Patent Publication Number: US-2021169030-A1

Title: Herbicide-Resistant Grain Sorghum

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/943,663, filed Dec. 4, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     A Sequence Listing accompanies this application and is submitted as an ASCII text file of the sequence listing named “169946_00564_ST25.txt” which is 32.8 KB in size and was created on Oct. 14, 2020. The sequence listing is electronically submitted via EFS-Web with the application and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     INTRODUCTION 
       Sorghum  is the world&#39;s fifth most important cereal crop, after wheat, rice, maize, and barley. In addition to being an increasingly important food crop,  sorghum  is also an important animal feed and biofuel crop. This hardy crop is more tolerant to drought and excess soil moisture content than most cereals, and can be grown under varied soil and weather conditions. Consequently,  sorghum  is a critically important food crop in many of the driest regions of the world. 
     Weed control in grain  sorghum  ( Sorghum bicolor ) can be difficult due to limited available herbicides and the presence of herbicide-resistant weed species (Fromme et al. 2012). Moreover, control of johnsongrass and shattercane are especially difficult due to high genetic similarity with cultivated  sorghum  and a lack of selective herbicide options. Most postemergence (POST) herbicides labeled for grain  sorghum  are effective on broadleaf weed species, but have limited activity on annual grasses (Werle et al. 2016). Further, grass control options in grain  sorghum  is limited due to crop sensitivity and long rotation restrictions (Besançon et al. 2017). 
     The acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides are commonly used in various crops to selectively control annual and perennial grass species. There are three chemical families within the ACCase group, and each family has many unique active ingredients that provide excellent control of many grass weed species. However, grain  sorghum  is susceptible to ACCase-inhibitor herbicides, making the use of these herbicides almost impossible with conventional  sorghum  hybrids and open pollinated varieties. 
     Thus, the development of novel  sorghum  lines that are resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides would increase the yields of this important crop plant in regions afflicted by grassy weeds, offering significant production and economic advantages. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention provides a novel  sorghum  cultivar designated ‘X’, which is resistant to inhibition by fluazifop-p-butyl and other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The invention encompasses the seeds, plants, and plant parts of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’, as well as plants with essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of ‘X’. Also disclosed is  sorghum  seed comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39, which confers resistance to damage by ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. 
     This invention also provides methods for producing a  sorghum  plant by planting seeds of cultivar ‘X’, or seeds including a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 or by crossing  sorghum  ‘X’ or seeds including a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 with itself or another  sorghum  line. Any plant breeding methods using  sorghum  variety ‘X’ or seeds including a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 are part of this invention, including selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, and crosses to populations. All plants and seeds produced using  sorghum  variety ‘X’ or seeds including a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 as a parent are within the scope of this invention, including gene-converted plants of variety ‘X’. Methods for introducing a gene into variety ‘X’, either through traditional breeding or transformation, are provided herein. Methods for introducing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 into a  sorghum  plant are also provided. 
     In another aspect, the present invention provides regenerable cells for use in tissue culture of  sorghum  plant ‘X’ or regenerable cells comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39, as well as  sorghum  plants regenerated from these tissue cultures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  demonstrates the tolerance of the fluazifop-resistant johnsongrass population (WM-1) to 4× the label rate (24 oz/A) applications compared to susceptible standard (Sus), at 35 days after treatment. 
         FIG. 2  shows the phenotype of a triploid BC 1 F 1  progeny with tolerance to fluazifop. 
         FIG. 3  shows a confirmation of the presence of 20 chromosomes in the diploid fluazifop-resistant  S. bicolor.    
         FIG. 4  shows the segregation of the tolerance trait in  sorghum  when herbicide was applied at an early seedling stage (left) or at 6″ growth stage (right). 
         FIG. 5A  shows the tolerance of the fluazifop-resistant grain  sorghum  line, compared to a susceptible standard, in a field test conducted in College Station, Tex.  FIG. 5B  shows the segregation of resistance in the population. 
         FIG. 6  shows a field view of the selections conducted in Weslaco, Tex. (left); the trait was still segregating for resistance, showing highly tolerant, intermediate and susceptible individuals (right). 
         FIG. 7  shows the evaluations conducted in Fayetteville, Ark. to evaluate  sorghum  tolerance to fluazifop and selection for tolerant individuals. 
         FIG. 8  shows a field view of the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line in College Station, Tex. 
         FIG. 9  shows the response of grain  sorghum  (GS) to fluazifop applied at three different growth stages: 2-leaf (A, B), 3- to 4-leaf (C, D), and 5- to 6-leaf (E, F). The rates of fluazifop range from 0 to 64× for resistant GS (A, C, E), and from 0 to 1× for susceptible GS (B, D, F) with 1× being 105 g ai ha −1 . Photographs were taken 28 days after application. 
         FIG. 10  shows graphs comparing the percent injury to fluazifop-resistant (A) and susceptible (B) grain  sorghum  caused by fluazifop. Plants were rated visually at 28 days after application. The line fit to the data is nonlinear 3P logistic curve. 
         FIG. 11  shows the response of grain  sorghum  (GS) to rates of fluazifop ranging from 0 to 64× for resistant GS (A, C, E), and from 0 to 1× for susceptible GS (B, D, F), 28 days after application. Photographs were taken 28 days after application. 
         FIG. 12  shows graphs comparing the percent injury to fluazifop-resistant (A, C, E) and susceptible (B, D, F) grain  sorghum  (GS) caused by the ACCase-inhibiting herbicides clethodim (A, B), quizalofop (C, D), and fenoxaprop (E, F). The line fit to the data is a nonlinear Exponential 3P curve. Plants were rated visually at 28 days after application. 
         FIG. 13  shows a confirmation of target-site mutation W2031C in the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line. Panel A shows the G&gt;C nucleotide change at residue 2031 of the ACCase gene. The sequences depicted are portions of SEQ ID NOs:1-5 that are centered on this mutation. These sequences were produced by amplifying the ACCase gene of the indicated plant using primer P2. SEQ ID NOs:1-3 are from fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  plants; SEQ ID NO:4 is from fluazifop-resistant johnsongrass; and SEQ ID NO:5 is from wild-type  sorghum  (BTx2928). Panel B shows the corresponding W&gt;C amino acid change. The “Query” sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) is from a fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  plant and the “Sbjct” sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) is from wild-type  sorghum.    
         FIG. 14  shows a confirmation of target-site mutation A2248T in the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line. Panel A shows the G&gt;A nucleotide change at residue 2248 of the ACCase gene. The sequences depicted are portions of SEQ ID NOs:8-13 that are centered on this mutation. These sequences were produced by amplifying the ACCase gene of the indicated plant using primer P6. SEQ ID NOs:8-10 are from fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  plants; SEQ ID NOs:11-12 are from fluazifop-resistant johnsongrass; and SEQ ID NO:13 is from wild-type  sorghum  (BTx2928). Panel B shows the corresponding A&gt;T amino acid change. The “Query” sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) is from a fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  plant and the “Sbjct” sequence (SEQ ID NO:15) is from wild-type  sorghum.    
         FIG. 15  shows the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:16) and an amino acid sequence alignment that confirms that the A2248T mutation is present in both wild-type johnsongrass (SEQ ID NOs:23-25) and fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  (SEQ ID NOs:17-19), but is absent in wild-type  sorghum  (SEQ ID NOs:20-22). 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     To provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided: 
     Allele. One of two or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to a single trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. 
     Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to a parental line. For example, a first generation (F 1 ) hybrid may be crossed with one of the parental lines used to produce the F 1  hybrids. 
     Breeding. The genetic manipulation of living organisms. 
     Cell. As used herein, this term includes isolated cells, cells grown in tissue culture, and cells that comprise a plant or plant part. 
     Cultivar. Used interchangeably with “variety”. Refers to plants that are defined by the expression of the characteristics resulting from a given genotype or combination of genotypes, distinguished from any other plant grouping by the expression of at least one characteristic. 
     Diploid. A cell or organism having two complete sets of chromosomes. 
     Embryo. The plant embryo is the part of a seed or bud that contains the earliest forms of the new plant&#39;s roots, stem and leaves. 
     Essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics. A plant having “essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics” of the cultivar exhibits the characteristics of the cultivar with the exception of any characteristics derived from a converted gene. 
     F #. Denotes a filial generation, wherein the # is the generation number. For example, F 1  is the first filial generation. 
     Gene. Refers to a unit of inheritance corresponding to a distinct sequence of DNA or RNA nucleotides that form part of a chromosome. A gene may encode a polypeptide or a nucleic acid molecule that has a function in the cell or organism. 
     Herbicide resistant. Describes a plant that is tolerant or resistant to an herbicide at a level that would normally kill or inhibit the growth of a normal or wild-type  sorghum  plant. 
     Isogenic; also referred to as “gene-converted”. Describes a plant wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a parental variety are maintained with the exception of a single trait that was transferred into the variety via backcrossing or genetic engineering. 
     Haploid. A cell or organism having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. 
     Hybrid. Refers to the offspring or progeny of genetically dissimilar plant parents or stock produced as the result of controlled cross-pollination as opposed to a non-hybrid seed produced as the result of natural pollination. 
     Pedigree. Refers to the lineage or genealogical descent of a plant. 
     Plant. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, and plant cell tissue cultures from which  sorghum  plants can be regenerated; plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants; and plant parts including, without limitation, protoplasts, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, cotyledon, hypocotyl, pod, flower, shoot, tissue, petiole, cells, and meristematic cells. 
     Progeny. Includes an F 1    sorghum  plant produced from the cross of two  sorghum  plants, as well as plants produced from subsequent generational crosses (e.g., F 2 , F 3 , F 4 , F 5 , F 6 , F 7 , F 8 , F 9 , and F 10 ) with the recurrent parental line. 
     Regeneration. Refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture. 
     Seeds. Includes seeds and plant propagules of all kinds including, but not limited to, true seeds, seed pieces, suckers, corms, bulbs, fruit, tubers, grains, cuttings, cut shoots and the like. However, in preferred embodiments, this term refers to true seeds. 
     Tetraploid. A cell or organism having four complete sets of chromosomes. 
     Trait. Refers to a genetically determined characteristic of an organism. For example, the present invention describes plants with fluazifop-resistance trait. 
     Transgenic. Describes an organism or cell that contains genetic material that has been artificially introduced. 
     Wild-type. When made in reference to a gene, “wild-type” refers to a gene common throughout a plant population and, thus, arbitrarily designated the “normal” or “wild-type” form of the gene. Generally, “wild-type” is used to describe the functional form of a gene in contrast to a mutant and/or nonfunctional form. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention provides a novel  sorghum  cultivar designated ‘X’, which is resistant to inhibition by fluazifop-p-butyl and other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The invention encompasses both the seeds of this cultivar and plants grown from these seeds. The invention further encompasses any  sorghum  plant having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’. 
       Sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ was developed by transferring a fluazifop-p-butyl resistance trait identified in a population of johnsongrass into grain  sorghum  through rounds of crossing, selection, and identification of diploid progenies, as detailed in the Examples disclosed herein. Greenhouse experiments revealed that the resistance trait is conferred by a single gene with incomplete dominance. Subsequently, several rounds of backcrossing with elite  sorghum  lines and selection were carried out to improve the agronomic potential and eliminate unpreferable traits such as photoperiod sensitivity. The resulting diploid  sorghum  line shows tolerance to fluazifop and fenoxaprop at commercially acceptable levels to give rise to cultivar ‘X’ provided herein. The single gene identified as responsible for providing resistance was identified and sequenced and is presented as SEQ ID NO: 39. Thus also provided herein are  sorghum  seeds comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39. 
     The inventors demonstrate the line tolerates over-the-top applications of fluazifop-p-butyl and fenoxaprop herbicides at rates which kill the wild-type plant. Thus, this invention will allow for effective control of grass weeds in  sorghum  using post-emergence applications of fluazifop or fenoxaprop. 
     Herbicide Resistance 
       Sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ and  sorghum  plants comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 are resistant to fluazifop-p-butyl (chemical formula R-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanate). This herbicide, also referred to as “fluazifop”, belongs to the aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide family and is available under several trade names, including Fusilade®, Horizon 2000®, Ornamec®, Fusion®, and Tornado®. Fluazifop-p-butyl is a postemergence herbicide. It is absorbed rapidly through leaf surfaces and quickly hydrolyzes to fluazifop acid. The acid is transported primarily in the phloem and accumulates in the meristems where it disrupts the synthesis of lipids in susceptible species (Urano 1982; Erlingson 1988). Specifically, fluazifop-p-butyl inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase), an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA in an early step of fatty acid synthesis. Lipids are important components of cellular membranes, and when they cannot be produced in sufficient quantities, cell membrane integrity fails, especially in regions of active growth such as meristems. Both annual and perennial grasses can be controlled by fluazifop-based herbicides, including bromes ( Bromus  spp.), quackgrass ( Elytrigia repens ), johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense ), and panic or witch-grasses ( Panicum  spp.). Thus, the  sorghum  and  sorghum  seeds provided with the present invention may be used with these herbicides to control monocot weeds that grow in the presence of these crops. 
     In addition to fluazifop-p-butyl and fenoxaprop, the inventors envision that the seeds and plants disclosed herein may be resistant to other ACCase inhibiting herbicides, including others from the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (FOP) herbicide family, such as clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl, haloxyfop-etotyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, propaquizafop, quizalofop-p-ethyl, pinoxaden, diclofop-methyl, and quizalo-P-refuryl compounds. Thus, this invention encompasses the use of any ACCase-inhibiting herbicide, as well as the use of combinations of such compounds. In preferred embodiments, the herbicide used with the present invention is fluazifop-p-butyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, clodinafop-propargyl, pinoxaden, diclofop-methyl, or a combination thereof. 
     As is demonstrated in the Examples, herbicide resistance may be measured as percent crop injury following treatment with an herbicide. Crop injury can be measured by any of the various methods known in the art. For example, crop injury can be determined as a percentage as compared to untreated plants following a standard procedure wherein crop injury is visually assessed by one skilled in the art. A “commercially acceptable rate of crop injury” for the present invention likewise varies with the crop plant species. Typically, a commercially acceptable rate of crop injury is defined as less than about 25%, 20%, 18%, 16%, 15%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10% or even less than about 5% injury. In the Examples the inventors demonstrate that  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ (or plants expressing the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39) exhibits crop injury at a commercially acceptable rate after treatment with specific ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Specifically, in Example 3, this cultivar showed commercially acceptable tolerance to fluazifop (2% injury) fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (3% injury), cyhalofop-butyl (5% injury), quizalofop-p-ethyl (5% injury), clodinafop-propargyl (7% injury), pinoxaden (9% injury), diclofop-methyl (4% injury), and a combination of fluazifop and fenoxaprop (12% injury) at 2 weeks after treatment at a 1× rate of herbicide at the 2- to 3-leaf stage (see Table 4). 
     The herbicide may be applied at pre-emergence, post-emergence, pre-planting or at planting to control weeds in areas surrounding the  sorghum  plants described herein. In some embodiments, herbicide application allows for more than 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% control of seedling and rhizomatous johnsongrass. (See Table 5). 
     The preferred method of herbicide application will depend on the herbicide of choice. In embodiments in which fluazifop-p-butyl is utilized, the application is preferably post-emergence. The herbicide can be applied in the media, irrigation water, or hydroponic solutions used to propagate plants, or can be applied directly to the foliage of plants being grown in soil or in other media in a field, greenhouse, or plant growth chamber. Treated plants may range in age from the presence of a single leaf collar to physiological maturity, which is identified by the presence of a black layer at the base of the mature caryopsis. An herbicide can be used by itself or as part of an herbicide formulation that contains other additives. Customary formulations include, for example solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes and granules. The use form of an herbicide depends on the particular intended purpose; in each case, it should ensure a fine and even distribution of the compound according to the invention. Additives that may be found in an herbicide formulation include other herbicides, detergents, adjuvants, spreading agents, sticking agents, stabilizing agents, or the like. The herbicide formulation can be a wet or dry preparation and can include, but is not limited to, flowable powders, emulsifiable concentrates and liquid concentrates. Such formulations are prepared in a known manner, for example by extending the active compound with auxiliaries suitable for the formulation of agrochemicals, such as solvents and/or carriers, emulsifiers, surfactants and dispersants, preservatives, antifoaming agents, anti-freezing agents, and also optionally colorants and/or binders and/or gelling agents. 
     With the present invention, the preferred amount or concentration of the herbicide is an “effective amount” or “effective concentration,” i.e., an amount or concentration that is sufficient to kill or inhibit the growth of a similar, wild-type  sorghum  plant,  sorghum  plant tissue,  sorghum  plant cell,  sorghum  seed or any of the weed species noted above, but that said amount does not kill or inhibit as severely the growth of the herbicide-resistant plants, plant tissues, plant cells, and seeds of the present invention. Typically, the effective amount of an herbicide is an amount that is routinely used in agricultural production systems to kill weeds of interest. Label rates of herbicides include, for example, 0.125 pounds of active ingredient per acre (lb ai/A) for fluazifop, 0.077 lb ai/A for fenoxaprop, 0.041 lb ai/A for quizalofop, and 0.12 lb ai/A for clethodim. In some embodiments, the  sorghum  plants are treated with fluazifop at a rate ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.2 lb ai/A. In other embodiments, the  sorghum  plants are treated with fenoxaprop at a rate ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.1 lb ai/A. In other embodiments, the  sorghum  plants are treated with quizalofop at a rate ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.06 lb ai/A. In other embodiments, the  sorghum  plants are treated with clethodim at a rate ranging from about 0.08 to about 0.2 lb ai/A. Such amounts are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and may be adjusted according to the particular crops, weeds, and environmental conditions at hand. 
       Sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ was also selected for photoperiod insensitivity. “Photoperiod sensitivity” refers to the sensitivity of the flowering time of plants relative to daylength in which it is grown. Some plants do not flower until they are exposed to daylengths that are less than a specific photoperiod (short day plants) or greater than a specific photoperiod (long day plants).  Sorghum  is a facultative short-day plant for which long days delay flowering while short days accelerate reproductive growth. The degree of photoperiod sensitivity in  sorghum  refers to the length of daylight required to induce flowering. A highly photoperiod sensitive  sorghum  requires photoperiods of about 12 hours before reproductive growth is initiated whereas plants with moderate photoperiod sensitivity require daylengths less than about 14 hours to induce flowering. True photoperiod insensitive genotypes are not influenced by daylength in any situation, and will flower in any length of daylight (assuming that seasonal temperatures allow for growth). 
     Different  sorghum  cultivars vary in their degree of photoperiod sensitivity.  Sorghum  inbreds have been identified with photoperiod sensitivity ranging from ˜10.5 to ˜14 hours while others are insensitive to photoperiod. To maximize yield, it is important to tailor the plants&#39; life cycle to the environments in which they are grown. Thus, the use of “photoperiod insensitive” or “early flowering plants” is advantageous in regions with short growing seasons. 
     Methods 
     This present invention provides methods for producing  sorghum  plants. In some embodiments, these methods involve planting a plurality of  sorghum  seeds provided herein under conditions favorable for the growth of  sorghum  plants. The  sorghum  seeds may be of variety ‘X’ or may be plants comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39. 
     As used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which  sorghum  plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, glumes, panicles, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, and the like. 
     The present invention also provides methods for producing a  sorghum  seed or plant by crossing a first parent  sorghum  plant with a second parent  sorghum  plant, wherein either the first or second parent  sorghum  plant is of the line ‘X’ or comprises a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39, such that the plant is resistant to ACCase inhibitor herbicides. In some embodiments, a breeding cross is made to introduce new genetics into the ‘X’ progeny or progeny comprising the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39 (as opposed to a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles). In these embodiments, a population of hybrid  sorghum  plants will be produced that, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from cultivar ‘X’ and will be selected to include the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 39. The resulting first generation (F 1 ) hybrid  sorghum  seeds may be harvested and used to grow plants that express a subset of characteristics from ‘X’. Alternatively, a plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a  sorghum  cultivar resulting from successive filial generations. In other embodiments, both the first and second parent  sorghum  plants can come from the  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’. However, advantageously, the  sorghum  cultivar is used in crosses with other, different,  sorghum  cultivars to produce F 1    sorghum  seeds and plants with superior characteristics. In some embodiments, the  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ is crossed with a second  sorghum  plant that is transgenic. See the section below titled “Breeding Methods” for a detailed description of breeding techniques that may utilized with the present invention. 
     In some embodiments, a ‘X’ progeny plant is selected that has molecular markers, morphological characteristics, and/or physiological characteristics in common with ‘X’. Techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (e.g., SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized to identify progeny that share particular traits with ‘X’. 
     Further, this invention provides methods for introducing a desired trait into  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’. This may be accomplished using traditional breeding methods, such as backcrossing. Here,  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ is crossed with a second  sorghum  line expressing the desired trait and progeny with both the desired trait and characteristics of ‘X’ are selected and crossed. These steps are repeated until plants with both the desired trait and essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of ‘X’ have been produced. 
     Alternatively, the desired trait may be introduced by transforming the  sorghum  cultivar with a transgene. The transgene may confer at least one trait selected from the following: herbicide resistance; insect resistance; resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease; modified fatty acid metabolism; modified carbohydrate metabolism; and male sterility. See the section below titled “Transformation Methods” for a detailed description of transformation techniques that may utilized with the present invention. The transgenic cultivar produced by these methods may be crossed with another cultivar to produce a new transgenic cultivar. Alternatively, the transgene incorporated by these methods could be moved into another cultivar using traditional backcrossing techniques. 
     Optionally, any of the disclosed methods may further comprise additional steps involving producing  sorghum  seed from the resulting  sorghum  plants and/or planting the  sorghum  seed. 
     The present invention encompasses all plants, or parts thereof, produced by the methods described herein, as well as the seeds produced by these plants. Further, any plants derived from  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ or produced from a cross using cultivar ‘X’ or comprising SEQ ID NO: 39 are provided. This includes genetic variants, created either through traditional breeding methods or through transformation, as well as plants produced in a male-sterile form. Notably, this includes gene-converted plants developed by backcrossing. Any of the seeds, plants, or plant parts provided may be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. 
     The present invention also encompasses progeny of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ comprising a combination of at least two ‘X’ traits associated with  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’, wherein the progeny  sorghum  plant is not significantly different from ‘X’ for said traits, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environment. One of skill in the art knows how to compare a trait between two plant varieties to determine if there is a significant difference between them (Fehr and Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987)). Molecular markers or mean trait values may be used to identify a plant as progeny of ‘X’. Alternatively, progeny may be identified through their filial relationship with  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ (e.g., as being within a certain number of breeding crosses of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’). For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’. 
     Tissue Culture/Embryo Rescue 
     The present invention provides tissue cultures of regenerable cells or protoplasts produced from  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’. As is well known in the art, tissue culture of  sorghum  can be used for the in vitro regeneration of a  sorghum  plant. Tissues such as cells and protoplasts may be used to produce plants having the physiological and morphological characteristics of  sorghum  variety ‘X’. Further, embryo rescue may be performed to allow plants to be produced following cross-pollination of distantly related species. The  sorghum  plants generated by these methods are also encompassed by the present invention. 
     As used herein, the term “tissue culture” describes a composition comprising isolated cells or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary tissues for culture include protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can be grown in culture, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, and anthers. Culture of various  sorghum  tissues and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known in the art. 
     Breeding Methods 
     The goal of  sorghum  breeding is to develop new, superior  sorghum  cultivars and hybrids. A superior cultivar is produced when a new combination of desirable traits is formed within a single plant variety. Desirable traits may include higher seed yield, resistance to diseases and insects, better stems and roots, tolerance to low temperatures, and better agronomic characteristics or grain quality. Thus, breeding methods may be used to combine additional desirable traits with the fluazifop-resistance of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’. 
     The breeding methods used with the present invention may involve a single-seed descent procedure, in which one seed per plant is harvested and used to plant the next generation. Alternatively, the methods may utilize a multiple-seed procedure, in which one or more seeds harvested from each plant in a population is threshed together to form a bulk which is used to plant the next generation. 
     Use of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ in any plant breeding method is encompassed by the present invention. The choice of a breeding or selection method will depend on several factors, including the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F 1  hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar). Popular selection methods include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, recurrent selection, backcrossing, or a combination thereof. 
       Sorghum  plants are self-pollinating, but they can also be bred by cross-pollination. A plant is considered “self-pollinating” if pollen from one flower can be transmitted to the same or another flower, whereas plants are considered “cross-pollinated” if the pollen has to come from a flower on a different plant in order for pollination to occur. The development of  sorghum  hybrids requires use of the cytoplasmic male sterility-fertility restorer system. In this system, pollinator parents (i.e., lines with fertility restoring genes) are crossed to seed parent inbreds, which are typically created to be cytoplasmically male sterile, thereby requiring cross-pollination. Thus, in these crosses, seed is provided by the seed-parent lines while pollen is provided by the pollinator-parent lines to produce a single cross hybrid. 
     Pedigree selection is commonly used for the improvement of self-pollinating crops. Two parents are crossed to produce an F 1  population. An F 2  population is produced by selfing one or several F 1 &#39;s. Selection of the best individuals may begin in the F 2  population; then, beginning in the F 3  generation, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicative testing of families can begin in the F 4  generation to make selection of traits with low heritability more effective. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (e.g., F 6  or F 7 ), the best lines are tested for potential release as new cultivars. 
     Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population, which is often subjected to additional cycles of selection. 
     Backcrossing is commonly used to transfer genes for highly heritable traits into a desirable homozygous cultivar or inbred line. The term “backcrossing” refers to the repeated crossing of hybrid progeny back to one of the parental plants, referred to as the recurrent parent. The plant that serves as the source of the transferred trait is called the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the transferred trait are selected and repeatedly crossed to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent along with the trait transferred from the donor parent. 
     Transformation Methods 
     As is noted above, the present invention provides plants and seeds of  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ in which herbicide resistance has been transferred. While such traits may be selected for using traditional breeding methods, they may also be introduced as transgenes. “Transgenes” include both foreign genes and additional or modified versions of native genes. Plants can be genetically engineered to have a wide variety of traits of agronomic interest including, without limitation, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. Many examples of genes that confer such traits have been described in the literature and are well known in the art. For example, the transgene may confer resistance to an additional herbicide selected from the group consisting of: glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, and benzonitrile. 
     Transgenes are typically introduced in the form of an expression vector. As used herein, an “expression vector” is DNA comprising a gene operatively linked to a regulatory element (e.g., a promoter). The expression vector may contain one or more such gene/regulatory element combinations. The expression vector may also include additional sequences, such as a signal sequence or a tag, that modify the protein produced by the transgene. The vector may be a plasmid, and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids. 
     Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker operably linked to a regulatory element (e.g., a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the vector to be recovered by selection. In some embodiments, negative selection (i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene) it utilized. Negative selection markers include, for example, genes that result in detoxification of a chemical agent (e.g., an antibiotic or an herbicide) and genes that result in insensitivity to an inhibitor. Exemplary negative selection genes include neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII), hygromycin phosphotransferase, gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, and aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase. In other embodiments, positive selection (i.e., screening for the product encoded by a reporter gene) is utilized. Exemplary reporter genes include β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). 
     Transgene expression is typically driven by operably linking the transgene to a promoter within the expression vector. However, other regulatory elements may also be used to drive expression, either alone or in combination with a promoter. As used herein, a “promoter” is a region of DNA upstream of a transcription start site that is involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase for transcription initiation. Any class of promoter may be selected to drive the expression of a transgene. For example, the promoter may be “tissue-specific”, “cell type-specific”, “inducible”, or “constitutive”. Those of skill in the art know how to select a suitable promoter based the particular circumstances and genetic engineering goals. 
     Methods for producing transgenic plants are well known in the art. General descriptions of plant expression vectors, reporter genes, and transformation protocols can be found in Gruber, et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation”, in  Methods in Plant Molecular Biology  &amp;  Biotechnology  in Glich, et al., (Eds. pp. 89-119, CRC Press, 1993). General methods of culturing plant tissues are provided for example by Maki, et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in  Methods in Plant Molecular Biology  &amp;  Biotechnology , Glich, et al., (Eds. pp. 67-88 CRC Press, 1993); and by Phillips, et al., “Cell-Tissue Culture and In-Vitro Manipulation” in  Corn  &amp;  Corn Improvement,  3rd Edition; Sprague, et al., (Eds. pp. 345-387 American Society of Agronomy Inc., 1988). Methods of introducing expression vectors into plant tissue include direct gene transfer methods, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, and electroporation, as well as the direct infection or co-cultivation of plant cells with  Agrobacterium tumefaciens , described for example by Horsch et al.,  Science,  227:1229 (1985). Descriptions of  Agrobacterium  vector systems and methods for  Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber, et al., supra. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: Development of a Fluazifop-Resistant Grain  Sorghum  Breeding Line 
     The following Example describes the development of a novel grain  sorghum  breeding line that has tolerance to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide fluazifop, i.e., the active ingredient in the herbicide Fusilade®. 
     Transfer of a Fluazifop-Resistance Trait into  Sorghum    
     A fluazifop-resistant johnsongrass population collected near West Memphis, Ark. (referred to as “WM”) was utilized for transferring the resistance trait to grain  sorghum . Fluazifop was applied at a 4× field rate (1×=6 oz/A of Fusilade) to the johnsongrass, and ten highly surviving individuals were selected from the F 2  generation of the WM population and were transferred to Texas. One of the three most tolerant individuals (WM-1) was selected for subsequent use. Dose-response assays revealed that the WM population exhibited &gt;30-fold resistance to the fluazifop-p-butyl herbicide Fusilade® compared to a susceptible standard ( FIG. 1 ). A target-site mutation in the ACCase gene (Tryptophan2027&gt;Cysteine) was found to be responsible for the resistance in the johnsongrass population. 
     Initial crosses were made between WM-1 and a line of male sterile (MS)  sorghum  (X Tx3361iap), using the MS  sorghum  line as the female parent. The seeds obtained from this cross were germinated in greenhouse flats and the seedlings were sprayed at 2× (12 oz/A) the label rate of Fusilade. 
     The most tolerant plant was selected from the resulting F 1  progeny. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that this plant was a tetraploid, as were other survivors of the screening. This plant was also male sterile, and was subsequently used for backcrossing with  S. bicolor  pollen (Tx2783). A triploid embryo was rescued from the panicle of the resulting F 1  progeny and nurtured in an agar media standardized for this purpose. The triploid seedling was transferred to a pot and established in the greenhouse ( FIG. 2 ). 
     Backcrossing and Identification of Diploid Progeny 
     Multiple backcrosses were made using the triploid plant (BC 1 F 1 ) as the female parent and Tx2783 as the male parent. The BC 2 F 1  progenies were sprayed with a 1× (6 oz/A) rate of fluazifop and flow cytometry was conducted to identify potential diploid individuals. Three selected individuals, identified as diploids in the flow cytometry analysis, were karyotyped to confirm chromosome numbers. An individual with 20-chromosomes was selected for subsequent breeding ( FIG. 3 ). The majority of the flowers in this plant were male-fertile. 
     Following the identification of the 20-chromosome individual, multiple backcrosses were made using male sterile  sorghum  line Tx623 (female). The progenies were tested for their tolerance to the herbicide at two growth stages in the greenhouse, at early seedling stage and at 6″ growth stage. In both evaluations, the seedlings showed a clear segregation of the resistance trait, conforming to Mendelian inheritance ( FIG. 4 ). Results indicated that the fluazifop resistance in the developed  S. bicolor  lines is conferred by a single, incompletely dominant gene. 
     Selection for Improved Agronomic Potential 
     A field experiment was conducted during in the summer in College Station, Tex. to confirm field-level expression of the resistance trait. Results showed a clear tolerance at a 6 oz/A rate of fluazifop ( FIG. 5A ), but the trait was still segregating ( FIG. 5B ). Moreover, photoperiod sensitivity was evident. 
     To eliminate photoperiod sensitivity from the population, the early flowering individuals in the above field evaluation were bagged and seeds were harvested at maturity. The seeds were then planted in Weslaco, Tex. for another cycle of selection. The seedlings were sprayed with 6 oz/A fluazifop. The survivors ( FIG. 6 ) were observed and early flowering individuals were bagged. This evaluation also helped select individuals with the highest fluazifop tolerance (i.e., those that likely had two copies of the resistance-conferring gene). The seed harvested from Weslaco were sent to winter nursery in Peurto Rico for selfing and seed increase. 
     Selections were carried out in College Station, Tex. in the summer using seed harvested from Puerto Rico. Parallel evaluations were also conducted in Fayetteville, Ark. during mid-summer to early fall to verify crop tolerance ( FIG. 7 ). Surviving individuals were selected and seeds were harvested for subsequent testing. 
     Field selections were continued in College Station, Tex. and Fayetteville, Ark. These selections have produced a line showing commercially acceptable tolerance to field applications of fluazifop. Notably, the resistance trait is fixed in this population, without any segregation ( FIG. 8 ), and photoperiod sensitivity was successfully eliminated. 
     Example 2: Characterization of the Fluazifop-Resistant Grain  Sorghum  Breeding Line Under Greenhouse Conditions 
     The following Example describes experiments that were performed to evaluate the grain  sorghum  line disclosed herein under greenhouse conditions. Specifically, the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  was tested to (1) determine its response to various doses of fluazifop at various growth stages, (2) assess whether it has cross-resistance to other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, and (3) identity the target-site mutations that confer its fluazifop resistance. 
     Plant Material 
     The cultivar DKS 45-23 (Dekalb, Bayer, USA) was used as an ACCase-susceptible grain  sorghum  standard. Selection 18PR-308 was utilized as the ACCase-resistant grain  sorghum  line in this experiment. 
     Herbicide Dose-Response Assays 
     Experimental setup: Herbicide dose-response assays were conducted in a greenhouse located in Fayetteville, Ark. in 2019. Approximately 3 seeds were placed in 10 cm-diameter pots filled with a mixture of 50% of potting soil (Pro-Mix M®, Premier Horticulture Inc., Quakertown, Pa. 18951) and 50% sieved silt loam soil (pH of 6.6 and 2.4% organic matter). The soil was collected in Fayetteville. At emergence, seedlings were thinned to achieve a density of 1 seedling in each pot. Plants were grown under a 35/25 C day/night temperature regime and a 16-hour photoperiod supplemented with light emitting diode lighting, and the pots were watered daily, multiple times if needed. 
     Herbicides and application: Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, a dose-response assay was conducted to determine the level of tolerance of the 18PR-308  sorghum  line to fluazifop (Table 1) at three different growth stages (2-leaf, 3- to 4-leaf, and 5- to 6-leaf). The dose-response assay included seven doses for the fluazifop-resistant grain  sorghum  (1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16×, 32× and 64×) and six doses for the susceptible standard ( 1/32×, 1/16×, ⅛×, ¼×, ½× and 1×). The field rate (1×) used was 105 g ai ha −1  for fluazifop, and all treatments included a crop oil concentrate (COC) at 1% v/v. All treatments were applied using a spray chamber equipped with 1100067 nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L ha −1  at 1.6 km h −1 . Data were regressed by herbicide and genotype with a nonlinear 3P logistic curve using “drc” package in R (version 3.5.3). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Rates used to evaluate grain sorghum sensitivity to fluazifop. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Rate designation 
                 Rate (g ai ha −1 ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DKS 45-23 
                 0x 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 (Susceptible) 
                     0.03125x 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                    0.0625x 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                   
                    0.125x 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                   
                   0.25x 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                   
                   0.5x 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1x 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                 18PR-308 
                 0x 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 (Resistant) 
                 1x 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2x 
                 211 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4x 
                 422 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8x 
                 843 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16x  
                 1686 
               
               
                   
                   
                 32x  
                 3373 
               
               
                   
                   
                 64x  
                 6746 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the second experiment, potential cross-tolerance to three other ACCase-inhibitor herbicides (clethodim, quizalofop, and fenoxaprop) was investigated at the 2- to 3-leaf growth stage (Table 2). The dose-response assay included seven doses for the ACCase-resistant grain  sorghum  (1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16×, 32×, and 64×) and six doses for the susceptible standard ( 1/32×, 1/16×, ⅛×, ¼×, ½× and 1×). The field rate (1×) used were 140 g ai ha −1  for clethodim, 112 g ai ha −1  for quizalofop, and 87.3 g ai ha −1  for fenoxaprop. Applications of clethodim and quizalofop included a non-ionic surfactant (0.25% v/v) and COC (1% v/v), respectively. Data were regressed using an exponential 3P curve using JMP Pro 14.2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Rates used to evaluate grain sorghum response 
               
               
                 to various ACCase-inhibitor herbicides. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Susceptible sorghum 
                 Resistant sorghum 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
                 Rate 
               
               
                 Herbicide 
                 designation 
                 (g ai ha −1 ) 
                 designation 
                 (g ai ha −1 ) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Clethodim 1   
                     0.03125x 
                 3.78 
                 1x 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                    0.0625x 
                 8.75 
                 2x 
                 280 
               
               
                   
                    0.125x 
                 17.5 
                 4x 
                 560 
               
               
                   
                   0.25x 
                 35 
                 8x 
                 1120 
               
               
                   
                   0.5x 
                 70 
                 16x  
                 2240 
               
               
                   
                 1x 
                 140 
                 32x  
                 4480 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64x  
                 8960 
               
               
                 Quizalofop 2   
                     0.03125x 
                 3.5 
                 1x 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                    0.0625x 
                 7 
                 2x 
                 224 
               
               
                   
                    0.125x 
                 14 
                 4x 
                 448 
               
               
                   
                   0.25x 
                 28 
                 8x 
                 896 
               
               
                   
                   0.5x 
                 56 
                 16x  
                 1792 
               
               
                   
                 1x 
                 112 
                 32x  
                 3584 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64x  
                 7168 
               
               
                 Fenoxaprop 2   
                     0.03125x 
                 2.7 
                 1x 
                 87.3 
               
               
                   
                    0.0625x 
                 5.5 
                 2x 
                 174.6 
               
               
                   
                    0.125x 
                 10.9 
                 4x 
                 349.2 
               
               
                   
                   0.25x 
                 21.8 
                 8x 
                 698.4 
               
               
                   
                   0.5x 
                 43.7 
                 16x  
                 1396.8 
               
               
                   
                 1x 
                 87.3 
                 32x  
                 2793.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64x  
                 5587.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Rate chosen as 1x rate labeled in soybean. 
               
               
                   2 Rate chosen as 1x rate labeled in rice. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Observations: Visual grain  sorghum  injury (%) ratings were taken at 14, 21, and 28 days after application (DAA). The ratings were on a scale of 0-100, with 0 indicating no plant injury or growth reduction compared to the non-treated standard and 100 indicating complete plant death. Plants were harvested 28 DAA and dry biomass determined after drying at 55° C. for three days. See  FIG. 9-12 . 
     Results: 
     The  sorghum  line developed here showed commercially acceptable tolerance to fluazifop and fenoxaprop. The line also somewhat tolerated quizalofop application, but it is not commercially acceptable. It was however completely susceptible to clethodim.  FIG. 9  shows a comparison of the resistant (A) and susceptible (B)  sorghum  lines after treatment with the herbicide at the indicated rates at the 2 leaf stage, the 3-4 leaf stage (C, resistant and D, susceptible) and 5-6 leaf stage (E, resistant and F, susceptible).  FIGS. 10A  (resistant) and  10 B (susceptible) show comparison of plant injury to the plants after application of fluazifop at the indicated stages when applied at the indicated rates. The resistant plants have low injury rates even when the herbicide is applied at both early and late growth stages and at rates over the commercially recommended rates for control of weeds.  FIGS. 11 and 12  display similar data for other related herbicides. 
     Identification of Target-Site Resistance Mechanism 
     The ACCase gene of the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line was sequenced using overlapping primers (6 primer sets) covering the 1737 bp Carboxyl Transferase (CT) domain region. The sequences of these primers are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Forward (F) and reverse (R) primers 
               
               
                 used to sequence the ACCase gene of the 
               
               
                 fluazifop-resistant sorghum line. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Product 
               
               
                   
                 Primer # 
                 Primer Name 
                 Sequence 
                 size, bp 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 P1 
                 SbACCase1-F 
                 TGCAGCTAGA 
                 1116 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAGCGGTGAA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 26) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SbACCase1-R 
                 TTATCAACTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGGGTCAAGC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 27) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 SbACCase2-F 
                 TTGTCCCTGC 
                 400 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGATCCAGGT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 28) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SbACCase2-R 
                 AACCCTTGAG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTCGAGAAC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 29) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P3 
                 SbACCase3-F 
                 TGTTGGGTGG 
                 596 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTGACGAAG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 30) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SbACCase3-R 
                 CACGTGGATC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCATGTGTTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 31) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P4 
                 SbACCase4-F 
                 TGGCTCAGCT 
                 839 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGTTCCTGC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 32) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SbACCase4-R 
                 GGCAGCAACT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTTCGTACG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 33) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P5 
                 SbACCase2-F 
                 GAAGAAGACT 
                 1091 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGCCCGTAT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAG  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 34) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SbACCase2-R 
                 CCTCTGACCT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAACTTGATT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 35) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P6 
                 SbACCase3-F 
                 GAGGACTGCC 
                 624 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAGGTAATG  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 36) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SbACCase3-R  
                 GAAAGACCCT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCGAGAATG  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NO: 37) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The PCR reaction mix contained 2 ul DNA (100 ng), 5 ul of 10×PCR buffer, 1 ul of 10 uM dNTPs, 1 ul of both forward and reverse primer (10 μm/μl), 0.25 ul of Taq polymerase, and 37.75 ul of sterile distilled water. The PCR conditions included pre-incubation at 95° C. for 30 sec, then 30 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 12 sec, annealing at 58° C. for 30 sec, and extension at 72° C. for 1 min, followed by a final extension at 72° C. for 5 min. The PCR products were run on 1.2% agarose gel and the products were extracted and purified for Sanger sequencing. 
     The sequencing results were used to generate consensus sequences for the fluazifop-resistant ACCase gene (SEQ ID NO:38) and protein (SEQ ID NO:39). Two specific mutations were identified in the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line. The first mutation ( FIG. 13 ) consisted of a change from tryptophan (W) to cysteine (C) at residue 2031 (W2031C) of the ACCase gene of the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line, which corresponds to residue 2027 of the ACCase gene in blackgrass ( Alopecurus myosuroides ). This mutation has been reported in several ACCase resistant weed species. 
     The second mutation ( FIG. 14 ) consisted of a change from alanine (A) to threonine (T) at residue 2248 (A2248T) of the ACCase gene of the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  line. Notably, this second mutation was identified outside of the region where currently known mutations have been reported. 
     Further investigation of the second mutation (A2248T) revealed that this allele is native to the ACCase gene of johnsongrass ( FIG. 15 ), and is absent in wild-type grain  sorghum . Thus, the presence of this specific mutation confirms that the fluazifop-resistant grain  sorghum  developed in this research comprises an ACCase gene that originated in johnsongrass. This mutation may be used as a marker for this trait. Additional studies will be necessary to determine whether this second mutation contributes to fluazifop tolerance. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         Besançon T, Heiniger R, Weisz E, Everman W (2017) Weed response to agronomic practices and herbicide strategies in grain  sorghum . Agron J. 109:1642-1650 
         Fromme D D, Dotray P A, Grichar W J, Fernandez C J (2012) Weed control and grain  sorghum  ( Sorghum bicolor ) tolerance to pyrasulotole plus bromoxynil. Int J Ag. doi:10.1155/2012/951454 
         Heap I (2020) The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. Retrieved Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2020 Available at www.weedscience.org 
         Liu W, Harrison D K, Chalipska D, Gornicki P, O&#39;Donnell C C, Adkins S W, Haselkorn R, Williams R R (2007) Single-site mutations in the carboxyltransferase domain of plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase confer resistance to grass-specific herbicides. PNAS. 104:3627-3632 
         Werle R, Jhala A J, Yerka M K, Dille J A, Lindquist J L (2016) Distribution of herbicide-resistant shattercane and johnsongrass populations in  sorghum  production areas of Nebraska and northern Kansas. Agron J. 108:321-328 
       
    
     Example 3: Characterization of the Fluazifop-Resistant Grain  Sorghum  Breeding Line Under Field Conditions 
     The following Example describes experiments that were performed to evaluate the grain  sorghum  line disclosed herein under field conditions. Specifically, the fluazifop-resistant  sorghum  was tested to (1) assess cross-resistance to other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, and (2) compare the ability of fluazifop-p-butyl to control johnsongrass to that of a standard treatment. 
     Evaluation of the Tolerance of the Selected Fluazifop-Resistant Grain  Sorghum  to an Array of ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides Under Field Conditions 
     Standard small-plot research plots were established in spring 2020 on 36-inch wide rows encompassing 4 rows per plot. The various herbicides and rates evaluated are listed in Table 4. Applications were made to 2- to 3-leaf grain  sorghum . Crop oil concentrate at 1% v/v was applied in combination with each herbicide. All applications were made at 15 gal/acre and a speed of 3 mph using a hand-held 4-nozzle boom equipped with AIXR 110015 nozzles. Only the two center rows of each plot were treated. Injury was rated on a 0 to 100 scale at approximately 2, 3, and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) were 0 equals no injury and 100 equals crop death. Crop height was measured approximately 4 weeks after treatment. 
     Results: Deeming 15% as an acceptable level of injury, the evaluated grain  sorghum  exhibited commercial tolerance to all individual ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, except clethodim, sethoxydim, and the 2× rate of quizalofop which caused 16% injury at 2 WAT. Of the herbicides evaluated, only clethodim and sethoxydim significantly reduced grain  sorghum  height. None of the herbicides evaluated, except for sethoxydim and clethodim, significantly delayed grain  sorghum  maturity. As shown in Table 4, this cultivar showed commercially acceptable tolerance to fluazifop (2% injury), fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (3% injury), cyhalofop-butyl (5% injury), quizalofop-p-ethyl (5% injury), clodinafop-propargyl (7% injury), pinoxaden (9% injury), diclofop-methyl (4% injury), and a combination of fluazifop and fenoxaprop (12% injury) at 2 weeks after treatment at a 1× rate of herbicide application at the 2- to 3-leaf stage (see Table 4). Treatment with many of these herbicides was also well-tolerated at higher rates as well. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Injury ratings, height, and maturity of fluazifop-resistant grain sorghum  
               
               
                 in response to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Fayetteville, AR, in 2020. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Injury 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2  
                 3 
                 4  
                   
                 Relative 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rate 
                 WAT a   
                 WAT 
                 WAT 
                 Height b   
                 maturity c   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Trade name 
                 Common name 
                 fl oz/acre 
                 % 
                 cm 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 None 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30.8 
                 0 
               
               
                 (check) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fusilade DX 
                 Fluazifop-p-butyl 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
                 3 
                 31.5 
                 −2.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 12 
                 9 
                 4 
                 4 
                 30.1 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 12 
                 10 
                 7 
                 29.8 
                 −1.8 
               
               
                 Ricestar HT 
                 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 
                 17 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 31.8 
                 −3.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 34 
                 5 
                 1 
                 2 
                 31.3 
                 −1.8 
               
               
                 Clincher 
                 Cyhalofop-butyl 
                 15 
                 5 
                 8 
                 6 
                 29.1 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 7 
                 10 
                 9 
                 30.1 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Select Max 
                 Clethodim 
                 16 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 32 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 Poast Plus 
                 Sethoxydim 
                 24 
                 88 
                 80 
                 80 
                 16.6 
                 7.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 48 
                 94 
                 93 
                 93 
                 14.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 Assure II 
                 Quizalofop-p-ethyl 
                 12 
                 5 
                 3 
                 3 
                 29.9 
                 −0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 16 
                 9 
                 10 
                 30.7 
                 −5.3 
               
               
                 Fusion 
                 Fluazifop-p-butyl + 
                 12 
                 12 
                 16 
                 12 
                 29.9 
                 −3.8 
               
               
                   
                 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 22 
                 20 
                 19 
                 28.5 
                 −3.3 
               
               
                 Discover NG 
                 Clodinafop-propargyl 
                 16 
                 7 
                 4 
                 4 
                 30.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 32 
                 7 
                 6 
                 9 
                 29.7 
                 −0.8 
               
               
                 Axial XL 
                 Pinoxaden 
                 16.4 
                 9 
                 13 
                 11 
                 30.0 
                 −6.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 32.8 
                 13 
                 14 
                 11 
                 29.9 
                 −2.5 
               
               
                 Hoelon 
                 Diclofop-methyl 
                 42.7 
                 4 
                 3 
                 3 
                 32.0 
                 −0.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 85.4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 5 
                 30.2 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 LSD (0.05) 
                   
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 6 
                 2.8 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Abbreviation: WAT, weeks after treatment 
               
               
                   b Height was measured 4 weeks after treatment 
               
               
                   c Maturity was measured in days to 50% heading relative to the non-treated check. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Evaluation of the Utility of Fluazifop-p-Butyl for Johnsongrass Control in Grain  Sorghum  Relative to a Standard Postemergence Program of Atrazine Plus S-Metolachlor 
     Standard small-plot research plots were established in spring 2020 on 36-inch wide rows encompassing 4 rows per plot in an area known to contain a natural population of seedling and rhizomatous johnsongrass. Herbicide treatments evaluated are provided in Table 5. Crop oil concentrate at 1% v/v was applied in combination with each herbicide. All applications were made at 15 gal/acre and a speed of 3 mph using a hand-held 4-nozzle boom equipped with AIXR 110015 nozzles. Only the two center rows of each plot were treated. Injury and johnsongrass control were rated on a 0 to 100 scale, where 0 equals no injury or control and 100 equals crop death or complete control. 
     Results: Fusilade® (fluazifop-p-ethyl) applied alone or with AAtrex® did not cause more than 14% injury to grain  sorghum , regardless of crop size at application. The standard treatment of Aatrex+Dual II Magnum® applied to 5- to 6-leaf grain  sorghum  was more injurious to the crop than any Fusilade-containing treatment at 1 week after the application. Fusilade, regardless of rate, applied at the 2- to 3-leaf stage of grain  sorghum  provided more than 85% control of seedling and rhizomatous johnsongrass. When Fusilade applications were delayed until 5- to 6-leaf stage of grain  sorghum , the highest evaluated rate was needed to control johnsongrass more than 80% through 4 weeks after treatment. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Tolerance of fluazifop-resistant grain sorghum to herbicide treatments applied at the 2- 
               
               
                 to 3-leaf and 5- to 6-leaf crop stage and control of a natural population of seedling and 
               
               
                 rhizomatous johnsongrass population in Fayetteville, AR, in 2020. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Injury 
                 Johnsongrass control 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WAT b   
                 WAT 
                 WAT 
                 WAT 
                 WAT 
                 WAT 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Treatment 
                 Rate 
                 Timing a   
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Aatrex + 
                 1 qt/A + 
                 2- to 3-lf b   
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Dual II Mag. b   
                 1 pt/A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fusilade DX 
                 8 fl oz/A 
                 2- to 3-lf 
                 5 
                 4 
                 3 
                 99 
                 88 
                 87 
               
               
                 Fusilade DX 
                 12 fl oz/A 
                 2- to 3-lf 
                 5 
                 4 
                 1 
                 98 
                 91 
                 91 
               
               
                 Fusilade DX + 
                 8 fl oz/A + 
                 2- to 3-lf 
                 4 
                 7 
                 5 
                 94 
                 74 
                 71 
               
               
                 Aatrex 
                 1 qt/A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fusilade DX + 
                 12 fl oz/A + 
                 2- to 3-lf 
                 4 
                 3 
                 5 
                 98 
                 84 
                 81 
               
               
                 Aatrex 
                 1 qt/A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Aatrex + 
                 1 qt/A + 
                 5- to 6-lf 
                 18 
                 9 
                 2 
                 85 
                 68 
                 65 
               
               
                 Dual II Mag. 
                 1 pt/A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fusilade DX 
                 8 fl oz/A 
                 5- to 6-lf 
                 6 
                 8 
                 2 
                 82 
                 58 
                 55 
               
               
                 Fusilade DX 
                 12 fl oz/A 
                 5- to 6-lf 
                 9 
                 14 
                 6 
                 92 
                 86 
                 82 
               
               
                 Fusilade DX + 
                 8 fl oz/A + 
                 5- to 6-lf 
                 6 
                 6 
                 5 
                 77 
                 58 
                 55 
               
               
                 Aatrex 
                 1 qt/A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fusilade DX + 
                 12 fl oz/A + 
                 5- to 6-lf 
                 7 
                 6 
                 6 
                 85 
                 81 
                 78 
               
               
                 Aatrex 
                 1 qt/A 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 LSD(0.05) 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                 3 
                 18 
                 17 
                 17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Timing was based on grain sorghum size at application. 
               
               
                   b Abbreviations: WAT, weeks after the 5- to 6-leaf application timing; lf, leaf; Mag., Magnum 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     DEPOSIT INFORMATION 
     A deposit of the  sorghum  cultivar ‘X’ disclosed above and recited in the appended claims has been made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110. The date of deposit was ______. The deposit of 2,500 seeds was taken from the same deposit maintained by the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture  Sorghum  Research and Extension Center (2900 Hwy 130 E., Stuttgart, Ark. 72160) since prior to the filing date of this application. All restrictions will be irrevocably removed upon granting of a patent, and the deposit is intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. The ATCC Accession Number is ______. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of thirty years, or five years after the last request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced as necessary during that period.