Patent Publication Number: US-2022233831-A1

Title: Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Diverter

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/173,820 filed on Jun. 10, 2015. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present invention relates to the field of neurosurgical devices and procedures, and in particular, devices and procedures for alleviating neurological disorders associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Since the normal human skull is rigid, transient volume variations in intracranial structures, such as cerebral vasculature and brain, cause the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow from the cranial vault into the spinal canal. (Mokri 2001). As a result, CSF flows cyclically through the foramen magnum, which connects the cranial vault and the spinal canal. 
     About 0.7% of the U.S. population suffers from a congenital disorder known as the Chiari I malformation, wherein the cerebellar tonsils are located in the upper cervical spinal canal. In Chiari I patients, the displacement of fluid from the cranial vault is partially obstructed at the level of the foramen magnum, with the result that CSF velocities and pressures in the foramen magnum increase. (Linge 2011). A fraction of Chiari I patients develop complications such headache, or syringomyelia (spinal cord cyst) and motor and sensory deficits. 
     Craniovertebral decompression is the standard surgical treatment for suitable Chiari I cases and generally Chiari I with syringomyelia. This procedure typically consists of enlarging the foramen magnum and upper cervical spinal canal so as to facilitate the flow of CSF and reduce fluid velocities and pressure gradients. (Linge 2014) In the U.S., surgeons have performed over 10,000 such decompressions annually since 2007 (reference: Labuda, “Chiari Malformation: Treatment,” C&amp;S Patient Edu. Found., 2012). The Academy of Neurologic Surgeons reports 14,131 cases of “Chiari decompression (CPT codes  61343 ,  61345 ) in 2011. The procedure in most patients reduces or eliminates the syringomyelia within a few months. Craniovertebral decompression is usually safe and effective but, in one report, one third of patients had complications including vertebral artery injury, spinal cord injury, nerve root injury, suffocation, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and infection (Barong 2014). 
     Bermans Iskandar (Iskandar 2004) and Maria Dolar (Dolar 2004) have shown that craniovertebral decompression decreases CSF velocities in the foramen magnum. In theory, the craniovertebral decompression improves CSF flow to alleviate symptoms. But there remain different theories on the mechanism(s) by which decompression achieves therapeutic results. 
     Other less frequently-used surgical procedures for treating Chiari I patients include CSF shunting, de-tethering of the spinal cord, and marsupialization of spinal cord cysts, generally with complications and/or a lower rate of therapeutic success than decompression. In conventional treatments for this disorder, inserting a catheter is not a highly effective method of treatment and is not based on a well-designed scientific model. Instead, the protocol is simply to remove fluid rather than correct the underlying physiologic abnormality. But the real problem in this condition is the increased amplitude of the cyclic pressure wave. 
     In contrast, the disclosed invention consists of an implantable, biocompatible, and Magnetic Resonance (MR) compatible device (where non MR compatible elements may be readily removed before any MR testing). The disclosed invention functions as a chamber that effectively varies in size as CSF pressure changes, decreasing as CSF pressure increases and increasing as CSF pressure decreases, by utilizing passive compliant as well as active compliant members to modulated CSF pressure fluctuations and to modify related CSF flow. Placed within the CSF fluid spaces of the cranial vault, the disclosed device, in various embodiments, effectively diverts spinal fluid flow from the foramen magnum and damps cyclic CSF pressure pulsations related to the cardiac cycle. This diversion of flow diminishes cyclic CSF fluid flow in the foramen magnum, which is theoretically the cause of spinal cord cysts in Chiari patients. Including instrumentation to measure the pressure values over time may also provide diagnostic information and measure of the condition. The instrumentation also monitors the function of the device, monitors intracranial pressure fluctuations and determines the need for a changing the volume of the chamber in the device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a top view of a fully-assembled CSF diverter device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a bottom view of a fully-assembled CSF diverter in an accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is an exploded top view of a CSF diverter in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded bottom view of a CSF diverter in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a front sectional view of a CSF diverter in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a side sectional view of a second version of a CSF diverter in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a front sectional view of a second version of a CSF diverter in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention. 
     The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     I. Introduction 
     The CSF flow diverter contains a structure that effectively contracts when the CSF pressure rises and expands when CSF pressure decreases. It is essentially a chamber with the property of changing in volume as intracranial pressure changes The device may be a passive system comprised of a flexible membrane or flexible membranes that covers the chamber, providing a standard compliance greater than normal cranial compliance (change in volume for change in pressure). Or the device may have an experimentally-determined compliance charged with a known or experimentally-determined value that serves to provide the compliance required to address the adverse CSF pressures associated with the blockage of the normal CSF channels or abnormal compliance in the cranial vault. Alternatively, the device may consist of actively controlled elements that are controlled by either dynamic or static measurements of the existing CSF pressure values and actively adjusted, at near real time, or a nominal control value to alleviate the adverse CSF pressure values. Alternatively, the device may also consist of a compressible material such as foam rubber or a flexible chamber that contains springs. 
     The CSF flow diverter is intended for implantation in a craniotomy defect and fastening to the skull so as to provide a rigid outer surface and a non-rigid inner surface. Alternatively, the elastic structure in the chamber may be placed in the cranial vault near the craniotomy The elastic structure may be replaced by a gas filled balloon, which is attached to a catheter so that the balloon may be introduced into a ventricle, as in a typical ventricular cannulation. The balloon changes in volume with changes in intracranial pressure. The amount of pressure and of gas in the balloon may be changed by moving air through the attached catheter into the balloon. A small reservoir on the surface of the skull under the scalp enables the introduction or removal of air with a syringe and needle inserted through a nib into the reservoir. This embodiment of the device has applications when the ventricles are sufficiently enlarged to permit the placement of the balloon. Patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus are one such patient group. 
     The CSF flow diverter may be a vehicle for the placement of tissue or compressible fluid beneath a craniotomy flap in such a way as to alter the effective compliance of the cranial vault. Thus, the CSF flow converter serves is an implantable device placed below a craniotomy flap in such a way as to alter the effective compliance of the cranial vault. The device incorporates a chamber or a conduit configured to create a small reservoir to create a larger intracranial volume reversibly as needed to modulate changes in CSF pressure. 
     Further, the CSF flow diverter may act as an implantable device that is configured to be attached to a spinal column in such a way as to modify the spinal column&#39;s effective compliance. The device may further include a monitor that allows external non-invasive monitoring of the device&#39;s functioning. The device may further comprise a controller that permits selectable increase or decrease of the device&#39;s compliance in either near real time, at a fixed relationship or at real time. 
     II. Nomenclature 
     In these foregoing descriptions, each subpart of the CSF flow diverter shown in  FIGS. 1-5  has the same numerical reference and may optionally also be referenced with a letter suffix that varies depending on which figure is being discussed. For example, the cover level  100  is shown from various angles in  FIG. 1  (assembled top view  100 D),  FIG. 2  (assembled bottom view  100 E),  FIG. 3  (exploded top view  100 A),  FIG. 4  (exploded bottom view  100 B) and  FIG. 5  (section view)  100 C). Thus, all of these views of the cover level  100 A,  100 B,  100 C,  100 D,  100 E represent the same cover level  100 . 
     III. Review of the Drawings 
     Turning to  FIG. 1 , shown is a top view  10  of a fully-assembled CSF flow diverter. Shown is a top portion of a cover level  100 D which includes the top portion of a multitude of holes  210 D,  220 D,  230 D. The plurality of holes  210 D,  220 D,  230 D are designed to be secured to the cranium via securing mechanisms such as medical screws (not shown). Also shown is the top portion of a nib  410 D that is drilled all the way through the cover level  100 D so as to allow limited access to levels below the cover level  100 D. 
     Turning to  FIG. 2 , shown is a bottom view  20  of a fully-assembled CSF flow diverter. Shown is the bottom portion of a cover level  100 E which includes the bottom portion of a multitude of holes  210 E,  220 E,  230 E. Also shown is the bottom portion of a membrane level  110 E. This level consists of the bottom portion of the flexible membrane  310 E that incorporates a chamber  350 E above. The membrane level incorporates a side portion  650 E that is tapered so as to provide the proper interference fit to a cranium of a patient. 
     Turing to  FIG. 3 , shown is an exploded top view  30  showing the three levels of the CSF flow diverter: the cover level  100 A, the membrane level  110 A and the retaining level  120 A. 
     The cover level  100 A shown includes the top portion of a plurality of holes  210 A,  220 A,  230 A. Also shown is the top portion of a nib  410 A that is drilled all the way through the cover level  100 A so as to allow limited access to levels below the cover level  100 A. The cover level  100 A may consist of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as well with a hydroxyapatite coating for bone adhesion. PEEK is a colorless organic thermoplastic polymer in the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family. PEEK is an advanced biomaterial used in medical implants, including spinal fusion devices, reinforcing rods and other orthopedic procedures. 
     The membrane level  110 A incorporates a flexible membrane  310 A which forms the bottom boundary of the chamber  350 A (the top boundary being the cover level  100 A). The membrane level  110 A incorporates a side portion  650 A that is tapered so as to provide the proper interference fit to a cranium of a patient. The top portion of the membrane level incorporates a plurality of sawtooth members  114 A,  115 A,  116 A interspersed with a plurality of large cutouts  111 A,  112 A,  113 A. 
     The retaining level  120 A incorporates a plurality of retaining members  124 A,  125 A,  126 A interspersed with small cutouts  121 A,  122 A,  123 A. The retaining level  120 A is designed to secure the membrane level  110 A to the cover level  100 A so that the membrane level  120 A is sandwiched in between. When so assembled, the small cutouts  121 A,  122 A,  123 A allow access for the securing mechanisms (not shown) to pass through the plurality of holes  210 A,  220 A,  230 A and into the cranium of the patient. Further the side portion  650 A and the flexible membrane  310 A pass through the hole  860 A when so assembled. 
     Turing to  FIG. 4 , shown is an exploded bottom view  40  showing the three levels of the CSF flow diverter: the cover level  100 B, the membrane level  110 B and the retaining level  120 B. The cover level  100 B shown includes the bottom portion of a plurality of holes  210 B,  220 B,  230 B. Also shown is the bottom portion of a nib  410 B that is drilled all the way through the cover level  100 B. This view also shows the underside of the cover level  100 B, showing a plurality of struts  520 B providing structural support for the CSF flow diverter. Also shown is a stopper  500 B attached to the struts  520 B that is situated below the nib  410 B. Also shown are a plurality of tooth holders  802 B,  804 B,  806 B that serve as a receptacle for portions of the membrane level  110 B as discussed below. Also shown is a monitoring/control mechanism  905 B that may be attached to the struts  520 B and allow for the monitoring and/or control of the operation of the CSF flow diverter. 
     The membrane level  110 B incorporates a flexible membrane  310 B which forms the bottom boundary of the chamber  350 B (the top boundary being the cover level  100 B). The membrane level  110 B incorporates a side portion  650 B that is tapered so as to provide the proper interference fit to a cranium of a patient. The top portion of the membrane level incorporates a plurality of sawtooth members  114 B,  115 B,  116 B ( 116 B is not shown) interspersed with a plurality of large cutouts  11 B,  112 B,  113 B ( 111 B,  112 B are not shown). The sawtooth members  114 B,  115 B,  116 B are designed to be bonded with the tooth holders  802 B,  804 B,  806 B, thus securing the cover level  100 B to the membrane level  110 B 
     The retaining level  120 B is ring-shaped with a hole  860 B that incorporates a plurality of retaining members  124 B,  125 B,  126 B interspersed with small cutouts  121 B,  122 B,  123 B. The retaining level  120 B is designed to be bonded with the cover level  100 B with the membrane level sandwiched in between. When so assembled, the small cutouts  121 B,  122 B,  123 B allow access for the securing mechanisms (not shown) to pass through the plurality of holes  210 B,  220 B,  230 B and into the cranium of the patient. Further the side portion  650 B and the flexible membrane  310 B pass through the hole  860 B when so assembled. 
     Turing to  FIG. 5 , shown is a front section view  50  of a fully-assembled CSF flow diverter. From this view, the interfacing of the cover level  100 C, membrane level  110 C and retaining level  120 C among each other is readily observable. In particular, the bonded areas  710 C,  720 C show how the retaining level  120 C is used to secure the membrane level  110 C to the cover level  100 C. Also shown is a cutaway of the struts  520 C, the nib  410 C, the stopper  500 C, the chamber  350 C, the flexible membrane  310 C, the side portion  650 C and the monitoring/control mechanism  905 C. 
     IV. Physical Features of CSF Flow Diverter 
     The cover level  100  may be made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as well with a hydroxyapatite coating for bone adhesion. PEEK is a colorless organic thermoplastic polymer in the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family. PEEK is an advanced biomaterial used in medical implants, including spinal fusion devices, reinforcing rods and other orthopedic procedures. The cover level  100  may also be comprised of plastics, or titanium or other metals that may be compatible with MRI and transparent to ultrasound. The nib  410  may be made from a rubber-like material through which a needle can be advanced with a rigid part to hold the rubber in place and a guard to prevent the needle from entering the chamber  350  too deeply. 
     The membrane level  110  may also be made from PEEK, plastics, or titanium or other metals that may be compatible with MRIs and transparent to ultrasound, except that the flexible membrane  310  may be fabricated from materials such as ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) or the like compliant bio-compatible materials provides the compliance described herein. UHMWPE has a long history as a successful biomaterial for use in hip, knee, and spine implants. The flexible membrane  310  may also be comprised of a flexible metal alloy diaphragm. 
     The retaining level  120  may be made from PEEK, plastics, or titanium or other metals that may be compatible with MRIs and transparent to ultrasound. 
     V. Operation of CSF Flow Diverter 
     As an implantable device, the CSF flow diverter is configured to reversibly increase the capacity of the cranial vault in response to a pressure change in the CSF. The CSF flow diverter is designed for placement in a craniotomy, or, in lay terms, a hole created surgically in the skull. A CSF flow diverter placed in the skull decreases CSF pressure gradients and thus reduces CSF flow through the foramen magnum, and reduces CSF velocities in the cervical spine. The CSF flow diverter may be located in a position may be placed in the craniotomy defect in place of a bone flap. Alternatively, the elastic chamber or cushion or materials in the chamber may be placed in the cranial vault. The device contains biocompatible materials where it is in contact with the human body. 
     The CSF flow diverter may be made in variable sizes and configurations between 11 mm and 18 mm in diameter for example, or more particularly, 16.5 mm in diameter. 
     The chamber  350  includes a compressible material located therein and the volume of the chamber  350  is selectively increased or decreased in volume by the ongoing displacement of the flexible membrane  310 , thereby providing the desired clinical relief by diverting the CSF flow. 
     The volume in the chamber a  350  may be modified by intervention from the treating physicians. For example, a surgeon or physician may administer or remove gas (e.g. nitrogen or oxygen) through the nib  410  into the chamber  350  to achieve suitable pressure to increase or decrease the overall diversion of the CSF flow. The stopper  500  is situated below the nib  410  so as to prevent the needle piercing the nib  410  from going beyond the stopper  500  and puncturing or damaging the flexible membrane  310 . 
     The chamber  350  may be filled with compressible gas such as oxygen or nitrogen (administered via the nib  410 ). Other possibilities for inclusion in the chamber include: 1) a compressible tissue such as foam rubber or a compressible mechanism such as a chamber fitted with springs; 2) utilizing an electric or bio-powered control element such as a pump or “Shape Memory Alloy” wherein the shape is proportional to a controlled temperature that may be altered electronically by utilizing heating or cooling systems as well as the natural surrounding temperatures. 
     The size of the chamber  350 , may be designed to be directly proportional to the effect on CSF flow. For example, a circular chamber with a 1 cm diameter that moves 3 mm between systole and diastole would reduce Foramen Magnum flow in the average adult from 2 mL to 1 mL. Such movements would modify the CSF pressure to reduce CSF flow and reduce CSF velocities in the spine and improve patient comfort and reverse the growth of syringomyelia. Putting this another way, the chamber  350  may vary in volume by an exemplary 1 to 2 mL during the cardiac cycle, which serves to reduce the amount of fluid displaced from the cranial vault through the Foramen Magnum by any adjustable amount, such as from 50 to 100%. 
     The chamber  350  may also include a monitoring/control mechanism  905 , which may include a battery, sensors, transmitters and assorted housings. The monitoring/control mechanism  905  may include additional electronic elements designed to provide either near real time or a fixed pressure delivery protocol utilizing pressure sensors, strain gages, or the like designed to monitor and/or alter the operation of the chamber  350  and the flexible membrane  310 . There may be elements that can be remotely programmed to provide the level of compliance based on the near real time measurement of the CSF pressures or on signals that encode membrane movement or intracranial volume. With this system the patient can be assured of proper CSF pressure and flow control to provide better outcomes. Well known wireless communication protocols not requiring the attachment of wires to the device may allow the surgeon to provide the necessary adjustments based on other external measurements and tests to provide a swift adjustment for the patient. 
     VI. Intraventricular Balloon Catheter 
     As a second embodiment, CSF pressure may be modulated by the implantation and operation of an intraventricular balloon catheter. Shown in  FIG. 6  is a side sectional view of an intraventricular balloon catheter  60  incorporating a balloon lumen  916  and a trochar lumen  914  surrounded by a tube jacket  915 . The tube jacket may comprise carbothane. The distal end of the balloon lumen  916  includes a balloon aperture  912  that is connected to the balloon  902 . The balloon  902  surrounds all sides of the distal end of the tube jacket  915 . The balloon may comprise urethane. The distal end of the trochar lumen  914  incorporates a trochar aperture  918 , which is designed to be inserted into a lateral ventricular space within a patient. The trochar  904  itself may be selectively inserted and removed by the physician from the trochar lumen  914  to provide stiffness within the tube jacket  915 . 
     On the proximal end of the trochar lumen  914  is a hemostasis valve  906  that can be sealed upon the withdrawal of the trochar  904  from the trochar lumen  914 . The hemostasis valve  906  may also be accessed to allow CSF to be removed via a drainage catheter (not shown). 
     On the proximal end of the balloon lumen  916  is a dual port hub  908  and a balloon reservoir  910 . The dual port hub  908  is capable of interfacing with a gas supply (not shown) to either add or withdraw gas from the chambers that are holding the gas, which include the balloon  902 , the balloon lumen  916  and the balloon reservoir  910 . The gas may comprise sterile air, nitrogen or other appropriate gases. 
     Turning to  FIG. 7 , shown is a front sectional view of intraventricular balloon catheter  60  taken at the skull  920 . Shown is a tube jacket cutaway  934  surrounding the balloon lumen cutaway  930  and the trochar lumen cutaway  932 . As can be seen, the diameter of the balloon lumen cutaway  930  is smaller than the trochar lumen cutaway  932  because the balloon lumen  916  contains gas, which is less viscous. The trochar lumen  932  contains CSF and thus needs to be larger because the fluid is more viscous. The diameter of the balloon lumen cutaway  930  may be 0.020 inches; the diameter of the trochar lumen cutaway  932  may be 0.032 inches; the diameter of the tube jacket cutaway may be 0.078 inches. 
     Insertion of the intraventricular balloon catheter  60  in the patient may proceed as follows. The physician makes appropriate incisions in the scalp  922  and the skull  920  of the patient. With the trochar  904  inserted into the trochar lumen  914  (to provide stiffness), and the balloon  902  deflated, the distal end of the intraventricular balloon catheter  60  is inserted through the scalp  922  and the skull  920  so that the trochar aperture  918  is inserted into a lateral ventricular space within a patient. The trochar  904  is removed from the trochar lumen  914  and the hemostasis valve  906  is sealed to prevent leakage of CSF. An appropriate amount of gas is inserted through the dual port hub into the balloon  902 , the balloon lumen  916  and the balloon reservoir  910 . This has the effect of inflating the balloon  902 . 
     After these steps are taken, a bend  919  is used to allow the proximal portion of the intraventricular balloon catheter  60  to be bent and tucked in between the scalp  922  and the skull  920 . The scalp  922  is then repaired. The advantage of this placement is that if adjustment to the gas is necessary, the physician may adjust the gas by way of the dual port hub  908  by reopening the scalp  922  without needing to further access the skull  920  of the patient. Similarly, if adjustment to CSF is necessary, the physician may adjust the CSF by way of the hemostasis valve  906  without needing to further access the skull  920  of the patient. 
     Once the intraventricular balloon catheter  60  is installed in the patient, increasing CSF pressure during the cardiac cycle causes the balloon  902  to diminish in size. At the same time, the gas is forced through the balloon aperture  912  and then through the balloon catheter  916  and into the balloon reservoir  910 . Conversely, decreasing CSF pressure during the cardiac cycle causes the balloon  904  to increase in size because the gas flows back from the balloon reservoir  910 , through the balloon catheter  916  and into the balloon  902  through the balloon aperture  912 . This effectively change the compliance of the skull from poorly compliant to finitely more compliant such that the intracranial pressure changes less during the cardiac cycle and in particular increases less during systole. The effect of the intraventricular balloon catheter  60  is to reduce the amount of fluid forced from the cranial vault into the upper cervical spinal canal during systole. The intraventricular balloon catheter  60  reduces spinal fluid movement, CSF velocities, CSF pressure gradients and CSF pressure wave magnitudes in the Foramen Magnum. 
     VII. Other Applications 
     Another embodiment may be a chamber to place in a craniotomy site over which a rigid plate, for example a metal plate, is placed. Another embodiment is a smaller, simpler device for veterinary use in for example Cavalier King Charles Spaniels that frequently have tonsil malformations and syringomyelia and symptoms such as weakness in the limbs. 
     Another embodiment may be a chamber placed outside the skull that has a sufficiently large channel communicating with the intracranial chamber such that changes in CSF pressure cause fluid or gas or tissue to move reversibly between the external chamber and the intracranial chamber. It improves compliance of the cranial vault, modulates CSF pressures and damps CSF pressure waves such as pressure waves occurring in association with the cardiac cycle. 
     The described inventive matter may also have applications in other disorders. Applications are anticipated in a less frequent condition; Idiopathic Syringomyelia, which is syringomyelia without a Chiari I malformation. It may have applications in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, a condition that has abnormal CSF pressure waves, which are often the object of surgical treatment with shunting (Bradley 2000). Since Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is characterized by abnormally low cranial compliance, use of the device in these patients may be effective. The device may provide more effective control of CSF pressures than conventional shunting in patients with some types of transient CSF pressure fluctuations due, for example, to coughing or sneezing. In patients with CSF leaks from the subarachnoid space, the use of the device will serve to decrease the fluctuations in CSF pressure due to the cardiac cycle, possibly reducing CSF leakage and aiding in the healing of the traumatic dural defects. The described matter seeks to improve compliance, modulate CSF pressures and damp CSF pressure waves such as those occurring with the cardiac cycle. 
     VIII. Conclusion 
     It is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventive variations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one or more of the features described herein. Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there is a plurality of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “said,” and “the” include plural referents unless specifically stated otherwise. In other words, use of the articles allow for “at least one” of the subject item in the description above as well as the to be appended claims. It is further noted that the appended claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation. 
     Without the use of such exclusive terminology, the term “comprising” in the to be appended claims shall allow for the inclusion of any additional element irrespective of whether a given number of elements are enumerated in the to be appended claim, or the addition of a feature could be regarded as transforming the nature of an element set forth in the to be appended claims. Except as specifically defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein are to be given as broad a commonly understood meaning as possible while maintaining to be appended claim validity. 
     The breadth of the present invention is not to be limited to the examples provided and/or the subject specification, but rather only by the scope of the to be appended claim language. Use of the term “invention” herein is not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims in any manner. Rather it should be recognized that the “invention” includes the many variations explicitly or implicitly described herein, including those variations that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present specification. Further, it is not intended that any section of this specification (e.g., the Summary, Detailed Description, Abstract, Field of the Invention, etc.) be accorded special significance in describing the invention relative to another or the to be appended claims. All references cited are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Although the foregoing invention has been described in detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is contemplated that certain modifications may be practiced within the scope of the to be appended claims. 
     In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings. 
     The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued. 
     Moreover, in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a”, “has . . . a”, “includes . . . a”, “contains . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed. 
     The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.