Patent Publication Number: US-10787805-B2

Title: Fire and/or water resistant expansion and seismic joint system

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/455,403, filed on Aug. 8, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,689,158, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/729,980, filed on Dec. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,813,450, issued on Aug. 26, 2014, which is a Continuation-in-Part application of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/730,354, filed on Mar. 24, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,341,908, issued on Jan. 1, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/162,820, filed on Mar. 24, 2009, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to joint systems and, more particularly, to an expansion and seismic joint system that is fire and water resistant for use in building and construction applications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Building and construction applications in which materials such as concrete, metal, and glass are used typically employ joint systems that accommodate thermal expansion and/or seismic movement of the various materials thereof. These joint systems may be positioned to extend through both the interior and exterior surfaces (e.g., walls, floors, and roofs) of a building or other structure. In the case of an exterior joint in an exterior wall, roof, or floor exposed to external environmental conditions, the joint system may also, to some degree, resist the effects of such conditions. As such, most exterior joints are designed to resist the effects of water. In particular, vertically-oriented exterior joints are designed to resist water in the form of rain, snow, ice, or debris that is driven by wind. Horizontally-oriented joints are designed to resist water in the form of rain, standing water, snow, ice, debris such as sand, and in some circumstances several of these at the same time. Additionally, some horizontal systems may be subjected to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic and are designed to withstand such traffic. 
     In the case of interior joints, water tightness aspects are less of an issue than they are in exterior joints, and so products are often designed simply to accommodate building movement. However, interior horizontal joints may also be subject to pedestrian traffic and in some cases vehicular traffic as well. Particularly with regard to joints in horizontal surfaces, cover plates can be fitted over the joints to allow for the smooth movement of traffic over the joint and/or to protect the material of the joint from the effects of the weather. 
     It has been generally recognized that building joint systems are deficient with respect to fire resistance. In some instances, movement as a result of building joint systems has been shown to create chimney effects which can have consequences with regard to fire containment. This often results in the subversion of fire resistive elements that may be incorporated into the construction of a building. This problem is particularly severe in large high-rise buildings, parking garages, and stadiums where fire may spread too rapidly to allow the structures to be evacuated. 
     Early designs for fire resistive joints included blocks of mineral wool or other inorganic materials of either monolithic or composite constructions. Field-applied liquid sealants were often used in these joints. In general, these designs were adequate for non-moving joints or control joints where movements were very small. Where movements were larger and the materials were significantly compressed during the normal thermal expansion cycles of the building structure, these designs generally did not function as intended. Indeed, many designs simply lacked the resilience or recovery characteristics for maintaining adequate coverage of the entire joint width throughout the normal thermal cycle (expansion and contraction) that buildings experience. Many of these designs were tested in accordance with accepted standards such as ASTM E-119, which provides for fire exposure testing of building components under static conditions and does not take into account the dynamic nature of expansion joint systems. As described above, this dynamic behavior can contribute to the compromise of the fire resistance properties of some building designs. 
     Underwriters Laboratories developed UL 2079, a further refinement of ASTM E-119, by adding a cycling regimen to the test. Additionally, UL 2079 stipulates that the design be tested at the maximum joint size. This test is more reflective of real world conditions, and as such, architects and engineers have begun requesting expansion joint products that meet it. Many designs which pass ASTM E-119 without the cycling regime do not pass UL 2079. This may be adequate, as stated above, for non-moving building joints; however, most building expansion joint systems are designed to accommodate some movement as a result of thermal effects (e.g., expansion into the joint and contraction away from the joint) or as a result of seismic movement. 
     Both expansion joints and fire resistive expansion joints typically address either the water tightness (waterproof or water resistance) aspects of the expansion joint system or the fire resistive nature of the expansion joint system, as described above, but not both. 
     Water tight expansion joints exist in many forms, but in general they are constructed from materials designed to resist water penetration during the mechanical cycling caused by movement of the building due to thermal effects. These designs generally do not have fire resistant properties in a sufficient fashion to meet even the lowest fire rating standards. Indeed, many waterproofing materials act as fuel for any fire present, which can lead to a chimney effect that rapidly spreads fire throughout a building. 
     Conversely, many fire rated expansion joints are not sufficiently water tight to render them suitable for exterior applications. Many designs reliant upon mineral wool, ceramic materials and blankets, and intumescents, alone or in combination with each other, have compromised fire resistance by coming into contact with water. Additionally, as noted above, many fire rated designs cannot accommodate the mechanical cycling due to thermal effects without compromising the fire resistance. 
     This has resulted in the installation of two systems for each expansion joint where both a fire rating and water resistance is desired. In many cases, there simply is not sufficient room in the physical space occupied by the expansion joint to accommodate both a fire rated system and a system capable of providing waterproofing or water resistance. In instances where the physical accommodation can be made, the resultant installation involves two products, with each product involving its own crew of trained installers. Care is exercised such that one installation does not compromise the other. 
     Many systems also employ on-site assembly to create a finished expansion joint system. This is arguably another weakness, as an incorrectly installed or constructed system may compromise fire and water resistance properties. In some cases, these fire resistant expansion joint systems do not employ cover plates and are instead invasively anchored to the concrete substrate. Over time, the points at which such systems are anchored are subject to cracking and ultimately spalling, which may subvert the effectiveness of the fire resistance by simply allowing the fire to go around the fire resistant elements of the system. Without cover plates over the joints, fire in these cases would not be contained within the joints. 
     Also, many expansion joint products do not fully consider the irregular nature of building expansion joints. It is quite common for an expansion joint to have several transition areas along its length. These may be walls, parapets, columns or other obstructions. As such, the expansion joint product, in some fashion or other, follows the joint. In many products, this is a point of weakness, as the homogeneous nature of the product is interrupted. Methods of handling these transitions include stitching, gluing, and welding. All of these are weak spots from both a water proofing aspect and a fire resistance aspect. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     As used herein, the term “waterproof” means that the flow of water is prevented, the term “water resistant” means that the flow of water is inhibited, and the term “fire resistant” means that the spread of fire is inhibited. 
     In one aspect, the present invention resides in a fire and water resistant expansion and seismic joint system having a cover plate; a spline attached to the cover plate along a first edge of the spline; and a core comprising a first core portion and a second core portion, each portion being located on an opposing face of the spline. The first core portion and the second core portion have a fire-retardant material infused therein. The spline depends from the cover plate in a one piece construction and extends into the core to a depth within the core, and is positioned in a gap between substantially coplanar substrates such that the cover plate covers the gap. Each portion of the core is compressed between a respective face of the spline and a face of one of the coplanar substrates. 
     In another aspect, the present invention resides in a fire and water resistant expansion and seismic joint system having a cover plate; a spline attached to the cover plate along a first edge of the spline; and a core comprising a first core portion and a second core portion, each portion being located on an opposing face of the spline. The first core portion and the second core portion have a fire-retardant material infused therein. The spline depends from the cover plate in a one piece construction and extends into the core to a depth within the core. The first core portion is compressed between the first face of the spline and one of the coplanar substrates and the second core portion is compressed between the second face of the spline and the other of the coplanar substrates. A layer comprising the fire retardant material is sandwiched between the material of the core, and the core is not coated with any fire retardant material on any outer surface of the core. 
     In the expansion and seismic joint systems described herein, the elastomer material (if present) is cured and provides for water tightness (waterproofing and/or water resistance), the intumescent material (if present) is cured to provide for fire resistance, and the fire retardant infused core provides for both fire resistance and movement properties. These materials can, e.g., be assembled and arranged so as to offer water tightness in one direction and fire resistance in the other (an asymmetrical configuration), or in a fashion that offers both water tightness and fire resistance in both directions (a symmetrical configuration) through a building joint. The system is delivered to the job site in a pre-compressed state ready for installation into the joint. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of one embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention illustrating a multiple piece vertical element or spline. 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system illustrating a one piece vertical element or spline. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion joint system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic view of another embodiment of an expansion system of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The expansion joint systems described herein can be understood by referring to the attached drawings and also to U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,708, which is incorporated by reference herein. One embodiment of an expansion joint system as described herein is installed between concrete substrates to define a concrete expansion joint system capable of accommodating movement of the concrete substrates due to thermal effects and/or seismic effects. The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as the expansion joint system may be installed between substrates or surfaces other than concrete. Materials for such substrates or surfaces include, but are not limited to, glass, asphalt, stone (granite, marble, etc.), and the like. Furthermore, the expansion joint systems described herein are generally referred to as being horizontally oriented; however, the present invention is not limited in this regard, as the joint systems (with or without cover plates) can also be installed vertically. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , one embodiment of an expansion joint system is shown at  10  and is hereinafter referred to as “system  10 .” In system  10 , a vertical element or spline  12  is located between horizontally-oriented concrete substrates  50 , two substrates  50 A and  50 B being shown. The spline  12  can be positioned between concrete substrates  50  via the use of a cover plate  14  that is located over and spans a gap G between the concrete substrates  50  such that the spline extends substantially vertically into the gap G. Fasteners  18  are used secure the cover plate  14  to the spline  12 . 
     The spline  12  can comprise one or more pieces. In a one-piece or “monolithic” configuration, the spline  12  comprises a suitable material such as graphite or a plastic (e.g., polycarbonate, acrylic, polyvinyl chloride, or the like) or any other material. While in some instances it is preferable that the spline material is non-electrically conductive, the present invention is not limited in this regard, as a monolithic spline  12  could be, e.g., metal or an alloy of two or more metals. 
     In a two-piece or multi-piece configuration, the spline  12  may comprise different materials that are suitable for the application at hand, and the materials may be metal and/or non-metal. For example, in an application where increased rigidity is desired, the spline  12  may be comprised of a first piece fabricated or formed from a metal and joined edge-to-edge with a second piece fabricated or formed from the non-conductive material. Metals that may be used for the spline  12  include, but are not limited to, aluminum, steel (e.g., stainless steel), and the like. 
     In one embodiment of a two-piece spline  12 , shown in  FIG. 1 , an upper portion  15  includes holes  16 , channels, or similar structure to receive the fasteners  18 . The upper portion  15  is an aluminum bar or rail having holes  16  located in an upper end in which the fasteners  18  are received. A lower end of the upper portion  15  includes a protrusion  19  that enables the upper portion to connect to a corresponding slot or the like in a lower portion  17  of the spline  12  in a dovetail-type fitting. The present invention is not limited in this regard, as the upper portion  15  can be connected to the lower portion  17  using any suitable means. The lower portion  17  is preferably fabricated of the non-conductive plastic or similar material. A channel is located in a bottom end of the lower portion, and an intumescent material  21  is located therein. The spline  12  is not limited to the use of metal upper portions  15  and non-conductive lower portions  17 , as other materials are within the scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of a one piece construction of the vertical element or spline  12  where the upper portion  15  of the spline  12  extends to a depth D, as measured from substantially a top surface of the core  22 ′ including any coating(s) thereon and extending vertically downward. It is noted that  FIG. 1A  illustrates one non-limiting depth to which the spline  12  may extend and other depths are possible, according to embodiments. For instance, vertical element or spline  12  of  FIG. 1A  could extend all the way down to the lower edge  25  of core  22 ′ including any coating(s) thereon. Non-limiting examples of suitable depths to which the spline  12  could extend, as measured from substantially the top surface  25 A of the core  22 ′ including any coating(s) thereon, to the lower edge  25  of core  22 ′ including any coating(s) thereon (denoted by depth X) in  FIG. 1A  may be calculated as follows: D=0.25(X) (i.e., the suitable depth D of the vertical element or spline  12  extends 25% vertically down into the core  22 ′ as measured from the top surface  25 A including any coating(s) thereon), D=0.5(X), D=0.75(X), D=0.8(X), and so forth. 
     Whether the spline  12  is monolithic or constructed of multiple pieces, core  22 ′, including but not limited to, laminations of open celled polyurethane foam  22  (hereinafter may be referred to as “foam  22 ” for ease of reference which is not meant to limit the core  22 ′ to a foam material, but merely illustrate one exemplary material therefore) are arranged to form laminates  31 , which are located on both sides of the spline  12  and are compressed in the gap G between the concrete substrates  50 , according to embodiments. The present invention is not limited to the use of polyurethane foams, as other foams are within the scope of the present invention, and other non-foam materials also can be used for the core  22 ′, as explained below. The individual laminations  31 A are layers that extend parallel and in the direction in which the joint extends and along the length thereof and are constructed by infusing at least one, e.g., an inner lamination with an amount of fire retardant material  60 . However, the structures of the present invention are also not limited in this regard as, e.g., the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ may comprise a block of non-laminated foam or other material of fixed size depending upon the desired joint size, a laminate comprising laminations oriented perpendicular to the direction in which the joint extends, or combinations of the foregoing. 
     Thus, foam  22  merely illustrates one suitable material for the core  22 ′. Accordingly, examples of materials for the core  22 ′ include, but are not limited to, foam, e.g., polyurethane foam and/or polyether foam, and can be of an open cell or dense, closed cell construction. Further examples of materials for the core  22 ′ include paper based products, cardboard, metal, plastics, thermoplastics, dense closed cell foam including polyurethane and polyether open or closed cell foam, cross-linked foam, neoprene foam rubber, urethane, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, a core chemistry (e.g., foam chemistry) which inherently imparts hydrophobic and/or fire resistant characteristics to the core; and/or composites. Combinations of any of the foregoing materials or other suitable materials also can be employed. It is further noted that while foam  22  is primarily referred to herein for the core  22 ′, the descriptions for foam  22  also apply to other materials for the core  22 ′, as explained above. 
     Because the amounts of foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ that are located on either side of the spline  12  are substantially equal and subject to substantially the same environmental conditions, according to embodiments, the force of the compressed foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ as it expands on one side of the spline  12  is substantially equal to the force of the compressed foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ exerted on the other side of the spline, according to embodiments. Thus, once installed, the system  10  is generally in equilibrium, and the spline  12  is self-centering within the gap between the concrete substrates  50 . The cover plate  14 , which overlies the gap between the substrates  50  and generally completely covers the gap, is preferably centered with respect to the spline  12 . 
     The core  22 ′ can be infused with a suitable material including, but not limited to, an acrylic, such as a water-based acrylic chemistry, a wax, a fire retardant material, ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, and/or polymeric materials, combinations thereof, and so forth. A particularly suitable embodiment is a core  22 ′ comprising an open celled foam infused with a water-based acrylic chemistry and/or a fire retardant material. 
     The core  22 ′ and/or at least one lamination of the foam  22 /core  22 ′ may be infused with a fire retardant material  60  to form the defined expansion joint. The amount of fire retardant material  60  infused into the core  22 ′, including, e.g., the open celled foam embodiment is between 3.5:1 and 4:1 in ratio with the un-infused foam/core itself by weight, according to embodiments. The resultant uncompressed foam/core whether comprising a solid block or laminates, has a density of about 130 kg/m 3  to about 150 kg/m 3  and preferably about 140 kg/m 3 . Other suitable densities for the resultant core  22 ′ include between about 50 kg/m 3  and about 250 kg/m 3 , e.g., between about 100 kg/m 3  and about 180 kg/m 3 , and which are capable of providing desired water resistance and/or water proofing characteristics to the structure. 
     One type of fire retardant material  60  that may be used is water-based aluminum tri-hydrate (also known as aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH)). The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as other fire retardant materials may be used. Such materials include, but are not limited to, metal oxides and other metal hydroxides, aluminum oxides, antimony oxides and hydroxides, iron compounds, iron compounds such as ferrocene, molybdenum trioxide, nitrogen-based compounds, phosphorous based compounds, halogen based compounds, halogens, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, combinations of any of the foregoing materials, and other compounds capable of suppressing combustion and smoke formation. 
     In the system  10 , several laminations of the foam or other suitable material, the number depending on the desired size of the expansion joint, are compiled and then compressed. For example, the spline  12  is placed on an end surface of the compiled laminations, and several additional laminations are compiled and placed on the spline and compressed. The entire core/spline/core (e.g., foam/spline/foam) assembly is held at compression in a suitable fixture. Similarly, a core  22 ′ comprising laminations of non-foam material or comprising a solid block of desired material may be compiled and then compressed and held at such compression in a suitable fixture. The fixture is at a width slightly greater than that which the expansion joint is anticipated to experience at the largest possible movement of the adjacent concrete surfaces. At this width, the infused foam laminate or core  22 ′ is coated with a coating, such as a waterproof elastomer  24  at one surface (e.g., on the top side), according to embodiments. This waterproof elastomer may be a polysulfide, silicone, acrylic, polyurethane, poly-epoxide, silyl-terminated polyether, a formulation of one or more of the foregoing materials with or without other elastomeric components or similar suitable elastomeric coating or liquid sealant materials, or a mixture, blend, or other formulation of one or more of the foregoing. One preferred elastomer coating for application to a horizontal deck where vehicular traffic is expected is Pecora 301, which is a silicone pavement sealant available from Pecora Corporation of Harleysville, Pa. Another preferred elastomeric coating is Dow Corning 888, which is a silicone joint sealant available from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Mich. Both of the foregoing elastomers are traffic grade rated sealants. For vertically-oriented expansion joints, exemplary preferred elastomer coatings include Pecora 890, Dow Corning 790, and Dow Corning 795. 
     Depending on the nature of the adhesive characteristics of the elastomer  24 , a primer may be applied to the outer surfaces of the laminations of foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ prior to the coating with the elastomer  24 . Applying such a primer may facilitate the adhesion of the elastomer  24  to the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′. 
     The elastomer  24  is tooled to create a “bellows” profile (or a similar profile) such that the elastomeric material can be compressed in a uniform and aesthetic fashion while being maintained in a virtually tensionless environment. 
     The surface of the laminate  31  and/or core  22 ′ opposite the surface coated with the waterproofing elastomer  24  (the bottom side) is coated with an intumescent material  26 , according to embodiments. One preferred intumescent material  26  is 3M CP25WB+, which is a fire barrier caulk. Both the coating of the elastomer  24  and the intumescent material  26  are cured in place on the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ while the infused foam lamination/core is held at the prescribed compressed width. After the elastomer  24  and the intumescent material  26  have been cured, the entire composite and spline assembly is removed from the fixture, optionally compressed to less than the nominal size of the material, and packaged for shipment to the job site. This first embodiment is suited to horizontal parking deck applications where waterproofing is desired on the top side and fire resistance is desired from beneath. 
     In this system  10 , a sealant band and/or corner bead  13  of the elastomer  24  can be applied on the side(s) of the interface between the foam laminate/core and the concrete substrate  50  to create a water tight seal. On the opposite side, a sealant band and/or corner bead  23  of the intumescent material  16  can be similarly applied to create a homogeneous intumescent face on the fire resistant side. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an alternate expansion joint system  110  of the present invention includes two portions of core  22 ′ and/or foam  22  disposed on either side of the spline  12 . The spline  12  may be monolithic or constructed of multiple pieces. The core  22 ′ and/or foam  22  has a first elastomer  24  coated on one surface (e.g., the top side) and the intumescent material  26  coated on an opposing surface (e.g., the bottom side). A second elastomer  25  is coated on the intumescent material  26  and provides a waterproofing function. In this manner, the system  110  is water resistant in both directions and fire resistant in one direction. The system  110  is used in applications that are similar to the applications in which the system  10  is used, but may be used where water is present on the underside of the expansion joint. Additionally, system  10  would be suitable for vertical expansion joints where waterproofing or water resistance is desirable in both directions while fire resistance is desired in only one direction. The second elastomer  25  may also serve to aesthetically integrate the system  110  with surrounding substrate material. 
     Sealant bands and/or corner beads  122  of the first elastomer  24  can be applied to the sides as with the embodiment described above. On the opposite side, a band or bead of the intumescent material  26  can be applied between the concrete substrate  50  and the foam lamination/core with any excess being removed. Sealant bands and/or corner beads  124  can be applied on top of the second elastomer  25 , thereby creating a water tight seal between the concrete substrate  50  and the intumescent material. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , another expansion joint system of the present invention is shown at  210 . In system  210 , the core  22 ′ and/or foam  22  is located on either side of the spline  12 , which may be monolithic or constructed of multiple pieces. The core  22 ′ and/or foam  22  is similar to or the same as the above-described foam, but both exposed surfaces (the top and bottom sides) are coated first with the intumescent material  26  to define a first coating of the intumescent material on the top side and a second coating of the intumescent material  26  on the bottom side. The first coating of the intumescent material  26  is coated with a first elastomer material  224 , and the second coating of the intumescent material  26  is coated with a second elastomer material  225 . This system  210  can be used in the same environments as the above-described systems with the added benefit that it is both waterproof or at least water resistant and fire resistant in both directions through the joint. This makes it especially suitable for vertical joints in either interior or exterior applications. 
     In system  210 , sealant bands and/or corner beads of the intumescent material and sealant bands and/or corner beads  124  of the elastomer are applied in a similar fashion as described above and on both sides of the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′. This creates homogeneous intumescent layers and a water tight elastomer layer above them on both sides of the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ (on the top side and the bottom side). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , another embodiment of the expansion joint system is shown at  310  and is hereinafter referred to as “system  310 .” System  310  includes a spline  312  (similar to spline 5 of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,708 ( FIG. 4 )), which is a monolithic element having an I-shaped cross section defined by a vertical member and two horizontally oriented flanges located at either end thereof. Spline  312  provides for both the cover plate anchor and the self-centering mechanism. The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as the spline  312  may be constructed of multiple pieces. Flanges  305  on the upper end of the spline  312  enable the cover plate  314  to be located on the spline and secured thereto using any suitable fastener  18  (e.g., a screw). The vertical leg of the spline  312  extends into the gap between the concrete substrates  50 , and the length thereof depends upon the joint dimensions and the size of the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ located on either side of the spline  312 . The foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ can be defined by any configuration of waterproofing elastomer, intumescent material, and beads as described above. Flanges  315  located on the bottom end of the spline  312  support the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ and facilitate the retaining of the foam/core in the gap. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , another embodiment of the expansion joint system is shown at  410  and is hereinafter referred to as “system  410 .” System  410  compensates for irregularities in joint construction with regard to both horizontal and vertical joint parameters. In other words, the opposing sides of a joint may not be parallel or equidistant from each other. In such a case, the expansion of the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ incorporated into the joint on one side of the spline  412  may not reflect the same expansion characteristics of the foam on the other side of the spline due to irregularities in width of the gap and/or vertical/horizontal alignment of concrete substrates  50 . 
     In system  410 , the spline  412  (which is similar to spline of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,708 ( FIG. 5 ) comprises two vertical elements positioned back-to-back, each including a top flange  405  and a bottom flange  415 . The top flanges  405  are each connected to the cover plate  14  via fasteners  18 . The bottom flanges  415  facilitate the support of the foam  22  against the respective vertical element of the spline  412  and the concrete substrate  50 . Each top flange  405  can be individually tensioned to the cover plate  14  to allow the portions of foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ on either side of the spline  412  to be adjusted independently so as to enable the foam to rest in the joint in the desired manner. Again, the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ can be defined by any configuration of waterproofing elastomer, intumescent material, and beads as described above. 
     A system  510  as shown in  FIG. 6  comprises a means to adjust the final position of the cover plate  14  relative to vertical elements of a spline  512  (which is similar to spline of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,708 ( FIG. 6 )). The means to adjust the cover plate  14  is below the cover plate and comprises a bolt  519  or similar mechanism that extends laterally through both vertical elements of the spline  512  and also through vertical portions of angulated flanges  520  attached to upper ends of the spline. Horizontal portions of the angulated flanges  520  are in turn attached to the cover plate  14  using fasteners  18 . The angulated portions  520  are adjustable relative to the vertical portions of the spline  512  by means of vertically-extending slots in the vertical portions and/or the angulated portions themselves, through which the bolt  519  extends, thus allowing each angulated portion to be adjusted and secured to accommodate the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ and the cover plate  14  to suitably retain the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′. The foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ is not shown in system  510 , but it can be defined by any configuration of waterproofing elastomer, intumescent material, and beads as described above. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , shown therein is another expansion joint system  10  similar in some respects to the expansion joint system shown in  FIG. 1A  and described above. Accordingly, like reference numbers refer to like elements. In system  10  of  FIG. 7 , the core  22 ′ is infused with a fire retardant material, as described above. As an example, the fire retardant material can form a “sandwich type” construction wherein the fire retardant material forms a layer  13 ′, as shown in  FIG. 7 , between the material of the core  22 ′. Thus, the layer  13 ′ comprising a fire retardant can be located within the body of the core  22 ′ as, e.g., an inner layer, or lamination infused with a higher ratio or density of fire retardant than the core  22 ′. It is noted that the term “infused with” as used throughout the descriptions herein is meant to be broadly interpreted to refer to “includes” or “including.” Thus, for example, a “core infused with a fire retardant” covers a “core including a fire retardant” in any form and amount, such as a layer, and so forth. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “infused with” would also include, but not be limited to, more particular embodiments such as “permeated” or “filled with” and so forth. 
     Moreover, it is noted that layer  13 ′ is not limited to the exact location within the core  22 ′ shown in  FIG. 7  as the layer  13 ′ may be included at various depths in the core  22 ′ as desired. Moreover, it is further noted that this layer  13 ′ may extend in any direction. For example, layer  13 ′ may be oriented parallel to the direction in which the joint extends, perpendicular to the direction in which the joint extends or combinations of the foregoing. Layer  13 ′ can function as a fire retardant barrier layer within the body of the core  22 ′. Accordingly, layer  13 ′ can comprise any suitable material providing, e.g., fire barrier properties. No coatings are shown on the outer surfaces of core  22 ′ of  FIG. 7 . 
     Accordingly, by tailoring the density as described above to achieve the desired water resistance and/or water proofing properties of the structure, combined with the infused fire retardant in layer  13 ′ or infused within the core  22 ′ in any other desired foam including a non-layered form, additional layers, e.g., an additional water and/or fire resistant layer on either surface or both outer surfaces of the core  22 ′ are not necessary to achieve a dual functioning water and fire resistant expansion and seismic joint system, according to embodiments. 
     It is noted, however, that additional layers could be employed if desired in the embodiment of  FIG. 7 , as well as in the other embodiments disclosed herein, and in any suitable combination and order. For example, the layering described above with respect to any/all of  FIGS. 1-6  could be employed in the embodiment of  FIG. 7  and/or  FIG. 8  described below. 
     As a further example,  FIG. 8  illustrates therein another system  10  comprising the layer  13 ′ comprising a fire retardant within the body of the core  22 ′ as described above with respect to  FIG. 7 , and also comprising an additional coating  17 ′ on a surface of the core  22 ′. Coating  17 ′ can comprise any suitable coating, such as the elastomer  24  described above, a fire barrier material including an intumescent material described above or other suitable fire barrier material, e.g., a sealant, a fabric, a blanket, a foil, a tape, e.g., an intumescent tape, a mesh, a glass, e.g., fiberglass; and combinations thereof. 
     Moreover, embodiments include various combinations of layering and fire retardant infusion (in layer and non-layer form) to achieve, e.g., a dual functional water and fire resistant expansion and seismic joint systems described herein. For example,  FIG. 8 , illustrates coating  17 ′ on one surface of the core  22 ′ and a dual coating  18 ′ on the opposite surface of the core  22 ′. The dual coating  18 ′ can comprise, e.g., an inner layer of elastomer  24 , as described above, with an outer layer of a fire barrier material including, e.g., an intumescent material. Similarly, the layers of dual coating  18 ′ can be reversed to comprise an inner layer of fire barrier material, and an outer layer of elastomer  24 . 
     Alternatively, only one layer may be present on either surface of core  22 ′, such as one layer of a fire barrier material, e.g., sealant, on a surface of the core  22 ′, which is infused with a fire retardant material in layer  13 ′ or infused in a non-layer form. Still further, other combinations of suitable layering include, e.g., dual coating  18 ′ on both surfaces of the core  22 ′ and in any combination of inner and outer layers, as described above. 
     It is additionally noted that the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8  can be similarly constructed, as described above with respect to, e.g.,  FIGS. 1-3 , modified as appropriate for inclusion/deletion of various layering and so forth. Thus, for example, as described above, while a “bellows” constructions is illustrated by some of the figures set forth herein, the embodiments described herein are not limited to such a profile as other suitable profiles may be employed, such as straight, curved, and so forth. 
     Accordingly, as further evident from the foregoing, embodiments of the dual functioning water and fire resistant expansion and seismic joint systems can comprise various ordering and layering of materials on the outer surface of the core  22 ′. Similarly, a fire retardant material can be infused into the core  22 ′ in various forms to crate, e.g., a layered “sandwich type” construction with use of layer  13 ′. 
     Similarly, the variations described above can apply to both the afore-described one-piece, as well as multiple piece spline  12 . 
     In each of the embodiments described herein, the infused foam laminate and/or core  22 ′ may be constructed in a manner such that the density of fire retardant is consistent in the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ regardless of the final size of the product, according to embodiments. The starting density of the infused foam/core is approximately 140 kg/m 3 , according to embodiments. Other densities includes between about 80 kg/m 3  and about 180 kg/m 3 . After compression, the infused foam/core density is in the range of about 160-800 kg/m 3 , according to embodiments. After installation the laminate and/or core  22 ′ will typically cycle between densities of approximately 750 kg/m 3  at the smallest size of the expansion joint to approximately 360-450 kg/m 3 , e.g., approximately 400-450 kg/m 3  (or less) at the maximum size of the joint. A density of 400-450 kg/m 3  was determined through experimentation, as a reasonable value which still affords adequate fire retardant capacity, such that the resultant foam can pass the UL 2079 test program. The present invention is not limited to cycling in the foregoing ranges, however, and the foam/core may attain densities outside of the herein-described ranges. 
     In expansion joint systems employing any of the systems as described herein, installation is accomplished by adhering the foam laminate and/or core  22 ′ to the concrete substrate  50  using an adhesive such as epoxy, according to embodiments. The epoxy or other adhesive is applied to the faces of the expansion joint prior to removing the core/spline/core (e.g., foam/spline/foam) assembly from the packaging thereof (such packaging may comprise restraining elements, straps, ties, bands, shrink wrap plastic, or the like). Once the packaging has been removed, the foam laminate and/or core  22 ′ will begin to expand, and it should be inserted into the joint in the desired orientation. Once the foam lamination and/or core  22 ′ has expanded to suit the expansion joint, it will become locked in by the combination of the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ back pressure and the adhesive. If a cover plate is installed, the cover plate can further facilitate the retention of the foam lamination in place in the joint. 
     In vertical expansion joint systems employing any of the systems as described herein, an adhesive may be pre-applied to the core/spline/core (e.g., foam/spline/foam) assembly. In this case, for installation, the assembled foam laminate/core and spline with the pre-applied adhesive is removed from the packaging and inserted into the space between the concrete surfaces to be joined where it is allowed to expand to meet the concrete substrate. Once this is done, the adhesive in combination with the back pressure of the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ will hold the foam  22  and/or core  22 ′ in position. The cover plate can then be attached to the spline  12 . 
     To fill an entire expansion joint, the installation as described above is repeated as needed. To join the end of one foam laminate and/or core  22 ′ to the end of another in either the horizontal configuration or the vertical configuration, a technique similar to that used with the sealant band and/or corner beads can be employed. After inserting one section of a system (joint) and adhering it securely to the concrete substrate, the next section is readied by placing it in proximity to the first section. A band or bead of the intumescent material and the elastomer material is applied on the end of the foam laminate in the appropriate locations. The next section is removed from the packaging and allowed to expand in close proximity to the previously installed section. When the expansion has taken place and the section is beginning to adhere to the substrates (joint faces), the section is firmly seated against the previously installed section. The outside faces are then tooled to create an aesthetically pleasing seamless interface. 
     The above mentioned installation procedure is simple, rapid, and has no invasive elements which impinge upon or penetrate the concrete (or other) substrates. This avoids many of the long term problems associated with invasive anchoring of screws into expansion joint faces. 
     Thus, according to embodiments, disclosed is an expansion joint system. The system comprises: a cover plate; a spline attached to the cover plate; and a core having a fire retardant material included therein in an amount effective to pass testing mandated by UL 2079. The spline depends from the cover plate and is configured to be positioned in a gap between substrates such that the cover plate overlies the gap. The core is compressible between a first face of the spline and one of the substrates and is compressible between a second face of the spline and the other of the substrates, and the expansion joint system is configured to facilitate compression of the core when installed between the substrates by repeatedly expanding and contracting to accommodate movement of the substrates; and the core with the fire retardant material included therein is configured to pass the testing mandated by UL 2079. According to aspects of the invention, i) the core with the fire retardant material included therein has a density when compressed in a range of about 160 kg/m 3  to about 800 kg/m 3 ; and/or ii) the fire retardant material included in the core is selected from the group consisting of water-based aluminum tri-hydrate, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, aluminum oxides, antimony oxides and hydroxides, iron compounds, ferrocene, molybdenum trioxide, nitrogen-based compounds, phosphorus based compounds, halogen based compounds, halogens, and combinations of the foregoing materials; and/or iii) comprises a fire barrier sealant layer; and/or iv) comprises a water resistant layer on the core; and/or v) wherein the core with the fire retardant material included therein has a density when uncompressed in a range of about 50 kg/m 3  to about 250 kg/m 3 ; and/or vi) the system is configured to maintain fire resistance upon exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. at about five minutes; and/or vii) the system is configured to maintain fire resistance upon exposure to a temperature of about 930° C. at about one hour; and/or viii) the system is configured to maintain fire resistance upon exposure to a temperature of about 1010° C. at about two hours; and/or ix) the system is configured to maintain fire resistance upon exposure to a temperature of about 1052° C. at about three hours; and/or x) the system is configured to maintain fire resistance upon exposure to a temperature of about 1093° C. at about four hours; and/or xi) the system is configured to maintain fire resistance upon exposure to a temperature of about 1260° C. at about eight hours; and/or xii) the core comprises at least one of polyurethane foam, polyether foam, open cell foam, dense closed cell foam, cross-linked foam, neoprene foam rubber, urethane, cardboard, and a composite; and/or xiii) a layer comprising the fire retardant material is sandwiched between material of the core, and the core is not coated with any fire retardant material on any outer surface of the core; and/or xiv) a layer comprising the fire retardant material is sandwiched between material of the core; and/or xv) the layer is oriented, with respect to a direction in which the joint extends in its width, in at least one of a parallel orientation, a perpendicular orientation, and a combination thereof; and/or the fire retardant material is permeated throughout the core. 
     It is further noted that the various embodiments, including constructions, layering and so forth described herein, can be combined in any combination and in any order. Thus, the embodiments described herein are not limited to the specific construction of the figures, as the various materials, layering and so forth described herein can be combined in any desired combination and order. 
     Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.