Patent Publication Number: US-11044220-B1

Title: Methods and systems for presenting modules in an inbox interface

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of, claims the benefit of and priority to previously filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/272,360 filed Sep. 21, 2016, titled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRESENTING MODULES IN AN INBOX INTERFACE”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Messaging systems, such as instant messaging systems and short message service (“SMS”) systems, allow users to communicate with each other by exchanging messages. Messaging services may also provide capabilities beyond exchanging messages, but in many cases the user may not be aware of the additional capabilities or how to use them. In some situations, the additional capabilities may be relatively difficult to locate in a messaging application, or their use may be non-intuitive. As a result, these additional capabilities may be underutilized. Moreover, users of the messaging service who might be relatively active users if they were aware of the additional capabilities may instead become less active. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  depicts an exemplary messaging interface including several types of individual and group messages; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts an exemplary message composition interface; 
         FIG. 1C  depicts an example of selecting a recipient of a message in a messaging interface; 
         FIG. 1D  depicts an example of selecting a group of recipients of a message in a messaging interface. 
         FIG. 2A  depicts an exemplary interface for a messaging inbox including a first portion displaying a first set of messages, a second portion displaying one or more modules, and a third portion displaying a second set of messages; 
         FIG. 2B  depicts an exemplary interface for a messaging inbox in which a second set of messages is displayed in the first portion of the interface including the first set of messages; 
         FIG. 2C  depicts an example of a top contacts module; 
         FIG. 2D  depicts an example of a people/states module; 
         FIG. 2E  depicts an example of a new behavior module; 
         FIG. 2F  depicts an example of a live videos module; 
         FIG. 2G  depicts an example of an events module; 
         FIG. 2H  depicts an example of a businesses module; 
         FIG. 2I  depicts an example of a messaging stickers module; 
         FIG. 2J  depicts an example of a wireless network finder module; 
         FIG. 2K  depicts an example of a transportation services module; 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process for displaying an inbox interface including one or more modules; 
         FIG. 4A  depicts an example of a sharing module for sharing local content; 
         FIG. 4B  depicts an example of a sharing module for sharing social networking content; 
         FIG. 4C  depicts an exemplary interface for selecting content to be shared; 
         FIG. 4D  depicts an exemplary interface for selecting a group of recipients to receive the content selected in  FIG. 4C ; 
         FIG. 4E  depicts an exemplary interface for confirming the sending of the content to the recipients; 
         FIG. 4F  depicts an exemplary inbox after receiving the content shared in  FIGS. 4C-4E   
         FIG. 4G  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process for sharing content from a module; 
         FIG. 5A  depicts an example of a promotional material module; 
         FIG. 5B  depicts an example of promotional material integrated into non-promotional material module; 
         FIG. 5C  depicts an example of a message generated in response to interacting with promotional material; 
         FIG. 5D  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process for providing promotional content in a module; 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process for determining a transition point between a first group of messages and a set of one or more modules; 
         FIG. 7A  is a block diagram providing an overview of a module ranking framework; 
         FIG. 7B  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process for determining an inter-module rank; 
         FIG. 7C  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process for determining an intra-module rank; 
         FIG. 8A  is a block diagram providing an overview of a system including an exemplary centralized messaging service; 
         FIG. 8B  is a block diagram providing an overview of a system including an exemplary distributed messaging service; 
         FIG. 8C  depicts the social networking graph of  FIGS. 8A-8B  in more detail; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram depicting an example of a system for a messaging service; 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computing device suitable for use with exemplary embodiments; 
         FIG. 11  depicts an exemplary communication architecture; and 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram depicting an exemplary multicarrier communications device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Messaging applications may provide an inbox that allows a user to read and send messages. However, a messaging application may provide additional functionality beyond reading and sending messages, such as playing games, sending money to a friend, viewing which other users are online to spur a conversation, etc. If these additional functions are hidden in menus or accessed through special commands or gestures, many users will rarely or never use them. The users may not know that this functionality exists, or accessing the functionality may prove too cumbersome to encourage regular use. Because this functionality can spur increased use of the messaging application, administrators of the messaging service may wish to encourage its use. 
     In a messaging inbox displaying messages, it is often the case that some messages are more important or valuable to a user than others. For example, it may be highly likely that a user will wish to access recent messages and unread messages, whereas relatively stale messages or messages that have been previously read are less likely to be accessed. 
     According to exemplary embodiments, these insights are combined to provide a modular inbox that encourages use of the messaging service&#39;s full functionality, while also providing ready access to the user&#39;s most important or valuable messages. In the modular inbox, the inbox may be divided into different inbox units or modules. The modules may provide a user with quick and convenient access to different inbox functionalities that the user might not otherwise be aware of (or inclined to use on a regular basis). 
     After a number of messages are shown in the inbox&#39;s initial display, the messages end and are replaced with modules. The number of messages to display before switching to modules (referred to herein as a messaging cliff) is determined based on a minimum threshold and a dynamic maximum threshold that can differ from user-to-user and based on the context (e.g., the time of day). 
     The point where the inbox transitions from the recent messages to the modules (the messaging cliff) may be determined statically or dynamically. A static determination may involve transitioning to the modules after a predetermined number of recent messages. A dynamic determination may be made based on, for example, selecting a number of messages to display that falls within a minimum number of messages and a maximum number of messages. The minimum may be, for example, 4-8 messages and may be based on a predetermined minimum message threshold. The maximum number of messages may be dynamic, and may be based on the current time of day, the number of message threads in which the user is participating in an active conversation, or the number of unread messages in the user&#39;s inbox (e.g., the cliff may be set to display all unread messages within a certain time frame, which may include gaps where read messages have been filtered out). The maximum number of messages displayed may be different for different users. For example, a power user may receive a large number of messages over a short time frame. Such a user might see messages only from the very recent past but might have a higher threshold for the number of messages to display. An infrequent user, on the other hand, might see fewer messages over a longer time frame. User activity may be determined based on historical usage of the messaging application or messaging service. 
     The modules section of the inbox differs from the message display section of the inbox in that the modules are primarily configured for functionality other than the displaying of messages or message threads. Modules may provide different kinds of functionality, such as showing active users, suggesting new activities, or making it easy to share content from a device (e.g., through the device&#39;s camera roll or photo album), a social networking service, or another source. The modules may include modules for sharable articles/videos/pictures that allow a user to select content to be provided to other messaging service users. Modules can also include, or can be, advertisements. 
     Further embodiments provide modules relating to the sharing of content from a social networking service associated with the messaging service. For example, some modules may allow a user to share articles, videos, or pictures from the social networking service. Exemplary interfaces simplify the sharing procedure by providing content recommendations, which may be retrieved from the social networking service based on consumption information. Alternatively or in addition, the content may be retrieved from a location outside the social networking service, or from multiple sites. 
     Content items within modules can be ranked to determine which intra-module order to display the content items. The content may be ranked based on a number of metrics, such as recency of access, interaction time, and/or an enjoyment metric personalized to a given user. The intra-module content ranking scheme may be defined on a module-by-module basis. Content may be displayed in the sharing module based on the rank. 
     In addition to (or alternatively from) ranking the content within a module, the modules may also be ranked against each other in order to determine which order to show the modules. Inter-module ranking may be determined based on ranking metrics, such as the user&#39;s estimated interest in the module, the estimated interest in the module among a user base of the messaging service, and a value of displaying the module to the messaging service or an associate of the messaging service. Inter-module ranking may be determined at a server communicating with a client device, although the inter-module ranking scheme may also be extensible with offline models. 
     The intra-module content ranking may be used to affect the inter-module ranking. For example, if a particular content item in a low-ranked module is determined to be particularly pertinent or exciting (e.g., an article is currently being viewed by a large number of people on a social network), then this may cause the content item&#39;s module to be elevated in the inter-module ranking. In some circumstances, the module may even be elevated above the messages displayed in the first section of the inbox. 
     When sharing content, the module may suggest a group of recommended recipients. The group may include members selected based on the content (e.g., who is considered the most likely to enjoy the content) and/or metrics based on users with whom the sharing user has historically shared similar content. 
     When sharing local or social networking media, exemplary embodiments provide simple low-friction ways to share the material. In general, the system may provide an interface displaying content recommendations and a list of suggested users with whom the content may be shared. Upon selecting the content and a list of target users, the original user may simply press send, and the messaging service will automatically generate suitable messages and/or message threads to share the content. 
     Still further, some modules may be used to deliver promotional materials. Promotional material may be in the form of promotional content items, such as individual offers or advertisements. The promotional content items may be presented in a dedicated module (e.g., a promotional materials module), and/or may be integrated into other modules (e.g., providing a promotional content item among the shareable articles in an articles module). In some embodiments, a business may purchase a higher ranking for their promotional content item to allow the promotional content item to be displayed earlier in the list of modules or within a given module. 
     Interacting with the promotional content items may cause a new message or thread to be delivered to the user&#39;s inbox. Such a message may include a code that offers a discount when scanned in a retail location. The messages and/or promotional content items may be generated based on proximity. In one example, promotional content items may be displayed based on a user&#39;s affinity, and interacting with a promotional content item may allow a user to claim an offer from a provider. When the user&#39;s device is identified at a location proximate to a retail location for the provider, the user may be sent a message prompting the user to enter the retail location and scan the code to receive a discount. 
     In some embodiments, sponsored promotional content items (e.g., advertisements) may be distinguished from discount offers, which are generally perceived to be purely beneficial and thus may be better tolerated by users in certain circumstances. Different types of promotional content items may be prompted in different ways, and interacting with different types of promotional content items may produce different results. For example, purely sponsored promotional content items may be displayed in an advertising-specific module, whereas discount items may be presented among other content items in a different module. In some cases, purely sponsored promotional content items may be displayed among other content items (e.g., when the user is determined to be in a location proximate to a provider of the promotional content item). In another example, interacting with a discount offer may cause an interface to be presented allowing the user to share the discount offer with their friends (e.g., to encourage the friends to go to a coffee shop together), whereas interacting with a promotional content item containing an advertisement might open a message thread with the sponsor of the promotional content item. 
     After scrolling through the recent messages and reaching the cliff, the user may scroll through the modules. When the available modules are exhausted (or after displaying a predetermined or dynamically determined number of modules), the inbox may transition back to older unread messages. Alternatively or in addition, older or unread threads may be collapsed into the top section, before the cliff. 
     As an aid to understanding, a series of examples will first be presented before detailed descriptions of the underlying implementations are described. It is noted that these examples are intended to be illustrative only and that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown. 
     Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. However, the novel embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate a description thereof. The intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the claimed subject matter. 
     In the Figures and the accompanying description, the designations “a” and “b” and “c” (and similar designators) are intended to be variables representing any positive integer. Thus, for example, if an implementation sets a value for a=5, then a complete set of components  122  illustrated as components  122 - 1  through  122 - a  may include components  122 - 1 ,  122 - 2 ,  122 - 3 ,  122 - 4 , and  122 - 5 . The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     Messaging Overview 
     A general overview of messaging techniques is now described. 
     Users may interact with a messaging system through a client application.  FIG. 1A  depicts an example of a client application displaying a messaging interface  100 . The messaging interface  100  of  FIG. 1A  shows an exemplary summary screen that provides an overview of messages recently sent to (or by) the user of the client application. 
     Messaging systems may support a variety of different types of messages. For example, the messaging interface  100  includes a summary of a one-to-one (or individual) message  102 . A one-to-one message is a message exchanged between two entities, so that only the two entities can see and participate in the conversation. For example, in the one-to-one message  102 , the current user (Jack Doe) recently received a message from his wife, Jane Doe. The other participant in the conversation is indicated in the interface  100  using an identifier  104  (including a name and profile picture, in this example). Only Jack and Jane participate in the conversation, and only Jack and Jane can view the conversation. 
     Another message type supported by the messaging system is a group conversation. In a group conversation, multiple users see and participate in the conversation.  FIG. 1A  depicts an exemplary summary of a group conversation  106 . In the summary of the group conversation  106 , each of the other users participating in the conversation is indicated by respective identifiers  108 . In this case, the identifiers include the names or handles of the other users participating in the group conversation, and an icon to indicate that the conversation is a group conversation. For example, in this case the current user (Jack) is participating in a conversation with his friends Ben and Alex. Jack, Ben, and Alex can each see all of the messages in the conversation (regardless of who sent the message) and can send messages to the group. 
     Another type of message supported by the messaging system is a message between one or more users and an organization (such as a business) or event. For example,  FIG. 1A  shows an event message  110  sent by the current user (Jack) to the page of an event being organized through a social network. The identifier  112  identifies the name of the event, and an icon is presented identifying this particular event is a concert. In an event message  110 , all participants in the event (as a participant is defined, e.g., by the event&#39;s social networking page) can view and send event messages  110 . Participants may include, for example, people attending the event, fans of the event that have signed up with the event&#39;s page to receive messages about the event, event organizers, etc. 
     By selecting an existing message summary  102 ,  106 ,  110 , the user can view messages in an existing conversation and add new messages to the conversation. Moreover, the interface  100  includes interface elements  114  allowing the user to create a new message. 
     For example,  FIG. 1B  depicts an interface  116  displayed by the messaging client application in response to receiving a selection of the “compose” interface element  114 . A “new message” window is displayed in the interface  116 . The new message window includes a recipient field  118  for allowing the user to manually enter identifiers for one or more recipients. If available, the user&#39;s contacts list  120  may also be displayed in the interface  116  in order to simplify the selection of the recipients. 
     In the example of  FIG. 1C , the user has entered the identifier of a recipient in the recipient field  118 . In order to indicate the recipient&#39;s inclusion in the recipients list, a selection indication  122  is displayed on the recipient&#39;s icon in the contacts list  120 . 
     It is possible to select more than recipient in the interface  116  in order to create a group message, e.g. by manually adding multiple recipients in the recipient filed  118 , selecting multiple contacts in the contacts list  120 , or a combination of methods.  FIG. 1D  depicts an example of such a group selection. 
     This brief summary is intended to serve as a non-limiting introduction to the concepts discussed in more detail below, in connection with  FIGS. 2-8 . However, before discussing further exemplary embodiments, a brief note on data privacy is first provided. A more detailed description of privacy settings and authentication will be addressed in connection with the following Figures. 
     A Note on Data Privacy 
     Some embodiments described herein make use of training data or metrics that may include information voluntarily provided by one or more users. In such embodiments, data privacy may be protected in a number of ways. 
     For example, the user may be required to opt in to any data collection before user data is collected or used. The user may also be provided with the opportunity to opt out of any data collection. Before opting in to data collection, the user may be provided with a description of the ways in which the data will be used, how long the data will be retained, and the safeguards that are in place to protect the data from disclosure. 
     Any information identifying the user from which the data was collected may be purged or disassociated from the data. In the event that any identifying information needs to be retained (e.g., to meet regulatory requirements), the user may be informed of the collection of the identifying information, the uses that will be made of the identifying information, and the amount of time that the identifying information will be retained. Information specifically identifying the user may be removed and may be replaced with, for example, a generic identification number or other non-specific form of identification. 
     Once collected, the data may be stored in a secure data storage location that includes safeguards to prevent unauthorized access to the data. The data may be stored in an encrypted format. Identifying information and/or non-identifying information may be purged from the data storage after a predetermined period of time. 
     Although particular privacy protection techniques are described herein for purposes of illustration, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that privacy protected in other manners as well. Further details regarding data privacy are discussed below in the section describing network embodiments. 
     Assuming a user&#39;s privacy conditions are met, exemplary embodiments may be deployed in a wide variety of messaging systems, including messaging in a social network or on a mobile device (e.g., through a messaging client application or via short message service), among other possibilities. An overview of a messaging system is now provided 
     Modular Inbox Overview 
       FIG. 2A  depicts an exemplary interface  200  for a messaging inbox. The interface includes a first portion  202  for displaying a first set of messages  204 , a second portion  206  displaying one or more modules  208 , and a third portion  210  displaying a second set of messages  212 . 
     Although  FIG. 2A  depicts each of the first portion  202 , the second portion  206 , and the third portion  208  together on a single screen of the device, any or all of the interface portions may extend to or beyond a single device screen. The user may navigate through the interface  200 , for example by scrolling. 
     The first set of messages  204  may be the most relevant or recent messages, whereas the second set of messages  212  may be less relevant or recent messages. The transition point between the first set of messages  204  and the second set of messages  212  is referred to herein as a message cliff. Techniques for determining which messages to include in the first set of messages  204 , and which to include in the second set of messages  212 , are covered in detail in the section below addressing The Cliff. 
     Scrolling through the interface  200  may cause the interface  200  to expose or display the first portion  202 , the second portion  206 , and the third portion  210 , respectively. For example, the display may first render the first portion  202  of the interface  200 . If the messages  204  of the first portion  202  do not occupy all of the display space available to the interface  200 , then at least a part of the second portion  206  may also be displayed (as much as will fit in the space left over after the first portion  202  is displayed). If the messages  204  of the first portion  202  occupy more space than is immediately available to the interface  200 , then scrolling through the interface  200  may cause additional messages in the first set of messages  204  to be displayed, until the user reaches the messaging cliff. If the user continues to scroll after reaching the messaging cliff, then the second portion  206  including the modules  208  may be displayed. The user may continue to scroll through the modules  208  until the available modules are exhausted. At this point, the interface  200  may begin to display the third portion  210  including the second set of messages  212 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 2A , the messaging inbox displays messages up to a certain point (the first set of messages  204 ), then modules  208 , and then the second set of the user&#39;s messages  212  (in the third portion  210  of the interface  200 ). As an alternative, or in addition to, this approach, some or all of the second set of messages  212  (messages falling after the messaging cliff) may be collapsed into the first portion  202  of the interface  200 . 
     For example,  FIG. 2B  depicts an exemplary interface  214  for a messaging inbox in which a second set of messages is displayable in the first portion  202  of the interface  200 , which also includes the first set of messages  204 . In the interface  214 , the second set of messages may be initially hidden behind a collapsible heading  216  having an expandable interface element  218 . Interacting with the expandable interface element  218  may cause the second set of messages  204  to be displayed. 
     As further depicted in  FIG. 2B , in addition to scrolling through the interface  200  as a whole, individual modules  208  may also be scrollable. The modules  208  may present a predetermined amount of content or options. For example, a videos module  220  may display a number of videos from a social networking service that the system considers the current user to be most likely to share with friends. If the system determines that the amount of content can fit on the display of the user&#39;s device (e.g., based on the screen width and resolution available to the interface  200 ), then the content may be entirely displayed within the width of the interface, in a section reserved for the module  208 . 
     On the other hand, if the amount of content does not entirely fit on the display (or if the module  208  allows for a potentially unlimited or amount of content), then the system may provide options for allowing the user to scroll through the videos module  220 . The system may present an option to scroll horizontally through the content (e.g., by allowing a user to gesture on a touch display with a left- or right-swipe), vertically through the content (e.g., by allowing a user to gesture on the touch display with an up- or down-swipe within an area reserved for the module), or both. In the depicted example, a horizontal scroll bar  222  shows the user&#39;s progress through the available content. 
     Exemplary Modules 
     The second portion  206  of the interface  200  may include multiple different sections providing different types of modules  208 . Exemplary modules  208  are discussed below, although it is contemplated that additional types of modules may also be used. Exemplary embodiments may display some or all of the different types of modules  208  in the second portion  206  of the interface  200 . The modules  208  to be displayed may be selected based on the user&#39;s sharing history or interactions with a social networking service; those modules that the social networking service considers are most likely to be useful to the user may be selected for display. 
       FIG. 2C  depicts an example of a top contacts module  224 . The top contacts module  224  may include a list of top contacts  226  from the messaging inbox owner&#39;s contacts list. The top contacts  226  may be selected from the contacts list based on, for example, the inbox owner&#39;s messaging history (e.g., which users the inbox owner has messaged most frequently, most recently, at certain times of the day, etc.), and/or other metrics such as an affinity of the inbox owner for the contact, a proximity of the contact to the inbox owner, or context-sensitive information such as a current or future change in location. 
     For example, if an out-of-town contact is traveling to the inbox owner&#39;s location, then the out-of-town contact may be displayed in the top contacts module  224 , even if they would not otherwise be included based on other metrics. In another embodiment, the contacts may be selected based on properties of the contact (such as whether it is the contact&#39;s birthday). In yet another example, the system may add contacts to the list if the contact has not been messaged by the inbox owner for more than a predetermined period of time, particularly if the contact was someone that the message owner previously contacted often (e.g., to encourage the inbox owner to message the contact). Explanatory information (e.g., “User X will be visiting City Y from Date A to Date B”) may be displayed in the top contacts module  224 . 
     A predetermined number of top contacts  226  may be selected for display in the top contacts module  220 . Optionally, the predetermined number may be user-configurable so that the user may specify how many top contacts to display. If the number of contacts displayed in the top contacts module  224  is too great to fit within the space reserved for the top contacts module  224  on the display, then the top contacts module  224  may be scrollable (e.g., with a horizontal scroll). 
       FIG. 2D  depicts an example of a people/states module  228 . The people/states module may display a list of the user&#39;s contacts who satisfy a condition that the contact be in one or more selected states. For example, the people/states module  228  may include a list of contacts  230  that are currently online, or who have recently participated in a conversation. The people/states module  228  may include an indicator  232  that indicates the current state of the associated contact  230 . In the depicted example, the indicator  232  is a color-coded dot that changes color to reflect if the contact  230  is online or away. 
     The list of contacts in the people/states module  228  may be dynamically updated as contacts in the user&#39;s contacts list change their states, with contacts being added or removed from the people/states module. The people/states module may be configurable to allow the user to select how many contacts should be displayed in the people/states module, and in which state(s) the user is interested. If the people/states module  228  is configured to display a specific number of contacts that is less than the total number of contacts that match the selected states, then the people/states module  228  may apply one or more relevancy metrics to determine which contacts to display (e.g., contacts most recently messaged, contacts messaged at the highest frequency, etc.). The relevancy metrics may include the metrics described above in connection with the top contacts module. 
       FIG. 2E  depicts an example of a new behavior module  236 . The new behavior module  236  presents a list of behaviors or activities that the inbox owner could engage in on the messaging service, but for which the inbox owner has not (or has not recently) engaged. In the depicted example, the user is presented with the content option  238 - 1  to chat with a bot representing a company that the user likes or is predicted to like. 
     The new behavior module  236  may also or alternatively suggest behaviors in which the user does engage in some contexts, and for which the messaging service determines the user would be likely to engage if presented with the opportunity. For example, the user may have previously joined an interest group (e.g., “Rock Climbers of Springfield”), and the messaging service may determine that the user would be likely to want to join a related group. In the depicted example, the user is presented with a content option  238 - 2  to join the “Rock Breakers” group, representing another group of local rock climbers. 
     In a further example, the user may have previously participated in hangouts or online gatherings; when a celebrity or public figure begins a new hangout or gathering, the user may be presented with an option  238 - 3  to join the gathering in the new behaviors module  236 . 
     In another example, if new functionality is added to the messaging service, then the new behavior module  236  may suggest that the inbox owner try the new functionality. One example of new behavior may be engaging in a video conversation—if the inbox owner has not previously engaged in a video conversation, but instead has always engaged in text messages, then the new behavior module  236  may suggest that the inbox owner initiate a video call with another user. 
       FIG. 2F  depicts an example of a live videos module  240 . The live videos module  240  may present content options  242 - 1 ,  242 - 2  representing live video streams currently being transmitted by other users of the messaging service (or an associated social networking service). The live videos module  240  may also present a content option  242 - 3  for allowing the inbox owner to create a live video stream from their device. 
       FIG. 2G  depicts an example of an events module  244 . The events module  244  may display a list of upcoming events  246  that the inbox owner and/or the inbox owner&#39;s contacts are scheduled to attend. Alternatively or in addition, the events module  244  may display a list of events  246  in which the messaging service or social networking service have determined the inbox owner may be interested (e.g., based on the inbox owner&#39;s interests as indicated through the inbox owner&#39;s interactions on a social network, or based on the interests of the inbox owner&#39;s contacts). 
       FIG. 2H  depicts an example of a businesses module  248 . The businesses module  248  may display a list of businesses  250  that the inbox owner and/or the inbox owner&#39;s contacts have previously interacted. Alternatively or in addition, the businesses module  248  may display a list of business  250  in which the messaging service or social networking service have determined the inbox owner may be interested (e.g., based on the inbox owner&#39;s interests as indicated through the inbox owner&#39;s interactions on a social network, or based on the interests of the inbox owner&#39;s contacts). 
       FIG. 2I  depicts an example of a messaging stickers module  252 . The messaging service may allow the inbox owner to add graphics referred to as stickers to a message. These stickers may be downloaded from the messaging service, a social networking service, or another site. The stickers module  252  may display a list of stickers  254  for which the inbox owner may have an interest. The inbox owner may interact with the stickers module  252  in order to download or flag stickers for use in future messages. Upon selecting one or more of the stickers  254 - i , the selected stickers may be downloaded and added to the user&#39;s local library for future use. 
       FIG. 2J  depicts an example of a wireless network finder module  256 . The wireless network finder module  256  may display a list of available wireless networks  258  in proximity to the device of the inbox owner. The wireless network finder module  256  may also display information about the networks, such as the network name, the entity that provides or manages the network, wireless signal strength, and whether and how the network is secured. The inbox owner may select one of the wireless networks through the wireless network finder module  256  in order to connect to the wireless network. 
       FIG. 2K  depicts an example of a transportation services module  260 . The transportation services module  260  presents options for allowing the inbox owner to secure transportation, either immediately or at a scheduled time. The transportation services module  260  may display a list of transportation services  262  that are available in an area proximate to the inbox owner (as determined, for example, by the location of the inbox owner&#39;s mobile device). The transportation services may include, for example, taxi services, ride sharing services, public transportation, etc. The transportation services module  260  may connect to an application on the user&#39;s device, or to an internet site, for securing the transportation services. The transportation services module  260  may connect to a social networking page associated with a transportation service and may allow the user to communicate with the ride sharing service&#39;s page (e.g., through bot interaction). The transportation services module  260  may, alternatively or in addition, display a calendar allowing transportation services to be scheduled for a future time. 
     Any or all of the above-described modules may be displayed in the inbox interface (as well as additional modules described below).  FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process  300  for displaying an inbox interface including one or more modules. 
     At block  302 , a messaging application may receive an instruction to display an inbox interface for a messaging service associated with the messaging application. Block  302  may occur, for example, in response to starting up the messaging application or in response to receiving an instruction to access a home screen or inbox screen in the messaging application. 
     At block  304 , the inbox interface may be generated and a first set of messages may be displayed in a first portion of the inbox interface. The first portion of the inbox interface may provide thread display functionality, in which message threads are displayed. The message threads may be summarized in the first portion of the inbox interface (e.g., by displaying a thread&#39;s most recent message, or a representative message of the thread, and/or a list of participants in the thread). Interacting with one of the message threads may cause the message thread to be expanded so that an exchange between two or more thread participants may be viewed. 
     In some embodiments, the first portion of the interface may be provided as a module specifically dedicated to message or thread display functionality. 
     The first set of messages displayed in the first portion of the inbox interface may include a subset of the totality of the threads or messages available to the inbox owner, as determined based on a messaging cliff (discussed in more detail below). For example, the first set of messages may include a set of unread messages or a set of recent messages received within a predetermined amount of time. 
     In some embodiments, messages that are not selected for inclusion in the first set of messages may be collapsed into a message header and presented, e.g., at the end of the first set of messages. 
     At block  306 , the inbox interface may receive an instruction to navigate past the first portion of the inbox interface. For example, the messaging application may register a gesture on a touch screen corresponding to a scrolling gesture, where scrolling the interface in accordance with the gesture would cause the interface to scroll beyond the final message or message thread in the first set of messages. Scrolling or navigation may be achieved in other ways as well, such as by interacting with a pointing device (e.g., a computer mouse), voice commands, etc. 
     At block  308 , the messaging application may cause a second portion of the inbox interface to be displayed. The second portion may include one or more modules, where the modules of the second portion provide access to functionality that is different from the message or thread display functionality of the first portion of the inbox interface. As the inbox interface is scrolled through, the second portion of the inbox interface may incrementally or immediately replace the first portion of the inbox interface as the inbox interface is scrolled. 
     A list of the modules to display may be retrieved from a messaging server. The list may include a set of identifiers associated with each module to be displayed. Optionally, an entry in the list associated with each module may include further information, such as a type of the module, metadata such as a name of the module to be displayed, and optionally may include content items to be displayed. The content items returned with the list of the modules may be a null (empty) set, in which case the module may determine which content to display, either based on local content on the client device or remote content on a server associated with the module. 
     The messaging server may determine a subset of available modules to assign to the user (e.g., based on the user&#39;s predicted affinity for the modules) and may provide the list of modules to a client device running the inbox owner&#39;s messaging application. 
     The ordering of the modules in the second portion of the inbox interface may be determined by an inter-module ranking, as discussed in more detail below. In some cases, a module in the set of modules may be determined to be highly relevant, which may cause the module to be elevated in the inter-module ranking. In some embodiments, if it is determined that one of the modules in the set of modules is particularly relevant (e.g., above a certain relevancy threshold), then the module may be elevated even above the first portion of the interface (e.g., so that the module is displayed before the messages or message threads). For example, if a particular live video is being viewed by a significant number of the contacts of the inbox owner, then the live videos module may be elevated above the messages of the first portion of the interface. 
     The content within the modules may be retrieved from the messaging server associated with the messaging service. Alternatively or in addition, the content may be retrieved from separate servers associated with each module (e.g., each module may independently define and fetch its own content). 
     At block  310 , the inbox interface may receive an instruction to navigate past the second portion of the inbox interface. For example, the messaging application may register a gesture on a touch screen corresponding to a scrolling gesture, where scrolling the interface in accordance with the gesture would cause the interface to scroll beyond a final module of the set of modules in the second portion of the interface. Scrolling or navigation may be achieved in other ways as well, such as by interacting with a pointing device (e.g., a computer mouse), voice commands, etc. 
     At block  312 , the messaging application may optionally cause a second set of messages or message threads to be displayed in a third portion of the inbox interface. The third portion may be displayed after the second portion, and may incrementally or immediately replace the second portion of the inbox interface as the inbox interface is scrolled. The second set may include messages or message threads that were not flagged for inclusion in the first set of messages. 
     Alternatively or in addition, some or all of the second set of messages or message threads may be collapsed in the first interface portion, as described above. 
     Sharables Modules 
     A number of module types have been discussed above. In addition to these modules, a particular type of module configured to share local or social networking content may also be provided. Sharables modules are described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 4A-4G . 
       FIG. 4A  depicts an example of a local sharing module  402  for sharing local content. A number of local content items  404  may be displayed in the sharing module  402 . The local content items  404  may be, for example, photos or videos from a local device on which the messaging application is running. 
     The local sharing module  402  may display a predetermined or dynamically determined number of local content items  404  on the display. More local content items  404  may be accessible, for example using a horizontal scrolling technique or through an additional menu  406 . Activation of the menu  406  may, for example, cause the local sharing module  402  to present an interface into the local storage of the device. The messaging application may, for example, access the photo album of the local device and suggest photos or videos that the inbox owner may be interested in sharing with their contacts. 
       FIG. 4B  depicts an example of a social media sharing module  408  for sharing social networking content. The social media sharing module  408  may retrieve content items  410  associated with the inbox owner from a social networking service. For example, the content items  410  may include media that has been uploaded by the inbox owner to the social networking service, media that the inbox owner has interacted with through the social networking service (e.g., content on which the inbox owner has commented, liked, etc.), or media that the social networking service determines that the inbox owner is likely to appreciate or enjoy. The content items  410  may include, for example, videos, pictures (e.g., GIFs), articles, etc. that have been uploaded to, or otherwise accessed from, the social networking service. 
     Additional content items  410  may be available through a horizontal scrolling technique. Alternatively or in addition, a menu  412  may be provided for displaying additional content items  410 . Activation of the menu  412  may, for example, cause the social media sharing module  408  to present an interface into the social networking service and display additional content items  410  available through the social networking service. 
       FIG. 4C  depicts an exemplary interface  414  for selecting content to be shared. The content may be local content as shown in the local sharing module  402  or content from a social networking service as shown in the social media sharing module  408 . In the depicted example, the content items  416  in the interface  414  represent articles available on a social networking service. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4C , one or more of the content items  416  may be selected. The selected content items may be identified using an identifier  418 , such as a checkmark in this example. Once one or more of the content items  416  are selected, a recipients interface may be displayed, as shown in  FIG. 4D . 
       FIG. 4D  depicts an exemplary interface  420  for selecting a group of recipients  422  to receive the content selected in  FIG. 4C . The recipients  422  displayed in the interface  420  may include users connected to or associated with the inbox owner through a social networking service or through the messaging service. For example, the recipients  422  may include recipients with whom the inbox owner has recently shared content items, or whom the inbox owner has recently messaged. The recipients  422  may be selected, at least in part, based on an identity of the content items  416  selected for sharing. For example, the social networking service may identify a subset of the inbox owner&#39;s contacts or friends on the social networking service who (based on their own content interaction history) the social networking service determines are likely to enjoy or appreciate the content items  416 . To accomplish this, the social networking service may consult a social graph, as described in more detail below. 
     Upon selecting one or more of the recipients  422 , an indication  424  (such as a check box, in this example) may be displayed to indicate which recipients  422  have been selected. The messaging application may then display an interface for confirming the sending of the content to the recipients, such as the exemplary interface  426  depicted in  FIG. 4E . 
     The interface  426  may display the selected content items  416  and the selected recipients  422  from the interfaces  414 ,  420 . Thus, the inbox owner may review the content to be distributed and the users to whom the content will be shared. Optionally, a prompt may be provided for allowing the inbox owner to add explanatory text when the content is sent. 
     When the inbox owner is satisfied, a confirmation indicator  428  may be selected to confirm the transmission of the content. When the indicator  428  is selected, the messaging application may transmit the selected content items  416  to the selected recipients  422 . 
       FIG. 4F  depicts an exemplary inbox interface  430  for one of the recipients  422 , after receiving the content  416  shared in  FIGS. 4C-4E . A new message thread or inbox item  432  may be created in the first section of the modular inbox (e.g., the section containing message or thread content). The inbox item  432  includes an identification  434  of the sender of the content, along with any explanatory text  436  added during the sending process. The shared content item  416  may be displayed in the message, and interacting with the shared content item  416  may cause the inbox interface  430  to display a larger version of the content item  416  (e.g., replacing a thumbnail of the content item  416  with a larger version), or to navigate to a location of the content item (e.g., taking the recipient to the recipient&#39;s social networking page, in the case of social networking content, or to a web site containing the content). 
       FIG. 4G  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process  438  for sharing content from a module. 
     At block  440 , the messaging application may display a sharing module. The sharing module may be displayed in the second portion of the modular inbox, dedicated to non-message or non-message-thread display. In some embodiments, the module may be configured to share content from a social networking service with users of the messaging service. In other embodiments, the module may be configured to share local content from the local device with users of the messaging service. The module may be distinct from a portion of the inbox interface that provides message or message thread display functionality; 
     At block  442 , the messaging application may identify recommended content items for display. The sharing module may be a module for sharing a particular type of content, such as articles, videos, or pictures, and the messaging application may identify content of the type associated with the sharing module. The sharing module may define where content items for the sharing module may be found (e.g., a photo album or roll on the local device for a photos module, a social networking service for a videos module, etc.). The messaging application may retrieve a number of the content items (e.g., a number defined by the sharing module) from the identified location, and may select a recommended subset of the retrieved items for display. 
     The recommended subset may be determined based on one or more metrics, which may be defined by the sharing module. For example, in the case of a sharing module for sharing photos, the recommended items may be the most recently captured photographs on the local device. In the case of a sharing module for sharing content from a social network, the metrics may be based on consumption information for the content items. For instance, the most consumed or interacted-with content items on the social network may be selected as recommended content items. The recommendation may also be based on a determination of which content items the inbox owner is most likely to wish to share (e.g., which content the inbox owner has interacted with recently, or is likely to enjoy based on the inbox owner&#39;s interaction history through a social network). 
     At block  444 , the content items identified in block  442  may be ranked. The content items may be ranked, for example, based on the recency of the content item, a predicted likelihood that the inbox owner would enjoy the content item, an amount time spent watching the content by the inbox owner or users associated with the inbox owner, etc. One or more ranking metrics may be defined by the sharing module. After the content items have been ranked, the sharing module may display the content items in ranked order. 
     At block  446 , the sharing module may receive a selection of one or more content items to be shared. For example, the messaging application may register a touch at a location on a touch-sensitive display corresponding to the content item. The messaging application may register a selection in other ways, such as through a pointing device, voice commands, etc. The messaging application may update the display to show an indication (e.g., a check box) on the selected content item. 
     At block  448 , a recommended list of recipients may be identified and displayed. The recommended list of recipients may be a subset of the inbox owner&#39;s contacts through the messaging service or social networking service. 
     The recommended list of recipients may be selected based at least in part on an identity of the content item. For example, a social networking service associated with the networking service may be consulted to determine which users are most likely to enjoy the content item (e.g., based on the users&#39; consumption history through the social network and/or based on the users&#39; likes and dislikes as indicated through the social graph). In some embodiments, the content item may be associated with one or more users, who may be identified as recommended recipients. For example, a photograph may include the inbox owner and may also include another member of the messaging service or a social networking service. The other users in the photograph may be selected as recommended recipients. 
     Alternatively or in addition, the messaging application may present an option for selecting a set of recipients not in the list of recommended recipients. For example, a menu item may be presented allowing the inbox owner to access their contacts list, and recipients may be selected from the contacts list. 
     At block  450 , the sharing module may register a selection of one or more recipients presented in block  448 . For example, the messaging application may register a touch at a location on a touch-sensitive display corresponding to the recipient. The messaging application may register a selection in other ways, such as through a pointing device, voice commands, etc. The messaging application may update the display to show an indication (e.g., a check box) on the selected recipient. 
     At block  452 , the messaging application may present a prompt asking the sender to confirm transmission of the selected content item(s) to the selected recipient(s). The messaging application may optionally allow the sender to add a message to the content item for transmission to the recipients. Upon receiving confirmation of the sender&#39;s intent, at block  454  the messaging application may share the identified content with the identified recipients. For example, the messaging application may generate a message and/or message thread including the content item and the sender&#39;s message (if any). The messaging application may transmit the message to the recipients identified at block  450  using the messaging service. 
     Promotional Material Delivery 
     Another type of module and/or content item that may be employed in the modular inbox is a promotional material module or content item.  FIGS. 5A-5D  depict various examples of promotional material delivery. 
       FIG. 5A  depicts an example of a promotional material module  502 . The promotional material module  502  may be a module dedicated to providing promotional material, such as sponsored items. Promotional content items  504  such as advertisements, offers, discounts, etc. may be displayed in the promotional material module. The promotional content items  504  may be selected dynamically, such as by determining a location of the client device and selecting promotional content items  504  associated with stores or shops located in close proximity to the client device. 
     The exemplary promotional material module  502  of  FIG. 5A  includes two different types of promotional material. A first promotional content item  504 - 1  is a sponsored advertisement prompting a user to purchase a good or service. A second promotional content item  504 - 2  is a discount offer that provides the user with an opportunity to receive goods or services for free or at a discount. Thus, the first content item  504 - 1  is a sponsored advertisement while the second promotional content item  504 - 2  is a discount offer that provides a benefit to a user. The messaging application may treat these different types of promotional content differently, such as by surfacing the promotional content items  504  in different ways depending on whether the content item is an advertisement or a discount offer. 
     For example, advertisement content may be surfaced only when a user is in close proximity to the goods or services being advertised, whereas a discount offer may be displayed at any time. A user may interact with the promotional content item  504  associated with the discount offer to claim the discount offer and generate a message related to the discount offer. At a later time, the user can interact with the message in order to activate the discount at a retail location. 
     In another embodiment, advertisements may be relegated to a dedicated promotions module  502 , whereas discount offers may be interspersed among the content of other modules. For example,  FIG. 5B  depicts an example of promotional material integrated into non-promotional material module  506 . 
     In this example, the module  506  is a sharing module for sharing articles from a social networking service. The content items of the sharing module include various sharable content items  508  in the form of articles. A promotional content item  504 - 2  in the form of a discount offer is provided among the sharable content items  508 . The intra-module rank of the promotional content item  504 - 2  (defining where in the module the item  504 - 2  will appear) may depend on a level of sponsorship by the promoter of the promotional content item  504 - 2 . 
     In some embodiments, advertisements may also be interspersed in non-promotional materials module. For example, depending on an amount of sponsorship by the promoter, the promotional content items may be displayed higher in the intra-module ranked order, or may be displayed in a non-promotional content module. In another embodiment, the module in which sponsored content is provided may be elevated in an inter-module ranked order depending on the level of sponsorship. 
     In some embodiments, a user may be presented with an option to share a discount offer with their friends, e.g. to encourage the user and their friends to gather together at a given location in order to claim the offer. 
     As noted above, in some embodiments a user may interact with the promotional content item  504  associated with the discount offer to claim the discount offer and generate a message related to the discount offer.  FIG. 5C  depicts an example of a message  510  generated in response to interacting with promotional material. 
     The message  510  may appear as any other message among the user&#39;s message threads, and may be treated as any other message content for purposes of the modular inbox. The message  510  includes message text  512  generated by a promoter of the promotional content item  504  which describes the offer being sent. Optionally, the message  510  may also include a scannable code  514 , such as a bar code or QR code, which a user may present at a retail location in order to claim the offer or discount. In the depicted example, scanning the code  514  at a retail location results in the user being able to claim a free coffee. 
       FIG. 5D  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process  516  for providing promotional content in a module. 
     At block  518 , the messaging application may display a first set of messages in a first portion of an inbox interface for a messaging service. The first portion of the inbox interface may be dedicated to, or may primarily provide, message or thread display functionality. The first portion of the inbox may end at a messaging cliff, as described in more detail below. 
     At block  520 , the messaging application may receive an instruction to navigate past the first portion of the inbox interface. For example, the messaging application may register a gesture on a touch screen corresponding to a scrolling gesture, where scrolling the interface in accordance with the gesture would cause the interface to scroll beyond the final message or message thread in the first set of messages. Scrolling or navigation may be achieved in other ways as well, such as by interacting with a pointing device (e.g., a computer mouse), voice commands, etc. 
     At block  522 , the messaging application may select promotional material for display. For example, the messaging service may maintain a database or other storage of promotional material, and the messaging application may access the database in order to retrieve a number of candidate promotional materials. To determine which of the candidate promotional materials to display, the messaging application and/or a server of the messaging service may apply one or more metrics, such as: a history of interaction between the user and the promoter on the messaging service, a social networking service, or elsewhere; a determined likelihood that the user will find an offer from the promoter desirable; or a proximity of the user to a retail location associated with a promotion, among other possibilities. 
     In an embodiment employing a proximity metric, block  522  may involve detecting a location of a mobile client of a user of the messaging service, and selecting the promotional material based on a proximity of the mobile client to a location associated with a source of the promotional material, such as when the location is determined to be within a predetermined distance from the source. 
     According to some embodiments, block  522  may involve determining if the candidate promotional material is an advertisement or a discount offer; and selecting a presentation technique for the promotional material depending on whether the promotional material is the advertisement or the discount offer, as described above. 
     At block  524 , the messaging application may display a module in a second portion of the inbox interface. The module may include some or all of the promotional material selected at block  522 . The module may be distinct from the first portion of the inbox interface that provides the message or message thread display functionality. 
     In some embodiments, the module may be configured to exclusively share promotional material with a user of the messaging service. In other embodiments, the module may be dedicated to other messaging service functionality, where the functionality is distinct from functionality for displaying promotional material. In other words, the promotional material may be integrated into other, non-promotional modules, with the promotional material being presented alongside other content of the module. For example, in the “People/States” module, the inbox interface may present a number of friends (e.g., the user&#39;s mother, the user&#39;s friend, etc.) alongside a promoted content item (e.g., a phone company&#39;s customer service representative, which could be a bot). 
     The module containing the promotional content may be one among several modules that are presented in a ranked order. Depending on a level of sponsorship of the module containing the promotional content, the ranked order may be altered. For example, if the sponsors who provided promotional content in the module provide a sufficiently high level of sponsorship (above a threshold amount), the module may be elevated higher than other modules in the modular inbox. 
     At block  526 , the messaging application may receive a selection of promotional material. Depending on the actions defined by the promoter who provided the promotional material, a number of different actions may be taken. For example, interacting with the promotional material may take the user to a web page or social networking site associated with the promoter. 
     In some embodiments, interacting with the promotional material may cause a message to be generated (block  528 ). Based on instructions provided with or associated with the promotional content item selected, message content (potentially including a scannable code) may be automatically generated and transmitted to the inbox owner through the messaging service. The inbox owner may be provided with an option to share the promotional content and/or the generated message with other users. 
     The Cliff 
     The above-described modules may be displayed after a first subset of the inbox owner&#39;s messages in the modular inbox. The cut-off location after which the inbox transitions to modules, rather than messages or message threads, is referred to herein as the cliff.  FIG. 6  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process  600  for determining a transition point (cliff) between a first group of messages and a set of one or more modules. 
     At block  602 , the messaging application may receive an instruction to display an inbox interface for a messaging service. Block  602  may occur, for example, in response to starting up the messaging application or in response to receiving an instruction to access a home screen or inbox screen in the messaging application. 
     At block  604 , the messaging application may determine a number of messages to be displayed in a first portion of the inbox interface containing a subset of the messages. The subset may be a number of messages that is smaller than the totality of all of the messages available in the user&#39;s inbox. In some embodiments, the number may fall between a lower threshold for the number of messages threads and an upper threshold for the number of messages. 
     The lower threshold may be a predetermined minimum number of messages/threads. For example, it may be undesirable to display too few messages before non-message content is displayed. Thus, the predetermined minimum may be set to a value (e.g., 2-6 message threads) so that at least a certain number of message threads are displayed prior to non-message content. In some embodiments, the minimum number of messages/threads may be dynamically determined using criteria similar to that discussed below. 
     The upper threshold may be predetermined, or may be dynamically determined. The upper threshold (and the criteria used to determine the upper threshold) may vary from user to user. 
     For example, at block  606 , the messaging application may dynamically select an upper threshold based on one or more criteria. The criteria may include, for example, whether the user has participated in at least a predetermined number of conversations over a predetermined period of time. For example, if the user is not particularly active, the maximum number may be set relatively low (as the user likely only needs to see a few of the most recent conversations). On the other hand, if the user is highly active, the user may have a number of message threads in which they are currently participating, and is likely to wish to see these threads at the forefront in the messaging application. 
     Another criterion may be the number of message threads in which there is a currently active conversation (e.g., a conversation in which the most recent message has been received in less than a predetermined threshold amount of time), and/or the number of message threads having unread messages. In some embodiments, the upper threshold may be set such that the first portion of the inbox interface shows all of the threads that include an active conversation and any threads that have unread messages. The last message to meet either of these criteria may be selected to define the upper threshold. 
     Another example of a criteria may be historical interactions with the messaging application. For example, if a user utilizes the messaging application multiple times per day may wish to see more conversations than a user who utilizes the messaging application on a limited basis. 
     Another example of a criteria is the current time of day. If the current time is during the night hours, the user is likely asleep and not messaging particularly actively. Thus, the system may select a relatively small upper threshold. On the other hand, during the day the threshold may be increased since the user is likely to be relatively more active. 
     Yet another example of a criteria is the amount of time since the last active conversation. For example, the messaging application may determine the last thread in which a user had an active conversation in the previous n number of hours (e.g., n=6, 8, 24, etc.). The upper threshold may be set to encompass the number of active message threads within the time window. 
     The criteria may be combined with each other. For example, the messaging application may use the historical interaction information for the messaging application to alter the time window for the amount of time since the last active conversation. If the user is highly active with the messaging application, the time window may be set relatively short (e.g., 6 hours or even less), which would likely still result in a large number of conversations for an active user. On the other hand, an inactive user might have their time window set relatively long (e.g., one week), because the longer list of conversations may remind the user to follow up with people from several days ago, thus prompting the user to higher levels of activity. In another example, if the current time of day is during the user&#39;s work hours, the time window may be increased or decreased depending on whether the user actively uses the messaging service for work or not. A user actively using the messaging service for work may wish to see a relatively small number of the most recent messages, whereas a user that does not use the messaging service may wish to see a larger number of messages encompassing those which the user missed while at work. 
     In another embodiment, the number of unread messages and/or active conversations may be combined with the above-described time window. For example, the messaging application may determine the number of unread messages/active conversations within the previous n hours. The upper threshold may be set to encompass these messages and conversations. 
     If there are no unread messages or active conversations within the time period, then the lower threshold determined at step  604  may be utilized. 
     At block  608 , the messaging application may display the first set of messages (i.e., the number of most-recent messages and/or threads that do not exceed the lower threshold or the upper threshold, whichever is higher) in a first portion of the inbox interface. Optionally, the messages of the first set of messages may be displayed, but previously-read messages and/or messages without an active conversation may be filtered out and moved to the second subset of messages. 
     At block  610 , the messaging application may display non-message content in a second portion of the inbox interface. The second portion may include a number of modules related to functionality of the messaging service that is not directly related to message or thread display functionality, such as the modules described in connection with  FIGS. 2A-5D . 
     At block  612 , the messaging application may display the second subset of messages. The second subset of messages may be displayed as a result of an instruction to navigate past the modules displayed in block  610 . Following these modules, an additional message inbox may be displayed including the previously undisplayed messages/threads. In another embodiment, the messages of the second subset may be collapsed into a menu in the first portion of the inbox, as previously described. 
     Module Ranking 
     When two or more modules are displayed, an inter-module order may be established to define the display order for the modules (e.g., should the Top Contacts Module be displayed before the Photos Module?). If, for example, the user&#39;s mother recently came online, then this information may be particularly pertinent and the People/States Module may be a good candidate for an early spot among the modules. On the other hand, if a particular article is being widely shared on the user&#39;s social networking service, then a sharing module for sharing articles may be elevated to a top spot. 
     It is noted that the first portion of the display, including the first subset of the messages/message threads, may be treated as a module and may be ranked among the other modules for display. In some embodiments, the messages/threads module may be locked to the top of the inbox interface, although in other embodiments it may be allowed to float among the other modules depending on its rank. In some embodiments, the messages/threads module may be locked to the top slot unless another module is determined to be extremely relevant (e.g., the probability of interaction described in connection with  FIGS. 7A and 7B  is above a predetermined relatively high threshold), in which case the extremely relevant module may be elevated above the messages/threads module. 
     The inter-module order may be determined based on a dynamically calculated inter-module ranking.  FIGS. 7A-7B  describe how the inter-module ranking is determined, while  FIG. 7C  describes how content within a module may be ranked. 
       FIG. 7A  is a block diagram providing an overview of a module ranking framework. Generally speaking, the module ranking framework proceeds in two stages. First, the framework determines how likely a person is to interact with the module in question. Second, the framework determines a value of providing the module to the messaging service. The probability is combined with the value to determine the module&#39;s rank score. The scores of different modules are compared to each other in order to determine the modules&#39; ordering. In some embodiments, only modules above a predetermined threshold rank score are presented to a user in the second portion of the inbox interface. 
     The framework may evaluate a number of aggregated features  702  and a number of per-user features  704 . The aggregated features  702  may use a user base (e.g., the messaging service&#39;s or a social networking service&#39;s user base) as a proxy for the currently-evaluated user, in order to evaluate the module&#39;s general popularity. The aggregated features  702  may include data regarding module usage as aggregated over the user base. For example, the aggregated features  702  may include the number of impressions of a given module in a predetermined period of time (e.g., 30 days) among the user base, the number of times the user base has interacted with the module in a predetermined period of time (e.g., 30 days), etc. 
     The per-user features  704  may include similar information, but may be specific to the user under evaluation (or may otherwise be generated on a per-user basis). For example, the per-user features  704  may include a number of impressions of a module for a given user-module pair, a number of interactions with a module for a given user-module pair, etc. 
     The aggregated features  702  and the per-user features  704  may be retrieved by a feature fetcher  706  for evaluation. The feature fetcher  706  may be, for example, a component of a server that retrieves the features from the messaging service and any applicable module providers. The feature fetcher  706  may aggregate the features and provide the features to a scorer  708 . 
     The scorer  708  accepts the features as input and determines a probability of interaction  712  for the modules described by the features. The probability of interaction  712  may represent a likelihood that a given user (or a user in general) will use the module. 
     The scorer  708  may be supplemented by one or more offline trained models  710  that may improve the scorer&#39;s  708  predictions in certain contexts. For example, the offline trained models  710  may account for variables such as a user&#39;s age group, a user&#39;s gender, the user&#39;s recent posts to a social networking service, etc. 
     The scorer may determine the probability of interaction  712  according to a formula, such as the one described below in Equation 1: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Probability of Interaction 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       λ 
                       * 
                       
                         
                           
                             # unit clicks by user 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         
                           
                             # unit impressoins by user 
                           
                           + 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           1 
                           - 
                           λ 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       * 
                       
                         
                           
                             # unit clicks 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         
                           
                             # unit impressions 
                           
                           + 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where λ is a personalization multiplier which balances the user&#39;s behavior and the user base&#39;s aggregated behavior. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that Equation 1 is exemplary only, and that other suitable formulae may be used to estimate the probability that a user will interact with a module. 
     The determined probability of interaction  712  may be provided to a value model estimator  714 . The value model estimator  714  may determine a value of the module to the messaging service or an associated social networking service. For example, it may be more valuable to the messaging service for the current user to start a new thread with another user (thus encouraging both users to become more active) than for the user to share an article with an already-active user, or for the user to view an advertisement. Thus, the messaging application may elevate the People/States Module above a Sharable Articles Module or a Promotional Materials Module. 
     To this end, the value model estimator  714  may consult a value model definition  716  that provides values for each of the modules accessible through the messaging service. The values provided by the value model definition  716  may be combined with the probability of interaction  712  to determine a final score for ranking  718  for each module. The scores for the modules may be compared to each other to determine relative ranks for the modules. 
     The above-described framework may be employed in an exemplary process  720  for determining an inter-module rank.  FIG. 7B  depicts an example of such a process  720 . 
     At block  722 , the messaging service may identify a first module and second module available for display by a client&#39;s messaging application. The first module and the second module may provide access to functionality of the messaging service that is distinct from message or thread display functionality. 
     At block  724 , the messaging service may determine probabilities of interaction for the first module and the second module, such as the probability of interaction  712  discussed in connection with  FIG. 7A . The probabilities of interaction may represent a likelihood that the inbox owner will use the first module and the second module, respectively. 
     As an alternative or in addition to the probability of interaction  712  as calculated n  FIG. 7A , each module may provide its own estimation of the likelihood that the inbox owner will use the module. For example, each module may provide a number that reflects the quality of content currently available through the module (e.g., the quality of the content today as compared to the average day). 
     The probability of interaction may be augmented or may take into account other criteria, such as recency. For example, if a user takes a photo with their mobile device and then immediately accesses the messaging application, there may be an elevated likelihood that the user wishes to share the recently captured photograph with their messaging contacts. In another embodiment, the messaging application (or a related social networking service) may identify one or more other users in the photo, and may determine if the current user and the other users are highly connected or are highly likely to message each other. Such a coefficient may be used to elevate the priority of a module for sharing the photo, if other highly connected users are available through the messaging service. 
     At block  726 , the messaging service may determine a value of the first module and the second module to the messaging service or a related social networking service. Block  726  may be carried out by the value model estimator  714  of  FIG. 7A . 
     At block  728 , the message service may determine a ranked order for the first module and the second module by combining the probability determined at block  724  with the value determined at block  726 . For example, the probability of interaction may be multiplied by (or otherwise combined with) the value in order to determine a ranking score, and the modules may be ranked in the order of their respective ranking scores. 
     At block  730 , the messaging service may determine intra-module rankings for the content of the first and second modules. This may involve arranging the content within the first module and/or the second module in an intra-module ranked order, as described in more detail in connection with  FIG. 7C . Depending on whether certain content in a module is particularly relevant, then at block  732  the inter-module ranked order as determined at block  728  may be altered (e.g., to elevate a module having particularly relevant content). 
     At block  734 , the first module and the second module may be displayed in the ranked order after a first subset of messages in the inbox interface. 
       FIG. 7C  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary process performed by block  730 , for determining an intra-module rank, in more detail. In general, the messaging service may be agnostic to the intra-module ranking, thus allowing each module to define its own intra-module ranking for content. 
     At block  738 , the messaging service may identify a first content item and a second content item for a given module. The module may provide or define a location from which content items for the module may be retrieved. 
     At block  740 , the messaging service may access ranking rules as provided by the module. Depending on the content, for example, the module may designate different criteria to be applied to rank the content. Exemplary criteria for ranking content within a module include a recency of the content, an importance of the content to a user, or an affinity for the content by the user, etc. 
     At block  742 , the messaging service may determine a recency of the content, or any other information required by the criteria. The information about the criteria may be retrieved, for example, from a social networking service, the messaging service, a client device, or a remote location associated with the module. 
     At block  744 , the system may determine a user affinity for the content items. The user affinity may represent a user affinity score  746  that indicates a likelihood that the inbox owner will enjoy the content. Alternatively or in addition, the user affinity may represent an associate affinity score  748  that indicates a likelihood that associates of the inbox owner (e.g., the inbox owner&#39;s friends through a social networking service or contacts through the messaging service) will enjoy the content. 
     At block  750 , the messaging service may rank the first and second content items based on the affinity score(s) determined at block  744 . Optionally, if one or more of the affinity scores exceeds a predetermined threshold (e.g., indicating that a content item is particularly relevant), then at block  752  the messaging service may flag the module containing the content for adjustment in the inter-module rankings. 
     At block  756 , the messaging service may display the first and second content items within the module in the ranked order. 
     Messaging System Overview 
     These examples may be implemented by a messaging system that is provided either locally, at a client device, or remotely (e.g., at a remote server).  FIGS. 8A-8C  depict various examples of messaging systems, and are discussed in more detail below. 
       FIG. 8A  depicts an exemplary centralized messaging system  800 , in which functionality for organizing messages asynchronously and/or using threads is integrated into a messaging server. The centralized system  800  may implement some or all of the structure and/or operations of a messaging service in a single computing entity, such as entirely within a single centralized server device  826 . 
     The messaging system  800  may include a computer-implemented system having software applications that include one or more components. Although the messaging system  800  shown in  FIG. 8A  has a limited number of elements in a certain topology, the messaging system  800  may include more or fewer elements in alternate topologies. 
     A messaging service  800  may be generally arranged to receive, store, and deliver messages. The messaging service  800  may store messages while messaging clients  820 , such as may execute on client devices  810 , are offline and deliver the messages once the messaging clients are available. 
     A client device  810  may transmit messages addressed to a recipient user, user account, or other identifier resolving to a receiving client device  810 . In exemplary embodiments, each of the client devices  810  and their respective messaging clients  820  are associated with a particular user or users of the messaging service  800 . In some embodiments, the client devices  810  may be cellular devices such as smartphones and may be identified to the messaging service  800  based on a phone number associated with each of the client devices  810 . In some embodiments, each messaging client may be associated with a user account registered with the messaging service  800 . In general, each messaging client may be addressed through various techniques for the reception of messages. While in some embodiments the client devices  810  may be cellular devices, in other embodiments one or more of the client devices  810  may be personal computers, tablet devices, any other form of computing device. 
     The client  810  may include one or more input devices  812  and one or more output devices  818 . The input devices  812  may include, for example, microphones, keyboards, cameras, electronic pens, touch screens, and other devices for receiving inputs including message data, requests, commands, user interface interactions, selections, and other types of input. The output devices  818  may include a speaker, a display device such as a monitor or touch screen, and other devices for presenting an interface to the messaging system  800 . 
     The client  810  may include a memory  819 , which may be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, such as one or a combination of a hard drive, solid state drive, flash storage, read only memory, or random access memory. The memory  819  may a representation of an input  814  and/or a representation of an output  816 , as well as one or more applications. For example, the memory  819  may store a messaging client  820  and/or a social networking client that allows a user to interact with a social networking service. 
     The input  814  may be textual, such as in the case where the input device  212  is a keyboard. Alternatively, the input  814  may be an audio recording, such as in the case where the input device  812  is a microphone. Accordingly, the input  814  may be subjected to automatic speech recognition (ASR) logic in order to transform the audio recording to text that is processable by the messaging system  800 . The ASR logic may be located at the client device  810  (so that the audio recording is processed locally by the client  810  and corresponding text is transmitted to the messaging server  826 ), or may be located remotely at the messaging server  826  (in which case, the audio recording may be transmitted to the messaging server  826  and the messaging server  826  may process the audio into text). Other combinations are also possible—for example, if the input device  812  is a touch pad or electronic pen, the input  814  may be in the form of handwriting, which may be subjected to handwriting or optical character recognition analysis logic in order to transform the input  812  into processable text. 
     The client  810  may be provided with a network interface  822  for communicating with a network  824 , such as the Internet. The network interface  822  may transmit the input  812  in a format and/or using a protocol compatible with the network  824  and may receive a corresponding output  816  from the network  824 . 
     The network interface  822  may communicate through the network  824  to a messaging server  826 . The messaging server  826  may be operative to receive, store, and forward messages between messaging clients. 
     The messaging server  826  may include a network interface  822 , messaging preferences  828 , and messaging inbox logic  830 . The messaging preferences  828  may include one or more privacy settings for one or more users and/or message threads. For example, the messaging preferences  828  may include a setting that indicates whether to display messages synchronously or asynchronously. Furthermore, the messaging preferences  828  may include one or more settings, including default settings, for the logic described herein. 
     The messaging inbox logic  830  may include the logic for generating and maintaining a modular inbox as described above. For example, the messaging inbox logic  830  may include module logic  832  that is operable to generate modules for the inbox and manage interactions with the modules. The module logic  832  may include, for example, logic similar to that described in connection with  FIGS. 3, 4G, 5D, and 6 . The messaging inbox logic  830  may further include ranking logic  834  that is operable to perform inter-module and intra-module ranking, such as the logic described in connection with  FIGS. 7B-7C . 
     The network interface  822  of the client  810  and/or the messaging server  826  may also be used to communicate through the network  824  with a social networking server  836 . The social networking server  836  may include or may interact with a social networking graph  838  that defines connections in a social network. Furthermore, the messaging server  826  may connect to the social networking server  836  for various purposes, such as retrieving connection information, messaging history, event details, etc. from the social network. 
     A user of the client  810  may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over the social networking server  836 . The social-networking server  836  may be a network-addressable computing system hosting an online social network. The social networking server  836  may generate, store, receive, and send social-networking data, such as, for example, user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph information, or other suitable data related to the online social network. The social networking server  836  may be accessed by the other components of the network environment either directly or via the network  824 . 
     The social networking server  836  may include an authorization server (or other suitable component(s)) that allows users to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged by social-networking server  836  or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party systems, such as the messaging server  826 ), for example, by setting appropriate privacy settings. A privacy setting of a user may determine what information associated with the user may be logged, how information associated with the user may be logged, when information associated with the user may be logged, who may log information associated with the user, whom information associated with the user may be shared with, and for what purposes information associated with the user may be logged or shared. Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or more privacy settings of the users of social-networking server  836  through blocking, data hashing, anonymization, or other suitable techniques as appropriate. 
     More specifically, one or more of the content objects of the online social network may be associated with a privacy setting. The privacy settings (or “access settings”) for an object may be stored in any suitable manner, such as, for example, in association with the object, in an index on an authorization server, in another suitable manner, or any combination thereof. A privacy setting of an object may specify how the object (or particular information associated with an object) can be accessed (e.g., viewed or shared) using the online social network. Where the privacy settings for an object allow a particular user to access that object, the object may be described as being “visible” with respect to that user. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user of the online social network may specify privacy settings for a user-profile page identify a set of users that may access the work experience information on the user-profile page, thus excluding other users from accessing the information. In particular embodiments, the privacy settings may specify a “blocked list” of users that should not be allowed to access certain information associated with the object. In other words, the blocked list may specify one or more users or entities for which an object is not visible. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may specify a set of users that may not access photos albums associated with the user, thus excluding those users from accessing the photo albums (while also possibly allowing certain users not within the set of users to access the photo albums). 
     In particular embodiments, privacy settings may be associated with particular elements of the social networking graph  838 . Privacy settings of a social-graph element, such as a node or an edge, may specify how the social-graph element, information associated with the social-graph element, or content objects associated with the social-graph element can be accessed using the online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, a particular concept node corresponding to a particular photo may have a privacy setting specifying that the photo may only be accessed by users tagged in the photo and their friends. In particular embodiments, privacy settings may allow users to opt in or opt out of having their actions logged by social networking server  836  or shared with other systems. In particular embodiments, the privacy settings associated with an object may specify any suitable granularity of permitted access or denial of access. As an example and not by way of limitation, access or denial of access may be specified for particular users (e.g., only me, my roommates, and my boss), users within a particular degrees-of-separation (e.g., friends, or friends-of-friends), user groups (e.g., the gaming club, my family), user networks (e.g., employees of particular employers, students or alumni of particular university), all users (“public”), no users (“private”), users of third-party systems, particular applications (e.g., third-party applications, external websites), other suitable users or entities, or any combination thereof. Although this disclosure describes using particular privacy settings in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates using any suitable privacy settings in any suitable manner. 
     In response to a request from a user (or other entity) for a particular object stored in a data store, the social networking server  836  may send a request to the data store for the object. The request may identify the user associated with the request. The requested data object may only be sent to the user (or a client system  810  of the user) if the authorization server determines that the user is authorized to access the object based on the privacy settings associated with the object. If the requesting user is not authorized to access the object, the authorization server may prevent the requested object from being retrieved from the data store, or may prevent the requested object from be sent to the user. In the search query context, an object may only be generated as a search result if the querying user is authorized to access the object. In other words, the object must have a visibility that is visible to the querying user. If the object has a visibility that is not visible to the user, the object may be excluded from the search results. 
     In some embodiments, targeting criteria may be used to identify users of the social network for various purposes. Targeting criteria used to identify and target users may include explicit, stated user interests on social-networking server  836  or explicit connections of a user to a node, object, entity, brand, or page on social networking server  836 . In addition, or as an alternative, such targeting criteria may include implicit or inferred user interests or connections (which may include analyzing a user&#39;s history, demographic, social or other activities, friends&#39; social or other activities, subscriptions, or any of the preceding of other users similar to the user (based, e.g., on shared interests, connections, or events)). Particular embodiments may utilize platform targeting, which may involve platform and “like” impression data; contextual signals (e.g., “Who is viewing now or has viewed recently the page for COCA-COLA?”); light-weight connections (e.g., “check-ins”); connection lookalikes; fans; extracted keywords; EMU advertising; inferential advertising; coefficients, affinities, or other social-graph information; friends-of-friends connections; pinning or boosting; deals; polls; household income, social clusters or groups; products detected in images or other media; social- or open-graph edge types; geo-prediction; views of profile or pages; status updates or other user posts (analysis of which may involve natural-language processing or keyword extraction); events information; or collaborative filtering. Identifying and targeting users may also implicate privacy settings (such as user opt-outs), data hashing, or data anonymization, as appropriate. 
     The centralized embodiment depicted in  FIG. 8A  may be well-suited to deployment as a new system or as an upgrade to an existing system, because the logic for pivoting to a group conversation (e.g., the logic of the account identifier  832  and/or the logic of the account notifier  834 ) are incorporated into the messaging server  826 . In contrast,  FIG. 8B  depicts an exemplary distributed messaging system  880 , in which functionality for recognizing productive intent and generating a list of suggested recipients is distributed and remotely accessible from the messaging server. Examples of a distributed system  880  include a client-server architecture, a 3-tier architecture, an N-tier architecture, a tightly-coupled or clustered architecture, a peer-to-peer architecture, a master-slave architecture, a shared database architecture, and other types of distributed systems. 
     Many of the components depicted in  FIG. 8B  are identical to those in  FIG. 8A , and a description of these elements is not repeated here for the sake of brevity. The primary difference between the centralized embodiment and the distributed embodiment is the addition of a separate threading server  882 , which hosts the thread creation component  832  and the thread display component  834 . The threading server  882  may be distinct from the messaging server  826  but may communicate with the messaging server  826 , either directly or through the network  824 , to provide the functionality of the account identifier  832  and the account notifier  834  to the messaging server  826 . 
     The embodiment depicted in  FIG. 8B  may be particularly well suited to allow exemplary embodiments to be deployed alongside existing messaging systems, for example when it is difficult or undesirable to replace an existing messaging server. Additionally, in some cases the messaging server  826  may have limited resources (e.g. processing or memory resources) that limit or preclude the addition of the additional pivot functionality. In such situations, the capabilities described herein may still be provided through the separate pivot server  882 . 
       FIG. 8C  illustrates an example of a social networking graph  838 . In exemplary embodiments, a social networking service may store one or more social graphs  838  in one or more data stores as a social graph data structure via the social networking service. 
     The social graph  838  may include multiple nodes, such as user nodes  854  and concept nodes  856 . The social graph  838  may furthermore include edges  858  connecting the nodes. The nodes and edges of social graph  838  may be stored as data objects, for example, in a data store (such as a social-graph database). Such a data store may include one or more searchable or queryable indexes of nodes or edges of social graph  838 . 
     The social graph  838  may be accessed by a social-networking server  826 , client system  810 , third-party system, or any other approved system or device for suitable applications. 
     A user node  854  may correspond to a user of the social-networking system. A user may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over the social-networking system. In exemplary embodiments, when a user registers for an account with the social-networking system, the social-networking system may create a user node  854  corresponding to the user, and store the user node  854  in one or more data stores. Users and user nodes  854  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to registered users and user nodes  854  associated with registered users. In addition or as an alternative, users and user nodes  854  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to users that have not registered with the social-networking system. In particular embodiments, a user node  854  may be associated with information provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including the social-networking system. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may provide their name, profile picture, contact information, birth date, sex, marital status, family status, employment, education background, preferences, interests, or other demographic information. In particular embodiments, a user node  854  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with a user. In particular embodiments, a user node  854  may correspond to one or more webpages. A user node  854  may be associated with a unique user identifier for the user in the social-networking system. 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  856  may correspond to a concept. As an example and not by way of limitation, a concept may correspond to a place (such as, for example, a movie theater, restaurant, landmark, or city); a website (such as, for example, a website associated with the social-network service or a third-party website associated with a web-application server); an entity (such as, for example, a person, business, group, sports team, or celebrity); a resource (such as, for example, an audio file, video file, digital photo, text file, structured document, or application) which may be located within the social-networking system or on an external server, such as a web-application server; real or intellectual property (such as, for example, a sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea, photograph, or written work); a game; an activity; an idea or theory; another suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept node  556  may be associated with information of a concept provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including the social-networking system. As an example and not by way of limitation, information of a concept may include a name or a title; one or more images (e.g., an image of the cover page of a book); a location (e.g., an address or a geographical location); a website (which may be associated with a URL); contact information (e.g., a phone number or an email address); other suitable concept information; or any suitable combination of such information. In particular embodiments, a concept node  856  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with concept node  856 . In particular embodiments, a concept node  856  may correspond to one or more webpages. 
     In particular embodiments, a node in social graph  838  may represent or be represented by a webpage (which may be referred to as a “profile page”). Profile pages may be hosted by or accessible to the social-networking system. Profile pages may also be hosted on third-party websites associated with a third-party server. As an example and not by way of limitation, a profile page corresponding to a particular external webpage may be the particular external webpage and the profile page may correspond to a particular concept node  856 . Profile pages may be viewable by all or a selected subset of other users. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user node  854  may have a corresponding user-profile page in which the corresponding user may add content, make declarations, or otherwise express himself or herself. A business page may comprise a user-profile page for a commerce entity. As another example and not by way of limitation, a concept node  856  may have a corresponding concept-profile page in which one or more users may add content, make declarations, or express themselves, particularly in relation to the concept corresponding to concept node  856 . 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  856  may represent a third-party webpage or resource hosted by a third-party system. The third-party webpage or resource may include, among other elements, content, a selectable or other icon, or other inter-actable object (which may be implemented, for example, in JavaScript, AJAX, or PHP codes) representing an action or activity. As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party webpage may include a selectable icon such as “like,” “check in,” “eat,” “recommend,” or another suitable action or activity. A user viewing the third-party webpage may perform an action by selecting one of the icons (e.g., “eat”), causing a client system to send to the social-networking system a message indicating the user&#39;s action. In response to the message, the social-networking system may create an edge (e.g., an “eat” edge) between a user node  854  corresponding to the user and a concept node  856  corresponding to the third-party webpage or resource and store edge  858  in one or more data stores. 
     In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in social graph  838  may be connected to each other by one or more edges  858 . An edge  858  connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship between the pair of nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge  858  may include or represent one or more data objects or attributes corresponding to the relationship between a pair of nodes. As an example and not by way of limitation, a first user may indicate that a second user is a “friend” of the first user. In response to this indication, the social-networking system may send a “friend request” to the second user. If the second user confirms the “friend request,” the social-networking system may create an edge  858  connecting the first user&#39;s user node  854  to the second user&#39;s user node  854  in social graph  838  and store edge  858  as social-graph information in one or more data stores. In the example of  FIG. 8C , social graph  838  includes an edge  858  indicating a friend relation between user nodes  854  of user “Amanda” and user “Dorothy.” Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular edges  858  with particular attributes connecting particular user nodes  854 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  858  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  854 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  858  may represent a friendship, family relationship, business or employment relationship, fan relationship, follower relationship, visitor relationship, subscriber relationship, superior/subordinate relationship, reciprocal relationship, non-reciprocal relationship, another suitable type of relationship, or two or more such relationships. Moreover, although this disclosure generally describes nodes as being connected, this disclosure also describes users or concepts as being connected. Herein, references to users or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer to the nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected in social graph  838  by one or more edges  858 . 
     In particular embodiments, an edge  858  between a user node  854  and a concept node  856  may represent a particular action or activity performed by a user associated with user node  854  toward a concept associated with a concept node  856 . As an example and not by way of limitation, as illustrated in  FIG. 8C , a user may “like,” “attended,” “played,” “listened,” “cooked,” “worked at,” or “watched” a concept, each of which may correspond to an edge type or subtype. A concept-profile page corresponding to a concept node  856  may include, for example, a selectable “check in” icon (such as, for example, a clickable “check in” icon) or a selectable “add to favorites” icon. Similarly, after a user clicks these icons, the social-networking system may create a “favorite” edge or a “check in” edge in response to a user&#39;s action corresponding to a respective action. As another example and not by way of limitation, a user (user “Carla”) may listen to a particular song (“Across the Sea”) using a particular application (SPOTIFY, which is an online music application). In this case, the social-networking system may create a “listened” edge  858  and a “used” edge (as illustrated in  FIG. 8C ) between user nodes  854  corresponding to the user and concept nodes  856  corresponding to the song and application to indicate that the user listened to the song and used the application. Moreover, the social-networking system may create a “played” edge  858  (as illustrated in  FIG. 8C ) between concept nodes  856  corresponding to the song and the application to indicate that the particular song was played by the particular application. In this case, “played” edge  858  corresponds to an action performed by an external application (SPOTIFY) on an external audio file (the song “Across the Sea”). Although this disclosure describes particular edges  858  with particular attributes connecting user nodes  854  and concept nodes  856 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  858  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  854  and concept nodes  856 . Moreover, although this disclosure describes edges between a user node  854  and a concept node  856  representing a single relationship, this disclosure contemplates edges between a user node  854  and a concept node  856  representing one or more relationships. As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  858  may represent both that a user likes and has used at a particular concept. Alternatively, another edge  858  may represent each type of relationship (or multiples of a single relationship) between a user node  854  and a concept node  856  (as illustrated in  FIG. 8C  between user node  854  for user “Edwin” and concept node  856  for “SPOTIFY”). 
     In particular embodiments, the social-networking system may create an edge  858  between a user node  854  and a concept node  856  in social graph  838 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user viewing a concept-profile page (such as, for example, by using a web browser or a special-purpose application hosted by the user&#39;s client system) may indicate that he or she likes the concept represented by the concept node  856  by clicking or selecting a “Like” icon, which may cause the user&#39;s client system to send to the social-networking system a message indicating the user&#39;s liking of the concept associated with the concept-profile page. In response to the message, the social-networking system may create an edge  858  between user node  854  associated with the user and concept node  856 , as illustrated by “like” edge  858  between the user and concept node  856 . In particular embodiments, the social-networking system may store an edge  858  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, an edge  858  may be automatically formed by the social-networking system in response to a particular user action. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user uploads a picture, watches a movie, or listens to a song, an edge  858  may be formed between user node  854  corresponding to the first user and concept nodes  856  corresponding to those concepts. Although this disclosure describes forming particular edges  858  in particular manners, this disclosure contemplates forming any suitable edges  858  in any suitable manner. 
     The social graph  838  may further comprise a plurality of product nodes. Product nodes may represent particular products that may be associated with a particular business. A business may provide a product catalog to a consumer-to-business service and the consumer-to-business service may therefore represent each of the products within the product in the social graph  838  with each product being in a distinct product node. A product node may comprise information relating to the product, such as pricing information, descriptive information, manufacturer information, availability information, and other relevant information. For example, each of the items on a menu for a restaurant may be represented within the social graph  838  with a product node describing each of the items. A product node may be linked by an edge to the business providing the product. Where multiple businesses provide a product, each business may have a distinct product node associated with its providing of the product or may each link to the same product node. A product node may be linked by an edge to each user that has purchased, rated, owns, recommended, or viewed the product, with the edge describing the nature of the relationship (e.g., purchased, rated, owns, recommended, viewed, or other relationship). Each of the product nodes may be associated with a graph id and an associated merchant id by virtue of the linked merchant business. Products available from a business may therefore be communicated to a user by retrieving the available product nodes linked to the user node for the business within the social graph  838 . The information for a product node may be manipulated by the social-networking system as a product object that encapsulates information regarding the referenced product. 
     As such, the social graph  838  may be used to infer shared interests, shared experiences, or other shared or common attributes of two or more users of a social-networking system. For instance, two or more users each having an edge to a common business, product, media item, institution, or other entity represented in the social graph  838  may indicate a shared relationship with that entity, which may be used to suggest customization of a use of a social-networking system, including a messaging system, for one or more users. 
     The embodiments described above may be performed by a messaging architecture, an example of which is next described with reference to  FIG. 9 . 
     Messaging Architecture 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of a plurality of servers implementing various functions of a messaging service  900 . It will be appreciated that different distributions of work and functions may be used in various embodiments of a messaging service  900 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise a domain name front end  902 . The domain name front end  902  may be assigned one or more domain names associated with the messaging service  900  in a domain name system (DNS). The domain name front end  902  may receive incoming connections and distribute the connections to servers providing various messaging services. 
     The messaging service  902  may comprise one or more chat servers  904 . The chat servers  904  may comprise front-end servers for receiving and transmitting user-to-user messaging updates such as chat messages. Incoming connections may be assigned to the chat servers  904  by the domain name front end  902  based on workload balancing. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise backend servers  908 . The backend servers  908  may perform specialized tasks in the support of the chat operations of the front-end chat servers  904 . A plurality of different types of backend servers  908  may be used. It will be appreciated that the assignment of types of tasks to different backend serves  908  may vary in different embodiments. In some embodiments some of the back-end services provided by dedicated servers may be combined onto a single server or a set of servers each performing multiple tasks divided between different servers in the embodiment described herein. Similarly, in some embodiments tasks of some of dedicated back-end servers described herein may be divided between different servers of different server groups. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more offline storage servers  910 . The one or more offline storage servers  910  may store messaging content for currently-offline messaging clients in hold for when the messaging clients reconnect. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more sessions servers  912 . The one or more session servers  912  may maintain session state of connected messaging clients. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more presence servers  914 . The one or more presence servers  914  may maintain presence information for the messaging service  900 . Presence information may correspond to user-specific information indicating whether or not a given user has an online messaging client and is available for chatting, has an online messaging client but is currently away from it, does not have an online messaging client, and any other presence state. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more push storage servers  916 . The one or more push storage servers  916  may cache push requests and transmit the push requests to messaging clients. Push requests may be used to wake messaging clients, to notify messaging clients that a messaging update is available, and to otherwise perform server-side-driven interactions with messaging clients. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more group servers  918 . The one or more group servers  918  may maintain lists of groups, add users to groups, remove users from groups, and perform the reception, caching, and forwarding of group chat messages. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more block list servers  920 . The one or more block list servers  920  may maintain user-specific block lists, the user-specific incoming-block lists indicating for each user the one or more other users that are forbidden from transmitting messages to that user. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more block list servers  920  may maintain user-specific outgoing-block lists indicating for each user the one or more other users that that user is forbidden from transmitting messages to. It will be appreciated that incoming-block lists and outgoing-block lists may be stored in combination in, for example, a database, with the incoming-block lists and outgoing-block lists representing different views of a same repository of block information. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more last seen information servers  922 . The one or more last seen information servers  922  may receive, store, and maintain information indicating the last seen location, status, messaging client, and other elements of a user&#39;s last seen connection to the messaging service  900 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more key servers  924 . The one or more key servers may host public keys for public/private key encrypted communication. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more profile photo servers  926 . The one or more profile photo servers  926  may store and make available for retrieval profile photos for the plurality of users of the messaging service  900 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more spam logging servers  928 . The one or more spam logging servers  928  may log known and suspected spam (e.g., unwanted messages, particularly those of a promotional nature). The one or more spam logging servers  928  may be operative to analyze messages to determine whether they are spam and to perform punitive measures, in some embodiments, against suspected spammers (users that send spam messages). 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more statistics servers  930 . The one or more statistics servers may compile and store statistics information related to the operation of the messaging service  900  and the behavior of the users of the messaging service  900 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more web servers  932 . The one or more web servers  932  may engage in hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) and hypertext transport protocol secure (HTTPS) connections with web browsers. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more chat activity monitoring servers  934 . The one or more chat activity monitoring servers  934  may monitor the chats of users to determine unauthorized or discouraged behavior by the users of the messaging service  900 . The one or more chat activity monitoring servers  934  may work in cooperation with the spam logging servers  928  and block list servers  920 , with the one or more chat activity monitoring servers  934  identifying spam or other discouraged behavior and providing spam information to the spam logging servers  928  and blocking information, where appropriate to the block list servers  920 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more sync servers  936 . The one or more sync servers  936  may sync the messaging system  500  with contact information from a messaging client, such as an address book on a mobile phone, to determine contacts for a user in the messaging service  900 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more multimedia servers  938 . The one or more multimedia servers may store multimedia (e.g., images, video, audio) in transit between messaging clients, multimedia cached for offline endpoints, and may perform transcoding of multimedia. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more payment servers  940 . The one or more payment servers  940  may process payments from users. The one or more payment servers  940  may connect to external third-party servers for the performance of payments. 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more registration servers  942 . The one or more registration servers  942  may register new users of the messaging service  900 . 
     The messaging service  900  may comprise one or more voice relay servers  944 . The one or more voice relay servers  944  may relay voice-over-internet-protocol (VoIP) voice communication between messaging clients for the performance of VoIP calls. 
     The above-described methods may be embodied as instructions on a computer readable medium or as part of a computing architecture.  FIG. 10  illustrates an embodiment of an exemplary computing architecture  1000  suitable for implementing various embodiments as previously described. In one embodiment, the computing architecture  1000  may comprise or be implemented as part of an electronic device, such as a computer  1001 . The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     As used in this application, the terms “system” and “component” are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution, examples of which are provided by the exemplary computing architecture  1000 . For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, a hard disk drive, multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Further, components may be communicatively coupled to each other by various types of communications media to coordinate operations. The coordination may involve the uni-directional or bi-directional exchange of information. For instance, the components may communicate information in the form of signals communicated over the communications media. The information can be implemented as signals allocated to various signal lines. In such allocations, each message is a signal. Further embodiments, however, may alternatively employ data messages. Such data messages may be sent across various connections. Exemplary connections include parallel interfaces, serial interfaces, and bus interfaces. 
     The computing architecture  1000  includes various common computing elements, such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors, memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth. The embodiments, however, are not limited to implementation by the computing architecture  1000 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the computing architecture  1000  comprises a processing unit  1002 , a system memory  1004  and a system bus  1006 . The processing unit  1002  can be any of various commercially available processors, including without limitation an AMD® Athlon®, Duron® and Opteron® processors; ARM® application, embedded and secure processors; IBM® and Motorola® DragonBall® and PowerPC® processors; IBM and Sony® Cell processors; Intel® Celeron®, Core (2) Duo®, Itanium®, Pentium®, Xeon®, and XScale® processors; and similar processors. Dual microprocessors, multi-core processors, and other multi-processor architectures may also be employed as the processing unit  1002 . 
     The system bus  1006  provides an interface for system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1004  to the processing unit  1002 . The system bus  1006  can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. Interface adapters may connect to the system bus  1006  via a slot architecture. Example slot architectures may include without limitation Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), Card Bus, (Extended) Industry Standard Architecture ((E)ISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), NuBus, Peripheral Component Interconnect (Extended) (PCI(X)), PCI Express, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), and the like. 
     The computing architecture  1000  may comprise or implement various articles of manufacture. An article of manufacture may comprise a computer-readable storage medium to store logic. Examples of a computer-readable storage medium may include any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, including volatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and so forth. Examples of logic may include executable computer program instructions implemented using any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, object-oriented code, visual code, and the like. Embodiments may also be at least partly implemented as instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein. 
     The system memory  1004  may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, polymer memory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase change or ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices (e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type of storage media suitable for storing information. In the illustrated embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 , the system memory  1004  can include non-volatile memory  1008  and/or volatile memory  1010 . A basic input/output system (BIOS) can be stored in the non-volatile memory  1008 . 
     The computing architecture  1000  may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more lower speed memory units, including an internal (or external) hard disk drive (HDD)  1012 , a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD)  1014  to read from or write to a removable magnetic disk  1016 , and an optical disk drive  1018  to read from or write to a removable optical disk  1020  (e.g., a CD-ROM or DVD). The HDD  1012 , FDD  1014  and optical disk drive  1020  can be connected to the system bus  1006  by an HDD interface  1022 , an FDD interface  1024  and an optical drive interface  1026 , respectively. The HDD interface  1022  for external drive implementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 694 interface technologies. 
     The drives and associated computer-readable media provide volatile and/or nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For example, a number of program modules can be stored in the drives and memory units  1008 ,  1012 , including an operating system  1028 , one or more application programs  1030 , other program modules  1032 , and program data  1034 . In one embodiment, the one or more application programs  1030 , other program modules  1032 , and program data  1034  can include, for example, the various applications and/or components of the messaging system  500 . 
     A user can enter commands and information into the computer  1001  through one or more wire/wireless input devices, for example, a keyboard  1036  and a pointing device, such as a mouse  1038 . Other input devices may include microphones, infra-red (IR) remote controls, radio-frequency (RF) remote controls, game pads, stylus pens, card readers, dongles, finger print readers, gloves, graphics tablets, joysticks, keyboards, retina readers, touch screens (e.g., capacitive, resistive, etc.), trackballs, trackpads, sensors, styluses, and the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  1002  through an input device interface  1040  that is coupled to the system bus  1006 , but can be connected by other interfaces such as a parallel port, IEEE 694 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, and so forth. 
     A monitor  1042  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  1006  via an interface, such as a video adaptor  1044 . The monitor  1042  may be internal or external to the computer  1001 . In addition to the monitor  1042 , a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices, such as speakers, printers, and so forth. 
     The computer  1001  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wire and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  1044 . The remote computer  1044  can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer  1001 , although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device  1046  is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wire/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN)  1048  and/or larger networks, for example, a wide area network (WAN)  1050 . Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network, for example, the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  1001  is connected to the LAN  1048  through a wire and/or wireless communication network interface or adaptor  1052 . The adaptor  1052  can facilitate wire and/or wireless communications to the LAN  1048 , which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless functionality of the adaptor  1052 . 
     When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  1001  can include a modem  1054 , or is connected to a communications server on the WAN  1050 , or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN  1050 , such as by way of the Internet. The modem  1054 , which can be internal or external and a wire and/or wireless device, connects to the system bus  1006  via the input device interface  1040 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  1001 , or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device  1046 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. 
     The computer  1001  is operable to communicate with wire and wireless devices or entities using the IEEE 802 family of standards, such as wireless devices operatively disposed in wireless communication (e.g., IEEE 802.13 over-the-air modulation techniques). This includes at least Wi-Fi (or Wireless Fidelity), WiMax, and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies, among others. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.13x (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wire networks (which use IEEE 802.3-related media and functions). 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram depicting an exemplary communications architecture  1100  suitable for implementing various embodiments as previously described. The communications architecture  1100  includes various common communications elements, such as a transmitter, receiver, transceiver, radio, network interface, baseband processor, antenna, amplifiers, filters, power supplies, and so forth. The embodiments, however, are not limited to implementation by the communications architecture  1100 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , the communications architecture  1100  includes one or more clients  1102  and servers  1104 . The clients  1102  may implement the client device  510 . The servers  1104  may implement the server device  526 . The clients  1102  and the servers  1104  are operatively connected to one or more respective client data stores  1106  and server data stores  1108  that can be employed to store information local to the respective clients  1102  and servers  1104 , such as cookies and/or associated contextual information. 
     The clients  1102  and the servers  1104  may communicate information between each other using a communication framework  1110 . The communications framework  1110  may implement any well-known communications techniques and protocols. The communications framework  1110  may be implemented as a packet-switched network (e.g., public networks such as the Internet, private networks such as an enterprise intranet, and so forth), a circuit-switched network (e.g., the public switched telephone network), or a combination of a packet-switched network and a circuit-switched network (with suitable gateways and translators). 
     The communications framework  1110  may implement various network interfaces arranged to accept, communicate, and connect to a communications network. A network interface may be regarded as a specialized form of an input output interface. Network interfaces may employ connection protocols including without limitation direct connect, Ethernet (e.g., thick, thin, twisted pair 10/100/1000 Base T, and the like), token ring, wireless network interfaces, cellular network interfaces, IEEE 802.11a-x network interfaces, IEEE 802.16 network interfaces, IEEE 802.20 network interfaces, and the like. Further, multiple network interfaces may be used to engage with various communications network types. For example, multiple network interfaces may be employed to allow for the communication over broadcast, multicast, and unicast networks. Should processing requirements dictate a greater amount speed and capacity, distributed network controller architectures may similarly be employed to pool, load balance, and otherwise increase the communicative bandwidth required by clients  1102  and the servers  1104 . A communications network may be any one and the combination of wired and/or wireless networks including without limitation a direct interconnection, a secured custom connection, a private network (e.g., an enterprise intranet), a public network (e.g., the Internet), a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), an Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a wireless network, a cellular network, and other communications networks. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an embodiment of a device  1200  for use in a multicarrier OFDM system, such as the messaging system  500 . The device  1200  may implement, for example, software components  1202  as described with reference to the messaging component logic  600 , the intent determination logic  700 , and the group selection logic  800 . The device  1200  may also implement a logic circuit  1204 . The logic circuit  1204  may include physical circuits to perform operations described for the messaging system  500 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , device  1200  may include a radio interface  1206 , baseband circuitry  1208 , and a computing platform  1210 , although embodiments are not limited to this configuration. 
     The device  1200  may implement some or all of the structure and/or operations for the messaging system  500  and/or logic circuit  1204  in a single computing entity, such as entirely within a single device. Alternatively, the device  1200  may distribute portions of the structure and/or operations for the messaging system  500  and/or logic circuit  1204  across multiple computing entities using a distributed system architecture, such as a client-server architecture, a 3-tier architecture, an N-tier architecture, a tightly-coupled or clustered architecture, a peer-to-peer architecture, a master-slave architecture, a shared database architecture, and other types of distributed systems. The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     In one embodiment, the radio interface  1206  may include a component or combination of components adapted for transmitting and/or receiving single carrier or multi-carrier modulated signals (e.g., including complementary code keying (CCK) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) although the embodiments are not limited to any specific over-the-air interface or modulation scheme. The radio interface  1206  may include, for example, a receiver  1212 , a transmitter  1214  and/or a frequency synthesizer  1216 . The radio interface  1206  may include bias controls, a crystal oscillator and/or one or more antennas  1218 . In another embodiment, the radio interface  1206  may use external voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), surface acoustic wave filters, intermediate frequency (IF) filters and/or RF filters, as desired. Due to the variety of potential RF interface designs an expansive description thereof is omitted. 
     The baseband circuitry  1208  may communicate with the radio interface  1206  to process receive and/or transmit signals and may include, for example, an analog-to-digital converter  1220  for down converting received signals, and a digital-to-analog converter  1222  for up-converting signals for transmission. Further, the baseband circuitry  1208  may include a baseband or physical layer (PHY) processing circuit  1224  for PHY link layer processing of respective receive/transmit signals. The baseband circuitry  1208  may include, for example, a processing circuit  1226  for medium access control (MAC)/data link layer processing. The baseband circuitry  1208  may include a memory controller  1228  for communicating with the processing circuit  1226  and/or a computing platform  1210 , for example, via one or more interfaces  1230 . 
     In some embodiments, the PHY processing circuit  1224  may include a frame construction and/or detection module, in combination with additional circuitry such as a buffer memory, to construct and/or deconstruct communication frames, such as radio frames. Alternatively or in addition, the MAC processing circuit  1226  may share processing for certain of these functions or perform these processes independent of the PHY processing circuit  1224 . In some embodiments, MAC and PHY processing may be integrated into a single circuit. 
     The computing platform  1210  may provide computing functionality for the device  1200 . As shown, the computing platform  1210  may include a processing component  1232 . In addition to, or alternatively of, the baseband circuitry  1208 , the device  1200  may execute processing operations or logic for the messaging system  500  and logic circuit  1204  using the processing component  1232 . The processing component  1232  (and/or the PHY  1224  and/or MAC  1226 ) may comprise various hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements may include devices, logic devices, components, processors, microprocessors, circuits, processor circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), memory units, logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software elements may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, software development programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodiment is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints, as desired for a given implementation. 
     The computing platform  1210  may further include other platform components  1234 . Other platform components  1234  include common computing elements, such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors, memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components (e.g., digital displays), power supplies, and so forth. Examples of memory units may include without limitation various types of computer readable and machine readable storage media in the form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, polymer memory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase change or ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices (e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type of storage media suitable for storing information. 
     The device  1200  may be, for example, an ultra-mobile device, a mobile device, a fixed device, a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile computing device, a smart phone, a telephone, a digital telephone, a cellular telephone, user equipment, eBook readers, a handset, a one-way pager, a two-way pager, a messaging device, a computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a netbook computer, a handheld computer, a tablet computer, a server, a server array or server farm, a web server, a network server, an Internet server, a work station, a mini-computer, a main frame computer, a supercomputer, a network appliance, a web appliance, a distributed computing system, multiprocessor systems, processor-based systems, consumer electronics, programmable consumer electronics, game devices, television, digital television, set top box, wireless access point, base station, node B, evolved node B (eNB), subscriber station, mobile subscriber center, radio network controller, router, hub, gateway, bridge, switch, machine, or combination thereof. Accordingly, functions and/or specific configurations of the device  1200  described herein, may be included or omitted in various embodiments of the device  1200 , as suitably desired. In some embodiments, the device  1200  may be configured to be compatible with protocols and frequencies associated one or more of the 3GPP LTE Specifications and/or IEEE 1402.16 Standards for WMANs, and/or other broadband wireless networks, cited herein, although the embodiments are not limited in this respect. 
     Embodiments of device  1200  may be implemented using single input single output (SISO) architectures. However, certain implementations may include multiple antennas (e.g., antennas  1218 ) for transmission and/or reception using adaptive antenna techniques for beamforming or spatial division multiple access (SDMA) and/or using MIMO communication techniques. 
     The components and features of the device  1200  may be implemented using any combination of discrete circuitry, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), logic gates and/or single chip architectures. Further, the features of the device  1200  may be implemented using microcontrollers, programmable logic arrays and/or microprocessors or any combination of the foregoing where suitably appropriate. It is noted that hardware, firmware and/or software elements may be collectively or individually referred to herein as “logic” or “circuit.” 
     It will be appreciated that the exemplary device  1200  shown in the block diagram of  FIG. 12  may represent one functionally descriptive example of many potential implementations. Accordingly, division, omission or inclusion of block functions depicted in the accompanying figures does not infer that the hardware components, circuits, software and/or elements for implementing these functions would be necessarily be divided, omitted, or included in embodiments. 
     At least one computer-readable storage medium  1236  may include instructions that, when executed, cause a system to perform any of the computer-implemented methods described herein. 
     General Notes on Terminology 
     Some embodiments may be described using the expression “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” along with their derivatives. These terms mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Moreover, unless otherwise noted the features described above are recognized to be usable together in any combination. Thus, any features discussed separately may be employed in combination with each other unless it is noted that the features are incompatible with each other. 
     With general reference to notations and nomenclature used herein, the detailed descriptions herein may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. 
     A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities. 
     Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein, which form part of one or more embodiments. Rather, the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing operations of various embodiments include general purpose digital computers or similar devices. 
     Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not necessarily intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. 
     Various embodiments also relate to apparatus or systems for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purpose or it may comprise a general purpose computer as selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The procedures presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given. 
     It is emphasized that the Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow a reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. 
     What has been described above includes examples of the disclosed architecture. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the novel architecture is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.