Patent Publication Number: US-2015085467-A1

Title: Red lamp and vehicle lighting fixture

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No. 2013-200175 filed in Japan on Sep. 26, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to vehicle lighting fixtures, typically red rear position lamps and red stop lamps, mounted at the rear of every vehicle for producing red light backward for alerting braking or enhancing the visibility at night, and red lamps for use therein. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Vehicles are fitted at the rear with lighting fixtures, typically red rear position lamps and red stop lamps, for producing red light backward in response to brakes and lighting switches for alerting braking or enhancing the visibility at night. In most prior art rear position lamps and stop lamps, incandescent bulbs, halogen bulbs, and HID lamps are generally used and combined with covers of red-colored light-transmitting resin to produce red light. Recently, there are known rear position lamps and stop lamps having a plurality of red LED chips arrayed therein. 
     When incandescent bulbs, halogen bulbs, and HID lamps are used as the light source, they emit light containing red component and much other color components. Typically red light is obtained by passing overall light through covers of red color light-transmitting material or resin to cut off the other color components. This accounts for the drawback that while the light source emits a wide spectrum of light, the energy of light components other than red light is wasted. 
     On the other hand, rear position lamps and stop lamps utilizing red LEDs have some drawbacks. Since the emission efficiency of red LEDs are generally not so high, a greater number of red LEDs must be used in order to ensure sufficient visibility. Also, red LEDs produce highly directional emission, which ensures high visibility straight forward of the lamp (in the optical axis of the lamp), but leads to very low visibility from a lateral side of the lamp (in a direction off the optical axis of the lamp). Attempts to mitigate these drawbacks were made by combining red LEDs with reflectors and lenses of different shape and material. However, it is still difficult to manufacture a red lamp using red LEDs, the red lamp being capable of providing uniform visibility from front and lateral sides of the lamp. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Document 1: JP-A 2009-280763 
     Patent Document 2: JP-A 2012-224536 (EP 2508586, US 20120256125) 
     Patent Document 3: JP-A 2009-529154 (WO 2007/103394) 
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     In general, red lighting fixtures for vehicles, typically rear position lamps and stop lamps, are constructed by a light source for lighting, cover around the light source, reflector, lens, diffuser, decorative member, and the like. They are often integrated with turn signals. As the light source, conventional bulbs are used in the art, but red LEDs are increasingly used nowadays. 
     The cover surrounding the light source is typically made of thermoplastic resins such as acrylic resins. They are molded to any of widely varying shapes depending on a particular purpose, such as protection of the light source, lens functions of light diffusion and collection, or decoration. The cover members, specifically tail light covers include red color covers, colorless or white tail light covers, and clear covers in which only the lens portion is colored, known as Euro tail covers. Many reflectors use corner cubes. When illuminated by the headlamp of following vehicles, the reflector reflects light and looks red. It thus has a function of alerting even when the lamps are not burnt as the vehicle is stopped or parked at night. 
     With respect to these vehicle lighting fixtures, a number of proposals have been made and a variety of models have been used in practice. The basic function of rear position lamps and stop lamps is alerting to following vehicles. These lamps operate in response to the headlamp or brake system such that the conventional bulb or red LED is burnt to emit white light or red light, which is illuminated backward of the vehicle via a cover, reflector, lens, light diffuser member and the like. 
     In this case, the illumination from the lamp is basically emission from conventional bulbs or LEDs. Some problems arise with conventional bulbs. Typically their emission is nearly white light. In most cases, color control is thus carried out by passing the emission from the conventional bulb through a red filter member made of resin for cutting off a portion of the emission so that red light is obtained. Since a portion of light that is not transmitted by the red filter member does not exit the lighting fixture, this system is low in utilization efficiency of light energy. 
     Next, problems associated with the use of red LEDs as the light source are discussed. Since the light quantity from one red LED is relatively small, it is generally necessary to use a plurality of red LEDs at the sacrifice of cost. The red LED light source produces highly directional emission, which ensures high visibility straight forward of the emission (backward of the vehicle), but leads to the drawback that visibility from a lateral side of the lamp is very low. Thus several measures are taken, for example, by mounting a plurality of red LEDs such that they emit light in different directions, or interposing a highly transparent lens of resin or glass for scattering light from red LEDs. The inclusion of a plurality of red LEDs is expensive. Even when the arrangement of red LEDs is carefully designed, it is difficult to obtain red light having uniform visibility in different directions. The technique of using a highly transparent lens of resin or glass for scattering light from red LEDs is difficult to ensure high visibility in different directions, particularly in lateral direction. 
     An object of the invention is to provide a red lamp having advantages including low cost, high efficiency, and high visibility not only from the front side of the lamp (in the optical axis of the lamp), but also from a lateral side of the lamp (in a direction off the optical axis of the lamp); and a vehicle lighting fixture comprising the same, such as red rear position lamp or red stop lamp. 
     The inventors have found that a red lamp providing improved visibility from different directions as required for vehicle lighting fixtures is obtained by using a blue LED array capable of emitting blue light as the light source, and a phosphor capable of absorbing blue light and emitting red component-containing light, whereby blue light is converted to red light serving as illumination light. The phosphor is at least one phosphor selected from among a silicate phosphor, SiAlON phosphor, silicon nitride phosphor, sulfide phosphor, and garnet structure phosphor. A red-emissive member comprising particles of the phosphor in a resin matrix is disposed so as to receive blue light, especially forward in the emission direction of the blue LED. Red light from phosphor particles dispersed in the red-emissive member is projected from the lamp. The lamp offers uniform visibility both from the front side of the lamp and from a lateral side of the lamp, high efficiency, and high light intensity. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides a red lamp comprising a blue LED array capable of emitting blue light as a light source and a red emissive member adapted to receive the blue light. The red emissive member comprises a resin and a phosphor capable of absorbing blue light and emitting red component-containing light. The phosphor is at least one phosphor selected from the group consisting of a silicate phosphor, SiAlON phosphor, silicon nitride phosphor, sulfide phosphor, and garnet structure phosphor. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the resin is a thermoplastic resin. More preferably, the thermoplastic resin is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polycarbonate, ABS resin, and acrylic resin. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the resin is a thermosetting resin. More preferably, the thermosetting resin is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of a phenolic resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, and urethane resin. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the silicate phosphor is (Sr,Ca,Ba) 2 SiO 4 :Eu, the SiAlON phosphor is Ca-α-SiAlON:Eu, the silicon nitride phosphor is (Sr,Ca)AlSiN 3 :Eu, the sulfide phosphor is CaGa 2 S 4 :Eu, and the garnet structure phosphor is (Y,Gd) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce or Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the red lamp, which projects red light along an optical path, further comprises a filter member disposed across the optical path for inhibiting a portion of the blue light from the blue LED array that is transmitted by the red emissive member without being absorbed in the phosphor, from traveling forward in the projection direction of the red lamp. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the red lamp projects red light along an optical axis. The blue LED array is disposed such that the travel direction of blue light along an emission optical axis of the blue LED array is different from the travel direction of red light along the projection optical axis of the red lamp. The red emissive member is disposed at least forward in the travel direction of blue light along the emission optical axis of the blue LED array. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the red emissive member has an effective region thickness of at least 0.5 mm. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a vehicle lighting fixture comprising the red lamp defined above. 
     Typically the vehicle lighting fixture is a red rear position lamp or red stop lamp. 
     As used herein, the term “LED array” refers to a single LED chip and an array of two or more LED chips. 
     ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION 
     The red lamp of the invention has advantages including high efficiency, high light intensity, and improved visibility both from the front side of the lamp and from a lateral side of the lamp. The red lamp is suited for use in a vehicle lighting fixture such as red rear position lamp or red stop lamp. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a first embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a second embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a third embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a fourth embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a fifth embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a sixth embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  schematically illustrates a red lamp in a seventh embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  schematically illustrates a red lamp in an eighth embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram showing an emission spectrum of the red lamp of Example 1. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram showing an emission spectrum of the red lamp of Example 2. 
         FIG. 11  schematically illustrates a red lamp in Comparative Examples 1 and 2. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram showing an emission spectrum of the red lamp of Comparative Example 2. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The red lamp of the invention comprises a blue LED array capable of emitting blue light as a light source and a red emissive member disposed to receive the blue light. The blue LED array used herein as the light source has a higher power than the red LED array. 
     The blue LED array used as the light source is typically a LED array capable of emitting light having a center wavelength in the range of 420 nm to 490 nm. The size, power and number of blue LED arrays may be appropriately selected by taking into account the light quantity, visibility, alerting function, decoration and other factors of the red lamp. A blue LED array having one emissive chip or a blue LED array having a plurality of emissive chips may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Such blue LED arrays are commercially available. High-power blue LED arrays are preferred particularly when the red lamp is intended for use in vehicle lighting fixtures such as red rear position lamps and red stop lamps. Preferably the blue LED arrays have a power of at least 0.5 W, especially at least 1 W for each, and the total power per red lamp is at least 1 W, especially at least 2 W. Although the upper limit of power is not critical, the power is typically up to 2 W per blue LED array and up to 10 W per red lamp. When a plurality of blue LED arrays are used in combination, preferably at least 2 blue LED arrays, especially 2 to 8 blue LED arrays are incorporated per red lamp. 
     In the red lamp of the invention, the red emissive member is disposed at a position to receive blue light, specifically forward of the emission direction of the blue LED array. The red emissive member mainly contains a resin and a phosphor capable of absorbing blue light and emitting red component-containing light. The red lamp is constructed such that blue light emitted by the blue LED array is absorbed by the phosphor in the red emissive member and converted to light containing a red component, specifically a red component having a wavelength range of 600 nm to 660 nm, preferably red light, more preferably red light having the maximum intensity in a wavelength range of 600 nm to 660 nm. 
     The resin of which the red emissive member is made may be either thermoplastic or thermosetting. Of these, thermoplastic resins are preferred for easy control of dispersion of phosphor particles and dimensional stability of the red emissive member. Also, thermoplastic resins are preferred for easy post-working into the desired shape. Further, red emissive members made of thermoplastic resins are not only resistant to cracking by vibration and shocks, that is, vibration resistant and shock resistant, but also weather resistant, indicating that the members are best suited as vehicle-mount members. 
     Examples of the thermoplastic resin include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polycarbonate, ABS resins, and acrylic resins. Examples of the thermosetting resin include phenolic resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, and urethane resins. Of these, preference is given to polypropylene and acrylic resins for a good balance of rigidity, hardness and workability. It is preferred from the aspect of utilizing the emitted red component to the maximum that the resins be used in transparent or white color state without coloring. 
     In the red lamp, a phosphor capable of absorbing blue light and emitting red component-containing light is used as the emissive component (red emissive material) to be mixed with the resin to construct the red emissive member. The phosphor is capable of absorbing blue light, specifically blue light having a wavelength of 420 to 490 nm and emitting light containing a red component having a wavelength in the range of 600 to 660 nm, preferably red light, specifically red light having the maximum intensity in a wavelength range of 600 to 660 nm. According to the invention, the phosphor is at least one phosphor selected from among silicate phosphors, SiAlON phosphors, silicon nitride phosphors, sulfide phosphors, and garnet structure phosphors. 
     Suitable silicate phosphors include the phosphor of (Sr,Ca,Ba) 2 SiO 4 :Eu and the like; suitable SiAlON phosphors include the phosphor of Ca-α-SiAlON:Eu and the like; suitable silicon nitride phosphors include the phosphor of (Sr,Ca)AlSiN 3 :Eu and the like; suitable sulfide phosphors include the phosphor of CaGa 2 S 4 :Eu and the like; and suitable garnet structure phosphors include the phosphors of (Y,Gd) 3 Al 5 O 2 :Ce and Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce and the like. 
     It is preferred to use as the red emissive material, a phosphor having an absorptance of 0.3 to 1.0, especially 0.6 to 0.9 with respect to blue light. The phosphor used as the red emissive material is characterized by a moderate absorptance of blue light which is neither too high nor too low. This substantially avoids the inconvenient phenomenon that the majority of blue light emitted by blue LED as the light source is absorbed by the phosphor in a surface layer (on the blue light incident side) of the red emissive member and little blue light reaches the interior and back layer of the red emissive member. The red emissive member is easily tailored such that an appropriate portion of blue light reaches the interior and back layer of the red emissive member. That is, the phosphor is very efficient in that all red emissive material particles dispersed in the red emissive member contribute to light emission. 
     The phosphor may be prepared by any well-known methods. In order to mix the phosphor with the resin and mold the resin compound into a red emissive member, the phosphor should be in particulate form having an appropriate particle size to prevent the inconvenience that blue light is little absorbed and almost transmitted by the red emissive member. Specifically, the particulate phosphor preferably has a particle size of at least 2 μm, more preferably at least 5 μm, as expressed by a diameter D50 at 50% by volume cumulative in the particle size distribution. Additionally, the particulate phosphor preferably has a diameter D90 of up to 1,000 μm, more preferably 50 to 500 μm, D90 being a diameter at 90% by volume cumulative in the particle size distribution. If D50 is less than 2 μm, a proportion of scattering may be excessively greater than a proportion of absorption/conversion with respect to the excitation light from blue LED array. Although the maximum of D50 need not be particularly limited, a D50 value of up to 300 μm is preferred from its relationship to the D90 value. Also, if D90 exceeds 1,000 μm, such phosphor particles may interfere with dispersion in the resin during the mixing step. 
     It is noted that the particle size is preferably measured, for example, by dispersing sample particles in a gas stream and measuring the diameter by the laser diffraction scattering method because the particle size distribution can be evaluated at the same time. 
     The red emissive member used herein is prepared by mixing the phosphor or red emissive material with the resin and molding the resin compound. By any of well-known molding techniques such as compression molding, extrusion molding and injection molding, the resin compound may be molded to any desired shape such as particulate, bar, film or thin plate and to any desired size, depending on the intended application, shape, and red light projection mode of the red lamp. 
     Preferably the red emissive member includes an effective region having a thickness of at least 0.5 mm and more preferably up to 10 mm, especially up to 3 mm. If the effective region thickness is less than 0.5 mm, absorption of blue light as excitation light may become insufficient. If the effective region thickness exceeds 10 mm, a drop of emission may be caused by vanishment due to absorption of red component in the red emissive member interior. The effective region refers to a region that contributes to absorption of blue light. 
     The resin and the phosphor is mixed in a ratio which varies, depending on a proportion of activator (typically, Eu or Ce) in the phosphor, the shape, size, and thickness of the red emissive member, relationship of blue LED to the red emissive member, and the like. Preferably the phosphor is used in an amount of 1 to 60% by weight, more preferably 3 to 40% by weight based on the resin. If the amount of the phosphor is below the range, the absorption of blue light emitted by blue LED may be low, resulting in shortage of red light, though depending on the size of the red emissive member. If the amount of the phosphor is beyond the range, the red emissive member may have low strength because the phosphor is excessive relative to the resin. 
     Besides the phosphor as the emissive component, an inorganic compound that does not absorb red component, such as silica, alumina or titania may be added to and dispersed in the resin in order that the red emissive member become in its entirety effective for providing more uniform emission. Also, for the purpose of enhancing weather resistance, the red emissive member may be surface covered with another transparent material having higher weather resistance than the thermoplastic resin used. 
     Referring to the figures, the structure of the red lamp according to the invention is described. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a first embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  1  includes a base or reflector  10  of generally semi-ellipsoidal shape and a blue LED array  11  disposed on the inner surface of the base  10  and at the back side of the lamp  1  (which is opposite to the projection direction of red light). The blue LED array  11  includes three chips (emissive parts)  111  capable of emitting blue light forward of the lamp (in the projection direction of red light). Notably, the number of chips per LED array is not particularly limited nor the number of blue LED arrays, and this is true to all the following embodiments. The red lamp  1  further includes a red emissive member  12  in plate form disposed at a relatively front side of the lamp  1  (i.e., fitted within the base  10  at an intermediate position) so as to face the blue LED array  11  in the emission direction of blue light and a protective cover  13  in plate form disposed further forward of the red emissive member  12  in the red light projection direction of the red lamp  1  (i.e., fitted within the base  10  at its rim). 
     The blue LED array  11  emits blue light which enters red emissive member  12  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  10 . Blue light incident on red emissive member  12  is absorbed by the phosphor in red emissive member  12  and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. Red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive member  12  travels forward of red lamp  1  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  10 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the resin and phosphor of which the red emissive member is made are characterized by a low absorptance of red component. Then, even when the red component which is emitted by red emissive member  12 , radiated toward base or reflector  10  and reflected by base  10  enters red emissive member  12  again, little of the red component is absorbed in red emissive member  12 . Therefore, this embodiment has the advantage that the red component is effectively transmitted by red emissive member  12  and hence, red light is projected forward of the red lamp. The embodiment is especially advantageous for the extraction of red component. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a second embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  2  includes a base or reflector  20  of generally semi-ellipsoidal shape and a blue LED array  21  disposed on the inner surface of the base  20  and at the back side of the lamp  2  (which is opposite to the projection direction of red light). The blue LED array  21  includes three chips (emissive parts)  211  capable of emitting blue light forward of the lamp (in the projection direction of red light). The red lamp  2  further includes a red emissive member  22  of dome or generally semi-ellipsoidal shape disposed within the base  20  so as to face the blue LED array  21  in the emission direction of blue light and extended so as to confine blue light emitted by the blue LED array  21  and a protective cover  23  in plate form disposed further forward of the red emissive member  22  in the red light projection direction of the lamp  2  (i.e., fitted within the base  20  at its rim). 
     The blue LED array  21  emits blue light which enters red emissive member  22  where it is absorbed by the phosphor therein and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. Red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive member  22  travels forward of red lamp  2  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  20 . In the illustrated embodiment wherein the blue light emitter section is similar to red lamps using conventional incandescent bulbs, halogen bulbs, HID lamps or red LEDs as the light source, one advantage is that the design of prior art red lamps is applicable without substantial changes. Additionally, the lamp of this embodiment produces red light at greater efficiency, higher color purity (or redness), and higher intensity than red lamps using conventional incandescent bulbs, halogen bulbs, HID lamps or red LEDs as the light source. Another advantage is an energy saving as compared with the prior art. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a third embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  3  includes a base or reflector  30  of generally semi-ellipsoidal shape and two blue LED arrays  31  and  31  disposed on the inner surface of the base  30  and at the back side of the lamp  3  (which is opposite to the projection direction of red light). Each blue LED array  31  includes three chips (emissive parts)  311  capable of emitting blue light forward of the lamp (in the projection direction of red light). The red lamp  3  further includes a red emissive member  32  in plate form of arcuate cross section disposed at the front side of the red lamp  3  (i.e., fitted within the base  10  at its rim) so as to face the blue LED arrays  31  in the emission direction of blue light and a protective cover  33  in plate form of arcuate cross section disposed forward of and adjacent to the red emissive member  32  in the red light projection direction of the red lamp  3  (i.e., fitted within the base  30  at its rim). 
     The blue LED arrays  31  emit blue light which enters red emissive member  32  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  30 . Blue light incident on red emissive member  32  is absorbed by the phosphor in red emissive member  32  and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. Red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive member  32  travels forward of red lamp  3  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  30 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment wherein red emissive member  32  is of arcuate shape in cross section, good visibility is available in any directions forward of red lamp  3 . 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a fourth embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  4  includes a base or reflector  40  of flat-bottom cylinder shape and a blue LED array  41  disposed on the bottom of base  40  and at the back side of the lamp  4  (which is opposite to the projection direction of red light). The blue LED array  41  includes six chips (emissive parts)  411  capable of emitting blue light forward of the lamp (in the projection direction of red light). The red lamp  4  further includes a red emissive member  42  in plate form of arcuate cross section disposed at a relatively front side of the red lamp  4  (i.e., fitted within the base  40  at an intermediate position) so as to face the blue LED array  41  in the emission direction of blue light and a red filter member  43  in plate form of arcuate cross section disposed forward of the red emissive member  42  in the red light projection direction of the red lamp  4  (i.e., fitted within the base  40  at its rim) so that red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive member  42  and red component transmitted by red emissive member  42  may pass through the red filter member  43 . 
     The blue LED array  41  emits blue light which enters red emissive member  42  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  40 . Blue light incident on red emissive member  42  is absorbed by the phosphor in red emissive member  42  and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. Red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive member  42  travels forward of red lamp  4  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  40 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment wherein the filter member is provided across the optical path of red light, the filter member cuts off a portion of blue light emitted by the blue LED array which is transmitted by the red emissive member without absorption in the phosphor, so as to suppress forward projection of blue light in the light projection direction of the red lamp. The filter member is disposed at a position other than the optical path along which blue light travels directly from the blue LED array to the red emissive member 
     While blue light emitted by the blue LED array is converted to red component by the red emissive member, a portion of blue light may be transmitted by the red emissive member without conversion. Even in this situation, since the red filter member  43  transmits the red component which is emitted from the red emissive member  42  or transmitted through the red emissive member  42 , the embodiment is effective for suppressing projection of blue light forward of red lamp  4 . Thus red light of better color purity is obtained. The red filter member may be endowed with a protective cover function. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a fifth embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  5  includes a base or reflector  50  of generally semi-ellipsoidal shape and a blue LED array  51  disposed on the inner surface of the base  50  near its front rim (in the red light projection direction of red lamp  5 ). The blue LED array  51  includes a chip (emissive part)  511  capable of emitting blue light backward of the lamp (opposite to the projection direction of red light). The red lamp  5  further includes a red emissive member  52  of generally semi-ellipsoidal shape or cap shape disposed on the back side of the red lamp  5  and formed in conformity to the inside of the base  50  and a protective cover  53  in plate form of arcuate cross section disposed further forward of the blue LED array  51  in the red light projection direction of the red lamp  5  (i.e., fitted within the base  50  at its front rim). 
     The blue LED array  51  emits blue light which enters red emissive member  52  directly or reenters red emissive member  52  after reflection by the inner surface of base  50  when transmitted by red emissive member  52 . Blue light incident on red emissive member  52  is absorbed by the phosphor in red emissive member  52  and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. The resulting red component-containing light or red light travels forward of red lamp  5  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  50 . In  FIG. 5 , arrows indicate some exemplary rays. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the blue LED array is arranged such that the travel direction of blue light along the emission optical axis of the blue LED array may be different from the travel direction of red light along the projection optical axis of the red lamp. Particularly in red lamp  5  of  FIG. 5 , the travel direction of blue light along the emission optical axis (depicted by the dotted line) of blue LED array  51  is oriented backward and oblique relative to the projection direction of red lamp  5 . The red emissive member  52  is disposed forward in the travel direction of blue light along the emission optical axis of blue LED array  51 . 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a sixth embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  6  includes a base or reflector  60  of flat-bottom cylinder shape and a blue LED array  61  disposed on the bottom of base  60  and at the back side of the lamp  6  (which is opposite to the projection direction of red light). The blue LED array  61  includes six chips (emissive parts)  611  capable of emitting blue light forward of the lamp (in the projection direction of red light). The red lamp  6  further includes a red emissive member  62  in block form fitted within the base  60  so as to face the blue LED array  61  in the emission direction of blue light and having six recesses  621  for receiving the six chips  611 , and a protective cover member  63  in plate form of arcuate cross section disposed further forward of the red emissive member  62  in the red light projection direction of the red lamp  6  (i.e., fitted within the base  60  at its rim). 
     The blue LED array  61  emits blue light, which mostly enters red emissive member  62  directly. Blue light incident on red emissive member  62  is absorbed by the phosphor in red emissive member  62  and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. The red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive member  62  travels forward of red lamp  6  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of base  60 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, red emissive member  62  is of block shape, chips  611  of blue LED array  61  are disposed in recesses  621  of red emissive member  62 , and red emissive member  62  receives blue light emitted by blue LED array  61 . Little of blue light emitted by blue LED array  61  enters a portion other than red emissive member  62 . That is, almost all blue light emitted by blue LED array  61  enters red emissive member  62  directly. The red emissive member  62  of block shape has a sufficient strength to be resistant to breakage or degradation. 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic view of a red lamp in a seventh embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  7  includes a base or reflector  70  of plate form and a blue LED array  71  disposed on the inner surface of base  70  and at the back side of the lamp  7  (which is opposite to the projection direction of red light). The blue LED array  71  includes three chips (emissive parts)  711  capable of emitting blue light forward of the lamp (in the projection direction of red light). The red lamp  7  further includes four red emissive members  72  of plate shape disposed between chips  711  and outside chips  711  and extending from the base  70  to a front side of red lamp  7 , and parallel to the emission optical axis of blue LED array  71 , and a protective cover  73  of dome shape having a central area disposed further forward of red emissive members  72  in the red light projection direction of red lamp  7  and a rim fitted around base  70 . 
     The blue LED array  71  emits blue light, which enters red emissive members  72  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of the lamp (inner surface of base  70 ). Blue light incident on red emissive members  72  is absorbed by the phosphor in red emissive members  72  and converted thereby to red component-containing light or red light. The red component-containing light or red light exiting red emissive members  72  travels forward of red lamp  7  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of lamp  7 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a plurality of red emissive members molded in plate or bar shape extend parallel to the emission optical axis of the blue LED array. A portion of blue light emitted by the blue LED array is directed forward of the red lamp while the remaining portion enters the red emissive members where it is converted to red component-containing light which is irradiated therefrom. A portion of blue light reflected or transmitted by one red emissive member enters another red emissive member where it is converted to red component-containing light which is irradiated therefrom. The red lamp of this embodiment is suited when a mixture of blue light and red light is desired. 
     In any embodiments, the protective cover is provided for the purposes of further improving the visibility of red light (projected forward of the red lamp) from a backward position remote from the vehicle or a position forward in the projection direction of red light, improving the illuminance, aesthetic appearance, and internal protection. The protective cover may also have the function of lens and/or diffuser and be made red, white or transparent. 
     The intensity of red light projected forward of the red lamp may be properly selected depending on the number of chips (emissive parts), the number of blue LED arrays, electric current value, and the like. If it is desired to change the intensity of red light depending on whether the lamp is used as a rear position lamp or a stop lamp, the light intensity may be controlled as appropriate by changing the number of blue LED arrays to be burnt and electric current value. 
     For efficient utilization of light emitted by the blue LED array, a reflecting mirror or plate may be disposed on the back and/or lateral side of the red lamp so as to face the blue LED array. Also for efficiency, the reflecting mirror or plate may be disposed such that the red component exiting the red emissive member may travel in the projection direction of the red lamp. 
     For the purpose of improving the color purity at the red light emissive surface, the red lamp of the invention may be covered with a light-transmitting cover capable of reflecting or absorbing light other than red light and transmitting red light. This inhibits the possibility that the color of lamp emission changes from red light if a portion of blue light as excitation light exits the red lamp without being absorbed in the red emissive member. The light-transmitting cover may be a cover made of orange color transparent resin, for example, capable of reflecting or absorbing blue light and transmitting red light. 
     The structure of the red lamp is not limited to the above-illustrated embodiments as long as the lamp includes a blue LED array and a red emissive member such that red component exiting the red emissive member may be efficiently projected forward of the red lamp. 
     While the prior art rear position lamps and stop lamps use incandescent bulbs, halogen bulbs, HID lamps or red LEDs as the light source, these lamps are devised so as to enhance visibility by changing the direction of light from the light source and light reflected by the reflector via an optical diffuser or lens, or by setting a plurality of lamps in different directions. However, the former means has the drawback that on use of the diffuser or lens alone, the improvement in uniformity of visibility is limited, leaving bright and dark looking directions. The latter means has the drawback that an increased number of red LEDs lead to an increase of power consumption. 
     In contrast, the red lamp of the invention produces non-directional light because the light produced by the red lamp is light emitted by phosphor particles that have absorbed blue light, which suggests that light is emitted in all directions. Therefore, as long as the red emissive member is molded to a proper shape, the red lamp when operated produces light having high visibility in all directions. That is, a red lamp with uniformity of visibility is obtained. The red lamp has the advantage of reduced power consumption as compared with the prior art because the red emissive member can efficiently convert blue light to red component. 
     Also, since the phosphor in the red emissive member has an absorptance of blue light which is moderate rather than excessively high, not all blue light is absorbed in proximity to the surface of the red emissive member, and some blue light will reach the interior of red emissive member. This leads to the advantage that the red emissive member provides substantially uniform emission in its entirety. This advantage enables that the red emissive member molded to any desired shape be handled in its entirety as a single light source, and the red lamp be designed as a vehicle lighting fixture using a single light source, such as a red rear position lamp or stop lamp. 
     As the vehicle lighting fixture such as red rear position lamp or stop lamp, red lamps of diverse types using a linear light source, surface light source or 3D light source can be designed, without being bound to the design using a point light source as in the prior art. A higher freedom of design is allowed for the vehicle lighting fixture such as red rear position lamp or stop lamp, leaving a room for adopting new and innovative designs. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Examples of the invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. 
     Example 1 
     A red lamp as shown in  FIG. 8  was manufactured.  FIG. 8  is a schematic view of a red lamp in an eighth embodiment of the invention. The red lamp  8  includes a base or reflector  80  in the form of a bottomed column of rectangular cross section, and blue LED arrays  81  disposed inside the bottom of base  80  and backward of red lamp  8  (opposite to the projection direction of red light), capable of emitting blue light forward of red lamp  8  (in the projection direction of red light), a red emissive member  82  of plate form disposed at a front side of the red lamp  8  (or fitted within base  80 ) so as to face the emission direction of blue light from blue LED arrays  81 , and a protective cover (orange color transparent resin cover)  83  of plate form, disposed further forward in the red light projection direction of red lamp  8  and contiguous to the front surface of red emissive member  82 . The protective cover allows for passage of red component (red light) exiting the red emissive member  82  and red component transmitted by red emissive member  82  therethrough. 
     The blue LED arrays  81  emit blue light which enters red emissive member  82  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of lamp  8  (or the inner surface of base  80 ). Blue light incident on red emissive member  82  is absorbed by the phosphor therein and converted thereby to red component. Red component exiting red emissive member  82  travels forward of red lamp  8  directly or after reflection by the inner surface of lamp  8 . In  FIG. 8 , thick arrows indicate some exemplary rays. 
     There were furnished two blue LED arrays each having a power of 1 W. The red emissive member was prepared by mixing polypropylene with 5% by weight of silicon nitride phosphor of (Sr,Ca)AlSiN 3 :Eu (particle size: volume cumulative diameter D50=15 μm and D90=65 μm) as the red emissive material and molding the mixture into a body of 40 mm long x 60 mm wide×1 mm thick. The red emissive member was disposed at a distance of 20 mm from the front surface of blue LED arrays and perpendicular to the optical axes of blue LED arrays (dotted lines in  FIG. 8 ). The transparent filter/cover of orange color resin is disposed outside the red emissive member. The lamp base was made of white color polyethylene. 
       FIG. 9  shows the emission spectrum of the red lamp. The light produced by the red lamp was observed for chromaticity, luminance in front and lateral directions, and visibility. The light of emission had chromaticity values: x=0.65 and y=0.33 on the C.I.E. chromaticity coordinates, indicating satisfactory chromatic hue as red lamp. Also luminance in front and lateral directions was measured. Provided that the red lamp has an optical axis of projection which is 0°, the luminance was measured in the range of 0° to 70°, with the data being shown in Table 1 as a value relative to the luminance at the optical axis of projection 0°. Only a small change was found in luminance between the front direction and the lateral direction, demonstrating that the red lamp had satisfactory visibility over a wide angle range. The visibility of the red lamp in daytime and nighttime was confirmed at a distance of 300 meters away from the lamp, with the results shown in Table 2. Visibility in front direction was satisfactory in either time zone. visibility was also observed in an oblique direction of 45° relative to the projection optical axis of the red lamp, confirming satisfactory visibility as well. 
     Example 2 
     A red lamp was manufactured as in Example 1 except that garnet structure phosphor of Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce (particle size: volume cumulative diameter D50=12 μm and D90=54 μm) was used as the red emissive material. 
       FIG. 10  shows the emission spectrum of the red lamp. The light produced by the red lamp was observed for chromaticity, luminance in front and lateral directions, and visibility. The light of emission had chromaticity values: x=0.66 and y=0.33 on the C.I.E. chromaticity coordinates, indicating satisfactory chromatic hue as red lamp. Also luminance in front and lateral directions was measured. Provided that the red lamp has an optical axis of projection which is 0°, the luminance was measured in the range of 0° to 70°, with the data being shown in Table 1 as a value relative to the luminance at the optical axis of projection 0°. Only a small change was found in luminance between the front direction and the lateral direction, demonstrating that the red lamp had satisfactory visibility over a wide angle range. The visibility of the red lamp in daytime and nighttime was confirmed at a distance of 300 meters away from the lamp, with the results shown in Table 2. Visibility in front direction was satisfactory in either time zone. visibility was also observed in an oblique direction of 45° relative to the projection optical axis of the red lamp, confirming satisfactory visibility as well. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     A red lamp as shown in  FIG. 11  was manufactured. The lamp  9  of  FIG. 11  is different from the lamp of  FIG. 8  in that white LED arrays  91  were used as the light source, the red emissive member was omitted, and a red transparent acrylic resin plate of 2 mm thick was used as a filter  93 . Also illustrated in  FIG. 11  is a base or reflector  90 . There were used two white LED arrays (CR-E by Cree, Inc.) each having a power of 1 W. 
     The light produced by the red lamp was observed for chromaticity, luminance in front and lateral directions, and visibility. The light of emission had chromaticity values: x=0.66 and y=0.32 on the C.I.E. chromaticity coordinates, indicating satisfactory chromatic hue as red lamp. Also luminance in front and lateral directions was measured. Provided that the red lamp has an optical axis of projection which is 0°, the luminance was measured in the range of 0° to 70°, with the data being shown in Table 1 as a value relative to the luminance at the optical axis of projection 0°. The luminance in the optical axis of projection was about 1.2 times that of Example 1, but the luminance in a lateral direction off the optical axis of projection, particularly in an oblique direction of 50° or more from the optical axis of projection was low. Light of emission was hardly visible in oblique directions. Light emission was spot-like or limited to the LED arrays, with intense glare being recognized. The visibility of the red lamp in daytime and nighttime was confirmed at a distance of 300 meters away from the lamp, with the results shown in Table 2. Visibility in front direction was satisfactory in cloudy daytime and fine nighttime, but poor in sunny daytime and rainy nighttime. Visibility in an oblique direction of 45° relative to the projection optical axis of the red lamp was poor at any time zones. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     A red lamp as shown in  FIG. 11  was manufactured. The lamp  9  is different from the lamp of  FIG. 8  in that red LED arrays  91  were used as the light source, the red emissive member was omitted, and a colorless transparent resin plate of 2 mm thick was used as a protective cover 93. There were used four red LED arrays (NS6R083T by Nichia Corp.) each having an output power of 0.5 W. 
       FIG. 12  shows the emission spectrum of the red lamp. The light produced by the red lamp was observed for chromaticity, luminance in front and lateral directions, and visibility. The light of emission had chromaticity values: x=0.70 and y=0.30 on the C.I.E. chromaticity coordinates, indicating satisfactory chromatic hue as red lamp. Also luminance in front and lateral directions was measured. Provided that the red lamp has an optical axis of projection which is 0°, the luminance was measured in the range of 0° to 70°, with the data being shown in Table 1 as a value relative to the luminance at the optical axis of projection 0°. The luminance in the optical axis of projection was about 2.2 times that of Example 1, but the luminance in a lateral direction off the optical axis of projection, particularly in an oblique direction of 40° or more from the optical axis of projection was low. Light of emission was hardly visible in oblique directions. Light emission was spot-like or limited to the LED arrays, with intense glare being recognized. The visibility of the red lamp in daytime and nighttime was confirmed at a distance of 300 meters away from the lamp, with the results shown in Table 2. Visibility in front direction was satisfactory in sunny daytime, cloudy daytime and fine nighttime, but poor in rainy nighttime. Visibility in an oblique direction of 45° relative to the projection optical axis of the red lamp was poor at any time zones. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Angle (°) 
                 0 
                 10 
                 20 
                 30 
                 40 
                 50 
                 60 
                 70 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 1 
                 0.975 
                 0.976 
                 0.936 
                 0.841 
                 0.709 
                 0.537 
                 0.338 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 1 
                 0.977 
                 0.938 
                 0.884 
                 0.831 
                 0.746 
                 0.605 
                 0.382 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 1 
                 0.013 
                 0.051 
                 0.029 
                 0.021 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 1 
                 0.009 
                 0.037 
                 0.030 
                 0.007 
                 0.005 
                 0.002 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Front 
                 45° 
                 Front 
                 45° 
                 Front 
                 45° 
                 Front 
                 45° 
               
               
                   
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
                 direction 
               
               
                   
                 in sunny 
                 in sunny 
                 in cloudy 
                 in cloudy 
                 in fine 
                 in fine 
                 in rainy 
                 in rainy 
               
               
                   
                 daytime 
                 daytime 
                 daytime 
                 daytime 
                 nighttime 
                 nighttime 
                 nighttime 
                 nighttime 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
               
               
                   
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
                 satis- 
               
               
                   
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
                 factory 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 somewhat 
                 poor 
                 satis- 
                 poor 
                 satis- 
                 somewhat 
                 poor 
                 poor 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 poor 
                   
                 factory 
                   
                 factory 
                 poor 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 satis- 
                 poor 
                 satis- 
                 poor 
                 satis- 
                 poor 
                 somewhat 
                 poor 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 factory 
                   
                 factory 
                   
                 factory 
                   
                 poor 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-200175 is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.