Patent Publication Number: US-11377759-B2

Title: Electrospinning apparatus and system and method thereof

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/589,152, filed Nov. 21, 2017, the entire content and disclosure of which is incorporated by reference into the present application. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed generally to electrospinning apparatuses and systems and methods thereof. More particularly, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed to portable, hand-held electrospinning apparatuses and systems, methods, and portions thereof. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an apparatus configured to controllably output a charged solution and gas of a predetermined dryness can be provided. The apparatus can comprise: a nozzle configured to output the charged solution from a nozzle opening at a nozzle tip of the nozzle; and a gas output port arranged relative to the nozzle configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness at a predetermined reference rate at a discharge opening of the gas output port, and in a predetermined direction, such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is provided adjacent to the nozzle opening. The gas output port can be configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness in the predetermined direction toward a focal point at, in front of, or behind the nozzle opening. 
     Also, in one or more embodiments, a system configured to controllably output a charged solution and gas of a predetermined dryness can be provided. The system can comprise: means for outputting the charged solution; and means for outputting the gas of the predetermined dryness at a predetermined reference rate at a discharge opening of the means for outputting the gas of the predetermined dryness, and in a predetermined direction, such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is provided adjacent to an output of the means for outputting the charged solution. 
     Embodiments can also include a portable, hand-held electrospinning apparatus configured to provide an electrospun solution and gas of a predetermined dryness toward a deposit surface. The electrospinning apparatus can comprise: a body; a nozzle provided at an extremity of the body configured to output the electrospun solution from a nozzle opening thereof toward the deposit surface; a control switch provided on the body; circuitry provided inside the body, the circuitry being operatively coupled to the control switch and controllable by manual input from a user to the control switch to controllably output the electrospun solution from the nozzle by controlling a pump operative to cause solution to be provided to the nozzle to be output as the electrospun solution; a power supply controllably coupled to the circuitry; a gas supply configured to provide the gas of the predetermined dryness; and a gas output port configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness provided by the gas supply such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is provided adjacent to the nozzle opening. The gas output port can be recessed relative to the nozzle opening of the nozzle, and the circuitry can be configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness prior to output of the electrospun solution. 
     Embodiments can also include methods of providing, making, and/or using apparatuses and systems according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Using apparatuses and/or systems according to one or more embodiments can reduce humidity of air surrounding the nozzle, the output solution, and/or a solution path between the nozzle and the deposit surface. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, are illustrative of one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, and, together with the description, explain various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Further, the accompanying drawings have not necessarily been drawn to scale, and any values or dimensions in the accompanying drawings are for illustration purposes only and may or may not represent actual or preferred values or dimensions. Where applicable, some or all select features may not be illustrated to assist in the description and understanding of underlying features. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an apparatus or a system according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a portion of the apparatus or system of  FIG. 1 , according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an apparatus or a system according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of an apparatus or a system according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIG. 5A  is a bottom perspective view of a portion of the apparatus or a system of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 5B  is a bottom plan view of a portion of the apparatus or a system of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6A  is a perspective sectional view of a portion of an apparatus or a system according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIG. 6B  is a bottom perspective view of the portion of  FIG. 6A . 
         FIG. 7  is a side sectional view of an apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are perspective sectional views illustrating output timing according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIGS. 9A-9C  are side views illustrating exemplary flow arrangements according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
         FIG. 10  is a basic flow diagram of a method according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various embodiments of the described subject matter and is not necessarily intended to represent the only embodiment(s). In certain instances, the description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described subject matter. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, structures and components may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described subject matter. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or the like parts. 
     Any reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, operation, or function described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, any appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in the specification is not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, the particular features, structures, characteristics, operations, or functions may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments, and it is intended that embodiments of the described subject matter can and do cover modifications and variations of the described embodiments. 
     It must also be noted that, as used in the specification, appended claims and abstract, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. That is, unless clearly specified otherwise, as used herein the words “a” and “an” and the like carry the meaning of “one or more.” Additionally, it is to be understood that terms such as “left,” “right,” “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “rear,” “side,” “height,” “length,” “width,” “upper,” “lower,” “interior,” “exterior,” “inner,” “outer,” and the like that may be used herein, merely describe points of reference and do not necessarily limit embodiments of the described subject matter to any particular orientation or configuration. Furthermore, terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc. merely identify one of a number of portions, components, points of reference, operations and/or functions as described herein, and likewise do not necessarily limit embodiments of the described subject matter to any particular configuration or orientation. 
     Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed generally to electrospinning apparatuses and systems and methods thereof. More particularly, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed to portable, hand-held electrospinning apparatuses and systems, methods, and portions thereof. In that embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can involve portable, hand-held electrospinning apparatuses and systems, methods, and portions thereof, such embodiments may be used in a clinical, salon, or at-home setting. 
     Such electrospinning apparatuses and systems, methods, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can reduce humidity of air adjacent to a nozzle of an electrospinning apparatus, charged solution output by the nozzle, a solution path between the nozzle and a deposit surface, and/or the deposit surface. Optionally, once the humidity is reduced, in one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter the humidity can be maintained or substantially maintained (e.g., within a predetermined range) at about the reduced humidity level. 
     Thus, in one or more embodiments, an apparatus (or system) can be configured to controllably output the charged solution and gas of a predetermined dryness for deposit of the charged solution on the deposit surface (e.g., human skin). Optionally, the gas of the predetermined dryness can be provided adjacent to a nozzle tip of the nozzle from where the charged solution is output. For example, the gas of the predetermined dryness may be output in a predetermined direction toward a focal point at, in front of, or behind the nozzle tip. Optionally, the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness may be at a predetermined rate, for instance, such that the gas does not propel the flow of the output charged solution and/or modify the shape of the flow of the output charged solution. 
     Generally speaking, electrospinning, which may be referred to as electric-field spinning, involves generating an electric field (EF) in and around a solution, for instance, a polymer solution, to draw out the solution to create relatively a fine fiber. A sufficiently high voltage must be provided to generate an electric field sufficient to produce a Taylor cone. A plurality of such fibers may form a mesh or web on a deposit surface, such as human skin, for instance. 
     The fiber diameter may be as small as a nanometer, for instance. That is, when the deposit of fibers is formed with the electrostatic spinning method, the thickness of the fibers expressed as a diameter of a corresponding circle can be preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 50 nm or more. In addition, the thickness can be preferably 3,000 nm or less, and more preferably 1,000 nm or less. The thickness of the fibers can be measured by observing the fibers magnified 10,000 times using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for example, removing defects (mass of fibers, intersection of fibers, and droplets) from the two-dimensional images of the fibers, selecting any ten fibers, drawing a line orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of each of the fibers, and reading the diameter of the fiber directly. 
     Preferable, in one or more embodiments, the fiber is continuous fiber. The fiber can be a continuous fiber having an infinite length in the formation; it is preferable that the fiber has a length at least 100 times longer than its thickness. In this specification, a fiber having a length over 100 times than its thickness is defined as a “continuous fiber.” It is preferable that a coating formed with the electrostatic spinning method is a porous discontinuous coating including the deposit of continuous fibers. 
     The solution can have a viscosity of preferably about 1 mPa·s to about 1,200 mPa·s, more preferably about 50 mPa·s to about 500 mPa·s, even more preferably about 100 mPa·s to about 300 mPa·s. The viscosity can be measured according to one or more viscometer methodologies or types, such as a spindle-type (B-type) viscometer or a cone-plate-type (E-type) viscometer. For example, the spindle-type viscosity measurement can be performed using a type B viscometer (e.g., TVB-10 by TOKI SANGYO Co. LTD.) under the following characteristics/conditions: spindle No. M2 (21); rotational speed 60 rpm; and temperature 25° C. Additionally or alternatively, the cone-plate-type viscosity measurement can be performed using a type E viscometer (e.g., VISCON EMD by TOKYO KEIKI INC.) under the following characteristics/conditions: cone-plate rotor no. 43; rotational speed selected according to the specification of the viscometer according to the viscosity level: speed of 1 rpm:more than 1280 mPa·s, 10 rpm:more than 128 and less than 1280 mPa·s, and 100 rpm:less than 128 mPa·s; and temperature 25° C. 
     As noted above, the solution may be a polymer solution, in one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. For example, the polymer solution may preferably be a water insoluble polymer having a coating formation ability, for instance, including completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, which can be insolubilized after the formation of a coating; partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, which can be cross-linked after the formation of a coating when used in combination with a cross-linking agent; oxazoline modified silicone such as a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer; polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate; zein (main component of corn proteins); polyester; polylactic acid (PLA); an acrylic resin such as a polyacrylonitrile resin or a polymethacrylic acid resin; a polystyrene resin; a polyvinyl butyral resin; a polyethylene terephthalate resin; a polybutylene terephthalate resin; a polyurethane resin; a polyamide resin; a polyimide resin; and a polyamideimide resin. More preferably the polymer solution can be or comprise polyvinyl butyral resin. The term “water-insoluble polymer” as used herein can refer to a polymer having a property such that when 1 g of the polymer is weighed out and immersed in 10 g of ion-exchanged water in an environment at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 23° C. for 24 hours, more than 0.5 g of the immersed polymer does not dissolve in the water. Optionally, the polymer solution can preferably lack suspended solids (e.g., powder). That is, the polymer solution may be free or substantially free of suspended solids (e.g., powder). 
     Additionally or alternatively, in one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the solution may be a liquid agent comprising component (a), component (b), and component (c) as follows: component (a) may be one or more volatile substances selected from the group consisting of alcohols and ketones; component (b) may be water; and component (c) may be one or more polymers having a coating formation ability. 
     Preferable examples of alcohols that may serve as the volatile substance to be used as the component (a) include chain aliphatic monohydric alcohols, cyclic aliphatic monohydric alcohols, and aromatic monohydric alcohols. Specific examples thereof include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, propanol, and pentanol. One or more alcohols selected from these alcohols can be used. Examples of ketones serving as the volatile substance to be used as the component (a) can include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone. These ketones can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The volatile substance to be used as the component (a) can be more preferably at least one member selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and butyl alcohol, even more preferably at least one member selected from ethanol and butyl alcohol, and even more preferably ethanol. 
     Generally speaking, component (a) can be volatile and disperse or dissolve component (c). The term “disperse or dissolve” as used herein can refer to a state in which a substance is in a dispersed state at 20° C. and the dispersion is uniform when visually observed, and preferably transparent or translucent when visually observed. 
     Component (c) can be preferably hydrophobicity (water-insoluble). For example, in the case of the polymer having a coating formation ability, a polymer can be used that is appropriate according to the properties of the volatile substance to be used as the component (a). Specifically, polymers having a coating formation ability may be roughly classified into water-soluble polymers and water-insoluble polymers. The term “water-soluble polymer” as used herein can refer to a polymer having a property such that when 1 g of the polymer is weighed out and immersed in 10 g of ion-exchanged water in an environment at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 23° C. for 24 hours, 0.5 g or more of the immersed polymer dissolves in the water. On the other hand, as noted above, the term “water-insoluble polymer” as used herein can refer to a polymer having a property such that when 1 g of the polymer is weighed out and immersed in 10 g of ion-exchanged water in an environment at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 23° C. for 24 hours, more than 0.5 g of the immersed polymer does not dissolve in the water. 
     Examples of water-soluble polymers having a coating formation ability include naturally-occurring macromolecules such as pullulan, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, poly-γ-glutamic acid, modified corn starch, β-glucan, glucooligosaccharide, mucopolysaccharide such as heparin and keratosulfate, cellulose, pectin, xylan, lignin, glucomannan, galacturonic acid,  psyllium  seed gum, tamarind seed gum, gum arabic, gum traganth, water-soluble soybean polysaccharide, alginic acid, carrageenan, laminaran, agar (agarose), fucoidan, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose; and synthetic macromolecules such as partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol (when not used in combination with a cross-linking agent), low saponified polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide, and sodium polyacrylate. These water-soluble polymers can be used alone or in combination of two or more. It is preferable to use pullulan and the synthetic macromolecules such as partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, low saponified polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and polyethylene oxide, of these water-soluble polymers, from the viewpoint of easily manufacturing the coating. When polyethylene oxide is used as the water-soluble polymer, its number average molecular weight can be preferably 50,000 or more and 3,000,000 or less, and more preferably 100,000 or more and 2,500,000 or less. 
     On the other hand, examples of the water-insoluble polymers having a coating formation ability can include completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, which can be insolubilized after the formation of a coating; partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, which can be cross-linked after the formation of a coating when used in combination with a cross-linking agent; oxazoline modified silicone such as a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer; polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate; zein (main component of corn proteins); polyester; polylactic acid (PLA); an acrylic resin such as a polyacrylonitrile resin or a polymethacrylic acid resin; a polystyrene resin; a polyvinyl butyral resin; a polyethylene terephthalate resin; a polybutylene terephthalate resin; a polyurethane resin; a polyamide resin; a polyimide resin; and a polyamideimide resin. These water-insoluble polymers can be used alone or in combination of two or more. It is preferable to use completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, which can be insolubilized after the formation of a coating, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, which can be cross-linked after the formation of the coating when used in combination with a cross-linking agent, a polyvinyl butyral resin, oxazoline modified silicone such as a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer, water-soluble polyester, zein, and the like, of these water-insoluble polymers. 
     The content of the component (a) in the composition can be preferably 50 mass % or more, more preferably 55 mass % or more, and even more preferably 60 mass % or more. In addition, the content of the component (a) in the composition can be preferably 98 mass % or less, more preferably 96 mass % or less, and even more preferably 94 mass % or less. The content of the component (a) in the composition can be preferably 50 mass % or more and 98 mass % or less, more preferably 55 mass % or more and 96 mass % or less, and even more preferably 60 mass % or more and 94 mass % or less. 
     On the other hand, the content of the component (c) in the composition can be preferably 2 mass % or more, more preferably 4 mass % or more, and even more preferably 6 mass % or more. In addition, the content of the component (c) in the composition can be preferably 50 mass % or less, more preferably 45 mass % or less, and even more preferably 40 mass % or less. The content of the component (c) in the composition can be preferably 2 mass % or more and 50 mass % or less, more preferably 4 mass % or more and 45 mass % or less, and even more preferably 6 mass % or more and 40 mass % or less. When the component (c) is blended into the composition in this proportion, a desired coating can be successfully formed. 
     The component (b) can be preferably contained from the viewpoint of conductivity of the liquid agent, and the content can be preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less with respect to the component (a), from the viewpoint of spinnability, preferably the content can be 0.5% or more. 
     One or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can involve application of a cosmetic, such as a base/foundation, a concealer, a moisturizer, and coloring. Of course, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are not limited to application of cosmetics. For example, one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can involve application of deodorants, scents, sun protection, creams, topical drug delivery, anti-microbial barriers and coatings, hydrophobic/phallic surface treatments, anti-fouling coatings, tissue repair, etc. 
     Turning now to the figures,  FIG. 1  shows a diagram of an apparatus or a system (hereinafter apparatus)  100  according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. As can be seen, apparatus  100  can be a hand-held apparatus, for instance, usable by only one hand  2  of a user  1 . The apparatus  100  may also be portable, meaning, generally speaking, that the apparatus  100  is not fixed or substantially fixed in one place, but instead may be relatively easily movable from location to location (e.g., different rooms, stores, etc.). Optionally, the apparatus  100  may be wireless, power and control being provided by the apparatus  100  itself. Alternatively, power may be supplied from a power supply remote from the apparatus  100 , such as mains via a flexible power cord that is pluggable into a wall outlet (not expressly shown). 
     As noted above, the apparatus  100  may be an electrospinning apparatus, and can output charged solution in electrospun format  50 . Generally, for electrospinning, a deposit surface  4  on which the fibers are to be deposited on should or must be at or near ground potential. As such, the deposit surface  4 , such as skin of the user  1 , should be grounded during the electrospinning process. In terms of grounding the user  1 , this may be accomplished by grounding the user  1  to the apparatus  100 , a base station (not expressly shown), or some other grounded structure. For example, a ground path  5  may be provided, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , via a grounding line connected to the apparatus  100 , via a rod or a plate on a grip of the apparatus and optionally a grounding strap attached to the user  1 . Alternatively, a ground path may be provided via a grounding strap attached to the user and a grounding line connected to the base station (not shown), or via a grounding route separate from the apparatus  100 , such as a grounding route integrated into a chair, seat, table, metal plate, or other structure. Also, in the case of someone other than the user  1 , for instance, an esthetician, using the apparatus  100  to apply the electrospun solution  50  to the user  1 , the other person may also be grounded, for example, via the apparatus  100  or a separate grounding route, such as described above. 
     The flow rate of the output charged solution  50  may be about 0.17 ml/min, preferably about 0.07 ml/min, more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.50 ml/min, even more preferably about 0.03 to about 0.40 ml/min, and even more preferably about 0.05 to about 0.3 ml/min. Further, the flow rate may be caused or set based on current and voltage supplied to create the electric field, and desired fiber properties to be output. The flow rate may also be dependent upon characteristics of the solution, such as molecular weight, type, conductivity; environmental aspects, such as ambient temperature and/or ambient humidity; and apparatus configuration, such as the configuration of a nozzle  102  thereof. 
     The apparatus  100  can be comprised of a body  101 ; a nozzle  102  configured to output charged solution  50 , which may be provided at an extremity of the body  101  as part of the body  101  or as a component separate from the body  101 , and which may have a nozzle tip and a nozzle opening (not expressly shown in  FIG. 1 ) for which to output the charged solution  50 ; and a gas output port  103 , arranged relative to the nozzle  102 , configured to output gas of a predetermined dryness  55 . 
     The apparatus  100  can also include a user interface  104 , which may be manually operated by the user  1 , and which may have one or more control interfaces (e.g., control switches, buttons, etc.) to controllably output the charged solution  50  and the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Optionally, different control interfaces may be used to control the output of the charged solution  50  and the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Alternatively, a single control interface may control output of both the charged solution  50  and the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . 
     The apparatus  100  may also be comprised of circuitry  106 , which may include at least one controller, provided inside the body  101 , for instance; a pump configured to cause solution from a solution reservoir  107  to be provided to the nozzle  102  to be charged via a high voltage electrode  105 , and output from the nozzle  102  as the charged solution in electrospun format  50 . The circuitry  106  may be operatively coupled to the user interface  104  and controllable by manual input from the user  1  to the user interface  104  to controllably output the charged solution  50  from the nozzle  102  by controlling the pump to cause solution to be provided to the nozzle  102  and charged by high voltage electrode  105  and output as the charged solution in electrospun format  50 . The high voltage for the high voltage electrode  105  may be provided by a power supply  109 , which may be provided inside the body  101  of the apparatus  100 . The power supply  109  may also supply non-high voltage power to the circuitry  106 , for instance, to provide power the pump, the user interface, any electrical components that may be implemented to control output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 , a humidity sensor of the apparatus  100 , etc. 
     The apparatus  100  may also be comprised of a gas supply  108  to provide gas of the predetermined dryness to the gas output port  103  for output as the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . The gas supply  108  may be in the form of one or more gas supply lines, whereby the gas is provided to the gas supply line(s) via a gas reservoir provided separate from the apparatus  100 . Alternatively, the gas supply  108  may be provided onboard the apparatus  100 . That is, the apparatus  100  may be comprised of the gas reservoir, for instance, inside the body  101  or outside the body  101 . 
     Thus, the apparatus  100  can be controlled, via the user interface  104  and controller of the circuitry  106 , to output one or more streams of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Thus, in one or more embodiments, the apparatus  100  can controllably output the charged solution  50  and the gas of a predetermined dryness  55  for deposit of the charged solution  50  on the deposit surface (e.g., human skin)  4 . 
     The gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can include one or more of air, compressed air, O 2 , N 2 , Ar, He, and CO 2 . Further, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can output at a predetermined reference rate at a discharge opening (or openings) of the gas output port  103 . According to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, such predetermined rate can be preferably in a range of about 0.05 m/s to about 10 m/s, more preferably in a range of about 0.15 m/s to about 1 m/s. Optionally, the predetermined rate may be such that the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  does not propel the flow of the output charged solution  50  and/or modify the shape of the flow of the output charged solution  50 . Optionally, the predetermined rate of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be based on a cross-sectional area of a nozzle opening of the nozzle  102  and/or a cross-sectional area of the discharge opening of the gas output port  103 . Further, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be output from the apparatus  100  continuously or pulsed. 
     The output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can reduce humidity of air adjacent to the nozzle  102  of the apparatus  100  (e.g., in front of a nozzle tip of the nozzle  102 ), the charged solution  50  output by the nozzle  102 , a solution path or intended path between the nozzle  102  and the deposit surface  4 , and/or the deposit surface  4 . Optionally, once the humidity is reduced, in one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the humidity can be maintained or substantially maintained (e.g., within a predetermined range) at about the reduced humidity level by continuous or periodic supply of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . In one or more embodiments, the apparatus  100  may be configured to operate when surrounding environmental conditions are over about 50% RH at about 25° C. For example, the apparatus  100  may be configured such that the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be output only when the surrounding environmental conditions are over about 50% RH at about 25° C., for instance, as sensed by an optional humidity sensor of the apparatus  100 . Optionally, the apparatus  100  may be configured such that the charged solution  50  can be output only when the surrounding environmental conditions are over about 50% RH at about 25° C., for instance, as sensed by the humidity sensor of the apparatus  100 . 
     The gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can have a predetermined RH, which may correspond to a humidity less than a humidity of an associated room in which the apparatus  100  is operated. For example, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can have a humidity between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. Further, in one or more embodiments, output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can reduce the humidity preferably to below 50% RH, more preferably to between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. 
     The gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be output toward the deposit surface  4  and/or toward the charged solution  50  output from the apparatus  100 . The configuration of a gas output port or ports (not expressly shown in  FIG. 1 ) of the apparatus  100  can, in one or more embodiments, dictate a direction or directions for output of the charged solution  50 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be output in a predetermined direction such that the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  is provided adjacent to an opening (or openings) of the nozzle  102 . Optionally, adjacent to the opening (or opening) can mean in front of the nozzle opening and/or a tip of the nozzle  102  in an axial direction of the nozzle  102 . For example, in front of the nozzle opening may include any position or positions preferably from about 0 mm to about 200 mm, more preferably from about 0 mm to about 100 mm, even more preferably from about 0 mm to about 50 mm, from the tip of the nozzle  102  in an axial direction of the nozzle  102 . Additionally or alternatively, adjacent to the nozzle opening or nozzle tip can include any position or positions from at the deposit surface  4  to the nozzle tip. For example, the deposit surface  4  can be about 30 mm away from the nozzle tip. 
     In one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be output in a predetermined axial direction that corresponds to an axis of a corresponding discharge opening of the gas output port  103 , in the same direction or generally the same direction as a direction in which the charged solution  50  is output from the nozzle  102 . In one or more embodiments, the predetermined axial direction may be non-parallel to an axial direction in which the charged solution  50  is output from the nozzle  102 . Optionally, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be directed toward a predetermined focal point or points (not expressly shown in  FIG. 1 ). In one or more embodiments, the predetermined focal point may be at, in front of, or behind the nozzle tip. The focal point may be from about 0 mm to about 200 mm, preferably from about 0 mm to about 100 mm, more preferably from about 0 mm to about 50 mm, and even more preferably about 30 mm, from the nozzle tip, in front of and in the axial direction of the nozzle  102 . Optionally, the focal point may be aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be output so as to meet the charged solution  50  output from the nozzle  102  and/or a path of the charged solution  50  between the nozzle  102  and the deposit surface  4 . For example, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may meet the charged solution  50  output from the nozzle  102  or the path of the charged solution  50  from about at the opening at the nozzle tip to about 200 mm away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle  102 . Additionally or alternatively, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may meet the charged solution  50  at the deposit surface  4 . 
     Optionally, in one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be output prior to output of the charged solution  50 . The charged solution  50  may then be output while the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  is still being output, or, alternatively, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may stop being output before the charged solution  50  is output. Also, in one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may stop being output while the charged solution  50  is still being output or vice versa. Thus, during an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  and the charged solution  50  may be output at the same time, though with different start and/or stop times. Or, alternatively, the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  and the output of the charged solution  50  may not overlap. The controller of the circuitry  106  may control the timing of the outputs of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  and the charged solution  50 . Optionally, the timing may be changed by the user  1  via the user interface  104 . 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a portion of an apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, such as the apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 . Likewise,  FIG. 3  is diagram of a portion of an apparatus, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, such as the apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
     Generally speaking,  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  show examples of components, and an exemplary configuration, to output the charged solution  50 .  FIG. 3  also shows examples of components, and an exemplary configuration, to output the charged solution  50  and the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . 
     In particular,  FIG. 2  shows a low voltage power supply  110 , a high voltage power source  111 , a high voltage resistor  112 , a power switch SW, a controller  113 , a controller  114 , the high voltage electrode  105 , the solution reservoir  107 , and a motor  115 . Optionally, one or more of the low voltage power supply  110 , the high voltage power source  111 , high voltage resistor  112 , the power switch SW, and the controller  113  may be part of the power supply  109 . Further, optionally, the power switch SW may be coupled to the user interface  104 . The low voltage power supply  110  may be provided by mains or a battery (or batteries) and may be a power source that outputs a relatively low voltage, for instance, about 3 VDC to about 9 VDC. Such voltage may be provided to the controller  113  when the power switch SW is closed (e.g., when the user  1  activates the user interface  104  to output the charge solution  50 , with or without the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 ). The controller  113 , which may alternatively be represented by distinct controllers, can provide separate relatively low voltages to control the motor  115 , which may be a servo motor, and for conversion by the high voltage power source  111  to a relatively high voltage to be provided to the high voltage electrode  105 . Alternatively, the controller  113  and the controller  114  may be a single controller. Further, optionally, the single controller may also control output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Alternatively, a separate controller may control output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Further, in one or more embodiments, the controller that controls output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be merely a physical controller, for instance, a valve that opens and closes in response to operation of a control interface, for instance, of the user interface  104 . 
     The high voltage electrode  105  may be hollow, and may be conductive. For example, the high voltage electrode  105  may be a so-called needle electrode. Thus, the high voltage electrode  105  may serve as both a fluid path for the solution and a conductive surface to allow charge created by an electric field caused by the high voltage HV to be injected into the solution. More specifically, the high voltage electrode  105 , which may be part of the nozzle  102  in one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, may be hollow so as to receive solution from the solution reservoir  107  and output the solution at or just before the nozzle tip of the nozzle  102 . Generally, the flow path formed by the high voltage electrode  105  and the nozzle tip may be formed of materials that do not or do not substantially chemically or physio-chemically react with the solution in any substantial way. 
     The high voltage power source  111  may have or be coupled to a transformer that converts a relatively low voltage from the controller  113  (e.g., about zero to about 9 VDC), to the relatively high voltage, particularly a relatively high DC voltage. The high voltage should be sufficiently high to create an electric field that can generate a Taylor cone of the solution; also a current supply sufficient to charge up the solution and also overcome parasitic losses/capacitances should be supplied. Thus, in embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the high voltage power source  111  can produce high voltage with sufficient current output to perform a desired electrospin operation. The high DC voltage may be preferably about 14 kV DC; more preferably about 11 kV DC to about 14 kV DC; and even more preferably about 10 kV DC to about 16 kV DC. Optionally, the high voltage may be controllable, for instance, preferably from about 11 kV DC to about 14 kV DC; more preferably about 10 kV DC to about 16 kV DC. The value of the high voltage resistor  112  can be based on the high voltage to be provided to the high voltage electrode  105 . For example, the value of the high voltage resistor  112  may be about 200 MΩ, though embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are not so limited. 
     Thus, the user  1  can provide a control input to the user interface  104  to cause a high voltage HV from the high voltage power source  111  and thus a corresponding electric field to be applied in and around solution in the high voltage electrode  105 , and to cause the motor  115  to output solution from the solution reservoir  107  to the high voltage electrode  105 , such that the charged solution  50  is output in electrospun fashion from the nozzle  102 . The controller  114  can control the motor  115  to output solution from the solution reservoir  107  to the high voltage electrode  105 , for instance, based on the control input to the user interface  104 . 
     The user interface  104  of the body  101  may be in the form of a trigger or a switch, for instance, a tactile switch or trigger. The user interface  104  can be activated by user input, for instance, a user&#39;s finger or thumb, to activate the apparatus  100 . Specifically, the user interface  104  can be activated by the user  1  to activate the motor  115  to output the solution to the nozzle  102  and output therefrom, to activate the high voltage HV to create a corresponding electric field for application to the solution, or both. Generally, the user interface  104  may be provided far enough away from the nozzle  102  to prevent interference, for instance. As a non-limiting example, the user interface  104  may be about 44 mm from the nozzle  102 . 
     The motor  115  may be a stepper motor or a servo motor as mentioned above, for instance, that drives the actuator  116 , which may be a linear actuator. The motor  115  and actuator  116  can be controlled based on operation of the user interface  104 . Generally speaking, actuation of the actuator  116  can drive a plunger relative to a solution reservoir  107  to cause the solution to be output from the reservoir  107  to the nozzle  102 , for instance, via the high voltage electrode  105 , for application of high voltage HV and output from the nozzle  102  as the charged solution  50 . Optionally, the motor  115  may be programmable, for instance, using the circuitry  106 . Such programming may provide for different flow profiles to be used based on particular application conditions, such as environment, type of solution to be applied, high voltage HV applied, etc. Optionally, the actuator  116  can be controlled, prior to an electrospinning operation, to prime the handset  100  by removing air from the solution flow path. 
     The motor  115  and actuator  116  may not provide back suction. That is, in one or more embodiments, back suction of the solution may not be provided. Alternatively, the motor  115  and actuator  116  may be controlled to provide back suction, for instance, for a predetermined duration of time. The predetermined duration of time may be preferably about 0.1 seconds; more preferably about 0.5 seconds, after stopping output of the charged solution  50  from the nozzle  102 . 
     The circuitry  106 , including one or more controllers thereof, such as controller  114 , may, as discussed above, controllably output the charged solution  50  and/or the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  from the nozzle  102  and the gas output port  103 , respectively. Further, in one or more embodiments, the circuitry  106  can control one more of changing a rate at which the charged solution  50  is output, changing an amount of the charged solution  50  output, a time period for which the charged solution  50  is output, and a timing at which the charged solution  50  is output, for instance, relative to the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Likewise, additionally or alternatively, the circuitry  106  can control one more of changing a rate at which the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  is output, changing an amount of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  output, a time period for which the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  is output, and a timing at which the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  is output. 
     In one or more embodiments, the circuitry  106  can control, for an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  to be output from the gas output port  103  followed by, at a same time, the charged solution  50  to be output from the nozzle opening of the nozzle  102  and the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  to be output from the gas output port  103 . For example, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be output from the gas output port  103  for about 0.1 to about 1.0 seconds before the charged solution  50  is output from the nozzle opening. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry  106  can control, for the output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  to be stopped from being output from the gas output port  103  prior to stopping the charged solution  50  from being output from the nozzle opening. Optionally, during the output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be controlled by the circuitry so as to be output from the gas output port  103  one of continuously or pulsed on and off. Further, the circuitry  106  can control, during an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  to be output from the gas output port  103  for a first predetermined amount of time and the charged solution  50  to be output from the nozzle opening for a second predetermined amount of time. The first predetermined amount of time may be different from the second predetermined amount of time. For example, the first predetermined amount of time may be less than or greater than the second predetermined amount of time. Alternatively, the first and second predetermined amounts of time may be the same. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4 , this shows a diagram of an apparatus or a system  400  (hereinafter apparatus) according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. The apparatus  400  can be comprised of the components expressly illustrated in  FIG. 4 , particularly, a body  401 , a nozzle  402 , a gas output port  403 , circuitry  406 , gas supply  408 , and solution reservoir or supply  407 . Of course, the apparatus  400  can also include other components not expressly shown, such as some or all of the components discussed above for the apparatus  100 . Further, the apparatus  400  can operate the same as or substantially the same as apparatus  100 . Like apparatus  100  above, the apparatus  400  can controllably output the charged solution  50  and gas of a predetermined dryness  55  for deposit of the charged solution  50  on the deposit surface  4  (e.g., human skin), where the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be provided adjacent to a nozzle tip of the nozzle  402  from where the charged solution is output. 
     Notably for apparatus  400 , the gas output port  403  can be recessed relative to a nozzle opening of the nozzle  402 . For example, in one or more embodiments, the nozzle tip may project from the body  401  of the apparatus  400  more than does the gas output port  403 . Further, the gas output port  403  may be offset in a side view relative to the nozzle  402 , such as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Additionally or alternatively, in a front view or end view of the apparatus  400 , a central axis of the gas output port  403  can be offset from a central axis of the nozzle opening by a predetermined distance D 1 .  FIG. 5B  shows an exemplary distance D 1 , which may be about 5 mm to about 150 mm, more preferably about 7 mm to about 20 mm. Further, optionally, in the front view or end view of the apparatus  400 , the gas output port  403  may not overlap the nozzle opening of the nozzle  402 , such as illustrated in  FIG. 5B . 
     Alternatively, the gas output port  403  may overlap with the nozzle opening of the nozzle  402 , for instance, concentrically aligned as illustrated in  FIG. 6B . That is, in the front view of the apparatus  400 , a central axis of the gas output port  403  can be aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening of the nozzle  402 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 4, 5A, and 5B , the apparatus  400  may have a gas output port  403  in the form of a single opening. That is, the gas output port  403  may consist of a single opening configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . For example, the single opening may define a circular or oval opening. Alternatively, the single opening may define a continuous slit, either straight or curved. Optionally, the single opening may be a continuous slit that runs entirely or partially around the nozzle  402  in the front view of the apparatus  400 . That is, the continuous slit may partially or fully surround the nozzle opening in the front view of the apparatus  400 . A maximum width of the continuous slit may be preferably from about 0.2 mm to about 5 mm. Alternatively, the gas output port  403  may be comprised of a plurality of openings configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . Optionally, the openings may be evenly arranged around the nozzle opening, such as illustrated in  FIG. 6B . Further, whether the gas output port  403  is comprised of only a single opening or a plurality of openings, a total cross-sectional area of all openings of the gas output port  403  may be greater than a total cross-sectional area of the nozzle opening of the nozzle  402 . 
     According to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the nozzle  402 , or a portion thereof, may be detachable from the body  401 . Further, the nozzle  402  can be made of a non-conductive material or an insulating material. For example, the non-conductive material or an insulating material may be one of a resin and a plastic (or a combination or mixture thereof). As more specific examples, the nozzle  402  can be made of or include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and/or polypropylene (PP). 
       FIG. 7  is a side sectional view of an apparatus  700  according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Apparatus  700  may be viewed as a variation of the apparatus  400 . 
     The apparatus  700  can be comprised of the components expressly illustrated in  FIG. 7 , particularly, a body  701 , a nozzle  702 , a gas output port  703 , and a gas supply  708 . Of course, the apparatus  700  can also include other components not expressly shown, such as some or all of the components discussed above for the apparatus  100  or apparatus  400 . Further, the apparatus  700  can operate the same as or substantially the same as apparatus  100  and/or apparatus  400 . Like apparatus  100  above, the apparatus  700  can controllably output the charged solution  50  and gas of a predetermined dryness  55  for deposit of the charged solution  50  on the deposit surface  4  (e.g., human skin), where the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be provided adjacent to a nozzle tip of the nozzle  702  from where the charged solution  50  is output. 
     Notably for apparatus  700 , the gas output port  703  can be recessed relative to a nozzle opening of the nozzle  702 . For example, in one or more embodiments, the nozzle tip may project from the body  701  of the apparatus  700  more than does the gas output port  703 . The gas output port  703  may overlap with the nozzle opening of the nozzle  702 , for instance, concentrically aligned. That is, in the front view of the apparatus  700 , a central axis of the gas output port  703  can be aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening of the nozzle  702 . Further, the apparatus  700  may have a gas output port  703  in the form of a single opening. That is, the gas output port  703  may consist of a single opening configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . For example, the single opening may define a continuous slit, either straight or curved. Optionally, the single opening may be a continuous slit that runs entirely or partially around the nozzle  702  in the front view of the apparatus  700 . That is, the continuous slit may partially or fully surround the nozzle opening in the front view of the apparatus  700 . 
     Alternatively, the gas output port  703  may be comprised of a plurality of openings configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 , for instance, two openings. Optionally, the openings may be evenly arranged around the nozzle opening, for instance, on opposite sides of the nozzle  702  in the front view of the apparatus  700 . Further, whether the gas output port  703  is comprised of only a single opening or a plurality of openings, a total cross-sectional area of all openings of the gas output port  703  may be greater than a total cross-sectional area of the nozzle opening of the nozzle  702 . 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  are perspective sectional views illustrating output timing according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Similarly,  FIGS. 9A-9C  are side views illustrating exemplary flow arrangements, including timings, for instance, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
     Optionally, in one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be output prior to output of the charged solution  50 , such as illustrated in  FIG. 8A . The charged solution  50  may then be output while the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  is still being output, such as illustrated in  FIG. 8B . Alternatively, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may stop being output before the charged solution  50  is output. Also, in one or more embodiments, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may stop being output while the charged solution  50  is still being output or vice versa. Thus, during an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  and the charged solution  50  may be output at the same time, though with different start and/or stop times. Or, alternatively, the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  and the output of the charged solution  50  may not overlap. As yet another alternative, the charged solution  50  may be output prior to output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 , such as illustrated in  FIG. 9A . Then the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may be output while the charged solution  50  is still being output. As shown diagrammatically in  FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9B, and 9C , output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  may result in humidity regions with differing humidity values. In these figures, the lines surrounding the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  and expanding outward therefrom can represent exemplary humidity gradients resultant from the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness  55 . For example, the humidity at a space immediately surrounding the gas of the predetermined dryness  55  can be about 10% RH to about 30% RH, and the humidity at a space surrounding the previous space gas can be about 50% RH. 
       FIG. 10  is a basic flow diagram of a method  1000  according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
     At  1002 , the method  1000  can include providing an apparatus or a system according to one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. 
     At  1004 , the method  1000  can provide using the provided apparatus or system, for instance, as set forth herein. Such using can include depositing the solution on a deposit surface  4 , such as a user&#39;s skin. Optionally, the electrospun solution may be deposited on top of a cosmetic already applied to the skin. Alternatively, the electrospun solution may be deposited directly on the skin. Optionally, another layer (or layers), for instance, a cosmetic layer, may be provided on the solution deposited directly on the skin. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the deposited electrospun solution may form part of a so-called multi-layer application, as either a base layer or a higher-level layer, such as a middle or an outer layer. 
     Prior to, during, and/or afterward, gas of a predetermined dryness, such as described herein, may be output adjacent to a nozzle of an electrospinning apparatus, charged solution output by the nozzle, a solution path between the nozzle and a deposit surface, and/or the deposit surface. Such outputting of gas of the predetermined dryness can reduce humidity of air adjacent to the nozzle of the electrospinning apparatus, the charged solution output by the nozzle, the solution path between the nozzle and the deposit surface, and/or the deposit surface. Further, optionally, once the humidity is reduced, in one or more embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the humidity can be maintained or substantially maintained (e.g., within a predetermined range) at about the reduced humidity level by continuously or periodically outputting more gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter may also be as set forth according to the parentheticals in the following paragraphs. 
     (1) An apparatus configured to controllably output a charged solution and gas of a predetermined dryness, the apparatus comprising: a nozzle configured to output the charged solution from a nozzle opening at a nozzle tip of the nozzle; and a gas output port arranged relative to the nozzle configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness at a predetermined reference rate at a discharge opening of the gas output port, and in a predetermined direction, such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is provided adjacent to the nozzle opening, wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness in the predetermined direction toward a focal point at, in front of, or behind the nozzle opening. 
     (2) The apparatus according to (1), wherein the gas is output prior to output of the charged solution. 
     (3) The apparatus according to (1) or (2), wherein the charged solution and the gas of the predetermined dryness are output at a same time. 
     (4) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the nozzle tip projects from a body of the apparatus more than does the gas output port. 
     (5) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the gas output port is recessed relative to the nozzle tip. 
     (6) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the apparatus is an electrospinning apparatus. 
     (7) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the apparatus is a portable, hand-held apparatus. 
     (8) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein, in a front view of the apparatus, a central axis of the gas output port is offset from a central axis of the nozzle opening by a predetermined distance. 
     (9) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (8), wherein the offset is preferably about 5 mm to about 150 mm, more preferably about 7 mm to about 20 mm. 
     (10) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (9), wherein, in a front view of the apparatus the gas output port does not overlap the nozzle opening. 
     (11) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (10), wherein, in a front view of the apparatus, a central axis of the gas output port is aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (12) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein, in a front view of the apparatus, a central axis of the gas output port is concentric with a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (13) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (12), wherein, in a front view of the apparatus, the gas output port is a predetermined minimum distance from a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (14) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (13), wherein the predetermined minimum distance is preferably about 5 mm to about 150 mm, more preferably about 7 mm to about 20 mm. 
     (15) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (14), wherein the gas output port consists of a single gas output port opening. 
     (16) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (15), wherein the single gas output port opening is in the form of a continuous slit. 
     (17) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (16), wherein a maximum width of the continuous slit is from about 0.2 mm to about 5 mm. 
     (18) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (17), wherein the gas output port consists of a single gas output port opening that partially or fully surrounds the nozzle opening in a front view of the apparatus. 
     (19) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (18), wherein the single gas output port opening is in the form of a continuous slit. 
     (20) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (19), wherein a maximum width of the continuous slit is from about 0.2 mm to about 5 mm. 
     (21) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (20), wherein the gas output port includes a plurality of gas output port openings. 
     (22) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (21), wherein the plurality of gas output port openings are evenly arranged around the nozzle opening. 
     (23) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (22), wherein adjacent to the nozzle opening includes in front of the nozzle opening. 
     (24) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (23), wherein in front of the nozzle opening includes from the tip of the nozzle to about 200 mm or less away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (25) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (24), wherein adjacent to the nozzle opening includes to a deposit surface for the charged solution. 
     (26) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (25), wherein the deposit surface is about 30 mm away from the nozzle tip. 
     (27) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (26), wherein the focal point is between the nozzle tip and about 200 mm or less away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (28) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (27), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness in the predetermined direction toward a focal point in front of the nozzle opening that is aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (29) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (28), wherein the focal point is between the nozzle tip and about 30 mm away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (30) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (29), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness in the predetermined direction toward the nozzle such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is at and/or in front of the nozzle opening. 
     (31) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (30), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness in the predetermined direction that is non-parallel to a direction in which the charged solution is output from the nozzle opening. 
     (32) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (31), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness such that the gas meets the charged solution output from the nozzle opening at the nozzle tip. 
     (33) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (32), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness meets the charged solution from about at the opening at the nozzle tip to about 30 mm away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (34) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (33), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness meets the charged solution at a deposit surface for the charged solution. 
     (35) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (34), wherein a total cross-sectional area of all openings of the gas output port is greater than a total cross-sectional area of the nozzle opening. 
     (36) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (35), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness includes one or more of air, compressed air, O 2 , N 2 , Ar, He, and CO 2 . 
     (37) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (36), wherein the apparatus is configured to be operated when surrounding environmental conditions are over about 50% RH at about 25° C. 
     (38) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (37), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness reduces humidity in front of the nozzle tip. 
     (39) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (38), wherein the humidity is reduced to below 50% RH. 
     (40) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (39), wherein the humidity is reduced to between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. 
     (41) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (40), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness has a humidity less than a humidity of a corresponding room in which the apparatus is operated. 
     (42) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (41), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness has a humidity between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. 
     (43) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (42), wherein the predetermined dryness is a predetermined RH, the apparatus being configured to output the gas of the predetermined RH to affect RH of air around the nozzle tip, the output charged solution, and/or a path or intended path between the output charged solution and a deposit surface for the charged solution. 
     (44) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (43), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness has a humidity less than a humidity of a corresponding room in which the apparatus is operated. 
     (45) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (44), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness has a humidity between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. 
     (46) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (45), wherein the apparatus is configured to output the charged solution from the nozzle opening toward a deposit surface. 
     (47) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (46), wherein the deposit surface is human skin. 
     (48) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (47), wherein solution for output as the charged solution is output from a solution reservoir of the apparatus, the solution being a cosmetic formulation. 
     (49) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (48), wherein solution for output as the charged solution is a polymer solution. 
     (50) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (49), wherein the polymer solution is in the form of a water insoluble polymer having a coating formation ability. 
     (51) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (50), wherein the water insoluble polymer having the coating formation ability is selected from the group: completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, insolubilized after the formation of a coating; partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linked after the formation of a coating when used in combination with a cross-linking agent; a oxazoline modified silicone, including a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer; polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate; zein (main component of corn proteins); polyester; polylactic acid (PLA); an acrylic resin, including a polyacrylonitrile resin or a polymethacrylic acid resin; a polystyrene resin; a polyvinyl butyral resin; a polyethylene terephthalate resin; a polybutylene terephthalate resin; a polyurethane resin; a polyamide resin; a polyimide resin; a polyamideimide resin; and polyvinyl butyral resin. 
     (52) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (51), wherein solution for output as the charged solution is a liquid agent comprising a component (a), a component (b), and a component (c) as follows: component (a) is one or more volatile substances selected from the group consisting of alcohols and ketones; component (b) is water; and component (c) is one or more polymers having a coating formation ability. 
     (53) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (52), wherein the alcohols include one or more of chain aliphatic monohydric alcohols, one or more cyclic aliphatic monohydric alcohols, and/or one or more aromatic monohydric alcohols, and wherein the ketones include one or more of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone. 
     (54) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (53), wherein the alcohols consist of at least one member selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and butyl alcohol. 
     (55) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (54), wherein the alcohols consist of at least one member selected from ethanol and butyl alcohol. 
     (56) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (55), wherein the alcohols consist of ethanol. 
     (57) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (56), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness is output from the gas output port at the predetermined rate, which is in a range of about 0.05 m/s to about 10 m/s or about 0.15 m/s to about 1 m/s, based on a cross-sectional area of the discharge opening. 
     (58) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (57), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness is output from the gas output port at the predetermined rate toward the output charged solution, the predetermined rate being such that the gas does not propel flow of the output charged solution or modify shape of the flow of the output charged solution. 
     (59) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (58), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the charged solution and/or the gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     (60) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (59), wherein the controller is configured to controllable output only the charged solution. 
     (61) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (60), wherein the controller is configured to controllable output only the gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     (62) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (61), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the charged solution, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the charged solution is output, changing an amount of the charged solution output, a time period for which the charged solution is output, and a timing at which the charged solution is output. 
     (63) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (62), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the gas of the predetermined dryness, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, changing an amount of the gas of the predetermined dryness output, a time period for which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, and a timing at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output. 
     (64) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (63), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the charged solution, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the charged solution is output, changing an amount of the charged solution output, a time period for which the charged solution is output, and a timing at which the charged solution is output, and controllably output the gas of the predetermined dryness, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, changing an amount of the gas of the predetermined dryness output, a time period for which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, and a timing at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output. 
     (65) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (64), further comprising a controller configured to control, for an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness to be output from the gas output port followed by, at a same time, the charged solution to be output from the nozzle opening and the gas of the predetermined dryness to be output from the gas output port. 
     (66) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (65), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness is output from the gas output port for about 0.1 to about 1.0 seconds before the charged solution is output from the nozzle opening. 
     (67) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (66), wherein the controller is configured to control, for the output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness to be stopped from being output from the gas output port prior to stopping the charged solution from being output from the nozzle opening. 
     (68) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (67), wherein the controller is configured to control, during an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness to be output from the gas output port one of continuously or pulsed on and off. 
     (69) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (68), wherein the controller is configured to control, during an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness to be output from the gas output port for a first predetermined amount of time and the charged solution to be output from the nozzle opening for a second predetermined amount of time. 
     (70) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (69), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is different from the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (71) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (70), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is greater than the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (72) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (71), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is less than the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (73) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (72), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is the same as the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (74) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (73), wherein the nozzle, or a portion thereof, is detachable. 
     (75) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (74), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the charged solution, wherein the controller includes: a control switch configured to be operated by a user of the apparatus, and circuitry operatively coupled to the control switch to controllably output the charged solution from the nozzle by controlling a pump operative to cause solution to be provided to the nozzle to be output based on operation of the control switch by the user. 
     (76) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (75), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the gas of the predetermined dryness, wherein the controller includes: a control switch configured to be operated by a user of the apparatus, and a gas supply configured to provide the gas of the predetermined dryness to the gas output port based on operation of the control switch by the user. 
     (77) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (76), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the charged solution and the gas of the predetermined dryness, wherein the controller includes: a first control switch configured to be operated by a user of the apparatus, circuitry operatively coupled to the control switch to controllably output the charged solution from the nozzle by controlling a pump operative to cause solution to be provided to the nozzle to be output based on operation of the first control switch by the user, a second control switch configured to be operated by the user of the apparatus, and a gas supply configured to provide the gas of the predetermined dryness to the gas output port based on operation of the second control switch by the user. 
     (78) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (77), further comprising a controller configured to controllably output the charged solution and the gas of the predetermined dryness, wherein the controller includes: a control switch configured to be operated by a user of the apparatus, circuitry operatively coupled to the control switch to controllably output the charged solution from the nozzle by controlling a pump operative to cause solution to be provided to the nozzle to be output based on operation of the control switch by the user, and a gas supply configured to provide the gas of the predetermined dryness to the gas output port based on operation of the control switch by the user. 
     (79) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (78), wherein the nozzle is made of a non-conductive material or an insulating material. 
     (80) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (79), wherein the non-conductive or insulating material is one of a resin and a plastic. 
     (81) The apparatus according to any one of (1) to (80), wherein the non-conductive or insulating material is or includes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and/or polypropylene (PP). 
     (82) A system configured to controllably output a charged solution and gas of a predetermined dryness, the system comprising: means for outputting the charged solution; and means for outputting the gas of the predetermined dryness at a predetermined reference rate at a discharge opening of the means for outputting the gas of the predetermined dryness, and in a predetermined direction, such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is provided adjacent to an output of the means for outputting the charged solution. 
     (83) A portable, hand-held electrospinning apparatus configured to provide an electrospun solution and gas of a predetermined dryness toward a deposit surface, the electrospinning apparatus comprising: a body; a nozzle provided at an extremity of the body configured to output the electrospun solution from a nozzle opening thereof toward the deposit surface; a control switch provided on the body; circuitry provided inside the body, the circuitry being operatively coupled to the control switch and controllable by manual input from a user to the control switch to controllably output the electrospun solution from the nozzle by controlling a pump operative to cause solution to be provided to the nozzle to be output as the electrospun solution; a power supply controllably coupled to the circuitry; a gas supply configured to provide the gas of the predetermined dryness; and a gas output port configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness provided by the gas supply such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is provided adjacent to the nozzle opening, wherein the gas output port is recessed relative to the nozzle opening of the nozzle, and wherein the circuitry is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness prior to output of the electrospun solution. 
     (84) The electrospinning apparatus according to (83), wherein the circuitry is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness and the electrospun solution at a same time after outputting the gas of the predetermined dryness prior to the output of the electrospun solution. 
     (85) The electrospinning apparatus according to (83) or (84), wherein the circuitry is configured to stop output of the gas of the predetermined dryness prior to stopping output of the electrospun solution. 
     (86) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (85), wherein the circuitry is configured to stop output of the gas of the predetermined dryness prior to starting output of the electrospun solution. 
     (87) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (86), wherein the circuitry is configured to control, for an output cycle, the output of the gas of the predetermined dryness followed by output at a same time of the electrospun solution and the gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     (88) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (87), wherein the circuitry is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness for about 0.1 to about 1.0 seconds before the electrospun solution is output. 
     (89) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (88), wherein the circuitry is configured to control, for an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness to be stopped from being output prior to stopping the electrospun solution from being output. 
     (90) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (89), wherein the circuitry is configured to control, during an output cycle, the gas of the predetermined dryness to be output for a first predetermined amount of time and the electrospun solution to be output for a second predetermined amount of time. 
     (91) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (90), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is different from the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (92) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (91), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is greater than the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (93) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (92), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is less than the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (94) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (93), wherein the first predetermined amount of time is the same as the second predetermined amount of time. 
     (95) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (94), wherein, in a front view of the electrospinning apparatus, a central axis of the gas output port is offset from a central axis of the nozzle opening by a predetermined distance. 
     (96) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (95), wherein the offset is about 12.5 mm or from about zero to about 5 inches. 
     (97) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (96), wherein, in a front view of the electrospinning apparatus, a central axis of the gas output port is aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (98) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (97), wherein, in a front view of the electrospinning apparatus, a central axis of the gas output port is concentric with a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (99) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (98), wherein, in a front view of the electrospinning apparatus, the gas output port is a predetermined minimum distance from a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (100) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (99), wherein the predetermined minimum distance is about 2 mm or from about zero to about 5 inches. 
     (101) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (100), wherein the gas output port consists of a single gas output port opening. 
     (102) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (101), wherein the single gas output port opening is in the form of a continuous slit. 
     (103) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (102), wherein the gas output port consists of a single gas output port opening that partially or fully surrounds the nozzle opening in a front view of the electrospinning apparatus. 
     (104) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (103), wherein the single gas output port opening is in the form of a continuous slit. 
     (105) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (104), wherein the gas output port includes a plurality of gas output port openings. 
     (106) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (105), wherein the plurality of gas output port openings are evenly arranged around the nozzle opening. 
     (107) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (106), wherein the gas output port, or a portion thereof, is detachable from the body of the electrospinning apparatus. 
     (108) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (107), wherein the gas supply, or a portion thereof, is removably coupled to the body of the electrospinning apparatus. 
     (109) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (108), wherein the gas supply, or a portion thereof, is detachable from the body of the electrospinning apparatus. 
     (110) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (109), wherein the nozzle, or a portion thereof, is removably coupled to the body of the electrospinning apparatus. 
     (111) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (110), wherein the nozzle, or a portion thereof, is detachable from the body of the electrospinning apparatus. 
     (112) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (111), wherein adjacent to the nozzle opening includes in front of the nozzle opening. 
     (113) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (112), wherein in front of the nozzle opening includes from a nozzle tip of the nozzle to about 200 mm or less away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (114) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (113), wherein adjacent to the nozzle opening includes to the deposit surface, which is for deposition of the electrospun solution. 
     (115) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (114), wherein the deposit surface is about 30 mm away from a nozzle tip of the nozzle. 
     (116) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (115), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness toward a focal point at, in front of, or behind the nozzle opening. 
     (117) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (116), wherein the focal point is between a nozzle tip of the nozzle and about 200 mm or less away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (118) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (117), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness toward a focal point in front of the nozzle opening that is aligned with a central axis of the nozzle opening. 
     (119) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (118), wherein the focal point is between a nozzle tip of the nozzle and about 30 mm away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (120) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (119), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness toward the nozzle such that the gas of the predetermined dryness is at and/or in front of the nozzle opening. 
     (121) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (120), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness in a predetermined direction that is non-parallel to a direction in which the electrospun solution is output from the nozzle opening. 
     (122) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (121), wherein the gas output port is configured to output the gas of the predetermined dryness such that the gas meets the electrospun solution output from the nozzle opening adjacent a nozzle tip of the nozzle. 
     (123) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (122), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness meets the electrospun solution from about at the nozzle tip to about 30 mm away from the nozzle tip in an axial direction of the nozzle. 
     (124) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (123), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness meets the electrospun solution at the deposit surface, which is for deposition of the electrospun solution. 
     (125) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (124), wherein a total cross-sectional area of all openings of the gas output port is greater than a total cross-sectional area of the nozzle opening. 
     (126) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (125), wherein the nozzle extends from the body by a first height and the gas output port extends from the body by a second height, the first height being greater than the second height. 
     (127) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (126), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness includes one or more of air, compressed air, O 2 , N 2 , Ar, He, and CO 2 . 
     (128) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (127), wherein the deposit surface is human skin. 
     (129) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (128), wherein the electrospinning apparatus is configured to be operated when surrounding environmental conditions are over about 50% RH at about 25° C. 
     (130) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (129), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness reduces humidity in front of a nozzle tip of the nozzle. 
     (131) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (130), wherein the humidity is reduced to below 50% RH. 
     (132) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (131), wherein the humidity is reduced to between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. 
     (133) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (132), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness has a humidity less than a humidity of a corresponding room in which the apparatus is operated. 
     (134) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (133), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness has a humidity between about 10% RH and about 30% RH. 
     (135) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (134), wherein the predetermined dryness is a predetermined RH, the electrospinning apparatus being configured to output the gas of the predetermined RH to affect RH of air around a nozzle tip of the nozzle, the electrospun solution, and/or a path or intended path between the electrospun solution and the deposit surface. 
     (136) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (135), wherein the electrospinning apparatus is configured to be operated outside of a humidity-controlled treatment box. 
     (137) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (136), wherein solution for output as the electrospun solution is output from a solution reservoir of the electrospinning apparatus, the solution being a cosmetic formulation. 
     (138) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (137), wherein solution for output as the electrospun solution is a polymer solution. 
     (139) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (138), wherein the polymer solution is in the form of a water insoluble polymer having a coating formation ability. 
     (140) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (139), wherein the water insoluble polymer having the coating formation ability is selected from the group: completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, insolubilized after the formation of a coating; partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linked after the formation of a coating when used in combination with a cross-linking agent; a oxazoline modified silicone, including a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer; polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate; zein (main component of corn proteins); polyester; polylactic acid (PLA); an acrylic resin, including a polyacrylonitrile resin or a polymethacrylic acid resin; a polystyrene resin; a polyvinyl butyral resin; a polyethylene terephthalate resin; a polybutylene terephthalate resin; a polyurethane resin; a polyamide resin; a polyimide resin; a polyamideimide resin; and polyvinyl butyral resin. 
     (141) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (140), wherein solution for output as the charged solution is a liquid agent comprising a component (a), a component (b), and a component (c) as follows: component (a) is one or more volatile substances selected from the group consisting of alcohols and ketones; component (b) is water; and component (c) is one or more polymers having a coating formation ability. 
     (142) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (141), wherein the alcohols include one or more of chain aliphatic monohydric alcohols, one or more cyclic aliphatic monohydric alcohols, and/or one or more aromatic monohydric alcohols, and wherein the ketones include one or more of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone. 
     (143) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (142), wherein the alcohols consist of at least one member selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and butyl alcohol. 
     (144) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (143), wherein the alcohols consist of at least one member selected from ethanol and butyl alcohol. 
     (145) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (144), wherein the alcohols consist of ethanol. 
     (146) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (145), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness is output from the gas output port at a rate of in a range of preferably about 0.05 m/s to about 10 m/s, more preferably about 0.15 m/s to about 1 m/s. 
     (147) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (146), wherein the gas of the predetermined dryness is output from the gas output port toward the electrospun solution at a predetermined reference rate at a discharge opening of the gas output port, the predetermined rate being such that the gas does not propel flow of the electrospun solution or modify shape of the flow of the electrospun solution. 
     (148) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (147), wherein the nozzle is made of a non-conductive material or an insulating material. 
     (149) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (148), wherein the non-conductive or insulating material is one of a resin and a plastic. 
     (150) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (149), wherein the non-conductive or insulating material is or includes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and/or polypropylene (PP). 
     (151) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (150), wherein the control switch controls output of the gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     (152) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (151), further comprising a second control switch configured to controllable output the gas of the predetermined dryness based on manual input from the user. 
     (153) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (152), further comprising a humidity sensor configured to sense humidity adjacent to the electrospinning apparatus, wherein, when the humidity sensor senses humidity above a predetermined threshold, the circuitry causes an indication to be output to the user to enable output of the gas of the predetermined dryness or automatically enables output of the gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     (154) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (153), wherein the gas supply includes a regulator configured to control flow rate of the gas of the predetermined dryness, and a gas reservoir configured to hold a predetermined amount of the gas of the predetermined dryness. 
     (155) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (154), wherein the gas reservoir is one of a gas can, a compressed gas tank, and a dehumidifier system. 
     (156) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (155), wherein the circuitry is configured to controllably output the electrospun solution, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the electrospun solution is output, changing an amount of the electrospun solution output, a time period for which the electrospun solution is output, and a timing at which the electrospun solution is output. 
     (157) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (156), wherein the circuitry is configured to controllably output the gas of the predetermined dryness, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, changing an amount of the gas of the predetermined dryness output, a time period for which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, and a timing at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output. 
     (158) The electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (157), wherein the circuitry is configured to controllably output the electrospun solution, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the electrospun solution is output, changing an amount of the electrospun solution output, a time period for which the electrospun solution is output, and a timing at which the electrospun solution is output, and controllably output the gas of the predetermined dryness, the controllably outputting including one or more of changing a rate at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, changing an amount of the gas of the predetermined dryness output, a time period for which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output, and a timing at which the gas of the predetermined dryness is output. 
     (159) A method comprising: providing the apparatus according to any one of (1) to (81), the system according to (82), or the electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (158); and using the apparatus according to any one of (1) to (81), the system according to (82), or the electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (158). 
     (160) The method according to (159), wherein said using the apparatus or the system reduces humidity of air surrounding the nozzle, the output solution, and/or a solution path between the nozzle and the deposit surface. 
     (161) A method of providing, making, or using an apparatus according to any one of (1) to (81). 
     (162) A method of providing, making, or using a system according to (82). 
     (163) A method of providing, making, or using an electrospinning apparatus according to any one of (83) to (158). 
     Having now described embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. Thus, although particular configurations have been discussed and illustrated herein, other configurations can be and are also employed. Further, numerous modifications and other embodiments (e.g., combinations, rearrangements, etc.) are enabled by the present disclosure and are contemplated as falling within the scope of the disclosed subject matter and any equivalents thereto. Features of the disclosed embodiments can be combined, rearranged, omitted, etc., within the scope of described subject matter to produce additional embodiments. Furthermore, certain features may sometimes be used to advantage without a corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, Applicant intends to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, equivalents, and variations that are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     LIST OF ELEMENTS 
     
         
           1  user 
           2  hand 
           4  deposit surface 
           5  ground path 
           50  charged solution 
           55  gas of predetermined dryness 
           100  apparatus/system 
           101  body 
           102  nozzle 
           103  gas output port 
           104  user interface 
           105  high voltage electrode 
           106  circuitry 
           107  solution reservoir 
           108  gas supply 
           109  power supply 
           110  lower voltage power source 
           111  high voltage power source 
           112  high voltage resistor 
           113  controller 
           114  controller 
           115  motor 
         SW power switch 
           116  actuator 
           400  apparatus/system 
           401  body 
           402  nozzle 
           403  gas output port 
           406  circuitry 
           407  solution reservoir 
           408  gas supply 
         D 1  offset distance 
           700  apparatus/system 
           701  body 
           702  nozzle 
           703  gas output port 
           708  gas supply 
           1000  method 
           1002  step 
           1004  step