Patent Publication Number: US-10777907-B2

Title: Antenna horn, antenna, and antenna array for a radiating printed circuit board, and methods therefor

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The exemplary embodiments generally relate to antennas and more particularly to antennas having antenna horns. 
     2. Brief Description of Related Developments 
     Antennas, such as phased array antennas, generally include antenna horns mounted to a radiating (e.g., propagation of electromagnetic waves) printed circuit board (referred to herein as a “printed circuit board”). Generally, the antenna horns are mounted to the printed circuit board using mounting holes and screws that pass through mounting flanges on the antenna horns so that when fastened to the mounting holes the screws clamp the antenna horns to the printed circuit board. When mounting a large array of antenna horns to the printed circuit board, a radio frequency ground interconnect is generally provided between the antenna horns and the printed circuit board around each printed circuit board launcher. Providing the radio frequency ground interconnect is difficult over a large surface area with many printed circuit board launchers and typically entails the use of an exotic clamping structure that includes the mounting holes for the screws. The exotic clamping structure is bulky, occupies a significant amount of space on the printed circuit board, increases the mass of the phased array antennas, increases the cost of the phased array antennas, and prevents higher density phase arrays with, for example, sub-lambda spacing. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, apparatuses and methods, intended to address at least one or more of the above-identified concerns, would find utility. 
     The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples, which may or may not be claimed, of the subject matter according to the present disclosure. 
     One example of the subject matter according to the present disclosure relates to an antenna horn for coupling with a printed circuit board, the antenna horn comprising: a frame having at least one aperture forming a cup structure through which a radio frequency signal passes, the frame having a first end and a second end longitudinally spaced from the first end; and a plurality of compliant coupling members extending longitudinally from the first end, the plurality of compliant coupling members being configured to couple with respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members and the respective receiving apertures solely couples the antenna horn to the printed circuit board. 
     Another example of the subject matter according to the present disclosure relates to an antenna array comprising: a printed circuit board having a plurality of printed circuit board launchers; and an array of antenna horns configured to couple with the printed circuit board, one or more antenna horns of the array of antenna horns includes a frame having at least one aperture forming a cup structure that circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher, the frame having a first end coupled to the printed circuit board and a second end longitudinally spaced from the first end and extending from the printed circuit board, and a plurality of compliant coupling members extending longitudinally from the first end, the plurality of compliant coupling members being coupled with respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members and the respective receiving apertures solely couples the one or more antenna horns to the printed circuit board. 
     Still another example of the subject matter according to the present disclosure relates to a method for forming an antenna array, the method comprises: positioning an antenna horn of an array of antenna horns relative to a printed circuit board so that the antenna horn circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher of the printed circuit board; and coupling the antenna horn of the array of antenna horns to the printed circuit board solely by coupling a plurality of compliant coupling members, extending from a frame of the antenna horn, and respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board. 
     Yet another example of the subject matter according to the present disclosure relates to an antenna comprising: a printed circuit board having one or more printed circuit board launchers; and one or more antenna horns configured to couple with the printed circuit board, an antenna horn of the one or more antenna horns includes a frame having at least one aperture forming a cup structure that circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher, the frame having a first end coupled to the printed circuit board and a second end longitudinally spaced from the first end and extending from the printed circuit board, and a plurality of compliant coupling members extending longitudinally from the first end, the plurality of compliant coupling members being coupled with respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members and the respective receiving apertures solely couples the antenna horn to the printed circuit board. 
     Another example of the subject matter according to the present disclosure relates to a method for forming an antenna, the method comprises: positioning an antenna horn relative to a printed circuit board so that the antenna horn circumscribes a printed circuit board launcher of the printed circuit board; and coupling the antenna horn to the printed circuit board solely by coupling a plurality of compliant coupling members, extending from a frame of the antenna horn, and respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Having thus described examples of the present disclosure in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic block diagram of an antenna in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic block diagram of an antenna array in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2A  is a perspective top view of an antenna horn of the antenna and antenna array of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2B  is a partial perspective bottom view of the antenna horn of  FIG. 2A  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2C  is a partial sectional side view of the antenna horn of  FIG. 2A  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3A  is a perspective top view of an antenna horn of the antenna array in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3B  is a partial perspective bottom view of the antenna horn of  FIG. 3A  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3C  is a partial sectional side view of the antenna horn of  FIG. 3A  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4A  is a perspective top view of an antenna horn of the antenna and antenna array of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4B  is a partial perspective bottom view of the antenna horn of  FIG. 4A  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4C  is a partial sectional side view of the antenna horn of  FIG. 4A  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the antenna array of  FIG. 1B  showing exemplary arrays of the antenna horns of  FIGS. 2A-4C  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are partial perspective sectional views of a portion of the antenna array of  FIG. 1B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a partial sectional side view of a portion of the antenna array of  FIG. 1B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  is a partial perspective sectional view of a portion of the antenna array of  FIG. 1B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are partial perspective sectional views of a portion of the antenna array of  FIG. 1B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9C  is a partial sectional side view of a portion of the antenna array of  FIGS. 9A and 9B  in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of an exemplary method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Illustrative, non-exhaustive examples, which may or may not be claimed, of the subject matter according to the present disclosure are provided below. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the aspects of the present disclosure provide for an antenna horn  120 , an antenna  100 , and an antenna array  101  where the antenna horn  120  has a press fit configuration. For example, the antenna horn  120  is coupled to a radiating printed circuit board  110  (again, referred to herein as “printed circuit board”) of the antenna  100  or the antenna array  101  by a press fit coupling  690  ( FIG. 6B ) without the use of special tools or an exotic clamping structure. The antenna horn  120  may be coupled to the printed circuit board  110  by hand or with an automatic insertion machine  190  that is configured to pick and place the antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110 . The press fit coupling  690  between the antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110  substantially eliminates the use of solder, epoxy, screws and/or separate clamping structures to couple and hold the antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board. 
     As there is no separate clamping structures or special tools for the coupling of the antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110 , the aspects of the present disclosure may also provide for positioning adjacent antenna horns  120  within an array of antenna horns  121  ( FIG. 1B ) relative to each other with any suitable center to center spacing (see  FIG. 5 ) between the adjacent antenna horns  120 . For example, the center to center spacing may be, but is not limited to, one or more of a sub-lambda (e.g., a spacing less than a wavelength of a radio frequency signal  900  (see  FIG. 5 ) being transmitted and/or received by the antenna  100  or antenna array  101 ) spacing, a spacing equal to (or substantially equal to) the wavelength (i.e., lambda) being transmitted and/or received by the antenna  100  or antenna array  101 , and a spacing greater than the wavelength (i.e., lambda) being transmitted and/or received by the antenna  100  or antenna array  101 . 
     The press fit coupling  690  between the antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110  also provides a radio frequency ground coupling  620  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 6A and 6B ) between the antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110 . The coupling between the antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110  may also form a faraday cage  600  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 6A and 6B ) that isolates a radio frequency signal  900  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 5 ) to within a respective antenna horn  120  and to a respective printed circuit board launcher  610  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 6A, 6B, 8, 9A, 9B, and 9C ), where the printed circuit board launcher  610  is the point/portion of the printed circuit board  110  where the propagating wave  901 A,  901 B of the radio frequency signal  900 ,  900 A,  900 B (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5 and 9C ) changes transmission mediums, such as a change from propagating within the printed circuit board  110  to propagating within air/vacuum  999  (see  FIG. 9C ) and vice versa. 
     The aspects of the present disclosure may reduce the part count of the antenna  100  and antenna array  101 , may reduce cost of the antenna  100  and antenna array  101 , may reduce mass of the antenna  100  and antenna array  101 , and may increase the density of the array of antenna horns  121  ( FIG. 1B ) of the antenna array  101 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A , the antenna  100  includes a printed circuit board  110  and an (e.g., one or more) antenna horn  120 . The printed circuit board  110  has a (e.g., one or more) printed circuit board launcher  610  that corresponds with the antenna horn  120 . The one or more antenna horns  120  are configured to couple with the printed circuit board  110  with a press fit coupling  690  ( FIG. 6B ) so that the antenna horn  120  circumscribes the printed circuit board launcher  610 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1B  the antenna array  101  includes a printed circuit board  110  and an array of antenna horns  121 . In this aspect the printed circuit board  110  includes a plurality of printed circuit board launchers  610 P positioned on the printed circuit board  110  in any suitable arrangement. The array of antenna horns  121  are configured to couple with the printed circuit board  110  so that each antenna horn  120  of the array of antenna horns  121  circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher  610 . It is noted that regardless of whether the antenna includes one antenna horn  120  as in  FIG. 1A  or multiple antenna horns as in  FIG. 1B , the coupling between the printed circuit board  110  and the antenna horn  120  as well as the features thereof are as described herein. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , one or more of a radio transmitter  198  and a radio receiver  199  may be coupled to the antenna  100  and/or antenna array  101  so as to generate and/or decode a radio frequency signal  900  where the radio frequency signal  900  is transmitted through and/or received by the antenna  100  and antenna array  101 . 
     Referring also to  FIGS. 2A, 3A, and 4A , the antenna horn  120  includes a frame  200  and a plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P. Referring also to  FIGS. 2B, 3B, 4B , the frame  120  has at least one aperture  215  forming a cup structure  218  that circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher  610  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5, 6A, 8, 9B  which illustrate the cup structure circumscribing the respective printed circuit board launcher  610 ). The frame  200  having a first end  201  coupled to the printed circuit board  110  (see  FIG. 5 ) and a second end  202  longitudinally spaced (relative to longitudinal axis  203  of the frame  200 ) from the first end  201  and extending from the printed circuit board  110  (see  FIG. 5 ). The first end  201  and the second end  202  of the frame  200  (and the portion of the frame  200  between the first end  201  and the second end  202 ) may have any suitable cross sectional shape(s) such as, but not limited to, circular, rectangular, triangular, octagonal, and hexagonal cross sectional shapes and/or any suitable combinations thereof. For example,  FIGS. 2A and 3A  illustrate the frame  200  as having a substantially circular cross section while  FIG. 4A  illustrates the frame  200  as having a substantially rectangular cross section. 
     In one aspect, as shown in  FIGS. 2A, 3A, 4A  the frame  200  comprises a gain antenna horn element  230  formed by the at least one aperture  215 . For exemplary purposes only, the gain antenna horn element  230  in  FIG. 2A  has a cup configuration; the gain antenna horn element  230  in  FIG. 3A  has a bell shaped configuration; and the gain antenna horn element  230  in  FIG. 4A  has a substantially pyramidal shaped configuration; however, the gain antenna horn element  230  may have any suitable shaped configuration. In another aspect, the frame  200  comprises a waveguide horn element  240  formed by the at least one aperture  215 . The waveguide horn element  240  includes any suitable waveguide structure including, but not limited to, one or more of a filter, a polarizer, and a coupler. While the figures illustrate the frame  200  as having both the gain antenna horn element  230  and the waveguide horn element  240 , in other aspects the frame  200  may include only the gain antenna horn element  230  or only the waveguide horn element  240 . Referring to  FIG. 4B , the at least one aperture  215  comprises at least two apertures  215 A,  215 B that form respective waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B arranged adjacent one another, where the frame  200  forms the gain antenna horn element  230  that is common to the at least two waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B (see  FIG. 9A ). 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, and 4B , the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P extend longitudinally from the first end  201 . Each of the plurality of compliant coupling members  210  is configured to couple with respective receiving apertures  650  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 6B ) of the printed circuit board  110  such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P and the respective receiving apertures  650  solely (e.g., without any additional coupling structure such as screws, solder, epoxy, clamps, etc.) couples the antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110 . For example, each of the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P is configured so as to be press fit into a respective receiving aperture  650  of the printed circuit board  110 , where each compliant coupling member  210  is compliant so as to elastically deform within the respective receiving aperture  650 . Referring also to  FIGS. 2C, 3C, and 4C , the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P comprise compliant pins  300  configured to exert an outward retention force  660  (e.g., in one or more directions that are outwards relative to or otherwise transverse to a longitudinal axis  300 X of the respective compliant pin  300 ) against a wall  651  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 6B ) of the respective receiving apertures  650  such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P and the respective receiving apertures  650  solely couples the respective antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110 . In one aspect, the compliant pins  300  have a surface roughness  300 SR (see  FIG. 3C ) configured to grip the wall  651  of the respective receiving aperture  650  such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P and the respective receiving apertures  650  solely couples the respective antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110 . The plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P are integrally formed with the frame  200 , while in other aspects the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P may be coupled to the frame  200  in any suitable manner. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2B, 3B, 4B, 6A, 6B, 8, 9A, and 9B , the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P circumscribe the at least one aperture  215  so as to, when the respective antenna horn  120  is coupled to the printed circuit board  110 , form the faraday cage  600 . The faraday cage  600  extends, for example, from the first end  201  of the respective antenna horn  120  to a surface  110 S (see  FIGS. 6A-9A ) of the printed circuit board  110  on which the respective antenna horn  120  is disposed. Referring also to  FIGS. 6B and 7 , the first end  201  of the antenna horn  120  may rest on one or more electrically conductive traces  650 T of the receiving apertures  650 . The one or more electrically conductive traces  650 T may protrude above the surface  110 S of the printed circuit board  110  so that a gap  700  exists between the first end  201  of the antenna horn  120  and the surface  110 S of the printed circuit board  110 . The gap  700  may be about 0.1 mm (about 0.004 inches) or less. The faraday cage  600  extends between the first end  201  of the antenna horn  120  into the receiving apertures  650 , bridging the gap  700  to substantially prevent radio frequency signal  900  leakage from between the frame  200  and the printed circuit board  110 . The faraday cage  600  may also substantially isolate the radio frequency signals  900  to within a respective aperture of the at least one aperture  215 . As shown in  FIGS. 4B and 9B , where the frame  200  includes the at least two waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B, the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P are disposed between adjacent waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B (e.g., such as on a partition wall  400  of the frame  200 ) and, when the respective antenna horn  120  is coupled to the respective receiving apertures  650  of the printed circuit board  110 , substantially provide (e.g., through the faraday cage  600 ) radio frequency signal  900  isolation between the adjacent waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 2B, 3B, 4B, 6A, 6B, 8, 9A, and 9B , when the antenna horn  120  is coupled to the printed circuit board  110 , the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher  610  so that the faraday cage  600  substantially isolates radio frequency signals  900  to within the (respective) antenna horn  120 . The printed circuit board launcher(s)  610  of the printed circuit board  110  are one of both a single polarization launcher  611  (see  FIG. 8 ) and a dual polarization launcher  612  (see  FIGS. 6A, 6B, 9A, 9B, 9C ). The dual polarization launcher  612  includes printed circuit board launcher elements, such as a first and second polarization elements  610 A,  610 B, each of which have a different polarization (e.g., left hand polarization, right hand polarization or any suitable polarizations). 
     As noted above, the faraday cage  600  spans (e.g., extends through) the gap  700  between the first end  201  and the surface  110 S of the printed circuit board  110  so that the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher  610  to substantially prevent (e.g., through the faraday cage  600 ) radio frequency signal  900  leakage from between the frame  200  and the printed circuit board  110 . The plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher  610  so as to substantially prevent (e.g., through the faraday cage  600 ) radio frequency signal  900  interference between adjacent antenna horns  120  and between adjacent waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B of a common antenna horn  120 . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 4B and 9B , where the frame  200  includes the at least two waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B, the at least one aperture  215  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4B ) comprises two apertures  215 A,  215 B, a first of the two apertures  215 A forms a first waveguide horn element  240 A (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 4B and 9A ) for a first polarization element  610 A of the dual polarization launcher  612  and a second of the two apertures  215 B forms a second waveguide horn element  240 B (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 4B and 9A ) for a second polarization element  610 B of the dual polarization launcher  612 . One or more of the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P are disposed between the first waveguide horn element  240 A and the second waveguide horn element  240 B to isolate the first polarization element  610 A and the second polarization element  610 B. For example, the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P are disposed between adjacent waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B (e.g., such as on a partition wall  400  of the frame  200 ) and, when the respective antenna horn  120  is coupled to the respective receiving apertures  650  of the printed circuit board  110 , circumscribe the respective first and second polarization elements  610 A,  610 B to substantially provide (e.g., through faraday cages  600  formed around a perimeter of each of the waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B) radio frequency signal  900  isolation between the adjacent waveguide horn elements  240 A,  240 B. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6B and 7 , the printed circuit board  110  is configured so that the one or more electrically conductive traces  650 T of the receiving apertures  650  are coupled to each other to form a radio frequency ground  770 . The one or more electrically conductive traces  650 T extend through the receiving aperture and form the wall  651  of the respective receiving apertures  650 . The plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P are configured to form a radio frequency ground coupling  770 C between the frame  200  and the printed circuit board  110 . The radio frequency ground coupling  770 C between the frame  200  and the printed circuit board  110  is effected through the compliancy of the compliant coupling members  210 P and the press fit coupling  690  between the compliant coupling members  210 P and the walls  651  of the receiving apertures  650 . For example, upon insertion of a compliant coupling member  210  into a receiving aperture  650  the compliant coupling member  210  resiliently deforms under the influence of the wall  651  of the respective receiving aperture  650  so that the compliant coupling member  210  exerts the outward retention force  660  against the wall  651 , where the resulting contact between the compliant coupling member  210  and the wall  651  (e.g., formed by the one or more electrically conductive traces  650 T) forms a conductive coupling (i.e., the radio frequency ground coupling  770 C) between compliant coupling member  210  and the one or more electrically conductive traces  650 T (i.e., between the frame  200  and the printed circuit board  110 ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , an antenna array  101  is illustrated having exemplary groupings  501 ,  502 ,  503  of the antenna horns  120 . Grouping  501  includes an array of antenna horns  121 A including the antenna horn  120  of  FIGS. 2A-2C . The antenna horns  120  of the array of antenna horns  121 A are arranged in any suitable number of rows  501 R 1 - 501 Rn and any suitable number of columns  501 C 1 - 501 Cn. One or more of the rows  501 R 1 - 501 Rn and columns  501 C 1 - 501 Cn may be staggered so as to form a honeycomb pattern of antenna horns. Grouping  502  includes an array of antenna horns  121 B including the antenna horn  120  of  FIGS. 3A-3C . The antenna horns  120  of the array of antenna horns  121 B are arranged in any suitable number of rows  502 R 1 - 502 Rn and any suitable number of columns  502 C 1 - 502 Cn. One or more of the rows  502 R 1 - 502 Rn and columns  502 C 1 - 502 Cn may be staggered so as to form a honeycomb pattern of antenna horns. Grouping  503  includes an array of antenna horns  121 C including the antenna horn  120  of  FIGS. 4A-4C . The antenna horns  120  of the array of antenna horns  121 C are arranged in any suitable number of rows  503 R 1 - 503 Rn and any suitable number of columns  503 C 1 - 503 Cn. One or more of the rows  503 R 1 - 503 Rn and columns  503 C 1 - 503 Cn may be staggered so as to form a brick wall pattern of antenna horns. While antenna horns  120  of the arrays of antenna horns  121 A,  121 B,  121 C are shown as being coupled to a common printed circuit board  110 , in other aspects the printed circuit board may include an array of antenna horns where the antenna horns have a common configuration. For example, the printed circuit board  110  may have coupled thereto an array of antenna horns that only includes the antenna horn  120  illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2C ; the printed circuit board  110  may have coupled thereto an array of antenna horns that only includes the antenna horn  120  illustrated in  FIGS. 3A-3C ; or the printed circuit board  110  may have coupled thereto an array of antenna horns that only includes the antenna horn  120  illustrated in  FIGS. 3A-3C . In other aspects, the printed circuit board  110  may have coupled thereto any suitable number of groupings of antenna horns  120 , where the antenna horns  120  have any suitable configuration. 
     In one aspect, spacing between the rows  501 R 1 - 501 Rn,  502 R 1 - 502 Rn,  503 R 1 - 503 Rn and spacing between the columns  501 C 1 - 501 Cn,  502 C 1 - 502 Cn,  503 C 1 - 503 Cn are established based on the locations of the printed circuit board launchers  610  of the printed circuit board  110  so that each antenna horn  120  of the array of antenna horns  121 A,  121 B,  121 C circumscribes the respective printed circuit board launcher  610  as described above. In another aspect, spacing between the rows  501 R 1 - 501 Rn,  502 R 1 - 502 Rn,  503 R 1 - 503 Rn and spacing between the columns  501 C 1 - 501 Cn,  502 C 1 - 502 Cn,  503 C 1 - 503 Cn (as well as the locations of the printed circuit board launchers  610  of the printed circuit board  110 ) are established based on the dimensions of the second ends  202  of the antenna horns  120  such that a spacing (i.e., distance) between second ends  202  of adjacent antenna horns  120  prevents access (such as for tools, clamps, etc.) to the first ends  201  of the adjacent antenna horns  120  at the printed circuit board  110  (e.g., access to the first ends  201  and printed circuit board  110  is prevented such that the press fit coupling between each antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110  is the only coupling/structure holding the antenna horns  120  to the printed circuit board  110 ). For example, referring also to  FIGS. 2A, 3A, and 4A , the spacing  570  between the outer walls  200 W of the frame  200  at or adjacent the second ends  202  of the adjacent antenna horns  120  may be such that the outer walls  200 W of adjacent antenna horns  120  are substantially in contact with each other or the spacing  570  is de minimis, that is, so small to be of little importance, such as about 0.1 mm (about 0.004 inches) or less. In other aspects the spacing  570  may be any suitable spacing. 
     The antenna horns  120  of the array of antenna horns  121 A,  121 B,  121 C are configured as a high density phase array antenna horn  120 HD where a center to center spacing (e.g., distance) between adjacent antenna horns  120 , from center to center, on the printed circuit board is a sub-lambda spacing (e.g., a spacing that is less than the wavelength of the radio frequency signal passing through the antenna horn). In one aspect, the sub-lambda spacing is less than about half a wavelength of the radio frequency signal passing through the antenna horn  120  while in other aspects the center to center spacing between adjacent antenna horns  120  may be any suitable spacing. The center to center spacing is one or more of the spacing  550  between the columns  501 C 1 - 501 Cn,  502 C 1 - 502 Cn,  503 C 1 - 503 Cn, the spacing  551  between the rows  501 R 1 - 501 Rn,  502 R 1 - 502 Rn,  503 R 1 - 503 Rn, and the spacing  552  between the centers of adjacent but staggered/offset antenna horns  120 . The center to center spacing between the adjacent antenna horns  120  is effected by the press fit coupling  690  ( FIG. 6B ) between the antenna horns  120  and the printed circuit board  110 , as the use of, e.g., bulky exotic clamping structure and screws, solder, etc. for holding the antenna horns  120  to the printed circuit board  110  may be avoided. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A, 6A, 6B, 8, 9A, and 10  an exemplary method for forming the antenna  100  will be described. The method includes positioning an antenna horn  120  relative to a printed circuit board  110  ( FIG. 10 , Block  1000 ) so that the antenna horn  120  circumscribes a printed circuit board launcher  610  of the printed circuit board  110 . The antenna horn  120  is coupled to the printed circuit board  110  ( FIG. 10 , Block  1010 ) solely by coupling the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P, extending from the frame  200  of the antenna horn  120 , and the respective receiving apertures  650  of the printed circuit board  110 . Coupling the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P and respective receiving apertures  650  of the printed circuit board  110  includes press-fitting the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P into the respective receiving apertures  650 . In one aspect, the antenna horns  120  are configured for automated press-fit coupling with the printed circuit board  110 . For example, the antenna horns  120  may be configured in any suitable manner so as to be gripped by a gripper of an automatic insertion machine  190 , where the automatic insertion machine  190  positions the antenna horn  120  relative to printed circuit board  110  and couples (e.g., by press fitting) the antenna horn  120  with the printed circuit board  110 . In other aspects, the antenna hors may be press fit to the printed circuit board in any suitable manner, such as manually. Coupling the antenna horn to the printed circuit board may also form the faraday cage  600 , where the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P of the antenna horn  120  circumscribe the printed circuit board launcher  610 , so that the faraday cage  600  substantially isolates radio frequency signals  900  to within the antenna horn  120 . Radio frequency signal leakage may also be prevented from between the antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110  with, e.g., the faraday cage  600  formed by the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P of the antenna horn  120  circumscribing the printed circuit board launcher  610 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1B, 5, 6A, 6B, 8, 9A, and 10  an exemplary method for forming the antenna array  101  will be described. The method includes positioning an antenna horn  120  of an array of antenna horns  121  relative to the printed circuit board  110  ( FIG. 10 , Block  1000 ) so that the antenna horn  120  circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher  610  of the printed circuit board  110 . The antenna horn  120  of the array of antenna horns  121  is coupled to the printed circuit board  110  ( FIG. 10 , Block  1010 ) solely by coupling the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P, extending from the frame  200  of the antenna horn  120 , and the respective receiving apertures  650  of the printed circuit board  110 . Coupling the antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110  includes coupling the antenna horn  120  to the printed circuit board  110  with a sub-lambda spacing between adjacent antenna horns  120  or any other suitable spacing. In one aspect, the sub-lambda spacing is less than about half a wavelength of the radio frequency signal  900  passing through the antenna horn  120 . Coupling the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P and respective receiving apertures  650  of the printed circuit board  110  includes press-fitting the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P into the respective receiving apertures  650 . In one aspect, the antenna horns  120  are configured for automated press-fit coupling with the printed circuit board  110 . For example, the antenna horns  120  may be configured in any suitable manner so as to be gripped by a gripper of an automatic insertion machine  190 , where the automatic insertion machine  190  positions the antenna horn  120  relative to printed circuit board  110  and couples (e.g., by press fitting) the antenna horn  120  with the printed circuit board  110 . In other aspects, the antenna hors may be press fit to the printed circuit board in any suitable manner, such as manually. Coupling the antenna horn to the printed circuit board may also form the faraday cage  600 , where the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P of the antenna horn  120  circumscribe the printed circuit board launcher  610 , so that the faraday cage  600  substantially isolates radio frequency signals  900  to within the antenna horn  120 . Radio frequency signal leakage may also be prevented from between the antenna horn  120  and the printed circuit board  110  with, e.g., the faraday cage  600  formed by the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P of the antenna horn  120  circumscribing the printed circuit board launcher  610 . Radio frequency signal  900  interference between adjacent antenna horns  120  may also be substantially prevented with, e.g., the faraday cage  600  formed by the plurality of compliant coupling members  210 P of the adjacent antenna horns  120 . 
     The following examples are provided in accordance with the aspects of the present disclosure: 
     A1. An antenna horn for coupling with a printed circuit board, the antenna horn comprising: 
     a frame having at least one aperture forming a cup structure through which a radio frequency signal passes, the frame having a first end and a second end longitudinally spaced from the first end; and 
     a plurality of compliant coupling members extending longitudinally from the first end, the plurality of compliant coupling members being configured to couple with respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members and the respective receiving apertures solely couples the antenna horn to the printed circuit board. 
     A2. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein each of the plurality of compliant coupling members is configured so as to be press fit into a respective receiving aperture of the printed circuit board. 
     A3. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the frame comprises a gain antenna horn element formed by the at least one aperture. 
     A4. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the frame comprises a waveguide horn element formed by the at least one aperture. 
     A5. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the at least one aperture comprises at least two apertures that form respective waveguide horn elements arranged adjacent one another, the plurality of compliant coupling members being disposed between adjacent waveguide horn elements and, when coupled to the respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board, substantially provide radio frequency signal isolation between the adjacent waveguide horn elements. 
     A6. The antenna horn of paragraph A5, wherein the frame forms a gain antenna horn element that is common to the at least two waveguide horn elements. 
     A7. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members are integrally formed with the frame. 
     A8. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members comprise compliant pins configured to exert an outward retention force against a wall of the respective receiving apertures. 
     A9. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members comprise compliant pins having a surface roughness configured to grip a wall of the respective receiving aperture. 
     A10. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the at least one aperture so as to, when coupled to the printed circuit board, form a faraday cage that substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within a respective aperture of the at least one aperture. 
     A11. The antenna horn of paragraph A1 (or A10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the at least one aperture so as to, when coupled to the printed circuit board, substantially prevent radio frequency signal leakage from between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     A12. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the antenna horn is configured as a high density phase array antenna horn where a center to center spacing between adjacent antenna horns, from center to center, on the printed circuit board is a sub-lambda spacing. 
     A13. The antenna horn of paragraph A12, wherein the sub-lambda spacing is less than about half a wavelength of the radio frequency signal passing through the antenna horn. 
     A14. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the antenna horn is configured for automated press-fit coupling with the printed circuit board. 
     A15. The antenna horn of paragraph A1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members are configured to form a radio frequency ground coupling between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     B1. An antenna array comprising: 
     a printed circuit board having a plurality of printed circuit board launchers; and 
     an array of antenna horns configured to couple with the printed circuit board, one or more antenna horns of the array of antenna horns includes 
     a frame having at least one aperture forming a cup structure that circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher, the frame having a first end coupled to the printed circuit board and a second end longitudinally spaced from the first end and extending from the printed circuit board; and 
     a plurality of compliant coupling members extending longitudinally from the first end, the plurality of compliant coupling members being coupled with respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members and the respective receiving apertures solely couples the one or more antenna horns to the printed circuit board. 
     B2. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein each of the plurality of compliant coupling members is configured so as to be press fit into a respective receiving aperture of the printed circuit board. 
     B3. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the frame comprises a gain antenna horn element formed by the at least one aperture. 
     B4. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the frame comprises a waveguide horn element formed by the at least one aperture. 
     B5. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the at least one aperture comprises at least two apertures that form respective waveguide horn elements arranged adjacent one another, the plurality of compliant coupling members being disposed between adjacent waveguide horn elements and effect radio frequency signal isolation between the adjacent waveguide horn elements. 
     B6. The antenna array of paragraph B5, wherein the frame forms a gain antenna horn element that is common to the at least two waveguide horn elements. 
     B7. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members are integrally formed with the frame. 
     B8. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members comprise compliant pins configured to exert an outward retention force against a wall of the respective receiving apertures. 
     B9. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members comprise compliant pins having a surface roughness configured to grip a wall of the respective receiving aperture. 
     B10. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members, coupled to the printed circuit board, circumscribe the at least one aperture so as to form a faraday cage that substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within a respective aperture of the at least one aperture. 
     B11. The antenna array of paragraph B1 (or B10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members coupled to the printed circuit board circumscribe the at least one aperture so as to substantially prevent radio frequency signal leakage from between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     B12. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher so as to form a faraday cage that substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within a respective antenna horn. 
     B13. The antenna array of paragraph B1 (or B10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher so as to substantially prevent radio frequency signal leakage from between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     B14. The antenna array of paragraph B1 (or B10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher so as to substantially prevent radio frequency signal interference between adjacent antenna horns. 
     B15. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the one or more antenna horns is configured as a high density phase array antenna horn where a center to center spacing between adjacent antenna horns is a sub-lambda spacing. 
     B16. The antenna array of paragraph B15, wherein the sub-lambda spacing is less than about half a wavelength of a radio frequency signal passing through the antenna horn. 
     B17. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the one or more antenna horns is configured for automated press-fit coupling with the printed circuit board. 
     B18. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members are configured to form a radio frequency ground coupling between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     B19. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein one or more of the plurality of printed circuit board launchers comprises a dual polarization launcher. 
     B20. The antenna array of paragraph B19, wherein the at least one aperture comprises two apertures, a first of the two apertures forms a first waveguide horn element for a first polarization element of the dual polarization launcher and a second of the two apertures forms a second waveguide horn element for a second polarization element of the dual polarization launcher. 
     B21. The antenna array of paragraph B20, wherein one or more of the plurality of compliant coupling members are disposed between the first waveguide horn element and the second waveguide horn element to isolate the first polarization element and the second polarization element. 
     B22. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein one or more of the plurality of printed circuit board launchers comprises a single polarization launcher. 
     B23. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein a distance between second ends of adjacent antenna horns of the one or more antenna horns prevents access to the first ends of the adjacent antenna horns at the printed circuit board. 
     B24. The antenna array of paragraph B1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members is configured to deform under an influence of the respective receiving apertures. 
     C1. A method for forming an antenna array, the method comprises: 
     positioning an antenna horn of an array of antenna horns relative to a printed circuit board so that the antenna horn circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher of the printed circuit board; and 
     coupling the antenna horn of the array of antenna horns to the printed circuit board solely by coupling a plurality of compliant coupling members, extending from a frame of the antenna horn, and respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board. 
     C2. The method of paragraph C1, wherein coupling the plurality of compliant coupling members and respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board includes press-fitting the plurality of compliant coupling members into the respective receiving apertures. 
     C3. The method of paragraph C1, further comprising, effecting with an automatic insertion machine, positioning the antenna horn relative to printed circuit board and coupling the antenna horn with the printed circuit board. 
     C4. The method of paragraph C1, further comprising substantially preventing radio frequency signal leakage from between the antenna horn and the printed circuit board with the plurality of compliant coupling members of a respective antenna horn circumscribing the respective printed circuit board launcher. 
     C5. The method of paragraph C1, further comprising forming a faraday cage, with the plurality of compliant coupling members of a respective antenna horn circumscribing the respective printed circuit board launcher, wherein the faraday cage substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within the respective antenna horn. 
     C6. The method of paragraph C1, further comprising substantially preventing radio frequency signal interference between adjacent antenna horns with the plurality of compliant coupling members of the adjacent antenna horns. 
     C7. The method of paragraph C1, wherein coupling the antenna horn to the printed circuit board includes coupling the antenna horn to the printed circuit board with a sub-lambda spacing between adjacent antenna horns. 
     C8. The method of paragraph C7, wherein the sub-lambda spacing is less than about half a wavelength of a radio frequency signal passing through the antenna horn. 
     D1. An antenna comprising: 
     a printed circuit board having one or more printed circuit board launcher; and 
     one or more antenna horns configured to couple with the printed circuit board, an antenna horn of the one or more antenna horn includes 
     a frame having at least one aperture forming a cup structure that circumscribes a respective printed circuit board launcher, the frame having a first end coupled to the printed circuit board and a second end longitudinally spaced from the first end and extending from the printed circuit board; and 
     a plurality of compliant coupling members extending longitudinally from the first end, the plurality of compliant coupling members being coupled with respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board such that coupling of plurality of compliant coupling members and the respective receiving apertures solely couples the antenna horn to the printed circuit board. 
     D2. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein each of the plurality of compliant coupling members is configured so as to be press fit into a respective receiving aperture of the printed circuit board. 
     D3. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the frame comprises a gain antenna horn element formed by the at least one aperture. 
     D4. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the frame comprises a waveguide horn element formed by the at least one aperture. 
     D5. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the at least one aperture comprises at least two apertures that form respective waveguide horn elements arranged adjacent one another, the plurality of compliant coupling members being disposed between adjacent waveguide horn elements and effect radio frequency signal isolation between the adjacent waveguide horn elements. 
     D6. The antenna of paragraph D5, wherein the frame forms a gain antenna horn element that is common to the at least two waveguide horn elements. 
     D7. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members are integrally formed with the frame. 
     D8. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members comprise compliant pins configured to exert an outward retention force against a wall of the respective receiving apertures. 
     D9. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members comprise compliant pins having a surface roughness configured to grip a wall of the respective receiving aperture. 
     D10. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members, coupled to the printed circuit board, circumscribe the at least one aperture so as to form a faraday cage that substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within a respective aperture of the at least one aperture. 
     D11. The antenna of paragraph D1 (or D10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members coupled to the printed circuit board circumscribe the at least one aperture so as to substantially prevent radio frequency signal leakage from between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     D12. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher so as to form a faraday cage that substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within a respective antenna horn. 
     D13. The antenna of paragraph D1 (or D10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher so as to substantially prevent radio frequency signal leakage from between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     D14. The antenna of paragraph D1 (or D10), wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members circumscribe the respective printed circuit board launcher so as to substantially prevent radio frequency signal interference between adjacent antenna horns. 
     D15. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the antenna horn of the one or more antenna horns is configured as a high density phase array antenna horn where a center to center spacing between adjacent antenna horns is a sub-lambda spacing. 
     D16. The antenna of paragraph 15, wherein the sub-lambda spacing is less than about half a wavelength of a radio frequency signal passing through the antenna horn. 
     D17. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the one or more antenna horns are configured for automated press-fit coupling with the printed circuit board. 
     D18. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members are configured to form a radio frequency ground coupling between the frame and the printed circuit board. 
     D19. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the one or more printed circuit board launcher comprises a dual polarization launcher. 
     D20. The antenna of paragraph D19, wherein the at least one aperture comprises two apertures, a first of the two apertures forms a first waveguide horn element for a first polarization element of the dual polarization launcher and a second of the two apertures forms a second waveguide horn element for a second polarization element of the dual polarization launcher. 
     D21. The antenna of paragraph D20, wherein one or more of the plurality of compliant coupling members are disposed between the first waveguide horn element and the second waveguide horn element to isolate the first polarization element and the second polarization element. 
     D22. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the one or more printed circuit board launcher comprises a single polarization launcher. 
     D23. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein a distance between second ends of adjacent antenna horns of the one or more antenna horns prevents access to the first ends of the adjacent antenna horns at the printed circuit board. 
     D24. The antenna of paragraph D1, wherein the plurality of compliant coupling members is configured to deform under an influence of the respective receiving apertures. 
     E1. A method for forming an antenna, the method comprises: 
     positioning an antenna horn relative to a printed circuit board so that the antenna horn circumscribes a printed circuit board launcher of the printed circuit board; and 
     coupling the antenna horn to the printed circuit board solely by coupling a plurality of compliant coupling members, extending from a frame of the antenna horn, and respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board. 
     E2. The method of paragraph E1, wherein coupling the plurality of compliant coupling members and respective receiving apertures of the printed circuit board includes press-fitting the plurality of compliant coupling members into the respective receiving apertures. 
     E3. The method of paragraph E1, further comprising, effecting with an automatic insertion machine, positioning the antenna horn relative to printed circuit board and coupling the antenna horn with the printed circuit board. 
     E4. The method of paragraph E1, further comprising substantially preventing radio frequency signal leakage from between the antenna horn and the printed circuit board with the plurality of compliant coupling members of the antenna horn circumscribing the printed circuit board launcher. 
     E5. The method of paragraph E1, further comprising forming a faraday cage, with the plurality of compliant coupling members of the antenna horn circumscribing the printed circuit board launcher, wherein the faraday cage substantially isolates radio frequency signals to within the antenna horn. 
     In the figures, referred to above, solid lines, if any, connecting various elements and/or components may represent mechanical, electrical, fluid, optical, electromagnetic, wireless and other couplings and/or combinations thereof. As used herein, “coupled”, “coupling”, and other grammatical variants of the word “couple” means associated directly as well as indirectly. For example, a member A may be directly associated with a member B, or may be indirectly associated therewith, e.g., via another member C. It will be understood that not all relationships among the various disclosed elements are necessarily represented. Accordingly, couplings other than those depicted in the drawings may also exist. Dashed lines, if any, connecting blocks designating the various elements and/or components represent couplings similar in function and purpose to those represented by solid lines; however, couplings represented by the dashed lines may either be selectively provided or may relate to alternative examples of the present disclosure. Likewise, elements and/or components, if any, represented with dashed lines, indicate alternative examples of the present disclosure. One or more elements shown in solid and/or dashed lines may be omitted from a particular example without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Environmental elements, if any, are represented with dotted lines. Virtual (imaginary) elements may also be shown for clarity. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that some of the features illustrated in the figures, may be combined in various ways without the need to include other features described in the figures, other drawing figures, and/or the accompanying disclosure, even though such combination or combinations are not explicitly illustrated herein. Similarly, additional features not limited to the examples presented, may be combined with some or all of the features shown and described herein. 
     In  FIG. 10 , referred to above, the blocks may represent operations and/or portions thereof and lines connecting the various blocks do not imply any particular order or dependency of the operations or portions thereof. Blocks represented by dashed lines, if any, indicate alternative operations and/or portions thereof. Dashed lines, if any, connecting the various blocks represent alternative dependencies of the operations or portions thereof. It will be understood that not all dependencies among the various disclosed operations are necessarily represented.  FIG. 10  and the accompanying disclosure describing the operations of the method(s) set forth herein should not be interpreted as necessarily determining a sequence in which the operations are to be performed. Rather, although one illustrative order is indicated, it is to be understood that the sequence of the operations may be modified when appropriate. Accordingly, certain operations may be performed in a different order or substantially simultaneously. Additionally, those skilled in the art will appreciate that not all operations described need be performed. 
     In the foregoing description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed concepts, which may be practiced without some or all of these particulars. In other instances, details of known devices and/or processes have been omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure. While some concepts will be described in conjunction with specific examples, it will be understood that these examples are not intended to be limiting. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “first,” “second,” etc. are used herein merely as labels, and are not intended to impose ordinal, positional, or hierarchical requirements on the items to which these terms refer. Moreover, reference to, e.g., a “second” item does not require or preclude the existence of, e.g., a “first” or lower-numbered item, and/or, e.g., a “third” or higher-numbered item. 
     Reference herein to “one example” means that one or more feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one implementation. The phrase “one example” in various places in the specification may or may not be referring to the same example. 
     As used herein, a system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware “configured to” perform a specified function is indeed capable of performing the specified function without any alteration, rather than merely having potential to perform the specified function after further modification. In other words, the system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware “configured to” perform a specified function is specifically selected, created, implemented, utilized, programmed, and/or designed for the purpose of performing the specified function. As used herein, “configured to” denotes existing characteristics of a system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware which enable the system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware to perform the specified function without further modification. For purposes of this disclosure, a system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware described as being “configured to” perform a particular function may additionally or alternatively be described as being “adapted to” and/or as being “operative to” perform that function. 
     Different examples of the apparatus(es) and method(s) disclosed herein include a variety of components, features, and functionalities. It should be understood that the various examples of the apparatus(es), system(s), and method(s) disclosed herein may include any of the components, features, and functionalities of any of the other examples of the apparatus(es) and method(s) disclosed herein in any combination, and all of such possibilities are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Many modifications of examples set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. 
     Therefore, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not to be limited to the specific examples illustrated and that modifications and other examples are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, although the foregoing description and the associated drawings describe examples of the present disclosure in the context of certain illustrative combinations of elements and/or functions, it should be appreciated that different combinations of elements and/or functions may be provided by alternative implementations without departing from the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, parenthetical reference numerals in the appended claims are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter to the specific examples provided in the present disclosure.