Patent Publication Number: US-2021189465-A1

Title: Methods and materials for detecting viral or microbial infections

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/146,419, filed Sep. 28, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/225,365, filed Aug. 1, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,113,204), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/841,289, filed Aug. 31, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,428,814), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/080,388, filed Nov. 14, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,150,935), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/028,021, filed Feb. 15, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,597,886), which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/304,784, filed Feb. 15, 2010. The disclosures of the prior applications are considered part of (and are incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     This document relates to methods and materials involved in detecting viral and/or microbial infections. For example, this document relates to methods and materials involved in using an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases to detect nucleic acid of a virus or microbe (e.g., a pathogen) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample such as a nasal swab sample) being tested, thereby assessing a mammal for a possible infection. 
     2. Background 
     Many different viruses and microbes can infect mammals and cause harmful infections. For example, bacteria such as  Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,  and  Haemophilus  species as well as viruses such as influenza virus A and B, adenovirus 4, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3 can cause upper respiratory infections in humans with varying degrees of clinical symptoms. In some cases, if left undiagnosed and/or untreated, such infections may increase is duration and/or severity. 
     SUMMARY 
     This document provides methods and materials for detecting viral and/or microbial infections. For example, this document provides methods and materials related to the use of an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases to detect nucleic acid of a virus or microbe (e.g., a pathogen) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample such as a blood sample, mucus sample, or saliva sample) being tested, thereby assessing a mammal for a possible infection. In some cases, this document provides methods and materials for detecting a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39; nucleic acid. For example, this document provides methods and materials for detecting the presence or absence of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), methods and materials for detecting the amount of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid) present within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), kits for detecting the presence or absence of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), kits for detecting the amount of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid) present within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), and methods for making such kits. 
     In general, the methods and materials provided herein can include performing an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases as described herein to detect a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39;s nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid) in a sample (e.g., a biological sample) in a manner that is rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific. For example, a biological sample can be obtained from a mammal (e.g., a human) and/or processed such that target microbial or viral nucleic acid (e.g., target pathogen nucleic acid), if present within the sample, is capable of hybridizing to probe nucleic acid of an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein. In some cases, such an obtained and/or processed biological sample can be assessed for the presence, absence, or amount of target microbial or viral nucleic acid (e.g., target pathogen nucleic acid) using an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein without using a nucleic acid amplification technique (e.g., a PCR-based nucleic acid technique). Assessing samples (e.g., biological samples) for the presence, absence, or amount of target nucleic acid using an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein without using a nucleic acid amplification technique can allow patients as well as medical, laboratory, or veterinarian personnel (e.g., clinicians, physicians, physician&#39;s assistants, laboratory technicians, research scientists, and veterinarians) to test mammals for possible infections using a nucleic acid-based assay without the need for potentially expensive thermal cycling devices and potentially time consuming thermal cycling techniques. In addition, the methods and materials provided herein can allow patients as well as medical, laboratory, or veterinarian personnel to detect an infection by any type of microbial organism (e.g., a microbial pathogen) or virus (e.g., a viral pathogen) suspected of infecting a mammal. For example, the methods and materials provided herein can be used to detect the presence or absence of a  Staphylococcus aureus  infection in a human. 
     In general, one aspect of this document features a method for assessing a mammal for an infection. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, (a) contacting a sample from the mammal with a probe nucleic acid comprising an amplifying restriction endonuclease and a nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of a target nucleic acid present within a microorganism or virus under conditions wherein, if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample, at least a portion of the target nucleic acid hybridizes to at least a portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site, (b) contacting the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid with a recognition restriction endonuclease having the ability to cut the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site under conditions wherein the recognition restriction endonuclease cleaves the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site, thereby separating a portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid, (c) contacting the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease with a reporter nucleic acid comprising a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the amplifying restriction endonuclease under conditions wherein the amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves the reporter nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site of the amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby separating a portion of the reporter nucleic acid from at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid, and (d) determining the presence or absence of the portion of the reporter nucleic acid, wherein the presence of the portion of the reporter nucleic acid indicates that the sample contains the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the mammal is infected with the microorganism or virus, and wherein the absence of the portion of the reporter nucleic acid indicates that the sample does not contain the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the mammal is not infected with the microorganism or virus. The mammal can be a human. The mammal can be a farm animal selected from the group consisting of bovine, porcine, and equine species. The mammal can be a dog or cat. The infection can be a microbial infection, and wherein the target nucleic acid is present within a microorganism. The infection can be a viral infection, and the target nucleic acid can be present within a virus. The sample can comprise a nasal or throat swab sample. The sample can be selected from the group consisting of nasal samples, throat samples, sputum samples, bronchial lavage samples, tissue samples, cellular samples, and blood samples. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was cultured to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was cultured for at least 30 minutes in the presence of enrichment medium. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was processed to remove non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was subjected to a nucleic acid extraction technique. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was subjected to a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was subjected to a PCR-based technique designed to amplify the target nucleic acid. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample. The culturing can comprise culturing the sample for at least 30 minutes in the presence of enrichment medium. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The removing can comprise performing a nucleic acid extraction technique. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise performing a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The nucleic acid amplification technique can comprise a PCR-based technique designed to amplify the target nucleic acid. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise (i) culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample and removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample or (ii) culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample, removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample, and performing a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The probe nucleic acid can be single-stranded probe nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The probe nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (b). Step (a) and step (b) can be performed in the same compartment, or step (a), step (b), and step (c) can be performed in the same compartment, or step (a), step (b), step (c), and step (d) can be performed in the same compartment. Step (a) and step (b) can be performed in a first compartment, and step (c) can be performed in a second compartment. Step (a) and step (b) can be performed by adding the sample to a compartment comprising the probe nucleic acid and the recognition restriction endonuclease. The probe nucleic acid can comprise (i) a single-stranded portion comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid and (ii) a double-stranded portion. The probe nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. A portion of the second nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the first nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can comprise a portion of the first nucleic acid strand and all of the second strand. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can comprise at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. 
     In some cases, the method can comprise using a plurality of the probe nucleic acid in the step (a). The method can comprise using a plurality of the reporter nucleic acid in the step (c). The reporter nucleic acid in the step (c) can be in molar excess of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease from the step (b). The number of molecules of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can be in an essentially linear relationship to the number of molecules of the target nucleic acid present in the sample. The reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a single-stranded portion of nucleic acid. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The portion of the reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid can comprise the label. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the label hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand. The second nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. A portion of the first nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the amplifying restriction endonuclease. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a third nucleic acid strand. The third nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the amplifying restriction endonuclease. The reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support, and the portion of the reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid and that comprises the label can be released from the solid support via the step (c). The determining step (d) can comprise detecting the label. The label can be a fluorescent label, and the determining step (d) comprises detecting the fluorescent label. The determining step (d) can comprise detecting the portion of the reporter nucleic acid separated from the at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid using a capillary electrophoresis technique. Steps (a), (b), and (c) can be performed without nucleic acid amplification, or steps (a), (b), (c), and (d) can be performed without nucleic acid amplification. The determining step can comprise determining the amount of the target nucleic acid present within the sample. 
     In another aspect, this document features a method for assessing a mammal for an infection. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, (a) contacting a sample from the mammal with a probe nucleic acid comprising an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and a nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of a target nucleic acid present within a microorganism or virus under conditions wherein, if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample, at least a portion of the target nucleic acid hybridizes to at least a portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site, (b) contacting the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid with a recognition restriction endonuclease having the ability to cut the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site under conditions wherein the recognition restriction endonuclease cleaves the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site, thereby separating a portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid, (c) contacting the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease with a first nucleic acid comprising a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease and a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease under conditions wherein the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves the first nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby separating a portion of the first nucleic acid comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the first nucleic acid, (d) contacting the portion of the first nucleic acid comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease with a second nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease under conditions wherein the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves the second nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site of the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby separating a portion of the second nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the second nucleic acid, (e) contacting the portion of the second nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease with a reporter nucleic acid comprising a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease under conditions wherein the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves the reporter nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby separating a portion of the reporter nucleic acid from at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid, and (f) determining the presence or absence of the portion of the reporter nucleic acid, wherein the presence of the portion of the reporter nucleic acid indicates that the sample contains the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the mammal is infected with the microorganism or virus, and wherein the absence of the portion of the reporter nucleic acid indicates that the sample does not contain the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the mammal is not infected with the microorganism or virus. The mammal can be a human. The mammal can be a farm animal selected from the group consisting of bovine, porcine, and equine species. The mammal can be a dog or cat. The infection can be a microbial infection, and the target nucleic acid can be present within a microorganism. The infection can be a viral infection, and the target nucleic acid can be present within a virus. The sample can comprise a nasal or throat swab sample. The sample can be selected from the group consisting of nasal samples, throat samples, sputum samples, bronchial lavage samples, tissue samples, cellular samples, and blood samples. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was cultured to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was cultured for at least 30 minutes in the presence of enrichment medium. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was processed to remove non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was subjected to a nucleic acid extraction technique. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was subjected to a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was subjected to a PCR-based technique designed to amplify the target nucleic acid. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample. The culturing can comprise culturing the sample for at least 30 minutes in the presence of enrichment medium. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The removing can comprise performing a nucleic acid extraction technique. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise performing a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The nucleic acid amplification technique can comprise a PCR-based technique designed to amplify the target nucleic acid. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise (i) culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample and removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample or (ii) culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample, removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample, and performing a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The probe nucleic acid can be single-stranded probe nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The probe nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (b). Step (a) and step (b) can be performed in the same compartment, step (a), step (b), and step (c) can be performed in the same compartment, step (a), step (b), step (c), and step (d) can be performed in the same compartment, step (a), step (b), step (c), step (d), and step (e) can be performed in the same compartment, or step (a), step (b), step (c), step (d), step (e), and step (f) can be performed in the same compartment. Step (c) and step (d) can be performed in the same compartment. Step (a) and step (b) can be performed in a first compartment, and step (c) and step (d) can be performed in a second compartment. Step (a) and step (b) can be performed by adding the sample to a compartment comprising the probe nucleic acid and the recognition restriction endonuclease. Step (c) and step (d) can be performed by adding the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease to a compartment comprising the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can comprise (i) a single-stranded portion comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid and (ii) a double-stranded portion. The probe nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. A portion of the second nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the first nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can comprise a portion of the first nucleic acid strand and all of the second strand. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can comprise at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. 
     In some cases, the method can comprise using a plurality of the probe nucleic acid in the step (a). The method can comprise using a plurality of the reporter nucleic acid in the step (e). The reporter nucleic acid in the step (e) can be in molar excess of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from the step (b). The number of molecules of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can be in an essentially linear relationship to the number of molecules of the target nucleic acid present in the sample. The first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support in the same compartment. The portion of the first nucleic acid comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (c). The portion of the second nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (d). The first nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a single-stranded portion of nucleic acid. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The portion of the reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid can comprise the label. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the label hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand. The second nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. A portion of the first nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a third nucleic acid strand. The third nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. 
     The reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support, and the portion of the reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid and that comprises the label can be released from the solid support via the step (e). The determining step (f) can comprise detecting the label. The label can be a fluorescent label, and the determining step (f) can comprise detecting the fluorescent label. The determining step (f) can comprise detecting the portion of the reporter nucleic acid separated from the at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid using a capillary electrophoresis technique. Steps (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) can be performed without nucleic acid amplification, or steps (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) can be performed without nucleic acid amplification. The determining step can comprise determining the amount of the target nucleic acid present within the sample. 
     In another aspect, this document features a method for assessing a mammal for an infection. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, (a) contacting a sample from the mammal with a probe nucleic acid comprising an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and a nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of a target nucleic acid present within a microorganism or virus under conditions wherein, if the target nucleic acid is present in the sample, at least a portion of the target nucleic acid hybridizes to at least a portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site, (b) contacting the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid with a recognition restriction endonuclease having the ability to cut the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site under conditions wherein the recognition restriction endonuclease cleaves the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site, thereby separating a portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid, (c) contacting the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease with a first reporter nucleic acid comprising a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease and a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease under conditions wherein the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves the first reporter nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby separating a portion of the first nucleic acid comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the first nucleic acid, (d) contacting the portion of the first reporter nucleic acid comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease with a second reporter nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease under conditions wherein the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves the second nucleic acid at the restriction endonuclease cut site of the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby separating a portion of the second nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from at least another portion of the second nucleic acid, and (e) determining the presence or absence of the portion of the first reporter nucleic acid, the second reporter nucleic acid, or both the first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid, wherein the presence indicates that the sample contains the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the mammal is infected with the microorganism or virus, and wherein the absence indicates that the sample does not contain the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the mammal is not infected with the microorganism or virus. The mammal can be a human. The mammal can be a farm animal selected from the group consisting of bovine, porcine, and equine species. The mammal can be a dog or cat. The infection can be a microbial infection, and the target nucleic acid can be present within a microorganism. The infection can be a viral infection, and the target nucleic acid can be present within a virus. The sample can comprise a nasal or throat swab sample. The sample can be selected from the group consisting of nasal samples, throat samples, sputum samples, bronchial lavage samples, tissue samples, cellular samples, and blood samples. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was cultured to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was cultured for at least 30 minutes in the presence of enrichment medium. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was processed to remove non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was subjected to a nucleic acid extraction technique. Prior to step (a), the sample can be a sample that was subjected to a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The sample can be a sample that was subjected to a PCR-based technique designed to amplify the target nucleic acid. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample. The culturing can comprise culturing the sample for at least 30 minutes in the presence of enrichment medium. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The removing can comprise performing a nucleic acid extraction technique. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise performing a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The nucleic acid amplification technique can comprise a PCR-based technique designed to amplify the target nucleic acid. Prior to step (a), the method can comprise (i) culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample and removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample or (ii) culturing the sample to enrich the population of microorganisms or viruses, if present, within the sample, removing non-nucleic acid material from the sample, thereby increasing the concentration of nucleic acid, if present, within the sample, and performing a nucleic acid amplification technique to increase the concentration of microbial or viral nucleic acid, if present, within the sample. The probe nucleic acid can be single-stranded probe nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The probe nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (b). Step (a) and step (b) can be performed in the same compartment, step (a), step (b), and step (c) can be performed in the same compartment, step (a), step (b), step (c), and step (d) can be performed in the same compartment, or step (a), step (b), step (c), step (d), and step (e) can be performed in the same compartment. Step (c) and step (d) can be performed in the same compartment. Step (a) and step (b) can be performed in a first compartment, and step (c) and step (d) can be performed in a second compartment. Step (a) and step (b) can be performed by adding the sample to a compartment comprising the probe nucleic acid and the recognition restriction endonuclease. Step (c) and step (d) can be performed by adding the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease to a compartment comprising the first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can comprise (i) a single-stranded portion comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid and (ii) a double-stranded portion. The probe nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. A portion of the second nucleic acid strand can hybridize with the first nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can comprise a portion of the first nucleic acid strand and all of the second strand. The portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can comprise at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. 
     In some cases, the method can comprise using a plurality of the probe nucleic acid in the step (a). The method can comprise using a plurality of the first reporter nucleic acid in the step (c). The first reporter nucleic acid in the step (c) can be in molar excess of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from the step (b). The method can comprise using a plurality of the second reporter nucleic acid in the step (d). The second reporter nucleic acid in the step (d) can be in molar excess of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from the step (b). The number of molecules of the portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that is separated from the at least another portion of the probe nucleic acid in step (b) can be in an essentially linear relationship to the number of molecules of the target nucleic acid present in the sample. The first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support. The first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid can be directly attached to a solid support. The first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support in the same compartment. The portion of the first reporter nucleic acid comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (c). The portion of the second reporter nucleic acid comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease can be released from the solid support via the step (d). The first reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The second reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label. The first reporter nucleic acid and the second reporter nucleic acid can comprise the same label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The first reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support, the portion of the first reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the first reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label, and the portion of the first reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the first reporter nucleic acid and that comprises the label can be released from the solid support via the step (c). The first reporter nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The second nucleic acid strand can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The second reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support, the portion of the second reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the second reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label, and the portion of the second reporter nucleic acid that is separated from the at least another portion of the second reporter nucleic acid and that comprises the label can be released from the solid support via the step (d). The second reporter nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand to form the double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising the restriction endonuclease cut site of the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be attached to a solid support. The second nucleic acid strand can be directly attached to a solid support. The first nucleic acid strand can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The second nucleic acid strand can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. The portion of the first reporter nucleic acid separated from the at least another portion of the first reporter nucleic acid can comprise a fluorescent label, the portion of the second reporter nucleic acid separated from the at least another portion of the second reporter nucleic acid can comprise a fluorescent label, and the determining step (e) can comprise detecting the fluorescent label. The determining step (e) can comprise detecting the portion of the first reporter nucleic acid separated from the at least another portion of the first reporter nucleic acid using a capillary electrophoresis technique. The determining step (e) can comprise detecting the portion of the second reporter nucleic acid separated from the at least another portion of the second reporter nucleic acid using a capillary electrophoresis technique. Steps (a), (b), (c), and (d) can be performed without nucleic acid amplification, or steps (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) can be performed without nucleic acid amplification. The determining step can comprise determining the amount of the target nucleic acid present within the sample. 
     In another aspect, this document features a kit for assessing a mammal for an infection. The kit comprises, or consists essentially of, a probe nucleic acid comprising an amplifying restriction endonuclease and a nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of a target nucleic acid present in a microorganism or virus, wherein at least a portion of the target nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site. The probe nucleic acid can be single-stranded probe nucleic acid. The kit can comprise a solid support, and wherein the probe nucleic acid can be attached to the solid support. A portion of the probe nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease can be releasable from the solid support via cleavage with a recognition restriction endonuclease having the ability to cleave at the restriction endonuclease cut site. The kit can further comprise the recognition restriction endonuclease. The probe nucleic acid can comprise (i) a single-stranded portion comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid and (ii) a double-stranded portion. The probe nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the target nucleic acid hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease. The kit can further comprise a reporter nucleic acid comprising a double-stranded portion of nucleic acid comprising a restriction endonuclease cut site of the amplifying restriction endonuclease. The kit can comprise a solid support, and the reporter nucleic acid can be attached to the solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can be directly attached to the solid support. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a single-stranded portion of nucleic acid. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a label. The label can be a fluorescent label, a radioactive label, an enzyme label, or a redox label. A portion of the reporter nucleic acid comprising the label can be capable of being separated from at least another portion of the reporter nucleic acid via cleavage by the amplifying restriction endonuclease. The reporter nucleic acid can comprise a first nucleic acid strand comprising the label hybridized to a second nucleic acid strand. The kit can further comprise: (a) a first signal expansion nucleic acid comprising a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease and a double-stranded section having a restriction endonuclease cut site for the amplifying restriction endonuclease, and (b) a second signal expansion nucleic acid comprising the amplifying restriction endonuclease and a double-stranded section having a restriction endonuclease cut site for the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease. The probe nucleic acid can be lyophilized. All the ingredients of the kit can be lyophilized or dry. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references (e.g., GenBank® records) mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic depicting an exemplary method for detecting target nucleic acid using probe nucleic acid, a recognition restriction endonuclease, and reporter nucleic acid. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic of an exemplary configuration of probe nucleic acid that can be used with the methods and materials provided herein for detecting target nucleic acid. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic depicting an exemplary method for detecting target nucleic acid using probe nucleic acid, a recognition restriction endonuclease, first signal expansion nucleic acid, second signal expansion nucleic acid, and reporter nucleic acid. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of an exemplary configuration of first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid that can be used with the methods and materials provided herein for detecting target nucleic acid. Such first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can be used with or without reporter nucleic acid. When used without a separate reporter nucleic acid step, such signal expansion nucleic acid can be referred to as reporter nucleic acid. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic of an exemplary configuration of first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid that can be used with the methods and materials provided herein for detecting target nucleic acid. Such first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can be used with or without reporter nucleic acid. When used without a separate reporter nucleic acid step, such signal expansion nucleic acid can be referred to as reporter nucleic acid. 
         FIG. 6  contains line graphs demonstrating the effect of target oligonucleotide concentration (A) and recognition restriction endonuclease concentration (B) on the cleavage of HRP-labeled nucleic acid as detected by the formation of colored reaction product. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic of an exemplary configuration for a single-use, pen-style point of care device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This document provides methods and materials for detecting viral and/or microbial infections. For example, this document provides methods and materials related to the use of an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases to detect nucleic acid of a virus or microbe (e.g., a pathogen) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample such as a blood sample, mucus sample, or saliva sample) being tested, thereby assessing a mammal for a possible infection. In some cases, this document provides methods and materials for detecting a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39;s nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid). For example, this document provides methods and materials for detecting the presence or absence of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39;s nucleic acid) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), methods and materials for detecting the amount of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39;s nucleic acid) present within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), kits for detecting the presence or absence of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39;s nucleic acid) within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), kits for detecting the amount of target nucleic acid (e.g., a target microorganism&#39;s or virus&#39;s nucleic acid) present within a sample (e.g., a biological sample), and methods for making such kits. 
     Any type of mammal can be assessed using the methods and materials provided herein to determine whether or not the mammal has a viral and/or microbial infection. For example, humans, dogs, cats, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, monkeys, buffalo, bears, whales, and dolphins can be assessed for a viral and/or microbial infection as described herein. Any type of biological sample can be used with the methods and materials provided herein to assess a mammal for a viral and/or microbial infection. For example, nasal samples (e.g., nasal swab samples), throat samples (e.g., throat swab samples), sputum samples, bronchial lavage samples, tissue samples (e.g., tissue biopsy samples), cellular samples, and blood samples can be collected from a mammal and assessed to determine whether or not the mammal has a viral or microbial infection as described herein. 
     The methods and materials provided herein can be used to assess a mammal for any type of viral and/or microbial infection. Examples of potentially infecting viruses include, without limitation, influenza virus A and B, adenovirus 4, RSV, parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3, human coronaviruses OC43, 229E and HK, human metapneumovirus, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, Hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, measles viruses, caliciviruses, astrovirus, West Nile virus, Ebola virus, Dengue fever virus, African swine fever, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1 and 2). Examples of potentially infecting microorganisms include, without limitation, bacterial microorganisms such as  Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, E. coli  (e.g., enterohaemorrhagic  E. coli  such as O157:H7  E. coli  or enteropathogenic  E. coli ),  Salmonella  species (e.g.,  Salmonella enterica ),  Listeria monocytogenes, Acinetobacter baumanni, Klebsiella oxytoca, Giardia intestinalis, Sarcoptes scabiei,  and  Treponema pallidum,  fungal microorganisms such as  Aspergillus  species (e.g.,  A. flavus, A. fumigatus,  and  A. niger ), yeast (e.g.,  Candida norvegensis  and  C. albicans ),  Penicillium  species,  Rhizopus  species, and  Alternaria  species, and protozoan microorganisms such as  Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia,  and  Toxoplasma gondii.  In some cases, a mammal can be assessed for one or more of the viruses or microorganisms listed in Table 1 using the methods and materials provided herein. When designing a method for detecting a virus or microorganism listed in Table 1, a probe nucleic acid can be designed that is complementary to a portion of any of the indicated sequences from Table 1. For example, when designing a method for detecting influenza virus A, a probe nucleic acid can be designed that is complementary to a portion of the influenza A sequence set forth in GenBank® GI number 8486122. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Types of infections that can be detected. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Genomic sequence 
                   
               
               
                 Mammal 
                 Infection 
                 (GenBank ®  gi number) 
                 Sample 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 Upper respiratory viral infection: 
                 Refseq: NC_002023, GenBank ® : 
                 Nasal swab 
               
               
                   
                 influenza virus A 
                 V00603 
                 or mucus 
               
               
                   
                 influenza virus B 
                 Refseq: NC_002209, GenBank ® : 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 J02095 
                   
               
               
                   
                 adenovirus 4 
                 Refseq: NC_003266; GenBank ® : 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 51527264 
                   
               
               
                   
                 RSV 
                 NC_001781, GenBank ® : 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 AF013254 
                   
               
               
                   
                 parainfluenza type 1 
                 Refseq: NC_003461, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AF457102 
                   
               
               
                   
                 parainfluenza type 2 
                 Refseq: NC_003443, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : X57559 
                   
               
               
                   
                 parainfluenza type 3 
                 Refseq: NC_001796, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AB012132 
                   
               
               
                   
                 human coronavirus OC43 
                 Refseq: NC_012920, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : J01415 
                   
               
               
                   
                 human coronavirus 229E 
                 Refseq: NC_002645, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AF304460 
                   
               
               
                   
                 human coronavirus HK 
                 Refseq: NC_012951, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : FJ938052 
                   
               
               
                   
                 human metapneumovirus 
                 Refseq: NC_004148, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AY297749 
                   
               
               
                   
                 rhinoviruses 
                 Refseq: NC_001490, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : K02121 
                   
               
               
                   
                 enteroviruses 
                 Refseq: NC_013115, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AB426609 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Upper respiratory microbial infection: 
                 Refseq: NZ_ACOT00000000, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                   aureus 
                 
                 GenBank ® : ACOT00000000 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Streptococcus 
                   pyogenes 
                 
                 Refseq: NZ_AAFV00000000, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AAFV00000000 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Streptococcus 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 Refseq: NZ_ACJP00000000, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : ACJP00000000 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Mycoplasma 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 Refseq: NC_000912, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : U00089 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Haemophilus 
                   influenzae 
                 
                 Refseq: NZ_ABWV00000000, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : ABWV00000000 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Chlamydi 
                   Chlamydophila 
                 
                 Refseq: NC_005043,  
                   
               
               
                   
                   pneumoniae  TW-183 
                 GenBank ® : AE009440 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Bordetella 
                   pertussis 
                 
                 Refseq: NC_008459, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AB237782 
                   
               
               
                   
                   Mycobacterium   tuberculosis  T46 
                 Refseq: NZ_ACHO00000000, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : ACHO00000000 
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 Human immunodeficiency  
                 Refseq: NC_001722, 
                 Blood 
               
               
                   
                 virus (HIV) 
                 GenBank ® : M30502 
                 sample 
               
               
                 Human 
                 Rabies 
                 Refseq: NC_001542, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : M13215 
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 Lymes disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bat 
                 Rabies 
                 Refseq: NC_009528, GenBank: 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 EF157977 
                   
               
               
                 Dog 
                 Lymes disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cat 
                 Rabies 
                 Refseq: NC_001542, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : M13215 
                   
               
               
                 Cat 
                 Leptospira 
                 Refseq: NCO10846, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : CP000779 
                   
               
               
                 Cat 
                 Leukemia Virus (FELV) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bovine 
                 Bovine herpesvirus 1 
                 Refseq: NC_001847, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AJ004801 
                   
               
               
                 Bovine 
                 Foot-and-Mouth Disease 
                 Refseq: NC_011452, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : AY593850 
                   
               
               
                 Horse 
                 Equine Encephalomyelitis  
                 Refseq: NC_003908, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (sleeping sickness) 
                 GenBank ® : AF214040 
                   
               
               
                 Horse 
                 Strangles (shipping fever) 
                 Refseq: NC_012471, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GenBank ® : FM204883 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some cases, nucleic acid sequences of viruses and microorganisms known to infect the upper respiratory tract of mammals (e.g., humans) can be used to design probe nucleic acids for detecting upper respiratory tract infections. For example, probe nucleic acids having the sequences set forth in Table 2 can be used with the indicated recognition restriction endonuclease to detect the indicated target nucleic acids of the indicated pathogens. In some cases, a single kit can be designed as described herein to detect one or more of the indicated pathogens of Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Target nucleic acids, recognition restriction endonucleases, 
               
               
                 and probe nucleic acids for detecting the indicated pathogens. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Recongition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Target Nucleic 
                 Restriction 
                 Sequence for Probe 
               
               
                 Pathogen 
                 Acid 
                 Endonuclease 
                 Nucleic Acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 gyrB (DNA 
                 EcoRV (gatatc) 
                 TGATCTAGCGAAAGCAA GATA   
               
               
                 
                   aureus 
                 
                 gyrase subunit B) 
                   
                   TC ACAAAATCGTCATTATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 methicillin- 
                 mecA (penicillin 
                 PstI (ctgcag) 
                 ATTGGCAAATCCGGTA CTGCA   
               
               
                 resistant 
                 binding protein 2) 
                   
                   G AACTCAAAATGAAACAAG 
               
               
                 (MRSA) 
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Streptococcus 
                 
                 ply 
                 PstI (ctgcag) 
                 AACAGAGAGGAATTT CTGCAG   
               
               
                 
                   pneumoniae 
                 
                 (pneumolysin) 
                   
                 AGCGTCCTTTGGTCTATAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Streptococcus 
                 
                 speA (exotoxin 
                 BstEII 
                 ATATTTTCTTTATGAG GGTGA   
               
               
                 
                   pyogenes 
                 
                 type A precursor) 
                 (ggtgacc) 
                   CC CTGTTACTCACGAGAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Mycobacterium 
                 
                 rpoB (RNA 
                 HincII (gttgac) 
                 AACAACCCGCTGTCGGG GTTG   
               
               
                 
                   tuberculosis 
                 
                 polymerase 
                   
                   AC CCACAAGCGCCGACTGT 
               
               
                   
                 subunit beta) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Influenza A 
                 M1 (matrix 
                 PstI (ctgcag) 
                 ACCGTGCCCAGTGAGCGAGGA 
               
               
                 virus 
                 protein) 
                   
                   CTGCAG CGTAGACGCTTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Influenza B 
                 M1 (matrix 
                 HindIII (aagctt) 
                 AATGAGAAGATGTGT AAGCTT   
               
               
                 virus 
                 protein) 
                   
                 TCATGAAGCATTTGAAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Adenovirus 4 
                 gp 12 
                 BglII (agatct) 
                 CCAACTCGCCGGATCGGGA AG   
               
               
                 (E) 
                 (glycoprotein 12) 
                   
                   ATCT TCCTTCACGCCTCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Respiratory 
                 M2 (matrix 
                 EcoRV (gatatc) 
                 CCATAAAAACCACATTG GATA   
               
               
                 syncytial virus 
                 protein) 
                   
                   TC CACAAGAGCATAACCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some cases, an enzymatic amplification cascade can be used to assess the presence or absence of microorganisms and viruses associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Millions of STIs occur every year in the United States, and if untreated or allowed to proceed to advanced stages, they have severe consequences (e.g., infertility, blindness, or brain damage). Common STIs include, without limitation, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, syphilis, and genital herpes. Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and syphilis are bacterial, while genital herpes is viral. An enzymatic amplification cascade can be used to detect, for example,  N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum,  or a herpes simplex virus such as HSV-2. Probe nucleic acids can be designed to contain nucleic acid sequences from the microorganism or virus of interest, as described herein. The type of sample used for the reaction can vary depending on the target of interest. For example, urine samples or urethral or endocervical swab samples can be tested for the presence or absence of gonorrhea and/or Chlamydia. Blood, plasma, or lesion swab samples can be tested for the presence or absence of syphilis, and genital sore swabs can be tested for the presence or absence of HSV2. 
     In one embodiment, a method for assessing a mammal for a viral and/or microbial infection can include detecting a target virus&#39;s and/or microorganism&#39;s nucleic acid (e.g., a target nucleic acid) within a biological sample obtained from the mammal. For example, a biological sample (e.g., a blood sample to be tested) can be placed in contact with probe nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can be designed to have a single-stranded portion with a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid to be detected. In this case, target nucleic acid present within the sample can hybridize with the complementary sequence of this single-stranded portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded section with one strand being target nucleic acid and the other strand being probe nucleic acid. In addition, the single-stranded portion of the probe nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid to be detected can be designed such that hybridization with the target nucleic acid creates a restriction endonuclease cut site. Thus, target nucleic acid present within the sample can hybridize with the complementary sequence of the single-stranded portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded section that creates a cut site for a restriction endonuclease. This cut site created by the hybridization of target nucleic acid to probe nucleic acid can be referred to as a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. In addition, a restriction endonuclease that cleaves nucleic acid at such a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site can be referred to as a recognition restriction endonuclease. 
     The probe nucleic acid also can be designed to contain a restriction endonuclease. This restriction endonuclease, which can be a component of the probe nucleic acid, can be referred to as an amplifying restriction endonuclease. An amplifying restriction endonuclease is typically a different restriction endonuclease than the restriction endonuclease that is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease. For example, when an EcoRI restriction endonuclease is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease, a restriction endonuclease other than an EcoRI restriction endonuclease (e.g., a Hind III restriction endonuclease) is used as an amplifying restriction endonuclease. Thus, in general, probe nucleic acid is designed to contain an amplifying restriction endonuclease and to have a nucleotide sequence such that the target nucleic acid can hybridize to the probe nucleic acid and create a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site for a recognition restriction endonuclease. In some cases, the probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate). For example, the probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site via the recognition restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the probe nucleic acid that contains the amplifying restriction endonuclease. 
     After contacting the sample (e.g., a biological sample) that may or may not contain target nucleic acid with the probe nucleic acid that is attached to a solid support, the target nucleic acid, if present in the sample, can hybridize to the probe nucleic acid and create the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. At this point, the recognition restriction endonuclease, whether added to the reaction or already present in the reaction, can cleave the probe nucleic acid at the recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites that are formed by the hybridization of target nucleic acid to the probe nucleic acid, thereby releasing the portion of the probe nucleic acid that contains the amplifying restriction endonuclease from the solid support. The number of amplifying restriction endonuclease-containing portions of the probe nucleic acid that are released from the solid support can be in an essentially linear relationship (e.g., essentially a one-for-one relationship) with the number of target nucleic acid molecules that hybridize with the probe nucleic acid to form the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. 
     The portions of the probe nucleic acid containing the amplifying restriction endonuclease that were released from the solid support can be collected and placed in contact with reporter nucleic acid. For example, the released portions of the probe nucleic acid, if present, can be transferred from one well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well plate) that contained the probe nucleic acid to another well of a microtiter plate that contains the reporter nucleic acid. The reporter nucleic acid can be designed to have a double-stranded portion with a restriction endonuclease cut site for the amplifying restriction endonuclease of the probe nucleic acid. This restriction endonuclease cut site for the amplifying restriction endonuclease can be referred to as an amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. If portions of the probe nucleic acid containing the amplifying restriction endonuclease are present and placed in contact with the reporter nucleic acid, then the reporter nucleic acid can be cleaved at the amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site by the amplifying restriction endonuclease. Since the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of the probe nucleic acid are free to carry out repeated cleavage events, the number of reporter nucleic acid molecules that are cleaved can greatly exceed the number of amplifying restriction endonucleases present in the reaction. For example, the number of cleaved reporter nucleic acid molecules can greatly exceed (e.g., exponentially exceed) the number of amplifying restriction endonucleases present in the reaction and therefore can greatly exceed (e.g., exponentially exceed) the number of target nucleic acid molecules that were present in the sample contacted with the probe nucleic acid. Such a greatly expanded relationship (e.g., an exponential relationship) can allow very small amounts of target nucleic acid present in the sample to be readily detected. 
     After the released portions of the probe nucleic acid, if present, are contacted with the reporter nucleic acid, the presence or absence of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can be determined. The presence of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can indicate that the sample contained the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the sample contained the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested, while the absence of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can indicate that the sample lacked the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the sample lacked the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested. In some cases, the amount of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can be determined. In such cases, the amount of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can indicate the amount of target nucleic acid present in the sample, which can indicated the degree or level of infection by the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested. A standard curve using known amounts of target nucleic acid or known amounts target viruses or microorganisms can be used to aid in the determination of the amount of target nucleic acid or target viruses or microorganisms present within a sample. 
     In some cases, the reporter nucleic acid can contain a label to aid in the detection of cleaved reporter nucleic acid. For example, reporter nucleic acid can contain a fluorescent label and a quencher such that cleaved reporter nucleic acid provides a fluorescent signal and uncleaved reporter nucleic acid does not provide a fluorescent signal. In some cases, the reporter nucleic acid can contain a label (e.g., a colorimetric label, a fluorescent label or an enzyme (e.g., a redox enzyme) such as horse radish peroxidase) and can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate). For example, the reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site by the amplifying restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the reporter nucleic acid that contains the label. The resulting reaction mixture can be collected and assessed for the presence, absence, or amount of released portions of the reporter nucleic acid using the label. For example, the released portions of the reporter nucleic acid, if present, can be transferred from one well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well plate) that contained the reporter nucleic acid to another well of a microtiter plate, where the transferred material can be assessed for a signal from the label. 
     One example of a method of detecting target nucleic acid that includes using probe nucleic acid and reporter nucleic acid is set forth in  FIG. 1 . With reference to  FIG. 1 , first reaction chamber  100  (e.g., a microtiter plate well) can contain probe nucleic acid  101 . Probe nucleic acid  101  can be attached (e.g., immobilized) to solid support  102  and can include amplifying restriction endonuclease  103  (Ra). Probe nucleic acid  101  can be attached to solid support  102  such that amplifying restriction endonuclease  103  is released from solid support  102  upon cleavage of a nucleic acid component of probe nucleic acid  101 . Probe nucleic acid  101  can have a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid  104 . Probe nucleic acid  101  can be contacted with a sample that may or may not contain target nucleic acid  104 . If target nucleic acid  104  is present, at least a portion of target nucleic acid  104  and probe nucleic acid  101  can hybridize to form a double-stranded section of nucleic acid. Such a double-stranded section can contain at least one recognition restriction endonuclease cut site  105 . Addition of recognition restriction endonuclease  106  (Rr) to first reaction chamber  100  can result in the cleave of probe nucleic acid  101  at recognition restriction endonuclease cut site  105  formed by one strand of probe nucleic acid and one strand of target nucleic acid, thereby releasing portion  107  of probe nucleic acid  101  from solid support  102 . Portion  107  can include amplifying restriction endonuclease  103 . 
     The reaction product from first reaction chamber  100  containing released portion  107 , if target nucleic acid  104  was present, can be transferred (e.g., manually or automatically) to second reaction chamber  120 . Second reaction chamber  120  can contain reporter nucleic acid  121 . Reporter nucleic acid  121  can be attached (e.g., immobilized) to solid support  122  and can include marker (e.g., a label)  123  (M). Reporter nucleic acid  121  can be attached to solid support  122  such that marker  123  is released from solid support  122  upon cleavage of a nucleic acid component of reporter nucleic acid  121 . Reporter nucleic acid  121  can have at least one double-stranded portion that contains at least one amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  124 . Addition of the reaction product from first reaction chamber  100  to second reaction chamber  120  can result in the cleavage of reporter nucleic acid  121  at amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  124  if the reaction product contains portion  107 . Such cleavage of reporter nucleic acid  121  can result in the release of portion  127  from solid support  122 . Portion  127  can include marker  123 . 
     The reaction product from second reaction chamber  120  can be assessed to determine the presence, absence, or amount of portion  127 . The presence of portion  127  can indicate that the sample contained target nucleic acid  104 , while the absence of portion  127  can indicate that the sample lacked target nucleic acid  104 . In some cases, the amount of portion  127  can be determined. In such cases, the amount of portion  127  can indicate the amount of target nucleic acid  104  present in the sample. The presence, absence, or amount of portion  127  can be determined using marker  123 , and portion  127  having marker  123  can be distinguished from uncleaved reporter nucleic acid  121  having marker  123  since, in this example, portion  127  is released from solid support  122 , while uncleaved reporter nucleic acid  121  remains attached to solid support  122 . For example, in some cases, the reaction product from second reaction chamber  120  can be transferred to third reaction chamber where the presence or absence of portion  127  via marker  123  is assessed. If portion  127  is present, the amount of portion  127  present can be quantified. 
     Probe nucleic acid  101  and reporter nucleic acid  121  can have various configurations. For example, with reference to  FIG. 1 , probe nucleic acid  101  can be designed to have a single nucleic acid strand such that the entire nucleic acid component of probe nucleic acid  101  is single-stranded prior to contact with target nucleic acid  104 . In another example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , probe nucleic acid  101  can be designed to have first strand  128  and second strand  108 . First strand  128  can be attached to solid support  102  and can be designed to have a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid  104 . Second strand  108  can include amplifying restriction endonuclease  103  and can have a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that can hybridize to first strand  128 . In some cases, first strand  128  and second strand  108  can be synthesized or obtained separately and then mixed together to form probe nucleic acid  101 . For example, first strand  128  can be synthesized, biotinylated, and attached to a streptavidin-coated solid support. After synthesizing the nucleic acid component of second strand  108  and attaching amplifying restriction endonuclease  103  to the synthesized nucleic acid component, second strand  108  can be incubated with first strand  128  to form nucleic acid probe  101 . In some cases, probe nucleic acid  101  can contain more than two strands. For example, probe nucleic acid can include first strand  150 , second strand  152 , and third strand  154 . In this case, first strand  150  can be attached to solid support  102 , second strand  152  can be hybridized to first strand  150  and can include a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid  104 , and third strand  154  can be hybridized to second strand  152  and can be attached to amplifying restriction endonuclease  103 . Similar one, two, three, or more strand configurations can be used to make reporter nucleic acid. 
     In another embodiment, a method for detecting target nucleic acid can include contacting a sample (e.g., a biological sample to be tested) with probe nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can be designed to have a single-stranded portion with a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid to be detected. In this case, target nucleic acid present within the sample can hybridize with the complementary sequence of this single-stranded portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded section with one strand being target nucleic acid and the other strand being probe nucleic acid. In addition, the single-stranded portion of the probe nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid to be detected can be designed such that hybridization with the target nucleic acid creates a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. Thus, target nucleic acid present within the sample can hybridize with the complementary sequence of the single-stranded portion of the probe nucleic acid to form a double-stranded section that creates a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site for a recognition restriction endonuclease. The probe nucleic acid also can be designed to contain an amplifying restriction endonuclease. Since this method includes the use of two or more different amplifying restriction endonucleases, the amplifying restriction endonuclease that is a component of the probe nucleic acid can be referred to as a first or an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, with additional amplifying restriction endonucleases being referred to as second, third, and so on or secondary, tertiary, and so on amplifying restriction endonucleases. This initial amplifying restriction endonuclease is typically a different restriction endonuclease than the restriction endonuclease that is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease. For example, when an EcoRI restriction endonuclease is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease, a restriction endonuclease other than an EcoRI restriction endonuclease (e.g., a Hind III restriction endonuclease) is used as an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. Thus, in general, probe nucleic acid is designed to contain an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and to have a nucleotide sequence such that the target nucleic acid can hybridize to the probe nucleic acid and create a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site for a recognition restriction endonuclease. In some cases, the probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate). For example, the probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site via the recognition restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the probe nucleic acid that contains the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. 
     After contacting the sample that may or may not contain target nucleic acid with the probe nucleic acid that is attached to a solid support, the target nucleic acid, if present in the sample, can hybridize to the probe nucleic acid and create the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. At this point, the recognition restriction endonuclease, whether added to the reaction or already present in the reaction, can cleave the probe nucleic acid at the recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites that are formed by the hybridization of target nucleic acid to the probe nucleic acid, thereby releasing the portion of the probe nucleic acid that contains the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from the solid support. The number of initial amplifying restriction endonuclease-containing portions of the probe nucleic acid that are released from the solid support can be in an essentially linear relationship (e.g., essentially a one-for-one relationship) with the number of target nucleic acid molecules that hybridize with the probe nucleic acid to form the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. 
     The portions of the probe nucleic acid containing the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that were released from the solid support can be collected and placed in contact with first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid. The first signal expansion nucleic acid can be designed to have a double-stranded portion with a restriction endonuclease cut site for the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease of the probe nucleic acid. This restriction endonuclease cut site for the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease can be referred to as an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. The first signal expansion nucleic acid also can be designed to contain a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease. The second signal expansion nucleic acid can be designed to have a double-stranded portion with a restriction endonuclease cut site for the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease of the first signal expansion nucleic acid. This restriction endonuclease cut site for the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease can be referred to as a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. The second signal expansion nucleic acid also can be designed to contain an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. For example, when an EcoRI restriction endonuclease is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease and a HindIII restriction endonuclease is used as an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease of the probe nucleic acid, a SmaI restriction endonuclease can be used as a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease of the first signal expansion nucleic acid and a HindIII restriction endonuclease can be used as the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease of the second signal expansion nucleic acid. 
     In some cases, the first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate). For example, the first signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site via the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the first signal expansion nucleic acid that contains the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease, and the second signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site via the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the second signal expansion nucleic acid that contains the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. The first signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to the same solid support (e.g., two different sub-compartments of a larger compartment) that contains the second signal expansion nucleic acid provided that the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease of uncleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid is unable to cleave the second signal expansion nucleic acid and provided that the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease of uncleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid is unable to cleave the first signal expansion nucleic acid. In some cases, the first signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to the same solid support within a joint compartment such that the first signal expansion nucleic acid is within a first compartment of the joint compartment and the second signal expansion nucleic acid is within a second compartment of the joint compartment. In such cases, the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease of uncleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid in the first compartment is unable to cleave the second signal expansion nucleic acid located in the second compartment, while the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease of cleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid is capable of moving (e.g., diffusing) from the first compartment to the second compartment to cleave the second signal expansion nucleic acid located in the second compartment. In addition, the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease of uncleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid in the second compartment is unable to cleave the first signal expansion nucleic acid located in the first compartment, while the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease of cleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid is capable of moving (e.g., diffusing) from the second compartment to the first compartment to cleave the first signal expansion nucleic acid located in the first compartment. 
     If portions of the probe nucleic acid containing the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease are present and placed in contact with the first signal expansion nucleic acid, then the first signal expansion nucleic acid can be cleaved at the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site by the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, thereby releasing a portion of the first signal expansion nucleic acid that contains the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease from the solid support. The released portions of the first signal expansion nucleic acid containing the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease can be free to cleave the second signal expansion nucleic acid at the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site, thereby releasing a portion of the second signal expansion nucleic acid that contains the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease from the solid support. Since the initial amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of the probe nucleic acid, the initial amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of the second signal expansion nucleic acid, and the secondary amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of the first signal expansion nucleic acid are free to carry out repeated cleavage events, the number of released portions containing the initial amplifying restriction endonucleases is greatly increased from the number that were released by the recognition restriction endonuclease. For example, the number of cleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid molecules can greatly exceed (e.g., exponentially exceed) the number of released portions of the probe nucleic acid, and the number of cleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid molecules can greatly exceed (e.g., exponentially exceed) the number of released portions of the probe nucleic acid. Such a greatly expanded relationship (e.g., an exponential relationship) can allow very small amounts of target nucleic acid present in the sample to be readily detected. 
     In some cases, this method can be performed with the first signal expansion nucleic acid being attached to a solid support that is different from the solid support that contains the second signal expansion nucleic acid. For example, the first signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to one well of a microtiter plate, while the second signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to a different well of a microtiter plate. In this case, the resulting reaction material from the well with the first signal expansion nucleic acid can be collected and transferred to the well containing the second signal expansion nucleic acid. 
     The portions of the second signal expansion nucleic acid containing the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease that were released from the solid support containing the second signal expansion nucleic acid along with any other released portions in this reaction (e.g., the released portions of the probe nucleic acid containing the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and the released portions of the first signal expansion nucleic acid containing the secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease) can be collected and placed in contact with reporter nucleic acid. For example, the released portions, if present, can be transferred from one well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well plate) that contained the second signal expansion nucleic acid to another well of a microtiter plate that contains the reporter nucleic acid. The reporter nucleic acid can be designed to have a double-stranded portion with a restriction endonuclease cut site for the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. If released portions containing the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease are present and placed in contact with the reporter nucleic acid, then the reporter nucleic acid can be cleaved at the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site by the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. Since the initial amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions are free to carry out repeated cleavage events, the number of reporter nucleic acid molecules that are cleaved can greatly exceed the number of initial amplifying restriction endonucleases present in the reaction. For example, the number of cleaved reporter nucleic acid molecules can greatly exceed (e.g., exponentially exceed) the number of initial amplifying restriction endonucleases present in the reaction and therefore can greatly exceed (e.g., exponentially exceed) the number of target nucleic acid molecules that were present in the sample contacted with the probe nucleic acid. Such a greatly expanded relationship (e.g., an exponential relationship) can allow very small amounts of target nucleic acid present in the sample to be readily detected. 
     After the released portions containing the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, if present, are contacted with the reporter nucleic acid, the presence or absence of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can be determined. The presence of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can indicate that the sample contained the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the sample contained the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested, while the absence of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can indicate that the sample lacked the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the sample lacked the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested. 
     In some cases, the amount of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can be determined. In such cases, the amount of cleaved reporter nucleic acid can indicate the amount of target nucleic acid present in the sample, which can indicated the degree or level of infection by the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested. A standard curve using known amounts of target nucleic acid or known amounts target viruses or microorganisms can be used to aid in the determination of the amount of target nucleic acid or target viruses or microorganisms present within a sample. 
     In some cases, the reporter nucleic acid can contain a label to aid in the detection of cleaved reporter nucleic acid. For example, reporter nucleic acid can contain a fluorescent label and a quencher such that cleaved reporter nucleic acid provides a fluorescent signal and uncleaved reporter nucleic acid does not provide a fluorescent signal. In some cases, the reporter nucleic acid can contain a label (e.g., a colorimetric label, fluorescent label or an enzyme such as horse radish peroxidase) and can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate). For example, the reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site by the initial amplifying restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the reporter nucleic acid that contains the label. The resulting reaction mixture can be collected and assessed for the presence, absence, or amount of released portions of the reporter nucleic acid using the label. For example, the released portions of the reporter nucleic acid, if present, can be transferred from one well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well plate) that contained the reporter nucleic acid to another well of a microtiter plate, where the transferred material can be assessed for a signal from the label. 
     In some cases, the presence or absence of cleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid, cleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid, or both can be determined. The presence of such cleaved nucleic acid can indicate that the sample contained the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the sample contained the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested, while the absence of such cleaved nucleic acid can indicate that the sample lacked the target nucleic acid, thereby indicating that the sample lacked the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested. In some cases, the amount of cleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid, cleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid, or both can be determined. In such cases, the amount of cleaved nucleic acid can indicate the amount of target nucleic acid present in the sample, which can indicate the degree or level of infection by the target virus or microorganism for which the sample is being tested. In these cases, the use of cleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid, cleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid, or both to assess the sample for target nucleic acid can be in addition to the use of a separate reporter nucleic acid step or can replace the use of a separate reporter nucleic acid step. In some cases, the first signal expansion nucleic acid, the second signal expansion nucleic acid, or both can be labeled in a manner similar to that described herein for the reporter nucleic acid to aid in detection. When the presence, absence, or amount of cleaved first signal expansion nucleic acid, cleaved second signal expansion nucleic acid, or both are determined to assess the sample for target nucleic acid, the first signal expansion nucleic acid can be referred to as a first reporter nucleic acid and the second signal expansion nucleic acid can be referred to as a second reporter nucleic acid even though they include amplifying restriction endonucleases. A standard curve using known amounts of target nucleic acid or known amounts of target viruses or microorganisms can be used to aid in the determination of the amount of target nucleic acid or target viruses or microorganisms present within a sample. 
     Examples of a method of detecting target nucleic acid that includes using probe nucleic acid, first signal expansion nucleic acid, second signal expansion nucleic acid, and reporter nucleic acid are set forth in  FIGS. 3-5 . With reference to  FIG. 3 , first reaction chamber  200  (e.g., a microtiter plate well) can contain probe nucleic acid  201 . Probe nucleic acid  201  can be attached (e.g., immobilized) to solid support  202  and can include initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  203  (Ra). Probe nucleic acid  201  can be attached to solid support  202  such that initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  203  is released from solid support  202  upon cleavage of a nucleic acid component of probe nucleic acid  201 . Probe nucleic acid  201  can have a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid  204 . Probe nucleic acid  201  can be contacted with a sample that may or may not contain target nucleic acid  204 . If target nucleic acid  204  is present, at least a portion of target nucleic acid  204  and probe nucleic acid  201  can hybridize to form a double-stranded section of nucleic acid. Such a double-stranded section can contain at least one recognition restriction endonuclease cut site  205 . Addition of recognition restriction endonuclease  206  (Rr) to first reaction chamber  200  can result in the cleavage of probe nucleic acid  201  at recognition restriction endonuclease cut site  205  formed by one strand of probe nucleic acid and one strand of target nucleic acid, thereby releasing portion  207  of probe nucleic acid  201  from solid support  202 . Portion  207  can include initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  203 . 
     The reaction product from first reaction chamber  200  containing released portion  207 , if target nucleic acid  204  was present, can be transferred (e.g., manually or automatically) to second reaction chamber  220 . Second reaction chamber  220  can contain first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  and second signal expansion nucleic acid  225 . First signal expansion nucleic acid  226  can have at least one double-stranded portion that contains at least one initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  230 . First signal expansion nucleic acid  226  can be attached (e.g., immobilized) to solid support  222  and can include secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease  223  (Rb). First signal expansion nucleic acid  226  can be attached to solid support  222  such that portion  234  containing secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease  223  is released from solid support  222  upon cleavage of first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  at initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  230 . For clarity, frame E of  FIG. 3  omits depicting one strand from the cleaved versions of first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  and second signal expansion nucleic acid  225 . 
     Second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can have at least one double-stranded portion that contains at least one secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  232 . Second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can be attached (e.g., immobilized) to solid support  222  and can include initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  224 . Second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can be attached to solid support  222  such that portion  236  containing initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  224  is released from solid support  222  upon cleavage of second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  at secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  232 . Initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  203  of probe nucleic acid  201  and initial amplifying restriction endonuclease  224  of second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can be the same restriction endonuclease. For example, both can be an EcoRI restriction endonuclease. 
     Addition of the reaction product from first reaction chamber  200  to second reaction chamber  220  can result in the cleavage of first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  at initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  230  if the reaction product contains portion  207 . Such cleavage of first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  can result in the release of portion  234  from solid support  222 . Portion  234 , which can include secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease  223 , can result in the cleavage of second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  at secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  232 . Such cleavage of second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can result in the release of portion  236  from solid support  222 . Thus, this reaction can result in the accumulation of released portions  234  and  236 . 
     The reaction product from second reaction chamber  220  containing released portion  207 , released portion  234 , and released portion  236 , if target nucleic acid  204  was present, can be transferred (e.g., manually or automatically) to third reaction chamber  240 . Third reaction chamber  240  can contain reporter nucleic acid  241 . Reporter nucleic acid  241  can be attached (e.g., immobilized) to solid support  242  and can include marker (e.g., a label)  243  (M). Reporter nucleic acid  241  can be attached to solid support  242  such that marker  243  is released from solid support  242  upon cleavage of a nucleic acid component of reporter nucleic acid  241 . Reporter nucleic acid  241  can have at least one double-stranded portion that contains at least one initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  246 . Addition of the reaction product from second reaction chamber  220  to third reaction chamber  240  can result in the cleavage of reporter nucleic acid  241  at initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site  246  if the reaction product contains portion  207  and portion  236 . In some cases, reporter nucleic acid  241  can include at least one double-stranded portion that contains at least one cut site for secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease  223 . In such cases, addition of the reaction product from second reaction chamber  220  to third reaction chamber  240  can result in the cleavage of reporter nucleic acid  241  at the cut site for secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease  223  if the reaction product contains portion  234 . Cleavage of reporter nucleic acid  241  can result in the release of portion  247  from solid support  242 . Portion  247  can include marker  243 . 
     The reaction product from third reaction chamber  240  can be assessed to determine the presence, absence, or amount of portion  247 . The presence of portion  247  can indicate that the sample contained target nucleic acid  204 , while the absence of portion  247  can indicate that the sample lacked target nucleic acid  204 . In some cases, the amount of portion  247  can be determined. In such cases, the amount of portion  247  can indicate the amount of target nucleic acid  204  present in the sample. The presence, absence, or amount of portion  247  can be determined using marker  243 , and portion  247  having marker  243  can be distinguished from uncleaved reporter nucleic acid  241  having marker  243  since, in this example, portion  247  is released from solid support  242 , while uncleaved reporter nucleic acid  241  remains attached to solid support  242 . For example, in some cases, the reaction product from third reaction chamber  24  can be transferred to fourth reaction chamber where the presence or absence of portion  247  via marker  243  is assessed. If portion  347  is present, the amount of portion  247  present can be quantified. 
     In some cases and with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  can include marker (e.g., a label)  243  (M) and second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can include marker (e.g., a label)  243  (M). In such cases, cleavage of first signal expansion nucleic acid  226  and cleavage of second signal expansion nucleic acid  225  can be assessed using marker  243  to determine the presence, absence, or amount of target nucleic acid within a sample. For example, detector  250  can be used to detect marker  243  released from solid support  222 . 
     Probe nucleic acid  201 , first signal expansion nucleic acid  226 , second signal expansion nucleic acid  225 , and reporter nucleic acid  241  can have various configurations. For example, with reference to  FIG. 3 , probe nucleic acid  201  can be designed to have a single nucleic acid strand such that the entire nucleic acid component of probe nucleic acid  201  is single-stranded prior to contact with target nucleic acid  204 . In another example, probe nucleic acid  201  can be designed in a manner like probe nucleic acid  101  to have two or more strands. See, e.g.,  FIG. 2 . For example, probe nucleic acid  201  can have a first strand and a second strand. The first strand can be attached to a solid support and can be designed to have a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid. The second strand can include an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and can have a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that can hybridize to the first strand. In some cases, the first strand and second strand can be synthesized or obtained separately and then mixed together to form probe nucleic acid  201 . For example, the first strand can be synthesized, biotinylated, and attached to a streptavidin-coated solid support. After synthesizing the nucleic acid component of the second strand and attaching an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease to the synthesized nucleic acid component, the second strand can be incubated with the first strand to form nucleic acid probe  201 . In some cases, probe nucleic acid  201  can contain more than two strands. For example, probe nucleic acid can include a first strand, a second strand, and a third strand. In this case, the first strand can be attached to a solid support, the second strand can be hybridized to the first strand and can include a single-stranded section having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid, and the third strand can be hybridized to the second strand and can be attached to an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease. Similar one, two, three, or more strand configurations can be used to make first signal expansion nucleic acid, second signal expansion nucleic acid, or reporter nucleic acid. For example, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can be designed to have a configuration as shown in  FIG. 4 or 5 . 
     Probe nucleic acid described herein typically includes at least one single-stranded DNA section that is designed to hybridize with a desired target nucleic acid and thereby create a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. The other portions of the probe nucleic acid can include DNA, RNA, or other molecules. For example, probe nucleic acid can include biotin such that the probe nucleic acid can be attached to a streptavidin-coated solid support. In some cases, the single-stranded section of the probe nucleic acid that is designed to hybridize with a desired target nucleic acid and create a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site can be RNA or a nucleic acid analog (e.g., a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) provided that such a single-stranded section can (i) hybridize with the desired target nucleic acid and (ii) create a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site with the complementary target nucleic acid sequence that is capable of being cleaved by the recognition restriction endonuclease. Examples of restriction endonucleases that can be used as recognition restriction endonucleases to cleave a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site that is created between an RNA section of the probe nucleic acid and a DNA section of the target nucleic acid include, without limitation, HhaI, AluI, TaqI, HaeIII, EcoRI, HindII, SalI, and MspI restriction endonucleases. 
     Probe nucleic acid described herein can be any length provided that the single-stranded section of the probe nucleic acid that is designed to hybridize with a desired target nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to the target nucleic acid and provided that the amplifying restriction endonuclease of the probe nucleic acid is capable of cleaving its amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site after the probe nucleic acid is cleaved by a recognition restriction endonuclease. In general, the single-stranded section of the probe nucleic acid that is designed to hybridize with a desired target nucleic acid can be between about 10 and about 500 or more nucleotides (e.g., between about 10 and about 400 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 300 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 200 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 100 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 40 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 50 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 18 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 60 nucleotides, between about 25 and about 55 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 35 and about 45 nucleotides, or between about 38 and about 42 nucleotides) in length. The recognition restriction endonuclease cut site that will be created by the hybridization of target nucleic acid to this single-stranded section of the probe nucleic acid can be located at any position alone the single-stranded section. For example, the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site to be created can be towards the 5′ end, towards the ′3 end, or near the center of the single-stranded section of the probe nucleic acid. In general, the overall length of the probe nucleic acid described herein can be between about 10 and about 2500 or more nucleotides (e.g., between about 10 and about 2000 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 1000 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 400 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 300 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 200 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 100 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 40 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 50 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 75 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 100 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 150 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 18 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 60 nucleotides, between about 25 and about 55 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 35 and about 45 nucleotides, or between about 38 and about 42 nucleotides) in length. 
     The recognition restriction endonuclease cut site to be created by hybridization of target nucleic acid to the probe nucleic acid can be a cut site of any type of restriction endonuclease. In addition, any type of restriction endonuclease can be used as a recognition restriction endonuclease to cleave probe nucleic acid upon target nucleic acid hybridization. Examples of restriction endonucleases that can be used as recognition restriction endonucleases include, without limitation, EcoRI, EcoRII, BamHI, HindIII, TaqI, NotI, HinfI, Sau3A, PovII, SmaI, HaeIII, HgaI, AluI, EcoRV, EcoP15I, KpnI, PstI, SacI, SalI, ScaI, SphI, StuI, XbaI, AarI, BanII, BseGI, BspPI, CfrI, EcoNI, Hsp92II, NlaIV, RsaI, TaiI, AasI, BbsI, BseJI, BspTI, ClaI, EcoO109I, I-PpoI, NmuCI, RsrII, TaqaI, AatII, BbuI, BseLI, BsrBI, CpoI, KasI, Acc65I, BbvCI, BseMI, BsrDI, Csp45I, Kpn2I, NruI, SacII, TasI, AccB7I, BbvI, BseMII, BsrFI, Csp6I, EheI, KpnI, NsbI, SalI, TatI, AccI, BceAI, BseNI, BsrGI, CspI, Esp3I, KspAI, NsiI, SapI, and TauI restriction endonucleases. In some cases, nucleic acid encoding a naturally-occurring restriction endonuclease can be genetically engineered to create a modified restriction endonuclease that has the ability to recognize a particular cut site. Common computer algorithms can be used to locate restriction endonuclease cut sites along the nucleotide sequence of any desired target nucleic acid. Once located, the sequence of the restriction endonuclease cut site along with additional flanking sequence (e.g., 5′ flanking sequence, 3′ flanking sequence, or both 5′ and 3′ flanking sequence) can be used to design the complementary sequence of the probe nucleic acid that is used to hybridize to the target nucleic acid and create the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site upon target nucleic acid hybridization. In some cases, a probe nucleic acid can be designed to have the restriction endonuclease cut site located in the middle or near the middle such that the restriction endonuclease cut site has both 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences that are complementary to the target nucleic acid. 
     In general, probe nucleic acid can be designed to have a single-stranded section that is designed to hybridize with desired target nucleic acid and to form a single recognition restriction endonuclease cut site upon target nucleic acid hybridization. In some cases, probe nucleic acid can be designed to have a single-stranded section that is designed to hybridize with desired target nucleic acid and to form more than one (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more) recognition restriction endonuclease cut site upon target nucleic acid hybridization. When more than one recognition restriction endonuclease cut site is used, the multiple recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites can be cut sites for the same restriction endonuclease or cut sites for different restriction endonucleases. For example, probe nucleic acid can be designed to have a single-stranded section that is designed to hybridize with desired target nucleic acid and to form one recognition restriction endonuclease cut site for an EcoRI recognition restriction endonuclease and one recognition restriction endonuclease cut site for an XbaI recognition restriction endonuclease upon target nucleic acid hybridization. In such cases, each recognition restriction endonuclease can be used individually or in combination (e.g., as a mixture) to cleave probe nucleic acid that hybridized to target nucleic acid and formed the corresponding recognition restriction endonuclease cut site via such hybridization. 
     Probe nucleic acid can be designed such that any target nucleic acid of a target virus or microorganism suspected of infecting a mammal (e.g., a human) can be detected. Examples of target nucleic acid that can be detected using the methods and materials provided herein include, without limitation, viral DNA or RNA, microbial DNA or RNA (e.g., bacterial, fungal, or protozoan DNA or RNA), and methylated microbial DNA. In some cases such as those involving assessing a biological sample for an RNA virus, the target nucleic acid can be an RNA or a cDNA generated from an RNA. When detecting an RNA target nucleic acid, restriction endonucleases having the ability to cleave a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site that is created between a DNA section of the probe nucleic acid and the RNA target nucleic acid can be used as recognition restriction endonucleases. Examples of such restriction endonucleases include, without limitation, HhaI, AluI, TaqI, HaeIII, EcoRI, HindII, SalI, and MspI restriction endonucleases. When detecting methylated target nucleic acid (e.g., a methylated target nucleic acid of a bacterial organism), restriction endonucleases having the ability to cleave a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site that includes a methylated nucleotide to be assessed can be used as recognition restriction endonucleases. Examples of restriction endonucleases having the ability to recognize methylated nucleotides include, without limitation, DpnI, GlaI, HpaII, MspI, AciI, HhaI, and SssI restriction endonucleases. In such cases, a control can include detecting the same target nucleic acid without the methylated nucleotide. In some cases, a combination of methylation insensitive and methylation sensitive restriction endonucleases can be used to assess a sample for methylated target nucleic acid. For example, similar generation of cleavage products using both methylation insensitive and methylation sensitive restriction endonucleases designed for the same site can indicate that the target nucleic acid lacks methylation at that site, while an increased level of cleavage products using a methylation insensitive restriction endonuclease as compared to the level generated using a methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease designed for the same site can indicate that the target nucleic acid is methylated at that site. 
     The nucleotide sequence of target nucleic acid to be detected can be obtained from, for example, common nucleic acid sequence databases such as GenBank®. A portion of target nucleic acid sequence can be selected using a computer-based program. For example, a computer-based program can be used to detect restriction endonuclease cut sites within a portion of target nucleic acid. Such information can be used to design probe nucleic acid such that the single-stranded section creates at least one recognition restriction endonuclease cut site upon hybridization of the target nucleic acid. In some cases, bioinformatics computer-based programs and tools can be used to assist in the design of probe nucleic acid. For example, computer programs (e.g., BLAST® and alignment programs) and computer databases (e.g., GenBank®) can be used to indentify nucleic acid sequences from particular viruses or microorganisms and can be used to identify regions of high sequence similarity among various strains or variants of particular viruses or microorganisms. In addition, computer programs such as CLC Workbench or Vector NTI (Invitrogen) can be used to identify the location of restriction endonuclease cut sites within a particular nucleic acid sequence. In some cases, sequence analysis computer programs can be used to identify sequences with limited or an absence of repeats, a presence of high sequence complexity of a potential recognition restriction endonuclease cut site, and/or limited or an absence of hairpin structures. Identification of such sequences can help reduce the risk of probe self-hybridization and potentially unintended cutting by a recognition endonuclease. 
     Any appropriate method can be used to obtain the nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid. For example, common molecular cloning and chemical nucleic acid synthesis techniques can be used to obtain the nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid. In some cases, the nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid can be synthesized using commercially available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers such as those available from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). In some cases, probe nucleic acids can be synthesized de novo using any of a number of procedures widely available in the art. Examples of such methods of synthesis include, without limitation, the P-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method (Beaucage et al.,  Tet. Let.,  22:1859-1862 (1981)) and the nucleoside H-phosphonate method (Garegg et al.,  Tet. Let.,  27:4051-4054 (1986); Froehler et al.,  Nucl. Acid Res.,  14:5399-5407 (1986); Garegg et al.,  Tet. Let.,  27:4055-4058 (1986); and Gaffney et al.,  Tet. Let.,  29:2619-2622 (1988)). These methods can be performed by a variety of commercially-available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers. In some cases, recombinant nucleic acid techniques such as PCR and those that include using restriction enzyme digestion and ligation of existing nucleic acid sequences (e.g., genomic DNA or cDNA) can be used to obtain the nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid. 
     Probe nucleic acid described herein can be attached to a solid support. Examples of solid supports include, without limitation, a well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well microtiter plate or ELISA plate), beads (e.g., magnetic, glass, plastic, or gold-coated beads), slides (e.g., glass or gold-coated slides), micro- or nano-particles (e.g., carbon nanotubes), platinum solid supports, palladium solid supports, and a surface of a chamber or channel within a microfluidic device. In some cases, a solid support can be a silicon oxide-based solid support, a plastic polymer-based solid support (e.g., a nylon, nitrocellulose, or polyvinylidene fluoride-based solid support), or a biopolymer-based (e.g., a cross-linked dextran or cellulose-based solid support) solid support. Probe nucleic acid can be directly or indirectly attached to a solid support. For example, biotin can be a component of the probe nucleic acid, and the probe nucleic acid containing biotin can be indirectly attached to a solid support that is coated with streptavidin via a biotin-streptavidin interaction. In some cases, probe nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support via a covalent or non-covalent interaction. For example, probe nucleic acid can be covalently attached to magnetic beads as described elsewhere (Albretsen et al.,  Anal. Biochem.,  189(1):40-50 (1990)). 
     Probe nucleic acid can be designed to contain any type of restriction endonuclease as an amplifying restriction endonuclease. In general, an amplifying restriction endonuclease of the probe nucleic acid is typically a different restriction endonuclease than the restriction endonuclease that is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease. For example, when an EcoRI restriction endonuclease is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease, a restriction endonuclease other than an EcoRI restriction endonuclease (e.g., a HindIII restriction endonuclease) is used as an amplifying restriction endonuclease. Examples of restriction endonucleases that can be used as amplifying restriction endonucleases include, without limitation, EcoRI, EcoRII, BamHI, HindIII, TaqI, NotI, HinfI, Sau3A, PovII, SmaI, HaeIII, HgaI, AluI, EcoRV, EcoP15I, KpnI, PstI, SacI, SalI, ScaI, SphI, StuI, XbaI, AarI, BanII, BseGI, BspPI, CfrI, EcoNI, Hsp92II, NlaIV, RsaI, TaiI, AasI, BbsI, BseJI, BspTI, ClaI, EcoO109I, I-PpoI, NmuCI, RsrII, TaqaI, AatII, BbuI, BseLI, BsrBI, CpoI, KasI, Acc65I, BbvCI, BseMI, BsrDI, Csp45I, Kpn2I, NruI, SacII, TasI, AccB7I, BbvI, BseMII, BsrFI, Csp6I, EheI, KpnI, NsbI, SalI, TatI, AccI, BceAI, BseNI, BsrGI, CspI, Esp3I, KspAI, NsiI, SapI, and TauI restriction endonucleases. Any number of molecules of the same amplifying restriction endonuclease can be attached to one probe nucleic acid molecule. For example, a single probe nucleic acid molecule can contain one, two, three, four, five, or more EcoRI amplifying restriction endonuclease molecules. In some cases, a single probe nucleic acid molecule can contain two or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, or more) different types of amplifying restriction endonucleases. For example, a single probe nucleic acid molecule can contain three EcoRI amplifying restriction endonuclease molecules and two BanII amplifying restriction endonuclease molecules. 
     Any appropriate method can be used to attach an amplifying restriction endonuclease to a nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid. In some cases, an amplifying restriction endonuclease can be attached by an ionic or covalent attachment. For example, covalent bonds such as amide bonds, disulfide bonds, and thioether bonds, or bonds formed by crosslinking agents can be used. In some cases, a non-covalent linkage can be used. The attachment can be a direct attachment or an indirect attachment. For example, a linker can be used to attach an amplifying restriction endonuclease to a nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid. In some cases, nucleic acid can include a thiol modification, and a restriction endonuclease can be conjugated to the thiol-containing nucleic acid based on succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) using techniques similar to those described elsewhere (Dill et al.,  Biosensors and Bioelectronics,  20:736-742 (2004)). In some cases, a biotinylated nucleic acid and a streptavidin-containing restriction endonuclease can be attached to one another via a biotin-streptavidin interaction. A restriction endonuclease can be conjugated with streptavidin using, for example, sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(3′-[2-pyridyldithio]-propionamido)hexanoate. An amplifying restriction endonuclease can be attached at any location of a nucleic acid component of the probe nucleic acid. For example, an amplifying restriction endonuclease can be attached at an end (e.g., a 5′ end or 3′ end) of a nucleic acid component, in the middle of a nucleic acid component, or at any position along the length of a nucleic acid component. 
     Signal expansion nucleic acid (e.g., first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid) and reporter nucleic acid described herein typically include at least one double-stranded DNA section that includes an amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site (e.g., an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site, a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site, or a tertiary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site). The other portions of the signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can include DNA, RNA, or other molecules. For example, reporter nucleic acid can include biotin such that the reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a streptavidin-coated solid support. In some cases, one or both strands of the double-stranded section of the signal expansion nucleic acid or the reporter nucleic acid that contains an amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site can be RNA or a nucleic acid analog (e.g., a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) provided that such a double-stranded section is capable of being cleaved by the amplifying restriction endonuclease. Examples of restriction endonucleases that can be used as amplifying restriction endonucleases to cleave a DNA:RNA hybrid section of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid include, without limitation, HhaI, AluI, TaqI, HaeIII, EcoRI, HindII, SalI, and MspI restriction endonucleases. 
     Signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid described herein can be any length provided that the double-stranded section that contains the amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site is capable of being cleaved by the amplifying restriction endonuclease. In general, the double-stranded section of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be between about 10 and about 500 or more nucleotides (e.g., between about 10 and about 400 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 300 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 200 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 100 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 40 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 50 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 50 nucleotides, or between about 18 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 60 nucleotides, between about 25 and about 55 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 35 and about 45 nucleotides, or between about 38 and about 42 nucleotides) in length. In some cases, the double-stranded section of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be between 5 and 50 nucleotides in length. The amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site of the signal expansion nucleic acid or the reporter nucleic acid can be located at any position alone the double-stranded section. For example, the amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site can be towards the 5′ end, towards the ′3 end, or near the center of the double-stranded section of the signal expansion nucleic acid or the reporter nucleic acid. In general, the overall length of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid described herein can be between about 10 and about 2500 or more nucleotides (e.g., between about 10 and about 2000 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 1000 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 400 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 300 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 200 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 100 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 10 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 40 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 50 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 75 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 100 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 150 and about 500 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 15 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 18 and about 25 nucleotides, between about 20 and about 60 nucleotides, between about 25 and about 55 nucleotides, between about 30 and about 50 nucleotides, between about 35 and about 45 nucleotides, or between about 38 and about 42 nucleotides) in length. 
     The amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid described herein can be a cut site of any type of restriction endonuclease. In addition, any type of restriction endonuclease can be used as an amplifying restriction endonuclease to cleave signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid. Examples of restriction endonucleases that can be used as amplifying restriction endonucleases include, without limitation, EcoRI, EcoRII, BamHI, HindIII, TaqI, NotI, HinfI, Sau3A, PovII, SmaI, HaeIII, HgaI, AluI, EcoRV, EcoP15I, KpnI, PstI, SacI, SalI, ScaI, SphI, StuI, XbaI, AarI, BanII, BseGI, BspPI, CfrI, EcoNI, Hsp92II, NlaIV, RsaI, TaiI, AasI, BbsI, BseJI, BspTI, ClaI, EcoO109I, I-PpoI, NmuCI, RsrII, TaqaI, AatII, BbuI, BseLI, BsrBI, CpoI, KasI, Acc65I, BbvCI, BseMI, BsrDI, Csp45I, Kpn2I, NruI, SacII, TasI, AccB7I, BbvI, BseMII, BsrFI, Csp6I, EheI, KpnI, NsbI, SalI, TatI, AccI, BceAI, BseNI, BsrGI, CspI, Esp3I, KspAI, Nsil, SapI, and TauI restriction endonucleases. 
     In general, signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be designed to have a double-stranded section that contains a single amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. In some cases, signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid provided herein can be designed to have a double-stranded section that contains more than one (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more) amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. When more than one amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site is used, the multiple amplifying restriction endonuclease cut sites can be cut sites for the same restriction endonuclease or cut sites for different restriction endonucleases. For example, reporter nucleic acid can be designed to have a double-stranded section that contains one initial amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site for an EcoRI initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and one secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site for an Xbal secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease. 
     Any appropriate method can be used to obtain the nucleic acid component of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid. For example, common molecular cloning and chemical nucleic acid synthesis techniques can be used to obtain the nucleic acid component of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid. In some cases, the nucleic acid component of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be synthesized using commercially available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers such as those available from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). In some cases, signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be synthesized de novo using any of a number of procedures widely available in the art. Examples of such methods of synthesis include, without limitation, the β-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method (Beaucage et al.,  Tet. Let.,  22:1859-1862 (1981)) and the nucleoside H-phosphonate method (Garegg et al.,  Tet. Let.,  27:4051-4054 (1986); Froehler et al.,  Nucl. Acid Res.,  14:5399-5407 (1986); Garegg et al.,  Tet. Let.,  27:4055-4058 (1986); and Gaffney et al.,  Tet. Let.,  29:2619-2622 (1988)). These methods can be performed by a variety of commercially-available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers. In some cases, recombinant nucleic acid techniques such as PCR and those that include using restriction enzyme digestion and ligation of existing nucleic acid sequences (e.g., genomic DNA or cDNA) can be used to obtain the nucleic acid component of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid. 
     Signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid described herein can be attached to a solid support. Examples of solid supports include, without limitation, a well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well microtiter plate or ELISA plate), beads (e.g., magnetic, glass, plastic, or gold-coated beads), slides (e.g., glass or gold-coated slides), micro- or nano-particles (e.g., carbon nanotubes), platinum solid supports, palladium solid supports, and a surface of a chamber or channel within a microfluidic device. In some cases, a solid support can be a silicon oxide-based solid support, a plastic polymer-based solid support (e.g., a nylon, nitrocellulose, or polyvinylidene fluoride-based solid support) or a biopolymer-based (e.g., a cross-linked dextran or cellulose-based solid support) solid support. 
     Signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be directly or indirectly attached to a solid support. For example, biotin can be a component of signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid, and the signal expansion nucleic acid or the reporter nucleic acid containing biotin can be indirectly attached to a solid support that is coated with streptavidin via a biotin-streptavidin interaction. In some cases, signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support via a covalent or non-covalent interaction. For example, signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid can be covalently attached to magnetic beads as described elsewhere (Albretsen et al.,  Anal. Biochem.,  189(1):40-50 (1990)). 
     Signal expansion nucleic acid can be designed to contain any type of restriction endonuclease as an amplifying restriction endonuclease (e.g., an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease, a secondary amplifying restriction endonuclease, or a tertiary amplifying restriction endonuclease). In general, an amplifying restriction endonuclease of signal expansion nucleic acid is typically a different restriction endonuclease than the restriction endonuclease that is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease. For example, when an EcoRI restriction endonuclease is used as a recognition restriction endonuclease, a restriction endonuclease other than an EcoRI restriction endonuclease (e.g., a HeaIII restriction endonuclease) is used as an amplifying restriction endonuclease. Examples of restriction endonucleases that can be used as amplifying restriction endonucleases include, without limitation, EcoRI, EcoRII, BamHI, HindIII, TaqI, NotI, HinfI, Sau3A, PovII, SmaI, HaeIII, HgaI, AluI, EcoRV, EcoP15I, KpnI, PstI, SacI, SalI, ScaI, SphI, StuI, XbaI, AarI, BanII, BseGI, BspPI, CfrI, EcoNI, Hsp92II, NlaIV, RsaI, TaiI, AasI, BbsI, BseJI, BspTI, ClaI, EcoO109I, I-PpoI, NmuCI, RsrII, TaqaI, AatII, BbuI, BseLI, BsrBI, CpoI, KasI, Acc65I, BbvCI, BseMI, BsrDI, Csp45I, Kpn2I, NruI, SacII, TasI, AccB7I, BbvI, BseMII, BsrFI, Csp6I, EheI, KpnI, NsbI, SalI, TatI, AccI, BceAI, BseNI, BsrGI, CspI, Esp3I, KspAI, NsiI, SapI, and TauI restriction endonucleases. Any number of molecules of the same amplifying restriction endonuclease can be attached to one signal expansion nucleic acid molecule. For example, a single signal expansion nucleic acid molecule can contain one, two, three, four, five, or more EcoRI amplifying restriction endonuclease molecules. In some cases, a single signal expansion nucleic acid molecule can contain two or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, or more) different types of amplifying restriction endonucleases. For example, a single signal expansion nucleic acid molecule can contain three BanII amplifying restriction endonuclease molecules and two SacII amplifying restriction endonuclease molecules. 
     Reporter nucleic acid can be designed to contain a label to aid in the detection of cleaved reporter nucleic acid. In some cases, signal expansion nucleic acid can be designed to contain a label. In such cases, signal expansion nucleic acid containing a label can be used in addition to reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid to detect target nucleic acid. Examples of labels that can be a component of reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid include, without limitation, fluorescent labels (with or without the use of quenchers), dyes, antibodies, radioactive material, enzymes (e.g., horse radish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, laccase, galactosidase, or luciferase), redox labels (e.g., ferrocene redox labels), metallic particles (e.g., gold nanoparticles), and green fluorescent protein-based labels. In some cases, for a redox label, such as ferrocene, the detector can be an electrode for amperometric assay of redox molecules. For example, if the redox label is present in a reduced form of ferrocene, then the electrode at high electrode potential can provide an oxidation of the reduced form of ferrocene, thereby converting it to an oxidized form of ferrocene. The generated current can be proportional to the concentration of ferrocene label in the solution. 
     In one embodiment, reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid can contain a fluorescent label and a quencher such that cleaved reporter nucleic acid provides a fluorescent signal and uncleaved reporter nucleic acid does not provide a fluorescent signal. In some cases, the reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid can contain a label (e.g., a fluorescent label or an enzyme such as horse radish peroxidase) and can be attached to a solid support (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate). For example, the reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid can be attached to a solid support such that cleavage at the amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site by the amplifying restriction endonuclease releases a portion of the reporter nucleic acid or the signal expansion nucleic acid that contains the label. The resulting reaction mixture can be collected and assessed for the presence, absence, or amount of released portions of the reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid using the label. For example, the released portions of the reporter nucleic acid or the signal expansion nucleic acid, if present, can be transferred from one well of a microtiter plate (e.g., a 96-well plate) that contained the reporter nucleic acid or the signal expansion nucleic acid to another well of a microtiter plate, where the transferred material can be assessed for a signal from the label. Any number of molecules of a label can be attached to one reporter nucleic acid molecule or one signal expansion nucleic acid molecule. For example, a reporter nucleic acid molecule or a single signal expansion nucleic acid molecule can contain one, two, three, four, five, or more fluorescent molecules. 
     Any appropriate method can be used to attach a label to a nucleic acid component of reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid. In some cases, a label can be attached by an ionic or covalent attachment. For example, covalent bonds such as amide bonds, disulfide bonds, and thioether bonds, or bonds formed by crosslinking agents can be used. In some cases, a non-covalent linkage can be used. The attachment can be a direct attachment or an indirect attachment. For example, a linker can be used to attach a label to a nucleic acid component of reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid. In some cases, nucleic acid can include a thiol modification, and a label can be conjugated to the thiol-containing nucleic acid based on succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclo-hexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) using techniques similar to those described elsewhere (Dill et al.,  Biosensors and Bioelectronics,  20:736-742 (2004)). In some cases, a biotinylated nucleic acid and a streptavidin-containing label can be attached to one another via a biotin-streptavidin interaction. A label can be conjugated with streptavidin using, for example, sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(3′-[2-pyridyldithio]-propionamido)hexanoate. A label can be attached at any location of a nucleic acid component of reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid. For example, a label can be attached at an end (e.g., a 5′ end or 3′ end) of a nucleic acid component, in the middle of a nucleic acid component, or at any position along the length of a nucleic acid component of reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid. 
     As described herein, the methods and materials provided herein can be used to detect target nucleic acid of a target virus or microorganism in any type of sample (e.g., a biological sample). For example, a nasal or mucus sample can be collected from a mammal and assessed for target nucleic acid to determined if the mammal has an infection. Once obtained, a sample to be assessed can be processed to obtain nucleic acid. For example, a nucleic acid extraction can be performed on a blood sample to obtain a sample that is enriched for nucleic acid. In some cases, a sample can be heated or treated with a cell lysis agent to release nucleic acid from cells present in the sample. 
     As described herein, a sample (e.g., a biological sample) can be assessed for the presence, absence, or amount of target viral and/or microbial nucleic acid (e.g., target pathogen nucleic acid) using an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein without using a nucleic acid amplification technique (e.g., a PCR-based nucleic acid technique). Assessing samples (e.g., biological samples) for the presence, absence, or amount of target nucleic acid using an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein without using a nucleic acid amplification technique can allow patients as well as medical, laboratory, or veterinarian personnel (e.g., clinicians, physicians, physician&#39;s assistants, laboratory technicians, research scientists, and veterinarians) to test for an infection without the need for potentially expensive thermal cycling devices and potentially time consuming thermal cycling techniques. In some cases, the methods and materials provided herein can be used in combination with a PCR-based nucleic acid technique. For example, a PCR-based nucleic acid technique can be performed to amplify nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid) present within a biological sample, and the resulting amplification material can be assessed using an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein to detect the presence, absence, or amount of a particular nucleic acid (e.g., a target pathogen&#39;s nucleic acid). In some cases, a limited PCR-based nucleic acid technique can be performed to amplify a target nucleic acid to a point where the amount of amplified target nucleic acid is increased only slightly over the amount of target nucleic acid originally present within the biological sample. For example, a two to twelve cycle PCR technique (e.g., a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 cycle PCR technique) can be performed to slightly increase the amount of amplified target nucleic acid as compared to the amount of unamplified target nucleic acid originally present within the biological sample. Such limited PCR-based nucleic acid techniques, when used in combination with an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein, can allow medical, laboratory, or veterinarian personnel to test mammals with a potentially increased level of sensitivity and/or specificity without the potentially lengthy time involved in thermal cycling techniques that include a greater number of cycles. This increased level of sensitivity and/or specificity can be over the high level of sensitivity and specificity of a comparable testing procedure that includes an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein without the limited PCR-based nucleic acid technique. In some cases, the PCR-based nucleic acid technique can be performed to amplify a target nucleic acid to a point where the amount of amplified target nucleic acid is easily detectable (e.g., visually detectable using gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining). For example, a 15 or more cycle PCR technique (e.g., a 20 cycle PCR technique) can be performed to produce at least ng amounts (e.g., greater than 1 ng, 10 ng, 100 ng, 1 μg, 10 μg, or more) of amplified nucleic acid. Such PCR-based nucleic acid techniques, when used in combination with an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein, can allow medical, laboratory, or veterinarian personnel to test mammals with a potentially increased level of sensitivity and/or specificity. This increased level of sensitivity and/or specificity can be over the high level of sensitivity and specificity of a comparable testing procedure that includes an enzymatic amplification cascade of restriction endonucleases described herein without the PCR-based nucleic acid technique. 
     In some cases, a sample (e.g. a biological sample) can be obtained and subjected to a culturing technique. For example, a mucus sample can be collected and cultured with medium (e.g., enrichment medium or broth with or without the ability to promote selective growth) to enrich the sample such that the number of viruses or microorganisms present in the sample can increase. Examples of enrichment media include, without limitation, blood agar, selenite-cystine broth, and tetrathionate. In some cases, the culture medium can contain a nutrient, ingredient, or drug that prevents certain microbial species or strains from replicating while allowing other microbial species or strains to replicate. In some cases, the culturing technique can include incubating a sample at an appropriate temperature (e.g. between 15° C. and 45° C., between 20° C. and 45° C., between 25° C. and 45° C., between 30° C. and 45° C., between 30° C. and 40° C., between 35° C. and 45° C., or between 35° C. and 40° C.) for an appropriate period of time (e.g., between about 0.5 hours and 48 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 36 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 24 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 12 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 8 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 6 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 5 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 4 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 3 hours, between about 0.5 hours and 2 hours, between about 1 hour and 4 hours, or between about 2 hours and 4 hours). For example, a sample can be obtained and cultured in enrichment medium at 37° C. for 2 to 6 hours. Examples of culture techniques that can be used as described herein include, without limitation, those described elsewhere (Schrank et al.,  Vet. Micro.,  82:45-53 (2001); and Black, J. G. Microbiology. Principles and Applications, Third Edition, 144-148 (1996)). 
     In some cases, a sample, obtained and subjected to a culturing technique or not, can be processed, for example, to remove non-nucleic acid material, to disrupt cell membranes to release nucleic acid, and/or to collect or extract nucleic acid, such that nucleic acid of the sample, if present within the sample, is available for hybridization to probe nucleic acid. For example, a blood or nasal swab sample can be treated with a lysis buffer and subjected to nucleic acid extraction such that a major component of the sample is nucleic acid. In some cases, a sample can be homogenized and treated to disrupt cells including microbial cells that are present in the sample. For example, a mucus sample can be subjected to high speed mechanical homogenization with glass/silica/zirconium/stainless steel beads, can be subjected to high temperature (e.g., boiling or autoclaving), can be subjected to chemical lysis with detergents and/or surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, or sodium lauroyl sarcosin), can be subjected to one or more freeze-thaw cycles using, e.g., liquid nitrogen or dry ice, can be subjected to sonication, or can be subjected to combinations thereof. The resulting sample can be subjected to a standard nucleic acid extraction technique such as those described elsewhere (e.g., Sambrook and Russell, (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press) or a nucleic acid extraction technique that includes the use of magnetic beads or selective DNA-binding membranes (see, e.g., QIAGEN DNeasy® Blood &amp; Tissue Kit, or Mo Bio PowerFood™ Microbial DNA Isolation Kit). For example, the blood sample can be contacted with magnetic beads that bind nucleic acid, the beads can be removed, and bound nucleic acid can be eluted into an appropriate buffer to form a processed sample for further analysis using the methods and materials provide herein. Such a process can be carried out using a variety of kits including, without limitation, Qiagen BioSprint 96 One-For-All Vet Kit (a rapid and economical automated purification of viral nucleic acid and/or bacterial nucleic acid from samples based on magnetic beads) and Chemicell geneMAG-PCR cleanup kit. 
     In some cases, a sample can be processed in a manner designed to fragment any nucleic acid present within the sample. For example, genomic or large pieces of nucleic acid present within a sample can be subjected to a sonication technique and/or restriction digestion with a restriction endonuclease such as DpnIl or CviJI to generate nucleic acid fragments. Such fragmentation can be performed using restriction endonucleases that are different from those used as recognition or amplifying restriction endonucleases to assess the sample as described herein. 
     In some cases, the sample can be treated such that any double-stranded nucleic acid present within the sample is separated. For example, a biological sample can be heated and then snap-cooled or can be subjected to chemical (e.g., sodium hydroxide) denaturation. In some cases, when the sample is subjected to a PCR-based technique, certain primer or reaction modifications can be used to generate preferentially single-stranded product. For example, unidirectional DNA polymerase reaction can be performed with a single specific primer. In some cases, the strands of nucleic acid can be separated, and the strand of interest can be enrichment using specific biotinylated primers and streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. In some cases, selective digestion of one of the strands can be accomplished using lambda exonucleases. 
     As described herein, a sample (e.g., a biological sample) can be subjected to a nucleic acid amplification technique. For example, a tissue sample containing extracted nucleic acid can be subjected to a quick PCR-based amplification of one or more specific targets (e.g., 1 hour, end-point PCR) or to a whole genome amplification technique (e.g., Qiagen REPLI-g Screening Kit for high-throughput manual or automated whole genome amplification). 
     Once obtained, a sample to be assessed, whether subjected to a PCR-based nucleic acid technique or not, can be contacted with a probe nucleic acid as described herein. This contacting step can be carried out for any period of time and at any temperature that allows target nucleic acid to hybridize with probe nucleic acid. For example, this step can be performed between 10 seconds and 24 hours (e.g., between 30 seconds and 12 hours, between 30 seconds and 8 hours, between 30 seconds and 4 hours, between 30 seconds and 2 hours, between 30 seconds and 1 hour, between 1 minute and 24 hours, between 1 minute and 12 hours, between 1 minute and 8 hours, between 1 minute and 4 hours, between 1 minute and 2 hours, between 1 minute and 1 hour, between 5 minutes and 1 hour, between 10 minutes and 1 hour, between 15 minutes and 1 hour, or between 30 minutes and 1 hour). The initial temperature can be between 15° C. and 100° C. (e.g., between 23° C. and 98° C., between 23° C. and 90° C., between 23° C. and 85° C., between 23° C. and 75° C., between 23° C. and 65° C., between 23° C. and 55° C., between 23° C. and 45° C., between 23° C. and 35° C., between 30° C. and 95° C., between 30° C. and 85° C., between 30° C. and 75° C., between 30° C. and 65° C., between 30° C. and 55° C., between 30° C. and 45° C., between 20° C. and 40° C., between 20° C. and 30° C., and between 25° C. and 35° C.). The temperature during this contacting step can remain constant or can be increased or decreased. For example, the initial temperature can be between about 40° C. and about 85° C., and then the temperature can be allowed to decrease to room temperature over a period of about 30 seconds to about 30 minutes (e.g., between about 30 seconds and about 15 minutes, between about 30 seconds and about 10 minutes, between about 1 minute and about 30 minutes, between about 1 minute and about 15 minutes, or between about 1 minute and about 5 minutes). 
     Contact of the sample (e.g., a biological sample to be tested) with probe nucleic acid can occur in the presence of the recognition restriction endonucleases, or a separate step of adding the recognition restriction endonucleases to the reaction can be performed. The recognition restriction endonuclease step can be carried out for any period of time and at any temperature that allows the recognition restriction endonuclease to cleave recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites formed by the hybridization of target nucleic acid to the probe nucleic acid. For example, this step can be performed between one second and 24 hours (e.g., between one second and 30 minutes, between one second and one hour, between five seconds and one hour, between 30 seconds and 24 hours, between 30 seconds and 12 hours, between 30 seconds and 8 hours, between 30 seconds and 4 hours, between 30 seconds and 2 hours, between 30 seconds and 1 hour, between 1 minute and 24 hours, between 1 minute and 12 hours, between 1 minute and 8 hours, between 1 minute and 4 hours, between 1 minute and 2 hours, between 1 minute and 1 hour, between 5 minutes and 1 hour, between 10 minutes and 1 hour, between 15 minutes and 1 hour, or between 30 minutes and 1 hour). The temperature can be between 15° C. and 75° C. (e.g., between 15° C. and 75° C., between 15° C. and 65° C., between 15° C. and 55° C., between 15° C. and 45° C., between 15° C. and 35° C., between 15° C. and 30° C., between 23° C. and 55° C., between 23° C. and 45° C., between 30° C. and 65° C., between 30° C. and 55° C., between 30° C. and 45° C., between 30° C. and 40° C., between 35° C. and 40° C., and between 36° C. and 38° C.). Any appropriate concentration of recognition restriction endonuclease can be used. For example, between about 0.001 units and 1000 units (e.g., between about 0.001 units and 750 units, between about 0.001 units and 500 units, between about 0.001 units and 250 units, between about 0.001 units and 200 units, between about 0.001 units and 150 units, between about 0.001 units and 100 units, between about 0.001 units and 50 units, between about 0.001 units and 25 units, between about 0.001 units and 10 units, between about 0.001 units and 1 unit, between about 0.001 units and 0.1 units, between about 0.01 units and 1000 units, between about 0.1 units and 1000 units, between about 1 unit and 1000 units, between about 10 units and 1000 units, between about 50 units and 1000 units, between about 0.5 units and 100 units, or between about 1 unit and 100 units) of restriction endonuclease can be used. Other restriction endonuclease reaction conditions such as salt conditions can be used according to manufacture&#39;s instructions. 
     When one step of a method provided herein is completed, the resulting reaction product containing cleaved nucleic acid can be used in the next step. For example, cleaved nucleic acid of a reaction product can be removed from uncleaved nucleic acid and used in the next step of the method. For example, when probe nucleic acid is attached to a solid support, the released portions of probe nucleic acid that contain an amplifying restriction endonuclease can be collected and placed in contact with reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid as described herein. The resulting reaction products of a particular step can be manually or automatically (e.g., robotically) transferred to a location containing nucleic acid for the next step (e.g., reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid), which nucleic acid can be attached or not attached to a solid support. In some cases, one reaction of a method described herein can be carried out at one location (e.g., a chamber) of a microfluidic device or blister package device, and the reaction products that are generated can be moved to another location (e.g., another chamber) that contains nucleic acid for the next step (e.g., reporter nucleic acid or signal expansion nucleic acid) via a channel. In some cases, cleaved nucleic acid of a reaction product can be used in the next step of the method by removing the uncleaved nucleic acid from the reaction product. For example, when magnetic beads are used as a solid support, a magnetic force can be used to remove the magnetic beads and any attached uncleaved nucleic acid from the reaction product. In some cases, two or more reactions of a method provided herein can be carried out at one location (e.g., a single well of a microtiter plate or a single chamber of a microfluidic device). For example, a single compartment can have one region that contains immobilized probe nucleic acid and another region that contains immobilized reporter nucleic acid provided that the amplifying restriction endonuclease of the immobilized probe nucleic acid is not capable of cleaving the amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site of the reporter nucleic acid unless target nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and the recognition restriction endonuclease cleaves the probe nucleic acid, thereby releasing a portion of the probe nucleic acid that contains the amplifying restriction endonuclease so that it is capable of cleaving the reporter nucleic acid. In another example, a single compartment can have one region that contains immobilized probe nucleic acid, other regions that contain immobilized signal expansion nucleic acid (e.g., one region that contains a first signal expansion nucleic acid and another region that contains a second signal expansion nucleic acid), and another region that contains immobilized reporter nucleic acid provided that the amplifying restriction endonucleases of immobilized probe nucleic acid and signal expansion nucleic acid are not capable of cleaving their intended amplifying restriction endonuclease cut sites until they are released as described herein. Such single compartments can be made using partitions or sub-compartments within the single compartment. For example, a sample to be tested can be placed into a single well of a microtiter plate that contains probe nucleic acid, recognition restriction endonucleases, first and second signal expansion nucleic acid, and reporter nucleic acid such that cleaved reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid is produced as described herein when target nucleic acid is present in the sample being tested and little or no cleaved reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid is produced when target nucleic acid is not present in the sample being tested. 
     Any appropriate method can be used to detect cleaved reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid to determine the presence, absence, or amount of target nucleic acid in a sample, which can indicate the presence, absence, or amount of a target virus or microorganism. For example, size separation techniques can be used to assess reaction products for cleaved reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid. Examples of such size separation techniques include, without limitation, gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis techniques. In some cases, a melt curve analysis can be performed to assess reaction products for cleaved reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid. As described herein, a label can be used to aid in the detection of cleaved nucleic acid (e.g., reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid). Examples of labels that can be used include, without limitation, fluorescent labels (with or without the use of quenchers), dyes, antibodies, radioactive material, enzymes (e.g., horse radish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, laccase, galactosidase, or luciferase), redox labels (e.g., ferrocene redox labels), metallic particles (e.g., gold nanoparticles), and green fluorescent protein based labels. For example, the release of fluorescently labeled portions of reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid from a solid support can be assessed using common fluorescent label detectors. In some cases, cleaved reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid can be detected electrochemically. For electrochemical detection, the reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid can include a ferrocene redox label. Reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid containing ferrocene can be obtained by coupling ferrocene carboxylic acid with an amino-modified oligonucleotide using the carbodiimide reaction in the presence of an excess of ferrocene carboxylic acid. In one embodiment, for a redox label, such as ferrocene, the detector can be an electrode for amperometric assay of redox molecules. For example, if the redox label is present in a reduced form of ferrocene, then the electrode at high electrode potential can provide an oxidation of the reduced form of ferrocene, thereby converting it to an oxidized form of ferrocene. The generated current can be proportional to the concentration of ferrocene label in the solution. 
     The methods and materials provided herein can be used to assess one or more samples for target nucleic acid in real-time. For example, a fluorescent label/quencher system or an electrochemical redox label system can be used to detect cleavage of reporter nucleic acid and/or signal expansion nucleic acid in real time. 
     The methods and materials provided herein can be used to assess one or more samples (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, or more) for a single type of target nucleic acid. For example, 100s of tissue samples (e.g., tissue biopsy samples) can be assessed for a target nucleic acid present in particular virus or microbe. In some case, the methods and materials provided herein can be used in a multiplex manner to assess one or more samples for more than one (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, or more) type of target nucleic acid. For example, target nucleic acid for ten different sequences (e.g., ten different sequences from a single bacterial species or strain, or a different sequence from ten different bacterial species or strains) can be used to design ten different probe nucleic acid molecules. In such cases, a different label can be used to correspond to each probe nucleic acid such that the detected signals can indicate which of the ten target nucleic acids are being detected. In some cases, the methods and materials provided herein can be used in a multiplex manner to assess samples for an infection by a particular bacterial species that can exist in nature as a heterogeneous species. For example, the methods and materials provided herein can be used in a multiplex manner to assess blood samples for infection by any one of a group of different  E. coli  strains that exist in nature. In such cases, many different target nucleic acids can be designed and included in a particular testing protocol or device such that the presence of any one of the group of different  E. coli  strains are detected. 
     This document also provides kits for performing the methods described herein. For example, a kit provided herein can include probe nucleic acid with or without being attached to a solid support and/or reporter nucleic acid with or without being attached to a solid support. In some cases, such a kit can include a recognition restriction endonuclease, first signal expansion nucleic acid, second signal expansion nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. In some cases, a kit can be configured into a microfluidic device that allows for the movement of probe nucleic acid, first signal expansion nucleic acid, second signal expansion nucleic acid, reporter nucleic acid, or recognition restriction endonucleases (or any combination thereof) as well as a cleaved portion of any such nucleic acid in a manner that allows a detection method provided herein to be carried out with or without the nucleic acid being attached to a solid support. For example, a kit provided herein can be a microfluidic device capable of receiving a sample and contacting that sample with probe nucleic acid. The probe nucleic acid can be designed to include a length of nucleotides followed by the sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid, which can create a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site, followed by an amplifying restriction endonuclease. The distance from the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site to the amplifying restriction endonuclease can be relatively short (e.g., 100, 50, 25, 10, or less nucleotides), while the distance from the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site to the beginning of the length of nucleotides can be relatively long (e.g., 50, 100, 150, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, or more). In such cases, cleavage of the probe nucleic acid at the recognition restriction endonuclease cut site can result in a relatively small portion that contains the amplifying restriction endonuclease and is capable of travelling faster than the larger uncleaved probe nucleic acid. This difference can allow the cleaved portion containing the amplifying restriction endonuclease to reach an area of the microfluidic device containing signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid so that the next reaction can be carried out without the presence of uncleaved probe nucleic acid. In some cases, after the smaller portion containing the amplifying restriction endonuclease enters the area containing signal expansion nucleic acid or reporter nucleic acid, a valve can be used to prevent the larger uncleaved probe nucleic acid from entering. In some cases, a filter can be used to limit the ability of larger uncleaved probe nucleic acid from proceeding to the next reaction location. Similar approaches can be used during other steps of a method provided herein to separate cleaved nucleic acid from uncleaved nucleic acid. 
     In some cases, a kit provided herein can be a portable or self-contained device, packet, vessel, or container that can be used, for example, in point of care applications (e.g., in a clinic, hospital, or other health care facility). For example, such a kit can be configured to allow a patient or physician&#39;s assistant to insert a sample for analysis. In some cases, a kit can be designed for use in a home setting or any other setting. Once inserted, the sample can be heated (e.g., heated to about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or more ° C.) and/or cooled by a heating or cooling mechanism located within the kit. For example, an exothermic or endothermic chemical reaction can be initiated within the kit to increase, decrease, or maintain the temperature. Such exothermic or endothermic chemical reactions can be carried out within the kit without being in fluid communication with the reactions of the target nucleic acid detection method. An iron oxidation reaction is an example of an exothermic chemical reaction that can be used to heat a kit provided herein. An endothermic chemical reaction that can be used to cool a kit provided herein can be a reaction that includes the use of ammonium chloride and water, potassium chloride and water, or sodium carbonate and ethanoic acid. In general, when detecting DNA target nucleic acid, the kit can be designed to generate, if needed, enough heat to denature double stranded DNA present within the sample. The kit also can be designed to generate appropriate heating and cooling temperatures to carry out each step of a detection method provided herein. In some cases, a kit provided herein can include a temperature indicator (e.g., color indicator or thermometer) to allows a user to assess temperature. 
     In some cases, a kit can be designed to provide a user with a “yes” or “no” indication about the presence of target nucleic acid within a tested sample. For example, a label having the ability to generate a change in pH can be used, and a visual indicator (e.g., a pH-based color indicator) can be used to inform the user of the presence of target nucleic acid based on a change in pH. 
     In some cases, a point of care or home use device can be designed to carry out the reactions described herein. For example, point of care or home use device can be designed to include a series of adjacent chambers. In a relatively simple configuration, for example, a first “sample” chamber can be configured for sample insertion, and can contain reagents (e.g., in dry or liquid form) to effect generation of single stranded nucleic acid fragments. A second “recognition” chamber can be configured to receive single stranded nucleic acid fragments from the first chamber, and can contain probe nucleic acid and recognition restriction endonuclease (e.g., in dry or liquid form). A third “amplification” chamber can be configured to receive cleaved portions of probe nucleic acid from the second chamber, and can contain reporter nucleic acid (e.g., in dry or liquid form). A fourth “detection” chamber can be configured to receive cleaved portions of marker nucleic acid from the third chamber, and can contain a reagent (e.g., in dry or liquid form) that serves as an indicator of whether or not target nucleic acid was present in the sample. It is noted that one or more additional “signal expansion” chambers can be present between the “recognition” chamber and the “amplification” chamber. 
     In some cases, a point of care or home use device can be configured such the chambers are separated from each other by membranes that can provide controlled passage of reaction materials. For example, chambers can be separated by membranes that are subject to degradation by particular reagents or solutions. In such cases, a reaction can be confined to a particular chamber until the membrane separating it from the adjacent chamber degrades, permitting passage of reaction components there between. 
     In some cases, a point of care or home use device can be adapted for automatic transfer of the reaction mixture between chambers. For example, insertion of a sample into the first chamber can trigger a reaction or provide a reagent that gradually degrades the membrane separating the first chamber from the second chamber. Movement of all or a portion of the reaction mixture into the second chamber can in turn provide a reagent or trigger a reaction that gradually degrades the membrane separating the second chamber from the third chamber. For example, if the sample reaction mixture in the first chamber is an aqueous solution, the reagents in the second chamber are dry, and the membrane in the second chamber is degraded by water, movement of the aqueous reaction mixture into the second chamber can trigger degradation of the membrane therein. 
     In some cases, a point of care or home use device can be adapted for automatic controlled flow transfer of reaction mixture between chambers. For example, insertion of a sample into the first chamber can trigger a reaction or provide a reagent that allows controlled flow movement of the sample through absorption media. Movement of all or a portion of the reaction mixture into the second chamber can in turn provide a reagent or trigger a reaction that allows controlled flow movement of the sample through absorption media to a third chamber. In such cases, a reaction can be confined to a particular chamber until the media separating it from the adjacent chamber absorbs and permits passage of reaction components there between. 
     In some cases, a point of care or home use device can be adapted for automatic controlled flow transfer of reaction mixture between chambers. For example, insertion of a sample into the first chamber can trigger a reaction or provide a reagent that allows controlled capillary flow movement of the sample through micro-fluidic channels. Movement of all or a portion of the reaction mixture into the second chamber can in turn provide a reagent or trigger a reaction that allows controlled flow movement of the sample through micro-fluidic channels to a third chamber. In such cases, a reaction can be confined to a particular chamber until the microfluidic channel permits passage of reaction components there between. 
     In some cases, a point of care or home use device can be adapted for automatic controlled flow transfer of reaction mixture without chambers. For example, insertion of a sample into the device can trigger a reaction or provide a reagent that allows controlled capillary flow movement of the sample through microfluidic channels. Movement of all or a portion of the reaction mixture in the microfluidic channel can trigger a reaction that allows reagents to enter the reaction mixture in a continuous flow-through manner with no specific chamber for a reaction. In such cases, a reaction does not need to be confined to a particular section of the microfluidic channel. 
     In some cases, transfer of a reaction mixture from one chamber to the next can be controlled by a user. An exemplary user-controlled, pen-style point of care or home use device is depicted in  FIG. 7 . Device  300  can include sample collector  310  and reaction unit  320 . Sample collector  310  can have cap  312  with screw threads  314 , shaft  316 , and swabber  318 . Swabber  318  can be smooth or rough, and in some cases can have bristles (e.g., smooth or rough bristles) or a matted texture to facilitate sample collection from, for example, the inside cheek, throat, or skin of an individual to be tested. 
     Reaction unit  320  can include tube  322 , open end  324  reversibly closed by safety cap  326 , and closed end  328 . Open end  324  can have internal screw threads, and cap  326  can have external screw threads  329 . Screw threads  329  of safety cap  326 , as well as screw threads  314  of sample collector cap  312 , can be adapted to mate with the internal screw threads at open end  324 , such that either safety cap  326  or sample collector  310  can be screwed into open end  324 . 
     Tube  322  can contain several chambers, such as lysing and isolation chamber  330 , recognition and amplification chamber  360 , and detection chamber  390 . As described herein, the chambers can be separated from one another to prevent premature mixing of reaction components. Tube  322  and the chambers contained therein can be made from, for example, clear plastic (e.g., polycarbonate, acrylic, nylon, or PVC). Tube  322  also can contain first and second safety bands  340  and  370 , and first and second spring returns  350  and  380 . 
     Lysing and isolation chamber  330  can be positioned proximal to open end  324 . Lysing and isolation chamber  330  can have proximal end  332 , distal end  334 , proximal membrane  336 , distal membrane  337 , and reaction completion indicator  338 . Proximal membrane  336  can be located adjacent to proximal end  332 , and distal membrane  337  can be located adjacent to distal end  334 . Membranes  336  and  337  can be made from, for example, synthetic rubber, natural latex rubber, or silicone. Chamber  330  can contain reagents for lysing cells as well as reagents for cleaving and denaturing cellular nucleic acids. Reaction completion indicator  338  can be, for example, a built in timer or stop watch, a built in pH indicator, a built in color change reagent, or a conductivity probe, and can indicate when cell lysis and nucleic acid sample generation are sufficient to proceed to the next step. 
     First safety band  340  can be positioned distal to lysing and isolation chamber  330  within tube  322 , and first spring return  350  can be positioned distal to first safety band  340 . First safety band  340  can be, for example, connected to a tab or strap, and can be moved or removed from reaction unit  320  by pulling on the tab or strap. First spring return  350  can be made from a shape memory material that can be compressed and then automatically return to or toward its original configuration. 
     The safety band  340  can be attached to the tube as a secured ring that can be, for example, over molded as a soft rubber component or inserted as a spring like split ring component. The safety band  340  can lock the position of the lysing and isolation tube chamber  340 , preventing linear sliding of the lysing and isolation chamber  330  to that of the recognition and amplification chamber  360 . Upon removal of safety band  340 , the user can actuate linear movement of the entire device  300  by holding the proximal end firm and pressing the distal closed end  328  such that both distal chambers recognition and amplification  360  and detection chamber  390  are moved toward the lysing and isolation chamber  330 . The needle and sample collector  362  can pierce membrane  337  and enter the lysing and isolation chamber  330 . The user can release a firm hold on the assembly and spring return  350  can draw the sample into recognition and amplification chamber  360 . After completion of the reaction, the user can remove safety band  370 , and the user can actuate linear movement of the assembly by holding the recognition and amplification chamber  360  firm and pressing the distal closed end  328  such that the detection chamber  390  moves toward the recognition and amplification chamber  360 . The needle and sample collector  392  can pierce membrane  366 . The user can release the firm hold on the assembly, and spring return  380  can draw the sample into detection chamber  390 . 
     Recognition and amplification chamber  360  can be positioned distal to first spring return  350 . Chamber  360  can have proximal end  361 , which in turn can have piercing needle and sample collector  362 , distal end  364 , membrane  366 , and reaction completion indicator  368 . Recognition and amplification chamber  360  can contain, for example, probe nucleic acid and reporter nucleic acid and restriction endonucleases for use in enzymatic amplification cascades as described herein. Piercing needle and sample collector  362  can have a pointed, beveled, or barbed tip. In addition, the interior of piercing needle and sample collector  362  can be in fluid communication with the interior of recognition and amplification chamber  360 , such that a nucleic acid test sample can be collected from lysing and isolation chamber  330  and transferred to recognition and amplification chamber  360  via collector  362 . Membrane  364  can be located adjacent to distal end  364 , and can be made from, for example, synthetic rubber, natural latex rubber, or silicone. Reaction completion indicator  368  can be, for example, a built in timer or stop watch, a built in pH indicator, a built in color change reagent, or a conductivity probe, and can indicate when cell lysis and nucleic acid sample generation are sufficient to proceed to the next step. 
     Second safety band  370  can be positioned distal to recognition and amplification chamber  360  within tube  322 , and second spring return  380  can be positioned distal to second safety band  370 . Second safety band  370  can be, for example, connected to a tab or strap, and can be moved or removed from reaction unit  320  by pulling on the tab or strap. Second spring return  380  can be made from a shape memory material (e.g., spring steel, plastic, or rubber) that can be compressed and then automatically return to or toward its original configuration. 
     Detection chamber  390  can be positioned distal to second spring return  380 , adjacent to closed end  328  of tube  322 . Detection chamber  390  can have proximal end  391 , which in turn can have piercing needle and sample collector  392 , and distal end  394 . Piercing needle and sample collector  392  can have a pointed, beveled, or barbed tip. In addition, the interior of piercing needle and sample collector  392  can be in fluid communication with the interior of detection chamber  390 , such that a reaction sample can be collected from recognition and amplification chamber  360  and transferred to detection chamber  390  via collector  392 . Detection chamber  390  can contain a substrate for an enzyme marker such as a substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphate (AP). 
     Sample collector  310  and reaction unit  320  can be packaged together and sold as a kit. In use, the sample collector  310  can be removed from the package, and a swab can be obtained from, for example, a subject&#39;s body. Cap  326  can be removed from open end  324  of tube  322 , and sample collector  310  can be screwed into open end  324  such that all or a portion of swabber  318  extends through proximal membrane  336  and into the interior of lysing and isolation chamber  330 . The sample can be mixed (e.g., by shaking), and the lysing and nucleic acid preparation can proceed for a particular length of time, or until reaction completion indicator  338  indicates that the user can proceed to the next reaction step. 
     When the nucleic acid sample is ready, the user can remove first safety band  350  from reaction unit  320 , and can actuate reaction unit  320  such that piercing needle and sample collector  362  moves proximally to penetrate distal membrane  337  of lysing and isolation chamber  330 , collects a sample from chamber  330 , and, by virtue of first spring return  350 , moves distally to its original position. The sample can again be mixed, and the recognition and amplification steps can proceed for a particular length of time, or until reaction completion indicator  368  indicates that the user can proceed to the next reaction step. 
     When the reaction sample is ready, the user can remove second safety band  380  from reaction unit  320 , and can actuate reaction unit  320  such that piercing needle and sample collector  392  moves proximally to penetrate membrane  366  of recognition and amplification chamber  360 , collects a sample from chamber  360 , and, by virtue of second spring return  380 , moves distally to its original position. The sample can again be mixed, and marker released during the amplification step can be detected (e.g., colorimetrically or fluorescently). In some cases, the outer surface of tube  322  can have a color code printed thereon, so a user can compare the color of detection chamber  390  with the color code to determine whether or not the tested sample contains target nucleic acid. 
     Device  300  can have any suitable dimensions. For example, the size of device  300  can approximate that of a pen or a marker, which can make it particularly convenient to transport. In some cases, device  300  can have a diameter at its widest point of about 0.25 to about 2 cm (e.g., 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2 cm), and a length of about 5 cm to about 200 cm (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 cm). 
     The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Formation and Cleavage of Target-Probe Hybrids 
     An oligonucleotide probe (5′-thiol-GGT AGT GCG AAA TGC CAT TGC TAG TTG TTT-biotin-3′; SEQ ID NO:10) that was modified with a thiol group at the 5′ end and a biotin molecule at the 3′ end was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Conjugation was performed using the SMCC reagent according to a technique modified from Dill et al. ( Biosensors and Bioelectronics,  20:736-742 (2004)). The HRP conjugate solution was incubated with a streptavidin-coated ELISA plate to immobilize the HRP-oligonucleotide probe to the surface via a biotin-streptavidin interaction. The ELISA plate was then incubated with different concentrations of a target oligonucleotide (5′-AAA CAA CTA GCA ATG GCA TTT-3′; SEQ ID NO:11). The target oligonucleotide sequence was reverse-complementary to the probe sequence to form a double-stranded hybrid molecule. After washing, the plate was incubated in a solution containing the restriction endonuclease BfaI. BfaI specifically recognizes the sequence 5′-CTAG-3′ and cleaves the double-stranded, target-probe hybrids to release the HRP-oligonucleotide into the reaction solution. After a two-hour incubation at 37° C., the reaction solution was transferred to a new ELISA plate. The cleaved HRP-oligonucleotide was contacted to 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) to form a colored reaction product. 
     When the restriction endonuclease BfaI was added in excess to the reaction mixture, a clear direct dependence between the amount of released HRP-probe and the concentration of oligonucleotide target was observed ( FIG. 6A ). The detectable target concentration was approximately 1 nM. This detection limit was obtained by direct measurement without any secondary signal amplification. The addition of a restriction endonuclease signal amplification cascade as described herein can further improve the detection limit by several orders of magnitude. 
     When the HRP-oligonucleotide probes were pre-incubated with an excess of target oligonucleotide (500 nM), the amount of cleaved HRP-oligonucleotide probe was limited by the amount of recognition restriction endonuclease BfaI ( FIG. 6B ). Taken together, these data demonstrate that recognition restriction endonucleases can be used to initiate the restriction endonuclease cascades described herein. 
     Example 2 
     Detecting Target Nucleic Acid Using Probe Nucleic Acid and Reporter Nucleic Acid 
     A target nucleic acid is selected. Once selected, target nucleic acid is analyzed using a common genetic database such as GenBank® and/or a computer-based sequence analysis program to identify a portion of the target nucleic acid that contains a cut site for a restriction endonuclease. Probe nucleic acid is designed to be complementary to at least a portion of target nucleic acid that contains a cut site. Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A sample to be tested is incubated in the first well. If target nucleic acid is present in the sample, at least a portion of the target nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid, and thereby forms a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. The recognition restriction endonuclease is added to the first well having the sample and probe nucleic acid. The microtiter plate is incubated at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     Upon cleavage of probe nucleic acid by the recognition restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution containing the released portion of the probe nucleic acid is transferred into a second well. The second well contains reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface and contains at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. Reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. Upon transfer to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonuclease bound to the released portion of the probe nucleic acid contacts the reporter nucleic acid. The amplifying restriction endonuclease cleaves reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The liberated portion of the reporter nucleic acid having the fluorescent label is moved to a third microtiter plate well, and a standard fluorescent reader is used to measure any fluorescent signal. 
     A standard curve of known amounts of target nucleic acid is used to quantify the amount of target nucleic acid in the tested sample. 
     Example 3 
     Detecting Target Nucleic Acid Using Probe Nucleic Acid, First Signal Expansion Nucleic Acid, Second Signal Expansion Nucleic Acid, and Reporter Nucleic Acid 
     Once selected, target nucleic acid is analyzed using a common genetic database such as GenBank® and/or a computer-based sequence analysis program to identify a portion of target nucleic acid that contains a cut site for a restriction endonuclease. Probe nucleic acid is designed based on the desired target nucleic acid as described herein. Standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods are used to make the probe nucleic acid, which is then conjugated to an initial amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A sample to be tested for the target nucleic acid is incubated in the first well. If target nucleic acid is present in the sample, at least a portion of target nucleic acid hybridizes to probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. Recognition restriction endonuclease is added to the first well having the sample and probe nucleic acid. The microtiter plate is incubated at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by the recognition restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution containing the free portion of probe nucleic acid is transferred to another well that includes first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid creates a positive feedback loop that causes an exponential acceleration of release of initial amplifying restriction enzymes. The reaction product from this well is transferred to another well containing reporter nucleic acid, and cleavage of the reporter nucleic acid is used to determine the presence, absence, or amount of target nucleic acid in the sample. A standard curve of known amounts of target nucleic acid is used to quantify the amount of target nucleic acid in the tested sample. 
     Example 4 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of Bacteria 
     The presence or absence of methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) in a sample is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A MRSA-specific target nucleic acid is analyzed using a common genetic database such as GenBank and/or a computer-based sequence analysis program to identify a portion of target nucleic acid that contains a cut site for a restriction endonuclease. Probe nucleic acid is designed to be complementary to at least a portion of the selected target nucleic acid. Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A biological sample (e.g., tissue sample or nasal swab) that is suspected of having MRSA is obtained, and the nucleic acid from that sample is incubated in the first well. If MRSA is present in the sample, at least a portion of the MRSA-specific nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a recognition restriction endonuclease cut site. Recognition restriction endonuclease is added to the first well having the sample and probe nucleic acid. The microtiter plate is incubated at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by the recognition restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site. The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the report nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of MRSA-specific nucleic acid present in the sample. If the sample was obtained from a patient, such a result is indicative of a MRSA infection in that patient. If no fluorescence is detected in the third well, such a result is indicative of the absence of MRSA in the sample. 
     Example 5 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Staphylococcus Aureus  in a Human Nasal Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Staphylococcus aureus  in a human nasal swab sample is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  Staphylococcus aureus  nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_013450; GenBank® GI No. 269201690) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  Staphylococcus aureus  nucleic acid that contains a DNA gyrase subunit B gene (GenBank® GI No. 269201690:5034-6968) with a cut site for the EcoRV restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GATATC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-TGATCTAGCGAAAGCAAGATATCACAAAATCGTCATTATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:12) was designed to be complementary to nucleotides 5340 to 5379 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A human nasal swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  Staphylococcus aureus  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  Staphylococcus aureus  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms an EcoRV cut site. EcoRV recognition restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by EcoRV, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  Staphylococcus aureus  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 6 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of MRSA in a Human Skin Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of MRSA in a human skin swab sample is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A MRSA target nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_002952; GenBank® GI No. 49482253) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target MRSA nucleic acid that contains a penicillin-binding protein 2 (mecA) gene (GenBank® GI No. 49482253:c46925-44919) with a cut site for the PstI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-CTGCAG-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-ATTGGCAAATCCGGTACTGCAGAACTCAAAATGAAACAAG-3′; SEQ ID NO:15) was designed to be complementary to nucleotides 46702 to 46741 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A human skin swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If MRSA is present in the sample, at least a portion of the MRSA nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a PstI site. PstI recognition restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by PstI, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTT CCATGGGG TAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of MRSA nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 7 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Streptococcus Pneumoniae  in a Human Sputum Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Streptococcus pneumoniae  in a sputum sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  Streptococcus pneumoniae  nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_008533; GenBank® GI No. 116515308) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  Streptococcus pneumoniae  nucleic acid that contains a pneumolysin (ply) gene (GenBank® GI No. 116515308:c1722872-1721457) with a cut site for the PstI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-CTGCAG-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-AACAGAGAGGAATTTCTGCAGAGCGTCCTTTGGTCTATAT-3′; SEQ ID NO:16) was designed from positions 1722127 to 1722166 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A human sputum sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  Streptococcus pneumoniae  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  Streptococcus pneumoniae  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a PstI cut site. PstI recognition restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by PstI, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  Streptococcus pneumoniae  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 8 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Streptococcus Pyogenes  in a Human Sputum or Blood Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Streptococcus pyogenes  in a sputum or blood sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  Streptococcus pyogenes  nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_003485; GenBank® GI No. 19745201) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  Streptococcus pyogenes  nucleic acid that contains an exotoxin type A precursor (speA) gene (GenBank® GI No. 19745201:c332312-331557) with a cut site for the BstEII restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 7 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GGTGACC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-ATATTTTCTTTATGAGGGTGACCCTGTTACTCACGAGAAT-3′; SEQ ID NO:17) was designed from positions 331712 to 331751 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A sputum or blood sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  Streptococcus pyogenes  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  Streptococcus pyogenes  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a BstEII restriction endonuclease cut site. BstEII restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by BstEII restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  Streptococcus pyogenes  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 9 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Mycobacterium Tuberculosis  in a Human Sputum Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in a sputum sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_000962; GenBank® GI No. 57116681) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  nucleic acid that contains an RNA polymerase subunit beta (rpoB) gene (GenBank® GI No. 57116681:759807-763325) with a cut site for the HincII restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GTTGAC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-AACAACCCGCTGTCGGGGTTGACCCACAAGCGCCGACTGT-3′; SEQ ID NO:18) was designed from positions 761115 to 761154 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A sputum sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a HincII restriction endonuclease cut site. HincII restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by HincII restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 10 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of Influenza A Virus in a Human Nasal Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of influenza A virus in a nasal swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. An influenza A virus nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_002016; GenBank® GI No. 8486122) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target influenza A virus nucleic acid that contains a matrix protein 1 (M1) gene (GenBank® GI No. 8486122:26-784) with a cut site for the PstI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-CTGCAG-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-ACCGTGCCCAGTGAGCGAGGACTGCAGCGTAGACGCTTTG-3′; SEQ ID NO:19) was designed from positions 225 to 264 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A nasal swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If influenza A virus is present in the sample, at least a portion of the influenza A virus nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a PstI restriction endonuclease cut site. PstI restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by PstI restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of influenza A virus nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 11 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of Adenovirus 4 in a Human Nasal Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of adenovirus 4 in a nasal swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. An adenovirus 4 nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_003266; GenBank® GI No. 51527264) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target adenovirus 4 nucleic acid that contains a glycoprotein 12 (gp 12) gene (GenBank® GI No. 51527264:26686-31469) with a cut site for the BglII restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-AGATCT-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-CCAACTCGCCGGATCGGGAAGATCTTCCTTCACGCCTCGT-3′; SEQ ID NO:20) was designed from positions 26776 to 26815 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A nasal swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid from that sample is incubated in the first well. If adenovirus 4 is present in the sample, at least a portion of the Adenovirus 4 nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a BglII restriction endonuclease cut site. BglII restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by BglII restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of adenovirus 4 nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 12 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Human Nasal Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of respiratory syncytial virus in a nasal swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A Respiratory syncytial virus nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_001803; GenBank® GI No. 9629367) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target respiratory syncytial virus nucleic acid that contains a matrix protein 2 (M2) gene (GenBank® GI No. 9629367:7567-8527) with a cut site for the EcoRV restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GATATC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-CCATAAAAACCACATTGGATATCCACAAGAGCATAACCAT-3′; SEQ ID NO:21) was designed from positions 8054 to 8093 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A nasal swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If respiratory syncytial virus is present in the sample, at least a portion of the respiratory syncytial virus nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a EcoRV restriction endonuclease cut site. EcoRV restriction endonuclease, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by EcoRV restriction endonuclease, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of Respiratory syncytial virus nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 13 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Neisseria Gonorrhoeae  in a Human Endocervical or Urethral Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  in a endocervical or urethral swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  N. gonorrhoeae  target nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_002946; GenBank® GI No. 59800473:1572106-1573584) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  N. gonorrhoeae  nucleic acid that contains orf1 gene (gene accession number NC_002946.2) with a cut site for the EcoRI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GAATTC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-CGCCGTCGAAGACGAAGAATTCGGGTTCGGGGCCGAAATA-3′; SEQ ID NO:22) was designed from positions 1573069 to 1573109 of the selected target gene. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. An endocervical or urethral swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  N. gonorrhoeae  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  N. gonorrhoeae  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a EcoRI cut site. EcoRI, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by EcoRI, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  N. gonorrhoeae  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 14 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Chlamydia Trachomatis  in a Human Endocervical or Urethral Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Chlamydia trachomatis  in an endocervical and urethral swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  C. trachomatis  target nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. CP000052; GenBank® GI No. 76168153) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  C. trachomatis  nucleic acid that contains plasmid pCTA (gene accession number CP000052.1) with a cut site for the BamHI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GGATCC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-ATTTCGTCTAACTTACGGATCCCTTGTACAATCAATTTAC-3′; SEQ ID NO:23) was designed from positions 628 to 667 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. An endocervical and urethral swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  C. trachomatis  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  C. trachomatis  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a BamHI cut site. BamHI, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  C. trachomatis  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 15 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of  Treponema Pallidum  in a Human Lesion Swab Sample 
     The presence or absence of  Treponema pallidum  in a lesion swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A  T. pallidum  target nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. NC_010741; GenBank® GI No. 189025236:115803-118796) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target  T. pallidum  nucleic acid that contains polA gene (gene accession number NC_010741.1) with a cut site for the BamHI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GGATCC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-TTGCAGCTTGGTTGCTGGATCCCGATCGCGGTACATACGG-3′; SEQ ID NO:24) was designed from positions 117359 to 117398 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A lesion swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If  T. pallidum  is present in the sample, at least a portion of the  T. pallidum  nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a BamHI cut site. BamHI, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by BamHI, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of  T. pallidum  nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Example 16 
     Detecting the Presence or Absence of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) in a Human Herpes Sore Sample 
     The presence or absence of HSV-2 in a herpes sore swab sample collected from a human is detected using an enzymatic amplification cascade. A HSV-2 target nucleic acid (GenBank® Accession No. X01712.1; GenBank® GI No. 59898) was analyzed using the GenBank® genetic database and CLC DNA Workbench software to identify a portion of target HSV-2 nucleic acid that contains thymidine kinase gene (gene accession number X01712 J02225) with a cut site for the BamHI restriction endonuclease, which cleaves at the 6 bp nucleotide sequence 5′-GGATCC-3′. A 40 nt probe nucleic acid (5′-CCTCCGAAGCCCGCGGGGATCCGGAGCTGCCCACGCTGCT-3′; SEQ ID NO:25) was designed from positions 442 to 481 of the selected target nucleic acid. 
     Once designed and obtained by standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, probe nucleic acid is conjugated to an amplifying restriction endonuclease and immobilized to the surface of a first well of a microtiter plate. A herpes sore swab sample to be tested is obtained, and the nucleic acid of that sample is incubated in the first well. If HSV-2 is present in the sample, at least a portion of the HSV-2 nucleic acid hybridizes to the probe nucleic acid and thereby forms a BamHI cut site. BamHI, which is present within the first well or which is added to the first well, is allowed to cleave any formed recognition restriction endonuclease cut sites by incubating the microtiter plate at 37° C. for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. 
     After cleavage of the probe nucleic acid:target nucleic acid hybrid by BamHI, the reaction solution in the first well is transferred to a second well containing reporter nucleic acid that is immobilized to the surface of the second well and that has at least one double-stranded portion having an amplifying restriction endonuclease NcoI cut site. The reporter nucleic acid can be a double-stranded nucleic acid having a first strand (e.g., 5′-CATTGCTAGTTGTTTCCATGGGGTAGTGCGAAATGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and a second strand (e.g., 5′-GCATTTCGCACTACCCCATGGAAACAACTAGCAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:14). The reporter nucleic acid also has a fluorescent label. In some cases, first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid are used prior to the reporter nucleic acid step to increase the level of target nucleic acid detection. The first signal expansion nucleic acid and second signal expansion nucleic acid can include labels, in which case they can be used together with reporter nucleic acid or in place of reporter nucleic acid. 
     After transferring the reaction mixture to the second chamber, the amplifying restriction endonucleases of the released portions of probe nucleic acid contact reporter nucleic acid, and the microtiter plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature (e.g., at 37° C.) for an appropriate length of time (e.g., 1 minute to 2 hours) for the cleavage reaction to proceed. The amplifying restriction endonucleases cleave reporter nucleic acid at the double-stranded amplifying restriction endonuclease cut site to form at least two portions. The reaction solution of the second well is transferred to a third well for fluorescence detection using a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence in the third well is indicative of HSV-2 nucleic acid present in the sample. 
     Other Embodiments 
     It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.