Patent Publication Number: US-10758311-B2

Title: Hand controller apparatus for gesture control and shared input control in a robotic surgery system

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to robotic surgery systems and more particularly to a hand controller apparatus for receiving operator input for controlling the robotic surgery system to perform surgical procedures. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Robotic surgery systems generally include an operator interface that receives operator input from a surgeon and causes corresponding movements of surgical tools within a body cavity of a patient to perform a surgical procedure. For example, the operator may grasp and move a hand grip while the operator interface senses movements of the hand grip. The operator interface and hand grip may operate to sense inputs responsive to movement of the operator&#39;s hand in several different degrees of freedom, thus providing inputs for causing the surgical tool to mimic movements of the operator&#39;s hand. Additional movements such as opening and closing of jaws of an end effector associated with the surgical tool may also be initiated in response to additional operator inputs received at the operator interface. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control a surgical tool. The hand controller apparatus can also include a control lever attached to a pivot joint proximate a side surface of the body and extending along the body and away from the proximal end, the control lever being laterally moveable relative to the side surface of the body about the pivot joint. The hand controller apparatus can also include and a lateral movement detector configured to magnetically or inductively detect a lateral movement of the control lever. Detection of the lateral movement can cause the input apparatus to control movement of the surgical tool based on the detected lateral movement of the control lever. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The lateral movement detector can be positioned in the body or in the control lever. The control lever can include a wiper disposed inside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward the proximal end and a paddle disposed outside the body and extending at an angle from the pivot joint toward the distally located interface end. The wiper can be configured to move in a direction opposite to a lateral movement of the paddle. The lateral movement detector can include a magnetic angular sensor configured to detect an angle formed between the paddle and the side surface of the body. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The hand controller apparatus can further include a magnet attached to the wiper and configured to move along with the wiper. The magnetic angular sensor can be configured to detect the angle based on movement of the magnet. At least a portion of the wiper can include a magnetic material. The magnetic angular sensor can be configured to detect the angle based on movement of the portion of the wiper. The lateral movement detector can include an inductive sensor including a curved coil and configured to detect a curved movement of the wiper based on an electrical current induced at the curved coil by the movement of the wiper. The wiper can be formed at least partially of a metal. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The control lever can include a paddle disposed outside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward the distally located interface end. The lateral movement detector can include an inductive sensor configured to detect a non-linear movement of a metallic portion disposed in or integrally formed with the paddle. The inductive sensor can include a substantially trapezoidal shaped coil. The inductive sensor can include a coil that can be curved toward the metallic portion. The metallic portion can include a substantially trapezoidal shape. The inductive sensor can include a substantially elliptical shaped coil. A portion of the elliptical shaped coil is curved toward the metallic portion. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. A portion of the metallic portion is curved toward the substantially elliptical shaped coil. The control lever can include a paddle disposed outside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward the distally located interface end. The lateral movement detector can include a proximity sensor configured to detect a position of the paddle with respect to the side surface of the body. The hand controller apparatus can further include a presence detector configured to detect a presence of a hand of an operator on the body. The presence detector can include a capacitive proximity sensor coated on an inner wall of the body. The hand controller apparatus can further include a palm grip disposed on or in the proximal end, the palm grip including a generally downwardly curved and rounded shape configured to support a portion of an operator&#39;s palm. 
     In some cases, a robotic surgery system can include an instrument station including an insertion device configured to support a surgical tool. The robotic surgery system can also include a workstation in configured to be in data communication with the instrument station. The workstation can include a hand controller apparatus configured to control movement of the tool. The hand controller apparatus can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end coupled to the input device. The hand controller apparatus can also include a control lever attached to a pivot joint proximate a side surface of the body and extending along the body and away from the proximal end, the control lever being laterally moveable relative to the side surface of the body about the pivot joint. The hand controller apparatus can also include a lateral movement detector configured to magnetically or inductively detect a lateral movement of the control lever. The input device can be configured to control movement of the tool based on the detected lateral movement of the control lever. 
     The robotic surgery system of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of robotic surgery systems described below can include one or more of the following features. The control lever can include a wiper disposed inside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward the proximal end and a paddle disposed outside the body and extending at an angle from the pivot joint toward the distally located interface end. The wiper can be configured to move in a direction opposite to a lateral movement of the paddle. The lateral movement detector can include a magnetic angular sensor configured to detect an angle formed between the paddle and the side surface of the body. The lateral movement detector can include an inductive sensor including a curved coil and configured to detect a curved movement of the wiper based on an electrical current induced at the curved coil by the movement of the wiper. The wiper can be formed at least partially of a metal. The control lever can include a paddle disposed outside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward the distally located interface end. The lateral movement detector can include an inductive sensor configured to detect a non-linear movement of a metallic portion disposed in or integrally formed with the paddle. 
     In some cases, a method of operating a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include detecting lateral movement of a control lever of the hand controller apparatus between a closed position and an open position, the control lever rotatably attached to a body of the hand controller apparatus and configured to control opening and closing of a surgical tool. The method can also include magnetically or inductively detecting a change in an angle of the control lever relative to the body of the hand controller apparatus when the control lever is moved between the closed position and the open position. The method can also include causing opening and closing of the surgical tool based on the detected change in the angle. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. Determining the angular position can be performed with a magnetic angular detector disposed below the wiper. The control lever can include a wiper disposed inside the body and extending from a pivot joint toward a proximal end of the body and a paddle disposed outside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward a distally located interface end, the paddle configured to move between the open and close positions. A metallic portion can be disposed in or integrally formed with the wiper, controlling the wiper and the metallic portion can partially rotate over a curved inductive coil between a first position and a second position about the pivot joint in a direction opposite to a lateral movement of the paddle. The first and second positions can respectively, correspond to the open and close positions of the paddle. Magnetically or inductively detecting the change in the angle can include detecting induced electrical current at the curved inductive coil caused by a rotation of the wiper, demodulating the detected electrical current to produce a signal representing a position of the metallic portion and detecting the change in the angle based on the produced signal. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. Determining the angular position can be performed with a magnetic angular detector disposed below the wiper. The control lever can include a wiper disposed inside the body and extending from a pivot joint toward a proximal end of the body and a paddle disposed outside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward a distally located interface end, the paddle configured to move between the open and close positions. A metallic portion can be disposed in or integrally formed with the wiper. controlling the wiper and the metallic portion can partially rotate over a curved inductive coil between a first position and a second position about the pivot joint in a direction opposite to a lateral movement of the paddle. The first and second positions can respectively correspond to the open and close positions of the paddle. Magnetically or inductively detecting the change in the angle can include detecting induced electrical current at the curved inductive coil caused by a rotation of the wiper, demodulating the detected electrical current to produce a signal representing a position of the metallic portion and detecting the change in the angle based on the produced signal. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. The control lever can include a paddle disposed outside the body and extending from a pivot joint, wherein a metallic portion can be disposed in or integrally formed with the paddle. The paddle and the metallic portion can move over an inductive coil between the open and close positions, the inductive coil facing the metallic portion. Magnetically or inductively detecting the change in the angle can include detecting induced electrical current at the inductive coil in response to a movement of the metallic portion, demodulating the detected electrical current to produce a signal representing a position of the metallic portion and detecting the change in the angle based on the produced signal. The inductive coil can have a substantially trapezoidal shape or a substantially elliptical shape. 
     In some cases, a method of operating a robotic surgery system that comprises a workstation including a hand controller apparatus and an instrument station including a surgical tool can include detecting lateral movement of a control lever of the hand controller apparatus between a closed position and an open position, the movement of the control level changing an angle between the control lever and a body of the hand controller apparatus. The method can also include magnetically or inductively detecting the change in the angle in response to the control lever moving between the closed position and the open position. The method can also include controlling an opening and closing movement of the tool based on the detected angle. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include a body configured to be moved to generate a first operator input to cause a tool to move corresponding to the movement of the body. The hand controller apparatus can also include an input control interface formed on a surface of the body and configured to sense one or more of a plurality of second operator inputs associated with a plurality of tool functions, the plurality of second operator inputs being different from the first operator input. The hand controller apparatus can also include a processor configured to control the tool to perform one or more of the plurality of tool functions in response to the sensed one or more second operator inputs. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The tool can include a surgical instrument and at least one function of the plurality of tool functions comprises a surgery routine. The surgery routine can include controlling the surgical instrument to perform at least one of: suturing, cutting, grasping or moving in a predetermined direction. The tool can include a camera configured to image a surgical site, and wherein at least one function of the plurality of tool functions comprises at least one of: causing a lens of the camera to be washed, causing the camera to zoom in and/or out, causing the camera to pan, or causing the camera to tilt. The hand controller apparatus can further include a memory storing the plurality of tool functions corresponding with the plurality of second operator inputs. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The input control interface can be configured to sense at least one input of: swiping from a first side of the input control interface to a second side of the input control interface different from the first side, tapping, swiping and holding, tapping and holding, multiple tapping, or multiple tapping and holding. The processor can be configured to control the tool to perform one or more of the plurality of tool functions in response to the sensed at least one input. The input control interface can include a trackpad or a capacitive touch surface configured to sense the one or more second operator inputs. The one or more second operation inputs can include swiping from a first side of the trackpad to a second side of the trackpad different from the first side. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The processor can be configured to cause the tool to become locked in a current surgery position in response to the sensed swiping from the first side of the trackpad to the second side of the trackpad. The tool can include a pair of jaws, and wherein the processor is configured to control the pair of jaws of the tool to be fixed in the current surgery position while the body is being repositioned. The body can include a housing on an end thereof, the housing including a generally downwardly curved and rounded shape configured to receive and support a portion of an operator&#39;s palm. The hand controller apparatus can further include at least one control lever attached to the body at a pivot joint and extending along the body, the at least one control lever being laterally moveable about the pivot joint, and wherein the at least one control lever is configured to control one or more of the plurality of tool functions. 
     In some cases, a method of operating a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include generating a first operator input based on movement of a body of the hand controller apparatus, the first input configured to control the tool to move corresponding to the movement of the body. The method can also include sensing, at an input control interface formed on a surface of the body, one or more of a plurality of second operator inputs corresponding to a plurality of tool functions, the plurality of second operator inputs different from the first operator input. The method can also include, by a processor, controlling the tool to perform one or more of the plurality of tool functions in response to the sensed one or more second operator inputs. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. The tool can be a surgical instrument. Controlling the tool can include controlling the surgical instrument to perform at least one of the following: suturing, cutting, grasping or moving in a predetermined direction. The tool can include a camera configured to image a surgical site. Controlling the tool can include at least one of: causing a lens of the camera to be washed, causing the camera to zoom in and/or out, causing the camera to pan, or causing the camera to tilt. The method can further include storing the plurality of tool functions corresponding with the plurality of second operator inputs in a memory. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. Sensing the one or more of second operator inputs can include sensing at least one of the following inputs: swiping from a first side of the input control interface to a second side of the input control interface different from the first side, tapping, swiping and holding, tapping and holding, multiple tapping, or multiple tapping and holding. The input control interface can include a trackpad or a capacitive touch surface. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling one or more tools in a robotic surgery system can include a body configured to be moved to generate a first operator input to control a surgical instrument of the one or more tools to move corresponding to the movement of the body. The hand controller apparatus can also include an input control interface formed on a surface of the body and configured to sense a second operator input different from the first operator input. The hand controller apparatus can also include a processor configured to control at least first and second functions of first and second tools of the one or more tools in response to the received second operator input, the first function and the second function performed mutually exclusively of each other, the first and second functions being different from each other, and the first and second tools being different from each other. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The processor can be configured to control the first function of the first tool in response to a first type of the second operator input while disabling the second function of the second tool, and control the second function of the second tool in response to a second type of the second operator input while disabling the first function of the first tool. The input control interface can include a trackpad or a capacitive touch surface configured to sense at least one of: swiping from a first side of the trackpad to a second side of the trackpad different from the first side, tapping, swiping and holding, tapping and holding, multiple tapping, or multiple tapping and holding. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The trackpad can be configured to sense at least one of the following inputs: swiping from a first side of the trackpad to a second side of the trackpad different from the first side, tapping, swiping and holding, tapping and holding, multiple tapping, or multiple tapping and holding. The processor can be configured to perform different functions based on the sensed second operator input. The capacitive touch surface can include at least one capacitive input configured to sense a single-click or a multiple-click, and wherein the processor is configured to perform different functions based on the single-click or multiple-click. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The first tool can a camera configured to image a surgical site, the first function being enabling and/or disabling the camera. The second tool can include an instrument clutch configured to reposition the body, the second function being enabling and/or disabling the instrument clutch. The track pad can be configured to sense swiping from a first side of the trackpad to a second side of the trackpad different from the first side and holding the second side of the trackpad. The processor can be configured to, in response to the sensed swiping and holding, disable an association of the body with the surgical instrument and enable association of the body with the camera. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The track pad can be further configured to sense a release of the second side, and wherein the processor is further configured to, in response to the sensed release, disable the association of the body with the camera and enable the association of the body with the surgical instrument. The track pad can be further configured to sense a first swiping from a first side of the trackpad to a second side of the trackpad different from the first side and first releasing of the trackpad, and wherein the processor is further configured to, in response to the sensed first swiping and first releasing, disable an association of the body with the surgical instrument, and permit repositioning of the body without moving the surgical instrument. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The track pad can be further configured to sense a second swiping from the first side of the track pad to the second side of the track pad and a second releasing of the trackpad, and wherein the processor is configured to, in response to the sensed second swiping and second releasing, enable the association of the body with the surgical instrument. 
     In some cases, a method of operating a hand controller apparatus for controlling one or more tools in a robotic surgery system can include generating a first operator input based on a movement of a body of the hand controller apparatus, the first operator input configured to control movement of a surgical instrument of the one or more tools. The method can also include sensing, at an input control interface formed on a surface of the body, a second operator input different from the first operator input. The method can also include, by a processor, controlling at least first and second functions of first and second tools of the one or more tools in response to the received second operator input by performing the first function and the second function mutually exclusively of each other, the first and second functions being different from each other, and the first and second tools being different from each other. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. Controlling the at least first and second functions can include controlling the first function of the first tool in response to a first type of the second operator input while disabling the second function of the second tool and controlling the second function of the second tool in response to a second type of the second operator input while disabling the first function of the first tool. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control a surgical tool. The hand controller apparatus can also include a feedback device supported by the body and configured to provide feedback to a user in response to a change in a function of the hand controller apparatus from a first mode to a second mode, the second mode different from the first mode. The function can include at least one: controlling a camera that images a surgical site, instrument clutching to reposition the hand controller apparatus, a pre-set surgery routine, or an operation to control the surgical tool. The change from the first mode to the second mode can be configured to occur within the same function. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. When the function includes controlling the camera, the first mode can include enabling control of the camera, and the second mode can include disabling control of the camera. When the function comprises instrument clutching, the first mode can include enabling instrument clutching and the second mode can include disabling instrument clutching. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control a surgical instrument. The hand controller apparatus can also include a feedback device positioned in or on the body and configured to provide feedback to a user in response to a change in a function of the hand controller apparatus from a first mode to a second mode, the second mode different from the first mode. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The feedback device can include a haptic feedback device configured to provide a haptic feedback in response to the change in the function. The haptic feedback device can include a haptic actuator and a controller configured to sense the change in the function and actuate the haptic actuator to vibrate in response thereto. The haptic actuator ca be disposed adjacent to the proximal end or the distally located interface end. The hand controller apparatus can further include an input control interface formed on an upper surface of the body and configured to receive an additional user input. The haptic actuator can be disposed adjacent to the input control interface. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The function can include at least one of: controlling a camera that images a surgical site, instrument clutching to reposition the hand controller apparatus, a pre-set surgery routine, or an operation to control the surgical instrument. When the function includes controlling the camera, the first mode can include enabling control of the camera and the second mode can include disabling control of the camera. When the function includes instrument clutching, the first mode can include enabling instrument clutching and the second mode comprises disabling instrument clutching. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The change in the function can be generated from repositioning the body or from a secondary input of the robotic surgery system remote from the body. The feedback device can include a visual feedback device configured to provide a visual feedback in response to the change in the function. The feedback device can include an audio feedback device configured to provide an audio feedback in response to the change in the function. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The feedback device can include a tactile feedback device configured to provide a tactile feedback in response to the change in the function. The tactile feedback can include at least one of the following: a bump, a beak, a grove, a lip, or a texture difference. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The feedback device can include a force feedback device configured to provide a force feedback in response to the change in the function. The force feedback device can include a self-centering wheel. The feedback device is located in a portion of the body configured to contact a user&#39;s palm. The feedback device is configured to provide different feedbacks in response to different changes in the function. The different feedbacks can be configurable by the user. 
     In some cases, a robotic surgery system can include an instrument station comprising an insertion device configured to support a surgical tool. The robotic surgery system can also include a workstation in data communication with the instrument station. The workstation can include 
     a hand controller apparatus configured to receive an operator input for controlling the tool. The hand controller apparatus can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control the tool. The hand controller apparatus can include a feedback device disposed in or on the body and configured to provide feedback to an operator in response to a change in a function of the hand controller apparatus from a first mode to a second mode, the second mode different from the first mode. 
     The robotic surgery system of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of robotic surgery systems described below can include one or more of the following features. The feedback device can include at least one of the following: a haptic feedback device configured to provide a haptic feedback in response to the change in the function, a visual feedback device configured to provide a visual feedback in response to the change in the function, an audio feedback device configured to provide an audio feedback in response to the change in the function, a tactile feedback device configured to provide a tactile feedback in response to the change in the function or a force feedback device configured to provide a force feedback in response to the change in the function. 
     The robotic surgery system of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of robotic surgery systems described below can include one or more of the following features. The change in the function can be generated from repositioning the body or from a secondary input of the workstation remote from the hand controller apparatus. The feedback device can be configured to provide different feedbacks in response to different changes in the function. The different feedbacks can be configurable by the operator. 
     In some cases, a method of operating a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include receiving an operator input. The method can also include determining that the received operator input triggers a change in a function of the hand controller apparatus from a first mode to a second mode, the second mode different from the first mode. The method can also include, with a feedback device supported by a body of the hand controller apparatus, providing operator feedback in response to the change in the function. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. The function can include at least one of the following: controlling a camera that images a surgical site, instrument clutching to reposition the hand controller apparatus, a pre-set surgery routine, or an operation to control a surgical tool of the robotic surgery system. When the function includes controlling the camera, the first mode can include enabling control of the camera and the second mode can include disabling control of the camera. 
     The method of operating a hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of methods described below can include one or more of the following features. When the function includes instrument clutching, the first mode can include enabling instrument clutching and the second mode comprises disabling instrument clutching. Providing the operator feedback can include providing different feedbacks in response to different changes in the function. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control a surgical tool. The hand controller apparatus can also include a control lever attached to a pivot joint proximate a side surface of the body and extending along the body and away from the proximal end, the control lever being laterally moveable relative to the side surface of the body about the pivot joint. The control lever can include a tail region adjacent to the pivot joint and a paddle region connected to the tail region and extending toward the distally located interface end, wherein the tail region includes an inner surface facing the body and an outer surface opposing the inner surface, and wherein at least part of the outer surface of the tail region is outwardly curved. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The at least part of the outer surface of the tail region can include a substantially convex shape. The tail region can include a tail end horizontally overlapping the pivot joint. An outer surface of the tail end can be outwardly curved and an outer surface of the remaining portion of the tail region can be substantially flat. The tail region can include a tail end horizontally overlapping the pivot joint. A first portion of an outer surface of the tail end can be outwardly curved and a second portion of the outer surface of the tail end can be substantially flat. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The at least part of the outer surface of the extension can have a substantially concave shape. The control lever can further include an extension extending downwardly from the paddle region, wherein at least part of the extension is curved toward the body. The hand controller apparatus can further include a cutout formed on or in the side surface of the body and configured to accommodate the control lever therein such that a longitudinal axis of the control lever is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the body. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The hand controller apparatus can further include a palm grip disposed in or on the proximal end, the palm grip including a generally downwardly curved and rounded shape configured to receive and support a portion of an operator&#39;s palm. The hand controller apparatus can further include a neck portion interposed between the pivot joint and the palm grip, wherein a width of the neck portion can be smaller than a width of the palm grip. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The neck portion can include a protruding side surface. The protruding side surface of the neck portion can have a curvature that is substantially the same as a curvature of the at least part of the outer surface of the tail region. At least one of i) the protruding side surface of the neck portion, or ii) the at least part of the outer surface of the tail region can be configured to enable an operator to rotate the body of the hand controller apparatus about a longitudinal axis of the body with the operator&#39;s finger without rotation of the operator&#39;s wrist. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The hand controller apparatus can further include an input control interface formed on an upper surface of the body and configured to sense an operator input. The input control interface can include a first side facing the proximal end and a second side opposing the first side and facing the distally located interface end. The hand controller apparatus can further include a slope region disposed between the first side of the input control interface and the neck portion and downwardly sloped to allow an operator&#39;s finger to be rested thereon. The slope region can be curved or linear. The input control interface can include a periphery at least part of which is raised to provide a tactile feedback for a location of the input control interface. The palm grip can be downwardly angled with respect to the neck portion to substantially resemble a natural curvature formed between an average operator&#39;s thumb and palm when the palm grip is grasped by the operator&#39;s hand. 
     In some cases, a robotic surgery system can include an instrument station including an insertion device configured to support a surgical tool. The robotic surgery system can also include a workstation in data communication with the instrument station. The workstation can include a hand controller apparatus configured to receive an operator input for controlling the tool. The hand controller apparatus can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control the tool. The hand controller apparatus can also include a control lever attached to a pivot joint proximate a side surface of the body and extending along the body and away from the proximal end, the control lever being laterally moveable relative to the side surface of the body about the pivot joint. The control lever can include a tail region adjacent to the pivot joint and a paddle region extending from the tail region toward the distally located interface end. The tail region includes an inner surface facing the body and an outer surface opposing the inner surface. At least part of the outer surface of the tail region can be outwardly curved. 
     The robotic surgery system of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of robotic surgery systems described below can include one or more of the following features. The at least part of the outer surface of the tail region can include a substantially convex shape. The control lever can further include an extension extending downwardly from the paddle region. At least part of the downward extension can be curved toward the body. The at least part of the outer surface of the tail region can be configured to enable an operator to rotate the hand controller apparatus about a longitudinal axis of the body with the operator&#39;s finger without rotation of the operator&#39;s wrist. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control a surgical instrument. The hand controller apparatus can also include a control lever attached to a pivot joint proximate a side surface of the body and extending along the body and away from the proximal end, the control lever being laterally moveable relative to the side surface of the body about the pivot joint. The hand controller apparatus can also include a palm grip disposed in or on the proximal end, the palm grip including a substantially downwardly curved and rounded shape configured to receive and support a portion of an operator&#39;s palm. The hand controller apparatus can also include a neck portion interposed between the pivot joint and the palm grip, wherein a width of the neck portion is smaller than a width of the palm grip. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. At least part of the neck portion may not horizontally overlap the pivot joint. The palm grip can include an upper portion extending from the neck portion toward the proximal end, a middle portion downwardly extending at a first angle from the upper portion, and a lower portion downwardly extending at a second angle from the middle portion. Each of the upper and lower portions can include a width smaller than a width of the middle portion. The upper portion includes a width greater than a width of the neck portion. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The body can include an upper surface accommodating an input control interface configured to sense an operator input. The upper surface can be slanted toward the side surface of the body, the slanted upper surface configured to support an operator&#39;s index finger when the palm grip is grasped by the operator&#39;s hand. The pivot joint can be disposed inside the body and positioned closer to a longitudinal axis of the body than a longitudinal axis of the control lever. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The control lever can include a wiper disposed inside the body and extending from the pivot joint toward the proximal end and a paddle disposed outside the body and extending at an angle from the pivot joint toward the distally located interface end. The wiper and the paddle can be connected to the pivot joint such that longitudinal axes of the wiper and the paddle are substantially parallel to each other. The longitudinal axes of the wiper and the paddle may not intersect a center of the pivot joint. 
     In some cases, a hand controller apparatus for controlling a tool in a robotic surgery system can include a body including a proximal end and a distally located interface end configured to be coupled to an input apparatus configured to control a surgical tool. The hand controller apparatus can also include a control lever attached to a pivot joint proximate a side surface of the body and extending along the body and away from the proximal end, the control lever being laterally moveable relative to the side surface of the body about the pivot joint. The pivot joint can be disposed inside the body and positioned closer to a longitudinal axis of the body than a longitudinal axis of the control lever. The longitudinal axis of the control lever may not intersect a center of the pivot joint. 
     The hand controller apparatus of any of preceding paragraphs and/or any of hand controller apparatuses described below can include one or more of the following features. The longitudinal axis of the control lever can be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body when the control lever is in a closed position. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described hereinafter, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a robotic surgery system in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of a right side input device of the workstation shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates a perspective view of a left side hand controller in an open position according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates a perspective view of a right side hand controller in an open position according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates a plan view of the hand controller of  FIG. 3B  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates a left side view of the hand controller of  FIG. 3B  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a perspective view of a right side hand controller in a closed position according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates a perspective view of a left side hand controller grasped by a user&#39;s left hand according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates a perspective view of left and right side hand controllers grasped by a user&#39;s hands according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of a right side hand controller in an open position according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of a left side hand controller in an open position according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a perspective view of a hand controller having two pinchers in an open position according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an assembly view of the hand controller of  FIG. 3B  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 11A  illustrates a closed-up plan view of a hand controller pincher showing angular magnetic detection according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 11B  illustrates a closed-up plan view of a hand controller wiper and a magnetic angular detector according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 12A  illustrates a conceptual diagram showing a magnetic angular detection method for a metallic portion in a wiper according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 12B  illustrates a perspective view of a hand controller including a linear coil inductive detector for sensing movement of a metallic portion in the paddle according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 12C  illustrates a plan view of the hand controller including the linear coil inductive detector of  FIG. 12B ; 
         FIG. 12D  illustrates a modified printed circuit board (PCB) coil layout for the linear inductive detector shown in  FIGS. 12B and 12C  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 12E  illustrates a standard PCB coil layout for a linear coil inductive detector according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 13A  illustrates a perspective view of a hand controller including a spiral coil inductive detector for sensing the movement of a metallic portion in the paddle according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 13B  illustrates a plan view of the hand controller including the spiral coil inductive detector of  FIG. 13A  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 13C  illustrates a modified coil layout for the spiral inductive detector shown in  FIGS. 13A and 13B  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 13D  illustrates a standard coil layout for a spiral coil inductive detector according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a perspective view of a metal shaped PCB coil formed inside the wall of a handpiece according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a plan view of an example trackpad of a hand controller according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 16A  illustrates a plan view of a capacitive touch surface having multiple ‘V’ shaped capacitive buttons according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 16B  illustrates a plan view of a capacitive touch surface having multiple rectangular capacitive buttons according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 17A  illustrates a closed-up view of the trackpad according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 17B  illustrates an example location of a capacitive gesture recognition circuitry according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 17C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a capacitive gesture recognition PCB according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a flowchart for a shared input control process according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate conceptual diagrams showing a camera control operation according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a flowchart for a camera control process shown in  FIGS. 19A and 19B  according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS. 21A and 21B  illustrate conceptual diagrams showing an instrument clutch operation according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a flowchart for an instrument clutch process shown in  FIGS. 21A and 21B  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a flowchart for a gesture control process according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a flowchart for a hand controller feedback control process according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 25A  illustrates an example location of a haptic feedback device according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 25B  illustrates another example location of a haptic feedback device according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 26  illustrates a block diagram of a hand controller according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 27  illustrates a perspective view of a right side hand controller showing palm grip ergonomic features according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 28  illustrates a perspective view of the right side hand controller of  FIG. 27  grasped by a user&#39;s right hand according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 29  illustrates a perspective view of a right side hand controller showing paddle ergonomic features according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 30  illustrates a closed-up perspective view of a paddle of the right side hand controller of  FIG. 29  according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 31  illustrates a closed-up left side view of the paddle of  FIG. 30  according to some embodiments; and 
         FIG. 32  illustrates a rear view of a right side hand controller showing another example ergonomic features according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 33  illustrates a perspective view of an example coil to be used as a compression spring for pincer angle detection according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview of Robotic Surgery System 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a robotic surgery system  100  in accordance with some embodiments. The robotic surgery system  100  includes a workstation  102  and an instrument station or a patient cart  104 . The patient cart  104  includes at least one tool mountable on a moveable instrument mount, central unit or drive unit  106  that houses an instrument drive (not shown) for manipulating the tool. The tool may include an insertion device  108  configured to support at least one surgical instrument (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with an “instrument” or “surgical tool”) and a camera (not shown) that images a surgical site. The workstation  102  may also include a tool such as an instrument clutch (that may be implemented by a foot pedal described below). The insertion device  108  can support two or more instruments (not shown). The camera may include a primary camera and at least one secondary camera. The primary camera and the secondary camera may provide different viewing angles, perform different functions and/or produce different images. At least one of the primary camera and the secondary camera may be a two-dimensional (2D) or a three-dimensional (3D) camera.  FIG. 1  is merely an example of a robotic surgery system, and certain elements may be removed, other elements added, two or more elements combined or one element can be separated into multiple elements depending on the specification and requirements of the robotic surgery system. 
     The workstation  102  includes an input device for use by a user (for example, a surgeon; hereinafter to be interchangeably used with an “operator”) for controlling the instrument via the instrument drive to perform surgical operations on a patient. The input device may be implemented using a haptic interface device available from Force Dimension, of Switzerland, for example. The input device includes a right input device  132  and a left input device  112  for controlling respective right and left instruments (not shown). The right input device  132  includes a right hand controller  122  (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with a “hand grip” or “handpiece”) and the left input device  112  includes a left hand controller  124 . The right and left hand controllers  122  and  124  may be mechanically or electrically coupled to the respective input devices  132  and  112 . Alternatively, the right and left hand controllers  122  and  124  may be wirelessly coupled to the respective input devices  132  and  112  or may be wireless coupled directly to the workstation  102 . In some cases, when there are two instruments at the instrument station  104 , the right and left hand controllers  122  and  124  may respectively control the two instruments. In some cases, when there are more than two instruments, the right and left hand controllers  122  and  124  may be used to select two of the multiple instruments that an operator wishes to use. In some cases, when there is only one instrument, one of the right and left hand controllers  122  and  124  may be used to select the single instrument. 
     The input devices  132  and  112  may generate input signals representing positions of the hand controllers  122  and  124  within an input device workspace (not shown). In some cases where the input devices  132  and  112  are coupled directly and wirelessly to the workstation, they would include the necessary sensors to allow wireless control such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope and/or magnetometer. In other cases, a wireless connection of the input devices  132  and  112  to the workstation  102  may be accomplished by the use of camera systems alone or in combination with the described sensors. The afore described sensors for wireless functionality may also be placed in each handpiece to be used in conjunction with the input devices  132  and  112  to independently verify the input device data. The workstation  102  also includes a workstation processor circuit  114 , which is in communication with the input devices  132  and  112  for receiving the input signals. 
     The workstation  102  also includes a display  120  in communication with the workstation processor circuit  114  for displaying real time images and/or other graphical depictions of a surgical site produced by the camera associated with the instrument. The workstation  102  may include right and left graphical depictions (not shown) displayed on the display  120  respectively for the right and left side instruments (not shown). The graphical depictions may be displayed at a peripheral region of the display  120  to prevent obscuring a live view of the surgical workspace also displayed on the display. The display  120  may further be operable to provide other visual feedback and/or instructions to the user. A second auxiliary display  123  may be utilized to display auxiliary surgical information to the user (surgeon), displaying, for example, patient medical charts and pre-operation images. In some cases, the auxiliary display  123  may be a touch display and may also be configured to display graphics representing additional inputs for controlling the workstation  102  and/or the patient cart  104 . The workstation  102  further includes a footswitch or foot pedal  126 , which is actuatable by the user to provide input signals to the workstation processor circuit  114 . In one case, the signal provided to the workstation processor circuit  114  may inhibit movement of the instrument while the footswitch  126  is depressed. 
     The patient cart  104  includes an instrument processor circuit  118  for controlling the central unit  106 , insertion device  108 , one or more instruments and/or one or more cameras. In such case, the instrument processor circuit  118  is in communication with the workstation processor circuit  114  via an interface cable  116  for transmitting signals between the workstation processor circuit  114  and the instrument processor circuit  118 . In some cases, communication between the workstation processor circuit  114  and the processor circuit  118  may be wireless or via a computer network, and the workstation  102  may even be located remotely from the instrument station  104 . Input signals are generated by the right and left input devices  132  and  112  in response to movement of the hand controllers  122  and  124  by the user within the input device workspace and the instrument is spatially positioned in a surgical workspace in response to the input signals. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of the right side input device  132  of the workstation  102  shown in  FIG. 1 . Since the structure and operations of the right and left input devices  132  and  112  are substantially the same, the description will be provided only for the right side input device  132 . Furthermore,  FIG. 2  illustrates only an example of an input device, input devices having other structures and shapes may also be used, as long as they receive a user&#39;s inputs for controlling the operation of the instrument. Referring to  FIG. 2 , the input device  132  includes three moveable arms  180 ,  182 , and  184 . The hand controller  122  may be coupled via a gimbal mount  186  to the moveable arms  180 ,  182 , and  184 . The input device  132  may include sensors (not shown) that sense the position of each of the arms  180 ,  182 , and  184  and rotation of the hand controller  122  and produces signals representing a current position of the hand controller  122 . In such case, the position signals are transmitted as input signals to the workstation processor circuit  114 . The hand controller  122  may include a user actuatable button or input control interface  326   a  (see, for example,  FIG. 3B ), which may produce additional input signals for transmission to the workstation processor circuit  114 . 
     Additional details of the robotic surgery system  100  including the hand controllers  122  and  124  are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/0168758, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Overview of Handpiece 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates a perspective view of a left side handpiece  124  in an open position according to some embodiments.  FIG. 3B  illustrates a perspective view of a right side handpiece  122  in an open position according to some embodiments.  FIG. 4A  illustrates a plan view of the handpiece  124  of  FIG. 3B  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 4B  illustrates a left side view of the handpiece  124  of  FIG. 3B  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 5  illustrates a perspective view of a right side handpiece  122  in a closed position according to some embodiments. The handpieces  124  and  122  shown in  FIGS. 3A to 5  can be used respectively as hand controllers for the input devices  112  and  132  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Each of the handpieces  124  and  122  shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  includes a single pincher  308 / 328  (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with “pincer,” “paddle” or “control lever”). Each of the single paddle handpieces  124  and  122  may control the movement of one or a pair of jaws of a corresponding surgical instrument. The movement can include opening and/or closing of the one or more jaws. Thus, providing the single paddle handpieces  124  and  122  may be beneficial, as manufacturing costs can be reduced and their manufacturing procedure can be simplified. However, each handpiece may also include two pinchers (see, for example,  FIG. 9 ). Furthermore, although  FIG. 3A  shows that the pincher  308  of the left side handpiece  124  is disposed on the left side of the body  305 , the pincher  308  may be disposed on the right side of the body  305  (see, for example,  FIG. 6A ). Moreover, although  FIG. 3B  shows that the pincher  328  of the right side handpiece  122  is disposed on the right side of the body  325 , the pincher  328  may be disposed on the left side of the body  325  (not shown). 
     Referring to  FIG. 3A , the left side handpiece  124  includes a proximal end  301 , an upper handpiece housing  302 , a lower handpiece housing  304 , a handpiece body  305 , an input control interface  306   a , a pincher  308  having a pivot point, a tail end  311  and a paddle end  313 , an upper housing  310 , a lower housing  312 , a front plate (or connector)  314  and a distally located interface end  315 . The proximal end  301  and the distally located interface end  315  may be part of the handpiece body  305 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , the right side handpiece  122  includes a proximal end  321 , an upper handpiece housing  322 , a lower handpiece housing  324 , a handpiece body  325 , an input control interface  326   a , a pincher  328  having a pivot joint  372  (see, for example,  FIG. 11A ), a tail end  331  and a paddle end  333 , an upper housing  330 , a lower housing  332  and a front plate  334 , and a distally located interface end  335 . The proximal end  321  and the distally located interface end  335  may be part of the handpiece body  325 . 
     The handpiece  122  may be configured for operation by a right hand of the operator and the handpiece  124  may be configured for operation by a left hand. The left handpiece  124  may be configured as a mirror image of the right handpiece  122  as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , but may be differently configured depending on the nature of the task. For example, only one of the right and left handpieces  122  and  124  may include an input control interface. In such case, actuation on the single input control interface may perform input control for both of the handpieces  122  and  124 . Furthermore, depending on the embodiment, at least one of the right and left handpieces  122  and  124  may include a plurality of input control interfaces. In some cases, the plurality of input control interfaces may have the same shape, function and/or structure. In some cases, the plurality of input control interfaces may have different shapes, functions and/or structures. Since the structure and operations of the right and left handpieces  122  and  124  are substantially the same, the description will be provided only for the right side handpiece  122 . 
     The proximal end  321  of the right handpiece  122  may be shaped to be grasped by a right hand of an operator. Here, the proximal end  321  may include the handpiece housing  322  and  324 . The proximal end  321  may also be referred to as a handle or a palm rest. The proximal end  321  may have a generally downwardly curved and rounded shape operable to receive and support a portion of the operator&#39;s palm when the body  325  is grasped in the hand of the operator. Although the upper and lower housings  322  and  324  appear to be as long as the remaining portion of the body  325 , the present disclosure is not limited thereto. That is, the upper and lower housings  322  and  324  may be longer or shorter than the remaining portion of the body  325 . The distally located interface end  335  may be configured for coupling to the input apparatus  132  for controlling the surgical tool associated with the robotic surgery system  100 . At least a portion of the front plate  334  may be positioned in the distally located interface end  335 . 
     The pincher  328  may be attached to the body  325  at the pivot joint  372  (see, for example,  FIG. 11A ). The pincher  328  may extend from the tail end  331  to the paddle end  333  along the body  325  to be away from the proximal end  321 .  FIG. 3B  shows that the pincher  328  is in an open position. The open position means that the pincher  328  is opened by laterally moving away from the body  325  in a direction (for example, a clockwise direction) so that the pincher  328  forms an angle of θ (hereinafter referred to as a “pincher angle” or “pincer angle”) with respect to a side surface of the body  325 . For the left side handpiece  124 , the pincher  313  is opened by laterally moving away from the body  305  in an opposite direction (for example, a counterclockwise direction) so that the pincher  308  has a pincer angle (θ) with respect to the body  305 . In some cases, the pincer angle (θ) can be in the range of 0° to about 15°. In some cases, the pincer angle (θ) can be in the range of 0° to about 12.5°. By adjusting the pincer angle, the position or movement of the instrument can be adjusted in a highly accurate manner. In some cases, the maximum pincer angle (θ) can be greater or smaller than about 15°. 
     In some cases, the pincher  328  can be elastically moved between the open position and the closed position. In such cases, the pincher  328  may be configured to have the open position as an original or default position. The pincher  328  can restore to the original position via an elastic element such as a compression spring, when it is released by a user (see reference numeral  348  in  FIG. 11B ). When an operator desires to fix the position of the pincher  328  in a partially open position, the operator may be required to hold the pincher  328  in the specific open position with his or her finger. In some cases, a magnet or an electromagnet may be used in place of or in addition to the compression spring to fix the pincher  328  in a particular position and/or to provide a rebounding or resistive force to cause the pincher  328  return to an open position upon being actuated/closed. Furthermore, the movement of the pincher  328  may be controlled by a processor so that the pincher  328  is fixed in a partially open position without the operator&#39;s finger holding the pincher  329  at the position. In such cases, the pincher  328  may be caused to remain in a particular position by varying the amount of electromagnetic force being delivered. Varying the electromagnetic force being delivered may also be used to provide a resistive or feedback force on the pincher  328  on the operator&#39;s finger placed on the pincher  328  or as the operator tries to actuate the pincher  328 . In some cases, the pincher  328  can be non-elastically (for example, mechanically) moved between the open position and the closed position by pressing the tail end  331  of the pincher  328  or by pulling the paddle end  333  away from a side surface of the body  325  for example, in a clockwise direction. In such cases, the pincher  328  may be fixed in a partially open position without the operator&#39;s finger holding the pincher  328  at that position. 
     When the pincher  328  is laterally moved in the workstation  102 , the processor circuit  114  generates and transmits a control signal to the patient cart  104  such that one or both of the jaws of the instrument are simultaneously opened or closed accordingly based on the control signal. For example, if the pincer angle (θ) is small, the one or more jaws of the instrument are opened in a correspondingly small amount. Furthermore, if the pincer angle (θ) is large, the one or more jaws of the instrument are opened in a correspondingly large amount. 
     The pincher  328  may be accommodated in a cutout  336  in a closed position where the pincer angle is generally 0° (see, for example,  FIG. 5 ). The cutout  336  may include a recess, an indentation or a groove. The pincher  328  may be received in the cutout  336  such that a surface of the pincher  328  facing the body  325  is generally contiguous with side surfaces of the body  325  when the pincher  328  is in the closed position. In some cases, the handpiece  122  may not include a cutout portion, and the paddle end  333  of the pincher  328  contacts the body  325  in a closed position where the pincer angle is generally 0°. 
     The input control interface  326   a  may be positioned on an upper surface of the body  325 . An operator may perform a primary control of repositioning the input devices or actuating actuators to control end-effectors (for example, one or more jaws) of the instruments. An additional control or secondary control (other than the primary control) may be performed using the input control interface  326   a . For example, the input control interface  326   a  may be used to receive additional user inputs such as camera control or instrument clutch, that may be difficult for an operator to provide a user input with the handpieces or foot pedal particularly while the operator is moving the handpieces. The additional user inputs may also include controlling tool functions (to be described later), controlling paddle movements, and/or selecting particular instruments when there are more than two surgical instruments. The input control interface  326   a  may be generally horizontally aligned with at least a portion of the pincher  328 . The input control  326   a  may be a PCB slider having an actuator surface or an input control interface (to be described below in greater detail). The input control interface  326   a  may be slightly inclined toward a side of the body  325  where an operator&#39;s index finger would be located when the operator grasps the handpiece. A detailed structure of a handpiece having an inclined input control interface is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/0168758, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Operation of Handpiece 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a perspective view of a left side handpiece  124   a  grasped by a user&#39;s left hand according to some embodiments.  FIG. 6B  illustrates a perspective view of left and right side handpieces  124  and  122  grasped by a user&#39;s hands according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , a pincher  308   a  of the handpiece  124   a  is disposed on the right side of a body  325   a . In such case, a user&#39;s left thumb  710  can be positioned on the pincher  308   a  of the handpiece  124   a  to close or open the pincher  308   a . Furthermore, the remaining four fingers may be positioned on the left side of the body  325   a . A user&#39;s index finger  720  may be positioned on the top surface of the body  325   a  to actuate the input control interface  326   a.    
     Referring to  FIG. 6B , the left side handpiece  124  is grasped by a user&#39;s left hand, whereas the right side handpiece  122  is grasped by a user&#39;s right hand. The operator&#39;s left index finger  720  is shown operating the left pincher  308  (partially shown) whereas the operator&#39;s thumb  710  is shown grasping the body  325  of the handpiece  124 . Furthermore, the operator&#39;s right index finger  740  is shown operating the right pincher  328  whereas the operator&#39;s thumb  730  is shown grasping the body  325  of the handpiece  122 . The operator can open and close the left and right pinchers  308  and  328  by making pincher movements (for example, by pressing the respective paddle ends  313  and  333 ) with the index fingers respectively. 
     The left handpiece  124  may be rotated by a user&#39;s left hand. Furthermore, the right handpiece  122  may be rotated by a user&#39;s right hand about the center of the front plate  334 . For the left hand piece  124 , a user&#39;s thumb  710  and a portion of a user&#39;s palm may grasp or support the handpiece  124 , whereas one of the index finger  720 , middle, ring and pinky fingers can be used to operate the pincher (not shown), for example, via a fingertip. Similarly, for the right hand piece  122 , a user&#39;s thumb  730  and palm may grasp or support the handpiece  122 , whereas one of the index finger  740 , middle, ring and pinky fingers can be used to operate the pincher  328  (not shown), for example, via a fingertip. The pincher  308  of the left handpiece  124  and the pincher  328  of the right handpiece  122  may be sized such that when grasped by the hand of an average operator, the fingertips on the respective pinchers are positioned to receive distal phalanges of the operator&#39;s finger  720 / 740  and thumb  710 / 730 . 
     The single control lever  328  of the right handpiece  122  may produce a control signal for the right input device  132  configured to simultaneously move one or a pair of jaws of a corresponding surgical tool. Furthermore, the single control lever  308  of the left handpiece  124  may produce a control signal for the left input device  112  configured to simultaneously move one or a pair of jaws of a corresponding surgical tool. 
     Additional Handpiece Examples 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of a right side handpiece  122   b  in an open position according to some embodiments. The handpiece  122   b  of  FIG. 7  has a different shape compared to the previous handpiece examples. For example, the handpiece  122   b  has a relatively long and substantially linear housing  322   a . Furthermore, the handpiece  122   b  has a pincher  328  disposed near the top of a body  325 . The handpiece  122   b  has a paddle with a relatively narrower width (measured in a longitudinal direction of the handpiece). 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of a left side hand controller  124   b  in an open position according to some embodiments. The handpiece  124   b  of  FIG. 8  has a different shape compared to the previous handpiece examples. For example, a portion of the body  305  and a portion of a housing  322   b  are cut. Thus, the housing  322   b  is relatively short. The housing  322   b  is also generally linear. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a perspective view of another handpiece  117  in an open position according to some embodiments. The hand controller  117  includes two pinchers  309  and  316  respectively disposed on the left and right sides of the body  327 . In such case, as the pinchers  309  and  316  are opened and closed, one or a pair of jaws of the instrument are opened and closed. A detailed operation of a two pincher handpiece is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/0168758, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     It is appreciated that the handpieces shown in  FIG. 3A  to  FIG. 9  are merely examples and the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, it is possible to provide many other handpieces including one or more of the following variations: different body shapes, different pincher shapes or dimensions, different numbers of pinchers, different positions, shapes or numbers of input control interfaces, and/or different positions of other handpiece elements may also be possible. 
     Assembly of Handpiece 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an assembly view of the handpiece  122  of  FIG. 3B  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 10  is merely an example assembly view of the handpiece  122 , and certain elements may be removed, other elements added, two or more elements combined or one element can be separated into multiple elements depending on the specification and requirements of the handpiece. Referring to  FIG. 10 , the upper and lower handpiece housings  322  and  324  accommodate a first PCB  350 , a first PCB carrier  354 , a wiper (or extension or inner paddle)  370 , a bar magnet (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with a “magnet,” “magnetic portion,” or a “magnetic target”)  352 , a compression spring  348  and a pivot joint  372 . The upper and lower housings  330  and  332  accommodate a center mount  342 , a vibration motor (or a haptic actuator)  344  and a second PCB  326 . The upper housing  330  has an opening  346  that accommodates and exposes a top surface of the second PCB  326 . The front plate  334  and a front plate label  338  are connected to the center mount  342  via a screw  336  and a threaded insert  340 . 
     The first PCB  350  may include a pincer angle detector and/or a presence detector (to be described in greater detail below). The first PCB  350  may also include a handpiece feedback control device (to be described later). The first PCB holder  354  accommodates the first PCB  350 . The bar magnet and/or the compression spring  348  can also be used to detect a pincer angle in connection with the pincer angle detector as described herein. The pincher  328  may be rotatably fixed to an interior portion of the upper and lower handpiece housings  322  and  324  via a pin (not shown) inserted into a pin hole  334  of the pivot joint  372 . For example, the pincher  328  may rotate laterally from a side portion of the body  325  about the pivot joint  372 . 
     The second PCB  326  may include an IC for driving a trackpad or a capacitive touch surface  326   a  for user input and gesture control (to be described in greater detail below). The trackpad or capacitive touch surface may be positioned on the top surface of the second PCB  326 . The second PCB  326  may also include one or more of the pincer angle detector, the presence detector or the handpiece feedback control device. The vibration motor  344  may be mounted on the center mount  342 . However, the vibration motor  344  may be located in other positions inside the handpiece  122 . The vibration motor  344  can be used for providing a haptic feedback to an operator (to be described in greater detail below). 
     Paddle Actuation Sensing/Pincer Angle Detection 
     As described herein, the pincher or paddle moves between a closed position and an open position. The open position includes a partially open position and a completely open position. The paddle would form a pincer angle with respect to a side surface of the handpiece body facing the paddle. In some cases, the pincer angle is the minimum at the closed position and the maximum at the completely open position. In operation, the pincer angle would be between the minimum and maximum at a partially open position. As the paddle moves from a closed position to a partially or completely open position, the one or more jaws of the surgical instrument also move to correspond to the movement of the paddle. Furthermore, as the paddle moves from the open position to the closed position, the one or more jaws of the surgical instrument also move to correspond to the movement of the paddle. Thus, it is advantageous to sense or detect an accurate position of the paddle or a pincer angle in order to more precisely control the movement of the surgical instrument. 
     Pincer angle detection or paddle actuation sensing can be done in various ways. In some cases, pincer angle can be detected by magnetically or inductively sending a movement of a metallic portion or target disposed in the wiper or paddle. For example, a magnetic angular detector, an inductive/eddy current detector or proximity sensor can be used for pincer angle detection. However, other detection methods can also be used as long as they can detect a position of the paddle or a pincer angle with respect to the body, or distance between the paddle and the body. Although the pincer angle detection or paddle actuation sensing is described in connection with one paddle handpiece, it can be applied to a handpiece having two paddles. In such cases, since the two paddles of the handpiece would move symmetrically, pincer angle detection for only one of the paddles may be sufficient to control the movement of the surgical instrument. 
     1. Magnetic Angular Detector for Detecting Wiper Movement 
     This method detects an angular movement of a magnetic portion or target that moves, when a pincher laterally moves with respect to a side surface of the handpiece body. In some cases, the magnetic target can be attached to and move along with the wiper, when the pincher laterally moves with respect to the side surface of the body. In some cases, at least a portion of the wiper can be a magnetic target. For example, a part or the entirety of the wiper can be formed of a magnetic material. In such cases, no separate magnet is required. Magnetic angle detection may provide several advantages over magnetic strength detection, primarily because angle does not drift with time or temperature (unlike strength). 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates a close-up plan view of the pincher  328  showing magnetic angular detection according to some embodiments.  FIG. 11B  illustrates a close-up plan view of the wiper  370  and a magnetic angular detector according to some embodiments. The pincher  328  includes a paddle  329  disposed outside the body  325  and a wiper  370  disposed inside the body  325 . Referring to  FIG. 11A , the paddle  329  laterally moves between a closed position  329   a  and an open position  329   b  so that the paddle  329  forms a pincer angle (θ) with respect to a surface of the handpiece body facing the paddle  329 . As the paddle  329  laterally moves between the closed position  329   a  and the open position  329   b , the wiper  370  moves in an opposite direction between a substantially parallel position  370   a  and an angled position  370   b  as shown in  FIG. 11A . When the paddle  329  and the wiper  370  move in opposite directions, the two pincher elements  329  and  370  maintain a substantially parallel and spaced-apart relationship with respect to each other as indicated by two parallel dotted lines  371  in  FIG. 11A . In some cases, the paddle  329  and the wiper  370  may not be substantially parallel but would maintain a spaced-apart relationship. The paddle  329  and the wiper  370  may elastically move between the open position and the closed position via the compression spring  348  disposed inside the handpiece body or by other appropriate means, for example as described above. 
     In the closed position, the pincer angle (θ) may be generally zero, as the paddle  329  would contact the side surface of the handpiece body  325 . In the completely open position, the pincer angle (θ) may be about 12.5° to about 15°. Thus, the paddle  329  may move between the pincer angles in the range of 0° to 15°. However, the maximum pincer angle can be less than or greater than about 15° depending on the embodiment. The wiper  370  may generally form the same angle between the two positions  370   a  and  370   b  as the pincer angle, as the wiper  370  and the paddle  329  are fixed relative to each other. 
     In some embodiments, the magnet or magnetic target  352  may be attached to the wiper  370 . In such cases, the wiper  370  may or may not be formed of a metallic material, as long as the magnet  352  can be attached to the wiper  370 , for example, via adhesive. In some cases, the wiper  370  may be formed at least partially of a magnetic material. For example, a portion of the wiper  370  may be a magnet or the entirety of the wiper  370  can be a magnet. In such cases, no separate magnetic target needs to be attached to the wiper  370 . 
     The first PCB  350  may include a magnetic angular detector configured to detect an angular movement of the magnetic target  352  that rotates or laterally moves along with the wiper  370  about the pivot joint  372  (ergonomic features of the pivot joint and paddle design to be described at the “Handpiece Ergonomic Features” section later). In some cases, the magnetic angular detector can be implemented with, for example, integrated circuits (ICs) available from Monolithic Power Systems Inc. (MPS). The MPS ICs generally detect the absolute angular position of a permanent magnet, typically a diametrically magnetized cylinder on a rotating shaft. The MPS ICs can be tunable and can provide a robust solution. For example, the MPS ICs may achieve greater than about 9 bits of resolution over the 12.5° range of the pincer angle. 
     In some cases, the magnetic angular detector can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Analog Devices Inc. (ADI). The ADI ICs can be an anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensor with integrated signal conditioning amplifiers and ADC drivers that can produce two analog outputs indicating the angular position of the surrounding magnetic field. 
     MPS ICs and ADI ICs are merely example magnetic angular detectors that realize the magnetic angular detection, and other magnetic angular detecting circuits can also be used as long as they can detect an angular movement of a magnet attached to or integrally formed with the wiper  370 . In some cases, the magnet  352  may include rare earth magnets. Rare earth magnets generally decay at a rate of less than 1% per decade. In some cases, any magnet could be used for the magnet  352 . 
     2. Inductive/Eddy Current Detector 
     This method uses the concept of inductive or eddy current that is induced at an inductive coil when a metallic target moves over the coil. In some cases, the metallic target may be disposed in or integrally formed with the wiper, and move in an arced or curved path over the inductive coil disposed inside or outside the wiper. In some cases, the metallic target may be attached to or integrally formed with the paddle, and move in an angled path with respect to the inductive coil. For the purpose of convenience, the description will be made for the metallic target which is attached to either the wiper or the paddle (instead of being integrally formed with the wiper or the paddle). The inductive/eddy current detector is different from the magnetic angular detector in that the former does not require the use of a magnet. This method is also inherently resilient to outside electro-magnetic interference, as no magnet is required. 
     A. Inductive/Eddy Current Sensor for Detecting Target in Wiper 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an angular magnetic detection method for a metallic portion or target  369  disposed in the wiper  370  according to some embodiments. The first PCB  350  shown in  FIG. 11B  may include an inductive detector that can detect a metallic target (or metallic portion) moving in an arced path with respect to an inductive coil disposed in the first PCB  350 . In some cases, the first PCB  350  may include both the magnetic angular detector and the inductive detector. In some cases, a separate PCB may be used to accommodate the inductive sensor. 
     The operation of an inductive detector for detecting a metallic target  369  at the wiper  370  is described with respect to  FIG. 12A . The inductive detector may detect a curved or arced movement of the metallic target  369 , when the paddle  329  moves laterally from side portion of the body  325 . Referring to  FIGS. 11A and 12A , the wiper  370  and the metallic target  369  move in a curved path between the two positions  370   b  and  370   a  over a curved PCB coil layout  382  of the inductive detector, as the paddle  329  moves in a curved direction opposite to the curved path of the wiper  370 . The curved PCB coil layout  382  may be manufactured by bending a linear PCB coil layout into an arc track during PCB layout. The linear PCB track can be shaped to suit whatever path a metallic target takes. 
     The metallic target  369  disposed in the wiper  379  may move on substantially the same plane (or substantially parallel planes) as the plane on which the curved PCB coil layout  382  is positioned (for example, substantially coplanar). In some cases, to allow for different shapes of hand pieces, the metallic target  369  disposed in the wiper  379  may move on a different plan as the plan on which the curved PCB coil layout  382  is positioned. Therefore, the metallic target  369  can track the curved PCB coil layout  382 , as the wiper  370  moves in the curved path. As the metallic target  369  moves over the curved PCB coil layout  382 , electrical current is induced at the curved PCB coil layout  382 . The metallic target  369  may have a trapezoidal shape as shown in  FIG. 12A  to more closely track the curved path over the curved PCB coil layout  382 . 
     In some cases, the PCB coil layout  382  may include one transmitter coil and two receiver coils in different paths. The inductive sensor may demodulate and process secondary voltages received at the receiver coils, and obtain a signal representing the metallic target&#39;s position. The inductive sensor can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Integrated Device Technology, Inc. (IDT). The IDT ICs can compare voltage values received at two receiver coils, combine this comparison with the knowledge of their different paths, and may cancel out certain mechanical tolerances (for example, even if the metal target were a bit off angle and it would not severely impact the result). 
     B. Inductive/Eddy Current Sensor for Detecting Target in Paddle 
     The pincer angle may be detected by inductively sensing a movement of a metallic target disposed in the paddle. In some cases, the movement of the metallic target in the paddle may be sensed by a linear coil inductive sensor. In some cases, the movement of the metallic target in the paddle may be sensed by a spiral-shaped coil inductive sensor. 
     a. Linear Coil Inductive Detector 
       FIG. 12B  illustrates a perspective view of a handpiece including a linear coil inductive detector  383  for sensing the movement of a metallic target  387  disposed in the paddle  329  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 12C  illustrates a plan view of the handpiece including the linear coil inductive detector  383  of  FIG. 12B .  FIG. 12D  illustrates a modified PCB coil layout  385   a  for the linear inductive detector  383  shown in  FIGS. 12B and 12C  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 12E  illustrates a standard PCB coil layout  385   b  for a linear coil inductive detector. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12B , the linear coil inductive detector  383  may include a linear coil sensor  384  and a PCB coil layout  385 . Referring to  FIGS. 12B and 12C , the inductive detector  383  is disposed inside the handpiece so that the PCB coil layout  385  faces the metallic target  387  disposed in the paddle  329 . In some cases, the inductive detector  383  or at least the PCB coil layout  385  of the detector  383  may be disposed inside the paddle  329 . In such cases, the metallic target may be disposed inside the handpiece body to face the PCB coil in the paddle  329 . Furthermore, when the PCB coil layout  385  is disposed inside the paddle  329 , the linear coil sensor  384  may be disposed inside the body. 
     When the paddle  329  moves between the closed position  329   a  and the open position  329   b  (see, for example,  FIG. 11A ), it does not directly approach nor directly move away from the PCB coil layout  385 . Instead, the paddle  329  moves with respect to the PCB coil layout  385  at an angle. Thus, the plane of the PCB coil layout facing the metallic target  387  would not be parallel to the plane of the metallic target  387 . Thus, unlike the metallic target  369  disposed in the wiper  370  that moves in parallel with respect to the PCB coil  382 , the PCB coil layout  385  and the metallic target  387  are not coplanar except that in the closed position of the paddle  329 , the target  387  and the coil layout  385  would be coplanar. 
     The operation of the linear coil inductive detector  383  is described with respect to  FIG. 12C . In  FIG. 12C , the paddle and wiper in the dotted lines represent that the paddle  329  and the wiper  370  are in a closed position. The metallic target  387  forms a pincer angle (θ) in an open position. As the paddle  329  laterally moves from the open position (θ) to the closed position (generally 0°), the metallic target  387  (for example, a middle portion thereof) moves with respect to the PCB coil layout  385  from a position A to a position B on the PCB coil layout  385 . Furthermore, as the paddle  329  laterally moves from the closed position to the open position (θ), the metallic target  387  moves with respect to the PCB coil layout  385  from the position B to the position A on the PCB coil layout  385 . In some cases, the inductive sensor  384  may process secondary voltages received at the receiver coils on the PCB coil layout  385 , and obtain a signal representing the position of the metallic target  387 . In some cases, the inductive sensor  384  can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from IDT. 
     In some cases, the PCB coil layout may have a modified linear coil layout  385   a  shown in  FIG. 12D . The non-coplanar nature of the metallic target  387  with respect to the PCB coil layout  385  may become more substantial as the pincer angle becomes greater, and may become less substantial or insignificant as the pincer angle approaches zero. The modified PCB coil layout  385   a  may adjust the change in output of the sensor  384  due at least to the change in proximity to the metallic target  387  so that the output may become substantially the same as the standard linear layout  385   b  shown in  FIG. 12E . In some cases, an additional adjustment may be made by a further modification to the modified PCB coil layout  385   a  and/or by a processor in order to further compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  387 . This additional adjustment by the processor may be made to the modified coil layout  385   a  or the standard coil layout  385   b.    
     In some cases, the metallic target  387  may also have a modified shape in order to at least partially compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  387  with respect to the PCB coil layout  385 . For example, the metallic target  387  may have a generally trapezoidal shape (not shown) that is generally inverse with respect to the modified PCB coil layout  385   a  shown in  FIG. 12D . For example, the trapezoidal shape of the metallic target  387  may have the height of the left side smaller than the height of the right side, unlike the trapezoidal shape of the modified PCB coil layout  385   a  where the height of the right side is smaller than the height of the left side. In some cases, paddle  329  may be modified such that a curvature of paddle or at least the inside face of paddle (the side of the paddle facing the body of the handpiece) may be slightly curved as opposed to being linear (as shown in the drawings, see for example  FIG. 4A ). The metallic target  387  would also follow this curvature. In some cases, only the metallic target  387  would be modified to be curved. This curvature of the paddle, paddle face and/or the metallic target  387  would provide a different amount of area of the metallic target that would be substantially coplanar with the PCB coil layout  385  as the pincher is depressed (moved laterally). The curvature could compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  392  with respect to the PCB coil layout  385 . The described modifications are merely examples, and other modifications to the PCB coil layout  385 , the metallic target  387 , positioning of the PCB coil layout, curvature of the PCB coil layout and/or the modification by a processor may also be made so that the metallic target may follow a substantially coplanar moving path with respect to a sensor coil or at least the output from the inductive sensor follows a more standardized output. 
     b. Spiral Coil Inductive Detector 
       FIG. 13A  illustrates a perspective view of a handpiece including a spiral coil inductive detector  394  (sensor circuitry not shown; hereinafter to be interchangeably used with “spiral coil layout”) for sensing the movement of a metallic portion or target  392  disposed in the paddle  329  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 13B  illustrates a plan view of the handpiece including the spiral coil inductive detector  394  of  FIG. 13A .  FIG. 13C  illustrates a modified coil layout  394   a  for the spiral inductive detector  394  shown in  FIGS. 13A and 13B  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 13D  illustrates a standard coil layout  394   b  for a spiral coil inductive detector. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13A and 13B , the inductive detector  394  is disposed inside the handpiece body so as to face the metallic target  392  disposed in the paddle  329 . In some cases, the spiral coil layout  394  may be disposed inside the paddle  329 . In such cases, the metallic target may be disposed inside the handpiece body to face the coil layout in the paddle  329 . 
     The operation of the linear coil inductive detector  383  is described with respect to  FIG. 13B . Referring to  FIG. 13B , as the paddle  329  laterally moves from the open position ( 0 ) to the closed position (the paddle in the dotted lines shows that the paddle is positioned in the pincer angle being generally 0°), the metallic target  392  (for example, a middle portion thereof) moves with respect to the coil layout  394  from a position A to a position B on the coil layout  394 . Furthermore, as the paddle  329  laterally moves from the closed position to the open position (θ), the metallic target  392  moves with respect to the coil layout  394  from the position B to the position A on the coil layout  394 . The inductive sensor circuitry may process secondary voltages received at the receiver coils on the spiral coil layout  394 , and obtain a signal representing the position of the metallic target  392 . 
     As described herein with respect to  FIGS. 12B-12E , the non-coplanar nature of the metallic target  392  with respect to the coil layout  394  may become more substantial as the pincer angle becomes greater, and may become less substantial or insignificant as the angle approaches zero. In some cases, the spiral coil layout may have a modified coil layout  394   a  shown in  FIG. 13C . The modified coil layout  394   a  may have an elliptical shape. The modified coil layout  394   a  may adjust the change in output of the sensor due at least to the change in proximity to the metallic target  392  so that the output may become substantially the same as the standard linear layout  394   b  shown in  FIG. 13D . In other cases, at least some portion on the right half of the spiral coil (for example, the right end portion of the coil) may be bent toward or away from the paddle  329  in order to additionally compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  392  with respect to the PCB coil layout  394 . In some cases, the paddle  329  and/or the metallic target  392  may be curved similarly as described above with respect to the “Linear Coil Inductive Detector”. 
     In some cases, an additional adjustment may be made by a further modification to the modified PCB coil layout  385   a  and/or by a processor in order to further compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  392 . This additional adjustment by the processor may be made to the modified coil layout  394   a  or the standard coil layout  394   b . In some cases, the spiral coil inductive sensor can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Texas Instruments Inc. (TI). 
     In some cases, the metallic target  392  may also have a modified shape in order to at least partially compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  392  with respect to the PCB coil layout  394 . For example, the metallic target  392  may have a generally elliptical shape (as opposed to a circular shape) similar to the spiral coil  394   a . Furthermore, at least a portion of the metallic target  392  (for example, a right half) may be bent toward the coil  394  to compensate the non-coplanar nature of the movement of the metallic target  392  with respect to the PCB coil layout  394 . The described modifications are merely examples, and other modifications to the PCB coil layout  394  and/or the metallic target  392  (including modification by a processor) may also be made so that the metallic target may follow a substantially coplanar moving path with respect to a sensor coil. 
     In some cases, the coil layout may instead be included on or inside the paddle  329  (not shown). In place of PCB traces to produce the coils used for inductive sensing, metal shapes on the inside walls of the paddle  329  or inside the paddle may be used. Laser direct structuring (LDS) may be utilized to produce the metals shapes as LDS is appropriate for extremely small and space constrained applications. The LDS metal may directly replace the PCB coil, but all of the described restrictions may apply (coplanar vs proximity, minimum inductance, etc.). 
     3. Proximity Sensor 
     The pincer angle can also be detected by a proximity sensor. The proximity sensor can measure the distance between a sensor coil and a metallic target, as opposed to measuring a coplanar (or substantially coplanar) travel of the metallic target. For example, the proximity sensor can directly detect the position of the paddle  329  with respect to the surface of the handpiece body facing the paddle  329 . This method is inherently resilient to outside electro-magnetic interference and simplifies the mechanical design, by not requiring an external effector (magnet) and by detecting the paddle&#39;s movement directly. In some cases, the proximity sensor can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Texas Instrument (TI). 
     In some cases, the proximity sensor may be disposed inside the handpiece body to face the paddle  329 . In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 14 , the proximity sensor can be formed by layering coils across multiple PCB layers. This design may be advantageous, since the sensor geometry is generally more flexible, and thus is useful when there is not much space like in a handpiece. Accordingly, the greater distance of the paddle makes the TI chip a better candidate. In some cases, the proximity sensor may be disposed inside the paddle  329  to face a side surface of the handpiece body. 
     In some cases, the proximity sensor can be implemented with, ICs available from IDT. In such cases, the IDT ICs may be positioned inside the handpiece body, and a metallic target would be in or on the paddle  329 . As the paddle  329  is compressed, the metallic target would move toward the IDT ICs and the detected signal may generally become stronger as the paddle  329  approaches the handpiece body. This is a variation of the traditional use of the IDT ICs that usually just detect a linear travel (not proximity). It could detect proximity as the detected signal would change (become stronger) but the detected signal would not follow a linear path but rather a non-linear or log path. However, with the variables known, the signal could be determined. The TI sensor may be a better proximity sensor than the IDT sensor, as the TI chip may be configured to increase the effective coil length (for example, adding more PCB layers). Both of the TI and IDT sensors may require some minimum inductance. The inductance is generally proportional to the amount of a PCB coil on the sensor that is laid out. 
     In some cases, the coils used for inductive sensing can be implemented as PCB traces. In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 14 , the coils can be implemented as metal shapes  380  on the inside walls of the handpiece itself. This technique is referred to as laser direct structuring (LDS), and may be utilized for an extremely small and space constrained RF antenna. The choice of a TI or IDT sensor may depend on whether the tail or the paddle is used as a target. The TI product may need less internal processing. These more ‘raw’ values would make this implementation easier to iron out. The LDS metal may directly replace the PCB coil, but all of the described restrictions may apply (coplanar vs proximity, minimum inductance, etc.). 
     4. Compressing Spring 
     The pincer angle may be obtained by directly detecting the compression of the spring  348  that provides resistance to the paddle  329  (see, for example,  FIG. 11B ). In this case, an inductor may be a charged coil of wire, and a spring may be a stiff coil of wire. If the spring were charged with an alternating current, it would behave like an inductor. Compression of the spring would lead to a linear change in inductance. Post processing may be used to linearize the output of an inductance sensor. In some case, the spring can have an explicit inductor to meet the minimum inductance. The spring method can be advantageous, as it is inherently linear. Referring to  FIG. 33 , the inductance of a coil (or spring)  345  is given by the equation below. When the spring  345  is compressed, its length changes (small 1) so that it has a linear effect on the inductance. This can be described by the equation below. 
     
       
         
           
             = 
             
               
                 
                   N 
                   2 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 μ 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 A 
               
               l 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             μ 
             = 
             
               
                 μ 
                 r 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 μ 
                 o 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where,
           =Inductance of coil in Henrys   N=Number of turns in wire coil (straight wire=1)   μ=Permeability of core material (absolute, not relative)   μ r =Relative permeability, dimensionless (μ o =1 for air)   μ o =1.26×10 −6 T·m/At (permeability of free space)   A=Area of coil in square meters=πr 2      l=Average length of coil in meters
 
Presence Detection
       

     As described herein, a handpiece controls the movement of a surgical instrument. Thus, it is desirable for a safety purpose to activate the handpiece when it is safe, for example, when it is grasped by or adjacent to an operator&#39;s hand. The presence detector can detect whether a user&#39;s hand is present on or within a certain distance of the handpiece. In some cases, such distance may be a few millimeters, a few centimeters, or a few inches. In some cases, the presence detector may detect an operator&#39;s hand contacting the handpiece. 
     In some cases, the presence detector can be a capacitive proximity sensor and can be disposed on a PCB on the center mount  342  (see, for example,  FIG. 10 ). The presence detector can be implemented with two redundant sensors for additional safety purposes. The redundant sensors may charge the lower and upper housings  324  and  322  (formed of metal) and use them as their antenna or sense-element. In some cases, the presence detector can be a metallic coating or a metal shell underneath the hard plastic shell of the handpiece to effectively create a large capacitive proximity sensor. The presence detector can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Microchip Technology Inc. 
     In some cases, instead of using a metal shell or coating, a wire, as shown in  FIG. 14 , may be formed throughout the length of the inside of the handpiece to effectively create an antenna. In such cases, coverage may be less uniform than on a primary path, but there may be potential manufacturing advantages. The presence detector may also detect a gloved hand and a double-gloved hand. The presence detector can calibrate the sensor to detect proximity even when a user is lightly touching the handpiece or not touching it all, for example, a few millimeters away. The presence detector may also be able to detect and differentiate between various materials, for example, whether a hand is within a desired proximity (directly coupled or within a tolerated distance), a gloved hand is within the desired proximity or whether a different unwanted object is within the desired proximity. This may be important to avoid unintended contact of the handpiece and to only allow presence to be detected when a hand (or gloved hand) of the operator is within the desired proximity. The advantage of this mode is that the handpiece does not clutch out or disengage from controlling the surgical system when a user moves the fingers or hand on the handgrip. 
     Input Control Interfaces 
     User or operator inputs may be provided to the robotic surgery system  100  in a number of different ways. For example, movement of the handpieces  122  and  124  can be used to provide a user input for controlling a tool such as a surgical instrument or a camera. As another example, the foot pedal  126  disposed at a lower portion of the workstation  102  may provide a user input used to perform a certain function such as instrument clutching. 
     Another user input (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with “additional user input” or “second user input”) may be provided via the input control interface  326   a  disposed on an upper surface of the handpiece body. The input control interface  326   a  (see, for example,  FIG. 3B ) may be configured to control a number of functions for the robotic surgery system  100 . The input control interface  326   a  may receive an input used to control a surgical instrument. The input control interface  326   a  may also receive another input used to zoom in or zoom out a camera. The input control interface  326   a  may further receive another input used to turn on and off an illuminator. The input control interface  326   a  may also be used to provide a user input that can be provided by other input mechanism such as the foot pedal  126 . In this case, since the input control interface  326   a  is positioned in the handpiece grasped by an operator during operation, a user input may be more conveniently and/or more accurately provided than the foot pedal  126 . The input control interface may be implemented by a mechanical switch, a button, a lever, a wheel, a trackpad or a capacitive touch surface. For the purpose of convenience, shared input control, gesture control and handpiece feedback control below will be described using a trackpad or a touch capacitive surface. 
     1. Trackpad 
     In some cases, the second PCB  326  (see, for example,  FIG. 10 ) can include a trackpad  326   a  as an input control interface. The trackpad  326   a  may be disposed on the upper surface of the handpiece  122 . The trackpad  326   a  can be used to receive an additional user input such as camera control or instrument clutch where instrument control is disengaged. The trackpad  326   a  can also be used for direct gesture recognition with a variety of gestures (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with “tool functions”). For example, the trackpad  326   a  can detect swipe of an operator&#39;s finger thereon in either direction, swipe and hold in either direction, tap, tap and hold, multiple taps, or multiple taps and hold. In some cases, the trackpad  326   a  may be sized to receive an input by a fingertip of an average operator&#39;s finger (for example, index finger or thumb). 
     The trackpad  326   a  (including a trackpad driver) can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Azoteq of South Africa. The Azoteq ICs may be configured to provide data over Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), which can allow the workstation to interpret the gestures. In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 15 , the trackpad  326   a  can use PCB traces placed in a grid pattern  326   b  as sensing elements. 
     2. Capacitive Touch Surface 
     In some cases, the second PCB  326  can include a capacitive touch surface  326   a  instead of or in addition to the trackpad (for example, one trackpad and one capacitive touch surface in different locations).  FIG. 17A  shows an example capacitive touch surface. Referring to  FIG. 17A , the capacitive touch surface  326   a  may be smooth and glossy. The capacitive touch surface  326   a  may be made by, for example, pad printing. The capacitive touch surface  326   a  can be a capacitive touch IC to directly create a capacitive slide element. In some cases, as shown in  FIGS. 16A and 16B , three or four capacitive touch elements  386  and  388  (for example, as individual capacitive buttons) can be provided. Although  FIGS. 16A and 16B  show chevron (or ‘V’ shapes) and rectangular shapes, the capacitive touch elements  386  and  388  may have other shapes such as line, square, circle, oval or other polygonal shapes. Furthermore, the number of capacitive touch elements may be less than three or more than four depending on the requirement of the touch input surface  326   a . In some cases, the capacitive touch surface  326   a  may be sized to receive an input by a fingertip of an average operator&#39;s finger (for example, index finger or thumb). 
     The capacitive touch surface (including a capacitive touch surface driver) can be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Microchip. In this Microchip device, multiple capacitive touch elements can be read by a series of digital logic implemented as a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) (conceptually similar to a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)) that is programmed only once) to recognize the desired gestures. The Microchip device can be configured to provide data over I2C, which can allow the workstation to interpret the gestures. 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIGS. 17B and 17C , the capacitive touch driver circuitry can be placed directly underneath the gesture area.  FIG. 17C  shows a cross-sectional view of the second PCB  326  that includes a capacitive touch surface  326   a  and its drive circuitry. The second PCB  326  may include a capacitive touch IC  359  and an adhesive  357  on which the capacitive touch surface  326   a  is attached. Other circuit components  361  may also be disposed below the capacitive touch IC  359 . 
     In some cases, the second PCB  326  can include a capacitive button (not shown) that can toggle between two states, for example, between instrument and camera modes. The capacitive button can use in single or double-click (or multiple-click) mode. For the input button/switch, a capacitive slider may be used for clutch control from a handpiece, although a single cap button could be acceptable with pressure sensitive input (flex). The capacitive slider may be controlled by a microprocessor. The use of a microprocessor may be beneficial as being inherently more tunable or customizable. The same microprocessor can be used to control presence detection. The microprocessor may also be able to drive the haptic engines. 
     3. Force Sensitive Resistor 
     The touch input interface  326   a  may be implemented by a force sensitive resistor. The force sensitive resistor may be incorporated underneath the touch area, and can be made more robust and user friendly. If a click gesture is required, a capacitive element in addition to the pressing element can be triggered. This button can make a capacitive touch button feel like a real button. 
     Shared Input Control 
     In some cases, in order to minimize the number of input controls required to cause movement of various aspects of a robotic surgical system, certain input controls may be shared. This may reduce overall system clutter, such as inadvertent control and/or cognitive overload. 
     In some cases, the same trackpad  326   a  can be used to perform functions of two or more input controls. When an input control is used to control a first feature/function (for example, instrument clutch), a second feature/function (for example, camera control) may be disabled. In some cases, the second feature/function and first feature/function may be operated mutually exclusively and separately at all times. That is, the same input control interface can be used to control two or more different devices such as a camera and a clutch at different times. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a flowchart for a shared input control process  500  according to some embodiments. Referring to  FIG. 18 , the shared input control process  500  for a handpiece will be described. 
     Although the process  500  is described herein with reference to a particular order, in various implementations, states herein may be performed in a different order, or omitted, and additional states may be added. The process  500  may be performed by a processor (not shown). This also applies to the processes  600 - 900  shown in  FIGS. 19, 21, 22 and 26 . 
     In state  410 , it is determined whether an operator input has been received at a first state or mode. The operator input can be received through the input control interface  326   a  (see, for example,  FIG. 3B ). The first state or mode may be a first device operation state or mode, for example, a camera control operation mode or an instrument clutch mode. 
     The input control interface  326   a  may be a trackpad or a capacitive touch surface as described herein. The trackpad may recognize at least one of the following types of operator inputs: swipe from a first side of the trackpad to a second side of the trackpad different from the first side, tap, swipe and hold, tap and hold, multiple taps, or multiple taps and hold, or a combination thereof. The processor may perform different functions based on the swipe, the swipe and hold, the tap, the tap and hold, the multiple taps, and the multiple taps and hold. The capacitive touch surface may include at least one capacitive button that can sense a single-click or a double-click (or multiple-click), and the processor may perform different functions based on the single-click or multiple-click. The description of this paragraph applies to a camera control process  600  shown in  FIG. 20  and an instrument clutch process  700  shown in  FIG. 22 . 
     If it is determined in state  410  that the operator input has not been received at the first state, the state  410  may repeat. If it is determined in state  410  that an operator input has been received at the first state or mode, the processor may control a first function at the first state while the second function is disabled at a second state (state  420 ). For example, the processor may control enabling and disabling a camera control function in a camera control mode while an instrument control by the handpieces  122 / 124  is disabled so that the surgical instrument(s) would not move even if the handpieces  122 / 124  are moved. 
     In state  430 , it is determined whether the first state has been changed to the second state or another different state. The first state can be changed to the second state or another different state by actuating the input control interface  326 . For example, a camera control operation mode can be changed to an instrument clutch operation mode. If it is determined in state  430  that the first state has not been changed to the second state, the states  420  and  430  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  430  that the first state has been changed to the second state, the processor may control the second function at the second state while the first function is disabled. For example, the processor may control enabling and disabling an instrument clutch control function in the instrument clutch mode while the camera operation is disabled (state  440 ) so that the camera would not move even if the handpieces  122 / 124  are moved. 
     1. Camera Control 
       FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate conceptual diagrams showing a camera control operation according to some embodiments.  FIG. 20  illustrates a flowchart for a camera control process  600  shown in  FIGS. 19A and 19B  according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 , it is determined whether an operator&#39;s finger has been swiped forward and held on the input control interface  326   a  of the handpiece  122  (state  450 ). In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 19A , swiping of the operator&#39;s finger  390  from a point A to a point B on the input control interface  326   a  can be determined by: i) detecting a contact of the operator&#39;s finger  390  on the point A; ii) detecting that the finger  390  has remained in contact with the input control interface  326   a  and moved to the point B; and iii) detecting that the finger  390  remains at the point B. If it is determined in state  450  that the operator&#39;s finger has not been swiped and held, the state  450  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  450  that the operator&#39;s finger  390  has been swiped forward and held on the input control interface  326   a , an association of the input devices  132 / 112  with the surgical instruments becomes disabled, the instruments become disabled, and at least one of the input devices  132 / 112  becomes associated with a camera (state  460 ). That is, the camera control operation is turned on as shown in  FIG. 19A . 
     In state  470 , the camera is controlled by repositioning and/or reorienting at least one of the input devices  132 / 112 . Since the instruments have been disassociated from the input devices  132 / 112 , repositioning and/or reorienting the input devices  132 / 112  would have no impact on the surgical instruments (disabled). In some cases, there may be only one camera at the surgery site, and only one of the input devices  132 / 112  may control the camera. In these cases, movement of the other input device may have no impact on the camera. In some cases, both of the input devices  132 / 112  may be used to move the camera by either locking the relative movement of each of the input device  132 / 112  to each other or averaging the movement of the input devices. 
     In state  480 , it is determined whether the operator&#39;s finger has been released from the point B of the input control interface  326   a , as shown in  FIG. 19B . If it is determined in state  480  that the operator&#39;s finger has not been released, the states  470  and  480  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  480  that the operator&#39;s finger  390  has been released from the point B, an association of the input devices  132 / 112  with the camera becomes disabled, the camera becomes disabled, and at least one of the input devices  132 / 112  becomes associated with the surgical instruments (state  490 ). That is, the camera control operation is turned off as shown in  FIG. 19B . In some cases, control of the instruments may occur automatically upon the camera turning-off or upon another subsequent intervening event such as tapping the foot pedal  126 . 
     The described operator inputs (swiping forward and held/release) and corresponding controls (turning on and off the camera control) are merely examples, and many other combinations of input types by the input control interface and corresponding controls are possible. For example, operator inputs such as tap, tap and hold, multiple taps, multiple taps and hold, swiping backward, swiping backward and hold, multiple swiping (forward or backward), multiple swiping (forward or backward) and hold, or combinations thereof can be used to turn on or turn off the camera control operation. Furthermore, operator inputs may be received via other input interfaces such as a mechanical switch or button, a lever, self-centering wheel, or other non-trackpad or non-touch capacitive surface, as long as the same input control interface can share input controls for multiple functions associated with one or more surgical devices. The description of this paragraphs applies to the instrument clutch operation procedure below. 
     2. Instrument Clutch 
       FIGS. 21A and 21B  illustrate conceptual diagrams showing an instrument clutch operation according to some embodiments.  FIG. 22  illustrates a flowchart for an instrument clutch process  700  shown in  FIGS. 21A and 21B  according to some embodiments. 
     During operation of an input device, an operator frequently will reach the physical limits of repositioning the input device based on the mechanical limits of the device itself or the operator&#39;s arms. Thus, instrument clutching is advantageous when repositioning the input devices to enable a greater workspace. To allow the operator to “reset” or “re-center” their workspace, the operator would clutch to release association of the input device with a controlled slave instrument. Upon clutching, the input device may be repositioned while the instruments remain fixed. Upon unclutching, the association would be reestablished. Any errors introduced upon re-association such as orientation misalignment between the input device orientation and that of the instrument end-effector may be corrected by methods described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/0271607 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/0367777, which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , it is determined whether an operator&#39;s finger  390  has been swiped backward on the input control interface  326   a  and released therefrom (state  510 ). In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 21A , swiping of the operator&#39;s finger  390  from a point B to a point A on the input control interface  326   a  can be determined by: i) detecting a contact of the operator&#39;s finger  390  on the point B; ii) detecting that the finger  390  has remained in contact with the input control interface  326   a  and moved to the point A; and iii) detecting that the finger  390  has been released from the point A. If it is determined in state  510  that the operator&#39;s finger has been swiped backward and released, the state  510  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  510  that the operator&#39;s finger  390  has been swiped backward and released from the point A on the input control interface  326   a , an association of the input devices  132 / 112  with the surgical instruments becomes disabled and the instruments become disabled (state  520 ). 
     In state  530 , the input devices  132 / 112  are repositioned without moving the instruments. Since the surgical instruments have been disassociated from the input devices  132 / 112  in state  520 , the movement of the input devices  132 / 112  would have no impact on the instruments. 
     In state  540 , it is determined whether an operator&#39;s finger  390  has been swiped backward again on the input control interface  326  of the handpiece  122  and released therefrom (state  510 ). This can be determined in the same way as described with respect to state  510 . If it is determined in state  540  that the operator&#39;s finger has not been swiped backward and released, the states  530  and  540  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  540  that the operator&#39;s finger  390  has been swiped backward and released again from the point A on the input control interface  326 , an association of the input devices  132 / 112  with the surgical instruments is re-enabled (state  550 ). See also  FIG. 20B . Since the surgical instruments have been associated with the input devices  132 / 112 , the movement of the input devices  132 / 112  will move the instruments. 
     In some cases, control of the instrument may occur automatically upon de-clutching or upon another subsequent intervening event such as tapping the foot pedal  126 . 
     Gesture Controls (Tool Function Controls) 
     Gesture controls (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with “tool function controls”) using a trackpad  326   a  (see, for example,  FIG. 10 ) or another secondary control interface can be used to cause the system to function in various ways including causing the system to perform pre-set routines and functions. For example, swiping of the finger from one side to the other on the trackpad  326   a  may cause the surgical instrument to become locked in the state it is presently in (for example, one or more jaws of the instrument fixed in that position). This may be useful for situations where the user desires the surgical instrument to continue to grasp whatever it is grasping while the user repositions the input device. In other examples, certain gestures may cause the system to perform a preset routine such as certain surgery routines. Such gestures and resultant “auto” features may help reduce user fatigue. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a flowchart for the gesture control process  800  according to some embodiments. The gesture control process  800  may be performed by a processor (not shown). Referring to  FIG. 23 , the gesture control process  800  will be described. 
     In state  610 , it is determined whether an operator input has been received. The operator input can be received via the input control interface  306   a  or  326   a  (see, for example,  FIGS. 3A and 3B ). If it is determined in state  610  that the operator input has not been received, the state  610  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  610  that an operator input has been received, it is determined whether the received operator input relates to one or more of a plurality of gestures or tool functions (state  620 ). The predetermined gestures or tool functions may include a predetermined surgery routine such as suturing (partial or complete suturing), cutting, grasping or moving in a predetermined direction. The suturing may include complete suturing and partial suturing. The predetermined surgery routine may also include moving the surgical tool in a predetermined direction. The predetermined direction may include a linear direction, a curved direction, a clockwise direction, a counterclockwise direction, semi-circular direction, or a circular direction. In some cases, the predetermined direction may be based on the pattern of the swipe/gesture itself (for example, a curved gesture may result in a movement in a curved direction). The tool functions may also include causing a lens of a camera to be washed, causing the camera to zoom in and out, causing the camera to pan, or causing the camera to tilt. 
     When the input control interface  326   a  is a trackpad, the trackpad may sense swiping of an operator&#39;s finger from a first point on the trackpad to a second point on the trackpad different from the first point, and the processor may control the surgical tool to remain adjacent to a current surgery position. For example, the processor may control the surgical tool to become locked in the current surgery position. The predetermined tool functions corresponding with the operator inputs may be stored in a memory being in data communication with the processor. 
     If it is determined in state  620  that the operator input relates to the predetermined tool functions, the processor may perform the predetermined tool functions (state  630 ). If it is determined in state  620  that the operator input does not relate to the predetermined tool functions, the processor may perform normal input control functions that are not associated with the predetermined tool functions (state  640 ). 
     Handpiece Feedback Control 
     When an operator operates the input devices, the handpiece may provide a feedback to the operator. In some cases, the feedback may be provided when the operator switches a function from a first mode to a second mode different from the first mode. The feedback may include a haptic feedback, a visual feedback, an audio feedback, a tactile feedback or a force feedback, or a combination thereof. This feedback function may be useful to an operator or user since they can be notified when a function is switched between different modes. This may enhance safety, as the operator can be assured by the feedback that their input has been properly received by the system, and thus he or she is in a certain operation mode that is intended. The feedback device may be located in a portion of the handpiece that would contact the palm of the user to facilitate a better or more significant feel of the feedback. Types of actuation provided by the feedback device may be different for each function, for example, to allow the user to determine which function they have enabled based on feedback alone. Types of feedback may be configurable by the user. Users may want to enable the change based on personal preference especially in view of signals/patterns they are familiar with in a non-surgery environment, for example, car, phone or tablet, etc. In some cases, a driver or controller of the feedback device may be located outside the handpiece, for example, somewhere in the workstation  102 , whereas an actuator of the feedback device may be located in the handpiece, as long as an operator may be provided a feedback by the handpiece upon a function change. In some cases, multiple feedback devices may be included in the handpiece at different locations to make it easier for the user to better recognize the feedback and/or distinguish the various types of feedback. For example, a first feedback device may be included in the portion of the handpiece that would contact the palm while a second feedback device may be included in a portion of the handpiece near a location contacted by the user&#39;s thumb or proximate the distal portion of the handpiece (as shown in  FIG. 25A  near  344 ). 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a flowchart for a handpiece feedback control process  900  according to some embodiments. The process  900  may be performed by a processor or controller. Referring to  FIG. 24 , the handpiece feedback control process  900  will be described. 
     In state  810 , it is determined whether a function has been switched from a first mode to a second mode. During operation, an operator may switch a function between modes. In some cases, the function switching may be sensed by the input control interface  326   a . The function may include controlling a camera that images a surgery site, instrument clutching to reposition the hand grip apparatus, pre-set surgery routines, or other operation to control the surgical tool. In some cases, when the function is controlling the camera, the first mode may be enabling the camera control and the second mode may be disabling the camera control. In some cases, when the function is instrument clutching, the first mode may be enabling instrument clutching and the second mode may be disabling the instrument clutching. The function switching may originate in the hand grip apparatus  122 / 124  or the foot pedal  126  of the robotic surgery system  100 . A function switch can originate in the handpiece and/or the foot pedal  126 . If it is determined in state  810  that the function switching has not occurred, the state  810  may repeat. 
     If it is determined in state  810  that the function has been switched from the first mode to the second mode, the processor may provide a feedback to an operator (state  820 ). The feedback may include haptic, visual, audio, tactile, force or any other feedback, or a combination thereof, that can notify the operator about the mode change. After the feedback is provided, the handpiece may operate at the second (different) mode (state  830 ). For example, when an association of the camera with handpieces is re-enabled, the operator may continue to control the camera with the use of at least one of the handpieces. 
     In state  840 , it is determined again whether a function has been switched from the second mode to another mode (such as the first mode or third mode). If it is determined in state  840  that the function has not been switched from the second mode to another mode, the states  830  and  840  may repeat. If it is determined in state  840  that the function has been switched from the first mode to the other mode, the processor may provide a feedback to the operator (state  850 ). The processor may perform the states  840  and  850  substantially the same way as with states  810  and  820 . 
     1. Haptic Feedback 
     The handpiece feedback device can include a haptic feedback device. In some cases, the haptic feedback device may include a haptic actuator and a haptic driver. The haptic actuator may include a motor or actuator available from Texas Instruments. The haptic actuator may provide a haptic feedback in the form of vibration. The haptic driver (processor or controller) may drive the haptic actuator to provide a vibrational feedback when a robotic surgery function is switched from a first mode to a second mode. 
     The vibrational feedback may have a variety of different vibration patterns. For example, the vibration can have different strength levels, different durations, directions or intervals (if multiple vibrations involved). Furthermore, different types or patterns of vibration may be used for different mode switching and may be user configurable. Alternatively, the same vibration can be used for all mode switching. 
     In some cases, the haptic driver may be implemented with, for example, ICs available from Texas Instruments. The TI ICs may be I2C controlled and can be triggered by the workstation. 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 25A , the haptic feedback device  344  can be mounted directly in front of the gesture area, for example, on the center mount  342  of the handpiece. In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 25B , the haptic feedback device  344  can be mounted in the lower handle/grip element (for example, inside the lower region of the upper and lower housings  324  and  322 ). However, the haptic feedback device  344  can be mounted in any other region in the handpiece, as long as it can provide a haptic feedback, when the user switches from one mode to another. In some cases, the haptic actuator may be provided inside the handpiece, and the haptic driver may be positioned outside the handpiece, for example, somewhere in the workstation  102  where the haptic driver can remotely control the haptic actuator. In some cases, multiple haptic actuators may be provided inside the handpiece, for example as shown in both  FIGS. 25A and 25B  at  344 . 
     2. Visual Feedback 
     The handpiece feedback device can include a visual feedback device. The visual feedback device may include a light source and a controller (not shown). The controller may sense whether a function is switched between different modes and control the light source to emit light based on the sensed function switching. The light source may be any light emitter or generator such as an LED. The light source may be disposed around the input control interface  326   a . However, the light source can be disposed in any other location in the handpiece as long as light emitted by the light source can be recognized by an operator. The light source can emit light in a single color or multiple colors. The light source can emit light having a particular shape. The different shapes and/or colors of light may be emitted according to different modes of the function to be switched and may be user configurable. 
     3. Audio Feedback 
     The handpiece feedback device can include an audio feedback device. The audio feedback device may include a speaker and a controller (not shown). The controller may sense whether a function is switched between different modes and control the speaker to make sound based on the sensed function switching. The speaker may be disposed around the input control interface  326   a . However, the speaker can be disposed in any other location inside or outside the handpiece as long as sound can be heard by an operator. The sound can have a variety of patterns, in terms of types of sound, volume levels, sound duration or interval (if multiple types of sound involved). The different types of sound may be output according to different modes of the function to be switched and may be user configurable. 
     4. Tactile Feedback 
     The handpiece feedback device can include a tactile feedback device configured to provide a tactile feedback in response to the function switching. The tactile feedback may include a variety of types of feeling that an operator may have on a portion of the handpiece. The portion of the handpiece may be the input control interface  326   a  or any other location in the handpiece where an operator can recognize a tactile feedback. The tactile feedback may include one or more of: a bump, a beak, a grove, a lip, or a texture difference (for example, course finish to smooth finish in the input control interface  326   a ). The different types of tactile feedback may be provided according to different modes of the function to be switched and may be user configurable. 
     5. Force Feedback 
     The handpiece feedback device can include a force feedback device configured to provide a tactile feedback in response to the function switching. The force feedback may include a variety of types of force that an operator may sense on a portion of the handpiece. The portion of the handpiece may be the input control interface  326   a  or any other location in the handpiece where an operator can recognize a force feedback. The force feedback may include a self-centering wheel. 
     Handpiece System Block Diagram 
       FIG. 26  illustrates a block diagram of a handpiece  1000  according to some embodiments. Referring to  FIG. 26 , the handpiece  1000  includes a proximity detector  910 , a slider board  920 , a haptic feedback device  930 , a pincher encoder  940  including a magnetic angular encoder  940   a  and/or an inductive sensor  940   b , and a communication board  950 . Although a number of separate components are illustrated in  FIG. 26 , those of skill in the art will recognize that one or more of the components may be combined or commonly implemented. For example, the proximity detector  910 , the magnetic angular encoder  940  and/or the inductive sensor  950  may be implemented in a single PCB, for example, the first PCB  350  or the second PCB  326  described with respect to  FIG. 10 . Further, at least one of the components illustrated in  FIG. 26  may be implemented using a plurality of separate elements or may be omitted. As another example, all of the components  910 - 950  may be implemented in a single PCB. Another processor or controller, disposed either inside or outside the handpiece  1000 , may also be used to control one or more of the components  910 - 950 . 
     In some cases, all of the components  910 - 950  may be disposed inside the handpiece  900 . In some cases, at least one of the components  910 - 950  may be disposed outside the handpiece  900 , for example, somewhere in the robotic surgery system  100  such as in the workstation  102  (see, for example,  FIG. 1 ). Although  FIG. 26  shows that all of the components  910 - 950  communicate data with each other via a wired network, at least one of the components  910 - 950  may wirelessly communicate data with one or more of the remaining components. 
     The proximity detector or presence detector  910  may detect whether a user&#39;s hand is present within a certain distance of the handpiece  900 . The proximity detector  910  may provide a detected result to the communication board  950  so that a corresponding control (for example, activating or deactivating the handpiece) may be subsequently performed based on the detected result. The presence detector  910  may provide a general purpose output such as simple digital high&#39;s and low&#39;s to the communication board  950 . The proximity detector  910  can be implemented with, for example, a capacitive proximity detector available from Microchip as described herein. 
     The slider board  920  may be used to drive the input control interface  326   a  such as a trackpad or capacitive touch surface described herein. The slider board  920  may provide a sensed result to the communication board  950  so that a corresponding control (for example, gesture control, shared input control, additional input control) may be subsequently performed based on the sensed result. The slider board  920  may be implemented with, for example, the ICs available from Microchip as described herein. 
     The haptic feedback device  930  may provide a haptic feedback to an operator, when the operator switches a function from a first mode to a second mode different from the first mode as described herein. Although not shown in  FIG. 26 , at least one of other feedback devices (visual feedback device, audio feedback device, tactile feedback device or force feedback device) may also be included in the handpiece  1000 . The haptic feedback device  930  may provide a haptic feedback to an operator via the communication board  950 . The haptic feedback device  930  can be implemented with, for example, the ICs available from Texas Instruments as described herein. 
     The pincher encoder (or pincher angle detector)  940  may magnetically or inductively detect a pincer angle and provide the detected result to the communication board  950  so that a corresponding control (for example, control of jaw movement of a surgical instrument) may be subsequently performed based on the detected result. The pincher encoder  940  may include the magnetic angular detector  940   a  and/or the inductive sensor  940   b.    
     The magnetic angular detector  940   a  may detect an angular movement of a magnetic target attached to or integrally formed with the wiper  370  shown in  FIGS. 10-11B . The magnetic angular detector  940   a  may be implemented with, for example, the MPS ICs or ADI ICs as discussed herein. 
     The inductive sensor  940   b  may detect a pincer angle by inductively sensing a movement of a metallic target formed in the wiper  370  or the paddle  329 . The inductive sensor  940   b  may be implemented with, for example, the TI ICs or IDT ICs as discussed herein. 
     The communication board  950  may be used to communicate data with the components  910 - 940 , or devices external to the handpiece  1000 . The communication board  950  may be implemented with, for example, ICs available from NXP Semiconductors. The NXP ICs may convert all data to a differential I 2 C format. The slider board  920  and the pincher encoder  940  may use a shared I 2 C bus for communication with the communication board  950 . However, the present disclosure is not limited to the I 2 C protocol, and other communication protocols such as serial peripheral interface (SPI) or System Management Bus (SMBus) could also be used. Furthermore, simple quadrature encoding could be used for the pincher encoder  940 . 
     Handpiece Ergonomic Features 
     As discussed herein, during operation, an operator grasps a handpiece with his/her hand and moves the handpiece such that the instrument mimics the movement of the handpiece. For example, the operator may push toward and pull the handpiece from input devices, move upward, downwards, leftwards, rightwards or diagonal wise, or rotate the handpiece about a longitudinal axis thereof. Furthermore, the operator opens and closes the paddle  329  to control an open and close movement of the instrument. Moreover, during operation, an operator generally spends a substantial amount of time (for example, half an hour to few hours) in operating the handpiece. Thus, it is desirable that the handpiece is designed or structured to be user friendly, safe, ergonomic, reduce user fatigue and/or improve operation efficiency. In some cases, the handpiece may have multiple ergonomic features. For example, several components of the handpiece (for example, palm grip, neck portion, paddle, slanted top, ridge, pivot joint, cutout, etc.) may be ergonomically shaped and/or sized. 
     1. Palm Grip 
       FIG. 27  illustrates a perspective view of a right side handpiece  122  showing palm grip ergonomic features according to some embodiments.  FIG. 28  illustrates a perspective view of the right side handpiece  122  of  FIG. 27  grasped by a user&#39;s right hand according to some embodiments. Referring to  FIG. 27 , the handpiece  122  includes a palm grip  303 . The palm grip (hereinafter to be interchangeably used with a “handle”)  303  is a region of the handpiece  122  that is grasped and/or supported by the operator&#39;s palm  750  (see, for example,  FIG. 28 ). In some cases, the palm grip  303  may be sufficiently long to permit a substantial portion of an average operator&#39;s palm to be rested on. This design may be advantageous over a linear handle or a curved but relative shorter handle, in that an operator may be able to more securely and comfortably grasp the handpiece  122  using the longer and ergonomically shaped palm grip  303 . Furthermore, due to a longer/larger dimension and ergonomic design, the palm grip  303  may have a larger contact surface area where an operator&#39;s palm can rest. 
     The palm grip  303  may include an upper grip (or upper portion)  303   a , a middle grip (or middle portion)  303   b  and a lower grip (or lower portion)  303   c . The upper grip  303   a  may extend from the neck portion  317  toward the proximal end. The middle grip  303   b  may downwardly extend at a first angle from the upper grip  303   a . The lower grip  303   c  may downwardly extend at a second angle from the middle grip  303   b . The first and second angles may be the same as or different from each other depending on the embodiment. The upper and lower grips  303   a  and  303   c  may have a narrower diameter or width than that of the middle grip  303   b  so that the palm grip  303  as a whole has a substantially ‘egg’ shape. The width or diameter of the upper grip  303   a  may be larger than that of the neck portion  317 . The upper grip  303   a  may be shaped and sized to permit at least a portion of an average operator&#39;s finger (for example, thumb or index finger) to be comfortably rested or supported. The middle grip  303   b  may have an external surface that is curved to correspond to a curvature of at least part of an average operator&#39;s palm. 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 28 , the palm grip  303  may form an obtuse angle  760  with the neck portion  317 . The obtuse angle  760  may correspond to the anatomy of an average operator&#39;s hand. The obtuse angle  760  may be substantially similar to an angle of a natural curvature of an average operator&#39;s hand when gripping the handpiece  122  as shown in  FIG. 28 . In these cases, an operator&#39;s thumb  730  and index finger  740  may be positioned on a region of the handpiece  122  (for example, the index finger  740  on or near the paddle  329  and the thumb  730  on opposite side of the index finger  740 ) substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the handpiece  122 . Furthermore, the palm  750  may be positioned on the palm grip  303  such that the angle between the thumb  730 /index finger  740  and the palm  750  may be substantially similar to the obtuse angle defined between the neck portion  317  and the palm grip  303 . The slanted angle of the palm grip  303  may provide a maximum contact with the palm  750  while providing comfort to the operator. The operator&#39;s middle finger  736  may be positioned on a downward extension  764  of the paddle  329  (see, for example,  FIG. 29 ), and the other two fingers  732  and  734  may be rested on a portion of the palm grip  303 . 
     Thus, the ergonomically shaped palm grip design may provide comfort and convenience while reducing user fatigue and improving operation efficiency. 
     2. Neck Portion 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 27 , the handpiece  122  may also include a neck portion  317  positioned between the upper grip  303   a  and the pivot joint  372  (see also  FIG. 11A ). The neck portion  317  may have a reduced cross sectional extent with respect to the upper grip  303   a . The neck portion  317  may permit an operator&#39;s fingers (for example, thumb  730  or index finger  740 ) to be comfortably rested thereon. 
     Since the neck portion  317  is positioned between the upper grip  303   a  and the pivot joint  372 , the neck portion  317  may not horizontally overlap the paddle  329 . This may be advantageous, as it can permit an operator&#39;s finger to be rested thereon without the finger touching the paddle  329 . The palm grip  303  and the neck portion  317  together may allow an operator to comfortably grasp the handpiece  122  while resting one or more of his/her fingers without interfering with the paddle operation. 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 27 , the neck portion  317  may include a protruding side surface  317   a  that outwardly protrudes from a side thereof. Although  FIG. 27  shows only one protruding side surface  317   a , the neck portion  317  may include another protruding surface on the opposite side. The protruding surface  317   a  alone or in combination with a convexed tail end  331  (to be described with respect to  FIG. 29  below) of the paddle  329  may enable operators to more easily roll (rotate) the handpiece  122  about a longitudinal axis of the handpiece  122 , by turning the protruding side surface  317   a  and/or the convexed tail end  331  with their fingertip(s), without the need of rotating their wrists. In another case, during this handgrip rotating procedure, the operators may merely loosely grasp the palm grip  303 . 
     In some cases, the protruding surface  317   a  of the neck portion  317  may be adjacent to or contact the convexed tail end  331 . The protruding surface  317   a  may have a curvature substantially the same as or similar to that of the curvature of the convexed tail end  331 . The combination of the protruding surface  317   a  and the convexed tail end  331  having the same or similar curvature may allow operators to more easily roll (rotate) the handpiece  122  by turning the combined elements  317   a  and  331 , as the operator would have a larger convexed area to turn. 
     Thus, the ergonomic features of the neck portion may provide comfort and convenience while reducing user fatigue and improving operation efficiency. 
     3. Paddle 
       FIG. 29  illustrates a perspective view of a right side handpiece  122  showing paddle ergonomic features according to some embodiments.  FIG. 30  illustrates a closed-up perspective view of a paddle  329  of the right side handpiece  122  of  FIG. 29  according to some embodiments (with irrelevant elements removed).  FIG. 31  illustrates a close-up left side view of the paddle  329  of  FIG. 30  according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 29 , the paddle  329  includes a tail end  331  and a paddle end  333 . The paddle  329  may also include an upper portion  770  and a downward extension  764 . The upper portion  770  includes a tail region  762  and a paddle region  766 . The tail region  762  may include the tail end  331  and a non-tail end region adjacent to the tail end  331 . The downward extension  764  downwardly extends from the paddle region  766 . In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 29 , left and right ends of the downward extension  764  may be sized such that the upper side of the downward extension  764  has a width slightly greater than that of the lower side thereof. The tail region  762  may be sized to receive distal phalanges of an average operator&#39;s finger (for example, index finger) when grasped by the hand of the operator. The downward extension  764  may have a height greater than that of the tail region  762  where the height is measured in a direction substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the handpiece body. The downward extension  764  may be sized to accommodate at least two fingers of the operator such as index and middle fingers. 
     In some cases, an outer surface of the tail region  762  may be at least partially outwardly curved. For example, the outer surface may be at least partially convexed, crowned, arced or semi-circular. For example, an outer surface of the tail end  331  may be at least partially convexed. The convexed tail region  762  alone or in combination with the protruding side surface  317   a  of the neck portion  317  may enable operators to more easily roll (rotate) the handpiece  122  about a longitudinal axis of the handpiece  122 , by turning at least one of the two protruding elements  762  and  317   a  with their fingertip(s), without the need of rotating their wrists, or by merely loosely grasping the palm grip  303 . 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 31 , the tail end  331  may be fully convexed. For example, an outer surface of the tail end  331  may have a substantially convexed lens shape. In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 31 , the tail end  331  may be partially convexed. In these cases, the tail end  331  may include an upper convexed portion  331   a  and a lower substantially flat portion  331   b . In some cases, the lower portion  331   b  may be convexed and the upper portion  331   a  may be substantially flat. The remaining portion of the tail region  762  may be substantially flat, convexed or less convexed than the tail end  331 . 
     In some cases, instead of or in addition to the outwardly curved surface, the tail end  331  may include one or more individual protrusions spaced apart (not shown). In some cases, the entire tail region  762  may be convexed. The paddle region  766  may be substantially flat or less convexed (in terms of curvature) than the tail region  762 . In some cases, the tail region  762  may include other shape or structure as long as it can permit operators to more easily rotate the handpiece  122  with an operator&#39;s fingertip(s). 
     The downward extension  764  may be at least partially concaved or inwardly curved (opposite curve of the curvature described herein for the tail end  331 ). The concaved portion  764  may allow an operator to grab the paddle  329  or rest his or her fingers thereon. In some cases, as shown in  FIGS. 29 and 30 , the entirety of the downward extension  764  may be concaved. In some cases, the downward extension  764  may be partially concaved. 
     Thus, the ergonomic features (convexed tail region and concaved downward extension) of the paddle  329  may provide comfort and convenience while reducing user fatigue and improving operation efficiency. 
     4. Slanted Top 
       FIG. 32  illustrates a rear view of a right side handpiece  122  showing additional handpiece ergonomic features according to some embodiments. In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 32 , the handpiece  122  may include a slanted top surface  780  that is slanted toward a side surface of the body where an operator&#39;s index finger is configured to be positioned when the handpiece is grasped by the hand of the operator. For example, for a right side handpiece having a paddle disposed on the right side of the body (see, for example,  FIG. 32 ), the slanted top surface  780  may be slanted toward the paddle  329  or the cutout  336 . As another example, for a right side handpiece having a paddle disposed on the left side of the body (not shown), the slanted top surface may be slanted toward a side of the body on the opposite side of the paddle. As another example, for a left side handpiece having a paddle disposed on the left side of the body (see, for example,  FIG. 3A ), the slanted top surface may be slanted toward the paddle or the cutout. As another example, for a left side handpiece having a paddle disposed on the right side of the body (see, for example,  FIG. 6A ), the slanted top surface may be slanted toward a side of the body on the opposite side of the paddle. As another example, for a handpiece having paddles disposed on both the left and right sides of the body (see, for example,  FIG. 9 ), the top surface may be relative flat or have side (or edge portions) that curve toward each of the left and right sides of the body. The curvature of the top surface may be a convex curvature. 
     The slanted top surface  780  may be advantageous in that an operator can easily move his or her index finger between the input control interface  326   a  and the paddle  329 , as the input control interface  326   a  is closer to the paddle  329 , compared to a non-slanted handpiece top. Thus, the slanted top  780  may provide convenience while improving operation efficiency. 
     5. Ridge Around Input Control Interface 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 27 , the handpiece  122  may include a ridge  326   b  around the input control interface  326   a . The ridge  326   b  surrounds the input control interface  326   a  and is upwardly protruded or raised from an edge of the input control interface  326   a . The ridge  326   b  may help an operator recognize the location of the input touch interface  326   a  during operation without necessarily having to look at the handpiece  122 . Although  FIG. 27  shows that the ridge  326   b  fully surrounds the input control interface  326   a , the ridge  326   b  may be formed to only partially surround the input control interface  326   a . In some cases, the ridge  326   b  may include a plurality of individual protrusions spaced apart along the edge of the input control interface  326   a . In some cases, the ridge  326   b  may have other shapes that can provide a tactile feedback to an operator regarding the position of the input touch interface  326   a . Thus, the ridge  326   b  may also provide convenience while improving operation efficiency and accuracy. 
     6. Sloped Region 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 27 , the handpiece  122  may include a sloped region  319  between the neck portion  317  and the ridge  326   b  of the input control interface  326   a . Since there is a height difference between the neck portion  317  and the ridge  326   b , the two elements  317  and  326   a  are connected via the sloped region  319 . The sloped region  319  may be downwardly curved or linear. In some cases, the sloped region  319  alone may be used for an operator to rest his or her finger thereon. In some cases, the sloped portion  319  and the neck portion  317  together may be used to accommodate an operator&#39;s finger (for example, thumb or index finger) for resting. Thus, the sloped region  319  may provide more comfort, thereby reducing user fatigue. 
     7. Pivot Joint and Paddle Movement Mechanism 
     Referring to  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 27 , the pivot joint  327  is disposed inside the handpiece body (see also  FIG. 11A ). Since there is no pivot joint disposed outside the handpiece body, an operator may be prevented from being finger-pinched by a pivot joint and/or a portion of the outside of the handpiece body. In addition to enhancing user safety, the handpiece  122  may appear aesthetically better and neater by not placing the pivot joint outside or near the side of the handpiece body. Furthermore, in combination with the wiper  370  (see, for example,  FIG. 11A ), the pivot joint  372  may more securely fix the paddle  329  to the handpiece body. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 11A , the paddle  329  and the wiper  370  are connected to and arranged in a substantially spaced apart and parallel relationship with each other (see arrows  371  in  FIG. 11A ). Having the paddle  329  and the wiper  370  on opposite sides of the pivot joint  372  but spaced apart allows for compactness of the handpieces. Otherwise, if they were inline, the wiper  370  would need to extend farther towards the proximal end in order to have enough spacing to detect a change in angle (using the angular detection sensor or curved coil layout if using an inductive detector described herein). This may also allow the paddle  329  to extend out and away from the body to provide a comfortable grip for the user. 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 11A , the paddle  329  may have a central longitudinal axis  371  that does not intersect the pivot joint  372 . Furthermore, the pivot joint  372  may be disposed inside the body to be closer to a longitudinal axis  373  of the body than the longitudinal axis  371  of the paddle  329 . This structure allows substantially the entirety of the paddle  329  to be disposed outside the body. Furthermore, the longitudinal axis  371  of the paddle  329  can be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis  373  of the body in its closed position. The full closure and parallel arrangement of the paddle  329  may be beneficial in that the instrument can be fully closed based on the movement of the paddle  329 . Moreover, the described structure also allows an inner surface of the paddle  329  to gently land on a side surface of the body that faces the paddle  329 . This can prevent the paddle from colliding or otherwise having an undesirable physical impact on the paddle  329  when it is closed. 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 11A , the tail end of the paddle  329  may include a region  375  that is angled, slanted or curved toward the pivot joint  372 . The angled region  375  may be used to conveniently open and close the paddle  329 . The angled region  375  may be convexed to conveniently roll the handpiece without using the palm grip  303  as described herein. 
     With the ergonomic structure of the pivot joint  372  and the paddle  329  along with the wiper  370 , no mechanical paddle movement detection mechanism, such as a rod that converts a rotational paddle movement into a linear movement, is required. Thus, the handpiece can be more efficiently manufactured and/or the pincer angle detection can be more accurately or efficiently made. Furthermore, the handpiece may be more safely operated by a user. 
     8. Cutout 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIG. 27 , the handpiece  122  may also include a cutout  336  formed in the side surface of the body that faces the paddle  329 . The cutout  336  may be shaped to accommodate the paddle  329 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 30 , the inner surface  329   c  of the paddle  329  may be inwardly curved, and the cutout  336  may be correspondingly shaped to accommodate the curved inner surface  329   c  of the paddle  329 . As described herein, the longitudinal axis  371  of the paddle  329  can be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis  373  of the body in its closed position. The cutout  336  may more easily enable the parallel arrangement between the axes  371  and  373  of the paddle  329  and the body by accommodating the paddle  329  therein. 
     Other Variations 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in some embodiments, additional components and/or steps can be utilized, and disclosed components and/or steps can be combined or omitted. For example, although some embodiments are described in connection with a robotic surgery system, the disclosure is not so limited. Systems, devices, and methods described herein can be applicable to medical procedures in general, among other uses. As another example, certain components can be illustrated and/or described as being circular or cylindrical. In some implementations, the components can be additionally or alternatively include non-circular portions, such as portions having straight lines. As yet another example, any of the actuators described herein can include one or more motors, such as electrical motors. As yet another example, in addition to or instead of controlling tilt and/or pan of a camera, roll (or spin) can be controlled. For example, one or more actuators can be provided for controlling the spin. 
     The foregoing description details certain embodiments of the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein. It will be appreciated, however, that no matter how detailed the foregoing appears in text, the systems, devices, and methods can be practiced in many ways. The use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the disclosure should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to including any specific characteristics of the features or aspects of the technology with which that terminology is associated. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the described technology. Such modifications and changes are intended to fall within the scope of the embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that parts included in one embodiment are interchangeable with other embodiments; one or more parts from a depicted embodiment can be included with other depicted embodiments in any combination. For example, any of the various components described herein and/or depicted in the figures can be combined, interchanged, or excluded from other embodiments. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations can be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     Directional terms used herein (for example, top, bottom, side, up, down, inward, outward, etc.) are generally used with reference to the orientation or perspective shown in the figures and are not intended to be limiting. For example, positioning “above” described herein can refer to positioning below or on one of sides. Thus, features described as being “above” may be included below, on one of sides, or the like. 
     It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein are generally intended as “open” terms (for example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims can contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (for example, “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (for example, the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). 
     The term “comprising” as used herein is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. 
     Conditional language, such as “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. 
     Language of degree used herein, such as the terms “approximately,” “about,” “generally,” and “substantially” as used herein represent a value, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, or characteristic that still performs a desired function and/or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, “generally,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and/or within less than 0.01% of the stated amount. 
     It will be further understood by those within the art that any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, can be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” Further, the term “each,” as used herein, in addition to having its ordinary meaning, can mean any subset of a set of elements to which the term “each” is applied. 
     Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. The described functionality may be implemented in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the embodiments of the invention. 
     The various illustrative blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     The steps of a method or algorithm and functions described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium. A software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. A storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
     The above description discloses embodiments of systems, apparatuses, devices, methods, and materials of the present disclosure. This disclosure is susceptible to modifications in the components, parts, elements, steps, and materials, as well as alterations in the fabrication methods and equipment. Such modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this disclosure or practice of the disclosure. Consequently, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but that it cover all modifications and alternatives coming within the scope and spirit of the subject matter embodied in the following claims.