Patent Publication Number: US-7596427-B1

Title: Medical item storage cabinet and method

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims benefit pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/535,216 filed Jan. 9, 2004. This application is also a Continuation in Part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/725,913 filed Dec. 1, 2003, which is a Divisional application of Ser. No. 09/848,633 filed May 3, 2001, which claims benefit pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/202,508 filed May 5, 2000. The disclosures of each of these prior applications is incorporated herein by reference as if fully rewritten herein. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to devices, systems and methods for controlling and tracking medical items such as medical and surgical supplies. Particularly this invention relates to apparatus and methods for controlling and tracking medical items in hospitals, clinics or other health care settings. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     The treatment of patients in hospitals, clinics and other health care settings usually involves receipt by the patient of medical items. These items may include prescription items such as drugs and medications. Medical treatment may also involve other nonprescription medical items such as medical and surgical supplies, as well as consumable medical equipment. To serve the needs of patients in a health care setting, sufficient stocks of such medical items must be kept available for use. Because such items may be relatively high in cost and/or relatively large quantities of such items may be consumed, it is important for the health care provider to accurately control and track the use of such items and to accurately allocate the charges associated with the use of such items to patients. 
     Systems and methods for tracking the use of medical items have been previously developed. Examples of such systems and methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,404,384; 5,533,079; 5,790,409; 5,848,593; 5,912,818; 5,993,046; 6,019,249; 6,073,834; 6,112,506; 6,141,942; and 6,163,737, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully rewritten herein. 
     While the previously developed systems provide useful devices and methods for tracking the use of medical items, further improvements are possible. Specifically, persons who must obtain medical and surgical supply items from storage may wish to do so more quickly while still maintaining adequate security and tracking of the items. In addition, persons who are taking such medical items from storage may often know exactly where a particular desired item is located and may benefit by being able to access and take the item with a minimum of delay. In other cases, persons may be unfamiliar with the location of a particular desired item. In such situations a person may benefit by having a system which guides the user to a particular item that they have indicated that they wish to find. In other situations, persons may wish to take from adjacent storage locations a number of different types of medical items. In such cases the medical professional taking such items may wish to take the items during a single occasion when a lockable storage cabinet or other controlled storage location has been opened. In such cases it may be useful for the person to indicate to the system the types and quantities of each medical item they are taking as quickly as possible. 
     Thus there exists a need for improved methods and systems for controlling and tracking the taking of medical items. 
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     It is an object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that can be used to track the use of medical and surgical supplies. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that enables an authorized user to take items from storage and record such taking quickly. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that enables a user to be guided to a storage location where a particular type medical item desired by the user is stored. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that enables an authorized user to take and indicate the taking of a plurality of different types of medical items. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a method for controlling and tracking medical items which enables a user to indicate the taking of additional items or to change the indication of the types of items being taken after the user has gained access to a controlled access storage location. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that includes a user interface that is readily used and operated by users taking medical items from controlled storage areas. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that includes a storage cabinet with configurable shelves, which shelves include storage locations that may be correlated to input devices on a user interface. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a system for controlling and tracking medical items that includes a versatile storage cabinet structure. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a method for controlling and tracking the taking of medical items from controlled access storage areas within a storage cabinet. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a method for controlling and tracking the taking of medical items from a storage cabinet that enables users to indicate the types and quantities of medical items being taken proximate to the time of such taking. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a method for controlling and tracking the taking of medical items from a storage cabinet that includes the capabilities of guiding a user to a storage location for a requested type of medical item. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a method for controlling and tracking the taking of medical items from a storage cabinet that enables a user to indicate and change the types and quantities of medical items being taken once access to the cabinet has been gained. 
     It is a further object of an exemplary form of the present invention to provide a method for controlling and tracking the taking of medical items from a cabinet that provides fast and efficient tracking and removal of medical items. 
     Further objects of exemplary forms of the present invention will be made apparent in the following Best Modes For Carrying Out Invention and the appended claims. 
     The foregoing objects are accomplished in an exemplary form of the present invention through use of a method and system which includes a storage cabinet for holding medical items such as medical and surgical supplies. The storage cabinet includes a plurality of lockable doors which control access to the interior thereof. 
     The cabinet includes a plurality of shelves in supporting connection with the interior of the cabinet. In some embodiments of the invention the shelves may be stationary shelves, and in others, pullout type shelves, and in others a combination. The shelves include storage locations or areas for storing medical items. 
     Certain shelves in exemplary embodiments of the invention include a shelf interface located adjacent a front portion of a storage shelf. The shelf interface comprises a user interface that includes a plurality of push buttons. The shelf interface further includes a plurality of visual indicators, each such indicator being uniquely associated with one of the plurality of buttons. 
     The shelf interface of the exemplary embodiment further includes a numerical keypad for manually inputting numerical values. The shelf interface further includes a shelf display for providing a visual output including quantity values. The exemplary embodiment of the shelf interface further includes a clear indicator that may be used for clearing inputs previously made to the system through input devices. 
     In the exemplary embodiment storage locations are correlated with particular buttons on the shelf interface. This is done in an exemplary embodiment by applying indicia such as corresponding self-adhesive labels to a storage location and to the corresponding button which may be used to indicate to the system the removal or addition of medical items stored in the storage location. 
     The exemplary embodiment further includes a terminal that is accessible externally relative to the cabinet. The terminal may be a display terminal of the type described in connection with the incorporated patent disclosures. The terminal enables users to provide inputs to and receive outputs generated through operation of one or more processors operating in connection with the system. In the exemplary embodiment the terminal may be used by a user to input user identifying information. The terminal in the exemplary embodiment may also be used for providing inputs from a user including selections related to patients, medical items, quantities or other values pertinent to the tracking of the medical items stored in the cabinet. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, an authorized user is enabled to obtain medical items from the cabinet and to record the taking thereof in at least two ways. In accordance with a first approach, a user after being identified as authorized to use the system, indicates their desire to generally access medical items stored in the storage cabinet. In response to an indicative input to the terminal, doors on the cabinet which control access items to which the particular user is authorized to have access, are unlocked. In the exemplary embodiment a visual indication is given to indicate which doors are unlocked. The user may then open these doors and take the medical items from the storage locations. To record the taking of each medical item, the user in the exemplary embodiment touches the button on the shelf interface corresponding to the storage location on the shelf from which a medical item is being taken to identify the particular type of medical item to the system. The user also inputs the quantity of the type medical item being taken from the identified storage location through the numerical keypad on the corresponding shelf interface. When the user inputs such a value, the value is displayed on the shelf display. 
     If the user should make a mistake in indicating the type or number of medical item being taken, the user may clear the incorrect input by pressing the clear indicator. The user may then enter correct type and quantity data. The user may repeat this process for a plurality of medical items located in different storage locations. Once the user has provided inputs to indicate the taking of medical items from the cabinet, the taking of such items is recorded in a data store. 
     Alternatively in the exemplary embodiment, a user may input information corresponding to a particular type medical item (or a plurality of types) that the user wishes to find within the cabinet. In response to an authorized user providing such inputs, the cabinet door (or doors) controlling access to the shelf or shelves, in which the selected medical items are stored, will unlock. The unlocking of the doors in the exemplary embodiment is indicated through activation of visual indicators associated with the doors. While taking such medical items, the visual indicators corresponding to the storage location identifying buttons will be activated to indicate to the user where the selected medical item or items are located. In the exemplary embodiment color-coding is used as the visual indicia, which correlates the buttons and the storage locations. This enables the user to quickly find the requested medical items even though each storage location is generally not in proximity to its corresponding visual indicator. 
     In the exemplary embodiment when the user is requesting of the system to “find” medical items, the quantity of each particular item requested is displayed through the shelf display. In cases where multiple items from the same shelf have been selected, the user can verify the quantity of each item that they have previously selected through the display terminal by touching the particular button corresponding to the item. This causes the selected quantity to be output through the display. Further in the exemplary embodiment, in the event that the user determines once they have accessed a storage location that they wish to take different quantities or other types of medical items, they may do so through use of the clear indicator and the buttons and numerical keypad on the shelf interface. Such approaches enable a user to modify or add to the types and quantities of medical items being notified to the system as taken during the course of a single occasion when the particular storage shelf is accessed. Once the user has provided the corresponding inputs and taken all of the desired medical items, the taking of such items is recorded in a database. 
     In some alternative embodiments one or more processors may operate in the system so a user can be guided to “find” items in the manner previously described. However, in addition to the user being given access to the particular cabinet or shelf where the designated items are located, access is provided to all the items to which the user is authorized to have access. In this way the user is guided by the visual indicators to the medical item(s) that the user specifically wanted to find, but in addition, the user can take other medical items that the user knows the locations for, and the user can indicate the types and numbers of such items in the manner previously described. Of course this approach is exemplary of approaches that may be used. 
     In alternative embodiments cabinets may include storage locations for hanging articles such as catheters. Such items are suspended from supports on a module. In an exemplary embodiment the module includes an interface similar to the shelf interface. The interface enables users to locate items in a “find” mode and to indicate items taken in a “take” mode. In the exemplary embodiment the supports can be mounted in either a left or right hand configuration to facilitate ease of operation and the mounting of cabinet doors in either left hand or right hand configuration. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an exemplary form of a system of the present invention that includes features for tracking and controlling the taking of medical items from a supply cabinet. 
         FIG. 2  is an isometric view of an exemplary embodiment of a supply cabinet. 
         FIG. 3  is an isometric view of the supply cabinet shown in  FIG. 2  with the doors open and the pullout shelves extended. 
         FIG. 4  is a view similar to  FIG. 3  showing the shelves and dividers installed in the supply cabinet. 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view of an exemplary shelf interface. 
         FIG. 6  is an isometric view of an exemplary pullout shelf. 
         FIG. 7  is an exploded view of the pullout shelf shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is an isometric view of a stationary shelf. 
         FIG. 9  is an isometric view of the cabinet shown in  FIG. 2  showing the interior features used for mounting stationary and pullout shelves. 
         FIG. 10  is a top cross-sectional view of the light indicator on a door of the supply cabinet shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 11  is an isometric view of a cabinet mounting bracket for mounting the cabinet shown in  FIG. 2  in attached relation to a floor surface. 
         FIG. 12  is a view similar to  FIG. 11  with the mounting bracket attached to a wall surface. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view representative of how the bottom of the cabinet engages the mounting bracket. 
         FIG. 14  is an isometric view of an anti-tip fixture for the supply cabinet shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 15  is a front isometric view showing the cabinet of  FIG. 2  engaged with the anti-tip fixture. 
         FIG. 16  is a rear isometric view of the cabinet and anti-tip fixture shown in  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17  is an isometric view of a supply cabinet showing a light access cavity including cabinet lights mounted therein. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic flow diagram showing exemplary operations that are carried out through a system including a display terminal in operative connection with the supply cabinet shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIGS. 19-22  are flow charts showing exemplary functions carried out through a system including a display terminal in operative connection with the supply cabinet shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIGS. 23-31  are views of exemplary screen outputs presented on a display terminal in connection with the operation of the exemplary supply cabinet as represented in  FIGS. 19-22 . 
         FIG. 32  is an isometric view of an exemplary storage module that may be used for holding hanging items such as catheters within a cabinet of an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 33  is a rear view of an exemplary form of a label for identifying hanging items stored in the module shown in  FIG. 32 . 
         FIG. 34  is a bottom view of the module shown in  FIG. 32 , including apertures for accepting supports and projections on item labels. 
         FIG. 35  is a schematic view of a flow diagram showing alternative exemplary operations that can be carried out through the system. 
         FIG. 36  is an alternative screen output associated with the flow diagram shown in  FIG. 35 . 
         FIG. 37  is a flow chart associated with an audit function carried out through an exemplary embodiment of the system. 
         FIGS. 38-41  are views of exemplary screen outputs presented on a display terminal in connection with the exemplary audit function corresponding to the flow chart in  FIG. 37 . 
         FIG. 42  is an exemplary flow chart associated with configuring an exemplary system with supply information. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT INVENTION 
     Referring now to the drawings and particularly to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a system generally indicated  830  including an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. System  830  is generally similar to system 322 shown in FIG. 40 of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,112,501 and 5,912,818, the disclosures of which patents are incorporated herein. Components and features discussed in each of these previously described systems may be used in connection with system  830 . It should be understood that in some embodiments these components may be included and may operate in system  830  in a manner similar to that described in the incorporated disclosures. Various combinations of components and features described in such incorporated disclosures may be used in connection with system  830  even though not schematically represented in  FIG. 1 . 
     System  830  includes a local area network  832  that provides for electronic communication between components of the system. It should be understood that local area network  832  may be one or more interconnected systems which enable devices to communicate. Local area network  832  may extend within a single facility such as a single hospital or a clinic. Alternatively, local area network  832  may be a private network that extends between a group of facilities in which various components of the system are positioned. 
     In connection with local area network  832  are a plurality of display terminals schematically represented by a display terminal  834 . Display terminal  834  in exemplary embodiments may be similar to display terminals  76 ,  98 ,  102 ,  338  described in the incorporated patent disclosures. Display terminal  834  has in connection therewith one or more computer memories which are alternatively referred to as data stores schematically shown, which hold information and/or programs. Display terminal  834  is operatively connected to devices for controlling access to medical items. These devices are schematically represented as a medication dispenser  836 , an electronic lock drawer  838 , an electronic lock cabinet  840  and hook registers  842 . Of course, various types of other devices, which include storage locations for medical items, may be used in connection in embodiments of the system. Reading devices such as reading device  844  which may be similar to reading device  348  of the incorporated patent disclosure and/or other reading devices may also be used in connection with the system. Such devices may include for example devices which can read radio frequency radiation such as RF backscatter devices or RFID tags. 
     Local area network  832  is also in connection with other computers such as nursing station computer  846 . Nursing station computer  846  is representative of the computers that may be placed at nursing stations in a hospital or similar facility. Such computers may be used to provide inputs to the system concerning activities involving the treatment of patients. Nursing computer  846  may be used to also receive information such as information relating to medications and treatments which have been prescribed for various patients within the institution. Nursing station computer  846  may in some embodiments be used as an alternative to display terminal  834 , and may also be used for tracking medical items in situations where automated types of storage and dispensing devices are not available. Nursing station computer  846  may be used to provide information concerning items taken or replaced in storage areas adjacent to the nursing station. The system may record the status of storage locations which users can access adjacent to the nursing station computer. The system may keep track of medical items stored in such storage locations in a manner similar to that used to track medical items which are removed from or added to other storage locations in the system. The tracking of medical items in such storage locations are represented in  FIG. 1  as virtual storage areas  848 . Nursing station computer  846  may also have in connection therewith an output device such as a printer  850  for purposes of printing reports related to activities occurring or scheduled to occur. 
     Local area network  832  in the exemplary embodiment is also in connection with one or more additional computers. Such computers which are sometimes referred to herein as processors may include, for example, computer  852 . Computer  852  in the exemplary embodiment is operative to input, store and process information concerning medical items in storage locations, patients and medications prescribed for such patients, authorized users of the system, the taking and giving of medications for patients, as well as other information of the types discussed in the incorporated patent disclosures. In addition in the exemplary embodiment computer  852  is operative to store information concerning activities in the pharmacy. One or more pharmacy terminals  854  is in connection with the local area network  832  for purposes of communicating information with appropriately connected computers. Pharmacy terminal  854  includes output devices such as a printer  856 . Printer  856  may be used for printing reports. Storage enclosures or facilities such as vaults  858  are also schematically indicated in the pharmacy. The storage vaults may include access controlled storage areas. Such storage vaults may be manually controlled by the system or electronically controlled to limit access to authorized persons. 
     Exemplary system  830  further includes administrative terminals schematically represented by an administrative terminal  860 . Administrative terminal  860  in the exemplary embodiment may be used for programming the system, setting up storage locations, inputting data corresponding to authorized users of the system, inputting data concerning the medical items users are allowed to access, enabling users to selectively operate aspects of the system, monitoring activities and for engaging in other types of activities such as those discussed in the incorporated patent disclosures. 
     Network  832  is also in operative connection with one or more other computers schematically represented  862 . Computer  862  may be used in the exemplary embodiment to process other information such as information in the facility&#39;s hospital information system (HIS) or in a facility&#39;s admission discharge and transfer (ADT) system. Data may be input through input devices connected to processors in these systems, data corresponding to patients who may be subject to treatment in the facility. Of course in other embodiments many other types of systems may be in connection with network  832 . 
     System  830  further includes one or more computers schematically indicated  864  which serve as a gateway to other systems. In the exemplary embodiment, computer  864  serves as a firewall for limiting access to and from network  832 . As schematically indicated in  FIG. 1 , computer  864  enables access to a wide area network  866  such as the Internet. 
     Wide area network  866  is schematically shown connected to a variety of other types of exemplary computers and systems. For example, network  866  may be operatively connected to self service medication dispensers  868 ,  870 . Wide area network  866  may also be in connection with other computers such as a financial transaction processing computer  872 . Financial transaction processing computers may be operative to settle accounts between various entities connected to the system such as a hospital and its employees and/or suppliers. Alternatively, financial transaction computers may be used for the hospital to receive or make payments from third parties such as insurers or other hospitals such as hospital  874  schematically indicated in  FIG. 1 . Suppliers who are in communication with network  866  are schematically represented  874  and  876 . It should be understood that many additional types of providers of goods or services may be connected through one or more networks to the system  832 . 
     In exemplary system  830  shown in  FIG. 1 , medical items may be obtained from a supply cabinet schematically indicated  878 . Cabinet  878  is in operative connection with a display terminal  880 . The display terminal includes one or more processors. Cabinet  878  is used to control access to a plurality of different types of medical items held therein. Items stored in the cabinet are enabled to be accessed by authorized users of the system in response to inputs to the system and/or the display terminal in a manner similar to that previously discussed. It should be understood that a plurality of cabinets  878  may be used in connection with a single display terminal or other adjacent computer. 
     The structure of an exemplary form of the medical item holding cabinet  868  is now described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 2-17 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , cabinet  878  includes a generally rectangular housing  882 . Housing  882  includes a pair of side walls, top and bottom walls and a back wall which defines an interior area  884 . Interior area  884  is accessible through a front opening  886  (see  FIG. 3 ). Opening  886  is divided into regions or areas, each of which may be selectively accessed through corresponding lockable doors  888 ,  890 ,  892  and  894 . The exemplary embodiment of cabinet  878  includes casters  896  to facilitate occasional but infrequent movement of a cabinet. Cabinet  878  further includes levelers  898 . Levelers  898  can be selectively adjusted to engage a surface such as a floor on which the cabinet is supported and to hold the cabinet in a stationary position supported on the levelers instead of or in addition to the casters. Exemplary cabinet  878  further includes a light access door  900 . Light access door  900 , as later explained, may be used for accessing lighting elements which illuminate the interior area  884  of the cabinet. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3  in the exemplary embodiment of the cabinet  878 , a plurality of shelves are housed in the interior area  884 . The shelves may include stationary shelves such as shelf  902  as well as pullout shelves as represented by shelf  904 . As used herein, a shelf includes structures adapted to support medical items within the cabinet. Each of the stationary shelves and pullout shelves is positioned in the interior area  884  behind a selected one of the doors  888 ,  890 ,  892  or  894 . In this way, opening selected ones of the doors enables accessing certain shelves in the interior area, and the medical items stored in storage locations on such shelves. 
     Each of the doors  888 ,  890 ,  892  and  894  in the exemplary embodiment includes both a mechanical lock and an electronic lock. Each door includes a bolt  906 ,  908 ,  910  and  912 . Each of the bolts operatively engages a strike mechanism later described in detail. The cooperating bolt and strike mechanisms enable selectively holding each door in either a locked or unlocked condition. The display terminal  880  in operative connection with the cabinet  878  enables selectively locking and unlocking the doors electronically so as to control access to medical items which are accessible on shelves positioned behind each respective door. 
     As shown in greater detail in  FIG. 4 , cabinet  878  has a plurality of storage locations therein. In the exemplary form of the invention, stationary shelves such as shelf  902  include a plurality of transversely spaced storage locations  914 . Storage locations  914  are suitable for holding one or more medical items which can be suitably positioned within the elongated storage location. As can be appreciated, a plurality of medical items may be stacked in abutting relation within each storage location. The storage locations  914  are delineated by dividers  916 . Dividers  916  may be transversely positioned in varied locations on the shelf so as to accommodate different sized medical items. 
     In some alternative embodiments additional dividers (not separately shown) may extend perpendicularly between dividers  916 . Such perpendicularly extending dividers may be used to form multiple segregated storage locations between an adjacent pair of dividers  916 . Further in other alternative embodiments movable holding devices such as a movable liner may be positioned between an adjacent pair of dividers. Such a liner may include one or more internal walls which bound one or more storage positions within the liner. Examples of such storage liners that may be movably positioned between adjacent dividers on shelf  902  are shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,112,502 which is incorporated by reference as if fully rewritten herein. Such movable liners may be positioned in supporting connection with a shelf such as shelf  902 , and pulled outward or removed by a user for purposes of observing the storage areas and medical items held therein. 
     Pullout shelves such as pullout shelf  904  may also include storage locations schematically indicated  918 . Storage locations  918  are defined by dividers  920 . Dividers  920  extend in a housing  922 . Housing  922  is supported in a frame  924 . The frame  924  is extendable from the interior area on slides  926 . 
     As best shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , housing  922  in the exemplary embodiment includes a drop in liner which is supported on the frame  924 . The frame includes a support bracket  928  which extends transversely under the housing  922  to provide additional support. The support bracket  928  includes angled engaging portions  930  which extend outward and engage the side members  932  of the frame. It should be understood that for some housings  922  which are not intended to support substantial weight, the support bracket  928  may not need to be used. In such situations, the support bracket need not be installed and the housing is supported by its edges on the frame. As can be appreciated, the construction of the exemplary embodiment facilitates the use of either housings which are intended to hold considerable mass such as the deep housing shown in  FIG. 7  or, alternatively, relatively shallow housings for holding lower mass supported in the same type of basic pullout drawer structure. Shelves may have various arrangements of dividers therein. Further as represented by fasteners  936  in  FIG. 7 , housings  922  may be releasably fastened to the supporting frame  924 . Alternatively housings may be supported in the frame without being fastened thereto. 
     In the exemplary embodiment of the cabinet  878 , each of the stationary shelves and rollout shelves include a shelf interface  938 . Shelf interface  938  is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 5 . Shelf interface  938  in the exemplary embodiment includes a user interface with a plurality of finger actuatable push buttons  940 . Each push button  940  has a visual indicator  942  associated therewith. In the embodiment shown, the indicators include an LED which illuminates when activated in appropriate circumstances later described, to identify a particular button which button can be correlated with a storage location. In the exemplary embodiment, each shelf interface includes 18 buttons  940  each having an associated indicator  942 . Of course, in other embodiments, other numbers and/or types of actuators other than buttons, or indicators other than illumination type indicators may be used. 
     Exemplary shelf interface  938  further includes a keypad  944 . Keypad  944  includes numerals zero (0) through nine (9) which can be manually actuated by a user for purposes which are later discussed. The shelf interface  938  also includes a “clear” button  946 . The clear button is used to clear or delete from the system an incorrect input. A display  948  is also included on the exemplary shelf interface. In the embodiment shown, display  948  is a two (2) character display such that it may output a two-digit value. Shelf interface  938  also includes a “take” indicator  950  and a “return” indicator  952  positioned adjacent to the display. In the exemplary embodiment, the take and return indicators comprise illuminated indicators such as LEDs. Of course in other embodiments different and/or other numbers and types of indicators may be used. It should be understood that in other embodiments the display  948  or indicators  950 ,  952  or both may be located elsewhere on the cabinet rather than the shelf. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , each of the stationary and pullout shelves includes a shelf interface. As shown in the exemplary stationary shelf  902  in  FIG. 8 , the shelf interface  938  extends generally vertically on a front portion of the shelf frame. This enables a user viewing a stationary shelf to observe the shelf interface as well as medical items located in storage locations  914  which extend between the dividers. As shown in  FIG. 4 , in the exemplary embodiment, stationary shelves  902  are generally positioned in the upper area of the cabinet  878  so that the stationary shelves are closer to eye level which facilitates a user&#39;s ability to observe the shelf interface  938  and the storage locations. 
     As best shown in  FIG. 6  on the pullout shelves such as shelf  904 , the shelf interface  938  is positioned adjacent the front portion of the shelf frame  924  and extends at an angle such that the interface is facing both forward and upward relative to the shelf. The shelf interface  938  in the exemplary embodiment is supported on a handle portion  954  adjacent the front of the frame. As shown in  FIG. 4 , pullout shelves may be positioned in areas of the cabinet  878  so that a user can see the shelf interface generally without having to stoop or bend down. This enables the user to see the indicators and actuate buttons on the shelf interface of the pullout shelves so as to provide inputs to the system. Further the position of the shelf interface on the pullout shelf enables a user to view the indicators and have access to the input devices even though the shelf is fully retracted into the interior area of the cabinet. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the shelf interface  938  comprises a flexible circuit which has the buttons and indicators integrated therein. The flexible circuit is enabled to be positioned in an elongated slot that is integral with the front portions of both the stationary shelves or pullout shelves. This facilitates the construction of the shelves as well as replacement of any shelf interface units which may sustain a malfunction. Alternative embodiments may have alternative positions for supporting the shelf interface or may provide a movably positionable surface for the shelf interface so that the interface position may be selectively tailored to the position of the shelf in the cabinet. This may be done for example by supporting the shelf interface on a surface that is selectively angularly movable. 
     While the exemplary embodiment of the cabinet  878  has been shown with both stationary shelves and pullout shelves, it should be understood that embodiments of the invention may include only one shelf type. Further, while the exemplary form of the cabinet  878  has been shown with shelves, each of which has a shelf interface, it should be understood that in some embodiments, shelves may be included which do not have a shelf interface. Embodiments of the invention may have shelves of either type in which a shelf has no shelf interface. This may include for example where multiple shelves contain the same type of medical item and a single shelf interface is used to provide inputs related to medical items stored on multiple shelves. It should be further understood that alternative embodiments of the invention may include within the interior of the cabinet, fixed dividing walls. Such fixed dividing walls may be used to reduce the risk that a person who is authorized to receive access to one area of the cabinet may improperly access medical items located in another part of the cabinet to which that user is not authorized to have access such as by using a tool, probe or other device. 
       FIG. 32  shows an alternative medical item holding device that may be used in cabinets of some embodiments. Support modules  1210  include a plurality of supports  1212  extending from the underside thereof. The exemplary form of supports  1212  comprise hooks adapted for supporting medical items or supplies that are supported from the top. Such items may include, for example, catheters or other types of items that can be supported in their packaging by extending a support through an aperture in the upper portion thereof. It should be understood, however, that the hook like supports are exemplary and in other embodiments other types of supports may be used. 
     The exemplary support modules include a module interface  1214 . Module interface  1214  is generally similar to shelf interface  938 . Module interface  1214  includes a plurality of push buttons  1216 , each having adjacent indicators  1218 . Module interface  1214  further includes a keypad  1220  and a display  1222 . In the exemplary embodiment, the module interface may include a plurality of buttons  1216 , not all of which correspond to storage locations for medical items. In such embodiments, buttons that are actively associated with a storage location may be labeled with a self-adhesive label or similar item having an external color or design suitable for indicating that the particular push button is active. In the exemplary embodiment, supports  1212  each have an associated identifying label member  1224  mounted thereon. Label member  1224  may be used in some embodiments to support indicia which identifies the item type that is stored on the respective support. This may include, for example, a written description of a particular medical item type. Alternatively and/or in addition, label members  1224  may include machine readable indicia such as bar code RFID tags or other indicia. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, support modules  1210  are supported in the cabinet through a suitable support  1226  which attaches to the opening in the cabinet wall. Each of the modules is supported on a pullout slide  1228 . Slide  1228  enables module  1210  to be moved outward when the cabinet door is open so as to enable a user to access the medical items stored on the supports as well as the buttons and indicators on the module interface  1214 . In the exemplary embodiment, a plurality of support modules  1210  may be positioned side by side within the cabinet, and each of the modules preferably independently moveable so as to enable users to access items stored thereon. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the support modules may be configured so as to be positioned selectively so that the module interface  1214  is positioned either facing to the left or to the right. This facilitates viewing from a left front or a right position, as desired. This selective mounting enables the module interface to be directed conveniently for users based on the orientation of the cabinet. For example, in cases where the hinges which mount the cabinet doors are positioned so as to be hinged on the left hand side, it may be most convenient for the module interface to face to the right. Likewise, if the cabinet is configured so that the doors open with the hinges positioned on the right, it may be more convenient to have the module interface on the left side of the module. Of course this may vary depending on the configuration. The removable mounting of the module on a slide in the exemplary embodiment enables the interface to be positioned facing in either direction, in response to the side of the cabinet on which the hinges for the associated door are selectively mounted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , the label members  1224  associated with the supports may be positioned so as to be more readily seen by a user who is positioned to view the module interface. For example, as shown in  FIG. 32 , with the module interface facing to the right, the label members  1224  are angled to the right. Similarly when the module interface is facing toward the left, it may be preferable to have the labels angled toward the left as viewed from outside the storage area in the cabinet. In an exemplary embodiment this is accomplished through labels configured as shown in  FIG. 33 . In the exemplary embodiment, the rear of label member  1224  includes a snap-in aperture  1230  which is adapted to accept the vertically extending portion of the exemplary supports  1212 . Label member  1224  further includes a positioning projection  1232  extending from the upper end thereof. 
     The bottom of the support module  1210  is shown without the supports  1212  in  FIG. 34 . Apertures  1234  are adapted to accept the supports therein. As can be appreciated, in some exemplary embodiments it may be useful to be able to rotate the supports so that the support faces forward or rearward, depending on the orientation of the module. This may be accomplished by providing for the selectively rotatable positioning of the supports within the apertures  1234 . Further, in the exemplary embodiment a plurality of projection accepting apertures  1236  are positioned adjacent to each of apertures  1234 . Apertures  1236  are sized to accept projections  1232  therein. Apertures  1236  are positioned so that label members  1224  may be positioned and held in desired angular positions which facilitate the viewing thereof based on the orientation of the module interface and/or the supports  1212 . Of course it should be understood that this approach is exemplary and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
       FIG. 9  shows the cabinet  878  in a state of partial assembly in which only two of the doors have been installed thereon. As can be seen in  FIG. 9 , the interior area  884  of the housing  882  is bounded by walls which include mounting means therein. These mounting means in the exemplary embodiment include perforations in inner walls which are suitable for supporting brackets. Such brackets may be stationary brackets such as are used with stationary shelves or slide brackets such as may be used to support pullout shelves. Also in the exemplary form of the invention, housing  882  is constructed such that the doors may be mounted through hinges in a left hand or right hand configuration on the cabinet. This facilitates flexibility in the construction and enables convenient mounting of the cabinet so as to be readily accessible even when the cabinet is positioned adjacent to walls, doors and the like. As can be appreciated, in the exemplary embodiment the cabinet doors are made generally symmetrical such that the doors may be mounted to the cabinet in a left hand or right hand configuration by inverse mounting. The vertically extending side walls of the housing are made such that openings are provided in each for mounting the door hinge supports and mounting associated parts of the locking mechanisms on either side of the cabinet. This further facilitates flexibility of the system. It should be understood, however, that embodiments of the invention need not necessarily include these features. 
       FIG. 10  shows a top schematic view of an exemplary door  888  in closed position adjacent to housing  882 . The right hand side of the door as shown is positioned adjacent to the vertically extending side wall of the housing  882 . The bolt  906  which is operatively attached to the door includes a retractable portion  956 . Retractable portion  956  normally extends outward from the bolt. As shown in the closed position of the door, the retractable portion  956  engages a striker plate  958  in supporting connection with the cabinet wall. Striker plate  958  is in operative connection with an actuator  960 . In the position of the striker plate shown in  FIG. 10 , the striker plate  958  prevents the retractable portion  956  from moving forward as shown and thus maintains the door  888  closed when in a locked position. In response to electrical signals from the display terminal or other device, the actuator  960  is enabled to move the striker plate  958  such that the portion  950  is no longer prevented from moving forward thereby. This enables the door  888  to be opened. Outward movement of the door is facilitated by a handle portion  962  on the exterior of the door frame. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the bolt  906  may alternatively be actuated through a mechanical locking mechanism using a key schematically shown as  964 . By insertion of the key into an external lock mechanical actuator connected to the bolt, the retractable portion  956  is enabled to be retracted in the direction of arrow “R” in  FIG. 10 . This enables the door  888  to be opened even though the actuator  960  of the lock is not electronically opened by the display terminal. In this way, the interior area of the cabinet may be accessed by authorized persons in cases where there has been a power failure or other malfunction of the system. In an exemplary embodiment holding devices such as spring biased latches, magnetic latches or similar devices are operatively connected to each door. These holding devices operate to keep an unlocked door in a closed position until it is pulled open by a user. This avoids unwanted opening of unlocked doors which may interfere in taking medical items that are accessed behind other doors. 
     Another useful aspect of the exemplary embodiment of the invention are indicators that are provided on each of the doors without the need for wiring for other electrical connections thereto. This is achieved through use of illuminating devices such as LEDs positioned in the side walls of the housing  882 . Such LEDs are represented by LED  966  in  FIG. 10 . In the closed position of the adjacent door  888 , LED  966  is in alignment with a light guide  968  which extends through the door to the face thereof. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, when the display terminal or other device is operative to actuate actuator  960  so as to open the lock and place the door in an open condition, signals from the display terminal or device are operative to illuminate the associated LED  966 . The illumination of the LED is visible through the light guide  968  on the face of the door housing. In this way, a user is given an indication of doors that have been placed in an unlocked condition and which storage locations can be accessed. This construction enables such indications to be given without having lights or other indicators electrically connected in the door. 
     In some embodiments multiple doors may be connected together. This enables a user to access a larger portion of the interior of the cabinet through a single door opening motion. In such cases all of the electrically activated locks which enable opening of the plurality of connected doors may be activated simultaneously so that the connected doors are unlocked and locked together. In some embodiments the indicators associated with all of the connected doors may be activated to indicate the condition of each one of the doors. Alternatively, systems may be configured so that only a single indicator is activated to indicate the condition of multiple connected doors. In some embodiments the single indicator may be one positioned adjacent to a door handle of the door that is preferably manually engaged when opening the multiple connected doors. Of course in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     The exemplary embodiment of the cabinet  878  provides enhanced resistance to unwanted movement such as tipping. As can be appreciated, if a substantial number of pullout shelves are included in the cabinet, and if a substantial amount of mass is moved outward by extending pullout shelves, the cabinet may have a tendency to tip forward. 
     To reduce the risk of unwanted movement, cabinet  878  may be mounted using mounting fixture  970  shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 . Mounting fixture  970  includes a vertically extending rear flange portion  972 . Mounting fixture  970  further includes a lower flange portion  974 . A pair of transversely spaced rails  976  extend above the lower flange portion  974 . The rails  976  are transversely spaced from one another so as to provide a cross sectional T-shaped slot  978 . The rails  976  are shown angled adjacent to the front entrance  980  to the T-shaped slot. Each of the rails  976  include an elongated slot  982 , the purpose of which is later described in detail. 
     The mounting fixture  970  is adapted to be attached in fixed relation to an adjacent floor surface and/or wall surface. As best shown in  FIG. 12 , the lower flange portion  974  includes spaced apertures  984 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , fasteners  986  may be extended through the apertures  984  to fasten the mounting fixture  970  to a floor surface. 
     The rear flange portion  972  in the described exemplary embodiment includes three rows of spaced apertures  988 . Apertures  988  are spaced so that supports such as wall studs on various spacing can be engaged by extending fasteners such as fasteners  990  shown in  FIG. 12 , through the apertures. The slotted character of the apertures  988  in the exemplary embodiment facilitate anchoring the rear flange portion  972  to variously spaced wall studs which may be positioned in a wall behind the rear flange portion. Of course it should be understood that fasteners may be used to attach both the rear flange portion and the lower flange portion to adjacent supporting surfaces. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the housing  882  of cabinet  878  includes a lower wall portion  992 . As shown in  FIG. 13 , lower wall portion  992  is in supporting connection with a generally T-shaped member portion  994 . Member portion  994  is sized in cross section to be accepted into slot  978  of mounting fixture  970 . As can be appreciated, member portion  994  can be guided into slot  978  through the entrance  980  which is facilitated by the cooperating angled surfaces on the outer end of rails  976 . 
     With the member portion  994  extending in the slot  978 , the rails  976  operate to hold the member and thus the cabinet in a generally horizontal position. This minimizes the risk that the cabinet will fall forward even if all the pullout shelves are fully extended. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , lower wall portion  992  includes at least one aperture  996  extending therethrough. A locking pin  998  or other fastener device or member may be extended through the aperture  996 . A distal portion  1000  of a locking pin is operative to extend into the elongated slot  982  once the member  994  has moved substantially into slot  978 . The engagement of the distal portion  1000  in the elongated slot  982  enables a cabinet to be moved forward until the distal portion engages the forward bounding surface of the associated elongated slot. This is useful as it allows a service person to move the cabinet away from an associated wall surface while still not operatively disengaging the cabinet from the mounting fixture. Such movement may be useful if one is attempting to access cables or other items which may extend behind the cabinet. Such movement may also be useful for purposes of accessing a lighting element for the interior of the cabinet. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , the light access door  900  on the side of the cabinet may be opened to access a tube light  1002 . Tube light  1002  serves as a lighting element and is positioned behind a window which allows light to illuminate the interior area of the cabinet  878 . As can be appreciated, if the side of the cabinet in which the light access door extends is adjacent to another cabinet or to a wall, the light access door could not be opened until the cabinet is moved sufficiently to provide access for the door to be opened. This may be achieved because the cabinet is moveable along the slot such that the cabinet may be moved forward sufficiently ahead of an adjacent cabinet to provide access sufficient to open the access door and change the tube light. Further, in the described embodiment, the transverse spacing between the rails  976  is sufficient so that the cabinet may be rotated to an extent which allows access to the light compartments or to other items which may be disposed toward one side of or toward the rear of the cabinet. This capability enables working on the cabinet while reducing the risk of disengaging the cabinet from the mounting fixture and causing potential tipping. 
     It should also be pointed out that the construction of the exemplary form of the cabinet  878  is also useful in that it enables changing the light tube  1002  by persons who do not have access to the interior area  884  of the cabinet. This enables the light tube to be changed by electrical workers or others who need not be provided access to the medical items housed within the cabinet. This avoids time consuming security procedures and observation of service personnel that would otherwise be required if the lighting apparatus were only accessible in the interior cabinet area. 
     A fixture indicated  1004  and shown in  FIG. 14  may be used in connection with cabinets of the exemplary embodiment. Fixture  1004  includes an elongated portion  1006 . Elongated portion  1006  has a structure generally similar to the rails of the mounting fixture  970 . Elongated portion  1006  includes a generally T-shaped slot  1008 . Slot  1008  is sized to accept member portion  994  therein. Elongated portion  1006  further includes an aperture  1010  therein. Aperture  1010  is sized to accept the distal portion  1000  of pin  998  or other fastening device. 
     Fixture  1004  further includes an enlarged portion  1012  attached to the elongated portion  1006 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , enlarged portion  1012  is substantially wider than the elongated portion and is of a sufficient length to provide enhanced resistance to tipping of the cabinet. 
     Fixture  1004  may be used to minimize the risk of tipping of the cabinet  878  when the cabinet is not engaged with a mounting fixture  970 . This may be useful, for example, when the cabinet is being worked on to install shelves or to load materials therein. To install the fixture, the member portion  994  is extended into the slot  1008 . The pin  998  is extended through the lower wall portion of the cabinet such that the distal portion  1000  extends in the aperture  1010 . With the fixture in this position, the enlarged portion  1012  extends forward of the front of the cabinet as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16 . As a result, if the doors are opened and pullout shelves extended, the fixture tends to resist tipping movement of the cabinet in a forward direction. The construction of the fixture  1004  is such that a worker is enabled to readily work in and around the cabinet while it is engaged to the fixture without being hampered thereby. When the work activity is completed, the cabinet doors may be closed and the cabinet moved on its rollers such as casters, or otherwise to a desired position where it may be engaged with a mounting fixture  970 . Of course it should be understood that this arrangement is exemplary and in other embodiments of the invention, other approaches may be used. 
       FIG. 18  schematically indicates exemplary logic that is carried out in connection with a display terminal or other computer that controls operation of the supply cabinet  878 . In a first step  1014 , the user identifies himself to the system so that the system may verify that he is an authorized user. This can be done in any number of ways such as swiping a card which identifies the user, reading the bar code or other machine readable indicia on a badge or other article carried by the user, or inputting identifying information through an input device such as a keyboard. Alternatively, the user may be identified by biometric features such as appearance, voice, iris scan, fingerprint, or other similar feature that identifies the user as an authorized user of the system. In addition, some systems may include a requirement for a user to enter a password either orally or through a keyboard to further verify that the user is an authorized user. This is represented by a step  1016 . In response to the input by the user of identifying information, the computer operatively connected to at least one data store holding data representative of authorized users determines if the inputs correspond to an authorized user. If so, the system operates to enable the user to proceed to carry out further steps. Of course if the information input does not correspond to that of an authorized user, further access is denied. 
     Once the user is determined to be an authorized user, the computer operates in a step  1018  to cause a patient browser screen to be displayed on the display terminal. In a first exemplary embodiment, the patient browser screen is screen  1020  shown in  FIG. 23 . Screen  1020  is generally similar to the patient browser screen 222 shown in FIG. 28 of the incorporated disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,818. Patient browser screen  1020  includes many of the same icons as screen 222 and additional icons relating to operation of the cabinet as later described. 
     From the patient browser screen, as represented in  FIG. 18 , a user is enabled to select a particular patient by providing an input in a step  1022 . This is done in the described embodiment through the touch screen by the user bringing a finger adjacent to the displayed name of a patient of interest. Upon doing this, the system is operative to cause the name of the patient to be highlighted. This activity further causes the computer to operate so that the data stored in at least one data store in records associated with that particular patient are modified based on further inputs provided to the system. 
     Upon selecting a particular patient, the user then has several options for activities that may be performed. In situations where the user knows what it is that they need from the cabinet or a group of cabinets for the particular patient, the user can select a “take it” button  1024  from the patient browser screen  1020 . This is done by the user providing an input by bringing their finger adjacent to the take it button on the touch screen of the display terminal. In response to the user activating the take it button, the computer is operative to carry out a series of steps  1026 . 
     The exemplary series of steps  1026  that are carried out in connection with the take it option is shown in  FIG. 19 . In response to selection of the take it button  1024 , the computer is operative in a step  1028  to open all of the doors of the cabinet or a plurality of cabinets connected to the display terminal which house medical items to which the user has access rights. This is based on data stored in one or more data stores concerning the medical items stored in storage locations behind the doors, and stored information concerning the authority of the user to have access thereto. In step  1028 , each of the doors holding such items is opened in response to signals from the display terminal that open the electronic locking mechanisms of the doors. In addition, the indicator light associated with each of the doors that have been unlocked is actuated. In the exemplary embodiment, the medical items are stored in the locations such that they are arranged in categories so that no medical items are accessible to a user when a door is unlocked that the particular user is not authorized to have access to. 
     Once the doors have been opened, the user indicates the position of the medical item that they intend to take by pressing a particular button corresponding to the storage location holding the medical item on the corresponding shelf interface  938 . As represented in  FIG. 5 , buttons  940  which are associated with medical items in the exemplary embodiment have applied thereto a self adhesive label. This self adhesive label is preferably an indicator as to the particular button that is active and distinguishes the button from others which may not be associated with the medical item. Further, in some embodiments of the invention, the label that is applied to active buttons is correlation coded with a storage location through visible indicia such as through a color code. Labels or other indicators of a corresponding type, such as a label having the same color, may be placed or applied in storage locations to which the button corresponds. In this way, a user is enabled to correlate a particular button with the storage location for a particular medical item by correlating the color label on the button to the color label in the storage location. In  FIG. 5 , color labels on selected ones of buttons  940  are indicated  1030 . In situations such as with pullout shelves, each of the active buttons  940  on a particular shelf interface may have a different color. Alternatively, a series of different colors may be used such that the closest button on a shelf (or on a support module) of a given color corresponds to the closest storage location on the shelf (or support module) labeled with the same color. Of course it should be understood that in situations such as with stationary shelves where there may be a small number of medical item types or perhaps only even one item, it may not be necessary to color code the particular storage locations and it would be sufficient to apply a color label  1030  to the active button(s) to indicate which of the buttons are operative. This feature enables a common shelf interface to be used with various shelves and with various numbers and arrangements of storage locations. It should be understood, however, that the use of color coding is exemplary, and in other embodiments, other types of approaches to correlating buttons or other indicators and storage locations may be used. 
     Returning to the description of the “take it” operation in  FIG. 19 , the user touches the corresponding button  940  for the medical item being taken in a step  1032 . In response to the particular button being pressed, the associated indicator  942  is illuminated on the shelf interface. The user then inputs through the numeric keypad  944  a particular number corresponding to the quantity of that type medical item being taken. The user does this by pressing the numerical indicators comprising the keypad. As this is done, the number selected is displayed as a numeral through the interface display  948 . If the user makes a mistake in inputting the type or number of items taken, the user can clear the incorrect input by pressing the “clear” button  946 . This is done in a step  1034 . As the user selects the button for a particular medical item and provides numerical inputs, the type of medical item selected and the quantity indicated as being taken is displayed on the screen of the display terminal. This is represented in a step  1036 . Once the user has selected a particular medical item from one storage location, the user may take a different type of medical item from the same shelf or from a different shelf to which they have access. In doing this, the process described of touching the associated button and providing the numerical input through the keypad is repeated. As the user selects items in this manner, one or more connected computers, such as the display terminal, operate at that time or at a later time to record the taking of these medical items for the particular patient selected in at least one data store. 
     In some embodiments a user may alternatively use a reader such as reading device  844 , to indicate the taking of items. For example, medical items may be labeled with machine readable indicia, such as bar codes. In such cases taking the item from its storage location and scanning the bar code with a bar code reader, causes the system to record that one item has been taken from the corresponding storage location for use in the treatment of the selected patient. Alternatively in some embodiments, storage locations may be labeled with machine readable indicia. In such cases, scanning the storage location may cause the system to record that one item of the type indicated by the system as stored in the location has been taken. Of course, in alternative embodiments machine readable indicia may be read to indicate that scanning indicia on one item is intended to indicate that multiple units of that item are being taken. Alternatively in some embodiments, providing inputs by the reading device through the keypad and on the shelf and/or at the display terminal may be used to indicate that multiple items of the particular type for which indicia have been read by the reading device are being taken. 
     In alternative embodiments other approaches and reading devices may be used. For example items and/or locations may have machine readable indicia such as RFID tags thereon. Such RFID tags may be read via an RF reader to identify items taken or locations from which items are removed. Of course other machine readably indicia may be used. In some embodiments or for some item types, the use of a reader may be used as an alternative way of providing item and/or quantity data to the system in addition to shelf and display terminal interfaces. In other embodiments, such as where items are stored on shelves in cabinets without interfaces, or where medical items are stored outside of cabinets, the reading device may be used as an alternative to the entry of data through the display terminal. Various approaches may be taken depending on the nature of the system. 
     Alternatively or in addition, in some embodiments the system may be programmed to enable the user to employ the reading device to verify that they took from storage what they wanted. For example, if a storage location has been labeled to indicate that it holds a certain type item, but the brand or packaging of the item changes, a user may question whether the item taken from the storage location is the item that is expected based on the labeling. In such situations, if the item has indicia thereon, the user can read the indicia with the reading device. In the exemplary embodiment, this causes the display terminal to output an indication of the nature of the item. Further in the exemplary embodiment the display terminal enables a user to selectively view the material and nursing names associated with the particular item. This may enable the user to verify that they have what was desired. Alternatively, a user who has already taken an item and so indicated by inputs to the button and keypad on the shelf interface, can have the item read by a reader to verify the nature of the item. Of course a user may need to indicate a return of an item if the same item is both indicated as taken both through the shelf interface and the reading device. As can be appreciated, reading machine readable indicia may be used in some embodiments to indicate that items are being returned (and credited to a particular patent&#39;s account) or restocked. In some embodiments a reading device may be permanently mounted adjacent to a display terminal to facilitate such activities. Of course these approaches are exemplary. 
     When the user has completed the activity of taking items for the patient, the user may make another selection or provide another form of exit input to the display terminal to close the series of steps associated with taking items for the patient. This is reflected in  FIG. 19  in a step  1038 . In response to such action, the display terminal or other computer operates in a step  1040  in the exemplary embodiment to lock the doors, clear the shelf indicators and to return to a ready state. 
     In some circumstances, a particular user may not know exactly where items that are required for a patient are located among storage locations in one or more cabinets. In these circumstances, the system of the exemplary embodiment enables a user to locate a particular item. This is done by the user selecting the patient in the patient browser screen  1020  and then providing an input selecting the “find it” button  1042 . As represented in  FIG. 18 , in the exemplary embodiment selection of the find it button causes the computer to operate to display a supply browser screen  1044  shown in  FIG. 24 . A supply browser screen is generally similar to screen 264 shown in FIG. 32 of incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,818 and operates in a generally similar manner. 
     As represented in  FIG. 18 , when presented with the supply browser screen  1044 , a user is presented with a listing of supplies. The user selects the desired supply from the list by proving an input that comprises touching the touch screen adjacent to the name of the particular medical item. This is represented by a step  1046 . In some embodiments the user may then select the desired quantity of the particular item by inputting a quantity by touching a quantity button  1048  on screen  1044 . In the exemplary form of the invention, the quantity is set to a default value. The default value may be preferably either a one (1) or a zero (0) depending on the programming of the particular system. The selection of a quantity is represented in  FIG. 18  by a step  1050 . In alternative embodiments the user may not be presented with the option of entering a quantity. This may be done for example where each shelf in the cabinet has an associated shelf interface and quantities other than the default value of one (1) must be conducted through a “take it” type transaction. 
     After the user has selected the particular item that they wish to take for the patient and the quantity (if required), the user is guided to the particular item in response to touching a “find” button  1052  shown in  FIG. 24 . This is represented by a step  1054  in  FIG. 18 . 
     In response to the user providing an input corresponding to touching the find button, the computer operates as indicated in  FIG. 18  in a step  1056  to determine if the user has a right to access the particular medical item which they have selected. This is done by consulting data in at least one data store. If the computer determines that the user has such rights, the computer operates to execute a series of steps schematically indicated  1058 . If the user does not have such rights an indication thereof is output to the user through the display terminal. 
     The series of steps executed by the computer in an exemplary “find it” operation are shown in  FIG. 19 . In response to the user selecting a particular item or one or more items, the indicators on the doors controlling access to the shelves holding such items are illuminated and the locks holding such doors in a closed position are caused to be electronically unlocked. This is represented in  FIG. 19  by steps  1060  and  1062 . 
     At the same time that the doors are unlocked, the indicator  942  adjacent to the particular button(s)  940  with which the storage location for each selected medical item(s) is activated by being turned on so as to guide the user to the particular location holding each selected item. This is represented in  FIG. 19  by a step  1064 . At the same time, the take indicator  950  on the shelf interface from which an item is to be taken is illuminated. This is represented in  FIG. 19  by a step  1066 . The display  948  may also display the particular quantity of the medical item from the particular shelf that was selected through the inputs to the display terminal or the default value in systems where no input is provided. However in an exemplary embodiment, if multiple items have been selected and at least two of those items are located on the same shelf, the display on that shelf does not indicate a number initially. In the described exemplary embodiment, the user, if they do not recall how many of a particular item were requested, may review the supply browser screen on the display terminal. Alternatively in some embodiments, a user can obtain the quantity of a particular item selected by touching the associated button. This causes the number corresponding to the quantity selected to be displayed on the display  948 . This is represented in  FIG. 19  in a step  1068 . Of course in other embodiments other approaches may be used such as cyclically displaying quantities selected with corresponding illumination of position indicators on a shelf interface. In cases where only one item from a shelf has been selected the indicator and quantity for that item may be indicated continuously. Other ways of indicating positions and quantities through a shelf interface will be apparent from the description provided herein. 
     On occasion, a user who is operating the system in a “find it” operation may determine that they wish to take additional items or quantities that they did not select at the display terminal when selecting medical items. If this occurs in the exemplary embodiment, the user is able to indicate the taking of additional items in a manner similar to that done in the “take it” mode previously described. This is represented in  FIG. 19  by the logical connection between step  1068  and step  1032  in the take it operation. In this way, the user is enabled to take whatever medical items they may wish to take from the cabinet through touching multiple buttons and inputting quantities selected. Alternatively or in addition in some embodiments the user can indicate the taking of additional items by reading machine readable indicia with a reading device as previously described. In addition in some alternative embodiments, a user executing a “find it” operation may have the cabinet doors controlling access to all items that the particular user is authorized to have access to unlocked. This enables the user to find not only the particular item they are looking for, but also to access other items in other compartments in the event that they determine that they require such items. In such embodiments the user can select such items by selecting the push buttons corresponding to the items and indicating quantities, as discussed in conjunction with the “take it” function. In addition in some alternative embodiments, the cabinet door controlling access to particular items which the user has selected at the display terminal to have the system find may be indicated in a way that distinguishes them from other cabinet doors that have been unlocked. This may be done, for example, by flashing the indicators associated with such cabinet doors in a different manner or at a different frequency than the other cabinet doors. Of course these approaches are exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     Assuming the user only is taking the items that were originally selected through the display terminal, the user can end the operation by providing an exit input through selecting the close button  1070  in the supply browser screen  1044 . This is indicated in  FIG. 19  in a step  1072 . This causes the system to return the display terminal to the patient browser screen  1020 . This is represented in  FIG. 19  by a step  1074 . If the user provides certain inputs to the system other than those associated with a take it operation as represented in a step  1076 , the system operates in a step  1078  to close the transaction. This is done by generating signals that are operative to lock all the doors, turn off the shelf indicators and door indicators, clear the transaction counts of the shelves, and disable the associated shelf interfaces. The data concerning the medical items removed from storage is also stored in a data store. As can be appreciated, the exemplary form of the invention enables a user to have the benefit of locating medical items through inputs that guide the user to the particular storage location. However, the user once access has been provided to the cabinet interior and upon determining that additional items are needed, is provided with the capability of indicating what is to be taken through inputs to the shelf interface. This is often a useful, timesaving feature in certain circumstances. It should be understood however, that in other embodiments, other approaches may be used. 
     For example, in some exemplary embodiments the process of receiving items may be completed by passing items removed from a storage location past a reading device such as a bar code reader or an RFID type reader in operative connection with the display terminal. The computer operating in the display terminal may be operative to compare the read machine readable indicia from the medical items with the data corresponding to the types of medical items indicated as taken through the other user inputs in the take and/or find logic flow functions. The display terminal or other device may be operative to provide visual and/or audible outputs indicative of the machine-readable indicia associated with the items taken, being in agreement (or not in agreement) with the data associated with the items indicated as taken. In addition, non agreement may provide a user with a warning of a potential error. The computer may be further programmed to receive the data corresponding to the read machine readable indicia and check for correspondence with other input data in an order other than the order in which the user indicated the taking of the items through inputs using a shelf or module interface or the display terminal. This facilitates the user&#39;s ability to quickly verify that they have taken the correct items. Such verification may also cause the computer to cause to be stored in at least one data store, data representative of the taking of the medical item for the patient. Of course in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     In the described embodiment of the system, the user is also enabled to return items to storage that were previously taken for a patient and not used. As represented in  FIG. 18 , to return an item, a user first logs into the system to identify himself as an authorized user through steps  1014  and  1016  previously described. The user then operates to select the particular patient for which an item is being returned through the patient browser screen  1020  and selecting a particular patient as was previously discussed in connection with step  1022 . On the patient browser screen, a user may then select a patient usage button  1080  through the touch screen. This is represented by a step  1082  in  FIG. 18 . 
     In response to selecting the patient usage button, a patient usage screen is displayed at the display terminal. The patient usage screen is generally similar to screen 244 shown in FIG. 30 of the incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,818. In the described embodiment, the patient usage screen has a slightly different format shown by screen  1084  shown in  FIG. 28 . The patient usage screen indicates items that have been taken for a patient. Generally, this will include a plurality of items and the information related thereto. 
     A user wishing to return a medical item highlights the particular supply to be returned by touching the touch screen adjacent to the particular item. This is represented in  FIG. 18  by a step  1086 . After selecting the particular item, the user may indicate that they are returning the item by touching the return button  1088  in  FIG. 28 . This is represented by a step  1090  in  FIG. 18 . 
     In response to the user indicating that they are returning an item, the system operates in a step  1092  in a manner like that already discussed to determine if the user has authority to access the particular storage location and/or the group of locations that will be made accessible to the user if the item is returned to its proper storage location. 
     If the user is authorized to have access to the particular location, the user is presented with a return amount screen  1094  having the layout shown in  FIG. 29 . On the return amount screen, the user is enabled to select or otherwise input to the system an amount of the supply being returned. This is indicated by a step  1096  in  FIG. 18 . 
     The user enters the amount being returned through inputs generated by touching buttons generated on the screen  1094 . This is represented in  FIG. 18  by a step  1098 . Once the user has properly entered the amount of the return, the user can indicate that the information is correct by pressing the accept button  1100 . This is represented in  FIG. 18  by a step  1102 . Of course, if the user makes an error in inputting the information, they can change the inputs through the use of “delete” and “clear” buttons on screen  1094 . In addition, if a user determines that they are not going to return a particular item, they may select the “close” button and return to a prior screen. 
     After the user has touched the “accept” button in step  1102 , the computer is operative to execute a series of steps  1104 . The series of steps  1104  is represented in  FIG. 20 . The display terminal operates to make the particular storage location for the item to be returned accessible to the user and to guide the user to the particular location. This is done by illuminating the indicator for the particular door holding the storage location for the type of item being returned in a step  1106  while the door is unlocked in a step  1108 . Simultaneously, the indicator  942  associated with the button that can be visually correlated with the storage position is illuminated on the particular shelf interface to which the item is to be returned. This is represented by step  1110 . Also, the return indicator  952  indicating that an amount is being returned to the shelf is illuminated as indicated by a step  1112 . The display  948  on a particular shelf interface shows the particular quantity number to be returned as represented in a step  1114 . However, in the exemplary embodiment in circumstances where a number of items have been identified to be returned, and two or more items are positioned on the same shelf, the position indicators  942  will illuminate but the display will not indicate the particular number to be returned. A user can be reminded of a number to be returned to a particular location by touching the button associated with each activated indicator. Doing this causes the display to output the number to be returned to each particular storage location. In this way, a user can be reminded of items to be replaced in each storage location on each shelf. Of course in other embodiments other approaches may be used. In alternative embodiments the system may be programmed to enable the user to change the number of items being returned by touching the button associated with the storage location and entering a different value through the keypad on the shelf. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the user may end the return operation by touching the close indicator on the display terminal as represented in a step  1116 . This causes the display terminal to return all the doors to the locked condition and to turn off the indicators on the shelves as represented in a step  1118 . In alternative embodiments a close indicator may be provided through one or more inputs to a shelf interface or other input device in connection with the terminal. The information concerning the return is stored in a data store. The processor in the display terminal then operates in accordance with its programming to store data in at least one data store to indicate that the returned medical item was returned and not used in treating the patient. The processor also operates to update the data store to include updated number of medical items stored in the storage location based on the prior number and the number of items indicated as returned. The system also then operates in response to the programming of one or more processors in the display terminal to return the display terminal to the patient browser screen as represented in a step  1020 . 
     The described exemplary system also facilitates restocking of the system. As represented in  FIG. 18 , a restocking user must first identify himself to the system through steps  1014  and  1016  in the manner previously described. This then causes the execution of step  1018  which presents the patient browser screen  1020  shown in  FIG. 23 . From the presentation of the patient browser screen, a restocking user may select a restock button  1130  which causes the display terminal to execute the step represented  1132  in  FIG. 18  which causes a restock browser list to be displayed at the display terminal. 
     An exemplary form of the restock browser screen  1134  is shown in  FIG. 25 . Although screen  1134  does not show a listing of positions and material names, it should be understood that such data will be displayed corresponding to some or all positions (alternately referred to herein as storage areas) in which items are stored in the cabinets. A user is enabled to page through the listing of items in the cabinets by using the “previous page” and “next page” buttons in screen  1134 . 
     The user is enabled to select a displayed supply name by providing an input by bringing a finger adjacent to the supply name on the touch screen and then selecting the select button  1135 . This is represented in  FIG. 18  by a step  1136 . The display terminal then operates to cause a stock amount screen  1138  having the format shown in  FIG. 26  to be displayed. It should be understood that the stock amount screen will include the information for the particular medical item in the position selected. While the stock amount screen  1138  is displayed, a user can select the restock quantity button  1142 . Then, a user is enabled to input a restock quantity through the numeric keys on a keypad display  1139  therein. This is represented in  FIG. 18  by a step  1140 . 
     Once the user has input the restock quantity through numeric inputs through the keypad display  1139  the display terminal in response to screen  1138 , the user can indicate that they are ready to restock that quantity by touching an accept button  1143  from screen  1138 . This is indicated at a step  1145 . Of course as can be appreciated, the system functions associated with screen  1138  also facilitates restocking by enabling the restocking user to touch an icon indicating restocking a maximum amount. The user is also enabled to unload items that are stored so as, for example, to make room for additional items by indicating an unload quantity related to the storage location. Buttons are also provided so that a quantity of expired items that have approached the expiration date can be indicated as removed. 
     Also, if there are any discrepancies, a discrepancy button is provided such as is shown in  FIG. 26  and  FIG. 31 . Providing an input through the terminal which corresponds to the discrepancy causes the terminal to generate a discrepancy screen enabling the user to indicate any discrepancies to the system and have the information stored in a data store. Screen  1208 , having the format shown in  FIG. 29  may be used to input the actual number of items in storage when the number recorded in a data store within the system does not reflect that which was actually taken. Screen  1208 , populated with data and having the exemplary format shown in  FIG. 29  is operative to indicate what the data store indicates is the remaining quantity of items after a particular operation has occurred. This enables a user to indicate any discrepancy related to the number of items that are observed as remaining in a particular storage location as compared to that which the system indicates as remaining after a find it or take it or other transaction. The data input in response to each screen is stored and modifies data that is stored in at least one data store in operative connection with the display terminal. In an exemplary embodiment data corresponding to the discrepancy input is also caused to be stored in the at least one data store. The data stored regarding the discrepancy may include, for example, the identity of the user indicating the discrepancy, the time and date, medical item, storage location and quantity involved. Of course other or different information may be stored in other embodiments. It should be understood that these screens are exemplary and in other embodiments, other or additional types of interfaces and optional inputs may be provided for capturing such information in the system. 
     In particular with regard to a restocking operation, in response to selecting the accept button  1143  as represented in a step  1144  in  FIG. 18 , the connected processors in the system operate to determine if the user has rights to access the particular storage location that they are indicating that the user is planning to restock. If the user has authority to restock the particular storage location, the system operates to execute an exemplary series of steps  1148  that are shown in greater detail in  FIG. 21 . 
     In response to the restock indication being given, the computer operates to indicate the door behind which the particular storage location is located for the item to be restocked as indicated in a step  1150 . This is done by a processor operating to activate the appropriate door indicator. The particular door or doors if multiple items are being returned, are unlocked responsive to signals from the display terminal as indicated in a step  1152 . The display terminal further operates in accordance with its programming to place the shelves in a restock mode in a step  1154  and the indicators  942  associated with the buttons for the particular locations indicated as being restocked are illuminated in a step  1156 . 
     As indicated in a step  1158 , in the exemplary embodiment if only a single storage location on a shelf is being restocked, the number on display  948  will indicate the number of the particular item to be stocked and the corresponding indicator will be illuminated on the shelf. If multiple items are returned to a particular shelf, the display does not indicate a number until a corresponding button adjacent to an illuminated storage position indicator is pressed. When this occurs, the display indicates the number to be restocked into that particular location. This is represented in a step  1160 . 
     If in the restocking activity it is determined that the quantity to be restocked that has been input at the display terminal was incorrect or if there is a need to restock in additional locations, a user can press a location button  940  on the storage shelf corresponding to the particular storage area and indicate a different quantity to be input through the numerical keypad  944 . The count of items is also correspondingly adjusted in the output through the screen provided at the display terminal. This is represented in  FIG. 21  by steps  1162  and  1164 . When the user has completed the restocking activity, the user may touch the “close” button in the restocking browser screen that causes the display terminal to return to the patient browser screen as represented in a step  1166 . At the same time, the display terminal operates to lock all the doors, turn off the indicators and clear shelf interfaces as represented in a step  1168 . The data in the at least one data store is also updated and modified responsive to the input data. Thereafter, the user may operate the system to choose a new patient, to log out, or the system may automatically log the user out after a timeout period. This is represented in  FIG. 21  by a step  1170 . Of course it should be understood that these stocking steps are exemplary and in other embodiments, other approaches may be used and options provided. 
     The described form of the invention further enables restocking of the cabinets in a predetermined manner based on a listing of restocking activities that has been compiled based on prior information and dispensing activities. For example, in some embodiments, the system may operate to generate a restocking report indicating locations where additional quantities of items are required. A selection of these items may then be compiled in the pharmacy or other location and transported to the particular area for restocking. Alternatively, a listing of such items may be compiled by computers operating in the system in response to a particular request input through the display terminal associated with the particular cabinet. In this way, restocking activities of a plurality of locations may be facilitated without the user having to input through the display terminal inputs corresponding to storage locations. 
     In the described exemplary embodiment, the stocking activity for cabinets in operative connection with a display terminal may be initiated after the user has logged onto the display terminal in the manner previously discussed by selecting a “stock it” button  1172  from the patient browser screen. This causes the processors connected in the system to generate or call up from memory a restock report related to the cabinets associated with the display terminal. The display terminal then operates to display a cabinet selection screen indicated  1774  and which has the format shown in  FIG. 30 . The cabinet selection screen  1174  displays a listing of cabinets in connection with the display terminal. A user then highlights a particular cabinet to be restocked and touches a “select” button  1176  to select a particular cabinet that has been highlighted. 
     In response to selecting a particular cabinet, the system operates to cause a “stock it” screen  1178  having the format shown in  FIG. 31  to be displayed on the display terminal. Stock it screen  1178  in embodiments of the invention may reflect the supply positions that are contained in the restock report. It should be understood that although the exemplary format of the stock it screen  1178  does not include this data, in operation when the data is available a listing of such positions and data will be included in the output display screen. 
     A user is enabled to find particular locations for items by providing an input. This is done by highlighting the item by touching a particular item listed in the screen  1178  and by touching a find button  1180 . This causes the display terminal to operate to unlock the doors of the associated cabinet holding such items and to illuminate the location indicators for the buttons that are associated therewith. A restocking user is enabled to locate the particular locations and input the additional items to each as indicated both on the screen  1178  as well as on the display  948  of the shelf interface. A user is enabled to indicate that they have restocked the particular position by touching the accept button  1182  on screen  1178 . Touching the accept button will indicate that the particular position or positions have been restocked to the levels desired as indicated in the report. The user may then move to select another item or storage location in the report. The particular doors of the system may or may not be relocked when subsequently closed during this operation depending on the configuration of the system. 
     An alternative approach to restocking medical items based on a restocking list is represented by a series of steps  1184  shown in  FIG. 22 . In this alternative embodiment, selection of the stock it button  1172  from the patient browser screen  1020  causes all of the doors of associated cabinets where restocking is required to be unlocked and the associated door indicators to be illuminated as indicated in a step  1186  in  FIG. 22 . This results in the stock it screen  1178  or similar screen being displayed at the display terminal. In this alternative configuration, the item is selected for restocking by touching a particular item listed in the screen  1178  shown in  FIG. 31  and by touching the accept button  1182  in a step  1188 . This causes the display terminal to flash the position indicators for all of the buttons which correlate with storage locations for which restocking is indicated on the list. This is indicated as a step  1190 . 
     As indicated as a step  1192 , in situations where a single storage location is being restocked on a shelf, the shelf interface display  948  displays the count or quantity of items to be restocked. In the case where multiple locations are to be restocked on one shelf, the position indicators  942  are illuminated. Pushing the button  940  associated with each illuminated position indicator causes the shelf interface display  948  to indicate the quantity of items to be added to that particular location. As indicated in  FIG. 22 , the display terminal operates in a step  1194  so that during restocking, the buttons associated with storage locations that are not to be restocked are disabled. 
     For each storage location where restocking activity is being conducted, the user is enabled to adjust the precalculated count of the number of items to be added to a storage location. This may be accomplished through an optional step  1196  in which alternative numerical inputs indicating the quantity of items to be added to a storage location are indicated through inputs to the keypad  944  after a button corresponding to a storage location has been pressed. 
     Upon completion of the restock activity, the user indicates completion or that he wishes to close by pressing the “logout” button on the screen of the display terminal. This returns the screen of the display terminal to the login menu as indicated as a step  1198  and updates the information in the database. The display terminal also operates as indicated in a step  1200  to lock the doors and return the indicators to an off position while clearing all quantity indications. Also, if there are any discrepancies, a discrepancy button  1180  is provided which when activated generates a discrepancy screen enabling the user to indicate any discrepancies to the system and have the information stored in a data store. This is similar to the discrepancy function disclosed earlier in connection with the restock function using screen  1208 , having the format shown in  FIG. 29 . As indicated by a step  1202 , once the system has returned to the patient browser screen the user is enabled to select a new patient, to log out of the transaction or, alternatively, to allow the transaction to be closed through a timeout which was programmed into the operation of the display terminal. Of course these approaches are merely exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
       FIG. 35  schematically represents the logic in an alternative exemplary embodiment used by a display terminal or other connected computers in controlling and tracking medical items. The logic represented in  FIG. 35  is similar to the logic previously described in connection with  FIG. 18 , except as specifically noted. 
     In this alternative embodiment represented in  FIG. 35 , provision is made for auditing the contents of supply cabinets or other storage locations. This functionality allows supply position counts to be verified and enables the automatic creation of discrepancies for positions whose counts are incorrect. The system is operative to adjust counts in discrepant supply positions. Discrepant events are also stored in one or more associated data stores. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the auditing function is enabled to be accessed by users who have the right to access patient data as well as other users who do not have the right to access patient data. For users that have the right to patient data, users enter an identifier (ID) and password in the manner previously described. This results in such users being provided with a patient browser screen  1238 , as shown in  FIG. 36 . Patient browser screen  1238  is generally similar to the patient browser screen  1020  shown in  FIG. 23 . However, patient browser screen  1238  further includes an audit button  1240 . 
     When the audit button is selected, the system, depending on its programming, may cause an audit witness screen to be displayed. The audit witness screen is presented if the system is programmed so as to require a witness to verify the audit activities of the individual who is logged onto the system. In such cases, the audit witness screen will require the witness to enter identifying information. Of course, in some situations the nature of the supplies being audited or other procedures implemented may not require the presence of a witness. 
     After the information concerning the witness is input, if required, the exemplary system is operative to cause a cabinet browser screen  1242  shown in  FIG. 39  to be displayed on the display terminal. The cabinet browser screen in the exemplary embodiment is operative to display indicia corresponding to the cabinets that are connected to the particular display terminal. By providing an appropriate input, a user is enabled to select a particular cabinet to be audited. Of course in some embodiments there may be only one cabinet, and in such cases the audit browser may be eliminated. In the cabinet browser screen shown in  FIG. 39  only one cabinet is shown as being connected to the display terminal, but it should be understood that if additional cabinets were connected, each would be listed on the screen and available for selection by the user. 
     Upon the user highlighting the desired cabinet to be audited and providing an input by selecting the “Select” icon  1244  from the cabinet browser screen, the exemplary system is operative to output through the display terminal an audit browser screen  1246  shown in  FIG. 40 . The audit browser screen of the exemplary embodiment is operative to list all of the supplies indicated by the system as stored in the current selected cabinet. Because the audit browser screen of the exemplary embodiment appears similar in content to screens used in conjunction with stocking cabinets, provision is made to facilitate a user identifying that the screen is associated with the audit function. In the exemplary embodiment this is done by having the audit browser screen be of a different color than screens associated with stocking functions. Indeed, in some exemplary embodiments, each of the screens associated with different system functions may have a common color scheme or other features unique to that function. This minimizes the risk that a user would be confused in thinking they are providing inputs to the system related to one function when in fact a different function has been selected. Of course, this approach is exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, when the audit browser screen is opened, all of the supply cabinet doors to which the user is authorized to have access are unlocked. In the exemplary embodiment the supply browser screen also displays columns which include the supply position description, the supply name, the unit of issue for the supply, the last audit date, the audit quantity and a discrepancy indicator. In the exemplary embodiment, the discrepancy indicator is an icon in the form of a highlighted exclamation point. Of course this approach is merely exemplary of approaches that may be used to indicate medical items and/or storage locations for which a discrepancy has been indicated. 
     A list of supplies output on the audit browser screen in the exemplary embodiment can be sorted. This can be done either by supply position or the supply name. Further, in the exemplary embodiment provision is made by entering user selections to change the output data between the nursing and material names (for example, brand versus generic names) for the particular supply. 
     In the exemplary embodiment a supply position can be selected for audit in one of several ways. This can be done, for example, by selecting a position via the touch screen at the display terminal. Alternatively, a position can be selected by pressing the corresponding shelf button. Further, in some exemplary embodiments a supply position can be selected by scanning a supply bar code. This can be done, for example, by scanning with a reading device operatively connected with the display terminal, a bar code or other indicia included on the packaging or the supply itself, or alternatively scanning such indicia from a report. Further in the exemplary embodiment, if a common supply is positioned in multiple storage locations, the system is operative to select the first position from among the multiple positions for audit. Further in an exemplary embodiment, a supply position can be selected by scanning a position bar code or other indicia. A supply position bar code may be positioned adjacent to a particular storage location on a report or in another suitable location. Further in the exemplary embodiment, the audit browser screen  1246  includes an “Audit All” icon  1248  which in the exemplary embodiment is operative to cause the system to automatically iterate through all the storage positions for purposes of performing the audit function. 
     In the exemplary embodiment when a supply is selected, the display terminal is operative to output an audit quantity screen  1250  shown in  FIG. 41 . The audit quantity screen  1250  in the exemplary embodiment is operative to appear as a window overlying the audit browser screen  1246 . In response to presentation of the audit quantity screen, the user enters the quantity through the keypad icons presented on the display terminal screen. After the quantity is entered, the “Accept” icon is manually activated and the connected processors are operative to update the data in at least one data store corresponding to the quantity for the particular type of medical item stored in the particular position. Of course, if as previously discussed the entered quantity does not match the quantity for that supply position then currently stored, a discrepancy indicator appears in the audit browser window and a record of the discrepancy is made in one or more data stores for later resolution. 
     Alternatively in some embodiments, a particular supply position can be audited by selecting the shelf position by pressing the push button associated therewith. In the exemplary embodiment this then causes the audit quantity screen to be output on the display terminal. Instead of inputting the quantity through the audit quantity screen, however, the quantity within the position may be input through the keypad on a particular storage shelf or support module. Thereafter in the exemplary embodiment the auditing user can indicate acceptance of the quantity by touching the “Accept” button on the audit quantity screen. Of course this approach is exemplary and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. In addition, in the exemplary embodiment of the audit quantity screen  1250 , provision is made to enable a user to clear any incorrect inputs that have been provided. This is accomplished by the user selecting the “Clear” button. Thereafter the user can again input a quantity. Further in the exemplary embodiment, the user is enabled to not audit a particular position and automatically continue with a next position. This is accomplished by the user selecting the “Cancel” button in the audit quantity screen. 
     As previously discussed, the exemplary embodiment also enables the user to select the “Audit All” button from the audit browser screen. In response to selecting this icon, the one or more processors are operative to cause the display terminal to automatically iterate through all the supply positions of the selected supply cabinet. The user is then systematically enabled to enter audit quantities for each such supply position. If for some reason the user does not wish to audit a particular supply position or is unable to do so, the user is enabled to skip the particular position using the “Cancel” button. This enables the exemplary embodiment to enable users to selectively audit particular positions, to audit all positions, or to audit subsets of positions. It further enables exemplary systems to be programmed so that certain positions require witness verification for certain medical items, but not for others. The exemplary embodiments further enable supply positions to be checked by more than one person, so as to reduce the risk of errors or deliberate inaccuracies. Of course these approaches are exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     An exemplary logic flow associated with the operation of the system in the audit mode is represented in  FIG. 37 . The logic represented in  FIG. 37  represents the logic flow in which medical items are audited. After the audit function is selected by a user touching the audit button  1240 , and a cabinet is selected by an input from the cabinet browser screen  1242 , the one or more processors associated with the display terminal is operative to output the audit browser screen  1246  and to unlock the doors behind which the medical items to be audited are located. This is represented by logic step  1252 . In exemplary embodiments, when a particular listing of items is subject to audit, the indicators associated with the particular buttons for the positions containing the supplies are also activated. This is represented in a logic step  1254 . Further, in some exemplary embodiments other indicators such as, for example, the “Take” and “Return” indicators  950 ,  952  shown in  FIG. 5  may be illuminated in a distinctive manner to indicate that the system is in audit mode. Of course these approaches are exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     In the exemplary logic flow, the display on each shelf is operative to output the expected quantity that should be located in the particular location that is subject to audit. Alternatively, if multiple items stored within the same storage shelf or module are on the audit list, the position indicators will be illuminated and the display will not provide an output until the particular push button corresponding to a storage position is selected. As represented in a logic step  1256 , in these circumstances the user selects a particular item by pressing the push button associated with the storage location. When this is done, the display on the shelf as well as at the display terminal outputs the indicated quantity for the particular position. 
     The user then counts the number of items in the position to determine if the count currently held in the system is accurate. If the count is accurate, the user can provide an accept input  1262  for the current count by touching the “Accept” button in the audit quantity screen  1250 . This is represented by a logic step  1260 . Alternatively, if the quantity currently stored in the system is not correct, the user is enabled to modify the count of the items by inputting a different quantity. This may be done as indicated in a logic step  1258  by using the shelf keypad to input a different quantity and then providing an “Accept” input  1262 . Alternatively, in the exemplary embodiment the user is enabled to provide the quantity input through the quantity buttons of the audit quantity screen  1250 . In response to the user inputs, the one or more processors in operative connection with the display terminal are operative to update the information in one or more connected data stores. In situations where discrepancies were previously noted or where the audit uncovers a discrepancy, data related to the circumstances may be stored and processed so as to be subject to additional analysis if appropriate, through operation of the processors connected to the display terminal or through other computers connected in the system. 
     After the particular quantity of medical items in a particular position is audited the system may thereafter either responsive to user inputs or the operation of the iterative selection by the connected computers, to move to another supply position. The process then repeats until completed. It should be understood, however, that although in the exemplary embodiment the user indicates a particular quantity by an input at the display terminal of the “Accept” button, in other embodiments other types of “Accept” inputs may be used. These may include, for example, providing such an input at the particular shelf or module. For example, in some embodiments the system may be structured to treat the actuation of a keypad button on a shelf dedicated for the purpose or pressing of two other keypad buttons on a shelf simultaneously as a “Accept” input. Of course this approach is exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     As previously discussed, the exemplary embodiment of the system enables users who are not authorized to have access to patient data to perform the audit function. Similarly, users not authorized to have access to patient data may further perform other functions such as functions associated with stocking medical items in the storage locations. In the logic associated with the alternative embodiment represented in  FIG. 35 , a user that does not have authorization to access patient information is presented with the inventory menu screen  1264  shown in  FIG. 38  when the user logs onto the system, rather than the patient browser screen. The inventory menu screen  1264  provides selections for such a user. In the exemplary embodiment these functions include the audit function as well as the “Stock It” and restock functions. Of course in other embodiments other or different options may be provided. 
     In the exemplary embodiment the user selecting the audit function from the inventory menu screen  1264  may be presented with a witness log-in screen, as previously discussed, in accordance with the system programming. Further, such a user will be presented with a cabinet browser screen and audit browser screen in the manner previously discussed so as to enable the user to perform the audit function. Likewise, if the user selects one of the other stocking functions, the logic flow is generally similar to that previously described, except that the system is programmed to prevent the user from having access to particular patient information of the type that is enabled to be accessed through selections input through the patient browser screen. 
     The further aspect of the exemplary embodiment is that a plurality of push buttons on a particular shelf or support module are available, but only those that an operator wishes to have associated with a particular supply are required to be active within the system. It is desirable that push buttons not associated with a particular supply not be active for purposes of carrying out particular transactions. This is accomplished in an exemplary embodiment through the logic flow schematically represented in  FIG. 42 . 
     In this exemplary embodiment the logic flow for the display terminal associated with the particular supply cabinet is set to a “Configure-It” mode, as represented schematically in logic step  1266 . When the system is in the “Configure-It” mode, the cabinet doors are unlocked, and the “Take” and “Return” LEDs are not operative, as indicated in logic steps  1268  and  1270 . 
     For purposes of selecting certain buttons on a shelf or module interface to be operative, the user selects a particular shelf push button by pressing it, as represented in a logic step  1272 . The user then provides a numerical input as represented in a logic step  1274  to indicate the storage location designated relative to the shelf to which the particular button corresponds. As can be appreciated, in the exemplary embodiment these particular locations are labeled with identifiers such as labels having the same color scheme or other indicia so as to indicate that they correspond. 
     Alternatively, locations can be designated by providing particular position inputs as well as numerical inputs to the shelf interface to indicate that the particular location is active. This approach is represented by the logic steps  1276 ,  1278 ,  1280 , and  1282  in  FIG. 42 . Again, responsive to registering the particular position and corresponding input button as active in the system, the system can thereafter be programmed to indicate a particular type of medical item associated with the particular position. This can be done, for example, through inputs through a display terminal, at an administrator work station, through scanning indicia with a reading device such as bar code from a report, list or a supply itself, reading an RFID tag with an RFID reader, or other suitable programming methods. Such inputs can be provided by input devices connected to the display terminal. Alternatively, inputs corresponding to medical items can be input through input devices associated with an administrator work station or other computer connected in the system. As indicated in  FIG. 42 , the quantity of the particular medical item to be stored in a given storage location can be input through the shelf interface. This can be done by actuating a button corresponding to the storage location and providing numerical inputs through the shelf keypad. Alternatively in some embodiments medical item identifying data and/or quantity data may be input through the display terminal. This may be done by highlighting an item on a list to indicate the item is to be stored in a given location. Quantity data can be input through input devices such as the touch screen. One or more processors are operative to cause the data associating data corresponding to the types of medical items, storage locations, shelf buttons and medical item quantities in at least one data store. Of course, it should be understood that these approaches are exemplary, and in other embodiments other approaches may be used. 
     It should be understood that the transactions mentioned in connection with the supply cabinets and system are exemplary. As can be appreciated from the foregoing discussion, numerous alternatives are available based on the teachings of the present invention that provide advantages in the controlling and tracking of medical items. 
     Thus the exemplary system and method for controlling and tracking medical items of the exemplary form of the present invention, achieves at least one of the above stated objectives, eliminates difficulties encountered in the use of prior systems and methods, solves problems and attains the desirable results described herein. 
     In the foregoing description certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity and understanding, however no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed. Moreover, the descriptions and illustrations given herein are by way of examples and the invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described. 
     In addition, any feature described in the following claims as a means for performing a function shall be construed as encompassing any means known to those persons having skill in the art as being capable of performing the recited function, and shall not be deemed limited to the particular means disclosed in the foregoing description, or a mere equivalent thereof. 
     Having described the features, discoveries and principles of the invention, the manner in which it is constructed, operated and utilized, and the advantages and useful results attained; the new and useful structures, devices, elements, arrangements, parts, combinations, systems, equipment, operations, methods and relationships are set forth in the appended claims.