Patent Publication Number: US-2021177885-A1

Title: Reagents for treatment of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and use thereof

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
     This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 15/572,143, filed Nov. 6, 2017, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/AU2016/050340, filed May 6, 2016, which claims priority from Australian Provisional Application No. 2015901617 filed on 6 May 2015 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/319,971 filed on 8 Apr. 2016, the full contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to RNA interference (RNAi) reagents for treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, compositions comprising same, and use thereof to treat individuals infected with HBV. 
     BACKGROUND 
     HBV is a serious and common infectious disease of the liver, affecting millions of people throughout the world. HBV is a hepatotrophic DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae. The full-length of the viral genome is about 3.2kb, and it has four open reading frames (ORFs) including surface antigen (the “S gene”), core antigen (the “C gene”), DNA polymerase (the “P gene”) and a gene of undetermined function referred to as the “X gene”. More than 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with HBV at some time in their lives, and of these about 350-400 million remain chronically infected and are carriers of the virus. HBV infection can cause acute and chronic type B hepatitis, and may eventually lead to the development of chronic hepatic insufficiency, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, HBV carriers can transmit the disease for many years. Persons with chronic HBV infection i.e., carriers, have at least 12 times higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma than non-carriers, and HBV causes 60-80% of the world&#39;s primary liver cancers. As a consequence, HBV ranks second only to tobacco as a known human carcinogen. 
     Although vaccines against HBV are available, the rate of HBV infection in the population remains high. Furthermore, current therapies for chronic HBV infection have only limited inhibitory effects on viral gene expression and replication in the majority of chronically infected patients. Another limitation of existing therapies for chronic HBV infection is the development of viral resistance to drugs. 
     For these reasons, there remains a need for new therapeutic agents to treat HBV infection. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is based, in part, on the recognition that existing vaccines and therapeutic agents for treatment and/or prevention of HBV infection are limited in their efficacy, such as where long term treatment is necessary e.g., due to the development of viral resistance to therapy and/or variation in responsiveness to therapy between genotypes of HBV. The present disclosure provides RNAi reagents targeting one or more conserved regions of RNA transcripts produced by the HBV genome i.e., regions conserved among a plurality of different genotypes of HBV. The inventors have shown that these RNAi reagents are effective for inhibiting expression of HBV genes e.g., HBV pol gene, in cells infected with HBV. For example, it has been shown that exemplary RNAi reagents of the disclosure inhibit or reduce expression of HBV gene transcripts in HepG2.2.15 cells harbouring active HBV. It has also been shown that exemplary RNAi reagents of the disclosure inhibit or reduce expression of HBV gene transcripts, reduce intracellular and extracellular HBV DNA, and reduce HBV covalently-closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in human hepatocytes inoculated with HBV and in a PXB chimeric mouse infected with HBV. These findings by the inventors provide new compounds that inhibit or reduce expression of a nucleic acid and/or protein expressed by HBV and uses of such compounds e.g., to treat a HBV infection in a subject. 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a RNA comprising an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by a region of the HBV genome, wherein the region comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-10. For example, the effector sequence will be less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, a suitable effector sequence may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     The effector sequence may comprise 4 base pair mismatches relative to the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-10 to which the effector sequence is substantially complementary. In another example, the effector sequence comprises 3 base pair mismatches relative to the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-10 to which the effector sequence is substantially complementary. In another example, the effector sequence comprises 2 base pair mismatches relative to the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-10 to which the effector sequence is substantially complementary. In another example, the effector sequence comprises 1 base pair mismatch relative to the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-10 to which the effector sequence is substantially complementary. In yet another example, the effector sequence is 100% complementary to a region of equivalent length within a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-10. 
     In one example, the RNA may be selected from the group consisting of: 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:28, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:30, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:30; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:32, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:32; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:36; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:38, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:38; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:48, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:48; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:50, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:50; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence; and 
     a RNA comprising: (i) an effector sequence which is complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52, optionally with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 base mismatches, provided that the effector sequence is capable of forming a duplex with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52; and (ii) an effector complement sequence comprising a sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence. 
     In another example, the RNA may be selected from the group consisting of: 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:37 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:37 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:49 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:49 and capable of forming a duplex therewith; and 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 and an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 and capable of forming a duplex therewith. 
     For example, an effector complement sequence of a RNA of the disclosure may comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 mismatches relative to the corresponding effector sequence provided that the cognate effector and effector complement sequences are capable of forming a duplex. 
     In another example, the RNA may be selected from the group consisting of: 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:28; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:30; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:32; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:36; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:37 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:38; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:48; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:49 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:50; and 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52. 
     In one example, the RNA is a RNAi reagent. 
     The RNA of the disclosure may be provided in the form of a short hairpin RNA (shRNA). When provided as a shRNA, the RNA of the disclosure may comprise a loop sequence positioned between the effector sequence and the effector complement sequence. Suitable loop sequences may be selected from those known in the art. For example, an shRNA in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65-98. 
     Alternatively, the RNA of the disclosure may be provided in the form of a short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex or a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). 
     It will be understood by a person of skill in the art that a RNA in accordance with the present disclosure may be combined or used in conjunction with other therapeutic agents for treating HBV. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a RNA as described herein in combination with one or more other agents for treating HBV. In one example, a plurality of RNAs are provided comprising:
     (a) at least one RNA as described herein; and   (b) at least one RNA selected from:
       (i) a RNA in accordance with the RNA described herein; or   (ii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 64;   
       

     wherein the RNA at (a) and the RNA at (b) comprise different effector sequences. 
     In one example, a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure comprises: 
     (a) at least one RNA selected from the group consisting of:
         a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:28;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:30;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:32;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:36;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:37 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:38;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:48;   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:49 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:50; and   a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52; and       (b) at least one RNA selected from:
       (i) a RNA selected from the group described at (a); or   (ii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 64;   
       

     wherein the RNA at (a) and the RNA at (b) comprise different effector sequences. 
     For example, the effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a RNA sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 64 will be less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, a suitable effector sequence may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     A plurality of RNAs in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise up to 10 RNAs, such as two RNAs or three RNAs or four RNAs or five RNAs or six RNAs or seven RNAs or eight RNAs or nine RNAs or ten RNAs. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises two of the RNAs described herein. In another example, the plurality of RNAs comprises three of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises four of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises five of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises six of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises seven of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises eight of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises nine of the RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises ten of the RNAs described herein. 
     In one example, the plurality of RNAs described herein are provided in a single composition. 
     In another example, the plurality of RNAs described herein are provided as multiple compositions. For example, each of the RNAs of the plurality may be provided separately. 
     Alternatively, at least one RNA of the plurality may be provided separately and two or more of the plurality provided together in a composition. 
     As described herein, a RNA comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a RNA sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 64, may be selected from the group consisting of: 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:54; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:55 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:56; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:57 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:58; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:59 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:62; and 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:63 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:64. 
     At least one or each of the RNAs in the plurality of RNAs described herein may be present in the form of a shRNA. For example, the present disclosure may provide a plurality of shRNAs. Thus, one or more of the RNAs in the plurality of RNAs may comprise a loop sequence positioned between the corresponding effector sequence and effector complement sequence. Suitable loop sequences may be selected from those known in the art. Alternatively, suitable stem loops may be developed de novo. 
     In one example, a plurality of RNAs in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise:
     (a) at least one RNA which is a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65-98; and   (b) at least one RNA which is selected from:
       (i) a RNA which is a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65-98; or   (ii) a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 99-104; and   
       

     wherein the shRNA at (a) and the shRNA at (b) are different. 
     The present disclosure also provides a nucleic acid comprising a sequence which encodes one or more RNAs as described herein. In one example, the nucleic acid comprises a DNA sequence. In one example, the nucleic acid is DNA. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality nucleic acids comprising:
     (a) a first nucleic acid comprising a sequence which encodes a RNA as described herein; and   (b) a second nucleic acid comprising a sequence which encodes a RNA selected from:
       (i) a RNA as described herein; or   (ii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 64; and   
       

     wherein the RNAs encoded by the first and second nucleic acids comprise different effector sequences. For example, the RNA encoded by the second nucleic acid comprises an effector sequence which is less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, a suitable effector sequence may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     In one example, the first and second nucleic acids form separate parts of the same polynucleotide (i.e., series of covalently linked nucleotide residues). In another example, the first and second nucleic acids form parts of different polynucleotides. 
     As described herein, a RNA comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a RNA sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 and 64 may be selected from the group consisting of: 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:54; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:55 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:56; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:57 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:58; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:59 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60; 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:62; and 
     a RNA comprising an effector sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:63 and an effector complement sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:64. 
     In one example, one or more of the nucleic acids encodes a shRNA. For example, each of the nucleic acids encodes a shRNA. In one example, the or each nucleic acid also encodes a loop sequence positioned between the effector sequence and the effector complement sequence. Suitable loop sequences will be apparent to the skilled person and/or described herein. 
     In one example, the plurality of nucleic acids comprise:
     (a) a first nucleic acid comprising a sequence which encodes a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65-98; and   (b) a second nucleic acid comprising a sequence which encodes a shRNA selected from:
       (i) a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65-98; or   (ii) a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 99-104; and   
       

     wherein the shRNAs encoded by the first and second nucleic acids are different. 
     The or each nucleic acid in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise, or be in operable linkage with, one or more transcriptional terminator sequences. For example, the or each nucleic acid may comprise a transcriptional terminator sequence at the 3′ terminus of the sequence encoding the RNA. Such sequences will be known to a person of skill in the art, but may include ‘TTTTT’ or ‘TTTTTT’. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, the or each nucleic acid in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise, or be in operable linkage with, transcription initiator sequence. For example, the or each nucleic acid may comprise a transcription initiator sequence at the 5′ terminus of the sequence encoding the RNA. Such sequences will be known to a person of skill in the art, but may include ‘G’. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, the or each nucleic acid in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise one or more restriction sites e.g., to facilitate cloning of the nucleic acid(s) into cloning or expression vectors. For example, the nucleic acids described herein may include a restriction site upstream and/or downstream of the sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure. Suitable restriction enzyme recognition sequences will be known to a person of skill in the art. However, in one example, the nucleic acid(s) of the disclosure may include a BamH1 restriction site (GGATCC) at the 5′ terminus i.e., upstream of the sequence encoding the RNA, and a EcoR1restriction site (GAATTC) at the 3′ terminus i.e., downstream of the sequence encoding the RNA. 
     A nucleic acid in accordance with the present disclosure may also be provided in the form of, or be comprised in, a DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) construct which is capable of expressing one or more RNAs of the present disclosure which is/are encoded by the nucleic acid. In this regard, one or more ddRNAi constructs comprising a nucleic acid of the disclosure is also provided. 
     In another example, a plurality of ddRNAi constructs, each encoding an shRNA described herein is provided, wherein:
     (a) at least one of the plurality of ddRNAi constructs comprises a first nucleic acid of the plurality of nucleic acids as described herein; and   (b) at least one of the plurality of ddRNAi constructs comprises a second nucleic acid of the plurality of nucleic acids described herein; and   

     wherein the first and second nucleic acids are different to one another. 
     In yet another example, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure encodes at least two shRNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises:
     (a) a nucleic acid encoding a first shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65-98; and   (b) a nucleic acid comprising a DNA sequence encoding a second shRNA, wherein the second shRNA comprises an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a region of a RNA transcript encoded by the genome of the Hepatitis B virus; and   

     wherein the first and second shRNAs are different. 
     For example, the second shRNA comprises an effector sequence which is less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, a suitable effector sequence may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct encoding at least two shRNAs comprises the plurality of nucleic acids described herein. 
     In yet another example, a ddRNAi construct encoding at least two shRNAs comprises a nucleic acid comprising a DNA sequence encoding a third shRNA, wherein the third shRNA comprises an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a region of a RNA transcript encoded by the genome of the Hepatitis B virus, and 
     wherein the third shRNA is different to the first and second shRNAs. 
     For example, the third shRNA comprises an effector sequence which is less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, a suitable effector sequence may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     In an exemplified form of the disclosure, the nucleic acid encoding the third shRNA is a nucleic acid selected from any one of the nucleic acids in the plurality of nucleic acids described herein. 
     One example of a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises:
     (a) a nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92:   (b) a nucleic acid selected from any one of the nucleic acids in the plurality of nucleic acids described herein; and   (c) a nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78;   

     wherein the nucleic acid at (b) encodes a shRNA which is different to the shRNA encoded by the nucleic acid at (a) and (c). 
     In another example, the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises:
     (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92:   (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:101; and   (c) a third nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78.   

     In yet another example, the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises:
     (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92:   (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79; and   (c) a third nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78.   

     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ direction:
     (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78:   (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:101; and   (c) a third nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92.   

     A further exemplary the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ direction:
     (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78:   (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79; and   (c) a third nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92.   

     In one example, a ddRNAi construct as described herein comprises a single promoter which is operably-linked to the or each nucleic acid encoding an shRNA of the disclosure. 
     In another example, each nucleic acid encoding an shRNA of the disclosure is operably-linked to a separate promoter. For example, the promoter(s) is(are) positioned upstream of the respective nucleic acid(s) encoding the shRNA(s). In a ddRNAi construct comprising multiple promoters, the promoters may be the same or different. Exemplary promoters are RNA pol III promoters, such as for example, the U6 and H1 promoters. 
     In one example of a ddRNAi construct comprising nucleic acids encoding three shRNAs each of which are linked to a separate promoter, the promoter linked to two of the nucleic acids is the same and the promoter linked to the third nucleic acid is different. For example, in the context of a ddRNAi construct described above comprising three nucleic acids encoding shRNAs, the first and third nucleic acids are linked to separate promoters that are the same and the second nucleic acid is linked to a different promoter. 
     In one example of a ddRNAi construct comprising nucleic acids encoding three shRNAs each of which are linked to a separate promoter, all of the promoters are the same. 
     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ direction:
     (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78 operably-linked to a U6 promoter:   (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:101 operably-linked to a U6 promoter; and   (c) a third nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92 operably-linked to a U6 promoter.   

     A further exemplary the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ direction:
     (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78 operably-linked to a U6 promoter:   (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79 operably-linked to a U6 promoter; and   (c) a third nucleic acid encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92 operably-linked to a U6 promoter.   

     The present disclosure also provides an expression vector, comprising a ddRNAi constructs of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides plurality of expression vectors each of which comprises a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure. For example, one or more of the plurality of expression vectors comprises a plurality of ddRNAi constructs as disclosed herein. In another example, each of the plurality of expression vectors comprises a plurality of ddRNAi constructs as disclosed herein. In a further example, each of the plurality of expression vectors comprises a single ddRNAi construct as described herein. In any of the foregoing ways in this paragraph, the plurality of expression vectors may collectively express a plurality of shRNAs in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     In one example, the or each expression vector is a plasmid or a minicircle. 
     In one example, the plasmid or minicircle or expression vector or ddRNAi construct is complexed with a cationic DNA binding polymer. 
     In another example, the or each expression vector is a viral vector. For example, the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, a retroviral vector, an adenoviral vector (AdV) and a lentiviral (LV) vector. 
     The present disclosure also provides a composition comprising a ddRNAi construct and/or expression vector as described herein. In one example, the composition may also comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method of treating HBV infection in a subject, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein to the subject. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method of reducing HBV viral load in a subject infected with HBV, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein to the subject. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method of reducing severity of one or more symptoms associated with HBV infection in a subject suffering therefrom, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein to the subject. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method of reducing the infectivity of HBV in a subject infected therewith, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein to the subject. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method for reducing the risk of a subject suffering from a HBV infection developing chronic hepatic insufficiency, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein to the subject. 
     In accordance with any method described herein, in one example, the subject is suffering from acute HBV infection. Alternatively, in one example, the subject is suffering from chronic HBV infection. 
     In one example, the methods described herein comprise inhibiting expression of one or more transcripts encoded by the HBV genome in the subject. 
     In one example, the subject to which the RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition of the disclosure is/are administered has already received treatment with another therapeutic agent for treating HBV infection. For example, the subject and/or the HBV is refractory or resistant to treatment with the other agent known for treating HBV infection. 
     In another example, the RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition of the disclosure is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent known for treating HBV infection i.e., as an adjunctive therapy. 
     In one example, a composition of the present disclosure is provided in a kit. For example, a composition of the present disclosure is packaged together with one or more other therapeutic agents known for treating HBV infections. Such other therapeutic agents will be known to a person of skill in the art. In another example, the composition is packaged with instruction for use in a method of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides use of a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein in the preparation of a medicament, e.g., for treating HBV infection in a subject and/or in a method disclosed herein. In one example, the subject is suffering from acute HBV infection. In an alternative example, the subject is suffering from chronic HBV infection. 
     The present disclosure also provides a RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition described herein for use in therapy. For example, the RNA, plurality of RNAs, nucleic acid, plurality of nucleic acids, ddRNAi construct, plurality of ddRNAi constructs, expression vector, plurality of expression vectors and/or composition may be for use in treating HBV infection in a subject and/or in a method disclosed herein. The subject may be suffering from acute HBV infection. In an alternative example, the subject may be suffering from chronic HBV infection. 
     Treatment of HBV in accordance with any example described herein, may comprise one or more of reducing HBV viral load in the subject, reducing severity of symptoms associated with HBV infection and/or reducing the infectivity of HBV in a subject. In one example, the medicament will reduce HBV gene transcription products in the subject to which the medicament is administered. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a map of the HBV genome and the position of siRNA target regions. The inner circle represents the HBV genome, boxes around these represent the indicated protein coding sequences and the outer curved arrows represent HBV mRNAs. The positions of highly conserved regions listed in Table 1 (Region 1 to Region 10) and regions targeted by additional shRNAs in Table 4 (shRNAs 3, 8 and 11) are indicated by broken lines. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the HBV inhibitory activity of siRNAs having antisense and sense sequence of shRNA9, shRNA15 and shRNA27 respectively in a Luciferase reporter assay system. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the activity of siRNAs having antisense and sense sequence of shRNA9, shRNA27 and shRNA27 respectively to inhibit HBV transcripts from regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg in HepG2.2.15 cells. 
         FIG. 4  shows location of the HBV siRNAs relative to the polymerase gene and the respective HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg. 
         FIG. 5 a    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA1, shRNA4, shRNA15, shRNA18, shRNA35, shRNA36 and shRNA39 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system. 
         FIG. 5 b    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA1, shRNA4, shRNA15, shRNA18, shRNA35, shRNA36 and shRNA39 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system. 
         FIG. 5 c    illustrates the ability of the shRNAs designated shRNAS, shRNA6, shRNA7, shRNA8, shRNA35, shRNA26, shRNA27, shRNA30 and shRNA40 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in Luciferase reporter assay. 
         FIG. 5 d    illustrates the ability of the shRNAs designated shRNA5, shRNA6, shRNA7, shRNA8, shRNA35, shRNA26, shRNA27, shRNA30 and shRNA40 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in Luciferase reporter assay. 
         FIG. 5 e    illustrates the ability of the shRNAs designated shRNA9, shRNA10, shRNA11, shRNA12, shRNA33, shRNA34, shRNA19, shRNA20, shRNA23 and shRNA24 to inhibit expression of luciferase protein expression in Luciferase reporter assay. 
         FIG. 5 f    illustrates the ability of the shRNAs designated shRNA9, shRNA10, shRNA11, shRNA12, shRNA33, shRNA34, shRNA19, shRNA20, shRNA23 and shRNA24 to inhibit expression of luciferase protein expression in Luciferase reporter assay. 
         FIG. 6 a    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA1, to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 b    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA15 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 c    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 d    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA27 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 e    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA30 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 f    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA9 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 g    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA20 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 h    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA1, shRNA15 and shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 i    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA27 and shRNA30 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 6 j    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA9 and shRNA20 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 a    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA1 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 b    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA15 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 c    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 d    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA27 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 e    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated All 9-2 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 f    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated All 4-1 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 g    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA20 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 h    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA9 and shRNA20 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 i    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA1, shRNA15 and shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 7 j    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA27 and shRNA30 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner. 
         FIG. 8 a    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA1 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 b    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA15 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 c    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 d    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA27 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 e    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA30 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 f    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA9 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 g    illustrates the ability of shRNA designated shRNA20 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 h    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA1, shRNA27 and shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 i    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA27 and shRNA36 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 8 j    illustrates the ability of shRNAs designated shRNA9 and shRNA20 to inhibit luciferase protein expression in a Luciferase reporter assay system in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293 cells co-transfected with a non-specific filler plasmid to ensure that constant levels of DNA are being transfected into cells. 
         FIG. 9 a    illustrates the ability of ddRNAi constructs expressing shRNAs designated shRNA9,shRNA13, shRNA14, to inhibit expression of luciferase protein in Luciferase reporter assay system. 
         FIG. 9 b    illustrates the ability of ddRNAi constructs expressing shRNAs designated shRNA20, shRNA21 and shRNA22 to inhibit expression of luciferase protein in Luciferase reporter assay system. 
         FIG. 10  shows standard curves obtained by qPCR determining the number of shRNAs expressed per cell following transductions thereof with HBV AdVs. 
         FIG. 11 a    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA14, in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with an HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing the respective shRNA individually at the various MOIs; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 11 b    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA15 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with an HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing the respective shRNA individually at the various MOIs; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 11 c    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA37 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with an HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing the respective shRNA individually at the various MOIs; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 11 d    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA28 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with an HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing the respective shRNA individually at the various MOIs; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells simultaneously transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 12 a    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14 at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 12 b    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA15 at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 12 c    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA37 at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 12 d    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA28 at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 12 e    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 12 f    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with three HBV shRNA AdV vectors expressing the shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at various MOIs. 
         FIG. 13 a    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA14 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14 individually at MOI 100; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100. 
         FIG. 13 b    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA15 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA15 individually at MOI 100; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100. 
         FIG. 13 c    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA37 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA37 individually at MOI 100; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100. 
         FIG. 13 d    shows the level of expression for shRNA designated shRNA28 in: (i) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA28 individually at MOI 100; (ii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100; and (iii) HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28 respectively at MOI 100. 
         FIG. 14 a    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14. 
         FIG. 14 b    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA15. 
         FIG. 14 c    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA37. 
         FIG. 14 d    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA28. 
         FIG. 14 e    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28. 
         FIG. 14 f    illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg relative to expression of GAPDH in HepG2.2.15 cells transduced with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15 and shRNA28. 
         FIG. 15 a    shows the level of expression for shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 for human hepatocytes inoculated with HBV and treated with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 at MOT 10. 
         FIG. 15 b    shows the level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg for human hepatocytes inoculated with HBV and treated with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 at MOI 10. 
         FIG. 15 c    shows the level of intracellular and extracellular HBV DNA for human hepatocytes inoculated with HBV and treated with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 at MOI 10. 
         FIG. 15 d    shows the level of extracellular HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBcAg and HBsAg for human hepatocytes inoculated with HBV and treated with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 at MOI 10. 
         FIG. 15 e    shows the level of cccDNA for human hepatocytes inoculated with HBV and treated with a triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing three shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 at MOI 10. 
         FIG. 16  is a plot showing serum levels of extracellular HBV DNA (expressed in Log copies/mL) in animals from (i) Group 1 treated with saline only (control), (ii) Group 2 treated with medium dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and (iii) Group 3 treated with high dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, over the course of 56 days. 
         FIG. 17  is a plot showing serum levels of extracellular HBV DNA (expressed in copies/mL) in animals from (i) Group 1 treated with saline only (control), (ii) Group 2 treated with medium dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and (iii) Group 3 treated with high dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, over the course of 56 days. 
         FIG. 18  is a plot showing serum levels of HBsAg (IU/mL) in animals from (i) Group 1 treated with saline only (control), (ii) Group 2 treated with medium dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and (iii) Group 3 treated with high dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, over the course of 56 days. 
         FIG. 19  is a plot showing serum levels of HBeAg (IU/mL) in animals from (i) Group 1 treated with saline only (control), (ii) Group 2 treated with medium dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and (iii) Group 3 treated with high dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, over the course of 56 days. 
         FIG. 20  shows the level of intracellular HBV DNA (copies of intracellular HBV DNA/100 ng DNA) in animals from (i) Group 1 treated with saline only (control), (ii) Group 2 treated with medium dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and (iii) Group 3 treated with high dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, 56 days post treatment. This figures illustrates the level of inhibition of intracellular HBV DNA by medium and high doses of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector relative to the control saline treatment. 
         FIG. 21  shows the level of intracellular cccDNA (copies of HBV cccDNA/100ng DNA) in animals from (i) Group 1 treated with saline only (control), (ii) Group 2 treated with medium dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and (iii) Group 3 treated with high dose of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, 56 days post treatment. This figures illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV cccDNA by medium and high doses of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector relative to the control saline treatment. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates the level of inhibition of HBV viral transcripts corresponding to shRNAs expressed by the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector (shRNA14, shRNA 37 and shRNA28, respectively) at 56 days post treatment with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector at medium and high doses. 
     
    
    
     KEY TO THE SEQUENCE LISTING 
     
         
         SEQ ID NO: 1: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 1. 
         SEQ ID NO: 2: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 2. 
         SEQ ID NO: 3: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 3. 
         SEQ ID NO: 4: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 4. 
         SEQ ID NO: 5: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 5. 
         SEQ ID NO: 6: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 6. 
         SEQ ID NO: 7: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 7. 
         SEQ ID NO: 8: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 8. 
         SEQ ID NO: 9: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 9. 
         SEQ ID NO: 10: DNA sequence for target region within HBV genome designated Region 10. 
         SEQ ID NO: 11: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA1 and shRNA4. 
         SEQ ID NO: 12: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA1 and shRNA4. 
         SEQ ID NO: 13: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA2. 
         SEQ ID NO: 14: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA2. 
         SEQ ID NO: 15: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA3. 
         SEQ ID NO: 16: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA3. 
         SEQ ID NO: 17: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA5 and shRNA6. 
         SEQ ID NO: 18: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA5 and shRNA6. 
         SEQ ID NO: 19: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA7 and shRNA8. 
         SEQ ID NO: 20: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA7 and shRNA8. 
         SEQ ID NO: 21: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA9 and shRNA10. 
         SEQ ID NO: 22: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA9 and shRNA10. 
         SEQ ID NO: 23: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA11 and shRNA12. 
         SEQ ID NO: 24: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNAll and shRNA12. 
         SEQ ID NO: 25: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA13. 
         SEQ ID NO: 26: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA13 
         SEQ ID NO: 27: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA14. 
         SEQ ID NO: 28: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA14 
         SEQ ID NO: 29: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA15 and shRNA18. 
         SEQ ID NO: 30: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA15 and shRNA18. 
         SEQ ID NO: 31: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA16. 
         SEQ ID NO: 32: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA16. 
         SEQ ID NO: 33: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA17. 
         SEQ ID NO: 34: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA17. 
         SEQ ID NO: 35: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA19 and shRNA20. 
         SEQ ID NO: 36: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA19 and shRNA20. 
         SEQ ID NO: 37: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA21. 
         SEQ ID NO: 38: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA21. 
         SEQ ID NO: 39: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA22. 
         SEQ ID NO: 40: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA22. 
         SEQ ID NO: 41: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA23 and shRNA24. 
         SEQ ID NO: 42: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA23 and shRNA24. 
         SEQ ID NO: 43: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA25 and shRNA26. 
         SEQ ID NO: 44: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA25 and shRNA26. 
         SEQ ID NO: 45: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA27 and shRNA30. 
         SEQ ID NO: 46: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA27 and shRNA30. 
         SEQ ID NO: 47: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA28 and shRNA31. 
         SEQ ID NO: 48: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA28 and shRNA31. 
         SEQ ID NO: 49: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA29 and shRNA32. 
         SEQ ID NO: 50: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA29 and shRNA32. 
         SEQ ID NO: 51: RNA effector sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA33 and shRNA34. 
         SEQ ID NO: 52: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNAs designated shRNA33 and shRNA34. 
         SEQ ID NO: 53: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA35. 
         SEQ ID NO: 54: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA35. 
         SEQ ID NO: 55: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA 36. 
         SEQ ID NO: 56: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA35. 
         SEQ ID NO: 57: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA37. 
         SEQ ID NO: 58: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA37. 
         SEQ ID NO: 59: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA38. 
         SEQ ID NO: 60: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA38. 
         SEQ ID NO: 61: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA39. 
         SEQ ID NO: 62: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA39. 
         SEQ ID NO: 63: RNA effector sequence for shRNA designated shRNA40. 
         SEQ ID NO: 64: RNA effector complement sequence for shRNA designated shRNA40. 
         SEQ ID NO: 65: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA1. 
         SEQ ID NO: 66: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA2 
         SEQ ID NO: 67: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA3 
         SEQ ID NO: 68: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA4 
         SEQ ID NO: 69: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA5 
         SEQ ID NO: 70: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA6 
         SEQ ID NO: 71: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA7 
         SEQ ID NO: 72: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA8 
         SEQ ID NO: 73: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA9 
         SEQ ID NO: 74: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA10 
         SEQ ID NO: 75: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA11 
         SEQ ID NO: 76: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA12 
         SEQ ID NO: 77: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA13 
         SEQ ID NO: 78: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA14 
         SEQ ID NO: 79: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA15 
         SEQ ID NO: 80: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA16 
         SEQ ID NO: 81: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA17 
         SEQ ID NO: 82: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA18 
         SEQ ID NO: 83: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA19 
         SEQ ID NO: 84: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA20 
         SEQ ID NO: 85: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA21 
         SEQ ID NO: 86: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA22 
         SEQ ID NO: 87: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA23 
         SEQ ID NO: 88: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA24 
         SEQ ID NO: 89: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA25 
         SEQ ID NO: 90: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA26 
         SEQ ID NO: 91: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA27 
         SEQ ID NO: 92: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA28 
         SEQ ID NO: 93: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA29 
         SEQ ID NO: 94: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA30 
         SEQ ID NO: 95: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA31 
         SEQ ID NO: 96: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA32 
         SEQ ID NO: 97: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA33 
         SEQ ID NO: 98: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA34 
         SEQ ID NO: 99: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA35 
         SEQ ID NO: 100: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA36 
         SEQ ID NO: 101: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA37 
         SEQ ID NO: 102: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA38 
         SEQ ID NO: 103: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA39 
         SEQ ID NO: 104: RNA sequence for shRNA designated shRNA40 
         SEQ ID NO: 105: DNA sequence for pBL183 HBV Triple V2 
         SEQ ID NO: 106: DNA sequence for pBL183 HBV Triple V1 
       
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General 
     Throughout this specification, unless specifically stated otherwise or the context requires otherwise, reference to a single step, feature, composition of matter, group of steps or group of features or compositions of matter shall be taken to encompass one and a plurality (i.e. one or more) of those steps, features, compositions of matter, groups of steps or groups of features or compositions of matter. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the disclosure includes all such variations and modifications. The disclosure also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations or any two or more of said steps or features. 
     The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific examples described herein, which are intended for the purpose of exemplification only. Functionally-equivalent products, compositions and methods are clearly within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Any example of the present disclosure herein shall be taken to apply mutatis mutandis to any other example of the disclosure unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     Unless specifically defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein shall be taken to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art (for example, in cell culture, molecular genetics, immunology, immunohistochemistry, protein chemistry, and biochemistry). 
     Unless otherwise indicated, the recombinant DNA, recombinant protein, cell culture, and immunological techniques utilized in the present disclosure are standard procedures, well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques are described and explained throughout the literature in sources such as, J. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning, John Wiley and Sons (1984), J. Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), T.A. Brown (editor), Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach, Volumes 1 and 2, IRL Press (1991), D.M. Glover and B.D. Hames (editors), DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes 1-4, IRL Press (1995 and 1996), and F.M. Ausubel et al. (editors), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley-Interscience (1988, including all updates until present), Ed Harlow and David Lane (editors) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1988), and J.E. Coligan et al. (editors) Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley &amp; Sons (including all updates until present). 
     Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, is understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or integer or group of steps or elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other step or element or integer or group of elements or integers. 
     The term “and/or”, e.g., “X and/or Y” shall be understood to mean either “X and Y” or “X or Y” and shall be taken to provide explicit support for both meanings or for either meaning. 
     Selected Definitions 
     By “RNA” is meant a molecule comprising at least one ribonucleotide residue. By “ribonucleotide” is meant a nucleotide with a hydroxyl group at the 2′ position of a β-D-ribo-furanose moiety. The terms include double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA, isolated RNA such as partially purified RNA, essentially pure RNA, synthetic RNA, recombinantly produced RNA, as well as altered RNA that differs from naturally occurring RNA by the addition, deletion, substitution and/or alteration of one or more nucleotides. Such alterations can include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the siNA or internally, for example at one or more nucleotides of the RNA. Nucleotides in the RNA molecules of the instant disclosure can also comprise non-standard nucleotides, such as non-naturally occurring nucleotides or chemically synthesized nucleotides or deoxynucleotides. These altered RNAs can be referred to as analogs or analogs of naturally-occurring RNA. In one example, all of the residues in the RNA are ribonucleotides. 
     As used herein, the term “RNAi reagent” refers to a RNA that is capable of eliciting “RNA interference” or “RNAi”. 
     The term “RNA interference” or “RNAi” refers generally to RNA-dependent silencing of gene expression initiated by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules in a cell&#39;s cytoplasm. The dsRNA molecule reduces or inhibits transcription products of a target nucleic acid sequence, thereby silencing the gene. 
     As used herein, the term “double stranded RNA” or “dsRNA” refers to a RNA molecule having a duplex structure and comprising an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence which are of similar length to one another. The effector sequence and the effector complement sequence can be in a single RNA strand or in separate RNA strands. The “effector sequence” (often referred to as a “guide strand”) is substantially complementary to a target sequence, which in the present case, is a region of a RNA transcription product of the HBV genome. The “effector sequence” can also be referred to as the “antisense sequence”. The “effector complement sequence” will be of sufficient complementary to the effector sequence such that it can anneal to the effector sequence to form a duplex. In this regard, the effector complement sequence will be substantially homologous to a region of target sequence. As will be apparent to the skilled person, the term “effector complement sequence” can also be referred to as the “complement of the effector sequence” or the sense sequence. 
     As used herein, the term “duplex” refers to regions in two complementary or substantially complementary nucleic acids (e.g., RNAs), or in two complementary or substantially complementary regions of a single-stranded nucleic acid (e.g., RNA), that form base pairs with one another, either by Watson-Crick base pairing or any other manner that allows for a stabilized duplex between the nucleotide sequences that are complementary or substantially complementary. It will be understood by the skilled person that within a duplex region, 100% complementarity is not required; substantial complementarity is allowable. Substantial complementarity includes may include 79% or greater complementarity. For example, a single mismatch in a duplex region consisting of 19 base pairs (i.e., 18 base pairs and one mismatch) results in 94.7% complementarity, rendering the duplex region substantially complementary. In another example, two mismatches in a duplex region consisting of 19 base pairs (i.e., 17 base pairs and two mismatches) results in 89.5% complementarity, rendering the duplex region substantially complementary, In yet another example, three mismatches in a duplex region consisting of 19 base pairs (i.e., 16 base pairs and three mismatches) results in 84.2% complementarity, rendering the duplex region substantially complementary, and so on. 
     The dsRNA may be provided as a hairpin or stem loop structure, with a duplex region comprised of an effector sequence and effector complement sequence linked by at least 2 nucleotide sequence which is termed a stem loop. When a dsRNA is provided as a hairpin or stem loop structure it can be referred to as a “hairpin RNA” or “short hairpin RNAi agent” or “shRNA”. 
     As used herein, the term “complementary” with regard to a sequence refers to a complement of the sequence by Watson-Crick base pairing, whereby guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C), and adenine (A) pairs with either uracil (U) or thymine (T). A sequence may be complementary to the entire length of another sequence, or it may be complementary to a specified portion or length of another sequence. One of skill in the art will recognize that U may be present in RNA, and that T may be present in DNA. Therefore, an A within either of a RNA or DNA sequence may pair with a U in a RNA sequence or T in a DNA sequence. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially complementary” is used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between nucleic acid sequences e.g., between the effector sequence and the effector complement sequence or between the effector sequence and the target sequence. It is understood that the sequence of a nucleic acid need not be 100% complementary to that of its target or complement. The term encompasses a sequence complementary to another sequence with the exception of an overhang. In some cases, the sequence is complementary to the other sequence with the exception of 1-2 mismatches. In some cases, the sequences are complementary except for 1 mismatch. In some cases, the sequences are complementary except for 2 mismatches. In other cases, the sequences are complementary except for 3 mismatches. In yet other cases, the sequences are complementary except for 4 mismatches. 
     The term “encoded”, as used in the context of a IRNA of the disclosure, shall be understood to mean a RNA is capable of being transcribed from a DNA template. Accordingly, a nucleic acid that encodes a RNA of the disclosure will comprise a DNA sequence which serves as a template for transcription of the respective RNA. 
     The term “DNA-directed RNAi construct” or “ddRNAi construct” refers to a nucleic acid comprising a DNA sequence which, when transcribed produces a RNA molecule which elicits RNAi. The ddRNAi construct may comprise a nucleic acid which is transcribed as a single RNA that is capable of self-annealing into a hairpin structure with a duplex region linked by a stem loop of at least 2 nucleotides i.e., shRNA, or as a single RNA with multiple shRNA or as multiple RNA transcripts each capable of folding as a single shRNA respectively. The ddRNAi construct may be within an expression vector i.e., “ddRNAi expression construct”, e.g., operably linked to a promoter. In one example, the ddRNAi construct comprises only DNA. 
     As used herein, the term “operably-linked” or “operable linkage” (or similar) means that a. coding nucleic acid sequence is linked to, or in association with, a regulatory sequence, e,g., promoter, in a manner which facilitates expression of the coding sequence. Regulatory sequences include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements that are art-recognized and are selected. to direct expression of the coding sequence. 
     A “vector” will be understood to mean a vehicle for introducing a nucleic acid into a cell, Vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, phagernids, viruses, bacteria, and vehicles derived from viral or bacterial sources. A “plasrnid” is a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule. A useful type of vector for use in accordance with the present disclosure is a viral vector, wherein heterologous DNA sequences are inserted into a viral genome that can be modified to delete one or more viral genes or parts thereof. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell (e.g., vectors having an origin of replication that functions in the host cell). Other vectors can be stably integrated into the genome of a host cell, and are thereby replicated along with the host genome. As used herein, the term “expression vector” will be understood to mean a vector capable of expressing a RNA molecule of the disclosure. 
     As used herein, the terms “treating”, “treat” or “treatment” and variations thereof, refer to clinical intervention designed to alter the natural course of the individual or cell being treated during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease progression, ameliorating or palliating the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. It follows that treatment of HBV infection includes reducing HBV viral load in a subject infected with HBV, reducing severity of symptoms associated with HBV infection, and reducing the infectivity of HBV in a subject. An individual is successfully “treated”, for example, if one or more of the above treatment outcomes is achieved. 
     A “therapeutically effective amount” is at least the minimum concentration or amount required to effect a measurable improvement of a particular disease (e.g., a HBV infection). A therapeutically effective amount herein may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the patient, and the ability of the RNA, ddRNAi or expression construct to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the RNA, ddRNAi or expression construct are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. 
     As used herein, the “subject” or “patient” can be a human or non-human animal infected with HBV. The “non-human animal” may be a primate, livestock (e.g. sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, donkeys), companion animal (e.g. pets such as dogs and cats), laboratory test animal (e.g. mice, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs), performance animal (e.g. racehorses, camels, greyhounds) or captive wild animal. In one example, the subject or patient is a mammal. In one example, the subject or patient is a primate. In one example, the subject or patient is a human. 
     The terms “reduced expression”, “reduction in expression” or similar, refer to the absence or an observable decrease in the level of protein and/or mRNA product from the target gene e.g., the HBV pol gene or other HBV gene. The decrease does not have to be absolute, but may be a partial decrease sufficient for there to a detectable or observable change as a result of the RNAi effected by the RNA of the disclosure. The decrease can be measured by determining a decrease in the level of mRNA and/or protein product from a target nucleic acid relative to a cell lacking the RNA, ddRNAi construct or expression construct, and may be as little as 1%, 5% or 10%, or may be absolute i.e., 100% inhibition. The effects of the decrease may be determined by examination of the outward properties i.e., quantitative and/or qualitative phenotype of the cell or organism, and may also include an assessment of the viral load following administration of a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure. 
     Agents for RNAi 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a RNA, i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein the RNA comprises an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by a region of the HBV genome set forth in Table 1. For example, the RNA of the disclosure will comprise an effector sequence which is less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, suitable effector sequences may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 2 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 2 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 2 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 2 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 2 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 2 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 3 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 3 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 3 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 3 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 3 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 3 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 7 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 7 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 7 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 7 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 7 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 7 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 8 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 8 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 8 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 8 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 8 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 8 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 10 set forth in Table 1. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 10 set forth in Table 1 and contain 4 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 10 set forth in Table 1 and contain 3 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 10 set forth in Table 1 and contain 2 mismatch bases relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 10 set forth in Table 1 and contain 1 mismatch base relative thereto. For example, the effector sequence may be 100% complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 10 set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the RNA of the disclosure comprises is a RNA comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1, Region 5, Region 9, Region 4 or Region 6 set forth in Table 1 as described herein. 
     In one example, the RNA of the disclosure is a short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex or a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a plurality of RNAs, i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein each RNA comprises an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of each RNA is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by a region of the HBV genome set forth in Table 1. For example, each RNA of the plurality comprises an effector sequence which is less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, suitable effector sequences may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     A plurality of RNAs in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise up to 10 RNAs as described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises two RNAs described herein. In another example, the plurality of RNAs comprises three RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises four RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises five RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises six RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises seven RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises eight RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises nine RNAs described herein. In one example, the plurality of RNAs comprises ten RNAs described herein. 
     Thus, the plurality of RNAs in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise one or more of the RNAs described herein comprising an effector sequence substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by a region of the HBV genome set forth in Table 1. 
     In one example, the plurality of RNAs described herein are provided together as a single composition. 
     In another example, the plurality of RNAs described herein are provided as multiple compositions. For example, each of the RNAs of the plurality may be provided separately. Alternatively, at least one RNA of the plurality may be provided separately and two or more of the plurality provided together in a composition. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 in Table 1 and the effector sequence of another RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of a RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 in Table 1 and the effector sequence of another RNA in the plurality is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 in Table 1 and the effector sequence of another RNA in the plurality is a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 in Table 1. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a plurality of RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein: 
     (i) at least one RNA comprises an effector sequence of at least 17 nucleotides in length and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of each RNA is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by a region of the HBV genome set forth in Table 1; and 
     (ii) at least one RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of each RNA comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 4. In one example, the effector complement sequence of the RNA comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 4. 
     For example, each RNA comprises an effector sequence which is less than 30 nucleotides in length. For example, suitable effector sequences may be in the range of 17-29 nucleotides in length. 
     In one example, the RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 1 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     In one example, the RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     In one example, the RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     In one example, the RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     In one example, the RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 6 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     In one example, a RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 in Table 1 and another RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     In one example, a RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 9 in Table 1 and another RNA at (i) comprises an effector sequence that is substantially complementary to a RNA transcript encoded by Region 4 in Table 1 and the effector sequence of another RNA in the plurality is a RNA transcript encoded by Region 5 in Table 1 and the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector sequence consisting of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In one example, the RNA at (ii) comprises an effector complement sequence which consists of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     An exemplary RNA in accordance with the present disclosure comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to an effector complement sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of 4 base mismatches. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of 3 base mismatches. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of 2 base mismatches. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of a single base mismatch. 
     Where a RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2 with the exception of 1, 2, 3 or 4 mismatches, the effector sequence will still be able to form a duplex with the corresponding effector complement sequence in Table 2. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, comprising an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is 100% complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. In one example, the effector complement sequence of the RNA is substantially complementary to the effector sequence thereof. For example, the effector complement sequence of the RNA may comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 mismatches relative to the cognate effector sequence, but still be capable of forming a duplex therewith. 
     Exemplary RNAs in accordance with the present disclosure comprise corresponding effector and effector complement sequences as described in Table 2. In one example, the corresponding effector and effector complement sequences of the RNAs may be provided as separate nucleic acids which are duplexed (dsRNA) e.g., by Watson-Crick base pairing. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a RNA, i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein the RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 2. 
     In one example, the effector complement sequence consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. 
     An exemplary RNA of the disclosure comprises an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a plurality of RNAs, i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein each RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of each RNA is substantially complementary to an effector complement sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. Exemplary RNAs comprising an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to an effector complement sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2 are described herein. 
     In one example, the effector sequence of each RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 2. In one example, the effector complement sequence of each RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a plurality of RNAs, i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein: 
     (i) at least one RNA comprises an effector sequence and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of the RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 2 (in one example, the effector complement sequence of each RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2); and 
     (ii) at least one RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of the RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 4 (in one example, the effector complement sequence of the RNA comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 4). 
     An exemplary plurality of RNAs of the disclosure comprises: 
     (i) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; and 
     (ii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. 
     An exemplary plurality of RNAs of the disclosure comprises: 
     (i) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; 
     (ii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28; and 
     (iii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. 
     An exemplary plurality of RNAs of the disclosure comprises: 
     (i) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; 
     (ii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID 
     NO: 28; and 
     (iii) a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     RNA of the disclosure may comprise either synthetic RNAs or DNA-directed RNAs (ddRNAs). Synthetic RNAs may be manufactured by methods known in the art such as by typical oligonucleotide synthesis, and may incorporate chemical modifications to increase half-life and/or efficacy of the siRNA agent, and/or to allow for a more robust delivery formulation. Many chemical modifications of oligonucleotides are known and well described in the art. 
     In one example, substantially all of the nucleotides of a RNA of the disclosure are modified. In other example, all of the nucleotides of a RNA of the disclosure are modified. RNAs of the disclosure in which “substantially all of the nucleotides are modified” are largely but not wholly modified and can include not more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 unmodified nucleotides. 
     In one example, the RNA of the disclosure comprises one or more overhang regions and/or capping groups at the 3′-end, 5′-end, or both ends of one or both strands of the duplex. The overhang regions can be 1-6 nucleotides in length, for instance 2-6 nucleotides in length, 1-5 nucleotides in length, 2-5 nucleotides in length, 1-4 nucleotides in length, 2-4 nucleotides in length, 1-3 nucleotides in length, 2-3 nucleotides in length, or 1-2 nucleotides in length. The overhangs can be the result of one strand being longer than the other, or the result of two strands of the same length being staggered. The overhang can form a mismatch with the target mRNA or it can be complementary to the gene sequences being targeted or can be another sequence. The first and second strands can also be joined, e.g., by additional bases to form a hairpin, or by other non-base linkers. 
     In one example, the nucleotides in the overhang region of the RNA each independently are a modified or unmodified nucleotide including, but no limited to 2′-sugar modified, such as, 2-F, 2′-O-methyl, thymidine (T), deoxy-thymine (dT), 2′-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (Teo), 2′-O-methoxyethyladenosine (Aeo), 2′-O-methoxyethyl-5-methylcytidine (m5Ceo), and any combinations thereof. For example, dTdT can be an overhang sequence for either end on either strand. The overhang can form a mismatch with the target mRNA or it can be complementary to the gene sequences being targeted or can be another sequence. 
     The 5′- or 3′-overhangs at the sense strand, antisense strand or both strands of the RNA can be phosphorylated. In some examples, the overhang region(s) contains two nucleotides having a phosphorothioate between the two nucleotides, where the two nucleotides can be the same or different. 
     In one example, the RNA contains only a single overhang, which can strengthen the interference activity of the RNA, without affecting its overall stability. For example, the single-stranded overhang is be located at the 3′-terminal end of the effector sequence or, alternatively, at the 3′-terminal end of the effector complement sequence. In one example, the RNA also comprises a blunt end, located at the 5′-end of the effector complement sequence (or the 3′-end of the effector sequence) or vice versa. 
     Modifications include, for example, end modifications, e.g., 5′-end modifications (phosphorylation, conjugation, inverted linkages) or 3′-end modifications (conjugation, DNA nucleotides, inverted linkages, etc.); base modifications, e.g., replacement with stabilizing bases, destabilizing bases, or bases that base pair with an expanded repertoire of partners, removal of bases (abasic nucleotides), or conjugated bases; sugar modifications (e.g., at the 2′-position or 4′-position) or replacement of the sugar; and/or backbone modifications, including modification or replacement of the phosphodiester linkages. Specific examples of RNAs useful in the disclosure include, but are not limited to RNAs containing modified backbones or no natural internucleoside linkages. RNAs having modified backbones include, among others, those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified RNAs that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides. In some example, a modified RNA will have a phosphorus atom in its internucleoside backbone. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,015,315; 7,041,816; 7,273,933; 7,321,029; and US Pat RE39464. 
     Modified RNA backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatoms and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH 2  component parts. Representative U.S. patents that teach exemplary forms of these oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; and 5,677,439. 
     In one example, the RNA of the disclosure comprises only unmodified or natural bases, e.g., a described below. 
     In other examples, the RNAs of the disclosure comprise or are a RNA mimetic, e.g., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, a RNA mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar backbone of a RNA is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262. 
     Modified RNAs can also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. The RNAs, e.g., dsRNAs, featured herein can include one of the following at the 2′-position: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S— or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl can be substituted or unsubstituted C 1  to C 10  alkyl or C 2  to C 10  alkenyl and alkynyl. Exemplary suitable modifications include O[CH 2 ) n O] m CH 3 , O(CH 2 ) n OCH 3 , O(CH 1 ) n NH 2 , O(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , O(CH 2 ) n ONH 2 , and O(CH 2 ) n ON[(CH 2 ) n CH 3 )] 2 , where n and m are from 1 to about 10. 
     A RNA can also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as deoxy-thymine (dT), 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl anal other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo, particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-daazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. * 
     The RNA can also be modified to include one or more locked nucleic acids (LNA). A locked nucleic acid is a nucleotide having a modified ribose moiety in which the ribose moiety comprises an extra bridge connecting the 2′ and 4′ carbons. This structure effectively “locks” the ribose in the 3′-endo structural conformation. The addition of locked nucleic acids to siRNAs has been shown to increase siRNA stability in serum, and to reduce off-target effects (Elmen, J. et al., (2005)  Nucleic Acids Research  33(1):439-447). Potentially stabilizing modifications to the ends of RNA can include N-(acetylaminocaproyl)-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6-NHAc), N-(caproyl-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6), N-(acetyl-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-NHAc), thymidine-2′-O-deoxythymidine (ether), N-(aminocaproyl)-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6-amino), 2-docosanoyl-uridine-3″-phosphate, inverted base dT(idT) and others. Disclosure of this modification can be found in PCT Publication No. WO 2011/005861. 
     In another example, the exemplary RNAs of the disclosure (e.g., as set forth in Table 2 and/or Table 4) may be provided as short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) comprising a stem loop sequence positioned between the effector sequence and the effector complement sequence such that the respective RNA forms a single contiguous sequence. A stem loop sequence is of sufficient length to permit the effector sequence and the effector complement sequence to anneal to one another. Suitable stem loop sequences may for instance be selected from those known in the art. For example, an shRNA in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise a sequence set forth in Table 3, optionally modified as described herein. 
     In one example, a RNA of the disclosure is chemically synthesized. Oligonucleotides (e.g., certain modified oligonucleotides or portions of oligonucleotides lacking ribonucleotides) are synthesized using protocols known in the art, for example as described in Caruthers et al., 1992,  Methods in Enzymology  211, 3-19, WO 99/54459, Wincott et al., 1995,  Nucleic Acids Res.  23, 2677-2684, Wincott et al., 1997,  Methods Mol. Bio.,  74, 59, Brennan et al., 1998,  Biotechnol Bioeng.,  61, 33-45, and Brennan, U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,311. The synthesis of oligonucleotides makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5′-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3′-end. 
     RNA without modifications are synthesized using procedures as described in Usman et al., 1987,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  109, 7845; Scaringe et al., 1990,  Nucleic Acids Res.,  18, 5433. These syntheses makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5′-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3′-end that can be used for certain RNA of the disclosure. 
     In certain examples, the RNAs of the disclosure are synthesized, deprotected, and analyzed according to methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,995,259, 6,686,463, 6,673,918, 6,649,751, and/or 6,989,442. 
     In an alternative example, a RNA of the disclosure is synthesized as discrete components and joined together post-synthetically, for example, by ligation (Moore et al., 1992,  Science  256, 9923 or WO 93/23569), or by hybridization following synthesis and/or deprotection. 
     In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92. In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. 
     In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78. 
     In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79. In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82. 
     In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68. 
     In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91. In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94. 
     In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83. In one example, an exemplary shRNA comprises or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises: 
     (i) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; 
     (ii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and 
     (iii) at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the other RNA of the disclosure is a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, 82, 65, 68, 91, 94, 83 or 84. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises or consists of: 
     (i) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; 
     (ii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and 
     (iii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of RNAs, wherein the plurality comprises or consists of: 
     (i) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; 
     (ii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and 
     (iii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101. 
     ddRNAi 
     A RNA of the disclosure can be transcribed from a nucleic acid. Accordingly, in one example, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding a RNA of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the nucleic acid is DNA. 
     In another example, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure. 
     In another example, the disclosure provides a plurality of nucleic acids encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure. For example, each nucleic acid of the plurality may encode a single RNA described herein. In another example, one or more nucleic acids encodes a plurality of RNAs e.g., a nucleic acid of the plurality encodes two or more RNAs of the disclosure and another nucleic acid of the plurality encodes one or more RNAs of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the plurality of nucleic acids described herein are provided together e.g., in a single composition. 
     In another example, the plurality of nucleic acids described herein are provided as multiple components e.g., multiple compositions. For example, each of the nucleic acids of the plurality may be provided separately. Alternatively, in an example where at least three nucleic acids of the disclosure are provided, at least one of the nucleic acids may be provided separately and two or more of the plurality provided together. 
     In some examples, a nucleic acid of the disclosure comprises one or more additional elements e.g., to facilitate transcription of the RNA. For example, the nucleic acid may comprise a promoter operably linked to a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure. Other elements e.g., transcriptional terminators, are known in the art and/or described herein. 
     In one example, the nucleic acid is a DNA-directed RNAi (ddRNAi) construct. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence of the disclosure. Exemplary effector sequences and effector complement sequences are set forth in Table 2. 
     For example, the sequences may be operably linked to a promoter. In one example, both sequences may be operably linked to the same promoter. In one example, both sequences may be operably linked to different promoters. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding an effector sequence and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is substantially complementary to an effector complement sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. For example, an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to an effector complement sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2 may comprise 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 mismatches when duplexed with the corresponding effector complement sequence in Table 2. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides an ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of 4 base mismatches. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides an ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of 3 base mismatches. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides an ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of 2 base mismatches. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides an ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding an effector sequence which is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2, with the exception of a single base mismatch. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence is 100% complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. In one example, ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence which is substantially complementary to the effector sequence encoded by the ddRNAi construct. 
     Exemplary ddRNAi constructs of the disclosure comprise sequences encoding corresponding effector and effector complement sequences as described in Table 2. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence which encodes an effector sequence and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 2. In one example, the effector complement sequence consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. 
     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     Another exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. 
     A further exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. 
     A further exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. 
     A further exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46. 
     A further exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. 
     A further exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 and a sequence encoding an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22. 
     In another example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure or comprising a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure and at least one other RNA capable of eliciting RNAi. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure, wherein each RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of at least one (or each) RNA is substantially complementary to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. Exemplary RNAs of the disclosure comprising an effector sequence which is “substantially complementary” to a sequence described in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2 have been described and shall be taken to apply mutatis mutandis to this example of the disclosure. However, in one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure, wherein each RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of at least one (or each) RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 2. In one example, the effector complement sequence of at least one (or each) RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure, wherein: 
     (i) at least one RNA comprises an effector sequence and a effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of the RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 2 (in one example, the effector complement sequence of each RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 2); and 
     (ii) at least one RNA comprises an effector sequence and an effector complement sequence, wherein the effector sequence of the RNA consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector” in Table 4 (in one example, the effector complement sequence of the RNA comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in the column labelled “Effector complement” in Table 4). 
     Exemplary combinations of RNAs are described herein and shall be taken to apply mutatis mutandis to this example of the disclosure. 
     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; and 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. 
     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. 
     For example, the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure may comprise, in a 5′-3′ direction: 
     (i) a DNA sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28; 
     (ii) a DNA sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30; and 
     (iii) a DNA sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     Each of the DNA sequences encoding the RNAs at (i) to (iii) in the ddRNAi construct may also be in operable linkage with a separate promoter in the ddRNAi construct e.g., a U6 or H1 promoter. 
     Another exemplary ddRNAi of the disclosure comprises: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. 
     For example, the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure may comprise, in a 5′-3′ direction: 
     (i) a DNA sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28; 
     (ii) a DNA sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58; and 
     (iii) a DNA sequence encoding a RNA comprising an effector sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47 and an effector complement sequence consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     Each of the DNA sequences encoding the RNAs at (i) to (iii) in the ddRNAi construct may also be in operable linkage with a separate promoter in the ddRNAi construct e.g., a U6 or H1 promoter. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter. For example, the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in Table 3 operably linked to a promoter e.g., a U6 or H1 promoter. 
     For example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83. 
     In one example, the ddRNAi construct may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in Table 3 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. For example, the other RNA may be a shRNA, e.g., comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in Table 3 or in Table 5. 
     In one example, the disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84 and at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs wherein the plurality comprises: 
     (i) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; 
     (ii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and 
     (iii) at least one other RNA of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the other RNA encoded by the ddRNAi construct of the disclosure is a shRNA comprising a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, 82, 65, 68, 91, 94, 83 or 84. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising: 
     (i) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; 
     (ii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and 
     (iii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, the plurality comprising: 
     (i) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92; 
     (ii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and 
     (iii) a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101. 
     As discussed above, a ddRNAi construct generally comprises a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure (e.g., a shRNA of the disclosure) operably linked to a promoter. Often the ddRNAi construct is within a vector, e.g., a plasmid or a miniplasmid or a viral vector. 
     In one example, the sequences encoding a plurality of RNAs (e.g., shRNAs) in a ddRNAi construct are operably linked to the same promoter. For example, the construct may comprise multiple copies of the same promoter with each copy operably linked to a sequence encoding a different RNA of the disclosure. 
     In another example, each promoter operably linked to a RNA of the disclosure is different. For example, in a ddRNAi construct encoding three RNAs (e.g., three shRNAs), the three sequences encoding the RNAs are each operably linked to a different promoter. 
     In a further example, in a ddRNAi construct encoding three or more RNAs (e.g., shRNAs), two (or more) of the sequences encoding the RNAs are linked to the same promoter and one (or more) of the sequences encoding the RNAs is linked to a different promoter. 
     In one example, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. The term “constitutive” when made in reference to a promoter means that the promoter is capable of directing transcription of an operably linked nucleic acid sequence in the absence of a specific stimulus (e.g., heat shock, chemicals, light, etc.). Typically, constitutive promoters are capable of directing expression of a coding sequence in substantially any cell and any tissue. The promoters used to transcribe the RNA of the disclosure include a promoter for ubiquitin, CMV, (3-actin, histone H4, EF-1α or pgk genes controlled by RNA polymerase II, or promoter elements controlled by RNA polymerase I. 
     In one example, a Pol II promoter such as CMV, SV40, U1, β-actin or a hybrid Pol H promoter is employed. 
     In another example, a promoter controlled by RNA polymerase III is used, such as a U6 promoter (U6-1, U6-8, U6-9), H1 promoter, 7SL promoter, a human Y promoter (hYl, hY3, hY4 (see Maraia, et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  22(15):3045-52(1994)) and hY5 (see Maraia, et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  24(18):3552-59(1994)), a human MRP-7-2 promoter, an Adenovirus VA1 promoter, a human tRNA promoter, or a 5s ribosomal RNA promoter. 
     Suitable promoters for use in a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,468 and US Patent No. 8,129,510. 
     In one example, the promoter is a RNA pol III promoter. For example, the promoter is a U6 promoter. In another example, the promoter is a H1 promoter. 
     In the case of a ddRNAi construct encoding a plurality of RNAs of the disclosure (e.g., shRNAs of the disclosure) a sequence encoding at least one of the RNAs is operably linked to a U6 promoter and a sequence encoding at least one other of the RNAs is operably linked to a H1 promoter. 
     In the case of a ddRNAi construct encoding three RNAs of the disclosure (e.g., shRNAs of the disclosure), the sequences encoding two of the RNAs are each operably linked to a U6 promoter and a sequence encoding the other of the RNAs is operably linked to a H1 promoter. For example, when considered in a 5′ to 3′ direction, the first and third sequences are operably linked to the U6 promoter and the second sequence is operably linked to a H1 promoter. 
     In another example, sequences encoding two of the RNAs are each operably linked to a H1 promoter and a sequence encoding the other of the RNAs is operably linked to a U6 promoter. For example, when considered in a 5′ to 3′ direction, the first and third sequences are operably linked to the H1 promoter and the second sequence is operably linked to a U6 promoter. 
     In one example, the promoter in a construct is a U6 promoter. For example, the promoter is a U6-1 promoter. For example, the promoter is a U6-8 promoter. For example, the promoter is a U6-9 promoter. 
     In some examples, promoters of variable strength are employed. For example, use of two or more strong promoters (such as a Pol III-type promoter) may tax the cell, by, e.g., depleting the pool of available nucleotides or other cellular components needed for transcription. In addition or alternatively, use of several strong promoters may cause a toxic level of expression of RNAi agents in the cell. Thus, in some examples one or more of the promoters in the multiple-promoter ddRNAi construct is weaker than other promoters in the construct, or all promoters in the construct may express RNAs at less than a maximum rate. Promoters may also be modified using various molecular techniques, or otherwise, e.g., through modification of various regulatory elements, to attain weaker levels or stronger levels of transcription. One means of achieving reduced transcription is to modify sequence elements within promoters known to control promoter activity. For example the Proximal Sequence Element (PSE) is known to effect the activity of human U6 promoters (see Domitrovich, et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res  31: 2344-2352 (2003). Replacing the PSE elements present in strong promoters, such as the human U6-1, U6-8 or U6-9 promoters, with the element from a weak promoter, such as the human U6-7 promoter, reduces the activity of the hybrid U6-1, U6-8 or U6-9 promoters. This approach has been used in the examples described in this application, but other means to achieve this outcome are known in the art. 
     Promoters useful in some examples of the present disclosure can be tissue-specific or cell-specific. The term “tissue specific” as it applies to a promoter refers to a promoter that is capable of directing selective transcription of a nucleic acid of interest to a specific type of tissue (e.g., liver tissue) in the relative absence of expression of the same nucleotide sequence of interest in a different type of tissue (e.g., muscle). The term “cell-specific” as applied to a promoter refers to a promoter which is capable of directing selective transcription of a nucleic acid of interest in a specific type of cell in the relative absence of expression of the same nucleotide sequence of interest in a different type of cell within the same tissue. 
     In one example, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure may additionally comprise one or more enhancers to increase expression of the RNA(s). Enhancers appropriate for use in examples of the present disclosure include the Apo E HCR enhancer, a CMV enhancer (Xia et al,  Nucleic Acids Res  31-17(2003)), and other enhancers known to those skilled in the art. Suitable enhancers for use in a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,468. 
     In a further example, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure may comprise a transcriptional terminator linked to a nucleic acid encoding a RNA of the disclosure. In the case of a ddRNAi construct encoding multiple RNAs, the terminators linked to each nucleic acid can be the same or different. In one example, the terminator is a contiguous stretch of 4 or more or 5 or more or 6 or more T residues. 
     In some examples, where different promoters are used, the terminators can be different and are matched to the promoter from the gene from which the terminator is derived. Such terminators include the SV40 poly A, the AdV VA1 gene, the 5S ribosomal RNA gene, and the terminators for human t-RNAs. In addition, promoters and terminators may be mixed and matched, as is commonly done with RNA pol II promoters and terminators. 
     In one example, the promoter and terminator in each promoter/RNA encoding sequence/terminator component in a ddRNAi construct encoding multiple RNAs are all different to decrease the likelihood of DNA recombination events between components. 
     In an example, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a U6 promoter and linked to a terminator comprising at least four thymidine residues e.g., 4 or 5 or 6 thymidine residues. In one example, the sequence encoding the RNA is also linked to a transcription initiator comprising a single guanine. 
     In an example, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA consisting of a sequence set forth in Table 3 operably linked to a promoter, e.g., a U6 promoter. In one example, the sequence encoding the shRNA is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least four thymidine residues, such as 4 or 5 or 6 thymidine residues. In one example, the sequence encoding the shRNA is linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. 
     One exemplary ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator sequence comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     Another exemplary ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues. Another exemplary ddRNAi construct comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues. In another example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in Table 3 operably linked to a promoter e.g., a U6 promoter, and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter. In one example, the sequence at (i) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues. In one example, the sequence at (i) is linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequence at (i) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues, and linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequence at (ii) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues. In one example, the sequence at (ii) is linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequence at (ii) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues, and linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequences at (i) and (ii) are each linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues. In one example, the sequences at (i) and (ii) are each linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequences at (i) and (ii) are each linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues, and linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. In one example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. 
     In one example, the other RNA at (iii) is a shRNA set forth in Table 3 or 5. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     For example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ direction: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure encoding a plurality of RNAs comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105. 
     The present disclosure also provides a ddRNAi comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five thymidine residues. 
     For example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises, in a 5′ to 3′ direction: 
     (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five thymidine residues. 
     An exemplary ddRNAi construct of the disclosure encoding a plurality of RNAs comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106. 
     In another example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth in Table 3 operably linked to a promoter e.g., a U6 promoter, and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter. In one example, the sequence at (i) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues. In one example, the sequence at (i) is linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequence at (i) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues, and linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequence at (ii) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues. In one example, the sequence at (ii) is linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequence at (ii) is linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues, and linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequences at (i) and (ii) are each linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues. In one example, the sequences at (i) and (ii) are each linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. In one example, the sequences at (i) and (ii) are each linked to a terminator e.g., comprising at least five thymidine residues, and linked to a transcription initiator e.g., comprising a single guanine residue. 
     In one example, the disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. In one example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. 
     In one example, the present disclosure provides a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a plurality of RNAs, wherein the ddRNAi construct comprises: (i) a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and (ii) a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. In another example, the present disclosure provides a plurality of ddRNAi constructs each encoding a RNA i.e., capable of eliciting RNAi, wherein at least one of the ddRNAi constructs in the plurality is a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure. For example, at least one ddRNAi construct of the plurality comprises a sequence encoding a shRNA described in Table 3 operably linked to a promoter e.g., a U6 promoter. In one example, the present disclosure provides a plurality of ddRNAi constructs comprising two or more ddRNAi constructs, each comprising a sequence encoding a RNA of the disclosure. For example, each ddRNAi construct of the plurality may comprise a sequence encoding a shRNA described in Table 3 operably linked to a promoter e.g., a U6 promoter. 
     In one example, the plurality of ddRNAi constructs comprises: 
     (i) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator sequence comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (ii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence; or 
     (iii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     In one example, the plurality of ddRNAi constructs comprises: 
     (i) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (ii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence; or 
     (iii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     In another example, the plurality of ddRNAi constructs comprises: 
     (i) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (ii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence; or 
     (iii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of ddRNAi constructs, wherein the plurality comprises: 
     (i) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding at least one other RNA of the disclosure operably linked to a promoter and a terminator comprising at least five thymidine residues and optionally a transcription initiator sequence. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of ddRNAi constructs, wherein the plurality comprises: 
     (i) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues. 
     The present disclosure also provides a plurality of ddRNAi constructs, wherein the plurality comprises: 
     (i) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five thymidine residues; 
     (ii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78 operably linked to a U6 promoter and a terminator comprising six contiguous thymidine residues; and 
     (iii) a ddRNAi construct comprising a sequence encoding a shRNA comprising or consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 operably linked to a U6 promoter, a transcription initiator sequence comprising a single guanine residue and a terminator comprising five contiguous thymidine residues. 
     In addition, the or each ddRNAi construct can comprise one or more multiple cloning sites and/or unique restriction sites that are located strategically, such that the promoter, RNA encoding sequence and/or terminator elements are easily removed or replaced. The or each ddRNAi construct can be assembled from smaller oligonucleotide components using strategically located restriction sites and/or complementary sticky ends. The base vector for one approach according to the present disclosure comprises plasmids with a multilinker in which all sites are unique (though this is not an absolute requirement). Sequentially, each promoter is inserted between its designated unique sites resulting in a base cassette with one or more promoters, all of which can have variable orientation. Sequentially, again, annealed primer pairs are inserted into the unique sites downstream of each of the individual promoters, resulting in a single-, double- or multiple-expression cassette construct. The insert can be moved into, e.g. an AdV backbone using two unique restriction enzyme sites (the same or different ones) that flank the single-, double- or multiple-expression cassette insert. 
     Generation of the or each construct can be accomplished using any suitable genetic engineering techniques known in the art, including without limitation, the standard techniques of PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis, restriction endonuclease digestion, ligation, transformation, plasmid purification, and DNA sequencing. If the or each construct is a viral construct, the construct comprises, for example, sequences necessary to package the ddRNAi construct into viral particles and/or sequences that allow integration of the ddRNAi construct into the target cell genome. In some examples, the or each viral construct additionally contains genes that allow for replication and propagation of virus, however such genes will be supplied in trans. Additionally, the or each viral construct cam contain genes or genetic sequences from the genome of any known organism incorporated in native form or modified. For example, a viral construct may comprise sequences useful for replication of the construct in bacteria. 
     The or each construct also may contain additional genetic elements. The types of elements that may be included in the construct are not limited in any way and may be chosen by one with skill in the art. For example, additional genetic elements may include a reporter gene, such as one or more genes for a fluorescent marker protein such as GFP or RFP; an easily assayed enzyme such as beta-galactosidase, luciferase, beta-glucuronidase, chloramphenical acetyl transferase or secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase; or proteins for which immunoassays are readily available such as hormones or cytokines. 
     Other genetic elements that may find use in embodiments of the present disclosure include those coding for proteins which confer a selective growth advantage on cells such as adenosine deaminase, aminoglycodic phosphotransferase, dihydrofolate reductase, hygromycin-B-phosphotransferase, drug resistance, or those genes coding for proteins that provide a biosynthetic capability missing from an auxotroph. If a reporter gene is included along with the or each construct, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence can be included. In one example, the additional genetic elements are operably linked with and controlled by an independent promoter/enhancer. In addition a suitable origin of replication for propagation of the construct in bacteria may be employed. The sequence of the origin of replication generally is separated from the ddRNAi construct and other genetic sequences. Such origins of replication are known in the art and include the pUC, ColE1, 2-micron or SV40 origins of replication. 
     Expression Constructs 
     In one example, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure is included within an expression construct. 
     In one example, the expression construct is an expression vector. 
     In one example, the expression vector is a plasmid, e.g., as is known in the art. In one example, a suitable plasmid expression vector is a pSsh vector e.g., with a U6 promoter and proximal sequence element 7 (PSE7). 
     In one example, the expression vector is mini-circle DNA. Mini-circle DNA is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0214329. Mini-circle DNA are useful for persistently high levels of nucleic acid transcription. The circular vectors are characterized by being devoid of expression-silencing bacterial sequences. For example, mini-circle vectors differ from bacterial plasmid vectors in that they lack an origin of replication, and lack drug selection markers commonly found in bacterial plasmids, e.g. 0-lactamase, tet, and the like. Consequently, minicircle DNA becomes smaller in size, allowing more efficient delivery. 
     In one example, the expression vector is a viral vector. 
     A viral vector based on any appropriate virus may be used to deliver a ddRNAi of the disclosure. In addition, hybrid viral systems may be of use. The choice of viral delivery system will depend on various parameters, such as the tissue targeted for delivery, transduction efficiency of the system, pathogenicity, immunological and toxicity concerns, and the like. 
     Commonly used classes of viral systems used in gene therapy can be categorized into two groups according to whether their genomes integrate into host cellular chromatin (oncoretroviruses and lentiviruses) or persist in the cell nucleus predominantly as extrachromosomal episomes (adeno-associated virus, adenoviruses and herpesviruses). In one example, a viral vector of the disclosure integrates into a host cell&#39;s chromatin. In another example, a viral vector of the disclosure persists in a host cell&#39;s nucleus as an extrachomosomal episome. 
     In one example, a viral vector is an adenoviral (AdV) vector. Adenoviruses are medium-sized double-stranded, non-enveloped DNA viruses with linear genomes that is between 26-48 Kbp. Adenoviruses gain entry to a target cell by receptor-mediated binding and internalization, penetrating the nucleus in both non-dividing and dividing cells. Adenoviruses are heavily reliant on the host cell for survival and replication and are able to replicate in the nucleus of vertebrate cells using the host&#39;s replication machinery. 
     In one example, a viral vector is from the Parvoviridae family. The Parvoviridae is a family of small single-stranded, non-enveloped DNA viruses with genomes approximately 5000 nucleotides long. Included among the family members is adeno-associated virus (AAV). In one example, a viral vector of the disclosure is an AAV. AAV is a dependent parvovirus that generally requires co-infection with another virus (typically an adenovirus or herpesvirus) to initiate and sustain a productive infectious cycle. In the absence of such a helper virus, AAV is still competent to infect or transduce a target cell by receptor-mediated binding and internalization, penetrating the nucleus in both non-dividing and dividing cells. Because progeny virus is not produced from AAV infection in the absence of helper virus, the extent of transduction is restricted only to the initial cells that are infected with the virus. It is this feature which makes AAV a desirable vector for the present disclosure. Furthermore, unlike retrovirus, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus, AAV appears to lack human pathogenicity and toxicity (Kay, et al.,  Nature.  424: 251 (2003)). Since the genome normally encodes only two genes it is not surprising that, as a delivery vehicle, AAV is limited by a packaging capacity of 4.5 single stranded kilobases (kb). However, although this size restriction may limit the genes that can be delivered for replacement gene therapies, it does not adversely affect the packaging and expression of shorter sequences such as shRNA. 
     Another viral delivery system useful with the ddRNAi constructs of the disclosure is a system based on viruses from the family Retroviridae. Retroviruses comprise single-stranded RNA animal viruses that are characterized by two unique features. First, the genome of a retrovirus is diploid, consisting of two copies of the RNA. Second, this RNA is transcribed by the virion-associated enzyme reverse transcriptase into double-stranded DNA. This double-stranded DNA or provirus can then integrate into the host genome and be passed from parent cell to progeny cells as a stably-integrated component of the host genome. 
     In some examples, a viral vector is a lentivirus. Lentivirus vectors are often pseudotyped with vesicular steatites virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), and have been derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); visan-maedi, which causes encephalitis (visna) or pneumonia in sheep; equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), which causes autoimmune hemolytic anemia and encephalopathy in horses; feline immunodeficiency virus (Hy), which causes immune deficiency in cats; bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) which causes lymphadenopathy and lymphocytosis in cattle; and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which causes immune deficiency and encephalopathy in non-human primates. Vectors that are based on HIV generally retain &lt;5% of the parental genome, and &lt;25% of the genome is incorporated into packaging constructs, which minimizes the possibility of the generation of reverting replication-competent HIV. Biosafety has been further increased by the development of self-inactivating vectors that contain deletions of the regulatory elements in the downstream long-terminal-repeat sequence, eliminating transcription of the packaging signal that is required for vector mobilization. One of the main advantages to the use of lentiviral vectors is that gene transfer is persistent in most tissues or cell types, even following cell division of the transduced cell. 
     A lentiviral-based construct used to express a RNA of the disclosure comprises sequences from the 5′ and 3′ long terminal repeats (LTRs) of a lentivirus. In one example, the viral construct comprises an inactivated or self-inactivating 3′ LTR from a lentivirus. The 3′ LTR may be made self-inactivating by any method known in the art. 
     For example, the U3 element of the 3′ LTR contains a deletion of its enhancer sequence, e.g., the TATA box, Spl and NF-kappa B sites. As a result of the self-inactivating 3′ LTR, the provirus that is integrated into the host genome will comprise an inactivated 5′ LTR. The LTR sequences may be LTR sequences from any lentivirus from any species. The lentiviral-based construct also may incorporate sequences for MMLV or MSCV, RSV or mammalian genes. In addition, the U3 sequence from the lentiviral 5′ LTR may be replaced with a promoter sequence in the viral construct. This may increase the titer of virus recovered from the packaging cell line. An enhancer sequence may also be included. 
     Other viral or non-viral systems known to those skilled in the art may be used to deliver the ddRNAi or nucleic acid of the present disclosure to cells of interest, including but not limited to gene-deleted adenovirus-transposon vectors (see Yant, et al., Nature Biotech. 20:999-1004 (2002)); systems derived from Sindbis virus or Semliki forest virus (see Perri, et al, J. Virol. 74(20):9802-07 (2002)); systems derived from Newcastle disease virus or Sendai virus. 
     Testing a RNA or ddRNAi Construct of the Disclosure 
     Cell Culture Models 
     HBV does not infect cells in culture. However, transfection of HBV DNA (either as a head-to-tail dimer or as an “overlength” genome of &gt;100%) into HuH7 or Hep G2 hepatocytes results in viral gene expression and production of HBV virions released into the media. An example of such a cell line is HepG2.2.15, which is a sub-cell line of the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line which stably harbors the complete HBV genome (serotype ayw, genotype D). HepG2.2.15 expresses all HBV viral RNA and proteins, produce viral genomes, and secretes virus-like particles. As exemplified herein, activity of a RNA of the disclosure is determined by administering the RNA to the cell and subsequently measuring the level of expression of a RNA or protein encoded by the HBV genome. Intracellular HBV gene expression can be assayed either by a TaqmanTm assay or other real time PCR assay for HBV RNA or by ELISA for HBV protein. Extracellular virus can be assayed either by PCR for DNA or ELISA for protein. Antibodies are commercially available for HBV surface antigen and core protein. Various means for normalizing differences in transfection efficiency and sample recovery are known in the art. Recent advances in cell culture systems using primary human hepatocytes show promise for determining the activity of HBV therapeutics. 
     A RNA of the disclosure that reduces expression of a RNA or protein encoded by the HBV genome by at least 50% compared to in the absence of the RNA of the disclosure is considered to be useful in a method of the disclosure. 
     Animal Models 
     There are several small animal models available to study HBV replication. One is the transplantation of HBV-infected liver tissue into irradiated mice. Viremia (as evidenced by measuring HBV DNA by PCR) is first detected 8 days after transplantation and peaks between 18- 25 days (Ilan et al., 1999, Hepatology, 29, 553-562). 
     Transgenic mice that express HBV have also been used as a model to evaluate potential anti-virals. HBV DNA is detectable in both liver and serum of the transgenic mice (Money et al.,  Antiviral Res.,  42, 97-108, 1999). 
     An additional model is to establish subcutaneous tumors in nude mice with Hep G2 cells transfected with HBV. Tumors develop in about 2 weeks after inoculation and express HBV surface and core antigens. HBV DNA and surface antigen are also detected in the circulation of tumor-bearing mice (Yao et al.,  J. Viral Hepat.,  3, 19-22, 1996). 
     An additional model is to use is the PXB mouse, a chimeric group of mice in which immunodeficient mice that have liver disease (uPA/SCID) have been transplanted with human hepatocytes. Because the uPA/SCID mice exhibit significant liver toxicity, transplanting healthy human cells can result in the production of a mouse with a healthy and functional liver that has been 70 to 90 percent repopulated by human hepatocytes. Because PXB mice exhibit normal histological structures in the liver and exhibit many of the hallmark of human liver cells, the mice can sustain active HBV infection in the chimeric hepatic tissues. 
     An additional model is the use of the Quantum B model which is a 3 dimensional cell culture platform in which the human hepatocytes supplied into the model, assemble in such a way that mimics the architecture and physiology of the human liver. Because the model is solely comprised of liver hepatocytes, it is thought to be the first long term stable fully human full viral lifecycle model of Hepatitis B and recapitulates some critical features of the HBV infectious life cycle. 
     Any of the foregoing animal models can be used to determine the efficacy of a RNA of the disclosure in treating or reducing a HBV infection. 
     Carriers 
     In some examples, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is in a composition with a carrier. 
     In some examples, the carrier is a lipid-based carrier, cationic lipid, or liposome nucleic acid complex, a liposome, a micelle, a virosome, a lipid nanoparticle or a mixture thereof. 
     In some examples, the carrier is a polymer-based carrier such as a cationic polymer-nucleic acid complex. 
     In a further example, the carrier is a cyclodextrin-based carrier such as a cyclodextrin polymer-nucleic acid complex. 
     In a further example, the carrier is a protein-based carrier such as a cationic peptide-nucleic acid complex. 
     In another example, the carrier is a lipid nanoparticle. Exemplary nanoparticles are described, for example, in US7514099. 
     In some examples, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is formulated with a lipid nanoparticle composition comprising a cationic lipid/Cholesterol/PEG-C-DMA/DSPC (e.g., in a 40/48/2/10 ratio), a cationic lipid/Cholesterol/PEG-DMG/DSPC (e.g., in a 40/48/2/10 ratio), or a cationic lipid/Cholesterol/PEG-DMG (e.g., in a 60/38/2 ratio). In some examples, the cationic lipid is Octyl CL in DMA, DL in DMA, L-278, DLinKC 2 DMA, or MC3. 
     In another example, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is formulated with any of the cationic lipid formulations described in WO 2010/021865; WO 2010/080724; WO 2010/042877; WO 2010/105209 or WO 2011/022460. 
     In another example, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is conjugated to or complexed with another compound, e.g., to facilitate delivery of the RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct. Non-limiting, examples of such conjugates are described in US 2008/0152661 and US 2004/0162260 (e.g., CDM-LBA, CDM-Pip-LBA, CDM-PEG, CDM-NAG, etc.). 
     In another example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is covalently attached to a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure. The attached PEG can be any molecular weight, e.g., from about 100 to about 50,000 daltons (Da). 
     In yet other example, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is formulated with a carrier comprising surface-modified liposomes containing poly(ethylene glycol) lipids (PEG-modified, or long-circulating liposomes or stealth liposomes), such as is disclosed in for example, WO 96/10391; WO 96/10390; or WO 96/10392. 
     In some examples, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure can also be formulated or complexed with polyethyleneimine or a derivative thereof, such as polyethyleneimine-polyethyleneglycol-N-acetylgalactosamine (PEI-PEG-GAL) or polyethyleneimine-polyethyleneglycol-tri-N-acetylgalactosamine (PEI-PEG-triGAL) derivatives. In one example, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is formulated as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0077829. 
     In other examples, a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is complexed with membrane disruptive agents such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2001/0007666. 
     Other carriers include cyclodextrins (see for example, Gonzalez et al., 1999,  Bioconjugate Chem.,  10, 1068-1074; or WO 03/46185), poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) and PLCA microspheres (see for example US 2002130430). 
     Compositions and Methods of Treatment 
     A RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is used in compositions for preventing or treating HBV infection. The therapeutic compositions of the disclosure may be used alone or in combination with one or more materials, including other antiviral agents. Currently, lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and interferon alpha have been approved for treatment of HBV. Since a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure act against HBV through a different mechanism to other approved drugs, combination therapy of the agents of the disclosure and other antivirals is expected to significantly increase the efficacy of therapy while substantially reducing the development of drug resistance, e.g., the development of lamivudine resistance, a problem of major concern with long term lamivudine therapy. 
     Compositions will desirably include materials that increase the biological stability of the RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure and/or materials that increase the ability of the compositions to penetrate hepatocytes selectively. The therapeutic compositions of the disclosure may be administered in pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., physiological saline), which are selected on the basis of the mode and route of administration, and standard pharmaceutical practice. One having ordinary skill in the art can readily formulate a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure. In some cases, an isotonic formulation is used. Generally, additives for isotonicity can include sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol and lactose. In some cases, isotonic solutions such as phosphate buffered saline are preferred. Stabilizers include gelatin and albumin. In some examples, a vasoconstriction agent is added to the formulation. The compositions according to the present disclosure are provided sterile and pyrogen free. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers, as well as pharmaceutical necessities for use in pharmaceutical formulations, are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (formerly Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences), Mack Publishing Co., a standard reference text in this field, and in the USP/NF. 
     Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intrathecal, intraarterially, intraoccularly and oral as well as transdermal or by inhalation or suppository. Exemplary routes of administration include intravenous, intramuscular, oral, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intraarterial and subcutaneous injection. Targeted transfection of hepatocytes in vivo for delivery of a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure may be accomplished through IV injection with a composition comprising a DNA or RNA expression vector as described herein complexed with a mixture (e.g., a 35%/65% ratio) of a lactosyl spermine (mono or trilactosylated) and cholesteryl spermine (containing spermine to DNA at a charge ratio of 0.8). Such compositions are useful for pharmaceutical applications and may readily be formulated in a suitable sterile, non-pyrogenic vehicle, e.g., buffered saline for injection, for parenteral administration, e.g., IV (including IV infusion), IM, SC, and for intraperitoneal administration. In certain compositions, a ddRNAi construct of the disclosure complexed with an endosomolytic spermine such cholesteryl spermine alone, without a targeting spermine; some routes of administration, such as intraperitoneal injection or infusion, may achieve effective hepatic delivery and transfection of a ddRNAi construct, and expression of RNA. 
     Intraperitoneal administration (e.g., ultrasound guided intraperitoneal injection) of a sterile pharmaceutical composition comprising a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure in a specially formulated delivery vehicle may be an advantageous route of delivery to promote uptake by liver cells, including hepatocytes. 
     The volume, concentration, and formulation of the pharmaceutical composition as well as the dosage regimen may be tailored specifically to maximize cellular delivery while minimizing toxicity such as an inflammatory response. E.g, relatively large volumes (5, 10, 20, 50 ml or more) with corresponding low concentrations of active ingredients, as well as the inclusion of an anti-inflammatory compound such as a corticosteroid, may be utilized if desired. 
     In HBV infected individuals it is anticipated that a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is useful as a pre-treatment in conjunction with therapeutic vaccination protocols designed to boost immunity against the virus. It is also anticipated that the RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure is useful for prophylaxis in a regimen of periodic administrations to individuals who because of occupational or other potential for exposure are considered at high risk of exposure to HBV. 
     Kits 
     The present disclosure also provides a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure in a kit. The kit may comprise a container. The kit typically contains a RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure with instructions for its administration. In some examples, the kit contains more than one RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure and/or another RNA or ddRNAi or expression construct of the disclosure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Target regions within HBV genome 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Region ID 
                 Region sequence (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 1 
                 CATCCTGCTGCTATGCCTCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 2 
                 TTTGCTGACGCAACCCCCACTGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 3 
                 AAGCCTCCAAGCTGTGCCTT 
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 4 
                 GCAGGTCCCCTAGAAGAAGAACTCCCT 
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
               
               
                   
                 CGCCTCA 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 5 
                 CAAGGTATGTTGCCCGTTTGTCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 6 
                 CTCGTGGTGGACTTCTCTCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 7 
                 CTCGTGTTACAGGCGGGGTTTTT 
                 SEQ ID NO: 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 8 
                 CCGTGTGCACTTCGCTTCACCTCTGCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 8 
               
               
                   
                 CGT 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaion 9 
                 TACGTCCCGTCGGCGCTGAATC 
                 SE0 ID NO: 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Region 10 
                 AAATGCCCCTATCTTATCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 10 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RNAs duplexes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Effector 
                   
               
               
                 shRNA ID 
                 Effector (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 complement (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA1 
                 UGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGAUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
                 CAUCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA2 
                 GAUGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 13 
                 UCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCAUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA3 
                 GAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGAUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 15 
                 GCAUCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA4 
                 UGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGAUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
                 CAUCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA5 
                 CCAGUGGGGGUUGCGUCAGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 17 
                 GCUGACGCAACCCCCACUGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA6 
                 CCAGUGGGGGUUGCGUCAGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 17 
                 GCUGACGCAACCCCCACUGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA7 
                 AAGGCACAGCUUGGAGGCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 19 
                 AAGCCUCCAAGCUGUGCCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA8 
                 AAGGCACAGCUUGGAGGCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 19 
                 AAGCCUCCAAGCUGUGCCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA9 
                 GAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 21 
                 GGUCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA10 
                 GAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 21 
                 GGUCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA11 
                 GAGGGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 23 
                 CCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCCCUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA12 
                 GAGGGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 23 
                 CCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCCCUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA13 
                 GCGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 25 
                 UCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA14 
                 UUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACCUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 27 
                 GCAGGUCCCCUAGAAGAAGAA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA15 
                 ACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 29 
                 CAAGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA16 
                 GGACAAACGGGCAACAUACCU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 31 
                 AGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGUCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA17 
                 GACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 33 
                 AAGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 34 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA18 
                 ACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 29 
                 CAAGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA19 
                 UGAGAGAAGUCCACCACGAG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 35 
                 CUCGUGGUGGACUUCUCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA20 
                 UGAGAGAAGUCCACCACGAG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 35 
                 CUCGUGGUGGACUUCUCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA21 
                 AUUGAGAGAAGUCCACCACG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 37 
                 CGUGGUGGACUUCUCUCAAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA22 
                 AGAGAAGUCCACCACGAGUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 39 
                 GACUCGUGGUGGACUUCUCU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA23 
                 AAACCCCGCCUGUAACACGAG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 41 
                 CUCGUGUUACAGGCGGGGUUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 42 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA24 
                 AAACCCCGCCUGUAACACGAG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 41 
                 CUCGUGUUACAGGCGGGGUUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 42 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA25 
                 UGCAGAGGUGAAGCGAAGUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 43 
                 GCACUUCGCUUCACCUCUGCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA26 
                 UGCAGAGGUGAAGCGAAGUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 43 
                 GCACUUCGCUUCACCUCUGCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA27 
                 GAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 45 
                 ACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 46 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA28 
                 GGAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 47 
                 CGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 48 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA29 
                 AUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGUA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 49 
                 UACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA30 
                 GAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 45 
                 ACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 46 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA31 
                 GGAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 47 
                 CGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 48 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA32 
                 AUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGUA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 49 
                 UACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA33 
                 UGAUAAGAUAGGGGCAUUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 51 
                 AAAUGCCCCUAUCUUAUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA34 
                 UGAUAAGAUAGGGGCAUUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 51 
                 AAAUGCCCCUAUCUUAUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 52 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNAs 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 shRNA ID 
                 shRNA sequence (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA1 
                 CAUCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCACAAGAGAUGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGAUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 65 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA2 
                 UCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCAUCCAAGAGAGAUGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 66 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA3 
                 GCAUCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCCAAGAGAGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGAUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 67 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA4 
                 UGAGGCAUAGCAGCAGGAUGCAAGAGACAUCCUGCUGCUAUGCCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 68 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA5 
                 GCUGACGCAACCCCCACUGGCAAGAGACCAGUGGGGGUUGCGUCAGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 69 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA6 
                 CCAGUGGGGGUUGCGUCAGCCAAGAGAGCUGACGCAACCCCCACUGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 70 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA7 
                 AAGCCUCCAAGCUGUGCCUUUGUGCUUAAGGCACAGCUUGGAGGCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 71 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA8 
                 AAGGCACAGCUUGGAGGCUUUGUGCUUAAGCCUCCAAGCUGUGCCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 72 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA9 
                 GGUCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCCAAGAGAGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA10 
                 GAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACCCAAGAGAGGUCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 74 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA11 
                 CCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCCCUCCAAGAGAGAGGGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA12 
                 GAGGGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGCAAGAGACCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCCCUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 76 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA13 
                 UCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACUCGCCAAGAGAGCGAGUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 77 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA14 
                 GCAGGUCCCCUAGAAGAAGAACAAGAGAUUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACCUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 78 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA15 
                 CAAGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGUCAAGAGAACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 79 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA16 
                 AGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGUCCCAAGAGAGGACAAACGGGCAACAUACCU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA17 
                 AAGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGUCCAAGAGAGACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 81 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA18 
                 ACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUUGCAAGAGACAAGGUAUGUUGCCCGUUUGU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 82 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA19 
                 CUCGUGGUGGACUUCUCUCACAAGAGAUGAGAGAAGUCCACCACGAG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 83 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA20 
                 UGAGAGAAGUCCACCACGAGCAAGAGACUCGUGGUGGACUUCUCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 84 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA21 
                 AUUGAGAGAAGUCCACCACGCAAGAGACGUGGUGGACUUCUCUCAAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA22 
                 AGAGAAGUCCACCACGAGUCCAAGAGAGACUCGUGGUGGACUUCUCU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 86 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA23 
                 CUCGUGUUACAGGCGGGGUUUUGUGCUUAAACCCCGCCUGUAACACGAG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 87 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA24 
                 AAACCCCGCCUGUAACACGAGUGUGCUUCUCGUGUUACAGGCGGGGUUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 88 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA25 
                 GCACUUCGCUUCACCUCUGCACAAGAGAUGCAGAGGUGAAGCGAAGUGC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 89 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA26 
                 UGCAGAGGUGAAGCGAAGUGCCAAGAGAGCACUUCGCUUCACCUCUGCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 90 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA27 
                 ACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUCUGUGCUUGAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 91 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA28 
                 CGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUCCUGUGCUUGGAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 92 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA29 
                 UACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUUGUGCUUAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGUA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 93 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA30 
                 GAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGUUGUGCUUACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 94 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA31 
                 GGAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGUGUGCUUCGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAUCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 95 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA32 
                 AUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACGUAUGUGCUUUACGUCCCGUCGGCGCUGAAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 96 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA33 
                 AAAUGCCCCUAUCUUAUCAUGUGCUUUGAUAAGAUAGGGGCAUUU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 97 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA34 
                 UGAUAAGAUAGGGGCAUUUUGUGCUUAAAUGCCCCUAUCUUAUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 98 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional RNAs duplexes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Effector 
                   
               
               
                 shRNA ID 
                 Effector (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 complement (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA35 
                 UGAGGCCCACUCCCAUAGGUAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 53 
                 AUACCUAUGGGAGUGGGCCUCA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 54 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA36 
                 GGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUGA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 55 
                 UCAGUGGUUCGUAGGGCUUUCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 56 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA37 
                 GGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 57 
                 CAGUGGUUCGUAGGGCUUUCCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 58 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA38 
                 GGGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 59 
                 AGUGGUUCGUAGGGCUUUCCCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 60 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA39 
                 GGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 61 
                 CAUUGUUUCGUCGGGCUUUCCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA40 
                 CCGGGCAACGGGGUAAAGGUUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 63 
                 GAACCUUUACCCCGUUGCCCGG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 64 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional shRNAs 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 shRNA ID 
                 shRNA sequence (5′-3′) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA35 
                 AUACCUAUGGGAGUGGGCCUCACAAGAGAUGAGGCCCACUCCCAUAGGUAU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 99 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA36 
                 UCAGUGGUUCGUAGGGCUUUCCCAAGAGAGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUGA 
                 SEQ ID NO: 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA37 
                 CAGUGGUUCGUAGGGCUUUCCCCAAGAGAGGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUG 
                 SEQ ID NO: 101 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA38 
                 AGUGGUUCGUAGGGCUUUCCCCCAAGAGAGGGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACU 
                 SEQ ID NO: 102 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA39 
                 GGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUGCAAGAGACAUUGUUUCGUCGGGCUUUCCC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 103 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA40 
                 GAACCUUUACCCCGUUGCCCGGCAAGAGACCGGGCAACGGGGUAAAGGUUC 
                 SEQ ID NO: 104 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Target Regions for Design of ddRNAi Constructs 
     Sequences representing potential targets for design of ddRNAi constructs were identified from the full length HBV genome. Briefly, a database of HBV sequence was compiled from sequences retrieved from non-proprietary, public domain sources. The initial collection was compiled from Release 202.0 of Genbank (June 15, 2014) using the search terms {hepatitis b virus complete genome} and {hepatitis b virus complete genome +genotype}; only human HBV sequences were included. Initial sequence alignments were performed using Sequence Assembly, Clustal, MUSCLE and SEQUENCHER, Release 5.0.1/5.2. Initial alignments were manually curated to remove formatting derived sequence differences (e.g., variation in sequence start sites), artificial viral sequences (e.g., HBV-based constructs), obvious outliers (e.g., poor alignments or alignments with Ns, indicative of poor quality sequences) and incorrectly annotated sequences, including duplicate entries. The remaining sequences, of which there were 4345 sequences representing all HBV genotypes (A-H), were re-aligned using CLUSTALW (both fast and slow) and Megalign, Lasergene, Release 12. Alignments were scanned for regions of highest conservation (at least 18/20 nucleotides) across all genotypes. The 10 most highly conserved regions were chosen as targets for design of shRNAs. The sequences of the target regions identified are presented in Table 1. A map of the HBV genome showing the location of the target regions is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Example 2 
     siRNA Duplexes 
     siRNA duplexes comprising effector sequences substantially complementary to the target regions described in Table 1 were designed and are presented in Table 2 The siRNA duplexes were synthesized with two nucleotide 3′ dTdT overhangs. 
     Example 3 
     Activity of siRNAs in Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay 
     To test the efficacy of the siRNAs of the disclosure to knockdown expression of HBV transcripts, dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed in HEK293 cells. 
     Plasmid reporter constructs based on the pGL3 Luciferase Reporter Vector were constructed for HBV siRNAs targeting each of regions Region 4, Region 5 or Region 9. The Luciferase reporter constructs were generated by inserting a HBV shRNA target sequence for Region 4, Region 5 or Region 9 with 20bp flanking sequences at each end onto the pGL3-control vector (Promega, Madison, WI). The inserts were subcloned using Fsel and Xbal restriction enzyme sites within the 3′ UTR of the luciferase reporter gene. 
     The dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed in HEK293 cells. The HEK293 cell line was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.). The HEK293 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM glutamine, penicillin (100U/mL), and streptomycin (100 pg/mL) at 37° C. humid incubator with 5% CO2. Briefly, the HEK293 cell were seeded at a density of 2×10 4  cells per well into 96-well culture plate one day prior to transfection. 
     The HBV siRNAs having antisense and sense sequences of shRNAs designated shRNA9, shRNA15 and shRNA27 respectively and their corresponding Luciferase reporter constructs were co-transfected into HEK293 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 reagents (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. For each well of transfection, 1 or 2 pmol of one of the HBV siRNA, 10 ng of the corresponding Luciferase reporter construct and ing of Renilla reporter construct (served as loading controls) were co-transfected using 0.3uL of Lipotectamine 2000. 48 hour post-transfection, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The firefly/ Renilla activity ratios were determined for each well, and the inhibition efficiency of siRNAs were calculated by normalizing to an irrelevant siRNA, namely the siGlo control. Percent inhibition of HBV reporter constructs in HEK293 cells for the sense and antisense strands of each of HBV siRNAs shRNA9, shRNA15 and shRNA27 relative to the siGlo control is presented in Table 8 and illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitory activity of siRNAs having antisense and  
               
               
                 sense sequence of shRNA9, shRNA15 
               
               
                 and shRNA27 in dual-luciferase reporter assay 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 % Inhibition of HBV reporter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 siRNA 
                 siRNA strand 
                 1pmol siRNA 
                 2pmol siRNA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 shRNA9 
                 Antisense 
                 89.71 
                 86.87 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sense 
                 6.57 
                 7.98 
               
               
                   
                 shRNA15 
                 Antisense 
                 91.47 
                 92.27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sense 
                 6.03 
                 7.40 
               
               
                   
                 shRNA27 
                 Antisense 
                 84.61 
                 84.75 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sense 
                 −8.73 
                 −1.29 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As is apparent from Table 8 and  FIG. 2 , even when present in an amount as low as 1pmol, the exemplary siRNAs having antisense and sense sequences of shRNAs designated shRNA9, shRNA15 and shRNA27 respectively downregulated the level of luciferase expressed from the pGL3 Luciferase reporter vector in HEK293 cells. 
     Example 4 
     Activity of siRNAs against HBV Antigens Expressed in HepG2.2.15 Cells 
     To test the efficacy of siRNAs of the disclosure to knockdown expression of HBV genes, HepG2.2.15 were transfected with representative siRNA of the disclosure and inhibition of HBV gene expression was assayed. 
     HepG2.2.15 is a sub-cell line of the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line which stably harbors the complete HBV genome (serotype ayw, genotype D). HepG2.2.15 expresses all HBV viral RNA and proteins, produces viral genomes, and secretes virus-like particles. The HepG2.2.15 cells were provided by Dr. Brent Korba of Georgetown University. The HepG2.2.15 cells were maintained in the RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 4% fetal bovine serum, 4mM glutamine, penicillin (100U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) and propagated in a 37° C. humid incubator in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 . 
     Cells were transfected with HBV siRNAs having antisense and sense sequences of the shRNAs designated shRNA9, shRNA15 and shRNA27 respectively in suspension using Lipofectamine RNAiMax reagents (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transfections were performed according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. For each transfection, HepG2.2.15 cells were seeded at a density of 9×10 4  cells per well onto 24-well culture plates and transfected with 5 pmol of one of the HBV siRNAs using 1.5uL Lipotectamine RNAiMax. 72hr post-transfection, cells were harvested for RNA. 
     Total RNA was isolated using miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). Total RNA was quantified using the NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and diluted to a working concentration of 10 ng/μ1. One hundred nanogram of total RNA was used to synthesize cDNA using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     Quantitative PCR amplifications of regions within HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg, HbxAg, and GAPDH were performed using Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Life Technologies) and the following primer sets listed in Table 9. Standard real-time PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation at 95° C. for 10min followed by 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15sec and 60° C. for 1 min. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer sets for RT-qPCR 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HBV Antigen 
                 Primer 
                 Sequence (5′-3′) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HBsAg 
                 HBsAg_fwd 
                 ATGTTGCCCGTTTGTCCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBsAg_rev 
                 CCGTCCGAAGGTTTGGTACA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HBxAg 
                 HBxAg_fwd 
                 CGTCCTTTGTTTACGTCCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBxAg_rev 
                 AGTCCGCGTAAAGAGAGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HBcAg 
                 HBcAg_fwd 
                 CCACCAAATGCCCCTATCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBcAg_rev 
                 ATTGAGACCTTCGTCTGCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAPDH 
                 GAPDH_fwd 
                 ACACCATGGGGAAGGTGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAPDH_rev 
                 GTGACCAGGCGCCCAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg were determined relative to levels of GAPDH mRNA. Percentage inhibition of HBsAg, HBcAg, HbxA mRNA expression were calculated relative to a negative control, in this instance a siGlo siRNA (Dharmacon). The level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg, is presented in Table 10 and illustrated  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 4  shows location of the HBV siRNAs relative to the HBV polymerase gene and the respective HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition of expression of HBV antigens  
               
               
                 in HepG2.2.15 cells by siRNA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 siRNA  
                 HBV  
                 Inhibition  
               
               
                   
                 corresponding to 
                 Antigen 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 shRNA9 
                 HBsAg 
                 19.88 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBxAg 
                 28.02 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBcAg 
                 65.78 
               
               
                   
                 shRNA15 
                 HBsAg 
                 81.26 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBxAg 
                 83.23 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBcAg 
                 61.77 
               
               
                   
                 shRNA27 
                 HBsAg 
                 60.46 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBxAg 
                 72.15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HBcAg 
                 17.37 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Activity of ddRNAi Expression Constructs in Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay 
     To test the efficacy of ddRNAi expression constructs expressing shRNAs of the disclosure to knockdown HBV transcripts, dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed in HEK293 cells. 
     Initial screens were performed to determine strand preference for the following 26 shRNAs of the disclosure: shRNA1, shRNA4, shRNA15, shRNA18, shRNA35, shRNA36, shRNA39, shRNA5, shRNA6, shRNA7, shRNA8, shRNA25, shRNA26, shRNA30, shRNA40, shRNA9, shRNA10, shRNA11, shRNA12, shRNA33, shRNA34, shRNA19, shRNA20, shRNA23 and shRNA24. 
     Plasmid reporter constructs based on the pGL3 Luciferase Reporter Vector were constructed for the sense strand and antisense strand of each of the 26 shRNA sequences. The Luciferase reporter constructs were generated by inserting the sense strand sequence or the antisense strand sequence of the respective shRNA (as appropriate) with 20bp flanking sequences at each end into the pGL3-control vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The inserts were subcloned using Fsel and Xbal restriction enzyme sites following the luciferase reporter gene. 
     The HEK293 cell line was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.). The HEK293 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM glutamine, penicillin (100U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) at 37° C. humid incubator with 5% CO2. Briefly, the HEK293 cells were seeded at a density of 2×10 4  cells per well into 96-well culture plate one day prior to transfection. 
     For each shRNA, a ddRNAi expression construct was constructed by inserting the respective shRNA sequence into a pSsh vector with a U6 promoter and proximal sequence element 7 (PSE7). The U6 promoters were based on either human U6-1, U6-8 or U6-9 sequences For each well of transfection, the corresponding ddRNAi expression construct and one of the two Luciferase reporter constructs were co-transfected into HEK293 cells at a ratio of 10:1 (ddRNAi expression construct: Luciferase reporter construct) using 0.3 uL of Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The cells were also transfected with ing of a Renilla reporter construct (serving as a transfection control). 48 hour post-transfection, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The firefly/ Renilla activity ratios were determined for each well. Percentage inhibition of reporter expression were calculated relative to a negative control, in this instance a construct that used the U6-9 promoter to express a random non-targeting sequence with no homology to human or mouse sequences, termed U6-9cont. U6-9cont was designed to express the sequence CGTCGGTACCACAAGCAAGAGTCGGCAGTAAGAAGATGGCGTATATATTAT GAAAGGTACCGAGATTGGCCATTCGGAGTGTTTAGTCGACCAAACTGAT. The experiment was performed in replicate. 
     The ability of each shRNA to inhibit expression of luciferase protein from the respective Luciferase reporter constructs is illustrated in  FIGS. 5 a   - f.    
     Seven of the 26 shRNA assayed were selected for further testing based on their ability to inhibit expression of luciferase protein from the respective Luciferase reporter constructs i.e., shRNA1, shRNA15, shRNA36, shRNA27, shRNA30, shRNA9 and shRNA20. These 7 shRNA were subjected to a nine point dose response curve to assess hyperfunctional properties of the hairpins. Two dose curve experiments were undertaken:
         Experiment 1: HEK293 cells were transfected with a shRNA:target ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:5000; and   Experiment 2: HEK293 cells were transfected with a shRNA:target ratio ranging from 10:1 to 1:500.       

     In each of Experiments 1 and 2, the seven shRNAs were tested against Luciferase reporter constructs designed to detect inhibition of luciferase activity by the antisense strand i.e., comprising sense strand sequence. The reporter constructs were designed as described above. The ddRNAi expression constructs for the respective shRNAs were also as described above. 
     Experiment 1 
     HEK293 cells were seeded at a density of 2.5×10 4  cells per well into 96-well culture plates one day prior to transfection. For each of the seven ddRNAi expression constructs, a well containing HEK293 cells was co-transfected with 50 ng, 25ng, 10 ng, 2.5ng, 0.83ng, 0.28ng, 0.09ng, 0.03ng, or 0.01ng of the respective ddRNAi expression construct and 50 ng of the corresponding Luciferase reporter construct using 0.3uL of Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The cells were also transfected with ing of a Renilla reporter construct (serving as a loading control). 48 hour post-transfection, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The firefly/Renilla activity ratios were determined for each well, and the inhibition efficiency of ddRNAi expression constructs were calculated. 
     The ability of each of the ddRNAi expression constructs to inhibit expression of luciferase from the respective Luciferase reporter constructs in a dose-dependent manner is illustrated in  FIGS. 6 a   - j.    
     Experiment 2 
     HEK293 cells were seeded at a density of 2.5×10 4  cells per well into 96-well culture plates one day prior to transfection. For each of the seven ddRNAi expression constructs, a well containing HEK293 cells was co-transfected with 100 ng, 50 ng, 20ng, 5ng, 1.67ng, 0.56ng, 0.19ng, 0.06ng, or 0.02ng of the respective ddRNAi expression construct and 10 ng of the corresponding Luciferase reporter construct using 0.3uL of Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The cells were also transfected with ing of a Renilla reporter construct (serving as a loading control). 48 hour post-transfection, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The firefly/Renilla activity ratios were determined for each well, and the inhibition efficiency of ddRNAi expression constructs were calculated. 
     The ability of each of the ddRNAi expression constructs to inhibit expression of luciferase from the respective Luciferase reporter constructs in a dose-dependent manner is illustrated in  FIGS. 7 a   - j.    
     Example 6 
     Hyperfunctional Properties of ddRNAs Co-Transfected with Filler Plasmid 
     The hyperfunctional properties of the seven lead ddRNAi constructs described in Example 5 were then assessed when co-transfected with a U69-PSE7fix-Random100 (pBL-153) filler plasmid in HEK293 cells. 
     Plasmid reporter constructs based on the pGL3 Luciferase Reporter Vector were prepared for the sense and antisense strands of each of the seven shRNA sequences of the ddRNAi constructs, as previously described. 
     HEK293 cells cultured in accordance with the methods previously described and were seeded at a density of 2.5×10 4  cells per well into 96-well culture plates one day prior to transfection. For each of the seven ddRNAi expression constructs, a well containing HEK293 cells was co-transfected with (i) 50 ng, 25 ng, 10 ng, 2.5 ng, 0.83 ng, 0.28 ng, 0.09 ng, 0.03 ng, or 0.01 ng of the respective ddRNAi expression construct, (ii) various amounts of filler plasmid to adjust the final DNA content to 50 ng, and (iii) 50 ng of the corresponding Luciferase reporter construct, using 0.3 uL of Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The cells were also transfected with ing of a Renilla reporter construct (serving as a loading control). 48 hour post-transfection, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The firefly/Renilla activity ratios were determined for each well, and the inhibition efficiency of ddRNAi expression constructs were calculated. 
     The ability of each of the ddRNAi expression constructs to inhibit expression of luciferase from the respective Luciferase reporter constructs in a dose-dependent manner when co-transfected with a filler plasmid is illustrated in  FIGS. 8 a   - j.    
     Example 7 
     HBV Inhibitory Activity of Variant shRNAs 
     Two variant shRNAs were designed and prepared for each of shRNAs designated shRNA 9 (SEQ ID NO: 73) and shRNA20 (SEQ ID NO: 84). The variants prepared were as follows: 
     shRNA13 (SEQ ID NO:77); 
     shRNA14 (SEQ ID NO: 78); 
     shRNA21 (SEQ ID NO: 85); and 
     shRNA22 (SEQ ID NO: 86). 
     ddRNAi constructs were prepared by inserting each of the original and variant shRNA sequences into two pPsh vectors, one comprising a U69-PSE7-U68 hybrid promoter and the other comprising a U69-PSE7 promoter. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were then performed in HEK293 cells to test efficacy of the various shRNAs to knockdown expression of HBV genes. 
     Luciferase reporter constructs were prepared for the sense and antisense strands of the shRNAs in each of the ddRNAi expression constructs in accordance with the methodology previously described. 
     HEK293 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM glutamine, penicillin (100U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) at 37° C. humid incubator with 5% CO2. The HEK293 cells were seeded at a density of 2×10 4  cells per well into 96-well culture plate one day prior to transfection. 
     For each well of transfection, 10 ng of the corresponding ddRNAi expression construct and 100 ng of one of the two Luciferase reporter constructs were co-transfected into HEK293 cells using 0.3uL of Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The cells were also transfected with 5ng of a Renilla reporter construct (serving as a loading control). 48 hour post-transfection, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI). The firefly/ Renilla activity ratios were determined for each well, and the inhibition efficiency of respective shRNA were calculated. The ability of each shRNA to inhibit expression of luciferase protein from the respective Luciferase reporter constructs is illustrated in  FIGS. 9 a   -b. 
     Example 8 
     Preparation of AdV-shRNA Vectors 
     HBV shRNA sequences for shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 were synthesized and cloned downstream of modified U6-1, U6-8, or U6-9 promoters. The entire expression cassette was subcloned into adenovirus (AdV) construct for virus production from Vector Biolabs (Malvern, Pa.). 
     Example 9 
     shRNA Knockdown of HBV Transcripts in HepG2.2.15 Cells 
     HBV shRNA AdV vectors were prepared for shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 in accordance with Example 8. 
     HepG2.2.15 cells were prepared in accordance with methods described in Example 4 for subsequent transduction with the HBV shRNA AdV vectors. The HepG2.2.15 cells were then infected with the HBV shRNA AdV vectors in cell suspension and cultured on 24-well plates. Briefly, each well contained a suspension of 1.0×10 5  HepG2.2.15 cells and one of the HBV shRNA AdV vectors at the following MOIs: 6, 15, 30, 60, 90, or 120. To simulate treatment with a triple HBV shRNA expression cassette, cell cultures were also simultaneously infected with three HBV shRNA adenovirus at the following MOI of each: 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, or 90. The triple HBV shRNA expression cassettes simulated were (i) shRNA14/shRNA15/shRNA28 and (ii) shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28. After transduction, the cells were cultured at 37° C. at 5% CO 2  for 72h before being harvested for RNA and DNA extraction using Qiagen miRNeasy mini kit and QiAmp DNA mini kit, respectively (Valencia, Calif.). 
     Total RNA was isolated using miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Total RNA was quantified using the NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and diluted to a working concentration of 10 ng/μl. 
     Production of shRNA by the AdV vectors was measured using Qiagen&#39;s miScript PCR system (Valencia, CA). For each RT-qPCR analysis, 50 ng of total RNA were converted into cDNA using Qiagen&#39;s miScript II RT kit. Quantitative PCR of shRNA was then carried out using Qiagen miScript SYBR green PCR kit with custom primers set forth in Table 11 and the following real-time PCR conditions: initial denaturation at 95° C. for 15min followed by 40 cycles of 94° C. for 15sec, 55° C. for 30sec and 70° C. for 30sec. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Custom primers for quantifying shRNA expression 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Primer 
                 Sequence (5′-3′) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA15_fwd 
                 ACAAACGGGCAACATACCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA37_fwd 
                 GGGAAAGCCCTACGAACCACTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA28_fwd 
                 GGATTCAGCGCCGACGGGACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 shRNA14_fwd 
                 TTCTTCTTCTAGGGGACCTGC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To assist in determining the expression levels of the various shRNAs, qPCR standard assays were developed for the guide RNA sequences (Table 12) which were predicted to be processed from the shRNAs. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Guide RNA sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Primer 
                 Sequence (5′- 3′) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 shRNA15_std 
                 ACAAACGGGCAACAUACCUUG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 shRNA37_std 
                 GGGAAAGCCCUACGAACCACUG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 shRNA28_std 
                 GGAUUCAGCGCCGACGGGACG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 shRNA14_std 
                 UUCUUCUUCUAGGGGACCUGC 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Standard curves for these assays were generated by amplifying known amounts of these guide RNAs and are presented in  FIG. 10 . RNA copy numbers per cell were calculated based on the estimate of 20ng total RNA in each cell. shRNA copies per cell were determined for each of shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 when expressed individually at the various MOIs and when expressed simultaneously in the triplet combinations at the various MOIs ( FIGS. 11 a - d   ). Overall, individual shRNA expression in cells transduced with the triplet HBV shRNA AdV combinations was 1.5-2.0 fold lower than those cells transduced with the single HBV shRNA AdV vector at equivalent doses e.g., MOT of 30 vs MOI 30+30+30. 
     Levels of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg, relative to levels of GAPDH mRNA, were then determined by normalizing the HBV mRNA transcript levels to GAPDH mRNA for each sample. Briefly, 100 ng of total RNA was used to synthesize cDNA using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to manufacturer instructions. Quantitative PCR amplifications of regions within HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg, HbxAg, and GAPDH were performed using Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Life Technologies) and the primer sets listed in Table 9. Standard real-time PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation at 95° C. for 10min followed by 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15sec and 60° C. for 1 min. 
     The levels of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg, relative to levels of GAPDH mRNA, for each of shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 when expressed individually, and when expressed simultaneously in the triplet combinations, at various MOIs are illustrated in  FIGS. 12 a - f   . As will be apparent from  FIGS. 12 a - f   , the triplet combinations showed significantly better knockdown of HBV RNA relative to the single shRNA constructs, particularly when transduced as lower equivalent doses. 
     Example 10 
     shRNA Knockdown of HBV Transcripts in HepG2.2.15 Cells 
     Single HBV shRNA AdV vectors were prepared for shRNAs designated shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 respectively in accordance with Example 8. 
     Two triple HBV shRNA AdV vectors were also prepared, each comprising a triple HBV shRNA expression cassette. The triple HBV shRNA expression cassettes comprised sequence coding for (i) shRNA14/shRNA15/shRNA28 and (ii) shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28, respectively, and three modified U6 promoters (i.e., U6-1, U6-8, or U6-9 promoters), one positioned immediately upstream of each shRNA coding sequence in the cassette. The triple HBV shRNA expression cassettes were each synthesized and subcloned into adenovirus (AdV) construct for virus production from Vector Biolabs (Malvern, PA). 
     HepG2.2.15 cells were prepared in accordance with methods described in Example 4. The HepG2.2.15 cells were then infected with a single or triple HBV shRNA AdV vector in cell suspension and cultured on 24-well plates. Briefly, each well contained a suspension of 1.2×10 5  HepG2.2.15 cells and one of the single or triple HBV shRNA AdV vectors at MOI 100. After transduction, the cells were cultured at 37° C. at 5% CO 2  for 72h, 96h, 120h and 144h before being harvested for RNA and DNA extraction using Qiagen miRNeasy mini kit and QiAmp DNA mini kit, respectively (Valencia, Calif.). 
     Total RNA was isolated and prepared in accordance with methods described in Example 9. Production of shRNA by the AdV vectors was also measured in accordance with methods described in Example 9. 
     shRNA copies per cell were determined for each of shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 when expressed from the single or triple HBV shRNA AdV vector(s) at MOI 100 ( FIGS. 13 a - d   ). Overall, individual shRNA expression in cells transduced with the triplet HBV shRNA AdV vector at 72h was comparable to cells transduced with the single HBV shRNA AdV vector. shRNA15 and shRNA37 continued to accumulate even after 6 days of transduction whereas shRNA14 and shRNA28 expression levels appeared to plateau at day 5. 
     Levels of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg, relative to levels of GAPDH mRNA, were then determined by normalizing the HBV mRNA transcript levels to GAPDH mRNA for each sample in accordance with methods described in Example 9. 
     The levels of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg, relative to levels of GAPDH mRNA, for each of shRNA14, shRNA15, shRNA37 and shRNA28 when expressed from the single or triple HBV shRNA AdV vector(s) at MOI 100 at 72h, 96h, 120h and 144h are illustrated in  FIGS. 14 a - f   . As will be apparent from  FIGS. 14 a - f   , the triple HBV shRNA AdV vectors showed significantly better knockdown of HBV RNA relative to the corresponding single shRNA vectors at 72h (day 3). All single HBV shRNA AdV vectors showed increased knockdown levels with prolonged time course and were comparable to the triple HBV shRNA AdV vectors at 144h (day 6). At 144h, the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28 achieved over 90% knockdown in the HBsAg and HBxAg region and close to 80% knockdown in the HBcAg region. 
     Example 11 
     Inhibition of HBV Transcripts In Vitro 
     The inventors determined the effect of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28 on formation of covalently-closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in a cell model infected de novo with HBV inoculum. 
     The triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28 was prepared in accordance with Example 10. 
     Human hepatocytes were isolated from the PhoenixBio mouse model (PXB-mice), which is a chimeric mouse with a liver highly replaced with human hepatocytes (i.e., a humanized liver). The isolated human hepatocytes (PXB-cells) were seeded at a density of 4.0×10 5  cells per well into 24-well culture plates one day prior to inoculation. The PXB-cells were then inoculated with HBV on day 0. After inoculation, the cells were treated with (i) the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector at MOIs: 10, 30, 60 and 100 or (ii) the AdV vector backbone at MOIs: 10, 30, 60 and 100, or (iii) received no treatment, and were then cultured at 37° C. at 5% CO 2  for 6, 11 and 16 days before being harvested for RNA and DNA extraction using Qiagen miRNeasy mini kit and QiAmp DNA mini kit, respectively (Valencia, Calif.). 
     For PXB-cells inoculated with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector at MOI 10, shRNA copies per cell were determined for each of shRNA14, shRNA37 and shRNA28 at day 6, 11 and 16 post treatment in accordance with methods described in Example 9 ( FIG. 15 a   ). Effective knockdown of HBV transcripts (78-85%) was observed at day 6 post treatment with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, and this knockdown was observed to increase up to 97-99% at day 16 post treatment. This increase in knockdown of HBV transcripts between day 6 and day 16 was found to coincide with a concomitant increase in the production of shRNAs by the AdV vector. 
     The level of inhibition of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg, HBcAg and HbxAg was measured in accordance with methods described in Example 9 for cells treated with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector relative to those cells treated with the AdV backbone only ( FIG. 15 b   ). 
     The levels of intracellular and extracellular HBV DNA following treatment with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector were also measured by real time PCR assay and are illustrated in  FIGS. 15 c   . An  85 % and  1  log drop in intracellular and extracellular HBV DNA, respectively, was observed at day 11 following treatment. 
     The levels of HBV transcripts at regions corresponding to HBV antigens HBsAg and HBcAg were measured in accordance with methods described in Example 9, the results of which are illustrated in  FIG. 15 d   . The level of extracellular HBcAg and HBsAg was observed to drop by approximately 90% at day 11 in cells treated with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector as compared to the AdV backbone control. 
     The levels cccDNA were also measured in PXB-cells following treatment with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, the results of which are illustrated in  FIG. 15 e   . At day 11 post treatment, a 66% decrease in cccDNA was observed in the HBV infected PXB-cells treated with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector compared to HBV infected PXB-cells treated with the AdV backbone control and untreated PXB-cells. 
     Example 12 
     Inhibition of HBV Transcripts In Vivo 
     The in vivo effect of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28 on (i) expression of HBV viral transcripts, (ii) extracellular HBsAg and HBeAg, (iii) extracellular and intracellular HBV DNA, and (iv) formation of cccDNA, was determined in a PXB mouse model infected de novo with HBV inoculum. 
     Methods 
     The triple HBV shRNA AdV vector expressing shRNA14/shRNA37/shRNA28 was prepared in accordance with Example 10. 
     Chimeric PXB mice (PXB-mice®) were obtained from PhoenixBio. All mice were housed individually at 23±5° C. and a humidity of 55±25% humidity, exposed to 12 hours-light/dark cycles and fed and watered ad libitum throughout the experiment. 
     Briefly, 19-23 week-old male PXB mice were inoculated with HBV genotype C and incubated for 4 weeks to allow baseline HBV infection to establish. To determine baseline HBV infection, blood was taken from mice at days -28, -21, -14 and -7 (i.e., 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post inoculation, respectively), from which the human albumin (h-Alb) concentration and serum concentrations of HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBeAg determined. 
     Blood was collected from animals under isoflurane (Escain®, Mylan, Osaka, Japan) anesthesia via the retro-orbital plexus/sinus using Intramedic™ Polyethylene Tubing (Becton, Dickinson and Company, NJ, USA) at each time point. 
     To measure blood h-Alb concentration, 2μL of the whole blood was diluted in saline and a clinical chemistry analyzer (BioMajesty™ Series JCA-BM6050, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the blood h-Alb concentration using latex agglutination immunonephelometry (LZ Test “Eiken” U-ALB, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). 
     Whole blood was centrifuged to separate serum for HBV DNA quantification, HBsAg and HBeAg analysis. 
     To measure serum HBV DNA, HBV DNA was extracted from 5 μL of serum using the SMITESTEX-R&amp;D Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit (MEDICAL &amp; BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES CO., LTD., Nagoya, Japan). The purified DNA was then dissolved in 20 μL nuclease-free water (Ambion). Serum from an HBV-infected PXB-mouse was used as the HBV DNA standard. Synthetic HBV DNA was used to determine the concentration of the HBV DNA standard which was then used in quantification of the serum HBV DNA level. The HBV DNA was extracted from the HBV DNA standard and used for real-time PCR after appropriate dilution. For this study, the range of the standard used was between 4.0E +04  and 2.0E +09  copies/mL. 
     Real-time PCR to measure the serum HBV DNA concentration was performed using the TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) and ABI Prism 7500 sequence detector system (Applied Biosystems). The PCR reaction mixture was added into 5 μL of the extracted DNA. The initial activation of uracil-N-glycosylase at 50° C. for 2 minutes was followed by the polymerase activation at 95° C. for 20 seconds. Subsequent PCR amplification consisted of 53 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 3 seconds and annealing and extension at 60° C. for 32 seconds per cycle in an ABI 7500 sequence detector. The average serum HBV DNA level was calculated from the values of two separate wells. 
     The primers and probes used for real time PCR are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sequence Information 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Target 
                   
                 5′ 
                   
               
               
                 Identification 
                 Location 
                 Dye 
                 Nucleotides 3′ 
                 Dye 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Forward primer 
                 166-186 
                 n/a 
                 CACATCAGGATTCC 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAGGACC 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Reverse primer 
                 344-325 
                 n/a 
                 AGGTTGGTGAGTGA 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGGAG 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TaqMan probe 
                 242-267 
                 6-FAM 
                 CAGAGTCTAGACTC 
                 TAMRA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGGTGGACTTC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The lowest quantification limit of this assay was 4.0E +04  copies/mL serum. 
     Serum HBsAg concentration was determined by SRL, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) using ChemiLuminescence ImmunoAssay (CLIA) developed by Abbott (ARCHITECT® SYSTEM). The dilution factor was 30, and the measurement range of this assay was between 0.05 and 250 IU/mL. For the 30-fold diluted samples, the measurement range was adjusted to be between 1.5 and 7500 IU/mL. 
     Serum HBeAg concentration was determined by SRL, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) using ChemiLuminescence ImmunoAssay (CLIA) developed by Abbott (ARCHITECT® SYSTEM). The dilution factor was 30 and the lowest quantification limit of this assay was 0.5 S/CO. For the 30-fold diluted samples, the lowest quantification limit was adjusted to be 15 S/CO. 
     Animals were included in subsequent treatment experiment if they met the following criteria:
         (i) weighed 15g or more at day −1 (i.e., day 27 post HBV inoculation);   (ii) had a serum HBV DNA concentration of at least 1.0E +6  copies/mL at day −7 (i.e., day 21 post HBV inoculation); and   (iii) had a h-Alb measurement of 10mg/mL or more at day −7 (i.e., day 21 post HBV inoculation).       

     Those mice in which baseline HBV infection was established and met the criteria above were placed into three treatment groups i.e., treatment groups 1-3 (n=4 per group). To minimise variance between groups, the group composition was randomised based on the arithmetic mean values for body weight and geometric mean values for blood h-Alb concentration and serum HBV DNA concentration. 
     The treatment groups were as follows:
         Group 1: no treatment;   Group 2: a single bolus, having a dose volume of 10 μL/gram body weight, containing 2.00E +11  vg/mL of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, delivered to the tail vein by IV injection; and   Group 3: a single bolus, having a dose volume of 10 μL/gram body weight, containing 2.00E +12  vg/mL triple HBV shRNA AdV vector, delivered to the tail vein by IV injection.       

     Following administration of the treatment (day 0), animals were then incubated for a further 56 days. During this time blood was taken on a weekly basis for 8 weeks (at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 post treatment), and serum concentrations of extracellular HBsAg, extracellular HBeAg and extracellular HBV DNA determined by real time PCR, using the methodologies described. 
     After the completion of blood sampling on Day 56, all the surviving animals were kept under isoflurane anesthesia and sacrificed by cardiac puncture and exsanguination. 
     Once sacrificed, whole livers were harvested from mice and weighed. A slice of 3 to 5 mm in thickness was obtained from left lateral lobe and cut into cubes approximately 1 to 2 mm on a side. These liver cubes were transferred into a labelled tube and immersed in RNAlater® solution (Ambion, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) as quickly as possible. The liver samples were incubated in ≥5 volumes of RNAlater® overnight at 4° C. to allow the solution to penetrate the tissue. After the incubation, the RNAlater® solution was removed and the liver pieces were stored at −80° C. for later quantification of hepatic HBV DNA levels. 
     To determine the level of hepatic HBV DNA following treatment, HBV DNA was extracted from frozen RNAlater®-preserved liver tissue using the DNeasy® Blood &amp; Tissue Kits (Qiagen K. K., Tokyo, Japan). The DNA was dissolved in 200 μL nuclease-free water, after which the concentration of the DNA solution was determined using BioPhotometer 6131 (Eppendorf Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The concentration of DNA solution was adjusted to 20 ng/pt using Nuclease-free water. 
     Real-time PCR to measure liver HBV cccDNA concentration was then performed using the TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix and ABI Prism 7500 sequence detector system. Briefly, the PCR reaction mixture was added into 5 μL of the extracted DNA. The PCR reaction was conducted based on the Takkenberg&#39;s condition. The initial activation of uracil-N-glycosylase at 50° C. for 2 minutes was followed by the polymerase activation at 95° C. for 20 seconds. Subsequent 55 cycles of PCR amplification was conducted at 95° C. for 3 seconds and 60° C. for 32 seconds per cycle in an ABI 7500 sequence detector. The average HBV cccDNA level was calculated from the values of the two separate wells. A plasmid containing the HBV full-genome sequence was used as a standard sample for HBV cccDNA quantification. The range of the standard used was between 1.0E +02  and 1.0E +05  copies/100 ng DNA. 
     The primers and probes used for real time PCR are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sequence Information 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Target 
                   
                 5′ 
                   
               
               
                 Identification 
                 Location 
                 Dye 
                 Nucleotides 3′ 
                 Dye 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Forward primer 
                 1545-1563 
                 n/a 
                 CTCCCCGTCTGTGC 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCT 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Reverse primer 
                 1900-1883 
                 n/a 
                 GCCCCAAAGCCACC 
                 n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAAG 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TaqMan probe 
                 1602-1628 
                 6-FAM 
                 CGTCGCATGGARAC 
                 TAMRA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CACCGTGAACGCC 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The lowest quantification limit of this assay was 1.0E +02  copies/100 ng DNA in extracted DNA solution. 
     Results 
     All animals maintained body weight of more than 80% of the initial level throughout the treatment. In addition, the lowest average values of the body weights in Groups 2 and 3 were slightly lower than that in the control group receiving no treatment. 
     As will be apparent from  FIGS. 16 and 17 , animals in treatment groups receiving the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector showed a steady reduction in serum HBV DNA throughout the course of the experiment relative to animals in group 1 which received the control treatment. At day 56, animals receiving the medium dose treatment (Group 2) showed an average of 0.59 log and 74.4% reduction in serum HBV DNA, and animals receiving the high dose treatment (Group 3) showed an average of 1.83 log and 98.5% reduction in serum HBV DNA. 
     Similarly, serum concentrations of HBsAg and HBeAg steadily reduced following treatment with the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector ( FIGS. 18 and 19 ) relative to those animals in Group 1 which received the control treatment. At day 56, animals receiving the medium dose treatment (Group 2) showed an average reduction of 78.4% and 63.6% in serum levels of HBsAg and HBeAg respectively, and animals receiving the high dose treatment (Group 3) showed an average reduction of 97.6% and 92.6% in serum levels of HBsAg and HBeAg respectively. 
     The levels of intracellular HBV DNA and cccDNA at day 56 were also shown to be reduced for animals in the medium and high dose treatments (Groups 2 and 3 respectively) relative to animals receiving the control treatment (Group 1). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , treatment with medium and high doses of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector resulted in a 48.6% and 94.9% reduction, respectively, in copy number of intracellular HBV DNA at day 56. Similarly,  FIG. 21  shows that treatment with medium and high doses of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector resulted in a 36.9% and 57.7% reduction, respectively, in copy number of cccDNA at day 56. 
     The level of inhibition of HBV viral transcripts corresponding to the shRNAs expressed by the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector (i.e., shRNA14, shRNA 37 and shRNA28) was also measured at day 56 by real time PCR. As shown in  FIG. 22 , viral RNA corresponding to shRNA14, shRNA 37 and shRNA28 was reduced by 39.4%, 39.2% and 53.3% in animals in Group 2 treated with the medium dose relative to levels of expression of those HBV viral transcripts in animals from group 1 administered the control treatment. Likewise,  FIG. 22  shows that viral RNA corresponding to shRNA14, shRNA 37 and shRNA28 was reduced by 86.2%, 82.0% and 89.1% in animals in Group 3 treated with the high dose relative to levels of expression of those HBV viral transcripts in animals from group 1 administered the control treatment. 
     Based on the results from the present study, the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector was shown to have clear effects on the viral parameters of serum HBV DNA, serum HBsAg, serum HBeAg and hepatic HBV DNA when administered to HBV infected PXB-mice with a humanized liver. These antiviral effects were observed at a dosage of 2.00E+ 12  vg/kg (Group 2) and 2.00E +13  vg/kg (Group 3) demonstrating the efficacy of the triple HBV shRNA AdV vector at different dosages. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments, without departing from the broad general scope of the present disclosure. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.