Patent Publication Number: US-2005129662-A1

Title: Use of vegetable oil as an adjuvant for substances having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates to use of vegetable oil, in particular soybean oil, as an adjuvant for substances having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide activity in preventive and curative treatments of plant diseases and for substances having a herbicide activity for control of weeds. In addition, the present invention pertains to a composition comprising a vegetable oil as an adjuvant, in combination with at least another active substance which may be a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide or a herbicide, selected from common fungicides, bactericides, insecticides and herbicides, as well as to use of the composition itself in preventive and curative treatments of plant diseases and for weedkilling over cultivations.  
     PRIOR ART  
      Known on the market is the presence of a great number of substances and compositions that are used for control of weeds and diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and insects in agricultural cultivations, in particular in the vine, vegetable and fruit-growing field.  
      Substantially, most of the substances and compositions having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity are synthesis substances. These categories of synthetic substances show a systemic, contact, cytotropic, translaminar and mesostemic activity for control of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds.  
      As an alternative to synthesis products, there are also substances and compositions having a fungicide and bactericide activity of natural origin such as sulphur and copper, the latter in the form of sulphate, chloride and hydroxide, for example.  
      The above mentioned substances, whether they are of natural origin or obtained by synthesis, have several different limits: toxicology, residues, undesirable side effects, which limits however must all adapt themselves to the necessity of use in agricultural treatments for the purpose of keeping the treatments themselves efficient. Use of innovative products that may improve fruit healthiness and reduce or eliminate residues from the plant protection products is a widespread practice adopted in drawing up the regional disciplinary measures and by the firms belonging to the great distribution chains (chains of supermarkets). Often in these disciplinary measures use of synthesis products is combined with biological preparations in integrated productions, whereas the sector of biological productions is increasingly growing due both to market requirements and to the improved quality of the productions resulting from the new active ingredients. Recently, alongside the integrated and biological productions, there is a development of the industrial chain concept with the necessity of tracing the whole production system with a preference for plant protection products having a low environmental impact.  
      As a result, not only plant protection products are used, whenever possible, to a low amount, but they must also have a low environmental impact and a favourable toxicological profile (in the production disciplinary measures for the integrated defence, the plant protection products belonging to toxicological classes of the very toxic and toxic type are no longer inserted, if possible, and those of the irritant and non-classified type are favoured) and must be of the type easily degradable in the soil.  
      It is to be added that treatments even in high amounts take place with great frequency and often promote phenomena of phytotoxicity on leaves and fruits that impair the production quality. In addition, accumulation of undesired residues in fruits and soils promotes formation of strains resisting to that chemical molecule of which great use was made.  
      Copper as a substance of natural origin either in the form of a sulphate, an oxychloride or a hydroxide, is an active ingredient widely used both in conventional agriculture and in biological agriculture even if the limits of this active ingredient are well known, due to the natural phytotoxicity or inhibition (for more enduring cultivations) that it causes on the treated parts. Copper in all its forms and in the cases of greater sensitiveness, causes burns and necrosis on leaves and fruits restraining the production capacity of the cultivations and in addition it reduces the commercial value of the productions. It is known that in the field of vine-growing copper application adversely affects the production and quality capacity in terms of sugary degree and aromatic potential.  
      It is known that copper is a heavy metal accumulating in the soils without degrading and inhibiting the terricolous microflora or, in the worst cases, also causing intoxications to cultivations on soils that received great amounts of copper such as vine-cultivated soils. Another adverse feature typical of copper, since it is not perishable, is the high residue contained in the cultivation waste (grape stalks after wine-pressing, for example) classifying potential amending products or organic fertilizers at the same level as toxic refuse requiring precise and severe regulations for disposal.  
      Exactly for the above reasons, connected with the chemical nature of copper, the European Community fixed the limit of metal copper to be spread for each hectare in one year to 8 kg of active ingredient (p.a.) year/hectare. For next years a lower limit corresponding to 6 kg of p.a. per year/hectare was established.  
      Generally, it is known that all substances for plant protection can cause various toxicity degrees, as a side effect, towards the human beings, animals and environment.  
      Due to toxicology of some active ingredients of synthesis plant protection products such as bactericides, fungicides, insecticides and herbicides, application of same to low amounts is desirable in order to be able to ensure the agricultural operator&#39;s and consumers&#39; health.  
      Other drawbacks imposing use of bactericide, fungicide, insecticide and herbicide substances to limited and controlled concentrations are to be found in problems resulting from accumulation in the soil and strata, poor selectivity of some plant protection products that can cause damages to cultivations, interference of these compositions with useful insects naturally populating orchards, vines and vegetable-cultivated fields. In addition, for bactericide, fungicide, insecticide synthesis plant protection products, there is the concrete possibility that bacterial, fungicide and insect strains resisting to treatments may be selected. Alternatively, for herbicide plant protection products there is the possibility of selecting some weeds that are less sensitive or even resistant to the herbicides employed.  
      From the above it appears that bactericide, fungicide, insecticide and herbicide products are not always fully efficient and harmless or safe to humans and environment; it is therefore essential that new substances should be sought for and set up.  
      In addition, there is on the market a series of compounds, called adjuvants, that are employed in combination with the substances having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity in plant treatments. The employed adjuvant, in combination with the fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide active ingredient is able to improve efficiency of the active ingredient itself while reducing amount of same. Reduction in the used amounts of the fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide active ingredient involves a reduction in the costs of the individual treatments and, in addition, also involves a reduction in the above mentioned risks.  
      However, the adjuvant must be a substance having a very reduced toxicity value. The adjuvant must be a substance that must not give rise to phytotoxicity phenomena to the plants. In addition, the adjuvant must be a substance having no contraindications both for the plants but also, and above all, for the health of the operators that must handle these substances.  
      Therefore, there is still a need for an adjuvant substance and/or a composition comprising said adjuvant substance capable of reducing the amounts of use of the fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide active ingredients.  
      In addition, there is still a need for an adjuvant substance and/or a composition comprising said adjuvant substance capable of improving the control activity of fungi, bacteria, insects and weeps in the preventive and/or curative treatments of the agricultural cultivations, in particular in the vine, vegetable and fruit-growing field.  
      In particular, there is a need for an adjuvant substance and/or a composition comprising said adjuvant substance having a limited toxicity and capable of restricting all problems connected with accumulation of pollutants in the soil. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      The technical problem at the base of the present invention was that of selecting an adjuvant substance capable of overcoming the limits and drawbacks of the known art.  
      This problem was solved by the Applicant that surprisingly found it useful to use a vegetable oil as the adjuvant substance.  
      In particular, water emulsions comprising a vegetable oil find a valid use as coadjuvants in the preventive and/or curative treatments of many diseases damaging and devastating the agricultural cultivations, in particular in the vine, vegetable and fruit-growing field.  
      In addition, a water emulsion comprising a vegetable oil in combination with active ingredients having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity find a valid use as adjuvants in the preventive and/or curative treatments of many diseases damaging and devastating the agricultural cultivations, in particular in the vine, vegetable and fruit-growing field.  
      Finally, the Applicant has found that water emulsions comprising a vegetable oil in combination with other substances having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity enable the amounts of use of the active ingredient in terms of concentration to be reduced, with good results.  
      It is a first object of the present invention to provide use of a vegetable oil as an adjuvant for the substances having a fungicide, bactericide and insecticide activity for the preventive and/or curative treatment of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and insects on agricultural cultivations and use of a vegetable oil as an adjuvant for the substances having a herbicide action for control of weeps, in particular in the vine, vegetable and fruit-growing field.  
      It is another object of the present invention to provide a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide composition comprising a water emulsion of a vegetable oil in combination with at least another substance having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity selected from the group consisting of fungicides, bactericides, insecticides and herbicides.  
      It is a further object of the present invention to provide use of said fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide composition comprising a water emulsion of a vegetable oil in combination with at least another substance having a fungicide, bactericide and insecticide activity selected from the group consisting of fungicides, bactericides and insecticides in the preventive and/or curative treatments of plant diseases and from the group consisting of herbicides in the treatments for weed control in the vine, vegetable and fruit-growing field.  
      Other preferred embodiments are described in the accompanying sub-claims.  
      Further technical features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description.  
      The Applicant has found it useful to use a vegetable oil as the adjuvant for substances having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity in the preventive and/or curative treatments of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, insects and for weed control.  
      Advantageously, the Applicant has found it useful to use a vegetable oil selected from: soybean oil, rape oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, neem oil and olive oil in the form of a water emulsion. Also included in the context of the present invention are mixtures of one or more vegetable oils in the form of a water emulsion. The emulsion is formed by mechanical working of a mixture including water and one or more of the vegetable oils. Preferably, the emulsion is formed by mechanical working of a mixture including water and soybean oil.  
      Preferably, fungus selection is made from the group comprising: pythiaceae family (e.g.  Phythium  spp.,  Phytophtora  spp.), peronosporaceae family (e.g.  Peronospora  spp.,  Bremia  spp.), erysiphaceae family (e.g.  Uncinula necator ), helotiaceae family (e.g.  Sclerotinia  spp.), pseudospharialaceae family (e.g.  Venturia inequalis ), moniliaceae family (e.g.  Cercospora  spp.,  Alternaria  spp.,  Thielaviopsis  spp.,  Cladosporium  spp,  Botritis  spp.,  Monilia  spp.,  Verticillium  spp.).  
      Preferably, bacterium selection is made from the group comprising: pseudomonadaceae family (e.g.  Pseudomonas  spp.,  Xantomonas  spp.), enterobacteriaceae family (e.g.  Erwinia  spp.), corynebacteriaceae family (e.g.  Corynebacterium  spp.), streptomycetaceae family (e.g.  Streptomyces  spp.).  
      Preferably the insect is selected from the group comprising: coleoptera order, elateridae family (e.g.  Agriotes  spp.) chrysomelidae family (e.g.  Chaetocnema tibialis ), curculionidae family (e.g.  Conorrhynchus mendicus ), scolytidae family (e.g.  Scolytus  spp.); diptera order, trypetidae family (e.g.  Ceratitis capitata ); hymenoptera order, tenthredinidae family (e.g.  Hoplocampa brevis ); lepidoptera order, pyraustidae family (e.g.  Ostrinia nubilaris ), noctuidae family (e.g. Mamestra brassicae), pieridae family (e.g.  Pieris brassicae ), cossidae family (e.g.  Cossus cossus ), lithocolletidae family (e.g.  Lithocolletis blancardella ), tortricidae family (e.g.  Cydia pomonella ); cochylidae family (e.g.  Eupoecilia ambiguella ), yponomeutidae family (e.g.  Prays oleae ), lymantridae family (e.g.  Lymantria dispar ); orthoptera order, gryllotalpidae family (e.g.  Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa ); rhynchota order, aphididae family (e.g.  Myzus persicae , flatidae family (e.g.  Metcalfa pruinosa ), pentatomidae family (e.g.  Nezara viridula ), aleyrodidae family (e.g.  Trialeuroides vaporarium ), psyllidae family (e.g.  Psylla pyri ), diaspidinae family (e.g.  Quarospidiotus perniciosus ), pseudococcidae family (e.g.  Planococcus citri ), monophlebidae family (e.g.  Pericerya purchasi ), coccidae family (e.g.  Saissetia oleae ), thysanoptera order, thrypidae family (e.g.  Thrips tabaci ); tetranychidae mites (e.g.  Panonychus ulmi ) eriophydae mites (e.g.  Iculus fockeni ).  
      Preferably weed selection is made from the group comprising: malvaceae family (e.g.  Abutilon theophrasti ) compositae family (e.g.  Matricaria chamomilla ), ranunculaceae family (e.g.  Ranunculus repens ), umbelliferae family (e.g.  Daucus carota ), libiatae family (e.g.  Lamium purpureum ), amaranthaceae family (e.g.  Amaranthus retroflexus ), primulaceae family (e.g.  Anagallis arvensis ), cruciferae family (e.g.  Sinapis arvensis ), chenopodiaceae family (e.g.  Chenopodium album ), convolvulaceae family (e.g.  Convolvulus arvensis ), solanaceae family (e.g.  Solanum nigrum ), geraniaceae family (e.g.  Geranium molle ), euphorbiaceae family (e.g. Euphorbia peplus), polygonaceae (e.g.  Polygonum aviculare ), papaveraceae family (e.g.  Papaver rhoaes ), leguminosae family (e.g.  Vicia sativa ), scrophulariaceae family (e.g.  Veronica persica ), graminaceae family (e.g.  Avena  spp.,  Lolium  spp.,  Echinochloa crusgalli ).  
      Preferably, plants submitted to preventive or curative treatment are selected from the group comprising: horticultural cultivations (such as tomato, potato, lettuce, strawberry, onion, celery, melon, marrow, aubergine, artichoke, French bean, cabbage), flower and ornamental cultivations (such as  rhododendron, begonia, camellia , chrysantemum, carnation, stork&#39;s bill,  gerbera, lilium , orchid,  petunia, primula , rose), arboreous cultivations (such as dicotyledon,  citrus , cherry, fig, almond, apple, walnut, olive, pear, peach, plum trees, vine, flower and ornamental trees, nurseries).  
      The water emulsion comprising a vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil, is a stable emulsion. Preferably, the emulsion comprises water in an amount included between 1 and 99% by weight or volume, with respect to the emulsion weight or volume, and vegetable oil in an amount included between 99 and 1% by weight or volume, with respect to the emulsion weight or volume. Preferably, the emulsion comprises water in an amount included between 10 and 90% by weight or volume, with respect to the emulsion weight or volume, and vegetable oil in an amount included between 90 and 10% by weight or volume, with respect to the emulsion weight or volume. Advantageously, the emulsion comprises water in an amount included between 15 and 85% by weight or volume, with respect to the weight or volume of the emulsion, and vegetable oil in an amount included between 85 and 15% by weight or volume, with respect to the emulsion weight or volume.  
      The physical, chemical and technical properties of the water emulsion comprising one or more vegetable oils, which is the object of the present invention, are: the absence of oxidizing properties; flash point higher than 300° C.; pH (1% emulsion of soybean oil in water) 7.5; viscosity value at 25° C., 425 cps; specific gravity value at 20° C., 1 g/ml. The water emulsion object of the invention under normal environmental conditions is stable in time and keeps its features unchanged. The emulsion kept for 14 days to a temperature of 54° C. did not suffer from important physico-chemical changes. At its maximum use amount, the emulsion of the invention does not show foam. Hereinbelow reproduced are tests for the emulsion emulsifiability, new emulsifiability and stability:  
                                                   Emulsifiability   Full and uniform                          Emulsion stability   after 30 minutes, 3 ml of               oil on the surface               after 3 hours, 5 ml of               oil on the surface               after 24 hours, 5 ml of               oil on the surface           New emulsifiability   Full               after 30 seconds: 1 ml of               oil on the surface               after 30 minutes: 3 ml of               oil on the surface                      
 
      The Applicant has found it useful to prepare a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide composition comprising a stable water emulsion of a vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil, in combination with at least one substance having a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide activity. In particular, the composition may comprise at least one substance selected from the group comprising: fungicides; insecticides; acaricides; nematocides and herbicides.  
      For instance, fungicides are selected from the following compounds: 
      1. Organic nitrogen-sulphur compounds such as: 
        dithiocarbamates, (ziram, mancozeb), for example;     thiazines:     thiadizoles;     thioanilides (e.g. etridiazole);     thiocyanoquinones;     thiophanates     thiophthalimides (e.g. folpet).    
        2. Organic nitrogen compounds such as: 
        organic aromatic-aliphatic nitrogen compounds (e.g. cymoxanil, benalaxyl, metalaxyl, chlorothalonil);     organic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (e.g. procymidone, fludioxonil, cyprodinil; bitertanol, tetraconazole, triadimenol, dimethomorph);    
        3. Halohydrocarbons.     4. Analogues of strobilurines (e.g. azoxystrobin; trifloxystrobin);     5. Organic phosphorus compounds (e.g. fosetyl-aluminium)     6. Organic stannous compounds.     7. Inorganic compounds such as: 
        sulphur and compounts thereof (e.g. sulphur).    
       

      For instance, insecticides are selected from the following compounds: 
      1. Organic nitrogen compounds such as: 
        carbamates (e.g. carbaryl, pirimicarb);     benzoylureas (e.g. flufenoxuron);     chloronicotiniles (e.g. imidacloprid);     dyacylhydrazines     phenylpyrazoles (e.g. fipronil);     pyridine azometines     triazines    
        2. Organic nitrogen-sulphur compounds, such as: 
        dithiocarbamates (e.g. metam-sodium);     thiadiazines;     thiadiazinons (e.g. buprofezin);     thiocarbamates.    
        3. Organic chlorine compounds, such as: 
        cyclohexanes;     cycloheptanes (e.g. endosulfan);     diphenylethanes    
        4. Organic phosphorus compounds, such as: 
        phosphates (e.g. vamidothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, azinphos-methyl, dimethoate, phosalone);     phosphonates;     phosphoroamidates;     diphosphates.    
        5. Halohydrocarbons     6. Phenoxy-derivatives.     7. Insecticide oils, such as: 
        mineral oils;     yellow oils;    
        8. Vegetable derivatives and similar synthetic compounds, such as: 
        flints     pyrethroids;     norpyrethrates (e.g. deltamethring, tefluthrin, acrinathrin and other vegetable derivatives (e.g. azadirachtin, rotenone);    
        9. Inorganic compounds such as: 
        polysulphides (e.g. barium polysulphide);     phosphorous-derivatives    
       

      For instance, acaricides are selected from the following compounds: 
      1. Halohydrocarbons (e.g. dicofol);     2. Organic sulphur compounds (e.g. propargite);     3. Organic nitrogen compounds (e.g. amitraz, tebufenpyrad);     4. Organic nitrogen-sulphur compounds (e.g. hexythiazox);     5. Organic stannous compounds    

      For instance, nematocides are selected from the following compounds: 
      1. Halohydrocarbons;     2. Organic nitrogen compounds (e.g. carbosulfan);     3. Organic nitrogen-sulphur compounds (e.g. phorate).    

      For instance, weedkillers are selected from the following compounds: 
      1. Organic nitrogen compounds, such as: 
        amides (e.g. propyzamide, metolachlor, flufenacet);     benzonitriles (e.g. bromoxynil, ioxynil);     carbamates (e.g. phenmedipham);     urea derivatives (e.g. linuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, oxasulfuron, rimsulfuron);     nitro derivatives (e.g. pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen);     diazines (e.g. lenacil, chloridazon);     dipyrilidyles;     imidazolinones (e.g. imazetapyr, imazametabenz);     isoxazoles (e.g. isoxaflutole);     oxydiazolinones (e.g. ozadiazon);     pyridines (e.g. clopyralid);     triazines (e.g. terbuthylazine, metamitron, metribuzin);     triazolepyrimidine-sulphonanilides (e.g. metosulam, florasulam);    
        2. Organic phosphorus compounds (e.g. gliphosate, gluphosinate-ammonium).     3. Organic stannous compounds     4. Other organic compounds such as: 
        aryloxyphenoxypropionates (e.g. propaquizafop, clodinafop-propargyl, quizalofop-ethyl);     coumarones;     cyclohexanediones (e.g. sulcotrione, mesotrione);     cyclohexenones (e.g. cycloxydim, sethoxydim, tralkoxydim);     benzoic acid derivates (e.g. dicamba);     phenoxycarboxylic acid derivates (e.g. MCPA).    
        5. Inorganic Compounds    

      Advantageously, the water emulsion comprises a vegetable oil selected from: soybean oil, rape oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, neem oil and olive oil in a percentage of 40% by weight or volume, with respect to the overall weight or volume of the emulsion.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the water emulsion comprises soybean oil in a percentage of 40% by weight or volume with respect to the overall weight or volume of the emulsion. Practically, 400 g of soybean oil are mechanically emulsified in 1000 ml of water. The emulsion may further comprise: an additive such as polyethylene glycol glycerol rinoleate in an amount included between 0.5 and 2%, preferably 1%; calcium chloride in an amount included between 0.1 and 0.3%, preferably 0.2%; calcium phosphate in an amount included between 0.3 and 0.7%, preferably 0.5%; wheat flour in an amount included between 0.5 and 2%, preferably 1%; and water q.s. to 100%. Due to the nature of the active substance, i.e. soybean oil which is normally used in human feeding, the preparation is not toxic or dangerous.  
      The Applicant has carried out some experimental tests providing use of a fungicide, bactericide, insecticide or herbicide composition comprising a stable water emulsion of vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil; and: 
          at least one active substance selected from fungicides; or     at least one active substance selected from bactericides; or     at least one active substance selected from insecticides; or     at least one active substance selected from herbicides.        

      Alternatively, it is within the object of the present invention use of a (ternary) composition comprising a stable water emulsion of vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil; and: 
          at least one active substance selected from fungicides; and     at least one active substance selected from bactericides; and     at least one active substance selected from insecticides.        

      In a preferred embodiment of the present invention a copper-based fungicide is employed in combination with a sulphur fungicide.  
      Alternatively, it is within the object of the present invention use of a (binary) combination comprising a stable water emulsion of vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil; and: 
          at least one active substance selected from fungicides; and     at least one active substance selected from bactericides.        

      Alternatively, it is within the object of the present invention use of a (binary) composition comprising a stable water emulsion of vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil; and: 
          at least one active substance selected from fungicides; and     at least one active substance selected from insecticides.        

      Alternatively, it is also within the object of the present invention use of a (binary) composition comprising ‘a stable water emulsion of vegetable oil, preferably soybean oil, and 
          at least one active substance selected from insecticides; and     at least one active substance selected from bactericides.        

      In the context of the present invention, for the sake of simplicity, the preparation reproduced in Example 1 will be referred to as “emulsion”.  
     EXAMPLE NO. 1  
      Preparation of a stable water emulsion comprising soybean oil in a percentage of 40% by weight or volume with respect to the overall weight or volume of the emulsion.  
      The experimental tests hereinafter reproduced involve use of an emulsion as per Example No. 1, in combination with the respective active substances, as reproduced in each example:  
     EXAMPLE NO. 2 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  peronospora   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Ingredients 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 (g or 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.9 a 
                 9.8 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Mancozeb 
                 1470 
                 11 
                 0.2 b 
                 0.3 b 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 3 
                 Mancozeb + Emulsion 
                 490 + 280 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 3 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  peronospora   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Ingredients 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 (g or 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.9 a 
                 9.8 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Folpet 
                 1200 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 b 
                 100 
               
               
                 3 
                 Mancozeb + Emulsion 
                 400 + 200 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 b 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 4 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  peronospora   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Ingredients 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 (g or 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.9 a 
                 9.8 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Dimethomorph 
                 1050 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 b 
                 100 
               
               
                 3 
                 Dimethomorph + Emulsion 
                 350 + 280 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 b 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 5 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  peronospora   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Ingredients 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 (g or 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.9 a 
                 9.8 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Azoxystrobin 
                 250 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 b 
                 100 
               
               
                 3 
                 Azoxystrobin + Emulsion 
                 83 + 133 
                 11 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.0 b 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 6 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  peronospora   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Ingredients 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 (g or 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.9 a 
                 9.8 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Fosetyl- 
                 960 
                 11 
                 0.3 b 
                 0.8 b 
                 87.2 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium 
               
               
                 3 
                 Fosetyl- 
                 320 + 160 
                 11 
                 0.8 b 
                 1.3 b 
                 87.2 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium + Emulsion 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 7 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: fresh calcareous 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against mildew ( Uncinula necator ) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on mildew 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Ingredients 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 (g or 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 25.3 a 
                 87.3 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Sulphur 
                 4795 
                 6 
                  2.2 b 
                 12.5 bd 
                 85.7 
               
               
                 3 
                 Sulphur + Emulsion 
                 1596 + 800 
                 6 
                  1.5 b 
                  9.4 bd 
                 89.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 8 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  Panonychus ulmi   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  P. ulmi   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 Ingredients 
                 No. of 
                 Mites per 
                 Mites per 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 (g or ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 leaf 1 
                 leaf 2 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.9 a 
                 9.2 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Tebufenpyrad 
                 125 
                 1 
                 0.4 b 
                 1.1 b 
                 80.8 
               
               
                 3 
                 Tebufenpyrad + Emulsion 
                 41 + 66 
                 1 
                 0.3 b 
                 1.8 b 
                 80.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 9 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  Panonychus ulmi   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Active 
                   
                 Surveys on  P. ulmi   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 Ingredients 
                 No. of 
                 Mites per 
                 Mites per 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 (g or ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 leaf 1 
                 leaf 2 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.9 a 
                 9.2 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Flufenoxuron 
                 50 
                 1 
                 1.1 b 
                 3.0 b 
                 68.0 
               
               
                 3 
                 Flufenoxuron + Emulsion 
                 15 + 120 
                 1 
                 0.9 b 
                 2.0 b 
                 78.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 10 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against  Panonychus ulmi   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                 Surveys on  P. ulmi   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 of f.c. (g 
                 No. of 
                 Mites per 
                 Mites per 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 or ml/ha) 
                 Interventions 
                 leaf 1 
                 leaf 2 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.9 a 
                 9.2 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Hexythiazox 
                 30 
                 1 
                 0.0 b 
                 0.6 b 
                 91.6 
               
               
                 3 
                 Hexythiazox + Emulsion 
                 10 + 40 
                 1 
                 0.3 b 
                 0.8 b 
                 91.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 11 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivation: muscat vine 
               
               
                 Soil: average admixture 
               
               
                 Test target: fight against acid rot 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Surveys on botritis 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Amounts 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thesis 
                 Active 
                 of f.c. (g 
                 No. of 
                 infection 
                 % spreading 
                 Action 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Ingredients 
                 or ml/ha 
                 Interventions 
                 on bunches 
                 on bunches 
                 Degree 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1.3 a 
                 40.0 a 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 (Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil) 
                 (300 + 200) 
                 2 
                 0.2 d 
                 11.5 cd 
                 78 
               
               
                 3 
                 (Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil) + Emulsion 
                 (101 + 68) + 108 
                 2 
                 0.4 bd 
                 21.5 bd 
                 86.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Statistical significance: data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 in accordance with Duncan test.    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE NO. 12  
     
         
          Treatment: 300 l/ha of solution were sprayed  
          Experimental pattern: spraying on 4 trays, each containing 8 lettuce plants  
          Flower survey: carried out after 14 days from treatment (T), (T+14), and after 27 days (T+27), stating the devitalization degree in percentage  
       
    
      Test target: Composite chemical weedkilling (Lactuga sativa)  
                                                      Amounts       Surveys - %       Thesis   Active   of f.c. (g   No. of   devitalization                                     No.   Ingredients   or ml/ha)   Interventions   T + 14   T + 27                                             1   Untreated   —   —   0   0       2   Gliphosate   360   1   32.0   90.0       3   Gliphosate +   360 + 400   1   32.5   95.6           Emulsion                  
 
     EXAMPLE NO. 13  
     
         
          Treatment: 300 l/ha of solution were sprayed  
          Experimental pattern: spraying on 4 trays, each containing 8 lettuce plants  
          Flower survey: carried out after 14 days from treatment (T), (T+14), and after 27 days (T+27), stating the devitalization degree in percentage  
       
    
      Test target: Composite chemical weedkilling (Lactuga sativa)  
                                                      Amounts       Surveys - %       Thesis   Active   of f.c. (g   No. of   devitalization                                     No.   Ingredients   or ml/ha)   Interventions   T + 14   T + 27                                             1   Untreated   —   —   0   0       2   Bromoxynil   356   1   56.0   67.5           octanoate       3   Bormoxynil   356 + 400   1   60.5   75.0           octanoate +           Emulsion                  
 
     EXAMPLE NO. 14  
     
         
          Treatment: 300 l/ha of solution were sprayed  
          Experimental pattern: spraying on 4 trays, each containing 8 lettuce plants  
          Flower survey: carried out after 14 days from treatment (T), (T+14), and after 27 days (T+27), stating the devitalization degree in percentage  
       
    
      Test target: Composite chemical weedkilling (Lactuga sativa)  
                                                      Amounts       Surveys - %       Thesis   Active   of f.c. (g   No. of   devitalization                                     No.   Ingredients   or ml/ha)   Interventions   T + 14   T + 27                                             1   Untreated   —   —   0   0       2   Clopyradil   100   1   85.0   87.5       3   Clopyradil +   100 + 400   1   90.0   95.0           Emulsion                  
 
     EXAMPLE NO. 15  
     
         
          Treatment: 300 l/ha of solution were sprayed  
          Experimental pattern: spraying on 4 trays, each containing 8 lettuce plants  
          Flower survey: carried out after 14 days from treatment (T), (T+14), and after 27 days (T+27), stating the devitalization degree in percentage  
       
    
      Test target: Composite chemical weedkilling (Lactuga sativa)  
                                                      Amounts       Surveys - %       Thesis   Active   of f.c. (g   No. of   devitalization                                     No.   Ingredients   or ml/ha)   Interventions   T + 14   T + 27                                             1   Untreated   —   —   0   0       2   Lenacil   150   1   11.0   30.0       3   Lenacil +   150 + 120   1   19.0   35.3           Emulsion                  
 
      The above reproduced tests were carried out by adding the water-oil emulsion comprising one or more vegetable oils selected from: soybean oil, rape oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, neem oil and olive oil to active substances such as: fungicides (mancozeb, folpet, dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, fosetyl-aluminium, sulphur); insecticides (flufenoxuron) and acaricides (tebufenpyrad, hexythiazox).  
      All tables and related theses reproduced herein result from an experimental activity carried out in the open field following precise protocols and experimental guidelines.  
      The aim of this experimental activity was that of verifying the possibility of reducing the amount of the chemical formulation employed, while keeping the activity of same unchanged towards adversities to be fought ( peronospora , mildew and  Panonychus ulmi ), thanks to addition of the adjuvant, preferably soybean oil.  
      Therefore in each table, together with the untreated control specimen, the thesis relating to the active ingredient is reproduced to the standard amount suggested on the label (e.g. folpet to 1200 g/ha of active ingredient) and the thesis contemplating the same active ingredient to an amount reduced to 1/3 of the full amount with the water emulsion in an extemporaneous mixture (e.g. folpet 400 g/ha of active ingredient +stable water emulsion 200 ml/ha of active ingredient).  
      The methodologies for detection of the efficiency results were selected depending on: the pathology to be fought, infection, % spreading of the disease for  peronospora , mildew and acid rot, and depending on the count of the mite number per leaf in the fight tests against  Panonychus ulmi.    
      In order to minimize the result variability, which is outside the true behaviour of a given fight means against a certain adversity, there are standardized protocols and experimental guidelines to be applied in a precise and meticulous manner. At all events the experimental error is always present in interpreting the results of a test. Acknowledgement of such an error and therefore possible scientific validation is carried out by statistical working out of the results and data items resulting from the experimental test.  
      The statistical data item interpretation is essentially based on the calculation of the “variance” or the square of the standard deviation. As known, the “mean” evaluates the average value of a data item series and the “variance” on the contrary evaluates how much these data items deviates from the average of the same series.  
      The variance analysis leads to the evaluation of the significance of an experimental data item, in other words it leads to the evaluation of its reproducibility and its real correlation with the factor under examination.  
      The minimum significance must be at least equal to P=0.05 (5%).  
      Example: if, based on the variance calculation, two values are evaluated significatively different from each other for P=0.05, it means that the probability that the same values will be different from each other by mere chance is 5%. Therefore, there is a 95% probability that these data items will be really different and correlated with the factors they numerically represent. In addition, should the same experimental test be repeated further 100 times under the same operating conditions, in 95 cases out of 100 the same data items would be significantly different and not by mere chance.  
      Among the great number of statistical tests interpreting the experimental data items, Duncan test in the scientific field is considered as one of the best evaluation instruments for significance of the experimental data items. The test allocates a letter to each number; to the same letter correspond numbers evaluated as not significantly different. Example: 12.5a 0.9b 0.3b  
      Although 0.9 and 0.3 are numerically different, they are evaluated, in connection with 12.5, as not significantly different from each other but both of them are evaluated as significantly different from 12.5.  
      Examples 12-15 relate to tests carried out by adding the water-oil emulsion comprising soybean oil to herbicides (gliphosate, bromoxinyl, clopyralid, lenacil). However experimental tests were carried out with use of a water emulsion comprising rape oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, neem oil and olive oil, which tests gave similar results as compared with those obtained by use of soybean oil.  
      The requirement of identifying, for all extensive cultivations (for instance wheat, corn, sugar beet, soybean), protection techniques against weeds with a lower chemical input has addressed to the research applied to examination of all factors that can help in improving efficiency of the active ingredients spread and selectivity towards a cultivation. Of these, use of adjuvants in a mixture with post-emergency herbicides represents a technical element of sure interest.  
      With reference to the active ingredients employed in examples 12-15, it was an aim of this experimental research to verify the influence of the emulsion addition on the herbicide activity towards a target weed belonging to the compositae family. By virtue of the high herbicide activity of weedkillers, when applied in the amounts on the label, and in order to highlight possible efficiency variations of same among the different theses dealt with, all active ingredients were employed alone in amounts reduced by ⅓ and reduced by ⅓ in an extemporaneous mixture with the emulsion being the object of the present invention. Example: should the active ingredients have been employed to the amounts reproduced on the label, it would have been very likely to obtain a 100% devitalization of the weed with the active ingredient alone and in a mixture with the emulsion.  
      Therefore it is reproduced in each table, together with the untreated control specimen, the thesis relating to the active ingredient, to the standard amount suggested on the label reduced by ⅓ (e.g. gliphosate at 360 ml/ha of active ingredient) and the thesis contemplating the same active ingredient in an amount reduced by ⅓ with respect to the full amount with the emulsion in an extemporaneous mixture (e.g. gliphosate 360 ml/ha of active ingredient +emulsion 400 ml/ha of active ingredient).  
      As to the methodologies for efficiency detection, a visual estimation was selected, by allocating a % value to the overall devitalizing activity observed on the target plant.  
      In the case of experimental tests concerning chemical weedkilling, while the remarks on the importance of a statistical evaluation for tests with fungicides are still valid, an agronomic evaluation does not always require a statistical confirmation because fight against weeds has distinct characters. In particular, even activity differences of a small number of percent points (statistically non-significant) can lead to noticeable differences from an agronomic point of view, because the primary aim is that of eliminating or reducing the weed competition towards the concerned cultivation. This effect can be also achieved without the full devitalization of the weed. Example: the statistics considers as non-different a bunch of grapes damaged for 50% and a bunch damaged for 55% (also in practical terms they are not different). Alternatively, a weed devitalized for 50% could have a greater germination ability and therefore a greater ability to compete with the cultivation and cause damage, as compared with a weed identical with the first one but devitalized for 55%.  
      For the above reasons the results obtained from the herbicide efficiency tests were not interpreted under a statistical point of view.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the fungicide composition comprises a stable water emulsion of one or more vegetable oils selected from: soybean oil, rape oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, neem oil and olive oil in combination with other copper-based products.  
      Advantageously, the fungicide composition comprises a stable water emulsion of soybean oil in combination with other copper-based products.  
      The copper-including composition is particularly adapted for reducing fungus diseases, caused by Phycomyces belonging to the peronosporaceae family on several different cultivations. Cultivations on which the copper-including composition was tested are, for example: citrus fruit, vine, strawberry, bulb vegetables (garlic and onion), fruit vegetables (tomato, pepper, aubergine, melon, cucumber) cabbage, leaf vegetables (lettuce, spinach, beet and mangel-wurzel), fresh and pulse leguminous plants (beans and peas), potato, sugar beet, tobacco, ornamental flowers.  
      Advantageously, the stable water emulsion of soybean oil is employed to the same reduced amount as the copper-based preparation (from oxychloride, hydroxide, sulphate) with which it is mixed. For instance, in an amount ratio 1:1, if the amount of the cupric product corresponds to 100 ml/g/hl the water emulsion amount, with 40% soybean oil for example, is 100 ml/hl. Alternatively, if on the contrary the copper-based product is applied to 200 ml/g/hl the water emulsion amount, with 40% soybean oil for example, is 200 ml/hl.  
      The Applicant has surprisingly found that the reduction in the copper-based product amounts is included within ⅓ to ⅙ of the normal use amount. Practically, 300 ml/g/hl of copper formulation can be reduced from a minimum of three times (100 ml/g/hl) to a maximum of six times (50 ml/g/hl) depending on the sensibility degree of the cultivation and the disease pressure that is wished to be fought.  
      In addition, use of the emulsion in combination with the active ingredients does not at all modify the intervention strategy of the fungicides and/or bactericides, such as copper-based products, as provided by a good agricultural experience. The composition comprising the stable water emulsion and the active ingredient once diluted in water, is applied to the cultivations to be protected using normal spraying equipment.  
      As regards periods and treatment number, the instructions reproduced on the label for the corresponding products employed are to be followed.  
      The composition comprising the stable water emulsion and the active principle object of the present invention improves distribution and adhesive character of the active ingredient employed, enabling reduction in the amounts of use of the fungicide, bactericide, insecticide and herbicide. For instance, with reference to copper, it was noticed that, at the “time of lack” (20 days from application of the stable water emulsion-copper formulation mixture), the copper residue does not overcome the maximum residue admitted on treated fruits/leaves. In this connection, the following tests carried out on grapes and must are herein reproduced (Table 1).  
               TABLE 1                          Copper residues in grapes and must samples                                 Comm.                   Formulation   Number of   Copper (mg/kg or 1)                                 PRODUCT   amount   applications   Grapes   Must               40% copper   1800   6   11.70   1.05       hydroxide       40% copper   600 + 600   6    4.60   0.26       hydroxide + emulsion                  
 
      The maximum copper residue allowed in grapes and in tomato corresponds to 20 mg per kg of product, whereas in the must it corresponds to 1 mg per kg or litre of product.  
      Tests show that, at “the time of lack” the copper values are under the limits established by law.  
      The Applicant has carried out some experimental tests using the water emulsion object of the present invention in a mixture with some copper formulations. The tests aimed at evaluating, on the one hand, the efficiency of a composition comprising a water emulsion of soybean oil admixed with some copper products and, on the other hand, the efficiency of the copper products employed by their own. The tests carried out were the following: 
      1) Efficiency evaluation when admixed with copper oxychloride and cupric hydroxide for  peronospora  ( Phytophthoraa infestans ) control on tomato (Table 2);     2) Efficiency evaluation when admixed with copper oxychloride and cupric hydroxide for  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) control on vine (Table 3);     3) Efficiency of the soybean-oil water emulsion admixed with copper formulations for  peronospora  ( Phytophthoraa infestans ) control on tomato (Table 4);     4) Efficiency of the soybean-oil water emulsion admixed with cupric hydroxide and cupric sulphate for  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) control on vine (Table 5);    

      5) Efficiency of the soybean-oil water emulsion admixed with cupric hydroxide and cupric sulphate for  peronospora  ( Plasmopara viticola ) control on vine (Table 6).  
               TABLE 2                            Phytophthora infestans  on tomato                         Fruit infection on 25           plants per parcel of           land on harvesting           (06/09)                                         % infected surface per   %   % plants               plant on 25 plants per   infected   with           Amount (g/hl)   parcel of land   fruits/   infected                                             No.   product   f.c.   p.a.   01/09/99   09/09/99   plants   fruits               1   Untreated   —   —   36.1 a   85.8 a   6.9 a   100 a       2   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion   200 + 200   100 + 80    11.0 bcd   22.2 c   1.7 b    44.0 c       3   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion   100 + 100   50 + 40   10.9 bcd   28.9 b   1.9 b    60.0 b       4   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion   50 + 50   25 + 20   12.1 bc   30.0 b   2.2 b    56.0 b       5   50% copper oxychloride   300   150   12.9 b   19.5 c   0.8 cd    25.0 ef       6   40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion   250 + 250   100 + 100    7.0 e    9.2 d   0.4 de    18.0 fg       7   40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion   200 + 200   50 + 50    9.2 cde   15.8 cd   0.8 cd    32.0 de       8   40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion   100 + 100   25 + 25    9.3 cde   16.0 cd   1.1 c    39.0 cd       9   40% cupric hydroxide   300   120    8.3 de   11.4 d   0.2 e    13.0 g                 Data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 according to Duncan test             
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Plasmopara viticola  on vine 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 leaf surface 
                 % infected leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on 100 leaves 
                 on 100 leaves 
               
               
                   
                 Amount (g/hl) 
                 per parcel of land 
                 per parcel of land 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Product 
                 f.c. 
                 p.a. 
                 12/08/99 
                 23/08/99 
                 12/08/99 
                 23/08/99 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 15.1 a 
                 22.7 a 
                 58.8 a 
                 67.3 a 
               
               
                 2 
                 50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 200 + 200 
                 100 + 80  
                  3.6 bc 
                  3.4 b 
                 25.5 bc 
                 26.0 b 
               
               
                 3 
                 50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 100 + 100 
                 50 + 40 
                  3.8 bc 
                  6.3 b 
                 26.3 bc 
                 35.3 b 
               
               
                 4 
                 50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 50 + 50 
                 25 + 20 
                  5.3 bc 
                  6.3 b 
                 32.3 b 
                 35.0 b 
               
               
                 5 
                 50% copper oxychloride 
                 300 
                 150 
                  3.0 c 
                  5.5 b 
                 23.3 bc 
                 31.3 b 
               
               
                 6 
                 40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion 
                 250 + 250 
                 100 + 100 
                  2.2 c 
                  3.1 b 
                 19.8 c 
                 23.5 b 
               
               
                 7 
                 40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion 
                 200 + 200 
                 50 + 50 
                  3.7 bc 
                  4.2 b 
                 27.5 bc 
                 29.0 b 
               
               
                 8 
                 40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion 
                 100 + 100 
                 25 + 25 
                  6.3 b 
                  6.6 b 
                 33.3 b 
                 30.3 b 
               
               
                 9 
                 40% cupric hydroxide 
                 300 
                 120 
                  2.5 c 
                  4.9 b 
                 23.0 bc 
                 32.8 b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 according to Duncan test    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Phytophthora infestans  on tomato 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Fruit 
               
               
                   
                   
                 infection on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 plants per 
               
               
                   
                   
                 parcel of land 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on harvesting 
               
               
                   
                 % infected 
                 (11/09) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 surface per plant 
                 % 
                 % plants 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on 25 plants per 
                 infected 
                 with 
               
               
                   
                 Amount (g/hl) 
                 parcel of land 
                 fruits/ 
                 infected 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Product 
                 f.c. 
                 p.a. 
                 04/09/00 
                 12/09/00 
                 plants 
                 fruits 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 42.3 a 
                 62.8 a 
                 1.8 a 
                 53.0 a 
               
               
                 2 
                   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 100 + 100 
                 50 + 40 
                 11.9 b 
                 24.9 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 3 
                   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 50 + 50 
                 25 + 20 
                 11.6 b 
                 23.9 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 4 
                   50% copper oxychloride 
                 300 
                 150 
                 10.9 b 
                 21.0 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 5 
                   40% cupric hydroxide * emulsion 
                 100+ 100 
                 40 + 40 
                 10.9 b 
                 22.6 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 6 
                   40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion 
                 50 + 50 
                 20 + 20 
                  9.5 b 
                 19.7 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 7 
                   40% cupric hydroxide 
                 300 
                 120 
                  8.3 b 
                 18.8 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 8 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate + emulsion 
                 340 + 340 
                 68.68 + 136   
                  8.6 b 
                 19.7 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 9 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate + emulsion 
                 170 + 170 
                 34.34 + 68   
                  8.9 b 
                 19.2 b 
                 0 b 
                  0 b 
               
               
                 10  
                 20.2% Cupric sulphate 
                 1000  
                 202 
                 13.8 b 
                 22.4 b 
                 0.1 b 
                  3.0 b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 according to Duncan test    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Plasmopara viticola  on vine 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 leaf surface 
                 % infected leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on 100 leaves 
                 on 100 leaves per 
               
               
                   
                 Amount (g/hl) 
                 per parcel of land 
                 parcel of land 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Product 
                 f.c. 
                 p.a. 
                 11/08/00 
                 21/08/00 
                 11/08/00 
                 21/08/00 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.1 a 
                 14.3 a 
                 27.8 a 
                 58.3 a 
               
               
                 2 
                   40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion 
                 100 + 100 
                 40 + 40 
                 0.6 b 
                  3.6 b 
                  8.0 bc 
                 21.5 bc 
               
               
                 3 
                   40% cupric hydroxide + emulsion 
                 50 + 50 
                 20 + 20 
                 0.7 b 
                  3.2 b 
                  9.3 b 
                 23.8 b 
               
               
                 4 
                   40% cupric hydroxide 
                 300 
                 120 
                 0.3 b 
                  3.0 b 
                  4.8 d 
                 22.0 bc 
               
               
                 5 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate + emulsion 
                 340 + 340 
                 68.68 + 136   
                 0.3 b 
                  2.6 b 
                  4.3 d 
                 19.5 c 
               
               
                 6 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate + emulsion 
                 170 + 170 
                 34.34 + 68   
                 0.4 b 
                  3.4 b 
                  6.0 cd 
                 24.0 b 
               
               
                 7 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate 
                 1000  
                 202 
                 0.3 b 
                  2.5 b 
                  4.0 d 
                 19.5 c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 according to Duncan test    
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Plasmopara viticola  on vine 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % infected 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 leaf surface 
                 % infected leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on 100 leaves 
                 on 100 leaves per 
               
               
                   
                 Amount (g/hl) 
                 per parcel of land 
                 parcel of land 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                 Product 
                 f.c. 
                 p.a. 
                 02/08/00 
                 11/08/00 
                 02/08/00 
                 11/08/00 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Untreated 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6.3 a 
                 12.3 a 
                 12.3 a 
                 67.3 a 
               
               
                 2 
                   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 170 + 170 
                 85 + 68 
                 0.2 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  5.3 b 
               
               
                 3 
                   50% copper oxychloride + emulsion 
                 85 + 85 
                 42.5 + 34   
                 0.3 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  5.0 b 
               
               
                 4 
                   50% copper oxychloride 
                  500 
                 250   
                 0.1 b 
                  0.2 b 
                  0.2 b 
                  4.0 b 
               
               
                 5 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate + emulsion 
                 400 + 400 
                 80.8 + 160  
                 0.2 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  4.8 b 
               
               
                 6 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate + emulsion 
                 200 + 200 
                 40.4 + 80   
                 0.2 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  0.3 b 
                  5.5 b 
               
               
                 7 
                 20.2% cupric sulphate 
                 1200 
                 242.5 
                 0.1 b 
                  0.2 b 
                  0.2 b 
                  3.3 b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Data items followed by same letter do not differ for P = 0.05 according to Duncan test    
               
            
           
         
       
     
      In the context of the present invention, by (f.c.) it is intended “commercial formulation” and by (p.a.) it is intended “active ingredient”.  
      The water emulsion object of the invention has a high physical and chemical compatibility with products for plant protection. The emulsion is compatible with preparations based on copper oxychloride, cupric hydroxide, oxide (or copper oxide) and sulphate.  
      The product improves wettability, adhesion and distribution of the cupric preparations to which it is to be added.  
      In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the application method comprises the following steps: 
          preparing a stable water emulsion comprising soybean oil;     admixing the active ingredient, a copper formulation for example, with said emulsion to obtain a mixture;     applying said mixture to cultivations to be treated by use of spraying means.        

      The water emulsion comprising a vegetable oil (soybean oil) is fully degradable. Therefore, as to possible phythotoxic effects on cultivations, and precautionary measures to avoid such effects, instructions for use of the active ingredients employed or the copper products admixed with said emulsion are to be followed.