Patent Publication Number: US-9412559-B2

Title: Automated slice milling for viewing a feature

Description:
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/751,496, filed Mar. 31, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to charged particle beam imaging for nanotechnology, and more particularly to a method for automatically locating a feature in a sample for slice milling and viewing. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electron microscopy offers the opportunity to study material architectures in 3D at high resolution. In the field of biological sciences, for example, electron microscopy allows the observation of molecular mechanisms of diseases, the conformation of flexible protein structures and the behavior of individual viruses and proteins in their natural biological context. One technique employed with electron microscopy for analyzing biological materials, for example, is called Slice-and-View™ (hereafter “slice and view”).This technique is typically performed with a dual beam system, that is, a system combining a focused ion beam (FIB) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) such as the DualBeam® (hereafter “dual beam”) instruments commercially available from FEI Company, the assignee of the present invention. 
     In the slice and view technique, the FIB cuts and slices a sample with high precision to reveal its 3D internal structures or features. Typically, the FIB exposes a cross section, or face, perpendicular to the top of the surface of the sample material having the hidden feature to be viewed. Because the SEM beam axis is typically at an acute angle relative to the FIB beam axis, a portion of the sample in front of the face is preferably removed so that the SEM beam can have access to image the face. After obtaining an image of the face by the SEM, another layer of substrate at the face may be removed using the FIB, revealing a new, deeper face and thus a deeper cross-section of the feature. Since only the portion of the feature at the very surface of the face is visible to the SEM, sequential repetition of cutting and imaging, or slicing and viewing, provides the data needed to reconstruct the sliced sample into a 3D representation of the feature. The 3D structure is then used to analyze the feature. 
     The processing of a sample through a slice and view procedure can take a long time if a large section of the sample is processed. This is also true even if the feature of interest is relatively small in relation to the sample because the location of the feature is not typically known with sufficient accuracy to direct the beams of the FIB and SEM to the immediate region of the sample containing the feature. Therefore, a large section of the sample suspected of having the feature is processed in order to locate the feature. With a typical maximum field of view for the SEM being about 150 microns, slice milling and imaging an area this size can be a significant time investment, especially with high resolution settings on the SEM. Alternatively, many smaller portions of the area may be imaged, but doing so generates a vast amount of image data, and the resulting images are typically required to be stitched together to form a larger composite image. Such processes currently can last anywhere from a few hours to several days. 
     In prior art methods a relatively large section has been required to be processed with every iteration of the slice and view procedure because the shape or direction of the feature through the sample has not been accurately predicted. This problem is especially exacerbated with certain features that have long, winding shapes through the sample, such as is the case with blood vessels or nerves. 
     In the interest of time, it would be more efficient to slice mill a relatively smaller amount of substrate material necessary to view the feature of interest. Further, it would be more efficient to image a relatively smaller portion of the substrate that contains the feature. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of a method and apparatus are provided herein for processing features with a slice and view technique that requires less time to perform than prior art methods, and is therefore more efficient. 
     This invention comprises a method and apparatus for slice milling multiple sequential cuts progressing into the face of a cross section wall of a sample, wherein the cuts are made by removing a minimum amount of sample material necessary to reveal and image the feature. Some embodiments include automatically determining whether to change certain parameters of the beams after each iteration of the slice and view process, that is, as each slice reveals a change in location of the feature as it extends through the sample. To this end, machine vision is used to track and detect the center of mass of the feature and its edges to provide a boundary box around the feature that aids in determining whether, and by what extent, to change the parameters of the beams as they process the sample. Some embodiments provide for automatically determining if a feature divides, or branches, from one sliced face to the next and which branch to track. Also, some embodiments automatically remove sample material that occludes the SEM beam from having a direct line of sight to the slice milled face. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more through understanding of the present invention, and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  shows a perspective view of a sample with a feature of interest having a non-linear path through the sample; 
         FIG. 1B  shows the sample through line “ 1 B” of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of a sample with a feature of interest having a non-linear path through the sample with reference locations for later discussion; 
         FIGS. 3A through 3G  show various cross sectional views of the sample of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4A  shows an example of slices to be taken perpendicular to the longitudinal cross section of the feature of interest having a non-linear path through the sample; 
         FIG. 4B  shows an example of slices to be taken parallel to each other along the path of the feature of interest having a non-linear path through the sample; 
         FIG. 5A  shows the relationship of the FIB and SEM beams with respect to an obstruction area of the sample preventing imaging of the feature by the SEM; 
         FIG. 5B  shows the obstruction portion of the sample removed to allow imaging of the feature by the SEM; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart showing the steps of preferred embodiments of the present invention, with parallelogram “A” leading to  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart showing additional steps of  FIG. 6  by following parallelogram “A” of  FIG. 6 ; and 
         FIG. 8  shows a typical dual beam system used to implement the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, a method and apparatus for processing a sample with a slice and view technique includes automatically locating and measuring a feature of interest in an image of a slice of the sample, predicting the location of the feature in a subsequent slice, and determining an area size to slice and image that includes the feature in the subsequent slice and view iteration. After determining the area to slice and image, the FIB and SEM are adjusted from the previous iteration to process the determined area in the subsequent iteration. By slicing and viewing only the areas sizes necessary for gathering the desired information about the feature of interest, the present invention provides for slicing and viewing a relatively smaller area of the sample than typically possible with prior art methods. Therefore, a sample can be processed much quicker. 
     Determining the size and shape of the sample material to mill includes observing the size and shape of the feature imaged from each iteration of the technique. Therefore, even if the size of the feature changes or the feature actually changes position or location to or from another side of the sample with respect to a previous image of the feature, the FIB and SEM are adjusted to process the feature with each iteration of the technique. 
     As used herein, the term “mill” generally means to remove material, and the term “slice” or “slice mill” means removing material in the shape of a slice. The term “slice” when used herein as a noun means the surface viewable after slice milling has been performed to remove material to expose that surface. The milled slices produced by the FIB milling process are typically between 20 nm-100 nm, but may be up to 500 nm depending on application. It is preferable, however, that slice thickness is between about 30 nm and about 60 nm, more preferably between about 35 nm and about 45 nm, and most preferably between about 35 nm and about 40 nm. In one embodiment, applicants found that a slice thickness of about 38 nm is sufficient to capture an image of relative small features while still providing an image having good contrast. It is also preferable that each slice be one or two pixels thick in an image, depending on the size of the field of view. The slices are preferably produced by a “line mill” rather than a “bulk mill,” that is, by milling essentially a one dimensional line rather than a rectangle. Slices between 10 μm-100 μm in the X or Y dimensions, that is, width and height, are preferable. This area may be represented as a “bounding box” on an image of a sample. An “image” as used herein means an image displayed on a display unit or on a disposable medium such as paper, as well as a representation thereof in a computer memory, for example. 
     FIB operating currents for preferred embodiments are between 100 pA-1 nA at voltages around at 30 kV for all slicing and preparation steps, although a skilled artisan will appreciate that beam diameter and beam current are typically system specific. Beam chemistry may also be used in conjunction with the FIB or SEM processes. For milling with the FIB, a selective carbon etch or an insulator enhanced etch may be preferred. For surface preservation, platinum, carbon, or tungsten may be applied to areas desired to be protected during the milling steps. 
     The SEM electron beam is typically operated at a voltage of 5 kV and may preferably use a through-the-lens detector. It should be appreciated that, as in the case of the FIB described above, the operating parameters of the SEM vary depending on the materials imaged and should be optimized for each use without undue experimentation. For example, SEM beam voltages are preferably set anywhere from 500V-up to 30 kV. 
     Although the objects most advantageously observed with the present invention are typically biological structures (e.g. nerves, blood vessels, cellular structures, etc.), it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to those materials and may include other materials such as metals, catalysts, polymers, and semiconductor circuits, for example. Feature of interest  10  of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is illustrative of a biological structure that has a non-uniform shape through a sample  12 , and may also have a branched member  14 . 
     It is preferable for accuracy and automation that the size and shape of the area to be milled is determined through information gathered by machine vision. Machine vision is known in the art. In machine vision, a computer is used to process image information, usually obtained from the SEM image, to determine physical properties of a feature such as a feature&#39;s edges, size, and center of mass. Software used for machine vision may include, for example, Cognex VisionPro software from Cognex Corporation, Nantick, Mass. Typical machine vision software operates to identify a feature in a sample region based on image properties such as average gray level, contrast and texture. For instance, each pixel in the image may be given an assigned value, such as a single number, that represents a texture quality of that pixel with respect to surrounding pixels. The feature of interest will typically have different image properties, such as texture, from the surrounding sample in which the feature is imaged. The feature of interest therefore can be identified as the group of pixels having an average texture within a certain parameter of value that differs from the surrounding image. The machine vision software preferably automatically locates and measures the feature of interest in each imaged slice of the sample.  FIGS. 3A-3G  show different slices of feature  20  and branch  22  taken at various depths within the sample  24 . 
     Once the feature is located and measurements are obtained, computer software predicts, based on those measurements, the size of an area to mill slice in the next iteration of the slice and view process. For example, feature  30  as illustrated in  FIG. 3A  appears to be perfectly circular, suggesting that the position of the feature in the next slice would be in the same location as feature  30 . In this case, slicing and viewing processes would follow the feature structure by continuing in a straight line direction into the sample if no changes in feature shape and size are revealed. 
     In determining the area to be milled in a subsequent slice milling step, it is first determined if the imaged feature as compared to a previously imaged slice of the feature has changed size or shape, which may indicate a change in feature position for the subsequent slices. For example, a deviation from the normal axial cross-section of a tubular-shaped feature tends to indicate that in a subsequent slice, the position of the feature may change from the previous slice. If such a change is indicated, the FIB and SEM beams would be adjusted to “follow” the feature as it changes size, shape or location. 
     To further illustrate this point, if an image of a tubular feature such as a blood vessel or nerve is shown as round, it is likely that the cross-section is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the feature in that slice and that the feature is likely to extend through the sample, at least immediately, perpendicularly from the plane of the cut (sliced) face. A subsequent image showing a substantially round or circular feature would serve to confirm this determination. However, if a following image showed a feature with an elliptical shape, it would suggest that the feature does not extend perpendicularly from the cut face, but instead extends to a direction that can be determined by the orientation of the ellipse. 
     For example, the imaged slice of  FIG. 3B  shows that the shape of the feature  31  is slightly elliptical compared to feature  30 . Here, at some point between the slices of  FIG. 3A and 3B , it was determined that the feature shape was changing, indicating a subsequent change in location of the feature through continued processing. Feature  31  indicates that the feature is changing position toward the left of the sample (as shown on the page).  FIG. 3C  confirms that the feature has changed position far left. Also, the highly elliptical shape of feature  32  would also serve to indicate a greater change in location in the subsequent slice to be made that did the only slightly elliptical shape of feature  31 . Here, a prediction may be made that a subsequent slice should be performed further to the left.  FIG. 3D  shows feature  33  further to the left, confirming the prediction of  FIG. 3C . Feature  33 , however, shows a less elliptical shape, indicating that the feature is “straightening out.”  FIG. 3E  shows feature  34  near the end of the sample  24 . Notice the change in location of the feature beginning from  FIG. 3A  to  FIG. 3E . 
     In at least one embodiment of the present invention, it may be desired to follow a branch of a structure. A branch may be imaged and located as shown in the slice of  FIG. 3F , where feature  35  is the main structure and  36  is the branch. If the branch  36  is followed, it is shown to culminate at structure  37  shown in  FIG. 3G . 
     It is preferable that a representative “bounding box” is assigned to that area on the image, shown in  FIGS. 3A-3G  as the solid-lined box around each feature. The bounding box includes the feature of interest and an area around the perimeter of the feature. The area around the perimeter of the feature is included to be milled to account for a margin of error in the predicting of the location, size and shape of the feature in the slice to be subsequently performed and for providing adequate sample area for the machine vision to compare the feature of interest with the surrounding sample material. The bounding box in each of FIGS.  3 A- 3 G figure is much smaller than the dotted-lined box representing an area that would be milled in a typical prior art method. 
     The embodiments of the previous examples include slice milling (and imaging) parallel slices, as shown in  FIG. 4B . However, other embodiments may include slice milling (and imaging) perpendicularly along the axial center of the feature as determined by the machine vision measurements of the feature. That is, as the imaged feature begins to show elliptical structure, the FIB and SEM (or stage having the sample) is moved accordingly to maintain the beams for processing perpendicularly axial slices along the body of the structure as shown in  FIG. 4A . In other words, it may be preferable in at least some embodiments to image a new area by moving the sample rather than changing the beam parameters associated with that function, as is done in  FIG. 4B . The sample may be moved, for example, by moving the stage or other apparatus such that the sample is moved in relation to the beams. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 4A  allows the tracking of features that move outside of the maximum field of view of the beams by repositioning the sample in relation to the beams. 
     Since the present invention provides for following the feature in a sample and milling less substrate material than in prior art methods, it is possible that un-milled substrate material may prevent obtaining an unobstructed image of the sliced face due to the orientation of typical dual-beam systems. The ion beam column of the FIB is typically oriented normal, or a few degrees from normal, to the sample surface, while the electron beam of the SEM is typically oriented at about 52 degrees with respect to the ion beam column. As processing of the sample is continued by slicing further into the sample, a substantial change of location of the feature may position the feature behind an obstruction of sample material preventing direct access by the SEM beam. To remedy this problem, embodiments of the present invention provide for obliterating the obstructing remnant of sample material. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 5A  the beam  56  of the SEM  50  is unable to impinge on portion  54  of the feature  58 . Here, the FIB  52  is directed to obliterate obstruction  57  of the sample  59 .  FIG. 5B  shows the sample  59  with obstruction  57  removed, and SEM beam  56  with a direct line-of-sight to portion  54  of the feature  58 . 
     Preferably, this obliteration process can be performed with a faster, less precise milling procedure so that the obstructing sample material is quickly removed. In this rough milling, the FIB operating parameters are preferably between 21 nA-6.5 nA depending on the size of the obstruction and its material composition. 
     A problem that may occur while milling the remnant with a faster milling procedure is redeposition. That is, particles of the remnant material may redeposit on the face of the feature to be imaged, causing an undesirable image resolution should the face with redeposited material be imaged. Here, a clean up step may be performed before imaging the face. The clean up step preferably includes directing a higher quality beam toward the face the ion beam with than that used to obliterate the remnant material. The FIB current settings for the clean-up step are preferably between 2.8 nA-500 pA, depending on feature size and material. 
     Alternatively, it may be predetermined that a subsequent slice milling procedure will cause a sample material obstruction between the SEM and the new face. In this case, the sample material obstruction, or remnant, may be preventatively obliterated before the subsequent new face is milled, thereby preventing a separate clean-up step. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  (with parallelogram “A” of  FIG. 6  leading to  FIG. 7 ) are flow charts showing preferable steps of a method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The steps of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the figures broadly include slicing-and-imaging steps, locating the feature of interest with machine vision, evaluating and measuring of the feature in the resulting image, and adjustment of the dual beam system for continued processing according to the results of the evaluation step. 
     In operation, the sample is loaded into an imaging system such as the DA-300 Defect Analyzer or the Helios NanoLab 400 DualBeam tool from FEI Company. In step  602 , a slice is cut into the sample perpendicularly to the sample&#39;s upper surface to create a milled face area. If this is the first slice into the sample, it is an initial slice and may be different than subsequent slices in that the location of the feature of interest may not be known with a desired level of certainty. If it is predetermined that the location of the feature of interest in an initial image will not be accurately determinable before an initial slice, it is preferable that a large initial slice be performed in order to locate the feature of interest in a resulting image of that area. If the location of the feature of interest will be known with a high level of certainty, a relatively smaller slice may be made in order to save time. 
     By following parallelogram “A” of  FIG. 6  which leads to  FIG. 7 , it is determined in step  702  whether a free and clear path of the SEM exists to image the slice face. If there is not a free path, as is common after an initial slice or after further processing as described below, the obstruction is obliterated in step  706 . As discussed above, obliterating an obstruction may cause redeposition of sample material onto the freshly cut face. In this case, the face is resurfaced in step  708 . Alternatively, a portion of the sample material that is predetermined to be an obstruction to the SEM can be preemptively removed before an initial face is made. If there is a free path of the SEM to the slice face, step  704  returns the process to step  608  of  FIG. 6 . 
     After creating a face and removing any obstruction to the SEM, an image of the slice area can then be obtained by the SEM in step  604 . In step  606 , the image is evaluated to locate and measure the feature of interest. The evaluation step preferably includes evaluation of the image by software operating on a computer associated with the machine vision or other program, or it may be evaluated by a human operator. It is preferable that the evaluation is computerized, however, so that it may be automated to quickly evaluate (e.g. locate and measure) the feature in each image of the slice and view process. As discussed above, preferable ways of locating and measuring a feature include contrast comparison for edge detection and center-of-mass detection. If performed manually, for example, the center of mass can be indicated by an operator using a computer mouse, stylus or equivalent means on a computer image or display. 
     After the image is evaluated, it is determined if slicing should continue in step  608 . To rebuild a 3D image of a feature through this technique, it is desirable to obtain many images, depending on the size of the feature or the desired 3D detail. This step allows for counting the iterations of the slice and view technique as it processes the feature in the sample. The process may continue until a predetermined number of slices have been performed, or it may, at some trigger event or after so many iterations, require other input rather than merely number counting to determine if processing should continue. In any case, if it is determined that the reiterative slicing process has concluded, the flow follows the “No” path to analyze the results of the images in step  612 . In this step, the images are typically processed to reconstruct the feature into a 3D image. The 3D image is then typically analyzed by manual operators. Software for 3-D construction may preferably include, for example, Amira three dimensional imaging software from Visage Imaging, Inc. San Diego, Calif., or Avizo three-dimensional visualization software from VSG, Visualization Sciences Group, Inc. Burlington, Mass. If it is determined that reiterative slicing processes should continue, the flow follows the “Yes” path to step  610 . 
     In step  610 , the image of the feature and the information from the evaluation step of  606  is analyzed as to whether to change system, or beam, parameters for the subsequent slice and view steps  602  and  604 . To this end, a bounding box that encompasses the feature is useful. The bounding box is preferably assigned to the image in the evaluation step  606  or the previous adjustment step  610  of the previous iteration of these steps (i.e. if this is not the initial execution of this step in this process). As described above, the bounding box surrounding the feature is preferably extends beyond the edges of the feature by a nominal amount to account for the possibility of a growing feature in the next image. 
     A change in the size and location of the bounding box dictates a change in the parameters of the beams and the location to which they are directed in the subsequent iteration of the slice and view process. That is, the X and Y dimensions of the area to slice and view are changed for the following slice and view iteration with respect to a change in the bounding box dimensions. For example, if the feature size and shape change significantly, the bounding box dimensions are adjusted and the beams are adjusted accordingly to slice and view the next face. If the feature dimensions decrease, the bounding box dimensions are adjusted (reduced in one or more of the X and Y dimensions) so that the FIB is adjusted to make a smaller area slice, therefore requiring less time to slice and view. If the bounding box size increases, the beams will slice and view a larger area of the substrate. In either case, the beams are adjusted to slice and view an area of the substrate that includes the feature of interest and a minimal area around the feature. To this end, it is preferable that the width (X-dimension) of the bounding box be less than 300% the width (X-dimension) of the feature of interest, more preferable that the width of the bounding box be less than 200% the width of the feature of interest, and even more preferable that the width of the bounding box be less than 150% the width of the feature of interest. And if the feature position or location changes with respect to the previous image of the feature, the beams are directed in that location accordingly. It is also preferable that in addition to, or in place of, adjusting the area to be slice milled, the sample may be repositioned in relation to the beams, as described above with respect to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4A . 
     After adjusting (if required) the location and area of the sample to be milled and imaged, or repositioning the sample, the process flows back to step  602  to reiterate the process. However, before proceeding to step  602 , it is preferable to determine if proceeding with the next slice will cause an obstruction to imaging with the SEM. Here the process flows through parallelogram “A” and follows the steps of  FIG. 7  as discussed above. 
     A preferred apparatus for performing the preferred embodiments of the methods described above is shown in  FIG. 8 , illustrating a typical dual beam system  810  with a vertically mounted SEM column and a focused ion beam (FIB) column mounted at an angle of approximately 52 degrees from the vertical. Such dual beam systems are commercially available, for example, from FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oreg., the assignee of the present application. While an example of suitable hardware is provided below, the invention is not limited to being implemented in any particular type of hardware. 
     A scanning electron microscope  841 , along with power supply and control unit  845 , is provided with the dual beam system  810 . An electron beam  843  is emitted from a cathode  852  by applying voltage between cathode  852  and an anode  854 . Electron beam  843  is focused to a fine spot by means of a condensing lens  856  and an objective lens  858 . Electron beam  843  is scanned two-dimensionally on the specimen by means of a deflection coil  860 . Operation of condensing lens  856 , objective lens  858 , and deflection coil  860  is controlled by power supply and control unit  845 . 
     Electron beam  843  can be focused onto substrate  822 , which is on movable X-Y stage  825  within lower chamber  826 . When the electrons in the electron beam strike substrate  822 , secondary electrons are emitted. These secondary electrons are detected by secondary electron detector  840  as discussed below. STEM detector  862 , located beneath the TEM sample holder  824  and the stage  825 , can collect electrons that are transmitted through the sample mounted on the TEM sample holder as discussed above. 
     Dual beam system  810  also includes focused ion beam (FIB) system  811  which comprises an evacuated chamber having an upper neck portion  812  within which are located an ion source  814  and a focusing column  816  including extractor electrodes and an electrostatic optical system. The axis of focusing column  816  is tilted 52 degrees from the axis of the electron column. The ion column  812  includes an ion source  814 , an extraction electrode  815 , a focusing element  817 , deflection elements  820 , and a focused ion beam  818 . Ion beam  818  passes from ion source  814  through column  816  and between electrostatic deflection means schematically indicated at  820  toward substrate  822 , which comprises, for example, a semiconductor device positioned on movable X-Y stage  825  within lower chamber  826 . 
     Stage  825  may also support one or more TEM sample holders  824  so that a sample can be extracted from the semiconductor device and moved to a TEM sample holder. Stage  825  can preferably move in a horizontal plane (X and Y axes) and vertically (Z axis). Stage  825  can also tilt approximately sixty (60) degrees and rotate about the Z axis. In some embodiments, a separate TEM sample stage (not shown) can be used. Such a TEM sample stage will also preferably be moveable in the X, Y, and Z axes. A door  861  is opened for inserting substrate  822  onto X-Y stage  825  and also for servicing an internal gas supply reservoir, if one is used. The door is interlocked so that it cannot be opened if the system is under vacuum. 
     An ion pump  828  is employed for evacuating neck portion  812 . The chamber  826  is evacuated with turbomolecular and mechanical pumping system  830  under the control of vacuum controller  832 . The vacuum system provides within chamber  826  a vacuum of between approximately 1×10 −7  Torr and 5×10 −4  Torr. If an etch assisting, an etch retarding gas, or a deposition precursor gas is used, the chamber background pressure may rise, typically to about 1×10 −5  Torr. 
     The high voltage power supply provides an appropriate acceleration voltage to electrodes in ion beam focusing column focusing  816  for energizing and focusing ion beam  818 . When it strikes substrate  822 , material is sputtered, that is physically ejected, from the sample. Alternatively, ion beam  818  can decompose a precursor gas to deposit a material. 
     High voltage power supply  834  is connected to liquid metal ion source  814  as well as to appropriate electrodes in ion beam focusing column  816  for forming an approximately 1 keV to 60 keV ion beam  818  and directing the same toward a sample. Deflection controller and amplifier  836 , operated in accordance with a prescribed pattern provided by pattern generator  838 , is coupled to deflection plates  820  whereby ion beam  818  may be controlled manually or automatically to trace out a corresponding pattern on the upper surface of substrate  822 . In some systems the deflection plates are placed before the final lens, as is well known in the art. Beam blanking electrodes (not shown) within ion beam focusing column  816  cause ion beam  818  to impact onto blanking aperture (not shown) instead of substrate  822  when a blanking controller (not shown) applies a blanking voltage to the blanking electrode. 
     The liquid metal ion source  814  typically provides a metal ion beam of gallium. The source typically is capable of being focused into a sub one-tenth micrometer wide beam at substrate  822  for either modifying the substrate  822  by ion milling, enhanced etch, material deposition, or for the purpose of imaging the substrate  822 . 
     A charged particle detector  840 , such as an Everhart Thornley or multi-channel plate, used for detecting secondary ion or electron emission is connected to a video circuit  842  that supplies drive signals to video monitor  844  and receiving deflection signals from a system controller  819 . The location of charged particle detector  840  within lower chamber  826  can vary in different embodiments. For example, a charged particle detector  840  can be coaxial with the ion beam and include a hole for allowing the ion beam to pass. In other embodiments, secondary particles can be collected through a final lens and then diverted off axis for collection. 
     A micromanipulator  847 , such as the AutoProbe 200™ from Omniprobe, Inc., Dallas, Tex., or the Model MM3A from Kleindiek Nanotechnik, Reutlingen, Germany, can precisely move objects within the vacuum chamber. Micromanipulator  847  may comprise precision electric motors  848  positioned outside the vacuum chamber to provide X, Y, Z, and theta control of a portion  849  positioned within the vacuum chamber. The micromanipulator  847  can be fitted with different end effectors for manipulating small objects. In the embodiments described herein, the end effector is a thin probe  850 . 
     A gas delivery system  846  extends into lower chamber  826  for introducing and directing a gaseous vapor toward substrate  822 . U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,413 to Casella et al. for “Gas Delivery Systems for Particle Beam Processing,” assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describes a suitable gas delivery system  846 . Another gas delivery system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,850 to Rasmussen for a “Gas Injection System,” also assigned to the assignee of the present invention. For example, iodine can be delivered to enhance etching, or a metal organic compound can be delivered to deposit a metal. 
     System controller  819  controls the operations of the various parts of dual beam system  810 . Through system controller  819 , a user can cause ion beam  818  or electron beam  843  to be scanned in a desired manner through commands entered into a conventional user interface (not shown). Alternatively, system controller  819  may control dual beam system  810  in accordance with programmed instructions stored in a memory  821 . In some embodiments, dual beam system  810  incorporates image recognition software, or machine vision, as discussed above. 
     Experimental Example 
     An example of preferable FIB parameters for a performing a preferred embodiment of the present invention on a typical biological sample include rough milling beam current setting at 21 nA, clean up milling current setting at 2.8 nA, slice milling current setting at 460 pA. Preferable SEM parameters include beam acceleration voltage of 1 kV and current of 170 pA. 
     During an experiment performed with these system settings, back scattered electron (BSE) images were collected with contrast and brightness values digitally inverted, and image horizontal field width (HFW) of 25 μm. Slice thickness was 30 nm and 200-300 slices were processed for a completion time of 6-8 hours. 
     Although embodiments of the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, while the examples provided show the use of the invention in connection with a typical slice and view procedure, alternative implementations of the method and apparatus described here may use a laser for rough milling and e-beam chemistry for thin slicing. Also, it is considered within the scope of the invention that the angle between the FIB and the SEM can be other than 52 degrees, such as 45-54 degrees, for example. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.