Patent Publication Number: US-2022235637-A1

Title: Pipe Connector

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/096,129, filed Apr. 11, 2016, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/146,073, filed Apr. 10, 2015, and which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/014,941, filed Feb. 3, 2016, which are each hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to assembly of sections of pipe for production of fluids from wells. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Underground reservoirs of fluids (e.g. hydrocarbons, water, etc.) are often recovered by drilling a well into the reservoir and pumping fluids out of the reservoir through tubing. A tubing string used to recover fluids from a reservoir may be assembled from individual joints of tubing. The joints are often threaded with pin ends on both ends and connected by connectors with threaded box ends on both ends. Produced fluids may be conveyed uphole through the tubing string using an artificial lift method that includes use of a rod string, such a progressive cavity pump. In some cases, the rod string wears more severely at connectors between joints of production tubing than elsewhere in the production string. Rod wear may result in the rod string breaking. To continue production after a rod string is broken, an uphole portion of the rod string must be pulled and a downhole portion of the rod string must be fished from the production string. Pulling the production string and fishing the broken rod result in lost time and additional cost. 
     SUMMARY 
     Herein disclosed is a pipe connector for use in a production string that includes a rod string for artificial lift, and methods for using and manufacturing the pipe connector. When using a rotating rod production method, such as a progressive cavity pump, the rod string may be urged against an inside surface of the production string, for example in a deviated portion of a well. Where the rod string is urged against the box connector at an interface between pin ends (typically on joints of production tubing) and box ends (typically on connectors), rotation of the rod string against the connector may result in rod wear. The rod wear may result in breaking the rod string. To continue production after the rod string is broken, an uphole portion of the rod string may be pulled and a downhole portion of the rod string fished from the production string. These and other corrective measures complicate and increase the cost of production from the well. It is therefore desirable to mitigate rod wear at the connectors. 
     The pipe connector disclosed herein includes a protective portion on an inside surface of the pipe connector between box ends or other connection portions of the pipe connector. The protective portion includes a protective material, which relative to the grades of steel or other materials typically used to manufacture production tubing connectors, is softer and has a lower coefficient of friction with the rod string. As a result, the protective portion is less abrasive to the rod string than a steel surface found on other portions of the connector would be. An inside diameter of the connector along the protective portion is equal to or narrower than elsewhere between the box ends. As a result, the rod string will contact the protective portion preferentially to other portions of the connector. Since the rod string contacts the protective portion preferentially, and the protective portion is less abrasive than the steel body of previous tubing connectors, the pipe connector disclosed herein may mitigate rod wear compared with previous pipe connectors. 
     The pipe connector disclosed herein may include a gripping portion to facilitate use of the connector with power tongs. The gripping portion may extend between the connection portions of the connector. The gripping portion facilitates gripping the pipe connector with power tongs to make up or break a connection between pipes. A gripping surface extends along the outside surface of the gripping portion along a portion of the pipe connector that is free of threading on the inside diameter of the pipe connector. The gripping surface on the outside surface may be coextensive with the protective portion on the inside surface. The gripping portion is at least as long as a die that is likely to be used on the power tongs when making or breaking connections between the connector and sections of pipe. The power tongs tong on to the pipe connector on the gripping surface, and gripping force on the pipe connector required for applying makeup torque is localized to the gripping portion, avoiding direct application of force to portions of the body with threading on the inside surface and lowering the likelihood of thread damage at a given torque value compared with tonging onto the outside surface of a box end connection portion. 
     The pipe connector disclosed herein may include the gripping portion with a wall thickness along at least a portion of the length of the gripping portion sufficient to provide a reinforced portion of the pipe connector. The reinforced portion may provide resistance to deformation of the pipe connector. An increase in the torque required to thread the connector, allowing connections to be made up at greater torque values for the same number of turns, was observed in an example application of the pipe connector including the protective portion, the gripping surface, and the reinforced portion. This increase in a torque-to-turn ratio may be due to the resistance to deformation provided by the reinforced portion. The reinforced portion may include a torque stop for facilitating torqueing the connections to full makeup. The reinforced portion facilitates making up a connection between tubing joints or other sections of pipe at a greater torque value without requiring that the connection portions have any particular thread pattern. The connection portions may include interference fit threading that matches commonly-used American Petroleum Institute (“API”) standard interference fit threading (e.g. 8 round threading used on production tubing, etc.), allowing connections between sections of pipe with the threading pattern to be made up using the pipe connector at greater torque values than would be the case with previous API pipe connectors. Using a pipe connector including the protective portion, the gripping surface, the reinforced portion, and API interference fit threading, may facilitate making up connections at torque values above the optimum API specification value, and in some cases at or in excess of the API maximum specification for the pipe outside diameter and steel grade being used, with a reduced chance of thread damage. The gripping surface provides an effective location to grip with power tongs. The length of the gripping surface also facilitates including the reinforced portion between the connection portions by spreading the additional mass along the length, providing the reinforced portion while mitigating encroachment of the connector body walls into a flow path through the body of the pipe connector. The length of the gripping surface increases the contribution to increased mass of a given wall thickness of the body along the reinforced portion. The length of the gripping surface also provides additional inside surface length for the protective portion, which may contribute to mitigation of rod wear damage. 
     In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a pipe connector. The connector includes a body with opposed connection portions for connecting two pipes. A protective portion extends along at least a portion of an inside surface intermediate the connection portions. The protective portion includes a protective material that is less abrasive to a rod string than the body. An inside diameter of the connector along at least a portion of the protective portion is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter at other portions of the connector for preferentially contacting the rod string with the protective material over other portions of the body. The connector may include an extended gripping portion for gripping with power tongs, and may further include a reinforced portion for increasing resistance of the pipe connector to deformation when threadedly connected with a tubing joint with the connector. 
     In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a connector including: a body extending between a first end and a second end; a first connection portion proximate the first end for connecting with a first pipe; a second connection portion proximate the second end for connecting with a second pipe; and a protective portion extending along at least a portion of an inside surface of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion, the protective portion comprising a protective material that is less abrasive than the body to a rod string. A protective portion inside diameter of the body and the protective material along at least a portion of the protective portion is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter at other portions of the body. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a sleeve of the protective material secured within the body. In some embodiments, the connector includes a groove defined in the inside surface along the protective portion and wherein the sleeve is secured within the body by seating within the groove; in some embodiments, the sleeve comprises a split sleeve. In some embodiment, the sleeve is secured against a stop intermediate the protective portion and the first connection portion; in some embodiments, the sleeve is secured against the stop by a press ring intermediate the protective portion and the second connection portion. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises polyethylene with a hardness of about 65 Shore D and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.10. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises nylon with a hardness of between about 75 and about 85 Shore D, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.20. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a layer of protective material bonded to the inside surface. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises a thermally set resin; in some embodiments, the thermally set resin comprises a zirconium fusion-bonded epoxy powder coating with a pencil hardness (H scale) rating of 6H. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises an extrusion-set coating. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises a metallic alloy coating; in some embodiments, the metallic alloy coating comprises a coating with a hardness of between about 45 and about 55 Rockwell C, a wear resistance of between about 12 and about 16 on the Taber wear index, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.15. 
     In some embodiments, the first connection portion comprises a first box end with threading on the inside surface for connecting with the first pipe and the second connection portion comprises a second box end with the threading on the inside surface for connecting with a second pipe. In some embodiments, the connector includes a gripping surface extending along an outside surface of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for a gripping length at least as long as a die length of a pair of power tongs used to connect the connector with production tubing. 
     In some embodiments, the gripping surface comprises a recessed gripping surface; the body has a first outside diameter along the first and second connection portions and a second outside diameter along the recessed gripping surface; and the first outside diameter is larger than the second outside diameter. In some embodiments, a first outside diameter transition point between the first outside diameter and the second outside diameter is located intermediate the first end and the recessed gripping surface; and a second outside diameter transition point between the first outside diameter and the second outside diameter is located intermediate the second end and the recessed gripping surface. In some embodiments, the first outside diameter transition point is located on a portion of the outside surface coextensive with the first connection portion on the inside surface; the second outside diameter transition point is located on a portion of the outside surface coextensive with the second connection portion on the inside surface; and a portion of body with the second outside diameter extends axially outward from the tong gripping portion into each of the first and second connection portions; in some embodiments, the first outside diameter transition point is located on a portion of the outside surface axially inward along the body from the first connection portion; the second outside diameter transition point is located on a portion of the outside surface axially inward along the body from the second connection portion; and a portion of body with the first outside diameter extends axially inwards along the body from each of the first and second connection portions. 
     In some embodiments, the first connection portion comprises a first box end with threading on the inside surface for connecting with the first pipe and the second connection portion comprises a second box end with the threading on the inside surface for connecting with a second pipe. In some embodiments, the connector includes a gripping surface extending along an outside surface of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for a gripping length at least as long as a die length of a pair of power tongs used to connect the connector with production tubing. 
     In some embodiments, the threading comprises interference fit threading and the connector further comprising a reinforced portion of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for resisting deformation of the body when a connection is made up with the connector. In some embodiments, the reinforced portion comprises: a first torque stop defined on the inside surface proximate the first connection portion for abutting the first pipe when the first pipe is connected with the first connection portion; and a second torque stop defined on the inside surface proximate the second connection portion for abutting the second pipe when the second pipe is connected with the second connection portion. 
     In some embodiments, the reinforced portion further comprises a reinforcing member extending between the first torque stop and the second torque stop. In some embodiments, the protective portion extends along the inside surface substantially along the entire length of the reinforcing member; in some embodiments, the inside diameter of the body is substantially constant along the reinforcing member between the first torque stop and the second torque stop; in some embodiments, the reinforcing member extends along the body substantially along the entire length of the gripping portion. In some embodiments, the reinforcing member extends along the body substantially along the entire length of the gripping portion. 
     In some embodiments, the first connection portion comprises a first box end with threading on the inside surface for connecting with the first pipe and the second connection portion comprises a second box end with the threading on the inside surface for connecting with a second pipe. In some embodiments, the connector includes a gripping surface extending along an outside surface of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for a gripping length at least as long as a die length of a pair of power tongs used to connect the connector with production tubing. In some embodiments, the gripping length is about 3.5 inches and the connector has an outside diameter of 4.5 inches along the first and second connection portions; in some embodiments, the gripping length is about two inches longer than the die length; the gripping length is about twice as long as the die length. 
     In some embodiments, the first connection portion comprises a first box end with threading on the inside surface for connecting with the first pipe and the second connection portion comprises a second box end with the threading on the inside surface for connecting with a second pipe. In some embodiments, the connector includes a gripping surface extending along an outside surface of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for a gripping length at least as long as a die length of a pair of power tongs used to connect the connector with production tubing. In some embodiments, the gripping length is about 3.25 inches; the connector has an outside diameter of about 4.5 inches along the first and second connection portions; and the first pipe and the second pipe each comprise a 3.5 inches outside diameter API interference fit threaded production tubing joint. In some embodiments, the body is manufactured from J-55 grade steel. In some embodiments, the reinforced portion comprises a portion of the body with wall thickness of about 0.625 inches. In some embodiments, the protective portion inside diameter is narrower than the inside diameter at other portions of the body by at least 0.025 inches. In some embodiments, the protective portion inside diameter is about 2.5 inches; in some embodiments, the protective portion extends along the inside surface by a length of about 2.0 inches. 
     In some embodiments, the first pipe and the second pipe each comprise a production tubing joint. 
     In some embodiments, the first pipe and the second pipe each have an outside diameter of 3.5 inches. 
     In some embodiments, the pipes have an outside diameter of 2.375, 2.875, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, or 7.0 inches. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion inside diameter is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter of production tubing with which the connector is designed to be used. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion inside diameter is substantially equal to an inside diameter of production tubing with which the connector is used. 
     In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a connector comprising: providing a connector including a body having an inside surface portion intermediate opposed connection portions; and securing a protective material to the inside surface portion to provide a protective portion along at least a portion of the inside surface portion. The protective material is less abrasive than the body to a rod string. A protective portion inside diameter of the body and the protective material along at least a portion of the protective portion is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter at other portions of the body. 
     In some embodiments, securing protective material to the inside surface portion comprises applying a protective coating to the inside surface portion. 
     In some embodiments, securing protective material to the inside surface portion comprises securing a sleeve within a groove defined in the inside surface portion. 
     In some embodiments, securing protective material to the inside surface portion comprises securing a sleeve against a stop. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion inside diameter is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter of production tubing with which the connector is used. 
     In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a connector for connecting a first pipe with a second pipe using power tongs having a die length, the connector comprising: a body extending between a first end and a second end; a first connection portion proximate the first end including threading on an inside surface of the connector for connecting with a first pipe; a second connection portion proximate the second end including the threading on the inside surface for connecting with a second pipe; a protective portion extending along at least a portion of the inside surface intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion, the protective portion comprising a protective material that is less abrasive than the body to a rod string; and a gripping surface extending along an outside surface of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion, the gripping surface extending along the outside surface for a gripping length at least as long as the die length. A protective portion inside diameter of the body and the protective material along at least a portion of the protective portion is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter at other portions of the connector. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a sleeve of the protective material secured within the body. In some embodiments, the connector includes a groove defined in the inside surface along the protective portion and wherein the sleeve is secured within the body by seating within the groove; in some embodiments, the sleeve comprises a split sleeve. In some embodiment, the sleeve is secured against a stop intermediate the protective portion and the first connection portion; in some embodiments, the sleeve is secured against the stop by a press ring intermediate the protective portion and the second connection portion. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises polyethylene with a hardness of about 65 Shore D and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.10. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises nylon with a hardness of between about 75 and about 85 Shore D, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.20. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a layer of protective material bonded to the inside surface. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises a thermally set resin; in some embodiments, the thermally set resin comprises a zirconium fusion-bonded epoxy powder coating with a pencil hardness (H scale) rating of 6H. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises an extrusion-set coating. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises a metallic alloy coating; in some embodiments, the metallic alloy coating comprises a coating with a hardness of between about 45 and about 55 Rockwell C, a wear resistance of between about 12 and about 16 on the Taber wear index, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.15. 
     In some embodiments, the gripping surface comprises a recessed gripping surface; the body has a first outside diameter along the first and second connection portions and a second outside diameter along the recessed gripping surface; and the first outside diameter is larger than the second outside diameter. 
     In some embodiments, the connector includes a reinforced portion of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for resisting deformation of the body when a connection is made up with the connector. In some embodiments, the reinforced portion comprises: a first torque stop defined on the inside surface proximate the first connection portion for abutting the first pipe when the first pipe is connected with the first connection portion; and a second torque stop defined on the inside surface proximate the second connection portion for abutting the second pipe when the second pipe is connected with the second connection portion. 
     In some embodiments, the connector includes a reinforced portion of the body intermediate the first connection portion and the second connection portion for resisting deformation of the body when a connection is made up with the connector. In some embodiments, the gripping length is about 3.25 inches; the connector has an outside diameter of about 4.5 inches along the first and second connection portions; and the first pipe and the second pipe each comprise a 3.5 inches outside diameter API interference fit threaded production tubing joint. In some embodiments, the body is manufactured from J-55 grade steel. In some embodiments, the reinforced portion comprises a portion of the body with wall thickness of about 0.625 inches. In some embodiments, the inside diameter of the body and the protective material is narrower than the inside diameter at other portions of the body by about 0.025 inches. In some embodiments, the protective portion extends along the inside surface by a length of about 2.0 inches. 
     In some embodiments, the first pipe and the second pipe comprise production tubing and the API interference fit threading comprises 8 round threading. 
     In some embodiments, the first pipe and the second pipe comprise production tubing and the API interference fit threading comprises 10 round threading. 
     In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of connecting a first pipe with a second pipe comprising: providing a connector. The connector includes: a protective portion extending along at least a portion of an inside surface of a body of the connector intermediate a pair of interference fit threaded connection portions, the protective portion comprising a protective material that is less abrasive than the body to a rod string; a gripping surface on an outside surface of the body intermediate the pair of connection portions; and a reinforced portion of the body intermediate the pair of connection portions for resisting deformation of the connector when a connection is made up with the connector. A protective portion inside diameter of the body and the protective material along at least a portion of the protective portion is equal to or narrower than an inside diameter at other portions of the connector. The method further includes tonging on to the gripping surface and on to the first pipe with a power tong; rotating the connector relative to the first pipe to connect the connector to the first pipe at a torque value with the power tong; tonging on to the gripping surface and on to the second pipe with the power tong; and rotating the second pipe relative to the connector to connect the connector to the second pipe at the torque value with the power tong. 
     In some embodiments, the connector further comprises a pair of torque stops proximate the connection portions, each of the torque stops for abutting a nose of a pipe threaded into the connection portion proximate the torque stop. In some embodiments, abutting the nose is indicative of the torque value having been reached. 
     In some embodiments, the connection portions are threaded with API interference fit threading. In some embodiments, the torque value is in excess of the API optimum value at the same grade of steel for a connector used with pipe having an outside diameter equal to a reference outside diameter value of the first pipe and the second pipe. In some embodiments, the torque value is in excess of the API maximum value at the same grade of steel for a connector used with pipe having an outside diameter equal to the reference outside diameter value. 
     In some embodiments, the connection portions are threaded with API interference fit threading. In some embodiments, the gripping length is about 3.25 inches; the connector has an outside diameter of about 4.5 inches along the first and second connection portions; and the first pipe and the second pipe each comprise a 3.5 inches outside diameter API interference fit threaded production tubing joint. In some embodiments, the body is manufactured from J-55 grade steel. In some embodiments, the reinforced portion comprises a portion of the body with wall thickness of about 0.625 inches. In some embodiments, the torque value is in excess of the API maximum value for a connector used with pipe having an outside diameter equal to the reference outside diameter value. In some embodiments, the torque value is at least 3,000 ft·lbs. In some embodiments, the torque value is about 3,600 ft·lbs; in some embodiments, the protective portion inside diameter is narrower than the inside diameter at other portions of the body by at least 0.025 inches. 
     In some embodiments, the first pipe and the second pipe each comprise a production tubing joint. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a sleeve of the protective material secured within the body. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a sleeve of the protective material secured within the body. In some embodiments, the connector includes a groove defined in the inside surface along the protective portion and wherein the sleeve is secured within the body by seating within the groove; in some embodiments, the sleeve comprises a split sleeve. In some embodiment, the sleeve is secured against a stop intermediate the protective portion and the first connection portion; in some embodiments, the sleeve is secured against the stop by a press ring intermediate the protective portion and the second connection portion. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises polyethylene with a hardness of about 65 Shore D and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.10. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises nylon with a hardness of between about 75 and about 85 Shore D, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.20. 
     In some embodiments, the protective portion comprises a layer of protective material bonded to the inside surface. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises a thermally set resin; in some embodiments, the thermally set resin comprises a zirconium fusion-bonded epoxy powder coating with a pencil hardness (H scale) rating of 6H. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises an extrusion-set coating. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises a metallic alloy coating; in some embodiments, the metallic alloy coating comprises a coating with a hardness of between about 45 and about 55 Rockwell C, a wear resistance of between about 12 and about 16 on the Taber wear index, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.15. 
     Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached figures, in which features sharing reference numerals with a common final two digits of a reference numeral correspond to similar features across multiple figures (e.g. the body  12 ,  112 ,  212 ,  312 ,  412 ,  512 ,  612 ,  712 ,  812 ,  912 ,  1012 ,  1112 ,  1212 , etc.). 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of production string with production tubing joints connected with previous connectors; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a connector as described herein; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with the connector of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a protective coating; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a protective sleeve; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a protective sleeve secured with a ring; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional detail view of stops defined in a body of the connector of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a connector with a gripping surface being connected with a tubing joint using a pair of power tongs; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a gripping surface and a protective coating; 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a gripping surface and a protective sleeve; 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a gripping surface and a protective sleeve secured with a ring; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a production string with production tubing joints connected with a connector having a recessed gripping surface and a protective sleeve secured with a ring; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of a connector having a gripping surface and a reinforced portion; 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view of the connector of  FIG. 13  being connected with a tubing joint and torqued above API optimum value using power tongs; 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of a connector having a recessed gripping surface, a reinforced portion, and a protective sleeve secured with a ring; 
         FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view of the connector of  FIG. 15  being connected with a tubing joint and torqued above an API optimum value using power tongs; 
         FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional view of a production string including production tubing joints connected with connector of  FIG. 15 , and a rod string located inside the production string; 
         FIG. 18  is a cross-sectional view of a connector having a recessed gripping surface and a reinforced portion; 
         FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view of a connector having a recessed gripping surface and a reinforced portion; 
         FIG. 20  is a plot of applied torque as a function of the number of turns for previous connectors and pipe connectors with a reinforced portion as described herein torqued to different values; 
         FIG. 21  is a plot of applied torque as a function of the number of turns for a pipe connector with a reinforced portion as described herein gripped at a gripping surface and torqued to different values; 
         FIG. 22  is a plot of applied torque as a function of the number of turns for a pipe connector with a reinforced portion as described herein gripped at a box end and torqued to different values; and 
         FIG. 23  is a plot of applied torque as a function of the number of turns for a standard API collar gripped at and torqued to different values. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally, the present disclosure provides connectors, for example tubing connectors, for connecting sections of pipe, for example joints of production tubing. The connectors disclosed herein include a protective portion extending along a portion of an inside surface of the connector between two threaded connection portions. The protective portion includes a protective material that is less abrasive to a rod string being rotated while urged against the protective portion than would be the case if the rod string were urged against the grades of steel or other materials ordinarily used to manufacture connectors. The connector has an inside diameter along the protective portion selected to contact the rod string when urged against the production string preferentially to other portions of the connector. As a result, the connectors disclosed herein may mitigate rod wear in a production string relative to a production string assembled using previous connectors lacking the protective portion. 
     In addition to the protective portion, the connectors may include an extended tong gripping portion on an outside surface of the connector intermediate the connection portions at either end of the body. The outside surface of the body along the tong gripping portion provides a tong gripping surface to facilitate gripping the connectors with power tongs. The protective portion extends along the inside surface of the body and the gripping portion extends along the outside surface of the body. The protective portion and the gripping portion may be at least partially co-extensive along the length of the body. The length of the tong gripping portion for a given connector may be selected with reference to the outside diameter of the pipes with which the given connector will be used and the length of power tong dies that would be used on power tongs gripping the connector. The length of the tong gripping portion may be at least as long as the expected die length. The expected die length may be a maximum die length for power tongs being used with the connector and with pipe of the outside diameter for which the well tubing connector is designed to be used. 
     In addition to the protective portion, the connectors may include both the extended tong gripping portion and a reinforced portion of the body, each intermediate the two threaded connection portions. The protective portion extends along the inside surface of the body, the gripping portion extends along the outside surface of the body, and the reinforced portion is defined by a wall thickness and length of the body. A combination of two or more of the protective portion, the gripping portion, and the reinforced portion may be at least partially co-extensive along the length of the body. The reinforced portion, which may include a torque stop or other radial extension into a flow passage defined within the connector, increases the strength and resistance to deformation of the body proximate the threaded connection portions and in some cases at the threaded connections. The torque required per turn to thread a pin end into one of the two threaded connection portions is increased relative to previous connectors having the same thread. The increase in torque per turn facilitates connection of pipes having commonly-used thread patterns at greater torque than with previous connectors. The length of the tong gripping portion facilitates providing the reinforced portion without increasing a wall thickness of the connector body to the point where the flow passage lacks a sufficient cross-section area for a selected fluid flow rate. The protective portion and the reinforced portion may be dimensioned such that the flow passage along the protective portion is equal to or narrower than elsewhere in the connector or the pipe to be connected with the connector without overly restricting fluid flow through the connector. The reinforced portion may include a torque stop for facilitating torqueing the connections to full makeup. When the connections are completely made up, a recognizable increase in torque with no further turning results, mitigating unintentional or overthreading of the connector beyond full makeup. 
     Previous Connectors 
       FIG. 1  shows a cross section of a production string  60  including a first tubing joint  40  and a second tubing joint  42  connected using a previous tubing joint connector P 01 . A rod string  62  is included within the production string  60  to provide artificial lift for producing fluids through the production string  60 . The rod string  62  includes a damaged portion  64  where rod wear, sometimes referred to as “knuckling”, has compromised the rod string  62 . The damaged portion  64  corresponds to the location of the connector P 01 , where rod wear is more likely to occur than in the production tubing itself. In some cases, the rod string  62  will break at the damaged portion  64 . After the rod string  62  has broken, an uphole portion of the rod string  62  may be pulled from the production string  60  and a downhole portion of the rod string  62  may be fished from the production string. Pulling the uphole portion of the broken rod string  62  and fishing the downhole portion of the broken rod string  62  are each time consuming and costly. A space P 02  between a first pin end  44  of the first tubing joint  40  and a second pin end  46  of the second tubing joint may facilitate accumulation of particulates and other debris between the connector P 01  and the rod string  62 . Rod wear is particularly likely to result in damage to the rod string  62  at the space P 02 . While the rod string  62  is shown with the damaged portion  64  resulting from knuckling, other types of rod wear may result in a rotary rod string, and other types of rod wear may result in a reciprocating rod string. 
     Protective Connector 
       FIG. 2  shows a connector  10  in cross section. The connector  10  has a body  12  extending between a first end  14  and a second end  16 . An inside surface  18  of the body  12  includes threading along a first connection portion  15  of the body  12  extending from the first end  14  and along a second connection portion  17  of the body  12  extending from the second end  16 . The threading may be any suitable threading, such as an interference fit threading. The threading may be an American Petroleum Institute (“API”) standard interference fit threading compatible with commonly-used production tubing joints and other tubulars. An outside surface  21  of the body  12  defines a box end along each of the first and second connection portions  15 ,  17  of the body  12 . The body  12  includes a protective portion  70  extending along at least a portion of the inside surface  18  between the first connection portion  15  and the second connection portion  17 . The protective portion  70  includes a protective material  72  secured with the inside surface  18 . The protective portion  70  defines a protective portion inside diameter  71  of the connector  10 . The protective portion inside diameter  71  includes the inside diameter of the body  12  further narrowed by the thickness of the protective material  72 . 
       FIG. 3  shows a cross section of the connector  10  connected with a first tubing joint  40  and a second tubing joint  42  in a production string  60 . The first connection portion  15  is connected with a first tubing connection portion  45  of the first tubing joint  40  proximate the first pin end  44  of the first tubing joint  40 . The first connection portion  15  has sufficient axial depth to connect with the first tubing connection portion  45 . The second connection portion  17  is connected with a second tubing connection portion  47  of the first tubing joint  42  proximate the second pin end  46  of the second tubing joint  42 . The second connection portion  15  has sufficient axial depth to connect with the second tubing connection portion  47 . 
     The protective material  72  is softer than the grades of steel or other materials typically used to manufacture production tubing connectors. The protective material  72  is also softer than the grades of steel or other materials typically used to manufacture rod joints, connectors, continuous rod, or other components of the rod string  62 . As illustrated by the examples of the protective material  72  provided below, the protective material  72  may b selected to be sufficiently soft that rotation or translation of the rod string  62  against the protective material  72  will degrade the rod string  62  less than rotation or translation of the rod string  62  while urged against the body  12 . The protective material  72  may also be selected to be sufficiently durable that the life of the connector  10  and the mitigation to rod wear provided by the connector  10  are extended. The protective material  72  may also be selected for a low coefficient of friction with the rod string  62  relative to the grades of steel or other materials typically used to manufacture production tubing connectors. The low coefficient of friction is selected to allow the rod string  62  to rotate relatively freely when urged against the protective material  72 . As a result, the protective material  72  is less abrasive and otherwise destructive to the rod string  62  when the rod string  62  is urged against the protective material  72  and rotated, compared with the grades of steel or other materials typically used to manufacture production tubing connectors. 
     The protective portion inside diameter  71  of the body  12  and the protective material  72  along the protective portion  70  may be equal to or narrower than an inside diameter of the body  12  elsewhere between the connection portions  15 ,  17  or otherwise on the body  12 . The protective portion inside diameter  71  may be equal to a production tubing inside diameter  41  of the production tubing joints  40 ,  42  (as shown in  FIG. 3 ). The protective portion inside diameter  71  may be equal to or narrower than the production tubing inside diameter  41 , with an example of a connector with a narrower inside diameter at the protective portion shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . As a result of the protective portion inside diameter  71  being equal to or narrower than elsewhere along the inside surface between the connection portions  15 ,  17 , the rod string  62  may contact the connector  10  at the protective portion  70  preferentially to other features of the connector  10  when the rod string  62  is urged against the production string  60 . 
     Where the tubing joints  40 ,  42  include an external upset end (“EUE”) connection, the production tubing inside diameter  41  may be greater proximate the pin ends  44 ,  46  of the tubing joints  40 ,  42 . In the figures provided herein, the tubing joints are shown schematically with a constant inside diameter for simplicity. However, with EUE tubing joints, having a protective portion inside diameter  71  that is narrower than the inside diameter  41  in the tubing joints  40 ,  42  along the first and second tubing connection portions  45 ,  47  would also be narrower than the inside diameter in the tubing joints  40 ,  42  outside of the EUE portion, as the EUE tubing joints would have a greater inside diameter outside of the first and second tubing connection portions  45 ,  47 . 
     The rod string  62  contacts the protective portion  70  preferentially or along with other portions of the connector  10  when the rod string  62  is urged against the production string  60  where the protective portion inside diameter  71  is equal to or less than the inside diameter elsewhere in the production string  60 . The protective material  72  is less abrasive than the steel body of previous tubing connectors, or the body  12 . As a result, the connector  10  may mitigate rod wear compared with previous pipe connectors. 
     The protective portion  70  differs from other portions of the inside surface  18  in its hardness, coefficient of friction with the rod string  62 , or other features that mitigate abrasion of the rod string  62  when rotated while urged against the protective portion  70 , particular examples of which for a given connector may be provided by selection of an appropriate protective material  72 . The protective portion  70  also differs from other portions of the inside surface  18  in that the protective portion inside diameter  71  of the body  12  and the protective material  72  along the protective portion  70  is equal to or narrower than the inside diameter of the body  12  at other points in the connector  10 . The protective portion  70  may include any suitable protective material  72  and may be prepared and secured to the body  12  by any suitable method. 
       FIG. 4  shows a connector  110  connected with the production tubing joints  140 ,  142  in the production string  160 . The protective portion  170  includes a protective coating  173  of the protective material  172  on the body  112 . The protective coating  173  is permanently secured to the body  112  by chemical bonding. Any suitable protective material  172  may be used for the protective coating  173 , such as a thermally set resin, an extrusion set coating, a metallic alloy coating, or other coating. An example of a thermally set resin is zEro  100  coating by zEroCor Tubulars Inc, which is a zirconium fusion-bonded epoxy powder coating with a pencil hardness (H scale) rating of 6H and a low friction coefficient. 
     Extrusion set coatings may include phenolic, nylon, or novolac based coatings, which may be applied as powder or liquid to form a coating, or modified examples of such coatings. Such coatings are marketed online at www.nov.com as “Tube-Kote Production Coatings”, including TK-2 Liquid Phenolic, TK-7 Liquid-Modified Phenolic, TK-15 Powder-Modified Novolac, TK-69 Liquid-Epoxy Modified Phenolic, TK-70 Powder-Epoxy, TK-70XT Powder-Epoxy, TK-99 Powder-Nylon, TK-216 Powder-Epoxy, TK-236 Powder-Epoxy-Novolac, TK-505 Powder-Epoxy, TK-800 Powder-Modified Epoxy, TK-805 Powder-Phenolic Novolac, or TK-900 Powder-Modified Novolac. 
     Metallic alloy coatings may include the MAC-100 Corrosion Control coating with sliding wear capabilities, marketed online at www.pcscanada.ca, which has a hardness of 49 Rockwell C, a wear resistance of 12-16 on the Taber wear index, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.15, a tensile strength of 800 MPa, and a modulus of elasticity of 170 GPa. 
       FIG. 5  shows a connector  210  connected with the production tubing joints  240 ,  242  in the production string  260 . The protective portion  270  includes a sleeve  274  secured within a groove  219  defined in the body  212 . The sleeve  274  may include a split  275  to facilitate securing the sleeve  274  within the groove  219 . Any suitable protective material  272  may be used for the sleeve  274 , such as high-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, or nylon. The sleeve  274  may be prepared from an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene with a hardness of about 65 Shore D and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.10. The sleeve  274  may be prepared from nylon with a hardness of between about 75 and 85 Shore D, and a dynamic coefficient of friction of about 0.20. The protective portion inside diameter  271  of the sleeve  274  is substantially equal to the inside diameter of the production tubing joints  240 ,  242  along the tubing connection portions  245 ,  247 , providing preferential contact between the sleeve  274  and a rod string passing through the connector  210 . 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  show a connector  310  connected with the production tubing joints  340 ,  342  in the production string  360 . A sleeve  376  may be secured within the body  312  against a stop  311 . The sleeve  376  may be secured between the stop  311  and a press ring  378 . The press ring  378  may be secured against the sleeve  376  with an outside surface  379  of the press ring  378  flush with the stop  313  as shown to provide a flush surface for the pin end  344  in the connection portion  317 . The sleeve  376  may be prepared from protective material  372  similar to the protective material  272  used in the sleeve  274 . The protective portion inside diameter  371  of the sleeve  376  is narrower than the inside diameter of the production tubing joints  340 ,  342  along the tubing connection portions  345 ,  347 , providing preferential contact between the sleeve  376  and a rod string passing through the connector  310 . 
     For example, the connector  310  may be designed for used with a 3.5″ API EUE production tubing with a weight of 9.30 lb/ft, which has an inside diameter of 2.992″ along the tubing connection portions  345 ,  347 , and a drift of 2.867″. A connector  310  designed for use with such tubing may have a value of the protective portion inside diameter  371  of the sleeve  376  of 2.967″, which would provide a 0.025″ reduction in the protective portion inside diameter  371  of the sleeve  376  relative to the tubing inside diameter  341 , while remaining 0.100″ above the drift of the production tubing joints  340 ,  342 . 
     Extended Protective Connector 
       FIG. 8  shows a connector  410  connected with the production tubing joints  440 ,  442  in the production string  460 . The connector  410  includes including a tong gripping portion  420 . The connector  410  and the second production tubing joint  442  are being gripped by power tongs  450 . The tong gripping portion  420  extends along the outside surface  421  of the body  412  coextensive with neither of the connection portions  415  nor  417  on the inside surface  418 . 
     A tong gripping surface  426  is defined on the outside surface  421  of the body  412  along the tong gripping portion  420 . The tong gripping portion  420  may be gripped by the power tongs  450  with less risk of damage to the connector  410  than if either of the connection portions  415 ,  417  is gripped, particularly where the threaded connections portion  415 ,  417  being gripped is connected with a threaded tubing connection portion of a tubing joint, such as the first tubing connection portion  445  of the first tubing joint  440  or the second tubing connection portion  447  of the second tubing joint  442 . 
     A first gripping transition point  428  separates the tong gripping portion  420  from the first connection portion  415 . A second gripping transition point  429  separates the tong gripping portion  420  from the second connection portion  417 . The gripping transition points  428 ,  429  each define a boundary of the tong gripping portion  420 . In the connector  410 , the tong gripping portion  420  is adjacent the connection portions  415 ,  417  and the gripping transition points  428 ,  429  each define a boundary with between the tong gripping surface  420  and one of the two gripping transition points  428 ,  429 . 
     The gripping transition points  428 ,  429  are a feature of the inside surface  418  in that there is no threading on the inside surface  418  within the tong gripping portion  420  as defined by the gripping transition points  428 ,  429 . The gripping transition points  428 ,  429  are also a feature of the outside surface  421  in that the tong gripping surface  426  is defined along the outside surface  421  within the tong gripping portion  420  as defined by the gripping transition points  428 ,  429 . 
     The pair of power tongs  450  shown in  FIG. 8  are being used to connect the first tubing joint  440  with the second tubing joint  442  using the connector  410 . The power tongs  450  include a powered tong  452  and a backup tong  454 . The powered tong  452  includes powered tong dies  456  for contacting a pipe or connector being gripped and rotated. The backup tong  454  includes backup tong dies  458  for contacting a pipe or connector being held static relative to a pipe or connector being rotated by the powered tong  452 . The first tubing connection portion  445  of the first tubing joint  440  is engaged with the first connection portion  415 , which is on a mill side of the connector  410  with respect to the power tongs  450 . The second tubing connection portion  447  of the second tubing joint  442  is engaged with the second connection portion  417 , which is on a field side of the connector  410  when being connected with the power tongs  450 . 
     Where the power tongs  450  are used to make up or break a connection between the connector  410  and the second tubing joint  442 , the powered tong  452  grips the second tubing joint  442  and the backup tong  454  grips the connector  410  on the gripping portion  420  (as shown in  FIG. 8 ). The backup tong  454  holds the connector  410  stationary relative to the second tubing joint  442  as the powered tong  452  is used to rotate the second tubing joint  442  relative to the connector  410  to make up or break the connection between the connector  410  and the second tubing joint  442 . 
     Where the power tongs  450  are used to make up or break a connection between the connector  410  and the first tubing joint  440  (not shown), the powered tong  452  grips the connector  440  on the gripping portion  420  and the backup tong  454  grips the first tubing joint  440 . The backup tong  454  holds the first tubing joint  440  stationary relative to the connector  410  as the powered tong  452  is used to rotate the connector  410  relative to the first tubing joint  440  to make up or break the connection between the connector  410  and the first tubing joint  440 . 
     Where the power tongs  450  are used to break a connection between the connector  410  and the second tubing joint  442  or the first tubing joint  440 , the gripping portion  420  may also provide a surface that may be hammered on to assist in breaking the connection without hammering on an outer surface of the body  412  coextensive with either of the connection portions  415 ,  417 . 
     The tong gripping portion  420  extends along the outside surface  421 , defining the tong gripping surface  426 , for a gripping length at least as long as the dies  456 ,  458  on the power tongs  450  that will be used to rotate the connector  410  or tubing joints  440 ,  442  to make up or break a connection between the connector  410  and one of the tubing joints  440 ,  442 . The lengths of the dies  456 ,  458  are selected with reference to the outside diameter of the connector  410  and of well tubing with which the connector  410  will be used, the torque required to make up the connection, and the application of the well tubing. As a result, the gripping length of the tong gripping portion  420 , which is selected with reference to the length of the dies  456 ,  458 , is also indirectly selected with reference to these factors. For example, on power tongs  450  usable with pipes having outside diameters of between about 3.5″ and about 5.5″, backup tong dies  458  may have a die length of about 1.5″ and powered tong dies  456  may have a die length of about 3.0″. The gripping portion  420  would be at least 3.0″ long for use with such power tongs  450 , and may be about 5″, allowing a one-inch margin on each side of a power tong die  456  or  458  located at the center of the gripping portion  420 . Where the connector  410  is designed for use on smaller or larger outside diameter tubing, the gripping portion  420  would be correspondingly smaller or larger to accommodate the smaller or larger die sizes on power tongs  450  that would be used on such smaller or larger outside diameter tubing or other pipes. 
     As with the connectors lacking the gripping portion  420 , the protective portion  470  may include any suitable protective material  472  and may be prepared and secured to the body  412  by any suitable method as described above with respect to  FIGS. 4 to 7 . The additional length of the protective portion  470  may improve mitigation of damage to a rod string relative to the shorter connectors shown in  FIGS. 2 to 7 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a connector  510  in which the protective portion  570  includes the protective coating  573 . 
       FIG. 10  shows a connector  610  in which the protective portion  670  includes the sleeve  674  secured within the groove  619  defined in the body  612 . 
       FIG. 11  shows a connector  710  in which the sleeve  776  is secured between the stop  711  and the press ring  778 . The sleeve  776  and the press ring  778  may be simpler to manufacture and secure to the connector  710  than the connector  310  because of the greater length of the body  712  compared with the body  310 . As a result, the sleeve  776  and the press ring  778  may be larger, easier to handle, simpler to manufacture to specification, and simpler to assemble with the body  712 , than the smaller sleeve  376  and press ring  378  with respect to the smaller body  312 . 
     Recessed Gripping Portion 
       FIG. 12  shows a connector  810  wherein a recessed tong gripping portion  822  in the body  812  is defined both by the absence of the connection portions  815 ,  817 , and by a change in outside diameter of the body  812 . The body  812  has a first outside diameter  835  along the connection portions  815 ,  817  and a second outside diameter  837  along the recessed tong gripping portion  822 . The first outside diameter  835  is greater than the second outside diameter  837 . The change in outside diameter of the body  812  intermediate the first end  814  and the recessed tong gripping surface  822  is a result of a first taper in the profile of the body  812  outside diameter at a first outside diameter transition point  823 . The change in outside diameter of the body  812  intermediate the second end  816  and the recessed tong gripping surface  822  is a result of a second taper in the profile of the body  812  outside diameter at a second outside diameter transition point  824  of the body  812 . In the connector  810 , the first outside diameter transition point  823  is at a portion of the body  812  that includes the first gripping transition point  828 . Similarly, the second outside diameter transition point  824  is at a portion of the body  812  that includes the second gripping transition point  829 . The change in outside diameter at the outside diameter transition points  823 ,  824  may be effected by the taper in the profile of the body  812  as shown in the connector  810  or otherwise (e.g. steps, etc.). 
     In the connector  810  as shown, the locations along the body  812  of the outside diameter transition points  823 ,  824  each coincide with the locations along the body  812  of the gripping transition points  828 ,  829 . As shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , the outside diameter transition points may be located at portions of the body other than the gripping transition points, or may be located at portions of the body that limit the gripping surface length to a smaller length than the axial separation between the connection portions. Where the change in outside diameter of the body is at a portion of the body other than the transition points, the connection portions provide sufficient axial depth to engage threaded pin portions of tubing joints without the recessed gripping portion engaging the tubing joints and the recessed gripping portion provides sufficient axial length for the power to grip on the tong gripping surface with the powered dies and the backup dies. 
     The change in outside diameter may be at portions of the body  812  other than the gripping transition points  828 ,  829 , for example in the connectors  1110  and  1210  shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 . The gripping transition points  828 ,  829  each respectively define boundaries of the recessed gripping portion  822  in terms of a lack of threading on the inside surface  818  and in terms of the tong gripping surface  826  on the outside surface  821 . In contrast, the outside diameter transition points  823 ,  824  each define a boundary between different outside diameter values of the body  812 . The axial separation between the outside diameter transition points may be greater than the axial separation between the gripping surface transition points, such as in the connector  1110  of  FIG. 18 . In such a case, the outside diameter transition points are within the connection portions and the gripping surface has a shorter length than the portion body having the reduced diameter. Conversely, the outside diameter transition points may be separated by a smaller axial distance than the length of the separation between the connection portions, such as in the connector  1210  of  FIG. 19 . In such a case, the outside diameter transition points and the gripping surface transition points coincide as shown in  FIG. 19 , as the tong gripping portion is defined by the tong gripping surface on the outside surface (in addition to the absence of threading on the inside surface), which has a sufficient length at the reduced diameter to be gripped by the power tongs, and the sufficient length is only found between the outside diameter transition points. 
     The recessed gripping portion  822  and the corresponding tong gripping surface  426  provide a location for tonging onto that is simple to locate visually or by touch, and that an operator can be confident is free of threading on the inside surface  818 . The recessed nature of the recessed gripping portion  822  facilitates locating the recessed gripping portion  822  quickly relative to the gripping portion  720  of the connector  710 . Locating the recessed gripping portion  822  may be facilitated both by the visual distinction offered by a change in the outside diameter between the first outside diameter  835  to the second outside diameter  837 , and by use of power tongs to locate the change in outside diameter while translating a powered or backup tong along the connector  810  until the operator feels a change in outside diameter. Facilitated locating of the recessed gripping portion in turn facilitates gripping the connector  810  on the recessed gripping portion  822  with the power tongs. 
     Reinforced Connector 
       FIG. 13  shows a connector  910  having a body  912  including a reinforced portion  930 . 
       FIG. 14  shows the connector  910  connected with the production tubing joints  940 ,  942  in the production string  960 . The connector  910  and the second production tubing joint  942  are being gripped by power tongs  950   
     The reinforced portion  930  extends along a reinforced length  936  of the body  912  intermediate the connection portions  915 ,  917 . The reinforced portion  930  extends axially between approximately the first gripping transition point  928  and the second gripping transition point  929 . On the inside surface  918 , the reinforced portion  930  extends between a first torque stop  932  proximate the first transition point  928  and a second torque stop  934  proximate the second transition point  929 . The body  912  has a wall thickness  938  along the reinforced length  936 . The wall thickness  938  is with reference to the body  912  and does not include any thickness of the protective portion  970 , which is made from the protective material  972  and not from the harder steel or other material used to manufacture the body  912  (although the thickness of the protective material  972  is included in the protective portion inside diameter  971 ). The wall thickness  938  is selected to provide strength and resistance to deformation to the body  912 . Without being bound by any theory, an increased torque to turn ratio of connections with the connection portions  915 ,  917  relative to that observed in previous connectors may be provided by the reinforced portion  930 . By providing some level of control over the makeup torque and the torque to turn ratio of the connection portions  915 ,  917  without changing the thread pattern, the reinforced portion  930  facilitates using the connector  910  to connect sections of pipe with commonly used thread patterns to be made up at a greater torque than with previous connectors. 
     Increasing the length  936  of the reinforced portion  930 , increasing the wall thickness  938  of the body  912  along the reinforced portion  930 , or manufacturing the body  912  from a stronger grade of steel, will each increase the strength and resistance to deforming of the body  912 . These increases in strength and resistance to deforming in turn facilitate connecting the tubing joints  940 ,  942  with the connector  910  at a higher torque value for the same number of turns while reducing the chances of galling or other failure of the tubing joints  940 ,  942  or the connector  910 . The gripping surface  920  provides a low-risk location on the body  912  for applying the greater gripping forces required to apply the higher torque values enabled by the reinforced portion  930 . 
     The connector  910  may also include a reinforced portion extending along a lesser extent of the body  912  between the connection portions  915 ,  917 . In this case the reinforced portion would still be engineered to contribute sufficient strength and resistance to deformation to the body  912  to allow connections to be made up at a particular torque value. The reinforced portion  930  has a sufficient length  936  such that the wall thickness  938  need not extend into a flow passage within the connector to such an extent as to narrow the flow passage to lower than the pipe with which the connector  910  will be used. A reinforced portion could also extend outward from the outside surface  921  of the connector body  912  and provide additional strength and resistance to deforming to the body  912 . However, adding a reinforced portion to the outside surface  921  of the connector body  912  would also increase the outside diameter of the body  912 , likely beyond API specification outside diameter, which in many applications may be a significant drawback. 
     The make-up point between the connector  910  and the first tubing joints  940  is at the nose of the first pin end  944 . Similarly, the make-up point between the connector  910  and the second tubing joint  942  is at the nose of the second pin end  946 . When the first tubing joint  940  is connected with the connector  910 , the pin end  944  is threaded into the first connector end  914  and abuts the first torque stop  932  of the reinforced portion  930 . Similarly, when the second tubing joint  942  is connected with the connector  910 , the second pin end  946  is threaded into the second connector end  916  and abuts the second torque stop  934  of the reinforced portion  930 . 
     Keeping the material of the body  912  and thread design on the connection portions  914 ,  916  constant, the gripping surface  920  and the reinforced portion  930  together allow the tubing joints  940 ,  942  to be threaded into the connector  910  at a selected torque value greater than with previous connectors (e.g. the connector P 01 , etc.) in which threaded connector ends are proximate each other. 
     The gripping portion  920 , being at least as long as the longitudinal length of a die  956  or  958  that would be used on power tongs  950  of an appropriate size for the connector  910 , is sufficiently long to be easily gripped by the power tongs  950 . When using power tongs  950  to install the connector  910 , there is no need to grip on a portion of the connector  910  that includes the connection portions  915 ,  917  on the inside surface  918 . The gripping portion  920  provides a portion of the connector  910  that is long enough to be easily gripped by the power tongs  950  and may be gripped and torqued with a reduced chance of thread damage compared with gripping and torqueing the connector  910  on the outside surface  921  coextensive with one of the connection portions  915 ,  917 , which include the threading on the inside surface  918 . By mitigating potential damage to threading that could result from torqueing during makeup, the connector  910  with the reinforced portion  930  facilitates threading to a greater torque value than when tonging onto a box end of a standard API tubing connector. 
     The power tongs  950  tong on to the connector  910  on the gripping portion  920 , and any increase in gripping force on the extended connector accompanying an increase in makeup torque may be localized to the gripping portion  920 , avoiding application of force to threading located on the connection portions  915 ,  917  and mitigating the likelihood of thread damage at a given torque value compared with tonging onto the outside diameter of a box end connection portion of a connector  910 . 
     The reinforced portion  930  of the connector  910  proximate the connection portions  915 ,  917  and the corresponding increase in torque required to engage the threads facilitates making up a connection at a greater torque value. The connector  910  facilitates making up a connection at a greater torque without thread damage, or with a lowered chance of thread damage, than with a standard API connector. 
     The increase in torque that the connector may be made up at as a result of the gripping surface and the reinforced portion is not dependent on any particular threading pattern and the threaded connector ends may be threaded with a standard API interference fit thread. API interference fit threading on production tubing with an outside diameter of 2.375″, 2.875″, 3.5″, or 4.5″ commonly includes API standard 8 round EUE interference fit thread or API standard 10 round non upset (“NU”) interference fit thread. Greater outside diameters of production tubing such as 5.5″, 7.0″, or other sizes may also include interference fit thread. The connectors described herein that include each of the protective portion, the gripping portion, and the reinforced portion, may facilitate making up connections at higher torque values relative to previous connectors using the same API interference fit threading for a given outside diameter of pipe and with a given grade of steel (e.g. J-55, N-80, P-120, etc.). 
     Increasing the torque value at which a connection is made up requires gripping the connection with greater force to prevent slipping in the tong dies. Increasing the force on a box-end connector, as would be the case in a standard API threaded connector, means increasing the gripping force on the same portion of the connector that is engaging the tubing threading while a connection is made up or broken. As a result, an increase in connection torque, and the corresponding increase in gripping force required to prevent slipping, may result in a corresponding increase in likelihood of thread damage when gripping on a box end of the connector. Any increase in the gripping force on the connector is localized to the gripping portion and does not affect the connection portion. As a result, it may be possible to make up a connection with the connector at a greater torque without thread damage than with a standard API connector. The localization of force of the gripping portion, along with the additional strength and torque per turn ratio provided by the reinforced portion, facilitate making up a connection between two pipes having interference fit threading compatible with the connector at a greater torque value than with previous connectors, while reducing the chances of thread damage. 
     Connectors for threaded tubing joints can be connected at a given level of torque. For example, previous connectors for 3.5″ API interference fit threaded tubing joints made from J-55 grade steel with 8 round EUE interference fit threading can be connected at between about 1,710 and about 2,850 ft·lbs according to API specification, with an optimal connection torque of about 2,280 ft·lbs. An extended and reinforced connector for the same 3.5″ API EUE 8 round tubing joints made from J-55 grade steel may be torqued to between about 3,000 ft·lbs and about 3,600 ft·lbs. 
       FIG. 15  shows a connector  1010  including the reinforced portion  1030  and the recessed gripping portion  1022 . 
       FIG. 16  shows the connector  1010  threadedly connecting the first and second production tubing joints  1040 ,  1042 , with the second production tubing joint  1042  and the connector  1010  being engaged by the power tongs  1050 . 
       FIG. 17  shows the connector  1010  in the production string  1060  with the rod string  1062  run into the production string  1060 . 
     The connector  1010  includes the features described above in relation to the reinforced portion  1030  and the recessed gripping portion  1022 . The torque stope  1034  is defined by the outside surface  1079  of the press ring  1078 . The torque stop  1032  is located proximate to the stop  1011  and on an opposed side of a projection from the inside surface  1018  that defines both the torque stop  1032  and the stop  1011 . 
     The protective portion inside diameter  1071  is slightly narrower than the tubing inside diameter  1041 . For example, the connector  1010  may be designed for used with a 3.5″ API EUE production tubing with a weight of 9.30 lb/ft, which has an inside diameter of 2.992″ along the tubing connection portions  1045 ,  1047 , and a drift of 2.867″. A connector  1010  designed for use with such tubing may have a value of the protective portion inside diameter  1071  of the sleeve  1076  of 2.967″, which would provide a 0.025″ reduction in the protective portion inside diameter  1071  of the sleeve  1076  relative to the tubing inside diameter  1041 , while remaining 0.100″ above the drift of the production tubing joints  1040 ,  1042 . In another example, for the same production tubing, the protective portion inside diameter  1071  may be about 2.500″, which would provide a thicker sleeve  1076  but reduce the drift of the production string  1060 . A thicker sleeve  1076  that extends further from the body  1012  may provide additional protection to the rod string  1062  or may prolong protection where the rod string  1062  degrades the sleeve  1076  over time. 
     In the connector  1010 , as with the connector  810 , the locations along the body  1012  of the outside diameter transition points  1023 ,  1024  between the first outside diameter  1035  and the second outside diameter  1037  each coincide with the locations along the body  1012  of the gripping transition points  1028 ,  1029 . As shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , in other connector designs, the outside diameter transition points may be located at portions of the body other than the gripping transition points, or may be located at portions of the body that limit the gripping surface length to a smaller length than the axial separation between the connection portions. 
       FIG. 18  is a connector  1110  including the recessed gripping portion  1122 . The first outside diameter transition point  1123  is located along the body  1112  intermediate the first gripping transition point  1128  and the first end  1114 . The second outside diameter transition point  1124  is located along the body  1112  intermediate the second gripping transition point  1129  and the second end  1116 . Put otherwise, the first outside diameter transition point  1123  is located on a portion of the body  1112  including the first connection portion  1115  and the second outside diameter transition point  1124  is located on a portion of the body  1112  including the second connection portion  1117 . The recessed gripping portion  1122 , which is defined between the first and second gripping transition points  1128 ,  1129 , extends along a portion of the body  1112  free of the threading of the first and second connection portions  1115 ,  1117  on the inside diameter  1118 . As a result, a portion of the body  1112  having the smaller second outside diameter  1137  extends into each of the first and second connection portions  1115 ,  1117 . 
     The axial depth of the connection portions  1115 ,  1117  and length of the recessed gripping portion  1122  are selected to allow the connection portions  1115 ,  1117  to engage threaded pin portions of tubing joints, and for power tongs to grip the tong gripping surface  1126  without gripping the body  1112  coextensive with one of the connection portions  1115 ,  1117 . For a connector to be used with 3.5″ API interference fit tubing, a distance between the first outside diameter transition portions  1123  and the first gripping transition point  1128 , and between the second outside diameter transition portions  1124  and the second gripping transition point  1129 , may be about 0.375″. 
       FIG. 19  is a connector  1210  including the recessed gripping portion  1222 . The first outside diameter transition point  1123  is located axially inward along the body  1212  from the first connection portion  1215 . Similarly, the second outside diameter transition point  1124  is located axially inward along the body  1212  from the first connection portion  1217 . The recessed gripping portion  1222 , which is defined between the first and second gripping transition points  1228 ,  1229 , extends along a portion of the body  1212  with a sufficient length to provide the tong gripping surface  1226 . As a result, a portion of the body  1212  having the larger first outside diameter  1235  extends beyond each of the first and second connection portions  1215 ,  1217 . Compared with the connector  1110 , the connector  1210  would generally be expected to have greater strength and resistance to deformation on threading a pipe into either of the connectors  1110 ,  1210 , as the wall thickness  1238  may be greater in the connector  1210  than the connector  1110 , all other factors being equal. 
     Example Connector for 3.5″ API EUE Production Tubing 
     An extended connector was prepared with a similar body  1112  to the connector  1110  in terms of the profile of the outside surface  1121  of the body  1112 , with adaptations on the inside surface  1118  for the protective portion  1170  to include the sleeve, stop, and press ring, similar to the as shown with the connector  1010 . The example connector  1110  was designed for connection with 3.5″ API EUE interference fit production tubing with an 8 round thread pattern. A previous connector for 3.5″ API EUE tubing made from J-55 steel can be connected at between about 1,710 and about 2,850 ft·lbs according to API specification, with an optimal connection torque of about 2,280 ft·lbs. The extended connector, also made from J-55 steel, connected the same 3.5″ API EUE tubing joints at torque values of about 3,000 ft·lbs and about 3,600 ft·lbs, in both cases without thread damage. 
     On the extended connector, with reference to the connector  1110 , the distance between the outside diameter transition points  1123 ,  1124  was 4.0″. The recessed gripping portion  1122  had a length of 3.25″. The outside diameter of the connector  1110  at the first and second connection portions  1115 ,  1117  was 4.5″. The wall thickness  1138  along the reinforced portion  1130  was 0.625″. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 2,280 ft lbs 
                 3,000 ft lbs 
                 3,600 ft lbs 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 extended connector 
                 Not Damaged 
                 Not Damaged 
                 Not Damaged 
               
               
                 on gripping surface 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 extended connector 
                 Not Damaged 
                 Damaged 
                 Damaged 
               
               
                 on box end 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 API coupling 
                 Not Damaged 
                 Damaged 
                 Damaged 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 1 shows a matrix of connectors and torque values tested, with an indication of whether the threads of the connector, the tubing joints, or both were damaged for each set of conditions. As shown in Table 1, tightening a previous connector to torque values of about 3,000 or 3,600 ft·lbs is likely to result in galling of the threads of the previous connector, the tubing joints, or both. In addition, without being bound by any theory, gripping a previous connector with sufficient force to hold it steady while being tightened to about 3,000 or to 3,600 ft·lbs may itself result in crushing and galling of the threads of the connector and the tubing joints when gripping on the box end of a connection being made up or that has been made up. Table 1 also shows that the extended connector is less likely to be damaged by torqueing to 3,000 or 3,600 ft·lbs than the previous connector when the extended connector is gripped on the gripping portion. When gripped on the box end of one of the connection portions, thread damage resulted in the tests. Again, without being bound by any theory, this may result from the increased gripping force required to rotate the connector at a higher torque, and an increased likelihood of damage when gripping on a box end rather than on the gripping portion. 
     Each of the API collar and the extended collar were also pull tested to 110,000 lbs. when connected at 3,600 ft·lbs and passed the test. However, when disconnected the API collar had damaged threads as shown above in Table 1. API specification would require that the pipe be tested to 142,460 lbs., but this data remains indicative that the connections are sufficient for some applications, including in low-pressure wells with artificial lift. 
       FIG. 20  shows data of torque vs the number of turns for the data sets shown in Table 1. In  FIG. 20 , data of the extended connector gripping on the gripping surface is shown in solid lines, data of the extended connector gripping on the box end is shown in dashed lines, and data of the API coupling is shown in dotted lines. This legend is maintained in  FIGS. 21 to 23 , which show the datasets of  FIG. 20  individually. When the extended connector is torqued to 3,000 ft·lbs, or in a second dataset, over 3,600 ft·lbs, the first torque stop  1132  is engaged and rotation stops. At 2,280 ft·lbs, the extended connector has completed less than 1.5 turns. This, and the much steeper slopes of the data with the extended connector, show that more torque is required to thread a pin end into the extended connector than into an API connector. As a result, the connection is much tighter than with the API connector. 
     Torque vs time data was not collected for the API connector at 3,600 ft·lbs. The two datasets torqued to 2,280 ft·lbs are respectively for a standard OD API connector and a shaved API connector for slimline applications. However, it was confirmed, as in Table 1, that torqueing to 3,600 damaged the API connector. 
       FIGS. 21 to 23  respectively show the data from  FIG. 20  of only the extended connector on the gripping surface, the extended connector on the box end, and the regular API connection on the box end.  FIG. 20  allows easy comparison of the datasets to review trends in the data. However,  FIGS. 21 to 23  allow the individual data sets to be viewed more easily. 
     Applications with Progressive Cavity Pumps 
     Pipe connectors, particularly production tubing connectors intended for use with low-pressure wells, are often designed to minimize the amount of material and effort that is needed to prepare the connector and yet remain functional. Such an approach to connectors would often be used in low pressure-wells, where artificial lift, such as a progressive cavity pump (a “PCP”) may also be used. Given the large number of production tubing connectors required for a typical oil well run with tubing joints, there is a significant incentive to minimize the material cost of each connector and manufacture connectors with as little material as possible. However, the protective portion included in the connectors described herein may provide cost advantages over previous connectors by mitigating rod wear and reducing the occurrence of rod breakage. 
     A PCP may be applied in reservoirs that include a significant amount of sand and grit. The presence of a rotating rod string to drive the PCP rotor, in some cases applied in the context of a sandy reservoir, may significantly increase the severity of rod wear and the chances of rod breakage, increasing some of the benefits of applying the connectors with the protective portion described herein 
     In addition, with respect to the tong gripping portion and the reinforced portion, during production through a tubing string including a PCP, a PCP rotor may cause, in addition to rod wear on its own rod string, rotation of the production string by transferring torque. Such rotation of the production string may loosen connection between the connectors and tubing, resulting in dropping the production string into the well. Where a production string is dropped, costly servicing is required. This problem has been previously addressed by use of a torque anchor, which prevents transfer of the PCP rotor torque to the production string. Torque anchors are connected to the production string at or proximate the downhole portion and include anchor blocks or similar features which engage with the inside surface of casing or the well bore when the torque anchor is actuated, preventing rotation of the production string as a result of transfer of PCP rotor torque to the production string. In some cases, torque anchors may puncture or otherwise damage the inside surface of well casing. 
     With 3,600 ft·lbs of torque applied to connections between production tubing joints, torque transfer from a PCP rotor is far less likely to result in unscrewing of the production string and the need for a torque anchor when using a PCP in the production string is mitigated when using the extended connector and connecting at 3,000 or 3,600 ft·lbs. The greater torque facilitated by the extended gripping portion and the reinforced portion mitigate backing off when using a PCP to produce from a low-pressure oil well. 
     In contrast, with previous API standard interference fit connectors, connections between the previous connector and the tubing joints are typically made at about 2,280 ft·lbs, and transfer of torque from a PCP rotor to a tubing string connected at this torque may result in unscrewing of connections and dropping of the production string. 
     The torque expected to be generated by a PCP may be estimated based on the drive rod size and grade. The smaller 1″ drive rods are typically used with low flowrate, low lift PCPs and can&#39;t handle a lot of torque. These smaller rods likely cannot put out sufficient torque to back off a 3.5″ API EUE interference fit thread connections torqued to the optimum specification of 2,280 ft·lbs. Rods with a diameter of 1.25″ or 1.5″ have torsional strengths in the range where the such couplings could potentially back off and the extended coupling may provide an advantage in mitigating backing off. 
     Flowrate in a PCP is directly proportional to RPM for any given size of PCP or PDM. Torque is linearly related to pressure drop across the motor. The pressure drop in a PCP is created because of the fluid viscosity, flowrate, lifting height, tubing size, and other variables. These variables are known or can be estimated when designing the completion and sizing the PCP. 
     If the PCP selected for use is expected to generate higher torque than standard API interference fit pipe connections, a tubing anchor will be used. However, backoff can occur even if expected PCP torque is lower than connection torque because of vibration and the possibility of connection(s) not being properly torqued to spec. As a result, increasing the torque in the connections will reduce the risk of backoff especially when using high flowrate, higher lift PCPs. 
     In summary, each PCP is selected on the basis of the expected flowrate, required lift, fluid viscosity and other well related parameters. The torque generated during operation will depend on the specifics of the PCP. High flowrate, high lift PCPs can generate very large torque values that are well in excess of the typical pipe connection torque. With low flowrate, low lift PCPs, the torque may not be high at all, even with heavy viscous oil. Candidates where higher torque connections with the extended connector is quantifiably beneficial would be easy to identify based on knowledge of the specifications of the PCP that has been selected for the well. In other cases, the extended connector may be less clearly required but provide additional assurance that backing off will be mitigated. The value of the protective portion of the connectors described herein may be increased with a rod string including a larger size of PCP rotor, as larger PCP rotor may result in greater rod wear on the production string. 
     Examples Only 
     In the preceding description, for purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required. 
     The above-described embodiments are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations can be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.