Patent Publication Number: US-3878669-A

Title: Mechanical elimination of aquatic growths

Description:
United States Patent n 1 Chaplin Apr. 22, 1975 MECHANICAL ELIMINATION OF AQUATIC GROWTHS Merle P. Chaplin. 609 Driver A\&#39;e.. Winter Park. Fla. 32789 22 Filed: Oct. 2.1973  
 [2i] Appl. N0.1402,s22  
  Related U.S. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 364,283. May 29. W73,  
 [76] Inventor.  
 Primary Emminw-Russell R. Kinsey Armrnev. Agent, or Firm-Edwin E, Greigg i 57 1 ABSTRACT Apparatus and method for eliminating upstanding, floating and other aquatic growths from lakes, rivers and streams. including much of their root structure, comprising mechanically moving the upstanding and floating aquatic growths generally downward to a zone automatically controlled as to its position relative to the root structure of the growths, where suction is applied to draw the growths and roots through a cutting zone where the growths and roots are cut into short pieces. and into a vacuum chamber where entrained air and growths juices are removed from their stems and leaves, and the growths structure collapsed. The cut and collapsed growths and roots may then be subjected to a second cutting operation, with or without pressure. to further destroy their growth identity. and reduce the growths and roots to a finely divided inert mass. which may then be spread as a blanket on the water bottom from which the growths and roots were originally removed. or delivered to a remote location.  
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 PATENTEDAPRZZWEI 3.878.669  
 SHEEI 13 0F 15 V NEUTRAL DOWN Pmor VALVE MECHANICAL ELIMINATION OF AQUATIC GROWTHS This a division. of application Ser. No. 364,283, filed May 29, 1973,  
 RELATED INVENTIONS In my U.S. Pat. No. 3,546,858, there is disclosed, an apparatus for removing whole growths from a body of water, after which they are shredded and normally packaged in the form of blocks or briquettes. Where they are not suitable for use in any of the forms here disclosed, the shredded growths may be returned to the body of water from which they were removed.  
  In my US. Pat. No. 3,540,194, there is disclosed, an apparatus for removing marine growths and their roots from a water bottom by first loosening their root structure by pressure water, in a step-by-step process, then exploding the growths and roots upward by compressed air, the material is then removed by a chain conveyor, shredded, compressed into blocks, or pumped to a shore area.  
  In my patent application Ser. No. 249,371, there is disclosed, a continuous method for not only removing marine growths and their roots from a water bottom, but also for removing the nutriments and silt in which they were growing. This is accomplished by continu ously moving a relatively horizontal tube or pipe through and below the growths while continuously ejecting pressure water to loosen the root structure, and periodically ejecting pressure air to separate the root structure from the water bottom, the material is then cut and removed by suction. A return pass of the apparatus rewashes the water bottom to remove any nutriments, silt or dirt not removed by the first operation. All material so removed is used to form a deep water reef or barrier to limit inflow of dirt and nutriments from adjacent storm or other sewers.  
 OTHER PATENTS OF INTEREST The problem of aquatic growths is not new. In fact, it has been recognized for over one hundred years. and many attempts have been made to solve this problem.  
  The Piper US Pat. No. 154,900 of 1874, provided equipment for cutting a swath through water plants to free the water for ice-making purposes.  
  The Christen U.S. Pat. No. 669,820 of l90l has a large revolving knife assembly which cuts the growths as it is moved into the growth area. It is difficult to see how they can be cut into small pieces, as few, if any, are cut at the shear plate.  
  The King U.S. Pat. No, 727,807 of 1903, consists of a scow having a wide front recess which, on its forward movement, gathers the growths to an elevator and from there they are subjected to squeezing, drying and burning equipment, where they are ultimately consumed.  
  The Austin US. Pat. No. 733,360 of 1903, provides a belt member which picks up the growths from the water and delivers them to crushing rolls, and thereafter the crushed material is returned to the water.  
  The McDermott U.S. Patv No. 2,322,865 of 1943, discloses an apparatus for repeatedly severing tule stalks during the growing season some distance below the water level, thereby to cut off air admission to the roots,  
  The Grinwald U.S. Pat. No. 2,486,275 of 1949, discloses an apparatus in the form of a scoop which strips growths from the bottom, or gathers floating growths from the surface, and delivers them to the deck of a barge.  
  The Smith US. Pat, No. 2,629,2l8 of 1953, discloses a shearing device for gathering Irish moss by cutting it off above the roots, and then lifting it by a suction device to a basket on a boat or barge.  
  The Grinwald US. Pat. No. 3,286,447 of l966, dis closes an apparatus for stripping weeds from the bottom ofa lake, then gathering them, subjecting them to a compressing operation and thereafter unloading them either to the shore of a lake, or to a barge. The weeds are cut by a chain blade cutting device and removed from the lake by a conveyor.  
  The Grinwald U.S. Pat. No. 3,347,029 of 1967. discloses improvements over his earilier US. Pat. No. 3,286,447, namely, the provision of improved means for operating the cutters, and improved means for handling the material.  
 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Notwithstanding the above and many other developments designed to eliminate aquatic growths, little use has been made of them, due to their small capacity, cost of operation, and general inefficiency, due, largely, to the attempts to remove whole growths in a tangled, bulky mass, and almost no attempt to remove any part of their root structure to inhibit future growth.  
  A few years ago, the aquatic growths problem became more serious, the use of various chemicals was undertaken. All of these are in some form of poison, and, while affording some temporary relief, as far as aquatic growths were concerned, their use frequently resulted in massive fish kills, use of lake water for irrigation killed lawns and gardens, and all water activities and use of lakes so treated were forbidden for an indefinite period of time.  
  In January of 1972, the Florida Department of Natural Resources located at Tallahassee, Florida, acting under the Florida Aquatic Weed Conrol Act of l970, issued a directive under the title &#34;Guidelines for Aquatic Weed Control.&#34; Admittedly the use of chemicals is a stop-gap measure. And this directive goes on to state The short term goal of the Bureau of Aquatic Weed Control and Research is to control and reduce the spread and problem of noxious aquatic plants. The long-term goal is to strive through research to discover more effective and efficient means.&#34; It is also stated in the directive that It is intended that wherever mechan ical means are feasible and desirable, they should be employed in preference to chemicals.&#34;  
  It is to this long-term objective, as outlined above, that this invention is primarily directed. To attain this long-term primary objective, a number of secondary objectives are essential:  
  Moving all upstanding and floating aquatic growths generally downward from the surface of the water in which they are growing, to a suction zone near or close to their root structure.  
  Drawing the growths by suction, and much of their roots through a cutting zone where they are severed into short lengths.  
  Moving the cut growths through a vacuum chamber to remove entrained air and growth juices from their stems and leaves, whereby the growth structure is collapsed.  
  Subjecting the cut and collapsed growths to additional cutting to further reduce their growth identity and particle size.  
  Applying pressure during the secondary cutting oper ation to force out any remaining air or growths juices, and render the material so treated, completely inert.  
  Returning the growths so processed to the water bottom from which they were originally removed, in the form of a blanket layer to discourage further growths development, or to deliver the inert mass to a remote location.  
  Automatically maintaining an optimum position of the suction and primary cutting mechanism relative to the growth root structure and water bottom.  
  Automatically lifting the primary cutting mechanism to clear an obstruction.  
  Automatically maintaining an optimum position for the discharge mechanism relative to the water bottom to form a blanket of the processed inert material.  
  The invention will be better understood as well as further objects and advantages become more apparent from the ensuing detailed specification of the exemplary embodiments taken in conjunction with the drawing.  
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. I is an enlarged view of the conveyor feeding upstanding growths and their roots to a cutter;  
  FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the primary and secondary cutters, vacuum chamber and delivery pipe;  
  FIG. 2a is a typical view showing the general appearance of aquatic growths after primary cutting;  
  FIG. 2b is a typical view showing the general appearance of a cut aquatic growth after being exposed to vacuum;  
  FIG. 2c is a typical view showing the general appearance of aquatic growths after secondary cutting;  
  FIG. 3 shows the general appearance of an upstanding aquatic growth prior to capture by the conveying and cutting mechanism;  
 FIG. 4 discloses the functional arrangement of the system;  
  FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view on line l2l2 of FIG. 11;  
  FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a single primary cutter assembly;  
  FIG. 6a is a partial sectional view of the pressure water jet assembly;  
  FIG. 7 is a front elevational view of a single primary cutter assembly with a portion of the housing cut away;  
  FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the primary cutting and collecting assembly;  
 FIG. 9 is a front elevational view of the primary cutters;  
  FIG. 10 is a detailed side elevational view of the depth control device;  
  FIG. 11 is a top plan view of the depth control device with the contact drum shown in section;  
  FIG. 12 is a sectional view of an alternative method of operating the solenoid valve from that shown in FIGS. and 16;  
  FIG. 13 shows the diaphragm valve for controlling the back pressure for the secondary cutter in cross section;  
  FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of the barge with its equipment and with the cooperating conveying and cutting mechanism shown in full line lowered position and also in a dotted line raised position;  
  FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the upper swinging pipe joints;  
  FIG. 16 is a rear elevational view of the upper swinging pipe joints;  
  FIG. 17 is a sectional view through the solenoid valve in position to automatically lift the primary cutter assemblies clear of an obstruction;  
  FIG. 18 is a sectional view through the solenoid valve in neutral position;  
  FIG. 19 shows the safety device for the primary cutter assembly in full line and dotted line position and arranged to permit the assembly to stop its forward movement on encountering an obstruction;  
  FIG. 20 shows an alternative arrangement for lifting the suction and discharge pipes by hydraulic cylinders rather than by cables as shown in FIG. 19;  
  FIG. 20a shows a detailed view of the swinging pipe joint on lines 14A 14A of FIG. 14;  
  FIG. 20b is a sectional view through the swinging pipe joint;  
  FIG. 200 is a partial plan view of the deck showing the position of the lift cylinders;  
  FIG. 21 is a top plan view of the pumping and auxiliary cutting equipment located on the deck of a floatable structure;  
 FIG. 22 is an end view of the discharge pipe;  
  FIG. 23 is a sectional view of the pilot valve in neutral position;  
  Flg. 23a is a sectional view through the hydraulic actuators for moving the pilot valves,to control the position of the primary cutters;  
  FIG. 24 is a sectional view through the pilot valve in position to lift the primary cutter assembly;  
  FIG. 25 is a sectional view through the pilot valve in position to move the primary cutter assembly clown;  
  FIG. 26 is a schematic view of the pilot and solenoid valves in neutral position;  
  FIG. 27 is a schematic view showing the solenoid valve in neutral position, and the pilot valve in position to move the primary cutter assembly down;  
  FIG. 28 is a schematic view showing the pilot and solenoid valves with the solenoid valve in neutral position, and the pilot valve in position to move the primary cutter assembly up;  
  FIG. 29 is a schematic view showing the pilot and solenoid valves with the pilot valve in neutral position and with the solenoid valve operated to move the primary assembly up;  
  FIG. 30 is a side elevational view, partly in section, of the distributing device with depth control for spreading the processed aquatic growths in the form of a blanket on the water bottom;  
  FIG. 31 is a partial plan and sectional view of the dual spreaders with the depth control located in the center between the Spreaders;  
 FIG. 32 is a sectional view through one of the spreaders;  
  FIG. 33 is a view illustrating how the processed aquatic growths may be deposited at a location remote from that from which they were removed;  
 FIG. 34 is a side elevational view of the depositing device of FIG. 33; and  
  FIG. 35 is an end view, partly in section, of the depositing device of FIG. 33.  
 The substance of this invention can be best understood by first referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, in this order.  
  Referring particularly to FIG. I, the primary cutter assembly in moving to the left, which brings the upstanding aquatic growths 150 in contact with the downwardly moving open mesh belt 22, the water in which the aquatics are growing passing through the open mesh, bringing the growths in contact therewith, resulting in their being moved down and underneath the bottom roll 23 where they are caught by the suction through pipe 49.  
  This suction draws the growths and much of their roots through a cutting zone defined by the stationary blade 51 and the moving blade 52, and they are cut into short pieces as indicated in FIG. 2 and 2a. The suction zone is defined between the water bottom and a horizontal member 71, and the bottom roll 23. The depth of this suction zone, or the distance between the water bottom and the member 71 is adjustable and controlled automatically, as will be explained later.  
  Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the primary cutter assembly consists of a suction pipe 49, and on its top wall 50 is mounted a fluid motor 57, driving a rotary cutter 52 mounted on the flange 53 of the fluid motor shaft. The rotary cutter operates in an enclosure defined by the rear wall 54, the front wall 56, and the spacer 55. An opening 59 is provided in the front wall 56 through which the aquatic growths and their roots are drawn by suction, and, in passing through this opening, they are cut into short pieces by the interaction of the stationary blades 51 and the moving blades 52.  
  To aid in directing the growths through the suction opening 59, pressure water jets 75, from manifolds 74, urge the growths and their roots toward the opening 59. Pressure water for these jets is supplied through pipe 58.  
  Referring more particularly to FIGS. 2 and 3, the general character of the upstanding aquatic growth is best shown in these views. Air retained in the stems and leaves, holds it in a generally vertical position. Shown at a reduced scale in FIG. 2, the upstanding and sometimes floating growths 150 are drawn downwardly by contact with the open mesh belt 22, and through the cutting zone as previously described where they are cut into short pieces, the general character of which is indicated by FIG. 2a.  
  These cut growths then pass into a vacuum chamber 17, where the entrained air and much of their growth juices are removed, and the general character of the cut and collapsed growth is indicated by FIG. 2b. From the vacuum chamber 17, the growths pass through the main suction pump 3 and may be delivered to a pressure pump 5, for further cutting and processing by the secondary cutter 7, from which they pass down through pipe 36 to be spread as a blanket on the water bottom from which they were removed. The general character of the growths at this point is indicated in FIG. 2c, and their growth identity is completely destroyed.  
  Crushing or shredding whole length aquatic growths is a most ineffective method of destroying their growth identity. The growth juices are left intact, and any shredding or crushing operation frequently increases their ability to repropagate.  
  Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, there are indicated the various kinds of processing treatments to which the growths may be subjected, depending on the initial character of the growths, and the desired final product. For instance, the cut and collapsed growths may be returned directly to the water bottom as indicated by the single arrows. In this case, valve VD is open and valves VA, VB. VG and VH are closed. If it is desired to recut the growths without pressure, the growths follow the double arrows with valves VB and VG open, and valves VD, VA, VF and VH closed.  
  The secondary cutting mechanism here shown, is known as a jordan, and is widely used in the pulp and paper industry in the preparation of paper making materials. It generally consists of a conical outer housing 145 having internally projecting cutter blades 144, and an inner conical member having outwardly projecting blades 142. The inner member is adjustable endwise, to bring the stationary and rotating blades into the desired contact or relationship.  
  Pulp and paper materials are frequently treated under pressure, which tends to increase their density and reduces the particle size. This can here be utilized by opening valves VA, VF and VH, and closing valves VD, VB and VG.  
  The preferred type of valve is a commercial diaphragm valve, the general structure of which is shown by FIG. 13. The flexible diaphragm 120 is forced down by plunger 121 and the piston in cylinder 18] to the position indicated by the dotted line. When open, this type of valve has nothing to obstruct the flow of material. In the case of valve VH, used to control back pressure on the secondary cutter, a commercial pressure control valve may be used, the valve member 168 being moved by piston 149, from pressure on the secondary cutter discharge pipe 33, which increases or decreases the pressure in cylinder 181, in a manner well known in the art.  
  Any reasonable number of primary cutter assemblies shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 can be assembled as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, five being shown in this particular case. Each cutter assembly is bolted to a suction manifold 60, which is connected by a rotary joint 62, to vacuum chamber 17. Each primary cutter assembly can be readily removed for repair or replacement. A bracket extension 66, from the suction manifold 60, provides bearings 18 for supporting the lower roll 23.  
  The distance or space between the lower roll 23, the horizontal plate 71, and the growths root structure (FIG. 1) is automatically regulated by a depth control device shown in detail by FIGS. 10 and 11, and in assembly by FIGS. 8 and 9. It comprises a roll or drum 115, traveling over the water bottom after the growths and their roots have been removed. This roll or drum is mounted on a lever 114, pivoted in bracket 113, secured to the tie member 61 of suction manifold 60. A right angle extension of the lever 1 14 connects through links 111 and pins 112 to the valve stem of pilot valve PV-l. It will thus be seen that any movement of the drum 115 up or down, will be transmitted to the pilot valve PV-I which will cause the entire primary cutter assembly to be moved up or down as will be explained later.  
  Referring now to FIGS. 21 and 14, the primary cutter assembly is supported by three cables 19, secured at the lower ends to lugs 65 on the suction manifold 60 and tie bar 61 (FIG. 9). At the upper end, the cables 19 are secured to cable drums 20, actuated by a fluid motor 21. This fluid motor 21 is actuated by pressure fluid under control of pilot valve PV-l and solenoid valve SV, as will be described later.  
  In FIG. 21, there is shown on the deck of the floating structure 1, the various equipment discussed in detail in connection with FIG. 4 comprising generally the main suction pump 3 and its driving engine 4, as well as the pressure pump 5 and its driving engine 6. The secondary cutter 7 and its driving engine 8 are also shown in this view as well as the pressure oil pump 13, its driving engine 14, the pressure water pump 11 and its driving engine 12, the electric generator 9 and its driving engine 10. Cable drums 38 driven by fluid motor 34 are used to move the discharge pipes 36 up and down. A master control station is shown at 41.  
  For moving the floating structure 1 and the equipment associated therewith from place to place. and to move it forward in operation. four electric propulsion units 40 are used, each capable of being rotated a full 360 so that their propulsive effort can be utilized to direct the movement of the floating structure and its equipment in any direction and speed. This method of propulsion is particularly useful in holding the equipment on course during side winds.  
  Referring to FIG. 14, the primary cutter assembly is shown suspended from the floating structure 1 by ca bles 19, as has already been described, a swinging pipe joint 62 between the primary cutter assembly and the vacuum chamber 17 permits the assembly to be retained in a horizontal position while being moved up and down. Swinging pipe joint 126 at the upper end, permits the entire assembly of the primary cutters and the vacuum chamber 17 to be moved up and down.  
  It will be noted in FIG. 22, that there is a longitudinal recess on the underside of the floating structure 1, extending its entire length. This permits the single suction pipe and vacuum chamber 17 and the dual discharge pipes 36 to be lifted up into this recess, permitting the equipment to operate in or to be moved in shallow water.  
  The open mesh belt 22 shown at the left in FIG. 14 is supported at the lower end by roll 23, turning in bearings 18 (FIG. 8), carried by bracket 66 from the suction manifold of the primary cutter assembly. At the top end, the open mesh conveyor is supported and driven by roll 24 which is operated by fluid motor 44. Spacing member 42 holds the rolls 23 and 24 in proper position relative to each other. One or more intermediate rolls 43, hold the moving open mesh belt 22 in position against the pressure of the water and growths, as the equipment is moved to the left.  
  The upper roll 24 is supported in bearings in the ends of two links 25. The opposite ends of links 25 are piv oted to sliding blocks 26, capable of being moved back and forth in guides 27 by cylinders 28. The object of this arrangement is, first, to provide a bearing support for the top roll 24, and, second, to provide for positioning the top roll 24 at the will of the operator in the various positions indicated by the dotted lines.  
  The two discharge pipes 36 are supported by cables 37, and cable drums 38 driven by a fluid motor 34. The obvious reason for having two discharge pipes 36 is to avoid interference with the single suction pipe and vacuum chamber 17, and also to provide for a wider spread of the processed growths on the water bottom. The two discharge pipes 36 may also be drawn up into the central recess 2, on the underside of the floating structure.  
  It will be noted, that of necessity, the depth control device of FIG. must be mounted back of the foremost part of the primary cutter mechanism, and the drum contacts the water bottom after the growths and roots have been removed. Also, that only one of these devices can be used, and is located near the center of the primary cutter assembly as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. This means that some unevenness of the water bottom or some obstruction may be encountered by some part of the primary cutter assembly, usually, the curved section at the bottom of the front cover 56, FIG. 6. This may result in some injury to the primary cutter assembly, or dirt and other foreign material being drawn into the suction openings 59.  
  To guard against this, a safety device, shown in FIG. 14 and also in FIG. 19 is utilized. Instead of the upper end of the suction pipe and vacuum chamber 17 being rigidly attached to the floating structure 1, it is attached by an articulated or swinging pipe joint 126 to pipe 128 which is, in turn, connected at its upper end to the main suction pipe by swinging joint 125. The pipe 128 and the primary cutter assembly is held in its normal forward operating position by piston rod 131, and piston 130 operating in cylinder 129. The presssure on cylinder 129 is regulated by a pressure reducing valve 136 set just high enough to hold the primary cutter assembly in forward position for normal operation. A pressure relief valve 137 is set at a slightly higher pressure.  
  Should the primary cutter assembly encounter an obstruction, its forward movement can then stop, and the increased pressure on the cylinder will be relieved through the relief valve 137, and the pipe 128 will move to the right. At the start of such movement, switch 124 will be actuated, which will actuate the solenoid valve SV to the position shown in FIG. 23, which will start lifting the primary cutter assembly clear of the obstruction as will be described in detail later.  
  As soon as the primary cutter assembly has cleared the obstruction, the increased pressure on cylinder 129 will cease, and the pressure from control valve 136 will return the primary cutter assembly to normal position. Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, a tee-shaped pipe section is secured to the main suction pump 3, and on the ends of the tee section, are mounted swinging pipe joints of conventional design, well known in the art. Secured to the central section is a bracket carrying a switch 124. Secured to one of the movable swinging joints is a bracket 123 which actuates the switch 124 the instant that the pipes 128 start their movement to the right.  
  The operation of the depth control device, FIG. 10, the pilot valve, FIGS. 23, 24 and 25, and the solenoid valve, FIGS. 17 and 18, will now be explained. This operation can be best understood by referring to FIGS. 26, 27, 28 and 29.  
  In FIG. 26, the pilot valve PV-l is shown in neutral position, the solenoid valve SV in non-operative position, the pressure pump is shown at 13, the oil supply tank at T, and the lifting means for the primary cutter assembly either in the cylinder 82 (to be explained later), or the fluid motor 21. Pressure from pump P through SV ports K and M is blocked by the position of the pilot valve at port B.  
  In FIG. 27, the depth control device has moved the pilot valve to the left, thus requiring that the primary cutting assembly be moved down. The pressure oil flow from pump 13 follows the arrows through SV ports K and M, through PV ports B and C, through SV ports P and 0, through the flow control valve V to the down side of cylinder 82 or fluid motor 21. The check valve