Patent Publication Number: US-2023164187-A1

Title: System and method for multifactor authentication for access to a resource based on co-connected device presence

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention embraces an electronic system for multifactor authentication based on the presence of co-connected devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The use of a one-time passcode is a common method of multifactor authentication. This method of authentication is susceptible to social and technical engineering by bad actors. Therefore, a system that can further distinguish between the approved user and a non-approved user would protect users from these attacks. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of one or more embodiments of the present invention, in order to provide a basic understanding of such embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all embodiments nor delineate the scope of any or all embodiments. This summary presents some concepts of one or more embodiments of the present invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     In one aspect, a system for multifactor authentication is presented. The system may include at least one non-transitory storage device and at least one processing device coupled to the at least one non-transitory storage device, where the at least one processing device may be configured to: generate a device fingerprint associated with a device, recognize an authentication event from a first device, and employ a multifactor authentication event. The device fingerprint comprises a library of secondary devices within connectivity range of the device. The multifactor authentication event includes: sending a code to a known contact for the user, receiving the code from the first device, comparing a first device fingerprint of the first device to a second device fingerprint of the second device to determine a confidence level, and granting access to the first device based on the confidence level. 
     In another aspect, a computer program product for multifactor authentication is presented. The computer program product may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium including code causing a first apparatus to: generate a device fingerprint associated with a device, recognize an authentication event from a first device, and employ a multifactor authentication event. The device fingerprint includes a library of secondary devices within connectivity range of the device. The multifactor authentication event includes: sending a code to a known contact for the user, receiving the code from the first device, comparing a first device fingerprint of the first device to a second device fingerprint of the second device to determine a confidence level, and granting access to the first device based on the confidence level. 
     In yet another aspect, a method for multifactor authentication is provided. The method may include generating a device fingerprint associated with a device, recognizing an authentication event from a first device, and employing a multifactor authentication event. The device fingerprint includes a library of secondary devices within connectivity range of the device. The multifactor authentication event includes: sending a code to a known contact for the user, receiving the code from the first device, comparing a first device fingerprint of the first device to a second device fingerprint of the second device to determine a confidence level, and granting access to the first device based on the confidence level. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one processing device is further configured to, before employing the multifactor authentication event, generate a user fingerprint, determine a confidence threshold for the user, compare the user fingerprint to the first device fingerprint to determine whether the device meets the confidence threshold, and when employing the multifactor authentication event, only employing the multifactor authentication event based on the first device fingerprint not meeting the confidence threshold. The user fingerprint includes a library of devices within connectivity range of a user&#39;s frequently used devices. 
     In some embodiments, the device fingerprint comprises a library of secondary devices within Bluetooth connectivity range of the user device. Additionally, or alternatively, the device fingerprint comprises a library of secondary devices within WI-FI connectivity range of the user device. 
     In some embodiments, the multifactor authentication event further comprises recording ambient noise from the first device and the second device and comparing the ambient noise from each device to determine the confidence level. Additionally, or alternatively, the multifactor authentication event may further comprise generating an audio ping from the second device and comparing the ambient noise from the first device to the audio ping from the second device to determine the confidence level. In some embodiments, the audio ping is in a frequency of less than approximately 12 Hz and greater than approximately 20 kHz. 
     In some embodiments, the confidence level is determined based on a number of matches between the first device fingerprint and the second device fingerprint. Additionally, or alternatively, the confidence level is determined based on whether the ambient noise from the second device matches the ambient noise from the first device. In some embodiments, the confidence level is determined based on whether the ambient noise from the first device matches the audio ping from the second device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Having thus described embodiments of the invention in general terms, reference will now be made the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates technical components of a system for multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a process flow for multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a confidence level spectrum for multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an exemplary device fingerprint for multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Where possible, any terms expressed in the singular form herein are meant to also include the plural form and vice versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “a” and/or “an” shall mean “one or more,” even though the phrase “one or more” is also used herein. Furthermore, when it is said herein that something is “based on” something else, it may be based on one or more other things as well. In other words, unless expressly indicated otherwise, as used herein “based on” means “based at least in part on” or “based at least partially on.” Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     As noted, the system may be configured to confirm the identity of a user using a one-time password authentication method. To confirm that the user entering the one-time password on a device is the same person that the one-time password is sent to, the system uses a device fingerprint and/or ambient noise to determine that both devices are at the same location, and thus assumed to be operated by the same user. The system will use a hierarchy of variables to determine that the two devices being authenticated are in the same location. These variables include ambient audio, active audio ping, subnet and router consistency, alternative devices on the subnet, Bluetooth availability, and WIFI routers. If the two devices are determined to be in close proximity it would indicate the two devices are being operated by the same user or that the user has control of both devices. The system utilizes sensors that are already in the device to develop a device fingerprint. The device fingerprint includes a library of devices that are within Bluetooth or WIFI range of the device. For example, Bluetooth devices are constantly pinging other devices within range in an effort to connect. The user&#39;s device does not necessarily have to be connected to the Bluetooth device in order for the system to determine that the Bluetooth device is in proximity to the user device. The collection of this information does not require interaction by the user. 
     The system will use the device fingerprint to determine a confidence level. The confidence level is how confident the system is that the two devices are in close proximity and thus operated by the same user. The authentication experience will be tailored to the situation based on the confidence level. The confidence level is on a spectrum, where at a low confidence level the user has less access and at a high confidence level the user has increased access. The system may also develop a user fingerprint. The user fingerprint comprises a library of devices within connectivity range of the user&#39;s frequently used devices. For example, if a user frequently uses a smartphone, a computer, and a tablet to access their account, the user fingerprint will include a list of the secondary devices within connectivity range of the user&#39;s smartphone, computer, and tablet. If the authentication event occurs from a device that has a device fingerprint with no or little overlap with the user fingerprint i.e. the device does not meet the confidence threshold, the system will initiate the multifactor authentication event to further verify the identity of the user by confirming that the first and second device used for multifactor authentication are in the same location. 
     As used herein, an “entity” may be any institution employing information technology resources and particularly technology infrastructure configured for processing large amounts of data. Typically, the data may be related to products, services, and/or the like offered and/or provided by the entity, customers of the entity, other aspect of the operations of the entity, people who work for the entity, and/or the like. As such, the entity may be an institution, group, association, financial institution, establishment, company, union, authority, merchant, service provider, and/or the like employing information technology resources for processing large amounts of data. In some embodiments, the entity may be an institution, group, association, financial institution, establishment, company, union, authority, merchant, service provider, and/or the like hosting, sponsoring, coordinating, creating, and/or the like events, recognitions, achievements, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, a “user” may be an individual associated with an entity. As such, in some embodiments, the user may be an individual having past relationships, current relationships or potential future relationships with an entity. In some embodiments, a “user” may be an employee (e.g., an associate, a project manager, a manager, an administrator, an internal operations analyst, and/or the like) of the entity and/or enterprises affiliated with the entity, capable of operating systems described herein. In some embodiments, a “user” may be any individual, another entity, and/or a system who has a relationship with the entity, such as a customer, a prospective customer, and/or the like. In some embodiments, a user may be a system performing one or more tasks described herein. In some embodiments, a user may be a verified authority as described herein. 
     As used herein, a “user interface” may be any device or software that allows a user to input information, such as commands and/or data, into a device, and/or that allows the device to output information to the user. For example, a user interface may include an application programmer interface (API), a graphical user interface (GUI), and/or an interface to input computer-executable instructions that direct a processing device to carry out functions. The user interface may employ input and/or output devices to input data received from a user and/or output data to a user. Input devices and/or output devices may include a display, API, mouse, keyboard, button, touchpad, touch screen, microphone, speaker, LED, light, joystick, switch, buzzer, bell, and/or other devices for communicating with one or more users. 
     As used herein, a “resource” may generally refer to objects, products, devices, goods, commodities, services, offers, discounts, currency, cash, cash equivalents, rewards, reward points, benefit rewards, bonus miles, cash back, credits, and/or the like, and/or the ability and opportunity to access and use the same. Some example implementations herein contemplate property held by a user, including property that is stored and/or maintained by a third-party entity. In some example implementations, a resource may be associated with one or more accounts or may be property that is not associated with a specific account. Examples of resources associated with accounts may be accounts that have cash or cash equivalents, commodities, and/or accounts that are funded with or contain property, such as safety deposit boxes containing jewelry, art or other valuables, a trust account that is funded with property, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, a “source retainer” may generally refer to an account, a system, and/or the like associated with a user and/or a type of resources, such as software, a checking account, a deposit account, a savings account, a credit account, a rewards account, a rewards points account, a benefit rewards account, a bonus miles account, a cash back account, and/or the like, which may be managed and/or maintained by an entity, such as a financial institution, an electronic resource transfer institution (e.g., a credit card company, a debit card company, a prepaid card company, and/or the like), a credit union, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, a “distribution” and/or an “allocation” may refer to any transaction, activities, and/or communication between one or more entities, between a user and one or more entities, and/or the like. A resource distribution and/or an allocation of resources may refer to any distribution of resources such as, but not limited to, a payment, processing of funds, purchase of goods or services, a return of goods or services, a payment transaction, a credit transaction, other interactions involving a user&#39;s resource or account, and/or the like. In the context of an entity such as a financial institution, a resource distribution and/or an allocation of resources may refer to one or more of a sale of goods and/or services, initiating an automated teller machine (ATM) or online financial session, an account balance inquiry, a rewards transfer, an account money transfer or withdrawal, opening a financial application on a user&#39;s computer or mobile device, a user accessing their e-wallet, any other interaction involving the user and/or the user&#39;s device that invokes and/or is detectable by the financial institution, and/or the like. In some embodiments, the user may authorize a resource distribution and/or an allocation of resources using a resource distribution instrument (e.g., credit cards, debit cards, checks, digital wallets, currency, loyalty points, and/or the like) and/or resource distribution credentials (e.g., account numbers, resource distribution instrument identifiers, and/or the like). A resource distribution and/or an allocation of resources may include one or more of the following: renting, selling, and/or leasing goods and/or services (e.g., groceries, stamps, tickets, DVDs, vending machine items, and/or the like); making payments to creditors (e.g., paying monthly bills; paying federal, state, and/or local taxes; and/or the like); sending remittances; loading money onto stored value cards (SVCs) and/or prepaid cards; donating to charities; and/or the like. Unless specifically limited by the context, a “resource distribution,” an “allocation of resources,” a “resource transfer,” a “transaction,” a “transaction event,” and/or a “point of transaction event” may refer to any activity between a user, a merchant, an entity, and/or the like. In some embodiments, a resource distribution and/or an allocation of resources may refer to financial transactions involving direct or indirect movement of funds through traditional paper transaction processing systems (e.g., paper check processing) or through electronic transaction processing systems. In this regard, resource distributions and/or allocations of resources may refer to the user initiating a purchase for a product, service, or the like from a merchant. Typical financial resource distribution and/or financial allocations of resources include point of sale (POS) transactions, automated teller machine (ATM) transactions, person-to-person (P2P) transfers, internet transactions, online shopping, electronic funds transfers between accounts, transactions with a financial institution teller, personal checks, conducting purchases using loyalty/rewards points, and/or the like. When describing that resource transfers or transactions are evaluated, such descriptions may mean that the transaction has already occurred, is in the process of occurring or being processed, or has yet to be processed/posted by one or more financial institutions. 
     As used herein, “resource distribution instrument” may refer to an electronic payment vehicle, such as an electronic credit, debit card, and/or the like, associated with a source retainer (e.g., a checking account, a deposit account, a savings account, a credit account, and/or the like). In some embodiments, the resource distribution instrument may not be a “card” and may instead be account identifying information stored electronically in a user device, such as payment credentials and/or tokens and/or aliases associated with a digital wallet, account identifiers stored by a mobile application, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, the term “module” with respect to an apparatus may refer to a hardware component of the apparatus, a software component of the apparatus, and/or a component of the apparatus that includes both hardware and software. In some embodiments, the term “chip” may refer to an integrated circuit, a microprocessor, a system-on-a-chip, a microcontroller, and/or the like that may either be integrated into the external apparatus, may be inserted and/or removed from the external apparatus by a user, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, an “engine” may refer to core elements of a computer program, part of a computer program that serves as a foundation for a larger piece of software and drives the functionality of the software, and/or the like. An engine may be self-contained but may include externally controllable code that encapsulates powerful logic designed to perform or execute a specific type of function. In one aspect, an engine may be underlying source code that establishes file hierarchy, input and/or output methods, how a part of a computer program interacts and/or communicates with other software and/or hardware, and/or the like. The components of an engine may vary based on the needs of the computer program as part of the larger piece of software. In some embodiments, an engine may be configured to retrieve resources created in other computer programs, which may then be ported into the engine for use during specific operational aspects of the engine. An engine may be configurable to be implemented within any general-purpose computing system. In doing so, the engine may be configured to execute source code embedded therein to control specific features of the general-purpose computing system to execute specific computing operations, thereby transforming the general-purpose system into a specific purpose computing system. 
     As used herein, a “component” of an application may include a software package, a service, a resource, a module, and/or the like that includes a set of related functions and/or data. In some embodiments, a component may provide a source capability (e.g., a function, a business function, and/or the like) to an application including the component. In some embodiments, components of an application may communicate with each other via interfaces and may provide information to each other indicative of the services and/or functions that other components may utilize and/or how other components may utilize the services and/or functions. Additionally, or alternatively, components of an application may be substitutable such that a component may replace another component. In some embodiments, components may include objects, collections of objects, and/or the like. 
     As used herein, “authentication credentials” may be any information that may be used to identify a user. For example, a system may prompt a user to enter authentication information such as a username, a password, a token, a personal identification number (PIN), a passcode, biometric information (e.g., voice authentication, a fingerprint, and/or a retina scan), an answer to a security question, a intrinsic user activity, such as making a predefined motion with a user device, and/or the like. The authentication information may be used to authenticate the identity of the user (e.g., determine that the authentication information is associated with an account) and/or determine that the user has authority to access an account or system. In some embodiments, the system may be owned and/or operated by an entity. In such embodiments, the entity may employ additional computer systems, such as authentication servers, to validate and certify resources inputted by a plurality of users within the system. The system may further use authentication servers to certify the identity of users of the system, such that other users may verify the identity of the certified users. In some embodiments, the entity may certify the identity of the users. Furthermore, authentication information and/or permission may be assigned to and/or required from a user, application, computing node, computing cluster, and/or the like to access stored data within at least a portion of the system. 
     As used herein, an “interaction” may refer to any communication between one or more users, one or more entities or institutions, and/or one or more devices, nodes, clusters, and/or systems within the system environment described herein. For example, an interaction may refer to a transfer of data between devices, an accessing of stored data by one or more nodes of a computing cluster, a transmission of a requested task, and/or the like. In some embodiments, an interaction may refer to an entity, a user, a system, and/or a device providing an advertisement, information, data, a user interface, and/or the like to another entity, another user, another system, and/or another device. 
     As used herein, identifiers such as “first,” “second,” “third,” and/or the like do not indicate a temporal relationship, unless explicitly stated. Such identifiers may modify instances of similar things and may be used to differentiate between each of the instances. 
     As used herein, a “subset” may refer to one or more from a group. For example, a subset of users from a group of users may be one user from the group of users, multiple users from the group of users, or all of the users from the group of users. As another example, a subset of properties may be one property from the properties, multiple properties from the properties, or all of the properties. 
       FIG.  1    presents an exemplary block diagram of a system environment  100  for multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  FIG.  1    provides a system environment  100  that includes specialized servers and a system communicably linked across a distributive network of nodes required to perform functions of process flows described herein in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     As illustrated, the system environment  100  includes a network  110 , a system  130 , and a user input system  140 . Also shown in  FIG.  1    is a user of the user input system  140 . The user input system  140  may be a mobile device, a non-mobile computing device, and/or the like. The user may be a person who uses the user input system  140  to access, view modify, interact with, and/or the like information, data, images, video, and/or the like. The user may be a person who uses the user input system  140  to initiate, perform, monitor, and/or the like changes and/or modifications to one or more systems, applications, services, and/or the like. The one or more systems, applications, services, and/or the like may be configured to communicate with the system  130 , input information onto a user interface presented on the user input system  140 , and/or the like. The applications stored on the user input system  140  and the system  130  may incorporate one or more parts of any process flow described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  1   , the system  130  and the user input system  140  are each operatively and selectively connected to the network  110 , which may include one or more separate networks. In some embodiments, the network  110  may include a telecommunication network, local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), and/or a global area network (GAN), such as the Internet. Additionally, or alternatively, the network  110  may be secure and/or unsecure and may also include wireless and/or wired and/or optical interconnection technology. 
     In some embodiments, the system  130  and the user input system  140  may be used to implement processes described herein, including user-side and server-side processes for multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The system  130  may represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and/or the like. The user input system  140  may represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, smart glasses, and/or the like. The components shown here, their connections, their relationships, and/or their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the inventions described and/or claimed in this document. 
     In some embodiments, the system  130  may include a processor  102 , memory  104 , a storage device  106 , a high-speed interface  108  connecting to memory  104 , high-speed expansion ports  111 , and a low-speed interface  112  connecting to low-speed bus  114  and storage device  106 . Each of the components  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  111 , and  112  may be interconnected using various buses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor  102  may process instructions for execution within the system  130 , including instructions stored in the memory  104  and/or on the storage device  106  to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device, such as a display  116  coupled to a high-speed interface  108 . In some embodiments, multiple processors, multiple buses, multiple memories, multiple types of memory, and/or the like may be used. Also, multiple systems, same or similar to system  130  may be connected, with each system providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, a multi-processor system, and/or the like). In some embodiments, the system  130  may be managed by an entity, such as a business, a merchant, a financial institution, a card management institution, a software and/or hardware development company, a software and/or hardware testing company, and/or the like. The system  130  may be located at a facility associated with the entity and/or remotely from the facility associated with the entity. 
     The memory  104  may store information within the system  130 . In one implementation, the memory  104  may be a volatile memory unit or units, such as volatile random-access memory (RAM) having a cache area for the temporary storage of information. In another implementation, the memory  104  may be a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory  104  may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk, which may be embedded and/or may be removable. The non-volatile memory may additionally or alternatively include an EEPROM, flash memory, and/or the like. The memory  104  may store any one or more of pieces of information and data used by the system in which it resides to implement the functions of that system. In this regard, the system may dynamically utilize the volatile memory over the non-volatile memory by storing multiple pieces of information in the volatile memory, thereby reducing the load on the system and increasing the processing speed. 
     The storage device  106  may be capable of providing mass storage for the system  130 . In one aspect, the storage device  106  may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, a tape device, a flash memory and/or other similar solid state memory device, and/or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. A computer program product may be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may also contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described herein. The information carrier may be a non-transitory computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, such as the memory  104 , the storage device  106 , and/or memory on processor  102 . 
     In some embodiments, the system  130  may be configured to access, via the network  110 , a number of other computing devices (not shown). In this regard, the system  130  may be configured to access one or more storage devices and/or one or more memory devices associated with each of the other computing devices. In this way, the system  130  may implement dynamic allocation and de-allocation of local memory resources among multiple computing devices in a parallel and/or distributed system. Given a group of computing devices and a collection of interconnected local memory devices, the fragmentation of memory resources is rendered irrelevant by configuring the system  130  to dynamically allocate memory based on availability of memory either locally, or in any of the other computing devices accessible via the network. In effect, the memory may appear to be allocated from a central pool of memory, even though the memory space may be distributed throughout the system. Such a method of dynamically allocating memory provides increased flexibility when the data size changes during the lifetime of an application and allows memory reuse for better utilization of the memory resources when the data sizes are large. 
     The high-speed interface  108  may manage bandwidth-intensive operations for the system  130 , while the low-speed interface  112  and/or controller manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is exemplary only. In some embodiments, the high-speed interface  108  is coupled to memory  104 , display  116  (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports  111 , which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In some embodiments, low-speed interface  112  and/or controller is coupled to storage device  106  and low-speed bus  114  (e.g., expansion port). The low-speed bus  114 , which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet), may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, and/or a networking device such as a switch or router (e.g., through a network adapter). 
     The system  130  may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in  FIG.  1   . For example, it may be implemented as a standard server or multiple times in a group of such servers. Additionally, or alternatively, the system  130  may be implemented as part of a rack server system, a personal computer, such as a laptop computer, and/or the like. Alternatively, components from system  130  may be combined with one or more other same or similar systems and the user input system  140  may be made up of multiple computing devices communicating with each other. 
       FIG.  1    also illustrates a user input system  140 , in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The user input system  140  may include a processor  152 , memory  154 , an input/output device such as a display  156 , a communication interface  158 , and a transceiver  160 , among other components, such as one or more image sensors. The user input system  140  may also be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive and/or the like, to provide additional storage. Each of the components  152 ,  154 ,  158 , and  160 , may be interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. 
     The processor  152  may be configured to execute instructions within the user input system  140 , including instructions stored in the memory  154 . The processor  152  may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and/or digital processors. The processor  152  may be configured to provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the user input system  140 , such as control of user interfaces, applications run by user input system  140 , and/or wireless communication by user input system  140 . 
     The processor  152  may be configured to communicate with the user through control interface  164  and display interface  166  coupled to a display  156 . The display  156  may be, for example, a Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT LCD) or an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display, and/or other appropriate display technology. An interface of the display  156  may include appropriate circuitry and may be configured for driving the display  156  to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface  164  may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor  152 . In addition, an external interface  168  may be provided in communication with processor  152  to enable near area communication of user input system  140  with other devices. External interface  168  may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used. 
     The memory  154  may store information within the user input system  140 . The memory  154  may be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. Expansion memory may also be provided and connected to user input system  140  through an expansion interface (not shown), which may include, for example, a Single In Line Memory Module (SIMM) card interface. Such expansion memory may provide extra storage space for user input system  140  and/or may store applications and/or other information therein. In some embodiments, expansion memory may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above and/or may include secure information. For example, expansion memory may be provided as a security module for user input system  140  and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of user input system  140 . Additionally, or alternatively, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a secure manner. In some embodiments, the user may use applications to execute processes described with respect to the process flows described herein. For example, one or more applications may execute the process flows described herein. In some embodiments, one or more applications stored in the system  130  and/or the user input system  140  may interact with one another and may be configured to implement any one or more portions of the various user interfaces and/or process flow described herein. 
     The memory  154  may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory. In some embodiments, a computer program product may be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described herein. The information carrier may be a computer-readable or machine-readable medium, such as the memory  154 , expansion memory, memory on processor  152 , and/or a propagated signal that may be received, for example, over transceiver  160  and/or external interface  168 . 
     In some embodiments, the user may use the user input system  140  to transmit and/or receive information and/or commands to and/or from the system  130 . In this regard, the system  130  may be configured to establish a communication link with the user input system  140 , whereby the communication link establishes a data channel (wired and/or wireless) to facilitate the transfer of data between the user input system  140  and the system  130 . In doing so, the system  130  may be configured to access one or more aspects of the user input system  140 , such as, a GPS device, an image capturing component (e.g., camera), a microphone, a speaker, and/or the like. 
     The user input system  140  may communicate with the system  130  (and one or more other devices) wirelessly through communication interface  158 , which may include digital signal processing circuitry. Communication interface  158  may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, or MMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, GPRS, and/or the like. Such communication may occur, for example, through transceiver  160 . Additionally, or alternatively, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and/or other such transceiver (not shown). Additionally, or alternatively, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver module  170  may provide additional navigation-related and/or location-related wireless data to user input system  140 , which may be used as appropriate by applications running thereon, and in some embodiments, one or more applications operating on the system  130 . 
     The user input system  140  may also communicate audibly using audio codec  162 , which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. Audio codec  162  may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such as through a speaker (e.g., in a handset) of user input system  140 . Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, and/or the like) and may also include sound generated by one or more applications operating on the user input system  140 , and in some embodiments, one or more applications operating on the system  130 . 
     Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here may be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. Such various implementations may include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and/or at least one output device. 
     Computer programs (e.g., also referred to as programs, software, applications, code, and/or the like) may include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and may be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and/or “computer-readable medium” may refer to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), and/or the like) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” may refer to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and/or techniques described herein may be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube), an LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, and/or the like) for displaying information to the user, a keyboard by which the user may provide input to the computer, and/or a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user may provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices may be used to provide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedback provided to the user may be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, and/or tactile feedback). Additionally, or alternatively, input from the user may be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, and/or tactile input. 
     The systems and techniques described herein may be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a data server), that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user may interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), and/or any combination of such back end, middleware, and/or front end components. Components of the system may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and/or the Internet. 
     In some embodiments, computing systems may include clients and servers. A client and server may generally be remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server may arise by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
     The embodiment of the system environment  100  illustrated in  FIG.  1    is exemplary and other embodiments may vary. As another example, in some embodiments, the system  130  includes more, less, or different components. As another example, in some embodiments, some or all of the portions of the system environment  100 , the system  130 , and/or the user input system  140  may be combined into a single portion. Likewise, in some embodiments, some or all of the portions of the system environment  100 , the system  130 , and/or the user input system  140  may be separated into two or more distinct portions. 
     In some embodiments, the system environment may  100  include one or more user input systems and/or one or more multifactor authentication systems (e.g., similar to the system  130  and/or the user input system  140 ) associated with an entity (e.g., a business, a merchant, a financial institution, a card management institution, an software and/or hardware development company, a software and/or hardware testing company, and/or the like). For example, a user (e.g., an employee, a customer, and/or the like) may use a user input system (e.g., similar to the user input system  140 ) to initiate authentication, and/or the like using one or more systems, applications, services, and/or the like (e.g., similar to the system  130 , running a system similar to the system  130 , and/or the like) and the user input system may provide information (e.g., authentication, device fingerprint) to a multifactor authentication system (e.g., similar to the system  130 , running a system similar to the system  130 , and/or the like). In some embodiments, the user input system and/or the multifactor authentication system associated with the entity may perform one or more of the steps described herein with respect to the process flows described herein with respect to  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a process flow  200  multifactor authentication, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the multifactor authentication system and/or the like (e.g. similar to one or more of the systems described herein with respect to  FIG.  1   ) may perform one or more of the steps of process flow  200 . 
     As shown in block  210 , the process flow  200  may include generating a device fingerprint associated with a device. For example, the device fingerprint may include a library of secondary devices. The secondary devices are devices within range of the user device suitable for connecting via router, WI-FI, or Bluetooth. As shown in block  220 , the process flow  200  may include recognizing an authentication event from a first device. For example, the authentication event may include a user entering authentication credentials into the first device. As shown in block  230 , the process flow  200  may include employing a multifactor authentication event. 
     As shown in block  231 , the multifactor authentication event includes sending a code to a known contact for the user. For example, the code may be sent to the user via text message to a number on file for the user. In another example, the code may be sent to the user via email to an email address on file for the user. In other examples, other known contacts for the user may be used. The user receives the code on a second device. 
     As shown in block  232 , the multifactor authentication event includes receiving the code from the first device. As shown in block  233 , the multifactor authentication event includes comparing a first device fingerprint of the first device to a second device fingerprint of the second device to determine a confidence level. As shown in block  234 , the multifactor authentication event includes granting access to the first device based on the confidence level. The confidence level is the how sure the system is that the first device and the second device are in the same location and thus are operated by the same user. The number of matches between the first device fingerprint and the second device fingerprint will help determine the confidence level. The more matches between the two fingerprints the more confident the system is that the devices are operated by the same user. The first device will be granted access if the confidence level exceeds a predetermined threshold. 
     Although  FIG.  2    shows example blocks of process flow  200 , in some embodiments, process flow  200  may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in  FIG.  2   . Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process flow  200  may be performed in parallel. 
     In some embodiments, prior to employing the multifactor authentication event, the process flow may include generating a user fingerprint for a user, determining a confidence threshold for the user, comparing the first device fingerprint to the user fingerprint to determine whether the first device meets the confidence threshold, and when employing the multifactor authentication event, only employing the multifactor authentication event based on the first device fingerprint not meeting the confidence threshold. The user fingerprint includes a library of devices within connectivity range of a user&#39;s frequently used devices. The confidence threshold may be determined for each user and may be dynamic. For example, if a user consistently has the same secondary devices in the device fingerprint of the frequently used devices, then the confidence threshold will be set to the consistent secondary devices. To continue with the example, if a user attempts to authenticate with a new device, and the secondary devices in the new device fingerprint is less than the confidence threshold, then the multifactor authentication event will be triggered to further authenticate the user using the device fingerprint of the devices and the one-time code. 
     In some embodiments, the device fingerprint comprises a library of devices within Bluetooth connectivity range of the device. Additionally, or alternatively, the device fingerprint comprises a library of devices within WI-FI connectivity range of the device. 
     In some embodiments, the multifactor authentication event further comprises recording ambient noise from the first device and the second device and comparing the ambient noise from the first device to the ambient noise from the second device to determine the confidence interval. In this embodiment, the confidence interval is determined by whether or not the ambient noise of the first device matches the ambient noise of the second device. If the ambient noises match, the system can be confident that the devices are in the same location and thus operated by the same user. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, the multifactor authentication event may further comprise generating an audio ping from the second device and comparing the ambient noise from the first device to the audio ping from the second device to determine the confidence level. If the ambient noise from the first device includes the audio ping from the second device the system can be more confident that that two devices are in the same location and thus operated by the same user. In some embodiments, the audio ping is in a frequency range that is inaudible to the human ear. The human ear can hear frequencies in a range of approximately 12 Hz to 20 kHz. Therefore, in some embodiments, the audio ping may be less than 12 Hz. In some embodiments the audio ping may be greater than 20 kHz. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the confidence spectrum  300  spans from no access to full access. When confidence level is high, full access is granted to the first device. When the confidence level is minimal or none, no access is granted to the first device. At a moderate confidence level, metered access may be granted to the first device. Metered access may include limited access to higher levels of the user account. For example, at a moderate confidence level the user may only be granted access to viewing details on the first device but not altering details. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the library of secondary devices  400  may include any device within connectivity range of the device  401 . The secondary devices may be within Bluetooth range of the device. The secondary devices may be within WI-FI range of the device. The secondary devices may be connected to the device via a router, or wireless router. As an example, the secondary device may be a computer  421  or  422 , a printer  425 , headphones or other connected listening devices  423 , a tablet  424 . It should be understood that the secondary devices are not limited to this list, this list is provided as an example only. The secondary device may be any device within connectivity range of the device. 
     As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure, the present invention may include and/or be embodied as an apparatus (including, for example, a system, machine, device, computer program product, and/or the like), as a method (including, for example, a business method, computer-implemented process, and/or the like), or as any combination of the foregoing. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of an entirely business method embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, stored procedures in a database, or the like), an entirely hardware embodiment, or an embodiment combining business method, software, and hardware aspects that may generally be referred to herein as a “system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product that includes a computer-readable storage medium having one or more computer-executable program code portions stored therein. As used herein, a processor, which may include one or more processors, may be “configured to” perform a certain function in a variety of ways, including, for example, by having one or more general-purpose circuits perform the function by executing one or more computer-executable program code portions embodied in a computer-readable medium, and/or by having one or more application-specific circuits perform the function. 
     It will be understood that any suitable computer-readable medium may be utilized. The computer-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as a tangible electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, and/or semiconductor system, device, and/or other apparatus. For example, in some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable medium includes a tangible medium such as a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), and/or some other tangible optical and/or magnetic storage device. In other embodiments of the present invention, however, the computer-readable medium may be transitory, such as, for example, a propagation signal including computer-executable program code portions embodied therein. 
     One or more computer-executable program code portions for carrying out operations of the present invention may include object-oriented, scripted, and/or unscripted programming languages, such as, for example, Java, Perl, Smalltalk, C++, SAS, SQL, Python, Objective C, JavaScript, and/or the like. In some embodiments, the one or more computer-executable program code portions for carrying out operations of embodiments of the present invention are written in conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming languages and/or similar programming languages. The computer program code may alternatively or additionally be written in one or more multi-paradigm programming languages, such as, for example, F #. 
     Some embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of apparatus and/or methods. It will be understood that each block included in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and/or combinations of blocks included in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by one or more computer-executable program code portions. These one or more computer-executable program code portions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, and/or some other programmable data processing apparatus in order to produce a particular machine, such that the one or more computer-executable program code portions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, create mechanisms for implementing the steps and/or functions represented by the flowchart(s) and/or block diagram block(s). 
     The one or more computer-executable program code portions may be stored in a transitory and/or non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g. a memory) that may direct, instruct, and/or cause a computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the computer-executable program code portions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction mechanisms which implement the steps and/or functions specified in the flowchart(s) and/or block diagram block(s). 
     The one or more computer-executable program code portions may also be loaded onto a computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer and/or other programmable apparatus. In some embodiments, this produces a computer-implemented process such that the one or more computer-executable program code portions which execute on the computer and/or other programmable apparatus provide operational steps to implement the steps specified in the flowchart(s) and/or the functions specified in the block diagram block(s). Alternatively, computer-implemented steps may be combined with, and/or replaced with, operator- and/or human-implemented steps in order to carry out an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Although many embodiments of the present invention have just been described above, the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Also, it will be understood that, where possible, any of the advantages, features, functions, devices, and/or operational aspects of any of the embodiments of the present invention described and/or contemplated herein may be included in any of the other embodiments of the present invention described and/or contemplated herein, and/or vice versa. In addition, where possible, any terms expressed in the singular form herein are meant to also include the plural form and/or vice versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Accordingly, the terms “a” and/or “an” shall mean “one or more,” even though the phrase “one or more” is also used herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     While certain exemplary embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention, and that this invention not be limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described, since various other changes, combinations, omissions, modifications and substitutions, in addition to those set forth in the above paragraphs, are possible. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, modifications, and combinations of the just described embodiments may be configured without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.