Patent Publication Number: US-2022218920-A1

Title: Electronic module for medical device

Description:
This invention relates to electronic modules for use in a medical device such as an inhaler or drug delivery device, a medical device including the electronic module, and a method of manufacturing the electronic modules. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A common problem faced in medical drug delivery devices such as respiratory drug delivery devices, regardless of the device used, is how to monitor patient adherence and compliance. 
     Adherence deals with the patient following the prescription label, for example taking the prescribed number of doses per day. If the prescription calls for two doses each day, and the patient is taking two doses a day, they are considered 100% adherent. If the patient is only taking one dose a day, they are only 50% adherent. In the latter case, the patient is not getting the treatment prescribed by their doctor. 
     Compliance, on the other hand, relates to how the patient uses their drug delivery device. If used in the manner recommended for effective treatment, they are 100% compliant. If not used properly however, they are less than 100% compliant. Use of an inhaler e.g. a dry powder inhaler involves inhaling in a particular way; for example the inhalation may need to be long enough and hard enough to entrain a full dose of medicament. For some patients, for example children and the elderly, meeting the requirements for full compliance may be difficult. However, failing to achieve 100% compliance can reduce the effectiveness of the prescribed medicament. When a doctor prescribes a medication, the efficacy of that treatment is totally dependent on the patient using their device properly and the proper number of times each day. If they fail to do so, the patient is likely to experience no improvement in their condition. Absent any means of verifying patient adherence/compliance, yet faced with a patient for whom no improvement can be seen, the doctor may have no choice but to prescribe a stronger dose or even a stronger medication. In some cases, this may put the patient at risk. This could be avoided if the doctor had some way of confirming that the patient was actually getting the medication prescribed. 
     Inhalers or puffers are examples of medical drug delivery devices used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. They can be used, for example, in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Types of inhalers include metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), multi-dose powder inhalers (MDPIs) and nebulisers. 
     Electronic modules comprising electronic components—printed circuit boards (PCBs), processors, sensors (e.g. pressure sensors), batteries, transmitters, capacitors and the like—have been specially developed to be suitable for use with drug delivery devices in terms of, for example, compliance with regulations for medical devices and medical devices such as inhalers that work with powdered medicaments, and have been incorporated therein to develop how patient adherence and compliance are monitored. 
     The introduction of electronics into any drug delivery device may introduce certain technical challenges, such as durability, electro-mechanical integration, electrostatic effects, extractable volatiles and leachables, and drug delivery performance. It has been found that one challenge when incorporating electronics into a drug delivery device is ensuring the device is suitably durable, robust and resistant to mechanical shock; it is important that electronics incorporated into drug delivery devices do not become damaged and/or intermittently or permanently inoperable as a result of the device being dropped. A challenge specific to introducing electronics into powder-based drug delivery devices is ensuring that the electronics and associated components are compatible with the powders being used but still have the necessary properties to carry out their intended function. It is important to ensure the electronics being employed do not adversely interact with the powders in any way to degrade or alter the powders or have any electrostatic effects. 
     Drop tests have found that drug delivery devices such as inhalers comprising electronic components can become damaged, fail or experience intermittent power issues when the device is dropped and exposed to mechanical shock. Damage to internal components of drug delivery devices is undesirable, since not only can the damage lead to eventual failure of the device, but before failure occurs it can lead to the creation of particulate matter. Particulate matter loose inside a drug delivery device could be received (e.g. inhaled or ingested) by a patient along with the delivery of a drug. Any new materials incorporated into electronic modules must be considered carefully to ensure compatibility for the end use and that the necessary health and safety requirements are met e.g. they must be safe from a toxicology point of view. 
     The present disclosure aims to alleviate at least to a certain extent one or more of the technical challenges posed by the introduction of electronics into a medical device. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect of the invention there is provided an electronic module for a medical device such as an inhaler, the electronic module comprising: a printed circuit board, and a damper configured to dampen energy transfer to and/or from a battery when a battery is connected to the electronic module and the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock. 
     The electronic module may be exposed to mechanical shock when, for example, the module (or a medical device comprising the electronic module) collides with/ impacts a surface with a force, e.g. after having been dropped from a height. Impacts of sufficient force can induce vibrations throughout the electronic module (and throughout a medical device comprising the electronic module) and may cause deformations at the point of impact to some extent. On impact, kinetic energy of the electronic module (and of a medical device comprising the electronic module, if the module is part of a medical device) may be converted into heat and sound energy as a result of any vibrations and deformations. 
     Damping (i.e. reducing) energy transfer to and/or from the battery reduces vibrations of the battery that may result from a sudden impact. Battery movement and/or vibrations (often magnified by the flexible nature of a battery holder holding the battery inside the device) have been found to: damage printed circuit boards attached thereto, causing the printed circuit board to enter into an erroneous state and drain of the battery; cause damage and failure to fixings or heat stakes holding the printed circuit board to a part of the device; and cause battery holders holding the battery to the printed circuit board or other parts of the device to peel away from the printed circuit board. “Printed circuit board” as used herein relates to any form of printed circuit board and is meant to cover any printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). An electronic module in accordance with the first aspect mitigates against the aforementioned problems and is a notable departure from currently known electronic modules for medical devices such as inhalers. At least a part of the dampening may be provided through absorption of kinetic energy from the battery which may result when the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock, thereby reducing energy transfer from the battery to the printed circuit board, or any other components of the electronic module. 
     Preferred and optional features of the first aspect will now be described. 
     The electronic module may comprise a battery attached to the printed circuit board. The battery may be attached to the printed circuit board by one or more connectors. Preferably, the battery may be attached to the printed circuit board with two connectors. The one or more connectors may fixedly (non-detachably attached) attach the battery to the printed circuit board. One part of each connector may be attached to the battery, and another part of each connector may be attached to the printed circuit board. If more than one connector is provided, then preferably at least two connectors are attached to the battery on different or opposed sides thereof. The one or more connectors may be configured to provide electronic connection and/or mechanical connection between the battery and the printed circuit board. The one or more connectors may be tabs or wires, but preferably tabs. 
     Rigidly holding the battery to electrical terminals on the printed circuit board using the one or more connectors has been found to reduce power intermittency that can occur when the module is exposed to mechanical shock causing vibrations that temporarily separate the battery from the terminals. Connectors to hold a battery to a printed circuit board would generally be avoided since the connector-printed circuit board connection would be considered to deliver undesirable stress on the printed circuit board at the connection points due to the mass of the battery, leading to failure of components on the printed circuit board such as capacitors. However, it has been found that attaching the battery to the printed circuit board with one or more connectors (e.g. tabs) with the damper described herein advantageously reduces intermittency of power when the device is exposed to mechanical shock (as opposed to using a conventional battery holder/housing). 
     The damper may be attached to the battery and/or to one or more of the tabs. 
     The damper may comprise a substrate configured to provide at least part of the damping. The substrate may be a layer. The substrate may be applied by adhesive to a surface of the battery connector. Optionally, the adhesive material is acrylic. Any other type of adhesive which is safe from a toxicology point of view may be used. 
     Whilst sticky materials such as adhesives sometimes are to be avoided in drug delivery devices—especially drug delivery devices for delivering powder based drugs—due to the possible adhesion of stray medicament (e.g. powder) thereto and/or components which may be given off during and after curing as extractable volatile components, it has been found that using adhesive as disclosed herein is a safe and effective way of attaching the substrate material to the battery connector. 
     Preferably, the printed circuit board may be attached to a cap or cover configured to be removably attached to a surface of a medical device. The cap may fully or partially cover (or enclose together with a housing of the device) one or more of the other components of the electronic module when removably attached to the surface. The cap may, in combination with the surface, fully or partially cover the other components of the electronic module when removably attached to the surface, thereby reducing the risk of the other components of the electronic module directly contacting a surface if the medical device is dropped. 
     The cap may be configured to enable mechanical and/or electronic connection between the electronic module and electronic components in a medical device such as pressure sensors, indicators (LEDs, alarms etc.), temperature sensors and the like. 
     The printed circuit board may be attached to the cover or cap by one or more heat stakes, preferably two heat stakes. The one or more heat stakes may pass through the printed circuit board and into (or be integral with) the cover or cap in order to attach the printed circuit board thereto. If no cover or cap are present then the one or more heat stakes may be configured to attach the printed circuit board to a surface of a medical device, e.g. to an inner or an outer surface of an inhaler, e.g. at an outlet or inlet to the inhaler. 
     Fastening the printed circuit board to the cap using fasteners (e.g., screws, rivets, etc.) is likely to result in failure in drop tests, since the connection formed is rigid and unforgiving i.e. the operation and/or performance of the inhaler may be adversely impacted when the printed circuit board is attached to the cap only using fasteners. Using fasteners to fasten the printed circuit board to the cap may also increase manufacturing cost and/or manufacturing time. The heat stakes may be configured to partially deform when securing the printed circuit board to the cap or a surface of a medical device, thereby connecting the printed circuit board to the cap or surface by creating an interference fit. The heat stakes are configured to have a degree of flexibility which allows them to dampen or completely absorb any mechanical energy from the 
     PCB and/or the cap. Accordingly, the use of heat stakes improves durability of the electronics module. Two heat stakes are preferred since providing two gives a strong connection between the printed circuit board and cap, whilst allowing the heat stakes to flex and absorb any mechanical energy from the PCB and/or the cap. The use of heat stakes to fasten the printed circuit board to the cap or a surface of a medical device may reduce manufacturing costs and/or manufacturing time. 
     The substrate may be configured so as not to cover the entire area of the surface of the battery to which is it applied, and preferably the substrate covers between 95 to 40% of the surface of the battery to which it is applied, more preferably 50 to 80% and most preferably 80%. The substrate on the surface of the battery is preferably offset in a direction opposite to the one or more heat stakes. For example, the substrate may be applied to the battery so as to be offset in a direction away from being true/fully centred on the surface of the battery and away from the general direction of the heat stakes. 
     When developing the device disclosed herein the inventors found that, due to the compact nature of the device, the process of deforming the heat stakes by applied heat was degrading or even melting the applied substrate located near the heat stakes when the substrate was sized to the same size as the battery&#39;s surface. Degradation or melting of the substrate may adversely affect substrate performance, longevity, and result in unknown or unpredictable safety properties from, for example, a toxicology perspective (e.g. extractable/leachable properties). Making the substrate offset and smaller as described herein has been found to avoid this problem whilst effectively acting as a damper. 
     The battery connector(s) and/or the damper may be configured to position the substrate at a surface, thereby enabling the substrate to provide compressive damping against the surface (e.g. to dampen energy transfer to and/or from the battery). The surface may be a surface of a medical device such as an inhaler or may be a surface of the cover or cap when present. 
     Compressive damping in this case may be where the substrate is pushed and compressed against the surface and absorbs mechanical energy transferred to and from the battery, thereby preventing the mechanical energy being transferred to other parts of the electronic module such as the printed circuit board, battery connector, and any sensors or indicators that may be provided. 
     There may be a distance between the substrate and the surface, said distance may be less than 5 mm once the electronic module is attached to a medical device, preferably the distance is less than 2 mm. The substrate may alternatively be loaded against the surface when the electronic module is attached to a medical device i.e. the substrate of the damper is positioned so as to contact (and may optionally push against) the surface when the electronic module is attached to a medical device. Preferably the substrate is loaded against the surface in compression. 
     Configuring the electronic module so that the substrate is loaded against the surface in this way applies additional assembly forces to the components of the electronic module. Whilst increased assembly forces are generally to be avoided—especially when trying to improve robustness and drop resistance of the electronic module—it has been found that loading the substrate against the surface in the way disclosed herein has no significant adverse effects but improves drop resistance; the action of the substrate against the surface reduces deflection of the components of the electronic module past their neutral point (the position they would be in when under no applied load) when the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock. If one or more heat stakes are present, the substrate loaded against the surface may apply compressive forces to the heat stakes via the printed circuit board, and advantageously dampen deflection of the heat stakes past their neutral point when exposed to applied load (such as when the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock). Accordingly, loading the substrate against the surface in the way described herein has been found to reduce likelihood of damage and/or failure as a result of the device being dropped. 
     The substrate may be loaded against the surface to compress the substrate when the electronic module is attached to a medical device. Preferably, the substrate (when attached to a medical device) is compressed by 95 to 5%, further preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 25%, even more preferably less than 10%, where, for example, 95% compressed means that the volume of the substrate under compression is 95% that of its volume under no compression under atmospheric conditions. 
     The substrate may apply from 0 to 100 N of force (an assembly force) against the surface once the electronic module is attached to a medical device, preferably 0 to 20 N, more preferably 1 to 15 N, most preferably 2 to 10 N. 
     It has been found that if the force between the substrate and a surface is too high then there is a risk of plastically deforming the substrate, which is one reason why excessive assembly forces should be avoided. Material properties of the substrate (e.g. material strength) should be considered to avoid plastic deformation when the substrate is loaded against the surface. Plastic deformation of the substrate—especially when the substrate is a foam—has been found to adversely affect the damping ability thereof, since the substrate exhibits non-linear damping behaviour. 
     The substrate may have a 25% compression force deflection of between 0.1 KPa to 200 KPa, preferably 1 KPa to 100 KPa, more preferably 1 KPa to 80 KPa, even more preferably 5 KPa and 70 KPa. 
     Compression force deflection is a measure of strength of a cellular product (e.g. a foam material). 25% compression force deflection relates to the force required to compress the material to 25% of its thickness i.e. the amount of force that the material exerts at 25% compression. Compression force deflection of a material may be determined by any suitable method, for example using methods described in the ASTM D3574 (test c) standard or ISO 3386 standard. 
     The substrate may be from 0.1 to 10 mm thick, preferably from 0.1 to 3 or to 5 mm thick. 
     The substrate material may be a foam material. The substrate may comprise rubber, polyurethane, silicone, neoprene, polyethylene-vinyl acetate, or polyethylene such as low-density polyethylene. The substrate may comprise more than one layer (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 etc layers) formed of any combination of the aforementioned materials. 
     The electronic module may be configured to prevent communication of medicament (if the medical device comprises a medicament, e.g. a powdered medicament) held within the device with the printed circuit board and battery. The electronic module may further comprise a gasket, membrane or filter configured to prevent communication of the medicament with the printed circuit board and battery. 
     In a second aspect of the invention there is provided an electronic module for a medical device such as an inhaler, the electronic module comprising: a printed circuit board, and a battery that is mechanically and electronically connected to the printed circuit board by one or more connectors, the connectors configured to dampen energy transfer to and/or from the battery when the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock. 
     The benefits of dampening energy transfer to and/or from the battery and the use of one or more connectors are discussed above in relation to the first aspect. 
     In a third aspect of the invention there is provided an electronic module for a medical device such as an inhaler, the device comprising a medicament, and the electronic module comprising: a printed circuit board and a battery, wherein the electronic module is configured to prevent communication of the medicament within the device with the printed circuit board and battery. 
     Isolating the electronic module from medicament in the medical device advantageously prevents medicament (e.g. powder) from communicating (i.e. physically contacting) and adversely interacting with the printed circuit board and battery. 
     The electronic module may further comprise a gasket, membrane or filter configured to prevent communication of the medicament with the printed circuit board and battery. 
     In a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a medical device comprising an electronic module as in the first, second or third aspects. The medical device may be a portable medical device such as a drug delivery device, blood glucose monitor, blood oxygen monitor, blood pressure monitor, and injection pen. Preferably, the medical device is a drug delivery device such as an inhaler. 
     Any of the optional and preferred features described in connection with the first aspect may be considered optional and preferred features of the second, third and fourth aspects to equal effect. 
     In a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an electronic module as described herein, the method comprising the steps of: providing a printed circuit board and providing a damper configured to dampen energy transfer to and/or from a battery when a battery is connected to the electronic module and the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock. 
     In a sixth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an electronic module as described herein for a medical device such as an inhaler, the device comprising a medicament, the method comprising the steps of: providing a printed circuit board and a battery and configuring the electronics module to prevent communication of the medicament with the printed circuit board and the battery. 
     In a seventh aspect of the invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an electronic module as described herein for a medical device such as an inhaler, the method comprising the steps of providing a printed circuit board and a battery that is mechanically and electronically connected to the electronic module by one or more connectors, the connectors configured to dampen energy transfer to and/or from the battery when the electronic module is exposed to mechanical shock. 
     Any of the optional and preferred features described in connection with the first aspect may be considered optional and preferred features of the fifth, sixth and seventh aspects to equal effect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a partially-exploded view of an example inhaler with an electronics module; 
         FIG. 2  shows a partially-exploded view of the example electronics module from a bottom-up perspective of the components; 
         FIG. 3  shows a partially-exploded view of the example electronics module from a top-down perspective of the components; 
         FIG. 4  shows a cross-section view of the example inhaler with the example electronics module attached; and 
         FIG. 5  shows a view of the example electronic module comprising a damper offset from the heat stakes. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A detailed description of an example electronics module for use in a respiratory drug delivery system shall now be given with respect to use in an inhaler device. It should be understood that use of the example electronics module described herein is not limited only to inhalers, and may be used, for example, in any portable medical device (which includes respiratory drug delivery systems) with similar or equal effect. A non-exhaustive list of portable medical devices includes inhalers, blood glucose monitors, blood oxygen monitors, blood pressure monitors, injection pens and the like. 
       FIG. 1  shows a partially-exploded view of an inhaler  100 . A housing  190  comprises an upper housing  140  which may interface with a lower housing  150 . The upper housing  140  and the lower housing  150  may be removably or permanently attached to one another, thereby forming a seal  125 . The inhaler  100  may also include an electronics module  105 . The electronics module  105  may have a cap  110  (e.g., an electronics module cap) that interfaces with the upper housing  140 . The cap  110  and the upper housing  140  may be removably or permanently attached to one another, thereby forming a seal at point  127 . When the cap  110  is attached to the upper housing  140  a side wall  221 , a top inner surface  220  and the top of upper housing  140  define an air space. This air space may be configured so that any drug/medicament to be delivered comprised within the inhaler  100  cannot enter (i.e. no fluid or solid particulate communication), although this requirement is not essential. 
     The cap  110  of the electronics module  105  may house a printed circuit board (PCB)  118 , which may have an edge  117  that defines a notch  119 . The PCB  118  may be attached to the cap  110  via a plurality of heat stakes  212 ,  214 , as further described herein as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 5 . The heat stakes  212 ,  214  may be configured to retain the PCB  118  within the cap  110 . A slider  116  is housed substantially in the cap  110  and may be configured to activate the PCB  118  based on operation of a mouthpiece cover  130 . For example, the slider  116  may move axially within the cap  110  to activate a switch  222  (shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ) on the PCB  118  when the mouthpiece cover  130  is opened to expose the mouthpiece. 
     When the slider  116  is slidably mounted within the cap  110 , a first (e.g., upper) portion of the slider  116  may protrude through the notch  119 . A second (lower) portion of the slider  116  may protrude through one of the orifices  146  and extend into the upper housing  140 . More than one orifice  146  may be provided to permit the upper housing  140  and/or the cap  110  to be rotated axially  180  degrees without affecting the manner in which they are attached to one another. As discussed further herein, a slider spring (e.g. the slider spring  260  shown in  FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 ) within the electronics module  105  may bias the slider  116  in a downward direction, i.e., push the slider towards the lower housing  150 . As such, the slider spring may cause the end of the slider  116  within the upper housing  140  to maintain contact with, and continually rest against, a top surface of a yoke inside upper housing  140  (not shown in the FIGs). Thus, the slider  116  may move axially with the yoke along the same axis when the mouthpiece cover  130  is moved between the open and closed positions. The slider may transfer movement of an inhaler&#39;s yoke to the electronics module&#39;s switch  222 . The movement of the inhaler&#39;s yoke may be associated with typical inhaler operation, for example the yoke may move in connection with the opening and closing of the inhaler&#39;s mouthpiece cover  130 . As such, the slider spring may cause the end of the slider  116  within the upper housing  140  to maintain contact with, and continually rest against, a top surface of a yoke inside the upper housing  140  when the mouthpiece cover  130  is in the closed position and may cause the slider to decouple from the yoke when the mouthpiece cover  130  is in the open position. Here, the slider may effectively integrate the electronics module into an operation that is familiar to the user, improving the overall electromechanical integration of the inhaler. That is, activation of the electronics module may be transparent to the user as the user operates the inhaler. Cap  110  may comprise a substantially transparent section  111  configured to be positioned in the vicinity of an LED integrated with the electronics module, whereby the LED may be used to indicate inhaler operation to the user, e.g. the LED may be used to indicate activation of the electronics module due to the cover  130  being in an open position or when one or more doses of medicament have been administered from the inhaler. 
     The heat stakes  212  and  214  which fasten the PCB  118  to the cap  110  may be integrally formed with cap  110 .  FIG. 2  shows two integrally formed heat stakes  212  and  214 , however, cap  110  is not limited to only comprising two heat stakes and may comprise more, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 etc. heat stakes. The heat stakes  212 ,  214  may protrude or extend from the top inner surface  220  of the cap  110 . Cap  110  may comprise two types of heat stake. Heat stake  212  may have a circular cross sectional shape, but is not limited in this way and may have any other cross section, e.g., square, triangular etc. . . . . Heat stakes  212  may have a diameter that is smaller than a standard heat stake diameter. That is, the diameter of the heat stake  212  may be selected such that the inhaler  100  will successfully pass the drop test without taking up too much space on the PCB  118 . Preferably, the heat stake  212  may have a diameter less than 1.4 mm. The PCB  118  may have a plurality of openings  224  and  226 , as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . One or more of the openings (e.g., the opening  226 ) may correspond to the heat stake  212  such that the heat stake  212  may be adapted to protrude through the PCB  118  via the opening  226  when the PCB  118  is mounted within the cap  110 . 
     Heat stake  214  may have a non-circular cross-section, for example, such as a rib- shaped cross-section. The notch  224  may correspond to the location of the stake  214 , for example. The PCB  118  may define the notch  224  such that the stake  214  may be adapted to protrude through the PCB  118  via the notch  224  when the PCB  118  is mounted within the cap  110 . Each of the heat stakes  212  and  214  may define a distal end that is opposite from the top inner surface  220  of the cap  110 . The distal end of each of the heat stakes  212  and  214  may be configured to be partially deformed when heated to a predetermined temperature. When partially deformed, the distal end of the heat stakes  212  and  214  may take a substantially dome or semi spherical (e.g. ½ spherical) form. The partially deformed heat stakes  212  and  214  may secure the PCB  118  to the cap  110  and may be loaded in tension when doing so. An additional heat stake  216  (as shown in  FIG. 5 ) may be provided. Heat stake  216  may be integrated with cap  110 , protrude through the PCB  118  via an opening on the PCB when the PCB  118  is mounted within the cap  110 , but may not be deformed as described above in connection with heat stakes  212  and  214 . 
     The PCB  118  may further include a processor and a transmitter (not shown in the FIGs). The electronics module  105  may be installed on the upper housing  140  of the inhaler  100  towards the end of manufacture of the inhaler (e.g., following equilibration of the inhaler). Installing the electronics module  105  on the upper housing  140  towards the end of the manufacture of the inhaler  100  may be advantageous since equilibration of the inhaler  100  may damage the sensitive electronics on the PCB  118 . Equilibration may involve filing the inhaler  100  with a medicament and storing the inhaler  100  at a predefined temperature and humidity for duration of time (e.g., four weeks) before final packing of the inhaler  100 . Installing the electronics module  105  on the upper housing  140  of inhaler  100  avoids assembling electronic components in sterilised clean filling areas of the manufacturing facility. 
     A battery  230  (e.g., such as a coin cell) may be attached to the PCB  118  by way of tabs  240 ,  242  such that the battery  230  maintains contact with the PCB  118 . Each of the tabs  240 ,  242  may comprise a first portion  240   a,    242   a  configured to be attachable to the battery  230  and a second portion  240   b,    242   b  configured to be attachable to the PCB  118 , thereby attaching the PCB  118  to the battery  230 . The first portion  240   a  comprises a substantially planar rectangular surface (tabs/strip portion) contiguous with one side  230   a  of the battery  230 , and the first portion  242   a  comprises a substantially planar rectangular surface contiguous with another side  230   b  of the battery  230 . Tab  240  may be attached to side  230   a  of battery  230  which is the opposite to side  230   b  of battery  230  to which tab  242  is attached. The second portion  240   b ,  242   b  is substantially perpendicular to the first portion  240   a ,  240   b  and comprises a planar rectangular surface (tabs/strip portion) which may be of reduced dimensions—preferably reduced width as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 —with respect to the first portion, but this is not essential. The PCB  118  may have a plurality of openings  229  as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . The plurality of openings  229  may correspond to the second portion  240   b,    242   b  such that the second portion  240   b,    242   b  may be adapted to protrude through the PCB  118  via the openings  229  when the battery  230  is brought next to the PCB  118 . For example, the tabs  240   b,    242   b  may extend through openings  229  defined by the PCB  118  when the battery  230  is brought next to the PCB  118 . The tabs  240   b,    242   b  may be compliant such that the tabs deflect and engage the openings  229  such that the battery  230  is removably attached to the PCB  118 . The tabs  240  and  242  may be configured such that an electrical connection may be formed between the PCB  118  and the battery  230  in addition to a mechanical connection, wherein the tabs provide an electrical connection between terminals on the battery  230  and electrical contacts on the PCT  118 . 
     The first portion  240   a,    242   a  and second portion  240   b,    242   b  may be attached to the surface of the battery  230  by any suitable means, e.g., spot welding or adhesive. Once the second portion  240   b,    242   b  has protruded through the openings  229  then the protruded portion may be bent, welded or soldered in place so as to fix the tabs  240 ,  242  (and therefore the battery  230 ) to the PCB  118 . The battery  230  may alternatively be attached by one tab or more than two tabs in a similar way as shown for tabs  240 ,  242  in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , for example there may be two, three, four, five etc. tabs  240 ,  242  attached to either side  230   a,    230   b  of the battery with a corresponding number of openings  229  to receive them on the PCB  118 . 
     One or more components of the PCB  118  may be selectively activated based on a position of the mouthpiece cover  130 . For example, activation of the switch  222  (e.g., or activation of some other switching means, such as an optical sensor, an accelerometer, or a Hall effect sensor) may wake a processor and/or transmitter from an off state (or a power-conserving sleep mode) to an on state (or an active mode). Conversely, deactivation of the switch  222  may transition the processor and/or transmitter from the on state (or active mode) to an off state or a lower power mode. 
     A damper  101  may be attached to the battery  230  (shown in  FIGS. 1 to 5 ) for dampening energy transfer to and/or from the battery  230  when attached to the PCB  118  and when the electronic module is exposed to external mechanical shock. The damper  101  may be a foam substrate layer attached to the battery  230  by adhesive. A similar damper may alternatively (or in addition) be attached to any other components of the electronic module. A suitable adhesive for use in a medical device such as an inhaler to secure the foam substrate layer to the battery holder may be an acrylic adhesive, but any other suitable adhesive safe from a toxicology point of view may be used. The cap  110 , battery  230 , PCB  118 , and/or heat stakes  212 ,  214  may be configured (shaped and/or positioned) within the electronic module  105  to position the foam substrate layer of damper  101  such that when the cap  110  of electronic module  105  is attached to the upper housing  140  of the inhaler, the foam substrate layer is loaded against a surface of the upper housing  140  i.e. the foam substrate layer is pushed against a surface of the upper housing  140  so as to compress the foam substrate. Although preferred, it is not essential for the foam substrate to be loaded against a surface of the upper housing  140  for the damper to be effective, i.e. there may be a gap between the foam substrate layer and a surface of the upper housing  140  and the gap may be less than  3  mm. A gap between the foam substrate and surface of the upper housing  140  may occur due to manufacturing tolerances. 
     When the inhaler  100  is dropped and the components of the electronic module  105  are exposed to a mechanical shock, the heat stakes  212 ,  214  attaching the PCB  118  to the cap  110  allow a degree of movement of the PCB  118  and the components attached thereto to mitigate against failure or any adverse effects that may occur from an impact. The movement of the PCB  118  occurs from elastic deformation of the heat stakes  212 ,  214  and/or from movement of the PCB  118  with respect to the heat stakes  212 ,  214 . 
     The foam substrate layer of the damper  101  dampens energy transfer to and from the battery  230  by way of compressive damping (i.e. compression of the foam substrate layer against a surface of the upper housing  140 ) and prevents the battery  230  from vibrating excessively when the electronic module  105  is exposed to mechanical shock. The damper  101  reduces energy transferred to and/or from the battery  230 , and accordingly reduces energy transfer to the heat stakes  212 ,  214 ,and the PCB  118 , and thereby reduces the risk of the heat stakes  212 ,  214  failing or becoming damaged, the PCB  118  from entering into an erroneous state and draining the battery  230 , and/or the tabs holding the PCB  118  or other parts of the device from peeling away from the battery  230 . 
     The foam substrate layer of the damper  101  is disc shaped and smaller in size than the surface of the battery  230  it is attached to, the battery  230  being a coin cell battery with a diameter of 20 mm and the foam substrate layer having a diameter of 16 mm (i.e. 20% smaller in diameter). The foam substrate layer and may be positioned on the surface of the battery  230  so as to be offset from a central position thereof, as shown in  FIG. 5 . The foam substrate layer is offset on the surface of the battery  230  away from the heat stakes  212 ,  214  so that in the final stages of the manufacturing process of the electronics module  105 , when the heat stakes  212 ,  214  are deformed/melted to fix the PCB  118  to the cap  110  the foam substrate layer does not thermally decompose. 
     The foam substrate layer of the damper  101  shown in  FIGS. 1 to 5  is 3.2 mm thick and is made from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) closed cell foam with a 25% compression deflection of around 10 KPa. The foam substrate layer  101  is approximately 0.2 g which comprises 1.672 mcg/g acetaldehyde, 5.012 mcg/g methanol, 4.254 mcg/g 1-butanol and 57.882 mcg/g 2-ethylhexanol as volatile extractables. 
     Other suitable substrate layer with the desired dampening properties may be used, e.g. foams comprising polyurethane, silicone, neoprene, or polyethylene such as low-density polyethylene, so long as they are safe from a toxicology point of view. The foam substrate layer may be ISO 10993 compliant, for example MED  5634  Single-Coated Foam by Vancive™ Medical Technologies. 
     Gaskets, membranes (e.g. rubber membranes), filters and the like (not shown in the FIGs) may optionally be used to cover orifices  146  in order to avoid communication between the housing  190  and the PCB  118  and battery  230  in the electronic module  105 , thereby preventing any medicament within housing  190  from communicating/interacting with electronic components of the electronic module  105 . The means to prevent communication of the medicament with the electronic components of the module as described above are configured to allow the slider  116  to operate as described herein. Any means to prevent communication of the medicament with the electronic components of the module as described above may be configured so as to not inhibit the functionality of any sensors present in the electronic module  105 . 
     The PCB  118  may include a sensor (not shown) that may provide information to a processor (not shown) about a patient&#39;s inhalation. The sensor may be a pressure sensor, such as a MEMS or NEMS pressure sensor (e.g., a barometric pressure sensor, a differential pressure sensor, etc.). The sensor may provide the information for example, using a pressure change and/or a pressure difference. The sensor may provide an instantaneous pressure reading to the processor and/or aggregated pressure readings over time. The processor may use the information to determine an air flow rate associated with the patient&#39;s inhalation through an air flow path in the inhaler. The processor may also use the information to determine the direction of air flow. That is, a negative change in air pressure through an air flow path within the inhaler may indicate that the patient has inhaled from the mouthpiece while a positive change in air pressure through the air flow path may indicate that the patient has exhaled into the mouthpiece. 
     The electronics module  105  may further include a wireless communication circuit, such as a Bluetooth chipset (e.g., a Bluetooth Low Energy chipset). As such, the electronics module  105  may provide a pressure measurement to an external device (e.g., a smartphone), which may perform additional calculations on the pressure measurement data, provide feedback to the user, and/or the like. The electronics module  105  may include a control circuit, which for example, may be part of the communication circuit. 
     Based on the information or signals received from the switch  222  and/or the sensor, the electronics module  105  may determine whether the mouthpiece cover  130  has been open or closed and whether a received pressure measurement exceeds a threshold or is within a specific pressure range, which may be indicative of whether the medication inhaled by a user has reached a predetermined or prescribed level. The pressure measurement threshold(s) and/or range(s) may be stored in a memory of the electronics module  105 . When the predetermined threshold or range is met, the electronics module  105  may determine the state of the inhaler  100  and may generate a signal that indicates the state of the inhaler  100 . 
     The electronics module  105  may include a memory (not shown) for storing data collected by the sensor (e.g., pressure measurements) and/or data generated by the processor (e.g., air flow rates). The stored data may be accessed by the processor and wirelessly communicated to an external device, such as a smartphone, via the wireless communication circuit. The memory may be non-removable memory and/or removable memory. The nonremovable memory may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. The electronics module  105  may access information from, and store data in, a memory that is not physically located within the inhaler  100 , such as on a server or a smartphone. 
     The processor of the electronics module  105  may comprise a microcontroller, a programmable logic device (PLD), a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any suitable processing device, controller, or control circuit. The processor may comprise an internal memory. 
     The processor of the electronics module  105  may receive power from the battery  230 , and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the electronics module  105 . The battery  230  may be any suitable device for powering the electronics module  105 . The battery  230  may be directly connected to one or more of the PCB, the sensor, the memory, and/or the transceiver of the electronics module  105 . 
     The electronic modules and methods according to the invention are notable departures from the conventional electronic modules for use in medical devices and methods for manufacturing the same. The electronic modules disclosed herein provide improved robustness and resistance against damage or failure when dropped. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the presently disclosed electronic modules and method teach by way of example and not by limitation. Therefore, the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of scope of the present electronic devices and method, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.