Patent Publication Number: US-2022221239-A1

Title: Systems and methods to make safe a handgun

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/135,707, filed Jan. 10, 2021, and entitled “Bombach External Firearm Safety,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The embodiments described herein relate to firearms, and more specifically to handguns. More particularly, the embodiments described herein relate to systems and methods for securing a handgun. 
     In order to prevent the unauthorized or accidental discharge of a firearm, the firearm is typically made safe. Safing the firearm establishes the firearm in a safe condition, versus a state of readiness. To make the firearm safe, the firearm may be equipped with a lock and/or secured within a locking container. 
     A general approach to safing a firearm is to secure a fully functional firearm in a secure container, such as a safe or a lockbox. To access and employ the firearm, an authorized user must typically unlock the secure container via a combination, a mechanical key, a magnetic key, an electronic key, a biometric identifier, and/or other similar means. While this approach is generally an effective way to secure a fully functional firearm, the secure container is often placed in a single, fixed location. Such a location may not coincide with a desired deployment location of the firearm. Thus, the location may limit access to the firearm in an exigent situation. Additionally, the amount of time required to open the secure container (e.g., via the entry of the code or the locating and employment of the key) may be significantly greater than desired during an emergency. Therefore, it may be desirable to employ systems and methods that facilitate the securing of a firearm in such a manner that the fully-functional firearm is readily accessible. 
     Another approach to making a firearm safe is to secure a locking apparatus to, or about the firearm. Such an apparatus is generally configured to prevent an operation of a mechanism of the firearm. For example, various known trigger locks surround the trigger and/or trigger guard of the firearm to prevent access thereto, while additional trigger guards may interfere with the actuation of the trigger and/or the firing mechanism of the firearm. Similarly, barrel locks, cable locks, or other similar devices may obstruct the chamber of the firearm. This prevents the unauthorized or accidental discharge of the firearm by precluding the insertion of a cartridge (e.g., a live round). However, such systems must generally be unlocked and completely removed from the firearm prior to transitioning the firearm to a fully-functional state. As a result, the amount of time required to unlock the apparatus and transition the firearm to a fully-functional state may be unacceptable for a given deployment scenario. Therefore, a need exists for systems and methods that facilitate the securing of the firearm while allowing the fully-functional firearm to be employed within a requisite timeframe. 
     An additional approach to safing a firearm is to employ a user verification system to correlate an actuation of the firing mechanism to an authorized user prior to each shot of the firearm. Generally, these approaches operatively disengage the trigger from the firing mechanism of the firearm unless it is confirmed that the operation (e.g., the trigger squeeze) is being executed by an authorized user. The verification is typically accomplished via biometric, radio-frequency identification, or other similar electronic systems for each actuation (e.g., pull) of the trigger. In the event of the actuation of the trigger by an unauthorized user, the firearm typically remains in a default, non-operable state. However, the default to a non-operable state may also result in an authorized user being unable to employ the firearm following a malfunction of the verification system. As such, it may be desirable to employ systems and methods for securing the firearm that facilitate the reliable employment of the firearm when accessed by an authorized user. 
     Thus, a need exists for new and improved systems and methods for securing a firearm. 
     SUMMARY 
     This summary introduces certain aspects of the embodiments described herein to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an extensive overview of the inventive subject matter, and it is not intended to identify key or critical elements or to delineate the scope of the inventive subject matter. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a safety system for a handgun. The handgun has a slide movably coupled to the frame. The safety system includes an engagement member movably coupled to the handgun. The engagement member includes an actuator portion configured to receive a motive force. The engagement member also includes a contact face in contact with a portion of the slide so as to transfer a portion of the motive force to the slide in a proximal direction. The engagement member is configured to move relative to the frame between a lock position and an unlock position. The lock position corresponds to a separation distance between a distal end of a primer actuator of the handgun and a primer activation plane of the handgun. The unlock position corresponds to a nominal position of the distal end of the primer actuator. The engagement member is configured to transition between the lock position and the unlock position while remaining movably coupled to the handgun. The safety system also includes a lock mechanism operably coupled to the engagement member and positioned to restrict a movement of the engagement member from the lock position while the lock mechanism is in an engaged state. Additionally, the safety system includes a user interface operably coupled to the lock mechanism and configured to transition the lock mechanism between the engaged state and a disengaged state. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system also includes a motive assembly operably coupled to the actuator portion, the motive assembly is configured to generate the motive force in response to a user input. In some embodiments, the motive assembly includes an energy storage member, a motor electrically coupled to the energy storage member, and a lead screw rotatable by the motor. The lead screw converts a rotational input from the motor into a linear motion of the engagement member. However, in some embodiments, the motive assembly includes a replaceable gas container containing a gas. In addition to generating the motive force, in some embodiments, the motive assembly is configured as the lock mechanism. 
     In some embodiments, the lock position further corresponds to a fully-retracted position of the slide, the transition to the lock position ejecting a cartridge from a chamber of a barrel of the handgun. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system also includes a housing supporting the user interface. The housing includes a coupling portion oriented to receive a mounting structure of the handgun. The housing also includes a lock cavity defined by an inner face of the housing, the lock cavity supporting at least a portion of the lock mechanism. Additionally, the housing includes an interface orifice oriented to facilitate the operable coupling of the engagement member to the lock mechanism. In some embodiments, the safety system also includes at least one fastener positioned adjacent the coupling portion and oriented to secure the mounting structure of the handgun within the coupling portion. The fastener(s) is at least partially occluded by the engagement member when in the lock position, thereby precluding a loosening of the at least one fastener. 
     In some embodiments, the lock mechanism is positioned within a cavity defined at least partially by the frame of the handgun. In such an embodiment, the engagement member is positioned at least partially between the slide and the frame and oriented to engage a bottom face of the slide. The engagement member is a toothed wheel positioned to engage a toothed portion of the slide. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface includes at least one of a fingerprint reader, a radio frequency identification reader, a numerical input apparatus, a microphone, a magnetic key, or a mechanical key. Additionally, in some embodiments, the engagement member defines an opening that is aligned with a distal end of a barrel of the handgun. The opening facilitates the departure of a projectile from the distal end of the barrel. 
     In an additional aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method to make safe a handgun. The handgun has a slide movably coupled to a frame. The method includes applying a motive force in a proximal direction to an engagement member of a safety system. The engagement member is movably coupled to the handgun. The method also includes transferring at least a portion of the motive force to the slide via a contact face of the engagement member in contact with the slide to develop a proximal movement of the slide. Additionally, the method includes establishing a separation distance between a distal end of a primer actuator of the handgun and a primer activation plane of the handgun. The separation distance precludes contact between the primer actuator and a cartridge primer in response to an actuation of a firing mechanism of the handgun. The separation distance corresponds to a lock position of the engagement member. The method also includes, fixing the engagement member at the lock position via a lock mechanism of the safety system operably coupled to the engagement member. Further, the method includes maintaining the separation distance by precluding a distal movement of the slide via the engagement member positioned at the lock position. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side view of a firearm configured as a semi-automatic handgun. 
         FIG. 2  is an exploded perspective view of the firearm of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic illustration of a safety system for a handgun coupled to a portion of the handgun, with the safety system being depicted in an unlocked configuration. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration of the safety system of  FIG. 3 , with the safety system being depicted in a locked configuration wherein the slide of the handgun is displaced rearward (proximally) by a force exerted via an engagement member of the safety system. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of the safety system for a handgun coupled to a portion of a handgun, particularly illustrating the ejecting of a cartridge via the safety system during a transition to a locked configuration. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic illustration of the safety system of  FIG. 5 , particularly illustrating the chambering of a cartridge during the unlocking of the safety system. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of the safety system positioned within the frame of the handgun, particularly illustrating the ejecting of a cartridge via the safety system during a transition to a locked configuration. 
         FIGS. 8 and 9  depict side views of an embodiment of a safety system coupled to the handgun of  FIG. 1 , with the safety system being depicted in an unlocked configuration. 
         FIG. 10  depicts a front view of an embodiment of safety system of  FIGS. 8 and 9  coupled to the handgun of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 11  depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of the safety system of  FIGS. 8-10  coupled to the handgun of  FIG. 1 , with the safety system being depicted in a locked configuration. 
         FIG. 12  depicts an exploded perspective view of the safety system of  FIGS. 8-11 . 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an engagement member of the safety system of  FIGS. 8-12 . 
         FIG. 14  is a front view of an embodiment of an engagement member of the safety system. 
         FIG. 15  is a top view of the engagement member of the safety system shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         FIG. 16  is a flow chart of a method to make safe a handgun, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a flow chart of a method of target engagement via a handgun, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for making safe a firearm, and in particular for safing a handgun. As used herein, the making safe of a firearm includes the transitioning of the firearm from a state of readiness, in which a chambered cartridge may be discharged, to a safe condition, in which the unauthorized or accidental discharge of the firearm is precluded, even with a cartridge remaining in the chamber. Accordingly, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be employed to establish and maintain a separation distance between the firing pin of the handgun and the primer of a cartridge. 
     In some embodiments, the separation distance established and maintained by the safety systems disclosed herein is greater than the maximal distal travel of the firing pin. Accordingly, the firing pin is unable to contact the primer of the cartridge even if the firing mechanism of the handgun is actuated. In other words, the separation distance established by the safety system prevents the distal tip of the firing pin from contacting the primer (or a plane on which the primer would lie if a cartridge were seated in the chamber) under all locked conditions. 
     To establish the separation distance, the safety systems described herein include an engagement member that engages with a portion of the slide of the handgun. The engagement member receives a force, such as from the operator and/or a motive assembly (e.g., a motor, a compressed gas cylinder, or other similar assembly). The force is directed in a proximal direction (e.g., toward the grip of the handgun). The engagement member transfers at least a portion of the force to the slide, causing the slide to move proximally (e.g., toward the rear). As the firing pin is contained by the slide, the proximal movement of the slide also shifts the firing pin proximally. Since the chamber of the barrel remains longitudinally stationary (though some barrels may exhibit a relatively minimal rotational motion (e.g., a drop barrel)), the proximal movement of the slide establishes the separation distance. 
     The proximal movement of the slide is resisted by a recoil spring. The recoil spring is configured to exert a force on the slide in the distal direction so that, unless prevented, the slide will return to a default slide-forward position. The default slide-forward position is considered the nominal position of the slide, wherein the handgun may be discharged by the actuation (e.g., pulling or squeezing) of the trigger. Therefore, in order to maintain the separation distance, the engagement member is secured in a locked position via a lock mechanism. When the engagement member is secured in the lock position, the engagement member prevents the distal movement of the slide. In other words, in the lock position, the engagement member maintains the slide in a position that is shifted proximally from the nominal position of the slide. 
     To place the handgun in an operational state (e.g., with the slide in the nominal position), the lock mechanism is disengaged via a user interface. The user interface is configured to receive an input from an authorized user and disengage the lock mechanism. The user interface may, for example, include a fingerprint reader, a radio frequency identification reader, a numerical input apparatus, a microphone, a magnetic key, a mechanical key, and/or other input system configured to authenticate an authorized user. Once unlocked, the safety system remains unlocked until the locking mechanism is affirmatively reengaged by the operator. 
     In some embodiments, the proximal movement of the slide in response to the force exerted by the engagement member is sufficient to eject a cartridge from the chamber of the handgun. For example, the engagement member in such an embodiment has a range of travel that is sufficient to drive the slide to a proximal travel limit (e.g., in contact with a slide stop). As the slide is driven to the rear, an ejector mechanism of the handgun is also actuated by the movement of the slide and any chambered cartridge is ejected. Additionally, in such an embodiment, the disengagement of the locking mechanism will allow the engagement member and the slide to move rapidly in the distal direction. As the slide moves distally (as motivated by the recoil spring), a cartridge may be stripped from a loaded magazine and seated in the chamber via a nominal chambering operation of the handgun. As such, the safety system may be employed to clear the chamber of loaded firearm, maintain an open breach with the slide held to the rear, and facilitate the chambering of a cartridge. In other words, the unlocking of the safety system may cause a transition of the handgun to a chambered, operational state from which the handgun may be discharged. 
     As used herein, the term “about” when used in connection with a referenced numeric indication means the referenced numeric indication plus or minus up to 10 percent of that referenced numeric indication. For example, the language “about 50” covers the range of 45 to 55. Similarly, the language “about 5” covers the range of 4.5 to 5.5. 
     As used in this specification and the appended claims, the word “distal” refers to direction towards a target and away from a midline of an operator holding the handgun by the handle, such as in a firing orientation. Similarly, the word “proximal” refers to a direction away from the target and toward the midline of the operator. Thus, for example, the end of the barrel (e.g., the muzzle) from which a bullet departs under a nominal operation is closest to the target and would be the distal end of the handgun, and the end opposite the distal end (e.g., the portion of the handgun held by the operator when firing the handgun) would be the proximal end. 
     Further, specific words chosen to describe one or more embodiments and optional elements or features are not intended to limit the invention. For example, spatially relative terms—such as “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, “proximal”, “distal”, and the like—may be used to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element or feature as illustrated in the figures. These spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different positions (i.e., translational placements) and orientations (i.e., rotational placements) of a device in use or operation in addition to the position and orientation shown in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be “above” or “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both positions and orientations of above and below. A device may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Likewise, descriptions of movement along (translation) and around (rotation) various axes includes various spatial device positions and orientations. 
     Similarly, geometric terms, such as “parallel”, “perpendicular”, “round”, or “square”, are not intended to require absolute mathematical precision, unless the context indicates otherwise. Instead, such geometric terms allow for variations due to manufacturing or equivalent functions. For example, if an element is described as “round” or “generally round,” a component that is not precisely circular (e.g., one that is slightly oblong or is a many-sided polygon) is still encompassed by this description. 
     In addition, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises”, “includes”, “has”, and the like specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, components, etc. but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, or groups. 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  are a side view and an exploded perspective view of a firearm configured as a semi-automatic handgun  100 . The handgun  100  includes a frame  110 . The frame  110  is a unitary body that includes a grip portion  112 . The grip portion  112  is oriented and shaped to be received by a hand of an operator of the handgun  100 . The grip portion  112  defines a cavity for receiving a magazine  108 . The magazine  108  may contain ammunition for the handgun  100 . The frame  110  also includes a trigger guard  114  positioned distally (e.g., forward) of the grip portion  112 . The trigger guard  114  at least partially surrounds the trigger  142  and partially restricts access thereto. 
     The frame  110  may also include a mounting structure  116  positioned distally relative to the trigger guard  114 . In some embodiments, such as depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the mounting structure  116  is milled or otherwise formed into a lower surface of the frame  110 . The mounting structure  116  may, for example, be a Picatinny rail, an accessory rail and/or other similar structure. The mounting structure  116  provides a mounting platform for firearm accessories, such as the safety system described herein, a tactical light, a laser aiming module, a camera, or other suitable accessory. 
     The handgun  100  also includes a slide  102  that is movably coupled (e.g., slidingly coupled) to the frame  110 . The slide  102  is the top portion of the handgun  100  and has a long axis that extends generally horizontally when the handgun  100  is oriented a nominal employment orientation. During operation of the handgun  100 , the slide  102  is configured to translate first in a proximal direction (P) and then in a distal direction (D) relative to the frame  110  following the discharge of the handgun  100 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the handgun  100  includes a recoil spring  104 . The recoil spring  104  is axially aligned with and circumscribes a recoil spring guide  106 . The recoil spring  104  is positioned so that a proximal movement of the slide  102  relative to the frame compresses the recoil spring  104 . The recoil spring  104  is thus oriented to exert a force on the slide  102  in a distal direction. For example, under nominal operations (e.g., an authorized, intentional actuation of the trigger  142 ), the discharge of the handgun  100  results in the proximal movement of the slide  102  relative to the frame  110  and, thus, the compression of the recoil spring  104 . When the slide  102  encounters a proximal travel limit (e.g., a slide stop), the potential energy of the recoil spring  104  is released, thereby returning the slide  102  distally to a nominal position (e.g., a slide-forward position such as depicted in  FIG. 1 ). 
     The handgun  100  also includes a barrel  120  supported by the slide  102 . The barrel  120  is a tubular metallic structure through which a projectile  132  (e.g., a bullet) or shot charge is fired. The barrel  120  is a unitary body that extends between a muzzle  122  and a chamber end  124  (e.g., a proximal end of the barrel  120 ). The muzzle  122  corresponds to the distal end of the barrel from which the projectile  132  exits following discharge. The muzzle  122  is the distal end of a generally linear portion  121  of the barrel  120 . The linear portion  121  of the barrel  120  has a generally uniform outer diameter and defines a hollow internal lumen (e.g., a bore) of the barrel  120 . In some embodiments, the linear portion  121  extends distally from a barrel block  126 . The barrel block  126  is an enlarged portion of the barrel  120  that may be configured to interface with the slide  102 . The barrel block  126  also defines a chamber  128 . The chamber  128  is a hollow internal lumen of the barrel  120  that is axially aligned with the bore and holds a cartridge  130  ready for firing/discharge. 
     In some embodiments, the handgun  100  is configured to discharge a cartridge  130  in order to engage a target. The cartridge  130  includes a projectile  132  at least partially contained within the casing  134 . The casing  134  may contain a quantity of a propellant in fluid communication with a primer  136 . The projectile  132  has an outer diameter that is less than the bore, while the casing  134  has an outer diameter that is less than the inner diameter of the chamber but is greater than the bore. In other words, the casing  134  is configured to be seated at least partially within the chamber  128 , with at least a portion of the projectile  132  extending distally into the bore. In embodiments, a transition of the barrel  120  from the chamber  128  to the bore may define a maximal insertion distance of the casing  134  within the barrel  120 , therefore defining a position of the primer  136  relative to the frame  110  adjacent the chamber end  124 . 
     In some embodiments, the handgun  100  may be discharged via a firing mechanism  140 . The firing mechanism includes a trigger  142  operably coupled to a primer actuator  144  (e.g., a firing pin) via a linkage mechanism. The primer actuator  144  may, for example, be a rigid rod or other suitable structure. The primer actuator  144  includes a distal end  146  configured to impart a force to the primer  136  of a chambered cartridge  130  in response to an actuation of the trigger  142  to discharge the handgun  100 . 
     The distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  has a nominal range of travel (T PA ). In some embodiments nominal range of travel (T PA ) is defined between a maximal proximal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is prepared to fire (e.g., cocked) and a point of maximal travel in the distal direction attained by the distal end  146  in response to a force imparted to the primer actuator  144 . For example, in some embodiments, the handgun  100  is a striker-fired handgun with the primer actuator  144  being a striker assembly. In such an embodiment, the initial actuation of the trigger  142  exerts a force on the firing pin in the proximal direction to transition the distal end  146  from a nominal position (P N ) ( FIG. 3 ) along the nominal range of travel (T PA ). This force also applies a tension to a spring of the striker assembly and fully cocks the handgun  100 . As the actuation of the trigger  142  continues, the trigger  142  is operably decoupled from the striker assembly and the spring imparts a force on the firing pin in the distal direction, resulting in the positioning of the distal end  146  at the point of maximal distal travel. In an additional embodiment, the handgun  100  is a hammer-fired handgun  100  wherein cocking the handgun  100  places an external hammer under a tensile load. In such an embodiment, the distal end  146  is positioned at a nominal position (P N ) ( FIG. 3 ) along the nominal range of travel (T PA ) when the handgun  100  is both cocked and uncocked. Upon actuation of the trigger, the hammer is released, and a force is imparted on the firing pin in the distal direction, resulting in the positioning of the distal end  146  at the point of maximal distal travel. It should be appreciated that the point of maximum travel in a distal direction extends distally beyond a point of contact (e.g., a primer activation plane (PL ACT ) ( FIG. 3 )) with the primer  136 . 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  are diagrammatic illustrations of a safety system  1000  for a handgun coupled to a portion of the handgun  100 . The safety system  1000  develops a forced malfunction of the handgun  100  that precludes the handgun  100  from discharging when the safety system  1000  is in a locked configuration. In some embodiments, the safety system  1000  is coupled to an existing handgun  100  as depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . However, in additional embodiments, the safety system  1000  may be integrated into a newly manufactured handgun  100 . Although shown and described as being coupled to the handgun  100 , the safety system  1000  can be coupled to and/or used with any suitable firearm. 
     In  FIG. 3 , the safety system  1000  is depicted in an unlocked configuration, while in  FIG. 4 , the safety system  1000  is depicted in a locked configuration. The safety system  1000  includes an engagement member  1100 , a lock mechanism  1200 , and a user interface  1300 . As described in more detail below, the safety system  1000  can allow the handgun  100  to be selectively locked (or placed in a safe, “no-fire” condition) and unlocked while remaining coupled to the handgun  100 . The engagement member  1100  is arranged orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the handgun  100  and is movably coupled to the handgun  100 . The engagement member  1100  includes an actuator portion  1102  and a contact face  1104 . In other words, the engagement member  1100  may, in various embodiments, be configured to move/translate (e.g., slide, rotate, pivot, and/or tilt) relative to the frame  110  in accordance with the locked/unlocked configuration of the safety system  1000 . The movement/translation of the engagement member  1100  is the result of a motive force (F M ) received by the actuator portion  1102  of the engagement member  1100 . For example, in some embodiments the actuator portion  1102  can include a surface or portion that allows a user to manually grasp or manipulate the engagement member  1100  to move the engagement member  1100  relative to the frame  110 . In other embodiments, the actuator portion  1102  is operably coupled to receive the motive force (F M ) from a motive assembly (not shown). It should be appreciated that the motive force (F M ) has a magnitude that is greater than that of a force exerted on the slide  102  by the recoil spring  104 . 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the engagement member  1100  includes the contact face  1104  that is configured to contact a portion of the slide  102 . Thus, in certain operational conditions, movement of the engagement member  1100  can produce movement of the slide  102 . In other operational conditions, the contact between contact face  1104  and the slide  102  can limit movement of the slide  102 . In some embodiments, the contact face  1104  is in contact with a portion of the slide  102  when the safety system  1000  is both in the locked configuration and in the unlocked configuration. In other embodiments, a clearance may be established between the contact face  1104  and the portion of the slide  102  when the safety system  1000  is in the unlocked configuration, such as depicted in  FIG. 3 . Similarly stated, the contact face  1104  can be spaced apart from the slide  102  when the safety system  1000  is in the unlocked configuration. In some embodiments, the contact between the contact face  1104  and the portions slide  102  facilitates the transfer of a portion of the motive force (F M ) to the slide  102  in a proximal direction (P). 
     The engagement member  1100  is configured to move relative to the frame  110  between a lock position (L P ) (as depicted in  FIG. 4 ) and an unlock position (U P ) (as depicted in  FIG. 3 ). In some embodiments, the engagement member  1100  is configured to transition between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ) while remaining movably coupled to the handgun  100 . In other words, in some embodiments, the engagement member  1100  (and the safety system  1000 ) remains coupled to the handgun  100  when transitioned between the lock and unlock positions. For example, in some embodiments the engagement member  1100 , is configured to move linearly between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ). The lock position (L P ) corresponds to a separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and a primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . In other words, the movement of the slide  102  (and the resultant longitudinal movement of the supported primer actuator  144 ) in response to the portion of the motive force (F M ) transferred by the engagement member  1100  transitioning to the lock position (L P ) establishes the separation distance (SD). Said another way, the proximal movement of the slide  102  results in a proximal shift of the nominal range of travel (T PA ) of the primer actuator  144  relative to the frame  110 , and thus the barrel  120 . 
     The separation distance (SD) has a magnitude that precludes contact between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  (e.g., the firing pin) and the primer  136  of a chambered cartridge  130  even if the firing mechanism  140  is actuated. Said another way, the magnitude of the separation distance (SD) is such that the point of maximal distal travel (e.g., the distal limit of the nominal range of travel (T PA )) is proximal to, and separated from, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ). Insofar as the separation distance (SD) precludes any contact between the primer actuator  144  and the primer  136 , the handgun  100  is rendered inoperable (e.g., made safe) so long as the separation distance (SD) is maintained. 
     The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) is a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis (L) of the handgun  100 . The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position at which a proximal face of the primer  136  would lie if/when a cartridge  130  were/is seated in the chamber  128 . In other words, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the longitudinal position at which the distal end  146  would first contact the primer  136  during the discharging of the handgun  100 . In some embodiments, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) may be congruent with a plane defined by a maximal proximal portion of the chamber end  124  of the barrel  120 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 3 , the unlock position (U P ) corresponds to a nominal position (P N ) of the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  along the nominal range of travel (T PA ). The nominal position (P N ) may be proximal to the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) such that a nominal clearance exists between the distal end  146  and the primer  136 . In some embodiments, the nominal position (P N ) corresponds to the longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in an uncocked state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position, such as depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 3 . However, in additional embodiments, the nominal position (P N ) corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in a half-cocked state or a cocked (e.g., fully cocked) state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. In other words, when the engagement member  1100  is in the unlock position (U P ), the handgun  100  may be in an operational state/condition from which the handgun  100  may be discharged to engage a target. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  1000  includes the lock mechanism  1200 , which is operably coupled to the engagement member  1100 . The lock mechanism  1200  is positioned to restrict the movement of the engagement member  1100  from the locked position (L P ) while the lock mechanism is engaged. In other words, the lock mechanism  1200  maintains the engagement member  1100  (and therefore the engaged slide  102 ) in a fixed position (e.g., the position (L P )) relative to the frame  110 . In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  1200  may be a mechanical lock mechanism wherein the lock mechanism  1200  mechanically engages a portion of the engagement member  1100 , such as via at least one pin, a catch, a locking bar, a cam, and/or other suitable structure. In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  1200  may utilize a magnetic force to restrict the movement of the engagement member  1100 . For example, the lock mechanism  1200  may be configured to magnetically engage the engagement member  1100  directly or may utilize a magnetic field to restrict the rotation of a component (e.g., a lead screw) of the safety system  1000  to which the engagement member  1100  is rotationally coupled. 
     As further depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the safety system  1000  includes the user interface  1300 , which is operably coupled to the lock mechanism  1200 . The user interface  1300  is configured to transition the lock mechanism  1200  between an engaged state and a disengaged state. In other words, the user interface  1300  is employed by an authorized user to facilitate the movement of the engagement member  1100  between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ) by locking or unlocking the lock mechanism  1200 . Once unlocked, the safety system  1000  remains unlocked until the locking mechanism  1200  is affirmatively reengaged by an operator. 
     The user interface  1300  may include a biometric user identification (e.g., fingerprint identification) unit, a radio frequency identification reader, a numerical input apparatus, a microphone, a magnetic key, a mechanical key, and/or other input system configured to authenticate an authorized user. For example, the user interface  1300  may, in some embodiments, include a fingerprint sensor operably coupled to a biometric processor and a data storage device containing stored identification data for authorized users. The fingerprint sensor may be an optical sensor, a thermal sensor, and/or a pressure sensor and may be configured as a static sensor or a swipe sensor. Additionally, in some embodiments the user interface  1300  includes a wireless communication unit that facilitates the remote operation of the safety system  1000  via a wireless network, a cellular network, and/or a Bluetooth connection. 
     In some embodiments, a GPS module  1302  is operably coupled to the user interface  1300 . The GPS module  1302  facilitates position tracking of the handgun  100  via the safety system  1000  coupled thereto. For example, the GPS module  1302  may the employed in conjunction with a geo-fence (e.g., a region with boundaries that are defined by GPS coordinates). In some embodiments an embodiment, an authorized user of the handgun  100  may be alerted in the event the handgun  100  departs the geo-fence. In additional embodiments, the user interface  1300  may be disabled upon the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. In further embodiments, the user interface  1300  may be configured to transition the lock mechanism  1200  to, or maintain the lock mechanism  1200  in, the engaged state following the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  1000  includes a housing  1500 . The housing  1500  provides the structure for support and mounting of the safety system  1000  to the handgun  100 . The housing  1500  is formed from materials having sufficient strength to prevent access to internal components of the safety system  1000 . For example, in various embodiments, the housing  1500  is formed from a metal, a reinforced plastic, and/or composite. In some embodiments, the housing  1500  is the unitary structure defining at least one internal cavity. In other embodiments, the housing  1500  is formed by the coupling of multiple housing members that are separately formed. For example, the housing  1500  may be formed at least from a first housing half and a second housing half. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the housing  1500  supports the user interface  1300 . For example, the housing  1500  may define an external recess in which the user interface  1300  may be secured. The housing  1500  includes a coupling portion  1510 . The coupling portion  1510  is configured to receive a portion of the handgun  100 , such as the mounting structure  116 . In other words, the housing  1500 , and thus the safety system  1000 , may be fixedly coupled to the handgun  100  via an interface between the coupling portion  1510  and the mounting structure  116 . The housing  1500  may, for example, be coupled to the handgun  100  and a position that is forward of the trigger guard  114 . As depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4  the positioning of safety system  1000 , in some embodiments, establishes a spacing between the housing  1500  and the trigger guard  114 . However, in some embodiments, the housing  1500  is formed to conform with a portion of the trigger guard  114  and is positioned in contact therewith. 
     In some embodiments, the housing  1500  also defines a lock cavity  1520  supporting at least a portion of the lock mechanism  1200 . The lock cavity  1520  may, for example, be defined by an inner face of the housing  1500 . Additionally, the housing  1500  defines an interface orifice  1530 . The interface orifice  1530  is oriented to facilitate the operable coupling of the engagement member  1100  to the lock mechanism  1200 . The interface orifice  1530  may, for example, correspond to a slot or hole through which a portion of the engagement member  1100  may be inserted. The interface orifice  1530  is sized to facilitate a desired degree of travel of the engagement member  1100 . 
     Although the safety system  1000  is described above as allowing a user to manually grasp or manipulate the engagement member  1100  to move the engagement member  1100  relative to the frame  110 , in other embodiments, any of the safety systems described herein can include a motive assembly that produces a motive force (F M ) to move the engagement member. For example,  FIGS. 5 and 6  are diagrammatic illustrations of a safety system  2000  for a handgun coupled to a portion of the handgun  100 . As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments the safety system  2000  develops a forced malfunction of the handgun  100  that precludes the handgun  100  from discharging when the safety system  2000  is in a locked configuration. In some embodiments, the safety system  2000  is coupled to an existing handgun  100  as depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Although shown and described as being coupled to the handgun  100 , the safety system  2000  can be coupled to and/or used with any suitable firearm. 
     In  FIG. 5 , the safety system  2000  is depicted in a locked configuration, while in  FIG. 6 , the safety system  2000  is depicted in an unlocked configuration. The safety system  2000  includes a housing  2500 , an engagement member  2100 , a lock mechanism  2200 , a user interface  2300 , and a motive assembly  2400 . As described in more detail below, the safety system  2000  can allow the handgun  100  to be selectively locked (or placed in a safe, “no-fire” condition) and unlocked while remaining coupled to the handgun  100 . The engagement member  2100  is movably coupled to the handgun  100  and includes an actuator portion  2102  and a contact face  2104 . In other words, the engagement member  2100  may, in various embodiments, be configured to move/translate (e.g., slide, rotate, pivot, and/or tilt) relative to the frame  110  in accordance with the locked/unlocked configuration of the safety system  2000 . The movement/translation of the engagement member  2100  is the result of a motive force (F M ) received by the actuator portion  2102  of the engagement member  2100 . For example, in some embodiments the actuator portion  2102  is operably coupled to receive the motive force F M  from a motive assembly  2400 . 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the engagement member  2100  includes the contact face  2104  that is configured to contact a portion of the slide  102 . Thus, in certain operational conditions, movement of the engagement member  2100  can produce movement of the slide  102 . In other operational conditions, the contact between contact face  2104  and the slide  102  can limit movement of the slide  102 . In some embodiments, a clearance may be established between the contact face  2104  and the portion of the slide  102  when the safety system  2000  is in the unlocked configuration. Similarly stated, the contact face  2104  can be spaced apart from the slide  102  when the safety system  2000  is in the unlocked configuration. In some embodiments, the contact between the contact face  2104  and the portions slide  102  facilitates the transfer of a portion of the motive force (F M ) to the slide  102  in a proximal direction (P). 
     As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments the engagement member  2100  is configured to move relative to the frame  110  between a lock position (L P ) (as depicted in  FIG. 6 ) and an unlock position (U P ) (as depicted in  FIG. 5 ). In some embodiments, the engagement member  2100  is configured to transition between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ) while remaining movably coupled to the handgun  100 . In other words, in some embodiments, the engagement member  2100  (and the safety system  2000 ) remains coupled to the handgun  100  when transitioned between the lock and unlock positions. For example, in some embodiments the engagement member  2100 , is configured to move linearly between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ). The lock position (L P ) corresponds to a separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and a primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . In other words, the movement of the slide  102  (and the resultant longitudinal movement of the supported primer actuator  144 ) in response to the portion of the motive force (F M ) transferred by the engagement member  2100  transitioning to the lock position (L P ) establishes the separation distance (SD). Said another way, the proximal movement of the slide  102  results in a proximal shift of the nominal range of travel (T PA ) of the primer actuator  144  relative to the frame  110 , and thus the barrel  120 . 
     The separation distance (SD) has a magnitude that precludes contact between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  (e.g., the firing pin) and the primer  136  of a chambered cartridge  130  even if the firing mechanism  140  is actuated. Said another way, the magnitude of the separation distance (SD) is such that the point of maximal distal travel (e.g., the distal limit of the nominal range of travel (T PA )) is proximal to, and separated from, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ). Insofar as the separation distance (SD) precludes any contact between the primer actuator  144  and the primer  136 , the handgun  100  is rendered inoperable (e.g., made safe) so long as the separation distance (SD) is maintained. 
     The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) is a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis (L) of the handgun  100 . The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position at which a proximal face of the primer  136  would lie if/when a cartridge  130  were/is seated in the chamber  128 . In other words, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the longitudinal position at which the distal end  146  would first contact the primer  136  during the discharging of the handgun  100 . In some embodiments, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) may be congruent with a plane defined by a maximal proximal portion of the chamber end  124  of the barrel  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the lock position (L P ) corresponds to a fully-retracted position of the slide  102 . In other words, when the engagement member  2100  is in the lock position (L P ), the slide  102  is at a point of maximal proximal travel (e.g., in contact with a proximal stop). Said another way, in some embodiments, when the engagement member  2100  is in the lock position (L P ), the slide  102  is to the rear. The lock position (L P ) corresponding to the fully-retracted position of the slide  102  also corresponds to a maximal separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 5 , in some embodiments, the movement of the slide  102  in the proximal direction in response to the motive force (F M ) applied via the engagement member  2100  ejects (as shown by the arrow E) a cartridge  130  from the chamber  128  of the barrel  120 . In other words, when the safety system  2000  is actuated to make safe the handgun  100 , the transition of the engagement member  2100  to the lock position (L P ) (e.g., the proximal movement of the engagement member  2100 ) facilitates the ejecting (E) of a chambered cartridge  130 . The cartridge  130  is the ejected (E) via an ejector mechanism (not shown) of the handgun  100 . It should be appreciated that ejecting (E) the cartridge  130  during the making safe of the handgun  100  may facilitate the storage of the handgun  100  with an empty chamber  128 . 
     The unlock position (U P ) corresponds to a nominal position of the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  along the nominal range of travel (T PA ). The nominal position may be proximal to the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) such that a nominal clearance exists between the distal end  146  and the primer  136 . In some embodiments, the nominal position corresponds to the longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in an uncocked state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. However, in additional embodiments, the nominal position corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in a half-cocked state or a cocked (e.g., fully cocked) state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. In other words, when the engagement member  2100  is in the unlock position (U P ), the handgun  100  may be in an operational state/condition from which the handgun  100  may be discharged to engage a target. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 6 , in some embodiments transitioning the engagement member  2100  from the lock position (L P ) to the unlock position (U P ) facilitates a distal movement (see the arrow DM) of the slide  102 . In other words, the transition (e.g., the linear movement) of the engagement member  2100  to the unlock position (U P ) may remove a restriction on the longitudinal movement (e.g., movement in the distal direction relative to the frame  110 ) of the slide  102 , thereby allowing the slide  102  to return to the nominal, default slide-forward position (as depicted in  FIG. 1 ) in response to the force applied via the recoil spring  104 . 
     In some embodiments, the distal movement (DM) of the slide  102  seats (shown by the arrow S) a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128  of the handgun  100 . For example, unlocking of the safety system  2000  permits the transition of the engagement member  2100  from the lock position (L P ) to the unlock position (U P ). This transition allows the slide  102  to move distally. In accordance with the nominal operation of the handgun  100 , the distal movement of the slide  102  strips a cartridge  130 ′ from a loaded magazine (not shown) inserted in the handgun  100  and seats (S) the cartridge  130  in the chamber  128 . In other words, in some embodiments, the unlocking of the safety system  2000  results in the chambering of a cartridge  130  (e.g., seating (S) a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128 ) and the placing of the handgun  100  in an operational state, from which the handgun  100  may be discharged/employed. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  2000  includes the lock mechanism  2200 , which is operably coupled to the engagement member  2100 . The lock mechanism  2200  is positioned to restrict the movement of the engagement member  2100  from the locked position (L P ) while the lock mechanism is engaged. In other words, the lock mechanism  2200  maintains the engagement member  2100  (and therefore the engaged slide  102 ) in a fixed position (e.g., the position (L P )) relative to the frame  110 . In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  2200  may be a mechanical lock mechanism wherein the lock mechanism  2200  mechanically engages a portion of the engagement member  2100 , such as via at least one pin, a catch, a locking bar, a cam, and/or other suitable structure. In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  2200  may utilize a magnetic force to restrict the movement of the engagement member  2100 . For example, the lock mechanism  2200  may be configured to magnetically engage the engagement member  2100  directly or may utilize a magnetic field to restrict the rotation of a component (e.g., a lead screw) of the safety system  2000  to which the engagement member  2100  is rotationally coupled. 
     As further depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the safety system  2000  includes the user interface  2300 , which is operably coupled to the lock mechanism  2200 . The user interface  2300  is configured to transition the lock mechanism  2200  between an engaged state and a disengaged state. In other words, the user interface  2300  is employed by an authorized user to facilitate the movement of the engagement member  2100  between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ) by locking or unlocking the lock mechanism  2200 . Once unlocked, the safety system  2000  remains unlocked until the locking mechanism  2200  is affirmatively reengaged by an operator. 
     The user interface  2300  may include a biometric user identification (e.g., fingerprint identification) unit, a radio frequency identification reader, a numerical input apparatus, a microphone, a magnetic key, a mechanical key, and/or other input system configured to authenticate an authorized user. For example, the user interface  2300  may, in some embodiments, include a fingerprint sensor operably coupled to a biometric processor and a data storage device containing stored identification data for authorized users. The fingerprint sensor may be an optical sensor, a thermal sensor, and/or a pressure sensor and may be configured as a static sensor or a swipe sensor. Additionally, in some embodiments the user interface  2300  includes a wireless communication unit that facilitates the remote operation of the safety system  2000  via a wireless network, a cellular network, and/or a Bluetooth connection. 
     In some embodiments, a GPS module  2302  is operably coupled to the user interface  2300 . The GPS module  2302  facilitates position tracking of the handgun  100  via the safety system  2000  coupled thereto. For example, the GPS module  2302  may the employed in conjunction with a geo-fence (e.g., a region with boundaries that are defined by GPS coordinates). In some embodiments an embodiment, an authorized user of the handgun  100  may be alerted in the event the handgun  100  departs the geo-fence. In additional embodiments, the user interface  2300  may be disabled upon the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. In further embodiments, the user interface  2300  may be configured to transition the lock mechanism  2200  to, or maintain the lock mechanism  2200  in, the engaged state following the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the safety system  2000  includes a motive assembly  2400 . The motive assembly  2400  is operably coupled to the actuator portion  2102  of the engagement member  2100 . The motive assembly  2400  is configured to generate the motive force (F M ). In some embodiments, the motive force (F M ) is generated in response to a user input, such as may be received via the user interface  2300 . The motive assembly  2400  may include a motor assembly, a pneumatic assembly, and/or a spring assembly configured to generate the motive force (F M ). For example, in some embodiments the motor assembly may include a lead screw (e.g., similar to the lead screw  4440  shown in  FIG. 12 ) that is rotatable by an electric motor (e.g., similar to the motor  4420  shown in  FIG. 12 ). Additionally, in some embodiments, the pneumatic assembly may include a replaceable gas canister (not shown) containing a gas. In other words, the motive assembly  2400  includes a mechanism that transforms thermal, chemical, electrical, pressure, or any other source of energy into the mechanical energy represented by the motive force (F M ). 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  2000 , via the motive assembly  2400 , may facilitate the single-handed chambering of a cartridge  130  and/or clearing of a malfunction of the handgun  100  via the cycling of the handgun  100 . More specifically, the handgun  100  may be maintained in a deployed orientation (e.g., with the muzzle  122  pointed downrange) in the hand of an authorized user while the authorized user actuates the unlocked safety system  2000 . The authorized user may actuate the safety system  2000  via an engagement of the user interface  2300  with a portion (e.g., a finger) of the same hand holding the handgun  100 . Upon actuation, the motive assembly  2400  may drive the engagement member  2100 , and thus the slide  102 , proximally (e.g., rearward). The proximal motion of the engagement member  2100  and the slide  102  may continue until the slide  102  encounters a slide stop. The proximal motion of the slide  102  may eject any chambered, misfed, or jammed cartridge  130 . Once the slide  102  has moved proximally a maximal distance, the authorized user may unlock the safety system  2000  via an engagement of the user interface  2300  with the portion of the same hand holding the handgun  100 . The user interface  2300  may be engaged by the portion of the hand of the authorized user while continuing to maintain the handgun  100  in the deployed orientation. With the safety system  2000  unlocked, the slide  102  is moved distally into the nominal, default slide-forward position by the recoil spring  104 . The distal movement of the slide  102  seats (shown by the arrow S) a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128  of the handgun  100 . As such, the handgun  100  may be cycled utilizing only one hand of the authorized user to place the handgun  100  in an operational configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the motive assembly  2400  may also be configured to serve as the lock mechanism  2200 . In other words, the motive assembly  2400  may be configured to both generate the motive force (F M ) and to restrict the movement of the engagement member  2100  from the lock position (L P ). For example, in some embodiments, the motive assembly  2400  may include a stepper motor (not shown) and a lead screw (not shown) to which the engagement member  2100  is coupled. The stepper motor may be employed to hold the engagement member  2100  in the lock position (L P ) by maintaining the lead screw in a fixed rotational position. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  2000  includes a housing  2500 . The housing  2500  provides the structure for support and mounting of the safety system  2000  to the handgun  100 . The housing  2500  is formed from materials having sufficient strength to prevent access to internal components of the safety system  2000 . For example, in various embodiments, the housing  2500  is formed from a metal, a reinforced plastic, and/or composite. In some embodiments, the housing  2500  is the unitary structure defining at least one internal cavity. In other embodiments, the housing  2500  is formed by the coupling of multiple housing members that are separately formed. For example, the housing  2500  may be formed at least from a first housing half and a second housing half. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the housing  2500  supports the user interface  2300 . For example, the housing  2500  may define an external recess in which the user interface  2300  may be secured. The housing  2500  includes a coupling portion  2510 . The coupling portion  2510  is configured to receive a portion of the handgun  100 , such as the mounting structure  116 . In other words, the housing  2500 , and thus the safety system  2000 , may be fixedly coupled to the handgun  100  via an interface between the coupling portion  2510  and the mounting structure  116 . The housing  2500  may, for example, be coupled to the handgun  100  and a position that is forward of the trigger guard  114 . As depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4  the positioning of safety system  2000 , in some embodiments, establishes a spacing between the housing  2500  and the trigger guard  114 . However, in some embodiments, the housing  2500  is formed to conform with a portion of the trigger guard  114  and is positioned in contact therewith. 
     In some embodiments, the housing  2500  also defines a lock cavity  2520  supporting at least a portion of the lock mechanism  2200 . The lock cavity  2520  may, for example, be defined by an inner face of the housing  2500 . Additionally, the housing  2500  defines an interface orifice (not shown). The interface orifice is oriented to facilitate the operable coupling of the engagement member  2100  to the lock mechanism  2200 . The interface orifice may, for example, correspond to a slot or hole through which a portion of the engagement member  2100  may be inserted. The interface orifice is sized to facilitate a desired degree of travel of the engagement member  2100 . 
     Although the safety system  1000  and the safety system  2000  are shown as including a separate housing that contains the components of the safety system and is mounted to the handgun  100 , in other embodiments, any of the safety system components described herein can be integrated within a handgun. For example,  FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of a safety system  3000  for a handgun  100 . As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments the safety system  3000  develops a forced malfunction of the handgun  100  that precludes the handgun  100  from discharging when the safety system  3000  is in a locked configuration. In some embodiments, the safety system  3000  is integrated into a newly manufactured handgun  100 . Although shown and described as being integrated with the handgun  100 , the safety system  3000  can be coupled to and/or used with any suitable firearm. 
     In  FIG. 7 , the safety system  3000  is depicted in a locked configuration. The safety system  3000  includes an engagement member  3100 , a lock mechanism  3200 , a user interface  3300 , and, optionally, a motive assembly  3400 . As described in more detail below, the safety system  3000  can allow the handgun  100  to be selectively locked (or placed in a safe, “no-fire” condition) and unlocked while remaining integrated with the handgun  100 . The engagement member  3100  is movably coupled to the handgun  100  and includes an actuator portion  3102  and a contact face  3104 . In other words, the engagement member  3100  may, in various embodiments, be configured to move/translate (e.g., rotate) relative to the frame  110  in accordance with the locked/unlocked configuration of the safety system  3000 . The movement/translation of the engagement member  3100  is the result of a motive force (F M ) received by the actuator portion  3102  of the engagement member  3100 . For example, in some embodiments the actuator portion  3102  is operably coupled to receive the motive force F M  from a motive assembly  3400 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 7 , the engagement member  3100  includes the contact face  3104  that is configured to contact a portion of the slide  102 . Thus, in certain operational conditions, movement of the engagement member  3100  can produce movement of the slide  102 . In other operational conditions, the contact between contact face  3104  and the slide  102  can limit movement of the slide  102 . In some embodiments, the contact between the contact face  3104  and the portions slide  102  facilitates the transfer of a portion of the motive force (F M ) to the slide  102  in a proximal direction (P). 
     In some embodiments, the engagement member  3100  is positioned at least partially between the slide  102  and the frame  110  of the handgun. In such embodiments, the engagement member  3100  is oriented to engage a bottom face  103  of the slide  102 . For example, in some embodiments, the engagement member  3100  is a toothed wheel positioned to engage a corresponding toothed portion of the slide  102 . 
     As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments the engagement member  3100  is configured to move relative to the frame  110  between a lock position (L P ) (as depicted in  FIG. 7 ) and an unlock position (not shown). In some embodiments, the engagement member  3100  is configured to transition between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position while remaining movably coupled to the handgun  100 . In other words, in some embodiments, the engagement member  3100  (and the safety system  3000 ) remains coupled to the handgun  100  when transitioned between the lock and unlock positions. For example, in some embodiments the engagement member  3100 , is configured to rotate between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position. The lock position (L P ) corresponds to a separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and a primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . In other words, the movement of the slide  102  (and the resultant longitudinal movement of the supported primer actuator  144 ) in response to the portion of the motive force (F M ) transferred by the engagement member  3100  transitioning to the lock position (L P ) establishes the separation distance (SD). Said another way, the proximal movement of the slide  102  results in a proximal shift of the nominal range of travel (T PA ) of the primer actuator  144  relative to the frame  110 , and thus the barrel  120 . 
     The separation distance (SD) has a magnitude that precludes contact between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  (e.g., the firing pin) and the primer  136  of a chambered cartridge  130  even if the firing mechanism  140  is actuated. Said another way, the magnitude of the separation distance (SD) is such that the point of maximal distal travel (e.g., the distal limit of the nominal range of travel (T PA )) is proximal to, and separated from, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ). Insofar as the separation distance (SD) precludes any contact between the primer actuator  144  and the primer  136 , the handgun  100  is rendered inoperable (e.g., made safe) so long as the separation distance (SD) is maintained. 
     The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) is a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis (L) of the handgun  100 . The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position at which a proximal face of the primer  136  would lie if/when a cartridge  130  were/is seated in the chamber  128 . In other words, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the longitudinal position at which the distal end  146  would first contact the primer  136  during the discharging of the handgun  100 . In some embodiments, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) may be congruent with a plane defined by a maximal proximal portion of the chamber end  124  of the barrel  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the lock position (L P ) corresponds to a fully-retracted position of the slide  102 . In other words, when the engagement member  3100  is in the lock position (L P ), the slide  102  is at a point of maximal proximal travel (e.g., in contact with a proximal stop). Said another way, in some embodiments, when the engagement member  3100  is in the lock position (L P ), the slide  102  is to the rear. The lock position (L P ) corresponding to the fully-retracted position of the slide  102  also corresponds to a maximal separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 7 , in some embodiments, the movement of the slide  102  in the proximal direction in response to the motive force (F M ) applied via the engagement member  3100  ejects (E) a cartridge  130  from the chamber  128  of the barrel  120 . In other words, when the safety system  3000  is actuated to make safe the handgun  100 , the transition of the engagement member  3100  to the lock position (L P ) facilitates the ejecting (shown by the arrow E) of a chambered cartridge  130 . The cartridge  130  is the ejected (E) via an ejector mechanism (not shown) of the handgun  100 . It should be appreciated that ejecting (E) the cartridge  130  during the making safe of the handgun  100  may facilitate the storage of the handgun  100  with an empty chamber  128 . 
     The unlock position corresponds to a nominal position (similar to the nominal position P N  shown in  FIG. 3 ) of the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  along the nominal range of travel (T PA ). The nominal position may be proximal to the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) such that a nominal clearance exists between the distal end  146  and the primer  136 . In some embodiments, the nominal position corresponds to the longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in an uncocked state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. However, in additional embodiments, the nominal position corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in a half-cocked state or a cocked (e.g., fully cocked) state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. In other words, when the engagement member  3100  is in the unlock position, the handgun  100  may be in an operational state/condition from which the handgun  100  may be discharged to engage a target. 
     In some embodiments transitioning the engagement member  3100  from the lock position (L P ) to the unlock position facilitates a distal movement (not shown) of the slide  102 . In other words, the transition (e.g., the linear movement) of the engagement member  3100  to the unlock position (U P ) may remove a restriction on the longitudinal movement (e.g., movement in the distal direction relative to the frame  110 ) of the slide  102 , thereby allowing the slide  102  to return to the nominal, default slide-forward position (as depicted in  FIG. 1 ) in response to the force applied via the recoil spring  104 . 
     In some embodiments, the distal movement of the slide  102  seats (S) a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128  of the handgun  100 . For example, unlocking of the safety system  3000  permits the transition of the engagement member  3100  from the lock position (L P ). This transition allows the slide  102  to move distally. In accordance with the nominal operation of the handgun  100 , the distal movement of the slide  102  strips a cartridge  130 ′ from a loaded magazine (not shown) inserted in the handgun  100  and seats the cartridge  130  in the chamber  128 . In other words, in some embodiments, the unlocking of the safety system  3000  results in the chambering of a cartridge  130  (e.g., seating a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128 ) and the placing of the handgun  100  in an operational state, from which the handgun  100  may be discharged/employed. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  3000  includes the lock mechanism  3200 , which is operably coupled to the engagement member  3100 . As depicted in  FIG. 7 , the lock mechanism  3200  is positioned within a cavity  3202  defined at least partially by the frame  110  of the handgun  100 . The lock mechanism  3200  is positioned to restrict the movement of the engagement member  3100  from the locked position (L P ) while the lock mechanism is engaged. In other words, the lock mechanism  3200  maintains the engagement member  3100  (and therefore the engaged slide  102 ) in a fixed position (e.g., the position (L P )) relative to the frame  110 . In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  3200  may be a mechanical lock mechanism wherein the lock mechanism  3200  mechanically engages a portion of the engagement member  3100 , such as via at least one pin, a catch, a locking bar, a cam, and/or other suitable structure. In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  2200  may utilize a magnetic force to restrict the movement of the engagement member  3100 . For example, the lock mechanism  3200  may be configured to magnetically engage the engagement member  3100  directly or may utilize a magnetic field to restrict the rotation of the actuator portion  3102  of the engagement member  3100 . 
     As further depicted in  FIG. 7 , the safety system  3000  includes the user interface  3300 , which is operably coupled to the lock mechanism  3200 . The user interface  3300  is configured to transition the lock mechanism  3200  between an engaged state and a disengaged state. In other words, the user interface  3300  is employed by an authorized user to facilitate the movement of the engagement member  3100  between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position by locking or unlocking the lock mechanism  3200 . Once unlocked, the safety system  3000  remains unlocked until the locking mechanism  3200  is affirmatively reengaged by an operator. 
     The user interface  3300  may include a biometric user identification (e.g., fingerprint identification) unit, a radio frequency identification reader, a numerical input apparatus, a microphone, a magnetic key, a mechanical key, and/or other input system configured to authenticate an authorized user. For example, the user interface  3300  may, in some embodiments, include a fingerprint sensor operably coupled to a biometric processor and a data storage device containing stored identification data for authorized users. The fingerprint sensor may be an optical sensor, a thermal sensor, and/or a pressure sensor and may be configured as a static sensor or a swipe sensor. Additionally, in some embodiments the user interface  3300  includes a wireless communication unit that facilitates the remote operation of the safety system  3000  via a wireless network, a cellular network, and/or a Bluetooth connection. 
     In some embodiments, a GPS module  3302  is operably coupled to the user interface  3300 . The GPS module  3302  facilitates position tracking of the handgun  100  via the safety system  3000  coupled thereto. For example, the GPS module  3302  may the employed in conjunction with a geo-fence (e.g., a region with boundaries that are defined by GPS coordinates). In some embodiments an embodiment, an authorized user of the handgun  100  may be alerted in the event the handgun  100  departs the geo-fence. In additional embodiments, the user interface  3300  may be disabled upon the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. In further embodiments, the user interface  3300  may be configured to transition the lock mechanism  3200  to, or maintain the lock mechanism  3200  in, the engaged state following the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 7 , in some embodiments the safety system  3000  includes a motive assembly  3400 . The motive assembly  3400  is operably coupled to the actuator portion  3102  of the engagement member  3100 . The motive assembly  3400  is configured to generate the motive force (F M ). In some embodiments, the motive force (F M ) is generated in response to a user input, such as may be received via the user interface  3300 . The motive assembly  3400  may, for example, include a motor assembly, a pneumatic assembly, and/or a spring assembly configured to generate the motive force (F M ). In other words, the motive assembly  3400  includes a mechanism that transforms thermal, chemical, electrical, pressure, or any other source of energy into the mechanical energy represented by the motive force (F M ). 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  3000 , via the motive assembly  3400 , may facilitate the single-handed chambering of a cartridge  130  and/or clearing of a malfunction of the handgun  100  via the cycling of the handgun  100 . More specifically, the handgun  100  may be maintained in a deployed orientation (e.g., with the muzzle  122  pointed downrange) in the hand of an authorized user while the authorized user actuates the unlocked safety system  3000 . The authorized user may actuate the safety system  3000  via an engagement of the user interface  3300  with a portion (e.g., a finger) of the same hand holding the handgun  100 . Upon actuation, the motive assembly  3400  may drive the engagement member  3100 , and thus the slide  102 , proximally (e.g., rearward). The proximal motion of the engagement member  3100  and the slide  102  may continue until the slide  102  encounters a slide stop. The proximal motion of the slide  102  may eject any chambered, misfed, or jammed cartridge  130 . Once the slide  102  has moved proximally a maximal distance, the authorized user may unlock the safety system  3000  via an engagement of the user interface  3300  with the portion of the same hand holding the handgun  100 . The user interface  3300  may be engaged by the portion of the hand of the authorized users while continuing to maintain the handgun  100  in the deployed orientation. With the safety system  3000  unlocked, the slide  102  is moved distally into the nominal, default slide-forward position by the recoil spring  104 . The distal movement of the slide  102  seats a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128  of the handgun  100 . As such, the handgun  100  may be cycled utilizing only one hand of the authorized user to place the handgun  100  in an operational configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the motive assembly  3400  may also be configured to serve as the lock mechanism  3200 . In other words, the motive assembly  3400  may be configured to both generate the motive force (F M ) and to restrict the movement of the engagement member  3100  from the lock position (L P ). For example, in some embodiments, the motive assembly  3400  may include a stepper motor (not shown) and a lead screw (not shown) to which the engagement member  3100  is coupled. The stepper motor may be employed to hold the engagement member  3100  in the lock position (L P ) by maintaining the lead screw in a fixed rotational position. 
       FIGS. 8 and 9  depict side views of an embodiment of a safety system  4000  coupled to a portion of the handgun  100 .  FIG. 10  depicts a front view of an embodiment of the safety system  4000  coupled to a portion of the handgun  100 . In  FIGS. 8-10 , the safety system  4000  is depicted in an unlocked configuration.  FIG. 11  depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of the safety system  4000  coupled to the handgun  100 , with the safety system  4000  being depicted in a locked configuration. Additionally,  FIG. 12  depicts an exploded perspective view of the safety system  4000 . As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments the safety system  4000  develops a forced malfunction of the handgun  100  that precludes the handgun  100  from discharging when the safety system  4000  is in a locked configuration. In some embodiments, the safety system  4000  is coupled to an existing handgun  100  as depicted in  FIGS. 8-11 . Although shown and described as being coupled to the handgun  100 , the safety system  4000  can be coupled to and/or used with any suitable firearm. 
     In  FIGS. 8-10 , the safety system  4000  is depicted in an unlocked configuration, while in  FIG. 11 , the safety system  4000  is depicted in an unlocked configuration. The safety system  4000  includes an engagement member  4100 , a lock mechanism  4200 , a user interface  4300 , and a motive assembly  4400 . As described in more detail below, the safety system  4000  can allow the handgun  100  to be selectively locked (or placed in a safe, “no-fire” condition) and unlocked while remaining coupled to the handgun  100 . The engagement member  4100  is movably coupled to the handgun  100  and includes an actuator portion  4102  and a contact face  4104 . In other words, the engagement member  4100  may, in various embodiments, be configured to move/translate (e.g., slide, rotate, pivot, and/or tilt) relative to the frame  110  in accordance with the locked/unlocked configuration of the safety system  4000 . The movement/translation of the engagement member  4100  is the result of a motive force (F M ) received by the actuator portion  4102  of the engagement member  4100 . For example, in some embodiments the actuator portion  4102  is operably coupled to receive the motive force F M  from a motive assembly  4400 . 
     In some embodiments, the engagement member  4100  includes the contact face  4104  that is configured to contact a portion of the slide  102 . Thus, in certain operational conditions, movement of the engagement member  4100  can produce movement of the slide  102 . In other operational conditions, the contact between contact face  4104  and the slide  102  can limit movement of the slide  102 . In some embodiments, a clearance may be established between the contact face  4104  and the portion of the slide  102  when the safety system  4000  is in the unlocked configuration. Similarly stated, the contact face  4104  can be spaced apart from the slide  102  when the safety system  4000  is in the unlocked configuration. In some embodiments, the contact between the contact face  4104  and the portions slide  102  facilitates the transfer of a portion of the motive force (F M ) to the slide  102  in a proximal direction (P). 
     As described for previous embodiments, in some embodiments the engagement member  4100  is configured to move relative to the frame  110  between a lock position (L P ) (as depicted in  FIG. 11 ) and an unlock position (U P ) (as depicted in  FIGS. 8 and 9 ). In some embodiments, the engagement member  4100  is configured to transition between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ) while remaining movably coupled to the handgun  100 . In other words, in some embodiments, the engagement member  4100  (and the safety system  4000 ) remains coupled to the handgun  100  when transitioned between the lock and unlock positions. For example, in some embodiments the engagement member  4100 , is configured to move linearly between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ). The lock position (L P ) corresponds to a separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and a primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . In other words, the movement of the slide  102  (and the resultant longitudinal movement of the supported primer actuator  144 ) in response to the portion of the motive force (F M ) transferred by the engagement member  4100  transitioning to the lock position (L P ) establishes the separation distance (SD). Said another way, the proximal movement of the slide  102  results in a proximal shift of the nominal range of travel (T PA ) of the primer actuator  144  relative to the frame  110 , and thus the barrel  120 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 11 . the separation distance (SD) has a magnitude that precludes contact between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  (e.g., the firing pin) and the primer  136  of a chambered cartridge  130  even if the firing mechanism  140  is actuated. Said another way, the magnitude of the separation distance (SD) is such that the point of maximal distal travel (e.g., the distal limit of the nominal range of travel (T PA )) is proximal to, and separated from, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ). Insofar as the separation distance (SD) precludes any contact between the primer actuator  144  and the primer  136 , the handgun  100  is rendered inoperable (e.g., made safe) so long as the separation distance (SD) is maintained. 
     The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) is a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis (L) of the handgun  100 . The primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position at which a proximal face of the primer  136  would lie if/when a cartridge  130  were/is seated in the chamber  128 . In other words, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) corresponds to the longitudinal position at which the distal end  146  would first contact the primer  136  during the discharging of the handgun  100 . In some embodiments, the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) may be congruent with a plane defined by a maximal proximal portion of the chamber end  124  of the barrel  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the lock position (L P ) corresponds to a fully-retracted position of the slide  102 . In other words, when the engagement member  4100  is in the lock position (L P ), the slide  102  is at a point of maximal proximal travel (e.g., in contact with a proximal stop). Said another way, in some embodiments, when the engagement member  4100  is in the lock position (L P ), the slide  102  is to the rear. The lock position (L P ) corresponding to the fully-retracted position of the slide  102  also corresponds to a maximal separation distance (SD) between the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  of the handgun  100  and the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) of the handgun  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the movement of the slide  102  in the proximal direction in response to the motive force (F M ) applied via the engagement member  4100  ejects a cartridge  130  from the chamber  128  of the barrel  120 . In other words, when the safety system  4000  is actuated to make safe the handgun  100 , the transition of the engagement member  4100  to the lock position (L P ) (e.g., the proximal movement of the engagement member  4100 ) facilitates the ejecting of a chambered cartridge  130 . The cartridge  130  is the ejected via an ejector mechanism (not shown) of the handgun  100 . It should be appreciated that ejecting the cartridge  130  during the making safe of the handgun  100  may facilitate the storage of the handgun  100  with an empty chamber  128 . 
     The unlock position (U P ) corresponds to a nominal position (similar to the nominal position P N  shown in  FIG. 3 ) of the distal end  146  of the primer actuator  144  along the nominal range of travel (T PA ). The nominal position may be proximal to the primer activation plane (PL ACT ) such that a nominal clearance exists between the distal end  146  and the primer  136 . In some embodiments, the nominal position corresponds to the longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in an uncocked state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. However, in additional embodiments, the nominal position corresponds to the nominal longitudinal position of the distal end  146  when the handgun  100  is in a half-cocked state or a cocked (e.g., fully cocked) state with the slide  102  in the default, slide-forward position. In other words, when the engagement member  2100  is in the unlock position (U P ), the handgun  100  may be in an operational state/condition from which the handgun  100  may be discharged to engage a target. 
     In some embodiments transitioning the engagement member  4100  from the lock position (L P ) to the unlock position (U P ) facilitates a distal movement of the slide  102 . In other words, the transition (e.g., the linear movement) of the engagement member  4100  to the unlock position (U P ) may remove a restriction on the longitudinal movement (e.g., movement in the distal direction relative to the frame  110 ) of the slide  102 , thereby allowing the slide  102  to return to the nominal, default slide-forward position (as depicted in  FIG. 1 ) in response to the force applied via the recoil spring  104 . 
     In some embodiments, the distal movement of the slide  102  seats a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128  of the handgun  100 . For example, unlocking of the safety system  4000  permits the transition of the engagement member  4100  from the lock position (L P ) to the unlock position (U P ). This transition allows the slide  102  to move distally. In accordance with the nominal operation of the handgun  100 , the distal movement of the slide  102  strips a cartridge  130 ′ from a loaded magazine (not shown) inserted in the handgun  100  and seats the cartridge  130 ′ in the chamber  128 . In other words, in some embodiments, the unlocking of the safety system  4000  results in the chambering of a cartridge  130  (e.g., seating a cartridge  130 ′ in the chamber  128 ) and the placing of the handgun  100  in an operational state, from which the handgun  100  may be discharged/employed. 
     As depicted, in some embodiments the safety system  4000  includes a motive assembly  4400 . The motive assembly  4400  is operably coupled to the actuator portion  4102  of the engagement member  4100 . The motive assembly  4400  is configured to generate the motive force (F M ). In some embodiments, the motive force (F M ) is generated in response to a user input, such as may be received via the user interface  4300 . As depicted in  FIG. 12 , the motive assembly  4400  includes a motor  4420 , a lead screw  4440 , and a limit switch  4470  and/or a magnetic encoder  4480 . The motor  4420  may, for example, be a stepper motor, a servo motor, a linear motor, and/or a brushless motor configured to generate a motive force (F M ) that is greater than a force exerted on the slide  102  by the recoil spring  104 . The motor  4420  is operably coupled to an energy storage device  4430 , such as a battery and/or a capacitor, and the user interface  4300 . 
     The lead screw  4440  is rotatable by the motor  4420 . As depicted, the lead screw  4440  is axially aligned with the motor  4420 . However, in some embodiments, the lead screw  4440  is rotatable by the motor  4420  via a gearing assembly (not shown) and may the axially offset from the motor  4420 . The lead screw  4440  is configured to convert a rotational input from the motor  4420  into a linear motion of the engagement member  4100 . For example, in some embodiments, the engagement member  4100  is coupled to a drive nut  4450  that circumscribes the lead screw  4440 . The drive nut  4450  is formed with threads that correspond to the threads of the lead screw  4440  such that the rotation of the lead screw  4440  results in a linear motion of the drive nut  4450 . In order to prevent the rotation of the drive nut  4450 , in some embodiments, the engagement member  4100  is also slidingly coupled to a guide shaft  4460  via a linear bearing  4462 . 
     As further depicted in  FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, the limit switch  4470  and the magnetic encoder  4480  are coupled at the opposite end of the lead screw  4440  from the motor  4420 . The limit switch  4470  is configured to terminate the generation of the motive force (F M ) when contacted by the drive nut  4450  or the engagement member  4100 . The magnetic encoder  4480  is configured to monitor rotations of the lead screw  4440 . As the thread pitch of the lead screw  4440  is known, the magnetic encoder  4480  may facilitate the monitoring of the linear distance traveled by the engagement member  4100 . 
     Although shown as including a motor assembly in other embodiments the motive assembly  4400  can include any suitable components or structure to move the engagement member  4100 , such as a pneumatic assembly and/or a spring assembly. In other words, the motive assembly  4400  can include any suitable mechanism that transforms thermal, chemical, electrical, pressure, or any other source of energy into the mechanical energy represented by the motive force (F M ) 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  4000 , via the motive assembly  4400 , may facilitate the single-handed chambering of a cartridge  130  and/or clearing of a malfunction of the handgun  100  via the cycling of the handgun  100 . More specifically, the handgun  100  may be maintained in a deployed orientation (e.g., with the muzzle  122  pointed downrange) in the hand of an authorized user while the authorized user actuates the unlocked safety system  4000 . The authorized user may actuate the safety system  4000  via an engagement of the user interface  4300  with a portion (e.g., a finger) of the same hand holding the handgun  100 . Upon actuation, the motive assembly  4400  may drive the engagement member  4100 , and thus the slide  102 , proximally (e.g., rearward). The proximal motion of the engagement member  4100  and the slide  102  may continue until the slide  102  encounters a slide stop. The proximal motion of the slide  102  may eject any chambered, misfed, or jammed cartridge  130 . Once the slide  102  has moved proximally a maximal distance, the authorized user may unlock the safety system  4000  via an engagement of the user interface  4300  with the portion of the same hand holding the handgun  100 . The user interface  4300  may be engaged by the portion of the hand of the authorized users while continuing to maintain the handgun  100  in the deployed orientation. With the safety system  4000  unlocked, the slide  102  is moved distally into the nominal, default slide-forward position by the recoil spring  104 . The distal movement of the slide  102  seats a cartridge  130  in the chamber  128  of the handgun  100 . As such, the handgun  100  may be cycled utilizing only one hand of the authorized user to place the handgun  100  in an operational configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the motive assembly  4400  may also be configured to serve as the lock mechanism  4200 . In other words, the motive assembly  4400  may be configured to both generate the motive force (F M ) and to restrict the movement of the engagement member  4100  from the lock position (L P ). For example, in some embodiments, the motor  4420  is configured as a stepper motor that is coupled to the lead screw  4440 . The motor  4420  may, thus, hold the engagement member  4100  in the lock position (L P ) by maintaining the lead screw  4440  in a specified, fixed rotational position until unlocked via the user interface  4300 . 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  4000  includes a lock mechanism  4200  that is a component separate from the motive assembly  4400 . In such an embodiment, the lock mechanism  4200  is operably coupled to the engagement member  4100 . The lock mechanism  4200  is positioned to restrict the movement of the engagement member  4100  from the locked position (L P ) while the lock mechanism is engaged. In other words, the lock mechanism  4200  maintains the engagement member  4100  (and therefore the engaged slide  102 ) in a fixed position (e.g., the position (L P )) relative to the frame  110 . In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  4200  may be a mechanical lock mechanism wherein the lock mechanism  4200  mechanically engages a portion of the engagement member  4100 , such as via at least one pin, a catch, a locking bar, a cam, and/or other suitable structure. In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  4200  may utilize a magnetic force to restrict the movement of the engagement member  4100 . For example, the lock mechanism  4200  may be configured to magnetically engage the engagement member  4100 . 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  4000  includes the user interface  4300 , which is operably coupled to the lock mechanism  4200  and/or the motive assembly  4400 . The user interface  4300  is configured to transition the lock mechanism  4200  and/or the motive assembly  4400  between an engaged state and a disengaged state. In other words, the user interface  4300  is employed by an authorized user to facilitate the movement of the engagement member  4100  between the lock position (L P ) and the unlock position (U P ) by locking or unlocking the lock mechanism  4200  and/or the motive assembly  4400 . Once unlocked, the safety system  4000  remains unlocked until the locking mechanism  4200  and/or the motive assembly  4400  is affirmatively reengaged by an operator. 
     The user interface  4300  may include a biometric user identification (e.g., fingerprint identification) unit, a radio frequency identification reader, a numerical input apparatus, a microphone, a magnetic key, a mechanical key, and/or other input system configured to authenticate an authorized user. For example, the user interface  4300  may, in some embodiments, include a fingerprint sensor  4310  operably coupled to a biometric processor  4320  and a data storage device  4330  containing stored identification data for authorized users. The fingerprint sensor may be an optical sensor, a thermal sensor, and/or a pressure sensor and may be configured as a static sensor or a swipe sensor. The user interface  4300  may also be operably coupled to the energy storage device  4430 . Additionally, in some embodiments the user interface  4300  includes a wireless communication unit that facilitates the remote operation of the safety system  4000  via a wireless network, a cellular network, and/or a Bluetooth connection. 
     In some embodiments, a GPS module (not shown) may be operably coupled to the user interface  4300 . The GPS module facilitates position tracking of the handgun  100  via the safety system  4000  coupled thereto. For example, the GPS module may the employed in conjunction with a geo-fence (e.g., a region with boundaries that are defined by GPS coordinates). In some embodiments an embodiment, an authorized user of the handgun  100  may be alerted in the event the handgun  100  departs the geo-fence. In additional embodiments, the user interface  4300  may be disabled upon the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. In further embodiments, the user interface  4300  may be configured to transition the lock mechanism  4200  to, or maintain the lock mechanism  4200  and/or the motive assembly  4400  in, the engaged state following the departure of the handgun  100  from the geo-fence. 
     In some embodiments, the safety system  4000  includes a housing  4500 . The housing  4500  provides the structure for support and mounting of the safety system  4000  to the handgun  100 . The housing  4500  is formed from materials having sufficient strength to prevent access to internal components of the safety system  4000 . For example, in various embodiments, the housing  4500  is formed from a metal, a reinforced plastic, and/or composite. In some embodiments, the housing  4500  is the unitary structure defining at least one internal cavity. In other embodiments, the housing  4500  is formed by the coupling of multiple housing members that are separately formed. For example, the housing  4500  may be formed at least from a first housing half  4502  and a second housing half  4504 . 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 8, 10, and 11 , the housing  4500  supports the user interface  4300 . For example, the housing  4500  may define an external recess  4540  in which the user interface  4300  may be secured. The housing  4500  also includes a coupling portion  4510 . The coupling portion  4510  is configured to receive a portion of the handgun  100 , such as the mounting structure  116 . In other words, the housing  4500 , and thus the safety system  4000 , may be fixedly coupled to the handgun  100  via an interface between the coupling portion  4510  and the mounting structure  116 . Although shown as being against or engaged with the trigger guard  114 , in other embodiments, the housing  4500  may, for example, be coupled to the handgun  100  and a position that is forward of the trigger guard  114 . For example the housing  4500  can be similar to the housing  1500  shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4  and can establish a spacing between the housing  4500  and the trigger guard  114 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 9 , in some embodiments, safety system  4000  includes at least one fastener  4512 . The fastener(s)  4512  is positioned adjacent the coupling portion  4510 . For example, the fastener(s)  4512  may be inserted into a threaded passage defined by a portion of the coupling portion  4510 . The fastener(s)  4512  is oriented to secure the mounting structure  116  of the handgun  100  within the coupling portion  4510 . In some embodiments, the fastener(s)  4512  is at least partially occluded by a portion of the engagement member  4100  when the engagement member  4100  is in the lock position. As such, the engagement member  4100  preclude the loosening and/or removal of the fastener(s)  4512  while the safety system  4000  is in the locked configuration. Correspondingly, the transitioning of the engagement member  4100  to the unlock position (U P ) may permit access to the fastener(s)  4512  so that the safety system  4000  may be decoupled from the handgun  100  only when in the unlocked configuration. 
     In some embodiments, the housing  4500  also defines a lock cavity  4520  supporting at least a portion of the lock mechanism  4200 . The lock cavity  4520  may, for example, be defined by an inner face  4506  of the housing  4500 . Additionally, the housing  4500  defines an interface orifice  4530 . The interface orifice  4530  is oriented to facilitate the operable coupling of the engagement member  4100  to the lock mechanism  4200 . The interface orifice  4530  may, for example, correspond to a slot or hole through which a portion of the engagement member  4100  may be inserted. The interface orifice  4530  is sized to facilitate a desired degree of travel of the engagement member  4100 . 
       FIG. 13  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an engagement member  4100  for use with a safety system for a handgun  100  ( FIG. 1 ), such as with the safety system  1000 , the safety system  2000 , and/or the safety system  4000 . The engagement member  4100  is movably coupled to the handgun and includes the actuator portion  4102  and the contact face  4104 . In other words, the engagement member  4100  may, in various embodiments, be configured to move/translate (e.g., slide, rotate, pivot, and/or tilt) relative to the frame of the handgun in accordance with the locked/unlocked configuration of the safety system. The movement/translation of the engagement member  4100  is the result of a motive force (e.g., motive force (F M ) ( FIG. 11 )) received by the actuator portion  4102  of the engagement member  4100 . As such, in some embodiments, the actuator portion  4102  is operably coupled to receive the motive force from a motive assembly, such as the motive assembly  2400  or the motive assembly  4400 . 
     The engagement member  4100  defines a muzzle orifice  4106  (e.g., an opening) that is aligned with a distal end (e.g., the muzzle) of the barrel of the handgun. The muzzle orifice  4106  is sized to circumscribe the muzzle of the handgun. In other words, the muzzle orifice  4106  has a diameter that is greater than an outer diameter of the handgun barrel at the muzzle. Accordingly, engagement member  4100  maintains a clearance with (e.g., does not obstruct) the muzzle of the handgun. Said another way, the muzzle orifice  4106  facilitates the departure of a projectile (e.g., a bullet) from the distal end of the barrel. Therefore, the handgun may be employed while the engagement member  4100  remains movably coupled thereto. In other words, in operation, a bullet departing the muzzle of the handgun passes through the muzzle orifice  4106  prior to continuing downrange. 
     In addition to the muzzle orifice  4106 , the engagement member  4100  also defines a guide recess  4108 . The guide recess  4108  establishes a clearance between the recoil spring guide of the handgun and the engagement member  4100 . The guide recess  4108 , therefore, facilitates a longitudinal movement of the engagement member  4100  by permitting a portion of the engagement member  4100  to pass between the barrel and the recoil spring guide of the handgun without contacting the recoil spring guide. 
     As shown, the portion of the engagement member  4100  defining the muzzle orifice  4106  and/or the guide recess  4108  is coupled to the actuator portion  4102  via a connection arm  4130 . The connection arm  4130  transfers the motive force from the actuator portion  4102  the contact face  4104 . In some embodiments, the connection arm  4130  defines a medial face profile  4112  (e.g., a profile in the face of the connection arm  4130  that is nearest a longitudinal midline of the safety system). The medial face profile  4112  is formed to conform with a portion of an outer face of a housing (e.g., the housing  1500 , the housing  2500 , and/or the housing  4500 ) of the safety system. By conforming with the portion of the outer face of the housing, the medial face profile  4112  may facilitate an unobstructed longitudinal movement of the engagement member  4100 . 
     In some embodiments, the actuator portion  4102  is formed to facilitate the coupling of the engagement member  4100  to the motive assembly, such as the motive assembly  4400 . Accordingly, the engagement member  4100  defines a lead screw opening  4114  configured to at least partially circumscribe a lead screw (e.g., the lead screw  4440 ), or other similar structure, of the motive assembly. Additionally, the engagement member  4100  defines a plurality of fasteners locations  4116  (e.g., through holes, threaded holes/inserts, and/or pins) for coupling the actuator portion  4102  to a drive nut (e.g., drive nut  4450 ) of the motive assembly. 
     In order to counter the torque of the motive assembly, in some embodiments, the engagement member  4100  defines a guideway opening  4118 . The guideway opening  4118  is sized to receive a guide rail (e.g., the guide shaft  4460 ) of the motive assembly. In some embodiments, the guideway opening  4118  is sized to receive a linear bearing configured to move slidingly along the guide rail. Additionally, the engagement member  4100  defines a stop protrusion  4120  the stop protrusion is configured to engage a portion of the safety system, such as a portion of the housing and/or a portion of the motive assembly, to counter the torque generated by the motive assembly. In some embodiments, the lead screw opening  4114  may be positioned laterally between the stop protrusion  4120  and the guideway opening  4118 . 
       FIGS. 14 and 15  are a front view and a top view respectively of an embodiment of an engagement member  6100  of the safety system for use with a safety system for a handgun  100  ( FIG. 1 ), such as with the safety system  1000 , the safety system  2000 , and/or the safety system  4000 . The engagement member  6100  is arranged orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the handgun and is movably coupled to the handgun. The engagement member  6100  includes a coupling portion  6101 , at least one actuator portion  6102 , and a contact face  6104 . In other words, the engagement member  6100  may, in various embodiments, be configured to move/translate relative to the frame of the handgun in accordance with the locked/unlocked configuration of the safety system. The movement/translation of the engagement member  6100  is the result of a motive force motive force (F M ) received by the actuator portion(s)  6102  of the engagement member  6100 . For example, in some embodiments the actuator portion(s)  6102  can include at least one grip portion  6122  that allows a user to manually grasp or manipulate the engagement member  6100  to move the engagement member  6100  relative to the frame. In other embodiments, the actuator portion(s)  6102  is operably coupled to receive the motive force from a motive assembly, similar to the motive assembly  2400  or the motive assembly  4400 . 
     The engagement member  6100  defines a muzzle orifice  6106  (e.g., an opening) that is aligned with a distal end (e.g., the muzzle) of the barrel of the handgun. The muzzle orifice  6106  is sized to circumscribe the muzzle of the handgun. In other words, the muzzle orifice  6106  has a diameter that is greater than an outer diameter of the handgun barrel at the muzzle. Accordingly, engagement member  6100  maintains a clearance with (e.g., does not obstruct) the muzzle of the handgun. Said another way, the muzzle orifice  6106  facilitates the departure of a projectile (e.g., a bullet) from the distal end of the barrel. Therefore, the handgun may be employed while the engagement member  6100  remains movably coupled thereto. In other words, in operation, a bullet departing the muzzle of the handgun passes through the muzzle orifice  6106  prior to continuing downrange. 
     In addition to the muzzle orifice  6106 , the engagement member  6100 , also defines a guide opening  6124 . The guide opening  6124  establishes a clearance between the recoil spring guide of the handgun and the engagement member  6100 . The guide opening  6124 , therefore, facilitates a longitudinal movement of the engagement member  6100  by permitting a portion of the engagement member  6100  to pass between the barrel and the recoil spring guide of the handgun without contacting the recoil spring guide. 
     In some embodiments, the engagement member  6100  defines a sighting recess  6126 . The sighting recess  6126  is in visual alignment with the sights of the handgun. As such, the sighting recess  6126  may facilitate the alignment of the handgun with a target while the engagement member  6100  remains movably coupled to the handgun. Said another way, the 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , in some embodiments, the engagement member  6100  includes at least one placement guide  6128 . The placement guide(s)  6128  is positioned to guide the placement of the finger(s) of the operator of the handgun when manually applying the motive force (F M ) to the engagement member  6100 . The placement guide(s)  6128  guide/direct the finger(s) of the operator to the grip portion(s)  6122 . The placement guide(s)  6128  also forms a barrier that restricts the placement of the finger(s) in front of the muzzle. In other words, the placement guide(s)  6128  limits the potential for a portion of the hand of the operator to be placed in the potential flightpath of a discharged projectile. 
     As shown, the portion of the engagement member  6100  defining the muzzle orifice  6106  and/or the guide recess  6108  is coupled to the coupling portion  6101  via a first connection arm  6132  and a second connection arm  6134 . The first and second connection arms  6132 ,  6134  may transfer the motive force from the coupling portion, when configured as the actuator portion  6102 , to the contact face  6104 . In some embodiments, the coupling portion  6101  may be positioned between the first and second connection arms  6132 ,  6134 . 
     In some embodiments, the coupling portion  6101  is formed to facilitate the coupling of the engagement member  6100  to the motive assembly, such as the motive assembly  4400 . Accordingly, the engagement member  6100  defines a coupling orifice  6136  configured to at least partially circumscribe a lead screw similar to lead screw  4440 , or other similar structure, of the motive assembly. Additionally, the engagement member  6100  defines a plurality of fasteners locations  6116  (e.g., through holes, threaded holes/inserts, and/or pins) for coupling the actuator portion  6102  to a drive nut (e.g., similar drive nut  4450 ) of the motive assembly. However, in some embodiments, the coupling portion  6101  is formed to receive a guide rail (e.g., similar to guide shaft  4460 ) via the coupling orifice  6136 . In such an embodiment, the coupling orifice  6136  is sized to receive a linear bearing configured to move slidingly along the guide rail. 
       FIG. 16  is a flow chart of a method  500  for making safe a handgun according to an embodiment. The method  500  may, in an embodiment, be performed via a safety system, such as safety system  1000 , safety system  2000 , safety system  3000 , and safety system  4000  as described with reference to  FIGS. 3-12 . However, it should be appreciated that in various embodiments, aspects of the method  500  may be accomplished via additional embodiments of the safety system or components thereof, such as engagement member  5100  and engagement member  6100  as described herein. Accordingly, the method  500  may be implemented on any suitable device as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art, using the disclosures provided herein, will understand that various steps of the method  500  or any of the other methods disclosed herein may be adapted, modified, rearranged, performed simultaneously, or modified in various ways without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As shown at ( 502 ), the method  500  includes applying a motive force in a proximal direction to an engagement member of the safety system, with the engagement member being movably coupled to the handgun. As shown at ( 504 ), the method  500  includes transferring at least a portion of the motive force to the slide via a contact face of the engagement member. The contact face of the engagement member is in contact with the slide so as to develop a proximal movement of the slide. As shown at ( 506 ), the method  500  includes establishing a separation distance between a distal end of a primer actuator of the handgun and a primer activation plane of the handgun. The separation distance precludes contact between the primer actuator and a cartridge primer in response to an actuation of a firing mechanism of the handgun. The separation distance corresponds to a lock position of the engagement member. As shown at ( 508 ), the method  500  includes fixing the engagement member at the lock position via a lock mechanism of the safety system that is operably coupled to the engagement member. Said another way, the method  500  includes limiting movement of the engagement member via the lock mechanism. Additionally, as shown at ( 510 ), the method  500  includes maintaining the separation distance by precluding a distal movement of the slide via the engagement member positioned at the lock position. 
     In some embodiments, the method  500  includes ejecting a cartridge from a chamber of a barrel of the handgun in response to the proximal movement of the slide. In some embodiments, the motive force that develops the proximal movement of the slide is manually applied to the engagement member via an interface between an operator of the handgun and an actuator portion of the engagement member. However, in some embodiments, the method  500  includes applying the motive force to an actuator portion of the engagement member via a motive assembly. 
     In some embodiments, the method  500  includes maintaining the engagement member in the unlock position until a lock command is received via a user input of the safety system. In other words, the engagement member remains stationary in either the lock position or the unlock position until a transition is commanded via the user input. As such, once the safety system is placed in an unlocked configuration, the handgun remains operational until the safety system is affirmatively locked by the user. For example, once the safety system is placed in the unlocked configuration, the handgun may be discharged multiple times without necessitating further interaction (e.g., user authentication) with the safety system. 
     In some embodiments, after the fixing of the engagement member at the lock position, the method  500  includes unlocking the lock mechanism in response to a user input via a user interface of the safety system. In response to the unlocking of the lock mechanism, the method  500  may also include transitioning the engagement member from the lock position to an unlock position. In such an embodiment, the transition to the unlock position allows a distal movement of the slide. Said another way, unlocking the lock mechanism releases the engagement member thereby permitting the slide to assume a default slide-forward position in response to a force exerted by the recoil spring of the handgun. In some embodiments, the method  500  includes maintaining the coupling of the engagement member to the handgun when the engagement member is in the lock position, the unlock position, and during a transition between the lock position and the unlock position. Additionally, in some embodiments, the method  500  includes seating a cartridge in a chamber of a barrel of the handgun in response to the distal movement of the slide following the unlocking of the lock mechanism. In other words, the distal movement of the slide seats a cartridge from the magazine of the handgun and chambers the cartridge. Chambering the cartridge places the handgun in an operational condition from which the handgun may be discharged. In some embodiments, an opening defined by the engagement member facilitates the departure of a projectile from the distal end of the barrel. As such, in some embodiments, the method  500  includes actuating a firing mechanism of the handgun to discharge the cartridge while maintaining the coupling of the engagement member to the handgun following the unlocking of the lock mechanism. 
       FIG. 17  is a flow chart of a method  600  for engaging a target via a handgun equipped with a safety system according to an embodiment. The method  600  may, in an embodiment, be performed via a safety system, such as safety system  1000 , safety system  2000 , safety system  3000 , and safety system  4000  as described with reference to  FIGS. 3-12 . However, it should be appreciated that in various embodiments, aspects of the method  600  may be accomplished via additional embodiments of the safety system or components thereof, such as engagement member  6100  as described herein. Accordingly, the method  600  may be implemented on any suitable device as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art, using the disclosures provided herein, will understand that various steps of the method  500  or any of the other methods disclosed herein may be adapted, modified, rearranged, performed simultaneously, or modified in various ways without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As shown at ( 602 ), the method  600  includes drawing a handgun from a holster. As shown at ( 604 ), the method  600  includes initiating a movement arc of the handgun to bring the handgun to bear on a target. After drawing the handgun but prior to bringing the handgun to bear on the target, the method  600  includes, as shown at ( 606 ), unlocking a safety system during the movement arc. The safety system being coupled to the handgun. As shown at ( 608 ), the method  600  includes bearing on the target with the handgun in an operational state. As shown at ( 610 ), the method includes engaging the target by discharging the handgun while the safety system remains coupled thereto. In other words, by unlocking the safety system during the movement arc the handgun is transitioned from a nonoperational state at the moment it is drawn from the holster to an operational state when it is brought to bear on the target. It should be appreciated that unlocking the safety system during the movement arc facilitates a more rapid target acquisition than may otherwise be possible with systems that require the unlocking of a holster, the removal of a locking apparatus, and/or the cycling of the handgun following the unlocking of the locking apparatus. 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Where methods and/or schematics described above indicate certain events and/or flow patterns occurring in certain order, the ordering of certain events and/or operations may be modified. While the embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made. For example, although the safety system  4000  is shown and described as including an electric motor to produce a motive force against the engagement member, in other embodiments, the safety system  4000  (and any of the safety systems described herein) can be devoid of a motive assembly. For example, in some embodiments the safety system  4000  can be manually manipulated by the user to move the engagement member. 
     As another example, although the although the safety system  4000  is shown and described as including a housing that is coupled to the handgun, in other embodiments, the safety system  4000  (and any of the safety systems described herein) can include a housing that is integrally formed with the frame of the handgun. 
     Although various embodiments have been described as having particular features and/or combinations of components, other embodiments are possible having a combination of any features and/or components from any of embodiments as discussed above. For example, any of the safety systems described herein can include any of the energy storage members or motive assemblies of any of the other safety systems described herein (e.g., the motive assembly  4400 ). As another example, any of the safety systems described herein can include any of the engagement members described herein (e.g., engagement member  3100 , engagement member  4100 , engagement member  5100 , or engagement member  6100 ).