Patent Publication Number: US-2023137877-A1

Title: No-remelt solder enforcement joint

Description:
FIELD 
     The descriptions are generally related to semiconductor devices, and in specific examples, microelectronic packages and assemblies with no-remelt solder enforcement joints. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Microelectronic packaging technology is evolving towards 2.5D (2.5-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) packaging, in which multiple substrates or dies are stacked and bonded. Hierarchical interconnection solutions are becoming more common to enable more complicated 2.5D and 3D architectures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following description includes discussion of figures having illustrations given by way of example of implementations of embodiments of the invention. The drawings should be understood by way of example, and not by way of limitation. As used herein, references to one or more “embodiments” are to be understood as describing at least one implementation of the invention that includes one or more particular features, structures, or characteristics. Thus, phrases such as “in one embodiment” or “in an alternate embodiment” appearing herein describe various embodiments and implementations of the invention, and do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. However, they are also not necessarily mutually exclusive. 
         FIG.  1    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a package or microelectronic assembly with a full IMC solder joint. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a cross-sectional view of an assembly including two patches attached to a core substrate. 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates an assembly with a bridge die between a die and a substrate. 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  illustrate full IMC joint formation with a solder paste. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a drawing of an example of IMCs post reflow. 
         FIG.  5    is a flow chart illustrating a method of assembling substrates, including forming one or more full IMC joints. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  illustrate cross-sectional views of various stages corresponding to the process of  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  7    provides an exemplary depiction of a computing system that may include one or more packages in accordance with the packages described herein. 
     
    
    
     Descriptions of certain details and implementations follow, including a description of the figures, which may depict some or all of the embodiments described below, as well as discussing other potential embodiments or implementations of the inventive concepts presented herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     No-remelt solder enforcement joints are described herein. 
     With the packaging technology evolving towards 2.5D (2.5 dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) packaging, hierarchical interconnection solutions are becoming more common to enable more complicated architectures. Examples of hierarchical interconnections include die-to-die, die-to-RDL (redistribution layer), die-to-substrate, and other hierarchical interconnections. Forming such hierarchical interconnections typically involves multiple thermal processing steps (e.g., re-flow steps). Along with different assembly process flows, the downstream solder reflow processes may expose pre-formed solder joints to high temperatures and stress, which subsequentially can lead to die movement or reliability risks. For example, one level of interconnections is formed, followed by formation of a second level of interconnections. Forming subsequent levels of interconnections can cause the previously formed levels of interconnections to soften, posing risks to the assembly process. 
     One technique for minimizing die or substrate movement during downstream re-flow processes is to use a combination of high-temperature solder and low-temperature solder to create hierarchical reflow profiles (e.g., high-temperature solder between first level interconnects, and low-temperature solder between subsequent level interconnects). However, using a mix of high-temperature solder and low-temperature solder has the disadvantage of introducing LTS solder, which typically involves additional Bismuth or Indium to form a new metallurgy, which can create additional cost and reliability risks. 
     In one example, no-remelt solder joints can eliminate die or substrate movement in downstream reflow processes. In one example, one or more solder joints between two substrates can be formed as full IMC (intermetallic compound) solder joints. In one example, a full IMC solder joint includes a continuous layer (e.g., from the top pad to bottom pad) of intermetallic compounds. In one example, a full IMC joint can be formed by dispensing a no-remelt solder paste on some of the pads of one or both substrates to be bonded together. In one example, the no-remelt solder paste includes copper particles in the paste. In one such example, a regular solder paste is dispensed on the other pads of the one or both substrates. The substrates are then bonded together (e.g., via a thermocompression process), forming both regular solder joints and full IMC solder joints. In one example, the full IMC solder joints provide stable anchoring points that prevent movement of the substrates in subsequent thermal processes. 
       FIG.  1    is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a package or microelectronic assembly with a full IMC solder joint. The package or assembly depicted in  FIG.  1    includes a first substrate  102  coupled with a second substrate  104 . In the illustrated example, the second substrate  104  is over (e.g., vertically stacked over) the first substrate  102 . The substrates  102  and  104  can include one or more of: a substrate, a die, a bridge die, an interposer, a patch, a thin film, a motherboard, a redistribution layer (RDL), and an organic PCB. For ease of reference, examples in the following description refer generally to two substrates being bonded together; however, this is intended to refer to any two substrates bonded together. For example, any of a substrate, a die, a bridge die, an interposer, a patch, a thin film, a motherboard, a redistribution layer (RDL), and an organic PCB bonded to a substrate, a die, a bridge die, an interposer, a patch, a thin film, a motherboard, a redistribution layer (RDL), or an organic PCB. 
     Turning again to  FIG.  1   , the substrates  102  and  104  are bonded together via a plurality of solder joints  130 A- 130 B and  132 . Thus, the solder joints  130 A- 130 B and  132  are located between the substrates  102  and  104 . The solder joints physically couple the substrates  102  and  104  with one another, and at least some of the solder joints electrically couple the substrates  102  and  104 . For example, the solder joints  130 A and  132  connect interconnects  106  of the first substrate  102  with interconnects  108  of the second substrate  104 . 
     The plurality of solder joints includes two full IMC solder joints  130 A and  130 B and regular solder joints  132 . In one example, the full IMC solder joints  130 A and  130 B are formed from the pads and no-remelt solder dispensed on one or both opposing pads in a bonding process. For example, the full IMC solder joint  130 A is formed from the pads  124  and  122  and no-remelt solder paste, and the full IMC solder joint  130 B is formed from the pads  126  and  128  and no-remelt solder paste. Similarly, the regular solder joints  132  are formed with solder paste between respective pads  122  and pads  124 . In one example, the pads  122 ,  124 ,  126 , and  128  are formed from a conductive material such as copper or another metal on the surfaces  105  and  107  of the substrates  104  and  102 , respectively. In another example, the solder may be dispensed between opposing conductive contacts other than pads, such as exposed conductive contacts of one of the substrates without pads. 
     In contrast to the regular solder joints  132  formed with a conventional solder paste, the full IMC solder joints  130 A and  130 B include a continuous layer of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) between respective contacts. For example, the full IMC solder joint includes a continuous layer of IMCs from the upper conductive contact  124  of the second substrate  104  to the lower conductive contact  122  of the first substrate  102 . The continuous layer of IMCs in the solder joint form a mechanically rigid body that does not soften or re-melt when subject to typical solder reflow temperatures. In contrast, regular solder joints do not include a continuous layer of IMCs throughout the joint. Thus, including one or more full IMC joints between two substrates can create anchoring points between the substrates that are mechanically stable during subsequent thermal operations, minimizing the risk of substrate movement. 
     In one example, a combination of regular solder joints and full IMC joints are formed between substrates. For example, one or more locations between the substrates can be selected to form full IMC solder joints instead of regular solder joints. The IMC solder joints add mechanical stability but can be more brittle than regular solder joints. Therefore, a combination of regular solder joints and full IMC solder joints between the substrates can enable improved mechanical stability throughout the assembly process without compromising the reliability of the final package. 
     The ratio of full IMC joints to regular solder joints may vary and depend on the application. A package may include a single full IMC joint between two substrates, or more than one full IMC joint (e.g., two, three, or more full IMC joints) between two substrates. In one example, the number of full IMC joints is in a range of: one solder joint to  50 % of the plurality of the solder joints between two substrates. The location of the full IMC solder joints may be selected to maximize mechanical stability both during downstream re-flow and of the final package. For example, the full IMC joints may be formed in areas other than corners to prevent cracking. In one example, the full IMC joints may be distributed (e.g., distributed uniformly) amongst the regular solder joints to increase stability during assembly in all areas between the substrates. 
     The full IMC joints may be formed between interconnects for input/output (I/O), power delivery, or between “dummy” pads that are not connected to I/O or power interconnects. The example in  FIG.  1    depicts one full IMC joint  130 A that is electrically coupled with a respective interconnect  106  of the first substrate  102  and a respective interconnect  108  of the second substrate  104 . The example in  FIG.  1    also depicts a full IMC joint  130 B between dummy pads  126  and  128 . The dummy pads  126  and  128  are electrically isolated from conductive interconnects for I/O and power delivery in the first and second substrates  102  and  104 . Thus, the full IMC joints between dummy pads can improve the mechanical stability of the package during assembly, while the regular solder joints provide the power and I/O functions. In other examples, the full IMC solder joints can be used to connect one or more I/O or power interconnects. 
     Thus, according to one example, no-remelt solder paste is dispensed on contacts of one or both substrates to be bonded. For example, the no-remelt solder paste can be dispensed on I/O, power, or dummy copper pads. During die attach or substrate attach, regular solders will provide bond head force for z-height adjustment and form solder joint to provide electrical connection and the no re-melt solder paste forms full IMC joints. After the full IMC joints are formed, the full IMC joints can prevent die or substrate movement during downstream reflow steps even though regular solder joint may soften. Combining full IMC enforcement joints and regular solder joints can eliminate the reliability and electrical performance risks of using full IMC joints across the entire unit. The power and I/O functions can be achieved by regular solder bumps as well as the z-height control capability, which can a problem for pure solder paste. 
     Note that although the full IMC joints  130 A and  130 B and the regular solder joints  132  are depicted as having the same pitch, the full IMC joints  130 A and  130 B may have the same or a different pitch than regular solder joints. 
       FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  illustrate examples of microelectronic assemblies in which full IMC joints may be implemented.  FIG.  2 A  is a cross-sectional view of an assembly including two patches attached to a core substrate.  FIG.  2 B  illustrates an assembly with a bridge die between a die and a substrate. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 A , one or more full IMC joints can be included in a package having a disaggregated architecture with multiple substrate segments or “patches” that are assembled together. Thus, rather than manufacturing a single substrate, substrate patches can be separately processed and later assembled, reducing the processing steps that each patch is subject to. The Example in  FIG.  2 A  depicts a core substrate  204  onto which patches  202 A and  202 B are attached. In this example, the core substrate  204  provides mechanical support for the assembly and includes conductive interconnects for electrically coupling the patches  202 A and  202 B with one another. For example, the core substrate  204  includes conductive vias  212 . In one example, the patches  202 A and  202 B are substrate segments, and in one example include an organic PCB (printed circuit board) with circuitry and conductive interconnects  214  in or on the patches. In the illustrated example, routing PCBs  216 A and  216 B enable further connections to circuitry or interconnects under the patch  216 A or over the patch  216 B. 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , the patch  202 B is attached to the core substrate  204  via solder joints, including regular solder joints  210  and full IMC solder joints  206 B and  206 D. Similarly, the patch  202 A is attached to the core substrate  204  via the regular solder joints  210  and the full IMC solder joints  206 A and  206 C. In one example, the patches are attached to the core substrate via a die attach process (e.g., thermocompression bonding (TCB) or other die attach method). The die attach process forms the solder joints from contacts and deposited solder paste. According to one example, when the patches  202 A and  202 B are attached to the core substrate  204 , multiple re-flow steps are involved. Thus, the full IMC joints  206 A- 206 D provide mechanical stability in disaggregated patch connection to prevent patch movement in downstream TCB processes. 
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates another example in which full IMC joints can improve mechanical stability during assembly. In the example in  FIG.  2 B , no-remelt solder paste is dispensed in substrate via openings to provide open cavity enforcement for bridge die interconnections. In the example illustrated in  FIG.  2 B , a bridge die  228  is attached to the substrate  224  via a die attach process. Solder joints  226  and  220  are between the substrate  224  and the bridge die  228 . A top die  230  can then be attached to the bridge die  228 . 
     In the illustrated example, the full IMC solder joint  226  is formed in a via opening etched into the substrate  224 . Thus, the substrate  224  includes a via opening  222  into which no-remelt solder paste is dispensed. Heat can then be applied to form the full IMC solder joint  226  from the no-remelt solder paste in the via opening  222 . In another example, a conductive via can be formed (e.g., a copper via) and the no-remelt solder paste can be dispensed on the copper via and/or on the opposing pad, such as shown for the regular solder joint  220 . 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  illustrate full IMC joint formation with a solder paste. In one example, full IMC solder joints are formed with no-remelt solder paste. No-remelt solder paste is solder paste that, after passing through one reflow condition, does not melt again when undergoing subsequent reflow processes at typical reflow temperatures (e.g., up to 260-300° C.). Regular solder melts at typical reflow temperatures and becomes solid at room temperature. However, in contrast to no-remelt solder, regular solder melts again when heated to typical reflow temperatures again. For example, full IMC solder joints can be formed with transient liquid phase sintering (TLPS) paste. TLPS paste is a solder paste that can include copper (Cu) particles together with tin (Sn) or tin alloy particles (depending on the target reflow temperature) dispersed in a flux system. TLPS paste can be dispensed on copper pads using pin-dipping or other solder dispensing techniques. During reflow, the tin or tin alloy particles can melt and wet around the copper pads and copper particles in solder paste. Under heating, Sn and Cu will inter-diffuse to form Cu 3 Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) inside solder paste and at the copper pads. Once the full IMC joints are formed, they can act as enforcement joints that do not melt again under regular reflow temperatures (e.g., &lt;400° C.). 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates an example of solder paste dispensed between copper pads  306 . The solder paste contains copper particles  302  and tin or tin alloy particles  304  throughout the solder paste between the copper pads  306 .  FIG.  3 B  depicts how, under reflow temperature, the tin or tin alloy particles will melt (melted tin or tin alloy  308 ) and wet around the copper particles  302  and copper pads  306 .  FIG.  3 C  illustrates an example of tin and copper particles inter-diffusing to form a full IMC joint. In the illustrated example, the full IMC joint includes both copper particles  302  and IMCs  310  throughout the solder joint, including throughout a middle portion  311  of the solder joint and in upper and lower portions  315  and  313  of the joint adjacent to the conductive contacts. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a drawing of an example of IMCs post reflow. The example in  FIG.  4    depicts Sn/Bi alloy particles wetting around a copper pad  404  and copper particles  408  to form IMCs  402  and an isolated Bi region  406 . In one example, the IMCs are formed throughout the joint through one or multiple stages of heating and cooling stages. For example, the Sn/Bi alloy particles melt at a relatively low remelt temperature (e.g., under 140° C. heating). The intermetallic compounds, such as Cu 3 Sn, are then formed under heating. In one example, the Cu 6 Sn 5  is converted to Cu 3 Sn IMCs under heating. After the IMCs are formed, subsequent heating at typical reflow temperatures may result in the bismuth region melting but does not cause the IMCs to melt. 
       FIG.  5    is a flow diagram of an example of a process for the manufacture of a package with one or more full IMC joints.  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  illustrate cross-sectional views of various stages corresponding to the process of  FIG.  5   , according to one example.  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  show an example of forming full IMC joints between dummy pads, however, the full IMC joints may also, or alternatively, be formed between pads for I/O or power delivery. In the example illustrated in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 D , the full IMC no-remelt solder joints are a supplementary enforcement to the regular solder connection and are formed together with regular solder joints. 
     Turning to  FIG.  5   , in one example, the method  500  begins with dispensing regular solder on a plurality of conductive contacts of a first substrate, at block  502 . For example, referring to  FIG.  6 A , copper pads  604  and  606  were formed on a surface  607  of a substrate  600 . In the example of  FIG.  6 A , the copper pads  606  are dummy pads that are electrically isolated from conductive interconnects for I/O and power delivery in the first substrate. Regular solder bumps  602  are formed on the copper pads  604 . Forming the regular solder bumps  602  may involve, for example, pin dipping or another technique for dispensing solder. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5   , no-remelt solder paste is dispensed on or more or other conductive contacts, at block  504 . For example, referring to  FIG.  6 B , no-remelt solder paste  620  is dispensed on the dummy copper pads  606 . Dispensing the no-remelt solder paste may involve, for example, pin dipping or another technique for dispensing solder. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5   , after the regular and no-remelt solder paste is dispensed on the conductive contacts, a second substrate is bonded to the first substrate, at block  506 . Bonding a second substrate to the first substrate may involve, for example, thermocompression bonding or other bonding technique. During thermocompression bonding, the second substrate is compressed on the first substrate. In one example, during the thermocompression bonding process, the regular solder bumps provide the bond head force as a reference to adjust die position. During the bonding process, the full IMC joints are formed from the no-remelt solder. Thus, in the same process, full IMC enforcement joints can be formed together with regular solder joints. Referring to  FIG.  6 C , a second substrate  630  is bonded over the first substrate  600 . The second substrate  630  includes a plurality of conductive contacts that correspond to the conductive contacts of the first substrate. For example, the second substrate  630  includes dummy pads  636  that correspond to and are aligned with the dummy pads  606  of the first substrate  600 . Similarly, the second substrate includes copper pads  634  that correspond to and are aligned with the copper pads  604  of the first substrate  600 . Note that the example of  FIG.  6 C  depicts solder dispensed on the copper pads  634  of the second substrate  630 , but not on the copper pads  636 . In other examples, solder may also be dispensed on pads on one or both substrates. For example, solder may be dispensed on one or both of the copper pads  606  and  636 , and one or both of the copper pads  604  and  634 . 
       FIG.  6 D  illustrates the regular and full IMC solder joints formed during the bonding process. In one example, the full IMC joints  640  and the regular solder joints  642  can be formed in the same step. As mentioned above, although some examples show the full IMC joints being formed between dummy pads, other examples may include full IMC joints being formed between active contacts in addition to, or alternatively to, the full IMC joints between dummy pads. 
     After the full IMC joints are formed at selected locations between the substrates, the full IMC enforcement joints will lock the die/substrate location in place. In the following downstream reflow steps, even though the regular solder joints may be softened, the substrates will not move due to the full IMC joints&#39; integrity during the reflow processes. 
       FIG.  7    provides an exemplary depiction of a computing system  700  (e.g., a smartphone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a server computer, etc.). The system  700  may include one or more packages that include full IMC solder joints, as described herein. 
     As observed in  FIG.  7   , the system  700  may include one or more processors or processing units  701 . The processor(s)  701  may include one or more central processing units (CPUs), each of which may include, e.g., a plurality of general-purpose processing cores. The processor(s)  701  may also or alternatively include one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) or other processing units. The processor(s)  701  may include memory management logic (e.g., a memory controller) and I/O control logic. 
     The system  700  also includes memory  702  (e.g., system memory), non-volatile storage  704 , communications interfaces  706 , a display  710  (e.g., touchscreen, flat-panel), and other components  708 . The other components may include, for example, a power supply (e.g., a battery or/or other power supply), sensors, power management logic, or other components. The communications interfaces  706  may include logic and/or features to support a communication interface. For these examples, communications interface  706  may include one or more communication interfaces that operate according to various communication protocols or standards to communicate over direct or network communication links or channels. Direct communications may occur via use of communication protocols or standards described in one or more industry standards (including progenies and variants) such as those associated with the PCIe specification. Network communications may occur via use of communication protocols or standards such those described in one or more Ethernet standards promulgated by IEEE. For example, one such Ethernet standard may include IEEE  802 . 3 . Network communication may also occur according to one or more OpenFlow specifications such as the OpenFlow Switch Specification. Other examples of communications interfaces include, for example, a local wired point-to-point link (e.g., USB) interface, a wireless local area network (e.g., WiFi) interface, a wireless point-to-point link (e.g., Bluetooth) interface, a Global Positioning System interface, and/or other interfaces. 
     The computing system also includes non-volatile storage  704 , which may be the mass storage component of the system. A non-volatile memory (NVM) device is a type of memory whose state is determinate even if power is interrupted to the device. In one embodiment, the NVM device may include block or byte-addressable, write-in-place memories. Examples may include, but are not limited to, single or multi-level Phase Change Memory (PCM) or phase change memory with a switch (PCMS), non-volatile types of memory that include chalcogenide phase change material (for example, chalcogenide glass), resistive memory including metal oxide base, oxygen vacancy base and Conductive Bridge Random Access Memory (CB-RAM), nanowire memory, ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM, FRAM), magneto resistive random access memory (MRAM) that incorporates memristor technology, spin transfer torque (STT)-MRAM, a spintronic magnetic junction memory based device, a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) based device, a DW (Domain Wall) and SOT (Spin Orbit Transfer) based device, a thyristor based memory device, or a combination of any of the above, or other types of block or byte-addressable, write-in-place memory. In one example, the non-volatile storage  704  may include mass storage that is composed of one or more SSDs (solid state drives), DWIMs (dual in line memory modules), or other module or drive. 
     Examples of assemblies, packages, systems, and methods of forming no-remelt solder enforcement joints follow. 
     Example 1: A microelectronic package including: a first substrate, a second substrate over the first substrate, and a plurality of solder joints between the first substrate and the second substrate, at least one of the plurality of solder joints including a continuous layer of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) from a conductive contact of the first substrate to a conductive contact of the second substrate. 
     Example 2: The microelectronic package of example 1, wherein: the solder joint including the continuous layer of IMCs includes copper particles throughout the solder joint, including throughout a middle portion of the solder joint between lower and upper portions adjacent to the conductive contacts of the first and second substrates. 
     Example 3: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1 or 2, wherein: the solder joint including the continuous layer of IMCs includes cured epoxy from a n0-remelt solder around the continuous layer of IMCs. 
     Example 4: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-3, wherein: the solder joint has a melting point that is higher than other solder joints of the plurality of solder joints. 
     Example 5: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-4, wherein: the solder joint is between dummy pads on the first and second substrates, wherein the dummy pads are electrically isolated from conductive interconnects for I/O and power delivery in the first and second substrates. 
     Example 6: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-5, wherein: the solder joint includes an interconnect for power delivery between the first die and the second die. 
     Example 7: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-6, wherein: the solder joint includes an input/output (I/O) interconnect between the first substrate and the second substrate. 
     Example 8: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-7, wherein: the first substrate and the second substrate include one or more of: a substrate, a die, a bridge die, an interposer, a patch, a thin film, a motherboard, a redistribution layer (RDL), and an organic PCB. 
     Example 9: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-8, wherein: the solder joint including the continuous layer of IMCs is located in a via in the first substrate. 
     Example 10: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-9 wherein: the plurality of solder joints includes at least three solder joints each including a continuous layer of IMCs from a respective conductive contact of the first substrate to a respective conductive contact of the second substrate. 
     Example 11: The microelectronic package of any of examples 1-10, wherein: a number of the plurality of solder joints that include a continuous layer of IMCs from a respective conductive contact of the first substrate to a respective conductive contact of the second substrate is in a range of: one solder joint to 50% of the plurality of solder joints. 
     Example 12: A system including: a first substrate, a second substrate over the first substrate, the second substrate including an integrated circuit, and a plurality of solder joints between the first substrate and the second substrate, at least one of the plurality of solder joints including a continuous layer of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) from a conductive contact of the first substrate to a conductive contact of the second substrate. 
     Example 13: The system of example 12, further including one or more of: a processor, a memory die, a display, and a power source. 
     Example 14. The system of example 12 or 13, wherein any of the conductive contacts, solder joints, or substrates are in accordance with any of examples 1-13. 
     Example 15: A method including: dispensing solder on a plurality of conductive contacts of a first substrate, dispensing no-remelt solder on another conductive contact of the first substrate, and bonding a second substrate to the first substrate, including forming a solder joint from the no-remelt solder between the other conductive contact of the first substrate and a corresponding conductive contact of the second substrate, the solder joint including a continuous layer of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) from the other conductive contact of the first substrate to the conductive contact of the second substrate. 
     Example 16: The method of example 15, wherein: the no-remelt solder includes copper particles. 
     Example 17: The method of any of examples 15-16, wherein: the no-remelt solder includes an epoxy flux and has a higher melting point than the solder. 
     Example 18: The method of any of examples 15-17, wherein dispensing the no-remelt solder includes: dispensing the no-remelt solder on at least three conductive contacts of the first substrate, 
     Example 19: The method of any of examples 15-18, wherein dispensing the no-remelt solder includes: dispensing the no-remelt solder on one or more dummy pads on the first substrate, wherein the dummy pads are electrically isolated from conductive interconnects for I/O and power delivery in the first substrate. 
     Example 20: The method of any of examples 15-19, wherein dispensing the no-remelt solder includes: dispensing the no-remelt solder on one or more pads on the first substrate coupled with an interconnect for power delivery. 
     Example 21: The method of any of examples 15-20, wherein dispensing the no-remelt solder includes: dispensing the no-remelt solder on one or more pads on the first substrate coupled with an input/output (I/O) interconnect. 
     Example 22: The method of any of examples 15-21, wherein: the first substrate and the second substrate include one or more of: a substrate, a die, a bridge die, an interposer, a patch, a thin film, a motherboard, and an organic PCB. 
     Example 23: The method of any of examples 15-22, wherein dispensing the no-remelt solder includes: dispensing the no-remelt solder into a via in the first substrate. 
     Example 24: The method of any of examples 15-23, wherein dispensing the no-remelt solder includes: dispensing the no-remelt solder on a number of conductive contacts of the first substrate in a range of: one conductive contact to  50 % of the conductive contacts of the first substrate. 
     Flow diagrams as illustrated herein provide examples of sequences of various process actions. The flow diagrams can indicate operations to be executed by a software or firmware routine, as well as physical operations. A flow diagram can illustrate an example of the implementation of states of a finite state machine (FSM), which can be implemented in hardware and/or software. Although shown in a particular sequence or order, unless otherwise specified, the order of the actions can be modified. Thus, the illustrated diagrams should be understood only as examples, and the process can be performed in a different order, and some actions can be performed in parallel. Additionally, one or more actions can be omitted; thus, not all implementations will perform all actions. 
     To the extent various operations or functions are described herein, they can be described or defined as software code, instructions, configuration, and/or data. The content can be directly executable (“object” or “executable” form), source code, or difference code (“delta” or “patch” code). The software content of what is described herein can be provided via an article of manufacture with the content stored thereon, or via a method of operating a communication interface to send data via the communication interface. A machine readable storage medium can cause a machine to perform the functions or operations described and includes any mechanism that stores information in a form accessible by a machine (e.g., computing device, electronic system, etc.), such as recordable/non-recordable media (e.g., read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.). A communication interface includes any mechanism that interfaces to any of a hardwired, wireless, optical, etc., medium to communicate to another device, such as a memory bus interface, a processor bus interface, an Internet connection, a disk controller, etc. The communication interface can be configured by providing configuration parameters and/or sending signals to prepare the communication interface to provide a data signal describing the software content. The communication interface can be accessed via one or more commands or signals sent to the communication interface. 
     Various components described herein can be a means for performing the operations or functions described. Each component described herein includes software, hardware, or a combination of these. The components can be implemented as software modules, hardware modules, special-purpose hardware (e.g., application specific hardware, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc.), embedded controllers, hardwired circuitry, etc. 
     The hardware design embodiments discussed above may be embodied within a semiconductor chip and/or as a description of a circuit design for eventual targeting toward a semiconductor manufacturing process. In the case of the later, such circuit descriptions may take of the form of a (e.g., VHDL or Verilog) register transfer level (RTL) circuit description, a gate level circuit description, a transistor level circuit description or mask description or various combinations thereof. Circuit descriptions are typically embodied on a computer readable storage medium (such as a CD-ROM or other type of storage technology). 
     Note that terms such as “upper,” “lower,” “over,” “under,” and other terms describing the position of various elements with respect to one another are used as examples and are not intended as limiting. For example, a substrate that is described as over another substrate could also be described as being under the substrate when viewed from a different perspective. 
     Besides what is described herein, various modifications can be made to what is disclosed and implementations of the invention without departing from their scope. Therefore, the illustrations and examples herein should be construed in an illustrative, and not a restrictive sense. The scope of the invention should be measured solely by reference to the claims that follow.