Patent Publication Number: US-2023152964-A1

Title: Keyboard management user interfaces

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 17/519,229, filed Nov. 4, 2021, and entitled “KEYBOARD MANAGEMENT USER INTERFACES,” which is a continuation of U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 16/814,770, filed Mar. 10, 2020, and entitled “KEYBOARD MANAGEMENT USER INTERFACES,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/856,037, filed Jun. 1, 2019, and entitled “KEYBOARD MANAGEMENT USER INTERFACES,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to computer user interfaces, and more specifically to techniques for managing keyboard input. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Users of smartphones and other personal electronic devices frequently provide displayed keyboards to receive user inputs. Such keyboards can be used, for example, to insert content into messages in a messaging application. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Some techniques for managing keyboard input using electronic devices, however, are generally cumbersome and inefficient. For example, some existing techniques use a complex and time-consuming user interface, which may include multiple key presses or keystrokes. Existing techniques require more time than necessary, wasting user time and device energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices. 
     Accordingly, the present technique provides electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for managing keyboard input. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace other methods for managing keyboard input. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is described. In some embodiments, the method is performed at an electronic device with a touchscreen display. In some embodiments, the method comprises: concurrently displaying, on the touchscreen display: a text entry area, and a stroke input area at a first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the first size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; in response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more characters determined based on the first set of one or more strokes; while displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters, detecting a first drag gesture; in response to detecting the first drag gesture, resizing the stroke input area from the first size to a second size that is larger than the first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the second size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; and in response to detecting the second set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more characters determined based on the second set of one or more strokes. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is described. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a touchscreen display, the one or more programs including instructions for: concurrently displaying, on the touchscreen display: a text entry area, and a stroke input area at a first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the first size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; in response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more characters determined based on the first set of one or more strokes; while displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters, detecting a first drag gesture; in response to detecting the first drag gesture, resizing the stroke input area from the first size to a second size that is larger than the first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the second size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; and in response to detecting the second set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more characters determined based on the second set of one or more strokes. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a transitory computer-readable storage medium is described. In some embodiments, the transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a touchscreen display, the one or more programs including instructions for: concurrently displaying, on the touchscreen display: a text entry area, and a stroke input area at a first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the first size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; in response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more characters determined based on the first set of one or more strokes; while displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters, detecting a first drag gesture; in response to detecting the first drag gesture, resizing the stroke input area from the first size to a second size that is larger than the first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the second size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; and in response to detecting the second set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more characters determined based on the second set of one or more strokes. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is described. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes a touchscreen display; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: concurrently displaying, on the touchscreen display: a text entry area, and a stroke input area at a first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the first size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; in response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more characters determined based on the first set of one or more strokes; while displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters, detecting a first drag gesture; in response to detecting the first drag gesture, resizing the stroke input area from the first size to a second size that is larger than the first size; while displaying the stroke input area at the second size: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; and in response to detecting the second set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more characters determined based on the second set of one or more strokes. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is described. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes: a display device; means for concurrently displaying, on the touchscreen display: a text entry area, and a stroke input area at a first size; means, while displaying the stroke input area at the first size, for: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; means, responsive to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, for a first set of one or more characters determined based on the first set of one or more strokes; means, while displaying, on the touch screen display, the first set of one or more characters, for detecting a first drag gesture; means, responsive to detecting the first drag gesture, for resizing the stroke input area from the first size to a second size that is larger than the first size; means, while displaying the stroke input area at the second size, for: detecting, using the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area; and means, responsive to detecting the second set of one or more strokes, for displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more characters determined based on the second set of one or more strokes. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is described. In some embodiments, the method is performed at an electronic device with a display device and a touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the method comprises: concurrently displaying, on the display device: a text entry area, a candidate bar that includes a first candidate and a second candidate, the first candidate and the second candidate displayed in a first row, and a keyboard that includes a plurality of keys; while displaying the candidate bar, detecting, on the touch-sensitive surface, a first user input; and in response to detecting the first user input: continuing to display, on the display device, the first candidate in the first row of the candidate bar; and replacing display, on the display device, of at least a portion of the keyboard with display of a third candidate in a second row of the candidate bar, where the third candidate is different from the first candidate and the second candidate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is described. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display device and a touch-sensitive surface, the one or more programs including instructions for: concurrently displaying, on the display device: a text entry area, a candidate bar that includes a first candidate and a second candidate, the first candidate and the second candidate displayed in a first row, and a keyboard that includes a plurality of keys; while displaying the candidate bar, detecting, on the touch-sensitive surface, a first user input; and in response to detecting the first user input: continuing to display, on the display device, the first candidate in the first row of the candidate bar; and replacing display, on the display device, of at least a portion of the keyboard with display of a third candidate in a second row of the candidate bar, where the third candidate is different from the first candidate and the second candidate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a transitory computer-readable storage medium is described. In some embodiments, the transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display device and a touch-sensitive surface, the one or more programs including instructions for: concurrently displaying, on the display device: a text entry area, a candidate bar that includes a first candidate and a second candidate, the first candidate and the second candidate displayed in a first row, and a keyboard that includes a plurality of keys; while displaying the candidate bar, detecting, on the touch-sensitive surface, a first user input; and in response to detecting the first user input: continuing to display, on the display device, the first candidate in the first row of the candidate bar; and replacing display, on the display device, of at least a portion of the keyboard with display of a third candidate in a second row of the candidate bar, where the third candidate is different from the first candidate and the second candidate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is described. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes a display device; a touch-sensitive surface; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: concurrently displaying, on the display device: a text entry area, a candidate bar that includes a first candidate and a second candidate, the first candidate and the second candidate displayed in a first row, and a keyboard that includes a plurality of keys; while displaying the candidate bar, detecting, on the touch-sensitive surface, a first user input; and in response to detecting the first user input: continuing to display, on the display device, the first candidate in the first row of the candidate bar; and replacing display, on the display device, of at least a portion of the keyboard with display of a third candidate in a second row of the candidate bar, where the third candidate is different from the first candidate and the second candidate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is described. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes: a display device; a touch-sensitive surface; means for concurrently displaying, on the display device: a text entry area, a candidate bar that includes a first candidate and a second candidate, the first candidate and the second candidate displayed in a first row, and a keyboard that includes a plurality of keys; means, while displaying the candidate bar, for detecting, on the touch-sensitive surface, a first user input; and means, responsive to detecting the first user input, for: continuing to display, on the display device, the first candidate in the first row of the candidate bar; and replacing display, on the display device, of at least a portion of the keyboard with display of a third candidate in a second row of the candidate bar, where the third candidate is different from the first candidate and the second candidate. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is described. In some embodiments, the method is performed at an electronic device with a touchscreen display. In some embodiments, the method comprises: receiving a request to display a first keyboard from among a plurality of selected keyboards; and in response to receiving the request to display the first keyboard: in accordance with a determination that a first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria including a first keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard, a second keyboard of a first type, and a third keyboard: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, including: displaying, at a first location on the touchscreen display, a first affordance which, when activated, causes display of the third keyboard; and displaying, at a second location on the touchscreen display, a second affordance which, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard; and in accordance with a determination that a second set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the second set of keyboard configuration criteria including a second keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard and the second keyboard of the first type without including other keyboards: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration, including: displaying, at the first location on the touchscreen display, a third affordance, where the third affordance, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard, without displaying, at the second location, an affordance that, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is described. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a touchscreen display, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a request to display a first keyboard from among a plurality of selected keyboards; and in response to receiving the request to display the first keyboard: in accordance with a determination that a first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria including a first keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard, a second keyboard of a first type, and a third keyboard: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, including: displaying, at a first location on the touchscreen display, a first affordance which, when activated, causes display of the third keyboard; and displaying, at a second location on the touchscreen display, a second affordance which, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard; and in accordance with a determination that a second set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the second set of keyboard configuration criteria including a second keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard and the second keyboard of the first type without including other keyboards: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration, including: displaying, at the first location on the touchscreen display, a third affordance, where the third affordance, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard, without displaying, at the second location, an affordance that, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a transitory computer-readable storage medium is described. In some embodiments, the transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a touchscreen display, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a request to display a first keyboard from among a plurality of selected keyboards; and in response to receiving the request to display the first keyboard: in accordance with a determination that a first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria including a first keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard, a second keyboard of a first type, and a third keyboard: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, including: displaying, at a first location on the touchscreen display, a first affordance which, when activated, causes display of the third keyboard; and displaying, at a second location on the touchscreen display, a second affordance which, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard; and in accordance with a determination that a second set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the second set of keyboard configuration criteria including a second keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard and the second keyboard of the first type without including other keyboards: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration, including: displaying, at the first location on the touchscreen display, a third affordance, where the third affordance, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard, without displaying, at the second location, an affordance that, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is described. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes a touchscreen display; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a request to display a first keyboard from among a plurality of selected keyboards; and in response to receiving the request to display the first keyboard: in accordance with a determination that a first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria including a first keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard, a second keyboard of a first type, and a third keyboard: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, including: displaying, at a first location on the touchscreen display, a first affordance which, when activated, causes display of the third keyboard; and displaying, at a second location on the touchscreen display, a second affordance which, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard; and in accordance with a determination that a second set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the second set of keyboard configuration criteria including a second keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard and the second keyboard of the first type without including other keyboards: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration, including: displaying, at the first location on the touchscreen display, a third affordance, where the third affordance, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard, without displaying, at the second location, an affordance that, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device is described. In some embodiments, the electronic device includes: a display device; means for receiving a request to display a first keyboard from among a plurality of selected keyboards; and means, responsive to receiving the request to display the first keyboard, for: in accordance with a determination that a first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria including a first keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard, a second keyboard of a first type, and a third keyboard: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, including: displaying, at a first location on the touchscreen display, a first affordance which, when activated, causes display of the third keyboard; and displaying, at a second location on the touchscreen display, a second affordance which, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard; and in accordance with a determination that a second set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the second set of keyboard configuration criteria including a second keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard and the second keyboard of the first type without including other keyboards: displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration, including: displaying, at the first location on the touchscreen display, a third affordance, where the third affordance, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard, without displaying, at the second location, an affordance that, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard. 
     Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     Thus, devices are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for managing keyboards and keyboard input, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace other methods for managing keyboard input. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIG.  1 A  is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  5 B  is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  5 C- 5 D  illustrate exemplary components of a personal electronic device having a touch-sensitive display and intensity sensors in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  5 E- 5 H  illustrate exemplary components and user interfaces of a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 S  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for receiving handwriting input, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for receiving handwriting input, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 V  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for accessing predictive text candidates, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for accessing predictive text candidates, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  10 A- 10 J  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for accessing keyboards, in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for accessing keyboards, in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments. 
     There is a need for electronic devices that provide efficient methods and interfaces for managing keyboard input. For examples, users of electronic devices would benefit from handwriting input areas with variable size. For another examples, users of electronic devices would benefit from efficiently accessing predictive text when writing content. For yet another example, users of electronic devices would benefit from quickly accessing different types of keyboards (e.g., different language keyboards) when writing content. Such techniques can reduce the cognitive burden on a user who provides inputs at an electronic device, thereby enhancing productivity. Further, such techniques can reduce processor and battery power otherwise wasted on redundant user inputs. 
     Below,  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B,  2 ,  3 ,  4 A- 4 B, and  5 A- 5 H  provide a description of exemplary devices for performing the techniques for managing keyboard input.  FIGS.  6 A- 6 S  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for receiving handwriting input, in accordance with some embodiments.  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for receiving handwriting input, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 S  are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D .  FIGS.  8 A- 8 V  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for accessing predictive text candidates, in accordance with some embodiments.  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for accessing predictive text candidates, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in  FIGS.  8 A- 8 V  are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B .  FIGS.  10 A- 10 J  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for accessing keyboards, in accordance with some embodiments.  FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for accessing keyboards, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in  FIGS.  10 A- 10 J  are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS.  11 A- 11 C . 
     Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first touch could be termed a second touch, and, similarly, a second touch could be termed a first touch, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first touch and the second touch are both touches, but they are not the same touch. 
     The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touchpad). 
     In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. 
     The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user. 
     Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIG.  1 A  is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device  100  with touch-sensitive display system  112  in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device  100  includes memory  102  (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPUs)  120 , peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , input/output (I/O ) subsystem  106 , other input control devices  116 , and external port  124 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more optical sensors  164 . Device  100  optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on device  100  (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100 ). Device  100  optionally includes one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs on device  100  (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system  112  of device  100  or touchpad  355  of device  300 ). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least  256 ). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user&#39;s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user&#39;s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user&#39;s movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. 
     It should be appreciated that device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device  100  optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG.  1 A  are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller  122  optionally controls access to memory  102  by other components of device  100 . 
     Peripherals interface  118  can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for device  100  and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface  118 , CPU  120 , and memory controller  122  are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips. 
     RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry  108  optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry  108  optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     Audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , and microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and device  100 . Audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker  111 . Speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by microphone  113  from sound waves. Audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or RF circuitry  108  by peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.,  212 ,  FIG.  2   ). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on device  100 , such as touch screen  112  and other input control devices  116 , to peripherals interface  118 . I/O subsystem  106  optionally includes display controller  156 , optical sensor controller  158 , depth camera controller  169 , intensity sensor controller  159 , haptic feedback controller  161 , and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices  116 . The other input control devices  116  optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG.  2   ) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker  111  and/or microphone  113 . The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG.  2   ). 
     A quick press of the push button optionally disengages a lock of touch screen  112  or optionally begins a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g.,  206 ) optionally turns power to device  100  on or off. The functionality of one or more of the buttons are, optionally, user-customizable. Touch screen  112  is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     Touch-sensitive display  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen  112 . Touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output optionally corresponds to user-interface objects. 
     Touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen  112  and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     Touch screen  112  optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch screen  112  and display controller  156  optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  is, optionally, analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No: 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen  112  displays visual output from device  100 , whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen  112  is described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     Touch screen  112  optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user optionally makes contact with touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device  100  optionally includes a touchpad for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     Device  100  also includes power system  162  for powering the various components. Power system  162  optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIG.  1 A  shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . Optical sensor  164  optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), optical sensor  164  optionally captures still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112  on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor  164  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor  164  is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more depth camera sensors  175 .  FIG.  1 A  shows a depth camera sensor coupled to depth camera controller  169  in I/O subsystem  106 . Depth camera sensor  175  receives data from the environment to create a three dimensional model of an object (e.g., a face) within a scene from a viewpoint (e.g., a depth camera sensor). In some embodiments, in conjunction with imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), depth camera sensor  175  is optionally used to determine a depth map of different portions of an image captured by the imaging module  143 . In some embodiments, a depth camera sensor is located on the front of device  100  so that the user&#39;s image with depth information is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display and to capture selfies with depth map data. In some embodiments, the depth camera sensor  175  is located on the back of device, or on the back and the front of the device  100 . In some embodiments, the position of depth camera sensor  175  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a depth camera sensor  175  is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     In some embodiments, a depth map (e.g., depth map image) contains information (e.g., values) that relates to the distance of objects in a scene from a viewpoint (e.g., a camera, an optical sensor, a depth camera sensor). In one embodiment of a depth map, each depth pixel defines the position in the viewpoint&#39;s Z-axis where its corresponding two-dimensional pixel is located. In some embodiments, a depth map is composed of pixels wherein each pixel is defined by a value (e.g.,  0  -  255 ). For example, the “ 0 ” value represents pixels that are located at the most distant place in a “three dimensional” scene and the “ 255 ” value represents pixels that are located closest to a viewpoint (e.g., a camera, an optical sensor, a depth camera sensor) in the “three dimensional” scene. In other embodiments, a depth map represents the distance between an object in a scene and the plane of the viewpoint. In some embodiments, the depth map includes information about the relative depth of various features of an object of interest in view of the depth camera (e.g., the relative depth of eyes, nose, mouth, ears of a user&#39;s face). In some embodiments, the depth map includes information that enables the device to determine contours of the object of interest in a z direction. 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165 .  FIG.  1 A  shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller  159  in I/O subsystem  106 . Contact intensity sensor  165  optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIG.  1 A  shows proximity sensor  166  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, proximity sensor  166  is, optionally, coupled to input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Proximity sensor  166  optionally performs as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators  167 .  FIG.  1 A  shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller  161  in I/O subsystem  106 . Tactile output generator  167  optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor  165  receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module  133  and generates tactile outputs on device  100  that are capable of being sensed by a user of device  100 . In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device  100 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device  100 ). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device  100 , opposite touch screen display  112 , which is located on the front of device  100 . 
     Device  100  optionally also includes one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIG.  1 A  shows accelerometer  168  coupled to peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, accelerometer  168  is, optionally, coupled to an input controller  160  in I/O subsystem  106 . Accelerometer  168  optionally performs as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device  100  optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s)  168 , a magnetometer and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  include operating system  126 , communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or sets of instructions)  136 . Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory  102  ( FIG.  1 A ) or  370  ( FIG.  3   ) stores device/global internal state  157 , as shown in  FIGS.  1 A and  3   . Device/global internal state  157  includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display  112 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device&#39;s various sensors and input control devices  116 ; and location information concerning the device&#39;s location and/or attitude. 
     Operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     Communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry  108  and/or external port  124 . External port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g.,  30 -pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the  30 -pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices. 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects contact with touch screen  112  (in conjunction with display controller  156 ) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  and display controller  156  detect contact on a touchpad. 
     In some embodiments, contact/motion module  130  uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device  100 ). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter). 
     Contact/motion module  130  optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event. 
     Graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     Haptic feedback module  133  includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s)  167  to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device  100  in response to user interactions with device  100 . 
     Text input module  134 , which is, optionally, a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing; to camera  143  as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     Applications  136  optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         Contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   Telephone module  138 ;   Video conference module  139 ;   E-mail client module  140 ;   Instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   Workout support module  142 ;   Camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   Image management module  144 ;   Video player module;   Music player module;   Browser module  147 ;   Calendar module  148 ;   Widget modules  149 , which optionally include one or more of: weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   Widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   Search module  151 ;   Video and music player module  152 , which merges video player module and music player module;   Notes module  153 ;   Map module  154 ; and/or   Online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that are, optionally, stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , contacts module  137  are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state  192  of contacts module  137  in memory  102  or memory  370 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference module  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , telephone module  138  are optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contacts module  137 , and telephone module  138 , video conference module  139  includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140  includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module  144 , e-mail client module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module, workout support module  142  includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , camera module  143  includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , image management module  144  includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , browser module  147  includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , calendar module  148  includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , widget modules  149  are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , search module  151  includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , video and music player module  152  includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP 3  or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen  112  or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). In some embodiments, device  100  optionally includes the functionality of an MP 3  player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , notes module  153  includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , map module  154  are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact/motion module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , online video module  155  includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H. 264 . In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No.  11 / 968 , 067 , “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module is, optionally, combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module  152 ,  FIG.  1 A ). In some embodiments, memory  102  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device  100 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device  100  is, optionally, reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device  100 . In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  102  ( FIG.  1 A ) or  370  ( FIG.  3   ) includes event sorter  170  (e.g., in operating system  126 ) and a respective application  136 - 1  (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications  137 - 151 ,  155 ,  380 - 390 ). 
     Event sorter  170  receives event information and determines the application  136 - 1  and application view  191  of application  136 - 1  to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter  170  includes event monitor  171  and event dispatcher module  174 . In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes application internal state  192 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display  112  when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state  157  is used by event sorter  170  to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state  192  is used by event sorter  170  to determine application views  191  to which to deliver event information. 
     In some embodiments, application internal state  192  includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application  136 - 1  resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application  136 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application  136 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user. 
     Event monitor  171  receives event information from peripherals interface  118 . Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display  112 , as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface  118  transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem  106  or a sensor, such as proximity sensor  166 , accelerometer(s)  168 , and/or microphone  113  (through audio circuitry  110 ). Information that peripherals interface  118  receives from I/O subsystem  106  includes information from touch-sensitive display  112  or a touch-sensitive surface. 
     In some embodiments, event monitor  171  sends requests to the peripherals interface  118  at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface  118  transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration). 
     In some embodiments, event sorter  170  also includes a hit view determination module  172  and/or an active event recognizer determination module  173 . 
     Hit view determination module  172  provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display  112  displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display. 
     Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture. 
     Hit view determination module  172  receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module  172  identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module  172 , the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view. 
     Active event recognizer determination module  173  determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module  173  determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views. 
     Event dispatcher module  174  dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer  180 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module  173 , event dispatcher module  174  delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module  173 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module  174  stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver  182 . 
     In some embodiments, operating system  126  includes event sorter  170 . Alternatively, application  136 - 1  includes event sorter  170 . In yet other embodiments, event sorter  170  is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory  102 , such as contact/motion module  130 . 
     In some embodiments, application  136 - 1  includes a plurality of event handlers  190  and one or more application views  191 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application&#39;s user interface. Each application view  191  of the application  136 - 1  includes one or more event recognizers  180 . Typically, a respective application view  191  includes a plurality of event recognizers  180 . In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers  180  are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit or a higher level object from which application  136 - 1  inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler  190  includes one or more of: data updater  176 , object updater  177 , GUI updater  178 , and/or event data  179  received from event sorter  170 . Event handler  190  optionally utilizes or calls data updater  176 , object updater  177 , or 
     GUI updater  178  to update the application internal state  192 . Alternatively, one or more of the application views  191  include one or more respective event handlers  190 . Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a respective application view  191 . 
     A respective event recognizer  180  receives event information (e.g., event data  179 ) from event sorter  170  and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer  180  includes event receiver  182  and event comparator  184 . In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  also includes at least a subset of: metadata  183 , and event delivery instructions  188  (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions). 
     Event receiver  182  receives event information from event sorter  170 . The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device. 
     Event comparator  184  compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  includes event definitions  186 . Event definitions  186  contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event  1  ( 187 - 1 ), event  2  ( 187 - 2 ), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event ( 187 ) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event  1  ( 187 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event  2  ( 187 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display  112 , and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers  190 . 
     In some embodiments, event definition  187  includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display  112 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display  112 , event comparator  184  performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler  190 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler  190  should be activated. For example, event comparator  184  selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test. 
     In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event ( 187 ) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer&#39;s event type. 
     When a respective event recognizer  180  determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions  186 , the respective event recognizer  180  enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  includes metadata  183  with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata  183  includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy. 
     In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  activates event handler  190  associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer  180  delivers event information associated with the event to event handler  190 . Activating an event handler  190  is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer  180  throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler  190  associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process. 
     In some embodiments, event delivery instructions  188  include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process. 
     In some embodiments, data updater  176  creates and updates data used in application  136 - 1 . For example, data updater  176  updates the telephone number used in contacts module  137 , or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater  177  creates and updates objects used in application  136 - 1 . For example, object updater  177  creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater  178  updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater  178  prepares display information and sends it to graphics module  132  for display on a touch-sensitive display. 
     In some embodiments, event handler(s)  190  includes or has access to data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178 . In some embodiments, data updater  176 , object updater  177 , and GUI updater  178  are included in a single module of a respective application  136 - 1  or application view  191 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules. 
     It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices  100  with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device  100 . In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     Device  100  optionally also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, menu button  204  is, optionally, used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that are, optionally, executed on device  100 . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen  112 . 
     In some embodiments, device  100  includes touch screen  112 , menu button  204 , push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot  210 , headset jack  212 , and docking/charging external port  124 . Push button  206  is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device  100  also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone  113 . Device  100  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors  165  for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen  112  and/or one or more tactile output generators  167  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  100 . 
       FIG.  3    is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. Communication buses  320  optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device  300  includes input/output (I/O) interface  330  comprising display  340 , which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface  330  also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and touchpad  355 , tactile output generator  357  for generating tactile outputs on device  300  (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s)  167  described above with reference to  FIG.  1 A ), sensors  359  (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s)  165  described above with reference to  FIG.  1 A ). Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG.  1 A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  optionally stores drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG.  1 A ) optionally does not store these modules. 
     Each of the above-identified elements in  FIG.  3    is, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that are, optionally, implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400  includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Icon  416  for telephone module  138 , labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   Icon  418  for e-mail client module  140 , labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Icon  420  for browser module  147 , labeled “Browser;” and   Icon  422  for video and music player module  152 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module  152 , labeled “iPod;” and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           Icon  424  for IM module  141 , labeled “Messages;”   Icon  426  for calendar module  148 , labeled “Calendar;”   Icon  428  for image management module  144 , labeled “Photos;”   Icon  430  for camera module  143 , labeled “Camera;”   Icon  432  for online video module  155 , labeled “Online Video;”   Icon  434  for stocks widget  149 - 2 , labeled “Stocks;”   Icon  436  for map module  154 , labeled “Maps;”   Icon  438  for weather widget  149 - 1 , labeled “Weather;”   Icon  440  for alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , labeled “Clock;”   Icon  442  for workout support module  142 , labeled “Workout Support;”   Icon  444  for notes module  153 , labeled “Notes;” and   Icon  446  for a settings application or module, labeled “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device  100  and its various applications  136 .   
               

     It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in  FIG.  4 A  are merely exemplary. For example, icon  422  for video and music player module  152  is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon. 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG.  3   ) with a touch-sensitive surface  451  (e.g., a tablet or touchpad  355 ,  FIG.  3   ) that is separate from the display  450  (e.g., touch screen display  112 ). Device  300  also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors  359 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  451  and/or one or more tactile output generators  357  for generating tactile outputs for a user of device  300 . 
     Although some of the examples that follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display  112  (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in  FIG.  4 B . In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG.  4 B ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG.  4 B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG.  4 B ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG.  4 B ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG.  4 B,  460    corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462 , and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG.  4 B ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG.  4 B ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates exemplary personal electronic device  500 . Device  500  includes body  502 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices  100  and  300  (e.g.,  FIGS.  1 A- 4 B ). In some embodiments, device  500  has touch-sensitive display screen  504 , hereafter touch screen  504 . Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen  504 , device  500  has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices  100  and  300 , in some embodiments, touch screen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) optionally includes one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen  504  (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device  500  can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device  500 . 
     Exemplary techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2013/169849, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2014/105276, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more input mechanisms  506  and  508 . Input mechanisms  506  and  508 , if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device  500  has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device  500  with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device  500  to be worn by a user. 
       FIG.  5 B  depicts exemplary personal electronic device  500 . In some embodiments, device  500  can include some or all of the components described with respect to  FIGS.  1 A,  1 B , and  3 . Device  500  has bus  512  that operatively couples I/O section  514  with one or more computer processors  516  and memory  518 . I/O section  514  can be connected to display  504 , which can have touch-sensitive component  522  and, optionally, intensity sensor  524  (e.g., contact intensity sensor). In addition, I/O section  514  can be connected with communication unit  530  for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device  500  can include input mechanisms  506  and/or  508 . Input mechanism  506  is, optionally, a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism  508  is, optionally, a button, in some examples. 
     Input mechanism  508  is, optionally, a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device  500  optionally includes various sensors, such as GPS sensor  532 , accelerometer  534 , directional sensor  540  (e.g., compass), gyroscope  536 , motion sensor  538 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to I/O section  514 . 
     Memory  518  of personal electronic device  500  can include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors  516 , for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques described below, including processes 700 ,  900 , and  1100 . A computer-readable storage medium can be any medium that can tangibly contain or store computer-executable instructions for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In some examples, the storage medium is a transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, the storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, magnetic, optical, and/or semiconductor storages. Examples of such storage include magnetic disks, optical discs based on CD, DVD, or Blu-ray technologies, as well as persistent solid-state memory such as flash, solid-state drives, and the like. Personal electronic device  500  is not limited to the components and configuration of  FIG.  5 B , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations. 
     As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, optionally, displayed on the display screen of devices  100 ,  300 , and/or  500  ( FIGS.  1 A,  3 , and  5 A- 5 B ). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) each optionally constitute an affordance. 
     As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad  355  in  FIG.  3    or touch-sensitive surface  451  in  FIG.  4 B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system  112  in  FIG.  1 A  or touch screen  112  in  FIG.  4 A ) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user&#39;s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device). 
     As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally, based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds optionally includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation), rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation. 
       FIG.  5 C  illustrates detecting a plurality of contacts  552 A- 552 E on touch-sensitive display screen  504  with a plurality of intensity sensors  524 A- 524 D.  FIG.  5 C  additionally includes intensity diagrams that show the current intensity measurements of the intensity sensors  524 A- 524 D relative to units of intensity. In this example, the intensity measurements of intensity sensors  524 A and  524 D are each  9  units of intensity, and the intensity measurements of intensity sensors  524 B and  524 C are each  7  units of intensity. In some implementations, an aggregate intensity is the sum of the intensity measurements of the plurality of intensity sensors  524 A- 524 D, which in this example is  32  intensity units. In some embodiments, each contact is assigned a respective intensity that is a portion of the aggregate intensity.  FIG.  5 D  illustrates assigning the aggregate intensity to contacts  552 A- 552 E based on their distance from the center of force  554 . In this example, each of contacts  552 A,  552 B, and  552 E are assigned an intensity of contact of  8  intensity units of the aggregate intensity, and each of contacts  552 C and  552 D are assigned an intensity of contact of  4  intensity units of the aggregate intensity. More generally, in some implementations, each contact j is assigned a respective intensity Ij that is a portion of the aggregate intensity, A, in accordance with a predefined mathematical function, Ij=A·(Dj/ΣDi), where Dj is the distance of the respective contact j to the center of force, and ΣDi is the sum of the distances of all the respective contacts (e.g., i=1 to last) to the center of force. The operations described with reference to  FIGS.  5 C- 5 D  can be performed using an electronic device similar or identical to device  100 ,  300 , or  500 . In some embodiments, a characteristic intensity of a contact is based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the intensity sensors are used to determine a single characteristic intensity (e.g., a single characteristic intensity of a single contact). It should be noted that the intensity diagrams are not part of a displayed user interface, but are included in  FIGS.  5 C- 5 D  to aid the reader. 
     In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface optionally receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is, optionally, based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is, optionally, applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. 
     The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures. 
     An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero. 
     In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). 
       FIGS.  5 E- 5 H  illustrate detection of a gesture that includes a press input that corresponds to an increase in intensity of a contact  562  from an intensity below a light press intensity threshold (e.g., “IT L ”) in  FIG.  5 E , to an intensity above a deep press intensity threshold (e.g., “IT D ”) in  FIG.  5 H . The gesture performed with contact  562  is detected on touch-sensitive surface  560  while cursor  576  is displayed over application icon  572 B corresponding to App 2, on a displayed user interface  570  that includes application icons  572 A- 572 D displayed in predefined region  574 . In some embodiments, the gesture is detected on touch-sensitive display  504 . The intensity sensors detect the intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface  560 . The device determines that the intensity of contact  562  peaked above the deep press intensity threshold (e.g., “IT D ”). Contact  562  is maintained on touch-sensitive surface  560 . In response to the detection of the gesture, and in accordance with contact  562  having an intensity that goes above the deep press intensity threshold (e.g., “IT D ”) during the gesture, reduced-scale representations  578 A- 578 C (e.g., thumbnails) of recently opened documents for App 2 are displayed, as shown in 
       FIGS.  5 F- 5 H . In some embodiments, the intensity, which is compared to the one or more intensity thresholds, is the characteristic intensity of a contact. It should be noted that the intensity diagram for contact  562  is not part of a displayed user interface, but is included in  FIGS.  5 E- 5 H  to aid the reader. 
     In some embodiments, the display of representations  578 A- 578 C includes an animation. For example, representation  578 A is initially displayed in proximity of application icon  572 B, as shown in  FIG.  5 F . As the animation proceeds, representation  578 A moves upward and representation  578 B is displayed in proximity of application icon  572 B, as shown in  FIG.  5 G . Then, representations  578 A moves upward,  578 B moves upward toward representation  578 A, and representation  578 C is displayed in proximity of application icon  572 B, as shown in  FIG.  5 H . Representations  578 A- 578 C form an array above icon  572 B. In some embodiments, the animation progresses in accordance with an intensity of contact  562 , as shown in  FIGS.  5 F- 5 G , where the representations  578 A- 578 C appear and move upwards as the intensity of contact  562  increases toward the deep press intensity threshold (e.g., “IT S ”). In some embodiments, the intensity, on which the progress of the animation is based, is the characteristic intensity of the contact. The operations described with reference to  FIGS.  5 E- 5 H  can be performed using an electronic device similar or identical to device  100 ,  300 , or  500 . 
     In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances). 
     For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the pres s-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold. 
     As used herein, an “installed application” refers to a software application that has been downloaded onto an electronic device (e.g., devices  100 ,  300 , and/or  500 ) and is ready to be launched (e.g., become opened) on the device. In some embodiments, a downloaded application becomes an installed application by way of an installation program that extracts program portions from a downloaded package and integrates the extracted portions with the operating system of the computer system. 
     As used herein, the terms “open application” or “executing application” refer to a software application with retained state information (e.g., as part of device/global internal state  157  and/or application internal state  192 ). An open or executing application is, optionally, any one of the following types of applications:
         an active application, which is currently displayed on a display screen of the device that the application is being used on;   a background application (or background processes), which is not currently displayed, but one or more processes for the application are being processed by one or more processors; and   a suspended or hibernated application, which is not running, but has state information that is stored in memory (volatile and non-volatile, respectively) and that can be used to resume execution of the application.       

     As used herein, the term “closed application” refers to software applications without retained state information (e.g., state information for closed applications is not stored in a memory of the device). Accordingly, closing an application includes stopping and/or removing application processes for the application and removing state information for the application from the memory of the device. Generally, opening a second application while in a first application does not close the first application. When the second application is displayed and the first application ceases to be displayed, the first application becomes a background application. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UT”) and associated processes that are implemented on an electronic device, such as portable multifunction device  100 , device  300 , or device  500 . 
       FIGS.  6 A- 6 S  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for receiving handwriting input, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS.  7 A- 7 B . 
     At  FIG.  6 A , electronic device  600  is displaying a notes user interface (e.g., in response to detecting activation of a notes icon at a homescreen of device  600 ). Electronic device  600  includes a touch-sensitive surface and a display, which are arranged into a touch-screen display. The notes user interface includes text entry area  602 , stroke input area  604   a , and keys area  604   b . The stroke input area  604   a  and the keys area  604   b  are based on a currently displayed keyboard (e.g., as described in detail below with respect to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 J ). 
     At  FIG.  6 A , a Chinese handwriting keyboard  604  is currently displayed (e.g., same as keyboard  1012 ). In some embodiments, the Chinese handwriting keyboard includes multiple keyboard planes, including a handwriting plane  604   a  that enables users to provide handwritten strokes to insert text (e.g., alphanumeric characters, spacing, punctuation) into text entry area  602  and a numerals plane  604   c  (e.g., as illustrated in  FIG.  6 J ) that enables users to activate various keys to insert text (e.g., alphanumeric characters, spacing, punctuation) into text entry area  602 . Text entry area  602  is configured to display text received by device  600 , such as the text received in text entry area  604   a . Stroke input area  604   a  is configured to receive strokes (e.g., handwritten strokes, via a finger contact or stylus contact on the touch-screen display), which are recognized as text using various techniques. In some examples, multiple strokes received at stroke input area  604   a  are combined into a single corresponding character and the character is displayed in text entry area  602 . Keys area  606  includes a plurality of keyboard keys which, when activated, perform various functions. For example, activation of numeral key  606   a  causes display of a numerals keyboard plane of the Chinese handwriting keyboard or display of a numerals keyboard. For another example, activation of switcher key  606   b  causes the keyboard to be replaced with a different keyboard (e.g., has adaptive behavior), such as described in further detail below with respect to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 J . For another example, microphone key  606   c  initiates a dictation mode whereby device  600  receives audio and transcribes the received audio into text, which is displayed in text entry area  602 . 
     At  FIG.  6 A , device  600  also displays delete affordance  604 d and grabber  604   e . Delete affordance  604   d , when activated, deletes a character from the text entry area  602  and/or deletes stroke representations displayed in stroke input area  604   a . Grabber  604   e  can be used to resize stroke input area  604   a . In these examples, stroke input area  604   a  can be resized between two predetermined sizes: a small size and a large size (and, optionally, different aspect ratios). For example,  FIG.  6 A  illustrates stroke input area  604   a  at a small size and a first aspect ratio and  FIG.  6 F  illustrates stroke input area  604   a  at a large size and a second aspect ratio (different from the first aspect ratio). In some embodiments, stroke input area  604   a  can be resized among three, four, or more predetermined sizes. 
     At  FIG.  6 B , device  600  detects input stroke  650   a  in stroke input area  604   a  and, in response, displays a visual representation  610   a  of input stroke  650   a . Representation  610   a  is displayed over time in conjunction with detecting movement of input stroke  650   a  over time. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6 C , in accordance with a determination that a threshold amount of time has elapsed after detection (e.g., after detecting lift-off of the contact) of input stroke  650   a , device  600  ceases to display, representation  610   a  of input stroke  650   a  and displays (e.g., inserts) character  602   a  in text entry area  602  (thereby auto-committing (e.g., without requiring additional user input) the handwritten strokes to text entry area  602  after the threshold amount of time has elapsed). Character  602   a  is a character determined (e.g., by device  600 ) using handwriting recognition. In some embodiments, device  600  ceases to display representation  610   a  by fading out the representation over time (e.g., over 1 second). 
     In some embodiments, the threshold amount of time (e.g., for auto-committing) is determined using measured periods of time between previous sets of strokes. For example, the device determines a first duration between lift-off (from the touchscreen display) of a first contact for a first stroke and touch-down (on the touchscreen display) of a second contact for a second stroke. The device subsequently determines a second duration between lift-off (from the touchscreen display) of the second contact for the second stroke and touch-down (on the touchscreen display) of a third contact for a third stroke. In some embodiments, the threshold amount of time is based on the first duration and the second duration. In some embodiments, the threshold amount of time is based on the average of the first duration and the second duration. In some embodiments, the threshold amount of time is variable and changes as the user writes more quickly (e.g., threshold amount of time reduces because the average duration between lift-off and touch-down is decreased) or as the user writes more slowly (e.g., threshold amount of time increases because the average duration between lift-off and touch-down is increased). 
     At  FIG.  6 C , device  600  receives an input (e.g., a gesture,  650   b ,  650   c ) at a location that corresponds to Chinese handwriting keyboard  604 . In accordance with a determination that the start of the input is received at a location that does not corresponds to grabber  604   e , device  600  does not expand stroke input area  604   a . For example, device  600  does not expand stroke input area  604   a  in response to detecting input  650   c , even though input  650   c  is an upward drag gesture. 
     In accordance with a determination that the start of the input (e.g.,  650   b ) is received at a location that corresponds to grabber  604   e  and that the input includes upward movement (e.g., toward text entry area  602 , away from keys area  604   b ), the device begins to expand stroke input area  604   a . For example, input  650   b  (illustrated in FIGS,  6 C- 6 E), starts (in  FIG.  6 C ) on grabber  604   e  and moves upward (e.g., in  FIGS.  6 C- 6 D ). In response, stroke input area  604   a  expands (e.g., to a bigger size, longer in length but same width) and, optionally, the aspect ratio of stroke input area  604   a  changes. As illustrated in  FIGS.  6 C- 6 E , stroke input area  604   a  expands in conjunction with movement of input  650   b . In addition, as illustrated in  FIGS.  6 C- 6 E , content in text entry area  602  optionally moves in the direction of the movement of the input such that the content continues to be displayed after stroke input area  604   a  is expanded to the large size. In  FIGS.  6 C- 6 E , character  602   a  is sliding upwards and, for example, maintains a fixed amount of distances from stroke input area  604   a . In some examples, when stroke input area  604   a  reaches a maximum size (e.g., the large size), stroke input area  604   a  no longer expands in conjunction with the upward movement of the input. At  FIG.  6 D , as input  650   b  moves, stroke input area  604   a  expands in size and text entry area  602  concurrently reduces in size. 
     At  FIG.  6 E , movement of input  650   b  has ceased and device  600  continues to detect contact of input  650   b  on the touchscreen (e.g., without detecting lift-off of input  650   b ). At  FIG.  6 E  stroke input area  604   a  is displayed at a size that is smaller than the large size (and larger than the small size). 
     Device  600  detects lift-off of input  650   b  from the touchscreen display and, in response to detecting lift-off of input  650   b  and in accordance with a determination that input  650   b  has expanded stroke input area  604   a  to a size bigger than a threshold size, device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., animates further expansion of stroke input area  604   a , snaps to) at the large size, as illustrated at  FIG.  6 F . The large size (e.g., expanded state) of stroke input area (as shown in  FIG.  6 F ) is bigger than the small size (e.g., unexpanded state) of stroke input area (as shown in  FIG.  6 A ). Further, the stroke input area at the large size has a second aspect ratio that is different from the first aspect ratio of stroke input area  604   a  at the small size. For example,  FIG.  6 F  illustrates stroke input area  604   a  at the large size and the second aspect ratio. Alternatively, in response to detecting lift-off of input  650   b  and in accordance with a determination that input  650   b  has not expanded stroke input area  604   a  to a size bigger than the threshold size, device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., animates reduction of stroke input area  604   a , snaps to) returning to the small size. 
     At  FIG.  6 F , while displaying stroke input area  604   a  at the large size, device  600  receives a plurality of input strokes  650   c  in stroke input area  604   a  and, in response, displays a visual representations  610   b  of the plurality of input strokes  650   c . Representations  610   b  are displayed over time in conjunction with detecting movement of input strokes  650   c  over time. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6 G , in accordance with a determination that a threshold amount of time has elapsed after detection (e.g., after detecting lift-off of the contact) of input strokes  650   c , device  600  ceases to display representations  610   b  of input strokes  650   c  and displays (e.g., inserts) character  602   b  in text entry area  602  (thereby auto-committing (e.g., without requiring additional user input) the handwritten strokes to text entry area  602  after the threshold amount of time has elapsed). Character  602   b  is a character determined (e.g., by device  600 ) using handwriting recognition. In some embodiments, device  600  ceases to display representations  610   b  by fading out the representations over time (e.g., over 1 second). 
     At  FIG.  6 G , device  600  detects tap  650   d  on a candidate term (e.g., a suggested word) of a plurality of displayed candidate terms  612 . At  FIG.  6 H , in response to detecting tap  650   d , device  600  inserts the term into text entry field  602 . 
     At  FIG.  6 H , while stroke input area  604   a  is at the large size, device  600  detects an input at a location corresponding to key area  60 4b. In response to detecting the input at the location corresponding to key area  604   b , in accordance with a determination that the input is on switcher key  606   b , device  600  replaces Chinese handwriting keyboard  604  with a different keyboard (e.g., as described in detail with respect to  FIGS.  10 A- 10 J ). 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  61   , activation of switcher key  606   b  by tap  650   e  at  FIG.  6 H  causes English keyboard  608  to be display and for text entry area  602  to expand (e.g., to the same size as in  FIG.  6 A  when stroke input area  604   a  is at the small size), thereby replacing Chinese handwriting keyboard  604  (including replacing all of stroke input area  604   a ). Replacing Chinese handwriting keyboard  604  with English keyboard  608  also optionally causes content  602   c  in text entry area  602  to shift (e.g., slide via animation) down towards the English keyboard  608 . 
     Returning to  FIG.  6 H , while stroke input area  604   a  is at the large size, device  600  detects the input at a location corresponding to key area  604   b . In response to detecting the input at the location corresponding to key area  604   b , in accordance with a determination that the input (e.g.,  6500  is on numeral key  606   a , device  600  displays a numeral plane (e.g., including keys corresponding to numbers, punctuation, symbols, non-alphabetical characters) in area  604   c  of Chinese handwriting keyboard  604 . For example, device  600  detects tap  650 f on numeral key  606   a  and, in response, displays (at  FIG.  6 J ) numeral plane  604   c , which replaces a portion of stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., the device ceases to display a first portion of stroke input area  604   a  while continuing to concurrently display a second portion of stroke input area  604   a  with the numeral plane). Further, in response to detecting the input at the location corresponding to numeral key  606   a , device  600  ceases to display grabber  604   e  (e.g., thereby disabling the ability to resize the stroke input area (e.g., while remaining in a portrait mode)). 
     At  FIG.  6 K , while concurrently displaying numeral plane  604   c  with a portion of stroke input area  604   a , device  600  detects tap  650   g  on a punctuation key (an exclamation mark, “!”) of numeral plane  604   c . In response to detecting tap  650   g , device  600  displays (e.g., inserts) the corresponding punctuation character  602   d  in text entry area  602 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6 L , there are multiple ways to return to displaying the full stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., both the first portion and the second portion). Tap  650   h  on handwriting key  606   d  causes device  600  to cease displaying the numeral plane  604   c  of Chinese handwriting keyboard  604  and display (e.g., reveal from behind numeral plane  604   c ) the remaining portion of stroke input area  604   a , as shown in  FIG.  6 N . As illustrated in  FIGS.  6 L- 6 M , detecting an input, such as input stroke  650   i , in stroke input area  604   a  (while numeral plane  604   c  is displayed) causes the device to cease displaying numeral plan  604   c  (as shown in  FIG.  6 M ) to display (e.g., reveal) the remaining portion of stroke input area  604   a . Further, in response to detecting input stroke  650   i , device  600  displays a visual representation  610   c  of input stroke  650   i . Although illustrated as a downward gesture, device  600  is indifferent to the direction of input stroke  650   i  for displaying the remaining portion of stroke input area  604   a . In addition, device  600  detects an additional input stroke  650   j , which causes display of visual representation  610   d  corresponding to the stroke. Visual representations  610   c  and  610   d  are displayed over time in conjunction with detecting movement of corresponding input strokes  650   i  and  650   j  over time. In some embodiments, an input on stroke input area  604   a  while numeral plan  604   c  is displayed causes numeral plan  604   c  to cease being displayed but does not cause a visual representation of the input to be displayed. Displaying the full stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., both the first portion and the second portion) also includes displaying grabber  604   e.    
     At  FIG.  6 N , device  600  determines (e.g., using handwriting recognition) that input strokes  650   i  and  650   j  correspond to an exclamation mark and, in response, device  600  inserts a corresponding exclamation mark  602   e  in text entry area  602 . At  FIG.  6 N , device  600  detects drag gesture  650   k , which starts on grabber  604   e . In accordance with a determination that drag gesture  650   k  includes downward movement (e.g., away from the text entry area), device  600  reduces the size of stroke input area (e.g., gradually over time, in conjunction with movement of drag gesture  650   k ). 
     At  FIG.  60   , movement of input  650   k  has ceased and device  600  continues to detect contact of gesture  650   k  on the touchscreen (e.g., without detecting lift-off of input  650   k ). At  FIG.  60   , device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  at a size based on a location of the contact of drag gesture  650   k . At  FIG.  60    stroke input area  604   a  is displayed at a size that is smaller than the large size. 
     Device  600  detects lift-off of gesture  650   k  from the touchscreen display and, in response to detecting lift-off of gesture  650   k  and in accordance with a determination that gesture  650   k  has reduced stroke input area  604   a  to a size smaller than a second threshold size, device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., animates further reduction of stroke input area  604   a , snaps to) at the small size, as illustrated at  FIG.  6 P . Alternatively, in response to detecting lift-off of input  650   k  and in accordance with a determination that input  650   k  has not reduced stroke input area  604   a  to a size smaller than the second threshold size, device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  (e.g., animates expansion of stroke input area  604   a , snaps to) at the large size. 
     At  FIG.  6 P , while device  600  displays the stroke input area  604   a  at the small size, device  600  transitions from a portrait mode to a landscape mode. In this example, device  600  transitions to landscape mode in response to device  600  detecting rotation  620  of device  600  from portrait orientation to landscape orientation. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6 Q , in response to transitioning to landscape mode, device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  at a size that is larger (e.g., in area) than the large size.  FIG.  6 Q  also illustrates that device  600  ceases to display grabber  604   e , thereby disabling the ability to resize stroke input area  604   a . In some examples, device  600  at  FIG.  6 Q  continues to display the 
       FIG.  6 R  illustrates an alternative user interface to that of  FIG.  6 Q . In response to transitioning to landscape mode, device  600  displays stroke input area  604   a  on a right-portion of the display while displaying text entry area  602  on a left-portion of the display. Device  600  also displays one or more punctuation keys  604   f  on the right side of the display. Punctuation keys  604   f , when activated, display a corresponding punctuation mark in text entry area  602 . 
       FIG.  6 S  illustrates an alternative user interface, whereby expanding the stroke input area does not shift content  602   f  of text entry area up and, as a result, stroke input area  604   a  overlays content  602   f . In some examples, content  602   f  becomes lighter in color when overlaid by stroke input area  604   a . In this example, candidate terms  612  are displayed near the bottom of the stroke input area  604   a.    
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 D  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for receiving handwriting input using an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. Method  700  is performed at a device (e.g.,  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  600 ) with a touchscreen display. Some operations in method  700  are, optionally, combined, the orders of some operations are, optionally, changed, and some operations are, optionally, omitted. 
     As described below, method  700  provides an intuitive method for receiving handwriting input. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user for receiving handwriting input, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, enabling a user to access media controls faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The electronic device (e.g.,  600 ) concurrently displays ( 702 ), on the touchscreen display a text entry area ( 704 ) (e.g.,  602  of  FIG.  6 A , at an enlarged text entry size) and stroke input area (e.g.,  604   a  of  FIG.  6 A ) at a first size ( 706 ) (e.g., a reduced stroke input area size). 
     While displaying the stroke input area at the first size, the electronic device detects ( 708 ), using the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more strokes (e.g.,  650   a , handwritten strokes which include movement over time on the touch-sensitive surface) in the stroke input area. 
     In response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, the electronic device displays ( 710 ), in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more characters (e.g.,  602   a , alphanumeric characters, emoji characters, Chinese characters, Japanese characters) determined based on the first set of one or more strokes (e.g., using handwriting recognition). 
     In some embodiments, as a part of displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters (e.g.,  602   a ) in response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes, the electronic device displays, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters a variable period of time after detecting (e.g., detecting an end of, detecting a beginning of) the first set of one or more strokes in the stroke input area. In some embodiments, the variable period of time is based on (e.g., an average of, a delay time plus an average of) a plurality of periods of time determined based on (calculated, measured) previously detected ends of strokes and beginnings of subsequent strokes. In some embodiments, as the device detects the user is providing strokes at a faster rate, the device reduces the duration of the variable period of time to accommodate the user&#39;s faster writing. Thus, a first period of time between the end of an initial stroke and the beginning of the next stroke is added to the plurality of periods of time for determining the variable period of time before future detected handwriting is committed to the text entry area. 
     While displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters, the electronic device detects ( 712 ) a first drag gesture (e.g.,  650   b , a drag up gesture, a drag up gesture starting on a handle object corresponding to the stroke input area). 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first drag gesture (e.g.,  650   b ) while displaying the first set of one or more characters, the electronic device changes a display location (e.g., scrolling, in the same direction as the direction of the first gesture, scrolling up the same amount as the increase in height of the stroke input area), on the touchscreen display, of the first set of one or more characters (e.g.,  602   a  moving up in  FIGS.  6 C- 6 F ). In some embodiments, the first drag gesture increases the size (e.g., height) of the stroke input area and causes a corresponding reduction in size (e.g., height) of the text entry area. In some embodiments, the device scrolls up the contents of the text entry area (e.g., removing contents from the top of the text entry area and shifting up contents from the bottom of the text entry area) to continue to display the content at the bottom of the text entry area (e.g., the more recently entered content). 
     In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first set of one or more strokes (and optionally prior to displaying, in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, the first set of one or more characters), the electronic device displays, on the touchscreen display, a first set of one or more visual strokes (e.g.,  610   a ) in the stroke input area (e.g.,  604   a ) that correspond to the first set of one or more strokes (e.g., at the same location that the strokes were detected) and ceases to display, after a predetermined period of time, the first set of one or more visual strokes. In some embodiments, the first set of one or more characters are displayed in the text entry area in conjunction with ceasing to display the first set of one or more visual strokes. In some embodiments, ceasing to display the first set of one or more visual strokes includes fading out (e.g., over a fade out duration, such as  1  second) the first set of one or more visual strokes. 
     Displaying visual strokes in the stroke input area provides the user with feedback about the handwritten characters that the device is receiving. Providing improved visual feedback to the user enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In response to detecting the first drag gesture, the electronic device resizes ( 714 ) the stroke input area from the first size (e.g.,  604   a  of  FIG.  6 B , a reduced stroke input area size) to a second size (e.g.,  604   a  of  FIG.  6 E,  6 F , an enlarged stroke input area size) that is larger than the first size (and, optionally, reducing the size of the text entry area (e.g.,  602 ) from the enlarged text entry size to a reduced text entry size that is smaller than the enlarged text entry size). 
     Resizing the stroke input area to be larger provides the user with more display space for providing handwriting strokes, thereby reducing input errors. Reducing input errors enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device (e.g.,  600 ) displays, concurrently with the stroke input area at a first size (e.g., a reduced stroke input area size) on the touchscreen display, a handle object (e.g.,  604   e , that is positioned at an edge of the stroke input area, that is positioned at the top edge of the stroke input area). In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first drag gesture, the electronic device resizes the stroke input area from the first size (e.g., a reduced stroke input area size) to the second size (e.g., an enlarged stroke input area size) is in accordance with a determination that the first drag gesture starts at a location corresponding to the handle object (and optionally, in accordance with a determination that a magnitude of the first drag gesture exceeds a threshold magnitude). In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first drag gesture does not start at a location corresponding to the handle object (e.g., stroke input  650   c  of  FIG.  6 C ), the electronic device forgoes resizing the stroke input area (e.g., from the first size (e.g., a reduced stroke input area size) to the second size (e.g., an enlarged stroke input area size)). For example, if the start of the first drag gesture is detecting at a location other than the handle object, the first drag gesture results in a different operation, such as inputting a stroke, selecting text in the text entry area, or displaying notifications of the device (e.g., when the first drag gesture starts at a location at or adjacent to the top of the touchscreen display). In some embodiments, while displaying the stroke input area at the first size, the device begins to detect at least a portion of the first drag gesture (including a contact on the touchscreen in a first direction that starts at the handle object) and, while detecting the first drag gesture, the device expands the stroke input area in the first direction to an intermediate size (bigger than the first size, smaller than the second size, size being based on a magnitude of the first drag gesture) and maintains the intermediate size while the device continues to detect the contact on the touchscreen. In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of the contact of the first drag gesture, in accordance with a determination that a magnitude (e.g., distance of travel) of the first drag gesture (e.g., distance of travel upward of the first drag gesture) in the first direction exceeds a threshold magnitude, resizing the stroke input area from the intermediate size to the second size, and in accordance with a determination that the magnitude (e.g., distance of travel) of the first drag gesture (e.g., distance of travel upward of the first drag gesture) in the first direction does not exceed the threshold magnitude (or a second threshold magnitude), resizing the stroke input area from the intermediate size to the first size. Thus, the device determines if the first drag gesture is sufficient to resize the stroke input area to the second size. If it is not sufficient, the device resizes the stroke input area back to the first size. 
     Resizing the stroke input area provides the user with the flexibility to transition between more display space for the text entry area and more display space for the stroke input area, thereby providing more space as needed to reduce input errors. Reducing input errors enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     While displaying the stroke input area at the second size, the electronic device detects ( 716 ), using the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more strokes (e.g.,  650   c , handwritten strokes which include movement over time on the touch-sensitive surface) in the stroke input area. 
     In some embodiments, while displaying the stroke input area at the second size (e.g., and while the device is in the second mode), the electronic device detects a second drag gesture (e.g.,  650   k , that is in the opposite direction of the first drag gesture, that starts at a location corresponding to a displayed handle object). In some embodiments, in response to detecting the second drag gesture (e.g.,  650   k ), the electronic device resizes the stroke input area from the second size (e.g., an enlarged stroke input area size) to the first size (e.g., a reduced stroke input area size) that is smaller than the second size (and, optionally, increasing the size of the text entry area from the reduced text entry size to the enlarged text entry size that is larger than the reduced text entry size). In some embodiments, while displaying the stroke input area at the second size, the device begins to detect at least a portion of the second drag gesture (including a contact on the touchscreen in a second direction that starts at the handle object) and, while detecting the second drag gesture, the device reduces the stroke input area in the second direction to a second intermediate size (bigger than the first size, smaller than the second size, size being based on a magnitude of the second drag gesture) and maintains the intermediate size while the device continues to detect the contact on the touchscreen. In response to detecting liftoff of the contact of the second drag gesture, in accordance with a determination that a magnitude (e.g., distance of travel) of the second drag gesture (e.g., distance of travel downward of the second drag gesture) in the second direction exceeds a second threshold magnitude, resizing the stroke input area from the second intermediate size to the first size, and in accordance with a determination that the magnitude (e.g., distance of travel) of the second gesture (e.g., distance of travel downward of the second drag gesture) in the second direction does not exceed the second threshold magnitude, resizing the stroke input area from the second intermediate size to the second size. Thus, the device determines if the second drag gesture is sufficient to resize the stroke input area to the first size. If it is not sufficient, the device resizes the stroke input area back to the second size. 
     Resizing the stroke input area provides the user with the flexibility to transition between more display space for the text entry area and more display space for the stroke input area, thereby providing more space as needed to reduce input errors. Reducing input errors enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In response to detecting the second set of one or more strokes, the electronic device displays ( 718 ), in the text entry area on the touchscreen display, a second set of one or more characters (e.g.,  602   b , alphanumeric characters, emoji characters, Japanese characters) determined based on the second set of one or more strokes (e.g., using handwriting recognition). 
     In some embodiments, while displaying the stroke input area at the second size (and optionally displaying the text entry area at the reduced text entry size), the electronic device detects ( 720 ) a user input for keyboard display (e.g.,  604   c  of  FIG.  6 J , a request to display a QWERTY keyboard). In some embodiments, in response to ( 722 ) detecting the user input for keyboard display, the electronic device: ceases ( 724 ) to display at least a portion of the stroke input area (e.g.,  FIG.  6 J , while maintaining display of at least a second portion of the stroke input area) (and optionally ceasing to display the handle object) and displays ( 726 ), on the touchscreen display, a keyboard (e.g.,  604 C of  FIG.  6 J , at size smaller than the second size) (and optionally continuing to display the text entry area (e.g.,  602  at  FIG.  6 J ) at the reduced text entry size, or optionally resizing the text entry area (e.g., to the enlarged text entry size)). In some embodiments, while displaying the keyboard, the electronic device detects ( 728 ) activation (e.g.,  650   g ) of one or more keys of the keyboard. In some embodiments, in response to detecting activation of the one or more keys of the keyboard, the electronic device displays ( 730 ), in the text entry area, a third set of one or more characters (e.g.,  602   d ) corresponding to the one or more keys. In some embodiments, subsequent to displaying, in the text entry area, the third set of one or more characters, the electronic device detects ( 732 ) a user input (e.g.,  650   i ,  650   h ) for stroke input display (e.g., a request to display the stroke input area). In some embodiments, in response to ( 734 ) detecting the user input for stroke input display, the electronic device ceases ( 736 ) to display the keyboard (while continuing to display the third set of one or more characters in the text entry area) and displays ( 738 ) (e.g., re-displaying; reintroducing), on the touchscreen display, the at least a portion of the stroke input area, such that the stroke input area is displayed at the second size (and optionally the handle object) (and optionally continuing to display the text entry area at the reduced text entry size). In some embodiments, the size of the stroke input area is persistent. Thus, when the device switches between various input techniques (e.g., stroke input area, QWERTY keyboard, and Chinese keyboard), the size of the previous state of the stroke input area is retained and the stroke input area is displayed at the size of the previous state. In some embodiments, the grabber object is displayed while displaying stroke input area and ceases to be displayed when no longer displaying the stroke input area (e.g., when the QWERTY keyboard is displayed). In some embodiments, the size of the stroke input area is not persistent and, therefore, switching between keyboards resets the size of the stroke input area (e.g., to the first size). In some embodiments, while the keyboard is displayed, the electronic device receives user input (e.g., multiple times) to switch between two configurations of the keyboard (e.g., numbers configuration that shows numbers, alphabetical configuration that shows alphabetical characters). In response to the user input to switch between two configurations of the keyboard, the device does not resize the keyboard and does not resize any stroke input area (e.g., when a portion of the stroke input area is displayed, such as above the keyboard). In some embodiments, the user input for stroke input display includes a second set of one or more strokes (e.g., in a region outside of the keyboard, in a region of the stroke input area). In some embodiments, the user input for stroke input display includes a user input for keyboard dismissal (e.g., an input corresponding to an affordance (e.g., a key of the keyboard) that, when selected, causes the keyboard to be dismissed or replaced with the stroke input area). 
     In some embodiments, while the electronic device is in a first mode (e.g., a mode corresponding to a portrait orientation of the electronic device, as in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 P ), the electronic device displays, concurrently with the stroke input area (e.g., at the first size, at the second size) on the touchscreen display, a handle object (e.g.,  604   e , that is positioned at an edge of the stroke input area, that is positioned at the top edge of the stroke input area), whereby drag gestures (e.g.,  650   k ) that correspond to the handle object (e.g., starting at the handle object), when detected, resize the stroke input area. In some embodiments, the electronic device detects a change in mode of the electronic device from the first mode (e.g., a mode corresponding to a portrait orientation of the electronic device) to a second mode (e.g., a mode corresponding to a landscape orientation of the electronic device) that is different from the first mode. In some examples, the electronic device changes from the first mode to the second mode in response to detecting a change in orientation of the electronic device from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation. In some embodiments, in response to detecting the change in mode of the electronic device to the second mode, the electronic device ceases to display the handle object while continuing to display the stroke input area (e.g., at the previously displayed size, at a larger size, at a smaller size). In some embodiments, as a part of continuing to display the stroke input area in response to detecting the change in mode of the electronic device to the second mode, the electronic device resizes (e.g., enlarges, expands), on the touchscreen display, the stroke input area to a third size that is larger than the first size (and, optionally, the second size). 
     Note that details of the processes described above with respect to method  700  (e.g.,  FIGS.  7 A- 7 D ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to the methods described below. For example, methods  900  and  1100  optionally include one or more of the characteristics of the various methods described above with reference to method  700 . For brevity, these details are not repeated below. 
       FIGS.  8 A- 8 V  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for accessing predictive text candidates, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B . 
     At  FIG.  8 A , electronic device  600  is displaying notes application  802  with keyboard  804  and a row  810  of candidates  810   a - 810   f  (e.g., text candidates). In some embodiments, the candidates are predictive text candidates. In some examples, device  600  determines the candidates based on recently (or currently) entered content (e.g., in notes application  802 ). In some examples, predictive text candidates include a predicted term for the next term that the user may want to enter. In some examples, predictive text candidates include a predicted term that the user may want to use to take the place of another term. In some examples, predictive text candidates include a term to complete a partially entered term. In some examples, predictive text candidates include a predicted emoji character. In some embodiments, predictive text candidates are based on a user&#39;s recent activity on device  600  (or other associated devices) and information from applications that have run on device  600 . Predictive text candidates allow users to more quickly enter information into device  600 , while minimizing (or correcting) typographical errors. At  FIG.  8 A , device  600  detects the beginning of drag gesture  850   a , which starts on first row  810  of the candidates. 
     At  FIG.  8 B , in response to detecting drag gesture  850   a , device  600  begins to display a second row  812  of candidates. Second row  812  is displayed progressively. A first portion of second row  812  is displayed before a second portion of row  812  is displayed. In  FIG.  8 B , a top portion of second row  812  is displayed while a bottom portion of second row  812  is not yet displayed. The progressive display of second row  812  is based on the movement (and location) of drag gesture  850   a . As drag gesture  850   a  progresses downward, progressively more of second row  812  (e.g., lower parts of the row) is displayed. In some embodiments, as drag gesture  850  progresses downward, device  600  progressively ceases to display rows (and portions of rows) of keyboard  804 . At  FIG.  8 B , keyboard row  804   a  is no longer displayed. In some embodiments, a top portion of keyboard row  804   a  would cease to be displayed while a bottom portion of keyboard row  804   a  continues to be displayed, as the second row  812  of candidates is displayed. Thus, the second row  812  of candidates is progressively revealed in conjunction with movement of gesture  850   a  and the first row  804   a  of keyboard  804  is progressively concealed (ceased to be displayed) in conjunction with movement of gesture  850   a . 
     At  FIG.  8 B , in response to detecting drag gesture  850   a , device  600  begins to shift (e.g., to the right) one or more of candidates of the first row  810  of candidates. As drag gesture  850   a  progresses, the spacing between some (e.g., all) candidates of the first row  810  increases. For example, in  FIG.  8 B , the spacing between candidates  810   c  and  810   d  has increased as compared to  FIG.  8 A . As a result, candidate  810   f  is sliding to the right as drag gesture  850   a  progresses. As candidate  810   f  slides to the right, a portion of candidate  810   f  is concealed (ceases to be displayed). In  FIG.  8 B , a right portion of candidate  810   f  is no longer displayed (as compared to  FIG.  8 A ) while a left portion of candidate  810   f  continues to be displayed. In these examples, the sizes of the candidates optionally remains constant. At  FIG.  8 B , an optional layer with a level of opacity (e.g.,  50 %) has been added over keyboard  804 . 
     At  FIG.  8 C , drag gesture  850   a  has progressed further downward, causing the second row  812  of the candidates to be displayed. In addition, the opacity of the layer over keyboard  804  has increased (e.g., to  75 %), causing less of keyboard  804  to be visible. In some examples a gradient (e.g., a linear gradient) is applied to candidate rows as they are revealed. 
     At  FIG.  8 D , drag gesture  850   a  has progressed further downward, causing third row  814  of the candidates to be displayed. In addition, the opacity of the layer over keyboard  804  has increased further (e.g., to 100%), causing less (or none) of keyboard  804  (e.g., keys of keyboard  804 ) to be visible. 
     At  FIG.  8 E , drag gesture  850   a  begins to move upward (in the opposite direction), without device  600  detecting lift-off of the contact of drag gesture  850   a . As drag gesture  850   a  progresses upward, device  600  progressively ceases to display candidate rows (e.g., in conjunction with the upward movement of drag gesture  850   a ). As shown in  FIGS.  8 E- 8 H , individual rows are also progressively ceased to be displayed. As drag gesture  850   a  progresses upwards, a bottom portion of a respective row ceases to be displayed while a top portion of the row continues to be displayed, then the top portion of the respective row also ceases to be displayed in conjunction with the upward movement of drag gesture  850   a . Further, as drag gesture  850   a  progresses upwards, device  600  reduces the distance among some (or all) candidates of first row  810 , thereby causing candidate  810   f  to slide back into view. In addition, the opacity of the layer over keyboard  804  progressively decreases in junction with the upward movement of drag gesture  850   a , causing more (or all) of keyboard  804  (e.g., keys of keyboard  804 ) to become visible. 
     At  FIG.  8 H , device  600  detects lift-off of drag gesture  850   a  and, in response, in accordance with a determination that the location of drag gesture  850   a  on lift-off is above a threshold location (e.g., close to the first row  810  of candidates), device  600  ceases to display the second row  812  (and subsequent rows) of candidates. 
     At  FIG.  81   , chevron  806  is pointing down (prior to being tapped on). Chevron  806  is displayed in line with first row  810  of candidates. At  FIG.  81   , device  600  detects tap  850   b  on chevron  806 . In response to detecting tap  850   b  on chevron  806 , device  600  changes chevron  806  to face up and begins an animation to progressively reveal multiple candidate rows, by revealing the rows sequentially and, revealing a top part of a row before revealing a bottom part of the row. As a result, device  600  transitions to replace keyboard  804  based in response to tap  850   b . Tap  850   b  does not have a movement component or device  600  does not use any movement of tap  850   b  to adjust the duration of the animation to cause display of the additional rows, such as the transition from  FIGS.  81  to  8 N . 
     Returning to  FIG.  81   , in response to detecting drag gesture  850   c  (in the downward direction, toward keyboard  804 ), device  600  again begins to progressively displaying additional candidate rows in conjunction with movement of drag gesture  850   c , as discussed above with respect to drag gesture  850   a . Drag gesture  850   c  progresses through  FIGS.  81  to  8 M , and the device detects liftoff of drag gesture  850   c  at  FIG.  8 N . As illustrated in  FIGS.  8 B- 8 H and  8 J- 80   , candidate  810   f  (the far right candidate in first row  810 ) progressively ceases to be displayed as additional candidate rows are revealed and the same candidate  810   f  is progressively revealed (displayed) in the second row (the far left candidate in second row  810 ). 
     At  FIG.  8 N , activation (e.g., tap on) a respective candidate of a candidate row causes the respective candidate to be inserted into a text entry area of notes application  802 . The candidate rows have fully replaced keyboard  804 . 
     At  FIG.  8 N , device  600  detects lift-off of drag gesture  850   c  and, in response, in accordance with a determination that the location of drag gesture  850   c  on lift-off is not above the threshold location (e.g., is not close to the first row  810  of candidates), device  600  displays the plurality of rows  808 - 820  of candidates (and does not cease to display the second row  812  (and subsequent rows) of candidates). 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  80 - 8 Q , while the candidate rows are expanded, device  600  detects swipe up gesture  850   d . In response to detecting swipe up gesture  850   d , as illustrated in  FIGS.  8 P- 8 Q , device  600  ceases to display first row  808  (by scrolling first row  808  under function bar  822 ) and displays an additional row  824  of candidates (e.g., including additional candidates not previously displayed in rows  810 - 820 ). Respective keys of function bar  822 , when activated, initiate respective processes for editing text (e.g., highlighting, underlining, italicizing), inserting photos, inserting tables, etc. 
     Returning to  FIG.  80   , while the candidate rows are expanded, device  600  detects swipe down gesture  850   e . In response to detecting swipe down gesture  850   e , as illustrated in  FIG.  8 R , device  600  scrolls the candidate rows down, thereby ceasing to display last row  820  (by scrolling last row  820  down) and displays an additional row that includes a first option  830   a  for sorting the candidates of the rows based on first criteria (e.g., frequency of use) and a second option  830   b  for sorting the candidates of the rows based on second criteria (e.g., pronunciation) different from the first criteria. Respective options of first option  830  and second option  830   b , when activated, changes the ordering of the candidates in the candidate rows. 
     At  FIG.  8 P , device  600  detects tap  850 f on chevron  806  and, in response, device  600  progressively ceases to display the additional rows of candidates, as illustrated in  FIGS.  8 R- 8 T . 
     At  FIG.  8 T , device  600  detects tap  850 g on keyboard switcher key  804   b  and, in response, keyboard  804  is replaced with handwriting input keyboard  832 . At  FIGS.  8 U- 8 V , while displaying handwriting input keyboard  832 , device  600  detects the drag gesture  850   h , which starts on first row  810  of the candidates. However, device  600  forgoes initiating the process to display second row  812  of candidates (or other rows), as illustrated in  FIG.  8 V . In some embodiments, the handwriting input keyboard  832  of  FIG.  8 V  includes a grabber (e.g., grabber  604   e  of  FIGS.  6 A- 6 H ) and the handwriting input keyboard  832  can be resized, as described above with respect to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 S . 
       FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for accessing predictive text candidates using an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. Method  900  is performed at a device (e.g.,  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  600 ) with a display device and a touch-sensitive surface. Some operations in method  900  are, optionally, combined, the orders of some operations are, optionally, changed, and some operations are, optionally, omitted. 
     As described below, method  900  provides an intuitive way for accessing predictive text candidates. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user for accessing predictive text candidates, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, enabling a user to access media controls faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The electronic device (e.g.,  600 ) concurrently displays ( 902 ), on the display device: a text entry area ( 904 ) (e.g.,  802 ), a candidate bar (e.g.,  810 ) that includes a first candidate (e.g.,  810   a , a first word, a first character, a first Chinese character, a first kanji character) and a second candidate (e.g.,  810   f , a second word, a second character, a second Chinese character, a second kanji character, different from the first candidate), the first candidate and the second candidate displayed in a first row ( 906 ) (e.g.,  810 , a first row of the candidate bar; a top-most row of the plurality of rows, a bottom-most row of a plurality of rows), and a keyboard that includes a plurality of keys ( 908 ). In some embodiments, the candidates (e.g.,  810   a - 810   f ) are determined based on text previously input into the text entry area (e.g., predictive text, are suggestions for inserting new text into the text entry area, are suggestions for completing words already partially entered in the text entry area). In some embodiments, the first candidate (e.g.,  810   a ) and the second candidate (e.g.,  8100  are displayed without displaying (e.g., anywhere on the display device) a third candidate (e.g., a candidate from one of rows  814 - 818 , a third word, a third character, a third Chinese character, a third kanji character). In some embodiments, when the device detects activation of a key of the keyboard, the device inserts the corresponding character into the text entry area and updates (e.g., replaces) the plurality of candidates based on the inserted character. 
     While displaying the candidate bar (e.g.,  810  at  FIG.  8 A and  81   , that includes the first candidate and the second candidate, and does not include the third candidate), the electronic device detects ( 910 ), on the touch-sensitive surface, a first user input (e.g.,  850   a ,  850   c ). 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device displays, on the display device concurrently with the candidate bar, a switching affordance (e.g.,  806 ). In some embodiments, as a part of detecting the first user input, the electronic device detects activation of the switching affordance (e.g.,  806 , detecting a tap input at a location that corresponds to the switching affordance). In some embodiments, activating the switching affordance expands the candidate bar (e.g., to display 2, 3, or more additional rows) to replace (e.g., fully replace) the keyboard. In some embodiments, activating the switching affordance (e.g.,  806 ) changes the visual appearance (e.g., from a downward facing chevron to an upward facing chevron) of the switching affordance to indicate the state of the candidate bar (expanded or not expanded). 
     In some embodiments, as a part of detecting the first user input, the electronic device detects a swipe gesture (e.g.,  850   a ,  850   c , a swipe down gesture) starting at a location that corresponds to the candidate bar. In some embodiments, swiping down on the candidate bar expands the candidate bar to replace the keyboard. In some embodiments, the additional rows (e.g.,  812 - 818 ) of the candidate bar are revealed sequentially in conjunction with the movement of the swipe down gesture (e.g., faster swipe reveals rows faster, slower swipe reveals rows slower, shorter swipe reveals less rows, tracking the location of the contact of the swipe gesture). In some embodiments, the candidates of each row (e.g., the second row, any additional rows) are revealed progressively as the gesture is detected, starting from the top of the row and progressing to the bottom of that same row. In some embodiments, the rows (e.g.,  812 - 818 ) are revealed progressively as the gesture is detected, such as started from the second row, proceeding to the third row, and continuing to additional rows. 
     In response to ( 912 ) detecting the first user input (e.g.,  850   a ), the electronic device continues ( 914 ) to display, on the display device, the first candidate (e.g.,  810   a ) in the first row of the candidate bar (and optionally maintaining the location of the first row on the display device). 
     In response to ( 912 ) detecting the first user input (e.g.,  850   a ), the electronic device replaces ( 916 ) display, on the display device, of at least a portion of the keyboard (e.g., a top row, several rows, all rows of keyboard keys  804 ) with display of a third candidate in a second row (e.g.,  812 ) of the candidate bar (and optionally additional rows of candidates, without displaying a first sorting option), whereby the third candidate is different from the first candidate and the second candidate. In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input (e.g.,  850   a ), the candidate bar expands to show additional rows with additional candidates (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  6 K- 6 N ). In some embodiments, the third candidate is determined based on text previously input into the text entry area (e.g., predictive text, is a suggestion for inserting new text into the text entry area, is a suggestion for completing words already partially entered in the text entry area). In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first user input, the first candidate and second candidates are maintained in the first row. 
     Expanding the candidate bar provides the user with more candidate options to select from, thereby reducing the need for the user to enter numerous characters to arrive at the desired text. Reducing the number of inputs needed to perform an operation enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device, as part of replacing display, on the display device, of at least the portion of the keyboard (e.g., a top row, several rows, all rows of keyboard keys) with display of a third candidate in the second row of the candidate bar, displays a top portion of one or more characters (e.g., all characters) of the third candidate prior to displaying a bottom portion of the one or more characters of the third candidate (e.g., row  812  as shown in  FIGS.  8 B and  8 J ). In some embodiments, the candidates of each row (e.g., the second row, any additional rows) are revealed progressively, starting from the top of the row and progressing to the bottom of that same row (e.g., as shown in row  812  as shown in  FIGS.  8 B and  8 J ). In some embodiments, the rows are revealed progressively, such as started from the second row, proceeding to the third row, and continuing to additional rows. 
     In some embodiments, in response to ( 912 ) detecting the first user input, the electronic device ceases ( 918 ) to display (e.g., by sliding to the right and out of view), in the first row of the candidate bar on the display device, the second candidate (e.g.,  810   f  shifting off in  FIGS.  8 J- 8 L ), and displays ( 920 ), in the second row of the candidate bar on the display device, the second candidate (e.g.,  810   f  in  FIGS.  8 K- 8 M ). In some embodiments, as the second row of the candidate bar is revealed, one (or more) candidates are removed from the first row of the candidate bar and are instead displayed in the second row. In some embodiments, as the one (or more) candidates are removed from the first row of the candidate bar, the spacing among the remaining candidates in the first row is increased. 
     By removing the second candidate from the first row, the device spreads out the remaining candidates such that the user is less likely to make an error selecting a desired candidate, thereby reducing the number of inputs need to correctly pick the desired candidate. Reducing the number of inputs needed to perform an operation enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently. 
     In some embodiments, in response to ( 912 ) detecting the first user input, the electronic device replaces ( 922 ) display, on the display device, of a remaining portion of the keyboard (e.g., the rest of keyboard  804 , as shown in  FIG.  8 N ) with display of one or more rows of the candidate bar (and optionally additional rows of candidates, without displaying a first sorting option). In some embodiments, the first user input results in a plurality of additional rows of the candidate bar to be displayed (second row +additional rows), which fully cover the keyboard that was displayed when the beginning of the first user input was detected. 
     In some embodiments, while displaying a plurality (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or more) of rows of the candidate bar (e.g., while the candidate bar is expanded, after detecting liftoff of the first user input from the touch-sensitive surface, while candidate bar has fully replaced the keyboard), the electronic device detects a second swipe gesture (e.g.,  850   d , a swipe up gesture, starting from a third row and moving towards the first row of the candidate bar) starting at a location on the plurality of rows of the candidate bar. In some embodiments, in response to detecting the second swipe gesture, the electronic device redisplays the at least a portion of the keyboard (and optionally, scroll additional rows of candidates onto the display while scrolling rows of candidates off of the display). In some embodiments, when the first user input is a swipe down gesture to reveal the expanded candidate bar (including the second row) and the device further detects a swipe up gesture (without detecting liftoff of the first user input that is the swipe down), the device contracts the candidate bar back to a single row (ceases to display the second row). 
     In some embodiments, while displaying a plurality (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or more) of rows of the candidate bar (e.g., while the candidate bar is expanded, after detecting liftoff of the first user input from the touch-sensitive surface, while candidate bar has full replaced the keyboard, without displaying a first sorting option), the electronic device detects a third swipe gesture (e.g., a swipe down gesture (e.g.,  850   e ), starting from the second row and moving towards the third row of the candidate bar) starting at a location on the plurality of rows of the candidate bar. In some embodiments, in response to detecting the third swipe gesture, the electronic device scrolls down, on the display device, the first row (and optionally all other rows) of the candidate bar and displays (e.g., in a row above the first row, adjacent to the first row) a first sorting option (e.g.,  830   a ) for the candidates of the candidate bar (and optionally a second sorting option for the candidates of the candidate bar). In some embodiments, activation of the first sorting option changes the display order of the candidates of the candidate bar using a first sorting technique. 
     In some embodiments, while displaying the keyboard that includes the plurality of keys, the electronic device detects a user input request for stroke input display (e.g.,  850   g , a request to display a stroke input area or a handwriting input area). In some embodiments, the electronic device, in response to detecting the user input request for stroke input display, replaces display of the keyboard with display of a stroke input area (e.g.,  832 ). In some embodiments, the electronic device displays, on the display device concurrently with the stroke input area, a second candidate bar that includes a fourth candidate (e.g., a fourth word, a fourth character, a fourth Chinese character, a fourth kanji character) and a fifth candidate (e.g., a fifth word, a fifth character, a fifth Chinese character, a fifth kanji character, different from the fourth candidate), the fourth candidate and the fifth candidate displayed in a first row of the second candidate bar. In some embodiments, while displaying the second candidate bar that includes the fourth candidate and the fifth candidate, the electronic device detects a swipe down gesture (e.g.,  850   h ) on the second candidate bar. In some embodiment, in response to detecting the swipe down gesture, the electronic device forgoes displaying additional rows for the second candidate bar (and forgoing displaying additional candidates in the second candidate bar). 
     In some embodiments, while the candidate bar is expanded, device  600  detects activation of a displayed candidate and, in response, inserts the activated candidate and ceases to display the expanded candidate bar (e.g., revealing the previously replaced keyboard with a single row of new candidates). 
     Note that details of the processes described above with respect to method  900  (e.g.,  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to the methods described below. For example, methods  700  and  1100  optionally include one or more of the characteristics of the various methods described above with reference to method  900 . For brevity, these details are not repeated below. 
       FIGS.  10 A- 10 J  illustrate exemplary devices and user interfaces for accessing various keyboards, in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS.  11 A- 11 B . 
     Throughout  FIGS.  10 A- 10 J , keyboard status  1000  is illustrated for ease of understanding of the concepts described below. Keyboard status  1000  is not part of the user interface of electronic device  600 . 
     At  FIGS.  10 A- 10 D , keyboard status  1000   a  illustrates a first scenario, whereby multiple keyboards (e.g.,  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 ) are active (e.g., installed, enabled, turned on, and/or selected to be in a plurality of selected keyboards) on device  600 . For example, the user of device  600  has accessed a settings user interface and enabled English keyboard  1010 , Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 , Chinese simplified Pinyin keyboard  1014 , and emoji keyboard  1016 , such that these are the (e.g., only) keyboards enabled on device  600 . The English keyboard  1010 , Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 , and Chinese simplified Pinyin keyboard  1014  are in the ordered set (e.g., that is cyclical) and are active on device  600  (e.g., are selected to be in the plurality of selected keyboards), as illustrated by the ordering of  1000   a . As illustrated by keyboard status  1000   a , emoji keyboard  1016  is not in the (e.g., cyclical) ordered set because it is of an emoji keyboard type, but is active on device  600  (e.g., is selected to be in the plurality of selected keyboards). In accordance with device  600  determining that an emoji keyboard is active along with a plurality of other keyboards, device  600  provides the keyboards using particular layouts, as discussed in detail below. 
     At  FIG.  10 A , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying message interface  1002  and English keyboard  1010 . Message interface  1002  is an interface for composing and sending a message (e.g., an instant message, an SMS) to a specified recipient. Messages interface  1002  includes cancel button  1002   a , which, when activated, cancels the message sending process and causes device  600  to cease to display message interface  1002 . Recipient field  1002   f  is a text entry field where device  600  receives and displays information (e.g., name, phone number) identifying the recipient of the message. While recipient field  1002   f  is activated (e.g., cursor is in the field), device  600  receives input on (e.g., activation of keys of) a keyboard (e.g.,  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 ) and, in response, populates recipient field  1002   f . Camera button  1002   e  is a button which, when activated, causes device  600  to display a camera interface to capturing an image (e.g., using a camera sensor) to be sent and/or for selecting an image (e.g., previously captured) to be sent. Input field  1002   b  is an input field where device  600  receives and displays information (e.g., content of message) to be sent as part of the message. While input field  1002   b  is activated (e.g., cursor is in the field), device  600  receives input on (e.g., activation of keys of) a displayed keyboard (e.g.,  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 ) and, in response, populates input field  1002   b  with corresponding content. Candidate row  1008  includes a plurality of displayed candidate terms. Activation of a respective candidate inserts the candidate into an activated field (e.g., input field  1002   b ) 
     At  FIG.  10 A , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying English keyboard  1010 . English keyboard  1010  includes multiple planes, including an alphabetical plane (as shown in  FIG.  10 A ) and a numerical plane, which is displayed (e.g., thereby replacing the alphabetical plane) when device  600  detects activation of numeral affordance  1010   a . English keyboard  1010  also includes spacebar  1010   b  which, when activated, inserts a space character into a selected field. Emoji key  1006  is displayed between (and adjacent to both of) numeral key  1010   a  and spacebar  1010   b . When device  600  detects activation of emoji key  1006  (e.g., detects a tap gesture at a location corresponding to (e.g., on) emoji key  1006 ), device  600  replaces display of English keyboard  1010  with display of emoji keyboard  1016  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  10 D ). 
     Microphone key  1001 , when activated, initiates a dictation mode whereby device  600  receives audio and transcribes the received audio into text, which is displayed in a field (e.g., input field  1002   b ). Switcher key  1004 , when activate, replaces the current keyboard (e.g., English keyboard  1010  in  FIG.  10 A ) with the next keyboard in the ordered set (e.g., switching from English keyboard  1010  to Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 ). Generally, when switcher key  1004  is activated, device  600  proceeds to displaying the next keyboard in the ordered set (e.g.,  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ). In some embodiments, in the first scenario, switcher key  1004  includes adaptive behavior, as described in detail below. 
     At  FIG.  10 A , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying switcher key  1004  at first location  1004   a  on the display and emoji key  1006  at a second location  1006   a  on the display. 
     At  FIG.  10 A , in the first scenario, device  600  detects activation of switcher key  1004 . In response to detecting activation of switcher key  1004 , device  600  replaces display of English keyboard  1010  with display of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  because Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  is the next non-emoji active keyboard, as shown in  FIG.  10 B  . 
     At  FIG.  10 B , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 . In some examples, Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  includes many or all the characteristics and features of the handwriting keyboard described with respect to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 S . For example, Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  optionally includes grabber  604   e  for expanding and retracting stroke input area  1012   b  (e.g., corresponding to  604   a ). 
     Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  includes multiple planes, including a handwriting plane (as shown in  FIG.  10 B ) and a numerical plane, which is displayed (e.g., thereby replacing the handwriting plane) in response to device  600  detecting activation of numeral affordance  1012   a . Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  also includes spacebar  1012   b  which, when activated, inserts a space character into a selected field (e.g., input field  1002   b ). Emoji key  1006  is displayed between (and adjacent to both of) numeral key  1012   a  and spacebar  1012   b . When device  600  detects activation of emoji key  1006  (e.g., detects a tap gesture at a location corresponding to (e.g., on) emoji key  1006 ), device  600  replaces display of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  with display of emoji keyboard  1016  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  10 D ). 
     At  FIG.  10 B , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying switcher key  1004  at first location  1004   a  on the display and emoji key  1006  at second location  1006   a  on the display. 
     At  FIG.  10 B , in the first scenario, device  600  detects activation of switcher key  1004 . In response to detecting activation of switcher key  1004 , device  600  replaces display of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  with display of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  because Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  is the next non-emoji active keyboard, as shown in  FIG.  10 C . 
     At  FIG.  10 C , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 . Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  includes multiple planes, including an alphabetical plane (as shown in  FIG.  10 C ) and a numerical plane, which is displayed (e.g., thereby replacing the alphabetical plane) in response to device  600  detecting activation of numeral affordance  1014   a . Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  also includes spacebar  1014   b  which, when activated, inserts a space character into a selected field (e.g., input field  1002   b ). Emoji key  1006  is displayed below (though not adjacent to) numeral key  1014   a  and above (and adjacent to) spacebar  101 4b. Candidate row  1008 c includes a plurality of displayed candidate terms. In some examples, candidate row  1008 c includes many or all the characteristics and features of the row  810  of candidates, as described above with respect to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 V . For example, a swipe down gesture on candidate row  1008 c causes candidate row  1008 c to expand (e.g., in conjunction with the swipe down gesture) to replace (e.g., partially or fully) keyboard  1014 . For another example, a tap gesture (e.g., that does not include movement) on chevron  1008 d (e.g., corresponding to chevron  806 ) causes candidate row  1008  to expand to replace (e.g., partially or fully) keyboard  1014 . 
     At  FIG.  10 C , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying switcher key  1004  at first location  1004   a  on the display and emoji key  1006  at third location  1006   b , which encompasses location  1018 a and at least partially overlaps with second location  1006   a , on the display. 
     In  FIG.  10 C , in the first scenario, when device  600  detects activation of emoji key  1006  (e.g., detects a tap gesture at a location corresponding to (e.g., on) emoji key  1006 ), device  600  replaces display of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  with display of emoji keyboard  1016  (e.g., as shown in  FIG.  10 D ). 
     At  FIG.  10 C , in the first scenario, device  600  detects activation of switcher key  1004 . In response to detecting activation of switcher key  1004 , device  600  replaces display of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  with display of English keyboard  1010  because English keyboard  1010  is the next non-emoji active keyboard, as shown in  FIG.  10 A . 
     At  FIG.  10 D , in the first scenario, device  600  is displaying emoji keyboard  1016 . Emoji keyboard  1016  includes a plurality of keys which, when activated, cause device  600  to insert a corresponding emoji into a selected field (e.g., input field  1002   b ). Device  600  also displays adaptive key  1018 , which includes an indication of the previously accessed keyboard (the keyboard displayed prior to displaying emoji keyboard  1016 ). In  FIG.  10 D , adaptive key  1018  includes an indication (e.g., the name of) of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 . Adaptive key  1018 , when activated, causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of the keyboard displayed prior to displaying emoji keyboard  1016 . 
     In the example where emoji key  1006  is activated at  FIG.  10 C  (while Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  is displayed), resulting in display of emoji keyboard  1016 , adaptive key  1018  of the displayed emoji keyboard  1016  includes an indication of (e.g., includes the name of) Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 . Further in the example, activation of adaptive key  1018  that includes the indication of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 , as illustrated in  FIG.  10 C . In some embodiments, activation of switcher key  1004  of the emoji keyboard also causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of the keyboard displayed prior to displaying emoji keyboard  1016  (e.g., Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 ), as described in further detail below. 
     In another example where emoji key  1006  is activated at  FIG.  10 B  (while Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  is displayed), resulting in display of emoji keyboard  1016 , adaptive key  1018  of the displayed emoji keyboard  1016  includes an indication of (e.g., includes the name of) Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 . Further in the example, activation of adaptive key  1018  that includes the indication of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 , as illustrated in  FIG.  10 B . In some embodiments, activation of switcher key  1004  of the emoji keyboard also causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of the keyboard displayed prior to displaying emoji keyboard  1016  (e.g., Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 ), as described in further detail below. 
     In another example where emoji key  1006  is activated at  FIG.  10 A  (while English keyboard  1010  is displayed), resulting in display of emoji keyboard  1016 , adaptive key  1018  of the displayed emoji keyboard  1016  includes an indication of (e.g., includes the name of) English keyboard  1010 . Further in the example, activation of adaptive key  1018  that includes the indication of English keyboard  1010  causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of English keyboard  1010 , as illustrated in  FIG.  10 A . In some embodiments, activation of switcher key  1004  of the emoji keyboard also causes device  600  to replace display of emoji keyboard  1016  with display of the keyboard displayed prior to displaying emoji keyboard  1016  (e.g., English keyboard  1010 ), as described in further detail below. 
     In some embodiments, when device  600  detects that multiple keyboards are active (e.g., first scenario, second scenario), the functionality of switcher key  1004  (e.g., while displayed for keyboards  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 ) changes (e.g., while a respective keyboard is displayed) based on whether a criterion of a set of switching criteria is satisfied, thereby giving switcher key  1004  adaptive behavior. The set of switching criteria includes a first switching criterion that is satisfied when a currently displayed keyboard has been displayed for more than a predetermined (non-zero) amount of time (e.g., 2.5 seconds). The set of switching criteria includes a second switching criterion that is satisfied when the electronic device has detected activation of a key of the currently keyboard that causes entry of a character into a text entry area. In some embodiments, when either the first switching criterion or the second switching criterion (or both) is satisfied, activation of the switcher key  1004  causes device  600  to display the keyboard displayed prior to displaying the current keyboard (e.g., takes the user back to the last keyboard they were viewing). In some embodiments, when neither the first switching criterion nor the second switching criterion is satisfied, activation of the switcher key  1004  causes device  600  to display the next keyboard in the ordered set (e.g., takes the user to the next keyboard). Thus, when a user quickly taps the switcher key  1004  multiple times, the device cycles through different keyboards. When a user taps the switcher key  1004 , inserts a character using the newly displayed keyboard and then taps switcher key  1004  again, device  600  returns the user to the keyboard they were previously using. When a user taps the switcher key  1004  and waits at least the predetermined amount of time before tapping switcher key  1004  again, device  600  returns the user to the keyboard they were previously using. In some embodiments, when device  600  switches to displaying a keyboard, the name of the currently displayed keyboard is displayed with (e.g., in) the keyboard (e.g., in spacebar key  1010   b ) for the predetermined amount of time, thereby indicating to the user whether the predetermined amount of time has lapsed and whether activation of switcher key  1004  will cause the next keyboard or the previously-displayed keyboard to be displayed. 
     In some embodiments, switcher key  1004  of keyboards  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016  include this adaptive behavior. 
     At  FIGS.  10 E- 10 F , keyboard status  1000   b  illustrates a second scenario, whereby two keyboards (e.g.,  1010 ,  1016 , an emoji keyboard and a non-emoji keyboard) are active (e.g., installed, enabled, turned on, and/or selected to be in a plurality of selected keyboards) on device  600 . For example, the user of device  600  has accessed a settings user interface and enabled English keyboard  1010  and emoji keyboard  1016 , such that these are the (e.g., only) keyboards enabled on device  600 . In accordance with the device determining that an emoji keyboard is active along with only one other (no-emoji) keyboard, device  600  provides the keyboards using particular layouts, as discussed in detail below. 
     At  FIG.  10 E , in the second scenario, device  600  is displaying message interface  1002  and English keyboard  1010 . Numeral key  1010   a  at  FIG.  10 E  is displayed with a larger width than numeral key  1010   a  at  FIG.  10 A . At  FIG.  10 E , numeral key  1010   a  is displayed such that it encompasses both locations  1018 a and  1006   a . At  FIG.  10 E , emoji key  1006  is displayed below numeral key  1010   a . Emoji key  1006  is not adjacent to spacebar  1010   b . As illustrated in  FIG.  10 E , there is no switcher key  1004  displayed. Emoji key  1006 , when activated (e.g., tap on), causes display of emoji keyboard  1016 , as illustrated in  FIG.  10 F . 
     At  FIG.  10 F , in the second scenario, device  600  is displaying message interface  1002  and emoji keyboard  1016 . At  FIG.  10 F , emoji keyboard  1016  does not include adaptive key  1018 . Instead, emoji keyboard  1016  includes, at location  1018   a , frequently-used key  1020  which, when activated, causes display of frequently-used emojis in keyboard  1016 . At  FIG.  10 F , English keyboard key  1022  is displayed at location  1004   a . English keyboard key  1022 , when activated, causes display of English keyboard  1010 , as shown in  FIG.  10 E . 
     At  FIGS.  10 G- 10 I , keyboard status  1000   c  illustrates a third scenario, whereby a plurality of keyboards (e.g.,  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ) are active (e.g., installed, enabled, turned on, and/or selected to be in a plurality of selected keyboards) on device  600 . For example, the user of device  600  has accessed a settings user interface and enabled English keyboard  1010 , Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 , and Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 , such that these are the (e.g., only) keyboards enabled on device  600  (e.g., no emoji keyboard). In accordance with the device determining that a plurality of keyboards are active, but no emoji keyboard is active, device  600  provides the keyboards using particular layouts, as discussed in detail below. 
     At  FIG.  10 G , in the third scenario, device  600  is displaying message interface  1002  and English keyboard  1010 . Numeral key  1010   a  is displayed adjacent to spacebar key  1010   b . At  FIG.  10 G , numeral key  1010   a  is displayed such that it encompasses both locations  1018 a and  1006   a . Switcher key  1004  is displayed at first location  1004   a . Device  600  at  FIG.  10 G  does display emoji key  1006 . In some embodiments, in the third scenario, switcher key  1004  includes adaptive behavior, as described in detail above. 
     At  FIG.  10 G , in the third scenario, device  600  detects activation of switcher key  1004 . In response to detecting activation of switcher key  1004 , device  600  replaces display of English keyboard  1010  with display of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 , as shown in  FIG.  10 H , because Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  is the next active keyboard. 
     At  FIG.  10 H , in the third scenario, Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012  includes numeral key  1012   a  displayed adjacent to spacebar key  1012   b . At  FIG.  10 H , numeral key  1010   a  is displayed such that it encompasses both locations  1018 a and  1006   a . Switcher key  1004  is displayed at first location  1004   a . Device  600  at  FIG.  10 G  does not display emoji key  1006 . In some embodiments, in the third scenario, switcher key  1004  includes adaptive behavior, as described in detail above. 
     At  FIG.  10 H , in the third scenario, device  600  detects activation of switcher key  1004 . In response to detecting activation of switcher key  1004 , device  600  replaces display of Chinese simplified handwriting keyboard  1012 with display of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014 , as shown in  FIG.  101   , because Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  is the next active keyboard. 
     At  FIG.  10 I , in the third scenario, Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  does not include emoji key  1006 . Switcher key  1004  is displayed at first location  1004   a . At  FIG.  10 I , in the third scenario, device  600  detects activation of switcher key  1004 . In response to detecting activation of switcher key  1004 , device  600  replaces display of Chinese simplified pinyin keyboard  1014  with display of English keyboard  1010 , as shown in  FIG.  10 G , because English keyboard  1010  is the next active keyboard. 
     At  FIG.  10 J , keyboard status  1000   e  illustrates a fourth scenario, whereby only one keyboard (e.g.,  1010 ) is active (e.g., installed, enabled, turned on, and/or selected to be in a plurality of selected keyboards) on device  600 . For example, the user of device  600  has accessed a settings user interface and enabled English keyboard  1010 , such that English keyboard  1010  is the only keyboard enabled on device  600 . In accordance with the device determining that a single keyboard is active and that the active keyboard is not an emoji keyboard, device  600  provides the keyboard using a particular layout, as discussed in detail below. 
     At  FIG.  10 J , in the fourth scenario, device  600  is displaying message interface  1002  and English keyboard  1010 . Numeral key  1010   a  at  FIG.  10 J  is displayed with a larger width than numeral key  1010   a  at  FIG.  10 A . At  FIG.  10 J , numeral key  1010   a  is displayed such that it encompasses both locations  1018 a and  1006   a . Numeral key  1010   a  is displayed adjacent to spacebar  1010   b . At  FIG.  10 J , device  600  does not display emoji key  1006  and does not display switcher key  1004 . 
       FIGS.  11 A- 11 C  are a flow diagram illustrating a method for accessing keyboards using an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. Method  1100  is performed at a device (e.g.,  100 ,  300 ,  500 ,  600 ) with a touchscreen display. Some operations in method  1100  are, optionally, combined, the orders of some operations are, optionally, changed, and some operations are, optionally, omitted. 
     As described below, method  1100  provides an intuitive way for accessing keyboards. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user for accessing keyboards, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, enabling a user to access media controls faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The electronic device (e.g.,  600 ) receives ( 1102 ) a request to display a first keyboard (e.g., an English QWERTY keyboard, including English alphabetical keys, a keyboard not of the first type) from among a plurality of selected keyboards. In some embodiments, the plurality of selected keyboards are keyboards that are enabled for alternative display (e.g., via the selection of one or more keyboard switching affordances). In some embodiments, the device receives user input to add and/or remove keyboards from the plurality of selected keyboards, such as through a keyboard configuration user interface. 
     In response to ( 1104 ) receiving the request to display the first keyboard, the electronic device, in accordance with a determination ( 1106 ) that a first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria including a first keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied (e.g., scenario 1 of  FIGS.  10 A- 10 D ) when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard (e.g., an English QWERTY keyboard, not of the first type, not an emoji keyboard), a second keyboard of a first type (e.g., an emoji keyboard), and a third keyboard (e.g., a Japanese keyboard, a Chinese keyboard, a keyboard not of the first type), displays ( 1110 ), on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration (e.g., English keyboard  1010  of  FIG.  10 A ). 
     In some embodiments, in response to receiving the request to display the first keyboard, the electronic device, in accordance with a determination that a third set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied (e.g., scenario 3 of  FIGS.  10 G- 10 I ), the third set of keyboard configuration criteria including a third keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard (e.g., an English QWERTY keyboard, not of the first type, not an emoji keyboard) and the third keyboard (e.g., a Japanese keyboard, a Chinese keyboard, a keyboard not of the first type) without including the second keyboard of the first type (e.g., an emoji keyboard; without including any keyboards of the first type), displays, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a third configuration (e.g., English keyboard  1010  of  FIG.  10 G ). In some embodiments, as a part of displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a third configuration, the electronic device displays, at the first location on the touchscreen display, the first affordance (e.g., same as the third affordance, different from the third affordance) which, when activated (e.g., via a light press), causes display of the third keyboard (e.g., when activated, cycles to a next keyboard of the plurality of selected keyboards). In some embodiments, as a part of displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a third configuration, the electronic device, without displaying, at the second location on the touchscreen, displays an affordance (e.g., an emoji affordance) that, when activated (e.g., via a light press), causes display of the second keyboard (e.g., the emoji keyboard). In some embodiments, when the second keyboard is not included in the plurality of selected keyboards, the electronic device displays the first keyboard in the third configuration that does not include an affordance to display the second keyboard. 
     As a part of displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, the electronic device displays ( 1112 ), at a first location (e.g.,  1004   a ) on the touchscreen display, a first affordance (e.g.,  1004 , same as the third affordance, different from the third affordance) which, when activated (e.g., via a light press), causes display of the third keyboard (e.g., when activated, cycles to a next keyboard of the plurality of selected keyboards other than the second keyboard). 
     In some embodiments, while displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using the first configuration, the electronic device detects, using the touchscreen display, a first input (e.g., a single-contact input), the first input having a first characteristic intensity. In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input at the first location (e.g.,  1004   a ), the electronic device, in accordance a determination that the first input was detected at the first location and that the characteristic intensity of the first input exceeds a first intensity threshold, displays a keyboard menu that includes the plurality of selected keyboards; In some embodiments, activation (e.g., light press) of a respective option of the keyboard menu cause the current keyboard to be replaced with the respective selected keyboard. In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input at the first location, the electronic device, in accordance with a determination that the first input was detected at the first location and that the characteristic intensity of the first input does not exceed the first intensity threshold, the electronic device replaces display of the first keyboard with display of the third keyboard (e.g., display the next keyboard of the plurality of selected keyboards, while skipping over the second keyboard). In some embodiments, in accordance a determination that the first input was detected at the second location and that the characteristic intensity of the first input exceeds the first intensity threshold, the electronic device forgoes displaying the keyboard menu. In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first input was detected at the second location and that the characteristic intensity of the first input does not exceed the first intensity threshold, the electronic device replaces display of the first keyboard with display of the second keyboard (e.g., display the second keyboard, regardless of what is the next keyboard of the plurality of selected keyboards, without determining which keyboard is the next keyboard of the plurality of selected keyboards). 
     As a part of displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a first configuration, the electronic device displays ( 1114 ), at a second location (e.g.,  1006   a  of  FIG.  10 A ) on the touchscreen display, a second affordance (e.g.,  1006 , an emoji affordance) which, when activated (e.g., via a light press), causes display of the second keyboard (e.g., the emoji keyboard  1016 ). 
     In some embodiments, the first keyboard (e.g.,  1010 ) and the third keyboard (e.g.,  1012 ) (but not the second keyboard (e.g.,  1016 )) are in an ordered set. In some embodiments, as a part of displaying, in accordance with a determination that the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, a respective keyboard (e.g., each keyboard) of the plurality of selected keyboards (e.g., the first keyboard, the second keyboard, the third keyboard), the electronic device displays, at the first location on the touch-sensitive display, the first affordance, which, when activated (e.g., via a light press, when no criterion of the set of switching criteria is satisfied) replaces display of a currently displayed keyboard with display of a next keyboard in the ordered set (e.g., display the next keyboard of the ordered set of keyboards, which doesn&#39;t include the second keyboard). In some embodiments, the first set of keyboard configuration criteria include a criterion that is satisfied when the respective keyboard has been displayed for a threshold duration of time before the device detects activation of the first affordance at the first location. 
     In response to ( 1104 ) receiving the request to display the first keyboard, the electronic device, in accordance with a determination ( 1108 ) that a second set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied (e.g., and not the first set of keyboard configuration criteria, scenario 2 of  FIGS.  10 E- 10 F ), the second set of keyboard configuration criteria including a second keyboard configuration criterion that is satisfied when the plurality of selected keyboards includes the first keyboard (e.g., an English QWERTY keyboard, a keyboard not of the first type) and the second keyboard of the first type (e.g., an emoji keyboard) without including other keyboards, displays ( 1120 ), on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration. 
     As a part of displaying, on the touchscreen display, the first keyboard using a second configuration different from the first configuration, the electronic device displays ( 1122 ), at the first location on the touchscreen display, a third affordance (e.g., an emoji affordance, same as the second affordance, different from the second affordance). In some embodiments the third affordance, when activated (e.g., via a light press), causes display of the second keyboard (e.g., the emoji keyboard), without displaying, at the second location, an affordance that, when activated, causes display of the second keyboard (or any other keyboard). 
     In some embodiments, the first keyboard and the third keyboard (but not the second keyboard) are in an ordered set. In some embodiments, the electronic device detects activation (e.g., via a light press) of (e.g., tap on the touch-sensitive surface at a location corresponding to) the second affordance (e.g., an emoji affordance) of the first keyboard in the first configuration. In some embodiments, the second affordance is being displayed at the second location on the touchscreen display. In some embodiments, in response to detecting activation of (e.g., tap on the touch-sensitive surface at a location corresponding to) the second affordance (e.g., an emoji affordance) of the first keyboard in the first configuration (and while the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied), the electronic device replaces display of the first keyboard in the first configuration with display of the second keyboard. In some embodiments, display of the second keyboard includes: the electronic device displaying, at the first location on the touchscreen display, the first affordance which, when activated (e.g., via a light press), cycles to a next keyboard of the ordered set; and displaying, at a third location on the touchscreen display, a switcher affordance (e.g., same as the first affordance) which, when activated (e.g., via a light press), causes the second keyboard to be replaced with a most recently previously displayed keyboard (e.g., the device determines which keyboard (that is not currently displayed) was most recently displayed and displays that keyboard when the key is activated, the first keyboard in the first configuration). In some embodiments, the third location is different from the first location and the second location. 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of selected keyboards include a fourth keyboard. In some embodiments, the first keyboard, the third keyboard, and the fourth keyboard (but not the second keyboard) are in an ordered set (e.g., the ordered set being, for example: first keyboard, third keyboard, and then fourth keyboard, then cycling again to the first keyboard, etc.). In some embodiments, while the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, the electronic device detects user input (e.g., on the first affordance of the third keyboard). In some embodiments, while the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied, in response to detecting the user input, and in accordance with a determination that the fourth keyboard is next in the ordered set of the plurality of keyboards, the electronic device displays, at a first display time on the touchscreen display, the fourth keyboard of the plurality of keyboards that includes display of the first affordance at the first location. In some embodiments, while the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied and while displaying the fourth keyboard of the plurality of keyboards (e.g., before or after having detected activation of any character keys (e.g., keys that cause input into a text entry area) of the initial keyboard), the electronic device detects activation of the first affordance that is displayed at the first location on the touchscreen display. In some embodiments, while the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied and in response to detecting activation of the first affordance, the electronic device, in accordance with a determination that at least a criterion of a set of switching criteria is satisfied, replaces display of the fourth keyboard with display of the third keyboard. In some embodiments, the set of switching criteria includes a first switching criterion that is satisfied when more than a predetermined (non-zero) amount of time (e.g., 2.5 seconds) has elapsed from the first display time, and a second switching criterion that is satisfied when the electronic device has detected, since the first display time, activation of a key of the fourth keyboard that causes entry of a character into a text entry area. In some embodiments, while the first set of keyboard configuration criteria are satisfied and in response to detecting activation of the first affordance, the electronic device, in accordance with a determination that no criterion of the set of switching criteria is satisfied, replaces display of the fourth keyboard with display of the first keyboard. In some embodiments, when a respective keyboard is displayed (at a certain time), the electronic device monitors the time elapsed and monitors keys of the keyboard (e.g., character keys, keys that cause insertion of a character into a text entry area). In response to detecting activation of the first affordance (at the first location) of the respective keyboard, when the electronic device determines that either (1) a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since the respective keyboard was displayed or (2) a key of the keyboard (e.g., character key, keys that cause insertion of a character into a text entry area) has been activated since the respective keyboard was displayed, the device replaces display of the respective keyboard with display of a previous keyboard (the keyboard that was displayed previous to the respective keyboard, the keyboard that precedes the respective keyboard in the ordered set that does not include the second keyboard). In response to detecting activation of the first affordance (at the first location) of the respective keyboard, when the decide determines that (1) the predetermined amount of time has not elapsed since the respective keyboard was displayed and (2) no key of the keyboard (e.g., character key, keys that cause insertion of a character into a text entry area) has been activated since the respective keyboard was displayed, the device replaces display of the respective keyboard with display of a next keyboard (the keyboard that is next in the ordered set that does not include the second keyboard). 
     In some embodiments, as a part of displaying, at the first display time on the touchscreen display, the fourth keyboard of the plurality of keyboards, the electronic device displays (e.g., in a key of the fourth keyboard) an identifier (e.g., as shown in  1012   b ) of the fourth keyboard (e.g., the name of the keyboard, “Chinese Keyboard”, “Japanese Keyboard”, the name of the keyboard in a key (e.g., the space bar) of the keyboard). In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that more than a predetermined (non-zero) amount of time (e.g.,  2 . 5  seconds) has elapsed from the first display time, the electronic device ceases to display the identifier of the fourth keyboard. In some embodiments, the identifier of the fourth keyboard is displayed on a key of the fourth keyboard (e.g., the spacebar key). In some embodiments, the identifier of the fourth keyboard is text that includes the name and/or language of the keyboard. In some embodiments, the device ceases to display the identifier of the fourth keyboard in conjunction with the predetermined amount of time being reached, which is optionally also a condition for the functionality (e.g., with keyboard is displayed as a result) of the first affordance to change. 
     Note that details of the processes described above with respect to method  1100  (e.g.,  FIGS.  11 A- 11 C ) are also applicable in an analogous manner to the methods described below. For example, methods  700  and  900  optionally include one or more of the characteristics of the various methods described above with reference to method  1100 . For brevity, these details are not repeated below. 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims. 
     As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve input techniques for electronic devices. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data, such as which keyboard languages are used. 
     The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country. 
     Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app. 
     Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. 
     Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data, and the technology remains operable when personal information is not collected.