Patent Publication Number: US-9847821-B2

Title: Spatial multiplexing in a cellular network

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 13/781,048, filed on Feb. 28, 2013, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 13/684,010, filed on Nov. 21, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,137,779, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 12/823,057, filed on Jun. 24, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,339,934, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 10/929,015, filed on Aug. 26, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,773,564, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/564,770, filed on May 3, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,757,265, which is a Division of application Ser. No. 09/545,434, filed on Apr. 7, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,253, which is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 09/364,146, filed on Jul. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,290 all of which are incorporated herein by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Copyright Authorization 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by any one of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The field of the present invention relates in general to the field of wireless broadcast of information using one or more multiple access protocols and in particular to methods and apparatus for implementing spatial multiplexing in conjunction with the one or more multiple access protocols during the broadcast of information. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In wireless broadcast systems, information generated by a source is transmitted by wireless means to a plurality of receivers within a particular service area. The transmission of such information requires a finite amount of bandwidth, and in current state of the art transmission of information from different sources, must occur in different channels. 
     Since there are quite a few services (e.g. television, FM radio, private and public mobile communications, etc.) competing for a finite amount of available spectrum, the amount of spectrum which can be allocated to each channel is severely limited. Innovative means for using the available spectrum more efficiently are of great value. In current state of the art systems, such as cellular telephone or broadcast television, a suitably modulated signal is transmitted from a single base station centrally located in the service area or cell and propagated to receiving stations in the service area surrounding the transmitter. The information transmission rate achievable by such broadcast transmission is constrained by the allocated bandwidth. Due to attenuations suffered by signals in wireless propagation, the same frequency channel can be re-used in a different geographical service area or cell. Allowable interference levels determine the minimum separation between base stations using the same channels. What is needed is a way to improve data transfer speed in the multiple access environments currently utilized for wireless communications within the constraints of available bandwidth. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides methods and apparatus for implementing spatial multiplexing in conjunction with the one or more multiple access protocols during the broadcast of information in a wireless network. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a wireless cellular network for transmitting subscriber datastream(s) to corresponding ones among a plurality of subscriber units located within the cellular network is disclosed. The wireless cellular network includes base stations and a logic. The base stations each include spatially separate transmitters for transmitting in response to control signals and selected substreams of each subscriber datastream on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol. The logic communicates with each of the base stations. The logic assigns an available channel on which to transmit each subscriber datastream. The logic routes at least a substream of each datastream to at least a selected one of the base stations. The logic also generates control signals to configure at least a selected one of the base stations to transmit the selected substreams to a corresponding one among the plurality of subscriber units on the assigned channel. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a subscriber unit for use in a cellular system with base stations, each including spatially separate transmitters for transmitting selected substreams of at least one of a plurality of subscriber downlink datastream(s) on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol, is disclosed. The subscriber unit includes: spatially separate receivers, a spatial processor, and a combiner. The spatially separate receivers receive the assigned channel composite signals resulting from the spatially separate transmission of the subscriber downlink datastream(s). The spatial processor is configurable response to a control signal transmitted by the base station to separate the composite signals into estimated substreams based on information obtained during the transmission of known data patterns from at least one of the base stations or by using blind training techniques. The spatial processor signals the base stations when a change of a spatial transmission configuration is required in order to resolve the composite signals into estimated downlink datastream(s). The combiner combines the estimated substreams into a corresponding subscriber datastream. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a wireless cellular network for transmitting subscriber downlink datastream(s) from a first network to subscribers located within the wireless cellular network is disclosed. The wireless cellular network includes: base stations, subscriber units and a logic. The base stations are each configured for spatially separate transmission of selected substreams of each subscriber downlink datastream on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol. The subscriber units are each configured for spatially separate reception on the assigned channel of the selected substreams, for combining the substreams into the corresponding subscriber datastream and for initiating a change signal to at least one of the base stations when a change of a spatial transmission configuration is required in order to separate the selected substreams. The logic communicates with each of the base stations and to the first network. The logic is configured to route at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream to at least a selected one of the base stations and further configured to vary the routing between a single base station and multiple base stations to vary a spatial transmission configuration of the selected substreams. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a wireless cellular network for receiving subscriber datastreams at corresponding ones among a plurality of base stations located within the cellular network is disclosed. The wireless cellular network includes: subscriber units and logic. The subscriber units each include spatially separate transmitters for transmitting, in response to control signals, selected substreams of each subscriber datastream on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol. The logic communicates with each of the base stations. The logic generates control signals to configure selected ones of the base stations to receive composite signals resulting from the spatially separate transmission of the selected substreams from a corresponding one among the plurality of subscriber units on the assigned channel. The logic also converts the composite signals into estimate substreams and combines the estimated substreams of each subscriber datastream into each subscriber datastream. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a wireless cellular network for transmitting subscriber downlink datastream(s) from a first network to subscribers located within the wireless cellular network is disclosed. The wireless cellular network includes base stations and logic. The base stations include at least one transmitter, for transmitting in response to control signals selected substreams of each subscriber datastream on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol. The logic communicates with each of the base stations. The logic for assigns an available channel on which to transmit each subscriber datastream. The logic routes at least a substream of each datastream to at least a selected one of the base stations. The logic further generates control signals to configure the at least a selected one of the base stations to transmit the selected substreams to a corresponding one among the plurality of subscriber units on the assigned channel. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a method for transmitting subscriber downlink datastream(s) from base stations to corresponding ones among a plurality of subscriber units is disclosed. The method includes the acts of: routing at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream to selected one of the base stations; transmitting the at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream from the selected one of the base stations on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol; and re-routing at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream between a single base station and multiple base stations responsive to a determination that a change of a spatial transmission configuration of the at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream signal is required. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a method for receiving subscriber downlink datastream(s) transmitted from a plurality of spatially separate transmitters is disclosed. The method includes the acts of: receiving signals generated from at least one of the plurality of spatially separate transmitters; determining a number of substreams to be derived from the signals; separating the signals into the number of substreams determined in said act of determining; and combining the substreams into a corresponding subscriber downlink datastream. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a wireless cellular network for transmitting subscriber datastream(s) to corresponding ones among a plurality of subscriber units located within the cellular network is disclosed. The wireless cellular network includes: means for routing at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream to selected ones of the base stations; means for transmitting the at least a sub stream of each subscriber downlink datastream from the selected ones of the base stations on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol; and means for re-routing the at least a substream of each subscriber downlink datastream between a single base station and multiple base stations responsive to a signal from a corresponding one of the subscriber units requesting a change of spatial transmission configuration. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a subscriber unit for use in a cellular system with base stations each including spatially separate transmitters for transmitting selected substreams of at least one of a plurality of subscriber downlink datastream(s) on an assigned channel of a multiple access protocol is disclosed. The subscriber unit includes: means for receiving signals generated from at least one of the plurality of spatially separate transmitters; means for determining a number of substreams to be derived from the signals; means for separating the signals into the number of substreams determined in said act of determining; means for combining the substreams into a corresponding subscriber downlink datastream; and means for signaling the base when a change of a spatial transmission configuration is required in order to resolve the composite signals into estimated substreams. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1A  shows a wireless cellular network incorporating spatial multiplexing and multiple access according to the current invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a detailed view of selected cells within the cellular network shown in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 1C  shows a cell architecture that provides overlapping regions suitable for multi-base spatial multiplexing. 
         FIGS. 2A-G  show alternate embodiments for the subscriber units utilized in the wireless cellular network shown in  FIGS. 1A-B . 
         FIG. 3A  shows a detailed hardware block diagram of a single base station and subscriber unit for use in the wireless cellular network shown in  FIGS. 1A-B . 
         FIG. 3B  shows a detailed hardware block diagram of a single base station and subscriber unit as in  FIG. 3A , wherein the subscriber unit interfaces with a network. 
         FIGS. 4A-J  show detailed hardware block diagrams of the multiple access hardware for controlling the transmission of subscriber datastream(s) from one or more of the base stations within the wireless network. 
         FIGS. 5A-B  show detailed hardware block diagrams of the hardware associated with the receipt of multiple subscriber datastream(s) at the base stations of the wireless network of the current invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows a detailed view of the signals and the symbols associated with the transmission and receipt of spatially multiplexed signals according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 7A-B  show detailed hardware block diagrams of the configurable spatial processor associated with the receiver circuitry receiver, according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 7C-D  show detailed hardware block diagrams of a configurable space and space-time processor associated with the configurable spatial receiver according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIG. 8  shows in band training and data signals for calibrating the spatially configurable receiver during the transmission of spatially multiplexed data, according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 9A-B  are respectively detailed hardware block diagrams of a spatially multiplexed transmitter and receiver implementing a time-division multiple access protocol (TDMA), according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 10A-B  are respectively detailed hardware block diagrams of a spatially multiplexed transmitter and receiver implementing a frequency-division multiple access protocol (FDMA), according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 11A-B  are respectively detailed hardware block diagrams of a spatially multiplexed transmitter and receiver implementing a code-division multiple access protocol (CDMA), according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 12A-B  are respectively detailed hardware block diagrams of a spatially multiplexed transmitter and receiver implementing a space-division multiple access protocol (SDMA), according to an embodiment of the current invention. 
         FIGS. 13A-B  are process flow diagrams showing the acts associated with respectively the spatially multiplexed transmission and reception of datastream(s) in any one of a number of multiple access protocols, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagrammatic illustration of a hybrid DSL/wireless link that incorporates a spatially multiplexed remote wireless device. 
         FIG. 15  is a diagrammatic illustration of a hybrid cable/wireless link that incorporates a spatially multiplexed remote wireless device in a network access unit. 
         FIG. 16  is a diagrammatic illustration of a repeater BTS that utilizes a spatially multiplexed remote wireless device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     A method and apparatus is disclosed which allows for both spatial multiplexed and non-spatial wireless communications between portable units and corresponding selected ones among a plurality of base stations. The methods and apparatus of the current invention may be implemented on a dedicated wireless infrastructure or may be superimposed on existing wireless communications systems, such as cellular telephone and paging services, which are currently in place around the world. The methods and apparatus include implementation in any of a number of multiple access protocols. 
     Spatial Multiplexing and Multiple Access 
     Spatial multiplexing (SM) is a transmission technology which exploits multiple antennas at both the base station(s) and at the subscriber units to increase the bit rate in a wireless radio link with no additional power or bandwidth consumption. Under certain conditions, spatial multiplexing offers a linear increase in spectrum efficiency with the number of antennas. Assuming, for example, N=3 antennas are used at the transmitter and receiver, the stream of possibly coded information symbols is split into three independent substreams. These substreams occupy the same channel of a multiple access (MA) protocol, the same time slot in a time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol, the same frequency slot in frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) protocol, the same code/key sequence in code-division multiple access (CDMA) protocol or the same spatial target location in space-division multiple access (SDMA) protocol. The substreams are applied separately to the N transmit antennas and launched into the radio channel. Due to the presence of various scattering objects (buildings, cars, hills, etc.) in the environment, each signal experiences multipath propagation. The composite signals resulting from the transmission are finally captured by an array of receive antennas with random phase and amplitudes. For every substream the set of N received phases and N received amplitudes constitute its spatial signature. 
     At the receive array, the spatial signature of each of the N signals is estimated. Based on this information, a signal processing technique is then applied to separate the signals, recover the original substreams and finally merge the symbols back together. Linear or nonlinear receivers can be used providing a range of performance and complexity trade-offs. A linear spatial multiplexing receiver can be viewed as a bank of superposed spatial weighting filters, where every filter aims at extracting one of the multiplexed substreams by spatially nulling the remaining ones. This assumes, of course, that the substreams have different signatures. 
     If the transmitter is equipped with M antennas, while the receiver has N antennas, the rate improvement factor allowed by spatial multiplexing is the minimum of these two numbers. Additional antennas on the transmit or receive side are then used for diversity purposes and further improve the link reliability by improving, for example, the signal-to-noise ratio or allowing for smaller fading margins, etc. Effectively spatial multiplexing allows a transmitter receiver pair to communicate in parallel through a single MA channel, hence allowing for a possible N-fold improvement of the link speed. More improvement is actually obtained if we take into account the diversity gain offered by the multiple antennas (for instance, in a Raleigh fading channel). Such performance factors are derived ideally under the assumption that the spatial signatures of the substreams are truly independent from each other. In reality, the level of independence between the signatures will determine the actual link performance. The performance, however, usually exceeds that obtained by a single antenna at the transmitter and receiver. For example, at two GHz, assuming the base station and the subscriber unit are spaced apart by one mile and using three antennas at each end of the link, a scattering radius of about 30 feet (both ends) is enough to achieve maximum performance. 
       FIG. 1A  shows a plurality of subscriber units wirelessly coupled over a cellular network to a network  100 . Network  100  may include: a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a public switched telephone network (PSTN), Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), an adhoc network, a virtual private network, an intranet or the internet. The wireless system includes: a central office (CO)  102 , a master switch center (MSC)  106 , a ground based relay station  110 , satellites ( 112 ), base stations  120 ,  126  and  132  (BTS) and subscriber units  156 ,  138 ,  144 ,  150  and  162 . The subscriber units may be mobile, fixed or portable. The base stations may be fixed or mobile. The base stations may include: a tower, satellites, balloons, planes, etc. The base station may be located indoors/outdoors. The cellular network includes one or more base stations, where each base station includes one or more spatially separate transmitters. 
     The central office  102  is coupled to the network  100 . Network  100  may be circuit switched (e.g. point-to-point) or packet switched network. The central office is coupled to a master switching center  106 . The MSC in traditional cellular systems is alternately identified as: a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) by Bell Labs, an electronic mobile Xchange (EMX) by Motorola, an AEX by Ericcson, NEAX by NEC, a switching mobile center (SMC) and a master mobile center (MMC) by Novatel. The MSC is coupled via data/control line  108  to the satellites via relay station  110  and to the base stations. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, base station controllers (BSC) may serve as intermediary coupling points between the MSC and the base stations. In the embodiment shown, each of the BTS includes an array of spatially separate antennas for transmission and/or reception. The BTS may also include traditional antenna for whichever of the receive/transmit side of its communication capability lacks spatially separate antenna and associated circuitry. Antennas of a transmitter/receiver are defined to be spatially separate if they are capable of transmitting/receiving spatially separate signals. Physically separate antenna may be used to transmit/receive spatially separate signals. Additionally, a single antenna may be used to transmit/receive spatially separate signals provided it includes the ability to transmit/receive orthogonal radiation patterns. Hereinafter, the phrase “spatially separate” shall be understood to include any antenna or transmitter or receiver capable of communicating spatially separate signals. The base stations are configured to communicate with subscriber units of a traditional type, i.e. those lacking either spatially separate transmission/reception as well as spatially enabled subscriber units, i.e. those including either or both spatially separate reception and transmission capabilities. 
     In operation, distinct subscriber datastream(s)  170 ,  176  and  182  are received by CO  102 . The CO performs the initial routing of the data streams to the appropriate one of a plurality of MSCs which may be located across the country. The MSC performs several functions. It controls the switching between the PSTN or network  100  and the BTSs for all wireline-to-subscriber, subscriber-to-wireline and subscriber-to-subscriber calls. It processes/logic data received from BTSs concerning subscriber unit status, diagnostic data and bill compiling information. In an embodiment of the invention, the MSC communicates with the base stations and/or satellites with a datalink using the X.25 protocol or IP protocol. The MSC also implements a portion of the spatial multiplexing and multiple access processes/logic (SM_MA)  104 B of the current invention. Each BTS operates under the direction of the MSC. The BTS and satellites  112  manage the channels at the site, supervise calls, turn the transmitter/receiver on/off, inject data onto the control and user channels and perform diagnostic tests on the cell-site equipment. Each BTS and satellite also implement a portion of the SM MA processes/logic  104 C. The subscriber units may be both traditional and spatially enabled and may still communicate over the system. Those subscriber units that are spatially enabled on either/both the transmit/receive side of communications implement SM_MA processes/logic  104 D as well. 
     The SM_MA processes/logic allow high bit rate communications with any of the SM_MA enabled subscriber units within existing bandwidth constraints and within any of the multiple access (MA) protocols common to wireless communications or combinations thereof. Those MA protocols include: time-division multiple access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), code-division multiple access (CDMA), space-division multiple access (SDMA) and many other multiple access protocols known to those skilled in the art. The SM_MA processes/logic include the ability to selectively allocate spatially separate downlink or uplink capability to any spatially enabled subscriber within a multiple access environment. This capability allows, as to that subscriber, the elevation of bit rates well above those currently available. Thus, a whole new range of subscribers can be anticipated to take advantage of this capability. Utilizing this invention, it will be possible to provide a wireless medium for connecting workstations, servers and tele-video conferences using the existing cellular infrastructure with the adaptations provided by this invention. The SM_MA processes/logic involve splitting subscriber datastream(s) destined for spatial multiplexing into substreams and intelligently routing and re-routing the substreams during a call session so as to maintain consistent quality of service (QoS). The substreams are communicated on the same channel using the same access protocol, thus not requiring additional resources or bandwidth to implement. The processes/logic include: access protocol assignment, channel assignment, monitoring of spatial separation, determination/redetermination of spatial signatures for each communication link, routing/re-routing between single-BTS and multi-BTS, handoff and control of substream parsing/combining. 
     In  FIG. 1A , datastream(s)  170 ,  176  and  182  are shown originating on network  100 . The SM_MA processes/logic  104  have parsed and routed subscriber data stream  170  into substreams  172 - 174 , which are transmitted on a single channel of a multiple access protocol over the spatially separate antenna  134 - 136  of BTS  132 . Subscriber unit  138 , via spatially separate antenna  140 - 142 , receives composite signals  172 - 174  resulting from the substream transmission and utilizing SM_MA processes/logic  104 D, derives the substream and original datastream  170  therefrom. In the embodiment shown, the data is delivered to the computer  190  to which the fixed subscriber desktop unit  138  is coupled. The cellular environment may also be implemented utilizing aerial equivalents of the base stations. In the embodiment shown, a plurality of satellites  112  generally deliver subscriber datastream(s) via spatially separate antennae on each of the satellites to a cellular network, i.e.  114 . 
     In a circuit-switched embodiment of the invention, a call over a cellular network may require using two channels simultaneously; one called the user channel and one called the control channel. The BTS(s) transmit and receive on what is called a forward/downlink control channel and the forward/downlink voice/data channel and the subscriber unit transmit/receive on the reverse/uplink control and voice/data channels. Completing a call within a cellular radio system is quite similar to the PSTN. When a subscriber unit is first turned on, it performs a series of startup procedures and then samples the received signal strength on all user channels. The unit automatically tunes to the channel with the strongest receive signal strength and synchronizes to the control data transmitted by the BTS(s). The subscriber unit interprets the data and continues monitoring the controlled channels. The subscriber unit automatically re-scans periodically to ensure that it is using the best control channel. Within a cellular system, calls can take place between a wireline party and a subscriber unit or between two subscriber units. For wireline-to-subscriber unit calls, the MSC receives a call from either a wireline party or in the form of a call setup packet from the network  100 . The MSC determines whether the subscriber unit to which the call is destined is on/off hook. If the subscriber unit is available, the MSC directs the appropriate BTS to page the subscriber unit. The subscriber unit responds to the BTS indicating its availability and spatial multiplexing capabilities, receive and/or transmit. Following the page response from the subscriber unit, the MSC/BTS switch assigns an idle channel, configures spatial processing capability on both the subscriber unit and BTS(s) if appropriate, and instructs the subscriber unit to tune to that channel. The subscriber unit sends a verification of channel tuning to the BTS(s) and then sends an audible call progress tone to the subscriber I/O unit causing it to ring. The switch terminates the call progress tone when it receives positive indication the subscriber has answered and the conversation or communication has begun. 
     Calls between two subscriber units are also possible in the cellular radio system. To originate a call to another subscriber unit, the calling party enters the called number into the unit&#39;s memory via the touch pad and then presses the send key. The MSC receives the caller&#39;s identification number and the called number then determines if the called unit is free to receive the call. The MSC switch sends a page command to all base stations and the called party, who may be anywhere in the service area, receives the page. The MSC determines the spatial multiplexing capability of both subscribers. Following a positive page from the called party, the switch assigns each party an idle user channel and instructs each party to tune into that respective channel. Then the called party&#39;s phone rings. When the system receives notice the called party has answered the phone, the switch terminates the call progress tone and a communication can begin between two subscriber units. If spatial multiplexing is enabled, the communication link will include that capability. 
     One of the most important features of the cellular system is its ability to transfer calls that are already in progress from one cell site/base station to another as a subscriber unit moves from cell to cell or coverage area to coverage area within the cellular network. This transfer process is called a handoff. Computers at the BTS transfer calls from cell to cell with minimal disruption and no degradation in quality of transmission. The handoff decision algorithm is based on variations in signal strength. When a call is in progress, the MSC monitors the received signal strength of each user channel. If the signal level on an occupied channel drops below a predetermined threshold for more than a given time interval, the switch performs a handoff provided there is a vacant channel. In a traditional non-SM cellular system a traditional handoff involves switching the transmission point of a subscriber session (datastream) from one BTS to another. In the current invention various types of handoff, e.g. partial and full may take place. The handoff operation may involve the MSC re-routing the call and the entire datastream or selected substreams thereof to different antennas of the same BTS or to a new BTS/BTSs in whole or in part. Where the re-routing is partial, at least one substream communication path is left unchanged while other of the substreams are re-routed to antennas on another BTSs. Where the handoff is full the multiple substreams transmitted from one or more BTSs are re-routed to other BTS(s). 
     In an embodiment of the invention utilizing a packet switched architecture, call setup may be implemented using protocols including: ALOHA, slotted-ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, SDMA, etc., or any combination thereof. 
     BTS  132 , in the embodiment shown, includes spatially separate antenna array. There may be any number of antennas. In some spatial environments, baud rates for spatially multiplexed communications on a single channel will increase linearly with the number of antennas allocated by subscriber unit and BTSs to a call session. In the embodiment shown, each BTSs array includes at least two antennas  134  and  136 . The BTS may include either or both spatial multiplexing capability on the downlink (transmit) or uplink (receive) side. In the embodiment shown, each BTS includes spatial multiplexing capability on both the downlink and uplink. Although each of the following embodiments utilizes two antennas to implement SM, any number of antennas on a single BTS or multiple BTSs may be utilized without departing from the scope of the invention. 
       FIG. 1B  shows a more detailed view of the BTS and subscriber units shown in  FIG. 1A . Each BTS includes two spatially separate antennas. BTS  120  includes antennas  122 - 124 . BTS  126  includes antennas  128 - 130 . BTS  132  includes antennas  134 - 136 . In the embodiment shown, many of the subscriber units also include at least two spatially separate antennas. Subscriber unit  150  includes spatially separate antennas  152 - 154 . In the embodiment shown, the MSC handles the routing of subscriber datastream(s)  170 ,  176  and  182  from network  100  to the appropriate BTSs for transmission to the appropriate subscriber unit. In an embodiment of the invention, the SM_MA processes/logic include the ability to determine whether to implement or not implement spatial multiplexing (SM), based on either the presence/absence of SM capabilities in the corresponding subscriber unit and/or on the nature of the datastream. If, for example, the subscriber lacks SM capability on either or both the uplink/downlink, then the corresponding datastream will not be parsed into substreams. Alternately, even if the subscriber unit and BTS have SM capability on both downlink and uplink, certain types of datastream(s) may not require SM processing. Examples of these might include: traditional voice call sessions, call sessions which require only low QoS or datastream(s) which require only very low bit rates or are susceptible to buffering and delayed transmission. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 1B , datastream  182  is traditional mode traffic, e.g. a subscriber telephone call between an upstream subscriber and the subscriber unit  144 . Subscriber unit  144  is located within a cell serviced by BTS  132 . Under the control of MSC  106 , the datastream  182  is transmitted over signal line  108  directly to the corresponding base station  132  without being split or parsed into associated substreams. In the example shown, datastream(s) 182  is transmitted from a single antenna, e.g. antenna  134 , without any SM techniques. That transmission is received by the subscriber unit  144 . As discussed above, subscriber unit  144  may be a traditional cell phone lacking SM capability. Alternately, subscriber unit  144  may be SM enabled but, nevertheless, receives the call in traditional mode after appropriately configuring itself to opt out of SM receive side processes/logic, electing instead traditional mode. 
     In the example shown, datastream(s)  170  is handled using SM_MA processes/logic  104 _. The datastream  170  and/or substreams thereof, depending on the embodiment, is routed by the MSC to BTS  132 . The processes/logic  104  provide to each antenna  134 - 136  of BTS  132  a single substream derived from the original datastream  170 , on a common channel within the appropriate access protocol. Those substreams are received as composite signals by the spatially separate antenna  140 - 142  (see  FIG. 2B ) of subscriber unit  138 . The subscriber unit  138 , utilizing SM-MA processes/logic  104 D, derives the substreams from the composite signals and combines these into the initially transmitted datastream(s)  170 . 
     Datastream(s)  176  is also subject to SM_MA processes/logic  104 _. The datastream  176  and/or substreams thereof, depending on the embodiment, is routed by the MSC, initially to BTS  132  for single-base transmission to subscriber unit  150 . SM-MA processes/logic implemented collectively at the MSC  106  and BTS  132  result in the splitting/parsing of the datastream(s)  176  into substreams  178 - 180 . Initially those substreams are received as composite signals by the spatially separate antenna  152 - 154  (see  FIG. 2C ) of subscriber unit  150 . The subscriber unit  150 , utilizing SM_MA processes/logic  104 D, derives the substreams from the composite signals and combines these into the initially transmitted datastream(s)  176 . 
     Implementing SM or SM_MA communications between the BTS and the associated subscriber unit may be either line-of-site (LOS) or multipath. Multipath communications are likely in environments, such as a city, where buildings and other objects deflect signals transmitted from the BTS many times before their arrival at the subscriber unit. Under certain conditions, it may be the case that transmissions originating from spatially separate antennas of a single BTS may arrive at a subscriber unit along signal paths which cannot be spatially separated by the antenna array on the subscriber unit. Where this is the case, it may be necessary for the processes/logic to reconfigure the spatial transmission characteristics of the substreams so that they may be received at the corresponding portable unit in a manner which is spatially separable. In the example shown, the substreams  180  and  178 _S are transmitted initially from a single BTS  132 . When a determination is made, either by the BTS or subscriber unit that separation of the substreams is not possible, a spatial reconfiguration is initiated by the spatial multiplexing processes/logic  104 . The determination might, for example, result from the subscriber unit signaling the BTS or from the BTS determining that the bit error rate (BER) of the transmission exceeded an acceptable level. In an alternate embodiment of the invention in which base and subscriber communicate over a common channel, the signaling from the subscriber to the base station(s) for a change of a spatial transmission configuration is simplified. The BTS may, by analyzing the received signals, determine that they can not be adequately separated and in response, alter the spatial configuration of the transmissions to the subscriber unit with which it shares a channel. In the example shown, this reconfiguration results in a change of spatial configuration to multi-base transmission. Substream  178 _M is re-routed through BTS  120  and specifically antenna  122 . Because subscriber unit  150  is positioned in an area in which the transmissions from BTS  120  and  132  overlap, the change in spatial configuration is possible. The increased spatial separation on the transmit side increases likelihood that the substreams can be spatially separated by the subscriber unit  150  and its associated SM-MA processes/logic  104 D. 
       FIG. 1C  shows another embodiment of the current invention in which a cell architecture which provides overlapping regions suitable for multi-base spatial multiplexing is shown. As in normal cellular structure, co-channel interference is avoided by ensuring that cells operating in the same frequency are spaced apart. In the example shown, BTSs  186 A-C form an overlapping region between them in which they are shown in spatially multiplexed communication with subscriber unit  138 . BTSs  186 C-E form an overlapping region between them, in which they are shown in spatially multiplexed communication with subscriber unit  150 A. BTSs  186 C, F-G also form an overlapping region between them, in which they are shown in spatially multiplexed communication with subscriber unit  150 B. The communications with subscriber units  138 ,  150 A-B are conducted on separate channels to avoid co-channel interference. Diversity techniques can be simultaneously implemented. More distant cells may re-use the same channels provided co-channel interference is tolerable. 
       FIGS. 2A-G  show alternate embodiments of subscriber units which may be either fixed, portable or mobile.  FIG. 2A  shows a mobile cellular phone  144  with a single antenna  146 . In an embodiment of the invention, the single antenna includes the capability of transmitting and/or receiving spatially separable signals utilizing orthogonal di-poles. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, subscriber unit  144  is a traditional cellular phone which does not have the capability of transmitting/receiving a spatially separable signal. Either embodiment may be compatible with the system shown in  FIGS. 1A-B , provided that system includes an embodiment of the invention with the ability to detect the transceiver capabilities of the subscriber units and to configure communications between that unit and the corresponding BTS accordingly. 
       FIG. 2B  shows a fixed subscriber unit  138  coupled to a computer  190 . In this embodiment, high-speed data communications between computer  190  and a wireless communication network with spatial multiplexing capabilities is enabled by fixed subscriber unit  138 . Fixed subscriber unit  138  is shown with an antenna array including antennas  140 - 142 . In the embodiment shown, additional antennas are provided. These may be utilized either for spatial multiplexing or to implement receive/transmit processing, e.g. diversity techniques, beam forming, interference cancellation, etc., the latter for the purpose of improving communication quality and link budget. The current state of the art requires a minimum separation between antennas  140 - 142 , i.e. D 1  equivalent to ½ the carrier wavelength. Further improvements in signal processing may avoid this requirement. 
       FIG. 2C  shows a mobile subscriber unit, i.e. a cellular telephone  150 , reconfigured for implementation of SM or SM_MA on either or both of the transmit (uplink) or receive (downlink) side of its communication with the BTSs. To this end, the antennas  152 - 154  are provided. 
       FIG. 2D  shows a personal digital assistant (PDA)  200  and associated docking station  202  configured to implement SM or SM_MA communications on either or both the transmit and receive portions of its communications. To this end, the antenna array, which in the embodiment shown, includes two antennas  204 - 206  is provided. An example of personal digital assistants currently on the market that could be configured to utilize the current invention is the Palm Pilot™ product sold by 3Com Corporation. 
       FIG. 2E  shows a mobile subscriber unit  210  implemented as part of an automobile  216 . The antenna array associated with this unit is not shown. The use of SM or SM_MA wireless communications between vehicles and base stations can provide such benefits as vehicle navigation, routing, and diagnostics. 
       FIG. 2F  shows a notebook computer  220  configured for SM or SM_MA communication utilizing an antenna array with antennas  222 - 224  and associated hardware and processes/logic. 
       FIG. 2G  shows a fixed subscriber unit  138  incorporated into a wireless router or bridge  235 , which is coupled to a wired network  240 . In this embodiment, the subscriber unit  138  serves as a high speed wireless connection between the wired network and the wireless communication network. The network  240  can take any suitable form including a local area network, a wide area network, an intranet, etc. It should be appreciated that in this arrangement, a wireless link is simply being used to connect two networks and such wireless links can be used in a wide variety of applications. For example, the wireless link can be used to provide high speed Internet access to the network  240 . In the embodiment shown, the fixed subscriber unit  138  is shown as being incorporated into a router or bridge  235 . However, it should be appreciated that the subscriber unit can readily be incorporated into a variety of network components having a variety of functionalities. For example, the router or bridge can further include firewall capabilities, etc. 
       FIG. 3A  is a detailed hardware block diagram of a subscriber unit  138  and a BTS  132 . The BTS  132  includes: a multiple access spatial transmitter  310 , a multiple access spatial receiver  330 , a controller module  320  and upstream processes/logic  300 , further details of which are provided in the accompanying  FIGS. 4-5 . The subscriber unit  138  includes: a multiple access spatially configured receiver  380 , a multiple access spatially configured transmitter  350  and a control unit  370 . The multiple access spatial transmitter  310  includes: a selector  312 , a final transmission stage  316  and optionally may include transmit processes/logic  314 . The final stage transmitter  316  is coupled to a spatially separate antenna array which includes antennas  134 T- 136 T. 
     In operation, the subscriber datastream(s) and/or substreams thereof are provided to the selector  312  from the upstream processes/logic  300 . Utilizing either in band or out of band control signals embodied in the datastream(s)/substreams themselves or separately communicated from the SM_MA processes/logic at the MSC  106  or elsewhere, the selector implements the MA protocol utilized by the wireless network. That protocol, as discussed above, may include: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA or SDMA, for example. The selector places each of the datastream(s)/substreams on the appropriate channel. Each of the datastream(s)/substreams are then passed through the optional transmit processes/logic, in which any of a number of well-known prior art signal processing techniques may be implemented to improve the quality of transmission. These techniques include, but are not limited to, diversity processing, space-time coding, and beam forming. The datastream(s)/substreams are then passed to the final transmit stage  316 . Traditional mode traffic may be routed by the SM_MA processes/logic  104  to the appropriate antenna  134 T- 136 T for transmission. If diversity processing is implemented, even traditional mode traffic may be transmitted using multiple antennas. Spatial mode traffic, i.e. the individual substreams thereof, will be routed to the appropriate one of the two antennas  134 T- 136 T. 
     On the receive side, the subscriber unit SM_MA configurable receiver  380  includes: receiver first stage  382 , optional receive processes/logic  384 , spatial/space-time processor  386 , decoder  388 , combiner  390  and I/O module  392 . The receiver first stage is coupled to a spatially separate antenna array, e.g. antennas  140 R- 142 R. Utilizing in/out of band control signals, the SM_MA configurable receiver  380  of the subscriber unit  138 , in the embodiment shown, may be configured for spatial/traditional mode signal reception on the requisite channel within the multiple access protocol. In the case of spatial mode communications, the antenna array, e.g. antennas  140 R- 142 R, detect downlink composite signals derived from the spatially separate transmission of the substreams through antennas  134 T- 136 T. These composite signals are down converted, demodulated and sampled by the receiver first stage  382 . The composite signals are then passed to the receive processing module  384  and may be subject to receive side processing if implemented. From the receive processing module, the composite signals are passed to the spatial processor  386 . The spatial/space-time processor via in/out band control signals is also configured to derive the appropriate number of substreams, i.e. equivalent to the number transmitted, from the BTS(s). Utilizing logic associated with space/space-time processing (see  FIGS. 7A-D ), that processor, in conjunction with decoder  388 , generates estimated source substreams which are passed to the combiner  390 . The combiner  390  via in/out band control signals is also configured to combine the substreams into an estimated subscriber datastream(s) corresponding to that transmitted from the BTS  132 . The datastream(s) are passed to the I/O module for presentment/delivery as, e.g., audio, image or data. Where communications are asymmetric, the uplink may, in an embodiment of the invention, not include SM capability, leaving that capability to the downlink alone. This asymmetric capability may be implemented on either the downlink or the uplink without departing from the scope of this invention. 
     The uplink from the subscriber unit  138  to the BTS  132  may use the same or different hardware/firmware/processes/logic to that utilized for the downlink. In an embodiment of the invention, the uplink is traditional with no SM_MA capability. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3A , the uplink includes both SM and MA processes/logic. The datastream(s) received by the I/O module  352  are passed to parser  354 . In an embodiment of the invention, the parser is configurable to generate a traditional datastream or a variable number of substreams thereof. In another embodiment of the invention, the parser parses all datastream(s) into a fixed number of substreams. Where there are no SM uplink capabilities there is no parser. In other embodiments of the invention, the configurable parser also includes a mode detector to determine whether the datastream(s) should be split into substreams. That determination, as discussed above, may be based on any number of criteria including, but not limited to, traditional vs. spatial mode, QoS, bit rate requirement, feasibility, etc. In such an embodiment, when the mode detector determines that spatial mode transmission of the datastream is appropriate, the parser will split the datastream(s) into a plurality of substreams, the number of which may itself be configurable. These substreams are then passed to the selector  356 . The selector responsive to in/out of band control signals implements the appropriate access protocol, including the placement of the datastream(s) and/or substreams onto the appropriate channel within that protocol. The datastream(s) and/or substreams thereof are then optionally passed to transmit processes/logic  358 , which may implement any number of well-known prior art signal processing techniques, including the above discussed diversity methodology, to improve signal reception. The substreams and/or datastream(s) are then passed to the final transmit stage  360  where they are encoded, modulated, and up-converted for transmission on a single channel through spatially separate transmit antennas  140 T- 142 T. Composite signals corresponding thereto are received by antennas  134 R- 136 R of the SM_MA configurable receiver  330  of the BTS. 
     As discussed above, where the uplink is asymmetric, the BTS may not implement or require SM on the uplink. Nevertheless, in the embodiment shown, the receiver  330  is SM_MA configurable. The receiver  330  includes a first stage receiver  332 , mobility detector  334 , receive processes/logic  336 , spatial/space-time processor  338  and a decoder  340 . The composite signals are passed by antennas  134 R- 136 R to the first stage receiver. This is configurable to receive the communications on the appropriate channel within the MA protocol as determined by SM_MA processes/logic  104 . These composite signals are down-converted/demodulated and sampled. In an embodiment of the invention, the mobility detector  334  monitors the composite signals for Doppler shift/spread. Doppler shift/spread of the composite signals correlates with the mobility or lack thereof of the subscriber unit. The absence of a Doppler shift/spread indicates that the subscriber unit is fixed. This determination on the part of the mobility detector may be used to initiate one or more of the following processes/logic: spatial reconfiguration, training/retraining of the spatial/space-time processors and/or handoff. In an embodiment of the invention in which non-blind in band training is implemented, training/retraining may include varying the training interval or duration or selection of a different training sequence. The composite signals are then passed to the optional receiver processes/logic  336 . These processes/logic, as described above, may include any of a number of well-known techniques including diversity processing. The composite signals are then passed to the configurable space/space-time processor  338 . Utilizing in/out of band control signals from the MSC and/or the subscriber unit, the space/space-time processor configures itself to generate a number of substreams or a single datastream(s) equivalent to those transmitted from the corresponding subscriber unit. These estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s) are then passed to the decoder  340 . The decoder decodes the symbols to their corresponding binary equivalent. The datastream(s) and/or substreams are then passed to upstream processes/logic  300 . 
     Both the subscriber unit  138  and the BTS  132  are shown to include respectively control modules  370  and  320 . These control modules implement a subset of the control processes/logic  104  required to implement the SM_MA processes, such as training of the space/space-time processors  338  and  386 , etc. 
     Training 
     Training refers to the requirement that, in order to implement a space/space-time processing on the receive side of whichever link down/up is implementing SM, it is necessary that the space/space-time processor be equipped with an appropriate model of the spatial characteristics of the environment in which the signals will be passed between the subscriber unit and the associated BTS(s). Different types of training methodology may be appropriate, depending on whether the subscriber units are fixed/mobile, and if mobile, depending on the speed at which they are moving. Where a subscriber unit is fixed, training may be accomplished on installation of the unit, at setup of a call or during a call session. Where a subscriber unit is mobile, training/retraining must take place continuously or intermittently. Training for a fixed subscriber unit may take place intermittently as well, although generally at a lower frequency than that associated with a mobile subscriber unit. 
     Training is generally categorized as blind or non-blind. Training is non-blind when it is incorporated intermittently/continuously using in/out of band training signals, e.g. known sequences such as Walsh codes, transmitted between subscriber unit and BTS(s). Training is blind when it takes place without such signals, relying instead on non-Gaussianity, CM, FA, cyclostationarity or the spatial structure, such as the array manifold. The performance of blind methods will, of course, be sensitive to the validity of structural properties assumed. An excellent reference on the subject, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein, is found in: “Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communications”, Arogyaswami J. Paulraj and Papadias, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, November 1997, at pages 49-83. In an embodiment of the invention, non-blind training methods are utilized to configure the space/space-time processors. Further details on the space/space-time processor will be provided in the following  FIGS. 7A-D  and accompanying text. 
     Control module  320  includes: processor  324 , clock  326 , training module  328  and memory  322  for the storage of weights/parameters for the space/space-time processor  338 . Control module  370  in the subscriber unit  138  includes: processor  374 , clock  376 , training module  378  and memory  372  for the storage of weights/parameters for the space/space-time processor  386 . In the embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 3 , the CPU implements the training portion of the control processes/logic  104 . In alternate embodiments of the invention, the CPU may be utilized to implement other of the control processes/logic. In still other embodiments of the invention, the training portion of the control processes/logic is handled upstream at such locations as the MSC or the CO. 
     In an embodiment of the invention which implements non-blind training, the mobility detector  334  signals the CPU  324  when a subscriber unit exhibits minimal Doppler shift/spread, e.g. is fixed. In an embodiment of the invention, the CPU  324  directs the transmit module  310  to signal subscriber unit  138  at call setup, or at the start of a call session, to use stored parameters from an earlier training session or to process a setup training session transmitted by the BTS. In another embodiment of the invention, the CPU may reduce the frequency or duration of a training sequence responsive to a determination that the Doppler shift/spread is minimal. 
     On the BTS side, the training module  328  inserts a known training sequence, e.g. Walsh code, into the downlink transmissions and these are processed by the CPU  374  of the subscriber unit and weights derived therefrom which allow the space/space-time processor  386  to separate the training sequence spatially broadcast from the antenna array of the BTS(s). Similarly, where the uplink implements SM, the subscriber unit training module  378  inserts a known training sequence into the uplink transmissions as well. These are in turn processed by the CPU  324  and appropriate weights derived therefrom stored in the spatial processor  338  for use with the uplink communications during the call/data-transfer session. Whenever training/re-training takes place, weights are recalculated and stored for use in subsequent SM communications. 
     Where the mobility detector  334  determines that the subscriber unit is mobile, an alternate non-blind training methodology may be implemented. In an embodiment of the invention, that methodology shown in  FIG. 8  involves inserting into in/out of band downlink communications the known training sequence. This allows updating of the spatial parameters/weights by the corresponding subscriber unit and its space/space-time processor. This capability allows spatial multiplexing to be implemented in both a mobile and a fixed environment. In still another embodiment of the invention, the duration/frequency at which the training intervals are inserted into the up/down link communications may be varied depending on the mobility of the subscriber unit. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, blind training methods may be implemented. These unsupervised methods do not need training signals because they exploit the inherent structure of the communication signals. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the processes/logic  104  and the associated modules/blocks discussed above and in the following disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or combinations thereof without departing from the teachings of this invention. They may be implemented on a single chip, such as a digital signal processor (DSP), or application specific integrated circuits (ASIC). On the upstream side (i.e., BTS, MSC, CO, etc.), the SM_MA processes/logic  104  may physically reside in any one or all upstream units. The processes/logic may be implemented using master-slave control relationship between CO/MSC and BTS or peer-to-peer control relationship between BTSs alone, or distributed control between CO/MSC and BTS. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a detailed hardware block diagram of a subscriber unit  138  and a BTS  132  similar to the system described in  FIG. 3A . The difference in this embodiment is that the subscriber unit is connected to a network  240  and thus the I/O modules  352  and  392  in the transmitter  350  and receiver  380  respectively are coupled to the network  240 . Of course, the subscriber unit could readily communicate with any type of network or network device. 
       FIGS. 4A-F  show an embodiment of the BTS/MSC/CO side of the processes/logic  104 _for implementing SM_MA.  FIGS. 4A-B  and  4 D-E show a partial handoff. 
       FIG. 4A  shows BTSs  120  and  132  coupled to MSC  106  and to the associated upstream processes/logic  300  of processes/logic  104 . sub.13. The BTS  120  is shown with the associated final transmission stage  316 B and the selector  312 B. The BTS  132  is shown coupled to the final transmission stage  316 A and to the selector  312 A. The upstream processes/logic  300  include a detector  400 , parser unit  402  and router  420 . The parser unit  402  includes a parser module  404  and clock  406  as well as a stretcher  408  and its clock  410 . The MSC  106  is shown coupled via its data/control line  108  to each of the above-discussed modules. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the coupling between the MSC and each of the above-discussed hardware and software modules represents a master/slave embodiment of the current invention. In alternate embodiments of the invention, peer-to-peer control methodology may be utilized instead. In still another embodiment of the invention, distributed control methodology may be implemented, e.g. each of the above-discussed modules may contain additional intelligence, sufficient to signal downstream/upstream modules as to the appropriate configuration to adopt, responsive to the datastream(s)/substreams being processed, the channel and access methodology to be utilized. 
     Datastream(s)  176  is delivered to mode detector  400 . In this embodiment of the invention, a mode detection is utilized. As discussed above, this module provides the capability of distinguishing datastream(s). Datastream(s) might, as discussed, be categorized as traditional vs. spatial, or on the basis of QoS or bit rate requirement. In the embodiment shown, the detector  400  determines that the datastream(s)  176  is destined for spatial mode processing. Responsive to that determination, the parser  404  is configured to parse the datastream(s)  176  into a plurality of the substreams. In the example shown, the two substreams  450 - 452  are generated by the parser. The substreams each contain a portion of the actual data from the original datastream(s). The function of the stretcher  408 , to which the substreams are passed, is to effectively lower the baud rate at which the substreams are transmitted. Figuratively, this is accomplished by clocks  406  and  410  which are coupled to respectively the parser and the stretcher. Clock  410  operates at a rate which is a fraction of the rate of clock  406 . The specific fraction is determined by the number of substreams generated by the parser  404 . For example, if parser  404  generates from a single datastream(s) two substreams, then each of the substreams will be transmitted at a baud rate which is effectively ½ that of the original datastream(s). The stretched substreams are then passed to the router  420 . In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the substreams need not be stretched, rather buffered and transmitted at the same baud rate in bursts, if the channel will support the resultant communication rate. The router operating, in the embodiment shown, under the control of the MSC  106  sends the selected sub streams  454  and  456  to a single BTS  132  for single-base spatial transmission from each of the spatially separate antenna of that BTS. Those substreams passed through the selector  312  are injected on an appropriate channel within the multiple access protocol. The channel determination is made by the SM_MA processes/logic  104  that portion of which may be localized in a master/slave control implementation at the MSC. The substreams are then passed to the final transmission stage  316 A for transmission to the subscriber unit  150  (see  FIG. 6 ). 
       FIG. 4B  shows hardware/software modules identical to those discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4A . The router  420 , responsive to a signal from, for example, the MSC  106  has re-routed one of the substreams to BTS  120 . That substream  454  is passed to the selector  312 B associated with BTS  120 . The corresponding substream  456  is presented to selector  312 A associated with BTS  132 . Under the control of the MSC, each selector is directed to place the substreams on the same MA channel on each of the base stations. The final transmission stages  316 A-B of each BTS places the substreams on one antenna of its spatially separate antenna array for transmission to the subscriber  150 . The subscriber  150  is in a location in which the signals from base stations  120  and  132  overlap. The composite signals  180  and  178 _M resulting from the transmission of spatially distinct subscriber substreams are received with spatially separable signatures by the subscriber unit  150  which, as discussed above, is equipped with spatially separate antennas. 
     The determination to move from a single-base spatial transmission (see  FIG. 4A ) to multi-base spatial transmission, as shown in  FIG. 4B , may be made as a result of any one of the number of distinct determination methods. In the first of these methods, an evaluator portion of either the space/space-time processor  386  or the decoder  388  of the subscriber unit  138  determines that an incoming composite signal cannot be spatially separated into the required number of substreams. In response to this determination, the subscriber unit signals the BTS that a change of spatial configuration is required. This signal is processed by the BTS and may be passed to the MSC  106 . In response, the MSC directs the router and selected BTSs, e.g. BTSs  120  and  132 , to prepare for and transmit the substreams on an assigned channel. This transition from single-base to multi-base spatial transmission is handled transparently to the subscriber, in order to maintain a consistent QoS throughout the transmission by increasing the spatial separation of the transmitted substreams. 
       FIG. 4C  shows an alternate embodiment of the invention that includes the capability of mode detecting between, for example, traditional and spatial mode datastreams. Datastream(s)  182  is presented to detector  400  via data/control line  108 . The datastream(s) might, for example, be a traditional subscriber telephone call or a datastream which has both a low bit rate and QoS requirement. To minimize resources, it may be advantageous for the parser unit  402  to be configurable, so as not to subject all incoming datastream(s) to parsing or, if parsed, so as not to parse into a fixed number of substreams. In the embodiment shown, such capability is implemented. The detector determines that the datastream is traditional mode. That determination may result in the parser avoiding the parsing of the datastream  182 . The datastream(s)  182  is passed unparsed to the router  420 . The router  420  passes the datastream(s)  182  to the selector  312 A of the associated BTS  132 . Under the control of the MSC the selector and the final transmissions stage  316 A inject the datastream(s)  182  on the appropriate channel of the appropriate multiple access protocol and transmit it via a selected one of the antennas, within the array from which it is received, by subscriber unit  144 . That subscriber unit may be a traditional mobile phone lacking any spatial transmission characteristics. Alternately, the subscriber unit may be spatially configurable as well (see  FIG. 2A ). In this latter case, BTS  132  injects a control signal to the spatially configurable subscriber unit  144  and, in particular, to the configurable space/space-time processor thereof, indicating that the incoming composite signals are to be treated as a single datastream(s). As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, traditional mode datastreams including, for example, traditional voice telephone calls, may be subject to SM. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, each of the above-discussed datastream(s)  178 ,  176 ,  182  may include multiple subscriber sessions, time-division multiplexed for example. In this case, all the above-mentioned methodology may be practiced successively on each of the subscriber sessions of a single datastream. 
       FIG. 4D  shows multiple subscriber datastream(s) presented to the detector  400 . Specifically datastream(s)  176  and  182  are shown. The first of these datastream(s) is destined for spatial treatment and the second of these datastream(s)  182  is destined for non-spatial treatment. This determination is made by the mode detector  400  based on criteria including, but not limited to, those discussed above. The parsing unit  402  is, in this embodiment of the invention, configurable to concurrently handle multiple subscriber sessions. Upon receipt of control information received either directly from the detector  400  or indirectly from the MSC  106 , the parsing module  402  performs the following concurrent operations. The traditional mode datastream(s)  182  is left unparsed and passed directly to the router  420 . The spatial mode datastream(s)  176  is parsed by parser  404  into substreams  450 - 452 . These substreams are stretched in stretcher  408 , as discussed above, and passed to router  420 . The router  420 , operating under the control of the MSC, for example, directs each of the datastream(s) and substreams to a single BTS  132  and specifically the associated selector  312 A of that BTS. 
     These substreams generated by the parser are labeled  450 - 452 . The substreams passed by the router are labeled  454 - 456 . This change in reference number is meant to indicate that the initial parsing operation may be accompanied by a lowering of the bit rate or stretching of the clock on which these substreams are transmitted. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, an alternate methodology for implementing the invention would be to maintain the same the bit rate, provided it was compatible with the bandwidth of the wireless channel on which the transmission was to take place, and to buffer the data accordingly for transmission in bursts, along with other similarly processed datastream(s)/substreams. Under the direction of the MSC, for example, the selector  312 A and final transmission stage  316 A of BTS  132  transmit the substreams  454 - 456  on a common channel and, depending on the access methodology, may transmit the datastream(s)  182  on the same or another channel. Signal  182  is transmitted from an antenna of BTS  132  to subscriber unit  144 . The individual substreams and the associated signals  180 ,  178 _S of the spatial mode datastream(s)  176  are transmitted to the subscriber unit  150 . 
       FIG. 4E  shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that described and discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4D . Router  420  re-routes one of the substreams  454 - 456  of the spatially processed datastream(s)  176  to form a multi-base spatial transmission configuration. That determination to re-route, as discussed above, may originate either from signals received from the corresponding one of the subscriber units which is unable to spatially separate the substreams or alternately may result from a determination by the BTS initially implementing single-base transmission that the bit error rate (BER) is unacceptably high. In this example, subscriber unit  144  continues to receive composite datastream(s)  182  from an antenna on BTS  132 . The composite signals received by subscriber  150  now, however, originate from a multi-base configuration. The substream  454  has been re-routed by router  420  to BTS  120 , so the composite signals  180 ,  178 _M originate from BTSs  132 , 120 , respectively. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art of the reference, in single or a multi-base spatial transmission, discussion to a substream been transmitted from a single antenna, should not be interpreted as a limitation on the teachings of this invention. A single substream in single or multi-base configuration may be transmitted from more than one antenna, if diversity or beam forming transmit processes are implemented in addition to spatial multiplexing. 
       FIG. 4 -J show an alternate embodiment of the invention in which the router, as described and discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 4A-E , is positioned upstream of the parsing unit rather than downstream of that unit. Consequently, each of the base stations has associated with it a corresponding parsing unit.  FIGS. 4F-G  and  FIGS. 4I-J  show a partial handoff. 
       FIG. 4F  shows MSC  106 , BTSs  120  and  132  and the upstream processes/logic  300 . Each of the base stations  120  and  132  includes selectors and final transmission stages. Within the upstream processes/logic  300 , the detector  400  communicates directly to the router  422 . The router, in turn, communicates directly with the parsing units  402 A-B associated with BTSs  132  and  120 , respectively. Single-base spatial processing of subscriber datastream(s)  176  is shown. The subscriber datastream(s)  176  is received by the detector  400 . The detector determines that the mode of the datastream(s) is spatial and that information is passed to the router  422 . The router routes the datastream(s)  176  to the appropriate parsing unit  402 A. The parsing module  404 A of that unit parses the datastream(s) into substreams, e.g. substreams  450 - 452 . Those substreams are passed to stretcher  408 A which is coupled to selector  312 A. The selector places both the stretched substreams  454 - 456  on the appropriate channel of the selected MA protocol. Those substreams are transmitted by the final transmit stage  316 A of the BTS  132 . The signals  178 _S and  180  are transmitted to subscriber unit  150 , along with the control information necessary for that subscriber unit to properly process the incoming communication. 
       FIG. 4G  shows a multi-base implementation of the configuration described and discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4F . The detector  400  determines that the datastream(s)  454 - 456  require spatial processing. Additionally, multi-base transmission is determined to be necessary based, for example, on a subscriber unit signal or on the BER detected by a BTS. The router  422 , responsive to that determination, routes the datastream to parsing units  402 A-B. Each of the parsing modules  404 A-B is presented information, not only that the datastream(s) needs to be parsed, but also which substreams are to be discarded at each parsing unit in order to implement a multi-base spatial transmission. In an embodiment of the invention, those in control instructions are generated by the MSC  106 . The parsing module  404 A generates substream  452 . The parsing module  404 B generates substream  450 . Collectively, substreams  450 - 452  contain all the information from the original datastream(s)  176  from which they were parsed. The selected substreams are passed to the corresponding stretching modules  408 A-B. These stretching modules in turn pass the substreams with a reduced bit rate or in bursts as substreams  456 - 454  to the corresponding selectors  312 A-B of the associated BTSs  132  and  120 . The substreams are placed on the same channels of the multiple access protocol implemented by each BTS. These substreams are transmitted by the corresponding final transmissions stages  316 A-B. Signal  180  corresponding to substream  456  is transmitted by at least an antenna on BTS  132  to subscriber unit  150 . Signal  178 _M corresponding to substream  454  is transmitted by at least an antenna of BTS  120  to subscriber unit  150 . The inclusion of both single-base and multi-base spatial transmission capabilities in the system allows consistent QoS to be delivered to the subscribers. 
       FIG. 4H  shows an implementation of the current invention in which the detector  400  includes the capability of distinguishing the mode of the datastream(s), e.g. traditional mode and spatial mode. The detector  400 , upon determining that datastream(s)  182  can be processed in traditional mode, passes that information to the router  422 . The router passes the datastream(s)  182  to the appropriate parsing unit  402 . The parser unit  402 A and specifically parser module  404 A thereof avoids parsing the datastream(s) and passes it to the corresponding selector  312 A associated with BTS  132 . In the manner described and discussed above, the channel and antenna on which that datastream(s) is to be transmitted from BTS  132  is determined by the processes/logic  104 , e.g. at the MSC. The associated signal  182  is passed from the BTS to the subscriber unit  144 . 
       FIG. 4I  shows the introduction of multiple subscriber datastream(s), i.e. datastream(s)  176  and  182  into the embodiment described and discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 4F-H . The detector  400  determines that datastream(s)  182  may be processed in the traditional mode while datastream(s)  176  may be processed in the spatial mode. In this example, both the datastream(s) are routed by router  422  to a single BTS for, respectively, non-spatial and spatial transmission. Stretched datastream(s)  454 - 456  derived from substreams  450 - 452  of datastream(s)  176  are presented to the selector associated with BTS  132 . Signals  178 _S and  180  are transmitted to subscriber unit  150  on the same channel of the MA protocol implemented by the BTS. Traditional mode datastream(s) may be transmitted on the same or another channel. 
       FIG. 4J  shows a multi-base spatial transmission of the datastream(s)  176  discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4I . A change from single to multi-base transmission is initiated by the processes/logic  104 _in response to, for example, a degradation in the bit error rate or to signals from subscriber unit  150  which indicate that a change in spatial configuration is required. This might include changing the antenna selection on the array of a single BTS. The selection might involve a reduction/increase in the number of transmitting antennas. Alternately, in the example shown, a partial handoff is implemented. To implement the partial handoff, router  422  routes the datastream(s)  176  to both parsing units  402 A-B. Control information, indicating which of the substreams generated by the respective parsing unit is to be passed on to the associated BTS, may also be generated. Responsive to that information, the parsing modules  404 A-B each generate only one of the substreams which can be generated from the datastream(s)  176 . Each selected substream is stretched by the corresponding stretcher and passed to the corresponding BTS. BTS  132  continues to transmit the traditional mode datastream(s)  182  and the signal corresponding thereto to subscriber unit  144 . BTS  132  transmits one of the stretched substreams  456  in the form of signal  180  to subscriber unit  150 . The other of the substreams  454  is passed to the subscriber unit  150  as signal  178 _M from the BTS  120 . 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the above-mentioned arrangements of detector, router and parsing units represent only some of the possible configurations of these modules/logic which may be utilized to implement the current invention. In an embodiment of the invention, the wireless network may not support both traditional and spatial transmission together. In that embodiment, the detector may not be required, since all datastream(s) will be handled by spatially transmitting them. In still another embodiment of the invention, multi-base operation may not be implemented, allowing only for single-base SM. In still another embodiment of the invention, the routing may be accomplished by a single BTS which uses in/out of band channels to wirelessly relay one or more substreams to other BTSs for re-transmissions on the assigned channel. 
       FIGS. 5A-B  show the upstream modules associated with the processing of datastream(s) and substreams received by the BTSs. That information may be destined for another subscriber unit or for the network  100  (see  FIG. 1A ). 
       FIG. 5A  shows the base stations  120 , 132 , the upstream processes/logic  300  and the MSC  106 . In the example shown, single-base SM is implemented. The subscriber unit  150  is shown transmitting signals  178 _S and  180 . These are received by BTS  132  and processed by the associated modules of its configurable SM receiver  330  (see  FIG. 3 ). From the decoder  340 A, substreams  454 - 456  are passed to the upstream processes/logic  300 . The upstream module includes a router  420  and a combiner  500 . The combiner  500  operates in reverse of the manner described and discussed above in connection with the parsing unit  402 . The router  420  passes the substreams  454 - 456  to the combiner  500 . The output of the combiner is the subscriber datastream(s)  176 . 
       FIG. 5B  shows the modules discussed above in connection with  FIG. 5A  during the reception of multi-base spatial transmissions from the subscriber unit  150  as well as the single-base transmission from subscriber unit  144 . BTS  132  and the associated receiver module  330 , have their spatial processor configured to generate a single one of the substreams  456  that can be derived from the composite signals  178 _M and  180  of subscriber unit  150 . The other substream  454  is generated by corresponding modules associated with BTS  120 . Additionally, on the same/different channel, BTS  132  with the receiver  330  is configured to generate a single datastream(s)  182  from the composite signal  182  transmitted by the subscriber unit  144 . The datastream(s)  182  of the associated decoder of that BTS, i.e. decoder  340 A is passed to the router  420 . The combiner is configured to combine substreams  454 - 456  into datastream  176  and to pass datastream(s)  182  along without combining. 
     Thus, in an embodiment of the invention, the method and apparatus of the current invention may be used to implement SM_MA both on the down/up link. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, SM may be asymmetrically implemented as well, on either the down/up link selectively, without departing from the scope of this invention. 
       FIG. 6  shows an antenna array of BTS transmitter  132  and the antenna array of the subscriber unit receiver  138  (see  FIG. 3 ). The antenna array of the final transmissions stage  316  includes antennas  134 T- 136 T. The antenna array of the first receiver stage  382  includes antennas  140 R- 142 R. The first receiver stage passes the composite signals  640 - 642  to the space/space-time processor  386 . The output of the processor is presented to the decoder  388  from which, as output, the substreams  454 - 456  are generated. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the transmission of data through a wireless medium may involve modulation of an information signal derived from a datastream(s) or substream on a carrier signal. Information may, for example, be contained in the phase and/or amplitude relationship of the signal modulating the carrier. Each specific phase and/or amplitude relationship that is utilized is referred to as a “symbol”. The set of all symbols is referred to as the “constellation”. The greater the number of symbols in a constellation, the more binary bits of information may be encoded in each symbol in a given constellation. Current communication protocols allow for constellations with over 1024 symbols, each encoding for one of ten bit combinations. Antenna  134 T is shown transmitting a symbol  600  within a signal constellation. This corresponds to an associated group of the bits corresponding to the data from a portion of substream  454 . Antenna  136 T is shown transmitting symbol  606  which corresponds to a different bit sequence derived directly from substream  456 . The transmission of substream  454  by antenna  134  results in at least two signals  602 - 604 . The transmission of the symbol  606  by antenna  136  generates at least two signals  608 - 610 . Additional signals are likely in a multi-path environment with numerous scattering objects, such as buildings, etc. For the sake of simplicity, signals  602  and  610  transmitted from respectively antennas  134 T- 136 T are both received by antenna  140 R as a single composite signal. The corresponding signals  604  and  608  are received by antenna  142 R as a single composite signal. In order for the spatial receiver of the subscriber unit to resolve the composite signals into the estimated subscriber datastream/substreams, the spatial processor  386  must include information about the spatial signatures  620 - 622  of the transmissions from each of the antennas  134 - 136 . These spatial signatures may be determined using either blind and or non-blind training methods in the manner described and discussed above. By placing the decoder  388  downstream from the space/space-time processor  386 , the appropriate symbols may then be derived from the substream and converted into a corresponding binary sequence from which the corresponding portions of the substreams  454 - 456  may be generated. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, any of a number of other modulation techniques may be used to implement the current invention including: continuous phase modulation (CPM), continuous frequency modulation (CFM), phase shift keying (PSK), offset phase shift keying, amplitude shift keying (ASK), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse width modulation (PWM), etc., without departing from the scope of this invention. 
       FIGS. 7A-B  show an embodiment of the invention in which the spatial processor  386  is configured for both traditional and spatial mode signal reception. Additionally, in the spatial mode, the spatial processor is configurable to generate a variable number of substreams to correspond to the number transmitted. Spatial processor  386  and the decoder  388  are shown. The spatial processor  386  includes: first fabric switch  700 , first configurable logic  702 , second fabric switch  730 , second configurable logic  732 , an evaluator  740 , and a controller  746 . 
     The spatial processor  386  is coupled via the receive processes  384  to the receiver first stage  380  of the subscriber unit, as discussed above in connection with  FIG. 3 . Similar design applies to the spatial processor  338  in the BTS (see  FIG. 3 ). The composite signal(s) detected by the first stage receiver is passed to the fabric switch  700  of the spatial processor. Responsive to signals generated by the control unit  746 , the first fabric switch passes the composite signal/signals to one or more of the sub-modules within first logic unit  702 . In the embodiment shown, a sub-module includes a multiplier  704  and a weight register  712 . The multiplier generates an output signal which is a product of the weight stored in weight register  712  multiplied by the incoming composite signal. The weights in this register and the register of other sub-modules may be derived using non-blind or blind training methods as discussed above. In the example shown in  FIG. 7A , a composite signal  750  is presented to fabric switch  700 . This switch has been configured utilizing in/out of band control signals to process a single composite signal. The output of the multiplier is presented to the second fabric switch  730 . This fabric switch also is configurable by means of the control unit  746 . The fabric switch  730  presents the signals from the first logic module in variable configurations to one or more of the summers, e.g. summer  734  which is part of the second configurable logic in this embodiment of the invention. Because a single composite signal is being processed in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 7A , only one summer is utilized. The input to that summer is the output of the multiplier  704  and the zero input provided by the control unit  746 . The output of the summer  734  is passed to the evaluator  740  (optional). The evaluator determines when signals that are spatially transmitted are not separable, and if separable, the quality of each link. The quality of each link may be evaluated using, for example, Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR). The resultant traditional mode datastream(s)  182  is passed through the decoder. In the decoder the conversion from symbols to associated bit sequences is implemented. As shown above in  FIG. 3 , the output of the decoder is passed to an associated combiner. The configuration of the configurable spatial processor under the control of control unit  746  takes place as a result of in/out of band control signals. These signals may be generated during call setup or during an actual call session by SM_MA processes/logic  104 . 
     In  FIG. 7B , the configurable nature of the spatial processor is evident by comparison to  FIG. 7A . Composite signals  640 - 642  are presented to the first fabric switch  700 . Responsive to signals from the control unit  746 , the first fabric switch generates output signals for each of the composite input signals. Composite signal  640  is passed to a first pair of logic sub-modules within the first logic unit  702 . Composite signal  642  is passed to a second pair of logic sub-modules within the first logic unit  702 . The first pair of logic sub-modules include: multiplier  704  together with associated weight register  712 , and multiplier  706  together with associated weight register  714 . The second pair of logic sub-modules include: multiplier  708  together with associated weight register  716 , and multiplier  710  together with associated weight register  718 . Multipliers  704 - 706  receive as inputs the composite signal  640 . Multipliers  708 - 710  receive as inputs the composite signal  642 . The weight registers may contain weights obtained during transmission of a training sequence which allow training sequences to be separated. These are multiplied by the corresponding composite signal inputs and the four products are cross-coupled to summers  734 - 736  of the second logic unit  732  by the second fabric switch. The output of summers  734 - 736  is, respectively, the estimated substreams  454 - 456 . In the embodiment shown, these are passed through an evaluator  740  to the decoder  388 . Subsequently, the estimated substreams are combined into the original datastream  176  (not shown). The decoder  388  performs the above-mentioned function of mapping the summer output into symbols and from the symbols, into the appropriate binary sequences. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the evaluator may be placed downstream of the decoder and perform a similar function at that location. 
     The evaluator monitors the estimated substreams to determine if they are appropriately separated, and if separable, the quality of the link(s). This determination might, for example, be made during the transmission of a training sequence. When the evaluator determines it is no longer possible to spatially separate the corresponding substreams, that determination may be passed to the upstream processes/logic  104 , e.g. the MSC  106  (see  FIG. 1 ). This results in an alteration of the spatial configuration of the transmission. A change in spatial transmission may be implemented in any number of ways. These include: a change in the antenna selection and/or number at a single base, a change from traditional to spatial mode broadcasting at a single base, a change from single-base to multi-base transmission. Similarly, when the evaluator determines that the substreams are separable, it may pass on the link quality parameters to the upstream processes/logic  104 , e.g. the MSC  106 . This can help the BTS/MSC/CO side of the processes/logic  104 _choose the modulation rate (bits per symbol) of each substream, and carry out parsing accordingly. 
       FIGS. 7C-D  show an embodiment of space-time processor. To the capabilities of the above-discussed spatial processor is added the ability to remove the interference in the composite signal caused by the delayed versions of the composite signal over time. To account for these perturbations, one or more delay elements may be introduced into the signal paths in the first logic unit to account for these effects. An exploded view of an embodiment of a time logic sub-module is shown in  FIG. 7D . In the embodiment shown, each time sub-module is coupled to the output of a corresponding multiplier in the first logic unit. Time sub-modules  720 - 726  are coupled to the outputs of multipliers  704 - 710 , respectively. Each time module may consist of a plurality of delay elements. In the exploded view, a sub-module includes delay modules  760 - 762 ; multipliers  770 - 772  together with associated weight registers  780 - 782 , as well as a summer  790 . The output of multiplier  704  is an input both to delay module  760  and summer  790 . The output of delay module  760  is an input both to delay module  762  and to multiplier  770 . The output of delay module  762  is an input to multiplier  772 . The outputs of the multipliers provide additional inputs to the summer  790 . The output of the summer is presented to the second fabric switch  730 . Each time module may include additional multipliers with associative delay units and weight registers. As was the case in  FIGS. 7A-B , the space-time processor in  FIGS. 7C-D  is configurable.  FIG. 7C  shows the processor configured for a single input composite signal  750 .  FIG. 7D  shows the space-time processor configured for two composite input signals  640 - 642 . 
     The spatial/space-time processor of  FIGS. 7A-D  is configurable; e.g. capable of processing a variable number of composite signals and outputting a corresponding number of estimated subscriber substreams. In another embodiment of the invention, the spatial/space-time processor is not configurable; accepting instead a fixed number of substreams and outputting a corresponding fixed number of estimated subscriber substreams. 
     As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, any of a number of other processing techniques may be used to implement the current invention, including: space-time, space-frequency, space-code, etc. In turn, these may further utilize any, or a combination of techniques including, but not limited to: linear or non-linear processing, Maximum Likelihood (ML) techniques, Iterative decoding/interference canceling, Multi-user detection (MUD) techniques, etc., without departing from the scope of this invention. 
       FIG. 8  shows a datastream interspersed with the training sequences consistent with a non-blind embodiment of the current invention. Training sequences  800 - 802  and data sequences  850 - 852  are shown. Suitable training sequences include orthogonal Walsh codes transmitted by the spatially separate antennas. The spatial/space-time processor of the receiver attempts to generate weights which separate the known Walsh code sequences. Those weights are then used in processing the subsequent datastream(s)/substreams. In an embodiment of the invention, the training sequences are inserted into the datastream at frequency/duty cycle, which depend on the mobility of the subscriber unit. In another embodiment of the invention, the training sequences vary in duration and are constant in frequency. The training sequences may be transmitted in/out of band. As the mobility of a subscriber increases, the frequency/duty cycle of the training sequences may be increased. The mobility of the subscriber unit can, as discussed above, be detected by Doppler shift/spread detected by the mobility detector  334  (see  FIG. 3 ) on the receive side of the base station, for example. When the subscriber unit is fixed, training may only be performed at, or before, call setup or at a relatively low frequency/duty cycle during a call/data session. In still other embodiments of the invention, no training sequences would be inserted into the datastream(s)/substreams, instead relying on blind training techniques discussed above. 
       FIGS. 9A-B  to  12 A-B show various access methodologies utilized to provide multiple; access spatial multiplexing in accordance with the current invention. The figures labeled with “A” show the transmit portion of each access method while the figures labeled with “B” show the receive side.  FIGS. 9A-B  show SM time-division multiple access (TDMA).  FIGS. 1A-B  show SM frequency-division multiple access (FDMA).  FIGS. 11A-B  show SM code-division multiple access (CDMA).  FIGS. 12  A-B show SM space-division multiple access (SDMA). The modules disclosed herein on the upstream side, as well as the subscriber side, may be implemented in hardware/software. They may be implemented on a single chip, e.g. DSP or ASIC. The modules disclosed on the upstream side may be located in the BTS or further upstream, e.g. the MSC/CO. On the subscriber side the modules may be implemented in a single unit. 
       FIG. 9A  shows a slot selector  900 , a transmit processor module  314 A (optional), and a final transmit stage  316 A. In the embodiment shown, these are part of the above-discussed BTS  132  (see  FIG. 1A ). Each of these modules is coupled to the control elements shown in  FIG. 3 , i.e. training module  328 , mobility detector  334 , memory  322 , processor  324 , and clock  326 . These are coupled via signal/control line  108  to the MSC  106 . The mobility detector is, in an embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 3 , part of the receive side of the BTS. It is shown in  FIG. 9A  for purposes of clarity, since it interacts with the training module  328  and CPU  324  to detect and generate training sequences responsive to the mobility of the subscriber unit. Subscriber datastream  182  and substreams  454 - 456  derived from subscriber datastream  176  (see  FIGS. 4A-J ) are shown as inputs to the slot selector  900 . In TDMA each subscriber session is allocated a specific time segment in which to be transmitted. Time segments are assigned in round-robin fashion. In the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN), there are twenty-four time slots (a.k.a. channels/D 0 ). The slot selector  900 , under the direct/indirect control of processes/logic  104  and implemented at, e.g. the MSC  106 , assigns the related substreams  454 - 456  to identical channels (TDMA slots) within the separate TDMA datastream(s)  902 - 904 , which are output by the slot selector. The traditional mode datastream  182  is assigned to a separate channel/slot within TDMA datastream  904 . 
     Each of the TDMA datastream(s)  902 - 904  is, in an embodiment of the invention, provided as an input to an optional transmit processing module  314 A. That module may implement any one of a number of well known prior art techniques for improving signal quality in a wireless network including: diversity, space-time coding, beam forming, etc. 
     The transmit processor  314 A (optional) includes, in the embodiment shown, diversity processing, space-time coding and beam-forming. Beam-forming exploits channel knowledge to direct transmissions to the location of the corresponding subscriber. Diversity may be implemented in: frequency, time, space, polarization, space/space-time, etc. The outputs of the optional transmit processor  314 A are provided as inputs to the final transmit stage  316 A. That stage includes encoder modulators  924 - 926 , operating off a common carrier  914  for processing each of the TDMA datastream(s)  902 - 904 . These modulated datastream(s) are passed to respective RF stages  934 - 936  and associated antennas  134 T- 136 T for spatially separate transmission of the individual substreams that they contain, e.g.  454 - 456 . Additional antenna arrays  940 - 942 , RF stages  930 - 932 , encoder/modulator stages  920 - 922  are used to implement any of the optional transmit processes. 
       FIG. 9B  shows the receive side of a subscriber unit  150  enabled for spatial multiplexing utilizing TDMA access. That unit includes: first receiver stage  382 A, receive processor  384 A (optional), spatial/space-time processor  386 , decoder  388 , combiner  390 , I/O module  392 , TDMA slot selector  978 , processor  374 , carrier recovery module  376 , memory  372 , and training module  378 . The first receiver stage includes antennas  140 R- 142 R which are coupled via, respectively, RF stages  952 - 950  to demodulator/sampling modules  962 - 960 . The demodulator/sampling units operate off a common carrier  970 . An additional antenna array  946 , RF stage  954 , demodulator/sampling module  964 , and carrier generator  972  are utilized by the receive processor  384 A to implement: diversity processing, space-time decoding, beam-forming, etc. 
     In operation, the carrier recovery module  376  synchronizes the carriers  970 - 972  to the carrier frequency of the incoming composite signals  990 - 992 . The TDM slot selector  978  accepts a channel assignment from the BTS(s) and synchronizes the receive processes accordingly. The composite signals from each antenna are demodulated and sampled by the corresponding one of the demodulator/sampling modules  964 - 960 . The outputs of these modules provide inputs to the receive processor  384 A. The receive processor implements signal processing techniques which may complement one or more of the optional processes discussed above for the transmit side (see  FIG. 9A ). Each composite signal output by the receive processes/logic  384 A provides inputs to the spatial/space-time processor  386  (see  FIGS. 7A-D ). That processor, using parameters/weights derived from the above-discussed blind/non-blind training techniques, separates the composite signals into the appropriate number of estimated subscriber substreams, e.g.  996 - 998 . In configurable embodiments of the spatial/space-time processor, information received from the BTS(s) at the start of, or during, a call session configures the processor to generate a number of substreams that correspond to the actual number of substreams transmitted. Next, the estimated subscriber substreams are provided as inputs to a similarly configured decoder  388 . The decoder maps symbols utilized during the transmission of the substreams/datastream(s) into their binary equivalent. The decoder outputs the estimated subscriber substreams  454 - 456  to the combiner  390 . The combiner reverses the operation performed on the transmit side by the parser, generating thereby an estimated subscriber datastream  176 . This datastream is provided to the I/O module  392  for subsequent presentment to the subscriber as for example, an audio signal, a video signal, a data file, etc. 
       FIGS. 10A-B  show a BTS implementing SM frequency-division multiple access (FDMA). In FDMA, each subscriber session, whether traditional or spatially processed, is provided with a single frequency slot within the total bandwidth available for transmission. The BTS includes: a frequency slot selector  1000 , a transmit processor module  314 B (optional), and a final transmit stage  316 B. In the embodiment shown, these are part of the above-discussed BTS  132  (see  FIG. 1A ). Each of these modules is coupled to the control elements shown in  FIG. 3 , i.e. training module  328 , mobility detector  334 , memory  322 , processor  324 , and clock  326 . These are coupled via signal/control line  108  to the MSC  106 . Subscriber datastream  182  and substreams  454 - 456  derived from subscriber datastream  176  (see  FIGS. 4A-J ) are shown as inputs to the frequency slot selector  900 . The selector  1000 , under the direct or indirect control of the MSC  106 , selects the appropriate frequency slot for the datastream(s)/substreams. This is represented in  FIG. 10A  by a final transmit stage which includes encoder/modulator clusters ( 1020 - 1022 ), ( 1024 - 1026 ), and ( 1028 - 1030 ), each of which modulates about a unique center frequency as determined by respective associated carriers  1010 - 1014 . Intermediate the frequency selector  1000  and the final transmit stage  316 B, is an optional transmit processing unit  314 B which may impose on the datastream(s)/substreams additional signal processing utilizing antenna arrays  1040 - 1042  in conjunction with antennas  134 T- 136 T, as discussed above in connection with  FIG. 9A . 
     Within the final transmit stage two spatially separate antennas  134 T- 136 T are shown. These are coupled via, respectively, RF stages  1034 - 1036  and summers ( 1002 - 1004 ), ( 1006 - 1008 ), to separate outputs of each of three encoder/modulator clusters. Each encoder/modulator cluster operates about a distinct center frequency. Each cluster contains a number of encoder/modulator outputs at least equivalent to the number of spatially separate antennas in the final transmit stage. Since there are two antennas in the example shown, each cluster contains at least encoding/modulating capability for processing two distinct substreams and for outputting each separately onto a corresponding one of the antennas for spatially separate transmission. The traditional mode datastream  182  is assigned to the first cluster with a center frequency determined by carrier  1010 . That datastream is output via summer  1006  on antenna  136 T. Each of the substreams  454 - 456 , parsed from a common datastream  176  (see  FIGS. 4A-J ) is passed to a single cluster for spatially separate transmission on a single center frequency corresponding, in the example shown, to the center frequency determined by carrier  1012 . The modules disclosed herein may be implemented in the BTS or further upstream, e.g. the mobile switching center. They may be implemented as hardware or software. They may be implemented on a single chip, e.g. DSP or ASIC. 
       FIG. 10B  shows a subscriber unit  150  enabled for spatial multiplexing utilizing FDMA access methodology. That unit includes: first receiver stage  382 B, receive processor  384 B (optional), spatial/space-time processor  386 , decoder  388 , combiner  390 , I/O module  392 , frequency selector  1078 , processor  374 , carrier recovery module  376 , memory  372 , and training module  378 . The first receiver stage includes antennas  140 R- 142 R, which are coupled via RF stages  1052 - 1050 , respectively, to demodulator/sampling modules  1062 - 1060 . The demodulator/sampling units operate off a common frequency synthesizer  1070 . Additional antenna array  1046 , RF unit  1054 , demodulator/sampling unit  1064 , and frequency synthesizer  1072  are shown. Optionally, these may be utilized by receive processing unit  384 B to implement any of the receive processes discussed above in connection with  FIG. 9B . 
     In operation, the carrier recovery module  376  synchronizes the carriers  1070 - 1072  to the carrier frequency assigned by the BTS for the subscriber session, i.e. the carrier frequency at which the composite signals  1090 - 1092  are transmitted. The composite signals from each antenna are demodulated and sampled by the corresponding one of the demodulator/sampling modules  1064 - 1060 . The outputs of these modules provide inputs to the receive processor/logic  384 B. The receive processor implements signal processing techniques which may complement one or more of those discussed on the transmit side (see  FIG. 10A ). Each composite signal output by the receive processor/logic  384 B provides inputs to the spatial/space-time processor  386  (see  FIGS. 7A-D ). That processor, using parameters/weights derived using the above-discussed blind/non-blind training techniques, separates the composite signals into the appropriate number of estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s), e.g.  1096 - 1098 . In configurable embodiments of the spatial/space-time processor, information received from the base stations at the start of, or during a call session, configures the processor to generate a number of substreams/datastream(s) which correspond to the actual number of substreams/datastream(s) transmitted. Next, the estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s) are provided as inputs to a similarly configured decoder  388 . The decoder maps symbols utilized during the transmission of the substreams/datastream(s) into their binary equivalent. The decoder outputs the estimated subscriber substreams in their binary equivalent  454 - 456  to the combiner  390 . The combiner reverses the operation performed on the transmit side by the parser, generating thereby an estimated subscriber datastream  176 . This datastream is provided to the I/O module  392  for subsequent presentment to the subscriber as for example, an audio signal, a video signal, a data file, etc. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the subscriber unit may be configured to receive more than one channel concurrently. 
       FIGS. 11A-B  show a BTS implementing SM code-division multiple access (CDMA). In CDMA, each subscriber session, whether traditional (unparsed) or spatially processed (parsed), is provided with a distinct code sequence. The datastream/substreams are modulated (spread) onto the distinct code sequence/key code (Kn), and the spread signal is, in turn, modulated onto a common carrier. This has the effect of spreading each session across the entire transmission bandwidth. The BTS includes a key/code selector  1100 , a transmit processor module  314 C (optional), and a final transmit stage  316 C. In the embodiment shown, these are part of the above-discussed BTS  132  (see  FIG. 1A ). Each of these modules is coupled to the control elements shown in  FIG. 3 , i.e. training module  328 , mobility detector  334 , memory  322 , processor  324 , and clock  326 . These are coupled via signal/control line  108  to the MSC  106 . Shown here for ease of explanation, the mobility detector, as discussed above, is actually implemented on the receive side of the BTS and interacts with the training module  328  to inject training sequences into the SM_CDMA transmissions. 
     Subscriber datastream  182  and substreams  454 - 456  derived from subscriber datastream  176  (see  FIGS. 4A-J ) are shown as inputs to the key/code selector  1100 . The selector  1100 , under the direct or indirect control of the MSC  106 , selects the appropriate key/code sequence for the datastream(s)/sub streams. This is represented in  FIG. 11A  by a final transmit stage which includes spreader and encoder/modulator clusters, ( 1110 - 1111 , 1120 - 1121 ), ( 1112 - 1113 , 1122 - 1123 ), and ( 1114 - 1115 , 1124 - 1125 ) each of which modulates over a unique key code, respectively  1116 - 1118 , and all of which modulate on a common carrier  1126 . Intermediate the code/key selector  1100  and the final transmit stage  316 C is the optional transmit processing unit  314 C, which may impose on the datastream(s)/substreams additional signal processing, such as that described and discussed above in connection with  FIG. 9A . 
     Within the final transmit stage, two spatially separate antennas  134 T- 136 T are shown, along with an optional antenna array  1140 - 1142  associated with transmit processing. These are coupled via, respectively, RF stages  1134 - 1136  and summers ( 1102 - 1104 ), ( 1106 - 1108 ) to separate outputs of each of three spreader encoder/modulator clusters. Each spreader encoder/modulator cluster operates about a distinct key code. Each cluster contains a number of encoder/modulator outputs at least equivalent to the number of spatially separate antennas in the final transmit stage. Since there are two antennas in the example shown, each cluster contains at least encoding/modulating capability for processing two distinct substreams and for outputting each separately onto a corresponding one of the antennas for spatially separate transmission. The traditional mode datastream  182  is assigned to the second cluster with the key code  1117 . That datastream is output via summer  1104  on antenna  134 T. Each of the substreams  454 - 456 , parsed from a common datastream  176  (see  FIGS. 4A-J ), is passed to a single cluster for spatially separate transmission with a single key code  1116 . 
       FIG. 11B  shows a subscriber unit  150  enabled for spatial multiplexing utilizing CDMA access methodology. That unit includes: first receiver stage  382 C, receive processor  384 C (optional), spatial/space-time processor  386 , decoder  388 , combiner  390 , I/O module  392 , key/code selector  1182 , processor  374 , carrier recovery module  376 , memory  372 , and training module  378 . The first receiver stage includes antennas  140 R- 142 R, which are coupled via, respectively, RF stages  1152 - 1150  to demodulator/sampling modules  1168 - 1166 . Demodulator/sampling modules  1168 - 1166  operate off a carrier  1172 . The output of these is passed to de-spreaders  1162 - 1160 , respectively, which operate off of key code  1176 , assigned by the key/code selector  1182  on the basis of control information passed between subscriber unit and base station. Carrier recovery and synchronization may be handled by carrier recovery module  376 , operating in conjunction with carrier generator  1172 . Additionally, first receiver stage  382 C includes optional antenna array  1146 , RF stage  1154 , demodulator/sampling unit  1170 , carrier generator  1174 , de-spreader  1164 , and key/code generator  1178 . These may be utilized in conjunction with the optional receive processor  384 C in the manner discussed above in  FIGS. 9B and 10B . 
     In operation, the carrier recovery module  376  synchronizes the carriers  1172 - 1174  to the carrier assigned by the BTS for the subscriber session, i.e. the carrier at which the composite signals  1190 - 1192  were transmitted. The composite signals from each antenna are then demodulated and sampled by the corresponding one of the demodulator/sampling modules  1168 - 1166 . Respectively, the outputs of these modules provide inputs to de-spreaders  1162 - 1160 , where they are de-spread using the key code  1176  assigned for the session. The outputs of the de-spreaders provide inputs to the optional receive processor  384 C. The receive processor may implement signal processing techniques which complement one or more of those discussed on the transmit side (see  FIG. 11A ). Each composite signal output by the receive processes/logic  384 C provides inputs to the spatial/space-time processor  386  (see  FIGS. 7A-D ). That processor, using parameters/weights derived using the above-discussed blind/non-blind training techniques, separates the composite signals into the appropriate number of estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s), e.g.  1196 - 1198 . In configurable embodiments of the spatial/space-time processor, information received from the base stations at the start of, or during, a call session configures the processor to generate a number of substreams/datastream(s) which correspond to the actual number of substreams/datastream(s) transmitted. Next, the estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s) are provided as inputs to a similarly configured decoder  388 . The decoder maps symbols utilized during the transmission of the substreams/datastream(s) into their binary equivalent. The decoder outputs the estimated subscriber substreams  454 - 456  in their binary equivalent to the combiner  390 . The combiner reverses the operation performed on the transmit side by the parser, generating thereby an estimated subscriber datastream  176 . This datastream is provided to the I/O module  392  for subsequent presentment to the subscriber as, for example, an audio signal, a video signal, a data file, etc. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the subscriber unit may be configured to receive more than one channel concurrently. 
       FIGS. 12A-B  show a BTS implementing space-division multiple access (SDMA). In SDMA, each subscriber session, whether traditional (unparsed) or spatially processed (parsed), is transmitted as a shaped beam; a high gain portion of which is electronically directed using beam forming toward a known subscriber, at a known location, within a cell. This has the effect of allowing channel re-use within a single cell by beam forming each subscriber session to a separate segment of a cell. 
     The BTS includes a beam steering selector  1200 , a transmit processor module  314 D (optional), and a final transmit stage  316 D. In the embodiment shown, these are a part of the above-discussed BTS  132  (see  FIG. 1A ). Each of these modules is coupled to the control elements shown in  FIG. 3 , i.e. training module  328 , mobility detector  334 , memory  322 , processor  324 , and clock  326 . These are coupled via signal/control line  108  to the MSC  106 . Subscriber datastream  182  and substreams  454 - 456 , derived from subscriber datastream  176  (See  FIGS. 4A-J ), are shown as inputs to the beam steering selector  1200 . The selector  1200 , under the direct/indirect control of the MSC  106 , selects the appropriate direction in which beam steering is to be carried out for each subscriber session and its associated datastream/substreams. Intermediate the beam steering selector  1200  and the final transmit stage  316 D is the optional transmit processing unit  314 D, which may impose on the datastream(s)/substreams additional signal processing, such as that described and discussed above in connection with  FIG. 9A , with the exception of beam forming. 
     Within the final transmit stage, two pairs of spatially separate antennas  134 TA/B- 136 TA/B are shown. Additionally, antenna array  1240  associated with transmit processes  314 D is shown. The two pairs of antennas are coupled via, respectively, RF stages  1234 , 1230 , 1236 , 1232  to beam steering module  1202 . The beam steering module accepts as inputs the separately encoded and modulated outputs from encoder modulators  1220 - 1226 , each of which operated on a common carrier  1210 , and each of which handles a different substream/datastream. The steering of datastream  182  to subscriber  144  (see  FIG. 1B ), and of substreams  454 - 456  to subscriber  150 , is accomplished by beam steering unit  1202 . That unit, operating with a known location/channel for each subscriber, steers the output beams from the antennas so that they interfere in a manner which maximizes the gain appropriately. At the location of subscriber  144 , beam steering results in the composite signal corresponding to datastream  182  reaching a relative maximum, while the gain of the composite signals corresponding to the substreams  454 - 456  at that location is minimized. Beam steering also accomplishes the opposite effect at the location of subscriber unit  150 . 
       FIG. 12B  shows a subscriber unit  150  enabled for spatial multiplexing utilizing SDMA access methodology. That unit includes: first receiver stage  382 D, receive processor  384 D (optional), spatial/space-time processor  386 , decoder  388 , combiner  390 , I/O module  392 , processor  374 , carrier recovery module  376 , memory  372 , and training module  378 . The first receiver stage includes antennas  140 R- 142 R, which are respectively coupled via RF stages  1252 - 1250  to demodulator/sampling modules  1262 - 1260 . Demodulator/sampling modules  1262 - 1260  operate off of a common carrier  1270 . Carrier recovery and synchronization may be handled by carrier recovery module  376  operating in conjunction with carrier generator  1270 . Additionally, the first receiver stage may also include: an antenna array  1246 , coupled via RF stage  1254  to a demodulator/sampler  1264 , and associated carrier module  1272 . These operate under the control of receive processes  384 D to implement any of the receive processes discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 9B, 10B and 11B . 
     In operation, the carrier recovery module  376  synchronizes the carriers  1270 - 1272  to the carrier at which beam forming is conducted by the BTS(s). The composite signals from each antenna are then demodulated and sampled by the corresponding one of the demodulator/sampling modules  1268 - 1266 . The outputs of these modules provide inputs to the receive processor  384 D. Each composite signal output by the receive processes/logic  384 B provides inputs to the spatial/space-time processor  386  (see  FIGS. 7A-D ). That processor, using parameters/weights derived using the above-discussed blind/non-blind training techniques, separates the composite signals into the appropriate number of estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s), e.g.  1296 - 1298 . In configurable embodiments of the spatial/space-time processor, information received from the base stations at the start of, or during, a call session configures the processor to generate a number of substreams/datastream(s) that correspond to the actual number of substreams/datastream(s) transmitted. Next, the estimated subscriber substreams/datastream(s) are provided as inputs to a similarly configured decoder  388 . The decoder maps symbols utilized during the transmission of the substreams/datastream(s) into their binary equivalent. The decoder outputs the estimated subscriber substreams in their binary equivalent  454 - 456  to the combiner  390 . The combiner reverses the operation performed on the transmit side by the parser, generating thereby an estimated subscriber datastream  176 . This datastream is provided to the I/O module  392  for subsequent presentment to the subscriber as, for example, an audio signal, a video signal, a data file, etc. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the subscriber unit may be configured to receive more than one channel concurrently. 
     Although  FIGS. 9-12  show four distinct multiple access methods, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that each of these may be combined with one or more of the others without departing from the scope of this invention, as well as with such multiple access methods as: orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), wavelength division multiple access (WDMA), wavelet division multiple access, or any other orthogonal division multiple access/quasi-orthogonal division multiple access (ODMA) techniques. 
       FIGS. 13A-B  show the process flow for transmit and receive processing/logic  104 _associated with an embodiment of the current invention. These processes/logic may be carried out across multiple datastreams, either in parallel, serially, or both. Processing begins at process block  1300  in which the next datastream is detected. Control then passes to decision process  1302 . In decision process  1302  a determination is made as to the mode of the datastream. As discussed above, the mode determination may distinguish traditional/spatial, quality of service, bit rate, etc. as well as various combinations thereof. If a determination is made that the mode is traditional, control passes to process  1304 . In process  1304  a routing determination is made for the datastream. The routing decision may involve the MSC directing the datastream to an appropriate one of the base stations for transmission. Control then passes to process  1306 . In process  1306 , the datastream is placed on the appropriate channel within the access protocol implemented on the wireless network. Channel assignment may also be made by the MSC. Control then passes to process  1308  in which the subscriber datastream is transmitted. Next, in decision process  1310 , a determination is made as to whether any handoff from one BTS to another is appropriate. If this determination is in the affirmative, control returns to process  1304  for re-routing of the datastream. Alternately, if a negative determination is made in process  1310  that the subscriber is fixed, or still within the cell associated with the transmitting BTS, then control returns to process  1300  for the processing of the next datastream. 
     If, alternately, in decision process  1302  the mode of the next datastream is determined to be spatial, control passes to process  1320 . In process  1320  the datastream is split into a configurable number of substreams. Control is then passed to process  1322 . In process  1322  the individual substreams are routed and to one or more base stations for transmission to the subscriber. Control then passes to process  1324 . In process  1324 , under the direct or indirect control the MSC (see  FIG. 1A ), the access channel on which to transmit the substreams is selected. That information is communicated to the BTS(s) which are involved in the transmission of the substreams. Control then passes to decision process  1326 . In decision process  1326  a determination is made as to whether the intended subscriber is mobile or fixed. If a negative determination is reached, i.e. that the subscriber is fixed, control passes to process  1328 . In process  1328 , a training sequence either at set-up or during a call session is generated provided non-blind training protocols are being utilized. The receipt of these training sequences by the subscriber unit allows that unit to derive appropriate weight parameters in the first logic unit of the spatial/space-time processor for separating the composite signals into individual estimated substreams (see  FIGS. 7A-D ). Alternately, if in decision process  1326  an affirmative determination is reached, i.e. that the subscriber is mobile, then control is passed to process  1330 . In process  1330 , the frequency or duration of the training sequences inserted into the datastream is increased appropriately. This allows the subscriber unit to continually re-train its spatial/space-time parameters to account for possible changes in the spatial environment brought about by its motion. Control is then passed to process  1332 . In process  1332  a determination is made as to the number of substreams that are to be transmitted. The subscriber unit is then signaled as to the number of substreams for which it should configure its spatial/space-time processor and other modules. Control is then passed to process  1334 . In process  1334  the selected BTS(s) transmit the selected substreams to the corresponding subscriber unit. Control is then passed to decision process  1336 . 
     In decision process  1336 , a decision is made as to whether signal separation at the subscriber unit is adequate. As discussed above, this determination may, for example, be based on feedback from the subscriber unit by monitoring the received signal stream from the subscriber unit, or by monitoring bit error rate (BER) at the transmitting BTS(s). Numerous other methods will be evident to those skilled in the art for making this determination. If this decision is in the negative, i.e. that the subscriber unit is unable to separate the substreams, control returns to process  1320 . The process  1320  may now parse the data stream into lesser number of substreams than before, or may do parsing as before, then pass the control to process  1322  for re-routing of the datastream&#39;s substreams. Re-routing might, for example, include a change of spatial configuration on a single BTS, or a changeover from single-base to multi-base transmission, as discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 4A-J . Alternately, if in decision process  1336  an affirmative determination is reached that the subscriber unit is able to separate the substreams, control passes to decision process  1338 . In decision process  1338  a determination is made as to whether a handoff is required. This may result in a partial or full handoff. If that determination is in the negative, e.g. the subscriber unit is fixed, or still within the cell and is capable of separating the substreams, then control returns to process  1300  for the interception of the next datastream. Alternately, if that decision is in the affirmative, control returns to process  1320 . The process  1320  parses the datastreams as before, and passes the control to process  1322  for re-routing of the substreams to one or more base stations. 
       FIG. 13B  shows the receive processes/logic of a subscriber unit associated with an embodiment of the invention. Processing begins at process  1350 , in which the next datastream in his detected. Control is then passed to decision process  1352 . In decision process  1352 , a control signal from the BTS is received indicating the mode of the transmitted signal, e.g. traditional/spatial, and in the latter case, the number of substreams to be generated from the composite signals received. If the composite signals are to be treated as carrying a traditional datastream, control is passed to process  1354 . In process  1354  the appropriate channel on which to receive the composite signal is assigned. Channel assignment may occur: during call setup, during a change in spatial configuration, or during a change from single-base to multi-base transmission, for example. Control is then passed to process  1356 . In process  1356  the composite signals are received and appropriately processed by the associated modules of the subscriber unit (see  FIG. 3 ). Control is then passed to decision process  1358 . In decision process  1358 , any training sequences and update of signal processing parameters that may be required are performed. Control is then passed to decision process  1360  for a determination as to whether signal quality and/or strength is adequate. If an affirmative determination is reached, e.g. that quality and/or strength is adequate, then control returns to process  1350  for the processing of the next datastream. Alternately, if a negative determination is reached, then control is passed to process  1362 . In process  1362  signaling of the BTS(s) that signal strength or quality is not acceptable is accomplished. In an embodiment of the invention, the subscriber unit signals the BTS that signal strength is no longer suitable for reception, or that signal separation, in the case of spatial transmissions, is no longer adequate. Control then returns to process  1350  for the processing of the next datastream. 
     If, alternately, in decision process  1352  the control signal from the BTS indicates that the mode of the incoming composite signals is spatial, control is passed to process  1370 . In process  1370 , control information received by the subscriber unit indicates the number of substreams for which the spatial processor, and other modules of the receive portion of the subscriber unit, are to be configured. Control is then passed to process  1372 . In process  1372  access parameters, e.g. channel, for the transmission from the BTS(s) to the subscriber unit are passed to the subscriber unit. Control then passes to process  1374 . In process  1374  the composite signals are received and processed into corresponding estimated subscriber substreams. Control then passes to decision process  1376 . In decision process  1376  a determination is made as to whether any training sequence is present in the datastream. This embodiment of the invention therefore implements non-blind training. Other embodiments of the invention implementing blind training methods need not implement this particular act. If, in decision process  1376  a negative determination is reached, i.e. that no training sequences are present, control returns to process  1350 . Alternately, if in decision process  1376  an affirmative determination is reached, i.e. that a training sequence is present, then control is passed to process  1378 . In process  1378 , evaluation of the training sequence is performed and new weights registered within the spatial/space-time processor for separating the training sequences. Control is then passed to decision process  1380  for evaluation of the training sequences, then passed to decision process  1382  for a determination of whether the training sequences can be separated adequately. If an affirmative decision is reached, then control returns to decision process  1350 . Alternately, if the separation is not adequate, then control passes to process  1384 . In process  1384 , a control signal is sent to the BTS indicating that a change in spatial configuration is required. The BTS(s) might respond by changing spatial configuration from single to multi-base, by changing the number or spatial configuration of the antennas utilized at a single base, by changing a channel, etc. Control then returns to process  1350  for processing of the next datastream. 
     The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. 
     It should also be apparent that the described subscriber units may be used in a wide variety of other applications without departing from the scope of the present invention. One such application contemplates the use of the described subscriber units in network access units that are used provision extend or otherwise supplement the range of existing high speed telephone or cable networks. By way of example, a hybrid DSL/wireless link is diagrammatically illustrated in  FIG. 14 . As is well known in the telecommunications art, in conventional high speed xDSL networks, high speed communications are made between a head end DSL modem (typically located at a central office (CO) or optical network unit (ONU)) and a remote DSL modem located on a customer&#39;s premises. The link between the central and remote modems is made on ordinary twisted pair wires. Thus xDSL system have the strong advantage of allowing high speed communications using existing wiring infrastructure. However, twisted pair wiring has significant signal attenuation and therefore, it is typically difficult or impossible to provide DSL service to customers who are located too far (e.g. more than 2 or 3 miles) from the central office/ONU. Further, even among customers within the coverage area, the loading coils and the bridge taps which are used around the binders of twisted pair wires that connect the modems, as well as other potential obstacles may make DSL technology difficult to implement in many circumstances. 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the range and/or accessibility of the DSL network is extended by placing a head end DSL modem  1430  in proximity to the remote DSL modem  1425 . A suitable xDSL protocol (such as ADSL, VDSL, etc.) and modulation technique (such as DMT, DWMT, CAPs, etc.) is used to communicate between the remote DSL modem  1425  located at the customer premises and the head end DSL modem  1430  located at an appropriate location that is within range of the customer premises. By way of example, the head end DSL modem  1430  may be located at the terminal server  1410  on a nearby telephone pole  1432  from which the twisted pair drop  1435  originates that serves the customer premises. The head end DSL modem  1430  then provides the raw input data stream to the network access unit (subscriber unit)  1440  that communicates with appropriate BTSs  1445  as described above. Of course, in embodiments where a plurality of different remote DSL modems within the same neighborhood are being serviced, the head end DSL modem may multiplex the data streams from the various xDSL connections. 
     It is noted that the location of the described network access units may be widely varied based on the needs of a particular system. One advantage to placing the network access units at the terminal servers is that it provides a readily accessible location where installation is relatively easy. Also, terminal servers are often located on a telephone pole as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . This may be advantageous in that top telephone poles are relatively higher as compared to many other potential deployment locations, which may provide a clearer path between the network access unit  1440  and the BTS transceiver. This, of course may result in increased data speeds. It should be appreciated that the described arrangements can bring DSL service to a wide variety of locations using the POTS (plain old telephone service) infrastructure. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 15  another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In this embodiment, the network access unit  1440  is connected to a plurality of cable modems  1460  via an appropriate cable  1470 . Any suitable cable including hybrid fiber co-axial (HFC) cables, co-axial cables or fiber cables may be used as cable  1470 . Like the previously described hybrid DSL link, the illustrated hybrid cable link provides the possibility of expanding the range of high speed data communications using existing infrastructure. 
     As suggested above, the described subscriber unit can be used as a node in virtually any network to facilitate communications between that network and other devices and/or networks. For example, with the growing popularity of home networks, a subscriber unit can be used as a node in a home network. Alternatively, a subscriber can be used in office networks and/or any other type of local area, wide area, or other networks. 
     Another networking concept that has attracted some attention lately is vehicle based networking. For example, people have contemplated wiring carriers such as buses, airplanes, ships and other vehicles with networks that provide multiple nodes within the vehicle for use by passengers. The described spatial multiplexing based subscriber units which take advantage of a wireless link are particularly well adapted to providing high speed access for any vehicle based network. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 16 , yet another deployment possibility for the subscriber units will be described. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 16 , the subscriber unit  1601  is utilized as a wireless interface for a repeater BTS  1610  in a cellular network. Various parties have proposed and implemented the concept of using repeater BTSs in cellular networks. Generally, a repeater BTS  1610  is designed to extend the coverage area of a master BTS  1620  and/or cover dead spots in the master BTSs coverage area. The repeater BTS simply repeats the signals being transmitted by the master BTS. The link between the master BTS and the repeater link can be either a wireless link or a wired link. Given the high data rates that are possible using the spatial multiplexing based subscriber units, it should be apparent that the described subscriber units are particularly well suited for use in repeater BTSs. 
     Although a few specific deployments have been described, it should be appreciated that the described spatial multiplexing based subscriber units may be deployed in a wide variety of other situations as well.