Patent Publication Number: US-8995950-B2

Title: Emergency mobile notification handling

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/286,593 filed Nov. 1, 2011 and titled “Emergency Mobile Notification Handling”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     During times of emergency, it is important that officials be able to quickly communicate information about the emergency to large numbers of people. For example, when a tornado or other violent storm is detected, lives may be saved if citizens can be warned to take cover. Similarly, during a wildfire, it may be necessary to contact a large number of residents of the threatened area to effect a rapid evacuation. 
     Various warning systems exist. For example, the Emergency Alert System in the United States enables officials to interrupt commercial radio and television broadcasts to make emergency announcements. The announcements can be targeted to particular geographic areas. 
     The Reverse 911® system used in United States and Canada enables officials to place automated telephone calls to landline telephones in specific geographic areas. For example, authorities in a coastal area may use the Reverse 911® system to warn residents in low-lying areas of a possible tsunami after an earthquake has been detected. 
     AMBER Alerts or similar kinds of notifications are used in many countries to notify the general populace when a child is abducted and believed to be in danger, in hopes that a person hearing the alert will see the child and report his or her location so that authorities can act to protect the child. AMBER Alerts may be broadcast using the Emergency Alert System in the United States, but may also be distributed by many other channels. 
     Such prior systems may not reach persons who are not at home or who are not watching or listening to broadcast media. Recognizing the near ubiquity of cellular telephones and their ability to receive text messages, the United States federal government is now implementing the Commercial Mobile Alert System, or CMAS. CMAS is scheduled to be deployed by late 2011 in some areas, and nationwide in 2012, and will enable authorities to send text messages to all active cellular devices in targeted geographic areas. These text messages may reach people that would otherwise not be notified by other means. CMAS is intended to overlap with other systems, and will be used to broadcast many kinds of notifications, including weather and fire warnings, AMBER alerts, emergency management instructions, and other kinds of notifications. 
     Due to the importance of the messages broadcast by CMAS, there is a need to provide ways for additional persons to receive the messages. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to some embodiments, systems and methods provide emergency notifications by alternate channels or methods to persons who may not have received the notifications in their original form. 
     In one aspect, a mobile communications device comprises a transceiver, a microprocessor, and a computer readable memory. The computer readable memory holds instructions that, when executed by the microprocessor, cause the mobile communications device to receive a text-based emergency notification message, and derive, using automated text-to-speech conversion, from the content of the text-based emergency notification message, data or signals that render at least some of the content of the text-based emergency notification message into an audio format. The instructions further cause the mobile communications device to audibly play the audio rendition of at least some of the content of the text-based emergency notification message. The mobile communications device may be a mobile telephone. The mobile communications device may be incapable of displaying text. In some embodiments, the mobile communications device includes a simplified user interface comprising a speaker, a microphone, and one and only one button. In some embodiments, the emergency notification message is in a first language, and the instructions, when executed by the processor further cause the mobile communications device to obtain a translation of the emergency notification message to a second language. 
     According to another aspect, a machine-implemented method of operating a response center comprises receiving a text-based electronic notification message, and automatically recognizing that a particular remote communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message. The method further includes, in response to the recognition that the communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message, deriving, from the content of the text-based electronic notification message, data or signals that render at least some of the content of the text-based electronic notification message into an audio format, and transmitting the data or signals to the communications device. In some embodiments, automatically recognizing that the particular remote communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message further comprises retrieving a previously-stored specification of the communications device. In some embodiments, automatically recognizing that the particular remote communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message further comprises sending an electronic request message to the communications device, the electronic request message requesting information from the communications device usable to determine whether the communications device is capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message; and receiving an electronic answer message including the requested information. In some embodiments, automatically recognizing that the particular remote communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message further comprises placing a telephone call to the communications device; requesting from the communications device information usable to determine whether the communications device is capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message; and receiving the requested information via the telephone call connection. In some embodiments, the telephone call to the communications device is placed from a particular telephone number reserved for such data-requesting calls. In some embodiments, automatically recognizing that the particular remote communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message further comprises receiving a message pushed from the communications device, the message including information usable to determine whether the communications device is capable of displaying the text-based electronic notification message. The method may further comprise recognizing that the text-based electronic message is an emergency notification message. In some embodiments, the emergency notification message is received from another remote client communication device other than from the particular communications device. 
     According to another aspect, a method of operating a response center comprises receiving, at the response center, a text-based electronic emergency notification message that originated from an official emergency alert gateway and is targeted to a particular geographical area, and identifying one or more remote communications devices that are associated with clients of the private response center and that are within the geographical area to which the text-based electronic emergency notification message is targeted. The method further comprises transmitting a respective message to each of the one or more identified remote communications devices, the respective messages including notice of at least some of the content of the text-based electronic emergency notification message. In some embodiments, the method further comprises automatically recognizing that a particular one of the remote communications devices is incapable of displaying the text-based electronic emergency notification message, and in response to the recognition that the communications device is not capable of displaying the text-based electronic emergency notification message, deriving, from the content of the text-based electronic emergency notification message, data or signals that render at least some of the content of the text-based electronic emergency notification message into an audio format; wherein transmitting the respective message to the particular communications device comprises transmitting the data or signals. In some embodiments, the method further comprises automatically recognizing that a particular one of the remote communications devices can display text but is not capable of having received the text-based emergency notification message directly from the official emergency alert gateway, and forwarding at least some of the content of the text-based emergency notification message to the particular remote communications device in a text format. In some embodiments, the method further comprises automatically recognizing that a user of particular one of the remote communications devices is visually impaired, and in response to the recognition that the user of the particular communications device is visually impaired, deriving, from the content of the text-based electronic emergency notification message, data or signals that render at least some of the content of the text-based electronic emergency notification message into an audio format; wherein transmitting the respective message to the particular communications device comprises transmitting the data or signals. In some embodiments, transmitting the respective message to a particular one of the remote communications devices comprises forwarding the text-based electronic emergency notification message. In some embodiments, receiving the text-based electronic emergency notification message comprises receiving the text-based electronic emergency notification message directly from the official emergency alert gateway. In some embodiments, receiving the text-based electronic emergency notification message comprises receiving the text-based electronic emergency notification message from a communications device associated with a client of the private response center. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic diagram of a cellular telephone network, in accordance with embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the operation of a private response center (PRC), in accordance with embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a simplified communications device in accordance with embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a method in accordance with embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example personal profile. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a flow chart of a method in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of a method in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 7A  illustrates a flow chart of a method in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 7B  illustrates additional embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communications device suitable for use in embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified block diagram of an example embodiment of the internal structure of a computer system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The ensuing description provides preferred example embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferred example embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing a preferred example embodiment. It is understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope as set forth in the appended claims. 
     Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, systems, structures, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known processes, procedures and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. 
     Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process may be terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by manual techniques, automatic techniques, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic diagram of a cellular telephone network  100 , in accordance with embodiments. Cellular networks are an especially efficient way to provide mobile telephone service. Each cell  101   a - f  is served by a respective one of base stations  102   a - f , each of which may include an antenna mounted on one of towers  103   a - f . Each cellular telephone active in a particular cell can bidirectionally interact with the base station of the cell, enabling full duplex communication of data and/or voice. Each of cells  101   a - f  is capable of communicating with mobile telephones within the respective cell according to a physical interface scheme (e.g., CDMA, LTE, GSM, GPRS, WiMax, etc.). Each of base stations  102   a - f  typically is capable of communicating simultaneously with several dozen or more different mobile telephones such as mobile telephones  105   a - c.    
     Adjacent cells use different frequencies or coding to avoid interference. In this way, many mobile telephones can be supported using a limited spectra. The size and density of the cells  101   a - f  may be determined in part by the demand for service. While only six cells  101   a - f  are shown in  FIG. 1 , many other cells may be present, such that the cells collectively cover large contiguous areas. Special hand-off protocols may be used for maintaining communication with a particular telephone that moves from one cell to another during a call. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , each of base stations  102   a - f  communicates with a network controller  104 . It will be understood that  FIG. 1  is highly simplified, and network controller  104  represents a wide array of hardware, software, and other components performing a wide variety of functions. For example, network controller  104  may route calls between cells  101   a - f  and outside telephone providers, monitor telephone usage, maintain billing records for individual telephone accounts, perform diagnostic tests, and perform many other functions. 
     Network controller  104  may also include interfaces between network  100  and other networks, organizations, or services. 
     Each active mobile telephone, such as mobile telephones  105   a - c , “registers” with a nearby base station, and network controller  104  keeps a database  106  listing which of mobile telephones  105   a - c  is registered with which of base stations  102   a - f . Network controller  104  uses database  106  to route incoming calls. For example, when a call is received at network controller  104  and intended to be routed to mobile telephone  105   b , network controller  104  consults database  106  to determine that mobile telephone  105   b  is registered with base station  102   b , and routes the incoming call accordingly. 
     The geographical locations of base stations  102   a - f  are fixed, and known to the operator of network controller  104 . Thus, by virtue of database  106 , network controller  104  “knows” at nearly all times the location of every active mobile telephone subscribed with the operator of network controller  104 , at least to the accuracy of the size of cells  101   a - f . The size of each cell depends on the expected density of mobile telephones in a given area, on the topology of the surrounding landscape, and other factors, but typically cells range from a few hundred yards to several miles across. A particular geographical area may be served by more than one telephone service provider. Different telephone service providers may share network infrastructure, or may maintain separate controllers, base stations, towers, and other hardware. Each telephone service provider similarly “knows” the locations of all of its active subscribed mobile telephones. 
     Because the locations of nearly all active mobile telephones are known, the cellular network is naturally adapted to providing alerts to targeted geographic areas. With the cooperation of the telephone service providers, an alert can be sent to all active mobile telephones registered to a list of particular base stations known to be in the targeted area. Nearly all major cellular telephone service providers have agreed to handle CMAS alerts. In addition, the relatively small size of CMAS messages (about 90 characters each) may enable large numbers of messages to be sent to large numbers of mobile telephones without overwhelming the available network capacity. 
     In the example depicted in  FIG. 1 , a geographical area encompassing cells  101   d - f  may be in danger from a wildfire, and evacuation has been ordered. Emergency alert gateway  108  sends a message  107  which may include an indication of the geographic areas affected to network controller  104 , which in turn sends message  107  to all mobile telephones registered with base stations  102   d - f , for example mobile telephone  105   c . The message is not sent to mobile telephones in other areas, for example mobile telephones  105   a  and  105   b.    
     In some situations, some persons may not receive a CMAS alert, despite having a mobile device capable of receiving the alert. Embodiments of the invention enable more persons, for example subscribers to an assistance service provided by a private organization, to receive CMAS alerts who might otherwise not receive them. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the operation of a private response center (PRC)  201 , in accordance with embodiments. Private response center  201  may be operated, for example, by a response service provider who offers personalized assistance to clients who subscribe to the service. In some embodiments, the response service provider may offer personal health management advice, concierge services, navigational assistance, technical support for telephones used in conjunction with the service, or other kinds of personalized services deliverable by telephone. Private response center  201  may be staffed by customer service representatives  202  who answer inquiries from clients of the service. Such a service may especially appeal to clients with health or other impairments. For example, the service could include weekly or daily calls to the client for verification that the client is doing well, and if not, the customer service representative may offer to contact a family member, health care provider, or other resource that may be helpful to the client. The service could include these and other services sold as a package. Alternatively, PRC  201  may be a fully automated service designed to operate without human intervention. 
     Private response center  201  is not intended to be a substitute for a public safety answering point (PSAP)  203 . A client of the service offered by private response center  201  would still be expected to dial 9-1-1 to reach PSAP  203  in the event of an emergency. 
     In one example scenario, the service provider that operates private response center  201  may also be a cellular telephone service provider, and may offer a private assistance service as an adjunct to cellular telephone service. The private response center  201  can be contacted for non-emergency service through a phone number, speed dial or other shortcut, for example by activating a 5 and * key combination. The connection  204  between network controller  104  and private response center  201  is schematic. The actual connection could be by way of the Internet, a wireless connection, a voice-over-Internet-protocol (VOIP) connection, a cellular telephone connection, or private response center  201  could be reached through a conventional wireline telephone system, or any other suitable connection method that enables a telephone user to reach private response center  201  by calling a telephone number. Private response center  201  may be reachable via multiple methods. 
     PRC  201  includes a computer system  207  that may be used for various functions. For example, information about calls from clients may be displayed to customer service representative  202 . Computer system  207  may store personal information gathered from clients that may be helpful in rendering assistance to the clients. Computer system  207  may assist customer service representative  202  in the performance of his or her job, for example automating telephone dialing and the like. While computer system  207  is illustrated as a single computer, it will be recognized that the term “computer system” encompasses many different kind of installations, including systems of multiple computers linked together. The multiple computers may be co-located or widely dispersed. 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates two clients  205   a  and  205   b  of PRC  201 , currently positioned in cell  101   e . Client  205   a  uses a fully-featured mobile telephone  105   c , while client  205   b  uses a simplified communications device  206 , described in more detail below. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , emergency alert gateway  108  has sent a CMAS message  107  via network controller  104 , and the message  107  is displayed by mobile telephone  105   c . Alternatively CMAS message  107  may be sent to both mobile telephone  105   c  and to PRC  201 . If mobile telephone  105   c  does not have a method of receiving CMAS messages, it could retrieve the message from PRC  201  in a format in which mobile telephone  105   c  can communicate to its user. This configuration would also allow PRC  201  to receive CMAS message  107  and convert it to any format necessary and send the message to mobile telephone  105   c , based on either geo-location information obtained via voice, data, or other communications from mobile telephone  105   c , social media, crowdsourcing, or information obtained from friends and family. 
     The capability for PRC  201  to receive a CMAS message directly and then re-transmit it to the appropriate customers may be especially useful when certain customers&#39; communications devices may not be compatible with the transmission format of CMAS alerts, for example during a transition period when many installed mobile telephones cannot receive cell broadcast messages, as described in more detail below. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates simplified communications device  206  in more detail, in accordance with embodiments. Example communications device  206  may internally be a fully-featured cellular telephone, but has a simplified input interface comprising only one button  301 . Communications device  206  may also be referred to as a “personal security device” or an “emergency communicator.” A client of private response center  201  may wear communications device  206  on his or her person, and can use it to contact private response center  201  whenever assistance is needed. For example, communications device  206  may be configured to dial private response center  201  when button  301  is pressed. This greatly simplified input interface may be especially helpful to clients with impairments such as poor vision or coordination that make it difficult to operate a conventional cellular telephone that has many small keys. The single-button interface assures that private response center  201  will be called without the client having to press a sequence of keys. In the event of an emergency, private response center  201  may route the call to the proper authorities, if necessary. Communications device  206  further includes a microphone  302  and a speaker  303 , enabling telephone or telephone-like communication. 
     Because simplified communications device  206  may internally be a fully-featured cellular telephone, it may receive CMAS message  107 , but because it lacks a display, it cannot display the message, and client  205   b  may not receive CMAS message  107 . And even though mobile telephone  105   c  used by client  205   a  is a fully-featured telephone including a display, CMAS message  107  may still not reach client  205   a , for any of a number of reasons. For example, client  205   a  may have a visual impairment and may not be able to see the display of mobile telephone  105   c , or client  205   a  may speak and read a different language that the language of the CMAS alert, and may thus not be able to read the message. 
     Embodiments of the invention provide for additional persons to receive CMAS alerts, and provide other benefits. For example, private response center  201  may be able to supplement the operation of the CMAS system so that alerts reach and are understood by additional persons. 
     It will be recognized that embodiments of the invention may be used with other kinds of text-based messages, and are not limited to CMAS alerts. 
     In one example embodiment, a communications device capable of receiving text-based messages, for example mobile telephone  105   c  or simplified communications device  206 , is programmed to recognize that it has received a text-based emergency notification message, and to forward the message to PRC  201  for conversion to audio. PRC  201  then transmits data or signals back to the communications device, which can audibly play the message for the client. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a method in accordance with embodiments. In step  401 , a communications device, such as mobile telephone  105   c  or simplified communications device  206 , receives a text-based message. The text-based message may be an SMS message, a cell broadcast message, or another kind of text-based message. 
     In step  402 , the communications device recognizes that the received message is an emergency alert message, for example a CMAS alert. The recognition may be done by any suitable means. For example, the communications device may recognize that the text-based message was sent from an address dedicated to sending CMAS alerts or other kinds of emergency alert messages. Or the communications device may examine the content of the message and recognize based on the content that the message is an emergency alert message. 
     In step  403 , the communications device forwards at least some of the content of the message to PRC  201 . For example, the communications device may simply forward the message to an address maintained by PRC  201  for handling emergency alerts forwarded by clients&#39; devices. Or the communications device may extract only the body of the message and construct a new text-based message to forward to PRC  201 . Or the communications device may extract pertinent parts of the message content for forwarding. The message content may be forwarded in other formats than text or SMS messaging. For example, the communications device may place a data call to PRC  201  including the forwarded content. 
     In step  404 , the message content forwarded by the communications device is received at PRC  201 . 
     In step  405 , PRC  201  derives, from the forwarded content, data or signals that render at least some of the content of the text-based electronic message into an audio format. For example, computer system  207  may perform an automated text-to-speech conversion of the forwarded content, and may generate a digital audio file containing an audio rendering of the message content. In other embodiments, a person at PRC  201  may simply read the forwarded content, and his or her voice may be recorded to create a digital file or an analog recording. Additional contextual information may be added if desired. For example, audio data derived from example CMAS message  107  may audibly indicate:
         This is your care center with an important message. Your communicator has received an emergency alert from the National Weather Service. A hurricane is approaching your area and you are required to evacuate. The sheriff recommends that you take Broadway to highway  243 . This message will repeat until you press the button on your communicator to hang up. If you need additional assistance, press the button again to call the care center . . . .       

     It will be recognized that PRC  201  may receive forwarded text-based messages from more than one subscriber. In that case, it may be necessary to derive an audio rendering of each CMAS alert only once, and the result stored for communicating to subsequent callers. 
     In step  406 , PRC  201  transmits the data or signals to the communications device, and in steps  407  and  408  the communications device receives the audio data or signals and audibly plays them, for example through speaker  303 . The transmission may be accomplished in any suitable way. For example, PRC  201  may place a telephone call to the communications device, and play the audio rendering over the open telephone connection. Or PRC  201  may place a data call to the communications device and transmit a digital file, which is then played by the communications device. 
     The communications device may provide other information as well. For example, communications device such as simplified communications device  206  or mobile telephone  105   c  may include a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, WiFi triangulation capability, or other near field communication capability, and may thus be able to ascertain its geographical location with more precision that is possible from the mere recognition that the device is registered with base station  102   e , and therefore resides in cell  101   e . The communications device may provide geographical location information to PRC  201  in conjunction with the forwarding of the CMAS alert. Should a client, for example client  205   b , call PRC  201  after receiving the CMAS alert, customer service representative  202  may be able to use the geographical information to provide additional assistance to the client, for example revised evacuation directions, or possibly even reassurance that the client is not in danger, if it can be determined that the client is in a portion of a cell not endangered by the instant threat. For example, based on geographical information provided by the communications device, PRC  201  may be able to determine that the client is calling from a high seaside bluff, and is not in danger from a tsunami warning, even though the caller may be only a short distance from locations that are in imminent danger. 
     The involvement of PRC  201  enables other enhancements and services. For example, PRC  201  may store a personal profile about a client such as client  205   b . An example personal profile is shown in  FIG. 5 . The personal profile may include health-related information, emergency contact numbers, and other kinds of information about the client that may be helpful to personnel at PRC  201  in rendering assistance to the client. For example, the profile of  FIG. 5  indicates that the client&#39;s preferred language is not English. Accordingly, PRC  201  may translate emergency alert messages into the client&#39;s preferred language before transmitting the audio data or signals to the client&#39;s communications device. The translation may be accomplished by any suitable method. For example, computer system  207  may perform or obtain a machine translation of the message content before rendering the content into an audio format, or the message may be translated by a human translator before an audio rendition of the message is created. 
     Other services and actions are possible as well. For example, the client&#39;s profile may contain a standing instruction to notify the client&#39;s designated emergency contacts whenever an emergency alert is received from the client&#39;s communications device. PRC  201  may also tailor its response based on other kinds of content in clients&#39; personal profiles. For example, the example profile of  FIG. 5  indicates that the profiled client suffers from asthma. Example CMAS message  107  relates to a wildfire, which would be of particular concern to asthma sufferers. PRC  201  could accordingly prioritize its actions based on the type of emergency and the client&#39;s medical condition, for example calling the emergency contacts of asthma suffers first in the event that a large number of emergency alerts relating to a fire are received from a large number of clients&#39; communications devices. In another example, if a CMAS alert relates to a hurricane, PRC  201  may prioritize its actions so that clients whose profiles indicate they live very close to the coast are serviced before clients who live further inland. In yet another example, PRC  201  may escalate its response based on the nature of the emergency and/or information in the client&#39;s profile. For example, if a client&#39;s profile indicates that the client is on a respirator, PRC  201  may act to contact the client immediately in the event of a power outage, and may contact emergency services if the client is not reached. 
     In other embodiments, a communications device such as simplified communications device  206  or another device may render an incoming CMAS alert into an audio format on its own, without the need to forward any of the content to another location such as PRC  201 .  FIG. 6  illustrates a flow chart of a method in accordance with some embodiments. In step  601 , the communications device receives a text-based message, such as an SMS message. In step  602 , the communications device detects that the message is an emergency notification message, for example by recognizing that the source address of the message is an address reserved for sending CMAS alerts, or by determining from the message content that it is an emergency notification message, or by any other suitable means. In optional step  603 , the communications device may translate or obtain a translation of at least some of the message content into another language. For example, the communications device may include machine translation software to be executed by an on-board processor, to perform the translation. The communications device may be pre-configured with a capability for translating text into a particular preferred language. In other embodiments, the communications device may forward the message content to a remote translation service, which may or may not be affiliated with PRC  201 , and may received a translated version of the message in return. 
     In step  604 , the communications device derives, from the content of the text-based message, data or signals that render at least some of the content of the text-based message in an audio format. For example, the communications device may include embedded text-to-speech conversion software that is executed by an on-board processor to perform the conversion. In step  605 , the communications device plays the audio rendition of the message content, for example via speaker  303 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a flow chart of a method  700  in accordance with another embodiment. The steps of method  700  may be performed by PRC  201 , for example with the assistance of computer system  207 , and may be especially helpful when one or more clients of PRC  201  uses a mobile communications device that cannot directly receive some text-based emergency notifications. For example, one way of transmitting a message to a large number of mobile devices is through the use of cell broadcast. In cell broadcast, a single message is simultaneously sent to all mobile devices in a particular geographic area, such as to all devices registered with a particular tower. This is in contrast to sending a text-based message such as an SMS message separately to each of the devices registered with the tower. 
     While cell broadcast is an efficient way to reach a large number of devices, some devices may not yet be configured to receive cell broadcast messages, and therefore may miss out on emergency notifications sent by cell broadcast. Since such a device does not receive the message at all, it also is not triggered to send the message to PRC  201  for conversion to audio format. 
     PRC  201  may still be able to assist clients using mobile telephones that cannot receive emergency notification messages due to an incompatibility with the medium of transmission of the messages, for example an inability to receive messages via cell broadcast. In some embodiments, PRC  201  can receive the text-based emergency notification messages without them being forwarded by each client within the area targeted by the notifications. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2 , PRC  201  may receive messages directly from emergency alert gateway  108 , by prior agreement. In another example, PRC  201  may recognize that an emergency notification message has been broadcast by a particular tower based on the fact that several clients serviced by that tower have called for assistance after receiving the notification, or because communications devices used by clients in the affected area have forwarded the notification for translation to audio format. Whatever the way in which PRC  201  receives the emergency notification message, PRC  201  may recognize that there are clients within the targeted area who may not have received the notification. PRC  201  may then take steps to notify those clients, for example by method  700 . 
     In step  701 , PRC  201  receives a text-based message, and in step  702 , PRC  201  detects that the text-based message is an emergency notification message. Optionally, PRC  201  may translate the message into one or more different languages at step  703 , for transmission to clients who prefer to communicate in languages other than the original language of the emergency notification. In step  704 , data or signals are derived from the content of the text-based message, rendering at least some of the content of the text-based electronic message into an audio format. In step  705 , the data or signals are sent to one or more selected communications devices associated with PRC  201 , for example communications devices owned by clients of PRC  201 . In this scenario, the message can be thought of as being “pushed” to the clients&#39; devices, rather than being “pulled”, as would be the case for devices that received the notification directly and requested translation of the message into an audio format. 
     The selected communications devices may be identified as being within the geographical area to which the emergency notification message is targeted. PRC  201  may be able to identify which of its clients&#39; devices are within the targeted geographical area by any suitable means. For example, some clients&#39; devices may periodically report their locations to PRC  201  as part of a client-requested tracking program. Or PRC  201  may assume that any communications device recently used to contact PRC  201  from the targeted area is still within the targeted area. Or PRC  201  may simply use the home addresses of its clients and assume that any client with a home address within the targeted area is most likely within the area, and push the emergency notification message to those clients, knowing that the few clients who are away from home may be unnecessarily notified. 
     In another embodiment, a technique similar to that of  FIG. 7  may be used to forward text-based notifications in text format, for example as SMS messages, without converting them to an audio format. In this way, PRC  201  can notify at least some of its clients who cannot directly receive alerts, in a manner similar to the original text-based alert. 
     In other embodiments, PRC  201  may tailor its sending of emergency notification messages to clients&#39; devices based on the capabilities of the respective devices. For example, PRC  201  may send audio renditions of messages to client devices that cannot display text. In another example, PRC  201  may relay a notification message in text format to devices that can display text but could not receive the original notification message, for example because the message was sent by cell broadcast and the client device does not have the capability to receive cell broadcast messages. Preferably, PRC  201  can determine the capabilities of its clients&#39; devices. In other embodiments, PRC  201  may tailor its sending of emergency notification messages to clients&#39; devices for other reasons. For example, PRC  201  may send audio renditions of messages to devices used by clients with visual impairments, who may not have been able to read the original text-based messages. PRC  201  may automatically recognize that a client is visually impaired by retrieving the client&#39;s profile information, by querying the client&#39;s device as to the presence of specific software or settings that may indicate visual impairment, or by another method. 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates a method  720  according to such an embodiment. The steps of method  720  may be performed by PRC  201 , for example with the assistance of computer system  207 . 
     In step  721 , PRC  201  receives a text-based message. For example, the text-based message may be an emergency notification message that originated from an official emergency alert gateway, or may be another kind of message. As is described above, PRC  201  may receive the message in any of a number of ways. For example, PRC  201  may receive the message directly from an official emergency alert gateway, may receive the message from one of its clients when the client&#39;s device forwards the message for conversion to audio, or may receive the message some other way. 
     In step  722 , PRC  201  recognizes that the device used by at least one client cannot display text. For example, PRC  201  may have identified the particular client as being in the geographical area targeted by an emergency alert message, and may wish to send the message in a format or by a channel that the user&#39;s device can receive and process if needed. The determination of whether a particular user&#39;s device can display text may be done in any suitable way. 
     For example, upon enrollment in a service offered by PRC  201 , the client may specify the capabilities of his or her device, either by listing the capabilities, by providing the make and model number of his or her device, or by another method. PRC  201  may record this information, for example in the user&#39;s profile, and may simply retrieve it when needed. The recorded information might explicitly indicate the device capabilities, or PRC  201  may be able to determine the device capabilities from the information. For example, if the make and model of the user&#39;s device is recorded, PRC  201  may access a library of device information to determine the device capabilities based on the model number. In some embodiments, the make and model of the client&#39;s device may be provided upon installing an application program on the device, as part of enrollment in the service offered by PRC  201 . 
     In another example technique for determining the capabilities of the user&#39;s device, PRC  201 , for example using computer system  207 , may query the device electronically. Such a query may take the form of an SMS message sent to the device requesting a response, a data call to the device requesting a response, a traditional telephone call to the device requesting a response, or another kind of query. The device may be specially programmed to recognize the query and respond appropriately. Steps may be taken to ensure that the query is silent, to avoid disturbing or alarming the user of the device. For example, when a traditional phone call is used to query the device, the querying phone call may be placed from a telephone number reserved for such queries. The device may be specially programmed to recognize the source of the incoming call as the reserved number, and may answer without ringing. Thus the user may not know that his or her device has been queried. Once the query is received, the device can respond in an appropriate manner, for example via a return SMS message, via a tone-based data exchange over the telephone connection, via a data packet sent to PRC  201 , or by another means. The response may explicitly list capabilities of the device, or may provide information, such as a device make and model number, from which the device capabilities can be determined. 
     In yet another example technique for determining the capabilities of the user&#39;s device, the device itself may provide PRC  201  with information from which its capabilities can be determined, either specifically for that purpose or in conjunction with another kind of message. In some embodiments, the device may be specially programmed to report to or check in with PRC  201 , occasionally or periodically, for a variety of reasons. For example, the device could periodically send a check-in message to PRC  201  to report the geographical location of the device, to verify that the device is operational, or for other reasons. In another example, the device may be programmed to notify PRC  201  if the device is moved out of a specified geographical area. Such messages may be described as being “pushed” from the device to PRC  201 , because they are instigated by the device, and are not response to inquiries from PRC  201 . Other occasions for sending check-in or other pushed messages may be envisioned. Information usable to determine the device capabilities may be sent in conjunction with a pushed message being sent for one of these reasons or another reason. A pushed message may be in any suitable format, for example a text-based format such as SMS, a data call, a telephone call, or another format. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 7A , in step  723 , PRC  201  may optionally translate the text-based message into a different language. 
     In step  724 , PRC  201 , in response to the determination that the particular user device cannot display text, derives data or signals rendering at least part of the content of the text-based message into an audio format. The conversion may be performed by any suitable means, for example by an automated text-to-speech conversion, by recording a human voice, by retrieving data or signals that resulted from previous conversion of a like or similar message, or by another method. 
     In step  726 , PRC  201  sends the data or signals to the communications device, where it can be audibly played to the client user. 
     In this way, clients of PRC  201  who may not have otherwise received important emergency alerts or other information can be notified by PRC  201 . 
     In some embodiments, PRC  201  may tailor notifications to other clients&#39; devices having other sets of capabilities. For example, another particular client of PRC  201  may use a device that can display text-based messages, but cannot receive messages by cell broadcast. PRC  201  may determine the capabilities of such a device by any of the techniques described above. In response to determining that a particular device can display text but cannot receive cell broadcast messages, PRC  201  can forward some or all of the content of a cell-broadcast text-based message to the user device in a traditional SMS message or other text-based format. Thus, the client can receive a notification that he or she might otherwise have missed because of an incompatibility between the client&#39;s device and the broadcast format of the original message. 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates additional embodiments. In  FIG. 7B , emergency alert gateway  108  issues a text-based emergency notification message targeted to persons in the area served by tower  103   e . In this example, the emergency alert is communicated to phone network controller  104 , and is broadcast from tower  103   e  using cell broadcast  751 . 
     PRC  201  learns of the emergency alert by one or more methods. For example, if PRC  201  is located within the cell served by tower  103   e , PRC  201  may receive the emergency alert message directly via cell broadcast  751 . Alternatively or in addition, emergency alert gateway  108  may provide the text-based emergency notification directly to PRC  201  by some other channel  752 , such as a landline telephone call, electronic mail, an SMS message or another means. 
     Devices  753 ,  754 , and  755  are associated with respective clients of PRC  201 , and are all within the area served by tower  103   e . Client device  753  has the capability to receive cell broadcast messages, and so receives the text-based emergency notification directly from tower  103   e . However, client devices  754  and  755  do not have the capability to receive cell broadcast messages, and therefore do not receive the emergency notification message despite being in the coverage area of tower  103   e.    
     Client device  753  recognizes that the message is an emergency alert notification, and forwards  756  the emergency alert message to PRC  201  for conversion to audio. (The forwarding  756  will involve network infrastructure such as tower  103   e , network controller  104 , and other infrastructure, depending on the location of PRC  201 . The communications between PRC  201  and client devices  753 ,  754 , and  755  are simplified in  FIG. 7B  for ease of explanation.) In some embodiments, communication  756  of the text-based message from client device  753  to PRC  201  may be the manner in which PRC  201  learns of the emergency alert. In response to the request from client device  753 , PRC  201  converts at least some of the content of the alert message into an audio format and sends it back to client device  753 , which can then play the audio message to its respective user. 
     Once PRC  201  learns of the emergency alert notification, by whatever means, it may wish to alert other clients who may not have received the message for various reasons. PRC  201  can recognize the capabilities of devices  754  and  755 , for example by accessing stored descriptions of these devices or by other means. In the example of  FIG. 7B , PRC  201  queries devices  754  and  755  to determine their capabilities. The queries  757  can be accomplished by any of the methods described above. Based on the responses of devices  754  and  755  to the queries, PRC  201  may determine that neither device  754  nor device  755  can receive cell broadcast messages, and thus would not have received the original emergency alert message. In addition, PRC  201  may determine that device  754  can display text and that device  755  cannot. 
     Accordingly, PRC  201  can forward a text-based version  758  of the emergency alert to device  754 , for example by a traditional SMS message, for display to the client user of device  754 . PRC  201  can also forward an audio version  759  of the emergency alert to device  755 , which can play the audio version for its respective client user. The audio version may be derived in any of the ways described above. 
     Thus, all three of devices  753 ,  754 , and  755  can present versions of the emergency alert message to their respective users, who may otherwise not have received the alerts because of various incompatibilities between the format of the initial message and the capabilities of the various devices. 
     Other embodiments may combine aspects of the embodiments thus far described, in any workable combination. For example, PRC  201  may interact both with customers&#39; communications devices that can receive CMAS alerts directly and those that cannot. For the devices that can receive CMAS alerts directly and contact PRC  201  for audio rendition, PRC  201  may perform the audio rendition and send data or signals back to each of the devices that requested rendition. At the same time, PRC  201  may receive notification of an emergency directly from emergency alert gateway  108 , and may forward an audio rendition of that alert to one or more communications devices of clients identifiable as likely being in the area targeted by the emergency alert, including devices from which requests for rendition were not received. 
     In other embodiments, PRC  201  may take advantage of its unique position to render other kinds of assistance to its clients. In the event that a CMAS alert is sent, PRC  201  may well receive calls from a large number of clients in the affected area, and may use information about the calls or received from the callers in a variety of ways. 
     For example, with regard to a particular client, PRC  201  may provide follow-up calls to the client&#39;s communications device or contact the client via a different method, such as the client&#39;s landline telephone. If PRC  201  is unable to reach the client, emergency services may be called, especially if the client has an unusual situation such as being especially susceptible to danger from a particular emergency. PRC  201  may also call other persons previously listed by the client as emergency contacts. During such calls, whether initiated by the client or PRC  201 , PRC  201  may obtain other useful information. For example, some callers may report that a wild fire is close enough to see, while other callers may report that no flames are visible. Coupling this information with geographical location information may enable PRC  201  to develop a very accurate map of the spread of a wild fire, especially of GPS information is available from some communications devices. In another example, callers may report traffic conditions on various evacuation routes, and PRC  201  may be able to suggest alternate routes to subsequent callers. Depending on the kinds of communications devices being used, some callers may be able to provide digital photographs or video of conditions at their locations. 
     In another example, upon receipt of the first request for audio conversion of a CMAS alert, personnel at PRC  201  may immediately research or retrieve information pertinent to the emergency, in anticipation of receiving calls from clients with specific concerns. For example, if a tornado warning is issued by CMAS alert, PRC  201  may immediately display tips for tornado survival to all customer service representatives at PRC  201 . In another example, personnel at PRC  201  may immediately gather information from other sources, such as news reports, weather reports, or other information, so that customer service representatives  202  may be as completely informed as possible as clients call for assistance. PRC  201  may aggregate information from various sources and publish updates on an accessible Internet site, and may direct callers there for additional information and updates. The aggregated information may come from official sources, unofficial sources, or both. For example, PRC  201  may post digital photographs or videos submitted by clients. 
     In another example, PRC  201  may send electronic notification messages to persons who have been previously identified as emergency contacts or members of the client&#39;s personal care network who are nearby. Messages include detailed information about the CMAS alert to ensure that members of the care network are well informed about the situation. This information may also allow the client&#39;s local care network, for example, to physically follow up with an elderly relative who is known to have a particular physical ailment. PRC  201  may also send electronic messages to members of the personal care network who are not located nearby the client. This information may also allow the client&#39;s remote care network to stay informed so that they may provide assistance remotely as needed. 
     In another example, PRC  201  may broadcast electronic notification messages to persons in proximity to clients, such as persons who are not emergency services personnel but who have previously agreed to receive such messages in hopes of being able to act as “good Samaritans” in times of need. Systems and methods for such notifications are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/981,822 filed Dec. 30, 2010 and titled “Extended Emergency Notification Systems and Methods”, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. 
     In some situations where PRC  201  attempts to contact a client, PRC  201  may recognize that during time of emergency, some communications avenues may be overtaxed and fail while some may not. PRC  201  may accordingly try multiple methods for reaching clients. For example, PRC  201  may attempt to reach a particular client by any one, any combination, or all of a cellular voice call, a cellular data call, a text-based message, a call to the client&#39;s landline telephone, and other communications channels. 
     In another example, PRC  201  may identify key witnesses to an event. These witnesses can be identified, for example, by the quality of content being submitted, through GPS verification, as a function of the witness&#39; proximity to the event, or by other methods. Quality of content can be identified through work of customer service representative  202  or through an automated method such as crowdsourcing or an artificial intelligence algorithm. The PRC  201  may prioritize certain witnesses&#39; updates and inputs as higher than others so that key witness information can be updated more often than others. 
     In another example, the device may have sensors (audio, barometer, magneto, pressure, accelerometer, proximity, physiological, vibration, tilt, etc.) that can be used to provide information to PRC  201 . For example, the device may be able to detect vital signs from its user and notify PRC  201  that the user is alive. PRC  201  can then use this information to notify family members of this fact as well of the user&#39;s location. 
     In yet another example, PRC  201  can use all of the real time information it has gathered in the previous sections and act as an early warning system, where early signs of an emergency can be used to feed into Emergency alert gateway  108 . Emergency alert gateway  108  can then in turn take this data to issue a formal CMAS alert to affected areas. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communications device  800 , suitable for use in embodiments. Communications device  800  may be a simplified communications device such as communications device  206 , may be a mobile telephone such as mobile telephone  105   c , or may be another kind of communications device. Communications device  800  includes a radio transceiver  801  for communicating with network  100 , and an input interface  802  for receiving inputs from the user of communications device  802 . Input interface  802  may include a single button or a multi-key keypad, and may include a microphone, an accelerometer, or other input devices. A display  803  may optionally be included for communicating information to the user. Display  803 , if included, may comprise any means of visually communicating information to the user. For example, display  803  may comprise a backlit or passive liquid crystal display (LCD) or another kind of display capable of showing graphical or alphanumeric information. Display  803  could comprise a simple set of indicator lights, for example made of light emitting diodes or another kind of light source. Many other kinds of displays are possible. The operation of communications device  800  is controlled by a microprocessor  804  executing instructions stored in a computer readable memory  805 . The instructions, when executed by microprocessor  804 , cause communications device  800  to perform steps in accordance with embodiments. Computer readable memory  805  may include volatile memory, non-volatile memory, reprogrammable memory, or a combination of these. Microprocessor  804  may be any suitable kind of processor, for example a complex instruction set microprocessor, a reduced instruction set microprocessor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, or any other circuitry or combination of components that performs similar functions. A power subsystem  806  routes power to the other components. Optionally, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver  807  may be included, enabling communications device  800  to accurately determine its location via GPS. In some embodiments, the power subsystem may include a battery and provision for recharging the battery. An audio system  808  may include such items as a microphone and a speaker, and may provide for audio communication with the user. Other audio functions may also be provided. The depiction of communications device  800  in  FIG. 8  is simplified, and other components may be present. 
     Many of the functions of PRC  201  may be performed by or with the assistance of computer system  207 .  FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified block diagram of an example embodiment of the internal structure of computer system  207 . The computer system  207  is shown comprising hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via a bus  990 . The hardware elements may include one or more central processing units  910 , one or more input devices  920  (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, or other input device of combination of devices), and one or more output devices  940  (e.g., a display, printer, or other device or combination of devices). The computer system  207  may also include one or more storage device(s)  940 . By way of example, storage device(s)  940  may be disk drives, optical storage devices, solid-state storage device such as a random access memory (“RAM”) and/or a read-only memory (“ROM”), which can be programmable, flash-updateable and/or the like. 
     The computer system  207  may additionally include a computer-readable storage media reader  950 , a communications system  960  (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infra-red communication device, Bluetooth™ device, cellular communication device, etc.), and working memory  980 , which may include RAM and ROM devices as described above. In some embodiments, the computer system  207  may also include a processing acceleration unit  970 , which can include a digital signal processor, a special-purpose processor and/or the like. 
     The computer-readable storage media reader  950  can further be connected to a computer-readable storage medium, together (and, optionally, in combination with storage device(s)  940 ) comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information. The communications system  960  may permit data to be exchanged with a network, system, computer and/or other component described above. 
     The computer system  207  may also comprise software elements, shown as being currently located within a working memory  980 , including an operating system  984  and/or other code  988 . It should be appreciated that alternate embodiments of a computer system  207  may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Furthermore, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output and data acquisition devices may also occur. 
     Software of computer system  207  may include code  988  for implementing any or all of the function of the various elements of the architecture as described herein. For example, software, stored on and/or executed by a computer system such as system  207 , can provide some of the functions of private response center  201  such as those discussed above. Methods implementable by software on some of these components have been discussed above in more detail. 
     While the principles of the disclosure have been described above in connection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the disclosure.