Patent Publication Number: US-2022234113-A1

Title: Cutter assembly and methods for making same

Description:
FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to cutter assemblies for cutting tools, particularly but not exclusively for earth-boring bits, and/or comprising polycrystalline diamond (PCD) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Super-hard material such as polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) material is used in a wide variety of tools for cutting, machining, drilling or degrading hard or abrasive materials such as rock, metal, ceramics, composites and wood-containing materials. Super-hard cutter elements used in industrial tools or in rock-boring bits, for example, may be exposed in use to high temperatures, as well as to highly abrasive or erosive conditions. This makes it challenging to measure local cutting conditions or to evaluate the working condition of the cutter element. 
     For example, drill bits used for boring into the earth for oil or gas exploration include arrays of PCD cutter elements, which are driven against rock deep beneath the earth&#39;s surface. The depth of operation of the PCD cutter elements adds to the difficulty of evaluating their working condition. Owing to the high cost of pulling a drill bit to the surface to inspect the cutter elements, there is a need to be able to do this in situ, while the bit is drilling into rock down the hole (DTH). 
     Stoney, R, GE O&#39;Donnell and D Geraghty (“Dynamic wireless passive strain measurement in CNC turning using surface acoustic wave sensor”,  Int J Adv Manuf Techol , Springer, 20 Jun. 2013) discloses using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) for monitoring a machine tool condition. A strain-sensitive wireless passive SAW sensor system is fixed to a tool holder, on which a cutter element is mounted. In use, an interrogation device sends a pulse of RF energy to the sensor and then switches off to receive an “echo-like” response signal, which may contain amplitude and phase information about the response of the SAW system. 
     There is a need for determining one or more condition of cutter elements, particularly but not exclusively for earth-boring drill bits while in use, without substantial degradation of a sensor device during the working life of the cutter element. 
     SUMMARY 
     Viewed from a first aspect, there is provided a cutter assembly for a cutting tool comprising a super-hard volume of super-hard material having a proximal end and a distal end, and including a cavity; and a cover member; the super-hard volume having a super-hard surface at the distal end including a cutting edge; the cavity having a cavity open end at the distal end; the super-hard surface including a cavity peripheral area coterminous with the cavity open end; the cover member including a cover peripheral area configured to mate with the cavity peripheral area to allow the cover member to cover the cavity at the cavity open end; the covered cavity providing a housing chamber within the super-hard volume. 
     Viewed from a second aspect, there is provided a method of making the above defined cutter assembly, the method including: providing a body comprising a super-hard volume of super-hard material having a proximal end and a distal end; processing the super-hard volume to form a cutting edge at the distal end; removing material from the distal end to form a cavity having a cavity open end, and a cavity peripheral area coterminous with the cavity open end; providing a cover plate comprising the super-hard material, and processing the cover plate to form a plate peripheral area configured to mate with the cavity peripheral area; and joining the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area. 
     Various example methods and systems are envisaged by this disclosure, of which various non-limiting, non-exhaustive examples and variations are described as follows. 
     In some example arrangements, the cover assembly may include an electronic device housed within the housing chamber. 
     In some example arrangements, the cover assembly may include a join layer, joining the cover peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area, to attach the cover member to the super-hard volume and cover the cavity. For example, the join layer may comprise metallic alloy material; the join layer may comprise metallic alloy including one or more of Al, Ni, Cu, Si, Au, Sn and In. 
     In some example arrangements, the join layer may comprise join material, and a region of the super-hard volume adjacent the cavity peripheral area may include a portion of the join material. 
     In some example arrangements, the cover member may comprise the super-hard material. The super-hard material comprised in the super-hard volume and/or the cover member may comprise diamond or cubic boron nitride (CBN) material. 
     In some example arrangements, the cavity may extend through the super-hard volume, from the cavity open end to the proximal end. 
     In some example arrangements, the cutter assembly may comprise a substrate portion; the super-hard volume joined to the substrate portion at an interface boundary, coterminous with the proximal end of the super-hard volume. 
     In some example arrangements, the super-hard volume may include a channel connecting the cavity to an aperture remote from the cavity. 
     In some example arrangements, the super-hard volume may have a side connecting the proximal end and the distal end; wherein the cavity extends to the side. 
     In some example arrangements, the cavity peripheral area and the cover peripheral area may comprise respective mating cone surface areas. 
     In some example methods of making a disclosed example cutter assembly, joining the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area may include applying braze alloy material to at least one of the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area; and heat treating the braze alloy material, to braze-join the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area. In some example methods of making a disclosed example cutter assembly, joining the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area may include applying diffusion bonding material to at least one of the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area; and applying pressure to the cover plate, to diffusion-bond the plate peripheral area to the cavity peripheral area. 
    
    
     
       Non-limiting example methods and systems will be described with reference to the appended drawings, of which: 
         FIG. 1A  shows a schematic perspective view of an example cutter insert including an open cavity in a layer of PCD material, and a cover for closing the cavity, in which the cover is shown removed from the cavity; 
         FIG. 1B  shows a schematic illustration of example microstructure of PCD material; 
         FIG. 1C  shows a schematic longitudinal cross-section through the example cutter insert illustrated in  FIG. 1A , including an open cavity and a cover for the cavity, in which the cover is shown removed from the cavity; and 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic longitudinal cross-section view through an example cutter insert, illustrating a closed cavity housing an electronic device; 
         FIG. 3A  shows a schematic perspective view of an example cutter insert, comprising a layer of super-hard material joined to a cemented carbide substrate and a cover member in position over a cavity; 
         FIG. 3B  shows a schematic top view of the example cutter insert illustrated in  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 4A  shows a schematic perspective view of an example RF backscatter transceiver for an example cutter assembly; 
         FIG. 4B  shows a schematic perspective view of part of a cutter insert, including a cavity formed into a super-hard portion, containing the RF backscatter transceiver illustrated in  FIG. 4A  (the cover member for closing the cavity is not shown in this drawing); 
         FIG. 4C  shows a schematic perspective view of the example cutter insert of  FIG. 4B , including the cavity cover in position over the cavity and attached to the super-hard portion; and 
         FIG. 4D  shows schematic top and side views of the example cutter insert, excluding the cavity cover to show the RF backscatter transceiver housed within a cavity in a super-hard cutting layer; 
         FIG. 5A  shows a schematic perspective view of an example cutter insert comprising a super-hard portion attached to a substrate portion, including an oblong cavity extending diametrically through the super-hard portion; and 
         FIG. 5B  shows a schematic longitudinal cross-section view through an example cutter assembly, in the plane indicated as Y-Y in  FIG. 5A ; 
     
    
    
     As used herein, “super-hard” material refers to single- or polycrystalline material having a 1 kg Vickers hardness (HV) of at least 20 GPa. Super-hard material may include single-crystal diamond and cubic boron nitride (cBN) material, as well as certain polycrystalline materials comprising a plurality of diamond or cBN grains. Some super-hard materials may have a 1 kg Vickers hardness of at least 25 GPa, or at least 30 GPa. As used herein, Vickers hardness is according to the ASTM384-08a standard. 
     A super-hard polycrystalline material may comprise an aggregation of a plurality of super-hard grains such as diamond or cBN grains, a substantial portion of which may be directly inter-bonded and may include interstitial regions among the super-hard grains. The interstitial regions may contain non-super-hard filler material such as metal in elemental or alloy form, ceramic material or intermetallic material, for example. The filler material may bind the super-hard grains together, and/or at least partially fill the interstitial regions. The content of the super-hard grains in super-hard polycrystalline material may be at least about 50 volume %, or at least about 70 volume %, or at least about 80 volume %; and/or at most about 97 volume %, or at most about 95 volume %, or at most about 90 volume % of the polycrystalline material. Some super-hard materials may consist essentially of super-hard grains. 
     As used herein, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material comprises a plurality of diamond grains, a substantial portion of which are directly inter-bonded with each other or contact each other at grain boundaries. Polycrystalline diamond may consist essentially of diamond grains, or include non-diamond material or voids. In some PCD material, the diamond grains may account for at least 80% of the volume of PCD material, substantially all the remaining volume being a network of interstitial regions among the diamond grains. The interstitial regions may be partly or entirely filled with diamond sintering aid material, or other filler material, or at least some of the interstitial regions may contain voids. Sintering aid for diamond may also be referred to as “catalyst material” for promoting the growth of diamond grains or the formation of diamond necks between adjacent diamond grains, under thermodynamically stable conditions for diamond. Catalyst material for diamond may also function as solvent material for carbon, and diamond sintering aid material may also be referred to as “solvent/catalyst” material. Examples of solvent/catalyst materials for diamond include iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), and certain alloys including at least one of these elements. PCD material may be produced by subjecting an aggregation of diamond grains to an ultra-high pressure (for example, at least about 6 GPa) and a high temperature (for example, at least about 1,200° C.) in the presence of molten solvent/catalyst material. During the HPHT process, solvent/catalyst material may infiltrate through the interstitial regions among the diamond grains from an adjacent source, such as a Co-cemented tungsten carbide substrate. Consequently, PCD material may comprise or consist essentially of the inter-bonded diamond grains and interstitial regions containing Co. Some polycrystalline diamond material consisting essentially of diamond may be manufactured by a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1A to 4D , various example cutter assemblies  100  comprise example cutter inserts  110  including a cavity  180  for housing an electronic device  130 , and a cover member  182  for covering the cavity  180 , to provide a housing chamber  180  for housing the electronic device  130 . As used herein, a cutter insert may be a type of cutter element that can be attached to a tool body such as a drill bit by inserting the cutter insert into a recess provided in the tool body. The illustrated example cutter inserts  110  may be for a drill bit (not shown) for an earth-boring drill, as may be used in oil and gas exploration. The cutter insert  110  comprises a proximal end  106  and a distal end  108 , and may comprise a super-hard portion  112  joined to a substrate portion  114  at an interface boundary  113 . The interface boundary  113  may be substantially planar or non-planar. The cutter insert  110  may have a longitudinal axis L and have a side  104 , coaxial with the longitudinal axis L, connecting the proximal end  104  and the distal end  108 . The super-hard portion  112  may comprise or consist essentially of a volume of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material and the substrate portion  114  may comprise or consist essentially of cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (Co—WC) material (in such examples, the super-hard portion  112  may be referred to herein as the “PCD portion”  112 ). The interface boundary  113  may be coincident with a proximal end  113  of the PCD portion  112 . 
     The PCD portion  112  has a PCD surface  118  at the distal end  108 , including a cutting edge  116 , and the substrate portion  114  may be coterminous with the proximal end  106 . The cutter insert  110  may be substantially cylindrical and the PCD portion  112  may have a diameter D 1  of about 16 mm and a thickness T 1  (see  FIG. 1C ) of about 2 to 3 mm from the PCD surface  118  to the interface boundary  113  (that is, the proximal end  113  of the PCD portion  112 ). The PCD portion  112  includes the cavity  180 , which is cylindrical in this example, having a cavity open end  187  at the distal end  108  and extending a depth T 2  of about 300 to 500 microns into the PCD portion  112 . The cavity  180  may have a diameter D 2  of about 12 mm, the cavity open end  187  being circular. 
     The PCD surface  118  may include an annular cavity peripheral area  184 , coterminous with the cavity open end  187 . The cover member  182  may have the form of a circular plate  182 , including a cover peripheral area  185  that is configured to mate with the cavity peripheral area  184 . For example, both the cavity peripheral area  184  and the cover peripheral area  185  may be angled at substantially the same angle with respect to the longitudinal axis L, the angle being about 10° to about 80°. In the illustrated examples, the peripheral areas  184 ,  185  are angled at about 40° to 50° with respect to the longitudinal axis L. The cover member  182  may have a cover surface  183  having the same diameter D 2  as the cavity open end  187 , so that the cover member  182  can fit over the cavity  180 , the cover peripheral area  185  mating with the cavity peripheral area  184  and the cover surface  183  facing into the cavity  180 . 
     When assembled, the cutter assembly  100  may include a join layer  188 , joining the cover peripheral area  185  to the cavity peripheral area  184 , and thus attaching the cover member  182  to the PCD portion  112  and closing the cavity  180  at the cavity open end  187 . The join layer  188  may comprise or consist essentially of an adhesive material such as epoxy material, or metallic alloy material such as braze material or diffusion bonding material. The cover member  182  may entirely or partly close the cavity  180  to form a closed or partly closed chamber for housing the electronic device  130 . 
     In some examples, the cutter element  110  may include a passage  181  connecting the cavity  180  to the proximal end  106  of the cutter element  110 , for allowing a connection wire or optical fibre (not shown) to extend from the electronic device  130  within the housing chamber  180  to an external device or power source (not shown). 
     In other examples, the cavity peripheral area  184  may be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and the cover peripheral area  185  may be a cylindrical side  185  of the cover member  182 . That is, the cavity and cover peripheral areas  184 ,  185  may be angled at about 0° with respect to the longitudinal axis L. In various examples, diameter D 1  of the cutter insert  110  may be about 13 mm, about 16 mm, about 19 mm or about 25 mm; and in some example arrangements, example cutter inserts  110  may have non-cylindrical shapes. 
     In some examples, the PCD portion  112  may comprise a first PCD portion  1122  and a second PCD portion  1124 . The first PCD portion  1122  may be coterminous with the PCD surface  118  and the second PCD portion  1124  may be remote from the PCD surface  112  and adjacent the substrate portion  114 , coterminous with the interface boundary  113 . The first PCD portion  1122  may extend to a depth of about 300 to 500 microns from the PCD surface  118  to an interface boundary  1126  with the second PCD portion  1124 , which may have a mean thickness of about 2.5 to about 2.8 mm. In the first PCD portion  1122 , the interstitial regions  1123  among the PCD grains  1121  (illustrated in  FIG. 1B ) may form an open porous network of voids, the first PCD portion  1122  being electrically insulating and including less than 2 weight percent (wt. %) metallic material. In the second PCD portion  1124 , the interstitial regions  1123  may be substantially filled with metal catalyst material such as Co (or alloy including Co), which may form an interconnected metallic network  1123  capable of conducting an electric current. In some example arrangements, the depth T 2  of the cavity  180  may be less than the depth of the first PCD portion  1122 , or the cavity  180  may extend into the second PCD portion  1124 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , an example cutter assembly  100  may include an electronic device  130  such as a sensor device  130  within the housing chamber  180 . In this example, the cavity  180  a blind end, terminating within the first PCD portion  1122 . The electronic device  130  may be attached to the PCD portion  112  at the blind end of the cavity  180  by a connection portion  190 . In some examples, the connection portion  190  may comprise certain metal alloy materials having a liquidus temperature of 600° C. to 950° C. (at atmospheric pressure), a portion of which may be infiltrated into interstitial voids within the first PCD portion  1122 . The connection portion  190  may be chemically bonded to a device (not shown) and to diamond grains of the PCD material  112 . The connection portion  190  may comprise metal alloy, a substantial portion of which may be infiltrated into the interstitial pores of the first PCD portion  1122 . A non-infiltrated portion  1124  of the first PCD portion  120  may have an interface boundary  1128  with the connection portion  190 . 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate an example cutter insert  110  comprising a PCD portion  112  attached to a substrate portion  114 , in which the cavity  180  formed in the PCD portion  112  is closed by the cover member  182 . The PCD portion  112  includes a PCD surface  118  at the distal end  108 . The peripheral region (not shown) of the cover member  182  is seated adjacent the peripheral region (not shown) of the PCD surface  118 , a layer of join material  188  attaching the peripheral regions  184 ,  185  to each other. In various examples, the join material  188  may comprise epoxy or other adhesive material, or metal alloy material, such as braze alloy. The electronic device  130  may comprise a sensor  130 . In various examples, the electronic device  130  may comprise a wide range of electronic components, including one or more resistor, capacitor, inductor, transistor and/or electrically conducting tracks. In this example, the PCD portion  112  has a super-hard surface  118  defining a circumferential cutting edge  116  and including a chamfer area  115 , adjacent the cutting edge  116 . 
     In various example cutter assemblies  100 , the electronic device  130  may comprise an RF tag  130  for use with an RF interrogation transceiver (not shown), in an RFID-type tag arrangement. The RF tag  130  comprises an antenna system, provided in the shape of a circular disc having diameter D 3  of 11.5 mm. With reference to  FIGS. 4A to 4D , an example cutter insert  110  for an earth-boring bit (not shown) may comprise a layer of PCD material  112  joined to a cemented carbide substrate portion  114 , and include a cavity  180  containing an RF (radio-frequency) antenna  130 , capable of backscattering an RF interrogation signal transmitted by an interrogation transceiver (not shown). The RF interrogation signal may have a frequency in the range of about 2 to 10 GHz; in general, the RF interrogation signal frequency may lie within the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. In other examples, the cavity  180  may contain a transceiver device  130  including a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor. 
     In the illustrated example, the PCD material  112  defines a circumferential cutting edge  116  and includes a chamfer area  115  adjacent the cutting edge  116 . The PCD layer  112  (and the substrate portion  114 ) may have a diameter D 1  of 16 mm and a mean thickness of about 3 mm. The cavity  180  is substantially cylindrical, having a diameter D 2  of about 12 mm and a depth (not indicated) of 0.8 mm, to accommodate the RF antenna  130 . The cavity  180  is covered by a protective cover member  182 , which is joined by a join layer  188  to the PCD material  112 . In this example arrangement, the cavity peripheral area (not shown) may be provided as a vertical extension of the cylindrical wall of the cavity  180 , parallel to and coaxial with the longitudinal axis L, and the cover peripheral area (not shown) may cylindrical. The join layer  188  is disposed between the cavity and cover peripheral areas and may comprise a high temperature adhesive material, which may be resistant to the dynamic stresses arising from vibration of the cutter element in use, or braze material. The PCD layer  112  has a PCD surface  118  surrounding the cavity  180  and extending radially from the join layer  188  to the cutting edge  116 . 
     The protective cover member  182  may comprise a thin disc of PCD material, or a disc of diamond manufactured by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), or a disc of other abrasion-resistant material such as aluminium nitride or silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), which may have the aspect of reducing attenuation of the RF response signal. The cover member  182  may have a mean thickness of about 100 to 150 microns and an additional coating (not shown) comprising or consisting essentially of chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond, or material deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD). 
     With reference to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , an example cutter insert  110  has a proximal end  106  and a distal end  108  and comprises a PCD portion  112  joined to a Co—WC substrate  114  at an interface boundary  113 . The layer of PCD material  112  has a PCD surface  118  at the distal end  108 , and the interface boundary  113  with the substrate portion  114  coincides with a proximal end  113  of the PCD layer  112 . The PCD surface  118  includes a peripheral cutting edge  116  and a chamfer  115  is formed on the PCD material  112 , adjacent the cutting edge  116 . In this example, the cavity  180  is a trench  180  extending diametrically through the PCD material  112 , for accommodating an electronic device  130 . 
       FIG. 5B  shows a schematic longitudinal cross-section view through the PCD portion  112 , in a plane including the line Y-Y in  FIG. 5A . The example electronic device  130  is attached to the PCD material  112 , positioned within the cavity  180 . The electronic device  130  comprises an electronic component  132  and an electrically insulating base plate  134 , which may comprise or consist essentially of electrically insulating ceramic material. In various examples, the electronic component  132  may comprise a sensor device (or a part of a sensor device), a transceiver, and/or an electronic circuit such as an integrated circuit (IC). A connection portion  190  comprising alloy material may join a surface  136  of the base plate  134  to the bottom of the cavity  180  and have an interface boundary  194  with the PCD material  112 . 
     The cover member  182  is attached to the PCD portion  112  as illustrated in  FIG. 5B , positioned over the electronic device  130 , to protect it from abrasion or other degradation processes in use. The cover member  182  may comprise or consist essentially of PCD material, diamond made by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and/or other abrasion-resistant material such as alumina, aluminium nitride, zirconia, silicon nitride, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride, PCBN, material. In this example, the cover member  182  may be oblong in shape, to match the shape of the cavity  180 , and have a mean thickness of about 100 to about 150 microns. In examples where the electronic device  130  includes a transceiver antenna, the material selected for the cover member  182  may have suitable dielectric properties to allow RF signals to pass with as little attenuation as possible. 
     In this example, the PCD portion  112  includes a pair of parallel cavity peripheral areas (not shown) on opposite sides of the cavity  180 , the and the cover member  182  has a corresponding pair of parallel sides. The join layer  188  between each pair of parallel cover and cavity peripheral areas may comprise braze material or adhesive material, such as epoxy, or the cover member  182  may be joined to the PCD material  112  by a diffusion bonding process, for example. 
     An example method for making an example cutter insert  110  will be briefly described with reference to  FIGS. 1A to 4D . A composite body (not shown) comprising, or consisting essentially of, PCD material  112  joined to a substrate portion  114  at an interface boundary  113  may be provided. The composite body may be manufactured by means of an ultra-high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) process. An HPHT process may include placing an aggregation of diamond grains onto a Co—WC substrate  114 , to provide a pre-sinter assembly (not shown). In some example processes, the aggregation of diamond grains may include catalyst material such as Co, in powder form or microstructures on the diamond grains. The pre-sinter assembly may be pressurised to about 6 GPa (or higher) and heated to a temperature of at least about 1,250° C. The Co within the substrate  114 , and potentially within the aggregation of diamond grains, will melt and infiltrate under capillary action into interstitial regions among the diamond grains, and promote the direct inter-growth of neighbouring diamond grains. When the pressure and temperature are decreased to ambient conditions, the Co (or alloy including Co, for example) will solidify, providing the composite body comprising the layer of PCD material  112  joined to the substrate portion  114 . As used herein, ambient or atmospheric pressure is about 1.0 MPa. The layer of PCD material  112  may have a thickness of about 2 to 3 mm, the interstitial regions among the diamond grains filled with metallic material including Co. 
     The composite body may have a proximal end  106 , coterminous with the substrate portion  114 , and a distal end  108 , coterminous with a PCD surface  118  of the PCD material  112 . The PCD material  112  may be treated with acid (not shown) at the distal end  108  to remove (or ‘leach’) Co from the interstitial regions among the diamond grains, to provide the first PCD portion  1122 , coterminous with the PCD surface  118 . The first PCD portion  1122  may extend to a depth of about 500 microns from the PCD surface  118 . 
     The cavity  180  may be formed by removing PCD material  112  from the distal end  108 , for example by machining the PCD material  112  or etching it by means of a laser etching device. A mask (not shown) may be provided, having a through-aperture in the shape of the electronic device  130  and placed over the PCD surface  118 . A laser machining or etching apparatus may be used to remove PCD material  112  from a region of the PCD surface  118  exposed by the mask, to form the cavity  180 . The angled peripheral region  184  may then be formed by cutting or grinding PCD material  112  adjacent the cavity  180 . Residual graphitic carbon within the cavity  180  may be removed by sand-blasting. The shape and depth of the cavity  180  should be sufficient to accommodate the device  130  to be housed therein. For example, the cavity may have a mean depth of about 300 microns if the electronic device  130  has a thickness of no more than 300 microns. In some example methods, the cavity  180  may be formed before the PCD material  112  is treated with acid to remove Co from the first PCD portion  1122 . 
     In some examples, a layer of paste containing braze alloy material may be deposited onto the bottom of the cavity  180 , to join the electronic device  130  to the PCD material  112 . For example, the metal alloy material may include the chemical elements silver (Ag), copper (Cu), Indium (In) and titanium (Ti), such as the commercially available Incusil™ alloy having the composition 59.0% Ag, 27.25% Cu, 12.50% In and 1.25% Ti. In some examples, the metallic join material may comprise an alloy including Pt and/or Pd; in some examples, metallic join material may include gold (Au), in elemental or alloy form. Non-limiting example alloys for use as metallic join materials are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquidus 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 temperature, 
                 Cu, 
                 Pd, 
                 Ag, 
                 Ti, 
                 In, 
                 Sn, 
                 Mn, 
                 Al, 
               
               
                 Family 
                 (° C.) 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cu—Ag—In 
                 715 
                 27.3 
                   
                 59 
                 1.25 
                 12.5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ag—Cu 
                 815 
                 35.3 
                   
                 63 
                 1.75 
               
               
                 Ag—Cu 
                 900 
                 26.7 
                   
                 69 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 912 
                 5 
                   
                 93 
                 1.2 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Cu—Ag 
                 730 
                 32.5 
                   
                 57.5 
                   
                   
                 7 
                 3 
               
               
                 Ag—Cu 
                 790 
                 22 
                   
                 75 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 Ag—Cu 
                 705 
                 24 
                   
                 61.5 
                   
                 14.5 
               
               
                 Ag—Cu 
                 852 
                 31 
                 10 
                 59 
               
               
                 Ag 
                   
                   
                   
                 98.4 
                 0.6 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some examples, a base may be attached to the PCD material  112  within the cavity  180  by means of adhesive material, or a glass ceramics-based material having a high curing temperature. The electronic device  130  may include a base comprising ceramic material such as yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, alumina, barium titanate, lanthanum titanate. silicon carbide, lithium niobite, which can bond to the metal join alloy. 
     The electronic device  130  may be placed onto the layer of metallic join material to provide a pre-composite assembly (not shown), which may be heat treated at a temperature of about 740° C. in a vacuum of about 1 mPa (10 −5  mbar), where the metallic join material comprises Incusil™ alloy. The Ti within the alloy material will react with carbon from the diamond grains to form TiC, chemically bonding the alloy material to the diamond grains. The temperature is then reduced to ambient temperature (about 20° C. to about 40° C.), well below the melting point of the alloy material, allowing the alloy material to solidify and form the connection portion  190 . 
     Suitable metal alloy materials should have a melting point of at most about 950° C., and may solidify at temperatures of up to about 600° C. If the liquidus temperature of the metallic join material is too low, then it may melt when the composite product, such as a cutter insert, is braze-joined to a tool, such as a drill bit. Brazing the cutter insert onto the drill bit body may involve heating at least a portion of the cutter insert to a temperature of about 650° C. to about 700° C. In such examples, the melting point of the metallic join material (at or below atmospheric pressure) may be greater than about 700° C., to reduce the risk of melting when the cutter insert is braze-joined to a tool. 
     In general, the electronic device may be joined to the PCD material by melting the metallic join material in an atmosphere having a pressure of at least about 10 −3  mbar (100 mPa) or at least about 10 −5  mbar (10 Pa); for example, in the range of about 10 −3  mbar (100 mPa) to about 10 −5  mbar (10 Pa). Heat treating at such pressures may have the aspect of enhancing the chemical reaction of the metallic join material (alloy) with the diamond grains and enhancing its infiltration through the interstitial voids. In some examples, the heat treatment may be carried out in an inert atmosphere. 
     In some applications, the temperature in a region of the PCD material adjacent the cutting edge may exceed about 1,000° C. In such applications, the cavity  180  may be positioned sufficiently spaced apart from a cutting edge  116 , to reduce a risk of damage to the electronic device  130  and the risk of the cover member  182  detaching from the PCD material  112  due to metal join material melting in use. 
     When the electronic device  130  has been placed into the cavity  180  and, in some examples, attached to the PCD material  112 , the cover member  182  can be attached to the PCD material  112  to cover the electronic device  130 . The cover member  182  may comprise abrasion resistant material to protect the electronic device from damage in use. The material of the cover member  182  may be have other desire properties, such as a dielectric property for allowing radio-frequency signals to be received and/or emitted by the electronic device  130 . For example, the electronic device  130  may include a transceiver antenna and the material selected for a cover  180  should have suitable dielectric properties to allow RF signals to pass with as little attenuation as possible. The cover member  182  may comprise or consist essentially of PCD material (or other abrasion-resistant material, such as alumina, aluminium nitride zirconia, silicon nitride, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride, PCBN, material, or a layer of diamond made by a CVD process). 
     As an example, the cover member  182  may comprise or consist essentially of PCD material and may be provided by machining a body of PCD material (not shown). For example, a disc (not shown) may be cut from a body of PCD material and the disc may be machined to form the angled peripheral region  185 . The cover peripheral area may be joined to the cavity peripheral area by braze material or adhesive material, such as epoxy, or by a diffusion bonding process, for example. As an example, a layer of metallic alloy material (or precursor material for forming a metallic alloy) may be deposited onto one or both peripheral regions by a sputtering or other PVD method. Pressure may be applied to the cover member  182  to enhance inter-diffusion of the alloy material into the cover member  182  and the PCD material  112 .