Patent Publication Number: US-2004053037-A1

Title: Layer by layer assembled nanocomposite barrier coatings

Description:
[0001] This application claims the benefit of provisional applications No. 60/411,003 filed Sep. 16, 2002 and No. 60/417,316 filed Oct. 9, 2002. 
    
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] This invention relates to a barrier coating constructed of alternating layers of an organic material and a negatively charged inorganic material that is applied to a film, package or article to prevent the penetration or permeation of vapors or gases to provide, for example, a moisture barrier, an oxygen barrier, and/or a flavor or aroma barrier.  
       [0003] The barrier properties of packaging films are often crucial for particular applications. For example, packaging for fruit juices must be impermeable to water and oxygen in order to assure the quality of the product. The optimal gas conditions for a product packed in a modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) are achieved by selecting a packaging material with a suitable oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability.  
       [0004] High barrier films produced by sputter coating or vacuum deposition of inorganic materials onto a substrate require complex and expensive equipment. The inflexible coating may be deposited onto a substrate, a film or an article. The resulting coatings tend to be brittle and crack easily, creating defects that significantly limit the barrier properties.  
       [0005] There is a need therefore, for a barrier film that is flexible, relatively easy and inexpensive to manufacture, and that provides exceptional barrier properties.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006] The present invention relates to a multilayer barrier coating of alternating layers of an organic material and a negatively charged nanoscopic platelet material. In one embodiment, the multilayer barrier coating on a substrate comprises alternating layers of: at least one layer of a cationic polyelectrolyte; at least one layer of negatively charged nanoscopic platelets of inorganic material; wherein the cationic polyelectrolyte layer and the inorganic material layer are held together by ion exchange reaction.  
       [0007] In another embodiment, the multilayer barrier coating on a substrate comprises alternating layers of: at least one layer of a hydrogen bonding polymer; and at least one layer of negatively charged nanoscopic platelets of inorganic material.  
       [0008] The barrier coating may be an oxygen, gas, flavor and/or aroma barrier. In addition, the barrier coating may be a barrier to plasticizer migration or to migration of another chemical compound.  
       [0009] The organic material is deposited on a substrate from an aqueous solution, followed by rinsing and then drying the adsorbed layer of cationic material. The negatively charged inorganic material is then deposited over the cationic organic material from an aqueous solution, followed by rinsing and then drying the adsorbed layer of inorganic material. The deposition, rinsing, and drying steps are repeated until a multilayer coating having the desired barrier properties is obtained. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0010]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the substrate and alternating layers of polyelectrolyte and inorganic particles on the substrate.  
     [0011]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the barrier coating of the present invention applied to a multilayer structure.  
     [0012]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the barrier coating of the present invention within a laminate structure.  
     [0013]FIG. 4 is an ellipsometric film thickness plot for the barrier coating of the present invention.  
     [0014]FIG. 5 is an ellipsometric film thickness plot showing the thickness of each layer of the barrier film. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0015] Barrier Coating  
     [0016] As used herein, the term “barrier” means that the coating or film, or structure into which the coating or film is incorporated prevents the penetration or permeation of material through or beyond the coating or structure acting as the barrier. The barrier can be selective or non-selective, depending on whether the barrier acts to prevent a specific vapor or gas, liquid, or chemical compound to penetrate or permeate the barrier coating or structure. For example, an oxygen barrier would prevent penetration of oxygen, a moisture barrier would prevent penetration or permeation of water vapor, a flavor or aroma barrier would prevent penetration or permeation of organic molecules that impart flavor or aroma, a corrosion barrier would prevent penetration of moisture, acid or bases, or gases that promote corrosion. The present invention can be used to provide a hydrogen, helium and/or carbon dioxide barrier coating.  
     [0017] The barrier coating is sufficiently flexible so as to not crack, split or separate when the composite construction is bent or flexed during its normal use. The thickness of the barrier coating is sufficient to provide it with desired barrier properties.  
     [0018] In one embodiment, the barrier coating is made up of alternating layers of a cationic polyelectrolyte and a negatively charged inorganic material. In another embodiment, the barrier coating is made up of alternating layer of a hydrogen-bonding polymer and a negatively charged inorganic material. The number of alternating layers of the barrier coating depends on the barrier properties desired, as well as the composition of the substrate. The first approximately ten layers of each of the organic material and the inorganic material of the assembly are typically inhomogeneous with respect to surface coverage and ordering. In one embodiment, at least twenty of each of the cationic organic layer and the inorganic layer are deposited. In another embodiment, at least thirty of each of the cationic organic layer and the inorganic layer are deposited.  
     [0019]FIG. 1 illustrates the barrier film of the present invention, in which barrier coating  14  is deposited on substrate  12 . Barrier coating  14  is made up of alternating layers of cationic polyelectrolyte  16  and negatively charged inorganic material  18 .  
     [0020] The organic layer is deposited onto the substrate from a dilute solution, typically aqueous, of polymers. The polymers can include cationic polyelectrolytes or polymers capable of hydrogen bonding. Useful cationic polyelectrolytes include polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (PDDA), polyallylamine hydrochloride, and copolymers containing quaternary ammonium acrylic monomers. Examples of quaternary ammonium acrylic monomers include methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, acryloxyethyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, methacryloxyethyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. Polymers capable of hydrogen bonding, or hydrogen donors include polyethyleneimine, polyvinylimidazole, polylysine, poly-N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide and copolymers of aminoacrylates. The polymers can also become cationic at low pH due to protonation. Copolymers of acrylamide and acryloxytrimethylammonium chloride are particularly useful.  
     [0021] Substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides may be included into the copolymer in relatively small amounts. In large amounts, substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides adversely affect the solubility of the polycation.  
     [0022] In one embodiment, the cationic copolymer comprises a copolymer of acrylamide monomer and acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. In another embodiment, the cationic copolymer comprises a cationic acrylamide commercially available from Cytec under the trade name Superfloc C-491. In yet another embodiment, the cationic copolymer comprises a cation-modified polyvinyl alcohol commercially available from Kuraray under the designation CM-318.  
     [0023] Cationic polyelectrolytes with a relatively low charge density have been found to provide better barrier properties than such polyelectrolytes with a higher charge density. As used herein, the charge density is the mole percentage of cationic monomer in the cationic polymer. The charge density of the cationic polymer is preferably less than 50%.  
     [0024] The inorganic material used in the composite barrier coating of the present invention comprises negatively charged platelets having a thickness of less than about 10 nanometers. Useful inorganic material includes platelet clays that are easily exfoliated in aqueous or polar solvent environments. The clays may be naturally occurring or synthetic. Platelet clays are layered crystalline aluminosilicates. Each layer is approximately 1 nanometer thick and is made up of an octahedral sheet of alumina fused to 2 tetrahedral sheets of silica. These layers are essentially polygonal two-dimensional structures, having a thickness of 1 nanometer and an average diameter ranging from 30 to 2000 nanometers. Isomorphic substitutions in the sheets lead to a net negative charge, necessitating the presence of cationic counter ions (Na+, Li+, Ca++, Mg++, etc.) in the inter-sheet region. The sheets are stacked in a face-to-face configuration with inter-layer cations mediating the spacing. The high affinity for hydration of these ions allows for the solvation of the sheet in an aqueous environment. At sufficiently low concentrations of platelets, for example less than 1% by weight, the platelets are individually suspended or dispersed in solution. This is referred to as “exfoliation”.  
     [0025] Particularly useful are clays belonging to the smectite family of clay, including montmorillonite, saponite, beidellite, nontronite, hectorite, laponite fluorohectorite and mixtures of these. A preferred clay is montmorillonite. This clay is usually present in a sodium ion exchange form. Montmorillonite clay is commercially available from Southern Clay Products, Inc. under the trade name Cloisite. In one embodiment, the clay comprises sodium montmorillonite.  
     [0026] Other useful inorganic materials in platelet form include layered titanates, including those within the chemical formula Ti 1-δ O 2   4δ− ; layered perovskites, including HCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 , HSrNb 3 O 10 , HLaNb 2 O 7  and HCaLaNb 2 TiO 10 ; and mica.  
     [0027] The inorganic material used in the multilayer coating must itself be impermeable to the vapor, gas or liquid to which the multilayer coating is used as a barrier.  
     [0028] Substrate  
     [0029] The substrate onto which the barrier coating is deposited may be any substrate that the cationic organic material can be adsorbed directly, or indirectly with the aid of an adhesion promoter or tie layer. The substrate may be a polymeric material, a metal, a ceramic material or crystalline material. In one embodiment, the substrate is optically transparent. The substrate may be rigid, or may be flexible. Examples of useful polymeric substrates include those selected from polyolefins (linear or branched), halogenated polyolefins, polyamides, polystyrenes, nylon, polyesters, polyester copolymers, polyurethanes, polysulfones, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, ionomers based on sodium or zinc salts of ethylene methacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylates, cellulosics, acrylic polymers and copolymers, polycarbonates, polyacrylonitriles, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers. Included in this group are the acrylates such as ethylene methacrylic acid, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene acrylic acid and ethylene ethyl acrylate. Also included in this group are polymers and copolymers of olefin monomers having, for example, 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, and in one embodiment, 2 to about 8 carbon atoms. These include the polymer of α-olefins having from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms per molecule. These include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-1-butene, etc. Films prepared from blends of copolymers or blends of copolymers with homopolymers are also useful.  
     [0030] The substrate can be a single-layered film or it can be a multi-layered construction. FIG. 2 illustrates a barrier coated multilayer structure in which barrier coating  24 , made up of alternating layers of cationic polyelectrolyte  26  and negatively charged inorganic material  28 , is deposited onto first substrate layer  22 . Second substrate layer  23  and third substrate layer  25  may be coextruded with layer  22 . Alternatively, second substrate layer  23  and third substrate layer  25  may be laminated with an adhesive onto substrate layer  22 .  
     [0031] The multi-layered constructions have two or more layers, and in one embodiment, about two to about seven layers, and in one embodiment about three to about five layers. The layers of such multi-layered constructions and polymer films can have the same composition and/or size or they can be different. The substrate can have any thickness that is suitable for the intended use of the barrier coated article. The thickness of the substrate may be in the range of about 0.3 to about 20 mils, and in one embodiment, about 0.3 to about 10 mils, and in one embodiment about 0.5 to about 7 mils, and in one embodiment about 1 to about 5 mils.  
     [0032] The substrate may be an untreated film that is amenable to adsorption. Alternatively, this film may be treated by first exposing the film to an electron discharge treatment at the surface, e.g., corona treatment. Other surface treatments to enhance the adsorption of the cationic organic material are well known. For example, the surface of the substrate may be plasma treated, chemically treated or solvent washed. Additionally, polymeric films that have been pretreated to promote adhesion are commercially available. Examples of such pretreated films include the PET films available from DuPont Teijin Films under the designations ST504 (one side treated) and ST505 (both sides treated).  
     [0033] The barrier coating may be incorporated into a laminate structure, such as that illustrated in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, barrier layer  34  is deposited onto substrate  32 . Top layer  36  can then be applied over barrier layer  34  by any method, including but not limited to deposition, lamination, roll coating, die coating, rotogravure coating or flexographic coating. Top layer  36  may comprise, for example, an abrasion-resistant layer, a UV protection layer, an ink-receptive layer, etc. Layers  32  and  38  together may comprise a coextruded multilayer substrate. Alternatively, layer  38  may be laminated to substrate layer  32  by an adhesive.  
     [0034] In one embodiment, the barrier film is coated onto a laminate structure made up of at least two films laminated together with an adhesive layer. The coated laminate structure can be separated into two films, each having a barrier coating on one of its major surfaces.  
     [0035] In one embodiment, the barrier film is deposited onto a carrier film that can be subsequently removed. For example, after depositing the barrier film onto a carrier film, the exposed surface of the barrier film is laminated or adhered to another substrate, after which the carrier film is removed from the barrier film. The carrier film may comprise a flexible film such as, for example, polypropylene.  
     [0036] In yet another embodiment, two or more films, each having a barrier coating on one or both of its major surfaces, are laminated together to form a laminate structure having multiple barrier coatings.  
     [0037] In one aspect of the invention, the multilayer barrier coating is an oxygen barrier. The oxygen barrier coating reduces the transmission of oxygen through the film onto which it is coated. For example, in one embodiment, the oxygen transmission rate for the multilayer barrier coated film is less than 10% of the oxygen transmission of the uncoated film. The oxygen transmission rate of the multilayer barrier coated film in one embodiment is less than 1.0 cc/m 2 ·day, and in another embodiment, less than 0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     [0038] Process  
     [0039] The process for making the barrier coating of the present invention comprises the steps of (1) dipping the substrate into an aqueous cationic polyelectrolyte solution, (2) drying the deposited cationic polymer, (3) dipping the substrate into an aqueous solution of inorganic particles, (4) rinsing the substrate with water, (5) drying the layer of cationic polymer (6) dipping the substrate into an aqueous cationic polyelectrolyte solution, (7) rinsing the substrate with water, (8) drying the deposited cationic polymer, (9) dipping the substrate into an aqueous solution of inorganic particles, (10) rinsing the substrate with water, (11) drying the layer of inorganic particles (12) repeating the steps 6-11 to produce a multilayer barrier film on the substrate. The aqueous solutions of step 6 can be the same as, or different than the solutions used in steps 1-4. The multilayer barrier coating may consist of different layers of cationic polymer and different layers of inorganic particles. In one embodiment, a polar solvent other than water is used to deposit the organic material and to rinse the deposited layer.  
     [0040] Prior to dipping the substrate into the aqueous cationic polyelectrolyte solution, the substrate may be rinsed with methanol and then washed with water. Optionally, the substrate may be surface treated to improve the adhesion of the cationic polymer layer.  
     [0041] In one embodiment, the aqueous cationic polyelectrolyte solution comprises a solution of about 0.07% to about 1.5% by weight of cationic polymer. In one embodiment, the cationic polyelectrolyte solution comprises a solution of about 1.0% by weight of cationic polymer. The thickness of each organic polymer layer is generally less than about 50 nanometers. In one embodiment, the thickness is less than about 30 nanometers. In one embodiment, the thickness is of each organic layer is within the range of about 5 nanometers to about 45 nanometers. In another embodiment, the thickness of each organic layer is within the range of about 15 nanometers to about 30 nanometers.  
     [0042] The aqueous solution of inorganic particles generally comprises less than 1% by weight of inorganic particles. In one embodiment, the aqueous solution of inorganic particles comprises about 0.05% by weight of inorganic particles. The thickness of each inorganic layer is generally less than 10 nanometers. In one embodiment, the thickness is less than about 5 nanometers. In one embodiment, the thickness of each inorganic layer is within the range of about 1 nanometer to about 10 nanometers. In one embodiment, the thickness of each inorganic layer is within the range of about 1 to about 7 nanometers, and in another embodiment, the thickness of each inorganic layer is within the range of about 1.5 to about 5.  
     [0043] The immersion time of the substrate in each of the coating solutions may be varied according to the particular coating solution, substrate composition, coating composition, or desired coating properties. The substrate may be held stationary in the coating solution, or the substrate may be moved within the coating solution bath, or may be continuously moved through the coating solution bath, for example, as a moving web of substrate material.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     [0044] Preparation of Cationic Organic Solution:  
     [0045] Acrylamide monomer (51.64 g) and acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (1.836 g) are dissolved in deionized water (301.469 g) and transferred to a one-liter glass-walled reactor and purged with nitrogen while stirring. The reactor is heated to 30° C. and the following is added: ammonium persulfate (0.0679 g) in deionized water (5.43 g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.0591 g) in deionized water (5.00 g). An exotherm occurs in about 5 min., increasing the temperature to 52° C. The reaction is maintained at  50 ° C. for 2 hours, at which time an additional amount of catalyst is added: ammonium persulfate (0.0666 g) in deionized water (6.83 g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.0420 g) in deionized water (6.39 g). The temperature is kept at 50° C. for another hour and then the reactor is cooled. Analysis by liquid chromatography shows very low residual monomers, &lt;50 ppm acrylamide and &lt;100 ppm acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride. The polymer is precipitated in acetone and dried, then redissolved in ultrapure water, &lt;18 megaohms, at a concentration of 1.1 to 1.4 weight %.  
     [0046] Preparation of Inorganic Solution:  
     [0047] Sodium montmortillonite (0.3961 g), available as Cloisite Na+ from Southern Clay Products, is dissolved in ultrapure water (765.98 g) and stirred resulting in a slightly hazy solution. The solution is allowed to stand for at least 24 hours before use.  
     [0048] Preparation of Barrier Coating:  
     [0049] A 2 inch by 4 inch sheet of 5 mil thick PET film (ST504 from DuPont Teijin Films) with one side adhesion treatment is rinsed with methanol and then washed with water. The film is dipped in the polycation solution for 10 minutes, and then dried under a stream of nitrogen. The film is dipped in the inorganic solution for 10 minutes, rinsed with water and then dried under a stream of nitrogen. Successive layers of polycation and inorganic material are deposited in the same manner, except that the dip time is reduced to 1 minute. The composite is rinsed with water after each layer. Forty layers each of polycation and inorganic material are deposited on both sides of the film.  
     [0050] Table 1 below shows the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the PET substrate with the barrier coating of Example 1. The helium transmission rate of a PET substrate with the barrier coating of Example 1 at 23° C. and dry conditions is 93 cc/m 2 day as measured on a MOCON Multi-Tran 400. The hydrogen transmission rate of a PET substrate with the barrier coating of Example 1 at 23° C. and dry conditions is 20.0 cc/m 2 day as measured on a MOCON Multi-Tran 400. The carbon dioxide transmission rate of a PET substrate with the barrier coating of Example 1 at 23° C. and dry conditions is less than 1.0 cc/m 2 day as measured on a MOCON Permatran C4/40.  
     [0051] The contact angle of water on the barrier coating of Example 1 is 22.3° and the contact angle of tricresylphosphate (TCP) on the barrier coating of Example 1 is 17.3°. These values are used to determine the total surface energy of the barrier film of Example 1 of 67.9 mN/M and a polar component of 42.6 mN/m.  
     [0052] The elemental surface composition of the barrier coating of Example 1 evaluated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 50.1% carbon, 14.1% nitrogen, 27.8% oxygen, 1.4% aluminum and 6.6% silicon.  
     EXAMPLES 2-23  
     [0053] Examples 2-23 are prepared according to the method described above with regard to Example 1, with the number of sequential layers and substrate as indicated in Table 1 below.  
                                   TABLE 1                               Thickness   OTR Uncoated   OTR Barrier Film   Number of       Example   Film   (mils)   Film (cc/m 2  day)   (cc/m 2  day)   Layers                                                        1   ST504   5   13.2   &lt;0.005   40       2   STS04   5   13.2   0.6   20       3   STS04   5   13.2   1.6   10       4   ST505   7   10.7   &lt;0.005   30       5   ST505   7   10.7   &lt;0.005   40       6   ST505   7   10.7   &lt;0.005   80       7   Arylite 1     4   2700   &lt;0.005   40       8   Arton 2     8   348   &lt;0.005   100       9   Arton   7   765   0.34   40       10   SiOx/PET 3     7   8.18   &lt;0.005   60       11   Mylar D   2   28.1   &lt;0.005   40       12   Mylar LJX111   4   25.3   0.23   40       13   SMLPP 4     6   364   5.48   80       14   Plylene 5     4   49.4   1.39   40       15   PCTFE 6     2   33   0.15   40       16   Barex 7     2   4.6   &lt;0.005   30       17   calendered   3   472   11.7   40           vinyl       18   Pvc   10.6   19   ’10.005   40       19   LLDPE 8     2   &gt;2000   152   40       20   nylon   0.7   5   &lt;0.005   40       21   nylon   5   8   &lt;0.005   40       22   biaxially   0.6   54   0.03   40           oriented nylon       23   biaxially   0.6   54   0.12   20           oriented nylon                                                                                  
 
     [0054] Oxygen Transmission Rate:  
     [0055] Oxygen transmission rate, OTR, is measured using a MOCON OX-TRAN 2/20 (ML System) at 23° C. and dry conditions (&lt;2% relative humidity) according to ASTM D3985. The lower detection limit of the instrument is 0.005 cc/m 2 ·day. The OTR of samples measuring 2 inches by 4 inches is determined by applying a double foil mask with a 5 cm 2  opening to the sample and using the MOCON OX-TRAN 2/20. The OTR of samples measuring 3.5 inches by 4 inches are measured without the foil mask. The OTR of various samples are independently measured by MOCON using the Super Oxtran system in which the instrument is enclosed in a nitrogen environment to improve the detection limit of the instrument.  
     [0056] Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate  
     [0057] The moisture barrier properties of the various barrier coatings are measured at 40° C. and high humidity (90% or 100% relative humidity) using the method of ASTM F1249. Table 2 below shows the moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) for the barrier coatings.  
     [0058] Thickness  
     [0059] An analysis of the thickness of the barrier coating is conducted by ellipsometry. FIG. 4 shows the increasing thickness of the barrier coating as additional layers are deposited. FIG. 5 shows the thickness of the individual clay layers and individual polyelectrolyte layers. The ellipsometry data indicates an average clay layer of about 2 nanometers and an average polymer layer of about 20 nanometers.  
     [0060] Flex Crack Resistance:  
     [0061] A mandrel test, in which a sample measuring 3.5 inches by 4 inches is bent around a ⅝ inch mandrel 100 times and left wrapped around the mandrel for 72 hours at room temperature is used to measure the flex crack resistance. The OTR is measured before and after subjecting the sample to the mandrel test. The OTR of the barrier coating of Example 1 is remeasured after subjecting the sample to the mandrel test and found to remain below the detection limit of 0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     [0062] Light Transmission:  
     [0063] A BYK Gardner Hazemeter is used to measure transmittance, haze and clarity and compared to the uncoated substrate. The uncoated ST504 PET film has a transmittance of 92.0%, haze of 0.96%, and clarity of 99.8%. Six individual samples are measured for the coating of Example 1 on an ST504 PET film to obtain an average transmittance of 93.92±0.37 (6,0.35), haze of 1.88±0.47 (6,0.45) and clarity of 99.13±0.49 (6, 0.47).  
     [0064] Cross Hatch Adhesion Test:  
     [0065] Adhesion of the coating to the underlying substrate is measured using ASTM D 3359-93, Test Method B. Eleven cuts through the coating of Example 1 are made in two directions, a tape is applied and peeled away immediately 180° from the substrate. The area is then examined to determine whether the coating has been removed. Three different types of tape are used, 3M® 810, 3M® 600 and FASSON® Crystal Clear. None of the barrier coating is removed for each tape used.  
                                   TABLE 2                                   MVTR Uncoated   MVTR Barrier                       Film   Film               Thickness   100% RH   100%RH       Example   Film   (mils)   (cg/m2day)   (cg/m2day)   Number of Layers                                                        1   ST504   5   6.06   5.17*   40       4   ST505   7   4.46    345*   30       7   ARYLITE   4   120   86      40       8   ARTON   8   31.4   21.8    100       9   ARTON   7   35.1   26      40       10   SiOx/PET   7   4.34   3.88    60       11   MylarD   2   13.8    943*   40       12   Mylar   4   9.19   7.62    40           LJX111       13   SMLPP   6   1.99   1.14*   80       14   Plyene   4   5.55   6.27*   40                          
 
     [0066] Flavor Permeation  
     [0067] Flavor permeation testing is conducted on samples of the barrier coating of Example 5 using limonene, menthol and anethole to simulate flavor permeability. The tests are conducted at 49° C. and dry conditions with the paste not in contact with the film. The results demonstrate an average transmission rate of 105 μg/m 2 ·d for limonene, 51 μg/m 2 ·d for menthol and &lt; 
     [0068] 10  μg/m 2 ·d for anethole.  
     EXAMPLE 24  
     [0069] The barrier coated film of Example 1 is coated on one side with 4 layers of polyvinyl dichloride (PVDC) at an approximate total thickness of 0.5 mil. The multilayer composite exhibits an OTR of 0.48 cc/m 2 ·day at 23° C. and 90% relative humidity. The coated sample also exhibits no increase in OTR with increasing temperature. The OTR at 40° C. and dry conditions is &lt;0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     EXAMPLE 25  
     [0070] A barrier coating on PET film ST505 is prepared substantially in accordance with the procedure described in Example 1, with the exception that the cationic polymer used is an acrylamide copolymer available from Cytec under the trade name Superfloc C-491. Sixty layers each of acrylamide copolymer and montmorillonite are deposited on both sides of the film. The OTR at 23° C. and dry conditions (&lt;2% relative humidity) is &lt;0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     EXAMPLE 26  
     [0071] A barrier coating on PET film ST505 is prepared substantially in accordance with the procedure described in Example 1, with the exception that the cationic polymer used is a cationically modified polyvinyl alcohol polymer available from Kuraray under the trade name CM-318. Forty layers each of polyvinyl alcohol polymer and montmorillonite are deposited on both sides of the film. The OTR at 23° C. and dry conditions (&lt;2% relative humidity) is &lt;0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     EXAMPLE 27  
     [0072] A barrier coating on PET film ST505 is prepared substantially in accordance with the procedure described in Example 1, with the exception that the organic material used is a hydrogen-bonding material, Superfloc N-300, a homopolymer of acrylamide (0.25% by wt.). Forty layers each of the hydrogen bonding material and montorillonite are deposited on both sides of the film. The OTR at 23° C. and dry conditions is &lt;0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     EXAMPLE 28  
     [0073] A barrier coating prepared substantially in accordance with the procedure described in Example 1 is coated onto a laminate structure of two sheets of ST505 laminated together with a pressure sensitive transfer tape. The barrier coating is made up of 60 layers. The two sheets are separated and the adhesive removed with hexane, resulting in two sheets having a barrier coating on one surface. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) for each of the sheets following separation is &lt;0.005 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     EXAMPLE 29  
     [0074] Two PCTFE films, each having a 40 layer barrier coating prepared substantially in accordance with the procedure of Example 1 coated onto its front and back surfaces are laminated together using a pressure sensitive adhesive transfer tape. The OTR, measured at 23° C. and 90% relative humidity, for the laminate structure is &lt;0.005 cc/m 2 ·day, compared to 31.7 cc/m 2 ·day for each of the individual coated films. The MVTR, measured at 38° C. and 90% humidity is 0.01 g/m 2 ·day, compared to 0.07 g/m 2 ·day for the individual coated films.  
     EXAMPLE 30  
     [0075] Prior to coating with the barrier coating of Example 1, an LLDPE film is corona treated. The corona treated coated film has an OTR of 61 cc/m 2 ·day, compared to the film of Example 19 having an OTR of 152 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     EXAMPLE 31  
     [0076] Prior to coating with the barrier coating of Example 1, a PCTFE film is plasma treated. The plasma treated coated film has an OTR of 0.09 cc/m 2 ·day, compared to the film of Example 15 having an OTR of 0.15 cc/m 2 ·day.  
     [0077] Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain embodiment or embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described elements (components, assemblies, compositions, etc.), the terms used to describe such elements are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any element which performs the specified function of the described element (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiment or embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been described above with respect to only one or more of several illustrated embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments, as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.