Patent Publication Number: US-2013254031-A1

Title: Dynamic Modification of Advertisements Displayed in Response to a Search Engine Query

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to data processing systems and in particular to search engines. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for dynamic modification of advertisements displayed in response to a search engine query. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     The Internet contains a large number of websites. When a user wants to locate a website containing specific content, but the user does not know which website to visit, the user typically uses a search engine. A search engine is a software program which indexes websites based on the content of each website and provides an interface in which the user can use to search the index and find websites with specific content. For example, a user may enter one or more keywords, and the search engine will return a list of all websites having content containing the specified keywords. 
     When a user performs a query using an Internet search engine, the search engine generates revenue for the owner of the search engine by displaying advertisements next to the results of the search engine query. The results of a search engine query are based on the keywords used in the search. Similarly, the advertisements which are displayed next to the search engine results are also based on the keywords used in the search. 
     When a user enters a keyword which has more than one meaning, the search engine returns search results which display websites having content related to each different meaning of the keyword. The search engine also displays advertisements corresponding to each different meaning of the keyword. Currently, when a keyword in a search engine query has more than one meaning, the advertisements displayed in response to the search engine query are not tailored to the meaning of the keyword which interests the user. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The illustrative embodiments described herein provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for modifying advertisements. A set of keywords is received from a user. A query is performed in a search engine with the set of keywords. A set of websites comprising ranked search results and ranked advertisements is displayed. Responsive to detecting a user input selecting a first website in the set of websites, modifying the ranked advertisements, based on the content of the first website, to form modified advertisements. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a pictorial representation of a network of data processing systems in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a data processing system in which the illustrative embodiments may be implemented; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of software components used to dynamically select advertisements in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a browser window in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; and 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a process for a search engine in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to  FIGS. 1-2 , exemplary diagrams of data processing environments are provided in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. It should be appreciated that  FIGS. 1-2  are only exemplary and are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made. 
     With reference now to the figures,  FIG. 1  depicts a pictorial representation of a network of data processing systems in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. Network data processing system  100  is a network of computers in which embodiments may be implemented. Network data processing system  100  contains network  102 , which is the medium used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within network data processing system  100 . Network  102  may include connections, such as wire, wireless communication links, or fiber optic cables. 
     In the depicted example, server  104  and server  106  connect to network  102  along with storage unit  108 . In addition, clients  110 ,  112 , and  114  connect to network  102 . These clients  110 ,  112 , and  114  may be, for example, personal computers or network computers. In the depicted example, server  104  provides data, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to clients  110 ,  112 , and  114 . Clients  110 ,  112 , and  114  are clients to server  104  in this example. Network data processing system  100  may include additional servers, clients, and other devices not shown. 
     In the depicted example, network data processing system  100  is the Internet with network  102  representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, governmental, educational and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, network data processing system  100  also may be implemented as a number of different types of networks, such as for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN).  FIG. 1  is intended as an example, and not as an architectural limitation for different embodiments. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , a block diagram of a data processing system is shown in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. Data processing system  200  is an example of a computer, such as server  104  or client  110  in  FIG. 1 , in which computer usable code or instructions implementing the processes may be located for the illustrative embodiments. 
     In the depicted example, data processing system  200  employs a hub architecture including a north bridge and memory controller hub (MCH)  202  and a south bridge and input/output (I/O) controller hub (ICH)  204 . Processing unit  206 , main memory  208 , and graphics processor  210  are coupled to north bridge and memory controller hub  202 . Processing unit  206  may contain one or more processors and even may be implemented using one or more heterogeneous processor systems. Graphics processor  210  may be coupled to the MCH through an accelerated graphics port (AGP), for example. 
     In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter  212  is coupled to south bridge and I/O controller hub  204  and audio adapter  216 , keyboard and mouse adapter  220 , modem  222 , read only memory (ROM)  224 , universal serial bus (USB) ports and other communications ports  232 , and PCI/PCIe devices  234  are coupled to south bridge and I/O controller hub  204  through bus  238 , and hard disk drive (HDD)  226  and CD-ROM drive  230  are coupled to south bridge and I/O controller hub  204  through bus  240 . PCI/PCIe devices may include, for example, Ethernet adapters, add-in cards, and PC cards for notebook computers. PCI uses a card bus controller, while PCIe does not. ROM  224  may be, for example, a flash binary input/output system (BIOS). Hard disk drive  226  and CD-ROM drive  230  may use, for example, an integrated drive electronics (IDE) or serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface. A super I/O (SIO) device  236  may be coupled to south bridge and I/O controller hub  204 . 
     An operating system runs on processing unit  206  and coordinates and provides control of various components within data processing system  200  in  FIG. 2 . The operating system may be a commercially available operating system such as Microsoft® Windows® XP (Microsoft and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both). An object oriented programming system, such as the Java™ programming system, may run in conjunction with the operating system and provides calls to the operating system from Java programs or applications executing on data processing system  200 . Java and all Java-based trademarks are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both. 
     Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented programming system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as hard disk drive  226 , and may be loaded into main memory  208  for execution by processing unit  206 . The processes of the illustrative embodiments may be performed by processing unit  206  using computer implemented instructions, which may be located in a memory such as, for example, main memory  208 , read only memory  224 , or in one or more peripheral devices. 
     The hardware in  FIGS. 1-2  may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash memory, equivalent non-volatile memory, or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in  FIGS. 1-2 . Also, the processes of the illustrative embodiments may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system. 
     In some illustrative examples, data processing system  200  may be a personal digital assistant (PDA), which is generally configured with flash memory to provide non-volatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user-generated data. A bus system may be comprised of one or more buses, such as a system bus, an I/O bus and a PCI bus. Of course the bus system may be implemented using any type of communications fabric or architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the fabric or architecture. A communications unit may include one or more devices used to transmit and receive data, such as a modem or a network adapter. A memory may be, for example, main memory  208  or a cache such as found in north bridge and memory controller hub  202 . A processing unit may include one or more processors or CPUs. The depicted examples in  FIGS. 1-2  and above-described examples are not meant to imply architectural limitations. For example, data processing system  200  also may be a tablet computer, laptop computer, or telephone device in addition to taking the form of a PDA. 
     The Internet contains a large number of websites. When a user wants to locate a website containing specific content, the user typically uses an Internet search engine on a computer, such as client  110  of  FIG. 1 . A search engine is a software program which indexes websites based on the content of each website and provides an interface in which the user can use to search the index and find websites with specific content. The search engine is typically located on a server, such as server  104  of  FIG. 1 . For example, a user may enter a set of keywords, where the set of keywords is one or more keywords, and the search engine will return a list of all websites with content related to the set of keywords. 
     When a user performs a query using an Internet search engine, the search engine generates revenue for the owner of the search engine by displaying advertisements next to the results of the search engine query. The results of a search engine query are based on the keywords used in the search. Similarly, the advertisements which are displayed next to the search engine results are also based on the keywords used in the search. 
     When a user performs a query of a search engine using one or more keywords, the search engine returns results from the search and advertisements. The results and advertisements are each ranked by the search engine. The ranked search results are results ordered by the search engine based on certain criteria. Similarly, the ranked advertisements are advertisements ordered by the search engine based on certain criteria. The criteria for ranking the search results and the criteria for ranking the advertisements are typically, but not necessarily, different. 
     The rank of each result or advertisement determines the order in which the results and advertisements are displayed in the browser. The higher the rank of a result or advertisement, the higher the result or advertisement is placed when displayed in the browser. Similarly, the lower the rank of a result or advertisement, the lower the result or advertisement is displayed in the browser. 
     The results obtained by the search engine are links to websites containing content that the search engine considers relevant to the keywords the user entered. Thus, a website is ranked higher if the search engine considers the website to be more relevant to the keywords. The search engine ranks the websites in the results based on the relevance of the content of the websites to the keywords. The relevance of the results to the keywords is determined by the search engine using various criteria. 
     For example, the search engine may weigh different criteria, such as the number of times the keywords occur on the website, the popularity of the website, and how many other websites link to the website in determining the relevance of the website to the keywords. Therefore, a search result website is ranked higher or lower depending on whether the search engine considers the content of the website more relevant or less relevant, respectively, to the keywords. 
     The search engine also ranks the advertisements which are displayed next to the results of the search. The advertisements are links to websites containing products or services related to the keywords. The advertiser typically pays the search engine provider to display the advertisements next to the search results. For example, the advertiser may pay the search engine a flat fee to display the website whenever certain keywords are entered into the search engine, or the advertiser may pay the search engine only if the user actually visits the website of the advertiser. 
     In determining the ranking of an advertisement, the search engine may take into account different criteria, such as how many times the keywords occur on the website of the advertiser, and how much money the advertiser is paying the search engine. For example, if the websites of two advertisers are equally relevant in other respects, the advertiser paying more money may be ranked higher than the advertiser paying less money. 
     Once the search engine has ranked the results and the advertisements, the links to the websites of the ranked results and the links to the websites of the ranked advertisements are sent to the browser and displayed to the user. 
     For example, assume a user wants to search for websites containing information about restaurants serving East Indian food in Dallas, Tex. The user may enter the keywords “Indian restaurant Dallas” in the search engine and submit a query looking for websites containing all three keywords. In response to the user query, the search engine will display a list of websites containing all three of the specified keywords, and the search engine may also display advertisements for restaurants serving Indian food in Dallas. 
     When a user enters a keyword in a search engine to find information about a particular topic, and the keyword has more than one meaning, the search engine may return search results containing several groups of websites. Each group of websites may contain content related to each different meaning of the keyword. The search engine may also display groups of advertisements with each group of advertisements corresponding to each different meaning of the keyword. 
     When a keyword in a search engine query has more than one meaning, the advertisements would be more relevant to the user if the advertisements were tailored to the particular topic the user was searching for.—Therefore, the illustrative embodiments described herein provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for modifying the type of advertisements in response to a search engine query. 
     The illustrative embodiments described herein provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for modifying advertisements. A set of keywords is received from a user. A query is performed in a search engine with the set of keywords. A set of websites comprising ranked search results and ranked advertisements is displayed. Responsive to detecting a user input selecting a first website in the set of websites, modifying the ranked advertisements, based on the content of the first website, to form modified advertisements. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of software components used to dynamically select advertisements in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. In software components  300 , search engine  302  is software running on server  304 . Server  304  is connected to Internet  306 . Client  308  is also connected to Internet  306 . Browser  310  is software running on client  308 . 
     User  312  interacts with browser  310 . For example, user  312  may use browser  310  to navigate to the website of search engine  302 . Search engine  302  is a website for searching the contents of the internet, such as Google™, Yahoo®, or MSN Search®. 
     User  312  types in keywords into browser  310  so that search engine  302  can find and display websites with content related to the keywords. For example, assume user  312  navigates to the website of search engine  302  and then types keywords into browser  310 . Browser  310  sends keywords  313  to client  308 , and client  308  sends keywords  314  across Internet  306 . Internet  306  delivers keywords  316  to server  304 . Server  304  sends keywords  318  to search engine  302 . 
     Search engine  302  receives keywords  318  and searches the index on server  304  for websites containing information about the keyword. Search engine  302  also determines which advertisements the search engine should provide for the user. The search engine ranks the results and ranks the advertisements using various criteria. 
     Search engine  302  sends the results of the search, results and advertisements  320 , to server  304 . Server  304  sends results and advertisements  322  to Internet  306 . Internet  306  sends results and advertisements  324  to client  308 , and client  308  sends results and advertisements  326  to browser  310 . 
     Browser  310  then displays the search results and the advertisements to user  312  using the rankings which the search engine determined for the results and the advertisements. Search engine  302  can further modify the ranking of the advertisements based on the websites which user  312  visits after the initial search results and advertisements are displayed. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a browser window in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. In browser window  400 , browser  402  is an Internet browser, in which a user has gone to search engine  404  and performed a search engine query using keyword  406 . Browser  402  may be a browser, such as browser  310  in  FIG. 3 , and search engine  404  may be a search engine, such as search engine  302  in  FIG. 3 . 
     In this example, only one keyword, keyword  406 , is shown. However, those versed in the art will appreciate that keyword searches may contain multiple keywords and Boolean operators specifying how the search should be performed and that the techniques disclosed for use with one keyword may be applied to multiple keyword searches. 
     In this example, keyword  406  has three different and distinct meanings which keyword  406  is commonly used to convey. The three meanings in this example are purely for illustration purposes. Those versed in the art will appreciate that the embodiments may be used for any set of keywords with more than one meaning. 
     In this example, keyword  406  has three meanings. One meaning is most relevant to the user while the other two meanings are less relevant. Relevant means that the user is particularly interested in one meaning of keyword  406  and is not as interested in the other two meanings of keyword  406 . A first meaning of keyword  406  is more relevant than a second or third meaning when the first meaning is what the user intended when initiating the keyword search using the search engine. 
     In response to the query, search engine  404  initially returns three sets of results, results  408 ,  410 , and  412 . Initial results  408 ,  410  and  412  are ranked by the search engine based on the relevancy of results  408 ,  410 , and  412  to keyword  406 . The set of websites most relevant to keyword  406  are ranked the highest and displayed on top, in result  408 , and the least relevant set of websites are ranked lower and displayed on the bottom, in result  412 . 
     Result  408  represents a first set of websites related to the first common meaning of keyword  406 , where a set is a list of one or more websites. Result  410  represents a second set of websites related to the second common meaning of keyword  406 . Result  412  represents a third set of websites related to the third common meaning of keyword  406 . 
     In response to the query, search engine  404  also displays three sets of advertisements, advertisement  414 ,  416  and  418 , based on the ranking of the advertisements by the search engine. Advertisement  414  represents a first set of advertising ranked highest because the advertising is related to the first common meaning of keyword  406 . Advertisement  416  is ranked lower because advertisement  416  is related to the second common meaning of keyword  406 . Advertisement  418  is ranked lowest because advertisement  418  is related to the third common meaning of keyword  406 . Advertisements  414 ,  416 , and  418  are ranked by the search engine in the order of relevance to keyword  406  based on the initial query. The set of advertisements ranked most relevant to keyword  406  are displayed on top, in advertisements  414 , and the least relevant set of websites are displayed on the bottom, in advertisements  418 . 
     An advertisement, such as advertisement  414 ,  416 , or  418 , is usually several lines of text designed to catch the interest of the reader, and a hyperlink to a website, where the advertiser has more information on the advertiser&#39;s products or services. The advertisement may also contain a picture or other graphic image. 
     The user may only be interested in the third meaning of keyword  406  but is initially shown advertisements related to all three meanings of keyword  406 . The user views results  408 ,  410  and  412  and determines that result  412  is related to the third meaning of keyword  406  and therefore of interest to the user. The third meaning of keyword  406  is, in this example, most relevant to the user. 
     After submitting a query to the search engine using keyword  406 , the user may visit a website in results  408 ,  410 , and  412  or a website in advertisements  414 ,  416 , or  418 . The user typically visits the websites which contain content related to the meaning of the keyword which is more relevant to the user. 
     For example, after the user determines that result  412  is the meaning of keyword  406  which the user is interested in, the user may click on websites belonging to the set of websites in result  412 , or the user may click on a website in advertisement  418  because the website is relevant to the meaning of keyword  406  which the user is interested in. Based on the websites which the user visits after the initial search results are displayed, the search engine can determine which meaning or meanings of keyword  406  are most relevant to the user. 
     Typically, after a user visits a website in results  408 ,  410 , and  412  or advertisements  414 ,  416 , or  418 , the user clicks on the “back” button of browser  402  to return to the search engine results shown in browser  402  so that the user can visit additional websites from the results or the advertisements. When the user returns to the search engine results page, the search engine may modify the ranking of the advertisements displayed based on the website which the user visited. The search engine can infer that the user is interested in the meaning of keyword  406  which is related to the content of the website which the user visited. 
     For example, assume the user is interested in the third meaning of keyword  406 . After the initial search, the user visits a website in the set of websites belonging to result  412 . When the user returns to the search page, the search engine modifies advertisements  414 ,  416 , and  418  based on the content of the website which the user visited. 
     The modified advertisements may be the original advertisements but displayed in a different order, or the modified advertisements may have some of the original advertisements removed and new, more relevant, advertisements added. The modifications to the displayed advertisements are made based on which advertisements the search engine ranks higher and based on the websites the user visits after the initial search engine query. 
     In this example, the search engine determines that the third meaning of keyword  406  is relevant to the user based on websites which the user clicked on after the initial search results were displayed. When the user returns to the search engine results page, the search engine modifies the order in which the advertisements are displayed and ranks advertisement  418  higher so that advertisement  418  is displayed at the top, followed by advertisement  414 , and advertisement  416 . 
     In addition, advertisement  414  or advertisement  416  may contain websites different than the websites displayed after the initial search. The different websites may be chosen based on the websites the user has visited after the initial search. Each time the user visits a website after the initial search results are displayed, the advertisements displayed on the search results page are modified. In this manner, the advertisements displayed may be fine-tuned to the interests of the users based on the websites which the user visits after the initial search. 
     The advertisements which are displayed in response to an Internet search engine query are dynamically modified based on the websites which the user visits. The websites which the user visits may belong to results  408 ,  410 , and  412 , advertisements  414 ,  416 , and  418  or both the results and the advertisements. Each website which the user visits after the results of the search and the advertisements are displayed is used to further modify the displayed advertisements. 
     Thus, the displayed advertisements are dynamically modified each time the user returns to the webpage displaying the search results. Based on the website the user visited, a determination is made whether the currently displayed advertisements are relevant to the user, and the advertisements are modified and displayed as modified advertisements. New advertisements may be added to the displayed advertisements. Previously displayed advertisements may be removed from the displayed advertisements. The displayed advertisements may be re-ranked based on the relevance of the advertisements to the website the user visited. 
     In contrast, in a conventional system, the advertisements are not modified based on the websites which the user visits after the search results and advertisements are displayed. In a conventional system, the advertisements remain static and are displayed based on the initially determined relevance to the keywords. The advertisements continue to be displayed as the user visits different websites, even if the advertisements displayed are irrelevant to the user. 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a process for a search engine in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The process in  FIG. 5  is executed by software on a computer or server. For example, software, such as search engine  302  in  FIG. 3 , may perform the steps in the process. 
     The process begins when a set of keywords is received from a user (step  502 ). The set of keywords is one or more keywords. The search engine has an index for each website on the Internet, based on the content of each website. The set of keywords are used to search the index for websites with content related to the set of keywords (step  504 ). 
     The search results are ranked based on different criteria, including the relevance of the search results to the set of keywords (step  506 ). The advertisements are ranked based on different criteria, including the relevance of the search results to the user (step  508 ). The ranked search results and the ranked advertisements are sent to the browser of the user who typed in the keywords (step  510 ). The browser displays the search results and the advertisements. 
     The browser determines which website the user visits in the relevant search results or the relevant advertisements and sends a message. The search engine receives the information about which website the user has visited (step  512 ). 
     The advertisements are modified based on the website which the user visited to make the advertisements more relevant to the meaning of the keywords the user intended (step  514 ). The advertisements are modified by any combination of (1) adding new advertisements, (2) removing advertisements, or (3) re-ranking the advertisements which are displayed to change the order in which the advertisements are displayed. 
     If the order in which the advertisements are displayed is changed, the highest ranked advertisement, based on the relevance of the advertisement to the website the user visited, is displayed first. Similarly, if a new advertisement is added, the new advertisement is added based on the relevance of the new advertisement to the website the user visited. An advertisement which was initially displayed may be removed based on the relevance to the website the user visited. 
     The search results and the modified advertisements are sent by the search engine to the browser (step  516 ). A determination is made whether the user has completed the search (step  518 ). If the answer is “no” and the user has not finished with the search results, then the search engine receives more information on which websites the user visited (step  512 ) and the process repeats. If the answer is “yes” and the process has finished, then the process ends. 
     The different illustrative embodiments described herein provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for modifying advertisements in response to a search engine query. The illustrative embodiments described herein provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for modifying advertisements. A set of keywords is received from a user. A query is performed in a search engine with the set of keywords. A set of websites comprising ranked search results and ranked advertisements is displayed. Responsive to detecting a user input selecting a first website in the set of websites, modifying the ranked advertisements, based on the content of the first website, to form modified advertisements. 
     Advertisements and search results are initially displayed as a result of a search engine query. The user may visit a website in the search results or a website in the advertisements. The advertisements are dynamically modified each time the user visits a website and returns to the search results webpage. The dynamically modified advertisements result in advertisements which are relevant to the websites the user has visited after the initial search. 
     Because the dynamically modified advertisements are relevant to the websites which the user recently visited, the advertisements are more relevant to the user. Because the advertisements are more relevant to the user, the user is more likely to click on the advertisement and visit the website associated with the advertisement. Each time a user visits a website associated with an advertisement, more revenue is generated for the owner of the search engine. 
     Thus, dynamically modifying advertisements results in more revenue for the owner of the search engine. The user is also more satisfied with the search engine because the advertisements displayed more closely reflect the interests of the user. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of some possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. 
     The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
     Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any tangible apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
     A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
     Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. 
     Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters. 
     The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.