Patent Publication Number: US-2022213493-A1

Title: Compositions and methods for modulating the gastrointestinal tract using bile salt hydrolases

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/844,518 filed May 7, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY 
     Incorporated by reference in its entirety herein is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: One 237 Kilobyte ASCII (Text) file named “37733-601 ST25” created on May 7, 2020. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure provides compositions and methods related to modulating the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, the present disclosure provides a novel therapeutic strategy for selective modulation of the gut microbiota bile acid pool using bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver and colon cancer, and  Clostridioides difficile  infections, among others. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Bile salts, also referred to as bile acids, play critical roles in the human gastrointestinal tract, as influencers and modulators of the microbial composition throughout the gut. In some cases, various types of bile salts (conjugated, or not) comprise the bile salt intestinal pool and this mixed composition influences the genera, species and strains content of the large intestine microbiome. Consequently, several gut health attributes are directly and indirectly impacted by the bile salt composition in the human gut. For example, certain bile salts can foster the development of disease (e.g.,  Clostridium difficile  infection) and others can prevent the onset or persistence of pathogens. Thus, there is a need to define functionally important and impactful bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) that directly alter and modulate the bile acid pool in vivo and shift the composition of the gut microbiome positively to direct and further promote human health. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure include an engineered bacterial cell comprising a heterologous gene encoding a functional bile salt hydrolase derived from  Lactobacillus . In accordance with these embodiments, the heterologous gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase comprises at least one mutation resulting in at least one amino acid substitution. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one mutation resulting in the at least one amino acid substitution alters bile acid substrate specificity of the functional bile salt hydrolase. In some embodiments, the bile salt substrate is selected from the group consisting of GCDCA, GCA, TCA, TCDCA, TLCA, TDCA, TUDCA, GLCA, GDCA, GUDCA, FCA, FCDCA, FLCA, FDCA, FUDCA, LCA, LCDCA, LLCA, LDCA, LUDCA, YCA, YCDCA, YLCA, YDCA, YUDCA, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bile acid substrate is GCA, TCA, or TCDCA. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid substitution comprises at least one substitution present in the following peptide motifs: GQD, IPA, and/or AMI. 
     In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by the heterologous bile salt hydrolase gene comprises at least 90% identity to a wild type bile salt hydrolase polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by the heterologous bile salt hydrolase gene comprises at least 95% identity to a wild type bile salt hydrolase polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. 
     In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by the heterologous bile salt hydrolase gene comprises at least 90% identity to a wild type bile salt hydrolase polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 23, 25, 27, 29, 41, 43, 51, 61, 69, 71, 73, 85, 93, 97, 103, and 113. In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by the heterologous bile salt hydrolase gene comprises at least 95% identity to a wild type bile salt hydrolase polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 23, 25, 27, 29, 41, 43, 51, 61, 69, 71, 73, 85, 93, 97, 103, and 113. 
     In some embodiments, the cell is selected from one of the following genera:  Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacteria, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Saccharomyces, Staphylococcus  and  Streptococcus . In some embodiments, the cell is selected from one of the following species:  Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli  Nissle,  Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactococcus lactis , and  Saccharomyces boulardii.    
     In some embodiments, the cell is selected from one of the following strains:  L. acidophilus  NCFM,  L. acidophilus  La-14,  L. casei  Lc11,  L. crispatus  NCK 1350,  L. crispatus  NCK 1351,  L. crispatus  DNH-429,  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323,  L. gasseri  NCK 1338,  L. gasseri  NCK 1340,  L. gasseri  NCK 1341,  L. gasseri  NCK 1342,  L. gasseri  NCK 1343,  L. gasseri  Lg-36,  L. gasseri  NCK2140,  L. gasseri  NCK2141,  L. gasseri  JV V03,  L. plantarum  Lp-115,  L. johnsonii  NCK948,  L. johnsonii  NCK957,  L. johnsonii  NCK964,  L. johnsonii  NCK979,  L. johnsonii  NCK1370,  L. johnsonii  NCK2677,  L. johnsonii  NCC 533  L. plantarum  Lpc-37,  L. plantarum  Lp115,  L. rhamnosus  HN001,  L. rhamnosus  GG,  L. rhamnosus  Lr-32,  L. reuteri  1E1,  L. salivarius  Ls-33,  L. salivarius  NCK1352,  L. salivarius  NCK1355,  B. lactis  BL-04,  B. lactis  Bb-02,  B. lactis  Bl-04,  B. lactis  Bi-07,  B. breve  Bb-03,  B. bifidum  Bb-06,  B. longum  Bl-05,  B. longum  sp  infantis  Bi-26., or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the cell improves at least one physiological parameter associated with a disease or condition when administered to a subject in need thereof as part of a therapeutic composition. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with bile acid dysregulation. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), antibiotic associated diarrhea, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and  Clostridioides difficile  infections. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with a  Clostridioides difficile  infection, and wherein administering the therapeutic composition treats the  Clostridioides difficile  infection. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure also include a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered bacterial cell comprising a heterologous gene encoding a functional bile salt hydrolase derived from  Lactobacillus , wherein the heterologous gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase comprises at least one mutation resulting in at least one amino acid substitution, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In accordance with these embodiments, administration of the composition improves at least one physiological parameter in a subject. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one mutation resulting in the at least one amino acid substitution alters bile acid substrate specificity of the functional bile salt hydrolase. In some embodiments, the bile acid substrate is selected from the group consisting of GCDCA, GCA, TCA, TCDCA, TLCA, TDCA, TUDCA, GLCA, GDCA, GUDCA, FCA, FCDCA, FLCA, FDCA, FUDCA, LCA, LCDCA, LLCA, LDCA, LUDCA, YCA, YCDCA, YLCA, YDCA, YUDCA, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by the heterologous bile salt hydrolase gene comprises at least 90% identity to a wild type bile salt hydrolase polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. In some embodiments, the cell is selected from one of the following species:  Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli  Nissle,  Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactococcus lactis , and  Saccharomyces boulardii.    
     In some embodiments, the administration of the composition to the subject improves at least one physiological parameter associated with a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with bile acid dysregulation. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), antibiotic associated diarrhea, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and  Clostridioides difficile  infections. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with a  Clostridioides difficile  infection, and wherein administering the composition treats the  Clostridioides difficile  infection. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure also include a method of modulating at least one bile acid in a subject in need thereof. In accordance with these embodiments, the method includes administering a therapeutic composition comprising an engineered bacterial cell comprising a heterologous gene encoding a functional bile salt hydrolase derived from  Lactobacillus , wherein the heterologous gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase comprises at least one mutation resulting in at least one amino acid substitution that alters bile acid substrate specificity of the functional bile salt hydrolase, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some embodiments, the composition improves at least one physiological parameter in a subject by modulating the at least one bile acid. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1C : Bile salt hydrolases act on circulating conjugated bile acids in the gut-liver axis. (A) Bile acids (BAs) synthesized in the liver and stored in the gall bladder enter the small intestine through the duodenum where they reach millimolar concentrations. The majority of BAs (95%) are reabsorbed in the ileum and recirculate to the liver through the portal vein. The remaining population transit to the colon as they continue to be reabsorbed, and a small (&lt;5%) amount exit through the feces. Recirculating BAs access host tissues outside the intestines to impart systemic effects on host physiology. (B) BSHs cleave the amide bond in conjugated BAs to open up the bile acid pool and increase complexity. The gut microbiota performs additional chemistry on deconjugated BAs to generate the secondary BA pool, which can undergo enterohepatic circulation and be reconjugated in the liver. (C) Monomeric BSH overlay from  B. longum, E. faecalis, L. salivarius , and  C. perfringens . Hydrolyzed taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) in the CpBSH active site is coordinated by several loops that contain the most variation in the peptide backbone compared to the other structures (Foley, et al. 2019). 
         FIGS. 2A-2C : High throughput screening of  Lactobacillus  strains in the presence of conjugated bile acids.  Lactobacillus  strains were used in a BSH plate precipitation assay and plated on (A) MRS media, (B) plus 0.2% TDCA, and (C) plus 0.2% GDCA. Halos represent lactobacilli with active BSHs. Starting from the top left corner of each plate, strain details are as follows,  L. acidophilus  NCFM,  L. casei  ATCC 334,  L. pentosus  DSM 20314,  L. rhamnosus  LGG,  L. bucherni  CD034,  L. jenseni  DSM 20557,  L. gasseri  NCK99,  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323,  L. gasseri  NCK335,  L. gasseri  NCK1338,  L. gasseri  NCK1339,  L. gasseri  NCK1340,  L. gasseri  NCK1341,  L. gasseri  NCK1342  L. gasseri  NCK1343,  L. gasseri  NCK1344,  L. gasseri  NCK1345,  L. gasseri  NCK1346,  L. gasseri  NCK1347,  L. gasseri  NCK1348,  L. gasseri  NCK1349,  L. gasseri  NCK1557,  L. gasseri  NCK2140,  L. gasseri  NCK2141 and  L. gasseri  JV V03. 
         FIG. 3 : Mapping BSH proteins to a phylogenetic tree of 170  Lactobacillus  species (O&#39;Flaherty et al. 2018). The colors of the groups follow those previously described:  Lactobacillus animalis  group is indicated in purple,  Lactobacillus vaginalis  group in green,  Lactobacillus buchneri  group in red,  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  group in yellow,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  group in maroon, and  Lactobacillus  gasseri group in blue. The inner metadata layer maps lifestyle designations as described by Duar et al. (2017). The outer metadata layer maps the presence or absence of BSH and PVA proteins with respect to each of the 170  Lactobacillus  species. 
         FIG. 4 : Sampling of bsh diversity and characterization. Phylogenetic tree of lactobacilli BSHs from 57 CD-HIT clusters, concentrated from 490 BSHs with a 95% identity threshold. The two major clades are shown in black and green. Multiple BSHs can be encoded by a single strain, and some species encode multiple BSHs that belong to several clusters.  L. acidophilus  strains encode 2 BSHs belonging to different clusters (O&#39;Flaherty et al. 2018. 
         FIGS. 5A-5C : Lactobacilli BSHs display varied preferences for conjugated bile acids. (A) To evaluate BSH activity from model Lactobacilli strain,  L. johnsonii  bshA, bshB and bshC (LjBSHa, LjBSHb, and LjBSHc respectively) were purified and their specific activities and pH optima were determined by the Ninhydrin assay. Enzymes tested displayed different preferences for glyco-conjugated and tauro-conjugated bile acids and acidic conditions. (B) Conservation analysis of the BSH amino acid sequence. The alignment of the representative BSH proteins from the 57 clusters from the clustered data set was analyzed for conserved amino acid motifs. A conservation score of 0.75 or higher is indicated by a dashed line. Motifs and conserved amino acids are indicated by the WebLogo. An asterisk indicates the previously described conserved active-site residues, from O&#39;Flaherty et al., 2018, (C) A close up structural view of the CpBSH active site with hydrolyzed TDCA. Conserved catalytically important residues are highlighted to show their location within the active site pocket. 
         FIG. 6 :  Lactobacillus  colonization in the cefoperazone-treated mouse model of CDI. An overview of the experimental timeline. Briefly, mice were treated for 5 days with cefoperazone in their drinking water. Following a 2 day wash out, mice (n=16) were gavaged with 10 9  CFUs of rifampicin-resistant  Lactobacillus . Colonization was monitored by plating feces on LBS agar supplemented with 100 μg/mL of rifampicin on the noted days. 
         FIGS. 7A-7F :  Lactobacillus  bacterial load in an antibiotic treated mouse model. Colonization levels of  Lactobacillus  species over time are displayed by CFUs/g of feces. The dashed line denotes the limit of detection. Indigenous  Lactobacillus  was enumerated on LBS agar lacking rifampicin. 
         FIGS. 8A-8B : Administration of different  Lactobacillus  strains result in distinct structures of the gut microbiota after 7 days. (A) Sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize taxonomic diversity within stool and cecal samples of LAB colonized mice. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling ordination based on Bray-Curtis distances was used to visualize β-diversity of the microbiota of LAB treatment groups as the murine microbiota recovers from cefoperazone treatment. Differences in the day 7 cecal communities suggest that LAB colonization alters the assembly of the gut microbiota after antibiotic perturbation. (B) The differences in community structure among LAB-colonized mice were further described by assessing the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in day 7 cecal samples. The Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria dominated the microbiota of mice without LAB treatment. However,  L. acidophilus  colonization suppressed the return of the Bacteroidetes while  L. gasseri  suppressed the return of Proteobacteria. 
         FIGS. 9A-9C : Overexpression and purification of recombinant BSHs from  E. coli . To further evaluate BSH activity from strains (A, B)  L. acidophilus  NCFM (LaBSHa and LaBSHb) and (C)  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323 BSHs (LgBSHa and LgBSHb) were expressed recombinantly in  Escherichia coli  strain BL21 (λDE3) and purified using a C terminal His-tag purification with a Cobalt column. Purified BSH proteins are visualized on SDS-PAGE with protein molecular masses, protein ladder standards, and gel. 
         FIGS. 10A-10D :  Lactobacillus  BSHs display variable preferences for bile acid conjugation. Average specific activities from recombinantly expressed and purified (A) LaBSHa, (B) LaBSHb, (C) LgBSHa, and (D) LgBSHb were determined by the ninhydrin assay on a panel of conjugated bile acids. Error bars represent s.d. from n=3 independent experiments. 
         FIGS. 11A-11D : Purified BSHs and their pH optima. (A) LaBSHa, (B) LaBSHb, (C) LgBSHa, and (D) LgBSHb specific activities across a range of pH conditions with respective preferred substrates. 
         FIG. 12 :  L. acidophilus  bshA and bshB contribute to bile acid detoxification in a substrate dependent manner. Growth of BSH mutants in the presence of bile acids. To evaluate the role of BSH activity during  L. acidophilus  growth, single and double BSH mutants were grown in MRS media supplemented with bile acids and growth was measured by OD600 nm. 
         FIGS. 13A-13G :  L. acidophilus  bshA and bshB contribute to bile acid detoxification in a substrate and concentration dependent manner. Growth of  L. acidophilus  bsh mutants in the presence of bile acids was evaluated by measuring OD600 nm in (A) MRS media alone and supplemented with bile acids (B) GCA, (C) TCA, (D) GCDCA, (E) TCDCA, (F) GDCA, and (G) TDCA. Endpoint CFUs for each growth are displayed in  FIG. 17A . 
         FIG. 14 :  L. acidophilus  and  L. gasseri  germ free C57BL/6 mouse colonization marginally increases cecal deconjugated bile acids. The primary bile acids (A) CA, (B) CDCA, and (C) α/βMCA were quantified by targeted metabolomics performed on cecal samples. 
         FIGS. 15A-15C : Bile acid structures and their critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). (A) Bile acid structures and abbreviations used in the present disclosure. (B) Bile acid critical micelle concentrations (CMC) experimentally determined herein. Bars represent mean CMC±s.e.m from n=2 independent experiments. (C) CMCs were determined using Optimizer-BlueBALLS. Absorbance data from two independent experiments was plotted against bile acid concentrations for each molecule. A standard five-parameter logistic curve fit was performed using Graphpad Prism, and the CMC was determined by calculating the inflection point of each curve represented by the Log 10  EC50. Inflection point values represent mean±s.e.m. 
         FIGS. 16A-16B : Wild type and ΔbshAB deconjugated bile acid minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). (A) BSH null  L. acidophilus  and  L. gasseri  (ΔbshAB) strains were used to determine conjugated and deconjugated bile acid MICs. (B) Wild type and ΔbshAB MICs of deconjugated bile acids only. Bars represent mean MICs from n=3 independent experiments. 
         FIGS. 17A-17B : BSHs impact  Lactobacillus  fitness in a BSH and bile acid specific-manner. (A)  L. acidophilus  and (B)  L. gasseri  BSH mutants grown for 24 h in MRS, GCA, TCA, GCDCA, TCDCA, GDCA, of TDCA. Error bars represent standard deviation (s.d.) from n=4 independent experiments. Dashed lined denotes the approximate starting CFUs/mL at 0 h. Exogenous recombinant LaBSHa and LaBSHb (LaBSHab) or LgBSHa and LgBSHb (LgBSHab) were supplemented to cultures in equimolar amounts to (A)  L. acidophilus  ΔbshAB or (B)  L. gasseri  ΔbshAB growths to functionally complement ΔbshAB strains. 
         FIGS. 18A-18D : BSH activity alters membrane integrity and competitive dynamics in a bile acid specific manner. (A, B) Propidium iodide (PI) staining to assess membrane integrity of mid-log grown  Lactobacillus  exposed to various bile acids or heat killed (HK). Normalized fluorescence was calculated by subtracting background PI fluorescence and normalizing to the starting OD600 at bile acid exposure. Bars represent average fluorescence from n=3 independent experiments and error bars represent s.d. (C, D) Competitive indexes for  Lactobacillus  co-cultures anaerobically for 24 h in the presence of various bile acids. Competitive indexes (CI) were calculated as follows: CI=Final[Log 10 (ΔbshAB CFUs)/Log 10 (wild type CFUs)]/Initial[Log 10 (ΔbshAB CFUs)/Log 10 (wild type CFUs)]. Equimolar LaBSHa and LaBSHb (LaBSHab) or LgBSHa and LgBSHb (LgBSHab) were added to cultures at 0 h. Dashed lines denotes a CI=0. 
         FIGS. 19A-19C : Gnotobiotic mouse colonization is altered by BSH activity in a strain-dependent manner. (A)  L. acidophilus  and (B)  L. gasseri  mono-colonization of germfree 5-8 week old C57BL/6 mice. Feces were collected at days 0, 1 and 4 and mice were sacrificed at day 7 and their ceca were plated (day 7c). (C)  L. gasseri  co-colonization using wild-type (RifR) and ΔbshAB (StrR) strains. Dashed lined denotes the limit of detection. 
         FIGS. 20A-20B : BSH specificity displays an evolutionary relationship. (A) Recombinantly expressed and purified LAB BSHs were assayed for deconjugation against a panel of glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids. Specific activities for each BSH were determined by quantifying the rate of amino acid release by Ninhydrin assay. A phylogenetic tree based on the primary amino acid sequence of each BSH was constructed using the neighbor joining method. Some BSH clades exhibit similar substrate specificity profiles which can be used to predict the activity of a BSH and understand which residues contribute to substrate specificity. (B) Corresponding SEQ ID NOs for each BSH (percent amino acid identity for each is &gt;95%). 
         FIGS. 21A-21C : (A) CLUSTALW sequence alignment was performed on BSH_1-21. Identities are shaded dark grey and similarities are outlined in black boxes. Regions that putatively interact with the conjugated amino acid are outlined in black boxes. (B) Predicted structure of LgBSHa with GCA in the active site (in dark grey spheres). Putative substrate-binding loops with 3 amino acids are highlighted in dark grey. (C) Three chimeric mutants of LgBSHa in putative substrate-binding loops and their relative activity on GCA and TCA. 
         FIGS. 22A-22C : BSH specificity can leveraged to inhibit  Clostridioides difficile  in a conjugated bile acid substrate-dependent manner. (A) Recombinantly expressed and purified  L. johnsonii  BSHs were assayed for deconjugation with GCDCA and TCDCA. Specific activities for each BSH were determined by quantifying the rate of amino acid release by Ninhydrin assay. (B, C) Growth of  C. difficile  anaerobically in BHIS medium supplemented with GCDCA, TCDCA, or CDCA in combination with purified LjoBSHa or LjoBSHc. 
         FIG. 23 : Cefoperazone-treated mouse cecum ex vivo  C. difficile  growth. BSH activity generated inhibitory deconjugated bile acids in mouse cecal content that inhibited  C. difficile  growth. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide compositions and methods related to modulating the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, the present disclosure provides a novel therapeutic strategy for selective modulation of the gut microbiota bile acid pool using bile acid hydrolases (BSHs) for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver and colon cancer, and  Clostridioides difficile  infections, among others. Embodiments of the present disclosure facilitate the identification of the genetic and functional features of important bile salt hydrolases that can modulate bile composition in vivo. In some embodiments,  Lactobacillus -derived beneficial BSHs are engineered and delivered to other intestinal microbes to promote health and fend off infections. 
     The indigenous gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota is important for human health. Alterations to this microbial community influence bile acid metabolism, and are associated with the development of obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver and colon cancer, and other GI diseases including  Clostridioides difficile  infection (CDI). The burden of these diseases on the U.S. healthcare system is astronomical, with obesity alone surpassing $237 billion dollars in 2017. New therapeutics that can selectively tailor the gut microbiota-bile acid pool represent a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of the above described diseases. 
     Bile acids are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol and are essential for lipoprotein, glucose, drug, and energy metabolism. Bile acids can directly shape host physiology in a variety of ways including acting as signaling molecules to the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. The gut microbiota can regulate both metabolism and synthesis of bile acids through FXR. Primary bile acids mainly cholate (CA) and chendeoxycholate (CDCA) are made by the host, and can be conjugated with a glycine or taurine. As they make their way through the small intestine, 95% of bile acids are absorbed in the terminal ileum through the enterohepatic system, a majority being conjugated bile acids ( FIG. 1A ). The remaining bile acids that reach the large intestine are further biotransformed by members of the gut microbiota via dehydroxylation into secondary bile acids, including deoxycholate (DCA) and lithocholate (LCA). Members of the gut microbiota play an essential role in bile acid metabolism throughout the GIT. 
     Secondary bile acids can be reabsorbed and conjugated with glycine or taurine (ex. GDCA, TDCA, etc.), which further increases the complexity of the bile acid pool. The most predominant conjugated bile acids in the GIT include taurocholate (TCA), glycocholate (GCA), taurochendeoxycholate (TCDCA), glycochendeoxycholate (GCDCA), taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) and glycodeoxycholate (GDCA). Gut microbes that encode bile salt hydrolase (bsh) genes are able to deconjugate or cleave the glycine and taurine from conjugated bile acids to yield unconjugated bile acids (ex. taurocholate→taurine and cholate). This is a critical first step in microbial bile acid metabolism that leads to all subsequent biotransformations ( FIG. 1B ). Conjugated bile acids have amphipathic characteristics and are more efficient as detergents, which can further shape the gut microbiota by promoting growth of bile acid metabolizing bacteria, and decreasing growth of bile sensitive bacteria. Therefore, these enzymes can be leveraged to rationally design the bile acid pool, altering the gut microbiota and host metabolism, and ultimately shaping host health. Few studies have investigated how bile acid altering enzymes are able to alter both the gut microbiota and the host in the context of disease. 
     Lactobacilli are used extensively in probiotic formulations and are often taken in concert with antibiotics to restore the normal indigenous gut microbiota; however, the mechanisms for how they improve host health, and shape the gut microbiota are not well understood. Recent research has shown that some probiotics could be detrimental, and prolong the recovery of the gut microbiota after antibiotic treatment. This continues to be controversial and more studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanism. Some  Lactobacillus  strains carry multiple bsh genes which encode for BSH enzymes that deconjugate primary and secondary conjugated bile acids. The molecular basis by which these enzymes recognize and act on bile acids, and how this activity impacts  Lactobacillus  fitness and the GIT environment, is currently unclear. 
     Many gut bacteria including lactobacilli,  Bifidobacterium, Clostridium , and  Bacteroides  encode BSHs, and more than thirty-three enzymes have been biochemically characterized. However, these studies fail to provide key structural and biochemical information underlying BSH enzymology and substrate specificity and recognition. This is further illustrated by the fact that there are only four solved crystal structures from  Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecalis , and  Clostridium perfringens , which is the only enzyme with substrate TDCA ( FIG. 1C ). Some  Lactobacillus  bsh mutant strains have growth defects in the presence of conjugated bile acids, suggesting they are important for bile tolerance and colonization of the GIT. Yet, bile tolerance studies with lactobacilli are usually done in vitro in the presence of Oxgall, which does not mimic the bile acid composition or complexity present in the GIT. Additionally, previous studies have highlighted the importance of gut lactobacilli BSH activity in regulating host weight gain, lipid metabolism, and bile tolerance, but failed to look at how this altered the gut microbiota, which is known to be a variable that shapes its composition. 
     As provided herein, the current status quo is to ingest over the counter probiotic dietary supplements or yogurt containing live cultures after antibiotic treatment to restore host GI health, although mechanistic studies defining how this improves host health are lacking. On the other hand, there are multiple probiotic formulations in different stages of pre-clinical and clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of variety of diseases:  Lactobacillus plantarum  from OptiBiotix Health for obesity,  Lactococcus lactis  from Intrexon for IBD, and a cocktail of three  Lactobacillus  strains from BioK Plus to treat patients with  C. difficile  infection (CDI). 
     As the microbiome field moves forward there is hope that defined bacterial cocktails or engineered probiotic strains could be used to treat metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes and other GI diseases like CDI. However, before this can become a therapeutic reality, basic mechanistic studies need to be carried out in robust well-characterized systems to validate probiotic effects. The compositions and methods of the present disclosure contrast with currently available approaches by using a novel platform to robustly engineer microbial BSHs for enhanced enzyme activity against physiologically relevant conjugated bile acids. These novel synthetic constructs were tested in a well-characterized system, both in vitro and in vivo. Results described further herein indicate that this approach can be effective for altering the bile acid composition in the gut, and as a consequence, provide the therapeutic basis for modulating GI and metabolic diseases. 
     Section headings as used in this section and the entire disclosure herein are merely for organizational purposes and are not intended to be limiting. 
     1. DEFINITIONS 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present disclosure. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. 
     The terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” “having,” “has,” “can,” “contain(s),” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms “a,” “and” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments “comprising,” “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not. 
     For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated. 
     For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated. 
     “Correlated to” as used herein refers to compared to. 
     As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal), including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, pigs, rodents (e.g., mice, rats, etc.), flies, and the like. 
     As used herein, the term “non-human animals” refers to all non-human animals including, but are not limited to, vertebrates such as rodents, non-human primates, ovines, bovines, ruminants, lagomorphs, porcines, caprines, equines, canines, felines, ayes, etc. 
     The term “transgene” as used herein refers to a foreign, heterologous, or autologous gene and/or fragment thereof that is placed into an organism (e.g., by introducing the gene into newly fertilized eggs or early embryos). The term “foreign gene” refers to any nucleic acid (e.g., gene sequence) that is introduced into the genome of an animal by experimental manipulations and may include gene sequences found in that animal so long as the introduced gene does not reside in the same location as does the naturally-occurring gene. 
     As used herein, the term “transgenic animal” refers to any animal containing a transgene. 
     As used herein, the term “microorganism” refers to an organism or microbe of microscopic, submicroscopic, or ultramicroscopic size that typically consists of a single cell. Examples of microorganisms include bacteria, yeast, viruses, parasites, fungi, certain algae, and protozoa. In some aspects, the microorganism is engineered (“engineered microorganism”) to produce one or more therapeutic molecules or proteins of interest. In certain aspects, the microorganism is engineered to take up and catabolize certain metabolites or other compounds from its environment. In certain aspects, the microorganism is engineered to synthesize certain beneficial metabolites or other compounds (synthetic or naturally occurring) and release them into its environment. In certain embodiments, the engineered microorganism is an engineered bacterium. In certain embodiments, the engineered microorganism is an engineered virus. 
     As used herein, “non-pathogenic bacteria” refer to bacteria that are not capable of causing disease or harmful responses in a host. In some embodiments, non-pathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria. In some embodiments, non-pathogenic bacteria are Gram-positive bacteria. In some embodiments, non-pathogenic bacteria do not contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In some embodiments, non-pathogenic bacteria are commensal bacteria, which are present in the indigenous microbiota of the gut. Examples of non-pathogenic bacteria include, but are not limited to certain strains belonging to the genus  Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacteria, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus  and  Staphylococcus , e.g.,  Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli  Nissle,  Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactococcus lactis , and  Saccharomyces boulardii . Naturally pathogenic bacteria may be genetically engineered to provide reduce or eliminate pathogenicity. 
     As used herein, the term “probiotic” is used to refer to live, non-pathogenic microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, which can confer health benefits to a host organism that contains an appropriate amount of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the host organism is a mammal. In some embodiments, the host organism is a human. In some embodiments, the probiotic bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria. In some embodiments, the probiotic bacteria are Gram positive bacteria. Some species, strains, and/or subtypes of non-pathogenic bacteria are currently recognized as probiotic bacteria. Examples of probiotic bacteria include, but are not limited to certain strains belonging to the genus Bifidobacteria,  Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus  and  Saccharomyces , e.g.,  Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli  strain Nissle,  Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii  and  Saccharomyces boulardii . In some embodiments, examples of strains include, but are not limited to,  L. acidophilus  NCFM,  L. acidophilus  La-14,  L. casei  Lc11,  L. crispatus  NCK 1350,  L. crispatus  NCK 1351,  L. crispatus  DNH-429,  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323,  L. gasseri  NCK 1338 , L. gasseri  NCK 1340,  L. gasseri  NCK 1341,  L. gasseri  NCK 1342,  L. gasseri  NCK 1343 , L. gasseri  Lg-36,  L. gasseri  NCK2140,  L. gasseri  NCK2141 , L. gasseri  JV V03,  L. plantarum  Lp-115,  L. johnsonii  NCK948,  L. johnsonii  NCK957,  L. johnsonii  NCK964,  L. johnsonii  NCK979,  L. johnsonii  NCK1370,  L. johnsonii  NCK2677,  L. johnsonii  NCC 533  L. plantarum  Lpc-37,  L. plantarum  Lp115,  L. rhamnosus  HN001,  L. rhamnosus  GG,  L. rhamnosus  Lr-32,  L. reuteri  1E1,  L. salivarius  Ls-33,  L. salivarius  NCK1352,  L. salivarius  NCK1355,  B. lactis  BL-04,  B. lactis  Bb-02,  B. lactis  Bl-04,  B. lactis  Bi-07,  B. breve  Bb-03,  B. bifidum  Bb-06,  B. longum  Bl-05,  B. longum  sp  infantis  Bi-26., or any combination thereof. 
     The probiotic may be a variant or a mutant strain of bacterium. Nonpathogenic bacteria may be genetically engineered to enhance or improve desired biological properties, e.g., survivability. Non-pathogenic bacteria may be genetically engineered to provide probiotic properties. Probiotic bacteria may be genetically engineered or programmed to enhance or improve probiotic properties. 
     As used herein, the term “recombinant bacterial cell” or “recombinant bacteria” refers to a bacterial cell or bacteria that have been genetically modified from their native state. For instance, a recombinant bacterial cell may have nucleotide insertions, nucleotide deletions, nucleotide rearrangements, and nucleotide modifications introduced into their DNA. These genetic modifications may be present in the chromosome of the bacteria or bacterial cell, or on a plasmid in the bacteria or bacterial cell. Recombinant bacterial cells disclosed herein may comprise exogenous nucleotide sequences on plasmids. Alternatively, recombinant bacterial cells may comprise exogenous nucleotide sequences stably incorporated into their chromosome. 
     As used herein, the term “gene transfer system” refers to any means of delivering a composition comprising a nucleic acid sequence to a cell or tissue. For example, gene transfer systems include, but are not limited to, vectors (e.g., retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, and other nucleic acid-based delivery systems), microinjection of naked nucleic acid, polymer-based delivery systems (e.g., liposome-based and metallic particle-based systems), biolistic injection, and the like. As used herein, the term “viral gene transfer system” refers to gene transfer systems comprising viral elements (e.g., intact viruses, modified viruses and viral components such as nucleic acids or proteins) to facilitate delivery of the sample to a desired cell or tissue. As used herein, the term “adenovirus gene transfer system” refers to gene transfer systems comprising intact or altered viruses belonging to the family Adenoviridae. 
     As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” refers to any nucleic acid containing molecule, including but not limited to, DNA or RNA. The term encompasses sequences that include any of the known base analogs of DNA and RNA including, but not limited to, 4-acetylcytosine, 8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, oxybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine. 
     The term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide, precursor, or RNA (e.g., rRNA, tRNA). The polypeptide can be encoded by a full-length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the desired activity or functional properties (e.g., enzymatic activity, ligand binding, signal transduction, immunogenicity, etc.) of the full-length or fragment are retained. The term also encompasses the coding region of a structural gene and the sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5′ and 3′ ends for a distance of about 1 kb or more on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA. Sequences located 5′ of the coding region and present on the mRNA are referred to as 5′ non-translated sequences. Sequences located 3′ or downstream of the coding region and present on the mRNA are referred to as 3′ non-translated sequences. The term “gene” encompasses both cDNA and genomic forms of a gene. A genomic form or clone of a gene contains the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed “introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences.” Introns are segments of a gene that are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA); introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or “spliced out” from the nuclear or primary transcript; introns therefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The mRNA functions during translation to specify the sequence or order of amino acids in a nascent polypeptide. 
     As used herein, the term “heterologous gene” refers to a gene that is not in its natural environment. For example, a heterologous gene includes a gene from one species introduced into another species. A heterologous gene also includes a gene native to an organism that has been altered in some way (e.g., mutated, added in multiple copies, linked to non-native regulatory sequences, etc). Heterologous genes are distinguished from endogenous genes in that the heterologous gene sequences are typically joined to DNA sequences that are not found naturally associated with the gene sequences in the chromosome or are associated with portions of the chromosome not found in nature (e.g., genes expressed in loci where the gene is not normally expressed). 
     As used herein, a “non-native” nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleic acid sequence not normally present in a bacterium, e.g., an extra copy of an endogenous sequence, or a heterologous sequence such as a sequence from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, or a sequence that is modified and/or mutated as compared to the unmodified sequence from bacteria of the same subtype. In some embodiments, the non-native nucleic acid sequence is a synthetic, non-naturally occurring sequence. The non-native nucleic acid sequence may be a regulatory region, a promoter, a gene, and/or one or more genes in a gene cassette. In some embodiments, “non-native” refers to two or more nucleic acid sequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. The non-native nucleic acid sequence may be present on a plasmid or chromosome. In addition, multiple copies of any regulatory region, promoter, gene, and/or gene cassette may be present in the bacterium, wherein one or more copies of the regulatory region, promoter, gene, and/or gene cassette may be mutated or otherwise altered as described herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are engineered to comprise multiple copies of the same regulatory region, promoter, gene, and/or gene cassette in order to enhance copy number or to comprise multiple different components of a gene cassette performing multiple different functions. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme that is operably linked to a directly or indirectly inducible promoter that is not associated with said gene in nature, e.g., an FNR promoter operably linked to a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase. 
     As used herein, “operably linked” refers a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme, that is joined to a regulatory region sequence in a manner which allows expression of the nucleic acid sequence, e.g., acts in cis. A regulatory region is a nucleic acid that can direct transcription of a gene of interest and may comprise promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements, promoter control elements, protein binding sequences, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylation sequences, and introns. 
     As used herein, “promoter” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or gene. Promoters are generally located 5′ of the sequence that they regulate. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from promoters found in nature, and/or comprise synthetic nucleotide segments. Those skilled in the art will readily ascertain that different promoters may regulate expression of a coding sequence or gene in response to a particular stimulus, e.g., in a cell- or tissue-specific manner, in response to different environmental or physiological conditions, or in response to specific compounds. Prokaryotic promoters are typically classified into two classes: inducible and constitutive. 
     The term “isolated” when used in relation to a nucleic acid, as in “an isolated oligonucleotide” or “isolated polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least one component or contaminant with which it is ordinarily associated in its natural source. Isolated nucleic acid is such present in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated nucleic acids as nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA found in the state they exist in nature. For example, a given DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) is found on the host cell chromosome in proximity to neighboring genes; RNA sequences, such as a specific mRNA sequence encoding a specific protein, are found in the cell as a mixture with numerous other mRNAs that encode a multitude of proteins. However, isolated nucleic acid encoding a given protein includes, by way of example, such nucleic acid in cells ordinarily expressing the given protein where the nucleic acid is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells, or is otherwise flanked by a different nucleic acid sequence than that found in nature. The isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide may be present in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide or polynucleotide is to be utilized to express a protein, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at a minimum the sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be single-stranded), but may contain both the sense and anti-sense strands (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be double-stranded). 
     As used herein, the term “purified” or “to purify” refers to the removal of components (e.g., contaminants) from a sample. For example, antibodies are purified by removal of contaminating non-immunoglobulin proteins; they are also purified by the removal of immunoglobulin that does not bind to the target molecule. The removal of non-immunoglobulin proteins and/or the removal of immunoglobulins that do not bind to the target molecule results in an increase in the percent of target-reactive immunoglobulins in the sample. In another example, recombinant polypeptides are expressed in bacterial host cells and the polypeptides are purified by the removal of host cell proteins; the percent of recombinant polypeptides is thereby increased in the sample. 
     As used herein, the term “subject” and “patient” as used herein interchangeably refers to any vertebrate, including, but not limited to, a mammal (e.g., cow, pig, camel, llama, horse, goat, rabbit, sheep, hamsters, guinea pig, cat, dog, rat, and mouse, a non-human primate (e.g., a monkey, such as a cynomolgus or rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, etc.) and a human). In some embodiments, the subject may be a human or a non-human. In one embodiment, the subject is a human. The subject or patient may be undergoing various forms of treatment. 
     As used herein, the term “treat,” “treating” or “treatment” are each used interchangeably herein to describe reversing, alleviating, or inhibiting the progress of a disease and/or injury, or one or more symptoms of such disease, to which such term applies. Depending on the condition of the subject, the term also refers to preventing a disease, and includes preventing the onset of a disease, or preventing the symptoms associated with a disease. A treatment may be either performed in an acute or chronic way. The term also refers to reducing the severity of a disease or symptoms associated with such disease prior to affliction with the disease. Such prevention or reduction of the severity of a disease prior to affliction refers to administration of a treatment to a subject that is not at the time of administration afflicted with the disease. “Preventing” also refers to preventing the recurrence of a disease or of one or more symptoms associated with such disease. 
     Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, any nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those that are well known and commonly used in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear; in the event, however of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. 
     2. COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure include genetically engineered microorganisms, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of treating disorders associated with bile salts and/or bile acids. Specifically, the recombinant bacteria disclosed herein have been engineered to modulate the microbiota of a subject. These recombinant bacteria are safe and well tolerated and augment the innate activities of a subject&#39;s microbiome to achieve a therapeutic effect. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure also include BSH enzymes, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring enzymes. Non-naturally occurring BSH enzymes include, but are not limited to, recombinants, mutants, chimeras, fusion proteins, tagged peptides/polypeptides, and the like, and any combinations thereof. For example, non-naturally occurring BSH enzymes of the present disclosure can include polypeptides having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113, and at least one amino acid substitution. Non-naturally occurring BSH enzymes of the present disclosure can also include chimeric polypeptides or fusion proteins having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113, and at least one additional peptide or polypeptide fragment. In some embodiments, recombinant BSH enzymes contain specific mutations in select amino acids within an active site, or INDELS, as well as peptide or polypeptide fragments of various sections of different BSHs fused together. 
     As disclosed further herein, recombinant BSH enzymes can be included in a pharmaceutical composition. For example, recombinant BSH enzymes can be included within a strain of bacteria (e.g.,  Lactobacillus ) as a plasmid or genomic integration, and/or included with a strain of bacteria as an exogenous peptide, polypeptide, or polynucleotide, which together comprise the pharmaceutical composition. In accordance with these embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating disorders associated with bile salts and/or acids using these pharmaceutical compositions. 
     In some embodiments, a bacterial cell as provided herein has been genetically engineered to comprise a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme. In some embodiments, a bacterial cell disclosed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, and 114) and/or a second gene that is not a BSH enzyme. In some embodiments, the engineered bacteria are capable of modulating levels of bile salts and/or bile acids. In some embodiments, the engineered bacteria are capable of processing and reducing levels of bile salts and/or bile acids in low-oxygen environments (e.g., the gut). Thus, the genetically engineered bacterial cells and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the bacterial cells disclosed herein may be used to convert excess bile salts into non-toxic molecules in order to treat and/or prevent disorders associated with bile salts, such as (but not limited to) cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), antibiotic associated diarrhea, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and  Clostridioides difficile  infections. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterial cells and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the bacterial cells disclosed herein may be used to convert excess bile acids into non-toxic molecules in order to treat and/or prevent disorders associated with bile salts and bile salt metabolites (e.g., bile acids), such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), antibiotic associated diarrhea, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and  Clostridioides difficile  infections. 
     The genetically engineered microorganisms, or programmed microorganisms, such as genetically engineered bacteria of the disclosure are capable of producing one or more bile salt hydrolase enzymes. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are obligate anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are facultative anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are aerobic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are Gram positive-bacteria and lack LPS. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are Gram-positive and obligate anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are Gram-positive and facultative anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are non-pathogenic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are commensal bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are probiotic bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are naturally pathogenic bacteria that are modified or mutated to reduce or eliminate pathogenicity. Exemplary bacteria include, but are not limited to,  Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacteria, Caulobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Saccharomyces, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Vibrio, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve  UCC2003,  Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium butyricum  M-55,  Clostridium cochlearum, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium multifermentans, Clostridium novyi -NT,  Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium pasteureanum, Clostridium pectinovorum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium roseum, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Corynebacterium parvum, Escherichia coli  MG1655,  Escherichia coli  Nissle 1917,  Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Salmonella typhimurium , and  Vibrio cholera . In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are selected from the group consisting of  Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus crispatus Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus  and  Saccharomyces boulardii . In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are selected from the group consisting of  Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus crispatus Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus  and  Saccharomyces boulardii . In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are selected from the group consisting of  Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Clostridium butyricum, Escherichia coli  Nissle,  Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii , and  Lactococcus lactis . In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Gram positive bacterial cell. 
     In another embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Gram negative bacterial cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is selected from one of the following strains:  L. acidophilus  NCFM,  L. acidophilus  La-14,  L. casei  Lc11,  L. crispatus  NCK 1350,  L. crispatus  NCK 1351,  L. crispatus  DNH-429,  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323,  L. gasseri  NCK 1338,  L. gasseri  NCK 1340 , L. gasseri  NCK 1341,  L. gasseri  NCK 1342,  L. gasseri  NCK 1343,  L. gasseri  Lg-36,  L. gasseri  NCK2140,  L. gasseri  NCK2141 , L. gasseri  JV V03,  L. plantarum  Lp-115,  L. johnsonii  NCK948,  L. johnsonii  NCK957,  L. johnsonii  NCK964,  L. johnsonii  NCK979,  L. johnsonii  NCK1370,  L. johnsonii  NCK2677,  L. johnsonii  NCC 533  L. plantarum  Lpc-37,  L. plantarum  Lp115,  L. rhamnosus  HN001,  L. rhamnosus  GG,  L. rhamnosus  Lr-32,  L. reuteri  1E1,  L. salivarius  Ls-33,  L. salivarius  NCK1352,  L. salivarius  NCK1355,  B. lactis  BL-04,  B. lactis  Bb-02,  B. lactis  Bl-04,  B. lactis  Bi-07,  B. breve  Bb-03,  B. bifidum  Bb-06,  B. longum  Bl-05,  B. longum  sp  infantis  Bi-26., or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments of the above described genetically engineered bacteria, the bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzymes. In some embodiments of the above described genetically engineered bacteria, the bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzymes and one or more other exogenous genes. In some embodiments, the gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase is present on a plasmid in the bacterium. In some embodiments, the gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase is present on a plasmid in the bacterium and operatively linked on the plasmid to a non-native promoter. In other embodiments, the gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase is present in the bacterial chromosome. In other embodiments, the gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase is present in the bacterial chromosome and is operatively linked in the chromosome to the promoter. 
     As used herein, the term “bile salt hydrolase” enzyme refers to an enzyme involved in the cleavage of the amino acid sidechain of glycol- or tauro-conjugated bile acids to generate unconjugated bile acids ( FIG. 1 ). Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, bile salt hydrolase activity has been detected in  Lactobacillus  spp.,  Bifidobacterium  spp.,  Enterococcus  spp.,  Clostridium  spp.,  Bacteroides  spp.,  Methanobrevibacter  spp., and  Listeria  spp. The bacterial cells described herein comprise a heterologous gene sequence encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein comprise gene sequence encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme and are capable of deconjugating bile salts into unconjugated bile acids. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of modulating (increasing or decreasing) the levels of bile salts in a subject or cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of increasing the levels of bile acids in a subject or cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of decreasing the level of TCA in a subject or cell. 
     In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of decreasing the level of GCDCA, GCA, TCA, TCDCA, TLCA, TDCA, TUDCA, GLCA, GDCA, GUDCA, FCA, FCDCA, FLCA, FDCA, FUDCA, LCA, LCDCA, LLCA, LDCA, LUDCA, YCA, YCDCA, YLCA, YDCA, YUDCA, and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of increasing the levels of primary bile acids in a subject or cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of increasing the level of CA in a subject or cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of increasing the level of CDCA in a subject or cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cells described herein are capable of increasing the levels of CA and CDCA in a subject or cell. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the rate of bile salt catabolism in the cell. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme decreases the level of bile salts in the cell or in the subject. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme decreases the level of taurocholic acid (TCA) in the cell or in the subject. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme decreases the level of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) in the cell or in the subject. Methods for measuring the rate of bile salt catabolism and the level of bile salts and bile acids are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, bile salts and acids may be extracted from a sample, and standard LC/MS methods may be used to determine the rate of bile salt catabolism and/or level of bile salts and bile acids. 
     In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the level of bile acids in the cell or in the subject as compared to the level of bile salts in the cell or in the subject. In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the level of cholic acid (CA) in the cell. In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the level of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in the cell. 
     In some embodiments, the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and reduce intestinal inflammation the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and reduce atherosclerosis the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and reduce inflammation and/or autoimmune disease in the CNS. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and reduce liver fat and fibrosis. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and increase glucose and insulin tolerance. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and decrease steatohepatitis. the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and decrease the hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and/or reduce TNF-α and/or reduce elevated peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor alpha expression, thereby improving NASH phenotype. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacteria comprise gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s), wherein the bacteria produce CDCA and prevent fibrosis progression, and/or decrease fibrosis and/or decrease cirrhosis development and/or reduce portal hypertension. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure also include nucleic acids comprising gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s) (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, and 114). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzyme(s) that comprise amino acids in its sequence that are substantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein. Amino acid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequences described herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acid substitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions. A conservative amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of a first amino acid by a second amino acid that has chemical and/or physical properties (e.g., charge, structure, polarity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) that are similar to those of the first amino acid. Conservative substitutions include replacement of one amino acid by another within the following groups: lysine (K), arginine (R) and histidine (H); aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), tyrosine (Y), K, R, H, D and E; alanine (A), valine (V), leucine (L), isoleucine (I), proline (P), phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), methionine (M), cysteine (C) and glycine (G); F, W and Y; C, S and T. Similarly contemplated is replacing a basic amino acid with another basic amino acid (e.g., replacement among Lys, Arg, His), replacing an acidic amino acid with another acidic amino acid (e.g., replacement among Asp and Glu), replacing a neutral amino acid with another neutral amino acid (e.g., replacement among Ala, Gly, Ser, Met, Thr, Leu, He, Asn, Gin, Phe, Cys, Pro, Trp, Tyr, Val). 
     In some embodiments, the gene encoding a BSH enzyme is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased activity are selected; and the mutagenized gene encoding the BSH enzyme is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell of the present disclosure. The gene comprising the modifications described herein may be present on a plasmid or chromosome. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid comprising gene sequence encoding one or more BSH enzymes, wherein the BSH enzyme is mutagenized and synthesized into its corresponding peptide or polypeptide. In some embodiments, the BSH enzyme is a chimeric protein comprising different peptide motifs conferring substrate specificity to one more different bile acids, as described further herein. In one embodiment, the BSH enzyme includes at least one amino acid substitution that is present in one of the following peptide motifs: GQD, IPA, and/or AMI. 
     In some embodiments, the mutagenized BSH enzyme is administered to a subject independent of any bacterial cell, and as part of a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition can include one or more mutagenized BHS enzymes, as described further herein. In accordance with these embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating disorders associated with bile salts and/or acids using these pharmaceutical compositions. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprising gene sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzymes, may comprise gene sequence encoding bile salt hydrolase from various different species of bacteria. For example, in one embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from  Lactobacillus  spp. In one embodiment, the  Lactobacillus  spp. is  Lactobacillus plantarum  WCFS1,  Lactobacillus plantarum  80,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  NCC533,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  100-100,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  NCFM ATCC700396,  Lactobacillus brevis  ATCC 367, or  Lactobacillus  gasseri ATCC 33323. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from a  Bifidobacterium  spp. In one embodiment, the  Bifidobacterium  spp. is  Bifidobacterium longum  NCC2705,  Bifidobacterium longum  DJO10A,  Bifidobacterium longum  BB536,  Bifidobacterium longum  SBT2928,  Bifidobacterium bifidum  ATCC 11863, or  Bifidobacterium adolescentis . In another embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from  Bacteroides  spp. In one embodiment, the  Bacteroides  spp. is  Bacteroides fragilis  or  Bacteroides  vulgatus. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from  Clostridium  spp. In one embodiment, the  Clostridium  spp. is  Clostridium perfringens  MCV 185 or  Clostridium perfringens  13. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from  Listeria  spp. In one embodiment, the  Listeria  spp. is  Listeria monocytogenes . In one embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from  Methanobrevibacter  spp. In one embodiment, the  Methanobrevibacter  spp. is  Methanobrevibacter smithii . Other genes encoding bile salt hydrolase enzymes are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a sequence encoding one or more bile salt hydrolase enzymes selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113, or any variants, mutants, chimeras, or fusions thereof. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase has at least about 80% identity with the sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase has at least about 85% identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase has at least about 90% identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase has at least about 95% identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, and 113. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, and 114. 
     Further disclosed herein are methods of treating a disease or disorder associated with bile salts. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or more symptom(s) associated with these diseases or disorders. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder associated with bile salts is cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, such as cirrhosis or NASH, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), gastrointestinal cancer, and/or  C. difficile  infection. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), antibiotic associated diarrhea, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and  Clostridioides difficile  infections. 
     In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or more symptom(s) associated with these diseases, including but not limited to chest pain, heart failure, or weight gain. In some embodiments, the disease is secondary to other conditions, e.g., cardiovascular disease or liver disease. In certain embodiments, the bacterial cells are capable of deconjugating bile salts in a subject in order to treat a disorder associated with bile salts. In these embodiments, a patient suffering from a disorder associated with bile salts, e.g., obesity, may be able to resume a substantially normal diet, or a diet that is less restrictive. 
     In certain embodiments, the bacterial cells are capable of metabolizing primary bile acids into secondary bile acids in a subject in order to treat or prevent a disorder associated with bile salts and/or bile acids, such as  C. difficile  infection. In these embodiments, a subject at risk of suffering from  C. difficile  infection will have enhanced resistance to infection, and a subject having  C. difficile  infection will have enhanced resistance and recover more quickly. For example, a hospital patient receiving treatment will be less likely to become infected with  C. difficile.    
     The method may comprise preparing a pharmaceutical composition with at least one genetically engineered species, strain, or subtype of bacteria described herein, and administering the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in a therapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, the method may comprise preparing a pharmaceutical composition with at least one genetically engineered species, strain, or subtype of bacteria described herein, along with a recombinant polynucleotide or polypeptide comprising a sequence of a BSH enzyme, and administering the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in a therapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme disclosed herein are administered orally, e.g., in a liquid suspension. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme are lyophilized in a gel cap and administered orally. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme are administered via a feeding tube or gastric shunt. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme are administered rectally, e.g., by enema. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme are administered topically, intraintestinally, intrajejunally, intraduodenally, intraileally, and/or intracolically. 
     The method may comprise preparing a pharmaceutical composition with at least one genetically engineered species, strain, or subtype of bacteria described herein, and/or at least one recombinant BSH enzyme, and administering the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in a therapeutically effective amount. The genetically engineered microorganisms and/or recombinant BSH enzymes may be administered locally, e.g., injected directly into a tissue or supplying vessel, or systemically, e.g., intravenously by infusion or injection. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme are administered intravenously, intra-arterially, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, orally, or topically. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms and/or recombinant BSH enzyme are administered intravenously, i.e., systemically. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzyme of the invention may be used to treat, manage, ameliorate, and/or prevent a diseases associated with bile salts or symptom(s) associated with diseases or disorders associated with bile salts. Pharmaceutical compositions of the also include one or more genetically engineered bacteria, and/or one or more recombinant BSH enzymes, alone or in combination with prophylactic agents, therapeutic agents, and/or and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 
     In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one species, strain, or subtype of bacteria that are engineered to comprise the genetic modifications described herein, e.g., to express a bile salt hydrolase enzyme. In alternate embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises two or more species, strains, and/or subtypes of bacteria that are each engineered to comprise the genetic modifications described herein, e.g., to express a bile salt hydrolase enzyme. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into compositions for pharmaceutical use. Methods of formulating pharmaceutical compositions are known in the art (see, e.g., “Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are subjected to tabletting, lyophilizing, direct compression, conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or spray drying to form tablets, granulates, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, microcapsules, microtablets, pellets, or powders, which may be enterically coated or uncoated. Appropriate formulation depends on the route of administration. 
     The genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzymes described herein may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions in any suitable dosage form (e.g., liquids, capsules, sachet, hard capsules, soft capsules, tablets, enteric coated tablets, suspension powders, granules, or matrix sustained release formations for oral administration) and for any suitable type of administration (e.g., oral, topical, injectable, immediate-release, pulsatile-release, delayed-release, or sustained release). Suitable dosage amounts for the genetically engineered bacteria may range from about 10 5  to 10 12  bacteria, e.g., approximately 10 5  bacteria, approximately 10 6  bacteria, approximately 10 7  bacteria, approximately 10 8  bacteria, approximately 10 9  bacteria, approximately 10 10  bacteria, approximately 10 11  bacteria, or approximately 10 12  bacteria, or more. The compositions, which may comprise any combinations of the genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant enzymes described herein, can be administered once or more daily, weekly, or monthly. These compositions may be administered before, during, or following a meal. In some embodiments, these pharmaceutical compositions can be administered before the subject eats a meal. In some embodiments, these pharmaceutical compositions can be administered currently with a meal. In some embodiments, these pharmaceutical compositions can be administered after the subject eats a meal. 
     The genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzymes may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, buffering agents, surface active agents, neutral or cationic lipids, lipid complexes, liposomes, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds, and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or agents. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, the addition of calcium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, and surfactants, including, for example, polysorbate 20. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention may be formulated in a solution of sodium bicarbonate, e.g., 1 molar solution of sodium bicarbonate (to buffer an acidic cellular environment, such as the stomach, for example). The genetically engineered bacteria may be administered and formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc. 
     The genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzymes disclosed herein may be administered topically and formulated in the form of an ointment, cream, transdermal patch, lotion, gel, shampoo, spray, aerosol, solution, emulsion, or other form well-known to one of skill in the art. In an embodiment, for non-sprayable topical dosage forms, viscous to semi-solid or solid forms comprising a carrier or one or more excipients compatible with topical application and having a dynamic viscosity greater than water are employed. Suitable formulations include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, liniments, salves, etc., which may be sterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents (e.g., preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers, or salts) for influencing various properties, e.g., osmotic pressure. Other suitable topical dosage forms include sprayable aerosol preparations wherein the active ingredient in combination with a solid or liquid inert carrier, is packaged in a mixture with a pressurized volatile (e.g., a gaseous propellant, such as freon) or in a squeeze bottle. Moisturizers or humectants can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms. Examples of such additional ingredients are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant bacteria of the invention may be formulated as a hygiene product. For example, the hygiene product may be an antibacterial formulation, or a fermentation product such as a fermentation broth. Hygiene products may be, for example, shampoos, conditioners, creams, pastes, lotions, and lip balms. 
     The genetically engineered bacteria and/or recombinant BSH enzymes disclosed herein may be administered orally and formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc. Pharmacological compositions for oral use can be made using a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose compositions such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carbomethylcellulose; and/or physiologically acceptable polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Disintegrating agents may also be added, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. 
     3. EXAMPLES 
     It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other suitable modifications and adaptations of the methods of the present disclosure described herein are readily applicable and appreciable, and may be made using suitable equivalents without departing from the scope of the present disclosure or the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. Having now described the present disclosure in detail, the same will be more clearly understood by reference to the following examples, which are merely intended only to illustrate some aspects and embodiments of the disclosure, and should not be viewed as limiting to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosures of all journal references, U.S. patents, and publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     The present disclosure has multiple aspects, illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
     Example 1 
       L. acidophilus  NCFM strains,  L. gasseri  strains, and other strains were grown overnight and spotted onto MRS plates, and MRS supplemented with TDCA, and GDCA (conjugated bile acids present in the GIT,  FIGS. 2A-2C ). The plate precipitation assay was used to first determine whether lactobacilli strains had active BSHs. Briefly, bile salts are supplemented onto agar medium and BSH-positive strains are identified by halos of precipitated free bile acids surrounding the colonies due to hydrolysis and acidification of the medium.  Lactobacillus  strains displayed no halos on MRS media alone, as expected, and differential halos were produced when the medium was supplemented with TDCA and GDCA. These data demonstrate that these  Lactobacillus  strains have BSH activity and suggests differences in substrate specificity. 
     Strains that can be used in conjunction with the embodiments provided herein include, but are not limited to,  L. acidophilus  NCFM,  L. casei  ATCC 334,  L. pentosus  DSM 20314,  L. rhamnosus  LGG,  L. bucherni  CD034,  L. jenseni  DSM 20557,  L. gasseri  NCK99 , L. gasseri  ATCC 33323,  L. gasseri  NCK335,  L. gasseri  NCK1338,  L. gasseri  NCK1339 , L. gasseri  NCK1340,  L. gasseri  NCK1341,  L. gasseri  NCK1342  L. gasseri  NCK1343 , L. gasseri  NCK1344,  L. gasseri  NCK1345,  L. gasseri  NCK1346,  L. gasseri  NCK1347 , L. gasseri  NCK1348,  L. gasseri  NCK1349,  L. gasseri  NCK1557,  L. gasseri  NCK2140 , L. gasseri  NCK2141 and  L. gasseri  JV V03. 
     To further evaluate BSH activity from strains in  FIG. 2 ,  L. acidophilus  NCFM bshA and bshB (LaBSHa, and LaBSHb, respectively), and  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323 bshA and bshB (LgBSHa, and LgBSHb, respectively) were expressed recombinantly in  Escherichia coli  strain BL21 (λDE3), purified ( FIG. 9 ), and tested against a panel of relevant conjugated bile acids in an enzymatic assay ( FIG. 10 ). LaBSHa, LaBSHb, and LgBSHb were more active against glyco-conjugated bile acids compared to the tauro-conjugates. LgBSHa displayed high activity against tauro-conjugated bile acids tested. BSH specific activities were determined by Ninhydrin assay. The amount of liberated amino acid was calculated using a standard curve of known concentrations of glycine and taurine. These data demonstrate that recombinant  Lactobacillus  BSHs overexpressed in  E. coli  have different specific activities against conjugated bile acids. 
     The BSH enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycine and/or taurine conjugated bile salts into the amino acid residue and the unconjugated bile acid.  Lactobacillus  strains that were isolated from the human GIT and encode an active BSH (cholylglycine hydrolase) enzyme were characterized (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 3-4 ).  L. acidophilus  NCFM and  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323 strains were selected based on a specific set of criteria. Both strains have fully sequenced genomes, available genetic tools, active and annotated BSHs, and they are associated with positive health effects in human studies. Previous studies have detailed the bsh loci in both strains which share 33% and 65% identity at the protein level. To date,  L. acidophilus  NCFM BSH enzymes have only been characterized with a plate precipitation assay and gene knockouts in both bsh genes (bshA and bshB) have been constructed. Even though,  L. gasseri  ATCC 33323 encodes two different bsh genes, they have not been fully characterized, nor have other clinically relevant  L. gasseri  strains and their BSHs. 
       Lactobacillus  strains that can grow in the presence of conjugated bile acids and display a halo or precipitation on the plate assay, were subjected to a BSH enzyme assay. Briefly,  Lactobacillus  strains are cultured anaerobically at 37° C. overnight in 15 ml reduced MRS broth. BSH activity is determined through a modified two-step process, as previously described. In the first step, 100 μl of whole cell extract, 90 μl of reaction buffer (0.1M sodium phosphate, pH 6.0), and 10 μl of specific conjugated bile acids (100 mM) are gently mixed and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. The reaction is stopped by adding 50 μl of 15% trichloroacetic acid to a 50 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture. This mixture is centrifuged at room temperature for 5 min at 12,000×g to remove any precipitate. In the second step 50 μl of the resulting supernatant from the previous step is added to 950 μl of ninhydrin reagent. The reaction mixture is incubated for 14 min in a boiling water bath and cooled on ice for 3 min. Absorbance at 570 nm (A570) is measured. A standard curve using taurine or glycine is generated for each assay to determine the molecular extinction coefficient. All assays are carried out in triplicate with two biological replicates. BSH activity is stated as μmol of taurine or glycine released from the substrate per min per mg of crude extract. 
     BSHs belong to the choloylglycine hydrolase family and there are many members of the gut microbiota that encode the bsh gene, although their function remains unclear. Although they share a conserved amino acid active site (Cys2, Arg18, Asp21, Asn175, and Arg228), BSHs differ in enzyme kinetic properties, substrate specificity, optimal pH, and regulation. The Cys2 is required for nucleophilic attack of the N-acyl amide bond, which is conserved in all active BSHs. While the active site amino acids are conserved, the residues that make up the substrate-binding pocket are not. Studies detailing the enzyme kinetic properties of  Lactobacillus  BSHs are lacking. To better understand BSH enzyme kinetics lactobacilli bsh genes were cloned into expression vector pET-21b and transformed into  E. coli  BL21 (λDE3) cells, which has isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducible expression of T7-RNA polymerase encoded on the chromosome. Large-scale protein expression and purification of recombinant  Lactobacillus  BSHs were be done via his-tag affinity chromatography with a nickel column. All fractions were be visualized on 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and enzyme assays were be performed throughout each purification step. 
     Example 2 
     A phylogenetic tree was created for the 170 species of lactobacilli on the basis of the pyruvate kinase enzyme sequence ( FIG. 3 ) using the method recently described by Brandt and Barrangou. A metadata layer of unknown, free-living, insect-adapted, nomadic, or vertebrate-adapted lifestyles was added as recently described by Duar et al. The presence and absence of BSH proteins was mapped to the 170  Lactobacillus  species ( FIG. 3 ). The majority (84.62%) of species encoding BSH proteins mapped to the vertebrate-adapted lifestyle (with a minority mapping to unknown [12.82%] and nomadic [2.56%] lifestyles). No BSH-containing species mapped to the insect-adapted lifestyle. This distribution pattern likely reflects evolutionary pressure on vertebrate-associated species to preferentially encode BSH proteins. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5A-5C , Lactobacilli BSHs display varied preferences for conjugated bile acids. To evaluate BSH activity from model Lactobacilli strain,  L. johnsonii  bshA, bshB and bshC (LjBSHa, LjBSHb, and LjBSHc respectively) were purified and their specific activities and pH optima were determined by the Ninhydrin assay. Enzymes tested displayed different preferences for glyco-conjugated and tauro-conjugated bile acids and acidic conditions ( FIG. 5A ). Conservation analysis of the BSH amino acid sequence was also performed ( FIG. 5C ). The alignment of the representative BSH proteins from the 57 clusters from the clustered data set was analyzed for conserved amino acid motifs. A conservation score of 0.75 or higher is indicated by a dashed line. Motifs and conserved amino acids are indicated by the WebLogo. An asterisk indicates the previously described conserved active-site residues, from O&#39;Flaherty et al., 2018 ( FIG. 5C ). 
     Example 3 
     The germ free mouse lacks a gut microbiota or bacteria able to deconjugate taurine conjugated bile acids into unconjugated bile acids. Targeted bile acid metabolomics of the GF mouse revealed that the GIT (ileum, cecum, and colon) is solely made up of taurine conjugated primary bile acids, TαMCA, TβMCA, TCA, TCDCA, and THDCA/TUDCA ( FIG. 15 ). The GF mouse represents a robust model system due to its lack of a gut microbiota and the presence of taurine conjugated primary bile acids in the GIT. In preliminary studies, GF mice were mono-colonized with 10 9  CFUs of  L. acidophilus  of  L. gasseri  WT or a strain lacking both BSHs (ΔbshAB) on Day 0. Feces was collected throughout a one-week period, cecal content on Day 7, and plated for bacterial enumeration. 
     By day 7, the WT  L. gasseri  strain had significantly less CFUs than the double mutant, suggesting that some BSHs can be detrimental for fitness in the mouse GIT ( FIG. 19A ). Over the same timeframe,  L. acidophilus  colonization was not impacted by the ΔbshAB deletion ( FIG. 19B ). 
     Previous studies have defined the microbiome of the ileum and cecum after various antibiotic treatments including, cefoperazone, clindamycin, vancomycin, metronidazole, and kanamycin. To examine the relationship between members of the gut microbiota and bile acids, the Spearman&#39;s rank correlation coefficient was calculated for all Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) bile acid pairs using data across all mouse treatment groups from both ileum and cecum ( FIG. 7 ). To visualize these correlations, unsupervised clustering of OTUs and bile acids from all treatment groups was performed, which revealed three distinct OTU clusters (O1-O3) and two bile acid clusters (B1-B2). The organization of the correlation revealed distinctive relationships between OTUs and bile acids in the different groups. OTUs in the first OTU cluster (O1) were positively correlated with bile acids in the first bile acid cluster B1, which was made up of taurine conjugated bile acids (aqua), and negatively correlated with most of the bile acids in cluster B2. The OTUs in cluster O1 include many members from the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, more specifically from the Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae families. Cluster O1 has the opposite relationship with cluster B2, which contains all of the secondary bile (black). This is in contrast to the relationship between cluster O2 and B2, which has a positive correlation. O2 is made up of members from the Firmicutes phylum; specifically, these Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae family members are positively correlated with all secondary bile acids. Cluster O3 is made up of members from the Bacteroidetes phylum, from the Porphyromonadaceae family, and is positively correlated with all bile acids from clusters B1 and B2. In some cases, as would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the present disclosure, use of qRT-PCR experiments can be conducted to define expression of FXR-signaling related genes in paired tissue samples from  FIG. 7  and in GF mice seen in  FIG. 6 . 
       C. difficile  colonization and pathogenesis in the GIT is exquisitely sensitive to the changes in the gut microbiota and alterations in the bile acid pool. Previous studies developed a mouse model that approximates CDI in humans. After antibiotic treatment, mice are susceptible to CDI, and their gut is made up of host associated primary bile acids, specifically TCDCA and TCA. TCDCA alone does not affect  C. difficile ; however the deconjugated CDCA inhibits  C. difficile  spore germination, and kills vegetative cells. In patients with recurrent CDI, increased levels of TCDCA have been observed in the feces prior to their FMT. It has also been reported that there is a significant decrease in TCDCA in stool samples post FMT when compared to pre-FMT samples. These data in humans and mice make TCDCA an effective target for the BSH enzymes in a CDI mouse model. 
     Example 4 
     As shown in  FIGS. 9-11 , recombinant BHSs were overexpressed and purified to homogeneity, and experiments were conducted to evaluate their activity. Two recombinant BSH enzymes were used for this assay. LjoBSHc, a BSH specific for taurine conjugated bile acids (TCDCA), was chosen due to  C. difficile &#39;s sensitivity to the CDCA that is released. LjoBSHa is specific for glycine conjugated bile acids (GCDCA). TCDCA was chosen as a conjugated bile acid to be used in the growth assays due to  C. difficile &#39;s sensitivity to the CDCA that is released from BSH activity.  C. difficile  grown in BHIS media supplemented with TCDCA shows no inhibition of growth, whereas with CDCA there is complete inhibition ( FIG. 9 ). When  C. difficile  is cultured with LjoBSHa, there is growth presumably because it cannot efficiently cleave TCDCA (it is most active on GDCA). A high dosage of LjoBSHa is needed to overcome its catalytic deficiency ( FIG. 9 ). These data also show that only when  C. difficile  is supplemented with TCDCA and LjoBSHc that there is efficient inhibition of growth due to the cleavage of TCDCA into CDCA. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , average specific activities from recombinantly expressed and purified (A) LaBSHa, (B) LaBSHb, (C) LgBSHa, and (D) LgBSHb were determined by the ninhydrin assay on a panel of conjugated bile acids. Error bars represent s.d. from n=3 independent experiments. These are enzymatic activities on a variety of conjugated bile acids from the BSHs encoded by the strains in the previous figure.  Lactobacillus acidophilus /gasseri BSHs display variable preferences for bile acid conjugation. 
     Additionally, the results provided in  FIG. 11  demonstrate that purified recombinant BSHs exhibit optimum activity over a range of different pH values. The relative specific activities are provided across the range of pH values shown for LaBSHa ( FIG. 11A ), LaBSHb ( FIG. 11B ), LgBSHa ( FIG. 11C ), and LgBSHb ( FIG. 11D ) with their respective preferred substrates. 
     Example 5 
       FIGS. 12-14  include representative results of experiments conducted to evaluate the role of BSH activity during  L. acidophilus  growth. In frame clean deletions of the bshA and bshB genes from  L. acidophilus  were constructed resulting in strains that do not harbor a plasmid in the chromosome and therefore do not require antibiotics in the growth medium. The  L. acidophilus  strains with deletion in bshA, bshB, and bshAB were tested in plate assays and growth curves were determined. The ΔbshA, ΔbshB, and ΔbshAB  L. acidophilus  and  L. gasseri  strains were grown in the presence of conjugated bile acids to test BSH contributions to bile acid detoxification.  FIG. 12  provides growth curves of  L. acidophilus  mutants grown in a variety of bile acid concentrations. As shown, single and double BSH mutants (ΔbshA and ΔbshB) were grown in MRS media supplemented with bile acids. The results demonstrate that growth curve phenotypes are dependent on both the type and concentration of bile acid present. The double deletion  L. acidophilus  mutant ΔbshAB was significantly inhibited by 2.5 mM GCDCA, 2.5 mM GDCA, and 5 mM TDCA. However, this strain&#39;s growth was less inhibited by 5 mM GCA and 5 mM TCDCA. The double deletion  L. gasseri  mutant ΔbshAB was significantly inhibited by 2.5 mM GCDCA and 1.25 mM GDCA. However, this strain&#39;s growth was significantly less inhibited by 5 mM GCA and 5 mM TCA ( FIG. 18B ). These data underscore a potential role for manipulating BSH activity to impact lactobacilli fitness in the dynamic GIT. 
     Additionally, representative results provided in  FIG. 13  demonstrates that  L. acidophilus  bshA and bshB contribute to bile acid detoxification in a substrate dependent manner. Growth curves of BSH mutants in the presence of various bile acids at a single concentration are provided. To evaluate the role of BSH activity during  L. acidophilus  growth, single and double BSH mutants were grown in MRS media alone ( FIG. 13A ) or MRS media supplemented with bile acids GCA ( FIG. 13B ), TCA ( FIG. 13C ), GCDCA ( FIG. 13D ), TCDCA ( FIG. 13E ), GDCA ( FIG. 13F ), and TDCA ( FIG. 13G ). Growth was determined after 24 hours by OD600. The results are consistent with those of  FIG. 12 , which demonstrate that growth curve phenotypes are dependent on both the type and concentration of bile acid present. 
     Experiments were also conducted to evaluate the effects of recombinant BSHs in vivo by investigating targeted metabolomics of conjugated primary bile acids from germfree mice mono-colonized with either wild type or ΔbshAB  L. acidophilus . Targeted metabolomics of  L. acidophilus  monocolonized mice was performed to assess the concentrations of the prominent conjugated primary murine bile acids (TCA, TCDCA, and TMCA) in the serum, ileum, or cecum, encompassing full enterohepatic recirculation. Wild-type  L. acidophilus  did not induce any significant changes in the tested bile acid levels relative to the ΔbshAB mutant, indicating that colonizing mice with  L. acidophilus  encoding BSHs did not result in high levels of deconjugation. Thus, although BSHs can be effectively administered in vivo, various probiotic strains and/or delivered BSHs may need to be altered and optimized for efficient deconjugation in vivo. 
     Example 6 
     Experiments were conducted to evaluate the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of the various bile acids described herein, which can be an indicator of the capacity of a detergent to induce membrane damage.  FIG. 15  includes representative bile acid structures ( FIG. 15A ) and their critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) ( FIGS. 15B-15C ) determined experimentally. Bars represent mean CMC±s.e.m from n=2 independent experiments. CMCs were determined using Optimizer-BlueBALLS. Absorbance data from two independent experiments was plotted against bile acid concentrations for each molecule. A standard five-parameter logistic curve fit was performed using Graphpad Prism, and the CMC was determined by calculating the inflection point of each curve represented by the Log 10  EC50. Inflection point values represent mean±s.e.m. 
     Experiments were also conducted to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various bile acids against wild type and mutant strains of  L. acidophilus  and  L. gasseri . As shown in  FIGS. 16A-16B , BSH null  L. acidophilus  and  L. gasseri  (ΔbshAB) strains were used to determine conjugated and deconjugated bile acid MICs. Wild type and ΔbshAB MICs of deconjugated bile acids only are shown in  FIG. 16B . Bars represent mean MICs from n=3 independent experiments. These data demonstrate the unexpected finding that bile acid deconjugation does not necessarily exert positive effects on BSH-encoding  Lactobacillus  in all cases; thus, modulation of the bile acid pool, especially in the context of a disease or condition, is more complex than previously realized. 
     Additionally, representative results in  FIG. 17  demonstrate that BSHs impact  Lactobacillus  fitness in a BSH and bile acid specific-manner.  L. acidophilus  ( FIG. 17A ) and  L. gasseri  ( FIG. 17B ) BSH mutants were grown for 24 h in MRS, GCA, TCA, GCDCA, TCDCA, GDCA, of TDCA. Error bars represent s.d. from n=4 independent experiments. Dashed lined denotes the approximate starting CFUs/mL at 0 h. Exogenous recombinant LaBSHa and LaBSHb (LaBSHab) or LgBSHa and LgBSHb (LgBSHab) were supplemented to cultures in equimolar amounts to  L. acidophilus  ΔbshAB or  L. gasseri  ΔbshAB growths to functionally complement ΔbshAB strains. These data represent a comprehensive summary of growth phenotypes on various bile acids and across various bsh mutant strains. As demonstrated, in some cases, BSHs assist  Lactobacillus  in adapting to bile acid stress, and in other cases, BSHs exacerbate bile acid toxicity and growth inhibition. Additionally, purified recombinant BSHs were added to the ΔbshAB mutants to show that BSHs can function exogenously outside the cell as well, and functionally complement the mutant. 
     Example 7 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , experiments were conducted to evaluate how BSH activity can alter membrane integrity and competitive dynamics in a bile acid specific manner. Propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to assess membrane integrity of mid-log grown  Lactobacillus  exposed to various bile acids or heat killed (HK). Normalized fluorescence was calculated by subtracting background PI fluorescence and normalizing to the starting OD600 at bile acid exposure ( FIGS. 18A-18B ). Bars represent average fluorescence from n=3 independent experiments and error bars represent standard deviation (s.d.). Competitive indexes for  Lactobacillus  co-cultures anaerobically for 24 h in the presence of various bile acids ( FIGS. 18C-18D ). Competitive indexes (CI) were calculated as follows: CI=Final[Log 10 (ΔbshAB CFUs)/Log 10 (wild type CFUs)]/Initial[Log 10 (ΔbshAB CFUs)/Log 10 (wild type CFUs)]. Equimolar LaBSHa and LaBSHb (LaBSHab) or LgBSHa and LgBSHb (LgBSHab) were added to cultures at 0 h. Dashed lines denotes a CI=0. 
     These data demonstrate the basis of a mechanism for BSH-related growth phenotypes. Unexpectedly, BSH activity may exert beneficial or detrimental effects in a bacterium by protecting it from or exposing it to toxic bile acids ( FIGS. 18A-18B ). Additionally, these data demonstrate unpredictable nature of the effects that BSHs have on bacterial competition during co-culture ( FIGS. 18C-18D ). 
     Example 8 
     The activity of the various BSHs used herein were then evaluated from an evolutionary perspective. As shown in  FIG. 20 , BSH specificity was shown to exhibit an evolutionary relationship. Recombinantly expressed and purified LAB BSHs were assayed for deconjugation against a panel of glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids. Specific activities for each BSH were determined by quantifying the rate of amino acid release by Ninhydrin assay. A phylogenetic tree based on the primary amino acid sequence of each BSH was constructed using the neighbor joining method ( FIG. 20A ). Some BSH Glades exhibit similar substrate specificity profiles which can be used to predict the activity of a BSH and understand which residues contribute to substrate specificity. Corresponding SEQ ID NOs for each BSH (percent amino acid identity for each is &gt;95%) are provided in  FIG. 20B . 
     Overall, these analyses provide a summary of the enzymatic activities of the BSHs tested herein as well as their evolutionary distances based on amino acid sequence. All BSHs showed a preference for either glycine or taurine-conjugated bile acids. 
     Example 9 
     Sequence alignments and structural prediction ( FIG. 21 ) facilitated the identification of putative regions of the BSH active site that determine substrate specificity. Three chimeric mutants were made to test the effect on substrate specificity. In particular, three regions of LgBSHa (GQD, IPA, and AMI) were predicted to play a role in coordinating the conjugated glycine in GCA into the active site based on the  L. salivarius  BSH highlighted in  FIG. 21B . To understand the importance of each region in determining substrate preference, chimeric mutants were generated by replacing those motifs from LgBSHa (that prefers taurine conjugated bile acids) with analogous motifs from homologous BSHs that prefer glycine conjugated bile acids. As shown in  FIG. 21C , chimeric mutants were then assayed for BSH activity on the substrates GCA and TCA. The GQD 23 EFS mutation did not have any impact on substrate preference, but the IPA 222 DSE mutation significantly diminished activity on both substrates. Additionally, the AMI 258 EQQ mutation significantly decreased activity on TCA but not GCA, suggesting that this motif is important for coordinating taurine conjugated bile acids. The chimera AMI mutant was determined to be novel because it generated a mutated BSH with new substrate specificity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 22 , two recombinant BSH enzymes were used for this assay. LjoBSHc, a BSH specific for taurine conjugated bile acids (TCDCA in  FIG. 22A ), was chosen due to  C. difficile &#39;s sensitivity to the CDCA that is released. LjoBSHa is specific for glycine conjugated bile acids (GCDCA in  FIG. 22A ). TCDCA was chosen as a conjugated bile acid to be used in this growth ( FIGS. 22B-22C ) assay due to  C. difficile &#39;s sensitivity to the CDCA that is released from BSH activity.  C. difficile  grown in BHIS media supplemented with TCDCA shows no inhibition of growth, whereas with CDCA there is complete inhibition. When  C. difficile  is cultured with LjoBSHa in  FIG. 22B , there is growth presumably because it cannot efficiently cleave TCDCA (it is most active on GDCA). A high dosage of LjoBSHa is needed to overcome its catalytic deficiency. In  FIG. 22C , data demonstrate that only when  C. difficile  is supplemented with TCDCA and LjoBSHc is there efficient inhibition of growth due to the cleavage of TCDCA into CDCA. Thus, these data demonstrate that two BSHs with different bile acid preferences can be used to inhibit  C. diff  growth based on the presence of their preferred substrates, and that the specificity of the BSH enzyme is important for inhibition of  C. difficile.    
     As shown in  FIG. 23 ,  C. difficile  vegetative cells were diluted in both control cecal content and cecal content pre-incubated with 10 μM of LgBSHa. While both conditions were able to support  C. difficile  growth, the addition of LgBSHa significantly limited  C. difficile  replication. This suggests that the BSH, which is specific to taurine conjugated bile acids such as TCDCA, was active in cecal content and generated deconjugated bile acids that inhibited  C. difficile . These data demonstrate that BSH activity can generate inhibitory deconjugated bile acids in mouse cecal content that inhibits  C. diff  growth. 
     Sequences. The various embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may include one or more of the sequences referenced below, which can be found in the corresponding sequence listing. 
     WP_003546965.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus acidophilus ] (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
     NC_006814.3 869317-870294 (−)  Lactobacillus acidophilus  NCFM chromosome, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 2). 
     WP_003547395.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus acidophilus ] (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     NC_006814.3 1058279-1059256 (+)  Lactobacillus acidophilus  NCFM chromosome, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 4). 
     WP_056976419.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus agilis ] (SEQ ID NO: 5). 
     NZ_AYYP01000019.1 39634-40608 (−)  Lactobacillus agilis  DSM 20509, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
     WP_056939313.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus amylovorus ] (SEQ ID NO: 7). 
     NZ_CP017706.1 1987830-1988807 (−)  Lactobacillus amylovorus  DSM 20531, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     WP_013641959.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus amylovorus ] (SEQ ID NO: 9). 
     NC_015214.1 1143487-1144464 (+)  Lactobacillus amylovorus  strain 30SC, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 10). 
     WP_010690294.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus animalis ] (SEQ ID NO: 11). 
     NZ_JMHU01000001.1 90494−91468 (+)  Lactobacillus animalis  strain 381-IL-28, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12). 
     WP_007123019.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus antri ] (SEQ ID NO: 13). 
     NZ_AZDK01000017.1 3962-4939 (+)  Lactobacillus antri  DSM 16041, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14). 
     KRK55307.1 choloylglycine hydrolase [ Lactobacillus antri  DSM 16041] (SEQ ID NO: 15). 
     AZDK01000040.1 10995-11966 (−)  Lactobacillus antri  DSM 16041, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16). 
     WP_025087276.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus apodemi ] (SEQ ID NO: 17). 
     NZ_AZFT01000006.1 27647-28621 (+)  Lactobacillus apodemi  DSM 16634, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18). 
     WP_025087062.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus apodemi ] (SEQ ID NO: 19). 
     NZ_AZFT01000053.1 337991-338968 (+)  Lactobacillus apodemi  DSM 16634=JCM 16172, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 20). 
     KRM52756.1 choloylglycine hydrolase [ Lactobacillus aviarius  subsp.  araffinosus  DSM 20653] (SEQ ID NO: 21). 
     AYYZ01000015.1 32728-33693 (−)  Lactobacillus aviarius  subsp.  araffinosus  DSM 20653, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 22). 
     KRM51566.1 choloylglycine hydrolase [ Lactobacillus aviarius  subsp.  araffinosus  DSM 20653] (SEQ ID NO: 23). 
     AYYZ01000030.1 84720-85673 (+)  Lactobacillus aviarius  subsp.  araffinosus  DSM 20653, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 24). 
     WP_006917586.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus coleohominis ] (SEQ ID NO: 25). 
     NZ_GG698807.1 84982-85968 (−)  Lactobacillus coleohominis  101-4-CHN, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 26). 
     WP_005718943.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus crispatus ] (SEQ ID NO: 27). 
     NZ_GG669816.1 298652-299629 (−)  Lactobacillus crispatus  JV-V01, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 28). 
     WP_023488404.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus crispatus ] (SEQ ID NO: 29). 
     NZ_AXLM01000021.1 27967-28944 (−)  Lactobacillus crispatus  EM-LC1, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 30). 
     WP_068813776.1 linear amide C—N hydrolase [ Lactobacillus crispatus ] (SEQ ID NO: 31). 
     NZ_PKIWO1000023.1 17541-18491 (+)  Lactobacillus crispatus  strain UMB0085, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 32). 
     WP_013439461.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus delbrueckii ] (SEQ ID NO: 33). 
     NC_014727.1 878842-879816 (−)  Lactobacillus delbrueckii  subsp.  bulgaricus  ND02, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 34). 
     WP_008460025.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus equicursoris ] (SEQ ID NO: 35). 
     NZ_CALZ01000132.1 4316-5290 (+)  Lactobacillus equicursoris  66c, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 36). 
     WP_057750462.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus frumenti ] (SEQ ID NO: 37). 
     NZ_AZER01000016.1 90337-91314 (+)  Lactobacillus frumenti  DSM 13145, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 38). 
     WP_056945645.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus gallinarum ] (SEQ ID NO: 39). 
     NZ_AZEL01000083.1 23986-24963 (−)  Lactobacillus gallinarum  DSM 10532=JCM 2011 strain DSM 10532 NODE 173, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO:40). 
     WP_003648098.1 linear amide C—N hydrolase [ Lactobacillus gasseri ] (SEQ ID NO: 41). 
     NC_008530.1 69430-70380 (−)  Lactobacillus gasseri  ATCC 33323, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 42). 
     WP_003647335.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus gasseri ] (SEQ ID NO: 43). 
     NC_008530.1 960746-961723 (+)  Lactobacillus gasseri  ATCC 33323, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 44). 
     WP_003649005.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus paragasseri ] (SEQ ID NO: 45). 
     NZ_CP040500.1 823547-824527 (+)  Lactobacillus paragasseri  JV-V03, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 46). 
     WP_048686801.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus gasseri ] (SEQ ID NO: 47). 
     NZ_MUJA01000002.1 362407-363387 (+)  Lactobacillus gasseri  strain AL5, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 48). 
     WP_049159599.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus gasseri ] (SEQ ID NO: 49). 
     NZ_MTZT01000001.1 791430-792410 (−)  Lactobacillus gasseri  strain AL3, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50). 
     WP_008474271.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus gigeriorum ] (SEQ ID NO: 51). 
     NZ_CAKC01000094.1 5388-6368 (+)  Lactobacillus gigeriorum  CRBIP 24.85, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 52). 
     WP_093625227.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus gorillae ] (SEQ ID NO: 53). 
     NZ_BCAH01000018.1 62312-63292 (−)  Lactobacillus gorillae  strain KZ01, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 54). 
     WP_025081289.1 bile salt hydrolase [ Lactobacillus hamsteri ] (SEQ ID NO: 55). 
     NZ_AZGI01000062.1 8492-9469 (−)  Lactobacillus hamsteri  DSM 5661=JCM 6256 strain DSM 5661 NODE 93, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 56). 
     KRO15311.1 hypothetical protein IV62 GL000337 [ Lactobacillus helveticus ] (SEQ ID NO: 57). 
     JQCJ01000014.1 7605-8582 (−)  Lactobacillus helveticus  strain LMG 22464, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 58). 
     WP_008470790.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus hominis ] (SEQ ID NO: 59). 
     NZ_CAKE01000010.1 103437-104414 (+)  Lactobacillus hominis  CRBIP 24.179 whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60). 
     WP_056955493.1 choloylglycine hydrolase protein family [ Lactobacillus ingluviei ] (SEQ ID NO: 61). 
     NZ_AZFK01000085.1 846-1829 (−)  Lactobacillus ingluviei  DSM 15946, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 62). 
     WP_057810467.1 choloylglycine hydrolase protein family [ Lactobacillus intestinalis ] (SEQ ID NO: 63). 
     NZ_AZGN01000044.1 42134-43111 (−)  Lactobacillus intestinalis  DSM 6629, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 64). 
     WP_057810964.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus intestinalis ] (SEQ ID NO: 65). 
     NZ_AZGN01000048.1 20014-20994 (−)  Lactobacillus intestinalis  DSM 6629, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO:66). 
     WP_057811657.1 conjugated bile salt hydrolase [ Lactobacillus intestinalis ] (SEQ ID NO: 67). 
     NZ_AZGN01000055.1 59158-60108 (+)  Lactobacillus intestinalis  DSM 6629, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 68). 
     WP_004898444.1 conjugated bile salt hydrolase [ Lactobacillus johnsonii ] (SEQ ID NO: 69). 
     NC_005362.1 77465-78415 (−)  Lactobacillus johnsonii  NCC 533, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 70). 
     WP_011161986.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus johnsonii ] (SEQ ID NO: 71). 
     NC_005362.1 1065946-1066923 (+)  Lactobacillus johnsonii  NCC 533, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 72). 
     WP_011162170.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus johnsonii ] (SEQ ID NO: 73). 
     NC_005362.1 1286673-1287653 (−)  Lactobacillus johnsonii  NCC 533, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 74). 
     WP_004897162.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus johnsonii ] (SEQ ID NO: 75). 
     AFQJ01000004.1 720-1700 (+)  Lactobacillus johnsonii  pf01, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 76). 
     WP_057797848.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus kalixensis ] (SEQ ID NO: 77). 
     NZ_AZFM01000007.1 62-1039 (−)  Lactobacillus kalixensis  DSM 16043, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 78). 
     WP_057798736.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus kalixensis ] (SEQ ID NO: 79). 
     NZ_AZFM01000016.1 8000-8977 (+)  Lactobacillus kalixensis  DSM 16043, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 80). 
     WP_056941310.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ] (SEQ ID NO: 81). 
     AZEM01000127.1 117315-118265 (+)  Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens  subsp.  kefirgranum  DSM 10550=JCM 8572, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82). 
     WP_006499363.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus mucosae ] (SEQ ID NO: 83). 
     NZ_AZEQ01000014.1 64201-65181 (−)  Lactobacillus mucosae  DSM 13345, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 84). 
     WP_056959219.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus murinus ] (SEQ ID NO: 85). 
     NZ_BCVJO1000114.1 203-1180 (+)  Lactobacillus murinus  DSM 20452=NBRC 14221, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 86). 
     WP_003711849.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus oris ] (SEQ ID NO: 87). 
     NZ_AEKL01000025.1 102912-103889 (−)  Lactobacillus oris  PB013-T2-3, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 88). 
     WP_003715241.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus oris ] (SEQ ID NO: 89). 
     NZ_AZGE01000001.1 271904-272881 (−)  Lactobacillus oris  DSM 4864, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 90). 
     KRM25060.1 choloylglycine hydrolase [ Lactobacillus panis ] (SEQ ID NO: 91). 
     NZ_AZGM01000138.1 91-1068 (−)  Lactobacillus panis  DSM 6035, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 92). 
     WP_003642898.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus plantarum ] (SEQ ID NO: 93). 
     NZ_AZEJ01000005.1 141793-142767 (−)  Lactobacillus plantarum  subsp.  plantarum  ATCC 14917=JCM 1149=CGMCC 1.2437, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 94). 
     SFE54619.1 choloylglycine hydrolase [ Lactobacillus rogosae ] (SEQ ID NO: 95). 
     FONU01000010.1 85472-86449 (−)  Lactobacillus rogosae  strain ATCC 27753, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 96). 
     SFE73109.1 choloylglycine hydrolase [ Lactobacillus rogosae ] (SEQ ID NO: 97). 
     FONU01000017.1 2131-3120 (−)  Lactobacillus rogosae  strain ATCC 27753, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 98). 
     WP_003697845.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus ruminis ] (SEQ ID NO: 99). 
     NZ_AFYE01000056.1 37484-38458 (+)  Lactobacillus ruminis  ATCC 25644, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 100). 
     WP_034983830.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus salivarius ] (SEQ ID NO: 101). 
     NZ_CP007646.1 789241-790218 (+)  Lactobacillus salivarius  strain JCM1046, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 102). 
     WP_003706767.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus salivarius ] (SEQ ID NO: 103). 
     NZ_AFMN01000003.1 7914-8888 (+)  Lactobacillus salivarius  NIAS840, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 104). 
     WP_057742369.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus secaliphilus ] (SEQ ID NO: 105). 
     NZ_JQBW01000010.1 627328-628302 (−)  Lactobacillus secaliphilus  strain DSM 17896, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 106). 
     WP_007125470.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus ultunensis ] (SEQ ID NO: 107). 
     NZ_GG693253.1 508807-509784 (−)  Lactobacillus ultunensis  DSM 16047, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 108). 
     WP_076461871.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus  sp. Marseille-P3519] (SEQ ID NO: 109). 
     NZ_FTOY01000011.1 692188-693165 (−)  Lactobacillus  sp. Marseille-P3519, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 110). 
     WP_056974571.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus vaginalis ] (SEQ ID NO: 111). 
     NZ_AZGL01000010.1 39469-40446 (−)  Lactobacillus vaginalis  DSM 5837 ATCC 49540 strain DSM 5837, whole genome shotgun sequence (SEQ ID NO: 112). 
     WP_003668136.1 choloylglycine hydrolase family protein [ Lactobacillus reuteri ] (SEQ ID NO: 113). 
     NC_009513.1 799117-800094 (+)  Lactobacillus reuteri  DSM 20016, complete genome (SEQ ID NO: 114).