Patent Publication Number: US-2023155587-A1

Title: Touch-based control device to detect touch input without blind spots

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/142,102, filed on Jan. 5, 2021; which claims benefit of priority to Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/957,302, filed Jan. 5, 2020; the aforementioned applications being hereby incorporated by reference in their respective entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments described herein relate to a touch-based control device to detect touch input. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Home control systems, such as lighting control systems used for lighting fixtures, include binary analog switches and analog dimmer switches that enable users to control one or more lights wired to an electrical box upon which such switches are connected. Furthermore, when a person wishes to activate or interact with home systems, the person typically must interact with an actual device of the system or a dedicated or universal remote control and manually create an environment comprising activated or dimmed lights, audio system output, visual system output (e.g., a television or digital picture frame output), temperature, and the like. 
     Touch sensitive sensing technology has emerged as a popular human interface for many types of devices. Many types of devices, such as portable computers, media players, and IOT devices, provide capacitive touch-sensing technology as a mechanism for enabling user input. Typically, touch-sensing functionality is implemented through use of a circuit board that distributes capacitive elements over an area of the circuit board. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates a cross-sectional view of a prior art electronic device  500  that includes a circuit board  508  on which a touch-sensing layer  510  is implemented to detect touch-input on an external surface  502 . The circuit board  508  may also include a grounding layer, or reference plane  506 , as an intermediate or bottom layer. The touch-sensing layer  510  can include capacitive elements distributed over an exterior-facing surface of the circuit board  508 . The capacitive touch-sensing elements are reactive to changes in an electrical field that is generated over the respective element. Typically, each sensing element of the sensing layer  510  is reactive to electric field variations that occur directly over the sensing element. The circuit board  508  can further be provided with sensing logic (e.g., microprocessor) which can sample an output of each capacitive element of the sensing layer  510  to detect instances when the electric field of the sensing element are affected by capacitance inherent in human skin. Under such conventional approaches, the sensing logic can compare an input of the individual sensing elements with baseline values to detect the presence of human skin on or near the external surface  502 . 
     Typically, the sensing layer  510  has substantially the same dimensions as the underlying reference plane  506 . Additionally, the electric field that each sensing element is reactive to directly overlays the respective sensing element. Further, the sensing logic is tuned to interpret fluctuations in electric field that directly overlays individual sensing element as touch-input on the external surface  502 . As a result, blind spots  512  can exist over portions of the external surface  502  that overlay (i) regions of the circuit board where no capacitive touch-sensing elements exist, and (ii) underlying regions where the circuit board itself is absent (e.g., regions beyond the perimeter of the circuit board). If a user touches the external surface  502  where there is a blind spot  512 , the touch-input is not detected or registered as an input. As a result, under such conventional approaches, areas which are located beyond a perimeter of a touch region are not responsive to touch-input. Likewise, areas of the exterior surface  502  which overlay a region of a circuit board where no touch sensors are provided (e.g., region of circuit board where an antenna structure is provided) may also be non-responsive under conventional approaches. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure herein is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements, and in which: 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrate a touch-based control device for controlling one or more connected devices, according to one or more examples. 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates is a side view of the touch-based control device of  FIG.  1 A , according to one or more examples. 
         FIG.  2 A  through  FIG.  2 C  illustrate a control module of a touch-based control device, according to one or more examples. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates sensing control logic for a control module of a touch-based control device, according to one or more examples. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example method for operating a touch-based control device, according to one or more examples. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a cross-sectional view of a prior art electronic device for detecting touch input. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments include a touch-based control device that can detect touch input on regions of an exterior panel without so called “blind spots.” In some examples, a touch-based control device is operable to detect touch input over an entirety of the control device&#39;s exterior, including at regions of an exterior panel that (i) overlay portions of a circuit board where no touch sensors exist, and/or (ii) extend beyond a perimeter of a touch region or circuit board on which touch sensors are provided. 
     In some variations, the control device is substantially touch-sensitive across an area of an external panel (e.g., the device is “touch-anywhere” responsive). Thus, the user can provide touch-input (e.g., tap) or initiate a gesture on a perimeter or corner region of the external panel to register input. Moreover, the touch-input on the perimeter or corner region of the external panel can be detected and processed so as to have the same effect as a touch-input that is more towards the center of the device. 
     The term “substantially” as used with examples herein means at least 90% of an indicated quantity (e.g., such as an area of an exterior panel). 
     In some examples, the control device is a wall-mounted device that can operate as or similar to a light switch to control one or multiple different devices (e.g., illumination device, smart device, etc.). 
     In examples, the control device operates to: (a) interpret any one of multiple possible touch-inputs of a user, and (b) generate one or more output control signals that are pre-associated with the interpreted touch-input. In examples, the multiple possible touch-inputs can correspond to gestures, such as tap actions (e.g., single, double, or triple (or more) tap), one or more long touches, and slides (e.g., continuous touching motion of user in leftward, rightward, upward or downward direction). Still further, gestures can include more complex motions, such as multi-directional inputs, or patterned inputs (e.g., long touch followed by short tap). 
     In some examples, the control device is a home device controller, such as an intelligent light switch that includes functionality for switching and dimming lights of a dwelling, as well as controlling operation of one or more connected devices (e.g., ceiling fan, thermostat, appliance, etc.). In such implementations, the control device can connect to the mains of the house, and/or communicate with connected devices through a wireless or wireline network or communication interface. A user can use touch-input to interact with the control device to control the operation of the connected devices. 
     In at least some examples, a control device includes at least one groove formed on the exterior panel to receive at least a first type of input. The groove can correlate to a region where one type of input is recognized or favored over another type of input. Additionally, the touch-sensitive panel includes one or more surrounding regions that are capable of receiving at least a second type of input. 
     Accordingly, in response to receiving touch-input, the control device performs an output function, such as to control one or more connected devices, either wired or wirelessly, based on the interpreted touch-input. 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates an electronic device for controlling one or more connected devices, according to one or more examples. As described, the control device  100  is configured to provide touch-anywhere sensing for detecting one or multiple types of touch-input. With reference to an example of  FIG.  1 A , the control device  100  includes sensing capabilities to enable touch-input detection and recognition at any location of an exterior panel  110 . Additionally, the sensing capabilities of the control device  100  can detect multiple types of input, such as, for example, swipes, taps, multiple taps, pattern-touches, or other combinations. The control device  100  can correlate detected touch-inputs to particular output signals that affect the operation of a connected device. In some examples, the control device  100  is in form of a light switch that can detect and interpret a particular touch-input to control the operation of a set of illumination devices. The sensing capabilities of the control device  100  can detect and interpret one or more touch-inputs of multiple types to control, for example, a power state (e.g., on/off), brightness (e.g., dimming level), hue, blink pattern or other illumination attribute of one or more of the connected illumination devices. 
     In variations, the control device  100  can connect to and control other types of connected devices, such as ceiling fans, appliances, thermostats, audio/video devices, etc. In such variations, the sensing capabilities of the control device  100  can detect and interpret different inputs that result in output signals to control operation of such other types of devices (e.g., on/off, speed control for ceiling fan, connected device setting, etc.). 
     In examples as shown, control device  100  includes an exterior panel  110  to receive touch-input from a user. The exterior panel  110  can include one or multiple sensing zones where the control device  100  detects, or is more likely to detect particular types of touch-inputs. In some examples, the exterior panel  110  includes a groove  116 , corresponding to a vertically elongated indentation or recess on the exterior panel  110 . As described in greater detail, groove  116  is an example of a zone or region on exterior panel  110  where a particular type of touch-input is detectable, or more likely to be detected, as compared to a non-groove region of the exterior panel  110 . In variations, the control device may not have a groove  116 . For example, the control device  100  may be planar. Furthermore, the control device can include other types of input/output features, such as a display. 
     As shown, the control device  100  can be installed as a wall-mounted light controller for a room. In such implementations, the control device  100  can control (i) one or more connected lights (e.g., set of lights in a room) using electrical and switching components, and/or (ii) other connected devices using wireline or wireless communications. As a light controller, for example, the control device  100  can interpret a first user gesture as on/off input, in which case the control device  100  can cause a connected light to switch on or off. Additionally, the control device  100  can interpret a second gesture as dimming control, in which case the control device can implement dimming control on a connected light. The on/off and/or dimming control can be implemented through the control device  100  interfacing with electrical and switching components that connect to the target lights. In variations, the control device  100  can detect touch-input to similarly control other types of connected devices using a wireline or wireless channel. 
       FIG.  1 B  illustrates is a side view of control device  100  that is installed on a wall surface (e.g., dwelling). The control device  100  includes external panel  110 , a control module  120 , a housing  118  for the control module, and an electrical interface  122 . When the control device  100  is mounted and installed in an electrical box, the interface  122  electrically connects to the electrical and switching elements of a dwelling. The control module  120  can be retained within the housing  118 , which in turn can be inset within a receptacle of a wall. The external panel  110  can be mounted over the control module  120 , so as to form a façade or shell over the mounted control module  120 . As shown by an example of  FIG.  1 B , the control device  100  can be installed as a light switch that electrically connects to one or more connected devices  25  (e.g., illumination devices or ‘lights’) and/or target device(s)  30 . 
     According to examples, the control module  120  includes components for implementing touch sensing functionality at any location of the exterior panel  110 , including on perimeter and corner regions of the exterior panel  110 . The control module can respond to touch-inputs by signaling commands or control output signals to control switching and/or settings for operating lights  25  and/or other connected target device(s)  30 . 
     In some examples, the control module  120  interprets touch-input by (i) identifying locations on the exterior panel  110  where the touch occurred, and (ii) interpreting the touch as a particular type of input (e.g., gesture input). By identifying the locations on the exterior panel  110  where touch-input occurred, the control module  120  can modulate the sensitivity of the detection, so as to better detect touch-input on regions of the exterior panel which do not overlay sensing elements of the control module  120 . 
     The control module  120  can implement a control operation or function in response to detecting and interpreting touch-input. For connected lights, the control operation or function can include (i) switching the connected light(s), (e.g., from on to off or vice versa), and (ii) dimming the connected light from high-to-low or low-to-high. For other target devices, the control operation can include communicating wirelessly to switch the target device power state and/or implement a setting or other control parameter (e.g., raise volume). 
     In some examples, the control module  120  distinguishes different touch-inputs and further selects commands or output signals based on the type of touch-input and/or attributes of the detected touch-input. In examples, the control module  120  can define a gesture based on one or more characteristics of the touch-input, including characteristics of (i) an amount of movement which occurred when the user contacted the panel  110 , (ii) a path or linearity of the movement, (iii) a duration in time of the contact; (iv) a location on the panel where the touch was detected (or initiated and/or completed); and/or (v) whether another touch was detected on the external panel  110  within a following time interval upon removal of a prior touch or contact with the external panel  110  (e.g., such as in the case of a double tap). Additionally, in variations, the control module  120  can determine which control operations to perform based on the detected gesture and a scene or setting associated with the detected gesture. 
     As described with various examples, the control device  100  can detect and respond to touch-input that is received at any location along the surface of the panel  110 . Accordingly, the control device  100  can receive and interpret touch-input based on the attributes of the touch-input, where the characteristics include (as described in other examples) distance of touch travel (or starting and completion points), path of touch travel, duration of touch travel, etc. Additionally, as the control device  100  is “touch-anywhere” responsive, the control module  120  can (i) interpret a user gesture, and/or (ii) select a scene (e.g., predetermined settings or actions to perform) or operation to perform based on the detected location(s) of the touch-input. 
       FIG.  2 A  through  FIG.  2 C  illustrate the control module  120  structured to enable control device  100  to sense touch-input on any location of the exterior panel  110 , according to one or more examples.  FIG.  2 A  is a front view of a printed circuit board (PCB)  202  for control module  120 , according to one or more examples.  FIG.  2 B  is a side view of the PCB  202  of  FIG.  2 A .  FIG.  2 C  is a bottom view of the control device  100  along lines A-A, according to one or more examples. 
     With reference to  FIG.  2 A  and  FIG.  2 B , control module  120  includes a PCB  202  having a sensing layer  210 , a reference plane  220  on which the sensing layer  210  is formed, and sensing control logic  230  to detect and interpret sensor values detected by the sensing layer  210 . The sensing layer  210  can be formed from conventional PCB fabrication techniques, such as by etching sensors into copper foil. In some examples, the reference plane  220  is a copper grounding plane. The sensing control logic  230  can be implemented through, for example, a microprocessor that is electrically connected to the sensing elements of the sensing layer  210 . As shown, the sensing control logic  230  can be implemented by, for example, a microprocessor that is provided on a back side of the PCB  202 , along with other components (e.g., wireless transceiver  232 ), circuit elements, and electrical interface (not show). 
     When installed, the exterior panel  110  can mount directly over or in close proximity to the sensing layer  210 , such that the individual sensing elements of the sensing layer  210  can detect fluctuations in an electric field caused by introduction of a capacitive object, such as a human finger which inherently carries capacitance. With reference to  FIG.  2 A , a touch region  225  can represent an overlay region of the exterior panel  110 , coinciding with the region of the exterior panel  110  where touch-input can be detected and interpreted. As shown by  FIG.  2 A , the touch region  225  can encompass one or multiple regions that extend over regions where no capacitive sensing elements are provided. For example, the PCB  202  may include one or more structure void regions  242 , corresponding to a shape or other structural feature (e.g., through-hole) of the PCB  202  where no sensing elements exist. As an addition or variation, the touch region  225  can extend over the one or more perimeter regions  246 , which can extend beyond a perimeter edge of the PCB to encompass, for example, a perimeter edge or thickness of the external panel  110 . In such examples, the control module  120  may still detect and interpret touch-input of the user, even when the touch-input does not directly overlay the sensing elements of the sensing layer  210 , such as in the case when the touch-input is at or near an edge region of the exterior panel  110  so as to directly overlay an area that is beyond the perimeter edge  201  of the PCB  202 . 
     Still further, in some implementations, the reference plane  220  can include one or more sensor void regions  244  that are intended to accommodate design aspects of the sensing layer  210 . For example, the control module  120  can include a sensor void region  244  where no sensing elements are provided, so as to prevent interference with an antenna element of a wireless transceiver  234 . 
     With reference to  FIG.  2 C , the PCB  202  includes sensing layer  210 , a dielectric layer  206 , and a reference plane  220 . The reference plane  220  can be exposed (“exposed reference plane regions  222 ”) on a perimeter region  246 , with the sensing layer  210  and dielectric layer  206  having a relatively reduced dimension (as represented by d) as compared to the reference plane  220 . Examples recognize that exposure of the reference plane  220  at select locations (e.g., such as near the perimeter region) causes the electric field overlaying the sensing elements of the sensing layer  210  to skew directionally, to better overlay the perimeter regions  246 , which can extend beyond the perimeter edge  201  of the PCB  202  to encompass a perimeter corner or edge of the external panel  110 . In such examples, touch-input received on the external panel  110  on or near a corner or perimeter region  211  is detectable and interpretable by the sensing control logic  230 . In contrast, under conventional approaches, the perimeter regions  246  would be blind spots on the external panel  110 , coinciding with locations where touch-input would be undetectable. 
     Accordingly, with reference to  FIG.  2 A  through  FIG.  2 C , in order to allow for touch responsiveness over the entire touch region  225 , examples can further provide for the PCB  202  to be structured so as to selectively expose the reference plane  220 , to cause the electric field used by sensing elements that are adjacent to the exposed reference plane to be influenced in shape (e.g., bend, arc) by the exposed reference plane regions  222 . In particular, examples provide for exposing the reference plane  220  about or near regions of the PCB  202  where no sensing elements are provided, such as about structure void regions  242 , sensor void regions  244  and perimeter regions  246 . The selective exposure of the reference plane  220  causes a greater portion of the electric field that is used by the proximate and/or adjacent sensing elements to shift laterally over and beyond the exposed reference plane regions, so as to increase the overlay of the electric fields over the structure void regions  242 , sensor void regions  244  and/or perimeter regions  246 . In this manner, the shifting of the electric field enables touch-input that occurs over the respective structure void regions  242 , sensor void regions  244  and/or perimeter regions  246  to be detectable by the respective proximate sensing elements, such that, for example, an output of the respective proximate sensing elements is distinguishable (or more distinguishable) from a baseline reference signal that is otherwise generated by the proximate sensing elements when no touch-input occurs. 
     Additionally, examples provide that the sensing control logic  230  can implement logic that is specific to a particular area or location of contact on the exterior panel. In some examples, the sensitivity of the sensing control logic  230  in how it interprets raw sensor data generated from the sensing layer  210  can be tuned based on the location (e.g., X/Y coordinates) of the touch contact. For example, to detect touch contact that occurs over structure void regions  242 , sensor void regions  244 , and/or perimeter regions  246 , the sensing control logic  230  can implement a lower threshold variance as between the detected capacitance and a baseline level for sensing layer  210 . Moreover, the sensing control logic  230  may determine different types of touch-input based on the location of the touch contact (e.g., X/Y coordinate). For example, the sensing control logic  230  may detect a touch-input as a stroke or movement when the touch-input overlaps with the groove  116 . As another example, the sensing control logic  230  can detect a touch-input as a tap, or double tap, when the touch-input occurs over one of the structure void regions. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates an implementation of sensing control logic  230 , according to one or more examples. In examples, sensing control logic  230  includes an interface  302  which can receive multiple sensor signals  301 , with each sensor signal  301  corresponding to an output of a respective sensing element. In some examples, the sensing control logic  230  continuously receives sensor signals  301  from the sensing layer  210 , where each sensor signal  301  is generated by a sensor element or discrete portion of sensing layer  210 . Accordingly, each sensor signal  301  can be associated with at least one location (e.g., coordinate) of touch region  225 . Each sensor signal  301  can correspond to, for example, capacitance signals generated by an electric field above a corresponding sensing element or portion of the sensing layer  210 . Without any touch-input, the sensing elements of sensing layer  210  continuously generate a baseline or noise signal, and when touch-input occurs, the sensor signals  301  that are impacted by the touch-input reflect a change as compared to the baseline signal. 
     In examples, the sensing control logic  230  includes detection logic  310  which can continuously monitor the sensor signals  301  to detect the occurrence of a touch-input. The detection logic  310  can detect a touch-input as a change in a value of one or more sensor signals  301 , where the change is in reference to the baseline or noise signal value for the sensing element. In examples, the detection logic  310  can register a touch-input when the value of one or more sensor signals  301  varies from the baseline by more than a given minimum threshold (“touch trigger threshold”). 
     In variations, the detection logic  310  can implement additional conditions for registering changes in values of the sensor signals  301  as touch-input. By way of examples, the additional conditions can include (i) a minimum threshold number of sensing elements that generate sensor signals  301  which vary from the baseline by more than the touch trigger threshold area; and (ii) a minimum threshold time interval during which the change in the sensor signals  301  was detected. 
     Additionally, in detecting touch-inputs, the detection logic  310  can implement calibration or sensitivity adjustments that are specific to the location of a sensing element. The calibration or sensitivity adjustments can be made in context of determining whether a value of a sensor signal  301 , individually or in combination with other signals, is indicative of touch input as opposed to noise. In examples, the detection logic  310  incorporate calibration or sensitivity adjustments for sensor signals  301  of sensing elements that are adjacent or proximate to a location of the touch region  225  which does not directly overlay any sensing element. For example, sensor signals  301  that are generated adjacent or proximate to one of the structure void regions  242 , sensor void regions  244  and/or perimeter regions  246  of the circuit board can be calibrated to reflect greater sensitivity as compared to sensor signals  301  that are generated from a region of the sensor layer which directly coincided with presence of one or multiple sensing elements. The detection logic  310  can, for example, vary the touch trigger threshold for individual sensing elements based on the location of the respective sensing elements, with the touch trigger threshold being less for those sensing elements that are proximate to one of the structure void regions  242 , sensor void regions  244  and/or perimeter regions  246 . In this way, the detection logic  310  can be more sensitive to touch-inputs which occur on locations of the touch region  225  that do not, for example, overlay a sensing element (e.g., location beyond perimeter edge of PCB  202 ). 
     Still further, some examples recognize that a touch-input can impact the sensor signals  301  of multiple sensing elements (e.g., cluster) at one time, and over a given time interval during which the touch-input occurred, the number of sensing elements and the degree to which they are impacted may range based on attributes of the touch-input. In determining whether touch input occurs, detection logic  310  can process the sensor signals  301  for attributes which are indicative of a potential touch event, and the attributes can be analyzed to determine whether a touch input occurred. The attributes can reflect, for example, (i) the number of sensing elements which are impacted by a touch-input, (ii) the variation amongst the modulated sensor signals  301 , (iii) the degree and/or duration to which the sensor signals  301  are modulated, and/or (iv) the location of the sensing elements that generated the modulated sensor signals  301 . The detection logic  310  can incorporate calibration or sensitivity adjustments based on the location of the sensing elements from which respective modulated sensor signal  301  are detected. In some examples, the calibration or sensitivity adjustments can include weighting one or more attributes that are determined from sensing signals  301  that are near a void or perimeter region where no other sensing element is provided. As an addition or variation, the detection logic  310  can pattern match detected attributes of sensor signals  301 , such as by (i) representing attributes of a number of modulated signals as a feature vector, and (ii) comparing the determined feature vector with known feature vectors that are labeled to reflect input or no input (or alternatively, a particular type of input). In this way, the detection logic  310  can associate a touch-input that includes attributes such as the location of the touch-input at multiple instances of time during an interval when the touch-input was detected. 
     In examples, the sensing control logic  230  may also include touch interpretation logic  320 , which can associate the detected attributes associated with the touch-input with an input type and/or value. By way of example, the determined input types or values can correspond single-tap, double-tap, long touch, slide or swipe, etc. In some variations, the input type and/or value can also be associated with one or more location values. For example, a touch-input in a first region of the touch region  225  may be interpreted differently as compared to the same touch-input in a second region of the touch region  225 . 
     In examples, the sensing control logic  230  can include correlation logic  330  to correlate the sensor change value, the detected attributes and the input type to an output signal  305 . The output signal  305  can be selected for one of multiple connected devices  325  (e.g., light(s)  25 , target device(s)  30 ). Additionally, the output signal  305  can specify a setting or command based on the connected device  325 . In some variations, the output signal can be specific to the type or functionality of the connected device  325 . 
     Methodology 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a method of operating a touch-based control device, according to one or more examples. In describing an example of  FIG.  4   , reference may be made to elements described with  FIG.  1 A ,  FIG.  1 B ,  FIG.  2 A ,  FIG.  2 B  and  FIG.  3   , for purpose of illustrating suitable elements for performing a step or sub-step being described, 
     According to examples, the control module  120  continuously monitors sensor signals  301  generated by sensing elements of the sensing layer  210  ( 410 ). The control module  120  can further detect instances when one or multiple sensor signals  301  modulate in a manner that is potentially indicative of a touch-input ( 420 ). For example, the control module  120  can detect when the modulating sensor signal(s)  301  exceed a corresponding baseline value by an amount which exceeds the touch trigger threshold. 
     The control module  120  can process the modulating sensor signals  301  to determine whether a touch input has occurred ( 430 ). Further, in making the determination, the control module  120  can implement calibration and/or sensitivity adjustments that are based on the location of the sensor signals  301  ( 432 ). In particular, the control module  120  can implement the calibration and/or sensitivity adjustments so that modulated sensor signals  301 , resulting from one or multiple sensing elements that are adjacent to a void or perimeter region, can properly be detected and interpreted as touch input. 
     As an addition or alternative, the control module  120  can analyze modulating sensor signal(s)  301  to identify attributes that include (i) a number of modulating sensing elements, (ii) the variation amongst the modulated sensor signals  301 , (iii) the degree and/or duration to which the sensor signals  301  are modulated, and (iv) the location of the modulated sensor signals  301 . Additionally, the control module  120  can weight attributes determined from sensing elements that are proximate or adjacent void or perimeter regions to reflect more sensitivity, so as to better detect touch-input that occurs over a void or perimeter region. 
     Among other advantages, examples such as described with  FIG.  4    and elsewhere in this application enable touch input to be detected at any location of a touch input region, without so-called blind spots that would otherwise hinder responsiveness under conventional approaches. 
     It is contemplated for examples described herein to extend to individual elements and concepts described herein, independently of other concepts, ideas or systems, as well as for examples to include combinations of elements recited anywhere in this application. Although examples are described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the concepts are not limited to those precise examples. As such, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the concepts be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. Furthermore, it is contemplated that a particular feature described either individually or as part of an example can be combined with other individually described features, or parts of other examples, even if the other features and examples make no mention of the particular feature. Thus, the absence of describing combinations should not preclude claiming rights to such combinations.