Patent Publication Number: US-11382038-B2

Title: Configuration of wake-up signal maximum transmission lengths

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Submission Under 35 U.S.C. § 371 for U.S. National Stage Patent Application of International Application No.: PCT/SE2019/050152, filed Feb. 19, 2019 entitled “CONFIGURATION OF WAKE-UP SIGNAL MAXIMUM TRANSMISSION LENGTHS,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/635,844, filed Feb. 27, 2018, entitled “CONFIGURATION OF WAKE-UP SIGNAL MAXIMUM TRANSMISSION LENGTHS,” the entireties of both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system and, in particular, to a wake-up signal in a wireless communication system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There has been a lot of work in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) lately on specifying technologies to cover Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and/or Internet of Things (IoT) related use cases. Most recent work for 3GPP Releases 13 and 14 includes enhancements to support Machine Type Communications (MTC) with new User Equipment device (UE) categories (Cat-M1, Cat-M2), supporting reduced bandwidth of six Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) (up to 24 PRBs for Cat-M2), and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) UEs providing a new radio interface (and UE categories, Cat-NB1 and Cat-NB2). 
     The Long Term Evolution (LTE) enhancements introduced in 3GPP Releases 13, 14, and 15 for MTC are referred to herein as “enhanced MTC (eMTC),” including (not limiting) support for bandwidth limited UEs, Cat-M1, and support for coverage enhancements. This is to separate the discussion from NB-IoT (notation here used for any Release), although the supported features are similar on a general level. 
     There are multiple differences between “legacy” LTE and the procedures and channels defined for eMTC and for NB-IoT. Some important differences include a new physical channel, such as the Physical Downlink Control Channels (PDCCHs), called MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH) in eMTC and Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH) in NB-IoT, and a new Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel (NPRACH), for NB-IoT. Another important difference is the coverage level (also known as Coverage Enhancement (CE) level) that these technologies can support. By applying repetitions to the transmitted signals and channels, both eMTC and NB-IoT allow UE operation down to much lower Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) levels compared to LTE, i.e. Es/Iot≥−15 decibels (dB) being the lowest operating point for eMTC and NB-IoT which can be compared to −6 dB Es/IoT for “legacy” LTE. 
     In Release 15, there is a common Work Item (WI) objective in the approved WIs for both NB-IoT and Release 15 enhancements for eMTC. The description for NB-IoT is as follows: 
     A. Work on the following objectives to commence from RAN #75 (according to TU allocation per WG) and strive for completion by RAN #78: 
     Further Latency and Power Consumption Reduction
         Power consumption reduction for physical channels
           Study and, if found beneficial, specify for idle mode paging and/or connected mode DRX, physical signal/channel that can be efficiently decoded or detected prior to decoding NPDCCH/NPDSCH. [RAN1, RAN2, RAN4]   
               

     And with a similar formulation for eMTC: 
     Improved power consumption:
         Power consumption reduction for physical channels [RAN1 lead, RAN2, RAN4]
           Study and, if found beneficial for idle mode paging and/or connected mode DRX, specify physical signal/channel that can be efficiently decoded or detected prior to decoding the physical downlink control/data channel.   
               

     So far, the topic has been discussed in two Radio Access Network Working Group 1 (RAN1) meetings and most recently in RAN1 #89 where it was agreed for both NB-IoT and eMTC that:
         A physical signal/channel indicating whether the UE needs to decode subsequent physical [control] channel(s) is introduced, at least for idle mode paging. Candidates for the signal/channel are:
           Wake-Up Signal (WUS) or Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)   Go-To-Sleep Signal (GTS) or DTX   WUS with no DTX   Downlink control information   For Further Study (FFS) whether synchronization to the camped-on cell is assumed for detecting/decoding WUS/GTS, depending on the (extended) Discontinuous Reception ((e)DRX) cycle length   Design details are FFS   
           Connected mode DRX is FFS       

     The ‘Wake-Up Signal’ and ‘Go-To-Sleep Signal’ solutions are based on the transmission of a short signal which would indicate to the UE whether or not it would have to continue to decode the full MPDCCH (eMTC) or NPDCCH (NB-IoT). The decoding time for the former signal is considerably shorter than full MPDCCH or NPDCCH which gives a reduced UE power consumption and longer battery life, as presented in R1-1706887. The WUS would be transmitted only when there is paging for the UE; if there is not paging for the UE, the WUS will not be transmitted (i.e., the meaning of DTX in the above agreement) and the UE would go back to sleep. The GTS would be transmitted only when there is not any paging for the UE; if there is paging for the UE, the GTS will not be transmitted (the meaning of DTX in the above agreement) and the UE would continue to decode NPDCCH or MPDCCH. 
     In RAN1 #90 the following working assumption was agreed:
         For idle mode,
           In specifying a power saving physical signal to indicate whether the UE needs to decode subsequent physical channel(s) for idle mode paging, select a candidate among the following power saving physical signals:
               WUS or DTX   WUS with no DTX   
               
               

     Cell coverage in both eMTC and NB-IoT is controlled by the maximum number of repetitions, Rmax, that a message may be transmitted with. The Rmax values may be defined in values from 1 to 2048, where the next value is a doubling of the previous one. The coverage of a specific number of repetitions, R, is not only dependent on R, but also on the message size, since a longer message typically requires a higher R compared to a shorter message, provided the same coverage. Paging messages using the xPDCCH, where xPDCCH denotes MPDCCH for eMTC and NPDCCH for NB-IoT, are typically the same size (not the same number of repetitions of that message, though) for a given cell, providing a constant maximum coverage. 
     The WUS is a new signal that is being defined in Release 15. The WUS gives rise to new challenges that must be addressed. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems and methods for transmission and reception of a wake-up signal having a determined maximum length that is related to a maximum repetition value of another signal are disclosed. Embodiments of a method in a wireless device for determining a maximum length of a wake-up signal (WUSmax value) representing a maximum duration of the wake-up signal, the WUSmax value being related to a maximum repetition value (Rmax value) representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by a network node in a cellular communications network are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method in the wireless device comprises receiving a Rmax value from the network node, determining a WUSmax value based on the Rmax value, and attempting to detect a wake-up signal from the network node using the determined WUSmax value. In this manner, the signaling cost for WUSmax can be reduced and thereby save valuable network resources. 
     In some embodiments, the wake-up signal is a signal that indicates to the wireless device that the wireless device is to continue to decode a respective channel. 
     In some embodiments, the Rmax value defines a maximum number of repetitions used by the network node when transmitting a physical downlink control channel. Further, in some embodiments, the wireless device is a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device, and the physical downlink control channel is a MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH). In some other embodiments, the wireless device is a Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) device, and the physical downlink control channel is a Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH). 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining the WUSmax value from the Rmax value by a mathematical function. In some embodiments, the mathematical function is predefined. 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining the WUSmax value from the Rmax value by a table lookup. In some embodiments, the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving a wake-up signal delta value (WUSdelta value) from the network node. Further, in some embodiments, determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value. 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining the WUSmax value from the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value by a mathematical function. Further, in some embodiments, the mathematical function is predefined. 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining the WUSmax value from the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value by a table lookup. In some embodiments, the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining the WUSmax value from the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value such that the WUSmax value is changed from a previous WUSmax value if the WUSdelta value is actually received. 
     Embodiments of a wireless device for determining a WUSmax value representing a maximum duration of a wake-up signal, the WUSmax value being related to a Rmax value representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by a network node in a cellular communications network, are also disclosed. In some embodiments, the wireless device is adapted to receive a Rmax value from the network node, determine a WUSmax value based on the Rmax value, and attempt to detect a wake-up signal from the network node using the determined WUSmax value. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless device comprises one or more receivers and processing circuitry associated with the one or more receivers, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the wireless device to receive a Rmax value from the network node, determine a WUSmax value based on the Rmax value, and attempt to detect a wake-up signal from the network node using the determined WUSmax value. 
     Embodiments of a method in a wireless device for determining a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device in a cellular communications network are also disclosed. In some embodiments, the method in the wireless device comprises receiving a Rmax value from a network node, the Rmax value representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by the network node in the cellular communications network. The method further comprises receiving a WUSdelta value from the network node, wherein a WUSmax value that represents a maximum duration of a wake-up signal is based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value. The method further comprises determining a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value, and attempting to synchronize to the cellular communications network using the determined synchronization method. 
     In some embodiments, the wake-up signal is a signal that indicates to the wireless device that the wireless device is to continue to decode a respective channel. 
     In some embodiments, the Rmax value defines a maximum number of repetitions used by the network node when transmitting a physical downlink control channel. Further, in some embodiments, the wireless device is an MTC device, and the physical downlink control channel is a MPDCCH. In some other embodiments, the wireless device is a NB-IoT device, and the physical downlink control channel is a NPDCCH. 
     In some embodiments, determining the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value comprises determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value where the WUSmax value representing a maximum duration of a wake-up signal, and determining the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on a comparison of the WUSmax value to a threshold. Further, in some embodiments, determining the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on a comparison of the WUSmax value to a threshold comprises comparing the WUSmax value to the threshold, determining that a wake-up signal can be used for synchronization if the WUSmax value is greater than the threshold, and otherwise determining that another synchronization method is to be used. Further, in some embodiments, the other synchronization method is a wake-up signal independent synchronization method. In some embodiments, the threshold is a function of a Discontinuous Reception (DRX) or extended DRX (eDRX) cycle. In some embodiments, the threshold is a function of a DRX or eDRX cycle such that a shorter DRX or eDRX cycle results in a lower threshold and a longer DRX or eDRX cycle results in a higher threshold. 
     Embodiments of a wireless device for determining a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device in a cellular communications network are also disclosed. In some embodiments, the wireless device is adapted to receive a Rmax value from a network node where the Rmax value represents a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by the network node in the cellular communications network, receive a WUSdelta value from the network node wherein a WUSmax value for a wake-up signal is based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value, determine a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value, and attempt to synchronize to the cellular communications network using the determined synchronization method. 
     In some other embodiments, the wireless device comprises one or more receivers and processing circuitry associated with the one or more receivers, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause the wireless device to receive a Rmax value from a network node where the Rmax value represents a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by the network node in the cellular communications network, receive a WUSdelta value from the network node wherein a WUSmax value for a wake-up signal is based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value, determine a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value, and attempt to synchronize to the cellular communications network using the determined synchronization method. 
     Embodiments of a method in a network node for efficiently transmitting information of a wake-up signal maximum length, related to a maximum repetition factor used for other signals, are also disclosed. In some embodiments, the method comprises determining a default WUSmax value related to a Rmax value used for other signals, and transmitting a wake-up signal using the determined WUSmax value as limiting a number of repetitions of the wake-up signal that are transmitted. 
     In some embodiments, the wake-up signal is a signal transmitted by the network node to indicate to a wireless device that the wireless device is to continue to decode a respective channel. Further, in some embodiments, the respective channel is a physical downlink control channel, and the Rmax value defines a maximum number of repetitions used by the network node when transmitting the physical downlink control channel. Further, in some embodiments, the wireless device is an MTC device, and the physical downlink control channel is a MPDCCH. In some other embodiments, the wireless device is a NB-IoT device, and the physical downlink control channel is a NPDCCH. 
     In some embodiments, a default wake-up signal coverage is determined from the default WUSmax value and a preferred wake-up signal coverage is different from the default wake-up signal coverage. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the preferred wake-up signal coverage. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining, based on the preferred wake-up signal coverage, at least one WUSdelta value related to the default wake-up signal coverage. Further, in some embodiments, the method further comprises transmitting the at least one WUSdelta value in system information of the network node. 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSdelta value comprises determining the WUSdelta value from the Rmax value by a mathematical formula. In some embodiments, the mathematical formula is predefined. 
     In some embodiments, determining the WUSdelta value comprises determining the WUSdelta value from the Rmax value by table lookup. In some embodiments, the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     In some embodiments, transmitting the wake-up signal comprises transmitting the wake-up signal using a WUSmax value determined based on the default WUSmax value and the WUSdelta value as limiting a number of repetitions of the wake-up signal that are transmitted. 
     In some embodiments, determining the default WUSmax value comprises determining the default WUSmax value from the Rmax value by mathematical formula. In some embodiments, the mathematical formula is predefined. 
     In some embodiments, determining the default WUSmax value comprises determining the default WUSmax value from the Rmax value by table lookup. In some embodiments, the table lookup uses a predefined table. In some embodiments, the WUSdelta value indicates a deviation from the predefined table. 
     In some embodiments, the preferred wake-up signal coverage is increased due to User Equipments (UEs) using a specific low performance wake-up radio. 
     Embodiments of a network node for efficiently transmitting information of a wake-up signal maximum length, related to a maximum repetition factor used for other signals, are disclosed. In some embodiments, the network node is adapted to determine a default WUSmax value related to a Rmax value used for other signals and transmit a wake-up signal using the determined WUSmax value as limiting a number of repetitions of the wake-up signal that are transmitted. 
     In some other embodiments, the network node comprises processing circuitry configured to cause the network node to determine a default WUSmax value related to a Rmax value used for other signals, and transmit a wake-up signal using the determined WUSmax value as limiting a number of repetitions of the wake-up signal that are transmitted. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a cellular communications network in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a method in a network node for efficiently providing information to a wireless device of a Wake-Up Signal (WUS) maximum length (WUSmax) related to a maximum repetition factor (Rmax) used for other signals in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates a method in a wireless device for determining a WUSmax value that is related to an Rmax value that represents the maximum number of repetitions of a control channel in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates a method in a wireless device in which the WUSdelta parameter is used to implicitly signal a preferred synchronization method/functionality in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is an example of a WUS configuration procedure in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the base station and wireless device perspectives with respect to the relation between the number of WUS and paging occasions in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates that the WUS location is a function of two parameters, namely, WUS duration and WUS distance from the associated paging occasion; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates example simulation results that show WUS missed detection performance for different WUS lengths at 5% false detection rate for ETU1 and without any power boosting or transmit diversity; 
         FIGS. 8 through 10  illustrate example embodiments of a radio access node; 
         FIGS. 11 and 12  illustrate example embodiments of a wireless device; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an example communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates example implementations of a User Equipment (UE), a base station, and a host computer in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIGS. 15 through 18  are flow charts that illustrate example methods in the communication system of  FIGS. 13 and 14  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments set forth below represent information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure. 
     Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features, and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description. 
     Radio Node: As used herein, a “radio node” is either a radio access node or a wireless device. 
     Radio Access Node: As used herein, a “radio access node” or “radio network node” is any node in a radio access network of a cellular communications network that operates to wirelessly transmit and/or receive signals. Some examples of a radio access node include, but are not limited to, a base station (e.g., a New Radio (NR) base station (gNB) in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) NR network or an enhanced or evolved Node B (eNB) in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network), a high-power or macro base station, a low-power base station (e.g., a micro base station, a pico base station, a home eNB, or the like), and a relay node. 
     Core Network Node: As used herein, a “core network node” is any type of node in a core network. Some examples of a core network node include, e.g., a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), a Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF), or the like. 
     Wireless Device: As used herein, a “wireless device” is any type of device that has access to (i.e., is served by) a cellular communications network by wirelessly transmitting and/or receiving signals to a radio access node(s). Some examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a User Equipment (UE) in a 3GPP network and a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device. 
     Network Node: As used herein, a “network node” is any node that is either part of the radio access network or the core network of a cellular communications network/system. 
     Note that the description given herein focuses on a 3GPP cellular communications system and, as such, 3GPP terminology or terminology similar to 3GPP terminology is oftentimes used. However, the concepts disclosed herein are not limited to a 3GPP system. 
     Note that, in the description herein, reference may be made to the term “cell;” however, particularly with respect to 5G NR concepts, beams may be used instead of cells and, as such, it is important to note that the concepts described herein are equally applicable to both cells and beams. 
     There currently exist certain challenge(s). As discussed above, the Wake-Up Signal (WUS) is a new signal that is being defined in 3GPP Release 15. The WUS is supposed to work together with the xPDCCH, where “xPDCCH” is used herein to denote the MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH) in enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) and the Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH) in Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Further, since the WUS is supposed to work together with the xPDCCH, the coverage of the WUS is hence required to be similar to that of the xPDCCH signals since the UE needs to decode the WUS in order to know whether to fully decode the xPDCCH. Control channel (e.g., xPDCCH) coverage in both eMTC and NB-IoT is achieved by repetitions, where the maximum number of repetitions is transmitted (i.e., signaled) as Rmax. Since the WUS is a much smaller signal, using Rmax as the maximum number of repetitions of the WUS implies a substantially larger coverage for the WUS as compared to that of the xPDCCH and unnecessary overhead as a result. Therefore, the Rmax is ill suited for the WUS as the maximum length of the WUS. Using the same Rmax for the WUS may also lead to coverage mismatch between the different channels. Hence, there is a need for an efficient signaling of a WUSmax value (i.e., a maximum length of a WUS) such that WUS coverage can be matched to the xPDCCH coverage as defined by Rmax. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to the aforementioned or other challenges. In the present disclosure, a method of relating the WUS configuration with the current Rmax configuration used for paging is proposed. The method is applied both on the network node and the wireless device. 
     The main step in the network embodiment is to determine the WUSmax, which is based on a number of steps involving, in some embodiments, a network node determining a default WUSmax, a preferred WUS coverage, and relating it to Rmax. The network node may apply certain rules or follow a certain predefined table to determine the WUSmax. The network node may then transmit WUS signals according to the determined WUSmax. In addition, the network node may signal the WUSmax to the wireless devices in its cell, e.g., by broadcasting or providing in system information. 
     The main step in the wireless device is that the wireless device (e.g., the UE) uses the received information in attempting to decode the WUS. More specifically, the wireless device keeps trying to decode the WUS until it has reached the WUSmax number of repetitions. However, if the wireless device has succeeded to decode the WUS earlier than it has reached WUSmax, it may switch off its receiver. 
     The core essence of this solution is to add configuration possibilities for paging the WUS in order for the network to configure it such that it would always result in wireless device power consumption reduction and not the opposite. 
     Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). In the present disclosure, an efficient method of relating the WUS configuration with the current Rmax configuration used for paging is proposed. In this way, the signaling cost for WUSmax can be reduced and thereby save valuable network resources. These savings are particularly important since they need to be transmitted either with Rmax repetitions to cover the whole cell, or repeatedly to all UEs individually. Since WUSmax and Rmax both aim for similar coverage, they are clearly related. However, different wireless devices may have different WUS performance from using different low power WUS radio designs, which is why some flexibility is still warranted. 
     Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a cellular communications network  100  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In the embodiments described herein, the cellular communications network  100  is a 3GPP network (e.g., a LTE or 5G NR network). In this example, the cellular communications network  100  includes base stations  102 - 1  and  102 - 2 , which in LTE are referred to as eNBs and in 5G NR are referred to as gNBs, controlling corresponding macro cells  104 - 1  and  104 - 2 . The base stations  102 - 1  and  102 - 2  are generally referred to herein collectively as base stations  102  and individually as base station  102 . Likewise, the macro cells  104 - 1  and  104 - 2  are generally referred to herein collectively as macro cells  104  and individually as macro cell  104 . The cellular communications network  100  may also include a number of low power nodes  106 - 1  through  106 - 4  controlling corresponding small cells  108 - 1  through  108 - 4 . The low power nodes  106 - 1  through  106 - 4  can be small base stations (such as pico or femto base stations) or Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), or the like. Notably, while not illustrated, one or more of the small cells  108 - 1  through  108 - 4  may alternatively be provided by the base stations  102 . The low power nodes  106 - 1  through  106 - 4  are generally referred to herein collectively as low power nodes  106  and individually as low power node  106 . Likewise, the small cells  108 - 1  through  108 - 4  are generally referred to herein collectively as small cells  108  and individually as small cell  108 . The base stations  102  (and optionally the low power nodes  106 ) are connected to a core network  110 . 
     The base stations  102  and the low power nodes  106  provide service to wireless devices  112 - 1  through  112 - 5  in the corresponding cells  104  and  108 . The wireless devices  112 - 1  through  112 - 5  are generally referred to herein collectively as wireless devices  112  and individually as wireless device  112 . The wireless devices  112  are also sometimes referred to herein as UEs. 
     One aspect of the present disclosure is a method in a network node (e.g., a base station  102  or low power node  106 ) for efficiently providing information to a wireless device (e.g., a wireless device  112 ) of a WUS maximum length, WUSmax, related to a maximum repetition factor, Rmax, used for other signals, see  FIG. 2 . Optional steps are represented by dashed lines. 
     In a first step (step  200 ), the network node determines a default WUSmax value related to the Rmax. The default WUSmax value can be the starting value. In one example, the default WUSmax value can be the same as the Rmax value, where the Rmax value represents the maximum number of repetitions of another signal(s) transmitted by the network node. In particular, in the preferred embodiments disclosed herein, the Rmax value represents the maximum number of repetitions of MPDCCH for eMTC or the maximum number of repetitions of NPDCCH for NB-IoT. Second, the network node transmits at least one WUS, the number of repetitions of which is limited by the determined WUSmax value (step  208 ). 
     In one embodiment which may be optional, a preferred WUS coverage is determined, where the preferred WUS coverage for the WUS is different from the default WUS coverage (step  202 ). Herein, the preferred WUS coverage means the level of coverage required for the WUS to be aligned with the paging (xPDCCH) coverage level. For example, if xPDCCH channels are transmitted such that they are decodable down to a certain Es/lot level, then the preferred WUS coverage should have at least the same level. Otherwise, the wireless device may fail to decode, e.g., paging because the WUS was not transmitted with a sufficient number of repetitions. In a related embodiment which may be optional, at least one WUSdelta parameter is determined based on the preferred WUS coverage and the default WUS coverage (step  204 ). In yet a further embodiment which may be optional, the at least one determined WUSdelta parameter is transmitted to the wireless device, e.g., in the system information or in dedicated signaling (step  206 ). 
     Note that if there is at least one WUSdelta parameter, it is then the WUSmax determined based on the WUSdelta, rather than the default WUSmax, that is used to limit the number of transmissions of the WUS in step  208 . Thus, the assumption is that there is a default WUSmax value is related to Rmax. This may then be modified with the WUSdelta parameter, e.g., corresponding to an increased or decreased Rmax. One example: Assume Rmax=32 implies a WUSmax=3. The UE receives the Rmax and knows that default WUSmax=2. But the UE may also receive a WUSdelta=−1, implying that it should use a lower WUSmax, e.g., the WUSmax corresponding to Rmax=16 (i.e., one step smaller Rmax). That WUSmax may be 2 instead. 
     Note that in some embodiments, at least one WUSdelta value is signaled, e.g., assuming the WUSdelta would need fewer bits than signaling the WUSmax. Some examples are given herein. As another example, an a priori known scaling factor can be applied to the default WUSmax, in which one bit WUSdelta could imply scaling with e.g., 0.5 or 2 (for the sake of simplicity). 
     In one embodiment, the WUSmax and WUSdelta are determined by mathematical functions from Rmax. In eMTC, Rmax is determined by the configurable parameter mPDCCH-NumRepetition defined in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 36.331 and Rmax&gt;1. For example, WUSmax can be derived from the Rmax configured for paging in a cell from a predefined linear function, possible with an optional adjustment factor,
 
WUSmax= R max/ K+L  
 
Here, K is a positive integer which can be either explicitly defined in a specification or signaled to the device as a part of WUSdelta from a set of choices that is explicitly defined in the specification. Similarly, L is an optional adjustment factor that can also be signaled as a part of WUSdelta to the wireless device to adjust the WUSmax value. The values K and L can depend on several factors, e.g. the desired coverage level of the wireless device, wireless device mobility behavior (e.g., speed), transmitted power of the different channels, previous decoding statistics/history, etc. Furthermore, if the result of Rmax/K is not an integer, it can either be rounded up or down to the closet integer, or rounded up to the closet integer that is a power of 2.
 
     In one embodiment, the WUSmax value is determined by a standardized table from one or both of WUSdelta and Rmax, as shown in the example of Table 1, such that the wireless device knows a priori which default WUSmax belongs to which Rmax value. The said mapping table can be predefined, e.g., in a respective 3GPP TS, or it can be derived by using the two parameters according to a certain rule. In an associated embodiment, the WUSdelta parameter could signal deviations from the table, e.g., using the WUSmax value belonging to a higher or lower Rmax value compared to the transmitted Rmax value. In yet a further embodiment, the signaling of Rmax could be optional such that a different WUSmax value is only used if the WUSdelta parameter is actually transmitted. In one embodiment the WUSdelta value would then indicate either an increase or a decrease of WUSmax, but not allow for an unchanged WUSmax. 
     In yet another embodiment, the WUSmax value is further altered from knowledge that the device is using a specific low performance wake-up radio. Such a receiver could, e.g., have a known or assumed performance loss compared to the usual receiver (which performance is standardized), which would translate to a coverage loss, for which WUSmax needs to be compensated. 
     A second aspect of the present disclosure is a method in a wireless device (e.g., wireless device  112 ) for determining a WUSmax value that is related to an Rmax value that represents the maximum number of repetitions of the control channel. The method comprises the following steps, see  FIG. 3A . Again, optional steps are represented by dashed lines. 
     First (step  300 ), the wireless device receives an Rmax value from the network node (e.g., base station  102  or low power node  106 ), e.g., by receiving system information. Second, the wireless device determines the WUSmax value from the received Rmax value (step  304 ). The wireless device may use received WUS related information (e.g., a WUSdelta value received in step  302 , values of K, L, the mapping table, mapping rule, etc.) to determine the WUSmax. Finally, the wireless device uses the determined WUSmax value in attempting to detect a WUS, such that the WUS repetitions are limited to the WUSmax value (step  306 ). 
     In one embodiment which may be optional (step  302 ), a WUSdelta is received, and WUSmax is determined either from, e.g., a mathematical function including both WUSdelta and Rmax or from a table lookup based on WUSdelta and Rmax (i.e., determined from a table including both WUSdelta and Rmax). 
     In one embodiment, the WUSmax value is determined from Rmax and possibly WUSdelta by using a mathematical function. In another embodiment, the WUSmax value is determined by a lookup table, see, e.g., Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of multidimensional table with Rmax 
               
               
                 and WUSdelta resulting in WUSmax values 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Rmax 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 WUSmax 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
                 64 
                 128 
                 256 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 WUSdelta 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 5 
                 6 
                 10 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
                 12 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, WUSdelta is optionally transmitted, the absence of which indicated the default WUSmax, and the existence of WUSdelta indicates a deviation from the default WUSmax, e.g., a movement one or more steps in either direction, see Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of movements one step in either direction 
               
               
                 by use of WUSdelta increment or decrement signaling 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Rmax 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 WUSmax 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
                 64 
                 128 
                 256 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 WUSdelta 
                 −1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 [0] 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
                 10 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                  1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 4 
                 6 
                 8 
                 10 
                 12 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to the embodiments described above, in some embodiments, the WUSdelta is used for implicit signaling of synchronization functionality. An unsynchronized wireless device (e.g., a UE) requires a longer sequence for the same detection performance, compared to a synchronized wireless device (e.g., a UE). In this case, the base station (e.g., an eNB) would signal a WUSdelta value corresponding to a shorter WUSmax if the base station wants the wireless device to use another means of synchronization, and a WUSdelta value corresponding to a longer WUSmax if the base station wants the wireless device to be able to use the WUS for synchronization. Thus, in some embodiments, in step  206  of  FIG. 2 , the base station signals a WUSdelta value corresponding to a shorter WUSmax if the base station wants the wireless device to use another means of synchronization, and a WUSdelta value corresponding to a longer WUSmax if the base station wants the wireless device to be able to use the WUS for synchronization. 
     As for the wireless device (e.g., UE), in some embodiments, the wireless device determines a preferred synchronization method based on a WUSdelta value. Typically, wireless devices (e.g., UEs) synchronize towards the network with Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), after which the wireless device has gained time and frequency synchronization and determined the cell Identifier (ID). However, if instead the WUS is used for synchronization, the wireless device will be able to instead use the WUS for synchronization when waking up from sleep mode in order to read a WUS. However, in some embodiments, the network may choose to vary the length of the WUS such that it may or may not be used for synchronization. Thus, in some embodiments, the WUS delta parameter can be used to implicitly signal the preferred synchronization method/functionality, as described above. As illustrated in  FIG. 3B , on the wireless device side, the wireless device receives the Rmax and WUSdelta information, as described above (steps  300  and  302 ). The wireless device determines the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax and WUSdelta information (step  304 B). More specifically, in one embodiment, the wireless device determines whether the resulting WUSmax (i.e., the WUSmax resulting from a default WUSmax derived from the Rmax, and the WUSdelta) is sufficiently long to be used for synchronization. If so, the wireless device determines that WUS is to be used for synchronization. Otherwise, the wireless device determines that another means of synchronization is to be used, e.g., legacy PSS/SSS for eMTC or NB-IoT PSS (NPSS)/NB-IoT SSS (NSSS) for NB-IoT. The wireless device uses the determined synchronization method for attempting to synchronize towards the network (step  306 B). 
     In step  304 B, in some embodiments, the wireless device determines the synchronization method to use by comparing the WUSmax (resulting from Rmax and WUSdelta) to a threshold. In one embodiment, the threshold that is used for determining the synchronization method is variable with respect to the Discontinuous Reception (DRX) or extended DRX (eDRX) cycle, such that a shorter (e)DRX cycle will result in a lower threshold, and vice versa. If the WUSmax is greater than the threshold, then the WUS can be used for synchronization. Otherwise, another synchronization method is used. 
     The following text describes some example implementations of at least some aspects of the embodiments described above as they relate to a specific type of 3GPP network. 
     In RAN1 #91, the following agreements on downlink channel power efficiency for MTC were reached [1]: 
     Agreements:
         At least in a UE&#39;s DRX cycle, one WUS informs UE whether to monitor the PO in a single DRX cycle   Working assumption: At least in a UE&#39;s DRX cycle, how the UE knows the WUS time location, is:
           A WUS has a time location which is configurable with respect to the associated PO(s) location(s)   
           There is at least one WUS parameter determined by at least SI for at least IDLE_MODE UE.   The [maximum] WUS length in a cell is configurable   Further study the benefits of potential diversity methods in WUS design   Further study the benefits of potential inter-cell interference randomization methods in WUS design       

     A UE power saving design for MTC is proposed below for dealing with many of the significant outstanding questions. The discussion below also presents the power performance improvements resulting from the design. 
     In regard to 3GPP Release 15, it is proposed that WUS or DTX with a new synchronization signal is chosen as power saving procedure. Furthermore, based on presented simulation results, it is apparent that RRC_IDLE mode is prioritized before RRC_CONNECTED mode. Combined with little remaining time, the remaining meetings should focus on RRC_IDLE mode. Thus, it is also proposed that WUS is specified for IDLE mode. 
     Network Paging Procedure: Generally, it is desired to minimize the impact to the standard and maintain the layer  3  paging procedure. That is, MME transmits paging request to the eNB, paging is transparent to the eNB in the sense it does not keep track of the paging once sent, and whether WUS is transmitted to a UE is controlled by eNB, see  FIG. 4 , which is a signaling diagram for WUS configuration and procedure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the UE sends UE WUS capability information to the eNB (step  1 ). The UE WUS capability information indicates the UE&#39;s capability to monitor for the WUS. The eNB provides UE radio paging information to the MME (step  2 ). The eNB also sends cell-specific WUS configuration information to the UE (step  3 ). The UE monitors for a WUS in accordance with the received cell-specific WUS configuration (step  4 ). Upon the arrival of data at the MME (step  5 ), the MME sends a paging request to the eNB (step  5 ). The eNB transmits a WUS (step  7 ). Upon detecting the WUS, the UE continues to read the xPDCCH (step  8 ). 
     It is understood that the higher layer paging process, with WUS implemented as a RAN feature. A more detailed description related to WUS is found in [ 5 ]. 
     It is observed that the wake-up signal should be designed such that interoperability testing is kept to a minimum, to avoid delaying and restricting the introduction of this feature. 
     WUS Monitoring Duration: A reasonable paging approach is that, in the first attempt the eNB makes to reach the UE, the WUS is sent with a WUS corresponding to the UE&#39;s coverage level. In case two or more UEs are being addressed, the WUS is dimensioned after the UE with the worst coverage level. If the UE does not respond to the first paging message, the subsequent WUS may be transmitted to provide increased coverage all the way up to the maximum number or WUS repetitions supported by the cell, WUSmax. 
     A starting point when defining the number of WUS repetitions is to consider how repetitions of paging messages are defined. For paging, the UE is required to receive paging, implying that the UE must monitor paging up to Rmax. From a power perspective, this is clearly a potentially very expensive requirement, particularly for UEs in good coverage, in case no paging message is present. Instead, if the UE prior to attempting to detect the WUS has estimated its coverage, it may be possible to determine a likely number of repetitions to accumulate for a high probability WUS detection, without the UE being required to accumulate all the way up to Rmax. The number of repetitions may be determined by RAN4 in 3GPP TS 36.133. 
     It is observed that the number of repetitions the UE is required to monitor for a given coverage level will be determined by RAN4. 
     UE Idle Mode Paging Cycle Operations: Waking up from a long duration of sleep, the UE is required to perform multiple tasks. So far, the discussions have focused on the WUS, but to make a suitable design, one must follow all RAN2 procedures and fulfil the RAN4 requirements, i.e., the complete paging cycle needs to be considered. For idle mode, the UE is required to perform the following operations:
         1. Network resynchronization
           a. Time-frequency synchronization and cell id confirmation   
           2. Serving cell and occasionally also neighboring cell measurements   3. Decode paging
           a. Detect WUS, and, if found,   b. Decode MPDCCH   
               

     Naturally, depending on the UE implementation, some of the above tasks could be performed in altering order, or even simultaneously, but they still need to be performed. It is also worth noting that, at least for the eDRX case, the UE needs to accumulate several measurement samples for cell detection, measurement, and evaluation with some duration in-between measurements to obtain a more accurate measurement result [ 6 ]. Considering the working assumption from RAN1 #90 bis about the idle mode power saving signal being WUS or DTX′, the above operations are only possible if the UE is synchronized prior to attempting to detect the WUS, unless the UE should perform another sync attempt when no WUS is detected. 
     It is observed that network synchronization should be performed independently of the wake-up signal to benefit idle mode operations also when no wake-up signal is transmitted. 
     Here it is also worth noting that the WI objective ‘Relaxed monitoring for cell reselection’ in RAN2/4 only changes the measurement rules for cell re-selection as defined in [7], i.e. it changes when the UE is triggered to perform neighbor cell measurements. When the UE is triggered to perform such neighbor cell measurements, then the UE performs those measurements as defined in [6]. Hence, it does not change the requirements for idle mode procedures and measurement requirements for the cell that the UE is camping on. 
     It is observed that the WI objective ‘Relaxed monitoring for cell reselection’ does not imply a relaxed need for camping cell measurements, and thus network synchronization. 
     Here it is worth noting that the UE needs to reconfirm its cell ID and perform measurements ahead of detecting the WUS. Performing those tasks in a different order will result in a UE cannot perform the required idle mode mobility procedures or not detecting the WUS at all, since WUS is assumed to be cell specific as agreed in RAN1. 
     When the LTE-MTC UE is in eDRX or for longer DRX configurations, before monitoring the paging time window (PTW), it needs to confirm whether it remains in the same cell. If not, the UE needs to reacquire the system information if it has not stored System Information (SI) information of the new cell and find the Paging Occasion (PO) in the new cell. Notice that the cell identity is carried by the SSS (or possibly RSS). To receive the SSS correctly, the UE needs to synchronize to the network first. Therefore, even if the WUS can provide synchronization function and even cell id information, it cannot help the UE to identify the cell when no WUS is transmitted. It may also be worth noting that the WUS is most likely to be cell specific, and the configurations of WUS may differ among neighboring cells. Hence, when the UE is in eDRX, it needs to wake up early enough to confirm which cell it is in. This ensures the UE would not miss the WUS when it comes to a new cell. Combined with the WUS being a randomly transmitted signal from the UE perspective, it cannot be used for detecting cell changes. 
     It is observed that in many DRX and eDRX configurations, since the UE needs to confirm whether it remains in the same cell as before, by checking the SSS (or RSS), the UE is already synchronized to the network prior to the PTW. 
     It is observed that a UE cannot rely on a randomly transmitted signal like the WUS or DTX′ for network synchronization. 
     WUS-to-PO Relations: One topic that has been discussed over length at previous 3GPP meetings is the relation between WUS and PO. This topic can be approached from two perspectives—that of the eNB and that of the UE.  FIG. 5  illustrates the difference between the two. Specifically,  FIG. 5  illustrates the eNB and UE perspectives with respect to the relation between the number of WUS and POs. They are described in more detail in the following subsections. 
     eNB Perspective: There is little if any benefit with anything else than a 1-to-many mapping from the eNB perspective. Considering the paging rate, typically only one UE will be paged at the time and hence, only one PO will be utilized at a time. For that reason, network overhead is unaffected by aggregating POs from multiple UEs into the same WUS. However, there are clear disadvantages with a 1-to-many mapping, predominantly from an increased UE power consumption due to the increased false paging rate, but also from network fragmentation most likely negating any network overhead gain to be had. Also, a 1-to-many mapping would complicate the WUS positioning in relation to the PO. 
     Thus, it is observed that there is little if any benefit from a 1-to-many mapping of WUS and POs from the eNB perspective. 
     It is proposed that, from the eNB perspective, there is a 1-to-1 mapping between WUS and PO. 
     UE Perspective in DRX: From the UE perspective, i.e., the number of POs that the UE needs to monitor upon detection of a WUS, the simple and from a system perspective robust case is to use a 1-to-1 mapping. That will allow the least problems in the implementation of WUS and reduce interoperability issues between MME and eNB in case these have different vendors. There could however be situations where a larger power savings may be attractive despite the larger latency resulting from it. In eMTC, where the DRX cycle is the same as that of the underlying LTE network, it may be beneficial to allow a longer paging cycle at the expense of a higher latency. For such a case, it is however important that MME-eNB interface can handle it, and that UE mobility functionality is maintained. Also, for these cases the same effect can be achieved by increasing the PO cycle. Hence, there is little use with additional WUS to PO ratios from a power saving perspective. 
     It is proposed that, from the UE perspective, in DRX, there is a 1-to-1 between WUS and PO. 
     UE Perspective in eDRX: For the same reasons as for the DRX case, the default WUS configuration in eDRX should be simple and robust to ensure success and wide use of WUS. That implies a 1-to-1 mapping also here. 
     It is proposed that, from the UE perspective, in eDRX, the default network configuration is a 1-to-1 mapping between WUS and PO. 
     One problem that may be encountered when developing the wake-up signal is to understand the design impact from the simulation assumptions. One such parameter is the number of POs (#POs) per PTW that is fixed at  4  for both the assessed eDRX scenarios. Here, one solution that would provide substantial UE power gains is to decrease the number WUS so that only one WUS per PTW is selected. However, the same gains would arise from decreasing the number of POs in the PTW, and the question to consider is why the multiple POs were defined in the first place. There are three main reasons for this:
         1. UE mobility   2. Network robustness   3. Scheduling flexibility       

     To not compromise these, the number of POs should remain and the WUS design should not significantly compromise any of the above reasons. That excludes, e.g., mapping a single WUS to the whole PTW, since mobility is compromised without the ability of using WUS for paging escalation. However, adding only a second WUS in the PTW would allow for network escalation. Similarly, most of the scheduling flexibility benefits can be assumed to arise from allowing the eNB to choose between at least two POs when allocating the MPDCCH. From the network robustness side, e.g., between the MME-eNB interface, it is important that the duration between the WUS and the following MPDCCH is not too long, e.g., within 5 seconds (s). Furthermore, in eDRX, latency requirements are binary in that the paging message should be delivered within the PTW but disregarding at which POs within the PTW the page is received. Overall, the above implies that also for eDRX there is room for an optional WUS configuration. However, such an optional configuration must not compromise the ability of the network to reach a UE within the PTW. 
     It is proposed that the WUS design for eDRX must allow the network to reach a UE within a PTW. 
     It is proposed that, from the UE perspective, in eDRX, an optional network configuration is a 1-to-N mapping between WUS and PO. 
     WUS Location and Maximum Durations: In RAN1 #91, the WUS time location was agreed as a working assumption. This working assumption should be confirmed into an agreement. 
     It is proposed that, at least in a UE&#39;s DRX cycle, how the UE knows the WUS time location, is:
         A WUS has a time location which is configurable with respect to the associated PO(s) location(s)       

     Furthermore, there is little use with a different definition for eDRX, since when the UE wakes up, it is, per definition, in DRX. Also, the PTW is defined in relation to the first PO in the PTW why the same definition should be used for both DRX and eDRX. Hence, the same WUS time locations can be used for both DRX and eDRX. 
     It is proposed that the same WUS time offset compared to the PO is used for eDRX and DRX. 
     For power saving reasons, the WUS should be defined as the start of the WUS, since that would allow UEs in good coverage to spend less time in light sleep while otherwise needing to wait longer for its possibly much shorter WUS to appear. For eMTC, where network fragmentation is less of a problem due to the larger BW compared to, e.g., NB-IoT, this is judged to be the primary design parameter. Consequently, the WUS location is determined by two parameters as illustrated in  FIG. 6 :
         WUS duration   WUS distance from the associated PO
 
 FIG. 6  illustrates WUS location relative the associated PO.
       

     It is proposed that the WUS location is defined as a maximum WUS duration of a cell, WUSmax, and a WUS distance from the associated PO(s), WUSdist. 
     It is proposed that the sum of WUSmax and WUSdist indicates the WUS start location prior to the associated PO(s). 
     Considering the values of WUSmax, it is desirable that they should correspond to the coverage provided by Rmax in an MPDCCH paging message. Equating WUSmax with Rmax is clearly suboptimal since WUS will have much better coverage per repetition than MPDCCH due to its lower information content. That does not imply, though, that there is no relation between Rmax and WUSmax. As a starting point, the MPDCCH coverage as obtained by Rmax can be used to define WUSmax. However, WUS may be received both with the normal receiver or a dedicated and wake-up receiver with likely worse reception performance, why a rigid 1-to-1 mapping between WUSmax and Rmax is undesirable. Hence, some scaling between WUSmax and Rmax should be allowed. If WUSmax is derived from Rmax, only the differentiation needs to be signaled with a lower bit WUSdelta, thereby reducing the necessary information content to be distributed. Mathematically this may be expressed as WUSmax being a function of Rmax and WUSdelta,
 
WUS max =ƒ( R   max ,WUS delta )
 
     The function f( ) could be implemented as a lookup table matching WUS coverage using WUSmax with MPDCCH coverage using Rmax. WUSdelta could be an optional parameter in the case it is desirable to increase or decrease WUS coverage with WUSmax relative MPDCCH coverage with Rmax. For example, a 1-bit WUSdelta could allow WUSmax to be determined from a higher or lower Rmax instead. 
     It is proposed that WUSmax is determined from Rmax and an additional, optional parameter, WUSdelta, may further modify WUSmax. 
     WUS Sequence Design: To reduce WUS implementation complexity and provide inter-cell differentiation, an m-sequence is used as WUS. The existing use of m-sequences in the SSS avoid being confused with the WUS by utilizing the full 6 Physical Resource Block (PRB) Bandwidth (BW) and possibly also by using different polynomials. Taking advantage of the full 6 PRB, 72 Subcarrier (SC) BW is possible since the UE is already synchronized from the RSS or PSS, thereby eliminating the need for a guard band. The benefit with m-sequences compared to Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences is that they allow more sequences for the same sequence length, thereby allowing for more complete cell information to be provided by the sequence. Additionally, m-sequences have good inter-cell interference properties, well known from the SSS. Regarding detection performance, m-sequences are on par with ZC-sequences without the frequency ambiguity problem that is associated with ZC-sequences. 
     The performance for different numbers of m-sequence repetitions is presented in  FIG. 7 , for the SNR levels −22.5 decibels (dB), −12.5 dB and −2.5 dB, corresponding to MCLs 164 dB, 154 dB and 144 dB, respectively.  FIG. 7  illustrates WUS missed detection performance for different WUS lengths at 5% false detection rate for ETU1 and without any power boosting or Transmit (TX) diversity. The simulations are done for an ETU1 channel without either power boosting or TX diversity, implying further gains are possible. The results are based on a 72 SC wide m-sequence over 11 symbols per Subframe (SF) using a detection threshold corresponding to a 5% false detection rate. Received data has been coherently combined over a full subframe and noncoherently combined between subframes. This is well within the margin, considering the 30 Hertz (Hz) frequency error and the ETU1 channel. From  FIG. 7 , it is evident that 1 subframe is sufficient to detect a WUS at 144 dB MCL with a missed detection rate far below 1%. Furthermore, 4 subframes would suffice for 154 dB and 32 subframes combined with TX diversity or 3 dB power boost would suffice to achieve below 1% missed detection rate for the 164 dB MCL case. Moreover, 1 and 4 subframes would allow for a 70% and 90% detection rate, respectively, at 164 dB MCL. 
     It is proposed that M-sequences are used as wake-up signal sequence. 
     WUS detection defined as the correlated signal exceeding a threshold within the Cyclic Prefix (CP). ETU 1 channel and a false detection rate of 5%. Furthermore, the simulation assumptions stipulate a 30 Hz frequency error for eMTC, allowing for coherent detection for up to approximately 10 SFs for the stationary, no Doppler case. This may be particularly useful for the deeper coverage scenarios where stationarity is a reasonable assumption. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 99 th  percentile transmission durations for a 
               
               
                 6 PRB wide WUS, ETU 1 and no power boosting. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 WUS size (# 
                   
               
               
                   
                 SFs) 99 th   
                 MCL [dB] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 percentile 
                 144 
                 154 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ½ SF coherent 
                 &lt;1 
                 4 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 detection 
               
               
                   
                 1 SF coherent 
                 &lt;1 
                 2 
                 48 
               
               
                   
                 detection 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Here it is also worth noting that transmission diversity is likely to improve the above performance even further, particularly for 164 dB MCL. 
     UE Grouping: UE grouping may be a way to reduce the false alarm rate for UEs belonging to the same PO. As such, most of the gains to be had are found going from one group to two. On the other hand, introducing many UE groups risk reducing detection performance and waste network resources, both of which are clearly undesirable. A reasonable compromise is to introduce UE grouping with orthogonal cover codes, such that they share the same resources, but different codes are used for different UEs. A consequence of this is that the UE would need to belong in at least two groups, since a supergroup, comprising all UEs in the PO would be needed for, e.g., direct indication. Assuming a WUS covering at least 11 symbols in a subframe, and the PO utilizing at least one subframe, that gives 3+ bits of information that could be used, e.g., for UE grouping, allowing for up to 7 UE groups and 1 super group. 
     It is observed that UE grouping using cover codes will limit network resource cost. 
     It should also be noted that although a slight increase in the false detection rate can be expected, that is outweighed by the fewer false detections from the smaller UE set, the missed detection rate remains unchanged. The reason for that is that the UE typically never attempts to determine the most likely transmitted code in the code set, but only whether the UE&#39;s allocated code was transmitted. 
     It is observed that UE grouping with  3  subgroups and one supergroup, implemented by cover codes, could allow for UE grouping at a negligible detection performance loss and network overhead increase. 
     The discussion now turns to a discussion of some example embodiments of a radio access node and a wireless device followed by a discussion of embodiments related to a communication system. 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic block diagram of a radio access node  800  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The radio access node  800  may be, for example, a base station  102  or  106 . As illustrated, the radio access node  800  includes a control system  802  that includes one or more processors  804  (e.g., Central Processing Units (CPUs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and/or the like), memory  806 , and a network interface  808 . In addition, the radio access node  800  includes one or more radio units  810  that each includes one or more transmitters  812  and one or more receivers  814  coupled to one or more antennas  816 . In some embodiments, the radio unit(s)  810  is external to the control system  802  and connected to the control system  802  via, e.g., a wired connection (e.g., an optical cable). However, in some other embodiments, the radio unit(s)  810  and potentially the antenna(s)  816  are integrated together with the control system  802 . The one or more processors  804  operate to provide one or more functions of a radio access node  800  as described herein. In some embodiments, the function(s) are implemented in software that is stored, e.g., in the memory  806  and executed by the one or more processors  804 . 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic block diagram that illustrates a virtualized embodiment of the radio access node  800  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. This discussion is equally applicable to other types of network nodes. Further, other types of network nodes may have similar virtualized architectures. 
     As used herein, a “virtualized” radio access node is an implementation of the radio access node  800  in which at least a portion of the functionality of the radio access node  800  is implemented as a virtual component(s) (e.g., via a virtual machine(s) executing on a physical processing node(s) in a network(s)). As illustrated, in this example, the radio access node  800  includes the control system  802  that includes the one or more processors  804  (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), the memory  806 , and the network interface  808  and the one or more radio units  810  that each includes the one or more transmitters  812  and the one or more receivers  814  coupled to the one or more antennas  816 , as described above. The control system  802  is connected to the radio unit(s)  810  via, for example, an optical cable or the like. The control system  802  is connected to one or more processing nodes  900  coupled to or included as part of a network(s)  902  via the network interface  808 . Each processing node  900  includes one or more processors  904  (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), memory  906 , and a network interface  908 . 
     In this example, functions  910  of the radio access node  800  described herein are implemented at the one or more processing nodes  900  or distributed across the control system  802  and the one or more processing nodes  900  in any desired manner. In some particular embodiments, some or all of the functions  910  of the radio access node  800  described herein are implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in a virtual environment(s) hosted by the processing node(s)  900 . As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, additional signaling or communication between the processing node(s)  900  and the control system  802  is used in order to carry out at least some of the desired functions  910 . Notably, in some embodiments, the control system  802  may not be included, in which case the radio unit(s)  810  communicate directly with the processing node(s)  900  via an appropriate network interface(s). 
     In some embodiments, a computer program including instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to carry out the functionality of radio access node  800  or a node (e.g., a processing node  900 ) implementing one or more of the functions  910  of the radio access node  800  in a virtual environment according to any of the embodiments described herein is provided. In some embodiments, a carrier comprising the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium such as memory). 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic block diagram of the radio access node  800  according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The radio access node  800  includes one or more modules  1000 , each of which is implemented in software. The module(s)  1000  provide the functionality of the radio access node  800  described herein. This discussion is equally applicable to the processing node  900  of  FIG. 9  where the modules  1000  may be implemented at one of the processing nodes  900  or distributed across multiple processing nodes  900  and/or distributed across the processing node(s)  900  and the control system  802 . 
       FIG. 11  is a schematic block diagram of a UE  1100  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the UE  1100  includes one or more processors  1102  (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), memory  1104 , and one or more transceivers  1106  each including one or more transmitters  1108  and one or more receivers  1110  coupled to one or more antennas  1112 . In some embodiments, the functionality of the UE  1100  described above may be fully or partially implemented in software that is, e.g., stored in the memory  1104  and executed by the processor(s)  1102 . 
     In some embodiments, a computer program including instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to carry out the functionality of the UE  1100  according to any of the embodiments described herein is provided. In some embodiments, a carrier comprising the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium such as memory). 
       FIG. 12  is a schematic block diagram of the UE  1100  according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The UE  1100  includes one or more modules  1200 , each of which is implemented in software. The module(s)  1200  provide the functionality of the UE  1100  described herein. 
     With reference to  FIG. 13 , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes a telecommunication network  1300 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises an access network  1302 , such as a Radio Access Network (RAN), and a core network  1304 . The access network  1302  comprises a plurality of base stations  1306 A,  1306 B,  1306 C, such as Node Bs, eNBs, gNBs, or other types of wireless Access Points (APs), each defining a corresponding coverage area  1308 A,  1308 B,  1308 C. Each base station  1306 A,  13066 ,  1306 C is connectable to the core network  1304  over a wired or wireless connection  1310 . A first UE  1312  located in coverage area  1308 C is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  1306 C. A second UE  1314  in coverage area  1308 A is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  1306 A. While a plurality of UEs  1312 ,  1314  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  1306 . 
     The telecommunication network  1300  is itself connected to a host computer  1316 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, or as processing resources in a server farm. The host computer  1316  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  1318  and  1320  between the telecommunication network  1300  and the host computer  1316  may extend directly from the core network  1304  to the host computer  1316  or may go via an optional intermediate network  1322 . The intermediate network  1322  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private, or hosted network; the intermediate network  1322 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, the intermediate network  1322  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG. 13  as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  1312 ,  1314  and the host computer  1316 . The connectivity may be described as an Over-the-Top (OTT) connection  1324 . The host computer  1316  and the connected UEs  1312 ,  1314  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via the OTT connection  1324 , using the access network  1302 , the core network  1304 , any intermediate network  1322 , and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection  1324  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which the OTT connection  1324  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station  1306  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from the host computer  1316  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  1312 . Similarly, the base station  1306  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  1312  towards the host computer  1316 . 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station, and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG. 14 . In a communication system  1400 , a host computer  1402  comprises hardware  1404  including a communication interface  1406  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system  1400 . The host computer  1402  further comprises processing circuitry  1408 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuitry  1408  may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs, or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer  1402  further comprises software  1410 , which is stored in or accessible by the host computer  1402  and executable by the processing circuitry  1408 . The software  1410  includes a host application  1412 . The host application  1412  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as a UE  1414  connecting via an OTT connection  1416  terminating at the UE  1414  and the host computer  1402 . In providing the service to the remote user, the host application  1412  may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection  1416 . 
     The communication system  1400  further includes a base station  1418  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  1420  enabling it to communicate with the host computer  1402  and with the UE  1414 . The hardware  1420  may include a communication interface  1422  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of the communication system  1400 , as well as a radio interface  1424  for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection  1426  with the UE  1414  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG. 14 ) served by the base station  1418 . The communication interface  1422  may be configured to facilitate a connection  1428  to the host computer  1402 . The connection  1428  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG. 14 ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, the hardware  1420  of the base station  1418  further includes processing circuitry  1430 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs, or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station  1418  further has software  1432  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     The communication system  1400  further includes the UE  1414  already referred to. The UE&#39;s  1414  hardware  1434  may include a radio interface  1436  configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection  1426  with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE  1414  is currently located. The hardware  1434  of the UE  1414  further includes processing circuitry  1438 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, ASICs, FPGAs, or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE  1414  further comprises software  1440 , which is stored in or accessible by the UE  1414  and executable by the processing circuitry  1438 . The software  1440  includes a client application  1442 . The client application  1442  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via the UE  1414 , with the support of the host computer  1402 . In the host computer  1402 , the executing host application  1412  may communicate with the executing client application  1442  via the OTT connection  1416  terminating at the UE  1414  and the host computer  1402 . In providing the service to the user, the client application  1442  may receive request data from the host application  1412  and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection  1416  may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application  1442  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that the host computer  1402 , the base station  1418 , and the UE  1414  illustrated in  FIG. 14  may be similar or identical to the host computer  1316 , one of the base stations  1306 A,  1306 B,  1306 C, and one of the UEs  1312 ,  1314  of  FIG. 13 , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG. 14  and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG. 13 . 
     In  FIG. 14 , the OTT connection  1416  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host computer  1402  and the UE  1414  via the base station  1418  without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, which may be configured to hide from the UE  1414  or from the service provider operating the host computer  1402 , or both. While the OTT connection  1416  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     The wireless connection  1426  between the UE  1414  and the base station  1418  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE  1414  using the OTT connection  1416 , in which the wireless connection  1426  forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve, e.g., power consumption, and thereby provide benefits such as, e.g., extended battery lifetime. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency, and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection  1416  between the host computer  1402  and the UE  1414 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection  1416  may be implemented in the software  1410  and the hardware  1404  of the host computer  1402  or in the software  1440  and the hardware  1434  of the UE  1414 , or both. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which the OTT connection  1416  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which the software  1410 ,  1440  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection  1416  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect the base station  1414 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station  1414 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating the host computer  1402 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency, and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that the software  1410  and  1440  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection  1416  while it monitors propagation times, errors, etc. 
       FIG. 15  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 15  will be included in this section. In step  1500 , the host computer provides user data. In sub-step  1502  (which may be optional) of step  1500 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1504 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  1506  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1508  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG. 16  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 16  will be included in this section. In step  1600  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional sub-step (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1602 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1604  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG. 17  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 17  will be included in this section. In step  1700  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  1702  (which may be optional), the UE provides user data. In sub-step  1704  (which may be optional) of step  1700 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step  1706  (which may be optional) of step  1702 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in sub-step  1708  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  1710  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG. 18  is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14 . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG. 18  will be included in this section. In step  1800  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step  1802  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  1804 , the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include Digital Signal Processor (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     While processes in the figures may show a particular order of operations performed by certain embodiments of the present disclosure, it should be understood that such order is exemplary (e.g., alternative embodiments may perform the operations in a different order, combine certain operations, overlap certain operations, etc.). 
     Some example embodiments are as follows: 
     Group A Embodiments 
     Embodiment 1: A method in a wireless device for determining a wake-up signal maximum repetition value, WUSmax value, representing a maximum number of repetitions of a wake-up signal, the WUSmax value being related to a maximum repetition value, Rmax value, representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by a network node in a cellular communications network, the method comprising: receiving ( 300 ) a Rmax value from the network node; determining ( 304 ) a WUSmax value based on the Rmax value; and attempting ( 306 ) to detect a wake-up signal from the network node using the determined WUSmax value. 
     Embodiment 2: The method of embodiment 1 wherein the wake-up signal is a signal transmitted by the network node to indicate to the wireless device that the wireless device is to continue to decode a respective channel. 
     Embodiment 3: The method of embodiment 2 wherein the respective channel is a physical downlink control channel, and the Rmax value defines a maximum number of repetitions used by the network node when transmitting the physical downlink control channel. 
     Embodiment 4: The method of embodiment 3 wherein the wireless device is an Enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) device, and the physical downlink control channel is a MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH). 
     Embodiment 5: The method of embodiment 3 wherein the wireless device is a Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) device, and the physical downlink control channel is a Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH). 
     Embodiment 6: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 wherein determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value from the Rmax value by a mathematical function. 
     Embodiment 7: The method of embodiment 6 wherein the mathematical function is predefined. 
     Embodiment 8: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 wherein determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value from the Rmax value by a table lookup. 
     Embodiment 9: The method of embodiment 8 wherein the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     Embodiment 10: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 9 further comprising receiving ( 302 ) a wake-up signal delta value, WUSdelta value, from the network node. 
     Embodiment 11: The method of embodiment 10 wherein determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value. 
     Embodiment 12: The method of embodiment 10 wherein determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value from the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value by a mathematical function. 
     Embodiment 13: The method of embodiment 12 wherein the mathematical function is predefined. 
     Embodiment 14: The method of embodiment 10 wherein determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value from the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value by a table lookup. 
     Embodiment 15: The method of embodiment 14 wherein the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     Embodiment 16: The method of embodiment 10 wherein determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value comprises determining ( 304 ) the WUSmax value from the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value such that the WUSmax value is changed from a previous WUSmax value if the WUSdelta value is actually received. 
     Embodiment 17: The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising: providing user data; and forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the base station. 
     Embodiment 18: A method in a wireless device for determining a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device in a cellular communications network, comprising: receiving ( 300 ) a maximum repetition value, Rmax value, from a network node, the Rmax value representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by the network node in the cellular communications network; receiving ( 302 ) a wake-up signal delta value, WUSdelta value, from the network node, wherein a wake-up signal maximum repetition value, WUSmax value, for a wake-up signal is based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value; determining ( 304 B) a synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value; and attempting to synchronize ( 306 B) to the cellular communications network using the determined synchronization method. 
     Embodiment 19: The method of embodiment 18 wherein the wake-up signal is a signal transmitted by the network node to indicate to the wireless device that the wireless device is to continue to decode a respective channel. 
     Embodiment 20: The method of embodiment 19 wherein the respective channel is a physical downlink control channel, and the Rmax value defines a maximum number of repetitions used by the network node when transmitting the physical downlink control channel. 
     Embodiment 21: The method of embodiment 20 wherein the wireless device is an Enhanced Machine Type Communication, eMTC, device, and the physical downlink control channel is a MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel, MPDCCH. 
     Embodiment 22: The method of embodiment 20 wherein the wireless device is a Narrowband Internet of Things, NB-IoT, device, and the physical downlink control channel is a Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel, NPDCCH. 
     Embodiment 23: The method of any one of embodiments 18 to 22 wherein determining ( 304 B) the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value comprises: determining the WUSmax value based on the Rmax value and the WUSdelta value, the WUSmax value representing a maximum number of repetitions of a wake-up signal; and determining the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on a comparison of the WUSmax value to a threshold. 
     Embodiment 24: The method of embodiment 23 wherein determining the synchronization method to be used by the wireless device based on a comparison of the WUSmax value to a threshold comprises: comparing the WUSmax value to the threshold; if the WUSmax value is greater than the threshold, determining that a wakeup signal can be used for synchronization; and otherwise, determining that another synchronization method is to be used. 
     Embodiment 25: The method of embodiment 24 wherein the other synchronization method is a legacy (i.e., wake-up signal independent) synchronization method. 
     Embodiment 26: The method of any one of embodiments 23 to 25 wherein the threshold is a function of a Discontinuous Reception, DRX, or extended DRX, eDRX, cycle. 
     Embodiment 27: The method of any one of embodiments 23 to 25 wherein the threshold is a function of a Discontinuous Reception, DRX, or extended DRX, eDRX, cycle such that a shorter DRX or eDRX cycle results in a lower threshold and a longer DRX or eDRX cycle results in a higher threshold. 
     Embodiment 28: The method of any one of embodiments 18 to 27, further comprising: providing user data; and forwarding the user data to a host computer via the transmission to the base station. 
     Group B Embodiments 
     Embodiment 29: A method in a network node for efficiently transmitting information of a wake-up signal maximum length, related to a maximum repetition factor used for other signals, the method comprising: determining ( 200 ) a default wake-up signal repetition value, WUSmax value, related to a maximum repetition value, Rmax value, used for other signals; and transmitting ( 208 ) a wake-up signal using the determined WUSmax value as limiting a number of repetitions of the wake-up signal that are transmitted. 
     Embodiment 30: The method of embodiment 29 wherein the wake-up signal is a signal transmitted by the network node to indicate to a wireless device that the wireless device is to continue to decode a respective channel. 
     Embodiment 31: The method of embodiment 30 wherein the respective channel is a physical downlink control channel, and the Rmax value defines a maximum number of repetitions used by the network node when transmitting the physical downlink control channel. 
     Embodiment 32: The method of embodiment 31 wherein the wireless device is an Enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) device, and the physical downlink control channel is a MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH). 
     Embodiment 33: The method of embodiment 31 wherein the wireless device is a Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) device, and the physical downlink control channel is a Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH). 
     Embodiment 34: The method of any one of embodiments 29 to 33 wherein a default wake-up signal coverage is determined from the default WUSmax value and a preferred wake-up signal coverage is different from the default WUS coverage. 
     Embodiment 35: The method of embodiment 34 further comprising determining ( 202 ) the preferred wake-up signal coverage. 
     Embodiment 36: The method of embodiment 34 or 35 further comprising determining ( 204 ), based on the preferred wake-up signal coverage, at least one wake-up signal delta value, WUSdelta value, related to the default wake-up signal coverage. 
     Embodiment 37: The method of embodiment 36 further comprising transmitting ( 206 ) the at least one WUSdelta value in system information of the network node. 
     Embodiment 38: The method of any one of embodiments 36 to 37 wherein determining ( 204 ) the WUSdelta value comprises determining ( 204 ) the WUSdelta value from the Rmax value by mathematical formula. 
     Embodiment 39: The method of embodiment 38 wherein the mathematical formula is predefined. 
     Embodiment 40: The method of any one of embodiments 36 to 37 wherein determining ( 204 ) the WUSdelta value comprises determining ( 204 ) the WUSdelta value from the Rmax value by table lookup. 
     Embodiment 41: The method of embodiment 40 wherein the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     Embodiment 42: The method of any one of embodiments 36 to 41 wherein transmitting ( 208 ) the wake-up signal comprises transmitting ( 208 ) the wake-up signal using a WUSmax value determined based on the default WUSmax value and the WUSdelta value as limiting a number of repetitions of the wake-up signal that are transmitted. 
     Embodiment 43: The method of any one of embodiments 29 to 42 wherein determining ( 200 ) the default WUSmax value comprises determining ( 200 ) the default WUSmax value from the Rmax value by mathematical formula. 
     Embodiment 44: The method of embodiment 43 wherein the mathematical formula is predefined. 
     Embodiment 45: The method of any one of embodiments 29 to 42 wherein determining ( 200 ) the default WUSmax value comprises determining ( 200 ) the default WUSmax value from the Rmax value by table lookup. 
     Embodiment 46: The method of embodiment 45 wherein the table lookup uses a predefined table. 
     Embodiment 47: The method of embodiment 46 wherein the WUSdelta value indicates a deviation from the predefined table. 
     Embodiment 48: The method of any one of embodiments 29 to 47 wherein the preferred WUS coverage is increased due to User Equipments (UEs) using a specific low performance wake-up radio. 
     Embodiment 49: The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising: obtaining user data; and forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device. 
     Group C Embodiments 
     Embodiment 50: A wireless device for determining a wake-up signal maximum repetition value, WUSmax value, representing a maximum number of repetitions of a wake-up signal, the WUSmax value being related to a maximum repetition value, Rmax value, representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by a network node in a cellular communications network, the wireless device comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; and power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device. 
     Embodiment 51: A base station for efficiently transmitting information of a wake-up signal maximum length, related to a maximum repetition factor used for other signals, the base station comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments; and power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the base station. 
     Embodiment 52: A User Equipment, UE, for determining a wake-up signal maximum repetition value, WUSmax value, representing a maximum number of repetitions of a wake-up signal, the WUSmax value being related to a maximum repetition value, Rmax value, representing a maximum number of repetitions of signals transmitted by a network node in a cellular communications network, the UE comprising: an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals; radio front-end circuitry connected to the antenna and to processing circuitry, and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuitry; the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; and a battery connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE. 
     Embodiment 53: A communication system including a host computer comprising: processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a User Equipment, UE; wherein the cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     Embodiment 54: The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station. 
     Embodiment 55: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
     Embodiment 56: The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. 
     Embodiment 57: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, providing user data; and at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the base station performs any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     Embodiment 58: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the base station, transmitting the user data. 
     Embodiment 59: The method of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein the user data is provided at the host computer by executing a host application, the method further comprising, at the UE, executing a client application associated with the host application. 
     Embodiment 60: A User Equipment, UE, configured to communicate with a base station, the UE comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to perform the method of the previous 3 embodiments. 
     Embodiment 61: A communication system including a host computer comprising: processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a User Equipment, UE; wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s components configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 62: The communication system of the previous embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with the UE. 
     Embodiment 63: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. 
     Embodiment 64: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, providing user data; and at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 65: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the UE, receiving the user data from the base station. 
     Embodiment 66: A communication system including a host computer comprising: a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a User Equipment, UE, to a base station; wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 67: The communication system of the previous embodiment, further including the UE. 
     Embodiment 68: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE to the base station. 
     Embodiment 69: The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data. 
     Embodiment 70: The communication system of the previous 4 embodiments, wherein: the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and the UE&#39;s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data. 
     Embodiment 71: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 72: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the UE, providing the user data to the base station. 
     Embodiment 73: The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising: at the UE, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application. 
     Embodiment 74: The method of the previous 3 embodiments, further comprising: at the UE, executing a client application; and at the UE, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application; wherein the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data. 
     Embodiment 75: A communication system including a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a User Equipment, UE, to a base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station&#39;s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments. 
     Embodiment 76: The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station. 
     Embodiment 77: The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. 
     Embodiment 78: The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein: processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer. 
     Embodiment 79: A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a User Equipment, UE, the method comprising: at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. 
     Embodiment 80: The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the UE. 
     Embodiment 81: The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer. 
     At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).
         3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project   5G Fifth Generation   AP Access Point   ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit   BW Bandwidth   CE Coverage Enhancement   CP Cyclic Prefix   CPU Central Processing Unit   dB Decibel   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DSP Digital Signal Processor   DTX Discontinuous Transmission   eDRX Extended Discontinuous Reception   eMTC Enhanced Machine Type Communication   eNB Enhanced or Evolved Node B   FFS For Further Study   FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array   GTS Go-To-Sleep Signal   gNB New Radio Base Station   Hz Hertz   ID Identifier   IoT Internet of Things   LTE Long Term Evolution   M2M Machine-to-Machine   MCL Minimum Coupling Loss   MME Mobility Management Entity   MPDCCH MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel   MTC Machine Type Communication   NB-IoT Narrowband Internet of Things   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel   NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel   NPSS Narrowband Internet of Things Primary Synchronization Signal   NR New Radio   NSSS Narrowband Internet of Things Secondary Synchronization Signal   OTT Over-the-Top   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   P-GW Packet Data Network Gateway   PO Paging Occasion   PRACH Physical Radom Access Channel   PRB Physical Resource Block   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal   PTW Paging Time Window   RAM Random Access Memory   RAN Radio Access Network   RAN1 Radio Access Network Working Group 1   ROM Read Only Memory   RRH Remote Radio Head   s Second   SC Subcarrier   SCEF Service Capability Exposure Function   SF Subframe   SI System Information   SNR Signal to Noise Ratio   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal   TS Technical Specification   TX Transmit   UE User Equipment   WI Work Item   WUS Wake-Up Signal   ZC Zadoff-Chu       

     Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         [1] RAN1, Chairman&#39;s Notes, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #91, Reno, USA, November 2017. 
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         [5] R2-1802586 , Wake Up Signal in NB - IoT and MTC , Ericsson, RAN2 #101, Athens, Greece, February 2018. 
         [6] TS 36.133, Requirements for support of radio resource management. 
         [7] TS 36.306, User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities.