Patent Publication Number: US-2022233291-A1

Title: Apparatus and methods for treating teeth

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/088,889, filed Oct. 7, 2020; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/088,862, filed Oct. 7, 2020; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/088,877, filed Oct. 7, 2020; and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/118,603 filed Nov. 25, 2020, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
     The field relates to an apparatus for and method for treating teeth. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     In conventional dental and endodontic procedures, mechanical instruments such as drills, files, brushes, etc. are used to clean unhealthy material from a tooth. For example, dentists often use drills to mechanically break up carious regions (e.g., cavities) on a surface of the tooth. Such procedures are often painful for the patient and frequently do not remove all the diseased material. Furthermore, in conventional root canal treatments, an opening is drilled through the crown of a diseased tooth, and endodontic files are inserted into the root canal system to open the canal spaces and remove organic material therein. The root canal is then filled with solid matter such as gutta percha or a flowable obturation material, and the tooth is restored. However, this procedure will not remove all organic material from the canal spaces, which can lead to post-procedure complications such as infection. In addition, motion of the endodontic file and/or other sources of positive pressure may force organic material through an apical opening into periapical tissues. In some cases, an end of the endodontic file itself may pass through the apical opening. Such events may result in trauma to the soft tissue near the apical opening and lead to post-procedure complications. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for improved dental and endodontic treatments. 
     SUMMARY 
     The embodiments disclosed herein each have several aspects no single one of which is solely responsible for the disclosure&#39;s desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure, its more prominent features will now be briefly discussed. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description,” one will understand how the features of the embodiments described herein provide advantages over existing systems, devices, components and methods for treating teeth. 
     In one embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is disclosed. The apparatus can include a proximal chamber, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber by way of a transition opening, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal to the transition opening, the access opening to provide fluid communication between a treatment region of the tooth and the distal chamber, a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid stream into the proximal chamber and over at least a portion of the transition opening, and an impingement member arranged within a path of the liquid stream, the impingement member having one or more surfaces positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream across at least a portion of the transition opening. 
     In some embodiments, the impingement member can a lateral width that is no wider that a lateral dimension of the transition opening. The distal chamber can have a cross-section area at least substantially equal to an area of the transition opening. The apparatus can include one or more flow disruptors positioned within the proximal chamber. The one or more flow disruptors can include one or more curved or angled protrusions extending from an inner surface of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port and the impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. The proximal chamber can have a first interior surface geometry and the distal chamber can have a second interior surface geometry different than the first interior surface geometry. The apparatus can include a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a volume of the distal chamber can be between 7:4 and 15:2. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a circumference of the transition opening can be between 1 in 3 :150 in and 1 in 3 :20 in. The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber can be between 10 in:1 in 3  and 50 in:1 in 3 . The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height can be between 2:1 and 13:2. The apparatus can include a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can be a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on the one or more surfaces of the impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The one or more surfaces of the impingement member can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement member. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on the one or more surfaces of the impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The one or more surfaces of the impingement member can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement member on a side of the impingement member opposite the contact point. The liquid stream can be a liquid jet, wherein the one or more surfaces of the impingement member are shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet across at least a portion of the transition opening in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on the one or more surfaces of the impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The one or more surfaces of the impingement member are shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement member. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth during is provided. The apparatus can include, a proximal chamber, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber by way of a transition opening, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal to the transition opening, the access opening to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber and a treatment region of the tooth, and a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid stream into the proximal chamber and over at least a portion of the transition opening to impinge on an impingement member, wherein the proximal chamber, the liquid supply port, the distal chamber, and the impingement member are arranged relative to one another in a manner that creates a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include one or more flow disruptors positioned within the proximal chamber. The one or more flow disruptors can include one or more curved or angled protrusions extending from an inner surface of the proximal chamber. The proximal chamber can have a first interior surface geometry and the distal chamber can have a second interior surface geometry different than the first interior surface geometry. The apparatus can include a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a volume of the distal chamber can be between 7:4 and 15:2. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a circumference of the transition opening can be between 1 in 3 :150 in and 1 in 3 :20 in. The liquid stream can be a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber can be between 10 in:1 in 3  and 50 in:1 in 3 . The liquid stream can be a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height can be between 2:1 and 13:2. The apparatus can include a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can include a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of the impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of the impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. The liquid stream can include a liquid jet, wherein an impingement surface of the impingement member is shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet into the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of the impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a proximal chamber, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber by way of a transition opening, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal to the transition opening, the access opening to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber and a treatment region of the tooth, and a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid stream into the proximal chamber and over at least a portion of the transition opening to impinge on an impingement member, the impingement member having one or more surfaces positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream over at least a portion of the transition opening to produce toroidal flow in the distal chamber. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include one or more flow disruptors positioned within the proximal chamber. The one or more flow disruptors can include one or more curved or angled protrusions extending from an inner surface of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port and the impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. The proximal chamber can have a first interior surface geometry and the distal chamber can have a second interior surface geometry different than the first interior surface geometry. The apparatus can include a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a volume of the distal chamber can be between 7:4 and 15:2. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a circumference of the transition opening can be between 1 in 3 :150 in and 1 in 3 :20 in. The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber can be between 10 in:1 in 3  and 50 in:1 in 3 . The liquid stream can be a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height can be between 2:1 and 13:2. The apparatus can be a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can include a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on the one or more surfaces of the impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The one or more surfaces of the impingement member can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement member. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on the one or more surfaces of the impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The one or more surfaces of the impingement member can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement member on a side of the impingement member opposite the contact point. The liquid stream can include a liquid jet, wherein the one or more surfaces of the impingement member can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet across at least a portion of the transition opening in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on the one or more surfaces of the impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The one or more surfaces of the impingement member can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement member. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a proximal chamber having a first interior surface geometry, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber by way of a transition opening, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal to the transition opening, the access opening to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber and a treatment region of the tooth, the distal chamber having a second interior surface geometry that is different than the first interior surface geometry, and a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid stream into the proximal chamber and over at least a portion of the access opening. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include one or more flow disruptors positioned within the proximal chamber. The one or more flow disruptors can include one or more curved or angled protrusions extending from an inner surface of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port and an impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. The apparatus can include a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a volume of the distal chamber can be between 7:4 and 15:2. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a circumference of the transition opening can be between 1 in 3 :150 in and 1 in 3 :20 in. The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber can be between 10 in:1 in 3  and 50 in:1 in 3 . The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height can be between 2:1 and 13:2. The apparatus can include a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can include a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. The liquid stream can include a liquid jet, wherein the liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member, wherein the impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet into the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a proximal chamber, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal the proximal chamber, the access opening to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber and a treatment region of the tooth, a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid stream across the proximal chamber, and a non-uniform transition region between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. 
     In some embodiments, the non-uniform transition region can include a discontinuity providing a non-uniform or abrupt flow transition between the proximal and distal chambers. The discontinuity can be provided by a transition opening and differing interior surface geometries of the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. The non-uniform transition region can include asymmetric interior surfaces of one or more of the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. The non-uniform transition region can include one or more disruptive interior surfaces of one or more of the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. The apparatus can include a transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, and an impingement ring, at least a portion of the impingement ring being recessed from the transition opening and at least a portion of the impingement ring extending over at least a portion of the transition opening to form the non-uniform transition region. The apparatus can include one or more flow disruptors positioned within the proximal chamber. The one or more flow disruptors can include one or more curved or angled protrusions extending from an inner surface of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port and an impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. The proximal chamber can have a first interior surface geometry and the distal chamber can have a second interior surface geometry different than the first interior surface geometry. A ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a volume of the distal chamber can be between 7:4 and 15:2. The apparatus can include a transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, wherein a ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber to a circumference of the transition opening can be between 1 in 3 :150 in and 1 in 3 :20 in. The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber can be between 10 in:1 in 3  and 50 in:1 in 3 . The liquid stream can include a jet and a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height can be between 2:1 and 13:2. The apparatus can include a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can include a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. The liquid stream can include a liquid jet, wherein the liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member, wherein the impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet into the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a proximal chamber, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber by way of a transition opening, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal to the transition opening, the access opening to provided fluid communication between a treatment region of the tooth and the distal chamber, an impingement member including an impingement surface, and a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface, wherein the impingement surface is shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. An angle between a vertical axis of the impingement surface and a radial line extending from a center point of the impingement surface through the contact point can be between −45° and 45°. The angle can be between −30° and 30°. The angle can be between −15° and 15°. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point at a radial distance less than 0.63 inches from a center point of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point at a radial distance between 0.010 inches and 0.05 inches from the center point of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 1% and 49% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 5% and 45% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 8% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 15% and 25% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 20% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The impingement member can be angled downwardly towards the transition opening. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from an anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 3°. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along a jet axis angled superiorly to an anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 4°. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along a jet axis angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the proximal chamber. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be angled at the contact point to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at an angle relative to the impingement surface configured to cause the liquid jet to be redirected from the impingement surface in the form of a second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be hemispherical. The impingement surface can be concave. The liquid supply port and the impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. The apparatus can include a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can include a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a proximal chamber, a distal chamber disposed distal the proximal chamber and in fluid communication with the proximal chamber by way of a transition opening, the distal chamber having an access opening disposed apart from and distal to the transition opening, the access opening to provide fluid communication between a treatment region of the tooth and the distal chamber, a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid jet into the proximal chamber, and an impingement member arranged within a path of the liquid jet, the impingement member including an impingement surface shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. An angle between a vertical axis of the impingement surface and a radial line extending from a center point of the impingement surface through the contact point can be between −45° and 45°. The angle can be between −30° and 30°. The angle can be between −15° and 15°. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point at a radial distance less than 0.63 inches from a center point of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 0.010 inches and 0.05 inches from the center point of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point at a radial distance between 1% and 49% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 5% and 45% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 8% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 15% and 25% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 20% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The impingement member can be angled downwardly towards the transition opening. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from an anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 3°. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along a jet axis angled superiorly to an anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the proximal chamber by an angle between 0° and 4°. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet along a jet axis angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the proximal chamber. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point wherein the impingement surface can be angled to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the proximal chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The liquid jet can be disposed to impinge on the impingement surface at an angle relative to the impingement surface configured to cause the liquid jet to be redirected from the impingement surface in the form of a second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be hemispherical. The impingement surface can be concave. The liquid supply port and the impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the treatment region over a course of a treatment procedure. The apparatus can include a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The apparatus can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The apparatus can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber can include a substantially degassed treatment fluid. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet in the form of a second liquid jet within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement surface. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, directing a liquid stream over a transition opening between a proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on an impingement member of the dental instrument, and redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member that is positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream across at least a portion of the transition opening. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, and directing a liquid stream over a transition opening between a proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on an impingement member of the dental instrument so as to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the proximal chamber. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, directing a liquid stream over a transition opening between a proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on an impingement member of the dental instrument, and redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member that is positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream across at least a portion of the transition opening. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, directing a liquid stream over a transition opening between a proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on an impingement member of the dental instrument, and redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member that is positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream across at least a portion of the transition opening. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, and directing a liquid stream over a transition opening between a proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the dental instrument, the proximal chamber including a first interior surface geometry, and the distal chamber including a second interior surface geometry different than the first interior surface geometry. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, the dental treatment apparatus including a proximal chamber, a distal chamber, and a non-uniform transition region between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, and directing a liquid stream across the proximal chamber. 
     In some embodiments, of the above methods, the dental treatment instrument can include one or more flow disruptors positioned within the proximal chamber. The proximal chamber can have a first interior surface geometry and the distal chamber can have a second interior surface geometry different than the first interior surface geometry. The proximal chamber can include a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber. The dental instrument further includes a suction port exposed to the proximal chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber. The dental instrument can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The dental instrument can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. Directing the liquid stream can include directing the liquid stream to generate pressure waves in a treatment fluid within the proximal chamber and the distal chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. Directing the liquid stream over the transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on the impingement member of the dental instrument can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement member. Redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member can include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement member. Directing the liquid stream over the transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on the impingement member of the dental instrument can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. Redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member can include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement member on a side of the impingement member opposite the contact point. Directing the liquid stream over the transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on the impingement member of the dental instrument can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement member. Redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member can include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement member. Directing the liquid stream can include directing a liquid jet, wherein redirecting the liquid jet using one or more surfaces of the impingement member can include redirecting the liquid jet using one or more surfaces of the impingement member configured to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet in the form of a second liquid jet. Directing the liquid stream over the transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on the impingement member can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The method can further include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement member. Directing the liquid stream over the transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on the impingement member can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The method can further include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement member on a side of the impingement member opposite the contact point. Directing the liquid stream over the transition opening between the proximal chamber and the distal chamber of the dental instrument to impinge on the impingement member can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The method can further include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement member. Directing the liquid stream can include directing a liquid jet, the method further including redirecting the liquid jet using one or more surfaces of the impingement member configured to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet in the form of a second liquid jet. Directing the liquid stream can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on an impingement member of the dental instrument. Directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The method can further include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement member. Directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement member. The method can further include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement member on a side of the impingement member opposite the contact point. Directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member can include directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member at a contact point inferior to a vertical center of the impingement member. The method can further include redirecting the liquid stream using one or more surfaces of the impingement member shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid stream within the proximal chamber from a position superior to the vertical center of the impingement member. Directing the liquid stream to impinge on the impingement member can include directing a liquid jet to impinge on the impingement member, the method further including redirecting the liquid jet using one or more surfaces of the impingement member configured to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet in the form of a second liquid jet. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, directing a liquid jet to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member within a chamber of the dental instrument at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface, and redirecting at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber from a position inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface using the impingement surface. 
     In some embodiments, directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement surface. Redirecting the liquid jet can include redirecting at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. An angle between a vertical axis of the impingement surface and a radial line extending from a center point of the impingement surface through the contact point can be between −45° and 45°. The angle can be between −30° and 30°. The angle can be between −15° and 15°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance less than 0.63 inches from a center point of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 0.010 inches and 0.05 inches from the center point of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 1% and 49% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 5% and 45% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 8% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 15% and 25% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 20% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The chamber can include a proximal chamber, wherein the impingement member can be angled downwardly towards a transition opening between the proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the dental apparatus. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from an anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 3°. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the chamber. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along a jet axis angled superiorly to an anterior-posterior axis of the chamber. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 4°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along a jet axis angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the chamber. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be angled at the contact point to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber in the form of a second liquid jet. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet impinge on the impingement surface at an angle relative to the impingement surface configured to cause the liquid jet to be redirected from the impingement surface in the form of a second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be hemispherical. The impingement surface can be concave. A liquid supply port of the dental instrument and the impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the chamber. The dental instrument can include a suction port exposed to the chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the chamber. The dental instrument can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The dental instrument can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A fluid within the chamber can include a substantially degassed fluid. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include generating pressure waves in a fluid within the chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. 
     In another embodiment, a method for operating a dental instrument is provided. The method can include providing an access opening of the dental instrument configured to be placed in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, and directing a liquid jet to impinge on an impingement surface of an impingement member within a chamber of the dental instrument so as to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet from the impingement member in the form of a second liquid jet. 
     In some embodiments, directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at a contact point superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement surface. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber from a position lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface on a side of the impingement surface opposite the contact point. An angle between a vertical axis of the impingement surface and a radial line extending from a center point of the impingement surface through the contact point can be between −45° and 45°. The angle can be between −30° and 30°. The angle can be between −15° and 15°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance less than 0.63 inches from a center point of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 0.010 inches and 0.05 inches from the center point of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 1% and 49% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 5% and 45% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 8% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 15% and 25% of a diameter of the impingement surface. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface at the contact point at a radial distance between 20% and 40% of a diameter of the impingement surface. The chamber can include a proximal chamber, wherein the impingement member can be angled downwardly towards a transition opening between the proximal chamber and a distal chamber of the instrument. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from an anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. The central axis of the impingement member can be angled inferiorly from the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 3°. A central axis of the impingement member can be angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the chamber. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along a jet axis angled superiorly to an anterior-posterior axis of the chamber. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 10°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 6°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along the jet axis superiorly to the anterior-posterior axis of the chamber by an angle between 0° and 4°. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet along a jet axis angled laterally relative to a superior-inferior axis of the chamber. The impingement surface can be shaped to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber in the form of the second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be angled at the contact point to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber in the form of the second liquid jet. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include directing the liquid jet impinge on the impingement surface at an angle relative to the impingement surface configured to cause the liquid jet to be redirected from the impingement surface in the form of the second liquid jet. The impingement surface can be hemispherical. The impingement surface can be concave. A liquid supply port of the dental instrument and the impingement member can be arranged relative to each other to create a turbulent flow of liquid within the chamber. The dental instrument can include a suction port exposed to the chamber. The suction port can be disposed along an upper wall of the chamber. The dental instrument can include an outlet line connected to the suction port. The dental instrument can include a vent exposed to ambient air, the vent in fluid communication with the outlet line and being positioned along the outlet line at a location downstream of the suction port. A fluid within the chamber can include a substantially degassed fluid. Directing the liquid jet to impinge on the impingement surface can include generating pressure waves in a fluid within the chamber, the generated pressure waves having a broadband power spectrum. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for applying a platform to a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include one or more surfaces configured to receive a conforming material, a handle extending proximally from the one or more surfaces, a pin extending distally from the one or more surfaces and configured to be received within an access opening of the tooth; and a venting pathway extending through the pin and handle. 
     In some embodiments, the apparatus can include an upper rim including an upper surface, lower surface, and an outer edge extending therebetween, and a lower rim extending inferiorly from the upper rim and including a lower surface and an outer edge extending between the lower surface and the upper rim, wherein the one or more surfaces configured to receive the conforming material include the lower surface of the upper rim, the outer edge of the lower rim, and the lower surface of the lower rim. The upper rim can have a larger cross-section than the lower rim. The upper rim and the lower rim can be each shaped in the form of a disc. The upper rim can have a circular cross-section and the lower rim can have a circular cross-section. The outer edge of the upper rim can extend radially beyond the outer edge of the lower rim. The pin can be tapered between a proximal end of the pin and a distal end of the pin. The venting pathway can extend from a proximal-most end of the handle to a distal-most end of the pin. The handle can include an elongated handle top. The handle can include one or more circumferential ridges. The venting pathway can include a first venting pathway, wherein the apparatus includes a second venting pathway. The first venting pathway can extend along a first axis and the second venting pathway can extend along a second axis transverse to the first axis. The second axis can be perpendicular to the first axis. The second venting pathway can include a recess extending inferiorly from a superior-most surface of the handle and at least partially laterally relative to the first venting pathway. The second venting pathway can include a channel extending laterally through a portion of the handle and at least partially laterally relative to the first venting pathway. The channel can include a through-hole. The second venting pathway can be in fluid communication with the first venting pathway. The one or more surfaces can be shaped to form a platform from the conforming material including a bottom surface, an access opening extending through the bottom surface, and a ridge extending superiorly from the bottom surface. The bottom surface can be configured to receive a dental treatment instrument. The ridge can be configured to restrict lateral movement of the dental treatment instrument across the bottom surface of the platform. 
     In another embodiment, a method for treating a tooth is provided. The method can include applying a conforming material to one or more surfaces of an applicator around a pin extending distally beyond the surface of the applicator, advancing the applicator towards the tooth to position the pin of the applicator within an access opening of the tooth and apply the conforming material to a top surface of the tooth, and curing the conforming material while the conforming material is positioned on the top surface of the tooth to form a platform on the top surface of the tooth. 
     In some embodiments, the conforming material can include a light cure resin. Curing the conforming material while the conforming material is positioned on the top surface of the tooth to form the platform on the top surface of the tooth can include forming a platform including a bottom surface, an access opening extending through the bottom surface, and a ridge extending superiorly from the bottom surface. The access opening of the platform can align with the access opening of the tooth. The method can include positioning a dental treatment instrument on the platform so that the dental treatment instrument can be in fluid communication with the access opening of the tooth via the access opening of the platform. The ridge of the platform can be configured to restrict lateral movement of the dental treatment instrument across the bottom surface of the platform. The method can include removing the applicator from the platform and reforming the size or shape of the access opening of the platform. Reforming the size and shape of the access opening of the platform can include reforming the size and shape of the access opening of the platform to conform to the access opening of the tooth. The applicator can include the one or more surfaces of the applicator, wherein the one or more surfaces can be configured to receive the conforming material, a handle extending proximally from the one or more surfaces, the pin, wherein the pin extends distally from the one or more surfaces, and a venting pathway extending through the pin and handle. The applicator can further include an upper rim including an upper surface, lower surface, and an outer edge extending therebetween, and a lower rim extending inferiorly from the upper rim and including a lower surface and an outer edge extending between the lower surface and the upper rim, wherein the one or more surfaces configured to receive the conforming material include the lower surface of the upper rim, the outer edge of the lower rim, and the lower surface of the lower rim. The upper rim can have a larger cross-section than the lower rim. The upper rim and the lower rim can be each shaped in the form of a disc. The upper rim can have a circular cross-section and the lower rim can have a circular cross-section. The outer edge of the upper rim can extend radially beyond the outer edge of the lower rim. The venting pathway can extend from a proximal-most end of the handle to a distal-most end of the pin. The handle can include an elongated handle top. The handle can include one or more circumferential ridges. The venting pathway can include a first venting pathway, wherein the applicator includes a second venting pathway. The first venting pathway can extend along a first axis and the second venting pathway can extend along a second axis transverse to the first axis. The second axis can be perpendicular to the first axis. The second venting pathway can include a recess extending inferiorly from a superior-most surface of the handle and at least partially laterally relative to the first venting pathway. The second venting pathway can include a channel extending laterally through a portion of the handle and at least partially laterally relative to the first venting pathway. The channel can include a through-hole. The second venting pathway can be in fluid communication with the first venting pathway. The pin can be tapered between a proximal end of the pin and a distal end of the pin. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a chamber having an access opening to provide fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid jet into the chamber to create pressure waves within the chamber, and at least one oscillatory member exposed to fluid motion in the chamber, the fluid motion causing the at least one oscillatory member to oscillate. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one oscillatory member is configured oscillate to amplify an amplitude of at least one frequency of the pressure waves within the chamber. The liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet into the chamber to create fluid motion in the chamber, wherein the at least one oscillatory member can be configured to oscillate in response to the fluid motion. The apparatus can include an impingement member arranged within a path of the liquid jet, the impingement member having one or more surfaces positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber. The at least one oscillatory member can be configured to oscillate at a natural frequency that corresponds to the at least one frequency of the pressure waves. The at least one oscillatory member can include a plurality of oscillatory members. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can be configured to oscillate to amplify the amplitude of a different frequency of the pressure waves. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can have a different shape. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can have a different size. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can be positioned at a different location. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can be configured to oscillate at a different natural frequency. The pressure waves can include a range of frequencies effective for cleaning a treatment region of the tooth, wherein the at least one oscillatory member can be configured to oscillate to amplify the amplitude of at least one frequency in the range of frequencies. The at least one oscillatory member can be configured to oscillate at a natural frequency that corresponds to at least one frequency in the range of frequencies. The at least one oscillatory member can include a plurality of oscillatory members. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can be configured to oscillate to amplify the amplitude a different frequency within the range of frequencies. Each of the plurality of oscillatory members can be configured to oscillate at a different natural frequency corresponding to a frequency within the range of frequencies. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a tooth is provided. The apparatus can include a chamber having an access opening to provide fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth, a liquid supply port disposed to direct a liquid jet into the chamber to create pressure waves within the chamber, and at least one movable member exposed to fluid motion in the chamber, the fluid motion causing the at least one movable member to move. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid supply port can be disposed to direct the liquid jet into the chamber to create fluid motion in the chamber, wherein the at least one movable member can be configured to move in response to the fluid motion. The apparatus can include an impingement member arranged within a path of the liquid jet, the impingement member having one or more surfaces positioned to redirect at least a portion of the liquid jet within the chamber. The at least one movable member can include a plurality of movable members. Each of the plurality of movable members can have a different shape. Each of the plurality of movable members can have a different size. Each of the plurality of movable members can be positioned at a different location. 
     For purposes of this summary, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of certain disclosed inventions are summarized. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the inventions disclosed herein may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein. Further, the foregoing is intended to summarize certain disclosed inventions and is not intended to limit the scope of the inventions disclosed herein. 
    
    
     
       BREIF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other features, aspects, and advantages of the embodiments of the apparatus and methods of treating teeth (e.g., cleaning teeth) are described in detail below with reference to the drawings of various embodiments, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the embodiments of the invention. The drawings comprise the following figures in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of a system that includes components capable of removing unhealthy or undesirable materials from a root canal of a tooth. 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram of a system that includes components capable of removing unhealthy or undesirable material from a treatment region on an exterior surface of a tooth. 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic perspective view of a treatment instrument according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2B  is a magnified schematic perspective view of a fluid platform disposed at a distal end portion of a handpiece of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 2C  is a schematic bottom perspective view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 2D  is a schematic side sectional view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 2A , taken along section  2 D- 2 D of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 2E  is a magnified bottom perspective sectional view of the fluid platform. 
         FIG. 2F  is a magnified view of the fluid platform shown in the section of  FIG. 2D . 
         FIG. 2G  is a schematic side sectional view of the fluid platform taken along section  2 G- 2 G of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 2H  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform taken along section  2 H- 2 H of  FIG. 2F . 
         FIG. 2I  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform taken along section  2 I- 2 I of  FIG. 2F . 
         FIG. 2J  is a top plan view of the fluid platform taken along section  2 J- 2 J of  FIG. 2F . 
         FIG. 2K  is a top plan view of the fluid platform taken along section  2 I- 2 I of  FIG. 2F . 
         FIG. 3A  is top perspective view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3B  is a bottom perspective view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 3C  is a perspective exploded view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 3D  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 3E  is a rear cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 3F  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 3G  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 3H  is a top cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 4A  is a top perspective view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4B  is a bottom perspective view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 4C  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 4D  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 4E  is a top cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 5A  is a side cross-sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5B  is a top perspective view of an impingement ring of the fluid platform of  FIG. 5A . 
         FIG. 5C  is a bottom perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 5A . 
         FIG. 5D  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 5A . 
         FIG. 5E  is a top cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 5A . 
         FIG. 6A  is a side cross-sectional view showing dimensions according to the fluid platforms of  FIGS. 4A and 5A . 
         FIG. 6B  is a top cross-sectional view showing dimensions according to the fluid platforms of  FIGS. 4A and 5A . 
         FIG. 7A  is a perspective exploded view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7B  is a top perspective view of an impingement ring of the fluid platform of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 7C  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 7D  is a bottom perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 7E  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 7F  is a top cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 8A  is a perspective exploded view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8B  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8C  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8D  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8E  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8F  is a top cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 9A  is a side cross-sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9B  is a top cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 9A . 
         FIG. 10A  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10B  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10C  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10D  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10E  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10F  is a top perspective view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10G  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10H  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10I  is a top view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10J  is a perspective view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11A  is a top perspective view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11B  is a bottom perspective view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11C  is a top perspective exploded view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11D  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11E  is a rear cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11F  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11G  is a rear view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11H  is a front view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11I  is a top view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11J  is a bottom view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 11K  is a side cross-sectional view of the fluid platform of  FIG. 11A . 
         FIG. 12A  is a top perspective view of a treatment instrument according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12B  is a bottom perspective view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A . 
         FIG. 12C  is a top perspective exploded view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A . 
         FIG. 12D  is a side cross-sectional view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A . 
         FIG. 12E  is a magnified bottom perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A . 
         FIG. 13  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 15  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17  is a perspective view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 21  is a bottom perspective view of an impingement ring in a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 24  is a side sectional view of a bottom cap of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 25  is a top perspective view of an impingement ring according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 26  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 27  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 28  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 29  is a bottom perspective view of a bottom cap according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 30  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 31  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 32  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 33  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 34  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 35  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 36  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 37  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 38  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 39A  is a top perspective view of a matrix according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 39B  is a bottom perspective view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39C  is a front view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39D  is a side view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39E  is a top perspective sectional view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39F  is a top view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39G  is a bottom view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39H  is a rear view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A . 
         FIG. 39I  is a side view of the matrix of  FIG. 39A  showing the opposite side of  FIG. 39D . 
         FIG. 40A  is a top perspective view of a matrix according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 40B  is a top perspective sectional view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A . 
         FIG. 40C  is a bottom perspective view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A . 
         FIG. 40D  is a front view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A . 
         FIG. 40E  a side view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A . 
         FIG. 40F  is a top view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A . 
         FIG. 40G  is a bottom view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A . 
         FIG. 40H  is a rear view of the matrix of  FIG. 40 . 
         FIG. 40I  is a side view of the matrix of  FIG. 40A  showing the opposite side of  FIG. 40E . 
         FIG. 41A  is a top perspective view of a matrix according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 41B  is a top perspective sectional view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A . 
         FIG. 41C  is a bottom perspective view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A . 
         FIG. 41D  is a front view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A . 
         FIG. 41E  a side view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A . 
         FIG. 41F  is a top view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A . 
         FIG. 41G  is a bottom view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A . 
         FIG. 41H  is a rear view of the matrix of  FIG. 41 . 
         FIG. 41I  is a side view of the matrix of  FIG. 41A  showing the opposite side of  FIG. 41E . 
         FIGS. 42A-42H  show aspects of a process for treating a tooth according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     Throughout the drawings, unless otherwise noted, reference numbers may be re-used to indicate a general correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate example embodiments described herein and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to a dental treatment instrument configured to clean and/or fill a treatment region of a tooth. The treatment instruments disclosed herein demonstrate improved efficacy at cleaning the tooth, including root canal spaces and associated tubules and carious regions on an exterior surface of the tooth. Additionally or alternatively, the treatment instruments disclosed herein can be used to fill a treatment region of a tooth, such as a treated root canal or a treated carious region on an exterior surface of the tooth. 
     Overview of Various Disclosed Embodiments 
       FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of a system  100  that includes components capable of removing unhealthy or undesirable materials from a tooth  110 . The tooth  110  illustrated in  FIG. 1A  is a premolar tooth, e.g., a tooth located between canine and molar teeth in a mammal such as a human. Although the illustrated tooth  110  comprises a premolar tooth, it should be appreciated that the tooth  110  to be treated can be any type of tooth, such as a molar tooth or an anterior tooth (e.g., an incisor or canine tooth). The tooth  110  includes hard structural and protective layers, including a hard layer of dentin  116  and a very hard outer layer of enamel  117 . A pulp cavity  111  is defined within the dentin  116 . The pulp cavity  111  comprises one or more root canals  113  extending toward an apex  114  of each root  112 . The pulp cavity  111  and root canal  113  contain dental pulp, which is a soft, vascular tissue comprising nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue, odontoblasts, and other tissue and cellular components. Blood vessels and nerves enter/exit the root canal  113  through a tiny opening, the apical foramen or apical opening  115 , near a tip of the apex  114  of the root  112 . It should be appreciated that, although the tooth  110  illustrated herein is a premolar, the embodiments disclosed herein can advantageously be used to treat any suitable type of tooth, including molars, canines, incisors, etc. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the system  100  can be used to remove unhealthy materials (such as organic and inorganic matter) from an interior of the tooth  110 , e.g., from the root canal  113  of the tooth  110 . For example, an endodontic access opening  118  can be formed in the tooth  110 , e.g., on an occlusal surface, or on a side surface such as a buccal surface or a lingual surface. The access opening  118  provides access to a portion of a pulp cavity  111  of the tooth  110 . The system  100  can include a console  102  and a treatment instrument  1  comprising a pressure wave generator  10  and a fluid platform  2  adapted to be positioned over or against a treatment region of the tooth  110 . The fluid platform  2  can define a chamber  6  configured to retain fluid therein. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be part of a removable tip device that is removably coupled to a handpiece which can be held or pressed against the tooth  110  by the clinician. In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may not be removably connected to the handpiece, e.g., the fluid platform  2  may be integrally formed with the handpiece, or may be connected to the handpiece in a manner intended to be non-removable. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be attached to the tooth, e.g., using an adhesive. For example, in some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may not be used with a handpiece. One or more conduits  104  can electrically, mechanically, and/or fluidly connect the console  102  with the fluid platform  2  and pressure wave generator  10 . The console  102  can include a control system and various fluid management systems configured to operate the pressure wave generator  10  during a treatment procedure. Additional examples of system components that can be used in the system  100  are disclosed throughout U.S. Pat. No. 9,504,536, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
     As explained herein, the system  100  can be used in cleaning procedures to clean substantially the entire root canal system. For example, in various embodiments disclosed herein, the pressure wave generator  10  can generate pressure waves with a single frequency or multiple frequencies. The single frequency may be a low frequency below the audible range, a frequency within the audible range, or a relatively higher frequency above the audible range. For example, in various embodiments disclosed herein, the pressure wave generator  10  can generate pressure waves  23  of sufficient power and relatively low frequencies to produce fluid motion  24  in the chamber  6 —such that the pressure wave generators  10  disclosed herein can act as a fluid motion generator—and can generate pressure waves of sufficient power and at relatively higher frequencies to produce surface effect cavitation on a dental surface, either inside or outside the tooth. That is, for example, the pressure wave generators  10  disclosed herein can act as fluid motion generators to generate large-scale or bulk fluid motion  24  in or near the tooth  110 , and can also generate smaller-scale fluid motion at higher frequencies. In some arrangements, the fluid motion  24  in the chamber  6  can generate induced fluid motion such as vortices  75 , swirl, a chaotic or turbulent flow, etc. in the tooth  110  and root canal  113  that can clean and/or fill the canal  113 . 
     In some embodiments, the system  100  can additionally or alternatively be used in filling procedures to fill a treated region of the tooth, e.g., to obturate a treated root canal system. The treatment instrument  1  can generate pressure waves and fluid motion that can cause a flowable filling material to substantially fill the treated region. The flowable filling material can be hardened to restore the tooth. Additional details of systems that utilize pressure wave generators  10  to fill a treatment region can be found throughout U.S. Pat. No. 9,877,801, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
       FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram of a system  100  that includes components capable of removing unhealthy or undesirable material from a treatment region on an exterior surface  119  of the tooth. For example, as in  FIG. 1A , the system  100  can include a treatment instrument  1  including a fluid platform  2  and a pressure wave generator  10 . The fluid platform  2  can communicate with the console  102  by way of the one or more conduits  104 . Unlike the system  100  of  FIG. 1A , however, the fluid platform  2  is coupled to a treatment region on an exterior surface  119  of the tooth  110 . For example, the system  1  of  FIG. 1B  can be activated to clean an exterior surface of the tooth  110 , e.g., a carious region of the tooth  110 . In such embodiments, the clinician can provide the chamber  6  over any surface or region of the tooth  110  that includes diseased tissue to provide fluid communication between the pressure wave generator  10  and the treatment region. As with the embodiment of  FIG. 1A , fluid motion  24  can be generated in the fluid platform  2  and chamber  6 , which can act to clean the treatment region of the tooth  110 . Further, as explained above, the system  100  can additionally or alternatively be used to fill the treatment region, e.g., the treated carious region on the exterior surface  119  of the tooth  110 . 
     As explained herein, the disclosed pressure wave generators  10  can be configured to generate pressure waves  23  with energy sufficient to clean undesirable material from a tooth. The pressure wave generator  10  can be a device that converts one form of energy into pressure waves  23  within the treatment liquid. The pressure wave generator  10  can induce, among other phenomena, fluid dynamic motion of the treatment liquid (e.g., in the chamber  6 ), fluid circulation, turbulence, and other conditions that can enable the cleaning of the tooth  110 . The pressure wave generators  10  disclosed in each of the figures described herein may be any suitable type of pressure wave generator. 
     The pressure wave generator  10  can be used to clean the tooth  110  by creating pressure waves  23  that propagate through the treatment liquid, e.g., through treatment fluid retained at least partially retained in the fluid platform  2 . In some implementations, the pressure wave generator  10  may also create cavitation, acoustic streaming, shock waves, turbulence, etc. In various embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  can generate pressure waves  23  or acoustic energy having a broadband power spectrum. For example, the pressure wave generator  10  can generate acoustic waves at multiple different frequencies, as opposed to only one or a few frequencies. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the generation of power at multiple frequencies can help to remove various types of organic and/or inorganic materials that have different material or physical characteristics at various frequencies. 
     In some embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid jet device. The liquid jet can be created by passing high pressure liquid through an orifice. The liquid jet can create pressure waves  23  within the treatment liquid. In some embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  comprises a coherent, collimated jet of liquid. The jet of liquid can interact with liquid in a substantially-enclosed volume (e.g., the chamber  6 ) and/or an impingement member (e.g., a distal impingement plate on a distal end of a guide tube, or a curved surface of the chamber walls) to create the pressure waves  23 . As used herein, “member” means a constituent piece, portion, part, component, or section of a structure. In addition, the interaction of the jet and the treatment fluid, as well as the interaction of the spray which results from hitting the impingement member and the treatment fluid, may assist in creating cavitation and/or other acoustic effects to clean the tooth. In other embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a laser device, as explained herein. Other types of pressure wave generators, such as mechanical devices, may also be suitable. 
     The pressure wave generators  10  disclosed herein can generate pressure waves having a broadband acoustic spectrum with multiple frequencies. The pressure wave generator  10  can generate a broadband power spectrum of acoustic power with significant power extending from about 1 Hz to about 1000 kHz, including, e.g., significant power in a range of about 1 kHz to about 1000 kHz (e.g., the bandwidth can be about 1000 kHz). The bandwidth of the acoustic energy spectrum may, in some cases, be measured in terms of the 3-decibel (3-dB) bandwidth (e.g., the full-width at half-maximum or FWHM of the acoustic power spectrum). In various examples, a broadband acoustic power spectrum can include significant power in a bandwidth in a range from about 1 Hz to about 500 kHz, in a range from about 1 kHz to about 500 kHz, in a range from about 10 kHz to about 100 kHz, or some other range of frequencies. In some implementations, a broadband spectrum can include acoustic power above about 1 MHz. Beneficially, a broadband spectrum of acoustic power can produce a relatively broad range of bubble sizes in the cavitation cloud and on the surfaces on the tooth, and the implosion of these bubbles may be more effective at disrupting tissue than bubbles having a narrow size range. Relatively broadband acoustic power may also allow acoustic energy to work on a range of length scales, e.g., from the cellular scale up to the tissue scale. Accordingly, pressure wave generators that produce a broadband acoustic power spectrum (e.g., some embodiments of a liquid jet) can be more effective at tooth cleaning for some treatments than pressure wave generators that produce a narrowband acoustic power spectrum. Additional examples of pressure wave generators that produce broadband acoustic power are described in  FIGS. 2A-2B-2  and the associated disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 9,675,426, and in  FIGS. 13A-14  and the associated disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 10,098,717, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
     The dental treatments disclosed herein can be used with any suitable type of treatment fluid, e.g., cleaning fluids. In filling procedures, the treatment fluid can comprise a flowable filling material that can be hardened to fill the treatment region. The treatment fluids disclosed herein can be any suitable fluid, including, e.g., water, saline, etc. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid can be degassed, which may improve cavitation and/or reduce the presence of gas bubbles in some treatments. In some embodiments, the dissolved gas content can be less than about 1% by volume. Various chemicals can be added to treatment solution, including, e.g., tissue dissolving agents (e.g., NaOCl), disinfectants (e.g., chlorhexidine), anesthesia, fluoride therapy agents, EDTA, citric acid, and any other suitable chemicals. For example, any other antibacterial, decalcifying, disinfecting, mineralizing, or whitening solutions may be used as well. Various solutions may be used in combination at the same time or sequentially at suitable concentrations. In some embodiments, chemicals and the concentrations of the chemicals can be varied throughout the procedure by the clinician and/or by the system to improve patient outcomes. The pressure waves  23  and fluid motion  24  generated by the pressure wave generator  10  can beneficially improve the efficacy of cleaning by inducing low-frequency bulk fluid motion and/or higher-frequency acoustic waves that can remove undesirable materials throughout the treatment region. 
     In some systems and methods, the treatment fluids used with the system  100  can comprise degassed fluids having a dissolved gas content that is reduced when compared to the normal gas content of the fluid. The use of degassed treatment fluids can beneficially improve cleaning efficacy, since the presence of bubbles in the fluid may impede the propagation of acoustic energy and reduce the effectiveness of cleaning. In some embodiments, the degassed fluid has a dissolved gas content that is reduced to approximately 10%-40% of its normal amount as delivered from a source of fluid (e.g., before degassing). In other embodiments, the dissolved gas content of the degassed fluid can be reduced to approximately 5%-50% or 1%-70% of the normal gas content of the fluid. In some treatments, the dissolved gas content can be less than about 70%, less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or less than about 1% of the normal gas amount. In some embodiments, the degassed fluids may be exposed to a specific type of gas, such as ozone, and carry some of the gas (e.g., ozone) with them into the treatment region, for example, in the form of gas bubbles. At the treatment region, the gas bubbles expose the treatment region to the gas (e.g., ozone) for further disinfection of the region. Additional details regarding the use of degassed treatment liquids may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 9,675,426, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     Examples of Treatment Instruments 
     Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to a dental treatment instrument  1  configured to clean and/or fill a treatment region of the tooth  110 . The treatment instruments disclosed herein demonstrate improved efficacy at cleaning the tooth  110 , including root canal spaces and associated tubules and carious regions on an exterior surface of the tooth  110 . 
       FIGS. 2A-2K  illustrate an example of such a treatment instrument  1 . In particular,  FIG. 2A  is a schematic perspective view of a treatment instrument  1  according to one embodiment.  FIG. 2B  is a magnified schematic perspective view of a fluid platform  2  disposed at a distal end portion of a handpiece  12  of the treatment instrument  1  of FIG.  2 A.  FIG. 2C  is a schematic bottom perspective view of the treatment instrument  1  of  FIG. 2A .  FIG. 2D  is a schematic side sectional view of the treatment instrument  1  of  FIG. 2A , taken along section  2 D- 2 D of  FIG. 2A .  FIG. 2E  is a magnified bottom perspective sectional view of the fluid platform  2 .  FIG. 2F  is a magnified view of the fluid platform  2  shown in the section of  FIG. 2D .  FIG. 2G  is a schematic side sectional view of the fluid platform  2  taken along section  2 G- 2 G of  FIG. 2A .  FIG. 2H  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform  2  taken along section  2 H- 2 H of  FIG. 2F .  FIG. 2I  is a top perspective sectional view of the fluid platform  2  taken along section  2 I- 2 I of  FIG. 2F .  FIG. 2J  is a top plan view of the fluid platform  2  taken along section  2 J- 2 J of  FIG. 2F .  FIG. 2K  is a top plan view of the fluid platform  2  taken along section  2 I- 2 I of  FIG. 2F . 
     The treatment instrument  1  of  FIGS. 2A-2K  includes a handpiece  12  sized and shaped to be gripped by the clinician. A fluid platform  2  can be coupled to a distal portion of the handpiece  12 . As explained herein, in some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can form part of a removable tip device  11  (see below) that can be removably connected to the handpiece  12 . In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be non-removably attached to the handpiece  12  or can be integrally formed with the handpiece  12 . In still other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may not couple to a handpiece and may instead serve as a treatment cap that is adhered (or otherwise coupled or positioned) to the tooth without using a handpiece. As shown in  FIG. 2A , an interface member  14  can be provided at a proximal end portion of the handpiece  12 , which can removably couple to the one or more conduits  104  to provide fluid communication between the console  102  and the treatment instrument  1 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B , and as explained herein, a vent  7  can be provided through a portion of the handpiece  12  to provide fluid communication between an outlet line  4  (which can comprise one of the at least one conduits  104  described above) and ambient air. As explained herein, the vent  7  can serve to regulate the pressure in the fluid platform  2  and can improve the safety and efficacy of the treatment instrument  1 . As shown in  FIG. 2C , an access port  18  can be provided at a distal portion of the fluid platform  2  to provide fluid communication between a chamber  6  defined by the fluid platform  2  and the treatment region of the tooth  110 . For example, as explained above with respect to  FIG. 1A , in root canal cleaning procedures, a sealing cap  3  at the distal portion of the fluid platform  2  can be positioned against the tooth  110  over the access opening  118  to provide fluid communication between the chamber  6  and the interior of the tooth  110  (e.g., the pulp cavity  111  and root canal(s)  113 ). In other embodiments, as explained above with respect to  FIG. 1B , the sealing cap  3  can be positioned against the tooth  110  over the carious region at an exterior surface  119  of the tooth  110  to provide fluid communication between the chamber  6  and the carious region to be treated. The pressure waves  23  and fluid motion  24  can propagate throughout the treatment region to clean the treatment region. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 2D-2G , the fluid platform  2  can have one or a plurality of walls that define the chamber  6 . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 2E-2G  the fluid platform  2  can comprise at least one wall including a curved sidewall  13  and an upper wall  17  disposed at an upper end of the chamber  6  opposite the access port  18 . In the illustrated embodiment, the curved sidewall  13  can define a generally cylindrical chamber  6  with a generally circular cross-section, and can extend from the upper wall  17  at an angle. In other embodiments, however, the curved sidewall  13  can be elliptical or can have other curved or angular surfaces. The sidewall  13  can extend non-parallel to (e.g., substantially transverse to) the upper wall  17 . The sidewall  13  can extend from the upper wall  17  at any suitable non-zero angle, for example, by about 90° in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the sidewall  13  can extend from the upper wall  17  by an angle greater than or less than 90°. In other embodiments, the sidewall  13  can extend from the upper wall  17  by different angular amounts along a perimeter of the sidewall  13  such that the shape of the chamber  6  may be irregular or asymmetric. In the illustrated embodiment, the interior angle between the upper wall  17  and sidewall  13  can comprise an angle or corner. In other embodiments, however, the interior interface between the upper wall  17  and sidewall  13  can comprise a curved or smooth surface without corners. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more walls can comprise a curved profile, such as a quasi-spherical profile. 
     The sealing cap  3  can be coupled or formed with the fluid platform  2 . As shown, for example, a flange  16  can comprise a U-shaped support with opposing sides, and the sealing cap  3  can be disposed within the flange  16 . The flange  16  can serve to mechanically connect the sealing cap  3  to the distal portion of the handpiece  12 . The access port  18  can be provided at the distal end portion of the chamber  6  which places the chamber  6  in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth  110  when the chamber  6  is coupled to the tooth (e.g., pressed against the tooth, adhered to the tooth, or otherwise coupled to the tooth). For example, the sealing cap  3  can be pressed against the tooth by the clinician to substantially seal the treatment region of the tooth. 
     The chamber  6  can be shaped to have any suitable profile. In various embodiments, and as shown, the chamber  6  can have a curved sidewall  13 , but in other embodiments, the chamber  6  can have a plurality of angled sidewalls  13  that may form angled interior corners. The sectional plan view (e.g., bottom sectional view) of the chamber  6  can accordingly be rounded, e.g., generally circular as shown in, e.g.,  FIGS. 2C and 2J . In some embodiments, the sectional plan view (e.g., bottom sectional view) of the chamber  6  can be elliptical, polygonal, or can have an irregular boundary. 
     The chamber  6  can have a central axis Z. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2D , the central axis Z can extend substantially transversely through a center (e.g., a geometric center) of the access port  18  (e.g., through a distal-most plane of the chamber  6  defined at least in part by the access port  18 ). In various embodiments, and as shown in  FIG. 2D , for a chamber  6  with a circular (or approximately circular) cross-section (as viewed from a bottom plan view) the central axis Z can pass substantially transversely through the approximate center of the access port  18  that at least partially defines a distal portion of the chamber  6  and/or the upper wall  17  that at least partially defines the top of the chamber  6 . For example, the central axis Z can pass substantially transversely through the geometric center of the upper wall  17  and/or the access port  18  at an angle in a range of 85° to 95°, at an angle in a range of 89° to 91°, or at an angle in a range of 89.5° to 90.5°. 
     As explained above, although the illustrated chamber  6  has a generally or approximately circular cross-section, the chamber  6  may have other suitable shapes as viewed in various bottom-up cross-sections. In such embodiments, a plurality of planes (e.g., two, three, or more planes) parallel to the plane of the opening of the access port  18  of the chamber  6  (which may be at a distal-most plane of the chamber  6 ) can be delimited or bounded by the sidewall  13  of the chamber. The central axis Z can pass through the approximate geometric center of each of the bounded planes parallel to the access port  18 . For example, the chamber  6  may have a sidewall  13  that is angled non-transversely relative to the upper wall  17 , and/or may have a sidewall  13  with a profile that varies along a height h of the chamber  6 . The central axis Z can pass through the geometric center of each of the plurality of parallel bounded planes. 
     A pressure wave generator  10  (which can serve as a fluid motion generator) can be arranged to generate pressure waves and rotational fluid motion in the chamber  6 . The pressure wave generator  10  can be disposed outside the tooth during a treatment procedure. The pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid supply port that can deliver a liquid stream (such as a liquid jet) across the chamber  6  (e.g., completely across the chamber  6  to impinge upon a portion of the sidewall  13  opposite the pressure wave generator  10  or supply port) to generate pressure waves and fluid motion. For example, the pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid jet device that includes an orifice or nozzle  9 . Pressurized liquid  22  can be transferred to the nozzle  9  along an inlet line  5 . The inlet line  5  can be connected to a fluid source in the console  102 , for example, by way of the one or more conduits  104 . The nozzle  9  can have a diameter selected to form a high velocity, coherent, collimated liquid jet. The nozzle  9  can be positioned at a distal end of the inlet line  5 . In various embodiments disclosed herein, the nozzle  9  can have an opening with a diameter in a range of 59 microns to 69 microns, in a range of 60 microns to 64 microns, or in a range of 61 microns to 63 microns. For example, in one embodiment, the nozzle  9  can have an opening with a diameter of approximately 62 microns, which has been found to generate liquid jets that are particularly effective at cleaning teeth. Although the illustrated embodiments are configured to form a liquid jet (e.g., a coherent, collimated jet), in other embodiments, the liquid stream may not comprise a jet but instead a liquid stream in which the momentum of the stream is generally parallel to the stream axis. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2D and 2F , the nozzle  9  can be configured to direct a liquid stream comprising a liquid jet  20  laterally through a laterally central region of the chamber  6  along a jet axis X (also referred to as a stream axis) non-parallel to (e.g., substantially perpendicular to) the central axis Z. In some embodiments, the jet axis X can intersect the central axis Z. In various embodiments, the liquid stream (e.g., the jet  20 ) can intersect the central axis Z. In other embodiments, the jet axis X can be slightly offset from the central axis Z. The liquid jet  20  can generate fluid motion  24  (e.g., vortices) that can propagate throughout the treatment region (e.g., throughout a root canal, throughout a carious region on an external surface of the tooth, etc.) to interact with and remove unhealthy material. In some embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  can generate broadband pressure waves through the fluid in the chamber  6  to clean the treatment region. Additional details regarding jets, such as liquid jet  20 , that may be formed by the nozzle  9 , are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,753,121, 9,492,244, and 9,675,426, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2F and 2J , the nozzle  9  can form the coherent, collimated liquid jet  20 , which can pass along a guide channel  15  disposed between the nozzle  9  and the chamber  6 . The guide channel  15  may provide improved manufacturability and can serve as a guide for the liquid jet  20  to the chamber  6 . During operation, the chamber  6  can fill with the treatment liquid supplied by the liquid jet  20  (and/or additional inlets to the chamber  6 ). The jet  20  can enter the chamber  6  from the guide channel  15  and can interact with the liquid retained in the chamber  6 . The interaction between the liquid jet  20  and the liquid in the chamber  6  can create the fluid motion  24  and/or pressure waves  23  (e.g., shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B ), which can propagate throughout the treatment region. The liquid jet  20  can impact the sidewall  13  of the chamber  6  at a location opposite the nozzle  9  along the jet axis X. The sidewall  13  of the chamber  6  can serve as an impingement surface such that, when the jet  20  impinges on or impacts the sidewall  13 , the curved or angled surface of the sidewall  13  creates fluid motion along the sidewall  13 , the upper wall  17 , and/or within the fluid retained in the chamber  6 . Moreover, the movement of the jet  20  and/or the liquid stream diverted by the sidewall  13  can induce fluid motion  24  in the chamber  6  and through the treatment region. 
     Without being limited by theory, for example, directing the jet  20  across the chamber  6  (e.g., completely across the chamber  6 ) along the jet axis X at a central location within the chamber  6  can induce fluid motion  24  comprising vortices that rotate about an axis non-parallel to (e.g., perpendicular to) the central axis Z of the chamber  6 . The vortices can propagate through the treatment region and can provide bulk fluid motion that flushes undesirable material (e.g., decayed organic matter) out of the treatment region. The combination of the vortex fluid motion  24  and the generated pressure waves  23  can effectively remove undesirable materials of all shapes and sizes from large and small spaces, cracks, and crevices of the treatment region. The fluid motion  24  may be turbulent in nature and may rotate about multiple axes, which can increase the chaotic nature of the flow and improve treatment efficacy. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2G, 2H, and 2K , the treatment instrument  1  can also include an evacuation or outlet line  4  to convey waste or effluent liquids  19  to a waste reservoir, which may be located in the system console  102 . A suction port  8  or fluid outlet can be exposed to the chamber  6  along a wall of the chamber  6  offset from the central axis Z. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2G , the suction port  8  can be disposed along the upper wall  17  of the chamber  6  opposite the access port  18 . A vacuum pump (not shown) can apply vacuum forces along the outlet line  4  to draw waste or effluent liquids  19  out of the chamber  6  through the suction port  8 , along the outlet line  4 , and to the waste reservoir. In some embodiments, only one suction port  8  can be provided. However, as shown in the embodiment of  FIGS. 2H and 2K , the instrument  1  can include a plurality (e.g., two) of suction ports positioned laterally opposite one another. In some embodiments, more than two suction ports can be provided. The suction ports  8  can be disposed laterally opposite one another, e.g., symmetrically relative to, the central axis Z. As shown, the suction ports  8  can be disposed through the upper wall  17  at or near the sidewall  13 , e.g., closer to the sidewall  13  than to the central axis Z of the chamber  6 . In the illustrated embodiment, the suction ports  8  can abut or be defined at least in part by the sidewall  13 . In other embodiments, the suction ports  8  can be laterally inset from the sidewall  13 . In still other embodiments, the suction ports  8  can be disposed on the sidewall  13  of the chamber  6 . 
     Accordingly, in various embodiments, the chamber  6  can have a maximum lateral dimension in a first plane extending substantially transverse to (e.g., at an angle in a range of 85° to 95°, at an angle in a range of 89° to 91°, or at an angle in a range of 89.5° to 90.5° relative to) the central axis Z. The first plane can be delimited by a wall of the chamber along a boundary of the wall. A projection of the suction port  8  onto the first plane can be closer to the boundary than to the central axis Z of the chamber  6 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the chamber  6  can comprise an approximately circular bottom cross-section, and the first plane substantially transverse to the central axis Z can be delimited along the sidewall  13  by an approximately circular boundary. A projection of the suction port  8  onto that first plane can be closer to the approximately circular boundary than to the central axis Z. 
     As shown, the suction ports  8  can comprise elongated and curved (e.g. kidney-shaped) openings. The curvature of the suction ports  8  may generally conform to the curvature of the sidewall  13  of the chamber  6  in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the suction ports  8  may not be curved but may be polygonal (e.g., rectangular). Beneficially, the use of an elongate suction port  8 , in which a length of the opening is larger than a width, can prevent large particles from clogging the suction port  8  and/or outlet line  4 . In some embodiments, the suction port  8  can comprise an opening flush with the upper wall  17 . In other embodiments, the suction port  8  can protrude partially into the chamber  6 . 
     In some embodiments, pressure wave generator  10  and the suction port(s)  8  can be shaped and positioned relative to the chamber  6  such that, during operation of the treatment instrument  1  in a treatment procedure, pressure at a treatment region of the tooth (e.g., within the root canals of the tooth as measured in the apex) can be maintained within a range of 50 mmHg to −500 mmHg. Maintaining the pressure at the treatment region within desired ranges can reduce the risk of pain to the patient, prevent extrusion of liquids apically out of the apical opening  115 , and/or improve cleaning efficacy. For example, the pressure wave generator  10  and the suction port(s)  8  can be shaped and positioned relative to the chamber  6  such that, during operation of the treatment instrument  1  in a treatment procedure, apical pressure at or near the apex  114  and apical opening  115  are maintained at less than 50 mmHg, at less than 5 mmHg, at less than −5 mmHg, e.g., within a range of −5 mmHg to −200 mmHg, within a range of −5 mmHg to −55 mmHg, or within a range of −10 mmHg to −50 mmHg. Maintaining the apical pressure within these ranges can reduce the risk of pain to the patient, prevent extrusion of liquids apically out of the apical opening  115 , and/or improve cleaning efficacy. 
     In some embodiments, to regulate apical pressure, the suction ports  8  can be circumferentially offset from the nozzle  9 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the suction ports  8  can be circumferentially offset from the nozzle  9  by about 90°. 
     Further, the chamber  6  can have a width w (e.g., a diameter or other major lateral dimension of the chamber  6 ) and a height h extending from the upper wall  17  to the access port  18 . The width w and height h can be selected to provide effective cleaning outcomes while maintaining apical pressure in desired ranges. In various embodiments, for example, the width w of the chamber  6  can be in a range of 2 mm to 4 mm, in a range of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, or in a range of 2.75 mm to 3.25 mm (e.g., about 3 mm). A height h of the chamber  6  can be in a range of about 1 mm to 30 mm, in a range of about 2 mm to 10 mm, or in a range of about 3 mm to 5 mm. 
     The pressure wave generator  10  (e.g., the nozzle  9 ) can be positioned relative to the chamber  6  at a location that generates sufficient fluid motion  24  to treat the tooth. As shown, the pressure wave generator  10  (including, e.g., the nozzle  9 ) can be disposed outside the chamber  6  as shown (for example, recessed from the chamber  6 ). In some embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  can be exposed to (or flush with) the chamber  6  but may not extend into the chamber  6 . In still other embodiments, at least a portion of the pressure wave generator  10  may extend into the chamber  6 . The pressure wave generator  10  (for example, including the nozzle  9 ) can be positioned below or distal the suction ports  8 . Moreover, in the illustrated embodiment, the jet  20  can be directed substantially perpendicular to the central axis Z (such that an angle between the jet axis X and the central axis Z is approximately 90°). In other embodiments, as described, for example, with respect to  FIGS. 11A-11J , the jet can be directed at a non-perpendicular angle to the central axis Z. The jet  20  can pass proximate the central axis Z of the chamber, e.g., pass through a laterally central region of the chamber  6 . For example, in some embodiments, the jet axis X or the liquid jet  20  can intersect the central axis Z of the chamber. In some embodiments, the jet  20  may pass through a laterally central region of the chamber  6  but may be slightly offset from the central axis Z. For example, the central axis Z can lie in a second plane that is substantially transverse to the jet axis X (e.g., the second plane can be angled relative to the jet axis X in a range of 85° to 95°, in a range of 89° to 91°, or in a range of 89.5° to 90.5°). The stream or jet axis X can intersect the second substantially transverse plane at a location closer to the central axis Z than to the sidewall  13 . 
     Accordingly, as explained above, the chamber  6  can have a maximum lateral dimension in a first plane extending substantially transverse to the central axis Z, and the central axis Z can lie in the second plane extending substantially transverse to the stream or jet axis X. The first plane can be delimited by a wall (for example, the sidewall  13 ) of the chamber  6  along a boundary of the wall. As explained above, the suction port  8  can be closer to the boundary (e.g., the sidewall  13  in some embodiments) than to the central axis Z. The suction port  8  may also be closer to the boundary than to the location at which the stream or jet axis X intersects the second plane. Further, the location at which the stream or jet axis X intersects the second plane can be closer to the central axis Z than to the suction port  8  (or to a projection of the suction port  8  onto that second plane). Although the wall illustrated herein can comprise an upper wall and sidewall extending therefrom, in other embodiments, the wall can comprise a single curved wall, or can have any other suitable shape. 
     As explained above, the vent  7  can be provided through the platform  2  and can be exposed to ambient air. The vent  7  can be in fluid communication with the evacuation line  4  that is fluidly connected to the suction port  8 . The vent  7  can be disposed along the evacuation or outlet line  4  at a location downstream of the suction port  8 . The vent  7  can beneficially prevent or reduce over-pressurization in the chamber  6  and treatment region. For example, ambient air from the outside environs can be entrained with the effluent liquid  19  removed along the outlet line  4 . The vent  7  can regulate pressure within the treatment region by allowing the application of a static negative pressure. For example, a size of the vent  7  can be selected to provide a desired amount of static negative pressure at the treatment region. The vent  7  can be positioned at a location along the outlet line  4  so as to prevent ambient air from entering the chamber  6  and/or the treatment region of the tooth  110 . Additional details regarding vented fluid platforms can be found throughout U.S. Pat. No. 9,675,426, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
     Beneficially, the embodiment of  FIGS. 2A-2K  and like embodiments can create sufficient fluid motion and pressure waves to provide a thorough cleaning of the entire treatment region. Components such as the pressure wave generator  10 , the chamber  6 , the suction port  10 , the vent  7 , etc. can be arranged as shown and described in the illustrated embodiment, so as to provide effective treatment (e.g., effective cleaning or filling), improved pressure regulation (e.g., maintain pressures at the treatment region within suitable ranges), and improved patient outcomes as compared with other devices. 
     The embodiments of the treatment instrument  1  disclosed herein can be used in combination with the features shown and described throughout U.S. Pat. No. 10,363,120, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
       FIGS. 3A-3H  illustrate another embodiment of a fluid platform  2  of a treatment instrument  1 . The fluid platform  2  can be coupled to a distal portion of a handpiece  12  of the treatment instrument  1 . In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can form part of a removable tip device  11  that can be removably connected to the handpiece  12 . In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be non-removably attached to the handpiece  12  or can be integrally formed with the handpiece  12 . In still other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may not couple to the handpiece  12  and may instead serve as a treatment cap that is adhered (or otherwise coupled or positioned) to the tooth without using a handpiece. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3D , a vent  7  can be provided through a portion of the fluid platform  2  to provide fluid communication between an evacuation line or outlet line  4  and ambient air. The vent  7  can serve to regulate pressure in the fluid platform  2  and can improve the safety and efficacy of the treatment instrument. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3D , an access port or opening  18  can be provided at a distal portion of the fluid platform  2  to provide fluid communication between a chamber  70  defined by the fluid platform  2  and the treatment region of the tooth  110 . For example, in root canal cleaning procedures, a sealing cap  3  at the distal portion of the fluid platform  2  can be positioned against the tooth over an endodontic access opening  118  to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber  70  and the interior of the tooth (e.g., the pulp cavity and root canal(s)). In other embodiments, the sealing cap  3  can be positioned against the tooth  110  over the carious region at an exterior surface  119  of the tooth  110  to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber  70  and the carious region to be treated. In some alternative embodiments, a curable material can be provided on a sealing surface of the fluid platform  2 . The curable material can be applied to the tooth and can cure to create a custom platform and seal that can be removable and reusable. In some embodiments, a conforming material can be provided on the sealing surface of the tooth. The conforming material may cure or harden to maintain the shape of the occlusal surface. 
     As described in further detail herein, pressure waves  23  and fluid motion  24  generated within the fluid platform  2  can propagate throughout the treatment region to clean and/or fill the treatment region. 
     The fluid platform  2  can include a proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  can together form a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2 . A transition opening  30  provided at a junction between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  can provide fluid communication between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . As shown, the access opening  18  can be disposed distal the transition opening  30 , and the transition opening  30  can be disposed distal the nozzle  9 . 
     A pressure wave generator  10  (which can serve as a fluid motion generator) can be arranged to generate pressure waves and/or rotational fluid motion in the proximal chamber  60  to cause pressure waves and/or rotational fluid motion to propagate to the treatment region (through the transition opening  30 , through the distal chamber  70 , and through the access opening  18 ). The pressure wave generator  10  can be disposed outside the tooth during a treatment procedure. The pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid supply port that can deliver a liquid stream (such as a liquid jet) across the proximal chamber  60  to impinge upon an impingement surface (e.g., completely across the proximal chamber  60  to impinge upon an impingement surface opposite the pressure wave generator  10  or supply port) to generate pressure waves and fluid motion. For example, the pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid jet device that includes an orifice or nozzle  9 . Pressurized liquid can be transferred to the nozzle  9  along a pressurized fluid supply line or inlet line  5 . The inlet line  5  can be connected to a fluid source in a console, for example, by way of one or more conduits  104 . The nozzle  9  can have a diameter selected to form a high velocity, coherent, collimated liquid jet. The nozzle  9  can be positioned at a distal end of the inlet line  5 . In various embodiments disclosed herein, the nozzle  9  can have an opening with a diameter in a range of 55 microns to 75 microns, in a range of 59 microns to 69 microns, in a range of 60 microns to 64 microns, or in a range of 61 microns to 63 microns. For example, in one embodiment, the nozzle  9  can have an opening with a diameter of approximately 62 microns, which has been found to generate liquid jets that are particularly effective at cleaning teeth. Although the illustrated embodiments are configured to form a liquid jet (e.g., a coherent, collimated jet), in other embodiments, the liquid stream may not comprise a jet but instead a liquid stream in which the momentum of the stream is generally parallel to the stream axis. 
     The nozzle  9  can be configured to direct a liquid stream comprising a liquid jet laterally through a laterally central region of the proximal chamber  60  along a jet axis X (also referred to as a stream axis) non-parallel to (e.g., substantially perpendicular to) a central axis Z extending through the distal chamber (e.g., passing through the approximate geometric center of the access port  18  and/or the transition opening  30 ). In some embodiments, the jet axis X can intersect the central axis Z. In various embodiments, the liquid stream (e.g., the jet) can intersect the central axis Z. In other embodiments, the jet axis X can be slightly offset from the central axis Z. In some embodiments, the liquid jet can generate fluid motion  24  (e.g., vortices, toroidal flow, turbulent flow) that can propagate throughout the treatment region (e.g., throughout a root canal, throughout a carious region on an external surface of the tooth, etc.) to interact with and remove unhealthy material. In some embodiments, the pressure wave generator  10  can generate broadband pressure waves through the fluid in the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  to clean the treatment region. 
     The nozzle  9  can form the coherent, collimated liquid jet  20 . During operation, the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  can fill with the treatment liquid supplied by the liquid jet  20  (and/or additional inlets to the proximal chamber  60 ). The jet can enter the proximal chamber  60  and can interact with the liquid retained in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the interaction between the liquid jet  20  and the liquid in the proximal chamber  60  can create the pressure waves, which can propagate throughout the treatment region. 
     The fluid platform  2  can include an impingement member  50 , which can be positioned such that the liquid jet  20  (e.g., located opposite the nozzle  9  along the jet axis X) impacts the impingement member  50  during operation of the pressure wave generator  10 . The impingement member  50  can be sized, shaped (e.g., having one or more curved and/or angled surfaces), and/or otherwise configured such that, when the jet impinges on or impacts the impingement member  50 , the movement of the jet is diverted or redirected back over the transition opening  30 . For example, in some embodiments the impingement member  50  can be generally concave. In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  can be a curved surface in the shape of a hemispherical recess. 
     In some embodiments, fluid motion  24  may be affected by a location on the impingement member  50  at which the jet contacts the impingement member  50  and/or an angle at which the jet contacts the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  and/or nozzle  9  can be positioned so that the jet axis X is aligned with a center point of the impingement member  50  as shown in  FIG. 3D . In other embodiments, as described in further detail with respect to  FIGS. 11A-11J , the jet axis X can be offset from a center point of the impingement member  50  (e.g., superior or inferior to the center point of the impingement member  50 ). For example, in some embodiments, the jet axis X may be aligned with a superior section of the impingement member  50 , so that the fluid from the fluid jet is biased to flow downward around the curved and/or angled surfaces of the impingement member  50  to cause more of the redirected fluid to flow below the center of the impingement member  50  and closer to the transition opening  30 . In some embodiments, as explained above, the jet axis X can be disposed substantially perpendicular to the central axis Z. In other embodiments, the jet axis X can be angled relative to the central axis Z at an angle in a range of 45° to 135°, in a range of 60° to 120°, or in a range of 75° to 105°. In some embodiments, it may be desirable that a maximum amount of the redirected flow flows over the transition opening  30 . 
     In some embodiments, the redirected fluid or jet can induce fluid motion  24  within the distal chamber  70  when flowing over the transition opening  30  after impingement on the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the fluid motion induced in the distal chamber  70  when the redirected fluid or jet flows over the transition opening  30  can include turbulent flow including vortices, cyclonic flow, and/or toroidal flow. In some embodiments, the fluid motion  24  induced in the distal chamber  70  when the redirected fluid or jet flows over the transition opening  30  can be different at different times (e.g., toroidal flow at a first time and cyclonic flow at a second time), such that the flow profile in the distal chamber  70  can vary during the treatment procedure and/or be chaotic. In some embodiments, when the jet impinges on or impacts the impingement member  50 , fluid motion  24  is created along the impingement member  50  (e.g., along the one or more curved or angled surfaces), along the interior surfaces of the proximal chamber  60 , and/or within the fluid retained in the proximal chamber  60 . Moreover, the movement of the jet and/or the liquid stream diverted by the impingement member  50  can induce fluid motion  24  in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, an interaction of the fluid of the jet flowing towards the impingement member  50  and the fluid of the jet after redirection by the impingement member  50  can induce fluid motion  24 , for example, small vortices, turbulent flow, and/or chaotic flow. In some embodiments, some of the fluid motion  24  within the proximal chamber  60  can propagate into the distal chamber  70  to cause turbulence within the distal chamber  70 , for example, by inducing shear stresses in the fluid in the distal chamber  70 . 
     The combination of the different types of fluid motion  24  that can be generated by propagation and redirection of the jet within the proximal chamber  60  can result in fluid motion  24  within the proximal chamber  60  and/or the distal chamber  70  that can be turbulent in nature and may rotate about multiple axes, which can increase the chaotic or turbulent nature of the flow and improve treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the fluid motion  24  can propagate through the treatment region and can provide bulk fluid motion that flushes undesirable material (e.g., decayed organic matter) out of the treatment region. The combination of the fluid motion  24  and broadband generated pressure waves  23  can effectively remove undesirable materials of all shapes and sizes from large and small spaces, cracks, and crevices of the treatment region. In some embodiments, the fluid flow  24  can have sufficient momentum and structure to reach large and small spaces, cracks, and crevices of the treatment region. The fluid motion  24 , which may be described as turbulent or unsteady, can include small eddies and may be non-repeating. Examples of fluid motion  24  that can occur within the fluid platform  2  are illustrated by arrows in  FIG. 3D . 
     The combination of different types of fluid motion  24  can create unsteady flow such that, over the course of a treatment procedure, the fluid flow does not reach steady state. Some treatment instruments may induce fluid motion  24  in the treatment region that reaches a steady state after a time period. Steady flow can reduce treatment efficacy, for example, because the flow vectors of the treatment fluid do not change sufficiently so as to reach small untreated spaces that may be located along non-linear tubules or other spaces or cracks. Beneficially, the arrangement of the pressure wave generator  10 , impingement member  50 , the proximal chamber  60 , and the distal chamber  70  can cooperate to generate non-steady flow during operation in a treatment procedure. Non-steady flow can create changing flow direction and/or changing flow vectors that increase the probability that, over the course of the treatment, the treatment fluid will reach remote regions that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to reach with steady state operational devices. 
     As shown in the embodiment of  FIGS. 3A-3H , in certain embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be a separate piece that can be positioned within the proximal chamber  60 . Alternatively, the impingement member  50  may be a curved or angled sidewall of the proximal chamber  60  (e.g., the impingement member  50  may be integrally or monolithically formed with the wall of the proximal chamber  60 ). For example, in some embodiments, the impingement member may be a sidewall  13  as described with respect to  FIGS. 2A-K . 
     The fluid platform  2  can also include an evacuation or outlet line  4  to convey waste or effluent liquids to a waste reservoir, which may be located, for example, in a system console  102 . A suction port  8  or fluid outlet can be exposed to the proximal chamber  60  along a wall of the proximal chamber  60  offset from the central axis Z. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3D , the suction port  8  can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber  60  opposite the transition opening  30 . A vacuum pump (not shown) can apply vacuum forces along the outlet line  4  to draw waste or effluent liquids  19  out of the proximal chamber  60  through the suction port  8 , along the outlet line  4 , and to the waste reservoir. In some embodiments, only one suction port  8  can be provided. In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can include a plurality (e.g., two) suction ports positioned laterally opposite one another. In some embodiments, more than two suction ports can be provided. In some embodiments, the drawing of fluid out of the proximal chamber  60  by the suction port  8  can affect the fluid motion  24  in the proximal chamber  60 . For example, the action of the suction port  8  can withdraw at least some fluid from the liquid jet  20  that has passed back over the transition opening  30  after impingement on the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, this action of the suction port may prevent or reduce stagnation within the fluid in the proximal chamber  60  and/or may contribute to turbulent or chaotic fluid motion as described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3C , in some embodiments, the outlet line  4  and pressurized fluid inlet line  5  can be part of a separate manifold  80  that can couple to a main body  40  to form the fluid platform  2 . The impingement member  50  may be pressed into the main body  40  or overmolded. The impingement member  50  may be metallic, ceramic, or formed of any other suitable material for receiving and redirecting the fluid jet. 
       FIGS. 3G and 3H  depict example dimensions for the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 3A-3F . As shown, the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  can each be generally cylindrical in shape. A longitudinal axis of the cylindrical proximal chamber  60  (which in the illustrated embodiment may be coextensive or parallel with the jet axis X) can extend perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical distal chamber  70  (which in the illustrated embodiment may be coextensive or parallel with the central axis Z). As shown in  FIGS. 3A-3H , the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  have different geometries and/or volumes. In the illustrated embodiment, the impingement member  50  is disposed longitudinally beyond the transition opening  30  along the jet axis X such that the transition opening  30  is longitudinally between the impingement member  50  and the nozzle  9  along the jet axis X. In some embodiments, a jet length (i.e., a distance between the nozzle and an impingement point) can be between 1 mm and 20 mm, between 3 mm and 10 mm or any other suitable length. In some embodiments, a diameter of the proximal chamber  60  can be between 0.1 mm and 20 mm, between 1 mm and 10 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a diameter of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 5 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a height of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0 mm and 20 mm, between 0 mm and 6 mm or any other suitable height. 
     The proximal chamber  60  can accordingly have a first interior surface geometry  26   a  bounded by at least a wall  28   a  extending along upper, lower, and side surface(s) of the proximal chamber  60  and the impingement member  50 . The distal chamber  70  can have a second interior surface geometry  26   b  bounded by at least a wall  28   b  extending along side surface(s) of the distal chamber  70 . The first and second interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can be different as shown. For example, the first interior surface geometry  26   a  can comprise a curved surface (e.g., an approximately cylindrical surface) extending along the jet axis X from the nozzle  9  (or a location distal the nozzle  9 ) to the impingement surface of the impingement member  50 . By contrast, the second interior surface geometry  26   b  can comprise a curved surface (e.g., an approximately cylindrical surface) extending distally along the central axis Z. The transition opening  30  can comprise a discontinuity that provides a non-uniform or abrupt flow transition between the proximal and distal chambers  60 ,  70 . The discontinuity provided by the transition opening  30  and the differing interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can beneficially create unsteady flow of treatment fluid during operation of the treatment instrument in a treatment procedure. Non-uniform transitions can include asymmetric structures or irregularities in a transition region. The transition region can include the transition opening  30  and portions of the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  adjacent the transition opening  30 . The asymmetric structures or irregularities may include one or more offsets, steps, recesses, or any other suitable structures. 
     In some embodiments, a ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber  60  to a volume of the distal chamber  70  is between 7:4 and 15:2. In some embodiments, a ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber  60  to a circumference of the transition opening  30  is between 1:150 and 1:20. In some embodiments, a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber  60  is between 10:1 and 50:1. In some embodiments, a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height is between 2:1 and  13 : 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may include one or more additional fluid inlets, for example, for providing a filling material or filling material component. Additional fluid inlets may be positioned, for example, below the inlet  5  or below the impingement member  50 . Additional details regarding embodiments with additional fluid inlets can be found throughout U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/894,667, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 3A-3H , the jet impinges on the impingement member  50 , and the redirected flow can contribute to the fluid motion  24  in the distal chamber  70  and the treatment region. In other embodiments, there may be no impingement member  50  and instead the liquid jet may pass uninterrupted into a channel or tube at a location opposite the nozzle  9 . In such embodiments, the liquid from the liquid jet may be conveyed away from the fluid platform  2  to a waste container or may be recirculated in a closed circuit to be reused. In such embodiments, therefore, the jet may not be redirected back proximally over the transition opening  30 . The fluid motion in the distal chamber  70  and the treatment region can be induced by, e.g., at least the liquid jet being directed over the transition opening  30  and the distal chamber  70 . 
       FIGS. 4A-4E  depict another embodiment of a fluid platform  2 . Unless otherwise noted, components of  FIGS. 4A-4E  may be generally similar to or the same as like-numbered components of  FIGS. 3A-3H . In the embodiment of  FIGS. 4A-4E , the impingement member  50  comprises a portion of inner wall of an impingement ring  55  positioned within the proximal chamber  60 . The impingement ring  55  can be positioned within a housing of the fluid platform  2  and at least partially form the boundaries of the proximal chamber  60 . The impingement ring  55  can extend around an interior section of the fluid platform  2  proximal to the distal chamber  70  and can have an opening configured to align with the fluid inlet line  5  and outlet line  4 . 
     The impingement ring  55  can be seated on a surface  65  above the distal chamber  70 . The surface  65  can define the transition opening  30 . The impingement ring  55  can be positioned (e.g., seated on the surface  65 ) so as to create a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 4C , at least a portion of the impingement ring SS can be recessed relative to the transition opening  30  (e.g., by 0.005 in) to form a recess  90  and/or at least a portion of the impingement ring  55  can extend over the transition opening  30  (e.g., by 0.005 in) to form a ledge  21 . In some embodiments, at least a portion  27  of the impingement ring  55  can also align with the transition opening  30 . Without being limited by theory, it is believed that such a non-uniform transition or discontinuity can contribute to turbulent or chaotic fluid motion in the distal chamber  70  in an unsteady manner. Further, as explained herein, the non-uniform transition and different interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can enable operation in a non-steady state manner. 
       FIGS. 5A-5E  depict an alternative embodiment of a fluid platform  2 . In the embodiment of  FIGS. 5A-E , the impingement member  50  can be in the form of a divot within the impingement ring  55 . The divot  50  can be machined into the wall of the impingement ring  55 . In some embodiments, divot  50  can have generally the same shape as the impingement member  50  of  FIGS. 3A-3H . 
     In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  of  FIGS. 5A-5E  can be positioned to create a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 , for example, as described with respect to the embodiment of  FIGS. 4A-4E . In other embodiments, the inner circumference of the distal end of the impingement ring  55  can align with the transition opening  30 . Further, as explained above, the interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  of the proximal and distal chambers  60 ,  70  may differ. The non-uniform transition and/or differing surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can beneficially generate unsteady flow of treatment fluid during a treatment procedure, as explained above. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  show example dimensions of an embodiment of a fluid platform  2  that may be generally the same or similar to the dimensions of the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 4A-4E and 5A-5E . As shown, the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  can each be generally cylindrical in shape. A longitudinal axis of the cylindrical proximal chamber  60  can extend generally in parallel to a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical distal chamber  70  or may be the same axis. In some embodiments, a jet length (i.e., a distance between the nozzle and an impingement point) can be between 1 mm and 20 mm, between 3 mm and 10 mm or any other suitable length. In some embodiments, a diameter of the proximal chamber  60  can be between 0.1 mm and 20 mm, between 1 mm and 10 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a diameter of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 5 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a height of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0 mm and 20 mm, between 0 mm and 6 mm or any other suitable height. 
       FIGS. 7A-7E  depict another embodiment of a fluid platform  2 . In the embodiment of  FIGS. 7A-7E , the impingement ring  55  has a non-circular cross-section. The impingement member  50  is in the form of a curved impingement surface having sidewall sections that extend back towards the inlet line  5  so as to redirect fluid from the jet flowing along the sidewall sections towards the transition opening  30 . The shape and size of sidewall sections of the impingement member  50  can increase the amount of fluid redirected over the transition opening  30  after impingement in comparison to impingement rings  55  having circular cross-sections (e.g., by directing fluid flowing along the sidewalls from the impingement surface towards the transition opening  30  instead of around the circumference inner surface of a circular impingement ring). 
       FIGS. 7C-7E  include arrows showing examples of fluid motion within the proximal and distal chambers  60  and  70 . The arrows in  FIGS. 7D and 7E  show the flow of fluid through the suction ports  8  and the outlet line  4 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7A-7E , the impingement ring  55  can include two additional recessed regions  57  formed by the curvature of the sidewall of the impingement ring adjacent the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the additional recessed regions may provide additional vortices or turbulent fluid motion when interacting with other fluid motion in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the sections of the sidewall of the impingement ring  55  separating the impingement member  50  and the recessed regions  57  can act as flow disruptors. In some embodiments, the shape of the impingement ring  55  of  FIGS. 7A-7E  can promote sound propagation. As explained above, the impingement ring  55  of  FIGS. 7A-7E  can be positioned to create a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . Further, as explained above, the interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  of the proximal and distal chambers  60 ,  70  may differ. The non-uniform transition and/or differing surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can beneficially generate unsteady flow of treatment fluid during a treatment procedure, as explained above. 
       FIGS. 8A-8F  depict an alternative embodiment of a fluid platform  2 . Similar to the embodiment of  FIGS. 7A-7E , in the embodiment of  FIGS. 8A-8F , the inner walls of the impingement ring  55  can have a non-circular cross-section. The impingement member  50  is in the form of a curved impingement surface having sidewall sections that extend back towards the inlet line  5  so as to redirect fluid from the jet flowing along the sidewall sections towards the transition opening  30 . The shape and size of sidewall sections of the impingement member  50  can increase the amount of fluid redirected over the transition opening  30  after impingement in comparison to impingement rings  55  having circular cross-sections (e.g., by directing fluid flowing along the sidewalls from the impingement surface towards the transition opening  30  instead of around the circumferential inner surface of a circular impingement ring). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8A-8F , the impingement ring  55  can include two additional recessed regions  57  formed by the curvature of the sidewall of the impingement ring adjacent the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the additional recessed regions  57  may provide additional vortices or turbulent fluid motion when interacting with other fluid motion  24  in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the sections of the sidewall of the impingement ring  55  separating the impingement member  50  and the recessed regions  57  can act as flow disruptors. In some embodiments, the shape of the impingement ring  55  of  FIGS. 8A-8F  can promote sound propagation. As explained above, the impingement ring  55  of  FIGS. 8A-8F  can be positioned to create a non-uniform transition between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . Further, as explained above, the interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  of the proximal and distal chambers  60 ,  70  may differ. The non-uniform transition and/or differing surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can beneficially generate unsteady flow of treatment fluid during a treatment procedure, as explained above. 
       FIGS. 8E and 8F  show example dimensions the fluid platform  2  as shown in  FIGS. 8A-8D . In some embodiments, a longitudinal axis of the proximal chamber  60  can be generally in parallel to a longitudinal axis of the distal or may be the same axis. The dimensions of the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 7A-7E  may be generally the same or similar. In some embodiments, a jet length (i.e., a distance between the nozzle and an impingement point) can be between 1 mm and 20 mm, between 3 mm and 10 mm or any other suitable length. In some embodiments, a diameter of the proximal chamber  60  can be between 0.1 mm and 20 mm, between 1 mm and 10 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a diameter of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 5 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a height of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0 mm and 20 mm, between 0 mm and 6 mm or any other suitable height. 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  depicts an alternative embodiment of a fluid platform  2 . In the embodiment of  FIGS. 9A-9B , the impingement member  50  is a portion of a generally cylindrical inner wall of the proximal chamber  60 . The inner wall of the proximal chamber  60  can be formed by an impingement ring  55 . In some embodiments, the inner wall of the proximal chamber  60  can be formed by the fluid platform  2 .  FIGS. 9A and 9B  show example dimensions of the fluid platform  2 . As shown, the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  can each be generally cylindrical in shape. In some embodiments, a jet length (i.e., a distance between the nozzle and an impingement point) can be between 1 mm and 20 mm, between 3 mm and 10 mm or any other suitable length. In some embodiments, a diameter of the proximal chamber  60  can be between 0.1 mm and 20 mm, between 1 mm and 10 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a diameter of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 5 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a height of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0 mm and 20 mm, between 0 mm and 6 mm or any other suitable height. 
     Additional examples of impingement rings  55  are shown in  FIGS. 10A-10J . In some embodiments, the impingement rings can include one or more flow disruptors  59  that can disrupt fluid flow along the inner surface of the impingement ring  55  to generate fluid motion  24 . The flow disruptors  59  may be in the form of pointed or curved protrusions extending inwardly from the inner surface of the impingement ring  55 , for example, as shown in  FIGS. 10A-10H . In some embodiments, the flow disruptors may be in the form of recesses formed in the inner surface of the impingement ring  55 , for example, as shown in  FIGS. 10I and 10J . In some embodiments, such as for example, in  FIGS. 10A, 10C, 10F , and  10 H- 10 J, the flow disruptors  59  may be symmetrical about a plane extending through the center of the impingement surface. In other embodiments, such as for example, in  FIGS. 10B, 10D, and 10G , the disruptors  59  may be asymmetrical. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 10I  may cause spray in a plurality of different directions. In embodiments in which the impingement member  50  is a portion of an inner wall of the proximal chamber  60 , flow disruptors  59  may extend from the inner wall of the proximal chamber  60 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10F , in some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  may include a port  25  (such as a side port) which can be used to introduce additional fluids into proximal chamber  60 , such as, for example, a filling material or a component of a filling material. 
     In some embodiments, the impingement ring may include an at least partially hollow interior that can form a guide path for the fluid jet instead of an impingement surface. The fluid jet can flow through the interior of the impingement ring  55  to another location within the proximal chamber  60  instead of impinging on the impingement surface. 
     In the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 3A-10H , the impingement member  50  is positioned on an opposite side of the proximal chamber  60  from the fluid inlet  5  beyond the transition opening  30 . In some embodiments, an impingement member  50  may be positioned over the transition opening  30 . In some embodiments, an impingement member  50  may split the jet to cause the jet to flow in multiple directions above the transition opening  30 . 
       FIGS. 11A-11J  depict another embodiment of a fluid platform  2 . The fluid platform  2  can be coupled to a distal portion of a handpiece  12  of a treatment instrument  1 . In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can form part of a removable tip device that can be removably connected to the handpiece  12 . In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be non-removably attached to the handpiece  12  or can be integrally formed with a handpiece  12 . In still other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may not couple to a handpiece  12  and may instead serve as a treatment cap that is adhered (or otherwise coupled or positioned) to the tooth without using a handpiece. Unless otherwise noted, components of  FIGS. 11A-11J  may be generally similar to or the same as like-numbered components of  FIGS. 2D-2K ,  FIGS. 3A-3H ,  FIGS. 4A-4E ,  FIGS. 5A-5E ,  FIGS. 6A-6B ,  FIGS. 7A-7F ,  FIGS. 8A-8F , and  FIGS. 9A-9B . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11A , a vent  7  can be provided through a portion of the fluid platform  2  to provide fluid communication between the evacuation line or outlet line  4  and ambient air. The vent  7  can serve to regulate pressure in the fluid platform  2  and can improve the safety and efficacy of the treatment instrument. 
     In some embodiments, the access port or opening  18  can be provided at a distal portion of the fluid platform  2  to provide fluid communication between a distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  and the treatment region of the tooth  110 . For example, in root canal cleaning procedures, a sealing cap  3  at the distal portion of the fluid platform  2  can be positioned against the tooth over an endodontic access opening to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber  70  and the interior of the tooth (e.g., the pulp cavity and root canal(s)). In other embodiments, the sealing cap  3  can be positioned against the tooth  110  over the carious region at an exterior surface of the tooth  110  to provide fluid communication between the distal chamber  70  and the carious region to be treated. In some alternative embodiments, a curable material can be provided on a sealing surface of the fluid platform  2 . The curable material can be applied to the tooth and can cure to create a custom platform and seal. In some embodiments, the custom platform can be removable and reusable. In some embodiments, a conforming material can be provided on the sealing surface of the tooth. The conforming material may cure or harden to maintain the shape of the occlusal surface. 
     As described in further detail herein, pressure waves  23  and fluid motion  24  generated with in the fluid platform  2  can propagate throughout the treatment region to clean and/or fill the treatment region. 
     The fluid platform  2  may include a proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  can together form a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2 . A transition opening  30  provided at a junction between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  can provide fluid communication between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . As shown, the access opening  18  can be disposed distal the transition opening  30 , and the transition opening  30  can be disposed distal the nozzle  9 . 
     A pressure wave generator  10  (which can serve as a fluid motion generator) can be arranged to generate pressure waves and/or rotational fluid motion in the proximal chamber  60  to cause pressure waves and/or rotational fluid motion to propagate to the treatment region (through the transition opening  30 , through the distal chamber  70 , and through the access opening  18 ). The pressure wave generator  10  can be disposed outside the tooth during a treatment procedure. The pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid supply port that can deliver a liquid stream (such as a liquid jet) across the proximal chamber  60  to impinge upon an impingement surface  53  (e.g., completely across the proximal chamber  60  to impinge upon an impingement surface  53  opposite the pressure wave generator  10  or supply port) to generate pressure waves and fluid motion. For example, the pressure wave generator  10  can comprise a liquid jet device that includes an orifice or nozzle  9 . Pressurized liquid can be transferred to the nozzle  9  along a pressurized fluid supply line or inlet line  5 . The inlet line  5  can be connected to a fluid source in a console, for example, by way of one or more conduits  104 . The nozzle  9  can have a diameter selected to form a high velocity, coherent, collimated liquid jet. The nozzle  9  can be positioned at a distal end of the inlet line  5 . In various embodiments disclosed herein, the nozzle  9  can have an opening with a diameter in a range of 55 microns to 75 microns, in a range of 54 microns to 64 microns, in a range of 57 microns to 61 microns, in a range of 58 microns to 60 microns, in a range of 59 microns to 69 microns, in a range of 60 microns to 64 microns, in a range of 61 microns to 63 microns, in a range of 63 microns to 73 microns, in a range of 66 microns and 70 microns, or in a range of 67 microns to 69 microns. For example, in one embodiment, the nozzle  9  can have an opening with a diameter of approximately 62 microns, which has been found to generate liquid jets that are particularly effective at cleaning teeth. In some embodiments, the nozzle can have an opening with a diameter of approximately 59 microns, which has been found to generate liquid jets that are particularly effective at cleaning teeth (e.g., premolar teeth). In some embodiments, the nozzle can have an opening with a diameter of approximately 68 microns, which has been found to generate liquid jets that are particularly effective at cleaning teeth (e.g., molar teeth and/or premolar teeth). Although the illustrated embodiments are configured to form a liquid jet (e.g., a coherent, collimated jet), in other embodiments, the liquid stream may not comprise a jet but instead a liquid stream in which the momentum of the stream is generally parallel to the stream axis. 
       FIG. 11F  includes three-dimensional coordinate axes indicating superior (S), inferior (I), anterior (A), posterior (P), left (L), and right (R) directions. The superior direction corresponds to the proximal direction as described herein. The inferior direction corresponds to the distal direction as described herein. The super-inferior axis may be referred to as a vertical axis. As shown in  FIG. 11F , the right direction R is generally pointing into the page and the left direction L is generally pointing out of the page. These directions are provided for reference only to provide examples of relative positions of components and directions of fluid motion within the fluid platform  2  and may not reflect the particular anatomical positions of components or directions of fluid motion when the fluid platform is in use. 
     The nozzle  9  can be configured to direct a liquid stream comprising a liquid jet  20  generally laterally (e.g., generally in the anterior direction) through a laterally central region of the proximal chamber  60  along a jet axis X′ (also referred to as a stream axis) non-parallel to (e.g., substantially perpendicular to or at an angle α to) a central axis Z extending through the distal chamber (e.g., passing through the approximate geometric center of the access port  18  and/or the transition opening  30 ). The central axis Z can be generally parallel with the superior-inferior axis as shown in  FIG. 11F . 
     The nozzle  9  can be positioned at different locations vertically (along the superior-inferior axis) within the proximal chamber  60  and/or at different locations horizontally (along the left-right axis) within the proximal chamber  60 . The jet axis X′ can include components in the anterior direction and, in some embodiments, in one or more of a superior/inferior direction or a left/right direction. 
     In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be positioned at an angle β relative to an axis X″ perpendicular to the central axis Z (e.g., the jet axis X′ can be directed both anteriorly and superiorly or inferiorly). In some embodiments, the axis X″ can be generally parallel to the anterior-posterior axis as shown in  FIG. 11F . In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can intersect the central axis Z. In various embodiments, the liquid stream (e.g., the liquid jet  20 ) can intersect the central axis Z. In other embodiments, the jet axis X′ and thus the liquid jet  20  can be offset from the central axis Z. For example, the jet axis X′ can be directed both anteriorly and horizontally left or right or the nozzle  9  can be positioned horizontally within the proximal chamber  60  such that a jet  20  directed solely in the anterior direction is offset to the left or right of the central axis Z (for example, to direct the jet  20  at a contact point  72  as described below). 
     In some embodiments, the liquid jet can generate fluid motion  24  (e.g., vortices, toroidal flow, turbulent flow) that can propagate throughout the treatment region (e.g., throughout a root canal, throughout a carious region on an external surface of the tooth, etc.) to interact with and remove unhealthy material. The fluid motion generator  10  can also act as a pressure wave generator to generate broadband pressure waves through the fluid in the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  to clean the treatment region. 
     The nozzle  9  can form the coherent, collimated liquid jet  20 . During operation, the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  can fill with the treatment liquid supplied by the liquid jet  20  (and/or additional inlets to the proximal chamber  60 ). The jet can enter the proximal chamber  60  and can interact with the liquid retained in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the interaction between the liquid jet  20  and the liquid in the proximal chamber  60  can create the pressure waves, which can propagate throughout the treatment region. 
     The fluid platform  2  can include an impingement member  50 , which can be positioned such that the liquid jet  20  (e.g., located opposite the nozzle  9  along the jet axis X′) impacts the impingement member  50  during operation of the pressure wave generator  10  (e.g., impacts an impingement surface  53  of the impingement member  50 ). The impingement member  50  can be sized, shaped (e.g., having one or more curved and/or angled surfaces, such as impingement surface  53 ), and/or otherwise configured such that, when the jet impinges on or impacts the impingement member  50 , the movement of the jet is diverted or redirected back over the transition opening  30 . For example, in some embodiments the impingement member  50  and/or impingement surface  53  can be generally concave. In some embodiments, the impingement surface  53  can be a curved surface in the shape of a hemispherical recess. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the fluid jet  20  may redirect off the impingement member  50  (e.g., redirect off the impingement surface  53 ) tangential to the hemispherical recess of the impingement member  50 . 
     In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be disposed within the fluid platform  2  in a relatively vertical position, that is, with its posterior facing edge aligned substantially parallel with the central axis Z. In some embodiments, in the vertical position, a central axis X′″ of the impingement surface  53  may be generally perpendicular to the central axis Z. The central axis X′″ may also be a central axis of the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 11D , the impingement member  50  may be disposed within the fluid platform  2  at an angle (e.g., at a downward angle towards transition opening  30 ), such that its posterior facing edge is not parallel with central axis Z and such that the central axis X″′ is non-parallel and non-perpendicular to the central axis Z (e.g., the axis X″′ can have components in an inferior direction or a superior direction). As shown in  FIG. 11D , the posterior facing edge of impingement member  50  may be substantially perpendicular to the jet axis X′, which itself is at a non-parallel angle a relative to central axis Z. In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be disposed within the fluid platform  2  at an angle such that the central axis X′″ of the impingement surface  53  is offset horizontally (e.g., to the left or to the right) from and does not intersect the central axis Z. For example, the posterior facing edge of the impingement member  50  can be non-parallel to a normal vector of a plane formed by axis Z and axis X′ when the two axes intersect. 
     In some embodiments, the form of the redirected fluid from the liquid jet  20  after impingement on the impingement member may be affected by a location on the impingement surface  53  at which the jet  20  contacts the impingement surface  53  and/or an angle at which the jet  20  contacts the impingement surface  53 . For example, in some embodiments, the liquid jet  20  may be redirected as a spray. In other embodiments, for example, as shown in  FIG. 11D , the liquid jet  20  may be redirected as a stream  29  in the form of a second liquid jet. In some embodiments, the liquid jet  20  may be redirected partially as a spray and partially as a redirected stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. As used herein, “in the form of a liquid jet” means that the redirected fluid has characteristics of a liquid jet. For example, the redirected stream  29  may have characteristics similar to those of a stream formed from a small opening, such as a nozzle. The redirected stream  29  in the form of the liquid jet may maintain jet like qualities of flow after redirection from the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the redirected jet-like stream  29  can have a generally circular cross-sectional profile. In some embodiments, the liquid jet  20  may be redirected as a sheet of liquid (e.g., planar flow). 
     In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  and/or nozzle  9  can be positioned so that the jet axis X′ is aligned with a center point of the impingement member  50  (such as shown in  FIG. 3D ) (e.g., a center point of the impingement surface  53 ), which may result in a redirection of the liquid jet  20  as a spray or mostly as a spray, in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the jet axis X′ can contact the impingement member  50  at a contact point offset from a center point of the impingement member  50  (e.g., superior to, inferior to, horizontally left of, horizontally right of, or any combination of these to the center point of the impingement member  50 ) and/or offset from a center point of the impingement surface  53  (e.g., superior to, inferior to, horizontally left of, horizontally right of, or any combination of these to the center point of the impingement surface  53 ). The contact point of the jet axis X′ with the impingement member  50  and/or impingement surface  53  can be affected by the horizontal (left or right) position of the nozzle  9 , the vertical (inferior or superior) position of the nozzle  9 , any horizontal (left or right) angular components of the jet axis X′, and any vertical (inferior or superior) angular components of the jet axis X′. Contact of the jet axis X′ offset from the center point of the impingement member  50  or impingement surface  53  may contribute to the formation of the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. 
       FIG. 11E  depicts an axis Z′ and an axis Y extending through a center point  71  of the impingement surface  53 . In some embodiments, the axis Z′ can be parallel or substantially parallel to the axis Z and/or the superior-inferior axis as shown in  FIG. 11F . The axis Y can be perpendicular to the axis Z and may be parallel to the horizontal left-right axis as shown in  FIG. 11F . In some embodiments, the axis Y can separate the impingement surface  53  into an upper vertical section and a lower vertical section.  FIG. 11F  shows an example of a contact point  72  of the liquid jet  20  with the impingement member  50  that may be beneficial for forming the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. In some embodiments, a radial offset of the contact point  72  from the center  71  of the impingement surface  53  can increase the amount of time a fluid contacts the surface of the impingement surface  53 , which can create a vacuum to reduce apical pressure and to evacuate diseased material from the treatment region. In some embodiments, a radial offset of the contact point  72  from the center point  71  may also provide increased chaotic fluid motion, for example, by formation of the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. While some reduction in apical pressure may be desirable, in some embodiments, it is desirable to avoid applying excessive negative pressures to the tooth, which can cause pain to the patient. In some embodiments, a contact point  72  can be selected to produce a stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet and/or to provide a reduction in apical pressure without applying a negative apical pressure. 
     In some embodiments, the contact point  72  may be positioned at a radius between 0 inches and 0.063 inches from the center point  71 . In some embodiments, the contact point  72  may be positioned at a radius of 0.010 inches to 0.05 inches from the center point  71 . In some embodiments, the impingement surface  53  is hemispherical in shape. In some embodiments, a diameter of the inner edge of the hemispherical impingement surface  53  is 0.125 in. In some embodiments, the contact point  72  may be positioned at a distance from the center point  71  of between 1% and 49% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 5% and 45% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 8% and 40% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 10% and 30% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 15% and 25% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 1% and 20% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 5% and 25% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 20% and 40% of the diameter of the hemisphere, between 25% and 45% of the diameter of the hemisphere, or any other suitable range. In some embodiments, it may be beneficial if the contact point  72  is offset from the center point  71  along the Y axis (e.g., horizontally offset to the left or right). In some embodiments, a vertical offset of the contact point without a horizontal offset may assist in producing a rotational flow about an axis parallel to the Y axis (e.g., vortex flow). In some embodiments, a horizontal offset without a vertical offset may assist in producing rotational flow about an axis parallel to the Z′ axis (e.g., swirling flow). In some embodiments, a contact point  72  offset both vertically and horizontally from the center point  71  can assist in producing rotational fluid motion about an axis having both vertical and horizontal components, which may, for example, provide characteristics of both vortex and swirling flows. In some embodiments, an axis of rotation of the rotational flow can be orthogonal to a plane created by the jet  20  and the return stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. In some embodiments, an angle δ between the Z′ axis and a radial line extending from the center point  71  through the contact point  72  can be between −45° and 45°, between −30° and 30°, or between −15° and 15°. 
     In some embodiments, when contact point  72  is offset from the center point  71 , the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet will be redirected from the impingement member  50  at a position on the impingement surface  53  opposite the contact point  72 . In some embodiments, the contact point  72  can be positioned superior to a vertical center of the impingement surface  53  (e.g., superior to the Y axis), and the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet can be redirected from the impingement surface  53  inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface (e.g., inferior to the Y axis), for example, as shown in  FIG. 11D . In some embodiments, the contact point  72  can be positioned inferior to the vertical center of the impingement surface  53  (e.g., inferior to the Y axis), and the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet can be redirected from the impingement surface  53  superior to the vertical center of the impingement surface (e.g., superior to the Y axis), for example, as shown in  FIG. 11K . In some embodiments, the contact point  72  can be positioned lateral to a horizontal center of the impingement surface  53  (e.g. lateral to the Z′ axis) in a first lateral direction (for example, to the right of the horizontal center), and the s stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet can be redirected from the impingement surface  53  lateral to the horizontal center of the impingement surface in a second lateral direction (for example, to the left of the horizontal center). In some embodiments, the second liquid jet can be redirected from an opposite vertical and horizontal position of the impingement surface relative to the contact point  72 . For example, with references to the axes Z′ and Y of  FIG. 11E , a contact point  72  in an upper right quadrant may result in the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet being redirected from the impingement surface  53  from the lower left quadrant. 
     In some embodiments, after impingement, the fluid from the jet  20  can spread out along the concave impingement surface  53  of the impingement member  50 , and the impingement surface  53  can be shaped and/or angled such that the fluid recombines to emerge as the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. In some embodiments, the fluid can recombine to from the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet on an opposite side of the impingement surface  53  from the contact point  72  of the jet  20 . In some embodiments, fluid from the jet  20  can spread out into a plurality of fluid components along the impingement surface  53 , and the fluid components can converge to recombine upon or after redirection from the impingement surface  53  as a stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet. In some embodiments, after converging to recombine as stream  29 , the fluid components can diverge. For example, in some embodiments, the plurality of fluid components can be redirected to cross over one, and, upon intersecting one another, may temporarily form a second liquid jet. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 11D , in some embodiments, the jet axis X′ may be aligned with a superior section of the impingement surface  53 , so that the fluid from the fluid jet is biased to flow downward around the curved and/or angled sections of the impingement surface  53  to cause more of the redirected fluid (e.g., the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) to flow below the center of the impingement surface  53  and closer to the transition opening  30 . In some embodiments, as explained above, the jet axis X′ can be disposed substantially perpendicular to the central axis Z (parallel to the axis X″). In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be angled relative to the central axis Z at an angle α in a range between 80° and 90°, in a range between 84° and 90°, or in a range between 86° and 90°. In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be angled relative to the central axis Z with an angle α of 80°, 81°, 82°, 83°, 84°, 85°, 86°, 87°, 88°, or 89°. In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be angled relative to the axis X″ at an angle β in a range between 0° and 10°, in a range between 0° and 6°, or in a range between 0° and 4°. In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be angled relative to the axis X″ with an angle β of 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7°, 8°, 9°, or 10°. Similarly, in some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be offset horizontally (along the left-right axis) relative to the axis X″ by an angle equivalent to the angle β. In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be offset inferiorly relative to the axis X″, for example, as shown in  FIG. 11K . In some embodiments, the jet axis X′ can be offset inferiorly from the axis X″ by the angle α. 
     In some embodiments, and as shown in  FIG. 11D , both the jet axis X′ and the central axis X″′ (and/or proximal facing edge of impingement member  50 ) may be positioned at an angle relative to the central axis Z and/or X″ axis. For example, in some embodiments, both jet axis X′ and the X″′ axis of impingement surface  53  may be positioned at an angle α relative to central axis Z or an angle β relative to the axis X″. In other embodiments, the X″′ axis may be offset at a different angle. In some embodiments, the axis X″′ may be offset inferiorly from the axis X″ by an angle between 0° and 10°, between 0° and 6°, or between 0° and 3°. In some embodiments, the axis X″′ may be offset inferiorly from the axis X″ by an angle of 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7°, 8°, 9°, or 10°. The downward angle of the impingement surface  53  can cause a redirected fluid(e.g., the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) to return at the same angle relative to the axis X″. For example, if the axis X″′ is angled inferiorly form the axis X″ at an angle of 3°, a redirected fluid or jet (e.g., the s stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) will return at an angle of 3° inferior to the axis X″ (e.g., downward towards transition opening  30 ). In some embodiments, it may be desirable that a maximum amount of the redirected flow (e.g., the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) flows over the transition opening  30 . Redirection of the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet downwards towards the transition opening may create increased fluid motion and/or more chaotic fluid motion. 
     In some embodiments, with the impingement member  50  having an impingement surface  53  in the form of a hemispherical recess as shown in  FIG. 11D , when a fluid jet  20  impinges upon the impingement surface  53  at a contact point  72  offset from the center point  71  of its hemispherical recess, the fluid jet  20  may return from a side of the impingement surface  53  opposite the side it impinges upon. In some embodiments, passing of the fluid jet  20  and its redirected fluid or jet from the impingement member  50  may create a relative shear between the fluid jets. In some embodiments, nozzle  9  may be configured to direct the fluid jet  20  at impingement surface  53  horizontally offset from its center and cause a redirected fluid jet to return towards proximal chamber  60  also horizontally offset from its center. In some embodiments, it may be beneficial that the fluid jet  20  impinges upon the impingement surface  53  at a contact point superior to the Y axis to redirect the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet downwards towards the transition opening. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet may contact an inner wall of the distal chamber  70 . 
     While the impingement member  50  is shown in the form of a hemisphere in  FIGS. 11A-11J , in some embodiments, other shapes having a concave impingement surface  53  may be used to form a stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet after impingement of the jet  20  as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the redirected fluid (e.g., the stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) can induce fluid motion  24  within the distal chamber  70  when flowing over the transition opening  30  after impingement on the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the fluid motion induced in the distal chamber  70  when the redirected fluid (e.g., stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) flows over the transition opening  30  can include turbulent flow including vortices, cyclonic flow, and/or toroidal flow. In some embodiments, the fluid motion  24  induced in the distal chamber  70  when the redirected fluid or jet (e.g., stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) flows over the transition opening  30  can be different at different times (e.g., toroidal flow at a first time and cyclonic flow at a second time), such that the flow profile in the distal chamber  70  can vary during the treatment procedure and/or be chaotic. In some embodiments, when the jet  20  impinges on or impacts the impingement member  50 , fluid motion  24  is created along the impingement member  50  (e.g., along the one or more curved or angled surfaces, such as the impingement surface  53 ), along the interior surfaces of the proximal chamber  60 , and/or within the fluid retained in the proximal chamber  60 . Moreover, the movement of the jet  20  and/or the liquid stream diverted by the impingement member  50  can induce fluid motion  24  in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, an interaction of the fluid of the jet  20  flowing towards the impingement member  50  and the fluid of the jet after redirection by the impingement member  50  (e.g., stream  29  in the form of a liquid jet) can induce fluid motion  24 , for example, small vortices, turbulent flow, and/or chaotic flow. In some embodiments, some of the fluid motion  24  within the proximal chamber  60  can propagate into the distal chamber  70  to cause turbulence within the distal chamber  70 , for example, by inducing shear stresses in the fluid in the distal chamber  70 . 
     The combination of the different types of fluid motion  24  that can be generated by propagation and redirection of the jet  20  within the proximal chamber  60  can result in fluid motion  24  within the proximal chamber  60  and/or the distal chamber  70  that can be turbulent in nature and may rotate about multiple axes, which can increase the chaotic or turbulent nature of the flow and improve treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the fluid motion  24  can propagate through the treatment region and can provide bulk fluid motion that flushes undesirable material (e.g., decayed organic matter) out of the treatment region. The combination of the fluid motion  24  and broadband generated pressure waves  23  can effectively remove undesirable materials of all shapes and sizes from large and small spaces, cracks, and crevices of the treatment region. In some embodiments, the fluid flow  24  can have sufficient momentum and structure to reach large and small spaces, cracks, and crevices of the treatment region. The fluid motion  24 , which may be described as turbulent or unsteady, can include small eddies and may be non-repeating. Examples of fluid motion  24  that can occur within the fluid platform  2  are illustrated by arrows in  FIG. 11D . 
     The combination of different types of fluid motion  24  can create unsteady flow such that, over the course of a treatment procedure, the fluid flow does not reach steady state. Some treatment instruments may induce fluid motion  24  in the treatment region that reaches a steady state after a time period. Steady flow can reduce treatment efficacy, for example, because the flow vectors of the treatment fluid do not change sufficiently so as to reach small untreated spaces that may be located along non-linear tubules or other spaces or cracks. Beneficially, the arrangement of the pressure wave/fluid motion generator  10 , impingement member  50 , the proximal chamber  60 , and the distal chamber  70  can cooperate to generate non-steady flow during operation in a treatment procedure. Non-steady flow can create changing flow direction and/or changing flow vectors that increase the probability that, over the course of the treatment, the treatment fluid will reach remote regions that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to reach with steady state operational devices. 
     In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may include one or more vibrating or oscillatory members that can be shaped, sized, positioned, and/or otherwise configured to amplify an amplitude of one or more frequencies of pressure waves within the chamber. Further details regarding vibrating or oscillatory members are discussed with respect to  FIGS. 18 and 19 , which depict an example of a vibrating or oscillatory member in the form of a clapper  93 . 
     As shown in the embodiment of the fluid platform  2  of  FIG. 11A  through  FIGS. 11C-11F , in certain embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be a separate piece that can be positioned within the proximal chamber  60 . Alternatively, the impingement member  50  may be a curved or angled sidewall of the proximal chamber  60  (e.g., the impingement member  50  may be integrally or monolithically formed with the wall of the proximal chamber  60 ). 
     The fluid platform  2  can also include an evacuation or outlet line  4  to convey waste or effluent liquids to a waste reservoir, which may be located, for example, in a system console  102 . A suction port  8  or fluid outlet can be exposed to the proximal chamber  60  along a wall of the proximal chamber  60  offset from the central axis Z. For example, as shown in  FIG. 11D , the suction port  8  can be disposed along an upper wall of the proximal chamber  60  opposite the transition opening  30 . A vacuum pump (not shown) can apply vacuum forces along the outlet line  4  to draw waste or effluent liquids  19  out of the proximal chamber  60  through the suction port  8 , along the outlet line  4 , and to the waste reservoir. In some embodiments, only one suction port  8  can be provided. In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can include a plurality (e.g., two) suction ports positioned laterally opposite one another. In some embodiments, more than two suction ports can be provided. In some embodiments, the drawing of fluid out of the proximal chamber  60  by the suction port  8  can affect the fluid motion  24  in the proximal chamber  60 . For example, the action of the suction port  8  can withdraw at least some fluid from the liquid jet  20  that has passed back over the transition opening  30  after impingement on the impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, this action of the suction port may prevent or reduce stagnation within the fluid in the proximal chamber  60  and/or may contribute to turbulent or chaotic fluid motion as described herein. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 11C-11D , in some embodiments, the outlet line  4  and pressurized fluid inlet line  5  can be part of a separate manifold  80  that can couple to main body  40  to form the fluid platform  2 . The vent  7  may also be positioned in the manifold  80 . The main body  40  and manifold  80  may together form chamber  6 . In some embodiments, the main body  40  and manifold  80  may together form proximal chamber  60  of chamber  6 , and the main body  40  alone may form transition opening  30  and distal chamber  70 . The main body  40  may include access port  18 , flange  16 , and sealing cap  3  as described herein. 
     The impingement member  50  may be captured between the manifold  80  and the main body  40 . For example, the impingement member may include an outer flange for securing within fluid platform  2 . The main body  40  may be coupled to manifold  80  by being press fit into manifold  80 . In some embodiments, the main body  40  and manifold  80  may form a cavity for holding impingement member  50  in place. Further, in some embodiments, impingement member  50  may be held in place at its posterior end (facing proximal chamber  60 ) by the structure of main body  40  and at its anterior end (facing away from proximal chamber  60 ) by the structure of manifold  80 . The impingement member  50  may be metallic, ceramic, or formed of any other suitable material for receiving and redirecting the fluid jet  20 . 
     Further as shown in  FIG. 11D , the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  can each be generally cylindrical in shape. A longitudinal axis of the cylindrical proximal chamber  60  (which in the illustrated embodiment may be coextensive or parallel to the anterior-posterior axis and/or at an angle relative to the jet axis X′) can extend perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical distal chamber  70  (which in the illustrated embodiment may be coextensive or parallel with the central axis Z). As shown in  FIG. 11D , the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  may have different geometries and/or volumes. In the illustrated embodiment, the impingement member  50  is disposed longitudinally beyond the transition opening  30  along the jet axis X′ such that the transition opening  30  is longitudinally between the impingement member  50  and the nozzle  9  along the jet axis X′. In some embodiments, a jet length (i.e., a distance between the nozzle and an impingement point) can be between 1 mm and 20 mm, between 3 mm and 10 mm or any other suitable length. In some embodiments, a diameter of the proximal chamber  60  can be between 0.1 mm and 20 mm, between 1 mm and 10 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a diameter of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 5 mm, or any other suitable diameter. In some embodiments, a height of the distal chamber  70  can be between 0 mm and 20 mm, between 0 mm and 6 mm or any other suitable height. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11D , the proximal chamber  60  can accordingly have a first interior surface geometry  26   a  bounded by at least a wall  28   a  extending along upper, lower, and side surface(s) of the proximal chamber  60  and the impingement member  50 . The distal chamber  70  can have a second interior surface geometry  26   b  bounded by at least a wall  28   b  extending along side surface(s) of the distal chamber  70 . The first and second interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can be different as shown. For example, the first interior surface geometry  26   a  can comprise a curved surface (e.g., an approximately cylindrical surface) extending at an angle relative to or substantially parallel to the jet axis X′ from the nozzle  9  (or a location distal the nozzle  9 ) to the impingement surface  53  of the impingement member  50 . By contrast, the second interior surface geometry  26   b  can comprise a curved surface (e.g., an approximately cylindrical surface) extending distally along the central axis Z. The transition opening  30  can comprise a discontinuity that provides a non-uniform or abrupt flow transition between the proximal and distal chambers  60 ,  70 . The discontinuity provided by the transition opening  30  and the differing interior surface geometries  26   a,    26   b  can beneficially create unsteady flow of treatment fluid during operation of the treatment instrument in a treatment procedure. Non-uniform transitions can include asymmetric structures or irregularities in a transition region. The transition region can include the transition opening  30  and portions of the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  adjacent the transition opening  30 . The asymmetric structures or irregularities may include one or more offsets, steps, recesses, or any other suitable structures. 
     In some embodiments, a ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber  60  to a volume of the distal chamber  70  is between 7:4 and 15:2. In some embodiments, a ratio of a volume of the proximal chamber  60  to a circumference of the transition opening  30  is between 1:150 and 1:20. In some embodiments, a ratio of a jet distance to a volume of the proximal chamber  60  is between 10:1 and 50:1. In some embodiments, a ratio of a jet distance to a jet height is between 2:1 and 13:2. 
     In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may include one or more additional fluid inlets, for example, for providing a filling material or filling material component. Additional fluid inlets may be positioned, for example, below the inlet  5  or below the impingement member  50 . Additional details regarding embodiments with additional fluid inlets can be found throughout U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/894,667, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     Additional details regarding fluid platforms can be found throughout U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/879,093, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. 
       FIGS. 12A-12E  illustrate another embodiment of a treatment instrument  1 . In particular,  FIG. 12A  is a top perspective view of a treatment instrument  1  according to one embodiment.  FIG. 12B  is a bottom perspective view of the treatment instrument  1  of  FIG. 12A .  FIG. 12C  is a top perspective exploded view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A .  FIG. 12D  is a side sectional view of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A .  FIG. 12E  is a magnified bottom perspective sectional view of the fluid platform of the treatment instrument of  FIG. 12A . 
     The treatment instrument  1  of  FIGS. 12A-12E  may include a handpiece  12  sized and shaped to be gripped by the clinician. The treatment instrument  1  can further include a fluid platform  2 . As shown in  FIGS. 12A-12E , the fluid platform  2  may be the embodiment of the fluid platform  2  depicted in  FIGS. 11A-J . The fluid platform  2  can be coupled to a distal portion of the handpiece  12 . As explained herein, in some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be removably connected to the handpiece  12 . In other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be non-removably attached to the handpiece  12  or can be integrally formed with the handpiece  12 . In still other embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may not couple to a handpiece and may instead serve as a treatment cap that is adhered (or otherwise coupled or positioned) to the tooth without using a handpiece. As shown in  FIGS. 12A-12B , an interface member  14  can be provided at a proximal end portion of the handpiece  12 , which can removably couple to one or more conduits to provide fluid communication between a console  102  as described herein and the treatment instrument  1 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12A , and as described herein, a vent  7  can be provided through a portion of the handpiece  12  to provide fluid communication between an outlet line  4  (which can comprise one of the at least one conduits  104  described herein and/or a portion of the fluid platform  2 ) and ambient air. As explained herein, the vent  7  can serve to regulate the pressure in the fluid platform  2  and can improve the safety and efficacy of the treatment instrument  1 . As shown in  FIG. 12B , an access port  18  can be provided at a distal portion of the fluid platform  2  to provide fluid communication between a chamber  6  defined by the fluid platform  2  and the treatment region of the tooth  110 . For example, as explained above with respect to  FIG. 1A , in root canal cleaning procedures, a sealing cap  3  at the distal portion of the fluid platform  2  can be positioned against the tooth  110  over the access opening  118  to provide fluid communication between the chamber  6  and the interior of the tooth  110  (e.g., the pulp cavity  111  and root canal(s)  113 ). In other embodiments, as explained above with respect to  FIG. 1B , the sealing cap  3  can be positioned against the tooth  110  over the carious region at an exterior surface  119  of the tooth  110  to provide fluid communication between the chamber  6  and the carious region to be treated. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12C , the handpiece  12  may include a top shell  33  and a bottom shell  34 . The top shell  33  and bottom shell  34  can be coupled together to form a handpiece body  35 . In some embodiments, the top shell  33  and bottom shell  34  can be removably coupled to one another. In other embodiments, the top shell  33  and bottom shell  34  can be non-removably attached to one another or integrally formed with one another. The handpiece body  35  can house an inlet line  5  and an outlet line  4  of the treatment instrument  1 , a communications chip  130 , and the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, at least a portion of the inlet line  5  and/or at least a portion of the outlet line  4  can be formed in the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the communications chip can be configured to be programmed with information about the particular handpiece  12  to which the communications chip is coupled. The communications chip  130  can be configured to communicate with a wireless reader. The communications chip  130  may be an RFID chip. Additional examples of communications chips and wireless readers are described through U.S. Pat. No. 9,504,536, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. The handpiece  12  may also include a connector  105  that fluidly connects the outlet line  4  with a console. An interface member  14  can be provided at a proximal end portion of the handpiece  12 , which can removably couple to the one or more conduits  104  to provide fluid communication between the console  102  and the treatment instrument  1 . 
     As shown, the fluid platform  2  may include a manifold  80 , a main body  40 , a nozzle  9 , an impingement member  50 , and a sealing cap  3 . 
       FIGS. 12D-12E  show how components of treatment instrument  1  and fluid platform  2  may connect and integrate with one another according to some embodiments. The inlet line  5  may be disposed at a proximal end of the manifold  80  of the fluid platform  2  and may include a nozzle  9  to form the pressure wave generator  10  (which is also referred to as a fluid motion generator herein). The pressure wave generator  10  may be in fluid communication with the chamber  6  of fluid platform  2 . The chamber  6  of fluid platform  2  may include a proximal chamber  60  and a distal chamber  70  fluidly connected to one another through a transition opening  30 . The impingement member  50  may be disposed within the proximal chamber  60  opposite (e.g., distal to) pressure wave generator  10 . The outlet line  4  may be fluidly connected to the chamber  6  of main body  40  through the manifold  80  and may fluidly connect to the vent  7 . The distal chamber  70  may fluidly connect to a treatment region of a tooth  110  via an access port  18  of main body  40 . The sealing cap  3 , which may be coupled to the main body  40  by a flange  16  or connected to or formed with the fluid platform  2  as otherwise described herein, may be disposed around the access port  18  and substantially fluidly seal the chamber  6  with the treatment region of tooth  110 , for example, when the clinician presses the sealing cap  3  against the tooth  110  over the treatment region. In some embodiments, the handle  12  can include a recess  81  positioned above the vent  7 . The recess  81  can be positioned, shaped, and or otherwise configured to prevent blockage or occlusion of the vent  7 . For example, in some embodiments, the recess  81  can allow the vent  7  to communicate with an interior of the handle  12  if the portion of the portion of the handle  12  above the vent  7  is covered, for example, by a finger over the distal end of the handle  12 . In some embodiments, the recess  81  can provide a vent pathway between the vent  7  and the interior of the handle  12 . 
     The dental treatments disclosed herein can be used with any suitable type of treatment fluid, e.g., cleaning fluids. In filling procedures, the treatment fluid can comprise a flowable filling material that can be hardened to fill the treatment region. The treatment fluids disclosed herein can be any suitable fluid, including, e.g., water, saline, etc. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid can be degassed, which may improve cavitation and/or reduce the presence of gas bubbles in some treatments. In some embodiments, the dissolved gas content can be less than about 1% by volume. Various chemicals can be added to treatment solution, including, e.g., tissue dissolving agents (e.g., NaOCl), disinfectants (e.g., chlorhexidine), anesthesia, fluoride therapy agents, EDTA, citric acid, and any other suitable chemicals. For example, any other antibacterial, decalcifying, disinfecting, mineralizing, or whitening solutions may be used as well. Various solutions may be used in combination at the same time or sequentially at suitable concentrations. In some embodiments, chemicals and the concentrations of the chemicals can be varied throughout the procedure by the clinician and/or by the system to improve patient outcomes. 
     In some systems and methods, the treatment fluids used can comprise degassed fluids having a dissolved gas content that is reduced when compared to the normal gas content of the fluid. The use of degassed treatment fluids can beneficially improve cleaning efficacy, since the presence of bubbles in the fluid may impede the propagation of acoustic energy and reduce the effectiveness of cleaning. In some embodiments, the degassed fluid has a dissolved gas content that is reduced to approximately 10%-40% of its normal amount as delivered from a source of fluid (e.g., before degassing). In other embodiments, the dissolved gas content of the degassed fluid can be reduced to approximately 5%-50% or 1%-70% of the normal gas content of the fluid. In some treatments, the dissolved gas content can be less than about 70%, less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or less than about 1% of the normal gas amount. In some embodiments, the degassed fluids may be exposed to a specific type of gas, such as ozone, and carry some of the gas (e.g., ozone) with them into the treatment region, for example, in the form of gas bubbles. At the treatment region, the gas bubbles expose the treatment region to the gas (e.g., ozone) for further disinfection of the region. 
     Additional Examples of Fluid Platforms and Components 
     Additional examples of fluid platforms, components, and features thereof, aspects of which may be used with, combined with, and/or substituted with the various aspects of embodiments of the treatment instruments  1  and fluid platforms  2  described herein, are described with respect to  FIGS. 13-38 . Unless otherwise noted, components of  FIGS. 13-38  may be generally similar to or the same as like-numbered components of  FIGS. 2D-2K ,  FIGS. 3A-3H ,  FIGS. 4A-4E ,  FIGS. 5A-5E ,  FIGS. 6A-6B ,  FIGS. 7A-7F ,  FIGS. 8A-8F ,  FIGS. 9A-9B ,  FIGS. 10A-10J , and  FIGS. 11A-11J . 
       FIG. 13  shows a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments a fluid platform  2  may include a guide tube  91  coupled to and fluidly connected to an inlet line  5  that opens into a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2 . The guide tube  91  may include a nozzle  9  for generating a liquid jet  20 . The guide tube  91  may extend inferiorly (distally) into the chamber  6  from a superior end of the chamber  6 . For example, a central axis of the guide tube  91  may be substantially aligned with a superior-inferior axis (as shown, for example, in  FIG. 11F ). In other embodiments, the guide tube  91  may extend into the chamber  6  in other directions. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can include an impingement member  50 . The impingement member  50  may be positioned opposite the guide tube  91  within the chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2  as shown in  FIG. 13 . The impingement member  50  may be positioned so as to be impinged upon by the fluid jet  20  from the nozzle  9 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be removably couplable to (e.g., attachable to and/or detachable from) the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be removably couplable to (e.g., attachable to and/or detachable from) the guide tube  91 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  may include radially outward extending supports that secure the impingement member  50  within the chamber  6 . In some embodiments, the radially outward extending supports of the impingement member  50  may also allow for the flow of fluid between adjacent supports. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can be formed in three pieces including a first housing member housing the guide tube  91 , the inlet line  5 , and the outlet line  4 , a second piece forming the chamber  6 , and the impingement member  50 . 
       FIG. 14  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. The fluid platform  2  may comprise a manifold  80 , a main body  40 , and a bottom cap  92 . In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  includes an impingement ring  55  with an impingement member  50  adjacent a proximal chamber  60  formed by the manifold  80  and main body  40 . The bottom cap  92  may form a distal chamber  70  in fluid communication with proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the distal chamber  70  substantially matches an inner diameter of the impingement ring  55  and proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the impingement ring can be between 2 mm to 5 mm, between 3 mm to 4 mm, 3.5 mm or about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the distal chamber  70  can be between 2 mm to 5 mm, between 3 mm to 4 mm, 3.5 mm or about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the proximal chamber  60  can be between 2 mm to 5 mm, between 3 mm to 4 mm, 3.5 mm or about 3.5 mm. 
       FIG. 15  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. Similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 14 , the fluid platform  2  may comprise a manifold  80 , a main body  40 , and a bottom cap  92 . In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  includes an impingement ring  55  with an impingement member  50  adjacent a proximal chamber  60  formed by the manifold  80  and main body  40 . The bottom cap  92  may form a distal chamber  70  in fluid communication with proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the distal chamber  70  substantially matches an inner diameter of the impingement ring  55  and proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the impingement ring is between 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm, between 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, 3.0 mm or about 3.0 mm. In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the distal chamber  70  is between 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm, between 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, 3.0 mm or about 3.0 mm. In some embodiments, an inner diameter of the proximal chamber  60  is between 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm, between 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, 3.0 mm or about 3.0 mm. 
       FIG. 16  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments an impingement ring  55  of the fluid platform  2  may comprise a thin wall and provide a continual surface from a superior to an inferior side of a chamber  6  within the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the inferior end of the impingement ring  55  forms the access port  18 . In some embodiments, a sealing cap  3  may be disposed between an outer surface of the impingement ring  55  and a portion of a main body  40 . In some embodiments, the configuration of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 16  may have smaller dimensions and features than other embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the fluid platform  2  of  FIGS. 16  may be beneficial to form a seal with an anterior tooth and/or relatively smaller teeth. 
       FIG. 17  is a perspective view of an impingement ring  55  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments the impingement ring  55  may comprise an impingement member  50 . The impingement member  50  may extend across a central region of the impingement ring. In some embodiments, when inside a fluid platform  2 , the impingement member  50  may be disposed over (e.g., superior to or proximal to) an access port  18  of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  can be spaced apart from an inner wall section of the impingement ring to allow for suction/evacuation of fluid in a region or port  56  of the impingement ring. For example, the suction port  56  may be in fluid communication with one or more suction ports  8  disposed anterior to the impingement element  50  (e.g., between the impingement member  50  and an anterior inner wall section of the impingement ring) when the impingement ring  55  is positioned within a fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  may include one or more suction ports  56  disposed anterior to the impingement element  50 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  of the impingement ring  55  may be disposed approximately over a superior-inferior central axis Z of a fluid platform  2  as described herein (e.g., approximately over a central superior-inferior central axis of an access port  18 ) with a suction port  56  disposed anterior to the impingement element  50  and fluidly connected to the access port  18 . 
       FIG. 18  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. In some embodiments the fluid platform  2  may comprise a divider or clapper  93  disposed within a proximal chamber  60  of a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2 . The clapper  93  may be a substantially planar element that may be attached to an inner wall (e.g., a posterior inner wall) of the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, when attached to a posterior inner wall, the clapper  93  can extend in a substantially anterior direction. The clapper  93  may extend completely across the proximal chamber  60 , or, in some embodiments, may extend only partially across the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be substantially aligned with a plane formed by a superior-inferior axis and an anterior-posterior axis of the fluid platform  2  as described herein. In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be positioned at least partially within a path of a liquid jet from the nozzle  9 . In other embodiments, the clapper  93  can be offset from the path of the liquid jet. In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be rigid. In other embodiments, the clapper  93  may be semi-rigid and can move in response to contact of a fluid jet  20  with the divider or in response to fluid motion in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may provide for modified fluid motion inside the proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2  (e.g., in response to contact of the fluid jet  20  with the divider or contact of fluid redirected from the impingement member  50  or otherwise moving within the chamber  60  with the divider). In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may comprise sheet metal (e.g., 0.001″ sheet metal). In some embodiments, the nozzle  9  of the fluid platform  2  of  FIGS. 18  may have a 68 μm opening. 
     In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be a vibrating or oscillatory member. The clapper  93  can be configured to oscillate to amplify at least one frequency of pressure waves within the chamber  6 . For example, in certain embodiment, the pressure waves may include a range of frequencies that are effective for cleaning a treatment region of the tooth (e.g., a root canal). The clapper  93  can be configured to (e.g., shaped, dimensioned, positioned, etc.) to amplify an amplitude of at least one frequency in the range of frequencies effective for cleaning a treatment region. For example, in some embodiments, the clapper  93  can be configured to oscillate at a natural frequency that corresponds to at least one frequency effective for cleaning a treatment region of the tooth. Amplification of an amplitude of an effective frequency may increase the effectiveness of pressure waves produced by the fluid platform. In some embodiments, the clapper  93  can be configured to oscillate in response to fluid motion in the chamber  6  (e.g., fluid motion created by a liquid jet  20  and/or fluid redirected from an impingement member, for example, in the form of a second liquid jet). 
     While a single clapper is shown in  FIG. 18 , some embodiments, may include a plurality of vibrating or oscillatory members. In some embodiments, different oscillatory members can be configured to amplify different frequencies in a range of frequencies of the pressure waves that are effective for cleaning a treatment region. For example, the fluid platform  2  can include a plurality of oscillatory members having different natural frequencies. The natural frequencies of the oscillatory members can be tuned by modifying the shape, size, and/or material of the oscillatory members to have desired frequency characteristics. 
     In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  can include a plurality of vibrating or oscillatory members having different shapes and/or sizes, which may provide different natural frequencies and/or amounts of amplification. In some embodiments, an oscillatory member may cantilevered, tubular, elongate, or any other suitable shape. 
     In some embodiments, a plurality of oscillatory members may be positioned at different locations exposed to the chamber  6 . Different locations may affect the amount of amplification provided by the oscillatory members. In some embodiments, an oscillatory member may positioned at the transition opening between the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  (e.g., extending from a posterior side of the transition opening). In other embodiments, an oscillatory member can extend from a posterior wall of the proximal chamber  60 , an anterior wall of the proximal chamber  60 , a side wall of the proximal chamber  60 , a superior wall of the proximal chamber  60 , and/or inferior wall of the proximal chamber  60 , within the distal chamber  70 , or at any other suitable location.[ 0249 ]  FIG. 19  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. Similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 18 , in some embodiments the fluid platform  2  may comprise a divider or clapper  93  disposed within a proximal chamber  60  of a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2 . The clapper  93  may be a substantially planar element that may be attached to an inner wall (e.g., a posterior inner wall) of the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, when attached to a posterior inner wall, the clapper  93  can extend in a substantially anterior direction. The clapper  93  may extend completely across the proximal chamber  60 , or, in some embodiments, may extend only partially across the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be substantially aligned with a plane formed by a superior-inferior axis and an anterior-posterior axis of the fluid platform  2  as described herein. In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be positioned at least partially within a path of a liquid jet from the nozzle  9 . In other embodiments, the clapper  93  can be offset from the path of the liquid jet. In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be rigid. In other embodiments, the clapper  93  may be semi-rigid and can move in response to contact of a fluid jet  20  with the divider or in response to fluid motion in the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may provide for modified fluid motion inside the proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2  (e.g., in response to contact of the fluid jet  20  with the divider or contact of fluid redirected from the impingement member  50  or otherwise moving within the chamber  60  with the divider). In some embodiments, the clapper  93  may be formed and/or molded with the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the nozzle  9  of the fluid platform  2  of  FIGS. 19  may have a 68 μm opening. As described with respect to  FIG. 18 , in some embodiments, the clapper  93  can be an oscillatory member. 
       FIG. 20  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may comprise a fluidic modifier  94 . The fluidic modifier  94  may be positioned within a center or central region of a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the fluidic modifier  94  may extend inferiorly within the central region (e.g., from an upper inner wall of the chamber  6 , such as from a superior inner surface of the chamber  6 ). The fluidic modifier  94  may comprise a generally cone-like shape or taper extending (e.g., inferiorly) within the chamber  6  of the fluidic platform  2 . In other embodiments, the fluidic modifier  94  may be generally cylindrical in shape. In some embodiments, the fluidic modifier  94  may extend inferiorly across at least a portion of a proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments the fluidic modifier  94  may extend inferiorly across the proximal chamber  60  and additionally across at least a portion of a distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  as shown. The fluidic modifier  94  may attach to or be formed with the fluid platform  2 . As shown in  FIG. 20 , in some embodiments, the fluidic modifier  94  may comprise a through hole or cross hole positioned to allow a liquid jet  20  from the nozzle  9  to substantially pass through the through hole. For example, the through-hole may be substantially aligned with a central axis of a nozzle  9  of the fluidic platform  2  or substantially aligned with a jet axis of a jet produced by the nozzle  9 . In some embodiments of a fluid platform  2  comprising a fluidic modifier  94 , a liquid jet  20  may leave the nozzle  9 , pass through the through hole of the fluidic modifier  94 , and impinge upon an impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, the fluidic modifier  94  may modify the fluid motion of the fluid platform  2 . 
       FIG. 21  is a bottom perspective view of an impingement ring  55  in a fluid platform according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments an impingement ring  55  with an impingement element  50  may comprise a thin walled and flexible structure supported at multiple (e.g., 3, 4, or more) points of contact within the fluid platform  2 . In this configuration, the impingement ring  55  may act like a drum to amplify pressure waves and/or sonics within the fluid platform  2 . Further, the impingement ring  55  may vibrate to amplify and/or transmit pressure waves and/or sound waves to the treatment region of a tooth  110 . 
       FIG. 22  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 22 , in some embodiments the fluid platform  2  may comprise a suction port  8  and at an anterior end of a proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2  (e.g., at an upper inner wall of the proximal chamber  60 ). The suction port  8  can be positioned on an opposite side of the chamber from the fluid inlet  5 . In some embodiments, the suction port  8  in this configuration may allow for efficient flow of waste or effluent fluids from the fluid platform  2  and reduced apical pressure. 
       FIG. 23  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown and as described herein, in some embodiments a chamber  6  including a proximal chamber  60  and a distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  may include an elliptical cross-sectional shape (e.g., an elliptical shape when a cross-section is taken along a plane formed by an anterior-posterior axis and a left-right axis as shown relative to  FIG. 11F ). In some embodiments, only one of the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70  has an elliptical cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  may each have elliptical cross-sectional shapes that differ from one another (e.g., in size and/or orientation). In some embodiments an impingement ring  55  may have an elliptical cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the elliptical cross-sectional shape of the impingement ring can substantially match an elliptical cross-sectional shape of the distal chamber  70 . The elliptical cross-sectional shapes of the proximal chamber  60 , distal chamber  70 , and/or impingement ring  55  may provide different fluid motion in comparison to other shapes. In some embodiments, the proximal chamber  60  and distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  may include any other cross-sectional shape, including oval, tear-drop, polygonal, etc. 
       FIG. 24  is a side sectional view of a bottom cap  92  of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As described herein, in some embodiments, the bottom cap  92  can define a distal chamber  70 . As shown, the bottom cap  92  may comprise a proximal opening  96  (e.g., a superior opening), a distal opening  97  (e.g., an inferior opening), and a transition  95  disposed between the proximal opening  96  and distal opening  97 , all of which are in fluid communication with one another. The proximal opening, distal opening and transition  95  may define the distal chamber  70 . As shown, the proximal opening  96  may be of a different (e.g., larger) cross-sectional area than a cross-sectional area of the distal opening  97 , with the change in cross-sectional area occurring across the transition  95 . In some embodiments, the transition  97  may taper between the proximal opening  96  and the distal opening  97 . In some embodiments, the proximal opening  96  may be between 2 mm to 6 mm, between 3 mm and 5 mm, 4 mm, or about 4 mm and the distal opening  97  may be between 1 mm and 5 mm, between 2 mm and 4 mm, 3 mm or about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the bottom cap  92  may comprise an access opening  18  as described herein. In some embodiments, the bottom cap  92  may comprise a flange  16  as described herein. The embodiment of  FIG. 24  can be coupled to a proximal chamber  60  (e.g., couple to a main body  40  having a proximal chamber  60 ) having a larger (e.g., 4 mm) transition opening  30  to allow for use of a larger proximal chamber for treatment of a tooth having a smaller access opening  18  (e.g., 3 mm). 
       FIG. 25  is a top perspective view of an impingement ring  55  according to some embodiments. As shown, the impingement ring  55  may be a unitary piece including within a chamber  6  and a suction port  8 . In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  may be molded or machined as one unitary piece. In some embodiments, the chamber  6  within the impingement ring  55  may have an inner cross-sectional diameter between 2 mm to 6 mm, between 3 mm and 5 mm, 4 mm, or about 4 mm. 
       FIG. 26  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown and as described herein, in some embodiments a chamber  6  the fluid platform  2  may have a polygonal cross-sectional shape and/or a cross-sectional shape that is not round and/or elliptical (e.g., a polygonal shape when a cross-section is taken along a plane formed by an anterior-posterior axis and a left-right axis as shown relative to  FIG. 11F ). In some embodiments, one or both of a proximal chamber  60  and a distal chamber  70  can have a polygonal cross-sectional shape and/or a cross-sectional shape that is not round or elliptical. Further, in some embodiments an impingement ring  55  may have a polygonal and/or non-round cross-sectional shape. For example, the inner walls of a proximal chamber  60 , the inner walls of a distal chamber  70 , and/or the inner surface of the impingement ring  55  may comprise polygonal segments including planar surfaces connected by edges. The inner cross-sectional shape of the proximal chamber  60 , the impingement ring  55 , and/or the distal chamber  60  may be square, hexagonal, or any other polygonal shape or include segments that are square, hexagonal, and/or any other polygonal shape. In some embodiments, the inner walls of the proximal chamber  60 , the inner walls of the distal chamber  70 , and/or the inner surface of the impingement ring  55  may have polygonal shapes that are different from one another. 
       FIG. 27  is a top perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 27 , in some embodiments, an impingement ring  55  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) may be formed as a continuous structure extending superiorly to inferiorly within the fluid platform  2  and forming a proximal chamber  60  and a distal chamber  70  in fluid communication with one another. As shown in  FIG. 27 , in some embodiments the impingement ring  55  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) may comprise a variable cross-sectional area (e.g., for a cross-section taken along a plane formed by an anterior-posterior axis and a left-right axis as shown relative to  FIG. 11F ). In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) may comprise a larger cross-sectional area (e.g., for a cross-section taken along a plane formed by an anterior-posterior axis and a left-right axis as shown relative to  FIG. 11F ) for forming the proximal chamber  60  and a smaller cross-sectional area for forming the distal chamber  70 . In some embodiments, the inferior end of the impingement ring  55  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) forms the access port  18 . Further as shown and in some embodiments, a sealing cap  3  may be disposed between an outer surface of the impingement ring  55  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) and a portion of a bottom cap  92 , with the side wall of the impingement ring  55  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) forming an access port  18 . In some embodiments, the impingement ring  50  (or a sidewall of the chamber  6 ) may include a tapered (and/or funnel shaped) region at the boundary between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . A transition opening (such as transition opening  30  described herein) can be positioned within the transition region. 
       FIG. 28  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 28 , in some embodiments, an impingement ring  55  of the fluid platform  2  may comprise an impingement member  50 , which when inside a fluid platform  2  may be disposed over (e.g., superior to) a transition opening and/or an access port  18  of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the impingement member  50  may be in the form of a partition extending over the transition opening and/or access port. In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  may include a suction port or region  56  disposed anterior to the impingement member  50 . The impingement member  50  may separate the proximal chamber  60  from the suction port  56 . In some embodiments the suction port  56  can be in fluid communication with a suction port  8  of the fluid platform  2  at one end (e.g., superiorly as shown) and in fluid communication with a distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  at the other end (e.g., inferiorly as shown). In this configuration, fluid evacuation may be split from the proximal chamber  60  and occur closer to a tooth  110  and its treatment region. In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  may be as described relative to the impingement ring  55  of  FIG. 17 . 
       FIG. 29  is a bottom perspective view of a bottom cap  92  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments the bottom cap  92  may comprise a relatively compact structure in an inferior-superior axis and be compatible with a sealing cap  3  (not shown) of similarly compact proportions. In this configuration and when coupled to a fluid platform  2  as described herein, the more compact structure of the bottom cap  92  may allow for a fluid jet  20  produced by the fluid platform  2  to be in closer proximity to a treatment region of a tooth  110 . 
       FIG. 30  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments an impingement ring  55  of the fluid platform  2  may comprise suction regions or ports  56  disposed at its right side and/or its left side (left side not shown in this cross-sectional view) in fluid communication with a suction port  8  of the fluid platform  2  at one end (e.g., superiorly, not shown in this cross-sectional view) and with a distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  at the other end (e.g., inferiorly). Further as shown, in some embodiments the proximal chamber  60  may comprise one or more additional suction ports  8  disposed at a superior (and, in some embodiments, anterior) inner wall of the proximal chamber  60 . Anterior ports  8  within the proximal chamber  60  may assist in creating lower apical pressures. The suction ports  56  can be separated from the chamber  60  by partitions or walls and can have inferior ends positioned to draw waste or effluent fluid from the distal chamber  70 . Combined, in this configuration fluid flow in a proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2  may be at least partially separated from the flow of waste or effluent fluid. 
       FIG. 31  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 31 , in some embodiments a central axis of an inlet line  5  of the fluid platform  2  may be at an angle relative to an anterior-posterior axis of the fluid platform  2  (e.g., inclined superiorly), thus creating a fluid jet  20  in use that may travel across a proximal chamber  60  at an angle relative to an anterior-posterior axis of the fluid platform  2  (e.g., inclined superiorly). Similar to  FIG. 30 , the fluid platform  2  as shown in  FIG. 21  may include an impingement ring  55  with side suction ports  56 , and suction port(s)  8  disposed at a superior and anterior inner wall of the proximal chamber  60 . In some embodiments, similar to  FIG. 29 , the fluid platform  2  can include a relatively compact bottom cap  92 . 
       FIG. 32  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. A shown in  FIG. 32 , in some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may include a unitary molded body with an impingement ring  55  having an impingement member  50  disposed within the unitary molded body. In some embodiments, the impingement ring  55  may be machined and or formed from a thick wall tube and may extend superiorly to inferiorly across the fluid platform  2  to form a chamber  6 . In some embodiments, an inferior end of the impingement ring  55  can form an access port  18 . In some embodiments, the unitary molded body of the fluid platform  2  may be molded over the impingement ring  55 . In some embodiments, the molded body of the fluid platform  2  may comprise a sealing cap  3  as described herein or a compact sealing cap  3 . 
       FIG. 33  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. In some embodiments the fluid platform  2  may comprise a substantially spherical outer surface. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  is configured to swivel relative to a handpiece  12  of a treatment instrument  1 . The fluid platform can be configured to align to a treatment area (and/or a platform  405  as described herein) independent of the position of the handpiece  12 . In this configuration, an o-ring seal may be utilized to form a seal at inlet line  5  and accommodate any movement of the fluid platform  2  relative to the handpiece  12 . 
       FIG. 34  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments the sealing cap  3  of the fluid platform  2  may be in the form of a suction cup. For example, the sealing cap can have an outward flaring cone-like shape. In this configuration, the sealing cap  3  may accommodate any misalignment between the fluid platform  2  and a treatment area (and/or a platform  405  as described herein). 
       FIG. 35  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 35 , in some embodiments a central axis of an inlet line  5  may open into a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2  offset from an anterior-posterior axis of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the central axis of the inlet line  5  may be tangential with the chamber  6 . In some embodiments, the central axis of the inlet line  5  may be positioned at an angle relative to the anterior-posterior axis, an inferior-superior axis, and/or a left-right axis of the fluid platform  2 . 
       FIG. 36  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 36 , in some embodiments a central axis of an inlet line  5  may open into a chamber  6  of the fluid platform  2  offset from an anterior-posterior axis of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the central axis of the inlet line  5  may be tangential with the chamber  6 . In some embodiments, the central axis of the inlet line  5  may be positioned at an angle relative to the anterior-posterior axis, an inferior-superior axis, and/or a left-right axis of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments the fluid platform  2  may comprise a clapper  93 . The clapper  93  can extend from a posterior side of the chamber  6  at least partially across the center of the chamber  6  (e.g., along a plane formed by the inferior-superior and anterior-posterior axes). The clapper  93  can be configured to modify fluid motion within the chamber  6 . 
       FIG. 37  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 37 , in some embodiments the fluid platform  2  may comprise a channel or tunnel  98  fluidly connected to and extending from an inlet line  5  into a proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2 . In some embodiments, the channel  98  can extend along an axis coextensive with a jet axis of a jet produced by a nozzle  9 . As shown in  FIG. 37 , the channel  98  may shield at least a portion of the fluid jet  20  produced by the nozzle  9  until the fluid jet  20  impinges upon an impingement member  50 . In some embodiments, a suction port  8  of the fluid platform  2  may be separated from at least a portion of the fluid jet  20  by the channel  98 . 
       FIG. 38  is a bottom perspective sectional view of a fluid platform  2  according to some embodiments. As shown, in some embodiments an inlet line  5  of the fluid platform  2  may extend into a proximal chamber  60  of the fluid platform  2  beyond an inner surface of a distal chamber  70  of the fluid platform  2  (e.g., in relation to a superior-inferior axis of the fluid platform  2 ). In some embodiments, the inlet line  5  may extend at least partially over a transition opening between the proximal chamber  60  and the distal chamber  70 . In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may comprise one or more suction ports  8  disposed at a superior inner wall of the proximal chamber  60  at a position anterior to the anterior end of the inlet line  5 . 
     Examples of Matrices for Use with Treatment Instruments 
       FIGS. 39A-41I  disclose various embodiments related to a matrix  300 . The matrix  300  can be used in conjunction with a sealant material or conforming material  400  as described herein to facilitate the cleaning and/or filling of a treatment region of a tooth  110 . In some embodiments, the matrix  300  can be an applicator used to apply the conforming material  400  to a tooth to form a platform  405  on the tooth, as described in further detail herein. In some embodiments, the matrix  300  be a frame, scaffolding, or mold for formation of the platform  405  from the conforming material  400 . In some embodiments, the matrix  300  can be used to form the platform  405  of conforming material  400  on the tooth without requiring a tooth cap or other hardware to be attached to the tooth. The platform  405  can be used to support a treatment instrument (e.g., to support a fluid platform  2  of a treatment instrument  1 ) during a treatment procedure. 
       FIG. 39A  includes three-dimensional coordinate axes indicating superior (S), inferior (I), anterior (A), posterior (P), left (L), and right (R) directions. As shown in  FIG. 39A , the right direction R is generally pointing into the page and the left direction L is generally pointing out of the page. These directions are provided for reference only to provide examples of relative positions of aspects of a matrix  300  and may not reflect the particular anatomical positions of the matrix  300  when in use. 
       FIG. 39A  is a top perspective view and  FIG. 39B  is a bottom perspective view of a matrix  300  according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the matrix  300  may include a handle  310 , an upper rim or ledge  320 , a lower rim or ledge  330 , and a pin  340 . 
     In some embodiments, the handle  310  can include a handle top  312 . The handle top  312  may be disposed at a superior end of the handle  310 . The handle  310  can be in the form of a generally longitudinal structure extending along the superior-inferior axis. In some embodiments, an inferior end of the handle  310  may connect to an upper surface  322  of the upper rim  320  at a center of the upper surface  322 . 
     In some embodiments, the upper rim  320  can include the upper surface  322  and a lower surface  324 . The upper rim can be positioned below (inferior to or distal to) the handle  312 . In some embodiments, the upper rim  320  may be disc shaped or generally disc shaped. The upper rim  320  may have a circular cross-section in a plane formed by the right-left and anterior-posterior plane and have a height or thickness along the superior-inferior axis. 
     In some embodiments, the lower rim  330  can include a lower surface  334 . The lower rim  330  can be positioned below (inferior to or distal to) the upper rim  320 . The lower rim  330  can be disc shaped or generally disc shaped. The lower rim  330  may have a circular cross-section in a plane formed by the right-left and anterior-posterior plane and have a height or thickness along the superior-inferior axis. In some embodiments, the lower rim  330  can be concentric with the upper rim  320 . As shown in  FIGS. 39A and 39B , in some embodiments, the lower rim  330  may have a smaller width (e.g., a smaller cross-section or smaller diameter) than the upper rim  320 . For example, an outer edge  360  of the upper rim  320  can extend beyond an outer edge  361  of the lower rim  330 . The lower rim  330  may connect at its superior end to the lower surface  324  of the upper rim  320 . In some embodiments, the lower rim  330  and upper rim  320  can be used to form a platform  405  from the conformable material  400 . As described further herein, the shapes of the lower rim  330  and upper rim  320  can form corresponding shapes of the platform  405 . For example, in some embodiments, a conforming material  400  can be applied to the matrix  300  over the lower surface  324  of the upper rim  320  and the lower surface  334  of the lower rim  330  and can adopt a corresponding shape. An example of conforming material  400  applied to the matrix  300  is shown in  FIG. 42D . The matrix  300  can then be used to apply the shaped conforming material  400  to a tooth to form the platform  405 , as described in further detail herein, for example, as shown in  FIG. 42E . 
     The pin  340  may extend inferiorly (distally) from the lower rim  320 . In some embodiments, the pin  340  can be in the form of a generally longitudinal structure extending along the superior-inferior axis. In certain embodiments, the pin  340  may form an access opening having a corresponding shape within the platform  405 . The access opening can allow a portion of a treatment instrument to access a treatment region of the tooth. The access opening can allow fluid communication between the treatment instrument and the treatment region of the tooth. In some embodiments the pin  340  may taper in the inferior (distal) direction. In some embodiments, the pin  340  can have a tapered shape to facilitate removal from the platform  405  after the platform  405  is formed. 
     As shown in  FIG. 39E , in some embodiments, the matrix  300  can include a channel  350  in the form of a through hole that extends through the matrix from a superior end to an inferior end (e.g., along the superior-inferior axis or central axis of the matrix  300 ). In some embodiments the channel  350  may have a constant cross-sectional area. In some embodiments the channel  350  may have a variable cross-sectional area, for example, with a cross-sectional area that increases in the superior direction. In some embodiments, the channel  350  may act as a vent channel or relief channel to prevent the buildup of pressure within the tooth during formation of the platform  405 , as discussed in further detail herein. 
     In some embodiments and as shown in  FIGS. 39A-39B , the handle top  312  may be elongated along the anterior-posterior axis. In some embodiments, an elongated handle top  312  may facilitate handling of the matrix  300  by a clinician. In some embodiments, the handle  310  may comprise circumferential ridges and/or other protuberances to facilitate grasping of the handle  310  by a clinician. 
       FIG. 39C  is a front view,  FIG. 39D  is a side view,  FIG. 39F  is a top view,  FIG. 39G  is a bottom view,  FIG. 39H  is a rear view, and  FIG. 391  is a second side view showing the opposite side of  FIG. 39D  of the matrix  300  shown in  FIGS. 39A-39B . As shown in  FIGS. 39C-39D and 39H-39I , in some embodiments, the outer edge  360  and the outer edge  361  may comprise radially outward facing surfaces that taper in the inferior direction. A taper in the outer edge  360  of the upper rim  320  and the outer edge  361  of the lower rim  330  may facilitate removal of the matrix  300  after being used to create the platform  405  out of the conformable material  400  as described further herein. As shown in  FIGS. 39C-39D  and  FIGS. 39F-39G , the elements comprising the matrix  300  may share a common superior-inferior central axis. 
       FIG. 40A  is a top perspective view and  FIG. 40B  is a top perspective sectional view of a matrix  300  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 40C  is a bottom perspective view,  FIG. 40D  is a front view,  FIG. 40E  is a side view,  FIG. 40F  is a top view,  FIG. 40G  is a bottom view,  FIG. 40H  is a rear review, and  FIG. 40I  is a second side view showing the opposite side of  FIG. 40E  of the matrix  300  of  FIG. 40A . As shown, in some embodiments the matrix  300  may comprise a recess  314  in the handle top  312 . The recess  314  may extend inferiorly from a superior surface of the handle top  312  and across the width of the handle top  312 . The recess  314  can extend transverse to (e.g., perpendicular to) the central axis of the matrix  300  or central axis of the channel  350 . In some embodiments, the recess  314  may fluidly connect to the channel  350  as shown in  FIG. 40A . In some embodiments, the recess  314  may act as a vent to prevent the buildup of pressure in the tooth during formation of the platform  405 . For example, the recess  314  may allow for venting in a lateral direction relative to the central axis of the matrix. For example, if a top surface of the handle top  312  is blocked when the handle  310  is grasped by a clinician, preventing venting in the superior direction, air can flow through the recess  314  to reduce pressure in the tooth. In some embodiments, the recess  314  may form a continuous fluidic connection between atmosphere and the channel  350  even when the handle  310  is grasped by a clinician. 
       FIG. 41A  is a top perspective view and  FIG. 41B  is a top perspective sectional view of a matrix  300  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 41C  is a bottom perspective view,  FIG. 41D  is a front view,  FIG. 41E  is a side view,  FIG. 41F  is a top view,  FIG. 41G  is a bottom view,  FIG. 41H  is a rear review, and  FIG. 41I  is a second side view showing the opposite side of  FIG. 41E  of the matrix  300  of  FIG. 41A . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 41A-B , in some embodiments the matrix  300  may include a channel  316  extending through the handle top  312 . The channel  316  may extend through a width of the handle top  312  in the form of a through hole. In some embodiments, the handle top  312  can intersect with the superior-inferior central axis of the matrix  300 . In some embodiments, the channel  316  may extend transverse to (e.g., perpendicular to) the central axis of the matrix  300  or central axis of the channel  350 . In some embodiments, the channel  316  may be disposed at a geometric center of the handle top  312  when viewed from its side (e.g., with the left-right axis in-line with the line of sight). In some embodiments, the channel  316  may fluidly connect to the channel  350  of the matrix  300 . In some embodiments, the channel  316  can extend across a center of the channel  350 . In some embodiments, the channel  316  can act as a vent to prevent the buildup of pressure in the tooth during formation of the platform  405 . For example, the channel  316  may allow for venting in a lateral direction relative to the central axis of the matrix. For example, if the superior end of the channel  350  at the top surface of the handle top  312  is blocked when the handle  310  is grasped by a clinician, preventing venting in the superior direction, air can flow through the channel  316  to reduce pressure in the tooth. In some embodiments, the channel  316  may form a continuous fluidic connection between atmosphere and the channel  350  even when the handle  310  is grasped by a clinician. In some embodiments, the channel  316  can be shaped, dimensioned, and/or otherwise configured to receive a tool for use in removing the matrix  300  after formation of the platform  405 . 
     Example Process of Treating a Tooth Using a Treatment Instrument, a Fluid Platform, a Matrix, and a Sealant 
       FIGS. 42A-42H  disclose various aspects of a process for treating a tooth  110 . As described below, in some embodiments, the process includes formation of a platform  405  using a matrix  300  and treatment of the tooth using a treatment instrument  1  after formation of the platform  405 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 42A , in some embodiments, a clinician may remove caries and defective restorations from a tooth  110 . In some embodiments, the clinician may restore missing tooth structure. For example, the clinician may use a sealant material or conforming material  400  to temporarily restore the tooth structure (e.g., the exterior surface  119  of tooth  110  in  FIG. 42A ). The conforming material  400  may comprise a conforming light-cure resin, such as the SoundSeal® conforming light-cure resin from Sonendo®. 
     With reference to  FIG. 42B , the clinician may prepare an endodontic access opening  118 . In some embodiments, the physician can prepare the access opening  118  to allow unrestricted conservative straight-line access to the tooth  110 . For example, the clinician may form the endodontic access opening  118  to a minimum opening size (e.g., diameter) per standard endodontic practice. For example, if treating a premolar, the clinician may create an endodontic access opening  118  with a minimum diameter of 1.5 mm. As another example, if treating a molar, the clinician may create an endodontic access opening  118  with a minimum diameter of between 2.7 mm to 3.0 mm. In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 42B , after formation of the endodontic access opening  118 , the clinician may test fit a matrix  300  of an appropriate size as described herein with the endodontic access opening  118 . For example, if treating a premolar, the clinician may test that the first 2 mm of the pin  340  of the matrix  300  can be inserted into the endodontic access opening  118 . As another example, if treating a molar, the clinician may test that the entire pin  340  of the matrix  300  can be inserted into the endodontic access opening  118 . In either example, the clinician may ensure that no interference exists between a matrix  300  and patient anatomy or a dental dam clamp if present. The clinician may also locate each canal orifice within the root  112  of tooth  110  and ensure removal of all pulp stones or other obstruction(s) to each canal to ensure an unobstructed fluid pathway exists from the endodontic access opening  118  through the pulp cavity  111  to the apex  114 . 
     The clinician may estimate the canal length using an apex locator, going to the mark ‘Apex’ (full tone) and note the length, or by using a pre-op CBCT. The procedure working length of the system  100  may be set to 1.0 mm short of the canal length measurement. For teeth with special anatomies, the working length of the system  100  may be set to 2.0 mm short of the canal length measurement. If the treatment procedure is a retreatment, in some embodiments, a clinician may insure obturation material and/or solvent are removed, and may use a larger instrument size. 
     With reference to  FIG. 42C , the clinician may clean the entire tooth  110  and, in some embodiments, may in addition clean any neighboring teeth  110 ′, including their occlusal surfaces. The clinician may use isopropyl alcohol for the cleaning and then air dry the teeth. In some embodiments, the clinician may inject the conforming material  400  into the interproximal surfaces of the teeth (e.g., between the exterior surfaces  119 ) and fully cure the sealant. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 42D-42F , a sub-process for forming a platform  405  is described. In some embodiments, the clinician may apply (e.g., inject) the conforming material  400  onto an overturned matrix  300 . As shown in  FIG. 42D , the conforming material can be applied up to the upper rim  320 , covering the lower surface  334  of the lower rim  330 , the outward radial edge  361  of the lower rim  330 , the lower surface  324  of the upper rim, and extending around a portion of the pin  340 . The conforming material  400  can be applied so that a distal end of the pin  340  extends distally beyond the conforming material  400 . The clinician may then place the matrix  300  with sealant  400  in an uncured state on the tooth  110  with the pin  340  inserted into the endodontic access opening  118 . For example, for a premolar, the clinician may place the matrix  300  ensuring that the first 2 mm of the pin  240  can be inserted into the endodontic access cavity  118 . As another example, for a molar, the clinician may place the matrix  300  ensuring that the lower surface  334  of the lower rim  330  contacts the highest cusps(s)/occlusal surface of the tooth  110  and the lower surface  334  remains substantially parallel to a floor of the pulp cavity  111  and substantially perpendicular to the walls of the pulp cavity  111 . With the matrix  300  with sealant  400  in place, the clinician may then cure the conforming material  400  (e.g., by light curing) until the conforming material is fully cured. In embodiments of the matrix  300  with a channel  350 , the channel  350  may serve as a relief channel for air and prevent the formation of voids within the conforming material  400  while curing. In some procedures, in the absence of vent pathways from the tooth, the application of a platform  405  may cause an increase in pressure within the tooth that creates voids within the conforming material  400 . The channel  350  and/or recess  314  or channel  316  can allow for the release of pressure from the tooth without the formation of voids in the conforming material. 
       FIG. 42E  shows the platform  405  on the tooth  110  after curing as formed by the matrix  300 . As shown, the platform  405  may include features that correspond to or substantially mirror (e.g., form a negative of) the features of the matrix  300 , such as a surface  420  that corresponds to the lower surface  334  of the matrix  300 , a ridge wall  432  that corresponds to the outer edge  361  of the lower rim  330 , a ridge surface  434  that corresponds to the lower surface  324  of the matrix  300 , and an access opening  410  that corresponds to the exterior shape of a portion of the pin  340  of the matrix  300 . The ridge wall  432  and the ridge surface  434  of the platform  405  may together comprise a ridge  430 , with the ridge surface  434  being offset from the surface  420  of the platform  405  (e.g., raised above the surface  420  as oriented in  FIG. 40E ). Due to the positioning of the pin  340  within the endodontic access opening  118  during curing of the platform  405 , the access opening  410  of the platform  405  may be in fluid communication with the endodontic access opening  118  of the tooth  110  as shown in  FIG. 42E . In some embodiments, after removal of the matrix  300 , the clinician may reaccess the access opening  410  by reforming the access opening  410  of the platform (e.g., by removing cured sealant) to increase the size of the access opening  410  and/or change the shape of the access opening  410  (e.g., to substantially match and/or form a smooth transition with the endodontic access opening  118 ). An example of a reaccessed access opening  410  is shown in  FIG. 42F . 
     With reference to  FIG. 42G , after the platform  405  has been formed on the tooth  110 , the platform  405  can receive a treatment instrument, such as treatment instrument  1 . For example, a fluid platform  2  of the treatment instrument  1  may be positioned on the surface  420  of the platform  405  within ridge  430 . The ridge  430  may assist in locating the fluid platform  2  at the center of the platform. The ridge  42  may also restrict or prevent movement of the treatment instrument along the surface  420  of the platform (e.g., left-right and anterior posterior movement). For example, the ridge  430  may prevent movement by more than 0.010 in. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in the inset of  FIG. 42G , a bottom cap  92  of the fluid platform  2  may be placed within ridge  430  and adjacent ridge wall  432  of the platform  405 . In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may comprise transparent and/or semi-transparent materials such that the clinician may see through at least part of the fluid platform  2  and visually align the fluid platform  2  with the endodontic access opening  118 . In some embodiments, the clinician may place the fluid platform  2  centered to the platform  405  and substantially flat against the surface  420  of the platform  405 . With this alignment between the fluid platform  2  and the platform  405 , the clinician may gently press the fluid platform  2  against the platform  405  until fully engaged with the platform  405 . In some embodiments (not shown), during engagement a sealing cap  3  may form a seal with the surface  420  of the platform  405 , and the access port  18  of the fluid platform  2  may be fluidically coupled to the access opening  410  of the platform  405 , the endodontic access opening  118  of the tooth  110 , and the treatment area of the tooth  110 . 
     With the engagement between the fluid platform  2  and the platform  405 , the clinician may begin the procedure. The clinician may ensure any conduits  104  and/or tubing is not kinked or restricted. The clinician may ready a console  102  of the system  100  and press down on a foot pedal of the console, which may control the delivery of procedure fluid. The procedure may be paused by releasing the foot pedal. While pressing down on the console&#39;s foot pedal, the clinician may ensure that the fluid platform  2  remains properly seated on the platform  405  to retain the fluidic seal between the fluid platform  2 , the access opening  410  of the platform  405 , the endodontic access opening  118 , and thus the treatment area of the tooth  110 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 42H , in some embodiments the clinician may monitor the procedure by visual and/or auditory cues indicating a seal has been created, or conversely, that a seal has been lost. In some embodiments, the fluid platform  2  may include one or more transparent or semi-transparent windows or sections. For example, at least a portion of the fluid platform  2  may be formed of a transparent or semi-transparent material. For example, in some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 42H , a superior surface of the fluid platform  2  can include a transparent or semi-transparent window. In some embodiments, the clinician may monitor the transparent or semi-transparent windows or sections for the presence of bubbles. In some embodiments, a fluid platform  2  free of bubbles may indicate a good seal. Conversely, in some embodiments, a fluid platform  2  with streaming bubbles may indicate a loss of seal. For auditory cues, there may be a distinct auditory change between a seal and loss of seal, which may correlate to the visual cues described above. If a seal is lost during the procedure, the clinician may attempt to regain the seal by slightly adjusting their hand position and thus the position of the fluid platform  2  against the platform  405 . After an adjustment has been made, the clinician may wait for 1-3 seconds to allow any bubbles to clear and the auditory tone to change, indicating a good seal. The clinician may complete the procedure and proceed with standard endodontic post-cleaning procedures, including removal of the platform  405   
     Although the example process as described relative to  FIGS. 42A-42H  has been given for a root canal procedure, the process may readily be adapted for the treatment of tooth surface caries or other tooth surface defects as described herein. 
     Reference throughout this specification to “some embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, element, act, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in some embodiments” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment and may refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, elements, acts, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner (including differently than shown or described) in other embodiments. Further, in various embodiments, features, structures, elements, acts, or characteristics can be combined, merged, rearranged, reordered, or left out altogether. Thus, no single feature, structure, element, act, or characteristic or group of features, structures, elements, acts, or characteristics is necessary or required for each embodiment. All possible combinations and subcombinations are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure. 
     As used in this application, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. 
     Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the above description of embodiments, various features are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that any claim require more features than are expressly recited in that claim. Rather, inventive aspects lie in a combination of fewer than all features of any single foregoing disclosed embodiment. 
     The foregoing description sets forth various example embodiments and other illustrative, but non-limiting, embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein. The description provides details regarding combinations, modes, and uses of the disclosed inventions. Other variations, combinations, modifications, equivalents, modes, uses, implementations, and/or applications of the disclosed features and aspects of the embodiments are also within the scope of this disclosure, including those that become apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this specification. Additionally, certain objects and advantages of the inventions are described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the inventions may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein. Also, in any method or process disclosed herein, the acts or operations making up the method or process may be performed in any suitable sequence and are not necessarily limited to any particular disclosed sequence.