Patent Publication Number: US-2023136253-A1

Title: Systems and methods for automated accident analysis

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Benefit and priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 is hereby claimed to, and this is a Continuation of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/892,363 filed on Feb. 8, 2018 and titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTOMATED ACCIDENT ANALYSIS”, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. ______ on ______, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Car accidents in the United States average around six million (6 million) per year 1  and result in approximately twenty-seven and a half billion dollars ($27.5 billion) in claimed insurance collision losses alone, annually 2 . With so much liability and insurance exposure at stake, processes for detecting and managing accidents, as well as for reporting and analyzing insurance claims resulting therefrom can be extremely advantageous. Existing on-board crash detection systems assist in expediting the summoning of emergency services to an accident scene, for example, and applications that allow insurance customers to submit digital photos of damage to an insurance company facilitate expedited claims processing.   1  For 2015, estimated at six million two hundred and ninety-six thousand (6,296,000) police-reported traffic crashes by the National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812376.  2  The Auto Insurance Database Report (2012/2013) published by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, at pg. 176: http:/www.naic.org/documents/prod_serv_statistical_aut_pb.pdf. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       An understanding of embodiments described herein and many of the attendant advantages thereof may be readily obtained by reference to the following detailed description when considered with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of a system according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    is a perspective diagram of a system according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of a system according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5 A ,  FIG.  5 B , and  FIG.  5 C  are diagrams of a system depicting example interfaces according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    is a block diagram of an apparatus according to some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  7 A ,  FIG.  7 B ,  FIG.  7 C ,  FIG.  7 D , and  FIG.  7 E  are perspective diagrams of exemplary data storage devices according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     I. Introduction 
     Due to the high volume and great costs arising from automobile (and other vehicle or object, e.g., home and/or business) accidents every year, the number of insurance claims that require processing is a critical factor for insurance companies to manage. With the current average lag time between an accident occurrence and insurance claim initiation being approximately eight (8) hours, claim handling queues have been lengthened and important accident details may have been lost, forgotten, or overlooked by the time a claim is initiated. Any reduction in the lag time may accordingly be beneficial for reducing processing queues and/or reducing the likelihood of important details descriptive of the accident being lost. Preservation of accident details or evidence may also or alternatively benefit accident reconstruction and/or fault analysis procedures and/or legal investigations. 
     Previous claim process facilitation systems allow accident victims to submit digital photos of sustained damage, but do not otherwise address reduction of claim processing lag times (particularly in the initial lag time of claim reporting). Accident-detection systems are primarily directed to mitigating injury and loss of life by expediting emergency services deployment, but offer little or no post-emergency functionality. 
     In accordance with embodiments herein, these and other deficiencies of previous efforts are remedied by providing systems, apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture for automated accident analysis. In some embodiments, for example, an accident analysis system may employ a set of logical rules and/or procedures that are specially-coded to (i) detect and/or verify accident occurrences (e.g., auto, home, and/or business), (ii) automatically capture accident event evidence, (iii) provide structured prompts that guide an accident victim through post-emergency tasks and/or checklists, and/or (iv) automatically analyze accident evidence to derive at least one accident result (e.g., an assignment of fault, blame, or liability and/or a determination regarding an insurance claim payment and/or payment amount). According to some embodiments, an automatic accident analysis system may capture data from a variety of sensors disposed to collect data descriptive of the accident and/or accident scene. In some embodiments for example, the system may automatically capture and/or analyze video, audio, and/or image data captured by a camera array of one or more vehicles involved in an accident (or of a home or business security system, in the case of a non-vehicle accident/event). Many automobiles are now outfitted with, for example, what are described as “360° ” or “birds-eye view” camera arrays that provide video and/or images of the area surrounding a vehicle. According to some embodiments, the system may automatically acquire video and/or image feed data from such an array and utilize the data to construct a virtual representation of the accident scene and/or to analyze the accident event (e.g., to derive an accident result). 
     As utilized herein, the term “accident result” may generally refer to any conclusion and/or determination that is defined and/or derived based on an analysis of accident data and/or evidence. With respect to legal liability (criminal and/or civil), fault, and/or blame, for example, an accident result may comprise an estimate and/or calculation of assigned responsibility (e.g., causation) for the accident event. In the case of an insurance claim for the accident event, an accident result may comprise a determination and/or decision regarding whether the claim will be paid or not (e.g., based on an assignment or “result” determined regarding liability or responsibility), and/or a determination regarding how much will be paid (e.g., based on an estimated amount of damage, coverage limits, etc.). 
     II. Automated Accident Analysis Systems 
     Referring first to  FIG.  1   , a block diagram of a system  100  according to some embodiments is shown. In some embodiments, the system  100  may comprise a user device  102   a  that may be located within (as depicted in  FIG.  1   ) or proximate to a vehicle  102   b  (or, in some cases, a building or structure such as a home or office). In some embodiments, the user device  102   a  and/or the vehicle  102   b  may be in communication, via a network  104 , with one or more remote devices, such as a third-party device  106  and/or a server  110 . According to some embodiments, the system  100  may comprise one or more sensors  116   a - b.  As depicted in  FIG.  1   , for example, the user device  102   a  may comprise (and/or be in communication with) a first sensor  116   a  and/or the vehicle  102   b  may comprise (and/or be in communication with) a second sensor  116   b.  In some embodiments, the system  100  may comprise a memory  140 . As depicted in  FIG.  1   , in some embodiments the memory  140  may be disposed in and/or be coupled to the vehicle  102   b.  According to some embodiments, the memory  140  may also or alternatively be part of the user device  102   a,  the network  104 , the third-party device  106 , the server  110 , and/or may comprise a stand-alone and/or networked data storage device such as a solid-state and/or non-volatile memory card (e.g., a Secure Digital (SD) card such as an SD Standard-Capacity (SDSC), an SD High-Capacity (SDHC), and/or an SD eXtended-Capacity (SDXC) and any various practicable form-factors such as original, mini, and micro sizes, such as are available from Western Digital Corporation of San Jose, Calif.). In some embodiments, the memory  140  may be in communication with and/or store data from one or more of the sensors  116   a - b.  As depicted in  FIG.  1   , any or all of the devices  102   a - b,    106 ,  110 ,  116   a - b,    140  (or any combinations thereof) may be in communication via the network  104 . 
     Fewer or more components  102   a - b,    104 ,  106 ,  110 ,  116   a - b,    140  and/or various configurations of the depicted components  102   a - b,    104 ,  106 ,  110 ,  116   a - b,    140  may be included in the system  100  without deviating from the scope of embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the components  102   a - b,    104 ,  106 ,  110 ,  116   a - b,    140  may be similar in configuration and/or functionality to similarly named and/or numbered components as described herein. In some embodiments, the system  100  (and/or portion thereof) may comprise an automatic accident analysis program, system, and/or platform programmed and/or otherwise configured to execute, conduct, and/or facilitate the method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. 
     The user device  102   a,  in some embodiments, may comprise any type or configuration of computing, mobile electronic, network, user, and/or communication device that is or becomes known or practicable. The user device  102   a  may, for example, comprise one or more tablet computers, such as an iPad® manufactured by Apple®, Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., and/or cellular and/or wireless telephones or “smart” phones, such as an iPhone® (also manufactured by Apple®, Inc.) or an Optimus™ S smart phone manufactured by LG® Electronics, Inc. of San Diego, Calif., and running the Android® operating system from Google®, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif.. In some embodiments, the user device  102   a  may comprise one or more devices owned and/or operated by one or more users, such as an automobile (and/or other vehicle, liability, personal, and/or corporate insurance customer) insurance customer and/or other accident victim and/or witness. According to some embodiments, the user device  102   a  may communicate with the server  110  via the network  104  to provide evidence and/or other data descriptive of an accident event and/or accident scene, as described herein. According to some embodiments, the user device  102   a  may store and/or execute specially programmed instructions (such as a mobile device application) to operate in accordance with embodiments described herein. The user device  102   a  may, for example, execute one or more mobile device programs that activate and/or control the first sensor  116   a  and/or the second sensor  116   b  to acquire accident-related data therefrom (e.g., accelerometer readings in the case that the first sensor  116   a  comprises an accelerometer of the user device  102   a  and/or bird&#39;s-eye view imagery/video in the case that the second sensor comprises a camera array of the vehicle  102   b ). 
     According to some embodiments, the vehicle  102   b  may comprise any type, configuration, style, and/or number of vehicles, such as, but not limited to, passenger automobiles (e.g., sedans, sports cars, Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs), pickup trucks), trucks, vans, buses, tractors, construction equipment, agricultural equipment, airplanes, boats, and trains. In some embodiments, the vehicle  102   b  may comprise an automobile owned and/or operated by a user (not shown) that also owns and/or operates the user device  102   a.  According to some embodiments, the vehicle  102   b  may comprise the second sensor  116   b,  such as a proximity sensor, a global positioning sensor, an oxygen sensor, a traction sensor, an airbag sensor, a crash/impact sensor, a keyless-entry sensor, a tire pressure sensor, an optical sensor (such as a light sensor, a camera, or an Infrared Radiation (IR) sensor), and/or a Radio Frequency (RF) sensor (e.g., a Bluetooth® transceiver, and inductive field sensor, and/or a cellular or other signal sensor). In some embodiments, the second sensor  116   b  may comprise a “360° ” or bird&#39;s-eye camera array and/or system, as described herein. 
     The network  104  may, according to some embodiments, comprise a Local Area Network (LAN; wireless and/or wired), cellular telephone, Bluetooth® and/or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Near Field Communication (NFC), and/or Radio Frequency (RF) network with communication links between the server  110 , the user device  102   a,  the vehicle  102   b,  the third-party device  106 , the sensors  116   a - b,  and/or the memory  140 . In some embodiments, the network  104  may comprise direct communications links between any or all of the components  102   a - b,    106 ,  110 ,  116   a - b,    140  of the system  100 . The user device  102   a  may, for example, be directly interfaced or connected to one or more of the vehicle  102   b  and/or the controller device  110  via one or more wires, cables, wireless links, and/or other network components, such network components (e.g., communication links) comprising portions of the network  104 . In some embodiments, the network  104  may comprise one or many other links or network components other than those depicted in  FIG.  1   . The user device  102   a  may, for example, be connected to the server  110  via various cell towers, routers, repeaters, ports, switches, and/or other network components that comprise the Internet and/or a cellular telephone (and/or Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)) network, and which comprise portions of the network  104 . 
     While the network  104  is depicted in  FIG.  1    as a single object, the network  104  may comprise any number, type, and/or configuration of networks that is or becomes known or practicable. According to some embodiments, the network  104  may comprise a conglomeration of different sub-networks and/or network components interconnected, directly or indirectly, by the components  102   a - b,    106 ,  110 ,  116   a - b,    140  of the system  100 . The network  104  may comprise one or more cellular telephone networks with communication links between the user device  102   a,  the vehicle  102   b,  and the server  110 , for example, and/or may comprise a BLE, NFC, and/or “personal” network comprising short-range wireless communications between the user device  102   a  and the vehicle  102   b,  for example. 
     The third-party device  106 , in some embodiments, may comprise any type or configuration of a computerized processing device, such as a PC, laptop computer, computer server, database system, and/or other electronic device, devices, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the third-party device  106  may be owned and/or operated by a third-party (i.e., an entity different than any entity owning and/or operating any of the user device  102   a,  the vehicle  102   b,  and/or the server  110 ). The third-party device  106  may, for example, be owned and/or operated by a data and/or data service provider, such as Dun &amp; Bradstreet® Credibility Corporation (and/or a subsidiary thereof, such as Hoovers™), Deloitte® Development, LLC, Experian™ Information Solutions, Inc., and/or Edmunds.com®, Inc. In some embodiments, the third-party device  106  may supply and/or provide data, such as location data, encryption/decryption data, configuration data, and/or preference data to the server  110 , the user device  102   a,  the vehicle  102   b,  and/or the sensors  116   a - b.  In some embodiments, the third-party device  106  may comprise a plurality of devices and/or may be associated with a plurality of third-party entities. According to some embodiments, the third-party device  106  may comprise the memory  140  (or a portion thereof), such as in the case the third-party device  106  comprises a third-party data storage service, device, and/or system, such as the Amazon® Simple Storage Service (Amazon® S3™) available from Amazon.com, Inc. of Seattle, Wash. or an open-source third-party database service, such as MongoDB™ available from MongoDB, Inc. of New York, N.Y. 
     In some embodiments, the server  110  may comprise an electronic and/or computerized controller device, such as a computer server and/or server cluster communicatively coupled to interface with the user device  102   a  and/or the vehicle  102   b  (directly and/or indirectly). The server  110  may, for example, comprise one or more PowerEdge™ M910 blade servers manufactured by Dell®, Inc. of Round Rock, Tex., which may include one or more Eight-Core Intel® Xeon® 7500 Series electronic processing devices. According to some embodiments, the server  110  may be located remotely from one or more of the user device  102   a  and the vehicle  102   b.  The server  110  may also or alternatively comprise a plurality of electronic processing devices located at one or more various sites and/or locations (e.g., a distributed computing and/or processing network). 
     According to some embodiments, the server  110  may store and/or execute specially-programmed instructions to operate in accordance with embodiments described herein. The server  110  may, for example, execute one or more programs that facilitate and/or cause the automatic detection, verification, data capture, and/or data analysis of an accident event, as described herein. According to some embodiments, the server  110  may comprise a computerized processing device, such as a PC, laptop computer, computer server, and/or other network or electronic device, operated to manage and/or facilitate automatic accident analysis in accordance with embodiments described herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the sensors  116   a - b  may comprise any type, configuration, and/or quantity of sensor devices that are or become known or practicable. In some embodiments, the first sensor  116   a  may comprise an accelerometer, gyroscope, locational positioning device, image, audio, and/or video capture and/or recording device of the user device  102   a  (e.g., a “smart” phone). According to some embodiments, the second sensor  116   b  may comprise various vehicle sensors, such as brake sensors, tire pressure sensors, temperature sensors, locational positioning devices, door sensors, and/or one or more cameras, such as a backup camera, an interior/cabin/passenger camera, and/or a camera array, such as a bird&#39;s-eye or “360° ” view array. The second sensor  116   b  may, in some embodiments, be integrated into the vehicle  102   b  as Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) devices installed in the vehicle  102   b  during the manufacture thereof. In some embodiments, the second sensor  116   b  may comprise an after-market sensor and/or sensor system, such as a Vacron 360° Dash Camera having a single four (4) lens camera and available from the Fuho Technology Company, Ltd. of Shen Zhen, China or a Wiseup™ Car Vehicle 360 Degree Panoramic View System having four (4) separately mounted and interconnected cameras and available from the Shenzhen Dawu Times Technology Co., Ltd. of Shen Zhen, China. 
     In some embodiments, the server  110 , the third-party device  106 , the sensors  116   a - b,  the user device  102   a,  and/or the vehicle  102   b  may be in communication with the memory  140 . The memory  140  may store, for example, mobile device application data, vehicle data, user/driver data, sensor data, location data (such as coordinates, distances, etc.), security access protocol and/or verification data, and/or instructions that cause various devices (e.g., the server  110 , the third-party device  106 , the user device  102   a,  and/or the vehicle  102   b ) to operate in accordance with embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the memory  140  may comprise any type, configuration, and/or quantity of data storage devices that are or become known or practicable. The memory  140  may, for example, comprise an array of optical and/or solid-state hard drives configured to store user identifier, vehicle identifier, device identifier, and/or location data provided by (and/or requested by) the user device  102   a  and/or the server  110 , and/or various operating instructions, drivers, etc. While the memory  140  is depicted as a stand-alone component of the system  100  in  FIG.  1   , the memory  140  may comprise multiple components. In some embodiments, a multi-component memory  140  may be distributed across various devices and/or may comprise remotely dispersed components. Any or all of the user device  102   a,  the vehicle  102   b,  the third-party device  106 , and/or the server  110  may comprise the memory  140  or a portion thereof, for example, and/or one or more of the sensors  116   a - b  may comprise the memory  140  or a portion thereof. 
     Turning to  FIG.  2   , a perspective diagram of system  200 , according to some embodiments, is shown. In some embodiments, the system  200  may comprise a mobile electronic device  202   a  and/or a vehicle  202   b.  In some embodiments, the mobile electronic device  202   a  may comprise a housing  202   a - 1  that retains, houses, and/or is otherwise coupled to communication antenna  212   a - b  (e.g., a first antenna  212   a  such as a cellular network or long-range antenna and/or a second antenna  212   b  such as a Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth®, and/or other short-range antenna), input devices  216   a - b  (e.g., a first input device  216   a,  such as a camera and/or a second input device  216   b,  such as a microphone), and/or output devices  218   a - b  (e.g., a first output device  218   a,  such as a display screen, and/or a second output device  218   b,  such as a speaker). According to some embodiments, the mobile electronic device  202   a  (and/or the display screen  218   a  thereof) may output a GUI  220  that provides output from and/or accepts input for, a mobile device application executed by the mobile electronic device  202   a.    
     In some embodiments, the mobile electronic device  202   a  (and/or the input devices  216   a - b  thereof) may capture, sense, record, and/or be triggered by objects, data, and/or signals at or near an accident scene (e.g., the depicted setting of the system  200  in  FIG.  2   ). The camera  216   a  of the mobile electronic device  202   a  may, for example, capture images of one or more textual indicia  232   a - b  within visual proximity to the mobile electronic device  202   a.  At the accident scene, for example, the camera  216   a  may capture an image (and/or video) of an identification card, such as the depicted vehicle operator&#39;s license  232   a  (e.g., a driver&#39;s license and/or other identification card, such as an insurance card), and/or an identifier of the vehicle  202   b,  such as the depicted license plate number  232   b  (e.g., a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), make, model, and/or other human or computer-readable indicia). 
     According to some embodiments, the camera  216   a  may capture image data of damage  234  to the vehicle  202   b,  roadway features  236   a - b,  such as road signs  236   a  (and/or other roadway instructions and/or guidance objects or devices) and/or curbs  236   b  (e.g., roadway edges, centerlines, lanes, etc.), and/or environmental conditions  238  (e.g., cloud cover, rain, puddles, snow). In some embodiments, other input devices  216   a - b  and/or sensors (not separately depicted in  FIG.  2   ) may also or alternatively capture data from the accident scene. The microphone  216   b  may, for example, capture sound information indicative of environmental conditions  238  such as rainfall, sounds of cars passing through puddles, sounds of vehicles traveling over gravel, etc. In some embodiments, captured data may be in the form of electronic signals, signal detection, signal strength readings, and/or signal triangulation data. The short-range antenna  212   b  may detect, measure, and/or triangulate, for example, one or more signals from the vehicle  202   b,  the road sign  236   a  (e.g., an RF-enabled roadway device), and/or other devices, such as a second mobile electronic device (not shown), e.g., located within the vehicle  202   b  and broadcasting a short-range communications discovery signal (such as a Bluetooth® discovery signal). According to some embodiments, the mobile electronic device  202   a  may communicate wirelessly (e.g., via the short-range antenna  212   b ) with the vehicle  202   b  to acquire (e.g., query) sensor data of the vehicle stored in an electronic storage device (not shown in  FIG.  2   ) therein. 
     In some embodiments, any or all information captured, recorded, and/or sensed at, near, and/or otherwise descriptive of the accident scene by the mobile electronic device  202   a  (and/or by the vehicle  202   b ) may be processed and/or analyzed. The data may be analyzed by an application executed by the mobile electronic device  202   a,  for example, and/or may be transmitted to a remote server (not shown in  FIG.  2   ) that conducts data analysis routines. According to some embodiments, the data analysis may result in a definition of one or more textual and/or other human-readable data elements  244  that may be output to a user (not shown) via the GUI  220  generated on the display screen  218   a.  As depicted in  FIG.  2   , for example, the data elements  244  may comprise data from the operators license  232   a  and/or the license plate number  232   b  may be optically recognized, converted into digital character information, and output via the GUI  220 . In some embodiments, the GUI  220  may also or alternatively output data elements  244  comprising an image (e.g., a “thumbnail” image) of the damage  234 , derived location information (e.g., based on spatial analysis of image data) for the road sign  236   a  and/or the curb  236   b,  and/or a textual description (e.g., a qualitative description) of the weather conditions  238 . In some embodiments, the data elements  244  may be utilized to trigger and/or conduct various processes, such as the method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. The data elements  244  may be utilized in conjunction with an application of stored rules, for example, to derive an accident result, such as a determination regarding causation of the accident, an estimate of damage caused by the accident, and/or a determination of whether (and/or how much) an insurance claim in response to the accident will be approved or denied. 
     In some embodiments, the mobile electronic device  202   a  may comprise a smart mobile phone, such as the iPhone® 8 or a later generation iPhone®, running iOS 10 or a later generation of iOS, supporting Location Services. The iPhone® and iOS are produced by Apple Inc., however, the present invention is not limited to any particular portable computing device or smart mobile phone. For example, the mobile electronic device  202   a  may take the form of a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a palm-size computer, a pocket computer, a palmtop computer, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, an electronic organizer, a mobile phone, a portable/mobile phone, a feature phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a portable/mobile data terminal, an iPhone®, an iPad®, an iPod®, an Apple® Watch (or other “smart” watch), and other portable form-factor devices by any vendor containing at least one Central Processing Unit (CPU) and a wireless communication device (e.g., the communication antenna  212   a - b ). 
     According to some embodiments, the mobile electronic device  202   a  runs (i.e., executes) a mobile device software application (“app”) that causes the generation and/or output of the GUI  220 . In some embodiments, the app works with Location Services supported by an iOS operating system executing on the mobile electronic device  202   a.  The app may include, comprise, and/or cause the generation of the GUI  220 , which may be utilized, for example, for transmitting and/or exchanging data through and/or via a network (not shown in  FIG.  2   ; e.g., the Internet). In some embodiments, once the app receives captured data from an input device  216   a - b,  the app in turn transmits the captured data through a first interface for exchanging data (not separately depicted in  FIG.  2   ) and through the network. The network may, in some embodiments, route the data out through a second interface for exchanging data (not shown) to a remote server. According to some embodiments, the app includes specially-programmed software code that includes one or more address identifiers such as Uniform Resource Locator (URL) addresses, Internet Protocol (IP) address, etc., that point to and/or reference the server. 
     Fewer or more components  202   a - b,    202   a - 1 ,  212   a - b,    216   a - b,    218   a - b,    220 ,  232   a - b,    234 ,  236   a - b,    238 ,  244  and/or various configurations of the depicted components  202   a - b,    202   a - 1 ,  212   a - b,    216   a - b,    218   a - b,    220 ,  232   a - b,    234 ,  236   a - b,    238 ,  244  may be included in the system  200  without deviating from the scope of embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the components  202   a - b,    202   a - 1 ,  212   a - b,    216   a - b,    218   a - b,    220 ,  232   a - b,    234 ,  236   a - b,    238 ,  244  may be similar in configuration and/or functionality to similarly named and/or numbered components as described herein. In some embodiments, the system  200  (and/or portion thereof) may comprise an automatic accident analysis program, system, and/or platform programmed and/or otherwise configured to execute, conduct, and/or facilitate the method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , a block diagram of a system  300  according to some embodiments is shown. In some embodiments, the system  300  may comprise a vehicle  302  and a transmitter  312  in communication with a camera array  316 . The camera array  316  may capture, for example, a plurality of images, audio, and/or video of a particular area in and/or around the vehicle (e.g., the vehicle  102   b,    202   b  of  FIG.  1    and/or  FIG.  2    herein) and/or may provide such data for generation of an interface  320 . As depicted in  FIG.  3   , the interface  320  may comprise a first view  322   a  that depicts a “360° ” or bird&#39;s-eye view of an area around the vehicle  302  and/or a second view  322   b  that depicts an area behind (or in front of) the vehicle  302 . According to some embodiments, the interface  320  may comprise an image navigation button  324  and/or a record button or indicator  326 . In some embodiments, the output of the interface  320  (e.g., the first view  322   a  and/or the second view  322   b ) may be defined and/or generated based on data provided by the camera array  316 . According to some embodiments, the output of the interface  320  may be provided via a display device (not explicitly shown) of the vehicle  302  and/or may be transmitted to one or more other devices (not shown; e.g., a remote server  110  and/or a user/mobile electronic device  102   a,    202   a  of  FIG.  1    and/or  FIG.  2    herein). 
     In some embodiments, information descriptive of the area surrounding the vehicle  302  (e.g., an accident scene in the case of an accident) may be captured, identified, and/or analyzed. Textual information, such as a license plate number  332  of a first vehicle  334   a,  may be identified and “recognized” electronically via an optical character recognition program or application, for example. According to some embodiments, other vehicles  334   a - b  in the area may be identified from the images/video via execution of a vehicle, object, and/or shape-based electronic recognition routine or application. In some embodiments, different routines and/or algorithms may be utilized based on the type of image/video being analyzed. In the case of the first vehicle  334   a  in the front/rear “fisheye” or perspective image of the second view  322   b,  for example, a first object detection algorithm utilizing first rules for perspective shape analysis may be utilized, while in the case of a second vehicle  334   b  (or portion thereof, as depicted in  FIG.  2   ) in the “360° ” or bird&#39;s-eye image of the first view  322   a,  a second object detection algorithm utilizing second rules for overhead view shape analysis may be utilized. 
     According to some embodiments, image/video features indicative and/or descriptive of roadway features  336   a - e  may be identified. Object and/or pattern recognition algorithms and/or applications may be utilized, for example, to identify lane/parking lines  336   a,  curbs  336   b,  pavement markings  336   c,  in-road obstacles  336   d  (e.g., a drainage basin, as depicted), and/or near-road obstacles  336   e  (e.g., posts, poles, trees, etc.). In some embodiments, weather-related data may also or alternatively be gathered and/or identified from the data of the camera array  316 . Object and/or pattern recognition algorithms and/or applications may be utilized to detect and/or identify puddles  338  of water (wet and/or frozen), oil, and/or other indications of weather and/or other activities that may affect (or may have affected) roadway travel. 
     In some embodiments, identification of the various elements  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338  from the images/video may comprise estimating and/or identifying locations of the various elements  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338 . A spatial recognition algorithm and/or application may be utilized, for example, to derive an estimated distance between the vehicle  302  and (i) various lane/parking lines  336   a,  (ii) other vehicles  334   a - b,  (iii) in-road obstacles  336   d,  and/or (iv) weather-related objects or areas, such as the puddle  338 . According to some embodiments, distances between various elements  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338  may be derived, such as a distance of the first vehicle  334   a  from a curb  336   b  and/or a distance between two poles  336   e.  In some embodiments, other spatial and/or relational location data may be calculated and/or derived. An angle or orientation of the vehicle  302  with respect to the directional arrow pavement marking  336   c  may be calculated, for example, and/or a direction of travel (and/or speed, with respect to video image data) of the first vehicle  334   a  with respect to the vehicle  302  and/or other objects may be calculated. 
     According to some embodiments, derived and/or calculated data based on the various elements  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338  from the images/video may be output via the interface  320  (not shown). Markings showing distances, speeds, and/or other derived data may, for example, be overlaid on the image data output by the interface  320 . In some embodiments, the derived data may be utilized to calculate, compute, and/or determine an accident result. In the case of an accident, for example, various speeds, distances, orientations, and/or object locations may be utilized to reconstruct likely accident scenarios, e.g., utilizing one or more physics and/or accident reconstruction algorithms and/or applications. In some embodiments, the analysis of the data may be utilized to generate a virtual accident scene (not shown), e.g., an electronic, spatially-oriented depiction of accident scene details, such as object locations, orientations, etc. In some embodiments, the virtual accident scene may be temporally constructed and/or indexed such that accident scene details may be viewed in relation to their positions, qualities, orientations, and/or characteristics at different points in time. According to some embodiments, the image/video data and/or the derived/calculated data may be stored in a database  340 , e.g., in communication with the camera array  316  and/or the transmitter  312 . In some embodiments, the image/video data and/or the derived/calculated data may be transmitted to one or more other devices (not shown in  FIG.  3   ) and/or such other devices may be provided with access to the memory  340  to retrieve and/or query the stored data. 
     Fewer or more components  302 ,  312 ,  316 ,  320 ,  322   a - b,    324 ,  326 ,  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338 ,  340  and/or various configurations of the depicted components  302 ,  312 ,  316 ,  320 ,  322   a - b,    324 ,  326 ,  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338 ,  340  may be included in the system  300  without deviating from the scope of embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the components  302 ,  312 ,  316 ,  320 ,  322   a - b,    324 ,  326 ,  332 ,  334   a - b,    336   a - e,    338 ,  340  may be similar in configuration and/or functionality to similarly named and/or numbered components as described herein. In some embodiments, the system  300  (and/or portion thereof) may comprise an automatic accident analysis program, system, and/or platform programmed and/or otherwise configured to execute, conduct, and/or facilitate the method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. 
     III. Automated Accident Analysis Processes 
     Turning now to  FIG.  4   , a flow diagram of a method  400  according to some embodiments is shown. In some embodiments, the method  400  may be performed and/or implemented by and/or otherwise associated with one or more specialized and/or specially-programmed computers (e.g., the user/mobile electronic device  102   a,    202   a  and/or the server  110  of  FIG.  1    and/or  FIG.  2    herein), computer terminals, computer servers, computer systems and/or networks, and/or any combinations thereof (e.g., by one or more multi-threaded and/or multi-core processing units of an insurance company claims data processing system). In some embodiments, the method  400  may be embodied in, facilitated by, and/or otherwise associated with various input mechanisms and/or interfaces (such as the interfaces  220 ,  320 ,  520   a - c,    620  of  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  5 A ,  FIG.  5 B ,  FIG.  5 C , and/or  FIG.  6    herein). 
     The process diagrams and flow diagrams described herein do not necessarily imply a fixed order to any depicted actions, steps, and/or procedures, and embodiments may generally be performed in any order that is practicable unless otherwise and specifically noted. While the order of actions, steps, and/or procedures described herein is generally not fixed, in some embodiments, actions, steps, and/or procedures may be specifically performed in the order listed, depicted, and/or described and/or may be performed in response to any previously listed, depicted, and/or described action, step, and/or procedure. Any of the processes and methods described herein may be performed and/or facilitated by hardware, software (including microcode), firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, a storage medium (e.g., a hard disk, Random Access Memory (RAM) device, cache memory device, Universal Serial Bus (USB) mass storage device, and/or Digital Video Disk (DVD); e.g., the memory/data storage devices  140 ,  340 ,  640 ,  740   a - e  of  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  6   ,  FIG.  7 A ,  FIG.  7 B ,  FIG.  7 C ,  FIG.  7 D , and/or  FIG.  7 E  herein) may store thereon instructions that when executed by a machine (such as a computerized processor) result in performance according to any one or more of the embodiments described herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise initiating (e.g., by an electronic processing device) an accident analysis application, at  402 . A user of a mobile electronic device and/or of a server may, for example, open, run, execute, and/or allow or enable a software program and/or application programmed to automatically detect, verify, and/or analyze an accident (or other event). In some embodiments, a specially-programmed mobile device application may be executed and/or initiated on a mobile device of a user, such as a smart phone device. According to some embodiments, the initiation of the application may cause an initialization of a monitoring loop routine that actively monitors sensor data from one or more sensors. The application may comprise a “listener” module, for example, that continually or periodically checks for and/or acquires sensor data. In some embodiments, the initialization may comprise pairing one or more sensors and/or mobile devices, registering a device with an online service, and/or otherwise inputting, defining, and/or storing various configuration, default, and/or initialization data item values. According to some embodiments, the initiating may be accomplished automatically, e.g., upon device startup, and/or upon occurrence of a triggering event (e.g., time and/or location based triggers). 
     In some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise capturing (e.g., by the electronic processing device and/or via a sensor array) sensor data, at  404 . The “listener” module may identify when sensor data and/or sensor communications or connectivity are available, for example, and automatically upload, download, query, copy, and/or retrieve some or all of the sensor data. According to some embodiments, the application may be configured to automatically record a rolling time-based set of sensor data, such as a rolling five (5) minute-loop of image, audio, and/or video data retrieved from a camera sensor and/or camera array. In some embodiments, the sensor data may be automatically captured after device and/or application initialization and before detection and/or occurrence of an accident event. In such a manner, for example, pre-accident data may be automatically captured, acquired, and/or recorded (e.g., in one or more local and/or remote data storage devices). In some embodiments, the data captured at  404  may comprise first input that is received from one or more sensors associated with an insurance customer. First input indicative of a value of a sensor reading descriptive of an accident event (or a pre-accident event area or object) may be received via a wireless transceiver device, for example, from a vehicle. 
     According to some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise detecting (e.g., by the electronic processing device) an accident, at  406 . The application may compare, for example, the sensor data captured at  404  (e.g., first input value of sensor reading) to one or more stored thresholds (e.g., a numeric threshold) and/or rules to determine if the sensor readings/values exceed predetermined levels. In the case of a mobile device accelerometer sensor, for example, the application may compare accelerometer readings to acceptable reading levels and determined that one or more readings exceed the acceptable reading level threshold—e.g., indicating excessive acceleration/deceleration that may be descriptive of an accident event. In the case of a vehicle air bag and/or other system status sensor, the application may receive an indication that a status has changed, where the status change is not stored as an ‘acceptable’ status and/or is specifically stored as an ‘emergency’ or accident indicative status—e.g., an air bag status changing from active or “ready” to “deployed”. In some embodiments, in the case that a comparison of sensor data to stored thresholds and/or rules causes a determination of an “accident” status, a flag may be updated in a memory or database and/or may be transmitted to various electronic components and/or devices (e.g., as an accident alert signal). The application may, for example, cause the second version of the interface  520   b  and/or the incident detection prompt  520 - 9  of  FIG.  5 B  to be output to a user in the case that a comparison of data levels to thresholds/rules is indicative of a potential accident event. According to some embodiments, the rules (e.g., accident identification/detection/verification rules) may be applied to the first input received by the application to identify the accident event. 
     In some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise initiating (e.g., by the electronic processing device) an accident response, at  408 . Stored rules may govern, for example, an appropriate and/or desired response based on various attributes of the accident event. A type of the accident (e.g., based on sensor readings and/or stored type-analysis rules) may be determined, for example, and the response may be based on the accident type. In the case of a serious accident, such as a rollover crash (e.g., as potentially indicated by a gyroscopic sensor of a mobile device and/or vehicle), for example, emergency services may be automatically contacted, alerted, and/or summoned, without requiring or waiting for any driver/user input. In the case of a minor accident, such as a “fender bender” (e.g., as indicated by an affirmative indication of an accident by the driver/user and an “offline” status of a proximity sensor mounted on a bumper of the drivers vehicle), a text message may be sent to a family member and/or a listing of local repair shops, claim centers, etc., may be provided (e.g., based on a location-based database query utilizing the vehicle&#39;s current location as a variable). In some embodiments, an accident response may comprise a generation, definition, and/or identification of an accident and/or incident checklist (e.g., from a plurality of checklists and/or checklist components stored in a memory device), and/or the provision (e.g., outputting) of the checklist to the driver/user/customer (e.g., the accident checklist  520 - 11  of  FIG.  5 C  herein). In such a manner, for example, a listing of required (or suggested) action items or an “accident response plan” may be developed and output to a user to facilitate guidance through the post-accident process. In some embodiments, an accident response may comprise a triggering or initiation of an insurance claims process, e.g., by transmitting accident detection and/or detail information to a remote insurance claims device. 
     According to some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise capturing (e.g., by the electronic processing device and/or via the sensor array) accident inputs, at  410 . Accident inputs may comprise, for example, data entered by a driver/user via a provided interface (such as answers to checklist questions and/or queries), pre-accident sensor data from one or more mobile device, vehicle, and/or other sensors, post-accident sensor data from one or more mobile device, vehicle, and/or other sensors, data identified, detected, and/or calculated based on sensor data, third-party data (e.g., weather service data, car manufacturer data, other insurance company data), and/or other pre-stored data (e.g., driver/user/customer insurance policy, identifier, and/or account information). In some embodiments, accident inputs may be automatically identified and/or captured (e.g., based on a set of accident analysis rules; such as by automatically activating a sensor device of a vehicle in wireless communication with the mobile electronic device executing the application). Vehicle bird&#39;s-eye camera array video data may be automatically accessed and/or retrieved, for example (e.g., for certain types of accidents and/or when certain types of vehicles or sensors are available), upon occurrence and/or identification of an accident event (e.g., at  406 ). According to some embodiments, capturing of data relevant to the accident event may comprise automatically detecting other electronic devices in proximity of the accident scene (e.g., via signal identification, strength, and/or triangulation measurements), automatically connecting a mobile device to a vehicle and downloading vehicle status and/or recorded vehicle information, storing timestamp data, and/or accessing, identifying, and/or recording other device data, such as device application execution history data, event logs, and/or a log of the status of the application itself. In the case that the application was initiated (e.g., at  402 ) prior to the accident, for example, it may be identified that the application was paused or exited before, during, or after the accident. It may be inferred, for example, that if the application was paused or suspended, a different application must have been utilized on the mobile device. Activation and/or usage events for other applications may be captured and/or stored. According to some embodiments, any or all accident evidence or data may be stored through the application, e.g., in a directory native to the application. In such a manner, for example, the user of the mobile device may only be able to access the evidence (e.g., images/video) through the application, which may be programmed to limit access and/or prevent editing, such as to establish a chain of evidence for any recorded information. If images taken by a mobile device were stored in the mobile device&#39;s default photo storage location, for example, they may be accessed, edited, and/or deleted at the will of the user. In the case they are only accessible through the application, however (such as by being stored in a proprietary directory location and/or being encrypted and/or scrambled), the accuracy and/or integrity of the evidence may be verified and/or preserved by the application. 
     In some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise analyzing (e.g., by the electronic processing device) the accident inputs, at  412 . Accident inputs may be processed utilizing stored rules (e.g., accident analysis rules) and/or analysis modules (such as mathematical models, physics modeling, etc.), for example, to identify and/or estimate relevancy of captured data and/or relationships between captured data elements. According to some embodiments, video, audio, and/or image evidence may be analyzed to calculate estimated distances between objects at the accident scene and/or orientations and/or positions of objects at or near the scene. Image analysis may include object, facial, pattern, and/or spatial recognition analysis routines that, e.g., identify individuals at the scene, identify vehicles at the scene, identify roadway features, obstacles, weather conditions, etc. Signal analysis may be utilized, in some embodiments, to identify other electronic devices at or near the scene (e.g., other smart phones, cell towers, traffic monitoring devices, traffic cameras, traffic radar devices, etc.). According to some embodiments, image and/or sensor analysis may be utilized to estimate accident damage by itemizing vehicle parts (or non-vehicle parts, such as structures or other obstacles) that visually appear to be damaged. In some embodiments, object (e.g., vehicle) movement, paths, and/or directions, or speeds may be estimated by analyzing locations at different points in time. 
     According to some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise generating (e.g., by the electronic processing device) a virtual accident scene, at  414 . Relative (e.g., one vehicle being three (3) feet from another vehicle) and/or absolute location (e.g., GPS coordinates) data may be utilized, for example, to plot object boundaries and/or locations on a virtual representation (e.g., a digital map) of the accident scene. A digital terrain, locational, and/or elevation model may be generated and/or calculated, for example, and utilized to generate one or more graphical representations (e.g., a simulation) of the accident scene. In some embodiments, the virtual accident scene may comprise graphical representations of vehicles (cars, trains, bicycles, etc.), individuals, obstacles (trees, catch basins, utility poles and/or structures, animals, etc.), object travel paths, directions, orientations, and/or object status and/or characteristic data (e.g., damage levels, speeds, ownership, number of passengers, etc.). According to some embodiments, the virtual accident scene may be utilized in the analysis at  412  and/or additional analysis may be conducted based on the virtual accident scene generated based on the analysis at  412 . According to some embodiments, accident analysis rules may govern how the captured data is analyzed (e.g., including mathematical formulas, mathematical models, logical analysis algorithms, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise calculating (e.g., by the electronic processing device) an accident result, at  416 . Based on the analysis at  412  and/or the virtual accident scene generated at  414 , for example, one or more rules and/or logic routines may be applied to determine (i) which party (or parties) is responsible for the accident (e.g., causation), (ii) contributing factors to the accident (e.g., weather, brake failure, excessive speed, poor visibility, poor road design/layout, obstacle locations, etc.), (iii) how much damage has been done to various vehicles and/or objects due to the accident (e.g., a monetary and/or other quantitative metric), and/or (iv) how much should be paid for an insurance claim based upon the accident event (e.g., based upon insurance policy parameters, causation results, logical claim analysis rules, etc.). According to some embodiments, one or more lookup tables and/or other data sources may be queried to identify values associated with different levels of causation, vehicle parts and/or labor amounts, and/or claims payment rules. 
     According to some embodiments, the method  400  may comprise transmitting (e.g., by the electronic processing device and/or a wireless transceiver device, and/or via an electronic communications network) the accident result, at  418 . In the case that the accident result comprises a determination and/or quantification of accident causation or fault, for example, the result may be transmitted to the appropriate authorities and/or to an insurance company claim system and/or representative. In the case that the result comprises a listing of damaged parts and/or a monetary estimate of damage, the accident result may be transmitted to a repair center, appraisal specialist, parts dealer, manufacturer, etc. In some embodiments, a likelihood of fault of an insurance customer may be multiplied by the estimated damage (e.g., to a vehicle of the insurance customer) amount to calculate an amount that the insurance claims handling process should provide in response to a claim. According to some embodiments, the detection of the accident and/or transmitting may comprise an initiation of a claims handling process (e.g., by automatically dialing an insurance company claims telephone hotline and/or by automatically uploading accident information to an automated claims handling platform managed by a remote insurance company server device). 
     IV. Automated Accident Analysis Interfaces 
     Turning now to  FIG.  5 A ,  FIG.  5 B , and  FIG.  5 C , diagrams of a system  500  depicting a user device  502  providing instances of an example interface  520   a - c  according to some embodiments are shown. In some embodiments, the interface  520   a - c  may comprise a web page, web form, database entry form, API, spreadsheet, table, and/or application or other GUI by which a user or other entity may enter data (e.g., provide or define input) to enable receipt and/or management of automatic accident detection, verification, and/or analysis information and/or trigger automatic accident detection, verification, and/or analysis functionality, as described herein. The interface  520   a - c  may, for example, comprise a front-end of an automatic accident detection, verification, and/or analysis program and/or platform programmed and/or otherwise configured to execute, conduct, and/or facilitate the systemic method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. In some embodiments, the interface  520   a - c  may be output via a computerized device, such as the user device  502 , which may for example, be similar in configuration to one or more of the user/mobile electronic devices  102   a,    202   a  and/or the server  110 , or the apparatus  610 , of  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and/or  FIG.  6    herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the interface  520   a - c  may comprise one or more tabs and/or other segmented and/or logically-presented data forms and/or fields. In some embodiments, the interface  520   a - c  may be configured and/or organized to allow and/or facilitate entry and/or acquisition of information regarding an accident event, scene, and/or device or object associated with such an event and/or scene. According to some embodiments, the interface  502   a - c  may comprise a menu page from which a user may select one or more options that initiate specific functionality of a mobile device application executed by the user device  502 . As depicted in  FIG.  5 A , for example, a first version (or page or instance) of the interface  520   a  may comprise a “Menu” or “Home Page” interface (e.g., defining a first input and/or output mechanism) by providing an area (e.g., one or more data entry mechanisms, tools, objects, and/or features) that provides for selection/activation of (i) a “settings” button  520 - 1 , (ii) a “raise claim” button  520 - 2 , (iii) a “start recording” button  520 - 3 , (iv) a “preferred auto” button  520 - 4 , (v) an “accident history” button  520 - 5 , (vi) a “policy details” button  520 - 6 , (vii) a “view map” button  520 - 7 , and/or (viii) a “call” button  520 - 8 . 
     In some embodiments, the first version (or page or instance) of the interface  520   a  may be utilized to enable access to various accident detection/analysis information and/or functionality. The settings button  520 - 1  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, permit definition and/or editing of values that govern various settings and/or preferences, such as camera and/or sensor recording frequencies, resolutions, and/or loop settings, insurance policy information, vehicle information, contact information, and/or rules definitions. Rules definitions may comprise, for example, definitions for one or more rules that govern (i) accident detection (e.g., sensor threshold settings), (ii) accident verification (e.g., comparative sensor algorithms), and/or (iii) accident responses (e.g., types of accident and appropriate responses). 
     According to some embodiments, the raise claim button  520 - 2  may, when actuated or selected by the user, initiate a sub-routine that transmits a signal to an insurance company server (not shown) and provides accident notification, details, and/or evidence (e.g., camera images/video). In some embodiments, the raise claim button  520 - 2  may be generated and/or enabled upon automatic detection (e.g., based on upon sensor threshold settings) of an accident event and/or may be output as a prompt to request claim initiation by a user (not shown). According to some embodiments, the start recording button  520 - 3 , when actuated or selected by the user, initiates a sub-routine that activates a recording of image, audio, video, and/or other electronic data feed from a sensor, such as a camera and/or camera array as described herein. In some embodiments, the sensor feed may be recorded from a sensor coupled to the user device  502  (not separately depicted) and/or from a sensor of a different device (not shown), such as a vehicle or other sensor within communication range of the user device  502 . According to some embodiments, the start recording button  520 - 3  may activate an automatic sensor data capture routine, such as an auto-record feature that triggers recording automatically upon detection of an accident event. 
     In some embodiments, the preferred auto button  520 - 4  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that directs the user to information input and/or output areas (e.g., additional interface views) for preferred auto information. According to some embodiments, the accident history button  520 - 5  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that provides information detailing previous accident event, scene, reconstruction, claim submission results, and/or other accident-related data for the user (e.g., stored in association with an account of the user). In some embodiments, the policy details button  520 - 6  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that directs the user to information input and/or output areas (e.g., additional interface views) for insurance policy (e.g., personal, fleet, auto collision and/or liability insurance policy) information. In one embodiment, actuation or selection of the policy details button  520 - 6  may result in the generation and display of an electronic insurance identification card (not shown). According to some embodiments, the view map button  520 - 7  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that directs the user to a map view or interface screen (not shown) that provides location-based graphical depictions of any or all of (i) the user&#39;s current location (e.g., a location of the user device  502  and/or a vehicle of the user—not shown) and/or previous locations (e.g., course taken/travel path), (ii) an accident scene location, (iii) other user&#39;s and/or vehicle locations, and/or (iv) accident reconstruction information (e.g., distances between vehicles and/or objects, such as lanes, curbs, obstacles, and/or weather data). In some embodiments, the call button  520 - 8  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that triggers a communication (e.g., a cellular telephone call, an e-mail, text message, etc.) to one or more stored communication addresses (e.g., an insurance company representative telephone number, a family member&#39;s communication address, an emergency telephone number, a repair facility text address, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, the application may cause the first interface  520   a  to display other or additional user-selectable menu choices (not shown) including sensor selection and/or pairing options, device discovery options (e.g., signal searching, detection, and/or triangulation), and/or vehicle device controls. The user-selectable menu choices displayed by the application may be part of a library of user-selectable objects. In some embodiments, the library of user-selectable objects includes other user-selectable objects that are selectively included for display based on their determined relevance (e.g., based on pre-stored data associations) to the user, the user device  502 , a vehicle, a sensor, an insurance policy, and/or an accident event and/or scene. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5 B , a second version (or page or instance) of the interface  520   b  may comprise an incident/accident detection interface (e.g., defining a second input and/or output mechanism) by providing an incident detection prompt  520 - 9  and/or a verification button  520 - 10 . The second version (or page or instance) of the interface  520   b  may be utilized, for example, upon a detection of an incident and/or event that exceeds sensor thresholds defined via the settings button  520 - 1 . One or more sensors of the user device  502  and/or one or more vehicles or other devices (not shown) may, for example, provide sensor data that is analyzed by the application executed by the user device  502  with such analysis triggering the incident detection prompt  520 - 9 . In some embodiments, the incident detection prompt  520 - 9  may request confirmation from the user regarding whether or not a detected incident is an accident (or not). The incident detection prompt  520 - 9  may comprise, for example, response/input options, such as the depicted “yes” and “no” options that a user may activate to provide feedback regarding the detected incident. In some embodiments, such as in the case that the user does not select one of the options within a predetermined amount of time (e.g., one minute), the incident may automatically be assumed to be an accident along with an assumption that the user is in need of help and/or incapacitated. The time-out threshold and/or default actions to be taken in the case no response is received may, in some embodiments, be defined via the settings button  520 - 1 . 
     According to some embodiments, the verification button  520 - 10  of the second version of the interface  520   b  may, for example, upon a triggering and/or receipt of input from the user (e.g., a properly-positioned click of a mouse or other pointer) with respect to the verification button  520 - 10 , initiate a sub-routine that causes a querying of additional sensor data from one or more other sensors and/or devices. The additional information may be compared to the original sensor data that triggered the provision of the incident detection prompt  520 - 9 , for example, to calculate a comparison of the data to verify whether an accident has likely occurred. In the case that the original sensor data comprised accelerometer data from an accelerometer (not shown) of the user device  502 , for example, a vehicle in which the user device  502  is disposed (or in communication with) may be queried to determine if any of the vehicle&#39;s sensors corroborate the user device  502  sensor reading. In the case that the vehicle&#39;s sensors have not registered any data that falls outside predetermined thresholds, it may be assumed, for example, that the user device  502  was dropped, but that no vehicle accident has occurred. In some embodiments, such verification may be conducted automatically, without requiring activation of the verification button  520 - 10 . The incident detection prompt  520 - 9  may only be output, in some embodiments, for example, in the case that at least two sensors from different electronic devices (e.g., the user device  502  and a vehicle) indicate a potential accident event. 
     In some embodiments, either a positive indication of an accident (e.g., a selection of the “yes” option of the incident detection prompt  520 - 9 ) or a lack of a response may trigger a call to and/or otherwise cause a provision, generation, and/or outputting of a third version of the interface  520   c  (and/or the third version of the interface  520   c  may be automatically provided upon event detection). In some embodiments, the third version (or page or instance) of the interface  520   c  may comprise an accident checklist  520 - 11  providing a plurality of sub-menus, drop-down lists, and/or other input/output features that assist a user in managing an appropriate response to the accident. In some embodiments, the sub-menus, prompts, directions, and/or information provided in the accident checklist  520 - 11  may be populated with different data depending upon values for certain variables, such as the type of accident, the location of the accident, a number of detected vehicles involved, insurance policy coverages, limits, riders, and/or restrictions, user account information, etc. The “Send Tow Truck?” option may, for example, be linked to specific contact information for repair and/or tow facilities that are proximate to a detected location of the accident (e.g., a location of the user device  502  at the time of detection). 
     According to some embodiments, the third version of the interface  520   c  may comprise a save button  520 - 12 , a submit button  520 - 13 , and/or a home button  520 - 14 . The save button  520 - 12  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that stores any or all accident and/or incident data entered by the user (e.g., in response to and/or utilizing the accident checklist  520 - 11  input features and/or prompts) and/or automatically captured (e.g., from one or more sensors). In such a manner, for example, a user may begin an accident report and/or claims process and save entered information for later completion of the accident checklist  520 - 11  and/or claim submission. In some embodiments, the submit button  520 - 13  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, initiate a sub-routine that transmits any or all saved, input, and/or captured data (e.g., text details of a user&#39;s description of the accident, automatically captured video/images of the accident scene, optically-recognized character information from image data, etc.) to a remote server (not shown; e.g., the server  110  of  FIG.  1    herein). The submit button  520 - 13  may, for example, trigger an initiation of a claims process with an insurance carrier by uploading data values and/or fields into one or more insurance carrier databases, forms, and/or data storage columns and/or features. According to some embodiments, the home button  520 - 14  may, when actuated or selected by the user, for example, trigger a call to and/or otherwise cause a provision, generation, and/or outputting of the first version of the interface  520   a  (e.g., the “home” screen). 
     While various components of the interface  520   a - c  have been depicted with respect to certain labels, layouts, headings, titles, and/or configurations, these features have been presented for reference and example only. Other labels, layouts, headings, titles, and/or configurations may be implemented without deviating from the scope of embodiments herein. Similarly, while a certain number of tabs, information screens, form fields, and/or data entry options have been presented, variations thereof may be practiced in accordance with some embodiments. 
     V. Automated Accident Analysis Apparatus and Articles of Manufacture 
     Turning to  FIG.  6   , a block diagram of an apparatus  610  according to some embodiments is shown. In some embodiments, the apparatus  610  may be similar in configuration and/or functionality to any of the server  110 , the third-party device  106 , and/or the user/mobile electronic devices  102   a,    202   a,    502  of  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   , and/or  FIG.  5    herein. The apparatus  610  may, for example, execute, process, facilitate, and/or otherwise be associated with the method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. In some embodiments, the apparatus  610  may comprise a processing device  612 , a transceiver device  614 , an input device  616 , an output device  618 , an interface  620 , a memory device  640  (storing various programs and/or instructions  642  and data  644 ), and/or a cooling device  650 . According to some embodiments, any or all of the components  612 ,  614 ,  616 ,  618 ,  620 ,  640 ,  642 ,  644 ,  650  of the apparatus  610  may be similar in configuration and/or functionality to any similarly named and/or numbered components described herein. Fewer or more components  612 ,  614 ,  616 ,  618 ,  620 ,  640 ,  642 ,  644 ,  650  and/or various configurations of the components  612 ,  614 ,  616 ,  618 ,  620 ,  640 ,  642 ,  644 ,  650  be included in the apparatus  610  without deviating from the scope of embodiments described herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the processor  612  may be or include any type, quantity, and/or configuration of processor that is or becomes known. The processor  612  may comprise, for example, an Intel® IXP 2800 network processor or an Intel® XEON™ Processor coupled with an Intel® E7501 chipset. In some embodiments, the processor  612  may comprise multiple inter-connected processors, microprocessors, and/or micro-engines. According to some embodiments, the processor  612  (and/or the apparatus  610  and/or other components thereof) may be supplied power via a power supply (not shown) such as a battery, an Alternating Current (AC) source, a Direct Current (DC) source, an AC/DC adapter, solar cells, and/or an inertial generator. In the case that the apparatus  610  comprises a server such as a blade server, necessary power may be supplied via a standard AC outlet, power strip, surge protector, and/or Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) device. 
     In some embodiments, the transceiver device  614  may comprise any type or configuration of communication device that is or becomes known or practicable. The transceiver device  614  may, for example, comprise a Network Interface Card (NIC), a telephonic device, a cellular network device, a router, a hub, a modem, and/or a communications port or cable. In some embodiments, the transceiver device  614  may be coupled to receive sensor data from one or more sensors (not separately depicted), such as in the case that the apparatus  610  is utilized to automatically capture accident scene video/images and/or other data. The transceiver device  614  may, for example, comprise a BLE and/or RF receiver device that acquires broadcast and/or transmitted sensor data and/or a transmitter device that provides such data to a remote server (not shown). According to some embodiments, the transceiver device  614  may also or alternatively be coupled to the processor  612 . In some embodiments, the transceiver device  614  may comprise an IR, RF, Bluetooth™, Near-Field Communication (NFC), and/or Wi-Fi® network device coupled to facilitate communications between the processor  612  and another device (such as a vehicle and/or remote server, not shown in  FIG.  6   ). 
     In some embodiments, the input device  616  and/or the output device  618  are communicatively coupled to the processor  612  (e.g., via wired and/or wireless connections and/or pathways) and they may generally comprise any types or configurations of input and output components and/or devices that are or become known, respectively. The input device  616  may comprise, for example, a keyboard that allows an operator of the apparatus  610  to interface with the apparatus  610  (e.g., by an insurance customer and/or accident victim or witness). In some embodiments, the input device  616  may comprise a sensor such as a receiver, a camera, a proximity sensor, a vehicle device status sensor, a signal strength meter, etc. The output device  618  may, according to some embodiments, comprise a display screen and/or other practicable output component and/or device. The output device  618  may, for example, provide the interface  620  (such as the interfaces  220 ,  320 ,  520   a - c  of  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  5 A ,  FIG.  5 B , and/or  FIG.  5 C  herein) via which automatic accident detection, verification, and/or analysis functionality are provided to a user (e.g., via a website and/or mobile application). According to some embodiments, the input device  616  and/or the output device  618  may comprise and/or be embodied in a single device such as a touch-screen monitor. 
     The memory device  640  may comprise any appropriate information storage device that is or becomes known or available, including, but not limited to, units and/or combinations of magnetic storage devices (e.g., a hard disk drive), optical storage devices, and/or semiconductor memory devices such as RAM devices, Read Only Memory (ROM) devices, Single Data Rate Random Access Memory (SDR-RAM), Double Data Rate Random Access Memory (DDR-RAM), and/or Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM). The memory device  640  may, according to some embodiments, store one or more of accident detection instructions  642 - 1 , accident response instructions  642 - 2 , accident analysis instructions  642 - 3 , interface instructions  642 - 4 , vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5 . In some embodiments, the accident detection instructions  642 - 1 , accident response instructions  642 - 2 , accident analysis instructions  642 - 3 , interface instructions  642 - 4  may be utilized by the processor  612  to provide output information via the output device  618  and/or the transceiver device  614 . 
     According to some embodiments, the accident detection instructions  642 - 1  may be operable to cause the processor  612  to process the vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  in accordance with embodiments as described herein. Vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  received via the input device  616  and/or the transceiver device  614  may, for example, be analyzed, sorted, filtered, decoded, decompressed, ranked, scored, plotted, and/or otherwise processed by the processor  612  in accordance with the accident detection instructions  642 - 1 . In some embodiments, vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  may be fed by the processor  612  through one or more mathematical and/or statistical formulas and/or models in accordance with the accident detection instructions  642 - 1  to detect out-of-threshold sensor data events and/or verify potential accident occurrences by comparing data from multiple sensors (and/or from multiple devices—e.g., a mobile electronic device and an associated vehicle). 
     In some embodiments, the accident response instructions  642 - 2  may be operable to cause the processor  612  to process the vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  in accordance with embodiments as described herein. Vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  received via the input device  616  and/or the transceiver device  614  may, for example, be analyzed, sorted, filtered, decoded, decompressed, ranked, scored, plotted, and/or otherwise processed by the processor  612  in accordance with the accident response instructions  642 - 2 . In some embodiments, vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  may be fed by the processor  612  through one or more mathematical and/or statistical formulas and/or models in accordance with the accident response instructions  642 - 2  to identify a type of accident and/or event, identify (e.g., query/lookup) an assigned response action for the type of accident/event, and/or initiate and/or execute the assigned response action (e.g., initiating a telephone call to a particular pre-stored telephone number, automatically unlocking vehicle doors or disabling electric cabling, etc.), as described herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the accident analysis instructions  642 - 3  may be operable to cause the processor  612  to process the vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  in accordance with embodiments as described herein. Vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  received via the input device  616  and/or the transceiver device  614  may, for example, be analyzed, sorted, filtered, decoded, decompressed, ranked, scored, plotted, and/or otherwise processed by the processor  612  in accordance with the accident analysis instructions  642 - 3 . In some embodiments, vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  may be fed by the processor  612  through one or more mathematical and/or statistical formulas and/or models in accordance with the accident analysis instructions  642 - 3  to calculate a likelihood of accident causation and/or assignment of responsibility, calculate an estimated amount of damage, and/or calculate an amount payable in response to an insurance claim submission, as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the interface instructions  642 - 4  may be operable to cause the processor  612  to process the vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  in accordance with embodiments as described herein. Vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  received via the input device  616  and/or the transceiver device  614  may, for example, be analyzed, sorted, filtered, decoded, decompressed, ranked, scored, plotted, and/or otherwise processed by the processor  612  in accordance with the interface instructions  642 - 4 . In some embodiments, vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5  may be fed by the processor  612  through one or more mathematical and/or statistical formulas and/or models in accordance with the interface instructions  642 - 4  to provide the interface  620  (e.g., such as the interface  220 ,  320 ,  520   a - e  of  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  5 A ,  FIG.  5 B , and/or  FIG.  5 C  herein) via which input and/or output descriptive of an accident event, scene, response action, and/or result may be captured and/or provided, as described herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the apparatus  610  may comprise the cooling device  650 . According to some embodiments, the cooling device  650  may be coupled (physically, thermally, and/or electrically) to the processor  612  and/or to the memory device  640 . The cooling device  650  may, for example, comprise a fan, heat sink, heat pipe, radiator, cold plate, and/or other cooling component or device or combinations thereof, configured to remove heat from portions or components of the apparatus  610 . 
     Any or all of the exemplary instructions and data types described herein and other practicable types of data may be stored in any number, type, and/or configuration of memory devices that is or becomes known. The memory device  640  may, for example, comprise one or more data tables or files, databases, table spaces, registers, and/or other storage structures. In some embodiments, multiple databases and/or storage structures (and/or multiple memory devices  640 ) may be utilized to store information associated with the apparatus  610 . According to some embodiments, the memory device  640  may be incorporated into and/or otherwise coupled to the apparatus  610  (e.g., as shown) or may simply be accessible to the apparatus  610  (e.g., externally located and/or situated). 
     Referring to  FIG.  7 A ,  FIG.  7 B ,  FIG.  7 C ,  FIG.  7 D , and  FIG.  7 E , perspective diagrams of exemplary data storage devices  740   a - e  according to some embodiments are shown. The data storage devices  740   a - e  may, for example, be utilized to store instructions and/or data such as the accident detection instructions  642 - 1 , accident response instructions  642 - 2 , accident analysis instructions  642 - 3 , interface instructions  642 - 4 , vehicle data  644 - 1 , sensor data  644 - 2 , threshold data  644 - 3 , contact data  644 - 4 , and/or insurance data  644 - 5 , each of which is presented in reference to  FIG.  6    herein. In some embodiments, instructions stored on the data storage devices  740   a - e  may, when executed by a processor, cause the implementation of and/or facilitate the method  400  of  FIG.  4    herein, and/or portions thereof. 
     According to some embodiments, the first data storage device  740   a  may comprise one or more various types of internal and/or external hard drives. The first data storage device  740   a  may, for example, comprise a data storage medium  746  that is read, interrogated, and/or otherwise communicatively coupled to and/or via a disk reading device  748 . In some embodiments, the first data storage device  740   a  and/or the data storage medium  746  may be configured to store information utilizing one or more magnetic, inductive, and/or optical means (e.g., magnetic, inductive, and/or optical-encoding). The data storage medium  746 , depicted as a first data storage medium  746   a  for example (e.g., breakout cross-section “A”), may comprise one or more of a polymer layer  746   a - 1 , a magnetic data storage layer  746   a - 2 , a non-magnetic layer  746   a - 3 , a magnetic base layer  746   a - 4 , a contact layer  746   a - 5 , and/or a substrate layer  746   a - 6 . According to some embodiments, a magnetic read head  748   a  may be coupled and/or disposed to read data from the magnetic data storage layer  746   a - 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the data storage medium  746 , depicted as a second data storage medium  746   b  for example (e.g., breakout cross-section “B”), may comprise a plurality of data points  746   b - 2  disposed with the second data storage medium  746   b.  The data points  746   b - 2  may, in some embodiments, be read and/or otherwise interfaced with via a laser-enabled read head  748   b  disposed and/or coupled to direct a laser beam through the second data storage medium  746   b.    
     In some embodiments, the second data storage device  740   b  may comprise a CD, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-Ray™ Disc, and/or other type of optically-encoded disk and/or other storage medium that is or becomes know or practicable. In some embodiments, the third data storage device  740   c  may comprise a USB keyfob, dongle, and/or other type of flash memory data storage device that is or becomes know or practicable. In some embodiments, the fourth data storage device  740   d  may comprise RAM of any type, quantity, and/or configuration that is or becomes practicable and/or desirable. In some embodiments, the fourth data storage device  740   d  may comprise an off-chip cache such as a Level 2 (L2) cache memory device. According to some embodiments, the fifth data storage device  740   e  may comprise an on-chip memory device such as a Level 1 (L1) cache memory device. 
     The data storage devices  740   a - e  may generally store program instructions, code, and/or modules that, when executed by a processing device cause a particular machine to function in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. The data storage devices  740   a - e  depicted in  FIG.  7 A ,  FIG.  7 B ,  FIG.  7 C ,  FIG.  7 D , and  FIG.  7 E  are representative of a class and/or subset of computer-readable media that are defined herein as “computer-readable memory” (e.g., non-transitory memory devices as opposed to transmission devices or media). 
     VI. Terms and Rules of Interpretation 
     Throughout the description herein and unless otherwise specified, the following terms may include and/or encompass the example meanings provided. These terms and illustrative example meanings are provided to clarify the language selected to describe embodiments both in the specification and in the appended claims, and accordingly, are not intended to be generally limiting. While not generally limiting and while not limiting for all described embodiments, in some embodiments, the terms are specifically limited to the example definitions and/or examples provided. Other terms are defined throughout the present description. 
     Some embodiments described herein are associated with a “user device” or a “network device”. As used herein, the terms “user device” and “network device” may be used interchangeably and may generally refer to any device that can communicate via a network. Examples of user or network devices include a PC, a workstation, a server, a printer, a scanner, a facsimile machine, a copier, a PDA, a storage device (e.g., a disk drive), a hub, a router, a switch, and a modem, a video game console, or a wireless phone. User and network devices may comprise one or more communication or network components. As used herein, a “user” may generally refer to any individual and/or entity that operates a user device. Users may comprise, for example, customers, consumers, product underwriters, product distributors, customer service representatives, agents, brokers, etc. 
     As used herein, the term “network component” may refer to a user or network device, or a component, piece, portion, or combination of user or network devices. Examples of network components may include a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) device or module, a network processor, and a network communication path, connection, port, or cable. 
     In addition, some embodiments are associated with a “network” or a “communication network”. As used herein, the terms “network” and “communication network” may be used interchangeably and may refer to any object, entity, component, device, and/or any combination thereof that permits, facilitates, and/or otherwise contributes to or is associated with the transmission of messages, packets, signals, and/or other forms of information between and/or within one or more network devices. Networks may be or include a plurality of interconnected network devices. In some embodiments, networks may be hard-wired, wireless, virtual, neural, and/or any other configuration of type that is or becomes known. Communication networks may include, for example, one or more networks configured to operate in accordance with the Fast Ethernet LAN transmission standard 802.3-2002® published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In some embodiments, a network may include one or more wired and/or wireless networks operated in accordance with any communication standard or protocol that is or becomes known or practicable. 
     As used herein, the terms “information” and “data” may be used interchangeably and may refer to any data, text, voice, video, image, message, bit, packet, pulse, tone, waveform, and/or other type or configuration of signal and/or information. Information may comprise information packets transmitted, for example, in accordance with the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) standard as defined by “Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification” RFC 1883, published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Network Working Group, S. Deering et al. (December 1995). Information may, according to some embodiments, be compressed, encoded, encrypted, and/or otherwise packaged or manipulated in accordance with any method that is or becomes known or practicable. 
     In addition, some embodiments described herein are associated with an “indication”. As used herein, the term “indication” may be used to refer to any indicia and/or other information indicative of or associated with a subject, item, entity, and/or other object and/or idea. As used herein, the phrases “information indicative of” and “indicia” may be used to refer to any information that represents, describes, and/or is otherwise associated with a related entity, subject, or object. Indicia of information may include, for example, a code, a reference, a link, a signal, an identifier, and/or any combination thereof and/or any other informative representation associated with the information. In some embodiments, indicia of information (or indicative of the information) may be or include the information itself and/or any portion or component of the information. In some embodiments, an indication may include a request, a solicitation, a broadcast, and/or any other form of information gathering and/or dissemination. 
     Numerous embodiments are described in this patent application, and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presently disclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable, and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for weeks at a time. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. 
     A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components and/or features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component and/or feature is essential or required. 
     Further, although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. 
     “Determining” something can be performed in a variety of manners and therefore the term “determining” (and like terms) includes calculating, computing, deriving, looking up (e.g., in a table, database or data structure), ascertaining and the like. 
     It will be readily apparent that the various methods and algorithms described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately and/or specially-programmed computers and/or computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors) will receive instructions from a memory or like device, and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions. Further, programs that implement such methods and algorithms may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, software instructions for implementation of the processes of various embodiments. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software 
     A “processor” generally means any one or more microprocessors, CPU devices, computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, or like devices, as further described herein. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions or other information) that may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include DRAM, which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during RF and IR data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     The term “computer-readable memory” may generally refer to a subset and/or class of computer-readable medium that does not include transmission media such as waveforms, carrier waves, electromagnetic emissions, etc. Computer-readable memory may typically include physical media upon which data (e.g., instructions or other information) are stored, such as optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory, DRAM, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, computer hard drives, backup tapes, Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory devices, and the like. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying data, including sequences of instructions, to a processor. For example, sequences of instruction (i) may be delivered from RAM to a processor, (ii) may be carried over a wireless transmission medium, and/or (iii) may be formatted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Bluetooth™ TDMA, CDMA, 3G. 
     Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from a device that accesses data in such a database. 
     The present invention can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication, via a communications network, with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via a wired or wireless medium such as the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, or via any appropriate communications means or combination of communications means. Each of the devices may comprise computers, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of machines may be in communication with the computer.