Patent Publication Number: US-10321873-B2

Title: Smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application: (a) is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/664,832 entitled “Motion Recognition Clothing™ with Flexible Electromagnetic, Light, or Sonic Energy Pathways” by Robert A. Connor filed on Mar. 21, 2015 which was: a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/463,741 by Robert A. Connor et al. filed on Aug. 20, 2014 which claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/878,893 by Robert A. Connor et al. filed on Sep. 17, 2013; and claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/976,650 by Robert A. Connor filed on Apr. 8, 2014; (b) is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/079,447 entitled “Sensor Array Spanning Multiple Radial Quadrants to Measure Body Joint Movement” by Robert A. Connor filed on Mar. 24, 2016 which in turn was: a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/463,741 by Robert A. Connor et al. filed on Aug. 20, 2014 which claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/878,893 by Robert A. Connor et al. filed on Sep. 17, 2013; a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/664,832 by Robert A. Connor filed on Mar. 21, 2015, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/463,741 by Robert A. Connor et al. filed on Aug. 20, 2014 which claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/878,893 by Robert A. Connor et al. filed on Sep. 17, 2013 and claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/976,650 by Robert A. Connor filed on Apr. 8, 2014; and claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/150,886 by Robert A. Connor filed on Apr. 22, 2015; (c) is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/130,995 entitled “Nerd of the Rings—Devices for Measuring Finger Motion and Recognizing Hand Gestures” by Robert A. Connor filed on Apr. 17, 2016 which claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/150,886 by Robert A. Connor filed on Apr. 22, 2015; (d) is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/736,652 entitled “Smart Clothing with Human-to-Computer Textile Interface” by Robert A. Connor filed on Jun. 11, 2015 which in turn was: a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/664,832 by Robert A. Connor filed on Mar. 21, 2015; claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/014,747 by Robert A. Connor filed on Jun. 20, 2014; and claimed the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/100,217 filed by Robert A. Connor on Jan. 6, 2015; and (e) claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/357,957 entitled “Motion Recognition Clothing™ with a Combination of Inertial Motion Sensors and Stretching/Bending Motion Sensors” by Robert A. Connor filed on Jul. 2, 2016. The entire contents of these related applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     Not Applicable 
     SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of Invention 
     This invention relates to articles of clothing for measuring body motion, posture, and/or configuration. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     This invention is smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture which enables mobile non-intrusive measurement of body motion, posture, and/or configuration. Such clothing has many potential applications including: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and soccer), extensive arm motion (such as tennis and golf), extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and running), extensive spinal motion, extensive forearm motion (such as tennis and golf), wrist motion (such as tennis, golf, and Frisbee), ankle motion (such as running and soccer), finger and hand motion (such as tennis, golf, baseball, and fencing), athletic performance measurement and improvement; and entertainment, gaming, and artistic applications (such as animated pictures, avatar animation, computer animation, computer gaming, dance instruction, dance performance, gaming input devices, graphical animation, motion capture, motion picture animation, motion pictures, movie making, performance arts, training and motion capture for playing musical instruments, virtual gaming, virtual reality); and health, fitness, and medical applications (such as avoidance of repeated motion injuries, biofeedback, biomechanical analysis, caloric expenditure measurement, caloric intake monitoring, cardiac function monitoring, congestive heart failure assessment, energy balance, ergonomic evaluation, fall prevention and detection, gait analysis, medical diagnosis, medical therapy, nutritional monitoring and improvement, orthopedic therapy, orthotic design and fitting, physical therapy, plethysmography, post-operative therapy, posture correction, pronation analysis, pulse monitoring, range of motion assessment, rehabilitation assessment, repetitive stress injury avoidance, respiratory function analysis, spinal injury avoidance, spinal motion assessment, telemedicine, telesurgery, virtual exercise, weight management); and human-computer interface and telecommunication (such as gesture recognition, telerobotics, telesurgery, telepresence, notifications, telecommunication, teleconferencing, telepresence, telerobotics, virtual commerce, and virtual reality interaction). 
     REVIEW AND CATEGORIZATION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     There are motion capture technologies in the prior art, but they have limitations compared to this invention. As an example of prior art technology, there are camera-based motion capture systems. Some of these camera-based motion capture systems are very complex, comprising a circle of multiple cameras which each track a moving individual from a different perspective. These multi-camera systems can be accurate, but they also constrain a person to a space comprising the intersection of the fields of vision of these cameras. In addition to being relatively immobile, these multi-camera systems can also be relatively expensive. 
     There are also single-camera motion capture systems which are designed for home use. Some relatively-simple and reasonably-priced single-camera systems are used for home computer gaming, exercise routines, and other applications. However, these single-camera motion capture systems also restrict a person to remain in the field of vision of the camera. They are not mobile for outdoor activities such as golf or running or swimming. Further, relying on one camera (or even two cameras which are close together) means that the system cannot track the locations of body members when the camera&#39;s direct line of sight to them is obscured by other body members or objects. 
     As another example of prior art technology, there are complex full-body portable motion capture suits comprising a relatively-large number of accelerometers and gyroscopes. However, the more-accurate versions of such full-body motion capture suits tend to be relatively cumbersome and expensive. They can be great for motion capture for specialized purposes such as creating a video game or performance art, but are not well suited for contact sports or sports that involve extensive locational movement. 
     As another example of prior art technology, there is growing use of inertial sensors in wearable devices. These devices tend to be much less expensive and less intrusive than either the complex camera-based motion capture systems or the sophisticated full-body motion capture suits. They can perform adequately for measuring generalized “activity level”, but they are not well-suited for capturing complex full-body motion such as that which occurs in sports like golf or gymnastics. Due to the limitations of camera-based systems, cumbersome full-body motion capture suits, and single-location accelerometer devices in the prior art, there remains a need for a wearable, mobile, reasonably-priced, and relatively-unobtrusive full-body motion-capture system which can be used in diverse environments. 
     It can be challenging trying to classify prior art in this field into discrete categories. However, classification of the prior art into categories, even if imperfect, can be an invaluable part of reviewing the prior art. Towards this end, I herein identify and briefly discuss 10 categories of prior art related to measurement and modeling of body motion, posture, and/or configuration. For the most relevant categories of prior art, I also provide specific examples of prior art (including patent or patent application number, inventor, publication date, and title). Some examples of prior art disclose multiple concepts and thus appear in more than one category. I hope that the reader finds this review and categorization of the prior art to be useful. The 10 categories of art used for this review and categorization are as follows: (1) wearable GPS for tracking geographic position; (2) fixed-location camera-based motion capture; (3) hand-held game controller, ball, bat, or other held object; (4) wearable RFID or other electromagnetic energy emitters; (5) wearable electromyographic (EMG) sensors; (6) rigid or partially-rigid exoskeleton; (7) wearable inertial sensors; (8) wearable pressure sensors; (9) wearable electromagnetic energy bend sensors and/or electrogoniometers; (10) wearable light energy bend sensors. 
     1. Wearable GPS for Tracking Geographic Position 
     Prior art in this category uses a wearable GPS unit to track a person&#39;s geographic position and macroscale body movement. Such art can be very useful for tracking movement distance and speed, but is not useful for mobile three-dimensional recognition of body motion, posture, and/or configuration and is less relevant to the technology of this present invention. Accordingly, although the category is mentioned here, specific examples of this large category of art are not listed. 
     2. Fixed-Location Camera-Based Motion Capture 
     Prior art in this widely-used category, traditionally known as “motion capture” or “mocap,” uses one or more fixed-location cameras to take and analyze images of a person in order to estimate and/or model the person&#39;s movement. Such motion capture systems are widely used for animation in motion pictures and video games, using full-body motion for controlling a video game or other computer application, fixed-location sport-related motion analysis, medical body motion diagnostic assessment, and other applications. Such art can be very useful for all of these purposes, but is generally constrains a person to a fixed location and is subject to occlusion when a direct line of sight from the camera to a portion of a person&#39;s body is blocked. Accordingly, such art is less useful for mobile, ambulatory, and/or long-duration applications and is less relevant to the technology of this present invention. Thus, although the category is mentioned here, specific examples of art in this large category of prior art are not listed. 
     3. Hand-Held Game Controller, Ball, Bat, or Other Held Object 
     Prior art in this widely-used category tracks the location, orientation, and/or configuration of a hand-held game controller, sports ball, bat, club, or other held object in order to analyze the motion dynamics of a particular activity (such as a sport activity), control a computer game, interact with a virtual reality environment, or other motion-related application. Such art can be very useful for these purposes, but since the tracked object is not worn and be only in limited contact with the user&#39;s body, it is limited for tracking three-dimensional body motion, posture, and/or configuration. Accordingly, such art is less relevant to this present invention. This category is mentioned here, but specific examples of art in this category are not listed. 
     4. Wearable RFID or Other Electromagnetic Energy Emitters 
     Prior art in this category uses an array of wearable RFID or other electromagnetic energy emitters to track body motion and/or configuration in a three-dimensional space. Since this art generally constrains the user to motion within a defined space with fixed-location energy sensors, it is generally subject to similar location constraints as traditional camera-based motion capture. The technology is quite different than that used in the present invention and thus, although the category is mentioned here, specific examples of art in this category are not listed. 
     5. Wearable ElectroMyoGraphic (EMG) Sensors 
     Prior art in this category uses wearable sensors to measure electromagnetic energy which is naturally emitted from body muscles and nerves in order to estimate and model body motion. This category of prior art is relatively new and there are few examples in it as compared to the previous categories, but it is growing. Art in this category has the potential to eventually be very useful for mobile three-dimensional recognition of body motion, posture, and configuration. However, the technology is different than the technology used in this present invention. Unlike this present invention, EMG sensors measure naturally emitted electromagnetic energy and thus are less relevant to this present invention. Accordingly, this category is mentioned here, but specific examples of art in this category are not listed. 
     6. Rigid or Partially-Rigid Exoskeleton 
     Prior art in this category uses a rigid or partially-rigid exoskeleton which is attached to a person in order to measure and/or affect the person&#39;s body motion. Some exoskeletons are used primarily for measuring and modeling body motion. Other exoskeletons are used primarily for affecting body motion, such as with actuators which provide haptic feedback or help the person to move. This present invention focuses on flexible wearable pathways (which can be incorporated into an article of clothing) rather than a rigid or semi-rigid exoskeleton which is attached to a person. This rigid or semi-rigid nature of an exoskeleton can limit the range of body motion and limit its use for long-duration applications. Nonetheless, this category of art is more relevant than the previous categories and thus specific examples of art in this category are now listed. 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,819 (Marras et al., May 7, 1991, “Apparatus for Monitoring the Motion Components of the Spine”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,265 (Kramer et al., Jan. 18, 1994, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,729 (Kramer et al., Aug. 15, 1995, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,088 (Zaharkin et al., Dec. 12, 1995, “Device for Measuring Motion Characteristics of a Human Joint”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,249 (Brimhall, May 14, 1996, “Exoskeleton with Kinesthetic Feedback and Robotic Control”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,904 (Lander, Aug. 12, 1997, “Movement Monitoring and Control Apparatus for Body Members”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,157 (Kramer, Oct. 14, 1997, “Determination of Kinematically Constrained Multi-Articulated Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,813,406 (Kramer et al., Sep. 29, 1998, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,673 (Kazerooni, Jun. 29, 1999, “Pneumatic Human Power Amplifer Module”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,741 (Kramer, Jul. 27, 1999, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,541 (Ferrati, Oct. 5, 1999, “Orthopedic Apparatus for Walking and Rehabilitating Disabled Persons Including Tetraplegic Persons and for Facilitating and Stimulating the Revival of Comatose Patients Through the Use of Electronic and Virtual Reality Units”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,548 (Latypov et al., Dec. 21, 1999, “Method for Tracking and Displaying User&#39;s Spatial Position and Orientation, a Method for Representing Virtual Reality for a User, and Systems of Embodiment of Such Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,274 (Kramer et al., Mar. 7, 2000, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,555 (Kramer et al., Mar. 28, 2000, “Force-Feedback Interface Device for the Hand”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,962 (Kramer et al., Apr. 18, 2000, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,104,379 (Petrich et al., Aug. 15, 2000, “Forearm-Supported Exoskeleton Hand-Tracking Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,130 (Kramer, Aug. 29, 2000, “Exoskeleton Device for Directly Measuring Fingertip Position and Inferring Finger Joint Angle”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,190 (Kramer, Dec. 19, 2000, “Determination of Kinematically Constrained Multi-Articulated Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,784 (Holmes, May 29, 2001, “Exo-Skeletal Haptic Computer Human/Computer Interface Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,390 (Rosenberg, Jun. 12, 2001, “Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Mechanical Interface to a Computer System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,229 (Kramer et al., Jul. 2, 2002, “Force-Feedback Interface Device for the Hand”); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,490 (Kramer et al., Aug. 6, 2002, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,672 (Kramer, Dec. 24, 2002, “Device and Method for Measuring the Position of Animate Links”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,666,831 (Edgerton et al., Dec. 23, 2003, “Method, Apparatus and System for Automation of Body Weight Support Training (BWST) of Biped Locomotion Over a Treadmill Using a Programmable Stepper Device (PSD) Operating Like an Exoskeleton Drive System from a Fixed Base”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,296 (Kramer et al., Mar. 2, 2004, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems, and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,643 (Kramer, Mar. 15, 2005, “Determination of Finger Position”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,312 (Priester et al., May 10, 2005, “Joint Angle Indication System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,571 (Kramer et al., Jul. 4, 2006, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,242 (Goffer, Dec. 26, 2006, “Gait-Locomotor Apparatus”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,410,338 (Schiele et al., Aug. 12, 2008, “Exoskeleton for the Human Arm, in Particular for Space Applications”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,500,853 (Bevirt et al., Mar. 10, 2009, “Mechanical Interface for a Computer System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,899,556 (Nathan et al., Mar. 1, 2011, “Orthosis for a Gait Modulation System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,055,021 (Caritu et al., Nov. 8, 2011, “Motion Capture Device and Associated Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,171,570 (Adarraga, May 8, 2012, “Exoskeleton”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,979 (Stark et al., Mar. 25, 2014, “Remote Monitoring of a Patient”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,708,825 (Crisco, Apr. 29, 2014, “Device Controller with Conformable Fitting System”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,777,878 (Deitz, Jul. 15, 2014, “Devices, Systems, and Methods for Measuring and Evaluating the Motion and Function of Joints and Associated Muscles”). 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. patent applications: 20010003712 (Roelofs, Jun. 14, 2001, “Exoskeletal Platform for Controlling Multi-Directional Avatar Kinetics in a Virtual Environment”); 20010020140 (Kramer, Sep. 6, 2001, “Device and Method for Measuring the Position of Animate Links”); 20020198472 (Kramer, Dec. 26, 2002, “Determination of Finger Position”); 20030083596 (Kramer et al., May 1, 2003, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); 20030091966 (Collodi, May 15, 2003, “Excercise/Simulation Device”); 20060130347 (Bergamasco et al., Jun. 22, 2006, “Device for Gioniometric Measurements”); 20060167564 (Flaherty et al., Jul. 27, 2006, “Limb and Digit Movement System”); 20060189899 (Flaherty et al., Aug. 24, 2006, “Joint Movement Apparatus”); 20060217233 (Lee, Sep. 28, 2006, “Apparatus and Method for Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Training Using Weight Load and Joint Angle as Variables”); 20060240953 (Shahinpoor, Oct. 26, 2006, “Human Lower Limb Performance Enhancement Outfit”); 20070123997 (Herr et al., May 31, 2007, “Exoskeletons for Running and Walking”); 20070132722 (Kim et al., Jun. 14, 2007, “Hand Interface Glove Using Miniaturized Absolute Position Sensors and Hand Interface System Using the Same”); 20110040216 (Herr et al., Feb. 17, 2011, “Exoskeletons for Running and Walking”); 20130158444 (Herr et al., Jun. 20, 2013, “Robotic System for Simulating a Wearable Device and Method of Use”); 20130204435 (Moon et al., Aug. 8, 2013, “Wearable Robot and Teaching Method of Motion using the Same”); and 20140366675 (Gosselin et al., Dec. 18, 2014, “Articulated Limb for a Robot or Haptic Interface and Robot and Haptic Interface Comprising at Least One Such Articulated Limb”). 
     7. Wearable Inertial Sensors 
     Prior art in this category uses one or more wearable inertial sensors (such as accelerometers or gyroscopes) to estimate and/or model body motion, posture, and/or configuration. With reductions in the cost and size of inertial sensors, they are now being incorporated into a wide array of wearable devices. Currently, devices in this category most commonly include one or more inertial sensors at a single location on a person&#39;s body, wherein movement of the body at that location is used to estimate overall level of activity or infer overall patterns of body motion, posture, and/or configuration. However, there is a growing body of art which uses an array of inertial sensors worn at different locations on a person&#39;s body to measure and/or model three-dimensional body motion, posture, and/or configuration. The data processing demands of estimating three-dimensional body motion using a large array of wearable inertial sensors can be challenging, but there is a lot of progress being made in this area. The motion capture technology of this present invention is different than that used in this category, but this category of art is relevant and thus specific examples of art in this category are now listed. 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,758 (Moore et al., Aug. 16, 1994, “Spine Motion Analyzer and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,610 (LaCourse et al., Dec. 27, 1994, “Apparatus for the Functional Assessment of Human Activity”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,401 (Kramer, Jan. 7, 1997, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,615,132 (Horton et al., Mar. 25, 1997, “Method and Apparatus for Determining Position and Orientation of a Moveable Object Using Accelerometers”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,819,206 (Horton et al., Oct. 6, 1998, “Method and Apparatus for Determining Position and Orientation of a Moveable Object Using Accelerometers”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,705 (Gaudet et al., Jan. 25, 2000, “Measuring Foot Contact Time and Foot Loft Time of a Person in Locomotion”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,032,530 (Hock, Mar. 7, 2000, “Biofeedback System for Sensing Body Motion and Flexure”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,576 (Brann, May 9, 2000, “Training and Safety Device, System and Method to Aid in Proper Movement During Physical Activity”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,991 (Krausman et al., Aug. 1, 2000, “Ambulatory Body Position Monitor”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,280 (Kramer, Nov. 14, 2000, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,191 (Foxlin, Dec. 19, 2000, “Inertial Orientation Tracker Having Automatic Drift Compensation for Tracking Human Head and Other Similarly Sized Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,301 (Abraham-Fuchs et al., Apr. 3, 2001, “Patient Monitoring System”); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,840 (Vance et al., Oct. 16, 2001, “Fingerless Glove for Interacting with Data Processing System”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,507 (Foxlin, Mar. 26, 2002, “Inertial Orientation Tracker Having Gradual Automatic Drift Compensation for Tracking Human Head and Other Similarly Sized Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,687 (Foxlin, Jun. 25, 2002, “Motion Tracking System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,200 (Anton et al., Oct. 15, 2002, “Computer Input Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,513,532 (Mault et al., Feb. 4, 2003, “Diet and Activity Monitoring Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,141 (Schulz et al., Aug. 26, 2003, “Hybrid 3-D Probe Tracked by Multiple Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,691,074 (Moriya et al., Feb. 10, 2004, “System for Three Dimensional Positioning and Tracking”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,700,499 (Kubo et al., Mar. 2, 2004, “Body Motion Detector”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,939 (Lehrman et al., Mar. 9, 2004, “System and Method for Detecting Motion of a Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,731,268 (Anton et al., May 4, 2004, “Computer Input Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,877 (Foxlin, Sep. 7, 2004, “Inertial Orientation Tracker Having Automatic Drift Compensation using an at Rest Sensor for Tracking Parts of a Human Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,436 (Townsend et al., Dec. 28, 2004, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,836,744 (Asphahani et al., Dec. 28, 2004, “Portable System for Analyzing Human Gait”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,796 (Lehrman et al., Mar. 8, 2005, “Systems Within a Communication Device for Evaluating Movement of a Body and Methods of Operating the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,413 (Arms et al., Mar. 29, 2005, “Miniaturized Inclinometer for Angle Measurement with Accurate Measurement Indicator”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,912,475 (Moriya et al., Jun. 28, 2005, “System for Three Dimensional Positioning and Tracking”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,134 (Suprun et al., Jan. 10, 2006, “Computer Input Device”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,020,508 (Stivoric et al., Mar. 28, 2006, “Apparatus for Detecting Human Physiological and Contextual Information”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,028,547 (Shiratori et al., Apr. 18, 2006, “Body Motion Detector”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,095,331 (Lehrman et al, Aug. 22, 2006, “System and Method for Detecting Motion of a Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,141,026 (Aminian et al., Nov. 28, 2006, “Body Movement Monitoring System and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,145,461 (Lehrman et al., Dec. 5, 2006, “System and Method for Analyzing Activity of a Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,149,584 (Koh et al., Dec. 12, 2006, “System and Method for Determining Patient Posture Based on 3-D Trajectory using an Implantable Medical Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,167,743 (Heruth et al., Jan. 23, 2007, “Collecting Activity Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,191,652 (Pristup et al., Mar. 20, 2007, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Partial Filling of Cavity with Magnetic Fluid”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,240 (Townsend et al., May 1, 2007, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,943 (Aoshima et al., May 1, 2007, “Body Motion Detection Device, Pitch Meter, Wristwatch-Type Information Processing Device, Method for Controlling Thereof, Control Program, and Storage Medium”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,219,033 (Kolen, May 15, 2007, “Single/Multiple Axes Six Degrees of Freedom (6 DOF) Inertial motion capture System with Initial Orientation Determination Capability”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,261,690 (Teller et al., Aug. 28, 2007, “Apparatus for Monitoring Health, Wellness and Fitness”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,264,554 (Bentley, Sep. 4, 2007, “Method and System for Athletic Motion Analysis and Instruction”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,090 (Stivoric et al., Oct. 23, 2007, “Apparatus for Detecting, Receiving, Deriving and Displaying Human Physiological and Contextual Information”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,151 (Ferguson et al., Nov. 6, 2007, “Human Movement Measurement System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,223 (Suprun et al., Nov. 6, 2007, “Location Tracking Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,295,184 (Suprun et al., Nov. 13, 2007, “Computer Input Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,296,469 (Simonenko et al., Nov. 20, 2007, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Active Suspension”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,313,440 (Miesel, Dec. 25, 2007, “Collecting Posture and Activity Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,330,760 (Heruth et al., Feb. 12, 2008, “Collecting Posture Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,383,728 (Noble et al., Jun. 10, 2008, “Orientation and Motion Sensing in Athletic Training Systems, Physical Rehabilitation and Evaluation Systems, and Hand-Held Devices”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,394,385 (Franco et al., Jul. 1, 2008, “Comprehensive Monitoring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,395,113 (Heruth et al., Jul. 1, 2008, “Collecting Activity Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,395,181 (Foxlin, Jul. 1, 2008, “Motion Tracking System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,421,369 (Clarkson, Sep. 2, 2008, “Activity Recognition Apparatus, Method and Program”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,447,545 (Heruth et al., Nov. 4, 2008, “Collecting Posture Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,450,002 (Choi et al., Nov. 11, 2008, “Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Human Activity Pattern”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,451,056 (Flentov et al., Nov. 11, 2008, “Activity Monitoring Systems and Methods”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,471,290 (Wang et al., Dec. 30, 2008, “Posture Detection System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,890 (Lehrman et al., Jan. 20, 2009, “System and Method for Analyzing Activity of a Body”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,487,043 (Adams, Feb. 3, 2009, “Relative Positioning System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,492,268 (Ferguson et al., Feb. 17, 2009, “Human Movement Measurement System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,512,515 (Vock et al., Mar. 31, 2009, “Activity Monitoring Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,565,295 (Hernandez-Rebollar, Jul. 21, 2009, “Method and Apparatus for Translating Hand Gestures”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,602,301 (Stirling et al., Oct. 13, 2009, “Apparatus, Systems, and Methods for Gathering and Processing Biometric and Biomechanical Data”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,602,310 (Mann et al., Oct. 13, 2009, “Telemetered Characteristic Monitor System and Method of using the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,451 (Vock et al., Dec. 1, 2009, “Movement and Event Systems and Associated Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,634,379 (Noble, Dec. 15, 2009, “Newtonian Physical Activity Monitor”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,196 (Kahn et al., Jan. 12, 2010, “Human Activity Monitoring Device with Distance Calculation”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,214 (Schroeder et al., Jan. 26, 2010, “Accelerometer Utilizing Image-Based Movement Tracking”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,508 (Kahn et al., Jan. 26, 2010, “Human Activity Monitoring Device”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,661,200 (Bonnet et al., Feb. 16, 2010, “Method and Device for Determining a Person&#39;s Motions”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,668,588 (Kovacs, Feb. 23, 2010, “Dual-Mode Physiologic Monitoring Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,672,781 (Churchill et al., Mar. 2, 2010, “Miniaturized Wireless Inertial Sensing System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,689,378 (Kolen, Mar. 30, 2010, “Motion Sensing Apparatus, Systems and Techniques”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,698,101 (Alten et al., Apr. 13, 2010, “Smart Garment”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,698,830 (Townsend et al., Apr. 20, 2010, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,725,279 (Luinge et al., May 25, 2010, “System and a Method for Motion Tracking using a Calibration Unit”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,742,894 (Chen et al., Jun. 22, 2010, “Multi-Person Pose Recognition System Using a Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,753,861 (Kahn et al., Jul. 13, 2010, “Chest Strap Having Human Activity Monitoring Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,792,583 (Miesel et al., Sep. 7, 2010, “Collecting Posture Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,805,196 (Miesel et al., Sep. 28, 2010, “Collecting Activity Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,811,333 (Jonsson et al., Oct. 12, 2010, “Systems and Methods for Processing Limb Motion”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,821,407 (Shears et al., Oct. 26, 2010, “Apparatus, Systems, and Methods for Gathering and Processing Biometric and Biomechanical Data”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,825,815 (Shears et al., Nov. 2, 2010, “Apparatus, Systems, and Methods for Gathering and Processing Biometric and Biomechanical Data”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,827,000 (Stirling et al., Nov. 2, 2010, “Method and Apparatus for Estimating a Motion Parameter”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,845,228 (Bremer et al., Dec. 7, 2010, “Activity Monitoring”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,881,902 (Kahn et al., Feb. 1, 2011, “Human Activity Monitoring Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,952,483 (Ferguson et al., May 31, 2011, “Human Movement Measurement System”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,978,081 (Shears et al., Jul. 12, 2011, “Apparatus, Systems, and Methods for Communicating Biometric and Biomechanical Information”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,981,058 (Akay, Jul. 19, 2011, “Intelligent Wearable Monitor Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,010,308 (Churchill, Aug. 30, 2011, “Inertial Measurement System with Self Correction”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,025,632 (Einarsson, Sep. 27, 2011, “Wearable Device Having Feedback Characteristics”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,036,850 (Kulach et al., Oct. 11, 2011, “Method and Apparatus for Estimating a Motion Parameter”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,036,851 (Vock et al., Oct. 11, 2011, “Activity Monitoring Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,060,337 (Kulach et al., Nov. 15, 2011, “Method and Apparatus for Estimating a Motion Parameter”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,073,707 (Teller et al., Dec. 6, 2011, “System for Detecting Monitoring and Reporting an Individual&#39;s Physiological or Contextual Status”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,075,499 (Nathan et al., Dec. 13, 2011, “Abnormal Motion Detector and Monitor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,099,258 (Alten et al., Jan. 17, 2012, “Smart Garment”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,125,448 (Ranta et al., Feb. 28, 2012, “Wearable Computer Pointing Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,135,473 (Miesel et al., Mar. 13, 2012, “Collecting Posture and Activity Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,140,339 (Hernandez-Rebollar, Mar. 20, 2012, “Method and Apparatus for Translating Hand Gestures”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,150,531 (Skelton, Apr. 3, 2012, “Associating Therapy Adjustments with Patient Posture States”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,694 (Srinivasan et al., Apr. 10, 2012, “Activity Monitoring Device and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,157,730 (Leboeuf et al., Apr. 17, 2012, “Physiological and Environmental Monitoring Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,157,731 (Teller et al., Apr. 17, 2012, “Method and Apparatus for Auto Journaling of Continuous or Discrete Body States Utilizing Physiological and/or Contextual Parameters”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,159,354 (Ferguson et al., Apr. 17, 2012, “Human Movement Measurement System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,162,857 (Lanfermann et al., Apr. 24, 2012, “Limb Movement Monitoring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,165,840 (Hatlestad et al., Apr. 24, 2012, “Posture Sensor Automatic Calibration”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,165,844 (Luinge et al., Apr. 24, 2012, “Motion Tracking System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,175,720 (Skelton et al., May 8, 2012, “Posture-Responsive Therapy Control Based on Patient Input”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,180,591 (Yuen et al., May 15, 2012, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,180,592 (Yuen et al., May 15, 2012, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,187,182 (Kahn et al., May 29, 2012, “Sensor Fusion for Activity Identification”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,200,340 (Skelton et al., Jun. 12, 2012, “Guided Programming for Posture-State Responsive Therapy”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,203,487 (Hol et al., Jun. 19, 2012, “Tightly Coupled UWB/IMU Pose Estimation System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,206,325 (Najafi et al., Jun. 26, 2012, “Ambulatory System for Measuring and Monitoring Physical Activity and Risk of Falling and for Automatic Fall Detection”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,028 (Skelton et al., Jun. 26, 2012, “Objectification of Posture State-Responsive Therapy Based on Patient Therapy Adjustments”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,147 (Solinsky, Jun. 26, 2012, “Geolocation System and Method for Determining Mammal Locomotion Movement”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,219,206 (Skelton et al., Jul. 10, 2012, “Dwell Time Adjustments for Posture State-Responsive Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,231,555 (Skelton et al., Jul. 31, 2012, “Therapy System Including Multiple Posture Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,249,718 (Skelton et al., Aug. 21, 2012, “Programming Posture State-Responsive Therapy with Nominal Therapy Parameters”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,275,635 (Stivoric et al., Sep. 25, 2012, “Integration of Lifeotypes with Devices and Systems”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,280,517 (Skelton et al., Oct. 2, 2012, “Automatic Validation Techniques for Validating Operation of Medical Devices”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,282,580 (Skelton et al., Oct. 9, 2012, “Data Rejection for Posture State Analysis”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,284,847 (Adermann, Oct. 9, 2012, “Detecting Motion for a Multifunction Sensor Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,301,575 (Bonnet et al., Oct. 30, 2012, “Method and Device for the Recognition of the Position or Movement of a Device or a Person”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,311,769 (Yuen et al., Nov. 13, 2012, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,311,770 (Yuen et al., Nov. 13, 2012, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,315,710 (Skelton et al., Nov. 20, 2012, “Associating Therapy Adjustments with Patient Posture States”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,323,218 (Davis et al., Dec. 4, 2012, “Generation of Proportional Posture Information Over Multiple Time Intervals”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,328,718 (Tran, Dec. 11, 2012, “Health Monitoring Appliance”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,332,041 (Skelton et al., Dec. 11, 2012, “Patient Interaction with Posture-Responsive Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,342,045 (Maxwell et al., Jan. 1, 2013, “Activity Monitor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,352,211 (Vock et al., Jan. 8, 2013, “Activity Monitoring Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,366,641 (Wang et al., Feb. 5, 2013, “Posture Detector Calibration and Use”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,382,590 (Stivoric et al., Feb. 26, 2013, “Entertainment, Gaming and Interactive Spaces Based on Lifeotypes”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,384,551 (Ross et al., Feb. 26, 2013, “Sensor Device and Method for Monitoring Physical Stresses Placed on a User”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,386,008 (Yuen et al., Feb. 26, 2013, “Activity Monitoring Systems and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,388,555 (Panken et al., Mar. 5, 2013, “Posture State Classification for a Medical Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,396,554 (Miesel et al., Mar. 12, 2013, “Collecting Posture Information to Evaluate Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,396,565 (Singhal et al., Mar. 12, 2013, “Automatic Therapy Adjustments”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,397,568 (Cardarelli, Mar. 19, 2013, “Bias Measurement for MEMS Gyroscopes and Accelerometers”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,401,666 (Skelton et al., Mar. 19, 2013, “Modification Profiles for Posture-Responsive Therapy”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,414,507 (Asada, Apr. 9, 2013, “Body Motion Balance Detection Device, Body Motion Balance Detection Program, Body Motion Balance Detection Method, and Body Motion Balance Diagnosis Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,416,102 (Yin, Apr. 9, 2013, “Activity Monitoring System Insensitive to Accelerations Induced by External Motion Factors”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,421,854 (Zerkin, Apr. 16, 2013, “System and Method for Motion Capture”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,427,325 (Ferguson et al., Apr. 23, 2013, “Human Movement Measurement System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,177 (Lanfermann et al., May 7, 2013, “Process and System for Monitoring Exercise Motions of a Person”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,436,737 (Trout, May 7, 2013, “Postural State Attitude Monitoring, Caution, and Warning Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,437,824 (Moon et al., May 7, 2013, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,437,861 (Skelton et al., May 7, 2013, “Posture State Redefinition Based on Posture Data and Therapy Adjustments”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,437,980 (Yuen et al., May 7, 2013, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,446,275 (Utter, May 21, 2013, “General Health and Wellness Management Method and Apparatus for a Wellness Application Using Data from a Data-Capable Band”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,447,401 (Miesel et al., May 21, 2013, “Collecting Posture Information to Evaluate Therapy”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,447,411 (Skelton et al., May 21, 2013, “Patient Interaction with Posture-Responsive Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,460,197 (Brady et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Monitoring Device with a Pedometer”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,463,573 (Flentov et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Movement Monitoring Systems and Associated Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,463,576 (Yuen et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,463,577 (Yuen et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,504,150 (Skelton, Aug. 6, 2013, “Associating Therapy Adjustments with Posture States using a Stability Timer”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,515,549 (Panken et al., Aug. 20, 2013, “Associating Therapy Adjustments with Intended Patient Posture States”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,515,550 (Skelton et al., Aug. 20, 2013, “Assignment of Therapy Parameter to Multiple Posture States”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,527,217 (Moodie, Sep. 3, 2013, “Apparatus and Method for Physical Evaluation”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,543,185 (Yuen et al., Sep. 24, 2013, “Activity Monitoring Systems and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,543,351 (Yuen et al., Sep. 24, 2013, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,740 (Hesch et al., Oct. 1, 2013, “System and Method for Wavelet-Based Gait Classification”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,770 (Yuen et al., Oct. 1, 2013, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,554,297 (Moon et al., Oct. 8, 2013, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,579,834 (Davis et al., Nov. 12, 2013, “Display of Detected Patient Posture State”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,583,252 (Skelton et al., Nov. 12, 2013, “Patient Interaction with Posture-Responsive Therapy”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,583,402 (Yuen et al., Nov. 12, 2013, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,616,989 (Bentley, Dec. 31, 2013, “Method and System for Athletic Motion Analysis and Instruction”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,643,494 (Trout, Feb. 4, 2014, “Postural State Attitude Monitoring, Caution, and Warning Systems and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,651,964 (Brick, Feb. 18, 2014, “Advanced Video Controller System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,655,618 (Flaction et al., Feb. 18, 2014, “Accelerometer and Method for Controlling an Accelerometer”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,657,772 (Einarsson, Feb. 25, 2014, “Wearable Device Having Feedback Characteristics”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,670,953 (Yuen et al., Mar. 11, 2014, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,708,904 (Stivoric et al., Apr. 29, 2014, “Device Utilizing Data of a User&#39;s Context or Activity to Determine the User&#39;s Caloric Consumption or Expenditure”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,712,723 (Kahn et al., Apr. 29, 2014, “Human Activity Monitoring Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,760,392 (Lloyd et al., Jun. 24, 2014, “Wireless Motion Processing Sensor Systems Suitable for Mobile and Battery Operation”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,764,651 (Tran, Jul. 1, 2014, “Fitness Monitoring”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,784,342 (Hyde et al., Jul. 22, 2014, “Shape Sensing Clothes to Inform the Wearer of a Condition”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,788,055 (Gerber et al., Jul. 22, 2014, “Multi-Location Posture Sensing”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,137 (Ellis et al., Aug. 5, 2014, “Position Tracking and Guidance Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,818,748 (Hatlestad et al., Aug. 26, 2014, “Posture Sensor Automatic Calibration”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,821,417 (McGregor et al., Sep. 2, 2014, “Method of Monitoring Human Body Movement”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,823,490 (Libbus et al., Sep. 2, 2014, “Patient Monitoring Systems and Methods”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,849,610 (Molettiere et al., Sep. 30, 2014, “Tracking User Physical Activity With Multiple Devices”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,876,738 (Kahn et al., Nov. 4, 2014, “Human Activity Monitoring Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,905,948 (Davis et al., Dec. 9, 2014, “Generation of Proportional Posture Information over Multiple Time Intervals”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,909,543 (Tropper et al., Dec. 9, 2014, “Methods for Detecting and Recording Physical Activity of Person”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,928,484 (Chang et al., Jan. 6, 2015, “System and Method of Biomechanical Posture Detection and Feedback”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,929,966 (LeBoeuf et al., Jan. 6, 2015, “Physiological Monitoring Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,944,939 (Clark et al., Feb. 3, 2015, “Inertial Measurement of Sports Motion”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,947,441 (Hodgins et al., Feb. 3, 2015, “System and Method for Database Driven Action Capture”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,949,070 (Kahn et al., Feb. 3, 2015, “Human Activity Monitoring Device with Activity Identification”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,958,885 (Panken et al., Feb. 17, 2015, “Posture State Classification for a Medical Device”). 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. patent applications: 20010049470 (Mault et al., Dec. 6, 2001, “Diet and Activity Monitoring Device”); 20030023192 (Foxlin, Jan. 30, 2003, “Inertial Orientation Tracker Having Automatic Drift Compensation using an at Rest Sensor for Tracking Parts of a Human Body”); 20030045816 (Foxlin, Mar. 6, 2003, “Motion Tracking System”); 20030047002 (Arms et al., Mar. 13, 2003, “MEMS Based Angular Accelerometer”); 20030120448 (Moriya et al., Jun. 26, 2003, “System for Three Dimensional Positioning and Tracking”); 20050126026 (Townsend et al., Jun. 16, 2005, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); 20050140651 (Suprun et al., Jun. 30, 2005, “Computer Input Device”); 20060022833 (Ferguson et al., Feb. 2, 2006, “Human Movement Measurement System”); 20060059976 (Simonenko et al., Mar. 23, 2006, “Accelerometer with Real-Time Calibration”); 20060059988 (Pristup, Mar. 23, 2006, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Non-Magnetic Film on Drive Magnets”); and 20060059990 (Simonenko et al., Mar. 23, 2006, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Active Suspension”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20060059991 (Pristup et al., Mar. 23, 2006, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Partial Filling of Cavity with Magnetic Fluid”); 20060070443 (Pristup, Apr. 6, 2006, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Capacitive Sensing of Inertial Body Position”); 20060135883 (Jonsson et al., Jun. 22, 2006, “Systems and Methods for Processing Limb Motion”); 20060166737 (Bentley, Jul. 27, 2006, “Method and System for Athletic Motion Analysis and Instruction”); 20060184336 (Kolen, Aug. 17, 2006, “Single/Multiple Axes Six Degrees of Freedom (6 DOF) Inertial motion capture System with Initial Orientation Determination Capability”); 20060212097 (Varadan et al., Sep. 21, 2006, “Method and Device for Treatment of Medical Conditions and Monitoring Physical Movements”); 20060241521 (Cohen, Oct. 26, 2006, “System for Automatic Structured Analysis of Body Activities”); 20060284979 (Clarkson, Dec. 21, 2006, “Activity Recognition Apparatus, Method and Program”); 20070000324 (Pristup et al., Jan. 4, 2007, “Magnetofluidic Accelerometer with Partial Filling of Cavity with Magnetic Fluid”); 20070038038 (Stivoric et al., Feb. 15, 2007, “Wearable Human Physiological and Environmental Data Sensors and Reporting System Therefor”); and 20070073482 (Churchill et al., Mar. 29, 2007, “Miniaturized Wireless Inertial Sensing System”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20070100666 (Stivoric et al., May 3, 2007, “Devices and Systems for Contextual and Physiological-Based Detection, Monitoring, Reporting, Entertainment, and Control of Other Devices”); 20070169364 (Townsend et al., Jul. 26, 2007, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); 20070173705 (Teller et al., Jul. 26, 2007, “Apparatus for Monitoring Health, Wellness and Fitness”); 20070214889 (Pristup, Sep. 20, 2007, “Magnetofluidic Unidirectional Accelerometer”); 20070219744 (Kolen, Sep. 20, 2007, “Motion Sensing Apparatus, Systems and Techniques”); 20070270214 (Bentley, Nov. 22, 2007, “Method and System for Athletic Motion Analysis and Instruction”); 20080036737 (Hernandez-Rebollar, Feb. 14, 2008, “Arm Skeleton for Capturing Arm Position and Movement”); 20080061949 (Ferguson et al., Mar. 13, 2008, “Human Movement Measurement System”); 20080084385 (Ranta et al., Apr. 10, 2008, “Wearable Computer Pointing Device”); and 20080167535 (Andre et. al, Jul. 10, 2008, “Devices and Systems for Contextual and Physiological-Based Reporting, Entertainment, Control of Other Devices, Health Assessment and Therapy”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20080285805 (Luinge et al., Nov. 20, 2008, “Motion Tracking System”); 20090030345 (Bonnet et al., Jan. 29, 2009, “Method and Device for the Recognition of the Position or Movement of a Device or a Person”); 20090149257 (Ferguson et al., Jun. 11, 2009, “Human Movement Measurement System”); 20090171180 (Pering et al., Jul. 2, 2009, “Method and Apparatus for Configuring Wearable Sensor”); 20090204031 (McNames et al., Aug. 13, 2009, “Joint Angle Tracking with Inertial Sensor”); 20090278791 (Slycke et al., Nov. 12, 2009, “Motion Tracking System”); 20100026809 (Curry, Feb. 4, 2010, “Camera-Based Tracking and Position Determination for Sporting Events”); 20100036288 (Lanfermann et al., Feb. 11, 2010, “Limb Movement Monitoring System”); 20100076348 (McNames et al., Mar. 25, 2010, “Complete Integrated System for Continuous Monitoring and Analysis of Movement Disorders”); 20100176952 (Bajcsy et al., Jul. 15, 2010, “System for Detection of Body Motion”); 20100211349 (Flaction et al., Aug. 19, 2010, “Accelerometer and Method for Controlling an Accelerometer”); and 20100225473 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100225474 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Central Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); 20100225491 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225498 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228153 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228154 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228158 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Device Level Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); 20100228159 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228487 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); and 20100228488 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228489 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100228490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228492 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228493 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228494 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228495 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); 20100271200 (Leuthardt et al., Oct. 28, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20100309209 (Hodgins et al., Dec. 9, 2010, “System and Method for Database Driven Action Capture”); 20100324384 (Moon et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); 20100324385 (Moon et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); and 20100324386 (Moon et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100324387 (Moon et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); 20100324388 (Moon et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); 20100324389 (Moon et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Body-Worn Pulse Oximeter”); 20100324456 (Jonsson et al., Dec. 23, 2010, “Systems and Methods for Processing Limb Motion”); 20110025562 (Hol et al., Feb. 3, 2011, “Tightly Coupled UWB/IMU Pose Estimation System and Method”); 20110028865 (Luinge et al., Feb. 3, 2011, “Inertial Sensor Kinematic Coupling”); 20110046915 (Hol et al., Feb. 24, 2011, “Use of Positioning Aiding System for Inertial Motion Capture”); 20110181422 (Tran, Jul. 28, 2011, “Personal Emergency Response (PER) System”); 20110201428 (Ferguson et al., Aug. 18, 2011, “Human Movement Measurement System”); 20110313705 (Esser et al., Dec. 22, 2011, “Gait Monitor”); 20120046901 (Green et al., Feb. 23, 2012, “Motion Capture Apparatus”); 20120092156 (Tran, Apr. 19, 2012, “Personal Emergency Response (PER) System”); 20120108917 (Libbus et al., May 3, 2012, “Patient Monitoring Systems and Methods”); and 20120116257 (Leuthardt et al., May 10, 2012, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20120172126 (Padovani et al., Jul. 5, 2012, “Method and Apparatus for Tracking Orientation of a User”); 20120178534 (Ferguson et al., Jul. 12, 2012, “Human Movement Measurement System”); 20120223880 (Birnbaum et al., Sep. 6, 2012, “Method and Apparatus for Producing a Dynamic Haptic Effect”); 20120274554 (Kinoshita et al., Nov. 1, 2012, “Body Movement Detection Device and Display Control Method of body movement Detection Device”); 20120316455 (Rahman et al., Dec. 13, 2012, “Wearable Device and Platform for Sensory Input”); 20120319940 (Bress et al., Dec. 20, 2012, “Wearable Digital Input Device for Multipoint Free Space Data Collection and Analysis”); 20130015976 (Chang et al., Jan. 17, 2013, “System and Method of Biomechanical posture Detection and Feedback”); 20130068017 (Perkins et al., Mar. 21, 2013, “Apparatus and Method for Analyzing the Motion of a Body”); 20130072765 (Kahn et al., Mar. 21, 2013, “Body-Worn Monitor”); 20130073248 (Perkins et al., Mar. 21, 2013, “Apparatus and Method for Employing Miniature Inertial Measurement Units for Deducing Forces and Moments on Bodies”); 20130110011 (McGregor et al., May 2, 2013, “Method of Monitoring Human Body Movement”); and 20130123665 (Mariani et al., May 16, 2013, “System and Method for 3D Gait Assessment”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20130158686 (Zhang et al., Jun. 20, 2013, “Intelligent Activity Monitor”); 20130173171 (Drysdale et al., Jul. 4, 2013, “Data-Capable Strapband”); 20130204411 (Clark et al., Aug. 8, 2013, “Inertial Measurement of Sports Motion”); 20130207889 (Chang et al., Aug. 15, 2013, “System and Method of Biomechanical Posture Detection and Feedback Including Sensor Normalization”); 20130211291 (Tran, Aug. 15, 2013, “Personal Emergency Response (PER) System”); 20130215230 (Miesnieks et al., Aug. 22, 2013, “Augmented Reality System using a Portable Device”); 20130222565 (Guerin et al., Aug. 29, 2013, “System and Method for Sensor Fusion of Single Range Camera Data and Inertial Measurement for motion capture”); 20130253875 (Flentov et al., Sep. 26, 2013, “Movement Monitoring Systems and Associated Methods”); 20130289932 (Baechler, Oct. 31, 2013, “Method for Configuring a Motion Sensor as Well as a Configurable Motion Sensor and a System for Configuring Such a Motion Sensor”); 20130303286 (Ferguson et al., Nov. 14, 2013, “Human Movement Measurement System”); and 20140070957 (Longinotti-Buitoni et al., Mar. 13, 2014, “Wearable Communication Platform”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20140142733 (Tropper et al., May 22, 2014, “Methods for Detecting and Recording Activity and Devices for Performing the Same”); 20140143031 (Tropper et al., May 22, 2014, “Methods for Detecting and Recording Physical Activity of Person”); 20140143038 (Tropper et al., May 22, 2014, “Personal Activity Tracking System”); 20140159894 (Tropper et al., Jun. 12, 2014, “Personal Activity Tracking Device”); 20140171834 (Degoede et al., Jun. 19, 2014, “Electronic-Movement Analysis Tool for Motor Control Rehabilitation and Method of Using the Same”); 20140172134 (Meschter, Jun. 19, 2014, “Apparel Having Sensor System”); 20140188499 (Bell et al., Jul. 3, 2014, “Human Action Monitor”); 20140194781 (Einarsson, Jul. 10, 2014, “Wearable Device Having Feedback Characteristics”); 20140197946 (Park, Jul. 17, 2014, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating the Same”); 20140197963 (Park et al., Jul. 17, 2014, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating the Same”); and 20140197965 (Park et al., Jul. 17, 2014, “Portable Monitoring Devices and Methods of Operating the Same”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20140206327 (Ziemianska et al., Jul. 24, 2014, “Method and Apparatus for Automatically Adjusting the Operation of Notifications Based on Changes in Physical Activity Level”); 20140213856 (Teller et al., Jul. 31, 2014, “System for Automatic Journaling of a User&#39;s Context”); 20140213857 (Teller et al., Jul. 31, 2014, “System for Automatic Journaling of a User&#39;s Context”); 20140221769 (Teller et al., Aug. 7, 2014, “Systems and Methods for Measuring Energy Expenditure of an Individual”); 20140223407 (Teller et al., Aug. 7, 2014, “Systems and Methods for Measuring Energy Expenditure”); 20140240103 (Lake et al., Aug. 28, 2014, “Methods and Devices for Combining Muscle Activity Sensor Signals and Inertial Sensor Signals for Gesture-Based Control”); 20140240122 (Roberts et al., Aug. 28, 2014, “Notifications on a User Device Based on Activity Detected by an Activity Monitoring Device”); 20140249381 (LeBoeuf et al., Sep. 4, 2014, “Light-Guiding Devices and Monitoring Devices Incorporating Same”); and 20140275812 (Stivoric et al., Sep. 18, 2014, “Flexible Wearable Body Monitor Device with Sensor”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20140275813 (Stivoric et al., Sep. 18, 2014, “Wearable Body Monitor Device with a Flexible Section and Sensor Therein”); 20140288875 (Donaldson, Sep. 25, 2014, “Methods and Architecture for Determining Activity and Activity Types From Sensed Motion Signals”); 20140288877 (Donaldson, Sep. 25, 2014, “Intermediate Motion Signal Extraction to Determine Activity”); 20140288878 (Donaldson, Sep. 25, 2014, “Identification of Motion Characteristics to Determine Activity”); 20150015417 (Libbus et al., Jan. 15, 2015, “Patient Monitoring Systems and Methods”); 20150019135 (Kacyvenski et al., Jan. 15, 2015, “Motion Sensor and Analysis”); and 20150045699 (Mokaya et al., Feb. 12, 2015, “Musculoskeletal Activity Recognition System and Method”). 
     8. Wearable Pressure Sensors 
     Prior art in this category uses one or more wearable pressure sensors to estimate and/or model body motion, posture, and/or configuration. This category is relatively small and is most commonly focused on some type of pressure sensor in a person&#39;s shoes, but there are examples of pressure sensors worn on other body locations. Although this present invention does not focus on pressure sensors, the parent application of this present invention uses pressure-sensing tubes to estimate and/or model body motion, posture, and/or configuration so this category of art is relevant and specific examples are now listed. 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,491 (Sipe, Aug. 10, 1976, “Load Signaling Device for a Patient&#39;s Foot”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,401 (Kramer, Jan. 7, 1997, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,700 (Krivopal, Nov. 23, 1999, “Pressure Sensitive Ink Means, and Methods of Use”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,280 (Kramer, Nov. 14, 2000, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,301 (Abraham-Fuchs et al., Apr. 3, 2001, “Patient Monitoring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,789 (Darley, Aug. 26, 2003, “Monitoring Activity of a User in Locomotion on Foot”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,836,744 (Asphahani et al., Dec. 28, 2004, “Portable System for Analyzing Human Gait”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,964,205 (Papakostas et al., Nov. 15, 2005, “Sensor with Plurality of Sensor Elements Arranged with Respect to a Substrate”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,292 (Custy, Jul. 17, 2007, “Apparatus and Method for Incorporating Tactile Control and Tactile Feedback Into a Human-Machine Interface”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,258,026 (Papakostas et al., Aug. 21, 2007, “Sensor with a Plurality of Sensor Elements Arranged with Respect to a Substrate”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,980,141 (Connor et al., Jul. 19, 2011, “Wearable Position or Motion Sensing Systems or Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,092 (Avni et al., Aug. 16, 2011, “Force Sensor System for Use in Monitoring Weight Bearing”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,011,229 (Lieberman et al., Sep. 6, 2011, “Determining Postural Stability”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,033,916 (Caldwell et al., Oct. 11, 2011, “Grip Pressure Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,109,149 (Kotovsky, Feb. 7, 2012, “Contact Stress Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,111,165 (Ortega et al., Feb. 7, 2012, “Active On-Patient Sensor, Method and System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,151,648 (Yu et al., Apr. 10, 2012, “Ultra-Miniature Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensor System and Method of Fabrication”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,161,826 (Taylor, Apr. 24, 2012, “Elastically Stretchable Fabric Force Sensor Arrays and Methods of Making”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,162,857 (Lanfermann et al., Apr. 24, 2012, “Limb Movement Monitoring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,280,681 (Vock et al., Oct. 2, 2012, “Pressure-Based Weight Monitoring System for Determining Improper Walking or Running”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,316,719 (Majidi et al., Nov. 27, 2012, “Stretchable Two-Dimensional Pressure Sensor”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,384,551 (Ross et al., Feb. 26, 2013, “Sensor Device and Method for Monitoring Physical Stresses Placed on a User”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,416,088 (Ortega et al., Apr. 9, 2013, “Active On-Patient Sensor, Method and System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,459,128 (Bhat et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Sub-Threshold Elastic Deflection FET Sensor for Sensing Pressure/Force, a Method and System Thereof”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,463,573 (Flentov et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Movement Monitoring Systems and Associated Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,626,472 (Solinsky, Jan. 7, 2014, “System and Method for Measuring Balance and Track Motion in Mammals”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,661,915 (Taylor, Mar. 4, 2014, “Elastically Stretchable Fabric Force Sensor Arrays and Methods of Making”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,784,342 (Hyde et al., Jul. 22, 2014, “Shape Sensing Clothes to Inform the Wearer of a Condition”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,904,876 (Taylor et al., Dec. 9, 2014, “Flexible Piezocapacitive and Piezoresistive Force and Pressure Sensor”). 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. patent applications: 20030054923 (Brassil et al., Mar. 20, 2003, “Hand Rehabilitation Glove”); 20060212097 (Varadan et al., Sep. 21, 2006, “Method and Device for Treatment of Medical Conditions and Monitoring Physical Movements”); 20060282017 (Avni et al., Dec. 14, 2006, “Force Sensor System for Use in Monitoring Weight Bearing”); 20090025483 (Connor et al., Jan. 29, 2009, “Wearable Position or Motion Sensing Systems or Methods”); 20090076419 (Namineni et al., Mar. 19, 2009, “Loss-of-Balance and Fall Detection System”); 20100036288 (Lanfermann et al., Feb. 11, 2010, “Limb Movement Monitoring System”); 20100225473 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225474 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Central Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); and 20100225491 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100225498 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228153 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228154 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228158 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Device Level Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); 20100228159 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228487 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228488 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228489 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); and 20100228490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100228492 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228493 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228494 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228495 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); and 20100271200 (Leuthardt et al., Oct. 28, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20110208444 (Solinsky, Aug. 25, 2011, “System and Method for Measuring Balance and Track Motion in Mammals”); 20120089348 (Perlin et al., Apr. 12, 2012, “Sensor Having a Set of Plates, and Method”); 20120116257 (Leuthardt et al., May 10, 2012, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20120118066 (Majidi et al., May 17, 2012, “Stretchable Two-Dimensional Pressure Sensor”); 20120323501 (Sarrafzadeh et al., Dec. 20, 2012, “Fabric-Based Pressure Sensor Arrays and Methods for Data Analysis”); 20120323501 (Sarrafzadeh et al., Dec. 20, 2012, “Fabric-Based Pressure Sensor Arrays and Methods for Data Analysis”); 20130253875 (Flentov et al., Sep. 26, 2013, “Movement Monitoring Systems and Associated Methods”); 20130275057 (Perlin et al., Oct. 17, 2013, “Sensor Having a Mesh Layer with Protrusions, and Method”); 20130324888 (Solinsky, Dec. 5, 2013, “System and Method for Measuring Balance and Track Motion in Mammals”); and 20140172134 (Meschter, Jun. 19, 2014, “Apparel Having Sensor System”). 
     9. Wearable Electromagnetic Energy Bend Sensors and/or Electrogoniometers 
     Prior art in this category uses one or more electromagnetic energy bend sensors and/or electrogoniometers which are worn on the body in order to estimate and/or model body motion, posture, and/or configuration. This category is relatively large, especially with respect to devices to estimate the angle of a single body joint. Incorporation of multiple electromagnetic energy bend sensors into clothing is less common, but growing. Although the present invention discloses novel configurations and methods for incorporating bend sensors into an article of clothing which are not disclosed by the prior art, this category of prior art is relevant to the present invention and thus specific examples are now listed. 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,819 (Marras et al., May 7, 1991, “Apparatus for Monitoring the Motion Components of the Spine”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,785 (Gentile et al., Feb. 11, 1992, “Angular Displacement Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,319 (Kramer, Feb. 2, 1993, “Force Feedback and Textures Simulating Interface Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,265 (Kramer et al., Jan. 18, 1994, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,017 (Edwards et al., May 31, 1994, “Man-Machine Interface for a Joint Measurement System”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,729 (Kramer et al., Aug. 15, 1995, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,088 (Zaharkin et al., Dec. 12, 1995, “Device for Measuring Motion Characteristics of a Human Joint”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,531 (Edwards et al., Jul. 9, 1996, “Electronically Aligned Man-Machine Interface”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,401 (Kramer, Jan. 7, 1997, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,640,971 (Martin, Jr., Jun. 24, 1997, “Back Movement Monitor and Warning Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,157 (Kramer, Oct. 14, 1997, “Determination of Kinematically Constrained Multi-Articulated Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,813,406 (Kramer et al., Sep. 29, 1998, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,741 (Kramer, Jul. 27, 1999, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,472 (Seyl, Nov. 9, 1999, “Joint Movement Monitoring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,548 (Latypov et al., Dec. 21, 1999, “Method for Tracking and Displaying User&#39;s Spatial Position and Orientation, a Method for Representing Virtual Reality for a User, and Systems of Embodiment of Such Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,274 (Kramer et al., Mar. 7, 2000, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,555 (Kramer et al., Mar. 28, 2000, “Force-Feedback Interface Device for the Hand”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,962 (Kramer et al., Apr. 18, 2000, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,104,379 (Petrich et al., Aug. 15, 2000, “Forearm-Supported Exoskeleton Hand-Tracking Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,130 (Kramer, Aug. 29, 2000, “Exoskeleton Device for Directly Measuring Fingertip Position and Inferring Finger Joint Angle”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,516 (Hock, Sep. 19, 2000, “Biofeedback System for Monitoring the Motion of Body Joint”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,672 (Danisch, Oct. 3, 2000, “Topological and Motion Measuring Tool”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,280 (Kramer, Nov. 14, 2000, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,190 (Kramer, Dec. 19, 2000, “Determination of Kinematically Constrained Multi-Articulated Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,390 (Rosenberg, Jun. 12, 2001, “Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Mechanical Interface to a Computer System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,840 (Vance et al., Oct. 16, 2001, “Fingerless Glove for Interacting with Data Processing System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,852 (Seyl, Jan. 1, 2002, “Joint Movement Monitoring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,504 (Istook, Jan. 29, 2002, “Composite Elastic and Wire Fabric for Physiological Monitoring Apparel”); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,360,615 (Smela, Mar. 26, 2002, “Wearable Effect-Emitting Strain Gauge Device”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,229 (Kramer et al., Jul. 2, 2002, “Force-Feedback Interface Device for the Hand”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,490 (Kramer et al., Aug. 6, 2002, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,906 (Hock, Dec. 3, 2002, “Flexible Film Sensor System for Monitoring Body Motion”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,672 (Kramer, Dec. 24, 2002, “Device and Method for Measuring the Position of Animate Links”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,107 (Danisch et al., May 13, 2003, “Topological and Motion Measuring Tool”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,248 (Cascone et al., Jun. 17, 2003, “Biofeedback Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,202 (Dietz et al., Oct. 28, 2003, “Elastic Sensor Mesh System for 3-Dimensional Measurement, Mapping and Kinematics Applications”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,027 (Fischer, Jan. 6, 2004, “Posture Measurement and Feedback Instrument for Seated Occupations”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,296 (Kramer et al., Mar. 2, 2004, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems, and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,436 (Townsend et al., Dec. 28, 2004, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,643 (Kramer, Mar. 15, 2005, “Determination of Finger Position”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,413 (Arms et al., Mar. 29, 2005, “Miniaturized Inclinometer for Angle Measurement with Accurate Measurement Indicator”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,957,164 (Dietz et al., Oct. 18, 2005, “Elastic Sensor Mesh System for 3-Dimensional Measurement, Mapping and Kinematics Applications”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,964,205 (Papakostas et al., Nov. 15, 2005, “Sensor with Plurality of Sensor Elements Arranged with Respect to a Substrate”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,979,164 (Kramer, Dec. 27, 2005, “Force Feedback and Texture Simulating Interface Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,571 (Kramer et al., Jul. 4, 2006, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,082,570 (von Wiegand et al., Jul. 25, 2006, “Distributed Haptic Interface System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,227 (Karayianni et al., Noc. 14, 2006, “Electrically Conductive Elastic Composite Yarn, Methods for Making the Same, and Articles Incorporating the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,191,803 (Orr et al., Mar. 20, 2007, “Elastic Fabric with Sinusoidally Disposed Wires”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,209,028 (Boronkay et al., Apr. 24, 2007, “Position Sensor with Resistive Element”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,240 (Townsend et al., May 1, 2007, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,258,026 (Papakostas et al., Aug. 21, 2007, “Sensor with a Plurality of Sensor Elements Arranged with Respect to a Substrate”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,390,157 (Kramer, Jun. 24, 2008, “Force Feedback and Texture Simulating Interface Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,802 (Karayianni et al., Aug. 19, 2008, “Energy Active Composite Yarn, Methods for Making the Same, and Articles Incorporating the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,500,853 (Bevirt et al., Mar. 10, 2009, “Mechanical Interface for a Computer System”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,509,870 (Aebersold et al., Mar. 31, 2009, “MEMS Capacitive Bending and Axial Strain Sensor”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,665,288 (Karayianni et al., Feb. 23, 2010, “Energy Active Composite Yarn, Methods for Making the Same and Articles Incorporating the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,698,830 (Townsend et al., Apr. 20, 2010, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,703,333 (Hayakawa et al., Apr. 27, 2010, “Deformation Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,771,318 (Narayanaswami, Aug. 10, 2010, “Device for Monitoring a User&#39;s Posture”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,574 (Narayanaswami, Dec. 14, 2010, “Device for Monitoring a User&#39;s Posture”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,854,174 (Aebersold et al., Dec. 21, 2010, “MEMS Capacitive Bending and Axial Strain Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,901,756 (Burr et al., Mar. 8, 2011, “Functional Elastic Textile Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,902,095 (Hassonjee et al., Mar. 8, 2011, “Functional Textile Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,926,254 (Karayianni et al., Apr. 19, 2011, “Electrically Conductive Elastic Composite Yarn, Methods for Making the Same, and Articles Incorporating the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,981,057 (Stewart, Jul. 19, 2011, “Joint Motion Sensing to Make a Determination of a Positional Change of an Individual”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,083,693 (McKeon et al., Dec. 27, 2011, “Monitoring Posture”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,157,752 (Fischer, Apr. 17, 2012, “Posture Assessment and Feedback Instrument”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,161,826 (Taylor, Apr. 24, 2012, “Elastically Stretchable Fabric Force Sensor Arrays and Methods of Making”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,203,455 (Lee et al., Jun. 19, 2012, “Posture Sensing Alert Apparatus”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,362,882 (Heubel et al., Jan. 29, 2013, “Method and Apparatus for Providing Haptic Feedback from Haptic Textile”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,421,448 (Tran et al., Apr. 16, 2013, “Hall-Effect Sensor System for Gesture Recognition, Information Coding, and Processing”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,459,128 (Bhat et al., Jun. 11, 2013, “Sub-Threshold Elastic Deflection FET Sensor for Sensing Pressure/Force, a Method and System Thereof”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,626,472 (Solinsky, Jan. 7, 2014, “System and Method for Measuring Balance and Track Motion in Mammals”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,661,915 (Taylor, Mar. 4, 2014, “Elastically Stretchable Fabric Force Sensor Arrays and Methods of Making”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,665,241 (Heubel et al., Mar. 4, 2014, “System and Method for Providing Haptic Feedback from Haptic Textile”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,979 (Stark et al., Mar. 25, 2014, “Remote Monitoring of a Patient”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,784,342 (Hyde et al., Jul. 22, 2014, “Shape Sensing Clothes to Inform the Wearer of a Condition”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,904,876 (Taylor et al., Dec. 9, 2014, “Flexible Piezocapacitive and Piezoresistive Force and Pressure Sensor”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,932,236 (McKeon et al., Jan. 13, 2015, “Monitoring Posture”). 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. patent applications: 20010020140 (Kramer, Sep. 6, 2001, “Device and Method for Measuring the Position of Animate Links”); 20020088931 (Danisch et al., Jul. 11, 2002, “Topological and Motion Measuring Tool”); 20020151824 (Fischer, Oct. 17, 2002, “Posture Measurement and Feedback Instrument for Seated Occupations”); 20020198472 (Kramer, Dec. 26, 2002, “Determination of Finger Position”); 20030083596 (Kramer et al., May 1, 2003, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); 20050126026 (Townsend et al., Jun. 16, 2005, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); 20060130347 (Bergamasco et al., Jun. 22, 2006, “Device for Gioniometric Measurements”); 20060217233 (Lee, Sep. 28, 2006, “Apparatus and Method for Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Training Using Weight Load and Joint Angle as Variables”); 20070169364 (Townsend et al., Jul. 26, 2007, “Posture and Body Movement Measuring System”); 20070256502 (Aebersold et al., Nov. 8, 2007, “MEMS Capacitive Bending and Axial Strain Sensor”); and 20090188325 (Aebersold et al., Jul. 30, 2009, “MEMS Capacitive Bending and Axial Strain Sensor”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20090278791 (Slycke et al., Nov. 12, 2009, “Motion Tracking System”); 20100225473 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225474 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Central Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); 20100225491 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225498 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228153 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228154 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228158 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Device Level Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); 20100228159 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); and 20100228487 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100228488 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228489 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228492 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228493 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228494 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228495 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); 20100271200 (Leuthardt et al., Oct. 28, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); and 20110046518 (Fischer, Feb. 24, 2011, “Posture Assessment and Feedback Instrument”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20110046915 (Hol et al., Feb. 24, 2011, “Use of Positioning Aiding System for Inertial Motion Capture”); 20110052005 (Selner, Mar. 3, 2011, “Designation of a Characteristic of a Physical Capability by Motion Analysis, Systems and Methods”); 20110208444 (Solinsky, Aug. 25, 2011, “System and Method for Measuring Balance and Track Motion in Mammals”); 20110248773 (Poupyrev et al., Oct. 13, 2011, “System and Method for Sensing Human Activity by Monitoring Impedance”); 20120089348 (Perlin et al., Apr. 12, 2012, “Sensor Having a Set of Plates, and Method”); 20120116257 (Leuthardt et al., May 10, 2012, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20120323501 (Sarrafzadeh et al., Dec. 20, 2012, “Fabric-Based Pressure Sensor Arrays and Methods for Data Analysis”); and 20120323501 (Sarrafzadeh et al., Dec. 20, 2012, “Fabric-Based Pressure Sensor Arrays and Methods for Data Analysis”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20130113506 (Poupyrev et al., May 9, 2013, “System and Method for Sensing Human Activity by Monitoring Impedance”); 20130275057 (Perlin et al., Oct. 17, 2013, “Sensor Having a Mesh Layer with Protrusions, and Method”); 20130324888 (Solinsky, Dec. 5, 2013, “System and Method for Measuring Balance and Track Motion in Mammals”); 20140172134 (Meschter, Jun. 19, 2014, “Apparel Having Sensor System”); 20140342844 (Mooney, Nov. 20, 2014, “Apparatus and Method for Analysing a Golf Swing”); and 20150005608 (Evans et al., Jan. 1, 2015, “Electrode Units for Sensing Physiological Electrical Activity”). 
     10. Wearable Light Energy Bend Sensors 
     Prior art in this category uses one or more light energy bend sensors which are worn on the body in order to estimate and/or model body motion, posture, and/or configuration. Many of the examples in this category are fiber optic channels which detect bending by changes in light transmitted through these channels. Although the present invention discloses novel configurations and methods for incorporating bend sensors into an article of clothing which are not disclosed by the prior art, this category of prior art is relevant to the present invention and thus specific examples are now listed. 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,291 (Zimmerman, Sep. 17, 1985, “Optical Flex Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,009 (Wright et al., Feb. 2, 1993, “Optical Attenuator Movement Detection System”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,265 (Kramer et al., Jan. 18, 1994, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,729 (Kramer et al., Aug. 15, 1995, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,401 (Kramer, Jan. 7, 1997, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,157 (Kramer, Oct. 14, 1997, “Determination of Kinematically Constrained Multi-Articulated Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,497 (Sansone, Dec. 2, 1997, “Intrinsically Self Deforming Fiber Optic Microbend Pressure and Strain Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,813,406 (Kramer et al., Sep. 29, 1998, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,741 (Kramer, Jul. 27, 1999, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,003,340 (Borak et al., Dec. 21, 1999, “Method of Putting a Bend Into a Fiber to Make a Strain Sensor”); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,274 (Kramer et al., Mar. 7, 2000, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems and Recognition Algorithms”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,555 (Kramer et al., Mar. 28, 2000, “Force-Feedback Interface Device for the Hand”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,962 (Kramer et al., Apr. 18, 2000, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,104,379 (Petrich et al., Aug. 15, 2000, “Forearm-Supported Exoskeleton Hand-Tracking Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,130 (Kramer, Aug. 29, 2000, “Exoskeleton Device for Directly Measuring Fingertip Position and Inferring Finger Joint Angle”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,672 (Danisch, Oct. 3, 2000, “Topological and Motion Measuring Tool”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,280 (Kramer, Nov. 14, 2000, “Accurate, Rapid, Reliable Position Sensing using Multiple Sensing Technologies”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,190 (Kramer, Dec. 19, 2000, “Determination of Kinematically Constrained Multi-Articulated Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,840 (Vance et al., Oct. 16, 2001, “Fingerless Glove for Interacting with Data Processing System”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,187 (Greenaway et al., May 14, 2002, “Optical Fiber Bend Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,229 (Kramer et al., Jul. 2, 2002, “Force-Feedback Interface Device for the Hand”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,490 (Kramer et al., Aug. 6, 2002, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,421 (Meller et al., Aug. 6, 2002, “Flexible Fiber Optic Microbend Device, with Interlocking Flexible Fibers, Sensors, and Method Use”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,672 (Kramer, Dec. 24, 2002, “Device and Method for Measuring the Position of Animate Links”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,107 (Danisch et al., May 13, 2003, “Topological and Motion Measuring Tool”); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,948 (Devenyi, Sep. 16, 2003, “Apparatus and Method for Differential Output Optical Fiber Displacement Sensing”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,296 (Kramer et al., Mar. 2, 2004, “Strain-Sensing Goniometers, Systems, and Recognition Algorithms”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,728,431 (Ames et al., Apr. 27, 2004, “Fiber Optic Curvature Sensor for Towed Hydrophone Arrays”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,643 (Kramer, Mar. 15, 2005, “Determination of Finger Position”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,940,062 (Kwon et al., Sep. 6, 2005, “Optical Fiber Curvature Sensor for Measuring Body Motion and Its Adhesive Method”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,571 (Kramer et al., Jul. 4, 2006, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,324,714 (Cranch et al., Jan. 29, 2008, “Multicore Fiber Curvature Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,802 (Karayianni et al., Aug. 19, 2008, “Energy Active Composite Yarn, Methods for Making the Same, and Articles Incorporating the Same”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,630,591 (Allen et al., Dec. 8, 2009, “Optical Fiber Substrate Useful as a Sensor or Illumination Device Component”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,665,288 (Karayianni et al., Feb. 23, 2010, “Energy Active Composite Yarn, Methods for Making the Same and Articles Incorporating the Same”); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,771,318 (Narayanaswami, Aug. 10, 2010, “Device for Monitoring a User&#39;s Posture”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 7,772,541 (Froggatt et al., Aug. 10, 2010, “Fiber Optic Position and/or Shape Sensing Based on Rayleigh Scatter”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,781,724 (Childers et al., Aug. 24, 2010, “Fiber Optic Position and Shape Sensing Device and Method Relating Thereto”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,815,376 (Rogers et al., Oct. 19, 2010, “Fixture for Shape-Sensing Optical Fiber in a Kinematic Chain”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,574 (Narayanaswami, Dec. 14, 2010, “Device for Monitoring a User&#39;s Posture”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,901,756 (Burr et al., Mar. 8, 2011, “Functional Elastic Textile Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,902,095 (Hassonjee et al., Mar. 8, 2011, “Functional Textile Structures”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,620 (Digonnet et al., Mar. 22, 2011, “Optical Utilizing Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber with Low Phase Thermal Constant”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,930,065 (Larkin et al., Apr. 19, 2011, “Robotic Surgery System Including Position Sensors using Fiber Bragg Gratings”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,999,946 (Andersen et al., Aug. 16, 2011, “Fiber Optic Particle Motion Sensor System”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,068,231 (Digonnet, Nov. 29, 2011, “Fiber Optic Sensor using a Bragg Fiber”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,116,601 (Prisco, Feb. 14, 2012, “Fiber Optic Shape Sensing”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,151,648 (Yu et al., Apr. 10, 2012, “Ultra-Miniature Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensor System and Method of Fabrication”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,162,857 (Lanfermann et al., Apr. 24, 2012, “Limb Movement Monitoring System”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,182,158 (Rogers et al., May 22, 2012, “Fixture for Shape-Sensing Optical Fiber in a Kinematic Chain”) 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. Pat. No. 8,206,325 (Najafi et al., Jun. 26, 2012, “Ambulatory System for Measuring and Monitoring Physical Activity and Risk of Falling and for Automatic Fall Detection”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,233,151 (Digonnet, Jul. 31, 2012, “Fiber Optic Sensor using a Hollow Core Fiber”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,240,207 (Andersen et al., Aug. 14, 2012, “Fiber Optic Particle Motion Sensor and Measuring Method using the Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,358,883 (Prisco, Jan. 22, 2013, “Fiber Optic Shape Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,395,109 (Muraysky, Mar. 12, 2013, “Motion Sensor for Detecting Bending or Pivoting”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,427,651 (Digonnet, Apr. 23, 2013, “Optical using a Hollow Core Waveguide”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,520,472 (Murray et al., Aug. 27, 2013, “Compact Laser Sensors and Monitoring Systems Including Such Sensor”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,616,782 (Rogers et al., Dec. 31, 2013, “Fixture for Shape-Sensing Optical Fiber in a Kinematic Chain”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,655,117 (Donlagic et al., Feb. 18, 2014, “Optical Fiber Sensors Having Long Active Lengths, Systems, and Methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 8,780,339 (Udd, Jul. 15, 2014, “Fiber Shape Sensing Systems and Methods”); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,784,303 (Laby et al., Jul. 22, 2014, “System for Controlling an Instrument Using Shape Sensor”). 
     Examples of prior art which appear to be within this category include the following U.S. patent applications: 20010020140 (Kramer, Sep. 6, 2001, “Device and Method for Measuring the Position of Animate Links”); 20020024656 (Kwon et al., Feb. 28, 2002, “Optical Fiber Curvature Sensor for Measuring Body Motion and Its Adhesive Method”); 20020088931 (Danisch et al., Jul. 11, 2002, “Topological and Motion Measuring Tool”); 20020198472 (Kramer, Dec. 26, 2002, “Determination of Finger Position”); 20030083596 (Kramer et al., May 1, 2003, “Goniometer-Based Body-Tracking Device and Method”); 20100036288 (Lanfermann et al., Feb. 11, 2010, “Limb Movement Monitoring System”); 20100183297 (Barboutis et al., Jul. 22, 2010, “Optical Fiber Sensor Having Electrical Connectors”); 20100198113 (Coulston, Aug. 5, 2010, “Extended Optical Range Reflective System for Monitoring Motion of a Member”); and 20100225473 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100225474 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Central Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”); 20100225491 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100225498 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228153 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228154 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); and 20100228158 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Device Level Determining of Subject Advisory Information Based on Subject Status Information and Postural Influencer Status Information”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100228159 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228487 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228488 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228489 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228490 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method”); 20100228492 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); 20100228493 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Direction Generation Based on Collection of Subject Advisory Information”); and 20100228494 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”). 
     Examples of prior art in this category also include U.S. patent applications: 20100228495 (Leuthardt et al., Sep. 9, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Subject Advisory Information Based on Prior Determined Subject Advisory Information”); 20100271200 (Leuthardt et al., Oct. 28, 2010, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); 20120116257 (Leuthardt et al., May 10, 2012, “Postural Information System and Method Including Determining Response to Subject Advisory Information”); and 20140031698 (Moon et al., Jan. 30, 2014, “Apparatus and Method for Sensing Bone Position and Motion”). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is smart clothing (such as a smart shirt or pair of pants) for ambulatory human motion capture which enables ambulatory non-intrusive measurement of body motion, posture, and/or configuration. Such clothing has many potential applications including: athletic training and motion capture for sports; entertainment, gaming, and artistic applications; health, fitness, and medical applications; and human-computer interface and telecommunication. 
     This invention can be embodied in an article of smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: an article of clothing which is worn by a person; an electromagnetic energy emitter; an electromagnetic energy receiver; a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the electromagnetic energy emitter to the electromagnetic energy receiver through the pathway, wherein the pathway is configured to span a body joint of the person when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the pathway, and wherein stretching and/or bending of the pathway changes one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the emitter to the receiver; and a data processor, wherein the data processor analyzes changes in the one or more parameters in order to measure motion of the body joint. This invention has the potential to provide more accurate ambulatory motion capture for human movement, especially arm and/or leg rotation, than is provided by devices in the prior art. 
    
    
     
       INTRODUCTION TO THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of a shirt and pair of pants which measure body motion using multiple sets of flexible energy pathways, wherein each set spans the same body joint (such as an elbow, shoulder, hip, or knee). 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  show two sequential views of the elbow area from  FIG. 1  wherein elbow movement bends the flexible energy pathways. 
         FIG. 4  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are parallel. 
         FIG. 5  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are separated by a constant distance. 
         FIG. 6  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are separated by a constant percentage of the cross-sectional perimeter of the body. 
         FIG. 7  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways each span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body along a substantially-constant radial angle. 
         FIG. 8  shows an example wherein some flexible energy pathways span a joint longitudinally and some other flexible energy pathways span the same joint circumferentially. 
         FIG. 9  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning a joint intersect at acute angles. 
         FIG. 10  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways span a joint in a radial manner. 
         FIG. 11  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning a joint have different lengths. 
         FIG. 12  shows an example wherein some flexible energy pathways span a joint longitudinally and some other flexible energy pathways span the same joint radially. 
         FIG. 13  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning a joint are concentric. 
         FIG. 14  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning a joint are nested or rainbow shaped. 
         FIG. 15  shows an example with a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix and longitudinal energy pathways. 
         FIG. 16  shows an example with a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix and circumferential energy pathways. 
         FIG. 17  shows an example with a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix and multi-directional energy pathways. 
         FIG. 18  shows an example with a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix of arcuate elements and longitudinal energy pathways. 
         FIG. 19  shows an example with a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix of arcuate elements and circumferential energy pathways. 
         FIG. 20  shows an example with a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix of arcuate elements and multi-directional energy pathways. 
         FIG. 21  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning a joint have a sinusoidal shape. 
         FIG. 22  shows an example wherein flexible energy pathways spanning a joint have a zig-zag shape. 
         FIG. 23  shows an example of a shirt and pair of pants which measure body motion including multiple sets of flexible energy pathways and also data processing components worn on the wrist and torso. 
         FIG. 24  shows an example of a jump suit which measures body motion including multiple sets of flexible energy pathways and also data processing components worn on the wrist and torso. 
         FIG. 25  shows a first example of how this invention can perform real-time analysis of full-body motion and provide useful information. 
         FIG. 26  shows a second example of how this invention can perform real-time analysis of full-body motion and provide useful information. 
         FIG. 27  shows a third example of how this invention can perform real-time analysis of full-body motion and provide useful information. 
         FIG. 28  shows an example wherein two flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are the same length, but their ends are not aligned. 
         FIG. 29  shows an example wherein two flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are different lengths. 
         FIG. 30  shows an example wherein two flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are the same length and are also aligned. 
         FIG. 31  shows an example wherein two flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint have different types of energy flows. 
         FIG. 32  graphically demonstrates how multivariate analysis of energy flows through two pathways can estimate body joint movement more accurately than analysis of energy flow through either pathway alone. 
         FIG. 33  shows a detailed view of flexible energy pathways including energy emitters and sensors. 
         FIG. 34  shows an example which includes inertial sensors as well as flexible energy pathways. 
         FIG. 35  shows an example with at least one modular flexible energy pathway. 
         FIGS. 36 and 37  show an example of how this invention can be embodied in an array of four longitudinal sensors to measure movement of a body joint. 
         FIGS. 38 and 39  show an example like that in  FIGS. 36 and 37 , except that it also includes two accelerometers. 
         FIGS. 40 and 41  show an example like that in  FIGS. 38 and 39 , except that it has six longitudinal sensors instead of four. 
         FIGS. 42 and 43  show a framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates to make device descriptions more precise. 
         FIG. 44  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 45  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and two longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 46  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and three longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 47  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and two converging stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 48  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and two crossing stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 49  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a bifurcating stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 50  is like  FIG. 49  except that the stretching and/or bending motion sensor encircles the entire perimeter of the joint. 
         FIG. 51  is like  FIG. 50  except that there is no central opening in the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
         FIG. 52  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a “Theta” shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 53  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a “Green Lantern” shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 54  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is wider at the top as it spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 55  is like  FIG. 52  except the central branch of the “Theta” shape is extended distally and proximally. 
         FIG. 56  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a helical stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 57  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and two nested stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 58  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and two-phase sine-wave-shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 59  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and three-phase sine-wave-shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 60  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors, a stretching and/or bending ring, and four stretching and/or bending bands which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 61  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors, a stretching and/or bending ring, and six stretching and/or bending bands which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 62  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors, a stretching and/or bending ring, and eight stretching and/or bending bands which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 63  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a “Union Jack” shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensor spanning a body joint. 
         FIG. 64  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a “Tic-Tac-Toe” shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensor spanning a body joint. 
         FIG. 65  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a two undulating stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning a body joint. 
         FIG. 66  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a stretching and/or bending ring-shaped motion sensor which spans a body joint. 
         FIG. 67  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and a “stylized eye” shaped stretching and/or bending motion sensor spanning a body joint. 
         FIG. 68  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and circumferentially-sequential stretching and/or bending rings which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 69  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and circumferentially-sequential stretching and/or bending rings and a central circumferential band which span a body joint. 
         FIG. 70  shows clothing with helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span body joints. 
         FIG. 71  shows clothing with helical and longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span body joints. 
         FIG. 72  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and helical and longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span body joints. 
         FIG. 73  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span body joints. 
         FIG. 74  shows clothing with inertial motion sensors and helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span body joints. 
         FIG. 75  shows clothing with partially-circumferential helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span body joints. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a sensor array, which can be part of Motion Recognition Clothing™, with redundant electromagnetic, light, or sonic energy pathways which measure body joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, this motion recognition clothing can comprise multiple sets of redundant energy pathways, wherein each set spans a body joint. As body joints move—they bend, stretch, elongate, and/or twist the energy pathways which span these joints. This bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of the energy pathways changes the flows of energy through these energy pathways. These changes in energy flows are, in turn, measured by energy sensors and analyzed together to estimate the motions and/or configurations of body joints. 
     Multivariate analysis of data from redundant energy pathways spanning the same body joint can provide more accurate measurement of the motion and/or configuration of this body joint than data from a single energy pathway. When combined into full-body motion recognition clothing, multiple sets of redundant energy pathways can enable minimally-intrusive, ambulatory, full-body motion capture that does not confine a person to a narrow location in front of a camera. Such motion recognition clothing opens up opportunities for full-body motion capture of outdoor and large-scale activities such as playing golf, running, swimming, playing soccer and playing basketball. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway, wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway, wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In an example, a first energy pathway and a second energy pathway can each have a longitudinal axis. In an example, a longitudinal axis of an energy pathway can span the surface of a body member containing a body joint in a proximal-to-distal manner. In this disclosure, the term “proximal” refers to locations in (or on) the person&#39;s body which are closer to the person&#39;s mass centroid or the person&#39;s heart. The term “distal” refers to locations in (or on) the person&#39;s body which are further from the person&#39;s mass centroid or the person&#39;s heart. In an example, a longitudinal axis of an energy pathway can span the surface of a body member containing a body joint in a circumferential or cross-sectional manner. 
     In an example, the geometric relationship between the longitudinal axis of a first energy pathway and the longitudinal axis of a second energy pathway can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially parallel; separated by a substantially-constant distance; separated by a substantially-constant number of radial degrees of the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member; separated by a substantially-constant percentage of the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member; forming vectors which intersect in 3D space at a right angle; substantially-parallel as they span a distal portion of a joint and diverging as they span a proximal portion of a joint; substantially-parallel as they span a proximal portion of a joint and diverging as they span a distal portion of a joint; substantially perpendicular; intersecting at an acute angle; forming vectors which intersect in 3D space at an acute angle; substantially diagonal to each other; plaited together; woven together; braided together; combining to form a 3D lattice, mesh, or grid; differing in length; nested; forming a rainbow arc configuration; radial vectors with a common point of convergence; straight vectors with a common convergence point; and arcuate elements with a common convergence point. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along selected radial angles or polar coordinates. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles or polar coordinates which are evenly distributed around the 0 to 360 degree range. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using two energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these two energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles or polar coordinates of approximately 0 degrees and 180 degrees. In an example, the 0-degree pathway can span the dorsal surface of the body member and the 180-degree member can span the ventral surface of the body member. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using four energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these four energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles or polar coordinates of approximately 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees. In an example, the 0-degree pathway can span the dorsal surface of the body member, the 180-degree member can span the ventral surface of the body member, and the 90 and 270 degree pathways can span the lateral surfaces of the body member. In an example, a first energy pathway can span the dorsal surface of a body member containing a body joint, a second energy pathway can span the ventral surface of that body member, a third energy pathway can span a first lateral surface of that body member, and a fourth energy pathway can span a second lateral surface of that body member. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using six energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these six energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles or polar coordinates of approximately 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 degrees. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using eight energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these eight energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles or polar coordinates of approximately 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315 degrees. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member in a substantially parallel manner when the body joint is fully extended. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member in a substantially parallel manner. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways each have central longitudinal axes and wherein these central longitudinal axes are substantially parallel. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member along substantially-parallel straight vectors. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein the distances between pairs of energy pathways are substantially constant as they span the body member. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member along substantially-parallel actuate vectors. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member in a nested or concentric manner with substantially constant distances between pairs of nested or concentric energy pathways. 
     In an example, two energy pathways spanning the same body joint can differ in the angles at which they span the longitudinal axis of the body member which contains the body joint. In an example, having different energy pathways span a body joint at different angles can be especially useful for measuring the motion and/or configuration of ball-and-socket or other complex motion joints. In an example, two energy pathways can have longitudinal axes which are substantially perpendicular as they span the body member which contains a body joint. In an example, multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint can form inter-pathway areas which, when projected from 3D space onto a 2D plane, are squares or rectangles. In an example, two energy pathways can be woven together in a substantially-parallel manner to form a textile wherein this textile is then used to make a garment which spans a portion of a body member in a curvaceous 3D manner. In an example, two energy pathways can be woven together in a substantially-perpendicular manner to form a textile wherein this textile is then used to make a garment which spans a portion of a body member in a curvaceous 3D manner. In an example, two energy pathways can have longitudinal axes which intersect at acute angles as they span the body member which contains a body joint. 
     In an example, multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint can form inter-pathway areas which, when projected from 3D space onto a 2D plane, are rhombuses, diamonds, trapezoids, parallelograms, triangles, or hexagons. In an example, energy pathways can be part of a mesh which is an array of one or more shapes selected from the group consisting of: square elements; rectangular elements; diamond elements; rhomboid elements; parallelogram elements; trapezoidal elements; triangular elements; hexagonal elements; circular elements; and elliptical elements. 
     In an example, a first energy pathway and a second energy pathway can each have a circular, semi-circular, or other conic section shape axis. In an example, a circular, semi-circular, or other conic section shape axis can span all or part of the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member containing a body joint. In an example, one or more aspects of the geometric relationship between these two axes can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially parallel; separated by a substantially-constant distance; intersecting at an acute angle; forming vectors which intersect in 3D space at an acute angle; combining to form a 3D mesh or grid; differing in length; substantially concentric; nested; differing in diameter; knitted together in loops; and tangential. 
     In an example, a first energy pathway can have an axis which spans a body member in a longitudinal manner and a second energy pathway can have an axis which spans the same body member in a circular, semi-circular, or other conic sectional manner. In an example, the first energy pathway can span the surface of a body member containing a body joint in a proximal-to-distal manner. In an example, the second energy pathway can span the surface of the body member in a circular, semi-circular, or other conic sectional manner. In an example, one or more aspects of the geometric relationship between the first energy pathway and the second energy pathway can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially perpendicular; intersecting at a right angle; intersecting at an acute angle; defining square-shaped spaces (when projected onto a 2D plane) as they intersect; defining rhomboid-shaped spaces (when projected onto a 2D plane) as they intersect; defining trapezoid-shaped spaces (when projected onto a 2D plane) as they intersect; plaited together; woven together; braided together; combining to form a 3D mesh or grid; overlapping; and tangential. 
     In an example, an energy pathway can have a substantially straight configuration when a joint is fully extended. In an example, an energy pathway can have an arcuate shape, even when a joint is fully extended. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape comprising a repeating waveform selected from the group consisting of: simple sinusoidal wave; composite sinusoidal wave; saw-tooth wave or zigzag; and square wave. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape which is a conic section. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape which is a spiral or helix. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape which is a chain of loops. 
     In an example, the flows of energy through first and second energy pathways can be independent or be separate as these flows span a body member containing a body joint. In an example, the flows of energy through first and second energy pathways can interact or combine with each other as these flows span a body member containing a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in electromagnetic communication with each other as they span a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in mechanical communication with each other as they span a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in optical communication with each other as they span a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in sonic communication with each other as they span a body joint. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in the angle at which they span the body member. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion and/or configuration than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from the first energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from the second energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the first and second energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in length. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a longer energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a shorter energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the longer and shorter energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in longitudinal curvature or convolution. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, an energy pathway with a sinusoidal, zigzag, or other repeated wave shape can have a higher curvature or convolution if it has a waveform with a larger amplitude or higher wave frequency. In an example, data from a highly curved or convoluted energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a less curved or convoluted energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the highly curved or convoluted and the less curved or convoluted energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in flexibility. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a more-flexible energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a less-flexible energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the more-flexible and less-flexible energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in elasticity. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a more-elastic energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a less-elastic energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the more-elastic and less-elastic energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in electrical resistance or impedance. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a higher resistance or impedance energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a lower resistance or impedance energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the higher resistance or impedance and the lower resistance or impedance pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of j oint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in transparency. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a higher transparency can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a lower transparency can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the higher resistance or impedance and the lower resistance or impedance pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in cross-sectional shape. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a first energy pathway with a first cross-sectional shape can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a second energy pathway with a second cross-sectional shape can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the first and second energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, a first energy pathway and a second energy pathway which both span the same body member which contains a body joint can differ by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: the angle at which they span the body joint; length; longitudinal curvature or convolution; longitudinal waveform; flexibility; elasticity; electrical resistance or impedance; transparency; and cross-sectional shape. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than analysis of data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from the first energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from the second energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the first and second energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, combined, joint, or integrated multivariate analysis of data from multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint yields measurement of the motion and/or configuration of a body joint with a statistically-significant lower error rate or error range than analysis of data from a single energy pathway spanning that body joint. In an example, combined, joint, or integrated multivariate analysis of data from multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint yields measurement of the motion and/or configuration of a body joint with a statistically-significant lower error rate or error range than separate analysis of data from those energy pathways. In an example, the statistical significance of error reduction is at the p&lt;0.05 level. In an example, statistical significance of error reduction is at the p&lt;0.01 level. In an example, estimating the motion and/or configuration of a body joint angle using combined, joint, or integrated multivariate analysis of data from multiple energy pathways spanning that joint can yield an over-determined system of equations for joint angle estimation. This can help to reduce measurement error from factors such as: shifting or sliding of the energy pathways and/or a garment containing the energy pathways over the surface of the body; material fatigue and variability in the energy pathways; and interference between an external object or field and one side of the body member. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow in an energy pathway and the configuration of a body joint spanned by that energy pathway can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, the relationship between energy flow in an energy pathway and the configuration of a body joint spanned by that energy pathway can be analyzed using one or more multivariate statistical methods. In an example, data from multiple energy pathways can be jointly analyzed using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; kinematic modeling; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian filter or other Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; probit model; and time-series analysis. 
     In an example, repeated or cyclical patterns of movement such as walking or running can be identified and analyzed using Fourier analysis. In an example, the speed of repeated movement cycles can influence the functional relationship between the flow of energy through an energy pathway and the angle of a joint. In an example, the speed of repeated cycles can especially influence this functional relationship at the end-points of a cycle wherein joint movement reverses direction. In an example, analyzing and identifying the speed of repeated or cyclical patterns of movement using Fourier transform methods can improve the accuracy of measuring joint motion and configuration. 
     In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be averaged together in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different portions of the joint range of motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different directions of joint motion (e.g. flexion vs. extension) in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different movement speeds (e.g. fast movement vs. slow movement) of joint motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different numbers of cycle repetition of joint motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. 
     In an example, data from an energy pathway with anomalous results can be given less weight in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable shifting of energy pathway location over the surface of the body (e.g. by shifting of a garment into which the pathways are integrated) and to compensate for this shifting when interpreting data from multiple energy pathways. In an example, data from different energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable loss of mechanical or electromagnetic communication between an energy pathway and the body and to compensate for this loss when interpreting data from multiple energy pathways. In an example, data from different energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable interference by an external object or field and to compensate for this interference when interpreting data from multiple energy pathways. 
     In an example, this device can be recalibrated in order to maintain accurate measurement of joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, recalibration can comprise comparing the results from using the energy pathways of the device to estimate the motion and/or configuration of a selected body joint or joints with parallel results from an alternative method of estimating joint motion and/or configuration of the body joint or joints. In an example, this device can be recalibrated when it is first worn by a specific person in order to be custom matched to that person&#39;s specific anatomy and/or body kinetics. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that it is worn in order to control for changing environmental conditions; incorporation into different articles of clothing; changes or shifts in how an article of clothing is worn over a person&#39;s body; changes in the anatomy or kinetics of a person&#39;s body over time; or other factors. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that a particular sequence of movements occurs in order to control for: possible shifts in how the energy pathways span a body member containing a body joint; changes in how material responses to bending, stretching, or elongation with repeated motions; changes in temperature; or other factors. In an example, this device can be recalibrated after a selected number of joint extension and contraction cycles. In an example, this device can be recalibrated after a selected number of movement sequences have occurred. In an example, this device can be recalibrated at selected usage time intervals. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that a significant change in environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, GPS location, or atmospheric pressure) is detected. 
     In an example, the type of energy which is measured from or through an energy pathway to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sonic energy. In an example, (a) the motion and/or configuration of a body joint causes bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of electromagnetic energy pathways which span the surface of the body member which contains this body joint; (b) the bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of these pathways changes the flows of electromagnetic energy through them; (c) changes in these flows are measured by electromagnetic energy sensors; and (d) data from these sensors are used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, changes in the flows of electromagnetic energy can be measured by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: voltage, resistance, impedance, amperage, current, phase, and wave pattern. In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can be comprised of electroconductive fibers, yarns, threads, strands, substrates, layers, or textiles. In an example, an electromagnetic energy sensor can be selected from the group consisting of: voltmeter, impedance sensor, magnetic field sensor, piezoelectric sensor, piezomechanical sensor, potentiometer, resistive bend sensor, variable-resistance sensor, electromyography (EMG) sensor, and Hall-effect sensor. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can be piezoelectric and/or piezoresistive. In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can generate electromagnetic energy when it is bent, stretched, elongated, and/or twisted and an electromagnetic energy sensor can measure generated electricity. In an example, the source of energy which flows through or from an energy pathway can be selected from the group consisting of: energy from a power source internal to the device; energy from a power source that is external to the device; and energy which is generated, transduced, or harvested by the device. 
     In an example, electromagnetic energy can be directed into an energy pathway at a first location and electromagnetic energy from the energy pathway can be measured from the energy pathway at a second location. In an example, wearable energy pathways can comprise non-conductive or less-conductive fibers, traces, yarns, strands, or textiles which are coated, impregnated, or otherwise integrated with conductive material or particles. In an example, a non-conductive or less-conductive fiber, trace, yarn, strand, or textile can be selected from the group consisting of: acetate, acrylic, cotton, denim, elastane, Kevlar, latex, linen, Lycra™, neoprene, nylon, nylon, polyester, wool, silicon rubber, silk, spandex, Danconn or rayon. In an example, conductive material or particles used for coating or impregnation can be selected from the group consisting of: aluminum or aluminum alloy; carbon nanotubes, graphene, or other carbon-based material; magnesium; ceramic particles; copper or copper alloy; gold; nickel; polyaniline; silver; and steel. 
     In an example, an electronically-functional textile, fabric, garment, or wearable accessory can comprise one or more of the following: array of electroconductive members woven using a plain weave, rib weave, basket weave, twill weave, satin weave, leno weave, mock leno weave, or conan weave; array of fiber optic members woven using a plain weave, rib weave, basket weave, twill weave, satin weave, leno weave, mock leno weave, or conan weave; array of light-emitting fibers, threads, or yarns; array of sound-conducting members woven using a plain weave, rib weave, basket weave, twill weave, satin weave, leno weave, mock leno weave, leno and conan weave; array or mesh of electroconductive fibers; bendable fibers, threads, or yarns; bendable layer, trace, or substrate; elastic fibers, threads, or yarns; elastic layer, trace, or substrate; electroconductive fibers, threads, or yarns; electronically-functional bandage; electronically-functional tattoo; integrated array of electroconductive members; integrated array of fiber optic members; integrated array of sound-conducting members; interlaced electricity-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns; interlaced light-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns; interlaced sound-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns; light-emitting fibers, threads, or yarns; nonconductive fibers, threads, or yarns; nonconductive layer, substrate, or material; plaited fibers, threads, or yarns; sinusoidal fibers, threads, or yarns; stretchable fibers, threads, or yarns; stretchable layer, trace, or substrate; textile-based light display matrix; variable-resistance electroconductive fiber, thread, or yarn; variable-translucence fiber, thread, or yarn; water-resistant fibers, threads, or yarns; a layer or coating of metallic nanoparticles; a graphene layer; and water-resistant layer, trace, or substrate. 
     In an example, (a) the motion and/or configuration of a body joint causes bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of light energy pathways which span the surface of the body member which contains this body joint; (b) the bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of these pathways changes the flows of light energy through them; (c) changes in these flows are measured by light energy sensors; and (d) data from these sensors are used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, changes in the flows of light energy can be measured by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: intensity, wavelength, spectrum, spectral distribution, phase, coherence, and polarization. In an example, light energy pathway can be comprised of fiber optic members and/or optical bend enhanced fiber. In an example, a light energy sensor can be selected from the group consisting of: photoelectric sensor, photometer, light intensity sensor, camera, infrared light sensor, ultraviolet light sensor, spectroscopy sensor, near-infrared spectroscopy sensor, Raman spectroscopy sensor, spectral analysis sensor, spectrometry sensor, spectrophotometer sensor, optical strain detector, and variable-translucence sensor. In an example, light energy can be directed into an energy pathway at a first location and light energy from the energy pathway can be measured from the energy pathway at a second location. 
     In an example, (a) the motion and/or configuration of a body joint causes bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of sonic energy pathways which span the surface of the body member which contains this body joint; (b) the bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of these pathways changes the flows of sonic energy through them; (c) changes in these flows are measured by sonic energy sensors; and (d) data from these sensors are used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, changes in the flows of light energy can be measured by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: intensity, amplitude, frequency, range, phase, and waveform. In an example, a sonic energy sensor can be a microphone or ultrasonic sensor. In an example, sonic energy can be directed into an energy pathway at a first location and sonic energy from the energy pathway can be measured from the energy pathway at a second location. 
     In an example, an array of energy pathways can be incorporated into an article of clothing which is, in turn, worn over a body member containing a body joint. Changes in energy conducted through these pathways can be used to estimate joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, an array of energy pathways can be directly attached to a body member containing a body joint. In an example, energy pathways can be incorporated into an article of clothing or directly attached to a body member using one or more means selected from the group consisting of: adhesion, armband, article of clothing, bangle, belt, bracelet, buckle, button, clasp, clip, elastic band, elastic garment, eyewear, fabric layer, garment channel, garment pocket, gluing, hook, hook-and-eye attachment mechanism, incorporation into a bandage, incorporation into a tattoo, knitting, loop, magnetism, melting, metal fibers, nanoscale fibers, necklace, pin, polymer fibers, sewing, skin-adhesive patch, smart watch, snap, strands, strap, tape, textile channel, textile fibers, thermal bonding, tubular garment, waist band, weaving, wrist band, yarn, and zipper. 
     In an example, energy pathways which measure the motion and/or configuration of one or more body joints can be incorporated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory selected from the group consisting of: an upper body garment such as a shirt, t-shirt, blouse, jacket, hoodie, sweatshirt, undershirt, brassier, girdle, blouse, or glove; a lower body garment such as a pair of pants, sweatpants, trousers, slacks, leggings, tights, underpants, pantyhose, shorts, or sock; a full-body garment such as a union suit, jump suit, pair of overalls, or dress; a clothing accessory such as shoe, boot, insole, hat, cap, headband, armband, strap, torso band, tubular accessory, wristband, other band, knee or elbow brace, back brace, knee or elbow pad, belt, bandage, electronic tattoo, or wearable patch. 
     In various examples, an array of energy pathways can measure one or more joint configurations and/or motions selected from the group consisting of: eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of the ankle; abduction, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and/or rotation of the spine; eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of the elbow; extension and/or flexion of the finger or thumb; pronation, rotation, and/or supination of the forearm; abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the hip; extension and/or flexion of the jaw; abduction, adduction, extension, and/or flexion of the knee; eversion and/or inversion of the mid-tarsal; abduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the neck; abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the shoulder; extension and/or flexion of the toe; and abduction, extension, flexion, and/or ulnar deviation or radial deviation of the wrist. 
     In an example, this device can span the surface of the portion of the body containing one or more body joints selected from the group consisting of: ankle, elbow, finger, forearm, hip, jaw, knee, mid-tarsal, neck, shoulder, spine, thumb, toe, and wrist. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the finger and thumb. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the finger, forearm, thumb and wrist. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the elbow, forearm and wrist. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the elbow. In an example, this device can span the surface of the body containing the elbow, forearm, shoulder and spine. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the hip and knee. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the spine. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the ankle, mid-tarsal and toe. In an example, this device can span the surface of the portion of the body containing the neck, shoulder and spine. 
     In an example, this invention can also include a data control unit which further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of: a data processing component, a data communication component, a power source, a human-to-computer user interface, a computer-to-human interface, and a digital memory. In an example, a data control unit can be temporarily detached so that the remaining wearable portion of the invention can be washed. 
     In an example, a data processing component can perform one or more functions selected from the group consisting of: amplify sensor signals, analyze data, analyze sensor information, convert analog signals to digital signals, determine a functional relationship between signal variation and joint angle variation, estimate joint angle, filter signals, model joint configuration, record data, run software applications, run software programs, and store data in memory. In an example, a data communication component can perform one or more functions selected from the group consisting of: transmit and receive data via Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, or other wireless communication modality; transmit and receive data to and from a mobile electronic device such as a cellular phone, mobile phone, smart phone, electronic tablet; transmit and receive data to and from a separate wearable device such as a smart watch or electronically-functional eyewear; transmit and receive data to and from the internet; send and receive phone calls and electronic messages; transmit and receive data to and from a home appliance and/or home control system; and transmit and receive data to and from an implantable medical device. 
     In an example, a power source can be selected from the group consisting of: a rechargeable or replaceable battery; an energy harvesting member which harvests, transduces, or generates energy from body motion or kinetic energy, body thermal energy, or body biochemical energy; an energy harvesting member which harvests, transduces, or generates energy from ambient light energy or ambient electromagnetic energy. In an example, a human-to-computer interface can further comprise one or more members selected from the group consisting of: a button, knob, or dial; a display screen; a gesture-recognition interface; a holographic user interface; a microphone; a physical keypad or keyboard; a pressure-sensitive textile array; a spectroscopic sensor; a speech or voice recognition interface; a touch screen; a virtual keypad or keyboard; an electronically-functional textile interface; and an eye gaze tracker. In an example, a computer-to-human interface can further comprise one or more members selected from the group consisting of: a coherent-light image projector; a display screen; a holographic user interface; a laser; a myostimulating member; a neurostimulating member; a non-coherent-light image projector; a speaker or other sound-emitting member; a speech or voice recognition interface; a synthesized voice; a vibrating or other tactile sensation creating member; an electromagnetic energy emitter; an electronically-functional textile interface; an infrared light emitter; an infrared light projector; and an LED or LED array. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more motion-related sensors selected from the group consisting of: dual-axial accelerometer, tri-axial accelerometer, other multi-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, inclinometer or tilt sensor, goniometer, GPS or other location sensor, other inertial or motion sensor, goniometer, and kinematic sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more electromagnetic energy sensors selected from the group consisting of: electroencephalography (EEG) sensor, peripheral neurosensor, electromyography (EMG) sensor, Hall-effect sensor, electromagnetic field sensor, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, cardiac monitor, EOG sensor, galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor, impedance sensor, compass, magnometer, magnetic sensor, potentiometer, variable-resistance sensor, resistive bend sensor, piezoelectric sensor, piezomechanical sensor, piezoresistive sensor, and other electromagnetic sensor. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more optical sensors selected from the group consisting of: camera, other imaging member, photoelectric sensor, light intensity sensor, infrared light sensor, ultraviolet light sensor, spectroscopy sensor, near-infrared spectroscopy sensor, Raman spectroscopy sensor, spectral analysis sensor, spectrometry sensor, spectrophotometer sensor, chromatography sensor, other light-spectrum-analyzing sensor, fluorescence sensor, blood oximetry sensor, optoelectronic sensor, optical code scanner, laser sensor, optical strain detector, and variable-translucence sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more sonic energy sensors selected from the group consisting of: microphone, ultrasonic sensor, acoustic sensor, heart rate sensor, respiration or pulmonary function monitor, respiratory rate sensor, and CPAP monitor. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more force-related sensors selected from the group consisting of: blood pressure sensor, heart rate monitor, capacitive sensor, force sensor, particulate force transducer, electromagnetic pressure sensor, other pressure sensor, torque sensor, and torsion sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more biochemical sensors selected from the group consisting of: electrochemical sensor, biochemical sensor, glucose sensor, chemoreceptor sensor, gas sensor, microbial sensor, micro-sampling tissue or body fluid sensor, pH level sensor, and photochemical sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more small-scale sensors selected from the group consisting of: Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor, nanoscale sensor, nanotube sensor, and nanoparticle sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more additional sensors selected from the group consisting of: humidity sensor, moisture sensor, thermometer, temperature sensor, flow sensor, differential transducer sensor, elastomeric sensor, vibration sensor, helical sensor, revolute joint sensor, ionizing radiation sensor, neurosensor, food consumption sensor, and eye-tracking sensor. 
     In various examples, this invention can further comprise one or more additional wearable sensors. In various examples, these one or more additional wearable sensors can be in kinetic, electromagnetic, optical, sonic, fluid, and/or chemical communication with a person&#39;s body. In various examples, one or more additional wearable sensors can be selected from the group consisting of: dual-axial accelerometer, tri-axial accelerometer, other multi-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, inclinometer or tilt sensor, goniometer, GPS or other location sensor, other inertial or motion sensor, goniometer, kinematic sensor; electroencephalography (EEG) sensor, peripheral neurosensor, electromyography (EMG) sensor, Hall-effect sensor, electromagnetic field sensor, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, cardiac monitor, EOG sensor, galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor, impedance sensor, compass, magnometer, magnetic sensor, potentiometer, variable-resistance sensor, resistive bend sensor, piezoelectric sensor, piezomechanical sensor, piezoresistive sensor, other electromagnetic sensor; camera, other imaging member, photoelectric sensor, light intensity sensor, infrared light sensor, ultraviolet light sensor, spectroscopy sensor, near-infrared spectroscopy sensor, Raman spectroscopy sensor, spectral analysis sensor, spectrometry sensor, spectrophotometer sensor, chromatography sensor, other light-spectrum-analyzing sensor, fluorescence sensor, blood oximetry sensor, optoelectronic sensor, optical code scanner, laser sensor, optical strain detector, variable-translucence sensor; microphone, ultrasonic sensor, acoustic sensor, heart rate sensor, respiration or pulmonary function monitor, respiratory rate sensor, CPAP monitor; blood pressure sensor, heart rate monitor, capacitive sensor, force sensor, particulate force transducer, electromagnetic pressure sensor, other pressure sensor, torque sensor, torsion sensor; electrochemical sensor, biochemical sensor, glucose sensor, chemoreceptor sensor, gas sensor, microbial sensor, micro-sampling tissue or body fluid sensor, pH level sensor, photochemical sensor; Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor, nanoscale sensor, nanotube sensor, nanoparticle sensor; humidity sensor, moisture sensor; thermometer, temperature sensor; flow sensor; differential transducer sensor, elastomeric sensor, vibration sensor, helical sensor, revolute joint sensor, ionizing radiation sensor, neurosensor; food consumption sensor, and eye tracking sensor. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more actuators selected from the group consisting of: brushless DC motor, brush-type DC motor, electric motor, electromagnetic actuator, hydraulic actuator, induction motor, MEMS actuator, piezoelectric actuator, pneumatic actuator, and stepper motor. In an example, one or more actuators can adjust the fit and/or elasticity of a garment containing energy pathways in order to improve its ability to measure joint motion and/or configuration. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for athletic training, sports performance analysis, sports motion capture, and fan engagement. In an example, this invention can be useful for training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive and/or complex lower-body motion (such as soccer, bicycling, and running) which are not well measured by single-location (wrist-worn) accelerometers. In an example, this invention can be useful for training and motion capture for sports which involve complex upper-body motion (such as basketball, tennis, golf, baseball, Frisbee™, and fencing) which are not well measured by single-location accelerometers. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for health, fitness, and medical applications. In an example, this invention can be used for caloric expenditure measurement, energy balance management, weight management, and caloric intake monitoring applications. In an example, this invention can be used for virtual exercise. In an example, this invention can be used for real-time avoidance of repeated motion injuries, injuries due to poor posture, and stress-related injuries including back injuries and carpal tunnel syndrome. In an example, this invention can be used for diagnostic and therapy-evaluation purposes including: range of motion assessment, gait analysis, biomechanical analysis, posture evaluation and correction, ergonomic assessment, fall prevention and detection, spinal motion assessment, rehabilitation assessment, biofeedback, pulse monitoring, respiratory function assessment, plethysmography, cardiac function monitoring, orthopedic therapy, physical therapy, orthotic design and fitting, and pronation analysis. In an example, this invention can be used for telemedicine and/or telesurgery applications. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for entertainment, gaming, and artistic purposes. In an example, this invention can be used for animation of an avatar in virtual reality and/or computer gaming. In an example, this invention can be used for animation of an animated character in motion picture making or other visual animation applications. In an example, this invention can be used for dance instruction, dance performance, and other performance art applications. In an example, this invention can be used for instruction and motion capture for playing musical instruments. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for communication and computer interface purposes. In an example, this invention can be used for telepresence, teleconferencing, telecommunication, avatar animation, and virtual commerce. In an example, this invention can be used as part of a gesture recognition human-to-computer user interface. In an example, this invention be can be used for telerobotics to enable remote control of the actions of a robot. 
     In various examples, one or more applications for this invention can be selected from group consisting of: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and soccer), extensive arm motion (such as tennis and golf), extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and running), extensive spinal motion, extensive forearm motion (such as tennis and golf), wrist motion (such as tennis, golf, and Frisbee), ankle motion (such as running and soccer), finger and hand motion (such as tennis, golf, baseball, and fencing), athletic performance measurement and improvement; and entertainment, gaming, and artistic applications (such as animated pictures, avatar animation, computer animation, computer gaming, dance instruction, dance performance, gaming input devices, graphical animation, motion capture, motion picture animation, motion pictures, movie making, performance arts, training and motion capture for playing musical instruments, virtual gaming, virtual reality); and health, fitness, and medical applications (such as avoidance of repeated motion injuries, biofeedback, biomechanical analysis, caloric expenditure measurement, caloric intake monitoring, cardiac function monitoring, congestive heart failure assessment, energy balance, ergonomic evaluation, fall prevention and detection, gait analysis, medical diagnosis, medical therapy, nutritional monitoring and improvement, orthopedic therapy, orthotic design and fitting, physical therapy, plethysmography, post-operative therapy, posture correction, pronation analysis, pulse monitoring, range of motion assessment, rehabilitation assessment, repetitive stress injury avoidance, respiratory function analysis, spinal injury avoidance, spinal motion assessment, telemedicine, telesurgery, virtual exercise, weight management); and human-computer interface and telecommunication (such as gesture recognition, telerobotics, telesurgery, telepresence, notifications, telecommunication, teleconferencing, telepresence, telerobotics, virtual commerce, and virtual reality interaction). 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a two-piece set of motion recognition clothing which measures a person&#39;s full-body motion and/or configuration.  FIG. 1  shows motion recognition clothing comprising multiple sets of redundant energy pathways which span multiple body joints. Each set of redundant energy pathways spans a body joint. As a joint moves, it bends, stretches, elongates, and/or twists the set of energy pathways which spans the joint. This bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting changes the flows of energy through the energy pathways. These changes in energy flows, in turn, are measured by sensors and used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     Multivariate analysis of data from redundant energy pathways spanning the same body joint can provide more accurate measurement of the motion and/or configuration of this body joint than data from a single energy pathway. Such multivariate analysis can also be superior to separate, non-integrated analysis of data from multiple pathways spanning the joint. When combined into full-body motion recognition clothing such as that shown in  FIG. 1 , multiple sets of redundant energy pathways can enable minimally-intrusive, ambulatory, full-body motion capture without a person being confined to a narrow location in front of a camera. This opens up possibilities for full-body motion capture as a person runs, swims, plays golf, plays basketball, or engages in a host of other outdoor and/or large-scale activities. 
     The center of  FIG. 1  shows a running man wearing a close-fitting upper-body article of clothing  1001  (e.g. a shirt) and a close-fitting lower-body article of clothing  1002  (e.g. a pair of pants). In this example, the upper-body article of clothing  1001  spans five areas of the body which contain major body joints. These five areas are indicated in  FIG. 1  by dotted-line circles (or ovals). These five areas are: right elbow area  1003 ; right shoulder area  1004 ; left shoulder area  1005 ; left elbow area  1006 ; and back or torso area  1007 . In a more-extensive embodiment, the man&#39;s wrists, fingers, and neck can also be spanned by the upper-body article of clothing. In this example, lower-body article of clothing  1002  spans four areas of the body which contain major body joints. These areas are indicated by dotted-line circles in  FIG. 1 . Of these four areas, only three are visible from the perspective shown in  FIG. 1 . These three visible areas are: right hip area  1008 ; left knee area  1009 ; and right knee area  1010 . A left hip area is not seen from the running man perspective shown in  FIG. 1 . In a more-extensive embodiment, the man&#39;s ankles and feet can also be spanned by the lower-body article of clothing. 
     Four sub-diagrams located in the four corners of  FIG. 1  show enlarged semi-transparent views of motion recognition clothing in four of the dotted-line circle areas of the running man which contain body joints. These areas are indicated by dotted-line circles which are repeated in a larger-scale in the four corners of  FIG. 1 . These four enlarged areas are: right elbow area  1003  (shown in the upper left corner); left elbow area  1006  (shown in the upper right corner); left knee area  1009  (shown in the lower left corner); and right knee area  1010  (shown in the lower right corner). Due to the semi-transparent nature of these enlarged-view sub-diagrams, you can see the matrixes, lattices, and/or meshes of energy pathways which are incorporated into the upper-body and lower-body articles of clothing ( 1001  and  1002 ). These four enlarged views are representative of the eight joint areas indicated by dotted-line circles on the central running man. The remaining joint areas which are not shown in enlarged views in  FIG. 1  can also be spanned by similar energy pathway matrixes, lattices, or meshes. Since the joints in these four enlarged views are extended at different angles, these four enlarged views help to show how a matrix, lattice, or mesh of energy pathways can bend, stretch, and/or elongate as a joint moves. 
     Right elbow area  1003  is shown in the upper left corner of  FIG. 1 . Right elbow area  1003  comprises: first energy pathway  1016  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1014  which sends energy into this first energy pathway; energy output sensor  1017  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this first energy pathway; second energy pathway  1015  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1013  which sends energy into this second energy pathway; and energy output sensor  1018  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this second energy pathway. In this example, right elbow area  1003  also includes other energy pathways which longitudinally span the body joint as well as other energy pathways which span the body joint in a circumferential cross-sectional manner. Together, these energy pathways comprise a matrix, lattice, or mesh of energy pathways which spans the body joint. Right elbow area  1003  further comprises: energy source  1012  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  1019  (including energy conduits between this unit and the input sensors); distal attachment band  1011 ; and proximal attachment band  1020 . In an example, elastic fibers in a garment can serve the role of the attachment bands. 
     Left elbow area  1006  is shown in the upper right corner of  FIG. 1 . Left elbow area  1006  comprises: first energy pathway  1025  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1027  which sends energy into this first energy pathway; energy output sensor  1024  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this first energy pathway; second energy pathway  1026  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1028  which sends energy into this second energy pathway; and energy output sensor  1023  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this second energy pathway. In this example, left elbow area  1006  also includes other energy pathways which longitudinally span the joint as well as other energy pathways which span the joint in a circumferential cross-sectional manner. Together, these energy pathways comprise a matrix, lattice, or mesh of energy pathways which spans the joint. Left elbow area  1006  further comprises: energy source  1029  (with energy conduits between this source and energy input components); sensor data control unit  1022  (with energy conduits between this unit and the input sensors); distal attachment band  1030 ; and proximal attachment band  1021 . In an example, elastic fibers in a garment can serve the role of the attachment bands. 
     Right knee area  1010  is shown in the lower right corner of  FIG. 1 . Right knee area  1010  comprises: first energy pathway  1045  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1047  which sends energy into this first energy pathway; energy output sensor  1044  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this first energy pathway; second energy pathway  1046  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1048  which sends energy into this second energy pathway; and energy output sensor  1043  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this second energy pathway. In this example, right knee area  1010  also includes other energy pathways which longitudinally span the joint as well as other energy pathways which span the joint in a circumferential cross-sectional manner. Together, these energy pathways comprise a matrix, lattice, or mesh of energy pathways which spans the joint. Right knee area  1010  further comprises: energy source  1049  (with energy conduits between this source and energy input components); sensor data control unit  1042  (with energy conduits between this unit and the input sensors); distal attachment band  1050 ; and proximal attachment band  1051 . In an example, elastic fibers in a garment can serve the role of the attachment bands. 
     Left knee area  1009  is shown in the lower left corner of  FIG. 1 . Left knee area  1009  comprises: first energy pathway  1036  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1034  which sends energy into this first energy pathway; energy output sensor  1037  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this first energy pathway; second energy pathway  1035  which longitudinally spans the joint; energy input component  1033  which sends energy into this second energy pathway; and energy output sensor  1038  which measures energy coming out from and/or flowing through this second energy pathway. In this example, left knee area  1009  also includes other energy pathways which longitudinally span the joint as well as other energy pathways which span the joint in a circumferential cross-sectional manner. Together, these energy pathways comprise a matrix, lattice, or mesh of energy pathways which spans the joint. Left knee area  1009  further comprises: energy source  1032  (with energy conduits between this source and energy input components); sensor data control unit  1039  (with energy conduits between this unit and the input sensors); distal attachment band  1031 ; and proximal attachment band  1040 . In an example, elastic fibers in a garment can serve the role of the attachment bands. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: a first energy pathway  1016 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint (an elbow in this example), wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; a first energy sensor  1017  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; a second energy pathway  1015 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint (an elbow in this example), wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; and a second energy sensor  1018  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , each energy pathway has a longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axes of some of the energy pathways span the surface of a body member containing a body joint in a proximal-to-distal manner and the longitudinal axes of other energy pathways span the surface of the body member in a cross-sectional or circumferential manner. In various examples, the geometric relationship between the axes of energy pathways can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially parallel; separated by a substantially-constant distance; separated by a substantially-constant number of radial degrees of the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member; separated by a substantially-constant percentage of the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member; forming vectors which intersect in 3D space at a right angle; substantially perpendicular; plaited together; woven together; and combining to form a 3D matrix, lattice, mesh, or grid. 
     In another example, the geometric relationship between the longitudinal axes of energy pathways can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially-parallel as they span a distal portion of a joint and diverging as they span a proximal portion of a joint; substantially-parallel as they span a proximal portion of a joint and diverging as they span a distal portion of a joint; intersecting at an acute angle; forming vectors which intersect in 3D space at an acute angle; substantially diagonal to each other; braided together; differing in length; nested; forming a rainbow arc configuration; radial vectors with a common point of convergence; straight vectors with a common convergence point; and arcuate with a common convergence point. 
     In the example in  FIG. 1 , the motion and/or configuration of a body joint is measured using selected energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member in a substantially parallel manner when the body joint is fully extended. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways each have central longitudinal axes and wherein these central longitudinal axes are substantially parallel. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member along substantially-parallel vectors. 
     In the example in  FIG. 1 , the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein the distances between pairs of energy pathways are substantially constant as they span the body member. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member along substantially-parallel actuate vectors. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span the body member in a nested or concentric manner with substantially constant distances between pairs of nested or concentric energy pathways. 
     In the example in  FIG. 1 , some combination of the energy pathways have longitudinal axes which are substantially perpendicular as they span the body member which contains a body joint. In an example, multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint can form inter-pathway gaps which (when projected from 3D space onto a 2D plane) are shaped like squares or rectangles. In an example, energy pathways can be woven together in a substantially-parallel manner to form a textile. This textile, in turn, can be used to make a garment which spans a portion of a body member in a curvaceous 3D manner. In an example, energy pathways can be woven together in a substantially-perpendicular manner to form a textile which is then used to make a garment which spans a portion of a body member in a curvaceous 3D manner. In an example, energy pathways can have longitudinal axes which intersect at acute angles as they span the body member which contains a body joint. 
     In the example in  FIG. 1 , energy pathways spanning the circumference of a joint have an axis with a circular, semi-circular, or other conic section shape. In an example, a circular, semi-circular, or other conic section shaped axis can span all or part of the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member containing a body joint. In an example, one or more aspects of the geometric relationship between energy pathways can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially parallel; separated by a substantially-constant distance; intersecting at an acute angle; forming vectors which intersect in 3D space at an acute angle; combining to form a 3D mesh or grid; differing in length; substantially concentric; nested; differing in diameter; knitted together in loops; and tangential. 
     In the example in  FIG. 1 , some of the energy pathways in a set span a body member in a longitudinal manner and other energy pathways in a set span the same body member in a circular, semi-circular, or other conic sectional manner. In an example, a first energy pathway can span the surface of a body member containing a body joint in a proximal-to-distal or distal-to-proximal manner. In an example, a second energy pathway can span the surface of the body member in a circular, semi-circular, or other conic sectional manner. In an example, the geometric relationship between the first energy pathway and the second energy pathway can be selected from the group consisting of: substantially perpendicular; intersecting at a right angle; intersecting at an acute angle; defining square-shaped spaces (when projected onto a 2D plane) as they intersect; defining rhomboid-shaped spaces (when projected onto a 2D plane) as they intersect; defining trapezoid-shaped spaces (when projected onto a 2D plane) as they intersect; plaited together; woven together; braided together; combining to form a 3D mesh or grid; overlapping; and tangential. 
     In an example, the type of energy which is measured from (or through) these energy pathways can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sonic energy. In the example in  FIG. 1 , energy pathways  1016 ,  1015 ,  1025 ,  1026 ,  1045 ,  1046 ,  1036 , and  1035  conduct electromagnetic energy. The motion and/or configuration of a body joint causes bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of a set of electromagnetic energy pathways which spans the surface of the body member which contains the body joint. The bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of these pathways changes the flows of electromagnetic energy through them. Changes in these flows are then measured by electromagnetic energy sensors. Finally, data from these sensors are combined and analyzed in a multivariate manner to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , electromagnetic energy can be directed into an energy pathway  1016  at a first location  1014  and electromagnetic energy from the energy pathway  1016  can be measured from the energy pathway at a second location  1017 . In this example, the energy input location is distal and the energy output location is proximal to the person&#39;s body centroid. In another example, the energy input location can be proximal and the energy output location can be distal to the person&#39;s body centroid. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can be comprised of electroconductive fibers, yarns, threads, strands, substrates, or layers. In an example, an electromagnetic energy sensor can be selected from the group consisting of: voltmeter, impedance sensor, magnetic field sensor, piezoelectric sensor, piezomechanical sensor, potentiometer, resistive bend sensor, variable-resistance sensor, electromyography (EMG) sensor, and Hall-effect sensor. In an example, an energy pathway can comprise non-conductive or less-conductive fibers, traces, yarns, strands, or textiles which are coated, impregnated, or otherwise integrated with conductive material or particles. In an example, a non-conductive or less-conductive fiber, trace, yarn, strand, or textile can be selected from the group consisting of: acetate, acrylic, cotton, denim, elastane, Kevlar™, latex, linen, Lycra™, neoprene, nylon, nylon, polyester, wool, silicon rubber, silk, spandex, Danconn or rayon. In an example, conductive material or particles used for coating or impregnation can be selected from the group consisting of: aluminum or aluminum alloy; carbon nanotubes, graphene, or other carbon-based material; magnesium; ceramic particles; copper or copper alloy; gold; nickel; polyaniline; silver; and steel. 
     In an example, an electronically-functional textile, fabric, garment, article of clothing, or wearable accessory can comprise one or more of the following: array of electroconductive members woven using a plain weave, rib weave, basket weave, twill weave, satin weave, leno weave, mock leno weave, or conan weave; array of fiber optic members woven using a plain weave, rib weave, basket weave, twill weave, satin weave, leno weave, mock leno weave, or conan weave; array of light-emitting fibers, threads, or yarns; array of sound-conducting members woven using a plain weave, rib weave, basket weave, twill weave, satin weave, leno weave, mock leno weave, leno and conan weave; array or mesh of electroconductive fibers; bendable fibers, threads, or yarns; bendable layer, trace, or substrate; elastic fibers, threads, or yarns; elastic layer, trace, or substrate; electroconductive fibers, threads, or yarns; electronically-functional bandage; electronically-functional tattoo; integrated array of electroconductive members; integrated array of fiber optic members; integrated array of sound-conducting members; interlaced electricity-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns; interlaced light-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns; interlaced sound-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns; light-emitting fibers, threads, or yarns; nonconductive fibers, threads, or yarns; nonconductive layer, substrate, or material; plaited fibers, threads, or yarns; sinusoidal fibers, threads, or yarns; stretchable fibers, threads, or yarns; stretchable layer, trace, or substrate; textile-based light display matrix; variable-resistance electroconductive fiber, thread, or yarn; variable-translucence fiber, thread, or yarn; water-resistant fibers, threads, or yarns; a layer or coating of metallic nanoparticles; a graphene layer; and water-resistant layer, trace, or substrate. 
     In an example, changes in the flows of electromagnetic energy through electromagnetic energy pathways can be measured by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: voltage, resistance, impedance, amperage, current, phase, and electromagnetic wave pattern. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the voltage of electromagnetic energy flowing through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the resistance of electromagnetic energy flowing through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the impedance of redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the electrical current flowing through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the phase of electrical current flowing through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the wave pattern of electrical current flowing through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, a device might not work at all, but still be crowd-funded through the use of a slick marketing video with upbeat music in the background. 
     In an example, movement of an energy pathway can actually generate electricity, not just change the flow of electricity through the energy pathway. In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can be piezoelectric and/or piezoresistive. In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can generate electromagnetic energy when it is bent, stretched, elongated, and/or twisted by movement of the joint which it spans. In an example, an electromagnetic energy sensor can measure electricity which is generated by movement of an energy pathway. This can eliminate the need for an energy input component in motion recognition clothing and makes it more energy efficient. In the extreme, electrical energy generated by movement of an energy pathway could even power a data control and/or processing unit. 
     In an alternative example, the energy pathways in  FIG. 1  can conduct light energy. Energy pathways can be fiber optic members. In an example, coherent light can be transmitted through the energy pathways. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint causes bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of light energy pathways which span the surface of the body member which contains this body joint. The bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of these pathways changes the transmission of light energy through them. These changes are measured by light energy sensors. Finally, data from these sensors are used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     In an example, changes in the transmission of light energy can be measured by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: intensity, wavelength, spectrum, spectral distribution, phase, coherence, and polarization. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the intensity of light energy transmitted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the wavelength of light energy transmitted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the spectrum or spectral distribution of light energy transmitted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the phase of light energy transmitted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the coherence of light energy transmitted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the polarization of light energy transmitted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     In an example, a light energy pathway can be comprised of fiber optic members and/or optical bend enhanced fiber. In an example, a light energy sensor can be selected from the group consisting of: photoelectric sensor, photometer, light intensity sensor, camera, infrared light sensor, ultraviolet light sensor, spectroscopy sensor, near-infrared spectroscopy sensor, Raman spectroscopy sensor, spectral analysis sensor, spectrometry sensor, spectrophotometer sensor, optical strain detector, and variable-translucence sensor. In an example, light energy can be directed into an energy pathway at a first location and light energy from the energy pathway can be measured from the energy pathway at a second location. 
     In an alternative example, the energy pathways in  FIG. 1  can conduct sonic, acoustic, and/or sound energy. In an example, this sonic energy can be ultrasonic. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint causes bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of sonic energy pathways which span the surface of the body member which contains this body joint. Then, the bending, stretching, elongation, and/or twisting of these pathways changes the flows of sonic energy through them. Then, changes in these flows are measured by sonic energy sensors. Finally, data from these sensors are used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, a sonic energy sensor can be a microphone or an ultrasonic sensor. In an example, sonic energy can be directed into an energy pathway at a first location and sonic energy from the energy pathway can be measured from the energy pathway at a second location. 
     In an example, changes in the flows of light energy can be measured by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: intensity, amplitude, frequency, range, phase, and waveform. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the intensity or amplitude of sound energy conducted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the frequency of sound energy conducted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the range of sound energy conducted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the phase of sound energy conducted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. In an example, movement of a body joint changes the waveform of sound energy conducted through redundant electromagnetic energy pathways spanning that joint and these changes are used to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , sets of redundant energy pathways can be incorporated into an article of clothing which is worn over multiple body joints. Measurement of changes in energy flows conducted through these pathways can be used to estimate the motion and/or configuration of these body joints. In an example, sets of energy pathways can be attached directly to a person&#39;s body. In an example, sets of energy pathways can be attached to a person&#39;s body by integration into an article of clothing which the person wears. In an example, energy pathways can be attached directly to a person&#39;s body or integrated into an article of clothing by one or more means selected from the group consisting of: adhesion, armband, article of clothing, bangle, belt, bracelet, buckle, button, clasp, clip, elastic band, elastic garment, eyewear, fabric layer, garment channel, garment pocket, gluing, hook, hook-and-eye attachment mechanism, incorporation into a bandage, incorporation into a tattoo, knitting, loop, magnetism, melting, metal fibers, nanoscale fibers, necklace, pin, polymer fibers, sewing, skin-adhesive patch, smart watch, snap, strands, strap, tape, textile channel, textile fibers, thermal bonding, tubular garment, waist band, weaving, wrist band, yarn, and zipper. 
     In various examples, energy pathways which measure the motion and/or configuration of one or more body joints can be incorporated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory selected from the group consisting of: an upper body garment such as a shirt, t-shirt, blouse, jacket, hoodie, sweatshirt, undershirt, brassier, girdle, blouse, or glove; a lower body garment such as a pair of pants, sweatpants, trousers, slacks, leggings, tights, underpants, pantyhose, shorts, or sock; a full-body garment such as a union suit, jump suit, pair of overalls, or dress; a clothing accessory such as shoe, boot, insole, hat, cap, headband, armband, strap, torso band, tubular accessory, wristband, other band, knee or elbow brace, back brace, knee or elbow pad, belt, bandage, electronic tattoo, or wearable patch. 
     In various examples, an array of energy pathways can measure one or more joint motions and/or configurations selected from the group consisting of: eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of the ankle; abduction, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and/or rotation of the spine; eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of the elbow; extension and/or flexion of the finger or thumb; pronation, rotation, and/or supination of the forearm; abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the hip; extension and/or flexion of the jaw; abduction, adduction, extension, and/or flexion of the knee; eversion and/or inversion of the mid-tarsal; abduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the neck; abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the shoulder; extension and/or flexion of the toe; and abduction, extension, flexion, and/or ulnar deviation or radial deviation of the wrist. 
     In various examples, this device can span the surface of the portion of the body containing one or more body joints selected from the group consisting of: ankle, elbow, finger, forearm, hip, jaw, knee, mid-tarsal, neck, shoulder, spine, thumb, toe, and wrist. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the finger and thumb. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the finger, forearm, thumb and wrist. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the elbow, forearm and wrist. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the elbow. In an example, this device can span the surface of the body containing the elbow, forearm, shoulder and spine. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the hip and knee. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the spine. In an example, this device can span the surface of a body member containing the ankle, mid-tarsal and toe. In an example, this device can span the surface of the portion of the body containing the neck, shoulder and spine. 
     In an example, there can be separate devices, each having a set of energy pathways, for measuring different body joints. In an example, such separate devices can be integrated by wireless communication and combined data analysis into a system which measures full-body motion and/or configuration. In an example, multiple sets of energy pathways can be integrated into a single piece of motion recognition clothing such as a union suit or jump suit. In an example, motion recognition clothing can be a two-piece set comprising a motion-recognizing upper-body garment and a motion-recognizing lower-body garment. In an example, motion recognition clothing can be a six-piece set comprising a motion-recognizing shirt, a pair of motion-recognizing gloves, motion-recognizing pants, and a pair of motion-recognizing socks or shoes. In an example, motion recognition clothing can be an eight-piece set comprising a pair of motion-recognizing elbow bands, a pair of motion-recognizing shoulder bands, a pair of motion-recognizing knee bands, and a pair of motion-recognizing hip bands. In an example, hip bands can also be located at Bimbo&#39;s  365 . 
     In  FIG. 1 , the running man in the center of the figure also has a wrist-worn component  1051  and a torso-worn component  1052 . In an example, one or both of these components can be in wireless communication with the sensors which measure energy flow through the energy pathways. In an example, one or both of these components can house data control units for processing and/or communicating data. In an example, one or both of these components can be temporarily removed so that the remaining portion of the motion recognition clothing can be washed. 
     In an example, a data control unit can comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of: a data processing component, a data communication component, a power source, a human-to-computer user interface, a computer-to-human interface, and a digital memory. In an example, wrist-worn component  1051  and/or torso-worn component  1052  can be in wireless communication with data control units for the major joint areas, including  1019 ,  1022 ,  1042 , and  1039 . In an alternative example, there can be electrical conduits between wrist-worn component  1051  and/or torso-worn component  1052  and data control units for the major joint areas, including  1019 ,  1022 ,  1042 , and  1039 . Flexible electrical conduits are well-known in the prior art, their exact configuration would not be central to this invention, and they are not shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     In an example, a data processing component of this invention can perform one or more functions selected from the group consisting of: amplify sensor signals, analyze data, analyze sensor information, convert analog signals to digital signals, determine a functional relationship between signal variation and joint angle variation, estimate joint angle, filter signals, model joint configuration, record data, run software applications, run software programs, and store data in memory. In an example, a data communication component can perform one or more functions selected from the group consisting of: transmit and receive data via Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, or other wireless communication modality; transmit and receive data to and from a mobile electronic device such as a cellular phone, mobile phone, smart phone, electronic tablet; transmit and receive data to and from a separate wearable device such as a smart watch or electronically-functional eyewear; transmit and receive data to and from the internet; send and receive phone calls and electronic messages; transmit and receive data to and from a home appliance and/or home control system; and transmit and receive data to and from an implantable medical device. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a power source which is selected from the group consisting of: a rechargeable or replaceable battery; an energy harvesting member which harvests, transduces, or generates energy from body motion or kinetic energy, body thermal energy, or body biochemical energy; and an energy harvesting member which harvests, transduces, or generates energy from ambient light energy or ambient electromagnetic energy. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise a human-to-computer interface which is selected from the group consisting of: a button, knob, or dial; a display screen; a gesture-recognition interface; a holographic user interface; a microphone; a physical keypad or keyboard; a pressure-sensitive textile array; a spectroscopic sensor; a speech or voice recognition interface; a touch screen; a virtual keypad or keyboard; an electronically-functional textile interface; and an eye gaze tracker. In an example, this invention can further comprise a computer-to-human interface which is selected from the group consisting of: a coherent-light image projector; a display screen; a holographic user interface; a laser; a myostimulating member; a neurostimulating member; a non-coherent-light image projector; a speaker or other sound-emitting member; a speech or voice recognition interface; a synthesized voice; a vibrating or other tactile sensation creating member; an electromagnetic energy emitter; an electronically-functional textile interface; an infrared light emitter; an infrared light projector; and an LED or LED array. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more motion-related sensors selected from the group consisting of: dual-axial accelerometer, tri-axial accelerometer, other multi-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, inclinometer or tilt sensor, goniometer, GPS or other location sensor, other inertial or motion sensor, goniometer, and kinematic sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more electromagnetic energy sensors selected from the group consisting of: electroencephalography (EEG) sensor, peripheral neurosensor, electromyography (EMG) sensor, Hall-effect sensor, electromagnetic field sensor, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, cardiac monitor, EOG sensor, galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor, impedance sensor, compass, magnometer, magnetic sensor, potentiometer, variable-resistance sensor, resistive bend sensor, piezoelectric sensor, piezomechanical sensor, piezoresistive sensor, and other electromagnetic sensor. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more optical sensors selected from the group consisting of: camera, other imaging member, photoelectric sensor, light intensity sensor, infrared light sensor, ultraviolet light sensor, spectroscopy sensor, near-infrared spectroscopy sensor, Raman spectroscopy sensor, spectral analysis sensor, spectrometry sensor, spectrophotometer sensor, chromatography sensor, other light-spectrum-analyzing sensor, fluorescence sensor, blood oximetry sensor, optoelectronic sensor, optical code scanner, laser sensor, optical strain detector, and variable-translucence sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more sonic energy sensors selected from the group consisting of: microphone, ultrasonic sensor, acoustic sensor, heart rate sensor, respiration or pulmonary function monitor, respiratory rate sensor, and CPAP monitor. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more force-related sensors selected from the group consisting of: blood pressure sensor, heart rate monitor, capacitive sensor, force sensor, particulate force transducer, electromagnetic pressure sensor, other pressure sensor, torque sensor, and torsion sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more biochemical sensors selected from the group consisting of: electrochemical sensor, biochemical sensor, glucose sensor, chemoreceptor sensor, gas sensor, microbial sensor, micro-sampling tissue or body fluid sensor, pH level sensor, and photochemical sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more small-scale sensors selected from the group consisting of: Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor, nanoscale sensor, nanotube sensor, and nanoparticle sensor. In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more additional sensors selected from the group consisting of: humidity sensor, moisture sensor, thermometer, temperature sensor, flow sensor, differential transducer sensor, elastomeric sensor, vibration sensor, helical sensor, revolute joint sensor, ionizing radiation sensor, neurosensor, food consumption sensor, and eye-tracking sensor. 
     In various examples, this invention can further comprise one or more additional wearable sensors. In various examples, these one or more additional wearable sensors can be in kinetic, electromagnetic, optical, sonic, fluid, and/or chemical communication with a person&#39;s body. In various examples, one or more additional wearable sensors can be selected from the group consisting of: dual-axial accelerometer, tri-axial accelerometer, other multi-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, inclinometer or tilt sensor, goniometer, GPS or other location sensor, other inertial or motion sensor, goniometer, kinematic sensor; electroencephalography (EEG) sensor, peripheral neurosensor, electromyography (EMG) sensor, Hall-effect sensor, electromagnetic field sensor, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, cardiac monitor, EOG sensor, galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor, impedance sensor, compass, magnometer, magnetic sensor, potentiometer, variable-resistance sensor, resistive bend sensor, piezoelectric sensor, piezomechanical sensor, piezoresistive sensor, other electromagnetic sensor; camera, other imaging member, photoelectric sensor, light intensity sensor, infrared light sensor, ultraviolet light sensor, spectroscopy sensor, near-infrared spectroscopy sensor, Raman spectroscopy sensor, spectral analysis sensor, spectrometry sensor, spectrophotometer sensor, chromatography sensor, other light-spectrum-analyzing sensor, fluorescence sensor, blood oximetry sensor, optoelectronic sensor, optical code scanner, laser sensor, optical strain detector, variable-translucence sensor; microphone, ultrasonic sensor, acoustic sensor, heart rate sensor, respiration or pulmonary function monitor, respiratory rate sensor, CPAP monitor; blood pressure sensor, heart rate monitor, capacitive sensor, force sensor, particulate force transducer, electromagnetic pressure sensor, other pressure sensor, torque sensor, torsion sensor; electrochemical sensor, biochemical sensor, glucose sensor, chemoreceptor sensor, gas sensor, microbial sensor, micro-sampling tissue or body fluid sensor, pH level sensor, photochemical sensor; Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor, nanoscale sensor, nanotube sensor, nanoparticle sensor; humidity sensor, moisture sensor; thermometer, temperature sensor; flow sensor; differential transducer sensor, elastomeric sensor, vibration sensor, helical sensor, revolute joint sensor, ionizing radiation sensor, neurosensor; food consumption sensor, and eye tracking sensor. 
     In an example, this invention can further comprise one or more actuators selected from the group consisting of: brushless DC motor, brush-type DC motor, electric motor, electromagnetic actuator, hydraulic actuator, induction motor, MEMS actuator, piezoelectric actuator, pneumatic actuator, and stepper motor. In an example, one or more actuators can adjust the fit and/or elasticity of a garment containing energy pathways in order to improve its ability to measure joint motion and/or configuration. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s knee motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their knee; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their knee; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the abduction, adduction, extension, and/or flexion of their knee. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the knee moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the knee moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the knee moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of abduction, adduction, extension, and/or flexion of the person&#39;s knee than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of abduction, adduction, extension, and/or flexion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of abduction, adduction, extension, and/or flexion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and knee configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s knee can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s knee. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s knee. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the knee is straight and/or fully extended. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a knee joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of a knee joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of the knee joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span the tibia and diverge as they longitudinally span the femur; or vice versa. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a knee joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their knee joint. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s knee can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and soccer); gait analysis, medical diagnosis, posture correction, and rehabilitation for injuries and neurological impairment; measurement of caloric expenditure (especially with respect to lower body motions that are not well measured by upper body motion sensors); ambulatory telerobotics; and lower-body avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a pair of pants, knee tube, knee pad, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a pair of pants, knee tube, knee pad, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a pair of pants, knee tube, knee pad, or union suit. In an example, this pair of pants, knee tube, knee pad, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s elbow motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their elbow; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their elbow; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of their elbow. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the elbow moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the elbow moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the elbow moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of the amount of eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of the person&#39;s elbow than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and elbow configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s elbow can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s elbow. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s elbow. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the elbow is straight and/or fully extended. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains an elbow joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of an elbow joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of the elbow joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span the radius and ulna and diverge as they longitudinally span the humerus; or vice versa. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains an elbow joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their elbow joint. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s elbow can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive arm motion (such as tennis and golf); rehabilitation for upper-body injuries and neurological impairment; measurement of caloric expenditure; ambulatory telerobotics; and upper-body avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a shirt, other wearable top, elbow tube, elbow pad, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a shirt, other wearable top, elbow tube, elbow pad, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a shirt, other wearable top, elbow tube, elbow pad, or union suit. In an example, this shirt, other wearable top, elbow tube, elbow pad, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIGS. 2 and 3  show two sequential views of right elbow area  1003  from  FIG. 1  in which elbow movement bends, stretches, and/or elongates the energy pathways including first energy pathway  1016  and second energy pathway  1015 . This elbow movement causes different energy flow changes in first energy pathway  1016  and second energy pathway  1015 . Combined analysis of these different energy flow changes enables more accurate measurement of the motion and/or configuration of the elbow than separate analysis of the change in energy flow from either the first energy pathway  1016  alone or the second energy pathway  1015  alone. 
       FIG. 2  shows the first view in this two-part sequence. In  FIG. 2 , the elbow joint is in a less-extended configuration and is bent at a smaller angle. When the elbow is in this less-extended configuration: first energy pathway  1016  is in a first configuration and energy sensor  1017  measures a first energy flow  2001  (represented figuratively by a lightning bolt symbol); and second energy pathway  1015  is in a third configuration and energy sensor  1018  measures a third energy flow  2002  (represented figuratively by a lightning bolt symbol). In this example, energy flow  2001  is greater than energy flow  2002 . 
       FIG. 3  shows the second view in this two-part sequence. In  FIG. 3 , the elbow joint has moved to a more-extended configuration and is bent at a larger angle. When the elbow has moved to this more-extended configuration: first energy pathway  1016  moves into a second configuration and energy sensor  1017  measures a second energy flow  3001  (represented figuratively by a lightning bolt symbol); and second energy pathway  1015  moves into a fourth configuration and energy sensor  1018  measures a fourth energy flow  3002  (represented figuratively by a lightning bolt symbol). 
     In this example, energy flow  3001  is different than energy flow  2001  due to a change in the shape of first energy pathway  1016  which is caused by motion of the elbow joint. In this example, energy flow  3002  is different than energy flow  2002  due to a change in the shape of second energy pathway  1015  which is caused by motion of the elbow joint. In this example, energy flow  3001  is greater than energy flow  2001 . In an alternative example, energy flow  3001  can be less than energy flow  2001 . In this example, energy flow  3002  is greater than energy flow  2002 . In an alternative example, energy flow  3002  can be less than energy flow  2002 . Combined multivariate analysis of these changes in energy flows from and/or through the first and second energy pathways spanning the same joint can yield more precise estimates of the motion and/or configuration of that joint than analysis of the change in energy flow from either pathway alone. 
     In an example, data concerning energy flows in multiple energy pathways can be statistically analyzed by a wearable data control unit housed in wrist-worn component  1051  or torso-worn component  1052 . In an example, data concerning energy flows in multiple energy pathways can be transmitted to a remote data processor and statistical analysis can be performed in that remote processor. In an example, the relationships between changes in energy flow in energy pathways  1016  and  1015  and the configuration of the elbow joint spanned by these energy pathways can be nonlinear. In an example, the relationships between changes in energy flow in energy pathways  1016  and  1015  and the configuration of the elbow joint spanned by these energy pathways can be stochastic. In an example, the relationship between energy flows in multiple energy pathways and the configuration of a body joint spanned by these energy pathways can be analyzed using one or more multivariate statistical methods. 
     In an example, data from multiple energy pathways can be jointly analyzed using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; kinematic modeling; Kalman filter; coffee filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian filter or other Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; probit model; and time-series analysis. 
     In an example, repeated or cyclical motion patterns such as walking, running, dancing, or exercising can be identified and analyzed using Fourier analysis. In an example, the speed of repeated motion cycles can influence the functional relationship between the flow of energy through an energy pathway and the angle of a joint. In an example, the speed of repeated motion cycles can especially influence this functional relationship at the end-points of a cycle wherein joint movement reverses direction. In an example, analyzing and identifying the speed of repeated or cyclical motion patterns using Fourier transform methods can improve the accuracy of measuring joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, the frequency of repeated or cyclical motion patterns can be one of the independent variables used in multivariate analysis to estimate and/or predict joint angle. In an example, sensor data during repeated or cyclical motion patterns can be averaged over multiple cycles in order to more accurately estimate and/or predict joint angle. 
     In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be averaged together in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different portions of the joint range of motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different directions of joint motion (e.g. flexion vs. extension) in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different movement speeds (e.g. fast movement vs. slow movement) of joint motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different numbers of cycle repetition of joint motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. 
     In an example, data from one particular energy pathway with anomalous results can be given less weight or ignored entirely in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of a body joint. In an example, data from remaining redundant energy pathways spanning the same joint can be used. In an example, data from different energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable loss of mechanical or electromagnetic communication between an energy pathway and the body and to compensate for this loss when interpreting data from multiple energy pathways. 
     In an example, data from different energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable shifting of energy pathway location over the surface of the body (e.g. by shifting of a garment into which the pathways are integrated) and to compensate for this shifting when interpreting data from multiple energy pathways. In an example, there can be an established distinctive pattern between joint movement and energy flow in an energy pathway along the dorsal surface of a person&#39;s elbow, but this pattern can suddenly appear in an energy pathway along the lateral surface of a person&#39;s elbow. In an example, this invention can detect this shift and infer that an article of clothing which contains energy pathways has partially shifted around the person&#39;s elbow. Further, this invention can compensate for this shifting in statistical analysis of the data. This can help to reduce error due to shifts in clothing and/or energy pathways over the surface of a person&#39;s skin. 
     In an example, data from different energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable interference by an external object or field and to compensate for this interference when interpreting data from multiple energy pathways. In an example, if a person is resting the dorsal surface of their elbow on an external surface which interferes with the conduction of energy through energy pathways along the dorsal surface, then data from energy pathways along the ventral surface can be give greater weight. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in flexibility. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a more-flexible energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a less-flexible energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the more-flexible and less-flexible energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in elasticity. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a more-elastic energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a less-elastic energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the more-elastic and less-elastic energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in electrical resistance or impedance. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a higher resistance or impedance energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a lower resistance or impedance energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the higher resistance or impedance and the lower resistance or impedance pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of j oint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in transparency. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a higher transparency can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a lower transparency can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the higher resistance or impedance and the lower resistance or impedance pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in cross-sectional shape. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a first energy pathway with a first cross-sectional shape can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a second energy pathway with a second cross-sectional shape can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the first and second energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, different energy pathways can have different levels of measurement accuracy under different environmental conditions. In an example, a first energy pathway can superior measurement accuracy in a first temperature range and a second energy pathway can have superior measurement accuracy in a second temperature range. In an example, a first energy pathway can have superior measurement accuracy in a high-moisture environment (such as swimming) and a second energy pathway can have superior measurement accuracy in a low-moisture environment (such as an office). In an example, combined analysis of data from different types of energy pathways spanning the same body joint can provide superior measurement of body joint motion and/or configuration in a wider range of environmental conditions than analysis of data from a single type of energy pathway. 
     In an example, different energy pathways can have different levels of measurement accuracy for different movement speeds. In an example, a first energy pathway can have superior measurement accuracy for high-speed motions and a second energy pathway can have superior measurement accuracy for low-speed motions. In an example, a first energy pathway can have greater consistency of measurement for multiple iterations of the same repeated motion and a second energy pathway can have greater accuracy for complex, but non-repeated, motions. In an example, combined analysis of data from different types of energy pathways spanning the same body joint can provide superior measurement of complex combinations of repeated and non-repeated body joint motions than analysis of data from a single type of energy pathway. 
     In an example, a first energy pathway and a second energy pathway which both span the same body member which contains a body joint can differ by one or more parameters selected from the group consisting of: the angle at which they span the body joint; length; longitudinal curvature or convolution; longitudinal waveform; flexibility; elasticity; electrical resistance or impedance; transparency; and cross-sectional shape. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than analysis of data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from the first energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from the second energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the first and second energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, combined, joint, or integrated multivariate analysis of data from multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint yields measurement of the motion and/or configuration of a body joint with a statistically-significant lower error rate or error range than analysis of data from a single energy pathway spanning that body joint. In an example, combined, joint, or integrated multivariate analysis of data from multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint yields measurement of the motion and/or configuration of a body joint with a statistically-significant lower error rate or error range than separate analysis of data from those energy pathways. In an example, the statistical significance of error reduction is at the p&lt;0.05 level. In an example, statistical significance of error reduction is at the p&lt;0.01 level. 
     In an example, estimating the motion and/or configuration of a body joint angle using combined, joint, or integrated multivariate analysis of data from multiple energy pathways spanning that joint can yield an over-determined system of equations for joint angle estimation. This can help to reduce measurement error from factors such as: shifting or sliding of the energy pathways and/or a garment containing the energy pathways over the surface of the body; material fatigue and variability in the energy pathways; and interference between an external object and one side of the body member. 
     In an example, this device can be recalibrated in order to maintain accurate measurement of joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, recalibration can comprise comparing the results from using the energy pathways of the device to estimate the motion and/or configuration of a selected body joint or joints with parallel results from an alternative method of estimating joint motion and/or configuration of the body joint or joints. In an example, this device can be recalibrated when it is first worn by a specific person in order to be custom matched to that person&#39;s specific anatomy and/or body kinetics. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that a significant change in environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, GPS location, or atmospheric pressure) is detected. 
     In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that it is worn in order to control for: changing environmental conditions; incorporation into different articles of clothing; changes or shifts in how an article of clothing is worn over a person&#39;s body; changes in the anatomy or kinetics of a person&#39;s body over time; or other factors. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that a particular sequence of movements occurs in order to control for: possible shifts in how the energy pathways span a body member containing a body joint; changes in how material responses to bending, stretching, or elongation with repeated motions; changes in temperature; or other factors. In an example, this device can be recalibrated after a selected number of joint extension and contraction cycles. In an example, this device can be recalibrated after a selected number of movement sequences have occurred. In an example, this device can be recalibrated at selected usage time intervals. 
       FIGS. 2 and 3  show an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; and wherein data from the first and second electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (e) an attachment member which holds the first joint-spanning member and the second joint-spanning member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIGS. 2 and 3  show an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 4  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  4001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  4003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  4002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration, and wherein the second energy pathway  4002  is substantially parallel to the first energy pathway  4001  as it spans the portion of the person&#39;s body; (d) a second energy sensor  4004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 4 , this device further comprises: energy input component  4010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  4009  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  4008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  4005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  4007 ; and proximal attachment band  4006 . Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  5001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  5003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  5002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration, and wherein the second energy pathway  5002  is separated from first energy pathway  5001  by a substantially constant distance “d” as it spans the portion of the person&#39;s body; (d) a second energy sensor  5004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 5 , this device further comprises: energy input component  5010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  5009  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  5008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  5005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  5007 ; and proximal attachment band  5006 . 
       FIG. 5  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average first-to-second distance between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second distance between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; and wherein data from the first and second electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (e) an attachment member which holds the first joint-spanning member and the second joint-spanning member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average first-to-second distance between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second distance between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average second-to-third distance between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third distance between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member, and wherein the average second-to-third distance is substantially equal to the average first-to-second distance; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 6  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  6001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  6003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  6002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration, and wherein the second energy pathway  6002  is separated from first energy pathway  6001  by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional perimeter of the portion of the person&#39;s body as it spans the portion of the body; (d) a second energy sensor  6004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. In this example, the constant percentage of the cross-sectional perimeter of the portion of the person&#39;s body is 11%. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 6 , this device further comprises: energy input component  6010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  6009  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  6008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  6005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  6007 ; and proximal attachment band  6006 . 
       FIG. 6  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; and wherein data from the first and second electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (e) an attachment member which holds the first joint-spanning member and the second joint-spanning member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 6  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member, and wherein the average second-to-third percentage is substantially equal to the average first-to-second percentage; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  7001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway spans longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along a first substantially-constant radial angle, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  7003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  7002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first second energy pathway spans longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along a second substantially-constant radial angle, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  7004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the first energy pathway  7001  spans longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along a first substantially-constant radial angle (or latitude) of 10 degrees. In this example, the second energy pathway  7002  spans longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along a second substantially-constant radial angle (or latitude) of 50 degrees. In this example, this device further comprises: energy input component  7010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  7009  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  7008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  7005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  7007 ; and proximal attachment band  7006 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along selected radial angles, latitudes, or polar coordinates. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using multiple energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles, latitudes, or polar coordinates which are evenly distributed around the 0 to 360 degree range. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using two energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these two energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles, latitudes, or polar coordinates of approximately 0 degrees and 180 degrees. In an example, the 0-degree pathway can span the dorsal surface of the body member and the 180-degree member can span the ventral surface of the body member. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using four energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these four energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles, latitudes, or polar coordinates of approximately 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees. In an example, the 0-degree pathway can span the dorsal surface of the body member, the 180-degree member can span the ventral surface of the body member, and the 90 and 270 degree pathways can span the lateral surfaces of the body member. In an example, a first energy pathway can span the dorsal surface of a body member containing a body joint, a second energy pathway can span the ventral surface of that body member, a third energy pathway can span a first lateral surface of that body member, and a fourth energy pathway can span a second lateral surface of that body member. 
     In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using six energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these six energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles, latitudes, or polar coordinates of approximately 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 degrees. In an example, the motion and/or configuration of a body joint can be measured using eight energy pathways which span a portion of the body member which contains the body joint, wherein these eight energy pathways span longitudinally-sequential cross-sectional perimeters of the body member along radial angles, latitudes, or polar coordinates of approximately 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315 degrees. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the first joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant first radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the second joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant second radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; and wherein data from the first and second electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (e) an attachment member which holds the first joint-spanning member and the second joint-spanning member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the first joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant first radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the second joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant second radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the third joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant third radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint, and wherein the difference between the second radial angle and the third radial angle is substantially equal to the difference between the first radial angle and the second radial angle; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  8001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint in a longitudinal manner, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  8003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  8002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint in a cross-sectional or circumferential manner, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  8009  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 8 , this device further comprises: energy input component  8010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  8004  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  8008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  8005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  8007 ; and proximal attachment band  8006 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in the angle at which they span the body member. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion and/or configuration than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from the first energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from the second energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the first and second energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, multiple energy pathways spanning the same body joint can form inter-pathway gaps, areas, or spaces which, when projected from 3D space onto a 2D plane, are squares, rhombuses, diamonds, trapezoids, parallelograms, triangles, or hexagons. In an example, energy pathways can be part of a mesh which is an array of one or more shapes selected from the group consisting of: square elements; rectangular elements; diamond elements; rhomboid elements; parallelogram elements; trapezoidal elements; triangular elements; hexagonal elements; circular elements; and elliptical elements. 
     In an example, the flows of energy through first and second energy pathways can be independent or can be separate as these flows span a body member containing a body joint. In an example, the flows of energy through first and second energy pathways can interact or combine with each other as these flows span a body member containing a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in electromagnetic communication with each other as they span a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in mechanical communication with each other as they span a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in optical communication with each other as they span a body joint. In an example, first and second energy pathways can be in sonic communication with each other as they span a body joint. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average first-to-second distance between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second distance between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average second-to-third distance between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third distance between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor; (g) at least one perimeter member with a longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of at least one of the first, second, and third joint-spanning members; (h) at least one perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the at least one perimeter member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the at least one perimeter member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the at least one perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first electromagnetic energy sensor, second electromagnetic energy sensor, third electromagnetic energy sensor, and at least-one-perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (i) an attachment member which holds the first, second, third joint-spanning members and the at least one perimeter member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member with a first length, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member with a second length, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member with a third length, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor; (g) at least one perimeter member with a longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of at least one of the first, second, and third joint-spanning members; (h) at least one perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the at least one perimeter member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the at least one perimeter member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the at least one perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first electromagnetic energy sensor, second electromagnetic energy sensor, third electromagnetic energy sensor, and at least-one-perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (i) an attachment member which holds the first, second, third joint-spanning members and the at least one perimeter member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first longitudinal member which is configured to longitudinally span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; (b) a first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first longitudinal member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first longitudinal member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second longitudinal member which is configured to longitudinally span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; (d) a second longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second longitudinal member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second longitudinal member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a first lateral member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially perpendicular to the first and/or second longitudinal members; a first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first lateral member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first lateral member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor; (f) a second lateral member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially perpendicular to the first and/or second longitudinal members; (g) a second lateral electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second lateral member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second lateral member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor, the second longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor, the first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor, and the second lateral electromagnetic energy sensor are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (h) an attachment member which holds the first longitudinal member, the second longitudinal member, the first lateral member, and the second lateral member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first lateral member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the human body joint; (b) a first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first lateral member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first lateral member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second lateral member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the human body joint; (d) a second lateral electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second lateral member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second lateral member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third lateral member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the human body joint; (f) a third lateral electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second lateral member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second lateral member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first lateral electromagnetic energy sensor; and wherein data from the first, second, and third lateral electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third lateral members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 8  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning arcuate-element mesh which is comprised of linked arcuate elements and which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning arcuate-element mesh, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning mesh change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
       FIG. 9  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  9001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint at a first angle, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  9003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  9002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint at a second angle, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  9004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , two energy pathways spanning the same body joint can differ in the angles at which they span the longitudinal axis of the body member which contains the body joint. In an example, having different energy pathways span a body joint at different angles can be especially useful for measuring the motion and/or configuration of ball-and-socket or other complex motion joints. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 9 , this device further comprises: energy input component  9010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  9009  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  9008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  9005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  9007 ; and proximal attachment band  9006 . 
       FIG. 9  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first longitudinal member which is configured to longitudinally span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; (b) a first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first longitudinal member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first longitudinal member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second longitudinal member which is configured to longitudinally span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; (d) a second longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second longitudinal member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second longitudinal member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a first diagonal member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially diagonal to the first and/or second longitudinal members; (f) a first diagonal electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first diagonal member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first diagonal member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first diagonal electromagnetic energy sensor; (g) a second diagonal member which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint in a manner which is substantially diagonal to the first and/or second longitudinal members; (h) a second diagonal electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second diagonal member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second diagonal member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first diagonal electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor, the second longitudinal electromagnetic energy sensor, the first diagonal electromagnetic energy sensor, and the second diagonal electromagnetic energy sensor are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (i) an attachment member which holds the first longitudinal member, the second longitudinal member, the first diagonal member, and the second diagonal member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 10  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  10004 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  10006  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  10005 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint at a second angle, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration, and wherein the first and second energy pathways follow converging arcuate vectors; (d) a second energy sensor  10007  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 10 , this device further comprises: energy input component  10003  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  10002  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  10001  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); and sensor data control unit  10008  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors). 
       FIG. 10  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of radial members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the longitudinal axes of the radial members are configured to converge at a point on the ventral surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of radial members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning mesh change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
       FIG. 11  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  11001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway has a first length, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  11003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  11002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway has a second length, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  11004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 11 , this device further comprises: energy input component  11010  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  11009  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  11008  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  11005  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  11007 ; and proximal attachment band  11006 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in length. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, data from a longer energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a shorter energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the longer and shorter energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
       FIG. 11  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member with a first length, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member with a second length, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average first-to-second distance between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second distance between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member with a third length, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average second-to-third distance between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third distance between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member, and wherein the first, second, and third lengths differ by more than 20%; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 11  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member with a first length, wherein the central axis of the first joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant first radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member with a second length, wherein the central axis of the second joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant second radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member with a third length, wherein the central axis of the third joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant third radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint, and wherein the first, second, and third lengths differ by more than 20%; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
       FIG. 12  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  12003 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway spans the portion of the person&#39;s body in an arcuate cross-sectional manner, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  12007  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  12004 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway spans the portion of the person&#39;s body in a longitudinal manner, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  12005  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 12 , this device further comprises: energy input component  12002  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  12010  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy sources  12001  and  12010  (including energy conduits between these sources and the energy input components); and sensor data control units  12006  and  12008 . 
       FIG. 13  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  13001 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  13003  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  13002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein the first energy pathway and the second energy pathway comprise a concentric or nested combined configuration; wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  13004  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 13 , this device further comprises: energy input component  13007  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  13006  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; and combined energy source and sensor data control unit  13005 . 
       FIG. 13  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the common center of the concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members is at a point on a lateral surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of concentric members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
       FIG. 14  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway  14004 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains at least one body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  14005  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway  14007 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein the first energy pathway and the second energy pathway comprise a nested or rainbow-shaped combined configuration; wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the at least one body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  14006  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the at least one body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 14 , this device further comprises: energy input component  14002  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  14001  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; and combined energy source and sensor data control unit  14003 . 
       FIG. 14  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the common center of the concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members is at a point on the ventral surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of concentric members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
       FIG. 15  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint comprising—a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix that is configured to span the surface of a person&#39;s body which contains a joint, wherein this lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix further comprises: a plurality of energy pathways including  15003  and  15004  which are configured to span that portion of the body in a longitudinal manner (from a proximal portion of the joint to a distal portion of the joint, or vice versa); and a plurality of energy sensors including  15005  and  15006  which measure energy flow through these energy pathways, wherein data from these sensors are analyzed together using multivariate analysis in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     The example in  FIG. 15  further comprises energy input components  15001  and  15002  which direct energy into the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix. In an example, there can be a single energy input location rather than a plurality of energy input components. In this example, the energy pathways are substantially parallel. In this example, the energy pathways are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the body member containing the joint. In this example, there are gaps and/or elements in the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix which are substantially the same in size and are shaped like squares, rhombuses, diamonds, trapezoids, or parallelograms. 
     In an example, the energy sensors and/or energy input components can be modular and/or moveable. In an example, energy sensors and/or energy input components can be snapped or otherwise removably-connected to the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix at different locations in order to create different energy pathways. In an example, modular and/or moveable energy sensors and/or energy input components can allow the device to be customized to span different joints and/or be customized to a person&#39;s specific body contours. In an example, having removably-connected electronic components can also make it easier to wash the device. 
       FIG. 16  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint comprising—a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix that is configured to span the surface of a person&#39;s body which contains a joint, wherein this lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix further comprises: a plurality of energy pathways including  16002  and  16004  which are configured to span that portion of the body in a (partial) circumferential manner; and a plurality of energy sensors including  16001  and  16003  which measure energy flow through these energy pathways, wherein data from these sensors are analyzed together using multivariate analysis in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     The example in  FIG. 16  further comprises energy input components  16005  and  16006  which direct energy into the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix. In an example, there can be a single energy input location rather than a plurality of energy input components. In this example, the energy pathways follow vectors which converge at a point outside the volume of the device. In this example, the energy pathways are substantially evenly-spaced along the longitudinal axis of the body member containing the joint. In this example, there are gaps and/or elements in the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix which are substantially the same in size and are shaped like squares, rhombuses, diamonds, trapezoids, or parallelograms. 
     In an example, the energy sensors and/or energy input components can be modular and/or moveable. In an example, energy sensors and/or energy input components can be snapped or otherwise removably-connected to the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix at different locations in order to create different energy pathways. In an example, modular and/or moveable energy sensors and/or energy input components can allow the device to be customized to span different joints and/or be customized to a person&#39;s specific body contours. In an example, having removably-connected electronic components can also make it easier to wash the device. 
       FIG. 17  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint comprising—a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix that is configured to span the surface of a person&#39;s body which contains a joint, wherein this lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix further comprises: a plurality of energy pathways including  17002  which are configured to span that portion of the body in a longitudinal manner; a plurality of energy pathways including  17005  which are configured to span that portion of the body in a (partial) circumferential manner; and a plurality of energy sensors including  17001  and  17004  which measure energy flow through these energy pathways, wherein data from these sensors are analyzed together using multivariate analysis in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     The example in  FIG. 17  further comprises energy input components  17003  and  17006  which direct energy into the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix. In an example, there can be a single energy input location rather than a plurality of energy input components. In this example, the longitudinal energy pathways are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the body member containing the joint and the circumferential energy pathways are substantially-evenly spaced along the longitudinal axis of the body member containing the joint. In this example, there are gaps and/or elements in the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix which are substantially the same in size and are shaped like squares, rhombuses, diamonds, trapezoids, or parallelograms. 
     In an example, the energy sensors and/or energy input components can be modular and/or moveable. In an example, energy sensors and/or energy input components can be snapped or otherwise removably-connected to the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix at different locations in order to create different energy pathways. In an example, modular and/or moveable energy sensors and/or energy input components can allow the device to be customized to span different joints and/or be customized to a person&#39;s specific body contours. In an example, having removably-connected electronic components can also make it easier to wash the device. 
       FIG. 18  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint comprising—a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix that is configured to span the surface of a person&#39;s body which contains a joint, wherein this lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix further comprises: a plurality of arcuate energy-conducting elements including  18003  and  18004 ; a plurality of energy pathways spanning multiple arcuate energy-conducting elements which are configured to span that portion of the body in a longitudinal manner (from a proximal portion of the joint to a distal portion of the joint, or vice versa); and a plurality of energy sensors including  18001  and  18002  which measure energy flow through these energy pathways, wherein data from these sensors are analyzed together using multivariate analysis in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     The example in  FIG. 18  further comprises energy input components  18005  and  18006  which direct energy into the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix. In an example, there can be a single energy input location rather than a plurality of energy input components. In this example, the energy pathways are substantially parallel. In this example, the energy pathways are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the body member containing the joint. In this example, the arcuate elements are substantially the same in size and are circular, oval, or elliptical in shape. 
     In an example, the energy sensors and/or energy input components can be modular and/or moveable. In an example, energy sensors and/or energy input components can be snapped or otherwise removably-connected to the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix at different locations in order to create different energy pathways. In an example, modular and/or moveable energy sensors and/or energy input components can allow the device to be customized to span different joints and/or be customized to a person&#39;s specific body contours. In an example, having removably-connected electronic components can also make it easier to wash the device. 
       FIG. 19  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint comprising—a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix that is configured to span the surface of a person&#39;s body which contains a joint, wherein this lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix further comprises: a plurality of arcuate energy-conducting elements including  19001  and  19004 ; a plurality of energy pathways spanning multiple arcuate energy-conducting elements which are configured to span that portion of the body in a (partial) circumferential manner; and a plurality of energy sensors including  19002  and  19003  which measure energy flow through these energy pathways, wherein data from these sensors are analyzed together using multivariate analysis in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     The example in  FIG. 19  further comprises energy input components  19005  and  19006  which direct energy into the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix. In an example, there can be a single energy input location rather than a plurality of energy input components. In this example, the energy pathways follow vectors which converge at a point outside the volume of the device. In this example, the energy pathways are substantially evenly-spaced along the longitudinal axis of the body member containing the joint. In this example, the arcuate elements are substantially the same in size and are circular, oval, or elliptical in shape. 
     In an example, the energy sensors and/or energy input components can be modular and/or moveable. In an example, energy sensors and/or energy input components can be snapped or otherwise removably-connected to the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix at different locations in order to create different energy pathways. In an example, modular and/or moveable energy sensors and/or energy input components can allow the device to be customized to span different joints and/or be customized to a person&#39;s specific body contours. In an example, having removably-connected electronic components can also make it easier to wash the device. 
       FIG. 20  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device to measure the motion and/or configuration of a body joint comprising—a wearable energy-conducting lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix that is configured to span the surface of a person&#39;s body which contains a joint, wherein this lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix further comprises: a plurality of arcuate energy-conducting elements; a plurality of energy pathways spanning multiple arcuate energy-conducting elements; and a plurality of energy sensors including  20003  and  20004  which measure energy flow through these energy pathways, wherein data from these sensors are analyzed together using multivariate analysis in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     The example in  FIG. 20  further comprises energy input components  20001  and  20002  which direct energy into the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix. In an example, there can be a single energy input location rather than a plurality of energy input components. In this example, the arcuate elements are substantially the same in size and are circular, oval, or elliptical in shape. In an example, the energy sensors and/or energy input components can be modular and/or moveable. In an example, energy sensors and/or energy input components can be snapped or otherwise removably-connected to the lattice, mesh, grid, or matrix at different locations in order to create different energy pathways. In an example, modular and/or moveable energy sensors and/or energy input components can allow the device to be customized to span different joints and/or be customized to a person&#39;s specific body contours. In an example, having removably-connected electronic components can also make it easier to wash the device. 
       FIG. 21  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first sinusoidal energy pathway  21003 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  21004  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second sinusoidal energy pathway  21002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  21005  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 21 , this device further comprises: energy input component  21001  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  21010  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  21009  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  21006  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  21008 ; and proximal attachment band  21007 . 
     In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape comprising a repeating waveform selected from the group consisting of: simple sinusoidal wave; composite sinusoidal wave; saw-tooth wave or zigzag; and square wave. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape which is a conic section. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape which is a spiral or helix. In an example, an energy pathway can have a shape which is a chain of loops. 
     In an example, first and second energy pathways which span a body member which contains a body joint can differ in longitudinal curvature or convolution. In an example, combined multivariate analysis of data from both the first and second energy pathways can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion than data from either the first energy pathway or the second energy pathway alone. In an example, an energy pathway with a sinusoidal, zigzag or sawtooth, or other repeated wave shape can have a higher curvature or convolution if it has a waveform with a larger amplitude or higher wave frequency. In an example, data from a highly curved or convoluted energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a first range of motion and data from a less curved or convoluted energy pathway can provide more accurate measurement of body joint motion over a second range of motion. When analyzed together, data from the highly curved or convoluted and the less curved or convoluted energy pathways reduce error in measuring the full range of joint motion. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first energy pathway, wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a body joint with a first degree of convolution, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second energy pathway, wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint with a second degree of convolution, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
       FIG. 22  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable device for measuring body joint motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) a first zigzag or sawtooth-shaped energy pathway  22003 , wherein this first energy pathway is configured to span the surface of a portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a body joint, wherein this first energy pathway is moved from a first configuration to a second configuration by movement of the body joint, and wherein this first energy pathway has a first energy flow when the pathway is in the first configuration and has a second energy flow when the pathway is in the second configuration; (b) a first energy sensor  22004  which measures energy flow through or from the first energy pathway; (c) a second zigzag or sawtooth-shaped energy pathway  22002 , wherein this second energy pathway is configured to span the surface of the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the at least one body joint, wherein this second energy pathway is moved from a third configuration to a fourth configuration by movement of the body joint, and wherein this second energy pathway has a third energy flow when the pathway is in the third configuration and has a fourth energy flow when the pathway is in the fourth configuration; (d) a second energy sensor  22005  which measures energy flow through or from the second energy pathway, wherein data from the first energy sensor and data from the second energy sensor are analyzed together in order to measure the motion and/or configuration of the body joint. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 22 , this device further comprises: energy input component  22001  which sends energy into the first energy pathway; energy input component  22010  which sends energy into the second energy pathway; energy source  22009  (including energy conduits between this source and the energy input components); sensor data control unit  22006  (including energy conduits between this unit and the energy sensors); distal attachment band  22008 ; and proximal attachment band  22007 . 
       FIG. 23  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in a wearable two-piece set of Motion Recognition Clothing™ which measures major joint motion and/or configuration for virtually the entire body via multiple sets of energy pathways. Each set of energy pathways spans a major body joint. Collecting and analyzing data from multiple redundant energy pathways spanning the same body joint provides more accurate measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In this example, each energy pathway (such as  23004 ) is in energy communication with an energy input component (such as  23003 ) which directs energy into the energy pathway and with an energy sensor (such as  23005 ) which measures energy flow through (or from) the energy pathway. In another example, an energy pathway (such as a piezoelectric pathway) can generate energy itself and an energy input component is not required. 
     In an example, energy pathways can conduct electromagnetic energy and changes in the flow of electromagnetic energy can be used to measure joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, energy pathways can conduct light energy and changes in the flow of light energy can be used to measure joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, energy pathways can conduct sonic energy and changes in sonic energy flow can be used to measure joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, energy can flow across a body joint in a generally distal-to-proximal direction. In an example, energy can flow across a body joint in a generally proximal-to-distal direction. Changes in the configurations of the major body joints change the configurations of the energy pathways which, in turn, change the energy flows measured by the energy sensors which, in turn, are used to estimate the motions and/or configurations of the body joints. In this example, energy pathways spanning multiple body joints collectively enable minimally-intrusive, ambulatory full-body motion capture. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 23  comprises a two-piece set of motion recognition clothing with an upper-body component (e.g. a shirt or top)  23006  and a lower-body component (e.g. a pair of pants)  23010 . In an example, the upper-body component can be a sweat shirt with sets of embedded energy pathways. In an example, the upper-body component can be the upper piece of a sports uniform with sets of embedded energy pathways. The upper-body (shirt) component of this motion recognition clothing measures the motion and/or configuration of the wearer&#39;s elbows, shoulders, and torso and/or back. In an example, the lower-body component can be a pair of sweat pants with sets of embedded energy pathways. In an example, the lower-body component can be the lower piece of a sports uniform with sets of embedded energy pathways. The lower-body (pants) component of this motion recognition clothing measures the motion and/or configuration of the wearer&#39;s hips and knees. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 23 , the upper-body (shirt) component further comprises: a set of substantially-parallel energy pathways (including  23002 ) which span the person&#39;s right elbow in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the person&#39;s elbow; a set of proximally-diverging energy pathways (including  23004 ) which span the person&#39;s right shoulder in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the person&#39;s shoulder; a set of proximally-diverging energy pathways (including  23007 ) which span the person&#39;s left shoulder in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the person&#39;s shoulder; a set of substantially-parallel energy pathways (including  23008 ) which span the person&#39;s left elbow in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the person&#39;s elbow; and a set of energy pathways (including  23009 ) which span a portion of the person&#39;s torso and/or back. In an example, this clothing could be extended to also span the person&#39;s wrists, fingers, neck, and/or head. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 23 , the lower-body (pants) component further comprises: a set of proximally-diverging energy pathways (including  23013 ) which span the person&#39;s right hip in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around a portion of the circumference of the person&#39;s hip; a set of substantially-parallel energy pathways (including  23011 ) which span the person&#39;s right knee in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the person&#39;s knee; a set of proximally-diverging energy pathways (not visible in this figure) which span the person&#39;s left hip in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around a portion of the circumference of the person&#39;s hip; and a set of substantially-parallel energy pathways (including  23012 ) which span the person&#39;s left knee in a longitudinal manner and are substantially evenly-spaced around the circumference of the person&#39;s knee. In an example, this clothing could be extended to also span the person&#39;s ankles and/or feet. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 23  also comprises a wrist-worn component  23001  and a torso-worn component  23014 . In an alternative example, the latter component could be a hip-worn component that is worn on the person&#39;s hip as part of the lower-body component of the motion recognition clothing. As symbolically represented by lightning bolt symbols, the wrist-worn component  23001  and/or torso-worn component  23014  can be in wired and/or wireless communication with energy sensors (including  23005 ), with energy input components (including  23003 ), and/or with each other. The exact configuration of wires or other electrically-conductive connections to sensors or energy input components is not central to this invention and wires are not shown in this figure. 
     In an example, clothing with embedded energy pathways and a wrist-worn device can together comprise a system for measuring full-body motion and/or configuration. In an example, clothing with embedded energy pathways and a wrist-worn device can together comprise a system for minimally-intrusive, ambulatory full-body motion capture. In an example, clothing with embedded energy pathways and a wrist-worn device which are in wireless communication with each other can together comprise a system of motion recognition clothing. 
     In an alternative example, clothing with embedded energy pathways and electronically-functional eyewear can together comprise a system for measuring full-body motion and/or configuration. In an example, clothing with embedded energy pathways and electronically-functional eyewear can together comprise a system for minimally-intrusive, ambulatory full-body motion capture. In an example, clothing with embedded energy pathways and electronically-functional eyewear which are in wireless communication with each other can together comprise a system of motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, a wrist-worn component  23001  and/or a torso-worn component  23014  can further comprise one or more sub-components selected from the group consisting of: a data processing component, a data communication component, a power source, a human-to-computer user interface, a computer-to-human interface, and a digital memory. In an example, a data control unit can be temporarily detached so that the remaining wearable portion of the invention can be washed. 
     In an example, a data processing component of this device can perform one or more functions selected from the group consisting of: amplify sensor signals, analyze data, analyze sensor information, convert analog signals to digital signals, determine a functional relationship between signal variation and joint angle variation, estimate joint angle, filter signals, model joint configuration, record data, run software applications, run software programs, and store data in memory. 
     In an example, a data communication component of this device can perform one or more functions selected from the group consisting of: transmit and receive data via Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, or other wireless communication modality; transmit and receive data to and from a mobile electronic device such as a cellular phone, mobile phone, smart phone, electronic tablet; transmit and receive data to and from a separate wearable device such as a smart watch or electronically-functional eyewear; transmit and receive data to and from the internet; send and receive phone calls and electronic messages; transmit and receive data to and from a home appliance and/or home control system; and transmit and receive data to and from an implantable medical device. 
       FIG. 23  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s shoulder motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their shoulder; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their shoulder; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of their shoulder. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the shoulder moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the shoulder moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the shoulder moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the person&#39;s shoulder than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and shoulder configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s shoulder can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s shoulder. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s shoulder. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the arm is fully extended outward. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a shoulder joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of a shoulder joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of the shoulder joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span the humerus and diverge as they longitudinally span the acromion, clavicle, coracoid process, and/or scapula; or vice versa. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a shoulder joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their shoulder joint. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s shoulder can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive arm motion (such as tennis and golf); rehabilitation for upper-body injuries and neurological impairment; measurement of caloric expenditure; ambulatory telerobotics; and upper-body avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a shirt, other wearable top, shoulder tube, shoulder pad, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a shirt, other wearable top, shoulder tube, shoulder pad, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a shirt, other wearable top, shoulder tube, shoulder pad, or union suit. In an example, a shirt, other wearable top, shoulder tube, shoulder pad, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
       FIG. 23  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s hip motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their hip; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their hip; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of their hip. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the hip moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the hip moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the hip moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the person&#39;s hip than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and hip configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s hip can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s hip. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s hip. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the leg is extended straight down. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a hip joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of a hip joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of the hip joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span the femur and diverge as they longitudinally span the Ilium; or vice versa. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a hip joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their hip joint. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s hip can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and running); gait analysis, medical diagnosis, posture correction, and rehabilitation for injuries and neurological impairment; measurement of caloric expenditure (especially with respect to lower body motions that are not well measured by upper body motion sensors); ambulatory telerobotics; and lower-body avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a pair of pants, shorts, hip pad, belt, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a pair of pants, shorts, hip pad, belt, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a pair of pants, shorts, hip pad, belt, or union suit. In an example, this pair of pants, shorts, hip pad, belt, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
       FIG. 23  shows an example embodiment of this invention comprising a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s spine, back, and/or torso motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their back and/or torso; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their back and/or torso; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the abduction, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and/or rotation of their spine, back, and/or torso. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the spine moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the spine moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the spine moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of abduction, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and/or rotation of the person&#39;s spine, back, and/or torso than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of abduction, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and/or rotation and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of abduction, extension, flexion, lateral bending, and/or rotation. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and spine, back, and/or torso configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s spine, back, and/or torso can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s spine, back, and/or torso. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s back. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the back is straight. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the back and/or torso and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of the back and/or torso. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span lower spinal vertebrae and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span higher spinal vertebrae. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span higher spinal vertebrae and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span lower spinal vertebrae. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s back and/or torso. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s back and/or torso. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s hip can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive spinal motion; medical diagnosis, posture correction, and spinal injury avoidance; ambulatory telerobotics; and upper-body avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a shirt, other top, torso and/or waist tube, torso and/or waist band, belt, bra, girdle, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a shirt, other top, torso and/or waist tube, torso and/or waist band, belt, bra, girdle, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a shirt, other top, torso and/or waist tube, torso and/or waist band, belt, bra, girdle, or union suit. In an example, this shirt, other top, torso and/or waist tube, torso and/or waist band, belt, bra, girdle, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 24  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied that is like the example shown in  FIG. 23  except that it comprises a single piece of motion recognition clothing  24006  (with zipper  21010 ) instead of a two-piece set of clothing. In an example, this single piece of motion recognition clothing  24006  can be a union suit, a jump suit, overalls, or a single-piece sports uniform. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 25  shows an example of how this invention can perform real-time analysis of full-body motion and/or configuration and provide a person with useful information. Similar to the example shown in  FIG. 23 , this example comprises an upper-body (shirt) component ( 25001 ) with embedded sets of energy pathways, a lower-body (pants) component ( 25002 ) with embedded sets of energy pathways, and a wrist-worn component  25003 . 
     In this example, wrist-worn component  25003  has a speech-based computer-to-human interface. In this example, motion recognition clothing has analyzed the person&#39;s full-body motion and/or configuration during a run, has translated this information into calories burned, and now provides speech-based feedback to inform the person of how many calories they have burned. Specifically, the wrist-worn component  25003  tells the person—“You have burned  435  calories on this run.” Such full-body motion analysis can enable much more accurate measurement of caloric expenditure than is possible with wrist-worn accelerometers. 
     In an example, a computer-to-human interface of this device can be selected from the group consisting of: a synthesized voice; a vibrating or other tactile sensation creating member; a display screen; an LED or LED array; a coherent-light image projector; a myostimulating member; a neurostimulating member; a non-coherent-light image projector; an electromagnetic energy emitter; an electronically-functional textile interface; an infrared light emitter; and an infrared light projector. In an example, this device can communicate with a different device which, in turn, has a computer-to-human interface which serves this purpose. 
     In an example, this device can perform one or more communication functions selected from the group consisting of: transmit and receive data via Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, or other wireless communication modality; transmit and receive data to and from a mobile electronic device such as a cellular phone, mobile phone, smart phone, electronic tablet; transmit and receive data to and from a separate wearable device such as a smart watch or electronically-functional eyewear; transmit and receive data to and from the internet; send and receive phone calls and electronic messages; transmit and receive data to and from a home appliance and/or home control system; and transmit and receive data to and from an implantable medical device. 
     In an example, this invention can provide a person with useful information concerning athletic training, sports performance analysis, sports motion capture, and fan engagement. In an example, this invention can be useful for training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive and/or complex lower-body motion (such as soccer, bicycling, and running) which are not well measured by single-location (wrist-worn) accelerometers. In an example, this invention can be useful for training and motion capture for sports which involve complex upper-body motion (such as basketball, tennis, golf, baseball, Frisbee™, and fencing) which are not well measured by single-location accelerometers. 
     In an example, this invention can provide a person with useful information concerning health and fitness. In an example, this invention can be used for caloric expenditure measurement, energy balance management, weight management, and caloric intake monitoring applications. In an example, this invention can be used for virtual exercise. In an example, this invention can be used for real-time avoidance of repeated motion injuries, injuries due to poor posture, and stress-related injuries including back injuries and carpal tunnel syndrome. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for diagnostic and therapy-evaluation purposes including: range of motion assessment, gait analysis, biomechanical analysis, posture evaluation and correction, ergonomic assessment, fall prevention and detection, spinal motion assessment, rehabilitation assessment, biofeedback, pulse monitoring, respiratory function assessment, plethysmography, cardiac function monitoring, orthopedic therapy, physical therapy, orthotic design and fitting, and pronation analysis. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for entertainment, gaming, and artistic purposes. In an example, this invention can be used for animation of an avatar in virtual reality and/or computer gaming. In an example, this invention can be used for animation of an animated character in motion picture making or other visual animation applications. In an example, this invention can be used for dance instruction, dance performance, and other performance art applications. In an example, this invention can be used for instruction and motion capture for playing musical instruments. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 26  shows another example of how this invention can perform real-time analysis of full-body motion and/or configuration and provide a person with useful information. In this example, wrist-worn component  26002  has a speech-based computer-to-human interface. In this example, motion recognition clothing has analyzed the person&#39;s full-body motion and/or configuration during a run and now provides speech-based feedback to inform the person of how they can improve their running form. Specifically, wrist-worn component  26002  tells the person—“Try a longer stride and arms closer to the body.” This type of full-body motion and configuration analysis is difficult (or even impossible) with wrist-worn accelerometers. 
       FIG. 27  shows another example of how this invention can perform real-time analysis of full-body motion and/or configuration and provide a person with useful information. In this example, wrist-worn component  27002  has a speech-based computer-to-human interface. In this example, motion recognition clothing  27001  has analyzed the person&#39;s full-body motion and/or configuration while the person played golf and now provides speech-based feedback. Specifically, wrist-worn component  27002  tells the person—“Maybe you should take up shuffleboard?” Whether the person continues to wear such a sassy device remains to be seen. 
     In another example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s forearm motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their forearm; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their forearm; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the pronation, rotation, and/or supination of their forearm. 
     In another example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the forearm moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the forearm moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the forearm moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of pronation, rotation, and/or supination of the person&#39;s forearm than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of pronation, rotation, and/or supination and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of pronation, rotation, and/or supination. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and forearm configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s forearm can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s forearm. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s forearm. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the forearm is extended straight outward. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans a forearm and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of the forearm. In an example, the first and second energy pathways diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span the forearm. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s forearm. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s forearm. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s forearm can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive forearm motion (such as tennis and golf); avoidance of repeated motion injuries; ambulatory telerobotics; and avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a shirt, arm tube, arm band, glove, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a shirt, arm tube, arm band, glove, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a shirt, arm tube, arm band, glove, or union suit. In an example, this shirt, arm tube, arm band, glove, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s wrist motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their wrist; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their wrist; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the abduction, extension, flexion, and/or ulnar deviation or radial deviation of their wrist. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the wrist moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the wrist moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the wrist moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of abduction, extension, flexion, and/or ulnar deviation or radial deviation of the person&#39;s wrist than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of abduction, extension, flexion, and/or ulnar deviation or radial deviation and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of abduction, extension, flexion, and/or ulnar deviation or radial deviation. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and wrist configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s wrist can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s wrist. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s wrist. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the wrist is straight. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a wrist joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span the wrist joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of a wrist joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of the wrist joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s wrist. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s wrist. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s wrist can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive wrist motion (such as tennis, golf, and Frisbee); avoidance of repeated motion injuries; gesture recognition human-computer interface; telerobotics and telesurgery; and avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a shirt, arm tube, arm band, or glove. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a shirt, arm tube, arm band, or glove. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a shirt, arm tube, arm band, or glove. In an example, this shirt, arm tube, arm band, or glove can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s finger or thumb motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their finger or thumb; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their finger or thumb; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the extension and/or flexion of at least one of their finger or thumb. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the finger or thumb moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the finger or thumb moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the finger or thumb moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of the amount of extension and/or flexion of at least one of the person&#39;s fingers or thumbs than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of extension and/or flexion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of extension and/or flexion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and finger or thumb configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s finger or thumb can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s finger or thumb. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the finger or thumb. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the finger or thumb is straight and/or fully extended. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a finger or thumb joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of a finger or thumb joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of the finger or thumb joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a finger or thumb. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s finger or thumb. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of one or more of a person&#39;s fingers or thumbs can be especially useful for: gesture recognition and a gesture-based human-computer interface; athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve finger and hand motion (such as tennis, golf, baseball, and fencing); training and motion capture for playing musical instruments; avoidance of repeated motion injuries; telerobotics and telesurgery; and avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a glove or finger tube. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a glove or finger tube. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a glove or finger tube. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a glove or finger tube. In an example, this glove or finger tube can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s ankle motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their ankle; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their ankle; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of their ankle. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the ankle moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the ankle moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the ankle moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of the amount of eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion of the person&#39;s ankle than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of eversion, extension, flexion, and/or inversion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and ankle configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s ankle can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s ankle. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s ankle. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the ankle is straight. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans an ankle and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of the ankle. In an example, the first and second energy pathways diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span the ankle. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span the fibula and tibia and diverge as they longitudinally span the talus and calcaneus; or vice versa. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s ankle. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s ankle. 
     In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s ankle can be especially useful for: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive ankle motion (such as running and soccer); gait and pronation analysis, medical diagnosis, posture correction, and rehabilitation for injuries and neurological impairment; ambulatory telerobotics; and lower-body avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a sock, shoe, ankle tube, ankle band, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a sock, shoe, ankle tube, ankle band, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a sock, shoe, ankle tube, ankle band, or union suit. In an example, this sock, shoe, ankle tube, ankle band, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s mid-tarsal motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their mid-tarsal; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their mid-tarsal; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the eversion and/or inversion of their mid-tarsal. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the mid-tarsal moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the mid-tarsal moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the mid-tarsal moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of eversion and/or inversion of the person&#39;s mid-tarsal than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of eversion and/or inversion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of eversion and/or inversion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and mid-tarsal configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s mid-tarsal can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s mid-tarsal. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s mid-tarsal. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a mid-tarsal and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a mid-tarsal. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s mid-tarsal. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s mid-tarsal. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a sock or shoe. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a sock or shoe. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a sock or shoe. In an example, this sock or shoe can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s toe motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains a toe; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains the toe; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the extension and/or flexion of the toe. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the toe moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the toe moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the toe moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of extension and/or flexion of the person&#39;s toe than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of extension and/or flexion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of extension and/or flexion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and toe configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s toe can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s toe. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the toe. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the toe is straight and/or fully extended. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the portion of the person&#39;s body which contains a toe joint and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of this portion of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second energy pathways are substantially parallel as they longitudinally span a distal skeletal member of a toe joint and diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span a proximal skeletal member of the toe joint. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s toe. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s toe. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a sock or shoe. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a sock or shoe. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a sock or shoe. In an example, this sock or shoe can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s neck motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their neck; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their neck; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the abduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of their neck. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the neck moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the neck moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the neck moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of abduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation of the person&#39;s neck than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of abduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of abduction, extension, flexion, and/or rotation. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and neck configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s neck can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise first and second energy pathways which have longitudinal axes which span a person&#39;s neck. In an example, these longitudinal axes can be separated by a substantially constant percentage of the cross-sectional circumference of the person&#39;s neck. In an example, these longitudinal axes are substantially parallel when the neck is straight. In an example, the first energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which longitudinally spans the neck and the second energy pathway can span part of the cross-sectional perimeter of the neck. In an example, the first and second energy pathways diverge in a radial manner as they longitudinally span the neck. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be concentric and/or nested as they span a person&#39;s neck. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be pathways within an energy-transmitting mesh which spans a person&#39;s neck. 
     In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be energy transmitting pathways which are incorporated into a shirt, collar, neck band, hoodie, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be woven into a shirt, collar, neck band, hoodie, or union suit. In an example, the first and second energy pathways can be sewn into, inserted into, or adhered to a shirt, collar, neck band, hoodie, or union suit. In an example, this shirt, collar, neck band, hoodie, or union suit can comprise part of a system of motion recognition clothing for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing changes in body motion and/or configuration. In an example, a data transmitting or processing component of such a system can be temporarily detached in order to wash the motion recognition clothing. 
     In an example, this invention can comprise a method for measuring, modeling, and/or capturing a person&#39;s jaw motion and/or configuration comprising: (a) measuring a first energy flow from a first wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their jaw; (b) measuring a second energy flow from a second wearable energy pathway that is configured to span the portion of a person&#39;s body which contains their jaw; and (c) jointly analyzing the first and second energy flows in order to estimate, measure, and/or model the extension and/or flexion of their jaw. In various examples, measurement of the configuration and movement of a person&#39;s jaw can be especially useful for: caloric intake monitoring; eating analysis and therapy; speech analysis and therapy; and avatar animation, computer gaming, and virtual reality. In an example, jawbone can provide excellent measurement. 
     In an example, the first and second energy flows can be electrical energy. In an example, this electrical energy can be conducted through the energy pathways and the amounts of electrical energy conducted can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the jaw moves. In an example, electrical voltage, current, resistance, and/or impedance can be measured. In an example, electrical energy can be generated by the energy pathways when the configurations of the pathways change as the jaw moves. In an example, the energy pathways can be piezoelectric. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be light energy. In an example, the energy pathways can be fiber optic. In an example, the amount, wavelength, and/or spectrum of light energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the configurations of the pathways change as the jaw moves. In an example, the first and second energy flows can be sound energy. In an example, the energy flows can be ultrasonic. In an example, the amount, frequency, or pattern of sound energy transmitted through the energy pathways can change when the shapes of the pathways change. 
     In an example, joint statistical analysis of the first and second energy flows can provide more accurate estimation, measurement, and/or modeling of extension and/or flexion of the person&#39;s jaw than does separate statistical analysis of the first energy flow or the second energy flow. In an example, energy flows from the first and second energy pathways can be averaged together to reduce the variability of measurement and/or reduce the impact of measurement error in one pathway. In an example, a statistical method can be used which gives greater statistical weight to the first energy flow over a first range of extension and/or flexion and gives greater statistical weight to the second energy flow over a second range of extension and/or flexion. In an example, a statistical method can analyze differences between the first and second energy flows to determine if the locations of the wearable energy pathways relative to the surface of the person&#39;s body have shifted and to adjust estimation if such shifting occurs. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow and jaw configuration can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, joint analysis of the first and second energy flows from the first and second energy pathways spanning a person&#39;s jaw can be done using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; and/or probit model. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average first-to-second distance between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second distance between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average second-to-third distance between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third distance between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member, and wherein the average second-to-third distance is at least 10% greater than the average first-to-second distance; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member, and wherein the average second-to-third percentage is at least 10% greater than the average first-to-second percentage; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member with a first length, wherein a proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of a human body joint and a distal portion of the first joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of a portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member with a second length, wherein a proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the second joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, wherein the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average first-to-second percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the first joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member with a third length, wherein a proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the proximal side of the human body joint and a distal portion of the third joint-spanning member is configured to be worn within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the distal side of the human body joint, and wherein the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the proximal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the proximal portion of the third joint-spanning member is substantially equal to the average second-to-third percentage of the portion of the cross-sectional perimeter of the human body member between the distal portion of the second joint-spanning member and the distal portion of the third joint-spanning member, and wherein the first, second, and third lengths differ by more than 20%; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the first joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant first radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the second joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant second radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member, wherein the central axis of the third joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant third radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint, and wherein the difference between the second radial angle and the third radial angle is at least 10% greater than the difference between the first radial angle and the second radial angle; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first, second, and third electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (g) an attachment member which holds the first, second, and third joint-spanning members within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a first joint-spanning member with a first length, wherein the central axis of the first joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant first radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (b) a first electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the first joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the first joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the first electromagnetic energy sensor; (c) a second joint-spanning member with a second length, wherein the central axis of the second joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant second radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; (d) a second electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the second joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the second joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the second electromagnetic energy sensor; (e) a third joint-spanning member with a third length, wherein the central axis of the third joint-spanning member is located along a substantially constant third radial angle in different cross-sections of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint, and wherein the first, second, and third lengths differ by more than 20%; (f) a third electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the third joint-spanning member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the third joint-spanning member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the third electromagnetic energy sensor; (g) at least one perimeter member with a longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of at least one of the first, second, and third joint-spanning members; (h) at least one perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor which measures electromagnetic energy from the at least one perimeter member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the at least one perimeter member change the electromagnetic energy measured by the at least one perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor, and wherein data from the first electromagnetic energy sensor, second electromagnetic energy sensor, third electromagnetic energy sensor, and at least-one-perimeter electromagnetic energy sensor are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint; and (i) an attachment member which holds the first, second, third joint-spanning members and the at least one perimeter member within 1″ of the surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning triangular-element mesh which is comprised of linked triangular elements and which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning triangular-element mesh, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning mesh change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning hexagonal-element mesh which is comprised of linked hexagonal elements and which is configured to span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning hexagonal-element mesh, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning mesh change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning spiral member which is configured to spiral around the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning spiral member, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning mesh change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of radial members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the longitudinal axes of the radial members are configured to converge at a point on the dorsal surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of radial members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of radial members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of radial members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the longitudinal axes of the radial members are configured to converge at a point on a lateral surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of radial members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of radial members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of radial members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the longitudinal axes of the radial members are configured to converge at a point which is beyond the outer surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of radial members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of radial members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the common center of the concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members is at a point on the dorsal surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of concentric members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, a wearable device for measuring the configuration or motion of a human body joint can comprise: (a) a joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members which are configured to collectively span the surface of a portion of the human body which contains a human body joint, wherein the common center of the concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members is at a point which is beyond the outer surface of the portion of the human body which contains the human body joint; and (b) a plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors which measure electromagnetic energy from different locations on the joint-spanning plurality of concentric members, wherein changes in the configuration or motion of the joint-spanning plurality of concentric or progressively-nested arcuate members change the pattern of electromagnetic energy which is measured by the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors, and wherein data from the plurality of electromagnetic energy sensors are jointly analyzed to estimate the configuration or motion of the human body joint. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for athletic training, sports performance analysis, sports motion capture, and fan engagement. In an example, this invention can be useful for training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive and/or complex lower-body motion (such as soccer, bicycling, and running) which are not well measured by single-location (wrist-worn) accelerometers. In an example, this invention can be useful for training and motion capture for sports which involve complex upper-body motion (such as basketball, tennis, golf, baseball, Frisbee™, and fencing) which are not well measured by single-location accelerometers. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for health, fitness, and medical applications. In an example, this invention can be used for caloric expenditure measurement, energy balance management, weight management, and caloric intake monitoring applications. In an example, this invention can be used for virtual exercise. In an example, this invention can be used for real-time avoidance of repeated motion injuries, injuries due to poor posture, and stress-related injuries including back injuries and carpal tunnel syndrome. In an example, this invention can be used for diagnostic and therapy-evaluation purposes including: range of motion assessment, gait analysis, biomechanical analysis, posture evaluation and correction, ergonomic assessment, fall prevention and detection, spinal motion assessment, rehabilitation assessment, biofeedback, pulse monitoring, respiratory function assessment, plethysmography, cardiac function monitoring, orthopedic therapy, physical therapy, orthotic design and fitting, and pronation analysis. In an example, this invention can be used for telemedicine and/or telesurgery applications. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for entertainment, gaming, and artistic purposes. In an example, this invention can be used for animation of an avatar in virtual reality and/or computer gaming. In an example, this invention can be used for animation of an animated character in motion picture making or other visual animation applications. In an example, this invention can be used for dance instruction, dance performance, and other performance art applications. In an example, this invention can be used for instruction and motion capture for playing musical instruments. 
     In an example, this invention can be used for communication and computer interface purposes. In an example, this invention can be used for telepresence, teleconferencing, telecommunication, avatar animation, and virtual commerce. In an example, this invention can be used as part of a gesture recognition human-to-computer user interface. In an example, this invention be can be used for telerobotics to enable remote control of the actions of a robot. In an example, this invention can be used for banking during space missions (as an astro teller). 
     In various examples, one or more applications for this invention can be selected from group consisting of: athletic training and motion capture for sports which involve extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and soccer), extensive arm motion (such as tennis and golf), extensive lower-body motion (such as bicycling and running), extensive spinal motion, extensive forearm motion (such as tennis and golf), wrist motion (such as tennis, golf, and Frisbee), ankle motion (such as running and soccer), finger and hand motion (such as tennis, golf, baseball, and fencing), athletic performance measurement and improvement; and entertainment, gaming, and artistic applications (such as animated pictures, avatar animation, computer animation, computer gaming, dance instruction, dance performance, gaming input devices, graphical animation, motion capture, motion picture animation, motion pictures, movie making, performance arts, training and motion capture for playing musical instruments, virtual gaming, virtual reality); and health, fitness, and medical applications (such as avoidance of repeated motion injuries, biofeedback, biomechanical analysis, caloric expenditure measurement, caloric intake monitoring, cardiac function monitoring, congestive heart failure assessment, energy balance, ergonomic evaluation, fall prevention and detection, gait analysis, medical diagnosis, medical therapy, nutritional monitoring and improvement, orthopedic therapy, orthotic design and fitting, physical therapy, plethysmography, post-operative therapy, posture correction, pronation analysis, pulse monitoring, range of motion assessment, rehabilitation assessment, repetitive stress injury avoidance, respiratory function analysis, spinal injury avoidance, spinal motion assessment, telemedicine, telesurgery, virtual exercise, weight management); and human-computer interface and telecommunication (such as gesture recognition, telerobotics, telesurgery, telepresence, notifications, telecommunication, teleconferencing, telepresence, telerobotics, virtual commerce, and virtual reality interaction). 
       FIG. 28  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion comprising an article of clothing or clothing accessory worn by a person which is configured to span at least one body joint, wherein this article of clothing or clothing accessory further comprises: (a) a mid-joint perimeter portion which is configured around the cross-section of the person&#39;s body which includes the center of the joint; (b) a first proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (c) a second proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion; (d) a first distal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein distal is defined as being further from the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (e) a second distal perimeter portion around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion; (f) a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the first proximal perimeter portion to the first distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, and wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a first level of accuracy; (g) a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the second proximal perimeter portion to the second distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a second level of accuracy, wherein changes in the flows of energy through the first and second flexible energy pathways can be jointly used to estimate movement of the joint with a third level of accuracy, and wherein the third level is greater than either the first level or the second level; (h) at least one energy emitter which emits energy into one or both of the flexible energy pathways; and (i) at least one energy sensor which senses energy from and/or through one or both of the flexible energy pathways, wherein the flow of energy through the one or both of the flexible energy pathways is measured by the at least one energy sensor. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 28 , the first and second flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are the same length.  FIG. 28  comprises a shirt  28001  and a pair of pants  28002 . The shirt  28001  spans the person&#39;s elbows and shoulders. The pair of pants  28002  spans the person&#39;s hips and knees. In an example, first and second flexible energy pathways can be incorporated into an article of clothing or wearable accessory which is selected from the group consisting of: ankle band, ankle tube, arm band, arm tube, belt, bra, collar, elbow pad, elbow tube, finger tube, girdle, glove, hip pad, hoodie, knee pad, knee tube, neck band, other wearable top, pair of pants, shirt, shoe, shorts, shoulder pad, shoulder tube, sock, suit, torso band, torso tube, underwear, union suit, waist band, and waist tube. 
     With respect to the person&#39;s right elbow,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  28008 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28009 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28010 , a first distal perimeter portion  28006 , a second distal perimeter portion  28005 , a first flexible energy pathway  28004 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28007 . In this figure, an energy emitter is shown as an open circle at one end of an energy pathway and an energy sensor is shown as a filled circle at the other end of the energy pathway. With respect to the person&#39;s right shoulder,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  28014 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28015 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28016 , a first distal perimeter portion  28012 , a second distal perimeter portion  28011 , a first flexible energy pathway  28003 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28013 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s left shoulder,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  28019 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28018 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28017 , a first distal perimeter portion  28021 , a second distal perimeter portion  28022 , a first flexible energy pathway  28030 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28020 . With respect to the person&#39;s left elbow,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  28025 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28024 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28023 , a first distal perimeter portion  28027 , a second distal perimeter portion  28028 , a first flexible energy pathway  28029 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28026 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s right hip,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  28034 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28032 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28031 , a first distal perimeter portion  28035 , a second distal perimeter portion  28036 , a first flexible energy pathway  28051 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28033 . With respect to the person&#39;s right knee,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  28039 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28038 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28037 , a first distal perimeter portion  28041 , a second distal perimeter portion  28042 , a first flexible energy pathway  28043 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28040 . With respect to the person&#39;s left knee,  FIG. 28  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  28048 , a first proximal perimeter portion  28049 , a second proximal perimeter portion  28050 , a first distal perimeter portion  28045 , a second distal perimeter portion  28046 , a first flexible energy pathway  28044 , and a second flexible energy pathway  28047 . 
     In an example, the type of energy which flows through one or more of the first flexible energy pathways  28003 ,  28004 ,  28029 ,  28030 ,  28043 ,  28044 , and  28051  can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In an example, the type of energy which flows through one or more of the second flexible energy pathways  28007 ,  28013 ,  28020 ,  28026 ,  28033 ,  28040 , and  28047  can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In an example, the type of energy that flows through the first flexible energy pathways can be the same as the type of energy that flows through the second energy pathways. In an example, the type of energy that flows through the first flexible energy pathways can be different than the type of energy that flows through the second energy pathways. In an example, energy can flow through the first flexible energy pathways with different flow parameters than energy flows through the second flexible energy pathways, wherein these different flow parameters can be selected from the group consisting of: rate, level, amplitude, resistance, impedance, filter, frequency, and spectrum. 
     In an example, multivariate analysis of energy flow through the first flexible energy pathway and energy flow through the second flexible energy pathway can include one or more methods selected from the group consisting of: averaging results from the first and second pathways; giving greater weight to the results from a selected pathway during a selected range of joint movement; giving greater weight to the results from a selected pathway during a selected direction of joint movement; giving greater weight to the results from a selected pathway during a selected speed of joint movement; giving greater weight to the results from a selected pathway during a selected repetition of joint movement; giving greater weight to the results from a selected pathway when the other pathway does not seem to be working properly; analyzing patterns from the first and second pathways to identify and compensate for measurement error in one pathway; analyzing patterns from the first and second pathways to identify and compensate for shifting of the locations of the energy pathways relative to the surface of the portion of the body; and analyzing patterns from the first and second pathways to identify and compensate for contact between a pathway and an external object. 
     In an example, the relationship between energy flow through a flexible energy pathway and the configuration of a body joint spanned by that flexible energy pathway can be nonlinear and/or stochastic. In an example, the relationship between energy flow in a flexible energy pathway and the configuration of a body joint spanned by that flexible energy pathway can be analyzed using one or more multivariate statistical methods. In an example, data from multiple flexible energy pathways can be jointly analyzed using one or more statistical methods selected from the group consisting of: multivariate linear regression or least squares estimation; factor analysis; Fourier Transformation; mean; median; multivariate logit; principal components analysis; spline function; auto-regression; centroid analysis; correlation; covariance; decision tree analysis; kinematic modeling; Kalman filter; linear discriminant analysis; linear transform; logarithmic function; logit analysis; Markov model; multivariate parametric classifiers; non-linear programming; orthogonal transformation; pattern recognition; random forest analysis; spectroscopic analysis; variance; artificial neural network; Bayesian filter or other Bayesian statistical method; chi-squared; eigenvalue decomposition; logit model; machine learning; power spectral density; power spectrum analysis; probit model; and time-series analysis. 
     In an example, repeated or cyclical patterns of movement such as walking or running can be identified and analyzed using Fourier analysis. In an example, the speed of repeated movement cycles can influence the functional relationship between the flow of energy through a flexible energy pathway and the angle of a joint. In an example, the speed of repeated cycles can especially influence this functional relationship at the end-points of a cycle wherein joint movement reverses direction. In an example, analyzing and identifying the speed of repeated or cyclical patterns of movement using Fourier transform methods can improve the accuracy of measuring joint motion and configuration. 
     In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be averaged together in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different portions of the joint range of motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different directions of joint motion (e.g. flexion vs. extension) in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different movement speeds (e.g. fast movement vs. slow movement) of joint motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint can be given different weights during different numbers of cycle repetition of joint motion in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. 
     In an example, data from a flexible energy pathway with anomalous results can be given less weight in order to improve accuracy and reduce error in the measurement of the motion and/or configuration of that joint. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable shifting of flexible energy pathway location over the surface of the body (e.g. by shifting of a garment into which the pathways are integrated) and to compensate for this shifting when interpreting data from multiple flexible energy pathways. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable loss of mechanical or electromagnetic communication between a flexible energy pathway and the body and to compensate for this loss when interpreting data from multiple flexible energy pathways. In an example, data from different flexible energy pathways can analyzed to identify probable interference by an external object or field and to compensate for this interference when interpreting data from multiple flexible energy pathways. 
     In an example, this device can be recalibrated in order to maintain accurate measurement of joint motion and/or configuration. In an example, recalibration can comprise comparing the results from using the flexible energy pathways of the device to estimate the motion and/or configuration of a selected body joint or joints with parallel results from an alternative method of estimating joint motion and/or configuration of the body joint or joints. In an example, this device can be recalibrated when it is first worn by a specific person in order to be custom matched to that person&#39;s specific anatomy and/or body kinetics. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that it is worn in order to control for changing environmental conditions; incorporation into different articles of clothing; changes or shifts in how an article of clothing is worn over a person&#39;s body; changes in the anatomy or kinetics of a person&#39;s body over time; or other factors. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that a particular sequence of movements occurs in order to control for: possible shifts in how the flexible energy pathways span a body member containing a body joint; changes in how material responses to bending, stretching, or elongation with repeated motions; changes in temperature; or other factors. In an example, this device can be recalibrated after a selected number of j oint extension and contraction cycles. In an example, this device can be recalibrated after a selected number of movement sequences have occurred. In an example, this device can be recalibrated at selected usage time intervals. In an example, this device can be recalibrated each time that a significant change in environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, GPS location, or atmospheric pressure) is detected. 
     In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be incorporated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory by weaving or knitting. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be woven or knit into fabric which is used to make an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be woven or knit into the fabric of an article of clothing or clothing accessory in a configuration which is substantially perpendicular to non-energy-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns in the fabric. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be sinusoidal. In an example, a sinusoidal flexible energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which is substantially perpendicular to non-energy-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns in the fabric of an article or accessory. In an example, the wave frequency and/or amplitude of a sinusoidal first flexible energy pathway can be different than the wave frequency and/or amplitude of a sinusoidal second flexible energy pathway. 
     In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be inserted into a channel between two layers of fabric in an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by a hook-and-eye attachment mechanism. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by adhesion. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by sewing. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by at least one snap, clip, buckle, strap, or plug. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be printed onto an article of clothing or clothing accessory. 
     In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be removed from an article of clothing or clothing accessory before the article or accessory is washed and then reattached after the article or accessory has been washed. In an example, a plurality of energy emitters can be connected by wires or other electromagnetic channels in fabric with a central power source which is attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a plurality of energy sensors can be connected by wires or other electromagnetic channels in fabric with a central data processing unit and/or data transmitter which is attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a plurality of energy emitters can be in wireless communication with a central power source. In an example, a plurality of energy sensors can be in wireless communication with a central data processing unit and/or data transmitter. 
     In an example, an energy emitter can emit energy into one end of a flexible energy pathway and an energy sensor can measure energy emitted from the other end of a flexible energy pathway. In an example, an energy emitter can emit energy into a proximal portion of a flexible energy pathway and energy can be measured from a distal portion of the flexible energy pathway by an energy sensor. In an example, an energy emitter can emit energy into a distal portion of a flexible energy pathway and energy can be measured from a proximal portion of the flexible energy pathway by an energy sensor. In an example, the rate, level, amount, power, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy which is transmitted from the energy emitter through the flexible energy pathway and received by the energy sensor is changed when the flexible energy pathway bends, kinks, compresses, stretches, and/or twists. In an example, changes in the rate, level, amount, power, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy transmitted through the flexible energy pathway can be used to estimate the movement and/or angle of the body joint spanned by the flexible energy pathway in a two-dimensional plane or in three-dimensional space. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 29  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion comprising an article of clothing or clothing accessory worn by a person which is configured to span at least one body joint, wherein this article of clothing or clothing accessory further comprises: (a) a mid joint perimeter portion which is configured around the cross-section of the person&#39;s body which includes the center of the joint; (b) a first proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (c) a second proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion; (d) a first distal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion, wherein distal is defined as being further from the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (e) a second distal perimeter portion around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion; (f) a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the first proximal perimeter portion to the first distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, and wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a first level of accuracy; (g) a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the second proximal perimeter portion to the second distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a second level of accuracy, wherein changes in the flows of energy through the first and second flexible energy pathways can be jointly used to estimate movement of the joint with a third level of accuracy, and wherein the third level is greater than either the first level or the second level; (h) at least one energy emitter which emits energy into one or both of the flexible energy pathways; and (i) at least one energy sensor which senses energy from and/or through one or both of the flexible energy pathways, wherein the flow of energy through the one or both of the flexible energy pathways is measured by the at least one energy sensor. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 29 , the first and second flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are different lengths.  FIG. 29  comprises a shirt  29001  and a pair of pants  29002 . The shirt  29001  spans the person&#39;s elbows and shoulders. The pair of pants  29002  spans the person&#39;s hips and knees. With respect to the person&#39;s right elbow,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  29008 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29009 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29010 , a first distal perimeter portion  29006 , a second distal perimeter portion  29005 , a first flexible energy pathway  29004 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29007 . In this figure, an energy emitter is shown as an open circle at one end of an energy pathway and an energy sensor is shown as a filled circle at the other end of the energy pathway. With respect to the person&#39;s right shoulder,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  29014 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29015 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29016 , a first distal perimeter portion  29012 , a second distal perimeter portion  29011 , a first flexible energy pathway  29003 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29013 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s left shoulder,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  29019 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29018 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29017 , a first distal perimeter portion  29021 , a second distal perimeter portion  29022 , a first flexible energy pathway  29030 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29020 . With respect to the person&#39;s left elbow,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  29025 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29024 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29023 , a first distal perimeter portion  29027 , a second distal perimeter portion  29028 , a first flexible energy pathway  29029 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29026 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s right hip,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  29034 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29032 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29031 , a first distal perimeter portion  29035 , a second distal perimeter portion  29036 , a first flexible energy pathway  29051 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29033 . With respect to the person&#39;s right knee,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  29039 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29038 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29037 , a first distal perimeter portion  29041 , a second distal perimeter portion  29042 , a first flexible energy pathway  29043 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29040 . With respect to the person&#39;s left knee,  FIG. 29  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  29048 , a first proximal perimeter portion  29049 , a second proximal perimeter portion  29050 , a first distal perimeter portion  29045 , a second distal perimeter portion  29046 , a first flexible energy pathway  29044 , and a second flexible energy pathway  29047 . 
     In an example, the type of energy which flows through one or more of the first flexible energy pathways  29003 ,  29004 ,  29029 ,  29030 ,  29043 ,  29044 , and  29051  can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In an example, the type of energy which flows through one or more of the second flexible energy pathways  29007 ,  29013 ,  29020 ,  29026 ,  29033 ,  29040 , and  29047  can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In an example, the type of energy that flows through the first flexible energy pathways can be the same as the type of energy that flows through the second energy pathways. In an example, the type of energy that flows through the first flexible energy pathways can be different than the type of energy that flows through the second energy pathways. In an example, energy can flow through the first flexible energy pathways with different flow parameters than energy flows through the second flexible energy pathways, wherein these different flow parameters can be selected from the group consisting of: rate, level, amplitude, resistance, impedance, filter, frequency, and spectrum. 
       FIG. 30  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion comprising an article of clothing or clothing accessory worn by a person which is configured to span at least one body joint, wherein this article of clothing or clothing accessory further comprises: (a) a mid joint perimeter portion which is configured around the cross-section of the person&#39;s body which includes the center of the joint; (b) a proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (c) a distal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion, wherein distal is defined as being further from the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (d) a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the proximal perimeter portion to the distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, and wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a first level of accuracy; (e) a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the proximal perimeter portion to the distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a second level of accuracy, wherein changes in the flows of energy through the first and second flexible energy pathways can be jointly used to estimate movement of the joint with a third level of accuracy, and wherein the third level is greater than either the first level or the second level; (f) at least one energy emitter which emits energy into one or both of the flexible energy pathways; and (g) at least one energy sensor which senses energy from and/or through one or both of the flexible energy pathways, wherein the flow of energy through the one or both of the flexible energy pathways is measured by the at least one energy sensor. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 30 , the first and second flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint are the same length.  FIG. 30  comprises a shirt  30001  and a pair of pants  30002 . The shirt  30001  spans the person&#39;s elbows and shoulders. The pair of pants  30002  spans the person&#39;s hips and knees. With respect to the person&#39;s right elbow,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  30008 , a proximal perimeter portion  30009 , a distal perimeter portion  30006 , a first flexible energy pathway  30004 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30007 . In this figure, an energy emitter is shown as an open circle at one end of an energy pathway and an energy sensor is shown as a filled circle at the other end of the energy pathway. With respect to the person&#39;s right shoulder,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  30014 , a proximal perimeter portion  30015 , a distal perimeter portion  30012 , a first flexible energy pathway  30003 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30013 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s left shoulder,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  30019 , a proximal perimeter portion  30018 , a distal perimeter portion  30021 , a first flexible energy pathway  30030 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30020 . With respect to the person&#39;s left elbow,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  30025 , a proximal perimeter portion  30024 , a distal perimeter portion  30027 , a first flexible energy pathway  30029 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30026 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s right hip,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  30034 , a proximal perimeter portion  30032 , a distal perimeter portion  30035 , a first flexible energy pathway  30051 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30033 . With respect to the person&#39;s right knee,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  30039 , a proximal perimeter portion  30038 , a distal perimeter portion  30041 , a first flexible energy pathway  30043 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30040 . With respect to the person&#39;s left knee,  FIG. 30  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  30048 , a proximal perimeter portion  30049 , a distal perimeter portion  30045 , a first flexible energy pathway  30044 , and a second flexible energy pathway  30047 . 
     In an example, the type of energy which flows through one or more of the first flexible energy pathways  30003 ,  30004 ,  30029 ,  30030 ,  30043 ,  30044 , and  30051  can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In an example, the type of energy which flows through one or more of the second flexible energy pathways  30007 ,  30013 ,  30020 ,  30026 ,  30033 ,  30040 , and  30047  can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In an example, the type of energy that flows through the first flexible energy pathways can be the same as the type of energy that flows through the second energy pathways. In an example, the type of energy that flows through the first flexible energy pathways can be different than the type of energy that flows through the second energy pathways. In an example, energy can flow through the first flexible energy pathways with different flow parameters than energy flows through the second flexible energy pathways, wherein these different flow parameters can be selected from the group consisting of: rate, level, amplitude, resistance, impedance, filter, frequency, and spectrum. 
       FIG. 31  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion comprising an article of clothing or clothing accessory worn by a person which is configured to span at least one body joint, wherein this article of clothing or clothing accessory further comprises: (a) a mid joint perimeter portion which is configured around the cross-section of the person&#39;s body which includes the center of the joint; (b) a proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (c) a distal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid-joint perimeter portion, wherein distal is defined as being further from the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; (d) a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the proximal perimeter portion to the distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, and wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a first level of accuracy; (e) a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway spans from the proximal perimeter portion to the distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint changes the configuration of this pathway, wherein changes in the configuration of this pathway change a flow of energy through this pathway, wherein changes in the flow of energy through this pathway can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a second level of accuracy, wherein changes in the flows of energy through the first and second flexible energy pathways can be jointly used to estimate movement of the joint with a third level of accuracy, and wherein the third level is greater than either the first level or the second level; (f) at least one energy emitter which emits energy into one or both of the flexible energy pathways; and (g) at least one energy sensor which senses energy from and/or through one or both of the flexible energy pathways, wherein the flow of energy through the one or both of the flexible energy pathways is measured by the at least one energy sensor. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 31 , the first and second flexible energy pathways can have different parameters for energy flows through them. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can differ with respect to the rate of energy flow through them. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can differ with respect to the level or amplitude of energy flow through them. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can differ with respect to their resistance or impedance of energy flow through them. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can differ with respect to their filtering of energy flow through them. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can differ with respect to the frequency or spectrum of energy flow through them. 
     In an example shown in  FIG. 31 , the first and second flexible energy pathways can have different types of energy flowing through them. In an example, the first flexible energy pathways can have electromagnetic energy flowing through them and the second flexible energy pathways can have light energy flowing through them. In an example, the first flexible energy pathways can have electromagnetic energy flowing through them and the second flexible energy pathways can have sound energy flowing through them. In an example, the first flexible energy pathways can have light energy flowing through them and the second flexible energy pathways can have sound energy flowing through them. 
       FIG. 31  comprises a shirt  31001  and a pair of pants  31002 . The shirt  31001  spans the person&#39;s elbows and shoulders. The pair of pants  31002  spans the person&#39;s hips and knees. With respect to the person&#39;s right elbow,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  31008 , a proximal perimeter portion  31009 , a distal perimeter portion  31006 , a first flexible energy pathway  31004 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31007 . In this figure, an energy emitter is shown as an open circle at one end of an energy pathway and an energy sensor is shown as a filled circle at the other end of the energy pathway. With respect to the person&#39;s right shoulder,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  31014 , a proximal perimeter portion  31015 , a distal perimeter portion  31012 , a first flexible energy pathway  31003 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31013 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s left shoulder,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  31019 , a proximal perimeter portion  31018 , a distal perimeter portion  31021 , a first flexible energy pathway  31030 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31020 . With respect to the person&#39;s left elbow,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  31025 , a proximal perimeter portion  31024 , a distal perimeter portion  31027 , a first flexible energy pathway  31029 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31026 . 
     With respect to the person&#39;s right hip,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  31034 , a proximal perimeter portion  31032 , a distal perimeter portion  31035 , a first flexible energy pathway  31051 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31033 . With respect to the person&#39;s right knee,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid joint perimeter portion  31039 , a proximal perimeter portion  31038 , a distal perimeter portion  31041 , a first flexible energy pathway  31043 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31040 . With respect to the person&#39;s left knee,  FIG. 31  shows: a mid-joint perimeter portion  31048 , a proximal perimeter portion  31049 , a distal perimeter portion  31045 , a first flexible energy pathway  31044 , and a second flexible energy pathway  31047 . 
     In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be incorporated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory by weaving or knitting. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be woven or knit into fabric which is used to make an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be woven or knit into a fabric of an article of clothing or clothing accessory in a configuration which is substantially perpendicular to non-energy-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns in the fabric. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be sinusoidal. In an example, a sinusoidal flexible energy pathway can have a longitudinal axis which is substantially perpendicular to non-energy-conducting fibers, threads, or yarns in the fabric of an article or accessory. In an example, the wave frequency and/or amplitude of a first sinusoidal flexible energy pathway can be different than the wave frequency and/or amplitude of a second sinusoidal flexible energy pathway. 
     In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be inserted into a channel between two layers of fabric in an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by a hook-and-eye attachment mechanism. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by adhesion. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by sewing. In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory by at least one snap, clip, buckle, strap, or plug. 
     In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can be integrated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory such that they are no more than 1″ from the surface of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can be integrated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory such that they are no more than one half inch from the surface of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can be integrated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory such that at least 90% of their length is no more than 1″ from the surface of the person&#39;s body. In an example, the first and second flexible energy pathways can be integrated into an article of clothing or clothing accessory such that at least 90% of their length is no more than one half inch from the surface of the person&#39;s body. 
     In an example, a flexible energy pathway can be removed from an article of clothing or clothing accessory when the article or accessory is washed and then reattached after the article or accessory has been washed. In an example, a plurality of energy emitters can be connected by wires or other electromagnetic channels in fabric with a central power source which is attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a plurality of energy sensors can be connected by wires or other electromagnetic channels in fabric with a central data processing unit and/or data transmitter which is attached to an article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, a plurality of energy emitters can be in wireless communication with a central power source. In an example, a plurality of energy sensors can be in wireless communication with a central data processing unit and/or data transmitter. 
     In an example, an energy emitter can emit energy into one end of a flexible energy pathway and an energy sensor can measure energy emitted from the other end of a flexible energy pathway. In an example, an energy emitter can emit energy into a proximal portion of a flexible energy pathway and this energy can be measured from a distal portion of the flexible energy pathway by an energy sensor. In an example, an energy emitter can emit energy into a distal portion of a flexible energy pathway and this energy can be measured from a proximal portion of the flexible energy pathway by an energy sensor. In an example, there can be multiple energy sensors at different locations on a flexible energy pathway. In an example, there can be multiple energy sensors at different locations along the longitudinal axis of a flexible energy pathway. 
     In an example, the rate, level, amount, power, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy which is transmitted from the energy emitter through the flexible energy pathway and received by the energy sensor is changed when the flexible energy pathway bends, kinks, compresses, stretches, and/or twists. In an example, changes in the rate, level, amount, power, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy transmitted through the flexible energy pathway can be used to estimate the angle in a two-dimensional plane of the body joint spanned by the flexible energy pathway. In an example, changes in the rate, level, amount, power, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy transmitted through the flexible energy pathway can be used to model movement in three-dimensional space of the body joint spanned by the flexible energy pathway. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion comprising an article of clothing or clothing accessory worn by a person which is configured to span at least one body joint, wherein this article of clothing or clothing accessory further comprises: a mid-joint perimeter portion which is configured around the cross-section of the person&#39;s body which includes the center of the joint; a proximal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is proximal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; a distal perimeter portion which is configured around a cross-section of the person&#39;s body which is distal relative to the mid joint perimeter portion, wherein distal is defined as being further from the person&#39;s heart along the circulatory system; a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway is configured to longitudinally span the joint from the proximal perimeter portion to the distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint bends, stretches, compresses, and/or twists this pathway, wherein this bending, stretching, compressing, and/or twisting changes the rate, resistance, filtering, level, amplitude, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy flow through this pathway, and wherein these changes in rate, resistance, filtering, level, amplitude, frequency, and/or spectrum can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a first level of accuracy; a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this energy pathway is configured to longitudinally span the joint from the proximal perimeter portion to the distal perimeter portion, wherein movement of the joint bends, stretches, compresses, and/or twists this pathway, wherein this bending, stretching, compressing, and/or twisting changes the rate, resistance, filtering, level, amplitude, frequency, and/or spectrum of energy flow through this pathway, wherein changes in rate, resistance, filtering, level, amplitude, frequency, and/or spectrum can be used alone to estimate movement of the joint with a second level of accuracy, wherein the rates, resistances, filterings, levels, amplitudes, frequencies, and/or spectra of energy flows through the first and second flexible energy pathways can be jointly used to estimate movement of the joint with a third level of accuracy, and wherein the third level is greater than either the first level or the second level; at least one energy emitter which emits energy into one or both of the flexible energy pathways; and at least one energy sensor which senses energy from and/or through one or both of the flexible energy pathways, wherein the flow of energy through the one or both of the flexible energy pathways is measured by the at least one energy sensor. 
       FIG. 32  graphically demonstrates how multivariate analysis of energy flow through the first flexible energy pathway and energy flow through the second flexible energy pathway can estimate the angle of a body joint more accurately than analysis of energy flow through either the first pathway or the second pathway alone. The top third of  FIG. 32  shows the case wherein energy flow through the first flexible energy pathway alone is used to estimate body joint angle. The middle third of  FIG. 32  shows the case wherein energy flow through the second flexible energy pathway alone is used to estimate body joint angle. The bottom third of  FIG. 32  shows the case wherein multivariate analysis of energy flow through the first flexible energy pathway and energy flow through the second flexible energy pathway is used to estimate body joint angle. 
     The left sides of the top, middle, and bottom thirds of  FIG. 32  show a moving elbow joint which is spanned by the first and second flexible energy pathways which were introduced in  FIG. 31 . The dashed-line arrow represents movement of the elbow joint. The right sides of the top, middle, and bottom thirds of  FIG. 32  show corresponding graphs (populated with hypothetical data points) of elbow joint angle as a bivariate function of energy flow through the first pathway only, as a bivariate function of energy flow through the second pathway only, or as a multivariate function of energy flows through the first and second pathways, respectively. Similar graphs could be drawn for the flexible energy pathway configurations in other previous figures as well. 
     As shown in the top third of  FIG. 32 , there is less variability in predicting smaller joint angles and greater variability in predicting larger joint angles based on energy flow through first flexible energy pathway  31004  alone. As shown in the middle third of  FIG. 32 , there is greater variability in predicting smaller joint angles and less variability in predicting larger joint angles based on energy flow through second flexible energy pathway  31007  alone. As shown in the bottom third of  FIG. 32 , there is less overall variability in predicting smaller or larger joint angles based on a combined, multivariate function of energy flows through the first and second flexible energy pathways,  31004  and  31007 . 
       FIG. 33  shows a more detailed view of the right elbow joint and flexible energy pathways which were introduced in  FIG. 31 . In particular,  FIG. 33  explicitly labels: energy emitters  33001  and  33004  (shown as open circles) at the proximal ends of the first and second flexible energy pathways  31004  and  31007  respectively; and energy sensors  33002  and  33003  (shown as filled circles) at the distal ends of the first and second energy pathways  31004  and  31007  respectively. In an alternative example, the energy emitters can be at the distal ends and the energy sensors can be at the proximal ends of the flexible energy pathways. I did not explicitly label all of the energy emitters and sensors for all joints in previous  FIGS. 28 through 32  because this would have made these figures very cluttered. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in an iterative method for improving the accuracy of body motion recognition with a single flexible energy pathway comprising: (a) emitting an energy flow with a first set of flow parameters into a proximal portion of a flexible energy pathway, wherein this proximal portion is proximal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart, wherein this flexible energy pathway is integrated with an article of clothing or clothing accessory which is configured to span that body joint, and wherein these flow parameters are selected from the group consisting of energy flow rate or speed, energy level or amount, energy frequency or spectrum, and energy waveform; (b) receiving data concerning energy flow from a distal portion of the flexible energy pathway, wherein this distal portion is distal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein distal is defined as being further from the heart; (c) using this data to estimate and/or model motion of the body joint; (d) and changing the flow parameters of the energy flow into the flexible energy pathway from the first set of flow parameters to a second set of flow parameters based on the estimated and/or modeled motion of the body joint in order to more accurately estimate and/or model motion of the body joint. In a variation on this method, energy can be emitted into the distal portion and measured from the proximal portion. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in a method for improving the energy efficiency of body motion recognition with a single flexible energy pathway comprising: (a) emitting an energy flow with a first set of flow parameters into a proximal portion of a flexible energy pathway, wherein this proximal portion is proximal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart, wherein this flexible energy pathway is integrated with an article of clothing or clothing accessory which is configured to span that body joint, and wherein these flow parameters are selected from the group consisting of energy flow rate or speed, energy level or amount, energy frequency or spectrum, and energy waveform, and wherein this first set of flow parameters requires a first amount energy; (b) receiving data concerning energy flow from a distal portion of the flexible energy pathway, wherein this distal portion is distal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein distal is defined as being further from the heart; (c) using this data to estimate and/or model motion of the body joint; (d) and changing the flow parameters of the energy flow into the flexible energy pathway from the first set of flow parameters to a second set of flow parameters based on the estimated and/or modeled motion of the body joint in order to more accurately estimate and/or model motion of the body joint, wherein this second set of flow parameters requires a second level of energy, and wherein the second level is greater than the first level. In a variation on this method, energy can be emitted into the distal portion and measured from the proximal portion. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in a method for improving the accuracy of body motion recognition with two flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint comprising: (a) emitting a first energy flow into a proximal portion of a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this proximal portion is proximal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart, wherein this first flexible energy pathway is integrated with an article of clothing or clothing accessory which is configured to span that body joint; (b) receiving a first set of data concerning energy flow from a distal portion of the first flexible energy pathway, wherein this distal portion is distal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein distal is defined as being further from the heart; (c) using this first set of data to estimate and/or model motion of the body joint; (d) emitting a second energy flow with a set of flow parameters into a proximal portion of a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this proximal portion is proximal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart, wherein this second flexible energy pathway is integrated with an article of clothing or clothing accessory which is configured to span that body joint, wherein flow parameters of this second energy flow are selected from the group consisting of energy flow rate or speed, energy level or amount, energy frequency or spectrum, and energy waveform, and wherein these flow parameters are selected based on the estimation and/or modeling of the body joint motion using the first set of data; (e) receiving a second set of data concerning energy flow from a distal portion of the second flexible energy pathway, wherein this distal portion is distal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein distal is defined as being further from the heart; (f) and using this second set of data to estimate and/or model motion of the body joint. In a variation on this method, energy can be emitted into the distal portion and measured from the proximal portion. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in a method for improving the energy efficiency of body motion recognition with two flexible energy pathways spanning the same body joint comprising: (a) emitting a first energy flow into a proximal portion of a first flexible energy pathway, wherein this proximal portion is proximal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart, wherein this first flexible energy pathway is integrated with an article of clothing or clothing accessory which is configured to span that body joint; (b) receiving a first set of data concerning energy flow from a distal portion of the first flexible energy pathway, wherein this distal portion is distal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein distal is defined as being further from the heart; (c) using this first set of data to estimate and/or model motion of the body joint; (d) emitting a second energy flow with a set of flow parameters into a proximal portion of a second flexible energy pathway, wherein this proximal portion is proximal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart, wherein this second flexible energy pathway is integrated with an article of clothing or clothing accessory which is configured to span that body joint, wherein flow parameters of this second energy flow are selected from the group consisting of energy flow rate or speed, energy level or amount, energy frequency or spectrum, and energy waveform, and wherein these flow parameters are selected based on the estimation and/or modeling of the body joint motion using the first set of data; (e) receiving a second set of data concerning energy flow from a distal portion of the second flexible energy pathway, wherein this distal portion is distal relative to the cross sectional perimeter of a body member around the center of a body joint, wherein distal is defined as being further from the heart; (f) and using this second set of data to estimate and/or model motion of the body joint. In a variation on this method, energy can be emitted into the distal portion and measured from the proximal portion. 
     In an example, flow parameters can be adjusted when analysis of data indicates faster joint motion, a greater range of joint motion, and/or a more complex pattern of joint motion. In an example, a second set of flow parameters can comprise and/or require a higher rate of energy flow than a first set of flow parameters. In an example, using a first set of flow parameters when a person is relatively inactive and a second set of parameters when the person is relatively active can help to conserve energy during periods of relative inactivity and also maintain high motion capture accuracy during periods of relatively high activity. 
     In an example, a first flexible energy pathway which conducts a first type of energy can be used to adjust energy flow parameters through a second flexible energy pathway which conducts a second type of energy. In an example, a type of energy can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy, light energy, and sound energy). In an example, data from a first flexible energy pathway which requires less energy to function (but is less accurate) can be used to trigger the operation of a second flexible energy pathway which requires more energy (but is more accurate). In an example, the operation of a second flexible energy pathway can be triggered when increased joint motion is detected based on data from the first flexible energy pathway. 
     In an example, additional flexible energy pathways can be activated to increase measurement accuracy when a first flexible energy pathway indicates an increase in joint motion. In an example, a first flexible energy pathway can be in operation all the time, but additional energy pathways can be activated when data from the first flexible energy pathway indicates increased joint motion or complex joint motion. In an example, the number of flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint which are activated to increase motion measurement accuracy can be manually adjusted by the person. In an example, the number of flexible energy pathways spanning the same joint which are activated can be automatically increased by the device or system in proportion to the demands for motion capture accuracy. In an example, the demand for motion capture accuracy can, in turn, be inferred from an increased magnitude and/or complexity of body motion. 
       FIG. 34  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion comprising an article of clothing or clothing accessory worn by a person which is configured to span at least one body joint. In this example, an article of clothing or clothing accessory comprises: a plurality of flexible energy pathways which span at least one body joint from a location which is proximal relative to the joint center to a location which is distal relative to the joint center, wherein proximal is defined as being closer to the heart and distal is defined as being further from the heart, and wherein these flexible energy pathways are integrated into the article of clothing or clothing accessory; a plurality of energy emitters which emit energy into the flexible energy pathways; a plurality of energy sensors which measure energy transmission through the flexible energy pathways, wherein joint motion is estimated and/or modeled based on changes in energy transmission through the flexible energy pathways; and a plurality of inertial sensors which are integrated into the article of clothing or clothing accessory. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 34  comprises a shirt  34001  and a pair of pants  34002 . The shirt  34001  spans the person&#39;s elbows and shoulders. The pair of pants  34002  spans the person&#39;s hips and knees. The example in  FIG. 34  includes a plurality of flexible energy pathways which longitudinally span the person&#39;s elbows, shoulders, hips, and knees:  34003 ,  34004 ,  34007 ,  34013 ,  34020 ,  34026 ,  34029 ,  34030 ,  34033 ,  34040 ,  34043 ,  34044 ,  34047 , and  34051 . The type of energy which is transmitted through these flexible energy pathways can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In various examples, energy transmitted through these different flexible energy pathways can have different flow parameters selected from the group consisting of: rate, level, amplitude, resistance, impedance, filter, frequency, and spectrum. The example shown in  FIG. 34  also includes a plurality of inertial sensors:  34061 ,  34062 ,  34063 ,  34064 ,  34065 , and  34066 . In this example, a plurality of inertial sensors can be at locations which are distal to spanned body joints. In an example, these inertial sensors can be selected from the group consisting of: accelerometer, gyroscope, and inclinometer. In an example, the components in  FIG. 34  can be in direct electromagnetic or wireless communication with a data processer and/or transmitter. 
     In an example, a plurality of flexible energy pathways can be more accurate for estimating and/or modeling body motion in three-dimensional space than a plurality of inertial sensors, but can also require more energy for operation. In an example, inertial sensors can be in continuous operation (at a lower rate of energy use) and flexible energy pathways can be activated to measure body motion (at a higher rate of energy use) when the inertial sensors indicate a higher level, range, or frequency of body motion. In an example, inertial sensors can be in continuous operation to provide a first level of body motion measurement accuracy (at a first level of energy use) and flexible energy sensors can be activated to provide a second level of body motion measurement accuracy (at a second level of energy use) when inertial sensors indicate a high level of body motion, wherein a second level is higher than a first level. In an example, efficient energy use can be achieved by matching the level (type and/or number) of motion sensor operation to the required level of body motion measurement accuracy at a particular time. 
     In an example, data from a plurality of inertial sensors can be used to calibrate the analytical and/or statistical model by which body joint motion is estimated and/or modeled from energy transmission data from a plurality of flexible energy pathways. In an example, data from a plurality of flexible energy sensors can be used to calibrate the analytical and/or statistical model by which body motion is estimated and/or modeled from a plurality of inertial sensors. In an example, data from a plurality of flexible energy pathways can be used to measure movement of one body member relative to another better than is possible with a plurality of inertial sensors alone. In an example, data from a plurality of flexible energy pathways can be used to control for passive movement of the person&#39;s entire body by a mode of transportation such as a vehicle or elevator better than is possible with inertial sensors alone. 
       FIG. 35  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing or clothing accessory for capturing body motion with at least one modular flexible energy pathway. This example comprises: an article of clothing or clothing accessory with a plurality of lumens which are configured to span at least one body joint; at least one modular flexible energy pathway which can be removably inserted into a lumen; at least one energy emitter which emits energy into a modular flexible energy pathway; and at least one energy sensor which measures energy transmission through the modular flexible energy pathway, wherein data from the energy sensor is used to estimate and/or model body joint motion. 
     This example can also comprise: an article of clothing or clothing accessory with a first lumen and a second lumen which are configured to longitudinally span a body joint; at least one modular flexible energy pathway which can be removably inserted into the first lumen or into the second lumen; at least one energy emitter which emits energy into a modular flexible energy pathway; and at least one energy sensor which measures energy transmission through the modular flexible energy pathway, wherein data from the energy sensor is used to estimate and/or model body joint motion. 
     The four quadrants of  FIG. 35  show views at four different times of the elbow portion of a shirt to capture body motion with at least one modular flexible energy pathway. Specifically,  FIG. 35  shows: the elbow portion of shirt  35001 ; at least four longitudinal lumens (or passageways, or pockets, or channels)  35002 ,  35003 ,  35004 , and  35005  in the fabric of the shirt which longitudinally span the elbow; and at least one modular flexible energy pathway  35006  which further comprises an energy emitter  35007  and energy sensor  35008 . In this example, the energy emitter is in a proximal location and the energy sensor is in a distal location, but in another example these locations could be reversed. 
     The upper left quadrant of  FIG. 35  shows this example at a time when the modular flexible energy pathway  35006  is not inserted into any of the lumens in shirt  35001 . The upper right quadrant of  FIG. 35  shows this example at a time when the modular flexible energy pathway  35006  has been inserted into lumen  35003  of shirt  35001  in order to measure and/or model motion of the shoulder from this first location. The lower left quadrant of  FIG. 35  shows this example at a time when a modular flexible energy pathway  35006  has been shifted upwards within  35003  of shirt  35001  in order to measure and/or model motion of the shoulder from this second location. The lower right quadrant of  FIG. 35  shows this example at a time when a modular flexible energy pathway  35006  has been removed from lumen  35003  and inserted into lumen  35004  in order to measure and/or model motion of the shoulder from this third location. 
       FIG. 35  only shows a plurality of lumens longitudinally spanning a person&#39;s elbow. In an example, an article of clothing or clothing accessory can comprise other pluralities of lumens which longitudinally span a person&#39;s shoulder, hip, knee, or other body joints. The example shown in  FIG. 35  implies six lumen (four visible in this figure and two assumed on the other side) which longitudinally span the circumference of a person&#39;s body joint. In other examples, two, three, four, five, seven, or more lumens can longitudinally span a person&#39;s body joint. The example shown in  FIG. 35  shows only one modular flexible energy pathway per body joint. In other examples, there can be two, three, four or more modular flexible energy pathways per body joint. 
     A plurality of modular flexible energy pathways can be inserted into and/or longitudinally shifted within various combinations of lumens within an article of clothing or clothing accessory in order to measure and/or model combinations of body joint movement using different sensor configurations. In an example, different configurations of modular flexible energy pathways can be created in order to optimally measure different types of body joint movements and/or different types of physical activity. In an example, a first configuration of modular flexible energy pathways can be optimal for capturing body motion during running, a second configuration of modular flexible energy pathways can be optimal for capturing body motion during swimming, and a third configuration of modular flexible energy pathways can be optimal for measuring the random twitches of a couch potato. 
     In an example, data from a modular flexible energy pathway can measured at different times as the pathway is slid up or down within a given lumen in order to find the optimal (customized) pathway configuration for capturing body motion by a particular person who is wearing the article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, data from a modular flexible energy pathway can measured at different times as the pathway is inserted into different lumens in order to find the optimal (customized) pathway configuration for capturing body motion by a particular person who is wearing the article of clothing or clothing accessory. In an example, data from a plurality of modular flexible energy pathways can measured at different times as different pathways are inserted into different lumens in order to find the optimal (customized) multi-pathway configuration for capturing body motion by a particular person who is wearing the article of clothing or clothing accessory. 
     In an example, data from a modular flexible energy pathway can measured at different times as the pathway is slid up or down within a given lumen in order to find the optimal (customized) pathway configuration for capturing body motion during a particular sport or other physical activity. In an example, data from a modular flexible energy pathway can measured at different times as the pathway is inserted into different lumens in order to find the optimal (customized) pathway configuration for capturing body motion during a particular sport or other physical activity. In an example, data from a plurality of modular flexible energy pathways can be measured at different times as different pathways are inserted into different lumens in order to find the optimal (customized) multi-pathway configuration for capturing body motion during a particular sport or other physical activity. 
     In an example, the example shown in  FIG. 35  can further comprise one or more attachment mechanisms which can removably hold a modular flexible energy pathway in a particular location in a particular lumen. In an example, such an attachment mechanism can be selected from the group consisting of: hook-and-eye mechanism; snap; hook; buckle; plug; zipper; button; loop; clip; clasp; clamp; tape; lace; and pin. The type of energy which is transmitted through a modular flexible energy pathway can be selected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy; light energy; and sound energy. In various examples, energy transmitted through different modular flexible energy pathways can have different flow parameters selected from the group consisting of: rate, level, amplitude, resistance, impedance, filter, frequency, and spectrum. 
     In an example, this article of clothing or clothing accessory can further comprise a plurality of inertial sensors selected from the group consisting of: accelerometer, gyroscope, and inclinometer. In an example, a plurality of inertial sensors can used to calibrate the analytical and/or statistical model by which body joint motion is estimated and/or modeled by a plurality of modular flexible energy pathways. In an example, a plurality of modular flexible energy pathways can used to calibrate the analytical and/or statistical model by which body joint motion is estimated and/or modeled by a plurality of inertial sensors. In an example, the components of this example can be in direct electromagnetic or wireless communication with a data processer and/or transmitter. 
       FIGS. 36 and 37  show an example of how this invention can be embodied in an array of four longitudinal sensors to measure movement of a body joint.  FIG. 36  shows a side view of this sensor array being worn on a body joint, wherein the longitudinal sensor on the far side of the body joint which would not be visible is represented by a thick dotted line. In an example, only Gary Larson can really see the far side.  FIG. 37  shows a cross-sectional view of this same sensor array, wherein the longitudinal location of cross-section is approximately at the center of the body joint. 
       FIGS. 36 and 37  also show how virtual degree vectors can be defined around the body joint. The 0-degree vector starts at the cross-sectional center of the body joint and extends outward through the most ventral location of the body joint perimeter. The 180-degree vector starts at the cross-sectional center of the body joint and extends outward in a direction which is diametrically opposite to that of the 0-degree vector. Other (major) degree vectors can be filled in between the 0-degree and 180-degree vectors. Selected major degree vectors (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315 degree vectors) are shown in  FIGS. 36 and 37 . 
     In the example shown in  FIGS. 36 and 37 , a first radial quadrant of the body joint spans from the 315 degree vector to the 45 degree vector, a the second radial quadrant of the body joint spans from the 45 degree vector to the 135 degree vector, a third radial quadrant of the body joint spans from the 135 degree vector to the 225 degree vector, and a fourth radial quadrant of the body joint spans from the 225 degree vector to the 315 degree vector. In another example, each of these quadrants can have boundary vectors which are rotated clockwise by (e.g. increased by) 45 degrees. In this example, the 0-degree vector is the same as the 360-degree vector. 
       FIGS. 36 and 37  show an example of how this invention can be embodied in an array of four longitudinal sensors to measure movement of a body joint comprising: (a) a first longitudinal sensor which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this first longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a first radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the first longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the first longitudinal sensor generates a first set of data concerning movement of the body joint; (b) a second longitudinal sensor which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this second longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a second radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the second longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the second longitudinal sensor generates a second set of data concerning movement of the body joint; (c) a third longitudinal sensor which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this third longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a third radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the third longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the third longitudinal sensor generates a third set of data concerning movement of the body joint; and (d) a fourth longitudinal sensor which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this fourth longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a fourth radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the fourth longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the fourth longitudinal sensor generates a fourth set of data concerning movement of the body joint. 
     Specifically,  FIGS. 36 and 37  show an example of how this invention can be embodied in an array of four longitudinal sensors to measure movement of a body joint  36001  comprising: first longitudinal sensor  36002  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this first longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a first radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the first longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the first longitudinal sensor generates a first set of data concerning movement of the body joint; second longitudinal sensor  36003  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this second longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a second radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the second longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the second longitudinal sensor generates a second set of data concerning movement of the body joint; third longitudinal sensor  36004  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this third longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a third radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the third longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the third longitudinal sensor generates a third set of data concerning movement of the body joint; and fourth longitudinal sensor  36005  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this fourth longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a fourth radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the fourth longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the fourth longitudinal sensor generates a fourth set of data concerning movement of the body joint. 
       FIG. 36  shows these longitudinal sensors from a side perspective as they longitudinally span a body joint, crossing the body joint within four different radial quadrants.  FIG. 37  shows these longitudinal sensors from a cross-sectional perspective as they cross the body joint within four different radial quadrants. In this example, at least two of the four longitudinal sensors are parallel to each other as they span the body joint. In this example, all four of the longitudinal sensors are substantially parallel to each other as they span the body joint. In this example, the four longitudinal sensors are evenly radially distributed around the perimeter of the body joint. In this example, the four longitudinal sensors are separated by the same number of degrees as they cross the body joint. In an example, four longitudinal sensors can be separated by different numbers of degrees as long as they are within four different radial quadrants as the cross the body joint. 
     The terms proximal and distal can be defined as relative body locations with respect to a person&#39;s heart. Proximal can be defined as being closer to a person&#39;s heart when a person&#39;s limbs are fully extended (as in Leonardo&#39;s famous Vitruvian Man drawing). Distal can be defined as being further from a person&#39;s heart when a person&#39;s limbs are fully extended. Similarly, proximal can be defined as being closer to a person&#39;s centroid when a body member of which a body joint is a part is extended outwards and distal can be defined as being closer to a person&#39;s centroid when a body member of which a body joint is a part is extended outwards. 
     In an example, four longitudinal sensors can be substantially parallel to each other in areas which are proximal and distal relative to a body joint. In an example, cross-sections of four longitudinal sensors in a cross-sectional slice of a sensor array can be connected to form a quadrilateral polygon. In an example, thus-formed quadrilateral polygons formed by a longitudinal sequence of sensor array cross-sections can form a rectangular column. In an example, thus-formed quadrilateral polygons formed by a longitudinal sequence of sensor array cross-sections can form a rectangular column with a substantially constant cross-sectional area. 
     In an example, four longitudinal sensors can bend, curve, taper, or flare apart from (or toward) each other in areas which are proximal and distal relative to a body joint. In an example, cross-sections of four longitudinal sensors in a cross-sectional slice of a sensor array can be connected to form a quadrilateral polygon. In an example, thus-formed quadrilateral polygons formed by a longitudinal sequence of sensor array cross-sections can form a tapered or flared rectangular column. In an example, thus-formed quadrilateral polygons formed by a longitudinal sequence of sensor array cross-sections can form a rectangular column whose proximal cross-sectional areas are greater than its distal cross-sectional areas. 
     In an example, an average distance between four sensors can be calculated for a given cross-section of the sensor array. In an example: a sensor array can have a first average distance between sensors in a first cross section of the sensor array which is distal to the body joint; the sensor array can have a second average distance between sensors in a second cross section of the sensor array which is proximal to the body joint; and the second average distance can be greater than the first average distance. In an example, a sensor array can be defined to have a longitudinal axis independent of how it is configured to be worn on a human body. In an example, an average distance between the four sensors can be calculated for a given cross-section of the sensor array. In an example: a sensor array can have a first average distance between sensors in a first cross section of the sensor array at a first end of its longitudinal axis; the sensor array can have a second average distance between sensors in a second cross section of the sensor array at the opposite (to the first) end of its longitudinal axis; and the second average distance can be greater than the first average distance. 
     In an example, electromagnetic energy can be transmitted through a longitudinal sensor. In an example, a longitudinal sensor bends and/or stretches as a body joint moves, which changes the transmission of electromagnetic energy through the sensor. In an example, changes in electromagnetic energy transmitted through a longitudinal sensor can be measured as a body joint moves. In an example, changes in electromagnetic energy transmitted through a longitudinal sensor can used to measure, track, estimate, and/or model movement of a body joint. In an example, changes in the electrical conductivity, resistance, and/or impedance of a longitudinal sensor can be measured as a body joint moves. In an example, changes in electrical conductivity, resistance, and/or impedance of a longitudinal sensor can used to measure, track, estimate, and/or model movement of a body joint. 
     In an example, electromagnetic energy can be generated by a longitudinal sensor. In an example, a longitudinal sensor bends and/or stretches as a body joint moves, which generates electromagnetic energy. In an example, a longitudinal sensor which generates electromagnetic energy can be piezoelectric. In an example, changes in electromagnetic energy generated by a longitudinal sensor can be measured as a body joint moves. In an example, changes in electromagnetic energy generated by a longitudinal sensor can used to measure, track, estimate, and/or model movement of a body joint. 
     In an example, light energy can be transmitted through a longitudinal sensor. In an example, a longitudinal sensor bends and/or stretches as a body joint moves, which changes the transmission of light energy through the sensor. In an example, a longitudinal sensor can be a fiber optic sensor. In an example, changes in light energy transmitted through a longitudinal sensor can be measured as a body joint moves. In an example, changes in light energy transmitted through a longitudinal sensor can used to measure, track, estimate, and/or model movement of a body joint. 
     In an example, sound energy can be transmitted through a longitudinal sensor. In an example, a longitudinal sensor bends and/or stretches as a body joint moves, which changes the transmission of sound energy through the sensor. In an example, this sound energy can be ultrasonic sound energy. In an example, changes in sound energy transmitted through a longitudinal sensor can be measured as a body joint moves. In an example, changes in sound energy transmitted through a longitudinal sensor can used to measure, track, estimate, and/or model movement of a body joint. 
     In an example, a longitudinal sensor can contain a flowable substance (such as a fluid or gas). In an example, a longitudinal sensor bends and/or stretches as a body joint moves, which changes the pressure of a flowable substance within the sensor. In an example, changes in the pressure of a flowable substance within a longitudinal sensor can be measured as a body joint moves. In an example, changes in the pressure of a flowable substance within a longitudinal sensor can used to measure, track, estimate, and/or model movement of a body joint. 
     In an example, having an array of four longitudinal sensors which span a body joint across four different radial quadrants as specified by this disclosure is more useful and novel than just an arbitrary combination of four individual sensors. In an example, analysis of data from the four longitudinal sensors can provide more accurate measurement, tracking, estimation, and/or modeling of movement of the body joint than analysis of data from any one of the four longitudinal sensors alone. In an example, joint statistical analysis of data from the four longitudinal sensors can provide more accurate measurement, tracking, estimation, and/or modeling of movement of the body joint than separate statistical analysis of data from each of the four longitudinal sensors. 
     In an example, data from the four sensors can be jointly analyzed using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of: ANCOVA (analysis of covariance), ANN (Artificial Neural Network), ANOVA (analysis of variance), AR (Auto-Regressive) Modeling, BA (Bonferroni Analysis), Bayesian analysis, Bayesian classifier, Bayesian neural network, Binary Decision Tree, Chi-Squared Analysis, Cluster Analysis, and Correlation. In an example, data from the four sensors can be jointly analyzed using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of: DA (Discriminant Analysis), DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), DN (Data Normalization), DTA (Decision Tree Analysis), EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition), FA (Factor Analysis), FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), Fisher Linear Discriminant, FL (Fuzzy Logic), FVA (Feature Vector Analysis), GARCH (Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity) Modeling, Gaussian process classifier, GM (Gaussian Model), HMM (Hidden Markov Model), ICA (Independent Components Analysis), Kernel Estimation, and KF (Kalman Filter). 
     In an example, data from the four sensors can be jointly analyzed using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of: Linear Regression, Linear Transform, Logistic regression algorithm, Logit Model, LSE (Least Squares Estimation), Markov Model, Maximum Entropy Modeling, Maximum Likelihood, ML (Machine Learning), MLR (Multivariate Linear Regression), Multivariate Logit, Multivariate Regression, Naive Bayes Classifier, Neural Network, NLP (Non-Linear Programming), NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization), and NMF (Non-Zero Matrix Factorization). In an example, data from the four sensors can be jointly analyzed using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of: PCA (Principal Components Analysis), Probit Model, Quadratic Minimum Distance Classifier, Regression Model, RF (Random Forest) analysis, Sparse Regression, Spline Function, SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), SVM (Support Vector Machine), Time Frequency Analysis, Time Series Model, Trained Bayes Classifier, and Variance. 
     In an example, the sensor array in this example can be incorporated into (or attached to) an article of clothing. In an example, an article of clothing can be selected from the group consisting of: bathrobe, bikini, blouse, boot, bra, briefs, cap, coat, dress, full-body article of clothing, garment with hood, girdle, glove, hat, hoodie, jacket, jeans, jockstrap, jumpsuit, leggings, leotards, long-sleeve shirt, lower-body garment, one-piece garment, overalls, pair of pants, pajamas, panties, pants, shirt, shorts, short-sleeve shirt, skirt, slacks, sock, suit, sweater, sweatpants, sweatshirt, sweat suit, swimsuit, tights, trousers, T-shirt, underpants, undershirt, union suit, upper-body garment, and vest. 
     In an example, this example can further comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of: power source; data processor; (wireless) data transmitter; and (wireless) data receiver. In an example, one or more of the four longitudinal sensors can be in wireless communication with a data processor. In an example, a power source can be a battery. In an example, a power source can transduce electrical energy from body kinetic energy, body thermal energy, ambient light energy, or ambient electromagnetic energy. Relevant example variations and alternative components discussed in the narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure can also be applied to this example. 
       FIGS. 38 and 39  show an embodiment of this invention that is similar to the one shown in  FIGS. 36 and 37 , except that it also includes two accelerometers. It includes a first accelerometer which is worn on a location which is proximal relative to the body joint and a second accelerometer which is worn on a location which is distal relative to the body joint. In an example, accelerometers can be better at measuring small-scale movements and limb rotation, while an array of longitudinal sensors can be better at avoiding position drift over time. The combination of an array of longitudinal sensors and a pair of accelerometers can provide more accurate measurement, tracking estimation, and/or modeling of joint configuration and movement than is possible with either the longitudinal sensors or the accelerometers alone. 
       FIGS. 38 and 39  show an array of longitudinal sensors and accelerometers to measure movement of a body joint  38001  comprising: first longitudinal sensor  38002  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this first longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a first radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the first longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the first longitudinal sensor generates a first set of data concerning movement of the body joint; second longitudinal sensor  38003  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this second longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a second radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the second longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the second longitudinal sensor generates a second set of data concerning movement of the body joint; third longitudinal sensor  38004  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this third longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a third radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the third longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the third longitudinal sensor generates a third set of data concerning movement of the body joint; fourth longitudinal sensor  38005  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this fourth longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a fourth radial quadrant of the body joint, wherein the fourth longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the fourth longitudinal sensor generates a fourth set of data concerning movement of the body joint; first accelerometer  38006  which is configured to worn on location which is proximal from the body joint; and second accelerometer  38007  which is configured to worn on location which is distal from the body joint. Relevant example variations and alternative components discussed in the narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure can also be applied to this example. 
       FIGS. 40 and 41  show an embodiment of this invention that is similar to the one shown in  FIGS. 38 and 39 , except that it includes an array of six longitudinal sensors instead of four. A hextant can be defined as a one-sixth (60-degree) slice of a circle. In this example, a first radial hextant of the body joint spans from the 330 degree vector to the 30 degree vector, a second radial hextant of the body joint spans from the 30 degree vector to the 90 degree vector, a third radial hextant of the body joint spans from the 90 degree vector to the 150 degree vector, a fourth radial hextant of the body joint spans from the 150 degree vector to the 210 degree vector, a fifth radial hextant of the body joint spans from the 210 degree vector to the 270 degree vector, and a sixth radial hextant of the body joint spans from the 270 degree vector to the 330 degree vector. In another example, each of this hextants can have boundary vectors which are shifted clockwise by 30 degrees. 
       FIGS. 40 and 41  show an array of six longitudinal sensors to measure movement of a body joint  40001  comprising: first longitudinal sensor  40002  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this first longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a first radial hextant of the body joint, wherein a hextant is a one-sixth slice of a circle, wherein the first longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the first longitudinal sensor generates a first set of data concerning movement of the body joint; second longitudinal sensor  40003  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this second longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a second radial hextant of the body joint, wherein the second longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the second longitudinal sensor generates a second set of data concerning movement of the body joint; third longitudinal sensor  40004  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this third longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a third radial hextant of the body joint, wherein the third longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the third longitudinal sensor generates a third set of data concerning movement of the body joint; fourth longitudinal sensor  40005  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this fourth longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a fourth radial hextant of the body joint, wherein the fourth longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the fourth longitudinal sensor generates a fourth set of data concerning movement of the body joint; fifth longitudinal sensor  40006  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this fifth longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a fifth radial hextant of the body joint, wherein the fifth longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the fifth longitudinal sensor generates a fifth set of data concerning movement of the body joint; sixth longitudinal sensor  40007  which is configured to longitudinally span a body joint, wherein this sixth longitudinal sensor spans the body joint within a sixth radial hextant of the body joint, wherein the sixth longitudinal sensor is configured to bend and/or stretch when the body joint moves, and wherein bending and/or stretching of the sixth longitudinal sensor generates a sixth set of data concerning movement of the body joint; first accelerometer  40008  which is configured to worn on location which is proximal from the body joint; and second accelerometer  40009  which is configured to worn on location which is distal from the body joint. Relevant example variations and alternative components discussed in the narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure can also be applied to this example. 
       FIG. 42  does not show a device, but rather shows a framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates which is superimposed on a body member (a leg) which contains a body joint (a knee). This framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates will be used to make the device descriptions elsewhere in this disclosure more precise. For example, this framework helps to define the terms “top”, “bottom,” “side”, “distal”, “proximal”, “joint center”, and “radial coordinate.” In  FIG. 42 , this framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates is shown for a leg containing a knee. In another example, this framework can also be used for an arm containing an elbow. 
     The upper half of  FIG. 42  shows a top view of a body member (a leg in this example). The lower half of  FIG. 42  shows a side view of the body member. The “top” surface of the body member is defined herein as the surface of the body member whose space-facing side forms an angle greater than 180 degrees when the joint within the body member is bent. The “bottom” surface of the body member is defined herein as the surface of the body member whose space-facing side forms an angle less than 180 degrees when the joint within the body member is bent. A “side” surface of the body member (of which there are two) is a surface between the top surface of the body member and the bottom surface of the body member. Also, the top surface of a body member is the surface of the body member which becomes more convex when the joint is bent and the bottom surface of the body member is the surface of the body member which becomes more concave when the joint is bent. Also, the top surface of a leg is called the ventral or anterior surface of the leg and the bottom surface of a leg is called the dorsal or posterior surface of the leg. 
       FIG. 42  helps to show the definition of the terms “distal” and “proximal” used herein.  FIG. 42  shows a dotted-line arrow above the body member. The left end of the arrow is labeled “distal” and the right end of the arrow is labeled “proximal.” Distal is defined herein as being further from a person&#39;s torso when a body member is extended away from the person&#39;s body—as in the body configuration of Leonardo da Vinci&#39;s famous Vitruvian Man. Proximal is defined herein as being closer to a person&#39;s torso when the body member is extended away from the person&#39;s body in this body configuration. A location which is distal relative to a body joint is further away from the person&#39;s torso than the body joint center. A location which is proximal relative to a body joint is closer to the person&#39;s torso than the body joint center. 
       FIG. 42  also helps to show the definition of the term “joint center” used herein. An interior joint center is the location within the tissue of a body member where one or more distal bones engage a proximal bone in a body joint. For a complex three-dimensional meeting of distal and proximal bones, the interior joint center can be defined as the centroid of that three-dimensional meeting. The term “joint center” without the preceding adjective interior is defined herein as the cross-sectional perimeter (or circumference if perfectly circular) of the outer surface of a body member around an interior joint center. 
       FIG. 42  also helps to show the definition of “radial coordinates” around the cross-sectional perimeters (or circumferences if perfectly circular) of a body member. As shown in  FIG. 42 , radial coordinates can be defined around the cross-sectional perimeter of a body member at a joint center. The 0-degree location is point on this cross-sectional perimeter at the cross-sectional center of the top surface. The 180-degree location is the point on this cross-sectional perimeter which is diametrically opposite the 0-degree location. Equivalently, the 180-degree location is the point on this cross-sectional perimeter which is the cross-sectional center of the bottom surface. 
     As shown in  FIG. 42 , these radial coordinates can be extended longitudinally along the surface of the body member—distally from the joint center and also proximally from the joint center. As shown in  FIG. 42 , the framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates used herein does not assume that a body member is a perfect cylinder with uniform size and shape cross-sectional perimeters along its length. A body member can have a tapered or bulbous outer surface. Connecting the same value radial coordinates across multiple cross-sectional perimeters need not form a straight line. Cross-sectional perimeters of a body member tend to vary in size and shape as one moves along the length of the body member. Accordingly, lines created by connecting the same value radial coordinates across multiple cross-sectional perimeters can create arcuate, tapered, and non-parallel longitudinal lines. 
     One could try to create a geometric definition of radial coordinates by defining a perfectly-circular virtual cylinder around a body member which is fully extended at a 180-degree angle. One could define radial coordinates around the cross-sectional perimeters of this virtual cylinder and then trace virtual vectors extending inwards toward the center of each cross-sectional perimeter to project these radial coordinates onto the surface of the body member. However, a virtual cylinder approach becomes complicated when the body joint bends and is ultimately more intuitive and simpler to just define radial coordinates along the length of the surface of the body member with cross-sectional perimeters of varying sizes and shapes as shown in  FIG. 42 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 42 , intermediate radial coordinates can be filled in between the 0-degree location and the 180-degree location on the cross-sectional perimeter of the body member. For example, the 90-degree location can be filled in mid-way between the 0-degree location and the 180-degree location on the perimeter, in a clockwise manner. For example, the 270-degree location can be filled in mid-way between the 180-degree location and the 0-degree location on the perimeter, in a clockwise manner. Only four (compass point) radial coordinates are explicitly shown in  FIG. 42 , but intermediate coordinates can be filled in around the cross-sectional perimeter of the body member in a clockwise manner. For example, radial coordinates can be defined in this clockwise manner, including the following locations around the perimeter of the body member: 0-degree, 45-degree, 90-degree, 135-degree, 180-degree, 225-degree, 270-degree, 315-degree, and (360-degree=0-degree). 
       FIG. 43  is like  FIG. 42 , except that  FIG. 43  shows this framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates superimposed on an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device which is worn on the body member.  FIG. 42  is important for relating the framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates to human anatomy since the surface of the body member itself is shown.  FIG. 43  is important as a transition showing how this framework of directions, labels, and radial coordinates can be applied to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device which is worn on the body member.  FIG. 43  will prove useful for describing the configurations of different embodiments of this invention. 
       FIG. 44  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 44  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  44011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  44012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  44001  which is configured to be worn on the body member spanning a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. The upper half of  FIG. 44  shows a top view of this device and the bottom half of  FIG. 44  shows a side view of this device. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can be selected from the group consisting of: ankle band, arm band, arm sleeve, bracelet, compression sleeve, elbow band, elbow brace, glove, jump suit, knee band, knee brace, leg band, leg sleeve, leggings, leotards, coat, jacket, shirt, pants or slacks, smart watch, sock, sweat pants, swimsuit, union suit, and wrist band. 
     In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be incorporated into an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device when the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device is made. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be permanently attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be removably attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be directly attached to the surface of a body member. 
     In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be incorporated into an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device when the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device is made. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be permanently attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be removably attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be directly attached to the surface of a body member. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be incorporated into an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device when the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device is made. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be permanently attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be removably attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be directly attached to the surface of a body member. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device can comprise one set with a distal inertial motion sensor, a proximal inertial motion sensor, and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which measures the motion of one body joint. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device can comprise multiple sets of distal inertial motion sensors, proximal inertial motion sensors, and stretching and/or bending motion sensors, wherein each set measures the motion of a body joint and collectively they measure the motions of multiple body joints. In an example, an article of clothing can be a shirt including two sets of sets of distal inertial motion sensors, proximal inertial motion sensors, and stretching and/or bending motion sensors which measure the motions of both elbows, respectively. In an example, an article of clothing can be a pair of pants including two sets of sets of distal inertial motion sensors, proximal inertial motion sensors, and stretching and/or bending motion sensors which measure the motions of both knees, respectively. 
     In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be an accelerometer. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be a gyroscope. In an example, a distal motion sensor can comprise both an accelerometer and a gyroscope. In an example, a distal motion sensor can comprise an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnometer. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be a permanent part of an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be removably attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be removably inserted into a pouch or pocket in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be removably clipped, pinned, or fastened to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. 
     In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be an accelerometer. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be a gyroscope. In an example, a proximal motion sensor can comprise both an accelerometer and a gyroscope. In an example, a proximal motion sensor can comprise an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnometer. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be a permanent part of an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be removably attached to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be removably inserted into a pouch or pocket in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be removably clipped, pinned, or fastened to an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device. 
     As shown in the example in  FIG. 44 , a distal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located on the top surface of a body member containing a body joint. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located at the 0-degree radial coordinate of a cross-sectional perimeter of a body member. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between the 315-degree and 45-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between the 270-degree and 90-degree radial coordinates. 
     In an alternative example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located on a side surface of a body member containing a body joint. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located at the 90-degree radial coordinate of a cross-sectional perimeter of a body member. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 45-degree and 135-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 0-degree and 180-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located at the 270-degree radial coordinate of a cross-sectional perimeter of a body member. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 225-degree and 315-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 180-degree and 0-degree radial coordinates. 
     In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located a distance between 4 and 10 inches away (in a distal direction) from a joint center. In an example, the centroid of a distal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located a distance between 6 and 20 inches away (in a distal direction) from a joint center. In an example, a distal inertial motion sensor can be incorporated into the cuff of a long-sleeve shirt or the cuff of a leg on a pair of pants. 
     As shown in the example in  FIG. 44 , a proximal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located on the top surface of a body member containing a body joint. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located at the 0-degree radial coordinate of a cross-sectional perimeter of a body member. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between the 315-degree and 45-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between the 270-degree and 90-degree radial coordinates. 
     In an alternative example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located on a side surface of a body member containing a body joint. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located at the 90-degree radial coordinate of a cross-sectional perimeter of a body member. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 45-degree and 135-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 0-degree and 180-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located at the 270-degree radial coordinate of a cross-sectional perimeter of a body member. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 225-degree and 315-degree radial coordinates. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be located within the clockwise range between 180-degree and 0-degree radial coordinates. 
     In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located a distance between 4 and 10 inches away (in a proximal direction) from a joint center. In an example, the centroid of a proximal inertial motion sensor can be configured to be located a distance between 6 and 20 inches away (in a proximal direction) from a joint center. In an example, a proximal inertial motion sensor can be incorporated into the shoulder of a long-sleeve shirt or the hip of a leg on a pair of pants. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be an electromagnetic energy sensor. In an example, electromagnetic energy can be transmitted through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In an example, electromagnetic energy can be transmitted through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor from a location which is distal relative to a joint center to a location which is proximal relative to a joint center, or vice versa. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can further comprise an electromagnetic energy emitter and an electromagnetic energy receiver. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be located at a location which is distal relative to a joint center and an electromagnetic energy receiver can be located at a location which is proximal relative to a joint center, or vice versa. 
     In an example, changes in the transmission of electromagnetic energy through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be selected from the group consisting of: voltage changes; conductivity changes; resistance changes; impedance changes; capacitance changes; frequency changes; and spectral changes. In an example, there are changes in the transmission of electromagnetic energy through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor when the sensor is stretched and/or bent by motion of the body joint which the sensor spans. In an example, motion of the body joint can be measured by analyzing changes in the transmission of electromagnetic energy through the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can generate electromagnetic energy. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be piezoelectric. In an example, electromagnetic energy can be generated by a stretching and/or bending motion sensor when the sensor is stretched and/or bent by motion of a body joint which the sensor spans. In an example, motion of a body joint can be measured by analyzing changes in the electromagnetic energy generated by the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be woven into, sewn into, embroidered on, printed on, adhered to, etched into, or inserted into an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device when the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device is made. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be woven into, sewn into, embroidered on, printed on, adhered to, etched into, or inserted into fabric which is used to make an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise electroconductive threads, yarns, fibers, or inks which are woven into, sewn into, embroidered on, printed on, adhered to, etched into, or inserted into fabric which is used to make an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise electroconductive threads, yarns, or fibers which are woven into, sewn into, embroidered on, or inserted into fabric in a sinusoidal and/or waving manner, wherein this fabric is used to make an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be sewn into, embroidered on, printed on, adhered to, etched into, snapped onto, clipped to, hooked onto, taped to, buttoned onto, attached to via hook and eye, or inserted into an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be removably snapped onto, clipped to, hooked onto, taped to, buttoned onto, attached to via hook and eye, or inserted into an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device after the article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device has been made. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise both electroconductive and non-conductive elements. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise a weave of electroconductive and non-conductive threads, yarns, or fibers. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise a weave of sinusoidally-configured electroconductive threads, yarns, or fibers and non-conductive threads, yarns, or fibers. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise a weave of sinusoidally-configured electroconductive threads, yarns, or fibers and elastic non-conductive threads, yarns, or fibers. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise electroconductive ink that is applied to non-conductive material. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise electroconductive threads, yarns, or fibers that are embroidered onto non-conductive material. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise two or more alternating layers of electroconductive and non-conductive elements. In an example, stretching and/or bending of the layers can change the transmission of electromagnetic energy through the sensor and thus collect data which is used to measure body joint motion. In an example, stretching and/or bending a motion sensor changes the capacitance and/or resistance of the motion sensor. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can collect data for measuring joint motion by measuring changes in sonic energy transmitted through the sensor. In an example, sonic energy is transmitted through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor from a location which is distal relative to a joint center to a location which is proximal relative to a joint center, or vice versa. In an example, changes in the transmission of sonic energy through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor are caused when the sensor is stretched and/or bent by motion of the body joint which the sensor spans. In an example, motion of the body joint can be measured by analyzing changes in the transmission of sonic energy through the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can further comprise a sonic energy emitter which is distal relative to a joint center and a sonic energy receiver which is proximal relative to a joint center, or vice versa. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can collect data for measuring joint motion by measuring changes in light energy transmitted through the sensor. In an example, light energy is transmitted through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor from a location which is distal relative to a joint center to a location which is proximal relative to a joint center, or vice versa. In an example, changes in the transmission of light energy through a stretching and/or bending motion sensor are caused when the sensor is stretched and/or bent by motion of the body joint which the sensor spans. In an example, motion of the body joint can be measured by analyzing changes in the transmission of light energy through the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can further comprise a light energy emitter which is distal relative to a joint center and a light energy receiver which is proximal relative to a joint center, or vice versa. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 44 , there is a single stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a joint center. In other examples, there can be two or more stretching and/or bending motion sensors which span the same joint center. In an example, two or more stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the same joint can be in different locations or configurations. In an example, two or more stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the same joint can have different sizes or shapes. In an example, two or more stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the same joint can be made from different materials. 
     In an example, collecting data from two or more stretching and/or bending motion sensors can provide more accurate information about body joint movement than a single sensor. In various examples, different types and/or configurations of multiple stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the same body joint can provide more accurate information on movement of a body joint in different movement ranges and/or in different directions. Also, having multiple stretching and/or bending motion sensors can help to control for shifts in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device along (or around) the surface of a body member. 
     In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span a joint center at a first radial location and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span the joint center at a second radial location. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span a joint center at a first angle and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span the joint center at a second angle. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span a joint center with a first width and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span the joint center with a second width. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span a joint center with a first configuration and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span the joint center with a second configuration. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a first length and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a second length, wherein the second length is greater than the first length. 
     In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can intersect a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can overlap a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor when they intersect. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can inter-mesh with a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor when they intersect. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor can connect and/or merge with a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor when they intersect. 
     As shown in  FIG. 44 , a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise a single longitudinal strip, strap, band, or array of threads that span a body joint from a location which is distal relative to the joint center to a location which is proximal relative to the joint center, or vice versa. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be co-linear and/or parallel to a virtual line connecting the same radial coordinate across multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member. As shown in  FIG. 44 , a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be relatively co-linear and/or parallel to a virtual line connecting the 0-degree radial coordinates of multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member. In an example, the longitudinal axis of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be relatively co-linear and/or parallel to a virtual line connecting the 0-degree radial coordinates of multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member. 
     In an example, the longitudinal axis of a single stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be relatively co-linear and/or parallel to a virtual line connecting the same radial coordinate across multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member, wherein this radial coordinate is within the range clockwise between 315 degrees and 45 degrees. In an example, the longitudinal axis of a single stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be relatively co-linear and/or parallel to a virtual line connecting the same radial coordinate across multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member, wherein this radial coordinate is within the range clockwise between 270 degrees and 90 degrees. In an example, the longitudinal axis of a single stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member in a range clockwise between a first radial coordinate and a second radial coordinate. In an example, the first radial coordinate can be 315 degrees and the second radial coordinate can be 45 degrees. In an example, the first radial coordinate can be 270 degrees and the second radial coordinate can be 90 degrees. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span (a portion of) the perimeter of a body member around a body joint (a body joint center) within a range that is clockwise between the 315-degree and 45-degree radial coordinates of that perimeter. In an example, the entire length of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span portions the perimeters of a body member containing a body joint within a range that is clockwise between the 315-degree and 45-degree radial coordinates of those perimeters. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span (a portion of) the perimeter of a body member around a body joint (a body joint center) within a range that is clockwise between the 270-degree and 90-degree radial coordinates of that perimeter. In an example, the entire length of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can span portions the perimeters of a body member containing a body joint within a range that is clockwise between the 270-degree and 90-degree radial coordinates of those perimeters. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a uniform width. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a uniform width within the range of 0.5 to 4 inches. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a width which varies along its length. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a variable width within the range of 0.5 to 6 inches. In an example, a first longitudinal segment of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a first width and a second longitudinal segment of the sensor can have a second width, wherein the second width is greater than the first width. In an example, the first segment can span the body joint. In an alternative example, the second segment can span the body joint. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a length within the range of 5 to 10 inches. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a length within the range of 4 to 24 inches. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be elastic and/or flexible. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a first segment with a first degree of elasticity (or flexibility) and a second segment with a second degree of elasticity (or flexibility), wherein the second degree is greater than the first degree. In an example, the first segment can be a distal portion and the second segment can be a proximal portion, or vice versa. In an example, the first segment can comprise distal and proximal portions and the second segment can comprise an intermediate portion which spans a body joint, or vice versa. In an example, the segment of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint can be more elastic and/or flexible than the remaining segments of the sensor. In an example, the segment of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint can be less elastic and/or flexible than the remaining segments of the sensor. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a first segment made from a first type of material and a second segment made from a second type of material. In an example, the first segment can be a distal portion and the second segment can be a proximal portion, or vice versa. In an example, the first segment can comprise distal and proximal portions and the second segment can comprise an intermediate portion which spans a body joint, or vice versa. In an example, the segment of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint can be made from a first type of material and the remaining segments of the sensor can be made from a second type of material. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a first segment with a first shape and a second segment with a second shape. In an example, the first segment can be a distal portion and the second segment can be a proximal portion, or vice versa. In an example, the first segment can comprise distal and proximal portions and the second segment can comprise an intermediate portion which spans a body joint, or vice versa. In an example, the segment of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint can have a first shape and the remaining segments of the sensor can have a second shape. In an example, a segment shape can be selected from the group consisting of: rectangle; rounded rectangle; square; rounded square; circle; oval; ellipse; semi-circle; sinusoidal wave; zigzag wave; saddle shape, cylindrical section; conic section; and straight line. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device can have one or more channels, tracks, pouches, openings, or pockets into which a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be inserted. In an example, the exact location within a channel, track, pouch, opening, or pocket to which a stretching and/or bending motion sensor is inserted and/or attached can be adjusted. In an example, the longitudinal location on a body member to which a stretching and/or bending motion sensor is removably attached can be adjusted to customize and optimize measurement of body joint movement for a specific person. In an example, the radial location on a body member to which a stretching and/or bending motion sensor is removably attached can be adjusted to customize and optimize measurement of body joint movement for a specific person. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be reversibly removed from an article of clothing or clothing accessory so that the article or accessory can be washed. After the article or accessory has been washed, the stretching or bending motion sensor can be reattached. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have markings which can be aligned with markings on an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device so as to properly longitudinally and/or radially align the sensor on the article of clothing, clothing, accessory, and/or wearable device. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have markings which can be aligned with markings on an article of clothing or clothing accessory so as to properly reattach the sensor to the article of clothing or accessory after the sensor has been temporarily removed to wash to the article or accessory. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first level of elasticity (or flexibility) which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second level of elasticity (or flexibility) which spans the same body joint, wherein the second level of elasticity (or flexibility) is greater than the first level of elasticity (or flexibility). In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first length which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second length which spans the body joint, wherein the second length is greater than the first length. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first porosity level which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second porosity level which spans the body joint, wherein the second porosity level is greater than the first porosity level. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint along a first radial coordinate and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans the body joint along a second radial coordinate, wherein the second radial coordinate is greater than the first radial coordinate. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first sensor density which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second sensor density which spans the body joint, wherein the second sensor density is greater than the first sensor density. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first shape which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second shape which spans the body joint, wherein the second shape is different than the first shape. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor made from a first material which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor made from a second material which spans the body joint, wherein the second material is different than the first material. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first wave or undulation frequency which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second wave or undulation frequency which spans the body joint, wherein the second frequency is greater than the first frequency. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a first width which spans a body joint and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor with a second width which spans the body joint, wherein the second width is greater than the first width. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first level of elasticity (or flexibility) and a second segment with a second level of elasticity (or flexibility), wherein the second level is greater than the first level. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first length and a second segment with a second length, wherein the second length is greater than the first length. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first porosity level and a second segment with a second porosity level, wherein the second level is greater than the first level. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment along a first radial coordinate and a second segment along a second radial coordinate, wherein the second radial coordinate is greater than the first radial coordinate. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first sensor density and a second segment with a second sensor density, wherein the second density is greater than the first density. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first shape and a second segment with a second shape, wherein the second shape is different than the first shape. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. 
     In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment made from a first material and a second segment made from a second material, wherein the second material is different than the first material. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first wave or undulation frequency and a second segment with a second wave or undulation frequency, wherein the second frequency is greater than the first frequency. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device can comprise a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint, wherein this sensor further comprises a first segment with a first width and a second segment with a second width, wherein the second width is greater than the first width. In an example, the first segment can span the joint. In an example, the second segment can span the joint. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 45  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 45  is like the one shown in  FIG. 44 , except that there are two longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the top surface of the same body joint instead of just one. Collecting data from two or more stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the same joint can provide more accurate information about movement of that joint than a single sensor. Having multiple stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the same joint can also help to control for shifts in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, or wearable device along (or around) the surface of a body member. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 45  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  45011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  45012 ; a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor  45001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint; and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor  45002  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of the body member and spans the body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor, and the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor. The upper half of  FIG. 45  shows a top view of this device and the bottom half of  FIG. 45  shows a side view of this device. 
     In this example, the longitudinal axis of the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 270 degrees and 0 degrees. In this example, the longitudinal axis of the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 0 degrees and 90 degrees. 
     In this example, the first and second stretching and/or bending motion sensors do not overlap. In an alternative example, the first and second stretching and/or bending motion sensors can overlap. In this example, the longitudinal axes of the first and second stretching and/or bending motion sensors are substantially parallel. In an alternative example, the longitudinal axes of the first and second stretching and/or bending motion sensors can converge. In this example, the first and second stretching and/or bending motion sensors are configured in a symmetric manner with respect to the longitudinal line connecting 0-degree radial coordinates along multiple cross-sectional perimeters of the body member. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 46  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 46  is like the one shown in  FIG. 44 , except that there are three longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensors spanning the top surface of the same body joint instead of just one. Specifically,  FIG. 46  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  46011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  46012 ; a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor  46001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint; a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor  46002  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of the body member and spans the body joint; a third stretching and/or bending motion sensor  46003  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of the body member and spans the body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor, the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor, and the third stretching and/or bending motion sensor. The upper half of  FIG. 46  shows a top view and the bottom half of  FIG. 46  shows a side view. 
     In this example: the longitudinal axis of the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 270 degrees and 0 degrees; the longitudinal axis of the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 315 degrees and 45 degrees; and the longitudinal axis of the third stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 0 degrees and 90 degrees. 
     In this example, the stretching and/or bending motion sensors do not overlap and the longitudinal axes of stretching and/or bending motion sensors are substantially parallel. In this example, the first and third stretching and/or bending motion sensors are configured in a symmetric manner with respect to the longitudinal line connecting 0-degree radial coordinates along multiple cross-sectional perimeters of the body member. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example in  FIG. 47  is like the one in  FIG. 45 , except that the two longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensors partially converge; they are closer to each other as they span the body joint. Specifically,  FIG. 47  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  47011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  47012 ; a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor  47001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint; and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor  47002  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of the body member and spans the body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor, and the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor. The upper half of the figure shows a top view and the bottom half shows a side view. 
     In this example, the longitudinal axis of the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 270 degrees and 0 degrees, wherein this longitudinal axis is closer to 0 degrees as it spans the joint than it is at its distal and proximal portions. In this example, the longitudinal axis of the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor is configured to cross multiple cross-sectional perimeters of a body member within a range of radial coordinates that is clockwise between 0 degrees and 90 degrees, wherein this longitudinal axis is closer to 0 degrees as it spans the joint than it is at its distal and proximal portions. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example in  FIG. 48  is like the one in  FIG. 47 , except that two longitudinal stretching and/or bending motion sensors cross each other as they span a body joint. Specifically,  FIG. 48  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  48011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  48012 ; a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor  48001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint; and a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor  48002  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of the body member and spans the body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, the first stretching and/or bending motion sensor, and the second stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, the longitudinal axis of a first stretching and/or bending motion sensor and the longitudinal axis of a second stretching and/or bending motion sensor cross each other. In this example, these two longitudinal axes cross each other (e.g. overlap) as they span a body joint on the top surface of a body member. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 49  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 49  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  49011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  49012 ; and a bifurcating stretching and/or bending motion sensor  49001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, the stretching and/or bending motion sensor bifurcates and then reconverges as it spans a body joint. In this example, the bifurcation and reconvergence of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor creates an opening in the sensor as it spans a joint. In an example, this opening can have a cross-sectional area of at least 3.14 square inches. In this example, this opening is on the top surface of a body joint. In an example, this opening can span a joint center and/or be centered around a joint center. In an example, an opening in a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can have a circular, oval, elliptical, square, rectangular, or hexagonal shape. In an example, this opening can be larger along the longitudinal axis of a body member than it is along the cross-sectional perimeter of the body member. In an example, this design can help to keep the sensor properly positioned over the body joint. In an example, this design can be less prone to errors from shifting or sliding of the sensor with respect to the surface of the body member. 
     In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be wider as it spans a body joint than it is in its distal and proximal portions. In an example, distal and proximal portions of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be within a range of radial coordinates clockwise between 315 degrees and 45 degrees, while a central portion of the stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans a body joint is within a range of radial coordinates clockwise between 270 degrees and 90 degrees. In an example, the central portion can exceed the range of radial coordinates clockwise between 315 degrees and 45 degrees. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 50  shows an example which is similar to the one in  FIG. 49  except that the central portion of the stretching and/or bending motion sensor spans the entire cross-sectional perimeter of the joint center. Specifically,  FIG. 50  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  50011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  50012 ; and a bifurcating stretching and/or bending motion sensor  50001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, distal and proximal portions of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor are within a range of radial coordinates clockwise between 315 degrees and 45 degrees, but a central portion of the stretching and/or bending motion sensor spans the entire cross-sectional perimeter of the joint center. As was the case in  FIG. 49 , the central portion of the stretching and/or bending motion sensor which spans the joint center includes an opening on the top surface of the body member over the joint. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 51  shows an example which is similar to the one shown in  FIG. 50  except that there is no opening in the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. Specifically,  FIG. 51  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  51011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  51012 ; and a bifurcating stretching and/or bending motion sensor  51001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 52  shows an example of an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion which looks similar to the capital Greek letter “Theta” in a top view. Specifically,  FIG. 52  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  52011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  52012 ; and a trifurcated stretching and/or bending motion sensor  52001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor spans the entire cross-sectional perimeter of a joint center. On the top surface of the body member over the joint, the sensor splits into three branches. When viewed in a top-down view, these three branches resemble the capital Greek letter “Theta”, with the central straight branch (of the letter) spanning in a distal to proximal direction. In an example, the central branch can be within the range of radial coordinates clockwise between 315 degrees and 45 degrees. In this example, the stretching and/or bending motion sensor is wider on the top surface of the body member than it is on the bottom surface of the body member. In this example, the stretching and/or bending motion sensor is wider as it spans the top surface of the body joint than it is as it spans the bottom surface of the body joint. Also, on the bottom surface of the body member over the joint, the sensor does not split. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 53  shows an example of an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion which looks similar to the “Green Lantern” symbol (a circle between and touching two parallel lines) in a top view. Specifically,  FIG. 53  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  53011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  53012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  53001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor further comprises two (substantially) parallel strips, bands, or stripes with an arcuate (circular, oval, or elliptical) ring between them. In this example, the ring forms a sensor opening which is centered on the joint center. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 54  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 54  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  54011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  54012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  54001  which is configured to be worn on the top surface of a body member and spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor spans the entire cross-sectional perimeter of the joint center and is wider as it spans the top surface of the body member than it is as it spans the bottom surface of the body member. In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which encircles a joint perimeter has a first width as it spans the top surface of a joint and a second width as it spans the bottom surface of a joint, wherein the first width is greater than the second width. In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor is substantially symmetric with respect to the joint center (perimeter). In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a circular, oval, or elliptical shape when seen in a top view and a keystone shape when seen in a side view. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 55  shows an example which is like the one in  FIG. 52  except that the central branch of the capital Greek letter “Theta” is extended distally and proximally. Specifically,  FIG. 55  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  55011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  55012 ; and a trifurcated stretching and/or bending motion sensor  55001  which spans the entire perimeter of a joint center, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor spans the entire cross-sectional perimeter of a joint center. On the top surface of the body member over the joint, the sensor splits into three branches. When viewed in a top-down view, these three branches resemble the capital Greek letter “Theta” with a distally and proximally extended central straight branch. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 56  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 56  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  56011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  56012 ; and a helical stretching and/or bending motion sensor  56001  which is configured to spiral around a body member which contains a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In an example, a stretching and/or bending sensor can be a double helix. In an example, an article of clothing, clothing accessory and/or wearable device can comprise two helical stretching and/or bending motion sensors (one named “Crick” and one named “Watson”) which span a body joint. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 57  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 57  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  57011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  57012 ; a first arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensor  57001  which is configured to span a body joint center; and a second arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensor  57002  which is configured to span a body joint center, wherein the first and second arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensors are nested, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, the first arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensor, and the second arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In an example, the first and second arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensors can be concentric as well as nested. In an example, the first and second arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensors can have shapes selected from the group consisting of: circle; ring; oval; and ellipse. In an example, first and second arcuate stretching and/or bending motion sensors can combine to form a target pattern. In an example, a first arcuate stretching and/or bending sensor can have a first width, a second arcuate stretching and/or bending sensor can have a second width, and the second width can be greater than the first width. In an example, this device can further comprise a third nested (and concentric) arcuate stretching and/or bending sensor. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 58  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 58  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  58011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  58012 ; and a composite-sinusoidal stretching and/or bending motion sensor  58001  which is configured to span a body joint center, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the composite-sinusoidal stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In this example, the shape of a stretching and/or bending motion sensors is a composite of two opposite-phase coaxial sine waves. In this example, the two opposite-phase coaxial sine waves form two loops or openings. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 59  is like the one in  FIG. 58  except that there are three loops from coaxial sine waves rather than two. In this example, a central loop spans the joint center. Specifically,  FIG. 59  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  59011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  59012 ; and a composite-sinusoidal stretching and/or bending motion sensor  59001  which is configured to span a body joint center, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the composite-sinusoidal stretching and/or bending motion sensor. In this example, the shape of a stretching and/or bending motion sensors is a composite of two opposite-phase coaxial sine waves. In this example, two opposite-phase coaxial sine waves form three loops or openings. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 60  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 60  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  60011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  60012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  60001  with a joint-spanning arcuate opening, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     In this example, the shape of a stretching and/or bending motion sensor includes: (a) a central ring which encircles the top surface of the portion of a body member which includes a body joint; and (b) four bands which extend radially outward from the central ring. In this example, a first band extends distally toward the 270-degree radial coordinate line, a second band extends distally toward the 90-degree radial coordinate line, a third band extends proximally toward the 90-degree radial coordinate line, and a fourth band extends proximally toward the 270-degree radial coordinate line. In this example, the first and second bands join together on the bottom surface of the body member. In this example, the third and fourth bands join together on the bottom surface of the body member. In an example, the central ring of the stretching and/or bending motion sensor can be circular, oval, or elliptical. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 61  is like the one in  FIG. 60  except that it includes two additional bands which extend radially outward in distal and proximal directions from the central ring. In this example, the longitudinal axes of the two additional bands extend distally and proximally along the line formed by connecting 0-degree radial coordinates of multiple body member cross-sectional perimeters. Specifically,  FIG. 61  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  61011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  61012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  61001  with a joint-spanning arcuate opening, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 62  is like the one in  FIG. 61  except that it includes two additional bands which extend outward (clockwise and counter-clockwise, respectively) from the central ring along the cross-sectional perimeter of the joint center. These two additional bands join together on the bottom surface of the joint. With inspiration from the comic strip Garfield, this design can be called a “squished spider” design. Specifically,  FIG. 62  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  62011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  62012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  62001  with a joint-spanning arcuate opening, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 63  is like the one in  FIG. 62  except that it has no central ring. Instead, eight bands extend radially outward from a central point on the top surface of a portion of a body member containing a body joint. In this example, three pairs of the eight bands join each other (pair-wise) on the bottom surface of the body member. With inspiration from Great Britain, this design can be called the “Union Jack” design. Specifically,  FIG. 63  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  63011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  63012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  63001  with a joint-spanning arcuate opening, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 64  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 64  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  64011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  64012 ; a first distal-to-proximal oriented stretching and/or bending motion sensor  64001  which spans a body joint; a second distal-to-proximal oriented stretching and/or bending motion sensor  64002  which spans the body joint; a first cross-sectional perimeter spanning stretching and/or bending motion sensor  64003  which is distal relative to the body joint; and a second cross-sectional perimeter spanning stretching and/or bending motion sensor  64004  which is proximal relative to the body joint; wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensors. In this example, the cross-sectional perimeter spanning sensors cross over the distal-to-proximal oriented sensors. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 65  shows an example which is like the one in  FIG. 45  except that the two stretching and/or bending sensors undulate in a sinusoidal manner. Specifically,  FIG. 65  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  65011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  65012 ; a first undulating and/or sinusoidal stretching and/or bending motion sensor  65001  which spans a body joint; and a second undulating and/or sinusoidal stretching and/or bending motion sensor  65002  which spans the body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the two stretching and/or bending motion sensors. 
     In this example, the two undulating and/or sinusoidal stretching and/or bending sensors do not overlap. In an alternative example, two or more undulating and/or sinusoidal stretching and/or bending sensors can overlap. In an alternative example, two or more undulating and/or sinusoidal stretching and/or bending sensors can be interwoven and/or braided. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 66  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 66  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  66011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  66012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  66001  which spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensors. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor further comprises: a ring portion which encircles the top surface of a body joint; and two arcuate bands which extend outward (in opposite directions) from the ring portion around the cross-sectional perimeter of the body joint center and join together on the bottom surface of the joint. In an example, the ring portion can be circular, oval, or elliptical in shape. In an example, the ring portion can be centered on the joint center. In an example, the interior of the ring portion can form an opening in the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 67  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 67  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  67011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  67012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  67001  which spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensors. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor further comprises: an inner ring which encircles the top surface of a body joint; and an outer ring which encompasses the inner ring and which spans both the top surface and the bottom surface of the body member which contains the body joint. In an example, the inner ring can be nested within the outer ring. In an example, the inner ring and the outer ring can be concentric. In an example, the stretching and/or bending motion sensor comprising both rings can look like a stylized eye in a top view. In an example, the inner ring can have a shape selected from the group consisting of: circle, oval, ellipse, and convex lens. In an example, the outer ring can have a shape selected from the group consisting of: circle, oval, ellipse, and convex lens. In an example, the inner ring can be centered on the joint center. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 68  shows another example of how this invention can be embodied in an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on a body member at a location which is distal relative to the joint center of a body joint contained by the body member; a proximal inertial motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member at a location which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor which is configured to be worn on the body member, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a distal portion which is distal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has a proximal portion which is proximal relative to the joint center of the body joint, wherein this stretching and/or bending motion sensor has an intermediate portion between the distal portion and the proximal portion, and wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensor. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 68  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  68011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  68012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  68001  which spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensors. 
     In this example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor further comprises: a top surface ring which encircles the top surface of a body joint; and at least one other ring on the bottom surface or side surface of the body joint. In an example, the top surface ring can be connected to the at least one other ring along the cross-sectional perimeter of the joint center. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise three rings, including a top surface ring, which collectively span the cross-sectional perimeter of a joint center. In an example, a stretching and/or bending motion sensor can comprise four rings, including a top surface ring, which collectively span the cross-sectional perimeter of a joint center. In an example, a ring can have a shape selected from the group consisting of: circle, oval, ellipse, and convex lens. In an example, the top surface ring can be centered on the joint center. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 69  is similar to the one in  FIG. 68  except that it also includes a band around the entire cross-sectional perimeter of a joint center. Specifically,  FIG. 69  shows an article of clothing, clothing accessory, and/or wearable device for measuring body joint motion comprising: a distal inertial motion sensor  69011 ; a proximal inertial motion sensor  69012 ; and a stretching and/or bending motion sensor  69001  which spans a body joint, wherein motion of the body joint is measured by analysis of data collected by the distal inertial motion sensor, the proximal inertial motion sensor, and the stretching and/or bending motion sensors. Relevant example variations discussed in narratives accompanying other figures in this disclosure or in narratives in the family of priority-linked applications can also be applied to the example shown in this figure. 
       FIG. 70  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: (a) an article of clothing which is worn by a person; (b) an electromagnetic energy emitter; (c) an electromagnetic energy receiver; (d) a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the electromagnetic energy emitter to the electromagnetic energy receiver through the pathway, wherein the pathway is configured to span a body joint of the person when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the pathway, and wherein stretching and/or bending of the pathway changes one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the emitter to the receiver; and (e) a data processor, wherein the data processor analyzes changes in the one or more parameters in order to measure motion of the body joint. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: an article of clothing which is worn by a person; an electromagnetic energy emitter which is part of the article of clothing at a first location, wherein the first location is configured to be a first distance from the person&#39;s neck when the article of clothing is worn by the person; an electromagnetic energy receiver which is part of the article of clothing at a second location, wherein the second location is configured to be a second distance from the person&#39;s neck when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein the second distance is different than the first distance; a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the electromagnetic energy emitter to the electromagnetic energy receiver through the pathway, wherein the pathway has a first pathway configuration and a second pathway configuration, wherein the pathway changes from the first pathway configuration to the second pathway configuration due to motion of the body joint, wherein a selected flow parameter of electromagnetic energy flow through the pathway has a first value when the pathway is in the first pathway configuration and a second value when the pathway is in the second pathway configuration; a data processor, wherein the data processor analyzes changes in the value of the flow parameter in order to measure motion of the body joint. 
     In an example, this invention can be embodied in smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: an article of clothing which is worn by a person; an electromagnetic energy emitter; an electromagnetic energy receiver; a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the electromagnetic energy emitter to the electromagnetic energy receiver through the electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein the electromagnetic energy pathway is configured to span a body joint of the person when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the pathway which, in turn, changes the flow of electromagnetic energy through the pathway; and a data processor, wherein the data processor analyzes changes in the flow of electromagnetic energy from the emitter to the receiver in order to measure motion of the body joint. 
     In an example, an article of clothing can be an upper-body garment such as a shirt or coat. In an example, an article of clothing can be a long-sleeve shirt. In an example, an upper-body article of clothing (such as a shirt or coat) can have a single helical pathway. In an example, an upper-body article of clothing (such as a shirt or coat) can comprise a single electromagnetic energy emitter, a single electromagnetic energy receiver, and a single helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway through which electromagnetic energy travels from the emitter to the receiver. In an example, an upper-body article of clothing such as a shirt or coat can comprise a plurality of electromagnetic energy emitters, electromagnetic energy receivers, and helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. In an example, an upper-body article of clothing such as a shirt or coat can have two sensor sets. Each set can comprise an emitter, receiver, and helical pathway. One set can be worn on each arm. 
     In an example, an upper-body article of clothing such as a shirt or coat can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right elbow; and (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left elbow. 
     In an example, an upper-body article of clothing such as a shirt or coat can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right shoulder; and (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left shoulder. 
     In an example, an upper-body article of clothing such as a shirt or coat can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right elbow and right shoulder; and (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left elbow and left shoulder. 
     In an example, an article of clothing can be a lower-body garment such as a pair of pants. In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can have a single helical pathway. In an example, a lower-body article of clothing (such as a pair of pants) can comprise a single electromagnetic energy emitter, a single electromagnetic energy receiver, and a single helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway through which electromagnetic energy travels from the emitter to the receiver. In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can comprise a plurality of electromagnetic energy emitters, electromagnetic energy receivers, and helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can have two sensor sets. Each set can comprise an emitter, receiver, and helical pathway. One set can be worn on each leg. 
     In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right knee; and (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left knee. 
     In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right hip; and (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left hip. 
     In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right knee and right hip; and (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left knee and left hip. 
     In an example, an article of clothing can be a full-body garment such as a union suit or leotard. In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can have a single helical pathway. In an example, a full-body article of clothing (such as a union suit or leotard) can comprise a single electromagnetic energy emitter, a single electromagnetic energy receiver, and a single helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway through which electromagnetic energy travels from the emitter to the receiver. In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can comprise a plurality of electromagnetic energy emitters, electromagnetic energy receivers, and helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can have four sensor sets. Each set can comprise an emitter, receiver, and helical pathway. A set can be worn on each arm and on each leg. 
     In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right elbow; (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left elbow; (c) a third electromagnetic energy emitter, a third electromagnetic energy receiver, and a third helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right knee; and (d) a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter, a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver, and a fourth helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left knee. 
     In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right shoulder; (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left shoulder; (c) a third electromagnetic energy emitter, a third electromagnetic energy receiver, and a third helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right hip; and (d) a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter, a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver, and a fourth helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left hip. 
     In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can comprise: (a) a first electromagnetic energy emitter, a first electromagnetic energy receiver, and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right elbow and right shoulder; (b) a second electromagnetic energy emitter, a second electromagnetic energy receiver, and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left elbow and left shoulder; (c) a third electromagnetic energy emitter, a third electromagnetic energy receiver, and a third helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span a person&#39;s right knee and right hip; and (d) a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter, a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver, and a fourth helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which is configured to span the person&#39;s left knee and left hip. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be at a first location on an article of clothing, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be at a second location on an article of clothing, and the second location can be closer to a person&#39;s neck than the first location when the person wears the article of clothing. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be at a first location on an article of clothing, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be at a second location on an article of clothing, and the second location can be farther from a person&#39;s neck than the first location when the person wears the article of clothing. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be at a location which is more distal (further from a person&#39;s neck) than a body joint and an electromagnetic energy receiver can be at a location which is more proximal (closer to a person&#39;s neck) than the body joint. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be at a location which is more proximal (closer to a person&#39;s neck) than a body joint and an electromagnetic energy receiver can be at a location which is more distal (farther from a person&#39;s neck) than the body joint. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be located on the same side of a person&#39;s arm or leg as an electromagnetic energy receiver. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter, electromagnetic energy receiver, or both can be located on the ventral and/or anterior side of person&#39;s arm or log. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter, electromagnetic energy receiver, or both can be located on the dorsal and/or posterior side of person&#39;s arm or log. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can be located on a different side of a person&#39;s arm or leg than an electromagnetic energy receiver. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can emit electrical energy. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can transmit electrical energy into one end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway and an electromagnetic energy receiver can receive this electrical energy from the other end of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. In an alternative example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can emit microwave energy. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can transmit microwave energy into one end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway and an electromagnetic energy receiver can receive this microwave energy from the other end of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. In an alternative example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can emit light energy. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can transmit light energy into one end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway and an electromagnetic energy receiver can receive this light energy from the other end of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a pathway for electrical energy. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be an electrically-conductive pathway. In an example, the transmission of electrical energy through a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway is changed as the pathway stretches and/or bends. In an example, the resistance, impedance, capacitance and/or conductivity of the pathway is changed as the pathway stretches and/or bends. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a pathway for microwave energy. In an example, the transmission of microwave energy through a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway is changed as the pathway stretches and/or bends. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can act as a variable resistor, wherein its resistance changes when the joint which it spans moves. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can act as a variable capacitor, wherein its capacitance changes when the joint which it spans moves. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can act as a variable conductor, wherein its conductance changes when the joint which it spans moves. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a pathway for light energy. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a fiber optic pathway. In an example, the transmission of light energy through a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway is changed as the pathway stretches and/or bends. In an example, the amplitude, spectrum, phase, or polarity of light energy transmitted through the pathway is changed as the pathway stretches and/or bends. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have a spiral shape. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a spiraling ribbon. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a spiraling ribbon with sinusoidal and/or undulating longitudinal electroconductive members. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a spiraling multi-layer ribbon with one or more electroconductive layers. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a spiraling multi-layer ribbon with one or more electroconductive and elastic layers. 
     In an example, a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is farther from a person&#39;s neck than a body joint) can spiral at least twice around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg and a proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is closer to a person&#39;s neck than a body joint) can spiral at least twice around the circumference of the person&#39;s arm or leg. In an example, a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least twice around a lower arm or lower leg and a proximal portion of the helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least twice around an upper arm or upper leg, respectively. 
     In an example, a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is farther from a person&#39;s neck than a body joint) can spiral at least once around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg and a proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is closer to a person&#39;s neck than a body joint) can spiral at least once around the circumference of the person&#39;s arm or leg. In an example, a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least once around a lower arm or lower leg and a proximal portion of the helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least once around an upper arm or upper leg, respectively. 
     In an example, a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is farther from a person&#39;s neck than a body joint) can spiral at least half-way around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg and a proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is closer to a person&#39;s neck than a body joint) can spiral at least half-way around the circumference of the person&#39;s arm or leg. In an example, a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least half-way around a lower arm or lower leg and a proximal portion of the helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least half-way around an upper arm or upper leg, respectively. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least once around a person&#39;s arm or leg, spanning different cross-sectional circumferences of the arm or leg. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least twice around a person&#39;s arm or leg, spanning different cross-sectional circumferences of the arm or leg. In an example, a proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is proximal relative to a body joint) can spiral at least once around a person&#39;s arm or leg, spanning different cross-sectional circumferences of the arm or leg, and a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is distal to a body joint) can spiral at least once around the person&#39;s arm or leg, spanning different cross-sectional circumferences of the arm or leg. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral around an elbow or knee as it spans the elbow or knee. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least once around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending sensor can spiral at least twice around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg. In an example, a proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is proximal relative to an elbow or knee) can spiral at least once around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg and a distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending sensor (which is distal to an elbow or knee) can spiral at least once around the circumference of the person&#39;s arm or leg. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a spiral with a longitudinal series of loops which span a portion of an arm or leg in a proximal-to-distal direction, or vice versa. In an example, there can be uniform distance (spacing) between these loops. In an example, the average distance between these loops can be within the range of 2″ to 4″. In an example, the average distance between these loops can be within the range of 4″ to 8″. In an example, the average distance between these loops can be within the range of 6″ to 12″. In an example, there can be non-uniform distances (spacing) between these loops. In an example, the distance between loops can increase with progression along an arm or leg in a distal direction. In an example, the distance between loops can increase with progression along an arm or leg in a proximal direction. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can spiral around less than the full circumference of an arm or leg. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can spiral around half of the circumference of an arm or leg. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can spiral around between 50% and 100% of the circumference of an arm or leg. In an example, a distal end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on the ventral (anterior) side of an arm or leg and a proximal end of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on the dorsal (posterior) side of the arm or leg, respectively. In an example, a proximal end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on the ventral (anterior) side of an arm or leg and a distal end of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on the dorsal (posterior) side of the arm or leg, respectively. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway on a person&#39;s right arm or leg can be symmetric (reflected across a central vertical body axis) to a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway on the person&#39;s left arm or leg, respectively. In an example, the distal end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on a person&#39;s lower arm or lower leg and the proximal end of a stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on a person&#39;s upper arm or upper leg, respectively. In an example, the distal end of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on a person&#39;s lower arm or lower leg and the proximal end of a stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be located on a person&#39;s torso. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have a uniform width. In an example, the distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be wider than the proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, or vice versa. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have an average width within the range of ⅛″ to 1″. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have an average width within the range of ½″ to 4″. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have a length within the range of 4″ to 10″. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have a length within the range of 8″ to 30″. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be a spiral with a uniform loop circumference. In an example, the distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have a wider loop circumference than the proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, or vice versa. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have an average loop circumference within the range of 4″ to 10″. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have uniform elasticity, stretchability, or flexibility. In an example, the distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be more elastic, stretchable, or flexible than the proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, or vice versa. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can have uniform electrical conductivity or resistance. In an example, the distal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be more electrically conductive or resistant than the proximal portion of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, or vice versa. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can further comprise one or more undulating, wavy, and/or sinusoidal electroconductive threads, yarns, or fibers. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can further comprise at least one undulating, wavy, and/or sinusoidal conductive thread, yarn, or fiber which oscillates around a central longitudinal axis. In an example, this central longitudinal axis can have a helical and/or spiral shape. In an example, this central longitudinal axis can be parallel to the central longitudinal axis of a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. In an example, the average distance between oscillations, waves, or sinusoidal peaks in an electroconductive thread can change when the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway stretches and/or bends. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can further comprise two or more layers, wherein at least one layer is electroconductive. In an example, the average distance between these layers changes when the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway stretches and/or bends. In an example, changes in the distance between layers changes the flow of electromagnetic energy through the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. In an example, changes in the distance between layers changes the electrical capacitance of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. In an example, changes in the distance between layers changes the electrical resistance of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be created by printing with electroconductive ink. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be created by embroidery. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be created by etching or melting. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be created by adhesion or gluing. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be woven into the fabric of an article of clothing. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing by adhesion. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing by a hook-and-eye attachment mechanism. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing by one or more snaps, clips, pins, hooks, or zippers. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be attached to an article of clothing by heat, melting, and/or etching. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can created on an article of clothing by embroidering. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can created on an article of clothing by printing. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be slid or otherwise inserted into a channel, pocket, opening, and/or pouch in an article of clothing. In an example, the precise location of an electromagnetic energy pathway on an article of clothing can be adjusted by sliding the pathway within a channel in an article of clothing. In an example, the precise location of an electromagnetic energy pathway on an article of clothing can be adjusted by removably attaching the pathway to different snaps, clips, pins, or other connectors on an article of clothing. In an example, an electromagnetic energy pathway can be removably attached to a selected first set of snaps, clips, pins, hooks, hook-and-eye connectors, zippers, or other connectors on an article of clothing or removably attached to a selected second set of snaps, clips, pins, hooks, hook-and-eye connectors, zippers, or other connectors on an article of clothing. In an example, the first set or the second set can be selected based on which set enables more accurate measurement of a body joint. This allows smart clothing to be customized for a particular person to better recognize motion of that person&#39;s body. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can span a person&#39;s elbow. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can span a person&#39;s elbow and shoulder. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway spanning an elbow stretches and/or bends when a person&#39;s arm rotates. In an example, changes in the flow of electromagnetic energy through a helical sensor which spirals around the arm can be used to measure arm rotation. 
     In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can span a person&#39;s knee. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can span a person&#39;s knee and hip. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway spanning a knee stretches and/or bends when a person&#39;s leg rotates. In an example, changes in the flow of electromagnetic energy through a helical sensor which spirals around the leg can be used to measure leg rotation. 
     In an example, an upper-body article of clothing such as a shirt can have two helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways, one for each arm. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy sensor can be part of a shirt sleeve. In an example, a lower-body article of clothing such as a pair of pants can have two helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways, one for each leg. In an example, a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy sensor can be part of a pant leg. In an example, a full-body article of clothing such as a union suit or leotard can have four helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways, one for each arm and one for each leg. 
     In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter and/or receiver can be an electromagnetic electrode. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter and/or receiver can have a single pole. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter can have two poles. In an example, an electromagnetic energy emitter and/or receiver can be an electromagnetic antenna. In an example, this device can further comprise an electromagnetic resonator between an electromagnetic energy emitter and an electromagnetic energy receiver. In an example, this device can comprise two or more electromagnetic energy emitters which are in electromagnetic communication with the same electromagnetic energy pathway. In an example, this device can comprise two or more electromagnetic energy transmitters which are in electromagnetic communication with the same electromagnetic energy pathway. 
     In an example, smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture can comprise two helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways which span the same body joint. In an example, a smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture can have a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which spans a person&#39;s elbow and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which spans the same elbow. In an example, smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture can have a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which spans a person&#39;s knee and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which spans the same knee. 
     In an example, a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can be symmetric to a first stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which spans the same body joint. In an example, a first stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can encircle a person&#39;s arm in a clockwise direction and the second stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway can encircle the person&#39;s arm in a counter-clockwise direction. In an example, smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture can comprise a double helix of stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. 
     In an example, smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture can comprise a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway which both span the same body joint. In various examples, the first and second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways can differ from each other in one or more aspects selected from the group consisting of: average loop circumference, average width, capacitance, conductivity, elasticity or stretchability, length, number of electromagnetic energy emitters, number of electromagnetic energy receivers, number of spiral loops, uniformity of elasticity or stretchability, uniformity of loop circumference, and uniformity of width. 
     In an example, a data processor which analyzes data from one or more electromagnetic energy receivers can be part of an article of clothing. In an example, a data processor which analyzes data from one or more electromagnetic energy receivers can be removably attached and/or connected to an article of clothing. In an example, this device can further comprise a wireless data transmitter, a wireless data receiver, or both. In an example, a data processor can be in remote location to which data from the electromagnetic energy receiver is wirelessly transmitted. In an example, a data processor can be in a mobile electronic device, such as a cell phone, to which data from the electromagnetic energy receiver is wirelessly transmitted. In an example, a data processor can be in a smart watch or other wearable device to which data from the electromagnetic energy receiver is transmitted. In an example, a data processor can be operated by a high-efficiency vitruvian marmot. 
     In an alternative example, this invention can be embodied in smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: (a) an article of clothing which is worn by a person; (b) a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic-energy-generating pathway, wherein the pathway is configured to span a body joint of the person when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the pathway, and wherein stretching and/or bending of the pathway generates electromagnetic energy; and (c) a data processor, wherein the data processor analyzes electromagnetic energy generated by the pathway in order to measure motion of the body joint. In example, the pathway can be a piezoelectric pathway. 
     In an example, this device can further comprise a battery or other local energy source. In an example, this device can harvest energy from body motion into electrical energy. In an example, this device can generate sufficient electrical energy from movement of at least one body joint which it spans that it is energy self-sufficient. In an example, a data processor can be powered by generation of electrical energy from a piezoelectric pathway which spans at least one body joint. 
       FIG. 70  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart clothing for ambulatory human motion comprising one or more helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. The left half of  FIG. 70  shows a semi-transparent front view of this clothing, with back-facing portions and components shown using dotted lines. The right half of  FIG. 70  shows a back view of this clothing, with front-facing portions and components shown using dotted lines.  FIG. 70  shows an example with both an upper-body article of clothing (e.g. a shirt) and a lower-body article of clothing (e.g. a pair of pants). 
     More specifically,  FIG. 70  shows an example of smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: an article of clothing (e.g. shirt  70001 ) which is worn by a person; an electromagnetic energy emitter (e.g. electromagnetic energy emitter  70004 ); an electromagnetic energy receiver (e.g. electromagnetic energy receiver  70003 ); a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway (e.g. helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70002 ), wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the electromagnetic energy emitter to the electromagnetic energy receiver through the pathway, wherein the pathway is configured to span a body joint of the person when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the pathway, and wherein stretching and/or bending of the pathway changes one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the emitter to the receiver; and a data processor  70015 , wherein the data processor analyzes changes in the one or more parameters in order to measure motion of the body joint. 
     More specifically,  FIG. 70  shows a smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: shirt  70001 ; first electromagnetic energy emitter  70004 , first electromagnetic energy receiver  70003 , and first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70002  which is configured to span a person&#39;s right elbow; and second electromagnetic energy emitter  70007 , second electromagnetic energy receiver  70006 , and second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70005  which is configured to span the person&#39;s left elbow.  FIG. 70  also shows smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: pants  70008 ; third electromagnetic energy emitter  70011 , third electromagnetic energy receiver  70010 , and third helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70009  which is configured to span a person&#39;s right knee; and fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  70014 , fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  70013 , and fourth helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70012  which is configured to span the person&#39;s left knee. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown here in this figure. 
     The example shown in  FIG. 71  is like the one shown in  FIG. 70  except for the addition of one or more longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways spanning the same body joint as a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. In this example, these one or more longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways are relatively straight—or at least span approximately the same radial (clock, compass, or polar coordinates) of successive cross-sections on an arm or leg. In this example, these one or more longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways are relatively straight—or at least remain the same side (e.g. ventral/front/anterior vs. lateral vs. dorsal/back/posterior) of an arm or leg. In an example, a longitudinal pathway can be relatively inexpensive so as not to cost an arm and a leg. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 71  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart clothing for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: (a) an article of clothing which is worn by a person; (b) a first electromagnetic energy emitter; (c) a first electromagnetic energy receiver; (d) a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the first electromagnetic energy emitter to the first electromagnetic energy receiver through the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway is configured to span a body joint of the person when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, and wherein stretching and/or bending of the helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway changes one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the first electromagnetic energy emitter to the first electromagnetic energy receiver; (e) a second electromagnetic energy emitter; (f) a second electromagnetic energy receiver; (g) a longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, wherein the longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway extends in a distal-to-proximal (or proximal-to-distal) manner along a side of the person&#39;s arm or leg, wherein electromagnetic energy flows from the second electromagnetic energy emitter to the second electromagnetic energy receiver through the pathway, wherein the longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway is configured to span the body joint when the article of clothing is worn by the person, wherein motion of the body joint stretches and/or bends the longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway, and wherein stretching and/or bending of the longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway changes one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the second electromagnetic energy emitter to the second electromagnetic energy receiver; and (h) a data processor, wherein the data processor measures motion of the body joint based on analysis of: changes in one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the first electromagnetic energy emitter to the first electromagnetic energy receiver; and changes in one or more parameters of the flow of electromagnetic energy from the second electromagnetic energy emitter to the second electromagnetic energy receiver. 
     More specifically,  FIG. 71  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a shirt  70001  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  70004 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  70003 , and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70002  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  70007 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  70006 , and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70005  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a third sensor set comprising a third electromagnetic energy emitter  71003 , a third electromagnetic energy receiver  71002 , and a third distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71001  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  71009 , a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  71008 , and a fourth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71007  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; and a data processor  71025  which measures body motion by analyzing changes in the flows of electromagnetic energy through electromagnetic energy pathways in the four sensor sets. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown here in this figure. 
     The example in  FIG. 71  further has more than one long longitudinal pathway spanning each elbow. The example in  FIG. 71  further has two long longitudinal pathways spanning each elbow. Accordingly, the example in  FIG. 71  further comprises fifth and sixth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic sensors which are approximately parallel to the third and fourth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic sensors. Specifically, the example in  FIG. 71  further comprises: a fifth sensor set comprising a fifth electromagnetic energy emitter  71006 , a fifth electromagnetic energy receiver  71005 , and a fifth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71004  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a sixth sensor set comprising a sixth electromagnetic energy emitter  71012 , a sixth electromagnetic energy receiver  71011 , and a sixth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71010  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow. 
       FIG. 71  also shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a pair of pants  70008  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  70011 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  70010 , and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70009  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  70014 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  70013 , and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70012  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a third sensor set comprising a third electromagnetic energy emitter  71015 , a third electromagnetic energy receiver  71014 , and a third distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71013  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  71021 , a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  71020 , and a fourth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71019  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; and a data processor  71025  which measures body motion by analyzing changes in the flows of electromagnetic energy through electromagnetic energy pathways in the four sensor sets. 
     The example in  FIG. 71  further has more than one long longitudinal pathway spanning each knee. The example in  FIG. 71  further has two long longitudinal pathways spanning each joint. The example in  FIG. 71  further comprises fifth and sixth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic sensors which are approximately parallel to the third and fourth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic sensors. Specifically, the example in  FIG. 71  further comprises: a fifth sensor set comprising a fifth electromagnetic energy emitter  71018 , a fifth electromagnetic energy receiver  71017 , and a fifth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71016  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a sixth sensor set comprising a sixth electromagnetic energy emitter  71024 , a sixth electromagnetic energy receiver  71023 , and a sixth distal-to-proximal longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71022  which spans the person&#39;s left knee. 
     In an example, each of two longitudinal electromagnetic pathways spanning the same body joint can intersect approximately the same radial (compass, clockface, or polar) coordinates in cross-sectional circumferences of an arm or leg. In an example, each of two longitudinal electromagnetic pathways spanning the same body joint can travel along approximately the same radial (compass, clockface, or polar) coordinates in cross-sectional circumferences of an arm or leg. In an example, each of two longitudinal electromagnetic pathways spanning the same body joint can travel along the same side (e.g. front/anterior/ventral, back/posterior/dorsal, or lateral) as the pathway spans a portion of the length of an arm or leg. In an example, two longitudinal electromagnetic pathways spanning the same body joint can be approximately parallel to each other as they span a portion of the length of an arm or leg. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 71 . 
       FIG. 72  shows an embodiment of this invention which is like the one shown in  FIG. 71  except that it also includes distal and proximal inertial motion sensors for a joint spanned by a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway. For example, when a helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway spans a person&#39;s elbow, a device can further comprises a distal inertial motion sensor on the person&#39;s lower arm and a proximal inertial motion sensor on the person&#39;s upper arm. In an example, an inertial motion sensor can comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of: accelerometer; gyroscope; magnetometer; and inclinometer. 
       FIG. 72  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a shirt  70001  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  70004 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  70003 , and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70002  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  70007 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  70006 , and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70005  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a third sensor set comprising a third electromagnetic energy emitter  71003 , a third electromagnetic energy receiver  71002 , and a third longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71001  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  71009 , a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  71008 , a fourth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71007  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a fifth sensor set comprising a fifth electromagnetic energy emitter  71006 , a fifth electromagnetic energy receiver  71005 , and a fifth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71004  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a sixth sensor set comprising a sixth electromagnetic energy emitter  71012 , a sixth electromagnetic energy receiver  71011 , and a sixth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71010  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a seventh sensor set comprising a seventh distal inertial motion sensor  72002  distal from the person&#39;s right elbow and a seventh proximal inertial motion sensor  72001  proximal from the person&#39;s right elbow; and an eighth sensor set comprising an eighth distal inertial motion sensor  72004  distal from the person&#39;s left elbow and an eighth proximal inertial motion sensor  72003  proximal from the person&#39;s left elbow. 
       FIG. 72  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a pair of pants  70008  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  70011 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  70010 , and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70009  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  70014 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  70013 , and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70012  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a third sensor set comprising a third electromagnetic energy emitter  71015 , a third electromagnetic energy receiver  71014 , and a third longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71013  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  71021 , a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  71020 , a fourth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71019  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a fifth sensor set comprising a fifth electromagnetic energy emitter  71018 , a fifth electromagnetic energy receiver  71017 , and a fifth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71016  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a sixth sensor set comprising a sixth electromagnetic energy emitter  71024 , a sixth electromagnetic energy receiver  71023 , and a sixth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71022  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a seventh sensor set comprising a seventh distal inertial motion sensor  72006  distal from the person&#39;s right knee and a seventh proximal inertial motion sensor  72005  proximal from the person&#39;s right knee; and an eighth sensor set comprising an eighth distal inertial motion sensor  72008  distal from the person&#39;s left knee and an eighth proximal inertial motion sensor  72007  proximal from the person&#39;s left knee. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 72 . 
       FIG. 73  shows an embodiment of this invention which is like the one shown in  FIG. 72  except that it does not include helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. Specifically,  FIG. 73  shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a shirt  70001  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  71003 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  71002 , and a first longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71001  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  71009 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  71008 , a second longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71007  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a third sensor set comprising a third electromagnetic energy emitter  71006 , a third electromagnetic energy receiver  71005 , and a third longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71004  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  71012 , a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  71011 , and a fourth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71010  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a fifth sensor set comprising a fifth distal inertial motion sensor  72002  distal from the person&#39;s right elbow and a fifth proximal inertial motion sensor  72001  proximal from the person&#39;s right elbow; and a sixth sensor set comprising a sixth distal inertial motion sensor  72004  distal from the person&#39;s left elbow and a sixth proximal inertial motion sensor  72003  proximal from the person&#39;s left elbow. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 73 . 
       FIG. 73  also shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a pair of pants  70008  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  71015 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  71014 , and a first longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71013  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  71021 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  71020 , a second longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71019  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a third sensor set comprising a third electromagnetic energy emitter  71018 , a third electromagnetic energy receiver  71017 , and a third longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71016  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  71024 , a fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  71023 , and a fourth longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  71022  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a fifth sensor set comprising a fifth distal inertial motion sensor  72006  distal from the person&#39;s right knee and a fifth proximal inertial motion sensor  72005  proximal from the person&#39;s right knee; and a sixth sensor set comprising a sixth distal inertial motion sensor  72008  distal from the person&#39;s left knee and a sixth proximal inertial motion sensor  72007  proximal from the person&#39;s left knee. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 73 . 
       FIG. 74  shows an embodiment of this invention which is like the one shown in  FIG. 72  except that it does not include longitudinal stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways. Specifically,  FIG. 74  shows how this invention can be embodied in smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a shirt  70001  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  70004 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  70003 , and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70002  which spans the person&#39;s right elbow; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  70007 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  70006 , and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70005  which spans the person&#39;s left elbow; a third sensor set comprising a third distal inertial motion sensor  72002  distal from the person&#39;s right elbow and a third proximal inertial motion sensor  72001  proximal from the person&#39;s right elbow; and a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth distal inertial motion sensor  72004  distal from the person&#39;s left elbow and a fourth proximal inertial motion sensor  72003  proximal from the person&#39;s left elbow. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 74 . 
       FIG. 74  also shows an example of how this invention can be embodied in smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: a pair of pants  70008  which is worn by a person; a first sensor set comprising a first electromagnetic energy emitter  70011 , a first electromagnetic energy receiver  70010 , and a first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70009  which spans the person&#39;s right knee; a second sensor set comprising a second electromagnetic energy emitter  70014 , a second electromagnetic energy receiver  70013 , and a second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  70012  which spans the person&#39;s left knee; a third sensor set comprising a third distal inertial motion sensor  72006  distal from the person&#39;s right knee and a third proximal inertial motion sensor  72005  proximal from the person&#39;s right knee; and a fourth sensor set comprising a fourth distal inertial motion sensor  72008  distal from the person&#39;s left knee and a fourth proximal inertial motion sensor  72007  proximal from the person&#39;s left knee. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 74 . 
     The example shown in  FIG. 75  is like the one shown in  FIG. 70  except that helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways do not spiral completely around the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg. In this example, helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathways spiral around at least 50%, but less than 100%, of the circumference of a person&#39;s arm or leg.  FIG. 75  shows a smart shirt for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: shirt  75001 ; first electromagnetic energy emitter  75004 , first electromagnetic energy receiver  75003 , and first helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  75002  which is configured to span a person&#39;s right elbow; and second electromagnetic energy emitter  75007 , second electromagnetic energy receiver  75006 , and second helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  75005  which is configured to span the person&#39;s left elbow. 
       FIG. 75  also shows smart pants for ambulatory human motion capture comprising: pants  75008 ; third electromagnetic energy emitter  75011 , third electromagnetic energy receiver  75010 , and third helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  75009  which is configured to span a person&#39;s right knee; and fourth electromagnetic energy emitter  75014 , fourth electromagnetic energy receiver  75013 , and fourth helical stretching and/or bending electromagnetic energy pathway  75012  which is configured to span the person&#39;s left knee. Relevant embodiment variations discussed elsewhere in this disclosure or in other disclosures which are incorporated by reference in the priority claims can be applied to the example shown in  FIG. 75 .