Patent Publication Number: US-2023142431-A1

Title: Head guard with coupled padding layer

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/441,875, entitled “HEAD GUARD WITH COUPLED PADDING LAYER,” filed Feb. 24, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/155,736, entitled “HEAD GUARD,” filed Jan. 15, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/076,615, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,997,265, entitled “HEAD GUARD,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/750,300, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,114, entitled “HEAD GUARD,” filed Jan. 25, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/675,566, entitled “HEAD GUARD,” filed Jul. 25, 2012, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/441,875 also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/299,619, entitled “HEAD GUARD WITH COUPLED PADDING LAYER,” filed Feb. 25, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The systems and methods described below relate generally to the field of head protection. More particularly, the systems and methods relate to head guards that can be worn during sporting, or athletic, or other physical endeavors. 
     BACKGROUND 
     When an individual participates in contact sports activities such as football, lacrosse, hockey, and the like, or other physical activities, such as skiing, skateboarding, and the like, it is common that parts of the individual&#39;s body are subject to impact and other physical contact. Various attempts have been made to provide padding as a means of protecting the individual during such activities. Conventional protective equipment can include, as nonlimiting examples, helmets, shoulder pads, thigh pads, and shin pads. Typical protective equipment may include reinforced-sponge type padding, such as a rubber sponge layer laminated with a stiff plastic layer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure will be more readily understood from a detailed description of some example embodiments taken in conjunction with the following figures: 
         FIGS.  1 - 3    show example head guards used in combination with example helmets. 
         FIGS.  4 - 16 C  are perspective views of example head guards. 
         FIG.  17 A  shows a side view of an example head guard. 
         FIG.  17 B  shows a cross-sectional view taken along line  17 B- 17 B of  FIG.  17 A . 
         FIG.  17 C  is an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG.  17 B . 
         FIG.  18 A  is a perspective view of an example head guard. 
         FIG.  18 B  shows a side view of the head guard of  FIG.  18 A . 
         FIG.  18 C  shows a cross-sectional view taken along line  18 C- 18 C of  FIG.  18 B . 
         FIGS.  19 - 21    show example arrangements of padding within example head guards. 
         FIG.  22    shows a cross-sectional view of a head guard in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. 
         FIG.  23    shows an exploded view of a head guard in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. 
         FIG.  24    depicts the head guard of  FIG.  23    being positioned on the head of a wearer and stretching from a relaxed configuration to an expanded configuration. 
         FIG.  25    shows an exploded view of a head guard in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. 
         FIGS.  26 A- 27 B  show example baseball hats that incorporate a head guard. 
         FIG.  28 - 29    show example having a non-stick external surface. 
         FIGS.  30 - 34 A  show example winter hats that incorporate a head guard. 
         FIG.  34 B  shows a cross-sectional view of the winter hat of  FIG.  34 A . 
         FIG.  35    shows an example hooded apparel that incorporates a head guard. 
         FIGS.  36 - 37    show examples hoods that incorporate a head guard. 
         FIG.  38    shows a head guard for placement on the outside of an example helmet. 
         FIG.  39    shows an example head guard positioned on an example helmet. 
         FIG.  40    shows another example head guard positioned on an example helmet. 
         FIG.  41    shows a cross-sectional view of a head guard in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. 
         FIG.  42    shows a perspective view of an example head guard. 
         FIG.  43    depicts a cross-sectional view of the head guard of  FIG.  42    taken along line  43 - 43 . 
         FIG.  44    depicts an example head guard in a relaxed state and an expanded state. 
         FIGS.  45 A,  45 B,  46 A, and  46 B  depict example arrangements of padding layers for dome-shaped head guards. 
         FIGS.  47 - 53    depict cross-sectional views of example head guards to illustrate example techniques for coupling layer(s). 
         FIGS.  54 - 55    depict example of textured, non-planar padding layers coupled to an outside surface of a head guard. 
         FIGS.  56 - 58    depict example padding layers in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, and use of the head guards disclosed herein. One or more examples of these non-limiting embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that systems and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting embodiments. The features illustrated or described in connection with one non-limiting embodiment may be combined with the features of other non-limiting embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The presently disclosed embodiments are generally directed to head guard, head guard systems, methods of using a head guard, and methods of manufacturing head guards. Such systems and methods may be implemented in a wide variety of contexts and applications. In one example embodiment, the head guard is compressive so that it can be retained on a user&#39;s head without the use of a securing strap, such as a chinstrap. The head guards can be constructed with one or more layers, sections, or pockets of impact absorbing or impact dissipating materials, referred to generally herein as padding. The particular type of padding can vary based on a variety of factors, such as style of head guard, sporting or athletic application, type of user, size of head guard, and so forth. As described in more detail below, in some embodiments, the head guard can have three layers, including an inner layer, a middle layer, and an outer layer. The middle layer can comprise the padding. Other embodiments of head guards can have more than three layers or less than three layers. The head guard can comprise, for example, one or more thermal layers or at least portions of thermal protection (e.g., around the ears). Such embodiments can be useful for wearers participating in cold-weather endeavors. In some example embodiments, the head guard can be washable without necessarily removing the padding layer from the head guard. The head guard can also have breathable characteristics, sweat wicking characteristics, or other comfort related characteristics, such as vents. The head guard can have water resistant or water repellant qualities. In some embodiments, the head guard can include an anti-bacterial agent, anti-microbial agent, anti-odor agent, or other deodorizing or sanitizing compounds. In some embodiments, the head guard is configured to provide protection against ultraviolet rays using any suitable techniques, such as chemical treatments, construction techniques, materials, and so forth. As described in more detail below, the head guard can be sized for a child wearer or an adult wearer. 
     In some embodiments, as described in more detail below, the head guard may be worn underneath a wide variety of helmets, such as football helmets, batting helmets, bicycle helmets, and so forth. In some embodiments, the head guard may be incorporated into, formed with, or otherwise coupled to various head coverings, such as a baseball hat, a winter hat, a hood on a sweatshirt or jacket, or other styles of hat. In some embodiments, the head guard can be incorporated into apparel (hats, hoods, and so forth) in a discrete fashion, such that it is not necessarily apparent from an observer that the apparel includes the head guard. 
     In some embodiments, as described in more detail below, the head guard may be worn over top of a wide variety of helmets, such as football helmets, batting helmets, skateboarding helmets, snowboarding helmets, and so forth. 
     As is to be appreciated, the head guard described herein can be sized to accommodate different ages of users. In one example embodiment, a child&#39;s “one size fits all” head guard is sized to fit children and an adult&#39;s “one size fits all” head guard is sized to fit adults. As described in more detail below, elastic components incorporated into the head guard can aid in maintaining the head guard on a user&#39;s head while also allowing the head guard to accommodate different sized heads. In some embodiments, head guards can be manufactured in different sizes (small, medium, large, x-large, and so forth). In some embodiments, the head guard may be selectively adjustable to accommodate different head sizes. 
     Reference throughout the specification to “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment, or “in an embodiment” in places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  1 - 3   , example embodiments of the present disclosure show head guards are used in combination with various example helmets. Referring first to  FIG.  1   , a head guard  100  is positionable upon a head  102  of a user. As described in more detail below, the head guard  100  can include a plurality of layers which includes a padding layer. The head guard  100  can be generally compressive such that its position on the head  102  can be maintained without the use of chin strap. Other embodiments, however, can use additional fastening features. The head guard  100  in  FIG.  1    comprises an elastic member  106  which aids in securing the head guard  100  to the head  102 . The elastic member  106  may encircle the entire head guard (as shown) or may be limited to certain portions of the head guard, such as the front and/or rear. The elastic member  106  can comprise, for example, an elastic band or cord positioned in a hem. Subsequent to placing the head guard  100  on the head  102 , a helmet  104  can be placed onto the head  102  and over top of the head guard  100 . The head guard  100  can be relatively thin as compared to the helmet  104  such that the head guard  100  does not interfere with the usability and comfort offered by the helmet  104 . As illustrated, helmet  104  is a football helmet. It is noted that the present disclosure is not limited to football helmets. Instead, a wide array of different helmets can be used in in combination with the head guard  100 , such as helmets worn by pilots, firemen, construction workers, or by any other person wearing any type of helmet or head protection.  FIG.  2   , for example, illustrates a motocross helmet  124  for a head  122  of a user. A head guard  120  can be positioned over the head  122  and under the motocross helmet  124 . In the illustrated embodiment, the head guard  120  comprises a neck panel  126 . As is to be appreciated, any suitable configuration of head guard can be used with any suitable helmet. Similar to the head guard  100 , the head guard  120  also comprises an elastic member  126  which generally aids in retaining the head guard  120  on the head  122  of the user. In some embodiments, drawstrings, buckles, or other tightening features may be used. 
     As is to be appreciated, the particular configuration of the head guard can be based on, for example, the type of helmet to be worn with the head guard and/or the type of activity to be performed while wearing the head guard.  FIG.  3   , for example, illustrates an example head guard  130  for use with a bicycle helmet  134 . The head guard  130  can be placed on a head  132  of the user prior to securing the bicycle helmet  134  to the head  132 . In the illustrated embodiment, the compressive nature of the head guard  130  generally maintains the placement of the head guard  130  on the head  132  without the use of an additional elastic feature. While a football helmet, motocross helmet, and bicycle helmet are illustrated in  FIGS.  1 - 3   , the present disclosure is not limited to these particular application types. Instead, the head guards described herein can be used in combination with any suitable helmet type or form of head protection. 
       FIGS.  4 - 16    illustrate non-limiting examples of head guard configurations. As is to be appreciated, features of head guards of some embodiments can be incorporated into the head guards of other embodiments without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Head guard  200  in  FIG.  4   , for example, is comprised of a circumferential panel  202 , sometimes referred to as a sidewall, and a plurality of top panels  204 . The top panels  204  can be generally triangular such that, when they are coupled to each other, they generally form a disc. As described in more detail below, various types of padding can be incorporated into one or more of circumferential panel  202  and one, more than one, or none of the top panels  204 . While  FIG.  4    shows an elastic member  206  coupled to the circumferential panel  202 , other embodiments may use other types of retention features. For example, elastic characteristics of the circumferential panel  202  may be used to maintain the head guard  200  on the head of a user. As with other head guards described herein, the size of the head guard  200  can be designed such that it is appropriate for the particular type of user (child, teenage, adult, and so forth). 
     Head guard  220  illustrated in  FIG.  5    shows an embodiment that does not cover the top of a user&#39;s head. Instead, the top of the head guard  220  is open (e.g., a band-like configuration). The head guard  220  can be used, for example, for non-contacting sports. For instance, it can be worn by a soccer player who may frequently use the top of their head to contact the soccer ball. Other examples of non-contacting sports can include, without limitation, basketball, running, volleyball, or any other sport or endeavor that does not necessarily utilize a rigid helmet. While the head guard  220  is shown constructed of a plurality of panels  224 , other constructions techniques may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.  FIG.  6    shows yet another embodiment of a head guard  240  in accordance with the present disclosure. The head guard  240  shown in  FIG.  6    includes a rear aperture  242 . A wearer of the head guard  240  that has a pony tail can pull the pony tail through the rear aperture  242 . The aperture  242  can have any suitable dimension or configuration. In one embodiment, the aperture  242  has a diameter in the range of about 1″ to about 3″. While the aperture  242  is illustrated as being circular, it is to be appreciated that any suitable shape can be used, such as rectangular, oblong, triangular, and so forth. Referring now to  FIG.  7   , a head guard  260  is shown having temple guards  262 . The head guard  260  also has a tightening feature  264 . In the illustrated embodiment, the tightening feature  264  is a strap  266  that is fixed to the head guard at a fixed end and comprises a hook-and-loop fastener assembly  268  at the other end. A user can selectively attach and detach the hook-and-loop fastener assembly  268  to select an appropriate fit for the head guard  260 .  FIG.  8    shows yet another embodiment of a head guard  270  in accordance with the present disclosure. The head guard  270  shown in  FIG.  8    includes a rear aperture  272 . A wearer of the head guard  270  that has a pony tail can pull the pony tail through the rear aperture  242 . The aperture  272  shown in  FIG.  8    is a slot or slit in a vertical orientation. In other embodiments, the aperture  272  can be a slot or slit in a horizontal orientation, an oblique orientation, or a plurality of slots or slits arranged in a suitable formation, for example. 
     The head guard  210  shown in  FIG.  9    comprises a sidewall  212  and a top panel  214 . The sidewall  212  can be a multi-layered sidewall comprising at least one fabric layer and at least one padding layer, as described in more detail below. The top panel  214  can also comprises at least one fabric layer and at least padding layer. In the illustrated embodiment, the top panel  214  is attached to the sidewall  212  using stitching  216 , although any suitable attachment technique can be used, such as a gluing, heat welding, and so forth. The head guard  210  also comprises an elastic portion  218  that is positioned proximate to an opening defined by the sidewall  212 . The head guard  210  can be in a generally cylindrical shape when in a relaxed configuration (as shown). When the head guard  210  is placed on the head of a wearer, however, the top panel  214  and the sidewall  212  can stretch to generally conform to the shape of the wearer&#39;s head. Accordingly, the head guard  210  can stretch to a convex-shaped configuration, which may be referred to as hemispherical, when being worn by a user. In its stretched configuration, the head guard  210  delivers a compressive force to the wearer&#39;s head in order to substantially maintain the position of the head guard  210  relative to the wearer&#39;s head. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a head guard  230  that defines an aperture  235 . As with other embodiments, the aperture  235  is not limited to any particular configuration. In fact, a wide variety of aperture configurations can be utilized, such as a horizontal slit, a vertical slit, a vertically-oriented oblong opening, a horizontally-oriented oblong opening, a circular opening, or a rectangular opening, for example. The head guard  230  comprises a sidewall  232  and a top panel  234 , each with an internal padding layer  236 ,  238 . The padding layer  236  of the sidewall  232  extends circumferentially about the head guard with a gap that is aligned with the aperture  235 .  FIG.  11    illustrates a head guard  250  that comprises a sidewall  252  and a top panel  254 . Similar to other embodiments, at least one of the sidewall  252  and the top panel  254  can comprise a padding layer. In this embodiment an aperture  255  is defined by the sidewall  252  and the top panel  254 . Such configuration of the aperture  255  may be desirable, for example, to a wearer having dreadlocks. When the head guard  250  is placed on that wearer&#39;s head, the dreadlocks can be routed through the aperture  255 . 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a head guard  280  having a band-like configuration, as it does not include a top panel. A sidewall  282  comprises a padding layer  286  that extends circumferentially about the head guard  280  and an elastic portion  284  positioned proximate to an opening defined by the sidewall  282 . The head guard  280  defines an aperture  285 . As illustrated, the padding layer  286  is configured to have a gap which aligns with the aperture  285 . While the head guard  280  in  FIG.  12    has one elastic portion  284 , other embodiments can utilize additional elastic portions, as illustrated by the head guard  290  in  FIG.  13   , for example. The head guard  290  has a band-like configuration, with a top opening and a bottom opening defined by a sidewall  292 . A first elastic portion  294  is positioned proximate to the top opening and a second elastic portion  296  is positioned proximate to the bottom opening. Head guards having a band-like configuration can be worn by a user, for example, participating in a non-contact sport or other type of non-contact physical endeavor. 
     In some embodiments, additional components can be incorporated into the head guard. The head guard  213  illustrated in  FIG.  14   , for example, includes a brim  215  that is attached to a sidewall  217 . While the head guard  213  is shown with a top panel  219 , other band-like embodiments can also include a brim  215 . Further, the brim can be in any suitable arrangement, such as a generally rigid visor having a cardboard core or a relatively soft visor, such as a lip comprised of fabric, or any other suitable type of bill. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates yet another example embodiment of a head guard  233 . The head guard  233  comprises a side wall  237  which can include a padding layer and a top panel  239 . In the illustrated embodiment, the top panel  239  comprises a mesh portion to provide added airflow and ventilation to a wearer&#39;s head. Some embodiments incorporating a mesh top panel  239  utilize a top padding layer, while others do not. Additionally, or alternatively, the sidewall  237  can be mesh, or at least comprise one or more portions that are mesh or otherwise provide air flow to the wear. 
     The particular orientation, location, and/or placement of the padding layer can vary. In some embodiments, for example, the padding layer is positioned within a pocket defined by two fabric layers. In other embodiments, the padding layer can be exposed, either internally or externally.  FIG.  16 A- 16 C  illustrate example configurations of a head guard  281  that includes an external side padding layer  283  and an external top padding layer  288 . The side padding layer  283  is attached to a side panel  287  to collectively define a sidewall and the top padding layer  288  is coupled to a top layer  289  to collectively define a top panel.  FIG.  16 A  illustrates that the side padding payer  283  and the top padding layer  288  can be of unitary construction.  FIG.  16 B  illustrates that the side padding payer  283  and the top padding layer  288  can be a collection of individual modules or pods that are attached to the top layer  289  and the side panel  287 .  FIG.  16 C  illustrates that the side padding payer  283  and the top padding layer  288  can be stitched, or otherwise moulded or shaped to form a pattern. As is to be appreciated, any suitable technique can be used to couple the padding layers to the head guard  281 , such as using stitching or using adhesives, such as glue, for example. In some configurations, an entire surface of the padding layer is coupled to the side panel, whereas in other configurations, only a portion of the padding layer (such as the perimeter) is coupled to the side panel. Additional examples of head guards having padding layers that are stitched, laminated, or otherwise coupled are described in more detail in  FIGS.  42 - 58   . 
     It is noted that while various head guards are illustrated having an elastic member around the lower periphery, such elastic members are not necessary for some configurations. Instead, the head guard can have compressive qualities or characteristics that maintain the head guard on the wearer&#39;s head. In other words, some or all of the head guard can be manufactured from stretchable materials that allow the head guard to stretch when placed on the head of a user and contract when removed from the head of a user. In some embodiments, the head guard can have one or more elastic members or portions and can also be stretchable. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  17 A- 17 C , a head guard  300  in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment is shown.  FIG.  17 A  shows a side view of the head guard  300  which has an elastic member  302  positioned around its lower periphery. The elastic member  302  can be an elastic band positioned inside a hem, for example. In some embodiments, an elastic member can be fed through hoops or other retention members.  FIG.  17 B  shows a cross-sectional view of the head guard  300  taken along line  17 B- 17 B of  FIG.  17 A .  FIG.  17 C  shows an enlarged view of the encircled area of  FIG.  17 B  and illustrates various layers of the head guard  300 . As shown in  FIGS.  17 A- 17 C  the head guard  300  of the illustrated embodiment comprises an outer layer  320 , a padding layer  340 , and an inner layer  360 . In some embodiments, the head guard may be constructed with only an outer layer and padding layer, while in other embodiments the head guard may be constructed with only a padding layer and inner layer. Further, in some embodiments, the padding layer  340  is disconnected from each of the inner layer  360  and the outer layer  320 . In some embodiments, the padding layer  340  is coupled to one or both of the inner layer  360  and the outer layer  320 . 
     The head guard  300 , or other head guards described herein, can define an internal diameter “D” ( FIG.  17 B ), which can be selected to accommodate a particular type of user, such as a child, an adult, a person with a lot of hair, a person with short hair, and so forth. Thus, in certain embodiments, the head guard  300  can be manufactured to accommodate a child&#39;s head. In other embodiments, the head guard  300  can be manufactured to accommodate an adult&#39;s head. In other embodiments, the head guard  300  can be configured to accommodate both smaller-sized heads and larger-sized heads. In some embodiments, the value of “D” for adult head guards can be based on Table 1, below, and the value of “D” for child head guards can be based on Table 2, below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Adult Head Guard Example Sizes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diameter 
                   
                 Stretch Fit/ 
               
               
                 “D” 
                 Size 
                 Adjustable 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6¾ 
                 Small 
                   
               
               
                 6⅞ 
                 (S) 
               
               
                 7 
                 Medium 
                 One Size 
               
               
                 7⅛ 
                 (M) 
                 Fits Most 
               
               
                 7¼ 
                 Large 
               
               
                 7⅜ 
                 (L) 
               
               
                 7½ 
                 XL 
               
               
                 7⅝ 
               
               
                 7¾ 
                 XXL 
               
               
                 7⅞ 
               
               
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Child Head Guard Example Sizes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diameter 
                   
                 Stretch 
                   
               
               
                 “D” 
                 Size 
                 Fitted 
                 Kids 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 6 
                 XSM 
                   
                 Infant 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 6⅛ 
                 S 
                   
                   
                 Toddler 
               
               
                 6¼ 
                   
                 S/M 
               
               
                 6⅜ 
                 M 
                   
                   
                   
                 Child 
               
               
                 6½ 
               
               
                 6⅝ 
                 L 
                 L/X 
                   
                   
                   
                 Youth 
               
               
                 6¾ 
               
               
                 6⅞ 
                 XL 
               
               
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The padding layer utilized by head guards in accordance with the present disclosure can be comprised of any suitable material that provides the desirable characteristics and response to impact. For example, the padding layer can comprise one or more of the following materials: thermoplastic polyurethane (available, for example, from Skydex Technologies), military-grade materials, impact absorbing silicone, D30® impact absorbing material, impact gel, wovens, non-wovens, cotton, elastomers, IMPAXX® energy-absorbing foam (available from Dow Automotive), DEFLEXION shock absorbing material (available from Dow Corning), styrofoam, polymer gels, general shock absorbing elastometers, visco-elastic polymers, PORON® XRD impact protection (available from Rogers Corporation), Sorbothane® (available from Sorbothane Inc.), Neoprene (available from DuPont), Armourge®I energy absorbing material (available from Armourgel Ltd.) Ethyl Vinyl Acetate, impact-dispersing gels, foams, rubbers, and so forth. The padding layer can be breathable and/or generally porous to provide ventilation. In some embodiments, the padding layer is a mesh material that aids in the breathability of the associated head guard. In some embodiments, the padding layer is perforated, slitted, or otherwise comprises one or more apertures or openings. Such structure can aid in breathability of the associated head guard, for example. The padding layer can be attached to one or more layers (such as the outer layer  320  and the inner layer  360  of  FIG.  17 C , for example). In some embodiments, the padding layer  340  can be generally disconnected and “floating” between the layers. In some embodiments, the padding layer is attached to an elastic member or other portions of the head guard. 
     In some embodiments, padding layers in accordance with the present systems and methods can comprise a rate dependent material, such as a rate dependent low density foam material. Examples of suitable low density foams include polyester and polyether polyurethane foams. In some embodiments, such foams to have a density ranging from about 5 to about 35 pounds per cubic foot (pcf), more particularly from about 10 to about 30 pcf, and more particularly still from about 15 to about 25 pcf. PORON® and PORON XRD® are available from Rogers Corporation, which are open cell, microcellular polyurethane foams, is an example of one suitable rate dependent foam. However, in order to provide impact resistance, the padding layer can be any suitable energy absorbing or rate dependent materials. As such, other rate dependent foams or other types of materials can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The other layers of head guards in accordance with the present disclosure can either be the same material or different material. The material can be, for example, and without limitation, polyester, nylon, spandex, ELASTENE (available from Dow Chemical), cotton, materials that glow in the dark or are fluorescent, and so forth. Either of the inner or outer layers can also be of a mesh or otherwise porous material. In some embodiments, the inner and/or outer layers can be a blend of a variety of materials, such as a spandex/polyester blend. In some embodiments, the head guard is water proof, water resistant, or water repellant. Other durable materials can be used for the outer layer of any embodiment, including knit, woven and nonwoven fabrics, leather, vinyl or any other suitable material. In some instances, it can be desirable to use materials for the layer than are somewhat elastic; therefore, stretchable fabrics, such as spandex fabrics, can be desirable. Such materials can help provide compressive forces to maintain placement of head guard on a wearer&#39;s head without the need for a chin strap, for example. 
     Various head guards in accordance with the systems and methods described herein can be manufactured with or otherwise include various coatings, agents, or treatments to provide anti-microbial or anti-bacterial properties. Some embodiments, for example, can utilize Microban® offered by Microban International, Ltd. for antibacterial protection. In some embodiments, the padding layer comprises antimicrobial agents and one or more other fabric layers of the head guard also treated with antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial protection for the fabric layers can be in the form of a chemical coating applied to the fabric, for example. Generally, antimicrobial technologies combat odor by fighting bacteria resulting in fresher smell for longer and minimizing the frequency of laundering or washing. Any suitable technique can be used to provide head guards with antimicrobial properties. In one embodiment, for example, AEGIS Microbe Shield® offered by DOW Corning Corp. is utilized. Other examples of antimicrobial agents include SILVADUR® offered by The Dow Chemical Company is utilized, Smart Silver offered by NanoHorizons, Inc., and HealthGuard® Premium Protection offered by HealthGuard. 
     In some embodiments, a head guard, or at least various components of a head guard are configured to provide moisture wicking properties. Generally, moisture wicking translates into sweat management, which works by removing perspiration from the skin in an attempt to cool the wearer. Any suitable moisture wicking can be used. In one embodiment, a topical application of a moisture wicking treatment to a fabric of the head guard is utilized. The topical treatment is applied to give the head guard the ability to absorb sweat. The hydrophilic (water-absorbing) finish or treatment generally allows the head guard to absorb residue, while the hydrophobic (water-repellent) fibers of the head guard help it to dry fast, keeping the wearer more comfortable. In one embodiment, the blend of fiber is used to deliver moisture wicking properties by combining a blend of both hydrophobic (such as polyester) with hydrophilic fibers. Certain blends of these fibers allow the hydrophilic fibers to absorb fluid, moving it over a large surface area, while the hydrophobic fibers speed drying time. One benefit of head guards utilizing these types of fiber blends is that moisture management properties are inherent in the fiber blend, meaning they will never wash or wear out. 
       FIGS.  18 A- 18 C  illustrate a head guard  400  in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments.  FIG.  18 A  is a perspective view of the head guard  400 , which comprises a plurality of panels  402 . The panels  402  can be arranged such that the head guard  400  is generally a convexshape.  FIG.  18 B  is a side view of the head guard  400  and  FIG.  18 C  is a cross-sectional view of the head guard  400  of  FIG.  18 B  taken along line  18 C- 18 C. As shown in  FIG.  18 C , each panel  402  may include an inner pocket. Padding  420  can be positioned within the inner pocket of each panel  402 . In some embodiments, padding  420  can semi-rigid (such as Styrofoam), while other embodiments can utilize flexible or generally pliable padding  420 . As is described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS.  47 - 53   , in some configurations, the padding  420  can be coupled to various portions of the panel  402 . 
     The arrangement or placement of the padding within the head guard can vary.  FIGS.  19 - 21    illustrate non-limiting embodiments of head guards having a variety of padding orientations. The head guard  500  shown in  FIG.  19   , for example, shows a padding layer  502  that is generally convex-shaped. The head guard  520  shown in  FIG.  20    shows a first padding  522  positioned at a first position and a second padding  524  positioned at a second position. The head guard  540  shown in  FIG.  21    shows a plurality of different padding layer types arranged at various positions on the head guard  540 . As illustrated, a first padding is positioned at first padding layer  542  and a second padding is positioned at second padding layer  548 . A third padding is positioned at third padding layer  546 . The third padding layer  546  can be, for example, a different type of padding material than the padding material of the first and second padding layers  542 ,  548 . The first and second padding layers  542 ,  548  can be a semi-rigid padding (such as Styrofoam) while the third padding layer  546  is can be a pliable or semi-pliable layer. In some embodiments, the placement or configuration of the padding can depend on the type of helmet a user may wear in combination with the head guard. The padding layers  502 ,  522 ,  542 ,  546 , and  548  can be any suitable type of material, such as, without limitation, one or more of the materials described above with reference to padding layer  340 . 
       FIG.  22    illustrates a cross-sectional view of a head guard  600  in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. The head guard  600  comprises an outer layer  602 , and inner layer  606 , and a padding layer  608 . Each of the layers can be manufactured from a wide variety of materials, as described above. The overall thickness (D1) of the head guard  600  can vary based on application. In some embodiments, for example, D1 can be in the range of about 0.1″ to about 0.5″. In some embodiments, for example, D1 can be in the range of about 0.5″ to about 1.0″. In some embodiments, for example, D1 can be larger than about 1.0″. The thickness can be based on, for example, the type of helmet worn with the head guard (if any), the type of sport being played while wearing the head guard, or characteristics of the wearer. While  FIG.  22    shows three layers, this disclosure is not so limited. As is to be appreciated, in some embodiments, head guards can have more or less layers. For example, various head guards may not utilize an inner layer. In any event,  FIG.  22    shows the respective thicknesses of the outer layer  602  (D2), the padding layer  608  (D3), and the inner layer  606  (D4). In some embodiments, each of D2, D3, and D4 are generally equal. In some embodiments, D2 and D4 are generally equal while D3 differs. In some embodiments, two of the layers have similar thickness while the third layer differs. In some embodiments, all three layers have different thicknesses. In any event, D2, D3, and D4 can each be any suitable thickness. For example, the thickness of any layer can be less than about 0.01″, the thickness of any layer can be in the range of about 0.01″ to about 0.125″, or the thickness of any layer can be in range of about 0.125″ to 0.5″. In some embodiments, the thickness of any layer can be greater than 0.5″. Moreover, in some embodiments, the thickness of the padding layer is greater than about 30% of the thickness D1. In some embodiments, the thickness of the padding layer is greater than about 50% of the thickness D1. In some embodiments, the thickness of the padding layer is greater than about 70% of the thickness D1. In some embodiments, the thickness of the padding layer is greater than about 90% of the thickness D1. In some embodiments, the thickness of the padding layer is greater than about 99% of the thickness D1. 
     In some embodiments the padding layer  608  is disconnected from the outer layer  602  and inner layer  606 , such that it is generally “floating” between the two. In other embodiments the padding layer  608 , or at least portions thereof, is attached to one or both of the outer layer  602  and inner layer  606 . Finally, it is noted that while  FIG.  22    shows each layer having a generally uniform thickness, this disclosure is not so limited. In fact, the thickness of any particular layer may vary at different locations of the head guard  600 . For example, the thickness of the padding layer  608  may be thicker at a first location of the head guard  600  and thinner at a second location of the head guard  600 . 
       FIG.  23    is an exploded view of a head guard  610  in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. The head guard  610  has a longitudinal axis “L” and comprises a multi-layered top panel  632  and a multi-layered sidewall  634 . The multi-layered top panel  632  can be attached to the multi-layered sidewall  634  using suitable stitching techniques, for example. The multi-layered top panel  632  comprises a top fabric layer  612  and a bottom fabric layer  616 . The multi-layered top panel  632  can be generally flat-shaped with the head guard  610  is in a relaxed configuration. The multi-layered top panel  632  can be generally convex-shaped with the head guard  610  is in an expanded configuration. The top fabric layer  612  and the bottom fabric layer  616  can be manufactured from a stretchable material, as described in more detail below. A padding layer  614  is positioned between the top fabric layer  612  and the bottom fabric layer  616 . In some embodiments, the surface area of the padding layer  614  is slightly smaller than the surface area of the top fabric layer  612 . Furthermore, the padding layer  614  can also be stretchable, though not necessarily as stretchable as the top fabric layer  612  and the bottom fabric layer  616 . The top fabric layer  612  and the bottom fabric layer  616  can cooperate to define a pocket, with the padding layer  614  positioned in the pocket. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the multi-layered sidewall  634  comprises an inner fabric layer  618 , a padding layer  620 , an outer fabric layer  622 , and an elastic member  624 . The multi-layered sidewall  634  can be generally cylindrical-shaped with the head guard  610  is in a relaxed configuration. The multi-layered sidewall  634  can be generally frustoconically-shaped with the head guard  610  is in an expanded configuration. The inner fabric layer  618  and the outer fabric layer  622  can be manufactured from a stretchable material, as described in more detail below. The inner fabric layer  618  can define an aperture  619  having any suitable size, configuration, or arrangement. The outer fabric layer  622  can define an aperture  623  having any suitable size, configuration, or arrangement that generally aligns with the aperture  619  when the head guard  610  is an assembled configuration. Furthermore, stitching or other attachment techniques can be used to join the periphery of the aperture  619  with the periphery of the aperture  23  in the assembled configuration. The side padding layer  620  is positioned between the inner fabric layer  618  and the outer fabric layer  622 . In some embodiments, the surface area of the padding layer  620  is slightly smaller than the surface area of the outer fabric layer  622 . Furthermore, the side padding layer  620  can also be stretchable, though not necessarily as stretchable as the inner fabric layer  618  and the outer fabric layer  622 . The inner fabric layer  618  and the outer fabric layer  622  can cooperate to define a pocket, with the side padding layer  620  positioned in the pocket. In some embodiments, the inner fabric layer  618  and the outer fabric layer  622  are attached in an arrangement that forms a plurality of pockets and a padding layer is positioned within each pocket such that a collection of individual padding modules or pods generally forms the padding layer. As described in more detail below, the side padding layer  620  can be attached to the inner fabric layer  618  and/or the outer fabric layer  622 . Similarly, the padding layer  614  can be attached to the top fabric layer  612  and/or the bottom fabric layer  616 . 
     The side padding layer  620  can be the same or different material as the padding layer  614 . Further, these two layers can have the same or different thicknesses. The side padding layer  620  can be any suitable shape or configuration. In the illustrated example, the side padding layer  620  has a top surface  621 , a first end surface  630 , a second end surface  628 , and a bottom surface (not shown). While the side padding layer  620  is illustrated as being generally rectangular and circumferentially extending about the head guard  610 , other embodiments can utilize side padding layers  620  having different shapes. In any event, in the assembled configuration, the top surface  621  is positioned proximate to the multi-layered top panel  632 . The first end surface  630  and the second end surface  628  can be opposed and circumferentially spaced to define a gap  638 . While the gap  638  is shown as being generally rectangular, the gap  638  can have any suitable shape or size. In some embodiments, the gap  638  is positioned such that it generally aligns with the aperture  619  defined by the inner layer  618  and the aperture  622  defined by the outer layer  622 . In other embodiments, the first end surface  630  and the second end surface  628  are joined together to form a contiguous ring of padding. Moreover, in some embodiments, the padding layer  620  can generally be a contiguous ring of padding that also defines an aperture therethrough. It is noted that as with other head guards illustrated herein, the head guard  610  shown in  FIG.  23    is merely an illustrative example embodiment. Thus, while the lower periphery of the head guard  610  is illustrated being flat, other embodiments of head guards can have different shapes and configurations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, some embodiments of the head guard  610  can include a lower periphery having a wave-like configuration, such that the side and rear part of the multi-layered sidewall  634  extend further from the multi-layered top panel  632  to cover a user&#39;s ears and wrap around the back of their head, as shown in  FIGS.  28 - 29   , for example. 
       FIG.  24    depicts the head guard  610  shown in  FIG.  23    stretching from a relaxed configuration shown by the head guard  610 A to an expanded configuration by the head guard  610 C. As shown, head guard  610 A in generally cylindrical in the relaxed configuration. As head guard is placed on the head of a wearer, the multi-layered sidewall  634  begins to expand, as shown by head guard  610 B. As the head of the wearer is inserted further into the head guard, the head guard continues to stretch until it reaches an expand configuration, shown by head guard  610 C. As shown by head guard  610 C, the multi-layered top panel  632  changes from a flat shape to a convexshape when the head guard is placed on wearer&#39;s head. Additionally, the multi-layered sidewall  634  also changes shape in order to accommodate the wearer&#39;s head. As is to be appreciated, due to the stretchability of the head guard  610 , it can accommodate a range of head sizes and shapes. When the head guard  610 C is removed from the wearer&#39;s head, it will return to the shape illustrated by head guard  610 A. 
       FIG.  25    is an exploded view of a band-like head guard  650  in accordance with one non-limiting embodiment. The head guard  650  has a longitudinal axis “L” and comprises a multi-layered side panel  662 . The multi-layered sidewall  662  comprises an inner fabric layer  654 , a padding layer  656 , an outer fabric layer  658 , and elastic members  652 ,  660 . The multi-layered sidewall  662  of the illustrated embodiment is generally frustoconically-shaped with the head guard  650  is in a relaxed configuration. As is to be appreciated, other embodiments can have other shapes in the relaxed configuration, such as cylindrical or toroidal, for example. 
     The inner fabric layer  654  and the outer fabric layer  658  can be manufactured from a stretchable material, as described in more detail below. The padding layer  656  is positioned between the inner fabric layer  654  and the outer fabric layer  658 . In some embodiments, the surface area of the padding layer  656  is slightly smaller than the surface area of the outer fabric layer  658 . Furthermore, the padding layer  656  can also be stretchable, though not necessarily as stretchable as the inner fabric layer  654  and the outer fabric layer  658 . The inner fabric layer  654  and the outer fabric layer  622  can cooperate to define a pocket, with the padding layer  656  positioned in the pocket. 
     The padding layer  656  can be any suitable shape or configuration. In the illustrated example, the padding layer  656  has a top surface  664 , a first end surface  666 , a second end surface (not shown), and a bottom surface (not shown). In the assembled configuration, the top surface  664  is positioned proximate to elastic member  652  and the bottom surface is positioned proximate to the elastic member  660 . The first end surface  660  and the second end surface can be opposed and circumferentially spaced to define a gap  668 . The gap  668  can have any suitable shape or size. In some embodiments, the gap  668  is positioned such that it aligns with an aperture through the head guard. In other embodiments, the first end surface  666  and the second end surface  628  are joined together to form a contiguous ring of padding. The padding layer  656  can be floating or attached to the inner fabric layer  654  and/or the outer fabric layer  658 . 
     In some embodiments, head guards in accordance with the present disclosure can be integrated, incorporated, coupled to, formed with, or otherwise associated with various forms of headwear. For example, head guards can be built into baseball hats, softball hats, winter hats, cowboy hats, or other types of headwear.  FIGS.  26 A,  26 B,  27 A, and  27 B  illustrate baseball hats with built-in head guards in accordance with example embodiments. Referring first to  FIGS.  26 A and  26 B , the baseball hat  700  includes a padding layer  702  that is generally convex-shaped. While the baseball hat  700  depicted in  FIG.  26 B  does not illustrate an interior fabric layer, some embodiments can include an interior fabric layer. For example, the baseball hat  700  may be constructed with three layers, as illustrated in  FIG.  22   , for example. 
     The baseball hat  720  of  FIGS.  27 A- 27 B  comprises a plurality of panels  722  that are stitched together to form the hat. As illustrated, each individual panel  722  includes a padding layer  724 . In some embodiments, each panel  722  forms an internal pocket that houses the padding layer  724 . While the baseball hat  720  depicted in  FIG.  27 B  does not illustrate an interior fabric layer, some embodiments can include an interior fabric layer. In some embodiments, the padding layer is discretely incorporated into the baseball hat. In other words, the baseball hat can have the general appearance of a baseball hat that does not include a padding layer. The padding layers  702  and  724  can be any suitable type of material, such as, without limitation, one or more of the materials described above with reference to padding layer  340 . As is to be appreciated, a padding layer can be incorporated (discretely or otherwise) into other types of hats, such as, golf hats, visors, cowboy hats, police hats, fireman hats, military hats or head coverings, and so forth. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  28 - 29   , in some embodiments, a head guard can comprise a non-stick exterior surface. The head guard  740  shown in  FIG.  28    comprises a multi-layer top panel  743  that is attached to (or integral with) a multi-layer lower panel  742 . Each of the multi-layer top panel  743  and the multi-layer lower panel  742  can include a padding layer, as described above. Further, the multi-layer top panel  743  has an exterior surface  744  and the multi-layer lower panel  742  has an exterior surface  746 . These exterior surfaces  744 ,  746  can come in direct contact with the interior surface of a helmet, or other type of head gear, when both pieces of gear are worn by the user at the same time. Referring now to  FIG.  29   , a head guard  760  is shown that comprises a multi-layer top panel  765  and a multi-layer side panel  763  that is attached to a multi-layer lower panel  762 . Each of the multi-layer panels  762 ,  763 ,  765  can include a padding layer as described above. Further, the multi-layer top panel  765  has an exterior surface  767 , the multi-layer side panel  763  has an exterior surface  764  and the multi-layer lower panel  762  has an exterior surface  766 . These exterior surfaces  764 ,  766 ,  767  can come in direct contact with the interior surface of a rigid helmet when both pieces of gear are worn by the same user. 
     The exterior surfaces  744 ,  746 ,  764 ,  766 ,  767  can have non-stick (or non-slipstick) properties that generally reduces a coefficient of friction of the exterior surface of the head guard. While a variety of friction-reducing treatments or coatings can be used to provide the non-stick properties, in one example embodiment a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) treatment is used. Example PTFE treatments include the Teflon polymer products from DuPont (Teflon® PTFE fluoropolymer) and Chemfab from Saint Gobain. Beneficially, PTFE also provides repellency against oil- and waterbased stains, dust and dry oil. In some embodiments a topical application of a coating or film is used. In other embodiments, a PTFE fiber, such as a Teflon® PTFE fiber from DePont) can be integrated into the fabric (such as polyester or nylon) material mix. It is noted that in addition to other benefits, the lower panels  742 ,  762  can increase the amount of exterior surface area of the head guard that is treated with the non-stick coating. 
     Providing an exterior non-stick surface can be beneficial when the user wears the head guard in combination with a helmet. For example, due to the low coefficient of friction, the helmet will easily slide over top of the head guard when the user is putting on their helmet. Additionally, when the helmet receives an impact, the helmet can rotate relative to the head guard, perhaps only slightly, but thus resulting in less rotational movement for the wearer&#39;s head due to the rotational force generated by the impact. It is noted that while head guards  740  and  760  are configured to cover the top of a wearer&#39;s head, it is to be appreciated that similar configurations can be used for band-like head guards. As such, a band-like head guard can have non-stick properties and can also include a lower panel similar to those illustrated in  FIG.  28 - 29   . 
       FIGS.  30 - 33    illustrate winter headgear incorporating head guards in accordance with various embodiments. In some embodiments, the padding layer is discretely incorporated into the winter hat. In other words, the winter hat can have the general appearance to an observer of a winter hat that does not include a padding layer. Referring first to  FIG.  30   , winter hat  800  is an aviator style hat having insulating properties. A padding layer  802  is incorporated into the structure of the winter hat  800 . The padding layer  802  can be rigid, pliable, or a combination of rigid components and pliable components. The winter hat  800  can include chin straps  804  to secure the winter hat  800  to a wearer. The winter hat  800  can include a plurality of layers, such as an inner fur-lined layer, a middle padding layer, and an outer fabric layer. Additional insulating layers can also be used. Winter hat  820  shown in  FIG.  31    is another style of winter headgear that incorporates a head guard. The head guard comprises a first padding layer  822  and a second padding layer  824 . The particular material for the first padding layer  822  and the second padding layer  824  may differ. For example, a relatively thick padding can be used for first padding layer  822  while padding having high insulating properties can be used for second padding layer  824  due to its proximity to a wearer&#39;s ears. Winter hat  820  has chin straps  826  to allow a user to securely fasten the winter hat  820  to their head. 
       FIG.  32    is yet another embodiment showing a winter hat  830  that includes a first padding layer  832  and a second padding layer  834 . The first padding layer  832  can be in a convex configuration and either be a single unitary piece or a plurality of components that form the generally convexshape. In some embodiments, the first padding layer  832  does not form a complete dome, but instead is localized to certain areas, such as the front and the back of the hat, for example. As illustrated, the second padding layer  834  can be in the headband portion  836 . The first and second padding layers  832 ,  834  can be manufactured from the same or different types of materials. For example, the first padding layer  832  can be Styrofoam while the second padding layer  834  can be an impact gel. Alternatively, both the first and second padding layers  832 ,  834  can both be impact gel.  FIG.  33    shows another embodiment of a winter hat  840  that comprises a padding layer  842 . As is to be appreciated, the present disclosure is not limited to any particular type or style of winter hat or winter head gear. 
       FIG.  34 A  depicts another embodiment of a winter hat  850  that incorporates a padding layer  854 .  FIG.  34 B  is a cross-sectional view of the winter hat  850 . The winter hat  850  can comprise a fabric layer  856  that is configured to cover a wearer&#39;s head. A thermal layer  858  can have a band-like configuration and be attached to an interior surface of the fabric layer to form a pocket  860 . A padding layer  854  is positioned in the pocket  860 . In some embodiments, the thermal layer  858  is an extension of the fabric layer  856  that is folded and stitched to create a pocket to house the padding layer  854 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  30 - 34 B , the padding layers  802 ,  822 ,  824 ,  832 ,  834 , and  842 ,  854  can be any suitable type of material, such as, without limitation, one or more of the materials described above with reference to padding layer  340 . 
     In some embodiments, head guards in accordance with the present disclosure can be integrated, incorporated, coupled to, formed with, or otherwise associated with various types of apparel.  FIG.  35    illustrates an example embodiment of a hooded sweatshirt  900  that incorporates a head guard in its hood. The hooded sweatshirt  900  shown in  FIG.  35    is for illustrative purposes only. In fact, the head guard could be incorporated into the hood of any form of apparel, such as a jacket, a pull-over sweatshirt, a windbreaker, a winter coat, or any other article of clothing with a hood. In any event, the hooded sweatshirt  900  has a hood  902  that includes a padding layer  904 . The hood  902  can be constructed using any suitable technique, such as the three layer technique illustrated in  FIG.  22   . The hood  902  can be sized to generally conform closely to the wearer&#39;s head. In some embodiments, the padding layer  904  comprises a Styrofoam or other semi-rigid core. Drawstrings  906  can be routed through a hem  908  in the hood  902 . By drawing the drawstrings  906  downward, the hood  902  can be positioned in close proximity to the wearer&#39;s head. 
     As shown in  FIG.  36   , in some embodiments, a plurality of tightening or adjustment features can be used. The hood  920  in  FIG.  36    comprises a padding layer  930 . A first set of drawstrings  922  are positioned within a first hem  926  of the hood  920  and a second set of drawstrings  924  are positioned within a second hem  928  of the hood  920 . By selectively drawing the first and/or second set of drawstrings  922 ,  924 , the hood  920  can be tightened around the head of a wearer. As is to be appreciated, other forms of tightening features can be utilized, such as hook-and-loop fasteners, elastic members, cord locks, and so forth. 
       FIG.  37    illustrates yet another embodiment of a hood  940  incorporating a padded feature. The hood  940  comprises a first padding layer  942  and a second padding layer  944 . The second padding layer  944  is positioned so that it is generally proximate the wearer&#39;s forehead. Drawstrings  946  can be selectively drawn to tighten the hood  940  around a wearer&#39;s head. The padding layers  904 ,  930 ,  942 , and  944  can be any suitable type of material, such as, without limitation, one or more of the materials described above with reference to padding layer  340 . 
     In some embodiments, head guards in accordance with the system and methods described herein can be worn by an athlete external to a helmet. An example head guard that can be worn on the outside of a helmet is illustrated in  FIG.  38   . The head guard  1000  can be compressive, or stretchable, such that it can be placed snugly around an outside surface  1006  of a football helmet  1004 . In some configurations, the position of the head guard  1000  can be maintained through the compressive characteristics of the head guard  1000 . In other embodiments, additional techniques can be utilized to attach the head guard to the helmet, such as adhesives, straps, buckles, hook-and-loop fasteners, and so forth. In any event, the head guard  1000  can comprise a padding layer  1002 , similar to the other padding layers described herein. The head guard  1000  can comprise an inner surface  1008  that is generally slip-resistant that can aid in maintaining the proper positioning of the head guard  1000 , even during an impact event. The head guard  1000  can comprise an outer surface  1010  that is a material that has a relatively low coefficient of friction that can allow the head guard  1000  (and underlying helmet) to generally slide across an object during impact, such as another football player. Example materials for outer surface  1010  include, without limitation, polyester and nylon combinations, including spandex or elastane. The head guard  1000  can also comprise ports  1012  that are positioned to generally align with the helmet port  1014  when the head guard  1000  is placed over the helmet  1004 . The ports  1012  can be configured to generally allow sound to travel through the head guard  1000  so that the athlete&#39;s hearing is not affected when the head cover  1000  is positioned on the helmet  1004 . As is to be appreciated, the particular design of the ports  1012  can vary in various embodiments. For example, in one embodiment the ports  1012  can comprise a single large port, while in another embodiment the port  1012  can comprise a series of slots. 
       FIGS.  39 - 40    show example head guards used in combination with various types of sporting helmets.  FIG.  39    shows a head guard  1100  coupled to a football helmet  1110 . The head guard  1100  cab be selectively removable from the helmet  1110  and be manufactured in different sizes to accommodate different helmet sizes. The outer surface of the head guard  1100  can be clear, a solid color, or a combination of colors. The outer surface can also include numbering, letters, words, graphics, and so forth. The head guard  1100  can also comprise one or more padded ridges or other areas of increased padding. In the illustrated embodiment, the head guard  1100  comprises a top ridge  1102 , a rear ridge  1104 , and side ridges  1106 . These ridges can be unitary, or otherwise integral, with the head guard  1100  and can be manufactured from any suitable materials, such as foam, impact gel, Styrofoam, or any other suitable impact absorbing or dissipating materials. It is to be appreciated, that the head guards disclosed herein can be used or configured to be worn on the outside of a variety of helmet types.  FIG.  40   , for example, shows a head guard  1120  positioned over top of a hockey helmet  1124 . The head guard  1120  comprises vents  1122  that can align with vents in the hockey helmet  1124 . In some embodiments, the head guard  1120  can also include padded ridges, or other areas of increased thickness or density. 
       FIG.  41    shows an example cross-sectional view of a head guard  1200  that can be positioned on the outside of a sporting helmet. The head guard  1200  comprises three layers, including an outer layer  1202 , a padding layer  1204 , and an inner layer  1206 . In some embodiments, fewer or additional layers can be used. In the illustrated embodiment, the head guard  1200  also comprises ridges  1208 . As discussed above, the inner layer  1206  can have a relatively high coefficient of friction, such that it has a tendency to adhere to or grip the outside surface of an associated helmet. The padding layer  1202  can comprise any suitable materials, including the variety of materials described above. The outer layer  1202  can have a relatively low coefficient of friction as compared to the inner layer  1206 . Depending on the associated sporting event, the outer layer  1202  may be in contact with various objects, such as other player&#39;s jerseys, helmets, and so forth. With the outer layer  1202  having a relatively low coefficient of friction, during those impact events, the head guard  1200  can behave similarly to the outer surface  1006  ( FIG.  36   ) of the underlying helmet. The head guard  1200  (with or without the ridges  1208 ) can be used in combination of a wide variety of helmet types, including, without limitation, baseball, hockey, bicycling, and skateboarding, for example. 
     In some embodiments, head guards can include a padding layer that is coupled to at least a portion of the head guard. As used herein, coupled generally refers to any type of technique or mechanism for affixing, attaching, mating or otherwise temporarily or permanently mounting the padding layer to the head guard. For example, a padding layer can be coupled to a fabric layer of the head guard. For head guards having multiple fabric layers (e.g., an inner layer and an outer layer) a padding layer can be coupled to the inner layer, the outer layer, or both the inner and outer layers. The technique for coupling the padding layer to the various portions of the head guard can vary. In some embodiments, for example, a padding layer can be stitched, glued, heat welded, laminated, and/or combinations thereof. The technique for coupling the padding layer can generally interact with the entire surface of the padding layer (e.g., adhesive-based techniques and/or lamination techniques) or interact with only a portion of the padding layer (i.e., stitching-based techniques). Some head guards can utilize a plurality of different coupling techniques to provide desired the functionality and/or durability. 
     A padding layer can be coupled to an outer surface of a head guard, an inner surface of a head guard, and/or positioned and coupled between two or more fabric layers of a head guard. In some embodiments, the portions of the fabric layer(s) coupled to the padding layer may not expand or stretch as much as the portions of the fabric layer(s) not coupled to the padding layer. Nevertheless, the head guard can be constructed and configured such that compressive forces maintain the head guard on a wearer&#39;s head. As described in more detail below, portions of the head guard that are not coupled to the padding layer can expand to assist with conforming the head guard to the wearer. 
     In some embodiments, the padding layer can be generally rigid so that its shape is generally maintained when the head guard is in a relaxed state or an expanded state. For example, the padding layer can comprise a plurality of generally curved semi-rigid segments that are coupled to the head guard. The curvature of the semi-rigid segments can be designed to generally conform to the curvature of a wearer&#39;s head. 
     The padding layer can have any suitable dimensions and structure. For instance, the padding layer can be generally planar or the padding layer can be non-planar. In some embodiments, the padding layer comprises a plurality of absorption members, such as nodules, ribs, domes, etc., that generally extend outwardly or inwardly from the head guard. The absorption members can be of any suitable shape or configuration. 
     The padding layer and/or other layers of the head guard can be manufactured using any of a variety of suitable manufacturing techniques. For instance, in some embodiments, the padding layer is injection moulded using forms (or moulds). The forms can be configured such that the padding layer can be formed to include through-holes, divots, slits, notches, or other physical features. The padding layer can also vary in thickness, as may be desirable. In other embodiments, the padding layer is extruded as a solid layer. Post-extrusion manufacturing processes (i.e., die cut, perforating, etc.) can be performed on to create the desired format of the padding layer. 
     Non-limiting illustrations of example head guards are provided in  FIGS.  42 - 58   . As is to be appreciated, the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, but rather depicted to convey example structures, configurations and/or relative positionings of various layers and components of the illustrated head guards. 
     Referring first to  FIG.  42   , a perspective view of an example head guard  1300  is depicted.  FIG.  43    depicts a cross-sectional view of the head guard  1300  taken along line  43 - 43  in  FIG.  42   . The head guard comprises an outer fabric layer  1320  and an inner fabric layer  1360 . In the illustrated embodiment, an elastic member  1396  is coupled to the lower periphery of the head guard  1300 . In this embodiment, a padding layer  1340  is positioned between the outer fabric layer  1320  and the inner fabric layer  1360 . The padding layer  1340  can be coupled to the outer fabric layers  1320  and/or an inner fabric layer  1360  through any of a variety of coupling techniques, such as stitching, gluing, riveting, heat welding, ultrasonic welding, and so forth. In the illustrated embodiment, the outline shape of the components of the padding layer  1340  generally mimics the outline shape of the components of the inner and outer layers  1320 ,  1360  (i.e., triangular). However, this disclosure is not so limited. In some embodiments, the inner and outer layers  1320 ,  1360  can be of a first shape while the padding layer  1340  can be of a different shape. While the padding layer  1340  is depicts as being generally planar for illustration purposes, it is to be appreciated that any suitable structure of padding layer  1340  can be utilized, as described herein. By way of example, padding layer  1340  can be perforated or mesh, have multi-dimensional features (such as ribs or nubs), and so forth. 
       FIG.  44    depicts an example head guard in a relaxed state (shown as head guard  1400 A) and an outwardly expanded state (shown as head guard  1400 B). The padding layer  1440  comprises a plurality of segments that are positioned between an outer layer  1420  and an inner layer  1460 . In some embodiments, one or more segments of the padding layer  1440  can be positioned so that they are visible to an observer (i.e., positioned on the outer surface of the outer layer  1420  or the inner surface of the inner layer  1460 ). The padding layer  1440  in  FIG.  44    is coupled to the outer layer  1420 . In some embodiments, the padding layer  1440  can additionally or alternatively be coupled to the inner layer  1460 . As provided above, a variety of different techniques can be used to couple the padding layer  1440  to the head guard  1400 . Once coupled to the head guard, the padding layer  1440  can define a plurality of spacings, which are devoid of the padding layer (shown as  1480 A,  1480 B). While the spacings  1480 A,  1480 B are depicted as being generally rectangular, this disclosure is not so limited. As is to be appreciated, depending on the shape of the padding layer  1440  and the shape of the head guard  1400 A,  1400 B, the shape of the spacings can vary. The shape of the spacings can also vary depending on whether the head guard is in a relaxed state or an expand state. Since the spacings  1480 A,  1480 B are not coupled to the padding layer  1440 , they are generally free to flex and expand. As shown in head guard  1400 B, the spacings  1480 B have expanded when the head guard  1400 B is in the expanded state. This expansion, and the resulting compressive forces generated by the spacings  1480 B can help to maintain the head guard  1400 B on a wearer&#39;s head. 
       FIGS.  45 A,  45 B,  46 A, and  46 B  depict example arrangements of padding layers for dome-shaped head guards.  FIG.  45 A  depicts a partial cross-sectional view of a head guard  1500  having a padding layer  1540  comprised of a plurality of segments coupled to an inner surface  1580  of a layer  1560  through an adhesive, stitching, or any other suitable coupling technique. The segments of the padding layer  1540  are therefore visible to an observer that is viewing the inside of the dome-shaped head guard  1500 . By comparison, the head guard  1600  in  FIG.  46 A  has a padding layer  1640  with a plurality of segments having similar shapes as the padding layer  1540 . In this embodiment, however, the segments of the padding layer  1640  are coupled to the outer surface  1690  of a layer  1620  through an adhesive, stitching, or any other suitable coupling technique. The segments of the padding layer  1640  are therefore visible to an observer that is viewing the outside of the dome-shaped head guard  1600 .  FIG.  45 B  depicts an embodiment of a head guard  1500 A in which the padding layer  1540  substantially covers the inner surface  1580 .  FIG.  46 B  depicts an embodiment of a head guard  1600 A in which the padding layer  1640  substantially covers the outer surface  1690 . As shown in  FIGS.  45 B and  46 B  the padding layers  1540 ,  1640  can be segmented. The arrangement and configuration of the segments can vary. In certain embodiments, the padding layers  1540 ,  1640  are non-segmented. It is also noted that the overall shape and configuration of the padding layers  1540 ,  1640  depicted in  FIGS.  45 A,  45 B,  46 A, and  46 B  are merely for illustration, as a wide variety of different shapes and configurations can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Further, in some configurations, a fabric layer can be positioned to cover the padding layers  1540 ,  1640  so that they are no longer visible, but instead are obscured by the surrounding fabric layers. 
       FIGS.  47 - 53    depict cross-sectional views of example head guards to illustrate example techniques for coupling a padding layer  1740  to an inner layer  1760  and/or an outer layer  1720 . As is to be appreciated, the cross-sectional views can be associated with a variety of different head guard configurations, as described herein. For instance, the head guards depicted in  FIGS.  47 - 53    can include, without limitation, dome-shaped head guards, headband-shaped head guards, baseball hat head guards, as well as a variety of other type of head guards.  FIG.  47    depicts the padding layer  1740  coupled to an inner layer  1760 .  FIG.  48    depicts the padding layer  1740  coupled to an outer layer  1720 .  FIG.  49    depicts the padding layer  1740  coupled to both an inner layer  1760  and an outer layer  1720 .  FIG.  50    depicts the padding layer  1740  having a first portion coupled to an inner layer  1760  and a second portion coupled to an outer layer  1720 .  FIG.  51    depicts the padding layer  1740  coupled to an inner layer  1760  such that the padding layer  1740  is on the outside surface of the head guard.  FIG.  52    depicts the padding layer  1740  coupled to an outer layer  1720  such that the padding layer  1740  is on the inside surface of the head guard.  FIG.  53    depicts the padding layer  1740  having a first portion coupled to an outer surface of an inner layer  1760  and a second portion coupled to an inner surface of the inner layer  1760 . 
       FIGS.  54 - 55    depict portions of head guards having textured, non-planar padding layers coupled to an outside surface thereof. Referring first to the head guard  1800  shown in  FIG.  54   , the padding layer  1840  comprises a plurality of segments coupled to the outside surface and each having a plurality of ribs. While the ribs are depicts as being horizontally-oriented, in some embodiments the ribs have any other suitable orientation, size, and configuration. Referring next to the head guard  1900  shown in  FIG.  55   , the padding layer  1940  comprises a plurality of nodules coupled to the outside surface. While the nodules are depicts as being cylindrically-shaped, in some embodiments the nodules can be domed, cubed, hexagonal, or a variety other symmetric or asymmetric structures. Depending on the construction of the associated head guard, the padding layers  1840 ,  1940  can be visible to the observer of the head guard or hidden from view by being positioned between two layers of material. 
       FIGS.  56 - 58    depict example portions of padding layers in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments. The padding layer  2040  in  FIG.  56    defines a plurality of apertures  2042 , the size of which may be, for instance, between about 1 mm and 4 cm. While the apertures  2042  are shown as being round, this disclosure is not so limited. In other embodiments, apertures  2042  can be a variety of other shapes, such as triangular, square, star-shaped, and so forth. In some embodiments, divots or other types of recessed are utilized. The apertures  2042  can be, for example, punched or cut into the padding layer  2040  (i.e., perforated) or otherwise created at the formation of the padding layer  2040 . The size, placement, and arrangement of the apertures  2042  can vary.  FIG.  57   , for instance, depicts a padding layer  2140  having apertures  2142  that are square-shaped and linearly aligned.  FIG.  58    depicts a padding layer  2240  having nodules  2242  that extend outwardly from a surface of the padding layer  2240 . The nodules  2242  can be solid, hollow, or have apertures extending there through, as illustrated. 
     Head guards in accordance with the presently disclosed embodiments may be manufactured using a variety of manufacturing techniques, such as ultrasonic welding, stitching, gluing, and/or quilting, for example. Stitching can be used to couple an interior fabric layer to an external fabric layer to create a pocket to house the padding layer. In some embodiments, double needle stitching is utilized to attach various components of the head guard. With a double stitching technique, twin needles create parallel double stitching using two needles mounted in a plastic holder. A standard needle shank is added to the plastic holder so it can be inserted in the needle holder on the sewing machine. One needle can be shorter than the other so that a bobbin can catch both stitches. The head guards can be manufactured in different sizes so that they can accommodate both children head sizes and adult head sizes. 
     The head guards disclosed herein can be used in a wide variety of endeavors, either as standalone units or in combination with existing protective gear, including both activities involving contact and non-contacting activities. Example applications include, without limitation, mixed martial arts, boxing, paintball, lacrosse, racquetball, water polo, ice skating, roller skating, water skiing, wind surfing, surfing, wrestling, rock climbing, ice hockey, roller hockey, basketball, soccer, wrestling masks, motocross, auto racing, cricket, BMX racing, parkour, and volleyball. Additional applications can include, without limitation, rodeo (for both riders and clowns), track &amp; field events, cross-country running, hang gliding, bobsledding, and luge, for example. Other applications for the head guards described herein include, for example, skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding, rugby, polo, equestrian sports, martial arts, and base jumping. In some embodiments, the head guard may be worn as a component under the athlete&#39;s helmet. In some embodiments, the head guard may be incorporated into the athlete&#39;s apparel. In some embodiments, the head guard can be worn over top of a sporting helmet. In some embodiments, the head guard can be worn without a helmet. 
     When a head guard is worn under a helmet (such as a football helmet, hockey helmet, bicycle helmet, and the like), an impact delivered to the wearer&#39;s head may be reduced as compared to receiving the impact when wearing the rigid helmet without a head guard. When tested in general accordance with to the National Operating Committee of Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) Documner (ND) 002-11m12, a head guard worn in combination with various types of football helmets can dissipate an impact force applied to the helmet as measured by severity index. For example, a severity index of an impact to a helmet can be higher than the severity index of the same impact delivered to the rigid helmet worn in combination with a head guard. Such impact dissipation can also occur when worn in combination with other helmets, such as lacrosse helmets, hockey helmets, and batting helmets in accordance with ND 041-11m12, ND 030-11m12, and ND 022-10m12, respectively. Such impact dissipation can also occur when worn in combination with other types of helmets, such as ski helmets, for example. As described herein, head guards in accordance with the present disclosure do not necessarily have to be worn in combination with a helmet. For such uses, an impact delivered to the wearer&#39;s head while wearing a head guard may be reduced as compared to receiving the impact when not wearing a head guard. Moreover, head guards in accordance with the present disclosure do not necessarily have to be worn with rigid helmets but can be worn in connection with baseball hats or other types of non-rigid hats. For such uses, an impact delivered to the wearer&#39;s head may be reduced as compared to receiving the impact when wearing the non-rigid hat without a head guard. 
     The particular combination of materials for the various layers of head guards manufactured in accordance with the systems and methods described herein can vary. Below are some non-limiting examples of material combinations. As is to be readily appreciated, other combinations are envisioned and are within the scope of the present disclosure. For some head guards, one or more layers can comprise about 80-90% polyester or Nylon and about 10-20% Spandex or Elastene. In one embodiment, one or more layers can comprise about 86% polyester and about 14% Spandex. One or more layers can also be a mesh-type material for increased breathability and ventilation. The layers of the head guard can have various fabric weights. In some embodiments, the fabric weight of an outer or inner lay can be in the range of about 5 to about 12 ounces, for example. 
     In some embodiments, one or more of the fabric layers can comprise about 60% polyester and about 40% cotton. In one embodiment, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 100% cotton. In one embodiment, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 80% polyester and about 20% spandex. In one embodiment, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 90% polyester and about 10% Spandex. In one embodiment, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 86% polyester and about 14% Spandex. In some embodiments, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 100% acrylic. In one embodiment, one or more layers can comprise about 85% acrylic and about 15% nylon. 
     In some embodiments, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 100% cotton. In one embodiment, one or more fabric layers can comprise about 80% cotton and about 20% polyester. Furthermore, various head guards can be manufactured from colored materials, dyed particular colors, or manufactured with glow in the dark and/or reflective materials. 
     In various embodiments disclosed herein, a single component may be replaced by multiple components and multiple components may be replaced by a single component to perform a given function or functions. Except where such substitution would not be operative, such substitution is within the intended scope of the embodiments. While various embodiments have been described herein, it should be apparent that various modifications, alterations, and adaptations to those embodiments may occur to persons skilled in the art with attainment of at least some of the advantages. The disclosed embodiments are therefore intended to include all such modifications, alterations, and adaptations without departing from the scope of the embodiments as set forth herein.