Patent Publication Number: US-2022228178-A1

Title: Genetically modified microorganism for producing 3-hydroxyhexanedioic acid, (e)-hex-2-enedioic acid and/or hexanedioic acid, and production method for said chemicals

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a genetically modified microorganism able to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid in high yield and to a method of producing 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid by using the genetically modified microorganism. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     3-Hydroxyadipic acid (IUPAC name: 3-hydroxyhexanedioic acid) and α-hydromuconic acid (IUPAC name: (E)-hex-2-enedioic acid) are dicarboxylic acids containing six carbon atoms. These dicarboxylic acids can be polymerized with a polyhydric alcohol or a polyfunctional amine, to be used as raw materials for the production of polyesters or polyamides, respectively. Additionally, these dicarboxylic acids can be used alone after ammonia addition at a terminal position in these chemicals to form lactams as raw materials for the production of polyamides. 
     The following documents related to the production of 3-hydroxyadipic acid or α-hydromuconic acid using a microorganism are known. 
     Patent Document 1 describes a method of producing 1,3-butadiene by using a microorganism in which a relevant metabolic pathway is modified, wherein 3-hydroxyadipic acid (3-hydroxyadipate) is described to be a metabolic intermediate in the metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of 1,3-butadiene from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. 
     Patent Document 2 describes a method of producing muconic acid by using a microorganism in which a relevant metabolic pathway is modified, wherein α-hydromuconic acid (2,3-dehydroadipate) is described to be a metabolic intermediate in the metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of trans,trans-muconic acid from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. 
     Patent Documents 3 and 4 describe a method of producing adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) by using a non-natural microorganism, wherein the biosynthetic pathways for these substances are described to share a common reaction to synthesize 3-oxoadipyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA but diverge after the synthesis of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA. Furthermore, Patent Document 3 describes the pyruvate kinase gene as a candidate gene that is additionally deleted to improve the HMDA formation coupled with proliferation for the HMDA production, but a potential relationship between pyruvate kinase deficiency and increased adipic acid production is not mentioned in this document. 
     Additionally, all the biosynthetic pathways mentioned in Patent Documents 1 to 4 are described to share a common enzymatic reaction that reduces 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. 
     Patent Documents 5 and 6 describe methods of producing 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid by using a microorganism of the genus  Serratia , respectively. The patent documents disclose that the efficiency of producing 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid can be increased particularly by enhancing the activity of an acyl transferase that catalyzes a reaction to produce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, but these documents have no description related to pyruvate kinase. 
     Moreover, a method of modifying a microorganism based on an in silico analysis is disclosed in Patent Document 7, in which the production of succinic acid is increased by deleting genes encoding pyruvate kinase and a phosphotransferase system enzyme in  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ), pykF, pykA, and ptsG, and culturing the resulting  E. coli  bacteria under anaerobic conditions. 
     PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS 
     Patent Documents 
     Patent Document 1: JP 2013-535203 A 
     Patent Document 2: US 2011/0124911 A1 
     Patent Document 3: JP 2015-146810 A 
     Patent Document 4: JP 2011-515111 A 
     Patent Document 5: WO 2017/209102 
     Patent Document 6: WO 2017/209103 
     Patent Document 7: JP 2008-527991 A 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
     Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe metabolic pathways by which the microorganisms can produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid, but have no description about interruption of the metabolic pathways to allow the microorganisms to secrete 3-hydroxyadipic acid or α-hydromuconic acid into culture medium. Moreover, the prior studies described in Patent Documents 1 to 4 have not examined whether or not 3-hydroxyadipic acid or α-hydromuconic acid can be actually produced by using a microorganism in which a relevant metabolic pathway is modified by introducing a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. Patent Documents 3 to 6 disclose enhancement of gene expression of enzymes involved in increased production of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, or adipic acid but have no description about enhancement of any enzymatic activity in the metabolic pathways upstream of acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, wherein all the enzyme genes whose expression is increased are limited only to reactions downstream of acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA in the biosynthetic pathways. 
     Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a genetically modified microorganism for producing 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid in high yield and a method of producing a substance by using the modified microorganism, wherein the modified microorganism is based on a genetically modified microorganism in which a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that exhibits excellent activity in 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reduction reaction is introduced or the expression of the enzyme is enhanced to increase the activity of the enzyme, and wherein the modified microorganism is further modified to have an altered upstream metabolic pathway. 
     Means for Solving the Problem 
     The inventors intensively studied in order to achieve the above-described object and consequently found that a genetically modified microorganism having an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid, having impaired pyruvate kinase function, and having enhanced activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA has an excellent ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid, to complete the present invention. 
     That is, the present invention provides the following: 
     (1) A genetically modified microorganism with an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid, in which the function of pyruvate kinase is impaired and the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA are enhanced.
 
(2) The genetically modified microorganism according to (1), wherein the function of a phosphotransferase system enzyme is further impaired.
 
(3) The genetically modified microorganism according to (1) or (2), wherein the enzyme that catalyzes a reaction to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA is any one of the following polypeptides (a) to (c):
 
     (a) a polypeptide composed of an amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7; 
     (b) a polypeptide composed of the same amino acid sequence as that represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, except that one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added, and having an enzymatic activity that catalyzes a reaction to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA; 
     (c) a polypeptide composed of an amino acid sequence with a sequence identity of not less than 70% to the sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 and having an enzymatic activity that catalyzes a reaction to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. 
     (4) A method of producing 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid, comprising the step of culturing the genetically modified microorganism according to any one of (1) to (3). 
     Effects of the Invention 
     A genetically modified microorganism with an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid and with impaired pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA can produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid in high yield compared to a parental strain of the microorganism in which the genes encoding those enzymes are unaltered. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the context of this invention, the inventors have found that 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid can be produced in high yield in a microorganism that originally has an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA in the microorganism. 
     An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA is hereinafter also referred to as “3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase” in this specification. Additionally, phosphoenolpyruvic acid may be abbreviated as PEP, 3-hydroxyadipic acid may be abbreviated as 3HA, α-hydromuconic acid may be abbreviated as HMA, and adipic acid may be abbreviated as ADA, respectively, in this specification. 
     In the present invention, examples of enhancing the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA include a method in which nucleic acids encoding these polypeptides are introduced from the outside to the inside of a host microorganism; a method in which the copy numbers of nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides are increased; and a method in which a promoter region or a ribosome-binding sequence upstream of the region coding for each of the polypeptides is modified. These methods may be carried out individually or in combination. The method of introduction of a nucleic acid is not limited to a particular method, and examples of the method that can be used include a method in which a nucleic acid of interest is integrated into an expression vector capable of autonomous replication in a microorganism and then integrated into a host microorganism, and a method in which a nucleic acid of interest is integrated into the genome of a microorganism. 
     One or more of the above nucleic acids may be introduced. Moreover, the introduction of a nucleic acid and the enhancement of polypeptide expression may be combined. 
     When a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide expressed in the present invention is integrated into an expression vector or the genome of a host microorganism, the nucleic acid to be integrated into the expression vector or the genome is preferably composed of a promoter, a ribosome-binding sequence, a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide to be expressed, and a transcription termination sequence, and may additionally contain a gene that controls the activity of the promoter. 
     The promoter used in the present invention is not limited to a particular promoter, as long as the promoter drives expression of the enzyme in the host microorganism; examples of the promoter include gap promoter, trp promoter, lac promoter, tac promoter, and T7 promoter. 
     In cases where an expression vector is used in the present invention to introduce the nucleic acid or to enhance the expression of the polypeptide, the expression vector is not limited to a particular vector, as long as the vector is capable of autonomous replication in the microorganism; examples of the vector include pBBR1MCS vector, pBR322 vector, pMW vector, pET vector, pRSF vector, pCDF vector, pACYC vector, and derivatives of the above vectors. 
     In cases where a nucleic acid for genome integration is used in the present invention to introduce the nucleic acid or to enhance the expression of the polypeptide, the nucleic acid for genome integration is introduced by site-specific homologous recombination. The method for site-specific homologous recombination is not limited to a particular method, and examples of the method include a method in which λ Red recombinase and FLP recombinase are used (Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2000 Jun. 6; 97 (12): 6640-6645.), and a method in which λ Red recombinase and the sacB gene are used (Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 December; 71 (12):2905-11.). 
     The method of introducing the expression vector or the nucleic acid for genome integration is not limited to a particular method, as long as the method is for introduction of a nucleic acid into a microorganism; examples of the method include the calcium ion method (Journal of Molecular Biology, 53, 159 (1970)), and electroporation (NM Calvin, PC Hanawalt. J. Bacteriol, 170 (1988), pp. 2796-2801). 
     The scheme 1 below shows an exemplary reaction pathway required for the production of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid. In this scheme, the reaction A represents a reaction that generates 3-oxoadipyl-CoA and coenzyme A from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. The reaction B represents a reaction that reduces 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. The reaction C represents a reaction that generates 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA from 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. The reaction D represents a reaction that generates adipyl-CoA from 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA. The reaction E represents a reaction that generates 3-hydroxyadipic acid from 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. The reaction F represents a reaction that generates α-hydromuconic acid from 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA. The reaction G represents a reaction that generates adipic acid from adipyl-CoA. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In cases where a microorganism has an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid, such a microorganism is known to have an enzyme that catalyzes at least the reaction A in a biosynthetic pathway shown in the above scheme 1. Preferably, reactions to generate 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, or adipic acid from 3-oxoadipyl-CoA are involved in the biosynthetic pathway shown in the scheme 1. That is, in cases where a genetically modified microorganism according to the present invention has an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, a host microorganism used for the generation of the genetically modified microorganism preferably has an ability to generate 3-oxoadipyl-CoA and coenzyme A from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA (the reaction A), an ability to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the reaction B), and an ability to generate 3-hydroxyadipic acid from 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the reaction E). Moreover, in cases where a genetically modified microorganism according to the present invention has an ability to produce α-hydromuconic acid, a host microorganism used for the generation of the genetically modified microorganism preferably has an ability to generate 3-oxoadipyl-CoA and coenzyme A from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA (the reaction A), an ability to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the reaction B), an ability to generate 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA from 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the reaction C), and an ability to generate α-hydromuconic acid from 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA (the reaction F). Furthermore, in cases where a genetically modified microorganism according to the present invention has an ability to produce adipic acid, a host microorganism used for the generation of the genetically modified microorganism preferably has an ability to generate 3-oxoadipyl-CoA and coenzyme A from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA (the reaction A), an ability to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the reaction B), an ability to generate 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA from 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the reaction C), an ability to generate adipyl-CoA from 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA (the reaction D), and an ability to generate adipic acid from adipyl-CoA (the reaction G). 
     A genetically modified microorganism that can produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid in high yield can be obtained by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the activities of PEP carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA in a host microorganism, which is a microorganism that originally carries biosynthetic pathways for the above substances. 
     Microorganisms that originally have an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid include microorganisms belonging to the following species: 
     species of the genus  Escherichia , such as  Escherichia fergusonii  and  Escherichia coli;    
     species of the genus  Pseudomonas , such as  Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas azotoformans , and  Pseudomonas chlororaphis  subsp.  aureofaciens;    
     species of the genus  Hafnia , such as  Hafnia alvei;    
     species of the genus  Corynebacterium , such as  Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes , and  Corynebacterium glutamicum;    
     species of the genus  Bacillus , such as  Bacillus badius, Bacillus magalerium , and  Bacillus roseus;    
     species of the genus  Streptomyces , such as  Streptomyces vinaceus, Streptomyces karnatakensis , and  Streptomyces olivaceus;    
     species of the genus  Cupriavidus , such as  Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus necator , and  Cupriavidus oxalaticus;    
     species of the genus  Acinetobacter , such as  Acinetobacter  baylyi and  Acinetobacter radioresistens;    
     species of the genus  Alcaligenes , such as  Alcaligenes faecalis;    
     species of the genus  Nocardioides , such as  Nocardioides albus;    
     species of the genus  Brevibacterium , such as  Brevibacterium iodinum;    
     species of the genus  Delftia , such as  Delftia acidovorans;    
     species of the genus  Shimwellia , such as  Shimwellia blattae;    
     species of the genus  Aerobacter , such as  Aerobacter cloacae;    
     species of the genus  Rhizobium , such as  Rhizobium radiobacter;    
     species of the genus  Serratia , such as  Serratia grimesii, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia odorifera, Serratia plymuthica, Serratia entomophila , and  Serratia nematodiphila.    
     In cases where a genetically modified microorganism according to the present invention originally has no ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, an appropriate combination of nucleic acids that encode enzymes catalyzing the reactions A, B, and E can be introduced into the microorganism to impart those production abilities. 
     Microorganisms that are speculated to originally have an ability to produce α-hydromuconic acid include microorganisms belonging to the following species: 
     species of the genus  Escherichia , such as  Escherichia fergusonii  and  Escherichia coli;    
     species of the genus  Pseudomonas , such as  Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas azotoformans , and  Pseudomonas chlororaphis  subsp.  aureofaciens;    
     species of the genus  Hafnia , such as  Hafnia alvei;    
     species of the genus  Bacillus , such as  Bacillus badius;    
     species of the genus  Cupriavidus . such as  Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus numazuensis , and  Cupriavidus oxalaticus;    
     species of the genus  Acinetobacter , such as  Acinetobacter  baylyi and  Acinetobacter radioresistens;    
     species of the genus  Alcaligenes , such as Alcaligenesfaecalis; 
     species of the genus  Delftia , such as  Delftia acidovorans;    
     species of the genus  Shimwellia , such as  Shimwellia blattae;    
     species of the genus  Serratia , such as  Serratia grimesii, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia odorifera, Serratia plymuthica, Serratia entomophila , and  Serratia  nematodiphila. 
     In cases where a genetically modified microorganism according to the present invention originally has no ability to produce α-hydromuconic acid, an appropriate combination of nucleic acids that encode enzymes catalyzing the reactions A, B, C, and F can be introduced into the microorganism to impart those production abilities. 
     Microorganisms that are speculated to originally have the ability to produce adipic acid include microorganisms belonging to the genus  Thermobifida , such as  Thermobifida fusca . In cases where a genetically modified microorganism according to the present invention originally has no ability to produce adipic acid, an appropriate combination of nucleic acids that encode enzymes catalyzing the reactions A, B, C, D, and G can be introduced into the microorganism to impart those production abilities. 
     In the present invention, examples of the microorganism that can be used as a host to obtain the genetically modified microorganism preferably include the microorganisms listed above, especially preferably microorganisms belonging to the genera  Escherichia, Serratia, Hafnia, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Cupriavidus, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Brevibacterium, Delftia, Shimwellia, Aerobacter, Rhizobium, Thermobifida, Clostridium, Schizosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia , and  Candida . Among these, microorganisms belonging to the genera  Escherichia, Serratia, Hafnia , and  Pseudomonas  are especially preferred. 
     Specific examples of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA include the polypeptides described in (a) to (c) below: 
     (a) a polypeptide composed of an amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7;
 
(b) a polypeptide composed of the same amino acid sequence as that represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, except that one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added, and having an enzymatic activity that catalyzes a reaction to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA;
 
(c) a polypeptide composed of an amino acid sequence with a sequence identity of not less than 70% to the sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 and having activity in reduction of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA.
 
     In addition, either an enzyme classified as 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase with EC number 1.1.1.35 or an enzyme classified as 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase with EC number 1.1.1.157 can also be used as an enzyme with 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity. Specifically, PaaH from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_745425.1), PaaH from  Escherichia coli  strain K-12 substrain MG1655 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_415913.1), DcaH from  Acinetobacter  baylyi strain ADPI (NCBI-Protein ID: CAG68533.1), PaaH from  Serratia plymuthica  strain NBRC102599 (NCBI-Protein ID: WP_063197120), and a polypeptide from  Serratia  nematodiphila strain DSM21420 (NCBI-Protein ID: WP_033633399.1) are also included as examples of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. Among these, the polypeptides described in (a) to (c) above are preferred. 
     For the polypeptide used in the present invention and composed of the same amino acid sequence as that represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, except that one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added, and having 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity, the range represented by the phrase “one or several” is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 5 or less, especially preferably 4 or less, and most preferably one or two. In the case of amino acid substitution, the activity of the original polypeptide is more likely to be maintained when an amino acid(s) is/are replaced by an amino acid(s) with similar properties (so-called conservative substitution). That is, the physiological properties of the original polypeptide are often maintained when an amino acid(s) is/are replaced by an amino acid(s) with similar properties. Therefore, in the case of substitution, a given amino acid is preferably replaced by another amino acid with similar properties. That is, the natural 20 amino acids that make up natural proteins can be divided into groups of amino acids with similar properties, such as neutral amino acids with a less polar side chain (Gly, Ile, Val, Leu, Ala, Met, Pro), neutral amino acids with a hydrophilic side chain (Asn, Gin, Thr, Ser, Tyr, Cys), acidic amino acids (Asp, Glu), and basic amino acids (Arg, Lys, His), and aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp). It is often the case that substitution between amino acids in the same group does not change the properties of the original polypeptide. 
     For the polypeptide used in the present invention and having an amino acid sequence with a sequence identity of not less than 70% to the sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 and having 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity, the sequence identity is preferably not less than 80%, more preferably not less than 85%, further preferably not less than 90%, still further preferably not less than 95%, yet further preferably not less than 97%, and even further preferably not less than 99%. 
     In the present invention, the term “sequence identity” means a ratio (percentage) of the number of identical amino acid or nucleotide residues relative to the total number of amino acid or nucleotide residues over the overlapping portion of an amino acid sequence alignment (including an amino acid corresponding to the translation start site) or a nucleotide sequence alignment (including the start codon), which is obtained by aligning two amino acid or nucleotide sequences with or without introduction of gaps for an optimal match, and is calculated by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), the length of a shorter sequence being compared is not less than 400 amino acids; in cases where the length of the shorter sequence is less than 400 amino acids, the sequence identity is not defined. The sequence identity can be easily determined using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), an algorithm widely used in this field. For example, BLAST is publicly available on a website, such as that of NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) or KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), on which the sequence identity can be easily determined using default parameters. Additionally, the sequence identity can also be determined using a similar function implemented in a software program such as Genetyx. 
       Sequence identity (%)=the number of matches (without counting the number of gaps)/the length of a shorter sequence (excluding the terminal gaps)×100   Formula (1)
 
     By using a function of Genetyx (% Identity Matrix) to calculate sequence identities based on the formula (1) among the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, the lowest sequence identity of 71.51% is found between the sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 4, and the sequence identities among the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 are found to be at least not less than 70%. The results of calculation of sequence identity using Genetyx are presented in Table 1. In Table 1 below, the numbers in the leftmost column represent SEQ ID NOs. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 [GENETYX: % Identity Matrix] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 [%] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                   Serratia marcescens  ATCC13880 
                 * 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  DSM21420 
                 98.23 
                 * 
               
               
                 3 
                   Serratia plymuthica  NBRC102599 
                 72.10 
                 71.51 
                 * 
               
               
                 4 
                   Serratia proteamaculans  568 
                 72.29 
                 71.51 
                 86.24 
                 * 
               
               
                 5 
                   Serratia ureilytica  Lr5/4 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 * 
               
               
                 6 
                   Serratia  sp. BW106 
                 72.29 
                 71.90 
                 87.03 
                 92.33 
                 73.67 
                 * 
               
               
                 7 
                   Serratia liquefaciens  FK01 
                 72.29 
                 71.70 
                 84.67 
                 86.83 
                 73.47 
                 87.81 
                 * 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 [Match Count/Length] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                   Serratia marcescens  ATCC13880 
                 * 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  DSM21420 
                 500/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 3 
                   Serratia plymuthica  NBRC102599 
                 367/509 
                 364/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 4 
                   Serratia proteamaculans  568 
                 368/509 
                 364/509 
                 439/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 5 
                   Serratia ureilytica  Lr5/4 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 6 
                   Serratia  sp. BW106 
                 368/509 
                 366/509 
                 443/509 
                 470/509 
                 375/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 7 
                   Serratia liquefaciens  FK01 
                 368/509 
                 365/509 
                 431/509 
                 442/509 
                 374/509 
                 447/509 
                 * 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * Gaps are NOT taken into account. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     When each of the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 as queries was compared using BLASTP to all the amino acid sequences registered in the NCBI amino acid database (non-redundant protein sequences) to determine sequence identities, all sequences with a sequence identity of not less than 70% were found to be from bacteria of the genus  Serratia.    
     All the polypeptides represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 as described above in (a) contain a common sequence 1 composed of 24 amino acid residues and represented by SEQ ID NO: 173 within a region from the 15th to the 38th amino acid residues from the N terminus (hereinafter, an amino acid residue at the n-th position from the N terminus may conveniently be represented by n “a.a.”; for example, the region from the 15th to the 38th amino acid residues from the N terminus may be thus simply represented by “15 to 38 a.a.”). In the common sequence 1, Xaa represents an arbitrary amino acid residue, and the 13 a.a. is preferably a phenylalanine or leucine, and the 15 a.a. is preferably a leucine or glutamine, and the 16 a.a. is preferably a lysine or asparagine, and the 17 a.a. is a glycine or serine, more preferably a glycine, and the 19 a.a. is preferably a proline or arginine, and the 21 a.a. is preferably a leucine, methionine, or valine. The common sequence 1 corresponds to the region including the NAD + -binding residue and the surrounding amino acid residues. In the NAD + -binding residues, the 24th amino acid residue in the common sequence 1 should be an aspartic acid, as described in Biochimie., 2012 February, 94 (2): 471-8., but in the common sequence 1, the residue is an asparagine, which is characteristic. It is thought that the presence of the common sequence 1 causes the polypeptides represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7 to show excellent enzymatic activity as 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductases. 
     The polypeptides as described above in (b) and (c) also preferably contain the common sequence 1 composed of 24 amino acid residues and represented by SEQ ID NO: 173 within a region from 1 to 200 a.a. The common sequence is more preferably located within a region from 1 to 150 a.a., and further preferably within a region from 1 to 100 a.a. Specific examples of the polypeptides include those with the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 86. The amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 86 contain the common sequence 1 composed of 24 amino acid residues and represented by SEQ ID NO: 173 within a region from 15 to 38 a.a. The amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 86 have a sequence identity of not less than 90% to the amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7. The results of calculation of sequence identity using Genetyx are presented in Tables 2-1 to 2-3 and Tables 3-1 to 3-3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 [GENETYX: % Identity Matrix] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                 [%] 
                   
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                   Serratia marcescens  ATCC13880 
                 * 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  DSM21420 
                 98.23 
                 * 
               
               
                 3 
                   Serratia plymuthica  NBRC102599 
                 72.10 
                 71.51 
                 * 
               
               
                 4 
                   Serratia proteamaculans  568 
                 72.29 
                 71.51 
                 86.24 
                 * 
               
               
                 5 
                   Serratia ureilytica  Lr5/4 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.38 
                 73.28 
                 * 
               
               
                 6 
                   Serratia  sp. BW106 
                 72.29 
                 71.90 
                 87.03 
                 92.33 
                 73.67 
                 * 
               
               
                 7 
                   Serratia liquefaciens  FK01 
                 72.29 
                 71.70 
                 84.67 
                 86.83 
                 73.47 
                 87.81 
                 * 
               
               
                 8 
                   Serratia  sp. S119 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 72.88 
                 72.49 
                 91.55 
                 73.08 
                 72.83 
               
               
                 9 
                   Serratia  sp. YD25 
                 92.33 
                 92.33 
                 72.49 
                 72.49 
                 93.51 
                 72.69 
                 72.88 
               
               
                 10 
                   Serratia  sp. FS14 
                 98.62 
                 99.60 
                 71.70 
                 71.70 
                 91.15 
                 72.10 
                 72.10 
               
               
                 11 
                   Serratia  sp. HMSC15F11 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 73.28 
                 73.28 
                 91.35 
                 73.47 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 12 
                   Serratia  sp. JKS000199 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
                 99.41 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 13 
                   Serratia  sp. TEL 
                 90.56 
                 90.56 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 99.80 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 14 
                   Serratia  sp. ISTD04 
                 90.56 
                 90.56 
                 72.49 
                 73.08 
                 99.41 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 15 
                   Serratia  sp. SCBI 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 99.60 
                 70 47 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 16 
                   Serratia  sp. S4 
                 72.10 
                 71.31 
                 86.44 
                 98.62 
                 73.08 
                 91.94 
                 86.64 
               
               
                 17 
                   Serratia  sp. C-1 
                 72.49 
                 71.90 
                 98.03 
                 86.05 
                 73.28 
                 86.64 
                 84.08 
               
               
                 18 
                   Serratia marcescens  532 
                 99.80 
                 98.03 
                 72.29 
                 72.10 
                 90.56 
                 72.10 
                 72.10 
               
               
                 19 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683033 
                 99.60 
                 97.83 
                 72.10 
                 72.29 
                 90.37 
                 72.10 
                 72.29 
               
               
                 2C 
                   Serratia marcescens  WW4 
                 98.42 
                 99.41 
                 71.90 
                 71.90 
                 90.96 
                 72.29 
                 71.90 
               
               
                 21 
                   Serratia marcescens  K27 
                 98.23 
                 99.21 
                 71.31 
                 71.31 
                 90.96 
                 71.70 
                 71.70 
               
               
                 22 
                   Serratia marcescens  280 
                 98.42 
                 99.41 
                 71.70 
                 71.70 
                 90.96 
                 72.10 
                 72.10 
               
               
                 23 
                   Serratia marcescens  19F 
                 98.42 
                 99.41 
                 71.51 
                 71.70 
                 90.96 
                 72.10 
                 72.10 
               
               
                 24 
                   Serratia marcescens  1185 
                 98.23 
                 99.60 
                 71.31 
                 71.31 
                 90.37 
                 71.70 
                 71.51 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * Gaps are NOT taken into account. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2-2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 25 
                   Serratia marcescens  S217 
                 98.23 
                 99.21 
                 71.31 
                 71.51 
                 90.96 
                 71.90 
                 71.90 
               
               
                 26 
                   Serratia marcescens  KHCo-24B 
                 98.03 
                 99.80 
                 71.31 
                 71.31 
                 90.56 
                 71.70 
                 71.90 
               
               
                 27 
                   Serratia marcescens  Z6 
                 98.03 
                 99.01 
                 71.70 
                 71.90 
                 90.56 
                 72.29 
                 71.90 
               
               
                 28 
                   Serratia marcescens  546 
                 97.83 
                 99.21 
                 71.51 
                 71.70 
                 90.37 
                 72.10 
                 71.70 
               
               
                 29 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  MB307 
                 98.03 
                 99.80 
                 71.31 
                 71.51 
                 90.56 
                 71.90 
                 71.70 
               
               
                 30 
                   Serratia marcescens  VGH107 
                 93.03 
                 99.01 
                 71.31 
                 71.51 
                 90.56 
                 71.90 
                 71.90 
               
               
                 31 
                   Serratia marcescens  MCB 
                 95.48 
                 95.28 
                 72.29 
                 72.69 
                 91.15 
                 72.88 
                 72.69 
               
               
                 32 
                   Serratia marcescens  AH0650 
                 95.67 
                 95.48 
                 72.29 
                 72.69 
                 90.76 
                 73.28 
                 72.69 
               
               
                 33 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH12 
                 95.48 
                 95.28 
                 72.10 
                 72.49 
                 90.56 
                 73.08 
                 72.49 
               
               
                 34 
                   Serratia  sp. M3 
                 95.48 
                 95.28 
                 72.29 
                 72.49 
                 90.76 
                 73.28 
                 72.69 
               
               
                 35 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH11 
                 95.28 
                 95.08 
                 72.10 
                 72.69 
                 90.56 
                 73.47 
                 72.49 
               
               
                 36 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH1 
                 95.08 
                 94.89 
                 72.29 
                 72.49 
                 90.17 
                 73.08 
                 72.29 
               
               
                 37 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683020 
                 95.48 
                 94.89 
                 73.08 
                 72.69 
                 92.14 
                 73.28 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 38 
                   Serratia marcescens  99 
                 95.48 
                 94.69 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
                 91.55 
                 73.67 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 39 
                   Serratia marcescens  374 
                 94.89 
                 94.69 
                 72.29 
                 72.29 
                 90.17 
                 73.08 
                 72.29 
               
               
                 40 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683036 
                 95.28 
                 94.49 
                 73.08 
                 72.69 
                 91.35 
                 73.47 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 41 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683034 
                 95.28 
                 94.69 
                 73.08 
                 72.69 
                 91.94 
                 73.28 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 42 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682892 
                 95.28 
                 94.69 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
                 91.94 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 43 
                   Serratia marcescens  SM39 
                 95.08 
                 94.49 
                 73.28 
                 72.69 
                 92.14 
                 73.28 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 44 
                   Serratia marcescens  189 
                 95.08 
                 94.49 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
                 92.14 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 45 
                   Serratia marcescens  SMB2099 
                 95.08 
                 94.49 
                 73.47 
                 72.69 
                 91.74 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 46 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682862 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 73.47 
                 72.88 
                 91.55 
                 73.47 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 47 
                   Serratia marcescens  SE4145 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 73.08 
                 72.49 
                 91.94 
                 73.08 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 48 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682876 
                 95.08 
                 94.49 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
                 91.74 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 49 
                   Serratia marcescens  709 
                 95.08 
                 94.49 
                 73.08 
                 72.69 
                 91.74 
                 73.28 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 50 
                   Serratia marcescens  MGH136 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 72.88 
                 72.49 
                 91.94 
                 73.08 
                 72.88 
               
               
                 51 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682884 
                 94.69 
                 94.10 
                 72.88 
                 72.49 
                 91.74 
                 73.08 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 52 
                   Serratia marcescens  D-3 
                 95.08 
                 94.49 
                 73.08 
                 72.69 
                 91.74 
                 73.28 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 53 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682957 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 72.88 
                 72.69 
                 91.55 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
               
               
                 54 
                   Serratia marcescens  YDC563 
                 94.69 
                 94.10 
                 72.88 
                 72.69 
                 91.35 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
               
               
                 55 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683035 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 73.08 
                 72.69 
                 91.55 
                 73.28 
                 73.08 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2-3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 56 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682930 
                 94.69 
                 94.10 
                 72.88 
                 72.49 
                 91.35 
                 73.08 
                 72.88 
               
               
                 57 
                   Serratia marcescens  790 
                 94.49 
                 94.30 
                 73.28 
                 72.88 
                 91.35 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 58 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH5 
                 93.51 
                 92.92 
                 72.69 
                 72.88 
                 90.37 
                 72.69 
                 72.49 
               
               
                 59 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682988 
                 93.32 
                 92.73 
                 72.69 
                 72.88 
                 90.17 
                 72.69 
                 72.49 
               
               
                 60 
                   Serratia marcescens  945154301 
                 94.89 
                 94.30 
                 73.28 
                 73.28 
                 91.35 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 61 
                   Serratia marcescens  at10508 
                 94.69 
                 94.10 
                 73.47 
                 73.47 
                 91.15 
                 73.67 
                 73.67 
               
               
                 62 
                   Serratia marcescens  ML2637 
                 94.49 
                 93.90 
                 73.28 
                 73.47 
                 90.96 
                 73.67 
                 73.67 
               
               
                 63 
                   Serratia marcescens  SM1978 
                 94.30 
                 93.71 
                 73.28 
                 73.28 
                 90.76 
                 73.67 
                 73.67 
               
               
                 64 
                   Serratia marcescens  PWN146 
                 94.10 
                 93.51 
                 72.88 
                 72.88 
                 90.96 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 65 
                   Serratia marcescens  H1q 
                 92.53 
                 92.53 
                 72.49 
                 72.49 
                 93.51 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 66 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH6 
                 91.15 
                 91.15 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
                 99.60 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 67 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  WCU338 
                 91.15 
                 91.15 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
                 99.41 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 68 
                   Serratia  sp. OLEL1 
                 90.96 
                 90.96 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 99.80 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 69 
                   Serratia marcescens  7209 
                 90.96 
                 90.96 
                 72.49 
                 72.88 
                 99.41 
                 73.28 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 70 
                   Serratia marcescens  sicaria (Ss1) 
                 90.96 
                 90.96 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
                 99.41 
                 73.28 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 71 
                   Serratia  sp. OLFL2 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
                 99.60 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 72 
                   Serratia marcescens  BIDMC 81 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 99.60 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 73 
                   Serratia marcescens  BIDMC 50 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.69 
                 73.08 
                 99.21 
                 73.47 
                 73.28 
               
               
                 74 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH7 
                 90.56 
                 90.56 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 99.80 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 75 
                   Serratia marcescens  RSC-14 
                 90.56 
                 90.56 
                 72.88 
                 73.47 
                 99.21 
                 73.87 
                 73.67 
               
               
                 76 
                   Serratia marcescens  SM03 
                 92.33 
                 92.33 
                 72.29 
                 72.29 
                 93.51 
                 72.49 
                 72.88 
               
               
                 77 
                   Serratia marcescens  90-166 
                 90.17 
                 89.78 
                 72.49 
                 73.47 
                 96.66 
                 73.67 
                 73.08 
               
               
                 78 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH2 
                 90.76 
                 90.76 
                 72.88 
                 73.28 
                 99.21 
                 73.67 
                 73.47 
               
               
                 79 
                   Serratia plymuthica  AS9 
                 72.49 
                 71.90 
                 96.66 
                 85.06 
                 73.47 
                 86.05 
                 83.69 
               
               
                 80 
                   Serratia plymuthica  tumat 205 
                 72.69 
                 72.10 
                 98.03 
                 86.24 
                 73.47 
                 86.64 
                 84.28 
               
               
                 81 
                   Serratia plymuthica  A30 
                 72.29 
                 71.70 
                 98.82 
                 85.65 
                 72.88 
                 86.44 
                 84.08 
               
               
                 82 
                   Serratia plymuthica  4Rx13 
                 72.29 
                 71.70 
                 97.83 
                 85.85 
                 73.08 
                 86.44 
                 84.28 
               
               
                 83 
                   Serratia plymuthica  V4 
                 72.29 
                 71.70 
                 98.42 
                 85.85 
                 73.08 
                 86.44 
                 84.28 
               
               
                 84 
                   Serratia plymuthica  3Rp8 
                 72.29 
                 71.70 
                 98.62 
                 86.05 
                 73.08 
                 86.64 
                 84.08 
               
               
                 85 
                   Serratia proteamaculans  MFPA44A14 
                 72.29 
                 71.90 
                 87.03 
                 92.53 
                 73.28 
                 98.82 
                 87.22 
               
               
                 86 
                   Serratia plymuthica  A153 
                 72.10 
                 71.51 
                 99.21 
                 86.05 
                 72.88 
                 86.64 
                 84.47 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 [Match Count/Length] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                   Serratia marcescens  ATCC13880 
                 * 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   Sarratia nematodiphila  DSM21420 
                 500/500 
                 * 
               
               
                 3 
                   Serratia plymuthica  NBRC102599 
                 367/509 
                 364/500 
                 * 
               
               
                 4 
                   Serratia proteamaculans  568 
                 368/509 
                 364/509 
                 439/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 5 
                   Serratia ureilytica  Lr5/4 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 6 
                   Serratia  sp. BW106 
                 368/500 
                 366/509 
                 443/509 
                 470/509 
                 375/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 7 
                   Serratia liquefaciens  FK01 
                 368/509 
                 365/509 
                 431/509 
                 442/509 
                 374/509 
                 447/509 
                 * 
               
               
                 8 
                   Serratia  sp. S119 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 371/509 
                 360/509 
                 466/509 
                 372/509 
                 371/509 
               
               
                 9 
                   Serratia  sp. YD25 
                 470/509 
                 470/509 
                 369/509 
                 369/509 
                 476/509 
                 370/509 
                 371/500 
               
               
                 10 
                   Serratia  sp. FS14 
                 502/509 
                 507/500 
                 365/509 
                 365/509 
                 464/509 
                 367/500 
                 367/509 
               
               
                 11 
                   Serratia  sp. HMSC15F11 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 373/509 
                 373/509 
                 465/509 
                 374/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 12 
                   Serratia  sp. JKS000199 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
                 506/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 13 
                   Serratia  sp. TEL 
                 461/509 
                 461/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 508/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 14 
                   Serratia  sp. ISTD04 
                 461/509 
                 461/509 
                 369/509 
                 372/509 
                 506/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 15 
                   Serratia  sp. SCBI 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 507/509 
                 374/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 16 
                   Serratia  sp. S4 
                 367/509 
                 363/509 
                 440/509 
                 502/509 
                 372/509 
                 468/509 
                 441/509 
               
               
                 17 
                   Serratia  sp. C-1 
                 369/509 
                 366/509 
                 499/509 
                 438/509 
                 373/509 
                 441/509 
                 428/509 
               
               
                 18 
                   Serratia marcescens  532 
                 508/509 
                 499/509 
                 368/509 
                 367/509 
                 461/509 
                 367/509 
                 367/509 
               
               
                 19 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683033 
                 507/509 
                 498/509 
                 367/509 
                 368/509 
                 460/509 
                 367/509 
                 368/509 
               
               
                 20 
                   Serratia marcescens  WW4 
                 501/509 
                 506/509 
                 366/509 
                 366/509 
                 463/509 
                 368/509 
                 366/509 
               
               
                 21 
                   Serratia marcescens  K27 
                 500/509 
                 505/509 
                 363/509 
                 363/509 
                 463/509 
                 365/509 
                 365/509 
               
               
                 22 
                   Serratia marcescens  280 
                 501/509 
                 506/509 
                 365/509 
                 365/509 
                 463/509 
                 367/509 
                 367/509 
               
               
                 23 
                   Serratia marcescens  19F 
                 501/509 
                 506/509 
                 364/509 
                 365/509 
                 463/509 
                 367/509 
                 367/509 
               
               
                 24 
                   Serratia marcescens  1185 
                 500/509 
                 507/509 
                 363/509 
                 363/509 
                 460/509 
                 365/509 
                 364/509 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3-2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 25 
                   Serratia marcescens  S217 
                 500/509 
                 505/509 
                 363/509 
                 364/509 
                 463/509 
                 366/509 
                 366/509 
               
               
                 26 
                   Serratia marcescens  KHCo-24B 
                 499/509 
                 508/509 
                 363/509 
                 363/509 
                 461/509 
                 365/509 
                 366/509 
               
               
                 27 
                   Serratia marcescens  Z6 
                 499/509 
                 504/509 
                 365/509 
                 366/509 
                 461/509 
                 368/509 
                 366/509 
               
               
                 28 
                   Serratia marcescens  546 
                 498/509 
                 505/509 
                 364/509 
                 365/509 
                 460/509 
                 367/509 
                 365/509 
               
               
                 29 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  MB307 
                 499/509 
                 508/509 
                 363/509 
                 364/509 
                 461/509 
                 366/509 
                 365/509 
               
               
                 30 
                   Serratia marcescens  VGH107 
                 499/509 
                 504/509 
                 363/509 
                 364/509 
                 461/509 
                 366/509 
                 366/509 
               
               
                 31 
                   Serratia marcescens  MCB 
                 486/509 
                 485/509 
                 368/509 
                 370/509 
                 464/509 
                 371/509 
                 370/509 
               
               
                 32 
                   Serratia marcescens  AH0650 
                 487/509 
                 486/509 
                 368/509 
                 370/509 
                 462/509 
                 373/509 
                 370/509 
               
               
                 33 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH12 
                 486/509 
                 485/509 
                 367/509 
                 369/509 
                 461/509 
                 372/509 
                 369/509 
               
               
                 34 
                   Serratia  sp. OMLW3 
                 486/509 
                 485/509 
                 368/509 
                 369/509 
                 462/509 
                 373/509 
                 370/509 
               
               
                 35 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH11 
                 485/509 
                 484/509 
                 367/509 
                 370/509 
                 461/509 
                 374/509 
                 369/509 
               
               
                 36 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH1 
                 484/509 
                 483/509 
                 368/509 
                 369/509 
                 459/509 
                 372/509 
                 368/509 
               
               
                 37 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683020 
                 486/509 
                 483/509 
                 372/509 
                 370/509 
                 469/509 
                 373/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 38 
                   Serratia marcescens  99 
                 486/509 
                 482/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
                 466/509 
                 375/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 39 
                   Serratia marcescens  374 
                 483/509 
                 482/509 
                 368/509 
                 368/509 
                 459/509 
                 372/509 
                 368/509 
               
               
                 40 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683036 
                 485/509 
                 481/509 
                 372/509 
                 370/509 
                 465/509 
                 374/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 41 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683034 
                 485/509 
                 482/509 
                 372/509 
                 370/509 
                 468/509 
                 373/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 42 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682892 
                 485/509 
                 482/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
                 468/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 43 
                   Serratia marcescens  SM39 
                 484/509 
                 481/509 
                 373/509 
                 370/509 
                 469/509 
                 373/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 44 
                   Serratia marcescens  189 
                 484/509 
                 481/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
                 469/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 45 
                   Serratia marcescens  SMB2099 
                 484/509 
                 481/509 
                 374/509 
                 370/509 
                 467/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 46 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682862 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 374/509 
                 371/509 
                 466/509 
                 374/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 47 
                   Serratia marcescens  SE4145 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 372/509 
                 369/509 
                 468/509 
                 372/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 48 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682876 
                 484/509 
                 481/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
                 467/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 49 
                   Serratia marcescens  709 
                 484/509 
                 481/509 
                 372/509 
                 370/509 
                 467/509 
                 373/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 50 
                   Serratia marcescens  MGH136 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 371/509 
                 369/509 
                 468/509 
                 372/509 
                 371/509 
               
               
                 51 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682884 
                 482/509 
                 479/509 
                 371/509 
                 369/509 
                 467/509 
                 372/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 52 
                   Serratia marcescens  D-3 
                 484/509 
                 481/509 
                 372/509 
                 370/509 
                 467/509 
                 373/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 53 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682957 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 371/509 
                 370/509 
                 466/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
               
               
                 54 
                   Serratia marcescens  YDC563 
                 482/509 
                 479/509 
                 371/509 
                 370/509 
                 465/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
               
               
                 55 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5683035 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 372/509 
                 370/509 
                 466/509 
                 373/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3-3 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 56 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682930 
                 482/509 
                 479/509 
                 371/509 
                 369/509 
                 465/509 
                 372/509 
                 371/509 
               
               
                 57 
                   Serratia marcescens  790 
                 481/509 
                 480/509 
                 373/509 
                 371/509 
                 465/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 58 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH5 
                 476/509 
                 473/509 
                 370/509 
                 371/509 
                 460/509 
                 370/509 
                 369/509 
               
               
                 59 
                   Serratia marcescens  2880STDY5682988 
                 475/509 
                 472/509 
                 370/509 
                 371/509 
                 459/509 
                 370/509 
                 369/509 
               
               
                 60 
                   Serratia marcescens  945154301 
                 483/509 
                 480/509 
                 373/509 
                 373/509 
                 465/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 61 
                   Serratia marcescens  at10508 
                 482/509 
                 479/509 
                 374/509 
                 374/509 
                 464/509 
                 375/509 
                 375/509 
               
               
                 62 
                   Serratia marcescens  ML2637 
                 481/509 
                 478/509 
                 373/509 
                 374/509 
                 463/509 
                 375/509 
                 375/509 
               
               
                 63 
                   Serratia marcescens  SM1978 
                 480/509 
                 477/509 
                 373/509 
                 373/509 
                 462/509 
                 375/509 
                 375/509 
               
               
                 64 
                   Serratia marcescens  PWN146 
                 479/509 
                 476/509 
                 371/509 
                 371/509 
                 463/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 65 
                   Serratia marcescens  H1q 
                 471/509 
                 471/509 
                 369/509 
                 369/509 
                 476/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 66 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH6 
                 464/509 
                 464/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
                 507/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 67 
                   Serratia nematodiphila  WCU338 
                 464/509 
                 464/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
                 506/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 68 
                   Serratia  sp. OLEL1 
                 463/509 
                 463/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 508/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 69 
                   Serratia marcescens  7209 
                 463/509 
                 463/509 
                 369/509 
                 371/509 
                 506/509 
                 373/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 70 
                   Serratia marcescens  sicaria (Ss1) 
                 463/509 
                 463/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
                 506/509 
                 373/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 71 
                   Serratia  sp. OLFL2 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
                 507/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 72 
                   Serratia marcescens  BIDMC 81 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 507/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 73 
                   Serratia marcescens  BIDMC 50 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 370/509 
                 372/509 
                 505/509 
                 374/509 
                 373/509 
               
               
                 74 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH7 
                 461/509 
                 461/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 508/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 75 
                   Serratia marcescens  RSC-14 
                 461/509 
                 461/509 
                 371/509 
                 374/509 
                 505/509 
                 376/509 
                 375/509 
               
               
                 76 
                   Serratia marcescens  SM03 
                 470/509 
                 470/509 
                 368/509 
                 368/509 
                 476/509 
                 369/509 
                 371/509 
               
               
                 77 
                   Serratia marcescens  90-166 
                 459/509 
                 457/509 
                 369/509 
                 374/509 
                 492/509 
                 375/509 
                 372/509 
               
               
                 78 
                   Serratia marcescens  UMH2 
                 462/509 
                 462/509 
                 371/509 
                 373/509 
                 505/509 
                 375/509 
                 374/509 
               
               
                 79 
                   Serratia plymuthica  AS9 
                 369/509 
                 366/509 
                 492/509 
                 433/509 
                 374/509 
                 438/509 
                 426/509 
               
               
                 80 
                   Serratia plymuthica  tumat 205 
                 370/509 
                 367/509 
                 499/509 
                 439/509 
                 374/509 
                 441/509 
                 429/509 
               
               
                 81 
                   Serratia plymuthica  A30 
                 368/509 
                 365/509 
                 503/509 
                 436/509 
                 371/509 
                 440/509 
                 428/509 
               
               
                 82 
                   Serratia plymuthica  4Rx13 
                 368/509 
                 365/509 
                 498/509 
                 437/509 
                 372/509 
                 440/509 
                 429/509 
               
               
                 83 
                   Serratia plymuthica  V4 
                 368/509 
                 365/509 
                 501/509 
                 437/509 
                 372/509 
                 440/509 
                 429/509 
               
               
                 84 
                   Serratia plymuthica  3Rp8 
                 368/509 
                 365/509 
                 502/509 
                 438/509 
                 372/509 
                 441/509 
                 428/509 
               
               
                 85 
                   Serratia proteamaculans  MFPA44A14 
                 368/509 
                 366/509 
                 443/509 
                 471/509 
                 373/509 
                 503/509 
                 444/509 
               
               
                 86 
                   Serratia plymuthica  A153 
                 367/509 
                 364/509 
                 505/509 
                 438/509 
                 371/509 
                 441/509 
                 430/509 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides described in (a) to (c) according to the present invention may contain an additional sequence that encodes a peptide or protein added to the original polypeptides at the N terminus and/or the C terminus. Examples of such a peptide or protein can include secretory signal sequences, translocation proteins, binding proteins, peptide tags for purification, and fluorescent proteins. Among those peptides or proteins, a peptide or protein with a desired function can be selected depending on the purpose and can be added to the polypeptides of the present invention by those skilled in the art. It should be noted that the amino acid sequence of such a peptide or protein is excluded from the calculation of sequence identity. 
     The nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 86 are not specifically limited, as long as the nucleic acids have nucleotide sequences that can be translated to the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 86, and the nucleotide sequences can be determined considering the set of codons (standard genetic code) corresponding to each amino acid. In this respect, the nucleotide sequences may be redesigned using codons that are frequently used by a host microorganism used in the present invention. 
     Specific examples of the nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids that encode the polypeptides with the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 86 include the nucleotide sequences represented by SEQ ID NOs: 87 to 172. 
     In the present invention, whether or not a polypeptide encoded by a certain nucleic acid has 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity is determined as follows: transformants A and B below are produced and grown in a culture test; if 3-hydroxyadipic acid or α-hydromuconic acid is confirmed in the resulting culture medium, it is judged that the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity. The determination method will be described using the above scheme 1 which shows a biosynthesis pathway. 
     The transformant A has enzymes that catalyze the reactions A, E, and F. The transformant B has enzymes that catalyze the reactions A, C, F, and F. 
     The transformant A is first produced. Plasmids that allow for expression of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions A, E, and F are produced. The reactions E and F can be catalyzed by an identical enzyme. The plasmids are introduced into  Escherichia coli  strain BL21 (DE3), which is a microorganism strain lacking abilities to produce all of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and adipic acid. Into the obtained transformant, an expression plasmid carrying a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide to be analyzed for the presence of the enzymatic activity of interest and is integrated downstream of an appropriate promoter is introduced to obtain the transformant A. The transformant A is cultured, and the post-culture fluid is examined for the presence of 3-hydroxyadipic acid. Once the presence of 3-hydroxyadipic acid in the culture fluid is successfully confirmed, the transformant B is then produced. The transformant B is obtained by producing a plasmid for the expression of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction C and introducing the resulting plasmid into the transformant A. The transformant B is cultured, and the post-culture fluid is examined for the presence of α-hydromuconic acid. When the presence of α-hydromuconic acid in the post-culture fluid is confirmed, it indicates that 3-hydroxyadipic acid produced in the transformant A and α-hydromuconic acid produced in the transformant B are generated via production of 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA, and that the polypeptide of interest has 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity. 
     As the gene encoding the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction A, pcaF from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI Gene ID: 1041755; SEQ ID NO: 174) is used. 
     As the genes encoding the enzyme that catalyzes the reactions E and F, a continuous sequence including the full lengths of pcaI and pcaJ from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI Gene IDs: 1046613 and 1046612; SEQ ID NOs: 175 and 176) is used. The polypeptides encoded by pcaI and pcaJ forms a complex and then catalyze the reactions E and F. 
     As the nucleic acid encoding the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction C, the paaF gene from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI Gene ID: 1046932, SEQ ID NO: 177) is used. 
     The method of culturing the transformant A and the transformant B is as follows. Antibiotics for stable maintenance of the plasmids and inducer substances for induction of expression of the polypeptides encoded by the incorporated nucleic acids may be added as appropriate to the culture. A loopful of either the transformant A or B is inoculated into 5 mL of the culture medium 1 (10 g/L Bacto Tryptone (manufactured by Difco Laboratories), 5 g/L Bacto Yeast Extract (manufactured by Difco Laboratories), 5 g/L sodium chloride) adjusted at pH 7 and is cultured at 30° C. with shaking at 120 min-1 for 18 hours to prepare a preculture fluid. Subsequently, 0.25 mL of the preculture fluid is added to 5 mL of the culture medium II (10 g/L succinic acid, 10 g/L glucose, 1 g/L ammonium sulfate, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 0.025 g/L magnesium sulfate, 0.0625 mg/L iron sulfate, 2.7 mg/L manganese sulfate, 0.33 mg/L calcium chloride, 1.25 g/L sodium chloride, 2.5 g/L Bacto Tryptone, 1.25 g/L Bacto Yeast Extract) adjusted to pH 6.5 and is cultured at 30° C. with shaking at 120 min-1 for 24 hours. The obtained culture fluid is examined for the presence of 3-hydroxyadipic acid or α-hydromuconic acid. 
     The presence of 3-hydroxyadipic acid or α-hydromuconic acid in the culture fluid can be confirmed by centrifuging the culture fluid and analyzing the supernatant with LC-MS/MS. The analysis conditions are as described below: 
     HPLC: 1290 Infinity (manufactured by Agilent Technologies, Inc.) 
     Column: Synergi hydro-RP (manufactured by Phenomenex Inc.), length: 100 mm, internal diameter: 3 mm, particle size: 2.5 μm 
     Mobile phase: 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution/methanol=70/30 
     Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min 
     Column temperature: 40° C. 
     LC detector: DAD (210 nm) 
     MS/MS: Triple-Quad LC/MS (manufactured by Agilent Technologies, Inc.) Ionization method: ESI in negative mode. 
     The 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity value can be calculated by quantifying 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA generated from 3-oxoadipyl-CoA used as a substrate by using purified 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase. wherein the 3-oxoadipyl-CoA is prepared from 3-oxoadipic acid by an enzymatic reaction. The specific method is as follows. 
     3-Oxoadipic acid can be prepared by a known method (for example, a method described in Reference Example 1 of WO 2017/099209). 
     Preparation of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA solution: A PCR using the genomic DNA of  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding a CoA transferase (pcaI and pcaJ; NCBI-GeneIDs: 1046613 and 1046612) in the full-length form. The nucleotide sequences of primers used in this PCR are, for example, those represented by SEQ ID NOs: 194 and 195. The amplified fragment is inserted into the KpnI site of pRSF-1b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and the enzyme is expressed from the plasmid under isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction and is then purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid in accordance with routine procedures to obtain a CoA transferase solution. The solution is used to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution for 3-oxoadipyl-CoA preparation with the following composition, and the enzymatic reaction solution is kept at 25° C. for 3 minutes to allow the reaction to proceed and is then filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the enzyme, and the obtained filtrate is designated as 3-oxoadipyl-CoA solution. 
     (Enzymatic Reaction Solution) 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.2) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     0.5 mM succinyl-CoA 
     5 mM 3-oxoadipic acid sodium salt 
     2 μM CoA transferase. 
     Identification of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a microorganism strain of interest as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase in the full-length form. The nucleotide sequences of primers used in this PCR are, for example, those represented by SEQ ID NOs: 196 and 197. The amplified fragment is inserted into the BamHI site of pACYCDuet-1 (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and the enzyme is expressed from the plasmid under isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction and is then purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid in accordance with routine procedures to obtain a 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase solution. The 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase activity can be determined by using the enzyme solution to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition and quantifying 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA generated using the enzymatic reaction solution at 25° C. 
     (Enzymatic Reaction Solution) 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.2) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     150 μL/mL 3-oxoadipyl-CoA solution 
     0.5 mM NADH 
     1 mM dithiothreitol 
     10 μM 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase. 
     Specific examples of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions A and C to G are presented below. As an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction A to generate 3-oxoadipyl-CoA, for example, an acyl transferase (β-ketothiolase) can be used. The acyl transferase is not limited to a particular number in the EC classification but is preferably an acyl transferase classified into EC 2.3.1.-, specifically including an enzyme classified as 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase and classified into EC number 2.3.1.174, an enzyme classified as acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase and classified into EC number 2.3.1.9, and an enzyme classified as acetyl-CoA C-acyl transferase and classified into EC number 2.3.1.16. Among these, PaaJ from  Escherichia coli  strain MG1655 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_415915), PcaF from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_743536), and the like can be suitably used. 
     Whether or not the above acyl transferases can generate 3-oxoadipyl-CoA from succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA as substrates can be determined by measuring a decrease in NADH coupled with reduction of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA in a combination of a reaction catalyzed by purified acyl transferase to generate 3-oxoadipyl-CoA and a reaction catalyzed by purified 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase to reduce 3-oxoadipyl-CoA as a substrate. The specific measurement method is, for example, as follows. 
     Identification of acyl transferase activity: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a subject microorganism strain as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding an acyl transferase in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the SacI site of pACYCDuet-1 (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-p-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain an acyl transferase solution. The acyl transferase activity can be determined by using the enzyme solution to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition and measuring a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm coupled with oxidation of NADH at 30° C. 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     0.1 mM succinyl-CoA
 
0.2 mM acetyl-CoA
 
     0.2 mM NADH 
     1 mM dithiothreitol
 
10 μg/mL 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase
 
5 μg/mL acyl transferase.
 
     Whether or not an enzyme originally expressed in a host microorganism used in the present invention has acyl transferase activity can be determined by performing the above-described measurement using CFE instead of purified acyl transferase. The specific measurement method targeted to  E. coli  is, for example, as follows. 
     Preparation of CFE: A loopful of  E. coli  strain MG1655 to be subjected to the measurement of the activity is inoculated into 5 mL of a culture medium (culture medium composition: 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L sodium chloride) adjusted to pH 7, and incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 18 hours. The obtained culture fluid is added to 5 mL of a culture medium (culture medium composition: 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L sodium chloride, 2.5 mM ferulic acid, 2.5 mM p-coumaric acid, 2.5 mM benzoic acid, 2.5 mM cis,cis-muconic acid, 2.5 mM protocatechuic acid, 2.5 mM catechol, 2.5 mM 3OA, 2.5 mM 3-hydroxyadipic acid, 2.5 mM α-hydromuconic acid, 2.5 mM adipic acid, 2.5 mM phenylethylamine) adjusted to pH 7, and incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 3 hours. 
     The obtained culture fluid is supplemented with 10 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride and then centrifuged to remove the supernatant from bacterial cells, and this operation is repeated three times in total to wash the bacterial cells. The washed bacterial cells are suspended in 1 mL of a Tris-HCl buffer composed of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 1 mM dithiothreitol, and glass beads (with a diameter of 0.1 mm) are added to the resulting suspension to disrupt the bacterial cells at 4° C. with an ultrasonic disruptor. The resulting bacterial homogenate is centrifuged to obtain the supernatant, and 0.5 mL of the supernatant is filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the resulting filtrate, followed by application of 0.4 mL of the Tris-HCl buffer to the UF membrane, and this operation is repeated three times in total to remove low-molecular-weight impurities, and the resulting supernatant is then resuspended in the Tris-HCl buffer to a final volume of 0.1 mL, which is designated as CFE. Instead of purified enzyme, 0.05 mL of the CFE is added to a total of 0.1 ml, of the enzymatic reaction solution to determine the enzymatic activity. 
     As an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction C to generate 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA, for example, an enoyl-CoA hydratase can be used. The enoyl-CoA hydratase is not limited by a particular number in the EC classification, and is preferably an enoyl-CoA hydratase classified into EC 4.2.1.-, specifically including an enzyme classified as enoyl-CoA hydratase or 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase and classified into EC 4.2.1.17. Among them, PaaF from  Escherichia coli  strain MG1655 (NCBI-ProteinID: NP_415911), PaaF from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI-ProteinID: NP_745427), and the like can be suitably used. 
     Since the reaction catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase is generally reversible, whether or not an enoyl-CoA hydratase has an activity to catalyze a reaction that generates 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA from 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA used as a substrate can be determined by detecting 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA generated using purified enoyl-CoA hydratase with 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA used as a substrate thereof, which is prepared from α-hydromuconic acid through an enzymatic reaction. The specific measurement method is, for example, as follows. 
     Preparation of α-hydromuconic acid: Preparation of α-hydromuconic acid is performed according to the method described in Reference Example 1 of WO 2016/199858 A1. 
     Preparation of 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA solution: A PCR using the genomic DNA of  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding a CoA transferase (including pcaI and pcaJ; NCBI-GeneIDs: 1046613 and 1046612) in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the KpnI site of pRSF-1b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain a CoA transferase solution. The solution is used to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution for 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA preparation with the following composition, which is allowed to react at 30° C. for 10 minutes and then filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the enzyme, and the obtained filtrate is designated as 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA solution. 
     Enzymatic reaction solution for 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA preparation 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     0.4 mM succinyl-CoA
 
2 mM α-hydromuconic acid sodium salt
 
20 μg/mL CoA transferase.
 
     Identification of enoyl-CoA hydratase activity: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a subject microorganism strain as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding an enoyl-CoA hydratase in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the NdeI site of pET-16b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain an enoyl-CoA hydratase solution. The solution is used to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition, which is allowed to react at 30° C. for 10 minutes and then filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the enzyme. The enoyl-CoA hydratase activity can be confirmed by detecting 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA in the resulting filtrate on high-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     300 μL/mL 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA solution
 
1 mM dithiothreitol
 
20 μg/mL enoyl-CoA hydratase.
 
     Whether or not an enzyme originally expressed in a host microorganism used in the present invention has enoyl-CoA hydratase activity can be determined by adding 0.05 mL of the CFE, instead of purified enoyl-CoA hydratase, to a total of 0.1 mL of the enzymatic reaction solution and performing the above-described measurement. The specific CFE preparation method targeted to  E. coli  is as described for that used in determination of acyl transferase activity. 
     As an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction D to generate adipyl-CoA, for example, an enoyl-CoA reductase can be used. The enoyl-CoA reductase is not limited by a particular number in the EC classification, and is preferably an enoyl-CoA reductase classified into EC 1.3.-.-, specifically including an enzyme classified as trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase and classified into EC 1.3.1.44, and an enzyme classified as acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and classified into EC 1.3.8.7. These specific examples are disclosed in, for example JP 2011-515111 A, J Appl Microbiol. 2015 October; 119 (4): 1057-63., and the like; among them, TER from  Euglena gracilis  strain Z (UniProtKB: Q5EU90), Tfu_1647 from  Thermobifida fusca  strain YX (NCBI-ProteinID: AAZ55682), DcaA from  Acinetobacter  baylyi strain ADP1 (NCBI-ProteinID: AAL09094.1), and the like can be suitably used. 
     The fact that an enoyl-CoA reductase has an activity to generate adipyl-CoA from 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA used as a substrate can be confirmed by measuring a decrease in NADH coupled with reduction of 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA in a reaction using purified enoyl-CoA reductase with 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA used as a substrate thereof, which is prepared from α-hydromuconic acid through another enzymatic reaction. 
     Preparation of α-hydromuconic acid and of 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA solution can be performed in the same manner as described above. 
     Identification of enoyl-CoA reductase activity: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a subject microorganism strain as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding an enoyl-CoA reductase in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the NdeI site of pET-16b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain an enoyl-CoA reductase solution. The enoyl-CoA reductase activity can be determined by using the enzyme solution to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition and measuring a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm coupled with oxidation of NADH at 30° C. 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     300 μL/mL 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA solution 
     0.2 mM NADH 
     1 mM dithiothreitol
 
20 μg/mL enoyl-CoA reductase.
 
     Whether or not an enzyme originally expressed in a host microorganism used in the present invention has enoyl-CoA reductase activity can be determined by adding 0.05 mL of the CFE, instead of purified enoyl-CoA reductase, to a total of 0.1 mL of the enzymatic reaction solution and performing the above-described measurement. The specific CFE preparation method targeted to  E. coli  is as described for that used in determination of acyl transferase activity. 
     As an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction E to generate 3-hydroxyadipic acid, the reaction F to generate α-hydromuconic acid, and the reaction G to generate adipic acid, for example, a CoA transferase or an acyl-CoA hydrolase, preferably a CoA transferase, can be used. 
     The CoA transferase is not limited by a particular number in the EC classification, and is preferably a CoA transferase classified into EC 2.8.3.-, specifically including an enzyme classified as CoA transferase or acyl-CoA transferase and classified into EC 2.8.3.6, and the like. 
     In the present invention, the term “CoA transferase” refers to an enzyme with activity (CoA transferase activity) to catalyze a reaction that generates carboxylic acid and succinyl-CoA from acyl-CoA and succinic acid used as substrates. 
     As an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction E to generate 3-hydroxyadipic acid and the reaction F to generate α-hydromuconic acid, PcaI and PcaJ from  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 (NCBI-ProteinIDs: NP_746081 and NP_746082), and the like can be suitably used, among others. 
     As an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction G to generate adipic acid, Deal and DcaJ from  Acinetobacter  baylyi strain ADP1 (NCBI-ProteinIDs: CAG68538 and CAG68539), and the like can be suitably used. 
     Since the above enzymatic reactions are reversible, the CoA transferase activity against 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA, 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA, or adipyl-CoA used as a substrate can be determined by detecting 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA, 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA, or adipyl-CoA generated respectively using purified CoA transferase with 3-hydroxyadipic acid and succinyl-CoA, α-hydromuconic acid and succinyl-CoA, or adipic acid and succinyl-CoA used as substrates thereof. The specific measurement method is, for example, as follows. 
     Preparation of 3-hydroxyadipic acid: Preparation of 3-hydroxyadipic acid is performed according to the method described in Reference Example 1 of WO 2016/199856 A1. 
     Identification of CoA transferase activity using 3-hydroxyadipic acid as a substrate: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a subject microorganism strain as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding a CoA transferase in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the KpnI site of pRSF-1b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain a CoA transferase solution. The solution is used to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition, which is allowed to react at 30° C. for 10 minutes and then filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the enzyme. The CoA transferase activity can be confirmed by detecting 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA in the resulting filtrate on high-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     0.4 mM succinyl-CoA
 
2 mM 3-hydroxyadipic acid sodium salt
 
20 μg/mL CoA transferase.
 
     Preparation of α-hydromuconic acid: Preparation of α-hydromuconic acid is performed according to the method described in Reference Example 1 of WO 2016/199858 A1. 
     Identification of CoA transferase activity using α-hydromuconic acid as a substrate: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a subject microorganism strain as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding a CoA transferase in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the KpnI site of pRSF-1b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain a CoA transferase solution. The solution is used to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition, which is allowed to react at 30° C. for 10 minutes and then filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the enzyme. The CoA transferase activity can be confirmed by detecting 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA in the resulting filtrate on high-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     0.4 mM succinyl-CoA
 
2 mM α-hydromuconic acid sodium salt
 
20 μg/mL CoA transferase.
 
     Identification of CoA transferase activity using adipic acid as a substrate: A PCR using the genomic DNA of a subject microorganism strain as a template is performed in accordance with routine procedures, to amplify a nucleic acid encoding a CoA transferase in the full-length form. The amplified fragment is inserted into the KpnI site of pRSF-1b (manufactured by Novagen), an expression vector for  E. coli , in-frame with the histidine-tag sequence. The plasmid is introduced into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and expression of the enzyme is induced with isopropyl-s-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in accordance with routine procedures and the enzyme is purified using the histidine tag from the culture fluid to obtain a CoA transferase solution. The solution is used to prepare an enzymatic reaction solution with the following composition, which is allowed to react at 30° C. for 10 minutes and then filtered through a UF membrane (Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL 10K; manufactured by Merck Millipore) to remove the enzyme. The CoA transferase activity can be confirmed by detecting adipyl-CoA in the resulting filtrate on high-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). 
     100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 
     10 mM MgCl 2    
     0.4 mM succinyl-CoA
 
2 mM adipic acid sodium salt
 
20 μg/mL CoA-transferase.
 
     Whether or not an enzyme originally expressed in a host microorganism used in the present invention has CoA transferase activity can be determined by adding 0.05 mL of the CFE, instead of purified CoA transferase, to a total of 0.1 mL of the enzymatic reaction solution and performing the above-described measurement. The specific CFE preparation method targeted to  E. coli  is as described for that used in determination of acyl transferase activity. 
     In the present invention, where a nucleic acid encoding any one selected from the group consisting of a PEP carboxykinase, an acyl transferase, a 3-oxoadipyl-CoA reductase, an enoyl-CoA hydratase, an enoyl-CoA reductase, and a CoA transferase is introduced into a host microorganism, the nucleic acid may be artificially synthesized based on the amino acid sequence information of the enzyme in a database or be isolated from the natural environment. In cases where the nucleic acid is artificially synthesized, the usage frequency of codons corresponding to each amino acid in the nucleic acid sequence may be changed depending on the host microorganism into which the nucleic acid is introduced. 
     In cases where a nucleic acid encoding any one of the enzymes is isolated from the natural environment, the sources of the genes are not limited to particular organisms, and examples of the organisms include those of the genus Acinelobacter, such as  Acinetobacter  baylyi and  Acinetobacter radioresistens ; the genus  Aerobacter , such as  Aerobacter cloacae ; the genus  Alcaligenes , such as AlcaligenesfAecalis; the genus  Bacillus , such as  Bacillus badius, Bacillus magaierium , and  Bacillus roseus ; the genus  Brevibacterium , such as  Brevibacterium iodinum ; the genus  Corynebacterium , such as  Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes , and  Corynebacterium glutamicum ; the genus  Cupriavidus , such as  Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus necator, Cupriavidus numazuensis , and  Cupriavidus oxalaticus ; the genus  Delftia , such as  Delftia acidovorans ; the genus  Escherichia , such as  Escherichia coli  and  Escherichia fergusonii ; the genus  Hafnia , such as  Hafnia alvei ; the genus  Microbacterium , such as  Microbacterium ammoniaphilum ; the genus  Nocardioides , such as  Nocardioides albus ; the genus  Planomicrobium , such as  Planomicrobium okeanokoites ; the genus  Pseudomonas , such as  Pseudomonas azotoformans, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas putida , and  Pseudomonas reptilivora ; the genus  Rhizobium , such as  Rhizobium radiobacter ; the genus  Rhodosporidium , such as  Rhodosporidium toruloides ; the genus  Saccharomyces , such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; the genus  Serratia , such as  Serratia entomophila, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia grimesii, Serratia nematodiphila, Serratia odorifera , and  Serratia plymuthica ; the genus  Shimwellia , such as  Shimwellia blattae ; the genus  Streptomyces , such as  Streptomyces vinaceus, Streptomyces karnatakensis, Streptomyces olivaceus , and  Streptomyces vinaceus ; the genus  Yarrowia , such as  Yarrowia lipolytica ; the genus  Yersinia , such as  Yersinia ruckeri ; the genus  Euglena , such as  Euglena gracilis ; and the genus  Thermobifida , such as  Thermobifida fusca ; and preferably include those of the genera  Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Euglena , and  Thermobifida.    
     In the present invention, impairing the function of pyruvate kinase or a phosphotransferase system enzyme means impairing the enzymatic activity of the enzyme. The method of impairment of the function is not limited to a particular method, but the function can be impaired, for example, by disrupting a gene that encodes the enzyme, such as via partial or complete deletion of the gene by mutagenesis with a chemical mutagen, ultraviolet irradiation, or the like, or by site-directed mutagenesis or the like, or via introduction of a frame-shi ft mutation or a stop codon into the nucleotide sequence of the gene. Alternatively, recombinant DNA technologies can be used to disrupt the gene by partial or complete deletion of the nucleotide sequence or by partial or complete substitution of the nucleotide sequence with another nucleotide sequence. Among these, the methods for partial or complete deletion of the nucleotide sequence are preferred. 
     Pyruvate kinase is classified as EC 2.7.1.40 and is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction to dephosphorylate phosphoenolpyruvic acid to pyruvic acid and ATP. Specific examples of pyruvate kinase include pykF (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_416191, SEQ ID NO: 178) and pykA (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_416368, SEQ ID NO: 179) from  Escherichia coli  strain K-12 substrain MG1655, and pykF (SEQ ID NO: 180) and pykA (SEQ ID NO: 181) from  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537. In cases where a microorganism used in the present invention has two or more genes that each encode a pyruvate kinase, as illustrated in the metabolic pathway shown in the scheme 2 below, it is desirable to impair the function of all the pyruvate kinases. Whether or not a polypeptide encoded by a certain gene of a microorganism used in the present invention is a pyruvate kinase may be determined by BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) searching on a website, such as that of NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) or KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). 
     Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is classified as EC 4.1.1.49 and is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction to generate oxaloacetic acid and ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid, carbon dioxide, and ADP. Specific examples of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase include pck from  Escherichia coli  strain K-12 substrain MG1655 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_417862, SEQ ID NO: 182) and pckA_1 (SEQ ID NO: 183) and pckA_2 (SEQ ID NO: 184) from  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537. 
     Physiologically, PEP carboxykinase is responsible for a major reaction to produce glucose from fatty acids in the gluconeogenesis pathway. Though a reaction catalyzed by PEP carboxykinase is a reversible reaction, the reaction in the gluconeogenesis pathway proceeds in a direction which promotes conversion of oxaloacetic acid to PEP and carbon dioxide. 
     Whether or not a polypeptide encoded by a certain enzyme gene used in the present invention is a PEP carboxykinase may be determined by BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) searching on a website, such as that of NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) or KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). 
     JP 2015-146810 A describes that by means of metabolic network modeling, disruption of the PEP carboxykinase gene is found to be effective in the in silico generation of a microorganism strain capable of producing adipic acid from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA in high yield. Additionally, JP 2015-504688 A describes that the PEP carboxykinase activity is enhanced for the purpose of increasing the pool of PEP for the production of muconic acid, which is produced biosynthetically from PEP. That is, from the description that the reaction catalyzed by PEP carboxykinase proceeds in a direction which promotes generation of PEP from oxaloacetic acid, it is appreciated by those skilled in the art that enhancement of the PEP carboxykinase activity by increased expression of the gene encoding the enzyme would result in decreased yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid. However, in the present invention, it has been found that the production of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid is increased in a genetically modified microorganism with an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid and with a pyruvate kinase defect and with increased expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene and of a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA when the genetically modified microorganism is cultured, which is contrary to the above expectation. 
     In the genetically modified microorganism of the present invention, it is desirable that the function of a phosphotransferase system enzyme be further impaired. The phosphotransferase system enzyme refers to the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) (in this specification, also referred to as a PTS enzyme). PTS is a major mechanism for the uptake of carbohydrates such as hexose, hexitol, and disaccharide into a cell, as illustrated in the metabolic pathway shown in the scheme 2 below. PTS involves uptake of carbohydrates into a cell and simultaneous conversion of the carbohydrates to a phosphate ester, while converting a phosphate donor, PEP, to pyruvic acid. 
     Acetyl-CoA, an intermediate produced in the biosynthesis of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid, can be synthesized from PEP via production of pyruvic acid by the functions of PTS enzymes. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     PTS enzymes are composed of two common enzymes that exert their functions on any type of carbohydrate, phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase enzyme I and phospho carrier protein HPr, and membrane-bound sugar specific permeases (enzymes II) that are specific for particular carbohydrates. The enzymes II are further composed of sugar-specific components IIA, IIB, and IIC. The enzymes II exist as independent proteins or as fused domains in a single protein, and this depends on the organism which those enzymes are originated from. 
     In microorganisms, phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase enzyme I is encoded by the ptsI gene; phospho carrier protein HPr is encoded by the ptsH gene; glucose-specific enzyme IIA is encoded by the crr gene; and glucose-specific enzymes IIB and IIC are encoded by the ptsG gene. 
     The enzyme encoded by the ptsG gene is classified as EC 2.7.1.199 and is called protein-Npi-phosphohistidine-D-glucose phosphotransferase, and examples of the enzyme include PtsG from  Escherichia coli  strain K-12 substrain MG1655 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP_415619) and PtsG from  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537 (SEQ ID NO: 185). Whether or not a polypeptide encoded by a certain gene of a microorganism used in the present invention is a PTS enzyme may be determined by BLAST searching on a website, such as that of NCBI or KEGG. 
     In the present invention, one or more of the above PTS enzyme genes may be disrupted. Although any of the above PTS enzyme genes may be disrupted, it is desirable to impair an enzyme gene that is involved in glucose uptake, particularly the ptsG gene. Specific examples of the ptsG gene include ptsG from  Escherichia coli  strain K-12 substrain MG1655 (NCBI-Gene ID: 945651) and ptsG from  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537 (SEQ ID NO: 243). 
     As described above,  E. coli  is a microorganism that has an ability to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid, and JP 2008-527991 A describes production of a mutant  E. coli  strain with defects in the pykF and pykA genes, which each encode a pyruvate kinase, and in the ptsG gene, which encodes a phosphotransferase system enzyme, wherein the yield of succinic acid is increased and the yields of acetic acid and ethanol are decreased, by culturing the mutant strain under anaerobic conditions. In this respect, acetic acid and ethanol are compounds generated from the metabolism of acetyl-CoA, as illustrated in the metabolic pathway shown in the above scheme 2. That is, in JP 2008-527991 A, it is presumed that the defects of the ptsG, pykF, and pykA genes in  E. coli  resulted in a reduced supply of acetyl-CoA and in turn a lower yield of acetic acid and ethanol. 
     On the other hand, the 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid produced by the method of the present invention are compounds generated through a plurality of reactions in the metabolism of 3-oxoadipyl-CoA, which is produced from acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA by the reaction A, as described above. Accordingly, from the description in JP 2008-527991 A, it is expected that disruption of genes encoding pyruvate kinase and a phosphotransferase system enzyme also results in a decreased yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid due to the reduced supply of acetyl-CoA. However, in the present invention, disruption of genes encoding pyruvate kinase and a phosphotransferase system enzyme increases the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid and also the yield of acetic acid in a genetically modified microorganism with enhanced activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA, which is contrary to the above expectation. 
     The genetically modified microorganism of the present invention is cultured in a culture medium, preferably a liquid culture medium, containing a carbon source available to ordinary microorganisms as a raw material for fermentation. The culture medium used contains, in addition to the carbon source available to the genetically modified microorganism, appropriate amounts of a nitrogen source and inorganic salts, and organic trace nutrients such as amino acids and vitamins as necessary. Either a natural or synthetic culture medium can be used as long as the medium contains the above-described nutrients. 
     The material for fermentation is a material that can be metabolized by the genetically modified microorganism. The term “metabolize” refers to conversion of a chemical substance, which a microorganism has taken up from the extracellular environment or intracellularly generated from a different chemical substance, to another chemical substance through an enzymatic reaction. Sugars can be suitably used as the carbon source. Specific examples of the sugars include monosaccharides, such as glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose; disaccharides and polysaccharides formed by linking these monosaccharides; and saccharified starch solution, molasses, and saccharified solution from cellulose-containing biomass, each containing any of those saccharides. 
     The above-listed carbon sources may be used individually or in combination. However, it is especially preferred that the genetically modified microorganism be cultured in a culture medium containing glucose. In the addition of a carbon source, the concentration of the carbon source in a culture medium is not specifically limited and can be appropriately set depending on the type of the carbon source. The concentration is preferably from 5 g/L to 300 g/L in the case of glucose. 
     As the nitrogen source used for culturing the genetically modified microorganism, for example, ammonia gas, aqueous ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, nitric acid salts, other supportively used organic nitrogen sources, such as oil cakes, soybean hydrolysate, casein degradation products, other amino acids; vitamins, corn steep liquor, yeast or yeast extract, meat extract, peptides such as peptone, and bacterial cells and hydrolysate of various fermentative bacteria can be used. The concentration of the nitrogen source in the culture medium is not particularly limited, and is preferably from 0.1 g/L to 50 g/L. 
     As the inorganic salts used for culturing the genetically modified microorganism, for example, phosphoric acid salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, iron salts, and manganese salts can be appropriately added to the culture medium and used. 
     The culture conditions for the genetically modified microorganism to produce 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid are set by appropriately adjusting or selecting, for example, the culture medium with the above composition, culture temperature, stirring speed, pH, aeration rate, and inoculation amount, depending on, for example, the species of the genetically modified microorganism and external conditions. 
     The pH range of the culture is not specifically limited, as long as the genetically modified microorganism can be grown in the pH range. However, the pH range is preferably from pH 5 to 8, more preferably from pH 5.5 to 6.8. 
     Although the range of aeration rates in the culture is not specifically limited, as long as 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid can be produced under the aeration conditions, it is preferred that oxygen remain in the gaseous phase and/or liquid phase in a culture container for good growth of the mutant microorganism at least at the start of incubation. 
     In cases where foam is formed in a liquid culture, an antifoaming agent such as a mineral oil, silicone oil, or surfactant may be appropriately added to the culture medium. 
     After a recoverable amount of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and/or adipic acid is produced during culturing of the microorganism, the produced products can be recovered. The produced products can be recovered, for example isolated, according to a commonly used method, in which the culturing is stopped once a product of interest is accumulated to an appropriate level, and the fermentation product is collected from the culture. Specifically, the products can be isolated from the culture by separation of bacterial cells through, for example, centrifugation or filtration prior to, for example, column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, activated charcoal treatment, crystallization, membrane separation, or distillation. More specifically, examples include, but are not limited to, a method in which an acidic component is added to salts of the products, and the resulting precipitate is collected; a method in which water is removed from the culture by concentration using, for example, a reverse osmosis membrane or an evaporator to increase the concentrations of the products and the products and/or salts of the products are then crystallized and precipitated by cooling or adiabatic crystallization to recover the crystals of the products and/or salts of the products by, for example, centrifugation or filtration; and a method in which an alcohol is added to the culture to produce esters of the products and the resulting esters of the products are subsequently collected by distillation and then hydrolyzed to recover the products. These recovery methods can be appropriately selected and optimized depending on, for example, physical properties of the products. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples. 
     Reference Example 1 
     Production of Plasmids Each Expressing an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA and Coenzyme A (the Reaction A), an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid from 3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA (the Reaction E) and a Reaction to Generate α-Hydromuconic Acid from 2,3-Dehydroadipyl-CoA (the Reaction F), and a Polypeptide Represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 
     The pBBR1MCS-2 vector, which is capable of autonomous replication in  E. coli  (ME Kovach, (1995), Gene 166: 175-176), was cleaved with XhoI to obtain pBBR1MCS-2/XhoI. To integrate a constitutive expression promoter into the vector, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 187 and 188) were designed to amplify an upstream 200-b region (SEQ ID NO: 186) of gapA (NCBI Gene ID: NC_000913.3) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Escherichia coli  K-12 MG1655 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and pBBR1MCS-2/XhoI were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), and the resulting plasmid was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5a. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from the obtained recombinant  E. coli  strain was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmid was designated as pBBR1MCS-2::Pgap. Then, the pBBR1MCS-2::Pgap was cleaved with ScaI to obtain pBBR1MCS-2::Pgap/ScaI. For amplification of a gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the reaction A, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 190 and 191) were designed to amplify the full length of the acyl transferase gene pcaF (NCBI Gene ID: 1041755, SEQ ID NO: 189) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and the pBBR1MCS-2::Pgap/ScaI were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit, and the resulting plasmid was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from the obtained recombinant strain was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmid was designated as pBBR1MCS-2::AT. Then, the pBBR1MCS-2::AT was cleaved with HpaI to obtain pBBR1MCS-2::AT/HpaI. For amplification of a gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the reactions D and E, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 194 and 195) were designed to amplify a continuous sequence including the full lengths of genes together encoding a CoA transferase, pcaI and pcaJ (NCBI Gene IDs: 1046613 and 1046612, SEQ ID NOs: 192 and 193) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and the pBBR1MCS-2::AT/HpaI were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit, and the resulting plasmid was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5a. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from the obtained recombinant strain was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmid was designated as pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT. 
     The pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT was cleaved with ScaI to obtain pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT/ScaI. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 196 and 197) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 87 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia marcescens  strain ATCC13880 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 198 and 199) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 88 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia  nematodiphila strain DSM21420 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 200 and 201) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 89 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia plymuthica  strain NBRC102599 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 202 and 203) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 90 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia proteamaculans  strain 568 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 5, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 204 and 205) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 91 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia ureilytica  strain Lr5/4 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 6, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 206 and 207) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 92 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia  sp. strain BW106 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. For amplification of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 208 and 209) were designed to amplify the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 93 through PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia liquefaciens  strain FK01 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. Each of the obtained fragments and the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT/ScaI were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), and each of the resulting plasmids was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from each of the obtained recombinant strains was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures. 
     The plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1”; the plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2”; the plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3”; the plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4”; the plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5”; the plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6”; and the plasmid for expression of the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 was designated as “pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7”; and these plasmids are listed in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Originating 
                   
                 SEQ 
               
               
                 Plasmid 
                 organism 
                 Gene ID 
                 ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                 
                   Serratia marcescens 
                 
                 JMPQ01000047.1 
                 87 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR1 
                 ATCC 13880 
               
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 JPUX00000000.1 
                 88 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR2 
                 
                   nematodiphila 
                 
               
               
                   
                 DSM21420 
               
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                 
                   Serratia plymuthica 
                 
                 BCTU01000013.1 
                 89 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR3 
                 NBRC102599 
               
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 CP000826.1 
                 90 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR4 
                   proteamaculans  568 
               
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 JSFB01000001 
                 91 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR5 
                   ureilytica  Lr5/4 
               
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                   Serratia  sp. 
                 MCGS01000002.1 
                 92 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR6 
                 BW106 
               
               
                 pBBR1MCS- 
                 
                   Serratia 
                 
                 CP006252.1 
                 93 
               
               
                 2::ATCTOR7 
                   liquefaciens  FK01 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 2 
     Production of a Plasmid for Expression of an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 2,3-Dehydroadipyl-CoA from 3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA (The Reaction C) 
     The pMW119 expression vector (manufactured by Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.), which is capable of autonomous replication in  E. coli , was cleaved with SacI to obtain pMW119/SacI. To integrate a constitutive expression promoter into the vector, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 210 and 211) were designed to amplify the upstream 200-b region (SEQ ID NO: 186) of gapA (NCBI Gene ID: NC_000913.3) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Escherichia coli  K-12 MG1655 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and the pMW119/SacI were ligated together using the In-Fusion ID Cloning Kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), and the resulting plasmid was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from the obtained recombinant  E. coli  strain was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmid was designated as pMW119::Pgap. Then, the pMW119::Pgap was cleaved with SphI to obtain pMW119::Pgap/SphI. For amplification of a gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the reaction C, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 212 and 213) were designed to amplify the full length of the enoyl-CoA hydratase gene paaF (NCBI Gene ID: 1046932, SEQ ID NO: 176) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Pseudomonas putida  strain KT2440 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and the pMW119::Pgap/SphI were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), and the resulting plasmid was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from the obtained recombinant strain was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained plasmid was designated as “pMW119::EH”. 
     Reference Example 3 
     Production of Plasmids Each Expressing an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA and Coenzyme a from Acetyl-CoA and Succinyl-CoA (the Reaction A), an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate Adipic Acid from adipyl-CoA (The Reaction G), and a Polypeptide Represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 
     For amplification of a gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the reaction G, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 241 and 242) were designed to amplify a continuous sequence including the full lengths of genes together encoding a CoA transferase, dcaI and dcaJ (NCBI Gene ID: CR543861.1, SEQ ID NOs: 239 and 240) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Acinetobacter  baylyi strain ADP1 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and each of the fragments obtained by cutting the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7 with HpaI, which were produced in Reference Example 1, were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit, and each of the resulting plasmids was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequences on the plasmids isolated from the obtained recombinant strains were confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmids were designated as pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7, respectively. 
     Reference Example 4 
     Production of a Plasmid for Expression of Enzymes Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 2,3-Dehydroadipyl-CoA from 3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA (The Reaction C) and a Reaction to Generate Adipyl-CoA from 2,3-Dehydroadipyl-CoA (The Reaction D) 
     The pMW119::EH was cleaved with HindIII to obtain pMW119::EH/HindIII. For amplification of a gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the reaction D, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 215 and 216) were designed to amplify the full length of dcaA (NCBI-Protein ID: AAL09094.1, SEQ ID NO: 214) from  Acinetobacter  baylyi strain ADP1 by PCR, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and the pMW119::EH/HindIII were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), and the resulting plasmid was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequence on the plasmid isolated from the obtained recombinant strain was confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmid was designated as pMW119::EHER. 
     Reference Example 5 
     Production of Plasmids Each Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase, an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA and Coenzyme a (the Reaction A), an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid from 3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA (The Reaction E) and a Reaction to Generate α-Hydromuconic Acid from 2,3-Dehydroadipyl-CoA (the Reaction F), and a Polypeptide Represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 
     To integrated a promoter for constitutive expression of a PEP carboxykinase, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 217 and 218) were designed to amplify the upstream 200-b region (SEQ ID NO: 186) of gapA (NCBI Gene ID: NC_000913.3) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Escherichia coli  K-12 MG1655 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and each of the fragments obtained by cutting the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7 with SacI, which were produced in Reference Example 1, were ligated together using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit, and each of the resulting plasmids was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequences on the plasmids isolated from the obtained recombinant strains were confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmids were designated as pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6Pgap, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7Pgap, respectively. Subsequently, to amplify a gene encoding a PEP carboxykinase, primers (SEQ ID NOs: 220 and 221) were designed to amplify a continuous sequence including the full length of a PEP carboxykinase gene (SEQ ID NO: 219) by PCR using the genomic DNA of  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537 as a template, and a PCR reaction was performed in accordance with routine procedures. The obtained fragment and each of the fragments obtained by cutting the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5Pgap, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6Pgap, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7Pgap with Sac were ligated together using the Tn-Fusion HD Cloning Kit, and each of the resulting plasmids was introduced into  E. coli  strain DH5α. The nucleotide sequences on the plasmids isolated from the obtained recombinant strains were confirmed in accordance with routine procedures, and the plasmids were designated as pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6PCK, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 6 
     Production of Plasmids Each Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase, an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA and Coenzyme a from Acetyl-CoA and Succinyl-CoA (the Reaction A), an Enzyme Catalyzing a Reaction to Generate Adipic Acid from Adipyl-CoA (the Reaction G), and a Polypeptide Represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 
     By using the same method and primers as in Reference Example 5, the upstream 200-b region of gapA (NCBI Gene ID: NC_000913.3) obtained using the genomic DNA of  Escherichia coli  K-12 MG1655 as a template and the PEP carboxykinase gene from  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537 were inserted into each of the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7 produced in Reference Example 3. The obtained plasmids were designated as pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6PCK, and pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7PCK, respectively. 
     Example 1 
     Generation of a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     Genes encoding the pyruvate kinase of a microorganism of the genus  Serratia , pykF and pykA, were disrupted to generate a mutant microorganism of the genus  Serratia  with impaired pyruvate kinase function. 
     The procedure for disrupting pykF and pykA followed the method described in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 2000 Jun. 6, 97(12): 6640-6645. 
     Generation of a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  Deficient in pykF 
     A PCR reaction was performed using pKD4 as a template and oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NOs: 222 and 223 as primers to obtain a PCR fragment of 1.6 kb in length for disruption of pykF. A FRT recombinase expression plasmid, pKD46, was introduced into  Serratia grimesii  strain NBRC13537, and an ampicillin-resistant strain was obtained. The obtained strain was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium containing 500 μg/mL ampicillin and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 1 day. Subsequently, 0.5 mL of the culture fluid was inoculated into 50 mL of LB medium containing 500 μg/mL ampicillin and 50 mM arabinose and was cultured in rotation at 30° C. for 2 hours. The culture fluid was cooled on ice for 20 minutes, and the bacterial cells were then washed with 10% (w/w) glycerol three times. The washed pellet was suspended in 100 μL of 10% (w/w) glycerol and mixed with 5 μL of the PCR fragment, and the mixture was then cooled in an electroporation cuvette on ice for 10 minutes. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser electroporator (manufactured by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; 3 kV, 200 Ω, 25 μF), and 1 mL of SOC medium was added to the electroporation cuvette immediately after the electroporation, and the bacterial cells in the cuvette were incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 2 hours. The total volume of the culture was applied to LB agar medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was incubated at 30° C. for 1 day. Colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting kanamycin-resistant strains to confirm the deletion of the gene of interest and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 224 and 226 were used. 
     Subsequently, one of the kanamycin-resistant strains was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and was cultured at 37° C. and passaged twice to segregate away the pKD46 and to obtain an ampicillin-sensitive strain. The plasmid pCP20 was introduced into the ampicillin-sensitive strain, and ampicillin-resistant strains were again obtained. After culturing the obtained strains at 40° C., colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting strains to confirm the deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 225 and 226 were used. Subsequently, one of the kanamycin-sensitive strains was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and was cultured at 37° C. and passaged twice to segregate away the pCP20. The obtained strain was designated as  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537 ΔpykF. 
     Generation of a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  Deficient in pykA 
     A PCR reaction was performed using pKD4 as a template and oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NOs: 227 and 228 as primers to obtain a PCR fragment of 1.6 kb in length for disruption of pykA. 
     By the same method as used for the generation of the pykF-deficient strain, pykA was disrupted in the  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537 ΔpykF strain. After the plasmid pKD46 was introduced into the above strain, the PCR fragment used for disruption of pykA was introduced to the resulting strain. Colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting kanamycin-resistant strains to confirm the deletion of the gene of interest and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 224 and 230 were used. 
     Subsequently, an ampicillin-sensitive strain was obtained by segregating away the pKD46. The plasmid pCP20 was introduced into the ampicillin-sensitive strain, and ampicillin-resistant strains were again obtained. Colony direct PCR was performed on the obtained strains to confirm the deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 229 and 230 were used. The pCP20 was segregated away from one of the kanamycin-sensitive strains. The obtained strain was designated as SgΔPP. 
     Example 2 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     Each of the plasmids produced in Reference Example 1 was introduced into the SgΔPP produced in Example 1 to generate mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia.    
     The SgΔPP was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 1 day. Subsequently, 0.5 mL of the culture fluid was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 2 hours. The culture fluid was cooled on ice for 20 minutes, and the bacterial cells were then washed with 10% (w/w) glycerol three times. The washed pellet was suspended in 100 μL of 10% (w/w) glycerol and mixed with 1 μL of the pBBR1 MCS-2::ATCTOR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7PCK, and the mixture was then cooled in an electroporation cuvette on ice for 10 minutes. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser electroporator (manufactured by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; 3 kV, 200 Ω, 25 μF), and 1 mL of SOC medium was added to the electroporation cuvette immediately after the electroporation, and the bacterial cells in the cuvette were incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 1 hour. Fifty μL of the culture was applied to LB agar medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was incubated at 30° C. for 1 day. The obtained strains were designated as SgΔPP/3HA1PCK, SgΔPP/3HA2PCK, SgΔPP/3HA3PCK, SgΔPP/3HA4PCK, SgΔPP/3HA5PCK, SgΔPP/3HA6PCK, and SgΔPP/3HA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 7 
     Generation of mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  with intact pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 2, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7PCK was introduced into  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pBBR1MCS-2 empty vector into  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537. The obtained strains were designated as Sg/3HA1PCK, Sg/3HA2PCK, Sg/3HA3PCK, Sg/3HA4PCK, Sg/3HA5PCK, Sg/3HA6PCK, Sg/3HA7PCK, and Sg/pBBR (negative control), respectively. 
     Reference Example 8 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 2, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2, pBBR1 MCS-2::ATCTOR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7 was introduced into the SgΔPP. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pBBR1MCS-2 empty vector into the SgΔPP. The obtained strains were designated as SgΔPP/3HA1, SgΔPP/3HA2, SgΔPP/3HA3, SgΔPP/311A4. SgΔPP/3HA5, SgΔPP/3HA6, SgΔPP/3HA7, and SgΔPP/pBBR (negative control), respectively. 
     Example 3 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted using the mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 2. 
     A loopful of each mutant produced in Example 2 was inoculated into 5 mL (in a glass test tube of 18-mm diameter with aluminum cap) of the culture medium I (10 g/L Bacto Tryptone (manufactured by Difco Laboratories), 5 g/L Bacto Yeast Extract (manufactured by Difco Laboratories), 5 g/L sodium chloride, 25 μg/mL kanamycin) adjusted to pH 7 and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking at 120 min −1  for 24 hours. Subsequently, 0.25 mL of the culture fluid was added to 5 mL (in a glass test tube of 18-mm diameter with aluminum cap) of the culture medium 11 (50 g/L glucose, 1 g/L ammonium sulfate, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 0.025 g/L magnesium sulfate, 0.0625 mg/L iron sulfate, 2.7 mg/L manganese sulfate, 0.33 mg/L calcium chloride, 1.25 g/L sodium chloride, 2.5 g/L Bacto Tryptone, 1.25 g/L Bacto Yeast Extract, 25 μg/mL kanamycin) adjusted to pH 6.5 and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking at 120 min −1  for 24 hours. 
     Quantitative Analysis of Substrate and Product 
     The supernatant separated from bacterial cells by centrifugation of each culture fluid was processed by membrane treatment using Millex-GV (0.22 μm; PVDF; manufactured by Merck KGaA), and the resulting filtrate was analyzed by the following methods to quantify the concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) below from the measurement results are shown in Table 5. 
     A concentration of not more than 0.1 mg/L is considered to be below the detection limit in the quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis and is hereinafter denoted in each table as N.D. 
       Yield (%)=amount of a generated product (mol)/amount of consumed sugars (mol)×100  Formula (2)
 
     Quantitative Analysis of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid by LC-MS/MS 
     HPLC: 1290 Infinity (manufactured by Agilent Technologies, Inc.) 
     Column: Synergi hydro-RP (manufactured by Phenomenex Inc.), length: 100 mm, internal diameter: 3 mm, particle size: 2.5 μm 
     Mobile phase: 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution/methanol=70/30 
     Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min 
     Column temperature: 40° C. 
     LC detector: 1260DAD VL+(210 nm) 
     MS/MS: Triple-Quad LC/MS (manufactured by Agilent Technologies, Inc.) Ionization method: ESI in negative mode. 
     Quantitative analysis of organic acids by HPLC 
     HPLC:LC-10A (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) 
     Column: Shim-pack SPR-H (manufactured by Shimadzu GLC Ltd.), length: 250 mm, internal diameter: 7.8 mm, particle size: 8 μm 
     Shim-pack SCR-101H (manufactured by Shimadzu GLC Ltd.) length: 250 mm, internal diameter: 7.8 mm, particle size: 10 μm 
     Mobile phase: 5 mMp-toluenesulfonic acid 
     Reaction solution: 5 mM p-toluenesulfonic acid, 0.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM Bis-Tris 
     Flow rate: 0.8 mL/min 
     Column temperature: 45° C. 
     Detector: CDD-10Avp (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) 
     Quantitative Analysis of Sugars and Alcohol by HPLC 
     HPLC: Shimazu Prominence (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) 
     Column: Shodex Sugar SH1011 (manufactured by Showa Denko K.K.), length: 300 mm, internal diameter: 8 mm, particle size: 6 μm 
     Mobile phase: 0.05M aqueous sulfuric acid solution 
     Flow rate: 0.6 mL/min 
     Column temperature: 65° C. 
     Detector: RID-10A (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). 
     Comparative Example 1 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 7 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results are shown in Table 5. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 8 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results are shown in Table 5. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 with that of Example 3, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were increased by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in the microorganism of the genus  Serratia . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 3 
                 SgΔPP/3HA1PCK 
                 6.84 
                 0.103 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA2 PCK 
                 7.91 
                 0.132 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA3 PCK 
                 7.43 
                 0.148 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA4 PCK 
                 7.12 
                 0.103 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA5 PCK 
                 7.03 
                 0.127 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA6 PCK 
                 8.13 
                 0.149 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA7 PCK 
                 6.70 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 Sg/3HA1 PCK 
                 0.568 
                 0.0206 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA2 PCK 
                 0.857 
                 0.0336 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA3 PCK 
                 0.684 
                 0.0330 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA4 PCK 
                 0.635 
                 0.0298 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA5 PCK 
                 0.733 
                 0.0290 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA6 PCK 
                 0.750 
                 0.0260 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA7 PCK 
                 0.685 
                 0.0165 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SgΔPP/pBBR 
                 0.0362 
                 0.0113 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 SgΔPP/3HA1 
                 3.47 
                 0.0782 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA2 
                 5.78 
                 0.0960 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA3 
                 5.24 
                 0.0846 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA4 
                 5.10 
                 0.0909 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA5 
                 6.21 
                 0.107 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA6 
                 6.28 
                 0.103 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA7 
                 4.96 
                 0.0638 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Generation of an  E. coli  Mutant with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     Genes encoding the pyruvate kinase of  E. coli , pykF and pykA, were disrupted to generate an  E. coli  mutant with impaired pyruvate kinase function. The procedure for disrupting pykF and pykA followed the method described in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 2000 Jun. 6, 97(12): 6640-6645. 
     Generation of an E. Co/i Mutant Deficient in pykF 
     A PCR reaction was performed using pKD4 as a template and oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NOs: 231 and 232 as primers to obtain a PCR fragment of 1.6 kb in length for disruption of pykF. 
     A FRT recombinase expression plasmid, pKD46, was introduced into  Escherichia coli  strain MG1655, and an ampicillin-resistant strain was obtained. The obtained strain was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 1 day. Subsequently, 0.5 mL of the culture fluid was inoculated into 50 mL of LB medium containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and 50 mM arabinose and was cultured in rotation at 30° C. for 2 hours. The culture fluid was cooled on ice for 20 minutes, and the bacterial cells were then washed with 10% (w/w) glycerol three times. The washed pellet was suspended in 100 μL of 10% (w/w) glycerol and mixed with 5 μL of the PCR fragment, and the mixture was then cooled in an electroporation cuvette on ice for 10 minutes. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser electroporator (manufactured by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; 3 kV, 200 Ω, 25 μF), and 1 mL of SOC medium was added to the electroporation cuvette immediately after the electroporation, and the bacterial cells in the cuvette were incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 2 hours. The total volume of the culture was applied to LB agar medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was incubated at 30° C. for 1 day. Colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting kanamycin-resistant strains to confirm the deletion of the gene of interest and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 224 and 234 were used. 
     Subsequently, one of the kanamycin-resistant strains was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and was cultured at 37° C. and passaged twice to segregate away the pKD46 and to obtain an ampicillin-sensitive strain. The plasmid pCP20 was introduced into the ampicillin-sensitive strain, and ampicillin-resistant strains were again obtained. After culturing the obtained strains at 40° C., colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting strains to confirm the deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 233 and 234 were used. Subsequently, one of the kanamycin-sensitive strains was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and was cultured at 37° C. and passaged twice to segregate away the pCP20. The obtained strain was designated as  Escherichia coli  MG1655 ΔpykF. 
     Generation of an  E. coli  Mutant Deficient in pykA 
     A PCR reaction was performed using pKD4 as a template and oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NOs: 235 and 236 as primers to obtain a PCR fragment of 1.6 kb in length for disruption of pykA. 
     By the same method as used for the generation of the pykF-deficient strain, pykA was disrupted in the  Escherichia coli  MG1655 ΔpykF strain. After the plasmid pKD46 was introduced into the above strain, the PCR fragment used for disruption of pykA was introduced to the resulting strain. Colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting kanamycin-resistant strains to confirm the deletion of the gene of interest and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 224 and 238 were used. 
     Subsequently, an ampicillin-sensitive strain was obtained by segregating away the pKD46. The plasmid pCP20 was introduced into the ampicillin-sensitive strain, and ampicillin-resistant strains were again obtained. Colony direct PCR was performed on the obtained strains to confirm the deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 237 and 238 were used. The pCP20 was segregated away from one of the kanamycin-sensitive strains. The obtained strain was designated as FcΔPP. 
     Example 5 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     Each of the plasmids produced in Reference Example 1 was introduced into the EcΔPP produced in Example 4 to generate  E. coli  mutants. 
     The EcΔPP was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 1 day. Subsequently, 0.5 mL of the culture fluid was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 2 hours. The culture fluid was cooled on ice for 20 minutes, and the bacterial cells were then washed with 10% (w/w) glycerol three times. The washed pellet was suspended in 100 μL of 10% (w/w) glycerol and mixed with 1 μL of the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7PCK, and the mixture was then cooled in an electroporation cuvette on ice for 10 minutes. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser electroporator (manufactured by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; 3 kV, 200 Ω, 25 μF), and 1 mL of SOC medium was added to the electroporation cuvette immediately after the electroporation, and the bacterial cells in the cuvette were incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 1 hour. Fifty μL of the culture was applied to LB agar medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was incubated at 30° C. for 1 day. The obtained strains were designated as EcΔPP/3HA1PCK, EcΔPP/3HA2PCK, EcΔPP/3HA3PCK, EcΔPP/3HA4PCK, EcΔPP/3HA5PCK, EcΔPP/3HA6PCK, and EcΔPP/3HA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 9 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7PCK was introduced into  Escherichia coli  MG1655. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pBBR1MCS-2 empty vector into  Escherichia coli  MG1655. The obtained strains were designated as Ec/3HA1PCK, Ec/3HA2PCK, Ec/3HA3PCK, Ec/3HA4PCK, Ec/3HA5PCK, Ec/3HA6PCK, Ec/3HA7PCK, and Ec/pBBR (negative control), respectively. 
     Reference Example 10 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATC1′OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7 was introduced into EcΔPP. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pBBR1MCS-2 empty vector into the EcΔPP. The obtained strains were designated as EcΔPP/3HA1, EcΔPP/3HA2, EcΔPP/3HA3, EcΔPP/3HA4, EcΔPP/3HA5, EcΔPP/3HA6, EcΔPP/3HA7, and EcΔPP/pBBR (negative control), respectively. 
     Example 6 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Example 5 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 6. 
     Comparative Example 3 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 9 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 6. 
     Comparative Example 4 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 10 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid. α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results are shown in Table 6. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 with that of Example 6, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were increased by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in  E. coli . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 5 
                 EcΔPP/3HA1PCK 
                 4.76 
                 0.0370 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA2 PCK 
                 5.31 
                 0.0380 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA3 PCK 
                 4.35 
                 0.0323 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA4 PCK 
                 4.60 
                 0.0375 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA5 PCK 
                 5.14 
                 0.0389 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA6 PCK 
                 5.54 
                 0.0389 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA7 PCK 
                 4.65 
                 0.0362 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 Ec/3HA1 PCK 
                 1.08 
                 0.0124 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA2 PCK 
                 1.91 
                 0.0116 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA3 PCK 
                 2.15 
                 0.0124 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA4 PCK 
                 1.44 
                 0.0147 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA5 PCK 
                 1.72 
                 0.0109 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA6 PCK 
                 1.86 
                 0.0148 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA7 PCK 
                 1.34 
                 0.0117 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 EcΔPP/pBBR 
                  0.0427 
                 0.0132 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 EcΔPP/3HA1 
                 2.54 
                 0.0292 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA2 
                 3.97 
                 0.0333 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA3 
                 3.64 
                 0.0273 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA4 
                 2.86 
                 0.0257 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA5 
                 3.67 
                 0.0269 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA6 
                 3.57 
                 0.0348 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA7 
                 3.13 
                 0.0274 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 7 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions a, B, C, E, and F 
     The plasmid pMW119::EH produced in Reference Example 2 was introduced into each mutant microorganism of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 2 to generate mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia.    
     The SgΔPP/3HA1PCK, SgΔPP/3HA2PCK, SgΔPP/3HA3PCK, SgΔPP/3HA4PCK, SgΔPP/3HA5PCK, SgΔPP/3HA6PCK, or SgΔPP/3HA7PCK was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 1 day. Subsequently, 0.5 mL of the culture fluid was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 2 hours. The culture fluid was cooled on ice for 20 minutes, and the bacterial cells were then washed with 10% (w/w) glycerol three times. The washed pellet was suspended in 100 μL of 10% (w/w) glycerol and mixed with 1 μL of the pMW19::EH, and the mixture was then cooled in an electroporation cuvette on ice for 10 minutes. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser electroporator (manufactured by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; 3 kV, 200 Ω, 25 μF), and 1 mL of SOC medium was added to the electroporation cuvette immediately after the electroporation, and the bacterial cells in the cuvette were incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 1 hour. Fifty μL of the culture was applied to LB agar medium containing 500 μg/mL ampicillin and 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was incubated at 30° C. for 1 day. The obtained strains were designated as SgΔPP/HMA1PCK, SgΔPP/HMA2PCK, SgΔPP/HMA3PCK, SgΔPP/HMA4PCK, SgΔPP/HMA5PCK, SgΔPP/HMA6PCK, and SgΔPP/HMA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 11 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, C, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 7, the pMW119::EH was introduced into the Sg/3HA1PCK, Sg/3HA2PCK, Sg/3HA3PCK, Sg/3HA4PCK, Sg/3HA5PCK, Sg/3HA6PCK, or Sg/3HA7PCK. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pMW119 empty vector into the Sg/pBBR. The obtained strains were designated as Sg/HMA1PCK. Sg/HMA2PCK, Sg/HMA3PCK, Sg/HMA4PCK, Sg/HMA5PCK, Sg/HMA6PCK, Sg/HMA7PCK, and Sg/pBBRpMW (negative control), respectively. 
     Reference Example 12 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 7, the pMW19::EH was introduced into the SgΔPP/3HA1, SgΔPP/3HA2, SgΔPP/3HA3, SgΔPP/3HA4, SgΔPP/3HA5, SgΔPP/3HA6, or SgΔPP/3HA7. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pMW119 empty vector into the SgΔPP/pBBR. The obtained strains were designated as SgΔPP/HMA1, SgΔPP/HMA2, SgΔPP/HMA3, SgΔPP/HMA4, SgΔPP/HMA5, SgΔPP/HMA6, SgΔPP/HMA7, and SgΔPP/pBBRpMW (negative control), respectively. 
     Example 8 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Example 7 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that ampicillin was added to the culture medium to a final concentration of 500 μg/mL. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 7. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 11 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 8. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 7. 
     Comparative Example 6 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 12 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 8. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results is shown in Table 7. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 5 and 6 with that of Example 8, it was found that the yield of α-hydromuconic acid was increased by disrupting the pyruvate kinase gene and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in the microorganism of the genus  Serratia . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of HMA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 8 
                 SgΔPP/HMA1PCK 
                 0.182 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA2 PCK 
                 0.205 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA3 PCK 
                 0.218 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA4 PCK 
                 0.221 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA5 PCK 
                 0.246 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA6 PCK 
                 0.294 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA7 PCK 
                 0.216 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
                 Sg/HMA1 PCK 
                 0.0355 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA2 PCK 
                 0.0420 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA3 PCK 
                 0.0310 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA4 PCK 
                 0.0376 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA5 PCK 
                 0.0423 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA6 PCK 
                 0.0445 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA7 PCK 
                 0.0372 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 SgΔPP/pBBRpMW 
                 0.0119 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 
                 SgΔPP/HMA1 
                 0.156 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA2 
                 0.179 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA3 
                 0.153 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA4 
                 0.118 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA5 
                 0.217 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA6 
                 0.241 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/HMA7 
                 0.140 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 9 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, C, E, and F 
     The plasmid pMW119::EH produced in Reference Example 2 was introduced into each of the  E. coli  mutants produced in Example 5 to generate  E. coli  mutants. 
     The EcΔPP/3HA1 PCK, EcΔPP/3HA2PCK, EcΔPP/3HA3PCK, EcΔPP/3HA4PCK, EcΔPP/3HA5PCK, EcΔPP/3HA6PCK, or EcΔPP/3HA7PCK was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium containing 25 μg/mL, kanamycin and cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 1 day. Subsequently, 0.5 mL of the culture fluid was inoculated into 5 ml, of LB medium containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was cultured at 30° C. with shaking for 2 hours. The culture fluid was cooled on ice for 20 minutes, and the bacterial cells were then washed with 10% (w/w) glycerol three times. The washed pellet was suspended in 100 μL of 10% (w/w) glycerol and mixed with 1 μL of the pMW119::EH, and the mixture was then cooled in an electroporation cuvette on ice for 10 minutes. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser electroporator (manufactured by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; 3 kV, 200 Ω, 25 μF), and 1 mL of SOC medium was added to the electroporation cuvette immediately after the electroporation, and the bacterial cells in the cuvette were incubated at 30° C. with shaking for 1 hour. Fifty μL of the culture was applied to LB agar medium containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and 25 μg/mL kanamycin and was incubated at 30° C. for 1 day. The obtained strains were designated as EcΔPP/HMA1PCK, EcΔPP/HMA2PCK, EcΔPP/HMA3PCK, EcΔPP/HMA4PCK, EcΔPP/HMA5PCK, EcΔPP/HMA6PCK, and EcΔPP/HMA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 13 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, C, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 9, the pMW119::EH was introduced into the Ec/3HA1PCK, Ec/3HA2PCK, Ec/3HA3PCK, Ec/3HA4PCK, Ec/3HA5PCK, Ec/3HA6PCK, or Ec/3HA7PCK. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pMW119 empty vector into the Ec/pBBR. The obtained strains were designated as Ec/HMA1PCK, Ec/HMA2PCK, Ec/HMA3PCK, Ec/HMA4PCK, Ec/HMA5PCK, Ec/HMA6PCK, Ec/HMA7PCK, and Ec/pBBRpMW (negative control), respectively. 
     Reference Example 14 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 9, the pMW119::EH was introduced into the EcΔPP/3HA1, EcΔPP/3HA2, EcΔPP/3HA3, EcΔPP/3HA4, EcΔPP/3HA5, EcΔPP/3HA6, or EcΔPP/3HA7. Additionally, a control strain was generated by introducing the pMW119 empty vector into the EcΔPP/pBBR. The obtained strains were designated as EcΔPP/HMA1, EcΔPP/HMA2, EcΔPP/HMA3, EcΔPP/HMA4, EcΔPP/HMA5, EcΔPP/HMA6, EcΔPP/HMA7, and EcΔPP/pBBRpMW (negative control), respectively. 
     Example 10 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 9 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 6, except that ampicillin was added to the culture medium to a final concentration of 100 μg/mL. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 8. 
     Comparative Example 7 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using F.  Coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 13 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 10. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 8. 
     Comparative Example 8 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 14 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 10. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results is shown in Table 8. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 7 and 8 with that of Example 10, it was found that the yield of α-hydromuconic acid was increased by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in  E. coli . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of HMA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 EcΔPP/HMA1PCK 
                 0.154 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA2 PCK 
                 0.176 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA3 PCK 
                 0.174 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA4 PCK 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA5 PCK 
                 0.213 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA6 PCK 
                 0.214 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA7 PCK 
                 0.191 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7 
                 Ec/HMA1 PCK 
                 0.0257 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA2 PCK 
                 0.0459 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA3 PCK 
                 0.0409 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA4 PCK 
                 0.0459 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA5 PCK 
                 0.0448 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA6 PCK 
                 0.0462 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA7 PCK 
                 0.0352 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 EcΔPP/pBBRpMW 
                 0.0167 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8 
                 EcΔPP/HMA1 
                 0.0511 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA2 
                 0.0818 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA3 
                 0.0717 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA4 
                 0.0688 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA5 
                 0.0765 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA6 
                 0.0761 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/HMA7 
                 0.0599 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 11 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes 
     Catalyzing the Reactions a, B, C, D, and G By the same method as in Example 2, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7PCK produced in Reference Example 6 was introduced into the SgΔPP. By the same method as in Example 7, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia . The obtained strains were designated as SgΔPP/ADA1PCK, SgΔPP/ADA2PCK, SgΔPP/ADA3PCK, SgΔPP/ADA4PCK, SgΔPP/ADA5PCK, SgΔPP/ADA6PCK, and SgΔPP/ADA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 15 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 2, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4PCK, pBBR1 MCS-2::ATCT2OR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7PCK produced in Reference Example 6 was introduced into  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537. By the same method as in Example 7, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia . The obtained strains were designated as Sg/ADA1PCK, Sg/ADA2PCK, Sg/ADA3PCK, Sg/ADA4PCK, Sg/ADA5PCK, Sg/ADA6PCK, and Sg/ADA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 16 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 2, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7 produced in Reference Example 3 was introduced into the SgΔPP. By the same method as in Example 7, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia . The obtained strains were designated as SgΔPP/ADA1, SgΔPP/ADA2, SgΔPP/ADA3, SgΔPP/ADA4, SgΔPP/ADA5, SgΔPP/ADA6, and SgΔPP/ADA7, respectively. 
     Example 12 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Example 11 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that ampicillin was added to the culture medium to a final concentration of 500 μg/mL. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The quantification of adipic acid was performed using LC-MS/MS under the same conditions for the quantification of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 9. 
     Comparative Example 9 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 15 and the Sg/pBBRpMW were cultured in the same manner as in Example 12. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 9. 
     Comparative Example 10 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 16 and the SgΔPP/pBBRpMW were cultured in the same manner as in Example 12. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results is shown in Table 9. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 9 and 10 with that of Example 12, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was increased by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in the microorganism of the genus  Serratia . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 12 
                 SgΔPP/ADA1PCK 
                 0.170 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.187 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.176 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.168 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.172 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.205 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.159 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9 
                 Sg/ADA 1 PCK 
                 0.0170 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0229 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.0177 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.0171 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.0221 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0185 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.0203 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 SgΔPP/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 SgΔPP/ADA 1 
                 0.0783 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 2 
                 0.110 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 3 
                 0.0861 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 4 
                 0.116 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 5 
                 0.108 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 6 
                 0.136 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 7 
                 0.0958 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 13 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7PCK produced in Reference Example 6 was introduced into the EcΔPP. By the same method as in Example 9, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutants. The obtained strains were designated as EcΔPP/ADA1PCK, EcΔPP/ADA2PCK, EcΔPP/ADA3PCK, EcΔPP/ADA4PCK, EcΔPP/ADA5PCK, EcΔPP/ADA6PCK, and EcΔPP/ADA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 17 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5PCK, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6PCK, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7PCK produced in Reference Example 6 was introduced into  Escherichia coli  MG1655. By the same method as in Example 9, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutants. The obtained strains were designated as Ec/ADA1PCK, Ec/ADA2PCK, Ec/ADA3PCK, Ec/ADA4PCK, Ec/ADA5PCK, Ec/ADA6PCK, and Ec/ADA7PCK, respectively. 
     Reference Example 18 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the PBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7 produced in Reference Example 3 was introduced into the EcΔPP. By the same method as in Example 9, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutants. The obtained strains were designated as EcΔPP/ADA1. EcΔPP/ADA2, EcΔPP/ADA3, EcΔPP/ADA4, EcΔPP/ADA5. EcΔPP/ADA6, and EcΔPP/ADA7, respectively. 
     Example 14 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Example 13 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 6, except that ampicillin was added to the culture medium to a final concentration of 500 μg/mL. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The quantification of adipic acid was performed using LC-MS/MS under the same conditions for the quantification of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 10. 
     Comparative Example 11 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 17 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 14. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 10. 
     Comparative Example 12 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 18 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 14. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measurement results is shown in Table 10. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 11 and 12 with that of Example 14, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was increased by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in  E. coli . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 14 
                 EcΔPP/ADA1PCK 
                 0.0374 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0479 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.0391 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.0372 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.0436 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0500 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.0345 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 11 
                 Ec/ADA 1 PCK 
                 0.0109 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0115 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.00993 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.0131 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.00920 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0104 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.0113 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 EcΔPP/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 12 
                 EcΔPP/ADA 1 
                 0.0213 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 2 
                 0.0338 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 3 
                 0.0293 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 4 
                 0.0315 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 5 
                 0.0382 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 6 
                 0.0407 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 7 
                 0.0235 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 15 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted using the mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 2 under anaerobic conditions. 
     The mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 2 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the mutant microorganisms were cultured statically using the culture medium II. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 11. 
     Comparative Example 13 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 7 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 15. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 11. 
     Comparative Example 14 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 8 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 15. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 11. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 13 and 14 with that of Example 15, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were increased even under anaerobic conditions by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in the microorganism of the genus  Serratia . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 15 
                 SgΔPP/3HA1PCK 
                 6.22 
                 0.233 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA2 PCK 
                 7.34 
                 0.239 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA3 PCK 
                 7.30 
                 0.245 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA4 PCK 
                 7.50 
                 0.267 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA5 PCK 
                 6.45 
                 0.233 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA6 PCK 
                 6.70 
                 0.256 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA7 PCK 
                 6.85 
                 0.224 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 Sg/3HA1 PCK 
                 1.14 
                 0.0345 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA2 PCK 
                 1.71 
                 0.0415 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA3 PCK 
                 1.33 
                 0.0337 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA4 PCK 
                 1.37 
                 0.0378 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA5 PCK 
                 1.59 
                 0.3750 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA6 PCK 
                 2.07 
                 0.0452 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA7 PCK 
                 1.12 
                 0.0428 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 SgΔPP/pBBR 
                 0.0485 
                 0.0224 
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 SgΔPP/3HA1 
                 4.84 
                 0.159 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA2 
                 6.07 
                 0.171 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA3 
                 5.99 
                 0.143 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA4 
                 5.30 
                 0.195 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA5 
                 5.84 
                 0.180 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA6 
                 6.02 
                 0.202 
               
               
                   
                 SgΔPP/3HA7 
                 5.98 
                 0.160 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 16 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted under anaerobic conditions using the  E. coli  mutants produced in Example 5. 
     The  E. coli  mutants produced in Example 5 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the mutants were cultured statically using the culture medium II. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 12. 
     Comparative Example 15 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 9 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 16. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 12. 
     Comparative Example 16 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 10 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 16. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 12. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 15 and 16 with that of Example 16, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were increased even under anaerobic conditions by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in  E. coli . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 16 
                 EcΔPP/3HA1PCK 
                 15.6 
                 0.0289 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA2 PCK 
                 16.8 
                 0.0334 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA3 PCK 
                 15.5 
                 0.0355 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA4 PCK 
                 15.8 
                 0.0295 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA5 PCK 
                 16.2 
                 0.0326 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA6 PCK 
                 17.2 
                 0.0279 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA7 PCK 
                 16.4 
                 0.0270 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 Ec/3HA1 PCK 
                 0.963 
                 0.0116 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA2 PCK 
                 1.46 
                 0.0103 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA3 PCK 
                 1.34 
                 0.0106 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA4 PCK 
                 1.09 
                 0.0102 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA5 PCK 
                 1.49 
                 0.0120 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA6 PCK 
                 1.20 
                 0.1120 
               
               
                   
                 Ec/3HA7 PCK 
                 0.940 
                 0.1220 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 EcΔPP/pBBR 
                 0.0669 
                 0.0113 
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 EcΔPP/3HA1 
                 13.2 
                 0.0213 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA2 
                 14.9 
                 0.0277 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA3 
                 13.9 
                 0.0268 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA4 
                 14.1 
                 0.0224 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA5 
                 14.3 
                 0.0259 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA6 
                 14.7 
                 0.0226 
               
               
                   
                 EcΔPP/3HA7 
                 13.2 
                 0.0213 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 17 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The production test of adipic acid was conducted using the mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 11 under anaerobic conditions. 
     The mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 11 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 12, except that the mutant microorganisms were cultured statically using the culture medium II. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 13. 
     Comparative Example 17 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 15 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 17. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 13. 
     Comparative Example 18 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 16 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 17. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 13. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 17 and 18 with that of Example 17, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was increased even under anaerobic conditions by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in the microorganism of the genus  Serratia . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 17 
                 SgΔPP/ADA1PCK 
                 0.0699 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0720 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.0591 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.0613 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.0628 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0637 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.0518 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 17 
                 Sg/ADA 1 PCK 
                 0.0102 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0123 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.0129 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.0122 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.0107 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0103 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.0790 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 SgΔPP/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 18 
                 SgΔPP/ADA 1 
                 0.0359 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 2 
                 0.0480 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 3 
                 0.0379 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 4 
                 0.0395 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 5 
                 0.0431 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 6 
                 0.0490 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SgΔPP/ADA 7 
                 0.0375 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 18 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The production test of adipic acid was conducted using the  E. coli  mutants produced in Example 13 under anaerobic conditions. The  E. coli  mutants produced in Example 13 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 14, except that the mutants were cultured statically using the culture medium II. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 14. 
     Comparative Example 19 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Enhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 17 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 18. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 14. 
     Comparative Example 20 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Impaired Pyruvate Kinase Function and with Unenhanced PEP Carboxykinase Activity 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 18 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 18. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 14. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Examples 19 and 20 with that of Example 18, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was increased even under anaerobic conditions by impairing the function of pyruvate kinase and enhancing the PEP carboxykinase activity in  E. coli . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 18 
                 EcΔPP/ADA1PCK 
                 0.0311 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0384 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.0304 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 4 PCK 
                 0.0274 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.0254 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0345 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 7 PCK 
                 0.0324 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 19 
                 Ec/ADA 1 PCK 
                 0.0112 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 2 PCK 
                 0.0123 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 3 PCK 
                 0.0103 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 4 PCK 
                  0.00990 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 5 PCK 
                 0.0109 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 6 PCK 
                 0.0151 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA 7 PCK 
                  0.00910 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 EcΔPP/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 20 
                 EcΔPP/ADA 1 
                 0.0255 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 2 
                 0.0254 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 3 
                 0.0269 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 4 
                 0.0248 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 5 
                 0.0212 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 6 
                 0.0278 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EcΔPP/ADA 7 
                 0.0212 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 19 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 2, the pBBR1MCS-2 (control), pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7 was introduced into  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537. The obtained strains were designated as Sg/pBBR (negative control), Sg/3HA1, Sg/3HA2, Sg/3HA3, Sg/3HA4, Sg/3HA5, Sg/3HA6, and Sg/3HA7, respectively. 
     Comparative Example 21 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  produced in Reference Example 19 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 3. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measurement results are shown in Table 15. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 21 and Comparative Example 1, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were decreased in the microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 21 
                 Sg/3HA1 
                 0.784 
                 0.0293 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/3HA2 
                 1.15 
                 0.0470 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/3HA3 
                 0.942 
                 0.0461 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/3HA4 
                 0.875 
                 0.0418 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/3HA5 
                 1.01 
                 0.0529 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/3HA6 
                 1.03 
                 0.0366 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/3HA7 
                 0.943 
                 0.0237 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 20 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the pBBR1MCS-2 (control), pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR7 was introduced into  Escherichia coli  MG1655. The obtained strains were designated as Ec/pBBR (negative control), Ec/3HA1, Ec/3HA2, Ec/3HA3, Ec/3HA4, Ec/3HA5, Ec/3H-A6, and Ec/3HA7, respectively. 
     Comparative Example 22 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 20 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 6. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 16. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 22 and Comparative Example 3, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were decreased in the  E. coli  strains with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 22 
                 Ec/3HA1 
                 1.48 
                 0.0172 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA2 
                 2.59 
                 0.0160 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA3 
                 2.64 
                 0.0167 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA4 
                 1.82 
                 0.0186 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA5 
                 2.47 
                 0.0166 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA6 
                 2.66 
                 0.0228 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA7 
                 1.78 
                 0.0172 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 21 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 7, the pMW119 (control) or pMW119::EH was introduced into Sg/pBBR, Sg/3HA1, Sg/3HA2, Sg/3HA3, Sg/3HA4, Sg/3HA5, Sg/3HA6, and Sg/3HA7. The obtained strains were designated as Sg/pBBRpMW (negative control), Sg/HMA1, Sg/HMA2, Sg/HMA3, Sg/HMA4, Sg/HMA5, Sg/HMA6, and Sg/HMA7, respectively. 
     Comparative Example 23 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 21 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 8. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 17. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 23 and Comparative Example 5, it was found that the yield of α-hydromuconic acid was decreased in the microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of HMA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 23 
                 Sg/HMA1 
                 0.0495 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA2 
                 0.0584 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA3 
                 0.0434 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA4 
                 0.0524 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA5 
                 0.0587 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA6 
                 0.0618 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/HMA7 
                 0.0519 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 22 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, F, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 9, the pMW119 (control) or pMW119::EH was introduced into the Ec/pBBR, Ec/3HA1, Ec/3HA2, Ec/3HA3, Ec/3HA4, Ec/3HA5, Ec/3HA6, and Ec/3HA7. The obtained strains were designated as Ec/pBBRpMW (negative control), Ec/HMA1, Ec/HMA2, Ec/HMA3, Ec/HMA4, Ec/HMA5, Ec/HMA6, and Ec/HMA7, respectively. 
     Comparative Example 24 
     Production Test of α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 22 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 10. The concentrations of α-hydromuconic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 18. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 24 and Comparative Example 7, it was found that the yield of α-hydromuconic acid was decreased in the  E. coli  strains with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of HMA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 24 
                 Ec/HMA1 
                 0.0362 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA2 
                 0.0636 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA3 
                 0.0569 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA4 
                 0.0624 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA5 
                 0.0621 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA6 
                 0.0640 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/HMA7 
                 0.0491 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 23 
     Generation of Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 11, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7 produced in Reference Example 3 was introduced into  Serratia grimesii  NBRC13537. By the same method as in Example 7, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate mutant microorganisms of the genus  Serratia . The obtained strains were designated as Sg/ADA1, Sg/ADA2, Sg/ADA3, Sg/ADA4, Sg/ADA5, Sg/ADA6, and Sg/ADA7, respectively. 
     Comparative Example 25 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 23 and the Sg/pBBRpMW were cultured in the same manner as in Example 8. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 19. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 25 and Comparative Example 9, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was decreased in the microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 25 
                 Sg/ADA1 
                 0.0244 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA2 
                 0.0325 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA3 
                 0.0254 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA4 
                 0.0246 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA5 
                 0.0314 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA6 
                 0.0264 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA7 
                 0.0289 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reference Example 24 
     Generation of  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Carrying Plasmids Expressing Enzymes that Catalyze the Reactions A, B, C, D, and G 
     By the same method as in Example 13, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR1, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR2, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR3, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR4, pBBR1 MCS-2::ATCT2OR5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR6, or pBBR1MCS-2::ATCT2OR7 produced in Reference Example 3 was introduced into  Escherichia coli  MG1655. By the same method as in Example 9, the plasmid pMW119::EHER produced in Reference Example 4 was introduced into each of the obtained mutants to generate  E. coli  mutants. The obtained strains were designated as Ec/ADA1, Ec/ADA2, Ec/ADA3, Ec/ADA4, Ec/ADA5, Ec/ADA6, and Ec/ADA7, respectively. 
     Comparative Example 26 
     Production Test of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 24 and the Ec/pBBRpMW were cultured in the same manner as in Example 10. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 20. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 26 and Comparative Example 11, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was decreased in the  E. coli  strains with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 26 
                 Ec/ADA1 
                 0.0148 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA2 
                 0.0153 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA3 
                 0.0107 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA4 
                 0.0192 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA5 
                 0.0139 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA6 
                 0.0147 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA7 
                 0.0167 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 27 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 19 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 15. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 21. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 27 and Comparative Example 13, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were decreased even under anaerobic conditions in the microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of 3HA (%) 
                 Yield of HMA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                 Example 27 
                 Sg/3HA1 
                 1.68 
                 0.0482 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA2 
                 2.46 
                 0.0577 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA3 
                 1.94 
                 0.0471 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA4 
                 1.99 
                 0.0527 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA5 
                 2.29 
                 0.0523 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA6 
                 2.95 
                 0.0627 
               
               
                   
                 Sg/3HA7 
                 1.66 
                 0.0595 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 28 
     Production Test 2 of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 20 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 16. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyadipic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values are shown in Table 22. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 28 and Comparative Example 15, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were decreased even under anaerobic conditions in the  E. coli  strains with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 3HA 
                 Yield of HMA 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBR 
                 N.D. 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 28 
                 Ec/3HA1 
                 1.32 
                 0.0171 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA2 
                 2.00 
                 0.0154 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA3 
                 1.82 
                 0.0130 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA4 
                 1.47 
                 0.0136 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA5 
                 2.17 
                 0.0138 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA6 
                 1.77 
                 0.0166 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/3HA7 
                 1.14 
                 0.0179 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 29 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using Mutant Microorganisms of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 23 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 17. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 23. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 29 and Comparative Example 17, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was decreased even under anaerobic conditions in the microorganisms of the genus  Serratia  with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 23 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 29 
                 Sg/ADA1 
                 0.0152 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA2 
                 0.0181 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA3 
                 0.0188 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA4 
                 0.0179 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA5 
                 0.0135 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA6 
                 0.0130 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sg/ADA7 
                 0.00930 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 30 
     Production Test 2 of Adipic Acid Using  E. coli  Mutants with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function 
     The mutants produced in Reference Example 24 were cultured in the same manner as in Example 18. The concentrations of adipic acid and other products accumulated in the culture supernatant and the concentration of sugars remaining unused in the culture medium were quantified. The yield of adipic acid calculated using the above formula (2) from the measured values is shown in Table 24. 
     By comparing the results of Comparative Example 30 and Comparative Example 19, it was found that the yield of adipic acid was decreased even under anaerobic conditions in the  E. coli  strains with intact pyruvate kinase function and with enhanced PEP carboxykinase activity, as compared to those with unenhanced PEP carboxykinase activity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 Yield of ADA (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/pBBRpMW 
                 N.D. 
               
               
                   
                 Example 30 
                 Ec/ADA1 
                 0.0166 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA2 
                 0.0180 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA3 
                 0.0140 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA4 
                 0.0161 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA5 
                 0.0148 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA6 
                 0.0219 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ec/ADA7 
                 0.0123 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 19 
     Generation of a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  with Defects in Genes Encoding Pyruvate Kinase and a Phosphotransferase System Enzyme 
     A mutant microorganism of the genus  Serratia  with impaired function of both pyruvate kinase and a phosphotransferase system enzyme was generated by disrupting a gene encoding a phosphotransferase, ptsG, in the SgΔPP strain produced in Example 1. 
     A PCR reaction was performed using pKD4 as a template and oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NOs: 244 and 245 as primers to obtain a PCR fragment of 1.6 kb in length for disruption of ptsG. The introduction of pKD46 into the above strain was followed by the introduction of the PCR fragment for disruption of ptsG into the resulting strain. Colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting kanamycin-resistant strains to confirm the deletion of the gene of interest and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 224 and 247 were used. 
     Subsequently, an ampicillin-sensitive strain was obtained by segregating away the pKD46. The plasmid pCP20 was introduced into the ampicillin-sensitive strain, and ampicillin-resistant strains were again obtained. Colony direct PCR was performed on the obtained strains to confirm the deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 246 and 247 were used. The pCP20 was segregated away from one of the kanamycin-sensitive strains. The obtained strain is hereinafter referred to as SgΔPPG. 
     Example 20 
     Generation of a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  with Defects in Genes Encoding Pyruvate Kinase and a Phosphotransferase System Enzyme and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 2, a plasmid produced in Reference Example 5, pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1PCK, was introduced into the SgΔPPG strain produced in Example 19, and the obtained mutant microorganism of the genus  Serratia  was designated as SgΔPPG/3HA1PCK. 
     Example 21 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  with Impaired Function of Both Pyruvate Kinase and a Phosphotransferase System Enzyme, and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 15, the production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted using the mutant microorganism of the genus  Serratia  produced in Example 20. 
     Comparative Example 31 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using a Mutant Microorganism of the Genus  Serratia  with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Intact Phosphotransferase System Enzyme Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Comparative Example 13, the production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted using the Sg/3HA1PCK strain produced in Reference Example 7. 
     By comparing the results of Example 21 and Example 15, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were further increased in the mutant microorganism of the genus  Serratia  with defects in the genes encoding pyruvate kinase and the phosphotransferase system enzyme and with enhanced activities of PEP carboxykinase and of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. Additionally, by comparing the results of Example 21 and Comparative Example 31, it was found that the yields of acetic acid and ethanol, both of which were generated by conversion of acetyl-CoA, were also increased in the mutant with defects in the genes encoding pyruvate kinase and the phosphotransferase system enzyme. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield of 
                 Yield of 
                 Yield of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 
                 Yield of 
                 succinic 
                 acetic 
                 ethanol 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 3HA (%) 
                 HMA (%) 
                 acid (%) 
                 acid (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 21 
                 SgΔPPG/3HA1PCK 
                 8.21 
                 0.467 
                 45.6 
                 43.2 
                 50.2 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Sg/3HA1 PCK 
                 1.14 
                 0.0345 
                 12.65 
                 28.5 
                 34.9 
               
               
                 Example 31 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 22 
     Generation of an  E. coli  Mutant with Defects in Genes Encoding Pyruvate Kinase and a Phosphotransferase System Enzyme 
     An  E. coli  mutant with impaired function of both pyruvate kinase and a phosphotransferase system enzyme was generated by disrupting a gene encoding a phosphotransferase, ptsG, in the EcΔPP produced in Example 4. 
     A PCR reaction was performed using pKD4 as a template and oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NOs: 248 and 249 as primers to obtain a PCR fragment of 1.6 kb in length for disruption of ptsG. The introduction of pKD46 into the above strain was followed by the introduction of the PCR fragment for disruption ofptsG into the resulting strain. Colony direct PCR was performed on the resulting kanamycin-resistant strains to confirm the deletion of the gene of interest and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 224 and 251 were used. 
     Subsequently, an ampicillin-sensitive strain was obtained by segregating away the pKD46. The plasmid pCP20 was introduced into the ampicillin-sensitive strain, and ampicillin-resistant strains were again obtained. Colony direct PCR was performed on the obtained strains to confirm the deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the length of the amplified band. Oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NOs: 250 and 251 were used. The pCP20 was segregated away from one of the kanamycin-sensitive strains. The obtained strain is hereinafter referred to as EcΔPPG. 
     Example 23 
     Generation of an  E. coli  Mutant with Defects in Genes Encoding Pyruvate Kinase and a Phosphotransferase System Enzyme and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 5, the pBBR1MCS-2::ATCTOR1 PCK produced in Reference Example 5 was introduced into the EcΔPPG strain produced in Example 22, and the obtained  E. coli  mutant was designated as EcΔPPG/3HA1 PCK. 
     Example 24 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using an  E. coli  Mutant with Impaired Function of Both Pyruvate Kinase and a Phosphotransferase System Enzyme, and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Example 16, the production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted using the  E. coli  mutant produced in Example 23. 
     Comparative Example 32 
     Production Test of 3-Hydroxyadipic Acid and α-Hydromuconic Acid Using an  E. coli  Mutant with Intact Pyruvate Kinase Function and Intact Phosphotransferase System Enzyme Function and Carrying a Plasmid Expressing a PEP Carboxykinase and Enzymes Catalyzing the Reactions A, B, E, and F 
     By the same method as in Comparative Example 15, the production test of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid was conducted using the Ec/3HA1 produced in Reference Example 9. 
     By comparing the results of Example 24 and Example 16, it was found that the yields of 3-hydroxyadipic acid and α-hydromuconic acid were further increased in the  E. coli  mutant with defects in the genes encoding pyruvate kinase and the phosphotransferase system enzyme and with enhanced activity of an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of reducing 3-oxoadipyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA. Additionally, by comparing the results of Example 24 and Comparative Example 32, it was found that the yields of acetic acid and ethanol, both of which were generated by conversion of acetyl-CoA, were also increased in the mutant with defects in the genes encoding pyruvate kinase and the phosphotransferase system enzyme. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 26 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield of 
                 Yield of 
                 Yield of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield of 
                 Yield of 
                 succinic 
                 acetic 
                 ethanol 
               
               
                   
                 Strain 
                 3HA (%) 
                 HMA (%) 
                 acid (%) 
                 acid (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 24 
                 EcΔPPG/3HA1PCK 
                 18.0 
                 0.0596 
                 57.4 
                 53.9 
                 42.4 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 Ec/3HA1PCK 
                 0.963 
                 0.0116 
                 20.0 
                 33.4 
                 38.5 
               
               
                 Example 32