Patent Publication Number: US-2011078441-A1

Title: Systems and methods for wireless processing and medical device monitoring via remote command execution

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/877,525 filed Oct. 23, 2007 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/862,743, filed Oct. 24, 2006, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     NOTICE OF INCLUDED COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. All trademarks and service marks identified herein are owned by the applicant. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to systems and methods for medical device monitoring, and more particularly, to systems and methods for wirelessly monitoring medical devices. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Historically, patient medical care was often provided for in the patient&#39;s home or some other environment apart from a clinical setting. Physicians, midwives, or other healthcare providers would make house calls, observe patient symptoms, formulate diagnoses, and provide treatment. As the state of the art of health care evolved over time, the number of house calls made by healthcare professionals diminished. In large part, health care providers conducted fewer and fewer house calls because it became impractical to bring bulky medical diagnosis and test equipment to the patient. Likewise, it was not cost effective or intellectually feasible for patients to purchase and operate the complicated and expensive medical machines in a home setting. Therefore, the health care model changed dramatically, emphasizing patient visits to health care facilities where an assortment of state-of-the-art test equipment would be available to assist doctors in more accurately assessing and treating patients. This meant that patients were now expected to come to the doctor, rather than the other way around. 
     Innovations in electronics in the last twenty years have made available a large number of more affordable and patient-operable medical devices that obviated, at least in part, the need for the patient to go to a facility each time a medical test or device checkup was required. Size and expense were not the only factors making this possible; since the new devices provided sophisticated processing in smaller form factors, the technical complexity required to operate the devices were reduced to a level that would not overwhelm a layperson&#39;s knowledge. Unfortunately, although portable medical devices such as blood glucose meters now allow patients to perform tests outside the context of medical facilities, patients still need to meet with health care providers to discuss the results obtained. 
     Some medical devices include wireless transmitters for the communication of data to and from the medical device. For medical devices implanted in a patient, such as a pacemaker, wireless communication allows a healthcare provider to monitor the operation of the medical device, and to optionally monitor a patient&#39;s biological and biometric information, the patient&#39;s behavior, and other information pertinent to the treatment of the patient. However, the manner in which medical devices communicate data varies depending on the type and manufacturer of the device, and therefore, proprietary equipment has been designed to wirelessly communicate with medical devices only on a specific frequency and using a particular data communication protocol based on the type of medical device being used. 
     In the United States, medical devices can broadcast on a wide range of frequencies. For example, older implantable medical devices use frequencies ranging from 32 KHz to 175 KHz. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated three frequency bands for use with wireless medical device communication, known as the Wireless Medical Telemetry System (WMTS). The WMTS frequency bands include the frequency ranges of 608-614 MHz, 1395-1400 MHz, and 1427-1432 MHz. Additionally, the FCC has allocated a band specifically for use by implanted medical devices. This band is known as the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) and includes the 402-405 MHz frequency band. It would be desirable to have the capability to communicate with medical devices using any of these frequency bands using a wide variety of wireless protocols that might be broadcast by the devices. 
     To make patient monitoring more convenient, Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) was developed. Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) generally refers to monitoring one or more conditions of a patient without requiring the patient to visit a hospital, doctor&#39;s office, or other healthcare facility. RPM can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of providing care to patients while reducing costs. RPM can be particularly useful when a patient has a long-term or chronic disease that would otherwise require frequent visits to a healthcare facility and/or where a patient&#39;s treatment regimen should be modified based on changed patient conditions that are monitored by one or more medical devices, such as a pacemaker or glucose meter. For example, Type-I Diabetes patients (a lifelong condition) use glucose meters to monitor their blood sugar level to assist in determining when to take insulin—it would be desirable if such information could be quickly, easily, and effectively relayed to a heath care provider for review and analysis. 
     Conventional RPM generally involves the use of a specific monitoring device installed in a patient&#39;s home. The device collects data concerning the patient&#39;s condition and relays the data to a healthcare provider. Some conventional systems require a patient to manually enter the data. For example, a diabetes patient using a conventional system for RPM may be required to sample their blood sugar level using a glucose meter, take note of the reading, and then manually enter the level in the conventional system. There are drawbacks with these conventional devices. Because of their complexity and proprietary interfaces, many are very expensive, which reduces the cost-savings benefit of RPM. Additionally, they often require a land-line connection (such as phone or VPN) to transmit data and/or are physically bulky/heavy and therefore difficult to transport. Furthermore, conventional systems are often unable to provide data to healthcare providers quickly where data must be manually entered by a patient, which can reduce the level of benefit the patient receives from RPM. What is needed, then, is a system to allow health care providers to freely access patient-related health data, enabling the provider to conduct a virtual house call. What is also needed is a portable device and system that interoperates with a broad range of wireless-enabled medical devices to receive medical data, and provides for management and transport of that data to a healthcare provider. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods and systems according to the present invention may operate in conjunction with any desired frequency band, including those described above, and may operate in conjunction with multiple frequency bands. In exemplary embodiments, methods and systems according to the present invention may be configured to receive medical device data transmitted in any format and from any medical device. One method according to the present invention includes receiving data wirelessly from a medical device, transmitting the data to an intermediary device (such as a properly equipped mobile telephone or personal digital assistant), formatting a message including the received data for transmission to a medical data server, and receiving a command from the medical data server. Commands from the medical data server can be used for the authentication, configuration, and control of the medical device, intermediary device or another device operating in conjunction with the present invention, as well as to achieve other purposes. This method may be practiced automatically, either continuously or at set intervals, or may be initiated by someone utilizing the system (such as the patient or health care provider). The method preferably functions without the need for the patient to manually enter information into a device. This method optionally allows for multiple different medical devices used by a single patient to be monitored, even if each of the devices communicate on different frequencies and/or use different communication protocols. 
     A method according to another aspect of the present invention includes receiving data wirelessly from a medical device, transmitting the data to an intermediary device, formatting a message including the received data for transmission to a medical data server, receiving a command from the medical data server, and encrypting one or more of the received data, a portion of the received data, and a digest of the received data. The encryption can be implemented using combinations of public and private keys, and allows sensitive medical data for a patient to be securely transmitted to the intermediary device and/or medical data server without being viewed by unintended recipients. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may be used to wirelessly monitor any appropriate medical device from essentially any location from which a communications signal can be sent and received. This enables patients to enjoy an active lifestyle by not being tied to medical device monitoring equipment that is difficult or impossible to transport or having to routinely visit health care facilities. The present invention can be used to monitor any amount and type of data from any medical device. 
     The present invention can also be used for a variety of other monitoring purposes. For example, the present invention can be used to monitor a blood alcohol monitor, alcohol breathalyzer, or alcohol ignition interlock device to help insure a driver does not operate a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or other substance. The present invention can also be used in conjunction with a Global Positioning System (GPS) or other geolocation device to monitor the position of a patient. The present invention may also be used in a wide variety of military applications, such as remotely monitoring devices tracking the health status of soldiers on a battlefield in real-time in order to quickly dispatch aid to wounded soldiers. The present invention may be used to remotely monitor a chemical, biological agent, or radiation sensor carried by a soldier to detect an attack by unconventional weaponry. 
     Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. 
         FIG. 1  is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary process for medical device monitoring according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting an exemplary system for medical device monitoring according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  depict top and side views, respectively, of an external casing for a medical data translator device according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3C and 3D  depict perspective views of another embodiment of an external casing for a medical data translator according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3E  depicts a perspective view of yet another embodiment of an external casing for a medical data translator according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  depicts the interior of an exemplary container for holding a medical device and medical data translator according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are a circuit diagrams depicting elements of exemplary medical data translators according to various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram depicting a container including light and motion sensors for activating a medical data translator in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow diagram of an exemplary process for authenticating access to a system component of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     An exemplary method according to an aspect of the present invention is depicted in  FIG. 1 . In this method, an identifier is requested from a medical device ( 105 ), and data from the medical device is received ( 110 ) and validated ( 115 ). An intermediary device such as a mobile phone or personal digital assistant is authenticated ( 120 ) and activated ( 125 ). The data is transmitted by the medical device to the intermediary device ( 130 ) and the transmission to the intermediary device is confirmed ( 135 ). The data is stored ( 140 ) in the intermediate device. A message is formatted ( 145 ) and transmitted to a medical data server ( 150 ). Optionally, a command can be received from the medical data server ( 155 ) and optionally relayed from the intermediary device. Any combination and/or subset of the elements of the method depicted in  FIG. 1  may be practiced in any suitable order and in conjunction with any system, device, and/or process. The method shown in  FIG. 1  can be implemented in any suitable manner, such as through software operating on one or more computer systems. Exemplary systems for performing elements of the method shown in  FIG. 1  are discussed later in this description. 
     Request Medical Device ID 
     In the exemplary process according to aspects of the present invention depicted in  FIG. 1 , an identifier is requested from a medical device providing the data to be monitored ( 105 ). Any suitable identifier may be provided, such as the serial number of the medical device or a numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric, or other identifier. The medical device identifier can be used to determine whether the correct medical device is being monitored. The medical device identifier can also be used to determine the manufacturer, model, type, characteristics, or other information pertinent to the medical device and/or the patient(s) it monitors. The medical device identifier may be received passively, such as from a medical device that automatically includes its identifier as part of its telemetry broadcast. Alternatively, the medical device can be polled to request the medical device identifier. The medical device identifier need not be requested from the medical device each time the medical device is being monitored. For example, the medical device identifier may be stored in a storage medium for future reference. 
     Receive Data Wirelessly from a Medical Device 
     In the exemplary method shown in  FIG. 1 , data is received wirelessly from the medical device ( 110 ). Accordingly, any system implementing the method of  FIG. 1  does not need to be physically connected to the medical device to receive the data. Patients monitored by medical devices are thus able to lead active lifestyles without being forced to remain close to the system receiving the data from the medical device. Data can be received from any medical device, such as a blood glucose meter, a pacemaker, a blood pressure monitor, an insulin pump, a pulse oximeter, a holter monitor, an electrocardiograph, an electroencephalograph, a blood alcohol monitor, an alcohol breathalyzer, an alcohol ignition interlock, a respiration monitor, an accelerometer, a skin galvanometer, a thermometer, a patient geolocation device, a scale, an intravenous flow regulator, patient height measuring device, a biochip assay device, a sphygmomanometer, a hazardous chemical agent monitor; an ionizing radiation sensor; a monitor for biological agents, a loop recorder, a spirometer, an event monitor, a prothrombin time (PT) monitor, an international normalized ratio (INR) monitor, a tremor sensor, a defibrillator, or any other medical device. A medical device that includes a combination of different medical devices (such as those listed previously) may be monitored in accordance with the present invention. The medical device can be partially or completely implanted in a patient, such as in the case of a pacemaker. The medical device may also be located externally to a patient. The medical device may be connected to a patient (for example, through one or more electrodes), or operate independent of any coupling to a patient, such as a scale. The medical device may also operate in conjunction with a temporary interfacing with a patient, such as the case of the cuff of a blood pressure monitor encompassing the arm of a patient to take a reading. 
     The medical device data can be received by any person, system, device, or other suitable recipient. The exemplary method in  FIG. 1  may be practiced manually by a human being, automatically by a device, or a combination of the two. An exemplary device for performing the method depicted in  FIG. 1  is depicted in  FIG. 2  and is discussed in detail below. 
     Data can be received directly from a medical device. For example, some medical devices such as pacemakers and other devices implanted in a patient include wireless transmitters to wirelessly broadcast data. A medical device can also provide data wirelessly using another device. In one embodiment of the present invention, for example, a medical device provides data through a serial port (a wired connection) to a computing device. The computing device is in turn connected to a wireless router. The data can thus be received wirelessly after being retransmitted from the wireless router. 
     The medical device may transmit on any frequency using any format and protocol. For example, various medical devices transmit data in the Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) frequency bands. There are three WMTS frequency bands, including frequencies from 608 MHz to 614 MHz, 1395 MHz to 1400 MHz, and 1427 MHz to 1432 MHz. In another example, the medical device may transmit using the Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) frequency band, including frequencies from 402 MHz to 405 MHz. In yet another example a medical device may transmit data in the 32 KHz to 175 KHz range. 
     The medical device data can be received from a plurality of different medical devices, where each medical device may perform any combination of functions. For example, data from a glucose meter, blood pressure monitor, and combination scale/height measuring device each transmitting data in different formats and on different frequencies may each be received in accordance with the present invention. In the case where a plurality of medical devices transmits data in response to a request for data, each device in the plurality of devices can be sent such a request separately. Alternatively, a plurality of medical devices automatically transmitting data on the same frequency, in the same format, and potentially at the same time (such as in the case of multiple devices of the same type and/or from the same manufacturer) can be received in accordance with the present invention by, for example, using a separate wireless receiver keyed to a unique identifier associated with each medical device. When data has been received from a plurality of medical devices, in one embodiment, a list of the medical devices may be displayed on a user interface, and optionally, the user may be prompted to select one, all, or none of the plurality medical devices, whose data is desired to be transmitted to the medical data server. The data for the selected set of medical devices is then relayed as described with alternate embodiments as described herein. Any other suitable method for receiving data from a plurality of medical devices may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. 
     Any type of data may be received from a medical device. For example, the data may include information regarding a patient, such as the patient&#39;s biological and biometric information, the patient&#39;s behaviors, results of analysis of physical patient parameters, and information regarding the patient&#39;s environment. For example, a medical device such as a glucose meter could provide data regarding a patient&#39;s current (or last measured) blood glucose level, the date and time the patient last used the glucose meter, and the current temperature or other environmental factors that might affect a glucose test. Other possible environmental parameters that may be included in the data received from a medical device include a battery charge level, a temperature, a barometric pressure, a code relating to an accessory for the medical device, a data validity measurement, an elapsed time since a previous reading by the medical device, a test result parameter, a signal-to-noise parameter, and a quality of service (QoS), and combinations thereof. Data received from a medical device may also include any other suitable information, such as diagnostic information regarding the medical device. 
     The medical device data may provide data relating to a single patient or multiple patients. In the case where a single medical device provides data regarding multiple patients, the data can be identified with an individual patient either in the data received by medical device (such as by using a patient identifier) or through processing in accordance with the present invention. 
     The medical device can provide the data in any format. Different medical devices from different manufacturers often use different formats for providing data. For example, data from a glucose meter may be provided in a series of fixed-length data records followed by a terminator indicator (such as a null or other predefined character) and/or a checksum for validating the data. Any type of data may be provided. In the case of a glucose meter, the data may include one or more readings of a patient&#39;s blood glucose level and the date and time each reading was taken. The medical device identifier discussed previously may be used to determine a specific data format used by a medical device. Alternatively, a data format may be specified by a user or selected by analyzing the format of the data received and comparing it to a set of known medical device data formats. 
     Validate Data 
     In the exemplary process shown in  FIG. 1 , the data from the medical device is validated ( 115 ). The data from the medical device can be validated in any suitable manner to achieve any result. For example, the data from the medical device may be validated to ensure it was transmitted properly and completely. The medical device data may also be validated to ensure it was provided from a specific medical device or particular type of medical device. The data may also be validated to ensure that fields in the data correspond to predetermined values and/or are within certain thresholds or tolerances. Any number, code, value or identifier can be used in conjunction with validating the medical device data. For example, the data can be validated by analyzing a medical device serial number, a medical device identifier, a patient identifier, one or more parity bits, a cyclic redundancy checking code, an error correction code, and/or any other suitable feature. 
     Authenticate Intermediary Device 
     In the exemplary method depicted in  FIG. 1 , an intermediary device receiving the data is authenticated ( 120 ). In the context of the present invention, the intermediary device includes any type of system or device capable of receiving the medical device data in any manner. Such intermediate devices may include, for example, personal computers, laptops, personal digital assistants, and mobile computing devices. The intermediary device may process the data in any manner, and can transmit some or all of the data to another recipient, such as a medical data server. For example, but not by way of limitation, the intermediary device may include a personal computer or a mobile computing device, such as a laptop computer, a mobile wireless telephone, or a personal digital assistant (PDA). In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the intermediate device further includes software for receiving the medical device data, formatting a message based on the data, and transmitting the formatted message to a medical data server. Such software can operate on any suitable mobile computing device and with any computer operating system. The intermediary device may also include any number of other systems and devices suitable for receiving data from the medical device, processing the data, and/or transmitting the data to a medical data server. Further discussion regarding exemplary embodiments of intermediary devices is presented later in this description. 
     The intermediary device can receive the data directly from the medical device, or from one or more other devices. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the intermediary device comprises a mobile computing device including one or more wireless transceivers and is configured to receive data from the medical device directly. In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the medical device transmits the data to a first device, which in turn transmits the medical device data to the intermediary device (wirelessly or through a wired connection). 
     The intermediary device may be authenticated to achieve any result. For example, the intermediary device may be authenticated to restrict transmission of the data from the medical device to intermediary devices operating as part of the present invention. Authentication can also prevent sensitive medical data from being broadcast and viewed by unintended recipients. The intermediary device may also be authenticated to verify the intermediary device is able to receive, process, and/or transmit the medical device data to a medical data server. During authentication, the authenticated device or devices may also be remotely commanded, and such commands may include steps that configure devices to interoperate with components of the present invention. For example, but not by way of limitation, such steps may include the downloading of software applications, applets, embedded operating code, and/or data. 
     The intermediary device can be authenticated in any manner. For example, an intermediary device can be authenticated to receive data from one or more medical devices using an authorization code. The authorization code can be any number, code, value or identifier to allow the intermediary device to be identified as a valid recipient of the data from the medical device. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an intermediary device stores an authorization code and broadcasts the authorization code in response to a request for authorization. Unless the authorization code matches a code stored by the transmitter of the medical device data (such as the medical device itself or another transmission device), the medical device data is not transmitted to the intermediary device. Transmission of the medical device data to the intermediary device need not necessarily be predicated upon successful authentication of the intermediary device, however. 
     In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an intermediary device receiving the medical device data using a wireless network protocol (such as Bluetooth) is authenticated based on whether the intermediary device advertises one or more services. In this context, advertised services reflect functions, utilities, and processes the intermediary device is capable of performing. The intermediary device broadcasts indicators of this functionality, thus “advertising” them to other systems and devices. In the present exemplary embodiment of the invention, unless the intermediary device advertises a service that is identifiable with the operation of the present invention (i.e. a process capable of broadcasting the medical device data to a medical data server, for example), the intermediary device is not authenticated and thus the medical device data is not transmitted to the intermediary device. 
     Activate Intermediary Device 
     In the exemplary process depicted in  FIG. 1 , the intermediary device can be activated ( 125 ) prior to transmitting the medical device data to the intermediary device. Many devices, particularly mobile computing devices running on batteries, employ power-saving features to conserve battery life when not in use. In the case where an intermediary device is in a power-saving or standby mode, it may be necessary to activate the intermediary device before it can receive the medical device data. The intermediary device can be activated in any suitable manner. For example, a signal configured to activate the device may be transmitted to prepare the intermediary device to receive the medical device data. 
     Transmit Data to Intermediary Device 
     The medical device data is transmitted to the intermediary device ( 130 ). The data can be transmitted in any suitable manner. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the medical device data is transmitted to the intermediary device using a wired connection, such as an RS-232 serial cable, USB connector, Firewire connector, or other suitable wired connection. The medical device data can also be transmitted to the intermediary device wirelessly using a wireless transmitter. Any suitable method of wireless communication can be used to transmit the medical device data, such as a Bluetooth connection, infrared radiation, Zigbee protocol, Wibree protocol, IEEE 802.15 protocol, IEEE 802.11 protocol, IEEE 802.16 protocol, and/or ultra-wideband (UWB) protocol. If desired, the medical device data could be transmitted to the intermediary device using both a wired and wireless connection, such as to provide a redundant means of communication, for example. 
     Any amount of medical device data can be transmitted to the intermediary device in any manner. For example, data from the medical device can be transmitted to the intermediary device in real-time, or medical device data can be stored (such as in a memory storage device) for a period of time before being transmitted to the intermediary device. In some cases, for example, it may be more efficient to transmit blocks of medical device data at once rather than initiating communication with an intermediary device each time data is available from the medical device. In other cases, the intermediary device may be out of range or otherwise unavailable to receive the medical device data. The medical device data can also be stored for any desired length of time, and/or until a particular event occurs. For example, the medical device data could be stored until it is verified that the intermediary device and/or the medical data server have received the data, allowing the data to be retransmitted if necessary. 
     The medical device data can be transmitted to the intermediary device in any format. For example, the data from the medical device can be transmitted to the intermediary device exactly as it is transmitted from the medical device. This would be the case in embodiments of the present invention where the medical device itself is transmitting the data directly to the intermediary device. Alternatively, in embodiments of the present invention where the data is being received from the medical device and then retransmitted to the intermediary device, the medical device data can be reformatted, modified, combined with other data, or processed in any other suitable manner before being transmitted to the intermediary device. For example, the medical device data can be encrypted prior to transmission to the intermediary device, and this encryption may occur at any stage, for instance in the medical device itself or at a stage after being transmitted by the medical device. In cases where the medical device data is being combined with other data and transmitted to the intermediary device, all of the data may be encrypted or simply the medical device data itself. In an alternate embodiment, a digest of the medical data may be encrypted, to digitally “sign” the data contents to verify its authenticity. For example, but not by way of limitation, this digest may be produced by providing the received medical data to a hashing algorithm such as the MD5 or SHA-1 Secure Hashing Algorithm as specified in National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standard Publication Number 180-1. 
     Asymmetric encryption algorithms and techniques are well known in the art. See, for example, RSA &amp; Public Key Cryptography, by Richard A. Mollin, CRC Press, 2002, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,829, issued Sep. 20, 1983, the disclosures of which are fully incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. In an illustrative example, if two parties (for example, “Alice” and “Bob”) wish to communicate securely using public key cryptography, each party begins by generating a unique key pair, where one of the keys is a private key that is kept in confidence by that party, and the other key is a public key that may be publicly distributed, published only to a message recipient, or made available through a public key infrastructure. The key generation step need be done by a party only once, provided that the party&#39;s private key does not become compromised or known by another party. If Alice wants to send a message confidentially to Bob, she may use Bob&#39;s public key to encrypt the message, and once sent, only Bob can decrypt and view the message using Bob&#39;s private key. But if Alice also wanted Bob to have assurance that the message was in fact coming from her, she could further encrypt the message with her private key before sending, then when Bob&#39;s private key and Alice&#39;s public key are used to decrypt the message, Bob knows for certain that he was the intended recipient and that Alice was the one who originated the message, and Alice knows that only Bob will be able to decrypt and read her message. 
     Asymmetric cryptography may be utilized to enhance security of certain implementations of the present invention. In an alternate embodiment, data transmitted by a medical device  250  is encrypted with a private key of the medical device user (or optionally with the private key of a health care provider that is operating the medical device), or with a public key of the intended recipient system such as the medical data server  270 , or with both keys. The private and/or public keys may be delivered to the medical data translator  200  through a wired or wireless connection, allowing the translator  200  to be configured for secure operation. In one embodiment, the system or medical data server  270  may request that the public key of the medical device be forwarded to enable decryption of any medical information encoded with the user&#39;s private key. In this manner, the data may be authenticated as coming from the actual patient that is desired to be monitored, and optionally, the patient may also be assured that only the intended recipient system or medical device server  270  is capable of decrypting and gaining access to the patient&#39;s medical device data. 
     In alternate embodiment, encrypted or unencrypted data can be transmitted through an encrypted transmission protocol, such as the wireless encryption protocols (WEP, WPA and WPA2) associated with the IEEE 802.11 wireless protocols. Any number of other encryption methods can be used to encrypt the medical device data in conjunction with the present invention. The intermediary device may decrypt the medical device data, to allow processing of the data for example. Alternatively, to protect the data from unauthorized viewing, an intermediary device could simply retransmit the encrypted data to the medical data server. 
     Confirm Transmission of Data to Intermediary Device 
     The transmission of the medical device data can be confirmed ( 135 ) to verify the transmission was successful. The transmission can be confirmed in any suitable manner. For example, the intermediary device can transmit an acknowledgement once the transmission is received, otherwise the transmission can be rebroadcast. 
     Validate Data Transmitted to Intermediary Device 
     In the exemplary process shown in  FIG. 1 , the data transmitted to the intermediary device is validated ( 115 ). The data from the medical device can be validated in any suitable manner to achieve any result. For example, the data from the medical device may be validated to ensure it was transmitted properly and completely. The medical device data may also be validated to ensure it was provided from a specific medical device or particular type of medical device. The data may also be validated to ensure that fields in the data correspond to predetermined values and/or are within certain thresholds or tolerances. Any number, code, value or identifier can be used in conjunction with validating the medical device data. For example, the data can be validated by analyzing a medical device serial number, a medical device identifier, a patient identifier, one or more parity bits, a cyclic redundancy checking code, an error correction code, and/or any other suitable feature. 
     Store Data 
     The intermediary device may store the medical device data ( 145 ). The intermediary device may store the data in any suitable manner, such as by using a memory storage device. Any portion or amount of medical device data (or other forms of information) received or generated by the intermediary device may be stored for any length of time. The data may be stored for a predefined period of time and/or until an event occurs. For example, in one embodiment of the present invention the data is stored by the intermediary device until the data has been transmitted to the medical data server. In another embodiment, data is stored by the intermediary device until a predetermined data transmission record size has been reached, so as to reduce communication charges that may accrue during transmission. In yet another embodiment, the intermediary device stores the data until an acknowledgment from the medical data server is received, where the acknowledgment indicates that the stored data has been received by the medical data server. 
     Format Message for Transmission to Medical Data Server 
     In the exemplary method according to an aspect of the present invention depicted in  FIG. 1 , a message is formatted for transmission to the medical data server. The message can originate from any system operating in conjunction with the present invention. For example, the message may be created by the intermediary device, a device transmitting the medical device data to the intermediary device, or the medical device itself. The message can include some or all of the medical device data, as well as any other information useful to the medical data server. Multiple messages can be formatted to include any desired amount of medical device data. For example, in the case of data from a glucose meter, multiple messages may be formatted to each include a single glucose reading, or a single message could be formatted to include the last ten glucose readings taken by the meter. The message can include any other desired data from any suitable source. For example, real-time data from a medical device may be included in a message along with previously-transmitted data from the stored by the intermediary device creating the message. The message (in whole or in part) may be encrypted to protect the contents of the message from unintended viewers and/or the privacy of the patient being monitored. 
     The message provides the medical device information to the medical data server in a format the medical data server can recognize and utilize. The message can thus be formatted to only include portions of the medical device data needed by the server and/or additional information about a patient, the medical device, and/or the treatment regimen. The message can be of desired format. For example, the message can be included in a file having a tokenized format such as standard ASCII text format, or any other suitable standardized file format, such as an MS Word document, MS Excel file, Adobe PDF file, or binary picture file (JPEG, bitmap, etc.). The data within such a file can be ordered in any manner and have any suitable delimiters, notations, or other features. For example, a list of multiple glucose level readings in a text file message could be provided chronologically by when the readings were taken, with comma or tab delimiters to denote the start and end of each reading. The message may also have a unique and/or propriety format. 
     The format of the message can also be based on the method by which the message is transmitted to the medical data server. For example, where the message is transmitted to the medical data server using a wireless mobile telephone such as a cellular phone, the message can be formatted as an SMS text message. Similarly, the message may be formatted as an XML record, email, and/or facsimile. The message can include multiple formats and/or multiple messages may be formatted having different formats for transmission in a variety of methods or to a variety of recipient medical data servers. 
     Transmit Formatted Message to Medical Data Server 
     The message is transmitted to a medical data server ( 160 ) to allow the medical device data to be analyzed and processed. The message can be transmitted to a single medical data server, or to a plurality of medical data servers. The medical data server can be any suitable recipient of the medical device data. For example, the medical data server can be a computer system or other device as well as a human recipient (such as a doctor, nurse, or other healthcare provider). 
     The message can be transmitted to the medical data server in any suitable manner. For example, the message can be transmitted to the medical data server through a wired connection, such as a telephone line, fiber optic cable, and/or coaxial cable. The message may also be transmitted wirelessly using any suitable wireless system, such as a wireless mobile telephony network, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network, wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network, Personal Communication Service (PCS) network, Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) network, and/or a satellite communication network. The message may be transmitted using any suitable combination of multiple wired and wireless communication methods. The transmission method selected to transmit the message to the medical data server can be chosen according to any desired criteria. For example, one or more transmission methods can be selected from a plurality of possible transmission methods to send the message based on each method&#39;s cost, time required to transmit, reliability, security, or any other suitable factor. 
     Receive Command from Medical Data Server 
     In addition to receiving the medical device data, the medical data server can transmit a command ( 160 ). The command can be received by the intermediary device, the medical device, and/or or any other suitable recipient. Any number of commands of any type may be transmitted by the medical data server. The command can be transmitted using the same variety of wired and wireless methods discussed previously for the transmittal of the formatted message. The command need not be transmitted using the same communication method with which the formatted messages are transmitted to the medical data server. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, for example, the medical data server issues a command to reconfigure a software application operating on the intermediary device. In another embodiment, the medical data server issues one or more commands to control the functionality of the medical device. In yet another embodiment, the medical data server issues one or more commands to request that a public encryption key corresponding to the patient using a medical device be forwarded to the medical data server, or that a device associated with the present invention receive a public encryption key corresponding to an intended recipient such as a particular health care service provider or other known destination such as the medical data server. 
     The commands need not be sent directly to a device they are intended to control. For example, a command could be transmitted to an intermediary device, which in turn retransmits it (unmodified) to the medical device to be controlled. Alternatively, the intermediary device could receive a command from the medical server, analyze it, and then transmit an appropriately formatted command tailored to the specific medical device to be controlled. In this manner, the medical data server need not be able to generate a command for each and every specific device it wishes to control, it can send a command appropriate to a class of devices (i.e. glucose meters) and the intermediary device will appropriately translate the command to control the medical device. The commands from the medical data server can initiate/run diagnostic programs, download data, request the patient&#39;s public encryption key, download the intended recipient&#39;s public encryption key, and perform any other suitable function on the intermediary device, medical device, or other devices operating in conjunction with systems and methods of the present invention. 
     A command from a medical data server can be in any appropriate format and may include any suitable information. For example, a command may include data received from one medical device  250  to be delivered to another medical device  250  through the medical data translator  200 . In this manner, a variety of medical devices can share data whether they are in communication with the medical data translator  200  or not. 
     A command can also originate from an intermediary device. For example, a command to program or reconfigure one or more software programs on the medical data translator  200  depicted in  FIG. 2  can be provided by an intermediary device  260  to the medical data translator  200  through the data relay transceiver  230 . A command, as discussed above, may include multiple instructions, applets, or data elements to be processed, such as sections of executable code or interpretable scripts. Additionally, a user can program or configure a software program on any device operating in conjunction with the present invention through a suitable user interface, such as the user interface  290  of medical data translator  200 . 
     In any system where commands can be sent remotely, security is always a concern, especially when a wireless implementation may provide an entry vector for an interloper to gain access to components, observe confidential patient data, and control health-sensitive components such as pacemakers and insulin pumps. In any digital data network, it is also possible that commands intended for one recipient may be misrouted to a patient or health care provider that was not the intended recipient of the command. There are, however, a number of methods to provide for enhanced security in a remote command system while still allowing flexibility and minimal obtrusiveness. 
     In one embodiment, a command received by any of the components in  FIG. 2  may be authenticated before the command is either acted upon by the destination component, or forwarded to another component in the system. Authentication may be directed to determining (1) whether the command came from a trusted or authorized source and (2) that the recipient is actually the intended recipient of the command. In one implementation, source command authentication is achieved by determining whether the origin of the command is a trusted component or server, and one way to accomplish this determination is analyzing whether a command is properly digitally signed by the originator, or some other authentication information is provided that assures the recipient component that the message or command is authentic and the recipient component is actually the intended recipient. In an alternate implementation, destination command authentication is accommodated by examining the contents of the message or an authorization code to determine the intended recipient, or alternatively decrypting the command or a portion of the command to verify the intended recipient. 
     In one embodiment, when commands are created by a command originator, the originator provides for a means to verify the authenticity and/or validity of the command by at least one of the following methods: (1) encrypting the command with a private key of the command originator; (2) generating a digest of the command (through a method such as a hashing algorithm discussed above) and optionally encrypting the hashed digest with the command originator&#39;s private key, or (3) utilizing a symmetric encryption scheme providing an authentication code (such as a cryptographically hashed password) that is compared to previously stored values. Then, when a system component receives the command along with any encrypted or cleartext certification data, the component may determine the command is valid by (1) attempting to decrypt an encrypted command message with the alleged originator&#39;s public key, (2) attempting to decrypt an encrypted digest with the alleged originator&#39;s public key, and comparing the result to a hashed value of the command, or (3) comparing a cryptographically hashed password for the alleged originator to known pre-stored values, and if a match is found, authorization is granted. As an additional step, if the command were optionally encrypted using the intended patient/provider&#39;s public key, then only the recipient is capable of decrypting the command, ensuring that only the truly intended patient&#39;s health-care devices were being issued commands, and not an unintended third party. For example, in one embodiment, authenticating the command comprises decrypting at least part of the command using at least one of: a public key associated with the medical data server; a private key associated with a user of the medical device; and a private key associated with the medical device. 
     Authenticate User Access to Medical Data Server 
     In another embodiment, in regards to the methods described in regards to  FIG. 1 , it is desirable to ensure that a party attempting to interface with a system such as a medical data server is actually the party believed to be authorized to do so. Turning to  FIG. 7 , an embodiment is provided that illustrates a method to authenticate user access to the medical data server. A medical data system component  701  such as a medical data server ( FIG. 2 ,  270 ) generates  710  a request to authenticate access, either on its own accord or as a result of a message received by an alleged patient who is enrolled in the medical service provided by the medical data server. The medical data system  701  then sends a request to authenticate access to a user component  702  of the present invention associated with the client, user, or health care provider, and in one implementation, such component may include the medical data translator  200 . The user component  702  then receives  720  the request to authenticate access, and generates  730  an authentication token. 
     In various embodiments, authentication tokens may comprise either simple or complex text strings or data values indicating an account number or other patient identifier that can be matched against an internal patient database by the medical data server. Alternatively, authentication tokens may comprise encoded passwords or other indicia that assert that the entity for whom authentication is requested is genuine. Generation of an authentication token may be accomplished using alternative methods such as entry of a patient identifier, PIN, or password by a patient or healthcare provider after being prompted to do so. Alternatively, a biometric measurement of the patient or healthcare provider could be obtained and the measurement rendered into a digital representation. Once generated, for security purposes the authorization token may be secured  740  by encrypting the token, digesting and encrypting the digest of the token, or cryptographically hashing the token before transmission to the requesting entity such as the medical data system  701  or server. As discussed above in regards to the abovementioned command authentication, in one embodiment, when authentication tokens are created, the originating component of the token may create a certification of validity through at least one of the following methods: (1) encrypting the token with a private key associated with the token originator; (2) encrypting the token with a public key associated with the token requester or destination; (3) generating a digest of the token (through a method such as a hashing algorithm discussed above) and optionally encrypting the hashed digest with the token originator&#39;s private key, or (4) providing an authentication code as at least part of the token (such as a cryptographically hashed password) that may be is compared to previously stored values. Then, when a medical data system component  1001  receives the token along with any encrypted or cleartext certification data, the component may determine the access is valid by (1) attempting to decrypt an encrypted token with the alleged originator&#39;s public key; (2) attempting to decrypt an encrypted token with the alleged originator&#39;s public key; (3) attempting to decrypt an encrypted digest with the alleged originator&#39;s public key, and comparing the result to a hashed value of the token, pin, code, or password, or (4) comparing a cryptographically hashed password for the alleged originator to known pre-stored values, and if a match is found, authorization is granted. 
     The medical data system component  701  then receives  760  and analyzes  1070  the validity of the authentication token as described above. If examination of the authentication token provides that the token is authentic, such as by comparing the analyzed token data to known, pre-stored values such as the patient or the patient&#39;s health care provider&#39;s pre-stored hashed password or other identity datum, then access is successful and the process terminates. After analyzing the authentication token or a message containing or associated with the token, the medical data system may determine that access is either permitted or denied, and may communicate  1080  this status to the originator  702  of the authentication token  702  who then receives notice of the failure  790 . At that point, the system may repeat the process  700 , allowing the token originator to attempt access again. 
     Exemplary System 
     An exemplary system for use in conjunction with the present invention is depicted in  FIG. 2 . This system may be used in conjunction with the method described in  FIG. 1 , as well as with any subset or combination of the elements thereof. The system shown in  FIG. 2  may also be used in conjunction with any other suitable embodiments of systems and methods for medical device monitoring according to an aspect of the present invention. 
     The exemplary system for medical device monitoring depicted in  FIG. 2  includes a medical data translator  200  that includes a processor  210  coupled to a memory  220 . A data relay transceiver  230  wirelessly communicates with one or more intermediary devices  260  via antenna  232 , which in turn communicates with one or more medical device servers  270  through either a wired or wireless protocol. An adapter module  240  communicates with one or more medical devices  250  via antenna  243 . The adapter module  240  includes a medical device transceiver  242  and an auxiliary communication system  244 , both in communication with the processor  210 . The auxiliary system  244  may include any number of wired or wireless connections to one or more computer systems  280 , such as a universal serial bus (USB] connection, serial connection, parallel connection, Firewire connection, Ethernet connection, or any other suitable connection. The medical data translator  200  may include any suitable power connection for powering the translator and/or for recharging an energy storage device such as a battery (not shown). The components of the medical data translator  200  may receive electrical power from any other type of power supply The medical device transceiver is coupled to an antenna,  243 , which may establish unidirectional or bidirectional wireless communications with one or more of the medical devices  250 . The antenna  243  may be the same antenna as antenna  232 , or one or more separate antennas. The antenna  243  may be located internally or externally to the adapter module  240 , and may be configured in any suitable manner to operate with the medical data translator  200 . The functionality of the medical data translator  200  can be implemented in any suitable manner, such as through the processor  210  executing software instructions stored in the memory  220 . Functionality may also be implemented through various hardware components storing machine-readable instructions, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and/or complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Systems for medical device monitoring according to an aspect of the present invention may operate in conjunction with any desired combination of software and/or hardware components. 
     Medical Data Translator  200   
     Referring to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the medical data translator  200  depicted in  FIG. 2  is shown enclosed within a within a case  300 . A case holding a system for medical device monitoring according to aspects of the present invention may be of any size, shape and configuration. The system (and case enclosing it) is preferably small enough to be easily portable by a patient or person being monitored. For example, the exemplary case  300  depicted in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  is 2.5 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 0.5 inches deep. The top and bottom of the case  300  are 0.05 inches thick, while the sides of the case  300  are 0.075 inches thick. The case may be manufactured from any number of materials, such as plastic, metal, wood, composites, and/or any other suitable material. The case  300  shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , for example, is manufactured from hard plastic. 
     The case  300  includes battery compartments  320  for powering the data translator  200 . The case  300  also includes an interface module  310  that includes the adapter  240 . The interface module  310  may include any suitable portion of the medical data translator  200 . In the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , the interface module  310  includes the adapter module  240  comprising a medical device transceiver  242  and auxiliary communication system  244 . In this embodiment, the interface module  310  is removably attached to the case  300  to allow different modules  310  to be interchangeably connected to the case  300  to communicate with different medical devices  250 . 
     In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, referring now to  FIGS. 3C and 3D , a case  370  includes a removable adapter module  380  that includes an antenna  385  for communicating with a medical device  250  through a wireless connection. The adapter module  380  connects to the case  370  using plug  387 . The plug  387  attaches to a corresponding port on the case  370  (not shown) to hold the adapter module  380  in place and allow the communication of data through the adapter module  380 . The plug  387  can utilize any desired wired connection, such as a USB connection. The adapter module  380  connects to the case  370  using plug  387 . The plug  387  attaches to a corresponding port on the case  370  (not shown) to hold the adapter module  380  in place and allow the communication of data through the adapter module  380 . 
     The case can include any other suitable features. For example, the case may include a screen, lights, LEDs, keys, speaker, and microphone grille to support features of a user interface included in a system for medical device monitoring. The exemplary systems for medical device monitoring shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 A,  3 B,  3 C,  3 D and  3 E are all configured to fit in a container along with the medical device it communicates with to allow a user to easily transport the medical device and the data translator together. 
     Other embodiments of systems for medical device monitoring according to aspects of the present invention can be configured to be in small enough to be coupled with or integrated into a medical device  250  or an intermediary device  260 . For example, a medical device  250  may be manufactured to include a medical data translator  200  within the packaging housing the medical device  250 . Similarly, a medical data translator  200  can be integrated as part of an intermediary device  260  such as a cellular phone, PDA, or other mobile computing device. The intermediary device  260  could thus be configured to both receive data from a medical device  250  as well as transmit messages regarding the medical device  250  and/or patient to a medical data server  270 . 
     Alternatively, a medical data translator  200  can be configured to be physically attached to a medical device  250  or intermediary device  260 . For example, where an intermediary device  260  such as a mobile wireless telephone or PDA is used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention, one exemplary embodiment of a medical data translator  200  and its case  300  is configured to match the size and shape of the of the intermediary device  260  and attach to the back of the intermediary device  260  using metal or plastic clips that wrap around the face and/or sides of the intermediary device  260 . When attached, the medical data translator  200  conforms to the size and shape of the outline of the intermediary device  260 , and is preferably shaped to conform to the dimensions of the back of the intermediary device  260  to avoid unnecessarily impacting the original size of the intermediary device  260 . In this embodiment, the case of the medical data translator  200  may also include other desirable features, such as a belt clip to allow the data translator/intermediary device combination to be worn by a user. 
     Turning to  FIG. 4 , in another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the medical data translator  200  is contained in a flexible, protective container  400  that opens to allow a medical device  250  and/or intermediary device  260  (such as a cellular phone, PDA, or other mobile computing device) to be likewise contained therein. This allows a medical data translator  200  to be used with a variety of intermediary devices  260 , and may (in some cases) provide a more cost effective approach to integrate the medical data translator  200  with an intermediary device  260  or medical device  250 . In this embodiment, the medical data translator  200  can be integrated within the protective container  400  itself, with the container acting as the case for the data translator  200 . 
     Alternatively, as depicted in  FIG. 4 , the medical data translator  200  may simply be contained within a pouch or other structure within the container  400 . The exemplary container  400  depicted in  FIG. 4  also includes a holder  420  for the medical device  250  formed from clear plastic to allow a user to read a display  422  and/or operate keys  424  on the medical device  250 . The protective container  400  can also be sized to comfortably fit and protect any other desired item, such as a day planner, wallet, notepad, and/or writing utensil or PDA stylus. The protective container can be made from any desired material, such as leather, plastic, nylon, cordura, or other flexible material. The protective container can be sealed in any manner, such as by using snaps, hook-and-loop closures, buttons, and/or a zipper. The exemplary container  400  depicted in  FIG. 4 , for example, is sealed using a zipper  430 . The container  400  can be waterproof, heat resistant, and/or include padding to protect the medical data translator and other contents from the shock of a fall. The container  400  may include any number of pockets, pouches, or other sub-containers inside or outside the case to hold accessories associated with the medical device  250 , intermediary device  260 , or other item(s) stored within the container  400 . 
     The exemplary protective container  400  depicted in  FIG. 4  is configured to hold a medical device  250  (specifically, a glucose meter) and a medical data translator  200  according to an aspect of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the protective container  400  is closed using a zipper  430  that runs along the exterior of the sides of the container  400 . A user unzips the two halves of the container  400  and opens the container  400  to display the glucose meter contained in the holder  420  attached to the interior of one half of the container  400 , while the medical data translator  200  is contained in a pouch  410  attached to the interior of the other half of the container  400 . The pouch  410  is formed from a nylon mesh material to allow a user to see and/or interact with user interface features of the medical data translator  200 . The pouch  410  is sealed with a zipper  412 . The container  400  includes a flexible elastic strap  440  to hold a container of blood sugar metering strips  442 . The container  400  may include any number of other pouches or containers on the interior or exterior of the container for storing batteries and/or power cables for the glucose meter and/or medical data translator  200 , and other items of use to the patient carrying the container, such as bottles of insulin and needles for use by the patient depending on the outcome of a reading by the glucose meter. 
     Processor  210   
     The processor  210  retrieves and executes instructions stored in the memory  220  to control the operation of the medical data translator  200 . Any number and type of processor such as an integrated circuit microprocessor, microcontroller, and/or digital signal processor (DSP), can be used in conjunction with the present invention. Referring now to  FIG. 5A , an exemplary medical data translator  200  according to an aspect of the present invention is implemented using a microcontroller  501 . In the exemplary systems depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the microcontrollers  501  and  530  include a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) and Universal Serial Bus (USB). The microcontroller  530  depicted in  FIG. 5B  additionally includes a digital signal processor (DSP) for communication with a cellular RF Transceiver  540  as will be discussed in more detail below. The microcontrollers  501 ,  530  depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , respectively can include any other suitable components and features, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) ( 520 ), and/or digital-to-analog converters (DACs) ( 515 ), though these components have been shown outside the microcontrollers  501 ,  530  for clarity. 
     Power Source 
     Any number, combination, and type of suitable power sources can be utilized in accordance with aspects of the present invention. The exemplary systems depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  are powered by a rechargeable 4.2V Lithium Ion battery  506 . One DC to DC converter  508  is used to steps down the voltage from the battery  506  to 3.3V for use by some components in the system, while another DC to DC converter  509  is used to step up the voltage to 5V for use by other components. The battery  506  can be recharged through the VBUS lead of the USB connector  504  and charging circuit  507 . Both converters  508 ,  509  can be enabled and disabled via signals from the microcontroller  501  on OUT 1  and OUT 2  to save power and extend the life of the battery  506 . The microcontroller  501 ,  530  can monitor the voltage of the battery  506  using ADC  520 , FET circuit  521 , and voltage divider  522 . The voltage divider  522  is used because the voltage of the battery  506  when fully charged (4.2V) is greater than the maximum 3.3V input that can be accepted by the ADC  250 . The FET circuit  521  connects the battery  506  to the voltage divider  522  only when a battery test is being performed (i.e.—when pin OUT 10  is grounded) to avoid a constant drain on the battery  506  when the system is otherwise powered down. 
     Any other suitable battery may be used according to any desired criteria. For example, a rechargeable battery or batteries integrated with the data translator may be selected to reduce the overall size of the medical data translator  200  and/or provide for the convenience of a user who would not need to replace batteries. One or more standard replaceable batteries (i.e. alkaline AA or AAA batteries) may be selected to reduce the price of the medical data translator  200 . The power supply circuitry shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  is exemplary only, and may be implemented by using other conventional power supply approaches. The medical data translator  200  and other systems for medical device monitoring according to various aspects of the present invention can utilize any appropriate power supply devices, components, circuits, and systems. 
     Memory  220   
     The exemplary system in  FIG. 2  includes a memory  220 . The memory  220  stores instructions, medical device data, messages transmitted to or received from the medical data server  270 , and any other suitable information. A memory operating in conjunction with the present invention may include any combination of different memory storage devices, such as hard drives, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), FLASH memory, or any other type of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. 
     In the exemplary embodiments of medical data translators  200  depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the microcontroller  501  and  530  each include an on-chip memory. In addition, the microcontroller  501 ,  530  is coupled to a flash memory  513 . The flash memory  513  may be of any size to achieve any desired purpose. In this exemplary embodiment, the size of flash memory  513  is selected to adequately store pre-recorded voice recordings to be played through the speaker  518 , discussed below. Any number of memory storage devices of any size and configuration may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. 
     Data Relay Transceiver  230   
     The data relay transceiver  230  communicates with one or more intermediary devices  260 , medical data servers  270 , or other suitable systems. Any suitable communications device, component, system, and method may be used in conjunction with the present invention. In the exemplary circuits shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the data relay transceiver  230  comprises a Bluetooth transceiver  512  that is in bidirectional communication with the microcontroller  501 ,  530  through the UART interface on the microcontroller  501 ,  530 . 
     The medical data translator  200  may include, or operate in conjunction with, any number of data relay transceivers  230 . In  FIG. 5B , for example the exemplary medical data translator  200  further includes a cellular radio frequency (RF) transceiver  540  in communication with microcontroller  530 . In this exemplary embodiment, the microcontroller  530  is a cellular baseband processor that includes a digital signal processor (DSP) which communicates data through a cellular RF power amplifier and front end  550  connected to a cellular antenna  555 . Data is transmitted by the microcontroller  530  on the CELL TX line and received by the microcontroller  530  on the CELL RX line. Additionally, the microcontroller  530  can control various features of the RF transceiver  540  via the CELL CTRL line. The RF power amplifier and front end  550  performs the necessary functions to transmit and receive cellular signals, such as power amplification, power detection, filtering, and input/output matching. 
     The medical data translator  200  depicted in  FIG. 5B  may be configured to communicate using any number and type of cellular protocols, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Personal Communication Service (PCS), Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), Time Division-Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and/or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). A medical data translator  200  operating in conjunction with the present invention may alternatively (or additionally) include data relay transceiver  230  components to communicate using any other method of wired or wireless communication. 
     As discussed previously, the medical data translator  200  can transmit any data to any entity operating in conjunction with the present invention. For example, the medical data translators  200  depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  may transmit medical data to one or more intermediary devices  260 , as well as to one or more medical data servers  270 . 
     Adapter Module  240   
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , the exemplary medical data translator  200  includes an adapter module  240  for communicating with one or more medical devices  250  as well as other suitable systems. The adapter module  240  can be configured to communicate with any suitable class, type, and/or manufacturer of medical device  250 . The adapter module  240  in this example includes a medical device transceiver  242  for communicating with one or more medical devices  250  and an auxiliary communication system  244  for communicating with an external personal computer system  280  to upload software to the data translator  200 , store data, provide or update encryption keys, perform diagnostics, and other appropriate purposes. The adapter module  240  can be modular and removably attached to the body of the data translator  200 , integrated as part of the data translator  200 , or a combination of the two. Antenna  243  may optionally be included in the adapter module  240  assembly, or otherwise electrically coupled to the adapter module. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the adapter module  240  is removably attached to the body of the medical data translator  200  to allow different medical devices  250  to interoperate with the data translator  200 . As new medical devices  250  and/or new frequencies are utilized, an adapter module  240  configured to communicate with the new device or new frequency can be added to the existing system. In the exemplary circuits depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , any of the components used to communicate with other devices, such as the USB connector  504 , MICS transceiver  510 , and Bluetooth transceiver  512  can be included in an adapter module  240  that is removably attached to the body of the medical data translator  200 . 
     Software running on or operating in conjunction with the adapter module  240  can be configured/updated through the auxiliary communication system  244 , the user interface  290 , or in response to a communication from an intermediary device  260  or medical data server  270  received through the data relay transceiver  230 . This allows the functionality of the medical data translator  200  to be dynamically updated and avoids the expense of having to create custom hardware implementations for every type of medical device to be monitored. 
     Medical Device Transceiver  242   
     The medical device transceiver  242  wirelessly communicates with one or more medical devices  250 . The medical device transceiver  242  may include any number and combination of hardware and/or software components. In the exemplary medical data translator  200  depicted in  FIG. 2 , the medical device transceiver  242  is integrated with the adapter  240  and communicates with medical devices  250  through an antenna  243 . In this way, adapters  240  that allow connections to different medical devices can be used interchangeably with the same medical data translator  200 . 
     Any number of transceivers may be used in conjunction with the present invention, for example to communicate with multiple medical devices  250  using different frequencies and/or communication protocols. The present invention may be used in conjunction with any communication protocol to communicate with one or more medical devices  250 . For example, the medical data translator  200  may be configured to communicate with one or more medical devices using (without limit): the WMTS frequency bands (608-614 MHz, 1395-1400 MHz, and 1427-1432 MHz), the MICS frequency band (402-405 MHz), 32 KHz-175 KHz, as well as any other suitable frequency band. The medical data translator  200  may communicate with medical devices using any other method of communication, such as infrared radiation, Zigbee protocol, Wibree protocol, Bluetooth connection, IEEE 802.11 protocol, IEEE 802.15 protocol, IEEE 802.16 protocol, and/or Ultra-Wideband (UWB) protocol. In alternate embodiments, the medical data translator  200  may selectively communicate with one or more medical devices by using time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), or other multiple access protocols. 
     In the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , the medical device transceiver  242  can be configured (e.g. through a software program residing in memory  220  and executed by processor  210 ) to detect and switch to different frequencies emitted from one or more medical devices  243 . Take for example, a hypothetical case where a patient has an implanted loop recorder broadcasting data regarding the patient&#39;s heart rate and rhythm using a MICS frequency, an implanted pacemaker broadcasting data at 32 KHz, and utilizes an external insulin pump communicating at 175 KHz. Each device could be produced by the same or separate manufacturers. The medical device transceiver  242  according to various aspects of the present invention can be configured to detect the three devices and switch to the appropriate frequencies to communicate with each, thus providing interoperability between types and manufacturers of a wide variety of medical devices. 
     The medical data translator  200  can be configured to automatically request data from one or more medical devices  250  at predetermined times using the medical device transceiver  242 . Any appropriate date or time setting may be used. The data translator  200 , medical device  250 , or any other device operating in conjunction with the present invention can be configured to automatically request and/or transmit data in any suitable manner. For example, the medical data translator  200  depicted in  FIG. 2  can be configured through the auxiliary communication system  244 , the user interface  290 , and/or from a command issued transmitted by an intermediary device  260  through the data relay transceiver  230 . In the case of a command received through the data relay transceiver  230 , the command can be generated by any suitable entity, such as from a medical data server  260  or a user of the intermediary device. 
     The automatic requesting/transmission of data by a device operating in conjunction with the present invention may be subject to any suitable conditions or rules that dictate whether the data is in fact requested/transmitted. For example, a medical data translator  200  programmed to request data from a medical device  250  at a set time may first check to verify that the medical device is within range, that the translator  200  has sufficient battery reserves to send the request and receive the data, whether the translator  200  has sufficient space in the memory  220  to store the data, and/or whether any other suitable condition is met. 
     In the exemplary circuits depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the medical data transceiver  242  comprises a 405 MHz transceiver  510  in bidirectional communication with the microcontroller  501 ,  530  through an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2 C) bus interface and a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus interface. The transceiver  510  sends and receives signals in the 402-205 MHz MICS band through antenna  560 . In this exemplary embodiment, the microcontroller  501 , 530  can activate the transceiver  510  periodically to monitor for incoming signals from one or more medical devices  250 . This mode of operation is useful for collecting data from medical devices  250  that only broadcast data, but do not have the capability to receive requests for data. For medical devices  250  that can both send and receive information, the microcontroller  510 ,  530  can activate the transceiver  510  to send a request for data to one or more medical devices  250 . Both modes of operation help reduce the amount of time the transceiver  510  is activated, and thus reduce the amount of power used by the system. 
     Auxiliary Communication System  244   
     The adapter module  240  depicted in  FIG. 2  includes an auxiliary communication system  244  for communicating with additional systems and devices. The medical data translator  200  or other system operating in conjunction with the present invention can include any suitable circuit, component, device, and system for communicating with any other device. In the exemplary circuits depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the auxiliary communication system  244  comprises a USB connector  504 . 
     The auxiliary communication system  244  can be used to transfer data to and from the medical data translator  200 , as well as for an external computer system  280  to configure or program software and hardware in the data translator  200 . In one embodiment of the present invention, for example, a user operating computer system  280  connected to medical data translator  200  through the Internet can configure settings for the adapter module  240 , data relay transceiver  230 , and user interface  290 . The computer system  280  can also download data received by the data translator  200  from one or more medical devices  250 . Additionally, the computer system  280  may communicate with the medical devices  250  real-time through the medical device transceiver  240 , such as to monitor or control one or more medical devices  250 . 
     User Interface  290   
     The medical device  250 , medical data translator  200 , intermediary device  260 , or other device operating in conjunction with the present invention may include a user interface. Referring to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary user interface  290  of a medical data translator  200  in accordance with aspects of the present invention includes an input device  292  and an output device  294 . The input device  292  receives commands, data, and other suitable input from a user. The output device  294  provides the user with data, alerts, and other suitable information from the medical data translator  200 . 
     Any number of input devices may be included in a user interface for one or more devices in the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, for example, the user interface  290  includes a touch pad, a touch screen, or an alphanumeric keypad to allow a user to enter instructions and data into the medical data translator  200 . One or more buttons on the keypad or touch screen can be programmed or configured to perform specific functions, such as to request data from one or more medical devices. The user interface  290  can also include one or more multifunction switches, keys, or buttons that each allows a user to perform multiple functions. 
     The user interface may also include a microphone to allow the user to provide such information to the medical data translator  200  verbally. In this exemplary embodiment, the medical data translator  200  also includes speech recognition software to process verbal input through the user interface  290 . The ability of the medical data translator to recognize speech from a patient can be particularly useful for users/patients who have vision problems, arthritis, or other impairments that would inhibit them from using a keypad or other input device. A microphone can be used in conjunction with audible (e.g. through sound waves perceivable by the human ear) data provided through a speaker, as discussed below, to allow a user to interact with any device operating in conjunction with the present invention in a completely auditory manner. In one nonlimiting example, audible input could also be sensed and analyzed by the medical data translator  200  that a patient has uttered a command, such as the command to turn on. Bidirectional audible communication, in addition to aiding impaired patients, allows users to operate devices in the present invention in a hands-free manner which can increase the speed, ease, and efficiency in which a device (such as the medical data translator  200 ) can be utilized. 
     Devices operating in conjunction with the present invention may include any number of suitable output devices. Referring to the exemplary medical data translator circuits depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , a user interface including two lights  514  (LED 1  and LED 2 ) may be used to indicate the status of the data translator to the user, as well as other pertinent information. For example, a flashing LED can be used to indicate when data from a medical device is in the process of being transferred, while a solid LED can indicate the transfer of data is complete. The medical data translators  200  depicted in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  also provide auditory output through speaker  518 . The microcontroller  501 ,  530  retrieves audio samples, such as recorded speech, from the EEPROM  513  and provides output to DAC  515 , which converts the digital signal from the microcontroller  501 ,  530  to an analog signal that can be output on the speaker  518 . The analog signal is provided to an audio amplifier  517  that amplifies the signal. The gain of the amplifier  517  is set by the ratio of resistors  516  and  519 . 
     Any other suitable user interface features may similarly be included in devices and systems operating in accordance with the present invention. In another exemplary embodiment, for example, the output device  294  includes a display screen to visually display information as well as a speaker (e.g. speaker  518  shown  FIGS. 5A and 5B ) to provide auditory output. The output device  294  can include multiple transducers such as audio speakers or piezoelectric elements, amplifiers, and other appropriate devices and systems to provide the auditory output. The medical data translator  200  may be configured to provide words, phrases, tones, recorded music, or any other type of auditory output to a user. 
     Any type of information may be communicated through the user interface  290 , such as the biological, biometric, or behavioral information for one or more patients. The user interface can provide/receive any other suitable information, such as environmental information and/or diagnostic data for a medical device, a battery charge level, a temperature, a barometric pressure, a code relating to an accessory for the medical device, a biometric access measurement, a data validity measurement, an elapsed time since a previous reading by the medical device, a test result parameter, a signal-to-noise parameter, and a quality of service (QoS), and combinations thereof. 
     Information provided or received by the user interface  290  may be in any appropriate format. For example, a user interface that communicates information to a user in an auditory format may first provide a data header followed by a data value to identify the data to the user. Similarly, an output device  294  providing information to a user visually may provide a series of measurements in the form of a spreadsheet with headers indicating the source of the measurements. The output device  294  can also provide information in any number of desired languages, regardless of whether the information is provided audibly or visually. 
     Various features of the user interface can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. In the medical data translator  200  depicted in  FIG. 2 , for example, the user interface  290  includes voice interface software stored in the memory  220 , including tables of recorded words and phrases. When executed by the processor  210 , the voice interface software plays the appropriate recorded words and phrases (such as enunciating the medical data) through a speaker such as one included in the output device  294  to provide information to the user. The voice interface software, like any software operating on the medical data translator  200 , can be downloaded and configured through the auxiliary communication system  244 . As discussed previously, any software program on any device operating in accordance with the present invention can be programmed or configured through any other suitable interface. In the medical data translator  200 , for example, the voice interface software could also be downloaded and configured through the data relay transceiver  230  in response from a command from a medical data server  270  and/or intermediary device  260 , as well as from input from the user through the user interface  290 . Accordingly, the voice interface software can be configured to include words and phrases in any number of different languages, and can be updated with new words and phrases as desired, such as to accommodate a new medical device  250  operating with the medical data translator  200 . Non-verbal sounds, such as melodies and tones, can also be stored and used by the user interface  294  to provide alerts, indicators, and other information to the user. 
     The user interface can also provide/receive information to a user in a machine-readable format. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, for example, the user interface  290  of a medical data translator  200  includes a fixed or retractable USB port to communicate with a thumb drive, memory stick, portable hard drive, an external computer system, or other USB-compatible device. This allows doctors and other healthcare providers to directly access the medical data translator  200  directly, without having to retrieve the data from a medical data server. In this exemplary embodiment, the medical data translator  200  can be configured to send, receive, and process machine-readable data can in any standard format (such as a MS Word document, Adobe PDF file, ASCII text file, JPEG, or other standard format) as well as any proprietary format. Machine-readable data to or from the user interface may also be encrypted to protect the data from unintended recipients and/or improper use. In an alternate embodiment, a user must enter a passcode to enable use of the USB port, and optionally, after a period of time of non-use, the USB port is automatically disabled. Any other user interface feature may be utilized to allow a human or non-human user to interact with one or more devices operating in conjunction with the present invention. 
     Power Saving Features 
     A medical data translator, intermediary device, medical device, or other system operating in accordance with aspects of the present invention may include any other suitable features, components, and/or systems. For example, the data translator  200  or other device may be configured to preserve the life of its battery by shutting off or going into a low-power mode when it, and/or the medical device it monitors, experiences a predetermined period of non-use, or a change in a measured parameter such as indication that a case holding the translator  200  has been actuated to a closed position. Such devices can also be configured to become active in response to any suitable event, such as receiving a signal from a device (such as a sensor). 
     In one non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, referring now to  FIG. 6 , a medical data translator  200  communicates with a motion sensor  610  and a light sensor  620  to determine when a container  630  holding the data translator  200  and the medical device  250  it monitors is open or closed. In this exemplary embodiment, the data translator  200  can preserve the life of its battery by shutting off or going into a low-power mode when the container  630  is closed and, therefore, the medical device  250  held in the container  630 , is not in use. Any type of motion sensor can be used in accordance with the present invention, such as an accelerometer, tilt switch, or other device that generates a signal in response to movement. Similarly, any type of light sensor may be used in conjunction with the present invention. The light sensor can be used to detect the amount of light entering a container  630  holding the medical device  250 , medical data translator  200 , or other device to activate the device when the sensed amount of light exceeds a predetermined threshold, or if an increase in the amount of incident light exceeds a predetermined threshold. In an alternate embodiment, a microphone may receive audible signals that are analyzed by the medical data translator  200  to determine that a command has been uttered, and such a command may include instructions that the medical data translator  200  should be shut down or activated from a quiescent or low-power state. 
     A sensor may be integrated into the medical data translator  200 , or operate externally to the data translator  200 , communicating with the data translator  200  wirelessly or through a wired connection. For example, in the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 9 , the motion sensor  910  and light sensor  920  are integrated into the interior of the container  930  and communicate with a medical data translator  200  contained within to indicate when the container  930  is actuated from a closed position to an open position. 
     Security Measures 
     Systems and devices operating in accordance with aspects of the present invention may implement one or more security measures to protect data, restrict access, or provide any other desired security feature. For example, any device operating in conjunction with the present invention may encrypt transmitted data and/or protect data stored within the device itself. Such security measures may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Any method of data encryption or protection may be utilized in conjunction with the present invention, such as public/private keyed encryption systems, data scrambling methods, hardware and software firewalls, tamper-resistant or tamper-responsive memory storage devices or any other method or technique for protecting data. Similarly, passwords, biometrics, access cards or other hardware, or any other system, device, and/or method may be employed to restrict access to any device operating in conjunction with the present invention. 
     The particular implementations shown and described above are illustrative of the invention and its best mode and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the present invention in any way. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional data storage, data transmission, and other functional aspects of the systems may not be described in detail. Methods illustrated in the various figures may include more, fewer, or other steps. Additionally, steps may be performed in any suitable order without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. Many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. 
     Changes and modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention, as expressed in the following claims.