Patent Publication Number: US-8126410-B2

Title: Miniature sub-resonant multi-band VHF-UHF antenna

Description:
REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/942,544, filed Jun. 7, 2007, entitled “Antenna system for UHF frequency band,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to antenna circuits and systems and more particularly relates to a miniature sub-resonant multi-band antenna system for the VHF-UHF frequency hand. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As the use of computers and especially handheld or mobile electronic devices continues to increase at a rapid rate, the demand for peripherals and systems connected via wireless connections continues to increase. The number of wireless applications is currently increasing at a very high rate in areas such as security alarms, networking, personal computing, data communications, telephony and computer security. 
     Wireless communications currently may take many forms such as ultrasonic, IR and RF. In the case of RF communications, wireless transmitters, receivers and transceivers use one or more antenna elements to convert an electrical RF signal to and from an electro-magnetic wave. During transmission, the antenna serves as a radiator, generating the electromagnetic wave. During reception, the antenna serves as an absorber, receiving the electromagnetic wave. 
     An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit and/or receive radio waves which are a class of electromagnetic waves. Antennas function to convert RF electrical currents into electromagnetic waves and to convert electromagnetic waves into RF currents. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), radar, and space exploration. 
     An antenna typically comprises an arrangement of electrical conductors that generate a radiating electromagnetic field in response to an applied alternating voltage and the associated alternating electric current. When placed in an electromagnetic field, the field induces an alternating current in the antenna and a voltage is generated between its terminals. 
     An antenna is an electrical element having defined resonance frequencies and bandwidth. The resonant frequency of an antenna is related to the electrical length of the antenna (i.e. the physical length of the wire divided by its velocity factor). Typically, an antenna is tuned for a specific frequency and is effective for a range of frequencies usually centered around the resonant frequency. Other properties of the antenna (especially radiation pattern and impedance), however, change with frequency. 
     Communication and computing device manufacturers face an ongoing challenge to miniaturize electronic components. This challenge also applies to antenna design where the antenna&#39;s physical dimensions are strongly linked to the component&#39;s performance. As the physical size of communication devices shrink, manufacturers are compelled to shrink the size of the antenna systems as well. 
     One such area where component miniaturization is crucial is digital video broadcasting. Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) is the standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television. This system transmits a compressed digital audio/video stream, using OFDM modulation with concatenated channel coding (i.e. COFDM). DVB-T is being adopted primarily for digital television broadcasting. Using OFDM, the wide-band digital signal is split into a large number of slower digital streams which are all transmitted on a set of closely spaced adjacent carrier frequencies. 
     Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H) is a mobile TV format specification for bringing broadcast services to mobile handsets. DVB-H technology is a superset of the DVB-T system for digital terrestrial television, with additional features to meet the specific requirements of handheld, battery-powered receivers. 
     MediaFLO (forward link only) is a technology introduced by Qualcomm to broadcast data to portable devices such as cell phones and PDAs. Broadcast data can include multiple real-time audio and video streams, individual, non-real time video and audio “clips”, as well as IP Datacast application data such as stock market quotes, sports scores, and weather reports. The data transmission path in MediaFLO is one-way, from the tower to the device. The MediaFLO system transmits data on a frequency separate from the frequencies used by current cellular networks. In the United States, the MediaFLO system will use frequency spectrum 716-722 MHz, which was previously allocated to UHF TV Channel 55. 
     Additional digital video standards include, for example, the Korean T-DMB standard and the European DVB-H standard. 
     Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) is a frequency band used primarily for television broadcasts between approximately 474 MHz and 862 MHz. Very-High Frequency (VHF) is a lower band between approximately 200 and 300 MHz. Up until recently, most UHF television transmissions were analog (i.e. the ubiquitous high gain Yagi roof antennas or “rabbit ears” antennas) until satellite (also rabbit ears). Both transmission and reception were stationary, allowing a user to point the antenna towards the nearest transmitter and obtain a relatively good link. Analog transmissions, however, will soon be obsolete in February 2009 in the United States. The old analog transmissions are being replaced with digital broadcasting due to spectrum crowding caused by the fact that analog transmissions are not efficient in frequency. 
     Typically, an antenna is designed for a certain band of frequencies. The antenna is related to the wavelength of radiation the antenna is supposed to receive. A fairly efficient antenna can be constructed with λ/2. A monopole type of antenna at λ/4 is less efficient but operative. The λ/4 antennas are the most prevalent type used in handheld devices such as mobile communication devices, e.g., cell phones. Full λ antennas are not practical since they are too long at the frequencies of interest. For example, the length of a 30 MHz one λ antenna is 10 meters. 
     It would therefore be desirable to have an antenna system that is capable of covering the desired frequency band while having minimal physical dimensions. The miniaturized antenna preferably covers multiple frequency bands without requiring an increase in physical size. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a novel antenna system for receiving transmissions in the VHF and UHF frequency bands that overcomes the disadvantages and drawbacks of prior art antenna systems. The antenna system of the present invention is particularly suitable to provide a miniaturized antenna for UHF reception in mobile devices. The miniature antenna system of the present invention enables the implementation of low cost, small form factor mobile devices such as those designed to receive digital video broadcasting transmissions. 
     To achieve the desired band coverage and small size, the antenna system of the present invention utilizes a combination of the following three techniques: (1) the use of dialect loading using a high dielectric constant ceramic substrate; (2) a sub-resonant designed antenna, i.e. an antenna dielectrically loaded and tuned to a significantly higher frequency than desired (or to a frequency at the upper end of the desired frequency band); and (3) use of a tuning circuit that is programmable to permit coverage of the entire desired frequency band (e.g., VHF or UHF band) wherein the tuning circuit compensates for the frequency offset of the antenna thereby shifting the resonant frequency to cover the entire UHF band. 
     Thus, the antenna element is designed to radiate at a higher frequency than desired. The antenna is intentionally designed to be too small to radiate at the frequency of interest. The antenna element is ‘forced’ to be tuned to the desired lower frequency using passive (or active) reactive components as part of a tuning circuit. A disadvantage is that the antenna efficiency is reduced. Thus, there is a tradeoff between antenna size and efficiency. 
     The antenna system also provides optional multi-band operation. In multi-band operation, the antenna can be tuned to at least two different frequency bands utilizing a bypass switch to switch between bands. Since the antenna element is already tuned to a higher resonant frequency that desired, a switch is operative to connect the antenna element either to (1) a first receiver without the tuning circuit (i.e. high frequency tuning) or (2) a second receiver with the tuning circuit (i.e. low frequency tuning). 
     One application of the antenna system of the invention is in mobile and handheld devices such as PDAs, cell phones, etc. The antenna tuning circuits of the present invention can be used in reception/transmission of the cellular signal, FM receiver circuits, television signal receiver circuits, GPS receiver circuits or any other receive mode application (i.e. transceiver or receive only). 
     The use of the antenna system of the present invention provides numerous advantages, including the following: (1) the ability to cover the entire desired frequency band (e.g., VHF, UHF, L-band, etc.); (2) miniature size physical dimensions allowing the antenna system to fit into small form factor wireless mobile devices; and (3) the ability to tune to multiple frequency bands utilizing a bypass switch and appropriate antenna element and tuning circuit design. 
     Note that some aspects of the invention described herein may be constructed as soft core realized HDL circuits embodied in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other integrated circuit (IC), or as functionally equivalent discrete hardware components. 
     There is thus provided in accordance with the invention, an antenna providing a tunable range in a desired frequency band, the antenna comprising an antenna element comprising a radiating structure disposed on a substrate made of a dielectric ceramic material that provides dielectric loading of the radiating structure, wherein the resonant frequency of the antenna element is higher than the desired band of frequencies and a variable reactance tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element, the tuning circuit operative to lower the resonant frequency of the antenna element to a frequency within the desired frequency band. 
     There is also provided in accordance with the invention, a method of designing an antenna tunable over a desired frequency band, the method comprising the steps of providing an antenna element comprising a radiating structure disposed on a substrate made of a dielectric material operative to provide dielectric loading of the radiating structure, tuning the antenna element to achieve a resonant frequency substantially higher than desired and compensating for the mistuned antenna element by providing a variable reactance tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element to tune the antenna element to a frequency within the desired frequency band. 
     There is further provided in accordance with the invention, a multi-band antenna comprising an antenna element comprising a radiating structure disposed on a substrate made of a dielectric material that provides dielectric loading of the radiating structure, wherein the antenna element is operative to resonate at a first frequency in a high frequency band, a variable reactance tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element, the tuning circuit operative to lower the resonant frequency of the antenna element to a second frequency in a low frequency band and a switch electrically coupled to the antenna element and the tuning circuit, the switch operative to bypass the tuning circuit thereby permitting the antenna element to resonate at the first frequency in the high frequency band. 
     There is also provided in accordance with the invention, a method of designing a multi-band antenna, the method comprising the steps of providing an antenna element comprising a radiating structure disposed on a substrate made of a dielectric material operative to provide dielectric loading of the radiating structure, providing a tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element and operative to tune the antenna element to achieve a resonant frequency in a high frequency band, compensating for the mistuned antenna element by providing a variable reactance tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element to lower the resonate frequency of the antenna element to a frequency in a low frequency band and providing a switch electrically connected to the antenna element and the tuning circuit, the switch operative to bypass the tuning circuit thereby allowing the antenna element to resonate at the resonant frequency in the high frequency band. 
     There is further provided in accordance with the invention, an antenna providing a tunable range in a desired frequency band, the antenna comprising an antenna element comprising a radiating structure disposed on a substrate made of a dielectric material that provides dielectric loading of the radiating structure, wherein the resonant frequency of the antenna element is at the upper end of the desired band of frequencies and a variable reactance tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element, the tuning circuit operative to lower the resonant frequency of the antenna element to a frequency lower than the resonant frequency. 
     There is also provided in accordance with the invention, a mobile communications device comprising a transceiver operative to receive and transmit transmissions to and from a base station, a second radio operative to receive a signal in a desired frequency band from an antenna system electrically coupled thereto, the antenna system comprising an antenna element comprising a radiating structure disposed on a substrate made of a dielectric material that provides dielectric loading of the radiating structure, wherein the resonant frequency of the antenna element is substantially higher than the desired band of frequencies, a variable reactance tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element, the tuning circuit operative to lower the resonant frequency of the antenna element to a frequency within the desired frequency band and a processor operative to receive data from the second radio and to send and receive data to and from the transceiver. 
     There is further provided in accordance with the invention, an antenna system comprising a dielectrically loaded antenna element tuned to a first frequency significantly higher than desired and a tuning circuit electrically coupled to the antenna element and operative to compensate for a frequency offset of the antenna element thereby shifting the resonant frequency of the antenna element to cover a desired lower frequency band. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating the footprint and mechanical dimensions of an example antenna element; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the peak gain versus frequency for the example antenna element; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the 3D radiation pattern of the example antenna element; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the measured radiation pattern for the example antenna element in the YZ plane at 500 MHz; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the measured radiation pattern for the example antenna element in the YZ plane at 600 MHz; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating the measured radiation pattern for the example antenna element in the YZ plane at 700 MHz; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating the measured radiation pattern for the example antenna element in the YZ plane at 800 MHz; 
         FIG. 8  is a graph illustrating the simulated impedance of a 3 cm monopole antenna set on a ceramic substrate; 
         FIG. 9  is a graph illustrating the S11 response of the 3 cm monopole antenna tuned to 850 MHz using a single series inductor; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating a first example embodiment of an antenna tuning circuit having series connected tuning elements; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram illustrating a second example embodiment of an antenna tuning circuit having a combination of series connected and parallel connected tuning elements; 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram illustrating a first example multi-band antenna system incorporating a bypass switch; 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram illustrating a second example multi-band antenna system incorporating a bypass switch; 
         FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating a third example multi-band antenna system incorporating a bypass switch; 
         FIG. 15  is a chart illustrating dielectric constants and dielectric losses for several examples of dielectric ceramic material; 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram illustrating a first example embodiment of a UHF antenna formed with a ceramic dielectric formulation; 
         FIG. 17  is a block diagram illustrating a second example embodiment of a UHF antenna formed with a ceramic dielectric formulation; and 
         FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating a mobile station incorporating the multi-band antenna system of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Notation Used Throughout 
     The following notation is used throughout this document. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Term 
                 Definition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 AC 
                 Alternating Current 
               
               
                   
                 ASIC 
                 Application Specific Integrated Circuit 
               
               
                   
                 AVI 
                 Audio Video Interleave 
               
               
                   
                 BMP 
                 Windows Bitmap 
               
               
                   
                 BWA 
                 Broadband Wireless Access 
               
               
                   
                 COFDM 
                 Coded OFDM 
               
               
                   
                 CPU 
                 Central Processing Unit 
               
               
                   
                 DC 
                 Direct Current 
               
               
                   
                 DE 
                 Dielectric Losses 
               
               
                   
                 DSL 
                 Digital Subscriber Line 
               
               
                   
                 DVB-H 
                 Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld 
               
               
                   
                 DVB-T 
                 Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial 
               
               
                   
                 EDGE 
                 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution 
               
               
                   
                 FM 
                 Frequency Modulation 
               
               
                   
                 FPGA 
                 Field Programmable Gate Array 
               
               
                   
                 GPRS 
                 General Packet Radio Service 
               
               
                   
                 GPS 
                 Global Positioning System 
               
               
                   
                 GSM 
                 Global System for Mobile communications 
               
               
                   
                 IC 
                 Integrated Circuit 
               
               
                   
                 IEEE 
                 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
               
               
                   
                 IR 
                 Infrared 
               
               
                   
                 JPG 
                 Joint Photographic Experts Group 
               
               
                   
                 LAN 
                 Local Area Network 
               
               
                   
                 MBOA 
                 Multiband OFDM Alliance 
               
               
                   
                 MBRAI 
                 Mobile and Portable DVB-T/H Radio Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Interface 
               
               
                   
                 MP3 
                 MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 
               
               
                   
                 MPG 
                 Moving Picture Experts Group 
               
               
                   
                 OFDM 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                   
                 OFDM 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                   
                 PC 
                 Personal Computer 
               
               
                   
                 PCB 
                 Printed Circuit Board 
               
               
                   
                 PCI 
                 Peripheral Component Interconnect 
               
               
                   
                 PDA 
                 Portable Digital Assistant 
               
               
                   
                 RAM 
                 Random Access Memory 
               
               
                   
                 RAT 
                 Radio Access Technology 
               
               
                   
                 RF 
                 Radio Frequency 
               
               
                   
                 ROM 
                 Read Only Memory 
               
               
                   
                 SIM 
                 Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                   
                 SoC 
                 System on Chip 
               
               
                   
                 TV 
                 Television 
               
               
                   
                 UHF 
                 Ultra-High Frequency 
               
               
                   
                 USB 
                 Universal Serial Bus 
               
               
                   
                 UWB 
                 Ultra Wideband 
               
               
                   
                 VHF 
                 Very-High Frequency 
               
               
                   
                 WiFi 
                 Wireless Fidelity 
               
               
                   
                 WiMAX 
                 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 
               
               
                   
                 WiMedia 
                 Radio platform for UWB 
               
               
                   
                 WLAN 
                 Wireless Local Area Network 
               
               
                   
                 WMA 
                 Windows Media Audio 
               
               
                   
                 WMV 
                 Windows Media Video 
               
               
                   
                 WPAN 
                 Wireless Personal Area Network 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a novel antenna system for receiving transmissions in the VHF and UHF frequency bands that overcomes the disadvantages and drawbacks of prior art antenna systems. The antenna system of the present invention is particularly suitable to provide a miniaturized antenna for UHF reception in mobile devices. The miniature antenna system of the present invention enables the implementation of low cost, small form factor mobile devices such as those designed to receive digital video broadcasting transmissions. 
     To achieve the desired band coverage and small size, the antenna system of the present invention utilizes a combination of the following three techniques: (1) the use of dielectric loading using a high dielectric constant ceramic substrate; (2) a sub-resonant designed antenna, i.e. an antenna dielectrically loaded and tuned to a significantly higher frequency than desired; and (3) use of a tuning circuit that is programmable to permit coverage of the entire desired frequency band (e.g., VHF or UHF band) wherein the tuning circuit compensates for the frequency offset of the antenna thereby shifting the resonant frequency to cover the entire UHF band. 
     Thus, the antenna element is designed to radiate at a higher frequency than desired. The antenna is intentionally designed to be too small to radiate at the frequency of interest. The antenna element is ‘forced’ to be tuned to the desired lower frequency using passive (or active) reactive components as part of a tuning circuit. A disadvantage is that the antenna efficiency is reduced. Thus, there is a tradeoff between antenna size and efficiency. 
     The antenna system also provides optional multi-band operation. In multi-band operation, the antenna can be tuned to at least two different frequency bands utilizing a bypass switch to switch between bands. Since the antenna element is already tuned to a higher resonant frequency that desired, a switch is operative to connect the antenna element either to (1) a first receiver without the tuning circuit (i.e. high frequency tuning) or (2) a second receiver with the tuning circuit (i.e. low frequency tuning). 
     One application of the antenna system of the invention is in mobile and handheld devices such as PDAs, cell phones, etc. The antenna tuning circuits of the present invention can be used in reception/transmission of the cellular signal, FM receiver circuits, television signal receiver circuits, GPS receiver circuits or any other receive mode application (i.e. transceiver or receive only). 
     Although the multi-band antenna system of the present invention can be incorporated in numerous types of wireless communication devices such a multimedia player, cellular phone, PDA, DSL modem, WPAN device, etc., the example application presented is in the context of a mobile communication device. It is not intended, however, that the invention will be limited to the example applications and embodiments presented. It is appreciated that one skilled in the art can apply the principles of the present invention to many other types of communication systems well-known in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, the principles of the invention can be applied to other wireless or wired standards and is applicable wherever there is a need to provide a miniaturized antenna in the VHF or UHF frequency bands. 
     Note that throughout this document, the term communications device is defined as any apparatus or mechanism adapted to transmit, receive or transmit and receive data through a medium. The term communications transceiver or communications device is defined as any apparatus or mechanism adapted to transmit and receive data through a medium. The communications device or communications transceiver may be adapted to communicate over any suitable medium, including wireless or wired media. Examples of wireless media include RF, infrared, optical, microwave, UWB, Bluetooth, WiMAX, WiMedia, WiFi, or any other broadband medium, etc. Examples of wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, optical fiber, any wired interface (e.g., USB, Firewire, Ethernet, etc.). The term Ethernet network is defined as a network compatible with any of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standards, including but not limited to 10Base-T, 100Base-T or 1000Base-T over shielded or unshielded twisted pair wiring. The terms communications channel, link and cable are used interchangeably. 
     The term multimedia player or device is defined as any apparatus having a display screen and user input means that is capable of playing audio (e.g., MP3, WMA, etc.), video (AVI, MPG, WMV, etc.) and/or pictures (JPG, BMP, etc.). The user input means is typically formed of one or more manually operated switches, buttons, wheels or other user input means. Examples of multimedia devices include pocket sized personal digital assistants (PDAs), personal media player/recorders, cellular telephones, handheld devices, and the like. 
     The term antenna element is intended to refer to the actual radiating element that is capable of receiving electromagnetic radiation and generating an electrical signal therefrom. It does not necessarily also include a tuning circuit which is typically separate from the antenna element. In one embodiment, the antenna element comprises a chip antenna. 
     It is noted that the majority of conventional antennas include distributed elements as part of their design, such as stubs and traces that function to tune the antenna. These types of tuning elements are considered distributed elements while the elements of the tuning circuit of the present invention are considered lumped elements. For example, the elements making up the tuning circuit of the present invention may comprise discrete components (i.e. inductors, capacitors) constructed on a PCB assembly. 
     Antenna System 
     The present invention is a miniature multi-band antenna system suitable for receiving/transmitting electromagnetic radiation in the VHF and UHF frequency bands. The antenna system comprises both single band and multi-band embodiments. The single band embodiment is applicable, for example, to the VHF and UHF frequency bands. The multi-band embodiment is applicable, for example, to the VHF, UHF and L frequency bands. The antenna system achieves relatively small size by a combination of techniques including dielectric loading, sub-resonance antenna design and a tuning circuit. 
     The UHF frequency band lies between the microwave frequencies above and VHF frequencies below. Due to this unique position, the typical UHF-band wavelength is short enough to allow dielectric loading while at the same time, the frequency is low enough to allow effective compensation using reactive elements below their self resonance frequencies. The antenna system takes advantage of this to provide a miniaturized antenna suitable for use in the VHF/UHF frequency bands. Thus, the novel antenna solution presented herein utilizes both dielectric loading and reactive compensation to achieve a miniature antenna system for receiving/transmitting electromagnetic radiation in the UHF (470-860 MHz) and VHF (200-300 MHz) bands. Applications of the antenna system include, for example, mobile phones, portable multimedia devices, notebooks and accessory cards. 
     The antenna system comprises two basic components. The first component is an antenna element miniaturized by the use of dielectric loading. The antenna element is tuned to a frequency substantially higher than desired (i.e. sub-resonant), thereby permitting a significant decrease in its size even further. The second component is an active wideband digital tuning circuit designed to compensate for the intentionally mistuned antenna element. The tuning circuit also permits coverage of a relatively wide desired frequency range. Note that in one embodiment, the antenna is designed to resonate at a frequency at the upper end of the desirable frequency band and not necessarily at a frequency higher than the desirable frequency band. The antenna is then tuned to the lower desired frequency via the tuning circuit. 
     A diagram illustrating the footprint and mechanical dimensions of an example antenna element is shown in  FIG. 1 . The antenna element, generally referenced  10 , comprises one or more planar conductive layers disposed on a ceramic substrate. In an example embodiment, the antenna element comprises a multi-layer ceramic chip antenna such as commercially available model RFW8021 Chip Antenna for Mobile Devices, manufactured by Vishay Intertechnology, Inc., Migdal Ha&#39;emek, Israel. This chip antenna is a small form factor, high performance, chip antenna designed for TV reception in mobile devices in the UHF band. It allows mobile TV device manufacturers to design high quality products without the penalty of a large external antenna. The antenna utilizes a ceramic dielectric, described in more detail infra, which enables compliance with the Mobile and Portable DVB-T/H Radio Access Interface (MBRAI) specification while maintaining a small outline. Note that it is not intended that the invention be limited to the example chip antenna presented herein as numerous other antenna elements may be used with the invention. 
     Antenna Miniaturization Using Dielectric Loading 
     Dielectric loading is a technique for reducing the size of an antenna. This technique is operative to shorten the wavelength by decreasing the speed of light in accordance with the following equation. 
                   λ   =     1     f   ⁢     ɛμ                 (   1   )               
where
 
     λ represents wavelength; 
     f represents frequency; 
     ∈ represents permittivity; 
     μ represents permeability; 
     Note that not all of the theoretical shortening can be obtained because the dielectric element is significantly smaller that the wavelength in air. Nevertheless, the effects of dielectric loading are used to advantage in the antenna system. Note further that additional miniaturization can be achieved be increasing the value of the permeability of the substrate. 
     Normally the antenna wavelength is dictated by the receiver requirements. The frequency cannot be controlled because it is a requirement of the antenna. Given an antenna design and a frequency and wavelength, the wavelength can be reduced using high dielectric material. A smaller antenna that still operative at a given frequency is obtained by increasing the dielectric constant of the antenna. Note that there are other parameters that affect the wavelength, such as the magnetic permeability. Using a substrate with a higher permeability achieves the same effect as using a high dielectric material. 
     Sub-Resonant Antenna Design 
     From Equation 1 above it can be seen that antenna miniaturization can also be achieved by tuning the antenna to a higher frequency. Antennas that operate below their natural resonance frequency (i.e. antennas in sub-resonance), however, suffer from low efficiency mainly due to impedance mismatches between the antenna and any connected transmitter/receiver. 
     The invention turns this impedance mismatch into an advantage by utilizing the following two design principles: 
     1. The real part of the antenna&#39;s impedance reaches its largest value at resonance. By carefully manipulating the antenna parameters, the antenna can be adapted to resonate at a higher frequency than desired while returning exhibiting real impedance of 50 Ohm within the desired frequency band. Due to the fact that the resonance itself takes place at a higher frequency, the slope of the real part of the impedance changes relatively slowly inside the desired band. This is shown in  FIG. 8  wherein trace  32  is the real part of the impedance and changes slowly within the UHF frequency band denoted by the two vertical arrows. 
     2. The imaginary part of the impedance can be negated using a tuning circuit. Using a tuning circuit allows the antenna to be tuned to the desired frequency while being miniaturized (1) utilizing dielectric loading and (2) intentionally tuning the antenna element to a higher frequency. 
     Tuning Circuit 
     An antenna tuning circuit functions as an impedance matching network that matches the antenna&#39;s impedance for maximum power transfer to and from the source. Utilizing a tuning circuit, the frequency is shifted thereby covering the entire desired frequency band. The imaginary part of the impedance can be either positive (i.e. capacitive) or negative (i.e. inductive) inside the desired frequency band. The imaginary impedance can be negated by adding one or more passive reactive components. Once the imaginary part is negated, only the real part remains which is adapted to be 50 Ohm. Thus, the antenna is tuned to 50 Ohm at the desired frequency. Several example antenna tuning circuits suitable for use with the present invention are presented infra. 
     It is important to note that the antenna can be tuned to any desired impedance using shunt reactive elements to manipulate both the real and imaginary impedance. It is appreciated that the principles of the present invention can be applied to numerous antenna systems wherein the tuning circuit is constructed as a combination of series and/or parallel reactance elements arranged so as to achieve any desired impedance at the desired frequency band. 
     The antenna is thus tuned at a given point thereby creating a relatively narrow band antenna. Because the real part of the impedance changes slowly inside the target frequency band, however, the antenna can be tuned to different points by switching between several passive reactive components. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the three techniques of (1) utilizing dielectric loading, (2) designing the antenna to resonate at a frequency significantly higher than required, and (3) utilizing an active tuning circuit, a system for transmitting and/or receiving electro magnetic radiation having a miniature form factor can be constructed. Although the techniques of the present invention can be applied to numerous frequencies, it is particularly applicable for use with the VHF (200-300 MHz) band and the adjacent UHF (470-860 MHz) band. 
     Performance of Example Antenna 
     The performance of the example chip described supra will now be presented. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are influenced by several factors including ground plane dimensions and the impedance matching network used. The antenna parameters presented hereafter were measured utilizing a four channel active digital tuning circuit. The dimensions of the ground plane used are approximately 40 by 80 mm. 
     A diagram illustrating the peak gain over frequency throughout the UHF band for the example antenna element is shown in  FIG. 2 . For comparison purposes, the peak gain is shown along with the MBRAI specification requirements. The solid trace  20  represents the measured peak gain while the dashed trace  22  represents the MBRAI specification. 
     A diagram illustrating the 3D radiation pattern of the example antenna element is shown in  FIG. 3 . A diagram illustrating the measured radiation pattern for the example antenna element in the YZ plane as defined in  FIG. 3  at 500, 600, 700 and 800 MHz is shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  5 ,  6  and  7 , respectively. Note that zero degrees is defined at the Z axis, stepping counter clockwise. 
     EXAMPLE ANTENNA SYSTEM 
     In this illustrative example, a miniature system for receiving TV broadcasting in the UHF frequency range 470-860 MHz is described. In accordance with the invention, the antenna utilizes dielectric loading that is achieved by using a ceramic substrate with a dielectric constant significantly higher than 100. Combined with the dielectric constant of the FR4 printed circuit board (PCB) on which the antenna is fabricated yields an effective measured dielectric constant of 10. 
     A quarter wavelength monopole radiating element measuring 3 cm was fabricated on the ceramic substrate. The antenna element resonates at a frequency close to 1 GHz. In this configuration, the natural resonance of the radiating element is significantly higher than the upper limit of the desired frequency band (i.e. the UFH band). 
     It is important to note that normally a quarter wavelength monopole antenna designed to resonate at 600 MHz in free space would be 13 cm long. Thus, dielectric loading combined with intentionally designing the antenna to a higher frequency results in an antenna whose size is approximately four times smaller than would otherwise be possible. 
     A graph illustrating the simulated impedance of a 3 cm monopole antenna set on a ceramic substrate is shown in  FIG. 8 . Dashed line  34  represents a constant 50 Ohm, trace  32  presents the real part of the impedance, while trace  30  represents the imaginary part of the impedance. The real part of the impedance (trace  32 ) changes relatively slowly within the band of interest (e.g., UHF as delineated by the vertical arrows) from around 30 Ohm at the upper end (i.e. 860 MHz) to 10 Ohm at the lower end (i.e. 470 MHz). The imaginary part of the impedance (trace  30 ) remains positive throughout the band and varies between 100 Ohm at the upper end and 10 Ohm at the lower end. 
     The antenna is tuned to a particular frequency within the UHF band using passive (or active) reactive components as described in more detail infra. As an example, a single inductor placed in series with the antenna element can tune the antenna to any frequency within the UHF band. The resulting antenna, however, is relatively narrow band. A graph illustrating the simulated S11 response of the 3 cm monopole antenna tuned to 850 MHz using a single series inductor is shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     Antenna Tuning Circuit 
     A tuning circuit for an antenna is in essence an ideally lossless reactive network, based on reactive inductors, capacitors and variable capacitors (i.e. varicaps). The tuning circuit functions as an impedance matching network that matches the antenna&#39;s impedance for maximum power transfer to and from the source. 
     Utilizing a tuning circuit, the frequency is shifted thereby covering the entire desired frequency band. Note that such a tuning circuit can be implemented in numerous ways wherein the particular tuning circuit used in the antenna system is not critical to operation of the invention. One example of a tuning circuit suitable for use with the present invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,843, to Cooper, entitled “Antenna with P.I.N. diode switched tuning inductors,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additional example tuning circuits suitable for use with the invention are described is U.S. application Ser. No. 11/759,594, entitled “Digitally controlled antenna tuning circuit for radio frequency receivers,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Several tuning circuits described therein are presented below. 
     First Example Antenna Tuning Circuit 
     A schematic diagram illustrating a first example of an antenna tuning circuit suitable for use with the antenna system of the present invention having series connected tuning elements is shown in  FIG. 10 . The circuit, generally referenced  130 , comprises a tuning circuit  131  coupled to antenna element  132  and a tuning control circuit  133 . The antenna element  132  may comprise a chip antenna such as that described in detail supra. The tuning circuit comprises two series connected tuning stages comprising tuning elements made up of inductors L 0  ( 134 ), L 1  ( 136 ), DC blocking capacitors C  138 ,  144 ,  159 , RF chokes L  146 ,  148 ,  150 , resistors R  152 ,  154  and switching devices comprising PIN diodes D 0  ( 140 ), D 1  ( 142 ). 
     In accordance with the invention, it is assumed that the signals flowing through the main receive signal path are sufficiently weak enough to allow the use of a single PIN diode to short circuit a single tuning stage. In the example circuit  130 , the main receive signal path comprises two tuning elements connected in series (L 0  and L 1 ). 
     A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor regions. PIN diodes act as near perfect resistors at RF and microwave frequencies. The resistance is dependent on the DC current applied to the diode. The benefit of a PIN diode is that the depletion region exists almost completely within the intrinsic region, which is almost a constant width regardless of the reverse bias applied to the diode. This intrinsic region can be made large, increasing the area where electron-hole pairs can be generated. 
     By changing the bias current through a PIN diode, it is possible to quickly change its RF resistance. At high frequencies, the PIN diode appears as a resistor whose resistance is an inverse function of its forward DC bias current. Thus, in operation, a PIN diode is an RF element that can be in one of two operating modes. The first mode of operation is when the diode is not DC biased forward (i.e. zero or reverse bias) where it presents very high capacitive AC impedance (i.e. low capacitance). The low capacitance will not pass much of an RF signal. In the second mode of operation, the diode is DC biased forward where it presents very low resistive AC impedance. 
     Two switching elements comprising PIN diodes D 0  and D 1  are connected in parallel to inductors L 0  and L 1 , respectively. Each of the PIN diodes has two switching states (i.e. operating modes), namely either forward biased or not forward biased. By switching the diodes between their two operating modes, inductors L 0  and L 1  are individually short circuited. The digital control lines Control 0   158  and Control 1   156  provide four possible combinations of tuning circuits. 
     For example, when the digital control signal Control 0  is high, the diode D 0  is in forward bias. A PIN diode in forward bias can be considered a resistor with very low resistance value for RF signals. Given this diode is parallel to the inductor L 0 , L 0  can be effectively replaced by a short circuit. Therefore, when the Control 0  signal voltage applied to diode D 0  is high, L 0  is electrically short circuited. Note that the impedance of the DC blocking capacitor is negligible at the operating RF frequencies of the circuit. The tuning control circuit  133  provides the appropriate DC bias voltages on the control signals Control 0  and Control 1  to yield the desired impedance Z IN  of the antenna tuning circuit  131 . 
     It is important to note that the capacitors labeled ‘C’ ( 138 ,  144 ) are used as AC coupling devices to avoid connecting the PIN diode directly parallel to the inductor. Typical values of capacitance C should be chosen high enough such that the capacitors can be considered very low impedances at the operating radio frequency of the system. 
     Similarly, the inductors labeled ‘L’ are used as DC couplings (AC blocking) to prevent RF leakage from the main receive signal path to the digital control signals. Typical values of inductance L should be chosen high enough such that the inductors can be considered very high impedances at the operating radio frequency of the system. 
     Further, the resistors labeled ‘R’ as used as current limiters to set the DC bias voltage of the PIN diodes at a suitable value. The value of resistance R should be selected in accordance with (1) the desired operating point and (2) the voltage provided by the digital control signal. 
     An illustrative example provided as a guideline in selecting the values of the AC coupling capacitors C, AC blocking inductors L and current limiting resistors R is provided infra. 
     Second Example Antenna Tuning Circuit 
     A schematic diagram illustrating a second example of an antenna tuning circuit suitable for use with the antenna system of the present invention having a combination of series connected and parallel connected tuning elements is shown in  FIG. 11 . The circuit, generally referenced  160 , comprises a tuning circuit  161  coupled to antenna element  162  and a tuning control circuit  163 . The antenna element may comprise a chip antenna such as that described in detail supra. The tuning circuit comprises four tuning stages arranged in a series-parallel combination which includes two series connected tuning stages comprising tuning elements made up of inductor L 0  ( 164 ), capacitor C 1  ( 166 ) and two parallel connected tuning stages comprising tuning elements made up of inductor L 2  ( 172 ), capacitor C 3  ( 170 ), DC blocking capacitors C  180 ,  168 ,  178 , RF chokes L  182 ,  188 ,  192 ,  196 ,  200 , resistors R  184 ,  194 ,  198 ,  202  and switching devices comprising PIN diodes D 0  ( 186 ), D 1  ( 190 ), D 2  ( 176 ), D 3  ( 174 ). 
     In this example circuit  161 , four tuning stages are connected in a series-parallel combination to form the main receive signal path. Two tuning stages comprising tuning elements inductor L 0  and capacitor C 1  are connected in a series configuration. Corresponding PIN diodes D 0  and D 1  connected in series to the tuning elements L 0 , C 1  act as switches to switch each respective tuning element either into or out of the main receive signal path in accordance with a respective control signal Control 0   212 , Control 1   210  provided by the tuning control circuit  163 . 
     The two switching elements comprising PIN diodes D 0  and D 1  are connected in parallel to tuning elements L 0  and C 1 , respectively. Each of the PIN diodes has two switching states (i.e. operating modes), namely either forward biased or not forward biased. By switching the diodes between their two operating modes, inductor L 0  and capacitor C 1  are individually short circuited. 
     For example, when the digital control signal Control 0  is high, the diode D 0  is in forward bias. A PIN diode in forward bias can be considered a resistor with very low resistance value for RF signals. Given this diode is parallel to the inductor L 0 , L 0  can be effectively replaced by a short circuit. Therefore, when the Control 0  signal voltage applied to diode D 0  is high, L 0  is electrically short circuited. Similarly, when the Control 1  signal voltage applied to diode D 1  is high, C 1  is electrically short circuited. 
     The circuit also comprises two tuning stages made up of tuning elements inductor L 2  and capacitor C 3  connected in a parallel configuration and coupled to the series combination via capacitor C  168 . L 2  and C 3  function as shunt elements to ground in the tuning circuit. Corresponding PIN diodes D 2  and D 3  connected in series with the tuning elements L 2 , C 3  act as switches to switch each respective tuning element either into or out of the main receive signal path in accordance with a respective control signal Control 2   208 , Control 3   206  provided by the tuning control circuit  163 . When D 2  and D 3  are non-RF conducting, L 2  and C 3  are not part of the tuning circuit. When D 2  and D 3  are conducting, L 2  and C 3  add shunt reactance to the tuning circuit. 
     In this example, the four control signals (Control 0 , Control 1 , Control 2 , Control 3 ) provide for 16 possible Z IN  impedance values for the antenna tuning circuit  161 . For example, all loads (L 0 , C 1 , L 2  and C 3  are connected when D 0 , D 1  are off (i.e. zero or reversed biased) and D 2 , D 3  are on (i.e. forward biased). 
     In the parallel combination of L 2 , C 3 , a high voltage on a control signal is operative to forward bias the diode thereby electrically inserting the corresponding tuning element into the main receive signal path. A low on a control signal leaves its corresponding PIN diode in a non-forward biased operating state thereby effectively removing the corresponding tuning element from the main receive signal path. 
     Note that placing the PIN diodes D 2 , D 3  in series with their respective tuning elements L 2 , C 3  provides the capability to connect L 2 , C 3  to the main signal path separately. For example, when the digital control signal Control 2  is in a high voltage state, the corresponding diode D 2  is forward biased. A forward biased PIN diode can be considered a resistor having very low resistance for RF signals. Since this diode is connected in series to L 2 , L 2  can be effectively considered connected to the main receive signal path. Similarly, when Control 3  signal on diode D 3  is high, capacitor C 3  is also electrically inserted into the main receive signal path. 
     A truth table listing all possible 16 combinations of the control signals for the antenna tuning circuit in the example circuit  161  of  FIG. 9  is presented below in Table 1 where the admittance Y is defined as Y=1/Z. For the shunt reactances L 2  and C 3 , the admittance Y is used rather than the impedance Z. It is important to note that the expressions for the Total Tuning Impedance given in the last column of the table are not exact and should only be considered as approximate qualitative expressions for the total impedance. This is because the expressions do not take into account the effects of the load mirroring onto the real and imaginary parts of the impedance. The table does, however, provide expressions that indicate the particular reactive elements that are active for each of the 16 combinations of control signals. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Antenna Tuning Circuit Truth Table 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Active 
                 Active 
                 Total Tuning 
               
               
                 Control0 
                 Control1 
                 Control2 
                 Control3 
                 Inductors 
                 Capacitors 
                 Impedance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 L0 
                 C1 
                 Z L0  + Z C1   
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 L0 
                 C1, C3 
                 Z L0  + Z C1  + Y C3   
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 L0, L2 
                 C1 
                 Z L0  + Z C1  + Y L2   
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 L0, L2 
                 C1, C3 
                 Z L0  + Z C1  + Y L2  + Y C3   
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 L0 
                 — 
                 Z L0   
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 L0 
                 C3 
                 Z L0  + Y C3   
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 L0 
                 L2 
                 Z L0  + Y L2   
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 L0, L2 
                 C3 
                 Z L0  + (Y L2  + Y C3 ) 
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 — 
                 C1 
                 Z C1   
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 — 
                 C1, C3 
                 Z C1  + Y C3   
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 L2 
                 C1 
                 Z C1  + Y L2   
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 L2 
                 C1, C3 
                 Z C1  + (Y L2  + Y C3 ) 
               
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0 Ohm (short circuit) 
               
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 — 
                 C3 
                 Y C3   
               
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 L2 
                 — 
                 Y L2   
               
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 L2 
                 C3 
                 Y L2  + Y C3   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For each value of the four control signals, the inductors and capacitors that are made active, i.e. electrically inserted into the main receive signal path, are listed along with the corresponding total antenna tuning impedance. 
     Illustrative Antenna Tuning Circuit Example 
     To aid in understanding the principles of the present invention, an illustrative example is provided in which guidelines are provided for selecting the values of the AC coupling capacitors C, the RF chokes L for blocking AC (DC coupling) and the current limiting resistors R. 
     For this example, it is assumed that the operating frequency of the circuit is 1 GHz. The PIN diode represents a 1 Ohm resistance when biased with 10 mA of current with a 1 V dropout. Assume the digital control signals swing from 0 V to 3 V. 
     To select the value C of the capacitor, its impedance at the operating frequency is considered. In this example, the impedance of the capacitor C should preferably be much less than 1 Ohm at 1 GHz operating frequency to provide an effective electrical short at RF frequencies. With these parameters and constraints, the expression for the value of the impedance Z C  is given by 
                     Z   C     =       1     2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢   fC       ⪡     1   ⁢           ⁢   Ohm               (   2   )               
Solving for C yields the following
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     ⪢ 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         f 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                         × 
                         
                           10 
                           9 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       159 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       pF 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     To select the value L of the inductor, its impedance at the operating frequency is considered. In this example, the impedance of the inductor L should preferably be much more than 1 Ohm at 1 GHz operating frequency to provide an effective electrical open at RF frequencies. With these parameters and constraints, the expression for the value of the impedance Z L  is given by
 
Z L =2πfL&gt;&gt;1 Ohm  (4)
 
Solving for L yields the following
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     L 
                     ⪢ 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         f 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                         × 
                         
                           10 
                           9 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       159 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       pH 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is important to note that at some point, as the value of C and L increases, the affects of self-resonance come into play. This should be taken into account when selecting the values of C and L for the tuning circuit. 
     The value of the resistor R should be chosen such that it generates a voltage drop of approximately 2 V to allow for a 1 V drop across the PIN diode and that it conducts 10 mA of current. The following expression solves for the value of the resistor R. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   R 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       I 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         2 
                         0.01 
                       
                       = 
                       
                         200 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Ohms 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Multi-Band Antenna Using Bypass Switch 
     As described supra, the invention provides a miniaturized antenna that is achieved by deliberately designing the antenna element (e.g., chip antenna) to resonate at a significantly higher frequency than required. Additional miniaturization is achieved by using a high dielectric substrate in the construction of the antenna element. A tuning circuit is used which is adapted ‘force’ the antenna to resonate at the desired frequency. 
     In accordance with the invention, a multi-band antenna embodiment is provided that is capable of tuning to more than one frequency band. This is achieved by setting the significantly higher frequency to which the antenna element is tuned to a first useful frequency band. The operation of the tuning circuit, as described supra, tunes the antenna to a second lower frequency band. This allows the antenna system to be tuned to more than one frequency. A bypass switch is used to selectively tune the antenna to either the first or the second frequency band. 
     A block diagram illustrating a first example multi-band antenna system incorporating a bypass switch is shown in  FIG. 12 . The circuit, generally referenced  220 , comprises antenna element  224  (e.g., chip antenna), bypass switch  226  electrically connected to the antenna element, tuning circuit and receiver # 2  ( 222 ), and tuning circuit  228  electrically connected between the antenna element and a receiver # 1   239 . The tuning circuit  228 , comprises impedances Z 1   230 , Z 2   232 , Z 3   234  and switches  236 ,  238 . Note that the actual circuit used for the tuning circuit is not critical to the invention. 
     In operation, a switch control signal  227  controls the operation of the bypass switch. The switch connects the antenna element to either (1) receiver # 2  ( 222 ) without the tuning circuit or (2) to receiver # 1  ( 239 ) with the tuning circuit. When the bypass switch connects the antenna element to the tuning circuit, the antenna system is tuned to the lower frequency band. When the bypass switch connects the antenna element to receiver # 2  ( 222 ), the antenna system is tuned to the natural higher resonant frequency of the antenna element. 
     Thus, the antenna system operates in one of either two modes: 
     Mode 1: In this mode of operation, the tuning circuit is bypassed and the antenna element is allowed to resonate at its natural frequency. This natural frequency is chosen to be a useful desired frequency band. 
     Mode 2: In the second mode of operation, the tuning circuit is not bypassed and is electrically coupled to the antenna element. The tuning circuit ‘forces’ the antenna to resonate at the desired lower frequency band. 
     Thus, at any give time, the antenna functions in one of the modes described above. The selection between the modes is achieved by operation of the bypass switch  226  coupled to the tuning circuit. The actual tuning frequencies are determined by selecting the appropriate resonant frequency for the antenna element which determines the upper frequency band and the appropriate frequency for the tuning circuit which determines the lower frequency band. 
     Consider the second example multi-band antenna system incorporating a bypass switch shown in  FIG. 13 . The circuit, generally referenced  240 , comprises an antenna element ( 242 ) (e.g., chip antenna), PIN diode  244  electrically coupled to the antenna element, tuning circuit and L-Band receiver  242 , tuning circuit  243  connected to the antenna element and UHF receiver  256 . The tuning circuit  243  comprises impedances Z 1   246 , Z 2   248 , Z 3   250  and PIN diodes  252 ,  254 . 
     As in the circuit of  FIG. 12 , the actual tuning circuit employed in circuit  240  is not critical to the invention. It is noted that the particular frequency bands and related receivers (i.e. L-band and UHF) described herein are presented for illustration purposes only. It is appreciated that other frequency bands and receivers are contemplated to be used to construct the multi-band antenna system of the invention. 
     The antenna element may be constructed to resonate at any desired frequency. Several example frequencies include television broadcasting at 1.45 GHz, GPS at 1575.42 MHz and the 820-960 MHz band which supports a variety of radio communication services, such as cellular service, trunked land mobile service, low capacity and wideband fixed services and radiolocation services. 
     In this example, the antenna element is designed to resonate in the L-band (i.e. approximately 1.45 GHz), which is the frequency used for digital television broadcasting. The tuning circuit is designed to push the antenna resonant frequency down to the UHF band (i.e. approximately 470-860 MHz), which is also used for digital television broadcasting. The bypass switch in this example is the PIN diode  244  which is switched into one of two states. When the PIN diode  244  is zero or reverse biased, the L-band receiver  242  is effectively disconnected from the antenna element  242  and the frequency of the antenna system is determined by the tuning circuit  243 . When the PIN diode  244  is forward biased, the L-band receiver  242  is electrically coupled to the antenna element and the frequency is determined by the natural resonant frequency of the antenna element. Thus, the antenna system functions as a multi-band antenna with the typical length of an L-band antenna, providing a small form factor, that also covers the UHF frequency band. 
     Note that if Z 1  is set to be inductive, its impedance will increase as the frequency increases. This allows Z 1  to be used as a block for the higher frequency (i.e. L-band frequency) when the bypass PIN diode  244  is conductive. Note also that for clarity, the DC biasing circuitry required to drive the PIN diodes is not shown. 
     A block diagram illustrating a third example multi-band antenna system incorporating a bypass switch is shown in  FIG. 14 . The circuit, generally referenced  270 , comprises an antenna element  274  (e.g., chip antenna), tuning circuit  278 , UHF receiver  280 , bypass circuitry D 3 , R 3 , R 4 , L 5 , L 6 , C 8 , C 9 , frequency band switch control  272  and L-band receiver  276  coupled via DC blocking capacitor C 10 . The tuning circuit  278  comprises PIN diodes D 0 , D 1 , inductors L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 7 , capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , resistors R 1 , R 2  and tuning control block  282 . 
     In the circuit  270 , which is used for both transmit and receive operations, the PIN diodes D 0 , D 1 , D 3  are DC switched on (i.e. forward biased) and off (i.e. zero or reverse biased) so as to function as RF switches that can be opened and closed. To switch frequency bands, a DC bias voltage  288  is applied to the series inductor L 5 . This bias voltage is prevented from leaking back to the antenna element  274  via blocking capacitor C 9 . Forwarding biasing D 3  electrically connects the antenna element  274  to the L-band receiver  276 . 
     The tuning circuit  278  operates similarly to the first and second example tuning circuits described supra and thus will not be described in detail. In general, the tuning control circuit  282  provides the bias voltages CONTROL 0  ( 286 ) and CONTROL 1  ( 284 ) to effectively turn PIN diodes D 0 , D 1 , respectively, on and off, thereby changing the reactance coupled to the antenna element which effectively changing the tuning frequency of the antenna. 
     The tuning circuit  278  utilizes switched PIN diodes to realize a tuning circuit comprising a set of reactances connected in series. The array of PIN diodes short circuits each reactance individually via control signals CONTROL 0  ( 286 ), CONTROL 1  ( 284 ). By short circuiting each reactance, a different total reactance is generated which will directly impact the tuning frequency. 
     Note that Z 1  is chosen to be inductive (i.e. an inductor). This allows the impedance of Z 1  to go up with frequency. At L-band frequencies, the impedance of Z 1  is so high that almost all of the energy developed by the antenna element goes through the PIN diode D 3  to reach the L-band receiver. Virtually no energy is lost toward the UHF receiver. 
     Ceramic Dielectric Formulation 
     The antenna system described herein provides a ceramic formulation that when sintered into a ceramic substrate provides a material with high dielectric constant (&gt;200) and low losses (&lt;0.00060@1 MHz). When combined with tuner circuit elements this substrate is an effective broad band UHF antenna. Furthermore, unlike the Ag(Nb,Ta)O 3  system described in PCT published patent application WO9803446, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, the invention herein does not require special atmosphere control during sintering nor does it use expensive metals such as silver, niobium or tantalum. 
     Following an extensive investigation of ceramic formulations in the SrTiO 3 —BaTiO 3 —CaTiO 3  system a range of formulations was identified with the correct combination of properties for UHF broadband antennas. The compositions investigated are described in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ceramic Compositions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
               
               
                 Component 
                 wt % 
                 Wt % 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Strontium titanate 
                 56.83 
                 66.80 
                 63.43 
                 60.15 
                 70.12 
               
               
                 Barium titanate 
                 28.42 
                 7.11 
                 14.21 
                 21.32 
                 0 
               
               
                 Calcium titanate 
                 4.73 
                 23.59 
                 17.31 
                 11.02 
                 29.88 
               
               
                 Calcium zirconate 
                 4.73 
                 1.18 
                 2.37 
                 3.55 
                 0 
               
               
                 Bismuth trioxide 
                 2.05 
                 0.50 
                 1.03 
                 1.54 
                 0 
               
               
                 Zirconia 
                 0.79 
                 0.20 
                 0.40 
                 0.59 
                 0 
               
               
                 Manganese dioxide 
                 0.09 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
                 0.07 
                 0 
               
               
                 Zinc oxide 
                 0.47 
                 0.12 
                 0.24 
                 0.35 
                 0 
               
               
                 Lead free Glass frit 
                 0.47 
                 0.12 
                 0.24 
                 0.35 
                 0 
               
               
                 Kaolin (Clay) 
                 0.95 
                 0.24 
                 0.48 
                 0.71 
                 0 
               
               
                 Cerium oxide 
                 0.47 
                 0.12 
                 0.24 
                 0.35 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     These ceramic compositions were formulated into ceramic slips and cast into substrates by methods well known in the art. After removal of organics in a bakeout process the final sintering was performed in air at temperatures 1270° C. and 1250° C. respectively, although other temperatures may be used. The dielectric properties were measured at 1 MHz and are shown in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dielectric Properties at 1 MHz 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Firing 
                 Firing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Temperature 
               
               
                   
                 1270° C. 
                 1250° C. 
                 TCC, ppm/° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Composition 
                 K 
                 DF 
                 K 
                 DF 
                 @−40 to 20° C. 
                 @20 to 85° C. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 680 
                 0.00059 
                 680 
                 0.00059 
                 ~−12000 
                 −5000 
               
               
                 B 
                 560.9 
                 0.00036 
                 560 
                 0.00024 
                 −9300 
                 −4500 
               
               
                 C 
                 406.9 
                 0.00042 
                 407 
                 0.00036 
                 −6600 
                 −3100 
               
               
                 D 
                 333.5 
                 0.00046 
                 328 
                 0.00038 
                 −3900 
                 −2150 
               
               
                 E 
                 250 
                 0.00032 
                 250 
                 0.00032 
                 −1200 
                 −1200 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The dielectric constant (K) is very similar for the two different firing temperatures and there is a small variation in dielectric losses (DF). The temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) is similar for both firing temperatures. It is important to note that TCC for these compositions is very high compared to a Class 1 C0G multilayer capacitor formulation (+/−30 ppm/° C. in the temperature range −55° C. to +125° C.) or a narrow band microwave antennas. In the case of the multilayer capacitor or narrow band microwave antenna stable properties with temperature are required to prevent a drift out of specification with temperature fluctuations. However, since these ceramics are used in a UHF antenna over a broad frequency band, temperature stability is less critical so higher TCC can be tolerated. 
     In order to form miniaturize the antenna whilst retaining low losses dielectric constant has to be maximized while retaining low losses. A chart illustrating dielectric constants and DF for the examples provided is shown in  FIG. 15 . By plotting the dielectric constants and DF reported in Table 3 it can be seen that only for dielectric formulations B, C and D is the dielectric constant above 300 with DF below 0.0005. 
     A pictorial representation of a first example embodiment of a UHF (or VHF) antenna formed with a ceramic dielectric formulation is shown in  FIG. 16 . The UHF antenna, generally referenced  260 , comprises a ceramic composition sintered into a ceramic substrate  262 , such as that described supra. The UHF antenna  260  further comprises tuner circuit  264 . The UHF antenna  260  may then be incorporated into an electronic device  266  such as the mobile station  70  described infra. 
     A block diagram illustrating a second example embodiment of a UHF (or VHF) antenna formed with a ceramic dielectric formulation is shown in  FIG. 17 . In this second embodiment, the UHF antenna, generally referenced  290 , comprises a ceramic composition sintered into a ceramic substrate  292 , such as that described supra, on which the sub-resonant radiating/absorbing element is constructed. The UHF antenna  290  further comprises tuner circuit  296  constructed off the ceramic substrate such as on a PCB assembly. It is noted that the tuning circuit  296  is constructed independently of the antenna and any coupled receiver/transmitter and does not necessarily need to be disposed on the ceramic substrate  292  as in  FIG. 16  where it is part of the dielectric loading. The tuning circuit may (1) comprise discrete components located on a PCB, (2) be part of a system on a chip (SoC) design, (3) be part of a hybrid design, etc. The UHF antenna  290  may be incorporated into an electronic device such as the mobile station  70  described infra. 
     Note that the dielectric ceramic material may be used for other purposes in addition to use in UHF or VHF antennas. It may be used in dielectric resonators, filters, substrates for microelectronic circuits, or built-in to any number of types of electronic devices. 
     Mobile Station Incorporating the Single or Multi-Band Antenna System 
     A block diagram illustrating an example mobile device incorporating the multi-band antenna system of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 18 . Note that the mobile station may comprise any suitable wired or wireless device such as a multimedia player, mobile communication device, cellular phone, smartphone, PDA, Bluetooth device, etc. For illustration purposes only, the device is shown as a mobile station. Note that this example is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as the multi-band antenna of the present invention can be implemented in a wide variety of communication devices. 
     The mobile station, generally referenced  70 , comprises a baseband processor or CPU  71  having analog and digital portions. The MS may comprise a plurality of RF transceivers  94  and associated antennas  98 . RF transceivers for the basic cellular link and any number of other wireless standards and RATs may be included. Examples include, but are not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)/GPRS/EDGE; 3G; LTE; CDMA; WiMAX for providing WiMAX wireless connectivity when within the range of a WiMAX wireless network; Bluetooth for providing Bluetooth wireless connectivity when within the range of a Bluetooth wireless network; WLAN for providing wireless connectivity when in a hot spot or within the range of an ad hoc, infrastructure or mesh based wireless LAN network; near field communications; 60G device; UWB; etc. One or more of the RF transceivers may comprise an additional a plurality of antennas to provide antenna diversity which yields improved radio performance. The mobile station may also comprise internal RAM and ROM memory  110 , Flash memory  112  and external memory  114 . 
     Several user interface devices include microphone(s)  84 , speaker(s)  82  and associated audio codec  80  or other multimedia codecs  75 , a keypad for entering dialing digits  86 , vibrator  88  for alerting a user, camera and related circuitry  100 , a TV tuner  102  and associated antenna  104 , display(s)  106  and associated display controller  108  and GPS receiver  90  and associated antenna  92 . Note that the TV tuner may be constructed to implement one or more digital television broadcasting standards, such as DVB-T, DVB-H, etc. A USB or other interface connection  78  (e.g., SPI, SDIO, PCI, etc.) provides a serial link to a user&#39;s PC or other device. An FM receiver  72  and antenna  74  provide the user the ability to listen to FM broadcasts. SIM card  116  provides the interface to a user&#39;s SIM card for storing user data such as address book entries, etc. The mobile station comprises a multi-RAT handover block  96  which may be executed as a task on the baseband processor  71 . 
     Portable power is provided by the battery  124  coupled to power management circuitry  122 . External power is provided via USB power  118  or an AC/DC adapter  120  connected to the battery management circuitry which is operative to manage the charging and discharging of the battery  124 . 
     In accordance with the invention, any or all of the antennas in the mobile station, including RF transceiver antennas  98 , FM receiver antenna  74 , GPS antenna  92  and TV tuner antenna  104  may comprise the single band or multi-band antenna system of the present invention, described in detail supra. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. As numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the limited number of embodiments described herein. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that all suitable variations, modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.