Patent Publication Number: US-2012033775-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for intermediate controlled fusion processes

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a non-provisional application taking priority from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/371,756, filed Aug. 9, 2010 and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/444,431, filed Feb. 18, 2011, the disclosures of both provisional applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This invention relates to the field of producing usable heat and more particularly to a system for producing usable heat without the emission of harmful radiation or the production of radioactive waste. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Intermediate Controlled Nuclear Fusion without harmful radiations has been long sought for many reasons. One such reason is the production of energy. It is well known that both atomic fission and atomic fusion create significant amounts of energy that can be used to generate steam which is then routed to a turbine to produce electricity. Unfortunately, as evidenced by a recent natural disaster in Japan, the safety of using such energy is at question. Furthermore, in the process of generating energy, radioactive waste and contaminated materials are produced that remains radioactive for a very long time. To date, no totally effective, proper way of disposing of such waste and materials has been found. 
     Since the discovery of the composite character of atomic nuclei by Enrico Fermi and other scientists in the 1930s, major efforts have been conducted in various countries for the industrial development of energy sources of nuclear origin specifically intended for civilian uses, thus with the emphasis of preventing their explosive character. The prior art in the field of this invention is so vast to discourage partial and, therefore, discriminatory quotations, as illustrated by the vast number of patents released by the US Patent and Trademark Office in the civilian utilization of nuclear energies. 
     With due exceptions, prior endeavors in the field of nuclear energy can be classified into three distinct groups. Patents belonging to the first group deal with the fission of heavy nuclei as, for example, fission used in existing nuclear power plants. As it is well known, nuclear power plants emit neutron, alpha particles and other harmful radiations requiring expensive shielding of the reactor. As a by-product of the fission reaction, these power plants produce highly radioactive nuclear waste that, due to the lack of a process for recycling the radioactive nuclear waste into non-radioactive forms, are currently stored in special depositories resulting in known environmental problems. The solution to these known environmental problems is being left to be solved by future generations. All endeavors of this first group deal with the fission of heavy nuclei. As such, they do not anticipate a fusion processes that does not emit harmful radiation as will be explained and demonstrated. Furthermore, these endeavors deal with heavy, rather than light nuclei. 
     A second group of endeavors deals with attempts of achieving controlled nuclear fusions at very high energies, a process often referred to as hot fusions. As it is well known, despite the investment of public funds in various countries over the past fifty years estimated as being of the order of one trillion dollars, no controlled fusion has been achieved to date and none is in sight. In essence, there is no doubt that new nuclei are indeed synthesized at very high energies. However, the excessive amount of energy used to cause such instabilities is not controllable in a systematic way which would result in utility and industrial value. The endeavors of this second group all use high energies as a necessary pre-requisite to avoid uncontrollable instabilities, which prevention is necessary to have utility and industrial value. 
     The third group of endeavors deals with the fusion of generally light nuclei at low energy, often referred to as cold fusions. Efforts in the field can be traced back to claims in the 1920s by Friedrich Paneth and Kurt Peters on the apparent laboratory fusion of hydrogen into helium. This first claim was followed in subsequent decades by a number of isolated claims of nuclear fusions in a laboratory. In 1989, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons claimed again the achievement of nuclear fusions by stimulating rather large research efforts in the field whose literature is nowadays also vast. Following large efforts, the actual synthesis of new nuclei at low energy is nowadays admitted by a majority of the scientific community, as attested by numerous publications on cold fusions in refereed journals of the American, European and other physical societies. However, despite large investments, cold fusion too has failed to achieve utility and industrial value to date. That is, cold fusion has failed to achieve an production of energy that exceeds the energy used to allow effective industrial production of energy. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,926,872, 6,673,322, 6,663,752, 6,540,966, and 6,183,604, all issued to Rugerro Maria Santilli, describe various approaches to producing a combustible gas using an electric arc, but do not fuse atoms together. 
     What is needed is a nuclear fusion system that will produce usable heat without the emission of harmful radiation or the production of radioactive waste. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, a method for intermediate fusion is disclosed. The fusion is forced between a first atom of a first element and a second atom of a second element without the emission of harmful radiation and without the release of radioactive waste. The first and second atoms are light, natural and stable. The fused atom resulting from the intermediate fusion is also being light, natural and stable. The method includes exposing the first and second atoms to a magnetic field within a pressurized chamber, causing the polarization of electron orbits into a toroid. Since the electrons of the first and second atoms now have a toroidal shape, the nuclei of the first atom is exposed to the nuclei of the second atom. A trigger then is used to force the nuclei of the first atom to fuse with the nuclei of the second atom, thereby fusing the first atom and the second atom into the fused atom. 
     In another embodiment, a method for intermediate fusion is disclosed. Intermediate fusion of a first element with a second element into a fused element is performed without the emission of harmful radiation and without the release of radioactive waste. Atoms of the first element and atoms of the second elements are light, natural and stable. Likewise, atoms of the fused element are also light, natural and stable. The method includes providing a pressure chamber having at least a positive electrode and a negative electrode within the pressure chamber. The positive and negative electrodes electrically connected to a switched source of power. Next, the pressure chamber is evacuated the filled with a gas, thereby increasing a pressure within the pressure chamber to an operational pressure (e.g., 300 to 3,000 PSI). The switched source of power is then enabled, thereby initiating an electric arc between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Now, at least one trigger is provided (e.g. a sudden increase in pressure within the chamber, a pulse in the electric power, etc.) and atoms of the first element are fused with atoms of the second element into atoms of the fused element. 
     In another embodiment, an apparatus for intermediate fusion is disclosed. The fusion is made between a first element and a second element into a fused element without the emission of harmful radiation and without the release of radioactive waste. Atoms of the first element and atoms of the second element are light, natural and stable. Likewise, atoms of the fused element are also light, natural and stable. The apparatus includes a source of electric power and a pressure chamber. There are at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode within the pressure chamber and the positive and negative electrodes are electrically connected to the source of electric power. The apparatus includes a system for evacuating the pressure chamber and a system for filling the evacuated pressure chamber with a gas. 
     Filling of the pressure chamber with the gas increases the pressure within the pressure chamber to an operational pressure. The apparatus includes a way to initiate an electric arc between the at least one positive electrode and the at least one negative electrode and, once the electric arc is going, a way to trigger the fusion of atoms of the first element with atoms of the second element into atoms into atoms of the fused element. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention can be best understood by those having ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the random nature of atomic electron clouds in their natural spherical distribution and the formation of a toroid distribution under magnetic forces with exposed nuclei. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the achievement by a DC electric arc of the toroid polarization of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the he axial triplet coupling of spinning nuclei. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the new bond between polarized atoms of primary magnetic character. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the planar singlet coupling of polarized nuclei that is not suitable under the polarization of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary apparatus used for its experimental verifications. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the results of the chemical analyses showing a decrease of deuterium gas in the apparatus of  FIG. 6  and the increase of nitrogen due the synthesis of deuterium gas and carbon. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate the results of the chemical analyses confirming the synthesis of nitrogen in the apparatus of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate two configurations of flow of gas through an arc. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus with a flow of the gas through the arc. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates another embodiment, also with the flowing of the gas through the electric arc. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates another embodiment allowing the replacement of the electrodes. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates another embodiment allowing an increased duration of the operations prior to the replacement of the electrodes 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Throughout the following detailed description, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements in all figures. Throughout this description, reference to a spherical form of the electron cloud of an atom refers to the natural, random travel of electrons around the nucleus of the atom. Reference to a toroid form of the electron cloud, or toroidal shape, refers to a polarized shape of the electron cloud in which the electrons travel in a generally donut-shaped cloud around the nucleus. 
     This invention deals with the realization of Intermediate Controlled Fusion processes, referred to as ICFP, and referring to an apparatus capable of producing usable heat in a fully controlled system via a number of mechanisms and processes occurring within nuclei, hereon generically referred to as fusion processes, that includes but is not limited to nuclear fusion. The heat being produced is without the emission of harmful radiations and without the release of radioactive waste. 
     The reasons for the failure by cold fusions to achieve utility and industrial value until now are numerous and can be summarized as follows: 1) Cold fusions attempts to date do not have means for the systematic and controlled exposure of nuclei out of their atomic electron clouds. As a result, fusions essentially occur at random, rather than in a controlled way. Nature has equipped atoms with a cloud of high energy electrons orbiting around nuclei. It is evident that, without the systematic control of said electron clouds in such a way to expose nuclei, no nuclear fusion is conceivable or otherwise possible because prevented by said atomic clouds. 2) Cold fusions attempts to date do not have systematic means to control the coupling of nuclei, particularly when the latter have non-null spin. It is known that the coupling of nuclei with parallel spin, called triplet coupling, causes large repulsive forces preventing any systematic fusion. Similar repulsive forces or uncontrollable instabilities occur when nuclei are coupled with random orientation of their spin, in which case fusions, at best, occur at random. 3) Cold fusions attempts to date do not have sufficient energy to implement all means necessary for systematic and controlled fusion, including the exposure of nuclei, the polarization of nuclear spins, the proper coupling of polarized nuclei, and other issues. Extensive mathematical, theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted for decades to resolve the insufficiencies of both cold and hot fusions. These studies are reported, for example, in the five volumes of “Hadronic Mathematics, Mechanics and Chemistry,” by Ruggero Maria Santilli. 
     The “Hadronic Mathematics, Mechanics and Chemistry” studies have established the production of heat from nuclear processes in a systematic and controlled way resolving the shortcomings of the prior art in the field via the following main principles of ICFP: PRINCIPLE 1: Achievement of a systematic exposure of nuclei by controlling of atomic clouds from their spherical form  1  to a toroid form  3 , hereinafter referred to as toroid polarization  3 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . As will be shown, controlling of atomic clouds is performed in a pressure vessel filled with a suitably selected gas, in which the gas is traversed by a DC electric arc. As shown in Volume IV of “Hadronic Mathematics, Mechanics and Chemistry”, the control of atomic electron orbits is possible via magnetic fields. Control of atomic electron orbits requires very strong magnetic fields of the order of 10 10  Gauss or more, namely fields thousands of time stronger than the strongest magnet currently available. Extensive studies and experimentation conducted for decades have established that magnetic field with such intensity are indeed effectively and systematically achieved at atomic distances from DC electric arcs, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In fact, magnetic fields generated by DC arcs generate a magnetic field with force lines constituted by circles with the direction of the arc  5  as their axial symmetry, and field intensity given by the law M=K A/r, where: A represents the DC current in Amperes; r represents the distance from the DC arc; and K is a constant depending on the assumed units whose explicit value is well known to skilled in the art. It then follows that for I=10 3  A and R=10 −8  cm, the magnetic field at atomic distances from the arc is of the order of 10 11  Gauss, thus being sufficient to cause the desired toroidal deformation 3 of the atomic clouds (see  FIG. 1 ). The exposure of nuclei out of their atomic clouds is controllable in a systematic way by controlling the DC current to the electric arc, controlling of the pressure within the containment vessel and other means as will be described. The resulting production of energy is not explosive because the nuclear processes solely occurs at atomic distances from the DC arc, thus prohibiting/inhibiting a chain reactions as is needed for an explosive releases of energy. 
     PRINCIPLE 2: Following the systematic exposure of nuclei as per Principle 1, systematic nuclear couplings in the preferred axial triplet configuration is performed as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Namely, systematic coupling of nuclei  7  as having a common symmetry axis  9  and parallel spins  11  is achieved. Following extensive studies and experimentation reported in “Hadronic Mathematics, Mechanics and Chemistry”, it has been determined that a most effective way for the systematic implementation of the axial triplet coupling is given by the same DC electric arc achieving the toroidal polarization of  FIG. 2 . The DC electric arc causes a toroidal polarization of all atoms along a given force line, of which only two are represented in  FIG. 3  for simplicity. Inspection of nuclei then confirms the axial triplet coupling of  FIG. 3  as desired. This setting produces the configuration of a pair of toroid polarized atoms  13 / 15  according to  FIG. 4 , providing the needed premises for the desired fusion processes. The toroid polarization  3  of  FIG. 1  is extremely unstable for an isolated atom because, due to collisions and other effects caused by temperature. The atomic orbitals return to acquire their spherical configuration nanoseconds following the termination of the DC arc. However, extensive studies, experimentation and chemical analyses as discussed in preceding U.S. patents to Ruggero Maria Santilli (referenced above) have established that the coupling of polarized orbitals  13 / 15  is stable at ambient temperature in that the configuration of  FIG. 4  also acquires a spherical distribution nanoseconds following the termination of the DC arc, but the latter spherical distribution  1  refers to the coupled toroid polarizations and not to the individual polarizations. In fact, studies and experimentation reported in “Hadronic Mathematics, Mechanics and Chemistry” have established that the configuration of  FIG. 4  is stable because the attractive forces in the coupled polarizations are stronger than the repulsive forces. More specifically, the configuration of  FIG. 4  includes repulsive Coulomb forces between the positively charged nuclei as well as the negatively charged electron of the toroid polarizations  13 / 15 . These repulsive forces are balanced by the attractive forces between the opposite nuclear magnetic polarities and the opposing electron magnetic polarities. In addition, there exist strongly attractive magnetic forces between opposing polarities of the magnetic field created by the orbiting of the electrons within the toroid polarizations  13 / 15 , as such magnetic field do not exist in the natural state of atoms. Consequently, the ICFP Principle 2 herein considered is based on the creation of a new force field of magnetic character that does not exist in the natural state of atoms. The systematic use of the new force field for the preparation of the fusion processes is described below. In view of the above, generic toroidal configurations of the type of  FIG. 4  will be referred to as magnecules, namely, as clusters of atoms whose bond is primarily of magnetic origin called magnecular bond. The term “magnecules” distinguishes such from conventional molecules, namely, cluster of atoms whose bond is solely of valence type (valence bonds). The former are denoted with the symbol “x”, while the latter are denoted with the symbol “−”. As an example, for the case of hydrogen, the configuration of  FIG. 4  characterizes a hydrogen magnecule denoted MH — 2, while the conventional hydrogen molecule is denoted H — 2=H−H. For completeness, we indicate the existence of a second type of admissible coupling called planar triplet  17  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In this case, nuclei have a common plane symmetry axis and are coupled with antiparallel spins as it is the case for gears. Note that this coupling is not compatible with the toroid configuration of atomic orbitals of  FIG. 3  since the same toroid polarizations prohibit nuclei to achieve contact, thus preventing fusion processes. 
     PRINCIPLE 3: Following the systematic exposure of nuclei as per Principle 1 and the systematic triplet axial coupling of nuclei as per Principle 2, an external action is applied. This action is hereafter referred to as the trigger and denoted as TR. The trigger forces nuclei at mutual distances equal or smaller than 1 Fermi=10 −13  cm together under which conditions fusion the processes occurs due to the strongly attractive character of nuclear forces. Extensive studies and experimentations have established that, even though stable at ambient temperature to create the new chemical species of magnecules, the magnecular bond is insufficient for the two nuclei to achieve systematically the needed mutual distances of 1 Fermi or less due to inevitable fluctuations and other effects. Consequently, in order to achieve utility, consumer, and industrial value, it is necessary to engineer an external action that forces, in a systematic and controlled way, the two exposed nuclei  13 / 15  to obtain a mutual distance of 1 Fermi or less. A variety of triggers are anticipated. Preferred embodiments for this invention include triggers characterized by pulsating DC having around 100,000V electric arcs, sudden increases in pressure in the vessel of the apparatus, and other means. 
     PRINCIPLE 4: The fusion processes is usable for light natural and stable nuclei into light, natural, and stable nuclei as a necessary condition to assure lack of emission of harmful radiations and the lack of release of radioactive waste. In such, the impossibility of emitting harmful radiations is evident as will be discussed in more detail. The impossibility of releasing radioactivity waste is due, first of all, to the stability of the synthesized nuclei, and then to the gross insufficiency of the energy necessary to disintegrate nuclei as needed to release radioactive waste. In fact, the disintegration of nuclei in one of the embodiments of this invention would require energies millions of time greater than the energy actually provided, therefore assuring the lack of emission of harmful radiations and the lack of release of radioactive waste. 
     PRINCIPLE 5: Use the minimal possible energy, hereon referred to as threshold energy, for the realization of all principles, means and mechanisms, as well as the verification of energy and all other conservation laws. It is evident that the threshold energy is intermediate between the energy of cold fusions and that of hot fusions, for which reason this invention is referred as dealing with Intermediate Controlled Fusion Processes, ICFP. Intermediate Controlled Fusion Processes produces usable energy without the emission of harmful radiations and without the production of radioactive waste. To provide an order of magnitude, one industrial realization of the apparatus described requires 50 kWh and the arc occurs in the interior of a vessel filled up with the selected gas that is pressurized at 3,000 psi. In such, the DC electric arc as powered by 50 kWh traversing a gas that is pressurized to 3,000 psi pressure creates a plasma around the tips of the electrodes at about 5,000 degrees F. Such a high temperature illustrates why “Intermediate” is proper for: Intermediate Controlled Fusion Processes (ICFP). Note that in the presence of fusion processes, the temperature at the atomic distances of the DC arcs reaches millions of degrees F. as illustrated below. 
     To identify the main fusion processes that are possible under the above Principle 1 to 5, standard nuclear terminologies with symbols A, Z, JP, u, denote the atomic number, the nuclear charge, the nuclear angular momentum, the parity, and the energy in atomic mass unit u, respectively. All nuclei treated below, also referred to as nuclides, are fully identified and tabulated in the technical literature, such as the Table of Nuclides available from, for example, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Detailed technical review of the decades of studies preceding ICFP including the nuclear processes presented below by the physicists I. Gandzha from Kiev, Ukraine and J. Kadeisvili from Georgia, Russia under the title “New sciences for a New Era, Mathematical, Physical; and Chemical Discoveries of Ruggero Maria Santilli, expected to be published by the Sankata Printing Press in Nepal in mid 2011. The latter work will be referred to hereon as the Gandzha-Kadeisvili monograph. 
     A generic ICFP of this invention is then given by: 
         N   1 ( A   1   ,Z   1   ,J   1   p1   ,u   1 )+ N   2 ( A   2   ,Z   2   ,J   2   p2   ,u   2 )+ TR→→N   3 ( A   3   ,Z   3   ,J   3   p3   ,u   3 )+Heat,  (1a)
 
         A   1   +A   2   =A   3   ,Z   1   +Z   2   =Z   3   ,J   1   +J   2   =J   3   ,p 1 +p 2 =p 3  (1b)
 
       Δ E=E   3 −( E   1   +E   2 )&gt;0  (1c)
 
     where TR denotes the trigger defined in Principle 3, and the produced energy is first acquired in the form of excitation of the synthesized nucleus and then released in the form of heat from the return of the synthesized nucleus to its natural ground state. The fusion processes (1) above follows all known conservation laws, including the conservation of the atomic numbers, conservation of the charge, conservation of the angular momentum under the triplet axial coupling, conservation of parity and conservation of the energy. 
     As a central feature of this invention, all initial and final nuclei must be light, natural and stable nuclei. The restriction of fusion processes (1) of the synthesis of light, natural and stable nuclei into a final light, natural, and stable nucleus then prevents any release of harmful radiation and the release of radioactive waste. It is anticipated that only a selected number of light, natural and stable nuclei are useful in ICFP (1), in which case they are often called in the technical literature hadronic fuels, as presented, e.g., in the Gandzha-Kadeisvili monograph. the name “hadronic fuel” originating from the covering of quantum mechanics known as hadronic mechanics, namely, a mechanics build for the structure of strongly interacting particles called hadrons. Consequently, the apparatus of this invention is called a hadronic reactor. 
     As identified below, hydrogen is not recommended as hadronic fuel for ICFP because ICFP used on hydrogen is expected to cause the production of neutrons that notoriously propagate through shielded walls, by therefore cause harmful radiations. A goal of ICFP is to produce energy without the emission of such harmful radiations. 
     A number of alternatives to process (1) are possible under the verification of Principles 1 to 5, such as those based on Electron Capture (denoted EC), Electron Emission (denoted EE) and other intermediary processes that lead to a final light, natural and stable nucleus without the emission of harmful radiation and without the release of radioactive waste. Note that EE is not considered harmful to humans since electrons can be stopped with a thin metal shield. Electrons cannot escape outside the heavy metal vessels of the apparatus that is disclosed. 
     We solely consider, herein, the axial triplet coupling of nuclei as depicted in  FIG. 3 , in which case the conservation of the angular momentum requires that the angular momentum of the synthesized nucleus is the sum of the angular momenta of the original two nuclei. This is necessary for the ICFP because of the structure of magnecular coupling as per  FIG. 4  which is a necessary pre-requisite for the ICFP as explained above. In the event nuclei  17  are coupled in the planar singlet coupling of  FIG. 5 , the conservation law of the angular momentum requires that the angular momentum, of the synthesized nucleus is the difference between the angular momenta of the two original nuclei. The latter coupling of  FIG. 5  is not considered in the ICFP studied below since, in the planar singlet coupling, the toroid polarization of the orbitals prohibits nuclei to be bonded by a trigger at mutual distances of one Fermi or less. 
     The following conversions of various units are reviewed for use below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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     where e is the elementary charge. Recall that a representative apparatus of this invention is characterized by a DC electric arc powered, for example, by a typical 50 kW AC-DC converter. 50 kWh is approximately 1.69 10 5  BTU. To have utility as well as consumer and industrial value, an implementation of ICFP must produce energy well in excess of 1.69 10 5  BTU. Note that light elements, such as hydrogen and helium, are expected to be completely ionized, at least in part, under a 50 kW DC arc, represented as H=p and He=α. 
     Exemplary ICFP equations verifying Principles 1 to 5 and providing an energy output with utility, consumer and industrial value are given by processes synthesizing nitrogen via the use of deuterium (also known as heavy hydrogen) and carbon as hadronic fuels according to the law: 
         D (2,1,1 + ,2.0141)+ C (12,6,0 + ,12.0000)+ TR→→N (14,7,1 + ,14.0030)+Δ E,   (3a)
 
       Δ E =( E   C   +E   H )− E   N =0.0111 u= 10.339 MeV≈1.5 10 −15  BTU  (3b)
 
     where D denotes deuterium. As described in details later, the above ICFP is performed in a pressure vessel containing deuterium gas traversed by a DC arc between carbon electrodes. The ICFP essentially occurs at atomic distances from the DC arc. The electrodes release carbon atoms and a population of magnecules forms between polarized deuterium and carbon atoms denoted with the symbol D×C with symmetry axis tangent to the circular magnetic force line around the DC arc as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The D and C nuclei are at mutual distances of 1 Fermi or less. The trigger then forces the D and C nuclei together, at which point strongly attractive nuclear forces are activated and the fusion of D×C into N is performed. As shown below and in the underlying experimental verifications, a typical apparatus implementing ICFP operates at around 3,000 psi pressure. At this pressure, a vessel contains about 10 25  deuterium atoms per cubic foot. Consequently, a very modest rate of 10 6  ICFP per hour, results in the production of energy of about ten times the electric energy provide to the arc. A rate of 10 30  ICFP per hour, which is fully within current technological capabilities of the apparatus described, produces around 10 10  BTU per hour compared with the electric energy consumed which is equivalent to 1.69 10 5  BTU. This energy production occurs without the emission of harmful radiations and without the release of radioactive waste. The fact that nitrogen is synthesized indicates that there cannot be any possible release of harmful radiation. Calculations then confirm that it is impossible for ICFP (3) to release radioactive waste due to the extreme energy insufficiency of the 50 kW power for the disintegration of light, natural and stable nuclei. Such a disintegration is necessary for the release of radioactive waste. These data and features show the novelty, as well as utility, consumer and industrial values of ICFP. 
     Another ICFP of particular novelty, utility, consumer, industrial and environmental values is given by the use of a hadronic fuel of the green house gas CO 2 . This gas, CO 2  is produced by many devices contributing to global. It is beneficial to the ecology to turn this source of major environmental problems into a source of clean energy. In ICFP, not only energy is produced but a gas is reduced that, in excess, is not good for the environment. 
     It is conjectured that a DC arc is one of the most effective means for molecular separation. As a consequence, the DC arc between suitably selected electrodes, as specified below, when traversing a CO 2  gas that is under high pressure, causes the separation of the CO 2  molecules into two oxygen and one carbon atoms. As with a typical DC arc, once CO 2  is broken down into C and O, we normally have a combustion triggered by the arc itself of C and O into CO and then of CO and O into CO 2  with the release of 288 kcal/mole and 89 kcal/mole, respectively. The difference in ICFP being the trigger, under which the arc creates the C×O magnecule that is turned into the ICNF of silica according to the law: 
         O (18,8,0 + ,17.9991)+ C (12,6,0 + ,12.0000)+ TR→→Si (30,14,0+,29.9737)+Δ E   (4a)
 
       Δ E= 0.0254 u= 4.32 10 −15  BTU.  (4b)
 
     The 377 kcal/mole produced by the combustion of C and O into CO and CO 2  is smaller than the electric energy used for the original separation of CO 2  into C and O due to understood losses. Therefore, without ICFP, the combustion of C and O produced by the arc is insufficient for the production of energy from the separation and then the recombination of CO 2 . However, the energy released in the fusion of C×O into Si is about one thousand times more than the separation energy of CO 2  into C and O. Consequently, the apparatus of ICFP provides for the use of the green house gas CO 2  as a source of clean energy. 
     As described previously, in some embodiments, ICFP (4) is performed between DC arcs between carbon electrodes that, as such, provide additional carbon atoms needed for the fusion process. However, in other embodiments ICFP (4) is performed using non consumable electrodes, such as toriated or other forms of tungsten, since the carbon needed for the fusion process is provided by the separation of the CO 2  molecule. 
     Atmospheric air is also anticipated as hadronic fuel. Oxygen is naturally available in this hadronic fuel, thus avoiding the loss of energy for molecular separation. Therefore, the use of air as hadronic fuel produces at least 377 kcal/mole more energy than the energy produced by using CO 2  as hadronic fuel. Additionally, the nitrogen content of air allows additional ICNF besides processes (4), thus confirming the larger energy output that can be obtained by using atmospheric air as hadronic fuel. Despite this greater utility, the use of atmospheric air as hadronic fuel is not recommended due to the production in this case of the green house gas CO 2  as part of the processes involved in the ICFP, while the use of CO 2  as hadronic fuel implies its progressive elimination and conversion into silica, with evident, distinct, environmental advantages. 
     A third representative example of ICFP is given by the use as hadronic fuel of a 50-50 mixture of deuteron and helium gases traversed by a DC arc with ensuing processes: 
         H (2,1,1 + ,2.0141)+ He (4,2,0 + ,4.0026)+ TR→→Li (6,3,1 + ,6.0151)+Δ E   (5a)
 
       Δ E= 0.0016 u≈ 2.5×10 −16  BTU.  (5b)
 
     Hence, when producing about 10 30  ICFP per hour, the above ICFP yields an hourly production rate of about 10 9  BTU per hour, namely, an energy output of about one thousand times the used energy. An example of ICFP with admissible intermediary processes is given by the synthesis of the following unstable iron isotope via the use of oxygen and deuterium as hadronic fuel: 
         O (16,8,0 + 15.9949)+ H (2,1,1 + ,2.0141)+ TR→→F (18,9,1 + ,18.0009)+Δ E,   (6a)
 
       Δ E= 0.0081 u= 7.545 MeV.  (6b)
 
     with intermediate decay: 
         F (18,9,1 + ,18.0009)+EC→ O (18,8,0 + ,17.9991)+Δ E,   (7a)
 
       Δ E 1.656 MeV,  (7b)
 
     resulting in the following total energy output per synthesis: 
       Δ E= 9.201 MeV≈1.30 10 −15  BTU,  (8)
 
     in which case, 1030 syntheses per hour yield a new clean energy with distinct utility, consumer and industrial value. At this point it is important to identify the novelty and utility of this invention with respect to the cold and hot fusions. A typical reaction extensively studied for the cold fusion is that of two deuteron into the helium according to the process: 
         H (2,1,1 + ,2.0141)+ H (2,1,1 + ,2.0141)→→ He (3,2,½ + ,3.0160)+ n   (9)
 
     that implies the necessary emission of very harmful neutron radiations. 
     Radiations are absent in the ICFP, thus establishing ICFP&#39;s novelty, consumer and industrial values beyond doubt. Additionally, in engineering the implementation of reaction is difficult due to the need for the deuterium nuclei to have opposite spin polarization as a necessary condition to verify the conservation of the total angular momentum. In the absence of this, no scientific credibility or utility is possible. In fact, the original nuclei both have spin  1 , with total spin  2 , while the total spin of the final state is 1. These opposite polarizations are absent in the ICFP, thus illustrating again the distinct increased utility and industrial value. 
     The difference between pre-existing studies on cold fusion and the ICFP is also illustrated by an example in which the apparatus is filled up with hydrogen, and the electrodes are made up of palladium 106. In this case, fusions are predicted inside the palladium cathode according to the rules: 
         Pd (106,46,0 + ,105.9034)+ H (1,1,½ + ,1.0078)→→ Ag (107,47,½ + 106.90509)  (10)
 
     The above reaction does verify conventional conservation laws. However, the engineering implementation of the synthesis inside the palladium electrodes is very difficult if not impossible, thus explaining the lack of achievement of utility and industrial value by prior cold fusions experiments, in the absence of the systematic and controlled verifications of basic laws, fusions have been believed to occur at random. 
     The advantages, utility, consumer, industrial and environmental benefits of ICFP over hot fusions are evident. In fact, the engineering difficulties in containing the plasma at extreme energies required by hot fusion have prevented the achievement of any utility to date by hot fusion. These difficulties are absent in the ICFP. 
     It is important to point out the existence of certain ICFP that do verify all principles and conservation laws, but are not recommended for actual use because they release harmful radiations. The best illustration is given by the use of hydrogen and carbon as hadronic fuels for the synthesis of nitrogen that is predicted to release harmful neutron radiations. In fact, as shown in details in HMMC, Volume IV, neutrons are synthesized in a hydrogen gas traversed by a DC arc according to the known reaction: 
         p+e→+v , where  v  is a neutrino. 
     Consequently, in the use of hydrogen and carbon as hadronic fuel, the synthesis of neutrons is expected, part of which are emitted as harmful radiation and part are absorbed by hydrogen nuclei to synthesize deuterium according to the rules: 
         C (12,6,0)+2 H (1,1,½ + ,1.0078)+ TR→C (12,6,0)+ D (2,1,1 + ,2.0141)+ n+v→→N (14,8,1)+ n+v+ΔEm   (11)
 
     showing the expected production of usable energy but also the emission of harmful neutron radiations. Consequently, hydrogen is not recommended as a hadronic fuel for the ICFP of this invention. 
     Another ICFP yielding harmful radiation is given by the use of hydrogen and lithium as hadronic fuel: 
         Li (7,3,3/2 − ,7.0160)+ H (1,1,½ + ,1.0078)+ TR→→ 2 He (4,2,0 + ,4.0026),  (12a)
 
       Δ E= 2.887×10 −12   J   (12b)
 
     As one can see, the energy output of this ICFP is greater than that of preceding fusion processes. Nevertheless, the above synthesis produces two alpha particles that constitute harmful radiation and, consequently, the above ICFP are not recommended for use, unless the apparatus is shielded such to prevent the propagation of said alpha particles into the environment. 
     Numerous additional ICFP candidates are anticipated using the principles disclosed and the tabulated data on nuclides as above. The identification of these additional processes is left to those the skilled in the art. 
     Substantiation of the above is based upon extensive tests and experimental verifications of the ICFP spanning around two years. The results of these tests are reported below and are available. 
     As an exemplary verification of ICFP, the synthesis of nitrogen from deuterium and carbon according to process (3) above has been used. This verification was selected over several others to avoid potential controversies predicted if the selected fuel had a partial energy contribution due to combustion, as it is the case of CO 2 . In fact, no combustion is remotely possible in a pure deuterium gas traversed by a DC electric arc between carbon electrodes. Consequently, any energy produced in excess over the energy used establishes the existence of ICFP (3). 
     The experiment uses an exemplary apparatus  899  as shown in  FIG. 6 . The apparatus  899  consists of a schedule 40 steel pipe  900  having, for example, 1 ft diameter and 2 feet length completed with welded on hollow flanges  901 ,  902  and gaskets  922 ,  923  on both ends and bolted on flanges  903 ,  904  also on both ends. The vessel  899  contains, in its interior, two commercially available graphite electrodes  905 ,  906  having, for example, 2″ diameter and 3″ length. The electrodes are fastened to 0.5″ copper shafts  925 ,  907  protruding outside of the flanges  903 ,  904  for connection via the plus polarities  930  and minus polarities  932  to corresponding polarities of a source of power which, in this experiment is a 50 kW commercially available AC-DC converter such as that manufactured by Miller Electric Company (not shown in FIG.  6 ) as known in the art. Electrode  905  is stationary and insulated from the flange  903  by, for example, a phenolic bushing  908 . The copper rod  925  has an edge  909  assuring that electrode  905  is not pushed toward flange  903  by internal pressure. The phenolic bushing  908  insulates as well as seals, maintaining pressure inside pipe  900  via cement or other sealing means as known in the industry. Electrode  906  is also insulated from flange  904  by a phenolic bushing  910  that contains in its interior a series of seals  911  allowing the copper rod  907  to slide in and out along its axis while maintaining the pressure inside the vessel  899 . Copper rod  907  is equipped with a threaded part  912  outside of flange  904  that is matched by a corresponding threaded component of a fastener  913  that is affixed (e.g. welded) to flange  904 . An insulating wheel  914  (e.g. phenolic) is fastened at the end of copper rod  904  in such a way that the rotation of wheel  914  to the right or to the left moves the electrode  906  toward or away from the fixed electrode  905  in order to manually establish, maintain and extinguish the DC arc. 
     The apparatus of  FIG. 6  is further equipped with two inlet-outlet ports  915 ,  916  with valves  917 ,  918 , for generating a vacuum inside the vessel  899 , for filling the vessel  899  with the deuterium gas, and for taking samples for analyses. The apparatus  899  is finally completed with supports  919  and  920  fastened to hollow flanges  901  and  902  and welded on metal base  921  providing the necessary stability. 
     Experimental verifications of ICFP (3) was conducted via the following procedure. First, the vessel  899  is evacuated  6 . Subsequently, said vessel  899  is filled to 100 psi with deuterium gas (e.g., deuterium gas supplied by Advanced Special Gases of Reno, Nev. and guaranteed by the producer as being 99.99% pure). A two-valve laboratory bottle marked HT 1  is filled with the gas in the interior of said vessel following appropriate flushing. This provides analytic measurement of the deuterium gas plus an expected small amount of impurities originating from the interior of the vessel. The DC arc is then activated at 40 kW for two minutes, at which point the arc is disconnected because excessive heat is produced in the interior of the vessel. A second two-valve laboratory bottle marked HT 2  is filled from the gas in the interior of the vessel following this activation of the arc. The two laboratory bottles are then analyzed for gas content, showing the result of the process. Radiation counts during the test are done by 1) a photon-neutron detector (e.g., model PM1703GN manufactured by Polimaster, Inc., with sonic and vibration alarms as well as memory for printouts), with the photon channel activated by CsI and the neutron channel activated by LiI; 2) a photon-neutron detector (e.g. SAM 935 manufactured by Berkeley Nucleonics, Inc.), with the photon channel activated by NaI and the neutron channel activated by He3 also equipped with sonic alarm and memory for printouts of all counts; 3) a BF3 activated neutron detector (e.g. model 12-4 manufactured by Ludlum Measurements, Inc.) without counts memory for printouts but with both visual and sonic means; 4) an alpha, beta, gamma and X-ray detector (e.g. model 907-palmRAD manufactured by Berkeley Nucleonics, Inc.), and 5) various material suitable for nuclear transmutations. These devices indicated that no radiations were detectable outside the vessel  899  during all tests, with particular reference to the absence of neutrons that, if produced, would indeed be detectable outside the vessel. This confirmed the production of usable energy without any release of harmful radiation. Radiation detection following the tests and the opening up of the vessel of  FIG. 6  confirmed the complete absence of any radioactive waste, thus establishing the production of usable heat without harmful radiations or radioactive waste. 
     Internally produced electrons were not measured because they are absorbed by the Schedule 40 metal walls of the vessel without being detected outside of the vessel  899 . No production of alpha particles is possible for the ICNF here considered due to extremely insufficient energies for the fission of the light stable nuclei. 
     Commercially available digital sensors were used for the recording of temperatures. Related measurements were done as follows. With reference to  FIG. 6 , pipe  900  and welded hollow flanges  901  and  902  had the tabulated weight of 325 lbs confirmed by actual measurements, plus the weight of the steel in the four welds. To be conservative, the weight of this assembly  899 , hereon referred to as the cylindrical component, is of 300 pounds. Additionally, the apparatus includes two plain flanges  903 / 904  each having a tabulated and actually verified weight of 189 lbs. However, these flanges are thermally isolated from the cylindrical component by gaskets  922 ,  923  necessary to maintain a constant pressure in the interior. In fact, systematic heat measurements showed that the cylindrical component would acquire heat much faster and in much greater amounts than the terminal flanges. To be conservative, the experiment only considered the heat gained by the cylindrical component. 
     The tests on deuterium gas at 100 psi with a 40 kW DC arc between carbon electrodes operated for two minute and showed a systematic increase in temperature from the ambient temperature in the range of 20 degrees C. to generally over 150 degrees C. with a conservative average of about 127 degrees C. The use of the known expression for the specific heat of commercial grade carbon steel pro-rated to the measured data as follows (449 J/kg C 136:077 kg×127 C)/(1055.06 J/BTU) yields the heat acquired by the cylindrical component: 
       Δ Ecc= 7404 BTU  (13)
 
     By recalling the known value 1 kWh=3400 BTU, the use of 40 kWh for two minutes yields the heat generated by the arc: 
       Δ E arc=4533 BTU  (14)
 
     Consequently, the internal reactions produced the net heat in two minutes of: 
       Δ E out=2,871 BTU  (15)
 
     Since no other source of energy/heat is present, this proves the existence of a significant internal source of energy beyond that of the AC-DC converter. 
     The chemical analyses of samples HT 1  and HT 2  are shown in  FIG. 7 . During the two minutes of operation of the arc, the deuterium gas decreased in a macroscopic amount from 93.3% to 91.8% while nitrogen increased in a macroscopic amount from 4.90% to 6.11%. By comparison, oxygen was contained only in microscopic ppmv parts, thus being unable to represent that the heat was produced via conventional combustion. These data establish beyond possible scientific doubt by the existence of the nitrogen synthesized from deuterium and carbon according to ICFP (3). 
     Following the above reviewed experimental verifications, the inventor requested an independent repetition of all experiments and related measurements by three nuclear physicists, R. Brenna, T. Kuliczkowski and L. Ying of Princeton Gamma-Tech Instruments, Princeton, N.J., who confirmed, in full, the existence of ICFP (3) as presented above, with particular reference to the production of significant energy over the amount of energy used without the emission of any harmful radiation or the release of any radioactive waste. The analysis by said nuclear physicists is available for review. In any case, R. Brenna, T. Kuliczkowski and L. Ying are writing a scientific paper with a detailed presentation of all results that will be published in a refereed journal. An additional detailed technical review of the independent confirmation of ICFP is available in the Gandzha-Kadeisvili monograph scheduled for appearance in mid 2011. The above identified experimentalists, under the leadership of Leong Ying, used the same experimental set up as depicted in  FIG. 6 . All tests were performed independently. As above, the objective was the verification of ICFP (3) for the synthesis of nitrogen via the use of deuterium and carbon as hadronic fuel. 
     As with the initial experiments, the apparatus was pressurized with pure deuterium gas following air removal with a mechanical vacuum pump. Gas samples were taken before and after each initiated reaction and the samples sent to an independent laboratory for spectra vapor analysis. Each experimental run was started close to ambient temperature of nominally 25 degrees C., with the electric arc powered for 2 minutes. An industrial wattmeter measured an average power consumption of 1550 Wh, which equates to an energy input of 5.4 MJ. A total of 3 runs were performed at varying starting pressures of 100, 75 and 50 psi. For the 100 psi tests, gas samples before (A) and after (B) were taken. The apparatus chamber was then purged, refilled with pure deuterium gas, and a gas sample (C) was taken at a starting pressure of 75 psi. After the reaction process at 75 psi, a gas sample (D) was extracted. The apparatus was then allowed to cool back to ambient temperature, the pressure reduced to 50 psi for another reaction. Note that pure deuterium gas is non-combustible, being that the very small presence of oxygen is negligible. Hence, in the absence of ICNF, one would expect to observe similar vapor spectra for the samples taken before and after initiation by the electric arc. The analyzed spectra for the 5 gas samples, the reported values in parts-per-million indicated as ppm by volume were accurately reported in  FIGS. 8A and 8B . These spectral analyses confirm a reduction in the amount of deuterium following each activation of the DC arc. At 100 psi the decrease is approximately of 2.5%, and at 75 psi it is 3%. The decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the 100 psi data is misleading, since the evolved nitrogen is typically trapped in clustered magnecules as indicated by the existence of higher mass entities in the spectral data following all the reactions. These previously unknown higher mass magnecules are further evidence of the ICFP taking place. Samples of deposits on the surface of the graphite electrodes were removed for material characterization in a Scanning Electron Microscope using an Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy X-ray detector. The detector is a nitrogen cooled lithium-drifted silicon crystal biased to operate as a semiconductor junction. X-rays liberate electron-hole pairs in the junction, and the amount of charge collected is proportional to the X-ray energies. The electron beam striking the samples generates electronic excitation, and it is the decay of these electronic shells that emits the characteristic X-ray energies unique to each element. The elemental microanalyses spectra taken on the surface deposits of the graphite electrodes show a prominent X-ray peak at 277 eV identifying carbon. There is a small adjacent peak at 392 eV, which is the nitrogen X-ray that is noticeable above the general background level. Since the detector chamber is under vacuum, then the detected nitrogen must exist in some non-gaseous magnecular form. Platinum resistive temperature sensors were securely fastened to the surfaces of the steel chamber&#39;s central tube and one of the end plates. Temperature readings were noted after the electric arc was powered to produce the thermal properties of the apparatus. A thermal Finite Element Analysis was simulated for the reactor to estimate the expected temperature rise if the only source of heat came from the electric arc. Comparison curves of the measured thermal profiles against the computed values at 5 MJ, 5.5 MJ and 6 MJ energy inputs are shown below. 
     The data indicate the generated excess heat of approximately 0.5 MJ above the total injected energy input of 5.4 MJ of the electric arc. From ICFP (3) we know that each reaction releases around 10 MeV of energy. Therefore, if we assume all of the excess heat is from the ICNF process, then this is equivalent to the generation of a micro-mole of fusion products. The absence of harmful radiations outside the apparatus of  FIG. 6  was tested with a variety of detectors, including a sodium iodide scintillator detector (e.g., SAM940) which is self-calibrating at the potassium 40K energy of 1.461 MeV. The 3He proportional counter was factory calibrated against a californium 252 Cf neutron source. For safety and security reasons, the source is embedded in wax and locked inside a steel vault. By opening the vault door and placing the SAM940 instrument approximately a meter from the source, the experimentalist were able to detect average neutron levels of 0.8 counts per second denoted cps. 
     With the vault door closed and the instrument removed from the vicinity, the background levels fell to less than 0.03 cps. Compared to normal background levels, there were no emitted gamma-rays or neutrons detected emanating from the apparatus during all tests on ICFP. In conclusion, the tests by L. Ying and his collaborators confirm ICFP, namely: 1) Due to the lack of any possible combustion in a metal chamber filled with pure deuterium gas traversed by a DC arc between carbon electrodes, the excess energy detected by the experimentalists over the energy of the DC arc is produced by ICFP (3). 2) Systematic measurements conducted with various detectors have confirmed that no harmful radiation of any type was detected in any of the tests outside the apparatus  899 , thus confirming ICFP occurs without the emission of neutron or other harmful radiation. Additional inspections of the interior of the apparatus following the tests confirmed the absence of any harmful waste. 3) Examination of the chemical analyses of the deuterium gas before and after being traversed by the DC arc establishes the creation in the latter case of new heavy chemical species detectable all the way to 400 amu some of which are detected in macroscopic percentages. These new heavy species cannot possibly exist in a pure deuterium gas. Also, these new species are much heavier than the original deuterium gas. Finally, the new heavy species cannot possibly be fragments of ordinary molecules. Consequently, the new heavy species are magnecules, thus confirming a main mechanism at the foundation of ICFP as elaborated above. 
     As indicated above, ICFP occurs at atomic distances from the electric arc. It is then evident that fusion processes create disruptions in the arc itself at the time of their occurrence. To achieve utility, consumer and industrial values, continuous removal of newly synthesized nuclei from the arc immediately following their synthesis is needed. This objective is achieved by providing a flow of the gaseous hadronic fuel through the arc itself, so as to continuously expose the arc to a new gas and, in so doing, remove the processed gas and synthesized nuclei. Several flow configurations are anticipated. A first configuration is that in which the flow of the gas is essentially but not necessarily perpendicular to the arc. A second configuration is that in which the flow of the gas is along the direction of the arc. The former process is called PlasmaArcFlow and denoted PAF, while the latter process is called PlasmaArcThrough and denoted PAT. These flows have been previously used for the flow of liquids through an arc. Such prior use of PAF and PAT to flow a liquid through an arc were specifically and solely intended for the production of a clean burning, cost competitive, gaseous fuel that has been commercially sold under the name of Magnegas. In contrast the PAF and PAT configurations are used with ICFP for the flow of a gas through an arc for the production of heat. 
     A detailed engineering and manufacturing description of the PAF and PAT processes is provided below. With respect to  FIG. 9A , a schematic characterization of the PAF process is given by a pressure metal vessel  1000  fabricated, for example, with commercially available pipes, welded-on hollow flanges, and plain flanges with related fasteners  1013  such as bolts  1013 , sealed to maintain pressure. The vessel  1000  contains in its interior electrodes  1001 / 1002  between which an arc  1014  essentially occurs in the gas between the electrodes  1001 / 1002  essentially along the axis of symmetry of the electrodes. The electrodes  1001 / 1002  are equipped electrically and physically connected to rods  1003 / 1004  that protruding outside vessel  1000  via insulating bushings  1007 ,  1008 . The rods  1003 / 1004  are connected to positive and negative sources of electrical power by cables  1006 / 1005 , respectfully. The source of electrical power is typically a high-voltage DC source (not shown) as known in the industry. A pump  1010  removes the gaseous hadronic fuel from the interior of vessel  1000  through a port  1009  and compress the gaseous hadronic fuel in the directions shown through pipe  1011  and presents the gaseous hadronic fuel back into the chamber  1000  through a funnel type orifice  1012  that faces and is oriented in the immediate vicinity of the electrodes  1001 / 1002  in such a manner that the flow of the gaseous hadronic fuel is forced over the entire electrode gap and the gas traverses the arc  1014  in a direction essentially perpendicular to the arc. Additional embodiments of this apparatus are anticipated that achieve commercial utility, consumer and industrial value as described below. 
     With respect to  FIG. 9B , a schematic description of the PAT process will be described. The apparatus  1050  is similar to the apparatus  1000  of the PAF process in that it is comprises a pressure vessel  1050  made, for example, from commercially available pipes, welded on hollow flanges, and plain flanges with related fasteners  1051  such as bolts  1051  to maintain pressure. In the interior of the vessel  1050  is a cathode  1053  that is electrically and physically attached to a conducting rod  1054  that protrudes outside vessel  1050  through insulating bushing  1055  for connection to a positive cable  1056  from a DC power source (not shown). The interior of the vessel  1050  also contains an anode  1052  having one or more bores  1057  preferably through a symmetry axis of the anode  1052 . The bores  1057  are interfaced to a conducting tube  1062  protruding outside of the vessel  1050  through insulating bushing  1058  and the conducting tube  1062  is connected to a negative cable  1059  that provides the negative polarity of the DC power source. Internal gaseous hadronic fuel is extracted by a pump  1061  from a port  1060  and compressed such that, said gaseous hadronic fuel is pumped through the bores  1057  and into the electrode gap in a direction essentially but not necessarily along the direction of arc  1063 . 
     The selection for a given embodiment of the PAF or the PAT process depends on the selected chemical composition of the electrodes. Consider first the case in which the gas contains all needed hadronic fuel. In this case, the electrodes do not contribute to the ICFP, and the electrodes are composed of non consumable temperature resistant conductors, such as toriated tungsten. Under these conditions, the PAF process is generally, but not necessarily preferred over the PAT process for a number of reasons, such as the cooling down of the electrodes permitted by the geometry of the PAF process. Consider then the case in which the electrodes themselves are part of the needed hadronic fuel, thus being consumable. This is the case for the synthesis of nitrogen from deuterium and carbon as in ICFP (3). In this case the gas is solely composed of deuterium while the needed carbon is provided by graphite electrodes. Under these conditions, the PAT process is generally, but not necessarily, preferred over the PAF process because the particular configuration of the PAT process of  FIG. 9B  facilitates the extraction by the arc of carbon atoms from the anode, and the configuration causes impact of the magnecules surrounding the arc against the carbon cathode, thus facilitating the production of ICFP. 
     An second requirement to achieve novelty, utility, consumer, industrial, and environmental values is the engineering realization of the trigger. ICFP are created by sudden variations of DC arcs, such as during the phase of initiation or extinguishing of the arc. Hence, ICFP do not generally occur at the atomic distances of a stationary DC arc. One trigger is a mechanism that breaks the stability of the arc. Therefore, a first realization of the trigger is achieved via the use of pulsed DC arc with voltage of the order of 100,000 V and pulse frequencies of the order of 10 7  Hz. In such embodiments, it is preferred, though not required, that the frequency is a submultiple of a resonating frequency of the target gas. A second embodiment of the trigger is given by a way to destabilize the DC arc, such as rapidly varying resistors included in the power line connecting the arc to the DC power source. A third embodiment of the trigger is given by providing a rapid increases of pressure in the vessel that facilitates ICFP, such as the fusion of the deuterium-carbon magnecule D×C into nitrogen N. 
     To achieve utility, consumer, industrial and environmental value, the achievement of a control of ICFP is needed. Such a basic requirement is implemented in a variety of ways usable individually or collectively for increased utility. These include, but not limiting to: 
     I) Control of the electric power. Since all possible ICFP cease to exist at the disconnection of the power, production of energy is ended immediately after the arc is switched off. Additionally, the increase or decrease of the power during operations allows the increase or the decrease of the produced energy as desired. 
     II) Control of the flow. Experimentation has established that an electric arc between electrodes submerged within a gas is extinguished for a given excess flow under a given power. Therefore, in the event of the failure of other controls, ICFP can be terminated by increasing the flow of the gas through the electrodes until the arc is extinguished. Additional control is given by increases or decreases of the flow during normal operations that leads to corresponding increase or decrease of the produced energy. 
     III) Control of the trigger. As soon as the trigger mechanism is turned off, the arc acquires a steady configuration, in which case only conventional chemical reaction generally occur within the plasma of the arc. 
     Comparison to Prior Plasma Arc Technology: 
     A) ICFP is centered in the synthesis of nuclei, while Plasma Arc Technology is centered in the absence of any nuclear synthesis. No fusion process in Plasma Arc Technology. Plasma Arc Technology uses a stationary arc submerged within a liquid. Plasma Arc Technology processes for liquids traversed by stationary and stable arcs produce a total energy output greater than the used electric energy, but the excess energy is of chemical nature and essentially due to carbon combustion in the plasma of the arc characterizing very esoenergetic chemical reactions. For instance, for the case of a DC arc between carbon electrodes submerged within water, we first have the separation of the water molecule and the formation of a plasma composed of mostly ionized atoms of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen at 5,000 degree C., with ensuing high esoenergetic reactions, such as: the creation of CO with the release of 288 kcal/mole; the creation of H2 with the release of 110 kcal/mole; the creation of CO2 with the release of 89 kcal/mole; the creation of H 2 O with the release of 57 kcal/mole; and other esoenergetic reactions. No nuclear fusion has been detected in the PAF and PAT processes in liquids. 
     B) The physics and chemistry of arcs submerged within a gas of ICFP are dramatically different than the arcs submerged within liquids as per Plasma Arc Technology. In ICFP, arcs are activated at a distance via a Tesla coil or other means, while the Plasma Arc Technology arcs have are activated by a short. The electric resistance of a gas is, in general, a small fraction of the electric resistance of liquids such as water and other factors. 
     C) ICFP deals with the production of usable heat, while Plasma Arc Technology deals with the production of a combustible fuel. 
     D) Electric arcs of ICFP are preferred to be unstable as a condition to optimize the production of heat, while the electric arcs of Plasma Arc Technology are preferred to be stable as a condition to optimize the production of combustible fuels. 
     ICFP uses a pressure and temperature resistant metal vessel, also called a hadronic reactor, filled with a gas called hadronic fuel. In the interior of the vessel is at least one submerged electric arc between a pair of temperature resistant electrodes powered by a source of DC voltage (e.g. an AC-DC converter) wherein the vessel is equipped with various means including: means for delivering an electric current to said electrodes; means to optimize ICFP called a trigger; electronic means for the automatic and remote initiation, maintenance and optimization of the electric arc; means for the automatic and remote collection and utilization of the produced heat acquired by the gas; cooling means for the automatic and remove maintaining of the vessel at constant temperature; means for the automatic and remote refilling of the vessel with the selected hadronic fuel; monitoring means for the automatic halting of all operations in the event of any malfunction or irregular values of pressure, temperature, flow and other features; means for the variation of the produced heat within pre-set limit as desired; means for the automatic paging of the operator in the event of a malfunction and other means; all said means being described in all possible, minute, conceptual, technical and manufacturing details in the specifications below. 
     As a numerical illustration with a small power and moderate operating pressure, a PAT hadronic reactor containing deuterium as hadronic fuel at the pressure of 300 pounds per square inch (psi) and powered by 50 KW AC-DC converter delivering an arc between graphite electrodes, trigger realizes via an in line computer operating resistors with rapidly varying resistance absorbs about 55 Kwh including the pumps corresponding to about 180,000 British Thermal Units per hour (BTU/h) in used electricity. Jointly, this apparatus produces abut 2,000,000 BTU/h of heat as acquired by the metal vessel as well as by the deuterium gas, thus producing usable energy of more than 10 times that of the energy used. The efficiency of hadronic reactors is however predicted to increase with the increase of the pressure, as well as other factors, such as the efficiency of the trigger. As an example, the same reactor as above with the same 50 AC-DC converter and trigger, but operated at 3,000 psi is predicted to produce energy of around 100 times that of the energy used. 
     Another embodiment of ICFP is depicted in  FIG. 10 . Although many different constructions and materials are envisioned, the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 10  comprises a standard, schedule  80 , carbon steel pipe  57  with 24 inches outside diameter and 5 feet in length; a standard, schedule  80 , hollow flanges  60 / 61 , welded to pipe  57  at each extremity via welding procedures assuring operations at the pressure of 300 psi (schedule  80  pipe is specified to operate at this pressure) and two standard, schedule  80 , plain flanges  58 / 59  fastened to hollow flanges  60 / 61 , with bolts  62  or other, commercially available means to assure operation at the indicated pressure; graphite electrodes  50 / 51  housed in the interior of the pipe  57 . The electrodes  50 / 51  are of graphite composition as commercially available, such as electrodes  50 / 51  typically used for arc furnaces and having the individual dimension of approximately 6 inches in outside diameter and 24 inches in length. The electrodes  50 / 51  are retained by conductive metal holders  52 / 53 , locked to the electrodes  50 / 51  by fasteners  56 . The conducting metal holders  52 / 53  are physically and electrically interfaced to metal shafts  54 / 55  that protrude outside of the plain flanges  58 / 59 . The metal shafts  54 / 55  have an outside diameter of 3 inches and a length of 2 feet. The metal shafts  54 / 55  pass through the plain flanges  58 / 59  via phenolic or equivalent insulating, temperature and pressure resistant bushings  81  fastened to the flanges by, for example, bolts  82 / 83 . 
     It is preferred that at least one of conducting metal shafts  55 / 59  is movable along an axial symmetry. In this example, a first metal shaft  55  is movable along an axial symmetry by a motor/actuator  151 . 
     The metal shafts  54 / 55  are connected to a 100 Kw electric power source such as an AC-DC converter or a two phases AC power source with variable voltage up to 1,000 V and variable frequency up to 10,000 Hz by cables  84 / 85 . The axial displacement of the electrode  51  is operated by the motor/actuator  151  for the initiation, maintenance and optimization of the electric arc in gap  99  between the graphite electrodes  50 / 51 . The axial motion is allowed by a flexible cable  85  and a flexible hose  152 . 
     The vessel  158  is filled with the hadronic fuel. Measurements of the hadronic fuel are monitored by a probe  260  or other industrially available means for monitoring the hadronic fuel. The vessel  158  is designed to withstand a pressure of at least 300 psi. 
     The pipe  57  is surrounded by a liquid  159  contained within an outer wall  153 . The liquid  159  is circulated by a pump/heat exchanger  156 . The liquid  159  absorbs heat produced by ICNP within the vessel  158  and transfers the heat to the heat exchanger  156  which is, for example, connected to a turbine that operates an electric generator (not shown) or other industrially available means for the production of electric current. 
     In some embodiments, a port  180  and related pipe pass through the flange  59  and are connected through a check valve  181  to a pump  182  that, in turn, is connected to a pipe  183  to a tank  184  containing for evacuating and/or filling the vessel  158 . 
     In this example, channels  65 / 66  of about one inch in diameter are machined through the axis of electrodes  50 / 51  and the channels  65 / 66  continue along the axial symmetry of metal holders  52 / 53  and metal shafts  55 / 66 . The channels  65 / 66  are fluidly connected by 1 inch diameter standard steel pipes  69 / 70  and fittings  67 / 68  to a pump  90 . A drain  71  is connected via 2 inches diameter standard steel pipe  91  to the pump  90 . For conservation of heat, it is preferred that thermal insulation covers the entire system. 
     A port  63  is provided for extraction of the resulting gas. 
     The operation of this exemplary system follows. Firstly, the apparatus is evacuated, and then filled with a hadronic fuel. The controlled fusion is between the carbon provided by the electrodes  50 / 51  and a suitably selected gas (hadronic fuel), such as deuterium, oxygen or another gas. The arc is initiated and the power, pressure, flow, trigger and other features of the reactor are adjusted to achieve operation at constant temperature. The fuel (gas) is circulated through the gap  99  and, hence, through the arc by the pump  90 , thereby moving newly fused molecules out of the arc and providing fresh gas (hadronic fuel) into the arc for fusion with carbon from the electrodes  50 / 51 . 
     The ICFP produces heat and the heat is collected by the fluid  159  surrounding the chamber  158 . The heat from the fluid  159  is then routed through heat exchangers  156  for production of, for example, electrical energy as known in the industry. 
     In this example various valves  69 / 201 / 190 / 192 / 194 , pipes  191 , fittings  91  and tanks  193 / 195  are optionally provided for evacuation, filling and emptying of the vessel  158 . also, in this example, instead of carbon electrodes  50 / 51 , non-consumable, temperature resistant, conducting electrodes  50 / 51 , such as thoriated tungsten, are anticipated. With such electrodes  50 / 51 , the hadronic fuel must comprise a suitable mixture of two suitably selected gases, such as a 50-50 mixture of oxygen and deuterium. 
     A second exemplary system is shown in  FIG. 11 . This exemplary system includes a vessel  301  consisting of, for example, a horizontal Schedule  80  carbon steel pipe  301  that is 2 ft in OD and 7 ft in length, completed by welded-on terminal hollow flanges also made of Schedule  80  carbon steel, and schedule  80  plain carbon steel flanges  303 / 304 . 
     In this example, one electrode  305  is horizontal, made of carbon of 5″ width, 10″ height and 3 ft length. The electrode  305  is held by a pair of conducting metal bars  306 , one on each side of the electrode  305 . The metal bars  306  are housed on an electrically insulated sled  307  that moves horizontally from the extreme right to the extreme left within the vessel  158 . The metal bars  306  are electrically connected and fastened to conducting metal shaft  308 , typically of 3 inches in diameter. The metal shaft  308  protrudes outside plain flange  303  through seals  309 , sealing the vessel  158  and electrically insulating the shaft  308 . The shaft is preferably at least 8 ft long so as to allow the entire travel of sled  307  from the extreme right to the extreme left within the vessel  158 . In this example, the horizontal motion is performed by a commercially available low speed electric motor (not shown) coupled to the shaft  308  by a rack  299  and gear  298  to move the electrode  305  about ½ inch per minute during ICFP. 
     A second vertically placed carbon electrode  310  is held by conducting fastener  311  that is electrically connected and affixed to a 3″ diameter metal shaft  320  that protrudes outside collar  398  through seals contained in an electrically insulating bushing  314 . The shaft  320  is at least 3 ft long so as so allow the vertical motion upward and downward of the electrode  310  closer and away from the electrode  305 . The electrode  310  has the same 5 inches width of electrode  305 , but a length of 10 inches and 1 ft height. The assembly consisting of electrode  310 , holder  311  and shaft  320  having an axial bore  312  of 1 inch ID for its entire axial length. The electrode  310  is moved towards/away the electrode  305  by a motor (not shown) interfaced to a rack  297  by a gear  296 . Rotation of the gear  296  translates into movement of the shaft  320  and, correspondingly movement of the electrode  310  towards/away from the electrode  305 . 
     The vessel  158  is further completed by tower  323  and flange  398 . In some embodiments, the vessel  158  is filled with a gas through a pipe  376 , one-directional check valve  377 , pump  378  and source tank  379 . 
     The hadronic gas is circulated through the arc between the electrodes  305  and  310  by a pump  352 . The gas from the vessel  158  exits through an exit pipe  350  and valve  351  and is pumped by the pump  352  through a pipe  355 , valve  360  and flexible joint  371 , delivering the gas flow through the axial bore  312  in the interior of shaft  320 . The gas is then forced into the gap between the electrode  310  and the electrode  305  in the vicinity of the arc. 
     In some embodiments, the vessel  158  is further equipped with an external source tank  375 , valve  374 , steel pipe  372  and hose  371 , the latter being flexible so as to deliver the gas to the joint  370  while shaft  312  moves up or down. 
     In some embodiments, the vessel  158  is further equipped with means to remove the gas from its interior consisting of a pipe  381  and valve  382  and a tank  399 . 
     The apparatus is connected to a DC power source  390  such as two 100 Kw power units  390 , the first of which consisting of an AC-DC converter and the second consisting of an AC power source with voltage variable up to 600 V and frequency variable up to 10,000 Hz. One polarity of the power source  390  is connected to metal shaft  308  by a cable  2001 . A second polarity of the power source  390  is connected to the metal shaft  320  by a second cable  2000 . 
     The apparatus is controlled by an electronic control  393  that is electrically connected to all valves, all pumps and all sensors for control of operation. The electronic control  393  initiates an electric arc by a short between electrodes  305  and  310  then maintains stability of the arc by micro-metric motions upward or downward of shaft  320 , and optimizes the arc by the increase of the gap up to such value permitting a stable arc with a pre-determined variation of the voltage. 
     For completeness, the plain flanges  303  is welded to supports  394 / 395  that connect to wheels  396  that operate upon railing  397 , so as to allow the removal of the entire internal assembly of the electrode  305  for replacement. In some embodiments, the apparatus is additionally equipped with a hydraulic lift as known in the art, for the lifting of flange  398  to expose of electrode  310  for replacement of the electrode  310 . 
     The apparatus is equipped with a heat transfer and generator system as that of the embodiment of  FIG. 10 , not shown in  FIG. 11  to avoid unnecessary repetition. For example, a metal chamber surrounding the entire outside of vessel  158  through which a coolant is circulated and connected to system for the conversion of heat into, for example, electricity. 
     The operation of this second preferred embodiment are essentially the same as that of the embodiment of  FIG. 10 , including firstly the proper selection of the gaseous hadronic fuel whenever carbon electrodes are used, or the selection of the proper mixture of two gases allowing ICFP as per the description presented above. 
       FIG. 12  depicts another embodiment which provides improved operating life prior to the replacement of the electrodes. The exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 12  comprises: a metal vessel  501  of two feet wide, 7 feet high and the desired length generally being of 9 feet. Flanges  503  are welded to the vessel  501 . The lower part of the vessel  501  is sealed by a pressure resistant metal plate  504  that is fastened to flanges  502  via bolts  509  or similar means. The metal plate  504  is supported by metal legs  506  for support as well as to provide at least one foot clearance between metal plate  504  and the ground  507 . The upper part of the vessel  501  is sealed by a metal plate  513 , held in place by hinged flanges  522 / 549 . For quick and easy removal of the upper metal plate  513 , the flanges  522 / 549  are hinged at pivot  524  to enable the upper hinged portion  522  of the hinged flanges  522 / 549  to swing outwardly and down with respect to the lower hinged portion  549  upon removal of the bolts  523 . 
     The vessel  501  contains in a lower electrode  501  made of 5 inches diameter and 3 feet long carbon. The lower electrode  501  is held by a metal holder  511  connected to a metal rod  512  that passes through the upper metal plate  513  through an insulating bushing  514 . An upper electrode  516 , typically 5 inches diameter 3 feet long carbon is held by a metal holder  517  that is electrically and physically connected to a movable upper electrode rod  518  that protrudes through the upper metal plate  513 , passing through an insulating bushing  519 . The protruding part of the upper electrode rod  518  is connected to a device  520  that provides upward/downward movement (e.g. an actuator  520 ). Upward movement of the upper electrode rod  518  and, hence, the upper electrode  516  with respect to the lower electrode  510  controls the arc between the electrodes  510 / 516 . The device  520  that provides upward/downward movement (e.g. an actuator  520 ) is mounted to the upper metal plate  513  by legs  518 . 
     Electric power is delivered to electrodes  510 / 516  by cables  515  connected to the electrode rods  512 / 518 . 
     Operations are essentially the same as those of the embodiment of  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , the main difference being that, at the exhaustion of either of the electrodes  510 / 516 , bolts  523  are loosened or removed and the upper plate  513  freed from the hinged flanges  522 / 549 . The upper plate  513  is forced upwardly by one or more hydraulic pistons  533  interfaced to the upper plate  513  by two or more hydraulic clamps  534  connected to a bridge  529  by a sleeve  528 . The sleeve  528  freely moves vertically on a shaft  525  that is welded to the base and supported by a base member  527  and a side member  526 . As the piston(s)  533  push upwardly, the sleeve  528  moves upwardly on the shaft  525  until the upper plate  513  is high enough away from the pipe  501  as to remove/replace the electrodes  510 / 516 . 
     In some embodiments, to initiate fusion of the atoms of the gas molecules that are aligned within the arc, the DC voltage to the arc is pulsed, preferably at a frequency that resonates with the resonate frequency of the gas molecules within the chamber  501  such as a submultiple of the resonate frequency of the gas molecules. In alternate embodiments, to initiate fusion of the atoms of the gas molecules that are aligned within the arc, a pulsed source of pressure C is connected to the chamber  501 , providing pulses of pressure within the chamber  501 . Sources of pressure pulses include, but are not limited to, sudden force on a piston, a small explosion, etc. Such sources of pressure pulses C are anticipated for all embodiments. 
       FIG. 13  depicts another embodiment  549  designed to achieve greater throughput and a longer operating life before maintenance of the electrodes. The circulation control system is not described for brevity purposes. 
     The system  549  has metal edges  552 / 553  welded to the walls  551  of the vessel  549 . The lower part of vessel  549  is completed by a pressure resistant metal plate  556  that is fastened to edges  552  via bolts  508  or similar means. The metal plate  556  is supported by legs  557  to provide clearance between the plate  556  and the ground (e.g. at least one foot clearance). There are three or more lower electrodes  550  (e.g., five inches diameter and three feet long carbon electrodes), each lower electrode  550  is held by a conducting metal holder  551  and each lower electrode  550  is connected to a lower metal rod  552  (e.g. three inches diameter metal rods). The lower metal rods  552  protrude through the plate  556  and are insulated from the plate  556  by bushings  590  that have collars  592 . The rods  552  are fixed in place (do not move up/down). 
     The vessel  549  has three or more upper electrodes  560  (e.g., five inches diameter and three feet long carbon electrodes). Each upper electrode  560  is held by a conducting metal holder  561  and each upper electrode  560  is connected to an upper metal rod  562  (e.g. three inches diameter metal rod) that protrudes through the plate  563 . The upper metal rods  562  are insulated from the plate  564  by bushings  565 . The bushings  565  seal the vessel  549  while enabling upward and downward movement of upper metal rods  562 . 
     A protruding end of one of the upper rods  562  is removably fastened to an actuator  566  (or other movement device) for the automatic control of the arc between upper electrode  550  and the lower electrode  560 . The actuator  566  is supported by rods  567  that are affixed to the top plate  563  by removable fasteners  569 . The vessel  549  is closed by the top plate  563  fastened to the top edge  553  by, for example, bolts  570 . 
     Electric power is delivered to electrodes  550 / 560  by power cables  571 / 572  and electric connectors  573 / 574 , respectively. The electric connectors  573 / 574  are such that the power cables  571 / 572  are easily and quickly moved to any of the other rods  552 / 562  and, therefore, electrodes  550 / 560 . 
     In operation, for tuning of the arc and compensation as the electrodes  550 / 560  erode, the actuator  566  moves the upper electrode  560  closer or farther from the lower electrode  550  to which the actuator  566  is attached. When a first set of electrodes  550 / 560  are exhausted, the actuator  556  is unbolted from the top plate  563  and detached from the upper shaft  562  corresponding to the first set of electrodes  550 / 560 . The actuator  556  is then transferred to another upper rod  552  of a good set of electrodes  550 / 560  and reattached/bolted to the top plate  563 . The electrical cables  571 / 572  are then disconnected from the upper rod  562  and lower rod  552  corresponding to the first set of electrodes  550 / 560  and connected to the upper rod  562  and lower rod  552  corresponding to the good set of electrodes  550 / 560 . In this way, minimal interruption of operation is achieved by quickly transferring operation from one set of electrodes  550 / 560  to a next set of electrodes  550 / 560  without disassembling the entire recycler 549. Furthermore, the purity of the hadronic gas is not compromised by opening of the chamber  549  for replacement of the electrodes  550 / 560 . 
     Operations being essentially the same as those of the embodiment of described above, the main difference being that with the exhaustion of one set of electrodes  550 / 560 , the power and actuator  566  (for the control of the arc) is moved to another set of electrodes  550 / 560  until all sets of electrodes  550 / 560  are exhausted, thereby increasing the operating time before maintenance is needed. 
     Although shown with three electrode pairs  550 / 560 , any number of pairs is anticipated including two pairs. Also, although shown with one actuator  566 , in some embodiments, multiple actuators  566  are employed such as one actuator  566  per pair of electrodes  550 / 560 . Although shown as a removable electric connection between the power cables  571 / 572  and the rods  562 / 552 , it is anticipated that in some embodiments, each rod has an attached cable and the electric power is switched to the pair of electrodes  550 / 560  by one or more electric switches (not shown). 
     Equivalent elements can be substituted for the ones set forth above such that they perform in substantially the same manner in substantially the same way for achieving substantially the same result. 
     It is believed that the system and method as described and many of its attendant advantages will be understood by the foregoing description. It is also believed that it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construction and arrangement of the components thereof without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention or without sacrificing all of its material advantages. The form herein before described being merely exemplary and explanatory embodiment thereof. It is the intention of the following claims to encompass and include such changes.