Patent Publication Number: US-2015073165-A1

Title: Catalyst compounds

Description:
The present invention relates to catalyst compounds and, more specifically, to catalyst compounds for use in the hydrogenation of reducible substrates. The invention also relates to a method for preparing these catalyst compounds, a method of reducing a reducible substrate using these compounds and to compositions comprising these catalyst compounds. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Reduction of imines and reductive amination reactions are commonly employed in the chemical field to produce amines. For instance, reductive amination reactions are widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds and their intermediates. Typically, reductive amination of an aldehyde or ketone involves their reaction with either ammonia, a primary amine, or secondary amine under reductive conditions to respectively yield corresponding primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. 
     Reducing agents such as NaBH 3 CN, NaBH(OAc) 3 , and boranes (e.g. pyridine borane) are commonly used to provide the reductive conditions required in the reductive amination process. However, for successful reductive aminations, a significant excess of NaBH 3 CN is often required for the reactions to reach completion within a reasonable timeframe. NaBH 3 CN gives rise to slow reactions, particularly where aromatic ketones and weakly basic amines are used, and final products are often contaminated with highly toxic cyanide. Moreover, NaBH 3 CN is itself highly toxic and leads to the evolution of toxic byproducts such as HCN and NaCN during post-reaction workups. NaBH(OAc) 3  again needs to be used in excessive quantities and is poorly soluble in most commonly used organic solvents. Pyridine borane, on the other hand, can be unsafe to use on industrial scales due to its propensity to violently decompose. 
     More recently, certain cyclometalated Iridium complexes have been developed to address some of the problems of the prior art (Xiao J et al,  Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,  2010, 49: 7548-7552). However, these catalysts, though suitable for use under certain conditions, are not necessarily appropriate for all reductive amination reaction conditions. In order to meet particular synthetic requirements, reaction conditions (e.g. solvents, temperature, pH, etc.) may need to be tailored to the reagents or products of the reductive amination process rather than the catalyst. As such, it is an object of the invention to provide alternative catalysts which meet particular synthetic needs that the prior art catalysts fail to address. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The inventors have found a particular set of catalyst compounds which perform well in general, and particularly well under certain synthetically useful conditions. 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a catalyst compound of Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: 
     ring A is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted by one or two groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl; 
     ring B is aryl or heteroaryl substituted by one or more groups selected from halogeno, [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula: 
       L 1 -Q 1            wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;       
     wherein any two substituents of ring B are optionally linked so that together they form a ring; 
     wherein at least one substitutent group of Ring B is in t-conjugation with the imine carbon atom (shown by *) to which ring B is attached; 
     R 1  is selected from the group including hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or R 1  is (2-4C)alkylene or (2-4C)alkenylene linked to ring B to form a fused 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1  is optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR h R i , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, [NR h R i R j ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), mercapto, wherein R h , R i , and R j  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula: 
       L 2 -Q 2            wherein:   L 2  is absent or is selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 , N(R k ), C(O), CH(OR k ), C(O)N(R k ), N(R k )C(O), N(R k )C(O)N(R l ), S(O) 2 N(R k ), or N(R k )SO 2 , wherein R k  and R l  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and;   Q 2  is (1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 2  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR m R n , [NR m R n R o ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trifluoromethyl, mercapto, wherein R m , R n , and R o  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl);       
     LG is a leaving group (eg. halo, acetate); 
     Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, aryl, (1-6C)alkoxy, hydroxyl, or NR p R q , wherein R p  and R q  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl). 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a catalyst compound of Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: 
     ring A is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted by one or two groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl; 
     ring B is aryl or heteroaryl substituted by one or more groups selected from halogeno, [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula: 
       L 1 -Q 1            wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;       
     wherein any two substituents of ring B are optionally linked so that together they form a ring; 
     R 1  is selected from the group including hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or R 1  is (2-4C)alkylene or (2-4C)alkenylene linked to ring B to form a fused 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1  is optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR h R i , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, [NR h R i R j ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), mercapto, wherein R h , R i , and R j  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula: 
       L 2 -Q 2            wherein:   L 2  is absent or is selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 , N(R k ), C(O), CH(OR k ), C(O)N(R k ), N(R k )C(O), N(R k )C(O)N(R l ), S(O) 2 N(R k ), or N(R k )SO 2 , wherein R k  and R l  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and;   Q 2  is (1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and       
     wherein Q 2  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR m R n , [NR m R n R o ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trifluoromethyl, mercapto, wherein R m , R n , and R o  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl);
         LG is a leaving group (eg. halo, acetate);   Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, aryl, (1-6C)alkoxy, hydroxyl, or NR p R q , wherein R p  and R q  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl).       

     In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for preparing a catalyst compound of Formula I as defined in the first or second aspect, the method comprising:
         reacting a compound of formula II:       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             
               
                 wherein Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , and LG are as defined in the first or second aspect, and LG′ is a leaving group (optionally independently defined by any of the meanings given herein for LG); 
               
             
             with a compound of Formula III: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             
               
                 wherein ring A, ring B, and R 1  are as defined herein. 
               
             
           
         
       
    
     In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of reducing a reducible substrate, the method comprising hydrogenating the reducible substrate in the presence of a catalyst compound of Formula I as defined herein. 
     In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising the catalyst compound of Formula I as defined herein. 
     In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit of parts comprising the compound of Formula II as defined herein and the compound of Formula III as defined herein. 
     Any features, including optional, suitable, and preferred features, described in relation to any particular aspect of the invention may also be features, including optional, suitable and preferred features, of any other aspect of the present invention. In particular, the definitions for Ring A, Ring B, R 1 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , LG, and LG′ used in relation to compounds of Formulas I and III are also, unless stated otherwise, applicable definitions in relation to compounds of Formulas A and B. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in the specification and claims have the following meanings set out below. 
     In this specification the term “alkyl” includes both straight and branched chain alkyl groups. References to individual alkyl groups such as “propyl” are specific for the straight chain version only and references to individual branched chain alkyl groups such as “isopropyl” are specific for the branched chain version only. For example, “(1-6C)alkyl” includes (1-4C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkyl, propyl, isopropyl and t-butyl. A similar convention applies to other radicals, for example “phenyl(1-6C)alkyl” includes phenyl(1-4C)alkyl, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl. 
     The term “(m-nC)” or “(m-nC) group” used alone or as a prefix, refers to any group having m to n carbon atoms. 
     An “alkylene” or “alkenylene,” group is respectively an alkyl or alkenyl group that is positioned between and serves to connect two other chemical groups. Thus, “(1-6C)alkylene” means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, 2-methylpropylene, pentylene, and the like. 
     “(2-6C)alkenylene” means a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of two to six carbon atoms or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, containing at least one double bond, for example, as in ethenylene, 2,4-pentadienylene, and the like. 
     “(3-8C)cycloalkyl” means a hydrocarbon ring containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl. 
     “(3-8C)cycloalkenyl” means a hydrocarbon ring containing at least one double bond, for example, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl, such as 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, or cyclooctenyl. 
     “(3-8C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkylene” means a (3-8C)cycloalkyl group covalently attached to a (1-6C)alkylene group, both of which are defined herein. 
     The term “halo” or “halogeno” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. 
     The term “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclic” or “heterocycle” means a non-aromatic saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, fused, bridged, or spiro bicyclic heterocyclic ring system(s). The term heterocyclyl includes both monovalent species and divalent species. Monocyclic heterocyclic rings contain from about 3 to 12 (suitably from 3 to 7) ring atoms, with from 1 to 5 (suitably 1, 2 or 3) heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur in the ring. Bicyclic heterocycles contain from 7 to 17 member atoms, suitably 7 to 12 member atoms, in the ring. Bicyclic heterocycles contain from about 7 to about 17 ring atoms, suitably from 7 to 12 ring atoms. Bicyclic heterocyclic(s) rings may be fused, spiro, or bridged ring systems. Examples of heterocyclic groups include cyclic ethers such as oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxanyl, and substituted cyclic ethers. Heterocycles containing nitrogen include, for example, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl, tetrahydropyrazolyl, and the like. Typical sulfur containing heterocycles include tetrahydrothienyl, dihydro-1,3-dithiol, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, and hexahydrothiepine. Other heterocycles include dihydro-oxathiolyl, tetrahydro-oxazolyl, tetrahydro-oxadiazolyl, tetrahydrodioxazolyl, tetrahydro-oxathiazolyl, hexahydrotriazinyl, tetrahydro-oxazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dioxolinyl, octahydrobenzofuranyl, octahydrobenzimidazolyl, and octahydrobenzothiazolyl. For heterocycles containing sulfur, the oxidized sulfur heterocycles containing SO or SO2 groups are also included. Examples include the sulfoxide and sulfone forms of tetrahydrothienyl and thiomorpholinyl such as tetrahydrothiene 1,1-dioxide and thiomorpholinyl 1,1-dioxide. A suitable value for a heterocyclyl group which bears 1 or 2 oxo (═O) or thioxo (═S) substituents is, for example, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-thioxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxoimidazolidinyl, 2-thioxoimidazolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidinyl, 2,5-dioxoimidazolidinyl or 2,6-dioxopiperidinyl. Particular heterocyclyl groups are saturated monocyclic 3 to 7 membered heterocyclyls containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, for example azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrothienyl 1,1-dioxide, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl 1,1-dioxide, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, piperazinyl or homopiperazinyl. As the skilled person would appreciate, any heterocycle may be linked to another group via any suitable atom, such as via a carbon or nitrogen atom. However, reference herein to piperidino or morpholino refers to a piperidin-1-yl or morpholin-4-yl ring that is linked via the ring nitrogen. 
     By “bridged ring systems” is meant ring systems in which two rings share more than two atoms, see for example Advanced Organic Chemistry, by Jerry March, 4th Edition, Wiley Interscience, pages 131-133, 1992. Examples of bridged heterocyclyl ring systems include, aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane and quinuclidine. 
     “Heterocyclyl(1-6C)alkyl” means a heterocyclyl group covalently attached to a (1-6C)alkylene group, both of which are defined herein. 
     The term “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic” means an aromatic mono-, bi-, or polycyclic ring incorporating one or more (for example 1-4, particularly 1, 2 or 3) heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The term heteroaryl includes both monovalent species and divalent species. Examples of heteroaryl groups are monocyclic and bicyclic groups containing from five to twelve ring members, and more usually from five to ten ring members. The heteroaryl group can be, for example, a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring or a 9- or 10-membered bicyclic ring, for example a bicyclic structure formed from fused five and six membered rings or two fused six membered rings. Each ring may contain up to about four heteroatoms typically selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Typically the heteroaryl ring will contain up to 3 heteroatoms, more usually up to 2, for example a single heteroatom. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl ring contains at least one ring nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atoms in the heteroaryl rings can be basic, as in the case of an imidazole or pyridine, or essentially non-basic as in the case of an indole or pyrrole nitrogen. In general the number of basic nitrogen atoms present in the heteroaryl group, including any amino group substituents of the ring, will be less than five. 
     Examples of heteroaryl include furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, benzofurazanyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, naphthyridinyl, carbazolyl, phenazinyl, benzisoquinolinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, thieno[2,3-b]furanyl, 2H-furo[3,2-b]-pyranyl, 5H-pyrido[2,3-d]-o-oxazinyl, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]-oxazolyl, 4H-imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolyl, pyrazino[2,3-d]pyridazinyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazinyl. “Heteroaryl” also covers partially aromatic bi- or polycyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is an aromatic ring and one or more of the other ring(s) is a non-aromatic, saturated or partially saturated ring, provided at least one ring contains one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Examples of partially aromatic heteroaryl groups include for example, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, 2,2-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzothienyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, indolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazinyl and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazinyl 
     Examples of five membered heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, furazanyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl and tetrazolyl groups. 
     Examples of six membered heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and triazinyl. 
     A bicyclic heteroaryl group may be, for example, a group selected from:
     a benzene ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms;   a pyridine ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms;   a pyrimidine ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   a pyrrole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms;   a pyrazole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   a pyrazine ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   an imidazole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   an oxazole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   an isoxazole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   a thiazole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   an isothiazole ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms;   a thiophene ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms;   a furan ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms;   a cyclohexyl ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms; and   a cyclopentyl ring fused to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms.   

     Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring include but are not limited to benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, purinyl (e.g., adeninyl, guaninyl), indazolyl, benzodioxolyl and pyrazolopyridinyl groups. 
     Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing two fused six membered rings include but are not limited to quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, chromanyl, thiochromanyl, chromenyl, isochromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, benzodioxanyl, quinolizinyl, benzoxazinyl, benzodiazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl and pteridinyl groups. 
     “Heteroaryl(1-6C)alkyl” means a heteroaryl group covalently attached to a (1-6C)alkylene group, both of which are defined herein. Examples of heteroaralkyl groups include pyridin-3-ylmethyl, 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)propyl, and the like. 
     The term “aryl” means a cyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms. The term aryl includes both monovalent species and divalent species. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl and the like. In particular embodiment, an aryl is phenyl. 
     The term “aryl(1-6C)alkyl” means an aryl group covalently attached to a (1-6C)alkylene group, both of which are defined herein. Examples of aryl-(1-6C)alkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, and the like. 
     This specification also makes use of several composite terms to describe groups comprising more than one functionality. Such terms will be understood by a person skilled in the art. For example heterocyclyl(m-nC)alkyl comprises (m-nC)alkyl substituted by heterocyclyl. 
     The term “optionally substituted” refers to either groups, structures, or molecules that are substituted and those that are not substituted. 
     Where optional substituents are chosen from “one or more” groups it is to be understood that this definition includes all substituents being chosen from one of the specified groups or the substituents being chosen from two or more of the specified groups. 
     Herein, use of the term “ketone” may also encompass aldehydes, though in some embodiments, the term “ketone” may be used in a manner which excludes aldehydes. 
     When referring to substituent positions (e.g. ortho-, para-, etc.) in relation to Ring A, said positions are suitably relative to the imine nitrogen atom to which ring A is attached in the catalyst compound, or to the corresponding amine nitrogen atom to which ring A is attached in the precursor amine compound. 
     When referring to substituent positions (e.g. ortho-, para-, etc.) in relation to Ring B, said positions are suitably relative to the imine carbon atom to which ring B is attached in the catalyst compound, or to the corresponding carbonyl carbon atom to which ring B is attached in the precursor carbonyl compound. 
     The terms “electron withdrawing group” and “electron donating group” are well understood by those skilled in the art, and herein refer to particular substituent groups which respectively withdraw or donate electron density from or to a correspondingly substituted t-bonding system, such as a phenyl group. Electron donating substituents are determinable by a number of methods, including by reference to substituent constants in accordance with the Hammett equation or other equivalent mathematical and experimental techniques. Electron donation is measured relative to hydrogen, and a substituent may be said to be electron donating where it contributes more electron density to the π-bonding system than a standard hydrogen substituent. Electron withdrawing substituents are the opposite of electron donating groups, and a substituent may be said to be electron withdrawing where it withdraws more electron density from the π-bonding system than a standard hydrogen substituent. Mesomerically electron withdrawing or donating substituents respectively withdraw or donate electron density through conjugative effects. 
     By way of example, an “electron withdrawing group” may be suitably selected from the group including:
         halogeno, [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula:       

       L 1 -Q 1            wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;   on the proviso that where L 1  is absent, Q 1  is substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, and trifluoromethyl.       
     By way of example, “mesomerically electron withdrawing groups” (i.e. which mesomerically withdraw electron density via conjugation), may be suitably selected from the group including:
         nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, or a group of the formula:       

       L 1 -Q 1            wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl;   on the proviso that where L 1  is absent, Q 1  is substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, and sulphamoyl.       
     Herein, a particular substituent group (e.g. a nitro group) is considered to be “in π-conjugation with” another group (e.g. an imine group) where p- or π-orbitals of the particular substituent group are electronically linked to p- or π-orbitals of the other group, optionally via an intervening π-system (e.g. such as an alkene, phenyl, or naphthyl moiety). By way of example, in the molecule depicted below, the nitro group, denoted by #, is in π-conjugation with the imine, whose carbon is denoted by *, via an intervening naphthyl π-system. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A substituent group said to be in π-conjugation with an imine carbon atom (such as that shown by * above) is clearly also in π-conjugation with the imine group (i.e. the π-bond thereof) itself. 
     References herein to the catalyst compound or “compound of the invention” may refer to any enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, or a racemic mixture of enantiomers. 
     The phrase “compound of the invention” means those compounds which are disclosed herein, both generically and specifically. 
     Catalyst Compounds 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a catalyst compound of Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein ring A, ring B, R 1 , LG, Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are as defined hereinbefore. 
     In a particular embodiment, the catalyst compound of Formula I is defined by: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: 
     ring A is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted by one or two groups selected from hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl; 
     ring B is phenyl substituted in the ortho- and/or para-position relative to the imine carbon atom (shown by *) by one or more groups selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula: 
       L 1 -Q 1            wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;   on the proviso that where L 1  is absent, Q 1  is substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, and trifluoromethyl;       
     wherein any two substituents of ring B are optionally linked so that together they form a ring; 
     R 1  is selected from the group including hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or R 1  is (2-3C)alkylene or (2-3C)alkenylene linked to ring B to form a fused 5- or 6-membered ring, wherein R 1  is optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR 11 14, (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, [NR h R i R j ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), mercapto, wherein R h , R i , and R j  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula: 
       L 2 -Q 2            wherein:   L 2  is absent or is selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 , N(R f ), C(O), CH(OR k ), C(O)N(R k ), N(R k )C(O), N(R k )C(O)N(R l ), S(O) 2 N(R k ), or N(R k )SO 2 , wherein R k  and R l  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and;   Q 2  is (1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 2  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR m R n , [NR m R n R o ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto, wherein R m , R n , and R o  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl);   LG is a leaving group (eg. halo, acetate);   Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl.       
     Particular catalyst compounds of the present invention include, for example, compounds of Formula I, wherein, unless otherwise stated, each of ring A, ring B, R 1 , LG, Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  has any one of the meanings defined hereinbefore or in any of paragraphs (1) to (43) hereinafter:—
         (1) Ring A is aryl, optionally substituted by one or two groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl.   (2) Ring A is aryl, optionally substituted by one or two groups selected from hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl.   (3) Ring A is phenyl, optionally substituted by one or two groups selected from hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-2C)alkyl.   (4) Ring A is phenyl, optionally substituted, in either or both of the ortho- and/or para-position relative to the imine nitrogen atom to which ring A is attached, by one or two groups selected from hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, or aryl which is optionally substituted by halogeno, hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-2C)alkyl.   (5) Ring A is phenyl substituted, in either or both of the ortho- and/or para-position relative to the imine nitrogen atom to which ring A is attached, by one or two groups selected from hydroxyl, NR a R b , (1-3C)alkoxy, wherein R a  and R b  are each methyl.   (6) Ring A is phenyl substituted by one or two (1-3C)alkoxy groups.   (7) Ring A is phenyl substituted by one or two (1-3C)alkoxy groups in either or both of the ortho- and/or para-position relative to the imine nitrogen atom to which ring A is attached.   (8) Ring A is phenyl substituted by one (1-3C)alkoxy group in either the ortho- or para-position relative to the imine nitrogen atom to which ring A is attached.   (9) Ring A is para-methoxyphenyl.   (10) Ring B is as defined herein, wherein at least one substitutent group is in t-conjugation with the imine carbon atom (shown by *) to which ring B is attached (and is suitably mesomerically electron withdrawing).   (11) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl substituted only by electron withdrawing group(s) (where “electron withdrawing” refers to an overall withdrawal of electron density from the aryl or heteroaryl ring system, as would be understood by the skilled person).   (12) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl substituted only by mesomerically electron withdrawing group(s).   (13) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl substituted by one or more electron withdrawing groups, wherein at least one of the electron withdrawing groups is in π-conjugation with the imine carbon atom (shown by *) to which ring B is attached (and is suitably mesomerically electron withdrawing).   (14) Ring B is aryl substituted as define herein.   (15) Ring B is phenyl substituted as defined herein.   (16) Ring B is phenyl substituted as defined herein in the ortho- and/or para-position relative to the imine carbon atom (shown by *) to which ring B is attached.   (17) Ring B is phenyl substituted as defined herein only in the ortho- and/or para-position relative to the imine carbon atom (shown by *) to which ring B is attached.   (18) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, substituted by one or more groups selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula:       

       L 1 -Q 1                wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;           
     wherein any two substituents of ring B are optionally linked so that together they form a ring.
         (19) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, substituted by one or more groups selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula:       

       L 1 -Q 1                wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-2C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is (1-3C)alkyl, (2-3C)alkenyl, (2-3C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-3C)alkyl, (5-6C)cycloalkyl, (5-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-3C)alkyl, (5-6C)cycloalkenyl, (5-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-3C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-3C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-3C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;           
     wherein any two substituents of ring B are optionally linked so that together they form a ring.
         (20) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, substituted by one or more groups selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula:       

       L 1 -Q 1                wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-2C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is aryl, aryl-(1-3C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-3C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR c R d , [NR c R d R e ] + , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;           
     wherein any two substituents of ring B are optionally linked so that together they form a ring.
         (21) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, substituted by one or more groups selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula:       

       L 1 -Q 1                wherein:   L 1  is absent or is selected from SO, SO 2 , C(O), C(O)N(R f ), or S(O) 2 N(R f ), wherein R f  is selected from hydrogen or (1-2C)alkyl; and   Q 1  is aryl, aryl-(1-3C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-3C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from [NR c R d R e ]+, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl.       (22) Ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, substituted by one or more groups selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), wherein R c , R d , and R e  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl).   (23) L 1  is not absent (i.e. is as defined herein other than absent).   (24) L 1  is selected from S(O), S(O) 2 , or C(O).   (25) L 1  is absent; and
           Q 1  is aryl, aryl-(1-3C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-3C)alkyl; and wherein Q 1  is optionally further substituted (especially suitable where L 1  is absent) by one or more substituents independently selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, trifluoromethyl.   
           (26) Ring B is substituted as defined herein on the proviso that where L 1  is absent, Q 1  is substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from [NR c R d R e ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, sulphamoyl, and trifluoromethyl.   (27) ring B is aryl substituted by one or more groups selected from nitro or phenyl.   (28) ring B is phenyl substituted in the para-position only by a nitro or a phenyl group.   (29) ring B is para-nitrophenyl.   (30) R 1  is selected from the group including hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or R 1  is (2-4C)alkylene or (2-4C)alkenylene linked to ring B to form a fused 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1  is optionally substituted as herein defined.   (31) R 1  is selected from the group including hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or R 1  is (2-4C)alkylene or (2-4C)alkenylene linked to ring B to form a fused 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring, wherein R 1  is optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR h R i , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, [NR h R i R j ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), mercapto, wherein R h , R i , and R j  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a group of the formula:       
       L 2 -Q 2                wherein:   L 2  is absent or is selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 , N(R k ), C(O), CH(OR k ), C(O)N(R k ), N(R k )C(O), N(R k )C(O)N(R l ), S(O) 2 N(R k ), or N(R k )SO 2 , wherein R k  and R l  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-2C)alkyl; and;   Q 2  is (1-3C)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(1-3C)alkyl, (5-6C)cycloalkyl, (5-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-3C)alkyl, (5-6C)cycloalkenyl, (5-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-3C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-3C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-3C)alkyl; and wherein Q 2  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR m R n , [NR m R n R o ] + , (1-3C)alkyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trifluoromethyl, mercapto, wherein R m , R n , and R o  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl).       (32) R 1  is (2-4C)alkylene linked to ring B to form a fused 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring, optionally substituted as defined herein.   (33) R 1  is selected from hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl.   (34) R 1  is (1-3C)alkyl.   (35) R 1  is methyl.   (36) LG is halogeno (e.g. chloro, bromo, iodo), carboxylate (e.g. acetate, trifluoroacetate), sulfonate (e.g. triflate, tosylate, mesylate), nitrate, phosphate, phenolate.   (37) LG is halogeno (e.g. chloro, bromo, iodo), or carboxylate (e.g. acetate, trifluoroacetate).   (38) LG is chloro.   (39) Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, phenyl, (1-3C)alkoxy, hydroxyl, or NR p R q , wherein R p  and R q  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl).   (40) Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, or phenyl.   (41) Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen or methyl.   (42) Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are all hydrogen or methyl.   (43) Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are all methyl.       
     In a particular group of compounds of the invention, Ring B is phenyl substituted as shown, i.e. the compounds have the structural formula Ia shown below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein ring A, R 1 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , and LG are as defined herein, and wherein one or more of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  are each independently selected from any of the substituents for ring B defined herein whilst the other(s) of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  is/are hydrogen. In a particular embodiment, R 2  and/or R 4  are independently selected from any of the substituents for ring B defined herein, whilst the others of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  are hydrogen. 
     In a particular group of compounds of the invention, Ring B is phenyl substituted as shown, and Ring A is phenyl optionally substituted as shown, i.e. the compounds have the structural formula Ib shown below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , and LG are as defined herein, and wherein one or more of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  are each independently selected from any of the substituents for ring B defined herein whilst the other(s) of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5  is/are hydrogen, and at least one of R 6 , R 7 , and R 5  are hydrogen, and the others of R 6 , R 7 , and R 5  are each independently selected from hydrogen or any of the optional substituents for ring A defined herein. In a particular embodiment, one or two of R 6 , R 7 , and R 5  are methoxy. In a particular embodiment, R 6  is methoxy and R 7  and R 5  are both hydrogen. 
     In a particular group of compounds of the invention, Ring B is phenyl substituted as shown, and Ring A is phenyl optionally substituted as shown, Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5  are all methyl, i.e. the compounds have the structural formula Ic shown below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  and LG are as defined herein, R 4  is selected from any of the substituents for ring B defined herein, at least one of R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  is hydrogen, and the others of R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  are each independently selected from hydrogen or any of the optional substituents for ring A defined herein. In a particular embodiment, one or two of R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  are methoxy. In a particular embodiment, R 6  is methoxy and R 7  and R 8  are both hydrogen. In a particular embodiment, R 4  is a mesomerically electron withdrawing group, most suitably a nitro group. 
     In a particular group of compounds of the invention, the catalyst compound is selected from any one of: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In a particular embodiment, the catalyst compound has the structural formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparation of the Catalyst Compounds of the Invention 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for preparing a catalyst compound of Formula I as defined herein, the method comprising:
         reacting a compound of formula II:       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             
               
                 wherein Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , and LG are as defined herein, and LG′ is a leaving group (optionally independently defined by any of the meanings given herein for LG); 
               
             
             with a compound of Formula III: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein ring A, ring B, and R 1  are as defined herein. 
           
         
       
    
     Though the compound of Formula II is shown as a dimer, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that this compound may also exist as a monomer, suitably solvated by virtue of a solvent molecule coordinating to the iridium atom. As such, the definition of the compound of Formula II is intended to include such equivalent monomeric forms. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a catalyst compound of Formula I obtainable by, obtained by, or directly obtained by the method as defined herein for preparing a catalyst compound of Formula I. 
     Though LG′ may have any one of the definitions given herein in relation to LG, LG′ may be either the same as or different to LG. 
     In a particular embodiment, LG′ is halogeno (e.g. chloro, bromo, iodo), carboxylate (e.g. acetate, trifluoroacetate), sulfonate (e.g. triflate, tosylate, mesylate), nitrate, phosphate, phenolate. 
     In a particular embodiment, LG′ is halogeno (e.g. chloro, bromo, iodo), or carboxylate (e.g. acetate, trifluoroacetate). 
     In a particular embodiment, LG′ is chloro. 
     In a particular embodiment, LG and LG′ are both the same, most suitably both chloro. 
     Suitably the method involves reacting 1 molar equivalent of the compound of Formula II with between 1 and 10 molar equivalents of the compound of Formula III, more suitably between 1.2 and 5 molar equivalents of the compound of Formula III, most suitably between 1.5 and 2.5 molar equivalents of the compound of Formula III. Herein, the term molar equivalent is used to illustrate relative molar ratios of different substances, wherein the 1 molar equivalent used in relation to the compound of Formula II is a reference quantity in moles. 
     In an embodiment, the reaction is performed in the presence of a base, suitably between 1 and 20 molar equivalents of base, more suitably between 1.2 and 12 molar equivalents of base, most suitably 8 to 12 molar equivalents of base (i.e. relative to the 1 molar equivalent reference used in relation to the compound of Formula II). In an embodiment, the base is sodium acetate, though a host of other suitable bases would be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     Suitably, the reaction is performed under a (substantially) inert atmosphere, e.g. under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere. 
     The reaction is suitably performed in a solvent, suitably an organic solvent. Though a range of organic solvents may be used, in a particular embodiment the organic solvent is dichloromethane. 
     The reaction is suitably allowed to proceed to completion, which typically takes at least 1 hour, more suitably at least 12 hours. 
     The reaction is suitably allowed to proceed at a temperature between 10 and 80° C. 
     The catalyst compound of Formula I is suitably isolated from the reaction mixture after the reaction is complete, typically by removing the reaction solvent to provide a solid, which is then subsequently washed with further organic solvents (e.g. hexane and/or diethyl ether). Optionally, before the reaction solvents are removed, the reaction mixture may be filtered (e.g. through celite) and optionally dried (e.g. over MgSO 4 ). 
     Method of Reducing a Reducible Substrate 
     In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of reducing a reducible substrate, the method comprising hydrogenating the reducible substrate in the presence of a catalyst compound of Formula I as defined herein. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a hydrogenated substrate obtainable by, obtained by, or directly obtained by any one of the methods as defined herein for reducing a reducible substrate. 
     In the description of the synthetic methods described below and in the referenced synthetic methods that are used to prepare the staring materials, it is to be understood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, can be selected by a person skilled in the art. 
     It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reaction conditions utilised. 
     Necessary starting materials may be obtained by standard procedures of organic chemistry. The preparation of such starting materials is described in conjunction with the following representative process variants and within the accompanying examples. Alternatively necessary starting materials are obtainable by analogous procedures to those illustrated which are within the ordinary skill of an organic chemist. 
     The methodologies of the present invention, which are discussed below in more detail, generally involve the hydrogenation of a reducible substrate in an appropriate solvent in the presence of a sufficient loading of the catalyst. Other conditions such as temperature, pH, reaction times, additional reagents, and reaction mixture agitation are also discussed below. 
     Reducible Substrate 
     The reducible substrate comprises at least one reducible moiety which is reducible by the method(s) of the present invention. In an embodiment, the reducible substrate comprises a single reducible moiety. In other embodiments, the reducible substrate comprises a plurality of reducible moieties, which may either all be reduced or some selectively reduced by the method(s) of the invention. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the methodology according to the invention is broadly applicable to a diverse range of reducible substrates. Moreover, in the light of this disclosure the skilled artisan can readily appreciate that the methodology of the invention is especially applicable to reducing reducible moieties such as those comprising polar π-bonds. As such, the reducible substrate (or a reducible moiety thereof) suitably comprises a polar π-bond (e.g. a C=Q moiety, where Q is a group more electronegative than the carbon atom to which it is attached). 
     In a particular embodiment, the reducible substrate comprises a reducible moiety selected from the group including an imine, iminium, carbonyl, oxonium, thiocarbonyl, thioxonium, or an alkene or alkyne in π-conjugation with a nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, or sulphonate group. In a particular embodiment, the reducible substrate comprises a reducible moiety selected from an imine and an iminium group (optionally made in situ—i.e. as per a reductive amination procedure). The reducible moiety is reduced by the method of the present invention. 
     In a particular embodiment, the reducible substrate is defined by a compound of Formula X: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 20  and R 21  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-8C)alkyl, (2-8C)alkenyl, (2-8C)alkynyl, (3-8C)cycloalkyl, (3-8C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-8C)cycloalkenyl, (3-8C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-8C)cycloalkynyl, (3-8C)cycloalkynyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein R 20  and R 21  are optionally substituted by one or more substituent groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR r R s , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, [NR r R s R t ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), mercapto, wherein R r , R s , and R t  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a substituent group of the formula: 
       L 3 -Q 3            wherein:   L 3  is absent or is selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 , N(R u ), C(O), CH(ORU), C(O)N(R u ), N(R u )C(O), N(R u )C(O)N(R v ), S(O) 2 N(R u ), or N(R u )SO 2 , wherein R u  and R v  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and;   Q 3  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 3  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR r R s , [NR r R s R t ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;   wherein any two substituent groups of either or both of R 20  and R 21  are optionally linked so as to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring;       
     Q is selected from O, [OR 23 ] + , S, [SR 23 ] + , NR 22 , [NR 23 R 24 ] +  (where positively charged groups are associated with a suitable counterion), wherein:
         R 22 , R 23  and R 24  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-8C)alkyl, (2-8C)alkenyl, (2-8C)alkynyl, (3-8C)cycloalkyl, (3-8C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-8C)cycloalkenyl, (3-8C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-8C)cycloalkynyl, (3-8C)cycloalkynyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein R 22 , R 23  and R 24  are each independently optionally further substituted by one or more substituent groups selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR w R x , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, [NR w R x R y ] + , nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl), mercapto, wherein R w , R x , and R y  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-6C)alkyl, or aryl (e.g. phenyl); or a substituent group of the formula:       

       L 4 -Q 4                wherein:   L 4  is absent or is selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 , N(R z1 ), C(O), CH(OR z1 ), C(O)N(R z1 ), N(R z1 )C(O), N(R z1 )C(O)N(R z2 ), S(O) 2 N(R z1 ), or N(R z1 )SO 2 , wherein R z1  and R z2  are each independently selected from hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; and;   Q 4  is (1-6C)alkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl, (2-6C)alkynyl, aryl, aryl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl-(1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl, (3-6C)cycloalkenyl-(1-6C)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-(1-6C)alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-(1-6C)alkyl; and wherein Q 4  is optionally further substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogeno, hydroxyl, NR w R x , [NR w R x R y ] + , (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, ureido, isocyano, sulphonyl, sulphonate, trifluoromethyl, mercapto;       wherein any two substituent groups of R 22 , R 23  and R 24  are optionally linked so as to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring;   on the proviso that neither R 23  or R 24  are hydrogen;
 
or an acceptable salt thereof.
       
     In a particular embodiment, R 20  and R 21  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-8C)alkyl, (2-8C)alkenyl, (3-8C)cycloalkyl, aryl; and wherein R 20  and R 21  are optionally substituted by one or more substituent groups selected from halogeno, (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkoxy, nitro, cyano, trihalomethyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl). 
     In a particular embodiment, Q is NR 22 , or [NR 23 R 24 ] +  as defined herein, i.e. the reducible substrate is defined by a compound of Formula X1 or X2: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23  and R 24  each have any of the meanings as defined herein. 
     In a particular embodiment, Q is NR 22 , wherein:
         R 22 , R 23  and R 24  are each independently selected from hydrogen, (3-8C)cycloalkyl, and aryl; and wherein R 22 , R 23  and R 24  are each independently optionally further substituted by one or more substituent groups selected from halogeno, (1-6C)alkyl, and (1-6C)alkoxy.       

     In a particular embodiment, Q is NR 22  and R 22  is hydrogen. Ammonia or ammonium salts (e.g. ammonium formate) may suitably provide a source of ammonia to produce an imine with such a Q group. 
     Where the method is applied to a reducible substrate of Formula X, the reducible substrate (X) is reduced to a reduced product of Formula XH 2  according to the scheme below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 20 , R 21 , and Q are as defined herein. 
     In a particular embodiment, the reducible substrate (i.e. the substrate being reduced in the method) may be pre-formed (i.e. prior to its reduction in accordance with the method). In an alternative embodiment, the reducible substrate is formed in situ (e.g. as per reductive aminations). 
     In a particular embodiment, the method of reducing is a method of reductive amination whereby the reducible substrate is an imine (e.g. Formula X1) or iminium (e.g. Formula X2) prepared in situ by a reaction between a ketone (e.g. of Formula X3) and ammonia or an amine (e.g. of either Formula X1′ or Formula X2′ or a salt thereof) as illustrated, by way of example, by the scheme below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23  and R 24  each have any of the meanings as defined herein. 
     In a particular embodiment, the amine is ammonia (optionally supplied by ammonium salts such as ammonium formate). In an embodiment, the ketone is a methyl-aryl-ketone. 
     During reductive aminations, hydrogenation conditions suitably prevail as the ketone reacts with the amine to form the imine or iminium. However, suitably under the prevailing conditions, the imine or iminium is more susceptible to hydrogenation than the corresponding ketone. As such, the imine or iminium is preferentially reduced. 
     Formulas given in relation to amines or imines may also include acceptable salts thereof. For instance, an imine may become protonated (e.g. at acid pHs) to yield an iminium ion. Alternatively, the amine starting materials (including ammonia) may themselves be provided as protonated salts (e.g. ammonium formate) where said salts still provide a source of the free amine under the relevant reaction conditions. Any cations are suitably associated with appropriate counterions (e.g. counterions usually depend on the prevailing conditions). 
     Hydrogenation 
     Hydrogenating the reducible substrate may suitably involve exposing the reducible substrate (and the catalyst compound) to a source of hydrogen. 
     In a particular embodiment, hydrogenating involves exposing the reducible substrate and catalyst compound to a gaseous hydrogen atmosphere, suitably a pressurized hydrogen atomosphere (e.g. 1-2000 Bar pressure, more suitably 1-100 Bar pressure, most suitably 10-30 Bar pressure). Suitably the reducible substrate and catalyst compound are agitated (e.g. stirred or shaken in a reaction solvent) during hydrogenation under a hydrogen atmosphere. 
     In an embodiment, hydrogenating the reducible substrate occurs via transfer hydrogenation. This involves providing an alternative source of hydrogen to gaseous hydrogen, i.e. from a “hydrogen donor”. The skilled person can readily appreciate the benefits of transfer hydrogenation over standard hydrogenation, not least the added convenience and safety. 
     Transfer hydrogenation reactions may be carried out with a range of “hydrogen donors” known in the art (e.g. diimide, formic acid, formate, isopropanol, etc.). In a particular embodiment, the hydrogen donor comprises formic acid or formate. In a particular embodiment, the hydrogen donor comprises (or consists of) formic acid, ammonium formate, a metal formate (e.g. sodium formate), or a mixture thereof. In a particular embodiment, the hydrogen donor comprises (or consists of) ammonium formate. 
     It is well understood that during transfer hydrogenation reactions, one molar equivalent of formic acid or formate breaks down in the presence of a suitable catalyst to form 1 molar equivalent of hydrogen along with 1 molar equivalent of carbon dioxide. The hydrogen, which generally exists as metal hydride, is then available to participate in the transfer hydrogenation reaction. 
     The transfer hydrogenation reaction mixture suitably comprises a hydrogen donor in an amount sufficient to provide at least 1 molar equivalent of hydrogen per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate, more suitably at least 2 molar equivalents of hydrogen per molar equivalent of reducible moiety, most suitably at least 5 molar equivalents of hydrogen per molar equivalent of reducible moiety. The transfer hydrogen reaction mixture may suitably comprise a hydrogen donor in an amount sufficient to provide at most 50 molar equivalents of hydrogen per molar equivalent of reducible moiety, more suitably at most 20 molar equivalents of hydrogen per molar equivalent of reducible moiety, most suitably at most 15 molar equivalents of hydrogen per molar equivalent of reducible moiety. 
     Where transfer hydrogenation is employed, the hydrogenation reaction suitably takes place under an otherwise inert atmosphere (e.g. of nitrogen or argon). 
     Solvent 
     The method(s) of reducing according to the invention are suitably performed in an appropriate hydrogenation solvent, which may be chosen from a variety of solvents, for example, to suit the particular conditions, reagents, substrate, and/or product. 
     A particular solvent or solvent combination may be selected for a variety of reasons, including inter alia reagent solubilities (including of the reducible substrate and catalyst), solvent boiling point (whether to achieve higher temperatures if required to effect hydrogenation or to facilitate facile post-reaction removal of a low-boiling solvent), ease of crystallisation of the product therefrom (with or without a co-solvent), safety considerations, solvent availability, and cost. However, the solvent may also be selected to suit the catalyst, for instance to facilitate dissociation of the catalyst leaving group to enhance catalytic activity, or to inhibit coordination of the substrate and product to the metal centre. 
     In a particular embodiment the hydrogenation solvent comprises a polar protic or aprotic solvent. Suitably a solvent is considered “polar” where it is miscible with water. In a particular embodiment, the hydrogenation solvent comprises a polar protic solvent. In another embodiment, the solvent comprises a (1-3C)alcohol, optionally substituted by one or more halides (e.g. fluoro, an example of which is trifluoroethanol (TFE)). In a particular embodiment, the hydrogenation solvent comprises a (2-3C)alcohol optionally substituted by one or more halides, most suitably trifluoroethanol (TFE). 
     The hydrogenation solvent may comprise a mixture of two or more solvents. However, in a particular embodiment, the hydrogenation solvent comprises at least 80% w/w (relative to the total amount of hydrogenation solvent) of any one of the single solvents referred to above in relation to the hydrogenation solvent, more suitably at least 90%. In a particular embodiment, the hydrogenation solvent is any one of the single solvents referred to above in relation to the hydrogen solvent. 
     Suitably the catalyst is pre-dissolved in a portion of the hydrogenation solvent before its addition to the hydrogenation reaction mixture. 
     The skilled person will appreciate that the particular catalyst compounds of the present invention may provide particular advantages over those of the prior art in particular solvents. 
     Acid 
     In particular embodiments, especially in respect of reductive aminations, the hydrogenation reaction mixture comprises an acid or acidic buffer, suitably comprising an organic acid. Suitably, sufficient acid or acidic buffer is used to provide a starting pH (i.e. the pH before hydrogenation is initiated) between pH 3-8. Suitably the acid or acidic buffer is not itself susceptive to hydrogenation or reaction with the catalyst. However, the acid or acidic buffer may provide an additional source of hydrogen, e.g. if formic acid is used. 
     In a particular embodiment, the acid (or acid associated with the acid buffer) has a pK a  in water (at 25° C.) of greater than or equal to 3, suitably greater than or equal to 3.5. 
     In particular embodiments, the acid or acid buffer is selected from the group including formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, phthalic acid, and formic acid/triethylamine azeotrope. 
     Catalyst Loading 
     The hydrogenation reaction mixture suitably comprises sufficient catalyst compound for effective hydrogenation of the reducible substrate. Suitably the reaction mixture comprises at least 0.000001 molar equivalents of the catalyst compound per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate, more suitably at least 0.0001 molar equivalents of the catalyst compound per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate, most suitably at least 0.0005 molar equivalents of the catalyst compound per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate. Suitably the reaction mixture comprises at most 0.1 molar equivalents of the catalyst compound per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate, more suitably at most 0.01 molar equivalents of the catalyst compound per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate, most suitably at most 0.005 molar equivalents of the catalyst compound per molar equivalent of reducible moiety of the reducible substrate. 
     Other Reaction Conditions 
     Suitably, the reduction reaction may be carried out under anhydrous conditions. 
     For standard hydrogenation conditions, the reaction is suitably carried out under an atmosphere of hydrogen, optionally under greater pressure than atmospheric pressure. Transfer hydrogenation reactions, on the other hand, may be suitably carried out in the presence of an inert atmosphere, such as argon or nitrogen. 
     Hydrogenation reactions of the invention are suitably carried out at elevated temperature (e.g. above room temperature, i.e. above 25° C.). Suitably hydrogenation reactions are carried out at greater than or equal to 40° C., more suitably at greater than or equal to 60° C., most suitably at greater than or equal to 70° C. Suitably hydrogenation reactions are carried out at less than or equal to 120° C., more suitably at less than or equal to 100° C., most suitably at less than or equal to 90° C. 
     When using standard hydrogenation conditions (i.e. with gaseous hydrogen), the hydrogenation reactions suitably proceed under at least 2 Bar of pressure, more suitably at least 4 Bar, most suitably at least 15 Bar. When using standard hydrogenation conditions, the hydrogenation reactions suitably proceed under at most 2000 Bar of pressure, more suitably at most 100 Bar, most suitably at most 30 Bar. 
     When using transfer hydrogenation conditions, the hydrogenation reactions suitably proceed under atmospheric pressure (e.g. about 1 Bar pressure). 
     The duration of hydrogenation reactions is suitably at least 10 minutes, suitably at least 30 minutes, suitably at least 5 hours. The duration of hydrogenation reactions is suitably at most 48 hours, suitably at most 24 hours, suitably at most 12 hours, suitably at most 7 hours. 
     A person skilled in the art will be able to select appropriate reaction conditions to use in order to facilitate this reaction. Moreover, the resulting hydrogenated substrate can be isolated and purified using techniques well known in the art. 
     The reaction conditions suitably provide for at least 30% completion of the hydrogenation reaction (as measured via in-process checks, e.g. liquid chromatography, or via isolated yields), suitably at least 50% completion, more suitably at least 70% completion, most suitably at least 90% completion. It will be understood that where hydrogenation reactions do not proceed to completion, hydrogenated substrate (i.e. the product) may still be recovered and separated from other reagents, intermediates and starting materials by techniques well known in the art, including via workups, crystallisation, and chromatography. 
     Compositions 
     In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising the catalyst compound of Formula I as defined herein. 
     Such catalyst compositions may comprise an additional catalyst, suitably an additional hydrogenation catalyst, such as the well-known Wilkinson&#39;s rhodium and ruthenium catalysts and the Crabtree&#39;s iridium catalyst. 
     The catalyst composition may comprise a solvent, suitably a solvent which dissolves the catalyst compound, suitably a solvent compatible with the hydrogenation reactions for which the catalyst compound is intended. 
     The catalyst composition may optionally comprise the catalyst compound upon a solid support. 
     The catalyst composition may optionally comprise the catalyst compound dispersed within a solid carrier (e.g. carbon). 
     Kit of Parts 
     In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit of parts comprising the compound of Formula II as defined herein and the compound of Formula III as defined herein. 
     Such kits are ideal where it is desirable to form the catalyst on site or in situ, rather than, for example obtaining the pre-formed catalyst from a commercial source. In certain embodiments, it is desirable to form a “fresh” batch of the catalyst prior to its use in hydrogenation reactions of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Equipment 
     Unless otherwise specified, all reagents were commercially purchased purchased from Aldrich, Alfa Aesar, Acros organics, Apollo scientific, or Fluorochem and used without further purification. Molecular sieves (4 Å) were heated in oven at 160° C. overnight prior to use. NMR spectra were recorded on a Brucker 400 MHz NMR spectrometer with TMS as an internal standard, all at ambient temperature. 
     Example 1 
     General Procedures for the Synthesis of Imines (i.e. Those Used for Producing the Catalyst) 
     Amine (20 mmol), ketone (20 mmol), NaHCO 3  (2.52 g, 30 mmol), molecular sieves (8 g, 4 Å) were dissolved in toluene (50 ml) in a Schlenk tube. The reaction mixture was exposed to nitrogen atmosphere and heated to reflux for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled and filtered through celite. The celite washed with DCM, filtrate was collected and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The resultant solid was washed with diethyl ether and recrystallised using hexane/DCM. 
     Example 2 
     General Procedure for the Preparation of Cyclometalated Complexes 
     [Cp*IrCl 2 ] 2  (1 equiv.), imine ligand (2.2 equiv.) and NaOAc (10 equiv.) were placed into a Schlenk tube. The tube was degassed and charged with nitrogen prior to the addition of DCM (5 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred for 24 hr at 27° C. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and dried over magnesium sulphate. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resultant solid was washed with hexane and diethyl ether. 
     Specific examples are now described. 
     Comparative Example 2a 
     Preparation of (E)-4-(1-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)ethyl)benzonitrile iridium complex 2a (p-methoxyphenyl/p-cyanophenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product, already disclosed in the prior art, was obtained as a deep red solid the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes in 17 h;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.44 (s, 15H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 6.82-6.83 (m, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H) ppm;  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.8, 17.5, 55.7, 90.0, 112.5, 114.3, 115.1, 120.1, 123.1, 125.2, 128.2, 138.2, 138.3, 143.6, 151.8, 157.9, 167.4, 180.9 ppm; Anal Calcd for C 26 H 28 ClIrN 2 O: C, 51.01; H, 4.61; N, 4.58. Found: C, 51.02; H, 4.65; N, 4.42. 
     Comparative Example 2b 
     Preparation of (E)-4-methoxy-N-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene)aniline iridium complex 2b (p-methoxyphenyl/p-methoxyphenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product, already disclosed in the prior art, was obtained as a bright yellow solid the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes in 17 h;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.44 (s, 15H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 6.61 (dd, J=8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) ppm;  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.8, 17.1, 55.2, 55.6, 89.0, 107.6, 112.2, 114.8, 119.1, 123.8, 125.2, 130.2, 141.2, 144.2, 157.3, 161.9, 170.3, 180.1 ppm; Anal Calcd for C 26 H 31 Cl 1 rNO 2 : C, 50.60; H, 5.06; N, 2.27. Found: C, 50.60; H, 4.93; N, 2.16. 
     Example 2c 
     Preparation of (E)-N-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylidene)-4-methoxyaniline iridium complex 2c (p-methoxyphenyl/p-bromophenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained as a bright orange according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.43 (s, 15H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 6.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H) ppm;  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl3) δ 8.7, 17.3, 55.6, 89.4, 112.3, 114.9, 124.5, 127.5, 130.0, 137.2, 143.8, 145.1, 146.5, 152.6, 157.6, 170.1, 180.9 ppm; Anal Calcd for C 25 H 28 BrIrNO: C, 45.08; H, 4.24; N, 2.10. Found: C, 44.98; H, 4.25; N, 2.02. 
     Example 2d 
     Preparation of (E)-4-methoxy-N-(1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)aniline iridium complex 2d (p-methoxyphenyl/p-nitrophenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained as a black solid according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.46 (5, 15H), 2.52 (5, 3H), 3.89 (5, 3H), 6.84-6.86 (m, 1H), 6.94-6.96 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dd, J=8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H) ppm;  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.81, 55.7, 90.1, 112.5, 115.1, 117.1, 123.1, 124.4, 128.7, 129.2, 143.6, 148.8, 153.5, 157.9, 168.4, 180.5 ppm; HRMS for C 25 H 28 ClIrN 2 NaO 3  [M+Na]±: m/z Calcd: 653.1292; Found: 653.1268; Anal Calcd for C 25 H 15 ClIrN 2 O 3 : C, 47.50; H, 4.46; N, 4.43. Found: C, 47.94; H, 4.51; N, 4.40. 
     Example 2e and 2f 
     Preparation of (E)-4-methoxy-N-(1-(3-nitrophenylethylidene)aniline iridium complex 2e and (E)-4-methoxy-N-(1-(3-nitrophenylethylidene)aniline iridium complex 2f (m-methoxyphenyl/m-nitrophenyl derivatives) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained as a red solid according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes; Product exists as a mixture of regioisomers, 7:1;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.41 (5, 1.9H), 1.44 (s, 13.1H), 2.35 (s, 0.4H), 2.55 (s, 2.6H), 3.86 (s, 0.4H), 3.88 (s, 2.6H), 6.80 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 0.3H), 6.85 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 0.8H), 6.95 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1.2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 0.8H), 7.66 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 0.2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 0.8H), 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 0.8H), 8.06 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 0.8H), 8.35 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (s, 0.1H) ppm;  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.8 (M), 9.0 (m), 17.4 (M), 17.7 (m), 55.6 (m), 55.7 (M), 90.2 (m), 90.6 (M), 112.5, 114.2, 115.2, 121.0, 122.2, 123.2, 123.3, 124.4, 125.1, 126.0, 129.6, 133.2, 135.7, 141.1, 142.7, 143.3, 143.5, 148.1, 148.6, 156.2, 157.9, 163.7, 173.9, 180.8, 181.1, 181.9 ppm; Anal Calcd for C 25 H 15 ClIrN 2 O 3 : C, 47.50; H, 4.46; N, 4.43. Found: C, 47.44; H, 4.37; N, 4.41. 
     Comparative Example 2a 
     Preparation of (E)-4-methoxy-N-(1-phenylethylidene)aniline iridium complex 2g (p-methoxyphenyl/H-phenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained as a bright yellow solid according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.44 (s, 15H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 6.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99-7.01 (m, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H) ppm;  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.8, 17.2, 55.6, 89.1, 112.3, 115.0, 121.5, 121.6, 123.5, 128.6, 132.2, 135.1, 144.1, 147.7, 157.4, 167.9, 181.6 ppm; Anal Calcd for C 25 H 29 ClIrNO: C, 51.14; H, 4.98; N, 2.39. Found: C, 51.41; H, 5.04; N, 2.22. 
     Example 2h 
     Preparation of (E)-N-(1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethylidene)-4-methoxyaniline iridium complex 2h (p-methoxyphenyl/p-phenylphenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes; HRMS: [M-Cl] + -calc. 628.2191; found: 628.2187. 
     Example 2i 
     Preparation of (E)-4-((1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)amino)phenol iridium complex 2i (p-hydroxyphenyl/p-nitrophenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes; HRMS-FAB for C 24 H 26 Cl 191 IrN 2 O 3 ; Calc. 616.1245, Found: 616.1232 
     Example 2j 
     Preparation of (E)-N1,N1-dimethyl-N4-(1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)benzene-1,4-diamine iridium complex 2j (p-dimethylaminophenyl/p-nitrophenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained as a deep red solid according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.45 (s, 15H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 3.02 (s, 6H), 6.56-6.98 (m, 3H), 7.51-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H);  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.8, 17.7, 40.9, 90.0, 110.3, 113.3, 117.1, 123.1, 124.2, 128.4, 129.2, 140.1, 148.7, 149.1, 154.0, 168.1, 179.7 ppm; HRMS-FAB for C 26 H 31 ClO 2 N 3   191 Ir; [M] + : m/z Calcd: 643.1705; Found: 643.1698. 
     Example 2k 
     Preparation of (E)-4-bromo-N-(1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)aniline iridium complex 2k (p-bromo/p-nitrophenyl derivative) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The product was obtained as a black solid according to the general procedure for the preparation of cyclometalated complexes;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 1.46 (s, 15H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 6.80 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.67 (m, 3H), 7.76 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H);  13 C NMR (100 MHz, 253 K, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.8, 17.8, 90.2, 117.2, 120.4, 123.7, 125.0, 129.1, 129.2, 131.0, 133.4, 148.9, 149.1, 153.1, 169.0, 181.0 ppm; HRMS-FAB for C 24 H 25 O 2 N 2 Br 191 Ir; [M]+: m/z Calcd: 643.0700; Found: 643.0695. 
     Example 3 
     General Procedure for the Standard Hydrogenative Reduction of Imines Under a Pressurized Hydrogen Atmosphere 
     0.025 mmol of iridium complex was weighed and transferred to a 5 mL volumetric flask. 5 mL TFE was added, giving a 5 mM solution of catalyst. A glass liner containing a stir bar was charged with an imine (1 mmol) and TFE was added (0.5 mL, except for substrates 3k and 3s with 1 mL). The mixture was stirred until the imine was dissolved. 1 mL (0.5 mL for substrates 3k and 3s) of stock solution containing the catalyst was then added. The glass liner was then placed into an autoclave followed by degassing with H 2  three times. The hydrogenation was carried out at 20 bar H 2  with stirring at 75° C. for 5-75 min. The stirring was then stopped, and the autoclave allowed to cool down to rt. The hydrogen gas was then carefully released in the fumehood, the solution transferred to a flask and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product. Flash chromatography purification with a column of silica gel eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (20:1 to 5:1) yielded the desired amine product. 
     Catalyst Screen in Trifluoroethanol (TFE) for Standard Hydrogenation Conditions 
     This general reaction procedure was then applied to the following reaction scheme, the results of the catalyst screen in TFE are presented in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
                     TABLE 1                  Catalyst screening in TFE using imine 3a                                 Entry   [Ir]   R   R′   Conv. (%) a                                           1   [IrCp*Cl 2 ] 2     —   —   1       2   2a   p-CN   OMe   74       3   2b   p-OMe   OMe   21       4   2g   H   OMe   51       5   2c   p-Br   OMe   54       6   2d   p-NO 2     OMe   87       7   2e, 2f (7:1)   m-NO 2     OMe   26                 a Determined by  1 H NMR.            
Range of Imine Hydrogenations with Catalyst Compound 2d
 
     This general reaction procedure was then applied to the following imine hydrogenation reactions using catalyst 2d in TFE, the results for which are presented in Tables 2 and 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 2d-catalysed hydrogenations in TFE of imines derived from aromatic 
               
               
                 ketones/aldehydes a   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield 
               
               
                 Entry 
                 Product 
                 t (min) 
                 (%) b   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                                   
   3a′ 
                 30 
                 92 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                                   
   3b′ 
                 30 
                 85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                                   
   3c′ 
                 60 
                 89 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                                   
   3d′ 
                 75 
                 89 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                                   
   3e′ 
                 45 
                 87 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                                   
   3f′ 
                 60 
                 92 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                                   
   3g′ 
                 60 
                 91 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                                   
   3h′ 
                 45 
                 92 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                                   
   3i′ 
                 60 
                 93 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                                   
   3j′ 
                 120 
                 95 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 c   
                                   
   3k′ 
                 5 
                 91 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                                   
   3l′ 
                 60 
                 78 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Reaction conditions: 1 mmol of imine, 0.05 mol % 2d, 1.5 mL CF 3 CH 2 OH, 
               
               
                 20 bar H 2 , 75° C., 5-75 min. 
               
               
                   b Isolated yields. 
               
               
                   c 0.025 mol % 2d. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 2d-catalysed hydrogenations in TFE of imines derived from aliphatic 
               
               
                 ketones/aldehydes a   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Entry 
                 Substrate 
                 t (min) 
                 Yield (%) b   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                                   
   3m′ 
                 30 
                 79 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                                   
   3n′ 
                 30 
                 71 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                                   
   3o′ 
                 40 
                 71 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                                   
   3p′ 
                 30 
                 81 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                                   
   3q′ 
                 20 
                 67 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                                   
   3r′ 
                 30 
                 48 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 c   
                                   
   3s′ 
                 5 
                 82 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Reaction conditions: 1 mmol of imine, 0.05 mol % 2d, 1.5 mL CF 3 CH 2 OH, 20 bar H 2 , 75° C., 5-75 min. 
               
               
                   b Isolated yields. 
               
               
                   c 0.025 mol % 2d. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Conclusion 
     The results show that the catalyst compounds of Formula I facilitate standard hydrogenation reactions across a range of substrates and reaction conditions, though they are especially suitable for use in standard hydrogenations where the reaction solvent is trifluoroethanol. 
     Example 4 
     General Procedure for Transfer Hydrogenative Reductive Amination Using Ammonium Formate 
     Ketone (0.5 mmol) and HCOONH 4  (5 mmol) were dissolved in MeOH (2 ml) in a carousel reaction tube. The mixture was than degassed and stirred for 10 minutes at 80° C. under nitrogen. HCOOH/NEt 3  azeotrope (0.5 ml) and catalyst solution (1 ml) (prepared by dissolving catalyst (0.5 μamp in MeOH (1 ml)) were then introduced. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for the time indicated. The reaction was quenched with water, basified with aqueous KOH solution and extracted with DCM. The solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) and 6 N HCl solution (5 ml) was than added. The mixture was refluxed for 6 hrs. Ethanol was then removed under vacuum and the resultant aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate to remove impurities. The aqueous layer was basified with a KOH solution and extracted with DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over sodium sulphate. The final product was obtained after the evaporation of solvent under vacuum. 
     The following experiments have been performed, by way of example, to illustrate the applicability of the present invention. 
     Catalyst Screen in Methanol 
     This general reaction procedure was then applied to the following reaction scheme, the results of the catalyst screen in methanol are presented in Table 4 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Catalyst screening in MeOH 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Catalyst 
                 Conversion (%) b   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 [Cp*IrCl 2 ] 2   
                 N/R 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-CN—Ph, 2a 
                  2 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-OMe—Ph, 2b 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2d 
                  2 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = m-NO 2 —Ph, 2e, 2f 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-Ph—Ph, 2h 
                 N/R 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OH—Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2i 
                 N/R 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-NMe 2 —Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2j 
                  2 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-Br—Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2k 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   a General condition: Ketone (0.5 mmol), Catalyst (5 × 10 −4  mmol), F/T (0.5 ml), HCO 2 NH 4  (5 mmol), MeOH (3.0 ml), 6 hr, 80° C. 
               
               
                   
                   b Determined by  1 H-NMR. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     When referring to substituent positions (e.g. o-, p-, etc.) in relation to Ring A, said positions are suitably relative to the imine nitrogen atom (marked #) to which ring A is attached in the catalyst compound. When referring to substituent positions (e.g. o-, p-, etc.) in relation to Ring B, said positions are suitably relative to the imine carbon atom (marked *) to which ring B is attached in the catalyst compound. 
     Catalyst Screen in Trifluoroethanol (TFE) 
     This general reaction procedure was then applied to the following reaction scheme. The results of the catalyst screen in trifluoroethanol (TFE) are presented in Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Catalyst screening in TFE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Catalyst 
                 Conversion (%) b   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 [Cp*IrCl 2 ] 2   
                 N/R 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-CN—Ph, 2a 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe-Ph, B = p-OMe—Ph, 2b 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2d 
                 100  
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = m-NO 2 —Ph, 2e, 2f 
                 N/R 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OMe—Ph, B = p-Ph—Ph, 2h 
                 N/R 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-OH—Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2i 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-NMe 2 —Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2j 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 A = p-Br—Ph, B = p-NO 2 —Ph, 2k 
                  5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   a General condition: Ketone (0.5 mmol), Catalyst (5 × 10 −4  mmol), F/T (0.5 ml), HCO 2 NH 4  (5 mmol), MeOH (3.0 ml), 6 hr, 80° C. 
               
               
                   
                   b Determined by  1 H-NMR. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Solvent Screening for Catalyst Compound 2d 
     This general reaction procedure was then applied to the following reaction scheme, the results of the solvent screen for catalyst 2d being presented in Table 6 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
                     TABLE 6                  Solvent screening for catalyst 2d                                 Acid   Solvent   Conversion (%)                                             Formic acid (1 eqv.)   TFE   91           Formic acid (10 eqv.)   TFE   98           Acetic acid (10 eqv.)   TFE   90           Benzoic acid (10 eqv.)   TFE   83           F/T azeotrope (0.5 ml)   TFE   100           ″   MeOH   2           ″     i PrOH   75           ″   EtOH   70           ″   THF   17           ″   H 2 O   N/R           ″   DMF   18           ″   Toluene   11           ″   (CF3) 2 CHOH   12                        
Range of Reductive Aminations with Catalyst Compound 2d
 
     This general reaction procedure was then applied to the following reductive amination reactions using catalyst 2d in TFE, the results for which are presented in Table 7 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Reductive aminations with catalyst 2d in TFE 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Product 
                 Conversion (%) b   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4a′ 
                 Full 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4b, 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4c′ 
                 Full 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4d′ 
                 Full 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4e′ 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4f′ 
                 Full (95) c   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4g′ 
                 Full 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                                   
   4h′ 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   a General condition: Ketone (0.5 mmol), Catalyst 2d (5 × 10 −4  mmol), F/T (0.5 ml), HCO 2 NH 4  (5 mmol), MeOH (3.0 ml), 6 hr, 80° C. 
               
               
                   
                   b Determined by  1 H-NMR. 
               
               
                   
                   c Isolated yield in parentheses. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Conclusion 
     The results show that the catalyst compounds of Formula I facilitate transfer hydrogenation reactions across a range of substrates and reaction conditions, though they are especially suitable for use in transfer hydrogenations where the reaction solvent is trifluoroethanol, ethanol, or isopropanol.