Patent Publication Number: US-7902182-B2

Title: HIV integrase inhibitors

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/737,062 filed Nov. 16, 2005. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been identified as the etiological agent responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a fatal disease characterized by destruction of the immune system and the inability to fight off life threatening opportunistic infections. Recent statistics (UNAIDS: Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, December 1998), indicate that as many as 33 million people worldwide are infected with the virus. In addition to the large number of individuals already infected, the virus continues to spread. Estimates from 1998 point to close to 6 million new infections in that year alone. In the same year there were approximately 2.5 million deaths associated with HIV and AIDS. 
     There are currently a number of antiviral drugs available to combat the infection. These drugs can be divided into three classes based on the viral protein they target and their mode of action. In particular, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir and amprenavir are competitive inhibitors of the aspartyl protease expressed by HIV. Zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, zalcitabine and abacavir are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that behave as substrate mimics to halt viral cDNA synthesis. The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nevaripine, delavirdine and efavirenz inhibit the synthesis of viral cDNA via a non-competitive (or uncompetitive) mechanism. Used alone these drugs are effective in reducing viral replication. The effect is only temporary as the virus readily develops resistance to all known agents. However, combination therapy has proven very effective at both reducing virus and suppressing the emergence of resistance in a number of patients. In the US, where combination therapy is widely available, the number of HIV-related deaths has declined (Palella, F. J.; Delany, K. M.; Moorman, A. C.; Loveless, M. O.; Furher, J.; Satten, G. A.; Aschman, D. J.; Holmberg, S. D.  N. Engl. J. Med.  1998, 338, 853-860). 
     Unfortunately, not all patients are responsive and a large number fail this therapy. In fact, approximately 30-50% of patients ultimately fail combination therapy. Treatment failure in most cases is caused by the emergence of viral resistance. Viral resistance in turn is caused by the rapid turnover of HIV-1 during the course of infection combined with a high viral mutation rate. Under these circumstances incomplete viral suppression caused by insufficient drug potency, poor compliance to the complicated drug regiment as well as intrinsic pharmacological barriers to exposure provides fertile ground for resistance to emerge. More disturbing are recent findings which suggest that low-level replication continues even when viral plasma levels have dropped below detectable levels (&lt;50 copies/ml) (Carpenter, C. C.; Cooper, D. A.; Fischl, M. A.; Gatell, J. M.; Gazzard, B. G.; Hammer, S. M.; Hirsch, M. S.; Jacobsen, D. M.; Katzenstein, D. A.; Montaner, J. S.; Richman, D. D.; Saag, M. S.; Schechter, M.; Schooley, R. T.; Thompson, M. A.; Vella, S.; Yeni, P. G.; Volberding, P. A.  JAMA  2000, 283, 381-390). Clearly there is a need for new antiviral agents, preferably targeting other viral enzymes to reduce the rate of resistance and suppress viral replication even further. 
     HIV expresses three enzymes, reverse transcriptase, an aspartyl protease, and integrase. All three are targets for treating AIDS and HIV infection. HIV integrase catalyzes insertion of the viral cDNA into the host cell genome, which is a critical step in the viral life cycle. HIV integrase inhibitors belonging to a class of diketo acid compounds prevented viral integration and inhibited HIV-1 replication in cells (Hazuda et al.  Science  2000, 287, 646). And recently, HIV integrase inhibitors have been accepted into clinical trials for treating AIDS and HIV infection (Neamati  Expert. Opin. Ther. Patents  2002, 12, 709, Pais and Burke  Drugs Fut.  2002, 27, 1101). 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention encompasses compounds of Formula I, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, their pharmaceutical compositions, and their use in inhibiting HIV integrase and treating those infected with HIV or AIDS. 
     One aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         R 1  is (Ar 1 )alkyl; 
         R 2  is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy; 
         R 3  is SO 2 N(R 6 )(R 7 ); 
         R 4  is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; 
         R 5  is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; 
         R 6  and R 7  taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is azetidinyl, 
         (R 8 )-azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, (R 8 )-pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, (R 8 )-piperidinyl, dialkylpiperidinyl, trialkylpiperidinyl piperazinyl, 4-(R 9 )-piperazinyl, dialkylpiperazinyl, dialkyl-4-(R 9 )-piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         R 8  is hydroxy, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialklyamino, alkylCONH, alkylCON(alkyl), (methylthio)tetrahydrofiranyl, (amino)tetrahydrofiiranyl, (alkylamino)tetrahydrofuranyl, (dialkylamino)tetrahydrofuranyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, (azetidinyl)alkyl, (pyrrolidinyl)alkyl, 
         (piperidinyl)alkyl, (piperazinyl)alkyl, (homopiperidinyl)alkyl, or (morpholinyl)alkyl; 
         R 9  is alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, SO 2 R 10 , or COR 11 ; 
         R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydroxypiperidinyl, piperizinyl, 4-(alkyl)piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl; 
         R 11  hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydroxypiperidinyl, piperizinyl, 4-(alkyl)piperizinyl, 
         morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl; 
         R 12  is hydrogen or alkyl;
 
or two R 12 &#39;s taken together are CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , or CH 2 CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , provided that the two R 12 &#39;s are attached to a common carbon atom;
 
         R 13  is hydrogen or alkyl; 
         R 14  and R 15  taken together are C 3-5 alkylene; 
         Ar 1  is 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         Ar 2  is phenyl or pyridinyl substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from halo, alkyl, and alkoxy; and 
         X-Y-Z is C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 CH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , (R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 14 )N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 14 )N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )CO, C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )CO, C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , or SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 ;
 
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 
       
    
     Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         R 1  is (Ar 1 )alkyl; 
         R 2  is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy; 
         R 3  is SO 2 N(R 6 )(R 7 ); 
         R 4  is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; 
         R 5  is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; 
         R 6  and R 7  taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, (R 8 )-piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-(R 9 )-piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl; 
         R 8  is hydroxy or alkyl; 
         R 9  is alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, SO 2 R 10 , or COR 11 ; 
         R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydroxypiperidinyl, piperizinyl, 4-(alkyl)piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl; 
         R 11  hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydroxypiperidinyl, piperizinyl, 4-(alkyl)piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl; 
         R 12  is hydrogen or alkyl; 
         or two R 12 &#39;s taken together are CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , or CH 2 CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , provided that the two R 12 &#39;s are attached to a common carbon atom; 
         R 13  is hydrogen or alkyl; 
         R 14  and R 15  taken together are C 3-5 alkylene; 
         Ar 1  is 
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         Ar 2  is phenyl or pyridinyl substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from halo, alkyl, and alkoxy; and 
         X—Y—Z is C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 CH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , (R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 14 )N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 14 )N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )CO, C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )CO, C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , or SC(R 2 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 ;
 
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 
       
    
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where R 1  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where R 4  is hydrogen or halo. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where R 2  is hydrogen. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where X—Y—Z is C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , or C(R 12 ) 2 OC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 . 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where X—Y—Z is C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , or C(R 12 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 . 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where X—Y—Z is C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 , C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 CH 2 , or C(Ar 2 )═CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 . 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where X—Y—Z is (R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , or C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 13 )C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 . 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where X—Y—Z is N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )SO 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 12 )N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 14 )N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , N(R 14 )N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )CO, C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 12 ) 2 N(R 12 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )CO, C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 , or C(R 14 ) 2 N(R 15 )COC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 . 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula I where X—Y—Z is SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 , or SC(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 C(R 12 ) 2 . 
     Another aspect of the invention is a compound of selected from the group consisting of 
                         
and where
     R 1  is (Ar 1 )alkyl;   R 2  is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy;   R 3  is SO 2 N(R 6 )(R 7 );   R 4  is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy;   R 5  is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy;   R 6  and R 7  taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, (R 8 )-piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-(R 9 )-piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl;   R 8  is hydroxy or alkyl;   R 9  is alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, SO 2 R 10 , or COR 11 ;   R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydroxypiperidinyl, piperizinyl, 4-(alkyl)piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl;   R 11  hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydroxypiperidinyl, piperizinyl, 4-(alkyl)piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or thiomorpholinyl;   R 12  is hydrogen or alkyl;   or two R 12 &#39;s taken together are CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 , N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , or CH 2 CH 2 N(R 13 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , provided that the two R 12 &#39;s are attached to a common carbon atom;   R 13  is hydrogen or alkyl;   R 14  and R 15  taken together are C 3-5 alkylene; and   Ar 1  is   

                         
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 
     For a compound of Formula I, any scope of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Ar 3 , and X-Y-Z can be used independently with any scope of any other substituent. Each instance of a variable is independent of another instance. 
     Unless specified otherwise, these terms have the following meanings. “Alkyl” means a straight or branched alkyl group composed of 1 to 6 carbons. “Alkenyl” means a straight or branched alkenyl group composed of 2 to 6 carbons with at least one double bond. “Cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic ring system composed of 3 to 7 carbons. “Hydroxyalkyl,” “alkoxy” and other terms with a substituted alkyl moiety include straight and branched isomers composed of 1 to 6 carbon atoms for the alkyl moiety. “Haloalkyl” and “haloalkoxy” include all halogenated isomers from monohalo substituted alkyl to perhalo substituted alkyl. “Aryl” includes carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic substituents. Parenthetic and multiparenthetic terms are intended to clarify bonding relationships to those skilled in the art. For example, a term such as ((R)alkyl) means an alkyl substituent further substituted with the substituent R. 
     The invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of the compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those in which the counter ions do not contribute significantly to the physiological activity or toxicity of the compounds and as such function as pharmacological equivalents. These salts can be made according to common organic techniques employing commercially available reagents. Some anionic salt forms include acetate, acistrate, besylate, bromide, chloride, citrate, fumarate, glucouronate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, iodide, lactate, maleate, mesylate, nitrate, pamoate, phosphate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate, and xinofoate. Some cationic salt forms include ammonium, aluminum, benzathine, bismuth, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diethanolamine, lithium, magnesium, meglumine, 4-phenylcyclohexylamine, piperazine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine, and zinc. 
     Some of the compounds of the invention exist in stereoisomeric forms. The invention includes all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds including enantiomers and diastereromers. An example of enantiomers is shown below. Methods of making and separating stereoisomers are known in the art. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The invention includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds. An example of a tautomeric pair is shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthetic Methods 
     The compounds of this invention can be made by various methods known in the art including those of the following schemes and in the specific embodiments section. The variables shown in the synthetic schemes are distinct from and should not be confused with the variables in the claims or the rest of the specification. The variables in the schemes are meant only to illustrate how to make some of the compounds of this invention. 
     Some compounds can be synthesized from an appropriately substituted heterocycle I-1 according to Scheme I, where R a  and P can serve as protecting groups (see Greene, T. W. and Wutz, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, 1991, John Wiley and Sons, New York). When P is benzyl or substituted benzyl it can be removed by hydrogenolysis (H 2 —Pd/C) or acid hydrolysis (trifluoroacetic acid) to yield intermediate I-2. I-2 can be transaminated to I-4 by reaction with amine I-3. In a number of cases this reaction can be carried out by heating I-3 and I-2 together in the presence of base. Alternatively, standard amide coupling reagents can be used to effect the formation of the amide bond. When R a  is a lower alkyl group, R a  can be removed under ester hydrolysis conditions, such as treatment with NaOH, LiOH, or KOH to deliver the corresponding carboxylic acid I-5. Alternatively, R a  can be removed by nucleophilic displacement using NaI. When R a  is benzyl and substituted benzyl, R a  can be removed by hydrogenolysis. Intermediate I-5 can be coupled using amide bond forming reagents such as BOP, DCC, EDCI, PyBrop, PyBop or other reagents (see March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition 1992 John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York). The resulting intermediate I-6 can be deprotected as described for intermediate I-1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Scheme II, intermediate II-3 can be prepared using methods similar to those described in Sunderland, J. S.; Botta, M.; Aime, S.; Raymond, K. N. Inorg. Chem. (2001), 40, 6756-6756, where II-1 and II-2 are condensed, to provide intermediate II-3. This reaction is usually conducted in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride (NaH), sodium ethoxide (EtONa) or lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS). Using the methods described in the reference, II-3 can be condensed with an appropriately substituted amidine II-4 to form II-5. Substituent B can be a leaving group, such as -halo (Cl, Br or I) or can be converted to a leaving group under appropriate conditions such as by forming the corresponding methylsulfonate ester. When substituent B is a methyl sulphide group it can be treated with iodomethane to form a dimethylsulfonium intermediate which is activated towards nucleophilic attack to effect ring closure. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Scheme III, intermediate II-3 can be condensed with a cyclic-amidine to yield intermediate I-1. Intermediate III-1 can be prepared using known methods (see Patai, S. and Rappoport, Z. The Chemistry of Amidines and Imidates, Volume 2, 1991, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Scheme IV, nitrile IV-1, possessing a potential leaving group B, can be reacted with hydroxylamine to form intermediate IV-2. This intermediate can be reacted with a suitably protected alkyne to form IV-3 which can rearrange to from intermediate IV-4 according to literature methods (Culbertson, T. P.  Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry,  1979, 16, 1423-1424). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     As shown in Scheme V, 2-(methylthio)ethanol can be alkylated with an appropriate α-haloacetic acid (V-1) wherein X is a leaving group such as Cl, Br, OTs, OMs or OTf, to deliver intermediate V-2. Following this, the carboxylic acid can be transformed to the corresponding amidine derivative using known synthetic methods (Geilen et al.  Tetrahedron Letters  2002, 43, 419-421). As described in the above, the amidine can further be reacted with intermediate V-5, in the presence of a base (for example, sodium ethoxide) affording intermediate V-6. Methylation of the sulphide ether can be accomplished by treating V-6 with iodomethane and the resulting sulfonium derivative (V-7) treated with base to form the bicyclic template V-8. This intermediate can be used in the synthesis of final compounds using methods described in Scheme I. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Scheme VI, 3-methylthiopropanal is converted to dioxolane VI-1 using well known chemistry. Treatment with trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN), in the presence of zinc iodide (ZnI 2 ) produces intermediate VI-2. Reaction with ammonia provides amidine VI-3 which is used in the synthesis of pyrimidinone VI-4 according to the methods described in the previous schemes. Subsequent treatment with CH 3 SO 2 Cl and triethylamine (Et 3 N) results in the corresponding bicyclic intermediate VI-5. Completion of the synthesis can be carried out as illustrated in Scheme I. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Another method is illustrated in Scheme VII. This synthetic path begins with an appropriately substituted ketone which can be transformed to the corresponding nitrile intermediate VII-1. This in turn can be reacted with 2-chloroethanol to produce compound VII-2, which can be reacted with hydroxylamine and an acetylene dicarboxylate ester to yield intermediate VII-4. Heating of the intermediate can yield intermediate VII-5. Synthesis of the corresponding amide derivatives can be accomplished according to Scheme I. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Scheme VIII, benzylation of the hydroxyl group of VII-5, as a means of functional group protection, can be achieved using benzyl bromide under basic conditions (for example, K 2 CO 3  or NaH). Saponification of the ester group of VIII-1 can provide VIII-2 which can be coupled with appropriately substituted amines (R 1 R 2 NH) using well known amide bond forming reagents, such as benzotriazole-1-yloxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) or O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU). Alternatively, the corresponding acid chloride can be formed, by treatment with oxalyl chloride, and reacted with an appropriate amine to form the amide bond. Removal of the benzyl group can be accomplished under a variety of conditions including treatment with CF 3 CO 2 H or H 2  (Pd—C). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet another method, some compounds of this invention can be synthesized according to Scheme IX. In Scheme IX, pyrimidinone IX-3, can be produced using methods similar to those described in the previous schemes. This intermediate can be carried on to the final product according to a variety of paths. In one, the hydroxyl group can be benzoylated to provide intermediate IX-4 which can be further treated with K 2 CO 3  to effect ring closure to form the bicyclic template IX-5. Alternatively, direct treatment of IX-3 with K 2 CO 3  can provide intermediate IX-6. Intermediates IX-5, an IX-6 can be used in the synthesis the final products using the methods described in Scheme I. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Scheme X, IX-3 can be used to synthesize the benzylated intermediate X-1. This intermediate can be carried on to final product using methods analogous to those described in Scheme VIII. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet another method, Scheme XI illustrates the synthesis of sulfonamide containing examples, starting from 5-fluoro-2-methylbenzen-1-sulfonlyl chloride. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet another method, Scheme XII illustrates an alternate route to the synthesis of sulfonamide containing benzylamines starting from 2,4-difluorobenzonitrile. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Some examples of the invention can be synthesized according to the methods illustrated in Schemes XIII-XXIX. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Biological Methods 
     HIV-Integrase InhibitionActivity. To evaluate in-vitro activity against HIV-integrase, 5 pmole of biotin labeled substrate DNA was bound to 100 μg of Streptavidin coated PVT SPA beads (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Recombinant integrase (0.26 ng) was incubated with the beads for 90 min at 37° C. Unbound enzyme was removed by washing the complex followed by addition of inhibitors and 0.1 fmol of P33 labeled target DNA. The reaction was stopped by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 10 mM. Samples were counted in TopCountNXT (Packard) and the CPM was used as a measure of integration. The reaction condition was as described in A. Engelman and R. Craigie,  J. Virol.  69, 5908-5911 (1995). The sequences of substrate and target DNA were described in  Nucleic Acid Research  22, 1121-1122 (1994). 
     Results are shown in the table 1. Activity equal to A refers to a compound having IC 50 =0.002 to 0.10 μM while B and C denote compounds having IC 50 =0.1 to 1.0 μM and IC 50 ≧1.0 μM respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Activity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 41 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Inhibition of HIV replication. A recombinant NL-Rluc virus was constructed in which a section of the nef gene from NL4-3 was replaced with the  Renilla  Luciferase gene. The NL-RLuc virus was prepared by co-transfection of two plasmids, pNLRLuc and pVSVenv. The pNLRLuc contains the NL-Rluc DNA cloned into pUC18 at the pvuII site, while the pVSVenv contains the gene for VSV G protein linked to an LTR promoter. Transfections were performed at a 1:3 ratio of pNLRLuc to pVSVenv on 293T cells using the LipofectAMINE PLUS kit from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufactures instruction, and the pseudotype virus generated was titered in MT-2 cells. 
     Susceptibility of viruses to compounds was determined by incubation in the presence of serial dilutions of the compound. The 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) was calculated by using the exponential form of the median effect equation where (Fa)=1/[1+(ED 50 /drug conc.) m ] (Johnson V A, Byington R T. Infectivity Assy. In  Techniques in HIV Research . ed. Aldovini A, Walker B D. 71-76. New York: Stockton Press. 1990). The anti-viral activity of compounds was evaluated under three serum conditions, 10% FBS, 15 mg/ml human serum albumin/10% FBS or 40% human serum/5% FBS, and the results from at least 2 experiments were used to calculate the EC 50  values. Results are shown in the Table 2. Activity equal to A refers to a compound having EC 50 =0.003 to 0.10 μM while B and C denote compound with EC 50 =0.1 to 1.0 μM and EC 50 ≧1.0 μM respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Activity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 41 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Pharmaceutical Composition and Methods of Use 
     The compound of this invention inhibit HIV integrase. HIV integrase inhibitors belonging to a class of diketo acid compounds prevented viral integration and inhibited HIV-1 replication in cells (Hazuda et al.  Science  2000, 287, 646). Recently, HIV integrase inhibitors have been accepted into clinical trials for treating AIDS and HIV infection (Neamati  Expert. Opin. Ther. Patents  2002, 12, 709, Pais and Burke  Drugs Fut.  2002, 27, 1101). 
     Accordingly, another aspect of the invention is a method for treating HIV infection in a human patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method for treating HIV infection in a human patient comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other agent used for treatment of AIDS or HIV infection selected from the group consisting of nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV fusion inhibitors, HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV budding or maturation inhibitors, and HIV integrase inhibitors. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is a nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir, zalcitabine, and zidovudine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is a non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of delavirdinc, efavirenz, and nevirapine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is an HIV protease inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the HIV protease inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and fosamprenavir, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is an HIV fusion inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the HIV fusion inhibitor is enfuvirtide or T-1249, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is an HIV attachment inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is a CCR5 inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the CCR5 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Sch-C, Sch-D, TAK-220, PRO-140, and UK-427,857, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is a CXCR4 inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the CXCR4 inhibitor is AMD-3100, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is an HIV budding or maturation inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the budding or maturation inhibitor is PA-457, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is an HIV integrase inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with at least one other agent used for treatment of AIDS or HIV infection selected from the group consisting of nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV fusion inhibitors, HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV budding or maturation inhibitors, and HIV integrase inhibitors, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is a nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the nucleoside HIV transcriptase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir, zalcitabine, and zidovudine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is a non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of delavirdine, efavirenz, and nevirapine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is an HIV protease inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the HIV protease inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and fosamprenavir, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is an HIV fusion inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition method wherein the HIV fusion inhibitor is enfuvirtide or T-1249, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is an HIV attachment inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is a CCR5 inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the CCR5 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Sch-C, Sch-D, TAK-220, PRO-140, and UK-427,857, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the agent is a CXCR4 inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the CXCR4 inhibitor is AMD-3100 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is an HIV budding or maturation inhibitor. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the budding or maturation inhibitor is PA-457, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the composition wherein the agent is an HIV integrase inhibitor. 
     “Combination,” “coadministration,” “concurrent,” and similar terms referring to the administration of a compound of Formula I with at least one anti-HIV agent mean that the components are part of a combination antiretroviral therapy or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection. 
     “Therapeutically effective” means the amount of agent required to provide a meaningful patient benefit as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection. In general, the goals of treatment are suppression of viral load, restoration and preservation of immunologic function, improved quality of life, and reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. 
     “Patient” means a person infected with the HIV virus and suitable for therapy as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection. 
     “Treatment,” “therapy,” “regimen,” “HIV infection,” “ARC,” “AIDS” and related terms are used as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection. 
     The compounds of this invention are generally given as pharmaceutical compositions comprised of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and may contain conventional excipients. A therapeutically effective amount is that which is needed to provide a meaningful patient benefit. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those conventionally known carriers having acceptable safety profiles. Compositions encompass all common solid and liquid forms including capsules, tablets, losenges, and powders as well as liquid suspensions, syrups, elixers, and solutions. Compositions are made using common formulation techniques, and conventional excipients (such as binding and wetting agents) and vehicles (such as water and alcohols) are generally used for compositions. 
     Solid compositions are normally formulated in dosage units and compositions providing from about 1 to 1000 mg of the active ingredient per dose are preferred. Some examples of dosages are 1 mg, 10 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, and 1000 mg. Generally, other antiretroviral agents will be present in a unit range similar to agents of that class used clinically. Typically, this is 0.25-1000 mg/unit. 
     Liquid compositions are usually in dosage unit ranges. Generally, the liquid composition will be in a unit dosage range of 1-100 mg/mL. Some examples of dosages are 1 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL. Generally, other antiretroviral agents will be present in a unit range similar to agents of that class used clinically. Typically, this is 1-100 mg/mL. 
     The invention encompasses all conventional modes of administration; oral and parenteral methods are preferred. Generally, the dosing regimen will be similar to other antiretroviral agents used clinically. Typically, the daily dose will be 1-100 mg/kg body weight daily. Generally, more compound is required orally and less parenterally. The specific dosing regime, however, will be determined by a physician using sound medical judgement. 
     The invention also encompasses methods where the compound is given in combination therapy. That is, the compound can be used in conjunction with, but separately from, other agents useful in treating AIDS and HIV infection. Some of these agents include HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV cell fusion inhibitors, HIV integrase inhibitors, HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, budding and maturation inhibitors, immunomodulators, and anti-infectives. In these combination methods, the compound of Formula I will generally be given in a daily dose of 1-100 mg/kg body weight daily in conjunction with other agents. The other agents generally will be given in the amounts used therapeutically. The specific dosing regime, however, will be determined by a physician using sound medical judgement. 
     Table 3 lists some agents useful in treating AIDS and HIV infection which are suitable for this invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DRUG NAME 
                 MANUFACTURER 
                 INDICATION 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 ANTIVIRALS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 097 
                 Hoechst/Bayer 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (non-nucleoside reverse 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 transcriptase inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Amprenavir 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 141 W94 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 GW 141 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Abacavir (1592U89) 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 GW 1592 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 (RT inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Acemannan 
                 Carrington Labs 
                 ARC 
               
               
                   
                 (Irving, TX) 
               
               
                 Acyclovir 
                 Burroughs Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, in combination 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with AZT 
               
               
                 AD-439 
                 Tanox Biosystems 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 AD-519 
                 Tanox Biosystems 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Adefovir dipivoxil 
                 Gilead Sciences 
                 HIV infection, ARC, 
               
               
                 AL-721 
                 Ethigen 
                 PGL HIV positive, 
               
               
                   
                 (Los Angeles, CA) 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Alpha Interferon 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 HIV in combination 
               
               
                 w/Retrovir 
               
               
                 Ansamycin 
                 Adria Laboratories 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 LM 427 
                 (Dublin, OH) 
               
               
                   
                 Erbamont 
               
               
                   
                 (Stamford, CT) 
               
               
                 Antibody which 
                 Advanced Biotherapy 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Neutralizes pH 
                 Concepts 
               
               
                 Labile alpha aberrant 
                 (Rockville, MD) 
               
               
                 Interferon 
               
               
                 AR177 
                 Aronex Pharm 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Beta-fluoro-ddA 
                 Nat&#39;l Cancer Institute 
                 AIDS-associated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diseases 
               
               
                 BMS-232623 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (CGP-73547) 
                 Novartis 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 BMS-234475 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (CGP-61755) 
                 Novartis 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 CI-1012 
                 Warner-Lambert 
                 HIV-1 infection 
               
               
                 Cidofovir 
                 Gilead Science 
                 CMV retinitis, herpes, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 papillomavirus 
               
               
                 Curdlan sulfate 
                 AJI Pharma USA 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Cytomegalovirus 
                 MedImmune 
                 CMV retinitis 
               
               
                 Immune globin 
               
               
                 Cytovene 
                 Syntex 
                 Sight threatening 
               
               
                 Ganciclovir 
                   
                 CMV peripheral, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CMV retinitis 
               
               
                 Delaviridine 
                 Pharmacia-Upjohn 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (RT inhibitor) 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Dextran Sulfate 
                 Ueno Fine Chem. 
                 AIDS, ARC, HIV 
               
               
                   
                 Ind. Ltd. (Osaka, 
                 positive asymptomatic 
               
               
                   
                 Japan) 
               
               
                 ddC 
                 Hoffman-La Roche 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 Dideoxycytidine 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 ddI 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 Dideoxyinosine 
                   
                 ARC; combinationwith 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AZT/d4T 
               
               
                 DMP-450 
                 AVID 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
                 (Camden, NJ) 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Efavirenz 
                 DuPont Merck 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (DMP 266) 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 (−)6-Chloro-4-(S)- 
               
               
                 cyclopropylethynyl- 
               
               
                 4(S)-trifluoro- 
               
               
                 methyl-1,4-dihydro- 
               
               
                 2H-3,1-benzoxazin- 
               
               
                 2-one, STOCRINE 
               
               
                 (non-nucleoside RT 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 EL10 
                 Elan Corp, PLC 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                 (Gainesville, GA) 
               
               
                 Famciclovir 
                 Smith Kline 
                 herpes zoster, herpes 
               
               
                   
                   
                 simplex 
               
               
                 FTC 
                 Emory University 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (reverse transcriptase 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 GS 840 
                 Gilead 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (reverse transcriptase 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 HBY097 
                 Hoechst Marion 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (non-nucleoside reverse 
                 Roussel 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 transcriptaseinhibitor) 
               
               
                 Hypericin 
                 VIMRx Pharm. 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Recombinant Human 
                 Triton Biosciences 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                 Interferon Beta 
                 (Almeda, CA) 
                 sarcoma, ARC 
               
               
                 Interferon alfa-n3 
                 Interferon Sciences 
                 ARC, AIDS 
               
               
                 Indinavir 
                 Merck 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 asymptomatic HIV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 positive, also in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 combination with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AZT/ddI/ddC 
               
               
                 ISIS 2922 
                 ISIS Pharmaceuticals 
                 CMV retinitis 
               
               
                 KNI-272 
                 Nat&#39;l Cancer Institute 
                 HIV-associated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diseases 
               
               
                 Lamivudine, 3TC 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (reverse transcriptase 
                   
                 ARC, also with AZT 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Lobucavir 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 CMV infection 
               
               
                 Nelfinavir 
                 Agouron 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Nevirapine 
                 Boeheringer 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (RT inhibitor) 
                 Ingleheim 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Novapren 
                 Novaferon Labs, Inc. 
                 HIV inhibitor 
               
               
                   
                 (Akron, OH) 
               
               
                 Peptide T 
                 Peninsula Labs 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Octapeptide 
                 (Belmont, CA) 
               
               
                 Sequence 
               
               
                 Trisodium 
                 Astra Pharm. 
                 CMV retinitis, HIV 
               
               
                 Phosphonoformate 
                 Products, Inc. 
                 infection, other CMV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 infections 
               
               
                 PNU-140690 
                 Pharmacia Upjohn 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Probucol 
                 Vyrex 
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 RBC-CD4 
                 Sheffield Med. 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                 Tech (Houston, TX) 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Ritonavir 
                 Abbott 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Saquinavir 
                 Hoffmann- 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (protease inhibitor) 
                 LaRoche 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Stavudine; d4T 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 Didehydrodeoxy- 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 thymidine 
               
               
                 Valaciclovir 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 Genital HSV &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CMVinfections 
               
               
                 Virazole 
                 Viratek/ICN 
                 asymptomatic HIV- 
               
               
                 Ribavirin 
                 (Costa Mesa, CA) 
                 positive, LAS, ARC 
               
               
                 VX-478 
                 Vertex 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Zalcitabine 
                 Hoffmann-LaRoche 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, with AZT 
               
               
                 Zidovudine; AZT 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sarcoma, in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 combination with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 other therapies 
               
               
                 Tenofovir disoproxil, 
                 Gilead 
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 fumarate salt (Viread ®) 
               
               
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Combivir ® 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 abacavir succinate 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 (or Ziagen ®) 
               
               
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Reyataz ® 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 (atazanavir) 
               
               
                 Fuzeon 
                 Roche-/Trimeris 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 (Enfuvirtide, T-20) 
                   
                 viral fusion inhibitor 
               
               
                 Trizivir ® 
                   
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 Kaletra ® 
                 Abbott 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 IMMUNOMODULATORS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 AS-101 
                 Wyeth-Ayerst 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Bropirimine 
                 Pharmacia Upjohn 
                 Advanced AIDS 
               
               
                 Acemannan 
                 Carrington Labs, Inc. 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                 (Irving, TX) 
               
               
                 CL246,738 
                 American Cyanamid 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 Lederle Labs 
                 sarcoma 
               
               
                 EL10 
                 Elan Corp, PLC 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                 (Gainesville, GA) 
               
               
                 FP-21399 
                 Fuki ImmunoPharm 
                 Blocks HIV fusion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with CD4+ cells 
               
               
                 Gamma Interferon 
                 Genentech 
                 ARC, in combination 
               
               
                   
                   
                 w/TNF (tumor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 necrosis 
               
               
                   
                   
                 factor) 
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Genetics Institute 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Macrophage Colony 
                 Sandoz 
               
               
                 Stimulating Factor 
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Hoechst-Roussel 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Macrophage Colony 
                 Immunex 
               
               
                 Stimulating Factor 
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Schering-Plough 
                 AIDS, combination 
               
               
                 Macrophage Colony 
                   
                 w/AZT 
               
               
                 Stimulating Factor 
               
               
                 HIV Core Particle 
                 Rorer 
                 Seropositive HIV 
               
               
                 Immunostimulant 
               
               
                 IL-2 
                 Cetus 
                 AIDS, in combination 
               
               
                 Interleukin-2 
                   
                 w/AZT 
               
               
                 IL-2 
                 Hoffman-LaRoche 
                 AIDS, ARC, HIV, in 
               
               
                 Interleukin-2 
                 Immunex 
                 combination w/AZT 
               
               
                 IL-2 
                 Chiron 
                 AIDS increase in CD4 
               
               
                 Interleukin-2 
                   
                 cell counts 
               
               
                 (aldeslukin) 
               
               
                 Immune Globulin 
                 Cutter Biological 
                 Pediatric AIDS, in 
               
               
                 Intravenous 
                 (Berkeley, CA) 
                 combination w/AZT 
               
               
                 (human) 
               
               
                 IMREG-1 
                 Imreg 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 (New Orleans, LA) 
                 sarcoma, ARC, PGL 
               
               
                 IMREG-2 
                 Imreg 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 (New Orleans, LA) 
                 sarcoma, ARC, PGL 
               
               
                 Imuthiol Diethyl 
                 Merieux Institute 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Dithio Carbamate 
               
               
                 Alpha-2 
                 Schering Plough 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Interferon 
                   
                 w/AZT, AIDS 
               
               
                 Methionine- 
                 TNI Pharmaceutical 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Enkephalin 
                 (Chicago, IL) 
               
               
                 MTP-PE 
                 Ciba-Geigy Corp. 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Muramyl-Tripeptide 
                 Amgen 
                 AIDS, in 
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                   
                 combination w/AZT 
               
               
                 Colony Stimulating 
               
               
                 Factor 
               
               
                 Remune 
                 Immune Response 
                 Immunotherapeutic 
               
               
                   
                 Corp. 
               
               
                 rCD4 
                 Genentech 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Recombinant 
               
               
                 Soluble Human CD4 
               
               
                 rCD4-IgG 
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 hybrids 
               
               
                 Recombinant 
                 Biogen 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Soluble Human CD4 
               
               
                 Interferon 
                 Hoffman-La Roche 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, 
               
               
                 Alfa 2a 
                 in combination w/AZT 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 SK&amp;F106528 
                 Smith Kline 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Soluble T4 
               
               
                 Thymopentin 
                 Immunobiology 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                 Research Institute 
               
               
                   
                 (Annandale, NJ) 
               
               
                 Tumor Necrosis 
                 Genentech 
                 ARC, in combination 
               
               
                 Factor; TNF 
                   
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                 Clindamycin with 
                 Pharmacia Upjohn 
                 PCP 
               
               
                 Primaquine 
               
               
                 Fluconazole 
                 Pfizer 
                 Cryptococcal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 meningitis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 candidiasis 
               
               
                 Pastille 
                 Squibb Corp. 
                 Prevention of oral 
               
               
                 Nystatin Pastille 
                   
                 candidiasis 
               
               
                 Ornidyl 
                 Merrell Dow 
                 PCP 
               
               
                 Eflornithine 
               
               
                 Pentamidine 
                 LyphoMed 
                 PCP treatment 
               
               
                 Isethionate (IM &amp; IV) 
                 (Rosemont, IL) 
               
               
                 Trimethoprim 
                   
                 Antibacterial 
               
               
                 Trimethoprim/sulfa 
                   
                 Antibacterial 
               
               
                 Piritrexim 
                 Burroughs Wellcome 
                 PCP treatment 
               
               
                 Pentamidine 
                 Fisons Corporation 
                 PCP prophylaxis 
               
               
                 Isethionate for 
               
               
                 Inhalation 
               
               
                 Spiramycin 
                 Rhone-Poulenc 
                 Cryptosporidial 
               
               
                   
                 diarrhea 
               
               
                 Intraconazole- 
                 Janssen-Pharm. 
                 Histoplasmosis; 
               
               
                 R51211 
                   
                 cryptococcal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 meningitis 
               
               
                 Trimetrexate 
                 Warner-Lambert 
                 PCP 
               
               
                 Daunorubicin 
                 NeXstar, Sequus 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Recombinant Human 
                 Ortho Pharm. Corp. 
                 Severe anemia assoc. 
               
               
                 Erythropoietin 
                   
                 with AZT therapy 
               
               
                 Recombinant Human 
                 Serono 
                 AIDS-related wasting, 
               
               
                 Growth Hormone 
                   
                 cachexia 
               
               
                 Megestrol Acetate 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 Treatment of anorexia 
               
               
                   
                   
                 assoc. W/AIDS 
               
               
                 Testosterone 
                 Alza, Smith Kline 
                 AIDS-related wasting 
               
               
                 Total Enteral 
                 Norwich Eaton 
                 Diarrhea and 
               
               
                 Nutrition 
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 malabsorption 
               
               
                   
                   
                 related to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(5-Fluoro-2-methylphenylsulfonyl) piperazine: 5-Fluoro-2-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (35.1 g, 168.5 mmol) in diethyl ether (50 mL) was added drop-wise to a suspension of piperazine (28.8 g, 337.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (500 mL) and triethylamine (47 mL, 337.0 mmol). The white suspension was stirred at room temp for 1.5 h. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate. The organic phase was washed with water and brine and dried (Na 2 SO 4 ). Concentration gave a white solid that was triturated with diethyl ether to give the title compound as a white solid (30.95 g, 36% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.57 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 2.7 Hz), 7.25 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.12 (1H, td, J=8.1, 2.8 Hz), 3.13-3.10 (4H, m), 2.98-2.85 (4H, m), 2.55 (3H, s), 1.69 (1H, bs). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 11 H 16 FN 2 O 2 S: 259.09; found: 259.18. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4-(5-fluoro-2-methylphenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone: A mixture of Intermediate 1 (30.9 g, 120 mmol), triethylamine (16.8 mL, 120 mmol) and trifluoroethyl acetate (18 mL, 150 mmol) in methanol (60 mL) was stirred at room temp for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water filtering off the insoluble solids. The organic phase was washed with 1N aqueous HCl, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. After drying (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrating, the title compound was obtained as colorless oil that solidified to a white solid upon standing (37.5 g, 88% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.58 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 7.29 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.18 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.8 Hz), 3.76-3.73 (2H, m), 3.68-3.65 (2H, m), 3.28-3.23 (4H, m), 2.55 (3H, s). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 13 H 15 F 4 N 2 O 3 S: 355.07; found: 355.14. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-(2-(Bromomethyl)-5-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone: A mixture of Intermediate 2 (37.5 g, 105.9 mmol), NBS (19.4 g, 105.9 mmol) and AIBN (0.45 g, 2.8 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (500 mL) was refluxed for 4 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated and purified over silica gel eluting with EtOAc to give the title compound contaminated with starting material and dibrominated side-product as amber oil (41.0 g). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 13 H 14 F 4 N 2 O 3 SBr: 433.97; found: 433.01. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-(2-(Azidomethyl)-5-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone: Intermediate 3 (41.0 g, not pure) was dissolved in DMF (100 mL). Sodium azide (6.2 g, 94 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 4 h. The mixture was cooled and concentrated to near dryness. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was washed with water, brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane gave the title compound as colorless oil (23.8 g, 57% yield over two steps).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.64-7.56 (2H, m), 7.36-7.27 (1H, m), 4.72 (2H, s), 3.78-3.64 (4H, m), 3.28-3.23 (4H, m). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(4-(2-(Aminomethyl)-5-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone: A solution of Intermediate 4 (23.8 g, 60.2 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (100 mL), EtOAc (30 mL) and 1N aqueous HCl (60 mL, 60 mmol) was degassed by bubbling N2 through it. Then 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) was added and the mixture was shaken under H 2  at 50 psi for 18 h. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite and the solution was concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The aqueous phase was freeze dried to give the title compound as a white solid HCl salt (7.91 g, 32% yield). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 13 H 16 F 4 N 3 O 3 S: 370.08; found: 370.17. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (4-Fluoro-2-(piperazin-1-ylsulfonyl)phenyl)methanamine: A solution of Intermediate 5 (7.9 g, 19.5 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (5.6 g, 98 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was stirred at room temp for 30 min. Solids formed during the reaction were removed by filtration and the solution was concentrated. The resulting oil was dissolved in water and made acidic with 1N aqueous HCl. The aqueous solution was washed with EtOAc and freeze dried to give the title compound as a white solid HCl salt (6.7 g, 100% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ: 9.47 (1H, bs), 8.66 (2H, bs), 7.92 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.80-7.73 (2H, m), 4.32 (2H s), 3.38-3.32 (4H, m), 3.20-3.17 (4H, m). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 11 H 17 FN 3 O 2 S: 274.10; found: 274.20. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     4-(5-Fluoro-2-methylphenylsulfonyl)mortholine: Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using 5-fluoro-2-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (10.0 g, 48 mmol), triethylamine (13.9 mL, 100 mmol) and morpholine (8.37 g, 96 mmol) gave the title compound as a white solid (10.07 g, 81% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.58 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 2.7 Hz), 7.27 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.15 (1H, td, J=8.1, 2.8 Hz), 3.72-3.68 (4H, m), 3.16-3.13 (4H, m), 2.57 (3H, s). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 11 H 15 FNO 3 S: 260.07; found: 260.15. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     4-(2-(Bromomethyl)-5-fluorophenylsulfonyl)morpholine: Following the procedure for Intermediate 3 using Intermediate 7 (10.0 g, 38.6 mmol) gave the title compound as yellow oil that was carried on without purification. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     4-(2-(Azidomethyl)-5-fluorophenylsulfonyl)morpholine: Following the procedure for Intermediate 4 using Intermediate 8 (crude) gave the title compound as pale yellow oil (8.21 g, 71% yield over 2 steps). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (4-Fluoro-2-(morpholinosulfonyl)phenyl)methanamine: Following the procedure for Intermediate 5 using Intermediate 9 gave the title compound as a brown solid HCl salt (4.29 g, 51% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 7.80-7.73 (2H, m), 7.57 (1H, td, J=8.1, 2.8 Hz), 4.43 (2H, s), 3.76-3.73 (4H, m), 3.19-3.15 (4H, m). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 11 H 16 FN 2 O 3 S: 275.08; found: 275.15. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared according to the procedure for Intermediate 10 using 4-hydroxypiperidine.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 7.78-7.71 (2H, m), 7.54 (1H, t, J=8.2, 2.9 Hz), 4.43 (2H, s), 3.82-3.74 (1H, m), 3.56-3.49 (2H, m), 3.12-3.04 (2H, m), 1.98-1.89 (2H, m), 1.66-1.55 (2H, m). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 12 H 18 N 2 O 3 FS: 289.10; found: 289.16. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1,4,8-Trioxa-spiro[4.5]decane. A mixture of tetrahydro-4-pyranone (10 g, 99.9 mmol), ethylene glycol (20 mL, 150 mmol) and catalytic toluene sulfonic acid was refluxed in benzene (120 mL) for 5 h. After cooling to room temp, the benzene layer was decanted from the dark oil in the bottom of the flask and concentrated. The resulting oil was taken up in methylene chloride and shaken in a separatory funnel. The CH 2 Cl 2  layer was decanted from the insoluble oil. The CH 2 Cl 2  layer was concentrated to give the intermediate 16 as pale yellow oil (11.62 g, 81% yield).  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 3.91 (4H, s), 3.71 (4H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 1.68 (4H, t, J=5.7 Hz). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-2-{[4-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)tetrahydropyran-4-carboximidoyl]-aminooxy}but-2-enedioic acid diethyl ester. A stirred mixture of intermediate 12 (6.0 g, 41.7 mmol) and ZnI 2  (45 mg, catalytic) was placed in water bath and to this was added trimethylsilyl cyanide (5.6 mL, 41.7 mmol) via syringe. After 18 h additional ZnI 2  (1.63 g, 13.76 mol %) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Proton NMR analysis showed 50% completion, so additional trimethyl cyanide (2.8 mL, 20.85 mmol) was added and stirred for 1 h. To this crude reaction mixture was added EtOH (50 mL) followed by 50% aqueous hydroxylamine (2.56 mL, 41.7 mmol) and stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice-water bath and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (7.0 mL, 56.25 mmol) was added over 5 min. Then, cold bath was removed, stirred for 15 h at room temperature, concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column using mixtures of hexanes/EtOAc to give intermediate 13 as yellow oil (9.3 g, 60%).  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 5.72 (1H, d, J=22.7 Hz), 5.50 (1H, bs), 5.29 (1H, bs), 4.33-4.23 (2H, m), 4.19-4.04 (2H, m), 3.95-3.87 (1H, m), 3.79-3.63 (6H, m), 3.43-3.39 (2H, m), 2.15-1.74 (4H, m), 1.35-1.19 (6H, m). LCMS [M+H] +  calcd for C 16 H 27 N 2 O 8 : 375.17; found: 375.19. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5-Hydroxy-2-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. A solution of an intermediate 13 (9.3 g, 25 mmol) in xylenes (150 mL) was refluxed for 18 h. After cooling to room temp, the mixture was shaken with 0.2 M Na 2 CO 3 . The aqueous phase was washed with EtOAc, made acidic with conc. HCl and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated. The resulting residue was triturated with ether to give the intermediate 14 as brown solid (0.87 g, 10% yield) and impure product (2.36 g). LCMS [M+H] +  calcd for C 14 H 21 N 2 O 7 : 329.13; found: 329.15. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a stirred solution of intermediate 14 (0.86 g, 2.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0° C. was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.613 mL, 7.9 mmol) followed by triethylamine (1.07 mL, 7.9 mmol). The mixture stirred for 4 h while gradually warming to room temp. before diluting with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with water, brine and dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated to give dark oil. This was dissolved in EtOH (20 mL) and THF (10 mL) and added potassium carbonate (0.56 g, 4.04 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temp for 18 h, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and the solids were removed by filtration. The solution was concentrated and the residue was triturated with methanol. Filtration gave the intermediate 15 as a white solid (0.23 g, 23%).  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 4.41 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 4.03-3.98 (4H, m), 3.88-3.82 (2H, m), 3.74 (2H, t, J=11.2 Hz), 3.50 (3H, s), 2.44 (2H, dt, J=13.1, 4.9 Hz), 1.76 (2H, d, J=13.9 Hz), 1.38 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz). LCMS [M+H] +  calcd for C 15 H 21 N 2 O 8 S 3 : 389.10; found: 389.13. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a suspension of Intermediate 15 (1.1 g, 2.8 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added sodium ethoxide (0.25 g, 3.66 mmol) and the resulting mixture was refluxed for 1 hr, cooled and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and water and the aqueous phase was made acidic with 1 N HCl and extracted with EtOAc. All organic phases were combined and washed with brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was triturated with Et 2 O and the title compound was collected by filtration as a white solid (0.84 g, 97% yield).  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 10.62 (1H, s), 4.42 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 4.00 (4H, s), 3.89-3.84 (2H, m), 3.76 (2H, t, J=11.8, 1.9 Hz), 2.41 (2H, td, J=1.3, 5.5 Hz), 1.75 (2H, dd, J=13.9, 1.8 Hz), 1.41 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz). LCMS [M+H] +  calcd for C 14 H 19 N 2 O 6 : 311.12; found: 311.21. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(2-chloroethoxy)cyclopentanecarbonitrile: To a stirred mixture of cyclopentanone ethylene ketal (128.17 g, 1 mole) and trimethylsilyl cyanide (100 g, 1 mole) at 5° C. was added zinc iodide (1.3 g, 4 mmol) at once. After 1 h, the cold bath was removed was left at room temperature overnight (18 h). To this was added 2N aq. HCl (500 mL) and MeOH (100 mL) and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Then, the reaction mixture was transferred to separatory funnel and extracted with CH2C12 (4×250 mL). The combined CH2C12 extracts dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated to give brown liquid. 
     A solution of above brown liquid in CH2C12 (200 mL) was added via cannula to a stirred solution of thionyl chloride (91.2 mL, 1.25 mole) in CH2C12 (250 mL) over 1 h. The addition flask was rinsed with CH2C12 (50 mL) and added to the reaction mixture. The resulting brown reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h, cooled and concentrated to give dark liquid. This was diluted with ether (250 mL), washed with water (2×100 mL), sat. NaHCO3 (2×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated to give dark-brown liquid which upon distillation provided title compound as colorless liquid (129.146 g, 74.4%, BP 68-71° C. @ 0.8 mmHg).  1 HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 3.79 (2H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 3.61 (2H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 2.16-1.99 (4H, m), 1.85-1.71 (4H, m). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A mixture of intermediate 17 (129.14 g, 0.7437 mole), 50% aq. hydroxylamine (54.7 mL, 0.8925 mole) and Na2CO3 (31.532 g, 0.2975 mole) in MeOH/H2O (2:1, 500 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 6 h and 65° C. for 2 h. The resulting clear reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was re-dissolved in EtOH/H2O (1:3, 500 mL), cooled in an ice-water bath and treated with diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (119.1 mL, 0.7437 mol) over 15 minutes. After stirring 2 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ether (500 mL), aq. layer drained and organic layer washed with water (2×100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated to give yellow oil. Flash chromatography on silica gel column using mixtures of 10-30% EtOAc/Hex provide pure product as yellow liquid (196 g, 77.43%).  1 HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 4.36-4.20 (2H, m), 4.18-4.12 (2H, m), 3.99-3.90 (2H, m), 3.59-3.56 (1H, m), 3.51-3.47 (1H, m), 3.30 (1H, d, J AB =16.2 Hz), 2.92 (1H, d, J AB =16.2 Hz), 2.27-2.21 (1H, m), 2.13-2.07 (1H, m), 2.01-1.91 (2H, m), 1.79-1.68 (2H, m), 1.29 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.24 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd. for C 16 H 25 N 2 O 6 : 341.1713, found: 341.1711. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of intermediate 18 (196 g, 0.5758 mole) in 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1.5 Lit.) was heated at 155° C. for 7 h and the dark reaction mixture was allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. The crystallized product was filtered and washed with hexanes to afford light brown powder (58.622 g). The filtrate was concentrated and the resulting residue was triturated to afford additional 38.484 g of product as light brown powder. The filtrate again concentrated and the resulting dark residue was taken up in ether (500 mL) and extracted with 0.5 M aq. Na2CO3 (2×200 mL). The organic layer discarded and combine aq. layers carefully acidified with conc. HCl (40 mL). The precipitated product was filtered and dried to product as yellow powder (6.1876 g). The combined yield was 103.2936 g (61%).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 10.49 (1H, s), 4.44 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.03-3.97 (4H, m), 2.28-2.22 (2H, m), 2.06-2.01 (2H, m), 1.93-1.81 (4H, m), 1.42 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 14 H 19 N 2 O 5 : 295.1294; found: 295.1293. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5,8-Dioxa-spiro[3.4]octane. A solution of cyclobutanone (7.7 g, 0.11 mol), ethylene glycol (6.82 g, 0.11 mol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid mono hydrate (200 mg, 1 mmol) in benzene (200 mL) was heated at reflux with a Dean-Stark trap for 14 hrs. After cooling, the mixture was washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (saturated, 15 mL), then with brine and dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered and concentrated to obtain 9.37 g (82%) of intermediate 24 as a colorless liquid:  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz) δ: 3.87 (4H, s), 2.31 (4H, t, J=8 Hz), 1.67 (2H, qt, J=8 Hz);  13 C NMR (CDCl 3 , 125.77 Hz) δ: 109.08, 63.87, 35.58, 11.42. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-{[1-(2-hydroxyethoxy)cyclobutanecarboximidoyl]-aminooxy}but-2-enedioic acid diethyl ester. To a mixture of intermediate 20 (5.70 g, 50 mmol) and trimethylsilyl cyanide (5.05 g, 50 mmol) was added a catalytic amount of ZnI 2  (12 mg) in a cool water bath of ˜10° C. and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 5 hrs to obtain 10.7 g of 1-(2-trimethylsilanyloxyethoxy)cyclobutanecarbonitrile as a mobile oil:  1 NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz) δ: 3.75 (2H, t, J=5 Hz), 3.55 (2H, t, J=5 Hz), 2.51-2.56 (2H, m), 2.30-2.37 (2H, m), 1.91-1.98 (2H, m), 0.124 (9H, s);  13 C NMR (CDCl 3 , 125.77 Hz) δ: 120.43, 72.05, 67.71, 61.49, 34.02, 12.91, −0.29. LC/MS m/z 142 (M+H—SiMe 3 ). 
     A solution of 1-(2-trimethylsilanyloxyethoxy)cyclobutanecarbonitrile (3.5 g, 16.4 mmol) and 50% aqueous hydroxylamine (1.08 g, 16.4 mmol) in EtOH (16 mL) was stirred in an oil bath heated at 80° C. for 2.5 hrs and then cooled to room temperature. To a solution was added drop-wise diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (2.93 g, 17.2 mmol) in an ice-bath and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 5 hrs. This mixture was concentrated under vacuum to obtain 6.16 g of a crude brownish oil containing intermediate 21:  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 1.19-1.38 (6H, m) 1.72-1.86 (2H, m) 2.06-2.24 (2H, m) 2.29-2.49 (2H, m) 3.26-3.38 (2H, m) 3.63-376 (2H, m) 4.11-4.19 (2H, m) 4.24-4.38 (2H, m) 5.67 (0.25H, s) 5.85 (0.5H, s). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 15 H 25 N 2 O 7 : 345.1662; found: 345.1648. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5-hydroxy-2-[1-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-cyclobutyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. A solution of a crude intermediate 21 (5.9 g) in xylenes (30 mL) was heated at 150-155° C. for 20 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum and the residue re-dissolved in EtOAc (30 mL) was extracted with 1M aq. sodium carbonate solution (3×20 mL). The aqueous extracts were acidified with careful addition of concentrated HCl, and this mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  (2×20 ml). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to obtain 22 (1.19 g, 24% over three steps) as brownish oil: LC/MS m/z 299 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ethyl 1-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(methylsulfonyloxy)-2-(1-(2-(methylsulfonyloxy)ethoxy)-cyclobutyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxylate: A cold (0° C.) solution of 22 (7.23 g, 25 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was treated with methanesulfonylchloride (Aldrich) by dropwise addition. The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 hrs. The reaction was concentrated in-vacuum, and the crude product was dissolved in ethyl acetate (75 mL) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic solution was dried (sodium sulfate), filtered to remove solids, and concentrated in vacuum to give 23 as brown oil. This was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 4.49 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.35-4.38 (2H, m), 3.93-4.00 (1H, m), 3.66-3.67 (3H, s), 3.62-3.65 (2H, m), 3.44-3.46 (3H, s), 3.05-3.07 (3H, s), 2.74-2.82 (1H, m), 2.60-2.67 (2H, m), 2.41-2.49 (2H, m), 1.43 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). LCMS (M+H): 532.94. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of 23 obtained above in absolute ethanol (50 mL) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (75 mL) was added anhydrous potassium carbonate (3.46 g, 25 mmol), and the reaction was stirred with heating (65° C.) for 20 hrs. Solvent was removed in-vacuum and the crude product was dissolved in water (150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The aqueous layer was made acidic (pH ˜1-2) using 6.0 N hydrochloric acid, and the resulting solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×75 mL). The combined extract was dried (sodium sulfate), filtered to remove solids, and concentrated to give 24 (4.30 g, 61%) as a light brown solid.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 10.57 (1H, s), 4.46 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 2.67-2.73 (2H, m), 2.27-2.33 (2H, m), 2.10-2.18 (1H, m), 1.98-2.06 (1H, m), 1.44 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz).  13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 ) □: 169.56, 157.68, 150.41, 148.19, 125.24, 79.09, 62.63, 58.52, 42.66, 34.72, 14.18, 13.87; LC/MS (M+H): 281.13. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-(2-Chloroethoxy)-2-methylpropanenitrile. (Navalokina, R. Et al J. Org. Chem. USSR (Engl. Trans.), 1980, 16, 1382-1386. 2) Ramalingam, K. U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,051, 1989). A 250 mL round bottom flask was charged with ZnCl 2  (68.14 g, 0.5 mole) which was then fused by heating under vacuum. After returning to room temperature the material was placed under an atmosphere of N 2 . To this was added acetone cyanohydrin (45.66 mL, 0.5 mole) followed by 2-chloroethanol (50.24 mL, 0.75 mole) and the mixture placed in a preheated oil bath (60° C.). After stirring for 18-20 h at 60° C., the reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with water (300 mL) and washed with CH 2 Cl 2  (5×100 mL). The combined CH 2 Cl 2  extracts were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under vacuum to afford the crude product as a yellow liquid. Purification was accomplished by vacuum distillation (10 mm Hg) using a vigreux column. The fraction boiling between 65-75° C. was collected to afford the desired product as colorless oil (47.1 g, 63.8% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 3.85 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 3.64 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 1.60 (6H, s). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ethyl 2-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-8,8-dimethyl-2,5,6,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[3,2-c][1,4]oxazine-2-carboxylate. To a stirred solution of intermediate 25 (14.7 g, 0.10 mole) and NaI (1.5 g, 10 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added an aqueous solution (50%) of hydroxylamine (18.4 g, 0.30 mole) resulting in an exothermic reaction. Following this the reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. Upon cooling to room temperature the solvent was removed. The resulting residue was dissolved in 1:1 ethanol/H 2 O (100 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. To this was added diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (17.6 mL, 0.110 mole) over 10 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. Following this, it was diluted with ethyl acetate (250 mL), washed with H 2 O (2×100 mL), brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give the crude product as yellow oil. Flash chromatography on a silica gel column, eluting with 20-40% ethyl acetate/Hexanes, provided the title compound as viscous pale yellow oil (15.29 g, 48.6% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 4.35-4.28 (2H, m), 4.18-4.12 (2H, m), 3.60-3.56 (1H, m), 3.51-3.47 (1H, m), 3.30 (1H, d, J=16.2 Hz), 2.94 (1H, d, J=16.2 Hz), 1.52 (3H, s), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.29 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.24 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). LCMS (M+H) calcd for C 14 H 23 N 2 O 7 : 315.16; found: 315.33. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ethyl 3-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-4-oxo-4,6,7,9-tetrahydropyrimido[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-2-carboxylate. A solution of intermediate 26 (31.16 g) in 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (200 mL) was heated at 180° C. for 5 h. The resulting dark reaction solution was cooled then concentrated to give a dark brown paste which was taken up into ethyl acetate (250 mL) and extracted with 0.5 M aq Na 2 CO 3  (4×50 mL). The organic layer was discarded and the aqueous layer acidified by carefully adding conc. HCl (20 mL) before being extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  (4×50 mL). The combined CH 2 Cl 2  layers were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to give a dark paste which was dissolved in ether (100 mL) and allowed to stand at room temperature in a open flask. The brown/light yellow solid that formed was filtered to afford the title compound. The mother liquor that contained product was re-processed to afford additional material (combined yield ˜18-20% over two steps).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 10.55 (1H, s), 4.45 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.02 (4H, s), 1.61 (6H, s), 1.43 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 12 H 17 N 2 O 5 : 269.1138; found: 269.1149. Anal calcd for C 12 H 16 N 2 O 5 : C, 53.72; H, 6.01; N, 10.44. Found: C, 53.71; H, 6.04; N, 10.30. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     1-(3-chloropropyl)cyclopentanecarbonitrile. To a stirred solution of cyclopentanecarbonitrile (1.04 mL, 10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at −78° C. was added LiHMDS (1M in THF, 11 mL) via syringe. After 30 min, 1-chloro-3-iodopropane (1.6 mL, 15 mmol) was added at once and slowly warmed to room temperature. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride (1 mL), diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to give intermediate 28 as yellow oil which was used in the next step without further purification. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a stirred mixture of intermediate 28 from previous experiment and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.39 g, 20 mmol) in 1:1 EtOH/water (30 mL) was added sodium carbonate (1.6 g, 15 mmol) over 5 min. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred to 80° C. for 15 h and concentrated to dryness. The resulting white residue was re-dissolved into 1:1 EtOH/water (30 mL) and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (2.4 mL, 15 mmol) was added. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to give brown oil. Flash chromatography using 9:1, 4:1 and 7:1 Hexanes/EtOAc mixtures afforded intermediate 29 as pale yellow oil (1.03 g, 30%).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 4.34-4.11 (4H, m), 3.50-3.46 (1H, m), 3.38-3.34 (1H, m), 3.31 (1H, d, J=16.2 Hz), 2.91 (1H, d, J=16.2 Hz), 2.23-2.13 (2H, m), 1.95-1.89 (2H, m), 1.74-1.69 (2H, m), 1.62 (2H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 1.54-1.48 (2H, m), 1.34-1.23 (8H, m). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 17 H 27 N 2 O 5 : 339.1920; found: 339.1923. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of intermediate 29 (1.0 g, 2.955 mmol) in 3,4-dichlorotoluene (10 mL) was heated at 210° C. for 15 h. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC using MeOH/water containing 0.1% TFA (gradient elution). The fractions containing the product were combined and concentrated to afford intermediate 30 as a dark paste (0.8639 g, 28.6%).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 10.75 (1H, br s), 4.43 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 4.03 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 2.25-2.20 (2H, m), 1.99-1.93 (4H, m), 1.79-1.64 (6H, m), 1.42 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 15 H 21 N 2 O 4 : 293.1501; found: 293.1513. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared according to the procedure for Intermediate 10 using azatidine.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ: 1.81-2.26 (m, 2H) 3.82 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 4H) 4.30 (s, 2H) 7.66-7.82 (m, 2H) 7.90 (dd, J=8.55, 5.19 Hz, 1H) 8.52 (s, 3H); LC/MS m/z 245 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of phenylmethanethiol (4.2 mL, 36 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) was added sodium hydride (0.96 g, 36 mmol, 90 wt %) and the mixture was stirred at room temp for 1 h. To this reaction mixture was added 2,4-difluorobenzonitrile (5.0 g, 36 mmol) and stirred at 110° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to room temp, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water, sat. aq. NaHCO 3 , dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and filtered. The filterate was concentrated until the product crashed out of solution. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with hexane/EtOAc (2:1) to give the title compound as white crystals (6.25 g, 71% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.59 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 5.8 Hz), 7.35-7.26 (5H, m), 7.04 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz), 6.92 (1H, td, J=8.1, 2.3 Hz), 4.23 (2H, s). LC/MS m/z 244 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Chlorine was bubbled through a stirred suspension of Intermediate 32 (3.98 g, 16.4 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (20 mL) maintained above 30° C. over 30 minutes. The resulting yellow solution was diluted with water and the product was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were washed with sat., aq NaHCO 3  (2 X), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and filtered. Concentration of filtrate gave the title compound as a sticky white solid that was used without purification.  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.99 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.7 Hz), 7.90 (1H, dd, J=7.3, 2.6 Hz), 7.57-7.51 (1H, m). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (4.00 mmol) and hexamethyleneimine (0.68 mL, 6 mmol) followed by purification by flash chromatography (10%-50% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound as a yellow oil (0.68 g, 61% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.83 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.77 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.34-7.28 (1H, m), 3.43-3.39 (4H, m), 1.77-1.71 (4H, m), 1.63-1.59 (4H, m). LC/MS m/z 283 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a stirred solution mixture of LAH (2.6 mL, 2.6 mmol, 1M in THF) in THF (3 mL), was added dropwise a solution of Intermediate 34 (0.68 g, 2.4 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temp for 1.5 h then quenched with NaOH (2 mL, 0.5 M). The solids were removed by filtration and the remaining solution was washed with water and concentrated. The residue was taken up in Et 2 O and stirred with ethereal HCl (1N). The resulting product was dissolved in water and freeze dried to give the title compound as a sticky orange solid HCl salt (0.35 g, 45% yield). LC/MS m/z 287 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (17 mmol) and 3-pyrrolidinol (1.7 mL, 20.4 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (10%-100% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound as a white solid (1.08 g, 24% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.79 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.37-7.31 (1H, m), 4.49 (1H, s), 3.61-3.45 (4H, m), 2.11-1.92 (2H, m), 1.75-1.74 (1H, m). LC/MS m/z 271 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 36 gave the title compound as a yellow solid HCl salt (0.43 g, 35% yield). LC/MS m/z 275 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (3.8 mmol) and piperidine (0.99 mL, 10 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (10%-80% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound as a pale yellow solid (0.835 g, 81% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.37-7.31 (1H, m), 3.25-3.21 (4H, m), 1.68-1.60 (4H, m), 1.53-1.46 (2H, m). LC/MS m/z 269 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 38 gave the title compound as a pale brown solid HCl salt (0.61 g, 65% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.76-7.68 (2H, m), 7.51 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.6 Hz), 4.44 (2H, s), 3.19-3.16 (4H, m), 1.64-1.57 (4H, m), 1.52-1.47 (2H, m). LC/MS m/z 273 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (3.8 mmol) and 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane (1.43 g, 10 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (10%-100% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound as a pale yellow solid (0.877 g, 71% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.38-7.32 (1H, m), 3.90 (4H, s), 3.41-3.47 (4H, m), 1.79-1.76 (4H, m). LC/MS m/z 327 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 40 gave the title compound as a white powder HCl salt (0.88 g, 89% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.79-7.69 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, td, J=8.1, 2.7 Hz), 4.44 (2H, s), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.36-3.32 (4H, m), 1.86-1.82 (4H, m). LC/MS m/z 331 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (3.8 mmol) and 4-spiro[3-(2-pyrrolidinone)]piperidine HCl (0.41 g, 2.1 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the title compound as a yellow foam (0.264 g, 37% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.72 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.37-7.31 (1H, m), 5.71 (1H, s), 3.71-3.63 (2H, m), 3.33-3.21 (4H, m), 1.98-1.90 (4H, m), 1.63-1.55 (2H, m). LC/MS m/z 338 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 42 gave the title compound as a white powder HCl salt (0.265 g, 90% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.79-7.69 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.6 Hz), 4.45 (2H, s), 3.76-3.69 (2H, m), 3.35-3.31 (2H, m), 2.90-2.81 (2H, m), 2.04-1.99 (2H, m), 1.83-1.73 (2H, m), 1.64-1.60 (2H, m). LC/MS m/z 342 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (3.8 mmol) and pyrrolidine (0.83 mL, 10 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (10%-100% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound as a white solid (0.57 g, 58% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.77 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.36-7.30 (1H, m), 3.44-3.40 (4H, m), 1.2-1.88 (4H, m). LC/MS m/z 255 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 44 gave the title compound as a white solid HCl salt (0.265 g, 90% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.76-7.68 (2H, m), 7.50 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.9 Hz), 4.46 (2H, s), 3.35-3.30 (4H, s), 1.91-1.86 (4H, s). LC/MS m/z 259 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (7.7 mmol) and 3-(N-acetyl-N-methylamino)pyrrolidine (1.42 g, 10 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (30%-100% EtOAc/hexane-10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the title compound as a yellow foam (0.887 g, 35% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.87 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 2.6 Hz), 7.40-7.34 (1H, m) 5.23-5.13 (1H, m), 3.76-3.69 (1H, m), 3.48-3.42 (1H, m), 3.35-3.26 (2H, m), 2.90 (3H, s), 2.11-1.98 (2H, m), 2.05 (3H, s). LC/MS m/z 326 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 46 gave the title compound as a white foam HCl salt (0.947 g, &gt;100% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.79-7.69 (2H, m), 7.55-7.48 (1H, m), 5.00-4.89 (1H, m), 4.44 (2H, s), 3.64-3.39 (2H, m), 3.31-3.20 (2H, m), 2.89 (2H, s), 2.73 (1H, s), 2.22-2.00 (2H, m), 2.10 (1H, s), 2.05 (2H, s). LC/MS m/z 330 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (5.5 mmol) and 2,6-dimethylpiperazine (0.81 g, 7.1 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (0%-10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the title compound as a tan solid (1.258 g, 77% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.38-7.32 (1H, m), 3.74-3.73 (1H, m), 3.71-3.69 (1H, m), 2.98-2.87 (2H, m), 2.18 (2H, dd, J=11.5, 10.8 Hz), 1.40 (1H, bs), 1.04 (3H, s), 1.02 (3H, s). LC/MS m/z 298 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 48 gave the title compound as a white solid HCl salt (0.711 g, 100% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.80 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 7.72 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 5.1 Hz), 7.56 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.6 Hz), 4.44 (2H, s), 4.00 (2H, dd, J=13.3, 2.0 Hz), 3.59-3.48 (2H, m) 2.77 (2H, dd, J=13.2, 11.7 Hz), 1.31 (3H, s), 1.29 (3H, s). LC/MS m/z 302 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A mixture of Intermediate 48 (0.625 g, 2.1 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) and potassium carbonate (2.4 g, 15.0 mmol) was refluxed for 5 min. To this mixture was added a solution of iodomethane (0.6 g, 3 mmol) in acetone (5 mL) in 2 batches 2 h apart at reflux. After 4 h, the mixture was cooled, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was taken up in CH 2 Cl 2 , filtered and purified by flash chromatography (2% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to give the title compound as colorless oil (0.318 g, 49% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.85 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.69 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 2.6 Hz), 7.39-7.32 (1H, m), 3.66 (2H, d, J=11.7 Hz), 2.48-2.40 (2H, m), 2.34-2.28 (2H, m — , 2.21 (3H, s), 1.08 (3H, s), 1.06 (3H, s). LC/MS m/z 312 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 50 gave the title compound as a white powder HCl salt (0.381 g, 100% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.80 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 7.74 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.56 (1H, td, J=8.5, 2.6 Hz), 4.43 (2H, s), 4.01-3.96 (2H, m), 3.55-3.47 (2H, m), 2.92 (3H, s), 3.93-2.85 2H, m), 1.38 (3H, s), 1.36 (3H, s). LC/MS m/z 316 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (6 mmol) and (R)-1-N-Boc-2-methylpiperazine (1.0 g, 5 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (0%-100% EtOAc/Hexane) gave the title compound as a tan solid (1.461 g, 76% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.86 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.40-7.33 (1H, m), 4.36-4.31 (1H, m), 3.93 (1H, d, J=13.5 Hz), 3.82 (1H, dt, J=11.8, 1.6 Hz), 3.59 (1H, d, J=12.4 Hz), 3.21-3.12 (1H, m), 2.80 (1H, dd, J=12.1, 3.7 Hz), 2.59 (1H, td, J=12.0, 3.4 Hz), 1.40 (9H, s), 1.19 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz). LC/MS m/z 284 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 52 gave the title compound as a white foam HCl salt (1.27 g, 79% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 7.80-7.71 (2H, m), 7.56 (1H, td, J=8.1, 4.0 Hz), 4.44 (2H, s), 4.40-4.36 (1H, m), 3.99-3.94 (1H, m), 3.79-3.74 (1H, m), 3.62 (1H, td, J=12.2, 1.8 Hz), 3.18 (1H, td, J=12.9, 3.4 Hz), 2.84 (1H, dd, J=12.1, 3.7 Hz), 2.65 (1H, td, J=1f2.1, 3.7 Hz), 1.45 (9H, s), 1.23 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz). LC/MS m/z 388 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (5 mmol) and 1-((3R,4S)-4-(methylthio)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)piperazine (0.5 g, 2.5 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (0%-100% EtOAc/Hexane) gave the title compound as a yellow solid (0.741 g, 77% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.86 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.7 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 2.6 Hz), 7.40-7.34 (1H, m), 4.15 (1H, t, J=8.4 Hz), 3.88-3.83 (1H, m), 3.73 (1H, bs), 3.60 (1H, dd, J=9.5, 5.8 Hz), 3.28 (4H, bs), 3.12 (1H, bs), 2.99 (1H, bs), 2.75-2.69 (2H, m), 2.58-2.53 (2H, m), 2.10 (3H, s). LC/MS m/z 386 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 54 gave the title compound as a brown foam HCl salt (0.518 g, 59% yield). LC/MS m/z 390 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (5 mmol) and 2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)morpholine (0.5 g, 2.9 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the title compound as a yellow oil (0.419 g, 41% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.87 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.9 Hz), 7.72 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.41-7.34 (1H, m), 3.98-3.92 (1H, m), 3.74-3.60 (4H, m), 2.86-2.77 (1H, m), 2.63-2.39 (7H, m), 1.77-1.73 (4H, m). LC/MS m/z 354 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 56 gave the title compound as a white foam HCl salt (0.450 g, 87% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.78-7.71 (2H, m), 7.54 (1H, td, J=8.1, 2.7), 4.44-3.97 (2H, m), 3.77-3.59 (5H, m), 3.33-3.25 (2H, m), 3.15-3.06 (2H, m), 2.85 (1H, td, J=11.7, 3.3 Hz), 2.59 (1H, td, J=11.7, 10.2 Hz), 2.16-2.08 (2H, m), 2.00-1.96 (2H, m). LC/MS m/z 358 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 1 using Intermediate 33 (5 mmol) and (3S,4S)-N,N-dimethyl-4-piperazin-1-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-amine (0.5 g, 2.5 mmol) followed by flash chromatography (5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the title compound as a yellow oil (0.363 g, 14% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 7.88 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 4.9 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 2.6 Hz), 7.40-7.37 (1H, m), 3.82-3.70 (4H, m), 3.30-3.28 (4H, m), 3.11 (1H, bs), 2.98 (1H, bs), 2.71-2.67 (2H, m), 2.60-2.55 (2H, m), 2.27 (6H, s). LC/MS m/z 383 (M+H). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Following the procedure for Intermediate 35 using Intermediate 58 and EtOH as solvent gave the title compound as a yellow foam HCl salt (0.419 g, 89% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, D 2 O) δ: 7.78 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.72 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 5.2 Hz), 7.54 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.6 Hz), 4.42 (2H, s), 4.41-4.39 (1H, m), 4.28-4.15 (4H, m), 4.11-4.08 (1H, m), 3.51 (4H, bs), 3.43-3.39 (2H, m), 2.94 (6H, s). LC/MS m/z 387 (M+H). 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A mixture of Intermediate 20 (0.84 g, 2.7 mmol), Intermediate 6 (2.8 g, 8.1 mmol) and triethylamine (2.9 mL, 20 mmol) in EtOH/DMF (20 mL, 1:1) was stirred at 90° C. for 24 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by chromatography (YMC Combiprep ODS-A, 30 mm×50 mm, MeOH/H2O/0.1% TFA) to yield the title compound as a white solid (0.63 g, 36% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.50 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.26 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.53 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 7.25 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 4.80 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.98 (4H, s), 3.85-3.70 (4H, m) 3.31-3.28 (4H, m), 3.03-3.00 (4H, m), 2.31 (2H, td, J=13.0, 5.2 Hz), 1.74 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 23 H 29 FN 5 O 7 S: 538.17718; found: 538.1751. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 1 (0.07 g, 0.107 mmol), triethylamine (0.06 mL, 0.428 mmol) and formaldehyde (0.080 mL 37 wt % in water, 1.07 mmol) were stirred together in DCE (4 mL). To this was added solid sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.091 g, 0.428 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temp for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous phase was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic phases were combined and washed with water and dried (Na 2 SO 4 ). Concentration gave the title compound as a white solid (0.054 g, 92% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.90 (1H, bs), 8.52 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.24 (1H, td, J=8.2, 3.0 Hz), 4.79 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.98 (3H, s), 3.85-3.70 (4H, m), 3.34 (4H, bs), 2.58 (4H, bs), 2.36-2.26 (4H, m), 1.73 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 1.56 (2H, bs). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 24 H 31 FN 5 O 7 S: 552.19283; found: 552.1928. Anal calcd for C 24 H 30 FN 5 O 7 S: C, 52.26; H, 5.48; N, 12.70; F, 3.44; S, 5.81; found: C, 52.35; H 5.41; N, 12.44; F, 3.24; S, 5.99. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a mixture of Compound 1 (0.07 g, 0.1 mmol) and triethylamine (0.03 mL, 0.214 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added methyl chloroformate (0.008 mL, 0.11 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temp for 2 h. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated to give the title compound as a white solid (0.058 g, 98% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.81 (1H, d, J=17.2 Hz), 8.49 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.26 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.8 Hz), 4.79 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.85-3.70 (4H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.60-3.57 (4H, m), 3.37-3.21 (4H, m), 2.30 (2H, td, J=13.1, 5.5 Hz), 1.74 (2H, d, J=12.8 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 25 H 31 FN 5 O 9 S: 596.1827; found: 596.1848. 
     The following examples are prepared according to the procedure outlined above using appropriate combination of intermediates and reagents 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0385 g, 65% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.52 (1H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.52 (1H, dd, J = 8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.25 (1H, td, J = 8.4, 2.2 Hz), 4.79 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.98 (4H, s), 3.85-3.70 (6H, m), 3.35-3.27 (2H, m), 2.66-2.62 (4H, m), 2.31 (2H, td, J = 12.8 5.2 Hz), 1.74 (2H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 1.56-1.55 (2H, m), 0.90- 0.79 (1H, m), 0.56-0.51 (2H, m), 0.14- 0.09 (2H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 27 H 35 FN 5 O 7 S: 592.2241; found: 592.2258. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0371 g, 66% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.52 (1H, t, J= 6.8 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J = 8.2, 2.9), 7.25 (1H, td, J= 8.4, 2.6 Hz), 4.78 (2H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.98 (4H, s), 3.85-3.70 (6H, m), 3.38-3.26 (2H, m), 2.64-2.48 (4H, m), 2.31 (2H, td, J=13.0, 5.4 Hz), 1.74 (2H, d,J=13.5 Hz), 1.55-1.51 (3H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 25 H 33 FN 5 O 7 S: 566.2085; found: 566.2075. Anal calcd for C 25 H 32 FN 5 O 7 S•0.75 H 2 O: C, 51.85; H, 5.83; N, 12.09; found: C, 51.88; H, 5.89; N, 11.78. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0195 g, 71% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.54 (1H, t, J= 5.5 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 5.3 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz), 7.26-7.18 (1H, m), 4.78 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.98 (4H, s), 3.81-3.70 (6H, m), 3.49-3.42 (1H, m), 3.34-3.24 (2H, m), 2.68-2.61 (2H, m), 1.73 (2H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 1.62-1.53 (2H, m), 1.08-1.02 (6H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 26 H 35 FN 5 O 7 S: 580.2241; found: 580.2227. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Pale yellow solid (0.0398 g, 65% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.86 (1H, bs), 8.51 (1H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.25 (1H, td, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 4.78 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.98 (4H, s), 3.86-3.70 (4H, m), 3.35-3.32 (4H, m), 3.25-3.22 (4H, m), 2.97 (6H, s), 2.31 (2H, td, J=12.9, 4.9 Hz), 1,74 (2H, d, J=13.5 Hz). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 26 H 34 FN 6 O 8 S: 609.2143; found: 609.2146. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0452 g, 70% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.84 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J = 8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.27 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.6 Hz), 4.78 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.85- 3.70 (4H, m), 3.36-3.34 (8H, m), 2.80 (6H, s), 2.30 (2H, td, J=12.9, 5.4 Hz), 1.74 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 25 H 34 FN 6 O 9 S 2 : 645.1813; found: 645.1837. Anal calcd for C 25 H 33 FN 6 O 9 S 2 : C, 46.57; H, 5.15; N, 13.03; F, 2.94; 5, 9.94; found: C, 46.23; H, 4.88; N, 12.76; F, 3.26; 5, 10.04. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0511 g, 79% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.84 (1H, s), 8.50 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J= 8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 2.7 Hz), 7.06 (1H, td, J=7.7, 2.6 Hz), 4.78 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.86- 3.70 (4H, m), 3.65-3.62 (4H, m), 3.39- 3.36 (4H, m), 3.25-3.22 (8H, m), 2.31 (2H, td, J=13.0, 5.4 Hz), 1.74 (2H, d, J= 13.2 Hz). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 28 H 36 FN 6 O 9 S: 651.2249; found: 651.2253. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0530 g, 85% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.83 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2,1 Hz), 7.27 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 4.79 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.86- 3.71 (6H, m), 3.59-3.56 (2H, m), 3.29- 3.21 (4H, m), 2.30 (2H, td, J=13.0, 5.4Hz), 2.07 (3H, s), 1.74 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 25 H 31 FN 5 O 8 S: 580.1877; found: 580.1893. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Brown solid (0.0133 g, 19% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ:11.89 (1H, s), 8.5 (1H, bs), 7.68-7.66 (1H, m), 7.56 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.4 Hz), 7.31-7.27 (1H, m), 4.83 (2H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 4.01 (4H, s), 3.85 (2H, dd, J=11.4, 4.1 Hz), 3.80-3.75 (6H, m), 3.25 (4H, t, J=4.4 Hz), 2.36- 2.30 (2H, m), 1.76 (2H, d, J=13.1 Hz). LCMS (M + H) calcd for C 25 H 28 FN 4 O 8 S: 539.16; found: 539.27. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yield: 75%; purple solid.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.75 (1H, s), 8.54 (1H, br s), 7.69 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 5.3 Hz), 7.55 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 2.3 Hz), 7.31-7.27 (1H, m), 4.80 (2H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 4.00-3.94 (4H, m), 3.80-3.75 (4H, br s), 3.24-3.20 (4H, br s), 2.23-2.17 (2H, m), 2.06-2.00 (2H, m), 1.94-1.81 (4H, m). HRMS (M + H) caled for C 23 H 28 FN 4 O 7 S: 523.1663; found: 523.1646. Anal calcd for C 23 H 27 FN 4 O 7 S •0.35 CH 2 Cl 2 : C, 50.89; H, 5.06; N, 10.18; found: C, 50.89; H, 5.12; N, 9.92. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yield: 62%; off-white solid.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.59 (1H, s), 8.56 (1H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J =8.5, 5.2 Hz), 7.55 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.8 Hz), 4.80 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.97 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 3.77 (4H, t, J = 4.7 Hz), 3.21 (4H, t, J=4.7 Hz), 2.21-2.16 (2H, m), 1.96-1.89 (4H, m), 1.76-1.61 (6H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 24 H 30 FN 4 O 6 S: 521.1870; found: 521.1872. Anal calcd for C 24 H 29 FN 4 O 6 S•0.35 CH 2 Cl 2 : C, 53.15; H, 5.44; N, 10.18; found: C, 53.08; H, 5.84; N, 10.02. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yellow foam TFA salt (0.70 g, 60% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 9.24 (1H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 7.77 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.68 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.49 (1H, td, J=6.2, 3.3 Hz), 4.10- 4.07 (2H, m), 4.01-3.98 (2H, m), 3.59- 3.55 (4H, m), 3.41-3.37 (4H, m), 1.66 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 21 H 27 N 5 O 6 FS: 496.1666; found: 496.1651. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.032 g, 77% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.78 (1H, bs), 8.61 (1H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.53 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 7.24 (1H, td, J=8.2, 3.1 Hz), 4.76 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.24 (4H, bs), 2.47 (4H, bs), 2.29 (3H, bs), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 22 H 29 N 5 O 6 FS: 510.1823; found: 510.1815. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.418 g, 89% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.72 (1H, s), 8.51 (1H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 7.67 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.54 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.29 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.7 Hz), 4.75 (2H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.36 (8H, s), 2.80 (3H, s), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 22 H 29 N 5 O 8 FS 2 : 574.1442; found: 574.1431. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.026 g, 53% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.74 (1H, s), 8.56 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.65 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.27 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.6 Hz), 4.75 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.65- 3.61 (4H, m), 3.38-3.34 (4H, m), 3.25- 3.20 (8H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) caled for C 26 H 34 N 6 O 8 FS: 609.2143; found: 609.2123. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.031 g, 68% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ:11.74 (1H, s), 8.56 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J= 8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.52 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.27 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.6 Hz), 4.75 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.59-3.56 (4H, m), 3.21-3.18 (4H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 29 N 5 O 8 FS: 554.1721; found: 554.1713. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0277 g, 60% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.76 (1H, s), 8.58 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.65 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.26 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.6 Hz), 4.75 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.34- 3.31 (4H, m), 3.23-3.19 (4H, m), 2.79 (6H, s), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 24 H 32 N 6 O 7 FS: 567.2037; found: 567.2055. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.021 g, 48% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.73 (1H, s), 8.55 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J= 8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.52 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.27 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.7 Hz), 4.76 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.73- 3.70 (2H, m), 2.58-3.55 (2H, m), 3.26- 3.18 (4H, m), 2.07 (3H, s), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 29 N 5 O 7 FS: 538.1772; found: 538.1778. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.014 g, 29% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.75 (1H, s), 8.55-8.53 (1H, m), 7.70-7.66 (1H, m), 7.56-7.54 (1H, m), 7.31-7.29 (1H, m), 4.78 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.37 (4H, s), 3.33 (4H, s), 2.81 (6H, s), 1.58 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 32 N 6 O 8 FS 2 : 603.1707; found: 603.1716. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Brown foam (79% yield). LCMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 29 N 5 O 6 FS: 522.18; found: 522.16. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yellow foam (0.0.1133g, 54% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.38 (1H, t, J= 6.8 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.56 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 7.31 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.7 Hz), 4.72 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.99-3.89 (6H, m), 3.66-3.62 (2H, m), 3.52-3.43 (2H, m), 3.10-3.02 (2H, m), 2.87 (3H, s), 2.21-2.11 (2H, m), 2.06-1.98 (2H, m), 1.86-1.79 (4H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 24 H 31 N 5 O 6 FS: 536.1979; found: 536.1987. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Pale yellow foam (0.0590 g, 61% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.51 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.57 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 2.9 Hz), 7.32 (1H, t, J=8.0, 2.8 Hz), 4.75 (2H, d, J= 6.6 Hz), 3.93-3.90 (6H, m), 3.64-3.51 (4H, m), 3.11-3.02 (2H, m), 2.87 (3H, s), 2.68-2.59 (2H, m), 2.36-2.26 (2H, m), 2.09-1.97 (2H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 29 N 5 O 6 FS: 522.1823; found: 522.1823. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (0.0651 g, 37% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.80 (1H, bs), 8.62 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.52 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.23 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.6 Hz), 4.76 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.96 (4H, s), 3.94- 3.89 (1H, m), 3.52-3.44 (2H, m), 3.18- 3.10 (2H, m), 2.00-1.91 (2H, m), 1.72- 1.62 (2H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 22 H 28 N 4 O 7 FS: 511.1663; found: 511.1674. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 1.49 (s, 6H) 2.14-2.39 (m, 2H) 3.83-4.10 (m, 8H) 4.82 (d, J=6.71 Hz, 2H) 7.19-7.40 (m, 2H) 7.58-7.77 (m, 1H) 8.42-8.66 (m, 1H) 11.86 (s, 1H); HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 20 H 23 FN 4 O 6 S: 467.1401; found: 467.1398. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White crystals (27% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.78 (1H, s), 8.59 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 7.67 (J=8.4, 5.4 Hz), 7.54 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.7 Hz), 7.28-7.23 (1H, m), 4.77 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.77-3.74 (4H, m), 3.22- 3.18 (4H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 21 H 26 FN 4 O 7 S: 497.1506; found: 497.1525. Anal calcd for C 21 H 25 FN 4 O 7 S: C, 50.80; H, 5.07; N, 11.28; found: C, 50.53; H, 4.94; N, 10.91. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (7% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.75 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz), 7.30 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.9 Hz), 7.20 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 4.79 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.98 (4H, s), 3.44-3.44 (4H, m), 1.78-1.76 (4H m), 1.68-1.65 (4H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 30 FN 4 O 6 S: 509.1870; found: 509.1891. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 White solid (6% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.8 (1H, bs), 8.66 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.66-7.60 (2H, m), 7.21 (1H, td, J=8.2, 2.8 Hz), 4.82 (2H, d, J= 6.9 Hz), 4.58-4.56 (1H, m), 3.96 (4H, s), 3.58-3.41 (4H, m), 2.18-1.98 (2H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 21 H 26 FN 4 O 7 S: 497.1506; found: 497.1519. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Purple solid (8% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.83 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, bs), 7.66 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 5.2 Hz), 7.54 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.1 Hz), 7.27-7.22 (1H, m), 4.79 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.99 (4H, m), 3.24-3.22 (4H, m), 1.70-1.66 (4H, m), 1.59 (6H, s), 1.59-1.56 (2H, m). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 22 H 28 FN 4 O 6 S: 495.1714; found: 495.1714. Anal calcd for C 22 H 27 FN 4 O 6 S: C, 53.43; H, 5.50; N, 11.34; F, 3.84. found: C, 53.24; H, 5.33; N, 11.19; F, 3.81. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Purple solid (6% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.62 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.3 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.4 Hz), 7.27-7.19 (1H, m), 4.76 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.93 (4H, s), 3.38-3.35 (4H, m), 1.81- 1.78 (4H, m), 1.56 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 24 H 30 FN 4 O 8 S: 553.1768; found: 553.1752. Anal calcd for C 24 H 29 FN 4 O 8 S: C, 52.16; H, 5.29; N, 10.14; F, 3.43; S, 5.80. found: C, 51.92; H, 5.27; N, 9.82; F, 5.74; S, 5.74. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Purple solid (20% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.83 (1H, s), 8.64 (1H, bs), 7.67 (1H, bs), 7.58-7.57 (1H, m), 7.30-7.25 (1H, m), 5.63 (1H, bs), 4.79 (2H, s), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.72-3.66 (2H, m), 3.39-3.34 (2H, m), 3.22-3.20 (2H, m), 2.04-1.97 (4H, m), 1.67-1.63 (2H, m), 1.59 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 25 H 31 FN 5 O 7 S: 564.1928; found: 564.1945. Anal calcd for C 24 H 29 FN 4 O 7 S•05TFA•0.6H 2 O: C, 51.97; H, 5.43; N, 12.07; F, 3.77. found: C, 51.72; H, 5.06; N, 11.92; F, 3.87. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Pale yellow solid (56% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.85 (1H, s), 8.68 (1H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 5.2 Hz), 7.53 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.26-7.23 (1H, m), 4.82 (2H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.40-3.38 (4H, m), 1.99-1.96(4H,m), 1.58 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 21 H 26 FN 4 O 6 S: 481.1517; found: 481.1565. Anal calcd for C 21 H 25 FN 4 O 6 S: C, 52.49; H, 5.24; N, 11.66; F, 3.95. found: C, 52.23; H, 5.10; N, 11.55; F, 3.65. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Lavender foam (63% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.79 (1H, bs), 8.60 (1H, bs), 7.70-7.67 (1H, m), 7.58 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 2.1 Hz), 7.30-7.27 (1H, m), 5.23 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 4.80 (2H, d, J= 3.0 Hz), 4.00 (4H, s), 3.68-3.65 (1H, m), 3.47-3.43 (1H, m), 3.28-3.23 (2H, m), 2.96 (3H, s), 2.17-2.14 (1H, m), 2.11 (3H, m), 2.07-2.02 (1H, m), 1.59 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 24 H 31 FN 5 O 7 S: 552.1928; found: 552.1915. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Lavender foam TFA salt (1% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 8.49 (1H, t, J= 6.7 Hz), 7.69 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 5.2 Hz), 7.54 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 2.4 Hz), 7.33 (1H, td, J=8.0, 2.4 Hz), 4.76 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 4.00 (4H, s), 3.86-3.83 (2H, m), 3.50-3.46 (2H, m), 3.02 (2H, t, J=12.5 Hz), 1.59 (6H, s), 1.38 (3H, s), 1.37 (3H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 23 H 31 FN 5 O 6 S: 524.1979; found: 524.2003. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Brown foam TFA salt (1% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.79 (1H, bs), 7.67 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.3 Hz), 7.55- 7.53 (1H, m), 7.29-7.24 (1H, m), 4.78 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.55 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 2.52 (2H, bs), 2.33 (2H, bs), 2.26 (3H, s), 1.59 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 24 H 33 FN 5 O 6 S: 538.2136; found: 538.2137. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Pale brown solid (57% yield).  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.76 (1H, s), 8.59 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.65 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.5 Hz), 7.47 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz), 7.25 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.7 Hz), 4.75 (2H, dd, J=7.0, 2.6 Hz), 4.38-4.32 (1H, m), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.97-3.93 (1H, m), 3.72- 3.67 (1H, m), 3.49 (1H, d, J=11.7 Hz), 3.18-3.08 (1H, m), 2.87-2.81 (1H, m), 2.65 (1H, td, J=11.9, 3.3 Hz), 1.56 (6H, s), 1.41 (9H, s), 1.21 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 27 H 37 FN 5 O 8 S: 610.2347; found: 610.2338. Anal calcd for C 27 H 36 FN 5 O 8 S: C, 53.19; H, 5.95; N, 11.48; F, 3.11; S, 5.26. found: C, 52.82; H, 5.74; N, 10.99; F, 3.36; S, 5.50. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Pale yellow foam (9% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.50 (1H, bs), 8.44 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 5.2 Hz), 7.61 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 2.6 Hz), 7.34 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.7 Hz), 4.76 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 4.37-4.32 (1H, m), 4.24 (1H, dd, J = 11.3, 2.4 Hz), 4.01 (4H, s), 3.99-3.95 (1H, m), 3.69-3.61 (6H, m), 3.45 (2H, bs), 3.31-3.29 (2H, m), 2.19 (3H, s), 1.59 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 26 H 35  FN 5 O 7 S 2 : 612.1962; found: 612.1953. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Brown foam (41% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.65 (1H, bs), 8.55 (1H, bs), 7.65 (1H, dd, J=7.3, 5.2 Hz), 7.57 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 4.76 (2H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 4.07-3.85 (8H, m), 3.74-3.61 (2H, m), 3.53 (1H, d, J=11.9 Hz), 3.34 (1H, bs), 3.07 (1H, bs), 2.97 (1H, bs), 2.89-2.85 (2H, m), 2.61 (1H, bs), 2.08 (4H, bs), 1.58 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 26 H 35 FN 5 O 7 S: 580.2241; found: 580.2219. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Brown foam (39% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ: 9.13 (1H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 7.69-7.66 (2H, m), 7.46-7.42 (1H, m), 4.91 (2H, s), 4.09-3.94 (9H, m), 3.67 (1H, bs), 3.33-3.25 (4H, m0, 2.95 (6H, s), 2.82-2.77 (4H, m), 1.65 (6H, s). HRMS (M + H) calcd for C 27 H 38 FN 6 O 7 S: 609.2507; found: 609.2509. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of Compound 37 (0.21 g, 0.35 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (2 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temp for 2 h and concentrated to give the title compound as a brown foam TFA salt (0.168 g, 77% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ: 7.71 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz), 7.64 (1H, td, J=8.3, 2.6 Hz), 7.55 (1H, dd, J=8.7, 5.3 Hz), 4.79 (2H, s), 4.01-3.99 (2H, m), 3.86-3.84 (2H, m), 3.82-3.76 (2H, m), 3.44-3.39 (2H, m), 3.16-3.12 (1H, m), 3.03-2.98 (1H, m), 2.83-2.79 (1H, m), 1.56 (6H, s), 1.22 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 22 H 29 FN 5 O 6 S: 510.1823; found: 510.1818. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a mixture of compound 41 (0.10 g, 0.16 mmol), triethylamine (0.07 mL, 0.5 mmol) and formaldehyde (0.12 mL, 1.6 mmol, 37 wt % in H 2 O) in 1,2-dichloroethane (4 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.106 g, 0.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temp for 18 h. After quenching with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate the aqueous phase was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic phases were combined and dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the title compound as a white solid (0.0126 g, 15% yield).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ: 11.83 (1H, bs), 8.62 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 7.66 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 5.2 Hz), 7.53 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.6 Hz), 7.27 (1H, td, J=7.9, 2.4 Hz), 4.77 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.99 (4H, s), 3.63-3.61 (1H, m), 3.53-3.51 (1H, m), 2.97 (1H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 2.87-2.85 (1H, m), 2.58 (1H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 2.40 (1H, t, J=10.4 hz), 2.32 (3H, s), 2.30 (1H, bs), 1.58 (6H, s). 1.09 (3H, d, J=6.1 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calcd for C 23 H 31 FN 5 O 6 S: 524.1979; found: 524.1996.