Patent Publication Number: US-2023150367-A1

Title: Pack monitoring unit for an electric aircraft battery pack and methods of use for battery management

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of Non-provisional application Ser. No. 17/529,583 filed on Nov. 18, 2021 and entitled “PACK MONITORING UNIT FOR AN ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT BATTERY PACK AND METHODS OF USE FOR BATTERY MANAGEMENT,” the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to the field of electric aircrafts. In particular, the present invention is directed to a battery pack monitoring unit and methods of use for battery management. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The burgeoning of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft technologies promises an unprecedented forward leap in energy efficiency, cost savings, and the potential of future autonomous and unmanned aircraft. However, the technology of eVTOL aircraft is still lacking in crucial areas of energy source solutions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In an aspect, a system for monitoring an electric aircraft battery pack, the system including a PMU. The PMU includes a controller, wherein the controller is configured to receive a measurement datum for a battery module of a battery pack and generate a lockout flag as a function of the measurement datum. The PMU further including a memory component, wherein the memory component is configured to store the lockout flag persistently. 
     In an aspect, a method for monitoring an electric aircraft battery pack, the method including receiving, by a controller of a PMU, a measurement datum for a battery module of a battery pack. The method further including generating, by the controller, a lockout flag as a function of the measurement datum. The method further including storing, by the controller, on a memory component, the lockout flag persistently. 
     These and other aspects and features of non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific non-limiting embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspects of one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of another exemplary embodiment a pack monitor unit in one or more aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a sensor suite in partial cut-off view in one or more aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a battery pack in one or more aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a module monitor unit in one or more aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  are illustrations of exemplary embodiments of a battery pack configured for use in an electric aircraft in isometric view in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart of an exemplary embodiment of a method of battery pack management in one or more aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is an illustration of an embodiment of an electric aircraft in one or more aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram of a computing system that can be used to implement any one or more of the methodologies disclosed herein and any one or more portions thereof in one or more aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     The drawings are not necessarily to scale and may be illustrated by phantom lines, diagrammatic representations and fragmentary views. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the embodiments or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Battery management systems and related techniques are provided to improve the monitoring and controlling of an electric aircraft energy source. More specifically, a pack monitoring unit (PMU) is configured to measure a condition parameter of a component of an electric aircraft battery pack to ensure the battery pack is operating properly and to prevent or reduce damage to the electric aircraft if the battery pack experiences catastrophic failure. 
     In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. As used herein, the word “exemplary” or “illustrative” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   , an exemplary embodiment of a pack monitoring unit (PMU)  100  is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may be implemented in a battery management system (shown in  FIG.  3   ) to monitor a battery pack  104  and/or components of battery pack  104 . In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may receive a condition parameter from a sensor that is configured to detect a condition parameter of battery pack  104 . In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may include a sensor. In other embodiments, sensor may be remote to PMU  100 , for example and without limitation, a sensor of a module monitor unit (MMU)  116 . As used in this disclosure, a “condition parameter” is a detected electrical or physical input, characteristic, and/or phenomenon related to a state of a battery pack. For example, and without limitation, sensor  108  may measure a condition parameter, such as temperature, of a battery module terminal and/or a battery cell of battery pack  104 . A condition parameter may include a temperature, a voltage, a current, a pressure, a gas level, a moisture/humidity level, an orientation, or the like, of battery pack  104  and/or a component of battery pack  104 , such as a battery module or a battery cell (shown in  FIG.  4   ). 
     In one or more embodiments, condition parameter of battery module  204  may be detected by sensor  108 , which may be communicatively connected to an MMU  116  that is incorporated in a battery module, as discussed further below in this disclosure. Sensor  108  may include a sensor suite  200  (shown in  FIG.  2   ) or one or more individual sensors (shown in  FIG.  1   ), which may include, but are not limited to, one or more temperature sensors, voltmeters, current sensors, hydrometers, infrared sensors, photoelectric sensors, ionization smoke sensors, motion sensors, pressure sensors, radiation sensors, level sensors, imaging devices, moisture sensors, gas and chemical sensors, flame sensors, electrical sensors, imaging sensors, force sensors, Hall sensors, bolometers, and the like. Sensor  108  may be a contact or a non-contact sensor. For example, and without limitation, sensor  108  may be connected to battery module and/or battery cell of battery pack  104 . In other embodiments, sensor  108  may be remote to battery module and/or battery cell. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  1   , sensor  108  may generate a measurement datum, which is a function of a detected condition parameter. For the purposes of this disclosure, “measurement datum” is an electronic signal representing an information and/or a parameter of a detected electrical and/or physical characteristic and/or phenomenon correlated with a state of a battery pack. For example, and without limitation, a sensor signal output includes a measurement datum. In one or more embodiments, measurement datum may include data of a condition parameter regarding a detected state of a battery cell. In one or more embodiments, measurement datum may include a quantitative and/or numerical value representing a temperature, pressure, moisture level, gas level, orientation, or the like. In one or more embodiments, measurement datum may include an acceleration or g-force sustained by battery pack  104 , battery module, battery cell, and/or the like. As a non-limiting example, this acceleration or g-force may be sustained in a fall or crash. In some embodiments, the fall or crash may be sustained with the battery pack  104 , battery module, battery cell and the like are not installed in an aircraft; for example, when they are in storage or undergoing maintenance. In some embodiments, measurement datum may include an overdischarge datum indicating that battery pack  104 , battery module, battery cell, and/or the like sustained an overdischarge event. An “overdischarge event,” for the purposes of this disclosure, occurs when a battery cell is discharged beyond a lower safe voltage limit. This may be detected using electrical sensors, such as, as a non-limiting example, a voltage sensor; detection may include, for instance comparing a voltage of and/or based on the battery voltage to a reference voltage representing the threshold using a comparator, comparing a digital representation of the voltage, for instance as recorded using an analog to digital converter to a numerical datum representing the threshold voltage, or the like. An overdischarge event may occur when, as a non-limiting example, an aircraft, requires additional energy to land. This may occur, for example, in emergency situations. Overdischarge events and/or other events that may represent abuse or potential damage and/or compromise to the battery during flight may be recorded in memory, such as memory of an MMU and/or PMU. For example, and without limitation, a measurement datum may include a temperature of 75° F. In one or more embodiments, sensor  108  is configured to transmit measurement datum to PMU  100 . PMU  100  is configured to receive measurement datum and process the received measurement datum. Though sensor  108  is described as providing one or more sensors, PMU  100  may also include a sensor that detects a parameter condition of battery pack  104  and generates a measurement datum to transmit to controller  112 . For example, PMU  100  may include a pressure sensor  124 , a real time clock (RTC) sensor  128  that is used to track the current time and date, a humidity sensor  132 , an accelerometer/IMU  136 , or other sensor  140 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  1   , PMU  100  includes a controller  112 . Sensor  108  may be communicatively connected to controller  112  of PMU  100  so that sensor  108  may transmit/receive signals to/from controller  112 . Signals, such as signals of sensor  108  and/or controller  112 , may include electrical, electromagnetic, visual, audio, radio waves, or another undisclosed signal type alone or in combination. In one or more embodiments, communicatively connecting is a process whereby one device, component, or circuit is able to receive data from and/or transmit data to another device, component, or circuit. In an embodiment, communicative connecting includes electrically connecting at least an output of one device, component, or circuit to at least an input of another device, component, or circuit. In one or more embodiments, controller  112  is configured to receive measurement datum from sensor  108 . For example, PMU  100   a  may receive a plurality of measurement data from MMU  116   a  (shown in  FIG.  2   ). Similarly, PMU  100   b  may receive a plurality of measurement data from MMU  116   b  (shown in  FIG.  2   ). In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  receives measurement datum from MMU  116  via a communication component  144 . In one or more embodiments, communication component  144  may be a transceiver. For example, and without limitation, communication component  144  may include an isoSPI communications interface. 
     In one or more embodiments, controller  112  of PMU  100  is configured to identify an operating condition of battery module  108  as a function of measurement datum. For the purposes of this disclosure, an “operating condition” is a state and/or working order of a battery pack and/or any components thereof. For example, and without limitation, an operating condition may include a state of charge (SOC), a depth of discharge (DOD), a temperature reading, a moisture/humidity level, a gas level, a chemical level, or the like. In one or more embodiments, controller  112  of PMU  100  is configured to determine a critical event element if operating condition is outside of a predetermined threshold (also referred to herein as a “threshold”). For the purposes of this disclosure, a “critical event element” is a failure and/or critical operating condition of a battery pack and/or components thereof that may be harmful to the battery pack and/or corresponding electric aircraft. In one or more embodiments, a critical event element may include an overcurrent, undercurrent, overvoltage, overheating, high moisture levels, byproduct presence, low SOC, high DOD, or the like. For instance, and without limitation, if an identified operating condition, such as a temperature reading of 50° F., of a battery cell of battery pack  104 , is outside of a predetermined threshold, such as 75° F. to 90° F., where 75° F. is the temperature threshold and 90° F. is the upper temperature threshold, then a critical event element is determined by controller  112  of PMU  100  since 50° F. is beyond the lower temperature threshold. In another example, and without limitation, PMU  100  may use measurement datum from MMU  116  to identify a temperature of 95° F. for a battery module terminal. If the predetermined threshold is, for example, 90° F., then the determined operating condition exceeds the predetermined threshold, and a critical event element is determined by controller  112 , such as a risk of a short at the terminal of a battery module  204  (shown in  FIGS.  2  and  4   ). As used in this disclosure, a “predetermined threshold” is a limit and/or range of an acceptable quantitative value and/or combination of values such as an n-tuple or function such as linear function of values, and/or representation related to a normal operating condition of a battery pack and/or components thereof. In one or more embodiments, an operating condition outside of the threshold is a critical operating condition that indicates that a battery pack is malfunctioning, which triggers a critical event element. An operating condition within the threshold is a normal operating condition that indicates that battery pack is working properly and that no action is required by PMU  100  and/or a user. For example, and without limitation, if an operating condition of temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, as described above in this disclosure, then a battery pack is considered to be operating at a critical operating condition and may be at risk of overheating and experiencing a catastrophic failure. 
     In one or more embodiments, controller  112  of PMU  100  is configured to generate an action command if critical event element is determined by controller  112 . For the purposes of this disclosure, an “action command” is a control signal generated by a controller that provides instructions related to reparative action needed to prevent and/or reduce damage to a battery back, components thereof, and/or aircraft as a result of a critical operating condition of the battery pack. Continuing the previously described example above, if an identified operating condition includes a temperature of 95° F., which exceeds predetermined threshold, then controller  112  may determine a critical event element indicating that battery pack  104  is working at a critical temperature level and at risk of catastrophic failure, such as short circuiting or catching fire. In one or more embodiments, critical event elements may include high shock/drop, overtemperature, undervoltage, high moisture, contactor welding, SOC unbalance, and the like. In one or more embodiments, an action command may include an instruction to terminate power supply from battery pack  104  to electric aircraft, power off battery pack  104 , terminate a connection between one or more battery cells  404  (shown in  FIG.  4   ), initiate a temperature regulating system, such as a coolant system or opening of vents to circulate air around or through battery pack  104 , or the like. In one or more embodiments, controller  112  may conduct reparative procedures via action command after determining critical even element to reduce or eliminate critical element event. For example, and without limitation, controller  112  may initiate reparative procedure of a circulation of a coolant through a cooling system of battery pack  104  to lower the temperature if a battery module if the determined temperature of the battery module exceeds a predetermined threshold. In another example, and without limitation, if a gas and/or chemical accumulation level is detected that is then determined to exceed a predetermined threshold, then high voltage disconnect may terminate power supply connection  112 . According to some embodiments, a vent of battery pack  104  may be opened to circulate air through battery pack  104  and reduce detected gas levels. Additionally, vent of battery module  204  may have a vacuum applied to aid in venting of ejecta. Vacuum pressure differential may range from 0.1″ Hg to 36″ Hg. 
     In one or more embodiments, a critical event alert may be generated by controller  112  of PMU  100  in addition to an action command. The critical event alert may include a lockout feature, which is an alert that remains even after rebooting of the battery pack and/or corresponding systems. Lockout feature may only be removed by a manual override or once the critical event element has ceased and is no longer determined by controller  112 . In one or more embodiments, controller  112  may continuously monitor battery pack  104  and components thereof so that an operating condition is known at all times. 
     In one or more embodiments, controller  112  may include a computing device, which may be implemented in any manner suitable for implementation of a computing device as described in this disclosure, a microcontroller, a logic device, a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a control circuit, a combination thereof, or the like. In one or more embodiments, output signals from various components of battery pack  104  may be analog or digital. Controller  112  may convert output signals from MMU  100 , sensor  108 , and/or sensors  124 , 128 , 132 , 136 , 140  to a usable form by the destination of those signals. The usable form of output signals from MMUs and/or sensors, through processor may be either digital, analog, a combination thereof, or an otherwise unstated form. Processing may be configured to trim, offset, or otherwise compensate the outputs of sensor. Based on MMU and/or sensor output, controller can determine the output to send to a downstream component. Processor can include signal amplification, operational amplifier (Op-Amp), filter, digital/analog conversion, linearization circuit, current-voltage change circuits, resistance change circuits such as Wheatstone Bridge, an error compensator circuit, a combination thereof or otherwise undisclosed components. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may run state estimation algorithms. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may communicate with MMU  116  and/or sensor  108  via a communication component  144 . For example, and without limitation, PMU may communicate with MMU  112  using an isoSPI transceiver. 
     In one or more embodiments, controller  112  may be designed and/or configured to perform any method, method step, or sequence of method steps in any embodiment described in this disclosure, in any order and with any degree of repetition. For instance, controller  112  may be configured to perform a single step or sequence repeatedly until a desired or commanded outcome is achieved; repetition of a step or a sequence of steps may be performed iteratively and/or recursively using outputs of previous repetitions as inputs to subsequent repetitions, aggregating inputs and/or outputs of repetitions to produce an aggregate result, reduction or decrement of one or more variables such as global variables, and/or division of a larger processing task into a set of iteratively addressed smaller processing tasks. controller  112  may perform any step or sequence of steps as described in this disclosure in parallel, such as simultaneously and/or substantially simultaneously performing a step two or more times using two or more parallel threads, processor cores, or the like; division of tasks between parallel threads and/or processes may be performed according to any protocol suitable for division of tasks between iterations. Persons skilled in the art, upon reviewing the entirety of this disclosure, will be aware of various ways in which steps, sequences of steps, processing tasks, and/or data may be subdivided, shared, or otherwise dealt with using iteration, recursion, and/or parallel processing. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  1   , PMU  100  may include a memory component  120  configured to store data related to battery pack  104  and/or components thereof. In one or more embodiments, memory component  120  may store battery pack data. Battery pack data may include generated data, detected data, measured data, inputted data, determined data and the like. For example, measurement datum from MMU  112  and or a sensor may be stored in memory component  120 . In another example, critical event element and/or corresponding lockout flag may be stored in memory component  120 . Battery pack data may also include inputted datum, which may include total flight hours that battery pack  104  and/or electric aircraft, such as electric aircraft  208  (shown in  FIG.  2   ), have been operating, flight plan of electric aircraft, battery pack identification, battery pack verification, a battery pack maintenance history, battery pack specifications, or the like. In one or more embodiments, battery pack maintenance history may include mechanical failures and technician resolutions thereof, electrical failures and technician resolutions thereof. In one or more embodiments, memory component  120  may be communicatively connected to sensors, such as sensor  108 , that detect, measure, and obtain a plurality of measurements, which may include current, voltage, resistance, impedance, coulombs, watts, temperature, moisture/humidity, or a combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, memory component  120  may be communicatively connected to a sensor suite consistent with this disclosure to measure physical and/or electrical characteristics. In one or more embodiments, memory component  120  may store the battery pack data that includes a predetermined threshold consistent with this disclosure. The moisture-level threshold may include an absolute, relative, and/or specific moisture-level threshold. Battery pack  104  may be designed to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)&#39;s Design Assurance Level A (DAL-A), using redundant DAL-B subsystems. 
     In one or more embodiments, memory component  120  may be configured to save measurement datum, operating condition, critical event element, and the like periodically in regular intervals to memory component  120 . “Regular intervals”, for the purposes of this disclosure, refers to an event taking place repeatedly after a certain amount of elapsed time. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may include a timer that works in conjunction to determine regular intervals. In other embodiments, PMU may continuously update operating condition or critical event element and, thus, continuously store data related the information in memory component. A Timer may include a timing circuit, internal clock, or other circuit, component, or part configured to keep track of elapsed time and/or time of day. For example, in non-limiting embodiments, data storage system  120  may save the first and second battery pack data every 30 seconds, every minute, every 30 minutes, or another time period according to timer. Additionally or alternatively, memory component  120  may save battery pack data after certain events occur, for example, in non-limiting embodiments, each power cycle, landing of the electric aircraft, when battery pack is charging or discharging, a failure of battery module, a malfunction of battery module, a critical event element, or scheduled maintenance periods. In nonlimiting embodiments, battery pack  104  phenomena may be continuously measured and stored at an intermediary storage location, and then permanently saved by memory component  120  at a later time, like at a regular interval or after an event has taken place as disclosed hereinabove. Additionally or alternatively, data storage system may be configured to save battery pack data at a predetermined time. “Predetermined time”, for the purposes of this disclosure, refers to an internal clock within battery pack commanding memory component  120  to save battery pack data at that time. 
     Memory component  120  may include a solid-state memory or tape hard drive. Memory component  120  may be communicatively connected to PMU  100  and may be configured to receive electrical signals related to physical or electrical phenomenon measured and store those electrical signals as battery module data. Alternatively, memory component  120  may be a plurality of discrete memory components that are physically and electrically isolated from each other. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand the virtually limitless arrangements of data stores with which battery pack  104  could employ to store battery pack data. 
     In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may be configured to communicate with an electric aircraft, such as a flight controller of electric aircraft, using a controller area network (CAN), such as by using a CAN transceiver  176 . In one or more embodiments, controller area network may include a bus. Bus may include an electrical bus. Bus may refer to power busses, audio busses, video busses, computing address busses, and/or data busses. Bus may be additionally or alternatively responsible for conveying electrical signals generated by any number of components within battery pack  104  to any destination on or offboard an electric aircraft. PMU  100  may include wiring or conductive surfaces only in portions required to electrically couple bus to electrical power or necessary circuits to convey that power or signals to their destinations. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may transmit action command via CAN transceiver  176  and/or an alert to an electric aircraft. For example, and without limitation, PMU  100  may transmit an alert to a user interface, such as a display, of an electric aircraft to indicate to a user that a critical event element has been determined. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may also use CAN transceiver  176  to transmit an alert to a remote user device, such as a laptop, mobile device, tablet, or the like. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  1   , in some embodiments, PMU  100  may generate action command as a function of a status datum. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “status datum,” is a datum that indicates whether a battery pack is in use. For example, status datum may indicate that a battery pack is currently in use by an electric aircraft. In some embodiments, status datum may indicate that the battery pack is in use by an aircraft that is in-flight. In some embodiments, status datum may indicate that battery pack is not installed in an aircraft; such as, as non-limiting examples, on a shelf or undergoing maintenance. In some embodiments, status datum may indicate that battery pack is not in use; as non-limiting examples, when the aircraft is on the ground or turned off 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  1   , status datum may be determined by PMU as a function of data from sensor  108 . As a non-limiting example, sensor  108  may collect electrical data, such as current, from which status datum may be determined. For example, if sensor  108  detects that no current is flowing from battery pack, then PMU may determine that the status datum should indicate that the battery pack is not in use. As another non-limiting example, if sensor  108  detects that current is flowing from battery pack, then PMU may determine that the status datum should indicate that the battery pack is in use. In some embodiments, PMU  100  may receive status datum from another computing device, such as, as a non-limiting example, a flight controller. In some embodiments, PMU  100  may determine status datum as a function of communications from a computing device, such as a flight controller. In some embodiments, PMU  100  may determine status datum as a function of the presence or absence of communications from a computing device, such as a flight controller. As a non-limiting example, if PMU  100  does not receive communications from a flight controller, then PMU  100  may determine that the status datum should indicate that the battery pack is not in use. As a non-limiting example, if PMU  100  does receive communications from a flight controller, then PMU  100  may determine that the status datum should indicate that the battery pack is in use. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  1   , in some embodiments PMU  100  may not generate action command if status datum indicates that the battery pack is in use. In some embodiments, PMU may decline to transmit status datum to a communication device, such as a can transceiver, if the status datum indicates that the battery pack is in use. In some embodiments, PMU  100  may generate action command if status datum indicates that the battery pack is not in use. In some embodiments, PMU may transmit status datum to a communication device, such as a can transceiver, if the status datum indicates that the battery pack is not in use. This may prevent the battery pack from being disconnected if it is in use. 
     In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may include a housing  148 . In one or more embodiments, housing  148  may include materials which possess characteristics suitable for thermal insulation, such as fiberglass, iron fibers, polystyrene foam, and thin plastic films, to name a few. Housing  148  may also include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass, asbestos, rigid laminate, varnish, resin, paper, Teflon, rubber, and mechanical lamina to physically isolate components of battery pack  104  from external components. In one or more embodiments, housing  148  may also include layers that separate individual components of PMU  100 , such as components described above in this disclosure. As understood by one skilled in the art, housing  148  may be any shape or size suitable to attached to a battery module, such as battery module  204  of  FIG.  2   , of battery pack  104 . In one or more embodiments, controller  112 , memory component  120 , sensor  108 , or the like may be at least partially disposed within housing  116 . 
     In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may be in communication with a high voltage disconnect of battery pack  104 . In one or more embodiments, high voltage disconnect may include a bus. A “bus”, for the purposes of this disclosure and in electrical parlance is any common connection to which any number of loads, which may be connected in parallel, and share a relatively similar voltage may be electrically coupled. Bus may be responsible for conveying electrical energy stored in battery pack  104  to at least a portion of an electric aircraft, as discussed previously in this disclosure. High voltage disconnect  152  may include a ground fault detection  156 , an HV (high voltage) current sense  160 , an HV pyro fuse  164 , an HV contactor  168 , and the like. High voltage disconnect  152  may physically and/or electrically breaks power supply communication between electric aircraft and battery module of battery pack  104 . In one or more embodiments, in one or more embodiments, the termination of a power supply connection between high voltage disconnect  152  and electric aircraft may be restored by high voltage disconnect  152  once PMU  100  no longer determined a critical event element. In other embodiments, a power supply connection may need to be restored manually, such as by a user. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may also include a switching regulator, which is configured to receive power from a battery module of battery pack  104 . Thus, PMU  100  may be powered by energy by battery pack  104 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2   , an exemplary embodiment of a battery pack  104  is presented in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In one or more embodiments, battery pack  104  may include a battery module  204 , which is configured to provide energy to an electric aircraft  208  via a power supply connection  212 . For the purposes of this disclosure, a “power supply connection” is an electrical and/or physical communication between a battery module  204  and electric aircraft  208  that powers electric aircraft  208  and/or electric aircraft subsystems for operation. In one or more embodiments, battery pack  104  may include a plurality of battery modules, such as modules  204   a - n . For example, and without limitation, battery pack  104  may include fourteen battery modules. In one or more embodiments, each battery module  204   a - n  may include a battery cell, as shown in  FIG.  5 B . For example, and without limitation, battery module  204  may include a plurality of battery cells. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  2   , battery pack  104  includes a battery management component  214  (also referred to herein as a “management component”). In one or more embodiments, battery management component  214  may be integrated into battery pack  104  in a portion of battery pack  104  or a component thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, and without limitation, management component  220  may be disposed on a first end of battery pack  104 . One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are various areas in and on a battery pack and/or subassemblies thereof that may include battery management component  214 . In one or more embodiments, battery management component  214  may be disposed directly over, adjacent to, facing, and/or near a battery module and specifically at least a portion of a battery cell, the arrangement of which will be disclosed with greater detail in reference to  FIG.  4   . In one or more embodiments, battery management component  214  includes PMU  100 , MMU  116 , and high voltage disconnect  152 . In one or more embodiments, battery management component  214  may also include a sensor  108 . For example, and without limitation, battery management component  214  may include a sensor suite  300  having a plurality of sensors, as discussed previously in this disclosure, as shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     In one or more embodiments, battery management component  214  includes module MMU  116 , which is mechanically connected and communicatively connected to battery module  204 . As used herein, “communicatively connected” is a process whereby one device, component, or circuit is able to receive data from and/or transmit data to another device, component, or circuit. In an embodiment, communicative connecting includes electrically connecting at least an output of one device, component, or circuit to at least an input of another device, component, or circuit. In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  is configured to detect a measurement characteristic of battery module  204  of battery pack  104 . For the purposes of this disclosure, a “measurement characteristic” is detected electrical or physical input and/or phenomenon related to a condition state of battery pack  104 . A condition state may include detectable information related to, for example, a temperature, a moisture level, a humidity, a voltage, a current, vent gas, vibrations, chemical content, or other measurable characteristics of battery pack  104 , battery module  204 , and/or a battery cell. For example, and without limitation, MMU  116  may detect and/or measure a measurement characteristic, such as a temperature, of battery module  204 . In one or more embodiments, a condition state of battery pack  104  may include a condition state of a battery module  204  and/or a battery cell. In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  may include a sensor, which may be configured to detect and/or measure measurement characteristic. As used in this disclosure, a “sensor” is a device that is configured to detect an input and/or a phenomenon and transmit information and/or datum related to the detection, as discussed further below in this disclosure. Output signal may include a sensor signal, which transmits information and/or datum related to the sensor detection. A sensor signal may include any signal form described in this disclosure, for example digital, analog, optical, electrical, fluidic, and the like. In some cases, a sensor, a circuit, and/or a controller may perform one or more signal processing steps on a signal. For instance, sensor, circuit, and/or controller may analyze, modify, and/or synthesize a signal in order to improve the signal, for instance by improving transmission, storage efficiency, or signal to noise ratio. 
     In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  is configured to transmit a measurement datum of battery module  204 . MMU  116  may generate an output signal such as measurement datum that includes information regarding detected measurement characteristic. For the purposes of this disclosure, “measurement datum” is an electronic signal representing an information and/or a parameter of a detected electrical and/or physical characteristic and/or phenomenon correlated with a condition state of battery pack  104 . For example, measurement datum may include data of a measurement characteristic regarding a detected temperature of a battery cell. In one or more embodiments, measurement datum may be transmitted by MMU  116  to PMU  100  so that PMU  100  may receive measurement datum, as discussed further in this disclosure. For example, MMU  116  may transmit measurement data to a controller  112  of PMU  100 . 
     In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  may include a plurality of MMUs. For instance, and without limitation, each battery module  204   a - n  may include one or more MMUs  116 . For example, and without limitation, each battery module  204   a - n  may include two MMUs  116   a,b . MMUs  116   a,b  may be positioned on opposing sides of battery module  204 . Battery module  204  may include a plurality of MMUs to create redundancy so that, if one MMU fails or malfunctions, another MMU may still operate properly. In one or more nonlimiting exemplary embodiments, MMU  116  may include mature technology so that there is a low risk. Furthermore, MMU  116  may not include software, for example, to avoid complications often associated with programming. MMU  116  is configured to monitor and balance all battery cell groups of battery pack  104  during charging of battery pack  104 . For instance, and without limitation, MMU  116  may monitor a temperature of battery module  204  and/or a battery cell of battery module  204 . For example, and without limitation, MMU  116  may monitor a battery cell group temperature. In another example, and without limitation, MMU  116  may monitor a terminal temperature to, for example, detect a poor HV electrical connection. In one or more embodiments, an MMU  116  may be indirectly connected to PMU  100 . In other embodiments, MMU  116  may be directly connected to PMU  100 . In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  may be communicatively connected to an adjacent MMU  116 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  2   , battery management component  214  may include PMU  100 , which is communicatively connected to MMU  116 . As previously discussed in this disclosure, PMU  100  includes a controller  112 , which is configured to receive measurement datum from MMU  116 . For example, PMU  100   a  may receive a plurality of measurement data from MMU  116   a.  Similarly, PMU  100   b  may receive a plurality of measurement data from MMU  116   b.  In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may receive measurement datum from MMU  116  via communicative connections. For example, PMU  100  may receive measurement datum from MMU  116  via an isoSPI communications interface. 
     In one or more embodiments, battery management component  214  may include a plurality of PMUs  100 . For instance, and without limitation, battery management component  214  may include a pair of PMUs. For example, and without limitation, battery management component  214  may include a first PMU  100   a  and a second PMU  100   b,  which are each disposed in or on battery pack  104  and may be physically isolated from each other. “Physical isolation”, for the purposes of this disclosure, refer to a first system&#39;s components, communicative connection, and any other constituent parts, whether software or hardware, are separated from a second system&#39;s components, communicative coupling, and any other constituent parts, whether software or hardware, respectively. Continuing in reference to the nonlimiting exemplary embodiment, first PMU  100   a  and second PMU  100   b  may perform the same or different functions. For example, and without limitation, the first and second PMUs  100   a,b  may perform the same, and therefore, redundant functions. Thus, if one PMU  100   a/b  fails or malfunctions, in whole or in part, the other PMU  100   b/a  may still be operating properly and therefore battery management component  214  may still operate and function properly for battery pack  104 . One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the terms “first” and “second” do not refer to either PMU as primary or secondary. In non-limiting embodiments, the first and second PMUs  100   a,b , due to their physical isolation, may be configured to withstand malfunctions or failures in the other system and survive and operate. Provisions may be made to shield first PMU  100   a  from PMU  100   b  other than physical location, such as structures and circuit fuses. In non-limiting embodiments, first PMU  100   a,  second PMU  100   b,  or subcomponents thereof may be disposed on an internal component or set of components within battery pack  104 , such as on battery module sense board, as discussed further below in this disclosure. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  2   , first PMU  100   a  may be electrically isolated from second PMU  100   b.  “Electrical isolation”, for the purposes of this disclosure, refer to a first system&#39;s separation of components carrying electrical signals or electrical energy from a second system&#39;s components. First PMU  100   a  may suffer an electrical catastrophe, rendering it inoperable, and due to electrical isolation, second PMU  100   b  may still continue to operate and function normally, allowing for continued management of battery pack  104  of electric aircraft  208 . Shielding such as structural components, material selection, a combination thereof, or another undisclosed method of electrical isolation and insulation may be used, in nonlimiting embodiments. For example, and without limitation, a rubber or other electrically insulating material component may be disposed between electrical components of first and second PMUs  100   a,b , preventing electrical energy to be conducted through it, isolating the first and second PMUs  100   a,b  form each other. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  2   , high voltage disconnect  152  is communicatively connected to battery module  108 , wherein high voltage disconnect  152  is configured to terminate power supply connection  212  between battery module  204  and electric aircraft  108  in response to receiving action command from PMU  100 . PMU  100  may be configured to determine a critical event element, such as high shock/drop, overtemperature, undervoltage, contactor welding, and the like. High voltage disconnect  132  is configured to receive action command generated by PMU  100  and lock out battery pack  104  for maintenance in response to received action command. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may create a lockout flag, which may be stored persistently in in memory component  120 . For instance, and without limitation, lockout flag may be stored in a storage component and/or device that retains information after being powered down. For example, and without limitation, memory component  120  may be a flash, hard disk memory, secondary memory, or the like. A lockout flag may include an indicator alerting a user of termination of power supply connection  212  by high voltage disconnect  152 . For instance, and without limitation, a lockout flag may be saved in a database of memory component  120  of PMU  100  so that, despite rebooting battery pack  104  or complete loss of power of battery pack  104 , power supply connection remains terminated and an alert regarding the termination remains. In one or more embodiments, lockout flag cannot be removed until a critical event element is no longer determined by controller  212 . For, example, PMU  100  may be continuously updating an operating condition and determining if operating condition is outside of a predetermined threshold. In one or more embodiments, lockout flag may include an alert on a graphic user interface of, for example, a remote computing device, such as a mobile device, tablet, laptop, desktop and the like. In other embodiments, lockout flag may be indicated to a user via an illuminated LED that is remote or locally located on battery pack  104 . In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may include control of cell group balancing via MMUs, control of contactors (high voltage connections, etc.) control of welding detection, control of pyro fuses, and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , an embodiment of sensor suite  300  is presented. The herein disclosed system and method may comprise a plurality of sensors in the form of individual sensors or a sensor suite working in tandem or individually. A sensor suite may include a plurality of independent sensors, as described herein, where any number of the described sensors may be used to detect any number of physical or electrical quantities associated with an aircraft power system or an electrical energy storage system. Independent sensors may include separate sensors measuring physical or electrical quantities that may be powered by and/or in communication with circuits independently, where each may signal sensor output to a control circuit such as a user graphical interface. In a non-limiting example, there may be four independent sensors housed in and/or on battery pack  104  measuring temperature, electrical characteristic such as voltage, amperage, resistance, or impedance, or any other parameters and/or quantities as described in this disclosure. In an embodiment, use of a plurality of independent sensors may result in redundancy configured to employ more than one sensor that measures the same phenomenon, those sensors being of the same type, a combination of, or another type of sensor not disclosed, so that in the event one sensor fails, the ability of battery management system  100  and/or user to detect phenomenon is maintained and in a non-limiting example, a user alter aircraft usage pursuant to sensor readings. 
     Sensor suite  300  may be suitable for use as sensor  108  of MMU  116  or may be directly connected to PMU  100  as disclosed with reference to  FIG.  1    hereinabove. Sensor suite  300  includes a moisture sensor  304 . “Moisture”, as used in this disclosure, is the presence of water, this may include vaporized water in air, condensation on the surfaces of objects, or concentrations of liquid water. Moisture may include humidity. “Humidity”, as used in this disclosure, is the property of a gaseous medium (almost always air) to hold water in the form of vapor. An amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. Water vapor is generally invisible to the human eye and may be damaging to electrical components. There are three primary measurements of humidity, absolute, relative, specific humidity. “Absolute humidity,” for the purposes of this disclosure, describes the water content of air and is expressed in either grams per cubic meters or grams per kilogram. “Relative humidity”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is expressed as a percentage, indicating a present stat of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity given the same temperature. “Specific humidity”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is the ratio of water vapor mass to total moist air parcel mass, where parcel is a given portion of a gaseous medium. Moisture sensor  304  may be psychrometer. Moisture sensor  304  may be a hygrometer. Moisture sensor  304  may be configured to act as or include a humidistat. A “humidistat”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is a humidity-triggered switch, often used to control another electronic device. Moisture sensor  304  may use capacitance to measure relative humidity and include in itself, or as an external component, include a device to convert relative humidity measurements to absolute humidity measurements. “Capacitance”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is the ability of a system to store an electric charge, in this case the system is a parcel of air which may be near, adjacent to, or above a battery cell. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  3   , sensor suite  300  may include electrical sensors  308 . Electrical sensors  308  may be configured to measure voltage across a component, electrical current through a component, and resistance of a component. Electrical sensors  308  may include separate sensors to measure each of the previously disclosed electrical characteristics such as voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter, respectively. 
     Alternatively or additionally, and with continued reference to  FIG.  3   , sensor suite  300  include a sensor or plurality thereof that may detect voltage and direct the charging of individual battery cells according to charge level; detection may be performed using any suitable component, set of components, and/or mechanism for direct or indirect measurement and/or detection of voltage levels, including without limitation comparators, analog to digital converters, any form of voltmeter, or the like. Sensor suite  300  and/or a control circuit incorporated therein and/or communicatively connected thereto may be configured to adjust charge to one or more battery cells as a function of a charge level and/or a detected parameter. For instance, and without limitation, sensor suite  300  may be configured to determine that a charge level of a battery cell is high based on a detected voltage level of that battery cell or portion of the battery pack. Sensor suite  300  may alternatively or additionally detect a charge reduction event, defined for purposes of this disclosure as any temporary or permanent state of a battery cell requiring reduction or cessation of charging; a charge reduction event may include a cell being fully charged and/or a cell undergoing a physical and/or electrical process that makes continued charging at a current voltage and/or current level inadvisable due to a risk that the cell will be damaged, will overheat, or the like. Detection of a charge reduction event may include detection of a temperature, of the cell above a threshold level, detection of a voltage and/or resistance level above or below a threshold, or the like. Sensor suite  300  may include digital sensors, analog sensors, or a combination thereof. Sensor suite  300  may include digital-to-analog converters (DAC), analog-to-digital converters (ADC, A/D, A-to-D), a combination thereof, or other signal conditioning components used in transmission of a first plurality of battery pack data  128  to a destination over wireless or wired connection. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  3   , sensor suite  300  may include thermocouples, thermistors, thermometers, passive infrared sensors, resistance temperature sensors (RTD&#39;s), semiconductor based integrated circuits (IC), a combination thereof or another undisclosed sensor type, alone or in combination. Temperature, for the purposes of this disclosure, and as would be appreciated by someone of ordinary skill in the art, is a measure of the heat energy of a system. Temperature, as measured by any number or combinations of sensors present within sensor suite  300 , may be measured in Fahrenheit (° F.), Celsius (° C.), Kelvin (° K), or another scale alone or in combination. The temperature measured by sensors may comprise electrical signals which are transmitted to their appropriate destination wireless or through a wired connection. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  3   , sensor suite  300  may include a sensor configured to detect gas that may be emitted during or after a cell failure. “Cell failure”, for the purposes of this disclosure, refers to a malfunction of a battery cell, which may be an electrochemical cell, that renders the cell inoperable for its designed function, namely providing electrical energy to at least a portion of an electric aircraft. Byproducts of cell failure  312  may include gaseous discharge including oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, a combination thereof, or another undisclosed gas, alone or in combination. Further the sensor configured to detect vent gas from electrochemical cells may comprise a gas detector. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “gas detector” is a device used to detect a gas is present in an area. Gas detectors, and more specifically, the gas sensor that may be used in sensor suite  300 , may be configured to detect combustible, flammable, toxic, oxygen depleted, a combination thereof, or another type of gas alone or in combination. The gas sensor that may be present in sensor suite  300  may include a combustible gas, photoionization detectors, electrochemical gas sensors, ultrasonic sensors, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) sensors, infrared imaging sensors, a combination thereof, or another undisclosed type of gas sensor alone or in combination. Sensor suite  300  may include sensors that are configured to detect non-gaseous byproducts of cell failure  312  including, in non-limiting examples, liquid chemical leaks including aqueous alkaline solution, ionomer, molten phosphoric acid, liquid electrolytes with redox shuttle and ionomer, and salt water, among others. Sensor suite  200  may include sensors that are configured to detect non-gaseous byproducts of cell failure  312  including, in non-limiting examples, electrical anomalies as detected by any of the previous disclosed sensors or components. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  3   , sensor suite  300  may be configured to detect events where voltage nears an upper voltage threshold or lower voltage threshold. The upper voltage threshold may be stored in memory component  120  for comparison with an instant measurement taken by any combination of sensors present within sensor suite  300 . The upper voltage threshold may be calculated and calibrated based on factors relating to battery cell health, maintenance history, location within battery pack, designed application, and type, among others. Sensor suite  300  may measure voltage at an instant, over a period of time, or periodically. Sensor suite  300  may be configured to operate at any of these detection modes, switch between modes, or simultaneous measure in more than one mode. In one or more exemplary embodiments, PMU  100  may determine, using sensor suite  300 , a critical event element where voltage nears the lower voltage threshold. The lower voltage threshold may indicate power loss to or from an individual battery cell or portion of the battery pack. PMU  100  may determine through sensor suite  300  critical event elements where voltage exceeds the upper and lower voltage threshold. Events where voltage exceeds the upper and lower voltage threshold may indicate battery cell failure or electrical anomalies that could lead to potentially dangerous situations for aircraft and personnel that may be present in or near its operation. 
     In one or more embodiments, sensor suite  300  may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU). In one or more embodiments, an IMU may be configured to detect a change in specific force of a body. An IMU may include an accelerometer, a gyro sensor, a magnetometer, an E-compass, a G-sensor, a geomagnetic sensor, and the like. An IMU may be configured to obtain measurement datum. PMU  100  may determine a critical event element by if, for example, an accelerometer of sensor suite  300  detects a force experienced by battery pack  104  that exceeds a predetermined threshold. 
     With reference to  FIG.  4   , an exemplary embodiment of an MMU  116  is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. MMU  116  may monitor battery cells  404 . As previously mentioned, MMU  116  may include one or more sensors. For example, MMU  116  may include resistors to detect a temperature of a corresponding battery module  204 . MMU  116  may also monitor all battery cells  404 . For example, MMU  116  may detect if one cell as more power than another cell of battery module  204  during recharging. 
     As previously mentioned, battery module  204  may include a plurality of MMUs  124 . For example, battery module  204  may include a left and a right MMU on opposing sides of battery module  204  to create redundancy, as previously discussed in this disclosure. In one or more embodiments, each MMU  116  may communicate with another MMU  116  and/or PMU  100  via communication component  144 . For example, an MMU  116  may communicate with an adjacent MMU  116  using an isoSPI connection. Each MMU may use a wireless and/or wired connection to communicated with each other. 
     In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  may include one or more circuits and/or circuit elements, including without limitation a printed circuit board component, aligned with a first side of battery module  204  and the openings correlating to battery cells  404 . In one or more embodiments, MMU  116  may include, without limitation, a control circuit configured to perform and/or direct any actions performed by MMU  116  and/or any other component and/or element described in this disclosure; control circuit may include any analog or digital control circuit, including without limitation a combinational and/or synchronous logic circuit, a processor, microprocessor, microcontroller, or the like. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  4   , MMU  116  may include sensor  108  or sensor suite  300  configured to measure physical and/or electrical parameters, such as without limitation temperature, voltage, orientation, or the like, of one or more battery cells  404 . MMU  116  and/or a control circuit incorporated therein and/or communicatively connected thereto, may further be configured to detect a measurement datum of each battery cell  404 , which controller  112  of PMU  100  may ultimately use to determine a failure within each battery cell  404 , such as critical event element. Cell failure may be characterized by a spike in temperature and MMU  116  may be configured to detect that increase, which in turn, PMU  100  uses to determine a critical event element and generate signals, to disconnect power supply connection  212  (shown in  FIG.  2   ) and to notify users, support personnel, safety personnel, maintainers, operators, emergency personnel, aircraft computers, or a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, measurement data of MMU  116  may be stored in memory component  120 . 
     Now referring to  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B , an exemplary embodiment of battery pack  104  is illustrated. Battery pack  104  is a power source that may be configured to store electrical energy in the form of a plurality of battery modules, which themselves include of a plurality of electrochemical cells. These cells may utilize electrochemical cells, galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, flow cells, and/or voltaic cells. In general, an electrochemical cell is a device capable of generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions, this disclosure will focus on the former. Voltaic or galvanic cells are electrochemical cells that generate electric current from chemical reactions, while electrolytic cells generate chemical reactions via electrolysis. In general, the term ‘battery’ is used as a collection of cells connected in series or parallel to each other. A battery cell may, when used in conjunction with other cells, may be electrically connected in series, in parallel or a combination of series and parallel. Series connection includes wiring a first terminal of a first cell to a second terminal of a second cell and further configured to include a single conductive path for electricity to flow while maintaining the same current (measured in Amperes) through any component in the circuit. A battery cell may use the term ‘wired’, but one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that this term is synonymous with ‘electrically connected’, and that there are many ways to couple electrical elements like battery cells together. An example of a connector that does not include wires may be prefabricated terminals of a first gender that mate with a second terminal with a second gender. Battery cells may be wired in parallel. Parallel connection includes wiring a first and second terminal of a first battery cell to a first and second terminal of a second battery cell and further configured to include more than one conductive path for electricity to flow while maintaining the same voltage (measured in Volts) across any component in the circuit. Battery cells may be wired in a series-parallel circuit which combines characteristics of the constituent circuit types to this combination circuit. Battery cells may be electrically connected in a virtually unlimited arrangement which may confer onto the system the electrical advantages associated with that arrangement such as high-voltage applications, high-current applications, or the like. In an exemplary embodiment, battery pack  104  include 196 battery cells in series and 18 battery cells in parallel. This is, as someone of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, is only an example and battery pack  104  may be configured to have a near limitless arrangement of battery cell configurations. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  5   , battery pack  104  may include a plurality of battery modules. The battery modules may be wired together in series and in parallel. Battery pack  104  may include a center sheet which may include a thin barrier. The barrier may include a fuse connecting battery modules on either side of the center sheet. The fuse may be disposed in or on the center sheet and configured to connect to an electric circuit comprising a first battery module and therefore battery unit and cells. In general, and for the purposes of this disclosure, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operate to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. As a sacrificial device, its essential component is metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting energy flow. The fuse may include a thermal fuse, mechanical fuse, blade fuse, expulsion fuse, spark gap surge arrestor, varistor, or a combination thereof. 
     Battery pack  104  may also include a side wall includes a laminate of a plurality of layers configured to thermally insulate the plurality of battery modules from external components of battery pack  104 . The side wall layers may include materials which possess characteristics suitable for thermal insulation as described in the entirety of this disclosure like fiberglass, air, iron fibers, polystyrene foam, and thin plastic films, to name a few. The side wall may additionally or alternatively electrically insulate the plurality of battery modules from external components of battery pack  104  and the layers of which may include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass, asbestos, rigid laminate, varnish, resin, paper, Teflon, rubber, and mechanical lamina. The center sheet may be mechanically coupled to the side wall in any manner described in the entirety of this disclosure or otherwise undisclosed methods, alone or in combination. The side wall may include a feature for alignment and coupling to the center sheet. This feature may include a cutout, slots, holes, bosses, ridges, channels, and/or other undisclosed mechanical features, alone or in combination. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  5   , battery pack  104  may also include an end panel including a plurality of electrical connectors and further configured to fix battery pack  104  in alignment with at least the side wall. The end panel may include a plurality of electrical connectors of a first gender configured to electrically and mechanically couple to electrical connectors of a second gender. The end panel may be configured to convey electrical energy from battery cells to at least a portion of an eVTOL aircraft. Electrical energy may be configured to power at least a portion of an eVTOL aircraft or include signals to notify aircraft computers, personnel, users, pilots, and any others of information regarding battery health, emergencies, and/or electrical characteristics. The plurality of electrical connectors may include blind mate connectors, plug and socket connectors, screw terminals, ring and spade connectors, blade connectors, and/or an undisclosed type alone or in combination. The electrical connectors of which the end panel includes may be configured for power and communication purposes. A first end of the end panel may be configured to mechanically couple to a first end of a first side wall by a snap attachment mechanism, similar to end cap and side panel configuration utilized in the battery module. To reiterate, a protrusion disposed in or on the end panel may be captured, at least in part, by a receptacle disposed in or on the side wall. A second end of end the panel may be mechanically coupled to a second end of a second side wall in a similar or the same mechanism. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  5   , sensor suite  300  may be disposed in or on a portion of battery pack  104  near battery modules or battery cells. In one or more embodiments, PMU  100  may be configured to communicate with an electric aircraft, such as a flight controller of electric aircraft  208 , using a controller area network (CAN), such as by using a CAN transceiver  176  (shown in  FIG.  1   ). In one or more embodiments, controller area network may include a bus. Bus may include an electrical bus. Bus may refer to power busses, audio busses, video busses, computing address busses, and/or data busses. Bus may be additionally or alternatively responsible for conveying electrical signals generated by any number of components within battery pack  104  to any destination on or offboard an electric aircraft. Battery management component may include wiring or conductive surfaces only in portions required to electrically couple bus to electrical power or necessary circuits to convey that power or signals to their destinations. 
     Outputs from sensors or any other component present within system may be analog or digital. Onboard or remotely located processors can convert those output signals from sensor suite to a usable form by the destination of those signals. The usable form of output signals from sensors, through processor may be either digital, analog, a combination thereof or an otherwise unstated form. Processing may be configured to trim, offset, or otherwise compensate the outputs of sensor suite. Based on sensor output, the processor can determine the output to send to downstream component. Processor can include signal amplification, operational amplifier (Op-Amp), filter, digital/analog conversion, linearization circuit, current-voltage change circuits, resistance change circuits such as Wheatstone Bridge, an error compensator circuit, a combination thereof or otherwise undisclosed components. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  5   , any of the disclosed components or systems, namely battery pack  104 , PMU  100 , and/or battery cell  404  may incorporate provisions to dissipate heat energy present due to electrical resistance in integral circuit. Battery pack  104  includes one or more battery element modules wired in series and/or parallel. The presence of a voltage difference and associated amperage inevitably will increase heat energy present in and around battery pack  104  as a whole. The presence of heat energy in a power system is potentially dangerous by introducing energy possibly sufficient to damage mechanical, electrical, and/or other systems present in at least a portion of electric aircraft  208 . Battery pack  104  may include mechanical design elements, one of ordinary skill in the art, may thermodynamically dissipate heat energy away from battery pack  104 . The mechanical design may include, but is not limited to, slots, fins, heat sinks, perforations, a combination thereof, or another undisclosed element. 
     Heat dissipation may include material selection beneficial to move heat energy in a suitable manner for operation of battery pack  104 . Certain materials with specific atomic structures and therefore specific elemental or alloyed properties and characteristics may be selected in construction of battery pack  104  to transfer heat energy out of a vulnerable location or selected to withstand certain levels of heat energy output that may potentially damage an otherwise unprotected component. One of ordinary skill in the art, after reading the entirety of this disclosure would understand that material selection may include titanium, steel alloys, nickel, copper, nickel-copper alloys such as Monel, tantalum and tantalum alloys, tungsten and tungsten alloys such as Inconel, a combination thereof, or another undisclosed material or combination thereof. Heat dissipation may include a combination of mechanical design and material selection. The responsibility of heat dissipation may fall upon the material selection and design as disclosed above in regard to any component disclosed in this paper. The battery pack  104  may include similar or identical features and materials ascribed to battery pack  104  in order to manage the heat energy produced by these systems and components. 
     According to embodiments, the circuitry disposed within or on battery pack  104  may be shielded from electromagnetic interference. The battery elements and associated circuitry may be shielded by material such as mylar, aluminum, copper a combination thereof, or another suitable material. The battery pack  104  and associated circuitry may include one or more of the aforementioned materials in their inherent construction or additionally added after manufacture for the express purpose of shielding a vulnerable component. The battery pack  104  and associated circuitry may alternatively or additionally be shielded by location. Electrochemical interference shielding by location includes a design configured to separate a potentially vulnerable component from energy that may compromise the function of said component. The location of vulnerable component may be a physical uninterrupted distance away from an interfering energy source, or location configured to include a shielding element between energy source and target component. The shielding may include an aforementioned material in this section, a mechanical design configured to dissipate the interfering energy, and/or a combination thereof. The shielding comprising material, location and additional shielding elements may defend a vulnerable component from one or more types of energy at a single time and instance or include separate shielding for individual potentially interfering energies. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6   , a flow chart showing an exemplary method  600  of battery pack management using PMU  100  is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In one or more embodiments, step  605  of method  600  includes receiving, by controller  112  of PMU  100 , a measurement datum for a battery module  204  of a battery pack  104 . In some embodiments, the measurement datum includes an acceleration datum. In some embodiments, the measurement datum includes an overdischarge event. 
     In one or more embodiments, step  610  of method  600  includes identifying, by controller  112 , an operating condition of battery module  204  as a function of the measurement datum. 
     In one or more embodiments, step  615  of method  600  includes determining, by controller  112 , a critical event element if the operating condition is outside of a predetermined threshold. 
     In one or more embodiments, step  620  of method  600  includes generating, by controller  112 , an action command and lockout flag as a function of a critical event element is determined by the controller  112 . In some embodiments, generating the action command is a function of a status datum. In some embodiments, the status datum indicates whether the battery pack is in use. In some embodiments, the status datum indicates whether the battery pack is installed in an aircraft. 
     In one or more embodiments, step  625  of method  600  includes transmitting, by communication component  144  of PMU  100 , the action command to a high voltage disconnect of the battery module, wherein the action command configures the high voltage disconnect to terminate a power supply between the battery module and a corresponding electric aircraft. 
     In one or more embodiments, step  630  of method  600  includes storing, by a memory component of PMU  100 , the lockout flag persistently. For instance, and without limitation, lockout flag may be stored in a memory component that retains information despite a loss of power. For example, and without limitation, memory component  120  may include a non-volatile memory (NVM). In one or more non-limiting embodiments, memory component  120  may include including a flash memory storage, such as NAND flash, a solid-state drive (SSD), a read-only memory (ROM), an EPROM (erasable programmable ROM), a EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM), a ferroelectric RAM, a disk storage, and the like. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  6   , in some embodiments, the PMU may include a plurality of PMUs. In some embodiments, the plurality of PMUs may include a first PMU and a second PMU, wherein the first PMU and the second PMU are configured to perform redundant functions. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7   , an embodiment of an electric aircraft  700  is presented in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Electric aircraft  700  may include a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL). As used herein, a vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft is one that can hover, take off, and land vertically. An eVTOL, as used herein, is an electrically powered aircraft typically using an energy source, of a plurality of energy sources to power the aircraft. In order to optimize the power and energy necessary to propel the aircraft. eVTOL may be capable of rotor-based cruising flight, rotor-based takeoff, rotor-based landing, fixed-wing cruising flight, airplane-style takeoff, airplane-style landing, and/or any combination thereof. Rotor-based flight, as described herein, is where the aircraft generated lift and propulsion by way of one or more powered rotors coupled with an engine, such as a “quad copter,” multi-rotor helicopter, or other vehicle that maintains its lift primarily using downward thrusting propulsors. Fixed-wing flight, as described herein, is where the aircraft is capable of flight using wings and/or foils that generate life caused by the aircraft&#39;s forward airspeed and the shape of the wings and/or foils, such as airplane-style flight. 
     It is to be noted that any one or more of the aspects and embodiments described herein may be conveniently implemented using one or more machines (e.g., one or more computing devices that are utilized as a user computing device for an electronic document, one or more server devices, such as a document server, etc.) programmed according to the teachings of the present specification, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the computer art. Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the software art. Aspects and implementations discussed above employing software and/or software modules may also include appropriate hardware for assisting in the implementation of the machine executable instructions of the software and/or software module. 
     Such software may be a computer program product that employs a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable storage medium may be any medium that is capable of storing and/or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and/or embodiments described herein. Examples of a machine-readable storage medium include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk, an optical disc (e.g., CD, CD-R, DVD, DVD-R, etc.), a magneto-optical disk, a read-only memory “ROM” device, a random-access memory “RAM” device, a magnetic card, an optical card, a solid-state memory device, an EPROM, an EEPROM, and any combinations thereof. A machine-readable medium, as used herein, is intended to include a single medium as well as a collection of physically separate media, such as, for example, a collection of compact discs or one or more hard disk drives in combination with a computer memory. As used herein, a machine-readable storage medium does not include transitory forms of signal transmission. 
     Such software may also include information (e.g., data) carried as a data signal on a data carrier, such as a carrier wave. For example, machine-executable information may be included as a data-carrying signal embodied in a data carrier in which the signal encodes a sequence of instruction, or portion thereof, for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and any related information (e.g., data structures and data) that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and/or embodiments described herein. 
     Examples of a computing device include, but are not limited to, an electronic book reading device, a computer workstation, a terminal computer, a server computer, a handheld device (e.g., a tablet computer, a smartphone, etc.), a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify an action to be taken by that machine, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a computing device may include and/or be included in a kiosk. 
       FIG.  8    shows a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a computing device in the exemplary form of a computer system  800  within which a set of instructions for causing a control system to perform any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure may be executed. It is also contemplated that multiple computing devices may be utilized to implement a specially configured set of instructions for causing one or more of the devices to perform any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure. Computer system  800  includes a processor  804  and a memory  808  that communicate with each other, and with other components, via a bus  812 . Bus  812  may include any of several types of bus structures including, but not limited to, a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, a local bus, and any combinations thereof, using any of a variety of bus architectures. 
     Memory  808  may include various components (e.g., machine-readable media) including, but not limited to, a random-access memory component, a read only component, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a basic input/output system  816  (BIOS), including basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer system  800 , such as during start-up, may be stored in memory  808 . Memory  808  may also include (e.g., stored on one or more machine-readable media) instructions (e.g., software)  820  embodying any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure. In another example, memory  808  may further include any number of program modules including, but not limited to, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, program data, and any combinations thereof. 
     Computer system  800  may also include a storage device  824 . Examples of a storage device (e.g., storage device  824 ) include, but are not limited to, a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, an optical disc drive in combination with an optical medium, a solid-state memory device, and any combinations thereof. Storage device  824  may be connected to bus  812  by an appropriate interface (not shown). Example interfaces include, but are not limited to, SCSI, advanced technology attachment (ATA), serial ATA, universal serial bus (USB), IEEE 894 (FIREWIRE), and any combinations thereof. In one example, storage device  824  (or one or more components thereof) may be removably interfaced with computer system  800  (e.g., via an external port connector (not shown)). Particularly, storage device  824  and an associated machine-readable medium  828  may provide nonvolatile and/or volatile storage of machine-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data for computer system  800 . In one example, software  820  may reside, completely or partially, within machine-readable medium  828 . In another example, software  820  may reside, completely or partially, within processor  804 . 
     Computer system  800  may also include an input device  832 . In one example, a user of computer system  800  may enter commands and/or other information into computer system  800  via input device  832 . Examples of an input device  832  include, but are not limited to, an alpha-numeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), a pointing device, a joystick, a gamepad, an audio input device (e.g., a microphone, a voice response system, etc.), a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a touchpad, an optical scanner, a video capture device (e.g., a still camera, a video camera), a touchscreen, and any combinations thereof. Input device  832  may be interfaced to bus  812  via any of a variety of interfaces (not shown) including, but not limited to, a serial interface, a parallel interface, a game port, a USB interface, a FIREWIRE interface, a direct interface to bus  812 , and any combinations thereof. Input device  832  may include a touch screen interface that may be a part of or separate from display  836 , discussed further below. Input device  832  may be utilized as a user selection device for selecting one or more graphical representations in a graphical interface as described above. 
     A user may also input commands and/or other information to computer system  800  via storage device  824  (e.g., a removable disk drive, a flash drive, etc.) and/or network interface device  840 . A network interface device, such as network interface device  840 , may be utilized for connecting computer system  800  to one or more of a variety of networks, such as network  844 , and one or more remote devices  848  connected thereto. Examples of a network interface device include, but are not limited to, a network interface card (e.g., a mobile network interface card, a LAN card), a modem, and any combination thereof. Examples of a network include, but are not limited to, a wide area network (e.g., the Internet, an enterprise network), a local area network (e.g., a network associated with an office, a building, a campus or other relatively small geographic space), a telephone network, a data network associated with a telephone/voice provider (e.g., a mobile communications provider data and/or voice network), a direct connection between two computing devices, and any combinations thereof. A network, such as network  844 , may employ a wired and/or a wireless mode of communication. In general, any network topology may be used. Information (e.g., data, software  820 , etc.) may be communicated to and/or from computer system  800  via network interface device  840 . 
     Computer system  800  may further include a video display adapter  852  for communicating a displayable image to a display device, such as display device  836 . Examples of a display device include, but are not limited to, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma display, a light emitting diode (LED) display, and any combinations thereof. Display adapter  852  and display device  836  may be utilized in combination with processor  804  to provide graphical representations of aspects of the present disclosure. In addition to a display device, computer system.  800  may include one or more other peripheral output devices including, but not limited to, an audio speaker, a printer, and any combinations thereof. Such peripheral output devices may be connected to bus  812  via a peripheral interface  856 . Examples of a peripheral interface include, but are not limited to, a serial port, a USB connection, a FIREWIRE connection, a parallel connection, and any combinations thereof. 
     The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the invention. Various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Features of each of the various embodiments described above may be combined with features of other described embodiments as appropriate in order to provide a multiplicity of feature combinations in associated new embodiments. Furthermore, while the foregoing describes a number of separate embodiments, what has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Additionally, although particular methods herein may be illustrated and/or described as being performed in a specific order, the ordering is highly variable within ordinary skill to achieve embodiments according to this disclosure. Accordingly, this description is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not to otherwise limit the scope of this invention. 
     Exemplary embodiments have been disclosed above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, omissions and additions may be made to that which is specifically disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.