Patent Publication Number: US-2009222717-A1

Title: System for exploring connections between data pages

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not applicable. 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates generally to data processing, and more particularly to an operator interface with which a user can explore connections linking data pages. 
     2. Background Art 
     In data there are potentially vast numbers of connections that might be made, either by humans or by automatic processes. This leads to a problem for those who need to appreciate, work with, study, etc., such connections. Basically, since vision is our primary human sense, we would like to be able to visualize the connections between data. 
     Documents written by human authors are one very common example of such data. For instance, a legal ruling by a court may be cited, quoted, or remarked on in other legal rulings, newspapers, textbooks, correspondence, etc. Citation back to an original document in another document entails a connection between the documents, specifically one identifying the location of all, a single part, or multiple parts of the original. Similarly, quotation entails an obvious connection between two documents, albeit one that may be hard for humans to see but that can easily be verified with a computerized process. And remarks can be of many types, such as a paraphrase, a rebuttal, a concurrence, an argument by analogy, etc. 
     Written documents are a particularly useful example to help appreciate the potential vastness of the problem of connection visualization. Thousands of documents may have connections to a single major legal ruling. But that legal ruling may, in turn, have connections to many preceding legal rulings, to transcripts of testimony or legislative debate, etc. In fact, turning to a new example, the number of connections to and even between major religious documents like the Rigveda, Diamond Supra, Talmud, Bible, Koran, etc. numbers well into in the millions and increases on a daily basis. 
     Other types of data are subject to the same problem of visualizing connections. For instance, connections can be made between images such as maps, aerial photographs, timelines, portraits, comics, etc. Connections can also be made between visual representations of sound, such as signal graphs, spectral plots, etc. Of course, connections can be made between different types of data, e.g., between a map of Europe and a novel like War and Peace. Thus, while written documents are used primarily herein as examples, the scope of the problem and solution about to be presented should not be interpreted too narrowly. 
     For present purposes, a connection between two sets of data can be generalized as having a type, one or more locations in the first data set, and one or more locations in the second data set. Furthermore, since the present goal is visual presentation of connections and automated (e.g., computerized) processes to facilitate that, the term “data” itself is awkward and the term “page” is now used herein. Rather than “page” as a page in a document, however, the inventor here means “page” as that term is used in the computer arts to mean a body of data that is worked with or worked on. 
     Of course, human kind has long struggled with the problem of connection visualization. Detailing pre-computer approaches is beyond the scope of this or probably any document. Until now, the state of the art in computer approaches has entailed hypertext designs, such as HyperCard™ and the World Wide Web. These approaches, however, have generally reduced the allowed number of connections and only allowed ones that are non-overlapping sections of the content. This is undesirably limiting. For example, again using a legal ruling, one lawyer may want to comment on paragraph A, another on paragraphs A and B together, and yet others may comment only on individual sentences in A and B. This kind of overlap cannot be represented in today&#39;s popular hypertext based systems because the designers of these could not find any way to clarify or visualize such a tangle. 
     Accordingly, improved systems to visualize connections are still needed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a better way to explore connections between data pages. 
     Briefly, one preferred embodiment of the present invention is an a method for a user to explore connections between a current page and one or more other pages. A plurality of content links are provided that each represent a connection between a first and a second pages, wherein these content links each include at least one departure point in the first page and at least one arrival point in the second page. A current content link is defined such that its first page is the current page and its second page is a companion page. Spatially isolated in a display, at least a portion of the current page including the current content link&#39;s departure point and at least a portion of the companion page including the current content link&#39;s arrival point are presented spatially isolated in a display while visually emphasizing the current content link. 
     These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become clear to those skilled in the art in view of the description of the best presently known mode of carrying out the invention and the industrial applicability of the preferred embodiment as described herein and as illustrated in the figures of the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
       The purposes and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended figures of drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a direct frontal screen capture that particularly shows a current page, a companion page, and a current connection between these in an embodiment of the connection visualization system (CVS) that is implemented in computer software running on computer hardware. 
         FIG. 2  is also a direct frontal screen capture, but a more distally removed one showing all of the pages as they are arranged in a three dimensional (3D) space by the embodiment of the CVS in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a right-side and forward-looking screen capture showing all of the eleven pages of the CVS in  FIGS. 1-2 . 
         FIG. 4  is again a direct frontal screen capture of the same current page and the companion page in  FIG. 1 , only taken even closer in. 
         FIG. 5  a direct frontal screen capture after a navigation operation, showing how the current page is moved so that the new current connection is shown centrally and a different page that the new current connection connects to is now the companion page. 
         FIGS. 6A-C  are a listing of the edit decision list used by the CVS for the example shown in  FIGS. 1-5 . 
     
    
    
     In the various figures of the drawings, like references are used to denote like or similar elements or steps. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a system to explore connections between data pages. As illustrated in the various drawings herein, and particularly in the views of  FIGS. 1-5 , preferred embodiments of the invention are depicted by the general reference character  10 . 
       FIGS. 1-5  are screen captures taken from an embodiment of the connection visualization system (CVS  10 ) that is implemented in computer software running on computer hardware. In this series of figures the CVS  10  is using a display  12  to present eleven pages  14 , including a current page  14   a , a companion page  14   b , and multiple background pages  14   c.    
     The pages  14  here each are of written documents, including:
         BenSiraLilith-cut.txt, an excerpt from apocryphon, The Alphabet of Ben Sira;   DarwinDescentCh1-cut.txt, an excerpt from The Descent Of Man, Chapter 1, by Charles Darwin;   DeadOfNightRev-cut.txt, an excerpt from a review by britishhorrorfilms.co.uk of the 1945 film Dead of Night;   GilgamishFlood-cut.txt, an excerpt from the Gilgamish Epic, The Flood;   K.JamesCreation-cut.txt, an excerpt from the King James Bible, The Creation;   K.JamesFlood-cut.txt, an excerpt from the King James Bible, The Flood;   LongBibleOrigins-cut.txt, an excerpt from A History of Composition and Interpretation, by Dr. Thomas L. Long;   NelsonIntro.txt, an introductory document written by the present inventor to relate to the other documents for the sake of this example;   SchoolsBigBang-cut-FIX2.txt, an excerpt from The Big Bang Theory, from SchoolsObservatory.org.uk;   SchoolsSteadyState-cut.txt, an excerpt from The Steady-State Theory, also from SchoolsObservatory.org.uk; and   WpediaSteadyState-cut.txt, an excerpt from Steady-state Theory, as found in Wikipedia™.
 
In  FIG. 1  the current page  14   a  shows part of the NelsonIntro.txt document and the companion page  14   b  shows part of the K.JamesCreation-cut.txt document.
       

     In the series of figures in  FIGS. 1-5  the CVS  10  also uses the display  12  to present twenty-nine connections  16  between the various pages  14 , including a current connection  16   a . The connections  16  in this embodiment of the CVS  10  can be characterized as either transclusions or flinks. Generally, the connections  16  are content links, that is, linkages between portions of the content in a first page  14  and a second page  14 . 
     Digressing briefly, the following discussion is of the inventor&#39;s presently preferred embodiment of the CVS  10 , and thus is of a complex and more fully-featured embodiment. However, simpler embodiments are certainly also possible. For instance, an earlier embodiment employs content links in hypertext markup language (HTML) that represent connections between documents in HTML. 
     Continuing, a transclusion is a connection  16  where the content is the same in each page  14 . Since computers are particularly good at matching, transclusions can be connections that are made automatically. [Please note, the present inventor has written extensively on transliterature and on transclusion as a tool to facilitate achieving that. For present purposes it should simply be appreciated that transclusion in the present context is defined as just stated. In the context of transliterature narrower definitions are often employed. Additional discussion and a reference for those interested is provided below.] 
     A flink, or floating link, is a connection  16  that is imposed on the contents of two pages  14 . Unlike HTML links, which are embedded, flinks are conceptually much like postage stamps at their endpoints, with a string connecting those endpoints. Flinks may assume different types, may be applied in any quantity, can fully or partially overlap, and can overlap transclusions. 
       FIGS. 1-5  are in black and white and some greyscale, so they do not well represent the natures of the various connections  16 . In the inventor&#39;s presently preferred embodiment of the CVS  10  the current connection  16   a  is highlighted, connections  16  that are transclusions are shown in one color and connections  16  that are flinks are shown in another color. Although not implemented in the embodiment in  FIGS. 1-5 , connections  16  that are different types of flinks can be shown in different colors. For example, a connection that is of type “bookmark” could be shown in transparent blue, a connection that is of type “resemblance” could be shown in transparent green, a connection that is of type “clash” could be shown in transparent yellow, etc. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 1-5  individually,  FIG. 1  is a direct frontal view that particularly shows the current page  14   a , the companion page  14   b , and the current connection  16   a  between these. The current connection  16   a  is highlighted and is a transclusion (both aspects that do not show well in the black and white figure here). As can be seen clearly, however, the current connection  16   a  has distinct from- and to-locations in the pages  14 . 
     Generalizing, a connection  16  has one or more from-locations in a first page  14 , collectively termed its departure point  20 , and a connection  16  also has one or more to-locations in a second page  14 , collectively termed its arrival point  22 . In  FIG. 1  the current connection  16   a  has a departure point  20  that includes only one from-location (six lines of text) in the current page  14   a  and an arrival point  22  that includes only one to-location in the companion page  14   b.    
     Coincidentally, there are two other connections  16  that overlap the current connection  16   a  in the current page  14   a  but that connect to other (background) pages  14 . Even though the current page  14   a  and the companion page  14   b  are presented as spatially distinct in the foreground, “in front of” the background pages  14   c , in this embodiment of the CVS  10  all in-frame connections  16  are shown in the foreground as a mater of design choice. This allows users to readily see that other connections  16  also exist and have relevance to the viewable portions of the current page  14   a  and the companion page  14   b.    
       FIG. 2  is also a direct frontal view, but a more distally removed one showing all of the pages  14  as they are arranged in a three dimensional (3D) space by this embodiment of the CVS  10 . Other embodiments of the inventive CVS  10  can use as few as two dimensions (2D). Here in  FIG. 2  the relationships between the pages  14  and the connections  16  are viewable at a macro level without specific micro level content detail. (Various generally conventional “navigation” schemes and computer devices can be used to move in a 2D or 3D space. In the present embodiment, computer keyboard up and down arrow keys direct zooming in and out, left and right arrow keys direct movement in those directions, and right-click and drag computer mouse control directs the viewing angle.) 
       FIG. 3  is a right-side and forward-looking view showing all of the eleven pages  14 . The current page  14   a  and the companion page  14   b  are to the left in this view. The connections  16  (other than the current connection  16   a  and other connections  16  between the current page  14   a  and the companion page  14   b ) are particularly visible in this view. 
       FIG. 4  is again a direct frontal view of the same current page  14   a  and the companion page  14   b  in  FIG. 1 , only taken even closer in. It can readily be seen here that the current connection  16   a  is a transclusion. Below the current connection  16   a  in the current page  14   a  is another connection  16 . By making this connection  16  the current connection  16   a , the view in  FIG. 5  is made to appear. 
     In  FIG. 5  the current page  14   a  is moved so that the new current connection  16   a  is shown centrally, and the page that the current connection  16   a  connects to is now shown as the companion page  14   b . (Again, various generally conventional “navigation” schemes and computer devices can be used to move “along” the connections  16  in the multi-dimensional space between the pages  14 . In the present embodiment, the computer keyboard “c” and “e” keys direct making the next downward or upward connection  16  in the current page  14   a  be the new current connection  16   a . The computer keyboard “f” key directs making the companion page  14   b  the new current page  14   a , and the computer keyboard “s” key directs making the current page  14   a  the new companion page  14   b .) 
     Summarizing, it can now be appreciated that the inventive CVS  10  is useful for the side-by-side viewing, allowing the user to step through and see the connections  16  by successive juxtaposition of pages  14  and explore successive connections  16  in detail. The present current page  14   a  and a present companion page  14   b  are spatially isolated in a foreground area (or a reading plane) in the display  12 , and the user is allowed to select any connection  16  in that current page  14   a  to be a current connection  16   a  that can be followed. The user may step to the next connection  16  in the current page  14   a , or back to a previous connection  16  in the current page  14   a . Alternately, the user may step sideways into the companion page  14   b , making it the new current page  14   a  (but still holding the same connection  16  as the current connection  16   a  until the user chooses otherwise), or the user may step back. Conceptually, the following of connections  16  can be thought of as crossing bridges between the pages  14 , from a departure point  20  in one page  14  to an arrival point  22  in another page  14 . All of this provides for one-by-one detailed investigation of any connections  16  in a potentially huge hypertext complex of many pages  14 . 
     The inventor&#39;s presently preferred embodiment of the CVS  10  employs a number of his previously developed technologies. For example, this embodiment of the CVS  10  uses ZigZag™ as its internal data structure. Portions of ZigZag as it current exists are the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,736 issued Jul. 17, 2001 to the present inventor and titled “Interactive Connection, Viewing, And Maneuvering System For Complex Data.” Other portions are the subject of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/906,651 filed Feb. 28, 2005, also by the present inventor and titled “System For Combining Datasets And Information Structures By Intercalation.” Considerable more about ZigZag, authored by the present inventor and by others, can be found on the World Wide Web. 
     All data, meaning lists, tables, parameters, arguments, etc., are kept in one unified ZigZag structure as an inseparable conglomerate of zzcells, connected along different dimensions. All of the data structures are then automatically tied together by ZigZag, which manages all data changes so that data management is no longer a matter of assembling data components with programs and “glue.” Everything is automatically connected according to the way a ZigZag programmer sets things up. 
     Overall, this embodiment of the CVS  10  employs a graphics engine written in C++ and OpenGL, which interprets certain ZigZag lists (zzlists) as graphical presentations. By using C++, this engine is able to interpret and manage the zzlists at great speed. Many of the setup programs and less rapid routines are written in the popular scripting language Python. For example, the pages  14  and the connections  16  are mostly managed by such scripts written in Python. 
     The primary input to this embodiment of the CVS  10  is an edit decision list, and copies of the data sets (i.e., what is or will be used to generate the pages  14 ).  FIGS. 6A-C  are a listing of the edit decision list  50  used by the CVS  10  for the example shown in  FIGS. 1-5 . Each of the eleven pages  14  is represented by a strand entry  52  (numbered 0 through 10). The connections  16  that are flinks are each represented by a flink entry  54  (numbered 0 through 12). The connections  16  that are transclusions are not represented in the edit decision list  50 , since they are discovered automatically. Note, a flink type connection  16  might indicate that the data at a departure point  20  and an arrival point  22  is identical. However, by having the CVS  10  automatically identify transclusions as connections  16 , the identity of content is always verified. 
     Taking the strand entry  52  labeled “STRAND 0” as an example (hereinafter strand entry  52   a  when referred to specifically), this has 27 strand content entries  56  that each specify data that will be incorporated into the page  14  corresponding with STRAND 0. Coincidentally, this page  14  will initially be the current page  14   a  when the CVS  10  starts. It should be noted, however, that the page  14  corresponding with STRAND 1 will not necessarily be the initial companion page  14   b . That will be determined by the first connection  16  occurring in the current page  14   a.    
     The strand content entries  56  here have five comma-delimited fields: global location, local location, file identifier, starting position, and size. 
     The global location specifies where a file containing data for use in a page  14  can be found in a global scheme in which the inventive CVS  10  is employed. Providing a global location is optional. When provided, however, various systems can be used. For example, a URL can specify a location on the Internet or another scheme can be used to identify a specific system in a local area network. In the case depicted in  FIG. 6A , the omission of a global location signifies that the data is local, or is in a preconfigured default location. 
     Similarly, the local location specifies where a file containing data for use in a page  14  can be found in a local scheme in which the inventive CVS  10  is employed. Providing a local location is also optional and, when done, various systems can also be used. For example, a drive and path can be provided to specify a location in a specific computerized system. In the case depicted in  FIG. 6A , the omission of a local location signifies that the data is in the same place as the edit decision list  50 , or is in a preconfigured default location. 
     The file identifier could also be made optional, albeit limiting such an embodiment of the CVS  10  significantly. It is not anticipated that this will be done often. In the cases depicted in  FIG. 6A-C , the data is all contained in a single file titled “Permascroll.txt.” The eleven actual source documents (listed previously herein) were simply all concatenated together to make this one text file. This is not a requirement of the CVS  10 , and frequently this will not be done, but it is useful for various operational reasons. For example, it permits the CVS  10  to display pages  14  rapidly. In sophisticated embodiments of the CVS  10 , especially when working with large numbers of pages  14  that are dispersed widely, this also ensures that needed data will be available whenever a user follows a connection  16  to it. Of course, other file formats than simply “*.txt.” can also be used, but it is anticipated that “*.txt” will be the typical default format in many embodiments or configurations of the CVS  10 . 
     The starting position and size fields are straightforward. They specify where a block of data begins in a file and the extent of it. For example, the first strand content entry  56  in strand entry  52   a  specifies 1,427 characters of data beginning in the first (O-indexed) position in the Permascroll.txt file. The second strand content entry  56  in strand entry  52   a  specifies 287 characters of data beginning at the 33,063-th character position into the Permascroll.txt file. 
     In passing, it can be appreciated that strand entry  52   a  (and also the strand entry  52  for STRAND 5) direct complex (multi-block) instances of transclusion as defined in the transliterature context. The page  14  that is generated based on strand entry  52   a  is one that is built with a transclusion operation from 27 portions of a single source document (although this could also easily be done from single portions of 27 source documents, etc.). Although not further germane here, a more detailed discussion of transclusion and transliterature can be found in “Transliterature, A Humanist Design” at the transliterature.org web site. 
     Continuing, the flink entries  54  each include a type entry  58 , one or more from-location entries  60 , and one or more to-location entries  62 . The type entry  58  is conceptually straightforward in nature, although the potential range of types can encompass virtually any manner in which data can be classified. The from-location entry  60  and the to-location entry  62  specify locations the same way that a strand content entry  56  does, with five similar comma-delimited fields for global location, local location, file identifier, starting position, and size. 
     Other than strand entry  52   a  being the first, the order of the other strand entries  52  in an edit decision list  50  is not particularly relevant to use of the CVS  10 . In the presently preferred embodiment, this merely determines the left to right ordering of the pages  14  when they are background pages  14   c . The current page  14   a  current page  14   a  initially determined based on the first strand entry  52   a , the companion page  14   b  is determined based on which page  14  the current connection  16   a  points to, and the current connection  16   a  is initially determined based on it being the connection  16  that occurs first in the current page  14   a.    
     The order of the flink entries  54  also has little relevance to use of the CVS  10 . In  FIG. 1  three connections  16  have the same departure point  20 . As a matter of design choice in this embodiment of the CVS  10 , transclusions are not allowed to overlap. In the case of a potential multi-way contention to be the current connection  16   a , like the three-way situation we see here, this facilitates using a rule that a transclusion “trumps” a flink, thus making the transclusion type connection  16  the current connection  16   a  here. (Actually, the idea is that in an overlap they are sequentially stepped through. If a flink and a transclusion have the same endset, one is be chosen first (probably the transclusion) and the other is chosen second.) As for when there is contention only between flinks having identical departure points  20 , the first of these specified in a flink entry  54  is the rule that is used here (of course, as a mater of mere design choice, other rules can be used). 
     It should be noted that a flink entry  54  may have one or more from-location entries  60  or to-location entries  62  that do not resolve to any location in any present page  14 . For that matter, a flink entry  54  can even have all of its from-location entries  60  not presently resolvable, or all of its to-location entries  62  not presently resolvable, or simply all of both of these not be presently resolvable. As a matter of design choice this can be indicated, or not, to users of the inventive CVS  10 . For example, if a flink entry  54  has is one or more resolvable from-locations but no resolvable to-locations, the from-locations (equivalent to departure points  20 ) can be emphasized in the pages  14 . Similarly, if a flink entry  54  has is one or more resolvable to-locations but no resolvable from-locations, the to-locations (equivalent to arrival points  22 ) can be emphasized in the pages  14  (say, with a different color). And similarly, a pop-up message can state the number of or details about flink entries  54  that are presently not even partially resolvable. 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and that the breadth and scope of the invention should not be limited by any of the above described exemplary embodiments, but should instead be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
     APPENDIX 
     This Appendix contains the full content of the Permascroll.txt file used for the examples herein. Due to the inclusion of “non-printable” characters in the original text (e.g., carriage return, line feed, etc.), the values used above for start positions and sizes do not always correlate exactly. Furthermore, to comply with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office&#39;s rule baring the use of URLs in patent applications, the numerous URLs in the following have been edited by replacing some characters with the character “X.” 
     Appendix content starts here: 
     Origins 
     How did all this get here? How did we? Where did the earth and the heavens come from? And people? 
     These must be obvious questions, because they have been answered over and over through the ages, with answers that have been many and varied. Some of the answers are called “religious,” because they involve gods and myths, and some of the answers have been called “scientific,” because they have been advanced by academics. But they have a lot in common. 
     The number of possible answers continues to grow with scientific progress and with the growth of new religions and their variants. While the number of scientists is greater than ever, the numbers of religions, and of the poor and ignorant, are also greater than ever, so the scientific and religious approaches continue to grow side by side. 
     The origin of the universe is one thing, the origin of people is another. Somehow there came to be people on the earth; and most agree that the universe came first, before the people. But the Creation stories are very different. 
     The Fast Creation of the Universe and People 
     Western accounts begin with Bibles, the religious books begun by the Hebrews and extended by Christians. All the Bibles have a common account of a busy week when the universe, and the human race, were created by a God who somehow already existed. 
     The creation of the universe is described in the King James Bible like this:
         01:001:001 IN THE BEGINNING GOD CREATED THE HEAVEN AND THE EARTH.   01:001:002 AND THE EARTH WAS WITHOUT FORM, AND VOID; AND DARKNESS WAS UPON THE FACE OF THE DEEP. AND THE SPIRIT OF GOD MOVED UPON THE FACE OF THE WATERS.   01:001:003 AND GOD SAID, LET THERE BE LIGHT: AND THERE WAS LIGHT.       

     God then goes on to make Eve, she and Adam are expelled from the Garden, they have sons who somehow meet other women and populate the earth. 
     There are interesting variants. For instance, in one of the Apocrypha (“The Alphabet of Ben Sira”), it is stated that the first woman is Lilith, who refuses to accept a sex-on-the-bottom position, and to whom Adam grants equality—
         ADAM AND LILITH IMMEDIATELY BEGAN TO FIGHT. SHE SAID, ‘I WILL NOT LIE BELOW,’ AND HE SAID, ‘I WILL NOT LIE BENEATH YOU, BUT ONLY ON TOP. FOR YOU ARE FIT ONLY TO BE IN THE BOTTOM POSITION, WHILE I AM TO BE THE SUPERIOR ONE.’ LILITH RESPONDED, ‘WE ARE EQUAL TO EACH OTHER INASMUCH AS WE WERE BOTH CREATED FROM THE EARTH.’       

     But equality is insufficient, and Lilith leaves quickly. The Lilith story is titillating to many with different axes to grind. There is so little authoritative information about Lilith that she can be used to support many different ideas. (She even appears in George Bernard Shaw&#39;s play “Back to Methuselah.”) 
     Of course, Few educated people accept the six-day, Adam-and-Eve account today. It has become literature and myth, and even jokes. Sample joke (from the computer world):
         “How was God able to create the universe in only six days.”   Answer: “He didn&#39;t have an installed base.”
           (Meaning that there was nothing already there that had to connect to the new universe.)   
               

     The Flood 
     The different Bibles contain stories that were also kicking around separately in the ancient world, separate from Hebrew culture. For example, we are all familiar with the story of Noah. But there are other accounts of a great and impossible flood that covered the world. The account of the Flood in the book of Genesis has a remarkable parallel to a story of the Flood in a Babylonian stone-tablet document found in Assyria, in the ruined library of Ashurbanipal. 
     We can consider the story of Noah, and the Assyrian story of the Flood, side by side. (We use floating links to show correspondences between the two accounts.) 
     In the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, it is the god Jehovah who gives the command to build the ark; in the Babylonian account, it is the god Shamash. 
     In The Biblical account of the Flood (for instance, the King James version), God tells Noah to build an Ark. In The Babylonian account of the Flood, the instruction is given by a god named Shamash to a “man of Shurippak”, who is told to build a great ship. In both stories the ship is loaded with everything possible, including animals. (See correspondences between the two.) 
     Then comes the flood; and in both stories the hero releases a bird to see if the land has dried yet. In the Babylonian version, the matter is settled by a raven not coming back; in the King James version, the matter is settled by a dove, who comes back with an olive leaf. (See correspondences between the two.) 
     Today, few educated people accept the literal account of a Flood which covered the whole earth, with all the land species rescued in a boat; but to the ill-informed people of 3500 years ago, it may have seemed perfectly plausible—particularly since they probably had no idea how many land species existed or how high plateaus and mountains are, or how much water it would take. 
     Bibles and Humanoid Gods 
     The Biblical stories defined western culture, and that of the Mideast as well. But there are many different Bibles—although people who believe strongly in the Bible generally think there is only one. But, as theologian Thomas Long puts it, “BIBLES ARE THE PRODUCTS OF CENTURIES OF THEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL STRUGGLE.” 
     Different Bibles include the Hebrew Torah (from which comes the Christian Old Testament), the Coptic Bible, the Catholic Bible in Latin and Greek, the King James Bible (a translation into English for the Anglican denomination), the Catholic translation into English (the Douay Bible), and those of various other denominations, such as the Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses and the Mormons. 
     (To say nothing of the Apocrypha, related books which are halfway out of the Bible. An Apocryphon (singular) is a book originating in Biblical times but not accepted as part of official Bibles. Apocrypha include the books of Ezra, Tobit, Wisdom of Solomon, Epistle of Jeremy, Alphabet of Ben-Sira, and on and on. There is no knowing how many apocrypha there are, or how mamy more will be discovered.) 
     But all these different Biblical views assume The notion of a God with particular interest in one species, us, the human race, who supposedly somehow resemble this God, being made in His image. Since we are made in His image, we may assume, for example, that He has a protruding nose and two legs. But if there is such a two-legged God, that implies that the God has physical coordinates somewhere out there, where with good enough telescopes we might see Him kicking around. 
     In a more serious vein, the Darwinian view is of course that man evolved naturally among the primates, as one particularly versatile variant species of the primate order. Darwin himself states it simply:
         THUS WE CAN UNDERSTAND HOW IT HAS COME TO PASS THAT MAN AND ALL OTHER VERTEBRATE ANIMALS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED ON THE SAME GENERAL MODEL, WHY THEY PASS THROUGH THE SAME EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, AND WHY THEY RETAIN CERTAIN RUDIMENTS IN COMMON. CONSEQUENTLY WE OUGHT FRANKLY TO ADMIT THEIR COMMUNITY OF DESCENT: TO TAKE ANY OTHER VIEW, IS TO ADMIT THAT OUR OWN STRUCTURE, AND THAT OF ALL THE ANIMALS AROUND US, IS A MERE SNARE LAID TO ENTRAP OUR JUDGMENT.       

     What was the Origin of the Universe? 
     Getting back to the universe (as if it were possible to leave it!), our earliest perceptions of it must have been quite simplistic. 
     If you stand out in the open on a good night, the universe seems to consist of a bowl of sky, across which sun, moon and stars pass at different speeds. This is how it must first have appeared to early human beings. We below seem to stand on an irregular, but relatively flat, earth. 
     It took us a long time to reach today&#39;s understanding of the universe&#39;s size and age. 
     It has taken us a very long time to see that the bowl of the sky only views a portion of a great-three-dimensional space, with millions of stars and galaxies, and ourselves at the lip of Deep Time of billions of years—not the few thousand years of the Bible. 
     Cosmology is the science of the physics of the universe, including its beginnings. There are many scientific theories of cosmology, but in a way they boil down to only two. Some say the universe has always been here, others say it somehow started. These are the two basic views: the steady-state view and the Big Bang view. 
     Steady State 
     The steady-state theory of Fred Hoyle (also Bondi and Gold) says that the universe has always been pretty much the way it is, except that it continues to expand and matter flies away. To keep things steady, the steady-state theory proposed a process of continuous uniform creation—where new matter is continuously created to make up for the matter that flies away. 
     According to this view, the universe had no beginning and will have no end. 
     HOYLE APPROACHED THE PROBLEM MATHEMATICALLY AND TRIED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF THE CREATION OF THE MATTER SEEN ALL AROUND US, WHICH IN THE BIG BANG THEORY IS ALL CREATED AT THE START. HE PROPOSED THAT THE DECREASE IN THE DENSITY OF THE UNIVERSE CAUSED BY ITS EXPANSION IS EXACTLY BALANCED BY THE CONTINUOUS CREATION OF MATTER CONDENSING INTO GALAXIES THAT TAKE THE PLACE OF THE GALAXIES THAT HAVE RECEDED FROM THE MILKY WAY, THEREBY MAINTAINING FOREVER THE PRESENT APPEARANCE OF THE UNIVERSE. 
     The Big Bang Theory 
     The Big Bang theory (a term coined by Fred Hoyle, who did not like the theory) takes the position that all matter and energy was created at one instant, and the universe has flown apart ever since. (Hawking has publicized this view considerably.) 
     At the instant of Beginning, all matter and potential energy were infinitely compressed to a single point. Then time began and in the first fraction of a second this compressed conglomerate exploded, flying apart into a mutual web of co-created space and matter and energy. 
     After the first couple of hours, things became relatively eventful and familiar, and soon stars emerged, and the rest is history. 
     Today this theory is much more popular than Steady State, which indeed many cosmologists regard as disproven. It is said that ALONE AMONG ALL COSMOLOGIES, THE STEADY STATE MODEL MAKES SUCH DEFINITE PREDICTIONS THAT IT CAN BE DISPROVED EVEN WITH THE LIMITED OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE AT OUR DISPOSAL. 
     However, science is always twisting and turning, with new possibilities opening at every turn. For instance, a new theory called “chaotic inflation theory” has recently appeared—“CHAOTIC INFLATION THEORY OR ETERNAL INFLATION WHICH SOMETIMES POSITS AN INFINITE UNIVERSE WITH NEITHER BEGINNING NOR END IN WHICH INFLATION OPERATES CONTINUOUSLY, ON A SCALE BEYOND THE OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE, TO CREATE THE MATTER OF THE COSMOS.” 
     It seems this is reviving the steady-state view, with new twists. CHAOTIC INFLATION THEORY HAS MANY SIMILARITIES WITH STEADY STATE THEORY, ALTHOUGH ON A MUCH LARGER SCALE THAN ORIGINALLY ENVISAGED. Hoyle, who is now in a permanent steady state (he died in 2001), would be pleased. 
     Objectivity 
     Scientific “objectivity” is not what most people think. There are always biases. It is interesting to see the motivations and attitudes behind the theories. For instance, religion (pro and con) continues to be a motivating force behind scientific theory. 
     An example: physicist Georges Lemaitre, one of the originators of the “Big Bang” theory, had an implicit religious position. Lemaitre, AS HE WAS ALSO AN ABBOT OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ARGUED THAT GOD HAD CREATED ‘A PRIMEVAL ATOM’ WHICH HAD GROWN TO BECOME THE UNIVERSE.” 
     Whereas Fred Hoyle, the best-known exponent of the Steady-State theory, was protecting an atheistic position: “FRED HOYLE WAS UNHAPPY ABOUT ACCEPTING A GOD GIVEN CREATION, AND AS AN ATHEIST ATTEMPTED TO DEVELOP A THEORY WITHOUT SUCH AN INTERVENTION. THIS WAS TO BECOME THE STEADY STATE THEORY.” 
     Aesthetics, too, plays a part. Theories are supposed to make sense and hold together; aspects which break the unity are an affront, as when scientists refer to “AN AESTHETICALLY UNATTRACTIVE FEATURE OF THE THEORY”. 
     Art, too, can inspire science. Another non-scientific inspiration for the Steady-State theory came from a popular horror movie: THE STEADY STATE THEORY OF BONDI, GOLD AND HOYLE WAS INSPIRED BY THE CIRCULAR PLOT OF THE FILM DEAD OF NIGHT THEY WATCHED TOGETHER. 
     This is interesting, because The film “Dead of Night” was an extremely good, clever and scary postwar horror movie. Its final plot twist: its end is also its beginning, starting the story all over again. So the viewer, about to be relieved that the film is over, suddenly understands that it will never be over—thus perpetuating, in principle, the scariness. 
     So much repeats, so much goes on. The universe is here, and so are people. What to think about it all can be daunting. What to do about it is another question[Title: Excerpt from apocryphon, The Alphabet of Ben Sira] 
     After God created Adam, who was alone, He said, ‘It is not good for man to be alone’. He then created a woman for Adam, from the earth, as He had created Adam himself, and called her Lilith. Adam and Lilith immediately began to fight. She said, ‘I will not lie below,’ and he said, ‘I will not lie beneath you, but only on top. For you are fit only to be in the bottom position, while I am to be the superior one.’ Lilith responded, ‘We are equal to each other inasmuch as we were both created from the earth.’ But they would not listen to one another. When Lilith saw this, she pronounced the Ineffable Name and flew away into the air. Adam stood in prayer before his Creator: ‘Sovereign of the universe!’ he said, ‘the woman you gave me has run away.’ At once, the Holy One, blessed be He, sent these three angels to bring her back. 
     Said the Holy One to Adam, ‘If she agrees to come back, fine. If not, she must permit one hundred of her children to die every day.’ The angels left God and pursued Lilith, whom they overtook in the midst of the sea, in the mighty waters wherein the Egyptians were destined to drown. They told her God&#39;s word, but she did not wish to return. The angels said, ‘We shall drown you in the sea.’ 
     ‘Leave me!’ she said. ‘I was created only to cause sickness to infants. If the infant is male, I have dominion over him for eight days after his birth, and if female, for twenty days.’ 
     When the angels heard Lilith&#39;s words, they insisted she go back. But she swore to them by the name of the living and eternal God: ‘Whenever I see you or your names or your forms in an amulet, I will have no power over that infant.’ She also agreed to have one hundred of her children die every day. Accordingly, every day one hundred demons perish, and for the same reason, we write the angels names on the amulets of young children. When Lilith sees their names, she remembers her oath, and the child recovers. 
     [from Wikipedia, 2007.01]
 
[title: From THE DESCENT OF MAN, Chapter 1, by Charles Darwin]
 
     Thus we can understand how it has come to pass that man and all other vertebrate animals have been constructed on the same general model, why they pass through the same early stages of development, and why they retain certain rudiments in common. Consequently we ought frankly to admit their community of descent: to take any other view, is to admit that our own structure, and that of all the animals around us, is a mere snare laid to entrap our judgment. This conclusion is greatly strengthened, if we look to the members of the whole animal series, and consider the evidence derived from their affinities or classification, their geographical distribution and geological succession. It is only our natural prejudice, and that arrogance which made our forefathers declare that they were descended from demi-gods, which leads us to demur to this conclusion. But the time will before long come, when it will be thought wonderful that naturalists, who were well acquainted with the comparative structure and development of man, and other mammals, should have believed that each was the work of a separate act of creation. 
     [from Project Gutenberg] [Excerpt: “Dead of Night” review from britishhorrorfilms.co.uk] 
     Dead Of Night 
     1945 
     It would be safe to say that most of the films on this site aren&#39;t particularly frightening. Occasionally they may make you think, or shudder, or jump—but there are very few genuinely terrifying examples along the same lines as say, The Blair Witch Project or The Exorcist (which I don&#39;t actually rate, but some people seem to like). 
     Most examples of British Horror are camp (Scream And Scream Again, The Abominable Doctor Phibes), intentionally funny (Psychomania, Horror Hospital), unintentionally funny (I Don&#39;t Want To Be Born), or period pieces (Tales From The Crypt, Corruption)—in fact many of these examples have elements of all of these. Some are grim (Witchfinder General), but few are genuinely frightening—I can only think of three that have really scared me since I started this site—The Haunting, Night Of The Demon, and Dead Of Night. 
     Dead Of Night will not be to everyone&#39;s taste. It was made in the 40s, so it&#39;s very, very old. The acting can verge on the wooden, and much of the dialogue and ideas seem almost quaint. But it scared me the first time I saw it, and it still scares me now. 
     Story 1: Just room for one inside, sir 
     After a particularly nasty car racing accident, our hero wakes up in hospital and within seconds he&#39;s fallen in love with his nurse and is calling her “darling”. This being the 1940s when men were all tweed-wearing, pipe-smoking Brylcreemed racing drivers and nurses were all called Joyce, she doesn&#39;t seem to mind. 
     It&#39;s evening, and he starts to read a book. Then suddenly notices that the clock says 4.15- and it&#39;s daylight outside. Looking through the window, he&#39;s shocked to see a hearse parked right outside. The driver looks up, and cheerily comments: “Just room for one inside, sir”. 
     He sits down, and when he looks up the time is back to normal and it&#39;s dark outside. “Am I going crackers?” he asks himself, before shrugging it off in a stiff-upper-lipped kind of way. 
     The next day he&#39;s discharged, but as he waits for a bus to take him home, he asks for the time and doesn&#39;t like the answer. He likes it even less when the bus conductor looks very familiar . . . . 
     After the unsettling beginning to the film, this is horror painted with much broader strokes. But it&#39;s only an hors d&#39;euvre . . . . Back at the cottage, the Craig&#39;s dream is being broken again and again—this time with the arrival of the “penniless brunette” he predicted. All he can say is that his “dream becomes a nightmare” later on . . . “a nightmare of horror”. But he can&#39;t remember why. 
     Story 2: Subconscious thingumajigs 
     At a children&#39;s Christmas Party, . . . . 
     Story 3: I thought you&#39;d like to look at yourself . . . . 
     Peter (the man who has everything, apparently—including Googie Withers for a missus) gets bought a mirror by his wife. “I thought you&#39;d like to look at yourself,” she tells him. “Mmm . . . handsome couple.” But then she notices a troubled look pass over his reflection. “What&#39;s the matter?” 
     “Nothing,” he replies. “I thought I saw something.” 
     . . . 
     Story 4: I wish you were dead, old man 
     It&#39;s bizarre. I can&#39;t see any modern woman being happy to be the prize in a game of golf, but that was the 40s for you, I suppose. Parrot and Potter are great golfing mates, but both of them love Mary (the menage a trois which led up to this situation has been glossed over, 
     . . . 
     Story 5: You don&#39;t know what Hugo&#39;s capable of . . . . 
     The police are investigating an attempted murder, only to be told by their suspect: “Hugo&#39;s the only one who can help me. He&#39;s more to blame for all this than I am.” 
     But, as we find out in flashback, “Hugo” is a ventriloquist&#39;s dummy. 
     . . . 
     But the horror&#39;s not over yet. Back at the cottage, Craig has remembered how his “nightmare of horror” ends, and it&#39;s something of a self-fulfilling prophecy. As he&#39;s besieged by visions from the stories he&#39;s just heard (including a fully mobile Hugo) he wakes up, only for the whole thing to start again . . . 
     In every other case, a film that ends with “but it was all a dream” is a dreadful travesty of so-called “entertainment”, but that&#39;s not so with Dead Of Night—mainly because it seems fitting that such a horrifying experience is a nightmare. And perhaps the most terrifying thing of all is that the poor sod is about to go through the whole thing again as “The End” appears on the screen and we can all go home . . . 
     To me, Dead Of Night is simply the most terrifying film ever made. I can&#39;t explain it, it just is. Every single story (yes, even the golf one) gives me feelings ranging from slight unease to cold terror. If you&#39;ve seen the film, see if these sounds bring it all back to you (especially Hugo&#39;s voice). If you haven&#39;t seen the film, why not? And if you don&#39;t agree, fair enough. I am a bit of a nancy boy.
         from hXXp://wXw.britishhorrorfilms.co.uk/deadofnight.shtml       

     [Title: Gilgamish Epic, The Flood] 
     The Eleventh Tablet of the Gilgamish Series containing the Story of the Deluge as told to Gilgamish by his deified ancestor Uta-Napishtim, an antediluvian king of Erech. 
     1. Gilgamish said unto Uta-Napishtim, to Uta-Napishtim the remote:
 
2. “I am looking at thee, Uta-Napishtim.
 
3. Thy person is not altered; even as am I so art thou.
 
4. Verily, nothing about thee is changed; even as am I so art thou.
 
5. [Moved is my] heart to do battle,
 
6. But thou art at leisure and dost lie upon thy back.
 
7. How then wast thou able to enter the company of the gods and see life?”
 
Thereupon Uta-Napishtim related to Gilgamish the Story of the Deluge, and the Eleventh Tablet continues thus:—
 
8. Uta-Napishtim said unto him, to Gilgamish:
 
9. “I will reveal unto thee, O Gilgamish, a hidden mystery,
 
10. And a secret matter of the gods I will declare unto thee.
 
11. Shurippak,2 a city which thou thyself knowest,
 
12. On [the bank] of the river Puratti (Euphrates) is situated,
 
13. That city was old and the gods [dwelling] within it—
 
14. Their hearts induced the great gods to make a wind-storm (, a-bu-bi),3
 
15. Their father Anu ( ),
 
16. Their counsellor, the warrior Enlil ( ),
 
17. Their messenger En-urta ( )[and]
 
18. Their prince Ennugi ( ).
 
19. Nin-igi-azag, Ea, was with them [in council] and
 
20. reported their word to the house of reeds.
 
[First Speech of Ea to Uta-Napishtim who is sleeping in a reed hut.]
 
21. O House of reeds, O House of reeds! O Wall, O Wall! page  33 
 
22. O House of reeds, hear! O Wall, understand!
 
     23. O man of Shurippak, son of Ubara-Tutu ( ). 
     24. Throw down the house, build a ship,
 
25. Forsake wealth, seek after life,
 
26. Abandon possessions, save thy life,
 
27. Carry grain of every kind into the ship.
 
28. The ship which thou shalt build,
 
29. The dimensions thereof shall be measured,
 
30. The breadth and the length thereof shall be the same.
 
31. . . . the ocean, provide it with a roof.”
 
[Uta-Napishtim&#39;s answer to Ea.]
 
32. “I understood and I said unto Ea, my lord:
 
33. [I comprehend] my lord, that which thou hast ordered,
 
34. I will regard it with great reverence, and will perform it.
 
35. But what shall I say to the town, to the multitude, and to the elders?”
 
     [Second Speech of Ea.] 
     36. “Ea opened his mouth and spake
 
37. And said unto his servant, myself,
 
38. . . . Thus shalt thou say unto them:
 
39. III-will hath the god Enlil formed against me,
 
40. Therefore I can no longer dwell in your city,
 
41. And never more will I turn my countenance upon the soil of Enlil.
 
42. I will descend into the ocean to dwell with my lord Ea.
 
43. But upon you he will rain riches:
 
44. A catch of birds, a catch of fish
 
45. . . . an [abundant] harvest,
 
46. . . . the prince (?) of the darkness
 
47. . . . shall make a violent cyclone [to fall upon you].”
 
     [The Building of the Ship.] 
     48. As soon as [the dawn] broke . . .
 
[Lines 49-54 broken away.]
 
55. The weak [man] . . . brought bitumen,
 
56. The strong [man] . . . brought what was needed. page  34 
 
57. On the fifth day I decided upon its plan.
 
58. According to the plan its walls were 10 Gar (i.e. 120 cubits) high,
 
59. And the circuit of the roof thereof was equally 10 Gar.
 
60. I measured out the hull thereof and marked it out (?)
 
61. I covered (?) it six times.
 
62. Its exterior I divided into seven,
 
63. Its interior I divided into nine,
 
64. Water bolts I drove into the middle of it.
 
65. I provided a steering pole, and fixed what was needful for it,
 
66. Six sar of bitumen I poured over the inside wall,
 
67. Three sar of pitch I poured into the inside.
 
68. The men who bear loads brought three sar of oil,
 
69. Besides a sar of oil which the offering consumed,
 
70. And two sar of oil which the boatman hid.
 
71. I slaughtered oxen for the [work]people,
 
72. I slew sheep every day.
 
73. Beer, sesame wine, oil and wine
 
74. I made the people drink as if they were water from the river.
 
75. I celebrated a feast-day as if it had been New Year&#39;s Day.
 
76. I opened [a box of ointment], I laid my hands in unguent.
 
77. Before the sunset the ship was finished.
 
78. [Since] . . . was difficult.
 
79. The shipbuilders brought the . . . of the ship, above and below,
 
80. . . . two-thirds of it.
 
     [The Loading of the Ship.] 
     81. With everything that I possessed I loaded it (i.e. the ship).
 
82. With everything that I possessed of silver I loaded it.
 
83. With everything that I possessed of gold I loaded it.
 
84. With all that I possessed of living grain I loaded it.
 
85. I made to go up into the ship all my family and kinsfolk, page  35 
 
86. The cattle of the field, the beasts of the field, all handicraftsmen I made them go up into it.
 
87. The god Shamash had appointed me a time (saying)
 
88. The Power of Darkness will at eventide make a rain-flood to fall;
 
89. Then enter into the ship and shut thy door.
 
90. The appointed time drew nigh;
 
91. The Power of Darkness made a rain-flood to fall at eventide.
 
92. I watched the coming of the [approaching] storm,
 
93. “When I saw it terror possessed me,
 
94. I went into the ship and shut my door.
 
95. To the pilot of the ship, Puzur-Bel (or Puzur-Amurri) the sailor
 
96. I committed the great house (i.e. ship), together with the contents thereof.
 
[The Abubu (Cyclone) and its effects Described.]
 
97. As soon as the gleam of dawn shone in the sky
 
98. A black cloud from the foundation of heaven came up.
 
99. Inside it the god Adad (Rammanu) thundered,
 
100. The gods Nabû and Sharru (i.e. Marduk) went before,
 
101. Marching as messengers over high land and plain,
 
102. Irragal (Nergal) tore out the post of the ship,
 
103. En-urta (Ninib) went on, he made the storm to descend.
 
104. The Anunnaki4 brandished their torches,
 
105. With their glare they lighted up the land.
 
106. The whirlwind (or, cyclone) of Adad swept up to heaven.
 
107. Every gleam of light was turned into darkness.
 
108. . . . the land . . . as if . . . had laid it waste.
 
109. A whole day long [the flood descended] . . .
 
110. Swiftly it mounted up . . . [the water] reached to the mountains
 
111. [The water] attacked the people like a battle.
 
112. Brother saw not brother. page  36 
 
113. Men could not be known (or, recognized) in heaven.
 
114. The gods were terrified at the cyclone.
 
115. They betook themselves to flight and went up into the heaven of Anu.
 
116. The gods crouched like a dog and cowered by the wall.
 
117. The goddess Ishtar cried out like a woman in travail.
 
118. The Lady of the Gods lamented with a loud voice [saying]:
 
     [Ishtar&#39;s Lament.] 
     119. “Verily the former dispensation is turned into mud,
 
120. Because I commanded evil among the company of the gods.
 
121. When I commanded evil among the company of the gods,
 
122. I commanded battle for the destruction of my people.
 
123. Did I of myself bring forth my people
 
124. That they might fill the sea like little fishes?”
 
[Uta-Napishtim&#39;s Story continued.]
 
125. The gods of the Anunnaki wailed with her.
 
126. The gods bowed themselves, and sat down, and wept.
 
127. Their lips were shut tight (in distress) . . .
 
128. For six days and nights
 
129. The storm raged, and the cyclone overwhelmed the land.
 
     [The Abating of the Storm.] 
     130. When the seventh day approached the cyclone and the raging flood ceased:
 
131.—now it had fought like an army.
 
132. The sea became quiet and went down, and the cyclone and the rain-storm ceased.
 
133. I looked over the sea and a calm had come,
 
134. And all mankind were turned into mud,
 
135. The land had been laid flat like a terrace.
 
136. I opened the air-hole and the light fell upon my face,
 
137. I bowed myself, I sat down, I cried,
 
138. My tears poured down over my cheeks. page  37 
 
139. I looked over the quarters of the world—open sea!
 
140. After twelve days an island appeared.
 
141. The ship took its course to the land of Nisir ( ).
 
142. The mountain of Nisir held the ship, it let it not move.
 
143. The first day, the second day, the mountain of Nisir held the ship and let it not move.
 
144. The third day, the fourth day, the mountain of Nisir held the ship and let it not move.
 
145. The fifth day, the sixth day, the mountain of Nisir held the ship and let it not move.
 
146. When the seventh day had come
 
147. I brought out a dove and let her go free.
 
148. The dove flew away and [then] came back;
 
149. Because she had no place to alight on she came back.
 
150. I brought out a swallow and let her go free.
 
151. The swallow flew away and [then] came back;
 
152. Because she had no place to alight on she came back.
 
153. I brought out a raven and let her go free.
 
154. The raven flew away, she saw the sinking waters.
 
155. She ate, she pecked in the ground, she croaked, she came not back.
 
     [Uta-Napishtim Leaves the Ship.] 
     156. Then I brought out everything to the four winds and offered up a sacrifice;
 
157. I poured out a libation on the peak of the mountain.
 
158. Seven by seven I set out the vessels,
 
159. Under them I piled reeds, cedarwood and myrtle (?).
 
160. The gods smelt the savour,
 
161. The gods smelt the sweet savour.
 
162. The gods gathered together like flies over him that sacrificed.
 
     [Speech of Ishtar, Lady of the Gods.] 
     163. Now when the Lady of the Gods came nigh,
 
164. She lifted up the priceless jewels which Anu had made according to her desire, [saying]
 
165. “O ye gods here present, as I shall never forget the lapis-lazuli jewels of my neck page  39 
 
166. So shall I ever think about these days, and shall forget them nevermore!
 
167. Let the gods come to the offering,
 
168. But let not Enlil come to the offering,
 
169. Because he would not accept counsel and made the cyclone,
 
170. And delivered my people over to destruction.”
 
     [The Anger of Enlil (Bel).] 
     171. Now when Enlil came nigh
 
172. He saw the ship; then was Enlil wroth
 
173. And he was filled with anger against the gods, the Igigi [saying]:5
 
174. “What kind of a being hath escaped with his life?
 
175. He shall not remain alive, a man among the destruction!”
 
     [Speech of En-Urta.] 
     176. Then En-Urta opened his mouth and spake
 
177. And said unto the warrior Enlil (Bel):
 
178. Who besides the god Ea can make a plan?
 
179. The god Ea knoweth everything.
 
180. He opened his mouth and spake
 
181. And said unto the warrior Enlil (Bel),
 
182. O Prince among the gods, thou warrior,
 
183. How couldst thou, not accepting counsel, make a cyclone?
 
184. He who is sinful, on him lay his sin,
 
185. He who transgresseth, on him lay his transgression.
 
186. But be merciful that [everything] be not destroyed; be long-suffering that [man be not blotted out].
 
187. Instead of thy making a cyclone,
 
188. Would that a lion had come and diminished mankind.
 
189. Instead of thy making a cyclone
 
190. Would that a wolf had come and diminished mankind.
 
191. Instead of thy making a cyclone page  40 
 
192. Would that a famine had arisen and [laid waste] the land.
 
193. Instead of thy making a cyclone
 
194. Would that Urra (, the Plague god) had risen up and [laid waste] the land.
 
195. As for me I have not revealed the secret of the great gods.
 
196. I made Atra-hasis ( ) to see a vision, and thus he heard the secret of the gods.
 
197. Now therefore counsel him with counsel.”
 
[Ea deifies Uta-Napishtim and his Wife.]
 
198. “Then the god Ea went up into the ship,
 
199. He seized me by the hand and brought me forth.
 
200. He brought forth my wife and made her to kneel by my side.
 
201. He turned our faces towards each other, he stood between us, he blessed us [saying],
 
202. Formerly Uta-Napishtim was a man merely,
 
203. But now let Uta-Napishtiin and his wife be like unto the gods, ourselves.
 
204. Uta-Napishtim shall dwell afar off, at the mouth of the rivers.”
 
     [Uta-Napishtim Ends his Story of the Deluge.] 
     205. “And they took me away to a place afar off, and made me to dwell at the mouth of the rivers.”
         from Project Gutenberg[Title: King James Bible, The Creation]       

     Book 01 Genesis 
     01:001:001 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
 
01:001:002 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
 
01:001:003 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
 
01:001:004 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
 
01:001:005 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
 
01:001:006 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
 
01:001:007 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
 
01:001:008 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
 
01:001:009 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
 
01:001:010 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
 
01:001:011 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
 
01:001:012 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
 
01:001:013 And the evening and the morning were the third day.
 
01:001:014 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
 
01:001:015 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
 
01:001:016 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.
 
01:001:017 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
 
01:001:018 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
 
01:001:019 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
 
01:001:020 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
 
01:001:021 And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
 
01:001:022 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
 
01:001:023 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
 
01:001:024 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
 
01:001:025 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
 
01:001:026 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
 
01:001:027 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
 
01:001:028 And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
 
01:001:029 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
 
01:001:030 And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
 
01:001:031 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
 
01:002:001 Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.
 
01:002:002 And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
 
01:002:003 And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.
 
01:002:004 These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens,
 
01:002:005 And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.
 
01:002:006 But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
 
01:002:007 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
 
01:002:008 And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.
 
01:002:009 And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
 
01:002:010 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.
 
01:002:011 The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
 
01:002:012 And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
 
01:002:013 And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.
 
01:002:014 And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
 
01:002:015 And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
 
01:002:016 And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:
 
01:002:017 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.
 
01:002:018 And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him.
 
01:002:019 And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.
 
01:002:020 And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.
 
01:002:021 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;
 
01:002:022 And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.
 
01:002:023 And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.
 
01:002:024 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.
 
01:002:025 And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.
 
01:003:001 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
 
01:003:002 And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:
 
01:003:003 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
 
01:003:004 And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:
 
01:003:005 For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
 
01:003:006 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.
 
01:003:007 And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
         from Project Gutenberg[Title: King James Bible, The Flood]
 
01:006:012 And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.
 
01:006:013 And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
 
01:006:014 Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.
 
01:006:015 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
 
01:006:016 A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.
 
01:006:017 And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.
 
01:006:018 But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons&#39; wives with thee.
 
01:006:019 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.
 
01:006:020 Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.
 
01:006:021 And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.
 
01:006:022 Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.
 
01:007:001 And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.
 
01:007:002 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female.
 
01:007:003 Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth.
 
01:007:004 For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth.
 
01:007:005 And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him.
 
01:007:006 And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.
 
01:007:007 And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons&#39; wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood.
 
01:007:008 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth,
 
01:007:009 There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.
 
01:007:010 And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.
 
01:007:011 In the six hundredth year of Noah&#39;s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.
 
01:007:012 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.
 
01:007:013 In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah&#39;s wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark;
 
01:007:014 They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
 
01:007:015 And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life.
 
01:007:016 And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in.
 
01:007:017 And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.
 
01:007:018 And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.
 
01:007:019 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.
 
01:007:020 Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered.
 
01:007:021 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man:
 
01:007:022 All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.
 
01:007:023 And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.
 
01:007:024 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.
 
01:008:001 And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged;
 
01:008:002 The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained;
 
01:008:003 And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated.
 
01:008:004 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.
 
01:008:005 And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen.
 
01:008:006 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:
 
01:008:007 And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the earth.
 
01:008:008 Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground;
 
01:008:009 But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark.
 
01:008:010 And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark;
 
01:008:011 And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
 
01:008:012 And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more.
 
01:008:013 And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.
   from Project Gutenberg[title: Excerpt from “A History of Composition and Interpretation”, by Dr. Thomas L. Long”       

     Bibles are the products of centuries of theological and political struggle. In the most obvious sense, 
     what Jews consider to be “the Bible” and what Christians consider to be “the Bible” are based on agreements about the role of Judaism in salvation history but disagreements about the significance of Jesus of Nazareth. Which texts are considered authoritative and divinely inspired (and therefore included in the Bible) is the question of the canon. Obviously, the Jewish canon differs from the Christian canon. However, it is also important to note that even among Jews and among Christians there was not complete agreement upon the canon, particularly that of the Jewish scriptures, what Christians call the Old Testament. 
     from
 
hXXp://community.tncc.edu/faculty/longt/REL210/history_of_composition_and_interpretation.htm[title: Excerpt from “The Big Bang Theory,” from SchoolsObservatory.org.uk]
 
     Willem de Sitter was the first to show that the universe must expand. His prediction was improved by Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann in 1922, and further refined by Arthur Stanley Eddington in 1930. Georges Lemaitre, in 1927, thought about the consequences in a slightly different way. If the universe was alread expanding gravity could slow the expansion, but not necessarily stop it and cause collapse. He realised that an expanding universe would have been smaller yesterday than today and so on, all the way back to a ‘day that would not have had a yesterday’. He argued that that instant would have been the moment of creation, and as he was also an abbot of the Roman Catholic church argued that God had created ‘a primeval atom’ which had grown to become the Universe. Lemaitre&#39;s main interest in the primeval atom was as a source of all other atoms, which he imagined taking place by a process of continual fission. Initially Einstein thought that Lemaitre did not understand the physics properly and dismissed the idea, but later after Hubble&#39;s discovery of the expansion, Lemaitre gave a lecture at which both Hubble and Einstein were present in which Einstein proclaimed, “[what he had just heard] was the most beautiful and satisfying interpretation I have ever listened to” and admitted that the cosmological constant had been an error. 
     Not everyone accepted the idea of a moment of creation. Fred Hoyle was unhappy about accepting a God given creation, and as an atheist attempted to develop a theory without such an intervention. This was to become the steady state theory. His principal challenge to Lemaitre&#39;s theory was that there was no ‘fossil’ record. In an attack on the theory he had dismissively referred to “this hot Big Bang” and the name stuck. In the same year as steady state was published, 1948, George Gamow and his student Ralph Alpher, proposed that if the universe was created in a gigantic explosion that the various elements observed today would be produced within the first few minutes after the big bang, when the extremely high temperature and density of the universe would fuse subatomic particles into the chemical elements.
         from hXXp://wXw.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/study/sci/cosmo/internal/bigbang.htm[title: Excerpt from “The Steady-State Theory,” from SchoolsObservatory.org.uk]       

     The Steady-State Theory 
     An alternative theory to the Big Bang was proposed in 1948 by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle It was called the steady-state theory. They found the idea of a sudden beginning to the universe philosophically unsatisfactory. Bondi and Gold suggested that in order to understand the universe we needed to make observations of its distant parts, which would of necessity be observations from the past. In order to interpret those observations we must use the laws of physics, and those have been formulated at the present time. If the state of the universe was different in the past how could we be sure that the laws of physics were not different in the past as well? If they were different no valid conclusions could be drawn. For Bondi and Gold not only would the laws of physics have to be the same in all parts of the universe, but at all times as well. The Universe would also be the same, always static, always contracting or always expanding. The first two could be ruled ut by the simple observation that the sky is dark at night. (see Olber&#39;s Paradox) 
     Hoyle approached the problem mathematically and tried to solve the problem of the creation of the matter seen all around us, which in the Big Bang theory is all created at the start. He proposed that the decrease in the density of the universe caused by its expansion is exactly balanced by the continuous creation of matter condensing into galaxies that take the place of the galaxies that have receded from the Milky Way, thereby maintaining forever the present appearance of the universe. In order to produce the matter, a reservoir of energy would be required. In order to prevent this reservoir being diluted, by the creation of matter and by the expansion of the universe, he made this reservoir negative. The expansion and creation now work against each other and a steady state of energy is maintained.
         from hXXp://wXw.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/study/sci/cosmo/internal/steady.htm[excerpt from “Steady-state Theory,” Wikipedia]       

     The steady state theory of Bondi, Gold and Hoyle was inspired by the circular plot of the film Dead of Night they watched together[1]. Further theoretical calculations that showed that a static universe was impossible under general relativity and observations by Edwin Hubble that the universe was expanding. The steady state theory asserts that although the universe is expanding, it nevertheless does not change its look over time (the perfect cosmological principle); it has no beginning and no end. 
     The steady state theory requires that new matter must be continuously created (mostly as hydrogen) to keep the average density of matter equal over time. The amount required is low and not directly detectable: roughly one solar mass of baryons per cubic megaparsec per year or roughly one hydrogen atom per cubic meter per billion years, with roughly five times as much dark matter. Such a creation rate would, however, cause observable effects on cosmological scales. 
     An aesthetically unattractive feature of the theory is that the postulated spontaneous new matter formation would presumably need to include deuterium, helium, and a small amount of lithium, as well as regular hydrogen, since no mechanism of nucleosynthesis in stars or by other processes accounts for the observed abundance of deuterium and helium-3. [In the Big Bang model, primordial deuterium is made directly after the “bang,” before the existence of the first stars]. 
     Chaotic inflation theory has many similarities with steady state theory, although on a much larger scale than originally envisaged. 
     [edit] Problems 
     Problems with the steady-state theory began to emerge in the late 1960s, when observations apparently supported the idea that the universe was in fact changing: quasars and radio galaxies were found only at large distances (i.e., redshift, and thus, because of the finiteness of the speed of light, in the past) not in closer galaxies. Halton Arp, also since the 1960s, has been taking a different view of the data, claiming that evidence can also point to quasars existing as close as the local Virgo cluster, however, this theory is not accepted by mainstream scientists today. 
     For most cosmologists, the refutation of the steady-state theory came with the discovery of the cosmic background radiation in 1965, which was predicted by the big bang theory. Stephen Hawking said that the fact that microwave radiation had been found, and that it was thought to be left over from the big bang, was “the final nail in the coffin of the steady-state theory.” Within the steady state theory this background radiation is the result of light from ancient stars which has been scattered by galactic dust. However, this explanation has been unconvincing to most cosmologists as the cosmic microwave background is very smooth, making it difficult to explain how it arose from point sources, and the microwave background shows no evidence of features such as polarization which are normally associated with scattering. Furthermore, its spectrum is so close to that of an ideal black body that it could hardly be formed by the superposition of contributions from dust clumps at different temperatures as well as at different redshifts. Steven Weinberg wrote in 1972, 
     The steady state model does not appear to agree with the observed dL versus z relation or with source counts . . . In a sense, the disagreement is a credit to the model; alone among all cosmologies, the steady state model makes such definite predictions that it can be disproved even with the limited observational evidence at our disposal. The steady-state model is so attractive that many of its adherents still retain hope that the evidence against it will disappear as observations improve. However, if the cosmic microwave background radiation . . . is really black-body radiation, it will be difficult to doubt that the universe has evolved from a hotter, denser early stage. 
     As of 2006, the majority of astronomers consider the big bang theory to be the best description of the origin of the universe. In most astrophysical publications, the big bang is implicitly accepted and is used as the basis of more complete theories. Attempts incorporate the cosmic microwave background or the latest measurements of dark energy have lead to the development of quasi-steady state theories. 
     [edit] C-field 
     Bondi and Gold proposed no mechanism for the creation of matter required by the steady state theory, but Hoyle proposed the existence of what he called the “C-field”, where “C” stands for “Creation”. The C-field has negative pressure, creates the matter, and drives the steady expansion of the cosmos. These properties are all shared by the inflaton field used in cosmic inflation. In this fashion Hoyle&#39;s conception of the steady state in 1948 incorporates many features that later emerged in inflationary cosmology, especially in chaotic inflation theory or eternal inflation which sometimes posits an infinite universe with neither beginning nor end in which inflation operates continuously, on a scale beyond the observable universe, to create the matter of the cosmos.
         Wikipedia, “Steady-state Theory” (as of 2007.01.24)       

     Appendix content ends here.