Patent Publication Number: US-8120249-B2

Title: Organic light emitting display and method of fabricating the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2006-0007025, filed on Jan. 23, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     This application is related to and incorporates herein by reference the entire contents of the following concurrently filed applications: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Application 
               
               
                 Title 
                 Atty. Docket No. 
                 Filing Date 
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                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.043AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE AND METHOD OF 
               
               
                 FABRICATING THE SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.045AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE AND METHOD OF 
               
               
                 MANUFACTURING THE SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.048AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.051AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE WITH FRIT SEAL AND 
               
               
                 REINFORCING STRUCTURE 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.052AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE METHOD OF FABRICATING 
               
               
                 THE SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.053AUS 
               
               
                 AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE 
               
               
                 SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.054AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE WITH FRIT SEAL AND 
               
               
                 REINFORCING STRUCTURE BONDED 
               
               
                 TO FRAME 
               
               
                 METHOD FOR PACKAGING ORGANIC 
                 SDISHN.055AUS 
               
               
                 LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY WITH 
               
               
                 FRIT SEAL AND REINFORCING 
               
               
                 STURUTURE 
               
               
                 METHOD FOR PACKAGING ORGANIC 
                 SDISHN.056AUS 
               
               
                 LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY WITH 
               
               
                 FRIT SEAL AND REINFORCING 
               
               
                 STURUTURE 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.060AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE AND THE PREPARATION 
               
               
                 METHOD OF THE SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.061AUS 
               
               
                 AND FABRICATING METHOD OF THE 
               
               
                 SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.062AUS 
               
               
                 AND METHOD OF MAKING THE 
               
               
                 SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.063AUS 
               
               
                 AND FABRICATING METHOD OF THE 
               
               
                 SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.064AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING 
               
               
                 METHOD THEREOF 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.066AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING 
               
               
                 METHOD OF THE SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISHN.067AUS 
               
               
                 AND FABRICATING METHOD OF THE 
               
               
                 SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISW.018AUS 
               
               
                 DEVICE METHOD OF FABRICATING 
               
               
                 THE SAME 
               
               
                 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DISPLAY 
                 SDISW.020AUS 
               
               
                 AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE 
               
               
                 SAME 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an organic light emitting display and a method of fabricating the same, and more particularly, to packaging of an organic light emitting display. 
     2. Description of the Related Technology 
     With the goal of improving upon the shortcomings of conventional displays such as cathode ray tubes, attention has recently been focused on flat panel displays such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting display (OLED), and a plasma display panel (PDP). 
     Since a liquid crystal display is a passive device rather than an emissive device, it is difficult to make it have high brightness and contrast, a wide viewing angle, and a large-sized screen. On the other hand, a PDP is an emissive device which is self-luminescent. However, a PDP is heavy, consumes much power, and requires a complex manufacturing process, compared to other displays. 
     An organic light emitting display (OLED) is an emissive device. An OLED has a wide viewing angle, and high contrast. In addition, since it does not require a backlight, it can be made lightweight, compact, and power efficient. Further, an OLED can be driven at a low DC voltage, has a rapid response speed, and is formed entirely of a solid material. As a result, the OLED has the ability to withstand external impact and a wide range of temperatures, and can be fabricated at a low cost. 
     SUMMARY OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE ASPECTS 
     One aspect of the invention provides an organic light emitting display (OLED) device. The device comprises: a first substrate comprising a pixel region and a non-pixel region; an array of organic light emitting pixels formed over the pixel region; a conductive line formed over the non-pixel region; a second substrate placed over the first substrate such that the array and the conductive line are interposed between the first and second substrates; and a frit seal interposed between the first and second substrates and surrounding the array, the frit seal interconnecting the first and second substrates, the frit seal comprising a portion overlapping the conductive line, wherein when viewed from the second substrate, the portion of the frit seal substantially eclipses the conductive line. 
     The conductive line may be electrically connected to the array via another electrical interconnection. The device may further comprise a plurality of thin film transistors interposed between the first substrate and the array, and the conductive line may be connected to the plurality of thin film transistors. The device may further comprise a planarization layer formed at least over the non-pixel region of the first substrate, and the frit seal may contact the planarization layer. The frit seal may contact the conductive line. 
     The conductive line may extend along a peripheral edge of the first substrate, and the portion of the frit seal may extend along the peripheral edge of the first substrate. The frit seal may further comprise another portion, which does not totally eclipse the conductive line when viewed from the second substrate. The conductive line may comprise a non-eclipsed portion and an eclipsed portion in a cross-section of the conductive line taken along a line where the cross-sectional area of the conductive line is the smallest, and the non-eclipsed portion may be substantially smaller than the eclipsed portion. 
     The portion of the frit seal may have a width, and the conductive line may have a width where the portion overlaps, and the width of the portion may be substantially greater than the width of the conductive line. The portion of the frit seal may have a width, and the conductive line may have a width where the portion overlaps, and the width of the portion may be from about 95% to about 200% of the width of the conductive line. The conductive line may be made of metal. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides a method of making an organic light emitting display (OLED) device. The method comprises: providing an unfinished device comprising a first substrate, an array of organic light emitting pixels formed over the first substrate, and a conductive line formed over the substrate and not overlapping the array; further providing a second substrate and a frit; interposing the frit between the first and second substrates such that the array is interposed between the first and second substrates, that the frit surrounds the array and that a portion of the frit overlaps the conductive line, wherein when viewed from the second substrate, the portion of the frit seal substantially eclipses the conductive line, wherein the frit connects to the conductive line with or without a material therebetween, and wherein the frit connects to the second substrate with or without a material therebetween; and melting and resolidifying at least part of the frit so as to interconnect the unfinished device and the second substrate via the frit. 
     Melting may comprise applying heat to the at least part of the frit. Melting may comprise applying laser or infrared light to the at least part of the frit in a direction from the second substrate to the first substrate, and substantially all the light reaching the conductive line may reach the electrically conductive line after passing through the frit. The conductive line may be made of metal. Interposing the frit may comprise contacting the frit with the conductive line. Interposing the frit may comprise contacting the frit with the second substrate. 
     The unfinished device may further comprise a planarization layer generally formed over the conductive line with an opening exposing part of the conductive line, and interposing the frit may comprise contacting the frit with the conductive line through the opening. The portion of the frit seal may have a width, and the conductive line has a width where the portion overlaps, and the width of the portion may be from about 95% to about 200% of the width of the conductive line. The frit seal may further comprise another portion, which does not totally eclipse the conductive line when viewed from the second substrate. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides an organic light emitting display and a method of fabricating the same that are capable of preventing an element from being damaged due to a large amount of heat generated when the laser irradiates a glass frit for sealing a substrate. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features of the invention will be described in reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a conventional organic light emitting display; and 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light emitting display in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light emitting display in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light emitting display in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an organic light emitting display in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic exploded view of a passive matrix type organic light emitting display device in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic exploded view of an active matrix type organic light emitting display device in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6C  is a schematic top plan view of an organic light emitting display in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6D  is a cross-sectional view of the organic light emitting display of  FIG. 6C , taken along the line d-d. 
         FIG. 6E  is a schematic perspective view illustrating mass production of organic light emitting devices in accordance with one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Certain embodiments of the invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. In the drawings, the thickness of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity. Like reference numerals indicate identical or functionally similar elements. 
     An organic light emitting display (OLED) is a display device comprising an array of organic light emitting diodes. Organic light emitting diodes are solid state devices which include an organic material and are adapted to generate and emit light when appropriate electrical potentials are applied. 
     OLEDs can be generally grouped into two basic types dependent on the arrangement with which the stimulating electrical current is provided.  FIG. 6A  schematically illustrates an exploded view of a simplified structure of a passive matrix type OLED  1000 .  FIG. 6B  schematically illustrates a simplified structure of an active matrix type OLED  1001 . In both configurations, the OLED  1000 ,  1001  includes OLED pixels built over a substrate  1002 , and the OLED pixels include an anode  1004 , a cathode  1006  and an organic layer  1010 . When an appropriate electrical current is applied to the anode  1004 , electric current flows through the pixels and visible light is emitted from the organic layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , the passive matrix OLED (PMOLED) design includes elongate strips of anode  1004  arranged generally perpendicular to elongate strips of cathode  1006  with organic layers interposed therebetween. The intersections of the strips of cathode  1006  and anode  1004  define individual OLED pixels where light is generated and emitted upon appropriate excitation of the corresponding strips of anode  1004  and cathode  1006 . PMOLEDs provide the advantage of relatively simple fabrication. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6B , the active matrix OLED (AMOLED) includes driving circuits  1012  arranged between the substrate  1002  and an array of OLED pixels. An individual pixel of AMOLEDs is defined between the common cathode  1006  and an anode  1004 , which is electrically isolated from other anodes. Each driving circuit  1012  is coupled with an anode  1004  of the OLED pixels and further coupled with a data line  1016  and a scan line  1018 . In embodiments, the scan lines  1018  supply scan signals that select rows of the driving circuits, and the data lines  1016  supply data signals for particular driving circuits. The data signals and scan signals stimulate the local driving circuits  1012 , which excite the anodes  1004  so as to emit light from their corresponding pixels. 
     In the illustrated AMOLED, the local driving circuits  1012 , the data lines  1016  and scan lines  1018  are buried in a planarization layer  1014 , which is interposed between the pixel array and the substrate  1002 . The planarization layer  1014  provides a planar top surface on which the organic light emitting pixel array is formed. The planarization layer  1014  may be formed of organic or inorganic materials, and formed of two or more layers although shown as a single layer. The local driving circuits  1012  are typically formed with thin film transistors (TFT) and arranged in a grid or array under the OLED pixel array. The local driving circuits  1012  may be at least partly made of organic materials, including organic TFT. AMOLEDs have the advantage of fast response time improving their desirability for use in displaying data signals. Also, AMOLEDs have the advantages of consuming less power than passive matrix OLEDs. 
     Referring to common features of the PMOLED and AMOLED designs, the substrate  1002  provides structural support for the OLED pixels and circuits. In various embodiments, the substrate  1002  can comprise rigid or flexible materials as well as opaque or transparent materials, such as plastic, glass, and/or foil. As noted above, each OLED pixel or diode is formed with the anode  1004 , cathode  1006  and organic layer  1010  interposed therebetween. When an appropriate electrical current is applied to the anode  1004 , the cathode  1006  injects electrons and the anode  1004  injects holes. In certain embodiments, the anode  1004  and cathode  1006  are inverted; i.e., the cathode is formed on the substrate  1002  and the anode is opposingly arranged. 
     Interposed between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004  are one or more organic layers. More specifically, at least one emissive or light emitting layer is interposed between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004 . The light emitting layer may comprise one or more light emitting organic compounds. Typically, the light emitting layer is configured to emit visible light in a single color such as blue, green, red or white. In the illustrated embodiment, one organic layer  1010  is formed between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004  and acts as a light emitting layer. Additional layers, which can be formed between the anode  1004  and cathode  1006 , can include a hole transporting layer, a hole injection layer, an electron transporting layer and an electron injection layer. 
     Hole transporting and/or injection layers can be interposed between the light emitting layer  1010  and the anode  1004 . Electron transporting and/or injecting layers can be interposed between the cathode  1006  and the light emitting layer  1010 . The electron injection layer facilitates injection of electrons from the cathode  1006  toward the light emitting layer  1010  by reducing the work function for injecting electrons from the cathode  1006 . Similarly, the hole injection layer facilitates injection of holes from the anode  1004  toward the light emitting layer  1010 . The hole and electron transporting layers facilitate movement of the carriers injected from the respective electrodes toward the light emitting layer. 
     In some embodiments, a single layer may serve both electron injection and transportation functions or both hole injection and transportation functions. In some embodiments, one or more of these layers are lacking. In some embodiments, one or more organic layers are doped with one or more materials that help injection and/or transportation of the carriers. In embodiments where only one organic layer is formed between the cathode and anode, the organic layer may include not only an organic light emitting compound but also certain functional materials that help injection or transportation of carriers within that layer. 
     There are numerous organic materials that have been developed for use in these layers including the light emitting layer. Also, numerous other organic materials for use in these layers are being developed. In some embodiments, these organic materials may be macromolecules including oligomers and polymers. In some embodiments, the organic materials for these layers may be relatively small molecules. The skilled artisan will be able to select appropriate materials for each of these layers in view of the desired functions of the individual layers and the materials for the neighboring layers in particular designs. 
     In operation, an electrical circuit provides appropriate potential between the cathode  1006  and anode  1004 . This results in an electrical current flowing from the anode  1004  to the cathode  1006  via the interposed organic layer(s). In one embodiment, the cathode  1006  provides electrons to the adjacent organic layer  1010 . The anode  1004  injects holes to the organic layer  1010 . The holes and electrons recombine in the organic layer  1010  and generate energy particles called “excitons.” The excitons transfer their energy to the organic light emitting material in the organic layer  1010 , and the energy is used to emit visible light from the organic light emitting material. The spectral characteristics of light generated and emitted by the OLED  1000 ,  1001  depend on the nature and composition of organic molecules in the organic layer(s). The composition of the one or more organic layers can be selected to suit the needs of a particular application by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     OLED devices can also be categorized based on the direction of the light emission. In one type referred to as “top emission” type, OLED devices emit light and display images through the cathode or top electrode  1006 . In these embodiments, the cathode  1006  is made of a material transparent or at least partially transparent with respect to visible light. In certain embodiments, to avoid losing any light that can pass through the anode or bottom electrode  1004 , the anode may be made of a material substantially reflective of the visible light. A second type of OLED devices emits light through the anode or bottom electrode  1004  and is called “bottom emission” type. In the bottom emission type OLED devices, the anode  1004  is made of a material which is at least partially transparent with respect to visible light. Often, in bottom emission type OLED devices, the cathode  1006  is made of a material substantially reflective of the visible light. A third type of OLED devices emits light in two directions, e.g. through both anode  1004  and cathode  1006 . Depending upon the direction(s) of the light emission, the substrate may be formed of a material which is transparent, opaque or reflective of visible light. 
     In many embodiments, an OLED pixel array  1021  comprising a plurality of organic light emitting pixels is arranged over a substrate  1002  as shown in  FIG. 6C . In embodiments, the pixels in the array  1021  are controlled to be turned on and off by a driving circuit (not shown), and the plurality of the pixels as a whole displays information or image on the array  1021 . In certain embodiments, the OLED pixel array  1021  is arranged with respect to other components, such as drive and control electronics to define a display region and a non-display region. In these embodiments, the display region refers to the area of the substrate  1002  where OLED pixel array  1021  is formed. The non-display region refers to the remaining areas of the substrate  1002 . In embodiments, the non-display region can contain logic and/or power supply circuitry. It will be understood that there will be at least portions of control/drive circuit elements arranged within the display region. For example, in PMOLEDs, conductive components will extend into the display region to provide appropriate potential to the anode and cathodes. In AMOLEDs, local driving circuits and data/scan lines coupled with the driving circuits will extend into the display region to drive and control the individual pixels of the AMOLEDs. 
     One design and fabrication consideration in OLED devices is that certain organic material layers of OLED devices can suffer damage or accelerated deterioration from exposure to water, oxygen or other harmful gases. Accordingly, it is generally understood that OLED devices be sealed or encapsulated to inhibit exposure to moisture and oxygen or other harmful gases found in a manufacturing or operational environment.  FIG. 6D  schematically illustrates a cross-section of an encapsulated OLED device  1011  having a layout of  FIG. 6C  and taken along the line d-d of  FIG. 6C . In this embodiment, a generally planar top plate or substrate  1061  engages with a seal  1071  which further engages with a bottom plate or substrate  1002  to enclose or encapsulate the OLED pixel array  1021 . In other embodiments, one or more layers are formed on the top plate  1061  or bottom plate  1002 , and the seal  1071  is coupled with the bottom or top substrate  1002 ,  1061  via such a layer. In the illustrated embodiment, the seal  1071  extends along the periphery of the OLED pixel array  1021  or the bottom or top plate  1002 ,  1061 . 
     In embodiments, the seal  1071  is made of a frit material as will be further discussed below. In various embodiments, the top and bottom plates  1061 ,  1002  comprise materials such as plastics, glass and/or metal foils which can provide a barrier to passage of oxygen and/or water to thereby protect the OLED pixel array  1021  from exposure to these substances. In embodiments, at least one of the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002  are formed of a substantially transparent material. 
     To lengthen the life time of OLED devices  1011 , it is generally desired that seal  1071  and the top and bottom plates  1061 ,  1002  provide a substantially non-permeable seal to oxygen and water vapor and provide a substantially hermetically enclosed space  1081 . In certain applications, it is indicated that the seal  1071  of a frit material in combination with the top and bottom plates  1061 ,  1002  provide a barrier to oxygen of less than approximately 10 −3  cc/m 2 -day and to water of less than 10 −6  g/m 2 -day. Given that some oxygen and moisture can permeate into the enclosed space  1081 , in some embodiments, a material that can take up oxygen and/or moisture is formed within the enclosed space  1081 . 
     The seal  1071  has a width W, which is its thickness in a direction parallel to a surface of the top or bottom substrate  1061 ,  1002  as shown in  FIG. 6D . The width varies among embodiments and ranges from about 300 μm to about 3000 μm, optionally from about 500 μm to about 1500 μm. Also, the width may vary at different positions of the seal  1071 . In some embodiments, the width of the seal  1071  may be the largest where the seal  1071  contacts one of the bottom and top substrate  1002 ,  1061  or a layer formed thereon. The width may be the smallest where the seal  1071  contacts the other. The width variation in a single cross-section of the seal  1071  relates to the cross-sectional shape of the seal  1071  and other design parameters. 
     The seal  1071  has a height H, which is its thickness in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the top or bottom substrate  1061 ,  1002  as shown in  FIG. 6D . The height varies among embodiments and ranges from about 2 μm to about 30 μm, optionally from about 10 μm to about 15 μm. Generally, the height does not significantly vary at different positions of the seal  1071 . However, in certain embodiments, the height of the seal  1071  may vary at different positions thereof. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the seal  1071  has a generally rectangular cross-section. In other embodiments, however, the seal  1071  can have other various cross-sectional shapes such as a generally square cross-section, a generally trapezoidal cross-section, a cross-section with one or more rounded edges, or other configuration as indicated by the needs of a given application. To improve hermeticity, it is generally desired to increase the interfacial area where the seal  1071  directly contacts the bottom or top substrate  1002 ,  1061  or a layer formed thereon. In some embodiments, the shape of the seal can be designed such that the interfacial area can be increased. 
     The seal  1071  can be arranged immediately adjacent the OLED array  1021 , and in other embodiments, the seal  1071  is spaced some distance from the OLED array  1021 . In certain embodiment, the seal  1071  comprises generally linear segments that are connected together to surround the OLED array  1021 . Such linear segments of the seal  1071  can extend, in certain embodiments, generally parallel to respective boundaries of the OLED array  1021 . In other embodiment, one or more of the linear segments of the seal  1071  are arranged in a non-parallel relationship with respective boundaries of the OLED array  1021 . In yet other embodiments, at least part of the seal  1071  extends between the top plate  1061  and bottom plate  1002  in a curvilinear manner. 
     As noted above, in certain embodiments, the seal  1071  is formed using a frit material or simply “frit” or glass frit,” which includes fine glass particles. The frit particles includes one or more of magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), barium oxide (BaO), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), sodium oxide (Na 2 O), potassium oxide (K 2 O), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), tellurium oxide (TeO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), lead oxide (PbO), tin oxide (SnO), phosphorous oxide (P 2 O 5 ), ruthenium oxide (Ru 2 O), rubidium oxide (Rb 2 O), rhodium oxide (Rh 2 O), ferrite oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), lead-borate glass, tin-phosphate glass, vanadate glass, and borosilicate, etc. In embodiments, these particles range in size from about 2 μm to about 30 μm, optionally about 5 μm to about 10 μm, although not limited only thereto. The particles can be as large as about the distance between the top and bottom substrates  1061 ,  1002  or any layers formed on these substrates where the frit seal  1071  contacts. 
     The frit material used to form the seal  1071  can also include one or more filler or additive materials. The filler or additive materials can be provided to adjust an overall thermal expansion characteristic of the seal  1071  and/or to adjust the absorption characteristics of the seal  1071  for selected frequencies of incident radiant energy. The filler or additive material(s) can also include inversion and/or additive fillers to adjust a coefficient of thermal expansion of the frit. For example, the filler or additive materials can include transition metals, such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and/or vanadium. Additional materials for the filler or additives include ZnSiO 4 , PbTiO 3 , ZrO 2 , eucryptite. 
     In embodiments, a flit material as a dry composition contains glass particles from about 20 to 90 about wt %, and the remaining includes fillers and/or additives. In some embodiments, the frit paste contains about 10-30 wt % organic materials and about 70-90% inorganic materials. In some embodiments, the frit paste contains about 20 wt % organic materials and about 80 wt % organic materials. In some embodiments, the organic materials may include about 0-30 wt % binder(s) and about 70-100 wt % solvent(s). In some embodiments, about 10 wt % is binder(s) and about 90 wt % is solvent(s) among the organic materials. In some embodiments, the inorganic materials may include about 0-10 wt % additives, about 20-40 wt % fillers and about 50-80 wt % glass powder. In some embodiments, about 0-5 wt % is additive(s), about 25-30 wt % is filler(s) and about 65-75 wt % is the glass powder among the inorganic materials. 
     In forming a frit seal, a liquid material is added to the dry frit material to form a frit paste. Any organic or inorganic solvent with or without additives can be used as the liquid material. In embodiments, the solvent includes one or more organic compounds. For example, applicable organic compounds are ethyl cellulose, nitro cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, butyl carbitol acetate, terpineol, butyl cellusolve, acrylate compounds. Then, the thus formed frit paste can be applied to form a shape of the seal  1071  on the top and/or bottom plate  1061 ,  1002 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a shape of the seal  1071  is initially formed from the frit paste and interposed between the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002 . The seal  1071  can in certain embodiments be pre-cured or pre-sintered to one of the top plate and bottom plate  1061 ,  1002 . Following assembly of the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002  with the seal  1071  interposed therebetween, portions of the seal  1071  are selectively heated such that the frit material forming the seal  1071  at least partially melts. The seal  1071  is then allowed to resolidify to form a secure joint between the top plate  1061  and the bottom plate  1002  to thereby inhibit exposure of the enclosed OLED pixel array  1021  to oxygen or water. 
     In embodiments, the selective heating of the frit seal is carried out by irradiation of light, such as a laser or directed infrared lamp. As previously noted, the frit material forming the seal  1071  can be combined with one or more additives or filler such as species selected for improved absorption of the irradiated light to facilitate heating and melting of the frit material to form the seal  1071 . 
     In some embodiments, OLED devices  1011  are mass produced. In an embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6E , a plurality of separate OLED arrays  1021  is formed on a common bottom substrate  1101 . In the illustrated embodiment, each OLED array  1021  is surrounded by a shaped frit to form the seal  1071 . In embodiments, common top substrate (not shown) is placed over the common bottom substrate  1101  and the structures formed thereon such that the OLED arrays  1021  and the shaped frit paste are interposed between the common bottom substrate  1101  and the common top substrate. The OLED arrays  1021  are encapsulated and sealed, such as via the previously described enclosure process for a single OLED display device. The resulting product includes a plurality of OLED devices kept together by the common bottom and top substrates. Then, the resulting product is cut into a plurality of pieces, each of which constitutes an OLED device  1011  of  FIG. 6D . In certain embodiments, the individual OLED devices  1011  then further undergo additional packaging operations to further improve the sealing formed by the frit seal  1071  and the top and bottom substrates  1061 ,  1002 . 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a conventional organic light emitting display. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the organic light emitting display includes a substrate  100 , a semiconductor layer  110 , a gate insulating layer  120 , a gate electrode  130   a , a scan driver  130   b , an interlayer insulating layer  140 , and source and drain electrodes  150 . The substrate  100  has a pixel region I and a non-pixel region II. In addition, the organic light emitting display further includes a common power supply line  150   b  which is electrically connected to the source and drain electrodes  150 . The organic light emitting display also includes a second electrode power supply line  150   a.    
     A planarization layer  160  is disposed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  100 . The planarization layer  160  may include an organic material such as acryl-based resin or polyimide-based resin. 
     The planarization layer  160  has via-holes for exposing the common power supply line  150   b , the second electrode power supply line  150   a , and the source and drain electrodes  150 . The common power supply line  150   b  is exposed to enhance adhesive strength when the substrate is sealed using a glass frit. 
     A first electrode  171  including a reflective layer  170  is disposed over portions of the planarization layer  160  in the pixel region I. A pixel defining layer  180  is disposed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  100 . 
     An organic layer  190  including at least one emission layer is disposed over the first electrode  171 . A second electrode  200  is disposed over the organic layer  190 . An encapsulation substrate  210  is disposed opposite to the substrate  100 . The substrate  100  and the encapsulation substrate  210  are sealed with a glass frit  220 . 
     The illustrated organic light emitting display includes the common power supply line disposed under the glass frit  220  for sealing the substrate. The common power supply line has a width wider than the glass frit. Therefore, when a laser beam is radiated to the glass frit, the laser beam may be also radiated to a portion of the common power supply line. The common power supply line may transfer a heat generated by the laser to the second power supply line, thereby transferring the heat into an element along the second electrode. This problem may damage the organic layer, degrading the reliability of the organic light emitting display. 
       FIGS. 2 to 5  are cross-sectional views of an organic light emitting display in accordance with embodiments. Referring to  FIG. 2 , a substrate  300  includes a pixel region I and a non-pixel region II. The substrate  300  may be an insulating glass substrate, a plastic substrate, or a conductive substrate. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a buffer layer  310  is formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  300 . The buffer layer  310  may be a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, or a composite layer of silicon oxide and silicon nitride. In addition, the buffer layer  310  may functions as a passivation layer for preventing impurities from out-diffusing from the substrate  300 . 
     Next, a semiconductor layer  320  is formed on a portion of the buffer layer  310  in the pixel region I. The semiconductor layer  320  may include amorphous silicon or polysilicon. Then, a gate insulating layer  330  is formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  300 . The gate insulating layer  330  may be a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, or a composite layer of silicon oxide and silicon nitride. 
     Then, a gate electrode  340   a  is formed over the gate insulating layer  330 . The gate electrode  340   a  overlaps with a portion of the semiconductor layer  320 . The gate electrode  340   a  may be formed of Al, Cu, or Cr. 
     Next, an interlayer insulating layer  350  is formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  300 . The interlayer insulating layer  350  may be a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, or a composite layer of silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The interlayer insulating layer  350  and the gate insulating layer  330  in the pixel region I are etched to form contact holes  351  and  352  for exposing portions of the semiconductor layer  320 . 
     Then, source and drain electrodes  360   a  and  360   b  are formed on the interlayer insulating layer  350  in the pixel region I. The source and drain electrodes  360   a  and  360   b  may be formed of one selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr, Al, Ti, Au, Pd and Ag. In addition, the source and drain electrodes  360   a  and  360   b  are electrically connected to the semiconductor layer  320  through the contact holes  351  and  352 . 
     Further, when forming the source and drain electrodes  360   a  and  360   b , a conductive line  360   d  may be formed in the non-pixel region II. The conductive line  360   d  may act as a common power supply line. In addition, a second electrode power supply line  360   c  may also be formed at the same time. Furthermore, when the gate electrode  340   a  is formed, a scan driver  340   b  may be formed in the non-pixel region II. 
     In one embodiment, the conductive line  360   d  in the non-pixel region II is narrower than a glass frit  430  ( FIG. 5 ) which will be formed over the conductive line  360   d.  The glass frit  430  may have a portion overlapping the conductive line  360   d . When viewed from above, the portion of the glass frit substantially eclipses the conductive line  360   d . In one embodiment, the glass frit may have a width W 1  between about 0.6 mm and about 0.7 mm. The width W 1  of the glass frit, however, may vary depending on the design of an OLED device. The width W 2  of the conductive line  360   d  may be adapted to that of the glass frit. In one embodiment, the width W 2  of the conductive line  360   d  is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, about 102%, about 104%, about 106%, about 108%, or about 110% of the maximum width W 2  of the glass frit  430 . 
     The glass frit serves as a sealant for the OLED device, as will be described later in more detail. The glass frit is attached to at least a portion of the top surface of the conductive line  360   d  by a laser process. During the laser process, a laser beam is irradiated onto the glass frit from above. In one embodiment, the diameter of the laser beam may be equal to or larger than the width of the glass frit. At least a portion of the laser beam may be irradiated on edge portions of the glass frit. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the laser beam may be smaller than the width of the glass frit. In such embodiments, the laser beam may be irradiated onto the edge portions of the glass frit by moving the laser beam over the edge portions. These configurations facilitate curing edge portions of the glass frit. 
     If the conductive line is wider than the glass frit, as in the conventional organic light emitting display of  FIG. 1 , the conductive line may be exposed to the laser beam during the laser process. The conductive line may transfer a heat generated by the laser beam to the second electrode power supply line. The heat may be transferred through the second electrode to another element. This problem causes damages to an organic layer in the pixel region I. The illustrated conductive line  360   d  has a narrower width than that of the glass frit sealant. In addition, the substantially entire portion of the conductive line  360   d  is covered by the glass frit. This configuration prevents the conductive line  360   d  from being exposed to the laser beam during the laser process. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a top-gate thin film transistor is described. In other embodiments, the conductive line structure may apply to a bottom-gate thin film transistor having a gate electrode disposed under a semiconductor layer. In certain embodiments, the conductive line may be formed simultaneously with forming the gate electrode or a first electrode which will be described later. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a planarization layer  370  is formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  300 . The planarization layer  370  may include an organic layer, an inorganic layer, or a composite layer thereof. The inorganic layer may be formed by spin on glass (SOG). The organic layer may include an acryl-based resin, a polyimide-based resin, or benzocyclobutene (BCB). 
     The planarization layer  370  in the pixel region I is etched to form a via-hole  371   a  for exposing one of the source and drain electrodes. The planarization layer  370  in the non-pixel region II is etched to form openings  371   b  and  371   c  for exposing the conductive line  360   d  and the second electrode power supply line  360   c . The conductive line  360   d  is exposed to increase adhesive strength with the substrate when the substrate is sealed by the glass frit. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a first electrode  380  including a reflective layer  375  is formed on the planarization  370  in the pixel region I. The first electrode  380  is disposed on a bottom surface of the via-hole  371  to be in contact with one of the exposed source and drain electrodes  360   a  and  360   b . The first electrode  380  also extends onto portions of the planarization layer  370 . The first electrode  380  may be formed of indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO). 
     Then, a pixel defining layer  390  is formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  300 . The pixel defining layer  390  also covers the first electrode  380  to a thickness sufficient to fill the via-hole  371   a , in which the first electrode  380  is disposed. The pixel defining layer  390  may be formed of an organic layer or an inorganic layer. In one embodiment, the pixel defining layer  390  is formed of one selected from the group consisting of BCB, an acryl-based polymer, and polyimide. The pixel defining layer  390  may have high flowability such that the pixel defining layer can be evenly formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate. 
     The pixel defining layer  390  is etched to form an opening  395   a  for exposing the first electrode  380  in the pixel region I, and an opening  395   b  for exposing a portion of the second electrode power supply line  360   c  in the non-pixel region II. In addition, the pixel defining layer  390  is also etched to expose a portion of the conductive line  360   d  in the non-pixel region II. 
     Then, an organic layer  400  is formed on the first electrode  380  exposed through the opening  395   a . The organic layer  400  includes at least an emission layer. The organic layer  400  may further include at least one of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer. 
     Next, a second electrode  410  is formed over the substantially entire surface of the substrate  300 . The second electrode  410  is a transmissive electrode. The second electrode may be formed of Mg, Ag, Al, Ca, or an alloy of two or more of the foregoing. The second electrode may be formed of a material which is transparent and has a low work function. The second electrode  410  in the non-pixel region II may be etched to expose the conductive line  360   d  and the planarization layer  370 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , an encapsulation substrate  420  is placed opposite to the substrate  300 . The encapsulation substrate  420  may be formed of an etched insulating glass or a non-etched insulating glass. 
     Then, a glass frit  430  is applied to edges of the encapsulation substrate  420 . The glass frit  430  may be formed of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), barium oxide (BaO), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), sodium oxide (Na 2 O), potassium oxide (K 2 O), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), tellurium oxide (TeO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), lead oxide (PbO), tin oxide (SnO), phosphorous oxide (P 2 O 5 ), ruthenium oxide (Ru 2 O), rubidium oxide (Rb 2 O), rhodium oxide (Rh 2 O), ferrite oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), lead-borate glass, tin-phosphate glass, vanadate glass, and borosilicate. The glass frit  430  may be applied by a dispensing method or a screen printing method. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the glass frit  430  is first applied to the encapsulation substrate  420  and then the encapsulation substrate  420  with the glass frit  430  is placed over the substrate  300 . In other embodiments, the glass frit  430  may be first applied to the substrate  300 , and then the encapsulation substrate  420  is placed over the substrate  300 . 
     Then, the encapsulation substrate  420  is aligned with the substrate  300 . The glass frit  430  is in contact with the conductive line  360   d  and the planarization layer  370  formed over the substrate  300 . 
     Next, when the glass frit  430  is irradiated with a laser beam, the glass frit  430  is melted and solidified to adhere to the substrate and the encapsulation substrate, thereby sealing the organic light emitting display. 
     As described above, the illustrated conductive line has a width narrower than that of the glass frit, thereby reducing heat transfer to elements in the pixel region during the laser process. Thus, the reliability of the resulting OLED can be improved. 
     As can be seen from the foregoing, in an organic light emitting display and a method of fabricating the same in accordance with the embodiments, it is possible to prevent an element from being damaged due to a large amount of heat generated when the laser beam is radiated to a glass frit for sealing a substrate. 
     Although the invention has been described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that a variety of modifications and variations may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention defined in the appended claims, and their equivalents.