Patent Publication Number: US-2003222247-A1

Title: Methods for manufacturing luminescent products having long afterglow

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA  
     [0001] The present application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/351,734, titled “Color Luminescence Chemical Process For Cloth Material Products”, filed on Jan. 28, 2002, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] The present invention relates generally to luminescent products, and more specifically, to methods for manufacturing products which exhibit a daytime color and a glow in the dark color, where the glow in the dark color exhibits long term glow in the dark characteristics after absorbing energy from light sources such as sunlight, fluorescent lights and incandescent lights.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003] Photostorage materials such as phosphorescent materials are those that can absorb energy when excited by solar, fluorescent and other artificial lights. In particular, when these materials are excited by ultraviolet light, they deviate from their initial equilibrium states, and convert the absorbed energy to visible light after they return to the equilibrium states so as to continue to glow after the excitation has stopped. These materials are advantageous for use in a multitude of products that benefit from enhanced visibility in the dark, including household and recreational items, such as paints, clothing, material, toys, cosmetics and the like, as well as outdoor articles such as paint, road signs, decals, and safety equipment.  
       [0004] Luminous paints have been applied on items such as watch dials and safe marks. These paints typically exhibit a yellow-green glow and have usually been formed by admixing a photostorage or phosphorescent material, using zinc sulfide mixed with copper as an activator, into paint, ink and the like. The sulfides can absorb energy when excited by ultraviolet light with certain wavelengths and then release the energy in the form of visible light in accordance with the above light-emitting principle of the phosphorescent material. Since the sulfides, however, have a very short span of afterglow, have unstable chemical structures and are not lightproof, there exist many problems when they are used in a practical situation. For example, the visible light emitted by such materials can last only for 20-30 minutes when they are used for luminous watches. There may also be the phenomenon of light decomposition and even loss of light-emitting ability of the material when it is radiated with ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, they can not be used in outdoor environments.  
       [0005] To prolong the time of afterglow, radioactive materials, such as Pm, are sometimes added to give phophors light-emitting ability. However, with radioactive materials the requirement for the treatment of the materials is very strict, and high costs arise for the apparatus used and the treatment of waste materials such as waste water, so this method is not used at present. Besides sulfide phosphorescent material, it has been suggested that photostorage materials be prepared by adding the rare earth element europium to alkaline earth metal aluminates. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,294,699, to Lange, discloses a light-emitting material of strontium aluminate in which divalent Eu is utilized as an activator and the amount added is 2-8 mol % of strontium aluminate. This fluorescent material has a light-emitting peak of 520 nm when excited by ultraviolet light. Unfortunately, however, because this fluorescent material has little afterglow it is not suitable for use in products where a long after-glow is preferred. Additionally, this material can be problematic to use in cosmetic and other products which might come into regular and prolonged contact with skin, which could be aggravated by the phosphor composition. Furthermore, these materials are limited in their glow in the dark colors to a yellow-green glow so that they may not be suitable for a variety of applications where a specific glow in the dark color is desired.  
       [0006] U.S. Patent No. 5,885,483 suggests the use of a synthetic super luminescent crystal composed of aluminum oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, europium oxide and boron oxide to produce luminescent products. This unique luminescent material accumulates light for high initial brightness and long afterglow duration. It absorbs light from the sun, fluorescent lights, and other light sources that excite it and glows for up to 10 hours. This product offers excellent resistance to environmental conditions, including sunlight, superior chemical resistance, and a long product life of 10 years or more. Unfortunately, this material is only available in two colors that glow in the dark—green glow and blue glow. Additionally, both are light yellow-green in day light conditions.  
       [0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,029 discloses the use of a photostorage and emissive material having a broad range of color options. The material features high initial brightness and prolonged decay time while. The material also has daytime brightness and night time glow in the dark properties with a wide range of colors. According to the patent, one and/or two or more different fluorescent colorant and/or optical brightener materials could be combined with the luminescent material in order to create a wide range of photostorage and emissive materials of different colors. This allows the creation of custom colors for manufacturing products which provide a unique glow color appearance for improved product recognition and marketability.  
       [0008] Although the material described by the &#39;029 patent provides a unique glow and color appearance, and may be used in paints, printing inks, and the like, its application to numerous commercial products can produce undesirable results in terms of texture and appearance. Additionally, the durability of commercial products, and the capacity of the products to glow in the dark for long durations, may be compromised based upon the process used to apply such a photostorage material. Therefore, what is needed are methods for manufacturing a variety of products that exhibit a daytime color and a glow in the dark color, where the glow in the dark color exhibits long term glow in the dark characteristics after absorbing energy from light sources.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009] The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by providing methods for manufacturing a variety of products that exhibit a daytime color and a glow in the dark color, where the glow in the dark color exhibits long term glow in the dark characteristics after absorbing energy from light sources. Products that may be produced using the present invention include luminescent: household and recreational items, such as paints, clothing, material, toys, cosmetics (e.g., nail polish, makeup, etc.) and the like, as well as outdoor articles such as paints, road signs, decals, and safety equipment.  
       [0010] According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a method of manufacturing a luminescent product that exhibits a daytime color and a glow in the dark color, where the glow in the dark color exhibits long term glow in the dark characteristics after absorbing energy from light sources. The method includes the steps of mixing at least one resin material and at least one antisettling agent to produce a resin material and antisettling agent mixture, and adding at least one luminescent crystal to the resin material and antisettling agent mixture to produce a resin and luminescent crystal mixture. The method further includes the step of mixing at least one solvent with at least one colorant to produce a solvent and colorant mixture, and combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture, and at least one additive, to produce a luminescent material, wherein the luminescent material exhibits a daytime color and a glow-in-the-dark color.  
       [0011] According to one aspect of the present invention, the daytime color differs from the glow-in-the-dark color. According to another aspect of the invention, the step of combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture and at least one additive includes the step of combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture and at least one additive to produce a luminescent material, wherein the luminescent material includes a paint or die. Additionally, according to the invention, the at least one additive can include a plurality of glass microspheres that provide an insulting effect to the luminescent material so that the luminescent material can include an insulating paint or dye. According to yet another aspect of the invention, the step of combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture and at least one additive includes the step of combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture and at least one additive to produce a luminescent material, wherein the luminescent material includes luminescent tape.  
       [0012] Furthermore, according to the invention, the step of combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture and at least one additive includes the step of combining the resin and luminescent crystal mixture with the solvent and colorant mixture and at least one additive to produce a luminescent material, wherein the luminescent material includes at least 50%, by volume, of the at least one resin material. The step of mixing the at least one resin material and at least one antisettling agent can also include the step of mixing the at least one resin material and at least one antisettling agent using high speed dispersion or a static mixer. Moreover, the method can further include the step of encapsulating the at least one luminescent crystal prior to the step of adding the at least one luminescent crystal to the resin material and antisettling agent mixture to produce a resin and luminescent crystal mixture.  
       [0013] According to yet another aspect of the present invention, the method includes the step of applying the luminescent material to an item to produce a luminescent product. According to a further aspect of the invention, the step of applying the luminescent material to the item includes using at least one applicator to apply the luminescent material, wherein the at least one applicator is selected from the group consisting of: a paint brush, a foam brush, an airless sprayer, a paint gun, a screen printer, and a dot jet printer. The luminescent material may also be heated after the luminescent material is applied to the item using the at least one applicator. Furthermore, the item may be primed with a base material, such as with a white-colored base material, prior to the application of the luminescent material.  
       [0014] According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a luminescent product that exhibits a daytime color and a glow in the dark color, where the glow in the dark color exhibits long term glow in the dark characteristics after absorbing energy from light sources. The product includes a luminescent material comprising at least one resin material, at least one antisettling agent, at least one colorant, at least one additive, and at least one luminescent crystal, where the luminescent material exhibits a daytime color and a glow-in-the-dark color, and where the daytime color differs from said glow-in-the-dark color. According to one aspect of the invention, the product further includes at least one base material in contact with the luminescent material. According to another aspect of the invention, the product comprises a product selected from the list of products consisting of: nail polish, paint, fabric paint, dyes, reflective tape, road markers, road signs, outlet covers, lamp shades and apparel. According to yet another aspect of the invention, the luminescent material comprises a plurality of microspheres, wherein said plurality of microspheres provide an insulting effect to the luminescent material, where the luminescent material can comprises insulating paint. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)  
     [0015] Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:  
     [0016]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram illustrating the components comprising a luminescent material for use in manufacturing luminescent products, according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0017]FIG. 2 shows a block diagram flow chart illustrating the process of creating a luminescent material for use in manufacturing luminescent products, according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0018]FIG. 3 shows a block diagram flow chart illustrating a process for applying the luminescent material to a commercial product, according to multiple aspects of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0019] The present inventions now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.  
     [0020]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram illustrating the components comprising a luminescent material  10  for use in manufacturing luminescent products, according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to the present invention, the luminescent material  10  includes one or more: luminescent crystals  15 , resins/substrates  20 , solvents  25 , additives  30  and colorants  35 . The luminescent crystals  15  provide the luminescent material  10  and extended night time glow so as to enable products manufactured therewith to provide high initial glow-in-the-dark brightness and a prolonged light-emission decay time. The crystals are a photostorage and emissive material having a broad range of glow in the dark colors. According to one aspect of the invention, the crystals  15  may comprise synthetic Aluminum Oxide crystals as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,029, the contents of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety. According to another aspect of the invention, Strontium Aluminate crystals may be used. Other luminescent materials composed of one or more of aluminum oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, europium oxide and boron oxide, and intermixes thereof may also be used. The use of these luminescent crystals  15  allows the creation of custom colors for manufacturing products which provide a unique glow color appearance for improved product recognition and marketability. As explained in detail below, the present invention utilizes the multi-color glow-in-the-dark capability of the crystals  15  to manufacture products having a first, daytime color and a second, glow in the dark color. This allows for outstanding flexibility in the creation of products for virtually any industry.  
     [0021] Generally, the greater amount of crystals inserted into the luminescent material  10 , the greater the capacity of the mixture to capture and re-emit light. However, because the crystals  15  are coarse, a high concentration of crystals  15  generally causes the luminescent material  10  to be uneven or bumpy. Therefore, the volume of crystals placed in the mixture  10  is typically kept at or below 30% of the entire volume of the luminescent material  10 . However, it will be appreciated that a higher concentration of crystals may be used where the luminescent material  10  is applied to a product requiring a higher glow irrespective of the smoothness of the mixture finish. Similarly, lower volumes of crystals  15  may be employed in the mixture  10  where a highly viscous mixture  10  is desired, as in the case of a mixture to be applied via spraying.  
     [0022] According to one aspect of the invention, because the luminescent crystals  15  include rough surfaces, they may be coated prior to insertion into the luminescent material  10 . This may be accomplished by gravity feeding the crystals through glass or clear coating substance which allows the crystals to emit light while preventing the rough edges from causing undesirable consequences in an end product. For instance, where the luminescent material  10  is used to produce glow-in-the-dark cosmetics, the smooth edges will prevent the crystals  15  from aggravating sensitive skin. Another solution of the present invention is smoothing the edges of the crystals  15  prior to their inclusion into the luminescent material  10 . This may be accomplished by grinding, cutting, sanding, or otherwise altering the crystals  15  physically to eliminate their sharp edges.  
     [0023] Referring again to the components of the luminescent material  10  illustrated in FIG. 1, the resins/substrates  20  provide the luminescent material  10  molecular integrity and a base for the luminescent crystals  15  and the other ingredients of the mixture  10 . According to one aspect of the invention, the resins/substrates  20  compose the largest portion of the luminescent material  10 . As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, resins/substrates  20  bind together the ingredients in the luminescent material  10 , provide adhesion to the surface upon which the mixture  10  is applied, and provide the mixture  10  with its coating properties, including gloss, durability and resistance. Typically, resins/substrates  20  start out as liquids but dry to form tough durable films. For instance, where the luminescent material  10  represents luminescent paint, the resins/substrates  20  start out as a liquid, and are applied as such. However, as such luminescent paint is applied and dries, the paint forms a thin-film in the same manner as conventional paints. Of course, because the paint includes luminescent crystals  15  infused therein, the paint can glow in the dark.  
     [0024] The properties of the resins/substrates  20 , which make up approximately 50% of the luminescent material, largely determine the properties of the material  10 . Resin and substrate materials which are suitable for use in the present invention include those materials provided in Table 1, below.  
               TABLE 1                           Resins and Substrates                         Synthetic Resins:   Natural Resins:   Other Substrates               Acrylic -   Sandarac   East India Kino - Malabar       Polypropenonitrile,   Guaiacum   Kino, Kino Gum       Polymethyl Methacrylate   Storax Enamel       Polyethylene   Scammony   Polymer - Copolymer,       Allyl Resin   Acaroid Resin   Polyurethane, Lignin,       Urea-formaldehyde Resin   Animc   Polyamide, Trimer       Alkyd   Asaftida   Plastic - ABS plastic, Mylar,       Phenolic Resin   Camphor   Thermoplastic, Bakelite,       Epoxy   Cannabin   Teflon, Vinylite, Resinoid,       Melamine Resin   Amber   Amino plastic, Cellulosic,       Polyester   Copal - Courbaril copal,   Coumarone-indene resin,       Vinyl Polymer -   Copalite, Congo copal,   Fluorocarbon plastic,       Polyvinyl Acetate,   Kauri, Zanzibar copal   Phenolic plastic, Polyester,       Polyvinyl Chloride,   Dammar   Polypropylene, Polyvinyl-       Styrene   Colophony   formaldehyde, silicone           Mastic   resin, vinyl, Thermosetting           Oleoresin - Labdanum,   compositions           Balsam, Canada Balsam,           Turpentine, Capaiba           Gum Resin - Elemi, Myrrh,           Sonora Gum, Benzoin,           Bdellium, Gamboge,           Myrrh           Wood Tar                  
 
     [0025] As evidenced by the table, there are a wide variety of resins and substrates which may be used to in the luminescent material  10 . According to one aspect of the invention, one or more of the above resins, or like resins not listed in the above table, may be combined in the luminescent material  10 . Because the properties of the resins/substrates, which make up approximately 50% of the luminescent material, largely determine the properties of the material  10 , the resins/substrates  20 , or combinations thereof, are selected based upon the end-use of the luminescent material  10 .  
     [0026] The resins/substrates  20  are thinned with one or more solvents  25 , which are liquids that typically thin and maintain a consistent viscosity of the resin/substrate  20 . Because the solvents  25  adjust the viscosity of the resin/substrate  20 , they regulate the viscosity of the luminescent material  10 . Therefore, the amount and type of solvent(s)  25  selected are critical in ensuring that the mixture  10  will can be applied to an end product. In a preferred embodiment, the solvents  25  typically comprises approximately 10% of the volume of the luminescent material  10 , though higher volumes of solvents  25  may be used to thin or thicken the luminescent material  10 . A non-exhaustive list of solvents utilizable in the present invention is provided in Table 2, below.  
               TABLE 2                          Solvents                         Alcohols   n-Amyl acetate   Diisobutyl ketone       Methyl alcohol   Butyl lactate   Cyclohexanone       Ethyl alcohol   Propylene glycol   Isophorone       n-Propyl alcohol   monoethyl ether acetate   Diacetone alcohol       Isopropyl alcohol   Methyl amyl acetate   Methyl amyl ketone       Isoamyl alcohol   Diethyl ether   Acetonitrile       Cyclohexanol   Diisopropyl ether   Nitromethane       Ethylene glycol   Tetrahydrofuran   Nitroethane       Glycerol   Cellosolve″solvent 2     Castor oil       Formamide   Toluene   Linseed oil       Dimethyl   Xylene   Soya       formamide       Methylene chloride   n-Hexane   Fatty Acid       Ethylene dichloride   Cyclohexane   Vegetable Oil       Perchloroethylene   VM£¦P naphtha   Chlorinated Solvents       1,1,1-Tricholoro-   Mineral spirits   Oxygenated Solvents       ethane       Methyl fomate   Turpentine   Oxides and Glycols       Ethyl acetate   Acetone   Water borne, e.g., H 2 O       Isopropyl acetate   Methyl ethyl ketone   Chlorinated Solvents       n-Butyl acetate   Methyl isobutyl ketone   Oxygenated Solvents               Oxides and Glycols                  
 
     [0027] The above list, though extensive, is intended to be illustrative only, and thus is not intended to limit the types of solvents, known to those of skill in the art, which are suitable for adding to the resins/substrates  20 . Furthermore, like the resins/substrates  20 , a plurality of solvents  25  may be combined to achieve a particular mixture and consistency of the luminescent material  10  so that it may be used in manufacturing luminescent end products.  
     [0028] Next, additives  30  are incorporated into the luminescent material  10  to impart a variety of properties into the mixture  10  including flow, stability, drying, defoaming, mildew resistance and viscosity. Additives  30  include anti-skinning agents, used to prevent undesirable surface drying, or skinning, in containers during storage and shipment. They also include pigment suspending aids, dispersants, and surfactants which impart stability and promote shelf-life. Furthermore, additives include viscosity and flow enhancers, which ensure that the luminescent material  10  will provide desired application properties. Additives  30  also ensure appropriate characteristics such as gloss and texture, and that the luminescent material  10  includes specific coating performance properties. Those additives listed in Table 3 represent some of the additives that may be included in the luminescent material  10  of the present invention. Like the above material listings, Table 3 represents only illustrative materials and is not intended to be an exhaustive list.  
               TABLE 3                          Additives                         Additives for the crystal and pigments                         Wetting agent           Dispersing agent           Anti-floating agent                         Surface additives                         Flow agents           Leveling agents           Defoamers           De-airaters                         Rheology additives                         Rheology modifiers           Anti-setting agents                         Other                         Anti-skinning agents           Preservers           Driers           Adhesion Promoters           Catalysts           Release agents                      
 
     [0029] According to one aspect of the invention, glass or ceramic microspheres can constitute an additive  30  inserted into the luminescent material  10 . The microspheres provide an insulating effect to the material  10 . Therefore, where the luminescent material  10  is an interior or exterior paint, the microspheres can effectively provide an “R” value that will effectively reduce heating and cooling costs.  
     [0030] Finally, colorants  35  (or pigments) are employed to provide the daytime color of the luminescent material  10 . The colorants  35  may comprise titanium dioxide (a white pigment), colored organic or inorganic pigments, carbon black pigments, or a similar colorants, as known in the art, for dying the luminescent material  10  a variety of colors. Preferably, the colorants  35  used are capable of being used in a multitude of applications, including in cosmetics, soaps and food products. These pigments  35  can include inert pigments such as calcium carbonate (limestone), talc, clay, sand (silica). All of these are naturally occurring materials that are tightly bound in the mixture  10  after it is applied, and contribute various properties like gloss control and flow.  
     [0031] The selection of and methods for combining these materials  15 ,  20 ,  25 ,  30  and  35  is illustrated in the block flow diagram of FIG. 2, which illustrates the process of creating a luminescent material  10  for use in manufacturing luminescent products. Initially, the process begins with the selection of a resin or substrate material (block  50 ), or combination thereof. The resins/substrate materials are chosen to bind the components of the luminescent material  10  together, and can make up between 1 and 95% of the luminescent material  10 , though 50% is preferred in most applications. As noted above, and illustrated in the examples below, the resins/substrates are preferably chosen to match the desired qualities of the luminescent material  10  created by the methods of the present invention.  
     [0032] After resins and/or substrates are selected, they are mixed together using high speed dispersion or a static mixer. High speed dispersion is relatively inexpensive, but inserts air into the mixture, which is undesirable because it can affect the properties of the mixture and cause the temperature of the mixture to vary, which can impact the viscosity of the materials. On the other hand, static mixing is preferred because it introduces the least amount of air into the mixture. Additionally, when used to mix the final luminescent material  10 , static mixing limits damage to the crystals. These crystals  15  would otherwise be damaged if more violent mixing procedures were used, such as paint grinding.  
     [0033] After the resins/substrates  20  are chosen and combined, if necessary, an antisettling agent (an additive material) is added to the resin (block  55 ). The antisettling agent typically comprises between 1-10% of the luminescent material  10 . The antisettling agent is an additive that is mixed with the resins/substrates to prevent caking or hard sedimentation of crystal and pigments, in the luminescent material  10 . Next, the luminescent crystals  15  are then added to this mixture (block  60 ). Typically, the luminescent crystals comprise 5 to 80% of the total weight of the luminescent material  10 , with the material  10  consisting of approximately 30%, total volume, of crystals  15  for most end applications. The crystals are chosen based upon the desired glow-in-the-dark color of the luminescent material  10 .  
     [0034] Next, one or more solvents  25  are selected and mixed together in container separate from the resin/antisettling agent/crystal mix (block  65 ). The one or more solvents  25  typically constitute 1 to 90% of the luminescent material  10 , though 10% is preferred where a high viscosity is unnecessary. This is the case, e.g., where the luminescent material  10  is used as finger nail polish or as interior or exterior paint. However, a higher volume of solvents  25  are required where high viscosity is necessary. This would be necessary, for instance, where the luminescent material  10  is used as ink or is applied via a paint gun or sprayer (e.g., an airless sprayer).  
     [0035] After the one or more solvents  25  are selected and mixed together in a separate container, the pigments (or colorants) are added thereto (block  70 ). The pigments  35  are added to provide color to the luminescent material  10 . The color of the pigments  35  are visible in lit conditions, as provided by light sources such as sunlight, fluorescent lights and incandescent lights. Therefore, the pigments  35  provide the day time color of the luminescent material  10 , while the crystals provide the luminescent, glow-in-the-dark color of the material  10 . The allows products made by the present invention to exhibit two different colors—one during the daytime to make a product visually appealing, and a second, glow-in-the-dark color to make the product stand out or satisfy a marketing requirement.  
     [0036] Finally, the solvent and pigment mixture is added to the mixture of the resins/substrate, antisettling agent, and luminescent crystal (block  75 ). The materials are mixed using mixing techniques discussed in detail above. Also added are any additional additives  30  (other than the antisettling agent, added earlier) identified in Table 3, above. Along with the antisettling agent, these additional additives typically constitute approximately 1 to 10% of the total weight of the luminescent material  10 . However, glass or ceramic microspheres, if added, can constitute a large percentage of the total volume of the luminescent material  20 , such as 50%.  
     [0037] Although the process described above is the preferred embodiment for mixing the materials that comprise the luminescent material  10 , it will be appreciated that other methods may be used. For instance, all of the materials may be simultaneously added and mixed. Likewise, the materials may also be added to a single container in succession and mixed one or more times during such a process. Next, the following three examples provide illustrative mixtures of each component of the luminescent material  10  for various applications.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     [0038] Luminescent Interior Wall Paint  
     [0039] Luminescent Crystal:  
     [0040] 25 grams.  
     [0041] Resins/Substrates:  
     [0042] Polyurethane, 46.4 grams; and  
     [0043] Acrylic, 25 grams.  
     [0044] Solvents:  
     [0045] Water, 5 grams;  
     [0046] Dipropylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether (DPnB), 3 grams; and  
     [0047] Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (DPM), 1 gram.  
     [0048] Additives:  
     [0049] Leveling agent, 0.2 grams;  
     [0050] Antisettling agent, 5 grams;  
     [0051] Antifoaming agent, 1 gram; and  
     [0052] Glass Microsphere 6 grams.  
     [0053] Pigment/Colorant:  
     [0054] Color dependent for amount.  
     [0055] In this illustrative example, luminescent crystals, which provide luminous emissions in the dark, are bound in two resins/substrates. In particular, polyurethane was selected due to its flexibility, long life and resistance to chemicals and marring. This was combined with Acrylic, which accentuates the polyurethane and provide enhanced adhesion, a hard surface and relatively fast dry time, each of which are important for paint products. The resin/substrate combination is flexible, water soluble, resistant to ware, low odor, fast dry time, optical clarity, and overall appearance.  
     [0056] Next, water, DPnB and DPM were selected as solvents. Respectively, these materials reduce the thickness of the resins/substrates, provide a slow evaporating speed to control dry time, and prevent the coagulation of polyurethane. The additives were also selected with the end product, wall paint, in mind. The leveling agent allows for brush strokes to level out, the antisettling agent prevents caking or hard sedimentation of crystal and pigments, and the antifoaming agent takes the air out of the mixture to prevent imperfections in coatings. Additionally, glass microspheres were added to help disperse light from the luminescent crystals in an even manner. Finally, the pigment and colorant is product dependent. It provides the daytime color of the interior wall paint. Generally, any pigment or colorant that is translucent and provides color fastness is desirable.  
     EXAMPLE 2  
     [0057] Luminescent Nail Polish  
     [0058] Luminescent Crystal:  
     [0059] 25 grams  
     [0060] Resins/Substrates:  
     [0061] Polyurethane 75 grams.  
     [0062] Solvents:  
     [0063] Water, 10 grams;  
     [0064] DPnB, 4 grams.  
     [0065] Additives:  
     [0066] Leveling agent, 0.2 grams;  
     [0067] Antisettling agent, 3 grams;  
     [0068] Antifoaming agent, 1 gram;  
     [0069] Glass Microsphere, 10 grams, and  
     [0070] Thickening Agent, 0.3 grams.  
     [0071] Pigment/Colorant:  
     [0072] Color dependent for amount.  
     [0073] In this example the base polyurethane resin was chosen because it is extremely fast in the time it takes to set from application. It will be appreciated that this short “wet to set time” is advantageous for nail polish. Additionally, the polyurethane resin provides excellent flexibility and resistance to chemicals and marring. Therefore, the life of the nail polish is extended to 1-2 weeks, in comparison to conventional polish, which may only last 2-4 days without chipping and marring. Additionally, the resin is relatively easy to remove. The above formula allows polish to be removed without the use of a thinner, which can leave a residual staining on nails and skin. Rather, the material peals off when so desired, leaving no residue of color or material. It also has low odor.  
     [0074] As with the interior paint example, DPnB was selected as a solvent because it provide a slow evaporating speed to control dry time. The additives were also selected with the product, luminescent nail polish, in mind. The leveling agent allows for brush strokes to level out, the antisettling agent prevents caking or hard sedimentation of crystal and pigments, and the antifoaming agent takes the air out of the mixture to prevent imperfections in coatings. Additionally, glass microspheres were added to help disperse light from the luminescent crystals in an even manner and a thickening agent was used to increase the thickness of coating so that multiple nail polish coats are not required. Finally, the pigment and colorant is product dependent. It provides the daytime color of the interior wall paint. Generally, any pigment or colorant that is translucent and provides color fastness is desirable.  
     EXAMPLE 3  
     [0075] Luminescent Exterior Enamel  
     [0076] Luminescent Crystal:  
     [0077] 20 grams  
     [0078] Resins/Substrates:  
     [0079] Long oil Alkyd, 37 grams.  
     [0080] Solvents:  
     [0081] Mineral Spirits, 12.6 grams;  
     [0082] Additives:  
     [0083] Rheology modifier, 1 gram;  
     [0084] Antisettling agent, 5 grams;  
     [0085] Calcium Drier, 0.6 grams;  
     [0086] Zirconium Drier, 0.4 grams;  
     [0087] Cobalt Drier, 0.3 grams;  
     [0088] Anti-Skinning Agent, 0.2 grams;  
     [0089] Defoamer, 0.2 grams; and  
     [0090] Glass Microsphere, 5 grams.  
     [0091] Pigment/Colorant:  
     [0092] Color dependent for amount.  
     [0093] In this example the base resin, a Long oil Alkyd, was chosen for its flexibility and abundance in coatings industry. The resin is a general purpose coating that is relatively inexpensive to produce while providing good flexibility and a slow dry time. Additionally, the resin provides slow wear, which is important for exterior applications. The solvent, Mineral Spirits, is used to reduce and disperse the resin. Next, a series of additives are included to thicken the solution (rheology modifier), prevent caking (antisettling agent), to cure the Alkyd (Calcium Drier, Zirconium Drier, and Cobalt Drier), and to prevent or retard the oxidation or polymerization which results in the formation of an insoluble skin (Anti-skinning Agent). Other additives include a defoamer and glass microsphere, which perform the same functions identified in the previous examples.  
     [0094] Referring now to FIG. 3, after the luminescent mixture  10  is prepared, it is ready to be applied to a luminescent product. Application methods for applying the luminescent mixture include: rolling on, paint brushing, foam brushing, airless spraying, air fed paint gun, air brush, dip method, screen print, dot jet printed, offset printing, lithograph, sputtering, and gravity fed dispersion. According to one aspect of the invention, a luminescent product surface need not be prepared prior to application of the luminescent material  10 . Therefore, in many circumstances, the luminescent material  10  can be applied using one or more of the above application methods directly to a product (blocks  80 ,  95 ). For instance, where the luminescent material is viscous, it may be applied directly to, e.g., apparel or textiles using a sprayer. Similarly, where the luminescent material has the consistency of paint it may be applied directly to a wall or surface (e.g., an automobile, helmet, or similar article to be painted) without requiring the wall or surface to be prepared to receive the material  10 .  
     [0095] On the other hand, according to one aspect of the invention, it is advantageous to prepare products for receiving the application of the luminescent material  10 . This preparation can include roughing the surface of a product (block  85 ) to provide enhanced capacity for adhesion of the luminescent material  10 . Likewise, the product may be coated with a base material, such as a white base material, which may enhance the visibility of the luminescent material  10  in both light and dark conditions (block  90 ). Similarly, a product composed of a dark material, such as dark apparel, may be bleached prior to application of the material  10  (block  90 ). A plasti-charge ink which is pastisol-based may also be applied to the area receiving the luminescent material  10  to lighten dye coloration.  
     [0096] After the luminescent material is applied using one of the application methods described above, the luminescent material is left to dry (block  110 ). However, according to one aspect of the invention, the material  10  may be cured by a flash process exposing the material  10  to a quick burst of heat at a temperature of approximately 300 degrees Fahrenheit (block  100 ). This may be accomplished using a heating element such as a quartz lamp. Alternatively, a slower heating process can be utilized to speed up the curing of the luminescent material  10  (block  100 ).  
     [0097] As described above, the luminescent material  10  can be used to produce a wide variety of luminescent products which would benefit from enhanced visibility in the dark, including household and recreational items, such as paints, clothing, material, toys, cosmetics and the like, as well as outdoor articles such as paint, road signs, decals, and safety equipment. Some specific items producible using the luminescent material  10  include crayons, light bulbs, asthma inhalers, wall or outlet plates, interior and exterior paint, decals, toys, road signs, road reflectors, fingernail polish, and automobile finishes.  
     [0098] Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Thus, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be embodied in many forms and should not be limited to the embodiments described above. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.