Patent Publication Number: US-5295079-A

Title: Digital testing techniques for very high frequency phase-locked loops

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a digital testing system for high frequency digital Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs). This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/729,937, entitled &#34;Digital Serial Loop Filter for High Frequency Control Systems&#34; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/681,095, entitled &#34;Digital Signed Phase to Frequency Converter for High Frequency Phase-Locked Loops&#34;, as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/730,228, describing a phase detector, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/,731,138 describing a phase error processor, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,633 describing a frequency controlled oscillator, all incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     Testing of dynamic performance parameters of PLLs, at very high frequencies, requires time measurements in sub-nSeconds (e.g. clock jitter for 125 MHz PLLs would be on the order of 0.75 nS). Due to limited resolution, most automatic test equipment is not capable of making such measurements. This has made the dynamic testing of high frequency PLL performance parameters, at component level or at board level, a high-price-tag item for most manufacturers. Furthermore, volume testing has also been considered as difficult to achieve if these products are to remain price competitive. Therefore, the general approach in the industry has been one of &#34;guaranteed by design&#34; with ac/dc tests at the integrated circuit level and limited functionality tests at board level. 
     From the above it is seen that an improved device/method for PLL testing is desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides for cost efficient comprehensive testing of high frequency PLL dynamic performance at integrated circuit level and communication board level. 
     The test system transforms many high frequency dynamic signals within the PLL to moderate speed digital signals using a new generation PLL and a low cost digital tester. These digital signals are accessible through several on-chip (PLL) read/write ports allowing an external intelligent digital circuit (the digital tester) to compute the PLL dynamic performance. The low cost factor and the simplicity in the measurement system also allow the test system to be applicable to end-products that are in field servicing (on-site testing). 
     Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a digital testing system for very high frequency PLLs comprising a PLL with interface means to facilitate communication of a plurality of internal signal information, a controller means for configuring the PLL as well as extracting and interpreting data from it, a communication means for connecting the PLL to the controller means, and means for generating a plurality of test patterns and monitoring test results connected to the PLL. 
     The present invention also provides, according to one embodiment, a method for digital testing of very high frequency dynamic PLL performance parameters. The method includes the steps of configuring the PLL in a selected mode through an interface in the PLL; applying a digital input pattern to an input terminal of the PLL; accessing a plurality of the PLL internal signal information through the interface; and extracting and interpreting the internal signal information with a digital tester via a communication means. 
     A further understanding maybe had with reference to the description and diagrams below. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a basic block diagram of a test system; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a digital test system of the present invention showing an internal block diagram of a PLL; 
     FIG. 3a shows a reading of a phase access port register and FIG. 3b is a corresponding phase to frequency converter output waveform; 
     FIG. 4 shows signal diagrams for Receive Clock (RXC) jitter measurements, including measurements without noise (FIG. 4a) with noise (FIG. 4b), and RXC jitter measured by a phase meter (FIG. 4c); 
     FIG. 5 is a timing diagram for frequency acquisition time measurements; 
     FIG. 6 shows a frequency step response of a PLL; and 
     FIG. 7a shows overlayed traces of a PLL frequency controlled oscillator output clock and FIG. 7b is a phase step linearity plot for the frequency controlled oscillator. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The digital testing environment of the present invention includes four elements: a device under test (DUT) 2, a brain or digital tester 4, a link 6, and miscellaneous equipment 8. FIG. 1 illustrates the interconnection between these elements. The DUT 2 is a high frequency PLL. It is connected to the digital tester 4 via the bi-directional, serial/parallel, bus called link 6. The digital tester 4 is an intelligent digital hardware that configures the DUT 2 and extracts and interprets data from the DUT 2. Miscellaneous equipment 8 includes one or more of several common laboratory accessories such as oscilloscopes, pattern generators, or a spectrum analyzer which connect to the DUT 2. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the present invention illustrating the details of the DUT 2 PLL. The DUT 2 PLL includes the following blocks, which in preferred embodiments are formed as an integrated circuit on a single die. An optical receiver 9 which receives, for example a 125 MBits/S optical input and converts it into an electrical digital signal Din at its output. A phase detector 10 receives the digital input signal Din as well as the PLL clock signal P --  CLK and determines the phase error between the two signals. A phase error processor (PEP) 12 receives this phase information (at PD1 and PD2) and generates two serial digital signals (Up/Down and Data --  Valid) that carry the phase error information. A digital loop filter 14 provides the interface between the PEP 12 and a phase to frequency converter (PFC) 16, which generates three equally phase-spaced low frequency control signals having a frequency fm representative of the phase error. A frequency controlled oscillator (FCO) 18 receives the PFC 16 outputs and three equally phase-spaced clock signals generated by a local crystal oscillator circuit 17, to generate a PLL phase-locked clock PLL CLK. A divide-by-2 circuit 20 receives the PLL --  CLK signal (FCO 18 output) and generates the P --  CLK signal ensuring a 50% duty cycle for the P --  CLK signal. The device also includes an I/0 controller 22 which serves as an interface between the tester 4 and the DUT 2. The DUT 2 PLL provides for read/write-able means to communicate digital test data between the different circuit blocks and the digital tester 4. For example the DUT PLL 2 in FIG. 2 includes the following three ports: a Loop Configuration Port (LCP) 24, a Frequency Access Port (FAP) 26, and a Phase Access Port (PAP) 28. An example of such digital PLL is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/729,937, entitled &#34;Digital Serial Loop Filter for High Frequency Control Systems,&#34; previously incorporated by reference for all purposes and hereafter referred to as DPLL. 
     The loop filter 14 of the DPLL includes a scaler circuit, an integrator circuit and a summing circuit emulating a 1-pole/1-zero digital loop filter. The signal path through the scaler circuit is referred to as the proportional path, and the signal path through the integrator is referred to as the integral path. The loop filter also includes a loop configuration circuit which in response to the digital tester 4 programs and via the LCP 24 configures the loop type of the DUT 2. The DPLL, for example, provides for eight different types of loop configurations in a test mode (8 different combinations of close loop, open loop, and enable/disable proportional/integral paths) as shown in Table 1. The output of the proportional path and both input and output of the integral path can be enabled or disabled via the LCP 24. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
              Propor-                                                     
Test  Loop    tional    Integral     Typical                              
Modes Type    Output    Input   Output Usage                              
______________________________________                                    
0     closed  enabled   enabled enabled                                   
                                       normal                             
1     closed  enabled   --      enabled                                   
                                       test propor-                       
                                       tion path                          
2     open    --        --      enabled                                   
                                       test integral                      
                                       path                               
3     open    --        --      --     test FCO                           
4     open    enabled(-)                                                  
                        --      --     test loop                          
                                       filter                             
5     open    enabled(+)                                                  
                        --      --     test loop                          
                                       filter                             
6     open    --        enabled(-)                                        
                                enabled                                   
                                       test loop                          
                                       filter                             
7     open    --        enabled(+)                                        
                                enabled                                   
                                       test loop                          
                                       filter                             
______________________________________                                    
 NOTE:                                                                    
 `--` = disabled                                                          
 `enabled(-)` = enabled and forced in downward direction                  
 `enabled(+)` = enabled and forced in upward direction                    
 
    
     The outputs of the digital integrator of the DPLL loop filter reflect the frequency difference between the local clock and the incoming data to the DPLL (Din). The integral signal content is accessible via the FAP 26 through which the digital tester 4 can either read the error frequency, or micro-step the frequency of P --  CLK with a frequency resolution of, for example, 1.3 ppm of 125 MHz per binary step with a total of 256 steps. The PAP 28 reflects the low frequency output signals of the PFC 16 in digital format, which determines the phase settings of the high frequency output of the FCO 18. The PAP 28 contents indicate the digital counts of the sawtooth counting patterns of the PFC 16 which determines the output frequency of the 3-phase triangular analog waveforms of the PFC 16. FIG. 3a shows representative PAP 28 readings and FIG. 3b shows the corresponding PFC 16 output waveform plotted versus time. Because of the divide-by-2 circuit, two cycles of the PFC 16 output waveform correspond to one cycle of the P --  CLK derived from the FCO 18. Via the PAP 28, the digital tester 4 can either read the phase setting of the P --  CLK, or microstep the phase of P --  CLK with a phase resolution of, for example, 42 pSec per binary step with a total of 192 steps. 
     The digital tester 4 is an intelligent digital controller circuit that performs the tests by configuring the loop type of the DUT 2 via the LCP 24, as well as extracting and interpreting data from the DUT 2 via the FAP 26 and PAP 28. The digital tester 4 can be in any one of the following forms depending on the application environment. For example, the digital tester 4 may be a hand-held microprocessor-based controller with a keyboard and a multi-digit display which can be used for network servicing or for low-cost lab-quality engineering setups. A connection to a more powerful computer for enhanced performance is used in another embodiment for data presentation or data-logging. Another alternative is to use a micro/mini computer to perform board level outgoing qualification or device characterization. On-board microprocessors for board level products are used in some embodiments for performing on-site remote diagnostics and margin tests for network maintenance purposes. Finally, the digital tester 4 can be any one of many digital automatic testers for enhanced PLL dynamic performance testing at integrated circuit level as well as board level outgoing qualification testing. 
     The link 6 connects the DUT 2 to the digital tester 4. Data flow is bidirectional and can be either serial or parallel. For the DPLL, for example, the link 6 is an 8-bit parallel standard microprocessor bus in one embodiment. 
     Several examples of specific tests measuring dynamic PLL performance parameters are discussed in the following embodiments. The arrangement for the following tests uses the DPLL as the DUT 2. Other high frequency PLL products designed with the means for providing the necessary information for testing purposes can be tested with this arrangement. 
     One of the more important performance parameters of any high frequency clock recovery PLL is the Recovered Clock (RXC) jitter. The RXC jitter is usually measured using an analog approach, either by monitoring the distribution of the edge transitions using an oscilloscope, or by keeping track of the minimum and maximum edge transitions over time using a phase meter. Due to the limited resolution of most automatic testers, measuring this parameter in out-going testers has been extremely difficult. The present invention solves this problem by providing a digital testing approach to measure RXC jitter. The RXC is one output of the DPLL and is available during normal PLL operation. To measure RXC jitter, first the digital tester 4 sets the DPLL loop filter to normal mode of operation (test mode 0 in Table 1) through LCP 24. A preconditioned input data pattern is next applied at the DPLL input (Din input on FIG. 2) for the PLL to acquire phase lock. The digital tester 4 then polls the contents of FAP 26 register to read the frequency difference between Din and the local clock generated by the local crystal. To enhance accuracy, the digital tester 4 averages several readings of FAP 26. Based on the average reading of FAP 26, the digital tester 4 calculates the expected output frequency (fm) of the PFC 16. Under the ideal conditions (no noise), this calculated result matches the PAP 28 readings which indicate the PFC 16 output signals in digital format. Under noisy conditions, RXC (or phase locked clock P --  CLK) jitter is reflected by the distortion in the PFC 16 output waveforms. The digital tester 4 next polls PAP 28 to read actual instantaneous phase of PFC 16 output, which reflects the instantaneous phase setting of the P --  CLK. By calculating the difference between the measured PAP 28 readings and the predicted PAP 28 contents, the peak-to-peak jitter can be measured with a resolution of 42 pSec per step in the difference. FIG. 4 illustrates this process. FIG. 4a shows the expected PAP 28 contents (after digital to analog conversion to monitor on an oscilloscope) on the upper waveform and the corresponding PFC 16 analog output waveform on the lower waveform. FIG. 4b shows the actual PAP 28 readings (with noise) with the corresponding analog output. And FIG. 4c shows the RXC jitter. 
     Acquisition time is another important PLL performance parameter. An optical receiver circuit in the DPLL generates a Signal Detect (SD) signal indicating the presence of data energy in the transmission medium as one bit of the PAP 28 register. To measure the acquisition time, first the digital tester 4 sets the loop configuration to normal PLL operation (test mode 0) through LCP 24. A burst data pattern is next applied to the DPLL input (Din). The digital tester 4 polls SD in the PAP 28 register and starts a timer when SD goes active. To measure frequency acquisition time, the digital tester 4 polls the FAP 26 register until the delta frequency between the input data and local clock becomes stable, indicating that the PLL is acquiring frequency locking. The time interval between the time SD goes active to the time a stable FAP 26 reading is made, is the acquisition time. FIG. 5 is a timing diagram showing the burst input signal (Din) on top, SD in the middle, and the FAP 26 output (after digital to analog conversion to monitor on an oscilloscope). In addition the digital tester 4 can poll the PAP 28 register for measuring the phase acquisition time. 
     This system can measure the frequency step response of the DPLL with either external or internal excitation. The digital tester 4 first configures the loop to normal PLL operation (test mode 0) through the LCP 24. External excitation requires an external frequency step at the PLL 2 input (Din). Next, the digital tester 4 polls the FAP 26 register for frequency recovery. FIG. 6 shows the output of FAP 26 after digital to analog conversion. Alternatively, a simpler method to measure frequency step response is by means of internal excitation. A continuous data pattern is applied to the PLL 2 input (Din). After the PLL is in lock, the digital tester 4 reads FAP 26 for delta frequency between input data and local clock. A frequency offset value, equal to the desired frequency step divided by FAP 26 scaling factor of 1.3 ppm per step, is added to, or subtracted from, the above delta frequency value. The resulting number is written into the FAP 26 to change P --  CLK by an amount equal to the frequency step as an internal excitation. The digital tester 4 then polls FAP 26 for a stable value as an indication of frequency recovery. 
     Checking the phase step linearity of P --  CLK is another common test. For this test the DPLL is configured in an open loop mode, therefore the digital tester 4 first sets the DPLL to test mode 3. The digital tester 4 then micro-steps the FCO 18 output phase by writing to PAP 28 presetting the P --  CLK to one of 92 phase steps. Using an oscilloscope the phase difference between adjacent steps can be measured as the digital tester 4 steps PAP 28. By entering the phase difference data for each step the phase step linearity versus phase steps can be plotted as in FIG. 7b for traces of FCO output clock shown in FIG. 7a. 
     To measure lock and cycle slipping the DPLL is set for tracking speed (in test mode 0) and an input data pattern is applied to the input Din. The digital tester 4 then polls the PAP 28 continuously and calculates an average frequency value (fm) for the PFC 16 output signal. The digital tester 4 next checks the uniformity of fm period measurements. Any erroneous reading of fm indicates cycle slippings, and if there is no cycle slipping over a predefined period of time, then lock has been acquired. 
     Window truncation and static alignment error are tested by first setting the DPLL in test mode 0 and selecting the tracking speed. An input data pattern synchronized to the DPLL local crystal frequency is applied to the Din input. Next, the digital tester 4 polls the PAP 28 and averages several readings to enhance accuracy. The DPLL is then set in test mode 3 (open loop, with both integral and proportional path disabled, see Table 1). The digital tester 4 steps PAP 28 forward until RXD shows corrupted data. This process is also repeated for the opposite direction. Based on the results of the phase linearity test, phase corrections can be applied to the results of this test to calculate window truncations and static alignment error. 
     The above are only several examples of how to test some PLL dynamic performance parameters. The test system of the present invention can also test many of the other PLL performance parameters by altering and combining the various test configurations. Table 2 lists the various tests necessary to ensure the proper functioning of a typical PLL circuit in most applications and a procedure for conducting the test. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
           Test                                                           
Test       Mode     Procedure                                             
______________________________________                                    
FCO clock  2        set brain 4 to step FAP 26,                           
spectral purity     set a spectrum analyzer                               
                    (connected to RXC) to check                           
                    FCO 18 clock spectral purity,                         
                    repeat for other settings of FAP.                     
Xtal frequency                                                            
           2        set brain 4 to write max                              
without using a     frequency (fm = 163/4 KHz) to                         
frequency counter   FAP 26,                                               
                    set brain 4 to count PAP 28                           
                    cycles over interval of seconds,                      
                    use brain 4 Xtal (calibrated for                      
                    accuracy) to time interval,                           
                    (measured fm × DPLL scaling                     
                    factor) = Xtal frequency.                             
                    (non-volatile memory +                                
                    on-board CPU) for Xtal aging                          
                    studies.                                              
Frequency  0        apply input data to DPLL,                             
difference          set brain 4 to read FAP 26,                           
between the         set brain 4 to average several                        
local Xtal and      readings for enhanced accuracy.                       
input signal                                                              
Lock ranges                                                               
           1        select DPLL tracking speed,                           
(proportional       set brain 4 to center FAP 26,                         
path)               apply input data to DPLL,                             
                    change input data frequency                           
                    to desired limits,                                    
                    set brain 4 to search for cycle                       
                    slippage.                                             
Lock ranges                                                               
           0        select DPLL tracking speed,                           
(proportional &amp;     apply input data to DPLL,                             
integral paths)     change input data pattern                             
                    frequency to desired limits,                          
                    set brain 4 to search for cycle                       
                    slippage.                                             
Proportional lock                                                         
           1        set DPLL tracking speed to                            
ranges with fixed   slowest setting,                                      
input frequency     apply input data to DPLL,                             
                    set brain 4 to read FAP 26,                           
                    set brain 4 to average several                        
                    readings for enhanced accuracy.                       
                    set brain 4 to write FAP 26 to                        
                    (mean FAP reading +/- delta                           
                    frequency),                                           
                    set brain 4 to search for cycle                       
                    slippage.                                             
Phase-step 0        select DPLL tracking speed,                           
response            apply input data to DPLL,                             
                    set brain 4 to poll PAP 28                            
                    and compute sign of fm &amp;                              
                    stepping rate,                                        
                    set brain 4 to predict PAP 28                         
                    readings,                                             
                    set brain 4 to slew PAP 28                            
                    (to prevent phase ambiguity)                          
                    stop brain 4 until PAP 28                             
                    reaches (predicted PAP +/-                            
                    delta phase),                                         
                    set brain 4 to poll PAP 28                            
                    for phase recovery.                                   
DPLL logic quick                                                          
           4-7      set brain 4 to read fm, or use                        
                    external oscilloscope/frequency                       
                    counter to monitor clock                              
                    signal at RXC.                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In conclusion, the present invention offers a digital testing system for evaluating and volume-testing of very high frequency PLLs at integrated circuit level as well as on communication boards. While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined not with reference to the above description but should, instead, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with their full scope of equivalents.