Patent Publication Number: US-2023145581-A1

Title: Auricular nerve stimulation to address patient disorders, and associated systems and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/066,404, filed Oct. 8, 2020, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/581,139, filed Sep. 24, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,835,747, which claims priority to the following co-pending U.S. Provisional Applications 62/735,492, filed on Sep. 24, 2018; 62/785,205, filed on Dec. 26, 2018; and 62/891,203, filed on Aug. 23, 2019. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present technology is directed generally to auricular nerve stimulation techniques for addressing patient disorders, and associated systems and methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electrical energy application (“electrical stimulation”) to nerves or other neural tissue for the treatment of medical conditions has been used for many decades. Cardiac pacemakers are one of the earliest and most widespread examples of electrical stimulation to treat medical conditions, with wearable pacemakers dating from the late 1950s and early 1960s. In addition, electrical stimulation has been applied to the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, including the vagal nerve. More specifically, electrical stimulation has been applied transcutaneously to the vagal nerves to address various patient indications. While such stimulation has provided successful patient outcomes in at least some instances, there remains a need for improved systems for delivery of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation that are compact, light, comfortable for the patient, without stimulation-induced perceptions, consistently positionable in the same location, and able to consistently deliver electrical current over a relatively wide area to accommodate anatomical differences. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a partially schematic side view of a human ear, illustrating a representative target region for stimulation in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  2    is a partially schematic illustration of a system having earpieces, a signal generator, and an external controller arranged in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  illustrate an earpiece having electrodes positioned to apply stimulation in a clinical setting, in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  4    is a partially schematic illustration of a system having a signal generator positioned within a housing that fits around the patient&#39;s neck, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  are further illustrations of portions of the representative system shown in  FIG.  4   . 
         FIGS.  6 A and  6 B  are partially schematic isometric illustrations of an earpiece carrying two electrodes in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  7    is a partially schematic illustration of an earpiece that includes custom-fit components in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  are partially schematic rear and side views, respectively, of a system having a signal generator integrated with two earpieces, in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  illustrate a system that includes multiple earpieces, each with an integrated signal generator, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  illustrate a technique for manufacturing an electrode to provide auricular stimulation in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  illustrate a representative technique for manufacturing larger volumes of electrodes in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  12    is a schematic illustration of a representative wave form in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIGS.  13  and  14    illustrate representative clinical processes for demonstrating use of the stimulation devices configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General aspects of the anatomical and physiological environment in which the disclosed technology operates are described under Heading 1.0 (“Introduction”) below. Definitions of selected terms are provided under Heading 2.0 (“Definitions”). Representative treatment systems and their characteristics are described under Heading 3.0 (“Representative Systems”). Representative signal delivery parameters are described under Heading 4.0, representative indications and effects are described under Heading 5.0, representative clinical evaluations are described under Heading 6.0, representative pharmacological supplements are described under Heading 7.0, and further representative embodiments are described under Heading 8.0. 
     1.0 Introduction 
     The present technology is directed generally to auricular nerve stimulation to address patient disorders, and associated systems and methods. In particular embodiments, electrical signals are delivered to the auricular branches of the vagal nerve transcutaneously to address any of a variety of patient disorders, including for, example rheumatoid arthritis, migraine headache, and asthma. Further disorders treatable by these techniques are described later herein. The electrical signals are generally provided at frequencies ranging from about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz. In particular embodiments, the frequency of the signal is selected to be above the patient&#39;s auditory limit, so as to avoid inducing potentially unwanted side effects via the patient&#39;s hearing faculties. In further representative embodiments the physiological location to which the electrical signals are delivered is deliberately selected to generate primarily or exclusively afferent signals. Accordingly, the effect of the stimulation can be limited to reducing the effects and/or the underlying causes of the patient disorder, via stimulation that targets particular brain regions, without the signals inadvertently stimulating other (e.g., peripheral) nerves of the patient. 
     2.0 Definitions 
     Unless otherwise stated, the terms “about” and “approximately” refer to values within 20% of a stated value. 
     As used herein, and unless otherwise noted, the terms “modulate,” “modulation,” “stimulate,” and “stimulation” refer generally to signals that have an inhibitory, excitatory, and/or other effect on a target neural population. Accordingly, a “stimulator,” “electrical stimulation” and “electrical therapy signals” can have any of the foregoing effects on certain neural populations, via electrical communication (e.g., interaction) with the target neural population(s). 
     As used herein, the term “auricular nerve” includes the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (sometimes referred to as Arnold&#39;s nerve or aVN), as well as other auricular nerves, for example, the greater auricular nerve, and/or the trigeminal nerve. 
     The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to the amount of a biologically active agent needed to initiate and/or maintain the desired beneficial result. The amount of the biologically active agent employed will be that amount necessary to achieve the desired result. In practice, this will vary widely depending upon the particular biologically active agent being delivered, the site of delivery, and the dissolution and release kinetics for delivery of the biologically active agent (including whether the agent is delivered topically, orally, and/or in another manner), and the patient&#39;s individual response to dosing. 
     The term “paresthesia” refers generally to an induced sensation of numbness, tingling, prickling (“pins and needles”), burning, skin crawling, and/or itchiness. 
     Several aspects of the technology are embodied in computing devices, e.g., programmed/programmable pulse generators, controllers and/or other devices. The computing devices on/in which the described technology can be implemented may include one or more central processing units, memory, input devices (e.g., input ports), output devices (e.g., display devices), storage devices, and network devices (e.g., network interfaces). The memory and storage devices are computer-readable media that may store instructions that implement the technology. In some embodiments, the computer- (or machine-) readable media are tangible media. In some embodiments, the data structures and message structures may be stored or transmitted via an intangible data transmission medium, such as a signal on a communications link. Various suitable communications links may be used, including but not limited to a local area network and/or a wide-area network. 
     3.0 Representative Systems 
     Representative systems in accordance with the present technology deliver electrical signals transcutaneously to the auricular branch(es) of a patient&#39;s vagus nerve. The signals are delivered via electrodes positioned at or partially within one or both of the patient&#39;s ears.  FIG.  1    illustrates the general physiology of the external portion of a human ear  180 , indicating a representative target region  195  at which the electrical signals are applied. The external ear  180  includes the helix  181  partially encircling the triangular fossa  182  and the scaphoid fossa  184 , and terminating at the lobule or lobe  190 . Within the helix  181  is positioned the antihelix  185 , the antihelix crura  183 , the antitragus  188 , and the intertragic notch  189 . The concha  191  is positioned inwardly from the antihelix  185 , and includes the cymba concha  192  and cavum concha  193 , bounded by the tragus  187  and separated from the cymba concha  192  by the helix crus  186 . The skin  196  of the external ear  180  extends into the external ear canal  194 , which terminates at the ear drum (not visible in  FIG.  1   ). The auricular branch of the vagus nerve  197  innervates the ear  180 , and the target region  195  is generally over and/or adjacent the auricular branch  197 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , the target region  195  is positioned primarily at the concha  191  and can extend at least partially into the ear canal  194 . Devices configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology are configured not only to deliver electrical therapy signals to the target region  195 , but to provide a comfortable, repeatable, and in at least some embodiments, patient-specific, structures and therapy signals for doing so. 
       FIG.  2    is a partially schematic illustration of a representative system  100  for transcutaneously delivering electrical therapy signals to the auricular branches of the patient&#39;s vagus nerves, in accordance with representative embodiments of the present technology. The system  100  includes a signal generator  110  coupled to one or more earpieces  120  (shown as a left earpiece  120   a  and a right earpiece  120   b ), and an external controller  130 . The signal generator  110  can include a housing  111  that encloses or partially encloses signal generating circuitry  114 . The signal generating circuitry  114  can be controlled by an internal controller  108 , e.g., a processor  113  that accesses instructions stored in a memory  112 . The signal generator  110  can include a signal transmission port  115  for communicating with the earpieces  120 , e.g., transmitting an electrical therapy signal to the earpieces  120 , and optionally, receiving feedback or other communications from the earpieces  120 . When the system  100  is in use, the electrical therapy signal is in electrical communication with the target neural population to create a desired effect on the target neural population. A communications transceiver  116  provides for communication between the signal generator  110  and the external controller  130 . 
     The earpieces  120  can be coupled to the signal generator  110  via one or more earpiece links  121 . In particular embodiments, the earpiece link  121  includes a wired link e.g., a cable or other elongated conductor. In other embodiments, the earpiece link  121  can include a wireless connection. The earpiece link or links  121  can be connected to each of the earpieces  120  to provide the same input to each, or differentiated inputs to each. The earpiece link(s)  121  can also direct communications (e.g., patient data) back to the signal generator  110 , e.g., from sensors carried by the earpieces  120 . 
     The signal generator  110  can be configured to rest on any suitable surface (e.g., a table top), or can be carried by the patient in the patient&#39;s hand or in a holster or in another suitable manner. The signal generator  110  can be powered by a power source  117 , e.g., one or more batteries (e.g., rechargeable batteries) and/or an external power source. In particular embodiments, the signal generator  110  is controlled by the external controller  130  via a controller link  132 . The external controller  130  can include a cellular phone or other mobile device (e.g., a smartwatch), and can access a specific phone-based app  131  to provide controls to the signal generator  110 . In operation, a physician or other suitable practitioner can set the stimulation parameters at the signal generator  110  via the external controller  130 , and the patient and/or the practitioner can update the signal delivery parameters via the same or a different external controller  130 . In some embodiments, the practitioner may have control over more parameters than the patient does, for example, to better control possible patient outcomes. The practitioner (and/or others) may direct or otherwise affect the internal controller  108  remotely via the external controller  130  and/or other devices, e.g., a backend device as described further with reference to  FIG.  4   . 
       FIGS.  3 A and  3 B  illustrate a representative earpiece  320  by itself ( FIG.  3 A ) and in position on the patient&#39;s ear  180  ( FIG.  3 B ). With reference first to  FIG.  3 A , the earpiece  320  includes two electrodes  322 , and an earpiece link  321  for communication with the associated signal generator. The two electrodes  322  are positioned to provide a transcutaneous, bipolar signal to the patient&#39;s ear. 
     Referring next to  FIG.  3 B , the earpiece  320  is positioned at the patient&#39;s ear  180 , with a portion of the earpiece  320  extending behind the helix  181  for support, and with the electrodes  322  positioned at the target region  195 , e.g., against the patient&#39;s skin  196  at the concha  191 . This positioning has been demonstrated in a clinical setting to provide effective therapy for the patient. As discussed further below, other earpiece configurations can provide additional positioning precision and/or patient comfort. 
       FIG.  4    is a partially schematic illustration of a representative system  400  configured in accordance with the present technology. The system  400  includes a signal generator  410  that has a generally horseshoe-shaped housing  411  so as to fit comfortably around the patient&#39;s neck when in use, and may accordingly be referred to herein as a neckpiece. The housing  411  can in turn include the internal components described above with reference to  FIG.  2   . Two earpiece links  421  (e.g., in the form of flexible cables) connect the signal generator  410  to corresponding earpieces  420   a ,  420   b , which each carry two electrodes  422 . The signal generator  410  can be controlled by an external controller  430  via a wireless controller link  432 . The external controller  430  can accordingly be used to set and/or adjust the signal delivery parameters in accordance with which the signal generator  410  provides therapeutic electrical signals to the earpieces  420 . 
     The external controller  430  can also communicate with a backend device  440  (e.g., a server or other suitable device located on the cloud or other medium) via a backend link  441 . Accordingly, the external controller  430  can exchange data with the backend  440 . For example, the external controller  430  can provide the backend  440  with information about the patient&#39;s condition (e.g., obtained from feedback sensors included in the system  400 ), and/or a schedule of the signal delivery parameters selected by the patient or practitioner over the course of time. In addition, (or alternatively), the backend  440  can be used to provide updates to the phone-based app or other software contained on the external controller  430 . The allocation of processing tasks and/or data storage between the internal controller  108  ( FIG.  2   ), the external controller  430  and the backend  440  can be selected to suit the preferences of the patient, practitioner, and/or others. 
       FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  further illustrate features of the system  400  described above with reference to  FIG.  4   . In particular,  FIG.  5 A  illustrates the signal generator  410  as including an input device  418  and an output device  419 . The input device  418  can include a button or other element to activate or deactivate the signal generator  410 . The output device  419  can include an LED or other element to indicate when the signal generator  410  is on. In other embodiments, the input device  418  and/or the output device  419  can be used to perform other suitable functions. For example, the output device  419  can provide an audible tone or other alert if the earpiece(s)  120  are not correctly positioned. The input device  418  can accept user inputs (as described above), or can be a sensor, e.g., a proximity sensor that detects contact with the patient&#39;s skin, via an impedance measurement or otherwise and is coupled to the output device  419  to provide the alert. The frequency of the alert tone can be patient-specific because, as described later, different patients may have different hearing ranges. 
       FIG.  5 B  schematically illustrates a portion of the signal generator  410 , with part of the housing  411  cut away to illustrate a printed circuit board  409 . The printed circuit board  409  can carry the internal components described above with reference to  FIG.  2   , and is coupled to the earpiece link  421 . 
       FIGS.  6 A and  6 B  illustrate front and rear views, respectively, of a representative earpiece  620  configured to fit a variety of patient physiologies. The earpiece  620  includes two electrodes  622  positioned to provide transcutaneous stimulation to the target region  195  ( FIG.  1   ). In addition, the earpiece  620  includes features configured to provide for patient comfort and to securely, yet removably, keep the electrodes  622  in position at the target region. For example, the earpiece  620  can include a bulging, flexible portion  670  that provides for snug contact between the electrodes  622  and the patient&#39;s skin at the target region. This approach can make device placement more consistent and repeatable across a patient population. 
     The earpieces shown in  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , as well as elsewhere herein, may be fungible items that are replaced periodically due to normal wear. Accordingly, the earpieces can be configured to separate from the rest of the system for replacement. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates another representative earpiece  720  having electrodes  722 . As shown in  FIG.  7   , the electrodes  722  can have a shape other than the circular shape shown in  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B . For example, the electrodes  722  can have a rectangular shape. In other embodiments, the electrode  722  can have an ovoid shape or other shape that is specific to one or more patients, e.g., based on patient physiology. 
     In at least some embodiments, the earpiece  720  shown in  FIG.  7    can be custom-made to fit a particular patient. For example, comparing the earpiece  720  shown in  FIG.  7    with the earpiece  620  shown in  FIG.  6 A , it is evident that the flexible portion  770  of the custom-made earpiece  720  is larger and bulges outwardly more than the corresponding flexible portion  670  shown in  FIG.  6 A . The custom earpiece  720  can accordingly fit better in the particular patient&#39;s ear. Representative techniques for forming the earpiece  720  can include making a mold of the patient&#39;s ear and, for at least a portion of the earpiece, duplicating the contours of the mold so as to fit in the patient&#39;s ear. In other embodiments, many of the processes can be performed digitally, e.g., using 3-D imaging techniques to identify the contours of the patient&#39;s ear, and 3-D additive manufacturing techniques or computer-controlled subtractive manufacturing techniques to form the earpiece contours. The earpiece may be constructed from materials that are soft and moldable (e.g., 10-60 on the Shore A hardness scale). Accordingly, the earpiece can form a tight and/or “snug” fit in the patient&#39;s ear to position the electrodes at the target region (e.g., the concha, and in particular cases, the cymba concha). In some embodiments, the custom fit may be achieved via moldable plastic materials. In other embodiments, the custom fit may be achieved by the use of materials with appropriate stickiness of tackiness that can mold to and remain tightly and snug on the outer area of the patient&#39;s ear and target the concha without the discomfort or suboptimal connections found in devices that can only be secured by entering the ear canal. The conformal nature of the earpiece can produce an electrode-to-skin contact area in a range of from 20% to 100% of the exposed electrode surface area. This intimate contact can further reduce the likelihood for generating paresthesia, because less energy is required to be delivered to the electrode to achieve a therapeutic effect. 
     An advantage of a custom earpiece is that it is likely to be more comfortable and/or provide more effective therapy than a standard-size earpiece. Conversely, the standard-sized earpiece is likely to be less expensive to manufacture. Accordingly, in some instances, patients and practitioners can use standard earpieces where practical, and custom earpieces as needed. 
       FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  illustrate another representative system  800  having a signal generator  810 , earpieces  820   a ,  820   b , and earpiece links  821 , all of which are integrated to provide a unitary, single-piece device. For example, the signal generator  810  can include a housing  811  that houses the earpiece links  821  (in addition to the signal generating circuitry), and directly supports the earpieces  820   a ,  820   b . In particular embodiments, the earpieces  820   a ,  820   b  can be removable from the housing  811  for periodic replacement (as discussed above), but the housing  811  can nevertheless provide a more robust support for the earpieces than the flexible cable described above with reference to  FIG.  2   . Whether the patient uses a one-piece configuration as shown in  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B , or other configurations shown herein, can depend on patient preferences, and the degree to which the system provides consistent, effective treatment for the particular patient. 
       FIGS.  9 A and  9 B  illustrate a further representative system  900  in which the signal generator  910  is integrated with the earpiece  920  in a single housing  911 . Beginning with  FIG.  9 A , for patients using multiple earpieces (as is typical), each earpiece includes a dedicated signal generator  910 . In at least some embodiments, the signal generators  910  can communicate with each other (e.g., wirelessly) to provide for consistent treatment. An advantage of the approach shown in  FIG.  9 A  is that it may be more comfortable and/or less cumbersome than devices that have the signal generators positioned some distance away from the earpieces. Conversely, devices with the signal generator positioned away from the earpieces may provide more stability for the earpieces, and/or increased patient comfort. 
       FIG.  9 B  illustrates a representative charging station  950  for charging the signal generator  910  shown in  FIG.  9 A . The charging station  950  can include a base  952  having multiple ports  951  (e.g., one port for each earpiece  920 ) and an optional cover  953  to protect the earpieces  920  during charging. The earpieces  920  can be charged inductively so as to avoid the need for direct mechanical contact between electrical elements of the signal generator  910  and electrical elements of the charging station  950 . The charging station  950  itself can receive power via a conventional wall outlet, battery, and/or other suitable source. 
       FIGS.  10 A- 10 C  illustrate a representative technique for manufacturing electrodes in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. Referring first to  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B , a representative electrode  1022  includes a backing  1023 , e.g., a fabric and/or textile with an acrylic adhesive, and/or a non-fabric (e.g., vinyl). The earpiece link  1021  can include an insulated conductive wire with individual wire strands  1024  that are spread apart and placed against the backing  1023 . Optionally additional adhesive  1026  is then used to secure the wire strands  1024  and backing  1023  to a conductive material  1025  (removed in  FIG.  10 B ) that contacts the patient&#39;s skin. 
       FIG.  10 C  is a partially schematic, cut-away illustration of the electrode  1022  illustrating the sandwich construction of the backing  1023 , the wire strands  1024 , and the conductive material  1025 . In particular embodiments, the conductive material  1025  can include a conductive silicone and/or other polymer (e.g., a silicone impregnated with one or more conductive materials), which is comfortable to place against the patient&#39;s skin  196 . During use, the practitioner or patient can brush an electrically conductive solution  1029  on the conductive material  1025 . The solution need not be adhesive because the force used to keep the electrode  1022  in place is a mechanical force provided by other portions of the earpiece structure, which are in contact with the patient&#39;s skin. The conductive material  1025  can be roughened or otherwise textured so as to retain the solution  1029  for the duration of a treatment period. As discussed in further detail below under Heading 4.0, individual treatment periods are relatively short in duration. 
     In certain embodiments, the foregoing electrode design and production process allows a user (patient and/or practitioner) to adjust the surface properties to help better retain the solution  1029  between the electrode  1022  and the skin surface (e.g., via roughening, as described above). Further, the design can facilitate tuning the impedance across the electrode surface by arranging the conductor wires (e.g., formed from metal or carbon) in certain shapes. The electrodes described herein may also be designed to reduce current “hotspots” by features in the mold. In some embodiments, the electrode together with the earpiece housing or enclosure can include a built-in mechanism to apply the solution  1029  on the electrode surface before and/or after each use. 
     The earpiece as a whole can also maintain intimate contact with the skin at its functional surfaces by using features of the patient&#39;s ear as a lever, for example, providing intimate electrical contact at the cymba concha by pushing off the inside of the antitragus, or via alignment with the ear canal. 
       FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  illustrate a technique for larger scale production of the electrodes  1022 .  FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  illustrate top, bottom and cross-sectional views, respectively, of an intermediate stage of production in which the conductive material  1025  is positioned against a layer of foil  1027  (not visible in  FIG.  11 A ) so that portions of the conductive material  1025  project through openings  1028  to hold the conductive material  1025  in place. The foil  1027  provides an electrical path to the electrodes  1022 . In this embodiment, six (rectangular) electrodes are formed together and then separated prior to installation on corresponding earpieces. 
     4.0 Representative Signal Delivery Parameters 
     The representative systems described above deliver electrical signals to the patient in accordance with selected signal delivery parameters. The signal delivery parameters can include the characteristics defining or describing the signal, and the location to which the signal is delivered. In general, the signal is biphasic and is applied at a frequency in a range of about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz.  FIG.  12    is a schematic illustration of a representative signal  1260 . The signal (e.g., the signal wave form) includes anodic pulses  1261  and cathodic pulses  1262  separated by an interphase spacing  1264 . Individual pairs of anodic and cathodic pulses  1261 ,  1262  can be separated from neighboring pairs by an interpulse spacing  1265 . Each pulse can have a pulse width  1263 , which can be the same for anodic pulses  1261  as for cathodic pulses  1262 , or different, depending upon the embodiment. The repeating period of the signal  1266  is made up of the anodic pulse  1261 , the cathodic pulse  1262 , the interphase spacing  1264 , and the interpulse spacing  1265 . The inverse of the period  1266  corresponds to the frequency of the signal. 
     In representative embodiments, at least a portion of the signal  1260  has signal delivery parameters in the following ranges:
         Frequency: about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz, or about 20 kHz to about 50 kHz or 20 kHz   Amplitude: about 0.1 mA to about 10 mA, or about 1 mA to about 5 mA, or about 2 mA to about 4 mA   Pulse width: about 5 microseconds to about 30 microseconds, e.g., about 20 microseconds   Interphase spacing: about one to about 10 microseconds   Interpulse spacing: about one to about 15 microseconds   Duty cycle: on-period of 0.1 seconds-15 minutes
           off-period of 0.1 seconds-15 minutes   
               

     In some embodiments, the signal  1260  (e.g., the values of the foregoing parameters) remain constant for the duration that the signal is delivered. In other embodiments, one or all of the foregoing parameters can vary, with the average value remaining in the foregoing ranges. For example, the frequency can be varied, while the average frequency remains within the foregoing range of about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz. Representative varying waveforms include Gaussian and/other non-linear waveforms. The average frequency corresponds to the inverse of the average period of the signal taken over multiple periods. As described above, an individual period is the sum of the anodic pulse width (e.g., a first pulse width), the cathodic pulse width (e.g., a second pulse width) of a neighboring pulse, the interphase spacing, and the interpulse spacing. 
     As described herein, at least a portion of the signal has parameters within the foregoing ranges. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the signal may deviate from the foregoing ranges so long as doing so does not significantly impact the efficacy of the therapy and/or the comfort of the patient. 
     The electrical therapy signal is typically delivered to the patient over the course of one or more sessions that have a limited duration. For example, an individual session typically lasts no longer than sixty minutes and is typically at least two seconds in duration. In more particular embodiments, the duration ranges from about two seconds to about thirty minutes, and in a further particular embodiment, the duration is from five minutes to twenty minutes, or about fifteen minutes. The patient can receive treatment sessions at most once per day, at most twice per day, or at other suitable intervals, depending, for example, on the patient&#39;s response to the therapy. In a representative embodiment, the patient receives therapy in two 15 minute sessions, spaced apart by about 12 hours. 
     It is expected that electrical therapy signals having parameters in the foregoing ranges will provide effective therapy to the patient, without causing paresthesia and/or other potentially undesirable sensory responses in the patient. Accordingly, the electrical therapy signal may be referred to herein as a non-sensory response therapy signal. Undesirable sensory responses include, in addition to or in lieu of paresthesia, a sensation of heat and/or pressure, and/or side effects related to the patient&#39;s hearing faculties. In particular, the frequency of the signal can be deliberately selected to be above the patient&#39;s upper hearing threshold. While it is not believed that the therapy signal generates sound waves, it may nevertheless trigger an auditory response, e.g., a sensation of “ringing,” possibly through mechanical, bone, and/or far-field electrical conduction, and/or interactions with native mechanical acoustic damping systems, e.g., the tensor tympani muscle. The typical upper hearing threshold for a patient is at or below 15 kHz and accordingly, a signal having a frequency in the range of about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz can provide paresthesia-free stimulation, without triggering auditory effects. Because the upper threshold differs from patient to patient, the signal frequency can be selected on a patient-by-patient basis. For example, patients having a reduced upper threshold (e.g., older patients) can potentially receive a beneficial effect from stimulation toward the lower end of the above frequency range, or even below the above frequency range. The patient&#39;s upper auditory threshold may change over time. By customizing the frequency to an individual patient, a wider range of frequencies are available to the practitioner. In addition, lower frequencies may consume less power, which can in turn allow the device applying the stimulation to be smaller, and/or to undergo fewer recharging cycles. 
     As discussed above, the electrodes applying the stimulation are positioned to target the auricular branches of the patient&#39;s vagal nerve. It is expected that, by targeting the auricular branches, the effect of the signals will be limited to an afferent effect (e.g., affecting the brain) and not an efferent effect (e.g., affecting other peripheral nerves). An advantage of this arrangement is that the likelihood for inducing unwanted side effects is limited, and instead, the stimulation is focused on producing an effect on the patient&#39;s brain to provide a therapeutic result. 
     5.0 Representative Indications and Effects 
     Embodiments of the present technology are suitable for treating a variety of patient indications. Representative indications include: (1) inflammatory indications (e.g., arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn&#39;s disease, asthma, psoriasis, Sjogren&#39;s Syndrome, autoimmune nephropathy (e.g. Berger&#39;s IgA), sepsis, and lupus); (2) neurological indications (e.g., depression, post-partum depression, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, migraine, headaches, cluster headaches, epilepsy, and mood disorders); (3) sleep-related indications (e.g., insomnia, failure to achieve deep sleep, REM sleep behavior disorder, and parasomnia; (4) functional enhancement (e.g., memory enhancement, associative learning); and/or (5) pulmonary dysfunctions (asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchitis, exercise induced bronchoconstriction). 
     Without bound by theory, it is believed that the efficacy of the presently disclosed therapeutic technique may be correlated with changes in the brain&#39;s functioning. In particular, it is expected that networking and/or connectivity between areas of the brain will improve or revert to normal as a result of the therapy. Representative affected areas of the brain may include the insular cortex, the cingulate, the hypothalamus, subsets of the thalamic nuclear complex, the amygdala complex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial temporal lobe (hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex), elements of the basal ganglia (putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus) and/or the prefrontal and/or orbital frontal cortex. Such results may be demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and/or suitable techniques. It is further believed that the electrical therapy signal may reduce at least one pro-inflammatory marker and/or increase at least one anti-inflammatory biomarker. Representative pro-inflammatory biomarkers include IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and INF-γ. Representative anti-inflammatory biomarkers include IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-α, and TGF-β. The biomarkers can be assessed as part of the patient screening process, and/or at any point during the therapy regimen, described further below with reference to  FIGS.  13  and  14   . 
     As discussed above, one feature of embodiments of the current technology is that the electrical therapy signal does not generate paresthesia in the patient. Paresthesia can contaminate the benefits of neurostimulation by causing competing brain signals that detract from the desired therapeutic effects. This may occur in part because paresthesia introduces confounding information in neuroimaging analysis such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. Paresthesia-inducing stimulation modulates somatosensory neural circuits instead of solely targeting vagal neural circuits, which limits the interpretation of neuroimaging results. For example, modulation of the insula (a cortical region) is commonly cited as biomarker for vagus nerve stimulation efficacy. However, the insula is also implicated in pain/noxious stimulus processing and can be modulated via somatosensory pathways. Accordingly, paresthesia-inducing stimulation can have a contaminating and/or contra-indicated impact. As a result, eliminating paresthesia from the treatment regimen can improve not only patient comfort and willingness to engage in the therapy, but also the ability of the practitioner to assess the efficacy of the therapy and make adjustment. 
     6.0 Representative Clinical Evaluations 
     Vorso Corp., the assignee of the present application, is currently conducting multiple prospective, multi-center pilot studies to research the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of devices configured in accordance with the present technology. One study is directed to patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis, as shown in  FIG.  13   , and another is directed to patients with episodic migraine, as shown in  FIG.  14   . 
     In  FIGS.  13  and  14   , the following acronyms are used:
         DAS28-CRP (Disease Activity Score 28, using the C-Reactive Protein)   ECG (electrocardiogram)   CRP (C-Reactive Protein)   MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging   HAQ-DI (Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index)   CK (creatine kinase)   RF (rheumatoid factor)   Anti-CCP (Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide)       

     Referring first to  FIG.  13   , the clinical process  1300  includes an enrollment process  1301  (commencing about 35 days before treatment) and a screening process  1303  (starting at 8 days before treatment). At block  1305 , based on the enrollment and screening processes, patient eligibility is determined. The inclusion/exclusion criteria for patients enrolled in the study are those who have inadequate response to DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs), and who fail one biologic treatment, or are biologic naive. The study commences (block  1307 ) with a number of patient metrics identified as a baseline. As indicated in  FIG.  13   , the metrics can include the patient&#39;s medication intake, DAS28-CRP score, the patient&#39;s sleep characteristics, HAQ-DI score, ACR, and blood characteristics (including CRP (C-reactive proteins), analytics, CK, RF, and anti-CCP). At block  1307 , the patient is also trained to use the device. 
     The patient&#39;s progress is then tracked after one week (block  1309 ), two weeks (block  1311 ), four weeks (block  1313 ), eight weeks, (block  1315 ), and twelve weeks (block  1317 ). At each of the foregoing blocks, the patient metrics indicated in  FIG.  13    are measured and tracked. 
     Early results from the study described in  FIG.  13   , based on changes in tender/swollen joints, patient and physician assessment scores, MRI scores, ultrasound scores and HAQ-DI changes, indicate that the therapy is safe and effective in treating patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. The patients did not experience paresthesia or other sensory side effects. Accordingly, these preliminary results are encouraging. 
     Vorso Corp. is also conducting fMRI (functional MRI) studies and the early results indicate that the therapy causes functional connectivity changes in brain regions associated with the regulation of inflammation. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  14   , Vorso Corp. has also begun a study directed to safety and efficacy of devices in accordance with the foregoing description applied to patients with episodic migraine. The objective of the study is to observe and evaluate the effect of the therapy on migraine and/or associated symptoms, in subjects who suffer four to fourteen migraine days per month. As shown in  FIG.  14   , the clinical process  1400  includes patient enrollment (block  1401 ), and eligibility determination (block  1403 ), with the study commencing at block  1405 . The primary metric during the study is the patient&#39;s migraine diary, in which the patient records migraine events. In this study, the patient undergoes a one-month baseline period, during which the patient tracks migraine activity in the absence of an electrical therapy signal. During a follow-up visit (block  1407 ), the baseline diary recordings are evaluated and, using an ear mold, the patient is outfitted with a custom earpiece, or two custom earpieces. At block  1409 , the patient is trained to use the device. The remaining processes include evaluation at periodic intervals, including a one-month evaluation (block  1411 ), a two-month evaluation via telephone (block  1413 ), a three-month diary evaluation (block  1415 ), a four-month evaluation via telephone (block  1417 ), a five-month evaluation via telephone (block  1419 ), and final visit at six months (block  1421 ) during which the patient&#39;s diary evaluation is completed. Preliminary results are positive. 
     7.0 Representative Pharmacological/Biological Supplements 
     In at least some embodiments of the present technology, the foregoing electrical therapy signal can be provided as part of an overall treatment regimen that also includes administering a pharmacological/biological substance to the patient. It is expected that the pharmacological/biological supplement will increase the efficacy and/or duration of the electrical therapy, and/or that the electrical therapy can improve on the results obtained via a pharmacological treatment. For example, the electrical therapy signal can improve the therapeutic “window” for medication, which corresponds to the difference between efficacy and toxicity. Some of these pharmacological/biological drugs have severe dose-depending effects and it is expected that the electrical therapy can reduce the amount of drug needed by the patient and in effect limiting the side effects. In a representative example, the treatment regimen can include administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical selected from, but not limited to, the following groups
         csDMARD (conventional synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic arthritis drug) group including, but not limited to, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, gold salts;   bDMARD (biological disease modifying antirheumatic arthritis drug) group including, but not limited to, abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab and tocilizumab;   tsDMARD (targeted synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic arthritis drug) group including, but not limited to, tofacitinib, baricitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib, decernotinib and upadacitinib; and/or   CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) inhibitor drug group including, but not limited to, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab and Eptinezumab.   Agents useful in the treatment of asthma include inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, long-acting beta agonists (LABAs), theophylline, short-acting beta agonists such as albuterol, ipratropium (Atrovent®), intravenous corticosteroids (for serious asthma attacks), allergy shots (immunotherapy), and omalizumab (Xolair®).       

     8.0 Further Embodiments 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the disclosed technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the technology. For example, embodiments of the earpieces described above include pairs of electrodes that deliver bipolar signals. In other embodiments, an individual earpiece can include a single, monopolar electrode, with a return electrode positioned remotely from the earpiece, or the earpiece can include more than two electrodes. The neckpiece can have configurations other than those specifically shown in the foregoing Figures. The amplitude at which the electrical therapy signal is delivered can be provided in the form of a step function that remains constant throughout the duration of the therapy, in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the amplitude of the signal can be ramped up gradually (e.g., over multiple incremental steps), for example, if the patient experiences sensory side effects, such as discomfort, when the amplitude is increased in a single step. 
     In addition to systems and methods for using and manufacturing such systems, the present technology includes methods for programming the systems for use. For example, as discussed above, a physician or other practitioner (e.g., a company representative), can program some or all of the signal delivery parameters into the signal generator. As was also discussed above, the patient may have the ability to modify at least some of the parameters, for example, via the external controller. 
     As discussed above, the communication pathways between the earpiece and the signal generator, and between the signal generator and the external controller can be in two directions. Accordingly, the signal generator can receive information from the earpieces and/or other elements of the system and take actions based on that information. In one representative example, the earpiece can include a proximity sensor that indicates if the earpiece becomes dislodged or mispositioned during a treatment session. The system can further include a small speaker or other auditory feedback element that indicates to the patient that the position of the earpiece should be adjusted. In another representative example, the external controller can track attributes of each treatment session, for example, the number of treatment sessions, the duration of the treatment sessions, the time of day of the treatment sessions and/or other data relevant to correlating the patient&#39;s response with the attributes of the treatment sessions. The system can include a wearable signal generator, e.g., in the form of a neckpiece or integrated with the earpieces (as described above), or in the form of a headband or other wearable. In a further example, the earpiece(s) can include speakers to provide music and/or other audio input to the user (e.g., via the external controller). 
     More generally, the system can include at least one sensor capable of sensing a body signal. The sensor may be selected from, without limitation, a cardiac sensor, a blood oxygenation sensor, a cardiorespiratory sensor, a respiratory sensor, and a temperature sensor. In one embodiment, the electrodes themselves can operate as sensors to detect proximity to the patient&#39;s skin, and/or impedance. One or more processors of the system determine a body parameter based on the body signal. For example, the processor can calculate a heart rate, heart rate variability, parasympathetic tone, sympathetic tone, or sympathetic-parasympathetic balance from a cardiac signal; a pulse oximetry value from a blood oxygenation signal; a breathing rate or end tidal volume from a respiratory signal; and/or a sleep and/or exertional level from an accelerometer, gyroscope and/or GPS device coupled to the patient&#39;s body. The system can then use the body parameter to adjust one or more parameters in accordance with which the electrical signal is delivered (or not delivered). For example, the signal may be turned off if the patient&#39;s heart rate falls below a predetermined lower limit, or if activity levels become elevated or depressed. In a representative embodiment, the sensor is located on the skin of a lateral surface of the ear (i.e., the side of the ear facing toward the patient). In another embodiment, the sensor is externally located on the skin of the patient&#39;s head below the mastoid. In still further embodiments, the sensor can be positioned at a different location, and can be carried by the earpiece(s), the neckpiece, and/or another portion of the system. 
     The electrical therapy signal can be applied to just a single ear, or to both ears. When therapy is applied to both ears, the signal can be the same for both, or at least one signal delivery parameter can differ for a signal applied to the right ear, as compared to a signal applied to the left ear. The signal(s) can be applied simultaneously or sequentially to each ear. In some embodiments, by using one or both ears, the system can exploit the known difference in left versus right vagus nerves as principally an inflow or outflow system of the NTS (nucleus tractus solitarius), respectively. Afferent fibers, accessible in the tragal somatic representation of the vagus as well as sympathetic afferent neural inflows, will potentially enable the therapy signals in accordance with the present technology to impact visceral sensory signal integration at higher CNS (central nervous system) structures, including the NTS, RVLN (rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus), trigeminal nucleus, locus cerelous, parabrachial nucleus, hypothalamus, subsets of the thalamus, and/or cortical structures related to autonomic functioning and/or the dorsal motor nucleus. 
     The therapy signal can include waveforms other than that shown in  FIG.  12   , e.g., a triangular waveform or a sinusoidal waveform. The therapy signal can be applied continuously (e.g., a 100% duty cycle), or in accordance with a lower duty cycle, e.g., a 50% duty cycle or other duty cycle. The signal can vary, as described above. For example, the signal can vary in an irregular, non-periodic manner, e.g., with bi-phasic pulses having a total duration of 50 us repeated randomly at from one microsecond to 100 microsecond intervals. In another embodiment, the irregular waveform can be characterized by the average number of zero crossing (as defined by a change in polarity) of the signal. For example, the average number of zero crossings for any given second of the stimulation signal is 40,000 for a 20 kHz signal with bi-phasic rectangular pulses. The signal can also be applied either simultaneously or alternatingly to other peripheral nerves to further enhance the therapeutic effect. 
     As discussed above, the patient and/or practitioner can modify therapeutic doses of stimulation through a software application (an “app”) for a mobile electronic device (such as an iPhone or an Android-based mobile device) based on clinician guidelines and patients&#39; adherence to the app. In other embodiments, the system can include verbal response options to provide patients with verbal statements about the status of the therapy, feedback, and/or instructions; the ability to modulate the maximum amplitude (and/or other parameters) of the therapy for the user based on conditioning and/or other sensor responses; monitoring the count of the therapy doses by the app (and/or system hardware); and/or enable the patient to purchase a therapy session using the app or a companion device; enable clinicians to monitor the patients&#39; conditions and responses to therapy over the internet; and/or allowing clinicians to change the parameters of the therapy via internet-enabled communications. 
     Representative targets for the electrical therapy signal, in addition to or lieu of the concha, include the antihelix, tragus, antitragus, helix, scapha, triangular fossa, lobule, and/or a lateral surface of the ear (i.e., the side of the ear facing the patient), although it is expected that stimulation provided to the concha will produce superior results. 
     As described above, some techniques in accordance with the present technology include coordinating the delivery of the therapy signal with the patient&#39;s respiratory cycles. Accordingly, the system can include a respiratory sensor that monitors the patient&#39;s respiratory exhalation and (a) activates the stimulator approximately at the start of each exhalation phase and (b) deactivates the stimulator approximately at the end of the each exhalation phase. The respiratory sensor can use motion or acoustic monitoring technology to identify the start and end of each exhalation phase. The respiratory sensor can be integrated in a chest or stomach belt, or integrated into a face mask. Further, the respiratory sensor can be have a band-aid-type form factor, and can placed on the patient&#39;s neck. In another configuration, the respiratory sensor can include an optical sensor, such as a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor that is integrated with the earpiece. 
     As discussed above, the disclosed electrical therapy can be applied alone or in combination with a pharmacological/biologic treatment. In other embodiments, the therapy can be combined with still further therapy types (e.g., electrical stimulation at another location of the body) in addition to or in lieu of a combination with pharmacological/biologic treatments. 
     Elements of the present disclosure described under a particular Heading may be combined with elements described under other Headings in any of a variety of suitable manners. To the extent any materials disclosed herein by reference conflict with the present disclosure, the present disclosure controls. 
     The following examples provide further representative embodiments of the present technology. 
     Examples 
     1. A system for treating a patient, comprising:
         a signal generator having instructions to generate an electrical therapy signal, at least a portion of the electrical therapy signal having:
           a frequency at or above the patient&#39;s auditory frequency limit;   an amplitude in an amplitude range from about 0.1 mA to about 10 mA; and   a pulse width in a pulse width range from 5 microseconds to 30 microseconds; and   
           at least one earpiece having a contoured outer surface shaped to fit against the skin of the patient&#39;s external ear, external ear canal, or both, the at least one earpiece carrying at least two transcutaneous electrodes positioned to be in electrical communication with an auricular nerve of the patient.       

     2. The system of example 1 wherein the frequency of the electrical therapy signal is in a frequency range of about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz. 
     3. The system of example 1 wherein the electrical therapy signal is a non-paresthesia-generating electrical therapy signal. 
     4. The system of example 1 wherein the electrical therapy signal is a non-sensory response electrical therapy signal. 
     5. The system of example 1 wherein the at least two transcutaneous electrodes include a conductive polymer outer surface. 
     6. The system of example 1 wherein the signal generator includes a neckpiece positionable to be supported by the patient around the patient&#39;s neck, and wherein the system further comprises an earpiece link coupled between the neckpiece and the at least one earpiece. 
     7. The system of example 6 wherein the earpiece link includes at least one elongated conductor. 
     8. The system of example 6 wherein the at least one earpiece is removable from the earpiece link. 
     9. The system of example 6 wherein the earpiece link and the signal generator are contained in a unitary housing. 
     10. The system of example 1 wherein the at least one earpiece includes a first earpiece shaped to fit the patient&#39;s right ear and a second earpiece shaped to fit the patient&#39;s left ear. 
     11. The system of example 1 wherein the at least one earpiece is custom fit to the patient&#39;s ear. 
     12. The system of example 1, further comprising an audible feedback device coupled to the at least one earpiece to generate a feedback signal in the patient&#39;s audible frequency range. 
     13. The system of example 12 wherein a frequency of the feedback signal is patient-specific. 
     14. The system of example 1, further comprising a proximity sensor positioned to detect a location of the at least one of the electrodes relative to the patient&#39;s skin. 
     15. The system of example 1, further comprising an external controller configured to be in wireless communication with the signal generator. 
     16. The system of example 15 wherein the external controller includes a mobile device having an application for controlling the signal generator. 
     17. A system for treating a patient, comprising:
         a signal generator having instructions to generate an electrical therapy signal, at least a portion of the electrical therapy signal having:
           an average frequency at or above the patient&#39;s auditory frequency limit, wherein the average frequency is the inverse of the average period of the signal over multiple periods, and wherein individual periods are the sum of a first pulse width of a first pulse at a first polarity, neighboring, second pulse at a second polarity opposite the first polarity, an interphase period between the first and second pulses, and an interpulse period between the second pulse and the next pulse of the first polarity;   an amplitude in an amplitude range from 0.1 mA to 10 mA; and   a pulse width in a pulse width range from 5 microseconds to 30 microseconds; and   
           at least one earpiece having a contoured outer surface shaped to fit against the skin of the patient&#39;s external ear, external ear canal, or both, the at least one earpiece carrying at least two transcutaneous electrodes positioned to be in electrical communication with an auricular nerve of then patient.       

     18. The system of example 17 wherein the frequency of the electrical therapy signal is in a frequency range of about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz. 
     19. The system of example 17 wherein the electrical therapy signal is a non-paresthesia-generating electrical therapy signal. 
     20. The system of example 17 wherein the electrical therapy signal is a non-sensory response electrical therapy signal. 
     21. The system of example 17 wherein the signal generator includes a neckpiece positionable to be supported by the patient around the patient&#39;s neck, and wherein the system further comprises an earpiece link coupled between the neckpiece and the at least one earpiece. 
     22. The system of example 21 wherein the earpiece link includes at least one elongated conductor. 
     23. The system of example 21 wherein the at least one earpiece is removable from the earpiece link. 
     24. A method for treating a patient, comprising:
         applying an electrical therapy signal to an auricular nerve of the patient via a plurality of transcutaneous electrodes carried by an earpiece positioned against the skin of the patient&#39;s external ear, external ear canal, or both; and   wherein at least a portion of the electrical therapy signal has:
           a frequency at or above the patient&#39;s auditory frequency limit;   an amplitude in an amplitude range from 0.1 mA to 10 mA; and   a pulse width in a pulse width range from 5 microseconds to 30 microseconds.   
               

     25. The method of example 24 wherein the electrical therapy signal does not generate paresthesia in the patient. 
     26. The method of example 24 wherein the electrical therapy signal does not generate a patient-detectable sensory response. 
     27. The method of example 24 wherein the frequency is in a frequency range from 15 kHz to 50 kHz. 
     28. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical therapy signal causes the auricular branch of the patient&#39;s vagal nerve to generate an afferent response. 
     29. The method of example 24 wherein applying an electrical therapy signal includes applying the electrical therapy signal to only one of the patient&#39;s ears. 
     30. The method of example 24 wherein applying an electrical therapy signal includes applying at least one electrical therapy signal to both of the patient&#39;s ears. 
     31. The method of example 30 wherein the same electrical therapy signal is applied to both ears. 
     32. The method of example 30 wherein an electrical therapy signal applied to one of the patient&#39;s ears has a parameter value different than the corresponding parameter value of an electrical therapy signal applied to the other of the patient&#39;s ears. 
     33. The method of example 30 wherein one or more electrical signals are applied to both ears simultaneously. 
     34. The method of example 30 wherein one or more electrical signals are applied to both ears sequentially. 
     35. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical therapy signal causes improved connectivity between at least two regions of the patient&#39;s brain. 
     36. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes increasing the amplitude of the signal over multiple steps from a first value to a second value. 
     37. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes applying the electrical signal to address an inflammatory condition of the patient. 
     38. The method of example 37 wherein the inflammatory condition includes rheumatoid arthritis. 
     39. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes applying the electrical signal to address a sleep disorder of the patient. 
     40. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes applying the electrical signal to address a neurological indication of the patient. 
     41. The method of example 24 wherein the neurological indication include post-partum depression. 
     42. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes applying the electrical signal to enhance the patient&#39;s functioning. 
     43. The method of example 42 wherein the patient&#39;s functioning includes the patient&#39;s memory. 
     44. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes applying the electrical signal to address a headache and/or migraine indication of the patient. 
     45. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal is performed as part of a treatment regimen that also includes a pharmacological treatment of the patient. 
     46. The method of example 45 wherein the pharmacological treatment of the patient includes treatment with DMARD class of pharmaceutical compound. 
     47. The method of example 24 wherein applying the electrical signal includes applying the electrical signal over the course of at most two sessions per day. 
     48. The method of example 47 wherein an individual session lasts for between two seconds and 60 minutes. 
     49. The method of example 47 wherein an individual session lasts for between two seconds and 30 minutes. 
     50. The method of example 47 wherein an individual session lasts for 15 minutes. 
     51. The method of example 47, further comprising tracking a number of sessions. 
     52. The method of example 24 wherein the auricular nerve includes an auricular branch of the patient&#39;s vagal nerve. 
     53. A method for making a patient treatment device, comprising:
         programming a signal generator to produce an electrical therapy signal, at least a portion of the electrical therapy signal having:
           a frequency at or above the patient&#39;s auditory threshold;   an amplitude in an amplitude range from about 0.1 mA to about 10 mA; and   a pulse width in a pulse width range from about 5 microseconds to about 30 microseconds; and   
           coupling the signal generator to at least one earpiece having a contoured outer surface shaped to fit against the skin of the patient&#39;s external ear, external ear canal, or both, the at least one earpiece carrying at least two transcutaneous electrodes positioned to be in electrical communication with an auricular nerve of the patient.       

     54. The method of example 53 wherein the frequency is in a frequency range from about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz. 
     55. The method of example 53, further comprising forming the contoured outer surface of the at least one earpiece based at least in part on a patient-specific physiologic feature of the patient&#39;s ear. 
     56. The method of example 53, further comprising forming at least part of the at least one earpiece using an additive manufacturing technique.