Patent Publication Number: US-2021192978-A1

Title: Eyepiece, eye simulator device, mannequin simulator and training method

Description:
This is a national stage application filed under 37 U.S.C. 371 based on International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2018/104059, filed Sep. 5, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments of the disclosure relate to an eye simulation device, and in particular, to a device for mimicking a human eye motion and for displaying same, and a training method. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Some medical simulators including a simulated eyeball, are used for medical practitioners to train medical conditions and medical symptoms related to an eye. Conventional eye assemblies may be limited in function, reliability, and realistic operation. For example, conventional eye assemblies need to be operated with pneumatic actuators or electric gear motors that may generate noise interference and may lead to premature mechanical failure. Further, the conventional simulated eyeball does not allow to operate splaying a simulated eyelid manually (the simulated eyelid should be forced to splay for examination), and some components thereof can only be allowed to operate opening/closing the eye and to change a pupil, but fail to track an eye motion as some object moves. Yet, the convention simulated eyeball is usually complicated and big, resulting in inconvenient use. 
     SUMMARY 
     In order to solve the problem that the conventional simulated eyeball does not allow a medical practitioner to spray a simulated eyelid manually, which cannot mimic a real situation that an eyelid is forced to open, the present disclosure provides an eye simulator device. 
     The present disclosure involves an eye simulator device, which has an actuator arm and an electromagnetic (EM) coil in connection with the actuator arm to control a simulated eyelid motion of an eyepiece on the eye simulator device; and the eye simulator device further include a display which is configured to project an image on a simulated eyeball of the eyepiece or on a front surface of the simulated eyeball of the eyepiece. The eye simulator device may be configured to generate a simulated eyelid motion or an eye condition (by projection), which can mimic the eye condition for the medical practitioner. 
     The present disclosure provides an eyepiece, including: 
     a simulated eyeball having an eyeball front surface; and 
     a display, configured to project at least one image on or through the eyeball front surface, wherein the at least one image is a 2D representation or a 3D representation of a human eye. 
     In a preference, the eyepiece further includes an image sensor, disposed in line with an axis of the display, or offset from the axis of the display. 
     Further in a preference, the image sensor is configured to detect at least one of light brightness, light intensity, light motion, a light wavelength, temperature, and pressure. 
     In a preference, the at least one image includes at least one of a sclera, an iris, and a pupil. 
     The present disclosure further provides an eye simulator device, including the eyepiece, and the eye simulator device further includes: 
     a support, configured to hold the eyepiece; 
     a simulated eyelid, pivotally attached to the support and configured to match with the simulated eyeball; and 
     an actuator assembly, including an actuator arm and an electromagnetic (EM) coil in connection with the actuator arm, the actuator arm being in a mechanical connection with the simulated eyelid so as to drive the simulated eyelid to generate an eye motion. 
     In a preference, the eye simulator device further includes a base which is a housing of the actuator assembly, and where the support extends from the base. 
     In a preference, the eye simulator device further includes an electrical circuitry which is in connection with the actuator assembly and the display and configured to generate a bi-polar pulse with a modulated signal. Further, in a preference, the eye simulator device includes a position sensor configured to record a position of the simulated eyelid and to transmit the position of the simulated eyelid to the electrical circuitry. 
     In a preference, the eye simulator device further includes a centering magnet configured to force the actuator arm to a default position. 
     The present disclosure further provides a mannequin simulator, including at least one the eye simulator device, and the eye simulator device is arranged in at least one eye socket of the mannequin simulator. 
     The present disclosure further provides a training method for a medical practitioner, including: 
     providing any the eye simulator device according to any one of claims  5  to  9 ; 
     projecting at least one image to the eyepiece to generate an eye condition via the display, wherein the at least one image is a 2D representation or a 3D representation of a human eye and includes at least one of a sclera, an iris, and a pupil, and the eye condition includes a reddening of the sclera, a yellowing of the sclera, and/or a cloudiness of the sclera; 
     driving the actuator assembly to cause the simulated eyelid to generate an eye motion, wherein the eye motion includes eye closing, eye opening, eye blinking, and/or position offsetting of the simulated eyelid; and 
     causing the display to generate an obvious pupil motion by using the image sensor to track an object motion. 
     In a preference, the training method for a medical practitioner, further includes: in response to an operation of an operator, causing the display to generate the eye condition, causing the simulated eyelid to generate the eye motion; and causing the display to generate the obvious pupil motion. 
     Comparing to the prior art, advantages of the present disclosure lie in that: not only an eye opening/closing motion may be realized, but also the simulated eyelid may be sprayed manually, in addition, a position of the simulated eyelid may be controlled, which allows to mimic the eye more realistic, and to mimic a motion change of the eye more intuitive. And, it is able to project at least one image onto or through a front surface of an eyeball of an eye part so as to realize an eye condition, and it is further able to realize that the eye moves as an object moves. In the present disclosure, the eye simulator device is relatively simple in structure, and may be disposed in any eye socket of a mannequin simulator, which makes product standardization significantly, and the eye simulator device may be widely used in any kind of mannequin, which makes the mannequin more realistic, and makes the medical practitioner understand a motion change of a human eye more intuitive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of an eye simulator device according to an embodiment,  FIG. 1B  is a front view of the eye simulator device according to an embodiment, and  FIG. 1C  is right view of the eye simulator device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is schematic diagram of an image display to project onto or through an eyepiece. 
         FIG. 3A  is a schematic diagram of an image sensor disposed offset from an axis of the display, and  FIG. 3B  is a schematic diagram of an image sensor disposed in line with the axis of the display. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of an actuator assembly that is used with the eye simulator device. 
         FIG. 5  is a side view an actuator assembly that is used with the eye simulator device. 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of an actuator assembly that is used with the eye simulator device. 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary schematic diagram of an electrical circuitry that is used with the eye simulator device. 
         FIG. 8A  is a schematic diagram of a simulated eyelid at an eye-closure position,  FIG. 8B  is schematic diagram of the simulated eyelid at a position that is between an eye-closure position and an eye-opening position (e.g., at an intermediate position), and  FIG. 8C  is a schematic diagram of the simulated eyelid at an eye-opening position. 
       In which:  100 —eye simulator device;  102 —base;  104 —electrical circuit;  106 —actuator assembly;  108 —eyepiece;  110 —base first (front) side;  112 —base second (back) side;  113  screw(s);  114 —base top;  116 —base bottom;  118 —support;  120 —simulated eyeball;  122 —support first end;  124 —support second end;  126 —base longitudinal axis;  128 —base latitudinal axis;  130 —simulated eyelid;  132 —pivot;  134 —interior surface of the simulated eyelid;  136 —exterior surface of the simulated eyelid;  138 —first side of the simulated eyelid;  140 —second side of the simulated eyelid;  142 —first side of the support;  144 —second side of the support;  146 —simulated lens;  148 —sclera;  150 —iris;  152 —pupil;  154 —display;  156 —convex shaped front surface;  158 —image sensor;  160 —driver controller;  162 —first sector;  164 —second sector;  166 —EM coil;  168 —actuator arm;  170 —torque magnet;  172 —EM coil inner surface;  174 —EM coil outer surface;  176 —connector portion;  178 —arm portion;  180 —centering magnet;  182 —position sensor;  186 —electrical power source;  188 —driving control circuit. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is of exemplary embodiments that are presently contemplated for carrying out the present disclosure. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles and features of the present disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure is not limited by this description. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , embodiments may include an eye simulator device  100 . The eye simulator device  100  may be used as a stand-alone device. For example, the eye simulator device  100  may be configured as a simulated eye supported by a support  118 . Or in the alternative, the eye simulator device  100  may be configured to be part of another device. For example, the eye simulator device  100  may be configured to be incorporated within an eye socket of a mannequin simulator. Embodiments of the eye simulator device  100  may be configured to simulate an eye function (e.g., opening a simulated eyelid, closing the simulated eyelid, blinking, dilating a pupil, and etc.) and an eye condition (e.g., redness to signify irritation, yellowness to signify liver disease, pinkness to signify conjunctivitis, and etc.). Simulating the eye function and the eye condition may be done to facilitate training for medical practitioners. 
     Embodiments of the eye simulator device  100  may include a base  102 . The base  102  may be a structure configured to support components of the eye simulator device  100 . In some embodiments, the base  102  may be configured as a housing. The housing may be a structure configured to contain an electrical circuitry  104 , an actuator assembly  106 , and/or other components while an outer surface of the housing can provide a support for an eyepiece  108  and/or other components. For example, the base  102  may be a housing having a rectangular shape with a base first (front) side  110 , a base second (back) side  112 , a base top  114 , and a base bottom  116 . The base first (front) side  110  may be configured to support an eyepiece  108 . The base second (back) side  112  may be configured to facilitate attachment to a structure, such as a portion of a mannequin simulator (e.g., to an eye socket portion of the mannequin). This may be achieved via a screw(s)  113  or a similar fastener(s). Alternatively, the base  112  may be configured to allow the eye simulator device  100  to stand upright. The base  102  interior may include the electrical circuitry  104 . The base  102  interior may also include the actuator assembly  106 . The electrical circuitry  104  and actuator assembly  106  may be in an electrical connection with each other and in an electrical connection with the eyepiece  108 . The base  102  may be fabricated from a rigid material, such as metal, plastic, fiberglass, glass, ceramic, and etc. 
     In some embodiments, the eyepiece  108  may be attached to the base  102  via a support  118 . The support  118  may be a structure that is attached to, or attachable to, the base  102 . For example, the support  118  may be welded, fastened by screws or other fasteners, glued, snapped via interference fit, and etc. to the base  102 . The attachment of the support  118  to the base may be such that the support  118  extends from the base first (front) side  110 . The support  118  may be configured to retain a simulated eyeball  120  of the eyepiece  108  and facilitate electrical connection between components of the eyepiece  108  and the electrical circuitry  104 . For example, the support  118  may have a support first end  122  and a support second end  124 . The support first end  122  may be attached to the base  102  at an opening forming in the base first (front) side  110 . The support second end  124  may be configured to retain the simulated eyeball  120 . The interior of the support  118  may be hollowed to form a conduit. The conduit may be configured to allow for routing of electrical wiring or some other electrical connectors. This may be done to facilitate electrical connection between the electrical circuitry  104  within the base  102  and at least one component of the eyepiece  108 . The support  118  may have a planar square shape at the support first end  122 , leading to a post-like shape, and then to a dish or bowl shape at the support second end  124 . The dish or bowl shape may be made to complement the shape of the simulated eyeball  120 . For example, the support second end  124  may be configured to receive at least a portion of the simulated eyeball  120 . In some embodiments, the simulated eyeball  120  and the support  118  may be a unitary structure. In some embodiments, the support  118  may be shaped to resemble an optic nerve and/or a retina like that of a human eye. 
     In some embodiments, the support  118  can extend from the base first (front) side  110  at an intersection of a base longitudinal axis  126  and a base latitudinal axis  128 . For example, the opening in the base first (front) side  110  may be located at the intersection of the base longitudinal axis  126  and the base latitudinal axis  128 . While it is contemplated for the support  118  to extend from the base first (front) side  110  at the intersection of the base longitudinal axis  126  and the base latitudinal axis  128 , the support  118  may be positioned to extend from other portions of the base  102 . 
     Some embodiments of the eye simulator device  100  may include a simulated eyelid  130 . The simulated eyelid  130  may be a member that is pivotally attached to the support  118  by a pivot  132 . For example, the simulated eyelid  130  may be pivotally attached to the support first end  122 . The pivot  132  may be a rotatable hub assembly, a hinge, a pin-and-barrel configuration, a bushing-and-race configuration, and etc. In some embodiments, the simulated eyelid  130  may have a dome or helmet shape and be configured to cover at least a portion of the simulated eyeball  120 . For example, the simulated eyelid  130  have an interior surface of the simulated eyelid  134  and an eyelid exterior surface  136 , wherein the simulated eyelid  130  is shaped so that at least the interior surface of the simulated eyelid  134  complements the shape of the simulated eyeball  120 . This can facilitate the simulated eyelid  130  being placed over at least a portion of the simulated eyeball  120  (e.g., a portion of the simulated eyeball  120  may fit into the interior surface of the simulated eyelid  134 ). 
     In at least one embodiment, the simulated eyelid  130  may include a first side of the simulated eyelid  138  and a second side of the simulated second side of the simulated eyelid  140 . Each of the first side of the simulated eyelid  138  and the second side of the simulated eyelid  140  may be pivotally attached to a support first side  142  and a support second side  144 , respectively. For example, the first side of the simulated eyelid  138  may be attached to the support first side  142  via a first pivot  132 . The second side of the simulated eyelid  140  may be attached to the support second side  144  via a second pivot  132 . The pivot  132  connection(s) may be configured to allow the simulated eyelid  130  to be rotated about the pivot(s)  132  while allowing the simulated eyelid  130  to traverse over portions of the simulated eyeball  120 . For example, in some embodiments, the simulated eyelid  130  may be rotated about the pivot(s)  132  to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to rotate about an axis defined by the base latitudinal axis  128  or an axis that is parallel to the base latitudinal axis  128 . The simulated eyelid  130  may be fabricated from a rigid material, such as metal, plastic, fiberglass, glass, ceramic, and etc. In the alternative, the simulated eyelid  130  may be fabricated from a semi-rigid material, such as a polymer, rubber, silicon, plastic, and etc. In some embodiments, the simulated eyelid  130  may be fabricated form a pliable material. 
     As described herein, the eyepiece  108  may include the simulated eyeball  120 . The simulated eyeball  120  may have a hemispheric shape with a convex shaped front surface  156  configured to mimic an eye of a human. In addition, the simulated eyeball  120  may include features mimicking a simulated lens  146 , a sclera  148 , an iris  150 , a pupil  152 , and etc. The simulated eyeball  120  may be fabricated from glass, plastic, ceramic, and etc. The simulated eyeball  120  may be transparent or translucent. 
     The eyepiece  108  may include a display  154 . The display  154  may include a plurality of pixels in an array for generating images. For example, illumination of the pixels in the array can generate various images. The display  154  may be a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), an active-matrix organic light emitting diode (“AMOLED”), and etc. The display  154  may be located within the simulated eyeball  120 . The display  154  may be configured to project at least one image onto a front surface  156  of the simulated eyeball  120  or through the eye convex shaped front surface  156  so as to be seen when a user is looking at the eye convex shaped front surface  156 . In some embodiments, the features mimicking the lens  150 , the sclera  148 , the iris  150 , the pupil  152 , and etc. may be projections from the display  154 . For example, the images may be a 2-dimensional representation of a human eye or a 3-dimensional representation of a human eye. In some embodiments, the lens  146  may be an optical element (e.g., glass, ceramic, plastic, and etc.) positioned adjacent the display  154 . For example, the lens  146  may be positioned between the display  154  and the eye convex shaped front surface  156 . The lens  146  may be configured to converge, diverge, and/or collimate light being emitted from the display  154 . 
     The display  154  may also be configured to generate other images that mimic conditions of the simulated eyeball  120 , which may include projecting images to the sclera  148  of the simulated eyeball  120 , to mimic a reddening of the sclera (e.g., irritation, conjunctivitis, and etc.), projecting images to the sclera  148  of the simulated eyeball  120 , to mimic a yellowing of the sclera (e.g., hepatitis, duct obstruction, liver disease, and etc.), and projecting images to clouding (e.g., glaucoma) of the sclera  148  of the simulated eyeball  120 , and etc. In addition, the display  154  may project images of pupil dilation, project images of pupil miosis, project images of pupil misalignment (i.e., strabismus, amblyopia, and etc.), and etc. In addition, the image sensor  158  may also be configured to track an object motion (e.g., the image sensor  158  may also be a motion sensor). Thus, a medical practitioner can use an object (e.g., a finger, a light pointer, and etc.) to cause the pupil  152  to follow the object. For example, the images of the pupil  152  may be caused to move as the object moves. This may be achieved by the image of the pupil  152  appearing to move as different pixels of the display  154  are illuminated to represent the pupil  152 . Thus, a sequence of pixels in the display  154  may be illuminated to generate an appearance of the pupil  152  image to move across the sclera  148 . The display  154  may project other images, which may include projecting blood vessels in the sclera  148  for example. 
     The eyepiece  108  may also include an image sensor  158 . The image sensor  158  may be a sensor configured to detect light brightness, light intensity, light motion, wavelengths of light, temperature, pressure and the like, and may record data from the image sensor. For example, the image sensor  158  may be any one or any combination of a photovoltaic sensor, a photodiode, a light-dependent resistor, a proximity light sensor, a thermistor, a resistance thermometer, a thermocouple, a temperature-sensitive semiconductor, a piezoresistive gauge, an optical-strain sensor, a potentiometric sensor, a pressure-sensitive semiconductor, and etc. The data from the image sensor may be transmitted to the electrical circuitry  104  for processing. For example, the data from the image sensor may be transmitted to the driver controller  160  of the electrical circuitry  104 . In some embodiments, the image sensor  158  may be disposed in line with an axis of the display  154 , i.e., locating at the same position (e.g., being adjacent to each other and occupying a shared space). This may be done to generate the eye simulator device  100  which is configured to mimic conditions of an eye without any moving parts. In some embodiments, the image sensor  158  is disposed offset from an axis of the display  154  (e.g., the line of sight is positioned out of a direct line from the display  154  when watching the display from the eye convex shaped front surface  156 ). (See  FIG. 3A ). The image sensor  158  disposed offset from the axis of the display  154  can provide the advantage of a clear line of sight to the display  154  from the view of the medical practitioner, which may reduce or eliminate any optical interference to the image sensor  158  from light emitted from the display, thereby further facilitating use of an unmodified and readily-available display  154  for the eyepiece  108 . In some embodiments, the image sensor  158  is disposed in line with the axis of the display  154  (e.g., positioned directly in front of the display  154  when viewing the display  154  from the eye convex shaped front surface  156 ). (See  FIG. 3B ). This configuration can provide a more realistic visual effect from the medical practitioner&#39;s perspective. 
     Regarding the image sensor  158  being in line with or offset from the axis of the display  154 , a line of sight may be defined by a sight-line extending at a normal angle from a central point of the eye convex shaped front surface  156  of the simulated eyeball  120 . If viewing the eye simulator device  100  along the line of sight, an observer would be looking along the sight-line. Looking along the sight-line, an observer would see the image shown in  FIG. 1B . The display  154  may be positioned within the simulated eyeball  120  so that it is positioned on this sight-line. In embodiments with the image sensor  158  being in line with the axis of the display  154 , the image sensor  158  is also positioned on this sight-line, as shown in  FIG. 3B . In embodiments with the image sensor  158  being offset from the axis of the display  154 , the image sensor  158  is positioned to not be on this sight-line, as shown in FIB.  3 A. 
     The eye simulator device  100  may also include an actuator assembly  106 . The actuator assembly  106  may be attached to or housed within the base  102 . For example, the base  102  may be configured as a housing that contains at least a portion of the actuator assembly  106 . The actuator assembly  106  may be connected to the electrical circuitry  104  through electrical wiring or electrical connection. The actuator assembly  106  may also be in mechanical connection with the simulated eyelid  130 . This may include being in mechanical connection with at least one pivot  132  that the simulated eyelid  130  is connected to. In some embodiments, the actuator assembly  106  may be configured to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to rotate about the pivot(s)  132 , cause the simulated eyelid  130  to resist rotation about the pivot(s)  132 , cause the simulated eyelid  130  to repeat and reciprocate rotation about the pivot(s)  132 , and etc. 
     The electrical connection in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be wired connection (connection via a wire), and wireless connection (connection via Bluetooth, WIFI and etc.) 
     For example, the eye simulator device  100  may be segmented into a first sector  162  that is an area extending from the base latitudinal axis  128  to the base top  114 , and a second sector  164  that is an area extending from the base latitudinal axis  128  to the base bottom  116 . (See  FIG. 1B ). The actuator assembly  106  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to rotate about the pivot(s)  132  so that the simulated eyelid  130  (or at least a portion of the simulated eyelid  130 ) is in the first sector  162 . This may be done to mimic eye-opening for the eye simulator device  100  or to generate an operation of opening the simulated eyelid  130 . The actuator assembly  106  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to rotate about the pivot(s)  132  so that the simulated eyelid  130  (or at least a portion of the simulated eyelid  130 ) is in the second sector  164 . This may be done to mimic eye-closure for the eye simulator device  100  or to generate an operation of closing the simulated eyelid  130 . 
     While the simulated eyelid  130  is in the position of eye-opening (or eye-closure), the actuator assembly  106  may be configured to allow the simulated eyelid  130  to be freely moved by manually pulling or pushing the simulated eyelid  130 , so that it rotates from the position of eye-opening (or eye-closure) to the position of eye-closure (or eye-opening), or to any position there-between. The actuator assembly  106  may also be configured to resist such motion. The resistance of such motion may be defined by requiring more force to move the simulated eyelid  130 , while the simulated eyelid  130  reverting back to the position of eye-opening (or the eye-closure) position if the pulling or pushing is stopped, and etc. In addition, the actuator assembly  106  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move to the position of eye-opening (or eye-closure) and from the position of eye-closure (or eye-opening) in a repetitive fashion. This may be done to mimic blinking. In addition, the actuator assembly  106  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move from the position of eye-opening to an intermediate position that is between the position of eye-opening and the position of eye-closure. This may be done to mimic squinting. In addition, the actuator assembly  106  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move from the position of eye-closure to an intermediate position that is between the position of eye-closure and the position of eye-opening. This may be done to mimic ptosis or blepharoptosis. Other motions of the simulated eyelid  130  may be configured to simulate other eye conditions and other motor functions. 
     As described above, the eye simulator device  100  may include the display  154 . Any one or combination of motions of the simulated eyelid  130  may be used in conjunction with any one or combination of the image projections to simulate an eye function and/or an eye condition. For example, the pupil  152  of the simulated eyeball  120  may be caused to partially dilate while the simulated eyelid  130  may be caused to partially close. This may be done to provide a more realistic squinting simulation. As will be explained later, an application software may be configured to provide instructions for the various components so as to generate scenarios. The squinting described above may be a scenario specified by the software that mimics a flinching reaction when light from a pointer is moved too close (defined by a predetermined distance from the image sensor  158 ) and at a fast rate towards the image sensor  158 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4-6 , in at least one embodiment, the actuator assembly  106  may include an electromagnetic (“EM”) coil  166 . The EM coil  166  may be in an electro-mechanical connection with an actuator arm  168 . For example, the actuator arm  168  may be connected to the EM coil  166  via at least one torque magnet  170 . In some embodiments, the EM coil  166  may be a cylindrical object having an EM coil inner surface  172  and an EM coil outer surface  174 . The actuator arm  168  and the torque magnet  170  may be positioned within the EM coil  166  so as to be situated at least partially within the EM coil inner surface  172  and be rotatably attached to the EM coil  166 . 
     In some embodiments, the actuator arm  168  may include a connector portion  176  and an arm portion  178 . The torque magnet  170  may be sandwiched by the connector portion  176 , wherein both the connector portion  176  and the torque magnet  170  may be rotatably attached to the EM coil inner surface  172 . The arm portion  178  can extend from the connector portion  176  so that it is positioned outside the EM coil inner surface  172 . Electrical signals (e.g., electrical current or electrical voltage) may be applied to the EM coil  166  so as to cause the arm portion  178  to move in a desired direction by torque imposed on the arm portion  178  via the torque magnet  170 . The arm portion  178  may be connected to the simulated eyelid  130  and/or the pivot(s)  132  so that motion of the arm portion  178  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move about the pivot(s)  132 . 
     In some embodiments, a centering magnet  180  may be attached to the EM coil  166 . The centering magnet  180  may be configured to force the arm portion  178  (and the simulated eyelid  130 ) to move to a default position when there is no electrical signal being applied to the EM coil  166 . The default position may be a position at which the simulated eyelid  130  is open or closed, or may be any other position. In addition, or in the alternative, a position sensor  182  may be configured to record an actual position of the simulated eyelid  130  and to transmit the actual position to the driver controller  160 . The drive controller  160  may then cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move to a desired position, where the desired position may be defined as a default position defined by the application software, provided the actual position is not the default position and it is in a scenario that the application software is generating the default position desired. The position sensor  182  may be an encoder, a hall effect sensor, and etc. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7-8 , an electrical power source  186  may be configured to supply the electrical power for various components of the eye simulator device  100 . The electrical power source  186  may also provide current and/or voltage for generating electrical signals to be sent to the EM coil  166  (via the electrical circuitry  104 ). In some embodiments, the electrical power source  186  may include a processor. The processor may be configured to receive data from the image sensor and data from the position sensor. The processor may also be configured to transmit position command signals to the electrical circuitry  104 . In some embodiments, the processor of the electrical power source  186  may include application software within its memory (e.g., a non-transitory, non-volatile memory in operative association with the processor), and the application software is programmed to cause the processor to execute functions in accordance to medical training scenarios. The processor, in accordance with scenarios of the application software, may generate signals for position commands. 
     The electrical signals may be generated by the electrical circuitry  104 . The electrical circuitry  104  may include at least one integrated circuit. In some embodiments, the electrical circuitry  104  may include a driving control circuit  188 . The driving control circuit  188  may contain one or more analog components or digital components, which translate signals for position commands into signal formats that are usable for a driver controller  160 , after being configured. The driving control circuit  188  may be a H-bridge motor driver circuit, for example. The driver controller  160  may be a processor (hardware) and/or a module (software) that is for coordinating activities of the various components of the eye simulator device  100 . In at least one embodiment, the driving control circuit  188  may be configured to generate a bi-polar pulse with a modulated signal (see  FIGS. 8A-8C ) that causes the torque magnet  170  to generate torque against the arm portion  178  when the pulse is transmitted to the EM coil  166 . 
     In addition, or in the alternative to the processor of the electrical supply source having the application software, the driver controller  160  may store the application software within its memory (e.g., a non-transitory, non-volatile memory in operative association with a processor of the diver controller  160 ), and the memory is programmed to cause the driver controller  160  to execute functions in accordance to medical training scenarios. The software application may provide scenarios for motions of the simulated eyelid  130  and/or the display  154 , and the operations are configured to mimic eye conditions for training. Thus, the application software, being executed by the processor(s), may cause the display  154  and/or the actuator assembly  106  to operate in a desired sequence. 
     In some embodiments, the data from the image sensor may be fed back to the processor(s) to generate a feedback loop by which the eye simulator device  100  provides eye motions and eye conditions that are applicable to treating certain eye conditions and that are reactive to medical practitioner actions. As a non-limiting example, the software application may include instructions to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move from a position of eye-opening to a position of eye-closure when a light beam at predetermined brightness or intensity (e.g., a flashlight) is detected by an image sensor  158 . In such a scenario, the electrical circuitry  104  may generate the bi-polar pulse with the modulated signal to cause the torque magnet  170  to generate a torque against the arm portion  178  to cause the arm portion  178  to move, and thus to force the simulated eyelid  130  to move to the position of eye-closure. 
       FIG. 8A  shows a bi-polar pulse with a modulated signal that may be generated to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move to a position of eye-closure.  FIG. 8B  shows a bi-polar pulse with a modulated signal that may be generated to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move to a position that is between a position of eye-closure and a position of eye-opening (for example, an intermediate position therebetween).  FIG. 8C  shows a bi-polar pulse with a modulated signal that may be generated to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move to a position of eye-opening. 
     As described herein, embodiments of the eye simulator device  100  may provide for resistive motion of the simulated eyelid  130 . For example, the image sensor  158  may cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move to a position of eye-closure upon detecting a relatively intense light beam (e.g., light from a flashlight). This may be a scenario mimicking a patient having an extraordinary sensitivity to light, the medical practitioner would want the simulated eyelid  130  open to inspect the eye, and the simulated eyelid would (in a real-life situation) have to be splayed. Thus, the application software may include a scenario in which the actuator arm  178  (and the simulated eyelid  130 ) may be freely moved from the position of eye-closure by manually pulling or pushing the simulated eyelid  130  so that it rotates from the position of eye-closure to the position of eye-opening, or to any position there-between. But to resist such motion, this may be achieved by the driver controller  160  causing a continuous electrical signal to be transmitted to the EM coil  166  so that the simulated eyelid  130  is continuously biased (otherwise the force is absent) to the position of eye-closure. The medical practitioner not only can splay the simulated eyelid  130 , but a release of the simulated eyelid  130  by the medical practitioner would allow the simulated eyelid  130  to move to its biased position of being closed. 
     It should be noted that the biasing may be to any position, but not just the position of eye-closure. Thus, the medical practitioner can attempt to move the simulated eyelid  130  in any direction until the simulated eyelid  130  is biased to a particular location. One of the benefits of the eye simulator device  100  is the absence of gears (as would be used with electric gear motors) or pumps (as would be used with pneumatic actuators). With embodiments of the eye simulator device  100 , when the medical practitioner splays the simulated eyelid  130 , no strain is induced on a gear or on a pump since it is the EM coil  166  that is generating the motion of the simulated eyelid  130  or generating the biasing of the simulated eyelid  130 . In addition, electric gears or pumps would not be able to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move or be biased to an intermediate eye position (e.g., a position that is between the position of eye-closure and the position of eye-opening) without some complex and cumbersome mechanical stopping mechanism. With embodiments of the eye simulator device  100 , the electrical signal may be configured to cause the actuator arm  168  to move a predetermined distance. The configuration of the electrical signal itself can provide the position at which the actuator arm  178  (and the simulated eyelid  130 ) will stop or remained biased. In addition, electric gears or pumps would not be able to cause the simulated eyelid  130  to move at different speeds without some type of regulator. With embodiments of the eye simulator device  100 , the electrical signal may be configured to cause the actuator arm  168  (and the simulated eyelid  130 ) to move at a predetermined speed, which can facilitate motions (e.g., blinking v. casually opening or closing of the eye) to be differentiated. 
     As described above, the eye simulator device  100  may be configured to be incorporated within an eye socket of a mannequin simulator. In some embodiments, the electrical circuitry  104  may be placed into electrical connection or electrical communication (e.g., hardwired connection or wireless connection) with a control system of the mannequin simulator. This can allow simulated operations of the eye simulator device  100  to act in concert with that of the mannequin simulator. 
     It should be understood that modifications to the embodiments disclosed herein may be made to meet a particular set of design criteria. For instance, the number of or configuration of the base  102 , the actuator assembly  106 , the eyepiece  108 , the EM coil  166 , and/or other components or parameters may be configured to meet a particular objective. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications and variations of the described examples and embodiments are possible in light of the above teachings of the disclosure. The disclosed examples and embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration only. Other alternative embodiments may include some or all of the features of the various embodiments disclosed herein. For instance, it is contemplated that a particular feature, either individually described or as part of an embodiment described, may be combined with other features described individually, or parts of other embodiments. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described herein can therefore be combined to provide further embodiments. 
     Therefore, it is the intent to cover all such modifications and alternative embodiments as may fall within the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, the disclosure of a range of values is a disclosure of every numerical value within this range, including end points. Thus, while certain exemplary embodiments of apparatuses and methods for making and using the same have been discussed and illustrated herein, it is to be distinctly understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto but may be otherwise variously embodied and practiced within the scope of the appended claims.