Patent Publication Number: US-2009220533-A1

Title: Novel T-Helper Antigenic Determinant (THD) Peptides

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is within the field of the determination of antigenic peptides, capable of stimulating T-helper responses (Th1). 
     PRIOR ART 
     T-helper lymphocytes (Th1) perform various important functions in immunity to pathogens. In first place, the induction of an effective effector immune response, either a humoral response or a cytotoxic cellular response, requires the activation of Th1, and more specifically of specific subpopulations of Th1 (Th1, Th2, Th0). Secondly, the Th1 can also act directly as effector cells, an activity mediated by direct cell contact or by the release of lymphokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, etc.). Therefore, the stimulation of T-helper (Th) responses constitutes a very relevant aspect for the development of vaccines. 
     It is well known that to achieve a stimulating effect, the Th1 recognize, through specific receptors (CTR) situated on its surface, complexes formed between Class II MHC molecules and antigenic peptides. These peptides which bind to the Class II MHC molecules, also known as Th epitopes or Th antigenic determinants (Thd), typically have sizes between 11 and 22 amino acids, and more frequently between 13 and 16 amino acids. 
     In recent years, vaccines based on epitopes have awoken considerable interest as a possible tool in the development of new vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies. A careful selection of epitopes for B and T cells should permit directing the immune responses towards conserved epitopes of certain pathogens, characterized by great sequence variability (e.g. malaria, hepatitis C virus, HIV, etc.). 
     Furthermore, vaccines based on epitopes offer the opportunity of including chimeric Thd which have been manufactured to modulate their stimulating potency, either increasing their binding capacity with the MHC molecules of the main histocompatibility complex, or modifying the contact residues with the TCR receptors of T cells, or modifying both characteristics. Due to the chimeric nature of these peptides, there are very few probabilities that their sequence is contained on own antigens, for which reason, if after their use, their antibodies were induced against the peptides, there would be very little probability of inducing undesired responses against own antigens. 
     The prediction and selection of the appropriate epitopes comes up, however, against an important obstacle: the great number of polymorphisms existing between the MHC molecules, which very particularly affect the binding regions to the epitope and Th1 recognition. This polymorphism is produced as a result of the polygenic character of MHC histocompatibility and the great number of allelic variants existing for each one of these genetic loci. Thus, for example, human Class II MHC comprises 3 pairs of genes (each pair with its α and β chain), called HLA-DR, HLA-DP and HLA-DQ, which give rise to 4 basic types of Class II HLA molecules. A general review can be found in the manual: Immunobiology—The immune system in health and disease; Janeway C A Jr and Travers P Eds.; Current Biology Ltd/Garland Publishing Inc., London, 1997 3 rd  Ed. This polymorphism gives rise to the expression of many different MHC molecules, each of them with different ranges of specificity for the binding of epitopes (MHC restriction). 
     Although the specific allele polymorphic residues which surround the binding groove to the epitope give the MHC molecule the capacity to bind to a certain set of peptides, there are several cases wherein a same peptide can bind to one more than one allelic form of the MHC molecule. This has particularly been verified for HLA-DR molecules, where various allelic forms HLA-DR may recognise similar peptide motifs, at the same time as it has been verified that certain peptides are recognized by different HLA-DR molecules. This has led to the concept that certain peptides could represent promiscuous or universal epitopes. 
     Thus, the use of different algorithms has permitted defining various motifs useful for the selection of epitopes, having identified some universal epitopes recognized by a good number of isoforms of the HLA molecules, and more particularly of HLA-DR (WO95/07707; Alexander J et al. Immunity, 1994, 1:751-761; WO98/32456). 
     This last type of more promiscuous peptide may be of great use in inducing humoral and cellular responses in a great diversity of healthy individuals, which would avoid having to choose special peptides depending on the HLA-DR of said individuals. 
     Although a set of these promiscuous PADRE peptides is already available (Alexander J et al. Immunity, 1994, 1:751-761), it continues to be of interest to identify new promiscuous chimeric peptides. This is due to despite that fact that all these peptides share being recognized by several HLA-DR, some peptides may be better than others for a specific HLA-DR. Consequently, it would be of great use to have a wider battery of promiscuous peptides to thus better cover the induction of responses compared with the totality of the HLA-DR. Furthermore, it is also desirable to identify peptides which are bound and can be recognized in the context of the other HLA-DP and HLA-DQ isotopes. This would permit generating vaccines and immotherapeutic products for a wider spectrum of persons. 
     DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION 
     With the purpose of identifying new chimeric peptides which had the potential of binding strongly to different HLA-DR molecules, and in consequence, being capable of providing help for the induction of antibodies and also cytotoxic T responses, a set of peptides of 13 amino acids was synthesized. Formulas or templates of sequences were established for this, devised taking a motif of 8 amino acids described by the inventors themselves as starting reference (Borrás-Cuesta F. et al.; Specific and general HLA-DR binding motifs: comparison algorithms; Human Immunol., 2000; 61:266-278). 
     Firstly, peptides were synthesized whose sequence adapted to the formula: 
     I) a 1 -a 2 -Y-R-a 5 -M-a 7 -R-a 9 -R-A-A-A; 
     where Y is Tyr; R is Arg; M is Met; A is Ala; a 1  is Phe or Tyr; a 2  is Lys or Arg; a 5 , a 7  and a 9  are any of the 20 natural amino acids. 
     In all cases, a tyrosine was used as primary anchor in the third residue (first residue of the aforementioned motif). Furthermore, to reach the typical length of 13 amino acids in most of the Thd (Chicz R. M. et al.; Predominant naturally processed peptides bound to HLA-DR1 are derived from MHC-related molecules and are heterogeneous in size; Nature, 1992; 358: 764-768), three alanines were added to the nucleus of 8 amino acids at their C-terminal end and another two amino acids at their N-terminal end: an aromatic amino acid (phenylalanine or tyrosine) in the first residue and an amino acid with positive charge (lysine or arginine) in the second residue. The use of phenylalanine or tyrosine in the first residue provides an additional anchoring point. 
     Furthermore, the amino acids which occupy positions 4, 6, 8 and 10 of the peptides were fixed in said formula. 
     Other formulas for the synthesis and evaluation of peptides were established from the first formula, wherein the possibility was left open of varying two of the four amino acids fixed in aforementioned positions 4, 6, 8 and 10. The formulas tested were the following: 
     II) a 1 -a 2 -Y-R-a 5 -M-a 7 -a 8 -a 9 -a 10 -A-A-A; 
     III) a 1 -a 2 -Y-a 4 -a 5 -M-a 7 -a 8 -a 9 -R-A-A-A; 
     IV) a 1 -a 2 -Y-R-a 5 -a 6 -a 7 -a 8 -a 9 -R-A-A-A; 
     where Y is Tyr; R is Arg; M is Met; A is Ala; a 1  is Phe or Tyr; a 2  is Lys or Arg; a 4  is any of the 20 natural amino acids other than Arg; a 5 , a 7  and a 9  are any of the 20 natural amino acids; a 6  is any of the 20 natural amino acids other than Met; a 8  is any of the 20 natural amino acids other than Arg; and a 10  is any of the 20 natural amino acids other than Arg. 
     A peptide of the following sequence was also synthesized: 
     V) SEQ. ID. NO: 21, 
     wherein the amino acids were varied in 3 of the initially fixed positions, keeping methionine in position 6. 
     For comparative purposes, short peptides of 8 and 9 amino acids were also synthesized which also had tyrosine as primary anchor and in the majority of the remaining positions of the nucleus, amino acids that favour binding to HLA-DR. 
     Once synthesized, its capacity of binding strongly to different allelic forms of the HLA-DR, molecule was evaluated, with the result that the majority were capable of strongly binding to at least one of the allelic forms. 
     A general sequence was obtained from the above. Thus, in a first embodiment, the present invention relates to a chimeric peptide with capacity to bind to at least one allelic form of the HLA-DR molecule, characterized in that its sequence of amino acids adapts to a formula selected from: 
     a) a 1 -a 2 -Y-a 4 -a 5 -a 6 -a 7 -a 8 -a 9 -a 10 -A-A-A; and 
     b) SEQ. ID. NO: 21; 
     where Y is Tyr; A is Ala; a 1  is Phe or Tyr; a 2  is Lys or Arg; a 4  is Arg, except when a 6  and a 10  are Met and Arg, respectively, where a 4  can be any of the natural amino acids; a 5 , a 7  and a 9  are any of the 20 natural amino acids; a 6  is Met except when a 4  and a 10  are Arg, case wherein a 6  is any of the natural amino acids; a 8  is Arg, except when a 4  is Arg, Tyr or His, a 6  is Met or Val and a 10  is Met, His or Arg, case wherein a 8  is any of the natural amino acids; and a 10  is Arg, except when a 4  is Arg or His and a 6  is Met, case wherein a 10  is any of the natural amino acids. 
     Therefore, a second aspect of the present invention relates to a chimeric peptide with capacity to bind to at least one allelic form of the HLA-DR molecule whose sequence of amino acids adapts to one of the previously defined formulas I), II), III), and IV). Hereinafter, we refer to this as “chimeric peptide of the invention” or “peptide of the invention”. In a particular embodiment said HLA-DR allelic form corresponds to the HLA-DR1, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, HLA-DR7, HLA-DR8 or HLA-DR11 serotype. 
     In a particular embodiment, the chimeric peptide of the invention strongly binds to at least 2 allelic forms of HLA-DR of different serotype, and preferably 3, 4, 5, 6 or even 7 of these allelic forms. 
     In some cases, the chimeric peptide of the invention can also bind to other isotopes of Class II HLA molecules, for example HLA-DP or HLA-DQ. In a particular embodiment, they also bind to some allelic forms of HLA-DQ. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the chimeric peptide of the invention behaves as a Th antigenic epitope or determinant (Thd). The terms Th or Thd determinant are indiscriminately used and mean that said peptide, bound to the HLA molecule, is recognized by Th lymphocytes, and is capable of inducing the activation of said Th lymphocytes or T-helper cells (Th response). This activation is evidenced by its capacity for inducing the proliferation of Th lymphocytes and to induce the production of specific lymphokines of these Th lymphocytes, such as IL-4, IFN-γ or TNF-α. The Th response induced can be a Th1 or Th2 response, or a mixed Th0 response. This capacity of acting as Thd is possible in the context of at least one of the forms of HLA-DR, HLA-DP or HLA-DQ indicated. 
     Preferably, the chimeric peptide of the invention is also capable of inducing an effective humoral or cytotoxic T response. In an embodiment said response is a CT response. 
     In a particular embodiment, the chimeric peptide of the invention is a peptide of sequence SEQ. ID. NO: 1, SEQ. ID. NO: 4, SEQ. ID. NO: 5, SEQ. ID. NO: 6, SEQ. ID. NO: 7, SEQ. ID. NO: 10, SEQ. ID. NO: 11, SEQ. ID. NO: 12, SEQ. ID. NO: 13, SEQ. ID. NO: 14, SEQ. ID. NO: 15, SEQ. ID. NO: 16, SEQ. ID. NO: 17, SEQ. ID. NO: 20 or SEQ. ID. NO: 22. 
     The chimeric peptides of the invention can be obtained by conventional methods, for example, by solid phase chemical synthesis techniques; purification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); and, if desired, they can be analysed using conventional techniques, for example, by sequencing or mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Alternatively, the peptides of the invention can also be obtained via recombinant DNA technology. 
     The chimeric peptides of the invention could be used for administration to a subject (a man, a woman or any other mammal) with immunoprophylactic or immunotherapeutic purposes. Therefore, in another aspect, the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition which contains a chimeric peptide of the invention (or a plurality thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
     In a particular embodiment, a chimeric peptide of the invention (or a plurality thereof) can be administered in an immunostimulating combination together with another or other immunogens different from the chimeric peptides of the invention. This combination can be presented in the form of a single pharmaceutical composition or separate pharmaceutical compositions for combined administration, by a simultaneous or sequential administration, by the same administration route or by different routes. Thus, the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition characterized in that it comprises a chimeric peptide of the invention and another immunogen. 
     The term “immunogen” relates to a molecule which is cable of inducing a specific immunological response to said immunogen (humoral: production of antibodies; or cellular: activation of Th lymphocytes, activation of CT lymphocytes, etc.). Due to its chemical nature, the immunogen can be almost any molecule: for example, polypeptides, lipopeptides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids or other chemical compounds as drugs. By its origin, said immunogen may come, for example, from a pathogen (virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, etc.), of a tumour cell, of synthesis (drugs or other synthesis compounds) or of any other origin (for example, allergens). In some cases, said immunogen is a proteic antigenic determinant, for example a Th antigenic determinant or a CT antigenic determinant. 
     In a more particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention contains a cytotoxic T determinant (CTd) and a chimeric peptide of the invention (or a plurality thereof) which acts as T-helper determinant (Thd). 
     When the pharmaceutical composition contains a chimeric peptide of the invention and another or other immunogens, these may be presented as separate molecules or in conjugated form, for example, by covalent bonds. The conjugation may be performed by various conventional methods which are described, for example, in: “The current protocols in protein chemistry”, published by John Wiley &amp; Sons (periodically updated; Last updated 1 May 2005); “Immobilized affinity ligand Techniques”, G T Hermanson, A K Mallia and P K Smith, Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, Calif., 1992; EP0876398; among others. 
     The pharmaceutical composition which comprises a chimeric peptide of the invention may additionally contain, carriers, excipients and other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. 
     Still in another additional aspect, the invention relates to the use of a chimeric peptide of the invention (or a plurality thereof) in the preparation of an immunostimulating pharmaceutical composition. This pharmaceutical composition may be used to induce a specific immune response to an immunogen administered in combination with a chimeric peptide, within the same composition or in separate compositions as has been previously described. In this way, the chimeric peptide of the invention is used to induce a Th response (activation of Th lymphocytes) in a subject administered the pharmaceutical composition. Said response can be a Th 1 or Th2 response or a mixed Th0 response. 
     In a particular embodiment, this Th response cooperates in the activation of B lymphocytes, so that the pharmaceutical composition with the chimeric peptide is useful for inducing a humoral immune response. 
     In another embodiment, the Th response collaborates in the activation of CT lymphocytes, so that the pharmaceutical composition is useful for inducing a cytotoxic T cell response (CT). 
     Additionally, the immunostimulating pharmaceutical composition with the chimeric peptide of the invention may have other uses, such as, for example, the in vitro treatment or pre-conditioning of dendritic cells with therapeutic purposes. 
     In consequence, the immunostimulating pharmaceutical composition which contains a chimeric peptide of the invention is useful for the treatment and prophylaxis of an infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic), tumoral or allergic disease. 
     The immunostimulating pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be applied to any animal or human subject: e.g. mammals (human or otherwise), birds and similar. For this, any suitable route of administration can be used in accordance with the known conventional methods of the state of the art. A review of the different pharmaceutical forms of administration of drugs and excipients necessary for their production can be found, for example, in “Tecnología farmacéutica”, by J. L. Vila Jato, 1997 Vols I and II, Ed. Synthesis, Madrid; or in “Handbook of pharmaceutical manufacturing formulations”, by S. K. Niazi, 2004 Vols I a VI, CRC Press, Boca Raton. In a particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered by parenteral route (e.g. intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal), transdermal, mucosal or similar. 
     The invention also provides a therapeutic and/or prophylactic method which includes administering a pharmaceutical composition to a subject which includes a chimeric peptide of the invention (or a plurality thereof). This method permits activating the Th lymphocytes in said subject inducing a Th response which collaborates well in the stimulation of a humoral response for the production of antibodies, or in the stimulation of a cytotoxic response by activation of specific CT lymphocytes against an immunogen. Said method can be a method for the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of an infectious disease (bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic), tumoral or allergic disease. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1 . Binding capacity of chimeric peptides to different HLA-DA molecules. It is expressed as a percentage of relative binding (% B R ), in terms relative to the binding of the non biotinylated HA control peptide (306-320): APKYVKQNTLKLATG. The density of the grids represent an increasing percentage order, in accordance with the key at the foot of the figure. 
         FIG. 2 . Binding of the biotinylated P45 peptide to the HLA-DR4 cell line. HLA-DR4 cells were incubated with different concentrations of biotinylated peptide and their fluorescence was measured (expressed as arbitrary units of fluorescence), which is directly proportional to the concentration of the biotinylated P45 peptides that have bound. 
         FIG. 3 . Percentage of inhibition of binding of the biotinylated P45 peptide to cells which express HLA-DR4, in the presence of specific anti-HLA antibodies: aDR, anti-HLA-DR; aDP, anti-HLA-DP; aDQ, anti-HLA-DQ; and Class I anti-HLA. 
         FIG. 4 . Induction of T-helper responses in transgenic HLA-DR4 mice immunized with different peptides (50 nanomoles): p37, p45, p61, p62 and PADRE. The responses to each peptide were evaluated after 15 days: lymphocytic proliferation, production of IFN-γ, and production of IL-4. 
         FIG. 5 . Induction of cytotoxic T responses in transgenic HLA-DR4 mice immunized with a CTd peptide [50 nanomoles of OVA (257-264)] alone or together with one of the peptides to test as Thd: p37, p45, p61, p62 or PADRE. The assays were repeated with different concentrations of peptides to test: A) 50 nanomoles; B) 5 nanomoles; C) 0.5 nanomoles. 
     
    
    
     EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
     Example 1 
     Peptide Synthesis 
     The peptides for the assays of binding to the HLA molecules and induction of T-helper (Th) and cytotoxic T (CT) responses were manually synthesized by the Merrifield solid phase method, using the Fmoc technology [(Merrifield R B; Solid phase synthesis. I. J Am Chem Soc, 1963; 85:2149); (Atherton E Procedures for solid phase synthesis. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans, 1989; 1:538)]. Both the peptides to test and the peptides used as control were synthesized using this same method (Table 1). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Peptides synthesized for the assays of 
                   
               
               
                 binding to HLA molecules and induction of 
               
               
                 T-helper (Th) and cytotoxic (CT) responses. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Name 
                 Sequence 
                 SEQ. ID. NO: 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 p45 
                  FKYRMMMRMRAAA 
                 1 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p44 
                   YRMMMIRMRA 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p43 
                   YRMMMRMR 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p61 
                  FRYRMMMRMRAAA 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p62 
                  YRYRMMMRMRAAA 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p53 
                  FKYRWMMRWRAAA 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p52 
                  FKYRRMMRKRAAA 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p41 
                   YRAMRAMRA 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p40 
                   YRAMRAMIR 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p46 
                  FKYRMMMAPMAAA 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p42 
                  FKYRAMRAMRAAA 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p49 
                  FKYRAMRCMRAAA 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p50 
                  FKYRAMRRRRAAA 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p51 
                  FKYRRMRRRRAAA 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p57 
                  FKYRWMRAMRAAA 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p37 
                  FKYRQMMAPHAAA 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p48 
                  FKYRAMRRRHAAA 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p39 
                   YRQMMAPHA 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p41 
                   YRAMRRRHA 
                 19 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p58 
                  FKYYAMRCMRAAA 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p56 
                  FKYHQMMAPHAAA 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 p60 
                  FKYRWVRALRAAA 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PADRE 
                  AKFVAAWTLKAAA 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HA(306-320) 
                 APKYVKQNTLKLATG 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 OVA(257-264) 
                 SIINFEKL 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Biotinylated peptides were also used for some assays: the HA (306-320) (APKYVKQNTLKLATG) peptide of the hemaglutinine of the Flu virus and p45. These peptides were synthesized manually and were conjugated with biotin (EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin; Pierce Biotechnology, Inc, Rockford, USA). For this, once the peptide synthesis had concluded, this remained bound to the resin and 10 washes were performed with a DMF-water mixture (7.5:2.5) to prepare the resin to this new solvent. Biotin dissolved in this solvent was added, in proportion (1:1) with the milliequivalents of the initial resin. The mixture was allowed to react for one and a half hours. Next, the resin was washed 20 times with DMF, and the reaction process was repeated up to 3 times. To check that the peptide was biotinylated, the Kaiser test was performed (Kaiser, 1970; Color test for detection of free terminal amino groups in the solid-phase synthesis of peptides. Anal Biochem. 1970; 34:595-598). The resin was cut, liophilised and analysed by HPLC as in the previous section. [(Merrifield R B; Solid phase synthesis. I. J Am Chem Soc, 1963; 85:2149); (Atherton E Procedures for solid phase synthesis. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans, 1989; 1:538)]. 
     The PADRE peptide was synthesized for comparative purposes. This is a peptide similar to another previously developed (Alexander J et al. Immunity, 1994, 1:751-761) with the purpose of inducing T-helper responses in a wide variety of HLA-DA molecules. This PADRE peptide was differentiated from the previously described peptide in that it was synthesized with the amino acid phenylalanine instead of the original cyclohexylalanine. 
     Example 2 
     Assays of Binding of the Peptides to Different HLA Molecules 
     Binding to HLA-DA Molecules 
     The binding of the peptides was measured as described by Busch et al. (Busch R, Rothbard J: Degenerate binding of immunogenic peptides to HLA-DR proteins on B cell surfaces. Int Immunol, 1990; 144:1849). 
     In the experiments of the present invention, the following lines of B lymphocytes were used transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV-BLCL), each one of them homozygotic for different HLA-DA molecules: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Serological 
               
               
                 Line 
                 ECACC No. 
                 Molecular typing 
                 typing 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 HOM-2 
                 88052005 
                 DRB1*0101 
                 DR1 
               
               
                 WT8 
                 88052017 
                 DRB1*1501 
                 DR2 
               
               
                 RSH 
                 88052021 
                 DRB1*0302/DRB3*0101 
                 DR3 
               
               
                 BOLETH 
                 88052031 
                 DRB1*0401/DRB4*0101 
                 DR4 
               
               
                 MOU 
                 88052050 
                 DRB1*0701/DRB4*0101 
                 DR7 
               
               
                 OLGA 
                 88052100 
                 DRB1*0802 
                 DR8 
               
               
                 SWEIG 
                 88052037 
                 DRB1*1101/DRB3*0202 
                 DR11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All the cell lines were obtained from the European Collection of Animal Cell Cultures (ECACC, PHLS, Salisbury, UK). 
     Briefly, B lymphocytes with different HLA-DA molecules (at 2.5×10 5  cells/well) were coincubated throughout the night with biotinylated HA(306-320) (10 μM) and non-biotinylated HA(306-320) (100 μM) on the one side, or with biotinylated HA(306-320) (10 μM) and the peptide to test (100 μM) on the other. The incubation was carried out in complete MC medium (RPMI 1640 with 10% calf foetal serum, 2 mM of glutamine, 100 U/ml of penicillin, 100 μg/ml of streptomycin, 5×10 −5  M of 2 β-mercaptoethanol, and 0.5% (v/v) of sodium pyruvate). On the next day, 2 washes were carried with 200 μl of FACS medium (2.5% PBS of calf foetal serum); 5 μg/ml of streptavidin-fluorescein (Pierce) in 100 μl of FACS medium and they were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Next, 2 washes were performed and the cells were resuspended in 200 μl of FACS medium. 
     The fluorescence of the cell surface was measured by flow cytometry in a FACScan analyser (Becton Dickinson Immunocytochemistry System, Mountain, USA). The mean fluorescence of 5,000 labelled cells was measured. A fluorescence signal was obtained proportional to the number of HLA-DR molecules exposed on the outside of the cell. 
     The following formula was used to quantify the binding capacity of each peptide (% Binding peptide ): 
       % Binding peptide =100×(( F   peptide   −F   blnk )/( F   ctrl.blot   −F   blnk )) 
     where F peptide  is the fluorescence measured by the peptide to test F blnk  is the fluorescence measured without added peptide (blank); and F ctrl.blot  is the fluorescence measured for the biotinylated control peptide [HA(306-320)]. 
     In this way, the binding percentage was calculated using the non-biotinylated control peptide [HA(306-320)] as test peptide (% Binding ctrl ): 
       % Binding ctrl =100×(( F   ctrl.nobiot   −F   blnk )/( F   ctrl.biot.   −F   blnk )) 
     HA (306-320) was used as reference control, instead of the CPKYVKQNTLKLATG peptide as previously described (Rothbard J B; Degenerate binding of immunogenic peptides. Int Immunol 1990; 2:443-451), in order to prevent the formation of potential disulfur bridges via cysteine-NH 2  terminal. 
     The relative binding percentages (% B R ) was also calculated according to the following formula: 
       %  B   R =100×(% Binding peptide /% Binding ctrl ) 
     where % Binding peptide  is the binding percentage of the peptide to test; and where % Binding ctrl  is the binding percentage of the non-biotinylated control peptide of the HA(306-320) control peptide. 
     All the assays were performed in triplicate. The variation in the fluorescence intensities of the triplicates was always in the 5-10% range. 
     In this was it was possible to obtain an evaluation of the binding capacity of the different peptides to HLA-DA1, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, HLA-DR7, HLA-DR8, HLA-DR11 molecules, expressed in terms relative to the binding of the non-biotinylated HA peptide: APKYVKQNTLKLATG ( FIG. 1 ). From  FIG. 1  it can be concluded that:
         Most peptides bind with good affinity to at least two HLA-DA molecules;   in particular, the p45, p61 and p62 peptides bind with good affinity to almost all the HLA-DA molecules studied.       

     The p45, p61 and p62 peptides exhibited a binding capacity comparable to or even greater than the PADRE peptide tested. 
     Binding of p45 to HLA-DA, HLA-DP and HLA-DQ Molecules 
     p45 was fairly insoluble. In order to better characterize its binding capacity, and to reject a possible toxic effect of the peptide, it was decided to perform some complementary tests using biotinylated p45. 
     In first place, tests were performed for binding to HLA-DR in the different cell lines, incubated with biotinylated p45 at different concentrations. To avoid the possible crystallization of the peptide, this was solubilized with the aid of a sonicator. The fluorescence of the cell surface was measured by flow cytometry in a FACScan analyser as seen in example 2, although there was no competition with the non-biotinylated p45 peptide.  FIG. 2  shows the fluorescence measured in the binding tests in the line expressed by HLA-DR4. As can be verified, the peptide binding is dose-dependent in the range of concentrations tested. 
     In second place, the HLA-DR4 cell line was incubated in the presence of the biotinylated P45 peptides and antibodies selected due to their specificity to HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ and Class I HLA respectively ( FIG. 3 ). 
     In a 96-well plate with U-shaped bottom, the HLA-DR4 cell line was seeded (already defined); (2×10 5  per well), also adding biotinylated P45 peptides (10 μM), alone or together with supernatant of the hybridomas: L243 anti-HLA-DR (ATCC Ref: HB-55), or W6/32 anti-Class I (ATCC Ref: HB-95) or the antibodies 33.1 anti-HLA-DQ or anti-HLA-DP B7/21, which were provided by Dr. Ghislaine Sterkers. All were diluted to (1/500) in a final volume of 100 μl of RPMI with 2.5% FBS. The next day, 2 washes were performed with 200 μl of FACS medium, 5 μg/ml of streptavidin-fluorescein conjugate (Pierce) in 100 μl of FACS, and they were they were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Next, 2 washes were performed and the cells were resuspended in 200 μl of FACS medium. The fluorescence of the cell surface was measured by flow cytometry in a FACScan analyser. The mean fluorescence of 5,000 labelled cells was measured. A fluorescence signal was obtained proportional to the number of HLA-DR molecules exposed on the outside of the cell. 
     The following formula was used to quantify the decrease in binding capacity on adding the antibodies: 
       % Inhibition=100×(( F   p45+aHLA   −F   blnk )/( F   p45   −F   blnk )) 
     where F blnk  is the fluorescence measured when the cells were cultured without adding peptide or antibodies (blank), F p45  is the fluorescence measured when it was incubated with the biotinylated P45 peptides alone, and F p45+aHLA  is the fluorescence measured when it was measured with the biotinylated p45 together with the corresponding HLA antibodies. 
     All the assays were performed in triplicate. The variation in the fluorescence intensities of the triplicates was always in the 5-10% range. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , incubation with anti-HLA-DR or anti-HLA-DQ antibodies produces strong inhibition of the binding, which indicates that p45 binds both to HLA-DR and HLA-DQ, but not to HLA-DP. 
     In this way, these tests were repeated on the HLA-DR1, HLA-DR3, HLA-DR7, HLA-DR8, HLA-DR11 cell lines. The inhibition percentages obtained are set down in Table 2. As can be observed, when the cells were incubated with biotinylated p45 in the presence of anti-HLA-DR or anti-HLA-DQ, a strong inhibition occurs in all cases, which indicates that the biotinylated p45 has a high capacity of binding to HLA-DR and to HLA-DQ in all the cell lines. 
     The biotinylated P45 peptides bound to HLA-DR1, although non-biotinylated p45 does not bind in detectable manner to this HLA molecule (see  FIG. 1 ). This phenomenon of greater binding of the biotinylated peptide is also observed in the biotinylated HA peptide (306-320) with respect to non-biotinylated HA(306-320). This could indicate that biotin stabilizes the binding to the HLA molecule in additional form or that it increases the sensitivity of the detection of the binding with respect to the measurement for competition with the non-biotinylated peptide. The other peptides in the study were non-biotinylated, which means there is the possibility that they may also bind to HLA-DQ. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition (%) of the binding of biotinylated p45 
               
               
                 to the HLA molecules of different cell lines. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Percentage of 
               
               
                   
                 Serotype 
                 Molecular typing 
                 inhibition (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cell line 
                 HLA-DR 
                 HLA-DR-HLA-DQ 
                 aDR 
                 aDP 
                 aDQ 
                 aClI 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 HOM2 
                 DR1 
                 DRB1*0101- 
                 78 
                 23 
                 75 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQB1*0501 
               
               
                 RSH 
                 DR3 
                 DRB1*0302- 
                 86 
                 28 
                 98 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQB1*0402 
               
               
                 BOLETH 
                 DR4 
                 DRB1*0401- 
                 59 
                 7 
                 75 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQB1*0302 
               
               
                 MOU 
                 DR7 
                 DRB1*0701- 
                 71 
                 13 
                 98 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQB1*0201 
               
               
                 OLGA 
                 DR8 
                 DRB1*0802- 
                 92 
                 4 
                 88 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQB1*0402 
               
               
                 SWEIG 
                 DR11 
                 DRB1*11011- 
                 89 
                 0 
                 83 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQB1*0301 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NB: The degree of binding to the different molecules was measured for competition with antibodies (aDR: anti-HLA-DR; aDP: anti-HLA-DP; aDQ: anti-HLA-DQ; aClI: anti-Class I). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Induction of T-Helper Responses (Th) 
     In order to check if the synthesized peptides had the capacity of inducing Th responses in vivo, transgenic mice were immunized for the HLA-DR4 molecule with some of the peptide which had demonstrated binding capacity with various HLA-DA molecules. For this, p37, p45, p61 and p62 were chosen, also using the PADRE peptide as control. All these peptides showed binding capacity to several HLA-DA molecules, whilst they showed different degrees of binding to HLA-DR4. The Th inducing capacity was evaluated measuring the peptide&#39;s capacity of inducing cell proliferation and of inducing the production of IFN-γ and IL4 in lymphocytes extracted from the immunized mice. 
     Immunization 
     HLA-DR4 transgenic female mice obtained from Taconic were used (Germantown, N.Y., USA), which were maintained in conditions free from pathogens and treated following the standards of our institution. 
     For the induction of Th responses, groups of 3 mice were immunized (4-6 weeks old) with 200 μg of a 1:1 emulsion of complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant and saline solution which contained 50 nanomoles of the corresponding peptide. The immunized animals were sacrificed two weeks after immunization and the popliteal, inguinal and periaortic lymph nodes were extracted. The nodes were homogenized with a syringe and were washed three times in a washing medium (RPMI 1640 medium) at 4° C. Next, 5×10 7  cells/ml were pulsed in MC during 2 hours at 37° C. with 10 μM of the corresponding peptide. 
     Then, they were centrifuged and resuspended and 2×10 6  cells/ml were cultured in a volume of 2 ml, in a 24 well plate, in an oven at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 . Seven days later, the cells were washed and 5×10 5  T cells were cultured per well with 2×10 5  cells of syngenic spleen per well, treated with mitomicyn-C, in the absence or presence of the corresponding antigen. 50 μl of the supernatant were collected to measure IFN-γ and IL-4 as in the previous section. The cell proliferation was measured. 
     Measurement of Cell Proliferation 
     After 48 hours in culture, the cells were pulsed with 0.5 μCi of tritiated thymidine during 18 hours, they were harvested and the incorporation of thymidine was determined in a scintillation counter (Top-count; Packard, Meridan, Conn., USA). 
     Measurement of IFN-□ and IL-4 Production 
     The quantities of IFN-γ and IL-4 were measured using commercial ELISA (OPTEIA Mouse IFN-γ Set, Pharmingen, San Diego, USA and OPTEIA Mouse IL-4 Set, Pharmingen, San Diego, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The results were expressed as pg/ml using a standard curve of known quantities of cytokines. 
     Results 
     The results ( FIG. 4 ) reveal that the greatest proliferation (greater incorporation of tritiated thymidine) and production of IFN-γ is produced in those mice immunized with the p45 and PADRE peptides. The P45 peptide considerably stimulated production of IFN-γ and little or nothing the production of IL-4, whilst the PADRE peptide stimulated both the production of IFN-γ and IL-4. These observations permit concluding that for the HLA-DR4 restriction, p45 and PADRE induce T-helper responses corresponding to profiles of the Th1 and Th0 cytokines respectively. The p37, p61 and p62 peptides did not produce proliferation, or the production of IFN-γ. However, p37 and p62 gave rise to the production of IL-4. 
     Example 4 
     Induction of Cytotoxic T Responses (CT) 
     In order to study the peptides&#39; capacity to collaborate in the induction of CT effector responses, mice (transgenic for HLA-DR4) were immunized with p37, p45, p61, p62 or with the PADRE control peptide, together with the SIINFEKL peptide [OVA(257-264)]. SIINFEKL is a cytotoxic T determinant (CTd) which binds to the class I H-2 K b  molecule. 
     Immunization and Measurement of Lysis 
     To induce cytotoxic response, two mice of 4 to 6 weeks of age were immunized subcutaneously with 200 μl of a 1:1 emulsion of incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant and saline solution which contained 50 nanomoles of the corresponding peptide. 
     The animals were sacrificed between 10 and 12 days after immunization to extract the popliteal, inguinal and periaortic lymph nodes. These nodes were homogenized with a syringe to obtain a cell suspension and were washed three times in RPMI 1640. 
     The cells obtained were incubated with the cytotoxic determinant SIINFEKL (10 μM) during 2 hours at 37° C., they were washed twice and were cultured in 24-well plates at a concentration of 7.5×10 6  cells/well. Two days later, 2.5 U/ml of IL-2 were added to the culture and five days later the cytotoxic activity was measured, following the methodology described by Brunner (Brunner K T; “Quantitative assay of the lytic action of immune lymphoid cells on 51-Cr-labelled allogeneic target cells in vitro; inhibition by isoantibody and by drugs”; Immunology, 1968; 14:181). 
     The cytotoxic activity was assayed by the measurement of the release of  51 Cr from the target cells, previously labelled. The target cells used were timon cells (H-2 b ) El-4 (Reference ATCC: TIB-39). For their labelling, 50 μCi of  51 CrO 4 Na 2  were added for each 10 6  target cells in a final volume of 100 μl and they were incubated in the absence or presence of SIINFEKL peptide (at a concentration of 10 μM) during 2 hours at 37° C. After three washes in RPMI 1640, they were resuspended in 1 ml of MC. The assay was performed in 96-well plates with U-shaped bottoms. The effector cells and the target cells were added separately (3000 per well). Different proportions of effector cells were assayed with respect to the target cells, in serial dilutions (100, 33, 11 and 3). Each assay was performed in triplicate. The final volume of each well was 200 μl. 
     The plates were incubated during 4 hours at 37° C. Then, 50 μl of supernatant was extracted from each well and the radioactivity was counted in a scintillation counter. 
     The percentage of specific lysis was calculated according to the following formula: 
       % Specific lysis=100×(( cpm   experimental   −cpm   spontaneous )/( cpm   maximum   −cpm   spontaneous ) 
     The maximum lysis was determined measuring the cpm (counts per minute) of 3000 target cells incubated with 5% Triton X-100 and the spontaneous lysis from cells incubated in the absence of effector cells. 
     The percentage of lysis indicated corresponds to the net lysis: value of the lysis against the immunized animal cells to which the lysis substrate observed against the animals cells without immunization. 
     Results 
     The results, represented in  FIG. 5 , show that all peptides minus p61 and PADRE provide Th collaboration for the induction of specific SIINFEKL CT lymphocytes. Furthermore, it was possible to observe a dose-response effect so that each peptide acts better at a different dose. 
     Example 5 
     Induction of T-Helper Responses In Vitro in Donors 
     In order to determine if the p37, p45 and p62 peptides could be recognized by the human Th lymphocytes of a varied population, experiments were performed with mononuclear cells of peripheral blood extracted from the umbilical cords from donors. 
     The extracted cells were purified using the Ficoll method (Noble P B, Cutts J H, Carroll, K K; Ficoll flotation for the separation of blood leukocyte types; Blood, 1968; 31:66-73). Once purified, the cells (3×10 6  cells/ml) were pulsed for two hours with 10 μM of the peptide under study. The cells pulsed were washed and plated (10 5  cells/well) in flat-bottomed 96-well plates. On days 3 and 7, IL-2 was added. Fifteen days later, the cells of each well were subdivided in two, to contrast them respectively to cells (10 5  cells/well) treated with mitomicyn C, with or without each one of the p37, p45, p62 or PADRE peptides. After two days, 50 μl of each supernatant was collected and was kept frozen at −20° C. until the time at which the quantity of IFN-γ was quantified by ELISA. The cells were pulsed on the third day, during 18 hours with 0.5 μCi of tritiated thymidine. They were then harvested and the incorporation of thymidine was measured in a scintillation counter. 
     HLA-DR Typing of Donors 
     First, the DNA was extracted from mononuclear cells of peripheral blood from each donor. The QIAmp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, USA) was used and the protocol indicated by the manufacture was followed. 
     For the embodiment of the typing from extracted DNA, the Inno-Lipa HLA-DRB1 Plus kit (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) was used, following the protocol indicated by the manufacturer. 
     Results 
     Table 3 indicates the number of positive wells for each peptide and donor. Only those wells that showed a stimulation index equal to or greater than 3 were considered positive. The stimulation index (SI) was expressed as the quotient between the counts per minute between the well with peptide and the well without peptide. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Recognition of peptides by lymphocytes of human donors. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 No. of wells positive for 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Donors 
                   
                 each peptide 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Molecular typing 
                 p37 
                 p45 
                 p62 
                 PADR 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 DRB1*03 DRB1*04 
                 4 
                 22 
                 11 
                 4 
               
               
                 2 
                   
                 7 
                 31 
                 6 
                 34 
               
               
                 3 
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*03 
                 7 
                 5 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 4 
                 DRB1*03 DRB1*13/ 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 DRB1*03 DRB1*15 
               
               
                 5 
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*08 
                 4 
                 3 
                 14 
                 8 
               
               
                 6 
                 DRB1*07 DRB1*011 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 7 
                 DRB1*07 DRB1*10 
                 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*03 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 9 
                 DRB1*07 DRB1*11 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 10 
                 DRB1*04 DRB1*13/ 
                 1 
                 — 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 DRB1*04 DRB1*14 
               
               
                 11 
                   
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 12 
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*04 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 13 
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*15 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 14 
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*13/ 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 DRB1*01 DRB1*14 
               
               
                 15 
                 DRB1*03 DRB1*07 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                 16 
                   
                 1 
                 — 
                 8 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 N = 31 
                 N = 65 
                 N = 47 
                 N = 65 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 The maximum number of possible positive wells was 48 per peptide and donor. N indicates the total positive wells against each peptide, taking the 16 donors. 
               
               
                 From table 3, it can be gathered that: 
               
               
                 the p45 and PADRE peptides were the best recognized by the lymphocytes of 16 donors; and that 
               
               
                 all are recognized by at least 50% of individuals.