Patent Publication Number: US-2023157320-A1

Title: Methods for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal and for selecting food products

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to EP Patent Application Serial No. 20168471.9, filed on Apr. 7, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     FIELD 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments relate to customized and/or individualized animal food products, such as pet animal food products. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There is an increasing awareness of the importance of a proper diet for the health maintenance and disease prevention or treatment of animals, especially of pets. Customized or individualized diets for various life stages and conditions are available for animals, especially for companion animals and pets. Although a high number of suppliers and products are available to pet care product consumers, it can take significant time, effort and investigation for a customer to determine which product(s) best suits a particular animal&#39;s need among the large number of alternatives. While veterinarians and other professionals can assist in recommending a given brand of pet food for a particular pet, pet foods are typically mass manufactured to meet the needs of an average pet within a given range, such as the age and/or size of the pet. 
     Nutritional needs, however, vary amongst pets, and a customized or individualized regimen of appropriate ingredients for a particular pet or breed of pet would be beneficial. In the light of the difficulties and expenses of tailoring a custom diet for a particular pet, consumers are often forced to choose between a limited variety of available mass-produced pet foods and products. Several manufacturers have conceived systems allowing the design of foodstuffs that better correlate with the specific nutritional requirements of their companion animal. For the purpose of example and not limitation, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,358,546 and 6,493,641 are directed to methods for customizing or manufacturing pet food, in which a user input is used to form an individual pet profile used to generate a customized pet food formula. 
     For the purpose of example and not limitation, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0272028 relates to systems and methods for collecting specific pet information and utilizing that information to create a custom pet food product. Based upon a correlation by a computer, a kibble or blend can be suggested from a number of possible pre-manufactured kibbles or blends, and a pet food additive can be created based on a specific pet food product formulation and in accordance with a pet profile of the pet. 
     International Publication No. WO 2014/078856 is directed to systems and methods for creating a customized blend of pet food. The methods, for example, include creating a first environment profile for the pet comprising the steps of inputting pet characteristics in a computer system, such as age, breed, weight and food preferences. The method also includes acquiring data, such as published pet nutrition information, comparing the data to the first environmental profile, generating the nutritional target from the data and the first environmental profile, and then generating a nutritional blend recipe using a computer system. 
     Despite the above, there remains a need for systems, methods, and/or apparatus for determining or providing a plurality of individualized food products that is adaptable and reproducible over time. 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments can be directed to a method for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal. The method, for example, can include providing an animal profile, including a plurality of criteria, which can be selected from: a species, an activity level, a medical history, a breed, a reproductive status, a feeding method, an age, a sex, a spayed or neutered status, a meal schedule, a biological value from a biological sample, a body condition, a health status, a life style, a coat information, a risk factor, and/or a weight of the animal. The method can also include providing a first database  110  including a list of key ingredients to each animal criteria. Each one of the key ingredients can be assigned to a range of amount defined by a minimal amount and/or a maximal amount and/or a target amount. For each range, a rating can provide the importance of the ingredients compared to the importance of the other ingredients or key ingredients listed in the first database. In addition, the method can include processing the animal profile and the first database, thereby providing a nutritional profile of the animal. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments can be directed to a method for selecting food product(s) for an animal. The method includes providing a nutritional profile  160  of the animal. The method can also include providing a second database  170  including a plurality of pre-manufactured food products, each one being characterized by the individual content of the key ingredients comprising the pre-manufactured food products. In addition, the method can include selecting at least one pre-manufactured food products from the second database  180  based on the nutritional profile. In some non-limiting embodiments the method can include ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product(s)  185 , and/or providing a recommendation from the selected pre-manufactured food products. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments are directed to a device for selecting food product(s) for an animal, having means adapted to or being configured to execute the steps of the methods for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal, and/or for selecting food product(s) for an animal. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments are directed to a computer program comprising instructions to cause the device to execute the steps of the method for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal, and/or for selecting food product(s) for an animal. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments are directed to a computer-readable medium having stored thereon the computer program. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments are directed to a method, in particular a non-therapeutic method, for feeding an animal. The non-therapeutic method can include administering to the animal at least one pre-manufactured food product selected. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates a method or process for determining a nutritional profile of an animal according to certain non-limiting embodiments. 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates a method or process for selecting at least one manufactured food product for an animal according to certain non-limiting embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a computer system according to certain non-limiting embodiments. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates a method or process for determining a nutritional profile of an animal according to certain non-limiting embodiments. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates a method or process for selecting at least one manufactured food product for an animal according to certain non-limiting embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As used herein, the words “a” or “an,” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification, can mean “one,” but they are also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and/or “one or more than one”. The terms “having,” “including,” “containing” and “comprising” are interchangeable, and one of skill in the art will recognize that these terms are open ended terms. 
     As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. 
     As used herein, the term “mammal” or “mammals” comprises a human or an animal. In particular, the term “animal” or “animals” can designate a ruminant, poultry, swine, mammal, horse, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, cow, cat or dog. 
     As used herein, the term “adult” means an animal has passed puberty and reaches its biological maturation point. 
     As used herein, a “pet animal” can include a pet mammal. Pet mammals encompass dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and mice. Preferred pet animals herein can include feline or canine, especially as dogs and cats. 
     As used herein, the term “feline” encompasses animals, including pet animals, selected in the group comprising cheetah, puma, jaguar, leopard, lion, lynx, liger, tiger, panther, bobcat, ocelot, smilodon, caracal, serval and cats. As used herein, cats encompass wild cats and domestic cats. 
     As used herein, the term “canine” encompasses animals, including pet animals selected in the group comprising recognized dog breeds (some of which are further subdivided), which can include afghan hound, airedale, akita, Alaskan malamute, basset hound, beagle, Belgian shepherd, bloodhound, border collie, border terrier, borzoi, boxer, bulldog, bull terrier, cairn terrier, chihuahua, chow, cocker spaniel, collie, corgi, dachshund, dalmatian, doberman, English setter, fox terrier, German shepherd, golden retriever, great dane, greyhound, griffon bruxellois, Irish setter, Irish wolfhound, King Charles spaniel, Labrador retriever, lhasa apso, mastiff, newfoundland, old English sheepdog, papillion, pekingese, pointer, pomeranian, poodle, pug, rottweiler, St. Bernard, saluki, samoyed, schnauzer, Scottish terrier, Shetland sheepdog, shih tzu, Siberian husky, Skye terrier, springer spaniel, West Highland terrier, whippet, Yorkshire terrier, etc. 
     As used herein, a “subpopulation” is a set of one to multiple animals of one species, but less than an entire species, definable in terms of genotype and/or one or more attributes of physiological condition that, in a subpopulation of more than one member, are common to members of the subpopulation. In certain embodiments, the subpopulation is defined at least in part by specific breed. For example, in the case of animals of mixed breed, a subpopulation can be defined at least in part by breed heritage, which can be established through knowledge of the parental breeds, phenotypic characteristics, genotypic assessment, or by genetic markers such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (“SNPs”). In certain embodiments, the subpopulation is defined at least in part by physiological condition. 
     As used herein, the term “animal profile” or “physiological profile” refers to any one or combination of attributes of an animal including its species, breed, reproductive status, sex, spayed or neutered status, size, weight, ideal body weight, Body Condition Score (“BCS”), age, activity level, lifestyle, coat information, disposition, state of wellness, feeding method, meal schedule, risk factor(s) and medical history. A physiological profile is a product of interaction of the genotype with the environment of the animal. A subpopulation defined at least in part by physiological profile can cut across breed lines. Alternatively, a subpopulation can be defined in part by physiological condition but restricted to one or a few breeds or a defined breed heritage. Examples of such subpopulations are aggressive poodles, Labrador retrievers with tapeworm infestation, spayed female dogs having a breed heritage that includes beagle, German Shepherds with hip dysplasia, Labrador Retrievers with obesity, Yorkshire terriers with chronic diarrhea (or protein loosing enteropathy), Chihuahua with dental disease, Rag doll with cardiac disease (or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), Main Coon with osteoarthritis, Persian with calcium oxalate uroliths, etc. 
     From an algorithm point of view the risk factors and diseases are both criteria. However, a distinction can be made as risk factors relate to the notion of “prevention” whereas a disease relates to the management and reduction of clinical signs and progression of the disease. Risk factors are identified based on the information within the patient profile (such as, but not limited to, the medical history, breed, age, and body condition) that identify areas that should be considered within the animals nutrient/ingredient profile to help support maintenance of physiologic function (before the onset of disease). For example, the animal&#39;s breed (e.g., large breed dogs) can predispose the animal to develop joint or mobility disease; therefore, the nutrient/ingredient profile includes consideration for the risk of joint/mobility conditions by controlled levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus, as well as moderate energy density (to promote slow and steady rate of growth) and including ingredients/nutrients such as, for example, glucosamine, chondroitin, and EPA+DHA. 
     In particular, the term “physiological profile” refers to any one or combination of attributes of an animal including its specie, breed, sex, neuter status, size, weight, ideal body weight, BCS, age, activity level, disposition, state of wellness, and medical history. 
     The term “pathological profile” is a particular type of animal/physiological profile, wherein the set of attributes further includes an indication for a set of pathological conditions which have been associated to a given animal, or which are suspected to be present in said animal. Thus, as used herein, the term “pathological profile” refers to any one or combination of diagnosed pathology(ies) or medical condition(s) as determined by a veterinary assessment including but not limited to clinical sign(s), veterinary exam(s), diagnostic blood work(s), diagnostic imaging (radiographs, ultrasounds), DNA test(s) and diagnostic cytology/biopsy. 
     For example, a subpopulation can include adult felines that shed hair excessively, obese dogs, toy dogs having respiratory disease, geriatric dogs of large breed type, long-haired cats having renal insufficiency, etc. Hence, the animal profile can include information pertaining to, but not limited to, an animal&#39;s name, species, age, weight, gender, breed, spayed/neutered, activity level, breeding status, digestive health, medical history and genetic information, current health status, body condition, feeding method, snack schedule and flavor preferences. Further, the animal profile can also include information regarding the season, date or time of year. 
     For the purpose of example, and no limitation, the disorders/pathologies listed in the public VENOM DATABASE (venomcoding.org) or in the public AAHA (American Animal Hospital Association) listing from the Veterinary Terminology Services Laboratory (https://vtsl.vetmed.vt.edu/aaha/) can be used, in part, for the establishment of a physiological or pathological profile. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the following set of disorders/pathologies can be considered, in part, for the establishment of a physiological or pathological profile: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Set of disorders/pathologies that can be considered for the 
               
               
                 establishment of a physiological or pathological profile. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Behavioral Disorders 
                 Stress and Anxiety Related Disorders, Chronic Anxiety 
               
               
                 Dermatological 
                 Self-Induced Alopecia, Adverse Food Reactions (Afr), 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Adverse Food Reactions Suspicion, Atopic Dermatitis 
               
               
                   
                 (Atopy), Dermatitis, Flea Bite Allergic Dermatitis, 
               
               
                   
                 Pyoderma, Skin and Coat Disorders Wound Healing, Coat 
               
               
                   
                 Color Disorder (Incl Red Coat Syndrome), Cutaneous Afr, 
               
               
                   
                 Dermatosis, Hair Loss, Pyodermatitis 
               
               
                 Endocrine 
                 Diabetes Mellitus (Dm), Hypothyroidism, Diabetes 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Mellitus Type 1 (Absolute Insulin Deficiency), Diabetes 
               
               
                   
                 Mellitus Type 2 (Relative Insulin Deficiency or Insulin 
               
               
                   
                 Resistance), Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Disorders 
               
               
                 Food Intake Disorders 
                 Anorexia, Dysrexia, Food Intake Disorders 
               
               
                 Gastro- 
                 Acute Diarrhea, Acute Gastroenteritis, Acute Vomiting, 
               
               
                 Intestinal 
                 Chronic Diarrhea, Chronic Enteropathy (Ce), Chronic 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Gastroenteritis, Chronic Vomiting, Constipation, Fibre 
               
               
                   
                 Responsive Colitis (Including Stress Diarrhea), 
               
               
                   
                 Gastrointestinal Afr, Gastrointestinal Condition Requiring 
               
               
                   
                 High Fibre Content, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ibd), 
               
               
                   
                 Intestinal Diseases, Lymphangiectasia, Maldigestion 
               
               
                   
                 Malabsorption, Megacolon, Megaoesophagus, Perianal 
               
               
                   
                 Fistula, Protein-Losing Enteropathy (Ple), Acute Colitis, 
               
               
                   
                 Antibiotic Responsive Diarrhea (Ard), Chronic Colitis, 
               
               
                   
                 Chronic Idiopathic Large Bowel Disease (Cilbd), Delayed 
               
               
                   
                 Gastric Emptying, Feline Triaditis 
               
               
                   
                 (Enteritis + Cholangiohepatitis + Pancreatitis), Food 
               
               
                   
                 Responsive Diarrhea (Frd), Functional Colopathy, Gastric 
               
               
                   
                 Dilatation Volvulus (Recurrence Prevention), Gastric 
               
               
                   
                 Disorders, Gastritis, Obstipation, Oesophagial Disorders, 
               
               
                   
                 Oesophagitis, Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (Sibo), 
               
               
                   
                 Steroid (Or Immunosuppressant) Responsive Diarrhea 
               
               
                   
                 (Srd Or Ird) 
               
               
                 Heart 
                 Cardiovascular Diseases, Congestive Heart Failure (Chf), 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (Hcm), Dilated 
               
               
                   
                 Cardiomyopathy (Dcm), Chronic Valvular Heart Disease 
               
               
                   
                 (Cvhd) 
               
               
                 Liver 
                 Cholangiohepatitis, Cholangitis, Copper Storage Disease, 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Feline Hepatic Lipidosis, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Liver 
               
               
                   
                 Diseases, Acute Hepatitis, Chronic Hepatitis, Liver Failure, 
               
               
                   
                 Portosystemic Shunt (Pss) 
               
               
                 Oral 
                 Periodontal Disease, Dental Plaque, Gingivitis, Oral 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Diseases, Tartar 
               
               
                 Osteoarticular 
                 Bone Disorders, Joint Disorders, Osteoarthritis, Osteo- 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Articular Disorders, Osteochondritis 
               
               
                 Other 
                 Regurgitation, Malnutrition, Food Intolerance (Including 
               
               
                   
                 Gluten Intolerance), Hairball Management, Anemia, 
               
               
                   
                 Hyperlipidemia (Fasting Hyperlipidemia), Neoplasia 
               
               
                   
                 (Cancer), Neurologic Diseases, Convalescence, 
               
               
                   
                 Hypertension, Sarcopenia 
               
               
                 Pancreatic 
                 Acute Pancreatitis, Chronic Pancreatitis, Exocrine 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Pancreatic Insufficiency (Epi), Pancreatic Disorders 
               
               
                   
                 (Exocrine Pancreas), Chronic Pancreatitis (Mild Moderate), 
               
               
                   
                 Chronic Pancreatitis (Severe) 
               
               
                 Renal 
                 Acute Kidney Injury (Aki), Azotemic Ckd Iris Stage 2, 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 Azotemic Ckd Iris Stage 3, Azotemic Ckd Iris Stage 4, Ckd 
               
               
                   
                 With Proteinuria, Early Ckd (Iris Stage 1), Chronic Kidney 
               
               
                   
                 Disease (Ckd), Ckd Mineral Bone Disorder (Secondary 
               
               
                   
                 Hyperparathyroidism), Ckd With Hypertension, 
               
               
                   
                 Glomerulonephritis, Kidney Dysplasia, Polycystic Kidney 
               
               
                   
                 Disease (Pkd), Protein-Losing Nephropathy (Pln) 
               
               
                 Urinary 
                 Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (Fic), Urinary Tract Infection 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 (Uti), Urolithiasis Calcium Oxalate (Or Calcium 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphate), Urolithiasis Cystine, Urolithiasis Struvite, 
               
               
                   
                 Urolithiasis Urate (Or Xanthine), Hematuria, Incontinence, 
               
               
                   
                 Proteinuria, Urinary Disorders, Urolithiasis Undetermined 
               
               
                 Weight 
                 Obesity, Overweight, Underweight, Cachexia, Obesity 
               
               
                 Disorders 
                 BCS 7 (Out Of 9), Obesity BCS 8 (Out Of 9), Obesity BCS 
               
               
                   
                 9 (Out Of 9), Overweight BCS 6 (Out Of 9), Underweight 
               
               
                   
                 BCS 1 (Out Of 9), Underweight BCS 2 (Out Of 9), 
               
               
                   
                 Underweight BCS 3 (Out Of 9) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, in dogs, such diseases and disorders can include, without limitation, adverse reactions to food (including food allergy and food intolerance), as can be manifested for example by one or more of the following: chronic colitis, chronic gastroenteritis, chronic otitis extrema or pruritic dermatitis; arthritis, including osteoarthritis; brain aging and related behavioral changes; cancer or neoplasia; cardiovascular disease, including ascites or edema (fluid retention), heart disease, heart failure, heartworm disease, and primary hypertension; developmental orthopedic disease; diabetes mellitus; gastrointestinal disorders, including colitis, fiber-responsive colitis, fiber-responsive constipation, constipation unresponsive to increased fiber, acute or chronic diarrhea, fiber responsive diarrhea, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, flatulence, acute or chronic gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), maldigestion or malabsorption, non-hyper lipidemic pancreatitis, hyperlipidemic pancreatitis, recovery from gastrointestinal surgery, and acute or chronic vomiting, hepatic disorders, including ascites or edema (fluid retention), copper storage disease, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver disease, hyperlipidemia, obesity, oral health disorders, including gingivitis, oral malodor, and tartar, plaque or dental stain; recovery states, including anemia, anorexia, cachexia or weight loss, convalescence, debilitation, hyper metabolic states, malnutrition, and pre-surgical state and post-surgical state; renal disease, including hypertension, renal failure, and renal insufficiency; and urolithiasis, including calcium oxalate, urate and cystine management, struvite dissolution, struvite management, and struvite management in obese prone dogs. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, in cats, such diseases and disorders include, without limitation, adverse reactions to food (including food allergy and food intolerance), as can be manifested for example by one of the following: chronic colitis, eosinophilic granuloma complex, chronic gastroenteritis, or pruritic dermatitis; cardiovascular disease, including ascites or edema (fluid retention), heart disease, heart failure, and primary hypertension; diabetes mellitus; feline lower urinary tract disease, including idiopathic cystitis, oxalate management, struvite dissolution, struvite management, struvite management in obese cats, and Struvite management in obese prone cats; gastrointestinal disorders, including colitis, fiber-responsive colitis, fiber-responsive constipation, constipation unresponsive to increased fiber, acute or chronic diarrhea, fiber responsive diarrhea, acute or chronic gastroenteritis, IBD, pancreatitis, recovery from gastrointestinal surgery, and acute or chronic vomiting; hepatic disorders, including ascites or edema (fluid retention), copper storage disease, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver disease; hyperlipidemia; obesity; oral health disorders, including gingivitis, oral malodor, and tartar, plaque or dental stain; recovery states, including anemia, anorexia, cachexia or weight loss, convalescence, debilitation, hypermetabolic states, malnutrition, and pre-surgical state and post-surgical state; renal disease, including hypertension, renal failure, and renal insufficiency; and urolithiasis, including calcium oxalate, urate and cystine management, struvite dissolution, struvite management, and struvite management in obese prone cats. 
     As used herein the “ideal body weight” refers to the measured mass of the animal or the ideal mass of the animal as defined in a unit of weight such as kilograms or pounds. The BCS can be a measure of the animal based on the shape of the animal&#39;s body from a visual assessment from the side and from above the animal when in a standing position. The BCS assessment can also include a tactile assessment using one&#39;s hands to feel the level of the fat mass over the animals ribs (assessment based on how easily or difficult to palpate the ribs). The BCS can refer to a score on a scale which typically ranges from 1 to 5, or 1 to 9, with 1 representing the lowest body weight and 9 representing the highest body weight. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the BCS relates to the 1 to 9 scale, with a score of 5 being an ideal body weight. As used herein, the term “biological sample” can refer to, but is not limited to, at least one of stool, urine, hair, blood, saliva, and tissue. Indeed, the term, “biological sample” refers not only to the biological material itself (proteins, nucleic acids, tissues, etc.) but also to other materials associated therewith used for detection of the biological material, or portions thereof (e.g., dyes, labels, stains, or any other marker used in the identification of materials). 
     For example, a biological material can refer to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from a subject, including but not limited to, for example, blood, plasma, serum, fecal matter, urine, bone marrow, bile, spinal fluid, lymph tissue and lymph fluid, samples of the skin, external secretions of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, organs, biopsies and also samples of in vitro cell culture constituents including but not limited to conditioned media resulting from the growth of cells and tissues in culture medium, e.g., recombinant cells, and cell components. A biological sample can include, for instance, a polypeptide or a polynucleotide, or fragmented portions of organisms or cells obtained from sampling the environment, such as airborne pathogens. 
     As used herein, the term “preventing”, can also include the reduction of a likelihood of occurrence, or of re-occurrence, of a given condition in an animal. 
     As used herein, the term “food product” or “food composition” or “diet” or “foodstuff” can cover all of foodstuff, diet, food supplement, liquid or a material that can contain proteins, carbohydrates and/or crude fats. Foods can also contain supplementary substances or additives, for example, minerals, vitamins and condiments (See Merriam-Webster&#39;s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition, 1993). Such food compositions or products can be nutritionally complete or not. 
     In some non-limiting embodiments, a therapeutic diet or a dietetic diet could be a food composition for the good health of urinary system, e.g. Renal Select Feline or Instinctive, produced by Royal Caning. 
     As used herein, the term “nutritionally complete” can designate a composition (i.e., diet or foodstuff) that provides the complete and balanced nutritional requirements to the target animal (i.e., the pet animal). For instance, such a nutritionally complete composition can be a complete dog or a complete cat food. A nutritionally complete dry composition is such that it can nutritionally satisfy the pet animal, e.g. a dog, can be fed as a daily ration (i.e., which is capable of sustaining life without additional food, except water). In some non-limiting embodiments, a nutritionally complete food composition can include, in a non-exclusive manner, one or more of cereals and vegetable protein extracts, fibers, oils and fats, proteins, chicory pulps, yeasts and parts thereof, minerals, vitamins, preservatives, antioxidants, water, amino-acids, sodium. A nutritionally complete compositions, for example, can include at least one source of proteins (or polypeptides or amino-acids), such as protein extracts, at least one source of vitamins, at least one source of fats (or fatty acids) and at least one source of minerals. 
     As used herein, a “pet food” or “animal food” refers to any product produced by a pet food manufacturer, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be ingested by pet animals after placing on the market. “pet food” or “animal food” in certain non-limiting embodiments can be defined according to European Union (EU) Regulation no 767/2009. 
     As used herein, a “complete pet food” can be defined according to the European Union (EU) Regulation no 767/2009, on the placing on the market and use of feed (art. 3(i)) adapted to pet food). If a manufacturer labels a product as a complete pet food without specification of a determined life stage, it is assumed to be complete for all life stages, and should be formulated according to the levels recommended (i.e., for early growth and reproduction). If the product is designed for a specific life stage, then the label must clearly state this. 
     As used herein, the term “hypoallergenic diet” or “anallergic food” refers to a food composition compatible with an allergen-restricted diet. These hypoallergenic diets can be unpalatable to or inappropriate for certain animals, causing the animal to develop an aversion to this food composition. 
     As used herein, a “meal schedule” refers to the frequency of meals that can be served to a target animal, which would remain consistent with the expected daily ration to be served to the animal. 
     As used herein, a “daily ration” represents the average total quantity of feeding stuffs, required daily by an animal of a given species, age category and yield, to satisfy its needs. The average total quantity of a specific pet food that is needed daily by a pet of a given species, age category, life style, and/or activity can be used to satisfy the energy and ingredient requirements of the animal. In certain non-limiting embodiments “daily ration” or “needed daily” can be as defined in EU regulation no 767/2009 and use of feed (art. 2(c)). 
     As used herein, a “complementary pet food”, also by reference to EU regulation no 767/2009 and use of feed (art. 3(j)) adapted to pet food, is a pet food which has a high content of certain substances but which, by reason of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration only if used in combination with other pet foods. 
     As used herein, an “Allowance” or “Recommendation for daily intake (RDI)” is the level of intake of an ingredient or food component that appears to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy individuals. It reflects the minimum requirement plus a safety margin for differences in availability between individual animals and for ingredient interactions. In practice this would be translated as the levels of essential nutrients that healthy individuals should consume over time to ensure adequate and safe nutrition. 
     As used herein, a “nutrient requirement” or “ingredient requirement” is the quantity of a nutrient/ingredient that must be supplied to an animal in order to satisfy its metabolic needs. It reflects the minimum average level of intake of an ingredient, which, over time, is sufficient to provide the needed nutrients to maintain the desired biochemical physiological functions in a population. 
     As used herein, an amount of a component as expressed as weight/Mcal comprising a weight amount of the component by unit of Metabolizable Energy (“ME”) of the total food composition. 
     As used herein, the “Metabolizable Energy” refers to the digestible energy minus the energy lost in urine and combustible gases. 
     As used herein the “Maintenance Energy Requirement (“MER”)” is the energy required to support energy equilibrium, where the ME can equal heat production over a long period of time. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the ME value can be measured using feeding trial. In practice, the gross energy (GE) of the food is determined in the laboratory, and the amounts of food eaten by the animals are recorded. The faeces and urine from the animals are collected, and the energy in each is determined and called faecal energy (FE) and urinary energy (UE), respectively. The ME is then calculated as: ME (kcal/kg)=[GE−(FE+UE)]/(Kg of food consumed). Metabolizable Energy is determinable according to standard methods, and especially according to the European Standard EN 16967 (ICS.65.120) dated July 2017. Hence, as used herein, the term “x g/Mcal” for a given substance comprised in a diet or foodstuff means that the substance is comprised in an amount of x grams per Mcal contained in the diet of foodstuff. 
     Assuming an energy density of 16.7 kJ (4 kcal) ME per gram of dry matter, the following conversion factors can be applied: 
       Units/100 g of dry matter×2.5=units/1000 kcal.
 
     As used herein, the term “ppm” or “ppm units” (also termed “parts per million”), is a way of specifying an amount of a substance comprised in a composition/product. It can be used herein as an amount of a substance per mass of the composition/product unless stated otherwise. Hence, the term ppm can refer to an amount (mg) per mass (kg) of the composition/product. 
     As used herein, a “pre-made composition” refers to a composition which is suitable for food consumption by an animal, which can be nutritionally complete or not. 
     As used herein, the term “wet food” as in “wet food composition” can refer to a food composition having a moisture content of 30% or more, a food composition of more than 40% by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition, or the wet food composition has a moisture content lower than 90% in weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition. It can be the final product of a process comprising a final step of sterilization (instead of a drying step). In certain embodiments, the wet food comprises a chunk form, more particularly of chunks in gravy form. The wet food can comprise chunks and gravy, chunks in jelly, loaf, mousse, terrine, and/or bites form. “Chunks and gravy” products can comprise a preformed meat particle prepared by making a meat emulsion and by putting this meat emulsion through a muzzle under pressure and then cooked. A product, such as cooked meat, can be diced into chunks, which can be mixed with a gravy or sauce. The two components can then be filled into a container, which can be a can or pouch, which can be seamed or sealed and sterilized. As opposed to the ground loaf, chunk and gravy compositions can have physically separated, discrete chunks (i.e., pieces of ground meat and grains) as prepared. These discrete particles can be present in the gravy-type liquid in the final container. When serving, chunk and gravy products can flow out of the can and can be easily mixed with other dry products. While the chunk and gravy products allow better integrity of the individual ingredients, the heterogeneous formulation of the chunk and gravy products are sometimes disfavored by consumers. Wet food compositions can be packaged in can-like containers and are considered “wet” in appearance because of the moisture contained therein. Certain non-limiting embodiments can include a type of wet composition known as a “ground loaf” Loaf products are typically prepared by contacting a mixture of components under heat to produce a mostly homogeneous, intracellular honeycomb-type mass also known as a “ground loaf” The ground loaf mass is then packaged into a cylindrical container, such as a can. Upon packing, ground loaf can assume the shape of the container such that the ground loaf must be cut when serving to a companion animal. The wet food composition can be packaged. In this way, the consumer is able to identify, from the packaging, the ingredients in the food product and confirm that it is suitable for the particular pet in question. The packaging can be metal, plastic, paper or card. 
     As used herein, the term “dry food” as in “dry food composition” can refer to a food or composition having a moisture content of less than 12% by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition, and commonly even less than 7% by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition. In certain embodiments, dry food according to the present disclosure has a moisture content of at most 12% by weight. In some embodiments, the dry food has a moisture content of 7% or less, such as 5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the dry food has a moisture content of more than 3% by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition. For instance, the examples provided herein illustrate a dry food having a moisture content of 9.5% by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition. In certain embodiments the dry food can include a kibble. For example, and without limitation, kibbles include particulates; pellets; pieces of pet food, dehydrated meat, meat analog, vegetables, and combinations thereof; and pet snacks, such as meat or vegetable jerky, rawhide, and biscuits. The dry food composition can be manufactured by mixing together ingredients and kneading in order to make consistent dough that can be cooked. In general, it can be the final product of a process comprising an extrusion step followed by a drying step. According to some embodiments, it can be the final product of a process comprising an extrusion step followed by a coating step. 
     The process of creating a dry food can be done by baking and/or extruding. The dough is typically fed into a machine called an expander and/or extruder, which uses pressurized steam or hot water to cook the ingredients. While inside the extruder, the dough is under extreme pressure and high temperatures. The dough can be pushed through a die (specifically sized and shaped hole) and then cut off using a knife. The puffed dough pieces are made into kibble by passing it through a dryer so that moisture is dropped down to a defined target ensuring stability of the food until consumption. The kibble can then be sprayed with fats, oils, minerals, vitamins, the natural extracts cocktail and optionally sealed into packages. The dry food composition can be packaged. In this way, the consumer is able to identify, from the packaging, the ingredients in the food product and confirm that it is suitable for the pet, e.g. dog, in question. The packaging can be metal, plastic, paper or card. 
     As used herein, the term “semi-moist food” or “semi-moist food composition” can refer to a food composition with an intermediate moisture content of about 12% to about 30% in weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition. Hence, such semi-moist food composition can be the final product of a process allowing a moisture content value that is intermediate between a dry food and a wet food. In some non-limiting embodiments, the process can comprise a step of adding a humectant agent. In some embodiments, the process comprises an extrusion step and a subsequent treatment step with Super-Heated Steam (“SHS”). In some embodiments, the semi-moist food according to the present disclosure containing more than 12% and at most 30% moisture by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a semi-moist food composition has 11% to 25% moisture by weight, relative to the total weight of the food composition, and/or a water activity of 0.64 to 0.75. 
     As used herein, a “nutritional maximum limit” is the maximum level of an ingredient in a complete pet food that, based on scientific data, has not been associated with adverse effects in healthy pets, in particular healthy dogs and cats. The adverse effects in healthy pets can be based on the European Pet Food Industry Federation Guidelines. In addition, maximum permitted levels have been determined by the legislator for several ingredients if added as a nutritional additive (i.e., trace elements &amp; vitamin D) (legal maximum). They are laid down in the Community Register of Feed Additives pursuant to Regulation 1831/2002/EC of the Parliament and the Council, concerning additives in feeding stuffs. The legal maximum levels apply to all life stages (EU Regulation 1831/2003 in conjunction with EU register of feed additives). 
     Methods for Characterizing Nutritional Needs &amp; for Selecting Food Product(s) 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates a first embodiment, relating to a method for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the method can include providing an animal profile  101 , including a plurality of criteria, selected from: a species, an activity level, a medical history, a breed, a reproductive status, a feeding method, an age, a sex, a spayed or neutered status, a meal schedule, a biological value from a biological sample, a body condition, a health status, a life style, a coat information, a risk factor, a weight of the animal; providing a first database  120 , comprising a list of key ingredients to each animal criteria, each one of the key ingredients being assigned a range of amount, defined by a minimum amount and/or a maximum amount and/or a target amount, and for each range, a rating providing the importance of the ingredients compared to the importance of the other key ingredients listed in the first database; processing the animal profile  130  and the first database, thereby providing a nutritional profile  140  of the animal. 
     Some or all of the plurality of criteria can be associated with a weight factor. Such a “weight factor”, or “weighting factor”, is a weight given to a data point (in this case a set of nutritional recommendations associated to a given animal criteria or group of animal criteria) to assign it a lighter, or heavier, importance relatively to another data point, or group of data points (i.e., a set of nutritional recommendations associated to another given an animal criteria or group of animal criteria). 
     The weight factor can be used for calculating a weighted mean, to give less (or more) importance to group members. Hence, certain non-limiting embodiments relate, in particular, to a method for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal, which can include the steps of: providing an animal profile, including a plurality of criteria, some or all being associated with a weight factor; extracting from, a first database  120 , a list of key ingredients to each animal criteria, each one of the key ingredients being assigned a range of amount, defined by a minimum amount and/or a maximum amount and/or a target amount, and for each range, a rating providing the importance of the ingredients compared to the importance of the other key ingredients listed in the first database  120 ; processing the animal profile and the first database, thereby providing a nutritional profile of the animal. According to an one embodiment, one or more of the criteria, from the plurality can thus be prioritized over one or more other animal criteria considered for the animal profile. Hence, according to one such embodiment, the prioritized one or more animal criteria can overrule the non-prioritized animal criteria.  FIG.  1 B  illustrates a second exemplary embodiment, relating to a method for selecting food product(s) for an animal. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the method can include: providing a nutritional profile  160  of the animal according the above-mentioned method of characterizing the nutritional needs of the animal; providing a second database  170 , comprising a plurality of pre-manufactured food products, each one being characterized by the individual content of the key ingredients composing the pre-manufactured food products; selecting at least one pre-manufactured food products from the second database  180  based on the nutritional profile; ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product(s)  185 ; and providing a recommendation  190  based on the selected pre-manufactured food products. The recommendation  190  can further be displayed on a user display or graphical user interface, in part to assist a user with purchasing the recommended and/or to determine potential food products for purchase. The food products can be any known animal food or pet food. 
     Advantageously, the first and second embodiments can be combined. Accordingly, certain non-limiting embodiments also relate to a method for selecting food product(s) for an animal. In certain non-limiting embodiments the method can include: providing an animal profile  110 , including a plurality of criteria, selected from: a species, an activity level, a medical history, a breed, a reproductive status, a feeding method, an age, a sex, a spayed or neutered status, a meal schedule, a biological value from a biological sample, a body condition, a health status, a life style, a coat information, a risk factor, a weight of the animal; extracting, from a first database  120 , a list of key ingredients to each animal criteria, each one of the key ingredients being assigned to a range defined by a minimal amount and a maximal amount, and for each range, a rating providing the importance of the ingredients compared to the importance of the other key ingredients listed in the first database; processing the animal profile and the first database  130 , thereby providing a nutritional profile  140  of the animal; extracting, from a second database  170 , a plurality of pre-manufactured food products, each one being characterized by the individual content of the key ingredients composing the pre-manufactured food products; selecting at least one pre-manufactured food products from the second database  180  based on the nutritional profile; ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product(s)  185 ; providing a recommendation on the selected pre-manufactured food products  190 . 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the method can select a plurality of pre-manufactured food products from the second database based on the nutritional profile. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the pre-manufactured food products are commercial products. In one exemplary embodiment, the methods described herein are nutritionally complete. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the pre-manufactured food products are selected from a group comprising: dry food products, wet food products, semi-moist food products, treats, Functional Meal Enhancers (“FME”). In certain non-limiting embodiments, the animal is a pet. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the animal is a dog or a cat. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the one or more values indicative of a body condition are selected from the group comprising: animal&#39;s breed, animal&#39;s age, animal&#39;s actual weight, animal&#39;s targeted weight, animal&#39;s BCS, animal&#39;s activity, animal&#39;s lifestyle, animal&#39;s sexual status, animal&#39;s gestation status. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the animal is a cat and the one or more values indicative of a health status can be selected from the following group: Post weight loss, Overweight, Obesity, Osteoarthritis, Mobility risk factors, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage I or II, CKD Stage III or IV, Proteinuria, Struvite urolith dissolution, Struvite urolith prevention, CaOx prevention, CaP prevention, Idiopathic cystitis, Poor skin and coat, Atopy, non-food related dermatopathies, Dental Calculus, Acute or chronic diarrhea, Acute or chronic vomiting, Gastritis, Enteritis, Colitis, Maldigestion, Malabsorption, Diabetes mellitus, Pancreatitis, Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), and/or Hyperlipidemia. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the animal is a dog and the one or more values indicative of a health status are selected from the group comprising: Post weight loss, Overweight, Obesity, Osteoarthritis, Mobility risk factors, CDK Stage I or II, CKD Stage III or IV, Proteinuria, Struvite urolith dissolution, Struvite urolith prevention, CaOx prevention, CaP prevention, Idiopathic cystitis, Poor skin and coat, Atopy, non-food related dermatopathies, Dental Calculus, Acute or chronic diarrhea, Acute or chronic vomiting, Gastritis, Enteritis, Colitis, Maldigestion, Malabsorption, Diabetes mellitus, Pancreatitis, Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), Hyperlipidemia, and/or Adverse food reaction. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the one or more values indicative of a health status are selected from the group comprising: Acute Colitis, Acute Vomiting or Diarrhea, Acute Hepatitis, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), Acute Pancreatitis Adverse Food Reactions (AFR), Adverse Food Reactions (AFR) Suspicion/Elimination Diet Challenge, Anorexia, Antibiotic Responsive Enteropathy (ARE)/Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), Atopic Dermatitis (Atopy), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) IRIS Stage 2, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) IRIS Stage 3, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) IRIS Stage 4, Cachexia, Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis, Chronic Anxiety, Chronic Colitis, Chronic Vomiting or Diarrhea, Chronic Enteropathy (includes food and steroid responsive), Chronic Hepatitis, Chronic Idiopathic Large Bowel Disease (CILBD), Chronic Pancreatitis, Moderate Chronic Pancreatitis (moderate fat restriction tolerated), Severe Chronic Pancreatitis (significant fat restriction needed) Chronic Valvular Heart Disease (CVHD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) With Hypertension, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) With Proteinuria, Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Constipation (mild/moderate), Copper Storage Disease, Cutaneous Adverse Food Reactions (AFR), Delayed Gastric Emptying, Dental Plaque, Dermatitis/Dermatosis, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), Dysrexia, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) IRIS Stage 1, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) Feline Hepatic Lipidosis, Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC), Feline Triaditis (Enteritis and/or Cholangiohepatitis and/or Pancreatitis), Fiber Responsive Colitis (Including Stress Diarrhea), Flea Bite Allergic Dermatitis, Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (Recurrence Prevention), Gastritis, Gastrointestinal Adverse Food Reactions (AFR), Gastrointestinal Condition Requiring High Fiber Content, Gingivitis, Glomerulonephritis, Hairball Management, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hyperlipidemia (mild/moderate), Hyperlipidemia (severe), Hypertension, Hyperthyroidism, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM), Hypothyroidism, Steroid Responsive Enteropathy (SRE)/Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Kidney Dysplasia, Liver Failure, Lymphangiectasia, Maldigestion Malabsorption, Megacolon (non-obstructive), Megaesophagus, Neoplasia (Cancer), Obesity BCS 7 (Out Of 9), Obesity BCS 8 (Out Of 9), Obesity BCS 9 (Out Of 9), Constipation (severe)/Obstipation (prevention of reoccurrence), Oesophagitis, Osteoarthritis, Osteochondritis, Overweight BCS 6 (Out Of 9), Perianal Fistula, Periodontal Disease, Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD), Portosystemic Shunt (PSS), Protein Losing Enteropathy (PLE), Protein-Losing Nephropathy (PLN), Proteinuria, Pyoderma/Pyodermatitis, Regurgitation, Sarcopenia, Self-Induced Alopecia, Tarter, Underweight BCS 1 (Out Of 9), Underweight BCS 2 (Out Of 9), Underweight BCS 3 (Out Of 9), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)/Struvite Prevention, Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis (disease management), Cystine Urolithiasis, Struvite Urolithiasis (dissolution/disease management), Urate Urolithiasis, Prone to Cardiac Disease, Gastrointestinal tract sensitivity, Prone to Hairball, Osteo-articular sensitivity, Prone to calcium oxalate urolithiasis, Skin and coat sensitivity, Prone to stress and anxiety, Prone to struvite urolithiasis, Prone to tarter, Prone to weight gain, Post-weight loss/Prevention of regain, and/or Prone to Underweight. 
     A first database  220  can refer to a database comprising a list of key ingredients to each animal criteria. The key ingredients can be assigned to a range of amount, defined by a minimal amount and/or a maximal amount and/or a target amount. For each range, a rating providing the importance of the ingredients can be compared to the importance of the other key ingredients listed in the first database  220 . 
     Non-exhaustive lists of key ingredients according to certain non-limiting embodiments are provided in tables 3 to 5 and 7 to 9. Non-exhaustive lists of ranges defined by a minimal amount and a maximal amount corresponding to each one of the listed key ingredients can also be provided in tables 3 to 5 and 7 to 9. Such ranges can be expressed in the form of a Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER). 
     A “range”, as defined herein thus comprises at least a minimal amount and a maximal amount; according to one particular embodiment, each range is further associated to a “target” amount, as further provided in tables 3 to 5 and 7 to 9. 
     A “target” amount can comprise of an amount associated to scientific evidence. A target can also be a target value, or a maximum or a minimum value to be found in a selection of food products or food compositions, or even of a plurality of food products or compositions from the second database, such as a portfolio of commercial food product (i.e., a RoyalCanin© Portfolio). When there is no precise evidence or when the evidence is only based on a threshold, an “optimum target” can be generated. 
     For instance, such a “target” amount can be defined as an amount comprised between a minimal amount and a maximal amount associated to a particular nutritional profile. According to some embodiments, the target amount equals the minimal or the maximal amount. 
     A minimum amount, a maximum amount and/or a target amount can be thus defined in the first database  220  by reference to a discrete value, such as a mean or median value from a plurality of values, which can be a plurality of values from a plurality of pre-manufactured food products belonging to the second database  230 . Thus, according to one embodiment, the range of amount is defined by a minimal amount and a maximal amount and a target amount. According to one embodiment, the range of amount is defined by a minimal amount and a target amount. According to one embodiment, the range of amount is defined by a maximal amount and a target amount. A non-limiting embodiment for the target amount calculation is described hereafter. 
     In Table 1 below x can represent specific value defined, null can represent no defined value, maxF can represent a maximum value found in a database of pre-manufactured food products, such as RoyalCanin® Portfolio (specific for a species, cat or dog), and MinF can represent minimum value found in the database of pre-manufactured food products, such as RoyalCanin® Portfolio. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Target Calculation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Target 
                 Optimum Target 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 x 
                 null 
                 = (max + min)/2 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 null 
                 null 
                 = maxF 
               
               
                   
                 null 
                 x 
                 null 
                 = max/2 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 null 
                 x 
                 = target 
               
               
                   
                 null 
                 x 
                 x 
                 = target 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 x 
                 x 
                 = target 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 null 
                 min 
                 = Min (x) 
               
               
                   
                 null 
                 x 
                 min 
                 = minF 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 x 
                 min 
                 = Min (x) 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 null 
                 max 
                 = MaxF 
               
               
                   
                 null 
                 x 
                 max 
                 = Max (x) 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 x 
                 max 
                 = Max (x) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For each key ingredient, a maximum amount (max), a minimum amount (min), a target amount, and a rating, providing the importance of the ingredients compared to the importance of the other key ingredients, are attributed. Two fields, for example, can include a first field selected from at least one of a minimum amount, a maximum amount, and/or a target amount, and a second field being a rating. The two fields, for example, include at least one target amount and one rating for each key ingredient. 
     The rating providing the importance of one or more ingredients can be compared to the rating of the one or more other key ingredients listed in the first database  220 , based on the nutritional profile. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the rating can be further modulated by the content of the individual physiological profile and/or the content of the individual pathological profile and/or the animal profile. 
     According to certain embodiments, the physiological or pathological or animal profiles can be determined based on characteristics which are, in part or totally, associated to contradictory recommendations, in which case the assigned rating will be modulated by an algorithm accordingly. Particular ways of modulating the ratings can thus be achieved by generating an optimum profile, based on the animal profile or the nutritional profile. 
     According to certain embodiments, an optimum profile is generated by modulating the minimal amount, the maximal amount, the target amount and/or the rating of one or more key ingredients from the first database  220 . According to certain embodiments, one or more animal criteria might be prioritized against others. Alternatively, all criteria can be considered for generating the optimum profile. 
     Advantageously, the target values and weight factors from the optimum profile can also be used to rank the pre-manufactured food products from the second database  230 . For instance, the min, max and weight from optimum profile can be used in the calculation of overall percentage of coverage and the criteria&#39;s percentage of coverage of the products. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments a second database  230  comprising a plurality of pre-manufactured food products, each one being characterized by the individual content of the key ingredients composing the pre-manufactured food products. Some examples of food products, such as animal food or pet food, which can be stored in second database  230  can be found in https://www.royalcanin.com/fr/cats/products/retail-products, https://www.royalcanin.com/fr/cats/products/vet-products, https://www.royalcanin.com/fr/dogs/products/retail-products, https://www.royalcanin.com/fr/dogs/products/vet-products, https://www.petsmart.com/dog/food/dryfood/#page_name=flyout&amp;category=dog&amp;cta=dryfood, https://www.zooplus.fr/shop/chiens/croquetteschien, and/or https://www.chewy.com/. 
     Advantageously, certain non-limiting embodiments can select a plurality (i.e., two or more) food products from the second database  230 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the selected pre-manufactured food product(s) can be ranked. In one embodiment, the methods described herein include a step of ranking the selected pre-manufactured food products. The step of ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product can be achieved by: assigning to one or more of the selected pre-manufactured food products a quality factor based on the nutritional profile, and then ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product(s) of the second database based on the quality factor, by reference to non-selected food products of the second database; and/or assigning to one or more of the selected pre-manufactured food products a quality factor based on the nutritional profile, and then ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product(s) of the second database based on the quality factor, by reference to non-selected food product(s) of a distinct database. 
     In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein include a step of providing a food recommendation on the selected pre-manufactured food products. In one embodiment, the step of providing a recommendation on the selected pre-manufactured food products can be achieved by assigning to one or more of the selected pre-manufactured food products a recommendation based on the nutritional profile. In a non-exhaustive manner, this recommendation can comprise a recommendation on the level of intake of an ingredient or food component that appears to satisfy or meet the known nutritional needs of the animal. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates a method or process  300  for determining a nutritional profile of an animal according to certain non-limiting embodiments. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the method can include providing an animal profile including one or more criteria, as shown in  310 . The one or more criteria, for example, can include a species, an activity level, a medical history, a breed, a reproductive status, a feeding method, an age, a sex, a spayed or neutered status, a meal schedule, a biological value from a biological sample, a body condition, a health status, a life style, a coat information, a risk factor, or a weight of the animal. As shown in  320 , a list of ingredients can be extracted from a first database. The list of ingredients can be associated with each animal criteria. Each of the ingredients can be assigned a range of amounts. The range of amounts, for example, can include at least one of a minimum amount, a maximum amount, and/or a target amount. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a rating can be provided for the one or more ingredients. The rating, for example, can be associated with the importance of a given ingredient compared to the importance of one or more other ingredient listed in the first database. In some non-limiting embodiments, a nutritional profile can be determined based on the animal profile and the list of ingredients, as shown in  330 . This determination can be based on a variety of factors and performed in numerous ways. In certain embodiments, a plurality of nutritional criteria are generated, with each criteria assigned a criteria value. Each of these nutritional criteria can then be compared to the list of ingredients associated with a plurality of animal criteria. Each criteria can further or alternatively be assigned a prioritization value which indicates which criteria should be given priority over others. Finally, a nutrition profile can be calculated, or displayed, based on a combination of the list of ingredients, the criteria values, and the prioritization values. The nutritional profile can further be output on a user display or otherwise exported. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates a method or process  350  for selecting at least one manufactured food product for an animal according to certain non-limiting embodiments. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the method or process can include providing a nutritional profile of the animal base the characterized nutritional needs of the animal, as shown in step  360 . In step  370 , the method can include extracting from a second database  370 , one or more food products, such as pre-manufactured food products. Each of the food products can be characterized by the ingredients included within the pre-manufactured food products. At least one pre-manufactured food product can be selected from the second database based on the nutritional profile, as shown in  380 . The selected pre-manufactured food product(s) can be ranked, in step  385 , and/or a recommendation can be provided in step  390  based on the selected pre-manufactured food products. The recommendation, for example, can further be displayed on a user display or graphical user interface. In certain non-limiting embodiments the user can purchase the recommended food product. 
     Devices, Computer Systems, Apparatus, and Computer-Implemented Methods &amp; Mediums 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the provided methods are not computer-implemented methods. Alternatively, in one embodiment, the provided methods are computer-implemented methods. Hence, in some embodiments, the provided methods for characterizing the nutritional needs of an animal and/or for selecting food product(s) for said animal can be achieved either offline, i.e., not controlled by a device such as a computer-aided system; or alternatively online, i.e., controlled by a computer-aided system, such as one including a device suitable for characterizing the nutritional needs and selecting food product(s) for the animal, and being configured to or having means adapted to execute the steps of the s method; or alternatively both offline and online. 
     Hence, some non-limiting embodiments relate to a device for charactering the nutritional needs of an animal and/or for selecting food product(s) for the animal, being configured to or having means adapted to execute the steps of the methods of certain non-limiting embodiments. 
     Other non-limiting embodiments relate to a computer program comprising instructions to cause the device according to the preceding claim to execute the steps of the methods of certain non-limiting embodiments. 
     Other non-limiting embodiments relate to a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon the computer program described above. Such a computer-readable medium can comprise a physical embodiment of a collection of data comprising one to a plurality of data sets that can be configured in one to a plurality of databases. It can further comprise a medium wherein or whereon such data is/are stored. Such a computer-readable medium can also comprise more than one medium; however in such a case the media are functionally linked. 
     A computer-aided system according to certain non-limiting embodiments typically comprises one or more user interface(s)  210  enabling entry of an input data. Such input data can, for instance, comprise means for providing one or more databases by the user, such as for instance all or parts of the first and second databases which are parts of the methods according certain non-limiting embodiments. 
     Advantageously, such a device can be further configured to provide and/or manufacture the selected pre-manufactured food products from the second database. Further, the device can be configured to purchase the selected pre-manufactured food products from an external website. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, such manufacture can be in part or in whole under the control of, and/or driven by, an extension of the computer-aided system from a range of pre-existing options, e.g., an existing pet food product line, to best fit or match the nutritional formula. 
     Some non-limiting embodiments can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification, such as shown in  FIG.  2   , and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Certain non-limiting embodiments can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer-readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer-readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, systems, such as computer system  200 , devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus. 
     A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network 
     A computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, to name just a few. Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, certain non-limiting embodiments can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, the display and/or user interface can be configured to display one or more recommendations generated according. The display or user interface can also be configured to display purchasing instructions based on the recommendations and/or a ranking of the pre-manufactured food products, allowing a user or other external device to submit purchasing requests for the food products. The display or user interface can also be configured to display shipping information for one or more purchase requests for the food products. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an certain non-limiting embodiments, or any combination of one or more such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments can be used for purchasing of the recommended food product or other products included in the ranking. The purchasing can be done automatically be the system, or otherwise initiated by an external source, such as an external computer or a user. In some non-limiting embodiments, the system can submit a purchase requests for the recommended food product or any of the ranked food products. Further, the methods according to certain non-limiting embodiments can include displaying shipping information for the one or more purchase requests. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, an algorithm can be used for one or more of providing a nutritional profile  140 , ranking the selected pre-manufactured food product(s)  185 , and/or providing a recommendation from the selected pre-manufactured food products  190 . Food products  185 / 190  can be any pet food or animal food described herein or known in the art. For example, the algorithm can first generate a plurality of nutritional criteria. Each of the plurality of nutritional criteria can be assigned a criteria weight value. Each of the criteria can then compared against ingredients or other factors stored within a first database  220  and/or a prioritization value can be assigned to each of the plurality of criteria. Criteria falling above a certain prioritization value are then used to calculate the nutritional profile. Each criteria further comprises a min, max, target, and weight value for a plurality of potential ingredients. 
     After the nutritional criteria is generated using first database  220 , an algorithm can rank selected pre-manufactured food products from a second database  230  and/or provide a recommendations from the selected pre-manufactured food products. The second database can include a plurality of pre-manufactured food products, each of the plurality of pre-manufactured food products further comprising a plurality of ingredients. The algorithm can generate a list of each of the plurality of ingredients and compares them with each of the min, max, target, and weight value for the plurality of potential ingredients for each criteria. A nutritional score can be generated for each product, based on the comparison of each ingredient of the product compared to the min, max, target, and weight value for each of the plurality of ingredients. The products can then be ranked based on the plurality of criteria as compared to the plurality of ingredients in each product. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the algorithm can produce a recommendation based on the product rankings. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments provide systems, methods, media and combinations thereof for using machine learning systems or models to generate a nutritional profile, ranking selected pre-manufactured food products, and/or determining a recommendation from the selected pre-manufactured food products. The algorithm discussed above, for example, can take the form of any of the machine learning models describes herein. In some non-limiting embodiments, the machine learning model or tool can be a K-nearest neighbor (KNN), naïve Bayes (NB), decision trees or random forests, support vector machine (SVM), a deep learning model, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), region-based CNN (RCNN), one-dimensional (1-D) CNN, recurrent neural networks (RNNs), or any other machine learning model or technique. The machine learning system or tool can be trained to determine nutritional profiles  140 , rank food products  185 , and/or recommend food products. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a list of ingredients and corresponding nutritional criteria can be used to train a machine learning system or model, such that the system or model can determine correlations between ingredients and corresponding nutritional criteria. The system or model can be trained to compare a list of ingredients to a set of nutritional criteria to determine food products which meet a pre-determined set of nutritional criteria. In other non-limiting embodiments, the system or model can be trained to recommend one or more food products based on the nutritional profile of an animal or pet. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Nutritional Profile for a Pathologic Adult Neutered Dog 
     This example takes into consideration an adult dog for which an individual physiological profile and an individual pathological profile were provided as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual profile 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Species 
                 Dog 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Breed 
                 Mix breed medium size 
               
               
                   
                 Neutering Status 
                 Neutered 
               
               
                   
                 Birth Date 
                 2015 (Adult lifestage) 
               
               
                   
                 BCS (Body 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 condition score) 
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 18 kg 
               
               
                   
                 Pathologies/Diseases 
                 Obesity (BCS 8 out of 9) &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Osteochondritis 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the individual profile of the dog, a nutritional profile (or nutritional recommendation) is provided hereafter for each general criteria, such as lifestage, risk factor and/or disease. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient recommendation vs. lifestage (adulthood) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 LIFESTAGE 
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                   
                 ADULTHOOD 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ca/P 
                 ratio 
                 1 
                 1.3 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 PROT 
                 g/Mcal 
                 50 
                 65 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 FAT 
                 g/Mcal 
                 30 
                 36 
                 82.5 
                 3 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.8 
                 2.5 
                 7.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.2 
                 2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                 1 
                 3.75 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.9 
                 2.5 
                 5.625 
                 2 
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.12 
                 0.23 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 20 
                 35 
                 355 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 2.5 
                 4 
                 37.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 35 
                 50 
                 250 
                 2 
               
               
                 Mn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 10 
                 17 
                 200 
                 2 
               
               
                 I 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                 1.1 
                 12.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 Se 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                 0.12 
                 0.25 
                 2 
               
               
                 LINOLEIC 
                 g/Mcal 
                 5 
                 8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ARG 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2.2 
                 4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 HIS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1 
                 1.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ILE 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.8 
                 2.6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LEU 
                 g/Mcal 
                 3.5 
                 6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2.23 
                 2.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE + TYR 
                 g/Mcal 
                 4 
                 5.4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 THR 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.59 
                 2.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 TRP 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.48 
                 0.58 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VAL 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2 
                 3.1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 CHOLINE 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 550 
                 600 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2 
                 2.7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT A 
                 UI/Mcal 
                 3500 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT D3 
                 UI/Mcal 
                 200 
                 250 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 100 
                 130 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B1 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1 
                 1.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B2 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.35 
                 1.65 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B5 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 5.5 
                 7.9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B3 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 7.5 
                 11 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B6 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.7 
                 2.6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B9 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.15 
                 0.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B7 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.1 
                 0.28 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B12 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.012 
                 0.03 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient recommendation vs. Risk factor 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 RISK FACTOR 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ANTIOXIDANT (AOX) 
               
               
                 ingredient 
                   
                 IMMUNO ADULT 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TAU 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 120 
                 130 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
               
               
                 VIT C 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 42 
                 50 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LUTEIN 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient Recommendation vs. diseases 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DISEASES 
                   
                 DISEASES 
                   
               
               
                   
                 OSTEOARTHRITIS + 
                   
                 OVERWEIGHT &amp; 
                   
               
               
                   
                 OTHER MOBILITY 
                   
                 OBESE (ACTIVE 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ingredient 
                   
                 CONDITIONS 
                 Weight 
                 WEIGHT LOSS) 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 4 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ca/P 
                 ratio 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 1.3 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 PROT 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 96 
                 108 
                 120 
                 3 
               
               
                 FAT 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 28 
                 34 
                 41.3 
                 2 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.3 
                 3.3 
                 4.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.39 
                 2.5 
                 3.25 
                 2 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.35 
                 2.8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.18 
                 0.4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 39 
                 50 
                 125 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 5.9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 40 
                 70 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Mn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 18 
                 25 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 I 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Se 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.1 
                 0.15 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LINO + 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5.5 
                 7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ARACH 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 LINOLEIC 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 6.8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ARACH 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.1 
                 0.25 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 ALA 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.65 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 ARG 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4.7 
                 5.6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 HIS 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.85 
                 2.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ILE 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.4 
                 3.9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LEU 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                 9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.5 
                 4.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4.1 
                 4.9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE + TYR 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7.2 
                 8.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 THR 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 3.7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 TRP 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.95 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VAL 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.9 
                 4.7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 CHOLINE 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 615 
                 1200 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 TDF 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 54 
                 99 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 POLYPH 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 200 
                 220 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GTEA 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 EPA + DHA 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                   
                 3 
                 0.8 
                 1.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 4.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT A 
                 UI/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 6100 
                 7750 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT D3 
                 UI/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 290 
                 365 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 127 
                 270 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B1 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 6.25 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B2 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 23.5 
                   
                 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 B5 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 22 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B3 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 80 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B6 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B9 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.67 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B7 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.67 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B12 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.065 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 CURCUM- 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 75 
                 88 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 INOIDS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Collagene 
                 g/Mcal 
                 3.5 
                 4.3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 hydro 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 LCARNIT 
                 ppm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 320 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Only the ingredient names which were assigned a value range were defined in the above-mentioned tables. In this case, the neutered weight values are depriorized due to the presence of an overweight &amp; obese condition associated to the same ingredients. 
     Example 2 
     Nutritional Profile for a Pathologic Adult Non Neutered Cat 
     This example takes into consideration an adult cat for which an individual physiological profile and an individual pathological profile were provided as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual cat profile 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Species 
                 Cat 
               
               
                   
                 Breed 
                 European 
               
               
                   
                 Neutering Status 
                 Not Neutered 
               
               
                   
                 Birth Date 
                 2015 (Adult lifestage) 
               
               
                   
                 BCS (Body condition 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 score) 
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 18 kg 
               
               
                   
                 Pathologies/Diseases 
                 Congestive heart failure &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Azotemic chronic kidney 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disease (IRIS - International 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Renal Interest Society stage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient Recommendation vs. lifestage 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 LIFESTAGE 
                   
               
               
                 ingredient 
                   
                 ADULTHOOD 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.77 
                 2.3 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 PROT 
                 g/Mcal 
                 60.9 
                 85 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 FAT 
                 g/Mcal 
                 27.4 
                 40 
                 82.5 
                 3 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.87 
                 2.67 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Ca/P 
                 ratio 
                 1 
                 1.15 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.21 
                 1.5 
                 4.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.29 
                 2.4 
                 6.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.7 
                 1.85 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.43 
                 2 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 24 
                 35 
                 125 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.5 
                 5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 22.5 
                 45 
                 150 
                 2 
               
               
                 Mn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.5 
                 15 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 I 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.4 
                 1.1 
                 5.28 
                 2 
               
               
                 Se 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.06 
                 0.09 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LINOLEIC 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.7 
                 9.5 
                 13.8 
                 2 
               
               
                 ARACH 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.02 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 ARG 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2.15 
                 4.1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 HIS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.79 
                 1.6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ILE 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.31 
                 2.9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LEU 
                 g/Mcal 
                 3.1 
                 6.1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.03 
                 3.7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.52 
                 2.4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.22 
                 3.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE + TYR 
                 g/Mcal 
                 4.66 
                 6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 THR 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.6 
                 2.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 TRP 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.4 
                 0.7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VAL 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.56 
                 3.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 CHOLINE 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 536 
                 755 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 EPA + DHA 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                 0.75 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 LYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.03 
                 3.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 TAU 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.37 
                 0.5 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 VIT A 
                 UI/Mcal 
                 1014 
                 6000 
                 83325 
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT D3 
                 UI/Mcal 
                 85 
                 200 
                 7520 
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 12.2 
                 161 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B1 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.35 
                 6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B2 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.22 
                 13 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B5 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 2.59 
                 35 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B3 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 12.2 
                 125 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B6 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.76 
                 18 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B9 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.23 
                 3.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B7 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.02 
                 0.79 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B12 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.01 
                 0.035 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient Recommendation vs. risk factors 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 RISK FACTOR 
                   
               
               
                 ingredient 
                   
                 AOX IMMUNO ADULT 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TAU 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                 0.65 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                 130 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT C 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                 55 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LUTEIN 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                 1.3 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient Recommendation vs. disease 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DISEASES 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CARDIAC - 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 CONGESTIVE 
                   
                 DISEASES 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ingredient 
                   
                 HEART FAILURE 
                 Weight 
                 IRIS STAGE III 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 4 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.79 
                 0.9 
                 1.2 
                 O 
               
               
                 PROT 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 
                 58 
                 65 
                 O 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.1 
                 1.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 3 
                 0.5 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 O 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                 1 
                 3 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.8 
                 2.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 EPA + 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.9 
                 1 
                   
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DHA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Illustration of the Calculation for the Ranking in the First Database 
     This example can start from 3 nutritional criteria. It has no objective other than just to illustrate a calculation mode which can be used according to the present application. 
     A—Pet Description: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pet description 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Field description 
                 Field Value 
                 Nutritional Criteria 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Species 
                 Cat 
                   
               
               
                 Breed 
                 European 
               
               
                 Neutering Status 
                 Neutered 
                 Criteria 2 
               
               
                 Lifestage 
                 Adult 
                 Criteria 1 
               
               
                 Pathologies/Diseases 
                 Congestive heart failure 
                 Criteria 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     B—First Database Used for the Generation of the Nutritional Profile Contains the Following Tables: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutritiona criteria 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Criteria 1 - (weight 5) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Target 
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 1 
                 95 
                   
                 100 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 2 
                 1 
                   
                 max 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 3 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Criteria 2 - (weight 2) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Target 
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 1 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 2 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 3 
                 72 
                   
                 86 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Criteria 3 - (weight 4) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Target 
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 1 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 2 
                 0.8 
                   
                 1.2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 3 
                 96 
                 120 
                 108 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 4 
                 2.3 
                 4.5 
                 3.3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     According to the description of the pet described in A the 3 nutritional criteria above are called by the algorithm. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Prioritization 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 PRIORITIZATION 
                 CRITERIA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Criteria 2 
               
               
                 2 
                 Criteria 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this case, “Criteria 3” has priority over “Criteria 2”. Only “Criteria 3” and “Criteria 1” are used to calculate the nutritional profile. 
     C—Second Database, Made of the Product and Ingredients, Contains the Table 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Product 1 
                 Product 2 
                 Product 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ingredient 1 
                 100 
                 99 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 2 
                 1.69 
                 1.49 
                 1.28 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 3 
                 108.84 
                 77.35 
                 109.15 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 4 
                 2.78 
                 3.03 
                 3.28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     D—the Optimization Model Calculates the Nutritional Profile as in Table Hereafter: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Min 
                 Max 
                 Target 
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ingredient 1 
                 95 
                 101 
                 100 
                 100000000 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 2 
                 1 
                 2.4 
                 2.35 
                 10100000 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 3 
                 96 
                 120 
                 108 
                 1000000 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 4 
                 2 
                 4.5 
                 3.3 
                 100000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Min, Max, Target and Weight values from Criteria 1 and Criteria 3 are combined together to generate this profile with our optimization algorithm. 
     E—Products Ranking and Weighted Percentage of Coverages: 
     After projection of the nutritional profile from D on the product database from C the products are ranked as follow: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Products ranking 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Coverage 
                 Product 1 
                 Product 2 
                 Product 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Overall 
                 100 
                 99.52 
                 17.5 
               
               
                   
                 Criteria 1 
                 100 
                 100 
                 16.7 
               
               
                   
                 Criteria 2 
                 100 
                 97.6 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Criteria 3 
                 100 
                 51.8 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Products columns are ranked in the order of best matched products for the nutritional profile. In certain non-limiting embodiments the ranking can be performed using a machine learning model or tool. 
     Example 4 
     Nutritional Profile for a Pathologic Adult Medium Breed Dog 
     This example demonstrates the use of two criteria for a single disease to increase the weight or importance of a specific ingredient. The criteria, for example, can be two or more of species, breed, neutering status, birth date, BCS, Weight, and/or pathologies or diseases. This example takes into consideration an adult dog with an individual physiological profile and an individual pathological profile as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual Profile 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Species 
                 Dog 
               
               
                   
                 Breed 
                 Mixed breed medium size 
               
               
                   
                 Neutering Status 
                 Not neutered 
               
               
                   
                 Birth Date 
                 2016 (Adult lifestage) 
               
               
                   
                 BCS 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 8 kg 
               
               
                   
                 Pathologies/Diseases 
                 Chronic Kidney Disease (IRIS Stage II) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the individual profile of the dog, a nutritional profile (or nutritional recommendation) can be provided for each general criteria, such as life stage, risk factor and disease. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient recommendation vs. lifestage (adulthood) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 LIFESTAGE 
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                   
                 ADULTHOOD 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ca/P 
                 ratio 
                 1 
                 1.3 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 PROT 
                 g/Mcal 
                 50 
                 65 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 FAT 
                 g/Mcal 
                 30 
                 36 
                 82.5 
                 3 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.8 
                 2.5 
                 7.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.2 
                 2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                 1 
                 3.75 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cl 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.9 
                 2.5 
                 5.625 
                 2 
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.12 
                 0.23 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 20 
                 35 
                 355 
                 2 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 2.5 
                 4 
                 37.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 35 
                 50 
                 250 
                 2 
               
               
                 Mn 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 10 
                 17 
                 200 
                 2 
               
               
                 I 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                 1.1 
                 12.5 
                 2 
               
               
                 Se 
                 mg/Mcal 
                   
                 0.12 
                 0.25 
                 2 
               
               
                 LINOLEIC 
                 g/Mcal 
                 5 
                 8 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ARG 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2.2 
                 4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 HIS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1 
                 1.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 ILE 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.8 
                 2.6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LEU 
                 g/Mcal 
                 3.5 
                 6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET + CYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2.23 
                 2.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 MET 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 PHE + TYR 
                 g/Mcal 
                 4 
                 5.4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 THR 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.59 
                 2.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 TRP 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.48 
                 0.58 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VAL 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2 
                 3.1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 CHOLINE 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 550 
                 600 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LYS 
                 g/Mcal 
                 2 
                 2.7 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT A 
                 UI/Mcal 
                 3500 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT D3 
                 UI/Mcal 
                 200 
                 250 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 100 
                 130 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B1 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1 
                 1.3 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B2 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.35 
                 1.65 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B5 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 5.5 
                 7.9 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B3 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 7.5 
                 11 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B6 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.7 
                 2.6 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B9 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.15 
                 0.2 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B7 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.1 
                 0.28 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B12 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.012 
                 0.03 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient recommendation vs. Risk factor 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 RISK FACTOR 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ANTIOXIDANT (AOX) 
               
               
                 ingredient 
                   
                 IMMUNO ADULT 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TAU 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 120 
                 130 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT E 
                 mg/Mcal 
               
               
                 VIT C 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 42 
                 50 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 LUTEIN 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient Recommendation vs. disease 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 DISEASES 
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                   
                 IRIS Stage II 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 Unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ca/P 
                 ratio 
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 1 
               
               
                 PROTEIN 
                 g/Mcal 
                 30 
                 40 
                 65 
                 3 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1 
                 1.6 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 O 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.5 
                 0.8 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 EPA + DHA 
                 g/Mcal 
                 1.2 
                   
                 max 
                 2 
               
               
                 VIT C 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 50 
                 75 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 LUTEIN 
                 mg/Mcal 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 DISEASES 
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                   
                 IRIS Stage II (Phosphorus) 
                 Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 name 
                 Unit 
                 MIN 
                 TARGET 
                 MAX 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ca/P 
                 ratio 
               
               
                 PROTEIN 
                 g/Mcal 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 g/Mcal 
               
               
                 P 
                 g/Mcal 
               
               
                 Na 
                 g/Mcal 
               
               
                 K 
                 g/Mcal 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 3 
               
               
                 EPA + DHA 
                 g/Mcal 
               
               
                 VIT C 
                 mg/Mcal 
               
               
                 LUTEIN 
                 mg/Mcal 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The ingredient names which were assigned a value range can be defined in the above-mentioned tables. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the weight for IRIS Stage II can be a “4” with phosphorus (P) included in two separate criteria for an additive impact given the importance of the phosphorus nutrient/ingredient.