Patent Publication Number: US-9404046-B2

Title: Method for converting waste plastic to lower-molecular weight hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbon fuel materials, and the hydrocarbon material produced thereby

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/019,725, filed Feb. 2, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/471,717, filed on May 26, 2009, which applications claim priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/057,352, filed on May 30, 2008. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods for the conversion of waste plastic to lower molecular weight hydrocarbon materials, particularly valuable hydrocarbon materials such as hydrocarbon fuel materials. The present invention relates in particular to the decomposition of hydrocarbon polymers of waste plastics, which have a high molecular weights (long carbon chain lengths), to lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, particularly to hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (C 7  to C 11  hydrocarbons) or to hydrocarbons in the diesel fuel range (somewhat higher carbon chain length). 
     The production of hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, diesel and the like) via catalyzed, and non-catalyzed thermal, decompositions of waste plastic, followed by separation and collection of the fuel product, is known, and has been known for decades. Pre-decomposition sorting and identification of the waste plastics is also well known. 
     The environmental benefits of producing fuel and other valuable low molecular weight hydrocarbon materials while eliminating plastic waste via the decomposition, or breaking down, of the polymer molecules of plastics to fuel-range hydrocarbons and/or other valuable hydrocarbons, has long been recognized, and has been commercialized. Some early commercial installations in Europe were short-lived for economic reasons, but commercial installations continue in Japan and other countries. 
     Major drawbacks or difficulties encountered in commercial-scale processes include: (a) chlorine removal when chlorine-containing polyvinyl chloride is among the plastic wastes; (b) heat gradients due to poor heat conductivity of plastics, resulting in char accumulation at heat transfer surfaces; and (c) economics, varying from high catalyst costs/consumption to high energy consumption. Further, the implementations of commercial-scale processes are also adversely impacted by the complexities of the installations required and the sophistications of their operations. 
     The prevailing high costs of hydrocarbon fuels and the environmental desirability of eliminating waste plastic combine to demand efficient yet simple and uncomplicated methods for achieving these goals. Governmental plastic waste elimination requirements, particularly in countries other than the U.S., apparently were significant motivations for existing commercial plastic-decomposition installations, particularly outside of the U.S. The increasing cost of hydrocarbon fuels obviously augments such incentives. 
     Further, the current major alternative fuel sources being heavily explored, such as for instance crop-plant biomass fuels (bio-fuels) and wind generators, have inherent drawbacks, including without limitation (a) the diversion of crop-producing resources (including arable land) from food production to fuel production, (b) the re-engineering of machinery that is often required in order to run on bio-fuels and (c) the harmful penetration into air spaces normally inhabited almost exclusively by our bird population and the documented incidents of devastation of bird populations, particularly when windmills and the like are placed along major migratory routes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method in which plastic, particularly waste plastic, is melted (including by heating to form a liquid slurry (thermal liquification)), and then distilled, optionally in the presence of a cracking catalyst, wherein the distillate is condensed and recovered as a condensate, which condensate is functionally a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. The present invention also includes the material produced by the present method. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present process broadly comprises the steps of (1) inciting waste plastics in the presence, or absence, of a cracking catalyst, (2) followed by volatilization and distillation, and then (3) condensation, and optionally further refinement of the condensate by filtration, which may be followed by subsequent distillation(s) of the filtrate. The present process includes a split process which comprises the steps of: (a) uncatalyzed thermal liquification (melting, decomposition) of shredded plastic in a closed furnace without an inert gas blanket, which produces a slurry; (b) partial cooling of the slurry; (c) addition of a cracking catalyst to the slurry; (d) transfer of the still-hot, catalyst-containing slurry to a distillation and condensation unit; (e) heating of the slurry in the condensation unit to emit volatile material therefrom; (f) condensing the volatiles and recovering them in a separate receptacle; and (g) preferably routing the slurry residue (portion not volatilized) back into a fresh batch of slurry (which then undergoes another catalyzed distillation/condensation process). The split process of liquification, condensation and distillation process to recover liquid fuel-range hydrocarbons is distinctively simple. The present process includes a basic process which comprises the steps of: (A) heating shredded plastic in a vessel open to a condensation unit, without an gas blanket, in the presence, or absence, of a cracking catalyst, through the stages of melting and then vaporization, (B) condensing the vapor in the condensation unit and (C) collection of the condensate produced, optionally followed by filtration and at least one subsequent re-distillation. The basic process of heating through vaporization (melting and vaporizing), distillation and condensation to recover liquid fuel-range hydrocarbons is even more distinctively simple. The distillation may be a fractional distillation, but in preferred embodiments it is a simple distillation. 
     There are several aspects as to the simplicity of the split-process process steps. No addition of chemicals is made to the plastic liquification step. The HZSM-5 Zeolite or other efficient cracking catalyst used subsequently is a readily-available conventional catalyst. Slurry residues after the distillation and condensation step are routed back into one or more other slurries and reprocessed. Since the catalyst remains in the residue, it is available for reuse when the residue is routed back to fresh batches of slurry, and it preferably is not otherwise subject to recovery efforts. (The HZSM-5 Zeolite or other efficient cracking catalyst is also the catalyst used in the basic-process process of the present invention when that process is catalyzed.) 
     Waste Plastics 
     The present process is believed capable of being used with all types of waste plastics, including without limitation thermoplastic and thermoset waste plastics, and combinations of types of plastics. The types of plastics commonly encountered in waste-plastic feedstock include, without limitation, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and the like. Plastics are polymers which are often modified or compounded with additives (including colorants) to form useful materials. The compounded product is generally itself is called and considered a plastic. The term “plastic” as used herein includes both modified (compounded) and unmodified plastic. 
     Thermoplastic polymers can be heated and formed, then heated and formed again and again. The shape of the polymer molecules are generally linear or slightly branched, whereby the molecules can flow under pressure when heated above their melting point. 
     Thermoset polymers undergo a chemical change when they are heated, creating a three-dimensional network. After they are heated and formed, these molecules cannot be re-heated and re-formed. 
     The plastics most commonly used for consumer products packaging, listed here with their identification American Plastic Council codes, are often found in the typical waste-plastic feedstock. Code 1 (PETE) is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for carbonated beverage and water containers, and some waterproof packaging. Code 2 (HDPE) is high-density polyethylene, which is often used for milk, detergent and oil bottles, toys and plastic bags. HDPE naturally translucent. Code 3 (V) is vinyl/polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is often used for food wrap, vegetable oil bottles, blister packages. It is naturally clear. PVC contains bonded chlorine atoms which, upon degradation of the polymer, must be separated and particularly handled. Code 4 (LDPE) is low-density polyethylene, which is often used for plastic bags, shrink wrap, and garment bags. It is chemically similar to HDPE but it is less dense and more flexible. Most polyethylene film is made from LDPE. Code 5 (PP) is polypropylene, which is often used for refrigerated containers, plastic bags, bottle tops, and at times for carpets and certain food wrap materials. Code 6 (PS) is polystyrene, which is often used for disposable utensils, meat packing and protective packing materials. Code 7 (Other) includes layered or mixed plastic, or fairly common plastics used in packaging which do not lend themselves well to mechanical recycling such as polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). There are many plastics which do not fit into the numbering system that identifies plastics used in consumer containers. There are thousands of different varieties of plastics, or mixtures of plastics, which have been, and continue to be, developed to suit the needs of particular products. 
     In the process of the present invention, such waste plastics are collected, optionally sorted by the type of plastic, cleaned of contaminants and, when required or preferred, cut or otherwise divided into smaller pieces prior to subjecting the plastic to the process of the present invention. 
     Pre-Melting (Liquification) Handling 
     Prior to thermal liquification, the waste plastic is collected, cleaned of contaminants, and at times sorted by the type of plastic. The sorting may include not only the sorting by the type of plastic but also sorting by the type of fillers used therein. The present process does not, however, exclude the use of an indiscrimate plastic feedstock, i.e., random accumulations of waste plastic, rather than groups of the same or similar plastics. The plastics may be identified by any stamped merican Plastic Council recycle codes (currently PETE 1, HDPE 2, PVC 3, LDPE 4, PP 5, PS 6), and where a recycle code is not available, by (a) appearance, thickness and other observable characteristics and/or (b) instrumental analysis. The types of instrumental analyses useful include, without limitation, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, thermo gravimetric analysis and elemental analysis. The recycle-code and observational identifications may of course be conducted before or after cleaning, while the instrumental analysis methods normally require scrupulously clean and uncontaminated samples. It is noted here that thermo gravimetric analysis an on-set temperature characteristic of the sample which is useful for the selection of the thermal liquification temperature. 
     Split-Process Thermal Liquidation 
     The thermal liquification of waste plastics is carried out using plastic which has been cleaned of all non-plastic material (paper labels, contaminants etc.) and cut or otherwise divided into pieces of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 cm 2  in size. In laboratory-scale examples, the weight of the plastic pieces processed in a single batch typically ranges from about 25 to 125 grams depending on the thickness and density of the plastic pieces, and the size of crucible used (250 ml, 500 ml and 600 ml crucibles being most commonly used). 
     The temperatures used for the liquification depends on the melting onset of the plastics, as determined by its Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) graph, thickness of the plastic pieces and whether the plastics are thermoplastics or thermoset plastics. 
     The final (high) temperature in the liquification step is typically within the range of from about 370 to about 420° C. (internal furnace temperature), reached with a ramping rate of from about 5 to about 10° C. per minute, and a hold or dwell time at the final (high) temperature of from about 20 or 30 minutes to about 60 minutes. The liquification is carried out in a closed heating chamber equipped with appropriate controls for monitoring and controlling the temperature and time. The time elapsed to reach the final (high) temperature is typically from about 30 to about 40 minutes, depending on the ramping rate, and the size and thickness of the plastic pieces and crucible used. The cooling rate is typically about 1.2° C. The total liquification step can take from about 2 to about 2.5 hours. The liquification is conducted in laboratory-scale examples in a closed-chamber muffle furnace in a covered crucible, in the presence of a normal air atmosphere (rather than a blanket of inert gas and the like) and under ambient air pressure. No catalysts or other chemicals are used in the thermal liquification step. 
     Split-Process Catalyzed Distillation and Condensation 
     The catalyzed distillation and condensation step is a simple (not fractional or vacuum) distillation and condensation, carried out under ambient air pressure, using the expedient of a cracking catalyst in the slurry. The distillation/condensation is generally conducted until the residual slurry becomes too overly viscous for the continuance of the procedure. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Waste plastics consisting of the body of a used one-gallon plastic milk bottle and a portion of the body of a used plastic liquid soap container were selected as the samples. The caps of these containers were not included. The milk bottle was made of HDPE with an included colorant. The liquid soap container was made of HDPE. These samples, after removal of non-plastic elements (paper labels and the like) were cleaned in a dishwasher using a phosphate-free, non-foaming powder detergent in a 40-50 minute plastic-wash low heat cycle and then air dried at ambient room temperature. After drying, the samples cut into pieces of approximately 1-2 cm 2 . The samples were then placed into a ceramic 250 ml. crucible with cover of a pre-loading weight of 170.5 grams (tare of 170.5). The weight of the samples, less tare, was then determined to be 80.6 grams. The loaded and covered crucible was placed in a programmable Barnstead/Thermolyte F6000 muffle furnace, model F6038CM, which is commercially available from Barnstead/Thermolyte Corp. of Dubuque, Iowa, which was positioned under a standard laboratory gas (fume) hood. The furnace was set at an initial temperature of 35° C. and programmed for a target/final temperature of 420° C., ramping rate of 10° C. per minute, and a hold or dwell time of 20 minutes at final temperature. The time versus temperature was recorded, and the elapsed times and rates determined therefrom are set forth in Table 1 below. 
                             TABLE 1               Event   Time Elapsed   Actual Rate                                                Ramping from 35° C. to 420° C.   39   min.   9.9° C./min.       Dwell at 420° C.   20   min.   N/A       Cool from 420° C. to 360° C.   50   min.   1.2° C./min.       (Ramping onset to cool to 360° C.)   (109   min.)                    
The samples, which were then in a liquefied slurry form, were removed from the furnace in the covered crucible immediately upon cooling to 360° C. and the weighed. The weight of the liquefied samples was 78.7 grams, denoting a loss of 1.9 grams of sample (2.4 wt. percent) to volatilization, during liquification. Using the pre-weighed spoon, funnel and flask, the slurry was then poured into a 1000 ml double neck round bottom boiling flask. Since this laboratory-scale transfer technique does not approach a quantitative transferred to the round-bottom flask was determined by weight differential (weight of the flask and slurry less the flask&#39;s empty weight) to be 69.9 grams. Here the amount of slurry left clinging to the apparatus was also determined by weight differential to be about 4.3 grams in the crucible, about 3.8 grams in the funnel, and about 0.7 grams on the spoon, which in combination equals the 8.8 grams determined above to be lost in the transfer. Then an HZSM-5 Zeolite cracking catalyst, which is commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, was added to the slurry in the amount of about 0.7 grams (1.0 wt. percent) and the flask containing the now catalyzed slurry was placed in a heating mantle whereat, after cleaning and greasing (with high vacuum grease) the glass joints, a cold-water cooled condenser (connected to a water circulator) was mounted onto the flask, and the second neck of the flask was covered with a puncture-vented Parafilm. The flask-mounted or upright condenser opened to a second water-cooled condenser mounted in a downwardly-sloped position which emptied its condensed fluid into a collection vessel. In this set up both a 600 mm long Liebig condenser (water-cooled concentric straight-tube vapor condenser) and a 400 mm long Graham condenser (water-cooled spiral tube vapor condenser) were used. The water temperature of the circulator was set at 20° C. The heating mantle, with its power initially set at a Variac range of 60%, was turned on. Slurry boiling started after about 35 minutes of elapsed time, and condensation started after about 5 additional minutes. About 50 drops of condensate were recovered at the initial 60% Variac setting, and then a further 60 drops of condensate were recovered at a higher 70% Variac setting. The distillation/condensation process was allowed to proceed until no further condensate was recovered at the higher 70% Variac setting. The elapsed condensation time from commencement to end point was about 2.7 hours. The amount of condensate recovered was 59.0 grams, which was about 84 wt. percent of the post-transfer slurry, and 10.9 grams of residue (about 16 wt. percent of the post-transfer slurry) remained in the flask. The residue was collected for later recycling back into a fresh batch of slurry. The condensate was ignitable and had a kerosene-type of odor.
 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Section 1, Samples 1 to 71—Split-Process Slurry Formation 
     Using the type of slurry-formation method described in Example 1 above, with adjustments in temperatures and dwell times appropriate to the various plastics, plastic samples of several plastic types and combinations of plastics were converted to liquid slurries as the first step in their conversion to fuel-range type of liquid hydrocarbons. The identification of the plastic in each sample, the original sample weight (W1) in grams, the resultant slurry weight (W2) in grams and slurry yield Y1in percentage (W2/W1×100) for each Sample are set forth below in Table 2. The samples identified as a “Group” is a reference to a type of non-coded plastic characterized by observation and the like. The group characteristics are listed in Table 5 below. Sample 10 was, as indicated, taken from a black plastic hanger of unknown plastic type. The designation “b.bin” in the identification of the plastic of Samples 38-42 refers to the source of the plastic sample, which was a garbage bin. The losses to volatilization (such as the escape of low molecular weight hydrocarbons) during the slurry-formation step reflected in the yields seen in Table 2 are preferably captured and recovered, although such a step was not implemented in this Example 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample No. 
                 Plastic 
                 W1 (gm) 
                 W2 (gm) 
                 Y1 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 HDPE 
                 300.0 
                 293.3 
                 98.8 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDPE 
                 322.4 
                 281.6 
                 87.3 
               
               
                 3 
                 HDPE 
                 319.9 
                 280.2 
                 87.6 
               
               
                 4 
                 HDPE 
                 278.5 
                 249.7 
                 89.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 HDPE 
                 279.7 
                 255.8 
                 91.4 
               
               
                 6 
                 LDPE 
                 220.5 
                 214.3 
                 97.2 
               
               
                 7 
                 LDPE 
                 269.9 
                 211.8 
                 78.5 
               
               
                 8 
                 LDPE 
                 210.2 
                 175.7 
                 83.9 
               
               
                 9 
                 PP 
                 184.7 
                 172.4 
                 93.3 
               
               
                 10 
                 PP 
                 213.2 
                 211.9 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 11 
                 PP 
                 262.9 
                 252.3 
                 96.0 
               
               
                 12 
                 PP 
                 125.0 
                 119.3 
                 95.4 
               
               
                 13 
                 PP 
                 272.3 
                 258.9 
                 95.1 
               
               
                 14 
                 HDPE 
                 184.1 
                 174.1 
                 94.6 
               
               
                 15 
                 PP 
                 161.9 
                 87.7 
                 54.2 
               
               
                 16 
                 LDPE 
                 175.0 
                 170.0 
                 97.1 
               
               
                 17 
                 HDPE 
                 198.0 
                 189.1 
                 95.5 
               
               
                 18 
                 LDPE 
                 226.4 
                 216.4 
                 95.6 
               
               
                 19 
                 Group 3 
                 370.0 
                 350.0 
                 94.6 
               
               
                 20 
                 PS 
                 309.6 
                 239.6 
                 77.4 
               
               
                 21 
                 PS 
                 393.3 
                 372.4 
                 94.7 
               
               
                 22 
                 PS 
                 214.4 
                 163.5 
                 76.3 
               
               
                 23 
                 PS 
                 220.4 
                 219.4 
                 99.5 
               
               
                 24 
                 PS 
                 97.7 
                 97.7 
                 100 
               
               
                 25 
                 PS 
                 257.0 
                 257.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 26 
                 PS 
                 199.3 
                 199.3 
                 100 
               
               
                 28 
                 Group 3 
                 250.8 
                 231.9 
                 92.2 
               
               
                 29 
                 Group 3 
                 254.9 
                 250.8 
                 98.4 
               
               
                 30 
                 Group 3 
                 285.3 
                 280.8 
                 98.4 
               
               
                 31 
                 Group 9, 10 
                 332.0 
                 185.8 
                 60.0 
               
               
                 32 
                 Group 9, 10 
                 254.1 
                 143.1 
                 56.7 
               
               
                 33 
                 Group 9, 10 
                 200.7 
                 166 
                 82.7 
               
               
                 34 
                 Group 9, 10 
                 215.1 
                 188.1 
                 87.4 
               
               
                 35 
                 Group 9, 10 
                 268.6 
                 240.9 
                 89.7 
               
               
                 36 
                 Group 9, 10 
                 327.6 
                 310.5 
                 94.8 
               
               
                 37 
                 (Black hanger) 
                 266.3 
                 183.1 
                 68.8 
               
               
                 38 
                 LDPE (g.bin) 
                 290.6 
                 275.3 
                 94.7 
               
               
                 39 
                 LDPE (g.bin) 
                 330.2 
                 321.3 
                 97.3 
               
               
                 40 
                 LDPE (g.bin) 
                 339.6 
                 327.4 
                 96.4 
               
               
                 41 
                 LDPE (g.bin) 
                 319.5 
                 315.4 
                 98.7 
               
               
                 42 
                 LDPE (g.bin) 
                 358.8 
                 353.7 
                 98.6 
               
               
                 43 
                 Group 8 
                 318.0 
                 267.7 
                 84.2 
               
               
                 44 
                 Group 8 
                 713.0 
                 413.0 
                 57.9 
               
               
                 45 
                 Group 5 
                 272.8 
                 211.3 
                 77.5 
               
               
                 46 
                 HDPE 
                 292.5 
                 250.0 
                 85.5 
               
               
                 47 
                 PS 
                 458.1 
                 246.7 
                 53.9 
               
               
                 48 
                 Group 5 
                 295.4 
                 219.7 
                 74.4 
               
               
                 49 
                 Group 5 
                 251.6 
                 228.3 
                 90.7 
               
               
                 50 
                 Group 5 
                 207.2 
                 194.2 
                 93.7 
               
               
                 51 
                 Group 5 
                 338.5 
                 225.3 
                 66.6 
               
               
                 52 
                 Group 4 
                 223.5 
                 201.2 
                 90.0 
               
               
                 53 
                 Group 4 
                 255.4 
                 234.9 
                 92.0 
               
               
                 54 
                 Group 4 
                 298.2 
                 223.0 
                 74.8 
               
               
                 55 
                 Group 4 
                 226.3 
                 203.9 
                 90.1 
               
               
                 56 
                 Group 4 
                 208.2 
                 197.9 
                 95.1 
               
               
                 57 
                 Group 4 
                 205.4 
                 188.2 
                 91.6 
               
               
                 58 
                 Group 6 
                 240.1 
                 220.7 
                 91.9 
               
               
                 59 
                 Group 6 
                 254.2 
                 245.6 
                 96.6 
               
               
                 60 
                 Group 6 
                 244.0 
                 185.8 
                 76.1 
               
               
                 61 
                 Group 6 
                 268.5 
                 183.4 
                 68.3 
               
               
                 62 
                 Group 11 
                 235.2 
                 203.0 
                 86.3 
               
               
                 63 
                 Group 11 
                 210.6 
                 209.1 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 64 
                 Group 11 
                 201.4 
                 186.9 
                 92.8 
               
               
                 65 
                 Group 11 
                 222.9 
                 214.7 
                 96.3 
               
               
                 66 
                 Group 11 
                 239.0 
                 229.5 
                 96.0 
               
               
                 67 
                 Group 11 
                 232.2 
                 218.4 
                 94.1 
               
               
                 68 
                 Group 11 
                 243.6 
                 233.3 
                 95.8 
               
               
                 69 
                 LDPE, HDPE, 
                 300.0 
                 293.1 
                 97.7 
               
               
                   
                 PP, PS 
               
               
                 70 
                 Group 2 
                 65 
                 54.7 
                 84.2 
               
               
                 71 
                 Group 1 
                 65 
                 58.7 
                 90.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Section 2, Samples 1 to 71—Split-Process Catalyzed Distillation/Condensation 
     The slurries produced as described above in the first section of this Example 2, and as reported in Table 2, were, using the type of method described in Example 1, dosed with one weight percent of the cracking catalyst, distilled and condensed, alone or together with the residue from a prior condensation which is referred to as “old slurry”. The identification of the plastic in each sample, pre-distillation fresh slurry weight (W2) in grams, the old slurry (if any) weight (W3) in grams, the combined fresh and old slurry weight (W2+W3) in grams, the recovered condensate weight (W4) in grams, the recovered condensate yield (Y2) in percentage (W4/(W2+W3)×100), the post-condensation recovered residual slurry weight (W5) in grams, and recovered post-condensation residual slurry yield (Y3) in percentage (W5/(W3+W4)×100) for each Sample are set forth below in Table 3. (It is noted here that the recovered post-condensation slurries are typically extremely viscous, and these high viscosities preclude further catalyzed distillation/condensation of the hydrocarbon materials left therein.) As seen from the data of Table 3 below, the combined yields of recovered condensate and post-condensation recovered residue are less than 100 percent, and the shortfall is a combination of material left on the equipment and escaped volatiles (low molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as C1 to C4 natural gas), although recovery of such volatiles is within preferred embodiments of the present process. The identifications of the samples are already discussed above for the data listed in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sam- 
                   
                   
                   
                 W2 + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ple 
                 Plas- 
                 W2 
                 W3 
                 W3 
                 W4 
                 Y2 
                 W5 
                 Y3 
               
               
                 No. 
                 tic 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (%) 
                 (gm) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 HDPE 
                 293.3 
                 — 
                 293.3 
                 244.9 
                 83.5 
                 34.3 
                 11.7 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDPE 
                 281.6 
                 — 
                 281.6 
                 243.1 
                 86.3 
                 24.0 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 3 
                 HDPE 
                 280.2 
                 — 
                 280.2 
                 217.4 
                 77.6 
                 62.8 
                 22.4 
               
               
                 4 
                 HDPE 
                 249.7 
                 119.2  
                 368.0 
                 242.2 
                 65.8 
                 109.0 
                 29.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 HDPE 
                 255.8 
                 57.8 
                 313.6 
                 256.7 
                 81.9 
                 56.0 
                 17.9 
               
               
                 6 
                 LDPE 
                 214.3 
                 — 
                 214.3 
                 171.6 
                 80.1 
                 27.0 
                 12.6 
               
               
                 7 
                 LDPE 
                 211.8 
                 — 
                 211.8 
                 152.3 
                 71.9 
                 50.9 
                 24.0 
               
               
                 8 
                 LDPE 
                 175.7 
                 50.9 
                 175.7 
                 141.0 
                 80.2 
                 77.7 
                 44.2 
               
               
                 9 
                 PP 
                 172.4 
                 — 
                 172.4 
                 156.8 
                 91.0 
                 11.6 
                 6.7 
               
               
                 10 
                 PP 
                 211.9 
                 — 
                 211.9 
                 182.2 
                 86.0 
                 23.6 
                 11.1 
               
               
                 11 
                 PP 
                 252.3 
                 23.6 
                 275.9 
                 246.7 
                 89.4 
                 24.7 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 12 
                 PP 
                 119.3 
                 — 
                 119.3 
                 84.5 
                 70.8 
                 30.0 
                 25.1 
               
               
                 13 
                 PP 
                 258.9 
                 24.7 
                 283.6 
                 253.9 
                 89.5 
                 23.9 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 14 
                 HDPE 
                 174.1 
                 — 
                 174.1 
                 138.6 
                 79.6 
                 30.0 
                 17.2 
               
               
                 15 
                 PP 
                 87.7 
                 — 
                 87.7 
                 69.1 
                 78.8 
                 14.5 
                 16.5 
               
               
                 16 
                 LDPE 
                 170.0 
                 — 
                 170.0 
                 78.5 
                 46.2 
                 89.3 
                 52.5 
               
               
                 17 
                 HDPE 
                 189.1 
                 — 
                 189.1 
                 134.2 
                 70.1 
                 50.7 
                 26.8 
               
               
                 18 
                 LDPE 
                 216.4 
                 — 
                 216.4 
                 144.1 
                 66.6 
                 63.0 
                 29.1 
               
               
                 19 
                 Group 3 
                 350.0 
                 — 
                 350.0 
                 295.2 
                 84.3 
                 45.0 
                 12.9 
               
               
                 20 
                 PS 
                 239.6 
                 — 
                 239.6 
                 162.8 
                 67.9 
                 60.1 
                 25.1 
               
               
                 21 
                 PS 
                 372.4 
                 — 
                 372.4 
                 321.6 
                 86.3 
                 46.9 
                 12.6 
               
               
                 22 
                 PS 
                 163.5 
                 60.1 
                 223.5 
                 135.8 
                 60.8 
                 86.9 
                 38.9 
               
               
                 23 
                 PS 
                 219.4 
                 — 
                 219.4 
                 150.3 
                 68.5 
                 68.4 
                 31.2 
               
               
                 24 
                 PS 
                 97.7 
                 68.4 
                 166.1 
                 98.6 
                 59.3 
                 64.5 
                 38.8 
               
               
                 25 
                 PS 
                 257.0 
                 64.5 
                 321.5 
                 233.0 
                 72.5 
                 83.6 
                 26.0 
               
               
                 26 
                 PS 
                 199.3 
                 93.6 
                 292.9 
                 163.3 
                 55.8 
                 127.7 
                 43.6 
               
               
                 28 
                 Group 3 
                 231.9 
                 — 
                 231.9 
                 178.2 
                 76.8 
                 49.5 
                 21.3 
               
               
                 29 
                 Group 3 
                 250.8 
                 — 
                 250.8 
                 206.8 
                 82.4 
                 42.0 
                 16.7 
               
               
                 30 
                 Group 3 
                 280.8 
                 39.5 
                 320.3 
                 207.2 
                 64.7 
                 109.8 
                 34.2 
               
               
                 31 
                 Group 
                 185.8 
                 — 
                 185.8 
                 136.1 
                 73.3 
                 46.5 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 32 
                 Group 
                 143.1 
                 46.5 
                 189.6 
                 108.1 
                 57.0 
                 75.4 
                 39.8 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 33 
                 Group 
                 166 
                 — 
                 166 
                 108.5 
                 65.3 
                 51.9 
                 31.2 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 34 
                 Group 
                 188.1 
                 — 
                 188.1 
                 139.9 
                 74.4 
                 43.2 
                 23.0 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 35 
                 Group 
                 240.9 
                 — 
                 240.9 
                 189.2 
                 78.5 
                 48.5 
                 20.1 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 36 
                 Group 
                 310.5 
                 — 
                 310.5 
                 153.7 
                 49.5 
                 155.5 
                 50.1 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 37 
                 (Black 
                 183.1 
                 — 
                 183.1 
                 98.6 
                 5308 
                 76.7 
                 41.9 
               
               
                   
                 hanger) 
               
               
                 38 
                 LDPE 
                 275.3 
                 — 
                 275.3 
                 233.7 
                 84.9 
                 27.2 
                 9.9 
               
               
                   
                 (g. bin) 
               
               
                 39 
                 LDPE 
                 321.3 
                 — 
                 321.3 
                 251.9 
                 78.4 
                 51.6 
                 16.1 
               
               
                   
                 (g. bin) 
               
               
                 40 
                 LDPE 
                 327.4 
                 — 
                 327.4 
                 275.1 
                 84.0 
                 35.7 
                 10.9 
               
               
                   
                 (g. bin) 
               
               
                 41 
                 LDPE 
                 315.4 
                 — 
                 315.4 
                 266.4 
                 84.4 
                 30.1 
                 9.5 
               
               
                   
                 (g. bin) 
               
               
                 42 
                 LDPE 
                 353.7 
                 — 
                 353.7 
                 308.7 
                 87.3 
                 25.5 
                 16.1 
               
               
                   
                 (g. bin) 
               
               
                 43 
                 Group 8 
                 267.7 
                 — 
                 267.7 
                 224.3 
                 83.8 
                 42.9 
                 16.0 
               
               
                 44 
                 Group 8 
                 413.0 
                 — 
                 413.0 
                 324.9 
                 78.7 
                 85.5 
                 20.7 
               
               
                 45 
                 Group 5 
                 211.3 
                 — 
                 211.3 
                 163.0 
                 77.1 
                 47.6 
                 22.5 
               
               
                 46 
                 HDPE 
                 250.0 
                 — 
                 250.0 
                 209.5 
                 83.8 
                 30.6 
                 12.2 
               
               
                 47 
                 PS 
                 246.7 
                 — 
                 246.7 
                 186.6 
                 75.6 
                 55.8 
                 22.6 
               
               
                 48 
                 Group 5 
                 219.7 
                 — 
                 219.7 
                 182,3 
                 83.0 
                 27.4 
                 12.4 
               
               
                 49 
                 Group 5 
                 228.3 
                 27.4 
                 255.7 
                 197.9 
                 77.4 
                 42.3 
                 16.5 
               
               
                 50 
                 Group 5 
                 194.2 
                 — 
                 194.2 
                 151.0 
                 77.8 
                 31.8 
                 16.4 
               
               
                 51 
                 Group 5 
                 225.3 
                 — 
                 225.3 
                 184.7 
                 82.0 
                 27.4 
                 12.1 
               
               
                 52 
                 Group 4 
                 201.2 
                 — 
                 201.2 
                 162.4 
                 80.7 
                 24.6 
                 12.2 
               
               
                 53 
                 Group 4 
                 234.9 
                 — 
                 234.9 
                 159.7 
                 68.0 
                 58.2 
                 24.8 
               
               
                 54 
                 Group 4 
                 223.0 
                 — 
                 223.0 
                 174.5 
                 78.2 
                 36.7 
                 16.5 
               
               
                 55 
                 Group 4 
                 203.9 
                 24.6 
                 228.5 
                 171.3 
                 75.0 
                 44.6 
                 19.5 
               
               
                 56 
                 Group 4 
                 197.9 
                 — 
                 197.9 
                 137.9 
                 69.7 
                 50.7 
                 25.6 
               
               
                 57 
                 Group 4 
                 188.2 
                 — 
                 188.2 
                 136.8 
                 72.7 
                 40.7 
                 21.6 
               
               
                 58 
                 Group 6 
                 220.7 
                 — 
                 220.7 
                 162.7 
                 73.7 
                 42.8 
                 19.4 
               
               
                 59 
                 Group 6 
                 245.6 
                 — 
                 245.6 
                 192.9 
                 78.5 
                 41.1 
                 16.7 
               
               
                 60 
                 Group 6 
                 185.8 
                 — 
                 185.8 
                 147.0 
                 79.1 
                 24.9 
                 13.4 
               
               
                 61 
                 Group 6 
                 183.4 
                 — 
                 183.4 
                 128.7 
                 70.2 
                 50.4 
                 27.4 
               
               
                 62 
                 Group 
                 203.0 
                 — 
                 203.0 
                 137.1 
                 67.5 
                 52.6 
                 25.9 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 63 
                 Group 
                 209.1 
                 — 
                 209.1 
                 147.2 
                 70.4 
                 52.3 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 64 
                 Group 
                 186.9 
                 — 
                 186.9 
                 137.7 
                 73.7 
                 35.9 
                 19.2 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 65 
                 Group 
                 214.7 
                 — 
                 214.7 
                 158.2 
                 73.7 
                 42.3 
                 19.7 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 66 
                 Group 
                 229.5 
                 — 
                 229.5 
                 171.4 
                 74.7 
                 43.4 
                 18.9 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 67 
                 Group 
                 218.4 
                 — 
                 218.4 
                 159.1 
                 72.8 
                 43.6 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 68 
                 Group 
                 233.3 
                 — 
                 233.3 
                 169.0 
                 72.4 
                 49.9 
                 21.3 
               
               
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 69 
                 LDPE, 
                 293.1 
                 — 
                 293.1 
                 250.8 
                 85.6 
                 24.9 
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                 HDPE, 
               
               
                   
                 PP, PS 
               
               
                 70 
                 Group 2 
                 54.7 
                 — 
                 54.7 
                 22.9 
                 41.9 
                 31.2 
                 57.0 
               
               
                 71 
                 Group 1 
                 58.7 
                 — 
                 58.7 
                 22.5 
                 38.3 
                 35.4 
                 60.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Section 3, Select Samples—Split-Process Recovered Slurry Recycling 
     As seen in Table 3 above, old (previously recovered residual) slurry was added to the fresh slurry prior to condensation in some, but not all, of the samples. The impact of recycling old slurry back into fresh slurry prior to condensation for these select samples, in the absence of controls, is evaluated in Table 4 below first in terms (yes or no) of whether the amount of old slurry (W3) added to the fresh slurry (W2) prior to condensation is greater than the amount of the recovered post-condensation slurry (W5). In the “yes” samples, namely samples 4, 5, 13 and 24, which represent four out of fourteen samples or 28.6 percent of the samples, the amount of old slurry (W3) is greater than the amount of the recovered post-condensation slurry (W5), and therefore the decreased net residual slurry establishes both that (a) some amount of residual hydrocarbon was present in the old slurry, and (b) some amount of such residual hydrocarbon was distilled. Since slurry is always left over after the catalyzed distillation/condensation step, for instance in percentage yields as low as 6.7, 8.4, 8.5 and 8.5 seen for samples 9, 13, 2 and 69 respectively in Table 3 above, and in percentage yields as high as 50.1, 52.5, 57.0 and 60.3 seen for samples 36, 16, 70 and 71 respectively, it is probable that further condensate is being produced from the old slurry (even when no net slurry decrease is seen) when the amount of old slurry plus a fraction of fresh slurry are in combination greater than the recovered post-condensation slurry. Therefore the same type of comparison is also shown in Table 4 below with “a” and “b” amounts of the fresh slurry added to the old slurry (W3) before comparison to the post-condensation recovered slurry (W5), wherein “a” and “b” are fractions of the fresh slurry in the particular sample. Specifically “a” is ten weight percent (0.1) and “b” twenty weight percent (0.2) of the fresh slurry, both in grams. As shown in Table 4 below, the combination of old slurry plus ten weight percent of the fresh slurry is, in combination, more than the post-condensation recovered slurry in seven of the fourteen samples. Also as shown in Table 4 below, the combination of old slurry plus twenty weight percent of the fresh slurry is, in combination, more than the post-condensation recovered slurry in eleven of the fourteen samples. These comparisons concern probabilities, and do not (and are not intended to) establish the contrary, namely that the samples which do not show a “yes” result at any level presented show negative results. Instead, the condensates recovered in such examples might nonetheless be, and probably are, derived in part from the old slurry. The data available, in the absence of controls or any tagging procedure, does not establish what proportion of the old slurries was recovered as hydrocarbon condensate. The sample identifications listed in Table 4 below are already discussed above for the data listed in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sam- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ple 
                 Plas- 
                 W2 
                 W3 
                 W5 
                 W3 &gt; 
                 (W3 + a) &gt; 
                 (W3 + b) &gt; 
               
               
                 No. 
                 tic 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 W5 
                 W5 
                 W5 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 HDPE 
                 249.7 
                 119.2 
                 109.0 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 5 
                 HDPE 
                 255.8 
                 57.8 
                 56.0 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 8 
                 LDPE 
                 175.7 
                 50.9 
                 77.7 
                 No 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 11 
                 PP 
                 252.3 
                 23.6 
                 24.7 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 13 
                 PP 
                 258.9 
                 24.7 
                 23.9 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 22 
                 PS 
                 163.5 
                 60.1 
                 86.9 
                 No 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 24 
                 PS 
                 97.7 
                 68.4 
                 64.5 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 25 
                 PS 
                 257.0 
                 64.5 
                 83.6 
                 No 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 26 
                 PS 
                 199.3 
                 93.6 
                 127.7 
                 No 
                 No 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 30 
                 Group 3 
                 280.8 
                 39.5 
                 109.8 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                 32 
                 Group 
                 143.1 
                 46.5 
                 75.4 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                   
                 9, 10 
               
               
                 49 
                 Group 5 
                 228.3 
                 27.4 
                 42.3 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 55 
                 Group 4 
                 203.9 
                 24.6 
                 44.6 
                 No 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In preferred embodiments of the present process, old slurries are recurrently recycled back into the process, by adding them to fresh slurries prior to their introduction to the catalyzed distillation/condensation step, until the approach of slurry exhaustion or the point at which a residual slurry contains so high a proportion on non-hydrocarbon material that its discard or other use is more reasonable. 
     Identification of Groups 
     The plastic samples used in Example 2 above and identified by “Group” numbers are further described in Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Combination of black vehicular headlight bulb holder, colored rubber-type 
               
               
                   
                 telephone key pad, transparent vehicular headlight cover 
               
               
                 2 
                 Transparent hard cover (viz. microwave oven) 
               
               
                 3 
                 Combination of cylinder lattice cover, green soft plastics, white soft plastics, 
               
               
                   
                 black frying pan handle, yellow plastic bag, plastic bag with red print, plastic 
               
               
                   
                 bag with white and yellow printing 
               
               
                 4 
                 Combination of black plastic pen, green plastic straw, transparent soft plastics 
               
               
                   
                 (2), air-filled plastic buttons and white translucent plastic cover. 
               
               
                 5 
                 Combination of grey plastic bags with black printing, transparent plastics, 
               
               
                   
                 plastic cover, hard transparent plastics with red writing thereon, transparent 
               
               
                   
                 hard plastic box cover, green wire-like plastic packing and yellow, printed cat- 
               
               
                   
                 litter plastic bag 
               
               
                 6 
                 Combination of transparent Coca Cola ® bottle, soft transparent plastics, 
               
               
                   
                 white disposable plastic plate, grey telephone body and transparent plastics. 
               
               
                 8 
                 Combination of hard transparent hanger, printed shopping bag and covers, 
               
               
                   
                 transparent plastics, hard stick, hard box (viz. microwave oven), printed 
               
               
                   
                 plastic picture, cassette tape covers, vehicular bumper portion. 
               
               
                 9 
                 Combination of plastic fork and spoon, and hard transparent plastics 
               
               
                 10 
                 Combination of plastic fork, food box cover, color-printed hard plastics, red 
               
               
                   
                 packing thread, transparent packing strap, grey telephone antenna, transparent 
               
               
                   
                 vehicular headlight-cover backs, with and without mercury. 
               
               
                 11 
                 Combination of white shampoo bottle cap and hard transparent plastics 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLES 3-7 
     Overview 
     In each Examples 3 to 7 below, recovered condensates, which had been produced as described in Examples 1 and 2 above, were successfully tested for their values as a liquid hydrocarbon fuel by operating a number of devices using the condensates as the operating fuel. The types of devices, the amounts of condensates put into the devices and descriptions of the successful operations of the devices, are set forth below in the specific Examples. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     One liter of recovered condensate was put into the otherwise empty fuel reservoir of a gasoline generator, and the generator operated for over an hour, producing electricity, using the condensate as its only fuel source. During this operation the generator was successfully used to power a light bulb and run a small portable refrigerator. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     One-half liter of recovered condensate was put into the otherwise empty fuel reservoir of a gasoline lawn mower, and the lawn mower ran smoothly, with its wheels revolving, using this fuel without any black-smoke emissions. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     One-half liter of recovered condensate was put into the otherwise empty fuel reservoir of a small gasoline generator, and the generator ran smoothly on this fuel without any black-smoke emissions. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     One-half liter of recovered condensate was put into the otherwise empty fuel reservoir of a small older-model portable motor, and the motor ran smoothly on this fuel without any black-smoke emissions. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Four liters of recovered condensate above was put into the otherwise empty fuel reservoir of a 1984-model automobile, and the car was driven on this fuel with a driver and passenger without any problems. 
     Characterization of Condensate Produced as Described in Examples 1 and 2 
     Characterization studies by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrum (GC-MS) indicate that the condensate of the present invention, produced as described in Examples 1 and 2 above, which is a depolymerization product, is composed of essentially all straight-chain hydrocarbons when linear thermoplastic plastics (polymers) are used as the feed. Both GC and DSC studies indicate that the condensate includes hydrocarbons ranging from C3 to C27, which is the hydrocarbon carbon-chain length range that covers automotive gasoline and diesel fuel. The condensate contains lesser concentrations of aromatics (benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene, naphthalene and the like) than automotive gasoline and further, unlike gasoline, the condensate contains no sulfur from which can be derived harmful sulfur dioxide emissions. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     A variety of pre-weighed samples of waste plastics were heated without external agitation in a vessel which was open only to a water-cooled condenser. The heating was achieved for each sample with a standard heating mantle regulated with a standard Variac (variable electrical transformer), although various heat mantles (described below) were used. In each instance, the plastics melted, vapor was released from the plastic melt into the condenser and condensed therein. The condensate was collected and weighed. The weight of the residue left in the vessel after process completion was weighed. The amount of material lost as a vapor, that is, lost to the system in a gaseous state, was calculated by subtracting the combined weights of the residue and condensate from the weight of the waste-plastic sample used. Set forth in Table 8 below are: the type and proportion of plastic(s) in each sample (explained further below); the original plastic sample weight (“Ws”) in grams; the resultant condensate weight (“Wc”) in grams, condensate volume (“Vc”) in milliliters, and condensate density (“Dc”) in grams per milliliter; the resultant residue weight (“Wr”) in grams; the weight lost as gaseous material (“W↑”) in grams; the condensate yield (“Yc”) in weight percent (Wc/Ws×100); the gaseous-material loss yield Y↑ in weight percent (W↑/Ws×100); and the adjusted condensate yield (“Ya”) in weight percent (Wc/(Ws−Wr)×100). Each sample is identified below by sample number (“S#”). The sample mixtures of plastics (“Mix”) are identified in Table 8: by whether they were non-coded (“nc”) or coded (“c”) plastics or a mixture of non-coded and coded (“nc,c”) plastics; by whether they were a random (“r”) mixture of the different plastics (that is, in unspecified proportions) or an equal (equal proportion) (“ep”) mixture (namely, in equal amounts by weight) or a single (“s”) type of plastic; and, for coded plastics, the identification of the plastic or plastic mixture (“Mix”) by the “mix” identification, namely, “mix-1” is a mixture of HDPE2 and PS6; and “mix-2” is a mixture of LDPE4, HDPE2, PP5 and PS6. For example, the plastic mixture of Sample 48 is identified as “c/ep mix-2” which means that the plastic was coded plastic of the four mix-2 plastics used in equal amounts, and since a total of 200 grams of plastic was used, the table data informs that 50 grams of each mix-2 plastic was used. When a single coded plastic was used, that plastic is identified by its abbreviation in the “Mix” column. Also identified in Table 8 below is whether or not a cracking catalyst was used, with “y” indicating that yes a catalyst was used and “n” indicating that no a catalyst was not used, both in the “Cat.” Column. Further, shown in Table 8a below are the identifications of the Variac parameters as to process-start point (in percentage of the Variac range) and as to heating-mantle temperatures provided therewith, in ° C., at the start of the process (“Start T.”), at the optimum point of the process (“Optimum T.”, which is 70% of the Variac setting in all instances) and at the completion of the process (“End T.”, which is 95% of the Variac setting in all instances except Sample #37 in which it was 90% and Samples #35, 36, 55-66, 71 and 73-75 in which it was 100%) for each sample, and the characteristics of heating mantle used (“Mantle”), namely: a one liter heating mantle which had a heating temperature range of from 0° to 450° C.; a five liter heating mantle which had a heating temperature range of from 0° to 650° C.; and a twelve liter heating mantle which had a heating temperature range of from 0° to 950° C. The samples in Table 8a are the samples of Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt, Distill and Condense Process 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ws 
                 Wc 
                 Vc 
                 Dc 
                 Wr 
                 W↑ 
                 Yc 
                 Y↑ 
                 Ya 
               
               
                 S# 
                 Mix 
                 Cat. 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (gm/ml) 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 240.2 
                 34.9 
                 42 
                 0.83 
                 169.9 
                 35.4 
                 14.5 
                 14.7 
                 49.6 
               
               
                 2 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 100 
                 46.2 
                 48 
                 0.96 
                 46.4 
                 7.4 
                 46.2 
                 7.4 
                 86.2 
               
               
                 3 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 205.5 
                 156.6 
                 206 
                 0.76 
                 40.8 
                 8.1 
                 76.2 
                 3.9 
                 95.1 
               
               
                 4 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 201.1 
                 132.4 
                 170 
                 0.78 
                 58.1 
                 10.6 
                 65.8 
                 5.3 
                 92.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 1513.5 
                 1080.5 
                 1426 
                 0.76 
                 390.4 
                 42.6 
                 71.4 
                 2.8 
                 96.2 
               
               
                 6 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 2017.2 
                 1415.9 
                 1855 
                 0.76 
                 331.4 
                 269.9 
                 70.3 
                 13.4 
                 84.0 
               
               
                 7 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 2059.5 
                 1073.0 
                 1406 
                 0.76 
                 512 
                 474.5 
                 52.1 
                 23.0 
                 69.3 
               
               
                 8 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 350 
                 307.1 
                 405 
                 0.76 
                 33.1 
                 9.8 
                 87.7 
                 2.8 
                 96.9 
               
               
                 9 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 398.3 
                 323 
                 429 
                 0.75 
                 48.6 
                 26.7 
                 81.1 
                 6.7 
                 92.4 
               
               
                 10 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 350 
                 312.8 
                 415 
                 0.75 
                 23.5 
                 13.7 
                 89.4 
                 3.9 
                 95.8 
               
               
                 11 
                 c/s PP5 
                 y 
                 419.8 
                 353.7 
                 465 
                 0.76 
                 45.8 
                 20.3 
                 84.2 
                 4.8 
                 94.6 
               
               
                 12 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 416.9 
                 316.8 
                 417 
                 0.76 
                 25.5 
                 74.6 
                 76.0 
                 17.9 
                 80.9 
               
               
                 13 
                 c/s PS6 
                 n 
                 390 
                 263.3 
                 295 
                 0.89 
                 103.9 
                 22.8 
                 67.5 
                 5.8 
                 92.0 
               
               
                 14 
                 c/s PS6 
                 y 
                 224.9 
                 86.8 
                 97 
                 0.89 
                 130.2 
                 7.9 
                 38.6 
                 3.5 
                 91.6 
               
               
                 15 
                 c/r 
                 y 
                 948 
                 447.1 
                 523 
                 0.85 
                 473.4 
                 27.5 
                 47.2 
                 2.9 
                 94.2 
               
               
                 16 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 254 
                 187.3 
                 203 
                 0.92 
                 25.7 
                 41 
                 73.7 
                 16.1 
                 82.0 
               
               
                 17 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 281.7 
                 198.8 
                 258 
                 0.77 
                 61 
                 21.9 
                 70.6 
                 7.8 
                 89.7 
               
               
                 18 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 214.9 
                 158.4 
                 208 
                 0.76 
                 40.8 
                 15.7 
                 73.7 
                 7.3 
                 90.9 
               
               
                 19 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 274.3 
                 106.5 
                 110 
                 0.97 
                 138.8 
                 29 
                 38.8 
                 10.6 
                 78.5 
               
               
                 20 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 1001.1 
                 517.3 
                 667 
                 0.77 
                 394.2 
                 89.6 
                 51.7 
                 9.0 
                 85.2 
               
               
                 21 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 387.4 
                 199.4 
                 228 
                 0.87 
                 93.8 
                 94.2 
                 51.5 
                 24.3 
                 67.9 
               
               
                 22 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 345.7 
                 219.4 
                 250 
                 0.88 
                 91.5 
                 34.8 
                 63.5 
                 10.1 
                 86.3 
               
               
                 23 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 386.3 
                 244.5 
                 277 
                 0.88 
                 123.4 
                 18.4 
                 63.2 
                 4.8 
                 93.0 
               
               
                 24 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 1348.7 
                 968.4 
                 1235 
                 0.78 
                 262.2 
                 118.1 
                 71.8 
                 8.8 
                 89.1 
               
               
                 25 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 306.5 
                 187.9 
                 214 
                 0.88 
                 99.8 
                 18.8 
                 61.3 
                 6.1 
                 90.9 
               
               
                 26 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 1381.1 
                 1123.8 
                 1494 
                 0.75 
                 167.7 
                 89.6 
                 81.3 
                 6.5 
                 92.6 
               
               
                 27 
                 c/s PAP 
                 n 
                 282.3 
                 232.8 
                 312 
                 0.75 
                 38.8 
                 10.7 
                 82.5 
                 3.8 
                 95.6 
               
               
                 28 
                 nc/r 
                 n 
                 282.2 
                 211.7 
                 277 
                 0.76 
                 53.6 
                 16.9 
                 75.0 
                 6.0 
                 92.6 
               
               
                 29 
                 nc, c/r 
                 n 
                 202.3 
                 131.2 
                 152 
                 0.86 
                 68.4 
                 2.7 
                 64.9 
                 1.3 
                 98.0 
               
               
                 30 
                 c/r mix-1 
                 n 
                 349.2 
                 238.3 
                 300 
                 0.79 
                 77.1 
                 33.8 
                 68.2 
                 9.7 
                 87.6 
               
               
                 31 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 200 
                 147.3 
                 182 
                 0.80 
                 45.4 
                 7.3 
                 73.6 
                 3.6 
                 95.2 
               
               
                 32 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 200 
                 167.5 
                 212 
                 0.79 
                 25.5 
                 7 
                 83.8 
                 3.5 
                 95.9 
               
               
                 33 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 200 
                 152.7 
                 194 
                 0.79 
                 40.9 
                 6.4 
                 76.3 
                 3.2 
                 95.9 
               
               
                 34 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 200 
                 181.2 
                 225 
                 0.80 
                 12.6 
                 6.2 
                 90.6 
                 3.2 
                 96.6 
               
               
                 35 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 1000 
                 802.4 
                 1013 
                 0.79 
                 165 
                 32.6 
                 80.24 
                 3.3 
                 96.1 
               
               
                 36 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 765 
                 531.4 
                 667 
                 0.80 
                 201.6 
                 32 
                 69.4 
                 4.2 
                 94.3 
               
               
                 37 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 574.5 
                 287.4 
                 365 
                 0.79 
                 248.8 
                 38.3 
                 50.0 
                 6.7 
                 88.2 
               
               
                 38 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 167.4 
                 212 
                 0.79 
                 22.5 
                 10.1 
                 83.7 
                 5.6 
                 94.3 
               
               
                 39 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 170.5 
                 217 
                 0.78 
                 19.5 
                 10 
                 85.2 
                 5.0 
                 94.4 
               
               
                 40 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 162.7 
                 206 
                 0.79 
                 32.6 
                 4.7 
                 81.3 
                 2.4 
                 97.2 
               
               
                 41 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 171 
                 216 
                 0.79 
                 19.9 
                 9.1 
                 85.5 
                 4.6 
                 94.9 
               
               
                 42 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 219.9 
                 174.7 
                 222 
                 0.79 
                 31.9 
                 13.3 
                 79.4 
                 6.0 
                 92.9 
               
               
                 43 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 166.4 
                 212 
                 0.78 
                 24 
                 9.6 
                 83.2 
                 4.8 
                 94.5 
               
               
                 44 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 158.5 
                 202 
                 0.78 
                 31.7 
                 9.8 
                 79.2 
                 4.9 
                 94.1 
               
               
                 45 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 166.1 
                 210 
                 0.79 
                 23.6 
                 10.3 
                 83.0 
                 5.1 
                 94.1 
               
               
                 46 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 225 
                 191.8 
                 242 
                 0.79 
                 15.9 
                 17.3 
                 85.2 
                 7.7 
                 91.7 
               
               
                 47 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 176.7 
                 224 
                 0.79 
                 13.9 
                 9.4 
                 88.3 
                 4.7 
                 94.9 
               
               
                 48 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 166.1 
                 210 
                 0.79 
                 23.4 
                 10.5 
                 83.0 
                 5.3 
                 94.0 
               
               
                 49 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 163.1 
                 207 
                 0.79 
                 26.7 
                 10.2 
                 81.6 
                 5.1 
                 94.1 
               
               
                 50 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 n 
                 200 
                 149.1 
                 190 
                 0.78 
                 40 
                 10.9 
                 74.6 
                 5.4 
                 93.1 
               
               
                 51 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 260 
                 211.2 
                 267 
                 0.79 
                 33 
                 15.8 
                 81.2 
                 6.1 
                 93.0 
               
               
                 52 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 260 
                 208.7 
                 264 
                 0.79 
                 36 
                 15.3 
                 80.3 
                 5.9 
                 93.1 
               
               
                 53 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 260 
                 186.8 
                 263 
                 0.79 
                 30.9 
                 42.3 
                 71.8 
                 16.3 
                 81.5 
               
               
                 54 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 260 
                 215 
                 270 
                 0.80 
                 32.2 
                 12.8 
                 82.7 
                 4.9 
                 94.3 
               
               
                 55 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 1200 
                 1010.7 
                 1280 
                 0.79 
                 128 
                 61.3 
                 84.2 
                 5.1 
                 94.3 
               
               
                 56 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 n 
                 1200 
                 870 
                 1100 
                 0.79 
                 207.6 
                 122.4 
                 72.5 
                 10.2 
                 87.7 
               
               
                 57 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1080 
                 866.2 
                 1100 
                 0.79 
                 176.6 
                 37.2 
                 80.2 
                 3.4 
                 95.9 
               
               
                 58 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1200 
                 1025.6 
                 1293 
                 0.79 
                 144.2 
                 30.2 
                 85.5 
                 2.5 
                 97.1 
               
               
                 59 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1376.6 
                 978.6 
                 1250 
                 0.78 
                 325.2 
                 72.8 
                 71.1 
                 5.3 
                 93.1 
               
               
                 60 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1344.2 
                 1042.4 
                 1319 
                 0.79 
                 252.7 
                 49.1 
                 77.5 
                 3.6 
                 95.5 
               
               
                 61 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 3975 
                 2946 
                 3811 
                 0.77 
                 791.9 
                 237.1 
                 74.1 
                 6.0 
                 92.6 
               
               
                 62 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1525.2 
                 1159.1 
                 1485 
                 0.78 
                 299.4 
                 66.7 
                 76.0 
                 4.4 
                 94.55 
               
               
                 63 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1452.7 
                 1086.9 
                 1417 
                 0.77 
                 306.8 
                 59 
                 74.8 
                 4.1 
                 94.8 
               
               
                 64 
                 nc/r 
                 y 
                 4028.7 
                 2850.8 
                 3729 
                 0.76 
                 957.1 
                 220.8 
                 70.8 
                 5.5 
                 92.8 
               
               
                 65 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1200 
                 811.2 
                 1052 
                 0.77 
                 235 
                 153.8 
                 67.6 
                 12.8 
                 84.0 
               
               
                 66 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1515 
                 1156.9 
                 1480 
                 0.78 
                 235.2 
                 122.9 
                 67.6 
                 8.1 
                 90.4 
               
               
                 67 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 300 
                 250.9 
                 315 
                 0.80 
                 42.4 
                 6.7 
                 83.6 
                 2.2 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 68 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 280 
                 237.1 
                 303 
                 0.78 
                 34.1 
                 8.8 
                 84.7 
                 3.1 
                 96.4 
               
               
                 69 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 280 
                 236.7 
                 300 
                 0.79 
                 31.5 
                 11.8 
                 84.5 
                 4.2 
                 95.2 
               
               
                 70 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 294.1 
                 226.5 
                 285 
                 0.79 
                 59.9 
                 7.7 
                 70.1 
                 2.6 
                 96.7 
               
               
                 71 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1435 
                 985 
                 1275 
                 0.77 
                 365.9 
                 84.1 
                 68.6 
                 5.9 
                 92.1 
               
               
                 72 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 299.9 
                 237.2 
                 300 
                 0.79 
                 51.1 
                 11.6 
                 79.1 
                 3.9 
                 95.3 
               
               
                 73 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1400 
                 1117 
                 1420 
                 0.79 
                 171.1 
                 111.9 
                 79.8 
                 8.0 
                 90.8 
               
               
                 74 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1565.9 
                 1012.5 
                 1300 
                 0.79 
                 427.8 
                 125.6 
                 64.7 
                 8.0 
                 89.0 
               
               
                 75 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1371.1 
                 1028.1 
                 1318 
                 0.78 
                 246.7 
                 96.3 
                 75.0 
                 7.0 
                 91.4 
               
               
                 76 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 202.6 
                 263 
                 0.77 
                 30.6 
                 6.8 
                 84.4 
                 2.8 
                 96.8 
               
               
                 77 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 181.2 
                 230 
                 0.79 
                 53.6 
                 5.2 
                 75.5 
                 2.2 
                 97.2 
               
               
                 78 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 200.4 
                 255 
                 0.78 
                 32.6 
                 7 
                 83.5 
                 2.9 
                 96.6 
               
               
                 79 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 202.2 
                 258 
                 0.78 
                 31.7 
                 6.1 
                 84.2 
                 2.5 
                 97.1 
               
               
                 80 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 201.1 
                 255 
                 0.79 
                 32.9 
                 6 
                 83.8 
                 2.5 
                 97.1 
               
               
                 81 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 206.6 
                 260 
                 0.79 
                 27.4 
                 6 
                 86.1 
                 2.5 
                 97.2 
               
               
                 82 
                 c/ep 
                 y 
                 240 
                 197.9 
                 250 
                 0.79 
                 36.2 
                 5.9 
                 82.4 
                 2.5 
                 97.1 
               
               
                 83 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 200.5 
                 253 
                 0.79 
                 33.4 
                 6.1 
                 83.5 
                 2.5 
                 97.0 
               
               
                 84 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 191.3 
                 242 
                 0.79 
                 43.1 
                 5.6 
                 79.7 
                 2.3 
                 97.2 
               
               
                 85 
                 c/ep mix-2 
                 y 
                 240 
                 198 
                 250 
                 0.79 
                 35.6 
                 6.4 
                 82.5 
                 2.7 
                 97.0 
               
               
                 86 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 213 
                 154.5 
                 198 
                 0.78 
                 47.5 
                 11.3 
                 72.5 
                 5.3 
                 93.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8a 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Melt, Distill and Condense Process 
               
               
                 Process Temperatures and Mantle 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Variac 
                 Mantle 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ex. 8 
                   
                   
                 Optimum 
                   
                 (liter 
               
               
                 S# 
                 Start (%) 
                 Start T. (° C.) 
                 T. (° C.) 
                 End. T. (° C.) 
                 size) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 2 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 3 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 4 
                 60% 
                 270 
                 315 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 5 
                 70% 
                 455 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 6 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 7 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 8 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 9 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 10 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 11 
                 60% 
                 270 
                 315 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 12 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 13 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 14 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 15 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 16 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 17 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 18 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 19 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 20 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 21 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 22 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 23 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 24 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 25 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 26 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 27 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 28 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 29 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 30 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 31 
                 50% 
                 225 
                 325 
                 427.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 32 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 33 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 34 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 35 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 36 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 37 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 one 
               
               
                 38 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 39 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 40 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 41 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 42 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 43 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 44 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 45 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 46 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 47 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 48 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 49 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 50 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 51 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 52 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 53 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 54 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 55 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 56 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 57 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 58 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 59 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 60 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 61 
                 60% 
                 570 
                 665 
                 950 
                 twelve 
               
               
                 62 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 63 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 64 
                 60% 
                 570 
                 665 
                 950 
                 twelve 
               
               
                 65 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 66 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 67 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 68 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 69 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 70 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 71 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 72 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 73 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 74 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 75 
                 60% 
                 390 
                 455 
                 617.5 
                 five 
               
               
                 76 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 77 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 78 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 79 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 80 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 81 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 82 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 83 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 84 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 85 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                 86 
                 40% 
                 180 
                 315 
                 95 
                 one 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 9 
     A variety of pre-weighed samples of waste plastics were heated without external agitation in a vessel which was open only to a water-cooled condenser. The heating was achieved for each sample with a standard heating mantle regulated with a standard Variac (variable electrical transformer), although various heat mantles (described below) were used. In each instance, the plastics melted, vapor was released from the plastic melt into the condenser and condensed therein. The condensate was collected and weighed. The weight of the residue left in the vessel after process completion was weighed. The amount of material lost as a vapor, that is, lost to the system in a gaseous state, was calculated by subtracting the combined weights of the residue and condensate from the weight of the waste-plastic sample used. Set forth in Table 9 below are: the type and proportion of plastic(s) in each sample (explained further below); the original plastic sample weight (“Ws”) in grams; the resultant condensate weight (“Wc”) in grams, condensate volume (“Vc”) in milliliters, and condensate density (“Dc”) in grams per milliliter; the resultant residue weight (“Wr”) in grams; the weight lost as gaseous material (“W↑”) in grams; the condensate yield (“Yc”) in weight percent (We/Ws×100); the gaseous-material loss yield Y↑ in weight percent (W↑/Ws×100); and the adjusted condensate yield (“Ya”) in weight percent (Wc/(Ws−Wr)×100). Each sample is identified below by sample number (“S#”). The sample mixtures of plastics (“Mix”) are identified in Table 8: by whether they were or coded (“c”) plastics or, in one instance, a polybag; by whether they were a random (“r”) mixture of the different plastics (that is, in unspecified proportions) or an unequally-proportioned (“u”) mixture (namely, in known but unequal amounts by weight; and, for coded plastics, the identification of the plastic or plastic mixture (“Mix”) by the “mix” identification, namely “mix-1” is a mixture of HDPE2 and PS6; and “mix-2” is a mixture of LDPE4, HDPE2, PP5 and PS6. For example, the plastic mixture of Sample 11 is identified as “c/r mix-2” which means that the plastic was coded plastic of the four mix-2 plastics used in random proportions. The proportions used in the “c/u” mixtures are identified after Table 9a below. Also identified in Table 9 below is whether or not a cracking catalyst was used, with “y” indicating that yes a catalyst was used, in the “Cat.” Column. Further, shown in Table 9a below are the identifications of the Variac parameters as to start, middle, optimum and end points (“start-end” in percentage of the Variac range) and as to heating-mantle temperatures used therewith, in ° C., at the start of the process (“Start T.”), at the middle of the process (“Middle T.”), at the optimum point of the process (“Optimum T.”) and at the completion of the process (“End T.”) for each sample, and the characteristics of heating mantle used (“Mantle”), namely: a one liter heating mantle which had a heating temperature range of from 0° to 450° C.; a five liter heating mantle which had a heating temperature range of from 0° to 650° C.; and a twelve liter heating mantle which had a heating temperature range of from 0° to 950° C. The samples in Table 9a are the same as those of Table 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Melting/Vaporization/Condensation Process 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ws 
                 Wc 
                 Vc 
                 Dc 
                 Wr 
                 W↑ 
                 Yc 
                 Y↑ 
                 Ya 
               
               
                 S# 
                 Mix 
                 Cat. 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (ml) 
                 (gm/ml) 
                 (gm) 
                 (gm) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 c/u mix-2 
                 y 
                 1446.7 
                 753.1 
                 990.0 
                 0.76 
                 560.8 
                 132.8 
                 52.1 
                 9.2 
                 85.0 
               
               
                 2 
                 c/u mix-2 
                 y 
                 1560.8 
                 1030.8 
                 1344.0 
                 0.76 
                 360.5 
                 169.5 
                 66.0 
                 10.8 
                 85.9 
               
               
                 3 
                 c/u mix-2 
                 y 
                 3717.0 
                 3173.6 
                 4150.0 
                 0.76 
                 334.4 
                 209.0 
                 85.4 
                 5.6 
                 93.8 
               
               
                 4 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 4000.0 
                 2533.2 
                 3327.0 
                 0.76 
                 1247.3 
                 219.5 
                 63.3 
                 5.5 
                 92.0 
               
               
                 5 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 4813.1 
                 3070.6 
                 3942.0 
                 0.77 
                 990.6 
                 75.9 
                 63.8 
                 1.6 
                 80.3 
               
               
                 6 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 2017.0 
                 1556.7 
                 1925.0 
                 0.80 
                 320.4 
                 139.9 
                 77.2 
                 6.9 
                 91.8 
               
               
                 7 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1868.8 
                 1355.0 
                 1777.0 
                 0.76 
                 393.9 
                 119.9 
                 72.5 
                 6.4 
                 91.9 
               
               
                 8 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1709.3 
                 1181.1 
                 1492.0 
                 0.79 
                 438.5 
                 89.7 
                 69.1 
                 5.2 
                 92.9 
               
               
                 9 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 2038.5 
                 1261.0 
                 1650.0 
                 0.76 
                 516.9 
                 260.6 
                 61.9 
                 12.8 
                 82.9 
               
               
                 10 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1826.7 
                 1242.9 
                 1698.0 
                 0.73 
                 440.5 
                 143.3 
                 68.0 
                 7.8 
                 89.7 
               
               
                 11 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 4592.5 
                 3154.8 
                 4093.0 
                 0.77 
                 802.2 
                 635.5 
                 68.7 
                 13.8 
                 83.2 
               
               
                 12 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 4042.2 
                 3139.4 
                 4108.0 
                 0.76 
                 486.6 
                 416.2 
                 77.7 
                 1.9 
                 88.2 
               
               
                 13 
                 polybag 
                 y 
                 610.6 
                 216.9 
                 285.0 
                 0.76 
                 359.8 
                 33.9 
                 35.5 
                 5.5 
                 86.5 
               
               
                 14 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 1522.3 
                 1222.3 
                 1626.0 
                 0.75 
                 212.6 
                 87.4 
                 80.3 
                 5.7 
                 93.3 
               
               
                 15 
                 c/r mix-2 
                 y 
                 2183.0 
                 1811.1 
                 2350.0 
                 0.77 
                 148.4 
                 223.5 
                 83.0 
                 10.2 
                 89.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 9a                  Melt, Distill and Condense Process       Process Temperatures and Mantle                             Variac                                                 Start-   Start   Middle   Optimum   End.   Mantle       Ex. 9   End   T.   T.   T.   T.   (liter       S#   (%)   (° C.)   (° C.)   (° C.)   (° C.)   size)                                                 1   100, 40, 70, 90   650   260   455   585   five       2   100, 35, 70, 85   650   227.5   455   552.5   five       3    95, 45, 68, 80   902.5   427.5   646   760   twelve       4    95, 35, 70, 85   902.5   332.5   665   807.5   twelve       5   100, 45, 75, 90   950   427.5   712.5   855   twelve       6   100, 50, 65, 95   650   325   422.5   617.5   five       7    95, 40, 75, 85   617.5   260   487.5   552.5   five       8   100, 45, 70, 90   650   292.5   455   585   five       9    95, 35, 68, 80   617.5   227.5   442   520   five       10   100, 45, 70, 90   650   425   455   585   five       11   100, 50, 70, 85   950   425   665   807.5   twelve       12    95, 45, 75, 90   902.5   427.5   712.5   855   twelve       13   100, 48, 65, 80   650   312   422.5   520   five       14    95, 40, 75, 85   617.5   260   487.5   552.5   five       15   100, 45, 75, 90   650   292.5   487.5   585   five                    
The proportion of plastics in the non-random, but unequally-proportioned mix-2 Samples 1 to 3 shown in Table 9 above are, respectively, in grams, in the order of LDPE4, HDPE2, PP5 and PS6: 400/300/400/100; 300/300/300/100; and 779.0/1577.2/1315.9/44.9.
 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     A sample of a condensate of the present invention produced by the process described in Examples 1 and 2 above was filtered and then, to obtain a double-distilled condensate, was taken through a second distillation/condensation process. The condensate sample, after filtration, was dark brown in color, and had a density of 0.77 g/ml. A measured amount, namely 750 ml. (575 grams) of the filtered condensate was placed in a boiling flask, distilled and the condensate therefrom was collected in a first and a second collection flask (first and second “collections”). The first collection, which was a collection of 400 ml. of double-distilled condensate, took about one hour, thirty minutes. The second collection, which was a collection of 309 ml. of double-distilled condensate, took about two hours. The yield of the combined double-distilled condensates ((400+309)/750×100) was 94.5%. A one ml. from each collection was subjected to a flame test in which it was exposed to a live flame, and its ignition and burn characteristics were noted and recorded. The characteristics of each collection, including the results of the flame tests, are set forth below in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 First Collection 
                 Second Collection 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Density (grams/ml) 
                 0.74 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 Color, appearance 
                 light yellow, transparent 
                 yellow, cloudy 
               
               
                 Flame test - burn time 
                 1 min. 45 sec. 
                 no ignition 
               
               
                 Flame test - flame quality 
                 very little black smoke, no 
                 no ignition 
               
               
                   
                 carbon soot, good flame 
               
               
                   
                 quality 
               
               
                 Flame test - after-burning 
                 no residue 
                 no ignition 
               
               
                 residue 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 11 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 12 
     A sample of double-distilled condensate of the present invention was tested as a liquid automotive fuel by comparing its performance, in terms of mileage (miles-per-gallon, or mpg, output) and exhaust emissions, with that of a commercial grade of automotive gasoline. The automotive vehicle used to conduct this comparison was a 1984 Oldsmobile passenger vehicle (“car”) equipped with a V-8 engine, which had an odometer-mileage (number of miles car had already driven) of 29,002.6 at the start of the tests. The tests of Example 11 and Comparative Example 12 were conducted as follows. First, all fuel was drained from the car&#39;s fuel tank and then one gallon of the fuel being tested, namely the double-distilled condensate of the present invention (Example 11), was injected into the car&#39;s fuel tank. Both tests were conducted with four people in the car while it was driven on a local road with an ENMET MX 2100 emission tester mounted about one foot away from the car&#39;s exhaust pipe. The car was driven at speeds up to about 55 mph, with an overall average speed of about 43 mph (18 miles covered in 25 minutes) until the fuel was exhausted and the car came to a full stop. At the point when the car came to a full stop in the test of Example 11, the odometer read 29020.6 miles, which indicated that the car had been driven 18.0 miles on the one gallon double-distilled condensate of the present invention. The exhaust emissions reading, described below, was recorded. Then for Comparative Example 12, one gallon of the commercial automotive gasoline was added to the car, and the car was driven using the same conditions. At the point when the car, which again was driven up to about 55 mph, ran out of gas and came to a full stop, the odometer read 29035.3 miles, which indicated that the car had been driven 14.7 miles in the test of Comparative Example 12, and that the overall average speed during the test was 38 mph (14.7 miles covered in 23 minutes). Therefore the mileage provided by the double-distilled condensate of the present invention (18 mpg) was about 22 percent higher than the mileage (14.7 mpg) provided by the commercial automotive gasoline. The exhaust emissions recorded during both tests are set forth below in Table 11. More detailed driving-speed logs for both tests are set forth below in Table 12 wherein equal elapsed times are set out juxtaposed to the extent practical, and zero speeds are explained below the table. From the logs of Table 11 it is seen that the car speed during the test of Example 11 averaged about 43 mph and that the car speed during the test of Comparative Example 12 averaged about 39 mph. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Recorded Exhaust Emissions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Emission Gas 
                 Example 11 
                 Comparative Example 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CO 
                 1200 
                 1200 
               
               
                   
                 H 2 S 
                 −3 
                 −2 
               
               
                   
                 O 2   
                 21.0 
                 16.8 
               
               
                   
                 CH 4   
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 12                  Log of Car Speeds                     Example 11   Comparative Example 12                                 Car       Car       Elapsed Time (min.)   Speed (mph)   Elapsed Time (min.)   Speed (mph)                                     0    0   0    0       5   40   6   55       7    0 (3 sec.)   8   40       8   50   9    0 (5 sec.)       10   55   11   55       12   55   13   50       15   45   15   55       17   45   18   40       20    0 (4 sec.)   21   55       23   55   23    0       25    0                    
The zero mph at 0 elapsed times and at the end of the tests (25 and 223 minutes elapsed times respectively) signify the engine starts at the beginnings of the tests and the running out of gas occurrences at the conclusions of the tests, and between these events the zero mph records indicate stops at red lights for the time durations shown in parenthesis.
 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     A waste-plastic melting/vaporization/condensation process of the present invention was tracked in detail, particularly regarding temperatures and the onset and continued progression of the vaporization/condensation stage. Temperatures were recorded by both the Variac setting (and presumed temperature of the heating mantle used) and the temperature of the waste-plastic sample as measured using a thermocouple having a temperature range of from about −200° C. to 13,700° C. The duration of the process was about four hours, thirty-five minutes. The process was conducted under a standard fume hood at ambient room temperature (about 21.9° C. to about 2.4° C.). The waste-plastic sample was 300.0 grams of a random mixture of LDPE, HDPE, PP and PS. The weight and volume of the condensate collected during the process was 230.3 grams and 315 ml respectively, which corresponds to a condensate yield (Yc) of 76.8 wt. percent and a condensate density (Dc) of 0.73 g/ml. The residue left in behind in the boiling vessel weighed 55.6 grams, and therefore the material lost as a non-condensed vapor was 14.1 grams. The Variac-regulated heating mantle temperatures, thermocouple-determined waste-plastic sample temperatures and process progress, particularly the progress of the vaporization/condensation, are set forth in Table 13 below versus elapsed time (which was primarily read at five-minute intervals) of the process. In more detail, the process progress is reported in Table 13 as to prior to any melting and vaporization of the plastic sample (elapsed time 1-10 min.), and then as to the onset and continuation of melting and vaporization prior to boiling (elapsed time 15-45 min.), and then as to melting and boiling prior to condensate formation and collection (elapsed time 50-65 min.), and then as to the formation of first condensate drop (at elapsed time of 70 min.), and thereafter as to the rate of condensate formation/collection in terms of drops per minute. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Elapsed 
                 Variac 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                 setting 
                 Heat Mantle 
                 Thermocouple 
                   
               
               
                 (min.) 
                 (%) 
                 Temp. (° C.) 
                 Temp. (° C.) 
                 Process Progress 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 Plastic sample is solid 
               
               
                 1 
                 90 
                 405 
                 21.9 
                 Plastic sample is solid 
               
               
                 5 
                 90 
                 405 
                 222.4 
                 Plastic sample is solid 
               
               
                 10 
                 90 
                 405 
                 222.9 
                 Plastic sample is solid 
               
               
                 15 
                 90 
                 405 
                 223.1 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 20 
                 50 
                 225 
                 237.3 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 25 
                 30 
                 135 
                 291.4 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 30 
                 20 
                 90 
                 298.3 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 35 
                 30 
                 135 
                 323.4 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 40 
                 40 
                 180 
                 325.3 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 45 
                 40 
                 180 
                 343.4 
                 Melting/vaporization 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 225 
                 373.6 
                 Melting/boiling 
               
               
                 55 
                 50 
                 225 
                 383.7 
                 Melting/boiling 
               
               
                 60 
                 50 
                 225 
                 373.7 
                 Melting/boiling 
               
               
                 65 
                 50 
                 225 
                 382.6 
                 Melting/boiling 
               
               
                 70 
                 50 
                 225 
                 383.9 
                 First condensate drop 
               
               
                 75 
                 50 
                 225 
                 393.0 
                  8 drops/min. 
               
               
                 80 
                 50 
                 225 
                 397.5 
                  8 drops/min. 
               
               
                 85 
                 60 
                 270 
                 403.6 
                  8 drops/min. 
               
               
                 90 
                 60 
                 270 
                 409.0 
                  8 drops/min. 
               
               
                 95 
                 70 
                 315 
                 411.9 
                 12 drops/min. 
               
               
                 100 
                 70 
                 315 
                 413.6 
                 14 drops/min. 
               
               
                 105 
                 80 
                 360 
                 426.2 
                 16 drops/min. 
               
               
                 110 
                 40 
                 180 
                 410.7 
                 20 drops/min. 
               
               
                 115 
                 40 
                 180 
                 406.2 
                 16 drops/min. 
               
               
                 120 
                 30 
                 135 
                 404.3 
                 12 drops/min. 
               
               
                 125 
                 30 
                 135 
                 402.1 
                 10 drops/min. 
               
               
                 130 
                 30 
                 135 
                 399.2 
                 10 drops/min. 
               
               
                 135 
                 30 
                 135 
                 389.5 
                  8 drops/min. 
               
               
                 140 
                 40 
                 180 
                 388.6 
                  8 drops/min. 
               
               
                 145 
                 50 
                 225 
                 389.1 
                 16 drops/min. 
               
               
                 150 
                 50 
                 225 
                 389.3 
                 16 drops/min. 
               
               
                 155 
                 60 
                 270 
                 390.7 
                 22 drops/min. 
               
               
                 160 
                 60 
                 270 
                 393.9 
                 18 drops/min. 
               
               
                 165 
                 60 
                 270 
                 400.0 
                 36 drops/min. 
               
               
                 170 
                 60 
                 270 
                 402.2 
                 38 drops/min. 
               
               
                 175 
                 60 
                 270 
                 405.1 
                 40 drops/min. 
               
               
                 180 
                 60 
                 270 
                 407.1 
                 46 drops/min. 
               
               
                 185 
                 60 
                 270 
                 411.0 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 190 
                 60 
                 270 
                 413.2 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 195 
                 60 
                 270 
                 414.5 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 200 
                 60 
                 270 
                 414.7 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 205 
                 60 
                 270 
                 411.8 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 210 
                 60 
                 270 
                 410.8 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 215 
                 60 
                 270 
                 411.9 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 220 
                 60 
                 270 
                 411.3 
                 62 drops/min. 
               
               
                 225 
                 60 
                 270 
                 405.8 
                 22 drops/min. 
               
               
                 230 
                 70 
                 315 
                 406.1 
                 22 drops/min. 
               
               
                 235 
                 70 
                 315 
                 404.1 
                 22 drops/min. 
               
               
                 240 
                 70 
                 315 
                 405.5 
                 20 drops/min. 
               
               
                 245 
                 70 
                 315 
                 409.7 
                 20 drops/min. 
               
               
                 250 
                 80 
                 360 
                 430.5 
                 20 drops/min. 
               
               
                 255 
                 80 
                 360 
                 435.7 
                 74 drops/min. 
               
               
                 260 
                 80 
                 360 
                 440.6 
                 74 drops/min. 
               
               
                 265 
                 80 
                 360 
                 446.6 
                 74 drops/min. 
               
               
                 270 
                 80 
                 360 
                 450.3 
                 90 drops/min. 
               
               
                 275 
                 80 
                 360 
                 452.4 
                 90 drops/min. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Samples of condensates of the present invention were compared to samples of commercial fuels as to color and appearance, density and Onset value in Table 14 below. The compositions of these materials are discussed below. The condensates of the present invention are identified as to the process of the present invention used to produce the condensates and as to plastic-waste materials used in producing the condensates. All of the plastic-waste materials used were random mixtures of the plastics identified in Table 14 below. Further, the melt/vaporization/condensation process of the present invention is identified in Table 14 as “basic”. A fractional distillation process of the present invention is identified as “fractional” and then as to cut. A double distillation processing is identified as “double” and also as to whether it is from the “first” or the “second” collection as described in Example xx 6 above. Whether the sample was filtered or unfiltered after production is specified for some samples. Whether the condensate collection vessel was cooled or not is specified for some samples as “ice” of “w/o ice” for “with ice” and “without ice” respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Onset 
               
               
                   
                 Process or 
                   
                 Color/ 
                 Density 
                 value 
               
               
                 S# 
                 Commercial 
                 Source of sample 
                 Appearance 
                 g/ml 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 basic, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Amber Color/ 
                 0.77 
                 121.20 
               
               
                   
                 unfiltered 
                 HDPE 
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 very faint cloudy 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 appearance 
               
               
                 2 
                 basic, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Amber Color/Not 
                 0.77 
                 137.91 
               
               
                   
                 filtered 
                 HDPE 
                 Fully Transparent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with lots of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 3 
                 fractional, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Dark Yellow 
                 0.77 
                 136.01 
               
               
                   
                 bottom 
                 HDPE 
                 Color/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 few settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 4 
                 fractional, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Yellow Color/ 
                 0.76 
                 119.63 
               
               
                   
                 middle 
                 HDPE 
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 5 
                 fractional, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Light Yellow 
                 0.75 
                 89.25 
               
               
                   
                 top 
                 HDPE 
                 Color/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 6 
                 fractional, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 White Color/ 
                 0.72 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 topmost 
                 HDPE 
                 Fully Transparent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with no 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 7 
                 double, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Light Yellow 
                 0.74 
                 94.52 
               
               
                   
                 first, 
                 HDPE 
                 Color/ 
               
               
                   
                 w/o ice 
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 8 
                 double, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Amber Color/ 
                 0.78 
                 194.46 
               
               
                   
                 second, 
                 HDPE 
                 Not Fully 
               
               
                   
                 w/o ice 
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 adequate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 9 
                 double, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Light Yellow 
                 0.74 
                 93.67 
               
               
                   
                 first, 
                 HDPE 
                 Color/ 
               
               
                   
                 ice 
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 10 
                 double, 
                 LDPE, PP, PS and 
                 Amber Color/ 
                 0.78 
                 193.29 
               
               
                   
                 second, 
                 HDPE 
                 Not Fully 
               
               
                   
                 ice 
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 adequate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 11 
                 commercial 
                 Fossil Fuel 
                 Yellow Color/ 
                 0.72-0.74 
                 68.14 
               
               
                   
                 automotive 
                   
                 Transparent With 
               
               
                   
                 gasoline 
                   
                 no settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 12 
                 commercial 
                 Fossil Fuel 
                 Green Color/Not 
                 0.78-0.80 
                 226.71 
               
               
                   
                 automotive 
                   
                 Fully Transparent 
               
               
                   
                 diesel fuel 
                   
                 with no 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                 13 
                 commercial 
                 Fossil Fuel 
                 Dark Yellow 
                 0.72-0.80 
                 194.61 
               
               
                   
                 aviation 
                   
                 Color/ 
               
               
                   
                 gasoline 
                   
                 Transparent with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 no settlement on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 bottom 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Commercial Automotive Gasoline: In comparison to the condensates of the present invention, the constituents (hydrocarbons) of commercial automotive gasoline can be characterized as of lower molecular weight and structural complexity because commercial gasoline completely volatilize by 220° C. For example, dodecane (C12H26), which is possibly the most complex and heavy gasoline hydrocarbon, boils at 216° C., and hexane to nonane (C6H14 to C9H20) boil at 68.7° C. and 150.8° C. respectively. 
     Basic, unfiltered sample: The constituents of this sample higher in molecular weight probably are more structurally complex in comparison to commercial automotive gasoline. It doesn&#39;t completely volatilize until approximately 300° C. 
     Aviation Fuel: Commercial aviation fuel are higher in molecular weight and more structurally complex than automotive gasoline. 
     Fractional, various layers: The constituents for the fractionally distilled condensate, bottom layer, are heavy in molecular weight and complex in molecular structure. The constituents don&#39;t completely volatilize until a temperature higher than 300° C. The constituents of the fractional middle layer sample are of lower molecular weight and less complex in molecular structure than the fractional bottom layer sample. The constituents of the fractional top layer sample are lower in molecular weight and less complex in molecular structure when compared to both fractional bottom and middle layer samples. 
     Double samples: The constituents for the double distilled condensate samples are lower in molecular weight and less structurally complex that the basic samples, either filtered or unfiltered. It is believed that the second vaporization step further breaks down the hydrocarbon constituents. The constituents of the second collection are higher in molecular weight and more structurally complex when compared with the first collection. 
     Commercial diesel fuel: The constituents of commercial diesel fuel are higher in molecular weight and more complex in molecular structure when compared to the other fuel samples listed in Table 14 above. It is believed that diesel fuel contains certain additives and/or some light hydrocarbon materials that enhance the cold startup for diesel-based engines. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     One litter of double distilled condensate (first collection) was poured into Jiang Dong Generator to test its fuel performance. The following electrical appliances were run off the generator: 1500 watt heater (full heat); 1500 watt heater (medium heat); 225 watt fan; 65 watt laptop; and 100 watt bulb, An EML 2020 Energy Monitoring Logger was used to calculate the amount of electricity being consumed by these appliances. The generator ran for a total of 32 minutes at a peak output of around 2900 watts and a kilowatts hour rating of 1.480 kW (1.48 kWh×32=47.36 kilowatt output). The double distilled condensate ran the generator very smoothly. The generator did not shake, make any unusual sound, produce any black smoke or require starter fluid. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     The energy consumed during a basic melt/vaporize/condense process of the present invention was determined as follows. A 240 gram mixed waste plastic sample (PP, HDPE 2, LDPE 4 and PS), after cleaning and shredding, underwent a basic melt/vaporize/condense process of the present invention (described in more detail above in Examples 8 and 9 above) was transferred into a round bottom flask (1000 ml) and then placed on a heat mantle controlled with a standard Variac. The plastic was heated, melted and vaporized. The vapor was condensed (via a standard water-cooled condenser) and the condensate was collected. The collected condensate obtained weighed 194.7 grams and has a volume of 252 ml. An energy monitoring logger was used to calculate the amount of watts being consumed for heating during the process, which continued for about three hours. In that three hour span a total of 0.830 kWh was consumed for heating which equates to 12.5 kWh per gallon consumed during the production. For comparison, it is noted that the energy content of a commercial automotive gasoline is about 36-37 kWh, which is about three times higher than the energy consumed in the basic process of the present invention. 
     The present method, as exemplified above, is a method for the production of a hydrocarbonaceous fluid from a feed of waste plastic. By hydrocarbonaceous fluid is meant herein a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, or in other words a mixture of hydrocarbons which is liquid at ambient room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The method comprises in broad embodiments the steps of: (step 1) melting a feed of substantially solid waste plastic in an aerobic atmosphere (for instance, air) whereby a waste-plastic melt is produced; (step 2) distilling at least a portion of the waste-plastic melt whereby a hydrocarbonaceous distillate is produced; and (step 3) collecting the hydrocarbonaceous distillate. That distillate is generally referred to above as a condensate. In some preferred embodiments, the method includes the step of comminuting the feed of substantially solid waste plastic into pieces substantially no greater than about 1.5 cm 2  prior to step 1. In preferred embodiments, the method includes the step of adding an effective amount of a cracking catalyst to the waste plastic prior to step 2. 
     Also in certain preferred embodiments, step 1 and step 2 are performed by the steps of: (step a) heating the feed of substantially solid waste plastic in an aerobic atmosphere in a vessel to melt and volatilize at least a portion of the feed of waste plastic to form a stream of volatiles; and (step b) condensing the volatiles. This preferred embodiment is particularly exemplified in Examples 8 and 9 above. 
     In preferred embodiments, the feed of waste plastic is substantially a feed of linear, thermoplastic polymer, including but not limited to feeds of waste plastic selected from the group consisting of high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene and mixtures thereof. 
     In some of the preferred embodiments, the method includes the step of (step 4) after step 3, filtering the distillate. In some of the preferred embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (step 4) after step 3, filtering the distillate to produce a filtrate; and (step 5) distilling the filtrate to produce a refined filtrate. In some of the preferred embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (step 4) after step 3, filtering the distillate to produce a filtrate; (step 5) distilling the filtrate to produce a refined filtrate; and (step 6) separately collecting a first fraction of the refined filtrate, such as exemplified above. In some of the preferred embodiments, the method includes the steps of: prior to the step 2, adding an effective amount of a cracking catalyst to the waste plastic; (step 4) after step 3, filtering the distillate to produce a filtrate; (step 5) distilling the filtrate to produce a refined filtrate; and (step 6) separately collecting a first fraction of the refined filtrate. 
     The present invention also includes, as exemplified above, a hydrocarbonaceous fluid produced according to the method of the invention, and containing hydrocarbons within the liquid hydrocarbon fuel range, which is described above 
     While the foregoing written description of the invention enables one of ordinary skill to make and use what is considered presently to be the best mode thereof, those of ordinary skill will understand and appreciate the existence of variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiment, method, and examples herein. The invention should therefore not be limited by the above described embodiment, method, and examples, but by all embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the invention as claimed.