Patent Publication Number: US-10783181-B1

Title: Systems and methods for digital content provision

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present technology relates to the field of digital content platforms. More particularly, the present technology relates to user interfaces and techniques for sharing digital audio content. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Today, people often utilize computing devices (or systems) for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices to, for example, interact with one another, access content, share content, and create content. In some cases, content items can include postings from members of a social networking system. Content items may include media content items, such as videos. Content items may be published to the social networking system or any other content platform for consumption by others. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments of the present technology can include systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media configured to receive a user selection of an audio content item. Highlighted portion information associated with the audio content item is received. The highlighted portion information identifies one or more highlighted portions in the audio content item. A user interface is provided based on the highlighted portion information. The user interface comprises one or more highlight indicators. Each highlight indicator is associated with a respective highlighted portion of the one or more highlighted portions. Each highlight indicator is selectable by a user to select the associated highlighted portion. 
     In an embodiment, the highlighted portion information identifies, for each highlighted portion of the one or more highlighted portions, a start time for the highlighted portion. 
     In an embodiment, a selection of a first highlight indicator of the one or more highlight indicators is received. The first highlight indicator is associated with a first highlighted portion of the one or more highlighted portions, and the first highlighted portion is associated with a first start time. 
     In an embodiment, in response to receiving the selection of the first highlight indicator, a selected start time is set to the first start time. 
     In an embodiment, a preview of a selected portion of the audio content item is generated based on the first start time. 
     In an embodiment, the generating the preview of the selected portion of the audio content item based on the first start time further comprises generating the preview of the selected portion of the audio content item based on the first start time and a clip length. 
     In an embodiment, the clip length is a pre-determined clip length. 
     In an embodiment, the clip length is determined based on an underlying media content item over which the selected portion of the audio content item is to be overlaid. 
     In an embodiment, the preview comprises playing the selected portion of the audio content item with the underlying media content item. 
     In an embodiment, the user interface further comprises a scrubber for navigating to various time positions within the audio content item. 
     It should be appreciated that many other features, applications, embodiments, and/or variations of the disclosed technology will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the following detailed description. Additional and/or alternative implementations of the structures, systems, non-transitory computer readable media, and methods described herein can be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosed technology. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example system including a content provider module, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example audio content sharing module, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example user interface, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example user interface, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example method, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a network diagram of an example system including an example social networking system that can be utilized in various scenarios, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a computer system or computing device that can be utilized in various scenarios, according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
     
    
    
     The figures depict various embodiments of the disclosed technology for purposes of illustration only, wherein the figures use like reference numerals to identify like elements. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated in the figures can be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosed technology described herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Approaches for Sharing Digital Audio Content 
     People often utilize computing devices (or systems) for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices to, for example, interact with one another, access content, share content, and create content. In some cases, content items can include postings from members of a social networking system. Content items may include media content items, such as images, videos, or audio content. Content items may be published to the social networking system or any other content platform for consumption by others. 
     Content platforms, such as social networking systems, may provide users with user interfaces for creating and sharing content. For example, a social networking system may provide a computing application with various user interfaces that users can use to capture, edit, and share photos or videos. In many instances, such user interfaces may allow users to modify visual aspects of their content. However, users may also wish to add, modify, and/or share audio content as well. Conventional user interfaces often lack intuitive or user-friendly tools for editing and sharing audio content on a content platform. Many such tools, when provided, are limited in the portions of audio content that a user can share, or require the user to listen through large portions of an audio content item in order to identify the portion that the user wishes to share. Conventional approaches may not be effective in addressing these and other problems arising in computer technology. 
     An improved approach rooted in computer technology overcomes the foregoing and other disadvantages associated with conventional approaches specifically arising in the realm of computer technology. In general, users may be provided with a user interface that allows them to quickly and easily identify portions of audio content to be shared with other users on a content platform, such as a social networking system. For example, in certain embodiments, users may be provided with a user interface that allows them to select a portion of a song. The portion of the song can be added to other visual content that the user wishes to share (e.g., a photo or a video), or the portion of the song can be shared on its own as stand-alone audio content. In an embodiment, for a particular audio content item, one or more highlighted portions can be identified. Each highlighted portion may correspond to a portion of the audio content item that has been identified as having a higher likelihood of being of interest to users and/or a higher likelihood of being shared by users. When a user indicates that he or she would like to share a portion of the audio content item, the user may be presented with a user interface. The user interface can present the user with the one or more highlighted portions that have been identified for the audio content item. The user can select the one or more highlighted portions and preview them. If the user would like to use one of the pre-identified highlighted portions, the user can select one of the highlighted portions to share on the content platform. However, in case a user would like to share a different portion of the audio content item, the user interface can also include a scrubber that a user can utilize to navigate through the audio content item and select the portion of the audio content item that he or she would like to share. The highlighted portions allow a user to quickly and easily select and share portions of an audio content item that have been pre-identified, while the scrubber still provides the user with full control over which portion of the audio content item the user would like to share. More details relating to the disclosed technology are provided below. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example system  100  including a content provider module  102 , according to an embodiment of the present technology. The content provider module  102  can be configured to provide users with access to content posted to a digital content platform, such as a social networking system. As shown in the example of  FIG. 1 , the content provider module  102  can include a content module  104 , a follow module  106 , an interaction module  108 , a story module  110 , and an audio content sharing module  112 . In some instances, the example system  100  can include at least one data store  114 . The components (e.g., modules, elements, etc.) shown in this figure and all figures herein are exemplary only, and other implementations may include additional, fewer, integrated, or different components. Some components may not be shown so as not to obscure relevant details. In various embodiments, one or more of the functionalities described in connection with the content provider module  102  can be implemented in any suitable combinations. 
     In some embodiments, the content provider module  102  can be implemented, in part or in whole, as software, hardware, or any combination thereof. In general, a module as discussed herein can be associated with software, hardware, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, one or more functions, tasks, and/or operations of modules can be carried out or performed by software routines, software processes, hardware, and/or any combination thereof. In some cases, the content provider module  102  can be, in part or in whole, implemented as software running on one or more computing devices or systems, such as on a server system or a client computing device. In some instances, the content provider module  102  can be, in part or in whole, implemented within or configured to operate in conjunction with or be integrated with a social networking system (or service), such as a social networking system  630  of  FIG. 6 . Likewise, in some instances, the content provider module  102  can be, in part or in whole, implemented within or configured to operate in conjunction with or be integrated with a client computing device, such as the user device  610  of  FIG. 6 . For example, the content provider module  102  can be implemented as or within a dedicated application (e.g., app), a program, or an applet running on a user computing device or client computing system. The application incorporating or implementing instructions for performing functionality of the content provider module  102  can be created by a developer. The application can be provided to or maintained in a repository. In some cases, the application can be uploaded or otherwise transmitted over a network (e.g., Internet) to the repository. For example, a computing system (e.g., server) associated with or under control of the developer of the application can provide or transmit the application to the repository. The repository can include, for example, an “app” store in which the application can be maintained for access or download by a user. In response to a command by the user to download the application, the application can be provided or otherwise transmitted over a network from the repository to a computing device associated with the user. For example, a computing system (e.g., server) associated with or under control of an administrator of the repository can cause or permit the application to be transmitted to the computing device of the user so that the user can install and run the application. The developer of the application and the administrator of the repository can be different entities in some cases, but can be the same entity in other cases. It should be understood that many variations are possible. 
     The content provider module  102  can be configured to communicate and/or operate with the at least one data store  114 , as shown in the example system  100 . The data store  114  can be configured to store and maintain various types of data. In some implementations, the data store  114  can store information associated with the social networking system (e.g., the social networking system  630  of  FIG. 6 ). The information associated with the social networking system can include data about users, user identifiers, social connections, social interactions, profile information, demographic information, locations, geo-fenced areas, maps, places, events, pages, groups, posts, communications, content, feeds, account settings, privacy settings, a social graph, and various other types of data. In some embodiments, the data store  114  can store information that is utilized by the content provider module  102 . For example, the data store  114  can store one or more audio content items, highlighted portion information for the one or more audio content items, and the like. It is contemplated that there can be many variations or other possibilities. 
     The content module  104  can be configured to provide users with access to content that is available through a digital content platform, such as a social networking system. In some instances, this content can include content items posted in content feeds accessible through the social networking system, i.e., content posts. For example, the content module  104  can provide a first user with access to content posts through an interface that is provided by a software application (e.g., a social networking application) running on a computing device of the first user. The first user can also interact with the interface to post content posts to the social networking system. Such content posts may include text, images, audio, and videos, to name some examples. For example, the first user can submit a content post to be published through the social networking system. In some embodiments, the content post can include, or reference, one or more media content items, such as images, video, audio, and/or text. 
     In various embodiments, other users of the social networking system can access content posts posted by the first user. In one example, the other users can access the content posts by searching for the first user by user name through an interface provided by a software application (e.g., a social networking application, browser, etc.) running on their respective computing devices. In some instances, some users may want to see content posts posted by the first user in their respective content feed. To cause content posts posted by the first user to be included in their respective content feed, a user can select an option through the interface to subscribe to, or “follow”, the first user. The follow module  106  can process the user&#39;s request by identifying the user as a follower of (or “friend” of) the first user in the social networking system. As a result, some or all content posts that are posted by the first user can automatically be included in the respective content feed of the user. If the user decides that they no longer want to see content from the first user in their respective content feed, the user can select an option through the interface to unsubscribe from, or “unfollow”, the first user. As a result, the follow module  106  can remove the association between the user and the first user so that content posts posted by the first user are no longer included in the content feed of the user. 
     In some instances, users may want to interact with content posts posted to a social networking system. For example, a user may want to endorse, or “like”, a content post. In this example, the user can select an option provided in the interface to like the desired content post. The interaction module  108  can determine when a user likes a given content post and can store information describing this relationship. The interaction module  108  can also determine when other forms of user interaction are performed and can store information describing the interaction (e.g., information describing the type of interaction, the identity of the user, the identity of the user that posted the content post, and the content post, to name some examples). For example, the user may want to post a comment in response to a content post. In this example, the user can select an option provided in the interface to enter and post the comment for the desired content post. The interaction module  108  can determine when a user posts a comment in response to a given content post and can store information describing this relationship. Other forms of user interaction can include emoji-based reactions to a content post (e.g., selecting an option that corresponds to a particular reaction emoji, e.g., happy, sad, angry, etc.), re-sharing a content post, and transmitting a message to a user pertaining to a particular content post, for example. 
     In some embodiments, the story module  110  can provide an option that allows users to post their content as stories. In such embodiments, each user has a corresponding story collection in which the user can post content. When a user&#39;s story collection is accessed by another user, the story module  110  can provide content posted in the story collection to the other user for viewing. In certain embodiments, each user can have a story feed in which they can view stories posted by other users to their respective story collections. As such, a user&#39;s story feed can include the story collections of one or more users (e.g., one or more users that the user follows). In some embodiments, content posted in a user&#39;s story collection may be accessible by any user of the social networking system. In some embodiments, content posted in a user&#39;s story collection may only be accessible to followers of the user. In some embodiments, user stories posted to a user&#39;s story collection expire after a pre-defined time interval (e.g., every 24 hours). In such embodiments, content posted as a story in a story collection is treated as ephemeral content that is made inaccessible once the pre-defined time interval has elapsed. In contrast, content posted in certain other content feeds, such as a user (or follower) primary content feed, can be treated as non-ephemeral content that remains accessible for a longer and/or an indefinite period of time. 
     The audio content sharing module  112  can be configured to receive a user selection of an audio content item. The user selection may indicate that the user wishes to share a portion of the audio content item. The audio content sharing module  112  can provide one or more user interfaces that the user can utilize to select a portion of the audio content item for sharing. The one or more user interfaces can identify one or more pre-identified highlighted portions in the audio content item. The one or more pre-identified highlighted portions may be selectable by the user so that the user can quickly and easily select one of the pre-identified highlighted portions. The user interface can also include a scrubber that allows the user to navigate through the audio content item to select a portion of the audio content item to share. Once the user selects a portion of the audio content item to share, the audio content sharing module  112  can publish the selected portion of the audio content item (e.g., to a content platform, such as a social networking system). More details regarding the audio content sharing module  112  will be provided below with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example audio content sharing module  202 , according to an embodiment of the present technology. In some embodiments, the audio content sharing module  112  of  FIG. 1  can be implemented as the audio content sharing module  202 . As shown in the example of  FIG. 2 , the audio content sharing module  202  can include a highlighted portion identification module  204 , an audio content selection module  206 , and a content publication module  208 . 
     The highlighted portion identification module  204  can be configured to identify one or more highlighted portions in each audio content item of a set of audio content items. Highlighted portions in an audio content item may represent portions of the audio content item that have been identified as having a higher likelihood of being shared by users than other portions of the audio content item. For example, a song may have the chorus identified as a highlighted portion and/or a popular line in the song identified as a highlighted portion. In certain embodiments, each highlighted portion in an audio content item may be identified and/or represented by a start time indicating the time position in the audio content item at which the highlighted portion begins. For example, if the chorus of a song begins at the one minute twenty second mark of the song, highlighted portion information for the song may indicate that a first highlighted portion begins at one minute twenty seconds. If the song also includes a popular line that begins at the two minute thirty second mark of the song, highlighted portion information for the song may indicate that a second highlighted portion begins at two minutes thirty seconds. 
     Highlighted portions can be identified by various techniques. In an embodiment, highlighted portions may be identified by one or more entities that own an audio content item (e.g., by an artist and/or a recording label that owns a song). In an embodiment, highlighted portions may be identified by a content platform (e.g., by a social networking system). In an embodiment, highlighted portions may be identified based on historical user interaction information. For example, for a particular song, historical user interaction information may indicate which portions of the song have been shared by users in the past, and how many times and/or how frequently those portions have been shared. Portions of the song that have been shared most frequently (e.g., the top one, top two, top three, etc.), or portions of the song that satisfy a sharing threshold (e.g., have been shared more than a threshold number of times) may be identified as highlighted portions. The highlighted portion identification module  204  may maintain highlighted portion information for one or more audio content items that identifies the highlighted portions (e.g., start positions for each highlighted portion) in each audio content item. 
     The audio content selection module  206  can be configured to receive a user selection of an audio content item. The user may provide a selection of an audio content item via a user interface.  FIG. 3  illustrates an example user interface  302  that a user can use to select an audio content item. The audio content selection module  206  can be configured to provide a user with a user interface that incorporates some or all of the features depicted in the example user interface  302  of  FIG. 3 . The example user interface  302  includes a search bar  304  that a user can use to search for a particular audio content item. The user interface  302  also includes various categories  306  of music. The categories  306  are merely examples of various classifications of audio content, and many variations are possible. The user can select a particular category to view audio content items that fall within the selected category. The user interface  302  also includes a list of popular audio content items  308  (in this case, a list of popular songs). Popular songs can be identified in various ways, such as based on an extent to which they have been shared on a social networking system (e.g., satisfaction of a threshold level of sharing) or their appearance on a predetermined list of popular songs that is generated by an entity. Through the user interface  302 , the user can select a particular audio content item that he or she would like to share. 
     Once a user has selected a particular audio content item that the user would like to share a portion of, the audio content selection module  206  can provide a user interface that allows the user to identify a specific portion of the audio content item to share.  FIG. 4  illustrates an example user interface  402  that a user can use to select a specific portion of an audio content item. The audio content selection module  206  can be configured to provide a user with a user interface that incorporates some or all of the features depicted in the example user interface  402 . 
     In the example user interface  402 , a user has selected a song entitled “Song A” by the musical group “Band B.” The user interface  402  allows the user to select a portion of the song to share (e.g., on a social networking system). The user interface  402  includes a timeline  404  which represents the entirety of the audio content item, with a left-most end of the timeline  404  representing the start of the audio content item, and the right-most end of the timeline  404  representing the end of the audio content item. A playhead  406  indicates a current position within the audio content item. As the audio content item is played, or as the user selects different portions of the audio content item (as described below), the playhead  406  moves along the timeline  404 . 
     The user interface  402  also identifies two highlighted portions in the audio content item via highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b . The position of each highlighted portion along the timeline  404  is indicated by highlighted portion position indicators  410   a ,  410   b . As discussed above, each highlighted portion in an audio content item may be represented by a start time associated with the highlighted portion. For a particular audio content item, the audio content selection module  206  can receive highlighted portion information identifying one or more highlighted portions in the audio content item and their respective start times, and can determine the appropriate position for each highlight indicator  408   a ,  408   b  and highlighted portion position indicator  410   a ,  410   b  along the timeline  404  based on the length of the audio content item and the start time of the highlighted portion. For example, if a song is exactly three-minutes long, and a first highlighted portion begins at the one-minute mark, the audio content selection module  206  can place a highlight indicator and a highlighted portion position indicator ⅓ of the way from the left-most end of the timeline to the right-most end of the timeline. 
     The highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b  are selectable by a user. For example, the user can select the highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b  by an appropriate user gesture (e.g., a tap to portions of a touchscreen through which the highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b  are presented) applied to the highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b . If a user selects the highlight indicator  408   a  associated with a first highlighted portion, a selected start time is automatically set to the start time associated with the first highlighted portion, and the playhead  406  automatically moves to the start time associated with the first highlighted portion as indicated by the highlighted portion position indicator  410   a . If the user selects the highlight indicator  408   b  associated with a second highlighted portion, the selected start time is automatically set to the start time associated with the second highlighted portion, and the playhead  406  automatically moves to the start time associated with the second highlighted portion as indicated by the highlighted portion position indicator  410   b . Alternatively, if the user would like to select a portion of the audio content item (e.g., a portion that is not identified as a highlighted portion), the user can utilize a scrubber  412  to “scrub” left or right. As the user scrubs left or right, the playhead  406  moves along the timeline  404  and, by manipulating the scrubber  412 , the user can select any time position within the audio content item. 
     The audio content selection module  206  can be configured to provide a preview (audio preview) of the selected portion of an audio content item (e.g., by playing back the selected portion of the audio content item). A window  418  presents a visual depiction of the selected portion of the audio content item. In certain embodiments, the selected portion of an audio content item and/or the preview may be defined or referenced by a selected start time and a clip length. As discussed above, a user can identify a selected start time (i.e., the user can select a start time for the selected portion) by either selecting a highlighted portion (e.g., by selecting a highlight indicator  408   a ,  408   b ) or by using the scrubber  412  to move to different positions within the audio content item. In certain embodiments, the clip length may be a fixed length (e.g., 15 seconds), such that the preview presented to the user is a clip of a pre-determined fixed length that begins at the selected start time. In certain embodiments, the clip length may be defined based on an underlying media content item. For example, a user may wish to share a video. The user can select the video, and then can utilize the user interfaces  302 ,  402  to select a portion of an audio content item to add and/or overlay onto the video. In such scenarios, the clip length may be defined based on the length of the video. For example, if the video is an 8-second video, the clip length may be 8 seconds, or if the video is a 12-second video, the clip length may be 12 seconds. In certain embodiments, a background portion  414  of the user interface  402  may present the underlying media content item along with the audio preview of the selected portion of the audio content item so that the user can preview the underlying media content item with the selected portion of the audio content item. In various embodiments, the underlying media content item may include one or more images, one or more videos, or any other content items that can be shared to a content platform. 
     In certain embodiments, the preview can continuously loop the selected portion of the audio content item until the user either selects a different portion of the audio content item (e.g., by selecting a different highlighted portion and/or using the scrubber  412 ) or the user exits the user interface (e.g., by canceling the operation, or selecting a “Next” button  416  to proceed with publishing and/or sharing the selected portion of the audio content item). In certain embodiments, the audio content selection module  206  downloads only a portion of an audio content item that is needed for a preview. For example, if a preview includes a 15 second clip that begins from the 40-second position of an audio content item, the audio content selection module  206  can download (i.e., provide to a computing device of the user) a portion of the audio content item from the 40-second position to the 55-second position of the audio content item. When a user changes the preview by changing the selected start time for the selected portion of the content item (e.g., using the scrubber  412  and/or the highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b ), the audio content selection module  206  can then download the portion of the audio content item needed for the new preview. In this way, users can be presented with previews more quickly than if they had to wait for the entire audio content item to download. Using the disclosed technology, the highlight indicators  408   a ,  408   b , allow a user to quickly select a pre-identified portion of an audio content item with a single user interaction (e.g., a single tap), while the scrubber  412  provides users with greater control and freedom in selecting various portions of audio content items. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , the content publication module  208  can be configured to publish and/or share a portion of an audio content item selected by a user to a content platform, such as a social networking system. As discussed above, the selected portion of the audio content item may be overlaid on or otherwise combined with an underlying media content item, and published as part of and/or in conjunction with the underlying media content items. In other instances, the selected portion of the audio content item may be published and/or shared as a stand-alone audio content item. In various embodiments, the audio content item may be shared as and/or as part of an ephemeral content item (e.g., to be published in one or more ephemeral content feeds), or as a non-ephemeral content item (e.g., to be published in one or more non-ephemeral content feeds). 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example method  500 , according to an embodiment of the present technology. It should be appreciated that there can be additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in similar or alternative orders, or in parallel, within the scope of the various embodiments discussed herein unless otherwise stated. 
     At block  502 , the example method  500  can receive a user selection of an audio content item. At block  504 , the example method  500  can receive highlighted portion information associated with the audio content item, the highlighted portion information identifying one or more highlighted portions in the audio content item. At block  506 , the example method  500  can provide a user interface based on the highlighted portion information, wherein the user interface comprises one or more highlight indicators, each highlight indicator is associated with a respective highlighted portion of the one or more highlighted portions, and each highlight indicator is selectable by a user to select the associated highlighted portion. 
     It is contemplated that there can be many other uses, applications, and/or variations associated with the various embodiments of the present technology. For example, in some cases, user can choose whether or not to opt-in to utilize the disclosed technology. The disclosed technology can also ensure that various privacy settings and preferences are maintained and can prevent private information from being divulged. In another example, various embodiments of the present technology can learn, improve, and/or be refined over time. 
     Social Networking System—Example Implementation 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a network diagram of an example system  600  that can be utilized in various scenarios, according to an embodiment of the present technology. The system  600  includes one or more user devices  610 , one or more external systems  620 , a social networking system (or service)  630 , and a network  650 . In an embodiment, the social networking service, provider, and/or system discussed in connection with the embodiments described above may be implemented as the social networking system  630 . For purposes of illustration, the embodiment of the system  600 , shown by  FIG. 6 , includes a single external system  620  and a single user device  610 . However, in other embodiments, the system  600  may include more user devices  610  and/or more external systems  620 . In certain embodiments, the social networking system  630  is operated by a social network provider, whereas the external systems  620  are separate from the social networking system  630  in that they may be operated by different entities. In various embodiments, however, the social networking system  630  and the external systems  620  operate in conjunction to provide social networking services to users (or members) of the social networking system  630 . In this sense, the social networking system  630  provides a platform or backbone, which other systems, such as external systems  620 , may use to provide social networking services and functionalities to users across the Internet. 
     The user device  610  comprises one or more computing devices that can receive input from a user and transmit and receive data via the network  650 . In one embodiment, the user device  610  is a conventional computer system executing, for example, a Microsoft Windows compatible operating system (OS), Apple OS X, and/or a Linux distribution. In another embodiment, the user device  610  can be a device having computer functionality, such as a smart-phone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, etc. The user device  610  is configured to communicate via the network  650 . The user device  610  can execute an application, for example, a browser application that allows a user of the user device  610  to interact with the social networking system  630 . In another embodiment, the user device  610  interacts with the social networking system  630  through an application programming interface (API) provided by the native operating system of the user device  610 , such as iOS and ANDROID. The user device  610  is configured to communicate with the external system  620  and the social networking system  630  via the network  650 , which may comprise any combination of local area and/or wide area networks, using wired and/or wireless communication systems. 
     In one embodiment, the network  650  uses standard communications technologies and protocols. Thus, the network  650  can include links using technologies such as Ethernet, 802.11, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 3G, 4G, CDMA, GSM, LTE, digital subscriber line (DSL), etc. Similarly, the networking protocols used on the network  650  can include multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), and the like. The data exchanged over the network  650  can be represented using technologies and/or formats including hypertext markup language (HTML) and extensible markup language (XML). In addition, all or some links can be encrypted using conventional encryption technologies such as secure sockets layer (SSL), transport layer security (TLS), and Internet Protocol security (IPsec). 
     In one embodiment, the user device  610  may display content from the external system  620  and/or from the social networking system  630  by processing a markup language document  614  received from the external system  620  and from the social networking system  630  using a browser application  612 . The markup language document  614  identifies content and one or more instructions describing formatting or presentation of the content. By executing the instructions included in the markup language document  614 , the browser application  612  displays the identified content using the format or presentation described by the markup language document  614 . For example, the markup language document  614  includes instructions for generating and displaying a web page having multiple frames that include text and/or image data retrieved from the external system  620  and the social networking system  630 . In various embodiments, the markup language document  614  comprises a data file including extensible markup language (XML) data, extensible hypertext markup language (XHTML) data, or other markup language data. Additionally, the markup language document  614  may include JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data, JSON with padding (JSONP), and JavaScript data to facilitate data-interchange between the external system  620  and the user device  610 . The browser application  612  on the user device  610  may use a JavaScript compiler to decode the markup language document  614 . 
     The markup language document  614  may also include, or link to, applications or application frameworks such as FLASH™ or Unity™ applications, the SilverLight™ application framework, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the user device  610  also includes one or more cookies  616  including data indicating whether a user of the user device  610  is logged into the social networking system  630 , which may enable modification of the data communicated from the social networking system  630  to the user device  610 . 
     The external system  620  includes one or more web servers that include one or more web pages  622   a ,  622   b , which are communicated to the user device  610  using the network  650 . The external system  620  is separate from the social networking system  630 . For example, the external system  620  is associated with a first domain, while the social networking system  630  is associated with a separate social networking domain. Web pages  622   a ,  622   b , included in the external system  620 , comprise markup language documents  614  identifying content and including instructions specifying formatting or presentation of the identified content. 
     The social networking system  630  includes one or more computing devices for a social network, including a plurality of users, and providing users of the social network with the ability to communicate and interact with other users of the social network. In some instances, the social network can be represented by a graph, i.e., a data structure including edges and nodes. Other data structures can also be used to represent the social network, including but not limited to databases, objects, classes, meta elements, files, or any other data structure. The social networking system  630  may be administered, managed, or controlled by an operator. The operator of the social networking system  630  may be a human being, an automated application, or a series of applications for managing content, regulating policies, and collecting usage metrics within the social networking system  630 . Any type of operator may be used. 
     Users may join the social networking system  630  and then add connections to any number of other users of the social networking system  630  to whom they desire to be connected. As used herein, the term “friend” refers to any other user of the social networking system  630  to whom a user has formed a connection, association, or relationship via the social networking system  630 . For example, in an embodiment, if users in the social networking system  630  are represented as nodes in the social graph, the term “friend” can refer to an edge formed between and directly connecting two user nodes. 
     Connections may be added explicitly by a user or may be automatically created by the social networking system  630  based on common characteristics of the users (e.g., users who are alumni of the same educational institution). For example, a first user specifically selects a particular other user to be a friend. Connections in the social networking system  630  are usually in both directions, but need not be, so the terms “user” and “friend” depend on the frame of reference. Connections between users of the social networking system  630  are usually bilateral (“two-way”), or “mutual,” but connections may also be unilateral, or “one-way.” For example, if Bob and Joe are both users of the social networking system  630  and connected to each other, Bob and Joe are each other&#39;s connections. If, on the other hand, Bob wishes to connect to Joe to view data communicated to the social networking system  630  by Joe, but Joe does not wish to form a mutual connection, a unilateral connection may be established. The connection between users may be a direct connection; however, some embodiments of the social networking system  630  allow the connection to be indirect via one or more levels of connections or degrees of separation. 
     In addition to establishing and maintaining connections between users and allowing interactions between users, the social networking system  630  provides users with the ability to take actions on various types of items supported by the social networking system  630 . These items may include groups or networks (i.e., social networks of people, entities, and concepts) to which users of the social networking system  630  may belong, events or calendar entries in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications that a user may use via the social networking system  630 , transactions that allow users to buy or sell items via services provided by or through the social networking system  630 , and interactions with advertisements that a user may perform on or off the social networking system  630 . These are just a few examples of the items upon which a user may act on the social networking system  630 , and many others are possible. A user may interact with anything that is capable of being represented in the social networking system  630  or in the external system  620 , separate from the social networking system  630 , or coupled to the social networking system  630  via the network  650 . 
     The social networking system  630  is also capable of linking a variety of entities. For example, the social networking system  630  enables users to interact with each other as well as external systems  620  or other entities through an API, a web service, or other communication channels. The social networking system  630  generates and maintains the “social graph” comprising a plurality of nodes interconnected by a plurality of edges. Each node in the social graph may represent an entity that can act on another node and/or that can be acted on by another node. The social graph may include various types of nodes. Examples of types of nodes include users, non-person entities, content items, web pages, groups, activities, messages, concepts, and any other things that can be represented by an object in the social networking system  630 . An edge between two nodes in the social graph may represent a particular kind of connection, or association, between the two nodes, which may result from node relationships or from an action that was performed by one of the nodes on the other node. In some cases, the edges between nodes can be weighted. The weight of an edge can represent an attribute associated with the edge, such as a strength of the connection or association between nodes. Different types of edges can be provided with different weights. For example, an edge created when one user “likes” another user may be given one weight, while an edge created when a user befriends another user may be given a different weight. 
     As an example, when a first user identifies a second user as a friend, an edge in the social graph is generated connecting a node representing the first user and a second node representing the second user. As various nodes relate or interact with each other, the social networking system  630  modifies edges connecting the various nodes to reflect the relationships and interactions. 
     The social networking system  630  also includes user-generated content, which enhances a user&#39;s interactions with the social networking system  630 . User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or “post” to the social networking system  630 . For example, a user communicates posts to the social networking system  630  from a user device  610 . Posts may include data such as status updates or other textual data, location information, images such as photos, videos, links, music or other similar data and/or media. Content may also be added to the social networking system  630  by a third party. Content “items” are represented as objects in the social networking system  630 . In this way, users of the social networking system  630  are encouraged to communicate with each other by posting text and content items of various types of media through various communication channels. Such communication increases the interaction of users with each other and increases the frequency with which users interact with the social networking system  630 . 
     The social networking system  630  includes a web server  632 , an API request server  634 , a user profile store  636 , a connection store  638 , an action logger  640 , an activity log  642 , and an authorization server  644 . In an embodiment of the invention, the social networking system  630  may include additional, fewer, or different components for various applications. Other components, such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load balancers, failover servers, management and network operations consoles, and the like are not shown so as to not obscure the details of the system. 
     The user profile store  636  maintains information about user accounts, including biographic, demographic, and other types of descriptive information, such as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences, location, and the like that has been declared by users or inferred by the social networking system  630 . This information is stored in the user profile store  636  such that each user is uniquely identified. The social networking system  630  also stores data describing one or more connections between different users in the connection store  638 . The connection information may indicate users who have similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies, or educational history. Additionally, the social networking system  630  includes user-defined connections between different users, allowing users to specify their relationships with other users. For example, user-defined connections allow users to generate relationships with other users that parallel the users&#39; real-life relationships, such as friends, co-workers, partners, and so forth. Users may select from predefined types of connections, or define their own connection types as needed. Connections with other nodes in the social networking system  630 , such as non-person entities, buckets, cluster centers, images, interests, pages, external systems, concepts, and the like are also stored in the connection store  638 . 
     The social networking system  630  maintains data about objects with which a user may interact. To maintain this data, the user profile store  636  and the connection store  638  store instances of the corresponding type of objects maintained by the social networking system  630 . Each object type has information fields that are suitable for storing information appropriate to the type of object. For example, the user profile store  636  contains data structures with fields suitable for describing a user&#39;s account and information related to a user&#39;s account. When a new object of a particular type is created, the social networking system  630  initializes a new data structure of the corresponding type, assigns a unique object identifier to it, and begins to add data to the object as needed. This might occur, for example, when a user becomes a user of the social networking system  630 , the social networking system  630  generates a new instance of a user profile in the user profile store  636 , assigns a unique identifier to the user account, and begins to populate the fields of the user account with information provided by the user. 
     The connection store  638  includes data structures suitable for describing a user&#39;s connections to other users, connections to external systems  620  or connections to other entities. The connection store  638  may also associate a connection type with a user&#39;s connections, which may be used in conjunction with the user&#39;s privacy setting to regulate access to information about the user. In an embodiment of the invention, the user profile store  636  and the connection store  638  may be implemented as a federated database. 
     Data stored in the connection store  638 , the user profile store  636 , and the activity log  642  enables the social networking system  630  to generate the social graph that uses nodes to identify various objects and edges connecting nodes to identify relationships between different objects. For example, if a first user establishes a connection with a second user in the social networking system  630 , user accounts of the first user and the second user from the user profile store  636  may act as nodes in the social graph. The connection between the first user and the second user stored by the connection store  638  is an edge between the nodes associated with the first user and the second user. Continuing this example, the second user may then send the first user a message within the social networking system  630 . The action of sending the message, which may be stored, is another edge between the two nodes in the social graph representing the first user and the second user. Additionally, the message itself may be identified and included in the social graph as another node connected to the nodes representing the first user and the second user. 
     In another example, a first user may tag a second user in an image that is maintained by the social networking system  630  (or, alternatively, in an image maintained by another system outside of the social networking system  630 ). The image may itself be represented as a node in the social networking system  630 . This tagging action may create edges between the first user and the second user as well as create an edge between each of the users and the image, which is also a node in the social graph. In yet another example, if a user confirms attending an event, the user and the event are nodes obtained from the user profile store  636 , where the attendance of the event is an edge between the nodes that may be retrieved from the activity log  642 . By generating and maintaining the social graph, the social networking system  630  includes data describing many different types of objects and the interactions and connections among those objects, providing a rich source of socially relevant information. 
     The web server  632  links the social networking system  630  to one or more user devices  610  and/or one or more external systems  620  via the network  650 . The web server  632  serves web pages, as well as other web-related content, such as Java, JavaScript, Flash, XML, and so forth. The web server  632  may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for receiving and routing messages between the social networking system  630  and one or more user devices  610 . The messages can be instant messages, queued messages (e.g., email), text and SMS messages, or any other suitable messaging format. 
     The API request server  634  allows one or more external systems  620  and user devices  610  to call access information from the social networking system  630  by calling one or more API functions. The API request server  634  may also allow external systems  620  to send information to the social networking system  630  by calling APIs. The external system  620 , in one embodiment, sends an API request to the social networking system  630  via the network  650 , and the API request server  634  receives the API request. The API request server  634  processes the request by calling an API associated with the API request to generate an appropriate response, which the API request server  634  communicates to the external system  620  via the network  650 . For example, responsive to an API request, the API request server  634  collects data associated with a user, such as the user&#39;s connections that have logged into the external system  620 , and communicates the collected data to the external system  620 . In another embodiment, the user device  610  communicates with the social networking system  630  via APIs in the same manner as external systems  620 . 
     The action logger  640  is capable of receiving communications from the web server  632  about user actions on and/or off the social networking system  630 . The action logger  640  populates the activity log  642  with information about user actions, enabling the social networking system  630  to discover various actions taken by its users within the social networking system  630  and outside of the social networking system  630 . Any action that a particular user takes with respect to another node on the social networking system  630  may be associated with each user&#39;s account, through information maintained in the activity log  642  or in a similar database or other data repository. Examples of actions taken by a user within the social networking system  630  that are identified and stored may include, for example, adding a connection to another user, sending a message to another user, reading a message from another user, viewing content associated with another user, attending an event posted by another user, posting an image, attempting to post an image, or other actions interacting with another user or another object. When a user takes an action within the social networking system  630 , the action is recorded in the activity log  642 . In one embodiment, the social networking system  630  maintains the activity log  642  as a database of entries. When an action is taken within the social networking system  630 , an entry for the action is added to the activity log  642 . The activity log  642  may be referred to as an action log. 
     Additionally, user actions may be associated with concepts and actions that occur within an entity outside of the social networking system  630 , such as an external system  620  that is separate from the social networking system  630 . For example, the action logger  640  may receive data describing a user&#39;s interaction with an external system  620  from the web server  632 . In this example, the external system  620  reports a user&#39;s interaction according to structured actions and objects in the social graph. 
     Other examples of actions where a user interacts with an external system  620  include a user expressing an interest in an external system  620  or another entity, a user posting a comment to the social networking system  630  that discusses an external system  620  or a web page  622   a  within the external system  620 , a user posting to the social networking system  630  a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other identifier associated with an external system  620 , a user attending an event associated with an external system  620 , or any other action by a user that is related to an external system  620 . Thus, the activity log  642  may include actions describing interactions between a user of the social networking system  630  and an external system  620  that is separate from the social networking system  630 . 
     The authorization server  644  enforces one or more privacy settings of the users of the social networking system  630 . A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information associated with a user can be shared. The privacy setting comprises the specification of particular information associated with a user and the specification of the entity or entities with whom the information can be shared. Examples of entities with which information can be shared may include other users, applications, external systems  620 , or any entity that can potentially access the information. The information that can be shared by a user comprises user account information, such as profile photos, phone numbers associated with the user, user&#39;s connections, actions taken by the user such as adding a connection, changing user profile information, and the like. 
     The privacy setting specification may be provided at different levels of granularity. For example, the privacy setting may identify specific information to be shared with other users; the privacy setting identifies a work phone number or a specific set of related information, such as, personal information including profile photo, home phone number, and status. Alternatively, the privacy setting may apply to all the information associated with the user. The specification of the set of entities that can access particular information can also be specified at various levels of granularity. Various sets of entities with which information can be shared may include, for example, all friends of the user, all friends of friends, all applications, or all external systems  620 . One embodiment allows the specification of the set of entities to comprise an enumeration of entities. For example, the user may provide a list of external systems  620  that are allowed to access certain information. Another embodiment allows the specification to comprise a set of entities along with exceptions that are not allowed to access the information. For example, a user may allow all external systems  620  to access the user&#39;s work information, but specify a list of external systems  620  that are not allowed to access the work information. Certain embodiments call the list of exceptions that are not allowed to access certain information a “block list”. External systems  620  belonging to a block list specified by a user are blocked from accessing the information specified in the privacy setting. Various combinations of granularity of specification of information, and granularity of specification of entities, with which information is shared are possible. For example, all personal information may be shared with friends whereas all work information may be shared with friends of friends. 
     The authorization server  644  contains logic to determine if certain information associated with a user can be accessed by a user&#39;s friends, external systems  620 , and/or other applications and entities. The external system  620  may need authorization from the authorization server  644  to access the user&#39;s more private and sensitive information, such as the user&#39;s work phone number. Based on the user&#39;s privacy settings, the authorization server  644  determines if another user, the external system  620 , an application, or another entity is allowed to access information associated with the user, including information about actions taken by the user. 
     In some embodiments, the social networking system  630  can include a content provider module  646 . The content provider module  646  can, for example, be implemented as the content provider module  102 , as discussed in more detail herein. As discussed previously, it should be appreciated that there can be many variations or other possibilities. For example, in some embodiments, one or more functionalities of the content provider module  646  can be implemented in the user device  610 . As discussed previously, it should be appreciated that there can be many variations or other possibilities. 
     Hardware Implementation 
     The foregoing processes and features can be implemented by a wide variety of machine and computer system architectures and in a wide variety of network and computing environments.  FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a computer system  700  that may be used to implement one or more of the embodiments described herein according to an embodiment of the invention. The computer system  700  includes sets of instructions for causing the computer system  700  to perform the processes and features discussed herein. The computer system  700  may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the computer system  700  may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. In an embodiment of the invention, the computer system  700  may be the social networking system  630 , the user device  610 , and the external system  620 , or a component thereof. In an embodiment of the invention, the computer system  700  may be one server among many that constitutes all or part of the social networking system  630 . 
     The computer system  700  includes a processor  702 , a cache  704 , and one or more executable modules and drivers, stored on a computer-readable medium, directed to the processes and features described herein. Additionally, the computer system  700  includes a high performance input/output (I/O) bus  706  and a standard I/O bus  708 . A host bridge  710  couples processor  702  to high performance I/O bus  706 , whereas I/O bus bridge  712  couples the two buses  706  and  708  to each other. A system memory  714  and one or more network interfaces  716  couple to high performance I/O bus  706 . The computer system  700  may further include video memory and a display device coupled to the video memory (not shown). Mass storage  718  and I/O ports  720  couple to the standard I/O bus  708 . The computer system  700  may optionally include a keyboard and pointing device, a display device, or other input/output devices (not shown) coupled to the standard I/O bus  708 . Collectively, these elements are intended to represent a broad category of computer hardware systems, including but not limited to computer systems based on the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., and the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., as well as any other suitable processor. 
     An operating system manages and controls the operation of the computer system  700 , including the input and output of data to and from software applications (not shown). The operating system provides an interface between the software applications being executed on the system and the hardware components of the system. Any suitable operating system may be used, such as the LINUX Operating System, the Apple Macintosh Operating System, available from Apple Computer Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., UNIX operating systems, Microsoft® Windows® operating systems, BSD operating systems, and the like. Other implementations are possible. 
     The elements of the computer system  700  are described in greater detail below. In particular, the network interface  716  provides communication between the computer system  700  and any of a wide range of networks, such as an Ethernet (e.g., IEEE 802.3) network, a backplane, etc. The mass storage  718  provides permanent storage for the data and programming instructions to perform the above-described processes and features implemented by the respective computing systems identified above, whereas the system memory  714  (e.g., DRAM) provides temporary storage for the data and programming instructions when executed by the processor  702 . The I/O ports  720  may be one or more serial and/or parallel communication ports that provide communication between additional peripheral devices, which may be coupled to the computer system  700 . 
     The computer system  700  may include a variety of system architectures, and various components of the computer system  700  may be rearranged. For example, the cache  704  may be on-chip with processor  702 . Alternatively, the cache  704  and the processor  702  may be packed together as a “processor module”, with processor  702  being referred to as the “processor core”. Furthermore, certain embodiments of the invention may neither require nor include all of the above components. For example, peripheral devices coupled to the standard I/O bus  708  may couple to the high performance I/O bus  706 . In addition, in some embodiments, only a single bus may exist, with the components of the computer system  700  being coupled to the single bus. Moreover, the computer system  700  may include additional components, such as additional processors, storage devices, or memories. 
     In general, the processes and features described herein may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module, or series of instructions referred to as “programs”. For example, one or more programs may be used to execute specific processes described herein. The programs typically comprise one or more instructions in various memory and storage devices in the computer system  700  that, when read and executed by one or more processors, cause the computer system  700  to perform operations to execute the processes and features described herein. The processes and features described herein may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit), or any combination thereof. 
     In one implementation, the processes and features described herein are implemented as a series of executable modules run by the computer system  700 , individually or collectively in a distributed computing environment. The foregoing modules may be realized by hardware, executable modules stored on a computer-readable medium (or machine-readable medium), or a combination of both. For example, the modules may comprise a plurality or series of instructions to be executed by a processor in a hardware system, such as the processor  702 . Initially, the series of instructions may be stored on a storage device, such as the mass storage  718 . However, the series of instructions can be stored on any suitable computer readable storage medium. Furthermore, the series of instructions need not be stored locally, and could be received from a remote storage device, such as a server on a network, via the network interface  716 . The instructions are copied from the storage device, such as the mass storage  718 , into the system memory  714  and then accessed and executed by the processor  702 . In various implementations, a module or modules can be executed by a processor or multiple processors in one or multiple locations, such as multiple servers in a parallel processing environment. 
     Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices; solid state memories; floppy and other removable disks; hard disk drives; magnetic media; optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs)); other similar non-transitory (or transitory), tangible (or non-tangible) storage medium; or any type of medium suitable for storing, encoding, or carrying a series of instructions for execution by the computer system  700  to perform any one or more of the processes and features described herein. 
     For purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the description. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the technology can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, modules, structures, processes, features, and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the description. In other instances, functional block diagrams and flow diagrams are shown to represent data and logic flows. The components of block diagrams and flow diagrams (e.g., modules, blocks, structures, devices, features, etc.) may be variously combined, separated, removed, reordered, and replaced in a manner other than as expressly described and depicted herein. 
     Reference in this specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “other embodiments”, “one series of embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “various embodiments”, or the like means that a particular feature, design, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. The appearances of, for example, the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, whether or not there is express reference to an “embodiment” or the like, various features are described, which may be variously combined and included in some embodiments, but also variously omitted in other embodiments. Similarly, various features are described that may be preferences or requirements for some embodiments, but not other embodiments. 
     The language used herein has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.