Patent Publication Number: US-9410269-B2

Title: Method and device for crimping a multifilament thread

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority from PCT application PCT/EP2013/050050 filed Jan. 3, 2013; and German Patent Application No. 10 2012 000 166.5 filed Jan. 7, 2012; the disclosure of each is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The invention relates to a method for crimping a multifilament thread as well as to a device for crimping a multifilament thread. 
     When melt spinning synthetic multifilament threads, it is a common practice that prior to the winding process a crimp of the filament strands is impressed on the threads. Preferably, such crimps of the filament threads are produced according to the compression chamber concept. By means of a transport nozzle, the multifilament thread is pneumatically guided and blown into a compression chamber. For this purpose, the transport nozzle comprises a thread channel which is connected with a compressed air source to produce a compressed air stream. The thread is then guided via the compressed air stream into a compression chamber in which the thread is compressed to a thread plug. In the process, the filament strands of the thread are deposited in loops and bows on the surface of the thread plug and are compressed by means of the compressed air stream. Thereafter, the thread plug is uncoiled outside the compression chamber to form a crimped thread. For example, such a method and a device are known from EP 0 554 642. 
     In the known method and device, the formation of the thread plug is monitored, on the one hand, to avoid blowing the thread plug out of the compression chamber and, on the other hand, to avoid plugging the compression chamber. For monitoring purposes, the pressure of the compressed air stream is measured at the outlet of the transport nozzle. To keep the conditions during forming the thread plug as constant as possible, the actual value of the pressure measurement is compared with a target value or a set-point range. In the event that a permissible deviation between the actual value and the target value is determined, regulation of the thread plug speed is performed which is determined via a needle roll on the outlet side of the compression chamber. 
     Therefore, the known method and device provide the possibility to maintain predetermined target values of a pressure of the compressed air stream. However, it is not possible to measure a filling level of the compression chamber or a position of the thread plug, which could result in undesired effects, for example, that the thread plug is blown out. Furthermore, when product changes are made, adjustments of the compressed air stream are required depending on the respective titer of the thread, which inevitably change the target values and result in new reference values of the pressure of the compressed air stream. 
     In the known method and device, efforts have been made to measure the position of the thread plug by means of optical sensors to prevent such disadvantages. However, such optical measurement systems have only a limited field of application because high temperatures and a plurality of air-borne particles, such as preparation residues and dye particles, result in quick contamination of the crimping environment. Experience has shown that optical systems are completely unsuited for reliable operation in the environment of a compression chamber. 
     SUMMARY 
     Therefore, it is the object of the invention to further develop a method and a device for crimping a multifilament thread in such a way that it is possible to effectively monitor the crimping process while taking into consideration the actual plug position of the thread plug within the compression chamber. 
     Furthermore, it is the object of the invention to improve the generic method and device for crimping a multifilament thread in such a way that in case of a product change an automatic product optimization can take place. 
     The present invention is based on the knowledge that, depending on the position of the thread plug, the compressed air stream flowing into the compression chamber results in different pressure overloads inside the compression chamber. For example, it was discovered that, despite the fact that the compression chamber had gas-permeable walls, different pressure conditions developed in the compression chamber depending on the position of the thread plug. The present invention uses this knowledge so that multiple pressures of the compressed air stream inside the compression chamber are measured at different measurement points distributed over the length of the compression chamber. As a result, it is possible to derive the size of the filling level of the compression chamber merely from the ratio of the pressures to each other. 
     To this end, a monitoring system of the present invention has a plurality of pressure sensors for measuring multiple pressures of the compressed air stream inside the compression chamber. These pressure sensors are arranged at several measurement points, which are distributed over the length of the compression chamber. As a result, it is possible to simultaneously measure multiple pressures of the compressed air stream inside the compression chamber to achieve an optimum process adjustment by means of the evaluation. 
     In one embodiment, to obtain control over the thread plug formation with only a few measurement points and pressure measurements, at least one intake pressure of the compressed air stream in the inlet area of the compression chamber and an impact pressure of the compressed air stream in the storage area of the compression chamber is measured. As a result, it is possible from only two pressure measurements performed at different measurement points to determine the filling level of the compression chamber and the respective position of the thread plug merely from the ratio of the pressures to each other. 
     To optimize the process, in one embodiment, the compression and/or removal of the thread plug is controlled or regulated depending on a ratio between at least two pressures of the compressed air stream by changing at least one adjustment parameter. The ratio between the measured pressures shows whether the crimping is performed or changed with the selected adjustment parameters. 
     During the measurement of the intake pressure and the impact pressure inside the compression chamber it became evident that the ratio between the intake pressure determined over a measurement period and the impact pressure determined over that same measurement period should have a specific numerical value to achieve high quality and uniformity during the crimping process. Preferably, in one embodiment, the ratio is formed between the intake pressure determined over a measurement period and the impact pressure determined over that same measurement period, and is such that the adjustment parameter is not changed when the numerical value of the ratio ranges between 0.75 and 1.15. As long as the pressures in the inlet area and in the compression area have such a ratio, the operational setting is advantageous for crimping. 
     By way of contrast, when the ratio between intake pressure and compression pressure has a numerical value &lt;0.75, the adjustment parameter is adjusted in such a way that a plug speed at the thread plug is reduced. In this case, the impact pressure is considerably higher than the intake pressure in the compression chamber, indicating an inadequate filling level of the compression chamber. In this respect, a reduced plug speed of the thread plug increases again the filling level of the compression chamber, resulting in an optimal range. 
     By way of contrast, a ratio between intake pressure and compression pressure having a numerical value &gt;1.15 indicates that the filling level inside the compression chamber is too large so that the position of the thread plug approaches the inlet area of the compression chamber. In this case, the adjustment parameter is changed to the extent that the plug speed of the thread plug increases. As a result, obstructions of the compression chamber are completely avoided. 
     The method according to the present invention is independent of the adjusted static pressure of the compressed air stream, which can have different values depending on the product and titer of the thread. The parameters necessary for monitoring the crimping process can be derived merely from the ratio of the pressures of the compressed air stream inside the compression chamber. 
     Preferably, in one embodiment, the device according to the present invention can provide one of the pressure sensors located at an inlet area of the compression chamber and at least an additional pressure sensor located at a compression area of the pressure chamber. As a result, it is possible to measure two pressures of the compressed air stream changed in different ways by the filling level of the compression chamber. 
     In addition, it is possible in an advantageous manner to attach a further pressure sensor to an outlet area of the compression chamber. Here, the ratio between a discharge pressure and an impact pressure can indicate that the filling level of the compression is too low. 
     To be able to analyze directly and quickly the measurements measured by the pressure sensors, the monitoring system comprises evaluation electronics which are connected with the pressure sensors. Digital and analogous technologies make it possible to obtain respective measurement value evaluations. 
     In one embodiment, to allow for immediate reaction when monitoring the thread plug formation a transducer is attached to the evaluation electronics. Said transducer generates a control signal depending on the ratio between multiple pressures of the compressed air stream. As a result, the ratio generated from the average values of the pressure measurement can be immediately used to trigger a control algorithm. 
     According to an advantageous further development, the monitoring system is connected with a control device which acts on one or several control means for compressing and removing the thread plug. It is possible to integrate the monitoring device in a control circuit to crimp a highly uniform multifilament thread. 
     To influence the filling level and thus the position of the thread plug inside the compression chamber, the control means is preferably formed by a driven feed roller pair at the plug outlet of the compression chamber so that the removal of the thread plug is determined by the speed of the feed rollers. 
     In principle, the movement of the thread plug inside the compression chamber is also determined by friction which develops between the thread plug and the walls of the compression chamber. Advantageously, the friction can be influenced when the control means is formed by a suction device at the outer circumference of the compression chamber by means of which the compressed air is extracted. In addition, it is possible to decrease or increase the transport proportion of the compressed air stream by controlling the extraction of compressed air. 
     There are systems in which after texturing the thread plug is deposited directly on the cooling drum. Therefore, such cooling drums can also be used as a control means to transport the thread plug guided at the circumference of the cooling drum with modified circumferential speed to increase or reduce the plug speed. 
     Therefore, the device of the present invention is especially suitable for providing multifilament threads with high-quality, uniform crimping. Because of the high flexibility of the monitoring system, multifilament threads can be textured with a total titer of between 300 denier and 12,000 denier. In this way, it is possible to crimp in an advantageous manner textile threads, carpet yarns and even technical yarns. 
     The method of the present invention is explained in more detail by means of several embodiments of the device with reference to the enclosed figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the device according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of the device according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of the device according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the device according to the present invention. The device has a transport nozzle  1  which contains a vertically extending thread channel  3 . The thread channel  3  extends from a thread inlet  7  at the upper side of the transport nozzle  1  to a thread outlet  6  at the lower side of the transport nozzle  1 . Several compressed air channels  4  open into the thread channel in the upper area of the transport nozzle  1 , thus connecting the thread channel with a compressed air source  5 . Further means (not shown) for guiding and processing the compressed air are provided between the transport nozzle  1  and the compressed air source  5 . For example, it is customary to heat the compressed air before it enters the thread channel  3 . 
     A compression chamber  2  is directly connected to the lower side of the transport nozzle  1 . The compression chamber  2  is restricted by gas-permeable chamber walls  8  and kept inside a suction chamber  10 . In this embodiment, the chamber walls  8  comprise a plurality of openings  9  which connect the inside space of the compression chamber  2  with the external suction chamber  10 . By means of a suction nozzle  29 , the suction chamber  10  is connected with a suction device (not shown). 
     The compression chamber  2  has a compression chamber inlet  27  which is directly connected with the thread outlet  6  of the transport nozzle  1 . The compression chamber  2  extends from the compression chamber inlet  27  to a compression chamber outlet  28 . 
     Below the compression chamber  2 , a feed roller pair  17  is arranged which forms a transport gap for transporting a thread plug  26 . The feed roller pair  17  is activated by means of a roller drive  18  which is connected with a control device  19 . 
     A monitoring system  11  is provided for monitoring the plug formation of a thread plug inside the compression chamber  2 . In one embodiment, the monitoring system  11  includes two pressure sensors  12 . 1  and  12 . 2 , which are arranged at two measurement points  13 . 1  and  13 . 2  distributed over the length of the compression chamber  2 . The measurement point  13 . 1  with the pressure sensor  12 . 1  is arranged in an inlet area of the compression chamber  2  directly below the compression chamber inlet  27 . The measurement point  13 . 2  with the pressure sensor  12 . 2  is located in the middle region of the compression chamber, which is described here as the compression area of the compression chamber  2 . 
     The pressure sensors  12 . 1  and  12 . 2  are connected with evaluation electronics  14  which interact with a transducer  15  for generating a control signal. The transducer  15  is connected with a controller  16 . In this case, the controller  16  is directly connected with the control device  19  of the roller drive  18 . 
     During operational processes, a compressed air stream is generated inside the thread channel  3  of the transport nozzle  1  by means of the compressed air source  5 . The compressed air stream transports a thread  25  into the compression chamber  2  which has been sucked in via the thread inlet  7 . In the process, the compressed air stream is blown into the compression chamber  2  via the thread outlet  6 . At the beginning of the process, the compression chamber outlet  28  is briefly closed for the purpose of crimping the thread so that a thread plug  26  can accumulate inside the compression chamber  2 . As soon as a thread plug  26  begins to form, the compression chamber outlet  28  is opened and the thread plug  26  is removed and transported via the feed roller pair  117 . During the thread plug  26  formation, the individual filament strands forming the multifilament thread  25  are deposited in loops and bows on the surface of the thread plug  26  and compressed by means of the compressed air stream. To achieve uniform crimping of the filament strands, the position of the thread plugs inside the compression chamber  2 , which determines the filling level of the compression chamber  2 , has to be continuously maintained. It is especially important to ensure that the filling level of the compression chamber  2  is not too high, which could result in an obstruction of the thread outlet  6  of the transport nozzle  1 . On the other hand, it is important to avoid that the compressed air stream on the surface does not blow the thread plug out of the compression chamber  2 . 
     Via the pressure sensor  12 . 1  of the monitoring device  11 , an intake pressure p E  is measured in the inlet area of the compression chamber  2  for monitoring purposes. At the same time, impact pressure p S  is measured with the second pressure sensor  12 . 2  at the second measurement point  13 . 2 . The pressure sensors  12 . 1  and  12 . 2  directly supply the measured pressure values at the measurement points  13 . 1  and  13 . 2  to the evaluation electronics  14 . Inside the evaluation electronics  14 , the generated signals of the pressure sensors  12 . 1  and  12 . 2  are averaged by means of a measurement period to obtain an average value of the intake pressure p E  and an average value of the impact pressure p S , respectively. The average values for the intake pressure p E  and the impact pressure p S  are compared or set in proportion to each other. When both pressures have almost the same pressure level, a reliable filling level of the compression chamber  2  has been reached and no further changes are required. In this case: approximately p E =p S . 
     It has been found and demonstrated that a ratio between the intake pressure p E  and the impact pressure p S  with the numerical value p E /p S =0.75 to 1.15 characterizes a filling level of the compression chamber  2  that is advantageous for the crimping process. As long as the intake pressure p E  and the impact pressure p S  remain in this range no further changes of the adjustment parameters are required. 
     In the event that the ratio between the intake pressure p E  and the impact pressure p S  falls below the numerical value of p E /p S &lt;0.75, a condition arises in which the impact pressure p S  has a higher pressure level than the intake pressure p E . This indicates that the compressed air stream basically passes the inlet area of the compression chamber  2  as an open jet without being transported via the openings  9  of the walls  8 . This indicates that the compression chamber  2  has a low filling level so that the thread plug  26  must be positioned in the lower range of the compression chamber  2 . 
     In this case, a control signal for changing the adjustment parameters is generated via the transducer  15 . In this case, the adjustment parameter is a control frequency which is directly supplied via the controller  16  to the control device  19  of the roller drive  18 . At the roller drive  18 , the control frequency causes the conveying speed of the feed roller pair  17  to be reduced, thus decreasing the plug speed of the thread plug. 
     As a result, the position of the thread plug inside the compression chamber  2  is raised and the filling level of the compression chamber  2  increases. 
     In the event that the pressure level of the intake pressure p E  is too high in comparison to the pressure level of the impact pressure p S , the control level of the compression chamber  2  is too high, so that the position of the thread plug  26  inside the compression chamber  2  approaches compression chamber inlet  27 . In this case, the ratio between the intake pressure p E  and the impact pressure p S  results in a numerical value of p E /p S &gt;1.15. Via the transducer  15  a control signal is now generated which is supplied via the controller to the control device  19  to increase the transport speed of the feed roller pair  17 . As a result, the plug speed of the thread plug  26  is increased, thus respectively reducing the filling level of the compression chamber. 
     During the process, the pressure measurements at the measurement points  13 . 1  and  13 . 2  are repeated continuously and in regular intervals to regulate the compression and transport of the thread plug inside the compression chamber  2 . 
     Therefore, according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the method and device of the present invention are suitable for performing uniform and consistent crimping of a multifilament thread by means of a feed roller pair  17  acting as control means. Advantageously, it is possible to compensate for the occurring process fluctuations and pressure fluctuations of the compressed air stream. The compression and deposit of the filament strands and the transport of the thread plug basically take place at a consistent filling level of the compression chamber. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , a conveying speed of a feed roller pair is used as a control means for influencing the thread plug formation. However, it is also possible to change different adjustment parameters of different control means to influence the filling level of the compression chamber  2  when crimping a multifilament thread. For example, with negative pressure in the suction chamber, it is possible influence the frictional force between the thread plugs and the chamber wall. In this regard,  FIG. 2  schematically shows a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the device according to the present invention. The embodiment according to  FIG. 2  is basically identical with the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . Therefore, only the differences are subsequently described so as to avoid repetition. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the device includes a transport nozzle  1  and a compression chamber  2 . The transport nozzle  1  is designed identically to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The compression chamber  2  is formed by the gas-permeable chamber walls  8  which are arranged concentrically to the thread outlet  6  of the thread channel  3 . At the circumference of the compression chamber  2 , a suction chamber  10  is located which is connected by means of a suction nozzle  29  with a negative pressure source, in this case a fan  21 . The fan  21  is driven by means of a fan drive  22  to which a control device  19  is attached. 
     In this embodiment, the monitoring system  11  has a total of three pressure sensors  12 . 1 ,  12 . 2  and  12 . 3  which are located at three measurement points  13 . 1 ,  13 . 2  and  13 . 3  uniformly distributed over the length of the compression chamber  2 . To measure the pressures generated by the compressed air stream inside the compression chamber  10 , a first pressure sensor  12 . 1  is arranged in the inlet area of the compression chamber  2 , a second pressure sensor  12 . 2  is arranged in the impact area of the compression chamber  2 , and a third pressure sensor  12 . 3  is arranged in the outlet area of the compression chamber  2 . The outlet area is located just a short distance above the compression chamber outlet  28 . 
     All pressure sensors  12 . 1  to  12 . 3  are connected with evaluation electronics  14  which interacts with a transducer  15 . The transducer  15  is connected with the controller  16  which has a direct effect on the control device  19  of the fan drive  22  of the fan  21 , which is used as a control means for influencing the compression of the thread plug. 
     The function of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  is identical with the embodiment according to  FIG. 1 . However, here the monitoring process for compressing and transporting the thread plug takes place by a total of three pressure measurements. For example, the inlet pressure p E  resulting from the compressed air stream is measured by means of the pressure sensor  12 . 1  in the inlet area. A compression pressure p S  occurring in the compression area of the compression chamber is measured by means of the pressure sensor  12 . 2 . An outlet pressure p A  prevalent at the outlet side of the compression chamber  2  is measured by means of the pressure sensor  12 . 3 . 
     The measurements of the pressure sensors  12 . 1  to  12 . 3  are supplied to the evaluation electronics  14  and via a time interval given a respective average value. Subsequently, the average values of the intake pressure p E  of the compression pressure p S  and the outlet pressure p A  are compared with each other to determine the actual filling level of the compression chamber  2 . In the event that the filling level of the compression chamber is too low a control signal is supplied via the transducer  15  of the controller  16 . The control signal increases the fan speed of the fan drive  22 . As a result, a negative pressure prevalent in the suction chamber  10  increases, thus increasing the friction between the thread plug  26  and the chamber walls  8  of the compression chamber  2 . In addition, especially in the upper area of the compression chamber  2 , the removal of the compressed air stream is favorably affected, resulting in a reduced blowout effect inside the compression chamber  2 . This results in an increase of the filling level of the compression chamber  2 . 
     In an alternative case in which the filling level of the compression chamber  2  is too high, the transducer  15  supplies a signal to the controller  16 , which reduces the fan speed of the fan  21 . As a result, the negative pressure inside the suction chamber  10  is reduced so that less friction forces and higher blowout forces have an effect on the thread plug  26 . 
     Supplying the middle region of the compression chamber with a measurement point allows for a finer adjustment of the plug formation inside the compression chamber  10 . From the relation between the averaged measurements of the intake pressure p E , the impact pressure p S  and the outlet pressure p A , it is possible to derive process adjustments which result in a special uniformity of the crimping in the thread. In the event that the intake pressure and the impact pressure have a basically equal pressure level, and the outlet pressure has a considerably lower pressure level, the compression chamber has a desirable optimum filling level. In the case in which the intake pressure has a considerably higher pressure level in relation to the impact pressure and the outlet pressure, the filling level of the compression chamber  10  is too high. As a result, the compression chamber is overfilled which, in an extreme case, could result in obstruction of the thread outlet  6  of the transport nozzle  1 . In an operating condition in which the outlet pressure has a considerably higher pressure level in relation to the intake pressure and the impact pressure, so-called underfeeding of the compression chamber  10  takes place. The compression chamber  10  has an inadequate filling level which in particular results in uneven crimping. In an extreme case, the crimping of the thread breaks down. In this respect, the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  is especially suitable to make a very fine adjustment of the process. 
     When crimping multifilament threads, the compressed air stream is preferably formed by hot air, so that the thread is heated. As a result, it is desired that the thread plug formed form the thread is later cooled down. Usually the thread plug is cooled at the circumference of rotating cooling drums which rotate with a predetermined circumferential speed for accepting the thread plug. Advantageously, such systems can also be used for the method of the present invention in which the cooling drum is used as a control means. Therefore,  FIG. 3  shows a further embodiment of the device of the present invention. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the crimping device is identical with the embodiment according to  FIG. 1 , respectively consisting of a transport nozzle  1  and a compression chamber  2 . The compression chamber  2  is attached to a monitoring system  11  which is also identical with the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . In this respect, reference is made to the above-mentioned description of  FIG. 1 . 
     Below the compression chamber  2 , a cooling drum  23  has been arranged which has at its circumference a cooling groove  31 . The cooling groove  31  of the cooling drum  23  is attached to the compression chamber outlet  28  to accept and transport the thread plug  26  coming out of compression chamber  2 . For this purpose, the compression chamber outlet  28  is supplied with an outlet nozzle  30  which ends directly before the cooling groove  31  of the cooling drum  23 . At the circumference of the cooling drum  23 , the thread plug  26  is cooled with cooling air and after the cooling process it is melted to a crimped thread. 
     To regulate the compression and transport of the thread plug  26  inside the compression chamber  2 , the monitoring system  11  is used to measure and evaluate the intake pressure p E  in the inlet area of the compression chamber  2  and the impact pressure p S  in the storage area of the compression chamber  2 . Depending on the relation of the pressures to each other, a control device  19  of the cooling drum drive  24  is controlled via the transducer  15  and the controller  16  to drive the cooling drum  23  with a reduced or increased circumferential speed for removing the thread plug  26 . As a result, the thread plug speed can be changed for regulating the thread plug formation in the compression chamber  2 . 
     In particular, the method and the device according to the present invention are suitable to achieve with unknown crimping processes an automatic process adjustment for generating uniform product qualities when crimping a multifilament thread. In the same way, it is possible to use specific measures for making quick and immediate adjustments of process fluctuations. Moreover, the monitoring system based on pressure measurements is not susceptible to contamination so that no additional maintenance cycles are required. 
     The control means and adjustment parameters for regulating the thread plug mentioned in the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3  are only to be viewed as examples. Basically there are additional alternative possibilities for influencing the compression and transport of the thread plug inside the compression chamber. For example, mechanical folding elements can be used on the outlet side of the compression chamber to influence the friction and thus transport of the thread plug. For this purpose, a pivoting path or pivoting angle of the folding element can be used as adjustment parameters. 
     In addition, alternative braking systems, which could, for example, consist of blowing nozzles attached to the thread plug, which also influence the removal of the thread plug with additional air friction. A further possibility involves that the thread characteristics are used to influence the compression and transport of the thread plug. For example, a preparation application on a thread can be used to regulate the crimping process and plug formation in the desired manner. 
     Preferably, the transport nozzles and compression chambers shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3  consist of two parts which can be separated for attaching the thread. In the event that the transport nozzle and the compression chamber are formed by a respective component, the thread is preferably suctioned and inserted via the compressed air stream. In addition, it is also possible to design the gas-permeable wall of the compression chambers from a plurality of ribs, which are placed next to each other to form the compression chamber. In this respect, the invention is independent and can be combined with any structural form of the transport nozzle and compression chamber. 
     REFERENCE LIST 
     
         
         
           
               1  transport nozzle 
               2  compression chamber 
               3  thread channel 
               4  compressed air channel 
               5  compressed air source 
               6  thread outlet 
               7  thread inlet 
               8  chamber wall 
               9  openings 
               10  suction chamber 
               11  monitoring system 
               12 . 1 ,  12 . 2 ,  12 . 3  pressure sensor 
               13 . 1 ,  13 . 2 ,  13 . 3  measurement point 
               14  evaluation electronics 
               15  transducer 
               16  controller 
               17  feed roller pair 
               18  roller drive 
               19  control device 
               20  suction device 
               21  fan 
               22  fan drive 
               23  cooling drum 
               24  cooling drum drive 
               25  thread 
               26  thread plug 
               27  compression chamber inlet 
               28  compression chamber outlet 
               29  suction nozzle 
               30  outlet channel 
               31  cooling groove