Patent Publication Number: US-2021179332-A1

Title: Device for packaging and application of a liquid or semi-solid material

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/949,292, filed Dec. 17, 2019, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Embodiments herein relate to a package for containing and applying a substance. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many different types of packages are made with the intent to contain a product, such as a liquid or cream. Once the package is opened, the product needs to be applied to a desired location. Some packages are designed to contain the product and to dispense the product when a tear or hole is made in the package and the package is compressed. Other packages are designed to be opened thereby exposing the product. A brush, pad, finger, or other object can be inserted into the package and into the product to remove at least a portion of the product. In some scenarios the user does not want to touch the product with his/her hands or an object in order to apply the product. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments provide a package for containing and applying a substance, the package can include a handle layer that can include a first handle portion, a second handle portion, and a joining portion between the first handle portion and the second handle portion, a carrier layer is included having a first surface, and a second surface opposite from the first surface, wherein the joining portion of the handle layer is connected to the first surface of the carrier layer, an applicator containing the substance, and an enclosing layer coupled to the second surface of the carrier layer, wherein the enclosing layer, and the carrier layer define a cavity with the applicator disposed in the cavity, such that the applicator is disposed between the carrier layer and the enclosing layer, wherein the first handle portion and the second handle portion are configured to move from a first state to a second state, wherein, in the first state, the first handle portion and the second handle portion are parallel with the carrier layer, and, in the second state, the first handle portion and the second handle portion are not parallel to the carrier layer. 
     In an embodiment, the applicator holds the substance in pores of the applicator. 
     In an embodiment, the applicator includes an absorbent material, cloth, paper, porous polymer, foam, or sponge. 
     In an embodiment, the applicator is bonded to the second surface of the carrier layer. 
     In an embodiment, a first score defines a boundary between the first handle portion and the joining portion, and a second score defines a boundary between the second handle portion and the joining portion. 
     In an embodiment, the first score and the second score extend at least 10% through the handle layer and not more than 90% through the handle layer. 
     In an embodiment, the first handle portion and the second handle portion rotate in opposite directions to move between the first state to the second state. 
     In an embodiment, in the first state, the first handle portion is coplanar with the second handle portion. 
     In an embodiment, the first handle portion and the second handle portion each include a gripping element. 
     In an embodiment, the gripping element includes at least one of an aperture, a projection, and a recess. 
     In an embodiment, the handle layer includes stiff paper, thermoplastic material, polyester, or polypropylene. 
     In an embodiment, a first angle between the first handle portion in the first state and the first handle portion in the second state is at least 15° and not more than 130°, and a second angle between the second handle portion in the first state and the second handle portion in the second state is at least 15° and not more than 130°. 
     In an embodiment, the carrier layer includes a foil polymer paper laminate. 
     In an embodiment, a portion of the enclosing layer is removeable. 
     In an embodiment, a portion of the enclosing layer is fixed to the package, and a portion of the enclosing layer is not fixed to the package. 
     In an embodiment, micro-perforations define a boundary between the portion of the enclosing layer that is removeable and a portion of the enclosing layer which is not removeable. 
     In an embodiment, the enclosing layer is coupled to the carrier layer with a peelable seal. 
     Various embodiments provide a package for containing and applying a substance, the package is included having a handle layer is included having a first handle portion can include a first end and a second end, a second handle portion can include a first end and a second end, and a joining portion between the first handle portion and the second handle portion, wherein the first end of the first handle portion is adjacent to the joining portion and the first end of the second handle portion is adjacent to the joining portion, a carrier layer is included having a first surface, and a second surface opposite from the first surface, wherein the joining portion of the handle layer is connected to the first surface of the carrier layer, an applicator containing the substance, and an enclosing layer coupled to the carrier layer, wherein the enclosing layer, and the carrier layer define a cavity with the applicator disposed in the cavity, such that the applicator is disposed between the carrier layer and the enclosing layer, wherein the first handle portion and the second handle portion are configured to move from a first state to a second state, wherein in the first state the second end of the first handle portion and the second end the second handle portion are further apart than when the first handle portion and the second handle portion are in the second state. 
     Various embodiments provide a method of making a packing, the method can include providing a handle layer web, a carrier layer web, and an enclosing layer web, coupling applicators to the carrier layer web, placing a substance on the applicators, scoring the handle layer web to divide handle portions from joining portions, forming a combined web by coupling the enclosing layer web to the carrier layer web to enclose the applicators and coupling the handle layer web to the carrier layer web, and cutting at least one individual package around at least a portion of an outer package perimeter to separate the individual package from the combined web, wherein a first handle portion and a second handle portion of the individual package are configured to move from a first state to a second state, wherein, in the first state, the first handle portion and the second handle portion are parallel with the carrier layer, and, in the second state, the first handle portion and the second handle portion are not parallel to the carrier layer. 
     In an embodiment, cutting the individual package includes die cutting or rotary cutting. 
     This summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details are found in the detailed description and appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which is not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope herein is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       Aspects may be more completely understood in connection with the following figures (FIGS.), in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 2  is an exploded view of the package shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 3  is a top view of the package shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 4  is a side view of the package shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 5  is an end view of the package shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 6  is a bottom view of the package shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 8  is a bottom perspective view of the package shown in  FIG. 7  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of the package shown in  FIG. 7  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 10  is a side view of the package shown in  FIG. 7  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 11  is a bottom view of the package shown in  FIG. 7  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 12  is an exploded view of the package shown in  FIG. 7  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a handle layer in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 14  is a side view of the handle layer shown in  FIG. 13  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 15  is a bottom view of the handle layer shown in  FIG. 13  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of a carrier layer shown in  FIG. 13  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 17  is a bottom view of the carrier layer shown in  FIG. 16  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 18  is a perspective view of the applicator in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 19  is a side view of the applicator shown in  FIG. 18  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 20  is a top view of the applicator shown in  FIG. 18  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 21  is a perspective view of the enclosing layer in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 22  is a side view of the enclosing layer shown in  FIG. 21  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 23  is a top view of the enclosing layer shown in  FIG. 21  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 24  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 25  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of the package shown in  FIG. 24  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 26  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of the package shown in  FIG. 24  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 27  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of the package shown in  FIG. 24  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 28  is a bottom schematic view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 29  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 30  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of the package shown in  FIG. 29  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 31  is a bottom schematic view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 32  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 33  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 34  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of a portion of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 35  is a side, cross-sectional schematic view of the portion of the package shown in  FIG. 34  in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 36  is a perspective view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 37  is a perspective view of a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 38  is a flowchart depicting a method in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
         FIG. 39  is a top view of a portion of various packages in a manufacturing stage in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
     
    
    
     While embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example and drawings, and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the scope herein is not limited to the particular aspects described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments of a package are described herein. The package can be configured to contain or hold a substance, such as a substance that is a solid, liquid or partially solid and partially liquid. The package can include a handle portion, such that a user can apply the substance to a desired surface, such as a person&#39;s skin, without contacting the substance. In various embodiments, the package can be transitioned from a first state to a second state. In the first state, the handle portion can be planar or flat. In a second state, the handle portion can project away from the remainder of the package, such that the handle portion can be grasped by a user. The user can grasp or hold the handle to apply the substance to a desired surface. An enclosing layer can be at least partially removed from the package to expose the substance. In some embodiments, the enclosing layer is at least partially removed when the package is in the first state, and in other embodiments, the enclosing layer can be at least partially removed when the package is in the second state. The package disclosed herein can allow a user to expose the substance, and apply the substance without directly contacting the substance. The package also provides a structure to use to apply the substance to a receiving surface without using a secondary transfer mechanism, such as a separate brush, pad or application stick. 
     The term “second state” as used herein refers to a position of one or more handle portions that are not planar with a joining portion of the handle layer, not planar with the carrier layer, and can be used by a user to grasp the package. Examples will be described with the understanding that there is a continuum of possible positions in a second state for the handle portions. One example of a second state is shown in  FIGS. 1-5, 7-10, and 12-15 , where handle portions of the handle layer are rotated by about 25 degrees to extend away from the carrier layer. Another example of a second state is shown in  FIGS. 25-27 , where handle portions of the handle layers are rotated by about 110 degrees to extend away from the carrier layer and have their ends in contact. Many other examples and ranges of the second state for the handle portions are possible. Similarly, there are a variety of ways that users can grasp the handle portions when they are in the second state, including one-handed options and two-handed options. 
     Referring now to the figures,  FIG. 1  shows a perspective view of a package  100  in accordance with various embodiments herein. The package  100  can be configured to contain a substance between various layers of the package. The package can be configured to apply the substance to a surface, such as a person&#39;s skin. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an exploded view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The package  100  can include a handle layer  202 , a carrier layer  204 , an applicator  206 , an enclosing layer  208 , and a substance  216 . 
     The handle layer  202  can include a first handle portion  210  and a second handle portion  212 . The handle layer  202  can also include a joining portion  214 . The joining portion  214  can extend between the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212 , such as to link or join the handle portions. 
     In various embodiments, the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are configured to move from a first state  209  to a second state  211 . In various embodiments, the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  rotate in opposite directions to move between the first state  209  to the second state  211 . The handle portions maybe alternatively be in an intermediate state between the first and second states, such as while the handle portions are being moved between the first state and the second state. It should be further understood that the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  can be in different states at the same time, such as the first handle portion  210  being in the first state  209  and the second handle portion  212  being in the second state  211  as the package  100  is converted to prepare the package  100  to apply the substance. 
     The  FIGS. 1-5, 7-10, and 12-14  herein show two first handle portions  210 , one in the first state  209  and one in the second state  211  in the same FIG., to show the positions of the two states relative to each other. However, in reality the package  100  includes only one first handle portion  210 . Similarly, these FIGS. show two second handle portions  212 , one in the first state  209  and one in the second state  211  in the same FIG., although in reality the package  100  includes only one second handle portion  212 . 
     In various embodiments, the joining portion  214  can be located between the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212 . In various embodiments, the joining portion  214  of the handle layer  202  can be connected to the carrier layer  204 , such as to a top or first surface of the carrier layer  204 . In various embodiments, the joining portion  214  can be connected, joined or coupled to the carrier layer  204  with an adhesive, sealant layer, or a weld, such as a plastic weld. 
     In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208  can define a cavity (described further below) between the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208 . In various embodiments, an applicator  206  can be disposed in the cavity between the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208 . In some embodiments, the cavity can be a sterile environment. In some embodiments, the package  100  can be hermetically sealed. 
     In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can be connected, joined, bonded or coupled to the carrier layer  204 . In some embodiments, the applicator  206  can be bonded to the second surface of the carrier layer  204  via a heat seal, ultrasonic weld, adhesive, interference fit or chemically bonded, such as with a two-part epoxy. The applicator  206  can be connected, joined, bonded or coupled to the second surface of the carrier layer  204 , such as opposite from the joining portion  214 . In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can contain or hold the substance  216 . 
     In various embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  can be coupled to the second surface of the carrier layer  204 , such as on the same side of the carrier layer  204  as the applicator  206 . In various embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  can be coupled to the carrier layer  204  with a peelable seal (described further below). In some embodiments, portions of the enclosing layer  208  can be permanently coupled to the carrier layers, such as with an adhesive or a weld. A permanent coupling can be stronger than the layers that are being coupled together, such that the layers themselves would be destroyed prior to the coupling between the two layers being destroyed. 
     In various embodiment, in the first state  209 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are parallel with the carrier layer  204 , and in the second state  211 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are not parallel to the carrier layer  204 . In various embodiment, in the first state  209 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are parallel with the each other, and in the second state  211 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are not parallel with each other. In various embodiment, in the first state  209 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are coplanar, and in the second state  211 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are not coplanar. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a top view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein.  FIG. 1  shows the handle layer  202  and the carrier layer  204 . The first state  209  and the second state  211  of the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are shown. Further, the joining portion  214  is shown joining the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  together. The joining portion  214  is coupled to the carrier layer  204 . In various embodiments, the top or first surface of the carrier layer  204  can have a larger surface area than the top of the handle layer  202  including the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion, as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a side view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. Arrow  426  shows the direction of movement of the first handle portion  210  from the first state  209  to the second state  211 . Arrow  428  shows the direction of movement of the second handle portion  212  from the first state  209  to the second state  211 . In various embodiments, the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  rotate in opposite directions to move between the first state  209  to the second state  211 . From the perspective of the view of  FIG. 4 , the first handle portion  210  rotates in a clockwise direction and the second handle portion rotates in an opposite counter clockwise direction. In some embodiments, the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  each rotate around the intersection or connection between the handle portion  210 ,  212  and the joining portion  214 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , an end view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , in various embodiments, the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  in the first state  209  can be conforming, flat, planar, or parallel with the carrier layer  204 . In contrast, in the second state  211 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  can non-planar and non-parallel compared to each other and/or compared to the carrier layer. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a bottom view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The package  100  can include an enclosing layer  208 . The enclosing layer  208  can be configured to enclose a cavity in which the applicator  206  is disposed within. 
       FIGS. 7-11  show a package  100  similar to the package shown in  FIGS. 1-6 . The package  100  shown in  FIGS. 7-12  can include an extension. The extension can be held or grasped by a user, such as while removing at least a portion of the enclosing layer to expose the substance  216  or while transitioning the handle portions  210 ,  212  from the first state  209  to the second state  211 . 
       FIG. 7  shows a perspective view of a package  100  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The carrier layer  204  can include an extension  718 .  FIG. 8  shows a bottom perspective view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 7 . The enclosing layer  208  can include an extension  820 . In some embodiments, the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208  can have the same shape, such as having the same or similar perimeters. In some embodiments, the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208  can have the same or similar size and shape. 
       FIG. 9  shows a top view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 7  and  FIG. 10  shows a side view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 7 .  FIGS. 9 and 10  show the package  100  with the extension. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , a bottom view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 7  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The bottom view of  FIG. 11  shows the enclosing layer  208  with an extension  820  of the package  100 . In some embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  can be coupled to the carrier layer  204  by a peelable seal  1130 . The area of the peelable seal  1130  is shown in cross-hatching in  FIG. 11 . 
     Generally, the peelable seal  1130  is a hermetic bond between the contacting surfaces of the carrier layer  204  and enclosing layer  208 . In some embodiments, hermetic can refer to an air tight and liquid tight seal, such that air and liquid cannot pass through the bond. The peelable seal  1130  can be formed by any appropriate method known in the art. In a variety of embodiments, peelable seal  1130  is a heat seal or melt bonded relationship caused by the application of heat and pressure. In an alternate embodiment, peelable seal  1130  is formed with a suitable adhesive applied to at least one of the contacting surfaces of the carrier layer  204  and enclosing layer  208 . In at least one embodiment, the peelable seal  1130  is re-sealable, thereby allowing a user to reclose the package  100 . 
     In general, the peelable seal  1130  is configured to have strength conducive to allowing a user to peel the enclosing layer  208  away from and apart from the carrier layer  204  without the use of tools, to access the applicator  206  and the substance  216 . In one embodiment, the peelable seal  1130  strength is in the range of 1.25 to 2 pounds per linear inch of seal when pulled apart at 180 degrees at 12 inches per minute travel rate according to testing procedure TAPPI T-494 as published by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. In some embodiments the peelable seal strength is in the range of 1.0 to 2.5 pounds per linear inch of seal. In a variety of embodiments, the peelable seal has strength in the range of 0.25 to 3.5 pounds per linear inch of seal. 
     In some embodiments, the package  100  can have a length that is about 2.68 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 0.5 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 0.75 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 1 inch. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is at least 2.5 inches. 
     In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 10 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 9 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 8 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 7 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 6 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 5 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 4 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 3 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a length L that is no more than 2.75 inches. In should be understood the package  100  can have a length L that is within a range of any combination of values listed above. 
     In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of about 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 1 inch. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 2.5 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of at least 5.0 inches. 
     In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 8.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 7.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 6.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 5.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 2.5 inches. In various embodiments, the package  100  can have a width W of no more than 2.0 inches. In should be understood the package  100  can have a width W that is within a range of any combination of values listed above. 
     The peelable seal  1130  can surround an unsealed area  1131 . The applicator  206  can be disposed in the unsealed area  1131 . 
     In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of about 1.84 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 0.25 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 0.5 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 0.75 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 1.0 inch. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 1.75 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of at least 2.0 inches. 
     In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 8.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 7.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 6.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 5.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 2.5 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a length of no more than 1.5 inches. In should be understood the unsealed area  1131  can have a length that is within a range of any combination of values listed above. 
     In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of about 1.59 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of at least 0.5 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of at least 0.75 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of at least 1.0 inch. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of at least 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of at least 2.0 inches. 
     In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 6.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 5.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 1.75 inches. In various embodiments, the unsealed area  1131  can have a width of no more than 1.5 inches. In should be understood the unsealed area  1131  can have a width that is within a range of any combination of values listed above. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , an exploded view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 7  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the handle layer  202  can be identical to the handle layer  202  described in  FIGS. 1-6 . The carrier layer  204  can include an extension  718  similar to an extension  820  included in the enclosing layer  208 . 
     Handle Layer 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , a perspective view of a handle layer  202  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The handle layer  202  includes a first handle portion  210 . The handle layer  202  also includes a second handle portion  212 . The handle layer  202  also includes a joining portion  214 . 
     In some embodiments, the first handle portion  210  can include a gripping element  1370 . Similarly, in some embodiments, the second handle portion  212  can include a gripping element  1370 . In various embodiments, the gripping element  1370  includes at least one of an aperture, a projection, and a recess. In the embodiment of  FIGS. 13-14 , the gripping element  1370  is the aperture  1374  defined by each handle portion. The gripping element  1370  can assist a user in holding the handle layer  202 , specifically a handle portion  210 ,  212 , such as while the user transitions the handle portions  210 ,  212  to the second state from the first state, while the user removes at least a portion of the enclosing layer  208 , or while the user applies the substance  216  to a surface. 
     In some embodiments, the handle layer  202  can include stiff paper, thermoplastic material, polyester, or polypropylene. In various embodiments, the handle layer  202  can be monolithic or one continuous element. In various embodiments, the handle layer  202  has a stiffness of at least 0.1 millinewtons/meter and not more than 1 millinewtons/meter per the Taber stiffness test. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , a side view of the handle layer  202  shown in  FIG. 13  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The handle layer  202  shown in  FIG. 14  includes the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  in the second state  211 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , a bottom view of the handle layer  202  shown in  FIG. 13  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein, where the handle portions  210 ,  212  are bent to be in the second state as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . In some embodiments, the handle layer  202  includes a first score  1522  and a second score  1524 . The first score  1522  and the second score  1524  can each be a recess defined by the handle layer  202 , such as a cut or removal of material. The scores  1522 ,  1524  can define a location where the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion fold, rotate around, or pivot around. In various embodiments, the first score  1522  can define a boundary between the first handle portion  210  and the joining portion  214 . In various embodiments, the second score  1524  can define a boundary between the second handle portion  212  and the joining portion  214 . In various embodiments, the first score  1522  and the second score  1524  can extend at least 10% through the thickness of the handle layer  202  and not more than 90% through the thickness of the handle layer  202 . In various embodiments, the score is a series of intermittent recesses. In various embodiments, the score is a continuous recess. In some embodiments, the first score  1522  and the second score  1524  can extend all the way across the width of the handle layer  202 , such as shown in  FIG. 15 , from a first side to a second side. 
     Carrier Layer 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 16 and 17 , a perspective view of the carrier layer  204  is shown in  FIG. 16  and a bottom view of the carrier layer  204  is shown in  FIG. 17 , both in accordance with various embodiments herein. The carrier layer  204  can include a first surface  1654  and a second surface  1756 . The first surface  1654  can be opposite from the second surface  1756 . In various embodiments, the first surface  1654  and the second surface  1756  can be flat or planar. 
     In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  provides a barrier for moisture, air and/or light. In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least 0.0005 g/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 90% relative humidity and 40° C. and not more than 5 g/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 90% relative humidity and 40° C. per ASTM F1245. In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of at least 0.0005 cc/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 0% relative humidity and 23° C. and not more than 500 cc/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 0% relative humidity and 23° C. per ASTM D3985. 
     In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  can include a multilayer laminate, such as a foil polymer paper laminate. In various embodiments, the various layers in a multilayer laminate can provide different properties, such as one layer for a moisture barrier and a second layer for structural integrity. 
     Applicator 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 18-20 , a perspective view of the applicator  206  is shown in  FIG. 18 , a side view of the applicator  206  is shown in  FIG. 19 , and a top view of the applicator  206  is shown in  FIG. 20 , all in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can include at least one flat or planar surface, or at least two flat or planar surfaces. In some embodiments, the two flat or planar surfaces are opposite from each other. In some embodiments, the applicator  206  is substantially a rectangular prism. 
     In some embodiments, the applicator  206  holds the substance  216  in pores of the applicator  206 . In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can include an absorbent material, such as cloth, paper, porous polymer, foam, or sponge. 
     In other embodiments, the applicator can include a non-absorbent material, such as a closed cell foam. In such embodiments, the applicator  206  can hold the substance  216  on a surface of the applicator  206 . 
     In various embodiments, the applicator  206  has a stiffness of at least 0 millinewtons/meter and not more than 1 millinewtons/meter per the Taber stiffness test. 
     In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of about 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 1.0 inch. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 1.75 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of at least 5.0 inches. 
     In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of no more than 6.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of no more than 5.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of no more than 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of no more than 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a length L of no more than 2.0 inches. In should be understood the applicator  206  can have a length L that is within a range of any combination of values listed above. 
     In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of about 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of at least 1.0 inch. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of at least 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of at least 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of at least 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of at least 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of at least 4.0 inches. 
     In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 5.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 4.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 3.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 2.0 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 1.5 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 1.25 inches. In various embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a width W of no more than 1.0 inch. In should be understood the applicator  206  can have a width W that is within a range of any combination of values listed above. 
     Substance 
     In various embodiments, the substance on or held by the applicator can be at least partially solid or at least partially liquid. In some embodiments, the substance can be entirely a solid or entirely a liquid. In some embodiments, the substance can be at least partially solid and at least partially liquid. In various embodiments, the substance can include a cream or a gel. 
     In some embodiments, the substance can include medicated gel or cream. In some embodiments, the substance can include a paint, a stain or a dye. 
     Enclosing Layer 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 21-23 , a perspective view of the enclosing layer  208  is shown in  FIG. 21 , a side view of the enclosing layer  208  is shown in  FIG. 22 , and a top view of the enclosing layer  208  is shown in  FIG. 23 , all in accordance with various embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  can be non-planar, such as to define a cavity or recess to accommodate the applicator  206 , such as best shown in  FIG. 22 . The shape of the enclosing layer is also indicated by the crossed lines showing curvature toward the viewer in  FIG. 23 . In other embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  can include two flat or planar surfaces, similar to the carrier layer  204 . 
     In various embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  provides a barrier for moisture, air and/or light. In various embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least 0.0005 g/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 90% relative humidity and 40° C. and not more than 5 g/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 90% relative humidity and 40° C. per ASTM F1245. In various embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of at least 0.0005 cc/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 0% relative humidity and 23° C. and not more than 500 cc/100 in 2  per 24 hours at 0% relative humidity and 23° C. per ASTM D3985. 
     Steps for Applying the Substance 
       FIGS. 24-26  are each side, cross-sectional, schematic views of a package and show various steps in a sequence of exposing the substance in preparation for applying or using the substance. The cross-section of  FIGS. 24-26  is taken through a longitudinal center line as illustrated by line  24 - 24  of  FIG. 9 .  FIGS. 24-26  show some components in a manner that is exaggerated and not to scale in order to better illustrate the components and their relationships. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 24 , a package  100  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The package  100  can include a handle layer  202 . The package  100  can also include a carrier layer  204  and an enclosing layer  208 . The package  100  can further include an applicator  206  disposed between the carrier layer and the enclosing layer  208 . 
     The handle layer  202  can include a first handle portion  210  and a second handle portion  212  joined by a joining portion  214 . The first handle portion  210  can include a first end  2434  and a second end  2436 . The second handle portion  212  can include a first end  2438  and a second end  2440 . 
     In various embodiments, the first end  2434  of the first handle portion  210  is adjacent to the joining portion  214  and the first end  2438  of the second handle portion  212  is adjacent to the joining portion  214 . In various embodiments, in the first state  209 , the first handle portion  210  can be coplanar with the second handle portion  212 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 25 , the package  100  is shown with the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  transitioned into the second state  211  in accordance with various embodiments herein. The dashed lines in  FIG. 25  can represent the position of the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  in the first state. 
     In some embodiments, the angle  2558  between the first state  209  and the second state  211  can be at least 15° and not more than 130°. In various embodiments, the angle  2558  between the first state  209  and the second state  211  for the first handle portion  210  can have the same range as a similar angle for the second handle portion  212 . 
     In various embodiments, in the second state  211 , the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are substantially perpendicular with the carrier layer  204 . In various embodiment, in the second state, the angle  2558  between the first state  209  and the second state  211  can be greater than 90 degrees so that the first handle portion  210  and second handle portion  212  can contact each other. The angle  2558  is influenced by the length of the joining portion  214 . A longer joining portion  214  will result in a larger angle  2558  when the first handle portion  210  is contacting the second handle portion  212 . In one embodiment, the angle  2558  between the first state  209  and the second state  211  can be about 120 degrees. 
     In various embodiments, in the second state  211 , the first handle portion  210  can contact the second handle portion  212 , such as the second end  2436  contacting the second end  2440 . In this configuration, the user can squeeze the second end  2436  against the second end  2440  when grasping the handle portions. For example, the user may squeeze the second end  2436  against the second end  2440  using a thumb and forefinger or thumb and middle finger. 
     To expose the applicator  206  and substance  216 , the enclosing layer  208  can be removed from the package  100 , such as by pulling or moving the enclosing layer  208  away from the remainder of the package  100  shown by arrow  2532 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 26 , the package  100  is shown with the enclosing layer  208  removed. The previous location of the enclosing layer  208  is shown in dashed lines.  FIG. 27  shows a schematic of the package  100  with the enclosing layer  208  removed and ready for the substance  216  on the applicator  206  to be applied to a desired location. 
     In various embodiments, in the first state  209 , the second end  2436  of the first handle portion  210  and the second end  2436  the second handle portion  212  are further apart than when the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are in the second state  211 , such as shown when comparing  FIG. 24  with  FIG. 27 . Similarly, the second end  2436  and the second end  2440  can be closer in the second state  211  than in the first state  209 . 
     Partially Removeable Enclosing Layer 
     Referring now to  FIG. 28 , a bottom schematic view of a package  100  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As discussed above, the package  100  can include an enclosing layer coupled to the carrier layer. In some embodiments, the coupling can include a peelable seal, such as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     In various embodiments, a portion of the enclosing layer  208  is removeable, such as the removeable portion  2844 . In various embodiments, a portion of the enclosing layer  208  is fixed to the carrier layer, such as the fixed portion  2848 , and a portion of the enclosing layer  208  is not fixed to the carrier layer, such as the unfixed portion  2850 . 
     In some embodiments, the coupling between the carrier layer and the enclosing layer can include a fixed portion  2848 . The fixed portion  2848  can include a coupling between the carrier layer and the enclosing layer that is permanent, such that the layers themselves would be destroyed before the coupling. For example, the fixed portion  2848  can include the enclosing layer welded to the carrier layer or fixed via an adhesive. The package  100  can further include an unfixed portion  2850 . The unfixed portion  2850  can be a portion of the package  100  where the carrier layer is not coupled to the enclosing layer, such that an air gap or the applicator  206  can be disposed between the enclosing layer and the carrier layer. In various embodiments, the unfixed portion  2850  can also include portions of the carrier layer contacting, but not coupled or attached to, the enclosing layer. 
     In some embodiments, the enclosing layer can include micro-perforations  2846 , such as a series of laser cut recesses in the enclosing layer. The micro-perforations  2846  can surround the removeable portion  2844 . The micro-perforations  2846  can define an enclosed area. The portion of the enclosing layer that is within the enclosed area can be removed, such as to expose the applicator  206  and the substance  216 . 
     The enclosing layer  208  can include a removeable portion  2844  and a remaining portion  2842 . The removeable portion  2844  can be separated from the remaining portion  2842  and the rest of the package  100  to expose the applicator  206 . The boundary between the removeable portion  2844  and the remaining portion  2842  can be defined by the micro-perforations  2846 . In various embodiments, the remaining portion  2842  can include a portion of the unfixed portion  2850  and the fixed portion  2848 , such as when the micro-perforations  2846  extend through the unfixed portion  2850 . The removeable portion  2844  can be surrounded by the micro-perforations  2846 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 29-30 , a cross-sectional side view of a package  100  is shown, where the cross-section is taken through a longitudinal center line as illustrated by line  29 - 29  of  FIG. 28 .  FIGS. 29-30  show some components in a manner that is exaggerated and not to scale in order to better illustrate the components and their relationships. In  FIG. 29  the package  100  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The enclosing layer  208  can include a remaining portion  2842  and a removeable portion  2844 . Micro-perforations  2846  can define a boundary between the portion that can be removed and the portion that will remain attached to the carrier layer  204 . It should be understood that the handle portions  210 ,  212  can be transitioned into the second state in the same manner as discussed above and shown in  FIGS. 24-25 . 
     The removeable portion  2844  can be removed or separated from the package  100 , such as by pulling, peeling, or otherwise removing the removeable portion  2844  away from the remaining portion  2842  and the carrier layer  204  in the direction of arrow  2952 . In various embodiments, the user will start the peeling process from one of the shorter ends of the removeable portion  2844 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 30 , the package  100  shown in  FIG. 29  is shown with the removeable portion having been removed and the applicator  206  being exposed. A frame portion of the enclosing layer  208  is left behind after the removeable portion  2844  is gone. 
     Package Options 
     Referring now to  FIG. 31 , a bottom schematic view of a package  100  is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the enclosing layer can be coupled to the carrier layer via a peelable seal  3160 . The peelable seal  3160  can surround an unsealed area  3162 . The applicator  206  can be disposed within the unsealed area  3162 . In various embodiments, the package  100  can include a tab  3164 . The tab  3164  can be an unsealed portion of the enclosing layer and the carrier layer that is outside of the peelable seal, such that the tab is separated from the unsealed area  3162  that contains the applicator  206  by the peelable seal  3160 . The tab  3164  can be an unfixed portion of the enclosing layer and carrier layer that is external to the unsealed area  3162 . The tab  3164  can aid a user in removing the enclosing layer from the package  100 , such as by providing a location to start peeling the enclosing layer from the package  100 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 32 , a side, cross-sectional view of a package  100  is shown, where the cross-section is taken through a longitudinal center line, in accordance with various embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208  can both be non-planar, such as to form a cavity  3266  to hold an applicator  206 . The carrier layer  204  and/or the enclosing layer  208  can be non-planar, such that the layers are non-planar even without an applicator disposed between. The carrier layer and/or enclosing layer can be non-planar by themselves, such as before assembling the package  100 . A non-planar layer can have more surface area than a planar layer that extends between the same two points. In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  and the enclosing layer  208  can have the same surface area. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 33 , a side, cross-sectional view of a package  100  is shown, where the cross-section is taken through a longitudinal center line, in accordance with various embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the carrier layer  204  can be planar and the enclosing layer  208  can be non-planar, such as shown in  FIG. 33 . In some embodiments, the enclosing layer  208  can have a larger surface area than the carrier layer. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 34 and 35 , the applicator  206  can be coupled to the carrier layer  204  via a compression fit. In various embodiments, the carrier layer  204  can define a recess  3468  that is configured to receive and hold the applicator  206 . 
       FIG. 34  is a side, cross-sectional view of the package  100  taken through a longitudinal center line, in accordance with various embodiments herein, so that a length L of the applicator can be illustrated.  FIG. 35  is an end, cross-sectional view of the package  100  taken through a lateral center line, in accordance with various embodiments herein, so that a width W of the applicator can be illustrated In some embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a slightly larger length L than the recess  3468 , such that the applicator  206  is compressed within the recess  3468 . Similarly, in some embodiments, the applicator  206  can have a slightly larger width W than the recess  3468 , such that the applicator  206  is compressed within the recess  3468 . In some embodiments, the recess  3468  can be coated with an adhesive to aid in retaining the applicator  206  in the recess  3468 . 
     Holding of Package 
       FIGS. 36 and 37  show two potential ways in which the package  100  can be used to apply the substance.  FIG. 36  shows an embodiment of the package where the user holds the two handle portions  210 ,  212  together to apply the substance.  FIG. 37  shows an embodiment of the package where the user inserts one or more of his/her fingers between the two handle portions  210 ,  212  to apply the substance. In some embodiments, a package  100  can be used in either manner depending on the user&#39;s needs or the user&#39;s preferences. 
     In reference to  FIG. 36 , a user&#39;s hand is shown holding the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  to apply the substance. The first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  are in the second state  211 . A user can grasp the two handle portions  210 ,  212  between two of his/her fingers, such as a thumb and a first finger (index finger). The two handle portions  210 ,  212  can contact each other as the user holds them together. While holding the two handle portions  210 ,  212  the user can apply the substance to a desired surface, while avoiding direct contact between the substance and the user&#39;s hand. 
     In reference to  FIG. 37 , a user&#39;s hand is shown holding the first handle portion  210  and the second handle portion  212  with one of the user&#39;s fingers separating the handle portions  210 ,  212 . In some embodiments, the user can have a finger, such as the user&#39;s first finger, disposed between the two handle portions  210 ,  212 , while the user&#39;s thumb and second finger (middle finger) press the two handle portions  210 ,  212  together. In some instances (not shown in  FIG. 37 ), the user&#39;s first finger can apply pressure to the top of the handle layer  202  at the joining portion  214 , such as to apply additional pressure while applying the substance. 
     Manufacturing 
       FIG. 38  depicts a flow chart consistent with a method of manufacturing a package in accordance with various embodiments herein. Generally, applicators can be coupled to a carrier layer web. The substance can be added to the applicators before or after the applicators are disposed on to the carrier layer web. 
     In embodiments using micro-perforations in the enclosing layer, the enclosing layer web can go through a process to add the microperforated boundary between the removable portion and the remaining portion before the enclosing layer is coupled to the carrier layer. An enclosing layer web can be applied to the carrier layer web with the applicators located between the enclosing layer web and the carrier layer web. The carrier layer web and the enclosing layer web can be coupled together at a seal area. 
     A handle layer can go through a die-cut process to create the aperture portions and create the scores between the joining portion and the first and second handle portions. The die-cut process may happen before the handle layer is joined to the carrier layer or after the handle layer is joined to the carrier layer. 
     A handle layer can be coupled to the opposite side of the carrier layer web from the applicator and enclosing layer web before or after the coupling with the applicator and/or the coupling with the enclosing layer. The webs can be cut to separate the individual packages 
     Many different methods are contemplated herein, including, but not limited to, methods of making, methods of using, and the like. Aspects of system/device operation described elsewhere herein can be performed as operations of one or more methods in accordance with various embodiments herein. 
     In an embodiment, a method  3800  of making a package, is included, the method  3800  can include providing a handle layer web, a carrier layer web, and an enclosing layer web  3802 . The method  3800  can include coupling applicators to the carrier layer web  3804 . The method  3800  can include placing a substance on the applicators  3806 . In some embodiments, placing a substance on the applicators occurs after the applicators are coupled to the carrier layer web. In some embodiments, placing a substance on the applicators occurs before the applicators are coupled to the carrier layer web. The method  3800  can further include scoring the handle layer web to divide handle portions from joining portions  3808 . In some embodiments, the method  3800  can include forming a combined web by coupling the enclosing layer web to the carrier layer web and coupling the handle layer web to the carrier layer web  3810 . In some embodiments, forming the combined web can enclose the applicators between the carrier layer web and the enclosing layer. In various embodiments, the method  3800  can include cutting at least one individual package around at least a portion of an outer package perimeter to separate the individual package from the combined web  3812 . In various embodiments, a first handle portion and a second handle portion of the individual package are configured to move from a first state to a second state, wherein, in the first state, the first handle portion and the second handle portion are parallel with the carrier layer, and, in the second state, the first handle portion and the second handle portion are not parallel to the carrier layer. In an embodiment of the method  3800 , cutting the individual package comprises die cutting or rotary cutting. 
       FIG. 39  shows a top view of a handle layer web  3900  in accordance with various embodiments. It can be seen in  FIG. 39  that the handle layer web  3900  can include a plurality of handle layers  202  for a plurality of packages. In some embodiments, there can be a web  3902  that can hold the plurality of handle layers  202  together. To separate the individual handle layers  202  from each other and from the web  3902 , the handle layer web  3900  can be cut along the dashed lines  3904 . It should be understood that the other layers can be manufactured in a similar manner as the handle layer shown in  FIG. 39 . It is also considered for a plurality of packages to be assembled on one of the layer webs. After the packages are assembled on one web, the packages can be cut or otherwise separated from each other and from the web. 
     It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. 
     It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration. The phrase “configured” can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like. 
     All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference. 
     As used herein, the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints shall include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g.,  2  to  8  includes 2.1, 2.8, 5.3, 7, etc.). 
     The headings used herein are provided for consistency with suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not be viewed to limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. As an example, although the headings refer to a “Field,” such claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called technical field. Further, a description of a technology in the “Background” is not an admission that technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the invention(s) set forth in issued claims. 
     The embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art can appreciate and understand the principles and practices. As such, aspects have been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope herein.