Patent Publication Number: US-2020276516-A1

Title: Ultrafine bubble generating apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus for generating ultrafine bubbles smaller than 1.0 μm in diameter. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Recently, there have been developed techniques for applying the features of fine bubbles such as microbubbles in micrometer-size in diameter and nanobubbles in nanometer-size in diameter. Especially, the utility of ultrafine bubbles (hereinafter also referred to as “UFBs”) smaller than 1.0 μm in diameter have been confirmed in various fields. 
     Japanese Patent No. 6118544 discloses a fine air bubble generating apparatus that generates fine bubbles by ejecting from a depressurizing nozzle a pressurized liquid in which a gas is pressurized and dissolved. Japanese Patent No. 4456176 discloses an apparatus that generates fine bubbles by repeating separating and converging of flows of a gas-mixed liquid with a mixing unit. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An ultrafine bubble generating apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention is an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus that generates ultrafine bubbles by causing a heating element to generate film boiling in a liquid, the ultrafine bubble generating apparatus including an element substrate including a heating part provided with multiple heating elements, in which the element substrate is configured to suppress in the heating part the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements in the heating part. 
     Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an example of a UFB generating apparatus; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic configuration diagram of a pre-processing unit; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are a schematic configuration diagram of a dissolving unit and a diagram for describing the dissolving states in a liquid; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic configuration diagram of a T-UFB generating unit; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams for describing details of a heating element; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are diagrams for describing the states of film boiling on the heating element; 
         FIGS. 7A to 7D  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of UFBs caused by expansion of a film boiling bubble; 
         FIGS. 8A to 8C  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of UFBs caused by shrinkage of the film boiling bubble; 
         FIGS. 9A to 9C  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of UFBs caused by reheating of the liquid; 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of UFBs caused by shock waves made by disappearance of the bubble generated by the film boiling; 
         FIGS. 11A to 11C  are diagrams illustrating configuration examples of a post-processing unit; 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are diagrams describing layouts of an element substrate; 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  are diagrams illustrating electrical equivalent circuits; 
         FIGS. 14A to 14C  are diagrams describing an example of reducing a difference between wiring resistance losses; 
         FIGS. 15A to 15F  are diagrams describing a layout and the like of the element substrate; 
         FIGS. 16A to 16E  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 17A to 17G  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 18A to 18C  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 19A to 19C  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 20A to 20C  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 21A to 21D  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 22A to 22D  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; 
         FIGS. 23A to 23D  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating UFBs; and 
         FIGS. 24A to 24D  are diagrams describing an example of stably generating UFBs. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Both the apparatuses described in Japanese Patent Nos. 6118544 and 4456176 generate not only the UFBs of nanometer-size in diameter but also relatively a large number of milli-bubbles of millimeter-size in diameter and microbubbles of micrometer-size in diameter. However, because the milli-bubbles and the microbubbles are affected by the buoyancy, the bubbles are likely to gradually rise to the liquid surface and disappear during long-time storage. 
     On the other hand, the UFBs of nanometer-size in diameter are suitable for long-time storage since they are less likely to be affected by the buoyancy and float in the liquid with Brownian motion. However, when the UFBs are generated with the milli-bubbles and the microbubbles or the gas-liquid interface energy of the UFBs is small, the UFBs are affected by the disappearance of the milli-bubbles and the microbubbles and decreased over time. That is, in order to obtain a UFB-containing liquid in which the concentration reduction of the UFBs can be suppressed even during long-time storage, it is required to generate highly pure and highly concentrated UFBs with large gas-liquid interface energy when generating a UFB-containing liquid. 
     &lt;&lt;Configuration of UFB Generating Apparatus&gt;&gt; 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an example of an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus (UFB generating apparatus) applicable to the present invention. A UFB generating apparatus  1  of this embodiment includes a pre-processing unit  100 , dissolving unit  200 , a T-UFB generating unit  300 , a post-processing unit  400 , and a collecting unit  500 . Each unit performs unique processing on a liquid W such as tap water supplied to the pre-processing unit  100  in the above order, and the thus-processed liquid W is collected as a T-UFB-containing liquid by the collecting unit  500 . Functions and configurations of the units are described below. Although details are described later, UFBs generated by utilizing the film boiling caused by rapid heating are referred to as thermal-ultrafine bubbles (T-UFBs) in this specification. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic configuration diagram of the pre-processing unit  100 . The pre-processing unit  100  of this embodiment performs a degassing treatment on the supplied liquid W. The pre-processing unit  100  mainly includes a degassing container  101 , a shower head  102 , a depressurizing pump  103 , a liquid introduction passage  104 , a liquid circulation passage  105 , and a liquid discharge passage  106 . For example, the liquid W such as tap water is supplied to the degassing container  101  from the liquid introduction passage  104  through a valve  109 . In this process, the shower head  102  provided in the degassing container  101  sprays a mist of the liquid W in the degassing container  101 . The shower head  102  is for prompting the gasification of the liquid W; however, a centrifugal and the like may be used instead as the mechanism for producing the gasification prompt effect. 
     When a certain amount of the liquid W is reserved in the degassing container  101  and then the depressurizing pump  103  is activated with all the valves closed, already-gasified gas components are discharged, and gasification and discharge of gas components dissolved in the liquid W are also prompted. In this process, the internal pressure of the degassing container  101  may be depressurized to around several hundreds to thousands of Pa (1.0 Torr to 10.0 Torr) while checking a manometer  108 . The gases to be removed by the pre-processing unit  100  includes nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and so on, for example. 
     The above-described degassing processing can be repeatedly performed on the same liquid W by utilizing the liquid circulation passage  105 . Specifically, the shower head  102  is operated with the valve  109  of the liquid introduction passage  104  and a valve  110  of the liquid discharge passage  106  closed and a valve  107  of the liquid circulation passage  105  opened. This allows the liquid W reserved in the degassing container  101  and degassed once to be resprayed in the degassing container  101  from the shower head  102 . In addition, with the depressurizing pump  103  operated, the gasification processing by the shower head  102  and the degassing processing by the depressurizing pump  103  are repeatedly performed on the same liquid W. Every time the above processing utilizing the liquid circulation passage  105  is performed repeatedly, it is possible to decrease the gas components contained in the liquid W in stages. Once the liquid W degassed to a desired purity is obtained, the liquid W is transferred to the dissolving unit  200  through the liquid discharge passage  106  with the valve  110  opened. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the pre-processing  100  that depressurizes the gas part to gasify the solute; however, the method of degassing the solution is not limited thereto. For example, a heating and boiling method for boiling the liquid W to gasify the solute may be employed, or a film degassing method for increasing the interface between the liquid and the gas using hollow fibers. A SEPAREL series (produced by DIC corporation) is commercially supplied as the degassing module using the hollow fibers. The SEPAREL series uses poly(4-methylpentene-1) (PMP) for the raw material of the hollow fibers and is used for removing air bubbles from ink and the like mainly supplied for a piezo head. In addition, two or more of an evacuating method, the heating and boiling method, and the film degassing method may be used together. 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are a schematic configuration diagram of the dissolving unit  200  and a diagram for describing the dissolving states in the liquid. The dissolving unit  200  is a unit for dissolving a desired gas into the liquid W supplied from the pre-processing unit  100 . The dissolving unit  200  of this embodiment mainly includes a dissolving container  201 , a rotation shaft  203  provided with a rotation plate  202 , a liquid introduction passage  204 , a gas introduction passage  205 , a liquid discharge passage  206 , and a pressurizing pump  207 . 
     The liquid W supplied from the pre-processing unit  100  is supplied and reserved into the dissolving container  201  through the liquid introduction passage  204 . Meanwhile, a gas G is supplied to the dissolving container  201  through the gas introduction passage  205 . 
     Once predetermined amounts of the liquid W and the gas G are reserved in the dissolving container  201 , the pressurizing pump  207  is activated to increase the internal pressure of the dissolving container  201  to about 0.5 MPa. A safety valve  208  is arranged between the pressurizing pump  207  and the dissolving container  201 . With the rotation plate  202  in the liquid rotated via the rotation shaft  203 , the gas G supplied to the dissolving container  201  is transformed into air bubbles, and the contact area between the gas G and the liquid W is increased to prompt the dissolution into the liquid W. This operation is continued until the solubility of the gas G reaches almost the maximum saturation solubility. In this case, a unit for decreasing the temperature of the liquid may be provided to dissolve the gas as much as possible. When the gas is with low solubility, it is also possible to increase the internal pressure of the dissolving container  201  to 0.5 MPa or higher. In this case, the material and the like of the container need to be the optimum for safety sake. 
     Once the liquid W in which the components of the gas G are dissolved at a desired concentration is obtained, the liquid W is discharged through the liquid discharge passage  206  and supplied to the T-UFB generating unit  300 . In this process, a back-pressure valve  209  adjusts the flow pressure of the liquid W to prevent excessive increase of the pressure during the supplying. 
       FIG. 3B  is a diagram schematically illustrating the dissolving states of the gas G put in the dissolving container  201 . An air bubble  2  containing the components of the gas G put in the liquid W is dissolved from a portion in contact with the liquid W. The air bubble  2  thus shrinks gradually, and a gas-dissolved liquid  3  then appears around the air bubble  2 . Since the air bubble  2  is affected by the buoyancy, the air bubble  2  may be moved to a position away from the center of the gas-dissolved liquid  3  or be separated out from the gas-dissolved liquid  3  to become a residual air bubble  4 . Specifically, in the liquid W to be supplied to the T-UFB generating unit  300  through the liquid discharge passage  206 , there is a mix of the air bubbles  2  surrounded by the gas-dissolved liquids  3  and the air bubbles  2  and the gas-dissolved liquids  3  separated from each other. 
     The gas-dissolved liquid  3  in the drawings means “a region of the liquid W in which the dissolution concentration of the gas G mixed therein is relatively high.” In the gas components actually dissolved in the liquid W, the concentration of the gas components in the gas-dissolved liquid  3  is the highest at a portion surrounding the air bubble  2 . In a case where the gas-dissolved liquid  3  is separated from the air bubble  2  the concentration of the gas components of the gas-dissolved liquid  3  is the highest at the center of the region, and the concentration is continuously decreased as away from the center. That is, although the region of the gas-dissolved liquid  3  is surrounded by a broken line in  FIG. 3  for the sake of explanation, such a clear boundary does not actually exist. In addition, in the present discloser, a gas that cannot be dissolved completely may be accepted to exist in the form of an air bubble in the liquid. 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic configuration diagram of the T-UFB generating unit  300 . The T-UFB generating unit  300  mainly includes a chamber  301 , a liquid introduction passage  302 , and a liquid discharge passage  303 . The flow from the liquid introduction passage  302  to the liquid discharge passage  303  through the chamber  301  is formed by a not-illustrated flow pump. Various pumps including a diaphragm pump, a gear pump, and a screw pump may be employed as the flow pump. In in the liquid W introduced from the liquid introduction passage  302 , the gas-dissolved liquid  3  of the gas G put by the dissolving unit  200  is mixed. 
     An element substrate  12  provided with a heating element  10  is arranged on a bottom section of the chamber  301 . With a predetermined voltage pulse applied to the heating element  10 , a bubble  13  generated by the film boiling (hereinafter, also referred to as a film boiling bubble  13 ) is generated in a region in contact with the heating element  10 . Then, an ultrafine bubble (UFB)  11  containing the gas G is generated caused by expansion and shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 . As a result, a UFB-containing liquid W containing many UFBs  11  is discharged from the liquid discharge passage  303 . 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams for illustrating a detailed configuration of the heating element  10 .  FIG. 5A  illustrates a closeup view of the heating element  10 , and  FIG. 5B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a wider region of the element substrate  12  including the heating element  10 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 5A , in the element substrate  12  of this embodiment, a thermal oxide film  305  as a heat-accumulating layer and an interlaminar film  306  also served as a heat-accumulating layer are laminated on a surface of a silicon substrate  304 . An SiO 2  film or an SiN film may be used as the interlaminar film  306 . A resistive layer  307  is formed on a surface of the interlaminar film  306 , and a wiring  308  is partially formed on a surface of the resistive layer  307 . An Al-alloy wiring of Al, Al—Si, Al—Cu, or the like may be used as the wiring  308 . A protective layer  309  made of an Sift film or an Si 3 N 4  film is formed on surfaces of the wiring  308 , the resistive layer  307 , and the interlaminar film  306 . 
     A cavitation-resistant film  310  for protecting the protective layer  309  from chemical and physical impacts due to the heat evolved by the resistive layer  307  is formed on a portion and around the portion on the surface of the protective layer  309 , the portion corresponding to a heat-acting portion  311  that eventually becomes the heating element  10 . A region on the surface of the resistive layer  307  in which the wiring  308  is not formed is the heat-acting portion  311  in which the resistive layer  307  evolves heat. The heating portion of the resistive layer  307  on which the wiring  308  is not formed functions as the heating element (heater)  10 . As described above, the layers in the element substrate  12  are sequentially formed on the surface of the silicon substrate  304  by a semiconductor production technique, and the heat-acting portion  311  is thus provided on the silicon substrate  304 . 
     The configuration illustrated in the drawings is an example, and various other configurations are applicable. For example, a configuration in which the laminating order of the resistive layer  307  and the wiring  308  is opposite, and a configuration in which an electrode is connected to a lower surface of the resistive layer  307  (so-called a plug electrode configuration) are applicable. In other words, as described later, any configuration may be applied as long as the configuration allows the heat-acting portion  311  to heat the liquid for generating the film boiling in the liquid. 
       FIG. 5B  is an example of a cross-sectional view of a region including a circuit connected to the wiring  308  in the element substrate  12 . An N-type well region  322  and a P-type well region  323  are partially provided in a top layer of the silicon substrate  304 , which is a P-type conductor. A P-MOS  320  is formed in the N-type well region  322  and an N-MOS  321  is formed in the P-type well region  323  by introduction and diffusion of impurities by the ion implantation and the like in the general MOS process. 
     The P-MOS  320  includes a source region  325  and a drain region  326  formed by partial introduction of N-type or P-type impurities in a top layer of the N-type well region  322 , a gate wiring  335 , and so on. The gate wiring  335  is deposited on a part of a top surface of the N-type well region  322  excluding the source region  325  and the drain region  326 , with a gate insulation film  328  of several hundreds of A in thickness interposed between the gate wiring  335  and the top surface of the N-type well region  322 . 
     The N-MOS  321  includes the source region  325  and the drain region  326  formed by partial introduction of N-type or P-type impurities in a top layer of the P-type well region  323 , the gate wiring  335 , and so on. The gate wiring  335  is deposited on a part of a top surface of the P-type well region  323  excluding the source region  325  and the drain region  326 , with the gate insulation film  328  of several hundreds of A in thickness interposed between the gate wiring  335  and the top surface of the P-type well region  323 . The gate wiring  335  is made of polysilicon of 3000 Å to 5000 Å in thickness deposited by the CVD method. A C-MOS logic is constructed with the P-MOS  320  and the N-MOS  321 . 
     In the P-type well region  323 , an N-MOS transistor  330  for driving an electrothermal conversion element (heating resistance element) is formed on a portion different from the portion including the N-MOS  321 . The N-MOS transistor  330  includes a source region  332  and a drain region  331  partially provided in the top layer of the P-type well region  323  by the steps of introduction and diffusion of impurities, a gate wiring  333 , and so on. The gate wiring  333  is deposited on a part of the top surface of the P-type well region  323  excluding the source region  332  and the drain region  331 , with the gate insulation film  328  interposed between the gate wiring  333  and the top surface of the P-type well region  323 . 
     In this example, the N-MOS transistor  330  is used as the transistor for driving the electrothermal conversion element. However, the transistor for driving is not limited to the N-MOS transistor  330 , and any transistor may be used as long as the transistor has a capability of driving multiple electrothermal conversion elements individually and can implement the above-described fine configuration. Although the electrothermal conversion element and the transistor for driving the electrothermal conversion element are formed on the same substrate in this example, those may be formed on different substrates separately. 
     An oxide film separation region  324  is formed by field oxidation of 5000 Å to 10000 Å in thickness between the elements, such as between the P-MOS  320  and the N-MOS  321  and between the N-MOS  321  and the N-MOS transistor  330 . The oxide film separation region  324  separates the elements. A portion of the oxide film separation region  324  corresponding to the heat-acting portion  311  functions as a heat-accumulating layer  334 , which is the first layer on the silicon substrate  304 . 
     An interlayer insulation film  336  including a PSG film, a BPSG film, or the like of about 7000 Å in thickness is formed by the CVD method on each surface of the elements such as the P-MOS  320 , the N-MOS  321 , and the N-MOS transistor  330 . After the interlayer insulation film  336  is made flat by heat treatment, an Al electrode  337  as a first wiring layer is formed in a contact hole penetrating through the interlayer insulation film  336  and the gate insulation film  328 . On surfaces of the interlayer insulation film  336  and the Al electrode  337 , an interlayer insulation film  338  including an SiO 2  film of 10000 Å to 15000 Å in thickness is formed by a plasma CVD method. On the surface of the interlayer insulation film  338 , a resistive layer  307  including a TaSiN film of about 500 Å in thickness is formed by a co-sputter method on portions corresponding to the heat-acting portion  311  and the N-MOS transistor  330 . The resistive layer  307  is electrically connected with the Al electrode  337  near the drain region  331  via a through-hole formed in the interlayer insulation film  338 . On the surface of the resistive layer  307 , the wiring  308  of Al as a second wiring layer for a wiring to each electrothermal conversion element is formed. The protective layer  309  on the surfaces of the wiring  308 , the resistive layer  307 , and the interlayer insulation film  338  includes an SiN film of 3000 Å in thickness formed by the plasma CVD method. The cavitation-resistant film  310  deposited on the surface of the protective layer  309  includes a thin film of about 2000 Å in thickness, which is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ta, Fe, Ni, Cr, Ge, Ru, Zr, Ir, and the like. Various materials other than the above-described TaSiN such as TaN0.8, CrSiN, TaAl, WSiN, and the like can be applied as long as the material can generate the film boiling in the liquid. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  are diagrams illustrating the states of the film boiling when a predetermined voltage pulse is applied to the heating element  10 . In this case, the case of generating the film boiling under atmospheric pressure is described. In  FIG. 6A , the horizontal axis represents time. The vertical axis in the lower graph represents a voltage applied to the heating element  10 , and the vertical axis in the upper graph represents the volume and the internal pressure of the film boiling bubble  13  generated by the film boiling. On the other hand,  FIG. 6B  illustrates the states of the film boiling bubble  13  in association with timings  1  to  3  shown in  FIG. 6A . Each of the states is described below in chronological order. The UFBs  11  generated by the film boiling as described later are mainly generated near a surface of the film boiling bubble  13 . The states illustrated in  FIG. 6B  are the states where the UFBs  11  generated by the generating unit  300  are resupplied to the dissolving unit  200  through the circulation route, and the liquid containing the UFBs  11  is resupplied to the liquid passage of the generating unit  300 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     Before a voltage is applied to the heating element  10 , the atmospheric pressure is substantially maintained in the chamber  301 . Once a voltage is applied to the heating element  10 , the film boiling is generated in the liquid in contact with the heating element  10 , and a thus-generated air bubble (hereinafter, referred to as the film boiling bubble  13 ) is expanded by a high pressure acting from inside (timing  1 ). A bubbling pressure in this process is expected to be around 8 to 10 MPa, which is a value close to a saturation vapor pressure of water. 
     The time for applying a voltage (pulse width) is around 0.5 pec to 10.0 pec, and the film boiling bubble  13  is expanded by the inertia of the pressure obtained in timing  1  even after the voltage application. However, a negative pressure generated with the expansion is gradually increased inside the film boiling bubble  13 , and the negative pressure acts in a direction to shrink the film boiling bubble  13 . After a while, the volume of the film boiling bubble  13  becomes the maximum in timing  2  when the inertial force and the negative pressure are balanced, and thereafter the film boiling bubble  13  shrinks rapidly by the negative pressure. 
     In the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13 , the film boiling bubble  13  disappears not in the entire surface of the heating element  10  but in one or more extremely small regions. For this reason, on the heating element  10 , further greater force than that in the bubbling in timing  1  is generated in the extremely small region in which the film boiling bubble  13  disappears (timing  3 ). 
     The generation, expansion, shrinkage, and disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13  as described above are repeated every time a voltage pulse is applied to the heating element  10 , and new UFBs  11  are generated each time. 
     The states of generation of the UFBs  11  in each process of the generation, expansion, shrinkage, and disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13  are further described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 7A to 10B . 
       FIGS. 7A to 7D  are diagrams schematically illustrating the states of generation of the UFBs  11  caused by the generation and the expansion of the film boiling bubble  13 .  FIG. 7A  illustrates the state before the application of a voltage pulse to the heating element  10 . The liquid W in which the gas-dissolved liquids  3  are mixed flows inside the chamber  301 . 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates the state where a voltage is applied to the heating element  10 , and the film boiling bubble  13  is evenly generated in almost all over the region of the heating element  10  in contact with the liquid W. When a voltage is applied, the surface temperature of the heating element  10  rapidly increases at a speed of 10° C./μsec. The film boiling occurs at a time point when the temperature reaches almost 300° C., and the film boiling bubble  13  is thus generated. 
     Thereafter, the surface temperature of the heating element  10  keeps increasing to around 600 to 800° C. during the pulse application, and the liquid around the film boiling bubble  13  is rapidly heated as well. In  FIG. 7B , a region of the liquid that is around the film boiling bubble  13  and to be rapidly heated is indicated as a not-yet-bubbling high temperature region  14 . The gas-dissolved liquid  3  within the not-yet-bubbling high temperature region  14  exceeds the thermal dissolution limit and is vaporized to become the UFB. The thus-vaporized air bubbles have diameters of around 10 nm to 100 nm and large gas-liquid interface energy. Thus, the air bubbles float independently in the liquid W without disappearing in a short time. In this embodiment, the air bubbles generated by the thermal action from the generation to the expansion of the film boiling bubble  13  are called first UFBs  11 A. 
       FIG. 7C  illustrates the state where the film boiling bubble  13  is expanded. Even after the voltage pulse application to the heating element  10 , the film boiling bubble  13  continues expansion by the inertia of the force obtained from the generation thereof, and the not-yet-bubbling high temperature region  14  is also moved and spread by the inertia. Specifically, in the process of the expansion of the film boiling bubble  13 , the gas-dissolved liquid  3  within the not-yet-bubbling high temperature region  14  is vaporized as a new air bubble and becomes the first UFB  11 A. 
       FIG. 7D  illustrates the state where the film boiling bubble  13  has the maximum volume. As the film boiling bubble  13  is expanded by the inertia, the negative pressure inside the film boiling bubble  13  is gradually increased along with the expansion, and the negative pressure acts to shrink the film boiling bubble  13 . At a time point when the negative pressure and the inertial force are balanced, the volume of the film boiling bubble  13  becomes the maximum, and then the shrinkage is started. 
     In the shrinking stage of the film boiling bubble  13 , there are UFBs generated by the processes illustrated in  FIGS. 8A to 8C  (second UFBs  11 B) and UFBs generated by the processes illustrated in  FIGS. 9A to 9C  (third UFBs  11 C). It is considered that these two processes are made simultaneously. 
       FIGS. 8A to 8C  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of the UFBs  11  caused by the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 .  FIG. 8A  illustrates the state where the film boiling bubble  13  starts shrinking. Although the film boiling bubble  13  starts shrinking, the surrounding liquid W still has the inertial force in the expansion direction. Because of this, the inertial force acting in the direction of going away from the heating element  10  and the force going toward the heating element  10  caused by the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13  act in a surrounding region extremely close to the film boiling bubble  13 , and the region is depressurized. The region is indicated in the drawings as a not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15 . 
     The gas-dissolved liquid  3  within the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  exceeds the pressure dissolution limit and is vaporized to become an air bubble. The thus-vaporized air bubbles have diameters of about 100 nm and thereafter float independently in the liquid W without disappearing in a short time. In this embodiment, the air bubbles vaporized by the pressure action during the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13  are called the second UFBs  11 B. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a process of the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 . The shrinking speed of the film boiling bubble  13  is accelerated by the negative pressure, and the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  is also moved along with the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 . Specifically, in the process of the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 , the gas-dissolved liquids  3  within a part over the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  are precipitated one after another and become the second UFBs  11 B. 
       FIG. 8C  illustrates the state immediately before the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13 . Although the moving speed of the surrounding liquid W is also increased by the accelerated shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 , a pressure loss occurs due to a flow passage resistance in the chamber  301 . As a result, the region occupied by the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  is further increased, and a number of the second UFBs  11 B are generated. 
       FIGS. 9A to 9C  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of the UFBs by reheating of the liquid W during the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13 .  FIG. 9A  illustrates the state where the surface of the heating element  10  is covered with the shrinking film boiling bubble  13 . 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates the state where the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13  has progressed, and a part of the surface of the heating element  10  comes in contact with the liquid W. In this state, there is heat left on the surface of the heating element  10 , but the heat is not high enough to cause the film boiling even if the liquid W comes in contact with the surface. A region of the liquid to be heated by coming in contact with the surface of the heating element  10  is indicated in the drawings as a not-yet-bubbling reheated region  16 . Although the film boiling is not made, the gas-dissolved liquid  3  within the not-yet-bubbling reheated region  16  exceeds the thermal dissolution limit and is vaporized. In this embodiment, the air bubbles generated by the reheating of the liquid W during the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13  are called the third UFBs  11 C. 
       FIG. 9C  illustrates the state where the shrinkage of the film boiling bubble  13  has further progressed. The smaller the film boiling bubble  13 , the greater the region of the heating element  10  in contact with the liquid W, and the third UFBs  11 C are generated until the film boiling bubble  13  disappears. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  are diagrams illustrating the states of generation of the UFBs caused by an impact from the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13  generated by the film boiling (that is, a type of cavitation).  FIG. 10A  illustrates the state immediately before the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13 . In this state, the film boiling bubble  13  shrinks rapidly by the internal negative pressure, and the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  surrounds the film boiling bubble  13 . 
       FIG. 10B  illustrates the state immediately after the film boiling bubble  13  disappears at a point P. When the film boiling bubble  13  disappears, acoustic waves ripple concentrically from the point P as a starting point due to the impact of the disappearance. The acoustic wave is a collective term of an elastic wave that is propagated through anything regardless of gas, liquid, and solid. In this embodiment, compression waves of the liquid W, which are a high pressure surface  17 A and a low pressure surface  17 B of the liquid W, are propagated alternately. 
     In this case, the gas-dissolved liquid  3  within the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  is resonated by the shock waves made by the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13 , and the gas-dissolved liquid  3  exceeds the pressure dissolution limit and the phase transition is made in timing when the low pressure surface  17 B passes therethrough. Specifically, a number of air bubbles are vaporized in the not-yet-bubbling negative pressure region  15  simultaneously with the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13 . In this embodiment, the air bubbles generated by the shock waves made by the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13  are called fourth UFBs  11 D. 
     The fourth UFBs  11 D generated by the shock waves made by the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13  suddenly appear in an extremely short time (1 μS or less) in an extremely narrow thin film-shaped region. The diameter is sufficiently smaller than that of the first to third UFBs, and the gas-liquid interface energy is higher than that of the first to third UFBs. For this reason, it is considered that the fourth UFBs  11 D have different characteristics from the first to third UFBs  11 A to  11 C and generate different effects. 
     Additionally, the fourth UFBs  11 D are evenly generated in many parts of the region of the concentric sphere in which the shock waves are propagated, and the fourth UFBs  11 D evenly exist in the chamber  301  from the generation thereof. Although many first to third UFBs already exist in the timing of the generation of the fourth UFBs  11 D, the presence of the first to third UFBs does not affect the generation of the fourth UFBs  11 D greatly. It is also considered that the first to third UFBs do not disappear due to the generation of the fourth UFBs  11 D. 
     As described above, it is expected that the UFBs  11  are generated in the multiple stages from the generation to the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13  by the heat generation of the heating element  10 . The first UFBs  11 A, the second UFBs  11 B, and the third UFBs  11 C are generated near the surface of the film boiling bubble generated by the film boiling. In this case, near means a region within about 20 μm from the surface of the film boiling bubble. The fourth UFBs  11 D are generated in a region through which the shock waves are propagated when the air bubble disappears. Although the above example illustrates the stages to the disappearance of the film boiling bubble  13 , the way of generating the UFBs is not limited thereto. For example, with the generated film boiling bubble  13  communicating with the atmospheric air before the bubble disappearance, the UFBs can be generated also if the film boiling bubble  13  does not reach the disappearance. 
     Next, remaining properties of the UFBs are described. The higher the temperature of the liquid, the lower the dissolution properties of the gas components, and the lower the temperature, the higher the dissolution properties of the gas components. In other words, the phase transition of the dissolved gas components is prompted and the generation of the UFBs becomes easier as the temperature of the liquid is higher. The temperature of the liquid and the solubility of the gas are in the inverse relationship, and the gas exceeding the saturation solubility is transformed into air bubbles and appeared in the liquid as the liquid temperature increases. 
     Therefore, when the temperature of the liquid rapidly increases from normal temperature, the dissolution properties are decreased without stopping, and the generation of the UFBs starts. The thermal dissolution properties are decreased as the temperature increases, and a number of the UFBs are generated. 
     Conversely, when the temperature of the liquid decreases from normal temperature, the dissolution properties of the gas are increased, and the generated UFBs are more likely to be liquefied. However, such temperature is sufficiently lower than normal temperature. Additionally, since the once generated UFBs have a high internal pressure and large gas-liquid interface energy even when the temperature of the liquid decreases, it is highly unlikely that there is exerted a sufficiently high pressure to break such a gas-liquid interface. In other words, the once generated UFBs do not disappear easily as long as the liquid is stored at normal temperature and normal pressure. 
     In this embodiment, the first UFBs  11 A described with  FIGS. 7A to 7C  and the third UFBs  11 C described with  FIGS. 9A to 9C  can be described as UFBs that are generated by utilizing such thermal dissolution properties of gas. 
     On the other hand, in the relationship between the pressure and the dissolution properties of liquid, the higher the pressure of the liquid, the higher the dissolution properties of the gas, and the lower the pressure, the lower the dissolution properties. In other words, the phase transition to the gas of the gas-dissolved liquid dissolved in the liquid is prompted and the generation of the UFBs becomes easier as the pressure of the liquid is lower. Once the pressure of the liquid becomes lower than normal pressure, the dissolution properties are decreased instantly, and the generation of the UFBs starts. The pressure dissolution properties are decreased as the pressure decreases, and a number of the UFBs are generated. 
     Conversely, when the pressure of the liquid increases to be higher than normal temperature, the dissolution properties of the gas are increased, and the generated UFBs are more likely to be liquefied. However, such pressure is sufficiently higher than the atmospheric pressure. Additionally, since the once generated UFBs have a high internal pressure and large gas-liquid interface energy even when the pressure of the liquid increases, it is highly unlikely that there is exerted a sufficiently high pressure to break such a gas-liquid interface. In other words, the once generated UFBs do not disappear easily as long as the liquid is stored at normal temperature and normal pressure. 
     In this embodiment, the second UFBs  11 B described with  FIGS. 8A to 8C  and the fourth UFBs  11 D described with  FIGS. 10A to 10C  can be described as UFBs that are generated by utilizing such pressure dissolution properties of gas. 
     Those first to fourth UFBs generated by different causes are described individually above; however, the above-described generation causes occur simultaneously with the event of the film boiling. Thus, at least two types of the first to the fourth UFBs may be generated at the same time, and these generation causes may cooperate to generate the UFBs. It should be noted that it is common for all the generation causes to be induced by the film boiling phenomenon. In this specification, the method of generating the UFBs by utilizing the film boiling caused by the rapid heating as described above is referred to as a thermal-ultrafine bubble (T-UFB) generating method. Additionally, the UFBs generated by the T-UFB generating method are referred to as T-UFBs, and the liquid containing the T-UFBs generated by the T-UFB generating method is referred to as a T-UFB-containing liquid. 
     Almost all the air bubbles generated by the T-UFB generating method are 1.0 μm or less, and milli-bubbles and microbubbles are unlikely to be generated. That is, the T-UFB generating method allows dominant and efficient generation of the UFBs. Additionally, the T-UFBs generated by the T-UFB generating method have larger gas-liquid interface energy than that of the UFBs generated by a conventional method, and the T-UFBs do not disappear easily as long as being stored at normal temperature and normal pressure. Moreover, even if new T-UFBs are generated by new film boiling, it is possible to prevent disappearance of the already generated T-UFBs due to the impact from the new generation. That is, it can be said that the number and the concentration of the T-UFBs contained in the T-UFB-containing liquid have the hysteresis properties depending on the number of times the film boiling is made in the T-UFB-containing liquid. In other words, it is possible to adjust the concentration of the T-UFBs contained in the T-UFB-containing liquid by controlling the number of the heating elements provided in the T-UFB generating unit  300  and the number of the voltage pulse application to the heating elements. 
     Reference to  FIG. 1  is made again. Once the T-UFB-containing liquid W with a desired UFB concentration is generated in the T-UFB generating unit  300 , the UFB-containing liquid W is supplied to the post-processing unit  400 . 
       FIGS. 11A to 11C  are diagrams illustrating configuration examples of the post-processing unit  400  of this embodiment. The post-processing unit  400  of this embodiment removes impurities in the UFB-containing liquid W in stages in the order from inorganic ions, organic substances, and insoluble solid substances. 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates a first post-processing mechanism  410  that removes the inorganic ions. The first post-processing mechanism  410  includes an exchange container  411 , cation exchange resins  412 , a liquid introduction passage  413 , a collecting pipe  414 , and a liquid discharge passage  415 . The exchange container  411  stores the cation exchange resins  412 . The UFB-containing liquid W generated by the T-UFB generating unit  300  is injected to the exchange container  411  through the liquid introduction passage  413  and absorbed into the cation exchange resins  412  such that the cations as the impurities are removed. Such impurities include metal materials peeled off from the element substrate  12  of the T-UFB generating unit  300 , such as SiO 2 , SiN, SiC, Ta, Al 2 O 3 , Ta 2 O 5 , and Ir. 
     The cation exchange resins  412  are synthetic resins in which a functional group (ion exchange group) is introduced in a high polymer matrix having a three-dimensional network, and the appearance of the synthetic resins are spherical particles of around 0.4 to 0.7 mm. A general high polymer matrix is the styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, and the functional group may be that of methacrylic acid series and acrylic acid series, for example. However, the above material is an example. As long as the material can remove desired inorganic ions effectively, the above material can be changed to various materials. The UFB-containing liquid W absorbed in the cation exchange resins  412  to remove the inorganic ions is collected by the collecting pipe  414  and transferred to the next step through the liquid discharge passage  415 . In this process in the present embodiment, not all the inorganic ions contained in the UFB-containing liquid W supplied from the liquid introduction passage  413  need to be removed as long as at least a part of the inorganic ions are removed. 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates a second post-processing mechanism  420  that removes the organic substances. The second post-processing mechanism  420  includes a storage container  421 , a filtration filter  422 , a vacuum pump  423 , a valve  424 , a liquid introduction passage  425 , a liquid discharge passage  426 , and an air suction passage  427 . Inside of the storage container  421  is divided into upper and lower two regions by the filtration filter  422 . The liquid introduction passage  425  is connected to the upper region of the upper and lower two regions, and the air suction passage  427  and the liquid discharge passage  426  are connected to the lower region thereof. Once the vacuum pump  423  is driven with the valve  424  closed, the air in the storage container  421  is discharged through the air suction passage  427  to make the pressure inside the storage container  421  negative pressure, and the UFB-containing liquid W is thereafter introduced from the liquid introduction passage  425 . Then, the UFB-containing liquid W from which the impurities are removed by the filtration filter  422  is reserved into the storage container  421 . 
     The impurities removed by the filtration filter  422  include organic materials that may be mixed at a tube or each unit, such as organic compounds including silicon, siloxane, and epoxy, for example. A filter film usable for the filtration filter  422  includes a filter of a sub-μm-mesh (a filter of 1 μm or smaller in mesh diameter) that can remove bacteria, and a filter of a nm-mesh that can remove virus. The filtration filter having such a fine opening diameter may remove air bubbles larger than the opening diameter of the filter. Particularly, there may be the case where the filter is clogged by the fine air bubbles adsorbed to the openings (mesh) of the filter, which may slowdown the filtering speed. However, as described above, most of the air bubbles generated by the T-UFB generating method described in the present embodiment of the invention are in the size of 1 μm or smaller in diameter, and milli-bubbles and microbubbles are not likely to be generated. That is, since the probability of generating milli-bubbles and microbubbles is extremely low, it is possible to suppress the slowdown in the filtering speed due to the adsorption of the air bubbles to the filter. For this reason, it is favorable to apply the filtration filter  422  provided with the filter of 1 μm or smaller in mesh diameter to the system having the T-UFB generating method. 
     Examples of the filtration applicable to this embodiment may be a so-called dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration. In the dead-end filtration, the direction of the flow of the supplied liquid and the direction of the flow of the filtration liquid passing through the filter openings are the same, and specifically, the directions of the flows are made along with each other. In contrast, in the cross-flow filtration, the supplied liquid flows in a direction along a filter surface, and specifically, the direction of the flow of the supplied liquid and the direction of the flow of the filtration liquid passing through the filter openings are crossed with each other. It is preferable to apply the cross-flow filtration to suppress the adsorption of the air bubbles to the filter openings. 
     After a certain amount of the UFB-containing liquid W is reserved in the storage container  421 , the vacuum pump  423  is stopped and the valve  424  is opened to transfer the T-UFB-containing liquid in the storage container  421  to the next step through the liquid discharge passage  426 . Although the vacuum filtration method is employed as the method of removing the organic impurities herein, a gravity filtration method and a pressurized filtration can also be employed as the filtration method using a filter, for example. 
       FIG. 11C  illustrates a third post-processing mechanism  430  that removes the insoluble solid substances. The third post-processing mechanism  430  includes a precipitation container  431 , a liquid introduction passage  432 , a valve  433 , and a liquid discharge passage  434 . 
     First, a predetermined amount of the UFB-containing liquid W is reserved into the precipitation container  431  through the liquid introduction passage  432  with the valve  433  closed, and leaving it for a while. Meanwhile, the solid substances in the UFB-containing liquid W are precipitated onto the bottom of the precipitation container  431  by gravity. Among the bubbles in the UFB-containing liquid, relatively large bubbles such as microbubbles are raised to the liquid surface by the buoyancy and also removed from the UFB-containing liquid. After a lapse of sufficient time, the valve  433  is opened, and the UFB-containing liquid W from which the solid substances and large bubbles are removed is transferred to the collecting unit  500  through the liquid discharge passage  434 . The example of applying the three post-processing mechanisms in sequence is shown in this embodiment; however, it is not limited thereto, and the order of the three post-processing mechanisms may be changed, or at least one needed post-processing mechanism may be employed. 
     Reference to  FIG. 1  is made again. The T-UFB-containing liquid W from which the impurities are removed by the post-processing unit  400  may be directly transferred to the collecting unit  500  or may be put back to the dissolving unit  200  again. In the latter case, the gas dissolution concentration of the T-UFB-containing liquid W that is decreased due to the generation of the T-UFBs can be compensated to the saturated state again by the dissolving unit  200 . If new T-UFBs are generated by the T-UFB generating unit  300  after the compensation, it is possible to further increase the concentration of the UFBs contained in the T-UFB-containing liquid with the above-described properties. That is, it is possible to increase the concentration of the contained UFBs by the number of circulations through the dissolving unit  200 , the T-UFB generating unit  300 , and the post-processing unit  400 , and it is possible to transfer the UFB-containing liquid W to the collecting unit  500  after a predetermined concentration of the contained UFBs is obtained. This embodiment shows a form in which the UFB-containing liquid processed by the post-processing unit  400  is put back to the dissolving unit  200  and circulated; however, it is not limited thereto, and the UFB-containing liquid after passing through the T-UFB generating unit may be put back again to the dissolving unit  200  before being supplied to the post-processing unit  400  such that the post-processing is performed by the post-processing unit  400  after the T-UFB concentration is increased through multiple times of circulation, for example. 
     The collecting unit  500  collects and preserves the UFB-containing liquid W transferred from the post-processing unit  400 . The T-UFB-containing liquid collected by the collecting unit  500  is a UFB-containing liquid with high purity from which various impurities are removed. 
     In the collecting unit  500 , the UFB-containing liquid W may be classified by the size of the T-UFBs by performing some stages of filtration processing. Since it is expected that the temperature of the T-UFB-containing liquid W obtained by the T-UFB method is higher than normal temperature, the collecting unit  500  may be provided with a cooling unit. The cooling unit may be provided to a part of the post-processing unit  400 . 
     The schematic description of the UFB generating apparatus  1  is given above; however, it is needless to say that the illustrated multiple units can be changed, and not all of them need to be prepared. Depending on the type of the liquid W and the gas G to be used and the intended use of the T-UFB-containing liquid to be generated, a part of the above-described units may be omitted, or another unit other than the above-described units may be added. 
     For example, when the gas to be contained by the UFBs is the atmospheric air, the degassing unit as the pre-processing unit  100  and the dissolving unit  200  can be omitted. On the other hand, when multiple kinds of gases are desired to be contained by the UFBs, another dissolving unit  200  may be added. 
     The units for removing the impurities as described in  FIGS. 11A to 11C  may be provided upstream of the T-UFB generating unit  300  or may be provided both upstream and downstream thereof. When the liquid to be supplied to the UFB generating apparatus is tap water, rain water, contaminated water, or the like, there may be included organic and inorganic impurities in the liquid. If such a liquid W including the impurities is supplied to the T-UFB generating unit  300 , there is a risk of deteriorating the heating element  10  and inducing the salting-out phenomenon. With the mechanisms as illustrated in  FIGS. 11A to 11C  provided upstream of the T-UFB generating unit  300 , it is possible to remove the above-described impurities previously. 
     &lt;&lt;Liquid and Gas Usable For T-UFB-Containing Liquid&gt;&gt; 
     Now, the liquid W usable for generating the T-UFB-containing liquid is described. The liquid W usable in this embodiment is, for example, pure water, ion exchange water, distilled water, bioactive water, magnetic active water, lotion, tap water, sea water, river water, clean and sewage water, lake water, underground water, rain water, and so on. A mixed liquid containing the above liquid and the like is also usable. A mixed solvent containing water and soluble organic solvent can be also used. The soluble organic solvent to be used by being mixed with water is not particularly limited; however, the followings can be a specific example thereof. An alkyl alcohol group of the carbon number of 1 to 4 including methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol. An amide group including N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide. A keton group or a ketoalcohol group including acetone and diacetone alcohol. A cyclic ether group including tetrahydrofuran and dioxane. A glycol group including ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and thiodiglycol. A group of lower alkyl ether of polyhydric alcohol including ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and triethylene glycol monobutyl ether. A polyalkylene glycol group including polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. A triol group including glycerin, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, and trimethylolpropane. These soluble organic solvents can be used individually, or two or more of them can be used together. 
     A gas component that can be introduced into the dissolving unit  200  is, for example, hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, fluorine, neon, carbon dioxide, ozone, argon, chlorine, ethane, propane, air, and so on. The gas component may be a mixed gas containing some of the above. Additionally, it is not necessary for the dissolving unit  200  to dissolve a substance in a gas state, and the dissolving unit  200  may fuse a liquid or a solid containing desired components into the liquid W. The dissolution in this case may be spontaneous dissolution, dissolution caused by pressure application, or dissolution caused by hydration, ionization, and chemical reaction due to electrolytic dissociation. 
     &lt;&lt;Effects of T-UFB Generating Method&gt;&gt; 
     Next, the characteristics and the effects of the above-described T-UFB generating method are described by comparing with a conventional UFB generating method. For example, in a conventional air bubble generating apparatus as represented by the Venturi method, a mechanical depressurizing structure such as a depressurizing nozzle is provided in a part of a flow passage. A liquid flows at a predetermined pressure to pass through the depressurizing structure, and air bubbles of various sizes are generated in a downstream region of the depressurizing structure. 
     In this case, among the generated air bubbles, since the relatively large bubbles such as milli-bubbles and microbubbles are affected by the buoyancy, such bubbles rise to the liquid surface and disappear. Even the UFBs that are not affected by the buoyancy may also disappear with the milli-bubbles and microbubbles since the gas-liquid interface energy of the UFBs is not very large. Additionally, even if the above-described depressurizing structures are arranged in series, and the same liquid flows through the depressurizing structures repeatedly, it is impossible to store for a long time the UFBs of the number corresponding to the number of repetitions. In other words, it has been difficult for the UFB-containing liquid generated by the conventional UFB generating method to maintain the concentration of the contained UFBs at a predetermined value for a long time. 
     In contrast, in the T-UFB generating method of this embodiment utilizing the film boiling, a rapid temperature change from normal temperature to about 300° C. and a rapid pressure change from normal pressure to around a several megapascal occur locally in a part extremely close to the heating element. The heating element is a rectangular shape having one side of around several tens to hundreds of It is around 1/10 to 1/1000 of the size of a conventional UFB generating unit. Additionally, with the gas-dissolved liquid within the extremely thin film region of the film boiling bubble surface exceeding the thermal dissolution limit or the pressure dissolution limit instantaneously (in an extremely short time under microseconds), the phase transition occurs and the gas-dissolved liquid is precipitated as the UFBs. In this case, the relatively large bubbles such as milli-bubbles and microbubbles are hardly generated, and the liquid contains the UFBs of about 100 nm in diameter with extremely high purity. Moreover, since the T-UFBs generated in this way have sufficiently large gas-liquid interface energy, the T-UFBs are not broken easily under the normal environment and can be stored for a long time. 
     Particularly, the present discloser using the film boiling phenomenon that enables local formation of a gas interface in the liquid can form an interface in a part of the liquid close to the heating element without affecting the entire liquid region, and a region on which the thermal and pressure actions performed can be extremely local. As a result, it is possible to stably generate desired UFBs. With further more conditions for generating the UFBs applied to the generation liquid through the liquid circulation, it is possible to additionally generate new UFBs with small effects on the already-made UFBs. As a result, it is possible to produce a UFB liquid of a desired size and concentration relatively easily. 
     Moreover, since the T-UFB generating method has the above-described hysteresis properties, it is possible to increase the concentration to a desired concentration while keeping the high purity. In other words, according to the T-UFB generating method, it is possible to efficiently generate a long-time storable UFB-containing liquid with high purity and high concentration. 
     &lt;&lt;Specific Usage of T-UFB-Containing Liquid&gt;&gt; 
     In general, applications of the ultrafine bubble-containing liquids are distinguished by the type of the containing gas. Any type of gas can make the UFBs as long as an amount of around PPM to BPM of the gas can be dissolved in the liquid. For example, the ultrafine bubble-containing liquids can be applied to the following applications.
         A UFB-containing liquid containing air can be preferably applied to cleansing in the industrial, agricultural and fishery, and medical scenes and the like, and to cultivation of plants and agricultural and fishery products.   A UFB-containing liquid containing ozone can be preferably applied to not only cleansing application in the industrial, agricultural and fishery, and medical scenes and the like, but to also applications intended to disinfection, sterilization, and decontamination, and environmental cleanup of drainage and contaminated soil, for example.   A UFB-containing liquid containing nitrogen can be preferably applied to not only cleansing application in the industrial, agricultural and fishery, and medical scenes and the like, but to also applications intended to disinfection, sterilization, and decontamination, and environmental cleanup of drainage and contaminated soil, for example.   A UFB-containing liquid containing oxygen can be preferably applied to cleansing application in the industrial, agricultural and fishery, and medical scenes and the like, and to cultivation of plants and agricultural and fishery products.   A UFB-containing liquid containing carbon dioxide can be preferably applied to not only cleansing application in the industrial, agricultural and fishery, and medical scenes and the like, but to also applications intended to disinfection, sterilization, and decontamination, for example.   A UFB-containing liquid containing perfluorocarbons as a medical gas can be preferably applied to ultrasonic diagnosis and treatment. As described above, the UFB-containing liquids can exert the effects in various fields of medical, chemical, dental, food, industrial, agricultural and fishery, and so on.       

     In each of the applications, the purity and the concentration of the UFBs contained in the UFB-containing liquid are important for quickly and reliably exert the effect of the UFB-containing liquid. In other words, unprecedented effects can be expected in various fields by utilizing the T-UFB generating method of this embodiment that enables generation of the UFB-containing liquid with high purity and desired concentration. Here is below a list of the applications in which the T-UFB generating method and the T-UFB-containing liquid are expected to be preferably applicable. 
     (A) Liquid Purification Application 
     
         
         
           
             With the T-UFB generating unit provided to a water clarification unit, enhancement of an effect of water clarification and an effect of purification of PH adjustment liquid is expected. The T-UFB generating unit may also be provided to a carbonated water server. 
             With the T-UFB generating unit provided to a humidifier, aroma diffuser, coffee maker, and the like, enhancement of a humidifying effect, a deodorant effect, and a scent spreading effect in a room is expected. 
             If the UFB-containing liquid in which an ozone gas is dissolved by the dissolving unit is generated and is used for dental treatment, burn treatment, and wound treatment using an endoscope, enhancement of a medical cleansing effect and an antiseptic effect is expected. 
             With the T-UFB generating unit provided to a water storage tank of a condominium, enhancement of a water clarification effect and chlorine removing effect of drinking water to be stored for a long time is expected. 
             If the T-UFB-containing liquid containing ozone or carbon dioxide is used for brewing process of Japanese sake, shochu, wine, and so on in which the high-temperature pasteurization processing cannot be performed, more efficient pasteurization processing than that with the conventional liquid is expected. 
             If the UFB-containing liquid is mixed into the ingredient in a production process of the foods for specified health use and the foods with functional claims, the pasteurization processing is possible, and thus it is possible to provide safe and functional foods without a loss of flavor. 
             With the T-UFB generating unit provided to a supplying route of sea water and fresh water for cultivation in a cultivation place of fishery products such as fish and pearl, prompting of spawning and growing of the fishery products is expected. 
             With the T-UFB generating unit provided in a purification process of water for food preservation, enhancement of the preservation state of the food is expected. 
             With the T-UFB generating unit provided in a bleaching unit for bleaching pool water or underground water, a higher bleaching effect is expected. 
             With the T-UFB-containing liquid used for repairing a crack of a concrete member, enhancement of the effect of crack repairment is expected. 
             With the T-UFBs contained in liquid fuel for a machine using liquid fuel (such as automobile, vessel, and airplane), enhancement of energy efficiency of the fuel is expected. 
           
         
       
    
     (B) Cleansing Application 
     Recently, the UFB-containing liquids have been receiving attention as cleansing water for removing soils and the like attached to clothing. If the T-UFB generating unit described in the above embodiment is provided to a washing machine, and the UFB-containing liquid with higher purity and better permeability than the conventional liquid is supplied to the washing tub, further enhancement of detergency is expected. 
     With the T-UFB generating unit provided to a bath shower and a bedpan washer, not only a cleansing effect on all kinds of animals including human body but also an effect of prompting contamination removal of a water stain and a mold on a bathroom and a bedpan are expected.
         With the T-UFB generating unit provided to a window washer for automobiles, a high-pressure washer for cleansing wall members and the like, a car washer, a dishwasher, a food washer, and the like, further enhancement of the cleansing effects thereof is expected.   With the T-UFB-containing liquid used for cleansing and maintenance of parts produced in a factory including a burring step after pressing, enhancement of the cleansing effect is expected.   In production of semiconductor elements, if the T-UFB-containing liquid is used as polishing water for a wafer, enhancement of the polishing effect is expected. Additionally, if the T-UFB-containing liquid is used in a resist removal step, prompting of peeling of resist that is not peeled off easily is enhanced.   With the T-UFB generating unit is provided to machines for cleansing and decontaminating medical machines such as a medical robot, a dental treatment unit, an organ preservation container, and the like, enhancement of the cleansing effect and the decontamination effect of the machines is expected. The T-UFB generating unit is also applicable to treatment of animals.       

     (C) Pharmaceutical Application 
     
         
         
           
             If the T-UFB-containing liquid is contained in cosmetics and the like, permeation into subcutaneous cells is prompted, and additives that give bad effects to skin such as preservative and surfactant can be reduced greatly. As a result, it is possible to provide safer and more functional cosmetics. 
             If a high concentration nanobubble preparation containing the T-UFBs is used for contrasts for medical examination apparatuses such as a CT and an MRI, reflected light of X-rays and ultrasonic waves can be efficiently used. This makes it possible to capture a more detailed image that is usable for initial diagnosis of a cancer and the like. 
             If a high concentration nanobubble water containing the T-UFBs is used for a ultrasonic wave treatment machine called high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), the irradiation power of ultrasonic waves can be reduced, and thus the treatment can be made more non-invasive. Particularly, it is possible to reduce the damage to normal tissues. 
             It is possible to create a nanobubble preparation by using high concentration nanobubbles containing the T-UFBs as a source, modifying a phospholipid forming a liposome in a negative electric charge region around the air bubble, and applying various medical substances (such as DNA and RNA) through the phospholipid. 
             If a drug containing high concentration nanobubble water made by the T-UFB generation is transferred into a dental canal for regenerative treatment of pulp and dentine, the drug enters deeply a dentinal tubule by the permeation effect of the nanobubble water, and the decontamination effect is prompted. This makes it possible to treat the infected root canal of the pulp safely in a short time. 
           
         
       
    
     &lt;&lt;Layout of Element Substrate&gt;&gt; 
     As described above, the UFBs  11  are generated by the film boiling generated by applying a predetermined voltage pulse to one heating element (hereinafter, also referred to as heater)  10 . Therefore, the number of the UFBs  11  generated in a predetermined unit time can be increased by increasing the number of the heating elements  10 . In order to generate the desired number of the UFBs  11  stably in a short time, it is required to arrange many heating elements densely to be driven. As an example, there may be considered an embodiment of the UFB generating apparatus  1  in which multiple element substrates  12  each including the multiple heating elements  10  arranged thereon are laid out such that 10,000 pieces of the heating elements  10  are arranged. In the case of attempting to generate the UFBs  11  in a shorter time, it is required to further increase the number of the heating elements  10 . 
     However, it is impossible in some cases to stably generate the UFBs  11  by only increasing the number of the heating elements  10  simply. For example, in the case where the number of the heating elements  10  is more than 10,000 pieces, the total currents flowing through those heating elements  10  is an enormous value. Additionally, for example, the parasitic resistance losses in wirings for connecting to the heating elements  10  are varied depending on the heating elements  10 . For this reason, the energies inputted to the heating elements  10  are varied greatly. With the energies inputted to the heating elements  10  varied greatly, there is a risk of appearance of a heating element  10  to which an energy exceeding the allowable range is inputted. In the case of arranging a number of the heating elements  10  densely on the element substrate  12  to stably generate a great amount of the UFBs, the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements  10  is required to be maintained within a predetermined range. Hereinafter, first, the situation where the energies inputted to the heating elements  10  are varied is described. 
       FIGS. 12A and 12B  are diagrams illustrating examples of a planar layout extracting an element region  1250  (also referred to as a heating part), which is a part of the element substrate  12 , and illustrating examples where multiple heating elements are provided in each element region  1250 .  FIG. 12A  is an example where eight heating elements  1011  to  1018  are arranged on one element region  1250 , and  FIG. 12B  is an example where four heating elements  1061  to  1064  are arranged on one element region  1250 . Hereinafter, the description is given with the example of the smaller number of the heating elements for the sake of description. 
     In  FIG. 12A , electrode pads  1201  and  1202  are arranged in the element region  1250  for applying electric energy to each of the eight heating elements  1011  to  1018 . In other words, the element region  1250  may be understood as an aggregate of two or more heating elements to which the energies are inputted by the pair of electrode pads. Regions  1221   a  to  1228   a  and  1221   b  to  1228   b  are individual wiring regions connected to the heating elements  1011  to  1018 , respectively. Regions  1211  and  1212  are common wiring regions connecting the multiple individual wiring regions with the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 . The heating elements  1011  to  1018  used in this embodiment are produced to have substantially the same shape and film thickness by forming through the step of semiconductor photolithography. That is, the heating elements  1011  to  1018  have substantially the same resistance values. 
     Unless otherwise stated, the heating elements  10  generating the UFBs have substantially the same shape and have substantially the same resistance value in the initial state in the following description. The shapes of the heating elements  10  may not necessarily be the same shape, and the configuration is not limited as long as it is configured to suppress the variation of the energies as described below. For example, the shapes of the heating elements  10  may be different for each element region  1250 . Partial changing of the shapes of the heating elements  10  can be performed as necessary by mask designing in the step of photolithography. 
     The currents flow through the common wiring regions  1211  and  1212 , the individual wiring regions  1221  to  1228 , and the heating elements  1011  to  1018  by applying the voltage pulses illustrated in  FIG. 6A  to the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 . Then, the film boiling is generated in the liquid on each of the heating elements  1011  to  1018 , and the UFBs are thus generated. 
     Unlike  FIG. 12A ,  FIG. 12B  is an example where four heating elements  1061  to  1064  are arranged in the element region  1250 . Regions  1241   a  to  1244   a  and  1241   b  to  1244   b  are individual wiring regions connected to the corresponding heating elements  1061  to  1064  individually. Regions  1231  and  1232  are common wiring regions connecting the multiple individual wiring regions with the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 . 
     The inventor found that the amount of the UFBs generated by each heating element in the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 12A  and the amount of the UFBs generated by each heating element in the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 12B  are different. This is because there is a difference occurs between the amount of energy consumed by each of the heating elements  1011  to  1018  in the configuration of  FIG. 12A  and the amount of energy consumed by each of the heating elements  1061  to  1064  in the configuration of  FIG. 12B . Specifically, the wiring resistance losses in the common wiring regions  1211 ,  1212 ,  1231  and  1232  cause the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements and the difference between the amounts of energies. 
       FIGS. 13A and 13B  are diagrams illustrating electrical equivalent circuits for the configurations in  FIGS. 12A and 12B .  FIG. 13A  corresponds to the configuration in  FIG. 12A , and  FIG. 13B  corresponds to the configuration in  FIG. 12B . The variation of energies is described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 12A to 13B . 
       FIGS. 13A and 13B  are diagrams in which the individual wiring regions and the common wiring regions in  FIGS. 12A and 12B  are replaced with electric wiring resistances, and the heating elements are replaced with electric heating element resistances. rh 1  to rh 8  in  FIG. 13A  represent resistance values of heating elements corresponding to the heating elements  1011  to  1018  in  FIG. 12A , and rh 61  to rh 64  in  FIG. 13B  represent resistance values of heating elements corresponding to the heating elements  1061  to  1064  in  FIG. 12B . rliA 1  to rliA 8  in  FIG. 13A  represent resistance values of the individual wiring regions  1221   a  to  1228   a  in  FIG. 12A . rliB 1  to rliB 8  in  FIG. 13A  represent resistance values of the individual wiring regions  1221   b  to  1228   b  in  FIG. 12A . rlcA 1  to rlcA 8  in  FIG. 13A  represent resistance values of the common wiring region  1211  in  FIG. 12A . rlcB 1  to rlcB 8  in  FIG. 13A  represent resistance values of the common wiring region  1212  in  FIG. 12A . Likewise, rliA 61  to rliA 64  in  FIG. 13B  represent resistance values of the individual wiring regions  1241   a  to  1244   a  in  FIG. 12B , and rliB 61  to rliB 64  represent resistance values of individual wiring regions  1241   b  to  1244   b  in  FIG. 12B . rlcA 61  to rlcA 64  represent resistance values of the common wiring region  1231  in FIG.  12 B, and rlcB 61  to rlcB 64  represent resistance values of the common wiring region  1232  in  FIG. 12B . 
     The currents flowing through the heating elements during the application of the voltage pulses (time t 1 ) illustrated in  FIG. 6A  between the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  are represented by it to i 8  in  FIG. 13A , and the currents are represented by i 61  to i 64  in  FIG. 13B . In  FIGS. 13A and 13B , the currents it to i 8  and i 61  to i 64  flowing through the heating elements are used to indicate the currents flowing in regions of the wiring resistances. 
     In this case, an energy E1 inputted to the heating element  1011  in  FIG. 13A  can be expressed by Expression 1, and an energy E2 inputted to the heating element  1018  in  FIG. 13A  can be expressed by Expression 2: 
       heating element 1011:  E 1= i 1× i 1× rh 1× t 1 (Expression 1); and
 
       heating element 1018:  E 2= i 8× i 8× rh 8× t 1 (Expression 2).
 
     Additionally, an energy E3 inputted to the heating element  1061  in  FIG. 13B  can be expressed by Expression 3, and an energy E4 inputted to the heating element  1064  in  FIG. 13B  can be expressed by Expression 4: 
       heating element 1061:  E 3= i 61× i 61× rh 61× t 1 (Expression 3); and
 
       heating element 1064:  E 4= i 64× i 64× rh 64× t 1 (Expression 4).
 
     Since the heating elements in this case are formed simultaneously in the step of photolithography, the resistance values rh 1 , rh 8 , rh 61  and rh 64  of the heating elements are substantially equal to each other. On the other hand, the currents flowing through the heating elements are it i 8  i 61  i 64  mainly due to the effects of the portions of the wiring resistances rlc. This causes the variation of energies applied to the heating elements. Consequently, different amounts of the UFBs are generated depending on the heating elements, and the stable UFB generation is hampered. In order to stably generate the UFBs in a short time, it is required to reduce the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements in the element region. 
     Example of suppressing the variation of energies applied to the multiple heating elements  10  in configurations including the heating elements  10  are described below. 
     Embodiment 1 
       FIGS. 14A to 14C  are diagrams for describing an example of reducing a difference between the wiring resistance losses in the common wiring regions.  FIG. 14A  is a diagram corresponding to the configuration of  FIG. 12B  and illustrating an example of a planar layout extracting an element region, which is a part of the element substrate  12 . In the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 14A , switches (SW)  1401  to  1404  for controlling the currents flowing through the heating elements are arranged on the individual wiring regions  1241   b  to  1244   b , respectively. In the configuration, although supply voltages (24V) of the heating elements are applied constantly to the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 , no currents flow through the heating elements while the SWs are turned off (L).  FIG. 14B  is a diagram illustrating waveforms of logic signals of the SWs  1401  to  1404  driving the heating elements. With logic signals H applied to each of the SWs  1401  to  1404 , the SWs are turned on, currents generated by the supply voltage start to flow into the corresponding heating elements through the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 , and the film boiling is generated on each heating element. 
     The configurations illustrated in  FIGS. 12A to 13B  are configurations of driving all the heating elements connected to the electrode pads simultaneously during the application time of the supply voltages. On the other hand, in the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 14A , the heating elements  1061  to  1064  are driven with the SWs  1401  to  1404  shifting the timings of the driving, respectively. Such a configuration makes it possible to considerably reduce the wiring resistance losses in common wiring portions  1351  that are affected in the simultaneous current flows through the multiple heating elements  1061  to  1064  in  FIG. 13B . As described above, it is possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements by arranging the SWs  1401  to  1404  to allow the driving of the heating elements in a time division manner. 
       FIG. 14C  is a diagram illustrating an example where multiple element regions illustrated in  FIG. 14A  are arranged on the element substrate  12 . It is required to arrange a lot of heating elements to stably generate the UFBs in a short time. Although  FIG. 14C  illustrates an embodiment where eight element regions each provided with the four heating elements are arranged for the sake of description, it is still possible to arrange a lot of heating elements by increasing the number of the heating elements in each element region or increasing the number of the element regions. In the T-UFB generating unit  300 , walls  1421  and a lid (not illustrated) are provided to cover the heating elements  10  but not to cover the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  on the element substrate  12  to form the liquid chamber. Although no walls for partitioning the inside of the liquid chamber are provided in this embodiment, it is possible to provide the walls for partitioning the inside. 
     Embodiment 2 
       FIGS. 15A to 15F  are diagrams describing Embodiment 2. Although the embodiment where the SWs are arranged on the element substrate  12  is described with reference to the configuration illustrated in  FIGS. 14A to 14C , this embodiment is an embodiment where the SWs are provided outside the element substrate  12  to reduce the cost of the element substrate  12 . For example, the element region including multiple heating elements and a pair of electrode pads is divided into multiple groups (blocks), and the blocks to be driven can be switched by the SWs. In Embodiment 1, the embodiment where the element substrate  12  is provided with the common wiring regions  1231  and  1232  connecting the multiple heating elements in parallel is described. This embodiment is an embodiment where each heating element  10  is connected to independent individual wirings  1511  and  1512 . 
       FIG. 15A  is a diagram illustrating a layout of an element region, and  FIG. 15B  is an equivalent circuit of  FIG. 15A . In  FIG. 15A , the supply voltage in a pulse form is applied to each heating element  10  through the electrode pads  1501  and  1502  and corresponding pair of the individual wirings  1511  and  1512 , and the heating elements  10  are driven simultaneously. Since the current flows to each of the heating elements  10  through the corresponding pair of the individual wirings  1511  and  1512  in the configuration in  FIG. 15A , the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements  10  can be suppressed even in the simultaneous driving of the heating elements  10 . 
       FIG. 15C  is a layout diagram in which the positions of the electrode pads  1501  and  1502  are different from the positions in  FIG. 15A . The positions of the electrode pads  1501  and  1502  are gathered on one side of the element substrate  12 , and thus it is possible to improve the degree of freedom of layout and also to implement a dense configuration. Since the independent individual wirings are connected to the corresponding heating elements  10  in the configuration in  FIG. 15C  as well, it is still possible to suppress the variation of energies by this configuration itself. However, in the case of arranging more heating elements  10 , the lengths of the wirings connected to the heating elements  10  are different from each other depending on the different positions of the heating elements  10  as illustrated in a region  1521 . This causes the differences between the wiring resistances, and thus the variation of energies may occur. Specifically, an individual wiring resistance to the heating element  10  arranged far from the electrode pads  1501  and  1502  is greater than an individual wiring resistance to the heating element  10  arranged close to the electrode pads  1501  and  1502 . Consequently, the variation of energies flowing through the heating elements may occur depending on the distances from the electrode pads  1501  and  1502 . 
       FIG. 15D  is a layout diagram for suppressing the variation of energies more than the configuration in  FIG. 15C  does. In the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 15D , the wiring widths in the region in which the difference between the wiring resistances occurs in the wiring layout as illustrated in the region  1521  in  FIG. 15C  are widened as illustrated in a region  1522 . Such a layout makes it possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements  10 . In the example in  FIG. 15D , the width of the individual wiring connected to the heating element  10  farther from the electrode pads  1501  and  1502  is made wider than the width of the individual wiring connected to the heating element  10  closer to the electrode pads  1501  and  1502 . 
       FIG. 15E  is a diagram illustrating an equivalent circuit of  FIG. 15D  and is particularly a diagram indicating the wiring resistances corresponding to the difference between the wiring widths. The relationships between the wiring resistances in  FIG. 15E  are as below: 
       rliA1&lt;rliA2&lt;rliA3&lt;rliA4; 
       rliB1&lt;rliB2&lt;rliB3&lt;rliB4; and 
         rliA 1+ rliC 1+ rliB 1 + rliD 1= rliA 2 +rliC 2+ rliB 2+ rliD 2= rliA 3+ rliC 3+ rliB 3+ rliD 3= rliA 4+ rliC 4+ rliB 4+ rliD 4. 
     Although the above expressions are connected with equal signs, the resistances may be substantially equal to each other as long as each heating element  10  can keep the variation of film boiling generating the UFBs at a predetermined level. 
       FIG. 15F  is a layout illustrating a modification of  FIG. 15D .  FIG. 15F  illustrates an embodiment where SWs  1531  to  1534  are formed on the element substrate  12 . The SWs  1531  to  1534  are similar to the SWs described in Embodiment 1. It is possible to further suppress the variation of energies by controlling the driving in the time division manner using the SWs  1531  to  1534  and also making the wiring resistances of the heating elements equal to each other. 
     Embodiment 3 
     Similar to Embodiment 1, this embodiment has a configuration of providing the common wirings connecting the heating elements in parallel. In Embodiment 1, the embodiment where the variation of energies is suppressed by the control in the time division manner using the SWs to diminish the effect of the parasitic wiring resistances is described. In this embodiment, an embodiment where the supply voltages, the heating element resistances, and the wiring resistances are adjusted to suppress the variation of energies is described. 
       FIGS. 16A to 16E  are diagrams describing examples of stably generating the UFBs.  FIG. 16A  is a diagram describing the heating element used in this embodiment. The inventor conducted an experiment by using a heating element capable of generating 100,000 times of film boiling. This heating element was the one guaranteed to generate the film boiling until it reaches 100,000th film boiling. In other words, the heating element had a risk of generating unpreferable film boiling if film boiling was generated 100,000 or more times and the element resistance of the heating element was disconnected, for example. 
       FIG. 16A  indicates the result of the confirmation by the inventor about how much energy was required to be applied to the heating element capable of making 100,000 times of film boiling for generating the UFBs.  FIG. 16A  indicates that the film boiling was generated in the case where a bubbling threshold energy is “1” (a first value), theoretically. If the inputted energy was changed by changing the supply voltage, and once the inputted energy is increased to be more than  3  times the bubbling threshold energy set to “1”, the resistance value of the heating element was changed rapidly during about 100,000 times of application of application pulses, and it was difficult to generate the UFBs. In other words, it was found that it is possible to stably generate the UFBs without a sudden break and the like of a predetermined heating element if the energy inputted to the heating element is 3 times or less the bubbling threshold energy set to “1”. In order to stably generate the UFBs by using the heating element generating the film boiling with the bubbling threshold energy set to “1”, the smallest value of the energy inputted to the heating element was set to 1.1 times the bubbling threshold energy taking into consideration the variation depending on the environment. In this embodiment, in the case where the bubbling threshold energy is set to “1”, the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements preferably falls within a range from 1.1 times the bubbling threshold energy to 3 times the bubbling threshold energy. Although the description is given herein using the heating element capable of generating the film boiling 100,000 times as an example, another heating element having different durability may be applied similarly. 
     In this embodiment, a specific configuration in which the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements falls within the above-described range is described. In this embodiment, the layouts of  FIGS. 12B and 13B  described in Embodiment 1 are used. In this embodiment, an embodiment where the energies inputted to the heating elements are kept within a predetermined range based on the bubbling threshold energy (from 1.1 times to 3 times) by adjusting the supply voltages, the heating element resistances, and the wiring resistances is described. More specifically, an embodiment of adjusting the wiring resistances is described. This makes it possible to stably generate the UFBs in the case of arranging the heating elements densely, with the layout of the wiring region around the heating elements  10  made compact. 
     This embodiment focuses on three portions in  FIG. 13B , which are a heating element portion  1352 , the common wiring portions  1351 , and the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 . The heating element portion  1352  includes both the heating elements and the individual wiring regions. In the case of arranging the heating elements densely to generate the UFBs in a short time, it is desirable that the region for the individual wiring portion is as small as possible. On the other hand, it is desirable that as many as possible of the heating element portions are connected to the common wiring portion  1351  to arrange the heating elements densely. 
     In  FIG. 13B , i 61  to i 64  are the currents flowing through the heating elements rh 61  to rh 64 , respectively. As illustrated in  FIG. 13B , the energies inputted to the heating elements rh 61  to rh 64  herein are expressed by i 61 ×i 61 ×rh 61 ×t 1 , i 62 ×i 62 ×rh 62 ×t 1 , i 63 &#39;i 63 ×rh 63 ×t 1 , i 63 ×i 63 ×rh 63 ×t 1 , respectively. t 1  is a pulse width illustrated in  FIG. 6A . In this embodiment, the heating elements are formed in the step of photolithography, and the heating elements have the same heating resistances. Thus, the difference between energies inputted to the heating elements is proportional to the square of the current flowing through each heating element. 
       FIG. 16B  illustrates an equivalent circuit of  FIG. 13B , and is a diagram in which the currents flowing through the heating elements are represented by i 1  to i 4 , the sum of the resistance value of each heating element and the parasitic resistance value of the wiring individually connected to the corresponding heating element is represented by r, and the resistance values in the common wiring portion are represented by R 1  to R 4 . 
     In the circuit illustrated in  FIG. 16B , Expression (5) holds based on the Kirchhoff s circuit laws: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     In the case of using the values in Table 1, since the difference between energies inputted to the heating elements is proportional to the square of the current flowing through each heating element, the ratio of the energy inputted to each heating element may be that shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 V1 
                  24 V 
               
               
                   
                 r 
                 200 Ω 
               
               
                   
                 R1 to R4 
                  20 Ω 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ratio of energy inputted  
               
               
                   
                 Heating element 
                 to heating element 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 rh61 
                 2.9 
               
               
                   
                 rh62 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 rh63 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 rh64 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Because of the difference between the wiring resistances, the energy inputted to the heating element rh 64  positioned farthest from the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  is the smallest. In this case, as described above, the energies to be inputted are determined such that the energy inputted to the heating element rh 64  in the farthest position is 1.1 times the bubbling threshold energy “1”, which is the smallest value in the predetermined range. Hereinafter, the ratio of the energy inputted to the heating element (that is 1.1 times the bubbling threshold energy in this example) is simply called an inputted energy ratio. 
     As shown in Table 1, V 1  is set to 24 V, the resistance value r that is the sum of the resistance values of the heating element and the parasitic resistance portion wired individually is set to 200Ω, and the resistance values R 1  to R 4  in the portion for the common flow are set to 20Ω. In this case, with the inputted energy ratio of rh 64  set to 1.1, the ratio of the energy inputted to rh61 to which the greatest energy is inputted is set to 2.9. That is, in the case of setting the bubbling threshold energy to “1”, the ratio of energy inputted to each heating element can be kept within the range from 1.1 times to 3 times. Such a configuration makes it possible to generate the UFBs by generating a maximum of 100,000 pulses (100,000 times) of heat boiling by each heating element. Specifically, it is possible to stably generate the UFBs by keeping each of the resistance values R 1  to R 4  in the common flow wiring region to 1/10 or less of the corresponding resistance value r of the individual wiring including the heating element resistance value, as shown in Table 1. 
       FIG. 16C  is an example different from that in  FIG. 16B .  FIG. 16C  illustrates an example where the number of the heating elements is eight. The electric circuit in  FIG. 16C  can be expressed as the circuit in  FIG. 13A .  FIG. 16D  illustrates an equivalent circuit of  FIG. 13A , and is a diagram in which the currents flowing through the heating elements are represented by it to i 8 , the sum of the resistance value of each heating element and the parasitic resistance value of the wiring individually connected to the corresponding heating element is represented by r, and the resistance values in the common wiring portion are represented by R 1  to R 8 . 
     As described above, the values shown in Table 3 are used, for example, to implement the configuration in which the energy ratio of rh8 to which the smallest heating element input energy is applied is set to 1.1 and the energy ratio of rh1 to which the greatest heating element input energy is applied is set to 2.9 based on the Kirchhoff s circuit laws. In this case, the ratio of energy inputted to each heating element may be that shown in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 V1 
                  20 V 
               
               
                   
                 r 
                 200 Ω 
               
               
                   
                 R1 to R4 
                  4 Ω 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ratio of energy inputted  
               
               
                   
                 Heating element 
                 to heating element 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 rh1 
                 2.9 
               
               
                   
                 rh2 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 rh3 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 rh4 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 rh5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 rh6 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 rh7 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 rh8 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 4, in this example, the supply voltage of the heating element is set to 20 V, the resistance that is the sum of the resistance of the heating element and the resistance of the individual wiring connected to the corresponding heating element is set to 200Ω, and the parasitic wiring resistances in the common wiring are each set to 4Ω. In the configuration in  FIG. 16B , it is possible to stably generate the UFBs with the parasitic wiring resistance in the common wiring set to 20Ω ( 1/10 of the sum of the resistance values of the individual wirings and the heating elements). On the other hand, in the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 16D , the parasitic wiring resistance in the common wiring is required to be set to 4Ω ( 1/50 of the sum of the resistance values of the individual wirings and the heating elements) or less. In the configuration in  FIG. 16D , the low resistances of the common wiring portion reducing the entire loss and the supply voltage set to 20 V make it possible to achieve the predetermined energy ratios shown in Table 4. 
     Although the descriptions are given with the two specific examples, there may be considered various variations depending on the number of the heating elements. In any case, any configuration may be applicable as long as the energies inputted to the heating elements fall within the predetermined range of the input energy ratio (from 1.1 times to 3 times). As illustrated in  FIG. 16C , in order to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements, it is possible to reduce the parasitic wiring resistances in the common wirings by widening the wiring widths of common wiring regions  1631  and  1632 . Alternatively, as illustrated in  FIG. 16E , it is possible to reduce the parasitic wiring resistances in the common wirings by providing the common wiring regions  1631  and  1632  having the film thicknesses of wiring resistance layers greater than that of the common wiring regions  1231  and  1232 . That is, the width or the film thickness of the common wiring may be set such that the amount of the resistance value in the common wiring is at a predetermined ratio or less to the sum of the resistance of the heating element and the resistance of the wiring individually connected to the corresponding heating element. 
     &lt;Modification 1&gt; 
       FIGS. 17A to 17G  are diagrams describing various modifications of stably generating the UFBs. In  FIGS. 16A to 16E , the embodiment where the entire loss can be suppressed by reducing the resistances in the common wiring portions and consequently the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements is suppressed is described. In order to arrange the heating elements further densely, making the wiring regions individually connected to the heating elements as small as possible is effective. 
       FIGS. 17A to 17C  are diagrams illustrating an example of forming multiple wiring layers.  FIG. 17A  is a planar layout diagram, and  FIGS. 17B and 17C  are a cross-sectional view taken along the XVIIB-XVIIB line and a cross-sectional view taken along the XVIIC-XVIIC line, respectively. It is possible to achieve downsizing while reducing the values of the common wiring resistances by forming a wiring layer to be used as the common wiring portion, which is different from the above-described wiring layers connecting the heating elements. In  FIGS. 17A to 17C , a wiring layer  1701  is a layer different from the layer of the common wiring region  1231  connected to the heating elements  10 . A through-hole  1702  electrically connects the layer of the common wiring region  1231  connected to the heating elements  10  with the wiring layer  1701 . 
     In the embodiment in  FIGS. 17A to 17C , an embodiment where the wiring layer  1701  is not arranged on a lower layer portion under the heating element  10  taking into consideration the effect of heat stress from the heating elements  10  is illustrated. However, if the configuration includes a barrier layer or the like formed on the top of the wiring layer to suppress the heat stress, the wiring layer  1701  may be extended to the lower layer portion under the heating element  10 . Although the embodiment of forming the wiring layer  1701  as a new layer is described in the embodiment in  FIGS. 17A to 17C , more wiring layers may be provided additionally in the case where more heating elements are provided to achieve higher density. It is possible to reduce the wiring resistances by increasing the film thickness of the wiring directly connected to the heating elements  10  as described with reference to  FIG. 16E ; however, in this case, the shapes of the heating elements arranged on the same layer may be varied during pattern etching of the wiring layer. As described in this modification, it is possible to suppress the variation of the shapes of the heating elements if a separate wiring layer is provided in addition to the wiring layer directly connected to the heating elements. 
     &lt;Modification 2&gt; 
       FIGS. 17D and 17E  are diagrams describing another modification. In  FIGS. 17A to 17C , the embodiment where the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  are formed on the same surface of the substrate on which the heating elements  10  are formed is described. As described above, the surface on which the heating elements  10  are formed includes a region (liquid chamber) in contact with the liquid to generate the UFBs. The liquid chamber is covered with the walls and the lid. Meanwhile, the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  are arranged outside the liquid chamber. If the heating elements  10  and the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  are electrically separated from each other like this case, the routing of the wiring is long.  FIGS. 17D and 17E  illustrate the embodiment where the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  are not provided on the same surface on which the heating elements are provided, and through-holes penetrating to the other surface of the element substrate are formed to provide the electrode pads and a wiring layer on the back surface of the element substrate.  FIG. 17E  is a cross-sectional view taken along the XVIIE-XVIIE line in  FIG. 17D . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 17D and 17E , a wiring layer  1741  is formed on a large portion of the back surface of the element substrate. The back surface of the element substrate is the opposite surface of the surface on which the heating elements are formed. Since there is no effect of heat stress from the heating elements  10  on the back surface of the element substrate, the large portion of the back surface of the element substrate is used as the wiring layer  1741 . Through-holes  1742  connect the wiring layer on the surface on which the heating elements are formed and the wiring layer  1741  on the back surface. The wiring layer  1741  is a layer of the common wiring, and forming the wiring layer  1741  on the large portion of the back surface makes it possible to reduce the wiring resistances in the common wiring. In this embodiment, an electrode pad  1751  is formed on the large portion (same as the area of the wiring layer  1741  in the example in  FIG. 17E ) on the back surface. The configuration in  FIGS. 17D and 17E  makes it possible to arrange the heating elements  10  densely and also reduce the wiring resistances in the common wiring. Consequently, it is possible to stably generate the UFBs even in the case of arranging the heating elements  10  densely. Additionally, since the electrode pad is formed on the back surface, it is possible to provide the liquid chamber in the large portion of the surface on which the heating elements  10  are formed. Consequently, it is possible to generate the UFBs in a short time by arranging the heating elements  10  densely. 
       FIG. 17F  is a diagram illustrating an example of the element substrate  12  on which the multiple elements illustrated in  FIG. 17D  are arranged. Since the electrode pads are not formed on the same surface on which the heating elements are formed in the element substrate  12  in  FIG. 17F , walls  1761  are formed to reach an outer peripheral portion of the element substrate  12 . Although  FIG. 17F  is a simple illustration for the sake of description, it is still possible to generate the UFBs at high speed by increasing the number of the heating elements and the number of the elements. 
       FIG. 17G  is a diagram illustrating an example where the elements illustrated in  FIG. 17D  are arranged on the entirety of a wafer  1771 . Although the element substrate  12  is cut into a rectangular shape in the above-described embodiments, there is no limitation on the shape of the element substrate  12  for generating the UFBs. Thus, as illustrated in  FIG. 17G , it is possible to apply the whole wafer  1771  to the T-UFB generating unit  300  without cutting out the substrate on which the heating elements and the wirings are formed. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 17D to 17G , in the case of performing the back surface wiring of the element substrate  12  to arrange the electrode pads on the back surface, the electrode pads can be separated easily from the liquid for generating the UFBs. In the case of providing the electrode pads on the back surface of the element substrate  12 , a driver, a switch, and the like outputting the supply voltage pulse are implemented by external devices. For example, the stable generation of the UFBs can be made by driving the driver and the like connected with the wafer  1771  in  FIG. 17G . 
     Embodiment 4 
     In Embodiment 2, the embodiment where no common wirings are used but the independent individual wirings are is described. In this embodiment, an embodiment where the individual wirings are used like Embodiment 2 and the multiple heating elements  10  are connected to the individual wirings is described. 
       FIGS. 18A to 18C  are diagrams describing an embodiment of stably generating the UFBs.  FIG. 18A  is a diagram illustrating a planar layout. As described above, it is required to drive more heating elements simultaneously to generate the UFBs in a short time.  FIG. 18A  illustrates an example where the heating elements more than that in  FIG. 15F  are provided. As illustrated in  FIG. 18A , SWs  1821  to  1824  are provided in independent wiring regions, respectively. Additionally, multiple heating elements are provided on each of independent wirings, respectively. This embodiment is an embodiment where the multiple heating elements provided on the same wiring region are driven simultaneously while the driving timings are changed in the time division manner by the SWs  1821  to  1824 . 
       FIG. 18B  is an electric circuit of  FIG. 18A , and  FIG. 18C  illustrates the driving timings of the SWs  1821  to  1824 . In heating elements  1811  to  1814 , branch numbers of the heating elements driven simultaneously are indicated by “a” and “b”. For example, in the case where the SW  1821  is set to “H”, heating elements  1811   a  and  1811   b  are driven. 
     Such a configuration makes it possible to input substantially the same energies to the heating elements driven simultaneously even if there is a common wiring portion for the multiple heating elements. Consequently, it is possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements driven simultaneously. 
     Embodiment 5 
     In Embodiment 1, the embodiment where the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements is suppressed by the driving controlled in the time division manner using the SWs provided to the individual wirings connected to the heating elements is described. If the common wiring regions are shrunk to achieve higher density, there may occur the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements even in the case of performing the driving controlled in the time division manner using the SWs. This is because the heating element positioned farther from the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  and the heating element positioned closer to the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  have the different wiring resistances in the common wiring regions, as described in Embodiment 1. 
       FIGS. 19A to 19C  are diagrams describing an embodiment of stably generating the UFB s. This embodiment is an embodiment of performing additional control in addition to the shifting of the driving timings of the heating elements in the time division manner.  FIG. 19A  is a diagram illustrating a layout. Similar to the embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 14A , this embodiment is an embodiment where SWs  1921  to  1924  are arranged in the individual wiring regions. This embodiment is an embodiment where the supply voltages of the heating elements are changed in accordance with the driving of the SWs  1921  to  1924 .  FIG. 19B  illustrates an electric circuit of  FIG. 19A , and  FIG. 19C  is a diagram illustrating driving timings of the SWs and values of the supply voltages according to the driving timings. 
     In this embodiment, the heating elements are driven in the time division manner by using the SWs  1921  to  1924 , and the voltages are changed in the time division manner so as to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements in each timing in the time division manner. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 19C , the supply voltage in the timing in which the SW  1921  drives a heating element  1911  having the smallest wiring resistance is lower than the supply voltages in the timings for driving other heating elements  1912  to  1914 . Additionally, as illustrated in  FIG. 19C , the configuration is made such that the supply voltages in the timings for driving other heating elements  1912  to  1914  are increased as the wiring resistances are increased. Although the embodiment where the supply voltages are changed in the time division manner is illustrated in  FIG. 19C , instead of the supply voltages, the pulse widths of control signals for driving the SWs may be changed to suppress the variation of energies. Specifically, the time length of driving each heating element may be changed by changing the pulse width of the control signal for driving the corresponding SW. Additionally, the control in the time division manner of the supply voltages and the pulse widths control may be combined with each other. 
     This embodiment makes it possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements even in the case where the wiring widths of the common wiring regions are the same, for example. 
     Embodiment 6 
     In the above embodiments, the descriptions are given with the assumption that the heating elements  10  mounted in the element substrate  12  are produced in the step of photolithography of a semiconductor and have the same shape and the same resistance. Additionally, in the configuration described with reference to  FIG. 12B  in Embodiment 1, for example, it is described that the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements occurs because the current flowing through the heating element  1064  is smaller than that flowing through the heating element  1061 . In this embodiment, an embodiment where the heating elements  10  are made in different shapes depending on the positional relationship of arrangement of the heating elements. 
       FIGS. 20A to 20C  are diagrams describing an embodiment for stably generating the UFBs.  FIG. 20A  is a diagram indicating whether it is possible to generate the UFBs in the case where the heating elements are made in different shapes to have the resistance values different from each other, based on the heating element capable of generating the film boiling 100,000 times as illustrated in  FIG. 16A . In the case where the bubbling threshold energy per predetermined unit area of the heating element was set to “1” and the shapes and the resistance values of the heating elements are changed, it was possible to generate the film boiling 100,000 times with the resistance values achieving the inputted energies of 1.1 times the bubbling threshold energy to 3 times the bubbling threshold energy. That is, it is possible to stably generate the UFBs even in the case of changing the shapes and the resistance values of the heating elements, as long as the range of the changing falls within the above-described range. In this embodiment, stable UFBs are generated by changing the shapes of the heating elements depending on the inputted energies. 
       FIG. 20B  is a diagram illustrating an example of a layout of this embodiment.  FIG. 20C  is a diagram illustrating an electric circuit of  FIG. 20B . Since the energy flowing through a heating element  2001  positioned closer to the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  has a small wiring resistance loss, the energy is greater than the energy flowing through the heating element  2004  positioned farther from the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 . For this reason, the shapes of the heating elements are determined so as to make the energies per unit area equal. Specifically, the length of a resistance pattern of the heating element  2001  (in a direction in which the resistance is increased as the length becomes longer) is made longer than the length of a resistance pattern of the heating element  2004 . That is, the length in a current flow direction of the heating element  2001  is made longer than the length in a current flow direction of the heating element  2004 . More specifically, the closer the heating element is to the electrode pads  1201  and  1202  from the heating element  2004  far from the electrode pads  1201  and  1202 , the longer the length of the resistance pattern of the heating element is. 
     In the case where the heating elements  10  are made in different shapes, the film boiling bubbles  13  may be formed in different shapes. That is, it is more useful in terms of generating uniform film boiling bubbles  13  with the heating elements  10  having the same shape. However, as described above, generating the UFBs requires at least the film boiling bubbles  13  generated among the heating elements, and forming uniform film boiling bubbles  13  is not necessarily required. This embodiment focuses on suppressing the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements  10 , and the UFBs are stably generated by changing the shapes of the heating elements  10  depending on the inputted energies. 
     Embodiment 7 
     In this embodiment, an embodiment where the resistance values of the heating elements are monitored, and the supplied voltages or the applied pulse widths of the heating elements are adjusted according to the resistance values of the heating elements being monitored is described. 
     In Embodiments 1 to 5, the descriptions are given with the assumption that the heating elements have the same shape and the same resistance, and in Embodiment 6, the embodiment where the shapes of the heating elements are changed is described. In order to generate the UFBs at high speed in a shorter time, it is required to enlarge the element substrate or arrange the heating elements on the entire wafer as illustrated in  FIG. 17G . In this case, the in-plane distribution of the film thickness or the in-plane variation of the heating element patterning, for example, may cause the variation of the initially designed sizes and resistance values of the heating elements. This may change the energies inputted to the heating elements and make it difficult to stably generate the UFBs. 
       FIGS. 21A to 21D  are diagrams describing an embodiment for stably generating the UFBs.  FIG. 21A  is a diagram illustrating an example of a layout. This embodiment is an embodiment where a power source  2101  of the heating element and also a resistance measurement instrument  2102  are provided. The resistance measurement instrument  2102  monitors the resistance value of the heating element. Then, the energy to be inputted to the heating element is adjusted in accordance with the monitored resistance value. This makes it possible to suppress the variation of energies during generation of the UFBs using a considerably large heating element substrate, such as the whole wafer.  FIG. 21B  is an example of adjusting the applied pulse width in accordance with the monitored resistance value.  FIG. 21C  is an example of adjusting the supply voltage of the heating element in accordance with the monitored resistance value. As illustrated in  FIGS. 21B and 21C , adjusting of the inputted energies may be performed in the time division manner or may be performed by a block unit with the heating elements divided into blocks. 
     &lt;Modification&gt; 
       FIG. 21D  is a diagram illustrating a modification. The configuration in  FIG. 21A  illustrates an embodiment where the control in the time division manner is performed, and one heating element is driven in each of the timings in the time division manner.  FIG. 21D  is an example of driving multiple heating elements in each of the timings in the time division manner during the control in the time division manner. As illustrated in  FIG. 21D , adjusting of the voltage or the pulse width may be controlled in the time division manner with the number of the simultaneously driven heating elements set the same. 
     Embodiment 8 
     In the above embodiments, the embodiment where the blocks corresponding to the SWs each include the same number of the multiple heating elements, which are driven simultaneously by the corresponding SW, is described. In this embodiment, the embodiment where the number of the heating elements driven simultaneously by the corresponding SW is changed depending on the blocks is described. 
       FIGS. 22A to 22D  are diagrams describing an embodiment for stably generating the UFBs.  FIG. 22A  is a diagram describing a layout of this embodiment. One heating element  2211  is arranged in a block corresponding to a SW  2221 . Two heating elements  2212   a  and  2212   b  are arranged in a block corresponding to a SW  2222 . Two heating elements  2213   a  and  2213   b  are arranged in a block corresponding to a SW  2223 . Three heating elements  2214   a ,  2214   b , and  2214   c  are arranged in a block corresponding to a SW  2224 .  FIG. 22B  illustrates an example of adjusting the supply voltage in accordance with the number of the heating elements driven simultaneously. Even in such an embodiment, it is possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements. 
     Embodiment 9 
     In the above embodiments, the embodiment where the multiple heating elements connected from the electrode pads are electrically connected in parallel is described. In this embodiment, an embodiment where the multiple heating elements connected from the electrode pads are electrically connected in series on the same wiring is described. 
       FIG. 22C  is a diagram describing a layout of this embodiment. As illustrated in  FIG. 22C , it is possible to make the currents constant by connecting the heating elements  2231  in series. Additionally, it is possible to generate the UFBs at high speed by driving the multiple heating elements. 
     &lt;Modification&gt; 
       FIG. 22D  is a diagram illustrating a modification.  FIG. 22D  illustrates an example where the width of the resistance pattern of the heating element is made longer than the length of the resistance pattern in the case of connecting the heating elements in series. In the series connection, the supply voltage for driving the heating element is high because of the series connection. If a high voltage is not desirable as the driving power source of the heating element, the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 22D  can prevent the supply voltage of the heating element from being high while maintaining the area of the heating element. The embodiment like this where the multiple heating elements having wide widths are connected in series may be employed. 
     Embodiment 10 
     In the above embodiments, the embodiment where the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements is suppressed by adjusting the layout or adjusting the driving timing is described. In this embodiment, an embodiment provided with a mechanism that keeps a voltage in two ends or one end of the heating element constant is described. 
       FIGS. 23A to 23D  are diagrams describing an embodiment for stably generating the UFB s.  FIG. 23A  is an embodiment where circuits  2301  and  2302  for making voltage constant are arranged in two ends of the heating elements  1011  to  1018  to maintain the energies inputted to the heating elements constant. It is possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements by forcibly maintaining the voltages constant in the connection portions of the heating elements  1011  to  1018  using the circuits  2301  and  2302  for making voltage constant.  FIG. 23B  is a diagram illustrating a source follower as an example of the circuit for making voltage constant. Using the circuit for making voltage constant makes it possible to absorb the difference between the wiring resistance losses, and thus it is possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to the heating elements. 
       FIGS. 23C and 23D  are diagrams illustrating layouts in which a circuit  2301  and circuits  2303  for making the voltages on one side constant are arranged respectively. Although the circuit for making voltage constant is arranged on only one side, it is still possible to obtain the effect of making the voltage applied to the heating element constant. Additionally, the circuit for making voltage constant may be arranged so as to precede branches to the individual wiring regions as illustrated in  FIG. 23C , and the circuit for making voltage constant may be arranged so as to follow the branches to the individual wiring regions as illustrated in  FIG. 23D . Although the embodiment where the circuit for making voltage constant is arranged is described herein, there may be applied a configuration in which a circuit for making current constant that makes the currents flowing through the heating elements constant are arranged in two ends or one end of the heating element. 
     &lt;Modification&gt; 
       FIGS. 24A to 24D  are diagrams illustrating modifications for stably generating the UFBs.  FIG. 24A  illustrates an upper surface layer on which heating elements  2401  are arranged,  FIG. 24B  illustrates a second layer below the upper surface layer,  FIG. 24C  illustrates a third layer below the second layer, and  FIG. 24D  illustrates a back surface layer. The circuits  2301  and  2302  for making voltage constant are arranged in connection portions in two ends of the heating elements  2401 . With the circuits  2301  and  2302  for making voltage constant provided, it is possible to suppress the variation of energies inputted to a number of heating elements and arrange the heating elements densely. Also, the embodiment allows the power to be supplied from the back surface through through-holes  2402 . 
     Other Embodiments 
     In the above embodiments, the descriptions are given with the assumption that the UFBs are generated under a condition of a constant temperature and a constant environment pressure. That is, variable temperatures and environment pressures are not taken into consideration. Since the UFB generating apparatus generates the UFBs by driving the heating elements, the temperature of the UFB generating apparatus  1  (particularly, the UFB generating unit provided with the heating elements) is varied. Because the film boiling is generated at around 300° C. under atmospheric pressure, the energy to be applied may be increased and decreased in accordance with the temperature of the UFB generating unit, and this makes it possible to stably generate the UFBs. 
     In order to generate the UFBs using a desired gas, it is desirable to generate the film boiling after dissolving the gas as much as possible into the UFB generating liquid. In this case, with the UFB generated while the whole UFB generating apparatus  1  is set under a high pressure (for example, triple to quadruple the average air pressure), it is possible to stably generate the UFBs from the desired gas more efficiently. In this case, since the temperature at which the film boiling is generated is also increased in the high pressure, the applied energy is increased in accordance with the film boiling threshold, and thus it is possible to suppress the variation of energies like the above-described embodiments. 
     According to the present disclosure, it is possible to generate a UFB-containing liquid efficiently. 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions. 
     This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-035937, filed Feb. 28, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference wherein in its entirety.