be different. Consequentially, a password may be of high-enough quality for one service, but not for another service. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , an access service  150  controls access to two services  120   a  and  120   b.  When a user  101  attempts to access the first service  120   a  (e.g. a web server providing an intranet containing company news), the access service  150  determines that the password provided by the user  101  is of high-enough quality. If the same user  101  then attempts to access a second service  120   b  (e.g. a database of employee information), then the access service  150  performs a check and determines that the password is not of high-enough quality and takes further action in step  240 . These processes may be performed if the password is obtained at the time each service is accessed, or if the password is obtained once before both accesses. 
     If the password is determined to have sufficient quality in step  230 , then in step  235 , the method for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password is ended. In various embodiments, ending the process of dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password includes granting the user access to a service or passing control to another process or machine to further validate the user. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , if the password given by a user  101  is determined sufficient in step  230 , then in step  235 , the user  101  is granted access to the service  120   a.    
     If the password is determined insufficient in step  230 , then in step  240  an appropriate action is performed to respond to the password quality. Performing an appropriate action in response to password quality is described in more detail below with respect to  FIG. 2B . 
       FIG. 2B  is a flow diagram that illustrates examples of performing a responsive action to a password not being of sufficient quality. 
     In various embodiments, performing the appropriate action  240  includes logging information related to the password  242 , sending a report about the password  244 , generating an alert about the password  246 , forcing a password change  248 , blocking the user&#39;s access to the service  250 , changing access levels or types  252 , or any other appropriate action. In related embodiments, the action taken is based on a quality score determined during step  220 . 
     In one embodiment, logging information related to the password  242  may include writing information to a log file, database, or any machine-readable medium about the password, its strength, the checks performed on the password, the user, the user&#39;s role, or the service to which the user was attempting to gain access. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , a user  101  attempts to access a service  120   a  via an access service  150 . The access service  150  determines that the password is not of very high quality, but is of high-enough quality to not force the user to change the password. The access service  150  then writes an entry to its log  135  as part of step  242 . The entry in the log  135  may later be used by an automated process or a human operator to perform an “audit” of the strength of passwords that have been seen by the access service  150 . 
     In various embodiments, the action taken in step  240  is to send a report to the user, to a system administrator, or to any appropriate party (step  244 ). The report may include information related to the user, the password, the checks performed on the password, the service, or any other appropriate information. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , a password is provided by a user  101  to access service  150 , and the access service  150  provides the password to an authentication and authorization service  110 . The authentication and authorization service  110  determines that the password is not of high-enough quality. In response to the password not being of high-enough quality, the authentication and authorization service  110 , as part of step  244 , sends a report to a network administrator indicating that the password for the particular user  101  is not of high-enough quality. The report may be an email, one or more entries in a database, an instant message, etc. 
     In one embodiment, in step  240  an alert about the password is generated (step  246 ). In various embodiments, the alert is provided to the user, to an administrator or to a machine. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , after an authentication and authorization service  110  performs a check on a user&#39;s  101  password, the authentication and authorization service  110  may provide, as part of step  246 , an alert indicating that the password is not of high enough quality and should be changed by the user. As another example, upon detection of a password that is not of high-enough quality, an alert may be sent to an administrator or machine that may later require the user  101  to provide a new password. 
     Step  240  may include forcing a password change (step  248 ) upon detection that the password does not meet the predefined criteria. In a related embodiment, the user is then prompted to enter a new password. In one embodiment, a check is performed to determine whether the new password meets the predefined criteria and, if the new password does not, then the new password is not accepted. In one embodiment, once a user has entered a password that meets the predefined criteria, the password is stored, and the user is granted access to the service. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , if an authentication and authorization service  110  determines that the password for a user  101  is not of high-enough quality, then the authentication and authorization service  110  informs the access service  150  about the quality determination. The access service  150  then requires the user  101  to enter a new password as part of step  248 . If the new password does not meet the predefined criteria for quality, then the access service  150  may require the user  101  to continue entering different passwords until one of the passwords meets the quality criteria. Once the user  101  has entered a password that meets the quality criteria, the user  101  is granted access to the service  120   a.    
     In one embodiment, step  240  includes blocking the user&#39;s access to the service (step  250 ). In a related embodiment, in addition to the user&#39;s access being blocked, the user is informed that there is a requirement to change the password used to access the particular service to make it of high-enough quality in order to regain access to the service. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , an access service  150  blocks a user&#39;s  101  access to a service  120   a  (step  250 ) and indicates that the user  101  must perform a password change and provides instructions on how to change the password. In one alternative, the user may be instructed about how to improve password quality. 
     In one embodiment, step  240  includes changing access levels or types (step  252 ). In a related embodiment, if a user&#39;s password does not have a level of quality above a first predefined quality level, but does have a level of quality above a second predefined quality level, where the first predefined quality level is higher than the second predefined quality level, then the user is provided the lower level of access associated with the second predefined quality level. In a related embodiment, if the user&#39;s password has a level of quality above the first predefined quality level, then the user is provided a higher level of access associated with the first predefined quality level. For example, in the context of  FIG. 1 , an access service  150  determines that a user&#39;s  101  password is better than a “guest password” level of quality, but is not better than an “administrator” level of quality. Consequently, the access service  150  provides the user  101  with guest privileges to the services it controls—where the guest level privileges are a subset of the privileges provided at administrator level (“administrator privileges”). If a second user  101  logs in with a password that meets the higher, administrator level of quality, then the second user  101  is provided with administrator privileges. 
     Various embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  enable dynamic enforcement of password schemes. Other embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  enable dynamic mitigation of passwords that do not meet predefined criteria. The embodiments described herein enable one to make and use a system where a password scheme may be dynamically enforced (or used to mitigate password quality) based on user role or based on the service to which a user wishes to gain access. 
     4.0 Implementation Mechanisms—Hardware Overview 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system  300  upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system  300  includes a bus  302  or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor  304  coupled with bus  302  for processing information. Computer system  300  also includes a main memory  306 , such as a random access memory (“RAM”) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus  302  for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor  304 . Main memory  306  also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor  304 . Computer system  300  further includes a read only memory (“ROM”)  308  or other static storage device coupled to bus  302  for storing static information and instructions for processor  304 . A storage device  310 , such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus  302  for storing information and instructions. 
     Computer system  300  may be coupled via bus  302  to a display  312 , such as a cathode ray tube (“CRT”), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device  314 , including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus  302  for communicating information and command selections to processor  304 . Another type of user input device is cursor control  316 , such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor  304  and for controlling cursor movement on display  312 . This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane. 
     The invention is related to the use of computer system  300  for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password. According to one embodiment of the invention, dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password is provided by computer system  300  in response to processor  304  executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory  306 . Such instructions may be read into main memory  306  from another machine-readable medium, such as storage device  310 . Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory  306  causes processor  304  to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. 
     The term “machine-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor  304  for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device  310 . Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory  306 . Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus  302 . Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications. 
     Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor  304  for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system  300  can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and appropriate circuitry can place the data on bus  302 . Bus  302  carries the data to main memory  306 , from which processor  304  retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory  306  may optionally be stored on storage device  310  either before or after execution by processor  304 . 
     Computer system  300  also includes a communication interface  318  coupled to bus  302 . Communication interface  318  provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link  320  that is connected to a local network  322 . For example, communication interface  318  may be an integrated services digital network (“ISDN”) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface  318  may be a local area network (“LAN”) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface  318  sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information. 
     Network link  320  typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link  320  may provide a connection through local network  322  to a host computer  324  or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (“ISP”)  326 . ISP  326  in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the “Internet”  328 . Local network  322  and Internet  328  both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link  320  and through communication interface  318 , which carry the digital data to and from computer system  300 , are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information. 
     Computer system  300  can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link  320  and communication interface  318 . In the Internet example, a server  330  might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet  328 , ISP  326 , local network  322  and communication interface  318 . In accordance with the invention, one such downloaded application provides for dynamically mitigating a noncompliant password as described herein. 
     The received code may be executed by processor  304  as it is received, and/or stored in storage device  310 , or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer system  300  may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave. 
     5.0 Extensions and Alternatives 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.