Patent Publication Number: US-2012031345-A1

Title: Array of shipping containers for shipping livestock on a shipping vessel

Description:
This United States Non-Provisional patent application claims the benefit of International Patent Cooperation Treaty Patent Application PCT/US11/24602, filed on Feb. 11, 2011, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/371,123, filed Aug. 5, 2010, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/378,473, filed Aug. 31, 2010 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/434,366, filed Jan. 19, 2011, each hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This United States Non-Provisional patent application is related to the following co-pending Non-Provisional patent applications: “Shipping Containers for Livestock,” application Ser. No. ______, filed on ______; “Method of Shipping Livestock,” application Ser. No. ______, filed on ______; “Methods for Facilitating the Transport of Livestock on Shipping Vessels,” application Ser. No. ______, filed on ______; “Water Distribution Methods and Systems for Livestock Shipping Containers on a Shipping Vessel,” application Ser. No. ______, filed on ______; and “Method for Producing Shipping Containers for Transporting Livestock,” application Ser. No. ______, filed on ______. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Generally, shipping containers for transporting livestock on shipping vessels, and more particularly arrays of shipping containers which can be modular for interconnecting common resources, such as sources of drinking water and electricity. 
     BACKGROUND 
     As beef, dairy and other livestock industries develop around the world; various market demands generate a need to transport livestock over great distances. In some cases transoceanic and intercontinental shipments may be desirable. Such shipments can be made relatively quickly by airborne transport, but at a great expense, especially for heavier cargo. For heavier cargo, such as livestock, a need exists for waterborne transport which can take between four days and forty five days or more to arrive at a final destination. Therefore, a need exists for a specialized shipping container for transporting livestock and method for shipping livestock over extended periods. 
     Unlike typical cargo, livestock require a steady supply of suitable food, water, air and at least some level of climate or temperature control in order to promote good health. These basic requirements are further complicated by the fact that livestock produce waste during their confinement in shipping containers. Therefore, an unresolved need exists for a shipping container that promotes livestock health over the course of long shipments, and particularly for a system which provides a steady supply of electricity and water to an array of shipping containers. 
     Major concerns in the shipment of livestock, or other animals, can include providing for a clean source of drinking water. Given the amount of water some livestock, such as bovine, consume daily, the additional space and weight of the drinking water can become costly. Regardless of the water source, a further problem exists in that water must be reliably delivered to one or more shipping containers in an accessible manner, otherwise livestock will become dehydrated and may potentially die. In a transoceanic shipment, the shipping containers can undergo extreme weather conditions and exposure to extreme elements, such as salt water, freezing temperatures, extreme heat, and extreme humidity. Therefore, a need exists for systems and methods for reliably supplying water to one or more shipping containers in extreme elements. 
     A need exists for a system of modular shipping containers configurable into arrays, which includes a robust water delivery system for providing water to each of the shipping containers in the system. A need exists for a water system adaptable to various configurations for the variety of potential shipping arrangements of the shipping container arrays. Still a further need exists for a modular shipping container which can be maintained for long periods on the relative isolation of a shipping vessel. 
     Still another need exists for a livestock shipping container which is either self contained or forms a part of a network of shipping containers and has a reduced environmental impact on the port destinations as well as on the shipping vessels. For example, livestock waste materials are inevitably produced during a shipment, and a shipping container is desirable that contains the waste and prevents waste from affecting the surface of a shipping vessel or port location. In particular, a need exists for such modular containers which can be arranged into arrays on the deck of a shipping vessel. 
     While previous shipping containers for bulk goods have been designed for stacking as many as eight units high on shipping vessels, containers for livestock have not been stacked. Unlike typical containers, containers housing livestock require some access by an attendant to ensure the health and safety of the livestock. Additionally, livestock containers can leak waste that accumulates during shipment and this waste can contaminating drinking water in any lower stacked shipping containers. Therefore, a need exists for methods and systems of stacking shipping containers carrying livestock for improving deck space efficiency. 
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     A broad object of particular embodiments herein can be to provide a shipping container for the shipment of livestock over long distances, particularly for transoceanic shipments, which meet the needs set forth above. The shipping containers ensure the health and safety of livestock by providing both effective protection from the elements and sufficient ventilation from the waste produced by livestock, as well as a steady source of food and water. In one aspect, the shipping containers can be designed for easily accessing feed, for the purpose of regularly feeding livestock controlled portions throughout shipment. In particular, the shipping containers can be designed for configuring into arrays having common resources. 
     Another broad object of particular embodiments herein can be to provide a water delivery system for shipping containers used in the shipment of livestock. One broad aspect is a design for providing an uninterrupted clean supply of drinking water. In some aspects, drinking water can be stored in the existing ballast tanks of a shipping vessel, while in other aspects plastic tanks or bladders can be loaded in shipping containers, or liquid shipping containers can be filled with drinking water. 
     Still another broad object of particular embodiments herein can be to promote healthier livestock throughout a transoceanic shipment with improved watering and feeding, in addition to improved waste management. In some aspects, the improvements relate to improved shipping containers and methods which both reduce the impact of waste on livestock during confinement for long periods. The method can include the modification of shipping containers for reducing the impact of waste and improving livestock health while confined for shipment. The method can include the measured feeding of highly fortified pellets containing nutrients, antibiotics, and/or antidiuretics, thereby reducing the waste produced by livestock in transit. Electrolytes can be added to the livestock&#39;s water in order to promote hydration, especially in livestock exposed to hot and humid weather conditions. The method can include the formation of an absorbent bed for managing waste produced in transit. In another embodiment, the shipping container provides adequate ventilation during the shipping of livestock. In particular, livestock waste can produce hazardous chemicals such as ammonia and carbon dioxide which can become hazardous to the livestock, particularly in hot and humid conditions. Proper air flow can be accomplished with ventilation openings in the shipping container in addition to fans configured to promote air movement thereby removing noxious fumes, as well as, heat from the livestock. One object can related to a temperature control for the livestock. 
     Another broad object of particular embodiments presented herein can be to provide containers which promote the health and well being of livestock being transported through climate control. In another aspect, the health and well being of livestock can also be promoted through more temperature efficient containers. 
     Still another broad object of particular embodiments presented herein can be to provide a shipping container with an internal enclosure for livestock separated from a continuous opening in the interior space of the shipping container for attendants, whereby attendants within the continuous opening are protected from both external elements as well as the livestock being transported. Still further, feed can be stored within the continuous opening at a first area, inaccessible by livestock, and moved to a second area within the continuous opening, whereby livestock have limited access for feeding at the second area. 
     Yet another broad object of particular embodiments herein can be to provide a method for loading multiple livestock shipping containers onto a shipping vessel and providing each shipping container with food, water, and electricity to promote the health of a large number of livestock being transported. In one aspect, the shipping containers can be lined up in vertical rows, horizontal rows, stacked, or any appropriate combination of all three, and a need exists for a robust water system for reliably delivering water to each shipping container. In another aspect, this can include a system to keep drinking water from freezing. 
     Still another broad object of the invention can be to provide a system for stacking and accessing shipping containers containing livestock, whereby openings in each container are arranged with catwalks for access. 
     Naturally, further objects of the invention are disclosed throughout other areas of the specification and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an external isometric view of a shipping container in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2A-D  illustrates internal and cross-sectional views of a shipping container in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an internal isometric view of a shipping container in accordance with certain aspects the present invention. 
         FIG. 4A-B  illustrate cross sectional views in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5A-B  illustrates a hopper in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a diagram of a system of shipping containers on a shipping vessel in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7A-C  illustrates schematic configurations of arrays of interconnected shipping containers on a shipping vessel in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8A-C  illustrates schematic configurations of arrays of interconnected of shipping containers and water delivery systems on a shipping vessel in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an arrangement of shipping containers on a shipping vessel in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10A-D  illustrates schematics of electrical systems for multiple shipping containers on a shipping vessel in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11A-C  illustrates an embodiment of stackable containers along with a spacer and a catwalk for accessing stacked containers. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a flow chart embodying certain aspects of methods relating to the shipping containers described herein. 
         FIG. 13  provides an isometric view of a plurality of stacked containers sharing a catwalk. 
     
    
    
     MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     Now referring primarily to  FIG. 1 , an external view of an embodiment of a shipping container  10  is illustrated. Particular embodiments relate to a shipping container  10  for transporting livestock, where the livestock can include one or more cattle, horses, sheep goats, pigs, other domestic livestock, or exotic animals. The exterior of the shipping container  10  is illustrated with roof  12 , a bottom  14 , a front wall  16 , a back wall  18 , a first sidewall  20  and a second sidewall  22  forming an interior storage space. The front wall  16 , back wall  18 , first sidewall  20  and second sidewall  22  may be collectively referred to as the sides or a plurality of sidewalls, and it should be appreciated the terms, “top,” “bottom,” “front,” and “back” are used as relative terms for identification relative to the other sides and that shipping containers can be configured with any number of sides or in any number of orientations. 
     Each of the sides can be constructed from metal connected to a metal frame, or from other materials known in the industry for shipping containers. As one non-limiting example, the shipping container  10  can be constructed from corrugated steel on a metal framework. As another non-limiting example, the sides can be constructed from other suitable materials, such as fiberglass, plastics, alloys, or combinations thereof. The shipping container  10  can be dimensioned as a typical cargo shipping container. 
     By way of a non-limiting example, the shipping container  10  can be twenty, forty, forty five, forty eight, or fifty three feet long, eight feet wide, and nine and a half feet high. Shipping containers can be eight or eight and one half feet tall, and these containers are also contemplated for use herein. In various countries containers can be slightly wider to accommodate different sized pallets. Each of the dimensional relations of containers for this purpose are also contemplated for use in the aspects presented herein, as well as other standard or useful dimensions, which have not been specifically identified. For example, the shipping container  10  can be about ten to about sixty feet long, about seven to about twelve feet wide, and about seven to about twelve feet tall. 
     The sides can be insulated, or coated, on their interior for the purpose of regulating the temperature of the shipping container. The coating can be water resistant and non-absorbent so livestock waste and fluids remain easy to clean from the container and so the shipping container is easy to disinfect. For example, the interior surface, or exterior surface, or both surfaces of the shipping container  10  can be coated with a reflective material for the purpose of reflecting light, as opposed to generating heat. Similarly, the interior of the shipping container  10  can be coated with foam or another insulating material, such as a paint or film. The insulating material selected for the interior of the container can be water tight and non-absorbent so the interior surfaces remain easy to clean and disinfect in view of waste produced by livestock in transit. In another embodiment, the interior surfaces can be padded with cushioning elements for the safety and comfort of the livestock 
     The bottom  14  can be sealed to form a water tight bottom, or to make at least a portion of the bottom watertight. The watertight bottom can provide the benefit of preventing urine and other waste from leaking onto a transport vessel, a dock, other shipping containers, or other locations. For example, the bottom  14  can be lined with a plastic or a rubber material which can be configured to overlie the bottom and portions of the front wall  16 , back wall  18  and sidewalls. As one example, the bottom  14  can optionally include drain ports  31 ,  33 ,  35 ,  37   39 . The drain ports can be sealed by a wing nut, a rubber plug, or by other sealing elements for draining waste fluids at a designated times and locations. As few as a single drain port can be used, and as many as sixteen or more drain ports can be configured symmetrically or asymmetrically on the bottom  14  of the shipping container  10 . In one embodiment, a sealing foam can be used, around openings formed on the exterior of the container. 
     A bedding layer can be formed on the bottom  14  of the interior storage space. The bedding can include saw dust, wood shavings, pine chips, rice chips, hay, straw, powder and combinations thereof, which can be layered or can be mixed. The bedding can be formed over a generally water tight structure, which can include a concrete layer and/or a plastic and/or rubber, as well as, the drain ports described above. In one embodiment, the bedding layer can be selected for its ability to absorb fluid waste and reduce odors and can include, for example, sawdust and pine chips. In another embodiment the bedding layer can be formed to provide livestock cushioning within the container, such as hay or straw. Other suitable materials can be used for confining urine and other waste produced by livestock within the shipping container. 
     On the interior of the container  10 , the bottom  14  can include a traction surface to assist livestock in movement within the shipping container in light of the relative motion the shipping container  10  undergoes on the open sea. For example, the interior of the bottom  14  can include rubber matting, a metallic grid, a metallic mesh, a rubber grid, a corrugated surface, crossbars and combinations thereof. Similarly, other surfaces can be used on the bottom  14  of the shipping container  10  in order to provide livestock with improved traction. Other materials and shapes can be used, so long as the shape allows livestock to gain footholds in the face of the pitch, roll and yaw of shipping vessels. 
     The front wall  16  can include a cargo gate  24 , through which livestock can be loaded like any other cargo before the shipping container  10  is loaded onto a shipping vessel. The cargo gate  24  can have a first side  26  and a second side  28 . The first side  26  of the cargo gate  24  can have an control box  30  including an electrical connection  32  for receiving power from a power source, can be a 220 volt source or a 440 volt source. The control box  30  is illustrated connected to a first ventilation fan  34  for promoting circulation within the shipping container  10 . A second ventilation fan  36  illustrated on the back wall  18  of the shipping container  10  and can also be connected to the control box  30 . The control box  30  can include a transformer to step down voltage from the external source for consumption within the shipping container  10 , as well as a controller for operating various electrical devices within the shipping container  10 , such as the fans. The control box  30  can also include breakers and switches for each of the devices in the shipping container  10 . Additionally, electronic components, such as a timer  25 , for controlling, regulating or powering any electric devices within the shipping container  10  can be included in the control box  30 . The control box  30  can include an electrical connection  32 , which can be a weather proof female connection for receiving power, such as three phase 440 volts. Suitable weather proof electrical connections  32  are available from ESL power systems out of Corona Calif., US. Additionally, weather proof connections can be used on the interior of the shipping container  10  for each electrical device, in order to ensure the continuous operation of lights, fans, and other equipment during shipment. Lights may particularly require more water proofing than typical in these shipping containers  10 . 
     First and second ventilation fans  34  and  36  are illustrated generally opposing each other on opposite sides of the shipping container  10  in order to maximize the air flow through the shipping container  10 . In such an arrangement one of the two fans can be configured to push air through the shipping container  10 , while the other can be configured to pull air through the shipping container  10 . Such a cooperation between the fans permits an improved air exchange. The first ventilation fan  34  and second ventilation fan  36  can be provided in conjunction with the ventilation openings  40 ,  42 ,  44  to promote circulation in the shipping container  10 . In one embodiment, the fans can be mounted in a configuration which promotes two-way air flow. In another embodiment, the one or more of the fans can be mounted at angles in order to promote circulation. In either arrangement, the fans and ventilation openings can provide between about 0.4 air exchanges per minute to about 12 air exchanges per minute, or greater than 2.5 air exchanges every minute. In another embodiment, shipping containers  10  can be stored in the hull of a shipping vessel, but may require as many as 30 air exchanges per minute. 
     Other configurations of fans are contemplated for use with embodiments of the shipping container  10 , but the power and arrangement of the fans can be sufficient for maintaining air flow through the entire shipping container  10 . In one embodiment a fan for pushing air can be fluidically connected to a fan pulling air by a conduit, such as a plastic tunnel. The conduit can include openings facing the livestock in order to ensure an even distribution of air movement. In some embodiments, window air conditioning units can be used in place of fans to control temperatures and air circulation. In one embodiment, one air conditioning unit can be located towards the front of the shipping container  10  and a second can be located towards the back of the shipping container  10 . The air conditioning units can be powered in similar fashion as described for the fans from an external power source such as a generator. 
     The second side  26  of the cargo gate  24  can have a personnel opening  38 . In order to compensate the shipping container  10  for the structural integrity loss due to this opening, the personnel opening  38  can be reinforced by a frame of tubular metal, metal plates, or other suitable material. This personnel opening  38  provides access to the interior of the shipping container  10  and can be accessed by an attendant during the shipment of the shipping container  10  while housing livestock. The personnel opening  38  can be configured with a latchable door (not illustrated). 
     The first sidewall  20  and the second sidewall  22  can each provide a plurality of ventilation openings, for example three ventilation openings  40 ,  42 , and  44  are illustrated on the second sidewall  22 . The ventilation openings  40 ,  42 ,  44  in conjunction with fans, or other means of circulating air, can be used for the purpose of maintaining a desired air exchange rate within the shipping container  10 . In one embodiment, the first sidewall  20  and the second sidewall  22  each include one or more ventilation openings  40 ,  42 ,  44  to prevent ammonia or carbon dioxide from waste from impacting the health of livestock. Each ventilation opening can be reinforced with a frame of tubular metal or plates, or the like, along the interior of the opening. As one example, the ventilation openings  40 ,  42 , and  44 , can be reinforced with steel plates to ensure the overall integrity of the shipping container  10 . 
     While the ventilation openings  40 ,  42 , and  44  can provide a benefit regarding air circulation, they may present a problem in that inclement weather, such as rain, can add additional stress to already stressed, confined livestock. In order to address this, the first ventilation opening  40  is illustrated with a shutter  46  which can travel from an open position to a closed position. The ventilation openings  42 ,  44  can also include similar shutters or other means for covering closing. These shutters  46  can be open in order to promote air circulation or, in the event of inclement weather, can be closed to reduce rainwater and other elements from entering the shipping container  10  through the ventilation openings  40 ,  42 , and  44 . 
     Guides  48  can be welded across each ventilation opening  40 ,  42 ,  44  in order to further reinforce each opening, as well as for keeping the shutters  46  in place. These ventilation openings  40 ,  42 , and  44 , in combination with the fans  34  and  36  promote air movement sufficient to reduce or prevent the accumulation of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the shipping container  10 . In order to promote circulation further, a plurality of shipping containers  10  can be placed in side-to-side relationship and spaced by between about 6 inches and about 12 inches or more. In another embodiment the roof  12  can have an air inlet opening, which can be any number of shapes or sizes in order to promote air circulation. The air inlet can also be adjustable, or sealable. 
     Water can be supplied to the shipping container  10  through one or more water hoses  50 , or water delivery lines, which is illustrated entering the shipping container  10  through a ventilation opening  40 . The hose  50  can include piping and can be constructed from rubber, plastic, polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), cross-linked polyethylene, another cross-linked polymer, or another appropriate material. The hose can also be replaced with a rigid piping system constructed from galvanized metal or another material. The hose  50  can also enter the shipping container  10  through a water connection  52  formed in a side of the shipping container  10 . The water connection  52  can be an inlet which is covered when not in use, or a threaded connection for receiving piping or hoses. As an example, the water connection  52  can comprise a threaded water connection on the exterior of the shipping container in communication with an internal water connection for communication with internal plumbing in the shipping container  10 . A valve can be used to actuate the water connection  52  into open and closed positions. In the open position, the interior of the shipping container can be supplied a pressurized source of water through the water connection  52 . The internal plumbing can include hoses or piping connected to water troughs, nose operated water bowls, or the like, through fittings, such as a brass fittings. Alternatively, the hose  50  can be connected directly to fittings for water bowls. The first water trough or nose operated water bowl can be connected in series to additional water bowls or water troughs located in the same shipping container or in subsequent shipping containers. The water hoses  50  on the interior of the shipping container  10  can be contained within a PVC, plastic, or rubber sheath which serves to prevent kinking in the line to help ensure an uninterrupted supply of water to the livestock. Any hoses or water delivery lines can be secured flush within the shipping container  10  and with durable fittings in order to avoid damage to the water system and potential injury to livestock being transported. The water connections and any water lines can be padded or insulated to prevent freezing, as well as, to prevent animals from damaging the lines by chewing on them. 
     Now referring primarily to  FIGS. 2A-D , four internal views of a shipping container  10  similar to the embodiment portrayed in  FIG. 1  are illustrated, whereby similar elements are identified with the same reference numbers.  FIG. 2A  illustrates a sectional view of the shipping container  10  having a roof  12  a bottom  14  and four sides, including a front wall  16 , a back wall  18 , a first sidewall  20  and a second sidewall  22 . The embodiments illustrated in  FIG. 2A-D  can incorporate exterior features illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The shipping container  10  includes an internal structure for separating a livestock storage area  62  from a feed storage area  64 , whereby the livestock storage area  62  comprises the area enclosed by this internal structure within the interior storage space and the feed storage area  64  comprises a continuous opening formed between the exterior of the internal structure and the interior surface of the shipping container  10 . 
     The internal structure can be a feed partition  66  as illustrated in  FIG. 2A-D  physically separating the livestock storage area  62  from the feed storage area  64 . The livestock storage area  62  can also be considered an enclosure formed by the feed partition  66 . The feed storage area  64  can be considered the continuous opening outside the livestock storage area  62 , or the remaining interior storage space which is defined by the interior of the shipping container  10  and the exterior of the feed partition  66 . 
     The feed partition  66  can include a horizontal partition  74  and a vertical partition  76  for creating the boundaries of the livestock storage area  62  and the feed storage area  64 . The horizontal partition  74  can adjoining both the vertical partition  76  and the second sidewall  22 ; defining, at least in part, the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  above the feed partition  66 . Feed  72  can be stored in the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  of the feed storage area  64  above the livestock storage area. The vertical partition  76  can connect the bottom  14  of the shipping container  10  to the horizontal partition  74  and define, at least in part, the substantially vertical sidewall space  63 . The vertical partition  76  can comprise vertical spaced members  79  (seen in  FIG. 2B ) according to the livestock to be transported. By way of a non-limiting example, the vertical spaced members  79  can be spaced between about a foot and about two feet for bovine. The spacing provides livestock, such as bovine, sufficient room to access some portion of the feed storage area  64 . The feed storage area  64  can include both the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 , which can be defined, at least in part, by the interior of the top  12  of the shipping container  10  and the horizontal partition  74  and a substantially vertical sidewall space  63 , which can be defined, at least in part, by the interior of the shipping container  10  at the first sidewall  20  and the vertical partition  76 . 
     The feed storage area  62 , stated differently, can include both the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 , which can be defined, at least in part, by the interior of the top  12  of the shipping container  10  and the horizontal partition  74  and a substantially vertical sidewall space  63 , which can be defined, at least in part, by the interior of the shipping container  10  at the first sidewall  20  and the vertical partition  76 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  defined by the vertical partition  76  can include a trough  68  and a catwalk  70 , while in another embodiment the vertical partition  76  can run the height of the shipping container  10  forming a sidewall space which can store hay or sacks of pelletized feed, or grains (See  FIG. 4 ). In yet another embodiment, the horizontal partition  74  can include openings allowing livestock to access feed such as hay, stored in the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 . While in another embodiment, the horizontal partition  74  can be a solid surface isolating the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  from the livestock. In this embodiment, feed can be moved periodically into the trough  68  in the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the feed storage area  64  for access by livestock. In another embodiment, the horizontal partition can be solid, but with a few cut away portions for moving hay or bedding into the livestock storage area from the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 . In yet another embodiment, the horizontal partition  74  can include a railing around the edges in order to prevent items stowed above the livestock storage area  64  from falling during transit. 
       FIGS. 2A  and B illustrate a crossbeam  78  that can provide stability between the vertical spaced members  79 . The crossbeam  78  can be located at an elevation permitting livestock access to a trough  68 . In another embodiment, a plurality of crossbeams  78  can prevent livestock from accessing certain portions of the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the feed storage area  64 . The exception being a space left open near the bottom  14 , for access to the trough  68 . The spacing of any plurality of crossbeams  78  can provide enough room for livestock to access the trough  68  on the other side of the feed partition  66 , while preventing livestock from reaching spaces that might be used by attendants. 
     The trough  68  can be located at the bottom  14  of the container  10  in the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the food storage area  64  and can remain accessible to livestock in the livestock storage area  62 . The trough  68  can be filled with hay, grain, pelletized feed, or compressed hay and combinations or rotations thereof. The trough  68  can hold a specific volume of feed for periodically feeding the transported livestock in measured portions. In one embodiment, the trough  68  can be mounted along the first sidewall  20  or second sidewall  22 , either directly to the sidewall or along the bottom  14  adjacent to the sidewall. 
     In one embodiment, the feed  72  can be separate from the livestock and distributed into the trough  68  in measured portions. Such portion control can help prevent excessive waste from being produced, which can adversely affect health of the confined livestock. In one non-limiting embodiment the feed  72  can comprise pelletized feed. The pelletized feed can be fortified with nutrients, antibiotics, antidiuretics, or the like, to help ensure the health of the livestock. Similarly, the livestock drinking water can be fortified with electrolytes in order to promote hydration. The feed  72  can be stored in the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 , which can be loaded with enough feed  72  for between four and forty five days. 
     A catwalk  70  can be formed above the trough  68  generally on the exterior of the enclosure formed by the feed partition  66  in the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the feed storage area  64 . The catwalk  70  can extend across a portion of the trough  68  or along the entire length of the trough  68 . The catwalk  70  provides sufficient room for livestock to access feed in the trough  68  and can be sufficiently wide for an attendant to walk on, thereby providing access to feed located above the horizontal partition  74 . Further, the catwalk  70  can be constructed from elongate members  75  spaced apart and secured to a frame. In one embodiment, the elongate members  75  can be spaced apart in a side-by-side relationship. The spacing of the elongate members  75  can allow grain or other feed to pass through into the trough  68  below while being poured from bags stored above the livestock storage area  62 . In this way, an attendant can enter the interior storage space, separated from the livestock, reach feed stored above the enclosure of the feed partition  66 , and transfer feed  72  into the trough  68 , where the trough  68  is accessible by the livestock. This combination of a feed partition  66  and catwalk  70  provides an efficient use of space with improved safety for personnel, such as attendants responsible for feeding livestock. 
     In a non-limiting alternative embodiment, a catwalk  70  can comprise at least one plank supported on top of the trough  68 , or suspended above the trough  68 . The planks can comprise openings, such as holes or slots for the passage of feed into the trough  68 . Other catwalk  70  configurations are contemplated for use herein, so long as the configuration is sturdy enough to support an attendant, with sufficient openings for filling a trough  68  from above. Regardless of the configuration of the openings in the catwalk  70 , the openings can be configured to avoid feet, other body parts, or articles of clothing from becoming stuck. 
     Water bowls  80  can be placed adjacent to the trough  68 , such that livestock can access water stored therein. Water bowls  80  can be placed at either end of the trough  68  as well as between two troughs. The water bowls  80  can be placed in any configuration to provide access to water for livestock in the shipping container  10 .  FIG. 2C , illustrates one embodiment, where the water bowls  80  comprise a first nose operated water bowl  80   a  and a second nose operated water bowl  80   b  placed on either side of a first trough  68   a . A third nose operated water bowl  80   c  and a fourth nose operated water bowl  80   d  can be placed on either side of a second trough  68   b , each along the first sidewall  20 . A fifth nose operated water bowl  80   e  is illustrated on the opposite second sidewall  22 . Nose operated water bowls can provide the benefit of a constantly available water supply, and can utilize a pressurized source of water. As described below, the shipping containers  10  can include water lines in series, in parallel or in a combination thereof. A pump can be utilized to pressurize water lines. The water bowls can also be operated with a float valve, which automatically retains a certain level of water in the bowl. In this way, livestock can always have water available, while keeping the majority of the water supply fresh and without recirculating exposed water. Other valves and livestock water delivery devices known to those in agriculture and livestock can also be incorporated herein. 
     Water troughs or other water containers can also be used in place of the water bowls  80 . In a particular embodiment an external source of water serially supplies each bowl in a shipping container, while in another embodiment water can be stored within each shipping container and supplied to the water bowls therein. In another embodiment, brass fittings can be used to connect each water bowl to a waterline; preventing livestock from damaging the connection; however, the invention is not so limited, and PVC or other materials can be utilized for connecting the water supply. 
     In another embodiment, each shipping container  10  can include a water tank. For example, a water tank can be located inside the shipping container  10  which can contain about 100, about 200, about 400, or even up to about 1000 gallons of water. Smaller water tanks can be used to supply individual livestock or groups of livestock within the shipping container  10 . Each of the water tanks, or even a bladder, can be filled prior to departure from a first port, or can be filled during the voyage from a water supply on the shipping vessel. A heating element can be coupled to the water tank in order to prevent water from freezing. The heating element can include a propane unit, a solar unit, or an electric unit. In another embodiment, the proximity of the livestock to the tank, and any water lines connected to the water tank, can provide body heat helping to prevent water from freezing in the water tank or in the water lines. 
     In order to maximize both the livestock storages area  62  and the feed storage area  64 , the interior of the shipping container  10  can form the remaining sides of the livestock storage area  62 . This feed partition  66  can be constructed from materials such as metal, tubular steel, tubular aluminum, wood, plastic or the like. 
       FIG. 2B  provides a sectional view of the shipping container  10  highlighting a ventilation opening  40 . This ventilation opening  40  permits air flow, which can vent away ammonia, carbon dioxide, and other gases produced by livestock or other sources during transport. The efficiency of the ventilation opening  40  can be increased with the use of a ventilation fan or multiple ventilation fans. The ventilation opening  40  while illustrated as a single opening is not intended to be limiting, and embodiments can provide a series of openings in the sidewalls of the shipping container  10 . Regardless of the configuration of the ventilation opening  40 , any openings in a shipping container  10  can be sufficiently reinforced to offset removed portions of the shipping container. Embodiments having a single continuous opening along one side of the shipping container can be reinforced accordingly with materials such as metallic tubing, aluminum or steel, plastics, or the like. 
     Two or more ventilation fans can be arranged to promote ventilation by providing more than one air flow path in the shipping container  10 . Referring back to  FIG. 1 , a circulation fan or a first fan  34  is located opposite a second fan  36 . In such an embodiment one can be configured to push air, while the other fan can be configured to pull air to achieve a desired exchange rate of air within the shipping container  10 . In other embodiments, the fans can be located on the same side. Both fans can be configured to push air through the shipping container  10 , or both fans can both be configured to pull air through the shipping container. In one embodiment, fans can be connected by a conduit, such as a plastic conduit, that has holes for evenly distributing airflow throughout a shipping container. External curtains or shutters, (as shown in  FIG. 1 ) can be placed on the exterior of the ventilation opening  40  to adjustably prevent precipitation and other elements from disturbing livestock within the shipping container  10 . At a minimum, the shutters can greatly reduce the exposure of livestock to the weather. 
       FIG. 2C  provides a top view of the interior of the shipping container  10  which demonstrates the separation between the livestock storage area  62  and the feed storage area  64 . The livestock storage area  62  can further be divided into a first compartment  112  and a second compartment  114  by an enclosure gate  110 , which can be located midway between the opposing end walls. The enclosure gate  110  can serve to divide livestock in the livestock storage area  62  into to roughly equal groups for the purpose of weight distribution and feed distribution within the shipping container  10  and can further provide a more predicable center of gravity of lifting the shipping container  10 . The weight of some livestock in combination with the motion of the open sea provides an incentive to provide secure latches on the enclosure gate  110 , as heavy livestock can generate significant momentum in response to the motion of a shipping vessel. In one embodiment a plurality of enclosure gates can be incorporated to partition the livestock in numerous spaces. For example, the livestock can be partitioned into individual spaces. The enclosure gate  110  can be hinged at either the second sidewall  22  or at an interior portion of the feed partition  66 . Alternatively, the enclosure gate  110  can be provided on its own frame. The enclosure gate  110  can further include a cut away portion for the fifth nose operated water bowl  80   e , so livestock in both the first compartment  112  and the second compartment  114  can access a common water bowl  80   e.    
     Feed partition  66  can have a vertical partition  76  adjacent and generally parallel to the first trough  68   a  and second trough  68   b , as well as first sidewall  20  and second sidewall  22 . The feed storage area  64  can be widened towards the front wall  16  in order to accommodate a personnel opening  38  (seen in  FIG. 1 ). Widening portion  108  can about the front wall  16 , but generally still permit the opening and closing of the cargo gate doors, or the widening portion  108  can be separated from the front wall  16  by space. Generally, if the widening portion  108  is included, any gap can be configured to be smaller than any livestock carried in the first compartment  112 . In this way, personnel, such as attendants, can enter the shipping container  10 , access the catwalk  70  above the trough  68  in substantially vertical sidewall space  63  between the first sidewall  20  and the feed partition  66  in order to access feed stored above the livestock storage area  62  for filling troughs  68   a  and  68   b . In one embodiment, the widening portion  108  can be angled relative to the vertical partition  76 . In another embodiment, the widening portion  108  can be omitted and the vertical partition  76  can be extended slightly further than illustrated. In another embodiment, the widening portion  108  can be a gate hinged to the feed partition  66  or hinged to an additional structure provided in the vicinity of the widening portion  108 . 
     Now referring primarily to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2C , a first water bowl  80   a  and a second water bowl  80   b  are located on opposite sides of the first trough  68   a  and are accessible to livestock when occupying the first compartment  112  of the livestock storage area  62 . Third and fourth water bowls  80   c  and  80   d  can be similarly located on opposite ends of the second trough  68   b  accessible to animals in the second compartment  114  of the livestock storage area  62 . A fifth water bowl  80   e  can be located in an opening in the enclosure gate  110  allowing access from both the first and the second compartments. Other configurations of water bowls are contemplated for use with embodiments herein. For example, the second and third water bowls  80   b  and  80   c  could be replaced with a single water bowl accessible from each of the first compartment and the second compartment. Similarly, additional water bowls are contemplated herein, such as six, eight, ten, or more water bowls. The water bowls can be supplied in series and can be fitted with brass or metal connectors, although the invention is not so limited. 
       FIG. 2D  illustrates a perspective view of the shipping container  10 , in certain respects providing a more detailed view of a particular embodiment of the feed partition  66 , however, the feed partition  66  can be constructed in any number of configurations. In one aspect, the feed partition  66  provides sufficient separation between the livestock storage area  62  and the feed storage area  64  with sufficient access to the trough  68  from the livestock storage area  62 . The illustrated embodiment provides an area for the livestock separated from an area for the trough  68 . The feed partition  66  creating these areas within the shipping container can be constructed of tubular metal such as steel or aluminum in a pen like configuration within the shipping container  10 ; however the invention is not so limited, and other materials and configurations can be utilized. Crossbeam  78  can be omitted, as shown in figure,  FIG. 2D , however, any number of crossbeams could be used to both reinforce the feed partition  66  and limit the access of livestock into other compartments. 
     Front wall  16  can have a personnel opening  38  (as shown in  FIG. 1 ) to the exterior of the shipping container  10 . This personnel opening  30  can serve as an entrance for attendants responsible for filling the trough  68  by providing direct access to the feed storage area  64 . Vertical partition  76  can provide support for horizontal partition  74 . The horizontal partition  74  can comprise a metal or wood framework in combination with a surface such as plywood. While the horizontal partition  74  can extend all the way to the vertical partition  76 , the horizontal partition  74  may also be constructed with cut away sections. The cut away sections can be located directly over the livestock storage area  62 , so bedding can be stored on the horizontal partition  74  and subsequently dropped directly into the livestock storage area  62 . Plywood, or another flat solid material, can prevent livestock from accessing the feed stored overhead. 
     Separating livestock in the livestock storage area  62  can help ensure the even distribution of feed, as well at the even distribution of weight within the shipping container  10 . Depending on the size of the shipping container  10  and on the type of livestock, multiple gates can be included. The enclosure gate  110  provides a means for ensuring a more even distribution of livestock for feeding purposes and for weight distribution. In particular, some embodiments described herein relate to feeding livestock measured portions in order to reduce the amount of wasted produced during shipment. As such, an uneven distribution of livestock within a single container may result in some livestock receiving less nourishment than intended. Additionally, given that livestock, such as cattle, can easily weigh over a thousand pounds apiece, and that a shipping container can hold roughly sixteen cattle, the weight distribution on a shipping container can easily be thrown off balance by the movement of a few animals. The uneven, or unpredictable, distribution of weight can be problematic for loading these shipping containers onto the shipping vessels depending on the type of mechanism used for lifting. Even a single enclosure gate  110  goes a long way to balance the weight of the livestock by ensuring that each half of the container has roughly the same weight of livestock. 
     In one non-limiting embodiment each animal is provided with its own individual gated area. In another embodiment, side doors can be provided in addition to the cargo gate  24 . Side doors can provide a means for loading individual livestock into the shipping container  10 . In an alternative embodiment livestock can be individually partitioned in a shipping container  10  having multiple side doors. By way of an example, each animal could have an individual partitioned space with its own gate to the exterior of the shipping container  10 . The enclosure gate  110  can also be used to separate sick livestock to provide them with more space or easier access for treatment, but also provides a health benefit to the remaining healthy animals. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a more detailed isometric view of an embodiment whereby similar elements previously described are illustrated with the same reference numbers. In this isometric view, the horizontal partition  74  is broken away in order to provide a better view of the feed partition  66  including the pieces making up the vertical partition  76 . The vertical partition  66  can generally be seen within a shipping container  60 , separating a livestock storage area  62  from a feed storage area  64 . The vertical partition  76  is illustrated along a vertical axis, but the vertical partition  76  can be tilted between about 1 and 20 degrees off the vertical axis, in order to provide more floor space to livestock and more room for retrieving feed above the feed partition  66 . Similarly, the horizontal partition  74  can be slanted to promote gravity feeding into the substantially vertical sidewall space  63 . As such, the substantially vertical sidewall space the substantially horizontal overhead space should be understood to include partitions slanted upto 20 degrees off the vertical and horizontal respectively. 
     A first trough  68   a  and second trough  68   b  can be seen along with a first, second, third, and forth nose operated water bowl. The vertical partition  76  can more clearly be seen as a collection of vertical spaced members  79  and crossbeams  78 . The crossbeams  78  are specifically illustrated as a first crossbeam  78   a , a second crossbeam  78   b , and a third crossbeam  78   c , a fourth crossbeam  78   d , and a fifth crossbeam  78   e . In one embodiment, the feed partition  66  can be viewed as an upper portion  84  from about the third crossbeam  78   c  upwards and as a lower portion  86  from about the third crossbar  78   c  downward. In one non-limiting embodiment, the distinction between the upper portion  84  and the lower portion  86  can be either in about the center of the vertical partition  76 , or can be at the height of the catwalk  70 . 
     As previously described, each of the vertical spaced members  79  can provide sufficient spacing for livestock to access the first trough  68   a  and the second trough  86   b  in the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the feed storage area  64 .  FIG. 3  further illustrates lower portion  86  having the third crossbeam  78   c  and the fourth crossbeam  78   d  sufficiently vertically spaced to enable livestock, such as bovine, to access each of the troughs  68  in a feed space opening  81 . The lower portion  86  can be configured in any number of ways so long as feed space openings  81  exist in the vertical partition  76  through which livestock can access the troughs  68 . The feed space openings  81  can be coordinated in size and spacing according to the livestock being transported helping to ensure measured portions of feed can be accessed by livestock. In one embodiment, the vertical spaced members  79  can be slidably adjustable within the feed partition  66  and lockable into different configurations. In this way feed partition  66  can be reconfigured, or customized, for the specific species of livestock being transported. 
     The upper portion  84  provides smaller spacing between the first crossbeam  78   a  and the second crossbeam  78   b  as compared to the third crossbeam  78   c  and the fourth crossbeam  78   d  and can serve to protect personnel, such as attendants, on the catwalk  70  from livestock in the livestock storage area  62 . Other configurations are contemplated for use herein. For example, the first crossbeam  78   a  and the second crossbeam  78   b , as well as the vertical spaced members  79  in the upper portion  84  can be replaced with diagonal members, just vertical members, just horizontal members, or any combination thereof. The upper portion  84  could be replaced with a solid material, such as plywood or sheet metal, or with a mesh or chain link, or an appropriate combination thereof. In another embodiment, regardless of the material used, the upper portion  84  can contain additional openings which can allow attendants to access the livestock storage area  62  from selected locations on the catwalk  70 . 
     In an alternative non-limiting embodiment, the feed partition  66  can be provided with a mechanical or automated means for actuating feed  72 , such as pellets or gain, from the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  of the feed storage area  64  into the trough  68  in the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the feed storage area  64 . As one example, a mechanical lever can be operatively connected to a mechanism for gravity feeding the trough  68  from the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 , or for releasing feed  72  from the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 . The mechanism can include an auger along the length of the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 , wherein the auger can be dimensioned to pick up feed or pellets as it turns and drop the feed or pellets from the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  into the feed trough below. The auger can include a manual means for actuation or an automated means for actuation. 
     In another non-limiting embodiment, the first  20  or the second  22  sidewall of the shipping container  10  can include a plurality of doors. Additional internal partitions can be included on the interior of the container corresponding to these doors for creating a plurality of smaller, or even individual, livestock storage spaces. Such an embodiment would permit loading and unloading containers by individual animal, or by small groups of animals, and may be desirable if more than one type on animal is loaded on one container, or for shipping containers to be loaded or unloaded at more than one location. 
     Other embodiments can relate to increasing the efficiency of the shipment process. For example, in one embodiment, the livestock can be shipped with milking machines. In another embodiment, the process of identifying the livestock can be improved by the inclusion of radio frequency identification tags (“RFID tag”), thereby reducing down time at ports or other locations where livestock must be inventoried by allowing animals to be identified from the exterior of the shipping container. RFID tags  440  (seen in  FIG. 9 ) used in conjunction with a detector and software can provide information about livestock thereby speeding up, loading times, unloading times, and any checks that might be run at various stages of the trip. In order to facilitate the use of RFID tags, additional hardware and software can be installed in the control box  30  (seen in  FIG. 1A ) including at least a radio frequency transceiver, for both detecting RFID tags  440  (seen in  FIG. 9 ) on the livestock within the shipping container  10  and for transmitting container specific information to second location. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an alternative embodiment where feed in a shipping container  10 , such as hay or compressed hay  122 , can be stored along an interior wall  124 , similar to the vertical partition previously described, in a sidewall storage space  130 . Like the vertical partition, the interior wall  124  can have a feed space opening  126  towards the bottom permitting livestock to feed from hay gravity fed to that area. In one embodiment the entire interior wall  124  can provide openings for livestock to feed on the hay or compressed hay. For example, the interior wall  124  can be constructed from a ladder like configuration of metallic members providing access to the sidewall storage space  130  along the entire length of the interior wall  124 . The members can be spaced to permit livestock to access the feed and a wide variety of materials can be in their construction. In one embodiment the interior wall  124  can be constructed from a relatively solid material, the hay can be locked into position allowing the periodic release of measured portions of hay into the feed space opening  126 . 
     In a similar embodiment, a first stop can be formed in the interior sidewall space to prevent the gravity feeding of pellets, grain or hay into the area accessible by livestock. A second stop can be configured for releasing a measured amount of feed for release by the first stop. In one non-limiting embodiment with pelletized feed, the stops can be valves for releasing measured amounts of feed. The valves can be mechanically or remotely actuated. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates an embodiment with horizontal component, similar to the horizontal partition, in the form of a slanted ceiling  128  for storing a larger volume of feed such as hay, similar to a horizontal partition discussed with other embodiments. The slope of the ceiling can be adjusted so gravity urges hay or compressed hay  122  towards the storage area as the accessible hay is consumed. A further embodiment is envisioned where feed such as hay can be stored on the floor. 
       FIGS. 5A  and B illustrate a non-limiting embodiment of the shipping container  10  comprising a hopper  150 . The hopper  150  can be located with a trough  68  on the exterior of a feed partition  66 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2A-C . The primary difference in the embodiment of  FIG. 5  is the inclusion of pelletized feed or grain in a hopper  150  for gravity feeding into the trough  68 . In the depicted embodiment, feed can be released without necessitating an attendant accessing feed  72  stored above the livestock storage area. Instead, feed can be store in a hopper for a measured delivery. Feed from the hopper can be released manually or automatically. As one example, the release of feed from the hopper  150  can be regulated by a stopper  152  in the form of an adjustable cover. The stopper  152  can include a plurality of openings which can align with openings in the hopper  150  for releasing feed into the trough. The stopper  152  can be manually manipulated into an open position for releasing feed, or can be actuated by a timer  25  (Seen in  FIG. 1 ). In one embodiment, the hopper  150  can be fitted with a servo motor on a timer for releasing measured amounts of feed at regular intervals. This embodiment can provide for a more automated method of feeding livestock during a long shipment.  FIG. 5B  illustrates but one embodiment of a hopper  150  for use with the shipping containers, however, other hopper designs and configurations are contemplated for use in conjunction with the other features of the shipping containers presented herein. For example, the hopper  150  can be replaced with a gravity feed feeder, or with a volumetric feeder, which permits a designated amount of feed to pass hourly. Similarly, auger feeders can be used in conjunction with the embodiments presented herein. 
     In one non-limiting embodiment, the hopper  150  further comprises a timing mechanism for releasing predetermined amounts of feed at predetermined intervals. For example, a timer and an actuating arm can be used wherein the actuating arm is adjusted at predetermined intervals for moving the adjustable cover in order to allow feed to pass through the outlet of the feed holding container. Alternatively, hoppers and augers, such as those available from Auger Feeders, of Westchester Pa., US can be used. 
     In still another embodiment, an automated system can include a scanner for scanning, bar codes, RFID tags or other indicators with each animal. A predetermined amount of feed can be released for livestock per hour as the animal attempts to access the feed trough and is identified. In this manner, feed can be conserved and each animal is provided an improved opportunity with the available feed. 
     Certain aspects contained herein relate to the sharing of common resources between at least two shipping containers, and particularly multiple shipping containers for shipping livestock. For example, a common source of drinking water and/or electricity can be provided to an array of livestock shipping containers. In one embodiment, the common resource comprises fresh drinking water delivered to a plurality of shipping containers through a water delivery system. In order to achieve this system, shipping containers can be configured into an array of containers or multiple arrays of containers, whereby a pressurized water source continuously supplies each of the connected shipping containers within the array or multiple arrays. Such a system can include a water source connected to a pressure source for pressurizing the water in a delivery line to the shipping containers. 
     The water source of the water delivery system can include a modified ballast tank of the shipping vessel or other water tanks brought aboard the shipping vessel, such as a liquid shipping container, a container housing a plastic tank, or a container housing a bladder. In order for the ballast tank of a shipping vessel to be used as a source of drinking water, the ballast tank must be pressure washed to remove contaminants and microorganisms present in the previous ballast water. Optionally, the interior of the ballast tank can be coated or painted in order to further maintain the purity of fresh drinking water. New ballast water can then be added at a port in the form of fresh water to any embodiment of the water tank. In another aspect plastic tanks or bladders pre-filled with drinking water can be loaded into shipping containers. These tanks and bladders can be secured within shipping containers to prevent damage. In yet another aspect, liquid shipping containers can be filled with water and loaded along with the other shipping containers. 
     The pressure source of the water delivery system can be a ballast pump in communication with the ballast tank for pumping the water to either a deck, to individual shipping containers, or to an intermediate water tank. An intermediate water tank can be stored on the same level as, or above, the shipping containers for supplying the shipping containers with water or for circulating water through the shipping containers. The intermediate water tank can be stored within a shipping container, or may comprise a bladder stored within a shipping container. In another embodiment, the pressure source can comprises a circulation pump in communication with a liquid shipping container, or a water tank or bladder housed in a shipping container. In one embodiment, where the pump is electrically powered, a second back up source of power can be provided so as to keep the pump active in the event the primary source of power is lost during shipment. In another embodiment, a second pump can be provided for redundancy in case the first pump is lost or damaged during transport. 
     A delivery line can then supply water to the at least two shipping containers in the array of shipping containers. The delivery line can run to the at least two shipping containers in parallel or in series. The delivery line can connect directly to piping or hoses within shipping containers or can be connected through supply lines with a shut off valves. The delivery line can include a single delivery line for supplying a plurality of shipping containers, or the delivery line can comprise a number of lines which each supply single shipping containers or groups of shipping containers. The delivery lines can include, or be branched into, one or more supply lines. The supply lines can each include shut off valves allowing for water to be cut off to one particular shipping container in the event of a leak, while the water supply continues uninterrupted to the remaining shipping containers. The delivery lines can be constructed from cross linked polyethylene tubing, polypropylene, or from other corrosion resistant polymers and polymers with a relatively low glass transition temperature so they retain their flexibility at or below freezing temperatures. Other corrosion resistant and freeze resistant materials known for circulating water are also contemplated for use herein. 
     In one aspect the delivery lines can connect to individual shipping containers through supply lines, which can either be connected the shipping container in series or in parallel. Each of the supply lines can be connected through a shut off valve. In this way, shipping containers presenting leaks or other problems can individually be shut off while the leaks are fixed. The supply lines can be connected to individual shipping containers or can supply groups of shipping containers, such as rows of shipping containers. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 6 , which is a schematic representation that illustrates an embodiment of a water delivery system on board a shipping vessel  200 . The shipping vessel  200  is illustrated with a hull  202  and a ballast tank  204  filled partially with ballast water  208 . In this particular embodiment, the ballast tank  204  comprises the water source. In order to use ballast water  208  as suitable drinking water, the ballast tanks  204  must be cleaned and filled with fresh water. Typically, ballast tanks  204  are filled with seawater when in port and this will not provide suitable drinking water. The pressure source is illustrated as a ballast pump  224  connected to a water line  210  for pumping ballast water  208  to the surface  206  of the shipping vessel  200 . Once at the surface  206 , ballast water  208  can be pumped to a first shipping container  212  having an intermediate water tank  222 . In other embodiments, the intermediate tank can comprise the water source and can be loaded onto the shipping vessel filled with a quantity of water. From there, a delivery line  226  delivers water to each of a second shipping container  214 , a third shipping container  216  and a fourth shipping container  218  and a fifth shipping container  220 . The second container  214  and each subsequent container can be livestock containers, like those previously described. 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates one arrangement of shipping containers in an array of columns and rows whereby the ballast pump  224  can supply a plurality of supply lines  230  in parallel through a single delivery line  226 , including a first shipping container  212 , which may include a water tank or a water bladder. Optionally, a return line  232  can connect back to the first shipping container  212  creating a closed circuit. The closed circuit created by the return line  232  allows water to be continuously circulated through the delivery line  226 . Continuously circulating water in this fashion provides an advantage by helping to prevent water from freezing and damaging the water lines. 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates an embodiment where a manifold  228  enables multiple delivery lines  226  from the first shipping container  212 , one for each illustrated row of shipping containers. Each delivery line  226  still has parallel supply lines  230  for each shipping container in the respective rows. The number of shipping containers in a row is not limited to four, as illustrated, but will be a function of the space available on a shipping vessel for shipping containers. Similarly, the numbers of rows are not limited to three, but any number of rows suitable for shipping can be employed. A manifold  228 , or a series of manifolds, can be used to divide a delivery line  226  into groups of parallel delivery lines. In one aspect, manifold  228  can be used in place of, or in conjunction with, the intermediate water storage tank  222 . In one aspect, the first pump can provide pressurized water from the water source, such as the ballast tank or liquid shipping container, to the manifold which can subsequently delivery water through a plurality of delivery lines to individual shipping containers or groups of shipping containers. Shut off valves  231  are illustrated with one row of shipping containers, but they can be used with each shipping container, or at each manifold in the event of multiple manifolds. In another aspect, water can be pumped to the intermediate water tank then through the manifold for splitting into a plurality of delivery lines. 
       FIG. 7C  illustrates an alternative embodiment, where each of the each shipping containers, including the first shipping container  212 , can be supplied in series with a single delivery line  226 . This embodiment can include a return line for continuously circulating pressurized water in the delivery line and a pump for supplying water or for continuously circulating water. 
       FIG. 8A  relates to a schematic representation of the water delivery system in accordance with particular embodiments of the present invention. The ballast tank  312  can be filled with fresh water prior to shipment. The ballast tank  312  can include the ballast tank of a shipping vessel as well as a liquid shipping container, such as those used for shipping liquids. In order to ensure the fresh water is not contaminated, previous water can be drained from the ballast tank  312  and the interior of the tank can be pressure washed. In some embodiments, the interior of the ballast tank can be painted or repainted after a certain number of uses or at specified intervals of time. Fresh water can be drawn from the ballast tank  312  through a ballast pump  318 . A filter or a filtration system  320  can be connected to the ballast tank  312 , to help ensure metals, sediment, debris, microorganisms, and other potential health threats are removed from the drinking water. The water filtration system  320  can comprise a single stage, or multiple stage system which can be selected from: carbon filters, reverse osmosis, a distiller, an alkaline water machine, ultraviolet light, and other known water filters and filtering devices. In an alternative embodiment, such a system can be located within, or in line with, each shipping container to which water is supplied. This can be done in addition to, or in lieu of, illustrated filtration system  320 . 
     After passing through the filtration system  320 , water can be passed to the intermediate tank  310 . The intermediate tank  310  can be contained within a standard shipping container. Such a tank can include a rigid plastic water tank, or a bladder. The water tank can hold thousands to tens of thousands of gallons of water. A bladder can be a flexible, expandable pouch which remains flat until filled with water. Each bladder or the rigid plastic container can be secured within the shipping container to prevent movement. Rocking of the shipping vessel at sea can put a great deal of stress on the rigid plastic container and the forces generated by water sloshing around within a shipping container can cause damage to the shipping container so care should be taken to secure these shipping containers. The intermediate water tank  310  can also be shipping container designed for liquids. 
     The intermediate tank  310  can be loaded onto the shipping vessel filled with drinking water thereby bypassing the need for the ballast pump and for storing drinking water in the ballast tank. In one embodiment, shipping containers with plastic tanks or bladders are loaded onto the shipping vessel filled with drinking water. Similarly, in another aspect, liquid shipping containers  340  can be cleaned and filled with drinking water for supplying drinking water to each of the shipping containers housing livestock. The number of tanks or containers will vary based upon the number and size of livestock, the weather conditions, and the duration of transport. Livestock, cattle specifically, consume roughly between about 5-20 gallons of water per animal per day. Therefore, the number of required tanks can be determined based upon the number of livestock and on the expected duration of the shipment. 
     The ballast pump  318  can be run continuously or can be automatically or manually activated based on the water level of the intermediate tank  310 . Circulation pump  316  can draw water out of the intermediate tank  310  for supplying one or more shipping containers  314 . The one or more shipping containers  314  are represented as single block but should be understood to include multiple shipping containers supplied in series by a single pressurized line, multiple shipping containers supplied in parallel by multiple pressurized lines, or multiple shipping containers supplied by a combination of lines in parallel and in series. The shipping containers  314  can be any of those previously described. Regardless of the exact configuration with which shipping containers are supplied, a return line  322  can connect back to the intermediate tank  310 . The return line  322  allows water to be continuously run through the pressurized lines. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates an alternative embodiment where similar parts receive the same numbers as in  FIG. 8A . In  FIG. 8B , a ballast pump  318  draws drinking water from the ballast tank  312  through a filtration system and directly into delivery line  326  and to a tank  330  which can be contained in a shipping container with livestock. Delivery line  326  can supply a plurality of tanks  330  within a plurality of shipping containers in series. Individual tanks can them be filled by running the ballast pump  318  and opening a valve at the desired tank  330 .  FIG. 8B  illustrates an alternative embodiment where a manifold  328  splits the delivery line  326  into at least a second delivery line  336  and a third delivery line  338 . The second delivery line  336  is illustrated supplying a second tank  332 , which should be understood to include a second plurality of tanks supplied in series or in parallel. Similarly, a third delivery line  338  is illustrated supplying a third tank  334 , which should be understood to include a single tank or a plurality of tanks supplied in series or in parallel. 
     It should be appreciated the manifold  328  can have more than two extra branches. For example, the manifold  328  can be used to supply as many as sixteen delivery lines. Further, additional manifolds can be used in order to further split the water delivery lines dependent upon the arrangement of contains on a shipping vessel, as many manifolds can be used as needed to supply each shipping container with its own tank. 
       FIG. 8C  illustrates an embodiment where drinking water is not supplied from a ballast tank, but is supplied from a liquid shipping container  340 , which can be loaded onto the vessel pre-filled with drinking water. Liquid shipping containers  340  are available from a number of manufactures including WEW Westerwälder Eisenwerk GmbH, of Weitefeild Germany. Such a liquid shipping container  340  can be loaded onto the surface of a shipping vessel or in the hull of a shipping vessel storing a predetermined amount of drinking water. While reference is made to a specific type of container, it should be appreciated a variety of shipping containers can house a variety of water tanks or bladders for the same purpose. The number of liquid shipping containers  340  that might be used on a particular trip can depend upon the capacity of the liquid shipping containers, the duration of the trip, and the volume of water required by the livestock per day. It should be understood, the shipping containers  314  are a schematic representation of a plurality of shipping containers which can be configured as an array of shipping containers  314  supplied water in series, in parallel, or in some combination thereof. Multiple arrays of shipping containers can be placed on the deck or in the hull of a shipping vessel, and each array can include one or more liquid shipping containers  340 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a circulation pump  316  directs water to the shipping containers  314 . As previously described, the shipping containers  314  can be arranged in any number of configurations or arrays. Water can be supplied to smaller tanks within each shipping container or can be supplied to pressurized water lines connected to nose operated water bowls. Each of these embodiments can include a return line  322 . In one embodiment, purification units, or filters, can be provided with the liquid shipping container  340 , or in the water lines connecting the shipping containers  314  to the liquid shipping containers  340 . 
     Some embodiments described herein relate to a system of shipping containers, or arrays of shipping containers, which share common resources, such as a common supply of drinking water and a common supply of electrical power, which may interchangeably be referred to as a first common resource and a second common resource. The common supply of drinking water can be achieved through any of the systems previously described. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example of multiple shipping containers interconnected to share both the common sources of water, such as drinking water, and electricity, or electrical power. Container  400  can be a water container housing a water tank  402  and a water pump  404  for supplying water to the remaining shipping containers. Each of a first container  406 , second container  410 , and a third container  412  are illustrated with a schematic representation of livestock  426 . By way of an example, the water container  400  can be directly linked to a first container  406  through a pipe or a hose  408 . The first pipe or hose  408  is illustrated with an insulating material  434  to help prevent water from freezing. Any suitable plumbing or piping known to those of ordinary skill in the art can also be used. Any water connections can further be heated with heating coils to prevent problems with water supply to the livestock. Pipes external to the shipping containers can be insulated by tape, a coating or sheath, as well as, constructed from cross-linked polymers, such as cross linked polyethylene to prevent freezing and associated disruptions to the water supply. In the alternative to a water tank, water can be supplied from the water ballast tank of the shipping vessel. In the event water is used from the ballast tank, it must be processed or purified in order to remove salt, sediment, and/or microorganisms before being supplied to the livestock as drinking water. 
     Water can also be stored internally with each shipping container. Water can be stored in a large tank, in a bladder, or in several smaller tanks. The amount of water in each tank should be sufficient for the number of livestock supplied by each tank and the length of the voyage. Those in the livestock industry can further appreciate the water needs of individual animals can vary with the weight of the livestock, as well as with the temperature and weather exposure of the livestock. Each of these factors should be considered when providing an external water source to the shipping containers, or internal water sources to the shipping containers. 
     A generator  414  can be located on top of the first shipping container  406  and can be connected at an electrical panel as previously described. In the alternative, the first shipping container  406  can be supplied power from a source on the shipping vessel. The power can be networked in series, in parallel, or in a combination thereof to each of the remaining shipping containers. In an alternative embodiment, power can be supplied from the shipping vessel, eliminating the need for the generator  414 . In such an embodiment, the container  400  can be a utility container including each of the water tank  402 , a transformer for stepping down power received from the shipping vessel, and pumps for circulating water from the water tank  402 . 
     The first shipping container  406  is illustrated with a layer of padding  430  on the interior walls. The padding  430  can serve to protect livestock  426  within the container  406  from impacting metallic walls pipes and connections through transport. An absorbent bedding layer  428  is also illustrated within the containers for absorbing waste produced by livestock  426  in transit. The absorbing bedding layer  428  can be constructed from any of saw dust, wood shavings, pine chips, rice chips, hay, straw, powder, combinations thereof, and layers thereof. 
     The second shipping container  410  can be located in horizontal relationship to the first shipping container  406 , as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The second shipping container  410  can be supplied with electricity by an electrical connection  418  to the first shipping container  406  and can be supplied with water from the first shipping container  406  through a waterline  416 . The waterline  416  can be a pipe or hose constructed from a galvanized metal or a polymer or rubber. The waterline  416  can be covered with an insulating material  436 , or can be configured with a heating means, such as a heating coil, or an insulating layer. In the alternative, the water can be heated in order to prevent the formation of ice. Alternatively, the second shipping container  410  can be supplied with water and electricity in parallel with the first shipping container  406 . The second shipping container  410  can include a traction surface  432  to help provide livestock with sturdy footholds in the shipping containers. The traction surface  432  can include a corrugated surface, a metal or rubber mesh, or other surfaces including bars, crossbars, or half bars on the floor. 
     A third shipping container  412  is illustrated in a vertical relationship to the second shipping container  410 . In one aspect the third shipping container  412  should include a liquid tight seal beneath the absorbent bedding layer  428  to prevent waste from leaking into the second shipping container  410 . By way of a non-limiting example, a plastic layer can be placed under the absorbent bedding layer for the purpose retaining fluids. In the alternative, a drain pan can be implemented for the controlled draining of waste materials. The third shipping container  412  can be connected to the second shipping container  410  by a hose  420 , and by an electrical connection  418 , but can also be supplied in water and/or electricity in parallel with the first and the second shipping containers. The hose  420  can be supplied within an insulating material  438  to help prevent water from freezing. The livestock  426  illustrated in the third contained is illustrated with an RFID tag  440 , or radio frequency identification tag  440 . It should be appreciated each livestock  426  can similarly include a tag. 
     The configuration illustrated in  FIG. 9  serves as an example, and various arrangements of water delivery systems disclosed herein are contemplated for use with various electrical systems disclosed herein for supplying arrays of containers with multiple resources. 
     Each shipping container can include a number of electrical devices requiring a supply of electric power. These devices can include, but are not limited to internal lights, heating devices, cooling devices, and fans. Each electrical device can require  440 ,  220 ,  110 , or any other standard voltage to operate. Cargo vessels, on the other hand, tend to generate power at 440 volts and most electrical devices may not be adapted for use with such a high voltage. Some electrical devices, such as certain fans, can operate at 440 volts, but often the shipping container will be provided electrical power on the ground from a different source, which may run at 220 volts. Turning now to  FIG. 10A , a schematic for supplying each of a plurality of shipping containers with electrical power is illustrated. An external power source  500 , which can generate power, such as three phase 440 or 220 volt electrical currents, is depicted in communication with a transformer  502 . The transformer  502  is illustrated as a single unit, but can comprise a plurality of units for receiving power at different voltages and outputting power at different voltages by stepping up or stepping down the power supply. In this way, must standard electrical devices can be assured to receive power in the shipping containers so long as a connection is available to a conventional power source, regardless of whether the source of power is 220 volts or 440. The external power source  500  can include a power source located on the shipping vessel or generators brought onboard with the shipping containers. For example, the external power source  500  can be one selected from a gas powered generator, a solar powered generator, a hydrogen powered generated, or combinations thereof. This single transformer  502  can step the voltage down and can be used to supply multiple shipping containers, such as a first shipping container  504   a , a second shipping container  504   b , a third shipping container  504   c , and a fourth shipping container  504   d . The first shipping container  504   a  can be like the one depicted in  FIG. 1  having an electrical connection  32  for receiving a power supply at a control box  30 . The control box  30  can include fuses and switches and output lines for powering electrical devices within the shipping container such as lights  506   a , a heating element  508   a , a first fan  510   a  and a second fan  512   a . The embodiment depicted in  FIG. 10A  illustrates each of the shipping containers being supplied in parallel from the transformer  502 . 
       FIG. 10B  illustrates an embodiment where each shipping container is supplied power in parallel directly from the generator  500 . In this embodiment, the first shipping container  504   a  includes a first transformer  502   a , while the second shipping container  504   b  includes a second transformer  502   b , and the third  502   c  and fourth shipping containers  502   d  include third  502   c  and fourth transformers  502   b , respectively. Each shipping container can include individual transformers for powering each electrical device in the respective shipping containers. In another embodiment, the configuration of  FIG. 10A  can be supplemented with second transformers in individual shipping containers. In such an embodiment, the first transformer can step down the power produced by the generator, and second transformers, located with each shipping container, can further step the power down, or step the power up, depending on the power requirements of the electrical devices within the shipping containers. 
       FIG. 10C  illustrates another embodiment where the generator  500  communicates directly with a transformer  502 , for stepping down the power. The transformer  502  then feeds each of the first shipping container  504   a , second shipping container  504   b , third shipping container  504   c , and forth shipping container  504   d  in series. 
     Similarly,  FIG. 10D  illustrates a generator  500  connected in series with each of the shipping containers. Like the embodiment described in  FIG. 10B , each shipping container can include a transformer for stepping down power delivered from the generator  500 . 
     Regardless of the configuration used to supply power to the containers  504 , or to the electrical devices in the containers  500 , it may be desirable to have water tight seals at each electrical connection. It may further be desirable to use waterproof lines from the generator  500  or transformer  502  to the container  504  and from the containers to their respective electrical devices. Otherwise, these lines and connections may be at risk from exposure to the elements, such as rain and ocean water. The connections can be further reinforced, particularly those on the interior of a container, to prevent damage from livestock which can chew on, or play with, lines and connections. In the event electrical lines are run within a shipping container, they can be set as flush as possible with the interior surface of the shipping container to minimize contact with livestock. For example, some lines may be run on the interior of the container for powering internal light sources. These connections can be waterproof, and the lights themselves can construct in a water resistant configuration. 
       FIGS. 11A-B  illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of shipping container systems for stacking shipping containers carrying livestock including a spacer with an external catwalk and railing. A first container  612  with an opening  622  can be loaded onto the deck of a shipping vessel. The opening  622 , can be like the personnel openings described in embodiments of specific shipping containers previously discussed, and can be accessible from the deck of the shipping vessel. A second shipping container  610 , with a similar opening  620  can be stacked on top of a spacer  614 , which can be itself stacked on the first container  612 . The spacer  614  can extend further than each of the containers providing an external catwalk convenient to the personnel opening  620  of the second container  610 . As one example, the spacer  614  can substantially match the length and width of the shipping container, except that it can extend outwards at a front portion. A major drawback to stacking shipping containers for livestock can be that an attendant must generally access each container in order to ensure livestock have access to food and water and to monitor the health of the livestock during shipment. Scaffolding and other ladders may not provide the sturdy support necessitated by the motion of a shipping vessel in combination with the potentially hazardous weather on the open sea. 
     The spacer  614  nested or mated with the top surface of the first container  612  and can further be secured by the weight of the second container  610  to ensure the external catwalk provides a sturdy elevated surface. Rails  616  can provide some protection from falling, however, a safety harness may also be used with the disclosed embodiment to further reduce the potential injuries. The railing  616  can be provided with a left rail  626 , a back rail  628  and a right rail  630  and generally outlines the external catwalk portion of the spacer  614 . Each portion of the railing  616  can be rigidly affixed to the spacer  614  by welding or other means, or each section of railing  616  can be removably attached to the spacer  614 . 
     A ladder  618  can pass through the spacer  614  at an opening  624 . The ladder  618  and opening  624  provide access to the external catwalk portion of the spacer  614  for entry into the second container  610 . 
       FIG. 11C  illustrates a non-limiting embodiment having three groups of stacked containers with a common ladder  618 . The first container group  610  includes a spacer  614  having an opening  624  for a ladder, but only with the left railing  626  and the back railing  628 . A bridge  632  can be provided to a second container group  640  which has a spacer  644  illustrated with a railing  646  having only a back railing. The bridge  632  can be locked into place once the containers and spacers are stacked into place. The bridge  632  can also include rails in order to help prevent falling injuries between the container stacks. 
     A second bridge  648  can connect the second container group  640  to a third container group  650 , the third container  650  having a spacer  654  and a railing  656 . The illustrated arrangement of railing and bridges provides a single entry for accessing the personnel openings of multiple containers on a second level of containers. 
     Standard openings or slots on each corner of the shipping container enable secured stacking and locking. However, stacking livestock shipping containers presents an additional hazard to personnel responsible for entering the shipping containers to feed livestock. A ladder can be provided adjacent to the personnel opening welded to the exterior of the shipping container. Harnesses and other additional precautions may be taken for accessing any such shipping container above the bottom level. 
     Methods of Shipping Livestock 
     One non-limiting embodiment relates to a method of transporting livestock. An example of this embodiment will be described, primarily with reference to  FIG. 2A-D , although features from other figures can readily be implemented with this method. The method can include the step of separating a shipping container  10  into a livestock storage area  62  and feed storage area  64 . This step of separation can be achieved with the installation of a feed partition  66  dividing the interior of a shipping container  10  into separate areas. The feed storage area  64  can comprise a continuous opening formed from a substantially horizontal overhead space  61  and a substantially vertical sidewall space  63 . Feed  72  can then be loaded in the feed storage area  62  for storage, and more specifically can be stored in the substantially horizontal overheard space  61 . Livestock  426  (seen in  FIG. 9 ) can be loaded into the livestock storage area  64  for transport. Separation can be maintained between the livestock  426  and feed  72  stored in the substantially horizontal overhead space  61 . A trough  68  can be provided in the substantially vertical sidewall space  63  of the feed storage space  64 , accessible by livestock  426  in the livestock storage space  62 . Periodically, measured amounts of feed  72  can be released from the inaccessible position in the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  to the accessible location in the trough  68 . This inaccessible position in the substantially horizontal overhead space  61  can be reached via a catwalk  70  connected to a feed partition  66 , and this catwalk  70  can be accessed from a personnel opening  38  (Seen in  FIG. 1 ) to the exterior of the shipping container  10 . The feed  72  can be released in roughly equal portions throughout the duration of a trip. These allocated portions of feed can be considered measured portions of feed and can be rationed out in equal volumes each day during shipment. The volume of the measured portion of feed can depend on the weight of livestock in a particular container and can be sufficient to facilitate weight gain by the livestock throughout shipment. The feed portions can be measured and adjusted for consuming the majority of feed during a trip, and particularly can be adjusted to promote healthy weight gain while minimizing the waste produced during transport. In one non-limiting embodiment the feed can be sufficient for a one week trip. In another embodiment feed can be supplied for a two week trip, and in yet another embodiment feed can be provided for three weeks of transport, or even up to a forty five day trip. The number of livestock and the weight of livestock in each container should dictated the amount of feed each container is provided on a daily basis. 
     In another embodiment, bedding, such an absorbent bedding layer  428  (seen in  FIG. 9 ) can be applied at the bottom of the shipping container. Any of the bedding materials previously described can be used, and can be applied in multiple layers. In this embodiment, the absorbent bedding layer can be initially laid down before cattle enters the container, and additional layers can be subsequently added throughout the shipment. 
     For the purpose of periodically releasing measured amounts of feed  72 , pelletized feed  72  can be stored separately from the livestock for periodic release in measured amounts. The feed  72  can be released manually, by an automated means, or can be actuated with a device providing a mechanical advantage. As one example, feed  72  can be stored in a side wall or above the livestock and can be released. Additionally, feed  72  can be released from the wall or from above the livestock by the actuation of a mechanical means, such as a lever or a crank, adapted for releasing feed  72 . The feed  72  itself, in one embodiment, can be pelletized feed  72  fortified with nutrients and/or antibiotics. For this embodiment, any of the previously described shipping containers can be used, even those adapted for the serial delivery of water and electricity. 
     Another non-limiting embodiment relates to an improved method of transporting livestock and can be discussed primarily with reference to  FIG. 12 . This method can be used in conjunction with the previously described methods of shipping and with previously described shipping containers  760 . The method can include the first step of loading livestock onto a plurality of ground transports  750  at a first destination  700 . The first destination  700 , in one embodiment, can be a quarantine location; however, ports and other destinations are envisioned with embodiments of this method. The ground transports  750  can take the livestock to an intermediate destination  710 , such as a port. At the intermediate destination  710  the livestock can be unloaded from the ground transport  750  and loaded into shipping containers  760 . As but one example, the ground transports  750  can be unloaded individually for filing livestock single file into a series of shipping containers  760  lined up in a row for loading. The livestock can be sequentially unloaded from a series of ground transports  750 . When a shipping container  760  in the row is full, that shipping container  760  can be closed and livestock can then be directed to a subsequent shipping container, until the subsequent shipping container is also full. The loaded shipping containers  760  can be transferred to a shipping vessel  770 . 
     In another embodiment, the ground transports  750  can be loaded with the same shipping containers  760  for a direct transfer onto the shipping vessel  770 . In one embodiment, the shipping containers  760  can be unloaded from the ground transport  750  and placed on a dock  720  to await lifting onto a shipping vessel  770 , while in another embodiment the shipping containers  760  can be lifted directly onto the shipping vessels  770 . The shipping containers  760  can be lifted with cranes  780  directly on the deck  730  of the shipping vessel, or with cranes  780  located on the port  730 . The shipping containers  760  can be configured on the deck  730  of the shipping vessel  760  or in the hull of the shipping vessel  770  in rows with at least about 18 inches between the containers, with at least about 12 inches between the containers, with at least about 6 inches between the containers. The shipping containers  760  can be arranged on the deck  730  of the shipping vessel  770  into two or more rows, which can have between about two and eighty containers. Once loaded onto the shipping vessel  770 , the shipping containers  760  can be carried to the second destination  740 . 
     The method can include providing a shipping container  760  configured for providing livestock with food, water, protection from the elements, and an air exchange. The method can include the step of providing an at least one generator for supplying power to shipping containers. The method can also include the step of supplying each shipping container  760  with drinking water. 
     The shipping vessel  770  can be a small vessel, a large vessel, a vessel designated solely for shipping livestock, or a vessel carrying bulk goods in addition to livestock. Once the shipping date is set, the livestock can be quarantined at a first destination  700 , such as an offsite location, in accordance with any local or international livestock shipping requirements. The quarantine can begin the required number of days before the shipment date. Optionally, female livestock can be cycled with hormones and other treatments prior to the quarantine, then artificially inseminated a predetermined time before the designated shipment. Depending on the intended purpose of the livestock at their destination, the cycled females can be inseminated with conventional sperm, or with sex sorted sperm. For example, if the livestock comprise dairy cattle, they can be inseminated with sex sorted sperm for the purpose of producing female offspring. In another example, the female livestock can be inseminated with sex sorted sperm in order to produce male offspring. The insemination can be timed such that the livestock have a low chance of giving birth during shipment. Instead, the insemination can be timed so that the livestock produce their offspring after they have arrived at their final destination. It should be appreciated for the shipment of impregnated livestock, particularly heifers gestating embryos, temperatures and conditions become more relevant to the health of the livestock and potential offspring. 
     Livestock can be loaded into specialized shipping containers  760  at the quarantine area  700 , which are subsequently loaded onto ground transports and taken to an intermediate destination  710 , which can be a departure port for the shipping vessel  770 . In one embodiment, the shipping containers  760  can be lifted directly from the ground transports onto the shipping vessel  770 . In a different embodiment, the livestock can be unloaded from the ground transports  750  into the shipping containers  760  previously described for loading onto the shipping vessel  770 . The lifting of the shipping containers  760  can be achieved by either a crane  780  on the shipping vessel  770  or by a crane  780  at the dock  720 . In one aspect, the step of loading the shipping containers  760  onto the shipping vessel  770  can include, sequentially driving the ground transports up to the loading area  720  for the shipping vessel and individually lifting the shipping containers  760  directly off each sequential ground transport  750  for placement on the deck  730  of the shipping vessel  770  or in the hull of the shipping vessel  770 . The shipping container  760  can be loaded onto the shipping vessel  760  in at least one row of two to eighty containers. The shipping containers  760  can be spaced about twelve inches apart in one embodiment, or about six inches apart in another embodiment. 
     In another non-limiting embodiment the containers  760  can be evenly loaded with livestock in order to reduce potential problems loading the containers onto the shipping vessel. Proportional numbers of livestock can be loaded into proportional sections of the shipping containers sequentially. For example, one half of the livestock can be stored in the back half of the shipping container  760 , and then the second one half can be loaded into the front half of the container. 
     Another aspect relates to a method of transporting livestock over long distances or long periods of time, and will be discussed primarily with reference to  FIG. 1 . The method can begin by providing at least one modified shipping container  10 . The modified shipping container  10  can be modified to have ventilation openings  44 ,  46 ,  48 , where the ventilation openings can be reinforced. A portion of the shipping container  10 , or the entire bottom surface of the shipping container  10 , can be sealed for preventing liquid and solid waste from escaping the shipping container  10 . Because livestock are shipped among other dry goods, relying on the same loading equipment and dock space, it may be favorable that the shipping containers themselves do not impact the dock space or the shipping vessel space. The shipping containers  10  can then be further modified for providing airflow. Livestock can then be loaded onto the modified shipping container  10 , and the loaded shipping container  10  can then be loaded onto a shipping vessel  770  (seen in  FIG. 12 ). These modifications can include providing an enclosure gate  110 , as well as a water connection  52  for receiving a supply of water and an electrical connection  32  for receiving an electric supply of power. 
     In another embodiment, which can be used in combination with various other methods described above, a method of transporting livestock on a shipping vessel  770  can begin with the step of accommodating at least one shipping container  760  containing livestock on the deck of, or in the hull of a shipping vessel  770 . The method can continue with the steps of generating a source of electricity supplied to the shipping containers and holding a supply of fresh water for supplying to the at least one shipping container  760 . Holding a supply of fresh water can comprise the step of filling the ballast tank of shipping vessel with fresh water. The method can further comprise the steps of transporting the at least one shipping container  760  from an intermediate destination, such as a departure port, to a second destination  740 , such as a destination port, and maintaining the supply of electrical power and drinking water to the at least one shipping container  760 . The method can further include the step of selecting one of multiple ballast tanks for supplying the drinking water to the at least one shipping container  760 . For example, a shipping vessel may include more than one ballast tank, and the selection of the ballast tank for supplying water to the shipping containers may be performed in order to maintain balance between the ballast tanks. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 13A-C , a first group of shipping containers  810  is illustrated adjacent to a second group of shipping containers  820 . Each shipping container can include livestock, and can be modified for the purpose of transporting livestock. Each group includes a series of rows stacked two containers high, specifically a series of bottom containers stacked on a series of top containers. The bottom containers can rest on a supporting surface  860 , which can be the deck of a shipping vessel, the hull of a shipping vessel, or another surface on a shipping vessel providing support for stacks of shipping containers. The bottom containers can provide elevation to the top containers relative to the supporting surface of the shipping vessel. In other embodiments the shipping containers can be stacked three, four, or even up to eight containers high. The first group of shipping containers  810  is separated from the second group of shipping containers  820  by, and is adjacent to, a catwalk  850 . For embodiments including additional levels of shipping containers the catwalk  850  can include additional levels providing access to shipping containers on every level. The catwalk  850  can include a first ladder  852 , or a first ladder  852  and a second ladder  854 , in communication with the supporting surface  860  of the shipping vessel. 
     In one embodiment, a bottom container can be located at the outer perimeter of a shipping vessel. The supporting surface  860  can include a portion of the deck on a first side of the bottom shipping container and one or more pillars extending from a lower surface on a second side of the shipping container. In this embodiment the catwalk  850  can be connected directly to the supporting surface near the first side of the bottom shipping container and can extend to the personnel opening. 
       FIGS. 13A-D  illustrate a first group of container  810  facing a second group of containers  820  separated by a catwalk  850 . In particular,  FIG. 13D  illustrates a first row  830  having a bottom container  808 , with a personnel opening  868 , in the first group  810  upon which a top container  802 , having a personnel opening  862 , is stacked. In the second group  820 , the first row  830  includes a bottom container  824 , having a personnel opening  880 , upon which a top container  816 , with a personnel opening  874 , is stacked. 
     Similarly, a second row  832  includes a portion in the first group of containers  810  having a bottom container  812 , with a personnel opening  870 , and an top container  804 , with a personnel opening  864 , and a portion in the second group of containers  820  having an top container  818 , with a personnel opening  876 , stacked on a bottom container  826  with a personnel opening  882 . A third row  834  is illustrated having a portion in the first group of containers  810  with an upper container  806 , with a personnel opening  866 , stacked upon a lower container  814 , with a personnel opening  884 . Another portion of the third row  834  in the second group of containers  820 , adjacent to the first group, includes a top container  822 , with a personnel opening  878 , stacked upon a bottom container  828 , with a personnel opening. 
     Each of the containers can include a side, which can be considered the front of the container, where the front of each container can include a personnel opening. Each personnel opening can be latchably sealed with a door. In certain embodiments, the front side of each top container in both the first group of containers  810  and the second group of containers  820  can be oriented adjacent to the catwalk  850 . In this way, a single catwalk  850  can provide access to the top level of containers in both groups of containers. The catwalk  850  can include a first ladder  852  and a second ladder  854  providing access to the top containers. The personnel openings of the bottom containers can also be orientated on the same side as the catwalk  850 , or they can be oriented on the opposite side, or they can be oriented in some combination thereof. 
     The catwalk  850  can be secured into place between the first group of shipping containers  810  and the second group of shipping containers  820 . The catwalk  850  can be secured to the supporting surface  860  of the shipping vessel, to another surface of the shipping vessel, or to one or more of the shipping containers. For example, the catwalk  850  can be suspended from the top containers, through the personnel openings or at the corners of the shipping containers. The catwalk  850  can be stacked with portions resting between the top and bottom containers of the first and/or second groups of shipping containers  820 . 
     The first ladder  852 , the second ladder  854  and the catwalk  850  can include attachment points for a safety harness. A safety harness can be provided for personnel which access elevated shipping containers from the catwalk. 
     Method of Loading Livestock into Shipping Containers 
     In one embodiment livestock can be loaded by the process of first categorizing livestock by weight. The area required by animals in each weight category can then be determined. Referring primarily to  FIG. 12 , the capacity of the shipping containers  760  for each livestock category can then be determined based on the requirements of each livestock category. Livestock from a first category can then be loaded into a first shipping container, or a first group of shipping containers, not exceeding the determined capacity for each shipping container. Subsequent categories of livestock can then be loaded into subsequent shipping containers, or groups of shipping containers. This step can be accomplished at a first location  700 , or at an intermediate location  710 . In either case, each of the shipping containers  760  are then be loaded on a shipping vessel  770  at the intermediate location  710  then shipped to a second location  740 . As one example, a row of shipping containers can be sequentially loaded onto the deck  730  of the shipping vessel  770  from the intermediate location  710  of a port. The shipping containers  760  can be transported and unloaded from the shipping vessel  770  at the destination location  740 , where the livestock can either be unloaded, or trucked to a final destination. Once at the final destination, which could be another quarantine, the livestock can be unloaded from the shipping containers  760 . 
     In one non-limiting aspect, the method of loading livestock onto shipping containers  760  can further include the steps of loading one half of a shipping containers capacity of livestock into one side of the shipping container, then isolating that livestock on one side of the shipping container. Next the remaining capacity of livestock can be loaded into the remaining space in the shipping container  760 . The step of isolating can include shutting an enclosure gate  110  (seen in  FIG. 2C ), within the shipping container  760 . For example, the enclosure gate can be located in roughly the middle of the shipping container  760  and can be closed when half of the desired livestock have entered the back half of the shipping container  760 . The remaining livestock can then be led into the front half of the shipping container  760 . Once the desired amount of livestock is loaded into the front half of the shipping container  760 , the cargo doors can be closed. After the first shipping container is full, remaining livestock can be led from the trailer to an adjacent second shipping container. 
     In another aspect, the method of loading livestock into the shipping container  760  can include a providing a temporary partition, such as a gate for keeping live stock in place once loaded into a shipping container. The temporary gate can be slid into place along the length of the interior of the shipping container to prevent livestock from attempting to move back out of a shipping container. The temporary partition may be particularly useful in the event of delays in unloading livestock from subsequent trailers. 
     In yet another aspect, a method of loading livestock onto a shipping container can include the steps of loading a first portion of livestock onto the shipping container, and then isolating the first portion of livestock into a corresponding proportional section of the shipping container. Finally, the remaining proportional sections can sequentially be filled and isolated. 
     Each shipping container loaded with their respective animals can be lifted from land onto a shipping vessel  760 . In one embodiment, the weight distribution of the livestock is kept relatively even within each shipping container. 
     In one non-limiting embodiment, the shipping containers  760  can each provide a source of food and water sufficient for each animal throughout the trip. The volume of food and water in each shipping container per animal can depend on the category of livestock in each shipping container in addition to the duration of transport. The food can be stored within the individual shipping containers as previously described and the drinking water can be by the systems previously described. 
     In one non-limiting embodiment, an additional category can exist for livestock which have been artificially inseminated. Livestock categorized as having been artificially inseminated, or in one embodiment heifers gestating embryos, before transport can be provided with shipping containers having circulation fans and access to water from anywhere in the shipping container. Additionally, shipping containers for this category of livestock can be provided with additional space in the event calves are birthed in transit. 
     In another non-limiting aspect the livestock can further be categorized by their health status. The health status of animals for the purpose of categorizing livestock can be understood as the presence or absence of any condition requiring veterinary attention, or the absence or presence of any contagious conditions. In this embodiment, livestock categorized as a negative health status, which can be those animals that require veterinary attention and/or those with contagious conditions, can be isolated from the remaining healthy livestock in order to reduce the spread of illness and provide easier access to livestock requiring attention. When loading the shipping containers livestock can be loaded with livestock of categorized with similar health statuses. In particular, livestock categorized with a negative health status can be isolated from the remaining livestock. 
     One non-limiting embodiment relates to a method of transporting livestock where a shipping container is configured for shipping livestock, livestock can be loaded into the shipping container  760 , and the shipping container  760  can be loaded onto a transport, or a vessel, which was not designed to carry livestock. The vessel can be a boat, plane, train, trailer, truck, or the like. 
     Business Method for Facilitating the Shipment of Livestock 
     In one non-limiting embodiment the current invention relates to a method of doing business. The method of doing business can begin with the step of booking space on a shipping vessel  770  from an intermediate destination  710  to a second destination  740 , or a desired destination, where the shipping vessel  770  can also carry non-livestock cargo  790 , such as dry bulk goods. The business method can include the step of directing the modification of shipping containers  760  to accommodate shipping livestock. The business method can include the coordination of a quarantine of the livestock prior to the scheduled shipment in designated quarantine areas at a first destination  700  prior to arrival at the intermediate destination. The quarantine can be for thirty days or for an amount of time in compliance with any other shipping standards for the pertaining to the shipment of livestock. The method can continue with the scheduling the transport of the livestock to the shipping vessel  770  and arranging for shipping containers  760  filled with livestock to be transferred onto the shipping vessel  770 . For example, ground transports  750  can be scheduled to pick livestock up from the quarantine area  700  and deliver them to the intermediate destination  710 , where livestock can be loaded into the specialized shipping containers  760 . The method can continue by arranging for the supply of drinking water and electrical power to the loaded shipping containers  760 . The business method can include the step of coordinating ground transportation for receiving the livestock at the desired destination. 
     In one non-limiting aspect the method can include the step of coordinating the same shipping containers  760  for use in ground transport and sea transport on a shipping vessel  770 . For example, livestock can be transported to the shipping vessel  770  loaded within shipping containers  760  where the shipping containers  760  are then directly loaded onto the shipping vessel  770 . As another example, the method can include the step of scheduling the direct unloading of livestock containers  760  from the shipping vessel  770  to ground transports  750  and coordinating the unloading of livestock from the shipping containers  760  at a location off site from the second destination  740 , or the destination port. Multiple ground transports  750  can be scheduled for arriving at the second destination  740 , or the destination port, and lined up for the sequential unloading of shipping containers  760 . As another non-limiting example, the livestock can be transported to the shipping vessel  770  within the shipping containers  760  for loading onto the shipping vessel  770 . 
     In one non-limiting aspect an attendant can be sent on the shipping vessel  770  along with the shipping containers  760  in order to evaluate the health of the livestock being shipped, as well as, ensuring the water and electricity supplied to each shipping container  760  is not interrupted in transit. 
     In one non-limiting aspect, the bulk goods  790 , or dry bulk goods, on a shipping vessel  760  can reduce the costs of shipping each shipping container  760 . The livestock shipping containers can cost less than 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, or 85% the total cost of the freight on the shipping vessel  770 . 
     The shipping containers  760  can include animals of the same species, animals that have been artificially inseminated, or even animals that have been artificially inseminated with sex sorted sperm, particularly artificially inseminated heifers. 
     In one non-limiting aspect, the shipping containers  760  can be loaded directly from ground transports  750  onto the shipping vessels  770  before shipment, or the shipping containers  760  can be unloaded directly from the shipping vessel  770  to trucks after shipment. 
     In one non-limiting aspect, the step of directing the modification of the shipping containers can include, providing instructions to cut ventilation openings  40 ,  42 ,  44  (Seen in  FIG. 1 ) in a standard shipping container  760  as well as providing instruction to reinforce the shipping container  760  at those ventilation openings  40 ,  42 ,  44  (Seen in  FIG. 1 ). Instructions can be provided with respect to the size and number of ventilation openings with consideration given to the desired amount of airflow, or a desired air exchange. For example, an air exchange of 2.5 exchanges per minute may be desired for shipping containers on the deck of a shipping vessel while an air exchange of 12 exchanges per minute may be desired for shipping containers stored in the hull of a shipping vessel. The method can further include the step of providing instructions to seal at least a portion of the bottom of the shipping container  760  to prevent liquids and solids from escaping from the container. For example, a rubber or plastic material can line the bottom surface of the shipping container  760 . This step can further comprise providing instructions to install a feed partition  66  (seen in  FIG. 2 ) for separating livestock from livestock feed within the shipping container. Additionally, the method can include the step of providing instructions for arranging an area to store feed. The business method can also include the step of providing instructions to create a personnel opening with access to the feed. 
     In one aspect, at least six containers can be coordinated on a shipment, while in another aspect at least twelve or at least twenty containers can be coordinated for shipment on a single shipping vessel. In still another aspect at least forty containers can be coordinated in a single shipment, on a single shipping vessel. 
     A Method for Circulating Water From a Ballast Tank 
     Referring primarily to  FIG. 6 , certain aspects relate to a method of circulating drinking water to shipping containers  214 ,  216  on a shipping vessel  200 . The method can begin with the step of emptying the ballast tank  204  of a shipping vessel  200 . Once the ballast water is evacuated from the ballast tank, the ballast tank can be cleaned in order to reduce the sediment, microorganisms, salt, and other undesirable materials. The process of cleaning the ballast tank  204  can include pressure washing the interior walls of the ballast tank  204 , as well as rinsing the walls of the ballast tank  204 , with or without any type of cleaning agent or even coated with paint or another chemical. Once the ballast tank  204  is cleaned, it can be filled with fresh drinking water  208 . Next a connection  210 , and a conduit  210 , can be made from the ballast tank  204  to the deck  206  of the shipping vessel  200 , or to the hull  202  of the shipping vessel  200 , where a pressure source  224 , such as a ballast pump, can draw drinking water. The drinking water can be drawn to an intermediate storage tank  212  for temporary storage, then circulated to shipping containers  214 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218 ,  220  thereby providing a pressurized source of drinking water to livestock within each shipping container  214 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218 ,  220  throughout a shipment. The intermediate storage tank  212  can comprise a shipping container modified to house either a bladder or a plastic storage tank  222  for holding drinking water. 
     In aspect water can continuously be circulating between the shipping containers and the intermediate tank  212  to prevent freezing and to warm the water with the body heat of the livestock in their respective shipping containers. 
     Methods for Producing Shipping Containers for Livestock 
     One non-limiting embodiment relates to a method for producing a shipping container to accommodate the shipment of livestock. This method can be understood primarily with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Relating to producing a shipping container, the term “produce” or “producing” is intended to encompass at least the acts of: building a shipping container, retrofitting an existing shipping container, modifying an existing shipping container, and manufacturing a shipping container. The method can begin by acquiring a shipping container  10 , which can have be a generally rectangular shipping container having a roof  12 , a bottom  14 , and at least four sides. The four sides can include a front wall  16 , a back wall  18  and two side walls  20  and  22 . The step of “acquiring” should be understood to encompass both the act of acquiring a previously manufactured shipping container  10  and producing or manufacturing a shipping container  10 . Next, at least one ventilation opening  40 ,  42 , and  44  can be cut into one of the sides of the shipping container  10 . As previously described, the ventilation openings  40 ,  42 , and  44  can be reinforced by welding a frame constructed from metal plates, tubular metal, or the like into place at interior surfaces of each. 
     Referring now primarily to  FIG. 2  for reference to the internal modifications, a feed partition  66  can be installed in the shipping container  10  adjacent to one of the sidewalls and can be constructed with a fabricated vertical partition  76  and a horizontal partition  74  forming an enclosure. As previously described, the feed partition  66  can define a feed storage area  64  and a livestock storage area  62  within the shipping container  10 , where the feed storage area  64  comprises a continuous opening formed from a substantially vertical sidewall space  63  and a substantially horizontal overhead space  61 . At least one trough  68  and at least one water bowl  80  can be installed adjacent to the feed partition  66  in the feed storage area  64  formed by the feed partition  66 . 
     In one aspect, the method can include the steps of fabricating a vertical partition  76  and a horizontal partition  74  and securing each within the shipping container  10 . Each of the vertical partition  76  and the horizontal partition  74  can be constructed and installed separately into the shipping container  10 , or they can be fabricated together and installed at one time. The shipping container  10  can be further modified to receive water with a water connection  52  and electrical power with an electrical connection  32 . Additionally, the shipping container  10  can be further modified with the addition of first and second ventilation fans, which can be supplied electrical power through other modification to the shipping container  10 . The first and second ventilation fans can be configured for maximizing the air flow through the shipping container  10 . They can be configured opposite each other in a push-pull relationship, or they can be set off at angles for producing multiple air flows. The electrical connection for powering the fans can include a transformer for stepping down the power received from an external power source. 
     In one non-limiting embodiment, the shipping container  10  can be further modified by sealing the bottom of the container from leaking A sealing layer can be added to the bottom  14  of the shipping container. For example, a layer of plastic or rubber can be lined at on the bottom  14  for containing fluids. 
     In another aspect a method of modifying a shipping container  10  can begin with the step of acquiring a shipping container  10 . The shipping container  10  can then be configured for ventilation and for air flow. This configuration can be accomplished with the introduction of ventilation openings, the installation of ventilation fans, or a combination of both. The interior of the container can then be separated into separate livestock storage and feed storage areas. The step of separating can be accomplished with the introduction of a feed partition, like those previously described, which can be constructed in the manner previously described. This method of modification can continue with the installation of nose operated water bowls  80  and water connections  52  for receiving pressurized water for ensuring a steady supply of food and water to livestock in transit. 
     As can be easily understood from the foregoing, the basic concepts of the present invention may be embodied in a variety of ways. The invention involves numerous and varied embodiments of shipping container and methods of making and using the shipping container including, but not limited to, the best mode of the invention. 
     As such, the particular embodiments or elements of the invention disclosed by the description or shown in the figures or tables accompanying this application are not intended to be limiting, but rather exemplary of the numerous and varied embodiments generically encompassed by the invention or equivalents encompassed with respect to any particular element thereof. In addition, the specific description of a single embodiment or element of the invention may not explicitly describe all embodiments or elements possible; many alternatives are implicitly disclosed by the description and figures. 
     It should be understood that each element of an apparatus or each step of a method may be described by an apparatus term or method term. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled. As but one example, it should be understood that all steps of a method may be disclosed as an action, a means for taking that action, or as an element which causes that action. Similarly, each element of an apparatus may be disclosed as the physical element or the action which that physical element facilitates. As but one example, the disclosure of “container” should be understood to encompass disclosure of the act of “containing”—whether explicitly discussed or not—and, conversely, were there effectively disclosure of the act of “containing”, such a disclosure should be understood to encompass disclosure of a “container” and even a “means for containing” Such alternative terms for each element or step are to be understood to be explicitly included in the description. 
     In addition, as to each term used it should be understood that unless its utilization in this application is inconsistent with such interpretation, common dictionary definitions should be understood to be included in the description for each term as contained in the Random House Webster&#39;s Unabridged Dictionary, second edition, each definition hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Moreover, for the purposes of the present invention, the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a container” refers to one or more of the containers. As such, the terms “a” or “an”, “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. 
     All numeric values herein are assumed to be modified by the term “about”, whether or not explicitly indicated. For the purposes of the present invention, ranges may be expressed as from “about” one particular value to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value to the other particular value. The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all the numeric values subsumed within that range. A numerical range of one to five includes for example the numeric values 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, and so forth. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. When a value is expressed as an approximation by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. 
     Thus, the applicant(s) should be understood to claim at least: i) each of the array of shipping containers herein disclosed and described, ii) the related methods disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these devices and methods, iv) those alternative embodiments which accomplish each of the functions shown, disclosed, or described, v) those alternative designs and methods which accomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplish that which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, and step shown as separate and independent inventions, vii) the applications enhanced by the various systems or components disclosed, viii) the resulting products produced by such systems or components, ix) methods and apparatuses substantially as described hereinbefore and with reference to any of the accompanying examples, x) the various combinations and permutations of each of the previous elements disclosed. 
     The background section of this patent application provides a statement of the field of endeavor to which the invention pertains. This section may also incorporate or contain paraphrasing of certain United States patents, patent applications, publications, or subject matter of the claimed invention useful in relating information, problems, or concerns about the state of technology to which the invention is drawn toward. It is not intended that any United States patent, patent application, publication, statement or other information cited or incorporated herein be interpreted, construed or deemed to be admitted as prior art with respect to the invention. 
     The claims set forth in this specification, if any, are hereby incorporated by reference as part of this description of the invention, and the applicant expressly reserves the right to use all of or a portion of such incorporated content of such claims as additional description to support any of or all of the claims or any element or component thereof, and the applicant further expressly reserves the right to move any portion of or all of the incorporated content of such claims or any element or component thereof from the description into the claims or vice versa as necessary to define the matter for which protection is sought by this application or by any subsequent application or continuation, division, or continuation-in-part application thereof, or to obtain any benefit of, reduction in fees pursuant to, or to comply with the patent laws, rules, or regulations of any country or treaty, and such content incorporated by reference shall survive during the entire pendency of this application including any subsequent continuation, division, or continuation-in-part application thereof or any reissue or extension thereon. 
     The claims set forth in this specification, if any, are further intended to describe the metes and bounds of a limited number of the preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as the broadest embodiment of the invention or a complete listing of embodiments of the invention that may be claimed. The applicant does not waive any right to develop further claims based upon the description set forth above as a part of any continuation, division, or continuation-in-part, or similar application.