Patent Publication Number: US-7707767-B2

Title: Termite control system, method and apparatus

Description:
This application is a Continuation-in-part (CIP) of application Ser. No. 11/235,109 Filed on Sep. 27, 2005 
    
    
     This invention was made with Government support under U.S. Department of Agriculture/Forest Service Grant Number 04-JV-11111136-104. The Government may have certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     This disclosure relates to the field of insect control technology, and more specifically, to methods and apparatus for controlling termite activity, movement and population using radio waves (e.g., electromagnetic fields) and/or mechanical vibrations within a certain frequency range. The methods and apparatus may be used to protect a structure from termite infestation. 
     2. Background of the Technology 
     Untreated termite infestations lead to irreversible structural damage in buildings throughout the world. As a result, a myriad of treatments to control or destroy termite populations have been developed. Because of the potential negative environmental impact of insecticides, environmentally friendly alternatives have been the primary focus of the latest research. 
     A significant amount of prior art focuses on the use of electromagnetic fields to control (repel and/or negatively affect) termites. U.S. Pat. No. 5,473,836, issued to Liu discloses a method for removing insects from “hidden places” by inducing an electromagnetic field to create physical vibrations. U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,946 issued to Mah discloses a method for creating an electromagnetic field to which pests react adversely. U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,876 issued to Pederson discloses a method for controlling termites by heating the area where termites are located to temperatures which are lethal to living organisms by means of electromagnetic energy. U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,779 issued to Bergerioux et al. discloses a method in which a low frequency, randomly varying magnetic field is generated by a device such that it interacts with the earth&#39;s geomagnetic field to eliminate (repel) rodents and similar pests located above and below ground level in the area surrounding the device. 
     The use of electrical energy has also been employed in efforts to eliminate (repel and/or negatively affect) termites. U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,719 issued to Lawrence discloses an apparatus and method which uses a sweep-frequency, high voltage generator coupled to an applicator gun for feeding electric power into pest-infested dielectrics, for example termite-infested wood. U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,644 issued to Lawrence discloses a method that involves the application of broadband radio frequency or multi-frequency high-voltage electrical energy to termite shelter tubes, galleries and nests and to the bodies of termites in those areas. The &#39;644 patent describes methods to kill termites directly by electroshock or indirectly by creating interference with the digestive processes of termites. U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,623 issued to Lawrence discloses an apparatus and method, which uses a phase-locked high voltage, high frequency pulse generator capable of “quasi-unlimited” power output and an applicator gun for feeding electric power into pest-infested dielectrics, for example termite infested wood. U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,468 issued to Lawrence discloses a method that involves killing termites by the application of broadband, high voltage electrical energy to habitats of termites. 
     The application of microwave energy has also been employed in the attempt to control (repel and/or negatively affect) termites. U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,106 issued to Martin et al. discloses a method of using low voltage “microwave horns” to kill termite populations. U.S. Pat. No. 5,896,696 issued to Stokes et al. discloses an apparatus and method for generating and radiating energy at specific wavelengths for the purpose of adversely affecting the nervous systems of “small insects.” 
     While these environmentally friendly methods of controlling termites have avoided the use of conventional pesticides, they have failed to adequately protect termite-susceptible structures from infestation. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,001 to Amburgey et al. describes a method to attract termites to a selected area using radio waves and thereby provide protection from termites for other adjacent areas. The frequency of the radio waves ranged from about 1-100 megahertz with intensities 1-100 K watts. While this method has proven to be successful, it requires equipment capable of generating radio waves at high frequencies. 
     Each of the methods and system discussed above suffer from one or more drawbacks that make their use less than optimal under all circumstances. Accordingly, there exists a need for alternative methods and apparatuses for directing the movement of termites. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, a method for controlling termite movement or population comprises (1) positioning an electromagnetic field source at a frequency of less than 4000 Hz with an intensity of 1 milliwatt to 1 kilowatt as a termite attractant in the proximity of a target location that is inhabitable by termites and (2) producing electromagnetic fields to attract termites towards the frequency field source and away from the undesired location. The method is also applicable to other social insects such as ants, bees and wasps. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the termite attractant comprises a termite-degradable material such as wood. In another preferred embodiment, the termite attractant comprises a toxic bait, a light trap, or a termite trap that is capable of eliminating the attracted termites. 
     Another aspect relates to a system for controlling termite activity or population, comprising an electromagnetic field source at a frequency of less than 4000 Hz with an intensity of 1 milliwatt to 1 kilowatt; and a termite attractant comprising a termite degradable material. The system can also be used to control activity of other social insects such as ants, bees and wasps. In a preferred embodiment, the electromagnetic field source comprises a voltage portion and an antenna portion, wherein said antenna portion is mountable on or adjacent to the termite attractant. 
     Another aspect of the invention employs mechanical vibrations within a predefined frequency range to direct the movement of termites. In some embodiments, the frequency of the mechanical vibrations is chosen to repel termites. In other embodiments, the frequency of the mechanical vibrations is chosen to attract termites. In either of the aforementioned embodiments, the frequency of the mechanical vibrations may be constant or may vary over time within the predefined range. The values of the frequencies in the predefined ranges are dependent on the species of termite. The mechanical vibrations may be produced by any number of methods and devices. In some embodiments, the vibrations are produced by an electric motor having an eccentric cam mounted on the shaft of the motor such that the eccentric cam bears on an object in contact with the ground. 
     In embodiments of the invention in which the frequency of the mechanical vibrations is chosen to attract termites, the source of the mechanical vibrations is spaced apart from a target site (e.g., a house) to be protected such that termites are drawn away from the target site and toward the source of the mechanical vibrations. In such embodiments, a termite attractant (e.g., food) may be placed near or in contact with the source of the mechanical vibrations. The attractant may be combined with a toxic material in such embodiments so that termites that eat the attractant are killed. In other embodiments, the attractant may be combined with a substance that is a growth inhibitor of the termites that eat it and/or come into contact with it. Multiple mechanical vibration sources may be used in such embodiments when the target site is large. 
     In embodiments in which the frequency of the mechanical vibrations is chosen to repel termites, the source of the mechanical vibrations is placed in close physical proximity to the target site to be protected. Multiple mechanical vibration sources may be used in such embodiments when the target site is large. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  show diagram representations of different embodiments of the electromagnetic field generating system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic showing a device capable of generating electromagnetic fields with extremely low frequencies (ELF), super low frequencies (SLF), ultra low frequencies (ULF) or very low frequencies (VLF). 
         FIG. 3  shows termites at an introduction point of a test chamber. 
         FIG. 4  shows that there are no termites on a source producing electromagnetic fields at 4000 Hz with an intensity of 1 milliwatt to 1 kilowatt indicating repellency, directing 100% FST to the control in replicated 14-day studies. 
         FIG. 5  shows VLF 4000 Hz test chamber, there is no FST foraging within 11.5″ (29.21 cm) of the #1 source producing electromagnetic fields at 4000 Hz. 
         FIG. 6  shows a VLF 4000 Hz test chamber, 100% FST are on the control and no FST are on the source producing electromagnetic fields at 4000 Hz. 
         FIG. 7  shows that, in an ultra-low frequency test chamber, 95% of FST are directed to the source producing electromagnetic fields at 1000 Hz and an average of 88% FST are directed to the electromagnetic field source verses the control after 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIG. 8  is a closer view of the ULF source directing FST to a source producing electromagnetic fields at 1000 Hz. 
         FIG. 9  is an ULF 2000 Hz test chamber, in which 85% of the FST are directed to a source producing electromagnetic fields at 2000 Hz and an average of 78% FST are directed to the electromagnetic field source verses the control after 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIG. 10  shows, in an ULF 2000 Hz test chamber with a large shelter tube built from the center of the test chamber from the control to the source producing electromagnetic fields at 2000 Hz. 
         FIG. 11  is an up close view of FST on the source producing electromagnetic fields at 2000 Hz. 
         FIG. 12  shows, in a VLF 3000 Hz test chamber, foraging to a source producing electromagnetic fields at 3000 Hz from the control in a direct pattern which had 90% of FST directed to the source versus the control and averaged 87% after 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIG. 13  shows FST on/in the source producing electromagnetic fields at 3000 Hz. 
         FIG. 14  shows, in a VLF 3000 Hz test chamber, FST underneath the electromagnetic field source. 
         FIG. 15  shows, in a VLF 3000 Hz test chamber, the underside of the electromagnetic field source with FST tunneling to the electromagnetic field source. 
         FIG. 16  is a close up view of the underside of the VLF 3000 Hz test chamber. 
         FIG. 17  shows an ELF/SLF 30 Hz test chamber with 100% of FST directed to the source producing electromagnetic fields at 30 Hz and no termites on the control after the 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIG. 18A  is a bottom view of a control in an ELF/SLF 30 Hz test chamber showing no visible termites. 
         FIG. 18B  is a top view of the control of  FIG. 18A  in an ELF/SLF 30 Hz test chamber showing no visible termites on the control after 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIG. 19A  is a top view of the right side of ELF/SLF 30 Hz electromagnetic field source and  FIG. 19B  is a top view of the left side of /SLF 30 Hz electromagnetic field source.  FIGS. 19A and 19B  show termites consuming the wood, filling the coils with sand and chewed plastic from the wire coils in the shelter tubing in the right side photo. 
         FIG. 20  is a SLF/ULF 300 Hz test chamber showing 100% of the termites directed to the source producing electromagnetic fields at 300 Hz and no termites on the control after 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIGS. 21A and 21B  are the top view and bottom view, respectively, of a SLF/ULF 300 Hz test chamber non-energized control that showed no termite activity after 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIGS. 22A and 22B  are the top view and bottom view, respectively, of a SLF/ULF 300 Hz electromagnetic field source that had 100% of the termite activity after the 14-day replicated studies. 
         FIG. 23  is a bar graph summarizing the replicated results of the experiments described in  FIGS. 3-22 . 
         FIG. 24  illustrates an example of a device attached to a cellulose member that is in contact with the soil, wherein the device is configured to produce mechanical vibrations. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. For purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the invention. Descriptions of specific applications are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the scope of the invention. The present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. 
     The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that termites are attracted by electromagnetic fields in a frequency of less than 4000 Hz. One aspect of the present invention, as described below and shown in the accompanying figures, relates to a method for controlling termites by attracting termites either into a termite control device or to an area away from an infested structure to an area using radio waves (e.g., electromagnetic fields) in the frequency range of 1-3999 Hz. 
     Electromagnetic fields in the frequency range of 1-4000 Hz can be generated by an oscillator and antenna and is well known to one skilled in the art [Constantine Balanis, “Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 3rd. Ed.”, John Wiley and Sons, (2005); Warren Stutzmann, et at., “Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd. Ed.”, John Wiley and Sons, (1998)]. Depending on the size of a protected area, the power output of the electromagnetic field source can vary from about 1 milliwatt to about 1 kilowatt. As shown in  FIGS. 1A-1D , the electromagnetic field generation system, generally shown at  10 , can be configured to position at least one electromagnetic source  12  in a transmission area  14 . An electromagnetic field generation system  16  is designed to provide electromagnetic fields in the range of 1-3999 Hz within a transmission area  14 . As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1C , the transmitter  16  can be operationally connected to more than one transmitting device  12 . 
     The electromagnetic field transmitting system  10  can have varied configurations where the transmitting device  12  can be positioned adjacent to or circumferentially disposed around a natural or man-made termite-degradable structure  18  for which protection from termite damage is desired ( FIGS. 1A-D ). The structure  18  can have a degradable component and therefore be susceptible to termite damage. The different transmitting system configurations depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1D  are non-limiting examples, the pattern of which can be widely varied without departing from the concept of the present invention. 
     Within the effective range of the transmission area  14 , natural or man-made termite-degradable materials can be positioned so as to provide a food source  20  for termites that is localized within the transmission area  14 . Inclusion of the food source  20 , in addition to increasing the effectiveness of the termite-attraction of the transmitting device  12 , also provides foci for termite infestation in the transmission area  14 . By focusing the relocation of the termites to the food source  20 , subsequent containment, collection, or elimination of the termites by conventional means can be facilitated. One skilled in the art would understand that the size of the transmission area  14  is determined by the design and output power of the electromagnetic field  12 . The electromagnetic field  12  or antenna portions of the radio wave transmitters  12 , as well as the food source  20 , should be placed in sufficient proximity of the termite degradable structure so as the food source/attractant directs the termites away from the termite degradable structure. 
     The termite food source  20  can be anything that attracts termites, including but not limited to, bait stations, termite traps, and light traps. A bait station is typically comprised of a non-biodegradable holder (e.g., plastic) that is placed in the substrate (soil) and holds a cellulose material (termite food/wood or pure cellulose monitoring stake). The bait stations are then placed near a structure (e.g., a house) in areas that are susceptible to termite attack. If termites inhabit the bait station the cellulose material can be removed and a cellulose/toxicant mixture (bait matrix) can be added to the bait station to eliminate the termite colony. Bait stations are commercially available from, for example, Dow Agro-Sciences, Whitmire-Microgen, Bayer. A termite trap is simply a container, such as a bucket with small openings or a milk crate, filled with wood and placed in the substrate near a termite infested site. A termite trap is similar to a bait station but is larger in size and is used to collect termites for laboratory trials. [see e.g., Tamashiro, et al.,  Environmental Entomology  2:721-722 (1973)]. Light traps are generally constructed using a light, a sticky pad (e.g., rodent pad with a strong adhesive for trapping small rodents) and a structure to mount the two close together to attract Formosan subterranean termite altaes (winged termites). More information on the light trap can be found at (http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/oct98/term1098.htm). 
     In one embodiment, the food source  20  comprises natural or man-made termite-degradable materials that attract termites away from the structure  18  but do not kill the attracted termites. In another embodiment, the food source  20  comprises materials (such as toxic baits) and/or devices (such as termite traps) that are capable of killing the attracted termites. 
     The method is applicable to all termite species including, but not limited to, subterranean termites such as  Coptotermes  spp.,  Reticulitermes  spp., and Drywood termites ( Cryptotermes, Kalotermes , etc.). species. The method is also applicable to other social insects such as ants, bees and wasps. Unlike conventional remedial termite control methods, the present invention provides a method to control subterranean, surface, and dispersal flight movement of termites before or after infestation of an area in need of protection. The inclusion of attraction augmentation in the electromagnetic field transmitting system  10  of the present invention further permits the localization by directing movement of the termites within the transmission area. 
     The present invention can be used to attract termites to the transmission area  14  for containment, collection, study, or elimination. By properly positioning the transmitting system  10  relative to a natural or man-made structure  18  for which termite protection is desired, the termites can be attracted away from the material or structure  18  that is to be protected and drawn towards the transmitting system  10 . Non-limiting examples of transmitting system configurations which can be used to provide protection for a material or object, such as a house, fence, utility pole, or any material subject to termite infestation are shown in  FIGS. 1A-D . 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that the electromagnetic fields transmitting system  10  can also be used within a termite degradable structure  18 , such as a house. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic field transmitting system  10  comprises one or more small electromagnetic field wave transmitters  12  and one or more food source  20  that are capable of killing the attracted termites. The electromagnetic field wave transmitters  12  and the food source  20  are placed near or around a termite infested area within the termite degradable structure  18 . The food source  20 , with the augmentation from the electromagnetic fields emitted from the electromagnetic field transmitters  12 , attract termites away from the infested area and eliminate the attracted termites. The method is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,001 to Amburgey et al., which is herein incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic field transmitters  12  are coil shaped antennas capable of generating ELF, SLF, ULF and VLF electromagnetic fields. 
       FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of a device for generating very-low to extra-low frequency radio waves in a restricted area. The device comprises three basic components: (1) a voltage source, (2) a current control circuit and (3) a coil. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the alternating current (AC) voltage source Vs produces a sinusoidal voltage at a single frequency within the ELF (3-30 Hz), SLF (30-300 Hz), ULF (300 Hz-3 kHz) or VLF (3-30 kHz) bands. The actual frequency used will depend on the function of the device to attract (3999 Hz-0.0009 Hz) or repel (4000 Hz-6000 Hz) social insects such as termites. The amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage will depend on the designed range of the device for the desired application. The current control circuit consists of a variable resistor R that is used to control the source current Is. The source current passes through a coil that radiates the desired electromagnetic field at the frequency of the source. The coil geometry shown in  FIG. 2  is a multiple-turn loop coil. The coil core material will depend on the application of the device to attract or repel a particular social insect. The multiple-turn loop coil was used in the examples described below. Other coil geometries may also be used. 
     The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application, as well as the Figures and Tables, are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Termite Collection 
     Formosan subterranean Termites ( Coptotermes formosanus , FST) and Eastern subterranean Termites ( Reticulitermes flavipes , EST) were collected from and around the Mississippi State University (MSU) Formosan Termite Research Facility and the Stennis Space Center using methods described by Tamashiro et al. [Tamashiro, et al.,  Environmental Entomology  2:721-722, (1973)] and Kard et al. [Kard et al.,  Sociobiology  41:2:295-511, (2003)]. If stored, termites were held at the facility using methods described in the referenced articles. 
     Test Chamber 
     Two clear PLEXIGLAS™ sheets 105 cm×105 cm sandwiched a sand media similar to Puche and Su, 2001 [J. Econ Entomol. 94:1398-1404, (2001)]. The PLEXIGLAS™ was separated on four sides by acrylic spacers 2.54 cm×2.54 cm×105 cm. A piece of weathered southern yellow pine sapwood (SYP,  Pinus  spp.) 1.27 cm×1.27 cm×20 cm was used as a control 30 cm from the center termite release point and a source producing electromagnetic fields (very low frequencies, VLF) was attached to a SYP specimen similar to the control and was installed on the opposing side of the termite release point at the same distance. Both pieces of wood were aged by being cribbed-stacked outside for 6 months prior to the use in tests. The PLEXIGLAS™, inside of the spacers, was filled with 1866 g (1200 ml) of pool-sand that was sifted and moistened with a spray of 400 ml of de-ionized water. 
     Test Method 
     One thousand termites of either species (FST and EST) were used in each center release test chamber (one termite species per test unit). Each species was used in ratios as they are found in nature. A 20% soldier to worker ratio for FST and a 1% soldier to worker ratio for EST were used. Termites were counted at the end of 14 days to determine which food choice was desired. 
     In this example, electromagnetic fields of the appropriate frequency were generated using a function generator producing an Ac current. The coil was a SYP stake with 18 gauge wire coiled around it in 100 loops. The desired intensity in the first test was 0.720 mA with various test frequencies and doubled for the second set of replicates. Multiple frequencies were tested at one time (one per PLEXIGLAS™ test unit), and replicated in time. These frequencies are listed in Tables 1 and 2. 
     Testing Results 
     Recorded results from directing movement of  C. formosanus  using radio waves (e.g., electromagnetic fields) at VLF (3-30 kHz) and ULF (300-3000 Hz) frequencies at Mississippi State University (MSU) Formosan Termite Research Facility in McNeill, Miss. (January-March 2005) are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Mortality for test date Feb. 2, 20005 was high because the termites escaped before 14 days except in the chamber that held the 3000 Hz coil. Therefore, numbers for replicate test one are based on 7 day recordings. Mortality was 10% for replicate date Mar. 3, 2005 and 5% for replicate date Mar. 16, 2005. Ultra-low frequency (ULF) 1000 Hz had a higher percentage of FST on the coil than any other tested frequency tested in the series of: ULF 2000 Hz, VLF 3000 Hz and 4000 Hz. VLF 4000 Hz never had termites on the coil at the end of the elapsed time of the 14-day test periods. ULF 2000 Hz and VLF 3000 Hz had a higher percentage of FST termites on these VLF and ULF coils than the controls. 
     Test results for test period Apr. 15, 2005 using SLF and ELF are impressive and are shown in Table 3. Two of the frequencies tested had complete, greater than ULF 1000 Hz, control directing the behavior of FST. SLF of 300 Hz and ELF of 30 Hz had 100% of the termites on the coil after the allotted 14-day time period. Low frequency 30 kHz showed little control over the behavior of the FST, having only one half of the FST (50%) on the coil. 
     Soldier to worker ratio 20%:80% was attempted with FST throughout the replicates. Cold weather throughout the months of January and February limited available termites. Weather below 40° F. caused the  C. formosanus  to migrate into the ground, and at this temperature termites were occasionally found in the centers of buried, fallen timber. On the mornings of February 17, March 2, and March 16, temperatures were at or below 40° F. which made termites sparse. Therefore, termites that were available were used and noted in tests. The limited amounts of termites made it difficult to obtain the desired number of soldiers, but 800 workers were constant in every experiment. Once termites were placed in the chamber, keeping the chambers sealed with one main respiration vent and a constant room temperature at 85° F. was the best situation for limiting termite mortality, keeping them comfortable throughout the test. Once poured inside the containers, the termites initially dispersed in every direction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the termites found the control wood easily and it appeared that they were eventually “pushed” in large numbers to the control within the first few hours and away from the VLF 4000 Hz source. There were a few termites on the coil initially when the FST were introduced into the test chamber. After a couple of hours, the few termites left the coil and no FST ever returned to the unit for 14-day test period ( FIG. 4 ). In one replicate, the termites tunneled around the perimeter of the chamber (this did not occur in all tests) and never got within 11.5 inches (29.21 cm) of the test unit for test period Mar. 16-05 and did not occupy the shelter tubes at the end of 14-day elapsed time period of the test ( FIG. 5 ). In three replicates, the coil operating at VLF 4000 Hz never had termites (0% of FST) and the control was completely colonized in every replicate ( FIG. 6 ). 
     Upon introduction into the ULF 1000 Hz test chamber, FST acted very similar as termites had in other test frequency ranges, but slightly more termites accumulated on the coil. After a couple of hours the termites were directed to the coil. At the end of 14-day test period in replicated studies, almost every living termite was on, under or inside the coil (88.8% of FST) as seen in FIGS. ( 7 - 8 ). There was an average of 137 FST on the control wood at the end of the 14-day elapsed test period in the replicated tests seen in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     Upon introduction into the ULF 2000 Hz test chamber, the termites initially reacted similar to VLF 1000 Hz except termites would find the control, colonize it and then tunnel back to the middle of the box where they had been introduced. FST would then tunnel to the experimental unit (ULF source). There were more FST on, under, and in the experimental unit (86.6%) than the control after 14-day replicated studies shown in  FIGS. 9-11 . 
     The introduction of FST into the VLF 3000 Hz test chambers produced results unlike any of the other experiments. Once introduced, every FST foraged to the control for almost twenty-four hours. After a day had passed the termites began to forage from the control wood to the VLF coil. On the 14th day of the study, more FST were on, under and in the experimental unit (89.6%) than the control unit in replicated tests shown in  FIGS. 12-16 . 
     Based on these results, further tests were performed using SLF at 30 Hz and ELF at 300 Hz. The SLF 30 Hz coil had every living FST in the test chamber on the SLF coil (100% FST on the coil,  FIGS. 17-19 ). ELF 300 Hz coil also directed every living FST to the coil, altering their behavior (100% FST on the coil,  FIGS. 20-22 ). These frequencies as well as the VLF frequencies would be similar to the ones used for tactical submarine communications that have been shown to direct FST behavior. 
       FIG. 23  summaries the results from the above-described experiments. Similar results were also obtained with  Reticulitermes flavipes . As shown in  FIG. 23 , radio waves (e.g., electromagnetic fields) in the frequency range of 1-3000 Hz are very effective in attracting termites and it is believed that radio waves (e.g., electromagnetic fields) in this frequency range will attract other social insects such as ants, bees and wasps. 
     An embodiment in which mechanical vibrations are used to direct movement of termites is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 24 , which illustrates a vibration device  100  that is configured to produce mechanical vibrations in a predefined frequency range. The vibration device  100  is an electric motor configured with an eccentric cam (not shown in  FIG. 24 ) mounted on its shaft. As shown in  FIG. 24 , the vibration device  100  is attached directly to a termite attractant in the form of cellulose member  200  (e.g., a piece of wood) such that the eccentric cam bears against the piece of wood causing the piece of wood to vibrate at a frequency within a predetermined frequency range. The frequency of the vibrations produced by the vibration device  100  may be a constant frequency in the predetermined frequency range or may vary over time within the predetermined frequency range. In some embodiments, the predetermined frequency range is 30-300 Hz, which the inventors have discovered is effective to attract  R. flavipes  (or EST). In other embodiments, the predetermined frequency range is 1-3,999 Hz, which the inventors have discovered is effective to attract  C. formosanus  (or FST). Preferably, the frequency range is chosen to be attractive to multiple species of termites (e.g., frequencies in the range of 30-300 Hz attracts both  C. formosanus  and  R. flavipes ). 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 24 , the cellulose member  200  is in contact with the soil  300  and is preferably at least partially submerged in the soil  300 . The vibration device  100  and cellulose member  200  are preferably positioned such that they are separated from the target site but are close enough to the target site that any termites at the target site will sense the vibrations and move toward them. The actual distance depends upon the condition of the soil and the intensity of the vibrations produced by the vibration device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, a toxic substance is combined with the termite attractant  200  so that termites that ingest the termite attractant  200  are killed. In other embodiments, the termite attractant is combined with a substance that renders the termites sterile, thereby preventing their reproduction. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 24 , the vibration device  100  is connected to the termite attractant  200  such that the termite attractant  200  vibrates. In other embodiments, the vibration device  100  is not connected to the attractant  200  but is placed in close physical proximity to it. For example, in one alternative embodiment, the vibration device  100  is attached to an object such as a steel rod that is partially submerged in the ground and a cellulose member is driven into the ground near the steel rod such that termites that are attracted to the vibrating steel rod. In other embodiments, the vibration source is attached to, or integrated with, a bait station, a termite trap or a light trap or some other termite attractant or termite-degradable material. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, mechanical vibrations are used to repel termites rather than attract them. For example, the inventors have discovered that frequencies in the range of 4,000 Hz-6,000 Hz repel  C. formosanus , while frequencies between 1 Hz and 29 Hz, and 301 Hz-6000 Hz or greater repel  R. flavipes . In such embodiments, an object that is not attractive to termites (e.g., a metal rod) or that repels termites is partially submerged in the ground near or in the target site and is attached to a vibration device that is configured to produce mechanical vibrations in a range that repels termites. Preferably, the range is between 4,000 Hz and 6,000 Hz such that both  R. flavipes  and  C. formosanus  are repelled from the target site. As with the previous embodiments, the vibration frequency may be fixed over time or may vary over time within the predetermined range. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Results from Replicates. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Fre- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 quen- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 cy 
                   
                   
               
               
                 (Hz) 
                 Termites/Comments 
                 Date 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Colony in McNeill Down Log 
                 (Feb. 2, 2005)-(Feb. 15, 2005) 
               
               
                 4000 
                 800 Workers = 3.31 g 
                 Termites escaped but escaped 
               
               
                   
                 181 Soldiers = 0.66 g 
                 away from the test coil. 100% 
               
               
                   
                 (18.4% out of 981) 
                 Mortality 
               
               
                 3000 
                 800 Workers = 2.95 g 
                 Termites escaped but about 850 
               
               
                   
                 200 Soldiers = 1.01 g 
                 @7-days &amp; 600 @ 14 days were 
               
               
                   
                 (20% out of 1,000) 
                 on the coil. 30% Mortality 
               
               
                 2000 
                 800 Workers = 3.18 g 
                 Termites grazed on coil (700-7 
               
               
                   
                 200 Soldiers = 0.57 g 
                 days) but left; after 14 days 
               
               
                   
                 (20% out of 1,000) 
                 escaped on the coil side. 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mortality. 
               
               
                 1000 
                 800 Workers = 3.12 g 
                 Termites grazed on coil (750-7 
               
               
                   
                 200 Soldiers = 0.92 g 
                 days) but left after 14 days; 
               
               
                   
                 (20% out of 1,000) 
                 escaped on coil side. 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mortality 
               
               
                   
                 Colony McNeill Live Tree 
                 (Mar. 3, 2005)-(Mar. 15, 2005) 
               
               
                 4000 
                 800 Workers 
                 Termites (787) were all on the 
               
               
                   
                 075 Soldiers 
                 control wood away from the coil. 
               
               
                   
                 (8.6% out of 875) 
                 Mortality was 10% 
               
               
                 3000 
                 800 Workers = 2.95 g 
                 Termites (742) were on the coil 
               
               
                   
                 170 Soldiers = 1.01 g 
                 Mortality was 10%. 
               
               
                   
                 (17.5% out of 970) 
                 Control = 131 
               
               
                 2000 
                 800 Workers = 3.18 g110 
                 Termites (541) were on the coil, 
               
               
                   
                 Soldiers = 0.57 g 
                 Mortality was 15% 
               
               
                   
                 (11.3% out of 910) 
                 Control = 107 
               
               
                 1000 
                 800 Workers = 3.12 g 
                 Termites (754) were on the coil, 
               
               
                   
                 082 Soldiers = 0.92 g 
                 Mortality was 10%. 
               
               
                   
                 (9.3% out of 882) 
                 Control = 128 
               
               
                   
                 Colony Derby Train Depo 
                 (Mar. 16, 2005)-(Mar. 30, 2005) 
               
               
                 4000 
                 800 Workers = 3.31 g 
                 No termites were on the coil 
               
               
                   
                 100 Soldiers = 0.66 g 
                 (855), about 5% mortality 
               
               
                   
                 (11.1% out of 900) 
               
               
                 3000 
                 800 Workers = 2.95 g 
                 Termites on coil (753) with the 
               
               
                   
                 100 Soldiers = 1.01 g 
                 rest and forth between middle 
               
               
                   
                 (11.1% out of 900) 
                 and back control, Mortality 7%. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control = 84 
               
               
                 2000 
                 800 Workers = 3.18 g100 
                 Termites on coil (726), Mortality 
               
               
                   
                 Soldiers = 0.57 g 
                 5%. 
               
               
                   
                 (11.1% out of 900) 
                 Control = 129 
               
               
                 1000 
                 800 Workers = 3.12 g 
                 Termites almost all in coil (787), 
               
               
                   
                 100 Soldiers = 0.92 g 
                 Mortality 8%. 
               
               
                   
                 (11.1% out of 900) 
                 Control = 41 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Table 1 results. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Results 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (FST attracted to 
                   
               
               
                 Frequency (Hz) 
                 coil) 
                 Date 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4000 
                 0 
                 (Feb. 02, 2005)-(Feb. 15, 2005) 
               
               
                 3000 
                 85% 
               
               
                 2000 
                 70% 
               
               
                 1000 
                 75% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Mar. 03, 2005)-(Mar. 15, 2005) 
               
               
                 4000 
                 0 
               
               
                 3000 
                 85% 
               
               
                 2000 
                 70% 
               
               
                 1000 
                 95% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Mar. 16, 2005)-(Mar. 30, 2005) 
               
               
                 4000 
                 0 
               
               
                 3000 
                 90% 
               
               
                 2000 
                 85% 
               
               
                 1000 
                 95% 
               
               
                 Mean Results 
                   
                 February-March 
               
               
                 4000 
                 0 
               
               
                 3000 
                 86.6%   
               
               
                 2000 
                 78.3%   
               
               
                 1000 
                 88.8%   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test results for period starting Apr. 15, 2005. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Frequency 
                 Results (FST attracted to 
                   
               
               
                 (Hz) 
                 coil) 
                 Date 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 30,000 
                 50% 
                 (Apr. 15, 2005)-(May 05, 2005) 
               
               
                 3000 
                 Top of the test chamber lost 
                 (Apr. 15, 2005)-(May 05, 2005) 
               
               
                   
                 its seal and dried out near 
               
               
                   
                 the coil. About 100 termites 
               
               
                   
                 remained in the coil despite 
               
               
                   
                 the low moisture and the 
               
               
                   
                 rest moved to the control 
               
               
                   
                 where the moisture was. 
               
               
                   
                 The power had also been 
               
               
                   
                 lost for two days during the 
               
               
                   
                 test. 
               
               
                 300 
                 100% 
                 (Apr. 15, 2005)-(May 05, 2005) 
               
               
                 30 
                 100% 
                 (Apr. 15, 2005)-(May 05, 2005) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above description is for the purpose of teaching the person of ordinary skill in the art how to practice the present invention, and it is not intended to detail all those obvious modifications and variations of which it will become apparent to the skilled worker upon reading the description. It is intended, however, that all such obvious modifications and variations be included within the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the following claims. The claims are intended to cover the claimed components and steps in any sequence which is effective to meet the objectives there intended, unless the context specifically indicates the contrary. 
     Further, the purpose of the Abstract of the Disclosure is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract of the Disclosure is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the present invention in any way.