Patent Publication Number: US-2023163259-A1

Title: Display device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0164663, filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Nov. 25, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     (a) Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to a display device, and more particularly, to a display device including a color conversion unit for improving light efficiency. 
     (b) Description of the Related Art 
     As a display device, an emissive display device displaying an image by controlling luminance of light-emitting devices and a liquid crystal display displaying an image by controlling transmittance of a liquid crystal layer are widely used. Unlike a liquid crystal display, the emissive display device may not require a separate light source so as to reduce thickness and weight thereof. Further, the emissive display device has high quality characteristics such as low power consumption, high luminance, high response speed, and the like. 
     Recently, a display device including a color conversion unit has been proposed to reduce light loss and implement a display device with high color reproducibility. The color conversion unit may include color conversion layers in which quantum dots are dispersed, and may convert incident light into different colors. 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background, and therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments provide a display device including a color conversion unit capable of improving light efficiency and the like. 
     A display device according to an embodiment includes: a substrate; light emitting diodes disposed on the substrate; a first encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting diodes; a bank disposed on the first encapsulation layer to define openings and a well; a color conversion layer and a transmission layer individually disposed within the openings; and a reflective layer disposed within the well and disposed between the color conversion layer and the transmission layer. 
     The color conversion layer and the transmission layer may each overlap one of the light emitting diodes, and the reflective layer may not overlap any of the light emitting diodes. 
     A height of the reflective layer may be lower than a height of the color conversion layer or the transmission layer. 
     The display device may further include a second encapsulation layer disposed on the bank, the color conversion layer, the transmission layer, and the reflective layer. The second encapsulation layer may include a low refractive index layer. 
     The display device may further include: a first color filter disposed on the second encapsulation layer to overlap the color conversion layer and the reflective layer; and a second color filter disposed on the second encapsulation layer to overlap the transmission layer and the reflective layer. 
     A lower surface of the bank may be in contact with an upper surface of the first encapsulation layer. 
     A lower surface of the color conversion layer and a lower surface of the transmission layer may be in contact with an upper surface of the first encapsulation layer. 
     A lower surface of the reflective layer may be in contact with an upper surface of the first encapsulation layer. 
     The well may be formed in a form of a groove in the bank. 
     An area of the well may be larger than an area of each of the openings. 
     The well may be partitioned into a plurality of portions by the bank, and the plurality of portions may include a first portion disposed at a central portion and second portions surrounding the first portion. 
     The bank may have surface energy of 25 dyne/cm or less. 
     The bank may be transparent. 
     The reflective layer may be formed by curing white ink. 
     The color conversion layer may include quantum dots and scatterers, and the transmission layer and the reflective layer may include scatterers. 
     A display device according to an embodiment includes: a substrate; first, second, and third transistors disposed on the substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the first, second, and third transistors; first, second, and third light emitting diodes disposed on the insulating layer to be electrically connected to the first, second, and third transistors, respectively; an encapsulation layer disposed on the first, second, and third light emitting diodes to include an inorganic layer and an organic layer; a bank disposed on the encapsulation layer to define the first, second, and third openings and a well; a first color conversion layer, a second color conversion layer, and a transmission layer disposed in the first, second, and third openings respectively and overlapping the first, second, and third light emitting diodes, respectively; and a reflective layer disposed within the well and disposed between the first color conversion layer or the second color conversion layer and the transmission layer. 
     A height of the reflective layer may be lower than a height of the first color conversion layer, the second color conversion layer, or the transmission layer. 
     The bank may have surface energy of 25 dyne/cm or less. 
     The first and second color conversion layers may include quantum dots and scatterers, and the transmission layer and the reflective layer may include scatterers. 
     Each of the bank, the first color conversion layer, the second color conversion layer, and the transmission layer may be in contact with the encapsulation layer. 
     According to the embodiments, it is possible to improve optical efficiency of the display device. In addition, according to the embodiments, it is possible to prevent or reduce the position of the droplet on the bank, and even when the droplet is positioned, it is possible to reduce a size thereof. In addition, according to the embodiments, a thickness and a weight of the display device may be reduced, and resolution thereof may be increased. Further, according to the embodiments, there are other advantageous effects that can be recognized throughout the specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a top plan view of a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a circuit diagram of a pixel of a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a top plan view of a display area in a display panel according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ of  FIG.  3    according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along a line B-B′ of  FIG.  3    according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A′ of  FIG.  3    according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a top plan view of a display area in a display panel according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  8   ,  FIG.  9   ,  FIG.  10   , and  FIG.  11    illustrate manufacturing processes of a display panel according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. 
     It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, film, area, or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     In the specification, unless explicitly described to the contrary, the word “comprise” and variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of stated elements but not the exclusion of any other elements. 
     In addition, in the specification, “connected” means that two or more components are not only directly connected, but two or more components may be connected indirectly through other components, physically connected as well as being electrically connected, or it may be referred to by different names depending on the location or function, but may include connecting each of parts that are substantially integral to each other. 
     In the drawings, signs “x”, “y”, and “z” are used to indicate directions, wherein x is used for indicating a first direction, y is used for indicating a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction, and z is used for indicating a third direction that is perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. The first direction x, the second direction y, and the third direction z may correspond to a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, and a thickness direction of the display device, respectively. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a schematic top plan view of a display device according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , a display device  1  may include a display panel  10 , a flexible printed circuit film  20 , a driving integrated circuit chip  30 , a printed circuit board  40 , and a power module  50 . 
     The display panel  10  may include a display area DA corresponding to a screen on which an image is displayed and a non-display area NA, and circuits and/or wires for generating and/or transferring various signals and voltages applied to the display area DA are disposed in the non-display area NA. The non-display area NA may be adjacent to the display area DA, and may surround the display area DA. In  FIG.  1   , an inner area and an outer area of a dotted rectangle may be the display area DA and the non-display area NA, respectively. 
     Pixels PX are disposed in a matrix form in the display area DA of the display panel  10 . In addition, in the display area DA, a data line DL for transferring a data voltage V DATA , a driving voltage line VL 1  for transferring a driving voltage EL VDD , a common voltage line VL 2  for transferring a common voltage EL VSS , and an initialization voltage line VL 3  for transferring an initialization voltage V INT  may be positioned. The driving voltage line VL 1 , the common voltage line VL 2 , and the initialization voltage line VL 3  may extend in a second direction y. The initialization voltage line VL 3  may include a branch voltage line VL 3 ′ extending in a first direction x. Each pixel PX may receive the data voltage V DATA , the driving voltage EL VDD , the common voltage EL VSS , and the initialization voltage V INT  from such lines. The driving voltage EL VDD  and the common voltage EL VSS  are power voltages applied to each pixel PX, and the driving voltage line VL 1  and the common voltage line VL 2  that each transfer such power supply voltages may be referred to as power voltage lines. The driving voltage EL VDD  may be higher than the common voltage EL VSS . The driving voltage EL VDD  may be referred to as a first power voltage or a high potential power voltage. The common voltage EL VSS  may be referred to as a second power voltage or a low potential power voltage. 
     In the non-display area NA of the display panel  10 , a gate driver (not illustrated) may be positioned at opposite sides of the display area DA. A gate driver may be integrated in the non-display area NA. The pixels PX may receive a gate signal (also referred to as a scan signal) generated by the gate driver to receive the data voltage V DATA  at predetermined timing. 
     A driving voltage transfer line DVL connected to driving voltage lines VL 1  and a common voltage transfer line CVL connected to common voltage lines VL 2  may be positioned in the non-display area NA of the display panel  10 . Each of the driving voltage transfer line DVL and the common voltage transfer line CVL may include one portion extending in a second direction y and the other portion extending in a first direction x which is perpendicular to the second direction y. The common voltage transfer line CVL may be positioned to surround the display area DA. The common voltage lines VL 2  may be connected to the common voltage transfer line CVL at lower and upper sides of the display area DA, thereby uniformly supplying a common voltage EL VSS  over the entire display area DA. 
     A first end of the flexible printed circuit film  20  may be connected or bonded to the display panel  10 , and a second end may be connected or bonded to the printed circuit board  40 . A driving integrated circuit chip  30  including a data driver for applying the data voltage V DATA  to a data line DL may be positioned on the flexible printed circuit film  20 . 
     A power module  50  generating a power voltage such as the driving voltage EL VDD  and the common voltage EL VSS  may be positioned on the printed circuit board  40 . The power module  50  may be provided in the form of an integrated circuit chip. A signal controller (not illustrated) for controlling the data driver and the gate driver may be disposed in the printed circuit board  40 . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a circuit diagram of a pixel of a display device according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , one pixel PX may include first to third transistors T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 , a storage capacitor C ST , and a light emitting diode LED. The light emitting diode LED may be an organic or inorganic light emitting diode. The first to third transistors T 1 , T 2 , and T 3  may be N-type transistors, and at least some of them may be P-type transistors. 
     A gate electrode of the first transistor T 1  may be connected to a first electrode of the storage capacitor C ST . A first electrode of the first transistor T 1  may be connected to the driving voltage line VL 1  that transfers the driving voltage EL VDD , and a second electrode of the first transistor T 1  may be connected to an anode of the light emitting diode LED and a second electrode of the storage capacitor C ST . The first transistor T 1  may receive a data voltage V DATA  depending on a switching operation of the second transistor T 2  to supply a driving current to the light emitting diode LED depending on a voltage stored in the storage capacitor C ST . 
     A gate electrode of the second transistor T 2  may be connected to a first gate line GL 1  through which a first scan signal SC is transferred. A first electrode of the second transistor T 2  may be connected to the data line DL capable of transferring the data voltage V DATA  or a reference voltage V REF . A second electrode of the second transistor T 2  may be connected to the first electrode of the storage capacitor C ST  and the gate electrode of the first transistor T 1 . The second transistor T 2  is turned on based on the first scan signal SC to transfer the reference voltage V REF  or the data voltage V DATA  to the gate electrode of the first transistor T 1 . 
     A gate electrode of the third transistor T 3  may be connected to a second gate line GL 2  through which a second scan signal SS is transferred. A first electrode of the second transistor T 3  may be connected to the second electrode of the storage capacitor C ST , the second electrode of the first transistor T 1 , and the anode. A second electrode of the third transistor T 3  may be connected to an initialization voltage line VL 3  for transferring an initialization voltage V INT . The third transistor T 3  may be turned on in response to the second scan signal SS to initialize an anode voltage by transferring the initialization voltage V INT  to the anode. 
     The first electrode of the storage capacitor C ST  may be connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor T 1 , and the second electrode of the storage capacitor C ST  may be connected to the anode and the first electrode of the third transistor T 3 . The cathode of the light emitting diode LED may be connected to the common voltage line VL 2  for transferring the common voltage EL VSS . Each light emitting diode LED may constitute one pixel PX, and an anode and a cathode of the light emitting diode LED may be referred to as a pixel electrode and a common electrode, respectively. 
     The light emitting diode LED may emit light having luminance (grayscale) based on a driving current generated by the first transistor T 1 . 
     An example of an operation of a circuit illustrated in  FIG.  2   , particularly for operation during one frame, will be described taking as an example the case where the transistors T 1 , T 2 , and T 3  are all N-type transistors. 
     When one frame is started, the first scan signal SC of a high level and the second scan signal SS of a high level may be supplied during an initialization period and the second transistor T 2  and the third transistor T 3  may be turned on. A reference voltage V REF  from the data line DL may be supplied to the gate electrode of the first transistor T 1  and the first electrode of the storage capacitor C ST  through the turned-on second transistor T 2 , and the initialization voltage V INT  may be supplied to the second electrode of the first transistor T 1  and the anode through the turned-on third transistor T 3 . Accordingly, the anode may be initialized by using the initialization voltage V INT  during the initialization period. A voltage difference between the reference voltage V REF  and the initialization voltage V INT  may be stored in the storage capacitor C ST . 
     Next, when the second scan signal SS is changed to a low level in a state where the first scan signal SC of a high level is maintained for a sensing period, the second transistor T 2  may maintain a turn-on state and the third transistor T 3  may be turned off. The gate electrode of the first transistor T 1  and the first electrode of the storage capacitor C ST  may maintain a reference voltage V REF  through the turned-on second transistor T 2 , and the anode and the second electrode of the first transistor T 1  may be disconnected from the initialization voltage V INT  through the turned-off third transistor T 3 . Accordingly, when a current flows from the first electrode to the second electrode of the first transistor T 1  and a voltage of the second electrode becomes a “reference voltage-threshold voltage”, the first transistor T 1  may be turned off. Herein, the threshold voltage is a threshold voltage of the first transistor T 1 . In this case, a voltage difference between the gate electrode and the second electrode of the first transistor T 1  may be stored in the storage capacitor C ST , and the threshold voltage of the first transistor T 1  may be completely sensed. A characteristic deviation of the first transistor T 1  which may be different for each pixel PX may be compensated by generating a data voltage V DATA  that is compensated by reflecting characteristic information sensed during the sensing period. 
     Next, when the first scan signal SC of the high level is supplied and the second scan signal SS of a low level is supplied during a data input period, the second transistor T 2  may be turned on, but the third transistor T 3  may be turned off. The data voltage V DATA  from the data line DL may be supplied to the gate electrode of the first transistor T 1  and the first electrode of the storage capacitor C ST  through the turned-on second transistor T 2 . The data voltage V DATA  may have a value that is compensated based on the sensing of the threshold voltage of the first transistor T 1 , thereby correcting a characteristic deviation of the first transistor T 1   
     When the data voltage V DATA  is applied, the anode and the second electrode of the first transistor T 1  may substantially maintain a potential during the sensing period by the first transistor T 1  in a turned-off state. 
     Next, the first transistor T 1  that is turned on by the data voltage V DATA  transferred to the gate electrode of the first transistor T 1  during an emission period may generate a driving current according to the data voltage V DATA , and the light emitting diode LED may emit light by the driving current. That is, luminance of the light emitting diode LED may be adjusted by controlling the driving current applied to the light emitting diode LED depending on a magnitude of the data voltage V DATA  applied to the pixel PX. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a top plan view of a display area in a display panel according to an embodiment,  FIG.  4    illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ of  FIG.  3    according to an embodiment, and  FIG.  5    illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along a line B-B′ of  FIG.  3    according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , an area in which approximately six pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc are positioned in the display area DA is illustrated. The pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc may include a first pixel PXa, a second pixel PXb, and a third pixel PXc that display different colors. For example, the first pixel PXa may emit red light, the second pixel PXb may emit green light, and the third pixel PXc may emit blue light. In the display area DA, the first pixel PXa, the second pixel PXb, and the third pixel PXc may be repeatedly disposed in the first direction x and the second direction y. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  4   , and  FIG.  5   , the display panel  10  may include a display unit  100  and a color conversion unit  200 . The color conversion unit  200  may be positioned on the display unit  100 , and the color conversion unit  200  may entirely overlap the display unit  100 . 
     The display unit  100  may include a light emitting diode LED corresponding to each of the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc. The color conversion unit  200  may convert light emitted from the light diode emitting diode LED into a certain wavelength of light and emitit to the outside of the display panel  10 . 
     The display unit  100  may include a substrate  110 , a transistor TR positioned on the substrate  110 , and a light emitting diode LED connected to the transistor TR. 
     The substrate  110  may include a material having a rigid characteristic, such as glass, or a material having a flexible characteristic, such as plastic. For example, the substrate  110  may be a glass substrate. 
     A light blocking layer BL may be disposed on the substrate  110 . The light blocking layer BL may prevent external light from reaching the semiconductor layer AL of the transistor TR, thereby preventing characteristic deterioration of the semiconductor layer AL. The light blocking layer BL may control a leakage current of the transistor TR, particularly the driving transistor in which a current characteristic is important in an emissive display device. The light blocking layer BL may include a material that does not transmit light of a wavelength band to be blocked. For example, the light blocking layer BL may include a metal such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), or tungsten (W), and may be a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the light blocking layer BL may have a double layer structure including, e.g., titanium (Ti) and copper (Cu). The light blocking layer BL may function as an electrode that receives a specific voltage in the display panel  10 . In this case, a current change rate in the saturation region of a voltage-current characteristic graph of the transistor TR may be reduced to improve characteristics as a driving transistor. 
     A buffer layer  120  may be positioned on the substrate  110  and the light blocking layer BL. The buffer layer  120  may improve a characteristic of a semiconductor layer AL by blocking impurities from the substrate  110  when the semiconductor layer AL is formed, and may flatten a surface of the substrate  110  to relieve a stress of the semiconductor layer AL. The buffer layer  120  may include an inorganic insulating material such as a silicon nitride (SiN x ), a silicon oxide (SiO x ), and a silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). The buffer layer  120  may include amorphous silicon. 
     The semiconductor layer AL may be disposed on the buffer layer  120 . The semiconductor layer AL may include a first region and a second region, and a channel region therebetween. The semiconductor layer AL may include an oxide semiconductor. For example, the semiconductor layer AL may include an oxide semiconductor such as an indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) including at least one of zinc (Zn), indium (In), gallium (Ga), tin (Sn), or a mixture thereof. The semiconductor layer AL may include polycrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon, e.g., low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS). 
     A gate insulating layer  140  may be disposed on the semiconductor layer AL. The gate insulating layer  140  may be formed in a region overlapping a gate electrode GE. Such a structure may be formed by etching the gate insulating layer  140  during a photolithography process for forming the gate electrode GE. Alternatively, the gate insulating layer  140  may be formed to substantially cover the entire substrate  110 . The gate insulating layer  140  may include an inorganic insulating material such as a silicon oxide, a silicon nitride, and a silicon oxynitride, and may be a single layer or multiple layers. 
     The gate electrode GE may be positioned on the gate insulating layer  140 . The gate electrode GE may overlap a channel region of the semiconductor layer AL. The gate electrode GE may include a metal such as molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and the like, and may be a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the gate electrode GE may have a double layer structure including titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), and etc. The first gate line GL 1  and/or the second gate line GL 2  described above may have the same layer as that of the gate electrode GE. In the present specification, the same layer or being formed of the same layer may indicate that corresponding components are formed of the same material in a same process (e.g., a same photolithography process). 
     An interlayer insulating layer  160  may be disposed on the gate electrode GE and the buffer layer  120 . The interlayer insulating layer  160  may include an inorganic insulating material such as a silicon oxide, a silicon nitride, and a silicon oxynitride, and may be a single layer or multiple layers. 
     The first electrode SE and the second electrode DE of the transistor TR may be positioned on the interlayer insulating layer  160 . One of the first electrode SE and the second electrode DE may serve as a source electrode of the transistor TR, and the other may serve as a drain electrode of the transistor TR. The first electrode SE and the second electrode DE may be connected to the first region and the second region of the semiconductor layer AL through contact holes formed in the interlayer insulating layer  160 , respectively. The first electrode SE or the second electrode DE may be connected to the light blocking layer BL through contact holes formed in the interlayer insulating layer  160 , and the buffer layer  120 . The first electrode SE and the second electrode DE may each include a metal such as aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), and the like, and may be a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the first electrode SE and the second electrode DE may each have a double-layer structure including, e.g., titanium (Ti)/copper (Cu), or a triple-layer structure including, e.g., titanium (Ti)/aluminum (Al)/titanium (Ti). 
     The data line DL, the driving voltage line VL 1 , the common voltage line VL 2 , the initialization voltage line VL 3 , the driving voltage transfer line DVL, and/or the common voltage transfer line CVL described above may have a same layer as that of the second electrode DE. 
     The semiconductor layer AL, the gate electrode GE, the first electrode SE, and the second electrode DE may constitute the transistor TR. The illustrated transistor TR may correspond to the first transistor T 1  in the pixel PX of  FIG.  2   . 
     A planarization layer  180  may be disposed on the first electrode SE, the second electrode DE, and the interlayer insulating layer  160 . The planarization layer  180  may include an organic insulating material such as a general purpose polymer such as poly(methylmethacrylate) and polystyrene, a polymer derivative having a phenolic group, an acrylic-based polymer, an imide-based polymer (e.g., polyimide), and a siloxane-based polymer. 
     A pixel electrode PE of the light emitting diode LED is positioned on the planarization layer  180 . The pixel electrode PE may be connected to the first electrode SE through a contact hole formed in the planarization layer  180 . The pixel electrode PE may be formed of a reflective conductive material or a translucent conductive material, or may be formed of a transparent conductive material. The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) or an indium zinc oxide (IZO). The pixel electrode PE may include a metal such as lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), or gold (Au). The pixel electrode PE may have a multi-layered structure, e.g., may have a triple-layer structure including, e.g., ITO/silver (Ag)/ITO. 
     A pixel defining layer  185  may be disposed on the planarization layer  180 , and an opening overlapping the pixel electrode PE may be formed in the pixel defining layer  185 . The pixel defining layer  185  may include an organic insulating material such as an acryl-based polymer, an imide-based polymer, and an amide-based polymer. The pixel defining layer  185  may include a colored pigment such as a black pigment or a blue pigment. For example, the pixel defining layer  185  may include a polyimide binder and a pigment mixed with red, green, and blue. The pixel defining layer  185  may include a cardo binder resin and a mixture of a lactam black pigment and a blue pigment. The pixel defining layer  185  may include carbon black. The pixel defining layer  185  including a black pigment may improve a contrast ratio, and may prevent reflection by a metal layer disposed therebelow. 
     An emission layer EL may be disposed on the pixel electrode PE and the pixel defining layer  185 . The emission layer EL may contact the pixel electrode PE through the opening of the pixel defining layer  185 . Unlike the drawings, the emission layer EL may be disposed in the opening of the pixel defining layer  185 . The emission layer EL may include a light emitting material emitting blue light. The emission layer EL may include a light emitting material that emits red light or green light in addition to blue light. In addition to the emission layer EL, at least one of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, or an electron injection layer may be disposed on the pixel electrode PE. 
     A common electrode CE may be positioned on the emission layer EL. The common electrode CE may be positioned across the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc. The common electrode CE may include a metal such as calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), or lithium (Li). The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive oxide such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) or an indium zinc oxide (IZO). 
     The pixel electrode PE, the emission layer EL, and the common electrode CE may constitute a light emitting diode LED, which may be an organic light emitting diode. The pixel electrode PE may be individually provided for each of the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc to receive a driving current. The common electrode CE may be provided in common to the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc to receive a common voltage EL v ss. The pixel electrode PE may be an anode that is a hole injection electrode, and the common electrode CE may be a cathode that is an electron injection electrode, and vice versa. The opening of the pixel defining layer  185  may correspond to an emission area of the light emitting diode LED. 
     A display unit encapsulation layer  190  (hereinafter, simply referred to as a first encapsulation layer) may be disposed on the common electrode CE. The first encapsulation layer  190  may encapsulate light emitting diodes LED, and may prevent penetration of moisture or oxygen from the outside. The first encapsulation layer  190  may cover the entire display area DA, and an edge of the first encapsulation layer  190  may be disposed in the non-display area NA. The first encapsulation layer  190  may be a thin film encapsulation layer including the first inorganic layer  191 , the second inorganic layer  193 , and the organic layer  192 . The first inorganic layer  191  and the second inorganic layer  193  may mainly prevent penetration of moisture, etc., and the organic layer  192  may mainly planarize a surface of the first encapsulation layer  190 , in particular, a surface of the second inorganic layer  193  in the display area DA. The first inorganic layer  191  and the second inorganic layer  193  may each include an inorganic insulating material such as a silicon oxide or a silicon nitride. The organic layer  192  may include an organic material such as an acryl-based resin, a methacrylic resin, polyisoprene, a vinyl-based resin, an epoxy-based resin, a urethane-based resin, a cellulose-based resin, a perylene-based resin, and the like. 
     The color conversion unit  200  may include a bank  210 , a reflective layer  220 , first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b , a transmission layer  230   c , a color conversion unit encapsulation layer  240 , color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c , and an overcoat layer  260 . 
     The bank  210  may be positioned on the first encapsulation layer  190  of the display unit  100 . For example, a lower surface of the bank  210  may be in contact with an upper surface of the first encapsulation layer  190 . The bank  210  may overlap the pixel defining layer  185 . The bank  210  may not overlap or may hardly overlap the light emitting diodes LED. That is, the light emitting diodes LED is disposed between two banks  210  in a first direction x or a second direction y. The bank  210  may be positioned at a boundary of the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc. The bank  210  may partition a pixel area. 
     The bank  210  may be liquid repellent. For example, surface energy of the bank  210  may be about 25 dyne/cm or less. In an inkjet process for forming the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c , spreadability of a droplet erroneously landing on the bank  210  or on the edge of the bank  210  may be controlled to prevent or reduce staying on the bank  210  or on an edge of the bank  210 , and to reduce a size of the erroneously landed droplet. When there is a droplet erroneously landed on the bank  210 , quality (e.g., adhesion, flatness, etc.) of a layer formed in a subsequent process may be deteriorated, and thus it may be necessary to remove it or reduce a size thereof. 
     A contact angle of droplets for forming the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  may be about 30° or more, about 40° or more, or about 50° or more by liquid repellency of the bank  210 . The liquid repellency of the bank  210  may be formed by forming the bank  210  with a photosensitive resin composition including a liquid-repellent material, or may be provided by forming the bank  210  and then subjecting the surface of the bank  210  to a liquid-repellent treatment (e.g., plasma treatment). The bank  210  may include an organic material such as an acryl-based polymer, an epoxy-based polymer, an imide-based polymer, an olefin-based polymer, or an amide-based polymer. 
     The bank  210  may be transparent. Herein, the term “transparent” may mean that transmittance of visible light in the third direction z may be about 50% or more, about 60% or more, or about 70% or more. When the bank  210  is a black bank including a black pigment, it may be advantageous to prevent color mixing between the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c . However, since the black bank absorbs light emitted laterally from the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c , it may be difficult to recycle such side light. In addition, since the black bank absorbs light, it may be difficult to expose (irradiate ultraviolet rays) to a lower portion thereof during formation of the black bank, which may increase critical dimensions. Even when a white bank is formed, it may be difficult to form it finely due to diffuse reflection. Recycling of side light may be possible by forming the bank  210  with a transparent material, and it may be advantageous for realizing high resolution. In addition, a transparent bank may be more cost-effective than a black bank. 
     A plurality of openings  211   a ,  211   b , and  211   c  overlapping the light emitting diodes LED is defined in the bank  210 . The bank  210  may include wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  overlapping the pixel defining layer  185 . In other words, the openings  211   a ,  211   b , and  211   c  and the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may be defined by the bank  210 . 
     The openings  211   a ,  211   b , and  211   c  may extend through the bank  210  in the third direction z. The first opening  211   a  overlapping the light emitting diode LED corresponds to the first pixel PXa, the second opening  211   b  overlapping the light emitting diode LED corresponds to the second pixel PXb, and the third opening  211   c  overlapping the light emitting diode LED corresponds to the third pixel PXc. 
     The wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may extend through the bank  210  in the third direction z, but may not extend through it. As depicted in  FIG.  3   , the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may include a first well  212   a  positioned between the first pixel PXa and the third pixel PXc in the first direction x, a second well  212   b  positioned between the second pixel PXb and the first and third pixels PXa and PXc in the second direction y, and a third well  212   c  positioned between adjacent second pixels PXb in the first direction x. The first well  212   a  may be formed to extend in the second direction y, and the second well  212   b  may be formed to extend in the first direction x. The third well  212   c  may have a larger area than that of each of the first well  212   a  and the second well  212   b . The third well  212   c  may have a larger area than that of each of the first opening  211   a , the second opening  211   b , and the third opening  211   c . The wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  are isolated from one another, but may be connected. For example, the first well  212   a  and the second well  212   b  may be connected to form a T-shaped planar shape. A disposal, size, shape, etc. of the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may be variously changed depending on a disposal, size, shape, etc. of the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc. 
     A first color conversion layer  230   a , a second color conversion layer  230   b , and a transmission layer  230   c  may be positioned in the first opening  211   a , the second opening  211   b , and the third opening  211   c , respectively. A reflective layer  220  may be positioned in the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c . Lower surfaces of the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  may be in contact with an upper surface of the first encapsulation layer  190 . A lower surface of the reflective layer  220  may be in contact with an upper surface of the first encapsulation layer  190 . The first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , the transmission layer  230   c , and the reflective layer  220  may be formed by an inkjet printing process. When the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  are formed, a height of the reflective layer  220  may be lower than that of the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  such that the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may receive erroneously landed droplets. 
     The first color conversion layer  230   a  may overlap the light emitting diode LED corresponding to the first pixel PXa, and may convert light incident from the light emitting diode LED into light having a first wavelength. The light of the first wavelength may be red light having a maximum emission peak wavelength in the range of about 600 nm to about 650 nm, e.g., about 620 nm to about 650 nm. 
     The second color conversion layer  230   b  may overlap the light emitting diode LED corresponding to the second pixel PXb, and may convert light incident from the light emitting diode LED into light having a second wavelength. The light of the second wavelength may be green light having a maximum emission peak wavelength in the range of about 500 nm to about 550 nm, e.g., about 510 nm to about 550 nm. 
     The transmission layer  230   c  may overlap the light emitting diode LED corresponding to the third pixel PXc, and may transmit light incident from the light emitting diode LED. The light passing through the transmission layer  230   c  may be light of a third wavelength. The light of the third wavelength may be blue light having a maximum emission peak wavelength in the range of about 380 nm to about 480 nm, e.g., about 420 nm or more, about 430 nm or more, about 440 nm or more, or about 445 nm or more, and about 470 nm or less, about 460 nm or less, or about 455 nm or less. 
     The reflective layer  220  may overlap the pixel defining layer  185 , and does not overlap the light emitting diode LED in the third direction z. When the bank  210  is transparent, some of the light emitted from the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  may be laterally emitted to pass through the bank  210 . The reflective layer  220  may reflect the light emitted laterally from the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  back to the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c . Since the light emitted laterally from the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  may be reused, light efficiency may be improved. In addition, it is possible to prevent color mixing and luminance influence between the adjacent pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc, by preventing the light emitted from the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  corresponding to different pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc from entering the color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  adjacent thereto. The reflective layer  220  may be formed by curing white ink, and may be white. 
     The first color conversion layer  230   a  and the second color conversion layer  230   b  may include first quantum dots  231   a  and second quantum dots  231   b , respectively. For example, light incident to the first color conversion layer  230   a  may be converted into light of a first wavelength by the first quantum dots  231   a  to be emitted. Light incident to the second color conversion layer  230   b  may be converted into light of a second wavelength by the second quantum dots  231   b  to be emitted. The first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  may each include scatterers  232 . The scatterers  232  may scatter light incident to the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  to improve light efficiency. The reflective layer  220  may include the scatterers  232 . The reflective layer  220  may include the scatterers  232  at a higher density than that of the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  to increase reflectivity of the reflective layer  220 . 
     The scatterers  232  may be metal oxide particles and/or organic particles. As such a metal oxide, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , ZnO, SnO 2 , etc. may be exemplified. As a material of the organic particles, an acrylic resin, a urethane resin, or the like may be exemplified. The scatterer  232  may scatter light in a random direction regardless of an incident direction of the incident light. 
     Each of the first quantum dots  231   a  and the second quantum dots  231   b  (hereinafter, also referred to as semiconductor nanocrystals) may independently include a Group II-VI compound, a Group III-V compound, a Group IV-VI compound, a Group IV element or compound, a Group I-III-VI compound, a Group II-III-VI compound, a Group I-II-IV-VI compound, or a combination thereof. 
     The Group II-VI compound may be selected from a two-element compound selected from CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, and a mixture thereof; a three-element compound selected from CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, and a mixture thereof; and a four-element compound selected from HgZnTeS, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, and a mixture thereof. The Group II-VI compound may further include a Group III metal (e.g., CuInS). 
     The Group III-V compound may be selected from a two-element compound selected from GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, and a mixture thereof; a three-element compound selected from GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AINAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, and a mixture thereof; and a four-element compound selected from GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, and a mixture thereof. The Group III-V compound may further include a group II metal (e.g., InZnP). 
     The Group IV-VI compound may be selected from a two-element compound selected from SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, and a mixture thereof; a three-element compound selected from SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, and a mixture thereof; and a four-element compound selected from SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, and a mixture thereof. 
     The Group IV element or compound may be selected from a one-element material selected from Si and Ge, and a combination thereof; and a two-element compound selected from SiC, SiGe, and a combination thereof. 
     The Group I-III-VI compound may be selected from AgInS, CuInSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInGaSe, and CuInGaS. 
     The Group II-III-VI compound may be selected from ZnGaS, ZnAlS, ZnInS, ZnGaSe, ZnAlSe, ZnlnSe, ZnGaTe, ZnAlTe, ZnInTe, ZnGaO, ZnAlO, ZnInO, HgGaS, HgAlS, HgInS, HgGaSe, HgAlSe, HglnSe, HgGaTe, HgAlTe, HgInTe, MgGaS, MgAlS, MgInS, MgGaSe, MgAlSe, MglnSe, and a combination thereof. 
     The group I-II-IV-VI compound may be selected from CuZnSnSe and CuZnSnS. 
     The quantum dots may not contain cadmium. The quantum dots may include semiconductor nanocrystals based on Group III-V compounds including indium and phosphorus. The Group III-V compounds may further contain zinc. The quantum dots may include semiconductor nanocrystals based on a Group II-VI compound including a chalcogen element (e.g., sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or a combination thereof) and zinc. 
     In the quantum dots, the two-element compound, the three-element compound, and/or the four-element compound described above may be present in particles at uniform concentrations, or they may be present in the same particle in a state of being divided into plurality of portions having different concentrations, respectively. In addition, a core-shell structure in which some quantum dots surround some other quantum dots may be possible. An interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which a concentration of elements of the shell decreases closer to a center thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the quantum dot may have a core-shell structure that includes a core including the semiconductor nanocrystal described above and a shell surrounding the core. The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a passivation layer for maintaining a semiconductor characteristic and/or as a charging layer for applying an electrophoretic characteristic to the quantum dot by preventing chemical denaturation of the core. The shell may be a single layer or a multilayer. An example of the shell of the quantum dot includes a metal or nonmetal oxide, a semiconductor compound, or a combination thereof. 
     Examples of an oxide of the metal or non-metal may include a two-element compound such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZnO, MnO, Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , CuO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , CoO, Co 3 O 4 , or NiO and a three-element compound such as MgAl 2 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , NiFe 2 O 4 , or CoMn 2 O 4 . 
     Examples of the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or the like. 
     The quantum dot may have a full width at half maximum) of the light-emitting wavelength spectrum that is equal to or less than about 45 nm, equal to or less than about 40 nm, or equal to or less than about 30 nm, and in this range, color purity or color reproducibility may be improved. In addition, since light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, a viewing angle of light may be improved. 
     In the quantum dot, a shell material and a core material may have different energy band gaps. For example, the energy band gap of the shell material may be larger or smaller than that of the core material. The quantum dot may have a multi-layered shell. In the multilayered shell, the energy band gap of an outer layer may be larger than that of an inner layer (i.e., a layer closer to the core). In the multilayered shell, the energy band gap of the outer layer may be smaller than the energy band gap of the inner layer. 
     A shape of the quantum dot is not particularly limited. For example, the shape of the quantum dot may include a sphere, a polyhedron, a pyramid, a multipod, a square, a cuboid, a nanotube, a nanorod, a nanowire, a nanosheet, or a combination thereof. 
     The quantum dot may include an organic ligand (e.g., having a hydrophobic moiety and/or a hydrophilic moiety). The organic ligand moiety may be bonded to a surface of the quantum dot. The organic ligand may include RCOOH, RNH 2 , R 2 NH, R 3 N, RSH, R 3 PO, R 3 P, ROH, RCOOR, RPO(OH) 2 , RHPOOH, R 2 POOH, or a combination thereof. Herein, each R may independently indicate a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 (e.g., C5 or more and C24 or less) alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C40 aliphatic hydrocarbon group such as a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C40 (e.g., C6 or more and C20 or less) aromatic hydrocarbon group such as a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C40 aryl group, or a combination thereof. 
     Examples of the organic ligand may include a thiol compound such as methane thiol, ethane thiol, propane thiol, butane thiol, pentane thiol, hexane thiol, octane thiol, dodecane thiol, hexadecane thiol, octadecane thiol, or benzyl thiol; an amine such as methane amine, ethane amine, propane amine, butane amine, pentyl amine, hexyl amine, octyl amine, nonyl amine, decyl amine, dodecyl amine, hexadecyl amine, octadecyl amine, dimethyl amine, diethyl amine, dipropyl amine, tributylamine, and trioctylamine; a carboxylic acid compound such as methanic acid, ethanic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and benzoic acid; a phosphine compound such as methyl phosphine, ethyl phosphine, propyl phosphine, butyl phosphine, pentyl phosphine, octylphosphine, dioctyl phosphine, tributylphosphine, trioctylphosphine, and the like; a phosphine compound or an oxide compound thereof such as methyl phosphine oxide, ethyl phosphine oxide, propyl phosphine oxide, butyl phosphine oxide, pentyl phosphine oxide, tributyl phosphine oxide, octyl phosphine oxide, dioctyl phosphine oxide, trioctyl phosphine oxide, diphenyl phosphine, a triphenyl phosphine compound or an oxide compound thereof; or a C5 to C20 alkyl phosphinic acid such as hexylphosphinic acid, octylphosphinic acid, dodecanephosphinic acid, tetradecanephosphinic acid, hexadecanephosphinic acid, or octadecanephosphinic acid. The quantum dot may contain a hydrophobic organic ligand alone or as a mixture of one or more. The hydrophobic organic ligand (e.g., an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, etc.) may not contain a photopolymerizable moiety. 
     A color conversion unit encapsulation layer  240  (hereinafter, simply referred to as a second encapsulation layer) may be positioned on the bank  210 , the reflective layer  220 , the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c . The second encapsulation layer  240  may encapsulate the reflective layer  220 , the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c . The second encapsulation layer  240  may be a thin film encapsulation layer including a first inorganic layer  241 , an organic layer  242 , and a second inorganic layer  243 . The first inorganic layer  241  and the second inorganic layer  243  may mainly prevent penetration of moisture, etc., and the organic layer  242  may mainly planarize the surface of the second encapsulation layer  240 , particularly the surface of the second inorganic layer  243 . The first inorganic layer  241  and the second inorganic layer  243  may each include an inorganic insulating material such as a silicon oxide or a silicon nitride. The organic layer  242  may include an organic material such as an acryl-based resin, a methacrylic resin, polyisoprene, a vinyl-based resin, an epoxy-based resin, a urethane-based resin, a cellulose-based resin, a perylene-based resin, and the like. 
     At least one of the first inorganic layer  241 , the organic layer  242 , or the second inorganic layer  243  may be a low refractive index layer. For example, the organic layer  242  may be a low refractive index layer, and the organic layer  242  may include an organic material having a low refractive index. A refractive index of the low refractive index layer may be in a range of about 1.1 to about 1.3. 
     Color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c  may be positioned on the second encapsulation layer  240 . The color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c  may overlap openings of the pixel defining layer  185 . The color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c  may include a first color filter  250   a  that transmits light of a first wavelength and absorbs light of a remaining wavelength, a second color filter  250   b  that transmits light of a second wavelength and absorbs light of a remaining wavelength, and a third color filter  250   c  that transmits light of a third wavelength and absorbs light of a remaining wavelength. 
     The first color filter  250   a , the second color filter  250   b , and the third color filter  250   c  may overlap the first color conversion layer  230   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c , respectively. The first color filter  250   a , the second color filter  250   b , and the third color filter  250   c  may correspond to the first pixel PXa, the second pixel PXb, and the third pixel PXc, respectively. Accordingly, purity of light of a first wavelength (corresponding to the first pixel PXa), light of a second wavelength (corresponding to the second pixel PXb), and light of a third wavelength (corresponding to the second pixel PXb) emitted to the outside of the display panel  10  may be increased. The light of the first wavelength, the light of the second wavelength, and the light of the third wavelength may be red light, green light, and blue light, respectively. 
     At a boundary between the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc, the first color filter  250   a , the second color filter  250   b , and the third color filter  250   c  may overlap each other to form a light blocking region. As illustrated, the first color filter  250   a , the second color filter  250   b , and the third color filter  250   c  may all overlap to form a light blocking region, but two color filters may overlap to form a light blocking region. For example, the first color filter  250   a  and the second color filter  250   b  may overlap at a boundary between the first pixel PXa and the second pixel PXb, the second color filter  250   b  and the third color filter  250   c  may overlap at a boundary between the second pixel PXb and the third pixel PXc, and the third color filter  250   c  and the first color filter  250   a  may overlap at a boundary between the third pixel PXc and the first pixel PXa. Since the reflective layer  220  is positioned at the boundary between the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc, the first color filter  250   a , the second color filter  250   b , and the third color filter  250   c  may overlap each other on the reflective layer  220  to form a light blocking region. The first color filter  250   a , the second color filter  250   b , and the third color filter  250   c  are stacked in this order on the second encapsulation layer  240 , but they may be stacked in another order. A light blocking region may be provided by forming a light blocking member including a black pigment or dye instead of overlapping the color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c.    
     An overcoat layer  260  may be disposed on the color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c . The overcoat layer  260  may include an inorganic insulating material and/or an organic insulating material, and may be a single layer or multiple layers. An anti-reflection layer (not illustrated) for reducing external light reflection may be disposed on the overcoat layer  260 . 
     As for the display panel  10  having the structure as described above, the color conversion unit  200  may not be formed on a separate substrate and may not be bonded to the display unit  100 , but may be formed on the display unit  100 , thereby reducing a thickness and a weight of the display panel  10  and a manufacturing cost thereof. In addition, a distance between the light emitting diode LED as a light source and the color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  may be close to a thickness of the first encapsulation layer  190 , thereby reducing light loss and increasing light efficiency. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A′ of  FIG.  3    according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a structure of the first and second wells  212   a  and  212   b  is different from that of the above-described embodiment. The first and second wells  212   a  and  212   b  may be formed in the form of grooves in the bank  210 . In other words, the first and second wells  212   a  and  212   b  may be formed to a predetermined depth without extending through the bank  210 . Depths of the first and second wells  212   a  and  212   b  may be about ½ or more, about ⅔ or more, or about ¾ or more of the thickness of the bank  210 . As such, when the first and second wells  212   a  and  212   b  are formed in the form of grooves, thin portions of the bank  210  may be connected to form a strong structure, and possibility of damage to the bank  210  may be reduced. Meanwhile, the third well  212   c  may be formed in the form of an opening extending through the bank  210 . The first and second wells  212   a  and  212   b  and the third well  212   c  may be formed together in a same process, e.g., by applying an organic material and patterning using a halftone mask. 
     When the wells  212   a  and  212   b  are formed to have a groove shape, the reflective layer  220  will be formed to a depth where the wells  212   a  and  212   b  are formed, and thus color mixing may occur between the color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  that are adjacent through lower portions of the wells  212   a  and  212   b . To prevent this problem, the bank  210  may be a white bank capable of reflecting side light emitted from the color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c , or a black bank absorbing side light. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates a top plan view of a display area in a display panel according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , an example in which the third well  212   c  formed in the bank  210  positioned between the neighboring second pixels PXb is divided into a plurality of portions is illustrated. The third well  212   c  may include a first portion  212   c   1  having a relatively large area positioned at a center thereof and at least four second portions  212   c   2  surrounding the first portion  212   c   1  at each vertex. The first and second portions  212   c   1  and  212   c   2  may be partitioned by the bank  210 . When the third well  212   c  is divided in this way, portions of the bank  210  defining the third well  212   c  are connected to each other, to firmly form the bank  210 . Each of the third wells  212   c  may be formed in the form of an opening extending through the bank  210  or may be formed in the form of a groove in the bank  210 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, all portions  212   c   1  and  212   c   2  of the third well  212   c  may be formed in an opening shape. As another example, the relatively wide first portion  212   c   1  positioned at a center thereof may be formed in the form of an opening, and the eight second portions  212   c   2  surrounding the first portion  212   c   1  may be formed in the form of a groove. 
       FIG.  8   ,  FIG.  9   ,  FIG.  10   , and  FIG.  11    illustrate manufacturing processes of a display panel according to an embodiment. 
       FIGS.  8 ,  9 ,  10 , and  11    may illustrate manufacturing processes of the display panel  10  illustrated in  FIGS.  3 ,  4 , and  5   . This will be described with cross-reference to  FIGS.  3 ,  4 , and  5   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , a process of forming the display unit  100  may be performed first. A light blocking layer BL may be formed by forming a conductive layer on the substrate  110  and then patterning it. The buffer layer  120  may be formed on the light blocking layer BL, and a semiconductor material layer may be formed on the buffer layer  120  and patterned to form the semiconductor layer AL. Next, the gate insulating material layer covering the semiconductor layer AL may be formed. Next, a conductive layer is formed on the gate insulating material layer and then patterned to form the gate electrode GE. After the gate electrode GE is formed, the gate insulating material layer may be etched to form the gate insulating layer  140  such that a portion thereof overlapping the gate electrode GE and the like remains. Next, the interlayer insulating layer  160  may be formed on the gate electrode GE. Next, contact holes extending through the interlayer insulating layer  160  and overlapping a first region and a second region of the semiconductor layer AL and a contact hole extending through the interlayer insulating layer  160  and the buffer layer  120  and overlapping the light blocking layer BL may be formed. The first electrode SE and the second electrode DE may be formed by forming a conductive layer on the interlayer insulating layer  160  and then patterning it. The first electrode SE may be connected to the first region of the semiconductor layer AL and the light blocking layer BL through contact holes. The second electrode DE may be connected to the second region of the semiconductor layer AL through a contact hole. Next, the planarization layer  180  may be formed, and a contact hole extending through the planarization layer  180  and overlapping the first electrode SE may be formed. Next, the pixel electrode PE may be formed by forming a conductive layer and then patterning it. Next, the pixel defining layer  185  including an opening exposing a portion of the pixel electrode PE may be formed on the planarization layer  180 . Next, the emission layer EL may be formed on the pixel electrode PE, and the common electrode CE may be formed on the emission layer EL. Next, the first inorganic layer  191 , the organic layer  192 , and the second inorganic layer  193  may be formed on the common electrode CE to form the first encapsulation layer  190 . Although not illustrated, a capping layer and/or a functional layer may be further formed between the common electrode CE and the first encapsulation layer  190 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , the bank  210  may be formed on the first encapsulation layer  190  of the display unit  100 . The bank  210  may define the openings  211   a ,  211   b , and  211   c  and the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c . The bank  210 , the openings  211   a ,  211   b , and  211   c , and the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may be formed by applying a photosensitive organic material and then patterning it. The bank  210  may be liquid-repellent, and the liquid repellency of the bank  210  may be imparted by forming the bank  210  using a photosensitive organic material including a liquid-repellent material, or by forming the bank  210  and then treating a surface thereof to be lyophobic. The bank  210  and the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  may be positioned at a boundary between the pixels PXa, PXb, and PXc, and may overlap the pixel defining layer  185 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , the reflective layer  220  may be formed in the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c . The reflective layer  220  may be formed by an inkjet printing process for discharging white ink into the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c . The white ink may be, e.g., in a form in which the scatters  232  is mixed with a liquid base resin, and may be hardened by irradiating ultraviolet rays to it after being deposited in the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c . As the bank  210  is liquid-repellent, a droplet that mistakenly lands on the bank  210  may enter the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  or may be small in size. The reflective layer  220  may not completely fill the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c , but may be formed lower than upper surfaces of the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c , i.e., lower than an upper end of the bank  210 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , the first color conversion layer  230   a  may be formed in the first opening  211   a , the second color conversion layer  230   b  may be formed in the second opening  211   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  may be formed in the third opening  211   c . A material of the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  may be provided as ink mixed or dispersed in a solvent, and the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  may be formed by an inkjet printing process. When the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b  and the transmission layer  230   c  are formed, the droplet that erroneously lands on the bank  210  may either enter the corresponding openings  211   a ,  211   b , and  211   c , or the wells  212   a ,  212   b , and  212   c  that are not completely filled by the reflective layer  220 , or may be small in size since the bank  210  is liquid-repellent. Since the inkjet printing process forms a pattern by printing, a material for pattern formation may be reduced, unlike a photolithography process in which a layer is formed to cover the entire substrate  110  and then partially removed to form a pattern. In addition, since the inkjet printing process does not require use of a mask, the process and a cost may be reduced. 
     Thereafter, referring to  FIG.  4    and  FIG.  5   , the second encapsulation layer  240  covering the reflective layer  220 , the first and second color conversion layers  230   a  and  230   b , and the transmission layer  230   c  may be formed, and the color filters  250   a ,  250   b , and  250   c  may be formed on the second encapsulation layer  240 . 
     While this disclosure has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical embodiments, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.