Patent Publication Number: US-4225715-A

Title: Preparation of 3-amino(or carbamyl)-5-(pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinones

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a division of copending application Ser. No. 937,120, filed Aug. 28, 1978, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,233, issued Jan. 30, 1979 in turn, a division of copending application Ser. No. 876,571, filed Feb. 10, 1978 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,233, issued Jan. 30, 1979, in turn, a division of application Ser. No. 818,724, filed July 25, 1977 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,315, issued Aug. 15, 1978 in turn, a continuation-in-part of its copending application Ser. No. 707,235, filed July 21, 1976 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,746, issued Feb. 7, 1978, in turn, a continuation-in-part of its copending application Ser. No. 621,763, filed Oct. 14, 1975, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,012, issued Jan. 18, 1977. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (a) Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to 3-amino-5-(pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinones, useful as cardiotonic agents, to their preparation and to intermediates used therein. 
     (b) Description of the Prior Art 
     There is no teaching in the prior art of any cardiotonically active compounds having any chemical structure comparable to or suggestive of the instantly claimed compounds. 
     The Lesher and Gruett British Pat. No. 1,322,318, published July 4, 1973, discloses as intermediates 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-(4- or 3-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile, 6-(4- or 3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and 6-(4- or 3-pyridinyl)-2-pyridinamine. 
     The Brundage and Lesher U.S. Pat. No. 3,838,156, issued Sept. 24, 1974, discloses as intermediates 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-Q&#39;&#34;-nicotinic acids where Q&#39;&#34; is 4(or 3)-pyridinyl or 4(or 3)-pyridinyl having one or two loweralkyl substituents. 
     The Shionogi and Co. Japanese Patent 20,295/67, published Oct. 11, 1967, shows 1-(x&#39;-amino-2&#39;-pyridinyl)-2-pyridinones as having &#34;analgesic and antiphlogistic activity&#34;. Specifically shown is 1-(5&#39;-amino-2&#39;-pyridinyl)-2-pyridinones. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a composition aspect, the invention relates to 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones where R is hydrogen, loweralkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl, Q is carbamyl and halo, and PY is 4- or 3- or 2-pyridinyl or 4- or 3- or 2-pyridinyl having one or two lower-alkyl substituents. The compounds where Q is carbamyl are useful as intermediates in the preparation of the compounds where Q is amino and those where Q is halo are useful as intermediates in the preparation of the compounds where Q is lower-alkylamino and di-(loweralkyl)amino. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention relates to 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones where Q is hydrogen and R and PY are defined as above. These compounds not only are useful as intermediates in preparing the corresponding compounds where Q is amino, but also they surprisingly have been found to have useful cardiotonic activity; and, further, they surprisingly have been found to have useful bronchodilator activity. 
     The invention in a process aspect resides in the process of producing 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) which comprises reacting α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acrolein (II) with malonamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) and reacting Ia with a reagent capable of converting carbamyl to amino to produce Ib, where PY is defined as above, and R 1  and R 2  are each lower-alkyl. 
     In another process aspect the invention comprises reacting either α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acrolein (II) or α-PY-malonaldehyde (II&#39;) with α-cyanoacetamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) and partially hydrolyzing III to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia), where PY, R 1  and R 2  are each defined as above. 
     In another process aspect the invention comprises first heating 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to produce 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) and then either reducing Ic to produce 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) or first reacting Ic with an alkylating agent of the formula R&#39;-An to produce 1-R&#39;-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Id) and reducing Id to produce 1-R&#39;-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone, where PY has the meaning given above, R&#39; is lower-alkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl and An is an anion of a strong inorganic acid or an organic sulfonic acid. 
     In another process aspect the invention comprises reacting 1-R-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone with a lower-alkanoylating agent or lower-carbalkoxylating agent to produce 1-R-3-Q&#39;-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie), where PY and R have the meanings given hereinabove and Q&#39; is NHAc where Ac is lower-alkanoyl or lower-carbalkoxy, respectively. 
     In another process aspect the invention comprises heating 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) or 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) with an aqueous mineral acid, preferably aqueous sulfuric acid, to produce 5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie) upon respective hydrolysis of III and decarboxylation of IV, reacting Ie with halogen, preferably bromine or chlorine, to produce the corresponding 3-halo-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (If) and reacting If with a loweralkylamine or a di-(lower-akyl)amine to produce the corresponding 3-(lower-alkylamino)-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ig-1) or 3-[di-(lower-alkyl)amino]-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ig-2). 
     An alternative process aspect of the invention for preparing Ig-1 or Ig-2 comprises reacting 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone with one or two molar equivalents of a lower-alkylating agent. A preferred embodiment of this alternative process comprises reacting 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone with a methylating mixture of formic acid and formaldehyde to produce 3-dimethylamino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone where PY is defined as above for I. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention relates to a cardiotonic composition for increasing cardiac contractility, said composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and, as the active component thereof, a cardiotonic 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone where PY and R are defined as above and Q is hydrogen. 
     In a method aspect, the invention relates to a method for increasing cardiac contractility which comprises the administration of a medicament comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and, as the active component thereof, an effective amount of a cardiotonic 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone where PY and R are defined as above and Q is hydrogen. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention relates to di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]-aminomethylenemalonate where PY is defined as above. These compounds also have been found to have useful cardiotonic activity. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention relates to a cardiotonic composition for increasing cardiac contractility, said composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and, as the active component thereof, a cardiotonic di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate, where PY is defined as above. 
     In another method aspect, the invention relates to a method for increasing cardiac contractility which comprises the administration of a medicament comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and, as the active component thereof, an effective amount of a cardiotonic di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate where PY is defined as above. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION INCLUSIVE OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In a composition aspect the invention resides in the compounds having formula I ##STR1## where PY is 4- or 3- or 2-pyridinyl or 4- or 3- or 2-pyridinyl having one or two lower-alkyl substituents, R is hydrogen, lower-alkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl, and Q is carbamyl or halo, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. The compounds of formula I where Q is amino, lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino, or NHAc are useful as cardiotonic agents, as determined by standard pharmacological evaluation procedures. The compounds of formula I where Q is carbamyl are useful as intermediates for preparing the compounds where Q is amino and those where Q is halo are useful as intermediates in the preparation of the compounds where Q is lower-alkylamino and di-(lower-alkyl)amino. Preferred embodiments are those of formula I where Q is carbamyl, R is hydrogen and PY is 4-pyridinyl or 3-pyridinyl. A particularly preferred embodiment is 3-carbamyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, that is, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     Other composition aspects resides in the compounds having formula I where Q is hydrogen, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. These compounds not only are useful as intermediates for preparing the compounds of formula I where Q is amino, but also are useful as cardiotonic agents and, also, are useful as bronchodilators as determined by standard pharmacological procedures. Preferred embodiments are those where PY is 4-pyridinyl or 3-pyridinyl. 
     In a process aspect the invention resides in the process of producing 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) which comprises reacting α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acrolein (II) with malonamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) and reacting 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) with a reagent capable of converting carbamyl to amino to produce 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib), where PY is defined as in I above, and R 1  and R 2  are each lower-alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. Other process aspects of the invention reside in each of two said steps, that is, the preparation of Ia from II and the conversion of Ia to Ib. 
     In another process aspect the invention resides in the process of reacting either α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acrolein (II) or α-PY-malonaldehyde (II&#39;) with α-cyanoacetamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) and partially hydrolyzing 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia), where PY is defined as in I above, and R 1  and R 2  are each loweralkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. 
     In another process aspect the invention resides in the process of producing 3-amino-1-R-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) which comprises first heating 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to produce 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) and then either reducing 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) to produce 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) or first reacting 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) with an alkylating agent of the formula R&#39;-An to produce 1-R&#39;-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Id) and reducing 1-R&#39;-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Id) to produce 1-R&#39;-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib), where R and PY have the same meanings given hereinabove for formula I, and R&#39; is loweralkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl and An is an anion of a strong inorganic acid or an organic sulfonic acid. Other process aspects of the invention reside in the conversion of IV to Ic and in the two-step conversion of IV to Ic to Id. 
     The above process aspects of the invention are illustrated by the following flow sheet which also shows the conversion of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) to 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) by hydrolysis with aqueous sulfuric acid: ##STR2## 
     Alternatively, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) is converted to 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) via 5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie) by first refluxing III with aqueous sulfuric acid to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) and then refluxing IV in solution (without isolation) to produce Ie which is then heated with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to produce Ic. 
     In another process aspect the invention resides in the process of producing 1-R-3-Q&#39;-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie) which comprises reacting 1-R-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) with a lower-alkanoylating agent or lower-carbalkoxylating agent, where PY and R have the meanings given hereinabove for the compounds of formula I and Q&#39; is NHAc where Ac is lower-alkanoyl or lower-carbalkoxy, respectively. 
     In another process aspect the invention comprises the steps of heating 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) or 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) with an aqueous mineral acid, preferably aqueous sulfuric acid, to produce 5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie) upon hydrolysis of III and decarboxylation of IV, reacting Ie with halogen, preferably bromine or chlorine, to produce the corresponding 3-halo-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (If) and reacting If with a lower-alkylamine (R 1  NH 2 ) or a di-(lower-alkyl)amine (R 1  R 2  NH) to produce the corresponding 3-(lower-alkylamino)-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ig where R 1  is lower-alkyl and R 2  is hydrogen) or 3-[di-(lower-alkyl)amino]-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ig where each of R 1  and R 2  is lower-alkyl). This process aspect of the invention also comprises said individual steps and combinations thereof. 
     An alternative process aspect of the invention for preparing Ig comprises reacting 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone with one or two molar equivalents of a lower-alkylating agent. A preferred embodiment of this alternative process comprises reacting 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone with a methylating mixture of formic acid and formaldehyde to produce 3-dimethylamino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone where PY is defined as above for I. 
     The above additional process aspects of the invention are illustrated by the following additional flow sheet which also shows the conversion of 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) to di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate (V): ##STR3## In the formulas of above flow sheet PY has the meaning given hereinabove for formula I, R 1  is lower-alkyl, R 2  is hydrogen or lower-alkyl, and R 3  and R 4  are each lower-alkyl. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention resides in a cardiotonic composition for increasing cardiac contractility, said composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable inert carrier and, as the active component thereof, an effective amount of a cardiotonic 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone having the formula of claim 1 where PY and R are each defined as in formula I and Q is hydrogen, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. 
     A method aspect of the invention resides in the method for increasing cardiac contractility in a patient requiring such treatment which comprises administering orally or parenterally in a solid or liquid dosage form to such patient an effective amount of a cardiotonic 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone having the formula of claim 1 where PY and R are each defined as in formula I and Q is hydrogen, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. 
     The compounds of formula I where Q is cyano and their use as cardiotonic agents are disclosed and claimed in copending application Ser. No. 621,763, filed Oct. 14, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,012, issued Jan. 18, 1977. 
     The compounds of formula I where Q is amino, lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino or NHAc where Ac is lower-alkanoyl or lower-carbalkoxy, as well as their use as cardiotonic agents, and also the intermediate nitro compounds of formula I where Q is nitro, are disclosed and claimed in copending application Ser. No. 707,235, filed July 21, 1976. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention relates to di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate (V) where PY is defined as above, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. These compounds also have been found to have useful cardiotonic activity. A preferred embodiment of this composition aspect is diethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-4-(pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate. 
     Another composition aspect of the invention relates to a cardiotonic composition for increasing cardiac contractility, said composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable inert carrier and, as the active component thereof, an effective amount of a cardiotonic di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate (V) where PY is defined as above, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. A preferred embodiment of this composition aspect is diethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate. 
     In another method aspect, the invention relates to a method for increasing cardiac contractility in a patient requiring such treatment which comprises the administering orally or parenterally in a solid or liquid dosage form to such a patient an effective amount of a cardiotonic di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate (V) where PY is defined as above, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. 
     The term &#34;lower-alkyl&#34; as used herein, e.g., as one of the meanings for R or as a substituent for PY in formula I or as used in the Q substituent when lower-alkylamino or di-(lower-alkyl)amino, means alkyl radicals having from one to six carbon atoms which can be arranged as straight or branched chains, illustrated by methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, tert.-butyl, isobutyl, n-amyl, n-hexyl, and the like. 
     The term &#34;lower-hydroxyalkyl&#34;, as used herein, e.g., as one of the meanings for R in formula I, means hydroxyalkyl radicals having from two to six carbon atoms and having its hydroxy group and its free valence bond (or connecting linkage) on different carbon atoms, illustrated by 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 5-hydroxyamyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, and the like. 
     Illustrative of PY in formula I where PY is 4- , 3- or 2-pyridinyl having one or two lower-alkyl substituents are the following [note that &#34;pyridinyl&#34; as used herein is the same as &#34;pyridyl&#34;, the former now being the preferred term used in Chemical Abstracts]: 2-methyl-4-pyridinyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl, 3-methyl-4-pyridinyl, 2-methyl-3-pyridinyl, 6-methyl-3-pyridinyl (alternatively named 2-methyl-5-pyridinyl), 4-methyl-2-pyridinyl, 6-methyl-2-pyridinyl, 2,3-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl, 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl, 2-ethyl-4-pyridinyl, 2-isopropyl-4-pyridinyl, 2-n-butyl-4-pyridinyl, 2-n-hexyl-4-pyridinyl, 2,6-diethyl-4-pyridinyl, 2,6-diethyl-3-pyridinyl, 2,6-di-isopropyl-4-pyridinyl, 2,6-di-n-hexyl-4-pyridinyl, and the like. 
     The term &#34;lower-alkanoyl&#34;, as used herein, e.g., as one of the meanings for Ac in formula I, means alkanoyl radicals having from one to six carbon atoms, including the straight- and branch-chained radicals, illustrated by formyl, acetyl, propionyl (N-propanoyl), butyryl (n-butanoyl), isobutyryl (2-methyl-n-propanoyl) and caproyl (n-hexanoyl). 
     The term &#34;lower-carbalkoxy&#34;, as used herein, e.g., as one of the meanings for Ac in formula I, means carbalkoxy radicals where the alkoxy portion can be straight- or branch-chained and has from one to six carbon atoms, as illustrated by carbomethoxy, carbethoxy, carbo-n-propoxy, carbisopropoxy, carbo-n-butoxy, carbo-tert.-butoxy and carbo-n-hexoxy. 
     The compounds of formulas I and V are useful both in the free base form and in the form of acid-addition salts; and, both forms are within the purview of the invention. The acid-addition salts are simply a more convenient form for use; and in practice, use of the salt form inherently amounts to use of the base form. The acids which can be used to prepare the acid-addition salts include preferably those which produce, when combined with the free base, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, that is, salts whose anions are relatively innocuous to the animal organism in pharmaceutical doses of the salts, so that the beneficial cardiotonic properties inherent in the free base are not vitiated by side effects ascribable to the anions. In practicing the invention, it was found convenient to form the sulfate, phosphate, methanesulfonate or lactate. However, other appropriate pharmaceutically-acceptable salts within the scope of the invention are those derived from mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfamic acid; and organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, quinic acid, and the like, giving the hydrochloride, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, tartrate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate, respectively. 
     The acid-addition salts of said basic compound are prepared either by dissolving the free base in aqueous or aqueous-alcohol solution or other suitable solvents containing the appropriate acid and isolating the salt by evaporating the solution, or by reacting the free base and acid in an organic solvent, in which case the salt separates directly or can be obtained by concentration of the solution. 
     Although pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of said basic compounds are preferred, all acid-addition salts are within the scope of our invention. All acid-addition salts are useful as sources of the free base form even if the particular salt per se is desired only as an intermediate product as for example when the salt is formed only for purposes of purification or identification, or when it is used as an intermediate in preparing a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt by ion exchange procedures. 
     The molecular structures of the composition aspects (I) of the invention were assigned on the basis of evidence provided by infrared, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra, by chromatographic mobilities, and, by the correspondence of calculated and found values for the elementary analyses for representative examples. 
     The manner of making and using the instant invention will now be generally described so as to enable a person skilled in the art of pharmaceutical chemistry to make and use the same, as follows: 
     The preparation of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) by reacting α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acrolein (II) with malonamide is carried out preferably by mixing the reactants in a suitable solvent in the presence of a basic condensing agent. The reaction is conveniently run using a lower-alkanol as the solvent, preferably methanol or ethanol, and an alkali lower-alkoxide, preferably sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide, respectively, as the basic condensing agent. In practicing the invention, the reaction was carried out in refluxing methanol using sodium methoxide. Other basic condensing agents include sodium hydride, lithium diethylamide, lithium diisopropylamide, and the like, in an aprotic solvent, e.g., tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, ether, benzene, dioxane, and the like. 
     The above-noted intermediate α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acroleins (II) are generally known and are prepared by conventional methods. For example, II is produced by reacting an α-PY-acetic acid with the reaction product obtained by reacting dimethylformamide with a phosphorus oxyhalide, preferably the oxychloride or oxybromide. The reaction of dimethylformamide with the phosphorus oxyhalide is run preferably below 10° C. and the resulting reaction product is heated with the α-PY-acetic acid at about 50° to 80° C. to produce II. The intermediate α-PY-acetic acids are generally known compounds which are prepared by conventional methods; for example, they are produced readily by heating the corresponding acetylpyridine of the formula PY--COCH 3  with sulfur and morpholine to produce the corresponding PY-thioacetomorpholinamide which on refluxing with 12 N hydrochloric acid yields the α-PY-acetic acid, e.g., α-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)acetic acid, is produced from 4-acetyl-3-ethylpyridine via 3-ethyl-4-pyridinylthioacetomorpholinamide [Jain et al., Indian Journal of Chemistry 10, 455 (1972)]. The acetylpyridines, i.e., PY--COCH 3 , also are generally known compounds which are prepared by conventional procedures, e.g., production from the corresponding cyanopyridines, i.e., PY-CN, [Reilly Tar &amp; Chem. Corp. British Pat. No. 920,303, published Mar. 6, 1963; Case et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 5842 (1956)]. 
     The conversion of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) to 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H-pyridinone (Ib) is carried out by reacting Ia with a reagent capable of converting carbamyl to amino. This reaction is conveniently run by heating an aqueous mixture containing an alkali metal hypohalite, preferably hypobromite or hypochlorite, and Ia, and then acidifying the reaction mixture, preferably with an aqueous mineral acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid. The reaction can be carried out from about 25° C. to 100° C., preferably about 60° C. to 100° C. 
     The reaction of α-PY-β-(R 1  R 2  N)acrolein (II) with α-cyanoacetamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) is carried out preferably by mixing the reactants in a suitable solvent in the presence of a basic condensing agent. The reaction is conveniently run using a lower-alkanol as a solvent, preferably methanol or ethanol, and an alkali lower-alkoxide, preferably sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide, respectively, as the basic condensing agent. In practicing the invention, the reaction was carried out in refluxing methanol using sodium methoxide. Other basic condensing agents include sodium hydride, lithium diethylamide, lithium diisopropylamide, and the like, in an aprotic solvent, e.g., tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, ether, benzene, dioxane, and the like. 
     The reaction of α-PY-malonaldehyde (II&#39;) with α-cyanoacetamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) is carried out by heating the reactants in the presence of a catalytic condensing agent, preferably morpholine or piperidine and/or its acetate. The reaction is conveniently carried out by refluxing a benzene solution containing the reactions in the presence of morpholine, piperidine, morpholine acetate, piperidine acetate or mixtures thereof, preferably with a water separator attached to the reaction vessel to collect the water produced by the reaction. 
     The partial hydrolysis of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) is carried out by heating III with concentrated sulfuric acid. While the reaction is conveniently and preferably run by heating the reactions on a steam bath, the temperature range for the reaction can vary from about 25° to 135° C. Alternatively, the conversion of III to Ia can be carried out by heating III at about 100° to 175° C. with polyphosphoric acid for about one to five hours. 
     The hydrolysis of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-nicotinonitrile (III) to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) is conveniently run by heating III on a steam bath with an aqueous mineral acid, preferably 50% sulfuric acid. 
     The conversion of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) to 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) is carried out by heating IV with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid. The heating of the reactants is conducted at about 60° to 100° C., preferably at about 70° to 90° C. Although it might be presumed that the nicotinic acid (IV) is first decarboxylated to produce the corresponding 3-unsubstituted-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone, which is then nitrated at the 3-position, it is noted, as shown above, that heating the corresponding nicotinonitrile (III) with concentrated sulfuric acid alone results in partial hydrolysis yielding the corresponding nicotinamide (Ia). 
     Alternatively, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) is readily converted step-wise to 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) by first heating III with aqueous sulfuric acid for a longer period (supra) than required to form 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) whereupon IV is first formed and then is decarboxylated on continued heating to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-pyridine which is then nitrated under the same reaction conditions noted above for converting IV to Ic, that is, by heating 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-pyridine with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to produce 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1 H)-pyridinone (Ic). 
     The reaction of 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) with a lower-alkylating agent to produce 1-R&#39;-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Id) is generally carried out by reacting Ic with a lower-alkyl or a lower-hydroxyalkyl ester of a strong inorganic acid or an organic sulfonic acid, said ester having the formula R&#39;-An, where An is an anion of a strong inorganic acid or an organic sulfonic acid, e.g., chloride, bromide, idodide, sulfate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, and para-toluenesulfonate (or tosylate), and R&#39; is lower-alkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl. This alkylation is preferably run using a slight excess of the alkylating agent although equimolar quantities give satisfactory results. The chloride, bromide, iodide or tosylate is preferred because of the ready availability of the requisite lower-alkyl halides or tosylates; and, the reaction is carried out preferably in the presence of an acid-acceptor. The acid-acceptor is a basic substance which preferably forms freely water-soluble by-products easily separable from the product of the reaction, including for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium alkoxides, potassium alkoxides, sodium amide, and the like. The acid-acceptor picks up the hydrogen halide or tosylate (or HAn) which is split out during the course of the reaction. The reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a suitable solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions, e.g., a solvent such as lower-alkanol, acetone, dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethyl phosphoramide, or a mixture of solvents, e.g., a mixture of water and a lower-alkanol. The reaction is generally carried out at a temperature between about room temperature (about 20°-25° C.) and 150° C., preferably heating on a steam bath in a stirred mixture of dimethylformamide and anhydrous potassium carbonate. 
     The reaction of 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone or 1-R&#39;-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Id) to produce 1-R-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) can be carried out either by catalytic or chemical reductive means. In prracticing the invention, the hydrogenation of Ic or Id to produce Ib was conveniently run in a suitable solvent, e.g., dimethylformamide, in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, e.g., palladium-on-charcoal, at room temperature (about 20° to 25° C.) until the uptake of hydrogen ceased. Other suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, water (containing a base, e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, triethylamine, etc.), and the like. Other suitable hydrogenation catalysts include Raney nickel, platinum oxide, and the like. Chemical reducing agents useful in the reduction of Ic and Id to produce Ib include iron and acetic acid, zinc and hydrochloric acid, and the like. 
     The acylation of 1-R-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) to produce the corresponding 1-R-3-Q&#39;NH-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie) is carried out by reacting Ib with a lower-alkanoylating agent or a lower-carbalkoxylating agent, e.g., a lower-alkanoyl halide, preferably chloride, a lower-alkanoic anhydride, a lower-alkyl haloformate, and the like, preferably in the presence of an acid-acceptor, as illustrated hereinabove for the lower-alkylation reaction. The lower-carbalkoxylation reaction can be carried out step-wise by first reacting the 1-R-3-amino-5-PY-1-R-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) with 1,1&#39;-carbonyldiimidazole in the presence of a suitable solvent, e.g., dimethylformamide, to produce N-(1-R-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl)-imidazole-1-carboxamide which is then heated with a lower-alkanol to yield the corresponding lower-alkyl N-(1-R-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl)carbamate. 
     The reaction of 5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ie) with halogen to produce 3-halo-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (If) is carried out preferably by mixing the reactants in an appropriate solvent inert under the reaction conditions, a preferred solvent being acetic acid. The reaction is conveniently run at room temperature or by heating at moderate temperatures up to about 100° C. Preferred halogens are bromine and chlorine. Any inert solvent can be used, e.g., dimethylformamide, chloroform, ethanol, and the like. 
     The reaction of 3-halo-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (If) with a lower-alkylamine or a di-(lower-alkyl)amine to produce the corresponding 3-(lower-alkylamino)-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ig; R 1  is lower-alkyl and R 2  is hydrogen) or 3-[di-(lower-alkyl)amino]-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ig; R 1  and R 2  are each lower-alkyl), respectively, is carried out by heating the reactants in an autoclave at about 100°-180° C., preferably about 125°-160° C. and preferably using a suitable solvent, e.g., water, dimethylformamide, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and the like, or mixtures thereof. 
     A preferred method of preparing the 3-dimethylamino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone is carried out by reacting 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) with a mixture of formaldehyde and formic acid to effect dimethylation of the primary 3-amino group. This reaction is conveniently carried out by refluxing the 3-amino-5-PY-2-(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) with an excess each of formaldehyde, preferably an aqueous solution thereof, and formic acid, preferably more than a two-fold molar excess of each. 
    
    
     The following examples will further illustrate the invention without, however, limiting it thereto. 
     A. 1,2-DIHYDRO-2-OXO-5-(PYRIDINYL)NICOTINONITRILES 
     A-1. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile 
     A reaction mixture containing 35 g. of α-(4-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, 21.6 g. of sodium methoxide, 500 ml. of methanol and 17 g. of α-cyanoacetamide was heated to reflux with stirring whereupon an exothermic reaction ensued sufficient to cause the reaction mixture to reflux without the use of external heat. The reaction mixture was then refluxed with stirring for an additional thirty minutes, with solid precipitating after about five minutes of refluxing. The reaction mixture was cooled and the precipitate was collected, washed with ethyl ether and dried. The solid product was recrystallized from methanol and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 13 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile as its sodium salt, m.p. &gt;300° C. Subsequent concentrations of the mother liquor yielded additional fractions of 10 g., 6.5 g. and 3 g. of the product, thereby resulting in a total of 32.5 g. of said sodium salt which is readily converted by treatment with hydrochloric acid as in Example A-2 to the corresponding N-H compound, that is, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile. 
     An alternative method of preparing 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile is given as follows: A mixture containing 15 g. of α-(4-pyridyl)malonaldehyde, 9.3 g. of α-cyanoacetamide, 11 g. of morpholine, 13 g. of acetic acid and 1 liter of benzene was refluxed for about twenty-four hours with a water separator connected to the reaction vessel, then allowed to stand over the weekend. The solid which had separated was collected, recrystallized from dimethylformamide and dried in vacuo at 90° C. for about fifteen hours to yield 5 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     A-2. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile 
     A mixture containing 93 g. of α-(3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, 54 g. of α-cyanoacetamide, 65 g. of sodium methoxide and 900 ml. of methanol was refluxed with stirring for two hours and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The resulting semi-solid cake was cooled and the solid was collected, washed with isopropyl alcohol and then ethyl ether and dried. The solid (sodium salt) was dissolved in water, the aqueous solution neutralized with 6 N hydrochloric acid, and the acidic solution was cooled. The separated solid was collected, washed successively with isopropyl alcohol and ether and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 41 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     The above intermediate α-(3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein was prepared as follows: to 740 ml. of dimethylformamide kept below 10° C. was added dropwise with stirring 294 g. of phosphorus oxychloride and stirring was continued for another fifteen minutes then there was added 88 g. of α-(3-pyridinyl)acetic acid and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour and then heated with stirring at about 70° C. for two hours and then cooled. The reaction mixture was then evaporated in vacuo to remove all of the volatile materials and the residue was added slowly to 1.24 liters of saturated potassium carbonate solution and 500 ml. of benzene with cooling. The mixture was allowed to stand overnight and then extracted with four portions of 50/50 (v/v) of benzene/ethanol. The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate and evaporated in vacuo to remove the solvent and thereby yield 136 g. of dark oily material containing α-(3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylacrolein. 
     A-3. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile 
     A mixture containing 51 g. of α-(2-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, 24 g. of α-cyanoacetamide, 31 g. of sodium methoxide and 500 ml. of methanol was refluxed with stirring for four hours and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo to remove the volatile materials. The residue was diluted with water and the mixture neutralized with 6 N hydrochloric acid. The separated solid was collected, washed successively with water, ethanol and ether and then dried at 80° C. in vacuo to yield 18 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile. 
     The above intermediate α-(2-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein was prepared following the procedure described in Example A-2 using 50 g. of α-(2-pyridinyl)acetic acid hydrochloride, 336 ml. of dimethylformamide and 80 ml. of phosphorous oxychloride. 
     Following the procedure described in Example A-2 but using in place of place of α-(3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate α-PY-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, the 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile of Examples A-4 thru A-7 are obtained. The intermediate α-PY-β-dimethylaminoacroleins used in Examples A-4 thru A-7 are prepared following the procedure described in the second paragraph of Example A-2 to produce α-(3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein but using in place of α-(3-pyridinyl)acetic acid a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate α-PY-acetic acid. 
     A-4. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile using α-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, in turn prepared from α-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)acetic acid. 
     A-5. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile using α-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, in turn prepared from α-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-acetic acid. 
     A-6. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile using α-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, in turn prepared from α-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-acetic acid. 
     A-7. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile using α-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, in turn prepared from α-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)acetic acid. 
     B. 1,2-DIHYDRO-2-OXO-5-(PYRIDINYL)NICOTINIC ACIDS 
     B-1. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid 
     A mixture containing 227 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile and 2.6 liters of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid was refluxed for five hours and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight (about fifteen hours). The reaction mixture was then poured into 1 liter of water and the mixture cooled. The precipitate was collected, washed successively with water, ethanol and ether, and dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 80° C. to yield 206 g. of the crude product as a pink solid. A 40 g. portion of the crude product was mixed with water and the mixture neutralized by addition of potassium carbonate. The solid was collected, washed successively with water, methanol, and ether, and then recrystallized from dimethylformamide followed by successive washing with methanol and ether, and then drying in vacuo at 80° C. to yield, as a white solid, 27 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     B-2. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid 
     A mixture containing 41 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile and 410 ml. of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid was refluxed for two hours and then poured into 1.5 kg. of a mixture of ice and water. The acidic mixture was neutralized with 35% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and the mixture cooled. The separated solid was collected, washed with water and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 47 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid which was used directly without further purification in the next step described below as Example C-2. 
     B-3. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid, 
     14 g., was obtained following the procedure described in Example B2 using 18 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinotrile, 180 ml. of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid and a reflux period of four hours. 
     Following the procedure described in Example B-2 but using in place of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile a molar equivalent quantity of a 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile, the corresponding 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acids of Examples B-4 thru B-7 are obtained. 
     B-4. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     B-5. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     B-6. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     B-7. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     C. 3-NITRO-5-(PYRIDINYL)-2(1H)-PYRIDINONES 
     C-1. 3-Nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     To a stirred solution kept at 5°-10° C. and containing 154 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid in 450 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid was added dropwise a solution containing 45 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid and 160 ml. of 90% nitric acid. The reaction mixture was heated cautiously at 80° C. for three hours and then poured into 3.3 liters of a mixture of ice and water. The mixture was filtered and the precipitate washed with water. The combined filtrates were added slowly to one liter of 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution with stirring. The solution was neutralized by adding potassium carbonate and then made alkaline by adding 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The precipitated product was collected, washed successively with a small amount of cold water, isopropyl alcohol and ether, and then dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 89 g. of the product. A 30 g. portion of the product was recrystallized from dimethylformamide to yield 20 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p.&gt;300° C. 
     Alternatively, 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone is prepared step-wise starting with 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile as follows: A mixture containing 197 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile, 600 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid and 150 liters of water was refluxed for twenty-four hours, cooled and poured into 10 liters of a mixture of ice and water. The mixture was neutralized with ammonium hydroxide and the separated precipitate was collected, washed with a small amount of cold water and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 148 g. of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 258°-260° C. An 80 g. portion of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone was added to 288 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid and the mixture heated to 70° C. To this stirred solution kept at 70°-80° C. was added dropwise a mixture containing 102 ml. of 90% nitric acid and 29 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction mixture was heated at about 80° C. for three hours after addition of the mixture of acids. The reaction mixture was then cooled and poured into a mixture of ice and water with stirring. The precipitate was collected and dried. It was then slurried with water and neutralized with 10% aqueous potassium bicarbonate solution. The precipitate was collected, washed with water and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 56 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     Following the procedure described in the immediately preceding paragraph but starting with a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile in place of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile, there are obtained first the following 5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones: 5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone; 5-(2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone; 5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone; 5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone; 5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone; and, 5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. In the subsequent second step, that is, the treatment of the appropriate 5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone with concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid as above, there are obtained the corresponding respective 3-nitro compounds. 
     C-2. 3-Nitro-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 
     14 g., m.p.&gt;300° C., was prepared following the procedure described in Example C-1 using 25 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid, 76.4 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid, 26.6 ml. of 90% nitric acid and 7.6 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid. 
     C-3. 3-Nitro-5-(2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 
     10 g., m.p.&gt;300° C., was prepared following the procedure described in Example C-1 using 14 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid, 44 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid, 15 ml. of 90% nitric acid and 4.4 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid. 
     C-4. 1-Methyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A mixture containing 4.3 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 2.8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 40 ml. of dry dimethylformamide was stirred under nitrogen and heated on a steam bath for thirty minutes. The resulting fine suspension was cooled to room temperature and to it was added dropwise with stirring 3.7 g. of methyl tosylate. The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperature for eighteen hours, at steam bath temperature for ninety minutes, cooled and then poured onto ice. The separated solid was collected, washed well with water and dried at 60° C. and one-third atmosphere for eight hours. The resulting powder (3.2 g.) was crystallized from 50% aqueous ethanol to yield fine needles which were washed well with water and dried in vacuo for three hours at 100° C. and 10 mm. to yield 2.2 g. of 1-methyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 250°-252° C. In order to prove that the product obtained here was the N-methyl compound and not the O-methyl compound the following experiment was conducted: To 300 mg. of the product dissolved in 10 ml. of glacial acetic acid was added 2 ml. of 48% hydrogen bromide and the resulting clear solution was heated on a steam bath for about seventy-five minutes, cooled and the solvents distilled-off under reduced pressure. The residual yellow solid was triturated with dilute aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution, collected by filtration, washed with water and dried at 80° C. and one-third atmosphere for twenty hours to yield 0.30 g. of the starting material, m.p. 252°-254° C. Had the product been the O-methyl compound, that is, 2-methoxy-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)pyridine, the foregoing refluxing with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid would have produced the demethylated compound namely, 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     In another run following the above-described procedure there was obtained 11.2 g. of 1-methyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 151°-152° C., using 21.7 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 13.8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate, 300 ml. of dimethylformamide, 18.6 g. of methyl tosylate in 50 ml. of dimethylformamide added in one portion, and recrystallization from aqueous ethanol. 
     C-5. 1-Ethyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A mixture containing 21.7 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 13.8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 400 ml. of dry dimethylformamide was stirred at room temperature for one hour on a steam bath for one hour and then allowed to cool to room temperature. To the stirred yellow suspension was added a solution containing 20 g. of ethyl tosylate in 10 ml. of dimethylformamide and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (about fifteen hours) and then on a steam bath for ninety minutes. The mixture was cooled and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to near dryness under reduced pressure and 400 ml. of water was added. The yellow solid was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried at 50° C. in vacuo for eighteen hours to yield 5.5 g. of pale yellow needles, m.p. 124°-126° C. (see below for recrystallization and identification). The filtrate was stored at 0° C. and the resulting yellow crystalline precipitate was collected and dried at 100°  C. and 10 mm. for four hours to yield 8.0 g. of the product, 1-ethyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 175°-176° C. A sample of this product was recrystallized from 95% ethanol to produce the yellow crystalline 1-ethyl compound, m.p. 175°-176° C., whose nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (10% in CF 3  COOD) is consistent with the assigned N-ethyl structure. A portion of the above-noted pale yellow needles melting at 124°-126° C. was recrystallized from ethanol-water (3/1, v/v) to yield white needles, m.p. 126°-127° C., which was identified by its nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (10% in CF 3  COOD) as 2-ethoxy-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)pyridine. 
     Following the procedure described in Example C-1 but using in place of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinic acid a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid, the corresponding 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones of Examples C-6 thru C-9 are obtained. 
     C-6. 
     3-Nitro-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid. 
     C-7. 
     3-Nitro-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid. 
     C-8. 
     3-Nitro-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid. 
     C-9. 
     3-Nitro-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-nicotinic acid. 
     Following the procedure described in Example C-5 but using in place of ethyl tosylate a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate lower-alkyl tosylate or other lower-alkylating agents, the corresponding 1-(lower-alkyl)-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones of Examples C-10, C-11, C-12 and C-13 are obtained. 
     C-10. 
     3-Nitro-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and n-propyl tosylate. 
     C-11. 
     1-Isobutyl-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-3-nitro-2(1H)-pyridinone using 5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-3-nitro-2(1H)-pyridinone and isobutyl tosylate. 
     C-12. 
     1-n-Hexyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and n-hexyl tosylate. 
     C-13. 
     1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and 2-hydroxyethyl tosylate. 
     C-14. 
     3-Nitro-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A suspension containing 62.5 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 41.5 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 1 liter of dimethylformamide was stirred and heated on a steam bath for thirty minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled to about 40° C. and 51.0 g. of n-propyl iodide was added in one portion and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for ninety minutes and then at 100° C. for four hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to about one-third of its volume under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was poured into 1 liter of cold water whereupon a red viscous oil separated. The mixture was extracted with three 150 ml. portions of chloroform and the combined extracts were washed successively with two 150 ml. portions of water and two 150 ml. portions of saturated brine and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, treated with decolorizing charcoal and filtered. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure to remove the chloroform, thereby leaving 66.5 g. of dark viscous oil. A 60 g. portion of said dark viscous oil was dissolved in 200 ml. of glacial acetic acid, 100 ml. of 48 % hydrogen bromide was added, and the solution was stirred on a steam bath for six hours. After distilling off most of the solvents under reduced pressure, there was added 200 ml. of water and 200 ml. of methylene dichloride and the mixture was made basic (pH of about 10) with 2 N potassium hydroxide solution. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with two 100 ml. portions of methylene dichloride. The combined organic layers were shaken with brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The methylene dichloride was distilled off under reduced pressure to leave 35.6 g. of pale yellow, viscous oil which crystallized completely on standing at room temperature. The crystalline product was recrystallized from boiling water and dried at 80° C. and one-third atmosphere for eighteen hours to yield a first crop of 30.2 g. of 3-nitro-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 139°-140° C. A second crop of 3.8 g. of product, m.p. 138°-140° C., also was obtained. 
     D. 3-AMINO-5-(PYRIDINYL)-2(1H)-PYRIDINONES (From 3-nitro compounds) 
     D-1. 3-Amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A mixture containing 10 g. of 3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)pyridinone, 200 ml. of dimethylformamide and 1.5 g. of 10% palladium-on-charcoal was hydrogenated under pressure (50 p.s.i.) at room temperature until the uptake of hydrogen ceased (about thirty minutes). The reaction mixture was filtered through infusorial earth and the filtrate was heated in vacuo to remove the solvent. The residual material was crystallized from dimethylformamide, washed successively with ethanol and ether, and dried in vacuum oven at 80° C. for eight hours to yield 6 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 294°-297° C. with decomposition. 
     The preparations of several acid-addition salts of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone are given in the following paragraphs. 
     Methanesulfonate 
     A 20 g. portion of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone was suspended in 250 ml. of warm methanol and methanesulfonic acid was added in a fine stream until the pH of the mixture dropped to about 2 to 3. The mixture was chilled and the separated orange solid was collected. The crystalline solid was recrystallized twice from aqueous methanol to yield, as golden crystals, 14 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone methanesulfonate, m.p. 280°-282° C. with decomposition, after drying in vacuo at 80° C. 
     Sulfate 
     To a solution containing 10 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone in about 250 ml. of aqueous methanol was added carefully concentrated sulfuric acid until the pH of the solution became 3. A yellow solid formed and the mixture was chilled. The separated solid was collected, recrystallized from water and dried at 80° C. and 0.11 mm. to yield 16.0 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)pyridinone sulfate, m.p. 287°-288° C. with decomposition. 
     Phosphate 
     A 10 g. portion of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone was dissolved in methanol-water and the solution made acidic by adding concentrated phosphoric acid to a pH of 2 and the mixture was stirred well and then allowed to stand over the weekend. The mixture was chilled; the separated solid was collected and washed successively with ethanol and ether, and then dried in vacuo at 70° C. to yield 4 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone phosphate, m.p. 270°-272° C. with decomposition. 
     D-2. 3-Amino-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A mixture containing 14 g. of 3-nitro-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 300 ml. of dimethylformamide and 1.75 g. of 10% palladium-on-charcoal was hydrogenated under pressure (50 p.s.i.) at room temperature for two hours and then filtered. The solvent was distilled off in vacuo and the residue was slurried with isopropyl alcohol. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with ether and then dried. The solid was dissolved in dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid; the solution was treated with decolorizing charcoal and filtered; and, the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was slurried with isopropyl alcohol; the solid collected by filtration, washed with ether and dried at 80° C. in vacuo to produce 11 g. of 3-amino-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone as its dihydrochloride, m.p. 280°-290° C. with decomposition. 
     D-3. 3-Amino-5-(2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A mixture containing 10 g. of 3-nitro-5-(2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 150 ml. of dimethylformamide and 1.5 g. of 10% palladium-on-charcoal was hydrogenated under pressure (50 p.s.i.) at room temperature for one hour and filtered. The filter cake was washed with dimethylformamide. The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated in vacuo and the residual material was taken up in 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The acidic solution was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was recrystallized from dimethylformamide, washed successively with isopropyl alcohol and ether, and dried at 80° C. in vacuo to yield 2 g. of 3-amino-5-(2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone as its monohydrochloride, m.p. 259°-262° C. with decomposition. 
     D-4. 3-Amino-1-methyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A mixture containing 10.7 g. of 1-methyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and 200 ml. of dimethylformamide was warmed to dissolve the nitro-pyridinone and the solution was filtered through infusorial earth. The filtrate was charged into a 500 ml. Parr bottle with 1.2 g. of 10% palladium-on-charcoal catalyst and the mixture was shaken under 40 p.s.i. of hydrogen at room temperature for three hours, after which time no further hydrogen was taken up. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (0.1 mm.) on a water bath at 40° C. leaving 10.1 g. of brown crystalline solid. The solid was recrystallized three times from benzene-ethanol, the third time using decolorizing charcoal, to yield 4.5 g. of 3-amino-1-methyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 175°-176° C. after drying at room temperature in vacuo for twenty hours. 
     D-5. 3-Amino-1-ethyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A solution containing 8.3 g. of 1-ethyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone in 200 ml. of ethyl acetate and 50 ml. of 95% ethanol was charged into a 500 ml. Parr bottle with 1.8 g. of 10% palladium-on-charcoal and the mixture was shaken under 42 p.s.i. of hydrogen at room temperature for fifty minutes after which time no further hydrogen was taken up. The catalyst was filtered off and the solution was evaporated in vacuo to leave 7.5 g. of white crystalline solid. The solid was recrystallized from benzene to produce, as white needles, 5.8 g. of 3-amino-1-ethyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 181°-182° C. after drying at room temperature in vacuo for fifty hours and at 55° C. and 0.001 mm. for five hours. 
     Following the procedure described in Example D-4 but using in place of 1-methyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 1-R-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone, the 1-R-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones of Examples D-6 thru D-13 are obtained. 
     D-6. 
     3-Amino-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1-n-propyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-7. 
     3-Amino-1-isobutyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1-isobutyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-8. 
     3-Amino-1-n-hexyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1-n-hexyl-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-9. 
     3-Amino-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-10. 
     3-Amino-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-11. 
     3-Amino-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-12. 
     3-Amino-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-nitro-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-13. 
     3-Amino-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-nitro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     D-14. 3-Amino-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     A solution containing 15.1 g. of 3-nitro-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone in 400 ml. of dry dimethylformamide was charged into an 800 ml. Parr bottle with 1.5 teaspoons of Raney nickel and the mixture was shaken under 650 p.s.i of hydrogen at room temperature for four hours, during which time the reaction temperature was no more than 50° C. The catalyst was filtered off; the filtrate was treated with decolorizing charcoal and filtered; and, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to leave 12.7 g. of crystalline solid. The solid was recrystallized from methanol to yield 7.2 g. of crystalline 3-amino-1-n-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 171°-173° C. after drying at 70° C. and 0.001 mm. for six hours. 
     E. 1,2-DIHYDRO-2-OXO-5-(PYRIDINYL)NICOTINAMIDES 
     E-1. 1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide (optionally named 1,6-dihydro-6-oxo[3,4&#39;-bipyridin]-5-carboxamide) 
     A mixture containing 10 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile and 100 ml. of 90% sulfuric acid was heated on a steam bath for one hour and then poured into ice. The acidic solution was neutralized with 35% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and then made basic with 10% potassium bicarbonate solution. The separated product was collected, washed with water, dried, recrystallized from dimethylformamide, washed successively with ethanol and ethyl ether, and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 8.5 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     In another run using 68 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile, 700 ml. of 90% sulfuric acid, a heating period of two hours on a steam bath, isolation as above, recrystallization from dimethylformamide and washing with methanol and ether followed by drying, there was obtained a quantative yield, 80 g. of the product, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide, m.p. 300° C. 
     E-2. 1,2-Dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide 
     A reaction mixture containing 17.6 g. of α-(4-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, 10.0 g. of malonamide, 10.8 g. of sodium methoxide and 200 ml. of methanol was refluxed for thirty minutes and allowed to cool. The separated product was collected and dried to yield &#34;A&#34;. The mother liquor was concentrated in vacuo to remove the solvent and the residual material was diluted with water. The mixture was neutralized with acetic and the solid was collected, washed with water and dried to yield &#34;B&#34;. &#34;A&#34; was dissolved in water and the solution was neutralized with acetic acid and the mixture cooled. The separated solid was collected, washed with water and dried. &#34;A&#34; and &#34;B&#34; were combined and recrystallized from 400 ml. of dimethylformamide to yield 13 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide, m.p. &gt;300° C. The product obtained by this procedure was identical with the compound obtained in the immediately preceding Example E-1. 
     Following the procedure described in Example E-1 but using in place of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile, the 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamides of Examples E-3 thru E-8 are obtained. 
     E-3. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinamide using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile. 
     E-4. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinamide using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinonitrile. 
     E-5. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinamide using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     E-6. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinamide using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     E-7. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-nicotinamide using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     E-8. 
     1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-nicotinamide using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-nicotinonitrile. 
     The products of E-3 thru E-8 also are produced by following the procedure described in Example E-2 using in place of α-(4-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylacrolein a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate α-PY-β-dimethylacrolein, e.g., 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinamide using α-(3-pyridinyl)-β-dimethylaminoacrolein, and the like. 
     F. 3-AMINO-5-(PYRIDINYL)-2(1H)-PYRIDINONES (From 3-CONH 2  compounds) 
     F-1. 3-Amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 
     To a solution containing 90 g. of sodium hydroxide in 1300 ml. of water kept at 0° C. was added dropwise with stirring 23 ml. of bromine. To the reaction mixture was then added 80 g. of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide and the resulting reaction mixture was heated on a steam bath for three hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, acidified slowly with 6 N hydrochloric acid and the resulting acidic mixture was stirred for an additional thirty minutes. The acidic mixture was neutralized with 10% aqueous potassium bicarbonate solution and the mixture cooled. The precipitate was collected, washed with water and dried. The solid product was recrystallized from dimethylformamide, washed successively with methanol and ethyl ether and dried in vacuo at 80° C. to yield 35 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 295°-297° C. with decomposition. Another 7 g. of the product was obtained by diluting the mother liquor with ethyl ether. 
     Following the procedure described in Example F-1 but using in place of 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide, the 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones of Examples F-2 thru F-7 are obtained. 
     F-2. 
     3-Amino-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     F-3. 
     3-Amino-5-(2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     F-4. 
     3-Amino-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     F-5. 
     3-Amino-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     F-6. 
     3-Amino-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     F-7. 
     3-Amino-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)nicotinamide. 
     G. 1,2-DIHYDRO-3-(ACYLAMIDO)-5-(PYRIDINYL)-2(1H)-PYRIDINONES 
     G-1. N-[1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]acetamide 
     A mixture containing 9.4 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 5.6 g. of acetic anhydride and 120 ml. of pyridine was heated on a steam bath for one hour and then allowed to cool. The separated product was collected, washed with ether and dried, and recrystallized twice from dimethylformamide to yield 8 g. of N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]acetamide, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     G-2. Methyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbamate 
     A mixture containing 10 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 100 ml. of dimethylformamide and 24 g. of 1,1&#39;-carbonyldiimidazole was stirred at room temperature for two hours and the solvent then distilled off in vacuo. Cold water was added to the residue and the mixture was stirred until the evolution of carbon dioxide stopped. The solid was collected, washed with water and dried. The solid was next slurried with acetone, collected and dried. The solid was dissolved in 200 ml. of dimethylformamide, the solution treated with decolorizing charcoal and the mixture filtered. The filtrate was heated in vacuo to remove the dimethylformamide. The remaining material, which consisted primarily of N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]-imidazole-1-carboxamide, was heated with methanol whereupon a reaction ensued. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool and the separated product was collected and dried to yield 3.5 g. of methyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbamate, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     Following the procedure described in Example G-1 but using in place of acetic anhydride a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate acylating agent, the compounds of Examples G-3 thru G-5 are obtained. 
     G-3. 
     N-[1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]propionamide using propionic anhydride. 
     G-4. 
     N-[1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]isobutyramide using isobutyric anhydride. 
     G-5. 
     N-[1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]caproamide using caproic anhydride. 
     Following the procedure described in Example G-2 but first using in place of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone a corresponding molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone to produce the corresponding N-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl)-imidazole-1-carboxamide and then reacting said imidazole-1-carboxamide with the appropriate alkanol in place of methanol, there are obtained the corresponding lower-alkyl N-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-3-pyridinyl)carbamates of Examples G-6 thru G-8. 
     G-6. 
     Ethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbamate first using 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and then using ethanol. 
     G-7. 
     n-Hexyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbamate using 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and then reacting the resulting N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]-imidazole-1-carboxamide with n-hexanol. 
     G-8. 
     Isobutyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbamate first using 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and then reacting the resulting N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]-1-imidazole-1-carboxamide with isobutyl alcohol. 
     G-9. N-[1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]formamide 
     (also named N-(1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-[3,4&#39;-bipyridine]-5-yl)formamide) 
     A reaction mixture containing 28 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and 200 ml. of 97% formic acid was heated on a steam bath for three hours, cooled and the excess formic acid distilled-off under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in water and the aqueous solution was made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide. The precipitated product was collected, washed with water, dried, recrystallized from dimethylformamide, washed with ether and dried to yield 26 g. of N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]formamide, m.p. 299°-300° C. with decomposition. 
     H. 3-HALO-5-(PYRIDINYL)-2(1H)-PYRIDINONES 
     H-1. 3-Bromo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone (also named 5-bromo-[3,4&#39;-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one) 
     A mixture containing 51.6 g. of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and 600 ml. of acetic acid was heated to about 60° C. to effect complete solution. The heat was removed and 52.8 g. of bromine was added dropwise over a period of about twenty minutes whereupon a solid separated during the addition. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about thirty minutes, diluted with ether and the mixture then chilled in ice. The solid was collected, washed with ether, dried, slurried with water and neutralized with 10% potassium bicarbonate solution. The solid was collected, washed with water and dried. The solid was then dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and isopropyl alcohol was added to the solution to precipitate the hydrochloride salt which was recrystallized from water and dried to yield 55 g. of 3-bromo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone as its hydrochloride, m.p. &gt;300° C. 
     H-2. 3-Chloro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone (also named 5-chloro-[3,4&#39;-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one) 
     A mixture containing 17 g. of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and 200 ml. of acetic acid heated on a steam bath was treated by bubbling chlorine into it for four hours. After allowing the reaction mixture to cool to room temperature, the solid was collected, washed with ether and dried. The solid was dissolved in water and the aqueous solution was neutralized with 2 N aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and the mixture cooled. The separated solid was collected, washed with water, dried, and recrystallized from ethanol to yield 6.5 g. of 3-chloro-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 295°-297° C. 
     H-3. 
     3-Chloro-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone is obtained following the procedure described in Example H-2 but using a molar equivalent quantity of 5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-4-pyridinone in place of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     H-4. 
     3-Chloro-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone is obtained following the procedure described in Example H-2 using a molar equivalent quantity of 5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone in place of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     H-5. 
     3-Bromo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone is obtained following the procedure described in Example H-1 using 5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone in place of 5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     I. 3-(LOWER-ALKYLAMINO)-AND 3 -[DI-(LOWER-ALKYL)AMINO]-5-(PYRIDINYL)-2(1H)-PYRIDINONES 
     I-1. 
     3-Methylamino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone (also named 5-methylamino-[3,4&#39;-bipyridin]-6-(1H)one) 
     A mixture containing 55 g. of 3-bromo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 200 ml. of 40% aqueous monomethylamine and 500 ml. of water was autoclaved at 140° C. for one hundred and twenty hours. After allowing the reaction mixture to cool to room temperature, the solid was collected, washed with water, dried, recrystallized from dimethylformamide, washed successively with methanol and ether, and dried to yield 10 g. of 3-methylamino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 296°-299° C. with decomposition. Another 8 g. of product was obtained by stripping under reduced pressure the aqueous filtrate from the reaction mixture, slurrying the remaining residue with a small amount of water, collecting the solid and recrystallizing it from dimethylformamide. 
     I-2. 3-Dimethylamino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone (also named 5-(dimethylamino)-[3,4-bipyridin]-6-(1H)-one) 
     A mixture contaning 36 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 40 g. of 30% aqueous formaldehyde solution and 400 ml. of formic acid was refluxed for two and one-half hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was heated in vacuo to remove the excess formaldehyde and formic acid and the remaining material was neutralized with 10% potassium bicarbonate solution and allowed to stand at room temperature over the weekend. The aqueous mixture was extracted with three 150 ml. portions of methylene dichloride and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and treated with decolorizing charcoal, filtered and the filtrate heated in vacuo to remove the methylene dichloride. The residue was recrystallized twice from acetonitrile, washed with ether and dried in a vacuum oven at 80° C. to yield 11.5 g. of 3-dimethylamino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, m.p. 190°-194° C. 
     Following the procedure described in Example I-1 but in place of 3-bromo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and/or monomethylamine respective molar equivalent quantities of the appropriate 3-halo-5-(pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and/or lower-alkylamine or di-(lower-alkyl)amine, the compounds of Examples I-3 thru I-7 are obtained: 
     I-3. 
     3-Ethylamino-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-chloro-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and monoethylamine. 
     I-4. 
     3-Diethylamino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-bromo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and diethylamine. 
     I-5. 
     3-n-Propylamino-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-chloro-5-(3-ethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and n-propylamine. 
     I-6. 
     3-(Diisopropylamino)-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-bromo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and diisopropylamine. 
     I-7. 
     3-n-Hexylamino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone using 3-bromo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone and mono-n-hexylamine. 
     J. DI-(LOWER-ALKYL) N-[1,2-DIHYDRO-2-OXO-5-(PYRIDINYL)-3-PYRIDINYL]AMINOMETHYLENEMALONATE 
     J-1. Diethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate (also named diethyl [1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-(3,4&#39;-bipyridin)-5-ylaminomethylene]propanedioate) 
     A mixture containing 9.4 g. of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, 10.8 g. of diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate and 100 ml. of ethanol was refluxed with stirring on a steam bath for six and one-half hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through infusorial earth and the filtrate was distilled in vacuo to remove the solvent. The solid residue was recrystallized once from ethanol and then once from methanol using decolorizing charcoal, washed successively with isopropyl alcohol and ether, and then dried to yield 22 g. of diethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate, m.p. 218°-222° C. 
     Following the procedure described in Example J-1 but using in place of diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate di-(loweralkyl) (lower-alkoxy)methylenemalonate and/or using in place of 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone a molar equivalent quantity of the appropriate 3-amino-5-(pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, the compounds of Examples J-2 thru J-6 are obtained: 
     J-2. 
     Dimethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate using dimethyl methoxymethylenemalonate and 3-amino-5-(2-methyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     J-3. 
     Diethyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(3-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate using diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate and 3-amino-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     J-4. 
     Diisopropyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate using diisopropyl isopropoxymethylenemalonate and 3-amino-5-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     J-5. 
     Di-n-butyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2-methyl-4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate using di-n-butyl n-butoxymethylenemalonate and 3-amino-5-(2-methyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     J-6. 
     Di-n-hexyl N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate using di-n-hexyl n-hexoxymethylenemalonate and 3-amino-5-(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone. 
     The usefulness of the compounds of formula I where Q is amino (preferred), lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)-amino, NHAc, hydrogen or cyano and the compounds of formula V as cardiotonic agents is demonstrated by their effectiveness in standard pharmacological test procedures, for example, in causing a significant increase in the contractile force of the isolated cat atria and papillary muscle and in causing a significant increase in the cardiac contractile force in the anesthetized dog with low or minimal changes in heart rate and blood pressure. These test procedures are described in the following paragraphs. 
     Isolated Cat Atria and Papillary Muscle Procedure 
     Cats of both sexes, weighing 1.5 to 3.5 kg. are each anesthetized with 30 mg./kg. i.p. of sodium pentobarbital and exsanguinated. The chest of each cat is opened, the heart excised, rinsed with saline, and the two atria and one or more small, thin papillary muscles from the right ventricle are dissected. The tissues are then transferred to a Petri dish filled with cold modified Tyrode&#39;s solution and bubbled with O 2 . A silver wire is attached to each of two opposite ends of the tissue and one of the wires is hooked to a glass electrode. The preparation is then immediately mounted in a 40 or 50 ml. organ bath filled with modified Tyrode&#39;s solution at 37° C. The second wire is attached to a force-displacement transducer and the tension is adjusted to obtain a maximum contractile force (papillary muscle 1.5±0.5 g., left atria 3.0±0.6 g. right atria 4.5±0.8 g.). The transducer is connected to a Grass polygraph and the force and rate of contraction is recorded continuously. The right atrium is beating spontaneously due to the presence of the sino-atrial node, while the left atrium and the papillary muscle are stimulated electrically at a rate of 2 beats/sec. by a suprathreshold rectangular pulse of 0.5 millisecond duration. 
     The modified Tyrode&#39;s solution bathing the preparation is of the following composition (in millimoles): NaCl 136.87, KCl 5.36, NaH 2  PO 4  0.41. CaCl 2  1.8, MgCl 2 .6H 2  O 1.05, NaHCO 3  11.9, glucose 5.55 and EDTA 0.04. The solution is equilibrated with a gas mixture consisting of 95% O 2  and 5% CO 2  and the pH is adjusted to 7.4 with dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate. 
     The preparation is left to equilibrate for one hour before any compound is administered, and the bathing fluid is changed 3 to 4 times during the equilibration time. The compound dissolved in a vehicle (e.g., Tyrode&#39;s solution or aqueous solution of acid-addition salt of compound tested) or the vehicle alone is added to the tissue bath and the full response is recorded. The tissues are washed between doses until pre-drug control values of rate and force of contraction are obtained. Four to six doses are given to the same preparation over a period of 4 to 6 hours. 
     When tested by the above-described Isolated Cat Atria and Papillary Muscle Procedure, the compounds of formula I where Q is amino, NHAc, lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino, NHAc, hydrogen or cyano and the compounds of formula V, when tested at doses of 3 to 100 μg./ml., were found to cause significant increase, that is, greater than 25%, in papillary muscle force and a significant increase, that is, greater than 25%, in right atrial force, while causing only a low percentage increase (about one-third or less than the percentage increase in right atrial or papillary muscle force) in right atrial rate. 
     Anesthetized Dog Procedure 
     Mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 9-15 kg. are used in this procedure. The dogs are each anesthetized with 30 mg./kg. i.v. sodium pentobarbital. Supplemental doses of pentobarbital are administered whenever necessary. An intra-tracheal cannula is inserted and ventilation is carried out by means of a Harvard constant-volumne, positive pressure pump using room air. The right femoral artery is cannulated and the cannula is attached to a Statham P23A pressure transducer for the measurement of arterial blood pressure. The right femoral vein is cannulated and used for intravenous administration of compounds to be tested. Pin electrodes are attached to the right forelimb, right hindlimb and left hindlimb, and lead II electrocardiogram is monitored. 
     A ventro-dorsal incision at the third inter-costal space is made, the heart is exposed and a Walton-Brodie strain guage is sutured to the wall of the right ventricle for the measurement of cardiac contractile force, that is, cardiac contractility. Aortic and coronary blood flow are measured with a pulsed field electromagnetic flow probe (Carolina Medical Electronics) inserted around the blood vessel in question. Aortic blood flow is used as an approximate index of cardiac output and total peripheral resistence is calculated from aortic flow and mean arterial pressure. All the above parameters measured are recorded simultaneously on a multi-channel Grass polygraph. 
     A given compound is infused into the femoral vein at a rate of from 0.03 to 0.10 mg./kg./minute until a maximum inotropic effect is obtained. The infusion of the compound is then continued for ten more minutes to maintain an equilibrium at this maximal inotropic effect. At the end of the equilibrium time the infusion is stopped and the rate of decline in cardiac contractile force is observed. Alternatively, the compound is administered intravenously as a single bolus injection of 0.30 to 30 mg./kg. 
     When tested by the above-described Anesthetized Dog Procedure, the compounds of formula I where Q is amino (preferred), lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino, NHAc, hydrogen or cyano and the compounds of formula V, when administered intravenously at a rate of about 0.03 to 0.10 mg./kg./min. or as a single bolus injection of 0.30 to 30 mg./kg. caused a significant increase, that is, greater than 25%, in cardiac contractile force or cardiac contractility with only low or minimal changes (less than 25%) in heart rate and blood pressure. 
     The actual determination of the numerical cardiotonic data definitive for a particular compound of the invention is readily obtained according to the above-described standard test procedures by technicians versed in pharmacological test procedures, without any need for any extensive experimentation. 
     Preferred embodiments are subjected to further standard test procedures. For example, 3-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, a particularly preferred embodiment, when tested orally in the unanesthetized dog at a dose of 1.9, 3.8, 7.5 or 10 mg./kg. was found to cause, respectively, a 39, 44, 47 or 98% increase in cardiac contractile force with a duration of action of more than three hours; no significant changes in blood pressure were observed with these doses and a significant increase in heart rate was observed only at the highest dose of 10 mg./kg. p.o. 
     The present invention includes within its scope a cardiotonic composition for increasing cardiac contractility, said composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and, as the active component thereof, a cardiotonic 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone of formula I where Q is amino (preferred), lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino, NHAc, hydrogen or cyano, or a cardiotonic di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate of formula V, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. The invention also includes within its scope the method for increasing cardiac contractility in a patient requiring such treatment which comprises administering to such patient an effective amount of said 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone of formula I where Q is amino (preferred), loweralkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino, NHAc, hydrogen or cyano, or a cardiotonic di-(lower-alkyl) N-[1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-(pyridinyl)-3-pyridinyl]aminomethylenemalonate of formula V, or pharmaceutically-acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. In clinical practice the said compounds of formula I or V will normally be administered orally or parenterally in a wide variety of dosage forms. 
     Solid compositions for oral administration include compressed tablets, pills, powders and granules. In such solid compositions, at least one of the active compounds is admixed with at least one inert diluent such as starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose or lactose. These compositions may also contain additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate talc and the like. 
     Liquid compositions for oral administration include pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water and liquid paraffin. Besides inert diluents such compositions may also contain adjuvants, such as wetting and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavouring, perfuming and preserving agents. According to the invention, the compounds for oral administration also include capsules of absorbable material, such as gelatin, containing said active component with or without the addition of diluents or excipients. 
     Preparations according to the invention for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous, aqueous-organic, and organic solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Examples of organic solvents or suspending media are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as stabilising, preserving, wetting, emulsifying and dispersing agents. 
     They may be sterilized, for example by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, by incorporation of sterilising agents in the compositions, by irradiation or by heating. They may also be manufactured in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. 
     The percentage of active component in the said composition and method for increasing cardiac contractility may be varied so that a suitable dosage is obtained. The dosage administered to a particular patient is variable, depending upon the clinician&#39;s judgement using as the criteria: the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the size and condition of the patient, the potency of the active component and the patient&#39;s response thereto. An effective dosage amount of active component can thus only be determined by the clinician considering all criteria and utilizing his best judgement on the patient&#39;s behalf.