Patent Publication Number: US-8543481-B2

Title: Method for aggregating and valuing intellectual property in an exchange

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/128,232, filed May 28, 2008 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,280,796 
    
    
     THE FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods for creating a type of financial exchange that trades in intellectual property rights from a pool of intellectual property rights and in equity interest in the exchange wherein the value of each intellectual property right is based on an aggregated value of the pooled intellectual property and the value of an equity interest has a value based at least in part on the aggregated value. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The role of intellectual property in the global economy has grown significantly over the past decades. For many of America&#39;s most prominent companies intellectual property value represents more than 70% of the market value of the individual companies. In spite of the economic importance of intellectual property, a true intellectual property-based economy has yet to develop. One factor that has stymied the development of such an economy is the contextual value of the intellectual property. The value of a given intellectual property right will vary as a function of the value perceived by the acquirer of the intellectual property right. For example, in a given transaction type, the value of intellectual property transferred will change as the needs and intended use of the acquirer change. The value of the intellectual property transferred may also change as profit margins achievable through the application of the intellectual property change. 
     While many attempts have been made to create generic processes for intellectual property transactions none of these attempts answers the contextual value problem. For example, companies have been formed that acquire the intellectual property rights from individual intellectual property rights holders. These companies then license or sell bundles of intellectual property rights to licensees or purchasers. Typically the original intellectual property right holder enters into such a transaction because of a financial need and the value paid to the original intellectual property right holder tends to be minimized. One reason for such a minimization is that the original intellectual property right holder does not have a wide range of access to the intellectual property market. This limited access results in a limited number of buyers for the intellectual property right. Therefore, with a limited number of buyers the intellectual property right never realizes its full and true market value in such a transaction. On the other hand, the company acquiring such individual intellectual property rights typically has a wide range of access to the markets. And so for the company, the value of the intellectual property right tends to be maximized. This wide discrepancy in values for a single intellectual property is due to the different context in which the intellectual property right was transferred. 
     One consequence of such discrepancies in value is a minimization of incentives to innovate. Smaller companies and independent innovators may find it difficult to balance innovation costs against the value of intellectual property if their market access is constrained. 
     Therefore, what is needed is a process for transacting intellectual property rights which seeks to maximize the incentives for innovation and which also mitigates the wide range and differences in economic valuation for a single intellectual property right. 
     What is also needed is a method for aggregating intellectual property rights from a plurality of intellectual property rights holders and providing a value to the intellectual property rights holders that is based on the aggregate value. 
     What is further needed is a method for valuing intellectual property that mitigates the wide range in economic valuation for intellectual property realized using present methods and adds value to the intellectual property. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a computer implemented method which promotes open source collaboration and seeks to maximize innovation while minimizing differences in economic value, caused by the context in which an intellectual property right is transferred. 
     In one embodiment the method of the present invention provides the means for operating an exchange based on rights in intellectual property. In the method of the present invention an exchange is created by an aggregator of intellectual property rights that obtains rights in intellectual property from a plurality of intellectual property rights holders. The aggregator obtains such intellectual property rights either through a license or an acquisition from the original intellectual property rights holders. The rights to the aggregated intellectual property are then vested in the exchange. The value of the intellectual property rights is not determined only on a per right basis but rather the aggregated intellectual property rights are valued. In one embodiment the present invention provides a method of combining an estimate of the value of the intellectual property rights with an assessment of the impact of the intellectual property rights held by the exchange on the aggregated value of the intellectual property. 
     In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for creating a publicly traded security in an intellectual property aggregator that operates an intellectual property exchange, the method comprising:
         transferring-in a plurality of intellectual property rights from a plurality of intellectual property rights holders to the intellectual property aggregator;   calculating an aggregated intellectual property value for the plurality of transferred intellectual property rights;   estimating an exchange intellectual property value for each of the plurality of intellectual property rights, the exchange intellectual property value being estimated by apportioning the aggregated intellectual property value among each of the plurality of intellectual property rights;   transferring-out a portion of the plurality of intellectual property rights to one or more acquirers of intellectual property rights;   receiving from each acquirer of intellectual property rights a payment, the payment equal to the exchange intellectual property value for each of the intellectual property rights transferred out to each acquirer;   calculating an updated aggregated intellectual property value to account for each payment received; and   issuing a plurality of security interests, each security interest being purchasable for a price, the price being representative of the updated aggregated intellectual property value.       

     In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for operating an exchange based on rights in intellectual property implemented by a computer based system, comprising the steps of:
         aggregating a plurality of intellectual property rights from a plurality of intellectual property rights holders in an intellectual property aggregator by transferring in a first transfer the intellectual property rights to the intellectual property aggregator;   storing in a first database a first set of information describing each of the plurality of intellectual property rights holders;   storing in a second database a second set of information describing each of the plurality of intellectual property rights, the second set of information comprising a intellectual property value for each of the plurality of intellectual property rights;   storing on a third database a third set information describing a plurality of acquirers of a portion of the plurality intellectual property rights, the third set of information comprising payment information for each acquirer for each payment made to the intellectual property aggregator for a second transfer of the intellectual property rights to the acquirer;   storing on a fourth database a fourth set of information describing a plurality of investors, each investor being a purchaser of a equity interest in the intellectual property aggregator, the fourth set of information comprising investor information for each investor for investments made to the intellectual property aggregator;   inputting into a valuation module information selected from the group consisting of: the first set of information, the second set of information, the third set of information and the fourth set of information;   calculating a value of the aggregated intellectual property rights in the valuation module to account for the information;   estimating an exchange intellectual property value for each of the plurality of intellectual property rights, the exchange intellectual property value being estimated by apportioning the aggregated intellectual property value among each of the plurality of intellectual property rights; and   calculating an updated aggregated intellectual property value to account for each payment received;   wherein the payment received for a intellectual property right equals the exchange intellectual property value for the intellectual property right.       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS AND FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a process flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method of the intellectual property exchange of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a process flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of the computer-implemented method of the intellectual property exchange of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a process flow diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the method of the intellectual property exchange shown in  FIG. 1 , wherein the transferred intellectual property rights require additional research and development prior to being acceptable for transfer to the acquirer; and 
         FIG. 4  is a process flow diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the method of the intellectual property exchange shown in  FIG. 1 , wherein the IP Aggregator identifies additional markets for existing intellectual property rights. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the method of the present invention an exchange is created by an aggregator of intellectual property that obtains rights in intellectual property from a plurality of intellectual property rights holders. The aggregator obtains such intellectual property rights either through a license or an acquisition from the original intellectual property rights holders. 
     An Exchange  1  according to the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The Exchange  1  comprises an IP Owner  10 , an IP Aggregator  20 , Acquirer  30 , Other Licensee/Buyer  40 , Investors  50 , Investment Research  60  and Technical Expertise  70 . In one embodiment, the IP Aggregator  20  can be a corporation. In another embodiment, the IP Aggregator  20  can be a joint venture among investors. In yet another embodiment the IP Aggregator  20  may be a limited liability company or other legal entity such as a partnership. The Exchange  1  provides means for determining the value of an intellectual property right and transferring rights in the intellectual property from an intellectual property right holder, aggregating the transferred intellectual property rights in a central facility and further transferring portions of the aggregated intellectual property rights. Each of these elements of the Exchange  1  is described in further detail below. 
     In the Exchange  1 , an IP Owner  10  transfers rights in an intellectual property to an IP Aggregator  20  as illustrated by flow path “a.” IP Owner  10  may be a single owner of an intellectual property right or IP Owner  10  may be a plurality of owners of a plurality of intellectual property rights. The transfer of rights in an intellectual property may be by a license agreement between the IP Owner  10  and the IP Aggregator  20  or the transfer of rights may be by a sale of the rights to the IP Aggregator  20  from the IP Owner  10 . Thus, flow path “a” of  FIG. 1  represents the sale or license of an intellectual property right from an IP Owner  10  to an IP Aggregator  20 . Flow path “a” is hereinafter referred to as “Sale/License V.” The license of intellectual property from an IP Owner  10  to an IP Aggregator  20  may be either an exclusive license or a non-exclusive license. In one embodiment, IP Aggregator  20  may be a plurality of IP Aggregator  20  wherein each IP Aggregator  20  obtains rights to intellectual property in different technology categories or classes. The IP Aggregator  20  is the owner of the intellectual property rights pool, the intellectual property rights pool comprising the intellectual property rights acquired by the IP Aggregator  20  from the IP Owner  10 . 
     In yet another embodiment, each of the plurality of IP Aggregator  20  may have different investment objectives. The different investment objectives may include, for example, aggregation of a family of intellectual property rights focused on a single technology or technology area; aggregation of a family of intellectual property rights focused on a specific industry; aggregation of intellectual property rights that require further research and development effort to make the intellectual property rights viable for commercialization; or aggregation of intellectual property rights from a plurality of disciplines or technologies which when combined may create new products and/or processes. 
     The consideration for Sale/License “a” can include any of the well-known forms of consideration used in the sale or license of intellectual property. The IP Owner  10  may elect to receive a payment, a share or shares of stock or other equity interest in the IP Aggregator  20 , or some combination of payment and shares as consideration for the license or sale of the intellectual property rights to the IP Aggregator  20 . The payment may be a royalty payment or a lump-sum payment. The payment of consideration for Sale/License “a” is illustrated by flow path “b” of  FIG. 1 . Flow path “b” is hereinafter referred to as “Out-Payment ‘b’.” 
     The intellectual property and associated intellectual property rights of the present invention include patents, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how and confidential information. Intellectual property rights in patents, copyright and trade secrets arise under statutes enacted by the governmental body having authority over such rights. In the United States, patent rights arise under 35 U.S.C. §1 et seq. Similarly, in countries other than the United States, patent rights arise under the national laws of that country. Copyright also arises under the national laws of countries providing copyright protection. Trade secret rights in the United States arise under statutes enacted by the individual States or under the common law of States which have not enacted statutes protecting trade secret rights. In countries other than the United States, trade secret rights typically arise under the national laws of that country. Know-how and confidential information if not legally definable as trade secrets may be intellectual property rights defined and protected under contract. Accordingly, intellectual property and the associated intellectual property rights as the terms are used with respect to the present invention are as described hereinabove. 
     Out-Payment “b” is based on a valuation of the intellectual property right transferred in Sale/License “a,” The value assigned to Out-Payment “b” is determined from a determination of the value of the intellectual property right itself (“IPV”) and the value of the aggregated intellectual property rights (“AIPV”). After initialization of the Exchange  1 , the value assigned to Out-Payment “b” is the exchange intellectual property right value (“EIPV”). The IPV may be determined using any of the well-known methods for valuing intellectual property rights. These well-known valuation methods include the “cost approach,” the “market approach” and the “income approach.” 
     Initialization of the Exchange  1  occurs with the first acquisition of intellectual property rights by the IP Aggregator  20  from the IP Owner  10 . Upon initialization, AIPV equals IPV for the first acquired intellectual property rights minus the Out-Payment “b” made by the IP Aggregator  20  to the IP Owner  10 . In the initialization of the Exchange  1 , the intellectual property rights may include a single intellectual property right or a plurality of intellectual property rights. 
     In the “cost approach,” the value of the intellectual property is set equal to the cost to reproduce or replace the intellectual property. The cost to reproduce the intellectual property is the cost to reproduce the exact same property being valued. The reproduction cost estimate may therefore include cost components which are estimates of research and development costs, estimates of costs to test and refine the intellectual property and costs to make an embodiment of the intellectual property available for commercialization. The replacement cost is an estimate of the cost to produce intellectual property having similar utility to the intellectual property being valued. The replacement cost may therefore also include cost components which are estimates of research and development costs, estimates of costs to test and refine the intellectual property and costs to make an embodiment of the intellectual property available for commercialization. Typically, under the “cost approach” the valuation measures costs as of the date of valuation and does not rely on historical cost information. 
     In the “market approach” the value estimate is based on the cost of similar intellectual property. The “market approach” requires the existence of a market for comparable intellectual property and knowledge of the terms of the sale or license of the comparable intellectual property. 
     In the “income approach” the present discounted value of a future income stream is estimated. The future income stream is typically estimated based on a number of factors including benefits of the intellectual property to alternative products or processes, the size of the market into which commercial sales based on the intellectual property will be made, manufacturing and/or supply factors relating to the commercialization, and estimated demand for the commercialized product or process. 
     The AIPV is estimated as the total value of the intellectual property rights held by the IP Aggregator  20 . The value of the AIPV is the sum of the individual IPV for each intellectual property right held by the IP Aggregator  20  plus the value that accrues to the IP Aggregator  20  from Investors  50 , Acquirer  30  and Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . 
     Investors  50  purchase shares of stock in the IP Aggregator  20  illustrated by flow path “g” of  FIG. 1  by making cash payments to the IP Aggregator  20  illustrated by flow path “h” of  FIG. 1 . Flow path “h” is hereinafter referred to as “Stock Payment ‘h’.” Flow path “g” is hereinafter referred to as “Stock Purchase ‘g’.” 
     Licensees or purchasers (individually or collectively) may acquire rights in portions of the aggregated intellectual property from the IP Aggregator  20 . IP Aggregator  20  transfers rights in an intellectual property to Acquirer  30  as illustrated by flow path “c.” Acquirer  30  may be a single acquirer of an intellectual property right or Acquirer  30  may be a plurality of acquirers of a plurality of intellectual property rights. The transfer of rights in an intellectual property may be by a license agreement between the IP Aggregator  20  and the Acquirer  30  or the transfer of rights may be by a sale of the rights to the Acquirer  30  from the IP Aggregator  20 . Thus, flow path “c” of  FIG. 1  represents the sale or license of an intellectual property right from an IP Aggregator  20  to an Acquirer  30 . Flow path “c” is hereinafter referred to as “Transfer Out ‘c’,” Consideration for Transfer Out “c” can include any of the well-known forms of consideration used in the sale or license of intellectual property. For example, IP Aggregator  20  may elect to receive a lump-sum payment or a royalty payment for a sale or license of an intellectual property or some combination of payment types as consideration for the license or sale of the intellectual property rights to an Acquirer  30 . The payment of consideration for Transfer Out “c” is illustrated by flow path “d” of  FIG. 1 . Flow path “d” is hereinafter referred to as “In-Payment ‘d’.” In-Payment “d,” in one embodiment of the present invention, is a negotiated payment agreed upon by Acquirer  30  and IP Aggregator  20 . 
     Other Licensee/Buyer  40  may acquire rights in portions of the aggregated intellectual property from the IP Aggregator  20 . IP Aggregator  20  transfers rights in an intellectual property to the Other Licensee/Buyer  40  as illustrated by flow path “e.” Other Licensee/Buyer  40  may be a single acquirer of an intellectual property right or Other Licensee/Buyer  40  may be a plurality of acquirers of a plurality of intellectual property rights. The transfer of rights in an intellectual property may be by a license agreement between the IP Aggregator  20  and the Other Licensee/Buyer  40  or the transfer of rights may be by a sale of the rights to the Other Licensee/Buyer  40  from the IP Aggregator  20 . Thus, flow path “e” of  FIG. 1  represents the sale or license of an intellectual property right from an IP Aggregator  20  to Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . Flow path “e” is hereinafter referred to as “Other Transfer Out ‘e’.” Consideration for Other Transfer Out “e” can include any of the well-known forms of consideration used in the sale or license of intellectual property. For example, IP Aggregator  20  may elect to receive a lump-sum payment or a royalty payment for a sale or license of an intellectual property some combination of payment types as consideration for the license or sale of the intellectual property rights to the Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . The payment of consideration for Other Transfer Out “e” is illustrated by flow path “f” of  FIG. 1 . Flow path “f” is hereinafter referred to as “Other In-Payment ‘f’.” Other In-Payment “f,” in one embodiment of the present invention, is a negotiated payment agreed upon by Other Licensee/Buyer  40  and IP Aggregator  20 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the AIPV may be represented by the following Formula 1: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   AIPV 
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     The Σ[IPV] i  represents the sum of all IPV estimated for the intellectual property held by the IP Aggregator  20 . For transactions between IP Aggregator  20  and Acquirer  30 , there is a cash value that accumulates with the IP Aggregator  20  from payments made by Acquirer  30  and this accumulated cash value is represented by Σ[In-Payment “d”] i . Similarly, for transactions between IP Aggregator  20  and Other Licensee/Buyer  40  there is a cash value that accumulates with the IP Aggregator  20  from payments made by Other Licensee/Buyer  40  and this accumulated cash value is represented by Σ[Other In-Payment “f”] i . Investors  50  who purchase stock in the IP Aggregator  20  pay a purchase price for the stock and this cash value also accumulates with the IP Aggregator  20 . The sum of payments made for stock purchases is represented by Σ[Other In-Payment “f”] i . The acquisition of intellectual property rights from IP Owner  10  by the IP Aggregator  20  requires some form of payment from the IP Aggregator  20  to the IP Owner  10 . As noted above, such a payment may be in the form of cash, stock in the IP Aggregator  20 , or a combination of these types of payments. The sum of all payments made by the IP Aggregator  20  to the IP Owner  10  is represented by Σ[Out-Payment “b”] 
     In addition to the Σ[Out-Payment “b”] i . The IP Aggregator may have additional cash outflow which may be appropriate to include in the AIPV. For example, if dividends are paid to holders of stock or other equity interest in the IP Aggregator  20 , it may be appropriate to deduct the sum of dividend payments made from the AIPV. Also, it may be appropriate to deduct certain types of operating expenses, other than Out-Payment “b,” from the AIPV. Formula 1 may be modified to account for such additional deductions. 
     In some embodiments, the AIPV is determined by a manager of the IP Aggregator  20 . The manager may use any of the now known or later developed accounting and/or economics methods for valuing intellectual property. In the present invention, the AIPV is an estimate of the value of all intellectual property rights held by the IP Aggregator  20  and includes in some embodiments the effect of other value measures as described herein. 
     As the IP Aggregator  20  acquires additional intellectual property rights from IP Owner  10 , the AIPV may be updated to account for the newly acquired IPV, payments made and received by the IP Aggregator  20  and other value measures considered by the manager of the IP Aggregator  20 . 
     The AIPV may be represented by a stock price, the stock price being the price per share for stock in the IP Aggregator  20 , but the total value of all issued stock will not necessarily equal the AIPV. The stock price may be set based on any of the well-known market processes such as an auction process or a negotiation. In one embodiment of the present invention, stock in the IP Aggregator  20  may be in the form of one or more of a well-known security or securities. As used herein, the term “stock” will refer to securities which represent an interest in the capital, assets, property or profits of the IP Aggregator  20 . The types of securities may include equity securities such as common or preferred shares of stock; debt securities, which include bonds and debentures; and mutual fund investments which enable an investor to pool an investment with many other investors. The process of buying and selling of stock may include public trading of the stock. The buying and selling of stock may additionally be facilitated by any of the known or to be developed web-based methods for trading stocks also known as electronic trading. Such web-based methods would be accessible to Investors  50  via the Internet and, for example, the per share value of the stock would be posted on the electronic trading web site and investors  50  would be provided the capability to buy shares of the stock over the Internet. 
     The Exchange  1  of the present invention may additionally make use of Investment Research  60  and Technical Expertise  70  as inputs into the Exchange  1 . Investment Research  60 , for example, may include market research for determining the IPV of an intellectual property. Investment Research  60  may also include industry research to identify IP Owner  10 , Acquirer  30  or Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . Investment Research  60  aids the determination of IPV and AIPV in the Exchange  1 . 
     Technical Expertise  70 , similarly aids the operation of the Exchange  1 . Technical Expertise  70  may also include expertise on setting the value of stock. Technical Expertise  70  may include economic expertise on determining the AIPV. Additionally, Technical Expertise  70  may include expertise for using the intellectual property sold or licensed in Transfer Out “c” and/or Other Transfer Out “e.” In one embodiment of the present invention, Technical Expertise  70  is a subsidiary company to IP Aggregator  20 . Employees of Technical Expertise  70  have the requisite knowledge to make and use the subject matter of the intellectual property sold or licensed in Transfer Out “c” and/or Other Transfer Out “e.” In one embodiment of the present invention, an Acquirer  30  would receive the benefit of Technical Expertise  70  in addition to rights in the sold or licensed intellectual property. In the same embodiment, or in another embodiment, Other Licensee/Buyer  40  would receive the benefit of Technical Expertise  70  in addition to rights in the sold or licensed intellectual property. The benefit received from Technical Expertise  70  can include know-how on how to make and use the subject matter, such as a product or process, of the intellectual property sold or licensed by the IP Aggregator  20 . 
     In one embodiment, Technical Expertise  70  provides an evaluation of the intellectual property the IP Aggregator  20  has an interest in buying or licensing and based on the evaluation provides guidance to the IP Aggregator  20  on such transactions. The guidance may include direction how to pair the intellectual property the IP Aggregator  20  has an interest in buying or licensing with other intellectual property to which the IP Aggregator  20  has rights or intellectual property to which the IP Aggregator  20  should seek to acquire rights. The guidance may include direction on which intellectual property can be combined to create a portfolio of intellectual property covering new products or processes. The guidance may further include identification of areas of innovation that should be developed in order to create new intellectual property. Technical Expertise  70  may also function as a facilitator of collaborative research and development between the IP Aggregator  20  and IP Owner  10 , between two or more IP Owners  10 , and between one or IP Owner  10  and a third party. The collaborative research and development may include third-party sponsored research. A third party in the context of the present invention is a person or entity other than IP Aggregator  20  and IP Aggregator  10 . 
     Technical Expertise  70  may influence the AIPV by affecting an increase in In-Payment “d” paid by Acquirer  30  for the benefit of Technical Expertise  70  in addition to rights in the sold or licensed intellectual property. Similarly, Technical Expertise  70  may cause an increase in Other In-Payment “f” paid by Other Licensee/Buyer  40  for the benefit of Technical Expertise  70  in addition to rights in the sold or licensed intellectual property. In some embodiments of the present invention, Technical Expertise  70  may generate know-how on the use or application of the sold or licensed intellectual property. In such embodiments, Acquirer  30  or Other Licensee/Buyer  40  may agree to make a higher payment when the know-how generated by Technical Expertise  70  is included in the transfer of rights. Technical Expertise  70  may also cause an increase in AIPV because of Technical Expertise  70  directed acquisition of intellectual property, combining of intellectual property into a portfolio covering new a product or process, and collaborative research and development where the result of the collaboration is new intellectual property to which the IP Aggregator holds rights. 
     The EIPV is determined by apportioning, the AIPV among the intellectual property rights held by the IP Aggregator  20 . The apportionment is based on a consideration of weighted factors, the factors in some embodiments include: scope of exclusivity of the intellectual property rights; estimated period of the exclusivity; proximity of competing intellectual property not held by the IP Aggregator  20 ; extent of trade secrets, know-how and/or confidential information transferred to the IP Aggregator  20  from the IP Owner  10 ; geographic scope of the exclusivity (e.g. extent of foreign intellectual property rights included in the intellectual property rights transferred to the IP Aggregator  20  by the IP Owner  10 ); relative enforceability of the intellectual property rights transferred to the IP Aggregator  20 ; and extent of commercial opportunities available for license or sale of the intellectual property held by the IP Aggregator to Acquirer  30  and/or Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . In one embodiment, the determination of EIPV is illustrated by Formula 2.
 
EIPV i =[AIPV/Σ i]×[ 1+α+β+γ+δ+ε+ξ+η]  Formula 2:
 
     where,
         α, β, γ, δ, ε, ξ, and η are weighting factors representing:   α: scope of exclusivity of the intellectual property rights;   β: estimated period of the exclusivity;   γ: proximity of competing intellectual property not held by the IP Aggregator  20 ;   δ: extent of trade secrets, know-how and/or confidential information transferred to the IP Aggregator  20  from the IP Owner  10 ;   ε: geographic scope of the exclusivity (e.g. extent of foreign intellectual property rights included in the intellectual property rights transferred to the IP Aggregator  20  by the IP Owner  10 );   ξ: relative enforceability of the intellectual property rights transferred to the IP Aggregator  20 ;   η: extent of commercial opportunities available for license or sale of the intellectual property held by the IP Aggregator to Acquirer  30  and/or Other Licensee/Buyer  40 ; and   Σi=the number of separately valued intellectual property rights held by the IP Aggregator  20 .       

     The weighting factors may be positive or negative, such that any individual EIPV may be greater than or less than the average AIPV where AIPV/Σi is the average AIPV. Other weighting factors may be applied in the determination of EIPV i  by, for example, the manager of the IP Aggregator  20 . The weighting factors may also change over time to represent a change in weight in any one or more weighting factors due to, for example, the age of the intellectual property rights, advances in science, technology or business made relative to the intellectual property right being valued, or the acquisition of other intellectual property rights by the IP Aggregator  20  which impact the value of the intellectual property right being valued. EIPV i  may alternatively be determined by now known or later developed accounting and/or economic methods for determining the value of intellectual property rights. Such other methods may include consideration of the value placed on similar intellectual property rights in transactions and/or litigation as an estimate of a value the relevant market will bear, a prospective income available from a defined transaction involving the intellectual property rights, or a negotiation with a prospective Acquirer  30  or Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . 
     As provided herein above, initialization of the Exchange  1  occurs with the first acquisition of intellectual property rights by the IP Aggregator  20  from the IP Owner  10 . Upon initialization, AIPV equals IPV for the first acquired intellectual property rights minus the Out-Payment “b” made by the IP Aggregator  20  to the IP Owner  10 . The initialization values for EIPV, AIPV, IPV and Out-Payment “b” are represented by formulas 3 and 4.
 
EIPV 0 =Out-Payment “ b”   0 =IPV 0   Formula 3:
 
AIPV 0 =ΣEIPV 0   Formula 4:
 
In Formulae 3 and 4, the subscript 0 indicates the initialization condition. As provided herein above, in the initialization of the Exchange  1  the intellectual property rights may include a single intellectual property right or a plurality of intellectual property rights.
 
     Each EIPV i  may be re-calculated when the AIPV is updated. As provided herein above, as the IP Aggregator  20  acquires additional intellectual property rights from IP Owner  10 , the AIPV may be updated to account for the newly acquired IPV, payments made and received by the IP Aggregator  20  and other value measures considered by the manager of the IF Aggregator  20 . The AIPV may also be updated to account for any added value created due to Technical Expertise  70 . Alternatively, each EIPV i  may be re-calculated at the discretion of the manager of the IP Aggregator  20 . In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, each EIPV i  is re-calculated when the AIPV changes by a significant amount. The significant amount may, for example, be related to a percentage change in the AIPV. In some embodiments of the present invention, each EIPV i  is re-calculated as market conditions, such as demand for intellectual property rights by Acquirer  30  or by Other Licensee/Buyer  40 , change. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of the computer implemented method of the Exchange  1  of the present invention, wherein the method is performed on one or more computers or computer systems. The computer implemented method illustrated in  FIG. 2  uses patents as an exemplary intellectual property right. However, the intellectual property right of the method may also include copyright, trade secrets, know-how and confidential information solely or in combination. In a database  80 , data on IP Owner  10  is accumulated and maintained. The data stored in database  80  may include information on each IP Owner  10  such as address, contact information for each IP Owner  10 , identification of the intellectual property of each IP Owner  10 , and other information pertinent to a transactional relationship between IP Owner  10  and IP Aggregator  20 . In a database  90 , a description of each patent right transferred from IP Owner  10  to IP Aggregator  20  is accumulated and maintained. Each description of a patent in database  90  includes identification of the corresponding IP Owner  10 , title information on the ownership of the patent, the expiration date of the patent, the existence of counterpart applications filed in the United States, the existence of foreign counterpart applications and/or patents, and indicia relating to the scope of the claims, proximity of competing intellectual property and other factors which may from time-to-time be pertinent to valuing the patent or transactions involving the patent and in some embodiments may include weighting factors as described herein above. Databases  80  and  90  are kept and maintained by the IP Aggregator  20  either directly or by contractual arrangement with a third-party provider of database services. Databases  80  and  90  may be kept and maintained as separate databases, or they may comprise different data fields in a single database. 
     The IP Aggregator  20 , by accessing databases  80  and  90  can determine which patents to associate with a transfer of rights to an Acquirer  30  or Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . Data on Acquirer  30  is kept and maintained in database  130  and such data includes name of Acquirer  30 , contact information for Acquirer  30 , and the patent or patents from database  90  associated with Acquirer  30 . Database  130  may also include the terms of the Transfer Out “c,” and the nature and value of In-Payment “d,” Database  130  may further include information on the interest Acquirer  30  has in different fields of technology or business or in certain intellectual property rights. Data on Other Licensee/Buyer  40  is kept and maintained in database  140  and such data includes name of Other Licensee/Buyer  40 , contact information for Other Licensee/Buyer  40 , and the patent or patents from database  90  associated with Other Licensee/Buyer  40 . Database  140  may also include the terms of the Transfer Out “e,” and the nature and value of Other In-Payment “f.” Database  140  may further include information on the interest Other Licensee/Buyer  40  has in different fields of technology or business or in certain intellectual property rights. Databases  130  and  140  are kept and maintained by the IP Aggregator  20  either directly or by contractual arrangement with a third-party provider of database services. Databases  130  and  140  may be kept and maintained as separate databases, or they may comprise different data fields in a single database. Databases  130  and  140  may also comprise different data fields in databases  80  and  90  either separately or as part of a single database combining all of the data of databases  80 ,  90 ,  130  and  140 . 
     Database  150  contains data on Investor  50  and such data includes name of Investor  50 , contact information for investor  50 , number of shares of stock or other security held by Investor  50  and the value of Stock Payment “h.” Database  150  may also include such additional information relating to Stock Purchase “g” as required from time-to-time by the securities laws of the United States or the legal jurisdiction in which the IP Aggregator  20  is operating. Databases  130 ,  140  and  150  may also comprise different data fields in databases  80  and  90  either separately or as part of a single database combining all of the data of databases  80 ,  90 ,  130 ,  140  and  150 . In some embodiments, the information contained within databases  80 ,  90 ,  130 ,  140  and  150  are different data sets stored within one or more of the computers or computer systems. 
     A valuation module  100  receives data from databases  80 ,  90 ,  130 ,  140  and  150 . Included in the data is the value of Other In-Payment “f,” the value of In-Payment “d,” and the value of Stock Payment “h.” Within valuation module  100 , the individual IPV i &#39;s are determined using any of the methodologies previously described herein. Accordingly, an external input  160 , comprising a database of information, provides relevant cost or market data to the valuation module  100 . The database of external input  160  contains data pertinent to any one or more of the cost approach, market approach, income approach or other intellectual property valuation method known to those skilled in the art of valuing intellectual property. By way of example only, the data of external input  160  may include the cost components for calculating a reproduction or replacement cost for the patent. The data of external input  160  may also, or alternatively, include market data on the cost of comparable patents. The data of external input  160  may also, or alternatively, include estimates on future income streams and discounted cash flows. 
     Within valuation module  100  the AIPV is determined, in one embodiment, according to Formula 1. Other methods for calculating AIPV may be known or developed from time-to-time are within the scope of the present invention. For example, the AIPV of the present invention may be determined using data different from or in addition to In-Payment “d,” Other In-Payment “f,” Stock Payment “h” and Out-Payment “b.” The AIPV is kept and maintained in a database associated with valuation module  100 . As the variables of Formula 1, for example, change from time-to-time the AIPV for IP Aggregator  20  will be updated. Updating the AIPV may be done on a scheduled basis or as needed. The most recently updated AIPV is referred to herein as the current AIPV  170 . 
     The current AIPV  170  is an input from the valuation module  100  into the apportionment module  115 . The valuation module  100  also counts and stores the number of individual intellectual properties valued in the valuation module  100  and identified as Σi in Formula 2. The Σi is an input from the valuation module  100  into the apportionment module  115 . Apportionment factors  180 , in some embodiments, is a database containing the weighting factors used to adjust the average AIPV in Formula 2 and other indicia of value used by the manager of IP Aggregator  20 . For patents on which database  90  includes information on the expiration date of the patent, the existence of counterpart applications filed in the United States, the existence of foreign counterpart applications and/or patents, and indicia relating to the scope of the claims, proximity of competing intellectual property and other factors which may from time-to-time be pertinent to valuing the patent or transactions involving the patent, such data is inputted from database  90  into apportionment factors  180 . Additionally, apportionment factors  180  may include weighting factors not contained in database  90  such as, in the embodiment presented herein, a weighting factor representative of the extent of trade secrets, know-how and/or confidential information transferred to the IP Aggregator  20  from IP Owner  10  and a weighting factor representative of the relative enforceability of the intellectual property rights transferred to the IP Aggregator  20 . 
     The weighting factors kept and maintained in apportionment factors  180  may be assigned as relative values on an arbitrary scale. For example, ξ, a weighting factor representative of relative enforceability, may be indicated by a value from 0 to 0.1, with 0 representing a patent that has very limited enforceability and 0.1 representing a patent having the greatest level of enforceability. Similar arbitrary scales may be established for other weighting factors. 
     The output from the apportionment module  115  are the individual EIPVi&#39;s which establish Out-payment “b” to each IP Owner  10  that transfers a patent right, by license or sale, to IP Aggregator  20 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the method of the present invention in some embodiments wherein Technical Expertise  70  develops Augmented Innovation  200  which is aggregated via flow path j′ by the IP Aggregator  20 . In this example, the IP Aggregator  20  receives a transfer of intellectual property rights, either by sale or license, from the IP Owner  10 . The transferred intellectual property rights require additional research and development effort before being acceptable for transfer to Acquirer  30 . The additional research and development effort may be necessary because although the intellectual property rights transferred to the IP Aggregator  20  are suitable for application in one market, they may not be suitable for application in a market of interest to Acquirer  30 . Therefore, Technical Expertise  70  receives information or data on the intellectual property rights transferred to IP Aggregator  20  along flow path j. Technical Expertise  70  then provides the additional research and development required to create Augmented Innovation  200 . Augmented Innovation  200  is itself protected by intellectual property rights which are aggregated with the intellectual property rights acquired by IP Aggregator  20  form IP Owner  10  for transfer to Acquirer  30  along the flow path Transfer Out “c.” IP Aggregator receives payment for Transfer Out “c” via In-Payment “d,” as described herein above. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the method of the present invention in some embodiments wherein Technical Expertise  70  assists IP Aggregator  20  to identify new markets for existing intellectual property rights held by IP Aggregator  20 . In the example, intellectual property rights held by IP Aggregator  20  may be in use in a market “A,” but could have uses in a different market “B.” Technical Expertise  70  receives information or data on the intellectual property rights held by IP Aggregator  20  along flow path j, develops information or data which would allow the application of the intellectual property rights in market “B,” and provides the information or data to IP Aggregator  20  along flow path j′. IP Aggregator  20  then transfers the intellectual property rights to Other Licensee/Buyer  40  via flow path Other Transfer Out “e.” IP Aggregator  20  receives payment for the transferred intellectual property rights via Other In-Payment “f.” 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described herein. Rather, the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims which follow.