Patent Publication Number: US-9426059-B2

Title: Systems and methods for utilizing protection paths

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of optical communication networks and, more particularly, to systems and methods of utilizing protection paths. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Telecommunications systems, cable television systems and data communication networks may use optical networks to rapidly convey large amounts of information between remote points. In an optical network, information may be conveyed in the form of optical signals through optical fibers. Optical fibers may comprise thin strands of glass capable of communicating the signals over long distances with very low loss. In the past, optical networks have employed a ring topology in which each node on the network connects to two other nodes. However, increases in traffic have necessitated the utilization of mesh topology. Mesh topology allows many nodes to be connected to each other. Such a configuration allows for protection paths to function as a backup if there are problems with a working path functioning as the primary path of communication. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, the present disclosure may include a method of provisioning groups in an electronic device. The method may comprise determining a plurality of connection identifications (IDs) that share identical protection paths and share a resource trail and assigning the plurality of connection IDs to a group with an associated group identification (ID). The method may additionally comprise storing the group ID and the plurality of connection IDs and transmitting a copy of the stored group IDs and the plurality of connection IDs to an electronic device of the identical protection paths. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure may include a method of utilizing protect paths, the method includes receiving a first message regarding a first failure in a first working path and receiving a second message regarding a second failure in a second working path. The method also includes matching a pattern comprising received messages regarding working path failures to a stored group comprising a plurality of connection identifications (IDs) that share identical protection paths and share a resource trail, the group being associated with a group identification (ID). The method additionally includes transmitting a third message to provision the identical protect path for the group associated with the group identification. 
     In a further embodiment, the present disclosure may include a system comprising a head node electronic device. The head node electronic device may comprise a first storage medium configured to store a plurality of connection identifications (IDs) that share identical protection paths originating at the head node and share a resource trail, the plurality of connection IDs represented by a group associated with a group identification (ID). The head node electronic device may further include a transmitter configured to transmit a message indicating that the identical protection paths of the group are to be provisioned, the message including the group identification. The system may also comprise a protection path electronic device comprising a second storage medium configured to store the group identification associated with the group and at least a next node of the protection path of the group. The protection path electronic device may further comprise a receiver configured to receive the message including the group identification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example embodiment of a network, in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example embodiment of a network utilizing protection paths, in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a head node, in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example of a database, in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates example illustrations of working paths and protect paths, in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates example illustrations of resource trails, in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate example embodiments of a network utilizing protection paths, in accordance with the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example set of steps which may be taken to utilize protection paths, in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     The present disclosure relates to utilizing protection paths. Connection identifications (IDs) that share a resource trail and have protection paths that utilize identical nodes may be grouped together and assigned a group identification. If an error occurs on a working path resource of the shared resource trail, rather than sending a message for each individual connection ID in the group to provision its protection, the present disclosure may include a method whereby a single message may be sent with the group identification indicating that the protection paths for all connection IDs in the group are to be provisioned. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an example network  100 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, network  100  may be a shared mesh network. Network  100  may include one or more transmission media  12  operable to transport one or more signals communicated by components of network  100 . The components of network  100 , coupled together by transmission media  12 , may include a plurality of network elements or nodes  102 . In the illustrated network  100 , each node  102  is coupled to one or more other nodes  102  to create a mesh. However, any suitable configuration of any suitable number of nodes  102  may create network  100 . Although network  100  is shown as a mesh network, network  100  may also be configured as a ring network, a point-to-point network, or any other suitable network or combination of networks. Network  100  may be used in a short-haul metropolitan network, a long-haul inter-city network, or any other suitable network or combination of networks. Network  100  may represent all or a portion of a short-haul metropolitan network, a long-haul inter-city network, and/or any other suitable network or combination of networks. 
     Each transmission medium  12  may include any system, device, or apparatus configured to communicatively couple nodes  102  to each other and communicate information between corresponding nodes  102 . For example, a transmission medium  12  may include an optical fiber, an Ethernet cable, a T1 cable, copper cable, a WiFi signal, a Bluetooth signal, or other suitable medium. In embodiments of the present disclosure, optical fibers may include thin strands of glass capable of communicating signals over long distances with very low loss. Optical fibers may include any suitable type of fiber, such as a Single-Mode Fiber (SMF), Enhanced Large Effective Area Fiber (ELEAF), or a TrueWave® Reduced Slope (TW-RS) fiber. Information may be transmitted and received through network  100  by modulation of one or more wavelengths of light to encode the information on the wavelength. In optical networking, a wavelength of light may also be referred to as a channel. Each channel may be configured to carry a certain amount of information through network  100 . While network  100  is shown as having a single transmission medium  12  communicatively coupling nodes  102 , it will be appreciated that transmission medium  12  may include multiple physical links coupling nodes  102 . 
     Network  100  may communicate information or “traffic” over transmission media  12 . Traffic may include information transmitted, stored, or sorted in network  100 . Such traffic may comprise optical or electrical signals configured to encode audio, video, textual, and/or any other suitable data. The data may be real-time or non-real-time. Traffic may be communicated via any suitable communications protocol, including, without limitation, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standard and Internet Protocol (IP). Additionally, the traffic communicated in network  100  may be structured in any appropriate manner including, but not limited to, being structured in frames, packets, or an unstructured bit stream. 
     Each node  102  in network  100  may include any suitable system operable to transmit and receive traffic. In the illustrated embodiment, each node  102  may be operable to transmit traffic directly to one or more other nodes  102  and receive traffic directly from the one or more other nodes  102 . Nodes  102  may include any suitable arrangement of components operable to perform the operations of the node  102 . As an example, node  102  may include logic such as hardware, software, other logic, and/or any other suitable combination of the preceding. Logic may include any suitable device operable to execute instructions and manipulate data to perform operations, for example, a processor, microprocessor, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Node  102  may include an interface operable to receive input, send output, process the input and/or output, or any combination of the preceding. An interface may include ports, conversion software, or both. Node  102  may include memory, such as, logic operable to store and facilitate retrieval of information. Memory may include Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), a magnetic drive, a disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a Digital Video Disk (DVD) drive, removable media storage, any other suitable data storage medium, or a combination of any of the preceding, and/or any other suitable components. Node  102  may be implemented as an electronic device. 
     In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, nodes  102  may be configured to transmit optical signals through network  100  in specific wavelengths or channels. Nodes  102  may include any system, apparatus or device configured to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal and transmit the optical signal. For example, nodes  102  may each comprise a laser and a modulator configured to receive electrical signals and modulate the information contained in the electrical signals onto a beam of light produced by the laser at a particular wavelength and transmit the beam carrying the signal throughout the network. Nodes  102  may include client cards, switches, such as, optical transport network (OTN) switches, line cards, one or more multiplexers, one or more amplifiers, one or more reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers, and/or one or more receivers. 
     Traffic may be transmitted by nodes  102  within an OTN according to various protocols such as ITU G. 709 . Network elements  102  may transmit traffic in data packets or frames known as Optical channel Transport Unit (OTU) frames. The OTU frames may include an Optical channel Data Unit (ODU) signal within the OTU. The ODU may have a particular signal structure based on bandwidth, for example, ODU 0 , ODU 1 , ODU 2 , ODU 2 e, ODU 3 , ODU 4 , ODU 5 , and ODUflex. These may be collectively referred to as ODUk. Some ODU signals may be high order ODUs (HO-ODU) and others may be low order ODUs (LO-ODUs). A HO-ODU may include more than one LO-ODU. For example, an ODU 1  signal may carry two ODU 0  signals, or one ODU 2  signal may carry eight ODU 0  signals or four ODU 1  signals. Alternatively, an ODU 2  signal may carry a combination such as two ODU 0  signals and three ODU 1  signals. Each single ODU 0  signal may be referred to as a tributary slot (TS). For example, an ODU 2  signal may include up to eight TSs. Within a wavelength there may be HO-ODUs that have TSs and each TS or a combination of TSs may be a channel to carry information. 
     Network  100  may include both a management or control plane as well as a transport plane. The management plane may be used generally for administration and other management of the network, while the transport plane may be used generally for transmission of data through the network. However, the transport plane may carry some administrative data and facilitate some network management, and the management plane may carry some data. The ODUk signals may be part of the transport plane, as opposed to the control plane or management plane. 
     A network resource may refer to node  102 , transmission media  12 , subcomponents thereof, or any combinations thereof. For example, a network resource may refer to an optical transmitter within node  102 , or may refer to an optical fiber within transmission media  12 . 
     A connection identification (ID) may refer to a particular path travelling through network  100 . For example, data may flow from a head node, and then traverse a series of nodes, ultimately to arrive at a tail node. This data flow from end-to-end may have a connection ID identifying the data flow. A connection ID may have a working path, representing the primary flow path for the data, and may also have one or more protection paths. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a network employing protection or backup paths. These paths may provide an alternative channel of communication in the event of disruption of a primary path of communication or working path for a connection ID. For example, a first communication for a first connection ID may follow a first working path  205   a  from node A to node D, including the links between nodes (e.g., LAB for link between nodes A and B) via the path (A-LAB-B-LBH-H-LHD-D). Node A, where the communication begins, may be referred to as a head node for the working path  205   a  of the first connection ID, and node D, where the communication terminates, may be referred to as a tail node. A second communication for a second connection ID may follow a second working path  205   b , flowing from node A to node D via the path (A-LAB-B-LBC-C-LCI-I-LID-D). Node A may be the head node and node D may be the tail node of working path  205   b . A third communication for a third connection ID may follow a third working path  205   c , flowing from node A to node D via the path (A-LAB-B-LBC-C-LCD-D). Node A may be the head node and node D may be the tail node of working path  205   c . A protection path may be disjoint from a working path, in other words, a protection path may utilize different network resources from the working path besides the head node and tail node. 
     A resource trail may indicate a sequence of one or more working path resources, for example, links and nodes. In some embodiments, a resource trail may indicate the working path resources between a point in the working path and head node. For example, and in no way limiting, a resource trail may include only nodes (A), only links (LAB), nodes and links (A-LAB-B-LBH), or any combination thereof. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the first connection ID utilizing working path  205   a  has a protection path  210   a . Protection path  210   a  flows from node A to node D via the sequence of nodes (A-E-F-G-D). The second connection ID utilizing working path  205   b  has a protection path  210   b . Protection path  210   b  flows from node A to node D via the sequence of nodes (A-E-F-G-D). The third connection ID utilizing working path  205   c  has a protection path  210   c . Protection path  210   c  flows from node A to node D via the sequence of nodes (A-E-F-G-D). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , some transmission media  12  and/or nodes  102  may be designated as a protection path for more than one working path. As shown in  FIG. 2A , in some embodiments, just as nodes carrying working paths may carry more than one working path (for example, node A and node B), nodes carrying protection paths may also carry more than one path once fully provisioned. While  FIG. 2  shows certain nodes  102  only being used as working paths (for example, nodes B, C, H, and I) or protected paths (for example, nodes E, F, and G), it will be appreciated that each of nodes  102  may be utilized to carry working paths, protection paths, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the protection resource utilized in the protection path may be a TS within a HO-ODU on a given link. Each TS of a given link may be used for one of carrying primary or working traffic, carrying secondary or protected traffic, or be unassigned. For example, a connection ID may utilize one or more TSs. The TSs may be configured by the management plane or control plane. A link may be the connection between two nodes within a network, and may include any hardware, software, logic, or combinations thereof at either of the two nodes and the transmission media connecting the two nodes. 
     Protection paths may be initially reserved or initially provisioned only in the management or control plane. Stated another way, these protection paths may only exist in memory and are not fully provisioned until needed. In this way, each working path may recognize its protection path or paths without actually fully provisioning the network resources. 
     When a failure occurs, a message may be sent to activate the protected path. For example, the head node may receive notification of a failure from the working path and then send a message downstream to protection path nodes to activate the protected path and then wait for a message to come back upstream from the tail node indicating that the path has been fully provisioned and can begin carrying data. 
     As described previously, connection IDs that share a resource trail and have protection paths that utilize identical nodes may be grouped together and assigned a group identification (ID). If an error occurs on a working path resource of the shared resource trail, rather than sending a message for each individual connection ID in the group to provision its protection path, a single message may be sent with the group ID indicating that the protection paths for all connection IDs in the group are to be provisioned. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example embodiment of a system for utilizing protection paths. For example,  FIG. 3  may represent a more detailed view of node A shown in  FIG. 2 . While node A may be identified as node  310  in  FIG. 3 , it will be appreciated that this is for convenience in identifying certain features of node A, and it will be understood that any of nodes  102  may have similar features and functionality. Node  310  may represent a head node of a protection path for a connection ID. Head node  310  may include receivers  312  and transmitters  314  on network cards  311  for communicating with different nodes of a network. For example, node  310  may communicate with nodes B and E. Node  310  may also comprise a switch  313 , a controller  318 , a storage medium  316 , and a timer  317 . 
     Node  310  may include switch  313 . Switch  313  may be hardware, software, or some combination thereof configured to block, pass, or redirect optical signals received from receivers  312 . For example, in some embodiments, switch  313  may be a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) that optically switches signals received from any one of receivers  312 . 
     Controller  318  may be any system, device, or apparatus configured to manage and/or control the operation of node  310 . For example, controller  318  may be configured to issue commands and/or other signals to manage and/or control data transmissions to and/or from node  310 . As another example, controller  318  may compare messages received from receivers  312  with stored groups of connection IDs and associated group IDs. Controller  318  may include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), ASIC, field programmable gate array (“FPGA”), EEPROM, or any combination thereof. As shown in  FIG. 3 , controller  318  may be communicatively coupled to switch  313 , storage medium  316 , and/or timer  317 . 
     Storage medium  316  may be implemented as one or more non-transitory, tangible, computer-readable storage medium possessing structures. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage medium  316  may include a semiconductor-based or other integrated circuit (IC) (such as, for example, an FPGA or an application-specific IC (ASIC)), a hard disk, an HDD, a hybrid hard drive (HHD), an optical disc, an optical disc drive (ODD), a magneto-optical disc, a magneto-medium, a solid-state drive (SSD), a RAM-drive, or another suitable computer-readable storage medium or a combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. Storage medium  316  may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, as appropriate. 
     Storage medium  316  may store a group of one or more connection IDs that share a resource trail and have identical protection paths. A plurality of such groups may be stored in storage medium  316 . Each group may be assigned a group identification (ID). The group ID may be unique for the group at the particular node, for a particular region of the network, or for the entire network. Storage medium  316  may include a database  302  storing this information. In some embodiments, storage medium  316  may store a copy of the groups, group IDs. The copy may also include the protection paths for each group, the connection IDs in each group, and the working path of the connection IDs such that the copy may be used to identify a group based on received working path failure messages. 
     By way of example and with reference to  FIG. 2 , a first group identification may identify the group of connection IDs that share the resource trail between nodes A and B and have an identical protection path. This first group may include working paths  205   a ,  205   b , and  205   c  as they all use the resource trail between nodes A and B and all have identical protection paths, namely, path (A-E-F-G-D). A second group identification may identify the group of connection IDs that share the resource trail between nodes A and C and have an identical protection path. This second group may include working paths  205   b  and  205   c . A third group identification may identify the group of connection IDs that share the resource trail between nodes A and D and have identical protection paths. This may include working path  205   c . These groups are merely exemplary, and it will be understood that any number of groups may be identified. In some embodiments, a group may be assigned for each set of paths that share a working path resource and have an identical protection path throughout an entire network. An example of a database holding these stored groups is shown in  FIG. 4 , with examples of the working paths and protection paths shown in  FIG. 5A , and the effect of failures shown in  FIG. 5B . For example, as shown in  FIG. 5B , if the working path resource LHD (i.e. the link between node H and node D) fails, the resource trail LAB-B-LBH-H-LHD will be affected by the failure. Only working path  205   a  may be affected by such a failure. 
     As an example of how the working path failure messages may be used to identify a group, the groups illustrated in  FIG. 4  will be used. For example, with reference to  FIG. 2A , if an error message is received regarding working path  205   b  and  205   c , but not regarding working path  205   a , a failure has occurred relating to the second group. The order of failure message may not matter. For example, the failure messages may come as  205   b  then  205   c , or  205   c  and then  205   b , with both identifying the second group. As an alternative example, if an error message is received regarding all of working paths  205   a,    205   b , and  205   c , a failure has occurred relating to the first group. 
     Node  310  may receive working path failure messages from nodes associated with working paths, for example, nodes B, C, D, H, or I. In some embodiments, node  310  is in direct communication with each of nodes B or H. In other embodiments, node  310  may be in communication indirectly with nodes C, D, and I via nodes B or H. For example, node I may transmit a message to node C, which may transmit the message to node B, which may transmit the message to node  310 . 
     In some embodiments, controller  318  may analyze failure messages received from working path nodes  320  to generate a pattern of received failure messages. Controller  318  may then use that pattern to compare against the stored groups and group IDs or an electronic copy thereof to determine what group may be affected by the pattern of working path failures. For example, controller  318  may determine that working path failure messages were received from working paths  205   b  and  205   c , and will compare that pattern with the stored groups and group IDs or the electronic copy thereof. Recognizing that messages were received from only these two paths, controller  318  may determine that group ID “2” identifies the group affected by the pattern of failure messages. This may be performed by matching the pattern of received working path failure messages to a particular group in the stored groups. 
     Node  310  may additionally include a timer  317 . Timer  317  may be initiated when a first error message is received and prevent controller  318  from determining what group has been affected by a working path failure until expiration of timer  317 . For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , if a message were received regarding a failure of working path  205   a , timer  317  may be initiated. Node  310  may then wait to see if messages were received from other working paths that may have been affected by the working path failure. If messages were not received from any other working paths before expiration of the timer, controller  318  may have the pattern of a single working path failure message, namely, that of working path  205   a . Controller  318  may recognize that group ID “3” is the group affected by this pattern of failure messages by matching the pattern to the copy of stored groups and group IDs, or an electronic copy thereof. By using timer  317 , node  310  may collect the failure messages associated with a single failure affecting multiple working paths and generate a single message or group of messages responsive to that failure, rather than providing individual messages responsive to each individual received failure message. 
     In some embodiments, once controller  318  has determined what group ID may be associated with the group affected by the pattern of working path failure messages, controller  318  may transmit a message to node E. The message may contain the group identification. Node E may contain a storage medium storing a subset of the database stored at node A. For example, node E may only store group IDs and protection paths for groups that includes node E in its protect path. Thus, after receiving the message with the group ID from head node  310  indicating the group associated with the group ID should have their protected paths fully provisioned, node E may transmit the message with the group identification to the next node in the protection path for that group, for example, node F. Node E may also fully provision the sequence of nodes for the protection path resources to be used by the connection IDs associated with the group identification. Node E may provision the resources first and then transmit the message to node F, or node E may transmit the message and then provision the resources, or these tasks may be done simultaneously. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  provide an example illustration of utilizing protection paths in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 6A , an error or problem (failure  610 ) may occur in the connection between nodes B and C. This may disrupt the data flowing along working paths  205   b  and  205   c , while not affecting working path  205   a.  The data flow may then be switched to protection paths  210   b  and  210   c . For example, as shown in  FIG. 6B , the data previously flowing along working paths  205   b  and  205   c  may now follow fully provisioned protection paths  210   b  and  210   c  along the path (A-LAE-E-LEF-F-LFG-G-LGD-D). A more detailed explanation of how this may occur will be provided with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example set of steps which may be taken to utilize protection paths in accordance with the present disclosure. In  FIG. 7 , each encircled numeral may indicate a step. At  705 , an error may occur on a working path resource. For example, one of the transmitters or receivers at nodes B or C may experience a mechanical or electrical failure, disrupting the flow of network traffic between nodes B and C. In response to the disruption of communication between nodes B and C, at  710 , node B may generate a first message regarding working path  205   b , indicating that working path  205   b  has experienced a failure. This message may be passed to node A. Node B may also generate a second message regarding working path  205   c , indicating that working path  205   c  has experienced a failure. These messages may be created concurrently, or at different times. These messages may be created within quick succession, for example, between zero and two-hundred milliseconds apart. Either message may be generated first. 
     At  715 , node A may receive the first message indicating a failure of working path  205   b . In some embodiments, node A may then initiate a timer to wait for additional messages. While the timer is running, node A may receive the second message indicating a failure of working path  205   c . Upon expiration of the timer, a controller of node A may utilize a copy of stored groups and group IDs to determine a group that may require its protected path to be provisioned. For example, the controller may detect that a failure message was received only regarding working paths  205   b  and  205   c  (i.e., one was not received for working path  205   a ). The controller may then match a pattern of received message to a group ID identifying a group, for example, Group  2 . Node A may then look to a database to determine what nodes may carry the protected paths for that group, for example, the database shown in  FIG. 4 . Node A may determine, for example, that the next node in the protected paths originating at head node A may be node E. 
     At  720 , node A may then transmit a single message containing the group identification to node E, indicating that node E is to fully provision the protected paths for all of the connection IDs in the group associated with the group ID. Node E may utilize a stored database (for example, that shown in  FIG. 4 ), or other information format, to determine what connection IDs are associated with the group and are to be fully provisioned. Node E may then fully provision those resources associated with the group&#39;s protected paths in response to the message. The database stored at Node E may also indicate what other nodes are in the identical protected paths of the group. Alternatively, the database at Node E may only indicate a node address of the next node in the protection paths for the group, for example, node F. 
     At  725 , node E may transmit a message containing the group identification to node F. In some embodiments, this may be identical to the message received by node E. Node F may also utilize a stored database to provision the appropriate protected path resources associated with the group, and at  730 , may transmit a message to node G. Node G may handle the message in a similar manner to nodes E and F. At  535 , node G may transmit a similar message to node D. 
     At  740 , node D, the tail node, may receive the message from node G indicating that the protected paths for the group are to be provisioned. Node D may complete provisioning the protected path resources, and may then transmit a message back to node G indicating that the protected paths have been reserved and provisioned, and the protected paths are now prepared to start carrying data. At  745 , node G may relay that message to node F. At  750 , node F may relay that message to node E. At  760 , node E may relay that message to node A. 
     Upon receiving the message that the protected paths have been provisioned and are ready to begin carrying data, node A may switch the data which was to be flowing along failed working paths  205   b  and  205   c  to the protected paths  210   b  and  210   c  that were fully provisioned. 
     While identical protection paths may be articulated for a particular group, it will be appreciated that multiple connection IDs may be carried along that protection sequence of nodes. For example, each connection ID may have a different time slot of multiple time slots for a data flow along identical nodes. Additionally, it will be appreciated that multiple and different physical links between nodes may be used in identical protection paths, so long as the sequence of nodes is identical. In some embodiments, multiple connection IDs may have identical working paths. For example, multiple connection IDs may utilize different time slots for data flowing along identical nodes for their working paths. 
     In accordance with the present disclosure, a single message may be transmitted to provision protected paths for a given group of working paths affected by a single failure event, rather than sending an individual message for each working path that may be affected. While the example provided to facilitate understanding may provide a simple embodiment, it will be appreciated that this may occur on a much larger scale with greatly increased complexity. In such embodiments, generating a single message for each working path may create bottlenecks in transmission of data to provision protected paths, causing delays in utilizing the protected paths. In some embodiments, by utilizing the group identification messages as described herein, delay times in provisioning protected paths may be greatly reduced, for example, by a factor of ten. 
     In some embodiments, a head node may transmit a message to a management device indicating where a working path failure has occurred by reference to the stored groups and/or group IDs. For example, a head node may be able to transmit a message indicating that a working path failure occurred upon a given resource trail based on the group ID. This may facilitate a network administrator or some other individual identifying where a network error may need to be addressed and corrected by providing a narrow window of locations in which the error may have occurred. 
     In some embodiments, the process of initially determining the groups may be automated. For example, an electronic device may transmit a message to traverse the network to determine overlap in resource trails. The electronic device may then compare that to a list of initially provisioned protection paths to determine a plurality of paths that share identical protection paths and share a resource trail. The electronic device may then assign a group identification to that group of paths that share a resource trail and have the same protection path. This information may be stored such that it can be recalled by the electronic device or utilized by other electronic devices. The electronic device may then transmit a copy of the stored group identifications and any other desired information associated therewith to the nodes that form the protection path of the group. In some embodiments, a given node of a protection path may only receive a subset of the entire set of group identifications, as it may only receive groups that utilize that protection path node. In other embodiments, each node in the network may receive a complete copy of each group identification and the group associated therewith. The electronic device may additionally generate a correlation of patterns of working path failures and group identifications. For example, the correlation may indicate that for a given set of failure messages received, a particular group may be affected and may need its protected path fully provisioned. This may be represented in the stored group and/or group IDs. 
     The electronic device to facilitate initially and/or automatically determining the groups and arranging to utilize the protection paths may be a head node of the network. Alternatively, the electronic device may be a management node, management server, or some other administrative device. In such an embodiment, each head node may be transmitted a copy of the protection paths that utilize that node as a head node and groups and/or group IDs associated with the protection paths and connection IDs using those protection paths. 
     Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. 
     Particular embodiments may be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems may execute particular logic or software to perform one or more steps of one or more processes described or illustrated herein. Software implementing particular embodiments may be written in any suitable programming language (which may be procedural or object oriented) or combination of programming languages, where appropriate. In various embodiments, software may be stored in computer-readable storage media. Any suitable type of computer system (such as a single- or multiple-processor computer system) or systems may execute software implementing particular embodiments, where appropriate. A general-purpose computer system may execute software implementing particular embodiments, where appropriate. In certain embodiments, portions of logic may be transmitted and or received by a component during the implementation of one or more functions. For example, a line card of a node may receive a status message and a processor of the node may process and read the message. The processor may then generate and transmit the message via a line card. 
     Herein, reference to a computer-readable storage medium encompasses one or more non-transitory, tangible, computer-readable storage medium possessing structures. As an example and not by way of limitation, a computer-readable storage medium may include a semiconductor-based or other integrated circuit (IC) (such as, for example, an FPGA or an application-specific IC (ASIC)), a hard disk, an HDD, a hybrid hard drive (HHD), an optical disc, an optical disc drive (ODD), a magneto-optical disc, a magneto-medium, a solid-state drive (SSD), a RAM-drive, or another suitable computer-readable storage medium or a combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate. 
     This disclosure contemplates one or more computer-readable storage media implementing any suitable storage. In particular embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium implements one or more portions of a processor, one or more portions of a memory, or a combination of these, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium implements RAM or ROM. In particular embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium implements volatile or persistent memory. 
     This disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Similarly, where appropriate, the appended claims encompass all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Moreover, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative. For example, various embodiments may perform all, some, or none of the steps described above. Various embodiments may also perform the functions described in various orders. 
     Although the present invention has been described above in connection with several embodiments; changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art, and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.