Patent Publication Number: US-11032697-B2

Title: Method and apparatus for provisioning of multiple devices with mobile subscriber identification information

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/541,986 filed Aug. 15, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/045,819, filed Jul. 26, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,440,560, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/349,716 filed Nov. 11, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,070,303. The contents of each of the foregoing are hereby incorporated by reference into this application as if set forth herein in full. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The subject disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for provisioning of multiple devices with mobile subscriber identification information. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mobile communication devices register with networks so that the devices can provide communication services to subscribers. The registration process requires exchanging messages between the mobile communication device and network device(s), as well as exchanging messages between network devices. 
     As an example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a device can provide mobile subscriber identification information to the network at  101  which is received by a registration function (e.g., a Home Location Register (HLR)). Various information can be exchanged on the network-side and an analysis of the mobile subscriber identification information can be performed resulting in a registration authorization being provided to the device at  102 . 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a registration process in the prior art; 
         FIG. 2  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a system that provides communication services and enables re-using mobile Subscriber Identification Information by other devices; 
         FIGS. 3-6  depict illustrative embodiments of registration processes used in portions of the system described in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 7  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables re-using mobile Subscriber Identification Information by other devices; 
         FIG. 8  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a system that provides communication services and enables re-using mobile Subscriber Identification Information by other devices; 
         FIG. 9  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a communication device that can be utilized in either or both of the systems of  FIGS. 2 and 8  and/or can be utilized during the method of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIGS. 10-11  depict illustrative embodiments of systems that provide for reuse of mobile subscriber identification information based on registration error messages; 
         FIG. 12  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables re-using mobile subscriber identification information by other devices; 
         FIG. 13  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a system that provides for reassignment of mobile subscriber identification information; 
         FIG. 14  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables reassigning mobile subscriber identification information to other devices; 
         FIG. 15  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a system that provides for use of a same mobile subscriber identification information by more than one communication device; 
         FIG. 16  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a database structure that can be utilized during use of a same mobile subscriber identification information by more than one communication device; 
         FIG. 17  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a system that provides for use of a same mobile subscriber identification information by more than one communication device; 
         FIG. 18  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables use of the same mobile subscriber identification information by multiple communication devices; 
         FIGS. 19-20  depict illustrative embodiments of systems that provide for use of a same mobile subscriber identification information by more than one communication device at different locations; 
         FIG. 21  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables use of the same mobile subscriber identification information by multiple communication devices at different locations; 
         FIG. 22  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a system that provides for use of a same mobile subscriber identification information by more than one communication device; 
         FIG. 23  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables use of the same mobile subscriber identification information by multiple communication devices; 
         FIG. 24  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a system that provides for use of a same mobile subscriber identification information by more than one communication device according to registration errors; 
         FIG. 25  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables use of the same mobile subscriber identification information by multiple communication devices according to registration errors; 
         FIGS. 26-27  depict illustrative embodiments of systems that provide for switching between generic and non-generic mobile subscriber identification information; 
         FIG. 28  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables use of a generic mobile subscriber identification information by multiple communication devices; 
         FIG. 29  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a system that enables switching between generic and non-generic mobile subscriber identification information without relying upon a unique device identifier in a registration request; 
         FIG. 30  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a method that provides communication services and enables switching between generic and non-generic mobile subscriber identification information without relying upon a unique device identifier in a registration request; 
         FIG. 31  depicts another illustrative embodiment of a logic flow that utilizes different HLRs; and 
         FIG. 32  is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrative embodiments for managing utilization of mobile subscriber identity information referred to herein as an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). The system and methods described herein can enable reuse of an IMSI by a different communication device and/or re-authorizing use by a communication device that previously was authorized to utilize the IMSI. In one or more embodiments, the management of the IMSI reuse can be based at least in part on intercepting registration requests and/or registration error messages. In one or more embodiments, the communication devices can be end user devices, or other devices including Machine-to-Machine (M2M) or Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In one or more embodiments, a bootstrap IMSI can be utilized in a registration process by a communication device that has been flagged as inactive, where the limited use includes enabling communication with network elements for initiating a registration process without enabling user communication services at the communication device utilizing the bootstrap IMSI. 
     In one or more embodiments, a same IMSI can be utilized by more than one communication device according to distinguishing between device (e.g., during registration) based on unique device identification information. In one or more embodiments, a same IMSI can be utilized by more than one communication device according to the devices being located in different registration areas. Other embodiments are described in the subject disclosure. 
     One or more aspects of the subject disclosure is a machine-readable storage medium including executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system of a communication device, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include accessing a universal integrated circuit card of the communication device to determine a first international mobile subscriber identity that was provisioned to the universal integrated circuit card by equipment of an entity, where the equipment of the entity provisions a group of universal integrated circuit cards with the first international mobile subscriber identity. The operations include requesting registration with a network operated by a service provider that is distinct from the entity, where the requesting of the registration includes providing a first registration request including the first international mobile subscriber identity without providing a unique device identifier. The operations include receiving an authentication request from an identity proxy function of the network, where the authentication request is part of a simulated registration initiated by the identity proxy function according to the first international mobile subscriber identity. The operations can include, responsive to the authentication request, generating an authentication response according to a secret key of the universal integrated circuit card. The operations can include providing the authentication response to the identity proxy function to enable the identity proxy function to identify the communication device according to the authentication response matching one of a group of authentication responses included in authentication information accessible to the identity proxy function, where the authentication information is associated with the first international mobile subscriber identity. Responsive to a determination by the identity proxy function that the authentication response matches the one of the group of authentication responses, a second international mobile subscriber identity can be received by the communication device via an over-the-air interface with the network. 
     One or more aspects of the subject disclosure is a method that includes obtaining, from a communication device by an identity proxy function executed by a processing system including a processor, a registration request that includes a first international mobile subscriber identity and that does not include a unique identifier associated with the communication device, where the first international mobile subscriber identity was provisioned to a universal integrated circuit card of the communication device by equipment of an entity, and where the equipment of the entity provisions a group of universal integrated circuit cards with the first international mobile subscriber identity. The method includes initiating, by the identity proxy function, a simulated registration. The method includes receiving, by the identity proxy function, an authentication response generated by the communication device according to a secret key of the universal integrated circuit card of the communication device, where the communication device generates the authentication response in response to the simulated registration. The method includes identifying, by the identity proxy function, the communication device according to the authentication response matching one of a group of authentication responses included in authentication information accessible to the identity proxy function, where the authentication information is associated with the first international mobile subscriber identity and generated by different secret keys. The method includes, responsive to a determination that the authentication response matches the one of the group of authentication responses, reassigning, via an over-the-air interface, a second international mobile subscriber identity to the communication device. 
     One or more aspects of the subject disclosure is a method including provisioning, by a server including a processor, a group of universal integrated circuit cards with a first international mobile subscriber identity. The method includes provisioning, by the server, each of the group of universal integrated circuit cards with one of a group of different secret keys. The method includes providing, to equipment of a service provider by the server, secret key mapping information indicating each of the group of secret keys indexed to a corresponding one of the group of universal integrated circuit cards, where the server is operated by an entity that is distinct from the service provider. The secret key mapping information can be utilized by an identity proxy function operated by the service provider to respond to a registration request generated by a communication device that is utilizing one of the group of universal integrated circuit cards and that does not provide a unique device identifier with the registration request. The identity proxy function can cause a reassignment, via an over-the-air interface, of a second international mobile subscriber identity to the communication device responsive to the registration request. The second international mobile subscriber identity can be utilized in completion of a registration process that enables subscriber services at the communication device. The first international mobile subscriber identity can be a limited service international mobile subscriber identity that enables communication with network elements of the service provider and does not enable the subscriber services. 
       FIG. 2  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a communication system  200  (e.g., a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) system) that provides communication services such as to a communication device  210 . The communication device  210  can be various types of devices such as a mobile phone or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  200  enables IMSI re-use by the same or other communication devices through use of an identity proxy function  250  and an identity provisioning function  350 . 
     System  200  can include various components that facilitate providing the communication services, such as a Base Station Subsystem (BSS) that performs various functions (e.g., allocation of radio channels, paging, transmitting and receiving over the air interface). The BSS can include a Base Transceiver Station (BTS)  220  which can include equipment for transmitting and receiving radio signals, antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with a Base Station Controller (BSC)  230 . The BSC  230  can serve several different frequencies and different sectors of a cell. System  200  can include a core network with other components such as a Mobile Switching Center (MSC)  240 , a Visitor Location Register (VLR)  245 , a Home Location Register (HLR)  260 , an Authentication Center (AUC)  270 , and an Equipment Identity Register (EIR)  270 . 
     The MSC  240  can be a primary service delivery node that is responsible for routing voice calls and SMS, as well as other services, such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data. The VLR  245  can be a database of subscribers that have roamed into a jurisdiction of a particular MSC served by that VLR. The VLR  245  is illustrated as a stand-alone device but can be integrated with the MSC  240 . The HLR  260  can be a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the core network. In one or more embodiments, the HLRs can store details of Universal Integrated Circuit Cards (UICCs) (e.g., Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards) issued by the mobile phone operator. In one or more embodiments, IMSIs can be unique identifiers which are the primary key to each HLR record. In one or more embodiments, MSISDNs, which are the telephone numbers used by mobile phones to make and receive calls, can also be a primary key to a particular HLR record. Other data can be stored in the HLR  260  (e.g., indexed to a particular IMSI), such as communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, a current location of subscriber call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN, and so forth. 
     The AUC  270  can perform a function to authenticate each UICC that attempts to connect to the core network (e.g., when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR  260  can manage the UICC and authorized communication services. The EIR  280  can maintain a list of mobile phones (e.g., identified by their International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)) which are to be monitored or are to be prohibited from utilizing the network. The EIR  280  can be a database that contains information about the identity of the mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations. In one or more embodiments, the EIR  280  can log handset attempts that are stored in a log file. The EIR  280  is illustrated as a stand-alone device but can be integrated with the HLR  260 . System  200  can include other features such as an Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC) that enables or otherwise facilitates the operation, administration and maintenance of a GSM network. 
     The communication system  200  can provide Over-The-Air (OTA) technology to communicate with, download applications to, and manage a UICC without being connected physically to the UICC. As an example, an OTA gateway  280  can communicate with a Short Message Service Center (SMSC)  290  for delivering provisioning information to the communication device  210 , as well as propagating information to other network elements. For instance, OTA gateway  280  can transform information (e.g., service requests, provisioning information, and so forth) into short messages which are provided to the SMSC  290  for delivery to the communication device  210 . In one embodiment, the OTA gateway  280  receives service requests through a gateway API that indicates the actual UICC to modify, update, and/or activate. In one embodiment, the OTA gateway  280  can have a UICC database that indicates for each UICC, the vendor, a UICC identification number, the IMSI and the MSISDN. In one embodiment, the service request can be formatted by the OTA gateway  280  into a message that can be understood by the recipient UICC, such as through use of libraries accessible to (or stored by) the OTA gateway that contain the formats to use for each brand of UICC. The resulting formatted message can then be sent to the SMSC  290  for delivery. 
     The identity proxy function  250  can be a stand-alone device (e.g., positioned between the BSS and the MSC  240 ), or can be integrated with other components of the system  200  such as being executed by a server that also executes the MSC/VLR functions. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  250  is configured so that information (e.g., a registration request) being sent to a registration function (e.g., the HLR  260 ) is intercepted or otherwise first received by the identity proxy function prior to being received by the MSC  240 , the VLR  245  and the HLR  260 . The particular positioning of the identity proxy function  250  with respect to other network elements can vary provided that the identity proxy function maintains its ability to manage use and re-use of IMSIs. In one embodiment, a single identity proxy function  250  can be utilized for a set of MSC/VLR and HLR. 
     In another embodiment, multiple identity proxy functions  250  can be utilized for each set of MSC/VLR and HLR, where the identity proxy functions are positioned at various points in the core network such as between the BSS and the MSC  240  and between the VLR  245  and the HLR  260  (shown as dashed lines in  FIG. 2 ). In one embodiment where multiple identity proxy functions  250  are utilized, they can communicate with each other for implementing the management of the use and re-use of the IMSIs. 
     In one embodiment, an interface  255  can be established between the identity proxy function  250  and other network components, such as the HLR  260 . For example, the interface  255  can enable the identity proxy function  250  to communicate directly with the HLR  260  so as to bypass communication with the VLR. For instance, and as described herein, the identity proxy function  250  can simulate function(s) of the VLR  245  such as SRES comparison, and the interface  255  can enable obtaining data needed for the SRES comparison. 
     System  200  can also include an identity provisioning function  350  for providing information to various devices including the communication device  210 , and network element(s). In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350  can maintain a listing of the designated IMSIs and can provision identity proxy functions throughout the network with this listing. The identity provisioning function  350  can be a separate device that is in communication with the identity proxy function  250 . In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350  can provide for OTA provisioning of the communication device  210  via a registration simulation platform as described herein, as well as propagate other information to various network elements (e.g., communicating notices of reassigned IMSIs or other information to the HLR  260 , the AUC  270  and/or the EIR  280 ). In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350  can be in communication with the OTA gateway  280  and can utilize the services of the SMSC  290  to provision communication devices. The functions performed by the identity proxy function  250  and the identity provisioning function  350  in managing IMSI reuse can vary. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  250  can be utilized as a point of IMSI screening and further determinations as to what steps should be taken to manage the particular IMSI can be made by the identity provisioning function  350  based on a detection or screening message received by the identity provisioning function  350  from the identity proxy function  250 . In other embodiments, the identity proxy function  250  can take a more active role in determinations of the appropriate steps to be taken to manage the particular IMSI. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3  which illustrates a portion of system  200  and may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths, the identity proxy function  250  can have access to a list of IMSIs that are designated for potential reassignment or as having already been reassigned to another communication device. For instance, the identity provisioning function  350  can maintain the listing of the designated IMSIs at  301  and can provision identity proxy functions throughout the network with this listing at  302 . The listing of the designated IMSIs can be generated based on various criteria. 
     This provisioning information associated with the IMSIs can be utilized by the identity proxy function  250  to manage or otherwise facilitate registration by communication devices and reuse of IMSIs. For example, the identity proxy function  250  can determine that an IMSI is not included in the listing of the designated IMSIs in which case a registration request associated with that IMSI would be forwarded to the MSC  240  for completing a registration process. 
     As another example, the identity proxy function  250  can determine that an IMSI is included in the listing of the designated IMSIs but is not included in the subset of IMSIs that has already been reassigned in which case the identity proxy function  250  would know that an original device (which has been flagged as inactive) is attempting to register with the network. The identity proxy function  250  could then take appropriate steps for providing service to the original device, such as causing (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  350 ) reauthorizing use of the IMSI if services are now authorized (e.g., payment of services has been received) or causing the providing of nullification information to the original device (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  350 , a registration simulation platform, the OTA  280  and/or the SMSC  290 ) to further cause use of the IMSI at the original device to be disabled if services are not authorized or the device/UICC are not compatible with current network service. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  250  can provide a notice to the identity provisioning function of detection of a particular IMSI and the identity provisioning function  350  can then take appropriate steps for managing the reuse of IMSIs. 
     As another example, the identity proxy function  250  can determine that an IMSI is included in the listing of the designated IMSIs and is also included in the subset of IMSIs (which have already been reassigned). Responsive to these determinations, a further determination can be made as to whether the device is the original device associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment or whether the device is the new device that has been reassigned the IMSI. The identity proxy function  250  and/or the identity provisioning function  350  could then take appropriate steps for allowing registration of the new device that has been reassigned the IMSI or for providing service to the original device. For instance, another IMSI can be reassigned (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  350 ) to the original device from the listing of designated IMSIs (which has not already been reassigned) if services are now authorized (e.g., payment of services has been received). In another embodiment, nullification information can be provided to the original device (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  350 ) to cause use of the original IMSI at the original device to be disabled, such as where another IMSI is to be reassigned to the original device. 
     In one embodiment, IMSIs can be designated for potential re-use due to suspension of services for a subscriber such as for non-payment or for another reason. In one embodiment, IMSIs can be designated for potential re-use due to a lack of use of the IMSI (or the device having a UICC that utilizes the IMSI) for a threshold time period, such as a mobile phone that has not attempted to register with a network (e.g., the GSM network or some other network including LTE or UMTS) in six months. In one embodiment, IMSIs can be designated for potential re-use according to a confirmation that the UICC has been damaged, lost, stolen and so forth. In one or more embodiments as the IMSIs are reassigned to other devices, those particular IMSIs can be further flagged as having been reassigned (i.e., flagged as a subset of the list of designated IMSIs). The identity provisioning function  350  can keep the identity proxy function  250  (as well as other identity proxy functions throughout the network) apprised of the list of designated IMSIs as well as the subset of those IMSIs that have already been reassigned to another communication device so that the identity proxy function  250  can accurately perform an IMSI screening process when registration requests are received. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4  which illustrates a portion of system  200  and may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths, another communication device  410  can be reassigned an IMSI from the designated IMSIs where the IMSI was previously associated with the communication device  210  (which has been flagged as inactive). In this example at  401 , the identity provisioning function  350  can receive a request, be instructed or otherwise determine that the IMSI (in the list of designated IMSIs) is to be reassigned to the communication device  410 . The communication device  410  can be a new device that needs an IMSI to provide communication services or an existing device that requires another IMSI due to some other reason, such as having its own IMSI reassigned to a different device. 
     At  402 , the identity provisioning function  350  can notify the HLR  260  that the communication device  410  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI. This can include deleting an original IMSI assignment for the communication device  410  and/or adding the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  410  in the database of the HLR  260 . In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR  260  to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. 
     At  403 , the identity provisioning function  350  can notify the identity proxy function  250  that the communication device  410  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  250  can already be aware that the IMSI is part of a group of IMSIs designated for potential reassignment and can already be aware that the communication device  210  has been flagged as inactive. In this example, the identity proxy function  250  can switch a designation of the particular IMSI to being flagged as within the subset of the designated IMSIs that have already been reassigned to another device (i.e., the communication device  410  in this example). 
     Referring to  FIG. 5  which illustrates a portion of system  200  and may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths, the identity proxy function  250  facilitates registration of devices that have been reassigned IMSIs by intercepting or otherwise receiving registration requests, such as prior to the registration request being provided to the MSC  240 , the VLR  245  and the HLR  260 . For example, at  501 , the communication device  410  (which has been reassigned an IMSI from the listing of designated IMSIs where the IMSI was previously associated with the communication device  210 ) can request registration with the network. A registration request including the reassigned IMSI can be received by the identity proxy function  250  which determines whether or not the particular IMSI is part of the group of designated IMSIs and whether a reassignment to another device has already occurred. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  250  and/or the identity provisioning function  350  can identify the particular device requesting registration with the network. For instance, device identification information (e.g., an IMEI) can be obtained for the communication device  410 , such as being received from device  410  or from another source. 
     At  502 , if the received IMSI is determined as having already been reassigned to another device and if the communication device  410  is determined to be that other device then identity proxy function  250  can forward the registration request to the MSC/VLR (or another registration function server) for processing of the registration of the communication device  410 . At  503  and  504 , messaging associated with the registration process can be exchanged such as between the HLR  260 , the VLR  245 , the identity proxy function  250 , and/or the communication device  410 . 
     The particular messaging that makes up the registration request and the registration process can vary. In one embodiment, the communication device  410  can send a Channel Request message to the BSS on a Random Access Channel (RACH) and the BSS can respond on an Access Grant Channel (AGCH) with an Immediate Assignment message while assigning a Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) to the communication device  410 . The communication device  410  can switch to the assigned SDCCH and can send a Location Update Request to the BSS. The communication device  410  can send its IMSI to the BSS. The BSS can forward the Location Update Request/IMSI (i.e., a registration request) which is received or intercepted by the identity proxy function  250  which determines whether the received IMSI is already reassigned to another device and if the communication device  410  is that other device. If so, then the registration request is forwarded by the identity proxy function  250  to the MSC  240 /VLR  245  which in turns forwards the registration request to the HLR  260 , along with a request for verification of the IMSI and a request for authentication triplets (RAND, Kc, SRES). The HLR  260  can forward the IMSI to the AuC  270  and can request the authentication triplets. The AuC  270  can generate the authentication triplets and can send them, along with the IMSI, back to the HLR  260 . The HLR  260  can validate the IMSI by ensuring it is allowed on the network and it is authorized for subscriber services. The HLR  260  can then forward the IMSI and the triplets to the VLR  245  which stores the SRES and the Kc and can also forward the RAND to the BSS. The VLR  245  can utilize the BSS to authenticate the communication device  410 . The BSS can send the communication device  410  an Authentication Request message with the only authentication parameter being sent in the message being the RAND. The communication device  410  can use the RAND to calculate the SRES and can send the SRES back to the BSS on the SDCCH in an Authentication Response. The BSS can forward the SRES to the VLR  245  which compares the SRES generated by the AuC with the SRES generated by the communication device. If the SRESs match then authentication is completed successfully. The exemplary embodiments can also utilize other messaging techniques and paths for registration of the communication device  410 . 
     In one embodiment, the VLR  245  can forward the Kc for the communication device  410  to the BSS where the Kc is not sent across the air interface to the communication device. The BSS can store the Kc and can forward a Set Cipher Mode command to the communication device  410  where the command only indicates which encryption to use. The communication device  410  can switch to cipher mode using the particular encryption algorithm (e.g., A5) so that all transmissions are now enciphered and can send a Ciphering Mode Complete message to the BSS. The VLR  245  can send a Location Updating Accept message to the BSS and also generate a new Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) for the communication device. The BSS can send the TMSI to the communication device  410  which can respond with a TMSI Reallocation Complete message that is forwarded to the VLR  245 . The BSS can instruct the communication device  245  to go into idle mode by sending it a Channel Release message and can then deassign the SDCCH. The VLR  245  can send an Update Location message to the HLR  260  which records the particular MSC/VLR the communication device is currently associated with. 
     In one embodiment such as where the identity proxy function  250  is unable to obtain device identity information (e.g., the IMEI) for the communication device  410 , the identity proxy function  250  can simulate the registration process to obtain information that enables discerning whether the communication device  410  is the device that has been reassigned the IMSI or is the original device that was previously associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment. As an example, the identity proxy function  250  can simulate the registration process so as to obtain an SRES generated by the communication device  410 . From that generated SRES, the identity proxy function  250  can detect whether the communication device  410  is the device that has been reassigned the IMSI or is the original device that was previously associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment. In this example, the identity proxy function  250  can communicate with other necessary components for obtaining data that is utilized in the registration process such as bypassing the VLR  245  and communicating via the interface  255  with the HLR  260  to obtain the authentication triplets. In this example, since the identity proxy function  250  requested the authentication triplets, the HLR  260  will obtain them from the AUC  270  and provide them back to the identity proxy function rather than providing them to the VLR  245 . In one embodiment, the simulation of the registration process and the forcing of an SRES generation by the communication device  410  can be utilized to identify the particular device according to a secret key (in combination with the RAND provided by the identity proxy function  250 ) that the communication device would utilize in generating the SRES. The secret keys can be known or otherwise accessible to the identity proxy function  250  so that the secret key could be utilized to detect which device is generating the registration request. As an example, the secret key can be used during multiple cryptographic operations which can include the authentication of the device (e.g., in all networks) and the network (e.g., in UMTS and LTE). 
     In one embodiment, rather than utilizing the interface  255 , system  200  can utilize first and second identity proxy functions  250  that are positioned between the communication device  210  and the MSC  240  and positioned between the VLR  245  and the HLR  260 , respectively. The first and second identity proxy functions  250  can communicate with each other, such as to bypass the VLR  245  when the identity proxy functions  250  are simulating a registration process and forcing the communication device  410  to generate an SRES. In one embodiment, once the identity proxy function  250  has determined the identity of the device (original device vs. new device), the identity proxy function  250  can require that the communication device perform a re-registration. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6  which illustrates a portion of system  200  and may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths, the identity proxy function  250  facilitates registration of devices where the particular IMSI has been designated for potential reassignment or has already been reassigned by intercepting or otherwise receiving registration requests, such as prior to the registration request being provided to the MSC  240 , the VLR  245  and the HLR  260 . For example, at  601 , the original device  210  can request registration with the network. The original device  210  may have been flagged as inactive, such as for non-use over a threshold period of time, suspension of services for non-payment, a customer requesting discontinuation of services, and so forth. A registration request including the IMSI can be received by the identity proxy function  250  which determines whether or not the particular IMSI is part of the group of designated IMSIs and whether a reassignment has already occurred. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  250  can identify the particular device requesting registration with the network. For example, device identification information (e.g., an IMEI) can be obtained for the original device  210 , such as being received from device  210  (e.g., in the registration request). As another example, if the IMSI has not been reassigned but is part of the IMSIs designated for potential reassignment then the identity proxy function  250  can determine that the device requesting registration is the original device  210  that has been flagged as inactive. The identification of the device can be based on simulating the registration process and forcing a generation of an SRES by the communication device  210 , as described herein. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  250  and/or the identity provisioning function  350  can determine whether the original device  210  is eligible for services. If the original device  210  is not eligible for services (e.g., suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, device/UICC is no longer compatible with network or services, and so forth) then the identity proxy function  250  can cause or otherwise facilitate or enable provisioning information to be provided (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  350 ) to the original device  210  to cause the original device to disable its use of the IMSI. In this example, the IMSI can then be removed from the designated listing of IMSIs and can instead be included with other IMSIs (e.g., that have never been used before) that are eligible for assignment. 
     In one embodiment, if the IMSI has not yet been reassigned then the identity proxy function  250  and/or the identity provisioning function  350  can determine whether to allow the original device  210  to utilize that original IMSI, such as confirming that the subscriber is eligible for services (e.g., based on payment for services or other actions that removed a suspension of services). If the original device  210  is permitted to utilize its IMSI, then identity proxy function  250  can forward the registration request (based on the original IMSI) to the MSC  240 /VLR  245  and can provide a notification (e.g., to the identity provisioning function  350 ) to remove the IMSI from the listing of designated IMSIs and to further adjust the status of the original device  210  from an inactive status to an active status. 
     In one embodiment, if the IMSI has already been reassigned to another device then the identity proxy function  250  and/or the identity provisioning function  350  can confirm that the subscriber of the original device  210  is eligible for services and can obtain reassignment of another IMSI (from the designated list of IMSIs) for the original device. For example at  602 , responsive to a determination that the IMSI has already been reassigned to another device and a determination that the subscriber of the original device  210  is eligible for services then the identity proxy function  250  can provide a request to the identity provisioning function  350  for another IMSI from the listing of designated IMSIs (which is not in the subset of IMSIs that has already been reassigned) or the identity proxy function  250  can receive the other IMSI from the identity provisioning function  350  based on a determination made by the identity provisioning function  350 . In one embodiment, the original device  210  can continue to utilize its original secret key (which is mapped to the original device by the network). In one embodiment, the determination of eligibility for services can be made by the identity provisioning function  350  such that the identity proxy function  250  transmits the request to the identity provisioning function  350  for another IMSI responsive to a determination that the IMSI has already been reassigned to another device and the identity provisioning function  350  can approve or deny the request. 
     Continuing with this example at  603 , the identity provisioning function  350  can notify various network elements (e.g., the HLR  260 ) that the communication device  210  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI. This can include the HLR  260  deleting an original IMSI assignment for the communication device  210  and/or adding the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  210  in its database. In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. 
     At  604 , the identity provisioning function  350  can provide provisioning information to the communication device  210  via an OTA platform that causes the UICC to be adjusted so that the reassigned IMSI is now utilized by the device for communication services. In one embodiment, to send an OTA provisioning message to a device that has not completed registration to a target network, a simulating network can be used to intercept (e.g., prior to being received by a VLR in GSM or an MME in LTE) and complete the registration. The simulating network can send an OTA message to the device that can cause the modification of the device IMSI and can cause the device to perform a re-registration to the target network. For example, the simulating network can comprise a set of functional elements (e.g., registration simulation platform  675 ) that exist in the target network. This can include an MSC/VLR, a MME, an HLR or HSS, an AUC, a SMSC, an OTA platform, a SGW, a PGW, an EIR and/or any combination thereof. The AUC of registration simulation platform  675  can contain the secret key of the device and the HSS/HLR can be provisioned to allow the device to register. Other pre-provisioning functions can be performed. For instance, the registration simulation platform  675  can be integrated into the identity proxy function  250  (illustrated in  FIG. 6 ), the identity provisioning function  350  and/or can exist as a standalone device. In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350  can become aware of the registration to the registration simulation platform  675  by notification from the registration simulation platform  675  and/or from the identity proxy function  250 . In this example, the identity provisioning function  350  can instruct the registration simulation platform  675  to perform an OTA to modify an IMSI of that particular device. The identity provisioning function  350  may provide an update to the identity proxy function  250  regarding the content of the requested OTA. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  350  can first detect an error message, then perform an action such as not forwarding the error to the device to cause the device to reattempt the registration, and finally intercept the reattempt and forward to the registration simulation platform  675 . 
     In another embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350  can provide provisioning information to the communication device  210  via the OTA  280  and the SMSC  290  that causes the UICC to be adjusted so that the reassigned IMSI is now utilized by the device for communication services. In another embodiment at  605 , the communication device  210  can then attempt to re-register utilizing the reassigned IMSI. The identity proxy function  250  can receive the registration request for the communication device  210 , which now includes the reassigned IMSI and at  606 - 608  the registration process (via the VLR  245  and the HLR  260 ) can be completed based on the reassigned IMSI. In one or more embodiments, the identity provisioning function  350  can provision a National SIM Manager (NSM) with the reassigned IMSI for the original device where the secret key of the original device is already known. In another embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350  can be integrated with equipment of the NSM. In one embodiment, a billing system can detect the change in IMSI for the UICC and can provision some or all other network elements necessary for enabling call processing (e.g., HLR  260 , AUC  270 ). 
       FIG. 7  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  700  used by system  200  for facilitating the re-use of IMSIs. One or more of the steps of method  700  can be performed by the identity proxy function  250 , the identity provisioning function  350  and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6 . At  702 , an IMSI can be received that is associated with a communication device. For instance, the IMSI can be part of a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by the communication device. At  704 , a determination of the status of the IMSI can be made. For example, the identity proxy function  250  can determine whether the IMSI is included in a designated group of IMSIs and if so can further determine whether the IMSI is included in a subset of the group which is further designated as having already been reassigned to another communication device. If the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the MSC  240 /VLR  245  to perform the registration at  706 . If on the other hand the IMSI is part of the designated group of IMSIs then a determination can be made at  708  as to whether the registration request is for an original device that was associated with the IMSI (e.g., prior to being reassigned) or whether the registration request is for a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI. The identification of the particular device can be performed in a number of different ways, such as based on device identification information (e.g., IMEI), simulating a registration process to force an SRES generation by the device from which the device identification can be determined, and so forth. 
     If the registration request and the IMSI are from a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the MSC  240 /VLR  245  to perform the registration at  706 . If on the other hand the registration request and the IMSI are from an original device (e.g., a device that the IMSI was previously associated with prior to being added to the listing of designated IMSIs) then a determination can be made at  710  as to whether the subscriber of the original device is eligible for communication services. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors and can be determined by various components or a combination of components, such as based on billing, device hardware requirements, device software requirements, and so forth. If the subscriber of the original device is not eligible for communication services then at  712  provisioning information can be provided to the original device (e.g., via OTA provisioning by the identity provisioning function  350  such as through use of registration simulation platform  675 ) that causes disabling the use of the particular IMSI by the original device. In one embodiment, if the IMSI has not already been reassigned then it can be removed from the listing of designated IMSIs and provided to another communication device (e.g., the identity proxy function  250  can forward the IMSI automatically to the MSC  240 /VLR  245  for completion of registration associated with a new device that utilizes the IMSI). 
     If on the other hand the subscriber of the original device is eligible for communication services then at  714  the original device can be authorized to utilize the particular IMSI (e.g., if it is determined that the particular IMSI has not yet been reassigned) or the original device can be provisioned with another IMSI (e.g., if it is determined that the original IMSI has already been reassigned to another device). In one embodiment, the new IMSI reassigned to the original device can be selected from the listing of designated IMSI (which is not included in the subset of IMSIs that has already been reassigned). Method  700  can then proceed to  706  where the registration process is completed. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 7 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
     In one or more embodiments, eligibility for services can be determined according to a viability of the UICC. For example, if it is determined that the UICC is no longer compatible with the network (e.g., it cannot perform certain functions requested by the network or cannot facilitate certain communication services) then the device/UICC can be designated as being ineligible for service and provisioning information can be sent to the device (e.g., via registration simulation platform  675 ) to nullify or otherwise disable use of the IMSI by that device/UICC. In one embodiment, if it is determined that the UICC is not viable or otherwise is incompatible with the network then the subscriber of the original device can be provided with a request to upgrade the UICC (which may or may not utilize the same IMSI), such as forwarding a message including an offer to the original device. In this example, the IMSI can be removed from the listing of designated IMSIs. One or more of the determinations described with respect to any of the exemplary embodiments can be made by the identity proxy function  250 , the identity provisioning function  350 , or another network device. 
       FIG. 8  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a communication system  800  (e.g., a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system) that provides communication services such as to a communication device  810 . The communication device  810  can be various types of devices such as a mobile phone or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  800  enables IMSI re-use by the same or other communication devices through use of an identity proxy function  850  and an identity provisioning function  899 . System  800  can perform many of the same functions as described with respect to system  200  including intercepting a registration request with an IMSI, determining an identity of a device requesting registration, processing registration requests according to whether the IMSI is a designated IMSI and whether the IMSI has already been reassigned to another device, reassigning an IMSI to an original device that has come back online, reauthorizing use of an original IMSI for an original device that has returned to being service eligible, and so forth. 
     System  800  can utilize the identity proxy function  850  to perform functions similar to those described with respect to the identity proxy function  250  of system  200  for facilitating the re-use of IMSIs. System  800  can include various components that facilitate providing the communication services, including an eNodeB (eNB)  825  that functions as hardware that communicates directly wirelessly with mobile handsets similar to the BSS of the GSM network of system  200 , a Mobility Management Entity (MME)  840  that functions as a control-node for the LTE access-network, and a Home Subscriber Server (HSS)  860  that functions as a central database to contain user-related and subscription-related information and which provides user authentication and access authorization functionality. The HSS  860  is similar to the HLR  260  and AUC  270  of the GSM network of system  200 . Other components can also be included in the system  800  such as an EIR, S-GW, PDN GW, ePDG, SGSN and so forth. 
     In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  850  can be positioned between the eNB  825  and the MME  840  so that the IMSI is received by the identity proxy function  850  prior to being processed by the MME  840 . In one embodiment, an interface  855  can be established between the identity proxy function  850  and other network components, such as the HSS  860 . For example, the interface  855  can enable the identity proxy function  850  to communicate directly with the HSS  860  so as to bypass communication with the MME  840 . For instance, and as described herein, the identity proxy function  850  can simulate function(s) of the MME  840  such as RES comparison and the interface  855  can enable obtaining data needed for the RES comparison. 
     System  800  can utilize an identity provisioning function  899  for provisioning information to the communication device  810 , such as a reassigned IMSI, nullification information that disables the use of an old IMSI at an original device, an offer to obtain a reassigned IMSI, and so forth. In one embodiment, identity provisioning function  899  can also propagate other information to other network elements, such as notifications that an IMSI from the listing of designated IMSIs has been reassigned or has been removed from the IMSI, an inactive or active status change for a device, and so forth to various network elements such as the HSS  860 , the EIR, and so forth. The provisioning or propagation of information to the communication device  810  can be performed in a number of different ways, including utilizing a registration simulation platform (e.g., performing function similar to that of registration simulation platform  675  in  FIG. 6 ), an OTA gateway  880  and/or a messaging gateway  890 . The functions performed by the identity proxy function  850  and the identity provisioning function  899  in managing IMSI reuse can vary. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  850  can be utilized as a point of IMSI screening and further determinations as to what steps should be taken to manage the particular IMSI can be made by the identity provisioning function  899  based on a detection or screening message received by the identity provisioning function  899  from the identity proxy function  850 . In other embodiments, the identity proxy function  850  can take a more active role in determinations of the appropriate steps to be taken to manage the particular IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, the HSS  860  can be provisioned with reassigned IMSIs to facilitate the registration of a new device that has received a reassigned IMSI from an original device. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  850  can simulate a registration process to force the communication device  810  to generate a RES (similar to the process described with respect to  FIG. 5 ) so that the identity proxy function  850  can determine whether the device requesting registration is an original device or a new device. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  850  can obtain an IMSI of the communication device  810  attempting to register and can determine the identity of that device. Based upon the IMSI and the identity of the communication device  810 , a determination can be made (e.g., by the identity proxy function  850  and/or the identity provisioning function  899 ) whether to allow the registration to proceed (to the MME  840 ), reassign an IMSI to the communication device, provide provisioning information that disables use of the IMSI by the communication device and/or take other appropriate actions to facilitate managing use and reuse of IMSI. 
     For example, the communication device  810  can initiate an attach procedure by transmitting an attach request to the eNB  825  so that the eNB can derive the appropriate MME from the Radio Resource Control (RRC) parameters carrying the old Globally Unique Mobility Management Entity Identifier (GUMMEI) and the indicated Selected Network. The attach request (i.e., registration request) can be received by the identity proxy function  850  (e.g., from the eNB  825 ). In one embodiment, the attach request can include a Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity (GUTI) which has the GUMMEI and also has the M-TMSI, which identifies the particular device. This identification allows the identity proxy function  850  to ascertain whether the particular device is a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI from the listing of designated IMSIs or is the original device that was previously associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment. In this example, the identity proxy function  850  can obtain the IMSI in a number of different ways. For example, if the communication device  810  identifies itself with a GUTI, then the GUTI can be used to derive the old MME/SGSN address, and an Identification Request can be sent to the old MME/SGSN to request the IMSI. In another embodiment, the identity proxy function  850  can send an Identity Request to the communication device  810  to request the IMSI. 
     In one embodiment such as where the identity proxy function  850  is unable to obtain device identity information (e.g., the GUTI) for the communication device  810 , the identity proxy function  850  can simulate the registration process of the MME  840  to obtain information that enables discerning whether the communication device  810  is a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI or is the original device that was previously associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment. As an example, the identity proxy function  850  can simulate the registration process of the MME  840  so as to obtain a RES generated by the communication device  810  according to an EPS AKA algorithm. From that generated RES, the identity proxy function  850  can detect whether the communication device  810  is the new device that has been reassigned the IMSI or is the original device that was previously associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment. In this example, the identity proxy function  850  can communicate with other necessary components for obtaining data that is utilized in the registration process (e.g. a mutual authentication process) such as bypassing the MME  840  and communicating via the interface  855  with the HSS  860  to obtain authentication vectors (e.g., RAND, AUTN, XRES, K ASME ). The HSS  860  generates authentication vector(s) using the EPS AKA algorithm and forwards them back to the identity proxy function  850 . The identity proxy function  850  can select one of the authentication vectors (if more than one was received) and can use it to perform mutual authentication with the communication device  810  by forwarding the RAND and AUTN HSS  to the communication device, which then computes RES, AUTN UE  and K ASME  using the EPS AKA algorithm. The communication device  810  can then compare its own AUTN UE  and AUTN HSS  received from the identity proxy function  850 . Once authenticated, the communication device  810  can forward the RES to the identity proxy function  850 , which can then determine from a comparison of the XRES received from the HSS  860  with the RES generated by the communication device whether the particular device is the original device or the new device since different RESs will be generated based on different secret keys (LTE K) stored at different UICCs. In this example, since the identity proxy function  850  requested the authentication vectors, the HSS  860  will provide them back to the identity proxy function via interface  855  rather than providing them to the MME  840 . 
     In one embodiment, rather than utilizing the interface  855 , system  800  can utilize first and second identity proxy functions  850  that are positioned between the communication device  810  and the MME  840  and positioned between the MME  840  and the HSS  260  (shown in dashed lines in  FIG. 8 ), respectively. The first and second identity proxy functions  850  can communicate with each other, such as to bypass the MME  840  when the identity proxy functions  850  are simulating a registration process of the MME  840  and forcing the communication device  810  to generate a RES. In one embodiment, once the identity proxy function  850  has determined the identity of the device (original device vs. new device), the identity proxy function  850  can require that the communication device  810  perform a re-registration. 
     In one or more embodiments, system  800  enables receiving, by the identity proxy function  850 , a registration request associated with the communication device  810  where the registration request includes an IMSI of the communication device. System  800  enables accessing, by the identity proxy function  850 , information that identifies a group of IMSIs and that indicates a subset of the group of IMSIs that have been reassigned to other communication devices. Responsive to a first determination that the IMSI is not included in the group of IMSIs or a second determination that the IMSI is included in the subset of the group of IMSIs, system  800  enables providing, by the identity proxy function  850 , the registration request to a registration function (e.g., the MME  840  and/or the HSS  860 ) for completing a registration process for the communication device which allows for communication services at the communication device. In one embodiment, system  800  enables receiving, by the identity proxy function  850 , device identification data for the communication device  810 . A third determination can then be performed as to whether the communication device  810  is one of the other communication devices that has received a reassignment of one of the subset of the group of international mobile subscriber identities, where the third determination is based on the device identification data, and where the providing the registration request to the registration function for completing the registration process is according to the third determination. In one embodiment, the device identification data comprises an IMEI. In one embodiment, the IMEI is obtained from the communication device  810 . In one embodiment responsive to a third determination that the IMSI is included in the subset of the group of IMSIs and that the communication device  810  is not one of the other communication devices that has received a reassignment of one of the subset of the group of IMSIs, system  800  enables providing, via the identity provisioning function  899 , the communication device with provisioning information. The provisioning information causes one of disabling use of the IMSI by the communication device, reassignment of another IMSI from the group of IMSIs that is not included in the subset of the group of IMSIs, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the system  800  enables receiving, by the identity proxy function  850 , an IMEI from the communication device  810 , wherein the third determination is based on the IMEI. In one embodiment responsive to a third determination that the communication device  810  is eligible for service, that the IMSI is included in the group of IMSIs, and that the IMSI is not included in the subset of the group of IMSIs, the system  800  enables removal of the IMSI from the group of IMSIs and further enables providing, by the identity proxy function  850 , the registration request to the registration function for completing the registration process for the communication device. In one embodiment, system  800  enables determining a functionality of a universal integrated circuit card of the communication device  810  that stores the IMSI, where the removal of the IMSI from the group of IMSIs and the providing the registration request to the registration function are based on a fourth determination that the functionality of the universal integrated circuit card is compatible with the communication services associated with the communication device. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  850  is a stand-alone server located between the eNB  825  and the MME  840 , and the registration function is performed by the MME  840  utilizing services of the HSS  860 . In one embodiment, the provisioning information can be provided to the communication device by the identity provisioning function via an OTA interface, where the OTA instructions go through the identity proxy function  850 . 
     In one embodiment, the system  800  enables receiving, by the identity proxy function  850 , a signed response message generated by the communication device  810  based on a random challenge; and performing, by the identity proxy function, a third determination that the communication device is one of the other communication devices that has received a reassignment of one of the subset of the group of IMSIs, where the third determination is based on the signed response message, and where the providing the registration request to the registration function for completing the registration process is according to the third determination. In one embodiment, the system  800  enables providing, by the identity proxy function  850 , the random challenge to the communication device  810 . 
       FIG. 9  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a communication device  900 . Communication device  900  can serve in whole or in part as an illustrative embodiment of the devices depicted in  FIGS. 2-6 and 8  and can be configured to perform portions of method  700  of  FIG. 7 . Where communication device  900  is an end user device, it can include a UICC  975  that stores or otherwise manages use of an IMSI for registering the communication device. In one embodiment, the communication device  900  can be an end user device that performs operations including: providing a registration request that is received by an identity proxy function operating in a server, where the registration request includes a first IMSI of the communication device; responsive to a determination that the first IMSI has been reassigned to another communication device and that the communication device  900  is not the other communication device, receiving provisioning information that includes a second IMSI; and facilitating a registration process that utilizes the second IMSI and that enables communication services at the communication device. In one embodiment, the provisioning information includes disabling information that disables use of the first IMSI by the communication device  900 , where the registration process utilizes a secret key that was previously associated with the first IMSI prior to the first IMSI being reassigned to the other communication device, and where the receiving of the provisioning information is responsive to determining that the communication device is eligible for the communication services. 
     In another embodiment, the communication device  900  can be a network device (e.g., a network server executing the identity proxy function  250 ,  850  and/or the identity provisioning function  350 ,  899 ) that performs operations including: receiving an IMSI of a communication device; accessing information that identifies a group of IMSIs and that indicates a subset of the group of IMSIs that have been reassigned to other communication devices; and, responsive to a first determination that the IMSI is included in the subset of the group of IMSIs and that the communication device is not one of the other communication devices that has received a reassignment of one of the subset of the group of IMSIs, providing the communication device with provisioning information that disables use of the IMSI by the communication device. In one embodiment, the communication device  900  can, responsive to determining that use of the IMSI by the communication device has been nullified, provide a notification to or otherwise perform a removal of the IMSI from the group of IMSIs. In one embodiment, the communication device  900  can, receive an IMEI from the communication device, where the first determination is based on the IMEI. In one embodiment, the communication device  900  can, perform a second determination that the communication device is not service eligible, where the providing the communication device with the provisioning information is responsive to the second determination. In one embodiment, the communication device  900  can, responsive to a second determination that the IMSI is included in the subset of the group of IMSIs and that the communication device is one of the other communication devices that has received a reassignment of one of the subset of the group of IMSIs, providing a registration request to a registration function for completing a registration process for the communication device that enables communication services at the communication device. In one embodiment, the provisioning information enables reassignment of another IMSI from the group of IMSIs that is not included in the subset of the group of IMSIs, and where the communication device  900  can provide a registration request to a registration function for completing a registration process for the communication device utilizing the other IMSI. In one embodiment, the registration process for the communication device utilizing the other IMSI is further based on a secret key that was previously associated with the IMSI prior to the reassignment of the other IMSI to the communication device. 
     Communication device  900  can include more or less than the components described herein. For example, communication device  900  can comprise a wireline and/or wireless transceiver  902  (herein transceiver  902 ), a user interface (UI)  904 , a power supply  914 , a location receiver  916 , a motion sensor  918 , an orientation sensor  920 , and a controller  906  for managing operations thereof. The transceiver  902  can support short-range or long-range wireless access technologies such as Bluetooth®, ZigBee®, Wi-Fi, DECT, or cellular communication technologies, just to mention a few (Bluetooth® and ZigBee® are trademarks registered by the Bluetooth® Special Interest Group and the ZigBee® Alliance, respectively). Cellular technologies can include, for example, CDMA-1×, UMTS/HSDPA, GSM/GPRS, TDMA/EDGE, EV/DO, WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generation wireless communication technologies as they arise. The transceiver  902  can also be adapted to support circuit-switched wireline access technologies (such as PSTN), packet-switched wireline access technologies (such as TCP/IP, VoIP, etc.), and combinations thereof. 
     The UI  904  can include a depressible or touch-sensitive keypad  908  with a navigation mechanism such as a roller ball, a joystick, a mouse, or a navigation disk for manipulating operations of the communication device  900 . The keypad  908  can be an integral part of a housing assembly of the communication device  900  or an independent device operably coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a USB cable) or a wireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth®. The keypad  908  can represent a numeric keypad commonly used by phones, and/or a QWERTY keypad with alphanumeric keys. The UI  904  can further include a display  910  such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other suitable display technology for conveying images to an end user of the communication device  900 . In an embodiment where the display  910  is touch-sensitive, a portion or all of the keypad  908  can be presented by way of the display  910  with navigation features. 
     The display  910  can use touch screen technology to also serve as a user interface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, the communication device  900  can be adapted to present a user interface with graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by a user with a touch of a finger. The touch screen display  910  can be equipped with capacitive, resistive or other forms of sensing technology to detect how much surface area of a user&#39;s finger has been placed on a portion of the touch screen display. This sensing information can be used to control the manipulation of the GUI elements or other functions of the user interface. The display  910  can be an integral part of the housing assembly of the communication device  900  or an independent device communicatively coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a cable) or a wireless interface. 
     The UI  904  can also include an audio system  912  that utilizes audio technology for conveying low volume audio (such as audio heard in proximity of a human ear) and high-volume audio (such as speakerphone for hands free operation). The audio system  912  can further include a microphone for receiving audible signals of an end user. The audio system  912  can also be used for voice recognition applications. The UI  904  can further include an image sensor  913  such as a charged coupled device (CCD) camera for capturing still or moving images. 
     The power supply  914  can utilize common power management technologies such as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulation technologies, and/or charging system technologies for supplying energy to the components of the communication device  900  to facilitate long-range or short-range portable applications. Alternatively, or in combination, the charging system can utilize external power sources such as DC power supplied over a physical interface such as a USB port or other suitable tethering technologies. 
     The location receiver  916  can utilize location technology such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver capable of assisted GPS for identifying a location of the communication device  900  based on signals generated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used for facilitating location services such as navigation. The motion sensor  918  can utilize motion sensing technology such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or other suitable motion sensing technology to detect motion of the communication device  900  in three-dimensional space. The orientation sensor  920  can utilize orientation sensing technology such as a magnetometer to detect the orientation of the communication device  900  (north, south, west, and east, as well as combined orientations in degrees, minutes, or other suitable orientation metrics). 
     The communication device  900  can use the transceiver  902  to also determine a proximity to a cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®, or other wireless access points by sensing techniques such as utilizing a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and/or signal time of arrival (TOA) or time of flight (TOF) measurements. The controller  906  can utilize computing technologies such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits, and/or a video processor with associated storage memory such as Flash, ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM or other storage technologies for executing computer instructions, controlling, and processing data supplied by the aforementioned components of the communication device  900 . 
     Other components not shown in  FIG. 9  can be used in one or more embodiments of the subject disclosure. For instance, the communication device  900  can include a reset button (not shown). The reset button can be used to reset the controller  906  of the communication device  900 . In yet another embodiment, the communication device  900  can also include a factory default setting button positioned, for example, below a small hole in a housing assembly of the communication device  900  to force the communication device  900  to re-establish factory settings. In this embodiment, a user can use a protruding object such as a pen or paper clip tip to reach into the hole and depress the default setting button. The communication device  900  can also include a slot for adding or removing the UICC  975  (where it is not an embedded UICC). The UICC  975  can be various types of UICCs and can be a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card. The UICC  975  can be used for identifying subscriber services, executing programs, storing subscriber data, and so forth. 
     The communication device  900  as described herein can operate with more or less of the circuit components shown in  FIG. 9 . These variant embodiments can be used in one or more embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
     The communication device  900  can be adapted to perform the functions of the devices of  FIGS. 2-6 and 8  including communication devices  210 ,  410 ,  810 , as well as the identity proxy functions  250 ,  850 , the identity provisioning functions  350 ,  899  and other network components described herein. It will be appreciated that the communication device  900  can also represent other devices that can operate in systems  200  and  800 . In addition, the controller  906  can be adapted in various embodiments to perform the functions  462  which enables management of the re-use of IMSIs. 
     Upon reviewing the aforementioned embodiments, it would be evident to an artisan with ordinary skill in the art that said embodiments can be modified, reduced, or enhanced without departing from the scope of the claims described below. For example, other factors can be utilized to determine whether an original device should receive an IMSI from the designated group of IMSIs (which has not yet been reassigned) or whether the original device should continue to utilize the original IMSI. For instance, even though the original IMSI may not yet have been reassigned, the service provider may desire to reassign another IMSI (from the designated IMSI to be reassigned) such as to facilitate categorizing devices and/or subscribers based on particular groupings of IMSIs. 
     The exemplary embodiments have been described with respect to GSM and LTE networks  200 ,  800 , respectively. However, the exemplary embodiments can be utilized for managing use of IMSIs in various types of networks. For example in a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, IMSI management can be performed as described in the exemplary embodiments by intercepting a registration request utilizing an identity proxy function (e.g., positioned between the BSS and the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)). In another example in a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network, IMSI management can be performed as described in the exemplary embodiments by intercepting a registration request utilizing an identity proxy function. 
     In one or more embodiments, other steps or procedures can be implemented when an original device that has been flagged as inactive attempts to register with the network. For example, when an original device whose original IMSI has been re-assigned to another device is detected during a registration request, the network can limit interaction of the original device with the network. For instance, the UICC of the original device can be forced to use a default or bootstrap IMSI which has limited functionality such as being limited to bootstrap functions (e.g., functions that enable communicating with the network for administrative reasons including obtaining a reassigned IMSI), a pay for service mode, and so forth. For instance, a pay for service mode can be implemented by the default IMSI by allowing registration that enables access to a webpage for selecting and paying for particular communication services, such as messaging, voice calls, and so forth. In one embodiment, the default IMSI can be stored by the UICC in addition to the original IMSI. In one embodiment, the provisioning information provided to the UICC can cause the UICC to utilize the default IMSI instead of the original IMSI. In another embodiment, the identity provisioning function  350 ,  899  can provision the default IMSI to the original device rather than provisioning an IMSI from the designated group of IMSIs. The default or bootstrap IMSI can differ from an original IMSI in that the original IMSI can be utilized by a device (e.g., a new device reassigned the original IMSI or the original device that is re-authorized to utilize the IMSI) for accessing a full range of available services whereas the default or bootstrap IMSI does not provide access to the full range of available services, although the default or bootstrap IMSI could provide access to a webpage for pay for service mode. In one embodiment, a same default or bootstrap IMSI can be utilized by numerous devices that have been flagged as inactive. 
     In one or more embodiments, the intercepting of the IMSI and determining whether to allow registration to continue by the identity proxy function  250 ,  850  prevents a failure or other error message from being generated and/or from being provided to the communication device which could have adverse effects on the communication device such as disabling OTA interface of the communication device. 
     In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  250 ,  850  can cache or otherwise store last successful registration processes for particular devices to utilize that information for determining whether a device requesting registration is an original device or a new device with a reassigned IMSI. In one embodiment, the device identification information (e.g., an IMEI) can be sourced by one or more other network elements. Other embodiments can be used in the subject disclosure. 
     It should be understood that devices described in the exemplary embodiments can be in communication with each other via various wireless and/or wired methodologies. The methodologies can be links that are described as coupled, connected and so forth, which can include unidirectional and/or bidirectional communication over wireless paths and/or wired paths that utilize one or more of various protocols or methodologies, where the coupling and/or connection can be direct (e.g., no intervening processing device) and/or indirect (e.g., an intermediary processing device such as a router). 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a portion of a system  1000  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  1010 . System  1000  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  800  of  FIG. 8  or another network such as a GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  1010  can be various types of devices such as a mobile phone or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  1000  enables IMSI re-use by the same or other communication devices through use of an identity proxy function  1050  (which can perform some or all of the functions described with respect to identity proxy functions  250 ,  850 ) and an identity provisioning function  1099  (which can perform some or all of the functions described with respect to identity proxy functions  350 ,  899 ). System  1000  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function  1060 , such as an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. 
     System  1000  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. In one embodiment, the communication device  1010  can be reassigned an IMSI from a listing of designated IMSIs where the IMSI was previously associated with a different communication device (e.g., which has been flagged as an inactive device). In this example at  1001 , the identity provisioning function  1099  can receive a request, be instructed or otherwise determine that an IMSI (in a list of designated IMSIs) is to be reassigned to the communication device  1010 . The communication device  1010  can be a new device that needs an IMSI to provide communication services or can be an existing device that requires another IMSI due to some other reason, such as having its own IMSI reassigned to a different device. 
     At  1002 , the identity provisioning function  1099  can notify the registration function  1060  (e.g., the HLR  260  in system  200  of  FIG. 2  or the HSS  860  in system  800  of  FIG. 8 ) that the communication device  1010  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI. This can include deleting an original IMSI assignment for the communication device  1010  and/or adding the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  1010  in a database, such as of the HLR  260  or the HSS  860 . In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR  260  or HSS  860  to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. By notifying the registration function  1060  that the communication device  1010  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI, the communication device  1010  can now successfully register with the network. 
     At  1003 , the identity provisioning function  1099  can notify the identity proxy function  1050  that the communication device  1010  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI or can notify the identity proxy function that an IMSI in the listing of designated IMSIs has been moved to the subset of designated IMSIs due to reassignment to another device (with or without indicating the particular new device that has been reassigned the IMSI). In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  1050  can already be aware that the IMSI is part of the group of IMSIs designated for potential reassignment and can already be aware that an original communication device associated with the particular IMSI has been flagged as inactive. In this example, the identity proxy function  1050  can switch a designation of the particular IMSI to being flagged as within the subset of the designated IMSIs that have already been reassigned to another device (i.e., the communication device  1010  in this example). 
     System  1000  also illustrates a successful registration of communication device  1010  utilizing the reassigned IMSI from steps  1001 - 1003 . For example, at  1011 , the communication device  1010  (which has been reassigned the IMSI) can request registration with the network. A registration request including the reassigned IMSI can be received by the registration function  1060  (e.g., an MSC/VLR in a GSM network or an MME in an LTE network). In one embodiment, the registration request can also be received by the identity proxy function  1050 . For instance, the registration request can be intercepted or otherwise received by the identity proxy function  1050  and then forwarded to the registration function  1060 . A registration process can be performed according to the reassigned IMSI and a secret key that is associated with the communication device  1010 . The registration function  1060  can be aware of the secret key associated with the communication device  1010  and can be aware of the reassigned IMSI that is now associated with the communication device. The registration process can be similar to the processes described herein with respect to GSM or LTE networks, such as a comparison of SRES in GSM or a comparison of RES in LTE or a comparison of XRES in UMTS environment. At  1012 , a successful registration can be communicated to the communication device  1010 . The particular messaging that makes up the registration request and the registration process can vary. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a portion of a system  1100  that provides communication services to end user devices, such as communication device  1110 . System  1100  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  800  of  FIG. 8 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10  or another network such as a GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  1110  can be various types of devices such as a mobile phone or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  1100  enables IMSI re-use by the same or other communication devices through use of an identity proxy function  1050  (which can perform some or all of the functions described with respect to identity proxy functions  250 ,  850 ) and an identity provisioning function  1099  (which can perform some or all of the functions described with respect to identity proxy functions  350 ,  899 ). System  1100  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function  1060 , such as an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. 
     System  1100  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  1100  illustrates an attempted registration by the communication device  1110  utilizing an IMSI that is included in the listing of designated IMSIs (e.g., where the communication device  1110  is an original device that has been flagged as inactive). For example, at  1101 , the communication device  1110  can request registration with the network. A registration request (e.g., including an original IMSI that is among the listing of designated IMSIs for reassignment or has already been reassigned to another device or an IMSI that is not on the designated list) can be received by the registration function  1060  (e.g., an MSC/VLR in a GSM network or an MME in an LTE network). In one embodiment, the registration request can also be received by the identity proxy function  1050 . For instance, the registration request can be intercepted or otherwise received by the identity proxy function  1050  and then forwarded to the registration function  1060 . A registration process can be performed according to the original IMSI and a secret key that is associated with the communication device  1110 . The registration function  1060  can be aware of the secret key associated with the communication device  1110 . The registration process can be similar to the processes described herein with respect to GSM or LTE networks, such as a comparison of SRES in GSM or a comparison of RES in LTE. 
     At  1102 , a registration error can be generated by the registration function  1060  (e.g., an authentication failure message generated by the MSC/VLR and/or HLR in GSM or by the MME and/or HSS in LTE) and can be received by the identity proxy function  1050  from the registration function  1060 . In this example, the identity proxy function  1050  can intercept the authentication error message prior to or otherwise to avoid it being received by the communication device  1110 . The particular messaging that makes up the registration request, the registration process and/or the registration error can vary. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  1050  can determine that the registration error is a valid failure for a device that should not be attempting to use the IMSI (such as a third device that is not the original device and is not a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI). For instance, an authentication failure can be received for a device that is not the original device and is not a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI. In this example, the identity proxy function  1050  can allow the error process (e.g., an authentication failure messaging) to proceed. In another embodiment at  1103 , a request for reassignment of another IMSI from the listing of the designated IMSIs or authorization to utilize the original IMSI can be provided to the identity provisioning function  1099  from the identity proxy function  1050 . For instance, the identity proxy function  1050  can (e.g., in response to receiving the error message) compare the original IMSI associated with communication device  1110  to the list of designated IMSIs and the subset of the designated IMSIs to determine the status of the original IMSI (reassigned vs not reassigned). The identity proxy function  1050  can further determine the identity of the communication device  1110  (original vs new device) based on device identification information (e.g., an IMEI, GUTI and so forth). 
     In one embodiment, where the error message does not include any device identification information and/or the IMSI, the identity proxy function  1050  can ascertain the device identification information and/or IMSI from the registration request that was previously received or intercepted. For instance, when the identity proxy function  1050  detects a registration error message (e.g., an AUTHENTICATION REJECT message from an MME), the identity proxy function  1050  can detect within the message addressing information, message ID information, correlation ID information, and so forth, and can further correlate the error message with the stored registration request previously intercepted. This enables the IMSI and/or device identification information (e.g., GUTI or IMEI) to be determined. 
     Continuing with this example and based on this information, reassignment of another IMSI from the listing of the designated IMSIs or authorization use of the original IMSI can be implemented. In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  1099  can notify the HLR or HSS that the user is valid and the HLR or HSS can perform a database update to enable a subsequent registration utilizing the reassigned IMSI by the device. In this example, the identity proxy function  1050  can also take action, such as preventing forwarding of the failed registration to the device, to cause the device to reattempt the registration. In one embodiment, a determination of a subscriber&#39;s eligibility for services can be made. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors such as suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, the device/UICC is no longer compatible with network or services, and so forth. In another embodiment, a determination of a compatibility of service with a UICC of the communication device  1110  can be made. One or both of these determinations can be part of deciding whether to reassign another IMSI from the listing of the designated IMSIs, to authorize use of the original IMSI, or to deny services to the communication device  1110 . These determinations can be made by the identity provisioning function  1099  or can be made by another network element. 
     If it is determined that an IMSI from the listing of designated IMSIs (which has not yet been reassigned) is to be reassigned to the communication device  1110 , then at  1104  provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  1099  to the registration function  1060  which will enable the communication device to register with the network utilizing the reassigned IMSI in conjunction with an original secret key that is associated with the communication device. In one embodiment, if it is determined that the communication device  1110  is to be permitted to reuse its original IMSI (where the original IMSI has not yet been reassigned to another device), then provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  1099  to the registration function  1060  which will enable the communication device to register with the network utilizing the original IMSI in conjunction with the original secret key that is associated with the communication device. 
     If it is determined that a reassigned IMSI is to be provisioned to the communication device  1110 , then at  1104  provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  1099  to the communication device  1110  which will include the reassigned IMSI. As an example, the identity provisioning function  1099  can provide the reassigned IMSI to the communication device  1110  utilizing an OTA interface according to an SMS protocol such as through use of a registration simulation platform (e.g., performing function similar to that of registration simulation platform  675  in  FIG. 6 ). In one embodiment, if it is determined that the communication device  1110  is not to be permitted to reuse its original IMSI (e.g., another IMSI is to be reassigned or the communication device  1110  is not eligible for services), then provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  1099  to the communication device  1110  to prevent the communication device from attempting to register with the network utilizing the original IMSI. In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  1099  can further communicate with various network elements (e.g., the identity proxy function  1050 , HLR, HSS, EIR, and so forth) so that the network elements are informed of the current state of IMSIs and/or communication devices. For example, if an original device is reassigned another IMSI or an original device is nullified from using the original IMSI via provisioning information then the identity provisioning function  1099  can remove the original IMSI (of that original device) from the listing of designated IMSIs. In these examples, the original IMSI can also then be assigned to another device (if not already reassigned). 
     At  1106  if another IMSI has been reassigned to the communication device  1110  or reuse of the original IMSI has been authorized, then the communication device  1110  can re-register. For example, the provisioning information provided by the identity provisioning function  1099  to the communication device  1110  can cause the communication device to initiate a re-registration. The re-registration request can be received and processed by the registration function  1060  and based on the provisioning procedures at steps  1104  and  1105 , a successful registration message can be provided to the communication device  1110  at  1107 . 
       FIG. 12  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  1200  used by systems  1000 ,  1100  for facilitating the re-use of IMSIs. One or more of the steps of method  1200  can be performed by the identity proxy function  1050 , the identity provisioning function  1099  and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6 and 8-9 . At  1202 , an error message can be received that is associated with a communication device. For instance, the error message can result from a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by the communication device utilizing an IMSI that is part of the listing of designated IMSIs. As an example, in GSM, the identity proxy function  1050  can receive an authentication failure message from a VLR. As another example in LTE, the identity proxy function  1050  can receive an authentication failure message from an MME. In one or more embodiments, the determination of an authentication failure (e.g., by an HLR or HSS) can be based on an IMSI and secret key combination for a device that is flagged as inactive. If there is no determination of an error (e.g., the IMSI is not included in the listing of designated IMSIs or the IMSI has been reassigned to a new device and the registration request is from that new device) then method  1200  can proceed to  1216  so that the registration process can be completed which enables the communication device to obtain services via the network. 
     At  1204 , a screening of the IMSI can be performed by the identity proxy function  1050 . For example, the identity proxy function  1050  can determine whether the IMSI is included in the designated group of IMSIs and if so can further determine whether the IMSI is included in a subset of the group which is further designated as having already been reassigned to another communication device. If the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs then method  1200  can proceed to  1206  for the authentication failure message to be delivered to the communication device  1110 . If on the other hand the IMSI is part of the designated group of IMSIs then a determination can be made at  1206  as to whether the error message is for an original device that was associated with the IMSI (e.g., prior to being reassigned) or whether error message is for some other device. The identification of the particular device can be performed in a number of different ways, such as based on device identification information (e.g., IMEI). In one embodiment, where the error message does not include any device identification information and/or the IMSI, the identity proxy function  1050  can ascertain the device identification information and/or IMSI from the registration request that was previously received or intercepted. For instance, when the identity proxy function  1050  detects a registration error message (e.g., an AUTHENTICATION REJECT message from an MME), the identity proxy function  1050  can detect within the message addressing information, message ID information, correlation ID information, and so forth, and can further correlate the error message with the stored registration request previously intercepted. This enables the IMSI and/or device identification information (e.g., GUTI or IMEI) to be determined. 
     If the error message is not for the original device (e.g., a device that the IMSI was previously associated with prior to being added to the listing of designated IMSIs) then method  1200  can proceed to  1206  for the authentication failure message to be delivered to the communication device  1110 . If on the other hand the error message is for the original device then a determination can be made at  1210  as to whether the subscriber of the original device is eligible for communication services. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors and can be determined by various components or a combination of components, such as based on billing, device hardware requirements, device software requirements, and so forth. 
     If the subscriber of the original device is not eligible for communication services then at  1212  provisioning information can be provided to the original device (e.g., via OTA provisioning by the identity provisioning function  1099  such as through use of the registration simulation platform  675 ) that causes disabling the use of the original IMSI by the original device. In one embodiment, the IMSI can then be removed from the listing of designated IMSIs. 
     If on the other hand the subscriber of the original device is eligible for communication services then at  1214  the original device can be authorized to utilize the particular IMSI (e.g., if it is determined that the particular IMSI has not yet been reassigned) or the original device can be provisioned, such as through use of the registration simulation platform  675 , with another IMSI (e.g., if it is determined that the original IMSI has already been reassigned to another device) and registration of the device can be completed at  1216 . 
     In one embodiment, the new IMSI reassigned to the original device can be selected from the listing of designated IMSI (which is not included in the subset of IMSIs that has already been reassigned). In one embodiment, the communication device  1110  can be instructed to re-register utilizing the new IMSI if one has been reassigned or utilizing the original IMSI if reuse of that original IMSI has been authorized. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 12 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a portion of a system  1300  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  1310 . System  1300  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  800  of  FIG. 8 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11  or another network such as a GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  1310  can be various types of devices such as a mobile phone or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  1300  enables IMSI re-use by the same or other communication devices through use of an identity proxy function  1350  (which can perform some or all of the functions described with respect to identity proxy functions  250 ,  850 ,  1050 ) and an identity provisioning function  1399  (which can perform some or all of the functions described with respect to identity proxy functions  350 ,  899 ,  1099 ). System  1300  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function  1360 , such as an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network, where an IMSI may or may not be reassigned to the communication device via the identity provisioning function  1399 . 
     System  1300  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  1300  illustrates an attempted registration by the communication device  1310  which has been flagged as inactive (e.g., services have been suspended, failure to register over threshold time period, and so forth). The identity proxy function  1350  facilitates registration of devices where the particular IMSI is a bootstrap IMSI  1311  or an IMSI  1312  that the network does not want the communication device to utilize for registration, such as an IMSI that has already been reassigned to another device.  FIG. 13  illustrates both of IMSIs  1311 ,  1312 , but the communication device  1310  can have one or the other of the IMSIs, such as stored in a UICC of the communication device. In this embodiment, the identity proxy function  1350  can intercept or otherwise receive the IMSI, such as based on intercepting a registration request (e.g., prior to the registration request being provided to an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in GSM as illustrated in  FIG. 2  or prior to the registration request being provided to an MME and/or HSS in LTE as illustrated in  FIG. 8 ). In another embodiment, the identity proxy function  1350  can intercept or otherwise receive the IMSI which is associated with a registration error, such as an authentication failure message as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . A bootstrap IMSI  1311  can be an IMSI that provides for limited functionality such as being limited to bootstrap functions (e.g., functions that enable communicating with the network for administrative reasons including obtaining a reassigned IMSI), a pay for service mode, and so forth. For instance, a pay for service mode can be implemented by the bootstrap IMSI  1311  by allowing registration that enables access to a webpage for selecting and paying for particular communication services, such as messaging, voice calls, and so forth. The bootstrap IMSI  1311  can differ from an original IMSI  1312  in that the original IMSI can be utilized by a device (e.g., a new device reassigned the original IMSI or the original device that is re-authorized to utilize the IMSI) for accessing a full range of available services whereas the default or bootstrap IMSI does not provide access to the full range of available services, although the default or bootstrap IMSI could provide access to a webpage for pay for service mode. In one embodiment, a same bootstrap IMSI  1311  can be utilized by numerous devices that have been flagged as inactive. 
     In one embodiment at  1301 , the original device  1310  can request registration with the network where the identity proxy function  1350  can determine whether or not the particular IMSI is part of a group of designated IMSIs. In one embodiment, the group of designated IMSIs can include bootstrap IMSIs and/or IMSIs that the network does not want utilized by the original devices (e.g., where the IMSI has already been reassigned to another device). In one embodiment, bootstrap IMSIs can be IMSIs that provide for limited use by a communication device. For instance, the limited use of a bootstrap IMSI can include enabling communication with network element(s) for initiating or otherwise facilitating a registration process and/or provisioning of another IMSI without enabling user communication services (e.g., voice, video, data, messaging) at the communication device utilizing the bootstrap IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  1350  can identify the particular device requesting registration with the network. For example, device identification information (e.g., an IMEI or GUTI) can be obtained for the original device  1310 , such as being received from device  1310  (e.g., in the registration request) or obtained from another network element (e.g., from an Identification Request sent to the old MME/SGSN to request the IMSI). As another example, if the IMSI has not yet been reassigned but is part of a group of IMSIs designated for potential reassignment then the identity proxy function  1350  can determine that the device requesting registration is the original device  1310  that has been flagged as inactive. In another embodiment, identification of the device can be based on simulating a registration process and forcing a generation of an SRES (in GSM) or RES (in LTE) by the communication device  1310 , as described herein. 
     In one embodiment, registration simulation platform  675  can be utilized (e.g., positioned between the communication device  1310  and the VLR in GSM or positioned between the communication device and the MME in LTE). As described herein, the simulating network can send an OTA message to the device that can cause the modification of the device IMSI and can cause the device to perform a re-registration to the target network. For example, the simulating network can comprise a set of functional elements that exist in the target network including an MSC/VLR, a MME, a HLR or HSS, an AUC, a SMSC, an OTA platform, a SGW, a PGW, an EIR and/or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can simulate a registration of the communication device  1310 , identify the communication device from the secret key and/or from other identification information (e.g., IMEI or GUTI) and/or can cause the communication device to change from the bootstrap IMSI  1311  to an active IMSI via OTA. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  1350  and/or the identity provisioning function  1399  can determine whether the original device  1310  is eligible for services. If the original device  1310  is not eligible for services (e.g., suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, device/UICC is no longer compatible with network or services, and so forth) then the identity proxy function  1350  can cause or otherwise facilitate or enable provisioning information to be provided (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  1399 ) to the original device  1310  to cause the original device to disable its use of an original IMSI  1312 . In this example, the original IMSI  1312  can then be removed from the designated listing of IMSIs and can instead be included with other IMSIs (e.g., that have never been used before) that are eligible for assignment. 
     In one embodiment, if the communication device  1310  is eligible for services then the identity provisioning function  1399  can implement a reassignment of another IMSI  1313  (e.g., from a listing of IMSIs that are designated for reassignment) for the device  1310 . For example at  1302 , responsive to a determination that an IMSI reassignment is warranted (e.g., a bootstrap IMSI is being utilized, the original IMSI has already been reassigned to another device, and/or a subscriber of the original device  1310  is eligible for services) then the identity proxy function  1350  can provide a request to the identity provisioning function  1399  for the other IMSI  1313  or the determination can be made by the identity provisioning function  1399 . In one embodiment, the original device  1310  can continue to utilize its original secret key (which is mapped to the original device by the network such as in an HLR or HSS). In one embodiment, the determination of eligibility for services can be made by the identity provisioning function  1399  such that the identity proxy function  1350  automatically transmits the request to the identity provisioning function  1399  for another IMSI responsive to a determination that the IMSI is in the listing of designated IMSIs and the identity provisioning function  1399  can approve or deny the request. 
     Continuing with this example at  1303 , the identity provisioning function  1399  can notify various network elements (e.g., the HLR  260 , the AUC  270 , an EIR, the HSS  860 , and/or a national SIM manager) that the communication device  1310  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI  1313 . In one embodiment, this transmitting of network provisioning data can cause the HLR  260  or HSS  860  to delete (or otherwise note the change of) an original IMSI assignment for the communication device  1310  and/or add the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  1310  in its database. In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR  260  or the HSS  860  to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. In one or more embodiments, the HLR  260  and/or the HSS  860  may or may not have information corresponding to the bootstrap IMSI  1311 . 
     In one embodiment at  1304 , the identity provisioning function  1399  can provide provisioning information to the communication device  1310 , such as via an OTA interface (e.g., using an SMS protocol such as through registration simulation platform  675 ). The provisioning information can cause the UICC to be adjusted so that the reassigned IMSI  1313  is now utilized by the communication device  1310  for communication services. At  1305 , the communication device  1310  can then attempt to re-register utilizing the reassigned IMSI  1313 . The identity proxy function  1350  can receive the re-registration request for the communication device  1310 , which now includes the reassigned IMSI  1313 , and at  1306 - 1308  the registration process (e.g., via the VLR  245  and the HLR  260  in system  200  or via the MME  840  and the HSS  860  in LTE) can be completed based on the reassigned IMSI  1313 . In one or more embodiments, the identity provisioning function  1399  can provision an NSM with the reassigned IMSI  1313  for the original device where the secret key of the original device is already known. In another embodiment, the identity provisioning function  1399  can be integrated with equipment of the NSM. In one embodiment, a billing system can detect the change in IMSI for the UICC and can provision some or all other network elements necessary for enabling call processing (e.g., HLR  260 , AUC  270 , MME  840  and/or HSS  860 ). In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  1350  and/or the identity provisioning function  1399  can provide instructions to the communication device  1310  that causes the communication device to initiate a re-registration utilizing the re-assigned IMSI  1313 . 
       FIG. 14  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  1400  used by system  1300  for facilitating the reassignment of IMSIs where a device is attempting to register utilizing a bootstrap IMSI or utilizing an IMSI that the network does not want the device to continue to utilize. One or more of the steps of method  1400  can be performed by the identity proxy function  1350 , the identity provisioning function  1399  and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11 and 13 . At  1402 , an IMSI can be received that is associated with a communication device. For instance, the IMSI can be part of a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by the communication device  1310  or can be associated with an authentication failure caused by use of the particular IMSI (e.g., the IMSI has been reassigned and the IMSI/original secret key combination is no longer valid and thus cannot be authenticated). At  1404 , a determination of the status of the IMSI can be made. For example, the identity proxy function  1350  can determine whether the IMSI is included in a designated group of IMSIs (e.g., a bootstrap IMSI or an IMSI that the network does not want the device to continue to utilize). In one embodiment, if the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the registration function  1360  (e.g., MSC/VLR in GSM or MME in LTE) to perform the registration at  1406 . If on the other hand the IMSI is part of the designated group of IMSIs then a determination can be made at  1408  as to whether the registration request is for an original device that was associated with the IMSI (e.g., prior to being reassigned) or whether the registration request is for another device (e.g., a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI). The identification of the particular device can be performed in a number of different ways, such as based on device identification information (e.g., IMEI or GUTI), simulating a registration process to force an SRES or RES generation by the device from which the device identification can be determined, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment, if the registration request and the IMSI are from a new device that has been reassigned the IMSI then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the MSC/VLR (in GSM) or the MME (in LTE) to perform the registration at  1406 . In another embodiment, if the registration request and the IMSI are from another device that has not been authorized to utilize the IMSI (and which is not the original device associated with that IMSI) then an authentication failure can be generated. In one embodiment, provisioning information can be sent to that particular communication device, which is not authorized to utilize the IMSI, where the provisioning information causes nullification of the use of that particular IMSI by the UICC of that particular communication device. 
     If on the other hand the registration request and the IMSI are from an original device (e.g., a device that the IMSI was previously associated with prior to being added to the listing of designated IMSIs) then a determination can be made at  1410  as to whether the subscriber of the original device is eligible for communication services. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors and can be determined by various components or a combination of components, such as based on billing, device hardware requirements, device software requirements, user requests, and so forth. In one embodiment, if the subscriber of the original device is not eligible for communication services then at  1412  provisioning information can be provided to the original device (e.g., via OTA provisioning by the identity provisioning function  1399  such as through use of registration simulation platform  675 ) that causes disabling the use of the particular IMSI by the original device (e.g., where the IMSI is not bootstrap IMSI  1311  but rather is original IMSI  1312 ). In one embodiment, if the IMSI  1312  has not already been reassigned and the IMSI  1312  is not to be utilized by the communication device  1310  then it can be removed from the listing of designated IMSIs to be provided to another communication device. 
     If on the other hand the subscriber of the original device is eligible for communication services then at  1414  the original device can be authorized to utilize the particular IMSI (e.g., if it is determined that the particular IMSI has not yet been reassigned) or the original device can be provisioned (e.g., utilizing registration simulation platform  675 ) with another IMSI (e.g., if it is determined that the original IMSI has already been reassigned to another device or if the IMSI is the bootstrap IMSI  1311 ). In one embodiment, the new IMSI  1313  that is reassigned to the original device  1310  can be selected from a listing of designated IMSI that are to be reassigned to devices. Method  1400  can then proceed to  1406  where the registration process is completed, such as by forwarding instructions to the communication device  1310  to cause a re-registration. In one embodiment, if the original device  1310  is utilizing the bootstrap IMSI  1311  and eligibility for services is approved then a new IMSI or the original IMSI  1312  will need to be utilized by the original device to access services since the bootstrap IMSI does not provide direct access to the services. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 14 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
     In one or more embodiments, eligibility for services can be determined according to a viability of the UICC, such as whether the UICC can comply with requirements of the network (e.g., it can perform certain security functions, provide certain notifications requested by the network, and/or can facilitate certain communication services). In one embodiment, if it is determined that the UICC is not viable or otherwise is incompatible with the network then the subscriber of the original device can be provided with a request to upgrade the UICC (which may or may not utilize the same IMSI), such as forwarding a message including an offer to the original device. In one embodiment, confirmation that a particular IMSI is no longer being utilized by a communication device can result in that particular IMSI being removed from the listing of designated IMSIs. One or more of the determinations described with respect to any of the exemplary embodiments can be made by the identity proxy function  1350 , the identity provisioning function  1399 , or another network device. 
     In one or more embodiments, the communication device  1310  can have both a bootstrap IMSI  1311  and an original IMSI  1312  (e.g., stored in the UICC). In one embodiment, the communication device  1310  or the UICC can switch from utilizing the original IMSI  1312  to utilizing the bootstrap IMSI  1311  responsive to detecting a triggering event. For example, a communication device  1310  can monitor for a time period from a last successful registration of the communication device utilizing the original IMSI  1312 . If the time period exceeds a particular threshold (e.g., six months) then the communication device and/or the UICC can switch to utilizing the bootstrap IMSI  1311 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the communication device  1310  can be provisioned with the bootstrap IMSI  1311  and may or may not continue to store and/or utilize the original IMSI  1312  (e.g., stored in the UICC). For example, bootstrap IMSIs can be provisioned to all or some devices via the identity provisioning function  1399  utilizing an OTA interface, such as via SMS protocol (e.g., through use of registration simulation platform  675 ). In one embodiment, particular communication devices can be selected for receiving bootstrap IMSIs based on various criteria, such as based on older devices that are predicted to be going offline in the near future, subscriber billing history, and so forth. 
     In one or more embodiments, the communication device  1310  can be provisioned with a bootstrap IMSI  1311  at the time that the device receives its IMSI such as a reassigned IMSI  1313 . In one or more embodiments, the group of designated IMSIs can include a first subset of IMSIs designated for limited use (e.g., bootstrap IMSIs), a second subset of IMSIs designated as having been reassigned to other communication devices, and/or a third subset of IMSIs designated for potential reassignment but that have not yet been reassigned to other communication devices. 
     In one or more embodiments, the bootstrap IMSI  1311  can be utilized for providing a subscriber with an option to obtain a reassigned IMSI (e.g., via OTA provisioning by the identity provisioning function  1399  such as by utilizing registration simulation platform  675 ) and/or to obtain pay for services, such as access to a website that allows purchasing particular services for particular lengths of times, and so forth. In one embodiment, the same bootstrap IMSI can be utilized for multiple device. In another embodiment, different bootstrap IMSIs can be utilized for different devices. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a portion of a system  1500  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication devices  1510 - 1510   n . System  1500  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11 , system  1300  of  FIG. 13 , or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication devices  1510 - 1510   n  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  1500  enables the same IMSI to be utilized by more than one communication device such as through use of a steering function in conjunction with unique device identifiers. System  1500  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function, such as an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network. 
     System  1500  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  1500  illustrates a registration by a communication device  1510  utilizing an IMSI that is shared with one or more other communication devices (illustrated as  1510   n ). Each of the communication devices  1510 - 1510   n  can have unique device identification information (e.g., an IMEI, eUICC platform ID, MAC address, and so forth) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating an SRES). 
     In one embodiment at  1501 , a first communication device  1510  can request registration with the network where the registration request is received by the MSC/VLR  1545 . In this embodiment the MSC and VLR are shown as one device but in another embodiment could also be separate devices. In one embodiment, the first communication device  1510  can send both an IMSI and a unique device identifier (e.g., an IMEI) to the MSC/VLR  1545 . In another embodiment, this unique device identifier can be identification associated with an eUICC. In another embodiment, a location update message can be utilized for delivering this information to the MSC/VLR  1545 . Other techniques for obtaining the unique device identifier can also be employed by system  1500 , including use of registration simulation platform  675  of  FIG. 6 . In one embodiment, the MSC/VLR  1545  can store the IMSI and the device identifier (e.g., indexed to each other), and can use them to uniquely identify the first communication device  1510  (against one or more other communication devices  1510   n  that may attempt to register utilizing the same IMSI but would have different device identifiers). In one embodiment, the MSC/VLR  1545  can have the capability of distinguishing between a set of IMSI instances using the IMSI and a unique device identifier. 
     In one embodiment, the MSC/VLR  1545  can generate an authentication request directed to an HLR  260 , such as using (or otherwise including) both the IMSI and the device identifier. In one embodiment, a steering function  1575  can intercept the authentication request and at  1502  can steer it or otherwise transmit it to an HLR based on network policies for the IMSI and device identifier combination. In one embodiment, the steering function  1575  can be integrated with the MSC/VLR  1545 . In another embodiment, the steering function  1575  can be a separate device, such as interfacing with the MSC/VLR  1545  via a Diameter Routing Agent. As an example, and as illustrated in  FIG. 15 , multiple HLRs  260  can be utilized where each HLR contains a single instance of a shared IMSI. In this example, the steering function  1575  can determine the appropriate HLR for receiving the authentication request according to the IMSI and the device identifier. Continuing with this example, the HLR  260  may not need to utilize (and/or know) the unique device identifier since it only has one instance of the IMSI and can rely on that IMSI for its database lookup. In another embodiment, a single HLR  260  can be used for shared IMSIs, where the single HLR has the capability of distinguishing communication devices based on an IMSI and a mapping to a unique device identifier as shown in the example of stored data at the HLR shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the combination of IMSI and device identifier would be known by the MSC/VLR  1545 , the steering function  1575  and/or the HLR  260  (e.g., where a single HLR is being utilized) prior to an attempt at registration. Once the HLR  260  receives the authentication request, the target HLR can provide authentication triplets to the MSC/VLR  1545  based on the IMSI (e.g., where multiple HLRs are being utilized that each have only one instance of the IMSI) and/or based on the combination of IMSI and unique device identifier (e.g., where a single HLR is being utilized that has multiple instances of the IMSI that are each indexed by a different unique device identifier). In one embodiment, the HLR  260  can communicate with the AUC  270  for obtaining the authentication triplets. The MSC/VLR  1545  can receive the authentication triplets from the HLR  260  and can initiate the authentication procedure with the first communication device  1510 . In one embodiment once authentication is successful, the MSC/VLR  1545  can assign a unique temporary ID, such as a P-TMSI, to the first communication device  1510 . This unique temporary ID can allow each of the communication devices  1510 - 1510   n  using the shared IMSI to be paged on its own. 
     In one embodiment, system  1500  can operate without utilizing the registration simulation platform  675  (e.g., illustrated in  FIG. 6 ). In another embodiment, system  1500  can operate without utilizing the identity proxy function  250  (e.g., illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 6 ) positioned between the MSC/VLR  1545  and the communication device  1510 . In one embodiment, the functionality of the MSC/VLR  1545  and/or the HLR  260  can be adjusted so that IMSI use by different devices can be distinguished according to unique device identifiers (e.g., an IMEI). In one embodiment, the combination of the IMSI and the unique device identifier is known and stored by various network elements (e.g., one or more of the MSC/VLR  1545 , the steering function  1575 , the HLR  260  and so forth) such as prior to any registration attempt. In one or more embodiments, system  1500  can utilize an identity provisioning function  1599  to provide various network elements (e.g., one or more of the MSC/VLR  1545 , the steering function  1575 , the HLR  260  and so forth) with network provisioning data such as combinations of IMSIs and unique device identifiers. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a portion of a system  1700  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication devices  1510 - 1510   n . System  1700  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  800  of  FIG. 8 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11 , system  1300  of  FIG. 13 , or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. System  1700  can operate similar to system  1500  but can utilize protocols and components associated with LTE communications. The communication devices  1510 - 1510   n  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  1700  enables the same IMSI to be utilized by more than one communication device such as through use of the steering function  1575  in conjunction with unique device identifiers. System  1700  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function, such as an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. System  1700  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  1700  illustrates a registration by a communication device  1510  utilizing an IMSI that is shared with one or more other communication devices (illustrated as  1510   n ). Each of the communication devices  1510 - 1510   n  can have unique device identification information, such as a GUTI, and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process. 
     In one embodiment at  1701 , a first communication device  1510  can request registration with the network where the registration request is received by the MME  1740 . In one embodiment, the first communication device  1510  can send both an IMSI and a unique device identifier (e.g., a GUTI) to the MME  1740 , such as during an initial Attach procedure. In one embodiment, this unique device identifier can be an eUICC platform ID. In another embodiment, multiple messages (Attach Request (IMSI) and Identify Response (GUTI)) can be utilized for delivering this information from the communication device  1510  to the MME  1740 . Although, any number of messages can be utilized for obtaining the IMSI and unique device identification, such as a single message or two or more messages. Other techniques can be utilized for obtaining the unique device identification, such as an Identification Request sent to an old MME/SGSN and/or use of registration simulation platform  675  of  FIG. 6  for forcing a RES generation. In one embodiment, the MME  1740  can store the IMSI and the device identifier together (e.g., mapped to each other), and can use them to uniquely identify the first communication device  1510  (against one or more other communication devices  1510   n  that may attempt to register utilizing the same IMSI but with different device identifiers). In one embodiment, the MME  1740  can have the capability of distinguishing between a set of IMSI instances using the IMSI and a unique device identifier. 
     In one embodiment, the MME  1740  can generate an authentication request directed to an HSS  860 , such as using (or otherwise including) both the IMSI and the device identifier. In one embodiment, the steering function  1575  can intercept the authentication request and at  1702  can steer it or otherwise transmit it to an HSS based on policies for the IMSI and device identifier combination. In one embodiment, the steering function  1575  can be integrated with the MME  1740 . In another embodiment, the steering function  1575  can be a separate device, such as interfacing with the MME  1740  via a Diameter Routing Agent. As an example, and as illustrated in  FIG. 17 , multiple HSSs  860  can be utilized where each HSS contains a single instance of a shared IMSI. In this example, the steering function  1575  can determine the appropriate HSS for receiving the authentication request according to the IMSI and device identifier. Continuing with this example, the HSS  860  may not need to utilize (and/or know) the unique device identifier since it only has one instance of the IMSI and can rely on that IMSI. In another embodiment, a single HSS  860  can be used for shared IMSIs, where the single HSS has the capability of distinguishing communication devices based on IMSI and a mapping to a unique device identifier (similar to the example of stored data shown in  FIG. 16 ). 
     In one or more embodiments, the combination of IMSI and device identifier would be known by the MME  1740 , the steering function  1575  and/or the HSS  860  (e.g., where a single HSS is being utilized), such as prior to an attempt at registration. Once the HSS  860  receives the authentication request, the target HSS can provide authentication vectors to the MME  1740  based on the IMSI (e.g., where multiple HSSs are being utilized that each have only one instance of the IMSI) and/or based on the combination of IMSI and unique device identifier (e.g., where a single HSS is being utilized that has multiple instances of the IMSI that are each indexed by a unique device identifier). The MME  1740  can receive the authentication vectors from the HSS  860  and can initiate the authentication procedure with the first communication device  1510 . In one embodiment once authentication is successful, the MME  1740  can assign a unique temporary ID, such as a P-TMSI or GUIT, to the first communication device  1510 . This unique temporary ID can allow each of the communication devices  1510 - 1510   n  using the shared IMSI to be paged on its own or to otherwise facilitate network services. For instance, the unique temporary ID can be assigned to the first communication device  1510  after a successful authentication or at some other time during or after registration. 
     In one embodiment, system  1700  can operate without utilizing the registration simulation platform  675 . In another embodiment, system  1700  can operate without utilizing the identity proxy function  850  positioned between the MME  1740  and the communication device  1510 . In one embodiment, the functionality of the MME  1740  and/or the HSS  860  can be adjusted so that IMSI use by different devices can be distinguished according to unique device identifiers (e.g., a GUTI). In one embodiment, the combination of the IMSI and the unique device identifier is known and stored by various network elements (e.g., one or more of the MME  1740 , the steering function  1575 , the HSS  860  and so forth) such as prior to any registration attempt. In one or more embodiments, system  1700  can utilize an identity provisioning function  1599  to provide various network elements (e.g., one or more of the MME  1740 , the steering function  1575 , the HSS  860  and so forth) with network provisioning data such as combinations of IMSIs and unique device identifiers. 
       FIG. 18  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  1800  used by systems  1500  and/or  1700  for facilitating the use of a same IMSI by more than one communication device. One or more of the steps of method  1800  can be performed by various network elements, such as a steering function, a registration function, a VLR, an HLR, an MME, an HSS, and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15 and 17 . At  1802 , an IMSI can be received that is associated with a first communication device attempting to register with a network, where the IMSI has been assigned to one or more other communication devices which may or may not be registered with that network. The one or more other communication devices can be located remotely from the first communication device and/or can be located in proximity thereto, such as at the same premises. In one embodiment, the IMSI can be shared by communication devices associated with the same subscriber. In another embodiment, the IMSI can be shared by communication devices of a same type (e.g. a smart meter) which may or may not be associated with the same subscriber and which may or may not be located in proximity or at the same premises. In one embodiment, HLRs and/or HSSs can be established per subscriber and/or per groups of subscribers. In another embodiment, HLRs and/or HSSs can be established per premises, per groups of premises and/or per geographic locations. In another embodiment, the HLRs and/or HSSs can be established according to device types (e.g. a smart meter) which may or may not be associated with the same subscriber and which may or may not be located in proximity or at the same premises. 
     For instance, the IMSI can be part of a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by the communication device  1510 . At  1804 , a determination of the status of the IMSI can be made. For example, a VLR or MME can determine that the IMSI is included in a designated group of IMSIs that are shared by multiple devices. In one embodiment, if the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs then the registration process can be continued (with or without obtaining unique device identification information for the device) by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the registration function to perform the registration at  1806 . If on the other hand the IMSI is part of the designated group of IMSIs then a determination of an identity of the particular device requesting registration can be performed. For example, the identification of the particular device can be performed in a number of different ways, such as by receiving or requesting device identification information (e.g., IMEI or GUTI) including via an Attach Request and/or Identify Response in an EPS system, simulating a registration process to force an SRES or RES generation by the device from which the device identification can be determined, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment at  1808  where multiple registration functions are being utilized that each include only one instance of the IMSI, a selection of a first registration function from among a group of registration functions according to the device identification information can be performed. For instance, the group of registration functions (e.g., HLRs or HSSs) can store subscriber information including IMSIs that are indexed to device identifications. At  1810 , an authentication request can be transmitted to the selected first registration function (without being transmitted to any of the other registration functions), where the first registration function stores first subscriber information including the IMSI that is indexed to the first communication device and where a second registration function of the group of registration functions stores second subscriber information including the single IMSI that is indexed to the second communication device. In this example, the second registration function does not store the first subscriber information and the first registration function does not store the second subscriber information. The transmitting of the authentication request to the first registration function can enable the first communication device to complete a registration process. The use of the same IMSI for more than one device as described with respect to  FIGS. 15-18  can also be utilized with one or more features described with respect to other embodiments herein, such as OTA provisioning utilizing a registration simulation, bootstrap IMSIs for enabling provisioning of a same IMSI to more than one device, disabling devices from utilizing a shared IMSI such as for suspension of services, and so forth. In one or more embodiments, an identity proxy function and/or an identity provisioning function can be used in conjunction with the steering function  1575  for enabling various features described with respect to the embodiments of  FIGS. 2-14 . 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a portion of a system  1900  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication devices  1910 A and  1910 B. System  1900  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11 , system  1300  of  FIG. 13 , or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication devices  1910 A and  1910 B can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  1900  enables the same IMSI to be utilized by more than one communication device by segregating the locations of the devices using the same IMSI. System  1900  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function, such as an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network. 
     System  1900  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  1900  illustrates a registration by a communication device  1910 A utilizing an IMSI that is shared with one or more other communication devices (illustrated as  1910 B). Each of the communication devices  1910 A and  1910 B can have unique device identification information (e.g., an IMEI, eUICC ID information, MAC address, and so forth) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating an SRES). 
     In one embodiment at  1901 , a first communication device  1910 A can request registration with the network where the registration request is received by the MSC/VLR  1945 A. In this embodiment the MSC and VLR are shown as one device but in another embodiment could also be separate devices. In one embodiment, the first communication device  1910 A can send an IMSI to the MSC/VLR  1945 A. 
     In one embodiment, system  1900  can be configured such that a device with a shared IMSI does not or should not register with an MSC/VLR that already has a device with the same IMSI registered to it (or otherwise designated to that registration service area). For example, device  1910 A can be operating in Location Area A where the MSC/VLR  1945 A is not part of an overlapping pool of MSC/VLRs into (or otherwise does not have a registration service area that covers) Location Area B. In one embodiment, the particular MSC/VLR  1945 A can be selected from among a group of MSC/VLRs based on the IMSI (or an IMSI hash) and/or other determinative information including location data, such as by a Radio Network Controller (RNC). The Location Area can be a non-overlapping grouping of cell sites within a VLR service area. In this example, there can be only one instance of a shared IMSI per MSC/VLR registration service area such as a Location Area (e.g., location A or Location B). In another embodiment, the particular communication device (e.g., device  1910 A) can be intended to operate within that designated registration service area and/or movement of the particular communication can be monitored to detect if the particular device moves out of this designated registration service area. In one embodiment, the mapping of the IMSI to an HLR can be static and hard coded in the selected MSC/VLR  1945 A. In another embodiment, the process utilized in system  1900  can be for GSM devices that do not support GPRS, LTE and/or EPS communications. 
     In one or more embodiments, unique device identification information may not be initially obtained with the IMSI. In one or more embodiments, unique device identification information may be obtained to facilitate the registration process such as an IMEI, a unique device identifier associated with an eUICC, and so forth. In another embodiment, a location update message can be utilized for delivering the device identification information to the MSC/VLR  1945 A. Other techniques for obtaining the unique device identifier can also be employed by system  1900 , including use of registration simulation platform  675  of  FIG. 6 . 
     In one embodiment at  1902 , the MSC/VLR  1945 A can generate an authentication request directed to an HLR  260 A, such as using (or otherwise including) the IMSI. Continuing with this example, the HLR  260 A may not need to utilize (and/or know) any unique device identifier since it only has one instance of the IMSI and can rely on that IMSI for its database lookup. Once the HLR  260 A receives the authentication request, the HLR can provide authentication triplets to the MSC/VLR  1945 A based on the IMSI. In one embodiment, the HLR  260 A can communicate with the AUC  270  for obtaining the authentication triplets. The MSC/VLR  1945 A can receive the authentication triplets from the HLR  260 A and can continue the authentication procedure with the first communication device  1910 A to enable completion of the registration process. In one embodiment, there can be one AUC per HLR. In another embodiment, the AUC can have a mapping of the IMSI, HLR, and secret key. 
     In one embodiment, system  1900  may or may not operate without utilizing the registration simulation platform  675  (e.g., illustrated in  FIG. 6 ). In another embodiment, system  1900  may or may not operate without utilizing the identity proxy function  250  (e.g., illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 6 ) positioned between the MSC/VLR  1945 A and the communication device  1910 A. 
     In one embodiment at  1903 , a second communication device  1910 B can request registration with the network where the registration request is received by the MSC/VLR  1945 B. In this embodiment the MSC and VLR are shown as one device but in another embodiment could also be separate devices. In one embodiment, the second communication device  1910 B can send an IMSI to the MSC/VLR  1945 B. In one or more embodiments, a same VLR can process multiple instances of an IMSI based on having access to and supporting additional information, such as device identity and/or location information. 
     In one embodiment, system  1900  can be configured such that a device with a shared IMSI does not or should not register with an MSC/VLR that already has a device with the same IMSI registered to it. For example, device  1910 B can be operating in Location B where the MSC/VLR  1945 B is not part of an overlapping pool of MSC/VLRs into (or otherwise does not have a registration service area that covers) Location A. 
     In one embodiment at  1904 , the MSC/VLR  1945 B can generate an authentication request directed to an HLR  260 B, such as using (or otherwise including) the IMSI. In this example, HLR  260 A includes subscriber information for device  1910 A (e.g., IMSI and IMEI 1 ) and does not include subscriber information for device  1910 B. HLR  260 B includes subscriber information for device  1910 B (e.g., IMSI and IMEI 2 ) and does not include subscriber information for device  1910 A. Authentication triplets can be obtained and the registration process can be completed for device  1910 B. 
     In one or more embodiments, system  1900  can utilize an identity provisioning function  1999  to provide various network elements (e.g., one or more of the MSC/VLR  1945 A,  1945 B, the HLR  260 A,  260 B, and/or other network elements) with network provisioning data such one or more of IMSIs, unique device identifiers, and so forth. 
     In one or more embodiments, movement of a communication device can be monitored. Responsive to a determination that the communication device has moved into a different registration service area (e.g., of an MSC/VLR or MME), actions can be taken to eliminate or mitigate any registration problems. For example, another IMSI can be reassigned to the device that has newly moved into the registration service area if the previous IMSI is already being used by another device in that registration area. In one embodiment, the reassigning of the new IMSI can be via an OTA interface, such as through use of the registration simulation platform  675 . For example, an identity proxy function can determine that a device with a shared IMSI has moved into another registration service area. In another embodiment, an MSC/VLR or MME can initiate an IMSI change. In one or more embodiments, an RNC can select the MSC/VLR from a pool based on two factors, the IMSI and location area. In one embodiment, the initial LOCATION UPDATE message can include the IMSI and location area. In another embodiment, an address of the HLR can be hardcoded into the MSC/VLR for the IMSI. In another embodiment, an address of the HLR can be hardcoded into the MSC/VLR for a combination of an IMSI and device location. In one embodiment, if the AUC is separate from the HLR, then the AUC can be mapped to one and only one HLR or the AUC can able to distinguish subscribers/users through the combination of IMSI, HLR address, and secret keys. In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function can create the mappings between the IMSI, location, MSC/VLR, HLR, AUC (e.g., if separate), and/or any other device identifier. In another embodiment, if the MSC/VLRs are not pooled, then the RNC can simply forward the registration message to the MSC/VLR it is attached to. In another embodiment, the movement of devices with shared IMSIs across MSC/VLR borders can be supported with the identity proxy function. If one of these devices is moved to the location of another device, the identity proxy function can prevent “duplicate registrations” if the MSC/VLR is not capable of supporting multiple instances of the same IMSI. One or more of these examples described herein can be applied to an MME as opposed to the MSC/VLR. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a portion of a system  2000  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication devices  1910 A and  1910 B. System  2000  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  800  of  FIG. 8 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11 , system  1300  of  FIG. 13 , or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication devices  1910 A and  1910 B can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. System  2000  enables the same IMSI to be utilized by more than one communication device by segregating the locations of the devices using the same IMSI. System  2000  provides for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function, such as an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. 
     System  2000  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  2000  illustrates a registration by a communication device  1910 A utilizing an IMSI that is shared with one or more other communication devices (illustrated as  1910 B). Each of the communication devices  1910 A and  1910 B can have unique device identification information (e.g., a GUTI, eUICC ID information, MAC address, and so forth) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating an RES). 
     In one embodiment at  2001 , a first communication device  1910 A can request registration with the network where the registration request is received by the MME  2040 A. In one embodiment, the first communication device  1910 A can send an IMSI to the MME  2040 A. 
     In one embodiment, system  2000  can be configured such that a device with a shared IMSI does not or should not register with an MME that already has a device with the same IMSI registered to it (or otherwise designated to that registration service area). In one embodiment, an identity proxy function can prevent or otherwise mitigate a shared IMSI from registration to an MME that already has the shared IMSI registered for a different device. In one embodiment, there is only one IMSI per MME service area unless the MME can support multiple instances of an IMSI. The constraint of one IMSI instance per Tracking Area (TA) can relate to the process in which an eNB selects the MME. 
     In one embodiment, device  1910 A can be operating in Tracking Area A where the MME  2040 A is not part of an overlapping pool of MMEs into (or otherwise does not have a registration service area that covers) Tracking Area B. In another embodiment, the particular MME  2040 A can be selected from among a group of MMEs based on the IMSI (or an IMSI hash) and/or other determinative information including location data (e.g., TA), such as by the eNB. In this example, there can be only one instance of a shared IMSI per MME registration service area such as the TA area (e.g., Tracking Area A or Tracking Area n B). In another embodiment, the particular communication device (e.g., device  1910 A) can be intended to operate within that designated registration service area and/or movement of the particular communication can be monitored to detect if the particular device moves out of this designated registration service area. In one embodiment, the mapping of the IMSI to an HSS can be static and hard coded in the selected MME  2040 A. In one embodiment as part of the UE Attach, the eNB can query a Domain Name Server (DNS) Server using the TA for the address of the MME it should provide to that UE. In one embodiment, the query to the DNS server can be based on IMSI and TA. 
     In one or more embodiments, unique device identification information may not be initially obtained with the IMSI. In one or more embodiments, unique device identification information may be obtained to facilitate the registration process such as a GUTI, a unique device identifier associated with an eUICC, and so forth. In another embodiment, an Identify Response can be utilized for delivering this information from the communication device  1910 A to the MME  2040 A. Other techniques for obtaining the unique device identifier can also be employed by system  2000 , including use of registration simulation platform  675  of  FIG. 8 . 
     In one embodiment at  2002 , the MME  2040 A can generate an authentication request directed to an HSS  860 A, such as using (or otherwise including) the IMSI. Continuing with this example, the HSS  860 A may not need to utilize (and/or know) any unique device identifier since it only has one instance of the IMSI and can rely on that IMSI for its database lookup. Once the HSS  860 A receives the authentication request, the HSS can provide authentication vectors to the MME  2040 A based on the IMSI. The MME  2040 A can receive the authentication vectors from the HSS  860 A and can continue the authentication procedure with the first communication device  1910 A to enable completion of the registration process. 
     In one embodiment, system  2000  may or may not operate without utilizing the registration simulation platform  675  (e.g., illustrated in  FIG. 8 ). In another embodiment, system  2000  may or may not operate without utilizing the identity proxy function  850  (e.g., illustrated in  FIG. 8 ) positioned between the MME  2040 A and the communication device  1910 A. 
     In one embodiment at  2003 , a second communication device  1910 B can request registration with the network where the registration request is received by the MME  2040 B. In one embodiment, the second communication device  1910 B can send an IMSI to the MME  2040 B. 
     In one embodiment, system  2000  can be configured such that a device with a shared IMSI does not or should not register with an MME that already has a device with the same IMSI registered to it. For example, device  1910 B can be operating in Tracking Area B where the MME  2040 B is not part of an overlapping pool of MMEs into (or otherwise does not have a registration service area that covers) Tracking Area B. 
     In one embodiment at  2004 , the MME  2040 B can generate an authentication request directed to an HSS  860 B, such as using (or otherwise including) the IMSI. In this example, HSS  860 A includes subscriber information for device  1910 A (e.g., IMSI and device identification) and does not include subscriber information for device  1910 B. HS S  860 B includes subscriber information for device  1910 B (e.g., IMSI and device identification) and does not include subscriber information for device  1910 A. Authentication vectors can be obtained and the registration process can be completed for device  1910 B. 
     In one or more embodiments, system  2000  can utilize an identity provisioning function  1999  to provide various network elements (e.g., one or more of the MME  1945 A,  1945 B, the HSS  860 A,  860 B, and/or other network elements) with network provisioning data such one or more of IMSIs, unique device identifiers, and so forth. 
     In one or more embodiments, movement of a communication device can be monitored. Responsive to a determination that the communication device has moved into a different registration service area (e.g., of an MSC/VLR or MME), actions can be taken to eliminate or mitigate any registration problems. For example, another IMSI can be reassigned to the device that has newly moved into the registration service area if the previous IMSI is already being used by another device in that registration area. In one embodiment, the reassigning of the new IMSI can be via an OTA interface, such as through use of the registration simulation platform  675 . 
       FIG. 21  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  2100  used by systems  1900  and/or  2000  for facilitating the use of a same IMSI by more than one communication device (e.g., IoT devices, M2M devices, fixed communication devices, or other types of communication devices). One or more of the steps of method  2100  can be performed by various network elements, such as a registration function, a VLR, an HLR, an MME, an HSS, and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 20 . At  2102 , an IMSI can be received that is associated with a first communication device attempting to register with a network. The IMSI can be assigned to more than one communication device. The communication devices can be located remotely from each other, such as in different registration service areas. In one embodiment, the IMSI can be shared by communication devices of a same type (e.g. a smart meter). In one embodiment, the HLRs and/or HSSs can be established according to device types (e.g. utility reading devices). 
     For instance, the IMSI can be part of a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by a communication device. At  2104 , an appropriate network element, registration function or other server (e.g., an MSC/VLR or MME) can be selected (e.g., from among an available group) for processing the registration request. For example, the communication device can be operating in an area where either the MSC and/or MME are not part of an overlapping pool. In another embodiment for EPS, the eNBs can use both TA and IMSI to select the MME (e.g., from among an available group). In another embodiment, a selection of the MSC/VLR (e.g., from among an available group) can be based on the IMSI (or IMSI hash) by the RNC. In these examples, there can be only one instance of a shared IMSI per MSC or MME area and the device corresponding to this IMSI is intended not to move from this area. In one embodiment, a determination of whether the IMSI is a shared IMSI can be made such as based on provisioning data provided by an identity proxy function that notifies various network elements of shared IMSIs, intended device locations, and so forth. For example, an MSC/VLR or MME can determine that the IMSI is included in a designated group of IMSIs that are shared by multiple devices according to a list provided by the identity proxy function. In this example, if the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs then the registration process can be continued (with or without selecting a particular MSC/VLR or MME). 
     In one embodiment at  2106  the registration process can be performed such as by transmitting an authentication request from the selected MSC/VLR or MME to an HLR or HSS (respectively), where the HLR or HSS stores first subscriber information including the IMSI that is indexed to the first communication device without storing second subscriber information including the single IMSI that is indexed to a second communication device. In this example, a second registration function can store the second subscriber information but does not store the first subscriber information. The transmitting of the authentication request can enable the first communication device to complete a registration process. The use of the same IMSI for more than one device as described with respect to  FIGS. 19-21  can also be utilized with one or more features described with respect to other embodiments herein, such as OTA provisioning utilizing a registration simulation, bootstrap IMSIs for enabling provisioning of a same IMSI to more than one device, disabling devices from utilizing a shared IMSI such as for suspension of services, and so forth. In one or more embodiments, an identity proxy function and/or an identity provisioning function can be used for enabling various features described with respect to the embodiments of  FIGS. 2-21 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the use of shared IMSIs can be subject to a screening process during registration to eliminate or mitigate any registration problems. For example, an identity proxy function  250 ,  850  (illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 8 , respectively) can be utilized so that if a device moves into a registration service area where that shared IMSI is already being utilized then the identity proxy function can take appropriate action, such as disabling use of the shared IMSI by the device that has moved and/or reassigned another IMSI to that particular device. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  250 ,  850  can have a list of shared IMSIs and/or unique device identifiers for shared IMSIs and their corresponding devices that are being utilized in that registration service area. This information can be utilized as part of the screening process by obtaining the necessary information for comparison to the listing as described herein in other embodiments. 
     In one or more embodiments, identity proxy and/or provisioning functions can be used for management of shared IMSIs among two or more devices, including where one of the devices moves into a service area (e.g., a registration service area of a VLR or MME) of another device. For example, an identity proxy function can determine that a registration request is coming from a “new” device, such as a smart appliance that has been moved into a new service area (as opposed to a smart appliance that has already registered and/or is re-registering with the network). In one embodiment, the identity proxy function can intercept all registration attempts using a shared IMSI and can then determine or otherwise identify the device that is requesting registration. For example, the identity proxy function can have policies (e.g., logic with registration rules) instructing it to do so. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function can simulate a registration and can cause the IMSI used by the device to be changed to another value (i.e., a new IMSI), such as where it is determined that the shared IMSI should not be used by the device (e.g., the shared IMSI is already being utilized by a device in the particular service area, a limited use or pay-for-service IMSI is intended to be used by the particular device, and so forth). 
     In one or more embodiments, devices can move “locally” (i.e., within a VLR or MME service area) and re-register with the network. In this example, if there are no other instances of the shared IMSI in use (e.g., the IMSI is not already registered via the VLR or MME with the network) then the identity proxy function can verify the identity of the device and can allow the registration request to go through (e.g., to the VLR or MME) to complete the registration process. If an IMSI adjustment is desired or needed, then an OTA can be implemented to change the IMSI if necessary. 
     In one or more embodiments, the device may move into a different VLR or MME service area. The identity of the device seeking registration can be determined using the identity proxy function. For example, the identity proxy function can be provisioned with logic to know that it needs to perform this check. If the IMSI is not in use in this service area, and/or other requirements are met (e.g., the particular subscriber is authorized to move the device into this service area), the device can be permitted to register utilizing the IMSI. If on the other hand there is another use of the same IMSI by another device in that service area, then the identity proxy function can cause a registration simulation to enable an OTA change of the IMSI for the new device seeking registration. This OTA change information can also be propagated to other network elements to facilitate registration or a subsequent registration (at this service area or at a different service area). In one or more embodiments, the “binding” or designation between a device and its intended location can be reflected in policies (e.g., information) that are provided to the identity proxy function. In one or more embodiments, notification of movement by a device into a new service area and/or reassignment of a new IMSI to a device can be provided to the subscriber of the particular device, such as via a user interface of the device, a billing statement, a user interface of another device of the subscriber and so forth. In another embodiment, the reassignment of the IMSI to a device can be performed seamlessly without any notification to the subscriber. 
     In one or more embodiments, the network can send out a single OTA message to two or more devices using a designated transport key (e.g., a single transport key), where the two or more devices are utilizing the same IMSI. In this example, a first device can already be registered with the network and the second device can be the device that has moved into the service area and is registering. Further to this example, only the device with the corresponding transport key can interpret the message (e.g., a message causing the UICC to change the IMSI). The other device(s) will not have the correct transport key and will not be able to interpret the message so that their IMSI(s) remain unchanged. In one embodiment, this OTA technique can be utilized with alternate access network such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and/or a wired broadband connection. In one or more embodiments, paging a shared IMSI can result in a response(s) being rejected by the VLR or MME, which are then intercepted by the identity proxy function. In one embodiment, paging a shared IMSI can be performed by the network to determine how many instances of the IMSI are in use in a particular area. In one embodiment, the VLR or MME can ignore a duplicate paging response. For instance, the identity proxy function can maintain a record of the initial page which can be correlated to a response from the intended recipient of the device (i.e., the device that is intended to be reassigned a different IMSI). 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a portion of a system  2200  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  2210 . System  2200  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  800  of  FIG. 8 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11 , system  1300  of  FIG. 13 , or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  2210  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. In one embodiment, system  2200  enables the same IMSI to be utilized by more than one communication device based on intended locations of devices. A Reassignment of an IMSI can be implemented where it is detected that two or more devices utilizing a same IMSI are present in a same area, such as if a smart appliance is moved to a different home that is in a same registration area of a VLR or MME of another smart appliance that utilizes the same IMSI. System  2200  can provide for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function, such as an MCS/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. 
     System  2200  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  2200  illustrates a registration by the communication device  2210  utilizing an IMSI  2212  that is shared with one or more other communication devices (not shown). Each of the communication devices sharing the same IMSI can have unique device identification information (e.g., a IMEI, GUTI, eUICC ID information, MAC address, and so forth) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating a SRES or a RES). 
     In the example of system  2200 , the IMSI  2212  being utilized by communication device  2210  is also being utilized by another communication device (which may or may not be already registered with the network). In this embodiment, an identity proxy function  2250  can intercept or otherwise receive the IMSI, such as based on intercepting a registration request (e.g., prior to the registration request being provided to an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in GSM as illustrated in  FIG. 2  or prior to the registration request being provided to an MME and/or HSS in LTE as illustrated in  FIG. 8 ). In one embodiment, the IMSI  2212  can be a shared bootstrap IMSI that provides for limited functionality such as being limited to bootstrap functions (e.g., functions that enable communicating with the network for administrative reasons including obtaining another IMSI), a pay for service mode, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment at  2201 , the communication device  2210  can request registration with the network where the identity proxy function  2250  can determine whether or not the particular IMSI is part of a group of designated IMSIs. In one embodiment, the group of designated IMSIs can include IMSIs that have been shared among more than one device. In another embodiment, the shared IMSIs are intended to be utilized by devices that are in different locations so that registration conflicts do not arise. For instance, the same IMSI can be utilized to register two different communication devices without creating a registration conflict where the devices are in different registration areas associated with different registration functions, such as different VLRs or different MMEs and different HLRs or different HSSs. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2250  can identify the particular device requesting registration with the network. For example, device identification information (e.g., an IMEI or GUTI) can be obtained for the communication device  2210 , such as being received from device  2210  (e.g., in the registration request) or obtained from another network element (e.g., from an Identification Request sent to the old MME/SGSN to request the IMSI). In one embodiment, identification of the communication device  2210  can be based on simulating a registration process and forcing a generation of an SRES (in GSM) or RES (in LTE) by the communication device  2210 , as described herein. 
     In one embodiment, registration simulation platform  675  can be utilized (e.g., positioned between the communication device  2210  and the VLR in GSM or positioned between the communication device and the MME in LTE). As described herein, the registration simulation platform  675  can send an OTA message to the communication device  2210  that can cause the modification of the device IMSI and can cause the device to perform a re-registration to the target network. For example, the registration simulation platform  675  can comprise a set of functional elements that exist in the target network including an MSC/VLR, a MME, a HLR or HSS, an AUC, a SMSC, an OTA platform, a SGW, a PGW, an EIR and/or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can simulate a registration of the communication device  2210 , identify the communication device from the secret key and/or from other identification information (e.g., IMEI or GUTI) and/or can cause the communication device to change from the IMSI  2211  to a new IMSI  2213  via OTA. The new IMSI  2213  can be from various sources, such as from a listing of IMSIs that are designated for reassignment and not to be shared, a listing of IMSIs that are designated for reassignment and are to be shared such as a shared IMSI that is currently being utilized in a different service area, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2250  and/or the identity provisioning function  2299  can determine whether the original device  2210  is eligible for services. If the device  2210  is not eligible for services (e.g., device is not authorized to operate in the service area of the particular VLR or MME, suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, device/UICC is not compatible with network or services, and so forth) then the identity proxy function  2250  can cause or otherwise facilitate or enable provisioning information to be provided (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  2299 ) to the device  2210  to cause the device to disable its use of the IMSI  2212 . In one embodiment, the IMSI  2212  can then be removed from the designated listing of shared IMSIs. 
     In one embodiment, if the communication device  2210  is eligible for services but the shared IMSI is already being utilized in the service area by another device then the identity provisioning function  2299  can implement a reassignment of another IMSI  2213  for the device  2210 . For example at  2202 , responsive to a determination that an IMSI reassignment is warranted, the identity proxy function  2250  can provide a request to the identity provisioning function  2299  for the other IMSI  2213  or the determination can be made by the identity provisioning function  2299 . In one embodiment, the device  2210  can continue to utilize its original secret key (which is mapped to the original device by the network such as in an HLR or HSS). In one embodiment, the determination of eligibility for services can be made by the identity provisioning function  2299  such that the identity proxy function  2250  automatically transmits the request to the identity provisioning function  2299  for another IMSI responsive to a determination that the shared IMSI is being utilized by a device that is new to the service area and/or that another device is already registered with the shared IMSI, and the identity provisioning function  2299  can approve or deny the request. 
     Continuing with this example at  2203 , the identity provisioning function  2299  can notify various network elements (e.g., the HLR  260 , the AUC  270 , an EIR, the HSS  860 , and/or a national SIM manager) that the communication device  2210  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI  2213 . In one embodiment, this transmitting of network provisioning data can cause the HLR  260  or HSS  860  to delete (or otherwise note the change of) an original IMSI assignment for the communication device  2210  and/or add the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  2210  in its database. In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR  260  or the HSS  860  to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment at  2204 , the identity provisioning function  2299  can provide provisioning information to the communication device  2210 , such as via an OTA interface (e.g., using an SMS protocol such as through registration simulation platform  675 ). The provisioning information can cause the UICC to be adjusted so that the reassigned IMSI  2213  is now utilized by the communication device  2210  for communication services. At  2205 , the communication device  2210  can then attempt to re-register utilizing the reassigned IMSI  2213 . The identity proxy function  2250  can receive the re-registration request for the communication device  2210 , which now includes the reassigned IMSI  2213 , and at  2206 - 2208  the registration process (e.g., via the VLR  245  and the HLR  260  in system  200  or via the MME  840  and the HSS  860  in LTE) can be completed based on the reassigned IMSI  2213 . In one or more embodiments, the identity provisioning function  2299  can provision an NSM with the reassigned IMSI  2213  for the device  2210  where the secret key of the device  2210  is already known. In another embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2299  can be integrated with equipment of the NSM. In one embodiment, a billing system can detect the change in IMSI for the UICC and can provision some or all other network elements necessary for enabling call processing (e.g., HLR  260 , AUC  270 , MME  840  and/or HSS  860 ). In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2250  and/or the identity provisioning function  2299  can provide instructions to the communication device  2210  that causes the communication device to initiate a re-registration utilizing the re-assigned IMSI  1313 . 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2250  and/or the identity provisioning function can determine that the communication device  2210  has been moved to a different location (i.e., a different service area of a VLR or MME). The different location can be one where another device is using the same shared IMSI. In one embodiment, a temporary or particular IMSI can be reassigned to devices entering the different location. For instance, a reassigned temporary IMSI can limit services of the device while it is present in the different location, such as limiting type, amount and/or time of services. In one embodiment, the device can be reassigned the previous shared IMSI upon returning to its original location. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2250  can determine whether the device has been moved based on information associated with a registration request, such as the location area, tracking area, etc. 
       FIG. 23  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  2300  used by system  2200  for facilitating the reassignment of IMSIs where a device is attempting to register in a location where the same IMSI is being used by another device. One or more of the steps of method  2300  can be performed by the identity proxy function  2250 , the identity provisioning function  2299  and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15, 17, 19-20, and 22 . At  2302 , an IMSI can be received that is associated with a communication device. For instance, the IMSI can be part of a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by the communication device  2210 . At  2304 , a determination of the status of the IMSI can be made. For example, the identity proxy function  2250  can determine whether the IMSI is included in a designated group of IMSIs that are shared amongst devices (e.g., devices that are intended to operate in different service areas of a VLR or MME). In one embodiment, if the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the registration function  2260  (e.g., MSC/VLR in GSM or MME in LTE) to perform the registration at  2306 . If on the other hand the IMSI is part of the designated group of IMSIs then a determination can be made at  2308  as to whether the registration request is for a device that is operating in an authorized location. The identification of the particular device can be performed in a number of different ways, such as based on device identification information (e.g., IMEI or GUTI), simulating a registration process to force an SRES or RES generation by the device from which the device identification can be determined, and so forth. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2250  can have access to a mapping of devices that have shared IMSIs and that are authorized to operate in the particular service area of the VLR or MME. 
     In one embodiment at  2308 , if the registration request and the IMSI are from a device that is authorized to operate in the service area then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the MSC/VLR (in GSM) or the MME (in LTE) to perform the registration at  2306 . For instance, a smart appliance may be moved within a premises or otherwise become unregistered with the network and may be seeking re-registration. If on the other hand, the registration request and the IMSI are from another device that has not been authorized to operate in the service area then a determination can be made at  2310  as to whether the subscriber of the device is eligible for communication services. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors and can be determined by various components or a combination of components, such as based on billing, device hardware requirements, device software requirements, user requests, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment, if the subscriber of the device is not eligible for communication services then at  2312  provisioning information can be provided to the original device (e.g., via OTA provisioning by the identity provisioning function  2299  such as through use of registration simulation platform  675 ) that causes disabling the use of the particular IMSI by the device. If on the other hand, the subscriber of the device is eligible for communication services then at  2314  the device can be provisioned (e.g., utilizing registration simulation platform  675 ) with another IMSI. In one embodiment, the new IMSI  2213  that is reassigned to the device  2210  can be selected from a listing of designated IMSI that are to be reassigned to devices and/or that may be shared with another device in a different service area. Method  2300  can then proceed to  2306  where the registration process is completed, such as by forwarding instructions to the communication device  2210  to cause a re-registration. In one embodiment, the device  2210  upon detecting that it is outside of its intended service area can utilize a bootstrap IMSI for registration and a new IMSI can be utilized by the device to access services since the bootstrap IMSI may not provide direct access to the services. 
     In another embodiment, a second communication device can be re-assigned a temporary IMSI (with full or limited services) when a first communication device is already registered to the network using the shared IMSI. In another embodiment, when the first communication device is no longer registered to the network then the second communication device can be reassigned the original IMSI that is previously had utilized. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 23 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
     In one embodiment, a first device can register with a shared IMSI and the identity proxy function can intercept a registration request from a second device attempting to register with the same IMSI. If the IMEI (or other device identification) of the second device is not provided during registration and/or is not in an accessible database, then the identity proxy function can simulate operations of a VLR or MME to cause an SRES or RES to identify the second device. In one embodiment, the second device can register with a simulated VLR or MME. The simulated VLR or MME can perform device paging. In one embodiment, a paging area can be reduced to mitigate or avoid a registration conflict, where the paging area is focused on a particular location of the second device to avoid paging the first device. In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function can provide OTA provisioning to the second device using a transport key of the second device. The first device can ignore the OTA message because the transport key of the first device is different from the transport key in the OTA message. The second device can receive and comprehend the OTA messaging because it uses the corresponding transport key. The OTA provisioning can cause a new IMSI (e.g., a temporary IMSI or another shared IMSI where it is shared with a device in a different service area) to be programmed in second device to avoid conflict while both devices are in the same service area (i.e., on the same VLR or MME). In one embodiment, the reassignment of IMSIs is performed on devices having a UICC that is programmed with a transport key. In another embodiment, the identity proxy function and/or identity provisioning function can determine whether a re-located device attempting to register with a shared IMSI has a transport key as a condition for reassignment of an IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, a first device has registered with the network and is pageable through its IMSI. The first device may not be assigned a TMSI or GUTI. If the first device is assigned a TMSI or GUTI, the network, after failed paging attempts, can page the largest area possible with the IMSI. Continuing with this example, a second device attempts to register with the same IMSI. This registration can be intercepted by the identity proxy function and can be diverted to a registration simulation platform  675 . The registration simulation platform  675  can simulate a registration. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can assign a unique TMSI or GUTI, thus minimizing the likelihood of a duplicate page response. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can be set up to not page using the IMSI and to limit the size of the paging area it uses. This can prevent or mitigate the first device from responding to a page intended for the second device. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can instruct the second device to change its IMSI. This can happen during the simulated registration or after the simulated registration through the use of paging and OTA. Once the second device has a different IMSI, then there is no longer a situation where paging either IMSI results in multiple responses. In one or more embodiments, paging and OTA provisioning are facilitated by assignment of a TMSI or GUTI by the registration simulation platform  675  and by not using the IMSI for paging. In one embodiment, once the second device successfully registers with the registration simulation platform  675  utilizing the original shared IMSI  2212 , a trigger can be sent (e.g., via the identity proxy function  2250 ) to an OTA platform with its IMSI and/or other information. The OTA platform can then send an update using the keys of the original IMSI (e.g., where there is no more than one additional IMSIs). 
     In one or more embodiments, the network and/or communication devices can be adapted to support paging where multiple devices are utilizing the same IMSI in a particular service area. In one example, the paging can be performed utilizing the shared IMSI and also including some other information that is unique to the intended recipient device, such as a device identification. In this example, a response to the page can be generated by the intended recipient device while another device using the same IMSI will not respond to the page because the unique identifier will not match this other device. Continuing with this example, the network element(s) can be adapted to adjust paging techniques to include this unique device identification information and the communication devices can be adapted to respond to paging that is directed to the particular device. 
     In another embodiment, the network can be adapted to allow for paging via an IMSI where the network can distinguish which device is providing the response. For instance, the network can have access to device identification information mapped to particular IMSIs and authorized locations can determine whether the responding device is the unauthorized device that is being reassigned a new IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, a first device can register with its IMSI and the IMSI is not changed by the network, and a second device registration with the same IMSI can be intercepted, simulated by a registration simulation platform  675 , and the IMSI is not yet changed by the registration simulation platform  675 . In this example, both devices are registered using their IMSIs. In one embodiment, when either network pages the device, the exemplary embodiments can mitigate or prevent both devices responding to the page, such as paging using a unique device identifier or paging utilizing a TMSI or GUTI. In one embodiment, if the registration simulation platform  675  pages the second device to change the IMSI, it can restrict its paging message to a small area (i.e., where the registration came from) to avoid the page being received by the first device. If the first device were to respond to the page, it would be responding to the network, not the registration simulation platform  675 . The network would have no record of paging the first device and therefore the network could ignore the page response from the first device. 
     In one or more embodiments, device location can be monitored by the network such as via the identity proxy function, the identity provisioning function or some other device to facilitate determining whether a device is authorized or otherwise intended to be operating in a particular location. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a portion of a system  2400  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  2410 . System  2400  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  800  of  FIG. 8 , system  1000  of  FIG. 10 , system  1100  of  FIG. 11 , system  1300  of  FIG. 13 , or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  2410  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. 
     In one embodiment, system  2400  enables the same IMSI to be utilized by more than one communication device based on intended locations of devices where management of those IMSIs is based on registration error messages. A reassignment of an IMSI can be implemented where it is detected that two or more devices utilizing a same IMSI are present in a same area, such as if a smart appliance is moved to a different home that is in a same registration area of a VLR or MME of another smart appliance that utilizes the same IMSI. System  2400  can provide for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function, such as an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. 
     System  2400  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  2400  illustrates an attempted registration by the communication device  2410  utilizing an IMSI  2412  that is shared with another communication devices (not shown). The other communication device may or may not be registered with the network. Each of the communication devices sharing the same IMSI can have unique device identification information (e.g., an IMEI, GUTI, eUICC ID information, MAC address, and so forth) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating a SRES or a RES). In one or more embodiments, the secret keys can be known to other network elements (e.g., various registration functions) and/or can be statically linked to, and maintained by, the communication devices. 
     In one embodiment at  2401 , the communication device  2410  can request registration with the network. A registration request (e.g., based upon a shared IMSI that is among a listing of designated shared IMSIs known to the network) can be received by the registration function  2460  (e.g., an MSC/VLR in a GSM network or an MME in an LTE network). In one embodiment, the registration request can also be received by the identity proxy function  2450 . For instance, the registration request can be intercepted, or otherwise received by, the identity proxy function  2450  and then forwarded to the registration function  2460 . 
     A registration process can be initiated according to the shared IMSI  2412  and a secret key that is associated with the communication device  2410 . The registration function  2460  can be aware of, or otherwise have access to, the secret key that is associated with the communication device  2410 . Various registration processes can be applied to ensure authentication of the device and/or subscriber, such as the registration processes described herein with respect to GSM or LTE networks, including a comparison of SRES in GSM or a comparison of RES in LTE or a comparison of XRES in UMTS environment. In one embodiment, the group of designated IMSIs is limited to sharing IMSIs between only two devices. In another embodiment, the group of designated IMSIs can include IMSIs that have been shared among more than two devices. 
     In one embodiment, the shared IMSIs are intended to be utilized by devices that are in different locations so that registration conflicts are avoided or otherwise mitigated. For instance, the same IMSI can be utilized to register two different communication devices without creating a registration conflict where the devices are in different registration areas associated with different registration functions, such as different VLRs or different MMEs and different HLRs or different HSSs. 
     In one embodiment at  2402 , a registration error can be generated by the registration function  2460  (e.g., an authentication failure message generated by the MSC/VLR and/or HLR in GSM or by the MME and/or HSS in LTE) and can be received by the identity proxy function  2450  from the registration function  2460 . In this example, the identity proxy function  2450  can intercept the authentication failure message prior to it being received by the communication device  2410 . The particular messaging that makes up the registration request, the registration process and/or the registration error can vary. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2450  can determine that the registration error is a valid registration failure for a device that should not be attempting to use the IMSI, such as a third device that is not the original device authorized for the particular location and is not a new device that is new to the location and is sharing the IMSI. In this example, the identity proxy function  2450  can allow the error process (e.g., an authentication failure messaging) to proceed, including delivering a registration error to this third device which is not authorized to be sharing the IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, where the error message does not include any device identification information and/or the IMSI, the identity proxy function  2450  can ascertain the device identification information and/or IMSI from the registration request that was previously received or intercepted. For instance, when the identity proxy function  2450  detects a registration error message, the identity proxy function  2450  can detect within the message addressing information, message ID information, correlation ID information, and so forth, and can further correlate the error message with the stored registration request previously intercepted. This enables the IMSI and/or device identification information (e.g., GUTI or IMEI) to be determined. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2450  can identify the particular device requesting registration with the network according to device identification information (e.g., an IMEI or GUTI) obtained for the communication device  2410 , such as being received from device  2410  (e.g., in the registration request) or obtained from another network element (e.g., from an Identification Request sent to the old MME/SGSN to request the IMSI). In one embodiment, identification of the communication device  2410  can be based on simulating a registration process and forcing a generation of an SRES (in GSM) or RES (in LTE) by the communication device  2410 , as described herein. 
     In another embodiment at  2403 , a request for reassignment of another IMSI (e.g., from the listing of the designated IMSIs) or authorization to utilize the shared IMSI  2412  can be provided to the identity provisioning function  2499  from the identity proxy function  2450 . For instance, the identity proxy function  2450  can (e.g., in response to receiving the error message) compare the shared IMSI  2412  associated with communication device  2410  to the list of designated IMSIs. The identity proxy function  2450  can further determine the identity of the communication device  2410  (authorized at the present location vs new to the present location) based on device identification information (e.g., an IMEI, GUTI and so forth). 
     Reassignment of another IMSI  2413  or authorization to use the shared IMSI  2412  (e.g., where the shared IMSI is not being utilized in the particular service area) can be implemented. In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2499  can notify the HLR or HSS that the user is valid and the HLR or HSS can perform a database update to enable a subsequent registration utilizing the reassigned IMSI  2413  by the device  2410 . In this example, the identity proxy function  2450  can also take action, such as preventing forwarding of the failed registration to the device  2410 , to cause the device to reattempt the registration. 
     In one embodiment, a determination of a subscriber&#39;s eligibility for services can be made. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors such as suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, the device/UICC is no longer compatible with network or services, and so forth. In another embodiment, a determination of a compatibility of service with a UICC of the communication device  2410  can be made. One or both of these determinations can be part of deciding whether to reassign another IMSI  2413 , to authorize use of the original IMSI  2412 , or to deny services at this particular location to the communication device  2410 . These determinations can be made by the identity provisioning function  2499  or can be made by another network element. 
     If it is determined that the new IMSI  2413  is to be reassigned to the communication device  2410 , then at  2404  provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  2499  to the registration function  2460  which will enable the communication device to register with the network utilizing the reassigned IMSI in conjunction with an original secret key that is associated with the communication device. In one embodiment, if it is determined that the communication device  2410  is to be permitted to reuse its original IMSI  2412  (where the original IMSI  2412  is not being used in this service area), then provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  2499  to the registration function  2460  which will enable the communication device to register with the network utilizing the original IMSI  2412  in conjunction with the original secret key that is associated with the communication device. 
     If it is determined that the new IMSI  2413  is to be provisioned to the communication device  2410 , then at  2405  provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  2499  to the communication device  2410  which will include the reassigned IMSI  2413 . As an example, the identity provisioning function  2499  can provide the reassigned IMSI  2413  to the communication device  2410  utilizing an OTA interface according to an SMS protocol such as through use of the registration simulation platform  675 . Other protocols can also be utilized for the OTA interface including being HTTP-based. 
     In one embodiment, if it is determined that the communication device  2410  is not to be permitted to reuse its original IMSI  2412 , then provisioning information can be provided by the identity provisioning function  2499  to the communication device  2410  to prevent the communication device from attempting to register with the network utilizing the original IMSI  2412 . In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2499  can further communicate with various network elements (e.g., the identity proxy function  2450 , HLR, HSS, EIR, and so forth) so that the network elements are informed of the current state of IMSIs and/or communication devices. For example, if an original device is reassigned another IMSI  2413  or an original device is nullified from using the original IMSI  2412  via provisioning information then the identity provisioning function  2499  can remove the original IMSI (of that original device) from the listing of designated IMSIs. In these examples, the original IMSI  2412  can also then be assigned to another device (if not already reassigned). The device  2410  can be registered in order for the identity provisioning function to change the device&#39;s IMSI. This can be part of a simulated registration. In one embodiment, other techniques can be employed that enable OTA interfacing with devices, such as special registration. For example, National Identity Register (NIR) equipment can register devices as warm devices (i.e., providing limited services for non-customers) that allow OTA (e.g. via SMS protocol) to occur. In one or more embodiments, the provisioning of the new IMSI can be performed by utilizing a limited registration that results in the device being a warm device while the IMSI is being provisioned via OTA to that device. 
     At  2406  if IMSI  2410  has been reassigned to the communication device  2410 , then the communication device  2410  can re-register. For example, the provisioning information provided by the identity provisioning function  2499  to the communication device  2410  can cause the communication device to initiate a re-registration. The re-registration request can be received and processed by the registration function  2460  and based on the provisioning procedures at steps  2404  and  2405 , a successful registration message can be provided to the communication device  2410  at  2407 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the identity provisioning function  2499  can provision an NSM with the reassigned IMSI  2413  for the device  2410  where the secret key of the device  2410  is already known. In another embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2499  can be integrated with equipment of the NSM. In one embodiment, a billing system can detect the change in IMSI for the UICC and can provision some or all other network elements necessary for enabling call processing (e.g., HLR  260 , AUC  270 , MME  840  and/or HSS  860 ). In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2450  and/or the identity provisioning function  2499  can provide instructions to the communication device  2410  that causes the communication device to initiate a re-registration utilizing the re-assigned IMSI  2413 . 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2450  and/or the identity provisioning function can determine that the communication device  2410  has been moved to a different location (i.e., a different service area of a VLR or MME). The different location can be one where another device is using the same shared IMSI. In one embodiment, a temporary or particular IMSI can be reassigned to devices entering the different location. For instance, a reassigned temporary IMSI can limit services of the device while it is present in the different location, such as limiting type, amount and/or time of services. In one embodiment, the device can be reassigned the previous shared IMSI upon returning to its original location. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2450  can determine whether the device has been moved based on information associated with a registration request, such as the location area, tracking area, etc. 
     In one or more embodiments, paging and OTA provisioning are facilitated by assignment of a TMSI or GUTI by the registration simulation platform  675  and by not using the IMSI for paging. In one embodiment, once a new device successfully registers with the registration simulation platform  675  utilizing the original shared IMSI  2412 , a trigger can be sent (e.g., via the identity proxy function  2450 ) to an OTA platform. The OTA platform can then send an update using the keys of the original IMSI (e.g., where there is no more than one additional IMSIs). In one or more embodiments, the network and/or communication devices can be adapted to support paging where multiple devices are utilizing the same IMSI in a particular service area. In one example, the paging can be performed utilizing the shared IMSI and also including some other information that is unique to the intended recipient device, such as a device identification. 
     In another embodiment, the network can be adapted to allow for paging via an IMSI where the network can distinguish which device is providing the response. For instance, the network can have access to device identification information mapped to particular IMSIs and authorized locations and can determine whether the responding device is the unauthorized device that is being reassigned a new IMSI. In one or more embodiments, device location can be monitored by the network such as via the identity proxy function, the identity provisioning function or some other device to facilitate determining whether a device is authorized or otherwise intended to be operating in a particular location. 
       FIG. 25  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  2500  used by system  2400  for facilitating the reassignment of IMSIs where a device is attempting to register in a location where the same IMSI is being used by another device. One or more of the steps of method  2500  can be performed by the identity proxy function  2450 , the identity provisioning function  2499  and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15, 17, 19-20, 22, and 24 . At  2502 , a registration error message can be detected or intercepted. For instance, the error message can result from a registration request that is generated by or caused to be generated by a communication device utilizing: one or more of a shared IMSI that is part of the listing of designated IMSIs, a shared IMSI which is already registered to the network at that particular location, a shared IMSI where the device is not authorized to register at that particular location, and so forth. As an example, in GSM, the identity proxy function  2450  can receive an authentication failure message from a VLR. As another example in LTE, the identity proxy function  2450  can receive an authentication failure message from an MME. 
     In one or more embodiments if there is no determination of an error (e.g., the IMSI is not included in the listing of designated IMSIs or the IMSI is a shared IMSI being utilized by a device that is authorized to register at the particular location) then method  2500  can proceed to  2516  so that the registration process can be completed (using the original IMSI) which enables the communication device to obtain services via the network at that particular location. 
     At  2504 , a determination can be made as to whether the error is based on a shared IMSI, such as comparing the IMSI to a list of designated shared IMSIs (e.g., being utilized by devices that are intended to operate in different service areas of a VLR or MME). In one embodiment, if the IMSI is not part of the designated group of IMSIs or it is otherwise determined that the registration error was due to another reason (e.g., the IMSI is a shared IMSI but the device is an unauthorized device) then the registration can be prevented or otherwise terminated at  2505 , such as via forwarding a registration failure message to the device and/or notifying a network administrator device of the registration error. 
     If on the other hand the IMSI is part of the designated group of IMSIs then a determination can be made at  2508  as to whether the registration request is for a device that is operating in an authorized location. The identification of the particular device can be performed in a number of different ways, such as based on device identification information (e.g., IMEI or GUTI), simulating a registration process to force an SRES or RES generation by the device from which the device identification can be determined, and so forth. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2450  can have access to a mapping of devices that have shared IMSIs and that are authorized to operate in the particular service area of the VLR or MME. 
     In one embodiment, if the registration request and the IMSI are from a device that is authorized to operate in the service area then the registration process can be continued by forwarding the registration request and/or IMSI to the MSC/VLR (in GSM) or the MME (in LTE) to perform the registration at  2506 . For instance, a utility meter may become unregistered with the network and may be seeking re-registration. If on the other hand, the registration request and the IMSI are from another device that has not been authorized to operate in the service area then a determination can be made at  2510  as to whether the subscriber of the device is eligible for communication services. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors and can be determined by various components or a combination of components, such as based on billing, device hardware requirements, device software requirements, user requests, and so forth. 
     In one embodiment, if the subscriber of the device is not eligible for communication services then at  2512  provisioning information can be provided to the device (e.g., via OTA provisioning by the identity provisioning function  2599  such as through use of registration simulation platform  675 ) that causes disabling the use of the particular IMSI by the device. If on the other hand, the subscriber of the device is eligible for communication services then at  2514  the device can be provisioned (e.g., utilizing registration simulation platform  675 ) with another IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, the new IMSI  2413  that is reassigned to the device  2410  can be selected from a listing of designated IMSI that are being shared with another device(s) in a different service area so that further registration conflicts are minimized or eliminated. Method  2500  can then proceed to  2506  where the registration process is completed, such as by forwarding instructions to the communication device  2410  to cause a re-registration utilizing the new IMSI  2413 . 
     In one or more embodiments, reassignment of an IMSI for a device that has been re-located to a new service area can be based on other factors. For instance, a type of device can be detected and the decision to reassign can be based on that type, such as allowing reassignment of IMSIs for a smart appliance that has moved to a new location but preventing reassignment of an IMSI for a utility meter that is being used in a new location. In another embodiment, reassignment of IMSIs for devices that have re-located can be limited, such as allowing only a particular number of reassignments or reassigning an IMSI that provides for limited services. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 25 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates a portion of a system  2600  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  2610 . System  2600  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  800  of  FIG. 8 , other systems described herein, or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  2610  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. 
     In one embodiment, system  2600  provides for provisioning (e.g., via equipment  2601  of an entity such as a vendor or manufacturer of UICCs) of a generic IMSI  2612  (e.g., a single IMSI reserved for use by the manufacturer of the UICCs) to a group of UICCs. The group of UICCs can then be provided to communication devices, such as UICC  2605  being provided to the communication device  2610  to enable the same IMSI  2612  to be utilized by more than one communication device during a registration process that results in reassignment of new IMSIs (e.g., IMSI  2613  reassigned to UICC  2605  of communication device  2610 ). 
     In one embodiment, the generic IMSI  2612  can be received by the equipment  2601  of the entity from equipment of a service provider (e.g., the service provider that is operating the identity proxy function  2650 , the registration function  2660  and the identity provisioning function  2699 ). In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2699  can provide the generic IMSI  2612  to the equipment  2601  of the entity. In one embodiment, the service provider can provide different generic IMSIs to different vendors or manufacturers of the UICCs. In this example, new IMSIs are not assigned to a device until the device registers with the network (via the generic IMSI  2612 ) so that if a device (or UICC) does not register with the network (via the generic IMSI) the service provider is not losing use of an IMSI. The new IMSI  2613  can be a full service IMSI which enables any services at the communication device for which the user of the device is subscribed. In one or more embodiments, the generic IMSI  2612  can be a limited service IMSI (e.g., a bootstrap IMSI) that enables communication with network elements but does not enable subscriber services (which are enabled for the communication device  2610  after it registers with the network utilizing the new IMSI  2613 ). In one or more embodiments, the equipment  2601  of the entity can receive multiple generic IMSIs and can assign different generic IMSIs to different types of UICCs (e.g., a first group of UICCs that are intended to be used in IoT devices receive generic IMSI X while a second group of UICCs that are intended to be used in mobile phone devices receive generic IMSI Y). 
     In one or more embodiments, other information can be provisioned to the UICCs (e.g., by the equipment  2601 ) such as secret keys that are to be utilized in registering with a network (e.g., a secret key that enables generating a RES, SRES, or XRES for authentication during registration). In one or more embodiments, secret key mapping information can be provided by the equipment  2601  of the entity to the network, such as to the identity provisioning function  2699 . In this example, the secret key mapping information can be utilized as part of an authentication process, such as comparison of a RES, SRES or XRES, confirmation of identification information being received in a registration request, and so forth. In one embodiment, other mapping information (e.g., eUICC or UICC identification) can be provided by the equipment  2601  of the entity to the network with or without the secret key mapping information. 
     System  2600  can provide for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function  2660 , such as an MCS/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. System  2600  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  2600  illustrates a first registration by the communication device  2610  utilizing generic IMSI  2612  that is shared by other UICCs manufactured by the entity. In one or more embodiments, each of the UICCs sharing the generic IMSI  2612  can have unique identification information (e.g., an Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID) or eUICC ID information) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating an SRES, RES or XRES). As described herein, this unique information can be provided to the network so that the network can identify UICCs that are attempting to register with the network using the generic IMSI  2612 . 
     In the example of system  2600 , the identity proxy function  2650  can intercept or otherwise receive the IMSI, such as based on intercepting a registration request (e.g., prior to the registration request being provided to an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in GSM as illustrated in  FIG. 2  or prior to the registration request being provided to an MME and/or HSS in LTE as illustrated in  FIG. 8 ). In one embodiment, the generic IMSI  2612  can be a shared bootstrap IMSI that provides for limited functionality such as being limited to bootstrap functions (e.g., functions that enable communicating with the network for administrative reasons including obtaining another IMSI). In one embodiment, the first registration request can include the identification information (e.g., ICCID or eUICC ID information) along with the generic IMSI  2612 . In one embodiment, the device  2610  can be adapted so that it includes the identification information and/or the generic IMSI  2612  in the first registration request. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2650  can determine that the generic IMSI  2612  is a shared IMSI. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  2650  can identify (or confirm an identity of) the particular device and/or the particular UICC requesting registration with the network based on various techniques. For example, the identity proxy function  2650  can have access to a mapping of information including the generic IMSI  2612 , the identification information and/or secret key information. 
     In another embodiment, identification of (or confirmation of the identity of) the communication device  2610  can be based on simulating a registration process and forcing a generation of an SRES, RES or XRES by the communication device  2610 , as described herein. In one embodiment, registration simulation platform  675  can be utilized (e.g., positioned between the communication device  2610  and the VLR in GSM or positioned between the communication device and the MME in LTE). For example, the registration simulation platform  675  can comprise a set of functional elements that exist in the target network including an MSC/VLR, MME, HLR or HSS, AUC, SMSC, OTA platform, SGW, PGW, EIR and/or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can simulate a registration of the communication device  2610  and can identify the communication device from the secret key and/or from other identification information (e.g., ICCID or eUICC ID information). 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2650  and/or the identity provisioning function  2699  can determine whether the communication device  2610  is eligible for services. If the device  2610  is not eligible for services (e.g., suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, device/UICC is not compatible with network or services, and so forth) then the identity proxy function  2650  can cause or otherwise facilitate or enable provisioning information to be provided (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  2699 ) to the device  2610  to cause the device to disable its use of the generic IMSI  2612 . In one embodiment, this can be performed via a simulated registration (e.g., using the registration simulation platform  675 ) that utilizes the generic IMSI  2612 . 
     In one embodiment, if the communication device  2610  is eligible for services then the identity provisioning function  2699  can implement a reassignment of a new IMSI  2613  for the device  2610 . The new IMSI  2613  can be a full service IMSI which enables any services at the communication device for which the user of the device is subscribed. In one embodiment, the new IMSI  2613  can be an IMSI that is not shared by any other device or shared by any other UICC. In another embodiment, the new IMSI  2613  can be a shared IMSI that is being shared by another device(s) that is located in a different registration service area, such as described with respect to systems  1900  and  2000  of  FIGS. 19 and 20 . 
     In one embodiment, responsive to a determination that an IMSI reassignment is warranted, the identity proxy function  2650  can provide a request to the identity provisioning function  2699  for the new IMSI  2613  or the determination can be made by the identity provisioning function  2699 . In one embodiment, the communication device  2610  can continue to utilize its original secret key (which can be mapped to the communication device  2610  by the network such as in an HLR or HSS according to the secret key mapping information). In one embodiment, the determination of eligibility for services can be made by the identity provisioning function  2699 . For example, the identity proxy function  2650  can automatically transmit a request to the identity provisioning function  2699  for another IMSI responsive to a determination that the generic IMSI  2612  is being utilized by a device. The determination to whether the new IMSI  2613  can be provisioned would then be made by the identity provisioning function  2699 . 
     As described herein, the registration simulation platform  675  can enable sending an OTA message to the communication device  2610  that can cause the modification of the device IMSI (e.g., storing the new IMSI  2613  in the UICC  2605  and/or disabling use of the generic IMSI  2612  by the device) and can cause the device to perform a re-registration to the target network using the new IMSI  2613 . In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2650  and/or the identity provisioning function  2699  can provide instructions to the communication device  2610  that causes the communication device to initiate the re-registration utilizing the re-assigned IMSI  2613 . 
     In one embodiment, the simulated registration can be performed based on mapping information that was received by the network from the equipment  2601  of the entity. For example, the identity proxy function  2650  can have access to mapping information that indicates what UICCs are using a particular generic IMSI  2612  and further indicates the secret key being utilized by that particular UICC. Based on this information, the identity proxy function  2650  can facilitate the generation of a RES, SRES, XRES utilizing the correct secret key so that a comparison can be made to a received response which includes the RES, SRES, XRES generated by the communication device  2610 . In one embodiment, the equipment  2601  of the entity can update the mapping information provided to the network responsive to additional manufacturing of UICCs (e.g., additional provisioning of the generic IMSI  2612  and other secret keys to other UICCs that have been manufactured). 
     Continuing with this example, the identity provisioning function  2699  can notify various network elements (e.g., an HLR, AUC, EIR, HSS, and/or NSM) that the communication device  2610  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI  2613 . In one embodiment, this transmitting of network provisioning data can cause the HLR or HSS to delete (or otherwise note the change of) a generic IMSI assignment for the communication device  2610  and/or add the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  2610  in its database. In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR or the HSS to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. In one embodiment, the simulated registration can be performed by the registration simulation platform using the generic IMSI  2612  (without being performed by the registration function  2660 ) and the second registration can be performed by the registration function  2660  using the new IMSI  2613  (without being performed by the registration simulation platform  675 ). 
       FIG. 27  illustrates a portion of a system  2700  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  2710 . System  2700  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  800  of  FIG. 8 , other systems described herein, or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. In one embodiment, system  2700  provides for provisioning (e.g., via equipment  2701  of an entity such as a vendor or manufacturer of IoT devices) of a generic IMSI  2712  (e.g., a single IMSI reserved for use by a device manufacturer) to a group of devices, such as communication device  2710  to enable the same IMSI  2712  to be utilized by more than one communication device during a registration process that results in reassignment of new IMSIs (e.g., IMSI  2713  reassigned to communication device  2710 ). The communication device  2710  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. 
     In one embodiment, the generic IMSI  2712  can be received by the equipment  2701  of the entity from equipment of a service provider (e.g., the service provider that is operating the identity proxy function  2750 , the registration function  2760  and the identity provisioning function  2799 ). In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2699  can provide the generic IMSI  2712  to the equipment  2701  of the entity. In one embodiment, the service provider can provide different generic IMSIs to different manufacturers of devices. In this example, new IMSIs are not assigned to a device until the device registers with the network (via the generic IMSI  2712 ) so that if a device does not register with the network (via the generic IMSI) the service provider is not losing use of an IMSI. The new IMSI  2713  can be a full service IMSI which enables any services at the communication device for which the user of the device is subscribed. 
     In one or more embodiments, the generic IMSI  2712  can be a limited service IMSI (e.g., a bootstrap IMSI) that enables communication with network elements but does not enable subscriber services (which are enabled for the communication device  2710  after it registers with the network utilizing the new IMSI  2713 ). In one or more embodiments, the equipment  2701  of the entity can receive multiple generic IMSIs and can assign different generic IMSIs to different types of devices (e.g., a first group of smart utility meters receive generic IMSI X while a second group of smart washing machines receive generic IMSI Y). 
     In one or more embodiments, other information can be provisioned to the devices (e.g., by the equipment  2701 ) such as secret keys that are to be utilized in registering with a network (e.g., a secret key that enables generating a RES, SRES, or XRES for authentication during registration). In one or more embodiments, secret key mapping information can be provided by the equipment  2701  of the entity to the network, such as to the identity provisioning function  2799 . In this example, the secret key mapping information can be utilized as part of an authentication process, such as comparison of a RES, SRES or XRES, confirmation of identification information being received in a registration request, and so forth. In one embodiment, other mapping information (e.g., eUICC, UICC, IMEI, GUTI, MAC address) can be provided by the equipment  2701  of the entity to the network with or without the secret key mapping information. 
     System  2700  can provide for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function  2760 , such as an MCS/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. System  2700  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  2700  illustrates a first registration by the communication device  2710  utilizing generic IMSI  2712  that is shared by other devices manufactured by the entity. In one or more embodiments, each of the devices sharing the generic IMSI  2712  can have unique identification information (e.g., IMEI, GUTI, MAC address) and can also utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating an SRES, RES or XRES). As described herein, this unique information can be provided to the network so that the network can identify devices that are attempting to register with the network using the generic IMSI  2712 . 
     In the example of system  2700 , the identity proxy function  2750  can intercept or otherwise receive the generic IMSI  2712  such as in a first registration request which also includes the identification information (e.g., IMEI, GUTI, MAC address). In one or more embodiments, separate messages can be utilized for delivering the generic IMSI  2712  and the unique device identification to the network. In another embodiment, a single message (e.g., a registration request) can be utilized for delivering the generic IMSI  2712  and the unique device identification to the network, such as in different fields of the message. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2750  can determine that the generic IMSI  2712  is a shared IMSI. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  2750  can identify (or confirm an identity of) the particular device requesting registration with the network based on various techniques. For example, the identity proxy function  2750  can have access to a mapping of information including the generic IMSI  2712 , the identification information and/or secret key information. 
     In another embodiment, identification of (or confirmation of the identity of) the communication device  2710  can be based on simulating a registration process and forcing a generation of an SRES, RES or XRES by the communication device  2710 , as described herein utilizing registration simulation platform  675 . For instance, the registration simulation platform  675  can simulate a registration of the communication device  2710  and can identify the communication device from the secret key and/or from other identification information (e.g., IMEI, GUTI, MAC address). 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2750  and/or the identity provisioning function  2799  can determine whether the communication device  2710  is eligible for services. If the device  2710  is not eligible for services (e.g., suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, device/UICC is not compatible with network or services, and so forth) then the identity proxy function  2750  can cause or otherwise facilitate or enable provisioning information to be provided (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  2799 ) to the device  2710  to cause the device to disable its use of the generic IMSI  2712 , such as via OTA messaging using the simulated registration. 
     In one embodiment, if the communication device  2710  is eligible for services then the identity provisioning function  2799  can implement a reassignment of a new IMSI  2713  for the device  2710 . The new IMSI  2713  can be a full service IMSI which enables any services at the communication device for which the user of the device is subscribed. In one embodiment, the new IMSI  2713  can be an IMSI that is not shared by any other device or any other UICC. In another embodiment, the new IMSI  2713  can be a shared IMSI that is being shared by another device(s) that is located in a different registration service area, such as described with respect to systems  1900  and  2000  of  FIGS. 19 and 20 . In one embodiment, the communication device  2710  can continue to utilize its original secret key (which can be mapped to the communication device  2710  by the network such as in an HLR or HSS according to the secret key mapping information). 
     As described herein, the registration simulation platform  675  can enable sending an OTA message to the communication device  2710  that can cause the modification of the device IMSI (e.g., storing the new IMSI  2713  in a UICC of the device  2710  and/or disabling use of the generic IMSI  2712  by the device) and can cause the device to perform a re-registration to the target network using the new IMSI  2713 . In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2750  and/or the identity provisioning function  2799  can provide instructions to the communication device  2710  that causes the communication device to initiate a re-registration utilizing the re-assigned IMSI  2713 . In one embodiment, the simulated registration can be performed by the registration simulation platform using the generic IMSI  2712  (without being performed by the registration function  2760 ) and the second registration can be performed by the registration function  2760  using the new IMSI  2713  (without being performed by the registration simulation platform  675 ). 
     In one embodiment, the simulated registration can be performed based on mapping information that was received by the network from the equipment  2701  of the entity. For example, the identity proxy function  2750  can have access to mapping information that indicates what devices are using a particular generic IMSI  2712  and further indicates the secret key being utilized by that particular device. Based on this information, the identity proxy function  2750  can facilitate the generation of a RES, SRES, XRES utilizing the correct secret key so that a comparison can be made to a received response which includes the RES, SRES, XRES generated by the communication device  2710 . In one embodiment, the equipment  2701  of the entity can update the mapping information provided to the network responsive to additional manufacturing of device (e.g., additional provisioning of the generic IMSI  2712  and other secret keys to other IoT devices). 
     Continuing with this example, the identity provisioning function  2799  can notify various network elements (e.g., an HLR, AUC, EIR, HSS, and/or NSM) that the communication device  2710  is now associated with the particular reassigned IMSI  2713 . In one embodiment, this transmitting of network provisioning data can cause the HLR or HSS to delete (or otherwise note the change of) a generic IMSI assignment for the communication device  2710  and/or add the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  2710  in its database. In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR or the HSS to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. 
       FIG. 28  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  2800  used by systems  2600  and  2700  for facilitating registration of communication devices and the reassignment of IMSIs. One or more of the steps of method  2800  can be performed by an identity proxy function of a service provider, an identity provisioning function of the service provider, equipment of a vendor or manufacturer and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15, 17, 19-20, 22, 24 and 26-27 . In one or more embodiments, the entity and the service provider are distinct entities. 
     At  2802 , a generic IMSI can be provided by the service provider to the entity so that the entity can provision UICCs and/or devices with the generic IMSI. In one embodiment, the provisioning of the UICCs and/or devices can be part of a manufacturing process of the UICCs and/or devices. Other information can be provisioned to the UICCs and/or device by equipment of the entity, such as a secret key for use in a registration/authentication process (e.g., to generate a RES, SRES, XRES response). In one or more embodiments, the service provider can utilize different generic IMSIs for different entities that manufacture and/or provision UICCs and/or devices. In one or more embodiments, the service provider can provide multiple generic IMSIs to a single entity for use in provisioning of the UICCs and/or devices. For instance, the entity can apply different generic IMSIs to different types of UICCs and/or devices. In another embodiment, the entity can apply different generic IMSIs to UICCs and/or devices that are expected to first register in a single registration service area. By providing different generic IMSIs, this can reduce the likelihood of a registration problem that could arise from two devices that attempt to register at the same time with the same generic IMSI in the same registration service area. 
     At  2804 , the entity (e.g., via equipment of the entity) can provide mapping information to the network that is associated with the generic IMSI(s). For instance, the entity can transmit or otherwise provide the network (e.g., the identity provisioning function) with mapping information that indexes the generic IMSI to a unique identification and to a secret key for each of a group of UICCs and/or devices. The mapping information can be updated as other UICCs and/or devices are manufactured, provisioned, sold or are otherwise made ready to register with the network. In one or more embodiments, the information from the entity can include the IMSI and the secret key and may include other information. 
     At  2806 , a generic IMSI can be intercepted or otherwise obtained by the identity proxy function, such as in a registration request, and at  2808  the identity proxy function can determine that the received IMSI is a generic IMSI being shared among other UICCs and/or devices. If the IMSI was not a generic IMSI then method  2800  can proceed to  2810  to register the device including performing an authentication utilizing the non-generic IMSI. If on the other hand the IMSI is a generic IMSI, method  2800  can proceed to  2812  to confirm service eligibility. Eligibility for services can be based on various factors such as suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, the device/UICC is not compatible with network or services, and so forth. 
     If the device or user is not eligible for service then at  2814  use of the generic IMSI at the device can be disabled. For example, OTA messaging can be provided to the device that causes the device to disable the use of the generic IMSI. In one embodiment, the OTA messaging can be enabled by simulating a registration (e.g., via registration simulation platform  675 ) using the generic IMSI and then disabling the subsequent use of that generic IMSI by the device via the OTA messaging. 
     If on the other hand the device or user is eligible for service, then at  2816  a new IMSI can be reassigned to the device via an OTA interface. In one embodiment, the OTA messaging causes the device to store the new IMSI and causes the device to provide a second registration request to the network that utilizes the new IMSI in order to complete the registration at  2810 . 
     In one embodiment, the generic IMSI can be a limited service or bootstrap IMSI that does not enable access to subscriber services but rather enables communicating with network elements (e.g., the identity proxy function). The new IMSI can be a full service IMSI that enables access to any services that the user is subscribed to upon completion of the registration. In one or more embodiments, the OTA interface can utilize a transport key stored by the communication device. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 28 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates a portion of a system  2900  that provides communication services to end user devices or other devices, such as communication device  2910  initially using a generic IMSI  2912  that can be replaced with another IMSI  2913  responsive to a successful identification of the communication device without the communication device providing a unique device identifier during a simulated registration process  675 . System  2900  can be part of or combined with all or a portion of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , system  800  of  FIG. 8 , other systems described herein, or another network such as an EPS, GPRS or UMTS network. The communication device  2910  can be various types of devices such as an M2M device, an IoT device, a smart appliance, a utility meter, a fixed device, a mobile device, a vehicle communication system, or other devices that utilize an IMSI for establishing communication services. The types of communication services can vary including voice services, video, data and/or messaging. 
     In one embodiment, system  2900  provides for provisioning (e.g., via equipment  2901  of an entity such as a vendor or manufacturer of UICCs, IoT devices, and so forth) of a generic IMSI  2912  (e.g., a single IMSI reserved for use by the entity) to a group of UICCs and/or communication devices. The group of UICCs can then be provided to the communication devices, such as UICC  2905  being provided to the communication device  2910  to enable the same IMSI  2912  to be utilized by more than one communication device during an initial registration process that results in reassignment of new IMSIs (e.g., IMSI  2913  reassigned to UICC  2905  of communication device  2910 ), which can be full service IMSIs. 
     In one embodiment, the generic IMSI  2912  can be received by the equipment  2901  of the entity from equipment of a service provider (e.g., the service provider that is operating the identity proxy function  2950 , the registration function  2960  and/or the identity provisioning function  2999 ). In one embodiment, the identity provisioning function  2999  can provide the generic IMSI  2912  to the equipment  2901  of the entity. In one embodiment, the service provider can provide different generic IMSIs to different vendors or manufacturers of the UICCs and/or communication devices. In this example, new IMSIs are not assigned to a device until the device registers with the network (via the generic IMSI  2912 ) so that if a device (or UICC) does not register with the network (via the generic IMSI), the service provider is not losing use of an IMSI. The new IMSI  2913  can be a full service IMSI which enables any services at the communication device for which the user of the device is subscribed. In one or more embodiments, the generic IMSI  2912  can be a limited service IMSI (e.g., a bootstrap IMSI) that enables communication with network elements but does not enable subscriber services (which are enabled for the communication device  2910  after it registers with the network utilizing the new IMSI  2913 ). In one or more embodiments, the equipment  2901  of the entity can receive multiple generic IMSIs and can assign different generic IMSIs to different types of UICCs (e.g., a first group of UICCs that are intended to be used in IoT devices receive generic IMSI X while a second group of UICCs that are intended to be used in mobile phone devices receive generic IMSI Y). 
     In one or more embodiments, other information can be provisioned to the UICCs (e.g., by the equipment  2901 ) such as secret keys that are to be utilized in registering with a network (e.g., each of the UICCs can be provisioned with a different secret key that enables generating a RES, SRES, or XRES for authentication during registration). In one or more embodiments, secret key mapping information can be provided by the equipment  2901  of the entity to the network, such as to the identity provisioning function  2999  which can provide the information to other network elements including the identity proxy function  2950 . In this example, the secret key mapping information can be utilized as part of an authentication process, such as comparison of a RES, SRES or XRES, confirmation of identification information being received in a registration request, and so forth. In one or more embodiments, there can be one UICC per secret key. In one embodiment, other mapping information (e.g., eUICC or UICC identification) can be provided by the equipment  2901  of the entity to the network with or without the secret key mapping information. 
     System  2900  can provide for registration of communication devices through use of a registration function  2960 , such as an MCS/VLR and/or HLR in a GSM network or an MME and/or HSS in an LTE network. System  2900  may or may not include intermediate network components in the message exchange paths. System  2900  illustrates a first registration by the communication device  2910  utilizing generic IMSI  2912  that is shared by other UICCs manufactured by the entity. In one or more embodiments, each of the UICCs sharing the generic IMSI  2912  can utilize their own secret keys for initiating and/or performing the registration process (e.g., generating an SRES, RES or XRES). 
     In the example of system  2900 , the identity proxy function  2950  can intercept or otherwise receive the generic IMSI  2912 , such as based on intercepting a registration request (e.g., prior to the registration request being provided to an MSC/VLR and/or HLR in GSM as illustrated in  FIG. 2  or prior to the registration request being provided to an MME and/or HSS in LTE as illustrated in  FIG. 8 ). In one embodiment, the first registration request includes the generic IMSI  2912  but does not include any unique device identifier associated with the communication device (e.g., there is no ICCID or eUICC ID information provided by the communication device). 
     In one embodiment, the device  2910  can be adapted so that it inserts the generic IMSI  2912  into the first registration request. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2950  can determine that the generic IMSI  2912  is a shared IMSI. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function  2950  can identify the particular device and/or the particular UICC requesting registration with the network based on the simulated registration  675  and based on authentication response information  2975 . 
     For example, the identity proxy function  2950  can initiate a simulated registration and force a generation of an SRES, RES or XRES by the communication device  2910 , as described herein. In one embodiment, registration simulation platform  675  can be utilized (e.g., positioned between the communication device  2910  and the VLR in GSM or positioned between the communication device and the MME in LTE). For example, the registration simulation platform  675  can comprise a set of functional elements that exist in the target network including an MSC/VLR, MME, HLR or HSS, AUC, SMSC, OTA platform, SGW, PGW, EIR and/or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the registration simulation platform  675  can simulate a registration of the communication device  2910  and can identify the communication device based on a comparison of the authentication response generated by the communication device  2905  (e.g., RES, SRES or XRES) with the authentication response information  2975  accessible to the identity proxy function  2975 . In one embodiment, the authentication response information  2975  can include possible RES, SRES or XRES responses associated with the generic IMSI  2912  that can be generated for each of the provisioned secret keys associated with the server  2901  or the entity operating the server  2901 . In one or more embodiments, the provisioned secret keys may be stored in another network element (e.g., an HLR or HSS) and not stored in the identity proxy function  2950 . In one embodiment, the possible RES, SRES or XRES responses and their corresponding secret keys can be mapped in the authentication response information  2975  to UICCs and/or communication devices so that the identity proxy function  2950  can identify the particular communication device that is seeking an initial registration using the generic IMSI  2912 . In one or more embodiments, the authentication response information  2975  can be adjusted or updated to remove possible SRES or RES responses corresponding to UICCs and/or communication devices that have replaced their generic IMSI with other IMSIs. 
     In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2950  and/or the identity provisioning function  2999  can determine whether the communication device  2910  is eligible for services. If the device  2910  is not eligible for services (e.g., suspension of services for non-payment or other reasons, device/UICC is not compatible with network or services, and so forth) then the identity proxy function  2950  can cause or otherwise facilitate or enable provisioning information to be provided (e.g., via the identity provisioning function  2999 ) to the device  2910  to cause the device to disable its use of the generic IMSI  2912 . In one embodiment, this can be performed via a simulated registration (e.g., using the registration simulation platform  675 ) that utilizes the generic IMSI  2912 . 
     In one embodiment, if the communication device  2910  is eligible for services then the identity provisioning function  2999  can implement a reassignment of a new IMSI  2913  for the device  2910  to replace the generic IMSI  2912 . The new IMSI  2913  can be a full service IMSI which enables any services at the communication device for which the user of the device is subscribed. In one embodiment, the new IMSI  2913  can be an IMSI that is not shared by any other device or shared by any other UICC. In another embodiment, the new IMSI  2913  can be a shared IMSI that is being shared by another device(s) that is located in a different registration service area, such as described with respect to systems  1900  and  2000  of  FIGS. 19 and 20 . 
     In one embodiment, responsive to a determination that an IMSI reassignment is warranted, the identity proxy function  2950  can provide a request to the identity provisioning function  2999  for the new IMSI  2913  or the determination can be made by the identity provisioning function  2999 . In one embodiment, the communication device  2910  can continue to utilize its original secret key (which can be mapped to the communication device  2910  by the network such as in an HLR or HSS according to the secret key mapping information). In one embodiment, the determination of eligibility for services can be made by the identity provisioning function  2999 . For example, the identity proxy function  2950  can automatically transmit a request to the identity provisioning function  2999  for another IMSI responsive to a determination that the generic IMSI  2912  is being utilized by a device. The determination to whether the new IMSI  2913  can be provisioned would then be made by the identity provisioning function  2999 . 
     As described herein, the registration simulation platform  675  can enable sending an OTA message to the communication device  2910  that can cause the modification of the device IMSI (e.g., storing the new IMSI  2913  in the UICC  2905  and/or disabling use of the generic IMSI  2912  by the device) and can cause the device to perform a re-registration to the target network using the new IMSI  2913 . In one embodiment, the identity proxy function  2950  and/or the identity provisioning function  2999  can provide instructions to the communication device  2910  that causes the communication device to initiate the re-registration utilizing the new IMSI  2913 . 
     In one embodiment, the simulated registration can be performed based on mapping information that was received by the network from the equipment  2901  of the entity. For example, the identity proxy function  2950  can have access to mapping information that indicates what UICCs are using a particular generic IMSI  2912  and further indicates the secret key being utilized by that particular UICC. Based on this information, the identity proxy function  2950  can identify a matching RES, SRES or XRES. In one embodiment, the equipment  2901  of the entity can update the mapping information provided to the network responsive to additional manufacturing of UICCs (e.g., additional provisioning of the generic IMSI  2912  and other secret keys to other UICCs that have been manufactured). 
     Continuing with this example, the identity provisioning function  2999  can notify various network elements (e.g., an HLR, AUC, EIR, HSS, and/or NSM) that the communication device  2910  is now associated with the particular new IMSI  2913 . In one embodiment, this transmitting of network provisioning data can cause the HLR or HSS to delete (or otherwise note the change of) a generic IMSI assignment for the communication device  2910  and/or add the new IMSI assignment for the communication device  2910  in its database. In one embodiment, this notification can cause the HLR or the HSS to perform a database update such as re-mapping to particular HLR records, adjusting mapping with respect to MSISDNs, adjusting an identification of available communication services that the subscriber has requested or is authorized to utilize, adjusting GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services, and so forth. In one embodiment, the simulated registration can be performed by the registration simulation platform using the generic IMSI  2912  (without being performed by the registration function  2960 ) and the second registration can be performed by the registration function  2960  using the new IMSI  2913  (without being performed by the registration simulation platform  675 ). 
       FIG. 30  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method  3000  used by system  2900  for facilitating registration of communication devices and the reassignment of IMSIs. One or more of the steps of method  3000  can be performed by an identity proxy function of a service provider, an identity provisioning function of the service provider, equipment of a vendor or manufacturer and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15, 17, 19-20, 22, 24, 26-27 and 29 . In one or more embodiments, the entity and the service provider are distinct entities. 
     At  3004 , the network (e.g., the identity provisioning function) can receive mapping information that is associated with a generic IMSI(s) being utilized by an entity. For example, a generic IMSI can be provided by a network service provider to the entity so that the entity can provision UICCs and/or devices with the generic IMSI. In one embodiment, the provisioning of the UICCs and/or devices can be part of a manufacturing process of the UICCs and/or devices. Other information can be provisioned to the UICCs and/or device by equipment of the entity, such as a secret key for use in a registration/authentication process (e.g., to generate a RES, SRES, XRES response). In one or more embodiments, the service provider can utilize different generic IMSIs for different entities that manufacture and/or provision UICCs and/or devices. In one or more embodiments, the service provider can provide multiple generic IMSIs to a single entity for use in provisioning of the UICCs and/or devices. For instance, the entity can apply different generic IMSIs to different types of UICCs and/or devices. In another embodiment, the entity can apply different generic IMSIs to UICCs and/or devices that are expected to first register in a single registration service area. By providing different generic IMSIs, this can reduce the likelihood of a registration problem that could arise from two devices that attempt to register at the same time with the same generic IMSI in the same registration service area. 
     As an example, the mapping information can index authentication data to particular communication devices to facilitate identifying the particular device. For instance, the mapping information can include a unique identification and/or a different secret key for each of a group of UICCs and/or devices. The mapping information can be updated as other UICCs and/or devices are manufactured, provisioned, sold or are otherwise made ready to register with the network. In one or more embodiments, the information from the entity can include the IMSI and the secret key and may include other information. 
     At  3006 , a generic IMSI can be intercepted or otherwise obtained by the identity proxy function, such as in a registration request, and at  3008  the identity proxy function can determine that the received IMSI is a generic IMSI being shared among other UICCs and/or devices. If the IMSI was not a generic IMSI then method  3000  can proceed to  3810  to register the device including performing an authentication utilizing the non-generic IMSI. In one or more embodiments, the registration process of  3810  can be performed by network elements (e.g., a registration function) that are different from the simulated registration platform  675 . 
     If on the other hand the IMSI is a generic IMSI, method  3000  can proceed to  3012  to initiate or otherwise facilitate a simulated registration utilized for identifying the particular device that is requesting registration. As an example, the identity proxy function can have access to the authentication response information  2975  that includes potential authentication responses (e.g., RES, SRES or XRES) that are indexed to particular devices. In one embodiment, the identity proxy function can have access to a group of secret keys that are associated with the generic IMSI. The identity proxy function can generate authentication responses for some or all of the group of secret keys and can detect a match with one of the generated authentication responses. The match can then be used for identifying the particular communication device indexed to the particular secret key that was used for generating the matching authentication response. If the identity proxy function does not find a match then at  2814  use of the generic IMSI at the device can be disabled. For example, OTA messaging can be provided to the device that causes the device to disable the use of the generic IMSI. 
     If on the other hand a match is detected and the communication device is identified from the authentication response information  2975 , then at  3016  a new IMSI can be reassigned to the device via an OTA interface. In one embodiment, the OTA messaging causes the device to store the new IMSI and causes the device to provide a second registration request to the network that utilizes the new IMSI in order to complete the registration at  3010 . In one embodiment, the reassignment of a new IMSI can be performed in conjunction with disabling the use of the generic IMSI by the particular communication device. In another embodiment, the authentication response information  2975  can be updated to remove a potential authentication response for a secret key of a communication device that has already received a re-assigned IMSI. 
     In one embodiment, the generic IMSI can be a limited service or bootstrap IMSI that does not enable access to subscriber services but rather enables communicating with network elements (e.g., the identity proxy function). The new IMSI can be a full service IMSI that enables access to any services that the user is subscribed to upon completion of the registration. In one or more embodiments, the OTA interface can utilize a transport key stored by the communication device. 
     While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in  FIG. 30 , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described herein. 
     In one or more embodiments, an assignment of a T-IMSI or similar identifier (e.g., during a simulated registration process) can be utilized to mitigate or otherwise eliminate two or more communication devices responding to a same page since there should not be more than one device responding to the same paging message due to the uniqueness of the T-IMSI. An example can be when registering a shared IMSI on the same VLR/MME. A potential conflict is that the VLR cannot distinguish to which communication device it is communicating. In one embodiment, an identity proxy function can intercept a registration for a communication device that has entered an area where the VLR is the same for another communication device that is sharing the IMSI. The identity proxy function can know (or otherwise have access to an indication) that the IMSI has already been registered. This means it is both stateful and always in the path between the communication device and the VLR. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function can detect this event and can transition into a mode of provisioning the communication device with a temporary IMSI to avoid the conflict. In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function can be positioned in the network to detect when the communication device is no longer in the area where the VLR has a shared IMSI, then the identity proxy function can cause the communication device to be re-provisioned with or otherwise cause use of the old IMSI. A first scenario in which this exemplary embodiment can be implemented is where a communication device moves away from a first VLR to a second VLR, such as moving to different geographic areas serviced by the different VLRs. The identity proxy function can intercept a registration message to the new second VLR. A second scenario in which this exemplary embodiment can be implemented is where: if a user does not use a communication device for a while, then a VLR will detach the communication device. There are no messages exchanged in this example and the detach is based on a timer. The identity proxy function can use a similar timing mechanism and can use a value similar to that used by the VLR. The aforementioned examples can be applicable within country or outside of country (i.e., roaming or non-roaming). 
     A complex conflict case can arise when two devices with the same IMSI register within the same VLR or MME service area. A first communication device can register with a shared IMSI which the identity proxy function can intercept or at least have knowledge of the registration with the shared IMSI. The identity proxy function can intercept a second communication device with the same IMSI. In one embodiment if the IMEI is not provided during the registration or is not in an accessible database, then the identity proxy function can simulate a registration and compare SRESs to detect the second communication device. The second communication device can be registered with the simulated registration. The simulated registration can further provide for paging, which can also include reducing or limiting a paging area which would reduce the probability of a paging error. In one embodiment, a unique T-IMSI can be assigned in order to page the second communication device. As an example, this function can be implemented via the simulated registration platform. For instance, the identity provisioning function can be used to manage and/or allocate a pool of T-IMSIs to both the simulated registration platform and/or the actual registration platform. 
     In one embodiment if registration is based on the same shared IMSI and no unique identifier is being utilized (e.g., a T-IMSI), the identity provisioning function can implement an OTA provisioning on the second communication device using a transport key of the second communication device. In this example, an OTA message can be received and acted upon by the second communication device that has the correct transport key used to encrypt the message. However, if the second communication device has been assigned a temporary ID, such as a T-IMSI, then there would be no paging error. In one or more embodiments, the second communication device can complete OTA provisioning because it uses a particular transport key and the OTA provisioning can cause a new IMSI (e.g., temporary) to be programmed in the second communication device to avoid conflict while both communication devices are on the same VLR. Once the OTA provisioning is complete and the temporary IMSI reassigned, the second communication device can be instructed to re-register with the network. The identity proxy function can recognize the new IMSI and can allow registration to proceed as usual. In one or more embodiments, this example is performed with communication devices that utilize a UICC that is programmed with a transport key. 
     In one embodiment where roaming outside the US, to avoid an HS S conflict, the VLR of the roaming network can know, a priori, to route the registration message to a specific HLR. 
     In one or more embodiments, the identity proxy function can identify a registration request utilizing an IMSI that it determines should be reassigned. There can be a number of reasons for this reassignment. The identity proxy function can either: perform a simulated registration and assign the communication device a unique identifier (e.g., a T-IMSI); or pass the registration over to a simulated registration platform to assign the unique identifier (e.g., a T-IMSI). This can complete the simulated registration process. Pools of T-IMSIs may be provisioned by the identity provisioning function and provided to various network elements. In this example, an OTA function of the simulated registration platform (or the identity proxy function) can then initiate an IMSI reassignment via an OTA process. The communication device can be paged using the T-IMSI. In this example, no other device would respond to this page. Further, the broadcast area of the page can be limited to one or a few cell sites. Once the communication device responds to the page, the OTA platform can transmit the message to the communication device instructing the UICC to use a new IMSI and further instructing a re-registration with the network. The registration functions of the network (i.e., not the simulated registration platform) should recognize the new IMSI. 
       FIG. 31  depicts an illustrative embodiment of a logic flow  3100  which can be used for facilitating registration of communication devices and the reassignment of IMSIs. One or more of the steps of the logic flow  3100  can be performed by various devices described herein such as an identity proxy function of a service provider, an identity provisioning function of the service provider, and/or by other devices described in  FIGS. 2-6, 8-11, 13, 15, 17, 19-20, 22, 24, 26-27 and 29 . In this embodiment, if an IMSI is available then the Location Update (e.g., authentication request) can be routed to a different HLR. Also, if the identity proxy function operates as a state machine, then it could route the duplicate IMSI to an alternate HLR. For example, at  3110  the communication device can provide a registration request to the identity proxy function which at  3120  can determine whether the IMSI is already registered. If not, then the registration request can be provided to a first HLR at  3130  and if so then the registration request can be provided to a second HLR at  3140 . 
       FIG. 32  depicts an exemplary diagrammatic representation of a machine in the form of a computer system  3200  within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods described above. One or more instances of the machine can operate, for example, as the identity proxy functions  250 ,  850 ,  1050 ,  1350 ,  2250 ,  2450 ,  2650 ,  2750 , the identity provisioning functions  350 ,  899 ,  1099 ,  1399 ,  1599 ,  1999 ,  2299 ,  2499 ,  2599 ,  2699 , the steering functions  1575 , and/or other network elements (e.g., MSC/VLR, HLR, MME, HSS) or end user devices for switching between a generic IMSI and a full service IMSI, facilitating the use of the same IMSI by multiple devices, intercepting authentication requests, determining a particular device that is utilizing a shared IMSI, intercepting other messages such as registration requests or error messages, determining identities of devices, and/or managing the use and reassignment of the IMSIs, including through the use of a bootstrap IMSI, and so forth. In some embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., using a network  3226 ) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client user machine in a server-client user network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. 
     The machine may comprise a server computer, a client user computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a control system, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. It will be understood that a communication device of the subject disclosure includes broadly any electronic device that provides voice, video or data communication. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein. 
     The computer system  3200  may include a processor (or controller)  3202  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)), a graphics processing unit (GPU, or both), a main memory  3204  and a static memory  3206 , which communicate with each other via a bus  3208 . The computer system  3200  may further include a display unit  3210  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a flat panel, or a solid-state display). The computer system  3200  may include an input device  3212  (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device  3214  (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit  3216 , a signal generation device  3218  (e.g., a speaker or remote control) and a network interface device  3220 . In distributed environments, the embodiments described in the subject disclosure can be adapted to utilize multiple display units  3210  controlled by two or more computer systems  3200 . In this configuration, presentations described by the subject disclosure may in part be shown in a first of the display units  3210 , while the remaining portion is presented in a second of the display units  3210 . 
     The disk drive unit  3216  may include a tangible computer-readable storage medium  3222  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software  3224 ) embodying any one or more of the methods or functions described herein, including those methods illustrated above. The instructions  3224  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  3204 , the static memory  3206 , and/or within the processor  3202  during execution thereof by the computer system  3200 . The main memory  3204  and the processor  3202  also may constitute tangible computer-readable storage media. 
     Dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays and other hardware devices can likewise be constructed to implement the methods described herein. Application specific integrated circuits and programmable logic array can use downloadable instructions for executing state machines and/or circuit configurations to implement embodiments of the subject disclosure. Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various embodiments broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. Some embodiments implement functions in two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Thus, the example system is applicable to software, firmware, and hardware implementations. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the subject disclosure, the operations or methods described herein are intended for operation as software programs or instructions running on or executed by a computer processor or other computing device, and which may include other forms of instructions manifested as a state machine implemented with logic components in an application specific integrated circuit or field programmable gate array. Furthermore, software implementations (e.g., software programs, instructions, etc.) including, but not limited to, distributed processing or component/object distributed processing, parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can also be constructed to implement the methods described herein. Distributed processing environments can include multiple processors in a single machine, single processors in multiple machines, and/or multiple processors in multiple machines. It is further noted that a computing device such as a processor, a controller, a state machine or other suitable device for executing instructions to perform operations or methods may perform such operations directly or indirectly by way of one or more intermediate devices directed by the computing device. 
     While the tangible computer-readable storage medium  3222  is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any non-transitory medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods of the subject disclosure. The term “non-transitory” as in a non-transitory computer-readable storage includes without limitation memories, drives, devices and anything tangible but not a signal per se. 
     The term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to: solid-state memories such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable (volatile) memories, a magneto-optical or optical medium such as a disk or tape, or other tangible media which can be used to store information. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include any one or more of a tangible computer-readable storage medium, as listed herein and including art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations herein are stored. 
     Although the present specification describes components and functions implemented in the embodiments with reference to particular standards and protocols, the disclosure is not limited to such standards and protocols. Each of the standards for Internet and other packet switched network transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, UDP/IP, HTML, and HTTP) represent examples of the state of the art. Such standards are from time-to-time superseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentially the same functions. Wireless standards for device detection (e.g., RFID), short-range communications (e.g., Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, ZigBee®), and long-range communications (e.g., WiMAX, GSM, CDMA, LTE) can be used by computer system  3200 . In one or more embodiments, information regarding use of services can be generated including services being accessed, media consumption history, user preferences, and so forth. This information can be obtained by various methods including user input, detecting types of communications (e.g., video content vs. audio content), analysis of content streams, and so forth. The generating, obtaining and/or monitoring of this information can be responsive to an authorization provided by the user. In one or more embodiments, an analysis of data can be subject to authorization from user(s) associated with the data, such as an opt-in, an opt-out, acknowledgement requirements, notifications, selective authorization based on types of data, and so forth. 
     The illustrations of embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments, and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of apparatus and systems that might make use of the structures described herein. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The exemplary embodiments can include combinations of features and/or steps from multiple embodiments. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Figures are also merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement which achieves the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the embodiments described or shown by the subject disclosure. The subject disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, can be used in the subject disclosure. For instance, one or more features from one or more embodiments can be combined with one or more features of one or more other embodiments. In one or more embodiments, features that are positively recited can also be negatively recited and excluded from the embodiment with or without replacement by another structural and/or functional feature. The steps or functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed in any order. The steps or functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed alone or in combination with other steps or functions of the subject disclosure, as well as from other embodiments or from other steps that have not been described in the subject disclosure. Further, more than or less than all of the features described with respect to an embodiment can also be utilized. 
     Less than all of the steps or functions described with respect to the exemplary processes or methods can also be performed in one or more of the exemplary embodiments. Further, the use of numerical terms to describe a device, component, step or function, such as first, second, third, and so forth, is not intended to describe an order or function unless expressly stated so. The use of the terms first, second, third and so forth, is generally to distinguish between devices, components, steps or functions unless expressly stated otherwise. Additionally, one or more devices or components described with respect to the exemplary embodiments can facilitate one or more functions, where the facilitating (e.g., facilitating access or facilitating establishing a connection) can include less than every step needed to perform the function or can include all of the steps needed to perform the function. 
     In one or more embodiments, a processor (which can include a controller or circuit) has been described that performs various functions. It should be understood that the processor can be multiple processors, which can include distributed processors or parallel processors in a single machine or multiple machines. The processor can be used in supporting a virtual processing environment. The virtual processing environment may support one or more virtual machines representing computers, servers, or other computing devices. In such virtual machines, components such as microprocessors and storage devices may be virtualized or logically represented. The processor can include a state machine, application specific integrated circuit, and/or programmable gate array including a Field PGA. In one or more embodiments, when a processor executes instructions to perform “operations”, this can include the processor performing the operations directly and/or facilitating, directing, or cooperating with another device or component to perform the operations. 
     The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.