Patent Publication Number: US-2023139682-A1

Title: Continuous training of an object detection and classification model for varying environmental conditions

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     At least one embodiment pertains to processing resources used to perform and facilitate operations for continuous training of an object detection and/or classification model using augmented training samples. For example, at least one embodiment pertains to processors or computing systems used to provide and enable one or more computing systems to generate improved training samples by augmenting existing training samples and including the augmented samples with training data that is used to continuously train a machine learning model, according to various novel techniques described herein. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Machine learning is often applied to image processing, such as identification of objects depicted within images. Object identification may be used in medical imaging, science research, autonomous driving systems, robotic automation, security applications, law enforcement practices, and many other settings. Machine learning involves training a computing system - using training images and other training data - to identify patterns in images that may facilitate object detection. Training can be supervised or unsupervised. Machine learning models can use various computational algorithms, such as decision tree algorithms (or other rule-based algorithms), artificial neural networks, and the like. During an inference stage, a new image is input into a trained machine learning model and various target objects of interest (e.g., vehicles in an image of a roadway) can be identified using patterns and features identified during training. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       Various embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an example system architecture, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram of an example object detection and/or classification engine, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an example runtime training engine, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  illustrate scheduling a model retraining event in a process pipeline, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIGS.  5 - 6    illustrate a flow diagram of example methods of augmenting a baseline image to be used to re-train an object detection and/or classification model, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  7 A  illustrates inference and/or training logic, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  7 B  illustrates inference and/or training logic, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an example data center system, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a computer system, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a computer system, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  11    illustrates at least portions of a graphics processor, according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    illustrates at least portions of a graphics processor, according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    is an example data flow diagram for an advanced computing pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  14    is a system diagram for an example system for training, adapting, instantiating and deploying machine learning models in an advanced computing pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment; and 
         FIGS.  15 A and  15 B  illustrate a data flow diagram for a process to train a machine learning model, as well as client-server architecture to enhance annotation tools with pre-trained annotation models, in accordance with at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  16 A  illustrates an example of an autonomous vehicle, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  16 B  illustrates an example of camera locations and fields of view for the autonomous vehicle of  FIG.  16 A , according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  16 C  illustrates an example system architecture for the autonomous vehicle of  FIG.  16 A , according to at least one embodiment; and 
         FIG.  16 D  illustrates a system for communication between cloud-based server(s) and the autonomous vehicle of  FIG.  16 A , according to at least one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A machine learning model may be trained to detect and/or classify objects depicted in one or more images. In some systems, the model may be used to detect and classify objects depicted in one or more images generated by a camera at or coupled to an edge device. For example, in some systems, one or more edge devices may be included at or coupled to a surveillance platform (e.g., that is hosted on a cloud computing environment). Each edge device may include a camera component that is configured to capture and generate images. In some instances, one or more endpoint devices (e.g., a surveillance camera, a camera for an autonomous vehicle, etc.) may be coupled to the edge device. Each endpoint device may include a camera component that is configured to capture and generate images. Each edge device may receive images from a connected endpoint device. A machine learning model may be trained at a remote computing system of the cloud computing environment. Once the model is sufficiently trained, the model may be transferred to each respective edge device of the surveillance platform to be used to detect objects depicted in images generated at the edge device, or at one or more endpoint devices connected to a respective edge device. 
     The data used to train the model at the remote computing system may include training images and data associated with the training images. The training images may include depictions of different environments and, in some instances, different objects within the different environments. In some instances, the images that are selected as training images may be captured by cameras that are different from a camera of a respective edge device configured to receive the trained model, or an endpoint device that is coupled to the respective edge device. In other or similar instances, the images that are selected as training images may include a depiction of a simulated environment and/or simulated objects generated by a simulation system. In some systems, a significant number of edge devices (e.g., hundreds or thousands) may be included at or connected to the surveillance platform, and each edge device may be connected to a significant number of endpoint devices. In such systems, an object detection and/or classification model (referred to simply as an object detection model or a model herein) may be trained using a training data set, as described above, and once the model is trained, the same model may be transmitted to each edge device connected to the surveillance platform to be applied to images generated by each endpoint device connected to a respective edge device. 
     In some instances, an image captured by a camera of an endpoint device may include image noise. Image noise (also referred to as “noise” herein) refers to a random variation of brightness or color information in an image. The amount or degree of noise included in an image may depend on one or more conditions associated with the camera that generated the image and/or the environment depicted in the image when the image was generated (referred to collectively as noise conditions herein). For example, the amount or degree of noise in an image may depend on a type of the camera used to generate the image, a type of sensors used by the camera, a setting applied to the camera (e.g., an exposure setting, a shutter speed setting, a white balance setting, etc.), a lighting condition of the environment when the image was generated, a weather condition of the environment when the image was generated, and so forth. The accuracy of an object detection and/or classification model may depend on whether the noise conditions associated with the training images that are used to train the model correspond to the noise conditions associated with a given input image for which object detection is performed. 
     In some instances, a camera may generate images under different noise conditions than the noise conditions associated with the training images used to train an object detection model. For example, as described above, the images that are selected as training images may be high quality images that were captured by a professional camera, a mobile camera, etc. that is different from a camera at or coupled to an edge device or an endpoint device. Additionally or alternatively, the training images may be captured at a different position (e.g., angle, location, etc.) from the position of a camera at or coupled to an edge device or an endpoint device. Accordingly, the training images may be associated with different noise conditions than the images to which the trained model is to be applied (e.g., generated by a camera at or coupled to an edge device or an endpoint device). When the model is transmitted to and initialized at the edge device, the accuracy of the model to detect and/or classify obj ects depicted in images under the different noise conditions may be rather low (e.g., can fall below a threshold degree of accuracy). For instance, as each environment is associated with distinct environmental noise, the accuracy of an object detection and/or classification model that is trained using generic training images (e.g., training images that depict environments associated with different environmental noise, simulated training images, etc.) may be lower than an object detection model that is trained using training images that depict an environment associated with the distinct environmental noise. It can take a significant amount of time, computing resources and in some instances, human resources (e.g., for annotation), to re-train the model based on the images captured (e.g., at the edge device or the endpoint device) under the different noise conditions. Additionally, in some systems, the edge device may run other processes (e.g., motion detection processes) in addition to retraining and inference using the object detection model. In such systems, the other processes may either be blocked or delayed at the edge device during the retraining of the model, which may significantly decrease overall system efficiency and increase overall system latency. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure address the above and other deficiencies by providing a technique to retrain a machine learning model to accurately detect and/or classify objects depicted in images under various environmental conditions. A machine learning model may be trained to detect and classify objects in a given input image and the trained model may be transferred to an edge device and/or endpoint device (e.g., a computing system for a smart surveillance camera, a camera for an autonomous vehicle, etc.). A camera included at or coupled to the edge device may generate a first image that includes a depiction of an environment based on a first set of conditions. The first set of conditions may include an environmental condition (e.g., a lighting condition, a weather condition, etc.) associated with the environment when the first image was captured, an operating condition associated with the camera that captured the first image (e.g., a camera type, a type of sensor included at the camera, sensor size etc.), and/or a setting applied to the camera when the first image was captured (e.g., an exposure setting, a shutter speed setting, etc.). An environmental condition may be determined based on one or more sensors (e.g., weather sensors, lighting sensors, etc.) at or coupled to the edge device. 
     A processing device (e.g., at the edge device) may provide the first image as an input to the model and obtain object data based on one or more outputs of the model. The object data may include an indication of a region of the first image that includes the object (e.g., a bounding box, etc.), an indication of an object class, and a level of confidence that the object corresponds to the object class. If the level of confidence satisfies a level of confidence criterion (e.g., a confidence threshold), the processing device may select the first image as a baseline image (also referred to herein as a ground truth image) to be used to generate training data to retrain the model at the edge device. For example, a second image may be generated that includes a depiction of the environment based on a second set of conditions. The second set of conditions may include an environmental condition associated with the environment when the second image was captured, an operating condition associated with the camera that captured the second image, and/or a setting applied to the camera when the second image was captured. The processing device may determine that one or more of the second set of conditions for the second image do not correspond to one or more of the first set of conditions for the first image. For example, one or more sensors at or coupled to the edge device may generate lighting data associated with the environment when the first and second images were generated, which may correspond to a lighting condition associated with the first image and the second image, respectively. The processing device may determine that the lighting condition associated with the environment when the first image was generated is brighter than the lighting condition associated with the environment when the second image was generated. 
     The processing device may determine one or more noise characteristics associated with the second image that reflect a difference between the first set of conditions and the second set of conditions and may augment the first image based on the determined noise characteristics to generate a third image. The determined noise characteristic of the second image may reflect a difference in the amount of noise and/or the type of noise between the first image and the second image. The processing device may augment the first image based on the determined noise characteristics by applying one or more transformations associated with the determined noise characteristics to the first image to generate the third image. The generated third image may reflect the depiction of the environment based on the second set of conditions (e.g., the lighting condition associated with the environment depicted in the second image) and a depiction of the object detected in the first image. The processing device may provide training data associated with the third image to retrain the machine learning model. The training data may include the third image, an indication of a region of the third image that includes the object, and the indication of the object class (e.g., as determined from the object data obtained from the one or more outputs of the machine learning model). 
     In some embodiments, the processing device may be configured to execute one or more other processes which may have higher priority than the operations related to the model retraining (e.g., generation of training data and retraining of the machine learning model). For example, the processing device may be configured to execute one or more high priority processes to detect when an object has moved in front of the camera at or coupled to the edge device and provide an image generated by the camera depicting the object as input to the trained model. To avoid interfering and/or delaying the execution of higher priority processes, the processing device may identify an empty time slot of a processing schedule associated with the processing device and schedule execution of one or more instructions associated with the operations related to the model retraining during the empty time slot. If during the operations related to the model retraining, the processing device detects that an object has moved in front of the camera (e.g., based on a signal from a motion detection sensor for the camera or based on an alert generated by a motion detection algorithm running on the processing device), the processing device may pause the operations related to the model retraining (and generate and store state data associated with the current state of the execution of the instructions associated with the operations related to the model retraining) and initiate an inference process by providing the image depicting the object as input to the trained machine learning model. When no activity is detected in the environment, the inference process may be stopped or paused and the processing device may complete the execution of the operations related to the model retraining based on the generated state data. 
     In some additional or alternative embodiments, the processing device may not retrain the model but instead may generate training data as described above and transmit the generated training data to another computing system of a surveillance platform. For example, each camera located at or coupled to a respective edge device can generate images depicting an environment near the edge device. Each image generated by a respective camera may be associated with a set of conditions that is distinct to the environment depicted in the image. A respective processing device for each edge device may generate training data for the images, as described above, and transmit the generated training data to a computing system for the cloud based surveillance platform. The computing system may retrain the model, as described above, and transmit the retrained model back to each edge device coupled to the cloud based surveillance platform. By retraining the model based on images depicting the distinct environmental conditions, the model running at each edge device can more accurately detect and/or classify objects depicted in input images produced by a camera located at or coupled to a respective edge device. 
     Aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure provide a technique to retrain a machine learning model based on images that include image noise associated with a set of conditions of an environment that is surveilled by a camera located at or coupled to an edge device. In particular, for a respective image generated using the trained model during an inference phase, the processing device may determine whether to select the respective image as a baseline image for retraining the model or to aggregate with other images in a dataset, which can be used for training of other models. The processing device may generate training data for retraining the model based on a selected baseline image and conditions of the environment that is surveilled by the camera during a runtime of one or more processes (e.g., of a surveillance application) executed by the processing device. By generating training data based on a selected baseline image and the conditions of the environment, a machine learning model may be retrained based on images that correspond to the conditions of the environment that is surveilled by the camera located at or coupled to an edge device rather than images that depict a different environment or simulated images. Accordingly, an accuracy of the machine learning model may be significantly increased. As the accuracy of the machine learning model is increased, the number of mis-detections and/or mis-classifications provided by the system decreases, which may cause an overall system latency to decrease and an overall system efficiency to increase. 
     In addition, embodiments of the present disclosure provide that a process to retrain the model at the edge device may be scheduled during an empty slot of a processing schedule associated with the edge device. When motion or activity is detected at or near the environment that is surveilled by the camera, the retraining process may be paused and the model may be applied to an image generated by the camera in response to the detected motion or activity. Accordingly, the model may be retrained during the runtime of the processes without interrupting or delaying additional processes performed at the edge device. 
     System Architecture 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram of an example system architecture  100 , according to at least one embodiment. The system architecture  100  (also referred to as “system” herein) includes computing device  102 , one or more data stores  112 , and server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150 . In implementations, network  110  may include a public network (e.g., the Internet), a private network (e.g., a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN)), a wired network (e.g., Ethernet network), a wireless network (e.g., an 802.11 network or a Wi-Fi network), a cellular network (e.g., a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network), routers, hubs, switches, server computers, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Computing device  102  may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a smartphone, a tablet computer, a server, or any suitable computing device capable of performing the techniques described herein. In some embodiments, computing device  102  may be a computing device of a cloud computing platform. For example, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, a server machine of a cloud computing platform. In such embodiments, computing device  102  may be coupled to one or more edge devices (not shown) via network  110 . An edge device refers to a computing device that enables communication between computing devices at the boundary of two networks. For example, an edge device may be connected to computing device  102 , data store  112 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150  via network  110 , and may be connected to one or more endpoint devices (not shown) via another network. In such example, the edge device can enable communication between computing device  102 , data store  112 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150  and the one or more client devices. In other or similar embodiments, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, an edge device. For example, computing device  102  may facilitate communication between data store  112 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150 , which are connected to computing device  102  via network  110 , and one or more client devices that are connected to computing device  102  via another network. 
     In still other or similar embodiments, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, an endpoint device. For example, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, devices, such as, but not limited to: televisions, smart phones, cellular telephones, data center servers, data processing units (DPUs), personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable media players, netbooks, laptop computers, electronic book readers, tablet computers, desktop computers, set-top boxes, gaming consoles, a computing device for an autonomous vehicles, a surveillance device, and the like. In such embodiments, computing device  102  may be connected to data store  112 , server machine  130 , server machine  140  and/or server machine  150  via network  110 . In other or similar embodiments, computing device  102  may be connected to an edge device (not shown) of system  100  via a network and the edge device of system  100  may be connected to data store  112 , server machine  130 , server machine  140  and/or server machine  150  via network  110 . 
     Computing device  102  may include a memory  104 . Memory  104  may include one or more volatile and/or non-volatile memory devices that are configured to store data. In some embodiments, computing device  102  may include an object detection and/or classification engine  151 . Engine  151  may be configured to detect one or more objects depicted in an image (e.g., image  106 ) and, in some embodiments, obtain data, such as classification data, associated with the one or more detected objects (e.g., object data  108 ). For example, engine  151  may be configured to provide image  106  as input to a trained object detection model (e.g., a model  160 ) and determine object data  108  associated with image  106  based on one or more outputs of the trained object detection and/or classification model. It should be noted that although implementations of the present disclosure are discussed in terms of an object detection and/or classification model, implementations may also be generally applied to any type of machine learning model (e.g., an audio-based machine learning model, a speech detection machine learning model, etc.). Additionally, some embodiments of the present disclosure simply refer to an object detection model or an object classification model rather than an object detection and/or classification model. Even if a machine learning model is referred to as an object detection model or an object classification model rather than an object detection and/or classification model, embodiments of the present disclosure provide that an object detection model may also be configured to perform object classification functions, and vice versa. It should also be noted that engine  151  may be referred to as object detection and/or classification engine  151 , object detection engine  151 , object classification engine  151 , and/or simply engine  151 . Even if engine  151  is referred to as object detection engine  151  herein, embodiments of the present disclosure provide that object detection engine  151  may also perform functions relating to object classification, and vice versa. Further details regarding engine  151  and the object detection model are provided herein. 
     As described above, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, an endpoint device, in some embodiments. In such embodiments, computing device  102  may include, or be coupled to, an audiovisual component that can generate audio and/or visual data. In some embodiments, the audiovisual component may include an image capture device (e.g., a camera) to capture and generate an image  106 , and generate image and/or video data associated with the generated image  106 . In other or similar embodiments, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, an edge device, as described above. In such embodiments, computing device  102  may receive image  106  from an endpoint device that includes the audiovisual component (i.e., via network  110  or another network). As also described above, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, a server machine (e.g., for a cloud computing platform), in some embodiments. In such embodiments, computing device  102  may receive image  106  from an endpoint device that includes the audio visual component and/or an edge device that is connected to the endpoint device (i.e., via network  110  or another network). 
     In some implementations, data store  112  is a persistent storage that is capable of storing data as well as data structures to tag, organize, and index the data. Data store  112  may be hosted by one or more storage devices, such as main memory, magnetic or optical storage based disks, tapes or hard drives, NAS, SAN, and so forth. In some implementations, data store  112  may be a network-attached file server, while in other embodiments data store  112  may be some other type of persistent storage such as an object-oriented database, a relational database, and so forth, that may be hosted by computing  102  or one or more different machines coupled to the computing device  102  via network  110 . 
     In some embodiments, system  100  may include multiple data stores  112 , in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a first data store  112  may be configured to store data that is accessible only to computing device  102 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150 . For example, computing device  102 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150  may only be able to access data store  112  via network  110 , which may be a private network. In another example, data stored at data store  112  may be encrypted and may be accessible to computing device  102 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150  via an encryption mechanism (e.g., a private encryption key, etc.). In additional or alternative embodiments, a second data store  112  may be configured to store data that is accessible to any device that is accessible to data store  112  via any network. For example, data store  112 B may be a publicly accessible data store that is accessible to any device via a public network. In additional or alternative embodiments, system  100  may include a data store  112  that is configured to store first data that is accessible only to computing device  102 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150  (e.g., via private network  110 , via an encryption mechanism, etc.) and second data that is accessible to devices that are connected to data store via another network (e.g., a public network). In yet additional or alternative embodiments, system  100  may only include a single data store  112  that is configured to store data that is accessible only to computing device  102 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , and/or server machine  150  (e.g., via private network  110 , via an encryption mechanism, etc.). In such embodiments, data store  112  may store data that is retrieved (e.g., by computing device  102 , training data generator  131 , training engine  141 , etc.) from a publicly accessible data store. 
     Data store  112  may be configured to store one or more images and, in some embodiments, data associated with the one or more stored images. In some embodiments, one or more stored images may depict an environment based on a set of conditions. In some embodiments, the set of conditions may include an environmental condition (e.g., a lighting condition, a weather condition, etc.) associated with the environment depicted in a respective image. An environmental condition may be determined based on environmental data (e.g., generated by one or more sensors at or coupled to computing device  102 ). For example, one or more light sensors and/or weather sensors may be coupled to computing device  102 . The light sensors and/or weather sensors may generate environmental data associated with the environment when a respective image depicting the environment is generated. An environmental condition associated with the environment depicted in the respective image can correspond to the environmental data generated by the light sensors and/or weather sensors. In some embodiments, the set of conditions may additionally or alternatively include an operating condition associated with the camera that generated the respective image (e.g., a type of camera that was used to generate the image, a type of one or more components of the camera that was used, etc.). In other or similar embodiments, the set of conditions may additionally or alternatively include a setting associated with the camera that generated the respective image (e.g., an exposure setting, a shutter speed setting, a white balance setting, etc.). In some embodiments, one or more images stored at data store  112  may further depict one or more objects associated with one or more object classes. 
     As described above, data store  112  may also be configured to store data associated with one or more images stored at data store  112 . In some embodiments, the data associated with a respective image may include data indicating one or more conditions of the set of conditions of the environment depicted in the respective image. For example, the data may indicate the environmental condition associated with the environment depicted in the respective image, the operating condition associated with the camera that generated the respective image, and/or one or more settings associated with the camera that generated the respective image. The data associated with the respective image may additionally or alternatively include data associated with one or more objects depicted in the respective image. For example, the data may additionally or alternatively indicate a class associated with a depicted object, a region of the respective image that depicts the object, and/or additional data (e.g., mask data) associated with the respective obj ect. 
     In some embodiments, one or more images stored at data store  112  and/or the data associated with the one or more images may be provided by one or more computing devices  102 , an edge device (not shown) and/or an endpoint device (also not shown) that is connected to data store  112  via network  110 . In an illustrative example, a computing system hosted by a vehicle (vehicle computing system) may be part of an edge device or be connected to an edge device via a network, and the edge device may be connected to computing device  102  via network  110 . An audiovisual component at or coupled to a respective vehicle computing system may generate an image depicting an environment, in some embodiments. In some embodiments, one or more additional sensors at or coupled to the respective vehicle computing system may collect environmental data associated with one or more conditions (e.g., a lighting condition, a weather condition, etc.) associated with the environment depicted in the generated image. A processing device at or coupled to the respective vehicle computing system may transmit the generated image and/or the generated condition data to computing device  102  (e.g., via network  110 ). In some embodiments, object detection engine  151  of computing device  102  may provide the generated image as input to an object detection model, in accordance with embodiments provided herein, and may obtain one or more outputs of the model. Object detection engine  151  may determine, based on the one or more outputs of the object detection model, object data associated with one or more objects detected in the given input image. The object data may indicate a class associated with the one or more detected objects and/or a region of the given input image that depicts the one or more detected objects. Computing device  102  may transmit the generated image, the generated condition data, and/or the determined object data to data store  112  (e.g., via network  110 ), in some embodiments. 
     In other or similar embodiments, one or more images stored at data store  112  and/or the data associated with the one or more images may be provided by one or more computing devices that are not connected to data store  112  via network  110 . As described above, in some embodiments, data store  112  may be a publicly accessible data store, or may store data that is retrieved from a publicly accessible data store. In some embodiments, the one or more images stored at data store  112  may be included in a collection of images that may be used to train object detection models. In one example, each of the one or more images and the data associated with the one or more images may be provided by one or more users of an object detection platform (not shown). A user of the object detection platform may provide (e.g., via a respective client device associated with the user) an image depicting an environment associated with one or more conditions and/or one or more objects. The user may also provide (e.g., via a graphical user interface of the respective client device) an indication of condition data associated with the environment depicted in the image (e.g., an environmental condition, an operating condition of the camera that generated the image, a setting associated with the camera that generated the image, etc.) and/or object data associated with an object detected in the image (e.g., a class associated with the object, a region of the image that depicts the object, etc.). In another example, an image may be provided by a first user of the object detection platform (e.g., via a first client device associated with the first user) and data associated with the image may be provided by a second user of the object detection platform (e.g., via a graphical user interface of a second client device associated with the second user). 
     Server machine  130  may include a training data generator  131  that is capable of generating training data to train ML models  160 A-N. In some embodiments, the training data may include a set of training inputs and a set of target outputs. The set of training inputs may include one or more images depicting an environment. The one or more images may additionally or alternatively depict one or more objects, in some embodiments. In some embodiments, training data generator  131  may retrieve one or more images depicting the environment and/or the objects from data store  112 . The set of target outputs may include data associated with the one or more images of the set of training inputs. For example, the set of target outputs may include condition data associated with one or more conditions of the environment depicted in a respective image (e.g., one or more environmental conditions, one or more operating conditions associated with a camera that generated the respective image, one or more settings associated with the camera that generated the respective image, etc.) or object data associated with one or more objects depicted in the respective image (e.g., a class of the one or more depicted objects, a region of the respective image that depicts the one or more objects, etc.). In some embodiments, training data generator  131  may retrieve the data associated with the one or more images of the set of training inputs from data store  112 . Training data generator  131  may generate a mapping between the set of training inputs and the set of target outputs and provide the generated mapping as training data to training engine  141 . 
     Server machine  140  may include a training engine  141 . Training engine  141  may train a machine learning model  160 A-N using the training data from training set generator  131 . The machine learning model  160 A-N may refer to the model artifact that is created by the training engine  141  using the training data that includes training inputs and corresponding target outputs (correct answers for respective training inputs). The training engine  141  may find patterns in the training data that map the training input to the target output (the answer to be predicted), and provide the machine learning model  160 A-N that captures these patterns. The machine learning model  160 A-N may be composed of, e.g., a single level of linear or non-linear operations (e.g., a support vector machine (SVM or may be a deep network, i.e., a machine learning model that is composed of multiple levels of non-linear operations). An example of a deep network is a neural network with one or more hidden layers, and such a machine learning model can be trained by, for example, adjusting weights of a neural network in accordance with a backpropagation learning algorithm or the like. For convenience, the remainder of this disclosure will refer to the implementation as a neural network, even though some implementations might employ an SVM or other type of learning machine instead of, or in addition to, a neural network. In some embodiments, the training data may be generated by training data generator  131  hosted by server machine  130 , as described above. 
     In other or similar embodiments, data store  112  may store training data that is to be used to retrain an object detection model. For example, runtime training engine  152  may generate training data, in accordance with embodiments provided herein. Computing device  102  may transmit the generated training data for storage at data store  112  (e.g., via network  110 ). In such embodiments, training engine  141  may obtain the training data from data store  112  and use the obtained training data to re-train the machine learning model  160 A-N. Further details regarding runtime training engine  152  and retraining the machine learning model  160 A-N are provided below. 
     Server  150  may include an object detection engine  151  that provides one or more images  106  as input to a trained machine learning model  160 A-N to obtain one or more outputs. In some embodiments, the one or more images  106  may be obtained by computing device  102 , as described above, and in some embodiments, stored at data store  112 . Object detection engine  151  may determine object data  108  associated with one or more objects detected in the given one or more input images  106  based on the one or more obtained outputs of trained machine learning model  160 A-N. Object data  108  may include an indication of a class associated with an object detected in the one or more given input images  106 , a region of the one or more given input images  106  that depict the detected object, and/or additional data (e.g., mask data) associated with the detected object. In some embodiments, responsive to object detection engine  151  determining the object data  108  associated with the given input image  106 , computing device  102  may transmit an indication of the determined object data  108  to an edge device and/or an endpoint device coupled to the edge device. 
     As described above, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, an endpoint device, an edge device, and/or a computing platform (e.g., a cloud computing platform, etc.). In an illustrative example, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, a cloud computing platform. Computing device  102  may obtain a trained object detection model (e.g., trained in accordance with embodiments described herein) and may transmit (e.g., via network  110 ) the trained model to an edge device, such as a device for a vehicle computing system or a smart surveillance system. An object detection engine  151  residing at or coupled to the edge device can be configured to apply the trained model to one or more images that are obtained by the edge device, in accordance with embodiments described herein, to detect objects depicted in the one or more images. In some embodiments, a runtime training engine  152  residing at or coupled to the edge device can generate training data to retrain the trained model, in accordance with embodiments described herein. 
     In some implementations, computing device  102 , data store  112 , and/or server machines 130-150, may be one or more computing devices computing devices (such as a rackmount server, a router computer, a server computer, a personal computer, a mainframe computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, etc.), data stores (e.g., hard disks, memories, databases), networks, software components, and/or hardware components that may be used to enable object detection based on an image (e.g., image  106 ). It should be noted that in some other implementations, the functions of computing device  102 , server machines  130 ,  140 , and/or  150  may be provided by a fewer number of machines. For example, in some implementations server machines  130  and  140  may be integrated into a single machine, while in other implementations server machines  130 ,  140 , and  150  may be integrated into multiple machines. In addition, in some implementations one or more of server machines  130 ,  140 , and  150  may be integrated into computing device  102 . In general, functions described in implementations as being performed by computing device  102  and/or or server machines  130 ,  140 ,  150  may also be performed on one or more edge devices (not shown) and/or client devices (not shown), if appropriate. In addition, the functionality attributed to a particular component may be performed by different or multiple components operating together. Computing device  102  and/or server machines  130 ,  140 ,  150  may also be accessed as a service provided to other systems or devices through appropriate application programming interfaces. 
       FIG.  2    is a block diagram of an example object detection engine  210 , according to at least one embodiment. In some embodiments, object detection engine  310  may correspond to object detection engine  151 , described with respect to  FIG.  1   . As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , object detection engine  210  may include an input image module  212 , an inference module  214 , an output module  216  and/or a transmission module  218 . In some embodiments, object detection engine  210  may be coupled to a memory  220 . In some embodiments, object detection engine  210  may reside at computing device  102 . In such embodiments, memory  220  may correspond to memory  104  described with respect to  FIG.  1   . In other or similar embodiments, object detection engine  210  may reside at server  150 . In such embodiments, memory  220  may correspond to memory at a data store (e.g., data store  112 ), memory  104 , or memory of another memory device associated with system  100 . 
     Input image module  212  may be configured to obtain an image (e.g., image  106 ) and provide the obtained image as input to a trained object detection and/or classification model  222  (referred to as object detection model  222  herein) stored at memory  220 . In some embodiments, trained object detection model  222  may correspond to a machine learning model that is trained by training engine  141  using training data generated by training data generator  131 , as described with respect to  FIG.  1   . In other or similar embodiments, trained object detection model  222  may correspond to another trained object detection and/or classification model that is not trained by training engine  141  using training data generated by training data generator  131 . 
     As described with respect to  FIG.  1   , computing device  102  may be a computing device of a cloud computing platform, in some embodiments. In such embodiments, computing device  102  may be coupled to one or more edge devices (e.g., edge device  230 ), which are each coupled to one or more endpoint devices (e.g., endpoint devices  232 A-N (collectively and individually referred to as endpoint device  232  herein)), as illustrated in  FIG.  2   . In some embodiments, an audiovisual component of an endpoint device  232  may generate image  106 , as described above, and transmit image  106  to edge device  230  (e.g., via a network). Edge device  230  may transmit the received image  106  to computing device  102  (e.g., via network  110 ). In such embodiments, computing device  102  may transmit image  106  to input image module  212  (e.g., via network  110  or a BUS of computing device  102 ). In other or similar embodiments, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, edge device  230 , as also described above. In such embodiments, edge device  230  may receive image  106  from an endpoint device  232  (e.g., directly or via a network) and may transmit image  106  to input image module  212  (e.g., via network  110  or a BUS of computing device  102 ). In yet other or similar embodiments, computing device  102  may be, or may be a component of, one or more endpoint devices  232 A-N, as previously described. In such embodiments, the one or more endpoint devices  232 A-N may generate image  106  and transmit image  106  to input image module  212  (e.g., via a network, network  110  or a BUS of computing device  102 ). 
     In response to input image module  212  receiving image  106 , inference module  214  may provide image  106  as input to trained object detection model  222 , in some embodiments. In other or similar embodiments, input image module  212  may apply one or more image transformations (e.g., to reduce an amount of noise included in image  106 ), as described above, to generate a modified image. In such embodiments, inference module  214  may provide the modified image as input to trained object detection model  222 . Inference module  214  may obtain one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  responsive to providing image  106  (or the modified image) as input to trained object detection model  222 . Output module  216  may determine image condition data  224  and/or object data  108  based on the one or more outputs obtained by inference module  214 . In some embodiments, image condition data  224  may indicate one or more conditions associated with an environment depicted in input image  106 . For example, image condition data  224  may indicate an environmental condition associated with the environment depicted in input image  106 , operating condition data associated with a camera that generated image  106 , and/or one or more settings associated with the camera that generated image  106 . 
     In some embodiments, the object data  108  determined based on the one or more obtained outputs may correspond to one or more objects detected in the given input image  106  (or the modified input image). For example, object data  108  may include region of interest (ROI) data associated with input image  106  (or the modified input image). ROI data may indicate a region of image  106  that depicts a respective object. In some embodiments, ROI data may correspond to a bounding box or another bounding shape (e.g., a spheroid, an ellipsoid, a cylindrical shape, etc.) that indicates a region of image  106  that depicts the respective object. In some embodiments, object data  108  may additionally or alternatively include an indication of a class of the detected object. Object data  108  may also include additional data (e.g., mask data) associated with the detected object, in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  may include an indication of multiple sets of conditions associated with the environment depicted in image  106  and an indication of a level of confidence that each set of conditions corresponds to the depicted environment. Output module  126  may determine that a particular set of conditions corresponds to the environment depicted in image  106  by determining that a level of confidence associated with the particular set of conditions satisfies a level of confidence criterion (e.g., the level of confidence exceeds a threshold value, etc.). Responsive to determining that the particular set of conditions satisfies the level of confidence criterion, output module  216  may include the indication of the set of conditions with object data  108  in memory  220 . In additional or alternative embodiments, the one or more outputs of trained object detection module  222  may include an indication of multiple regions of image  106  and an indication of a level of confidence that each region includes a detected object. Responsive to determining that the particular region of image  106  satisfies a level of confidence criterion, output module  216  may include the indication of the particular region of image  106  with object data  108  in memory  220 . In yet additional or alternative embodiments, the one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  may include multiple sets of mask data and an indication of a level of confidence that each set of mask data is associated with the detected object. Responsive to determining that a particular set of mask data satisfies a level of confidence criterion, output module  216  may include the indication of the particular mask data with object data  108  in memory  222 . In still additional or alternative embodiments, the one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  may include multiple classes and/or characteristics and an indication of a level of confidence that each class and/or characteristic corresponds to a detected object. Responsive to determining that a particular class and/or characteristic satisfies a level of confidence criterion, output module  216  may include the indication of the particular class and/or characteristic with object data  108  in memory  220 . 
     In some embodiments, output module  216  may include an indication of one or more classes that were included in the one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  with object data  108  in memory  220 . For example, one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  may indicate multiple object classes and a level of confidence that each object class corresponds to an object detected in image  106 . In some embodiments, output module  216  may store an indication of each of the multiple object classes and level of confidence for each object class with object data  108  in memory  220 . In other or similar embodiments, output module  216  may determine that a level of confidence associated with a particular object class satisfies a level of confidence criterion and include an indication of the particular object class with object data  108  in memory  220 , as described above. In some embodiments, output module  216  may additionally include an indication of the level of confidence associated with the particular object class with object data  108  in memory  220 . 
     In some embodiments, transmission module  218  of object detection engine  210  may transmit image condition data  224  and/or object data  108  object data to computing device  102  (e.g., via a network, network  110 , or a BUS of computing device  102 ). In some embodiments, output module  216  may determine a class associated with an object and a region of image  106  that depicts the object (i.e., based on object data  108 ) and provide the determined class and an indication of the determined region to transmission module  218  for transmission to computing device  102 . In some embodiments, transmission module  218  may transmit image  106 , object data  108  and/or image condition data  224  to runtime training engine  152  of  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  3   . Runtime training engine  152  may generate training data to be used to re-train trained obj ect detection model  222  during a runtime of an application on computing device  102 , edge device  230 , and/or endpoint device  232 , in accordance with embodiments described herein. 
       FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an example runtime training engine  152 , according to at least one embodiment. In some embodiments, runtime training engine may include an image module  312 , an object data module  314 , a confidence criterion module  316 , a baseline image module  318 , an image characteristic module  320 , an image augmentation module  322 , a scheduler module  324 , and/or a training module  326 . As described above, transmission module  218  of object detection engine  151  may transmit image  106 , object data  108 , and/or image condition data  224  to runtime training engine  152 , in some embodiments. In some embodiments, transmission module  218  may transmit image  106 , object data  108 , and/or image condition data  224  to runtime training engine  152  via a network (e.g., via network  110 ) or a bus of a computing device (e.g., computing device  102 ). 
     In some embodiments, image module  312  of runtime training engine  152  may receive image  106  from transmission module  218  of object detection engine  151 . In other or similar embodiments, image module  312  may obtain image  106  from a memory (e.g., data store  112 ) residing at one or more components of system  100 . As described above, image  106  may depict an environment based on a set of conditions (e.g., conditions included in image condition data  224 ). In some embodiments, the set of conditions may include an environmental condition associated with the environment depicted in image  106 , an operating condition associated with a camera that generated image  106  and/or one or more settings associated with the camera that generated image  106 , as described above. 
     In some embodiments, object data module  314  of runtime engine  152  may receive object data  108  from transmission module  218  of object detection engine  151 . In other or similar embodiments, object data module  314  may obtain object data  108  from a memory (e.g., data store  112 ) residing at one or more components of system  100 . In some embodiments, object data module  314  may obtain object data  108  from the same memory (e.g., data store  112 ) that stores image  106  (e.g., retrieved by image module  312 . As described above, object data  108  may include data associated with one or more objects depicted in image  106 . For example, object data  108  may include an indication of a region of image  106  that depicts an object, a class or other characteristic data associated with the depicted object, and/or additional data (e.g., mask data) associated with the depicted object. In some embodiments, image  106  may be an image captured by an audiovisual component of an endpoint device (e.g., computing device  102 , endpoint device  232 , etc.). One or more modules of object detection engine  151  (e.g., inference module  214 ) may provide image  106  as input to a machine learning model (e.g., trained object detection model  222 ) and determine object data  108  based on one or more outputs of the machine learning model, in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
     As described above, object data  108  may include an indication of one or more object classes (e.g., determined based on one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222 ). In some embodiments, object data  108  may also include an indication of a level of confidence that an object depicted in image  106  corresponds to a particular object class. For example, as described above, one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222  may indicate multiple object classes and a level of confidence that each object class corresponds to an object detected in image  106 . Output module  216  may store an indication of each of the multiple object classes and the level of confidence for each object class with object data  108 , in some embodiments. In other or similar embodiments, output module  216  may determine that a level of confidence associated with a particular object class satisfies a level of confidence criterion and include an indication of the particular object class and the level of confidence associated with the particular object class with object data  108 . 
     As described above, object detection engine  210  may obtain an input image  106 , provide input image  106  as input to trained object detection model  222 , and determine object data  108  based on one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222 . It should be noted, however, that other modules or engines residing at system  100  may provide an image  106  as input to trained object detection model  222  and determine object data  108 . For example, in some embodiments, one or more modules of runtime detection engine  152  may obtain image  106  (e.g., from computing device  102 , edge device  230 , endpoint device  232 , etc.), provide image  106  as input to a trained object detection model  222 , and/or determine object data  108  based on one or more outputs of trained object detection model  222 . Runtime training engine  152  may also retrain trained object detection model  222  based on image  106 , determined object data  108 , and/or image condition data  224 , in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, confidence criterion module  316  may determine whether a level of confidence associated with one or more object classes of object data  108  satisfies a baseline image criterion. For example, if object data  108  includes an indication of multiple object classes and a level of confidence that each class corresponds to a detected object, confidence criterion module  316  may identify a particular object class that has a level of confidence that satisfies the level of confidence criterion (e.g., the highest level of confidence for any of the multiple classes). Confidence criterion module  316  may then determine whether the level of confidence associated with the particular object class satisfies a baseline image criterion. The baseline image criterion may include a threshold level of confidence that an image may satisfy in order to be selected as a baseline image for retraining trained machine learning model  222 . In some embodiments, the threshold level of confidence of the baseline image criterion may be higher than a threshold level of confidence of the level of confidence criterion. For example, the level of confidence criterion may provide a level of confidence threshold of 85% (e.g., an object class associated with a level of confidence of 85% may be determined to be a class of an object detected in image  106 ). However, the baseline image criterion may provide a level of confidence threshold of 98% (e.g., for a given input image  106 , if level of confidence for object class included in one or more outputs of trained machine learning model  222  exceeds a threshold level of confidence of 98%, image  106  may be selected as a baseline image to be used to re-train trained object detection model  222 ). As described above, in some embodiments, object data  108  may include an indication of an object class that is associated with a level of confidence that exceeds a level of confidence criterion (e.g., determined by output model  216  of object detection engine  210 ). In such embodiments, confidence criterion module  316  may determine whether the level of confidence of object data  108  exceeds the baseline image criterion, in accordance with previously described embodiments. Responsive to confidence criterion module  316  determining that the level of confidence satisfies the baseline image criterion, baseline image module  318  may select the image  106  to be a baseline image  352  to be used to retrain trained machine learning model  222 . 
     Responsive to selecting image  106  as a baseline image  352 , baseline image module  318  may generate a mapping between baseline image  352  and one or more conditions associated with the baseline image (e.g., as indicated in image condition data  224 ). In some embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may determine one or more characteristics (e.g., image noise characteristics) associated with baseline image  352 . Image noise (also referred to as “noise” herein) refers to a random variation of brightness or color information in an image. The amount of noise included in an image may depend on one or more conditions associated with the image. For example, the amount of noise included in an image may depend on an environmental condition associated with an environment depicted in the image, an operating condition associated with a camera that generated the image, or a setting associated with the camera that generated the image. Image characteristic module  320  may implement one or more techniques for determining the amount of noise included in baseline image  352 . For example, image characteristic module  320  may measure the amount of noise present in continuous regions of the image (e.g., by calculating the standard deviation of the grey-level histogram of continuous regions of the image, by using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) techniques, by using one or more machine learning models configured to extract noise characteristics from an image, etc.) to determine the amount of noise in baseline image  352 . Baseline image module  318  may store the determined amount of noise in baseline image  352  as image characteristic data  354 . In other or similar embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may not determine any noise characteristics associated with baseline image  352 . 
     Runtime training engine  310  may use baseline image  352  to generate training data  358  to be used to retrain trained object detection model  222 , in some embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, image module  312  may obtain an additional image  106  (e.g., from object detection engine  210 , from a memory residing at system  100 , etc.). Confidence criterion module  316  may determine that a level of confidence associated with one or more objects depicted in the additional image  106  do not satisfy the baseline image criterion, in accordance with previously described embodiments. Responsive to confidence criterion module  316  determining that the level of confidence does not satisfy the baseline image criterion, baseline image module  318  may determine that the additional image  106  is not selected to be a baseline image to be used to retrain trained object detection model  222 . As indicated above, if confidence criterion module  316  determines that the level of confidence associated with the one or more objects depicted in the image  106  does satisfy the baseline image criterion, baseline image module  318  may select that the image  106  to be a baseline image to be used, along with other images, to retrain trained object detection model  222 . 
     Image characteristic module  320  may determine one or more image characteristics (e.g., noise characteristics) associated with the additional image  106  in view of baseline image  352 . In some embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may determine a similarity metric associated with the baseline image  352  and the additional image  106 . The similarity metric may indicate a degree of similarity between the set of conditions associated with baseline image  106  (e.g., a first environmental condition, a first camera operating condition, a first camera setting, a field of view of the camera, etc.) and the set of conditions associated with additional image  106  (e.g., a second environmental condition, a second camera operating condition, a second camera setting, etc.). In an illustrative example, baseline image  352  and additional image  106  may depict the same or a similar environment and may have been generated by the same camera, however, baseline image  352  and baseline image  352  may have been generated at different instances of time and/or under different weather conditions. Accordingly, the environment depicted in baseline image  352  may be associated with a first lighting condition and/or a first weather condition and the environment depicted in additional image  106  may be associated with a second lighting condition and/or a second weather condition. Image characteristic module  320  may determine the similarity metric associated with baseline image  352  and the additional image  106  by determining a difference between the first lighting condition and the second lighting condition and/or the first weather condition and the second weather condition, in some embodiments. For example, image characteristic module  320  may compare a first amount of light exposure measured for baseline image  352  and a second amount of light exposure measured for additional image  106  to determine the similarity metric. In another example, image characteristic module  320  may obtain a first metric associated with environmental data generated by one or more sensors (e.g., included at or coupled to the computing device) at or around the time that baseline image  352  was generated. The first metric may indicate a weather condition (e.g., an amount of sun exposure, an amount of rain fall, a temperature, an amount of snow fall, etc.) at the environment when baseline image  352  was captured. Image characteristic module  320  may also obtain a second metric associated with environmental data generated by the one or more sensors at or around the time when the additional image  106  was generated. The second metric may indicate the weather condition at the environment when additional image  106  was captured. Image characteristic module  320  may calculate the similarity metric based on the difference between the first metric and the second metric, where the similarity metric corresponds to an amount or a degree of similarity between the weather conditions when baseline image  352  was generated and when additional image  106  was generated. 
     In some embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may obtain one or more image characteristics associated with the set of conditions of the environment depicted in baseline image  352  and one or more image characteristics associated with the set of conditions of the environment depicted in additional image  106 . In some embodiments, the one or more image characteristics may correspond to an amount of image noise associated with a respective image. As described above, in some embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may determine the amount of image noise associated with baseline image  352  and include the determined noise characteristics with image characteristic data  354  at memory  350 . In additional or alternative embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may determine an amount of image noise associated with additional image  106 . For example, image characteristic module  320  may determine the amount of image noise associated with image  106  using the same techniques used to determine the amount of noise included in baseline image  352 . In such embodiments, image characteristic module  320  may determine a difference between the amount of noise determined for baseline image  352  and the amount of noise determined for the additional image  106 . The determined difference may correspond to noise characteristic data for the additional image  106 . 
     Image characteristic module  320  may use other techniques to determine noise characteristics associated with the additional image  106 , in some embodiments. For example, image characteristic module  320  may determine a structural similarity index between baseline image  352  and the additional image  106  and may associate the determined structural similarity index with noise characteristic data for additional image  106 . In another example, image characteristic module  320  may determine a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) based on baseline image  352  and additional image  106  and may associate the determined PSNR with noise characteristic data for additional image  106 . Image characteristic module  320  may include the noise characteristic data for additional image  106  with image characteristic data  354  at memory  350 , in some embodiments. 
     Image augmentation module  322  may generate a training image to be included in training data  358  based on baseline image  352  and one or more image characteristics associated with additional image  106  (e.g., included with image characteristic data  354 ). As described above, the image characteristics may be associated with one or more noise characteristics. Image augmentation module  322  may generate the training image (i.e., augmented image  356 ) by augmenting baseline image  352  based on the one or more noise characteristics associated with additional image  106 . Image augmentation module  322  may apply one or more transformations associated with the one or more noise characteristics of image  106  to baseline image  352  to generate the training image. In an illustrative example, the noise characteristics associated with additional image  106  may be dependent on a difference between a first lighting condition and/or a first weather condition associated with baseline image  352  and a second lighting condition and/or a second weather condition associated with additional image  106 . Image augmentation module  322  may generate the training image by applying one or more transformations associated with the image noise caused by the second lighting condition and/or the second weather condition in the additional image  106  to baseline image  352 . Accordingly, the training image may include a depiction of the environment of the baseline image  352  under the conditions associated with the environment depicted in additional image  106 . The training image may also include a depiction of the objects depicted in baseline image  352  (i.e., also under the conditions associated with the environment depicted in additional image  106 ). 
     Training module  324  may generate training data  358  based on the training image generated by image augmentation module  322 , in accordance with embodiments described herein. As described above, the generated training image may depict the environment and the object depicted in baseline image  352  under the conditions associated with the environment depicted in additional image  106 . Training module  324  may identify object data  108  associated with the object depicted in the generated training image. In some embodiments, the identified object data  108  may include an indication of a region of the training image (e.g., a bounding box) that includes the depicted object. The region of the training image that includes the depicted object may correspond to the region of the baseline image that includes the depicted object. The identified object data  108  may include an indication of a class of the depicted object, in some embodiments. The class of the depicted object may correspond to the determined class associated with the object depicted in baseline image  352 , as described above. 
     Training module  324  may generate training data  358  based on the training image and the identified object data  108 , in some embodiments. Training data  358  may include a set of training inputs and a set of target outputs. The set of training inputs may include the training image generated by image augmentation module  322 . The set of target outputs may include the indication of the region of the generated training image that includes the depicted object and, in some embodiments, an indication of the class of the depicted object. In some embodiments, the set of target outputs may include additional data associated with the depicted object (e.g., mask data, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, training module  324  may provide training data  358  to be used to retrain trained machine learning model  222 . For example, training module  324  may transmit training data  358  to training data generator  131  and/or training engine  141  residing on server machines  130  and/or  140 , described with respect to  FIG.  1   . Training data generator  131  and/or training engine  141  may use training data  358  to retrain trained machine learning model  222 . Responsive to retraining machine learning model  222  using training data  358 , training data generator  131  and/or training engine  141  may provide retrained machine learning model  222  to object detection engine  210  to be used to perform object detection and/or classification in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, retraining engine  310  may reside on or be in communication with a computing device (e.g., computing device  102 ) that is running an application. For instance, retraining engine  310  may reside on or be in communication with a computing device for an autonomous vehicle or a smart surveillance camera. The computing device may execute an application which detects an activity (e.g., based on data received from one or more sensors of or coupled to the autonomous vehicle or the smart surveillance camera), receives an image generated in response to the detected motion (e.g., by an audiovisual component of or coupled to the autonomous vehicle or the smart surveillance camera), and performs object detection and/or classification based on the generated image (e.g., using trained object detection model  222 ). In some embodiments, scheduler module  326  may schedule a process to use training data  358  to retrain trained machine learning model  222  in a process pipeline associated with such computing device, in accordance with embodiments described with respect to  FIGS.  4 A- 4 B . 
       FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  illustrate scheduling a model retraining event in a process pipeline  400 , according to at least one embodiment. In some embodiments, process pipeline  400  may be a process pipeline associated with a computing device (e.g., computing device  102 ) that is running an application. In accordance with at least one previously provided example, the application may be an object detection application or a surveillance application, in some embodiments. For example, the application may be an object detection and/or classification application that is configured to perform object detection and/or classification based on one or more images generated by a camera at or coupled to an autonomous vehicle. In another example, the application may be a surveillance application that is configured to perform object detection and/or classification based on one or more images generated by a camera at or coupled to a smart surveillance camera. In some embodiments, one or more sensors (e.g., motion detection sensors) may also be included at or coupled to computing device  102 . In response to the one or more sensors detecting a motion or activity within an environment, the camera at or coupled to computing device  102  may generate an image (e.g., image  106 ) depicting the environment and, in some embodiments, one or more objects within the environment. The application running on computing device  102  may provide image  106  to be used as input to a trained (or retrained) object detection model  222 , as described above. Object detection engine  210  (e.g., residing at computing device  102  or a computing device coupled to computing device  102 ) may determine a class of the object and/or other data associated with the object based on one or more outputs of model  222 , in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
     As described with respect to  FIG.  3   , scheduler module  326  may schedule a process to use training data, such as training data  358  generated by training module  324 , to retrain model  222 . In some embodiments, scheduler module  326  may schedule the training process to be performed during a time period where one or more processes (e.g., of a particular process type) are not scheduled to be performed. For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , between or around times T(N-2) and T(N-1), one or more sensors (e.g., motion detection sensors) at or coupled to computing device  102  may detect a motion or an activity at an environment. Such detection is illustrated as event  402 . A camera at or coupled to computing device  102  may generate an image  106  depicting the environment and, in some embodiments, one or more objects in the environment. At or around time T(N-1), object detection engine  210  may schedule an inference process to be performed using image  106 . Such inference process is illustrated as event  404 . During the scheduled inference process, object detection engine  210  may provide image  106  as input to model  222  and may determine object data  108  associated with an object depicted in image  106 , as described above. Scheduler module  326  may determine that the inference process is to be completed by time T(0) and that no additional processes (e.g., of a particular process type, such as an inference process) are to be initiated at time T(0). Accordingly, scheduler module  326  may identify a time period including time T(0) to be an empty time slot of pipeline  400  and scheduler module  326  may schedule the retraining process to be initiated at time T(0). Such retraining process is illustrated as event  406 . During the retraining process, training module  324  may provide training data, such as training data  358 , as to retrain model  222 , in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
     As described above, in some embodiments, responsive to determining that no processes (e.g., of a particular process type) is to be initiated or performed at time T(0), scheduler module  326  may schedule the retraining process to be initiated at time T(0). In other or similar embodiments, scheduler module  326  may determine an amount of time to perform the retraining process and schedule the retraining process to be performed during a time period that corresponds to or is larger than the determined amount of time. For example, scheduler module  326  may determine that the retraining process is to take an amount of time corresponding to the time period between time T(0) and time T(N). Accordingly, scheduler module  326  may schedule the retraining process to be performed during a time period that corresponds to or is larger than the time period between time T(0) and time T(N). 
     In some embodiments, one or more sensors at or coupled to computing device  102  may detect an additional motion or activity within the environment at or during a time period that the retraining process is scheduled to be performed. For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 B , the retraining process may be scheduled to be initiated at an empty time slot between time T(0) and time T(N), as described above. The one or more sensors at or coupled to computing device  102  may detect the additional motion or activity within the environment at or around a time period T(1). Such detection is illustrated as event  422 . In such embodiments, scheduler module  326  may stop the retraining process, generate data indicating a state of the retraining process at or around time period T(1), and store the generated state data in a memory at or coupled to computing device  102  (e.g., memory  104 ). As illustrated in  FIG.  4 B , at time T(1), a portion of the retraining process, illustrated as event  406 A, is complete. Responsive to stopping the retraining process, scheduler module  326 , or another module or component of computing device  102  or the application running on computing device  102 , may schedule an inference process based on an image  106  generated by a camera at or coupled to computing device  102  at time T(2). Such an inference process is illustrated as event  424 . In response to detecting that no activity is detected in the environment, the inference process is stopped or paused and scheduler module  326  may load the state data associated with the retraining process (e.g., to a processor of computing device  102 ) and may schedule the remaining portion of the retraining process to be performed. For example, scheduler module  326  may detect that the inference process is complete, or is to be completed, at or by time T(N+1). Accordingly, scheduler module  326  may schedule the remaining portion of the retraining process to be performed at time T(N+1). Event  406 B of  FIG.  4 B  illustrates the scheduled remaining portion of the retraining process initiated at time T(N+1). 
     As described above, in some embodiments, runtime training engine  310  may generate training data  358  to retrain machine learning model  222 . In such embodiments, training data  358  may be used to train machine learning model  222  to detect objects depicted in images captured under various conditions. In additional or alternative embodiments, runtime training engine  310  may generate training data  358  that is configured to train a machine learning model to detect objects depicted images captured under a particular condition. For example, runtime training engine  310  may generate training data  358 , in accordance with previously described embodiments. Runtime training engine  310  may identify a subset of training data  358  that corresponds to a particular condition (e.g., a particular lighting condition, a particular weather condition, etc.) and extract the identified subset from training data  358 . In some embodiments, runtime training engine  310  may use the extracted subset of training data  358  to train a machine learning model to detect objects depicted in images generated under the particular condition (e.g., the particular lighting condition, the particular weather condition). In some embodiments, object detection engine  210  may detect that an environment surveilled by a camera is under the particular condition (e.g., based on data provided by one or more sensors at or coupled to computing device  102 ). The camera may generate an image depicting the environment under the particular condition and may provide the generated image to object detection engine  210 , as previously described. In some embodiments, object detection engine  310  may identify the model that is trained to detect objects in images generated under the particular condition and provide the generated image as input to the model, in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
       FIGS.  5  and  6    are flow diagrams of example methods  500  and  600 , respectively, which are related to training an object detection model, according to at least some embodiments. In at least one embodiment, methods  500  and  600  may be performed by computing device  102 , server machine  130 , server machine  140 , server machine  150 , one or more edge devices, one or more endpoint devices, or some other computing device, or a combination of multiple computing devices. Methods  500  and  600  may be performed by one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs and/or GPUs), which may include (or communicate with) one or more memory devices. In at least one embodiment, methods  500  and  600  may be performed by multiple processing threads (e.g., CPU threads and/or GPU threads), each thread executing one or more individual functions, routines, subroutines, or operations of the method. In at least one embodiment, processing threads implementing methods  500  and  600  may be synchronized (e.g., using semaphores, critical sections, and/or other thread synchronization mechanisms). Alternatively, processing threads implementing methods  500  and  600  may be executed asynchronously with respect to each other. Various operations of methods  500  and  600  may be performed in a different order compared with the order shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6   . Some operations of the methods may be performed concurrently with other operations. In at least one embodiment, one or more operations shown in  FIGS.  5  and  6    may not always be performed. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates a flow diagram of an example method  500  of augmenting a baseline image to be used to re-train an object detection model, according to at least one embodiment. In some embodiments, one or more operations of method  500  may be performed by one or more components or modules of runtime training engine  152 , described herein. Processing units performing method  500  may identify, at block  510 , a first image (or set of images) including a depiction of an environment based on a first set of conditions. As described above, in some embodiments, the first image may be generated based on a camera at or coupled to a computing device, such as computing device  102 . The first set of conditions may include a first environmental condition associated with the environment depicted in the first image, a first operating condition associated with a camera that generated the first image, and/or a first setting associated with the camera that generated the first image. In some embodiments, the first image may also depict one or more objects in the environment. 
     At block  512 , processing units performing method  500  may obtain object data associated with an object detected in the first image based on one or more outputs of the machine learning model. In some embodiments, processing units may provide the first image as input to a trained object detection model and obtain the one or more outputs of the model. The object data may include an indication of a region of the first image that includes the object, an indication of an object class, and a level of confidence that the object corresponds to the object class. 
     At block  514 , processing units performing method  500  may determine whether a level of confidence satisfies a level of confidence criterion. In some embodiments, processing units may determine whether the level of confidence satisfies the level of confidence criterion by determining whether the level of confidence satisfies (e.g., exceeds or reaches) a level of confidence threshold. Responsive to processing units performing method  500  determining that the level of confidence criterion is satisfied, method  500  may proceed to block  516 . Responsive to processing units performing method  500  determining that the level of confidence criterion is not satisfied, processing units may perform one or more operations of method  600 , described with respect to  FIG.  6   . 
     Responsive to processing units performing method  500  determining that the level of confidence satisfies a level of confidence criterion, processing units may select the first image as a baseline image to be used to generate training data to retrain the machine learning model. Processing units may identify the first set of conditions that correspond to the environment depicted in the first image (e.g., from a data store, such as data store  112 ). At block  516 , processing units performing method  500  may determine one or more noise characteristics associated with a second image (or set of images) including a depiction of the environment based on a second set of conditions. The second set of conditions may include a second environmental condition associated with the environment depicted in the second image, a second operating condition associated with a camera that generated the second image, and/or a second setting associated with the camera that generated the second image. The one or more noise characteristics may be determined in view of a difference between the first set of conditions and the second set of conditions. 
     In some embodiments, processing units performing method  500  may determine the one or more noise characteristics by obtaining a first image characteristic associated with the first image and a second image characteristic associated with the second image. The first image characteristic may correspond to a first amount of noise of the first image in view of the first set of conditions of the environment depicted in the first image. The second set of conditions may correspond to a second amount of noise of the second image in view of the second set of conditions of the environment depicted in the first image. Processing units may calculate a difference between the first image characteristic and the second image characteristic. The one or more noise characteristics associated with the second image may correspond to the calculated difference. In additional or alternative embodiments, processing units may determine the one or more noise characteristics associated with the second image by determining a structural similarity index based on the first image and the second image and/or a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) based on the first image and the second image. 
     At block  518 , processing units performing method  500  may augment the first image based on the one or more determined noise characteristics to generate a third image. The third image may reflect the depiction of the environment based on the second set of conditions and a depiction of the object depicted in the first image. In some embodiments, processing units may augment the first image based on the one or more determined noise characteristics by applying one or more transformations associated with the one or more determined noise characteristics to the first image to generate the third image. 
     At block  520 , processing units performing method  500  may provide training data associated with the third image to re-train the machine learning model. In some embodiments, the training data may include the third image, an indication of a region of the third image that includes the object (e.g., a bounding box), and the indication of the object class. In some embodiments, the training data may further include an indication of the first set of conditions, the second set of conditions, and/or a difference between a first condition of the first set of conditions and a corresponding second condition of the second set of conditions. For example, the training data may include an indication that the first image was captured when the sun exposure at the first environment was at a first level, the second image was captured when the sun exposure was at a second level, and/or an indication of the difference between the sun exposure between a time when the first image was captured and the second image was captured. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a flow diagram of another example method  600  of augmenting a baseline image to be used to re-train an object detection model, according to at least one embodiment. In some embodiments, one or more operations of method  600  may be performed by one or more components or modules of runtime training engine  152 , described herein. As described above with respect to  FIG.  5   , at block  514 , processing units performing method  500  may determine whether a level of confidence that an object depicted in the first image (e.g., as indicated in one or more outputs of the model) satisfies a level of confidence criterion. Responsive to processing units performing method  500  determining that the level of confidence criterion is not satisfied, processing units performing method  500  and/or method  600  may not select the first image to be used as a baseline image. Instead, processing units performing method  500  and/or method  600  may obtain a baseline image (e.g., from data store  112 ). The baseline image may depict an environment according to a set of conditions. 
     Processing units performing method  600  may determine, at block  610 , one or more noise characteristics associated with the first image in view of one or more conditions of an environment depicted in the baseline image. Processing units may determine the one or more noise characteristics in accordance with previously described embodiments. At block  612 , processing units performing method  600  may augment the baseline image based on the one or more determined noise characteristics to generate a third image. Processing units may generate the third image by applying one or more transformations associated with the one or more noise characteristics of the first image to the baseline image, as described previously. At block  614 , processing units performing method  600  may provide training data associated with the third image to re-train the machine learning model. In some embodiments, the training data may include the third image, an indication of a region of the third image that includes an object of the baseline image, and/or a class of the included object. In additional or alternative embodiments, the training data may also include an indication of the first set of conditions, an indication of the second set of conditions, and/or a difference between a first condition of the first set of conditions and a corresponding second condition of the second set of conditions. 
     It should be noted that, in some embodiments, processing units of the present disclosure may generate new training data to train an object detection and/or classification model even if an image is not selected as a baseline image. For example, if processing units performing methods  500  and/or  600  determine that a level of confidence that an object depicted in the first image does not satisfy the level of confidence criterion, the first image may not be selected as a baseline image. In such embodiments, a user of system  100  (e.g., an operator, a developer, etc.) may provide object data associated with the first image, which may include an indication of a class associated with an object. Processing units may determine one or more noise characteristics associated with the first image and one or more additional images, in accordance with previously described embodiments, and apply one or more transformations associated with the one or more noise characteristics, as described above. Processing units may provide training data associated with the augmented first image and the object data provided by the user of system  100  to train the model, in accordance with previously described embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, processing units performing method  500  and/or  600  may be configured to execute instructions of a first process associated with detecting objects depicted in images generated for the environment. Processing units may also be configured to execute instructions of a second process associated with retraining the machine learning model. In such embodiments, processing units may identify an empty time slot of a processing schedule associated with the processing device, as described above. Processing units may also schedule execution of the one or more instructions of the second process during the identified empty time slot. The one or more instructions of the second process correspond to retraining the machine learning model based on the training data associated with the third image. 
     In some embodiments, while the processing units are executing the instructions of the second process, processing units may receive an alert indicating a detection of motion within the environment. The alert may include a fourth image depicting the environment. Processing units may generate processing state data associated with the execution of the one or more instructions of the second process. Processing units may execute one or more instructions associated with the first process to detect one or more additional objects depicted in the fourth image, in accordance with embodiments described above. 
     INFERENCE AND TRAINING LOGIC 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates inference and/or training logic  715  used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIG.  7 A and/or  7 B  . 
     In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, code and/or data storage  701  to store forward and/or output weight and/or input/output data, and/or other parameters to configure neurons or layers of a neural network trained and/or used for inferencing in aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, training logic  715  may include, or be coupled to code and/or data storage  701  to store graph code or other software to control timing and/or order, in which weight and/or other parameter information is to be loaded to configure, logic, including integer and/or floating point units (collectively, arithmetic logic units (ALUs). In at least one embodiment, code, such as graph code, loads weight or other parameter information into processor ALUs based on an architecture of a neural network to which the code corresponds. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  stores weight parameters and/or input/output data of each layer of a neural network trained or used in conjunction with one or more embodiments during forward propagation of input/output data and/or weight parameters during training and/or inferencing using aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  701  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor’s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. 
     In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  701  may be internal or external to one or more processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits. In at least one embodiment, code and/or code and/or data storage  701  may be cache memory, dynamic randomly addressable memory (“DRAM”), static randomly addressable memory (“SRAM”), non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash memory), or other storage. In at least one embodiment, choice of whether code and/or code and/or data storage  701  is internal or external to a processor, for example, or comprised of DRAM, SRAM, Flash or some other storage type may depend on available storage on-chip versus off-chip, latency requirements of training and/or inferencing functions being performed, batch size of data used in inferencing and/or training of a neural network, or some combination of these factors. 
     In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, a code and/or data storage  705  to store backward and/or output weight and/or input/output data corresponding to neurons or layers of a neural network trained and/or used for inferencing in aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  705  stores weight parameters and/or input/output data of each layer of a neural network trained or used in conjunction with one or more embodiments during backward propagation of input/output data and/or weight parameters during training and/or inferencing using aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, training logic  715  may include, or be coupled to code and/or data storage  705  to store graph code or other software to control timing and/or order, in which weight and/or other parameter information is to be loaded to configure, logic, including integer and/or floating point units (collectively, arithmetic logic units (ALUs). In at least one embodiment, code, such as graph code, loads weight or other parameter information into processor ALUs based on an architecture of a neural network to which the code corresponds. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  705  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor’s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  705  may be internal or external to on one or more processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  705  may be cache memory, DRAM, SRAM, non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash memory), or other storage. In at least one embodiment, choice of whether code and/or data storage  705  is internal or external to a processor, for example, or comprised of DRAM, SRAM, Flash or some other storage type may depend on available storage on-chip versus off-chip, latency requirements of training and/or inferencing functions being performed, batch size of data used in inferencing and/or training of a neural network, or some combination of these factors. 
     In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be separate storage structures. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be same storage structure. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be partially same storage structure and partially separate storage structures. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage 701and code and/or data storage  705  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor’s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. 
     In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, one or more arithmetic logic unit(s) (“ALU(s)”)  710 , including integer and/or floating point units, to perform logical and/or mathematical operations based, at least in part on, or indicated by, training and/or inference code (e.g., graph code), a result of which may produce activations (e.g., output values from layers or neurons within a neural network) stored in an activation storage  720  that are functions of input/output and/or weight parameter data stored in code and/or data storage  701  and/or code and/or data storage  705 . In at least one embodiment, activations stored in activation storage  720  are generated according to linear algebraic and or matrix-based mathematics performed by ALU(s)  710  in response to performing instructions or other code, wherein weight values stored in code and/or data storage  705  and/or code and/or data storage  701  are used as operands along with other values, such as bias values, gradient information, momentum values, or other parameters or hyperparameters, any or all of which may be stored in code and/or data storage  705  or code and/or data storage  701  or another storage on or off-chip. 
     In at least one embodiment, ALU(s)  710  are included within one or more processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits, whereas in another embodiment, ALU(s)  710  may be external to a processor or other hardware logic device or circuit that uses them (e.g., a coprocessor). In at least one embodiment, ALUs  710  may be included within a processor’s execution units or otherwise within a bank of ALUs accessible by a processor’s execution units either within same processor or distributed between different processors of different types (e.g., central processing units, graphics processing units, fixed function units, etc.). In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701 , code and/or data storage  705 , and activation storage  720  may be on same processor or other hardware logic device or circuit, whereas in another embodiment, they may be in different processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits, or some combination of same and different processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits. In at least one embodiment, any portion of activation storage  720  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor’s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. Furthermore, inferencing and/or training code may be stored with other code accessible to a processor or other hardware logic or circuit and fetched and/or processed using a processor’s fetch, decode, scheduling, execution, retirement and/or other logical circuits. 
     In at least one embodiment, activation storage  720  may be cache memory, DRAM, SRAM, non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash memory), or other storage. In at least one embodiment, activation storage  720  may be completely or partially within or external to one or more processors or other logical circuits. In at least one embodiment, choice of whether activation storage  720  is internal or external to a processor, for example, or comprised of DRAM, SRAM, Flash or some other storage type may depend on available storage on-chip versus off-chip, latency requirements of training and/or inferencing functions being performed, batch size of data used in inferencing and/or training of a neural network, or some combination of these factors. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7 A  may be used in conjunction with an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), such as Tensorflow® Processing Unit from Google, an inference processing unit (IPU) from Graphcore™, or a Nervana® (e.g., “Lake Crest”) processor from Intel Corp. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715   illustrated in  FIG.  7 A  may be used in conjunction with central processing unit (“CPU”) hardware, graphics processing unit (“GPU”) hardware or other hardware, such as field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”). 
       FIG.  7 B  illustrates inference and/or training logic  715 , according to at least one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, hardware logic in which computational resources are dedicated or otherwise exclusively used in conjunction with weight values or other information corresponding to one or more layers of neurons within a neural network. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7 B  may be used in conjunction with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), such as Tensorflow® Processing Unit from Google, an inference processing unit (IPU) from Graphcore™, or a Nervana® (e.g., “Lake Crest”) processor from Intel Corp. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7 B  may be used in conjunction with central processing unit (CPU) hardware, graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware or other hardware, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  includes, without limitation, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705 , which may be used to store code (e.g., graph code), weight values and/or other information, including bias values, gradient information, momentum values, and/or other parameter or hyperparameter information. In at least one embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  7 B , each of code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  is associated with a dedicated computational resource, such as computational hardware  702  and computational hardware  706 , respectively. In at least one embodiment, each of computational hardware  702  and computational hardware  706  comprises one or more ALUs that perform mathematical functions, such as linear algebraic functions, only on information stored in code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705 , respectively, result of which is stored in activation storage  720 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of code and/or data storage  701  and  705  and corresponding computational hardware  702  and  706 , respectively, correspond to different layers of a neural network, such that resulting activation from one “storage/computational pair 701/702” of code and/or data storage  701  and computational hardware  702  is provided as an input to “storage/computational pair 705/706” of code and/or data storage  705  and computational hardware  706 , in order to mirror conceptual organization of a neural network. In at least one embodiment, each of storage/computational pairs 701/702 and 705/706 may correspond to more than one neural network layer. In at least one embodiment, additional storage/computation pairs (not shown) subsequent to or in parallel with storage computation pairs 701/702 and 705/706 may be included in inference and/or training logic  715 . 
     Data Center 
       FIG.  8    illustrates an example data center  800 , in which at least one embodiment may be used. In at least one embodiment, data center  800  includes a data center infrastructure layer  810 , a framework layer  820 , a software layer  830 , and an application layer  840 . 
     In at least one embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  8   , data center infrastructure layer  810  may include a resource orchestrator  812 , grouped computing resources  814 , and node computing resources (“node C.R.s”) 816(1)-816(N), where “N” represents any whole, positive integer. In at least one embodiment, node C.R.s 816(1)-816(N) may include, but are not limited to, any number of central processing units (“CPUs”) or other processors (including accelerators, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), graphics processors, etc.), memory devices (e.g., dynamic read-only memory), storage devices (e.g., solid state or disk drives), network input/output (“NW I/O”) devices, network switches, virtual machines (“VMs”), power modules, and cooling modules, etc. In at least one embodiment, one or more node C.R.s from among node C.R.s 816(1)-816(N) may be a server having one or more of above-mentioned computing resources. 
     In at least one embodiment, grouped computing resources  814  may include separate groupings of node C.R.s housed within one or more racks (not shown), or many racks housed in data centers at various geographical locations (also not shown). Separate groupings of node C.R.s within grouped computing resources  814  may include grouped compute, network, memory or storage resources that may be configured or allocated to support one or more workloads. In at least one embodiment, several node C.R.s including CPUs or processors may grouped within one or more racks to provide compute resources to support one or more workloads. In at least one embodiment, one or more racks may also include any number of power modules, cooling modules, and network switches, in any combination. 
     In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator  812  may configure or otherwise control one or more node C.R.s 816(1)-816(N) and/or grouped computing resources  814 . In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator  812  may include a software design infrastructure (“SDI”) management entity for data center  800 . In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator may include hardware, software or some combination thereof. 
     In at least one embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  8   , framework layer  820  includes a job scheduler  822 , a configuration manager  824 , a resource manager  826  and a distributed file system  828 . In at least one embodiment, framework layer  820  may include a framework to support software  832  of software layer  830  and/or one or more application(s)  842  of application layer  840 . In at least one embodiment, software  832  or application(s)  842  may respectively include web-based service software or applications, such as those provided by Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure. In at least one embodiment, framework layer  820  may be, but is not limited to, a type of free and open-source software web application framework such as Apache Spark™ (hereinafter “Spark”) that may utilize distributed file system  828  for large-scale data processing (e.g., “big data”). In at least one embodiment, job scheduler  822  may include a Spark driver to facilitate scheduling of workloads supported by various layers of data center  800 . In at least one embodiment, configuration manager  824  may be capable of configuring different layers such as software layer  830  and framework layer  820  including Spark and distributed file system  828  for supporting large-scale data processing. In at least one embodiment, resource manager  826  may be capable of managing clustered or grouped computing resources mapped to or allocated for support of distributed file system  828  and job scheduler  822 . In at least one embodiment, clustered or grouped computing resources may include grouped computing resource  814  at data center infrastructure layer  810 . In at least one embodiment, resource manager  826  may coordinate with resource orchestrator  812  to manage these mapped or allocated computing resources. 
     In at least one embodiment, software  832  included in software layer  830  may include software used by at least portions of node C.R.s 816(1)-816(N), grouped computing resources  814 , and/or distributed file system  828  of framework layer  820 . The one or more types of software may include, but are not limited to, Internet web page search software, e-mail virus scan software, database software, and streaming video content software. 
     In at least one embodiment, application(s)  842  included in application layer  840  may include one or more types of applications used by at least portions of node C.R.s 816(1)-816(N), grouped computing resources  814 , and/or distributed file system  828  of framework layer  820 . One or more types of applications may include, but are not limited to, any number of a genomics application, a cognitive compute, and a machine learning application, including training or inferencing software, machine learning framework software (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow, Caffe, etc.) or other machine learning applications used in conjunction with one or more embodiments. 
     In at least one embodiment, any of configuration manager  824 , resource manager  826 , and resource orchestrator  812  may implement any number and type of self-modifying actions based on any amount and type of data acquired in any technically feasible fashion. In at least one embodiment, self-modifying actions may relieve a data center operator of data center  800  from making possibly bad configuration decisions and possibly avoiding underutilized and/or poor performing portions of a data center. 
     In at least one embodiment, data center  800  may include tools, services, software or other resources to train one or more machine learning models or predict or infer information using one or more machine learning models according to one or more embodiments described herein. For example, in at least one embodiment, a machine learning model may be trained by calculating weight parameters according to a neural network architecture using software and computing resources described above with respect to data center  800 . In at least one embodiment, trained machine learning models corresponding to one or more neural networks may be used to infer or predict information using resources described above with respect to data center  800  by using weight parameters calculated through one or more training techniques described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, data center may use CPUs, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), GPUs, FPGAs, or other hardware to perform training and/or inferencing using above-described resources. Moreover, one or more software and/or hardware resources described above may be configured as a service to allow users to train or performing inferencing of information, such as image recognition, speech recognition, or other artificial intelligence services. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIG.  7 A and/or  7 B  . In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  8    for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
     Computer Systems 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system, which may be a system with interconnected devices and components, a system-on-a-chip (SOC) or some combination thereof  900  formed with a processor that may include execution units to execute an instruction, according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include, without limitation, a component, such as a processor  902  to employ execution units including logic to perform algorithms for process data, in accordance with present disclosure, such as in embodiment described herein. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include processors, such as PENTIUM® Processor family, Xeon™, Itanium®, XScale™ and/or StrongARM™, Intel® Core™, or Intel® Nervana™ microprocessors available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, California, although other systems (including PCs having other microprocessors, engineering workstations, set-top boxes and like) may also be used. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may execute a version of WINDOWS’ operating system available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., although other operating systems (UNIX and Linux for example), embedded software, and/or graphical user interfaces, may also be used. 
     Embodiments may be used in other devices such as handheld devices and embedded applications. Some examples of handheld devices include cellular phones, Internet Protocol devices, digital cameras, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and handheld PCs. In at least one embodiment, embedded applications may include a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (“DSP”), system on a chip, network computers (“NetPCs”), set-top boxes, network hubs, wide area network (“WAN”) switches, or any other system that may perform one or more instructions in accordance with at least one embodiment. 
     In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include, without limitation, processor  902  that may include, without limitation, one or more execution units  908  to perform machine learning model training and/or inferencing according to techniques described herein. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  is a single processor desktop or server system, but in another embodiment computer system  900  may be a multiprocessor system. In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may include, without limitation, a complex instruction set computer (“CISC”) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (“RISC”) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (“VLIW”) microprocessor, a processor implementing a combination of instruction sets, or any other processor device, such as a digital signal processor, for example. In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may be coupled to a processor bus  910  that may transmit data signals between processor  902  and other components in computer system  900 . 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may include, without limitation, a Level 1 (“L1”) internal cache memory (“cache”)  904 . In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In at least one embodiment, cache memory may reside external to processor  902 . Other embodiments may also include a combination of both internal and external caches depending on particular implementation and needs. In at least one embodiment, register file  906  may store different types of data in various registers including, without limitation, integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and instruction pointer register. 
     In at least one embodiment, execution unit  908 , including, without limitation, logic to perform integer and floating point operations, also resides in processor  902 . In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may also include a microcode (“ucode”) read only memory (“ROM”) that stores microcode for certain macro instructions. In at least one embodiment, execution unit  908  may include logic to handle a packed instruction set  909 . In at least one embodiment, by including packed instruction set  909  in an instruction set of a general-purpose processor  902 , along with associated circuitry to execute instructions, operations used by many multimedia applications may be performed using packed data in a general-purpose processor  902 . In one or more embodiments, many multimedia applications may be accelerated and executed more efficiently by using full width of a processor’s data bus for performing operations on packed data, which may eliminate need to transfer smaller units of data across processor’s data bus to perform one or more operations one data element at a time. 
     In at least one embodiment, execution unit  908  may also be used in microcontrollers, embedded processors, graphics devices, DSPs, and other types of logic circuits. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include, without limitation, a memory  920 . In at least one embodiment, memory  920  may be implemented as a Dynamic Random Access Memory (“DRAM”) device, a Static Random Access Memory (“SRAM”) device, flash memory device, or other memory device. In at least one embodiment, memory  920  may store instruction(s)  919  and/or data  921  represented by data signals that may be executed by processor  902 . 
     In at least one embodiment, system logic chip may be coupled to processor bus  910  and memory  920 . In at least one embodiment, system logic chip may include, without limitation, a memory controller hub (“MCH”)  916 , and processor  902  may communicate with MCH  916  via processor bus  910 . In at least one embodiment, MCH  916  may provide a high bandwidth memory path  918  to memory  920  for instruction and data storage and for storage of graphics commands, data and textures. In at least one embodiment, MCH  916  may direct data signals between processor  902 , memory  920 , and other components in computer system  900  and to bridge data signals between processor bus  910 , memory  920 , and a system I/O  922 . In at least one embodiment, system logic chip may provide a graphics port for coupling to a graphics controller. In at least one embodiment, MCH  916  may be coupled to memory  920  through a high bandwidth memory path  918  and graphics/video card  912  may be coupled to MCH  916  through an Accelerated Graphics Port (“AGP”) interconnect  914 . 
     In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may use system I/O  922  that is a proprietary hub interface bus to couple MCH  916  to I/O controller hub (“ICH”)  930 . In at least one embodiment, ICH  930  may provide direct connections to some I/O devices via a local I/O bus. In at least one embodiment, local I/O bus may include, without limitation, a high-speed I/O bus for connecting peripherals to memory  920 , chipset, and processor  902 . Examples may include, without limitation, an audio controller  929 , a firmware hub (“flash BIOS”)  928 , a wireless transceiver  926 , a data storage  924 , a legacy I/O controller  923  containing user input and keyboard interfaces  925 , a serial expansion port  927 , such as Universal Serial Bus (“USB”), and a network controller  934 . Data storage  924  may comprise a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM device, a flash memory device, or other mass storage device. 
     In at least one embodiment,  FIG.  9    illustrates a system, which includes interconnected hardware devices or “chips,” whereas in other embodiments,  FIG.  9    may illustrate an exemplary System on a Chip (“SoC”). In at least one embodiment, devices may be interconnected with proprietary interconnects, standardized interconnects (e.g., PCIe) or some combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, one or more components of computer system  900  are interconnected using compute express link (CXL) interconnects. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIG.  7 A  and/or 7B. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  9    for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
       FIG.  10    is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device  1000  for utilizing a processor  1010 , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, electronic device  1000  may be, for example and without limitation, a notebook, a tower server, a rack server, a blade server, a laptop, a desktop, a tablet, a mobile device, a phone, an embedded computer, or any other suitable electronic device. 
     In at least one embodiment, system  1000  may include, without limitation, processor  1010  communicatively coupled to any suitable number or kind of components, peripherals, modules, or devices. In at least one embodiment, processor  1010  coupled using a bus or interface, such as a 1° C. bus, a System Management Bus (“SMBus”), a Low Pin Count (LPC) bus, a Serial Peripheral Interface (“SPI”), a High Definition Audio (“HDA”) bus, a Serial Advance Technology Attachment (“SATA”) bus, a Universal Serial Bus (“USB”) (versions 1, 2, 3), or a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (“UART”) bus. In at least one embodiment,  FIG.  10    illustrates a system, which includes interconnected hardware devices or “chips,” whereas in other embodiments,  FIG.  10    may illustrate an exemplary System on a Chip (“SoC”). In at least one embodiment, devices illustrated in  FIG.  10    may be interconnected with proprietary interconnects, standardized interconnects (e.g., PCIe) or some combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, one or more components of  FIG.  10    are interconnected using compute express link (CXL) interconnects. 
     In at least one embodiment,  FIG.  10    may include a display  1024 , a touch screen  1025 , a touch pad  1030 , a Near Field Communications unit (“NFC”)  1045 , a sensor hub  1040 , a thermal sensor  1046 , an Express Chipset (“EC”)  1035 , a Trusted Platform Module (“TPM”)  1038 , BIOS/firmware/flash memory (“BIOS, FW Flash”)  1022 , a DSP  1060 , a drive  1020  such as a Solid State Disk (“SSD”) or a Hard Disk Drive (“HDD”), a wireless local area network unit (“WLAN”)  1050 , a Bluetooth unit  1052 , a Wireless Wide Area Network unit (“WWAN”)  1056 , a Global Positioning System (GPS)  1055 , a camera (“USB 3.0 camera”)  1054  such as a USB 3.0 camera, and/or a Low Power Double Data Rate (“LPDDR”) memory unit (“LPDDR3”)  1015  implemented in, for example, LPDDR3 standard. These components may each be implemented in any suitable manner. 
     In at least one embodiment, other components may be communicatively coupled to processor  1010  through components discussed above. In at least one embodiment, an accelerometer  1041 , Ambient Light Sensor (“ALS”)  1042 , compass  1043 , and a gyroscope  1044  may be communicatively coupled to sensor hub  1040 . In at least one embodiment, thermal sensor  1039 , a fan  1037 , a keyboard  1046 , and a touch pad  1030  may be communicatively coupled to EC  1035 . In at least one embodiment, speaker  1063 , headphones  1064 , and microphone (“mic”)  1065  may be communicatively coupled to an audio unit (“audio codec and class d amp”)  1062 , which may in turn be communicatively coupled to DSP  1060 . In at least one embodiment, audio unit  1064  may include, for example and without limitation, an audio coder/decoder (“codec”) and a class D amplifier. In at least one embodiment, SIM card (“SIM”)  1057  may be communicatively coupled to WWAN unit  1056 . In at least one embodiment, components such as WLAN unit  1050  and Bluetooth unit  1052 , as well as WWAN unit  1056  may be implemented in a Next Generation Form Factor (“NGFF”). 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIG.  7 A  and/or 7B. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  10    for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
       FIG.  11    is a block diagram of a processing system, according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, system  1100  includes one or more processors  1102  and one or more graphics processors  1108 , and may be a single processor desktop system, a multiprocessor workstation system, or a server system having a large number of processors  1102  or processor cores  1107 . In at least one embodiment, system  1100  is a processing platform incorporated within a system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrated circuit for use in mobile, handheld, or embedded devices. 
     In at least one embodiment, system  1100  can include, or be incorporated within a server-based gaming platform, a game console, including a game and media console, a mobile gaming console, a handheld game console, or an online game console. In at least one embodiment, system  1100  is a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet computing device or mobile Internet device. In at least one embodiment, processing system  1100  can also include, couple with, or be integrated within a wearable device, such as a smart watch wearable device, smart eyewear device, augmented reality device, or virtual reality device. In at least one embodiment, processing system  1100  is a television or set top box device having one or more processors  1102  and a graphical interface generated by one or more graphics processors  1108 . 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more processors  1102  each include one or more processor cores  1107  to process instructions which, when executed, perform operations for system and user software. In at least one embodiment, each of one or more processor cores  1107  is configured to process a specific instruction set  1109 . In at least one embodiment, instruction set  1109  may facilitate Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), or computing via a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW). In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1107  may each process a different instruction set  1109 , which may include instructions to facilitate emulation of other instruction sets. In at least one embodiment, processor core  1107  may also include other processing devices, such a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  1102  includes cache memory  1104 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1102  can have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In at least one embodiment, cache memory is shared among various components of processor  1102 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1102  also uses an external cache (e.g., a Level-3 (L3) cache or Last Level Cache (LLC)) (not shown), which may be shared among processor cores  1107  using known cache coherency techniques. In at least one embodiment, register file  1106  is additionally included in processor  1102  which may include different types of registers for storing different types of data (e.g., integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and an instruction pointer register). In at least one embodiment, register file  1106  may include general-purpose registers or other registers. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more processor(s)  1102  are coupled with one or more interface bus(es)  1110  to transmit communication signals such as address, data, or control signals between processor  1102  and other components in system  1100 . In at least one embodiment, interface bus  1110 , in one embodiment, can be a processor bus, such as a version of a Direct Media Interface (DMI) bus. In at least one embodiment, interface  1110  is not limited to a DMI bus, and may include one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect buses (e.g., PCI, PCI Express), memory busses, or other types of interface busses. In at least one embodiment processor(s)  1102  include an integrated memory controller  1116  and a platform controller hub  1130 . In at least one embodiment, memory controller  1116  facilitates communication between a memory device and other components of system  1100 , while platform controller hub (PCH)  1130  provides connections to I/O devices via a local I/O bus. 
     In at least one embodiment, memory device  1120  can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a static random access memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, phase-change memory device, or some other memory device having suitable performance to serve as process memory. In at least one embodiment memory device  1120  can operate as system memory for system  1100 , to store data  1122  and instructions  1121  for use when one or more processors  1102  executes an application or process. In at least one embodiment, memory controller  1116  also couples with an optional external graphics processor  1112 , which may communicate with one or more graphics processors  1108  in processors  1102  to perform graphics and media operations. In at least one embodiment, a display device  1111  can connect to processor(s)  1102 . In at least one embodiment display device  1111  can include one or more of an internal display device, as in a mobile electronic device or a laptop device or an external display device attached via a display interface (e.g., DisplayPort, etc.). In at least one embodiment, display device  1111  can include a head mounted display (HMD) such as a stereoscopic display device for use in virtual reality (VR) applications or augmented reality (AR) applications. 
     In at least one embodiment, platform controller hub  1130  enables peripherals to connect to memory device  1120  and processor  1102  via a high-speed I/O bus. In at least one embodiment, I/O peripherals include, but are not limited to, an audio controller  1146 , a network controller  1134 , a firmware interface  1128 , a wireless transceiver  1126 , touch sensors  1125 , a data storage device  1124  (e.g., hard disk drive, flash memory, etc.). In at least one embodiment, data storage device  1124  can connect via a storage interface (e.g., SATA) or via a peripheral bus, such as a Peripheral Component Interconnect bus (e.g., PCI, PCI Express). In at least one embodiment, touch sensors  1125  can include touch screen sensors, pressure sensors, or fingerprint sensors. In at least one embodiment, wireless transceiver  1126  can be a Wi-Fi transceiver, a Bluetooth transceiver, or a mobile network transceiver such as a 3G, 4G, or Long Term Evolution (LTE) transceiver. In at least one embodiment, firmware interface  1128  enables communication with system firmware, and can be, for example, a unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI). In at least one embodiment, network controller  1134  can enable a network connection to a wired network. In at least one embodiment, a high-performance network controller (not shown) couples with interface bus  1110 . In at least one embodiment, audio controller  1146  is a multi-channel high definition audio controller. In at least one embodiment, system  1100  includes an optional legacy I/O controller  1140  for coupling legacy (e.g., Personal System 2 (PS/2)) devices to system. In at least one embodiment, platform controller hub  1130  can also connect to one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) controllers  1142  connect input devices, such as keyboard and mouse  1143  combinations, a camera  1144 , or other USB input devices. 
     In at least one embodiment, an instance of memory controller  1116  and platform controller hub  1130  may be integrated into a discreet external graphics processor, such as external graphics processor  1112 . In at least one embodiment, platform controller hub  1130  and/or memory controller  1116  may be external to one or more processor(s)  1102 . For example, in at least one embodiment, system  1100  can include an external memory controller  1116  and platform controller hub  1130 , which may be configured as a memory controller hub and peripheral controller hub within a system chipset that is in communication with processor(s)  1102 . 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIG.  7 A  and/or 7B. In at least one embodiment portions or all of inference and/or training logic  715  may be incorporated into graphics processor  1500 . For example, in at least one embodiment, training and/or inferencing techniques described herein may use one or more of ALUs embodied in a graphics processor. Moreover, in at least one embodiment, inferencing and/or training operations described herein may be done using logic other than logic illustrated in  FIGS.  7 A or  7 B . In at least one embodiment, weight parameters may be stored in on-chip or off-chip memory and/or registers (shown or not shown) that configure ALUs of a graphics processor to perform one or more machine learning algorithms, neural network architectures, use cases, or training techniques described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
       FIG.  12    is a block diagram of a processor  1200  having one or more processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N, an integrated memory controller  1214 , and an integrated graphics processor  1208 , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  can include additional cores up to and including additional core  1202 N represented by dashed lined boxes. In at least one embodiment, each of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N includes one or more internal cache units  1204 A- 1204 N. In at least one embodiment, each processor core also has access to one or more shared cached units  1206 . 
     In at least one embodiment, internal cache units  1204 A- 1204 N and shared cache units  1206  represent a cache memory hierarchy within processor  1200 . In at least one embodiment, cache memory units  1204 A- 1204 N may include at least one level of instruction and data cache within each processor core and one or more levels of shared mid-level cache, such as a Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, where a highest level of cache before external memory is classified as an LLC. In at least one embodiment, cache coherency logic maintains coherency between various cache units  1206  and  1204 A- 1204 N. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  may also include a set of one or more bus controller units  1216  and a system agent core  1210 . In at least one embodiment, one or more bus controller units  1216  manage a set of peripheral buses, such as one or more PCI or PCI express busses. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  provides management functionality for various processor components. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  includes one or more integrated memory controllers  1214  to manage access to various external memory devices (not shown). 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N include support for simultaneous multi-threading. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  includes components for coordinating and operating cores  1202 A- 1202 N during multi-threaded processing. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  may additionally include a power control unit (PCU), which includes logic and components to regulate one or more power states of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N and graphics processor  1208 . 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  additionally includes graphics processor  1208  to execute graphics processing operations. In at least one embodiment, graphics processor  1208  couples with shared cache units  1206 , and system agent core  1210 , including one or more integrated memory controllers  1214 . In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  also includes a display controller  1211  to drive graphics processor output to one or more coupled displays. In at least one embodiment, display controller  1211  may also be a separate module coupled with graphics processor  1208  via at least one interconnect, or may be integrated within graphics processor  1208 . 
     In at least one embodiment, a ring based interconnect unit  1212  is used to couple internal components of processor  1200 . In at least one embodiment, an alternative interconnect unit may be used, such as a point-to-point interconnect, a switched interconnect, or other techniques. In at least one embodiment, graphics processor  1208  couples with ring interconnect  1212  via an I/O link  1213 . 
     In at least one embodiment, I/O link  1213  represents at least one of multiple varieties of I/O interconnects, including an on package I/O interconnect which facilitates communication between various processor components and a high-performance embedded memory module  1218 , such as an eDRAM module. In at least one embodiment, each of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N and graphics processor  1208  use embedded memory modules  1218  as a shared Last Level Cache. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N are homogenous cores executing a common instruction set architecture. In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N are heterogeneous in terms of instruction set architecture (ISA), where one or more of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N execute a common instruction set, while one or more other cores of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N executes a subset of a common instruction set or a different instruction set. In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N are heterogeneous in terms of microarchitecture, where one or more cores having a relatively higher power consumption couple with one or more power cores having a lower power consumption. In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  can be implemented on one or more chips or as a SoC integrated circuit. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIG.  7 A  and/or 7B. In at least one embodiment portions or all of inference and/or training logic  715  may be incorporated into processor  1200 . For example, in at least one embodiment, training and/or inferencing techniques described herein may use one or more of ALUs embodied in graphics processor  1512 , graphics core(s)  1202 A- 1202 N, or other components in  FIG.  12   . Moreover, in at least one embodiment, inferencing and/or training operations described herein may be done using logic other than logic illustrated in  FIGS.  7 A or  7 B . In at least one embodiment, weight parameters may be stored in on-chip or off-chip memory and/or registers (shown or not shown) that configure ALUs of graphics processor  1200  to perform one or more machine learning algorithms, neural network architectures, use cases, or training techniques described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
     Virtualized Computing Platform 
       FIG.  13    is an example data flow diagram for a process  1300  of generating and deploying an image processing and inferencing pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, process  1300  may be deployed for use with imaging devices, processing devices, and/or other device types at one or more facilities  1302 . Process  1300  may be executed within a training system  1304  and/or a deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  may be used to perform training, deployment, and implementation of machine learning models (e.g., neural networks, object detection algorithms, computer vision algorithms, etc.) for use in deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may be configured to offload processing and compute resources among a distributed computing environment to reduce infrastructure requirements at facility  1302 . In at least one embodiment, one or more applications in a pipeline may use or call upon services (e.g., inference, visualization, compute, AI, etc.) of deployment system  1306  during execution of applications. 
     In at least one embodiment, some of applications used in advanced processing and inferencing pipelines may use machine learning models or other AI to perform one or more processing steps. In at least one embodiment, machine learning models may be trained at facility  1302  using data  1308  (such as imaging data) generated at facility  1302  (and stored on one or more picture archiving and communication system (PACS) servers at facility  1302 ), may be trained using imaging or sequencing data  1308  from another facility(ies), or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  may be used to provide applications, services, and/or other resources for generating working, deployable machine learning models for deployment system  1306 . 
     In at least one embodiment, model registry  1324  may be backed by object storage that may support versioning and object metadata. In at least one embodiment, object storage may be accessible through, for example, a cloud storage (e.g., cloud  1426  of  FIG.  14   ) compatible application programming interface (API) from within a cloud platform. In at least one embodiment, machine learning models within model registry  1324  may uploaded, listed, modified, or deleted by developers or partners of a system interacting with an API. In at least one embodiment, an API may provide access to methods that allow users with appropriate credentials to associate models with applications, such that models may be executed as part of execution of containerized instantiations of applications. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  ( FIG.  14   ) may include a scenario where facility  1302  is training their own machine learning model, or has an existing machine learning model that needs to be optimized or updated. In at least one embodiment, imaging data  1308  generated by imaging device(s), sequencing devices, and/or other device types may be received. In at least one embodiment, once imaging data  1308  is received, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may be used to aid in generating annotations corresponding to imaging data  1308  to be used as ground truth data for a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may include one or more machine learning models (e.g., convolutional neural networks (CNNs)) that may be trained to generate annotations corresponding to certain types of imaging data  1308  (e.g., from certain devices). In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotations  1310  may then be used directly, or may be adjusted or fine-tuned using an annotation tool to generate ground truth data. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotations  1310 , labeled clinic data  1312 , or a combination thereof may be used as ground truth data for training a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, a trained machine learning model may be referred to as output model  1316 , and may be used by deployment system  1306 , as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  ( FIG.  14   ) may include a scenario where facility  1302  needs a machine learning model for use in performing one or more processing tasks for one or more applications in deployment system  1306 , but facility  1302  may not currently have such a machine learning model (or may not have a model that is optimized, efficient, or effective for such purposes). In at least one embodiment, an existing machine learning model may be selected from a model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, model registry  1324  may include machine learning models trained to perform a variety of different inference tasks on imaging data. In at least one embodiment, machine learning models in model registry  1324  may have been trained on imaging data from different facilities than facility  1302  (e.g., facilities remotely located). In at least one embodiment, machine learning models may have been trained on imaging data from one location, two locations, or any number of locations. In at least one embodiment, when being trained on imaging data from a specific location, training may take place at that location, or at least in a manner that protects confidentiality of imaging data or restricts imaging data from being transferred off-premises. In at least one embodiment, once a model is trained - or partially trained - at one location, a machine learning model may be added to model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a machine learning model may then be retrained, or updated, at any number of other facilities, and a retrained or updated model may be made available in model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a machine learning model may then be selected from model registry  1324  - and referred to as output model  1316  - and may be used in deployment system  1306  to perform one or more processing tasks for one or more applications of a deployment system. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  ( FIG.  14   ), a scenario may include facility  1302  requiring a machine learning model for use in performing one or more processing tasks for one or more applications in deployment system  1306 , but facility  1302  may not currently have such a machine learning model (or may not have a model that is optimized, efficient, or effective for such purposes). In at least one embodiment, a machine learning model selected from model registry  1324  may not be fine-tuned or optimized for imaging data  1308  generated at facility  1302  because of differences in populations, robustness of training data used to train a machine learning model, diversity in anomalies of training data, and/or other issues with training data. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may be used to aid in generating annotations corresponding to imaging data  1308  to be used as ground truth data for retraining or updating a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, labeled data  1312  may be used as ground truth data for training a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, retraining or updating a machine learning model may be referred to as model training  1314 . In at least one embodiment, model training  1314  - e.g., AI-assisted annotations  1310 , labeled clinic data  1312 , or a combination thereof - may be used as ground truth data for retraining or updating a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, a trained machine learning model may be referred to as output model  1316 , and may be used by deployment system  1306 , as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may include software  1318 , services  1320 , hardware  1322 , and/or other components, features, and functionality. In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may include a software “stack,” such that software  1318  may be built on top of services  1320  and may use services  1320  to perform some or all of processing tasks, and services  1320  and software  1318  may be built on top of hardware  1322  and use hardware  1322  to execute processing, storage, and/or other compute tasks of deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, software  1318  may include any number of different containers, where each container may execute an instantiation of an application. In at least one embodiment, each application may perform one or more processing tasks in an advanced processing and inferencing pipeline (e.g., inferencing, object detection, feature detection, segmentation, image enhancement, calibration, etc.). In at least one embodiment, an advanced processing and inferencing pipeline may be defined based on selections of different containers that are desired or required for processing imaging data  1308 , in addition to containers that receive and configure imaging data for use by each container and/or for use by facility  1302  after processing through a pipeline (e.g., to convert outputs back to a usable data type). In at least one embodiment, a combination of containers within software  1318  (e.g., that make up a pipeline) may be referred to as a virtual instrument (as described in more detail herein), and a virtual instrument may leverage services  1320  and hardware  1322  to execute some or all processing tasks of applications instantiated in containers. 
     In at least one embodiment, a data processing pipeline may receive input data (e.g., imaging data  1308 ) in a specific format in response to an inference request (e.g., a request from a user of deployment system  1306 ). In at least one embodiment, input data may be representative of one or more images, video, and/or other data representations generated by one or more imaging devices. In at least one embodiment, data may undergo pre-processing as part of data processing pipeline to prepare data for processing by one or more applications. In at least one embodiment, post-processing may be performed on an output of one or more inferencing tasks or other processing tasks of a pipeline to prepare an output data for a next application and/or to prepare output data for transmission and/or use by a user (e.g., as a response to an inference request). In at least one embodiment, inferencing tasks may be performed by one or more machine learning models, such as trained or deployed neural networks, which may include output models  1316  of training system  1304 . 
     In at least one embodiment, tasks of data processing pipeline may be encapsulated in a container(s) that each represents a discrete, fully functional instantiation of an application and virtualized computing environment that is able to reference machine learning models. In at least one embodiment, containers or applications may be published into a private (e.g., limited access) area of a container registry (described in more detail herein), and trained or deployed models may be stored in model registry  1324  and associated with one or more applications. In at least one embodiment, images of applications (e.g., container images) may be available in a container registry, and once selected by a user from a container registry for deployment in a pipeline, an image may be used to generate a container for an instantiation of an application for use by a user’s system. 
     In at least one embodiment, developers (e.g., software developers, clinicians, doctors, etc.) may develop, publish, and store applications (e.g., as containers) for performing image processing and/or inferencing on supplied data. In at least one embodiment, development, publishing, and/or storing may be performed using a software development kit (SDK) associated with a system (e.g., to ensure that an application and/or container developed is compliant with or compatible with a system). In at least one embodiment, an application that is developed may be tested locally (e.g., at a first facility, on data from a first facility) with an SDK which may support at least some of services  1320  as a system (e.g., system  1400  of  FIG.  14   ). In at least one embodiment, because DICOM objects may contain anywhere from one to hundreds of images or other data types, and due to a variation in data, a developer may be responsible for managing (e.g., setting constructs for, building pre-processing into an application, etc.) extraction and preparation of incoming data. In at least one embodiment, once validated by system  1400  (e.g., for accuracy), an application may be available in a container registry for selection and/or implementation by a user to perform one or more processing tasks with respect to data at a facility (e.g., a second facility) of a user. 
     In at least one embodiment, developers may then share applications or containers through a network for access and use by users of a system (e.g., system  1400  of  FIG.  14   ). In at least one embodiment, completed and validated applications or containers may be stored in a container registry and associated machine learning models may be stored in model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a requesting entity - who provides an inference or image processing request - may browse a container registry and/or model registry  1324  for an application, container, dataset, machine learning model, etc., select a desired combination of elements for inclusion in data processing pipeline, and submit an imaging processing request. In at least one embodiment, a request may include input data (and associated patient data, in some examples) that is necessary to perform a request, and/or may include a selection of application(s) and/or machine learning models to be executed in processing a request. In at least one embodiment, a request may then be passed to one or more components of deployment system  1306  (e.g., a cloud) to perform processing of data processing pipeline. In at least one embodiment, processing by deployment system  1306  may include referencing selected elements (e.g., applications, containers, models, etc.) from a container registry and/or model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, once results are generated by a pipeline, results may be returned to a user for reference (e.g., for viewing in a viewing application suite executing on a local, on-premises workstation or terminal). 
     In at least one embodiment, to aid in processing or execution of applications or containers in pipelines, services  1320  may be leveraged. In at least one embodiment, services  1320  may include compute services, artificial intelligence (AI) services, visualization services, and/or other service types. In at least one embodiment, services  1320  may provide functionality that is common to one or more applications in software  1318 , so functionality may be abstracted to a service that may be called upon or leveraged by applications. In at least one embodiment, functionality provided by services  1320  may run dynamically and more efficiently, while also scaling well by allowing applications to process data in parallel (e.g., using a parallel computing platform  1430  ( FIG.  14   )). In at least one embodiment, rather than each application that shares a same functionality offered by a service  1320  being required to have a respective instance of service  1320 , service  1320  may be shared between and among various applications. In at least one embodiment, services may include an inference server or engine that may be used for executing detection or segmentation tasks, as non-limiting examples. In at least one embodiment, a model training service may be included that may provide machine learning model training and/or retraining capabilities. In at least one embodiment, a data augmentation service may further be included that may provide GPU accelerated data (e.g., DICOM, RIS, CIS, REST compliant, RPC, raw, etc.) extraction, resizing, scaling, and/or other augmentation. In at least one embodiment, a visualization service may be used that may add image rendering effects - such as ray-tracing, rasterization, denoising, sharpening, etc. - to add realism to two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) models. In at least one embodiment, virtual instrument services may be included that provide for beam-forming, segmentation, inferencing, imaging, and/or support for other applications within pipelines of virtual instruments. 
     In at least one embodiment, where a service  1320  includes an AI service (e.g., an inference service), one or more machine learning models may be executed by calling upon (e.g., as an API call) an inference service (e.g., an inference server) to execute machine learning model(s), or processing thereof, as part of application execution. In at least one embodiment, where another application includes one or more machine learning models for segmentation tasks, an application may call upon an inference service to execute machine learning models for performing one or more of processing operations associated with segmentation tasks. In at least one embodiment, software  1318  implementing advanced processing and inferencing pipeline that includes segmentation application and anomaly detection application may be streamlined because each application may call upon a same inference service to perform one or more inferencing tasks. 
     In at least one embodiment, hardware  1322  may include GPUs, CPUs, graphics cards, an AI/deep learning system (e.g., an AI supercomputer, such as NVIDIA’s DGX), a cloud platform, or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, different types of hardware  1322  may be used to provide efficient, purpose-built support for software  1318  and services  1320  in deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, use of GPU processing may be implemented for processing locally (e.g., at facility  1302 ), within an AI/deep learning system, in a cloud system, and/or in other processing components of deployment system  1306  to improve efficiency, accuracy, and efficacy of image processing and generation. In at least one embodiment, software  1318  and/or services  1320  may be optimized for GPU processing with respect to deep learning, machine learning, and/or high-performance computing, as non-limiting examples. In at least one embodiment, at least some of computing environment of deployment system  1306  and/or training system  1304  may be executed in a datacenter one or more supercomputers or high performance computing systems, with GPU optimized software (e.g., hardware and software combination of NVIDIA’s DGX System). In at least one embodiment, hardware  1322  may include any number of GPUs that may be called upon to perform processing of data in parallel, as described herein. In at least one embodiment, cloud platform may further include GPU processing for GPU-optimized execution of deep learning tasks, machine learning tasks, or other computing tasks. In at least one embodiment, cloud platform (e.g., NVIDIA’s NGC) may be executed using an AI/deep learning supercomputer(s) and/or GPU-optimized software (e.g., as provided on NVIDIA’s DGX Systems) as a hardware abstraction and scaling platform. In at least one embodiment, cloud platform may integrate an application container clustering system or orchestration system (e.g., KUBERNETES) on multiple GPUs to enable seamless scaling and load balancing. 
       FIG.  14    is a system diagram for an example system  1400  for generating and deploying an imaging deployment pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be used to implement process  1300  of  FIG.  13    and/or other processes including advanced processing and inferencing pipelines. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may include training system  1304  and deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  and deployment system  1306  may be implemented using software  1318 , services  1320 , and/or hardware  1322 , as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, system  1400  (e.g., training system  1304  and/or deployment system  1306 ) may implemented in a cloud computing environment (e.g., using cloud  1426 ). In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be implemented locally with respect to a healthcare services facility, or as a combination of both cloud and local computing resources. In at least one embodiment, access to APIs in cloud  1426  may be restricted to authorized users through enacted security measures or protocols. In at least one embodiment, a security protocol may include web tokens that may be signed by an authentication (e.g., AuthN, AuthZ, Gluecon, etc.) service and may carry appropriate authorization. In at least one embodiment, APIs of virtual instruments (described herein), or other instantiations of system  1400 , may be restricted to a set of public IPs that have been vetted or authorized for interaction. 
     In at least one embodiment, various components of system  1400  may communicate between and among one another using any of a variety of different network types, including but not limited to local area networks (LANs) and/or wide area networks (WANs) via wired and/or wireless communication protocols. In at least one embodiment, communication between facilities and components of system  1400  (e.g., for transmitting inference requests, for receiving results of inference requests, etc.) may be communicated over data bus(ses), wireless data protocols (Wi-Fi), wired data protocols (e.g., Ethernet), etc. 
     In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  may execute training pipelines  1404 , similar to those described herein with respect to  FIG.  13   . In at least one embodiment, where one or more machine learning models are to be used in deployment pipelines  1410  by deployment system  1306 , training pipelines  1404  may be used to train or retrain one or more (e.g. pre-trained) models, and/or implement one or more of pre-trained models  1406  (e.g., without a need for retraining or updating). In at least one embodiment, as a result of training pipelines  1404 , output model(s)  1316  may be generated. In at least one embodiment, training pipelines  1404  may include any number of processing steps, such as but not limited to imaging data (or other input data) conversion or adaption In at least one embodiment, for different machine learning models used by deployment system  1306 , different training pipelines  1404  may be used. In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  similar to a first example described with respect to  FIG.  13    may be used for a first machine learning model, training pipeline  1404  similar to a second example described with respect to  FIG.  13    may be used for a second machine learning model, and training pipeline  1404  similar to a third example described with respect to  FIG.  13    may be used for a third machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, any combination of tasks within training system  1304  may be used depending on what is required for each respective machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, one or more of machine learning models may already be trained and ready for deployment so machine learning models may not undergo any processing by training system  1304 , and may be implemented by deployment system  1306 . 
     In at least one embodiment, output model(s)  1316  and/or pre-trained model(s)  1406  may include any types of machine learning models depending on implementation or embodiment. In at least one embodiment, and without limitation, machine learning models used by system  1400   may include machine learning model(s) using linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), Naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbor (Knn), K means clustering, random forest, dimensionality reduction algorithms, gradient boosting algorithms, neural networks (e.g., auto-encoders, convolutional, recurrent, perceptrons, Long/Short Term Memory (LSTM), Hopfield, Boltzmann, deep belief, deconvolutional, generative adversarial, liquid state machine, etc.), and/or other types of machine learning models. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipelines  1404  may include AI-assisted annotation, as described in more detail herein with respect to at least  FIG.  15 B . In at least one embodiment, labeled data  1312  (e.g., traditional annotation) may be generated by any number of techniques. In at least one embodiment, labels or other annotations may be generated within a drawing program (e.g., an annotation program), a computer aided design (CAD) program, a labeling program, another type of program suitable for generating annotations or labels for ground truth, and/or may be hand drawn, in some examples. In at least one embodiment, ground truth data may be synthetically produced (e.g., generated from computer models or renderings), real produced (e.g., designed and produced from real-world data), machine-automated (e.g., using feature analysis and learning to extract features from data and then generate labels), human annotated (e.g., labeler, or annotation expert, defines location of labels), and/or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, for each instance of imaging data  1308  (or other data type used by machine learning models), there may be corresponding ground truth data generated by training system  1304 . In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation may be performed as part of deployment pipelines  1410 ; either in addition to, or in lieu of AI-assisted annotation included in training pipelines  1404 . In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may include a multi-layer platform that may include a software layer (e.g., software  1318 ) of diagnostic applications (or other application types) that may perform one or more medical imaging and diagnostic functions. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be communicatively coupled to (e.g., via encrypted links) PACS server networks of one or more facilities. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be configured to access and referenced data from PACS servers to perform operations, such as training machine learning models, deploying machine learning models, image processing, inferencing, and/or other operations. 
     In at least one embodiment, a software layer may be implemented as a secure, encrypted, and/or authenticated API through which applications or containers may be invoked (e.g., called) from an external environment(s) (e.g., facility  1302 ). In at least one embodiment, applications may then call or execute one or more services  1320  for performing compute, AI, or visualization tasks associated with respective applications, and software  1318  and/or services  1320  may leverage hardware  1322  to perform processing tasks in an effective and efficient manner. 
     In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may execute deployment pipelines  1410 . In at least one embodiment, deployment pipelines  1410  may include any number of applications that may be sequentially, non-sequentially, or otherwise applied to imaging data (and/or other data types) generated by imaging devices, sequencing devices, genomics devices, etc. - including AI-assisted annotation, as described above. In at least one embodiment, as described herein, a deployment pipeline  1410  for an individual device may be referred to as a virtual instrument for a device (e.g., a virtual ultrasound instrument, a virtual CT scan instrument, a virtual sequencing instrument, etc.). In at least one embodiment, for a single device, there may be more than one deployment pipeline  1410  depending on information desired from data generated by a device. In at least one embodiment, where detections of anomalies are desired from an MRI machine, there may be a first deployment pipeline  1410 , and where image enhancement is desired from output of an MRI machine, there may be a second deployment pipeline  1410 . 
     In at least one embodiment, an image generation application may include a processing task that includes use of a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, a user may desire to use their own machine learning model, or to select a machine learning model from model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a user may implement their own machine learning model or select a machine learning model for inclusion in an application for performing a processing task. In at least one embodiment, applications may be selectable and customizable, and by defining constructs of applications, deployment and implementation of applications for a particular user are presented as a more seamless user experience. In at least one embodiment, by leveraging other features of system  1400  - such as services  1320  and hardware  1322  -deployment pipelines  1410  may be even more user friendly, provide for easier integration, and produce more accurate, efficient, and timely results. 
     In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may include a user interface  1414  (e.g., a graphical user interface, a web interface, etc.) that may be used to select applications for inclusion in deployment pipeline(s)  1410 , arrange applications, modify or change applications or parameters or constructs thereof, use and interact with deployment pipeline(s)  1410  during set-up and/or deployment, and/or to otherwise interact with deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, although not illustrated with respect to training system  1304 , user interface  1414  (or a different user interface) may be used for selecting models for use in deployment system  1306 , for selecting models for training, or retraining, in training system  1304 , and/or for otherwise interacting with training system  1304 . 
     In at least one embodiment, pipeline manager  1412  may be used, in addition to an application orchestration system  1428 , to manage interaction between applications or containers of deployment pipeline(s)  1410  and services  1320  and/or hardware  1322 . In at least one embodiment, pipeline manager  1412  may be configured to facilitate interactions from application to application, from application to service  1320 , and/or from application or service to hardware  1322 . In at least one embodiment, although illustrated as included in software  1318 , this is not intended to be limiting, and in some examples (e.g., as illustrated in  FIG.  12   cc) pipeline manager  1412  may be included in services  1320 . In at least one embodiment, application orchestration system  1428  (e.g., Kubernetes, DOCKER, etc.) may include a container orchestration system that may group applications into containers as logical units for coordination, management, scaling, and deployment. In at least one embodiment, by associating applications from deployment pipeline(s)  1410  (e.g., a reconstruction application, a segmentation application, etc.) with individual containers, each application may execute in a self-contained environment (e.g., at a kernel level) to increase speed and efficiency. 
     In at least one embodiment, each application and/or container (or image thereof) may be individually developed, modified, and deployed (e.g., a first user or developer may develop, modify, and deploy a first application and a second user or developer may develop, modify, and deploy a second application separate from a first user or developer), which may allow for focus on, and attention to, a task of a single application and/or container(s) without being hindered by tasks of another application(s) or container(s). In at least one embodiment, communication, and cooperation between different containers or applications may be aided by pipeline manager  1412  and application orchestration system  1428 . In at least one embodiment, so long as an expected input and/or output of each container or application is known by a system (e.g., based on constructs of applications or containers), application orchestration system  1428  and/or pipeline manager  1412  may facilitate communication among and between, and sharing of resources among and between, each of applications or containers. In at least one embodiment, because one or more of applications or containers in deployment pipeline(s)  1410  may share same services and resources, application orchestration system  1428  may orchestrate, load balance, and determine sharing of services or resources between and among various applications or containers. In at least one embodiment, a scheduler may be used to track resource requirements of applications or containers, current usage or planned usage of these resources, and resource availability. In at least one embodiment, a scheduler may thus allocate resources to different applications and distribute resources between and among applications in view of requirements and availability of a system. In some examples, a scheduler (and/or other component of application orchestration system  1428 ) may determine resource availability and distribution based on constraints imposed on a system (e.g., user constraints), such as quality of service (QoS), urgency of need for data outputs (e.g., to determine whether to execute real-time processing or delayed processing), etc. 
     In at least one embodiment, services  1320  leveraged by and shared by applications or containers in deployment system  1306  may include compute services  1416 , AI services  1418 , visualization services  1420 , and/or other service types. In at least one embodiment, applications may call (e.g., execute) one or more of services  1320  to perform processing operations for an application. In at least one embodiment, compute services  1416  may be leveraged by applications to perform super-computing or other high-performance computing (HPC) tasks. In at least one embodiment, compute service(s)  1416  may be leveraged to perform parallel processing (e.g., using a parallel computing platform  1430 ) for processing data through one or more of applications and/or one or more tasks of a single application, substantially simultaneously. In at least one embodiment, parallel computing platform  1430  (e.g., NVIDIA’s CUDA) may enable general purpose computing on GPUs (GPGPU) (e.g., GPUs  1422 ). In at least one embodiment, a software layer of parallel computing platform  1430  may provide access to virtual instruction sets and parallel computational elements of GPUs, for execution of compute kernels. In at least one embodiment, parallel computing platform  1430  may include memory and, in some embodiments, a memory may be shared between and among multiple containers, and/or between and among different processing tasks within a single container. In at least one embodiment, inter-process communication (IPC) calls may be generated for multiple containers and/or for multiple processes within a container to use same data from a shared segment of memory of parallel computing platform  1430  (e.g., where multiple different stages of an application or multiple applications are processing same information). In at least one embodiment, rather than making a copy of data and moving data to different locations in memory (e.g., a read/write operation), same data in same location of a memory may be used for any number of processing tasks (e.g., at a same time, at different times, etc.). In at least one embodiment, as data is used to generate new data as a result of processing, this information of a new location of data may be stored and shared between various applications. In at least one embodiment, location of data and a location of updated or modified data may be part of a definition of how a payload is understood within containers. 
     In at least one embodiment, AI services  1418  may be leveraged to perform inferencing services for executing machine learning model(s) associated with applications (e.g., tasked with performing one or more processing tasks of an application). In at least one embodiment, AI services  1418  may leverage AI system  1424  to execute machine learning model(s) (e.g., neural networks, such as CNNs) for segmentation, reconstruction, object detection, feature detection, classification, and/or other inferencing tasks. In at least one embodiment, applications of deployment pipeline(s)  1410  may use one or more of output models  1316  from training system  1304  and/or other models of applications to perform inference on imaging data. In at least one embodiment, two or more examples of inferencing using application orchestration system  1428  (e.g., a scheduler) may be available. In at least one embodiment, a first category may include a high priority/low latency path that may achieve higher service level agreements, such as for performing inference on urgent requests during an emergency, or for a radiologist during diagnosis. In at least one embodiment, a second category may include a standard priority path that may be used for requests that may be non-urgent or where analysis may be performed at a later time. In at least one embodiment, application orchestration system  1428  may distribute resources (e.g., services  1320  and/or hardware  1322 ) based on priority paths for different inferencing tasks of AI services  1418 . 
     In at least one embodiment, shared storage may be mounted to AI services  1418  within system  1400 . In at least one embodiment, shared storage may operate as a cache (or other storage device type) and may be used to process inference requests from applications. In at least one embodiment, when an inference request is submitted, a request may be received by a set of API instances of deployment system  1306 , and one or more instances may be selected (e.g., for best fit, for load balancing, etc.) to process a request. In at least one embodiment, to process a request, a request may be entered into a database, a machine learning model may be located from model registry  1324  if not already in a cache, a validation step may ensure appropriate machine learning model is loaded into a cache (e.g., shared storage), and/or a copy of a model may be saved to a cache. In at least one embodiment, a scheduler (e.g., of pipeline manager  1412 ) may be used to launch an application that is referenced in a request if an application is not already running or if there are not enough instances of an application. In at least one embodiment, if an inference server is not already launched to execute a model, an inference server may be launched. Any number of inference servers may be launched per model. In at least one embodiment, in a pull model, in which inference servers are clustered, models may be cached whenever load balancing is advantageous. In at least one embodiment, inference servers may be statically loaded in corresponding, distributed servers. 
     In at least one embodiment, inferencing may be performed using an inference server that runs in a container. In at least one embodiment, an instance of an inference server may be associated with a model (and optionally a plurality of versions of a model). In at least one embodiment, if an instance of an inference server does not exist when a request to perform inference on a model is received, a new instance may be loaded. In at least one embodiment, when starting an inference server, a model may be passed to an inference server such that a same container may be used to serve different models so long as inference server is running as a different instance. 
     In at least one embodiment, during application execution, an inference request for a given application may be received, and a container (e.g., hosting an instance of an inference server) may be loaded (if not already), and a start procedure may be called. In at least one embodiment, pre-processing logic in a container may load, decode, and/or perform any additional pre-processing on incoming data (e.g., using a CPU(s) and/or GPU(s)). In at least one embodiment, once data is prepared for inference, a container may perform inference as necessary on data. In at least one embodiment, this may include a single inference call on one image (e.g., a hand X-ray), or may require inference on hundreds of images (e.g., a chest CT). In at least one embodiment, an application may summarize results before completing, which may include, without limitation, a single confidence score, pixel level-segmentation, voxel-level segmentation, generating a visualization, or generating text to summarize findings. In at least one embodiment, different models or applications may be assigned different priorities. For example, some models may have a real-time (TAT &lt; 1 min) priority while others may have lower priority (e.g., TAT &lt; 10 min). In at least one embodiment, model execution times may be measured from requesting institution or entity and may include partner network traversal time, as well as execution on an inference service. 
     In at least one embodiment, transfer of requests between services  1320  and inference applications may be hidden behind a software development kit (SDK), and robust transport may be provide through a queue. In at least one embodiment, a request will be placed in a queue via an API for an individual application/tenant ID combination and an SDK will pull a request from a queue and give a request to an application. In at least one embodiment, a name of a queue may be provided in an environment from where an SDK will pick it up. In at least one embodiment, asynchronous communication through a queue may be useful as it may allow any instance of an application to pick up work as it becomes available. Results may be transferred back through a queue, to ensure no data is lost. In at least one embodiment, queues may also provide an ability to segment work, as highest priority work may go to a queue with most instances of an application connected to it, while lowest priority work may go to a queue with a single instance connected to it that processes tasks in an order received. In at least one embodiment, an application may run on a GPU-accelerated instance generated in cloud  1426 , and an inference service may perform inferencing on a GPU. 
     In at least one embodiment, visualization services  1420  may be leveraged to generate visualizations for viewing outputs of applications and/or deployment pipeline(s)  1410 . In at least one embodiment, GPUs  1422  may be leveraged by visualization services  1420  to generate visualizations. In at least one embodiment, rendering effects, such as ray-tracing, may be implemented by visualization services  1420  to generate higher quality visualizations. In at least one embodiment, visualizations may include, without limitation, 2D image renderings, 3D volume renderings, 3D volume reconstruction, 2D tomographic slices, virtual reality displays, augmented reality displays, etc. In at least one embodiment, virtualized environments may be used to generate a virtual interactive display or environment (e.g., a virtual environment) for interaction by users of a system (e.g., doctors, nurses, radiologists, etc.). In at least one embodiment, visualization services  1420  may include an internal visualizer, cinematics, and/or other rendering or image processing capabilities or functionality (e.g., ray tracing, rasterization, internal optics, etc.). 
     In at least one embodiment, hardware  1322  may include GPUs  1422 , AI system  1424 , cloud  1426 , and/or any other hardware used for executing training system  1304  and/or deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, GPUs  1422  (e.g., NVIDIA’s TESLA and/or QUADRO GPUs) may include any number of GPUs that may be used for executing processing tasks of compute services  1416 , AI services  1418 , visualization services  1420 , other services, and/or any of features or functionality of software  1318 . For example, with respect to AI services  1418 , GPUs  1422  may be used to perform pre-processing on imaging data (or other data types used by machine learning models), post-processing on outputs of machine learning models, and/or to perform inferencing (e.g., to execute machine learning models). In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426 , AI system  1424 , and/or other components of system  1400  may use GPUs  1422 . In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may include a GPU-optimized platform for deep learning tasks. In at least one embodiment, AI system  1424  may use GPUs, and cloud  1426  - or at least a portion tasked with deep learning or inferencing - may be executed using one or more AI systems  1424 . As such, although hardware  1322  is illustrated as discrete components, this is not intended to be limiting, and any components of hardware  1322  may be combined with, or leveraged by, any other components of hardware  1322 . 
     In at least one embodiment, AI system  1424  may include a purpose-built computing system (e.g., a super-computer or an HPC) configured for inferencing, deep learning, machine learning, and/or other artificial intelligence tasks. In at least one embodiment, AI system  1424  (e.g., NVIDIA’s DGX) may include GPU-optimized software (e.g., a software stack) that may be executed using a plurality of GPUs  1422 , in addition to CPUs, RAM, storage, and/or other components, features, or functionality. In at least one embodiment, one or more AI systems  1424  may be implemented in cloud  1426  (e.g., in a data center) for performing some or all of AI-based processing tasks of system  1400 . 
     In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may include a GPU-accelerated infrastructure (e.g., NVIDIA’s NGC) that may provide a GPU-optimized platform for executing processing tasks of system  1400 . In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may include an AI system(s)  1424  for performing one or more of AI-based tasks of system  1400  (e.g., as a hardware abstraction and scaling platform). In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may integrate with application orchestration system  1428  leveraging multiple GPUs to enable seamless scaling and load balancing between and among applications and services  1320 . In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may tasked with executing at least some of services  1320  of system  1400 , including compute services  1416 , AI services  1418 , and/or visualization services  1420 , as described herein. In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may perform small and large batch inference (e.g., executing NVIDIA’s TENSOR RT), provide an accelerated parallel computing API and platform  1430  (e.g., NVIDIA’s CUDA), execute application orchestration system  1428  (e.g., KUBERNETES), provide a graphics rendering API and platform (e.g., for ray-tracing, 2D graphics, 3D graphics, and/or other rendering techniques to produce higher quality cinematics), and/or may provide other functionality for system  1400 . 
       FIG.  15 A  illustrates a data flow diagram for a process  1500  to train, retrain, or update a machine learning model, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, process  1500  may be executed using, as a non-limiting example, system  1400  of  FIG.  14   . In at least one embodiment, process  1500  may leverage services  1320  and/or hardware  1322  of system  1400 , as described herein. In at least one embodiment, refined models  1512  generated by process  1500  may be executed by deployment system  1306  for one or more containerized applications in deployment pipelines  1410 . 
     In at least one embodiment, model training  1314  may include retraining or updating an initial model  1504  (e.g., a pre-trained model) using new training data (e.g., new input data, such as customer dataset  1506 , and/or new ground truth data associated with input data). In at least one embodiment, to retrain, or update, initial model  1504 , output or loss layer(s) of initial model  1504  may be reset, or deleted, and/or replaced with an updated or new output or loss layer(s). In at least one embodiment, initial model  1504  may have previously fine-tuned parameters (e.g., weights and/or biases) that remain from prior training, so training or retraining  1314  may not take as long or require as much processing as training a model from scratch. In at least one embodiment, during model training  1314 , by having reset or replaced output or loss layer(s) of initial model  1504 , parameters may be updated and re-tuned for a new data set based on loss calculations associated with accuracy of output or loss layer(s) at generating predictions on new, customer dataset  1506  (e.g., image data  1308  of  FIG.  13   ). 
     In at least one embodiment, pre-trained models  1406  may be stored in a data store, or registry (e.g., model registry  1324  of  FIG.  13   ). In at least one embodiment, pre-trained models  1406  may have been trained, at least in part, at one or more facilities other than a facility executing process  1500 . In at least one embodiment, to protect privacy and rights of patients, subjects, or clients of different facilities, pre-trained models  1406  may have been trained, on-premise, using customer or patient data generated on-premise. In at least one embodiment, pre-trained models  1406  may be trained using cloud  1426  and/or other hardware  1322 , but confidential, privacy protected patient data may not be transferred to, used by, or accessible to any components of cloud  1426  (or other off premise hardware). In at least one embodiment, where a pre-trained model  1406  is trained at using patient data from more than one facility, pre-trained model  1406  may have been individually trained for each facility prior to being trained on patient or customer data from another facility. In at least one embodiment, such as where a customer or patient data has been released of privacy concerns (e.g., by waiver, for experimental use, etc.), or where a customer or patient data is included in a public data set, a customer or patient data from any number of facilities may be used to train pre-trained model  1406  on-premise and/or off premise, such as in a datacenter or other cloud computing infrastructure. 
     In at least one embodiment, when selecting applications for use in deployment pipelines  1410 , a user may also select machine learning models to be used for specific applications. In at least one embodiment, a user may not have a model for use, so a user may select a pre-trained model  1406  to use with an application. In at least one embodiment, pre-trained model  1406  may not be optimized for generating accurate results on customer dataset  1506  of a facility of a user (e.g., based on patient diversity, demographics, types of medical imaging devices used, etc.). In at least one embodiment, prior to deploying pre-trained model  1406  into deployment pipeline  1410  for use with an application(s), pre-trained model  1406  may be updated, retrained, and/or fine-tuned for use at a respective facility. 
     In at least one embodiment, a user may select pre-trained model  1406  that is to be updated, retrained, and/or fine-tuned, and pre-trained model  1406  may be referred to as initial model  1504  for training system  1304  within process  1500 . In at least one embodiment, customer dataset  1506  (e.g., imaging data, genomics data, sequencing data, or other data types generated by devices at a facility) may be used to perform model training  1314  (which may include, without limitation, transfer learning) on initial model  1504  to generate refined model  1512 . In at least one embodiment, ground truth data corresponding to customer dataset  1506  may be generated by training system  1304 . In at least one embodiment, ground truth data may be generated, at least in part, by clinicians, scientists, doctors, practitioners, at a facility (e.g., as labeled clinic data  1312  of  FIG.  13   ). 
     In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may be used in some examples to generate ground truth data. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  (e.g., implemented using an AI-assisted annotation SDK) may leverage machine learning models (e.g., neural networks) to generate suggested or predicted ground truth data for a customer dataset. In at least one embodiment, user  1510  may use annotation tools within a user interface (a graphical user interface (GUI)) on computing device  1508 . 
     In at least one embodiment, user  1510  may interact with a GUI via computing device  1508  to edit or fine-tune (auto)annotations. In at least one embodiment, a polygon editing feature may be used to move vertices of a polygon to more accurate or fine-tuned locations. 
     In at least one embodiment, once customer dataset  1506  has associated ground truth data, ground truth data (e.g., from AI-assisted annotation, manual labeling, etc.) may be used by during model training  1314  to generate refined model  1512 . In at least one embodiment, customer dataset  1506  may be applied to initial model  1504  any number of times, and ground truth data may be used to update parameters of initial model  1504  until an acceptable level of accuracy is attained for refined model  1512 . In at least one embodiment, once refined model  1512  is generated, refined model  1512  may be deployed within one or more deployment pipelines  1410  at a facility for performing one or more processing tasks with respect to medical imaging data. 
     In at least one embodiment, refined model  1512  may be uploaded to pre-trained models  1406  in model registry  1324  to be selected by another facility. In at least one embodiment, his process may be completed at any number of facilities such that refined model  1512  may be further refined on new datasets any number of times to generate a more universal model. 
       FIG.  15 B  is an example illustration of a client-server architecture  1532  to enhance annotation tools with pre-trained annotation models, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation tools  1536  may be instantiated based on a client-server architecture  1532 . In at least one embodiment, annotation tools  1536  in imaging applications may aid radiologists, for example, identify organs and abnormalities. In at least one embodiment, imaging applications may include software tools that help user  1510  to identify, as a non-limiting example, a few extreme points on a particular organ of interest in raw images  1534  (e.g., in a 3D MRI or CT scan) and receive auto-annotated results for all 2D slices of a particular organ. In at least one embodiment, results may be stored in a data store as training data  1538  and used as (for example and without limitation) ground truth data for training. In at least one embodiment, when computing device  1508  sends extreme points for AI-assisted annotation  1310 , a deep learning model, for example, may receive this data as input and return inference results of a segmented organ or abnormality. In at least one embodiment, pre-instantiated annotation tools, such as AI-Assisted Annotation Tool  1536 B in  FIG.  15 B , may be enhanced by making API calls (e.g., API Call  1544 ) to a server, such as an Annotation Assistant Server  1540  that may include a set of pre-trained models  1542  stored in an annotation model registry, for example. In at least one embodiment, an annotation model registry may store pre-trained models  1542  (e.g., machine learning models, such as deep learning models) that are pre-trained to perform AI-assisted annotation on a particular organ or abnormality. These models may be further updated by using training pipelines  1404 . In at least one embodiment, pre-installed annotation tools may be improved over time as new labeled clinic data  1312  is added. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
     Autonomous Vehicle 
       FIG.  16 A  illustrates an example of an autonomous vehicle  1600 , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, autonomous vehicle  1600  (alternatively referred to herein as “vehicle  1600 ”) may be, without limitation, a passenger vehicle, such as a car, a truck, a bus, and/or another type of vehicle that accommodates one or more passengers. In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1   a   00  may be a semi-tractor-trailer truck used for hauling cargo. In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1   a   00  may be an airplane, robotic vehicle, or other kind of vehicle. 
     Autonomous vehicles may be described in terms of automation levels, defined by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), a division of US Department of Transportation, and Society of Automotive Engineers (“SAE”) “Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles” (e.g., Standard No. J3016-201806, published on Jun. 15, 2018, Standard No. J3016-201609, published on Sep. 30, 2016, and previous and future versions of this standard). In one or more embodiments, vehicle  1600  may be capable of functionality in accordance with one or more of level 1 - level 5 of autonomous driving levels. For example, in at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may be capable of conditional automation (Level 3), high automation (Level 4), and/or full automation (Level 5), depending on embodiment. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include, without limitation, components such as a chassis, a vehicle body, wheels (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 18, etc.), tires, axles, and other components of a vehicle. In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include, without limitation, a propulsion system  1650 , such as an internal combustion engine, hybrid electric power plant, an all-electric engine, and/or another propulsion system type. In at least one embodiment, propulsion system  1650  may be connected to a drive train of vehicle  1600 , which may include, without limitation, a transmission, to enable propulsion of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, propulsion system  1650  may be controlled in response to receiving signals from a throttle/accelerator(s)  1652 . 
     In at least one embodiment, a steering system  1654 , which may include, without limitation, a steering wheel, is used to steer a vehicle  1600  (e.g., along a desired path or route) when a propulsion system  1650  is operating (e.g., when vehicle is in motion). In at least one embodiment, a steering system  1654  may receive signals from steering actuator(s)  1656 . A steering wheel may be optional for full automation (Level 5) functionality. In at least one embodiment, a brake sensor system  1646  may be used to operate vehicle brakes in response to receiving signals from brake actuator(s)  1648  and/or brake sensors. 
     In at least one embodiment, controller(s)  1636 , which may include, without limitation, one or more system on chips (“SoCs”) (not shown in  FIG.  16 A ) and/or graphics processing unit(s) (“GPU(s)”), provide signals (e.g., representative of commands) to one or more components and/or systems of vehicle  1600 . For instance, in at least one embodiment, controller(s)  1636  may send signals to operate vehicle brakes via brake actuator(s)  1648 , to operate steering system  1654  via steering actuator(s)  1656 , and/or to operate propulsion system  1650  via throttle/accelerator(s)  1652 . Controller(s)  1636  may include one or more onboard (e.g., integrated) computing devices (e.g., supercomputers) that process sensor signals, and output operation commands (e.g., signals representing commands) to enable autonomous driving and/or to assist a human driver in driving vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, controller(s)  1636  may include a first controller  1636  for autonomous driving functions, a second controller  1636  for functional safety functions, a third controller  1636  for artificial intelligence functionality (e.g., computer vision), a fourth controller  1636  for infotainment functionality, a fifth controller  1636  for redundancy in emergency conditions, and/or other controllers. In at least one embodiment, a single controller  1636  may handle two or more of above functionalities, two or more controllers  1636  may handle a single functionality, and/or any combination thereof. 
     In at least one embodiment, controller(s)  1636  provide signals for controlling one or more components and/or systems of vehicle  1600  in response to sensor data received from one or more sensors (e.g., sensor inputs). In at least one embodiment, sensor data may be received from, for example and without limitation, global navigation satellite systems (“GNSS”) sensor(s)  1658  (e.g., Global Positioning System sensor(s)), RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662 , LIDAR sensor(s)  1664 , inertial measurement unit (“IMU”) sensor(s)  1666  (e.g., accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), magnetic compass(es), magnetometer(s), etc.), microphone(s)  1696 , stereo camera(s)  1668 , wide-view camera(s)  1670  (e.g., fisheye cameras), infrared camera(s)  1672 , surround camera(s)  1674  (e.g., 360 degree cameras), long-range cameras (not shown in  FIG.  16 A ), mid-range camera(s) (not shown in  FIG.  16 A ), speed sensor(s)  1644  (e.g., for measuring speed of vehicle  1600 ), vibration sensor(s)  1642 , steering sensor(s)  1640 , brake sensor(s) (e.g., as part of brake sensor system  1646 ), and/or other sensor types. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of controller(s)  1636  may receive inputs (e.g., represented by input data) from an instrument cluster  1632  of vehicle  1600  and provide outputs (e.g., represented by output data, display data, etc.) via a human-machine interface (“HMI”) display  1634 , an audible annunciator, a loudspeaker, and/or via other components of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, outputs may include information such as vehicle velocity, speed, time, map data (e.g., a High Definition map (not shown in  FIG.  16 A ), location data (e.g., vehicle 1600′s location, such as on a map), direction, location of other vehicles (e.g., an occupancy grid), information about objects and status of objects as perceived by controller(s)  1636 , etc. For example, in at least one embodiment, HMI display  1634  may display information about presence of one or more objects (e.g., a street sign, caution sign, traffic light changing, etc.), and/or information about driving maneuvers vehicle has made, is making, or will make (e.g., changing lanes now, taking exit 34B in two miles, etc.). 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  further includes a network interface  1624  which may use wireless antenna(s)  1626  and/or modem(s) to communicate over one or more networks. For example, in at least one embodiment, network interface  1624  may be capable of communication over Long-Term Evolution (“LTE”), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (“WCDMA”), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (“UMTS”), Global System for Mobile communication (“GSM”), IMT-CDMA Multi-Carrier (“CDMA2000”), etc. In at least one embodiment, wireless antenna(s)  1626  may also enable communication between objects in environment (e.g., vehicles, mobile devices, etc.), using local area network(s), such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (“LE”), Z-Wave, ZigBee, etc., and/or low power wide-area network(s) (“LPWANs”), such as LoRaWAN, SigFox, etc. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  16 A  for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
       FIG.  16 B  illustrates an example of camera locations and fields of view for autonomous vehicle  1600  of  FIG.  16 A , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, cameras and respective fields of view are one example embodiment and are not intended to be limiting. For instance, in at least one embodiment, additional and/or alternative cameras may be included and/or cameras may be located at different locations on vehicle  1600 . 
     In at least one embodiment, camera types for cameras may include, but are not limited to, digital cameras that may be adapted for use with components and/or systems of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, one or more of camera(s) may operate at automotive safety integrity level (“ASIL”) B and/or at another ASIL. In at least one embodiment, camera types may be capable of any image capture rate, such as 60 frames per second (fps),  120  fps,  240  fps, etc., depending on embodiment. In at least one embodiment, cameras may be capable of using rolling shutters, global shutters, another type of shutter, or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, color filter array may include a red clear clear clear (“RCCC”) color filter array, a red clear clear blue (“RCCB”) color filter array, a red blue green clear (“RBGC”) color filter array, a Foveon X3 color filter array, a Bayer sensors (“RGGB”) color filter array, a monochrome sensor color filter array, and/or another type of color filter array. In at least one embodiment, clear pixel cameras, such as cameras with an RCCC, an RCCB, and/or an RBGC color filter array, may be used in an effort to increase light sensitivity. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of camera(s) may be used to perform advanced driver assistance systems (“ADAS”) functions (e.g., as part of a redundant or fail-safe design). For example, in at least one embodiment, a Multi-Function Mono Camera may be installed to provide functions including lane departure warning, traffic sign assist and intelligent headlamp control. In at least one embodiment, one or more of camera(s) (e.g., all of cameras) may record and provide image data (e.g., video) simultaneously. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of cameras may be mounted in a mounting assembly, such as a custom designed (three-dimensional (“3D”) printed) assembly, in order to cut out stray light and reflections from within car (e.g., reflections from dashboard reflected in windshield mirrors) which may interfere with camera’s image data capture abilities. With reference to wing-mirror mounting assemblies, in at least one embodiment, wing-mirror assemblies may be custom 3D printed so that camera mounting plate matches shape of wing-mirror. In at least one embodiment, camera(s) may be integrated into wing-mirror. For side-view cameras, camera(s) may also be integrated within four pillars at each corner of cabIn at least one embodiment. 
     In at least one embodiment, cameras with a field of view that include portions of environment in front of vehicle  1600  (e.g., front-facing cameras) may be used for surround view, to help identify forward facing paths and obstacles, as well as aid in, with help of one or more of controllers  1636  and/or control SoCs, providing information critical to generating an occupancy grid and/or determining preferred vehicle paths. In at least one embodiment, front-facing cameras may be used to perform many of same ADAS functions as LIDAR, including, without limitation, emergency braking, pedestrian detection, and collision avoidance. In at least one embodiment, front-facing cameras may also be used for ADAS functions and systems including, without limitation, Lane Departure Warnings (“LDW”), Autonomous Cruise Control (“ACC”), and/or other functions such as traffic sign recognition. 
     In at least one embodiment, a variety of cameras may be used in a front-facing configuration, including, for example, a monocular camera platform that includes a CMOS (“complementary metal oxide semiconductor”) color imager. In at least one embodiment, wide-view camera  1670  may be used to perceive objects coming into view from periphery (e.g., pedestrians, crossing traffic or bicycles). Although only one wide-view camera  1670  is illustrated in  FIG.  16 B , in other embodiments, there may be any number (including zero) of wide-view camera(s)  1670  on vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, any number of long-range camera(s)  1698  (e.g., a long-view stereo camera pair) may be used for depth-based object detection, especially for objects for which a neural network has not yet been trained. In at least one embodiment, long-range camera(s)  1698  may also be used for object detection and classification, as well as basic object tracking. 
     In at least one embodiment, any number of stereo camera(s)  1668  may also be included in a front-facing configuration. In at least one embodiment, one or more of stereo camera(s)  1668  may include an integrated control unit comprising a scalable processing unit, which may provide a programmable logic (“FPGA”) and a multi-core micro-processor with an integrated Controller Area Network (“CAN”) or Ethernet interface on a single chip. In at least one embodiment, such a unit may be used to generate a 3D map of environment of vehicle  1600 , including a distance estimate for all points in image. In at least one embodiment, one or more of stereo camera(s)  1668  may include, without limitation, compact stereo vision sensor(s) that may include, without limitation, two camera lenses (one each on left and right) and an image processing chip that may measure distance from vehicle  1600  to target object and use generated information (e.g., metadata) to activate autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning functions. In at least one embodiment, other types of stereo camera(s)  1668  may be used in addition to, or alternatively from, those described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, cameras with a field of view that include portions of environment to side of vehicle  1600  (e.g., side-view cameras) may be used for surround view, providing information used to create and update occupancy grid, as well as to generate side impact collision warnings. For example, in at least one embodiment, surround camera(s)  1674  (e.g., four surround cameras  1674  as illustrated in  FIG.  16 B ) could be positioned on vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, surround camera(s)  1674  may include, without limitation, any number and combination of wide-view camera(s)  1670 , fisheye camera(s), 360 degree camera(s), and/or like. For instance, in at least one embodiment, four fisheye cameras may be positioned on front, rear, and sides of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may use three surround camera(s)  1674  (e.g., left, right, and rear), and may leverage one or more other camera(s) (e.g., a forward-facing camera) as a fourth surround-view camera. 
     In at least one embodiment, cameras with a field of view that include portions of environment to rear of vehicle  1600  (e.g., rear-view cameras) may be used for park assistance, surround view, rear collision warnings, and creating and updating occupancy grid. In at least one embodiment, a wide variety of cameras may be used including, but not limited to, cameras that are also suitable as a front-facing camera(s) (e.g., long-range cameras  1698  and/or mid-range camera(s)  1676 , stereo camera(s)  1668 ), infrared camera(s)  1672 , etc.), as described herein. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  16 B  for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
       FIG.  16 C  is a block diagram illustrating an example system architecture for autonomous vehicle  1600  of  FIG.  16 A , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, each of components, features, and systems of vehicle  1600  in  FIG.  16 C  are illustrated as being connected via a bus  1602 . In at least one embodiment, bus  1602  may include, without limitation, a CAN data interface (alternatively referred to herein as a “CAN bus”). In at least one embodiment, a CAN bus may be a network inside vehicle  1600  used to aid in control of various features and functionality of vehicle  1600 , such as actuation of brakes, acceleration, braking, steering, windshield wipers, etc. In at least one embodiment, bus  1602  may be configured to have dozens or even hundreds of nodes, each with its own unique identifier (e.g., a CAN ID). In at least one embodiment, bus  1602  may be read to find steering wheel angle, ground speed, engine revolutions per minute (“RPMs”), button positions, and/or other vehicle status indicators. In at least one embodiment, bus  1602  may be a CAN bus that is ASIL B compliant. 
     In at least one embodiment, in addition to, or alternatively from CAN, FlexRay and/or Ethernet may be used. In at least one embodiment, there may be any number of busses  1602 , which may include, without limitation, zero or more CAN busses, zero or more FlexRay busses, zero or more Ethernet busses, and/or zero or more other types of busses using a different protocol. In at least one embodiment, two or more busses  1602  may be used to perform different functions, and/or may be used for redundancy. For example, a first bus  1602  may be used for collision avoidance functionality and a second bus  1602  may be used for actuation control. In at least one embodiment, each bus  1602  may communicate with any of components of vehicle  1600 , and two or more busses  1602  may communicate with same components. In at least one embodiment, each of any number of system(s) on chip(s) (“SoC(s)”)  1604 , each of controller(s)  1636 , and/or each computer within vehicle may have access to same input data (e.g., inputs from sensors of vehicle  1600 ), and may be connected to a common bus, such CAN bus. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include one or more controller(s)  1636 , such as those described herein with respect to  FIG.  16 A . Controller(s)  1636  may be used for a variety of functions. In at least one embodiment, controller(s)  1636  may be coupled to any of various other components and systems of vehicle  1600 , and may be used for control of vehicle  1600 , artificial intelligence of vehicle  1600 , infotainment for vehicle  1600 , and/or like. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include any number of SoCs  1604 . Each of SoCs  1604  may include, without limitation, central processing units (“CPU(s)”)  1606 , graphics processing units (“GPU(s)”)  1608 , processor(s)  1610 , cache(s)  1612 , accelerator(s)  1614 , data store(s)  1616 , and/or other components and features not illustrated. In at least one embodiment, SoC(s)  1604  may be used to control vehicle  1600  in a variety of platforms and systems. For example, in at least one embodiment, SoC(s)  1604  may be combined in a system (e.g., system of vehicle  1600 ) with a High Definition (“HD”) map  1622  which may obtain map refreshes and/or updates via network interface  1624  from one or more servers (not shown in  FIG.  16 C ). 
     In at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1606  may include a CPU cluster or CPU complex (alternatively referred to herein as a “CCPLEX”). In at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1606  may include multiple cores and/or level two (“L2”) caches. For instance, in at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1606  may include eight cores in a coherent multi-processor configuration. In at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1606  may include four dual-core clusters where each cluster has a dedicated L2 cache (e.g., a 2 MB L2 cache). In at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1606  (e.g., CCPLEX) may be configured to support simultaneous cluster operation enabling any combination of clusters of CPU(s)  1606  to be active at any given time. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of CPU(s)  1606  may implement power management capabilities that include, without limitation, one or more of following features: individual hardware blocks may be clock-gated automatically when idle to save dynamic power; each core clock may be gated when core is not actively executing instructions due to execution of Wait for Interrupt (“WFI”)/Wait for Event (“WFE”) instructions; each core may be independently power-gated; each core cluster may be independently clock-gated when all cores are clock-gated or power-gated; and/or each core cluster may be independently power-gated when all cores are power-gated. In at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1606  may further implement an enhanced algorithm for managing power states, where allowed power states and expected wakeup times are specified, and hardware/microcode determines best power state to enter for core, cluster, and CCPLEX. In at least one embodiment, processing cores may support simplified power state entry sequences in software with work offloaded to microcode. 
     In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may include an integrated GPU (alternatively referred to herein as an “iGPU”). In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may be programmable and may be efficient for parallel workloads. In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608 , in at least one embodiment, may use an enhanced tensor instruction set. In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may include one or more streaming microprocessors, where each streaming microprocessor may include a level one (“L1”) cache (e.g., an L1 cache with at least 96KB storage capacity), and two or more of streaming microprocessors may share an L2 cache (e.g., an L2 cache with a  512  KB storage capacity). In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may include at least eight streaming microprocessors. In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may use compute application programming interface(s) (API(s)). In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may use one or more parallel computing platforms and/or programming models (e.g., NVIDIA’s CUDA). 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of GPU(s)  1608  may be power-optimized for best performance in automotive and embedded use cases. For example, in on embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  could be fabricated on a Fin field-effect transistor (“FinFET”). In at least one embodiment, each streaming microprocessor may incorporate a number of mixed-precision processing cores partitioned into multiple blocks. For example, and without limitation, 64 PF32 cores and 32 PF64 cores could be partitioned into four processing blocks. In at least one embodiment, each processing block could be allocated 16 FP32 cores, 8 FP64 cores, 16 INT32 cores, two mixed-precision NVIDIA TENSOR COREs for deep learning matrix arithmetic, a level zero (“L0”) instruction cache, a warp scheduler, a dispatch unit, and/or a 64 KB register file. In at least one embodiment, streaming microprocessors may include independent parallel integer and floating-point data paths to provide for efficient execution of workloads with a mix of computation and addressing calculations. In at least one embodiment, streaming microprocessors may include independent thread scheduling capability to enable finer-grain synchronization and cooperation between parallel threads. In at least one embodiment, streaming microprocessors may include a combined L1 data cache and shared memory unit in order to improve performance while simplifying programming. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of GPU(s)  1608  may include a high bandwidth memory (“HBM) and/or a 16 GB HBM2 memory subsystem to provide, in some examples, about 900 GB/second peak memory bandwidth. In at least one embodiment, in addition to, or alternatively from, HBM memory, a synchronous graphics random-access memory (“SGRAM”) may be used, such as a graphics double data rate type five synchronous random-access memory (“GDDR5”). 
     In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may include unified memory technology. In at least one embodiment, address translation services (“ATS”) support may be used to allow GPU(s)  1608  to access CPU(s)  1606  page tables directly. In at least one embodiment, embodiment, when GPU(s)  1608  memory management unit (“MMU”) experiences a miss, an address translation request may be transmitted to CPU(s)  1606 . In response, CPU(s)  1606  may look in its page tables for virtual-to-physical mapping for address and transmits translation back to GPU(s)  1608 , in at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, unified memory technology may allow a single unified virtual address space for memory of both CPU(s)  1606  and GPU(s)  1608 , thereby simplifying GPU(s)  1608  programming and porting of applications to GPU(s)  1608 . 
     In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1608  may include any number of access counters that may keep track of frequency of access of GPU(s)  1608  to memory of other processors. In at least one embodiment, access counter(s) may help ensure that memory pages are moved to physical memory of processor that is accessing pages most frequently, thereby improving efficiency for memory ranges shared between processors. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may include any number of cache(s)  1612 , including those described herein. For example, in at least one embodiment, cache(s)  1612  could include a level three (“L3”) cache that is available to both CPU(s)  1606  and GPU(s)  1608  (e.g., that is connected both CPU(s)  1606  and GPU(s)  1608 ). In at least one embodiment, cache(s)  1612  may include a write-back cache that may keep track of states of lines, such as by using a cache coherence protocol (e.g., MEI, MESI, MSI, etc.). In at least one embodiment, L3 cache may include 4 MB or more, depending on embodiment, although smaller cache sizes may be used. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may include one or more accelerator(s)  1614  (e.g., hardware accelerators, software accelerators, or a combination thereof). In at least one embodiment, SoC(s)  1604  may include a hardware acceleration cluster that may include optimized hardware accelerators and/or large on-chip memory. In at least one embodiment, large on-chip memory (e.g., 4MB of SRAM), may enable hardware acceleration cluster to accelerate neural networks and other calculations. In at least one embodiment, hardware acceleration cluster may be used to complement GPU(s)  1608  and to off-load some of tasks of GPU(s)  1608  (e.g., to free up more cycles of GPU(s)  1608  for performing other tasks). In at least one embodiment, accelerator(s)  1614  could be used for targeted workloads (e.g., perception, convolutional neural networks (“CNNs”), recurrent neural networks (“RNNs”), etc.) that are stable enough to be amenable to acceleration. In at least one embodiment, a CNN may include a region-based or regional convolutional neural networks (“RCNNs”) and Fast RCNNs (e.g., as used for object detection) or other type of CNN. 
     In at least one embodiment, accelerator(s)  1614  (e.g., hardware acceleration cluster) may include a deep learning accelerator(s) (“DLA(s)”). DLA(s) may include, without limitation, one or more Tensor processing units (“TPU(s)”) that may be configured to provide an additional ten trillion operations per second for deep learning applications and inferencing. In at least one embodiment, TPU(s) may be accelerators configured to, and optimized for, performing image processing functions (e.g., for CNNs, RCNNs, etc.). DLA(s) may further be optimized for a specific set of neural network types and floating point operations, as well as inferencing. In at least one embodiment, design of DLA(s) may provide more performance per millimeter than a typical general-purpose GPU, and typically vastly exceeds performance of a CPU. In at least one embodiment, TPU(s) may perform several functions, including a single-instance convolution function, supporting, for example, INT8, INT16, and FP16 data types for both features and weights, as well as post-processor functions. In at least one embodiment, DLA(s) may quickly and efficiently execute neural networks, especially CNNs, on processed or unprocessed data for any of a variety of functions, including, for example and without limitation: a CNN for object identification and detection using data from camera sensors; a CNN for distance estimation using data from camera sensors; a CNN for emergency vehicle detection and identification and detection using data from microphones  1696 ; a CNN for facial recognition and vehicle owner identification using data from camera sensors; and/or a CNN for security and/or safety related events. 
     In at least one embodiment, DLA(s) may perform any function of GPU(s)  1608 , and by using an inference accelerator, for example, a designer may target either DLA(s) or GPU(s)  1608  for any function. For example, in at least one embodiment, designer may focus processing of CNNs and floating point operations on DLA(s) and leave other functions to GPU(s)  1608  and/or other accelerator(s)  1614 . 
     In at least one embodiment, accelerator(s)  1614  (e.g., hardware acceleration cluster) may include a programmable vision accelerator(s) (“PVA”), which may alternatively be referred to herein as a computer vision accelerator. In at least one embodiment, PVA(s) may be designed and configured to accelerate computer vision algorithms for advanced driver assistance system (“ADAS”)  1638 , autonomous driving, augmented reality (“AR”) applications, and/or virtual reality (“VR”) applications. PVA(s) may provide a balance between performance and flexibility. For example, in at least one embodiment, each PVA(s) may include, for example and without limitation, any number of reduced instruction set computer (“RISC”) cores, direct memory access (“DMA”), and/or any number of vector processors. 
     In at least one embodiment, RISC cores may interact with image sensors (e.g., image sensors of any of cameras described herein), image signal processor(s), and/or like. In at least one embodiment, each of RISC cores may include any amount of memory. In at least one embodiment, RISC cores may use any of a number of protocols, depending on embodiment. In at least one embodiment, RISC cores may execute a real-time operating system (“RTOS”). In at least one embodiment, RISC cores may be implemented using one or more integrated circuit devices, application specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), and/or memory devices. For example, in at least one embodiment, RISC cores could include an instruction cache and/or a tightly coupled RAM. 
     In at least one embodiment, DMA may enable components of PVA(s) to access system memory independently of CPU(s)  1606 . In at least one embodiment, DMA may support any number of features used to provide optimization to PVA including, but not limited to, supporting multi-dimensional addressing and/or circular addressing. In at least one embodiment, DMA may support up to six or more dimensions of addressing, which may include, without limitation, block width, block height, block depth, horizontal block stepping, vertical block stepping, and/or depth stepping. 
     In at least one embodiment, vector processors may be programmable processors that may be designed to efficiently and flexibly execute programming for computer vision algorithms and provide signal processing capabilities. In at least one embodiment, PVA may include a PVA core and two vector processing subsystem partitions. In at least one embodiment, PVA core may include a processor subsystem, DMA engine(s) (e.g., two DMA engines), and/or other peripherals. In at least one embodiment, vector processing subsystem may operate as primary processing engine of PVA, and may include a vector processing unit (“VPU”), an instruction cache, and/or vector memory (e.g., “VMEM”). In at least one embodiment, VPU may include a digital signal processor such as, for example, a single instruction, multiple data (“SIMD”), very long instruction word (“VLIW”) digital signal processor. In at least one embodiment, a combination of SIMD and VLIW may enhance throughput and speed. 
     In at least one embodiment, each of vector processors may include an instruction cache and may be coupled to dedicated memory. As a result, in at least one embodiment, each of vector processors may be configured to execute independently of other vector processors. In at least one embodiment, vector processors that are included in a particular PVA may be configured to employ data parallelism. For instance, in at least one embodiment, plurality of vector processors included in a single PVA may execute same computer vision algorithm, but on different regions of an image. In at least one embodiment, vector processors included in a particular PVA may simultaneously execute different computer vision algorithms, on same image, or even execute different algorithms on sequential images or portions of an image. In at least one embodiment, among other things, any number of PVAs may be included in hardware acceleration cluster and any number of vector processors may be included in each of PVAs. In at least one embodiment, PVA(s) may include additional error correcting code (“ECC”) memory, to enhance overall system safety. 
     In at least one embodiment, accelerator(s)  1614  (e.g., hardware acceleration cluster) may include a computer vision network on-chip and static random-access memory (“SRAM”), for providing a high-bandwidth, low latency SRAM for accelerator(s)  1614 . In at least one embodiment, on-chip memory may include at least 4MB SRAM, consisting of, for example and without limitation, eight field-configurable memory blocks, that may be accessible by both PVA and DLA. In at least one embodiment, each pair of memory blocks may include an advanced peripheral bus (“APB”) interface, configuration circuitry, a controller, and a multiplexer. In at least one embodiment, any type of memory may be used. In at least one embodiment, PVA and DLA may access memory via a backbone that provides PVA and DLA with high-speed access to memory. In at least one embodiment, backbone may include a computer vision network on-chip that interconnects PVA and DLA to memory (e.g., using APB). 
     In at least one embodiment, computer vision network on-chip may include an interface that determines, before transmission of any control signal/address/data, that both PVA and DLA provide ready and valid signals. In at least one embodiment, an interface may provide for separate phases and separate channels for transmitting control signals/addresses/data, as well as burst-type communications for continuous data transfer. In at least one embodiment, an interface may comply with International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 26262 or International Electrotechnical Commission (“IEC”) 61508 standards, although other standards and protocols may be used. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may include a real-time ray-tracing hardware accelerator. In at least one embodiment, real-time ray-tracing hardware accelerator may be used to quickly and efficiently determine positions and extents of objects (e.g., within a world model), to generate real-time visualization simulations, for RADAR signal interpretation, for sound propagation synthesis and/or analysis, for simulation of SONAR systems, for general wave propagation simulation, for comparison to LIDAR data for purposes of localization and/or other functions, and/or for other uses. 
     In at least one embodiment, accelerator(s)  1614  (e.g., hardware accelerator cluster) have a wide array of uses for autonomous driving. In at least one embodiment, PVA may be a programmable vision accelerator that may be used for key processing stages in ADAS and autonomous vehicles. In at least one embodiment, PVA’s capabilities are a good match for algorithmic domains needing predictable processing, at low power and low latency. In other words, PVA performs well on semi-dense or dense regular computation, even on small data sets, which need predictable run-times with low latency and low power. In at least one embodiment, autonomous vehicles, such as vehicle  1600 , PVAs are designed to run classic computer vision algorithms, as they are efficient at object detection and operating on integer math. 
     For example, according to at least one embodiment of technology, PVA is used to perform computer stereo vision. In at least one embodiment, semi-global matching-based algorithm may be used in some examples, although this is not intended to be limiting. In at least one embodiment, applications for Level 3-5 autonomous driving use motion estimation/stereo matching on-the-fly (e.g., structure from motion, pedestrian recognition, lane detection, etc.). In at least one embodiment, PVA may perform computer stereo vision function on inputs from two monocular cameras. 
     In at least one embodiment, PVA may be used to perform dense optical flow. For example, in at least one embodiment, PVA could process raw RADAR data (e.g., using a 4D Fast Fourier Transform) to provide processed RADAR data. In at least one embodiment, PVA is used for time of flight depth processing, by processing raw time of flight data to provide processed time of flight data, for example. 
     In at least one embodiment, DLA may be used to run any type of network to enhance control and driving safety, including for example and without limitation, a neural network that outputs a measure of confidence for each object detection. In at least one embodiment, confidence may be represented or interpreted as a probability, or as providing a relative “weight” of each detection compared to other detections. In at least one embodiment, confidence enables a system to make further decisions regarding which detections should be considered as true positive detections rather than false positive detections. For example, In at least one embodiment, a system may set a threshold value for confidence and consider only detections exceeding threshold value as true positive detections. In an embodiment in which an automatic emergency braking (“AEB”) system is used, false positive detections would cause vehicle to automatically perform emergency braking, which is obviously undesirable. In at least one embodiment, highly confident detections may be considered as triggers for AEB. In at least one embodiment, DLA may run a neural network for regressing confidence value. In at least one embodiment, neural network may take as its input at least some subset of parameters, such as bounding box dimensions, ground plane estimate obtained (e.g. from another subsystem), output from IMU sensor(s)  1666  that correlates with vehicle  1600  orientation, distance, 3D location estimates of object obtained from neural network and/or other sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  or RADAR sensor(s)  1660 ), among others. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may include data store(s)  1616  (e.g., memory). In at least one embodiment, data store(s)  1616  may be on-chip memory of SoC(s)  1604 , which may store neural networks to be executed on GPU(s)  1608  and/or DLA. In at least one embodiment, data store(s)  1616  may be large enough in capacity to store multiple instances of neural networks for redundancy and safety. In at least one embodiment, data store(s)  1616  may comprise L2 or L3 cache(s). 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may include any number of processor(s)  1610  (e.g., embedded processors). In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may include a boot and power management processor that may be a dedicated processor and subsystem to handle boot power and management functions and related security enforcement. In at least one embodiment, boot and power management processor may be a part of SoC(s)  1604  boot sequence and may provide runtime power management services. In at least one embodiment, boot power and management processor may provide clock and voltage programming, assistance in system low power state transitions, management of SoC(s)  1604  thermals and temperature sensors, and/or management of SoC(s)  1604  power states. In at least one embodiment, each temperature sensor may be implemented as a ring-oscillator whose output frequency is proportional to temperature, and SoC(s)  1604  may use ring-oscillators to detect temperatures of CPU(s)  1606 , GPU(s)  1608 , and/or accelerator(s)  1614 . In at least one embodiment, if temperatures are determined to exceed a threshold, then boot and power management processor may enter a temperature fault routine and put SoC(s)  1604  into a lower power state and/or put vehicle  1600  into a chauffeur to safe stop mode (e.g., bring vehicle  1600  to a safe stop). 
     In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may further include a set of embedded processors that may serve as an audio processing engine. In at least one embodiment, audio processing engine may be an audio subsystem that enables full hardware support for multi-channel audio over multiple interfaces, and a broad and flexible range of audio I/O interfaces. In at least one embodiment, audio processing engine is a dedicated processor core with a digital signal processor with dedicated RAM. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may further include an always on processor engine that may provide necessary hardware features to support low power sensor management and wake use cases. In at least one embodiment, always on processor engine may include, without limitation, a processor core, a tightly coupled RAM, supporting peripherals (e.g., timers and interrupt controllers), various I/O controller peripherals, and routing logic. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may further include a safety cluster engine that includes, without limitation, a dedicated processor subsystem to handle safety management for automotive applications. In at least one embodiment, safety cluster engine may include, without limitation, two or more processor cores, a tightly coupled RAM, support peripherals (e.g., timers, an interrupt controller, etc.), and/or routing logic. In a safety mode, two or more cores may operate, in at least one embodiment, in a lockstep mode and function as a single core with comparison logic to detect any differences between their operations. In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may further include a real-time camera engine that may include, without limitation, a dedicated processor subsystem for handling real-time camera management. In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may further include a high-dynamic range signal processor that may include, without limitation, an image signal processor that is a hardware engine that is part of camera processing pipeline. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor(s)  1610  may include a video image compositor that may be a processing block (e.g., implemented on a microprocessor) that implements video post-processing functions needed by a video playback application to produce final image for player window. In at least one embodiment, video image compositor may perform lens distortion correction on wide-view camera(s)  1670 , surround camera(s)  1674 , and/or on in-cabin monitoring camera sensor(s). In at least one embodiment, in-cabin monitoring camera sensor(s) are preferably monitored by a neural network running on another instance of SoC(s)  1604 , configured to identify in cabin events and respond accordingly. In at least one embodiment, an in-cabin system may perform, without limitation, lip reading to activate cellular service and place a phone call, dictate emails, change vehicle’s destination, activate or change vehicle’s infotainment system and settings, or provide voice-activated web surfing. In at least one embodiment, certain functions are available to driver when vehicle is operating in an autonomous mode and are disabled otherwise. 
     In at least one embodiment, video image compositor may include enhanced temporal noise reduction for both spatial and temporal noise reduction. For example, in at least one embodiment, where motion occurs in a video, noise reduction weights spatial information appropriately, decreasing weight of information provided by adjacent frames. In at least one embodiment, where an image or portion of an image does not include motion, temporal noise reduction performed by video image compositor may use information from previous image to reduce noise in current image. 
     In at least one embodiment, video image compositor may also be configured to perform stereo rectification on input stereo lens frames. In at least one embodiment, video image compositor may further be used for user interface composition when operating system desktop is in use, and GPU(s)  1608  are not required to continuously render new surfaces. In at least one embodiment, when GPU(s)  1608  are powered on and active doing 3D rendering, video image compositor may be used to offload GPU(s)  1608  to improve performance and responsiveness. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may further include a mobile industry processor interface (“MIPI”) camera serial interface for receiving video and input from cameras, a high-speed interface, and/or a video input block that may be used for camera and related pixel input functions. In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may further include an input/output controller(s) that may be controlled by software and may be used for receiving I/O signals that are uncommitted to a specific role. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may further include a broad range of peripheral interfaces to enable communication with peripherals, audio encoders/decoders (“codecs”), power management, and/or other devices. SoC(s)  1604  may be used to process data from cameras (e.g., connected over Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link and Ethernet), sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensor(s)  1664 , RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , etc. that may be connected over Ethernet), data from bus  1602  (e.g., speed of vehicle  1600 , steering wheel position, etc.), data from GNSS sensor(s)  1658  (e.g., connected over Ethernet or CAN bus), etc. In at least one embodiment, one or more of SoC(s)  1604  may further include dedicated high-performance mass storage controllers that may include their own DMA engines, and that may be used to free CPU(s)  1606  from routine data management tasks. 
     In at least one embodiment, SoC(s)  1604  may be an end-to-end platform with a flexible architecture that spans automation levels 3-5, thereby providing a comprehensive functional safety architecture that leverages and makes efficient use of computer vision and ADAS techniques for diversity and redundancy, provides a platform for a flexible, reliable driving software stack, along with deep learning tools. In at least one embodiment, SoC(s)  1604  may be faster, more reliable, and even more energy-efficient and space-efficient than conventional systems. For example, in at least one embodiment, accelerator(s)  1614 , when combined with CPU(s)  1606 , GPU(s)  1608 , and data store(s)  1616 , may provide for a fast, efficient platform for level 3-5 autonomous vehicles. 
     In at least one embodiment, computer vision algorithms may be executed on CPUs, which may be configured using high-level programming language, such as C programming language, to execute a wide variety of processing algorithms across a wide variety of visual data. However, in at least one embodiment, CPUs are oftentimes unable to meet performance requirements of many computer vision applications, such as those related to execution time and power consumption, for example. In at least one embodiment, many CPUs are unable to execute complex object detection algorithms in real-time, which is used in in-vehicle ADAS applications and in practical Level 3-5 autonomous vehicles. 
     Embodiments described herein allow for multiple neural networks to be performed simultaneously and/or sequentially, and for results to be combined together to enable Level 3-5 autonomous driving functionality. For example, in at least one embodiment, a CNN executing on DLA or discrete GPU (e.g., GPU(s)  1620 ) may include text and word recognition, allowing supercomputer to read and understand traffic signs, including signs for which neural network has not been specifically trained. In at least one embodiment, DLA may further include a neural network that is able to identify, interpret, and provide semantic understanding of sign, and to pass that semantic understanding to path planning modules running on CPU Complex. 
     In at least one embodiment, multiple neural networks may be run simultaneously, as for Level 3, 4, or 5 driving. For example, in at least one embodiment, a warning sign consisting of “Caution: flashing lights indicate icy conditions,” along with an electric light, may be independently or collectively interpreted by several neural networks. In at least one embodiment, a sign itself may be identified as a traffic sign by a first deployed neural network (e.g., a neural network that has been trained) and a text “flashing lights indicate icy conditions” may be interpreted by a second deployed neural network, which informs vehicle’s path planning software (preferably executing on CPU Complex) that when flashing lights are detected, icy conditions exist. In at least one embodiment, a flashing light may be identified by operating a third deployed neural network over multiple frames, informing vehicle’s path-planning software of presence (or absence) of flashing lights. In at least one embodiment, all three neural networks may run simultaneously, such as within DLA and/or on GPU(s)  1608 . 
     In at least one embodiment, a CNN for facial recognition and vehicle owner identification may use data from camera sensors to identify presence of an authorized driver and/or owner of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, an always on sensor processing engine may be used to unlock vehicle when owner approaches driver door and turn on lights, and, in security mode, to disable vehicle when owner leaves vehicle. In this way, SoC(s)  1604  provide for security against theft and/or carjacking. 
     In at least one embodiment, a CNN for emergency vehicle detection and identification may use data from microphones  1696  to detect and identify emergency vehicle sirens. In at least one embodiment, SoC(s)  1604  use CNN for classifying environmental and urban sounds, as well as classifying visual data. In at least one embodiment, CNN running on DLA is trained to identify relative closing speed of emergency vehicle (e.g., by using Doppler effect). In at least one embodiment, CNN may also be trained to identify emergency vehicles specific to local area in which vehicle is operating, as identified by GNSS sensor(s)  1658 . In at least one embodiment, when operating in Europe, CNN will seek to detect European sirens, and when in United States CNN will seek to identify only North American sirens. In at least one embodiment, once an emergency vehicle is detected, a control program may be used to execute an emergency vehicle safety routine, slowing vehicle, pulling over to side of road, parking vehicle, and/or idling vehicle, with assistance of ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662 , until emergency vehicle(s) passes. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include CPU(s)  1618  (e.g., discrete CPU(s), or dCPU(s)), that may be coupled to SoC(s)  1604  via a high-speed interconnect (e.g., PCIe). In at least one embodiment, CPU(s)  1618  may include an X86 processor, for example. CPU(s)  1618  may be used to perform any of a variety of functions, including arbitrating potentially inconsistent results between ADAS sensors and SoC(s)  1604 , and/or monitoring status and health of controller(s)  1636  and/or an infotainment system on a chip (“infotainment SoC”)  1630 , for example. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include GPU(s)  1620  (e.g., discrete GPU(s), or dGPU(s)), that may be coupled to SoC(s)  1604  via a high-speed interconnect (e.g., NVIDIA’s NVLINK). In at least one embodiment, GPU(s)  1620  may provide additional artificial intelligence functionality, such as by executing redundant and/or different neural networks, and may be used to train and/or update neural networks based at least in part on input (e.g., sensor data) from sensors of vehicle  1600 . 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include network interface  1624  which may include, without limitation, wireless antenna(s)  1626  (e.g., one or more wireless antennas  1626  for different communication protocols, such as a cellular antenna, a Bluetooth antenna, etc.). In at least one embodiment, network interface  1624  may be used to enable wireless connectivity over Internet with cloud (e.g., with server(s) and/or other network devices), with other vehicles, and/or with computing devices (e.g., client devices of passengers). In at least one embodiment, to communicate with other vehicles, a direct link may be established between vehicle  160  and other vehicle and/or an indirect link may be established (e.g., across networks and over Internet). In at least one embodiment, direct links may be provided using a vehicle-to-vehicle communication link. vehicle-to-vehicle communication link may provide vehicle  1600  information about vehicles in proximity to vehicle  1600  (e.g., vehicles in front of, on side of, and/or behind vehicle  1600 ). In at least one embodiment, aforementioned functionality may be part of a cooperative adaptive cruise control functionality of vehicle  1600 . 
     In at least one embodiment, network interface  1624  may include a SoC that provides modulation and demodulation functionality and enables controller(s)  1636  to communicate over wireless networks. In at least one embodiment, network interface  1624  may include a radio frequency front-end for up-conversion from baseband to radio frequency, and down conversion from radio frequency to baseband. In at least one embodiment, frequency conversions may be performed in any technically feasible fashion. For example, frequency conversions could be performed through well-known processes, and/or using super-heterodyne processes. In at least one embodiment, radio frequency front end functionality may be provided by a separate chip. In at least one embodiment, network interface may include wireless functionality for communicating over LTE, WCDMA, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, and/or other wireless protocols. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include data store(s)  1628  which may include, without limitation, off-chip (e.g., off SoC(s)  1604 ) storage. In at least one embodiment, data store(s)  1628  may include, without limitation, one or more storage elements including RAM, SRAM, dynamic random-access memory (“DRAM”), video random-access memory (“VRAM”), Flash, hard disks, and/or other components and/or devices that may store at least one bit of data. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include GNSS sensor(s)  1658  (e.g., GPS and/or assisted GPS sensors), to assist in mapping, perception, occupancy grid generation, and/or path planning functions. In at least one embodiment, any number of GNSS sensor(s)  1658  may be used, including, for example and without limitation, a GPS using a USB connector with an Ethernet to Serial (e.g., RS-232) bridge. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include RADAR sensor(s)  1660 . RADAR sensor(s)  1660  may be used by vehicle  1600  for long-range vehicle detection, even in darkness and/or severe weather conditions. In at least one embodiment, RADAR functional safety levels may be ASIL B. RADAR sensor(s)  1660  may use CAN and/or bus  1602  (e.g., to transmit data generated by RADAR sensor(s)  1660 ) for control and to access object tracking data, with access to Ethernet to access raw data in some examples. In at least one embodiment, wide variety of RADAR sensor types may be used. For example, and without limitation, RADAR sensor(s)  1660  may be suitable for front, rear, and side RADAR use. In at least one embodiment, one or more of RADAR sensors(s)  1660  are Pulse Doppler RADAR sensor(s). 
     In at least one embodiment, RADAR sensor(s)  1660  may include different configurations, such as long-range with narrow field of view, short-range with wide field of view, short-range side coverage, etc. In at least one embodiment, long-range RADAR may be used for adaptive cruise control functionality. In at least one embodiment, long-range RADAR systems may provide a broad field of view realized by two or more independent scans, such as within a 250 m range. In at least one embodiment, RADAR sensor(s)  1660  may help in distinguishing between static and moving objects, and may be used by ADAS system  1638  for emergency brake assist and forward collision warning. Sensors 1660(s) included in a long-range RADAR system may include, without limitation, monostatic multimodal RADAR with multiple (e.g., six or more) fixed RADAR antennae and a high-speed CAN and FlexRay interface. In at least one embodiment, with six antennae, central four antennae may create a focused beam pattern, designed to record vehicle 1600′s surroundings at higher speeds with minimal interference from traffic in adjacent lanes. In at least one embodiment, other two antennae may expand field of view, making it possible to quickly detect vehicles entering or leaving vehicle 1600′s lane. 
     In at least one embodiment, mid-range RADAR systems may include, as an example, a range of up to 160 m (front) or 80 m (rear), and a field of view of up to 42 degrees (front) or 150 degrees (rear). In at least one embodiment, short-range RADAR systems may include, without limitation, any number of RADAR sensor(s)  1660  designed to be installed at both ends of rear bumper. When installed at both ends of rear bumper, in at least one embodiment, a RADAR sensor system may create two beams that constantly monitor blind spot in rear and next to vehicle. In at least one embodiment, short-range RADAR systems may be used in ADAS system  1638  for blind spot detection and/or lane change assist. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662 . Ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662 , which may be positioned at front, back, and/or sides of vehicle  1600 , may be used for park assist and/or to create and update an occupancy grid. In at least one embodiment, a wide variety of ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662  may be used, and different ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662  may be used for different ranges of detection (e.g., 2.5 m, 4 m). In at least one embodiment, ultrasonic sensor(s)  1662  may operate at functional safety levels of ASIL B. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include LIDAR sensor(s)  1664 . LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  may be used for object and pedestrian detection, emergency braking, collision avoidance, and/or other functions. In at least one embodiment, LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  may be functional safety level ASIL B. In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include multiple LIDAR sensors  1664  (e.g., two, four, six, etc.) that may use Ethernet (e.g., to provide data to a Gigabit Ethernet switch). 
     In at least one embodiment, LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  may be capable of providing a list of objects and their distances for a 360-degree field of view. In at least one embodiment, commercially available LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  may have an advertised range of approximately 100 m, with an accuracy of 2 cm-3cm, and with support for a  100  Mbps Ethernet connection, for example. In at least one embodiment, one or more non-protruding LIDAR sensors  1664  may be used. In such an embodiment, LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  may be implemented as a small device that may be embedded into front, rear, sides, and/or corners of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, LIDAR sensor(s)  1664 , in such an embodiment, may provide up to a 120-degree horizontal and 35-degree vertical field-of-view, with a 200 m range even for low-reflectivity objects. In at least one embodiment, front-mounted LIDAR sensor(s)  1664  may be configured for a horizontal field of view between 45 degrees and 135 degrees. 
     In at least one embodiment, LIDAR technologies, such as 3D flash LIDAR, may also be used. 3D Flash LIDAR uses a flash of a laser as a transmission source, to illuminate surroundings of vehicle  1600  up to approximately 200 m. In at least one embodiment, a flash LIDAR unit includes, without limitation, a receptor, which records laser pulse transit time and reflected light on each pixel, which in turn corresponds to range from vehicle  1600  to objects. In at least one embodiment, flash LIDAR may allow for highly accurate and distortion-free images of surroundings to be generated with every laser flash. In at least one embodiment, four flash LIDAR sensors may be deployed, one at each side of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, 3D flash LIDAR systems include, without limitation, a solid-state 3D staring array LIDAR camera with no moving parts other than a fan (e.g., a non-scanning LIDAR device). In at least one embodiment, flash LIDAR device(s) may use a 5 nanosecond class I (eye-safe) laser pulse per frame and may capture reflected laser light in form of 3D range point clouds and co-registered intensity data. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle may further include IMU sensor(s)  1666 . In at least one embodiment, IMU sensor(s)  1666  may be located at a center of rear axle of vehicle  1600 , in at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, IMU sensor(s)  1666  may include, for example and without limitation, accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s), gyroscope(s), magnetic compass(es), and/or other sensor types. In at least one embodiment, such as in six-axis applications, IMU sensor(s)  1666  may include, without limitation, accelerometers and gyroscopes. In at least one embodiment, such as in nine-axis applications, IMU sensor(s)  1666  may include, without limitation, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. 
     In at least one embodiment, IMU sensor(s)  1666  may be implemented as a miniature, high performance GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System (“GPS/INS”) that combines micro-electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”) inertial sensors, a high-sensitivity GPS receiver, and advanced Kalman filtering algorithms to provide estimates of position, velocity, and attitude. In at least one embodiment, IMU sensor(s)  1666  may enable vehicle  1600  to estimate heading without requiring input from a magnetic sensor by directly observing and correlating changes in velocity from GPS to IMU sensor(s)  1666 . In at least one embodiment, IMU sensor(s)  1666  and GNSS sensor(s)  1658  may be combined in a single integrated unit. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include microphone(s)  1696  placed in and/or around vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, microphone(s)  1696  may be used for emergency vehicle detection and identification, among other things. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include any number of camera types, including stereo camera(s)  1668 , wide-view camera(s)  1670 , infrared camera(s)  1672 , surround camera(s)  1674 , long-range camera(s)  1698 , mid-range camera(s)  1676 , and/or other camera types. In at least one embodiment, cameras may be used to capture image data around an entire periphery of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, types of cameras used depends on vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, any combination of camera types may be used to provide necessary coverage around vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, number of cameras may differ depending on embodiment. For example, in at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  could include six cameras, seven cameras, ten cameras, twelve cameras, or another number of cameras. Cameras may support, as an example and without limitation, Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link (“GMSL”) and/or Gigabit Ethernet. In at least one embodiment, each of camera(s) is described with more detail previously herein with respect to  FIG.  16 A  and  FIG.  16 B . 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include vibration sensor(s)  1642 . In at least one embodiment, vibration sensor(s)  1642  may measure vibrations of components of vehicle  1600 , such as axle(s). For example, in at least one embodiment, changes in vibrations may indicate a change in road surfaces. In at least one embodiment, when two or more vibration sensors  1642  are used, differences between vibrations may be used to determine friction or slippage of road surface (e.g., when difference in vibration is between a power-driven axle and a freely rotating axle). 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may include ADAS system  1638 . ADAS system  1638  may include, without limitation, a SoC, in some examples. In at least one embodiment, ADAS system  1638  may include, without limitation, any number and combination of an autonomous/adaptive/automatic cruise control (“ACC”) system, a cooperative adaptive cruise control (“CACC”) system, a forward crash warning (“FCW”) system, an automatic emergency braking (“AEB”) system, a lane departure warning (“LDW)” system, a lane keep assist (“LKA”) system, a blind spot warning (“BSW”) system, a rear cross-traffic warning (“RCTW”) system, a collision warning (“CW”) system, a lane centering (“LC”) system, and/or other systems, features, and/or functionality. 
     In at least one embodiment, ACC system may use RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , LIDAR sensor(s)  1664 , and/or any number of camera(s). In at least one embodiment, ACC system may include a longitudinal ACC system and/or a lateral ACC system. In at least one embodiment, longitudinal ACC system monitors and controls distance to vehicle immediately ahead of vehicle  1600  and automatically adjust speed of vehicle  1600  to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. In at least one embodiment, lateral ACC system performs distance keeping, and advises vehicle  1600  to change lanes when necessary. In at least one embodiment, lateral ACC is related to other ADAS applications such as LC and CW. 
     In at least one embodiment, CACC system uses information from other vehicles that may be received via network interface  1624  and/or wireless antenna(s)  1626  from other vehicles via a wireless link, or indirectly, over a network connection (e.g., over Internet). In at least one embodiment, direct links may be provided by a vehicle-to-vehicle (“V2V”) communication link, while indirect links may be provided by an infrastructure-to-vehicle (“I2V”) communication link. In general, V2V communication concept provides information about immediately preceding vehicles (e.g., vehicles immediately ahead of and in same lane as vehicle  1600 ), while I2V communication concept provides information about traffic further ahead. In at least one embodiment, CACC system may include either or both I2V and V2V information sources. In at least one embodiment, given information of vehicles ahead of vehicle  1600 , CACC system may be more reliable and it has potential to improve traffic flow smoothness and reduce congestion on road. 
     In at least one embodiment, FCW system is designed to alert driver to a hazard, so that driver may take corrective action. In at least one embodiment, FCW system uses a front-facing camera and/or RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. In at least one embodiment, FCW system may provide a warning, such as in form of a sound, visual warning, vibration and/or a quick brake pulse. 
     In at least one embodiment, AEB system detects an impending forward collision with another vehicle or other object, and may automatically apply brakes if driver does not take corrective action within a specified time or distance parameter. In at least one embodiment, AEB system may use front-facing camera(s) and/or RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC. In at least one embodiment, when AEB system detects a hazard, AEB system typically first alerts driver to take corrective action to avoid collision and, if driver does not take corrective action, AEB system may automatically apply brakes in an effort to prevent, or at least mitigate, impact of predicted collision. In at least one embodiment, AEB system, may include techniques such as dynamic brake support and/or crash imminent braking. 
     In at least one embodiment, LDW system provides visual, audible, and/or tactile warnings, such as steering wheel or seat vibrations, to alert driver when vehicle  1600  crosses lane markings. In at least one embodiment, LDW system does not activate when driver indicates an intentional lane departure, by activating a turn signal. In at least one embodiment, LDW system may use front-side facing cameras, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. In at least one embodiment, LKA system is a variation of LDW system. LKA system provides steering input or braking to correct vehicle  1600  if vehicle  1600  starts to exit lane. 
     In at least one embodiment, BSW system detects and warns driver of vehicles in an automobile’s blind spot. In at least one embodiment, BSW system may provide a visual, audible, and/or tactile alert to indicate that merging or changing lanes is unsafe. In at least one embodiment, BSW system may provide an additional warning when driver uses a turn signal. In at least one embodiment, BSW system may use rear-side facing camera(s) and/or RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. 
     In at least one embodiment, RCTW system may provide visual, audible, and/or tactile notification when an object is detected outside rear-camera range when vehicle  1600  is backing up. In at least one embodiment, RCTW system includes AEB system to ensure that vehicle brakes are applied to avoid a crash. In at least one embodiment, RCTW system may use one or more rear-facing RADAR sensor(s)  1660 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. 
     In at least one embodiment, conventional ADAS systems may be prone to false positive results which may be annoying and distracting to a driver, but typically are not catastrophic, because conventional ADAS systems alert driver and allow driver to decide whether a safety condition truly exists and act accordingly. In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  itself decides, in case of conflicting results, whether to heed result from a primary computer or a secondary computer (e.g., first controller  1636  or second controller  1636 ). For example, in at least one embodiment, ADAS system  1638  may be a backup and/or secondary computer for providing perception information to a backup computer rationality module. In at least one embodiment, backup computer rationality monitor may run a redundant diverse software on hardware components to detect faults in perception and dynamic driving tasks. In at least one embodiment, outputs from ADAS system  1638  may be provided to a supervisory MCU. In at least one embodiment, if outputs from primary computer and secondary computer conflict, supervisory MCU determines how to reconcile conflict to ensure safe operation. 
     In at least one embodiment, primary computer may be configured to provide supervisory MCU with a confidence score, indicating primary computer’s confidence in chosen result. In at least one embodiment, if confidence score exceeds a threshold, supervisory MCU may follow primary computer’s direction, regardless of whether secondary computer provides a conflicting or inconsistent result. In at least one embodiment, where confidence score does not meet threshold, and where primary and secondary computer indicate different results (e.g., a conflict), supervisory MCU may arbitrate between computers to determine appropriate outcome. 
     In at least one embodiment, supervisory MCU may be configured to run a neural network(s) that is trained and configured to determine, based at least in part on outputs from primary computer and secondary computer, conditions under which secondary computer provides false alarms. In at least one embodiment, neural network(s) in supervisory MCU may learn when secondary computer’s output may be trusted, and when it cannot. For example, in at least one embodiment, when secondary computer is a RADAR-based FCW system, a neural network(s) in supervisory MCU may learn when FCW system is identifying metallic objects that are not, in fact, hazards, such as a drainage grate or manhole cover that triggers an alarm. In at least one embodiment, when secondary computer is a camera-based LDW system, a neural network in supervisory MCU may learn to override LDW when bicyclists or pedestrians are present and a lane departure is, in fact, safest maneuver. In at least one embodiment, supervisory MCU may include at least one of a DLA or GPU suitable for running neural network(s) with associated memory. In at least one embodiment, supervisory MCU may comprise and/or be included as a component of SoC(s)  1604 . 
     In at least one embodiment, ADAS system  1638  may include a secondary computer that performs ADAS functionality using traditional rules of computer vision. In at least one embodiment, secondary computer may use classic computer vision rules (if-then), and presence of a neural network(s) in supervisory MCU may improve reliability, safety and performance. For example, in at least one embodiment, diverse implementation and intentional non-identity makes overall system more fault-tolerant, especially to faults caused by software (or software-hardware interface) functionality. For example, in at least one embodiment, if there is a software bug or error in software running on primary computer, and non-identical software code running on secondary computer provides same overall result, then supervisory MCU may have greater confidence that overall result is correct, and bug in software or hardware on primary computer is not causing material error. 
     In at least one embodiment, output of ADAS system  1638  may be fed into primary computer’s perception block and/or primary computer’s dynamic driving task block. For example, in at least one embodiment, if ADAS system  1638  indicates a forward crash warning due to an object immediately ahead, perception block may use this information when identifying objects. In at least one embodiment, secondary computer may have its own neural network which is trained and thus reduces risk of false positives, as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include infotainment SoC  1630  (e.g., an in-vehicle infotainment system (IVI)). Although illustrated and described as a SoC, infotainment system  1630 , in at least one embodiment, may not be a SoC, and may include, without limitation, two or more discrete components. In at least one embodiment, infotainment SoC  1630  may include, without limitation, a combination of hardware and software that may be used to provide audio (e.g., music, a personal digital assistant, navigational instructions, news, radio, etc.), video (e.g., TV, movies, streaming, etc.), phone (e.g., hands-free calling), network connectivity (e.g., LTE, WiFi, etc.), and/or information services (e.g., navigation systems, rear-parking assistance, a radio data system, vehicle related information such as fuel level, total distance covered, brake fuel level, oil level, door open/close, air filter information, etc.) to vehicle  1600 . For example, infotainment SoC  1630  could include radios, disk players, navigation systems, video players, USB and Bluetooth connectivity, carputers, in-car entertainment, WiFi, steering wheel audio controls, hands free voice control, a heads-up display (“HUD”), HMI display  1634 , a telematics device, a control panel (e.g., for controlling and/or interacting with various components, features, and/or systems), and/or other components. In at least one embodiment, infotainment SoC  1630  may further be used to provide information (e.g., visual and/or audible) to user(s) of vehicle, such as information from ADAS system  1638 , autonomous driving information such as planned vehicle maneuvers, trajectories, surrounding environment information (e.g., intersection information, vehicle information, road information, etc.), and/or other information. 
     In at least one embodiment, infotainment SoC  1630  may include any amount and type of GPU functionality. In at least one embodiment, infotainment SoC  1630  may communicate over bus  1602  (e.g., CAN bus, Ethernet, etc.) with other devices, systems, and/or components of vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, infotainment SoC  1630  may be coupled to a supervisory MCU such that GPU of infotainment system may perform some self-driving functions in event that primary controller(s)  1636  (e.g., primary and/or backup computers of vehicle  1600 ) fail. In at least one embodiment, infotainment SoC  1630  may put vehicle  1600  into a chauffeur to safe stop mode, as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, vehicle  1600  may further include instrument cluster  1632  (e.g., a digital dash, an electronic instrument cluster, a digital instrument panel, etc.). In at least one embodiment, instrument cluster  1632  may include, without limitation, a controller and/or supercomputer (e.g., a discrete controller or supercomputer). In at least one embodiment, instrument cluster  1632  may include, without limitation, any number and combination of a set of instrumentation such as a speedometer, fuel level, oil pressure, tachometer, odometer, turn indicators, gearshift position indicator, seat belt warning light(s), parking-brake warning light(s), engine-malfunction light(s), supplemental restraint system (e.g., airbag) information, lighting controls, safety system controls, navigation information, etc. In some examples, information may be displayed and/or shared among infotainment SoC  1630  and instrument cluster  1632 . In at least one embodiment, instrument cluster  1632  may be included as part of infotainment SoC  1630 , or vice versa. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  16 C  for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to generate synthetic data imitating failure cases in a network training process, which can help to improve performance of the network while limiting the amount of synthetic data to avoid overfitting. 
       FIG.  16 D  is a diagram of a system  1676  for communication between cloud-based server(s) and autonomous vehicle  1600  of  FIG.  16 A , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, system  1676  may include, without limitation, server(s)  1678 , network(s)  1690 , and any number and type of vehicles, including vehicle  1600 . In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may include, without limitation, a plurality of GPUs  1684 (A)- 1684 (H) (collectively referred to herein as GPUs  1684 ), PCIe switches  1682 (A)- 1682 (D) (collectively referred to herein as PCIe switches  1682 ), and/or CPUs  1680 (A)- 1680 (B) (collectively referred to herein as CPUs  1680 ). GPUs  1684 , CPUs  1680 , and PCIe switches  1682  may be interconnected with high-speed interconnects such as, for example and without limitation, NVLink interfaces  1688  developed by NVIDIA and/or PCIe connections  1686 . In at least one embodiment, GPUs  1684  are connected via an NVLink and/or NVSwitch SoC and GPUs  1684  and PCIe switches  1682  are connected via PCIe interconnects. In at least one embodiment, although eight GPUs  1684 , two CPUs  1680 , and four PCIe switches  1682  are illustrated, this is not intended to be limiting. In at least one embodiment, each of server(s)  1678  may include, without limitation, any number of GPUs  1684 , CPUs  1680 , and/or PCIe switches  1682 , in any combination. For example, in at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  could each include eight, sixteen, thirty-two, and/or more GPUs  1684 . 
     In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may receive, over network(s)  1690  and from vehicles, image data representative of images showing unexpected or changed road conditions, such as recently commenced road-work. In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may transmit, over network(s)  1690  and to vehicles, neural networks  1692 , updated neural networks  1692 , and/or map information  1694 , including, without limitation, information regarding traffic and road conditions. In at least one embodiment, updates to map information  1694  may include, without limitation, updates for HD map  1622 , such as information regarding construction sites, potholes, detours, flooding, and/or other obstructions. In at least one embodiment, neural networks  1692 , updated neural networks  1692 , and/or map information  1694  may have resulted from new training and/or experiences represented in data received from any number of vehicles in environment, and/or based at least in part on training performed at a data center (e.g., using server(s)  1678  and/or other servers). 
     In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may be used to train machine learning models (e.g., neural networks) based at least in part on training data. In at least one embodiment, training data may be generated by vehicles, and/or may be generated in a simulation (e.g., using a game engine). In at least one embodiment, any amount of training data is tagged (e.g., where associated neural network benefits from supervised learning) and/or undergoes other pre-processing. In at least one embodiment, any amount of training data is not tagged and/or pre-processed (e.g., where associated neural network does not require supervised learning). In at least one embodiment, once machine learning models are trained, machine learning models may be used by vehicles (e.g., transmitted to vehicles over network(s)  1690 , and/or machine learning models may be used by server(s)  1678  to remotely monitor vehicles. 
     In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may receive data from vehicles and apply data to up-to-date real-time neural networks for real-time intelligent inferencing. In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may include deep-learning supercomputers and/or dedicated AI computers powered by GPU(s)  1684 , such as a DGX and DGX Station machines developed by NVIDIA. However, in at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may include deep learning infrastructure that use CPU-powered data centers. 
     In at least one embodiment, deep-learning infrastructure of server(s)  1678  may be capable of fast, real-time inferencing, and may use that capability to evaluate and verify health of processors, software, and/or associated hardware in vehicle  1600 . For example, in at least one embodiment, deep-learning infrastructure may receive periodic updates from vehicle  1600 , such as a sequence of images and/or objects that vehicle  1600  has located in that sequence of images (e.g., via computer vision and/or other machine learning object classification techniques). In at least one embodiment, deep-learning infrastructure may run its own neural network to identify objects and compare them with objects identified by vehicle  1600  and, if results do not match and deep-learning infrastructure concludes that AI in vehicle  1600  is malfunctioning, then server(s)  1678  may transmit a signal to vehicle  1600  instructing a fail-safe computer of vehicle  1600  to assume control, notify passengers, and complete a safe parking maneuver. 
     In at least one embodiment, server(s)  1678  may include GPU(s)  1684  and one or more programmable inference accelerators (e.g., NVIDIA’s TensorRT 3). In at least one embodiment, combination of GPU-powered servers and inference acceleration may make real-time responsiveness possible. In at least one embodiment, such as where performance is less critical, servers powered by CPUs, FPGAs, and other processors may be used for inferencing. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided elsewhere herein. 
     Other variations are within spirit of present disclosure. Thus, while disclosed techniques are susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit disclosure to specific form or forms disclosed, but on contrary, intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within spirit and scope of disclosure, as defined in appended claims. 
     Use of terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in context of describing disclosed embodiments (especially in context of following claims) are to be construed to cover both singular and plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context, and not as a definition of a term. Terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Term “connected,” when unmodified and referring to physical connections, is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within range, unless otherwise indicated herein and each separate value is incorporated into specification as if it were individually recited herein. Use of term “set” (e.g., “a set of items”) or “subset,” unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, is to be construed as a nonempty collection comprising one or more members. Further, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, term “subset” of a corresponding set does not necessarily denote a proper subset of corresponding set, but subset and corresponding set may be equal. 
     Conjunctive language, such as phrases of form “at least one of A, B, and C,” or “at least one of A, B and C,” unless specifically stated otherwise or otherwise clearly contradicted by context, is otherwise understood with context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either A or B or C, or any nonempty subset of set of A and B and C. For instance, in illustrative example of a set having three members, conjunctive phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” and “at least one of A, B and C” refer to any of following sets: {A}, {B}, {C}, {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}, {A, B, C}. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C each to be present. In addition, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, term “plurality” indicates a state of being plural (e.g., “a plurality of items” indicates multiple items). A plurality is at least two items, but can be more when so indicated either explicitly or by context. Further, unless stated otherwise or otherwise clear from context, phrase “based on” means “based at least in part on” and not “based solely on.” 
     Operations of processes described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. In at least one embodiment, a process such as those processes described herein (or variations and/or combinations thereof) is performed under control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and is implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, code is stored on a computer-readable storage medium, for example, in form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. In at least one embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that excludes transitory signals (e.g., a propagating transient electric or electromagnetic transmission) but includes non-transitory data storage circuitry (e.g., buffers, cache, and queues) within transceivers of transitory signals. In at least one embodiment, code (e.g., executable code or source code) is stored on a set of one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media having stored thereon executable instructions (or other memory to store executable instructions) that, when executed (i.e., as a result of being executed) by one or more processors of a computer system, cause computer system to perform operations described herein. A set of non-transitory computer-readable storage media, in at least one embodiment, comprises multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media and one or more of individual non-transitory storage media of multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media lack all of code while multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media collectively store all of code. In at least one embodiment, executable instructions are executed such that different instructions are executed by different processors - for example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium store instructions and a main central processing unit (“CPU”) executes some of instructions while a graphics processing unit (“GPU”) executes other instructions. In at least one embodiment, different components of a computer system have separate processors and different processors execute different subsets of instructions. 
     Accordingly, in at least one embodiment, computer systems are configured to implement one or more services that singly or collectively perform operations of processes described herein and such computer systems are configured with applicable hardware and/or software that enable performance of operations. Further, a computer system that implements at least one embodiment of present disclosure is a single device and, in another embodiment, is a distributed computer system comprising multiple devices that operate differently such that distributed computer system performs operations described herein and such that a single device does not perform all operations. 
     Use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of disclosure and does not pose a limitation on scope of disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to practice of disclosure. 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
     In description and claims, terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms may be not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular examples, “connected” or “coupled” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct or indirect physical or electrical contact with each other. “Coupled” may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that throughout specification terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or like, refer to action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within computing system’s registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within computing system’s memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     In a similar manner, term “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory and transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. As non-limiting examples, “processor” may be a CPU or a GPU. A “computing platform” may comprise one or more processors. As used herein, “software” processes may include, for example, software and/or hardware entities that perform work over time, such as tasks, threads, and intelligent agents. Also, each process may refer to multiple processes, for carrying out instructions in sequence or in parallel, continuously or intermittently. Terms “system” and “method” are used herein interchangeably insofar as system may embody one or more methods and methods may be considered a system. 
     In present document, references may be made to obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data into a subsystem, computer system, or computer-implemented machine. Obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog and digital data can be accomplished in a variety of ways such as by receiving data as a parameter of a function call or a call to an application programming interface. In some implementations, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data via a serial or parallel interface. In another implementation, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data via a computer network from providing entity to acquiring entity. References may also be made to providing, outputting, transmitting, sending, or presenting analog or digital data. In various examples, process of providing, outputting, transmitting, sending, or presenting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data as an input or output parameter of a function call, a parameter of an application programming interface or interprocess communication mechanism. 
     Although discussion above sets forth example implementations of described techniques, other architectures may be used to implement described functionality, and are intended to be within scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, although specific distributions of responsibilities are defined above for purposes of discussion, various functions and responsibilities might be distributed and divided in different ways, depending on circumstances. 
     Furthermore, although subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that subject matter claimed in appended claims is not necessarily limited to specific features or acts described. Rather, specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claims.