Patent Publication Number: US-2023140950-A1

Title: Coating system with turbo

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present Application for Patent claims priority to Provisional Application No. 63/277,000, entitled “Coating System with Turbo,” filed Nov. 8, 2021, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein and for all practical purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates generally to a coating system. In particular, but not by way of limitation, the present disclosure relates to systems, methods and apparatuses for a coating system with one or more turbo pumps. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Parylene may be applied as a thin film coating to waterproof electronics, add dry lubricity, add a dielectric layer or enhance adhesion to other coatings. Parylene coatings are a popular choice in applications where reliability and performance are important, such as for industrial and consumer electronics, aerospace and medical applications, etc. Parylene deposition usually occurs in a low-pressure chamber, during which parylene deposits molecule by molecule onto parts or substrates placed in the deposition chamber. Current techniques for achieving low-pressure conditions in coating chambers are lacking in several regards, notably in pump down times and cost. Thus, there is a need for a refined coating system that not only optimizes pump down time, but is also more cost effective, and therefore more accessible to a wide variety of parts and substrates. 
     The description provided in the description of related art section should not be assumed to be prior art merely because it is mentioned in or associated with this section. The description of related art section may include information that describes one or more aspects of the subject technology. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects and/or embodiments disclosed herein. As such, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects and/or embodiments, nor should the following summary be regarded to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects and/or embodiments or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect and/or embodiment. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects and/or embodiments relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for thin-film deposition, including: a deposition chamber configured to hold one or more specimens, wherein the deposition chamber is configured to be coupled to a furnace at a proximal end and a pumping system at a distal end. The pumping system includes at least: a first pump and a second pump, wherein a pumping speed of each of the first pump and the second pump is based at least in part on an operating pressure. The system for thin-film deposition further includes a controller, wherein the controller includes one or more hardware processors configured by machine-readable instructions to control activation of the first pump to initiate a pump down operation of the deposition chamber, determine a cut-in pressure for switching operation from the first pump to the second pump, monitor an internal pressure of the deposition chamber, switch operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump based at least in part on determining that the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is at or below the cut-in pressure, and continue, using the second pump, the pump down operation of the deposition chamber until the internal pressure is at or below a target pressure for thin-film deposition. In some implementations, the thin-film deposition comprises parylene deposition. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method for thin-film deposition, including: providing a deposition chamber having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the deposition chamber is shaped and sized to hold one or more specimens; arranging the one or more specimens in the deposition chamber; and coupling a pumping system to the distal end of the deposition chamber, wherein the pumping system includes at least a first pump associated with a first pump down curve, and a second pump associated with a second pump down curve, wherein the first pump down curve is different from the second pump down curve. The method for thin-film deposition further includes controlling activation of the first pump to start a pump down operation of the deposition chamber; determining a cut-in pressure for switching operation from the first pump to the second pump; monitoring an internal pressure of the deposition chamber; switching operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump based at least in part on determining that the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is at or below the cut-in pressure; and controlling the second pump, wherein controlling the second pump includes continuing, using the second pump, the pump down operation of the deposition chamber until the internal pressure is at or below a target pressure for thin-film deposition. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a non-transient computer-readable storage medium having instructions embodied thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform a method for thin-film deposition, the method including: providing a deposition chamber having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the deposition chamber is shaped and sized to hold one or more specimens; arranging the one or more specimens in the deposition chamber; coupling a pumping system to the distal end of the deposition chamber, wherein the pumping system includes at least a first pump associated with a first pump down curve, and a second pump associated with a second pump down curve, wherein the first pump down curve is different from the second pump down curve. In some implementations of the non-transient computer-readable storage medium, the method further includes controlling activation of the first pump to start a pump down operation of the deposition chamber, determining a cut-in pressure for switching operation from the first pump to the second pump, monitoring an internal pressure of the deposition chamber, switching operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump based at least in part on determining that the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is at or below the cut-in pressure, and controlling the second pump, wherein controlling the second pump includes continuing, using the second pump, the pump down operation of the deposition chamber until the internal pressure is at or below a target pressure for thin-film deposition. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein: a pumping speed of the first pump is higher when the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is at or above a first pressure level; and a pumping speed of the second pump is higher when the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is at or below a second pressure level, and wherein the first pressure level is equal to or substantially equal to the second pressure level. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the cut-in pressure is equal to or substantially equal to one or more of the first pressure level and the second pressure level. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the cut-in pressure is determined based on a relation between a corresponding pumping speed for one or more of the first pump and the second pump at different operating pressures. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including: a vaporizer. In some implementations, the furnace is a pyrolysis furnace, wherein the pyrolysis furnace is positioned between the vaporizer and the proximal end of the deposition chamber. In some implementations, the distal end of the deposition chamber is coupled to a cold trap, the cold trap positioned between the deposition chamber and the pumping system. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the vaporizer is configured to receive a powdered solid to be deposited as a thin-film on the one or more specimens in the deposition chamber, and wherein the vaporizer is further configured to vaporize or sublimate the powdered solid into a first vapor. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the first vapor includes a dimer vapor, and wherein the pyrolysis furnace is configured to heat the dimer vapor to transform the dimer vapor to a monomer vapor, and wherein the monomer vapor flows into the deposition chamber, and wherein an interior of the deposition chamber is maintained anywhere between 20-25 degrees Celsius (i.e., at or near room temperature). 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the target pressure is (1) at or below 50 mTorr, or (2) at or below 10 mTorr, or (3) at or below 2 mTorr, or (4) anywhere between 30 to 50 mTorr, or (5) in a range between 10 mTorr to 50 mTorr. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the pumping system further includes: a first valve coupled to the first pump, wherein the first pump is a roughing pump controlled using the first valve; a second valve coupled to the second pump, wherein the second pump is a turbo pump controlled using the second valve; and wherein each of the first and the second valve are controlled using the controller. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the controller is configured to: open the first valve to control the activation of the first pump to initiate the pump down operation. In some implementations, switching operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump includes transitioning control from the first valve to the second valve, wherein transitioning the control includes closing the first valve when the internal pressure is at or below the cut-in pressure; and opening the second valve based at least in part on closing the first valve. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including: a third pump, wherein the third pump is a turbo pump; and wherein each of the first pump, the second pump, and the third pump are associated with different pump down curves. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the first pump includes a mechanical pump, and the second pump includes a turbo pump. In some implementations, the mechanical pump and the turbo pump are arranged in a parallel or by-pass configuration, further described below in relation to  FIG.  11 A . In other implementations, the mechanical pump and the turbo pump are arranged in a series configuration, wherein the turbo pump is positioned between the mechanical pump and the distal end of the deposition chamber, further described below in relation to  FIG.  11 B . 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the controller is configured to: operate the first pump for a first duration; and operate the second pump for a second, different duration. In some cases, the first duration is shorter than the second duration. Alternatively, the second duration is shorter than the first duration. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein each of the one or more specimens includes an electrical part or wafer, and wherein the thin-film deposition includes a parylene deposition. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the pumping system further includes a first valve coupled to the first pump, wherein the first pump is a roughing pump controlled using the first valve, and a second valve coupled to the second pump, wherein the second pump is a turbo pump controlled using the second valve. In some implementations, the method further includes opening the first valve to control the activation of the first pump to start the pump down operation. In some implementations of the method, switching operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump includes transitioning control from the first valve to the second valve, wherein transitioning the control includes (1) closing the first valve when the internal pressure is at or below the cut-in pressure, and (2) opening the second valve, based at least in part on closing the first valve. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein a pumping speed of each of the first pump and the second pump is based at least in part on an operating pressure, and wherein the cut-in pressure is determined based on a relation between a corresponding pumping speed for one or more of the first pump and the second pump at different operating pressures. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein each of the one or more specimens includes an electrical part or wafer, and wherein the thin-film deposition includes a parylene deposition. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the first pump includes a mechanical pump, and the second pump includes a turbo pump, and wherein: (1) the mechanical pump and the turbo pump are arranged in a parallel or by-pass configuration; or (2) the mechanical pump and the turbo pump are arranged in a series configuration, wherein the turbo pump is positioned between the mechanical pump and the distal end of the deposition chamber. 
     These and other features, and characteristics of the present technology, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’ include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example of a coating system comprising a vacuum pumping system, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example of a process flow for thin-film deposition, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates a side view of a vacuum pumping system comprising one or more turbo pumps, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates another side view of the vacuum pumping system in  FIG.  3 A , according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example of a coating system employing two or more pumping stages, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates an example of a first pumping stage of the coating system in  FIG.  4   , according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates an example of a second pumping stage of the coating system in  FIG.  4   , according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a pump down curve showing pressure against time for a coating system, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example of a vacuum pumping system of a coating system utilized for thin-film deposition in the prior art. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an example of a pump down curve showing pressure against time for a prior art coating system, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9 A  illustrates a schematic diagram of a coating system, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  9 B  illustrates a conceptual graph of pumping speed against internal pressure for the coating system in  FIG.  9 A , according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a conceptual graph of internal pressure of a deposition chamber against time for a coating system, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  11 A  illustrates a schematic diagram of a coating system employing two different pumping paths or stages, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  11 B  illustrates a schematic diagram of a coating system employing at least one turbo pump, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates a conceptual graph showing two curves of pressure against time, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    is a block diagram of a computer system within which a set of instructions can execute for causing a device to perform or execute any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates an example of a method for thin-film deposition, such as parylene deposition, according to various aspects of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. 
     Preliminary note: the flowcharts and block diagrams in the following Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, some blocks in these flowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The present disclosure relates generally to a coating system. More specifically, but without limitation, the present disclosure relates to a thin-film deposition or coating system, such as, but not limited to, a parylene coating system, which integrates one or more turbo pumps to optimize pump down time. In some cases, turbo pumps may also be referred to as turbomolecular pumps, and the two terms may be used somewhat interchangeably throughout this disclosure. Furthermore, while generally described with reference to parylene coatings, aspects of this disclosure may be similarly applied to other vacuum deposition coating systems, not just parylene coating systems. In other words, the parylene coating systems described herein are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In some cases, the pumping systems described in this disclosure may be employed for other vacuum deposition coating techniques requiring low pressure conditions, a specific pump down curve, a specific target pressure, or a combination thereof. It should also be noted that the model numbers of pumps (e.g., mechanical pumps, turbo or turbomolecular pumps) and their associated simulation and/or testing data discussed in relation to the figures below are not intended to be limiting. Said another way, the specific pumps are immaterial insofar as the focus is on the general principles of the pump down operation of the different types of pumps and when one or more turbo pumps may be utilized to optimize the overall pump down curve of the pumping system. As used herein, the terms “pumping system” and “vacuum pumping system” may be used somewhat interchangeably throughout the disclosure. Additionally, a pumping system may comprise a plurality of pumps (e.g., roughing pump, turbo pump), a plurality of different types of pumps, a plurality of turbo pumps, or a combination thereof. 
     Parylene films are usually grown as molecule-by-molecule vapor deposits on specimens (e.g., parts, substrates, wafers, etc.) in a low-pressure or vacuum chamber, also referred to as a deposition chamber (e.g., shown as deposition chamber  102  in  FIG.  1   ). In some examples, the low-pressure or vacuum chamber may be operated at or near ambient/room-temperature, for instance, anywhere between 17-25 degrees Celsius. In some cases, the internal pressure in the chamber may need to be brought down below 50 mTorr for parylene deposition to occur. In some circumstances, when high volumes of specimens (e.g., parts or substrates) with high outgassing characteristics are coated, the time required to pump down the chamber may be significant (e.g., &gt;4 hours, &gt;6 hours, etc.), which may not only increase the cost of coating, but also increase the complexity of the parylene coating process. Currently, most parylene coating systems utilize a single oil pump to provide the pumping force required to achieve the adequate level of internal pressure needed for the parylene deposition process.  FIG.  7    illustrates an example of a vacuum pumping system (shown as mechanical pump  719 ) coupled to a deposition chamber  702  of a coating system  700  utilized for thin-film deposition (e.g., parylene deposition) in the prior art. 
     In some circumstances, prior art coating systems have also resorted to using (1) larger pumps to achieve faster pump down times and/or (2) roots blower pumps to evacuate the chamber faster. In some other cases, specimens (e.g., substrates or wafers) are pumped down in a separate chamber, referred to as “pre-outgassing”. These pumping systems suffer a few deficiencies, including, but not limited to, slow pump down times, high power consumption, larger footprints and/or audible noise. In some circumstances, the associated time, cost, and/or footprint limitations makes parylene coating commercially unfeasible using these pumping systems. In some other cases, prior art pumping systems are ineffective at lower pressures (e.g., &lt;500 mTorr, &lt;200 mTorr, etc.), making them impractical, if not impossible, for use with certain coating systems (e.g., parylene coating systems) that require a certain target pressure (e.g., &lt;50 mTorr, &lt;10 mTorr) to be attained before the coating cycle can begin. Due to the significant amount of time needed to outgas parts and the amount of outgassing that continues to occur during the parylene deposition process, currently used pumping systems are not very effective in cost, time, and/or accessibility. 
     In some embodiments of the disclosure, one or more turbo pumps (e.g., shown as turbo pump  427 - a  in  FIG.  5 B ) may be integrated into the pumping system (e.g., shown as vacuum pumping system  117  in  FIG.  1   ) of a parylene coating system, which may serve to reduce the time for the parylene deposition process, thus making it less expensive and more accessible to a wider variety of parts and substrates. In some examples, parylene may be applied (or deposited) in a low-pressure coating system using a multi-stage, vapor deposition process, further described in relation to  FIGS.  1  and  2    below. While the disclosure generally describes the use of turbo pumps for a parylene coating system, this is not intended to be limiting. In other words, turbo pumps may be integrated into other coating systems besides parylene coating systems in different embodiments. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  1   , which illustrate a coating system  100  for thin-film deposition, such as parylene deposition, according to various embodiments of the disclosure. As seen, the coating system  100  comprises a vaporizer  108  having a proximal end and a distal end, a pyrolysis furnace  112  coupled to the distal end of the vaporizer  108 , a deposition chamber  102  coupled to the pyrolysis furnace  112  and a vacuum pumping system  117 . The vacuum pumping system  117  (or simply pumping system  117 ) comprises one or more pump(s)  106  and an optional cold trap  104 , where the cold trap  104  is positioned between the one or more pump(s)  106  and the deposition chamber  102 . In some examples, the deposition chamber  102  comprises one or more viewports  116  to enable a user to view one or more specimens  110  (e.g., wafers or substrates) positioned inside the chamber. In some examples, the vacuum pumping system  117  further includes a controller  150 , where the controller  150  is configured to measure or monitor an internal pressure  121  of the deposition chamber  102  and output a control signal  122  to effectuate one or more aspects of the disclosure. 
     In some circumstances, the parylene vapor deposition process produces thin films that grow uniformly on a surface (e.g., of a specimen  110 ) one molecule at a time, further described below. In some cases, the parylene dimer (e.g., in a solid powdered form) may be placed inside the vaporizer  108 , where it is heated and sublimed (i.e., turned from a solid to a gas). For example, the parylene dimer may be fed in from the proximal end of the vaporizer  108 , where it sublimates into a vapor (e.g., at or around 170 degrees Celsius). After sublimation, the parylene dimer vapor flows into the pyrolysis furnace  112 , where the pyrolysis furnace  112  further heats the dimer vapor to convert it into a monomer vapor. In one non-limiting example, the pyrolysis furnace  112  heats the parylene dimer vapor to anywhere between 650 to 690 degrees Celsius and turns it into the monomer vapor. 
     In some cases, one or more specimens  110  (e.g., the parts or substrates to be coated, such as wafers) may be affixed to the inside of the deposition chamber  102 . While not necessary, in some examples, the interior of the deposition chamber  102  may be maintained at or near room temperature (e.g., at or around 25 degrees Celsius, anywhere between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius, etc.). In some examples, the output of the pyrolysis furnace  112  may be coupled to one end (or opening) of the deposition chamber, while the cold trap may be coupled to another end (or opening) of the deposition chamber. In this example, the distal end of the pyrolysis furnace  112  is coupled to the proximal end of the deposition chamber  102 , while the proximal end of the cold trap  104  (also shown as cold trap  404  in  FIGS.  4 ,  5 A -B) is coupled to the distal end of the deposition chamber  102 . In some cases, more than one cold trap  104  may be utilized. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example of a process flow  200  for thin-film deposition, such as parylene deposition, according to various aspects of the disclosure. Process flow  200  may be implemented using the coating system  100  previously described in relation to  FIG.  1   . In some cases, process flow  200  begins with reducing the internal pressure of the deposition chamber  102  from at or near ambient/atmospheric pressure to a target pressure, where the target pressure corresponds to a pressure required for parylene deposition to occur (shown as step  220 ). As noted above, the pressure in the interior of the deposition chamber may need to be significantly lower than atmospheric pressure (e.g., around 760 torr) for parylene deposition to occur. For example, a pressure at or below 50 mTorr may be required for parylene deposition to occur. In some embodiments, the interior pressure of the deposition chamber may be maintained anywhere between 30 to 50 mTorr to optimize parylene deposition on the specimens or parts (e.g., wafers) affixed to the inside of the deposition chamber  102 . The vacuum pumping system (e.g., shown as vacuum pumping system  117  in  FIG.  1   ) comprising the one or more pump(s)  106  and cold trap(s)  104  may be utilized to remove a majority of the air and gasses from the deposition chamber  102 , thus reducing the pressure in the interior of the deposition chamber. Additionally, the cold trap  104  coupled to the distal end of the deposition chamber  102  may be deployed to (1) capture any excess parylene at the end of the deposition process, (2) prevent oil vapors (e.g., from the vacuum pumping system  117 ) from back streaming into the deposition chamber  102 , or a combination thereof. That is, in some cases, the cold trap  104  may help prevent backflow into the deposition chamber  102 . 
     As shown, process flow  200  further comprises sublimation step  221  (or simply, step  221 ), where sublimation step  221  includes heating up the parylene dimer (e.g., in a solid powdered form) in the vaporizer  108  such that it sublimates or vaporizes. In some cases, sublimation step  221  may be started at or around the same time as the pump down operation. Next, process flow  200  comprises pyrolysis step  222  (or simply, step  222 ), where the vapor (e.g., parylene dimer vapor) is heated in the pyrolysis furnace  112  to convert it into another vapor (e.g., parylene monomer vapor). In some cases, the parylene monomer vapor enters the deposition chamber  102  in a highly excited state. It should be noted that, the internal pressure of the deposition chamber  102  may be maintained at or near the target pressure (e.g., 20 mTorr, 30 mTorr, etc.) or within a range (e.g., anywhere between 2-50 mTorr) to facilitate thin-film deposition (or step  223 ) on the one or more specimens or wafers. For instance, after the parylene monomer vapor flows into the deposition chamber  102 , it polymerizes onto the parts (e.g., wafers, substrates) placed in the interior of the chamber, shown as deposition step  223  (or simply, step  223 ). In some cases, the parylene polymers create a thin and uniform (or substantially uniform) coating on the surface of the parts/specimens in the chamber  102 . 
     Thus, as seen above, the process flow  200  comprises a plurality of steps, shown as step  220 , step  221 , step  222 , and step  223 . The various steps illustrated and described in relation to  FIG.  2    may be performed in any sequence or order. For instance, process flow  200  may begin with the initiation of a pump down operation (shown as step  220 ) of the chamber  102 , followed by step  221 , step  222 , and step  223 . In other cases, process flow  200  begins with step  221  and initiation of the pump down operation (i.e., step  220 ), followed by step  222 . In some cases, parylene starts depositing on the wafers/substrates in the deposition chamber  102  as the highly excited monomer vapors from the pyrolysis furnace  112  enter the deposition chamber. As noted above, parylene deposition may be optimized within a target pressure range (e.g., 10-50 mTorr), and aspects of the disclosure facilitate in reducing the time needed to achieve this target pressure range and maintaining this target pressure range for the duration of the coating cycle through the use of one or more turbo pumps, described in additional detail below. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates a side view of a vacuum pumping system  300 - a , according to various aspects of the disclosure. In one non-limiting example, the pumping system  300  may be utilized to pump out gases from a deposition or coating chamber, for instance, deposition chamber  102  in  FIG.  1   . Additionally, or alternatively, the pumping system  300 - a  may implement one or more aspects of the vacuum pumping system  117  described above in relation to  FIGS.  1 - 2    or any of the other figures described herein. In this example, the vacuum pumping system  300 - a  comprises a first turbo pump  327 - a  (or main turbo pump  327 - a ), a second turbo pump  327 - b  (or secondary turbo pump  327 - b ), and a bracket or housing  337  for holding the plurality of turbo pumps  327 . In some examples, the bracket or housing  337  comprises a plurality of openings, one for each turbo pump  327 . The bracket  337  may also include an opening for receiving a roughing pump or another type of pump (not shown). As shown, the vacuum pumping system  300 - a  may also include a plurality of valves (e.g., turbo valve  352 - a  coupled to turbo pump  327 - a , turbo valve  352 - b  coupled to turbo pump  327 - b , roughing valve  353  coupled to roughing pump), where the valves may be used to connect/disconnect the pumps from a deposition chamber of a coating system. That is, the controllable valves may be used to control the flow through the pumps. 
     In some embodiments, the pumping system  300 - a  comprises a plurality of pumps, including at least a first pump (e.g., turbo pump  327 - a , other types of pumps) and a second pump (e.g., turbo pump  327 - b ). The pumping system  300 - a  may also comprise a roughing pump (not shown). Alternatively, a roughing pump may be utilized in lieu of the secondary turbo pump  327 - b , in which case the roughing valve  353  is coupled to the pump  327 - b . In yet other cases, the second turbo pump  327 - b  may be replaced with a Roots blower pump, in which case a valve configured for use with a Roots blower pump may be utilized. In this latter case, the pumping system  300 - a  may comprise three different types of pumps, namely a roughing pump, a turbo pump, and a Roots blower pump. 
     In some embodiments, the valves of the pumping system  300 - a  may be controlled using an external controller, such as controller  150  in  FIGS.  1  and/or  4   , a microcontroller, and/or computing system  1300  in  FIG.  13   . Further, one or more of the turbo pump(s)  327  may be utilized in front (i.e., closer to the chamber inlet) of the roughing pump, which serves to enhance pumping speeds at low pressures (e.g., in the range of 1×10 −2  to 1×10 −4  Torr). In some cases, the valves of the pumping system  300  may be programmed to prevent them for being open at the same time. For instance, the roughing valve  353  and the second turbo valve  352 - b  may be closed when the first turbo valve  352 - a  is open, and the main turbo pump  327 - a  is in operation. Similarly, the main turbo valve  352 - a  and the second turbo valve  352 - b  may be closed when the roughing pump is in operation and the roughing valve  353  is open. In some examples, the pumping system  300  may initially pump through the roughing valve  353  until the pressure in the deposition chamber (e.g., deposition chamber  102 ) is at or under a threshold (e.g., 10 Torr). The pumping system  300  may then switch to the main turbo valve  352 - a  and continue to pump, using the main turbo pump  327 - a , down to the operating pressure of the coating system. In some examples, the operating pressure of the coating system (e.g., coating system  100 ) may be at or below 50 mTorr, for instance, in the range of 50 mTorr to 10 mTorr. It should be noted that the pressure values and/or ranges described in this disclosure are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For instance, in one non-limiting example, the main turbo valve  352 - a  may be opened at a pressure higher than 10 Torr. In another non-limiting example, the main turbo valve  352 - a  may be opened at a pressure lower than 10 Torr. In another example, the main turbo valve  352 - a  may be opened at a first target pressure (e.g., 50 mTorr) and the second turbo valve  352 - b  may be opened at a second, different target pressure (e.g., 10 mTorr). The controller  150  of the present disclosure may be configured to monitor or measure the internal pressure of the deposition chamber  102  and transmit the control signal(s)  122  to the one or more valves of the vacuum pumping system to (1) control the opening/closing of the valves and (2) control the flow through the corresponding pumps. In some examples, the one or more turbo pumps  327  (e.g., main turbo pump  327 - a , secondary turbo pump  327 - b ) may continue pumping down the deposition chamber until at least a target pressure is attained in the interior of the chamber. While not necessary, in some examples, the turbo pump(s)  327  may continue pumping down the deposition chamber below 10 mTorr, for instance, until a pressure between 2-10 mTorr is attained. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates another side view of a pumping system  300 - b , according to various aspects of the disclosure. The pumping system  300 - b  is similar or substantially similar to the pumping system  300 - a  described above in relation to  FIG.  3 A . As seen,  FIG.  3 B  depicts turbo pumps  327 - a  and  327 - b  coupled to valves  352 - a  and  352 - b , respectively. The valves  352  may be electronically and/or communicatively coupled to a controller, such as controller  150  in  FIG.  1   , where the controller is configured to open or close the valves, for instance, to control the flow through the corresponding pump. In this way, a pump can be effectively connected or disconnected from the deposition chamber based on controlling the corresponding valve connected to the pump. As noted above, the controller may monitor the internal pressure of a chamber used for thin-film deposition and (1) determine whether a particular valve, such as a turbo valve, roughing valve, etc., should be in an open or closed position, (2) determine whether a particular pump, such as a main turbo pump, a secondary turbo pump, etc., should be in operation, and/or (3) determine how long a particular pump should be in operation, or alternatively, how long a particular valve should be kept open, to name a few non-limiting examples. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a schematic diagram of a coating system  400 , such as a parylene coating system, according to various aspects of the disclosure. The coating system  400  may be similar or substantially similar to the coating system  100  previously described in relation to  FIG.  1   . As seen, the coating system  400  comprises a chamber  402  having a proximal end and a distal end, where the proximal end is coupled to one or more of a pyrolysis furnace and vaporizer (shown in  FIG.  1   ) and configured to receive a vapor (e.g., parylene monomer vapor). Additionally, the distal end of the chamber  402  is coupled to a cold trap  404  (also shown as cold trap  104  in  FIG.  1   ), where the cold trap  404  is coupled to a vacuum pumping system  417 . The vacuum pumping system  417  is similar or substantially similar to the vacuum pumping system  117  described in relation to  FIG.  1   . 
     In this example, the vacuum pumping system  417  comprises a plurality of paths or stages, each stage comprising at least one valve and pump. For instance, the vacuum pumping system  417  comprises a first path or stage comprising a first valve  453  (e.g., a roughing valve) and a pump  449  (e.g., a mechanical pump, such as a roughing pump); a second path or stage comprising a second valve  452 - a  (e.g., first turbo valve), a second pump  427 - a  (e.g., first turbo pump), and a third valve  447 - a  (e.g., first foreline valve); and a third path or stage comprising a fourth valve  452 - b  (e.g., second turbo valve), a third pump (e.g., second turbo pump), and a fifth valve  447 - b  (e.g., second foreline valve). In some embodiments, a twin turbo (or dual-turbo) pump configuration, such as the one shown in  FIG.  4   , may be utilized to enhance the pumping speed, as compared to the prior art. In some cases, the coating system  400  may pump through the three different pumps (i.e., mechanical or roughing pump  449 , main turbo pump  427 - a , and secondary turbo pump  427 - b ) in stages, which may further assist in accelerating the pump down process, as described below. It should be noted that the two turbo pumps  427 - a ,  427 - b  may or may not be identical. For instance, in some cases, one of the turbo pumps (e.g., turbo pump  427 - a ) may have a higher pumping speed, a different pump down curve, and/or different pump down characteristics, than the other turbo pump (e.g., turbo pump  427 - b ). Further, the two turbo pumps may or may not be operated simultaneously. In one non-limiting example, the roughing pump (e.g., pump  449 ) may be employed to pump down from a first pressure (e.g., atmospheric pressure ˜760 Torr) to a second pressure (e.g., 10 Torr), the first turbo pump  427 - a  may be employed to pump down from the second pressure (e.g., 10 Torr) to a third pressure (e.g., 250 mTorr), while the second turbo pump  427 - b  may be employed to pump down from the third pressure (e.g., 250 mTorr) to a fourth pressure (e.g., &lt;50 mTorr). Here, the fourth pressure may correspond to the target pressure required for thin-film deposition (e.g., parylene deposition) to occur on the surfaces of the substrates/wafers. In some cases, the chamber  402  is also coupled to an optional vent valve, shown as vent valve  430  in  FIG.  4   . 
     In some examples, the mechanical pump  449  may be a roughing pump or another applicable pump (e.g., positive-displacement pump, rotary positive-displacement pump, reciprocating pump, centrifugal pump, etc.). Some non-limiting examples of roughing pumps include oil-sealed roughing pumps (e.g., rotary vane pumps, Roots lobe pumps, rotary piston pumps) and dry roughing pumps (e.g., scroll pumps, diaphragm pumps, screw rotor pumps, etc.). Other types of pumps, such as a Roots-type blower pump, may be utilized in different embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, one or more of the valves (e.g., roughing valve  453 , turbo valve  452 - a , turbo valve  452 - b ) may be controlled using a programmable controller, such as controller  150 . The controller  150  may be configured to control the desired pumping line (i.e., pumping path or stage) such that no two valves are open at the same time. In some cases, the different pumps of the coating system  400  may operate differently based on their pump down curves, described in further detail below. For instance, different pump types (e.g., mechanical pump, turbo pump) may have different pumping speeds at different operating pressures. In some aspects, the present disclosure facilitates in determining the pressure at which the coating system should switch between different pump types to optimize the pump down speed. As an example, the mechanical or roughing pump  449  may be used to initially evacuate the deposition chamber  402  and may be used as a first stage towards achieving low pressure conditions. In some cases, roughing pumps usually work in “rough vacuum”, above 10 −3  Torr. In some circumstances, pumps optimized to work in low pressure conditions may operate inefficiently at atmospheric pressure. That is, the pumping speed of the mechanical or roughing pump  449  may decrease as the internal pressure of the chamber  402  decreases. Aspects of this disclosure relate to utilizing different types of pumps (e.g., both mechanical and turbo pumps) having different pump down curves to optimize pump down time, as compared to the prior art. In some cases, aspects of this disclosure also relate to controlling the pressures at which the valves (e.g., roughing valve  453 , turbo valves  452 - a  and  452 - b ) of the different pumps are opened and/or the speed at which the turbo pump(s)  427  are run to regulate the internal pressure of the chamber  402 , to name two non-limiting examples. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates an example of a first pumping stage  500 - a  (or roughing pump path) of the coating system in  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the disclosure.  FIG.  5 B  illustrates an example of a second pumping stage  500 - b  (or turbo pump path) of the coating system in  FIG.  4   , according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As seen, the second pumping stage  500 - b  utilizes a turbo pump (e.g., turbo pump  427 - a ) and a turbo valve (e.g., shown as valve  452 - a ). In some cases, the third pumping stage (e.g., with turbo pump  427 - b  and turbo valve  452 - b ) shown in  FIG.  4    implements one or more aspects of the second pumping stage  500 - b  but uses a different turbo pump with different pumping characteristics (e.g., pumping speed, pump down curve). In one non-limiting example, the second pumping stage  500 - b  utilizes a larger turbo pump (e.g., a turbo pump having a higher pumping speed) than the turbo pump used in the third pumping stage. In some other cases, the two turbo pumps  427 - a ,  427 - b  may be identical, and their turbo valves  452 - a ,  452 - b  may be opened at different pressures. 
     In some cases, the roughing pump path (i.e., associated with the first pumping stage  500 - a ) may be employed to lower the pressure in the chamber  402  from at or near atmospheric pressure to a cut in pressure. The cut in pressure selected may be based on one or more factors, such as the pump down curve of the turbo pump  427 - a . In one non-limiting example, the cut in pressure may be anywhere between 10 Torr and 2 Torr. Other cut in pressures are contemplated in different embodiments, and the examples listed herein are not intended to be limiting. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a conceptual graph of a pump down curve  600  showing pressure  616  against time  617  for the coating system  400  in  FIG.  4   , according to various embodiments of the disclosure. It should be noted that, the scale on the vertical axis (or y-axis) for the conceptual graph in  FIG.  6    is logarithmic. 
     As seen, the pump down curve  600  includes three distinct phases based on which pump (e.g., roughing pump, turbo pump) is active. In Phase 1, the roughing pump (i.e., mechanical pump  449 ) is active, which causes the pressure in the deposition chamber  402  to reduce from atmospheric pressure (e.g., 760,000 mTorr or 760 Torr) to a cut in pressure  669  (e.g., at or around 10 Torr). The cut in pressure  669  (i.e., the pressure at which the roughing pump  449  is switched off and the turbo pump  427  is initiated) may be selected based on a pressure (e.g., anywhere between 2-10 Torr) at which the pressure curve for the roughing pump  449  starts leveling out. In some cases, during Phase 1, the roughing valve  453  is open, and the foreline and turbo valve(s)  447  and  452 , respectively, are closed. 
     Phase 2, also referred to as the Turbo Assist phase, initiates at the cut in pressure  669 . In this phase, the roughing valve (e.g., roughing valve  453  in  FIG.  4   ) is closed, and at least one set of foreline and turbo valves (e.g., foreline valve  447 - a  and turbo valve  452 - a ; or foreline valve  447 - b  and turbo valve  452 - b ) are open. As seen in  FIG.  6   , turning the turbo pump (e.g., turbo pump  427 - a ) on helps decreases the pressure in the chamber, which serves to reduce coating cycle time. In this example, the turbo pump rapidly decreases the pressure from the cut-in pressure (e.g., anywhere between 2-10 Torr) to about 300 mTorr (0.3 Torr) in a few minutes. In the example shown, the rate at which the pressure decreases slows down after the 13-15-minute mark, but the turbo pump continues to steadily decrease the chamber pressure from 300 mTorr to about 25 mTorr until the 50-minute mark. Phase 3 (Shutdown) is triggered when the deposition process ends. In this phase, all three valves, namely, roughing valve, foreline valve, and turbo valve are closed. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates an example of a coating system  700  in the prior art. As seen, the system  700  comprises a deposition chamber  702  (e.g., for thin-film deposition), a pumping system having a single mechanical pump  719 , and piping  769  to couple the mechanical pump  719  to the deposition chamber  702 . In some cases, the mechanical pump  719  may include an oil-sealed vacuum pump (e.g., TRIVAC D 40 B). 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a conceptual graph of a pump down curve  800  showing pressure  816  against time  817  for the prior art pumping system in  FIG.  7   . It should be noted that, the scale on the vertical axis (or y-axis) for the conceptual graph in  FIG.  8    is logarithmic. In this example, the internal volume of the deposition chamber is roughly 210 liters. As seen, the pump down time to reduce the pressure in the chamber from atmospheric pressure (e.g., 760,000 mTorr or 760 Torr) to the target pressure (e.g., around 55 mTorr) is approximately 150 minutes when the chamber volume is ˜210 liters. 
       FIG.  9 A  illustrates an example of pumping system  900 , according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Here, the pumping system  900  comprises a mechanical pump  919  (e.g., an oil-sealed vacuum pump, such as TRIVAC D 40B) and a turbo pump  906 . The deposition chamber  902  is coupled to the turbo pump  906  using piping  969 - a . Additionally, turbo pump  906  is coupled to the mechanical pump  919  using piping  969 - b . It should be noted that the pumps  906 ,  919  depicted in  FIG.  9    are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Different makes and models of mechanical and turbo pumps known or contemplated in the art may be utilized in different embodiments. 
       FIG.  9 B  illustrates a conceptual graph  901  of pumping speed  999  (e.g., in liters/second) against pressure  916  for the turbo pump  906  in  FIG.  9 A , according to various aspects of the disclosure. As seen, the pumping speed  999  of the turbo pump  906  is higher when the operating pressure is below 1 Torr. Said another way, the turbo pump is optimized for pumping at lower pressures. For example, the pumping speed  999  for the turbo pump  906  increases as the pressure drops from 200 Torr to 1 Torr. The pumping speed then remains the same or substantially the same for further decrease in pressure (e.g., from 1 Torr to 10 nanoTorr). It should be noted that, the scale on the horizontal axis (or x-axis) for the conceptual graph in  FIG.  9 B  is logarithmic. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a conceptual graph of internal pressure  1016  of a deposition chamber against time  1017  for a coating system, such as the coating system in  FIG.  9 A , according to various aspects of the disclosure. The coating system is similar or substantially similar to the coating system described in relation to  FIG.  9 A  and comprises a first pump having first pumping characteristics (e.g., turbo pump  906 ) and a second pump having second, different pumping characteristics (e.g., mechanical pump  919 ). The first and the second pump may have a different pump down curve, may be optimized for different pressures, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the different pumps (e.g., mechanical, turbo pumps) may be controlled using an external controller, such as controller  150  in  FIG.  1   . For example, the mechanical pump may be turned on first since it is optimized for operating at higher pressures as compared to the turbo pump. Furthermore, the turbo pump may be turned on when the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is below a first threshold (e.g., cut-in pressure). In some cases, the mechanical pump may be turned off at the cut-in pressure. As seen,  FIG.  10    depicts the initiation of the turbo phase at the cut-in pressure (e.g., around 5,000 mTorr or 5 Torr). As compared to the prior art pump down curve shown in  FIG.  8   , the time needed to reduce pressure from 760,000 mTorr down to the target pressure (e.g., 25 mTorr) is substantially lower (e.g., around 40 minutes vs 150 minutes). In this example as well, the chamber had a volume of 210 liters. 
       FIG.  11 A  illustrates a schematic diagram of a coating system  1100 - a  having a pumping system employing two different pumping paths or stages, according to various aspects of the disclosure. As seen, the pumping system in  FIG.  11 A  comprises a mechanical pump  1119 - a , a first valve  1153 - a , a turbo pump  1127 - a , a second valve  1152 - a , and piping  1169  for coupling the various components of the pumping system. The pumping system is coupled to an inlet of a deposition chamber  1102 - a.    
       FIG.  11 B  illustrates a schematic diagram of a coating system  1100 - b  having a pumping system employing a single pumping path, according to various aspects of the disclosure. As seen, the pumping system in  FIG.  11 B  comprises a mechanical pump  1119 - b , a turbo pump  1127 - b , a valve  1153 - b , and piping  1169  for coupling the various components of the pumping system. The pumping system is also coupled to an inlet of a deposition chamber  1102 - b . Similar to  FIG.  11 A , the pumping system utilizes two different types of pumps (e.g., a mechanical pump and a turbo pump), with the difference being that the pumps in  FIG.  11 A  are arranged in a parallel configuration, while the pumps in  FIG.  11 B  are arranged in a series configuration. In some cases, the pumping system configuration in  FIG.  11 A  may also be referred to as a by-pass configuration, as the mechanical pump  1119 - a  bypasses the turbo pump  1127 - a  when the mechanical pump  1119 - a  is active (i.e., below the cut-in pressure). In some examples, a bypass configuration (e.g., as seen in coating system  1100 - a ) may allow for maximal flow to the mechanical pump  1119 - a  (e.g., roughing pump) until the turbo pump  1127 - a  is turned on at the cut in pressure. Without a bypass, for instance, if the roughing pump is pumping directly through the turbo pump, the turbo pump may constrict the flow until it is turned on at the cut in pressure. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a conceptual graph  1200  showing two pump down curves  1270  and  1271  of pressure  1216  against time  1217 , according to various aspects of the disclosure. In this example, the pump down curves  1270  and  1271  corresponds to the pump down curves for the coating systems  1100 - a  and  1100 - b , respectively, previously described in relation to  FIGS.  11 A- 11 B . Specifically, the pump down curve  1270  corresponds to the pump down curve for the coating system  1100 - a  utilizing a pumping system having a by-pass configuration (i.e., where the turbo pump and mechanical pump are arranged in parallel), while the pump down curve  1271  corresponds to the pump down curve for the coating system  1100 - b  utilizing a pumping system in which the turbo and mechanical pumps are arranged in series. It should be noted that, the scale on the vertical axis (or y-axis) in graph  1200  is logarithmic. As seen in  FIG.  12   , the pumping system of coating system  1100 - a  takes less time than the pumping system of coating system  1100 - b  to pump down the chamber pressure from 630 Torr (i.e., 630,000 mTorr) to the target pressure of 25 mTorr. In this example, the volume of the chamber (e.g., chambers  1102 - a ,  1102 - b ) was around 514 liters.  FIG.  6    shows another example of a pump down curve, where the use of a bypass-configuration speeds up Phase 1 as there is minimal flow restriction due to the turbo pump when the mechanical pump is in operation. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates an example of a method  1400  for thin-film deposition, such as, but not limited to, parylene deposition, according to various aspects of the disclosure. The method  1400  may be implemented using one or more of the coating system  100 , the controller  150 , the coating system  400 , and/or the computing system  1300 , described in relation to  FIGS.  1 ,  4   , and/or  13 . 
     At step  1402 , the method  1400  comprises providing a deposition chamber having a proximal end (or opening) and a distal end (or opening), where the deposition chamber is shaped and sized to hold one or more specimens. 
     At step  1404 , the method  1400  comprises arranging the one or more specimens in the deposition chamber. 
     At step  1406 , the method  1400  comprises coupling a pumping system to the distal end of the deposition chamber, where the pumping system comprises at least a first pump and a second pump. In some cases, the first pump may be an example of a mechanical pump, such as a roughing pump, described in relation to the figures above. Furthermore, the second pump may be an example of a turbo pump (or turbo molecular pump). In some embodiments, the first and the second pump may be associated with different pump down curves. For example, the first pump (e.g., roughing pump) may have a higher pumping speed when the operating pressure is at or near atmospheric pressure, at least 10 Torr, at least 100 Torr, to name a few non-limiting examples. Furthermore, the second pump (e.g., turbo pump) may be optimized for low-pressure conditions. That is, the second pump may have a higher pumping speed when the operating pressure is at or below 10 Torr, at or below 1 Torr, to name two non-limiting examples. Further details on pump down curves are described above. By utilizing a pumping system with different types of pumps (e.g., mechanical, turbo pumps) optimized for different operating pressure ranges, aspects of the disclosure facilitate in decreasing the pump down time for a deposition chamber, such as those used in parylene deposition processes. 
     As noted above, one or more steps of method  1400  may be implemented using a controller, such as controller  150  and/or computer system  1300  described in relation to  FIGS.  1  and/or  13   , respectively. 
     For example, at step  1408 , the method  1400  comprises controlling activation of the first pump to start a pump down operation of the deposition chamber. In some embodiments, the first pump may be operated until the pressure in the deposition chamber is at or below a cut-in pressure. In some cases, at step  1410 , the method  1400  comprises determining a cut-in pressure for switching operation from the first pump to the second pump. Additionally, at step  1412 , the method  1400  comprises monitoring an internal pressure of the deposition chamber. The controller  150  may be configured to monitor the internal pressure of the deposition chamber in real-time or substantially real-time. In some cases, a pumping speed of each of the first pump and the second pump is based at least in part on an operating pressure. Additionally, the cut-in pressure may be determined (step  1410 ) based on a relation between a corresponding pumping speed for one or more of the first pump and the second pump at different operating pressures. In one non-limiting example, the cut-in pressure may be selected to be the pressure at which the first pump (e.g., mechanical pump) starts leveling out and/or the pressure at which there is a noticeable increase in the pumping speed of the second pump (e.g., turbo pump). 
     At step  1414 , the method  1400  comprises switching operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump based at least in part on determining that the internal pressure of the deposition chamber is at or below the cut-in pressure. In some cases, switching operation of the pumping system from the first pump to the second pump comprises transitioning control from a first valve coupled to the first pump to a second valve coupled to the second pump. In some cases, transitioning the control comprises closing the first valve when the internal pressure is at or below the cut-in pressure, and opening the second valve based at least in part upon closing the first valve. In some cases, the first and the second valves may be in communication with the controller  150  and configured to receive control signals  122  from the controller  150 . Additionally, the first and the second valve may be configured to control the flow through the first and the second pumps, respectively, for instance, based on the control signals  122  received from the controller  150 . 
     At step  1416 , the method  1400  comprises controlling the second pump, where controlling the second pump comprises continuing, using the second pump, the pump down operation of the deposition chamber until the internal pressure is at or below a target pressure for thin-film deposition. In some embodiments, the target pressure is (1) at or below 50 mTorr, or (2) at or below 10 mTorr, or (3) at or below 2 mTorr, or (4) anywhere between 30 to 50 mTorr, or (5) in a range between 10 mTorr to 50 mTorr, to name a few non-limiting examples. 
     It should be noted that, the pressure ranges, types of pumps, cut-in pressure, etc., described above are not intended to be limiting. That is, different pressure ranges, types of pumps, cut-in pressure, etc., are contemplated in different embodiments, for instance, based on the type of thin-film deposition and/or use-case. 
     The methods described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in processor-executable code encoded in a non-transitory tangible processor readable storage medium, or in a combination of the two. Referring to  FIG.  13    for example, shown is a block diagram depicting physical components that may be utilized to realize a controller, such as controller  150  in  FIG.  1   , according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, in this embodiment a display portion  1312  and nonvolatile memory  1320  are coupled to a bus  1322  that is also coupled to random access memory (“RAM”)  1324 , a processing portion (which includes N processing components)  1326 , an optional field programmable gate array (FPGA)  1327 , and a transceiver component  1328  that includes N transceivers. Although the components depicted in  FIG.  13    represent physical components,  FIG.  13    is not intended to be a detailed hardware diagram; thus, many of the components depicted in  FIG.  13    may be realized by common constructs or distributed among additional physical components. Moreover, it is contemplated that other existing and yet-to-be developed physical components and architectures may be utilized to implement the functional components described with reference to  FIG.  13   . 
     This display portion  1312  generally operates to provide a user interface for a user, and in several implementations, the display is realized by a touchscreen display. In general, the nonvolatile memory  1320  is non-transitory memory that functions to store (e.g., persistently store) data and processor-executable code (including executable code that is associated with effectuating the methods described herein). In some embodiments for example, the nonvolatile memory  1320  includes bootloader code, operating system code, file system code, and non-transitory processor-executable code to facilitate the execution of the methods described with reference to the figures described further herein. For instance, the nonvolatile memory  1320  may store non-transitory processor-executable code, which when executed, may cause the controller  150  to regulate the opening/closing of valves connected to the pumps (e.g., roughing pump, turbo pump(s), roots-blower type pump, etc.). 
     In many implementations, the nonvolatile memory  1320  is realized by flash memory (e.g., NAND or ONENAND memory), but it is contemplated that other memory types may be utilized as well. Although it may be possible to execute the code from the nonvolatile memory  1320 , the executable code in the nonvolatile memory is typically loaded into RAM  1324  and executed by one or more of the N processing components in the processing portion  1326 . 
     The N processing components in connection with RAM  1324  generally operate to execute the instructions stored in nonvolatile memory  1320  to enable opening/closing of the valves to regulate which pump (e.g., turbo pump, mechanical pump, an optional roots blower pump, etc.) is active. For example, non-transitory, processor-executable code to effectuate the methods described with reference to  FIGS.  1 ,  2 ,  5 A- 5 B , and/or  6  may be persistently stored in nonvolatile memory  1320  and executed by the N processing components in connection with RAM  1324 . As one of ordinarily skill in the art will appreciate, the processing portion  1326  may include a video processor, digital signal processor (DSP), micro-controller, graphics processing unit (GPU), or other hardware processing components or combinations of hardware and software processing components (e.g., an FPGA or an FPGA including digital logic processing portions). 
     In addition, or in the alternative, the processing portion  1326  may be configured to effectuate one or more aspects of the methodologies described herein. For example, non-transitory processor-readable instructions may be stored in the nonvolatile memory  1320  or in RAM  1324  and when executed on the processing portion  1826 , cause the processing portion  1326  to regulate the opening/closing of the valves coupled to the pumps. In some cases, the valves coupled to the pumps may be opened or closed based at least in part on the pressure in the deposition chamber. Additionally, or alternatively, non-transitory FPGA-configuration-instructions may be persistently stored in nonvolatile memory  1320  and accessed by the processing portion  1326  (e.g., during boot up) to configure the hardware-configurable portions of the processing portion  1326  to effectuate the functions of a controller, such as controller  150 . 
     The input component  1330  operates to receive signals (e.g., the pressure in the chamber, rotation speed of turbo pump, temperature of turbo pump, to name a few non-limiting examples) that are indicative of one or more aspects of the health status of the turbo pump, the pump down curve of the pumping system, etc. The signals received at the input component  1330  may include, for example, the pressure in the deposition chamber. The output component  1332  generally operates to provide one or more analog or digital signals to effectuate an operational aspect of the valves and/or pumps. For example, the output portion  1332  may provide the valve regulation signals described with reference to  FIGS.  4 ,  5 A- 5 B , and/or  6 . For instance, the output portion  1332  may transmit a signal to open or close one or more of the roughing valve, turbo valve(s), and/or foreline valve(s) in  FIG.  4   . In this way, the output portion  1332  facilitates in controlling when Phase 1 ends and Phase 2 begins in  FIG.  6   . Specifically, the processing portion  1326  may process the input signals, such as the chamber pressure, received by input component  1330  and determine when to initiate the turbo phase (i.e., determine when the turbo pump should take over from the roughing pump). The output portion  1332  may then send a signal that causes the roughing valve to close and the foreline and turbo valves for the corresponding turbo pump to open. In one non-limiting example, the output portion  1332  and/or the processing portion  1326  may initiate the turbo assist and coating cycle phase (e.g., Phase 2 in  FIG.  6   ) when the pressure in the chamber is at or below the cut in pressure (e.g., anywhere between 2-10 Torr). 
     The depicted transceiver component  1328  includes N transceiver chains, which may be used for communicating with external devices via wireless or wireline networks. Each of the N transceiver chains may represent a transceiver associated with a particular communication scheme (e.g., Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Profibus, etc.). 
     Some portions are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on data bits or binary digital signals stored within a computing system memory, such as a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions or representations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is a self-consistent sequence of operations or similar processing leading to a desired result. In this context, operations or processing involves physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” and “identifying” or the like refer to actions or processes of a computing device, such as one or more computers or a similar electronic computing device or devices, that manipulate or transform data represented as physical electronic or magnetic quantities within memories, registers, or other information storage devices, transmission devices, or display devices of the computing platform. 
     As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. 
     As used herein, the recitation of “at least one of A, B and C” is intended to mean “either A, B, C or any combination of A, B and C.” The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.