Patent Publication Number: US-2007119117-A1

Title: Mounting system for roofs and the like

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
      This application is based upon provisional application Ser. No. 60/737,501, filed Nov. 17, 2005. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      My U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,577,360 and 5,617,690 disclose various techniques for attaching panels to a support surface. More particularly, the techniques are useful in applying shingles or mounting panels such as natural or artificial slate to a roof. In general, the techniques involved providing a plurality of tracks which would be secured to a support surface such as a deck. The tracks generally include an offset or exposed portion functioning as a fastener accommodating structure. The mounting panels generally have slots or other surface indentations which are engaged by a spring clip. The clip is also secured to the fastener accommodating structure of the tracks to thereby permit the mounting panels to cover the roof.  
      It would be desirable if variations of the above systems could be provided to facilitate the mounting of panels to a structure such as a roof.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      An object of this invention is to provide variations of the above techniques.  
      A further object of this invention is to provide such variations wherein the panels could be mounted in a quick and efficient manner white minimizing costs.  
      In accordance with one embodiment of this invention, each spaced parallel track is in the form of spaced track segments or pedestals thereby avoiding the need to have one continuous track which would include track material in areas not actually used for the mounting technique. The track segments could be in the form of a simple small plate with one plate being provided for each mounting panel. Alternatively, the track segments could be of elongated form so that each segment, in turn, supports a plurality of panels. The track segments could include structure to facilitate the mounting of the segments to the framework of the structure, such as the roof or sides of a building. Other structure could be provided on the track segments to cooperate with the fasteners and thereby assure a firm mounting of the fasteners to the track segments.  
      The invention particularly lends itself to being used where the framework has exposed battens and the track segments are mounted directly to the battens. The invention, however, may also be used by mounting the track segments to a deck. 
    
    
     THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a mounting system for roofs and the like in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 2  is a right side elevational view of the system shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
       FIG. 3  is an enlarged view of a portion of the system shown in  FIG. 2 ;  
       FIG. 4  is a view similar to  FIG. 3  of a modified form of system in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 5  is a top plan view of a modified track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 6  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 5 ;  
       FIG. 7  is a view similar to  FIG. 5  of a variation of the track segment;  
       FIG. 8  is a top plan view of yet another form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 9  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 8 ;  
       FIG. 10  is a view similar to  FIG. 8  of a variation of the track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 11  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 10 ;  
       FIG. 12  is a top plan view of yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 13  is a side elevational view partly broken away of the track segment shown in  FIG. 12 ;  
       FIG. 14  is a top plan view of still yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 15  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 14 ;  
       FIG. 16  is a view similar to  FIG. 14  of yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 17  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 16  and also illustrating a mounting panel;  
       FIGS. 18 and 19  are views similar to  FIG. 16  of yet further variations of a track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 20  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 19  and also showing the mounting panel and fastener;  
       FIGS. 21-24  are side elevational views of various forms of fasteners which can be used in the practice of this invention;  
       FIG. 25  is a view similar to  FIG. 20  showing a modified fastener;  
       FIG. 26  is a view similar to  FIG. 20  of yet another modified fastener prior to being secured to the track segment;  
       FIG. 27  is a view similar to  FIG. 26  showing the fastener secured to the track segment;  
       FIG. 28  is a top plan view of yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 29  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 28 ;  
       FIG. 30  is a perspective view of still yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 31  is a plan view of a track segment in accordance with a further practice of this invention;  
       FIG. 32  is a side elevational view showing a panel mounted to the track segment of  FIG. 32 ;  
       FIG. 33  is a view similar to  FIG. 31  of still yet another form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 34  is a perspective view of a fastener usable with the track segments of  FIGS. 31-33 ;  
       FIG. 35  is a perspective view of a further form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 36  is a top plan view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 35 ;  
       FIG. 37  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIGS. 35-36  and showing the segment in use;  
       FIG. 38  is a view similar to  FIG. 35  of a modified form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIGS. 39-40  are views similar to  FIGS. 36-37  showing the track segment of  FIG. 38 ;  
       FIG. 41  is a perspective view of still yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 42  is a view similar to  FIGS. 37 and 38  showing the track segment of  FIG. 41 ;  
       FIG. 43  is a perspective view of still yet a further track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 44  is a view similar to  FIGS. 37, 38  and  42  showing the track segment of  FIG. 43 ;  
       FIG. 45  is a side elevational view showing a track segment mounted to the top of a batten;  
       FIG. 46  is a perspective view showing a modified form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 47  is an exploded side elevational view showing the mounting of a fastener in the track segment of  FIG. 46 ;  
       FIG. 48  is a perspective view of still yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 49  is a top plan view showing the track segment of  FIG. 48  in use;  
       FIG. 50  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 49 ;  
       FIG. 51  is a top plan view showing a modified form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 52  is a perspective view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 51 ;  
       FIG. 53  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 51 ;  
       FIGS. 54-55  are top plan views of further track segments in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 56  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 55 ;  
       FIG. 57  is a top plan view of yet another form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 58  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 57 ;  
       FIG. 59  is a view similar to  FIG. 58  of a variation of the track segment shown therein;  
       FIG. 60  is a top plan view of yet another form of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 61  is a side elevational view showing the track segment of  FIG. 60  mounted to a batten;  
       FIG. 62  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 60  mounted to a deck;  
       FIG. 63  is a top plan view of an extruded track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 64  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 63 ;  
       FIG. 65  is a perspective view of a further track segment in roller form in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 66  is a top plan view of a stamped track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 67  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 66 ;  
       FIG. 68  is a top plan view of still yet another track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 69  is a side elevational view of the track segment shown in  FIG. 68 ;  
       FIG. 70  is a side elevational view showing a panel mounted to the track segment of  FIGS. 68-69 ;  
       FIG. 71  is a perspective view of still yet another view of track segment in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 72  is a side elevational view showing the track segment of  FIG. 71  mounted in place;  
       FIGS. 73-76  are side elevational views showing still yet other forms of track segments in accordance with this invention;  
       FIGS. 77-79  are side elevational views showing how a batten may be used as a track in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 80  is a front elevational view of a further form of track in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 81  is a side elevational view of the track shown in  FIG. 80 ;  
       FIG. 82  is a rear elevational view of the track shown in  FIGS. 80-81 ;  
       FIG. 83  is a top plan view of the track shown in  FIGS. 80-82 ;  
       FIG. 84  is a cross sectional view in elevation of yet another form of track in accordance with this invention;  
       FIGS. 85-86  are views similar to  FIG. 84  showing variations of the track of  FIG. 84 ;  
       FIG. 87  is a front elevational view of a track segment in accordance with yet another embodiment of this invention;  
       FIGS. 88-89  are right side and rear elevational views of the track segment shown in  FIG. 87 ;  
       FIG. 90  is a top plan view of the track segment of  FIGS. 87-89 ;  
       FIG. 91  is a top plan view of a modified form of track similar to that shown in  FIGS. 87-90 ;  
       FIG. 92  is a top plan view of a track segment or pedestal attached to a batten in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 93  is a front elevational view of yet another form of track in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 94  is a side elevational view of the track shown in  FIG. 93 ;  
       FIG. 95  is a rear elevational view of the track shown in  FIGS. 93-94 ;  
       FIG. 96  is a top plan view of the track shown in  FIGS. 93-95 ;  
       FIG. 97  is a side elevational view of yet another form of track in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 98  is a side elevational view showing a variation of the track shown in  FIG. 97 ;  
       FIG. 99  is a top plan view showing a plurality of track segments or pedestals mounted on a carrying strip in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 100  is a front elevational view of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 99 ;  
       FIG. 101  is a front elevational view of yet another form of track in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 102  is a side elevational view of a fastener in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 103  is a front elevational view of the fastener shown in  FIG. 102 ;  
       FIG. 104  is a top plan view of the fastener shown in  FIGS. 102-103 ;  
       FIG. 105  is a bottom plan view of the fastener shown in  FIGS. 102-104 ;  
       FIG. 106  is a side elevational view of yet another form of fastener in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 107  is a side elevational view of a variation of the fastener shown in  FIG. 106 ;  
       FIGS. 108-109  are side elevational views showing the fastener of  FIGS. 102-105  mounted in place;  
       FIG. 110  is a side elevational view showing a modified form of fastener in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 111  is a schematic side elevational view showing a plurality of panels mounted generally parallel and spaced from to each other to create layers of air between vertically adjacent panels;  
       FIG. 112  is a top plan view showing one stage in the mounting of fasteners to panels in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 113  is a top plan view showing another stage in the mounting of the panels to a roof in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 114  is a cross-sectional view taken through  FIG. 113  along the line  114 - 114 ;  
       FIG. 115  is a top plan view showing a further stage in the mounting of panels in accordance with this invention;  
       FIG. 116  is a side elevational view taken through  FIG. 115  along the line  116 - 116 ;  
       FIG. 117  is a top plan view showing the final stage in the mounting of panels in accordance with this invention; and  
       FIG. 118  is a cross sectional view taken through  FIG. 117  along the line  118 - 118 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
      The present invention is directed to a mounting system for mounting panels to the framework of a structure. A particular utility of the invention is with regard to mounting shingles, such as natural or artificial slate to a roof. Such panels could thus be made of natural slate, metal, wood, plastic, glass or fibers or any other suitable roofing material. It is to be understood, however, that the invention may be practiced for other types of structures such as the mounting of panels or shingles to a side wall. The general principles of the invention are based upon the type of systems shown in my U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,577,360 and 5,617,690, all of the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. In general, the systems of my prior patents involve utilizing a plurality of spaced parallel tracks. Each track would, for example, extend across the framework of a structure, such as a roof. In a practice of those patents the base portion of each track would be mounted to a deck on the roof. One type of track which is described in those patents is a Z-shaped track so that one portion of the Z comprises the base and the opposite portion of the Z is an off-set exposed portion which functions as fastener accommodating structure. In that regard, a spring-type clip fastener would be inserted in a slot or otherwise secured to a surface indentation of a mounting panel and then hooked over the exposed portion of the track.  
      In one practice of the present invention, instead of using tracks which extend completely across the structure, a plurality of track segments is used. In that sense the track segments may be considered pedestals. This results in smaller size tracks being used which reduces cost and is easier to handle. It is to be understood, however, that various aspects of this invention may also be practiced where the track is a single continuous track. A further feature of this invention is the recognition that the tracks or track segments could be applied directly to a batten without the need for securing the tracks to a solid deck. It is again to be understood, however, that various aspects of this invention may be utilized where the tracks or track segments are mounted to a deck.  
       FIG. 1  shows one form of structure which includes framework comprising roof joists or rafters  2 . The plurality of battens  4  are mounted across the spaced joists  2 . In accordance with this invention the plurality of sets of spaced parallel tracks is utilized for mounting the panels  10 . As shown in  FIG. 1  each set of spaced tracks includes a plurality of laterally aligned track segments or pedestals  12 . In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1-4  each track segment  12  is utilized for mounting a single panel  10 . This mounting is accomplished through the use of a fastener  14 . The fastener  14  can take any suitable form. Preferably, the fastener is a spring clip which would be engaged in a surface indentation such as a slot or kerf  16  in each side edge  18  of each panel  10 . Preferably, the slots  16  are aligned with each other and are located in the head portion of each panel remote from the lower end portion. Although the surface indentations are preferably slots, the indentations could be recesses and the fasteners could have some type of spring bias or clamping mechanism to engage in the recesses. Preferably, however, slots  16  are used since it maximizes the engagement action of the fastener  14  with the panel  10 .  
      Each track segment may simply be a planar plate having a base portion  22  which would be disposed directly against the batten  4 .  FIG. 4 , for example, illustrates the plate segment  12  mounted by any suitable fastening element, such as a screw  20  extending through the base portion  22  and into the batten  4 . The upper end  24  of the track segment  12  extends above the batten  4  and is thereby exposed to function as fastener accommodating structure.  
      In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 , the fastener  14  is a spring clip of generally R-shape having an inward bend  26  which would, because of its springiness, be pressed against the inner surface of track segment  12 .  
       FIG. 3  shows a variation where the upper end of track segment  12  terminates in a downward bend  28  to create a stop that would be located at the bend  26  of clip or fastener  14  to prevent dislodgement of the clip  14 . The bend or curled edge  28  thus prevents the panel  10  from moving up and helps keep the panel in its desired location. The provision of a curled plate edge, such as edge  28 , is advantageous in that it engages the bent end  26  of the clip  14  to prevent any up slope sliding as a result of wind conditions.  
      Although only a single fastening element  20  for each track segment  12  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , there could be at least two such fastening elements in the form of screws or nails to minimize the tendency for any rotation of the track segment  12 .  
      The track segment may include various countersinks or risers to accommodate the fasteners so that the fasteners do not interfere with the placement of the panels.  FIG. 5 , for example, illustrates a raised rib  30  extending completely across the base portion of track segment  12 . As shown in  FIG. 6  the raised rib  30  extends outwardly the same distance as the head of the screw or nail  20 .  FIG. 7  illustrates a variation wherein a single centrally located rib  32  is provided between two fasteners  20 . Other variations could include having a plurality of ribs located at various areas of the base portion of the track segment  12 .  
      Although  FIG. 1  illustrates the use of track segments for each of the battens, it is to be understood that the invention may be practiced where a single continuous track is mounted on one or more of the battens in combination with the track segments on one or more of the other battens.  
       FIGS. 8-9  illustrate a practice of the invention wherein tabs  34 , 34  are pressed out of the base portion of the track segment  12 . The tabs  34  could be disposed against the upper surface of batten  4  as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , thus functioning as positioning tabs.  
       FIGS. 10-11  show a variation where the tabs  36  are formed with pointed ends to penetrate the batten  4  and thus act as integral nails for mounting the track segment to the batten. Any number, shape or positioning of such tabs could be utilized.  
       FIGS. 12-13  illustrate a variation where the track segment includes a reference mark  38  which could be in the form of a notch, an indentation or a physically applied manual mark to act as a reference for the center line of the panel to thereby facilitate properly locating the panel with regard to the track segment.  
       FIGS. 14-15  illustrate a track segment wherein the base portion terminates in a raised edge  40  which has sufficient springiness to flex and act as a cushion for the panel. In addition, the raised edge  40  functions as a counter sink for the fastening element  20 .  
       FIGS. 16-17  illustrate the inclusion of a cushioning pad  42  secured to the base portion of track element  12  to function in the same manner as raised edge  40 . The cushioning pad could be made of any suitable material, such as a rubbery or sponge-type material having springiness characteristics.  
       FIG. 18  shows a variation of the embodiment of  FIGS. 16-17 . In  FIG. 18 a  plurality of cushioning pads  44 , 44  is mounted to the base portion of track segment  12 . The pads  42 , 44  could be separate elements secured to the base portion of the track segment  12  or could be formed by pressing out sections of the base portion. The pads provide a cushioning for the head portion of the panel  10 , as well as springiness.  
      In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 19-20  the cushioning effect is achieved by having the raised edge  46  comprise only a portion of the bottom end of track segment  12 .  
       FIG. 20  shows the use of a springy biasing member such as raised edge  46  when the components are mounted in place. The same functions of raised edge  46  could also be achieved by the cushioning members  42 , 44  or raised edge  40 . As shown in  FIG. 20  the raised edge  46  is disposed against the head portion of lower panel  10  while the fastener  14 A is securing the upper panel  10  to the track segment  12 .  
       FIG. 22  shows a fastener  14 A which differs from fastener  14  shown in  FIGS. 2-4  and  FIG. 21  which is of generally R-shape having an inward bend  26 . Fastener  14 A, however, is of generally inverted U-shape terminating in an inward bend  26 A which could be a straight bend as shown in  FIG. 20  or an upwardly turned bend as shown in  FIG. 22 .  
       FIGS. 23 and 24  illustrate further modifications for the fasteners. As shown in  FIG. 23  the fastener  14  is provided with a reinforcing rib  52  outside of the connecting portion  50 . In  FIG. 24  reinforcement is achieved by means of a reinforcing groove  54  at the intermediate portion of the clip.  
       FIG. 25  shows a further modified form of fastener  14 B. As with the fasteners  14 , 14 A each fastener is a spring clip having a straight free end or leg  48 . Each fastener terminates at its opposite end in a hook structure which preferably includes a bend such as bend  26  or  26 A. The intermediate portion  50  or  50 A of clips  14  and  14 A is a smooth curve. With the clip  14 B, however, the portion  50 B is flat.  
       FIG. 26  illustrates still yet another form of fastener  14 C having its hook end  26 C of generally squared off shape.  
       FIGS. 26-27  show the steps in mounting or hooking a fastener over the exposed end of the track segment. As shown in  FIG. 26  the fastener or spring clip  14 C would be mounted in the slot  16  of panel  10 . The panel and fastener as a unit would then be moved toward the track segment  12 . Because of the resiliency, particularly of the clip, the hook end  26  would pass over and engage the bent end  28  of track segment  12 .  FIG. 26  also shows the raised edge  46  to be compressed when the mounting is complete.  
       FIGS. 28-30  show yet another form of mounting track. As shown therein, the base portion includes raised edges  56 , 56  to function as cushioning pads. Side walls or flanges  58  are also provided along the opposite sides of the track segment. A recessed portion  60  centrally located would receive a fastener  20  through its preformed hole  62 . The recessed portion  60  thus functions as a counter sink to prevent the fastener head from projecting outward of the profile of the track segment as shown in  FIG. 29 . The track segments shown in  FIGS. 28-30  have the advantage of providing a stiffening effect through the flanges  58  and the recessed portion  60  while permitting the track segment to be made of a thin material.  
       FIG. 31  illustrates a modified form of track segment similar to the track segment shown in  FIG. 30 . The track segment of  FIG. 31  differs in that it includes an open slot  61  through which a fastener could be inserted.  
       FIG. 32  illustrates the track segment of  FIG. 31  mounted against a batten  4 . As shown therein a fastener  14 D is used for mounting a panel  10  against the fastener  12  and batten  4 .  
       FIG. 34  best illustrates the structure of fastener  14 D. As shown therein  14 D includes an end  48  which would be disposed against the panel  12 . A V-shaped spring arm SOD includes a series of keeper projections  59 . The spring arm is inserted through the slot  61  and is urged upwardly by its springy nature into contact with the upper edge of slot  61  and held in position by that edge of slot  61  engaged against one of the keeper projections  59 .  
       FIG. 33  shows a variation of track segment  12  which is of simple plate form but includes an open slot  61 . The plate would be secured in any suitable manner directly against a batten  4  with the open slot  61  disposed above the upper edge of the batten so that a suitable fastener such as fastener  14 D could be utilized to mount a panel.  
       FIGS. 35-37  show a variation of a track segment  12 A which is in the form of a bracket having a pair of outwardly extending flanges or ends  64  and a centrally located generally U-shaped portion  66 . The end flanges  64  function as the base portion of the track segment  12 A. Thus,  FIG. 35  illustrates holes  68  to accommodate fasteners  20  which are shown in  FIG. 36 . The U-shaped central portion comprises the exposed portion or fastener accommodating structure for receiving the hook end of clip  14  as illustrated in  FIG. 37 . As also shown in  FIG. 37  the bent portion  26  would be disposed toward the wall or edge  70  of exposed portion  66  so that the wall  70  acts as a stop for the bent portion  26 .  
       FIGS. 38-40  show a variation where the track segment  12 B is similar to track segment  12 A except that it includes a closed bottom wall  72  which would act as a rest or stop for the bottom of clip  14  as illustrated in  FIG. 36 .  
       FIGS. 41-42  illustrate a further track segment  12 C which is similar to track segment  12 A except that the wall  70  includes a slot  72 . Thus, as shown in  FIG. 42  the bent portion  26  of clip  14  would be located and held within slot  72 .  
       FIGS. 43-44  show yet another variation of a track segment  12 D which is generally similar to that of track segment  12 A except that the upper edge of wall  70  terminates in an inwardly bent end  74  which would act as a stop to prevent the bent end  26  of clip  14  from becoming dislodged.  
      The various track segments shown various embodiments could be mounted either to a batten or to a solid deck.  
      The various track segments described with respect to  FIGS. 35-44  are described and illustrated as being mounted to a side face or front face of a batten. It is to be understood, however, that the invention may be practiced where the track segment is mounted to the lower and more preferably the upper wall of the batten.  FIGS. 45-47  illustrate such variation of the invention.  FIG. 45 , for example, shows a track segment similar to track segment  12 A which would be mounted on the top wall of batten  4  with any suitable fastener such as fastener  14 E shown more clearly in  FIG. 47  being used to mount the panel  10  to the batten  4 .  
       FIG. 46  shows a modified form of batten  12 E which is essentially a U-shaped bracket similar to bracket  12 A or  12 C except that it includes a downwardly inclined retaining finger  63  at its slot  72 . The fastener  14 E includes an upwardly extending inclined projection  65  on the horizontal leg  67  which is joined to vertical leg  69 . Vertical leg  69  would be disposed against the panel  10  as shown in  FIG. 45 , while horizontal leg  67  would be inserted through the U of the bracket until projection  65  is moved past finger  63 . The projection  65  and finger  63  are then in the path of movement of each other to resist this engagement of the fastener  14 E from bracket track segment  12 E.  
      It is to be understood that although the invention may be practiced where the resiliency or springiness is achieved through the use of a resilient clip or fastener. The invention may also be practiced with a rigid clip or fastener and the resiliency may be achieved by having a springy or resilient engaging member on the track. Thus, for example, fastener  14 E including its projection  65  could be rigid or non-resilient and could interact with track segment  12 E through use of the retainer finger  63  being resilient.  
       FIGS. 48-51  show further variations of the track segments whereby the track segments could be clipped around the batten  4  without the use of additional fastening elements such as screws or nails.  FIGS. 48-50  show a version where an integral tab  76  is formed in the base portion of track segment  12 E. Tab  76  has a generally horizontal section  78  and terminates in a bent end  80  which has sufficient springiness to clamp the base portion of track segment  12 E around the top of batten  4 .  
      The track segment  12 F shown in  FIGS. 51-53  includes a set of tabs each having a generally horizontal bent section  82  and a generally vertical bent section  84  to snap over batten  4  as best illustrated in  FIG. 53 .  FIG. 53  also shows the exposed end of the track segment  12 F to terminate in a horizontal bent portion or stop member  86  rather than being a curved portion such as portion  28  shown in  FIG. 50 .  
      The track segment  12 G shown in  FIG. 54  includes a centrally located bent tab similar to tab  76  except that the tab extends a sufficient distance that it terminates in a lower bent section  86  which would extend around the bottom of the batten  4 .  
       FIGS. 55-57  show a track section  12 H similar to track section  12 G except that the tabs are formed at the ends of the track section. As best shown in  FIG. 57  the tabs include a horizontal wall  88  which merges into a vertical wall  90  and then terminates in an outwardly bent portion  92  similar to portion  86  of  FIG. 54 . The bent portion  92  is disposed on the lower side of batten  4  so that the batten is partially encircled so that the portions of four different sides.  
      The track segments shown in  FIGS. 48-50  and  51 - 53  utilize the springiness of the tabs for mounting the track segments to the batten. The track segments shown in  FIGS. 54-56  could utilize rigid tabs where there is proper dimensioning. Preferably, however, the bent portion  92  would have some flexibility or springiness.  
      The track section  12 I shown in  FIGS. 57-58  include bent portions at the ends of the track segment in the form of horizontal sections  94  which extend along the lower portion of batten  4 . Portion  94  then terminates in a bent portion  96  along a vertical portion of batten  4 . A central tab includes a horizontal wall  98  terminating in a bent portion  100  to partially encircle the top portion of the vertical wall of batten  4  as best shown in  FIG. 1 .  
       FIG. 59  shows a variation of a track segment  12 J similar to track segment  12 I except that the tab wall  938  terminates in a straight bend  102  rather than the angled bend of  FIG. 58   
      The various track segments described in  FIGS. 48-59  thus preferably include a flexible tab having sufficient springiness so that the tabs at least partially encircle the batten to firmly mount the track segments without the need for separate fasteners although such fasteners could be used as a supplement if desired.  
       FIG. 60  shows a track segment  12 K which is elongated so as to be of sufficient length whereby the single track segment  12 A could be used for mounting more than one of the panels  10 . Thus, the invention may be practiced where a set of tracks includes two or more of such track segments  12 K, each of which would be provided for a set of mounting panels. Alternatively, the track segment itself could be a single continuous track for accommodating all of the mounting panels in a row of panels. Such continuous track could include the various features previously described for individual track segments such as bent tabs and bent edges. If desired, the track  12 K could be of generally Z-shape along the lines described in my prior patents and would have holes  104  for receiving fasteners such as screws  20  located in the base portion  106  of the track  12 K.  FIG. 61  illustrates such a track  12 K or one of the prior track segments to be mounted directly to a batten  4 , while  FIG. 62  illustrates the track or track segment to be mounted to a deck  108 . As shown in  FIGS. 61 and 62  the track would include an exposed or offset portion  110  for accommodating a fastener.  
      The tracks or track segments could be formed in various manners.  FIG. 63  illustrates a track segment  12 L to be an extruded track which could include various other features such as a flange  112  for resting directly on a batten  4 . The base portion  114  could be recessed in the sense of having a lower outwardly extending flange  116  which terminates in line with the exposed portion  118  so that the fastener  20  would not extend beyond the profile of the track segment  12 L.  FIG. 64  also illustrates the exposed portion  118  to terminate in a stop flange  120 .  
       FIG. 65  shows a further form of track segment  12 M which would be provided in roll form so that the necessary length of the track segment  12 M could be cut from the roll  122 . The bent portion  124  at the end of the upper or exposed part of track segment  12 M might have to be moved outwardly if it is pressed against the main portion of track segment  12 M while in the roll form.  
       FIGS. 66-67  illustrate a track segment  12 N to be formed by being stamped. Thus the stamped track  12 N could include such features as a vertical push out tab  126  or a horizontal push out tab  128  which could be disposed on top of the batten  4 . The stamped track segment could also include such features as a lower flange  130  in line with the exposed portion  132  to create a recess for fastener  20 . The exposed portion  132  could terminate in a hook  134 . Preformed holes  135  could be provided to receive fasteners  20 .  
       FIGS. 68-70  illustrate yet another form of track segment  12 P. As shown therein the track segment is of plate-like form and includes a pair of punched out edges  136 , 136  creating a slot  138  through which the lead end of a fastener may be inserted. For example, a fastener  14 E such as shown in  FIG. 47  could be inserted through slot  138  until its projection  67  passes beyond the inclined edges  136 , 136  by having either the edges  136 , 136  and/or the projection  65  resilient. The fastener  14 E is able to be effectively mounted to track segment  12 P thereby holding the panel  10  in place against batten  4 .  
       FIG. 71  shows yet another form of track segment  12 Q which is bent so as to have one of its sides terminate in a series of pointed prongs  140  which could function as nails for penetrating a batten  4  such as shown in  FIG. 72 . Track segment  12 Q also has bent sides forming a channel  142  with a bent opposite edge or curl  144 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 72 a  panel  10  would be mounted to batten  4  by inserting a fastener such as fastener  14 K through the slot  16  of panel  10 . The lead end of fastener  14 K could have one or a series of projections  65  that would pass into the channel  142  and be locked in place by engagement with bent edge  144  (shown in  FIG. 71 ). As noted, the track segment  12 Q would already be fastened to batten  4  by its integral nails  140  penetrating the batten.  
       FIG. 73  shows a variation where the track segment  12 R is generally similar to track segment  12 Q but omits the integral nails. Thus track segment  12 R includes a channel  142  and bent or curled edge  144 . Track segment  12 R, however, terminates in a planar wall  146  which would be disposed against batten  4  and secured in any manner such as by fastener  20 .  
       FIG. 74  illustrates yet another form of track segment  12 S having a planar wall  146  secured to batten  4  by means of fastener  20 . Wall  146  merges with perpendicular wall  148  which in turn merges with a loop portion terminating in bent edge  144  spaced slightly from perpendicular wall  148 . As shown in  FIG. 74  perpendicular wall  148  is disposed on the top edge of batten  4 . A fastener such as fastener  14 K could be utilized by having one of its fingers or projections  65  pass behind bent edge  144  and then be locked in place.  
       FIG. 75  illustrates yet a further track segment  12 T which terminates in a planar wall  146  mounted to batten  4  or to a solid deck by means of any suitable fastener such as fastener  20 . Mounting wall  146  then merges with a U-shaped portion  150  which in turn merges with a reverse U-shaped portion  152  terminating in bent edge  144  for engagement with a projection or finger  65  of a suitable fastener.  
       FIG. 76  illustrates a fastener variation. This type of fastener may be considered as a fastener within a fastener in that the fastener includes a straight leg  48  that would be disposed against the panel  10  with a connecting portion  50  located in the slot  16  of panel  10 . The connecting portion terminates in a bent edge  154  that is disposed against bent edge  28  of a suitable track segment  12 . This portion of fastener  14 L is generally similar to fasteners  14 B and  14 C of  FIGS. 25-26 . A distinctive feature of fastener  14 L, however, is that it includes a resilient bent portion  156  punched out from connecting portion  50 . Portion  156  is resiliently biased against the opposite side of panel  10  opposite to straight leg  48  to firmly anchor the panel  10  in place.  
       FIGS. 77-79  are included to illustrate how the batten itself may function as a track or track segment.  FIG. 77  shows the batten  4  to be able to function as a track by locating the slot  16  of the panel  10  in line with and partially above the top edge of the batten. Thus, a fastener such as fastener  14  could be inserted through the slot  16  and disposed around the batten  4  without the need for any other track or track segment.  
       FIG. 78  illustrates how a portion or all of a batten  4  could be modified by having a notch  158  formed in the top edge of the batten to create a reduced thickness section  160  that would function as the track or track segment. As noted the entire batten could be notched or the notches could be placed only where it is intended to secure a fastener.  
       FIG. 79  illustrates a variation where a recess  162  is formed in a batten  4  and a spline or other form of track segment  164  is inserted in the recess  162  so that the spline acts as a track segment. The recess  162  could extend the entire length of batten  4  and a single or multiple splines could be inserted in the recess. Alternatively batten  4  could be recessed only at selected locations where it is desired to have a track segment.  
       FIGS. 80-83  show a further practice of this invention wherein the track  12 U includes a hook or downward projection  166  which is located to function as a catch for the contact by the bend in an R-shaped fastener such as fastener  14  in much the same manner as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Track  12 U also includes a downwardly extending guide ledge or flange  168  which would be, for example, disposed against a batten  170 . The use of a guide ledge such as ledge or flange  168  assures proper positioning of the segment while facilitating its mounting.  
      An alternative to what is shown in  FIGS. 80-83  would be to dimension the base of the track so that the intermediate portion is located at an edge of the batten (the edge opposite where guide ledge  168  is located) and to extend the intermediate portion downwardly below the base so that such extension would be the guide ledge thereby eliminating the guide ledge  168 .  
       FIGS. 84-86  show variations of the track  12 U.  FIG. 84 , for example, shows the track  12 U mounted to batten  170  which is mounted to rafter  2 . Any suitable mounting fastener  172  may be used.  
       FIG. 85  shows a track  12 U which is mounted by fastener  172  directly to the deck  174 .  
      The variation shown in  FIG. 86  illustrates the track  12 U mounted directly to a roof rafter  2 .  
      The track  12 U shown in  FIGS. 80-86  could be an elongated continuous track or could be a track segment or pedestal.  
       FIGS. 87-90  illustrate a track segment or pedestal  12 V mounted to any suitable support such as a batten  170 . Track segment  12 V is provided with a suitable number of holes or openings  178  for accommodating suitable fasteners such as screws or nails.  
       FIG. 91  shows the inclusion of weep holes  179  in any of the various forms of tracks  12  located in the upper fastener accommodating portion, as illustrated, or preferably in the upstanding or intermediate portion of the track. The weep holes function to prevent the trapping of moisture.  
       FIG. 92  shows a plurality of track segments or pedestals  12  which could take any of the previous suitable forms wherein the track segments  12  are attached to a batten  170  at spaced locations so that each track segment or pedestal  12  supports a single panel  10 .  
       FIGS. 93-96  illustrate a variation of the invention wherein the track  12 W includes a hollow portion so that the track is integral with the batten  180 . The track  12 W can be extruded hollow which would eliminate the need for a batten so that the tracks could be mounted on a roof having open structure of rafters without a deck or battens. Alternatively, the track can be an extension of a solid batten.  
       FIG. 97  shows a track  12 X similar to track  12 U except that it has an inclined intermediate portion in its generally Z-shape.  FIG. 98  shows a variation of the track  12 X which includes a plurality of locking projections  182  for engaging an expandable or fastener or clip  14 . For example, under wind conditions the R-shaped clip might tend to expand. With the track  12 X illustrated in  FIG. 98  the leg of the R-shaped clip would engage one of the locking projections  182  to assure a firm locking of the clip or fastener to the track.  
       FIGS. 99-100  illustrate a feature of the invention which would lend itself to ease of assembly or mounting of the system to a roof. As shown therein, the individual track segments or pedestals  12  are pre-mounted spaced from each other on a carrier sheet or tape  184  in any suitable manner such as by being adhesively secured to the carrier sheet. The remote surface of carrier sheet  184  is adhesive coated and includes a removable protective liner  186 . In practice a plurality of segments or pedestals  12  would be mounted spaced apart a suitable distance such as  10  inches to correspond to their location on a roof. A workman would bring a carrier sheet having the desired number of segments  12  to the intended location on the roof. The protective liner  186  would be removed and the carrier sheet  184  would be placed on the roof. The segments or pedestals  12  would then be mounted through the use of suitable fasteners  172 . The carrier sheet could remain on the roof when the segments  12  have been attached or could be removed prior to attachment of the segments. By mounting the segments or pedestals on a carrier such as on an extruded sheet  184  of plastic or tape which would be of a length generally corresponding to the length of the pedestal or segment there would be a prespacing of the segments or pedestals which facilitates the assembly of the individual segments or pedestals on the roof.  
      The invention could be practiced where the carrier is rigid and even where the carrier is a batten itself.  
      The carrier could be a horizontal strip for rows of pedestals or could be a vertical strip for columns of pedestals.  
       FIG. 101  illustrates a track segment  12  to include a hump or arcuate upper edge  188  to permit the panel  10  to rock or pivot. This maximizes ventilation and distributes stress which is particularly desirable for slate panels.  
      This aspect of the invention could be practiced with other forms of rocking enhancing surfaces such as bent, pointed or stepped surfaces or from a dog leg structure or from springs. The provision of rocking enhancing surfaces could be in the longitudinal or transverse directions.  
      The feature of the invention wherein the tracks are actually segments or pedestals provides a number of distinct advantages. For example, such pedestals improve or maximize the dispersion of loads to a greater extent than a continuous track which supports the panel or slate over its entire width. This is a benefit which results whether the panel is flat or humped.  
      The use of segments or pedestals is particularly advantageous for slate panels. In that regard, slate panels tend to break and have irregularities whereby their surfaces are not completely flat whereby there is not likely to be a total surface to surface contact where an elongated or continuous track is used. By using track segments or pedestals having a width smaller than the width of the slate, the slate is free to rock and less likely to break because the segment is located at only a portion of the slate. A further advantage with segments or pedestals is that air circulation is enhanced in that the segments or pedestals occupy only small width dimensions spaced from each other as compared to a continuous track extending the width of a plurality of panels and even of the entire roof.  
       FIGS. 102-105  illustrate a fastener  14  in the form of a resilient R-shaped clip. The fastener or clip  14  includes a straight free leg  190  which merges into a curved intermediate portion or head  192  which is thickened or otherwise stiffened  202 . Intermediate portion  192  merges into an inwardly turned portion  194  which in turn merges into a bend or ramp  196  and terminates in a curved ramp free end  198 . As shown in  FIGS. 104 and 105  the corners  200  of the clip are rounded so as not to dig into the panel, particularly where the panel is slate. This R-shaped structure can accommodate different thicknesses of panels. For example,  FIGS. 108-109  illustrate the clip  14  when used with a track or track segment  12 U. As shown in  FIG. 108  both panels  10 , 10  are of uniform thickness and are received between the straight leg  190  and the fastener accommodating portion of track  12 U. The bent portion  196  of clip  14  is disposed against the hook or projection  166 .  FIG. 109  shows the same arrangement wherein the panels  10 , 10  are of differing thickness which would be greater than the thickness of the two panels shown in  FIG. 108 . As indicated by the arrows in  FIG. 109  the resilient clip  14  is expanded sufficiently to accommodate the thicker panels.  
      Clip  14  of  FIG. 106  differs from clip  14  of  FIGS. 102-105  in that the straight free leg  190  of  FIGS. 102-105  is in  FIG. 106  an undulated or curved leg  204 . This curvature creates open areas which would assist in moisture removal as compared to a straight leg having complete surface to surface contact.  
       FIG. 107  shows a variation of the clip shown in  FIG. 106  wherein the straight free leg  190  is provided with dimples or projections  206  which perform the same function as the undulations  204  of  FIG. 106  in assisting in moisture removal.  FIGS. 106-107  thus show the use of spaced projections such as undulations or dimples on the panel contacting surface of the track to assist in moisture removal.  
      The inclusion of limited panel contacting surfaces on the clip, such as shown in  FIGS. 106-107 , could be accomplished with other structures such as a dog leg or hump on the free leg of the clip or from springiness of the free end.  
       FIG. 110  illustrates a further variation of the clip  14  wherein a tongue  206  is provided for engagement with the projection  166  of the track  12 U. Tongue  208  may be formed by being stamped out from either the inwardly turned portion  194  or from the bend and free end  196 , 198 .  
      The clip  14  in its various forms illustrated in  FIGS. 102-110  have a number of distinct advantages. The curved ramp or bent portion  196  engages the nose or catch/projection  166  of the track. This gives a progressive gentle sloping surface. If the ramp  196  were not curved it would cause the angle of engagement with the track to become more vertical or perpendicular. Engagement of the clip with the catch  166  on the track effectively prevents dislodgement of the clip. This is particularly important in conditions where the wind might tend to push the panel or slate upwardly and cause the clip to open. When the wind tends to move the clip open the head or loop  192  of the clip bottoms against the nose  166  of the track to prevent dislodgement.  
      Although the invention is preferably practiced with resilient or springy clips, other types of fasteners could be used including rigid fasteners. Reference is made to my U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,577,360 and 5,617,690 which show various fasteners and tracks that could be usable in this invention. All of the details of those patents are incorporated herein by reference thereto.  
       FIG. 111  illustrates a particularly advantageous practice of this invention for addressing moisture problems. As shown in  FIG. 111  the head  210  of each panel or slate  10  is disposed against the support member such as batten  170  which are mounted across rafters  2 . Each panel  10  is mounted in an inclined orientation and is secured in place by an appropriate fastener or clip  14  which extends upwardly from the outer surface of the panel  10 . Each clip extends upwardly a distance which would cause the overlying panel to be parallel to the underlying panel. Thus, as shown in  FIG. 111  the four panels  10  are each parallel to each other and are vertically spaced away from each other to create an open area or air layer between vertically adjacent panels which would be particularly effective in dissipating moisture.  
      Although  FIG. 111  illustrates the head of each panel  10  against a batten  170 , the panels could be against a deck or against a track, etc.  
      The concept of providing spacers to create an open area or air layer between vertically adjacent panels could be accomplished by the use of separate spacer members which could be of any suitable size, shape and material and could be mounted to the panels in any suitable manner. What is important is that the spacers would be located between vertically adjacent panels so as to cause each panel to be spaced away from and out of contact with its vertically adjacent panel and thereby permit the creation of the air layer. The use of separate spacers could be done in addition to utilizing fasteners or clips  14  which create a spacing or could be done as an alternative to the fasteners or clips  14  such as when the fasteners or clips  14  are mounted in recesses in the panels and otherwise do not extend upwardly away from the panel a sufficient distance to create the intended spacing.  
      In this practice of the invention it is not necessary that either the spacers or the clips must be in recesses. Any form of fastener/mounting structure could be used.  
       FIGS. 112-118  illustrate a particularly advantageous technique for creating a roofing system through use of the components of this invention in the manner similar to mass production.  
       FIG. 112  shows the initial step in mounting the components. As shown in  FIG. 112  the panel such as slate  10  is provided with kerfs  16  on its opposite side edges. A suitable fastener or clip  14  is then premounted into each kerf.  FIG. 112  shows one of the clips  14  already in place with the other clip in the stage of being assembled to the panel. This preassembly step could be performed at any suitable location and need not be done, for example, on the roof.  
       FIGS. 113-114  illustrate a next sequence in the mounting technique. This step involves placing each preassembled panel/clip on the roof in a ready to mount orientation. This step could be done by one workman while another workman is preassembling further panels/clips. As shown in  FIGS. 113-114  the preassembled panel/clip would simply be placed where the preassembly rests in the vicinity of a track or track segment awaiting the final installation.  
       FIGS. 115-116  illustrate the next step in installing the roofing system. In this step the preassembled panels/clips are now disposed in the general orientation they would take when being mounted on the tracks  12 .  FIG. 116  shows the lower clip  14  in its fully installed position while the upper preassembled panel/clip has not yet been moved into that final position. Thus,  FIG. 116  shows the upper clip  14  not yet in full contact with the track or track segment  12 .  
       FIGS. 117-118  illustrate the components in their final assembled condition where each clip  14  is engaged with its corresponding track or track segment  12  and where the panels  10  are disposed parallel to, but spaced apart from each other where they overlap. This air gap or layer of air enhances air circulation and diminishes capillary action. The air gap could be made sufficiently thin that a panel is supported by the fastener column (track/clip) and the support beneath the head  210  of the panel whereby there can be a downward flexing to gain support and prevent breakage. Notably this system provides a two point support enhancing the ability of the panel or slate to move and to distribute loads offering the benefit of reducing breakage and/or using thinner less costly lighter panels.  
      It should be appreciated that the final roof assembly results in a column of support of each panel which comprises track/head of slate/overlying slate/clip for that slate/next overlying slate. See  FIG. 118 . The column of support at the foot of the panel in combination with the support at the head of the panel permits rocking and improved support.  
      Given the suggestions herein the invention could be practiced with many variations. For example, the individual segments or pedestals can extend from a common base where a spacing is created from the upper surface downwardly so that the spaced pedestals or segments comprise the portions of a continuous track which are located against the panels. Preferably where pedestals or segments are used, each panel is provided with its own pedestal where the head of the panel would be at or near the centerline of the pedestal and wherein the pedestal is of a lesser width than the width of the panel to enhance rocking and to create under panel ventilation as well as reducing costs.  
      The invention could be practiced with various forms of tracks including a simple I-beam construction rather than the various forms of Z-shaped tracks shown herein.  
      The invention could also be practiced where the pedestal-like effect can be achieved by, for example, providing spaced projections on the rafters or on a deck which would be located where the previously described track segments are located. In such broad practice of the invention the rows of panels would be mounted on a roof structure and fastened to the roof structure in any suitable manner without being dependent on any special form or even requiring the types of tracks or fasteners described herein. In such practice of the invention the projections or bumps on the roof structure would serve to space vertically overlapping panels from each other to create an air layer.  
      Another variation of the invention would be to use a continuous track and to mount a spacer such as a C-clip or any other form of clip at the locations where the pedestals or track segments were previously described as being. Such spacer would lift the head of its panel.  
      Another variation of the invention is to displace the location of the bearing surface of the panel. In the various illustrated embodiments the bearing surface is at the end of the track, such as shown in  FIG. 118 , where the head of the panel contacts the track immediately above the downwardly extending projection or catch. This arrangement could be varied to move the bearing surface away from the end of the track. This could be accomplished in various manners such as by having an extension of the intermediate generally vertical portion of the Z-shaped track extend outwardly a greater distance than the free end of the track so that the panel is disposed against this intermediate extension. Alternatively, the free end or fastener accommodating surface of the track could be inclined downwardly so that the vertical connecting portion or intermediate portion has the greatest dimension whereby the panel is mounted directly against that intermediate portion.  
      It is to be understood that the invention could be practiced where a fastener or clip is made of sufficient width so that the same clip could be inserted into two kerfs or slots of adjacent panels whereby the same fastener would thus be used for simultaneously mounting two panels.  
      The invention is practiced in its various embodiment by the utilization of compliancy or resiliency. Characteristic of compliancy can be achieved by having portions of the various components compliant with other portions rigid. Thus, a compliant fastener or clip could be used with a rigid track or with a track also having compliant features. A compliant clip could also be used where the batten itself functions as the track. Similarly, a compliant clip or fastener could be used with a rigid solid deck with or without any other track segments where the deck is modified to function as a track.  
      The invention may be practiced where the tracks are mounted on a roof deck which are corrugated or of non-planar shape. In such practices the track segments would preferably have a conforming shape to fit snugly against the deck.  
      Although the fasteners are preferably spring clips which are disposed in slots in the panels the fastener engaging structure of the panels could take other forms. For example, an artificial panel could be made of steel cloth or screen material could be provided on the panel to accommodate the fasteners. The term “surface” indentation is thus intended to include any type of fastener accommodating structure on the mounting panels which would cooperate with the fasteners for permitting the mounting panels to be mounted against the track segments.  
      Any suitable material could be used for making the components of the invention. For example, the track segments could be made of metal, wood or plastic and could extend the full length so that a single track is used for a row of mounting panels or elongated track segments could be used wherein each segment would mount a plurality of panels in a row or where smaller size track segments could be used for accommodating only a single panel. The fasteners may also be made of any material such as metal or plastic having the necessary characteristics for the particular type of fastener such as springiness. Similarly, any suitable dimensions may be used. The track segments should be made of a material or should be thick enough to effectively function for its mounting purposes. Portions of the track segments could be made sufficiently thin to provide springiness where desired.  
      As previously described the tracks or panel supports may be continuous track, i.e. wider than a panel. The invention could also be practiced using track segments or pedestals, i.e. narrower than a panel. Pedestals confer certain benefits.  
      Pedestals Provide a Better Fit:  
      Slate panels and roof support surfaces can possess certain irregularities. Such irregularities as twist or protrusions can prevent the panel from lying flat. It is desirable for panels to lie as flat as possible. A panel that lies flat is maximally supported by preceding panel courses, reducing the likelihood of breakage. It also presents the least opportunity for wind and weather to penetrate into the roof structure by reducing the apertures that tilted panels might produce. It also presents the smallest purchase on to which wind may seize, thus offering reduced susceptibility to wind damage.  
      A panel that does not lie flat, in addition to suffering the conditions described above, also can present a raised corner which invites breakage when loaded by, for example, foot traffic or snow.  
      Pedestals ease these problems by supporting the panel near its midline. This has two benefits: It diminishes the effect of the irregularities and it facilitates movement of the panel (especially if the panel is flexibly attached).  
      Pedestals Conserve Material:  
      Another advantage of pedestals over continuous tracks is that they conserve materials, reducing cost and weight. Pedestals maximize air and water flow:  
      Another advantage of pedestals is that they maximize air flow beneath the panels. Air flow is a desirable characteristic that can prolong the service life of the panels and the structures they cover. Pedestals are as close as is practicable to allowing the panels to “float” above the support structure, offering a minimally obstructed layer of air beneath the panels.  
      This minimal obstruction is also useful for water management.  
      A further advantage of pedestals is that they facilitate the drainage of water. Panel coverings such as roofs are prone in certain weather conditions, such as driving rain, to admit water. Such roofs, sometimes described as consisting of discontinuous elements, are designed to shed water; they are not impermeable; they are not continuous as are certain membrane applications. Thus, it is optimal for a panel roof to have provision for the discharge of any “secondary” incursion of water beneath its panels. Frequently underlayments and other surfaces beneath the panels can temporarily prevent water from entering the structure itself, but such materials are not primary, weather resistant defenses. Water must be shed quickly or the materials will decay. In cold weather, water that is not shed quickly can freeze, accumulate and cause severe damage. (Ice damming is one form of problem that is well known.)  
      Pedestals present a clear, maximally open path beneath panels for the discharge of water.  
      It is to be understood that various features described with respect to individual tracks or track segments (pedestals), clips or panels in particular embodiments may be used with other embodiments within the spirit of this invention.  
      Thus as used herein, unless otherwise stated a track segment or pedestal is intended to mean something of small width preferably, although not necessarily, a width less than the width of a panel it supports. The term track, however, could be an elongated continuous track supporting multiple laterally disposed panels or could be a track segment/pedestal.