Patent Publication Number: US-2009240058-A1

Title: Activator for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activating Receptor Delta

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an activator for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) 6. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), it is known that there are three subtypes such as PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ. —Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, p 7335-7359, 1994. 
     Until now, a transcription-activating function, a glycemic index-depressing function, and a lipid metabolism-improving function have been reported on each sub-type of PPAR. 
     For instance, WO 97/28115 (Patent Publication 1) describes use of L-165041 (Merck) as a diabetes treatment medicine and an anti-obesity medicine; WO 99/04815 (Patent Publication 2) describes that YM-16638 (Yamanouchi) has a serum cholesterol-depressing function and an LDL cholesterol-depressing function; and WO 2004/7439 (Patent Publication 3) describes use of biaryl derivatives as medicines for enhancing a blood HDL. In addition, a large number of patent applications, namely, WO 01/40207 (Patent Publication 4: GW-590735, GSK), WO 2004/63166 (Patent Publication 5: pyrazole derivatives, Lilly), WO 02/092590 (Patent Publication 6: thiophene derivatives, GSK), WO 03/099793 (Patent Publication 7: azole derivatives, Takeda), have been filed. 
     WO 01/603 (Patent Publication 8) describes that GW-501516 (GSK) having the following formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     is being studied as a lipid metabolism-improving medicine. 
     The present inventors have filed patent applications (WO 02/14291 (Patent Publication 9), WO 03/16291 (Patent Publication 10), etc.) for compounds having a thiazole ring and the like which have a transcription-activating function. 
     There are clear structural differences between the above-illustrated GW-501516 and the compounds of the present invention which are represented by the below-illustrated formula (I), (II), or (III). Further, the latter compounds are not clearly described in the aforementioned patent publications. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention has an object to provide compounds having the following formula (I), (II) or (III), which have an activating function for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. 
     In one aspect, the invention resides in compounds having the following formula (I) or salts thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which 
     R 1  and R 4  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, an acyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group; 
     R 2  represents a hydrogen atom; 
     R 3  represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or R 3  is combined with R 2  to represent ═O or ═C(R 7 )(R 8 ) in which R 7  and R 8  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; 
     R 5  and R 6  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent; 
     X and Y are the same or different and each represents CH or N; 
     Z represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; 
     A represents a 5-membered heterocyclic group selected from the group consisting of pyrazole, thiophene, furan and pyrrole which optionally has an alkyl substituent having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which has a substituent selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group which has 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group substituent, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group, an aralkyl group having an aryl moiety of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkylene moiety of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group; 
     B represents an alkylene chain having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which optionally has a substituent selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, the alkylene group optionally having a double bond in the case that the alkylene group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms; 
     and 
     n is an integer of 0 to 5. 
     In another aspect, the invention resides in compounds having the following formula (II) or salts thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which 
     R 11  and R 13  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, an acyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group; 
     R 12  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group substituent, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group, an aralkyl group having an aryl moiety of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkylene moiety of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic substituent; 
     R 14  and R 15  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent; 
     X 1  represents CH or N; 
     Z 1  represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; 
     W 1  represents an oxygen atom or CH 2 ; 
     and 
     q is an integer of 2 to 4. 
     In still another aspect, the invention resides in compounds having the following formula (III) or salts thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which 
     R 21  and R 23  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, an acyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group; 
     R 22  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group substituent, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group, an aralkyl group having an aryl moiety of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkylene moiety of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic substituent; 
     R 24  and R 25  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent; 
     X 2  represents CH or N; 
     Z 2  represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; 
     W 2  represents an oxygen atom or CH 2 ; 
     and 
     r is an integer of 2 to 4. 
     In still another aspect, the invention resides in an activator for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor 6 containing a compound of the formulas (I), (II) or (III) as an effective component. 
    
    
     PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is described below in detail. 
     Regarding the formula (I), examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which can be R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl or hexyl. 
     Examples of the alkenyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms which can be R 1 , R 4 , the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include vinyl and allyl. 
     Examples of the alkynyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms which can be R 1 , R 4 , the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include propargyl. 
     Examples of the 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl groups which can be the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. 
     Examples of the alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which can be R 1 , R 4 , the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, i-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy. 
     Examples of the halogen atoms which can be R 1 , R 4 , or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. 
     Examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent which can be R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and t-butyl which have substituents such as 1 to 3 fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms. Preferred are trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, and 2-fluoroethyl. 
     Examples of the alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent which can be R 1 , R 4 , the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, or the substituent of the alkylene chain having 2 to 6 carbon atoms for B include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropyloxy, butyloxy and t-butyloxy which have substituents such as 1 to 3 fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms. Preferred are trifluoromethyloxy, chloromethyloxy, 2-chloroethyloxy, 2-bromoethyloxy, and 2-fluoroethyloxy. 
     Examples of the acyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms which can be R 1  or R 4 , include acetyl and propionyl. 
     Examples of the aryl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms which can be R 1 , R 4 , or the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, include phenyl. 
     Examples of the 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic groups which can be R 1 , R 4 , or the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, include pyridyl. 
     Examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 3- to 7-cycloalkyl group substituent which can be the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl which have cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclophexyl substituent. 
     Examples of the aralkyl groups (which have an aryl moiety of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkylene moiety of 1 to 8 carbon atoms) which can be the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, include benzyl and phenethyl. 
     Examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group which can be the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl which have a pyridyl substituent. 
     Examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkynyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, halogen atoms, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, acyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, aryl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic groups which can be R 11  or R 13  of the formula (II) or R 2  or R 23  of the formula (III) are those described hereinabove for R 1  and R 4  of the formula (I). 
     Examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl groups, alkenyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkynyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl group substituent, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, aryl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic groups, aralkyl groups having an aryl moiety of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkylene moiety of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic substituent which can be R 12  of the formula (II) or R 22  of the formula (III) include those described hereinabove for the substituent of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A of the formula (I). 
     Examples of the alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent which can be R 14  or R 15  of the formula (II) or R 24  or R 25  of the formula (III) include those described hereinabove for R 5  and R 6  of the formula (I). 
     R 1  in the formula (I), R 11  in the formula (II), and R 21  in the formula (III) can be attached to the benzene ring or the like in a single or plural number (1 to 3). If each of R 1 , R 11  and R 21  is present in a plural number, the plural groups can be the same or different. 
     R 4  in the formula (I), R 13  in the formula (II), and R 23  in the formula (III) can be attached to the benzene ring or the like in a single or plural number (1 to 3). If each of R 4 , R 13  and R 23  is present in a plural number, the plural groups can be the same or different. 
     The substituent group of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A in the formula (I), R 12  in the formula (II), and R 22  in the formula (III) can be attached to the heterocyclic ring in a single or plural number (1 or 2). If each of the substituent group of the 5-membered heterocyclic group for A, R 12  and R 22  is present in plural number, the plural groups can be the same or different. 
     The preferred compounds according to the invention are described below. 
     (1) Compounds of the formula (I) in which A is pyrazole, and salts thereof. 
     (2) Compounds of (1) above in which —(CH 2 ) n — is attached the pyrazole at 1-position thereof, and salts thereof. 
     (3) Compounds of (1) above in which —(CH 2 ) n — is attached the pyrazole at 3-position thereof, and salts thereof. 
     (4) Compounds of (2) or (3) above in which —B— is attached the pyrazole at 4- or 5-position thereof, and salts thereof. 
     (5) Compounds of the formula (I) in which A is thiophene, furan or pyrrole, and salts thereof. 
     (6) Compounds of (5) above in which —(CH 2 ) n — is attached the 5-membered heterocyclic group at 2-position thereof, and salts thereof. 
     (7) Compounds of the formula (I) in which A is thiophene, and salts thereof. 
     (8) Compounds of (7) above in which —(CH 2 ) n — is attached the thiophene at 2-position thereof, and salts thereof. 
     (9) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (8) above in which n is 0, and salts thereof. 
     (10) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (9) above in which each of X and Y is CH, and salts thereof. 
     (11) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (10) above in which R 2  is combined with R 3  to represent ═O, and salts thereof. 
     (12) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (11) above in which B represents an alkylene chain having 2 to 4 carbon atoms which optionally has a substituent selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (13) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (12) above in which B is an ethylene chain, and salts thereof. 
     (14) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (13) above in which R 1  and R 4  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (15) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (14) above in which R 5  and R 6  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and salts thereof. 
     (16) Compounds of the formula (I) or one of (1) to (15) above in which the substituent optionally attached to the heterocyclic group for A is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (17) Compounds of the formula (II) in which X 1  is CH, and salts thereof. 
     (18) Compounds of the formula (II) in which R 11 -phenyl or R 11 -pyridyl is attached to the pyrazole at 1-position, and salts thereof. 
     (19) Compounds of the formula (II) in which R 11 -phenyl or R 11 -pyridyl is attached to the pyrazole at 3-position, and salts thereof. 
     (20) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (19) above in which —(CH 2 ) q C(═W 1 )— is attached to the pyrazole at 4- or 5-position, and salts thereof. 
     (21) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (20) above in which W 1  is an oxygen atom, and salts thereof. 
     (22) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (21) above in which R 11  and R 13  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (23) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (21) above in which R 11  and R 13  are the same or different and each represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (24) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (23) above in which R 14  and R 15  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and salts thereof. 
     (25) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (24) above in which R 12  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (26) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (24) above in which R 12  represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (27) Compounds of the formula (II) or one of (17) to (26) above in which q is 2, and salts thereof. 
     (28) Compounds of the formula (III) in which X 2  is CH, and salts thereof. 
     (29) Compounds of the formula (III) in which R 21 -phenyl or R 21 -pyridyl is attached to the thiophene at 2-position, and salts thereof. 
     (30) Compounds of the formula (III) or (28) or (29) above in which W 2  is an oxygen atom, and salts thereof. 
     (31) Compounds of the formula (III) or one of (28) to (30) above in which R 21  and R 23  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (32) Compounds of the formula (III) or one of (28) to (30) above in which R 21  and R 23  are the same or different and each represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (33) Compounds of the formula (III) or one of (28) to (32) above in which R 24  and R 25  are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and salts thereof. 
     (34) Compounds of the formula (III) or one of (28) to (33) above in which R 22  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (35) Compounds of the formula (III) or one of (28) to (33) above in which R 22  represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and a halogen atom substituent, and salts thereof. 
     (36) Compounds of the formula (III) or one of (28) to (33) above in which r is 2, and salts thereof. 
     The compounds of the formulas (I), (II) and (III) can be pharmacologically acceptable salts such as alkali metal salts, for example, sodium salts, potassium salts, or lithium salts. 
     The compounds of the invention can be present in the optically active forms, and in the form of optical isomers such as compounds of a racemic form or geometric isomers such as compounds of a cis- or trans form. 
     The schemes for synthesis of the compounds of the invention having the formula (I) are illustrated below. 
     Synthesis Process 1 (in the Case that Z is O, and R 2  and R 3  are Combined to Form ═O) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, each of Q 1  and Q 2  is a halogen atom such as chlorine or bromine; each of R a  and R b  is a lower alkyl group such as ethyl; Bn is benzyl; m is an integer of 1 to 5; and each of R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, A and n has the aforementioned meaning. 
     The phenol compound represented by the formula (c) can be prepared by the steps of reaction of a compound of the formula (a) with a compound of the formula (b) in an inert solvent such as THF in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride; decarboxylation using hydrochloric acid-acetic acid, and removal of the benzyl group. 
     Subsequently, the phenol compound of the formula (c) and a compound of the formula (d) are reacted in an inert solvent such as 2-butanone in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, to give an ester compound represented by the formula (e). 
     The ester compound of the formula (e) is then subjected to hydrolysis in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, or lithium hydroxyide, to give the compound of the invention having the formula (f). 
     Synthesis Process 2 (in the Case that Z is O, and R 2  and R 3  are Combined to Form ═CH 2 ) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, each of R b , R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, A, m and n has the aforementioned meaning. 
     The exomethylene compound represented by the formula (g) can be prepared by reacting a Wittig reagent (which can be obtained by reacting methyltriphenylphosphonyl bromide with a strong base such as sodium amide) and the ester compound of the formula (e) illustrated in Synthesis Process 1. 
     Thus obtained exomethylene compound of the formula (g) is subjected to hydrolysis in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate, to give the compound of the invention having the formula (h). 
     Synthesis Process 3 (in the Case that Z is O, R 2  is H, and R 3  is —CH 3 ) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, each of R b , R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, A, m and n has the aforementioned meaning. 
     The ester compound represented by the formula (I) can be obtained by subjecting the exomethylene compound of the formula (g) illustrated in Synthesis Process 2 to catalytic hydrogenation using palladium/carbon. 
     Thus obtained ester compound of the formula (I) is then subjected to hydrolysis in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate, to give the compound of the invention having the formula (j). 
     Synthesis Process 4 (in the Case that Z is O, R 2  and R 3  are Combined to Form ═O) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, Q 3  is a halogen atom such as chlorine or bromine; R c  is a lower alkyl group such as ethyl; p is an integer of 0 to 4; and each of R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, Bn, A and n has the aforementioned meaning. 
     The vinyl compound represented by the formula (m) can be obtained by subjecting an aldehyde compound of the formula (k) and an acetophenone compound of the formula (l) to an aldol condensation reaction in the presence of a base. The phenol compound represented by the formula (n) can be obtained by subjecting the vinyl compound of the formula (m) to a reaction for reducing the olefinic moiety and subsequently to a benzyl group-removing reaction. 
     Subsequently, the phenol compound of the formula (n) and a compound of the formula (o) are reacted, to give an ester compound of the formula (p). 
     Thus obtained ester compound of the formula (p) is then subjected to hydrolysis in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate, to give the compound of the invention having the formula (q). 
     Synthesis Process 5 (in the Case that Z is O, R 2  and R 3  are Combined to Form ═CH 2 ) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, each of R c , R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, A, p and n has the aforementioned meaning. 
     The exomethylene compound represented by the formula (r) can be obtained by reacting the ester compound of the formula (p) with a Wittig reagent. 
     Thus obtained exomethylene compound of the formula (r) is then subjected to hydrolysis in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate, to give the compound of the invention having the formula (s). 
     Further, the compounds of the invention (1) can be prepared by the below-mentioned working examples and with reference to the aforementioned patent publications and other publications. 
     Examples of the compounds of the invention are set forth in the following tables. 
     (1) Compounds represented by the following formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , X 1  and Z 1  is that set forth in Tables 1 and 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 X 1   
                 Z 1   
                 R 11   
                 R 12   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-hexyl(Hex) 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 S 
                 4-Me 
                 3-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 S 
                 4-Me 
                 3-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-secBu, 5-Me 
                 3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-secBu, 5-Me 
                 3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 3-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 3-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                                 TABLE 2                       X 1     Z 1     R 11     R 12     R 13     R 14 /R 15                            CH   S   4-OMe   3-iPr, 5-Me   2-CF 3     Me/Me           CH   S   4-OMe   3-iPr, 5-Me   2-CF 3     H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     3-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     3-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   H/H           CH   O   4-OCF 3     3-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-Me   Me/Me           CH   O   4-OCF 3     3-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-Me   H/H           CH   S   4-CF 3     3-Hex, 5-Me   2-F   Me/Me           CH   S   4-CF 3     3-Hex, 5-Me   2-F   H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     3-O(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2,5-Me   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     3-O(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2,5-Me   H/H           N   O   5-Me   3-OiPr   2-Me   Me/Me           N   O   5-Me   3-OiPr   2-Me   H/H                        
(2) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , X 1  and Z 1  is that set forth in Tables 3 and 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X 1   
                 Z 1   
                 R 11   
                 R 12   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 S 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 S 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropylmethyl 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropylmethyl 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 benzyl 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 benzyl 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                                 TABLE 4                       X 1     Z 1     R 11     R 12     R 13     R 14 /R 15                            N   O   5-Me   iPr   2-allyl   H/H           CH   O   4-OCF 3     iPr   2-CF 3     Me/Et           CH   O   4-OCF 3     iPr   2-CF 3     H/H           CH   S   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me           CH   S   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 2 OBu   2-Me   H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   H/H           CH   S   3,4-Me   Hex   2-F   Me/Me           CH   S   3,4-Me   Hex   2-F   H/H           N   O   5-CF 3     iPr   2,5-Me   Me/Me           N   O   5-CF 3     iPr   2,5-Me   H/H           N   O   5-Me   Hex   H   Me/Me           N   O   5-Me   Hex   H   H/H                        
(3) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , X 1  and Z 1  is that set forth in Tables 5 and 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 X 1   
                 Z 1   
                 R 11   
                 R 12   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 S 
                 5-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 S 
                 5-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-secBu, 5-Me 
                 2,5-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-secBu, 5-Me 
                 2,5-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 5-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 5-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                                 TABLE 6                       X 1     Z 1     R 11     R 12     R 13     R 14 /R 15                            CH   O   4-OMe   4-iPr, 5-Me   2-CF 3     Me/Me           CH   O   4-OMe   4-iPr, 5-Me   2-CF 3     H/H           CH   S   3,4-Me   4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me           CH   S   3,4-Me   4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   H/H           CH   S   4-CF 3     4-Hex, 5-Me   2-F   Me/Me           CH   S   4-CF 3     4-Hex, 5-Me   2-F   H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     4-O(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2,5-Me   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     4-O(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2,5-Me   H/H           N   O   5-Me   4-OiPr   2-Me   Me/Me           N   O   5-Me   4-OiPr   2-Me   H/H                        
(4) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , X 1  and Z 1  is that set forth in Tables 7 and 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 X 1   
                 Z 1   
                 R 11   
                 R 12   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 S 
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-Hex 
                 3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 S 
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-Hex 
                 3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 5-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 5-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Me, 5-secBu 
                 2,5-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Me, 5-secBu 
                 2,5-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                                 TABLE 8                       X 1     Z 1     R 11     R 12     R 13     R 14 /R 15                            CH   O   4-CF 3     5-cyclopropyl   2,6-Me   H/H           N   O   5-Me   5-iPr   2-allyl   Me/Me           N   O   5-Me   5-iPr   2-allyl   H/H           CH   S   3,4-OMe   4-Me, 5-iPr   2-CF 3     Me/Me           CH   S   3,4-OMe   4-Me, 5-iPr   2-CF 3     H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     5-CH 2 OBu   2,5-Me   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     5-CH 2 OBu   2,5-Me   H/H           CH   O   4-CF 3     5-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me           CH   O   4-CF 3     5-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   H/H           CH   S   4-CF 3     5-Hex   2-F   Me/Me           CH   S   4-CF 3     5-Hex   2-F   H/H                        
(5) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , W 1 , q and position (position of the benzene ring at which —(CH 2 ) q —C(═W 1 )— is attached) is that set forth in Tables 9 and 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 W 1   
                 R 11   
                 R 12   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
                 q 
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CH 2   
                 4-CF 3   
                 iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 C(Me) 2   
                 4-CF 3   
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 C(Me) 2   
                 4-CF 3   
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 C(Me) 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 C(Me) 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 secBu 
                 H 
                 Me/Me 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 secBu 
                 H 
                 H/H 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropyl 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropyl 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 3,4-Me 
                 iPr 
                 6-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                             TABLE 10               W 1     R 11     R 12     R 13     R 14 /R 15     q   position                  O   3,4-Me   iPr   6-allyl   H/H   3   3       O   4-OMe   iPr   2-CF 3     Me/Me   4   4       O   4-OMe   iPr   2-CF 3     H/H   4   4       O   4-OCF 3     CH 2 OBu   5-Me   Me/Me   3   3       O   4-OCF 3     CH 2 OBu   5-Me   H/H   3   3       O   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me   4   4       O   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   H/H   4   4       O   4-CF 3     Hex   6-F   Me/Me   3   3       O   4-CF 3     Hex   6-F   H/H   3   3       O   4-CF 3     O(CH 2 ) 5 Me   2-Me   Me/Me   3   4       O   4-CF 3     O(CH 2 ) 5 Me   2-Me   H/H   3   4       CH 2     4-Me   OiPr   2,5-Me   Me/Me   3   4       CH 2     4-Me   OiPr   2,5-Me   H/H   3   4                    
(6) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , W 1 , q and position (position of the benzene ring at which —(CH 2 ) q —C(═W 1 )— is attached) is that set forth in Tables 11 and 12. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 W 1   
                 R 11   
                 R 12   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
                 q 
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CH 2   
                 4-CF 3   
                 iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 C(Me) 2   
                 4-CF 3   
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 C(Me) 2   
                 4-CF 3   
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 C(Me) 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 C(Me) 
                 4-Me 
                 Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 secBu 
                 H 
                 Me/Me 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 secBu 
                 H 
                 H/H 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 cyclopropyl 
                 5,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                             TABLE 12               W 1     R 11     R 12     R 13     R 14 /R 15     q   position                  O   4-CF 3     cyclopropyl   5,6-Me   H/H   3   3       O   3,4-Me   iPr   6-allyl   Me/Me   3   3       O   3,4-Me   iPr   6-allyl   H/H   3   3       O   4-OMe   iPr   2-CF 3     Me/Me   4   4       O   4-OMe   iPr   2-CF 3     H/H   4   4       O   4-OCF 3     (CH 2 ) 2 OBu   5,6-Me   Me/Me   3   3       O   4-OCF 3     (CH 2 ) 2 OBu   5,6-Me   H/H   3   3       O   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-Ac   Me/Me   4   4       O   4-CF 3     (CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-Ac   H/H   4   4       CH 2     4-CF 3     Hex   6-F   Me/Me   3   3       CH 2     4-CF 3     Hex   6-F   H/H   3   3                    
(7) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which R 2  is H, and each of R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 0 , and X is that set forth in Table 13. 
                                                 TABLE 13                       X   R 1     R 3     R 4     R 5 /R 6     R 0                            CH   4-CF 3     Me   2-Me   Me/Me   iPr           CH   4-CF 3     Me   2-Me   H/H   iPr           N   5-CF 3     Et   2-allyl   Me/Me   iPr           N   5-CF 3     Et   2-allyl   H/H   iPr           CH   4-CF 3     CH(Me) 2     2-Me   Me/Me   iPr           CH   4-CF 3     CH(Me) 2     2-Me   H/H   iPr           CH   4-Me   Me   2,3-Me   Me/Me   Hex           CH   4-Me   Me   2,3-Me   H/H   Hex           N   5-CF 3     Et   2-F   Me/Me   Hex           N   5-CF 3     Et   2-F   H/H   Hex           CH   4-Me   CH(Me) 2     2,5-Me   Me/Me   Hex           CH   4-Me   CH(Me) 2     2,5-Me   H/H   Hex                        
(8) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which R 2  is H, and each of R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 0 , and X is that set forth in Table 14. 
                                                 TABLE 14                       X   R 1     R 3     R 4     R 5 /R 6     R 0                            CH   4-CF 3     Me   2-Me   Me/Me   iPr           CH   4-CF 3     Me   2-Me   H/H   iPr           N   5-CF 3     Et   2-allyl   Me/Me   iPr           N   5-CF 3     Et   2-allyl   H/H   iPr           CH   4-CF 3     CH(Me) 2     2-Me   Me/Me   OEt           CH   4-CF 3     CH(Me) 2     2-Me   H/H   OEt           CH   4-Me   Me   2-F   Me/Me   Hex           CH   4-Me   Me   2-F   H/H   Hex           N   5-CF 3     Et   2,5-Me   Me/Me   Hex           N   5-CF 3     Et   2,5-Me   H/H   Hex           CH   4-Me   CH(Me) 2     2,3-Me   Me/Me   Hex           CH   4-Me   CH(Me) 2     2,3-Me   H/H   Hex                        
(9) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , W 2 , X 2  and Z 2  is that set forth in Tables 15 and 16. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 W 2   
                 X 2   
                 Z 2   
                 R 21   
                 R 22   
                 R 23   
                 R 24 /R 25   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Me 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Me 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 2   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 4-secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 2   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 4-secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 3-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 3-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 H/H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                             TABLE 16               W 2     X 2     Z 2     R 21     R 22     R 23     R 24 /R 25                    CH(Me)   CH   S   4-OMe   3-Me   2-CF 3     Me/Me       CH(Me)   CH   S   4-OMe   3-Me   2-CF 3     H/H       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   H/H       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   H/H       O   CH   S   4-CF 3     3-Me, 4-Hex   2-F   Me/Me       O   CH   S   4-CF 3     3-Me, 4-Hex   2-F   H/H       C(Me) 2     CH   O   4-CF 3     4-octyl   2,5-Me   Me/Me       C(Me) 2     CH   O   4-CF 3     4-octyl   2,5-Me   H/H       O   N   O   5-Me   4-tBu   2,5-Me   Me/Me       O   N   O   5-Me   4-tBu   2,5-Me   H/H                    
(10) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , W 0 , X and Z is that set forth in Tables 17 and 18. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 W 0   
                 X 
                 Z 
                 R 1   
                 R 2   
                 R 3   
                 R 4 /R 5   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 2   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 3,4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 2   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 3,4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 4-secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 4-secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 4-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                             TABLE 18               W 0     X   Z   R 1     R 2     R 3     R 4 /R 5                    O   N   O   5-Me   4-iPr   2-allyl   H/H       CH(Me)   CH   S   4-OMe   3-Me, 4-iPr   2-CF 3     Me/Me       CH(Me)   CH   S   4-OMe   3-Me, 4-iPr   2-CF 3     H/H       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   H/H       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-Me   Me/Me       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-Me   H/H       O   CH   S   4-CF 3     3-Me, 4-Hex   2-F   Me/Me       O   CH   S   4-CF 3     3-Me, 4-Hex   2-F   H/H       C(Me) 2     CH   O   4-CF 3     4-octyl   2,5-Me   Me/Me       C(Me) 2     CH   O   4-CF 3     4-octyl   2,5-Me   H/H       O   N   O   5-Me   4-tBu   2,5-Me   Me/Me       O   N   O   5-Me   4-tBu   H   2,5-Me                    
(11) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , W 0 , X and Z is that set forth in Tables 19 and 20. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 W 0   
                 X 
                 Z 
                 R 1   
                 R 2   
                 R 3   
                 R 4 /R 5   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-CF 3   
                 4-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 CH 2   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 CH 2   
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-Me 
                 4-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 4-secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 4-secBu 
                 2,3-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                 O 
                 CH 
                 O 
                 4-CF 3   
                 4-cyclopropyl 
                 2,6-Me 
                 H/H 
               
               
                 O 
                 N 
                 O 
                 5-Me 
                 4-iPr 
                 2-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                             TABLE 20               W 0     X   Z   R 1     R 2     R 3     R 4 /R 5                    O   N   O   5-Me   4-iPr   2-allyl   H/H       CH(Me)   CH   S   4-OMe   3-Me, 4-iPr   2-CF 3     Me/Et       CH(Me)   CH   S   4-OMe   3-Me, 4-iPr   2-CF 3     H/H       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me       O   CH   O   4-CF 3     4-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   H/H       O   CH   O   4-Et   4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me       O   CH   O   4-Et   4-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   H/H       O   CH   S   4-NO 2     3-Me, 4-Hex   2-F   Me/Me       O   CH   S   4-NO 2     3-Me, 4-Hex   2-F   H/H       C(Me) 2     CH   O   4-CF 3     4-octyl   2,5-Me   Me/Me       C(Me) 2     CH   O   4-CF 3     4-octyl   2,5-Me   H/H       O   N   O   5-Me   4-tBu   2,5-Me   Me/Me       O   N   O   5-Me   4-tBu   2,5-Me   H/H                    
(12) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , r and position (position of the benzene ring at which —(CH 2 ) r —C(═O)— is attached) is that set forth in Tables 21 and 22. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R 11   
                 R 22   
                 R 13   
                 R 14 /R 15   
                 r 
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-OCF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-OCF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-Me 
                 5-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-Me 
                 5-Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 5-secBu 
                 4,5-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 5-secBu 
                 4,5-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-cyclopropyl 
                 4,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-cyclopropyl 
                 4,6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 3,4-Me 
                 5-iPr 
                 6-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                         TABLE 22               R 11     R 22     R 13     R 14 /R 15     r   position                  3,4-Me   5-iPr   6-allyl   H/H   2   3       4-OMe   3-Me, 5-iPr   6-CF 3     Me/Me   2   3       4-OMe   3-Me, 5-iPr   2-CF 3     H/H   3   4       4-CF 3     5-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me   3   4       4-CF 3     5-CH 2 OBu   6-Me   H/H   3   3       4-CF 3     5-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me   3   4       4-CF 3     5-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   6-OMe   H/H   3   3       4-CF 3     3-Me, 5-Hex   2-F   Me/Me   4   4       4-CF 3     3-Me, 5-Hex   6-F   H/H   4   3       4-CF 3     5-octyl   2,5-Me   Me/Me   3   4       4-CF 3     5-octyl   2,5-Me   H/H   3   3       4-OMe   5-tBu   2,5-Me   Me/Me   3   4       4-OMe   5-tBu   2,5-Me   H/H   3   3                    
(13) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , r and position (position of the benzene ring at which —(CH 2 ) r —C(═O)— is attached) is that set forth in Tables 23 and 24. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R 1   
                 R 2   
                 R 3   
                 R 4 /R 5   
                 r 
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-OCF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-OCF 3   
                 5-iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-Me 
                 5-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-Me 
                 5-Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 5-secBu 
                 5,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 3-Me, 5-secBu 
                 5,6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-cyclopropyl 
                 5,6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 5-cyclopropyl 
                 5,6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 3,4-Me 
                 5-iPr 
                 6-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                                         TABLE 24               R 11     R 22     R 13     R 14 /R 15     r   position                  3,4-Me   5-iPr   6-allyl   H/H   2   3       4-OMe   3-Me, 5-iPr   6-CF 3     Me/Me   2   3       4-OMe   3-Me, 5-iPr   2-CF 3     H/H   3   4       4-CF 3     5-CH 2 OBu   2-Me   Me/Me   3   4       4-CF 3     5-CH 2 OBu   6-Me   H/H   3   3       4-CF 3     5-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   2-OMe   Me/Me   3   4       4-CF 3     5-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe   6-OMe   H/H   3   3       4-CF 3     3-Me, 5-Hex   2-F   Me/Me   4   4       4-CF 3     3-Me, 5-Hex   6-F   H/H   4   3       4-CF 3     5-octyl   2,5-Me   Me/Me   3   4       4-CF 3     5-octyl   5,6-Me   H/H   3   3       4-OMe   5-tBu   2,5-Me   Me/Me   3   4       4-OMe   5-tBu   4,5-Me   H/H   3   3                    
(14) Compounds represented by the following formula:
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which each of R 1 , R 0 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , m and position (position of the benzene ring at which —(CH 2 ) m —C(═O)— is attached) is that set forth in Tables 25 and 26. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R 1   
                 R 0   
                 R 4   
                 R 5 /R 6   
                 m 
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-OCF 3   
                 2-iPr 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-OCF 3   
                 2-iPr 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-Me 
                 2-Hex 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-Me 
                 2-Hex 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-secBu, 3-Me 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-secBu, 3-Me 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-cyclopropyl 
                 6-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-cyclopropyl 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 3,4-Me 
                 5-iPr 
                 6-allyl 
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R 1   
                 R 0   
                 R 4   
                 R 5 /R 6   
                 m 
                 position 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 3,4-Me 
                 2-iPr 
                 6-allyl 
                 H/H 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-OMe 
                 2-iPr, 3-Me 
                 2-CF 3   
                 Me/Me 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-OMe 
                 2-iPr, 3-Me 
                 2-CF 3   
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-CH 2 OBu, 5-Me 
                 2-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-CH 2 OBu, 5-Me 
                 6-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe 
                 2-OMe 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-(CH 2 ) 5 OMe 
                 6-OMe 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-Hex, 3-Me 
                 2-F 
                 Me/Me 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-Hex, 3-Me 
                 6-F 
                 H/H 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-octyl 
                 2,5-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-CF 3   
                 2-octyl 
                 2,5-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-OMe 
                 2-tBu 
                 2,5-Me 
                 Me/Me 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-OMe 
                 2-tBu 
                 2,5-Me 
                 H/H 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacological effects of the invention are described below. 
     For determining PPARδ activating effect of the compounds according to the invention, PPARδ activating effects of test compounds (compounds of Examples) were measured by the following method: 
     A receptor expression plasmid (pSG5-GAL4-hPPAR α or γ or δ (LBD)), a luciferase expression plasmid (pUC8-MH100x4-TK-Luc) and β-galactosidase expression plasmid (pCMX-β-GAL) (Kliewer, S. A., et. al., (1992) Nature, 358:771-774) are transfected into CV-1 cells (ATCC). After gene transfer utilizing a lipofection reagent DMRIE-C or Lipofectamin 2000 (Invitrogen), it is incubated for 42 hours in the presence of the test compound. Then, the luciferase activity and β-GAL activity are measured on the soluble cells. The luciferase activity is calibrated by the β-GAL activity. A relative ligand activity is calculated for each of the PPARα, γ and δ under the following conditions: a relative activity of PPAR α is calculated in consideration of a luciferase activity (assigned to 100%) of cells treated with the compound described in Example 2 of the aforementioned Patent Publication 4 (PPARα-selective agonist); a relative activity of PPAR γ is calculated in consideration of a luciferase activity (assigned to 100%) cells treated with Rosiglitazone; and a relative activity of PPAR δ is calculated in consideration of a luciferase activity (assigned to 100%) of cells treated with GW-501516. See the below-described Examples 22 and 23. 
     As is apparent from Tables 27 and 28, the compounds of the invention show excellent PPARδ activating effect. 
     Since the compound of the invention having the formula (I), (II) or (III) shows excellent PPARδ activating effect, it is expected to serve as remedy for prevention and treatment of the following diseases: hyperglycemia, obesity, syndrome X, hyperchloresterolemia, hyperlipopreoteinemia, other dysbolismic diseases, hiperlipemia, arterial sclerosis, diseases of cardiovascular systems, hyperphagia, ischemic diseases, malignant tumors such as lung cancer, mammary cancer, colonic cancer, cancer of great intestine and ovary cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammatory disease. 
     The compound of the invention can be administered to human beings by ordinary administration methods such as oral administration or parenteral administration. 
     The compound can be granulated in ordinary manners for the preparation of pharmaceuticals. For instance, the compound can be processed to give pellets, granule, powder, capsule, suspension, injection, suppository, and the like. 
     For the preparation of these pharmaceuticals, ordinary additives such as vehicles, disintegrators, binders, lubricants, dyes, and diluents. As the vehicles, lactose, D-mannitol, crystalline cellulose and glucose can be mentioned. Further, there can be mentioned starch and carboxymethylcellulose calcium (CMC-Ca) as the disintegrators, magnesium stearate and talc as the lubricants, and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), gelatin and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) as the binders. 
     The compound of the invention can be administered to an adult generally in an amount of 0.1 mg to 100 mg a day by parenteral administration and 1 mg to 2,000 mg a day by oral administration. The dosage can be adjusted in consideration of age and conditions of the patient. 
     The invention is further described by the following non-limiting examples. 
     Example 1 
     2-[4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-[3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propan-1-one 
     To a solution of [3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]methanol (224 mg, 0.788 mmol) in benzene (2.5 mL) was dropwise added a solution of thionyl chloride (0.07 mL, 0.946 mmol) in benzene (1.5 mL) under cooling with ice. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature and placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off, to yield 4-chloromethyl-3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole (240 mg) as a residue. 
     Subsequently, 55% sodium hydride (38 mg, 0.869 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere. To the suspension was dropwise added a solution of ethyl 3-(4-benzyloxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-oxopropionate (247 mg, 0.790 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) under cooling with ice for 10 minutes. After 30 minutes, to the resulting solution was added a solution of the above-mentioned 4-chloromethyl-3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole (240 mg) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) for 15 minutes. The resulting mixture was then heated under reflux for 23 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure, to yield a residue. To the residue were added acetic acid (5.2 mL) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 20 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was mixed with aqueous saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate (30 mL) and then subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic portion was collected, washed with aqueous saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate (30 mL×3), saturated brine (30 mL) and water (30 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The resulting residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography. The fraction obtained by elution with hexane/ethyl acetate (6/1, v/v) gave the titled compound as a white crystalline product (213 mg, yield 65%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.29 (3H, s), 2.94 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.22 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 5.21 (1H, s), 6.81 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.74 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.7-7.8 (3H, m) 
     (2) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     To a suspension of the above-mentioned 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-[3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propan-1-one (100 mg, 0.240 mmol) and potassium carbonate (166 mg, 1.20 mmol) in 2-butanone (3 mL) was added ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (0.18 mL, 1.20 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under heating for 13 hours, and cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was mixed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (10 mL) and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (30 mL×2). The organic portion was collected, washed with saturated brine (30 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography. The fraction obtained by elution with hexane/ethyl acetate (15/1, v/v) gave the titled compound as a colorless oily product (119 mg, yield 93%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.65 (6H, s), 2.27 (3H, s), 2.93 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.21 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.62 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.7-7.8 (2H, m), 7.74 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=1 Hz) 
     (3) 2-[4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The above-mentioned ethyl 2-[4-[3-[3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate (119 mg, 0.224 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of ethanol (2 mL) and water (1 mL). To the solution was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (28 mg, 0.673 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for one hour and cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was acidified by addition of ice-water and 1N hydrochloric acid, and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (10 mL). The organic portion was collected, washed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography. The fraction obtained by elution with chloroform/methanol (20/1, v/v) gave the titled compound as a pale yellow amorphous product (86 mg, yield 76%). 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 503 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.33 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.67 (6H, s), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.92 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.21 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 6.73 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.7-7.8 (2H, m), 7.72 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=1 Hz) 
     Example 2 
     4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 4-[3-[3-isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetate 
     To a solution of 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-[isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propane-1-one (110 mg, 0.264 mmol) and potassium carbonate (73 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 2-butanone (1.8 mL) was slowly added ethyl bromoacetate (0.06 mL, 0.528 mmol) under cooling with ice. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, mixed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (10 mL), and then subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (30 mL×2). The organic portion was collected, washed with saturated brine (30 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography. The fraction obtained by elution with hexane/ethyl acetate (12/1, v/v) gave the titled compound as a colorless oily product (122 mg, yield 92%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.30 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.94 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.23 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.71 (2H, s), 6.72 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.71 (1H, s), 7.74 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, s) 
     (2) 4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 1-(3). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 81% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 475 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.93 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.23 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.76 (2H, s), 6.74 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.71 (1H, s), 7.74 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (1H, m), 7.82 (1H, s) 
     Example 3 
     2-[4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-[3-isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propan-1-one 
     The procedures of Example 1-(1) were repeated except for employing [3-isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]methanol, to yield the titled compound. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.30 (3H, s), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.2 (1H, m), 3.25 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 6.80 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.56 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.16 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 8.24 (1H, s) 
     (2) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[3-isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 1-(2). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.34 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.66 (6H, s), 2.27 (3H, s), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.2 (1H, m), 3.25 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.23 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.62 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.56 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.69 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.78 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.16 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 8.24 (1H, s) 
     (3) 2-[4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 1-(3). 
     Pale yellow oily product 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 450 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.32 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.68 (6H, s), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.32 (3H, s), 2.86 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.18 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 6.74 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.57 (1H, dd, J=2, 9 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 8.18 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 8.19 (1H, s) 
     Example 4 
     4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 4-[3-[3-isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 2-(1). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.30 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.33 (3H, s), 2.91 (2H, t, J=8 Hz), 3.0-3.2 (1H, m), 3.26 (2H, t, J=8 Hz), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.71 (2H, s), 6.72 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.56 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (3H, m), 8.16 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 8.24 (1H, s) 
     (2) 4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 2-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 422 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.35 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.32 (3H, s), 2.34 (3H, s), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.0-3.2 (1H, m), 3.28 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.71 (2H, s), 6.73 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.59 (1H, dd, J=2, 9 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (3H, m), 8.19 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 8.25 (1H, s) 
     Example 5 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-carboxylate 
     To a solution of ethyl 3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-carboxylate (2.85 g, 10.0 mmol) in acetone (50 mL) was added potassium carbonate (1.66 g, 12.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. Subsequently, 2-iodopropane (1.20 mL, 12.0 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 5 hours and cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was mixed with ice-water (100 mL) and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride (100 mL, 50 mL). The extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and placed under pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane=1/10), to give the titled compound as a pale brown crystalline product (2.17 g, yield 66%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.41 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.55 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 4.37 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 5.5-5.6 (1H, m), 7.16 (1H, s), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.94 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) [1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methanol 
     Lithium aluminum hydride (247 mg, 6.51 mmol) was suspended in dry tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. To the resulting dispersion was dropwise added a solution of the above-mentioned ethyl 1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-carboxylate (2.12 g, 6.50 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) for 15 minutes under cooling with ice. The mixture was then stirred for one hour at room temperature. Subsequently, aqueous saturated sodium sulfate and ethyl acetate (100 mL) were added under cooling with ice. The organic portion was collected, washed with saturated brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure, to give the titled compound as a white crystalline product (1.85 g, yield 100%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.55 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 1.71 (1H, t, J=5 Hz), 4.6-4.7 (1H, m), 4.72 (2H, d, J=5 Hz), 6.51 (1H, s), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (3) 1-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propan-1-one 
     To a solution of the above-mentioned [1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methanol (1.77 g, 6.23 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (70 mL) was added phosphorus tribromide (0.22 mL, 2.08 mmol) under cooling with ice. The resulting mixture was stirred for one hour at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into aqueous saturated sodium carbonate (100 mL) and subjected to extraction with methylene chloride (150 mL×2). The organic portion was collected, washed with water (100 mL×3) and saturated brine (100 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off, to give 5-bromomethyl-1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole as a pale yellow oily product (1.84 g, yield 85%). 
     Separately, 60% sodium hydride (116 mg, 2.90 mmol) was suspended in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Under cooling ice, a solution of ethyl 3-(4-benzyloxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-oxopropionate (900 mg, 2.28 mmol) in dry tetrahydroxyfuran (5 mL) was dropwise added. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. A solution of the above-mentioned 5-bromomethyl-1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole (1.00 g, 2.88 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 16 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with acetic acid (8 mL) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 7 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was adjusted to pH 7 by adding ice-water (50 mL) and aqueous saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate. The resulting mixture was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The organic portion was washed with water (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (methanol/chloroform=1/100 to 1/20), to give the titled compound as a white crystalline product (951 mg, yield 79%). 
       1 H NMR (DMSO-D 6 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.45 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 2.17 (3H, s), 2.98 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.37 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.6-4.7 (1H, m), 6.65 (1H, s), 6.86 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.71 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 9 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.94 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 10.24 (1H, s) 
     (4) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     To a suspension of the above-mentioned 1-(4-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propane-1-one (150 mg, 0.360 mmol) and potassium carbonate (359 mg, 2.60 mmol) in 2-butanone (10 mL) was added ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (0.38 mL, 2.59 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 32 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. The insolubles were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane=1/10), to give the titled compound as a white crystalline product (179 mg, yield 94%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.54 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 1.66 (6H, s), 2.28 (3H, s), 3.08 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.32 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.23 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.63 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.74 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.88 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (5) 2-[4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     To a solution of the above-mentioned ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate (169 mg, 0.32 mmol) in a mixture of ethanol (10 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added 2M aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.96 mL, 1.92 mmol) under cooling with ice. The resulting mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was adjusted to pH 3 by adding ice-water and 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The organic portion was washed with water (30 mL) and saturated brine (30 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off, to give the titled compound as a white amorphous product (121 mg, yield 76%). 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 503 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.54 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.70 (6H, s), 2.29 (3H, s), 3.08 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.33 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 6.35 (1H, s), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.87 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     Example 6 
     [4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl [4-[3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetate 
     To a suspension of 1-(4-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propan-1-one (prepared in Example 5-(3), 150 mg, 0.360 mmol) and potassium carbonate (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) was added ethyl bromoacetate (0.12 mL, 1.08 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 24 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with water (50 mL) and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The organic portion was washed with water (30 mL) and saturated brine (30 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane=1/10 to 1/5), to give the titled compound as a white crystalline product (181 mg, yield 100%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.30 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.55 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 2.34 (3H, s), 3.09 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.34 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 4.72 (2H, s), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.73 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m), 7.88 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) [4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(5). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 90% 
     mp: 160-163° C. 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 475 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.54 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 2.34 (3H, s), 3.09 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.33 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 4.77 (2H, s), 6.35 (1H, s), 6.76 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m), 7.88 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 2983, 2941, 2347, 1736, 1676, 1620, 1601, 1500, 1458, 1419, 1327, 1282, 1205, 1161, 1140, 1109, 1066, 1016, 856, 796 
     Example 7 
     2-[4-[1-[2-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]ethyl]vinyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 2-[4-[1-[2-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]ethyl]vinyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methyl propionate 
     Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (536 mg, 1.50 mmol) was suspended in dry tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. To the suspension was added sodium amide (78 mg, 2.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. Subsequently, a solution of ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate (531 mg, 1.00 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was dropwise added for 15 minutes. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water (150 mL) and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (150 mL×2). The organic portion was washed with saturated brine (100 mL×2) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent off. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane=1/20 to 1/10), to give the titled compound as a colorless oily product (95 mg, yield 18%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.26 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.48 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.61 (6H, s), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.7-2.9 (4H, m), 4.25 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.3-4.4 (1H, m), 5.03 (1H, d, J=1 Hz), 5.27 (1H, d, J=1 Hz), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.64 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.12 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.23 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) 2-[4-[1-[2-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]ethyl]vinyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     To a solution of the above-mentioned ethyl 2-[4-[1-[2-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]ethyl]vinyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methyl propionate (43 mg, 0.081 mmol) in a mixture of ethanol (4 mL) and water (2 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (20.6 mg, 0.49 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was adjusted to pH 3 by adding water (20 mL) and 1M hydrochloric acid under cooling with ice. The mixture was then subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic portion was washed with water (20 mL) and saturated brine (20 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried extract was placed under reduced pressure to distill the solvent of, to give the titled compound as a colorless oily product (40 mg, yield 98%). 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 501 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.48 (6H, d, J=6 Hz), 1.64 (6H, s), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.7-2.9 (4H, m), 4.25 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.3-4.4 (1H, m), 5.05 (1H, s), 5.28 (1H, s), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.14 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.23 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     Example 8 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-methylpropyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-methylpropyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     To a solution of ethyl 2-[4-[1-[2-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]ethyl]vinyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methyl propionate (obtained in Example 7-(1), 52 mg, 0.098 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added 10% palladium/carbon (10 mg, 0.0093 mmol). The mixture was then subjected to catalytic hydrogenation for 24 hours at room temperature. The catalyst was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, to give the titled compound as a pale yellow oily product (36 mg, yield 69%). 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.2-1.3 (6H, m), 1.44 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.58 (6H, s), 1.9-2.0 (2H, m), 2.24 (3H, s), 2.4-2.5 (2H, m), 2.7-2.8 (1H, m), 4.2-4.3 (3H, m), 6.30 (1H, s), 6.64 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 6.86 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 6.97 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.88 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) 2-[4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-methylpropyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     Pale yellow oily product 
     Yield 100% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.28 (3H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.44 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.61 (6H, s), 1.9-2.0 (2H, m), 2.24 (3H, s), 2.4-2.6 (2H, m), 2.7-2.8 (1H, m), 4.2-4.3 (1H, m), 6.30 (1H, s), 6.78 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 6.91 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.00 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.87 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     Example 9 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]propionic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]propionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 86% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.25 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.54 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.67 (3H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.33 (3H, s), 3.08 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.33 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 4.83 (1H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.70 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.88 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) 2-[4-[3-[1-Isopropyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]propionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 100% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 489 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.54 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.71 (3H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.32 (3H, s), 3.08 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.33 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 4.89 (1H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.35 (1H, s), 6.74 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.87 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3429, 2939, 2347, 1740, 1674, 1601, 1502, 1458, 1327, 1259, 1207, 1161, 1138, 1109, 1066, 970, 854, 798, 756 
     Example 10 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 1-hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-carboxylate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(1). 
     Pale yellow oily product 
     Yield 88% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.41 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 4.38 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.59 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 7.17 (1H, s), 7.65 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.91 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) [1-Hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methanol 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 98% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.89 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.71 (1H, t, J=6 Hz), 1.9-2.0 (2H, m), 4.18 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.72 (2H, d, J=6 Hz), 6.54 (1H, s), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.88 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (3) 3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propan-1-one 
     To a solution of the above-mentioned [1-hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methanol (1.36 g, 4.17 mmol) in a mixture of dry benzene (20 mL) and dry methylene chloride (20 mL) was added thionyl chloride (0.46 mL, 6.31 mmol) under cooling with ice. The resulting mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, to give 5-chloromethyl-1-hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole. 
     Thereafter, procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(3) were carried out, to give the titled compound. 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 59% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.86 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.7-1.8 (2H, m), 2.17 (3H, s), 2.96 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.37 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.12 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 6.67 (1H, s), 6.86 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.71 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.93 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 10.25 (1H, s) 
     (4) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 89% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.3-1.4 (6H, m), 1.66 (6H, s), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.28 (3H, s), 3.06 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.33 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.13 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.23 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.37 (1H, s), 6.63 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.74 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.86 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (5) 2-[4-[3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White amorphous product 
     Yield 86% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 545 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.70 (6H, s), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.29 (3H, s), 3.06 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.33 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.13 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (3H, m) 
     Example 11 
     [4-[3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl [4-[3-[1-hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 6-(1). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 100% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.30 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.3-1.4 (6H, m), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.34 (3H, s), 3.07 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.35 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.1307 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.72 (2H, s), 6.37 (1H, s), 6.73 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m), 7.86 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) [4-[3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 96% 
     mp: 118-123° C. 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 517 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.33 (3H, s), 3.07 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.34 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.14 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.77 (2H, s), 6.37 (1H, s), 6.76 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (4H, m) 
     IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 2956, 2931, 2858, 1736, 1674, 1603, 1502, 1468, 1419, 1365, 1327, 1217, 1213, 1165, 1144, 1140, 1066, 1016, 989, 850, 798, 623 
     Example 12 
     2-Methyl-2-[2-methyl-4-[3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]phenoxy]-propionic acid 
     (1) 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propan-1-one 
     The procedures of Example 10-(3) and Example 5-(3) were carried out using [3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]methanol (WO 02/092590), to give the titled compound. 
     Pale yellow crystalline product 
     Yield 85% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 2.22 (3H, s), 2.29 (3H, s), 3.1-3.3 (4H, m), 5.33 (1H, s), 6.81 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.10 (1H, s), 7.5-7.7 (4H, m), 7.76 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     (2) Ethyl 2-methyl-2-[2-methyl-4-[3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]phenoxy]propionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 92% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.21 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.65 (6H, s), 2.22 (3H, s), 2.26 (3H, s), 3.1-3.3 (4H, m), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.61 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     (3) 2-Methyl-2-[2-methyl-4-[3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]phenoxy]-propionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(5). 
     Yellow oily product 
     Yield 100% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 491 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.69 (6H, s), 2.21 (3H, s), 2.28 (3H, s), 3.1-3.3 (4H, m), 6.76 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     Example 13 
     [2-Methyl-4-[3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]phenoxy]acetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl [2-methyl-4-[3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]phenoxy]acetate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 6-(1). 
     Yellow oily product 
     Yield 100% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.29 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.22 (3H, s), 2.32 (3H, s), 3.1-3.3 (4H, m), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.70 (2H, s), 6.71 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m) 
     (2) [2-Methyl-4-[3-[3-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]phenoxy]acetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(5). 
     Pale yellow crystalline product 
     Yield 98% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 463 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 2.22 (3H, s), 2.33 (3H, s), 3.1-3.3 (4H, m), 4.77 (2H, s), 6.75 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.10 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m) 
     Example 14 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) 3-(1-Hexyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propan-1-one 
     The procedures of Example 5-(3) were carried out using 5-chloromethyl-1-hexyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole and ethyl 3-(4-benzyloxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-oxopropinate, to give the titled compound. 
     Pale brown crystalline product 
     Yield 35% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.87 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.30 (3H, s), 2.35 (3H, s), 3.05 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.32 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.10 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 5.84 (1H, bs), 6.31 (1H, s), 6.79 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.17 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.74 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     (2) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-hexyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     Colorless oily product 
     Yield 89% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.3-1.4 (6H, m), 1.66 (6H, s), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.28 (3H, s), 2.35 (3H, s), 3.04 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.32 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.10 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.23 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.29 (1H, s), 6.63 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.17 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     (3) 2-[4-[3-[1-Hexyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White amorphous product 
     Yield 91% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 491 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.87 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.70 (6H, s), 1.8-1.9 (2H, m), 2.29 (3H, s), 2.34 (3H, s), 3.04 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.31 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.09 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 6.29 (1H, s), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.15 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     Example 15 
     2-[4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-[3-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propan-1-one 
     Procedures similar to the procedures of Examples 10-(3) and 5-(3) are carried out using [3-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]methanol (WO 2004/063184), to give the titled compound. 
     Brown crystalline product 
     Yield 83% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.29 (3H, s), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (4H, m), 5.48 (1H, bs), 6.82 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.20 (1H, s), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     (2) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[3-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     Yellow oily product 
     Yield 91% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.65 (6H, s), 2.27 (3H, s), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (4H, m), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.62 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.20 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     (3) 2-[4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     Pale yellow amorphous product 
     Yield 96% 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 519 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.69 (6H, s), 2.27 (3H, s), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (4H, m), 6.75 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.19 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     Example 16 
     [4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl [4-[3-[3-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 6-(1). 
     Yellow oily product 
     Yield 97% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 1.29 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.33 (3H, s), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (4H, m), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.70 (2H, s), 6.72 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.20 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m) 
     (2) [4-[3-[3-Isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 90% 
     mp: 139-143° C. 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 491 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz), 2.31 (3H, s), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (4H, m), 4.74 (2H, s), 6.73 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.19 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-7.9 (2H, m) 
     IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 2964, 2872, 2584, 2345, 1749, 1670, 1616, 1601, 1581, 1506, 1454, 1427, 1363, 1329, 1279, 1244, 1240, 1205, 1163, 1132, 1124, 1070, 1014, 887, 829, 804, 773, 679 
     Example 17 
     2-[4-[3-[3-Hexyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[3-hexyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     Thereafter, the titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     Pale yellow oily product 
     FAB-MS (m/e): 507 (M+1) 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.88 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.2-1.4 (6H, m), 1.5-1.6 (2H, m), 1.69 (6H, s), 2.28 (3H, s), 2.34 (3H, s), 2.53 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.1-3.3 (4H, m), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 6.99 (1H, s), 7.14 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz) 
     Example 18 
     4-[3-[1-Cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     (1) 3-[1-Cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propan-1-one 
     The procedures of Example 5-(3) were carried out using ethyl 5-chloromethyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole and ethyl 3-(4-benzyloxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-oxopropionate, to give the titled compound. 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 38% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.4-0.7 (4H, m), 1.3-1.4 (1H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 3.10 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.35 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.07 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 5.25 (1H, s), 6.40 (1H, s), 6.82 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.78 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.87 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) Ethyl 4-[3-[1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 80% 
     (3) 4-[3-[1-Cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     mp: 168-175° C. 
     Yield 91% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.4-0.7 (4H, m), 1.3-1.4 (1H, m), 2.34 (3H, s), 3.10 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.35 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.07 (2H, d, J=7 Hz), 4.78 (2H, s), 6.40 (1H, s), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.8-8.0 (4H, m) 
     Example 19 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     Colorless oily product 
     Yield 59% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.4-0.7 (4H, m), 1.22 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.3-1.4 (1H, m), 1.66 (6H, s), 2.28 (3H, s), 3.10 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.34 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.06 (2H, d, J=7 Hz), 4.23 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 6.40 (1H, s), 6.64 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.87 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) 2-[4-[3-[1-Cyclopropylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     mp: 55-60° C. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 0.4-0.7 (4H, m), 1.3-1.4 (1H, m), 1.70 (6H, s), 2.29 (3H, s), 3.10 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.34 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.08 (2H, d, J=7 Hz), 6.40 (1H, s), 6.77 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.86 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     Example 20 
     2-[4-[3-[1-Benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     (1) 3-[1-Benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methyphenyl)propan-1-one 
     The procedures of Example 5-(3) were carried out using 5-chloromethyl-1-benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole and ethyl 3-(4-benzyloxy-3-methylphenyl)-3-oxopropionate, to give the titled compound. 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 50% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 2.27 (3H, s), 3.00 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.13 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 5.44 (3H, s), 6.46 (1H, s), 6.76 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m), 7.6-7.8 (4H, m), 7.90 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) Ethyl 2-[4-[3-[1-benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 65% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.21 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 1.65 (6H, s), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.99 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.13 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 5.43 (2H, s), 6.45 (1H, s), 6.59 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m), 7.60 (1H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.63 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.70 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.90 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (3) 2-[4-[3-[1-Benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product 
     mp: 55° C. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.68 (6H, s), 2.26 (3H, s), 3.00 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.13 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 5.44 (2H, s), 6.45 (1H, s), 6.73 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m), 7.62 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=2 Hz, 8 Hz), 7.71 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     Example 21 
     4-[3-[1-Benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     (1) Ethyl 4-[3-[1-benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetate 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 5-(4). 
     White crystalline product 
     Yield 96% 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 1.29 (3H, t, J=7 Hz), 2.31 (3H, s), 3.00 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.14 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7 Hz), 4.70 (2H, s), 5.44 (2H, s), 6.45 (1H, s), 6.69 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.7-7.8 (2H, m), 7.91 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     (2) 4-[3-[1-Benzyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]propionyl]-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid 
     The titled compound was prepared by procedures similar to the procedures of Example 7-(2). 
     White crystalline product. 
     mp: 175-180° C. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ: 2.32 (3H, s), 3.00 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 3.13 (2H, t, J=7 Hz), 4.76 (2H, s), 5.45 (2H, s), 6.45 (1H, s), 6.71 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.7-7.8 (2H, m), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8 Hz) 
     Example 22 
     Pharmacological Experimental Data 
     I. Procedures of Experimental 
     The PPARδ activating effects of test compounds (compounds of Examples) were measured by the following method: 
     A receptor expression plasmid (pSG5-GAL4-hPPAR α or γ or δ (LBD)), a luciferase expression plasmid (pUC8-MH100x-4-TK-Luc) and β-galactosidase expression plasmid (pCMX-β-GAL) (Kliewer, S. A., et. al., (1992) Nature, 358:771-774) are transfected into CV-1 cells (ATCC). After gene transfer utilizing a lipofection reagent DMRIE-C or Lipofectamin 2000 (Invitrogen), it is incubated for approx. 40 hours in the presence of the test compound. Then, the luciferase activity and β-GAL activity are measured on the soluble cells. The luciferase activity is calibrated by the β-GAL activity. A relative ligand activity is calculated for each of the PPAR α, γ and δ under the following conditions: a relative activity of PPAR α is calculated in consideration of a luciferase activity (assigned to 100%) of cells treated with the compound described in Example 2 of the aforementioned Patent Publication 4 (PPARα-selective agonist); a relative activity of PPAR γ is calculated in consideration of a luciferase activity (assigned to 100%) cells treated with Rosiglitazone; and a relative activity of PPAR δ is calculated in consideration of a luciferase activity (assigned to 100%) of cells treated with GW-501516. 
     II. Experimental Results 
     Experimental Results are set forth in Table 27. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PPAR 
               
               
                   
                 activity (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test compound 
                 α 
                 γ 
                 δ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 62 
                  7 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 IA 
                 IA 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 131 
                 30 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
                 109  
                 15 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 
                 IA 
                 IA 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7 
                 84 
                 38 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8 
                 89 
                 61 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9 
                 73 
                 29 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 77 
                 54 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                 Example 11 
                 IA 
                 IA 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 Example 12 
                 51 
                 29 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 Example 13 
                 IA 
                 IA 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PPAR activity: relative value (%) of the test compound (10 −6 M) to 100% of the control compound 
               
               
                   
                 α: Compound described in Example 2 of Patent Publication 4-10 −6  M 
               
               
                   
                 γ: Rosiglitazone - 10 −5  M 
               
               
                   
                 δ: GW-501516 - 10 −7  M 
               
               
                   
                 IA: inactive 
               
               
                   
                 Test compounds of Examples 8 and 10 for α: 10 −7  M 
               
               
                   
                 Test compounds of Examples 5, 8 and 10 for δ: 10 −7  M 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As is clear from Table 27, the compounds of Examples show excellent PPAR δ-activating effect. 
     Example 23 
     Pharmacological Experimental Data 
     The experimental results Table 28 were obtained by procedures similar to the procedures for pharmacological experimental described in Example 22. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PPAR activity (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Test compound 
                 α 
                 γ 
                 δ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 14 
                 123 
                 48 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 Example 15 
                  99 
                 11 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 Example 16 
                 inactive 
                 inactive 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 Example 17 
                 109 
                 35 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PPAR activity: relative value (%) of the test compound (10 −6 M) to 100% of the control compound 
               
               
                   
                 α: Compound described in Example 2 of Patent Publication 4-10 −6  M 
               
               
                   
                 γ: Rosiglitazone - 10 −5  M 
               
               
                   
                 δ: GW-501516 - 10 −7  M 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As it is clear from Table 28, the compounds of Examples show excellent PPAR δ-activating effect.