Patent Publication Number: US-2020294681-A1

Title: Detecting Interactions of Medications from Social Media

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present application relates generally to an improved data processing apparatus and method and more specifically to mechanisms for detecting interactions of medications from social media posts. 
     Adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, are injuries caused to a patient because of the patient taking a drug (medication). An adverse event (AE), or adverse drug event (ADE), refers to any injury occurring at the time the patient is taking a medication, whether or not the medication itself is identified as the cause of the injury. Thus, an ADR is a special type of AE in which a causative relationship can be shown between the medication and the adverse reaction. 
     ADRs may occur following a single dose of the medication or due to a prolonged administration of a medication and may even be caused by the interaction of a combination of two or more medications that the patient may be taking. This is different from a “side effect” in that a “side effect” may comprise beneficial effects whereas ADRs are universally negative. The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described herein in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key factors or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     In one illustrative embodiment, a method is provided, in a data processing system comprising at least one processor and at least one memory, the at least one memory comprising instructions that are executed by the at least one processor to cause the at least one processor to be configured to implement a medication interaction detection engine for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts. The method comprises searching a set of social media posts to identify one or more discussion forums pertaining to patients discussing the medication under consideration in response to receiving an identification of a medication under consideration. The method further comprises identifying one or more topics in the one or more discussion forums directed to the one or more medications and generating a medication probability for each topic in response to identifying one or more medications from a list of concepts. Additionally, the method comprises identifying one or more topics in the one or more discussion forums that are directed to the one or more adverse events and generating an adverse event probability for each topic identified by the medication probability for each topic in response to identifying one or more adverse events from the list of concepts. Further, the method comprises comparing the adverse event probability for each topic to the medication probability for each topic to identify an adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication. Still further, the method comprises generating an indication that the content of the social media indicates an adverse drug reaction to the medication under consideration in response to the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication exceeding the predetermined threshold. 
     In other illustrative embodiments, a computer program product comprising a computer useable or readable medium having a computer readable program is provided. The computer readable program, when executed on a computing device, causes the computing device to perform various ones of, and combinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the method illustrative embodiment. 
     In yet another illustrative embodiment, a system/apparatus is provided. The system/apparatus may comprise one or more processors and a memory coupled to the one or more processors. The memory may comprise instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform various ones of, and combinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the method illustrative embodiment. 
     These and other features and advantages of the present invention will he described in, or will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of, the following detailed description of the example embodiments of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention, as well as a preferred mode of use and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is an example block diagram illustrating components of a medication interaction detection engine in accordance with one illustrative embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a schematic diagram of one illustrative embodiment of a cognitive healthcare system in a computer network; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example data processing system in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments are implemented; and 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart outlining an example operation of a medication interaction detection engine in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Causality assessment is vital to pharmacovigilance processes in the pharmaceutical industry and plays a role in important decisions, such as whether to make a change in a medication label. Moreover, causality assessment is important in other aspects of the practice of medicine, such as making decisions as to a patient&#39;s treatment, diagnosing the cause of adverse events (AE) (or adverse drug reaction (ADR)) with regard to medications that are taken, and the like. An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient administered a medicinal product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. No causal link is necessary for an AE to be identified. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is all noxious and unintended responses to a medicinal product related to any dose. A suspected causal relationship is typically present. 
     Cases of ADRs that are both serious and unexpected are subject to expedited reporting. In general, expedited reporting of serious and unexpected ADRs is required as soon as possible, but in no case later than 15 calendar days of initial receipt of the information by the Marketing Authorization Holders (MAH). The reporting of serious expected reactions in an expedited manner varies among countries. Non-serious adverse reactions, whether expected or not, would normally not be subject to expedited reporting. 
     Patients often seek to assist one another via discussions in online forums. Such collaborative environments contain information about patient experiences, e.g., adverse events, medications taken, medical history, etc. since patients attempt to find others that have similar characteristics in an attempt to solicit or provide assistance. The role of social media in post-market adverse event reporting is being taken more seriously by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is useful for detecting ADRs more quickly and detecting rare ADRs. However, such sources of information have significant drawbacks including typographical errors, significant mismatches in terminology, patients tending to provide elaborate descriptions, and simply noise. 
     Thus, the illustrative embodiments provide a probabilistic model to mine social media for concepts, where the probabilistic model combines, for each word, seriousness, adverse drug reaction, and medication expectedness probabilistic models, replacing individual models with one combined model that generates an indication of a probability that the content of the social media indicates an actual ADR. Seriousness, as defined by the FDA, may include but is not limited to death, life-threatening, hospitalization, disability or permanent damage, congenital anomaly or birth defect, required intervention to prevent permanent impairment, other serious (important medically significant events), or the like. Medication expectedness is an ADR whose nature, severity, specificity, or outcome is not consistent with the term or description used in the local/regional product labeling (e.g. Package Insert or Summary of Product Characteristics) should be considered unexpected. The illustrative embodiments identify a difference between indications and real ADRs in the social media posts without requiring annotations. An indication is one or more conditions treatable by the medication. The illustrative embodiments automatically identify, via online forums, indications of conditions addressed or potentially caused by a medication, which the medication manufacturer may not previously know about. Unexpected events may be detected as well as seriousness categories of ADRs. 
     Before beginning the discussion of the various aspects of the illustrative embodiments in more detail, it should first be appreciated that throughout this description the term “mechanism” will be used to refer to elements of the present invention that perform various operations, functions, and the like. A “mechanism,” as the term is used herein, may be an implementation of the functions or aspects of the illustrative embodiments in the form of an apparatus, a procedure, or a computer program product. In the case of a procedure, the procedure is implemented by one or more devices, apparatus, computers, data processing systems, or the like. In the case of a computer program product, the logic represented by computer code or instructions embodied in or on the computer program product is executed by one or more hardware devices in order to implement the functionality or perform the operations associated with the specific “mechanism.” Thus, the mechanisms described herein may be implemented as specialized hardware, software executing on general purpose hardware, software instructions stored on a medium such that the instructions are readily executable by specialized or general-purpose hardware, a procedure or method for executing the functions, or a combination of any of the above. 
     The present description and claims may make use of the terms “a”, “at least one of”, and “one or more of” with regard to particular features and elements of the illustrative embodiments. It should be appreciated that these terms and phrases are intended to state that there is at least one of the particular feature or element present in the particular illustrative embodiment, but that more than one can also be present. That is, these terms/phrases are not intended to limit the description or claims to a single feature/element being present or require that a plurality of such features/elements be present. To the contrary, these terms/phrases only require at least a single feature/element with the possibility of a plurality of such features/elements being within the scope of the description and claims. 
     Moreover, it should be appreciated that the use of the term “engine,” if used herein with regard to describing embodiments and features of the invention, is not intended to be limiting of any particular implementation for accomplishing and/or performing the actions, steps, processes, etc., attributable to and/or performed by the engine. An engine may he, but is not limited to, software, hardware and/or firmware or any combination thereof that performs the specified functions including, but not limited to, any use of a general and/or specialized processor in combination with appropriate software loaded or stored in a machine-readable memory and executed by the processor. Further, any name associated with a particular engine is, unless otherwise specified, for purposes of convenience of reference and not intended to be limiting to a specific implementation. Additionally, any functionality attributed to an engine may be equally performed by multiple engines, incorporated into and/or combined with the functionality of another engine of the same or different type, or distributed across one or more engines of various configurations. 
     In addition, it should be appreciated that the following description uses a plurality of various examples for various elements of the illustrative embodiments to further illustrate example implementations of the illustrative embodiments and to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. These examples intended to be non-limiting and are not exhaustive of the various possibilities for implementing the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present description that there are many other alternative implementations for these various elements that may be utilized in addition to, or in replacement of, the examples provided herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, art electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     As noted above, the present invention provides mechanisms for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts.  FIG. 1  is an example block diagram illustrating components of a medication interaction detection engine in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 1 , medication interaction detection engine  100  comprises social media search engine  102 , metamap recognition engine  104 , medication detection engine  106 , adverse event identification engine  108 , seriousness identification engine  110 , expectedness identification engine  112 , probability engine  114 , and alert engine  116 . 
     Medication interaction detection engine  100  operates to automatically detect interactions of medications from social media posts. Thus, responsive to medication interaction detection engine  100  receiving an identification of a medication under consideration from cognitive system  130 , social media search engine  102  searches social media posts to identify one or more discussion forums that pertain to patients discussing a medication under consideration. These discussion forums commonly include an identification of the medication as well as experiences of the patient and other patients, i.e. adverse events, other medications that are currently being taken, medical histories, or the like. Such discussion forums are useful for seriousness, nonseriousness, medication expectedness, medication unexpectedness, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), rare ADRs, or the like. However, challenges with such discussion forums include: typographical errors, significant mismatches in terminology (patient terminology versus standard medical terminology), patient&#39;s elaborate descriptions (indications of medications, Medications taken together, rephrasing the same medication names (ppis versus prevacid, antibiotics versus penicillin), and other “noise” (seeking more information versus reports on actual events). 
     Therefore, once social media search engine  102  identifies one or more discussion forums that pertain to patients discussing a medication under consideration, metamap recognition engine  104  performs a mapping of the text in each of the one or more discussion forums to a corpora of data/information  118 . Corpora of data/information  118  may be made up of one or more databases storing information about the electronic texts, documents, articles, websites, and the like. That is, these various sources themselves, different collections of sources, and the like, represent a different corpus  120  within the corpora  118 . There may be different corpora  120  defined for different collections of documents based on various criteria depending upon the particular implementation. For example, different corpora may be established for different topics, subject matter categories, sources of information, or the like. As one example, a first corpus may be associated with healthcare documents while a second corpus may be associated with the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus. Alternatively, one corpus may be documents published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services while another corpus may be American Medical Association documents. Any collection of content having some similar attribute may be considered to be a corpus  120  within the corpora  118 . Metamap recognition engine  104  performs the mapping to discover concepts referred to in text of the one or more discussion forums. Metamap recognition engine  104  uses a knowledge-intensive approach based on symbolic, natural-language processing (NLP) and computational-linguistic techniques. Accordingly, metamap recognition engine  104  generates a list of concepts  122  that appear in the one or more discussion forums based on the corpus that is used in the mapping. 
     Medication detection engine  106  detects one or more medications from list of concepts  122  and utilizes a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify one or more topics that are directed to the one or more medications. That is, LDA is a “generative probabilistic model” of a collection of composites made up of parts. In terms of topic modeling, the composites are documents and the parts are words and/or phrases (n-grams). The probabilistic topic model estimated by LDA consists of two tables (matrices). The first table describes the probability or chance of selecting a particular part when sampling a particular topic (category). The second table describes the chance of selecting a particular topic when sampling a particular document or composite. The LDA algorithm assumes that composites are generated based on a unique set of parts, a number of composites required, a number of parts per each composite, a number of topics (categories) required, or the like, so as to construct a parts versus topics table, a composites versus topics table, as well as the actual composites. For each composite, the LDA algorithm looks up a row in the composites versus topics table, samples a topic based on the probabilities in the row, looks up a topic sampled in the parts versus topics table, samples a part based on the probabilities in the column, and repeats the process until an identification of the number of parts this composite has. Thus, medication detection engine  106  identifies how the one or more medications are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as a medication probability for each topic. 
     In order to identify one or more adverse events associated with the one or more medications identified by medication detection engine  106 , adverse event identification engine  108  performs a similar operation but for one or more adverse events from list of concepts  122 . That is, utilizing the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, adverse event identification engine  108  identify one or more topics that are directed to the one or more adverse events. Again, an adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient administered a medicinal product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. Utilizing the same process as performed by medication detection engine  106 , adverse event identification engine  108  identifies how the one or more adverse events are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as an adverse event probability for each topic identified by the medication probability for each topic. Using a probabilistic model, probability engine  114  compares the adverse event probability for each topic to the medication probability for each topic to identify an adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication. 
     In order to identify a seriousness of the one or more adverse events associated with the one or more medications, seriousness identification engine  110  performs a similar operation hut for one or more seriousness concepts from list of concepts  122 . Again, seriousness, as defined by the may include but is not limited to death, life-threatening, hospitalization, disability or permanent damage, congenital anomaly or birth defect, required intervention to prevent permanent impairment, other serious (important medically significant events), or the like. Thus, utilizing the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, seriousness identification engine  110  identifies one or more topics that arc directed to the one or more seriousness concepts. Utilizing the same process as performed by medication detection engine  106  and adverse event identification engine  108 , seriousness identification engine  110  identifies how the one or more seriousness concepts are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as a seriousness probability for each topic identified by the adverse event probability for each topic. Using a probabilistic model, probability engine  114  compares the seriousness probability for each topic to the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication to identify an adverse event seriousness probability of occurrence for each medication. 
     In order to identify an expectedness of the one more adverse events associated with the one or more medications, expectedness identification engine  112  performs a similar operation but for one or more expectedness concepts from list of concepts  122 . Again, medication expectedness is an ADR whose nature, severity, specificity, or outcome is not consistent with the term or description used in the local/regional product labeling (e.g. Package insert or Summary of Product Characteristics) should he considered unexpected. Thus, utilizing the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, expectedness identification engine  112  identifies one or more topics that are directed to the one or more expectedness concepts. Utilizing the same process as performed by medication detection engine  106  and adverse event identification engine  108 , expectedness identification engine  112  identifies how the one or more expectedness concepts are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as an expectedness probability for each topic identified by the adverse event probability for each topic. Using a probabilistic model, probability engine  114  compares the expectedness probability for each topic to the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication to identify an adverse event expectedness probability of occurrence for each medication. 
     Based on the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication, the seriousness probability for each topic, and the expectedness probability for each topic, if the combined probability exceeds a predetermined threshold, alert engine  116  generates an indication to one or more medical professionals of a probability that the content of the social media indicates an actual ADR, so that the medical professionals associated with the medication under consideration may address the identified one or more adverse events associated with the medication under consideration. 
     It is clear from the above, that the illustrative embodiments may be utilized in many different types of data processing environments. In order to provide a context for the description of the specific elements and functionality of the illustrative embodiments,  FIGS. 2-3  are provided hereafter as example environments in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments may be implemented. It should he appreciated that  FIGS. 2-3  are only examples and are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which aspects or embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     It should be noted that the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments need not be utilized with a cognitive system. To the contrary, the illustrative embodiments may he implemented as a standalone medication interaction detection engine implemented on one or more computing devices or systems. The standalone medication interaction detection engine may generate an output notification that may be utilized by a user when evaluating a particular medication, adverse event, or the combination of medication and adverse event. Thus, in a standalone implementation, the medication interaction detection engine may be implemented using one or more computing devices or systems such as depicted in  FIG. 3 , as one example. However, to illustrate further functionality of illustrative embodiments of the present invention,  FIGS. 2-3  are provided to illustrate the way in which the medication interaction detection engine may be utilized with a cognitive system to perform cognitive healthcare operations for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts. 
       FIGS. 2-3  are directed to describing an example cognitive system for healthcare applications (also referred to herein as a “healthcare cognitive system”) which implements a request processing pipeline, such as a. Question Answering (QA) pipeline (also referred to as a Question/Answer pipeline or Question and Answer pipeline) for example, request processing methodology, and request processing computer program product with which the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented. These requests may be provided as structured or unstructured request messages, natural language questions, or any other suitable format for requesting an operation to be performed by the healthcare cognitive system. As described in more detail hereafter, the particular healthcare application that is implemented in the cognitive system of the present invention is a healthcare application for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts by the medication interaction detection engine of the illustrative embodiments. 
     It should be appreciated that the healthcare cognitive system, while shown as having a single request processing pipeline in the examples hereafter, may in fact have multiple request processing pipelines. Each request processing pipeline may be separately trained and/or configured to process requests associated with different domains or be configured to perform the same or different analysis on input requests (or questions in implementations using a QA pipeline), depending on the desired implementation. For example, in some cases, a first request processing pipeline may be trained to operate on input requests directed to a first medical malady domain (e.g., medication interactions) while another request processing pipeline may be trained to answer input requests in another medical malady domain (e.g., seriousness associated with medications). In other cases, for example, the request processing pipelines may be configured to provide different types of cognitive functions or support different types of healthcare applications, such as one request processing pipeline being used for adverse events, another request processing pipeline being configured for seriousness, another request processing pipeline being configured for expectedness, etc. 
     Moreover, each request processing pipeline may have their own associated corpus or corpora that they ingest and operate on, e.g., one corpus for adverse event documents, another corpus for seriousness related documents, and another for expectedness documents in the above examples. In some cases, the request processing pipelines may each operate on the same domain of input questions but may have different configurations, e.g., different annotators or differently trained annotators, such that different analysis and potential answers are generated. The healthcare cognitive system may provide additional logic for routing input questions to the appropriate request processing pipeline, such as based on a determined domain of the input request, combining and evaluating final results generated by the processing performed by multiple request processing pipelines, and other control and interaction logic that facilitates the utilization of multiple request processing pipelines. 
     The request processing pipelines may utilize the analysis performed by the medication interaction detection engine of one or more of the illustrative embodiments, such as medication interaction detection engine  100  in  FIG. 1 , as a factor considered by the request processing pipeline when performing cognitive evaluations of a patient to automatically detect interactions of medications from social media posts, with an aim at minimizing adverse drug reactions for medications taken by the patient. 
     As noted above, one type of request processing pipeline with which the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may be utilized is a Question Answering (QA) pipeline. The description of example embodiments of the present invention hereafter will utilize a QA pipeline as an example of a request processing pipeline that may be augmented to include mechanisms in accordance with one or more illustrative embodiments for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts by the medication interaction detection engine of the illustrative embodiments. It should be appreciated that while embodiments of the present invention will be described in the context of the cognitive system implementing one or more QA pipelines that operate on an input question, the illustrative embodiments are not limited to such. Rather, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may operate on requests that are not posed as “questions” but are formatted as requests for the cognitive system to perform cognitive operations on a specified set of input data using the associated corpus or corpora and the specific configuration information used to configure the cognitive system. For example, rather than asking a natural language question of “What diagnosis applies to patient P?”, the cognitive system may instead receive a request of “generate diagnosis for patient P,” or the like. It should be appreciated that the mechanisms of the QA system pipeline may operate on requests in a similar manner to that of input natural language questions with minor modifications. In fact, in some cases, a request may be converted to a natural language question for processing by the QA system pipelines if desired for the particular implementation. 
     Thus, it is important to first have an understanding of how cognitive systems and question and answer creation in a cognitive system implementing a QA pipeline is implemented before describing how the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are integrated in and augment such cognitive systems and request processing pipeline, or QA pipeline, mechanisms. It should be appreciated that the mechanisms described in  FIGS. 2-3  are only examples and are not intended to state or imply any limitation with regard to the type of cognitive system mechanisms with which the illustrative embodiments are implemented. Many modifications to the example cognitive system shown in  FIGS. 2-3  may be implemented in various embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     As an overview, a cognitive system is a specialized computer system, or set of computer systems, configured with hardware and/or software logic (in combination with hardware logic upon which the software executes) to emulate human cognitive functions. These cognitive systems apply human-like characteristics to conveying and manipulating ideas which, when combined with the inherent strengths of digital computing, can solve problems with high accuracy and resilience on a large scale. A cognitive system performs one or more computer-implemented cognitive operations that approximate a human thought process as well as enable people and machines to interact in a more natural manner so as to extend and magnify human expertise and cognition. A cognitive system comprises artificial intelligence logic, such as natural language processing (NLP) based logic, for example, and machine learning logic, which may be provided as specialized hardware, software executed on hardware, or any combination of specialized hardware and software executed on hardware. The logic of the cognitive system implements the cognitive operation(s), examples of which include, but are not limited to, question answering, identification of related concepts within different portions of content in a corpus, intelligent search algorithms, such as Internet web page searches, for example, medical diagnostic and treatment recommendations, and other types of recommendation generation, e.g., items of interest to a particular user, potential new contact recommendations, or the like. 
     IBM Watson™ is an example of one such cognitive system which can process human readable language and identify inferences between text passages with human-like high accuracy at speeds far faster than human beings and on a larger scale. In general, such cognitive systems are able to perform the following functions:
         Navigate the complexities of human language and understanding,   Ingest and process vast amounts of structured and unstructured data,   Generate and evaluate hypothesis,   Weigh and evaluate responses that are based only on relevant evidence,   Provide situation-specific advice, insights, and guidance,   Improve knowledge and learn with each iteration and interaction through machine learning processes,   Enable decision making at the point of impact (contextual guidance),   Scale in proportion to the task,   Extend and magnify human expertise and cognition,   Identify resonating, human-like attributes and traits from natural language,   Deduce various language specific or agnostic attributes from natural language,   High degree of relevant recollection from data points (images, text, voice) (memorization and recall),   Predict and sense with situational awareness that mimic human cognition based on experiences, or   Answer questions based on natural language and specific evidence.       

     In one aspect, cognitive systems provide mechanisms for answering questions posed to these cognitive systems using a Question Answering pipeline or system (QA system) and/or process requests which may or may not be posed as natural language questions. The QA pipeline or system is an artificial intelligence application executing on data processing hardware that answers questions pertaining to a given subject-matter domain presented in natural language. The QA pipeline receives inputs from various sources including input over a network, a corpus of electronic documents or other data, data from a content creator, information from one or more content users, and other such inputs from other possible sources of input. Data storage devices store the corpus of data. A content creator creates content in a. document for use as part of a corpus of data with the QA pipeline. The document may include any file, text, article, or source of data for use in the QA system. For example, a QA pipeline accesses a body of knowledge about the domain, or subject matter area, e.g., financial domain, medical domain, legal domain, etc., where the body of knowledge (knowledgebase) can be organized in a variety of configurations, e.g., a structured repository of domain-specific information, such as ontologies, or unstructured data related to the domain, or a collection of natural language documents about the domain. 
     Content users input questions to cognitive system which implements the QA pipeline. The QA pipeline then answers the input questions using the content in the corpus of data by evaluating documents, sections of documents, portions of data in the corpus, or the like. When a process evaluates a given section of a document for semantic content, the process can use a variety of conventions to query such document from the QA pipeline, e.g., sending the query to the QA pipeline as a well-formed question which is then interpreted by the QA pipeline and a response is provided containing one or more answers to the question. Semantic content is content based on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation, or connotation. In other words, semantic content is content that interprets an expression, such as by using Natural Language Processing. 
     As will be described in greater detail hereafter, the QA pipeline receives an input question, parses the question to extract the major features of the question, uses the extracted features to formulate queries, and then applies those queries to the corpus of data. Based on the application of the queries to the corpus of data, the QA pipeline generates a set of hypotheses, or candidate answers to the input question, by looking across the corpus of data for portions of the corpus of data that have some potential for containing a valuable response to the input question. The QA pipeline then performs deep analysis on the language of the input question and the language used in each of the portions of the corpus of data found during the application of the queries using a variety of reasoning algorithms. There may be hundreds or even thousands of reasoning algorithms applied, each of which performs different analysis, e.g., comparisons, natural language analysis, lexical analysis, or the like, and generates a score. For example, some reasoning algorithms may look at the matching of terms and synonyms within the language of the input question and the found portions of the corpus of data. Other reasoning algorithms may look at temporal or spatial features in the language, while others may evaluate the source of the portion of the corpus of data and evaluate its veracity. 
     The scores obtained from the various reasoning algorithms indicate the extent to which the potential response is inferred by the input question based on the specific area of focus of that reasoning algorithm. Each resulting score is then weighted against a statistical model. The statistical model captures how well the reasoning algorithm performed at establishing the inference between two similar passages for a particular domain during the training period of the QA pipeline. The statistical model is used to summarize a level of confidence that the QA pipeline has regarding the evidence that the potential response, i.e. candidate answer, is inferred by the question. This process is repeated for each of the candidate answers until the QA pipeline identifies candidate answers that surface as being significantly stronger than others and thus, generates a final answer, or ranked set of answers, for the input question. 
     As mentioned above, QA pipeline mechanisms operate by accessing information from a corpus of data or information (also referred to as a corpus of content), analyzing it, and then generating answer results based on the analysis of this data. Accessing information from a corpus of data typically includes: a database query that answers questions about what is in a collection of structured records, and a search that delivers a collection of document links in response to a query against a collection of unstructured data (text, markup language, etc.). Conventional question answering systems are capable of generating answers based on the corpus of data and the input question, verifying answers to a collection of questions for the corpus of data, correcting errors in digital text using a corpus of data, and selecting answers to questions from a pool of potential answers, i.e. candidate answers. 
     Content creators, such as article authors, electronic document creators, web page authors, document database creators, and the like, determine use cases for products, solutions, and services described in such content before writing their content. Consequently, the content creators know what questions the content is intended to answer in a particular topic addressed by the content. Categorizing the questions, such as in terms of roles, type of information, tasks, or the like, associated with the question, in each document of a corpus of data allows the QA pipeline to more quickly and efficiently identify documents containing content related to a specific query. The content may also answer other questions that the content creator did not contemplate that may be useful to content users. The questions and answers may be verified by the content creator to be contained in the content for a given document. These capabilities contribute to improved accuracy, system performance, machine learning, and confidence of the QA pipeline. Content creators, automated tools, or the like, annotate or otherwise generate metadata for providing information useable by the QA pipeline to identify these questions and answer attributes of the content. 
     Operating on such content, the QA pipeline generates answers for input questions using a plurality of intensive analysis mechanisms which evaluate the content to identify the most probable answers, i.e. candidate answers, for the input question. The most probable answers are output as a ranked listing of candidate answers ranked according to their relative scores or confidence measures calculated during evaluation of the candidate answers, as a single final answer having a highest-ranking score or confidence measure, or which is a best match to the input question, or a combination of ranked listing and final answer. 
     With regard to the medication interaction detection engine of the illustrative embodiments, the indications generated by the medication interaction detection engine may be input to the QA pipeline for use as yet another portion of the corpus or corpora upon which the QA pipeline operates. For example, the indications generated by the medication interaction detection engine may be included in inputs upon which the operations of the reasoning algorithms are applied, as part of the evaluation of evidence supporting various candidate answers or responses generated by the QA pipeline, or the like. Thus, the reasoning algorithms may include factors for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a schematic diagram of one illustrative embodiment of a cognitive system  200  implementing a request processing pipeline  208 , which in some embodiments may he a question answering (QA) pipeline, in a computer network  202 . For purposes of the present description, it will be assumed that the request processing pipeline  208  is implemented as a QA pipeline that operates on structured and/or unstructured requests in the form of input questions. One example of a question processing operation which may be used in conjunction with the principles described herein is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0125734, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The cognitive system  200  is implemented on one or more computing devices  204 A-D (comprising one or more processors and one or more memories, and potentially any other computing device elements generally known in the art including buses, storage devices, communication interfaces, and the like) connected to the computer network  202 . For purposes of illustration only,  FIG. 2  depicts the cognitive system  200  being implemented on computing device  204 A only, but as noted above the cognitive system  200  may be distributed across multiple computing devices, such as a plurality of computing devices  204 A-D. The network  202  includes multiple computing devices  204 A-D, which may operate as server computing devices, and  210 - 212  which may operate as client computing devices, in communication with each other and with other devices or components via one or more wired and/or wireless data communication links, where each communication link comprises one or more of wires, routers, switches, transmitters, receivers, or the like. In some illustrative embodiments, the cognitive system  200  and network  202  enables question processing and answer generation (QA) functionality for one or more cognitive system users via their respective computing devices  210 - 212 . In other embodiments, the cognitive system  200  and network  202  may provide other types of cognitive operations including, but not limited to, request processing and cognitive response generation which may take many different forms depending upon the desired implementation, e.g., cognitive information retrieval, training/instruction of users, cognitive evaluation of data, or the like. Other embodiments of the cognitive system  200  may be used with components, systems, sub-systems, and/or devices other than those that are depicted herein. 
     The cognitive system  200  is configured to implement a request processing pipeline  208  that receive inputs from various sources. The requests may be posed in the form of a natural language question, natural language request for information, natural language request for the performance of a cognitive operation, or the like. For example, the cognitive system  200  receives input from the network  202 , a corpus or corpora of electronic documents  206 , cognitive system users, and/or other data and other possible sources of input. In one embodiment, some or all of the inputs to the cognitive system  200  are routed through the network  202 . The various computing devices  204 A-D on the network  202  include access points for content creators and cognitive system users. Some of the computing devices  204 A-D include devices for a database storing the corpus or corpora of data  206  (which is shown as a separate entity in  FIG. 2  for illustrative purposes only). Portions of the corpus or corpora of data  206  may also be provided on one or more other network attached storage devices, in one or more databases, or other computing devices not explicitly shown in  FIG. 2 . The network  202  includes local network connections and remote connections in various embodiments, such that the cognitive system  200  may operate in environments of any size, including local and global, e.g., the Internet. 
     In one embodiment, the content creator creates content in a document of the corpus or corpora of data  206  for use as part of a corpus of data with the cognitive system  200 . The document includes any file, text, article, or source of data for use in the cognitive system  200 . Cognitive system users access the cognitive system  200  via a network connection or an Internet connection to the network  202 , and input questions/requests to the cognitive system  200  that are answered/processed based on the content in the corpus or corpora of data  206 . In one embodiment, the questions/requests are formed using natural language. The cognitive system  200  parses and interprets the question/request via a pipeline  208 , and provides a response to the cognitive system user, e.g., cognitive system user  210 , containing one or more answers to the question posed, response to the request, results of processing the request, or the like. In some embodiments, the cognitive system  200  provides a response to users in a ranked list of candidate answers/responses while in other illustrative embodiments, the cognitive system  200  provides a single final answer/response or a combination of a final answer/response and ranked listing of other candidate answers/responses. 
     The cognitive system  200  implements the pipeline  208  which comprises a plurality of stages for processing an input question/request based on information obtained from the corpus or corpora of data  206 . The pipeline  208  generates answers/responses for the input question or request based on the processing of the input question/request and the corpus or corpora of data  206 . 
     In some illustrative embodiments, the cognitive system  200  may he the IBM Watson™ cognitive system available from International Business Machines Corporation of Armonk, N.Y., which is augmented with the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments described hereafter. As outlined previously, a pipeline of the IBM Watson™ cognitive system receives an input question or request which it then parses to extract the major features of the question/request, which in turn are then used to formulate queries that are applied to the corpus or corpora of data  206 . Based on the application of the queries to the corpus or corpora of data  206 , a set of hypotheses, or candidate answers/responses to the input question/request, are generated by looking across the corpus or corpora of data  206  for portions of the corpus or corpora of data  206  (hereafter referred to simply as the corpus  206 ) that have some potential for containing a valuable response to the input question/response (hereafter assumed to be an input question). The pipeline  208  of the IBM Watson™ cognitive system then performs deep analysis on the language of the input question and the language used in each of the portions of the corpus  206  found during the application of the queries using a variety of reasoning algorithms. 
     The scores obtained from the various reasoning algorithms are then weighted against a statistical model that summarizes a level of confidence that the pipeline  208  of the IBM Watson™ cognitive system  200 , in this example, has regarding the evidence that the potential candidate answer is inferred by the question. This process is repeated for each of the candidate answers to generate a ranked listing of candidate answers which may then be presented to the user that submitted the input question, e.g., a user of client computing device  210 , or from which a final answer is selected and presented to the user. More information about the pipeline  208  of the IBM Watson™ cognitive system  200  may be obtained, for example, from the IBM Corporation website, IBM Redbooks, and the like. For example, information about the pipeline of the IBM Watson™ cognitive system can be found in Yuan et al., “Watson and Healthcare,” IBM developerWorks, 2011 and “The Era of Cognitive Systems: An Inside Look at IBM Watson and How it Works” by Rob High, IBM Redbooks, 2012. 
     As noted above, while the input to the cognitive system  200  from a client device may be posed in the form of a natural language question, the illustrative embodiments are not limited to such. Rather, the input question may in fact be formatted or structured as any suitable type of request which may be parsed and analyzed using structured and/or unstructured input analysis, including but not limited to the natural language parsing and analysis mechanisms of a cognitive system such as IBM Watson™, to determine the basis upon which to perform cognitive analysis and providing a result of the cognitive analysis. In the case of a healthcare based cognitive system, this analysis may involve processing patient medical records, medical guidance documentation from one or more corpora, and the like, to provide a healthcare oriented cognitive system result. In particular, the mechanisms of the healthcare based cognitive system may process medication-adverse events or medication-adverse drug reaction pairings when performing the healthcare oriented cognitive system result, e.g., a diagnosis or treatment recommendation. 
     In the context of the present invention, cognitive system  200  may provide a cognitive functionality for automatically detecting interactions of medications from social media posts. Thus, the cognitive system  200  may be a healthcare cognitive system  200  that operates in the medical or healthcare type domains and which may process requests for such healthcare operations via the request processing pipeline  208  input as either structured or unstructured requests, natural language input questions, or the like. In one illustrative embodiment, the cognitive system  200  is a medication analysis system that searches social media posts to identify discussion forums related to a medication under consideration, and further analyze natural language text within the discussion forums in order to automatically detecting interactions of medications from the social media posts. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the cognitive system  200  is further augmented, in accordance with the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, to include logic implemented in specialized hardware, software executed on hardware, or any combination of specialized hardware and software executed on hardware, for implementing medication interaction detection engine  100 . As described previously, medication interaction detection engine  100  provides a probabilistic model to mine social media for concepts, where the probabilistic model combines, for each word, seriousness, adverse drug reaction, and medication expectedness probabilistic models, replacing individual models with one combined model that generates an indication of a probability that the content of the social media indicates an actual ADR. Medication interaction detection engine  100  identifies a difference between indications and real ADRs in the social media posts without requiring annotations. An indication is one or more conditions treatable by the medication. The illustrative embodiments automatically identify, via online forums, indications of conditions addressed or potentially caused by a medication, which the medication manufacturer may not previously know about. 
     As noted above, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are rooted in the computer technology arts and are implemented using logic present in such computing or data processing systems. These computing or data processing systems are specifically configured, either through hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, to implement the various operations described above. As such,  FIG. 3  is provided as an example of one type of data processing system in which aspects of the present invention may be implemented. Many other types of data processing systems may be likewise configured to specifically implement the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example data processing system in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments are implemented. Data processing system  300  is an example of a computer, such as server  204 A or client  210  in  FIG. 2 , in which computer usable code or instructions implementing the processes for illustrative embodiments of the present invention are located. In one illustrative embodiment,  FIG. 3  represents a server computing device, such as a server  204 , which, which implements a cognitive system  200  and QA system pipeline  208  augmented to include the additional mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments described hereafter. 
     In the depicted example, data processing system  300  employs a hub architecture including North Bridge and Memory Controller Hub (NB/MCH)  302  and South Bridge and Input/Output (I/O) Controller Hub (SB/ICH)  304 . Processing unit  306 , main memory  308 , and graphics processor  310  are connected to NB/MCH  302 . Graphics processor  310  is connected to NB/MCH  302  through an accelerated graphics port (AGP). 
     In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter  312  connects to SB/ICH  304 . Audio adapter  316 , keyboard and mouse adapter  320 , modem  322 , read only memory (ROM)  324 , hard disk drive (HDD)  326 , CD-ROM drive  330 , universal serial bus (USB) ports and other communication ports  332 , and PCI/PCIe devices  334  connect to SB/ICH  304  through bus  338  and bus  340 . PCI/PCIe devices may include, for example, Ethernet adapters, add-in cards, and PC cards for notebook computers. PCI uses a card bus controller, while PCIe does not. ROM  324  may be, for example, a flash basic input/output system (BIOS). 
     HDD  326  and CD-ROM drive  330  connect, to SB/ICH  304  through bus  340 . HDI)  326  and CD-ROM drive  330  may use, for example, an integrated drive electronics (IDE) or serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface. Super I/O (SIO) device  336  is connected to SB/ICH  304 . 
     An operating system runs on processing unit  306 . The operating system coordinates and provides control of various components within the data processing system  300  in  FIG. 3 . As a client, the operating system is a commercially available operating system such as Microsoft® Windows 10®. An object-oriented programming system, such as the Java™ programming system, may run in conjunction with the operating system and provides calls to the operating system from Java™ programs or applications executing on data processing system  300 . 
     As a server, data processing system  300  may be, for example, an IBM® eServer™ System p® computer system, running the Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX®) operating system or the LINUX® operating system. Data processing system  300  may be a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system including a plurality of processors in processing unit  306 . Alternatively, a single processor system may be employed. 
     Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented programming system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as HDD  326 , and are loaded into main memory  308  for execution by processing unit  306 . The processes for illustrative embodiments of the present invention are performed by processing unit  306  using computer usable program code, which is located in a memory such as, for example, main memory  308 , ROM  324 , or in one or more peripheral devices  326  and  330 , for example. 
     A bus system, such as bus  338  or bus  340  as shown in  FIG. 3 , is comprised of one or more buses. Of course, the bus system may be implemented using any type of communication fabric or architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the fabric or architecture. A communication unit, such as modem  322  or network adapter  312  of  FIG. 3 , includes one or more devices used to transmit and receive data. A memory may be, for example, main memory  308 , ROM  324 , or a cache such as found in NB/MCH  302  in  FIG. 3 . 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware depicted in  FIGS. 2 and 3  may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash memory, equivalent non-volatile memory, or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . Also, the processes of the illustrative embodiments may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system, other than the SMP system mentioned previously, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Moreover, the data processing system  300  may take the form of any of a number of different data processing systems including client computing devices, server computing devices, a tablet computer, laptop computer, telephone or other communication device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or the like. In some illustrative examples, data processing system  300  may be a portable computing device that is configured with flash memory to provide non-volatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user-generated data, for example. Essentially, data processing system  300  may be any known or later developed data processing system without architectural limitation. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart outlining an example operation of a medication interaction detection engine in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As the exemplary operation begins, the medication interaction detection engine receives an identification of a medication under consideration from a cognitive system (step  402 ). The medication interaction detection engine searches social media posts to identify one or more discussion forums that pertain to patients discussing the medication under consideration (step  404 ). Responsive to identifying one or more discussion forums that pertain to patients discussing the medication under consideration, the medication interaction detection engine performs a mapping of the text in each of the one or more discussion forums to a corpora of data information (step  406 ) and generates a list of concepts that appear in the one or more discussion forums based on the corpus that is used in the mapping (step  408 ). The medication interaction detection engine then detects one or more medications from the list of concepts (step  410 ) and utilizes a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify one or more topics that are directed to the one or more medications (step  412 ). Thus, the medication interaction detection engine identifies how the one or more medications are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as a medication probability for each topic. 
     In order to identify one or more adverse events associated with the one or more medications, the medication interaction detection engine detects one or more adverse events from the list of concepts (step  414 ) and utilizes the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify one or more topics that are directed to the one or more adverse events (step  416 ). Therefore, the medication interaction detection engine identifies how the one or more adverse events are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as an adverse event probability for each topic identified by the medication probability for each topic. Then, using a probabilistic model, the medication interaction detection engine compares the adverse event probability for each topic to the medication probability for each topic to identify an adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication (step  418 ). 
     In order to identify a seriousness of the one more adverse events associated with the one or more medications, the medication interaction detection engine detects one or more seriousness concepts from the list of concepts (step  420 ) and utilizes the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify one or more topics that are directed to the one or more seriousness concepts (step  422 ). Thus, the medication interaction detection engine identifies how the one or more seriousness concepts are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as a seriousness probability for each topic identified by the adverse event probability for each topic. Using a probabilistic model, the medication interaction detection engine compares the seriousness probability for each topic to the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication to identify an adverse event seriousness probability of occurrence for each medication (step  424 ). 
     In order to identify an expectedness of the one more adverse events associated with the one or more medications, the medication interaction detection detects one or more expectedness concepts from the list of concepts (step  426 ) and utilizes the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify one or more topics that are directed to the one or more expectedness concepts (step  428 ). Therefore, the medication interaction detection engine identifies how the one or more expectedness concepts are utilized in the topics of the one or more discussion forums as well as an expectedness probability for each topic identified by the adverse event probability for each topic. Using a probabilistic model, the medication interaction detection engine compares the expectedness probability for each topic to the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication to identify an adverse event expectedness probability of occurrence for each medication (step  430 ). 
     Based on the adverse event probability of occurrence for each medication, the seriousness probability for each topic, and the expectedness probability for each topic, if the medication interaction detection engine determines that the combined probability exceeds a predetermined threshold, the medication interaction detection engine generates an indication to one or more medical professionals of a probability that the content of the social media indicates an actual ADR (step  432 ), so that the medical professionals associated with the medication under consideration may address the identified one or more adverse events associated with the medication under consideration. The operation ends thereafter. 
     As noted above, it should be appreciated that the illustrative embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In one example embodiment, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented in software or program code, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
     A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a communication bus, such as a system bus, for example. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. The memory may be of various types including, but not limited to, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, DRAM, SRAM, Flash memory, solid state memory, and the like. 
     Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening wired or wireless I/O interfaces and/or controllers, or the like. I/O devices may take many different forms other than conventional keyboards, displays, pointing devices, and the like, such as for example communication devices coupled through wired or wireless connections including, but not limited to, smart phones, tablet computers, touch screen devices, voice recognition devices, and the like. Any known or later developed I/O device is intended to be within the scope of the illustrative embodiments. 
     Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters for wired communications. Wireless communication based network adapters may also be utilized including, but not limited to, 802.11 a/b/g/n wireless communication adapters, Bluetooth wireless adapters, and the like. Any known or later developed network adapters are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.