Patent Publication Number: US-6656381-B2

Title: Heat and mass transfer additives for improved aqueous absorption fluids

Description:
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/353,171 filed Jul. 14, 1999 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/878,232, filed Jun. 17, 1997 now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/499,313, filed Jul. 7, 1995, abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to aqueous absorption refrigeration or cooling systems in which water, as the sole refrigerant, is absorbed in an absorber by an aqueous absorption fluid, often referred to as a working fluid. Aqueous absorption fluids containing heat and mass transfer additives improve the absorption system performance by increasing water vapor absorption rates. For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,419,145 and 5,577,388, amines are shown to be effective additives for improving the performance of aqueous absorption fluids. The presence of such additives improves water cooling temperature changes in the absorber, increases the power load and heat and mass transfer, and reduces the observed process vapor pressure, as well as providing other advantages. The present invention describes other heat and mass transfer additives for improving performance of the systems in which the working fluids containing the additives are used. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, aqueous absorption working fluids are improved by adding effective amounts of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic ketone or aldehyde having between 5 and 24 carbon atoms. The improved heat and mass transfer additives are used in aqueous metal salt solutions. The presence of the effective amount of ketone or aldehyde increases the rate of water vapor absorption by the absorption fluid thereby achieving important advantages and improvements in system performance. The improvements include absorber power load increases and improvements in the change of absorber fluid concentrations. Further improvements include increases in overall heat transfer coefficients and sorption fluid side film heat transfer coefficients. The advantage of such improved absorption fluid performance allows for reduction of sorber heat exchange surface areas needed to satisfy a given load resulting in reduction of absorber size and costs. These and other improvements and advantages will be evident from the following detailed description. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The specific improved aqueous absorption solutions used in the system of the present invention are aqueous solutions of metal salts. The preferred metal salts are alkali metal halides, particularly lithium bromide, lithium chloride and lithium iodide and mixtures of two or more of them. The most preferred working fluid is an aqueous solution of lithium bromide as the only substantial absorbent present in the aqueous solution as used in today&#39;s absorption chillers. In such solutions, a small amount of metal hydroxide may be present for pH corrosion control, typically between about 0.05 and about 0.15 normal. However, in addition to the preferred lithium bromide, one or more of the following salts may also be present: ZnCl 2 , ZnBr 2 , MnCl 2 , MnBr 2 , MgCl 2 , MgBr 2 , SrCl 2 , SrBr 2 , CaCl 2 , CaBr 2 , FeCl 2 , FeBr 2 , LiCl, LiI, LiNO 2 , LiNO 3 , LiSCN and LiClO 3 . The amount of salt present, whether lithium bromide alone or a mixture of two or more of the aforesaid salts is preferably between about 40% and about 85%, by weight. The aforesaid LiBr aqueous absorption solutions are well known to those skilled in the art as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,530. 
     Ketones may also be used with aqueous solutions containing alkali metal hydroxides. The alkali metal hydroxide absorption fluids are aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or mixtures thereof. Preferred hydroxide compositions are those utilizing a mixture of the two hydroxides, and preferably those in which the total hydroxide concentration is between about 30% and about 80%, by weight. It has been found that optimum energy storage potentials are realized when sodium hydroxide is present between about 35% and about 75%, by weight, of the combined sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide weight. The amount of sodium hydroxide present in the salt mixture for systems at crystallization temperatures above 30EC is 50% or above, whereas for temperatures below 30EC, the preferred amount of sodium hydroxide is at or below 50% of the salt mixture. The most preferred amount of sodium hydroxide is between 40% and 55% of the combined weight of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide for crystallization temperatures below 30EC. In addition to the aforesaid sodium and/or potassium hydroxide solutions, relatively small amounts of other alkali metal hydroxides may be added as well. Thus, the hydroxide solutions may contain up to about 50% cesium, rubidium, and/or about 35% lithium hydroxide, based on the weight of sodium and/or potassium hydroxides. It has been found that aldehydes are not effective heat and mass transfer additives with metal hydroxides. 
     The heat and mass transfer additives of the invention are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic ketones and aldehydes having between 5 and 24 carbon atoms. Preferred additives are normally liquid at system operating conditions, for example, between about 30EC and up to 100EC or more. Effective additives have a normal boiling point of at least about 100° C. at atmospheric pressure. Compounds having boiling points of 180EC or higher are particularly preferred. The additives may be soluble or insoluble in the brine working fluid. However, insoluble compounds must be liquid at 20E and above, whereas soluble additives may be solid as a pure compound at ambient temperatures but must fully dissolve and not form precipitates at 20E or higher. Additives of the present invention may be used in systems with absorber temperatures down to about 15EC if they are selected from compounds having a melting point less than the absorber temperature. The additives may be liquid over a wider temperature range, both higher and lower, without adversely affecting the operation of the invention. 
     The ketone additives of the invention are of the formula R 1 (C═O)R 2  wherein R 1  and/or R 2  are aliphatic or substituted aliphatic groups of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or are cycloaliphatic or aromatic or substituted cycloaliphatic or aromatic groups of from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively. Where the hydrocarbon groups are alkyl groups, and wherein R 1  or R 2  is a methyl group, the carbon atom of the other alkyl group attached to the carbonyl group is a primary or tertiary carbon atom. Thus, ketones having R 1  as a methyl group and the other alkyl group R 2  having a secondary carbon atom attached to the carbonyl group such as 3-methyl-2-heptanone as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,609,087 have inferior heat and mass transfer properties in LiBr absorption fluids as compared to ketones of the present invention, and are specifically excluded. Preferred aliphatic ketones are those in which R 1  and R 2  are alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Either or both of the alkyl groups may be substituted, preferably halogen substituted, and more preferably fluoro substituted. Examples of preferred aliphatic ketones include 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 4-methyl-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 4-heptanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, 4-octanone, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone, nonanone, decanone and undecanone. Cycloaliphatic ketones, and particularly cyclohexanone, cyclooctanone, decalone and alkyl and halogen substituted derivatives are also effective additives. Aromatic ketones include acetophenone (methyl phenyl ketone), propiophenone (ethyl phenyl ketone), tetralone and benzophenone (diphenyl ketone) and their alkyl and halogen substituted derivatives. Specific examples include alpha-tetralone and 4-methylproiophenone. 
     The aldehydes used as heat and mass transfer additives within the scope of the invention are aliphatic aldehydes having from 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably from 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the aliphatic or alkyl chain, which also may be halogen substituted. Specific aliphatic aldehydes are hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, etc. and longer chain aldehydes for example, lauryl aldehyde (C-12) and myristic aldehyde (C-14). Useful aromatic aldehydes include benzaldehyde, anisaldehyde and substituted aromatic aldehydes including ether and hydroxy substituted compounds such as vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde). 
     The ketones and aldehydes may also include one or more other functional groups, particularly halogens and more preferably chlorine or fluorine substituted molecules as previously disclosed. In addition, the molecules may also contain alcohol, thiol, amine, and ether groups, provided such functional groups do not cause the additive to form a precipitate or otherwise induce chemical instability in the presence of the metal salt solutions. Combinations of ketones and/or aldehydes may also be found suitable for different salts or salt combinations. 
     Additives may be selected from the aforesaid group of compounds based on their vapor pressures, boiling points and/or molecular weights. Additives having comparatively lower volatility are preferred. The comparative volatilities of different candidates may be approximated from their boiling points as pure compounds. However, because the vapor pressure of the heat and mass transfer additive is suppressed in the presence of absorbent salts in the same way that water vapor pressure is, the better measure of volatility is the partial pressure of the additive when saturated with absorbent or refrigerant under chiller absorber or evaporator conditions. The extent of the partial pressure suppression depends on the chemical structure of the additive and also on the concentration of the absorbent solution. Less volatility is generally found with higher molecular weight additives. The upper limit on molecular weights is practically limited by the melting point of the additives, which, as previously noted, must be liquids under normal chiller operating conditions, including evaporator conditions. Accordingly, the additive should not solidify when exposed to water at about 4° C., or form solid crystalline hydrates with the chilled refrigerant water. Similarly, the additive should not form solid materials when in contact with absorbent solution under absorber conditions, typically LiBr at 61% and 32° C. However, higher solution concentrations may be used, with temperatures as low as 25° C. for non-standard conditions, or at different conditions when alternate absorption fluids are used. 
     Effective additive amounts of ketone or aldehyde added to the aqueous salt solutions for the purpose of improving heat and mass transfer are from at least about two parts per million up to about 50,000 ppm, preferably up to about 20,000 ppm, by weight. Preferred concentrations are between about 2 ppm and 10,000 ppm and more preferably between about 5 ppm and about 5,000 ppm. However, optimal performance is usually between about 100 and about 500 ppm. A slow deterioration in performance is found at very high concentrations, of say 40,000 ppm or 50,000 ppm or more. At such very high concentrations, the additive has long since passed its solubility limit and gathers in a separate organic layer floating on top of the brine or refrigerant. A very thick layer of additive does not contribute to chiller performance, and instead becomes a burden on chiller efficiency and operation. Mixtures of the aforesaid additives may also be used. In addition to mixtures of the ketones and aldehydes, the additives may be used with other known heat and mass transfer additives which may be present or added to the absorption fluid. Examples of such known additives are alcohols, particularly those having 6-10 carbon atoms such as 2-ethylhexanol or n-octanol and amines disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,419,145 and 5,577,388, the descriptions of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     According to the invention, it has been found that the presence of one or more ketones or aldehydes in the aforesaid aqueous absorption fluids results in substantially improved heat and mass transfer performance of the absorption working fluid composition. Specifically, the performance of the system improves in the following manner: water cooling temperature change in the absorber, for a constant water flow rate, rises significantly; the absorber power load increases proportional to the change in water cooling temperature; the steady state process vapor pressure drops, and if brought back to its initial value to achieve a constant evaporator temperature, the change in concentration of the absorber fluid increases significantly; the absorber solution subcooling, i.e., the difference between the maximum temperature at equilibrium (saturation) and the actual solution temperature, is decreased by several degrees; the absorber heat exchanger tube (solution side) interface comprises a highly agitated turbulent film as compared to a generally laminar flow pattern without presence of the additive; and overall heat transfer coefficients and sorption fluid film heat transfer coefficients are increased. 
     As previously noted, water vapor absorption systems incorporating the heat and mass transfer additives in the aqueous alkali metal absorption solutions of the invention include a number of different types of systems incorporating one or more absorbers in which water vapor absorption solutions are typically used. Such equipment includes absorption chillers and refrigeration systems as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,966,007, 5,038,574 and 5,186,009, thermal energy storage systems as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,823,864, as well as multiple effect absorption systems, for example, double effect and dual loop systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,266,266 and 4,542,628, triple effect systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,335,515 and 5,390,509 and multiple effect systems resulting from a combination of single or double effect apparatus such as the triple effect system comprising combined single effect circuits as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,136 as well as single effect chillers and commonly used double effect chillers and heat transformers. The aqueous working fluids of the invention may also contain a corrosion inhibitor such a chromate, nitrate, tungstate or molybdate, as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,186,009 and 5,335,515 or any other suitable corrosion inhibitors. Where aldehydes are present, the use of certain corrosion inhibitors may be restricted to avoid aldehyde oxidation. 
     To illustrate the improvement of system performance by using the heat and mass transfer additives of the present invention, the following examples are provided. In the Table, additives within the scope of the present invention are shown by way of example. The results given are for a constant set of operating conditions and include: initial cooling water (“Tube”) temperature of 30EC, a system water vapor pressure of 10 mbar, 7EC dew point (evaporator temperature), initial aqueous solution concentration of 60% LiBr, initial solution flow rate of 500 grams/min except/or 2-octanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanone using 400 grams/min., and initial solution temperature of 48EC entering the absorber, using a special bench test absorption machine. The water and solution temperatures, flow rates and vapor pressures are taken from monitor readings during operation. The concentrations are determined from fluid samples taken from the machine. 
     The results are based on heat transfer equations well known to practitioners of the art. The absorber load dQ/dt, shown as W, is calculated from the water temperature, heat capacity of water, and water flow rates,               Q          t       =       (       T         H   2        0     ,   out       -     T         H   2        0     ,     i                 n           )     *       C   p          (       H   2        0     )       *            m       H   2        0              t                         
     For the heat transfer coefficients, the temperature change is treated as the log mean differential temperature, where        LMDT   =         (       T     Sol   ,     i                 n         -     T         H   2        0     ,   out         )     -     (       T     Sol   ,   out       -     T         H   2        0     ,     i                 n           )           ln        (       T     Sol   ,     i                 n         -     T         H   2        0     ,   out         )       -     ln        (       T     Sol   ,   out       -     T         H   2        0     ,     i                 n           )                           
     The outside film heat transfer coefficient ho is calculated from          h   0     =     1       1     U   0       -     R     i   ,   m                 where           U   0     =            Q          t         LMDT   *     (     tube                 area     )                         
     and where R i , m is the thermal resistivity of the inside cooling water and copper metal tube wall. Solution subcooling is the temperature difference (AT) between the actual solution temperature leaving the absorber and the calculated absorber solution equilibrium temperature at the measured concentration and system vapor pressure values. Solution concentration change (dx) is measured to give mass transfer of water while cooling water side temperature (H 2 O dt) measures heat transfer. Lower subcooling temperature values reflect greater system efficiency as do increased outside film heat transfer coefficients (h o ), H 2 O dt and dx measurements The value calculated for solution subcooling is one measure of the efficiency of the system for water vapor absorption, with lower subcooling temperatures indicating an improvement. However, under certain conditions, the derived subcooling numbers may be contrary to other direct measurements of water vapor absorption. In the Table some data show higher calculated solution subcooling while also showing increased water vapor absorption rates by increases in absorber loads, and increases in heat and mass transfer coefficients. Thus, the derived subcooling results are to be checked against other direct evidence of increased absorption rates. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Load 
                 ho 
                 Subcooling 
               
               
                 Additive 
                 ppm 
                 H 2 O dt 
                 dx 
                 W 
                 W/m2K 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2-octanone 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (bp 173° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.77 
                 2.02 
                 900 
                 1110 
                 6.03 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.76 
                 1.98 
                 880 
                 976 
                 4.41 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.79 
                 2.20 
                 915 
                 996 
                 3.69 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.79 
                 2.22 
                 914 
                 1011 
                 3.99 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.72 
                 2.16 
                 835 
                 920 
                 5.39 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.79 
                 2.23 
                 921 
                 1068 
                 4.43 
               
               
                   
                 5.3 
                 1.54 
                 3.82 
                 1784 
                 3591 
                 4.73 
               
               
                   
                 5.3 
                 1.52 
                 3.98 
                 1773 
                 3105 
                 3.49 
               
               
                   
                 5.3 
                 1.50 
                 3.89 
                 1739 
                 2897 
                 3.17 
               
               
                   
                 5.3 
                 1.49 
                 3.86 
                 1735 
                 2795 
                 2.96 
               
               
                   
                 5.3 
                 1.37 
                 3.47 
                 1596 
                 2309 
                 2.55 
               
               
                   
                 11.9 
                 1.61 
                 3.99 
                 1866 
                 3809 
                 4.13 
               
               
                   
                 11.9 
                 1.61 
                 4.13 
                 1866 
                 3641 
                 3.66 
               
               
                   
                 11.9 
                 1.61 
                 4.17 
                 1866 
                 3768 
                 3.97 
               
               
                   
                 19.7 
                 1.64 
                 4.12 
                 1908 
                 4333 
                 4.56 
               
               
                   
                 19.7 
                 1.61 
                 3.92 
                 1872 
                 4225 
                 4.69 
               
               
                   
                 19.7 
                 1.60 
                 4.09 
                 1893 
                 4083 
                 4.56 
               
               
                   
                 47.3 
                 1.62 
                 3.81 
                 1878 
                 4803 
                 5.51 
               
               
                   
                 47.3 
                 1.60 
                 4.23 
                 1960 
                 4862 
                 4.94 
               
               
                   
                 47.3 
                 1.68 
                 4.09 
                 1953 
                 4948 
                 5.02 
               
               
                   
                 47.3 
                 1.65 
                 4.07 
                 1919 
                 4555 
                 4.91 
               
               
                   
                 47.3 
                 1.64 
                 4.37 
                 1902 
                 4356 
                 4.75 
               
               
                   
                 93.4 
                 1.68 
                 4.11 
                 1946 
                 4977 
                 5.36 
               
               
                   
                 93.4 
                 1.66 
                 4.17 
                 1927 
                 4752 
                 4.63 
               
               
                   
                 93.4 
                 1.65 
                 4.14 
                 1914 
                 4651 
                 4.61 
               
               
                   
                 191.6 
                 1.52 
                 3.84 
                 1770 
                 4425 
                 5.70 
               
               
                   
                 191.6 
                 1.58 
                 3.92 
                 1833 
                 4726 
                 5.48 
               
               
                   
                 191.6 
                 1.54 
                 3.69 
                 1791 
                 5420 
                 6.73 
               
               
                 2-octanone 
                 300 
                 1.59 
                 3.92 
                 1848 
                 5168 
                 6.22 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 1.59 
                 3.92 
                 1848 
                 5168 
                 6.22 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 1.55 
                 3.89 
                 1799 
                 4754 
                 6.52 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 1.60 
                 3.96 
                 1858 
                 5218 
                 6.00 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 1.60 
                 4.07 
                 1893 
                 5160 
                 5.80 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 1.69 
                 3.99 
                 1965 
                 5295 
                 5.58 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 1.57 
                 4.00 
                 1819 
                 4497 
                 5.33 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 1.66 
                 4.26 
                 1923 
                 4805 
                 5.03 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 1.66 
                 4.21 
                 1925 
                 4752 
                 5.00 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 1.69 
                 4.20 
                 1959 
                 4778 
                 5.17 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 1.65 
                 3.97 
                 1917 
                 4632 
                 5.46 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 1.66 
                 4.03 
                 1924 
                 4711 
                 5.44 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.55 
                 3.72 
                 1805 
                 4494 
                 5.66 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.56 
                 3.79 
                 1813 
                 4430 
                 5.63 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.61 
                 3.90 
                 1872 
                 4756 
                 5.39 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.63 
                 3.97 
                 1895 
                 4762 
                 5.36 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.67 
                 3.91 
                 1936 
                 5090 
                 5.44 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.64 
                 4.03 
                 1909 
                 4845 
                 5.33 
               
               
                   
                 750 
                 1.52 
                 3.76 
                 1768 
                 4228 
                 5.82 
               
               
                   
                 750 
                 1.57 
                 3.82 
                 1824 
                 4402 
                 5.83 
               
               
                   
                 750 
                 1.69 
                 4.05 
                 1959 
                 4737 
                 5.17 
               
               
                   
                 750 
                 1.60 
                 3.81 
                 1853 
                 4792 
                 5.28 
               
               
                 4-methyl-2-pentanone 
                 0 
                 0.87 
                 3.90 
                 938 
                 997 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 (bp 117° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.77 
                 3.62 
                 837 
                 952 
                 3.60 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.81 
                 3.81 
                 879 
                 961 
                 3.10 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.90 
                 3.38 
                 978 
                 1154 
                 5.02 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.83 
                 3.11 
                 901 
                 1041 
                 4.88 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 3.24 
                 960 
                 1133 
                 4.83 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.17 
                 2.85 
                 1272 
                 1788 
                 2.79 
               
               
                 4-methyl-2- 
                 5 
                 1.20 
                 3.07 
                 1331 
                 1795 
                 3.51 
               
               
                 pentanone 
                 5 
                 1.20 
                 3.01 
                 1300 
                 1770 
                 3.64 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.24 
                 2.75 
                 1344 
                 2152 
                 4.47 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.29 
                 3.20 
                 1401 
                 2199 
                 4.61 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.26 
                 3.07 
                 1366 
                 2173 
                 4.59 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.32 
                 3.23 
                 1431 
                 2384 
                 4.69 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.34 
                 3.19 
                 1450 
                 2198 
                 3.58 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.32 
                 3.23 
                 1430 
                 2203 
                 3.68 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.35 
                 3.34 
                 1466 
                 3211 
                 6.81 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.40 
                 3.28 
                 1516 
                 3246 
                 6.14 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.39 
                 3.28 
                 1502 
                 3245 
                 6.02 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.38 
                 3.23 
                 1497 
                 3575 
                 6.98 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.40 
                 3.13 
                 1519 
                 3459 
                 7.11 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.38 
                 3.12 
                 1502 
                 3399 
                 6.69 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.16 
                 2.89 
                 1256 
                 2849 
                 8.02 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.26 
                 2.83 
                 1370 
                 2978 
                 7.61 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.31 
                 2.89 
                 1418 
                 3100 
                 7.23 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.15 
                 2.36 
                 1252 
                 2750 
                 8.53 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.24 
                 2.71 
                 1346 
                 2877 
                 7.64 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.27 
                 2.81 
                 1375 
                 2874 
                 7.09 
               
               
                 cyclohexanone 
                 0 
                 0.91 
                 2.24 
                 1063 
                 1379 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 (bp 155° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.92 
                 2.24 
                 1074 
                 1369 
                 4.7 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.92 
                 2.19 
                 1072 
                 1383 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 5.1 
                 1.01 
                 2.41 
                 1175 
                 1443 
                 3.3 
               
               
                   
                 5.1 
                 1.01 
                 2.42 
                 1176 
                 1426 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                 5.1 
                 1.01 
                 2.47 
                 1171 
                 1419 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                 10.4 
                 1.14 
                 2.86 
                 1319 
                 1560 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 10.4 
                 1.13 
                 2.80 
                 1316 
                 1563 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 cyclohexa- 
                 10.4 
                 1.15 
                 2.79 
                 1331 
                 1688 
                 2.9 
               
               
                 none 
                 20.5 
                 1.32 
                 3.20 
                 1536 
                 2087 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 20.5 
                 1.34 
                 3.17 
                 1556 
                 2095 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 20.5 
                 1.33 
                 3.19 
                 1547 
                 2066 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 50.2 
                 1.55 
                 3.82 
                 1804 
                 2731 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 50.2 
                 1.59 
                 3.89 
                 1844 
                 2632 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 50.2 
                 1.56 
                 3.81 
                 1814 
                 2584 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.71 
                 4.09 
                 1989 
                 2977 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.73 
                 4.12 
                 2009 
                 3037 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.69 
                 4.26 
                 1967 
                 3203 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.69 
                 4.24 
                 1965 
                 3122 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.69 
                 4.28 
                 1963 
                 3094 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 348 
                 1.68 
                 4.26 
                 1953 
                 3378 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 348 
                 1.70 
                 4.30 
                 1980 
                 3222 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 348 
                 1.71 
                 4.34 
                 1991 
                 3196 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 501 
                 1.70 
                 4.30 
                 1971 
                 3411 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 501 
                 1.70 
                 4.27 
                 1971 
                 3420 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 501 
                 1.69 
                 4.33 
                 1966 
                 3264 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.63 
                 4.15 
                 1892 
                 3134 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.62 
                 4.13 
                 1888 
                 3081 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.61 
                 4.20 
                 1872 
                 3022 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 1.60 
                 4.04 
                 1811 
                 2927 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 1.54 
                 3.97 
                 1786 
                 2861 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 1.56 
                 3.94 
                 1808 
                 2878 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 4-methylpropiophenone 
                 0 
                 0.97 
                 1.80 
                 1051 
                 1253 
                 7.75 
               
               
                 (bp 238° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.92 
                 1.73 
                 998 
                 1330 
                 7.16 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.93 
                 1.72 
                 1008 
                 1338 
                 7.11 
               
               
                 4-methylpro- 
                 0 
                 0.93 
                 1.71 
                 1009 
                 1342 
                 7.04 
               
               
                 piophenone 
                 5 
                 1.52 
                 3.30 
                 1645 
                 2560 
                 4.11 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.56 
                 3.44 
                 1695 
                 2630 
                 3.55 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.56 
                 3.48 
                 1692 
                 2635 
                 3.73 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.57 
                 3.49 
                 1700 
                 2541 
                 3.23 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.40 
                 3.05 
                 1525 
                 4163 
                 8.71 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.41 
                 3.01 
                 1533 
                 4162 
                 8.78 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.40 
                 3.00 
                 1524 
                 4158 
                 8.79 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.40 
                 3.03 
                 1522 
                 4180 
                 8.65 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.56 
                 3.28 
                 1696 
                 4747 
                 7.95 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.35 
                 2.84 
                 1463 
                 4177 
                 9.47 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.34 
                 2.82 
                 1450 
                 4254 
                 9.44 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.33 
                 2.81 
                 1443 
                 4227 
                 9.45 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.31 
                 2.82 
                 1426 
                 4147 
                 9.35 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.31 
                 2.83 
                 1424 
                 4094 
                 9.41 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.31 
                 2.80 
                 1427 
                 4065 
                 9.44 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.32 
                 2.78 
                 1438 
                 4223 
                 9.47 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.31 
                 2.77 
                 1426 
                 4150 
                 9.46 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.31 
                 2.75 
                 1424 
                 4138 
                 9.51 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.43 
                 2.99 
                 1553 
                 4572 
                 8.86 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.52 
                 3.17 
                 1645 
                 4693 
                 8.19 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.66 
                 3.56 
                 1802 
                 3983 
                 6.03 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.69 
                 3.62 
                 1835 
                 4285 
                 6.17 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.69 
                 3.65 
                 1834 
                 4503 
                 6.27 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.74 
                 3.73 
                 1885 
                 4359 
                 5.48 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.78 
                 3.84 
                 1928 
                 4046 
                 4.64 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.08 
                 2.20 
                 1174 
                 1780 
                 7.27 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.05 
                 2.17 
                 1145 
                 1731 
                 7.51 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.08 
                 2.11 
                 1171 
                 1779 
                 7.64 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 0.99 
                 2.00 
                 1074 
                 1461 
                 6.69 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.01 
                 2.06 
                 1099 
                 1540 
                 6.46 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 0.96 
                 1.99 
                 1042 
                 1440 
                 7.08 
               
               
                 alpha-tetralone 
                 0 
                 0.91 
                 1.79 
                 985 
                 1248 
                 6.38 
               
               
                 (bp 116° C. @ 6 mm) 
                 0 
                 0.94 
                 1.75 
                 1021 
                 1312 
                 6.34 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.93 
                 1.76 
                 1015 
                 1308 
                 6.36 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.93 
                 1.76 
                 1014 
                 1310 
                 6.43 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.91 
                 1.82 
                 991 
                 1244 
                 7.03 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.91 
                 1.89 
                 992 
                 1179 
                 5.90 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.91 
                 1.87 
                 988 
                 1189 
                 6.08 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.90 
                 1.88 
                 980 
                 1176 
                 6.02 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.99 
                 2.07 
                 1074 
                 1327 
                 5.47 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.99 
                 2.05 
                 1076 
                 1336 
                 5.51 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.99 
                 2.05 
                 1074 
                 1341 
                 5.60 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.10 
                 2.26 
                 1194 
                 1613 
                 5.69 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.10 
                 2.17 
                 1193 
                 1617 
                 5.85 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.09 
                 2.18 
                 1185 
                 1617 
                 5.79 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.37 
                 2.98 
                 1491 
                 2230 
                 5.01 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.37 
                 2.63 
                 1485 
                 2126 
                 5.53 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.36 
                 2.67 
                 1476 
                 2161 
                 5.53 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.34 
                 2.67 
                 1459 
                 2142 
                 5.50 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.44 
                 2.83 
                 1567 
                 2470 
                 5.40 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.47 
                 2.86 
                 1601 
                 2492 
                 5.41 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.47 
                 2.84 
                 1599 
                 2556 
                 5.46 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.51 
                 2.88 
                 1642 
                 2580 
                 5.05 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.52 
                 2.89 
                 1654 
                 2624 
                 4.96 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.51 
                 2.88 
                 1635 
                 2589 
                 5.06 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.42 
                 3.72 
                 1687 
                 2531 
                 3.27 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.61 
                 3.79 
                 1752 
                 2621 
                 2.70 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.59 
                 3.80 
                 1730 
                 2651 
                 2.74 
               
               
                 alphatet- 
                 500 
                 1.59 
                 3.83 
                 1728 
                 2637 
                 2.74 
               
               
                 tralone 
                 1000 
                 1.25 
                 3.01 
                 1360 
                 1605 
                 1.94 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.27 
                 3.02 
                 1376 
                 1647 
                 1.96 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.29 
                 3.06 
                 1405 
                 1722 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.05 
                 2.54 
                 1144 
                 1357 
                 3.70 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.09 
                 2.55 
                 1180 
                 1400 
                 3.58 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.10 
                 2.53 
                 1192 
                 1403 
                 3.22 
               
               
                 2-decanone 
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.36 
                 964 
                 1067 
                 5.77 
               
               
                 (bp 211° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.36 
                 966 
                 1080 
                 5.95 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.37 
                 965 
                 1054 
                 5.57 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.37 
                 967 
                 1075 
                 5.86 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.19 
                 1.45 
                 1295 
                 1533 
                 5.33 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.19 
                 1.42 
                 1288 
                 1526 
                 5.46 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.18 
                 1.43 
                 1284 
                 1496 
                 5.20 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.37 
                 1.88 
                 1492 
                 1936 
                 5.12 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.37 
                 1.91 
                 1490 
                 1951 
                 5.32 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.37 
                 1.90 
                 1486 
                 1949 
                 5.42 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.56 
                 3.04 
                 1689 
                 2368 
                 3.11 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.51 
                 3.26 
                 1635 
                 2276 
                 3.11 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.49 
                 3.21 
                 1620 
                 2278 
                 3.18 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.50 
                 3.22 
                 1628 
                 2313 
                 3.29 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.75 
                 3.82 
                 1901 
                 3267 
                 3.48 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.74 
                 3.80 
                 1886 
                 3189 
                 3.35 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.74 
                 3.76 
                 1886 
                 3202 
                 3.34 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.89 
                 4.07 
                 2047 
                 3733 
                 2.73 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.89 
                 4.06 
                 2046 
                 3729 
                 2.76 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.89 
                 4.07 
                 2051 
                 3750 
                 2.84 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.87 
                 4.09 
                 2034 
                 3624 
                 2.52 
               
               
                 2-decanone 
                 200 
                 1.94 
                 4.24 
                 2099 
                 3654 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.93 
                 4.25 
                 2099 
                 3715 
                 1.96 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.94 
                 4.26 
                 2102 
                 3748 
                 1.98 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.74 
                 3.87 
                 1893 
                 3178 
                 2.86 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.75 
                 3.87 
                 1903 
                 3247 
                 2.98 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.76 
                 3.90 
                 1910 
                 3279 
                 2.98 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.54 
                 3.42 
                 1674 
                 2346 
                 2.47 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.54 
                 3.41 
                 1671 
                 2380 
                 2.67 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.54 
                 3.44 
                 1670 
                 2393 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 2-undecanone 
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.85 
                 971 
                 1171 
                 5.52 
               
               
                 (bp 231° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.85 
                 968 
                 1187 
                 5.84 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.83 
                 972 
                 1203 
                 6.00 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.78 
                 1.41 
                 844 
                 1107 
                 7.49 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.81 
                 1.43 
                 881 
                 969 
                 5.23 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.81 
                 1.42 
                 880 
                 985 
                 5.52 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.80 
                 1.41 
                 872 
                 988 
                 5.65 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.80 
                 1.63 
                 867 
                 1112 
                 7.36 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.80 
                 1.55 
                 869 
                 1209 
                 8.87 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.79 
                 1.57 
                 862 
                 1236 
                 9.05 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.79 
                 1.57 
                 865 
                 1241 
                 9.10 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.83 
                 1.75 
                 899 
                 1300 
                 8.39 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.83 
                 1.75 
                 899 
                 1300 
                 8.39 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.82 
                 1.73 
                 889 
                 1301 
                 8.66 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.68 
                 1.43 
                 746 
                 984 
                 9.35 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.01 
                 2.19 
                 1101 
                 2054 
                 8.42 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.01 
                 2.16 
                 1099 
                 2075 
                 8.56 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 0.94 
                 1.99 
                 1023 
                 1757 
                 8.81 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.06 
                 1.92 
                 1155 
                 2531 
                 9.51 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.25 
                 2.46 
                 1356 
                 2258 
                 6.48 
               
               
                 2-undeca- 
                 100 
                 1.27 
                 2.55 
                 1379 
                 2394 
                 6.56 
               
               
                 none 
                 100 
                 1.27 
                 2.55 
                 1379 
                 2394 
                 6.56 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.27 
                 2.55 
                 1379 
                 2394 
                 6.56 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.11 
                 2.14 
                 1206 
                 1998 
                 7.78 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.11 
                 2.14 
                 1206 
                 1998 
                 7.78 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.43 
                 2.92 
                 1550 
                 3818 
                 7.60 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.46 
                 2.87 
                 1583 
                 4075 
                 7.76 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.47 
                 2.77 
                 1599 
                 3986 
                 7.82 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.62 
                 3.18 
                 1760 
                 5332 
                 7.34 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.63 
                 3.18 
                 1773 
                 5346 
                 7.55 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.63 
                 3.18 
                 1773 
                 5346 
                 7.55 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.65 
                 3.24 
                 1790 
                 5356 
                 7.66 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.67 
                 0.59 
                 1810 
                 4481 
                 11.54 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.43 
                 0.15 
                 1555 
                 4635 
                 14.46 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.43 
                 0.15 
                 1550 
                 4626 
                 14.54 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.42 
                 2.58 
                 1539 
                 4585 
                 9.77 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.52 
                 2.88 
                 1655 
                 4783 
                 8.57 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.51 
                 2.85 
                 1642 
                 4716 
                 8.68 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.52 
                 2.85 
                 1648 
                 4767 
                 8.79 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 1.64 
                 3.03 
                 1785 
                 4133 
                 6.34 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 1.65 
                 3.05 
                 1792 
                 4234 
                 6.52 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 1.69 
                 3.13 
                 1837 
                 4316 
                 6.76 
               
               
                 2-decalone 
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.36 
                 964 
                 1067 
                 5.77 
               
               
                 (bp 96° C. @ 2.5 mm) 
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.36 
                 966 
                 1080 
                 5.95 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.37 
                 965 
                 1054 
                 5.57 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.89 
                 1.37 
                 967 
                 1075 
                 5.86 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.19 
                 1.45 
                 1295 
                 1533 
                 5.33 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.19 
                 1.42 
                 1288 
                 1526 
                 5.46 
               
               
                 2-decalone 
                 5 
                 1.18 
                 1.43 
                 1284 
                 1496 
                 5.20 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.37 
                 1.88 
                 1492 
                 1936 
                 5.12 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.37 
                 1.91 
                 1490 
                 1951 
                 5.32 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.37 
                 1.90 
                 1486 
                 1949 
                 5.42 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.56 
                 3.04 
                 1689 
                 2368 
                 3.11 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.51 
                 3.26 
                 1635 
                 2276 
                 3.11 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.49 
                 3.21 
                 1620 
                 2278 
                 3.18 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.50 
                 3.22 
                 1628 
                 2313 
                 3.29 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.75 
                 3.82 
                 1901 
                 3267 
                 3.48 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.74 
                 3.80 
                 1886 
                 3189 
                 3.35 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.74 
                 3.76 
                 1886 
                 3202 
                 3.34 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.89 
                 4.07 
                 2047 
                 3733 
                 2.73 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.89 
                 4.06 
                 2046 
                 3729 
                 2.76 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.89 
                 4.07 
                 2051 
                 3750 
                 2.84 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.87 
                 4.09 
                 2034 
                 3624 
                 2.52 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.94 
                 4.24 
                 2099 
                 3654 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.93 
                 4.25 
                 2099 
                 3715 
                 1.96 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.94 
                 4.26 
                 2102 
                 3748 
                 1.98 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.74 
                 3.87 
                 1893 
                 3178 
                 2.86 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.75 
                 3.87 
                 1903 
                 3247 
                 2.98 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.76 
                 3.90 
                 1910 
                 3279 
                 2.98 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.54 
                 3.42 
                 1674 
                 2346 
                 2.47 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.54 
                 3.41 
                 1671 
                 2380 
                 2.67 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.54 
                 3.44 
                 1670 
                 2393 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 5-nonanone 
                 0 
                 0.87 
                 1.76 
                 949 
                 1091 
                 5.84 
               
               
                 (bp 186° C.) 
                 0 
                 0.86 
                 1.72 
                 939 
                 1083 
                 5.84 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.87 
                 1.72 
                 941 
                 1088 
                 5.88 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.86 
                 1.72 
                 938 
                 1086 
                 5.90 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.26 
                 3.06 
                 1365 
                 1937 
                 4.63 
               
               
                 5-nonanone 
                 5 
                 1.20 
                 2.84 
                 1306 
                 1694 
                 4.47 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.19 
                 2.83 
                 1290 
                 1645 
                 4.37 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.17 
                 2.79 
                 1272 
                 1626 
                 4.42 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.20 
                 2.73 
                 1300 
                 1929 
                 5.64 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.14 
                 2.61 
                 1241 
                 1750 
                 5.56 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.14 
                 2.62 
                 1240 
                 1753 
                 5.59 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.13 
                 2.58 
                 1223 
                 1722 
                 5.52 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.20 
                 2.73 
                 1308 
                 2048 
                 6.08 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.17 
                 2.64 
                 1269 
                 1860 
                 5.94 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.15 
                 2.63 
                 1250 
                 1811 
                 5.90 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.15 
                 2.63 
                 1246 
                 1777 
                 5.87 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.26 
                 2.89 
                 1369 
                 2234 
                 5.89 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.25 
                 2.88 
                 1356 
                 2187 
                 5.94 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.24 
                 2.82 
                 1343 
                 2148 
                 6.00 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.20 
                 2.74 
                 1308 
                 2230 
                 6.89 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.21 
                 2.88 
                 1318 
                 2130 
                 6.50 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.19 
                 2.77 
                 1291 
                 2100 
                 6.49 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.17 
                 2.72 
                 1276 
                 2032 
                 6.52 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.16 
                 2.69 
                 1266 
                 1973 
                 6.51 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.20 
                 2.76 
                 1308 
                 2339 
                 7.00 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.20 
                 2.78 
                 1305 
                 2283 
                 6.89 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.16 
                 2.72 
                 1263 
                 2153 
                 6.92 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.09 
                 2.45 
                 1189 
                 2307 
                 8.09 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.09 
                 2.44 
                 1183 
                 2290 
                 8.13 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.10 
                 2.47 
                 1195 
                 2314 
                 8.15 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.05 
                 2.28 
                 1145 
                 2242 
                 8.51 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.04 
                 2.23 
                 1131 
                 2207 
                 8.38 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.05 
                 2.31 
                 1139 
                 2198 
                 8.34 
               
               
                 3-octanone 
                 0 
                 1.35 
                 1.81 
                 896 
                 984 
                 3.11 
               
               
                 (bp 167° C.) 
               
               
                 3-octanone 
                 0 
                 1.29 
                 1.80 
                 855 
                 994 
                 3.86 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.39 
                 1.84 
                 929 
                 1087 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.38 
                 1.82 
                 916 
                 1082 
                 4.54 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 2.24 
                 2.82 
                 1482 
                 3078 
                 5.75 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 2.32 
                 2.98 
                 1533 
                 3292 
                 5.69 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 2.27 
                 2.76 
                 1514 
                 3348 
                 6.38 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 2.34 
                 3.52 
                 1549 
                 3438 
                 5.86 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 2.34 
                 3.19 
                 1549 
                 3496 
                 5.60 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 2.35 
                 3.17 
                 1555 
                 3478 
                 5.45 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 2.31 
                 3.04 
                 1529 
                 4217 
                 6.40 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 2.34 
                 3.16 
                 1548 
                 3903 
                 6.08 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 2.35 
                 3.11 
                 1550 
                 3930 
                 6.10 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 2.36 
                 2.94 
                 1558 
                 4629 
                 6.77 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 2.34 
                 3.36 
                 1550 
                 4110 
                 6.23 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 2.35 
                 3.01 
                 1553 
                 4797 
                 6.89 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 2.35 
                 3.01 
                 1553 
                 4797 
                 6.89 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 2.30 
                 2.98 
                 1607 
                 4423 
                 6.45 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.88 
                 2.56 
                 1243 
                 3579 
                 8.35 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 2.08 
                 2.77 
                 1378 
                 4004 
                 7.73 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.82 
                 2.30 
                 1200 
                 3527 
                 9.49 
               
               
                 cyclooctanone 
                 53.5 
                 2.44 
                 3.31 
                 1613 
                 2935 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 (bp 195° C.) 
                 53.5 
                 2.45 
                 3.31 
                 1620 
                 2798 
                 1.97 
               
               
                   
                 53.5 
                 2.45 
                 3.33 
                 1619 
                 2822 
                 2.05 
               
               
                   
                 53.5 
                 2.49 
                 3.26 
                 1646 
                 2916 
                 1.96 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 2.63 
                 3.53 
                 1739 
                 3414 
                 1.62 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 2.61 
                 3.58 
                 1726 
                 3462 
                 1.82 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 2.64 
                 3.56 
                 1742 
                 3449 
                 1.51 
               
               
                   
                 152 
                 2.66 
                 3.36 
                 1759 
                 3503 
                 1.97 
               
               
                   
                 152 
                 2.68 
                 3.41 
                 1769 
                 3514 
                 1.93 
               
               
                 cycloocta- 
                 152 
                 2.68 
                 3.50 
                 1770 
                 3440 
                 1.77 
               
               
                 none 
                 152 
                 2.69 
                 3.47 
                 1780 
                 3391 
                 1.64 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.69 
                 3.79 
                 1780 
                 3500 
                 0.91 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.68 
                 3.86 
                 1774 
                 3465 
                 0.93 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.68 
                 3.82 
                 1772 
                 3416 
                 0.62 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.69 
                 3.85 
                 1776 
                 3390 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
                 497 
                 2.59 
                 3.64 
                 1715 
                 3344 
                 1.41 
               
               
                   
                 497 
                 2.63 
                 3.54 
                 1738 
                 3383 
                 1.21 
               
               
                   
                 497 
                 2.62 
                 3.59 
                 1735 
                 3307 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 497 
                 2.63 
                 3.56 
                 1736 
                 3273 
                 0.81 
               
               
                   
                 1005 
                 2.50 
                 3.39 
                 1653 
                 3211 
                 2.09 
               
               
                   
                 1005 
                 2.50 
                 3.54 
                 1656 
                 3213 
                 2.32 
               
               
                   
                 1005 
                 2.51 
                 3.45 
                 1657 
                 3120 
                 1.81 
               
               
                   
                 1005 
                 2.51 
                 3.40 
                 1660 
                 3124 
                 1.66 
               
               
                   
                 2015 
                 1.97 
                 2.73 
                 1303 
                 2102 
                 3.67 
               
               
                   
                 2015 
                 1.98 
                 2.72 
                 1308 
                 2118 
                 3.56 
               
               
                   
                 2015 
                 1.99 
                 2.74 
                 1316 
                 2101 
                 3.49 
               
               
                   
                 2015 
                 1.98 
                 2.78 
                 1311 
                 2092 
                 3.47 
               
               
                 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone 
                 52.1 
                 2.33 
                 2.79 
                 1574 
                 3826 
                 5.55 
               
               
                 (bp 174° C.) 
                 52.1 
                 2.36 
                 2.78 
                 1592 
                 3987 
                 5.43 
               
               
                   
                 52.1 
                 2.36 
                 2.76 
                 1593 
                 3917 
                 5.39 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 2.30 
                 2.84 
                 1549 
                 4045 
                 6.53 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 2.26 
                 2.89 
                 1521 
                 3632 
                 6.27 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 2.27 
                 2.89 
                 1531 
                 3658 
                 6.16 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.21 
                 2.87 
                 1491 
                 3951 
                 6.50 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.22 
                 2.87 
                 1497 
                 3930 
                 6.42 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 2.23 
                 2.92 
                 1503 
                 3974 
                 6.36 
               
               
                   
                 510 
                 1.88 
                 2.43 
                 1268 
                 2903 
                 7.58 
               
               
                   
                 510 
                 2.03 
                 2.66 
                 1368 
                 3364 
                 7.17 
               
               
                   
                 510 
                 2.04 
                 2.71 
                 1376 
                 3436 
                 7.13 
               
               
                   
                 999 
                 1.67 
                 1.93 
                 1108 
                 2308 
                 8.67 
               
               
                   
                 999 
                 1.64 
                 1.81 
                 1086 
                 2214 
                 8.91 
               
               
                   
                 999 
                 1.61 
                 1.78 
                 1068 
                 2146 
                 8.97 
               
               
                 4-ethylcyclohexanone 
                 1 
                 0.98 
                 1.97 
                 1069 
                 1264 
                 5.15 
               
               
                 (bp 192° C.) 
                 1 
                 1.00 
                 2.00 
                 1087 
                 1262 
                 5.16 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 1.02 
                 2.03 
                 1105 
                 1284 
                 4.83 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 1.00 
                 2.00 
                 1088 
                 1279 
                 4.88 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 1.00 
                 2.00 
                 1088 
                 1279 
                 4.88 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.75 
                 3.50 
                 1899 
                 3293 
                 3.63 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.73 
                 3.51 
                 1880 
                 3505 
                 4.31 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.73 
                 3.56 
                 1880 
                 3115 
                 3.15 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.88 
                 3.67 
                 2039 
                 4352 
                 4.48 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.89 
                 3.67 
                 2045 
                 4034 
                 3.90 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.88 
                 3.73 
                 2041 
                 4270 
                 4.29 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 2.02 
                 4.20 
                 2192 
                 5227 
                 5.05 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 2.04 
                 4.25 
                 2213 
                 4840 
                 3.81 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 2.04 
                 4.17 
                 2210 
                 4895 
                 3.87 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 2.12 
                 4.20 
                 2299 
                 5413 
                 4.05 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 2.11 
                 4.21 
                 2288 
                 5636 
                 4.40 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 2.11 
                 4.20 
                 2284 
                 5340 
                 3.88 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 2.07 
                 4.16 
                 2248 
                 5230 
                 4.01 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 2.06 
                 4.14 
                 2238 
                 5532 
                 4.52 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 2.06 
                 4.07 
                 2239 
                 5731 
                 4.88 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.95 
                 4.03 
                 2116 
                 5384 
                 5.22 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.94 
                 4.00 
                 2107 
                 5608 
                 5.59 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 1.93 
                 3.95 
                 2089 
                 5730 
                 5.94 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.76 
                 2.38 
                 1910 
                 4662 
                 9.00 
               
               
                 4-ethylcyclo- 
                 500 
                 1.68 
                 2.19 
                 1822 
                 5998 
                 10.60 
               
               
                 hexane 
                 500 
                 1.66 
                 2.17 
                 1796 
                 6108 
                 10.71 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.43 
                 1.82 
                 1556 
                 2749 
                 8.45 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.42 
                 1.82 
                 1546 
                 2914 
                 9.04 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.42 
                 1.82 
                 1543 
                 3065 
                 9.54 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.24 
                 1.56 
                 1342 
                 2686 
                 10.07 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.27 
                 1.57 
                 1381 
                 2741 
                 9.95 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.25 
                 1.56 
                 1362 
                 2814 
                 10.31 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.27 
                 1.57 
                 1379 
                 2594 
                 9.77 
               
               
                 3-decanone 
                 0 
                 1.05 
                 1.35 
                 1138 
                 1310 
                 5.74 
               
               
                 (bp 205° C.) 
                 0 
                 1.04 
                 1.30 
                 1133 
                 1320 
                 5.72 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.05 
                 1.32 
                 1140 
                 1322 
                 5.58 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.66 
                 3.27 
                 1800 
                 2923 
                 4.13 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.40 
                 3.29 
                 1521 
                 2217 
                 4.72 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.36 
                 3.04 
                 1477 
                 1963 
                 4.09 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 1.35 
                 3.07 
                 1470 
                 2011 
                 4.42 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.69 
                 3.67 
                 1829 
                 3272 
                 4.33 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.63 
                 3.57 
                 1768 
                 3145 
                 4.95 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1.57 
                 3.46 
                 1702 
                 3065 
                 5.39 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.83 
                 3.89 
                 1980 
                 3394 
                 3.42 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.48 
                 3.14 
                 1608 
                 2191 
                 4.00 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 1.72 
                 3.79 
                 1871 
                 3375 
                 4.57 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.87 
                 3.99 
                 2030 
                 3722 
                 3.45 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.81 
                 4.08 
                 1968 
                 3665 
                 3.89 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 1.76 
                 4.00 
                 1914 
                 3605 
                 4.32 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.91 
                 3.78 
                 2077 
                 4559 
                 4.62 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.75 
                 3.47 
                 1901 
                 3139 
                 3.83 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 1.71 
                 3.40 
                 1850 
                 3241 
                 4.54 
               
               
                 3-decanone 
                 100 
                 1.69 
                 3.29 
                 1829 
                 2944 
                 3.82 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 2.05 
                 3.87 
                 2228 
                 4827 
                 3.81 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 2.01 
                 3.80 
                 2178 
                 4808 
                 4.13 
               
               
                   
                 500 
                 1.97 
                 3.79 
                 2139 
                 4798 
                 4.41 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.96 
                 3.76 
                 2129 
                 4367 
                 3.98 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.95 
                 3.70 
                 2112 
                 4418 
                 4.21 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 1.95 
                 3.73 
                 2114 
                 4716 
                 4.49 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.32 
                 2.50 
                 1438 
                 2094 
                 4.53 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.34 
                 2.45 
                 1450 
                 2142 
                 5.22 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 1.35 
                 2.56 
                 1465 
                 2312 
                 5.48 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From the test results given in the Table, utilizing representative examples of ketones according to the invention, the improvements of the operating condition performance, taken from actual measurements of the laboratory bench test system as well as calculated values for fluid film heat transfer coefficients (h o ) are shown. Increases in heat transfer (H 2 O dt), mass transfer (dx), and the absorber power load (W) are shown as are the significant decreases in solution subcooling at the operating conditions. Calculated values of film heat transfer coefficients (h o ) are also increased.