Patent Publication Number: US-2011074871-A1

Title: Method of Forming Organic Film, and Organic Film, Nozzle Plate and Inkjet Recording Apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method of forming an organic film, and to an organic film, a nozzle plate and an inkjet recording apparatus, and more particularly to technology for forming an organic film using a silane coupling agent. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     An inkjet nozzle plate that has a liquid-repellent film on the ejection surface side thereof has beneficial effects in terms of improving ejection accuracy. Moreover, an inkjet head requires maintenance tasks for eliminating adherence, accumulation and clogging of material around the ink nozzles due to continuous recording operations, and the liquid-repellent film also has beneficial effects in improving maintenance properties. 
     In recent years, inkjet heads have been developed which have an increased number of nozzles per unit surface area and are able to form images of even higher precision. It is possible to cite, by way of example, a silicon nozzle plate which can easily be subjected to high-precision processing, and a liquid-repellent film based on a silane coupling agent having high adhesiveness, which can be formed readily on a silicon member. A liquid-repellent film based on a silane coupling agent can be deposited onto materials other than silicon, and has been used widely in the field of inkjet technology. 
     In respect of an inkjet head provided with a film having liquid-repellent properties, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2009-029068, for example, discloses a method of manufacturing a nozzle plate for liquid ejection having a liquid-repellent film arranged on a surface where ejection ports for ejecting the liquid are present, and describes a method of manufacturing a nozzle plate by activating the surface of a silicon substrate having a silicon oxide film by removing the surface by chemical reaction, and then activating by physical breakdown, and arranging a liquid-repellent film on the silicon oxide film. Moreover, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-105597, for example, discloses an liquid ejection head used in an ink-jet recording apparatus, in which, in order to prevent damage of the ejection surface of a nozzle plate and degradation of a blade and maintain orifices in an excellent state preventing adherence of contamination to the ejection surface for a long time, the ejection surface is coated with a material having an ultrahigh water-repellent property, and heat treatment at 150° C. is performed after the coating process. 
     However, an organic film arranged on an inkjet head needs to have chemical durability in respect of ink, cleaning liquid, and the like, and also mechanical durability in respect of maintenance (blade wiping and web wiping using a cloth, and the like). A liquid-repellent film based on a silane coupling agent is bonded to a base member through siloxane bonds (Si—O bonds). The siloxane bonds are liable to be hydrolyzed in alkaline solutions, and upon contact with alkaline solutions, are liable to be erased from the base member. Hence, the durability of such a film has been poor in respect of water-soluble ink and cleaning liquid containing water. Moreover, if there are few reaction sites (hydroxyl groups) on the base member, then the adhesiveness of the liquid-repellent film is inevitably low, and therefore the mechanical durability has been poor. 
     In the inkjet heads described in Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009-029068 and 2001-105597 also, it has not been possible to obtain a liquid-repellent film capable of satisfying both chemical durability and mechanical durability. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has been contrived in view of these circumstances, an object thereof being to provide a method of forming an organic film, and an organic film, a nozzle plate and an inkjet recording apparatus, wherein both chemical durability and mechanical durability can be improved by strengthening both the adhesiveness of the formed film with respect to a base member, and the properties of the formed film. 
     In order to attain the aforementioned object, the present invention is directed to a method of forming an organic film, comprising: a pre-processing step including a plasma treatment step of carrying out plasma treatment to a surface of a base member, and an exposure processing step of exposing the surface of the base member that has undergone the plasma treatment, in an atmosphere containing at least water; an organic film formation step of thereafter forming an organic film on the surface of the base member using a silane coupling agent; and a post-processing step including a water vapor introduction step of holding the base member on which the organic film has been formed in an atmosphere containing at least water vapor, and a dehydration processing step of holding the base member in an atmosphere having a smaller presence of water vapor than the atmosphere in the water vapor introduction step. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, since the plasma treatment and the exposure in the atmosphere containing water are performed as the pre-processing steps, it is possible to form reaction sites (hydroxyl groups) at high density on the surface of the base member. By forming the organic film using the silane coupling agent on the surface of this base member, since the reaction sites have been formed at high density, it is then possible to apply the organic film with high density. Further, in the post-processing steps after the formation of the organic film, by holding the base member in the atmosphere containing water vapor after forming the organic film, it is possible to hydrolyze the reactive functional groups (for example, —OMe groups, or the like) of the silane coupling agent in the organic film which have not yet been hydrolyzed, and to convert these groups into —OH groups. Thereupon, by carrying out the dehydration processing step in the atmosphere where the presence of water vapor is less than the atmosphere of the water vapor introduction step, it is possible to create siloxane bonds due to dehydrating condensation reaction in the sites where —OH groups have bonded together through hydrogen bonds, and between —OH groups which have been formed by the water vapor introduction step, and therefore it is possible to form the organic film having a strong siloxane network. 
     Thus, by carrying out the pre-processing step and the post-processing step, the adhesiveness between the base member and the organic film is improved and the film of high density can be formed, and therefore it is possible to form the organic film that achieves both mechanical durability and chemical durability. 
     Preferably, in the exposure processing step, the surface of the base member is exposed in a water vapor atmosphere. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, by carrying out the exposure processing step in the water vapor atmosphere, it is possible to reduce the amount of surplus water left on the surface of the base member. 
     It is also possible that in the exposure processing step, the surface of the base member is immersed in water. 
     Preferably, the pre-processing step further includes a pre-dehydration processing step of dehydrating the surface of the base member, following the exposure processing step. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, by carrying out the pre-dehydration processing step after the exposure processing step, it is possible to remove excess water remaining on the surface of the base member due to the exposure processing step. If water is left on the surface of the base member, then it becomes more difficult for the silane coupling agent and the base member to create siloxane bonds, and extremely instable bonds of low bonding force (hydrogen bonds) may occur. Therefore, by carrying out the dehydration processing step, it is possible to create siloxane bonds between the silane coupling agent and the base member, and the organic film having high durability can be formed. 
     Preferably, in the dehydration processing step, the base member undergoes a vacuum process or a purging process. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, by carrying out the vacuum process or the purging process, it is possible to set the atmosphere in the dehydration processing step to the atmosphere containing little water vapor. 
     Preferably, in the dehydration processing step, a purging process is carried out with a gas containing at least a rare gas. 
     It is also preferable that in the dehydration processing step, a purging process is carried out with a gas containing at least N 2 . 
     It is also possible that in the dehydration processing step, the surface of the base member is exposed in an atmosphere heated to a temperature not lower than 40° C., preferably not lower than 60° C., more preferably not lower than 100° C. 
     It is also possible to carry out the heating process after carrying out the purging with the gas. 
     Preferably, the organic film contains at least fluorine and has liquid-repellent properties. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, although siloxane bonds have low durability with respect to alkalis, the organic film contains fluorine and therefore has liquid-repellent properties, thus&#39;giving the organic film high durability with respect to alkalis. 
     Moreover, by using the organic film in a nozzle plate, for example, it is possible to prevent adherence of liquid droplets to the periphery of the nozzle holes, and therefore ejection stability can be improved. 
     Preferably, the surface of the base member is composed of at least silicon. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, since the surface of the base member contains silicon, then it is possible to improve adhesion to the silane coupling agent. The fact that the surface of the base member contains silicon is not limited to a case where the whole of the base member is formed of a material containing silicon, and also includes a case where the surface portion of the base member is formed of a material containing silicon. 
     Preferably, in the plasma treatment step, the plasma treatment uses a reaction gas containing at least one of oxygen, a rare gas, hydrogen and nitrogen. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, by using the above-described gases in the plasma treatment step, it is possible to prevent impurities from adhering to the surface of the base member. It is also possible to restrict the effects on the base member. 
     Preferably, in the water vapor introduction step, the atmosphere has a relative humidity of not lower than 50%, more preferably not lower than 70%. Preferably, in the dehydration processing step, the atmosphere has a relative humidity of not higher than 20%, more preferably not higher than 10%, and even more preferably not higher than 5%. For example, the atmosphere in the water vapor introduction step has a relative humidity of not lower than 50%, and the atmosphere in the dehydration processing step has a relative humidity of not higher than 20%. 
     By adopting the aforementioned humidity conditions, the post-processing can be carried out easily. 
     Preferably, in the water vapor introduction step, the atmosphere has a temperature of not lower than 30° C., more preferably not lower than 60° C. Preferably, in the dehydration processing step, the atmosphere has a temperature of not lower than 30° C., more preferably not lower than 40° C., even more preferably not lower than 70° C., yet more preferably not lower than 100° C. For example, the atmosphere in the water vapor introduction step has a temperature of not lower than 30° C., and the atmosphere in the dehydration processing step has a temperature of not lower than 40° C. 
     By adopting the aforementioned temperature conditions, it is possible to set the aforementioned humidity conditions. 
     It is also preferable that the method further comprises: an intermediate layer formation step of forming an intermediate layer constituted of a plasma polymerization film on the surface of the base member, following the pre-processing step and before the organic film formation step, wherein in the organic film formation step, the organic film is formed on the intermediate layer on the surface of the base member. Preferably, the method further comprises an oxidization processing step of carrying out oxidization of the intermediate layer, following the intermediate layer formation step and before the organic film formation step. 
     In order to attain the aforementioned object, the present invention is also directed to an organic film formed by the above-described method. 
     In order to attain the aforementioned object, the present invention is also directed to a nozzle plate comprising: a base member; and the above-described organic film. 
     Since the organic film formed by the above-described method has excellent chemical durability and mechanical durability, it is desirable for use in the nozzle plate. 
     In order to attain the aforementioned object, the present invention is also directed to an inkjet recording apparatus comprising: an inkjet head having the above-described nozzle plate; a cleaner which cleans a nozzle surface of the nozzle plate; and a maintenance liquid which is used to clean the nozzle surface with the cleaner. 
     Since the above-described nozzle plate has excellent chemical durability and mechanical durability, it is possible to suppress deterioration even if the nozzle surface is cleaned by the cleaner using the maintenance liquid. 
     Preferably, the maintenance liquid contains a solvent having an SP value of not more than 30.0 (MPa) 1/2 , the solvent accounting for at least 50 percent by mass of an entire solvent contained in the maintenance liquid. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, the maintenance liquid used contains 50 wt % or more of the solvent having the SP value of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or less, and therefore it is possible to improve maintenance properties. 
     Preferably, the cleaner has a sheet-shaped ink absorbing body; and the nozzle surface to which the maintenance liquid has adhered is cleaned by being brought into contact with the sheet-shaped ink absorbing body. 
     It is also preferable that the cleaner has a rubber blade; and the nozzle surface to which the maintenance liquid has adhered is cleaned by being brought into contact with the rubber blade. 
     These aspects of the present invention specify methods of cleaning the nozzle surface by means of the cleaner, and the ink liquid adhering to the nozzle plate can be cleaned by bringing the nozzle surface into contact with the sheet-shaped ink absorbing body to which the maintenance liquid has adhered or into contact with the rubber blade. Moreover, since the nozzle plate has excellent chemical durability and mechanical durability, then even if the nozzle surface is cleaned by bringing it into contact with the ink absorbing body and the blade, it is still possible to carry out cleaning while suppressing deterioration of the nozzle surface. 
     According to the method of forming the organic film in the present invention, it is possible to improve adhesion of the organic film to the base member by forming the reaction sites (hydroxyl groups: OH groups) at high density on the surface of the base member by means of the pre-processing step, and the organic film that has been formed can be strengthened by means of the post-processing step, thereby making it possible to form the organic film having improved mechanical durability and chemical durability. Furthermore, the organic film thus formed is desirable for use in a nozzle plate or an inkjet head. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The nature of this invention, as well as other objects and advantages thereof, will be explained in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures and wherein: 
         FIGS. 1A to 1D  are step diagrams for describing pre-processing steps and an organic film formation step according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 2A to 2C  are step diagrams for describing a method of forming an organic film according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 3A to 3I  are step diagrams for describing a method of forming an organic film according to yet another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram describing a general reaction of a silane coupling agent; 
         FIGS. 5A to 5D  diagrams for describing post-processing steps of the organic film according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a general schematic drawing showing a general view of an inkjet recording apparatus; 
         FIG. 7  is a principal plan diagram of the periphery of a print unit in the inkjet recording apparatus in  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIGS. 8A to 8C  are plan view perspective diagrams showing embodiments of the composition of a head; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional diagram along line  9 - 9  in  FIGS. 8A and 8B ; 
         FIG. 10  is a front view diagram of the print unit of the inkjet recording apparatus; 
         FIG. 11  is a side view diagram showing the composition of a head cleaning unit; 
         FIG. 12  is a plan diagram of a cleaner; 
         FIG. 13  is a front face partial cross-sectional diagram of the cleaner; 
         FIG. 14  is a graph showing experimental results; 
         FIG. 15  is a graph showing experimental results; and 
         FIG. 16  is a graph showing experimental results. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Method of Forming Organic Film 
       FIGS. 1A to 1D  are step diagrams for describing a method of forming the organic film according to an embodiment of the present invention. Here, a case is described in which an organic film  110  (corresponding to an organic film  62  in  FIG. 9 ) is formed on the surface (ink ejection surface side) of a base member  100  (corresponding to a nozzle plate  60  in  FIG. 9 ) as shown in  FIG. 1D ; however, the present invention is not limited to this and can also be applied suitably to cases of forming an organic film using a silane coupling agent, and not only a liquid-repellent film formed on an inkjet nozzle plate. 
     The method of forming the organic film according to the present embodiment includes: pre-treatment steps including (1) a plasma treatment step of carrying out plasma treatment on the surface of a base member, (2) an exposure processing step of exposing the surface of the base member that has undergone the plasma treatment, in an atmosphere containing at least water, and (3) a pre-dehydration processing step of dehydrating the surface of the base member; (4) an organic film formation step of forming an organic film from a silane coupling agent on the surface of the base member; and post-processing steps including (5) a water vapor introduction step of holding the base member on which the organic film has been formed, in an atmosphere containing at least water vapor, and (6) a post-dehydration processing step of holding the base member in an atmosphere having a smaller presence of water vapor compared to the atmosphere of the water vapor introduction step. The pre-dehydration processing step (3) should be carried out as and where necessary, and can be omitted. 
     &lt;Pre-Treatment Steps&gt; 
     (1) Plasma Treatment Step 
     The plasma treatment step is a step for carrying out a plasma treatment onto the surface of the base member  100 , to remove contamination such as organic material on the surface of the base member  100 , and also forming dangling bonds and an oxide layer  108 , as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
     The base member  100  can be made of metal, organic material, inorganic material, or the like. Although there are no particular restrictions on the material of which the base member  100  is made, it is desirable that the surface of the base member  100  where an organic film (a liquid-repellent film) is to be formed is covered with a layer containing at least silicon. By forming the layer containing silicon, it is possible to strengthen the adhesion with the silane coupling agent. It is also desirable that the surface of the base member  100  is covered with a natural oxide film, an oxide film formed by CVD or the like, a thermal oxide film, and the like. 
     The plasma treatment is carried out by introducing the base member  100  into a plasma treatment apparatus. For the gas supplied into the plasma treatment apparatus, it is desirable to use a gas or a mixed gas containing at least one of: O 2 , rare gases (Ar, Ne, He, Kr, Xe, etc.), H 2 , N 2  and CF 4 . 
     The plasma treatment conditions vary with the structure of the chamber of the plasma treatment apparatus used, and the material of the base member  100 . The conditions when using a CVD apparatus made by YES (YES-1224P), for example, are as indicated below: 
     Plasma treatment using Ar gas (99.99% or above): gas flow volume=10 to 50 sccm, plasma output=100 to 800 W, processing time=1 to 60 minutes; or 
     Plasma treatment using O 2 +Ar mixed gas: mixed gas flow rate=10 to 50 sccm (desirably, O 2 :Ar=25 sccm:5 sccm), plasma output=100 to 800 W, processing time=1 to 60 minutes. 
     (2) Exposure Processing Step 
     After the plasma treatment step, the exposure processing of the base member  100  is carried out in an atmosphere containing at least water, as shown in  FIG. 1C . 
     In the exposure processing step, it is possible to carry out processing for a processing time of 1 to 60 min, at the relative humidity of 1 to 100%, in a temperature-controllable thermostatic chamber. It is desirable that the relative humidity is 60% or above and the processing time is approximately 10 minutes. 
     Furthermore, in order to prevent contamination of the dangling bonds and the surface of the oxide layer  108 , it is desirable to carry out the plasma treatment step and the exposure processing step in the same apparatus. For example, by using the YES CVD apparatus (YES-1224P) as described above, these steps can be carried out inside the same chamber. In this case, it is possible to carry out processing in an atmosphere obtained by setting the base pressure to 0.5 Torr, and evaporating 0.2 ml of water into air at a chamber temperature of 140° C. 
     By carrying out the exposure processing step, it is possible to form a large number of hydroxyl groups (OH groups) which create reaction sites for the silane coupling agent, on the dangling bonds and the surface of the oxide layer  108 . Thus, in the subsequent organic film formation step, it is possible to improve the adhesiveness between the base member and the organic film, which is formed from a silane coupling agent. 
     The foregoing describes the composition where water vapor is included in the gas atmosphere; however, it is also possible to carry out the exposure processing step by a method of immersing the base member  100  in water. When the exposure processing step is carried out by immersion of the base member  100  in water, it is possible to immerse the base member  100  in pure water, and desirably, ultra-pure water, at a temperature between the room temperature and 100° C. or higher. 
     (3) Pre-Dehydration Processing Step 
     After carrying out the exposure processing step, if there is excessive water left on the dangling bonds and the surface of the oxide layer  108 , then there may be cases where the silane coupling agent and the dangling bonds and the oxide layer  108  do not form siloxane bonds or form extremely instable bonds (hydrogen bonds) having weak bonding force. If the bonds between the silane coupling agent and the dangling bonds and oxide layer  108  are weak, then the alkali resistance declines, which is not desirable. Hence, if excessive water is left on the dangling bonds and the surface of the oxide layer  108 , it is desirable to carry out the pre-dehydration processing step as shown in  FIG. 1C . 
     The pre-dehydration processing step can be carried out by purging with a gas, baking, or the like. The purging is carried out by supplying a gas to the interior of the chamber. The gas supplied can be air, or the like; and it is desirable to supply an inert gas (N 2  or a rare gas such as He, Ar, Ne, Kr or Xe) during purging while taking account of contamination and the effects on the base member  100 , the dangling bonds and the oxide layer  108 . It is also desirable that the purging is carried out a plurality of times, and by disposing a vapor sensor inside the processing chamber, it is possible to confirm the number of purging operations required to remove the water on the dangling bonds and the oxide layer  108 , from the residual amount of water inside the chamber. 
     The baking process can be carried out by disposing the base member  100  inside a thermostatic chamber set to the room temperature or higher. The temperature in the baking process is desirably 40° C. or higher, more desirably 60° C. or higher, and even more desirably 100° C. or higher. As an upper temperature limit, if the base member  100  is made of silicon only, then it is possible to carry out the baking process at 1000° C. or higher, and desirably at a temperature of not higher than 1100° C. If the base member  100  is one including adhesive, piezoelectric bodies, or the like, then it is desirable to carry out the baking process at 300° C. or lower and preferably, 200° C. or lower. If the baking process is carried out at high temperature, then the baking process can be completed in a short period of time. The baking process time may be from one minute to 24 hours. 
     If the pre-dehydration processing step is carried out in the same chamber as the chamber where the exposure processing step is carried out, then it is possible to reduce contamination, and furthermore, the dehydration processing step can also involve carrying out a purging process and then carrying out a baking process. 
     As described previously, the pre-dehydration processing step can be omitted, provided that no water is left on the surface of the base member  100 . 
     &lt;Organic Film Formation Step&gt; 
     (4) Organic Film Formation Step 
     (4A) Method of Direct Forming on the Base Member 
     After the exposure processing step or the pre-dehydration processing step, the organic film  110  is formed by a silane coupling agent, as shown in  FIG. 1D . Since a large number of hydroxyl groups (OH groups) creating reaction sites for the silane coupling agent have been formed on the dangling bonds and the surface of the oxide layer  108  in the exposure processing step, then in the organic film formation step, the silane coupling agent bonds at high density with the dangling bonds and the oxide layer  108 , and the organic film of high density can be formed. 
     The silane coupling agent is a silicon compound represented by Y n SiX 4-n (n=1, 2, 3), where Y includes a relatively inert group, such as an alkyl group, or a reactive group, such as a vinyl group, an amino group, or an epoxy group; and X includes a group that can be bonded to a hydroxyl group or adsorption water on the substrate surface by condensation, such as a halogen, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group or an acetoxy group. A silane coupling agent is widely used in the manufacture of composite materials constituted of an organic material and an inorganic material, such as glass fiber-reinforced plastics, in order to mediate in the bonds between the materials. If Y is an inert group, such as an alkyl group, then adherence to or abrasion of the modified surface is prevented and characteristics such as sustained gloss, water-repellent properties, lubricating properties, and the like, are imparted to the surface. If Y includes a reactive group, then this is used principally to improve adhesiveness. Moreover, a surface that has been modified by using a fluorine type silane coupling agent having a carbon fluoride straight-chain introduced in Y has low surface free energy, like the surface of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), and hence the characteristics, such as water-repellent properties, lubricating properties, mold separation, and the like, are improved, and oil-repelling properties are also displayed. 
     In the present embodiment, an organic film having liquid-repellent properties is formed with a fluorine type silane coupling agent (chlorine type, methoxy type, ethoxy type, isocyanate type, or the like). For the liquid-repellent film, it is possible to use a metal alkoxide liquid-repellent film, a silicone liquid-repellent film, a fluorine-containing liquid-repellent film or the like, which is formed by a dry process, such as a physical vapor epitaxy method (vapor deposition method, sputtering method, or the like), or a chemical vapor epitaxy method (CVD method, ALD method, or the like), or a wet process, such as sol gelation, an application method, or the like (commercially available fluorine-containing liquid-repellent films include Cytop manufactured by Asahi Glass or NANOS manufactured by T&amp;K, which have superior adhesiveness to the silicon base member, and a film which is capable of siloxane bonding and has a CF group on the film surface, such as the silane coupling agent sold by Gelest, is also suitable). In particular, by including fluorine in the organic film, it is possible to impart liquid-repellent properties to the organic film. Consequently, although siloxane bonds have low durability with respect to alkalis, the organic film can repel the alkaline solution and then have durability with respect to alkaline liquids. 
     (4B) Method of Forming on Plasma Polymerization Film 
       FIGS. 2A to 2C  show step diagrams for describing a method of forming the organic film  108  onto a plasma polymerization film  209  on the base member  100 . The method of forming the organic film includes: (4B-1) an intermediate layer formation step of forming an intermediate layer constituted of a plasma polymerization film on the surface of the base member, (4B-2) an oxidization processing step of carrying out oxidization of the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film) formed on the surface of the base member, and (4B-3) an organic film formation step of forming the organic film on the surface of the intermediate layer that has undergone oxidization. 
     (4B-1) Intermediate Layer Formation Step 
     When forming the organic film on the plasma polymerization film, firstly, the intermediate layer  209  ( FIG. 2B ) constituted of a plasma polymerization film is deposited on the dangling bonds and the surface of the oxide layer  108  ( FIG. 2A ) on the base member  100  that has completed a pre-processing step. 
     For the material constituting the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  and the forming method (film forming method), it is desirable to use the materials and method described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-105231. 
     More specifically, possible examples of the constituent material of the intermediate layer  209  are: silicone materials such as organopolysiloxane, or silane compounds such as alkoxysilane, or the like. Of these, silicone materials are desirable, and organopolysiloxane is particularly desirable. By using organopolysiloxane in the intermediate layer  209 , a structure having a framework of siloxane bonds (Si—O) is obtained, and therefore easy bonding with the constituent material (silicon material, or the like) of the base member  100  is achieved, and the plasma polymerization film can be formed readily. 
     Of organopolysiloxanes, it is desirable to use alkyl polysiloxane. Since alkyl polysiloxane is a polymer compound, then it is possible to form a polymer film on the base member  100 . Since each polymer molecule includes an alkyl group, then there are few steric constraints on the polymer structure and a film having regularly ordered molecules can be formed. Moreover, of alkyl polysiloxanes, dimethyl polysiloxane is particularly desirable. Dimethyl polysiloxane is easy to manufacture and therefore can be procured readily. It has high reactivity and therefore methyl groups can be severed easily when an oxidization process such as that described below is applied to the intermediate layer  209 . 
     The method of forming the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  may be plasma polymerization, vapor deposition, processing with a silane coupling agent, a process employing a liquid material containing polyorganosiloxane, or the like, and one or more of these methods may be used in combination. 
     Of these methods, using a plasma polymerization method is preferable. By using plasma polymerization, a plasma of organopolysiloxane is created, and it is then possible to form the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  of uniform properties and uniform thickness. 
     (4B-2) Oxidization Processing Step 
     Next, the oxidization processing step is carried out on the surface of the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  in a process gas atmosphere having a dew point of −40° C. to 20° C., desirably −40° C. to −20° C., so that hydroxyl groups and/or adsorption water is introduced. 
     For the conditions relating to the process gas and the method of the oxidization process, and the like, it is desirable to use the conditions, method, and the like, described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-105231. 
     More specifically, as the oxidization processing method, it is possible to employ a method which irradiates a beam of energy, such as ultraviolet light or plasma. According to this method, it is possible to carry out an oxidization process only in the region that is irradiated with the energy beam, and therefore SiO 2  can be formed efficiently. 
     In particular, in the present embodiment, of methods which irradiate an energy beam, a method which carries out an oxidization process using plasma irradiation is preferable. When plasma irradiation is used as the oxidization process, possible examples of a gas generating the plasma are: oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas or inert gas (argon gas, helium gas, or the like), and it is possible to use to one or more of these gases. 
     The atmosphere in which plasma irradiation is carried out may be either at atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, and atmospheric pressure is desirable. By this means, oxygen atoms are introduced efficiently from oxygen molecules present in the atmosphere, virtually at the same time as the severing of the bonds between alkyl groups and silicon, and therefore polyorganosiloxane can be changed more rapidly into SiO 2 . 
     In particular, in plasma irradiation, it is desirable to use oxygen plasma irradiation employing a gas containing oxygen as the gas that generates the plasma. If oxygen plasma irradiation is used, oxygen plasma severs the bonds between alkyl groups and silicon, as well as being used to bond silicon as oxygen atoms, and therefore it is possible to change polyorganosiloxane into SiO 2  more reliably. 
     The plasma irradiation can be carried out either under closed conditions (for example, in a chamber) or open conditions, and closed conditions are desirable. By this means, the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  is oxidized in a state of higher plasma density and therefore it is possible to introduce a greater number of hydroxyl groups into the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209 . 
     (4B-3) Organic Film Formation Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 2C , the organic film  210  is formed on the surface of the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  that has undergone the oxidization process. 
     There are no particular restrictions on the organic film  210 , provided that it can form siloxane bonds with the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209 , and it is possible to employ a metal alkoxide liquid-repellent film, a fluorine-containing plasma polymerization film, a silicone plasma polymerization liquid-repellent film, or the like, and of these, a plasma polymerization film, such as a fluorine-containing plasma polymerization film, a silicone plasma polymerization liquid-repellent film, or the like, is especially desirable. 
     As the method of forming the organic film constituted of a plasma polymerization film, it is desirable to use a method described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-106203. That is, it is possible to form the plasma polymerization film (organic film) by using a known plasma treatment apparatus. For the raw material of the organic film, a gas formed by vaporizing a low-molecular-weight siloxane, such as a liquid siloxane, is used. According to requirements, a rare gas, such as argon or helium, or a gas having oxidizing power, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide, or the like, is mixed with this raw material gas. By this means, it is possible to layer the raw material on the base member  100  in a polymerized state. 
     As stated above, the organic film constituted of a plasma polymerization film is formed by taking a low-molecular-weight siloxane (a compound having a siloxane bond) as a raw material and carrying out plasma polymerization of this raw material, and the organic film has excellent resistance to metal salts and is extremely suitable as a liquid-repellent layer of a nozzle plate for aqueous pre-treatment liquid (metal salt solution) that contains a metal salt as an ink aggregating agent. 
     As the method of forming the metal alkoxide liquid-repellent film, it is desirable to use a method described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-105231. More specifically, it is possible to use processes of various types, such as a liquid phase process or a gas phase process, and of these, it is desirable to use a liquid phase process, whereby an organic film constituted of a metal alkoxide can be formed by means of a relatively simple process. 
     As described above, the oxidization process (and desirably, oxidization by plasma irradiation) is performed on the intermediate layer (plasma polymerization film)  209  formed on the surface of the base member  100 , hydroxyl groups and/or adsorption water is introduced, and the organic film  210  is formed on the intermediate layer  209  that has undergone oxidization. Thus, it is possible to form the uniform organic film  210  having high adhesiveness and excellent wear resistance on the surface side of the base member  100 . 
     Consequently, it is possible to improve ink ejection performance and reliability which are important factors in an inkjet head, and improvement in image quality can be achieved. 
     (4C) Method of Forming Step Structure 
     The method of forming the organic film shown in  FIGS. 3A to 3I  is includes: (4C-1) a step of forming a first plasma polymerization film  304  on the surface of the base member  100 , dangling bonds and the oxide layer  108  that have undergone the pre-treatment step ( FIG. 3A ) (first plasma polymerization film formation step); (4C-2) a step of carrying out hydrogen plasma treatment to the first plasma polymerization film  304  (hydrogen plasma treatment step); (4C-3) a step of forming a second plasma polymerization film  306  on the first plasma polymerization film  304  (second plasma polymerization film formation step); (4C-4) a step of forming a mask  308  on the second plasma polymerization film  306  (mask formation step); (4C-5) a step of carrying out an oxidization process (or etching process) on the second plasma polymerization film  306  using the mask  308  (step formation step); (4C-6) a step of removing the mask  308  (mask removal step); (4C-7) a step of carrying out an oxidization process on the surfaces (liquid-repellent film formation surfaces) of the first and second plasma polymerization films  304  and  306  (oxidization processing step); and [4C-8] a step of forming an organic film  320  on the surfaces of the first and second plasma polymerization films  304  and  306  which have undergone the oxidization processing (organic film formation step). 
     (4C-1) First Plasma Polymerization Film Formation Step 
     Firstly, as shown in  FIG. 3B , the first plasma polymerization film  304  is formed on the base member  100 , the dangling bonds and the oxide layer  108  which have completed the pre-processing step. The first plasma film formation step can be carried out using a similar method to that of the intermediate layer formation step (4B-1). 
     (4C-2) Hydrogen Plasma Treatment Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3C , hydrogen plasma treatment is carried out onto the first plasma polymerization film  304 , thereby improving the plasma resistance of the first plasma polymerization film  304 . By this means, the first plasma polymerization film  304  is able to function as an etching stop layer in the oxidization process (or etching process) carried out in the step formation step, which is performed subsequently. 
     The following three types of methods can be used for the hydrogen plasma treatment: 
     (1) Irradiation of H 2  plasma; 
     (2) Irradiation of plasma of process gas containing H 2  and inert gas; and 
     (3) Irradiation of plasma of process gas containing substance including hydrogen and inert gas. 
     As regards the conditions of H 2  plasma irradiation, H 2  is supplied to the chamber and the internal pressure of the chamber is set to a prescribed value, desirably no greater than 13.3 Pa (100 mTorr), for instance, a pressure of 6.7 Pa (50 mTorr). In this state, high-frequency power is applied to the electrodes, the process gas is converted into a plasma, and H 2  plasma is irradiated onto the plasma polymerization film. 
     Although the detailed mechanism of improving plasma resistance is not necessarily clear, it is thought that the plasma containing H promotes a cross-linking reaction in the first plasma polymerization film  304  and changes C—O bonds and C—H bonds to C—C bonds, thereby strengthening the chemical bonds and improving the resistance to plasma. The substance including hydrogen is desirably H 2  or NH 3 , due to ease of handling. For example, it is possible to improve the plasma resistance of the first plasma polymerization film  304  by means of a hydrogen plasma process using H 2 +N 2  process gas. 
     (4C-3) Second Plasma Polymerization Film Formation Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3D , the second plasma polymerization film  306  is formed on the first plasma polymerization film  304  that has undergone the hydrogen plasma treatment. 
     In this step, the material used as the constituent material of the second plasma polymerization film  306  is the same as the constituent material of the above-described first plasma polymerization film  304 . By layering the plasma polymerization films  304  and  306  made of the same material, it is possible to maintain a state of high adhesiveness between the plasma polymerization films. 
     There are no particular restrictions on the methods of forming the second plasma polymerization film  306 , and desirably the methods are the same as the methods for forming the first plasma polymerization film  304  described above, and of these methods, the plasma polymerization is preferable. 
     (4C-4) Mask Formation Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3E , the mask  308  having a prescribed pattern is formed on the second plasma polymerization film  306 . 
     The mask  308  has an opening section  312  of a prescribed shape that encompasses an outer perimeter portion  310 , which corresponds to the outer perimeter of the nozzle hole  102 , in the second plasma polymerization film  306 . In other words, a structure is adopted in which the outer perimeter portion  310  of the second plasma polymerization film  306  is not covered with the mask  308 , but rather is exposed through the opening section  312 . 
     In the embodiment depicted in the drawings, the mask  308  has the opening sections  312  at positions corresponding to the nozzle holes  102 , and each opening section  312  has a circular shape which has a larger diameter than the inner diameter of the nozzle hole  102 . The shape of the opening section  312  in the mask  308  is not limited in particular provided that it is a shape whereby at least the outer perimeter portion  310  of the nozzle hole  102  in the second plasma polymerization film  306  is exposed, and it may be a shape that encompasses the outer perimeter portions  310  corresponding to a plurality of nozzle holes  102  (for example, a band shape, or the like). 
     There are no particular restrictions on the constituent material of the mask  308 , provided that it has resistance to the oxidization process (or the etching process) which is carried out in the step formation step that is performed subsequently, in other words, provided that it has a function of shielding the energy beam that is irradiated in the subsequent process; for example, the material of the mask may be a metal, such as aluminum, glass (having a function of shielding ultraviolet light), ceramics of various kinds, silicone, or the like. 
     Furthermore, the method of forming the mask  308  is not limited in particular, and it is possible, for example, to apply a plate-shaped mask  308  having opening sections  312  on the second plasma polymerization film  306 . More specifically, the outer perimeter portions  310  and the opening sections  312  of the mask  308  are registered in such a manner that the outer perimeter portions  310  of the nozzle holes  102  in the second plasma polymerization film  306  are exposed, and the mask  308  is then bonded onto the second plasma polymerization film  306 . As other forming methods, it is possible to use vapor deposition or photolithography, or the like. 
     By registering the outer perimeter portions  310  and the opening sections  312  as described above and disposing the mask  308  on the second plasma polymerization film  306 , it is possible to carry out selective oxidization processing of the outer perimeter portions  310  which are exposed through the opening sections  312 . 
     (4C-5) Step Formation Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3F , oxidization processing is carried out on the second plasma polymerization film  306  that has been covered with the mask  308 , the outer perimeter portion  310  of the second plasma polymerization film  306  is removed and a step structure  314  having a larger diameter than the nozzle hole  102  is formed in the periphery of the opening of the nozzle hole  102  (see  FIG. 3G ). 
     When the plasma polymerization film is subjected to oxidization processing, the thickness of the plasma polymerization film is reduced in the portion where oxidization has been carried out, as described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-105231. In the present embodiment, these characteristics are used in order to remove selectively the portion that is exposed through the opening section  312  of the mask  308  (in other words, the outer perimeter portion  310  of the second plasma polymerization film  306 ). The oxidization process can be carried out using a method similar to that of the above-described oxidization processing step (4B-2). 
     When the oxidization process is carried out on the second plasma polymerization film  306 , then due to the function of the mask  308  described above, the portion of the second plasma polymerization film  306  directly below the opening section  312  of the mask  308 , in other words, only the outer perimeter portion  310 , undergoes the oxidization process selectively. Thereby, alkyl groups terminating the surface in the portion  310  are severed from silicon atoms and SiO 2  is formed. The second plasma polymerization film  306  situated inside the opening section  312 , in other words, the second plasma polymerization film  306  in the outer perimeter portion  310 , is reduced in thickness. In this case, since the first plasma polymerization film  304 , which has enhanced plasma resistance due to the hydrogen plasma treatment, functions as an etching stop layer, then the portion of the second plasma polymerization film  306  that is not covered with the mask  308  (in other words, the outer perimeter portion  310 ) is removed completely and the step structure  314  having a larger diameter than the nozzle hole  102  is formed in the periphery of the opening of the nozzle hole  102 . Thus, it is possible to form the step structures  314  showing little variation around the nozzle holes  102 , and therefore ejection stability and maintenance properties can be improved. 
     In the present embodiment, although the oxidization process has been described as the method of removing the outer perimeter portion  310  of the second plasma polymerization film  306 , it is also possible to use an etching process instead of the oxidization process. 
     (4C-6) Mask Removal Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3G , the mask  308  is removed from the second plasma polymerization film  306 . 
     The method of removing the mask  308  differs according to the type (forming method) of the mask  308 . If using the plate-shaped mask  308 , for example, it is possible to remove the mask  308  by separation from the second plasma polymerization film  306 . If the mask  308  has been formed by vapor deposition or photolithography, or the like, then it is possible to remove the mask  308  by a method of exposing the mask  308  to an oxygen plasma or ozone vapor at atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, or a method of immersing the mask  308  in a dissolving solution or a separating solution. 
     (4C-7) Oxidization Processing Step 
     Thereupon, as shown in  FIG. 3H , the oxidization processing is carried out onto the surfaces of the plasma polymerization films  304  and  306  (the organic film formation surfaces) which constitute the step structure  314 . More specifically, the oxidization process is carried out onto the surfaces of the plasma polymerization films  304  and  306  in a processing gas atmosphere having a dew point of −40° C. to 20° C., desirably −40° C. to −20° C., and hydroxyl groups and/or adsorption water is introduced. Thereby, it is possible to improve the adhesiveness between the liquid-repellent film that is formed in a subsequent step and the plasma polymerization films  304  and  306 . The oxidization process can be carried out using a method similar to that of the above-described oxidization processing step (4B-2). 
     (4C-8) Organic Film Formation Step 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3I , the organic film  320  is formed on the surfaces of the plasma polymerization films  304  and  306  (the organic film formation surfaces) which have undergone the oxidization processing. 
     There are no particular restrictions on the organic film  320 , provided that it can form siloxane bonds with the plasma polymerization films  304  and  306 ; for example, it is possible to employ a metal alkoxide liquid-repellent film, a fluorine-containing plasma polymerization film, a silicone plasma polymerization liquid-repellent film, or the like, and of these, a plasma polymerization film, such as a fluorine-containing plasma polymerization film, a silicone plasma polymerization liquid-repellent film, or the like, is especially desirable. The organic film formation process can be carried out using a method similar to that of the above-described organic film formation step (4B-3). 
     &lt;Post-Processing Steps&gt; 
     By carrying out the post-processing steps after the organic film formation step, it is possible to form a strong siloxane network in the organic film, and then possible to improve durability of the organic film. 
     (5) Water Vapor Introduction Step 
     The water vapor introduction step is a step of holding the base member  100  on which the organic film  110  has been formed, in an atmosphere containing water vapor, and thereby applying water vapor to introduce water to the organic film  110 . 
     The water vapor introduction step can be carried out by placing the base member  100  on which the organic film  110  has been formed, in a humidity-controllable thermostatic chamber. The relative humidity inside the thermostatic chamber is desirably 50% or higher, and more desirably 70% or higher. Moreover, the temperature inside the thermostatic chamber is desirably 30° C. or higher, and more desirably 60° C. or higher. For example, it is desirable that the processing is carried out for one hour or more in the atmosphere having the temperature of 60° C. and the relative humidity of 70%. 
     Furthermore, the gas other than water vapor inside the thermostatic chamber is desirably an inert gas such as a rare gas, or N 2  gas. By using an inert gas, it is possible to prevent contamination, as well as restricting effects on the base member and the organic film. 
     Next, the beneficial effects of the water vapor introduction step are described.  FIG. 4  is reaction formulae of a general silane coupling reaction (showing an embodiment where there are three reactive functional groups (X)). Firstly, silanol groups are generated by hydrolyzing the silane coupling agent (S- 1 ). Thereupon, hydrogen bonds are formed between the reaction sites (OH groups) on the base member  100  and the hydrolyzed molecules of the silane coupling agent, a dehydrating condensation reaction also occurs between the molecules of the silane coupling agent themselves, and an organic film based on the silane coupling agent is formed on the base member  100  (S- 2 ). Thereupon, the hydrogen bonds between the base member  100  and the molecules of the silane coupling agent are converted into siloxane bonds by a dehydrating condensation reaction, thereby making it possible to form a strong film (S- 3 ). 
     In actual practice, the organic film may be constituted of a matrix structure portion  112 , in which molecules of the raw material (silane coupling agent) are bonded together and incorporated, a bonding portion  111  with the substrate, and an uppermost surface portion  113 , as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . Since molecules of the silane coupling agent are bonded together and also bonded to the base member as shown in  FIG. 5B  through hydrogen bonds, which are instable and weak, then the durability of the obtained organic film are insufficient. Moreover, the presence of unbonded molecules of the silane coupling agent also declines the durability of the obtained organic film. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the base member  100  on which the organic film  110  has been formed is held in an atmosphere containing water vapor, and it is thereby possible to substitute hydroxyl groups (OH groups) for the reactive functional groups which have not yet been hydrolyzed and have remained unaltered during the formation of the organic film (this location is denoted with A in  FIG. 5B ), as shown in  FIG. 5C . 
     (6) Dehydration Processing Step 
     The dehydration processing step is a step of carrying out dehydration processing by holding the base member  100  undergone the water vapor introduction step in an atmosphere having a smaller presence of water vapor than in the water vapor introduction step. 
     The dehydration processing step can also be carried out by placing the base member  100  in a humidity-controllable thermostatic chamber, similarly to the water vapor introduction step. By making the temperature inside the thermostatic chamber 30° C. or higher, it is possible to lower the humidity, and the temperature is desirably 40° C. or higher, more desirably 70° C. or higher, and even more desirably 100° C. or higher. The relative humidity inside the thermostatic chamber is desirably 20% or lower, and more desirably 10% or lower, and even more desirably 5% or lower. For example, it is desirable that the processing is carried out for one hour or more in the atmosphere having the temperature of 100° C. or higher and the relative humidity of 5% or lower. In the present invention, there are no limits to the temperature set for the process, provided that it enables processing at low humidity, but in order to lower the humidity, it is desirable to carry out processing in the temperature range stated above. Moreover, raising the temperature also makes it possible to shorten the processing time. 
     Furthermore, the gas other than water vapor inside the thermostatic chamber is desirably an inert gas such as a rare gas, or N 2  gas. By using an inert gas, it is possible to prevent contamination, as well as restricting effects on the base member and the organic film. 
     The dehydration processing step can also be carried out by a vacuum process where the base member  100  is left in a vacuum environment, or by a purging process where a rare gas or nitrogen gas is introduced from a vacuum state and then expelled. Both the vacuum process and the purging process are able to reduce the humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the base member  100 , and are therefore able to perform the dehydration process. 
     Next, the beneficial effects of the dehydration processing step are described. After the water vapor introduction step, unreacted molecules of the silane coupling agent having hydroxyl groups (the hydroxyl groups having been substituted in the water vapor introduction step) are present on the matrix structure section  112 , as shown in  FIG. 5C . Moreover, molecules of the silane coupling agent are bonded to the base member  100  and also bonded together through hydrogen bonds (these locations are denoted with B in  FIG. 5C ). In the dehydration processing step, the locations denoted with A and B in  FIG. 5C  become bonded through siloxane bonds due to the dehydrating condensation reaction, molecules of the silane coupling agent having unreacted become bonded together, and it is thereby possible to make the organic film stronger. 
     Thus, it is possible to improve adhesion of the organic film to the base member by forming the reaction sites (hydroxyl groups: OH groups) at high density on the surface of the base member by means of the pre-processing steps, and the organic film that has been formed can be strengthened by means of the post-processing steps, thereby making it possible to form the organic film having improved mechanical durability and chemical durability. 
     General Configuration of Inkjet Recording Apparatus 
     Next, an inkjet recording apparatus and a nozzle plate are described as embodiments in which organic films formed in the method of forming the organic film according to the present embodiment are applied. 
       FIG. 6  is a general configuration diagram of an inkjet recording apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the inkjet recording apparatus  10  includes: a printing unit  12  having a plurality of inkjet heads (hereafter, also simply called “heads”)  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y provided for the respective ink colors of black (K), cyan (C), magenta (M) and yellow (Y); an ink storing and loading unit  14  for storing inks of K, C, M and Y to be supplied to the printing heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y; a paper supply unit  18  for supplying recording paper  16 ; a decurling unit  20  removing curl in the recording paper  16 ; a suction belt conveyance unit  22  disposed facing the nozzle face (ink-droplet ejection face) of the printing unit  12 , for conveying the recording paper  16  while keeping the recording paper  16  flat; a print determination unit  24  for reading the printed result produced by the printing unit  12 ; and a paper output unit  26  for outputting image-printed paper (printed matter) to the exterior. 
     In  FIG. 6 , a magazine for rolled paper (continuous paper) is shown as an example of the paper supply unit  18 ; however, more magazines with paper differences such as paper width and quality may be jointly provided. Moreover, papers may be supplied with cassettes that contain cut papers loaded in layers and that are used jointly or in lieu of the magazine for rolled paper. 
     In the case of the configuration in which roll paper is used, a cutter  28  is provided as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , and the continuous paper is cut into a desired size by the cutter  28 . The cutter  28  has a stationary blade  28 A, whose length is not less than the width of the conveyor pathway of the recording paper  16 , and a round blade  28 B, which moves along the stationary blade  28 A. The stationary blade  28 A is disposed on the reverse side of the printed surface of the recording paper  16 , and the round blade  28 B is disposed on the printed surface side across the conveyor pathway. When cut papers are used, the cutter  28  is not required. 
     In the case of a configuration in which a plurality of types of recording paper can be used, it is preferable that an information recording medium such as a bar code and a wireless tag containing information about the type of paper is attached to the magazine, and by reading the information contained in the information recording medium with a predetermined reading device, the type of paper to be used is automatically determined, and ink-droplet ejection is controlled so that the ink-droplets are ejected in an appropriate manner in accordance with the type of paper. 
     The recording paper  16  delivered from the paper supply unit  18  retains curl due to having been loaded in the magazine. In order to remove the curl, heat is applied to the recording paper  16  in the decurling unit  20  by a heating drum  30  in the direction opposite from the curl direction in the magazine. The heating temperature at this time is preferably controlled so that the recording paper  16  has a curl in which the surface on which the print is to be made is slightly round outward. 
     The decurled and cut recording paper  16  is delivered to the suction belt conveyance unit  22 . The suction belt conveyance unit  22  has a configuration in which an endless belt  33  is set around rollers  31  and  32  so that the portion of the endless belt  33  facing at least the nozzle face of the printing unit  12  and the sensor face of the print determination unit  24  forms a plane. 
     The belt  33  has a width that is greater than the width of the recording paper  16 , and a plurality of suction apertures (not shown) are formed on the belt surface. A suction chamber  34  is disposed in a position facing the sensor surface of the print determination unit  24  and the nozzle surface of the printing unit  12  on the interior side of the belt  33 , which is set around the rollers  31  and  32 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The suction chamber  34  provides suction with a fan  35  to generate a negative pressure, and the recording paper  16  on the belt  33  is held by suction. 
     The belt  33  is driven in the clockwise direction in  FIG. 6  by the motive force of a motor (not shown) being transmitted to at least one of the rollers  31  and  32 , which the belt  33  is set around, and the recording paper  16  held on the belt  33  is conveyed from left to right in  FIG. 6 . 
     Since ink adheres to the belt  33  when a marginless print job or the like is performed, a belt-cleaning unit  36  is disposed in a predetermined position (a suitable position outside the printing area) on the exterior side of the belt  33 . Although the details of the configuration of the belt-cleaning unit  36  are not shown, examples thereof include a configuration in which the belt  33  is nipped with cleaning rollers such as a brush roller and a water absorbent roller, an air blow configuration in which clean air is blown onto the belt  33 , and a combination of these. In the case of the configuration in which the belt  33  is nipped with the cleaning rollers, it is preferable to make the line velocity of the cleaning rollers different from that of the belt  33  to improve the cleaning effect. 
     A roller nip conveyance mechanism, in place of the suction belt conveyance unit  22 , can be employed. However, there is a drawback in the roller nip conveyance mechanism that the print tends to be smeared when the printing area is conveyed by the roller nip action because the nip roller makes contact with the printed surface of the paper immediately after printing. Therefore, the suction belt conveyance in which nothing comes into contact with the image surface in the printing area is preferable. 
     A heating fan  40  is disposed on the upstream side of the printing unit  12  in the conveyance pathway formed by the suction belt conveyance unit  22 . The heating fan  40  blows heated air onto the recording paper  16  to heat the recording paper  16  immediately before printing so that the ink deposited on the recording paper  16  dries more easily. 
     The printing unit  12  is a so-called “full line head” in which a line head having a length corresponding to the maximum paper width is arranged in a direction (main scanning direction) that is perpendicular to the paper conveyance direction (sub scanning direction). Each of the printing heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y constituting the printing unit  12  is constituted by a line head, in which a plurality of ink ejection ports (nozzles) are arranged along a length that exceeds at least one side of the maximum-size recording paper  16  intended for use in the inkjet recording apparatus  10  (see  FIG. 7 ). 
     The printing heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y are arranged in the order of black (K), cyan (C), magenta (M) and yellow (Y) from the upstream side, along the feed direction of the recording paper  16  (hereinafter referred to as the “sub-scanning direction”). A color image can be formed on the recording paper  16  by ejecting the inks from the printing heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y, respectively, onto the recording paper  16  while conveying the recording paper  16 . 
     By adopting the printing unit  12  in which the full line heads covering the full paper width are provided for the respective ink colors in this way, it is possible to record an image on the full surface of the recording paper  16  by performing just one operation of relatively moving the recording paper  16  and the printing unit  12  in the paper conveyance direction (the sub-scanning direction), in other words, by means of a single sub-scanning action. Higher-speed printing is thereby made possible and productivity can be improved in comparison with a shuttle type head configuration in which a head reciprocates in a direction (the main scanning direction) orthogonal to the paper conveyance direction. 
     Although the configuration with the KCMY four standard colors is described in the present embodiment, combinations of the ink colors and the number of colors are not limited to those. Light inks or dark inks can be added as required. For example, a configuration is possible in which heads for ejecting light-colored inks such as light cyan and light magenta are added. Furthermore, there are no particular restrictions of the sequence in which the heads of respective colors are arranged. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the ink storing and loading unit  14  has tanks for storing the inks of K, C, M and Y to be supplied to the heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y, and the tanks are connected to the heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y by means of channels, which are omitted from the drawings. The ink storing and loading unit  14  has a warning device (for example, a display device or an alarm sound generator) for warning when the remaining amount of any ink is low, and has a mechanism for preventing loading errors among the colors. 
     The print determination unit  24  has an image sensor (line sensor) for capturing an image of the ink-droplet deposition result of the printing unit  12 , and functions as a device to check for ejection defects such as clogs of the nozzles in the printing unit  12  from the ink-droplet deposition results evaluated by the image sensor. 
     The print determination unit  24  of the present embodiment is configured with at least a line sensor having rows of photoelectric transducing elements with a width that is greater than the ink-droplet ejection width (image recording width) of the heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y. This line sensor has a color separation line CCD sensor including a red (R) sensor row composed of photoelectric transducing elements (pixels) arranged in a line provided with an R filter, a green (G) sensor row with a G filter, and a blue (B) sensor row with a B filter. Instead of a line sensor, it is possible to use an area sensor composed of photoelectric transducing elements which are arranged two-dimensionally. 
     The print determination unit  24  reads a test pattern image printed by the heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M, and  12 Y for the respective colors, and the ejection of each head is determined. The ejection determination includes measurement of the presence of the ejection, measurement of the dot size, and measurement of the dot deposition position. 
     A post-drying unit  42  is disposed following the print determination unit  24 . The post-drying unit  42  is a device to dry the printed image surface, and includes a heating fan, for example. It is preferable to avoid contact with the printed surface until the printed ink dries, and a device that blows heated air onto the printed surface is preferable. 
     In cases in which printing is performed with dye-based ink on porous paper, blocking the pores of the paper by the application of pressure prevents the ink from coming contact with ozone and other substances that cause dye molecules to break down, and has the effect of increasing the durability of the print. 
     A heating/pressing unit  44  is disposed following the post-drying unit  42 . The heating/pressing unit  44  is a device to control the glossiness of the image surface, and the image surface is pressed with a pressure roller  45  having a predetermined uneven surface shape while the image surface is heated, and the uneven shape is transferred to the image surface. 
     The printed matter generated in this manner is outputted from the paper output unit  26 . The target print (i.e., the result of printing the target image) and the test print are preferably outputted separately. In the inkjet recording apparatus  10 , a sorting device (not shown) is provided for switching the outputting pathways in order to sort the printed matter with the target print and the printed matter with the test print, and to send them to paper output units  26 A and  26 B, respectively. When the target print and the test print are simultaneously formed in parallel on the same large sheet of paper, the test print portion is cut and separated by a cutter (second cutter)  48 . The cutter  48  is disposed directly in front of the paper output unit  26 , and is used for cutting the test print portion from the target print portion when a test print has been performed in the blank portion of the target print. The structure of the cutter  48  is the same as the first cutter  28  described above, and has a stationary blade  48 A and a round blade  48 B. 
     Although not illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the paper output unit  26 A for the target prints is provided with a sorter for collecting prints according to print orders. 
     Structure of Head 
     Next, the structure of heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y is described. The heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y of the respective ink colors have the same structure, and a reference numeral  50  is hereinafter designated to any of the heads. 
       FIG. 8A  is a plan perspective diagram showing an example of the structure of a head  50 , and  FIG. 8B  is a partial enlarged diagram of same. Moreover,  FIG. 8C  is a plan view perspective diagram showing a further example of the structure of the head  50 .  FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional diagram showing the composition of an ink chamber unit (a cross-sectional diagram along line  9 - 9  in  FIGS. 8A and 8B ). 
     The nozzle pitch in the head  50  should be minimized in order to maximize the density of the dots formed on the surface of the recording paper. As illustrated in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the head  50  according to the present embodiment has a structure in which a plurality of ink chamber units  53 , each having a nozzle  51  serving as an ink droplet ejection aperture, a pressure chamber  52  corresponding to the nozzle  51 , and the like, are disposed two-dimensionally in the form of a staggered matrix, and hence the effective nozzle interval (the projected nozzle pitch) as projected in the lengthwise direction of the head (the main scanning direction perpendicular to the paper conveyance direction) is reduced and high nozzle density is achieved. 
     The mode of forming one or more nozzle rows through a length corresponding to the entire width of the recording paper  16  in a direction substantially perpendicular to the paper conveyance direction is not limited to the example described above. For example, instead of the configuration in  FIG. 8A , as illustrated in  FIG. 8C , a line head having nozzle rows of a length corresponding to the entire width of the recording paper  16  can be formed by arranging and combining, in a staggered matrix, short head blocks (head chips)  50 ′ having a plurality of nozzles  51  arrayed in a two-dimensional fashion. Furthermore, although not shown in the drawings, it is also possible to compose a line head by arranging short heads in one row. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the nozzles  51  are formed in a nozzle plate  60 , which constitutes an ink ejection surface  50   a  of the head  50 . The nozzle plate  60  is made, for example, of a silicon-containing material such as Si, SiO 2 , SiN or quartz glass, a metal material such as Al, Fe, Ni, Cu or an alloy containing these, an oxide material such as alumina or iron oxide, a carbon material such as carbon black or graphite, or a resin material such polyimide. 
     An organic film  62  having liquid-repellent properties with respect to ink is formed on the surface (ink ejection side surface) of the nozzle plate  60 , thereby preventing adherence of ink. The method of forming the organic film  62  is described in detail below. 
     The head  50  is provided with the pressure chambers  52  correspondingly to the nozzles  51 . The pressure chamber  52  is approximately square-shaped in planar form, and the nozzle  51  and a supply port  54  are arranged respectively at either corner on a diagonal of the pressure chamber  52 . The pressure chambers  52  are connected to a common flow channel  55  through the supply ports  54 . The common flow channel  55  is connected to an ink tank (not shown) serving as an ink supply source. The ink is supplied from the ink tank and distributed to the pressure chambers  52  through the common flow channel  55 . 
     Piezoelectric elements  58  respectively provided with individual electrodes  57  are bonded to a diaphragm  56  which forms the upper face of the pressure chambers  52  and also serves as a common electrode, and each piezoelectric element  58  is deformed when a drive voltage is supplied to the corresponding individual electrode  57 , thereby causing ink to be ejected from the corresponding nozzle  51 . When the ink is ejected, new ink is supplied to the pressure chambers  52  from the common flow channel  55  through the supply ports  54 . 
     In the present embodiment, the piezoelectric element  58  is used as an ink ejection force generating device which causes ink to be ejected from the nozzle  51  provided in the head  50 , but it is also possible to employ a thermal method in which a heater is provided inside the pressure chamber  52  and ink is ejected by using the pressure of the film boiling action caused by the heating action of this heater. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8B , the high-density nozzle head according to the present embodiment is achieved by arranging a plurality of ink chamber units  53  having the above-described structure in a lattice fashion based on a fixed arrangement pattern, in a row direction which coincides with the main scanning direction, and a column direction which is inclined at a fixed angle of θ with respect to the main scanning direction, rather than being perpendicular to the main scanning direction. 
     More specifically, by adopting a structure in which the ink chamber units  53  are arranged at a uniform pitch d in line with a direction forming an angle of θ with respect to the main scanning direction, the pitch P of the nozzles projected so as to align in the main scanning direction is d×cos θ, and hence the nozzles  51  can be regarded to be equivalent to those arranged linearly at a fixed pitch P along the main scanning direction. Such configuration results in a nozzle structure in which the nozzle row projected in the main scanning direction has a high nozzle density of up to 2,400 nozzles per inch. 
     When implementing the present invention, the arrangement structure of the nozzles is not limited to the example shown in the drawings, and it is also possible to apply various other types of nozzle arrangements, such as an arrangement structure having one nozzle row in the sub-scanning direction. 
     Furthermore, the scope of application of the present invention is not limited to a printing system based on a line type of head, and it is also possible to adopt a serial system where a short head which is shorter than the breadthways dimension of the recording paper  16  is scanned in the breadthways direction (main scanning direction) of the recording paper  16 , thereby performing printing in the breadthways direction, and when one printing action in the breadthways direction has been completed, the recording paper  16  is moved through a prescribed amount in the direction perpendicular to the breadthways direction (the sub-scanning direction), printing in the breadthways direction of the recording paper  16  is carried out in the next printing region, and by repeating this sequence, printing is performed over the whole surface of the printing region of the recording paper  16 . 
     Movement of Heads Between Print Position and Maintenance Position 
     The inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are installed on a head supporting frame  440  as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 10 . The head supporting frame  440  is constituted of a pair of side plates  442 L and  442 R, which are arranged parallel to the conveyance direction of the belt  33 , and a linking frame  444 , which links the pair of side plate  442 L and  442 R together at the upper end portions thereof. 
     Each of the side plates  442 L and  442 R is formed in a plate shape, and the side plates  442 L and  442 R are disposed so as to face to each other across the belt  33 . Installation sections  448 K,  448 C,  448 M and  448 Y for installing the respective inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are provided on the inner side faces of the pair of side plates  442 L and  442 R (only the installation section  448 K is depicted in  FIG. 10 ), and the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are mounted on the installation sections  448 K,  448 C,  448 M and  448 Y, respectively. 
     The head supporting frame  440  for installing the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y is arranged slidably in a direction perpendicular to the conveyance direction of the belt  33  by being guided by guide rails (not illustrated). The head supporting frame  440  is arranged movably between a “print position” indicated by the solid lines in  FIG. 10  and a “maintenance position” indicated by the dotted lines in  FIG. 10 , by being driven by a linear drive device (not illustrated). 
     When the head supporting frame  440  is disposed in the print position, the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are disposed above the belt  33  and assume a state capable of print. 
     On the other hand, when the head supporting frame  440  is disposed in the maintenance position, the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are retracted from the belt  33 . A moisturizing unit  450  for moisturizing the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y is arranged in the maintenance position. When the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are not used for a long time, the head supporting frame  440  is placed in the maintenance position and the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are moisturized by the moisturizing unit  450 . Thereby, ejection failure due to drying is prevented. 
     A head cleaning unit  460  for cleaning the nozzle surfaces of the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y is arranged between the print position and the maintenance position. When the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are moved from the print position to the maintenance position, wiping webs are abutted and pressed against the nozzle surfaces thereof, whereby the nozzle surfaces are wiped and cleaned. Sheets of ink absorbing member can be used as the wiping webs. Below, the composition of the head cleaning unit  460  is described. 
     Composition of Head Cleaning Unit 
       FIG. 11  is a side view diagram showing the composition of the head cleaning unit  460 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , the head cleaning unit  460  is constituted of cleaners  500 K,  500 C,  500 M and  500 Y disposed so as to correspond respectively to the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y, and a rack  470 , in which these cleaners  500 K,  500 C,  500 M and  500 Y are set. 
     The rack  470  is formed in a box shape having an open upper end portion, and installation sections  472 K,  472 C,  472 M and  472 Y for installing the cleaners  500 K,  500 C,  500 M and  500 Y are arranged inside the rack  470 . The cleaners  500 K,  500 C,  500 M and  500 Y are set in the respective installation sections  472 K,  472 C,  472 M and  472 Y by being inserted vertically downwards through the upper end openings of the installation sections  472 K,  472 C,  472 M and  472 Y. 
     The rack  470  is supported to on an elevator device (not illustrated), which is provided on the main frame of the inkjet recording apparatus, and can be vertically raised and lowered with respect to the horizontal plane. 
     Composition of Cleaner 
     Next, the composition of the cleaners  500 K,  500 C,  500 M and  500 Y is described. 
     The cleaners  500 K,  500 C,  500 M and  500 Y all have the same basic composition and therefore the composition is described here with respect to one cleaner  500 . 
       FIG. 12  is a plan diagram of the cleaner  500 , and  FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional front view of the cleaner  500 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13 , the cleaner  500  has a wiping web  510  formed in a band shape, which is wrapped about a pressing roller  518 , and the cleaner  500  wipes and cleans the nozzle surface of the line head by abutting and pressing the wiping web  510  wrapped about the pressing roller  518 , against the nozzle surface of the inkjet head. 
     The cleaner  500  includes: a case  512 ; a supply spindle  514 , which supplies the wiping web  510 ; a take-up spindle  516 , which takes up the wiping web  510 ; a front-stage guide  560 , which guides the wiping web  510  supplied from the supply spindle  514  so as to be wrapped about a pressing roller  518 ; the pressing roller  518 ; a rear-stage guide  564 , which guides the wiping web  510  having been wrapped about the pressing roller  518  so as to be taken up onto the take-up spindle  516 ; and a drive roller  524 , which drives the wiping web  510 . 
     The supply spindle  514  is disposed so that the axis thereof is horizontal, and the base end portion thereof is rotatably supported on a bearing section (not shown) arranged in the case  512 . A supply reel  538  is installed on the supply spindle  514 . The supply reel  538  is fixed onto the supply spindle  514 , and rotates in unison with the supply spindle  514 . 
     The wiping web  510  which is wrapped in the form of a roll about a winding core  510 A is installed on the supply spindle  514  by fitting the winding core  510 A onto the supply reel  538 . 
     The take-up spindle  516  is disposed so that the axis thereof is horizontal, at a position below the supply spindle  514 . More specifically, the take-up spindle  516  is arranged below and parallel with the supply spindle  514 . The vicinity of the base end portion of the take-up spindle  516  is rotatably supported on a bearing section (not shown) arranged in the case  512 . 
     A take-up reel  542  having a flange  542   a  on the base end portion thereof is installed on the take-up spindle  516 . A sliding member  544  is installed on the inner circumference of the axle portion of the take-up reel  542 , and is composed so as to slide with respect to the take-up spindle  516  when a prescribed load or greater is applied in the direction of rotation. 
     A winding core  510 B which is attached to the leading end of the wiping web  510  is installed on the take-up spindle  516  by fitting onto the take-up reel  542 . 
     Furthermore, the take-up spindle  516  is arranged in such a manner that the base end portion thereof projects to the outer side of the case  512 , and a take-up gear  558  is fixed to this projecting base end portion of the take-up spindle  516 . The take-up spindle  516  is rotated by driving and rotating the take-up gear  558 . 
     The pressing roller  518  is provided with axle portions (not shown) projecting on either end portion thereof, and the axle portions are supported by a pair of axle supporting sections  546 L and  546 R in a rotatable and swingable fashion. 
     The front-stage guide  560  guides the wiping web  510  supplied from the supply spindle  514  so as to be wrapped about the pressing roller  518 . On the other hand, the rear-stage guide  564  guides wiping web  510  which has been wrapped about the pressing roller  518  so as to be taken up onto the horizontally disposed take-up spindle  516 . 
     The drive roller  524  is disposed in the vicinity of the base face of the case  512 , in a position below the rear-stage guide  564 . The drive roller  524  drives and guides the wiping web  510  so as to be taken up onto the take-up spindle  516 . The drive roller  524  is arranged in parallel with the take-up spindle  516 , and the vicinity of the base end portion thereof is rotatably supported on a bearing section (not shown) arranged-on the case  512 . The drive roller  524  is arranged in such a manner that the base end portion of the rotating shaft thereof projects to the outer side of the case  526 , and a roller drive gear  586  is fixed to this projecting base end portion of the rotating shaft. The drive roller  524  is rotated by driving the roller drive gear  586  to rotate. 
     When the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y are moved from the print position to the maintenance position, the wiping webs  510  are abutted and pressed against the nozzle surfaces of the inkjet heads  12 K,  12 C,  12 M and  12 Y, and the nozzle surfaces are thereby wiped and cleaned. 
     In the present embodiment, the case has been described in which the wiping web is used as a member for making contact with and wiping the nozzle surface; however, it is also possible to use a rubber blade which contacts the nozzle surface. The cleaning method using the rubber blade can be carried using a similar method to the related art. 
     Maintenance Liquid 
     Next, a maintenance liquid which is used in the inkjet recording apparatus according to the present embodiment is described. If the maintenance liquid is used, then cleaning can be performed even more effectively. 
     The maintenance liquid is composed of a solution containing either the component having the highest composition ratio, of the ink components apart from the coloring material and the anti-drying agent, or taking this as a main component and also including other components. In other words, it is suitable to use for the maintenance liquid, either water, which is the main component of the liquid, or an aqueous solution containing components such as a permeation agent, a pH adjusting agent, an antiseptic and antibacterial agent, and the like, which constitute the ink. In particular, in the case of a pigment-based ink, it is desirable for the pH of the aqueous solution to be substantially the same as that of the ink, in order to prevent decline in dispersibility due to change in the pH of the ink at the ejection port. Moreover, in order to improve wetting with respect to the liquid-wettable portion, it is also possible to adjust the surface tension of the maintenance liquid by means of a surfactant, alcohol, or the like. 
     The maintenance liquid has a characteristic feature in that the entire solvent contains 50 percent by mass or more of a solvent having an SP value (solubility parameter) of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or lower. By containing 50 percent by mass or more of the solvent having the SP value of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or lower in the entire solvent, it is possible to improve the maintenance properties. The SP value (solubility parameter) of the solvent described here is a value expressed as the square root of the molecular aggregation energy, and this value can be calculated by the method described by R. F. Fedors in Polymer Engineering and Science, 14, p. 147 (1974). The SP value is indicated in the unit of (MPa) 1/2  and the value at 25° C. 
     Desirably, apart from using the solvent described above, it is also desirable to use water; however, besides this there are no particular restrictions. From the viewpoint of improving the performance in removing solidified ink adhering material attached to the inkjet head, it is more desirable to include a pH adjusting agent or surfactant, and furthermore, it is also possible to use other additives, such as an antibacterial agent, an anti-rusting agent, an antiseptic agent, or a viscosity adjusting agent, as necessary. 
     Solvent Having SP Value of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or Lower 
     The solvent having an SP value of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or lower which is used in the present embodiment (hereinafter, “solvent”) accounts for at least 50 percent by mass of the entire solvent contained in the maintenance liquid; and from the viewpoint of improving performance in removing solidified ink adhering material attached to the inkjet head, more desirably, this content ratio is 60 percent by mass or above, even more desirably, 70 percent by mass or above, and yet more desirably, 80 percent by mass or above. If the content ratio is less than 50 percent by mass, then the performance in removing the solidified ink adhering material is insufficient. 
     Desirable practical examples of compounds forming a solvent having an SP value of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or lower according to the present embodiment and their corresponding SP values (MPa) 1/2  in parentheses are listed below; however, the present invention is not limited to these. 
     diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (22.4)
 
diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (21.5)
 
triethylene glycol monobutyl ether (21.1)
 
dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (21.3)
 
dipropylene glycol (27.2)
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     nC 4 H 9 O(AO) 4 —H (AO=EO or PO, ratio 1:1) (20.1) EO=ethylene oxy (oxyethylene)
 
nC 4 H 9 O(AO) 10 —H (as above) (18.8)
 
HO(A′O) 40 —H (A′O=EO or PO, ratio EO:PO=1:3) (18.7)
 
HO(A″O) 55 —H (A″O=EO or PO, ratio EO:PO=5:6) (18.8)
 
     HO(PO) 3 —H (24.7) 
     HO(PO) 7 —H (21.2) 
     These may be used independently or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     In the present embodiment, a solvent having an SP value of 30.0 (MPa) 1/2  or lower is contained at a ratio of 50 percent by mass or more in the whole of the solvent; however, from the viewpoint of improving the solubility and swelling characteristics of the solidified ink adhering material, desirably, the solvent is one having an SP value of 24 (MPa) 1/2  or lower, and more desirably, a solvent having an SP value of 22 (MPa) 1/2  or lower. 
     Furthermore, in the present embodiment, it is possible to combine the use of other solvents, within a scope that does not impair the beneficial effects of the present embodiment. 
     Since the nozzle plate provided with the organic film formed in the method of forming the organic film according to the present embodiment has excellent chemical durability and mechanical durability, then even if the nozzle surface is cleaned with the above-described maintenance liquid, it is possible to carry out maintenance while suppressing deterioration of the nozzle surface. 
     The organic film forming method, nozzle plate, and inkjet recording apparatus according to the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above; however, the present invention is not limited to the aforementioned embodiments, and it is of course possible for improvements or modifications of various kinds to be implemented, within a range which does not deviate from the essence of the present invention. 
     Examples 
     The present invention is described in more specific terms below with reference to practical examples; however, the present invention is not limited to these examples. 
     Each of samples used was created by forming a silicon oxide film on a silicon base member and then forming a fluorocarbon water-repellent film based on a silane coupling agent on the silicon oxide film. The samples underwent the pre-processing steps and the post-processing steps indicated below. 
     &lt;Sample 1: Comparative Example&gt; 
     O 2  plasma treatment was carried out as pre-processing. After the film formation, baking for 4 hours at 150° C. was performed as post-processing. 
     &lt;Sample 2: Practical Example&gt; 
     As pre-processing steps, Ar plasma treatment (300 W, Ar-gas flow: 20 sccm) was carried out, whereupon exposure processing was carried out in an atmosphere containing water vapor (vaporization of 0.2 ml of water in a 140° C. atmosphere), dehydration processing was carried out for one hour in a thermostatic chamber at 100° C., and subsequently film formation was carried out. After the film formation, as post-processing steps, water vapor introduction processing was carried out for one hour under conditions of the temperature of 60° C. and the relative humidity of 70%, and dehydration processing was carried out for one hour under conditions of the temperature of 100° C. and the relative humidity of 5%. 
     &lt;Sample 3: Comparative Example&gt; 
     As pre-processing steps, Ar plasma treatment (300 W, Ar-gas flow: 20 sccm) was carried out, whereupon exposure processing was carried out in an atmosphere containing water vapor (vaporization of 0.2 ml of water in a 140° C. atmosphere), dehydration processing was carried out for one hour in a thermostatic chamber at 100° C., and subsequently film formation was carried out. After film formation, as post-processing, baking was carried out for one hour at 100° C. Hence, in the preparation of the sample  3 , the pre-processing steps were performed according to the method of the present invention, but the post-processing step was not performed according to the method of the present invention. 
     &lt;Maintenance Test&gt; 
     Using each of the samples  1  and  2 , with the surface of the organic film in a dry state (dry condition), a dry sheet of ink absorbing body was brought into contact with the sample in a pressure range of 10 kPa to 100 kPa while being rotated, and a maintenance process was carried out until a significant difference between the two samples was confirmed. Moreover, in order to make it easier to remove adhering ink, a sheet of ink absorbing body was impregnated with an alkaline maintenance liquid (wet condition), and a maintenance process was carried out until a significant difference between the two samples was observed. The static angle of contact of each sample after the end of maintenance processing was measured using pure water.  FIG. 14  shows the results for the dry condition, and  FIG. 15  shows the results for the wet condition. 
     &lt;Immersion Test&gt; 
     The samples  1  to  3  were evaluated after immersion in inks. The immersion conditions were as follows: each sample was introduced into a bottle with ink, left in a thermostatic chamber set to 60° C., taken out after a prescribed period of time, and the static angle of contact was measured with the ink used for the immersion. The immersion was repeated until a significant difference between the samples was confirmed. 
     The inks used for immersion were inks having the compositions indicated below. The pH of the ink was 9.0 in each of the ink compositions. 
     &lt;&lt;Composition of Ink 1&gt;&gt; 
     Cyan dispersion liquid 1: 3 wt % (by pigment concentration)
 
Resin particles dispersion P-2: 7 wt %
 
Sannix GP-250 (made by Sanyo Chemical Industries): 10 wt %
 
Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether: 10 wt %
 
Olefin E1010 (surfactant made by Nisshin Chemicals): 1 wt %
 
Deionized water: Remainder
 
     &lt;&lt;Composition of Ink 2&gt;&gt; 
     Cyan dispersion liquid 1: 2 wt % (by pigment concentration)
 
Resin particles dispersion P-2: 8 wt %
 
Sannix GP-250 (made by Sanyo Chemical Industries): 8 wt %
 
Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether: 8 wt %
 
Olefin E1010 (surfactant made by Nisshin Chemicals): 1 wt %
 
Deionized water: Remainder
 
     &lt;&lt;Composition of Ink 3&gt;&gt; 
     Cyan dispersion liquid 1: 4 wt % (by pigment concentration)
 
Resin particles dispersion P-2: 7 wt %
 
Sannix GP-250 (made by Sanyo Chemical Industries): 9 wt %
 
Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether: 9 wt %
 
Olefin E1010 (surfactant made by Nisshin Chemicals): 1 wt %
 
Deionized water: Remainder
 
       FIG. 16  shows the results observed for the ink  1 . Although the results are not shown, similar findings were observed for the inks  2  and  3  (having different content ratios than the ink  1 ) as well. 
     From the results in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , it could be confirmed that the sample that underwent the pre-processing and the post-processing according to the present invention was able to withstand the maintenance test under the dry and wet conditions. Moreover, from the results in  FIG. 16 , only the sample that underwent the pre-processing and the post-processing according to the present invention exhibited durability in relation to the immersion test. 
     From the above, it can be seen that the sample  2  has good wear resistance and good water-repellent properties, and that by carrying out the pre-processing and the post-processing according to the present invention, it is possible to achieve both good wear resistance and good water-repellent properties at the same time. Consequently, as a water-repellent film for a nozzle plate used in an inkjet head, the film has high durability with respect to maintenance liquid and water-soluble ink. 
     It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, alternate constructions and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.