Patent Publication Number: US-2022217760-A1

Title: Intra-ue prioritization in uplink transmissions

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/805,614, filed Feb. 14, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/824,701, filed Mar. 27, 2019, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     It may be desirable to support transmissions of various priority levels to support different applications. While the priorities may be identifiable at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, sometimes it may be beneficial to enable identification of priority at the physical layer itself. This can happen when a physical transmission has begun but must be preempted at the physical layer. Accordingly, there is a need to identify the priority at the physical layer, define UE behavior when intra-UE collision occurs on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), define the UE procedures to handle the collision, and enable the UE to resolve the prioritization at the MAC layer. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to limitations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure. 
     Methods and apparatuses are described herein for Intra-UE Prioritization during transmission. Methods are described for identifying the priority of a transmission in the UL, handling intra-UE PDSCH collisions, supporting multiple HARQ ACK codebooks, enabling UCI on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) for multiple priorities, PUSCH repetition, handling collision of HARQ IDs for a configured grant (CG) and a dynamic grant, and enabling MAC layer handling of intra-UE conflicts. 
     In an example, an apparatus may receive first information indicating a first uplink grant associated with a first transmission and second information indicating a second uplink grant associated with a second transmission. The apparatus may determine, based on the first information and the second information, that the first transmission and the second transmission overlap at least partially in time. The apparatus may determine a first priority associated with the first transmission and a second priority associated with the second transmission. The apparatus may then cause, based at least in part on the first priority and the second priority, at least one of: prioritization of one transmission over another transmission, or preemption of the first transmission by the second transmission. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing Summary, as well as the following Detailed Description, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. In order to illustrate the present disclosure, various aspects of the disclosure are shown. However, the disclosure is not limited to the specific aspects discussed. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of Activation DCI changing the priority of a Type-2 configured Grant; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of PUSCH and Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) with C-RNTI masked with the priorityLevel RNTI; 
         FIG. 3A  is a diagram of Intra-UE Preemption of low priority PDSCH by high priority PDSCH RE collision between the PDSCHs; 
         FIG. 3B  is a diagram of Intra-UE Preemption of low priority PDSCH by high priority PDSCH No RE collision between the PDSCHs; 
         FIG. 4A  is a diagram of Preemption by PDSCH URLLC  Intra-UE preemption only; gNB may not send preemption indication; 
         FIG. 4B  is a diagram of Preemption by PDSCH URLLC  Inter-UE and intra-UE preemption; gNB sends preemption indication; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram of UE procedure to flush the soft buffer of a low priority HARQ process in the event of preemption; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of UE 2  preempts PDSCH of UE 0  and UE 1  with lower priorities but does not preempt UE 3 &#39;s PDSCH of higher priority; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of UE procedure to flush the soft buffers of priorities indicated through the RNTI p  mask; 
         FIG. 8A  is a diagram of HARQ-ACK UCI transmission on PUCCH M=1, single UCI feedback opportunity in a slot; 
         FIG. 8B  is a diagram of HARQ-ACK UCI transmission on PUCCH M=2, multiple UCI feedback opportunities in a slot; 
         FIG. 9A  is a diagram of Sub-slot configuration M=1, 1 sub-slot/slot; 
         FIG. 9B  is a diagram of Sub-slot configuration M=2, 2 sub-slots/slot; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram of K1 is incremented in the finest granularity of sub-slots (2 per slot) for lowest priority (eMBB); 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram of K1 indicates the slot for PUCCH and Kla indicates the sub-slot; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram of Separate HARQ ACK codebooks for p=0 (eMBB) and p=1(URLLC); 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram of PUCCH transmission to multiple Transmission and Reception Points (TRPs); 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram of PUCCH transmission to multiple TRPs. PRI=0 configured for PUCCH transmission on B0 to TRP0, PRI=1 configured for PUCCH transmission on B0 to TRP1; 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram of PUCCH spatial direction based on TRP identity (derived from CORESET in this example); 
         FIG. 16  is a diagram of Multiple HARQ ACK codebooks are piggybacked on single PUSCH within a slot; 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram of UCI m  mapping on different hops of PUSCH; 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram of UCI 0  is split mapped on the hops of PUSCH; 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram of UE procedure to map UCI 0 . If M=1, UCI 0  is mapped to each hop. If M&gt;1, UCI 0  is mapped to hop #0, UCI 1  is mapped to hop #1 etc.; 
         FIG. 20A  is a diagram of Mapping of HARQ-ACK and CSI for UCI m  on PUSCH Multiplexed with PUSCH resources; 
         FIG. 20B  is a diagram of Mapping of HARQ-ACK and CSI for UCI m  on PUSCH with UCI only on PUSCH; 
         FIG. 21A  is a diagram of HARQ-ACK UCI mapping resources no DMRS in vicinity of UCI 1 ; 
         FIG. 21B  is a diagram of HARQ-ACK UCI mapping resources Additional DMRS introduced in vicinity of UCI 1 ; 
         FIG. 22A  is a diagram of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH UCI eMBB  precedes UCI URLLC ; 
         FIG. 22B  is a diagram of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH UCI URLLC  precedes UCI eMBB ; 
         FIG. 22C  is a diagram of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH UCI eMBB  and UCI URLLC  mapped to same sub-slot of PUSCH; 
         FIG. 22D  is a diagram of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH UCI URLLC  resources mapped first followed by UCI eMBB ; 
         FIG. 23A  is a diagram of Repetition of a HARQ process repetition of PUSCH in mini-slots, UCI split between the repetitions; 
         FIG. 23B  is a diagram of Repetition of a HARQ process Multi-segment transmission across slot boundary, UCI split between the repetitions; 
         FIG. 23C  is a diagram of Repetition of a HARQ process Mini-slots with frequency hopping, UCI split between the repetitions; 
         FIG. 23D  is a diagram of Repetition of a HARQ process Multi-segment transmissions with hopping, UCI split between the repetitions; 
         FIG. 24A  is a diagram of Splitting modulated UCI symbols between repetitions Jointly generated UCI symbols across repetitions, mapping in proportion to the PUSCH resource in each segment; 
         FIG. 24B  is a diagram of Splitting modulated UCI symbols between repetitions Jointly generated UCI symbols across repetitions, mapping nearly equally between the PUSCH segments; 
         FIG. 24C  is a diagram of Splitting modulated UCI symbols between repetitions Separately generated UCI modulated symbols for each repetition; 
         FIG. 25A  is a diagram of UCI transmission over PUSCH repetitions with mapping the UCI to the PUSCH with minimal latency; 
         FIG. 25B  is a diagram of UCI transmission over PUSCH repetitions with mapping the UCI to the PUSCH which aligns with the end of; 
         FIG. 25C  is a diagram of UCI transmission over PUSCH repetitions with mapping UCI to first PUSCH overlapping with PUCCH (D) Map UCI to PUSCH according to UEs capability; 
         FIG. 25D  is another diagram of UCI transmission over PUSCH repetitions; 
         FIG. 26  is a diagram of Transmission of PUSCH repetitions to different TRPs; 
         FIG. 27A  is a diagram of UCI mapping to PUSCH repetitions targeted for different TRPs Separate HARQ-ACK codebook for each TRP; 
         FIG. 27B  is a diagram of UCI mapping to PUSCH repetitions targeted for different TRPs UCI with common codebook is repeated for each TRP; 
         FIG. 28A  is a diagram of PUSCH Repetition with SRI cycling; 
         FIG. 28B  is a diagram of PUSCH Repetition with the SRI fixed to the time resource; 
         FIG. 28C  is a diagram of PUSCH Repetition with the SRI as a function of the repetition instance; 
         FIG. 29A  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with repetition set of 4 for a PUSCH HARQ ID; 
         FIG. 29B  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with ETI indication to terminate transmissions  3  and  4 ; 
         FIG. 29C  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with UCI-only-on-PUSCH upon termination of PUSCH repetitions; 
         FIG. 29D  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with delayed termination of repetition; 
         FIG. 29E  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with overriding grant indicating early termination; 
         FIG. 29F  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with transmission of NACed CBGs in latter repetitions; 
         FIG. 29G  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with EarlyTerminationTimer based termination of PUSCH repetition; 
         FIG. 29H  is a diagram of PUSCH repetition in multi-TRP scenario with selective termination of repetitions; 
         FIG. 30  is a diagram of retransmission to TRPs within a TRP-group when one TRP from the group NACKs the transmission; 
         FIG. 31A  is a diagram of a UE flushing its HARQ buffer upon receiving an ACK from all TRP-groups; 
         FIG. 31B  is a diagram of a UE identifying an ACK from all TRP-groups with reception of at least one ACK, HARQ buffer flushing after expiration of the timer; 
         FIG. 32A  is a diagram of Intra-UE collision between a low priority PUSCH grant and a high priority PUSCH grant eMBB PUSCH resources are punctured in the location of URLLC resources; 
         FIG. 32B  is a diagram of Intra-UE collision between a low priority PUSCH grant and a high priority PUSCH grant eMBB transmission is fully cancelled; 
         FIG. 32C  is a diagram of Intra-UE collision between a low priority PUSCH grant and a high priority PUSCH grant eMBB PUSCH resources are punctured on the symbols where collision occurs with URLLC PUSCH; 
         FIG. 33  is a diagram of PUSCH URLLC  and PUSCH emBB  have the same HARQ-ID D (Note that the PUSCH resources do not collide); 
         FIG. 34  is a diagram of Intra-UE collision of CG PUSCH. Lower priority CG PUSCH is cancelled or punctured by higher priority CG PUSCH; 
         FIG. 35A  is a diagram of Retransmission of intra-UE preempted low priority CG PUSCH Upon receiving a dynamic grant from the gNB; 
         FIG. 35B  is a diagram of Retransmission of intra-UE preempted low priority CG PUSCH Retransmission as CG PUSCH; 
         FIG. 36A  is a diagram of Intra-UE DL and UL collision Low-priority PDSCH and high-priority PUSCH collision; 
         FIG. 36B  is a diagram of Intra-UE DL and UL collision Low-priority PDSCH and high priority PUCCH collision; 
         FIG. 36C  is a diagram of Intra-UE DL and UL collision Low-priority PUSCH and high priority PDSCH collision; 
         FIG. 37A  illustrates an example communications system in which the methods and apparatuses described and claimed herein may be embodied; 
         FIG. 37B  is a block diagram of an example apparatus or device configured for wireless communications; 
         FIG. 37C  is a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and core network; 
         FIG. 37D  is a system diagram of another example RAN and core network; 
         FIG. 37E  is a system diagram of another example RAN and core network; 
         FIG. 37F  is a block diagram of an example computing system; and 
         FIG. 37G  is a block diagram of another example communications system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Methods and apparatuses are described herein for Intra-UE Prioritization during transmission. In the embodiments described herein, the terms user equipment (UE), wireless communications device, and wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be used interchangeably, without limitation, unless otherwise specified. 
     The following abbreviations and definitions may be used herein:
         BWP Bandwidth Part   cDAI counter-DownLink Assignment Index   CA Carrier Aggregation   CBG Code Block Group   CG Configured Grant   CNGTI Code Block Group Transmission Index   C-RNTI Cell Radio-Network Temporary Identifier   CS-RNTI Configured Schedule Radio-Network Temporary Identifier   CSI-RS Channel State Information Reference Signal   DAI DownLink Assignment Index   DC Dual Connectivity   DL Downlink   DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel   DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal   eMBB enhanced Mobile Broadband   eNB Evolved Node B   FDD Frequency Division Duplex   FR1 Frequency region 1 (sub 6 GHz)   FR2 Frequency region 2 (mmWave)   gNB NR NodeB   HARQ Hybrid ARQ   IE Information Element   IIoT Industrial Internet of Things   KPI Key Performance Indicators   L1 Layer 1   L2 Layer 2   L3 Layer 3   LAA License Assisted Access   LTE Long Term Evolution   MAC Medium Access Control   MCS Modulation Coding Scheme   MCS-C-RNTI Modulation Coding Scheme Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier   MIB Master Information Block   MTC Machine-Type Communications   mMTC Massive Machine Type Communication   NR New Radio   NR-U NR Unlicensed   OS OFDM Symbol   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing   PCell Primary Cell   PHY Physical Layer   PRACH Physical Random Access Channel   PRI PUCCH Resource Indicator   RACH Random Access Channel   RAN Radio Access Network   RAP Random Access Preamble   RAR Random Access Response   RAT Radio Access Technology   RRC Radio Resource Control   RS Reference signal   SCell Secondary Cell   SI System Information   SR Scheduling Request   tDAI total-DownLink Assignment Index   TB Transport Block   TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator   TDD Time Division Duplex   TRP Transmission and Reception Point   TTI Transmission Time Interval   UE User Equipment   UL Uplink   UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel   URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications       

     In applications such as Industrial Internet of Things (HOT), multiple data streams may be generated by a sensor or actuator. These streams may be transmitted to the gNB through a common UE. The data streams may have different requirements in terms of latency, reliability, payload size, QoS, etc. The network must enable the gNB and UE to prioritize the data streams according to their requirements. A simple example is the case where a UE supports both eMBB and URLLC operation. For example, a drone may require eMBB capabilities to support video transmission but URLLC capabilities to be steered in real time. It may be necessary to prioritize URLLC transmissions such as PDSCH, PUSCH, Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), PUCCH over eMBB transmissions. 
     Some scenarios where prioritization must occur due to resource conflict between priorities include but are not limited to the following: intra-UE prioritization of high priority PDSCH grant over low priority PUSCH grant; intra-UE prioritization of PUSCH when there is resource conflict between a CG and dynamic grant; intra-UE prioritization of PUSCH when there is resource conflict between dynamic high priority PUSCH grant over dynamic low priority PUSCH grant; intra-UE prioritization of UL control information when there is resource conflict between control information transmissions of different priorities; and intra-UE prioritization when there is resource conflict between control channel and data channel of different priorities. In addition, the following scenario may be considered, when a UE is configured with multiple CGs: intra-UE prioritization of between multiple CGs PUSCH of different priorities. 
     In 3GPP NR Rel 15, a group-common PDCCH based preemption indicator (DCI with format 2_1 with INT-RNTI) was introduced to indicate to a group of eMBB UEs that certain resources are preempted in the DL. If a UE detects a DCI format 2_1 for a serving cell from the configured set of serving cells, the UE may assume that no transmission to the UE is present in PRBs and in symbols that are indicated by the DCI format 2_1, from a set of PRBs and a set of symbols of the last monitoring period. The set of PRBs may be equal to the active DL BWP. The preempted resources may be indicated with coarse granularity (14 bits indicating the preemption status on a slot or multiples of it). The preemption indication in frequency may be particularly coarse as preemption may be indicated for at most half the BWP or the whole BWP even if the impacted resources do not span that bandwidth. The preemption indication may suggest the eMBB UE to flush its buffer if its PDSCH resources are impacted by the preemption. The UE may flush the impacted soft bits in its HARQ buffer or soft bits/symbols from some other buffer processing the impacted PDSCH. For example, the HARQ buffer may already contain soft bits from a previous eMBB reception and the preempted transmission is an eMBB re-transmission. Before soft combining the re-transmission with the previous transmission, the UE would typically first receive the signal into a receive buffer and then perform various operations on the received signal (e.g. FFT, channel estimation, demodulation) before combining the result into the HARQ soft bit buffer. In this case, HARQ soft bit buffer need not be flushed. But another intermediate buffer(s) containing the impacted retransmission may be flushed. Therefore, the location in which the flushing occurs is generically referred to as a buffer. 
     In 3GPP NR Rel 16, a preemption indication is being considered for the UL wherein, an indication is provided to eMBB UEs that some of its resources may be preempted by a URLLC transmission. Accordingly, the eMBB UE must not transmit in those resources. 
     3GPP NR Rel. 15 has defined PUCCH resource sets and multiple PUCCH resource configurations per resource set. A UE may determine the PUCCH resource set based on the payload of its UCI and the PUCCH resource indicator (PM) from the DCI scheduling the grant. The spatial direction for PUCCH transmission may be configured per PUCCH resource and may be activated by a MAC control element (CE) from a list of RRC configured RS that indicate beam correspondence. 
     3GPP NR Rel. 15 supports semi-static and dynamic codebooks for HARQ ACK transmission. The UE may be configured to use one of the codebooks. The semi-static codebook may have a fixed size. The UE may transmit a HARQ ACK for every slot even if does not receive a grant for a PDSCH. It may transmit a Nack for such slots. Therefore, the payload can be large for the semi-static codebook. Dynamic codebooks may have a variable size and may support transmission of HARQ ACK only for scheduled grants. The scheduling DCI indicated cDAI and tDAI to the UE to indicate the number of scheduled grants for that codebook. cDAI is incremented every time a scheduling DCI is transmitted while tDAI keep count of total number of DAIs in the codebook (including scheduling across the carriers). If a DCI is not received, the discrepancy between cDAI and tDAI may indicate which DCI was not received. So the UE can determine without ambiguity the scheduled PDSCH and NACK the DCI that was not received. 
     If a UE has a PUSCH transmission that overlaps with certain PUCCH transmissions, the UE may piggyback the UCI on the PUSCH either by puncturing the PUSCH or by rate matching the PUSCH resources around the resources for UCI. Encoded HARQ-ACK bits may be mapped immediately after the first DMRS; if PUSCH uses frequency hopping, the HARQ-ACK modulated symbols may be split between the frequency hops. Encoded CSI bits may be mapped starting from the first non-DMRS symbol of the PUSCH. 
     Multiple traffic types with different latencies, reliability requirements, periodicities and payloads may be supported for a single UE. Multiple configured Grants (CGs) may be configured to a UE to support different traffic types and priorities. 
     In 3GPP NR Rel 15, the CG PUSCH was introduced. The grant may either be RRC configured (Type-1) or activated/deactivated through a DCI (Type-2). A configuredGrantTimer may be started on transmission of a HARQ process to prevent a new transmission of the same HARQ process from the UE. If a CG PUSCH is not decoded correctly at the gNB, the gNB sends a dynamic grant for retransmission with CS-RNTI to the UE. 
     Code blocks Groups (CBGs) and were introduced in 3GPP NR Rel 15 so that UE can transmit ACK/NACK with finer granularity for a TB. Also, the gNB can schedule retransmissions for specific CBGs by indicating the index of the CBG through the CBGTI (Code Block Group Transmission Index) field in the DCI. 
     The embodiments described herein address issues related to transmissions of different priority levels. The examples described herein, URLLC traffic may be used to denote high priority transmission, and eMBB traffic may be used to denote low priority transmission. However, the techniques described herein may be applied to any transmission types where more than two priorities may be supported by the UE. 
     It may be desirable to support transmissions of various priority levels to support various applications. While the transmission priorities may be identifiable at the MAC layer, it may be beneficial to enable identification of priority at the physical layer. For example, physical transmission may have already begun but must be preempted at the physical layer. Methods are described herein that identify the priority at the physical layer. 
     For example, in the event of intra-UE PDSCH collisions, a UE may flush out both eMBB and URLLC traffic on receiving the preemption indication. This must be avoided in order to preserve the reliability and latency of the URLLC service. Methods are described herein that define UE behavior when intra-UE collision occurs on the PDSCH. 
     HARQ ACK transmission may be used for multiple priorities. In conventional systems, the UE does not have a defined mechanism to transmit the ACK/NACK for both the colliding PDSCH grants. The HARQ codebook may be extended to support UCI for transmissions with different reliability and latency requirements. When UCI is piggybacked on PUSCH, the priority levels of the UCI and PUSCH may be considered. 
     Procedures to handle intra-UE prioritization of PUSCH grants are described herein. For example, if there is a UL intra-UE collision between dynamic grants or high priority configured grants and a dynamic grant occurs, the UE procedures described herein handle the collision. MAC Layer procedures for intra-UE prioritization are describe herein to enable the UE to resolve prioritization at the MAC layer. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, a gNB may indicate the priority of a grant through DCI using one of: RNTI, DCI length, field in DCI, PDCCH resource, duration of the grant. A UE may indicate the priority in an UL transmission through the RNTI used in the PUSCH data or PUCCH. In case of intra-UE preemption, if a preemption indicator is not received, the UE may flush its low priority buffer&#39;s resources that were preempted by its high priority PDSCH. In case of intra-UE preemption, if a preemption indicator is received, the UE may use the RNTI of the preemption indicator to determine the priority of the buffers to be flushed. Multiple HARQ ACK codebooks may be supported for multiple priorities. RRC signaling may configure the UE with the codebook to be used for each priority. Multiple HARQ ACK codebooks may be transmitted in a slot. Each codebook may be transmitted in a sub-slot of the slot. The sub-slot may be indicated by the K1 parameter at a finer granularity or an additional field K1a may be introduced in the DCI to indicate the sub-slot offset within a slot. If multiple dynamic codebooks are configured, the UE may use the cDAI, tDAI and the priority indication for the PDSCH grant to determine to which codebook the ACK/NACK belongs. For multi-TRP transmission, the UE may transmit the HARQ ACK feedback in different codebooks to each TRP. The CORESET DMRS or another configured RS may indicate the spatial direction for the PUCCH transmission. The UE may override the spatial direction configured through MAC CE and may use the spatial direction indicated by the CORESET or the configured RS to transmit PUCCH. Multiple HARQ ACK codebooks may be piggybacked on a PUSCH transmission. Each codebook may be mapped to one sub-slot of the PUSCH. Different codebooks carrying different UCI of priorities may be mapped to different hops of the PUSCH transmission. Beta-offset value of 0 may be supported to eliminate piggybacked UCI resources on a PUSCH. A HARQ ACK codebook may be mapped to multiple repetitions of a PUSCH transmission. When HARQ process ID of a CG grant of higher priority collides with that of a lower priority dynamic grant, the UE may ignore the low priority grant. When multiple CG grants collide in a UE, the UE may retransmit the preempted CG grant on a CG resource. A UE&#39;s PUSCH repetition may be subject to early termination on being acknowledged at one TRP or timer based termination or selective termination depending on which TRP has Acknowledged the transmission. 
     Some of the examples described herein may be for unpaired spectrum, and some figures do not include the “Frequency” label explicitly in the y-axis. This is because mainly the time domain (x-axis) is relevant in these figures. However, the principles/examples described herein may also be applied to paired spectrum. 
     PHY layer identification of the priority of a grant is described herein. A UE may be scheduled or configured for receiving a PDSCH or for transmitting a PUSCH or PUCCH. However, the gNB may override that transmission with a higher priority transmission. For example, an eMBB PDSCH may be preempted by a URLLC PDSCH for that UE. In another example, an eMBB PUSCH may be preempted by a URLLC PUSCH. An URLLC PUCCH may collide with an eMBB PUCCH. The UE&#39;s MAC layer may prioritize the higher priority transmission if there is sufficient time to react to the grants; the MAC may deliver the prioritized transmission to the UE and cancel the lower priority transmission. On the UL, if the UE has already begun transmission at the PHY layer, it may identify that another transmission may be more important and stop the lower priority transmission and transmit the higher priority transmission. For this purpose, it may be desirable to have knowledge of the priority of a transmission at the PHY layer. For example, if a DL PDSCH grant&#39;s priority is known at the PHY, the UE may prioritize its HARQ-ACK UCI transmission accordingly over other low priority UL transmissions. It may be beneficial to indicate the priority to the UE through one of the following ways. 
     The RNTI may be used for scrambling the DCI of the grant to indicate the priority to the UE. If the eMBB and URLLC are the only two priority levels, the RNTI indicating the MCS (MCS-C-RNTI) for higher reliability may be interpreted to indicate URLLC. However, if multiple priorities are supported, such as priorities within URLLC itself, multiple RNTIs may be used to indicate the priorities. The gNB may configure the UE with the different RNTIs and indicate their relative priority levels as illustrated in the example in Table 1 below. Priority level ‘0’ may correspond to the lowest priority and the priority increases with ascending order of priority-level. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Different RNTIs configured to a UE for transmissions 
               
               
                 of different priority levels 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 RNTI mask for scheduling 
               
               
                   
                 Priority level (2 bits) 
                 PDSCH/PUSCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 00 (lowest) 
                 RNTI 1   
               
               
                   
                 01 
                 RNTI 2   
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 RNTI 3   
               
               
                   
                 11 (highest) 
                 RNTI 4   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The example RNTIs shown in Table 1 may be used to mask the C-RNTI of the UE. When receiving a grant, the UE may check the CRC of the DCI for all the possible masking RNTIs and may select the one for which the CRC passes. 
     For dynamic grants, the RNTI may be detected by the UE by blindly decoding the DCI and may be given by C-RNTI ⊕ RNTIp where RNTIp may be the masking RNTI from Table 1 with priorityLevel p. In these examples, the RNTI masks may be configured to multiple UEs commonly. This configuration may occur through SI or in a UE-specific manner, wherein multiple UEs may be configured with the same RNTIp values for different priorities. 
     In an example, instead of a mask, the gNB may provide multiple C-RNTIs (C-RNTI1, C-RNTI2, etc.) to a UE for multiple priority levels. The configuration may be performed in a UE-specific manner. 
     Alternatively or additionally, the RNTIs may be provided through a group common PDCCH to multiple UEs. 
     For a Type-1 UL configured grant, the priority level for a grant may be configured through RRC. For example, if the configured grant is given an ID ‘configuredGrantID’ to distinguish different configured grants, the ID may be equal to the priority level. For certain applications, it may be useful to provide multiple configured grants with the same priority. For example, in NR-U applications, traffic with certain priority may be given multiple configured grants and the UE selects a grant based on channel availability. In this case, a field ‘priorityLevel’ may be configured in addition to the configured grant ID. 
     For Type-2 configured grants, the activation DCI may use the CS-RNTI masked with the RNTI of target priority level in Table 1. The activation DCI may be scrambled using CS-RNTI ⊕ RNTIp. The deactivation DCI may also use CS-RNTI masked with RNTIp. This may be suitable especially if the priorityLevel and configuredGrantID may be the same for the grant. Alternatively or additionally, the deactivation DCI may use only the CS-RNTI to deactivate a grant to the UE, which makes the procedure simple and improves the robustness of the deactivation DCI. The UE uses the configuredGrantID to determine the Type-2 grant to deactivate. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram showing a configured grant&#39;s priority may be changed by another activation DCI  50 .  FIG. 1  shows the PDCCHs  51 , other signals  52 , and gaps  55 .  FIG. 1  also shows activation DCI  56  scrambled using CS-RNTI ⊕ RNTI 2  for priority level 2 and activation DCI  57  scrambled using CS-RNTI ⊕ RNTI 4  for priority level 4. PUSCH  53  comprises a configured grant with priority level 2 and PUSCH  54  comprises a configured grant with priority level 4. Alternatively or additionally, a MAC CE from the gNB may be used to set the priorityLevel to the UE. 
     An explicit field ‘priorityLevel’ in the DCI may indicate the priority of the grant. 
     The DCI length for the grant may indicate the priority of the grant. A compact DCI may be used for URLLC, but with this method, more DCI lengths need to be defined to support multiple levels of priority. 
     One or more characteristics of the PDCCH such as the starting PRB of the DCI&#39;s CCE may indicate the priority level. For example, the (startingPRB mod priorityLevelmax) may set the priority level for the grant. The starting symbol of the PDCCH may indicate the priority. The aggregation level (AL) of the PDCCH may indicate the priority; as URLLC DCI may require a higher priority, a higher AL may be used compared to eMBB DCI. A set of reference ALs denoted as ‘AL ref,p ’ may be configured to the UE for each priority. If a received AL is within that set, the UE may identify the PDCCH to belong to priorityLevel p. 
     HARQ processes may be configured to for certain priorityLevels. For UEs with high processing capabilities, this may work well as the typical latencies for HARQ-ACK may be small. Accordingly, few HARQ processes may be required to support URLLC cases. 
     The number of resources in the grant may indicate the priority level. For example, PUSCH transmissions in a mini-slot of length between 2OS and 4OS may have the highest priority while PUSCH transmissions in a mini-slot of length between 10OS and 14OS may indicate the lowest priority. A table of time resource range and corresponding priority may be indicated through RRC signaling to the UE. On receiving the grant, the UE may identify the priority from the amount of time resources available to it. The MCS of the grant may indicate the priority level; high priority transmissions requiring higher reliability may have MCS values with lower spectral efficiency. 
     The gNB may configure multiple DMRS sequences to the UE corresponding to different priority levels. When the UE receives the PDSCH grant, it may detect the DMRS sequence of the PDSCH and may recognize the priority level. For example, the RNTI masks may be used to generate the DMRS sequences for different priority levels. 
     The time of arrival of the DCI may determine the priorityLevel. The most recent DCI may denote a higher priority DCI. However, this may not apply to all scenarios. For example, in some scenarios, a UE may receive DL signals/channels in a cell from multiple TRPs and/or transmit UL signals/channels in a cell to multiple TRPs. In this multi-TRP case, one TRP may provide an eMBB grant. A second TRP may provide a URLLC grant. The eMBB grant may arrive after the URLLC grant, but the PDSCH resources may collide, causing intra-UE collision. In this case, the most recent DCI may not be a good indicator of the priority. 
     The priority of the UCI may be associated with that of the grant. For example, if the PDSCH has priorityLevel p, its HARQ ACK feedback has priority p. Periodic CSI reports may be transmitted with lower priorityLevel plow configured by the gNB to the UE, even if the report corresponds to a BLER target for a certain priority p&gt;plow; this may be because generally periodic CSI reports have lower priority than most transmissions. All periodic CSI reports (for eMBB and URLLC) may be transmitted with the same periodicity. However, if there is a collision between periodic CSI reports of two priorities, the report for the higher priority BLER may be prioritized and the report for lower priority BLER may be dropped. On the other hand, A-C SI reports may be transmitted with the priorityLevel of the corresponding traffic and may use the priorityLevel indicated by the DCI scheduling it. 
     It may be useful to indicate the priority of the UL transmission such as PUSCH or PUCCH in the transmission. For example, a UE may provide ACK/NACK to URLLC and eMBB PDSCH in separate codebooks so that the latency and reliability for each priority may be achieved through appropriate scheduling of the PUCCH and the coding rate respectively. A PUCCH HARQ-ACK resource may be used by both URLLC and eMBB. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of the PUSCH and PUCCH with the C-RNTI masked with the priorityLevel RNTI  200 . A UE indicating priority through the RNTI (=C-RNTI ⊕ RNTIp) used to scramble the UL UCI. The gNB may identify the RNTI to recognize the priority level for which PUCCH HARQ-ACK was received.  FIG. 2  shows the PDCCHs  201 , other signals  206 , and gaps  205 .  FIG. 2  also shows a DCI in slot #0 scrambled with mask RNTIp1  210  schedules PUSCH0 in slot #2  203 . The PUSCH may also be transmitted with priorityLevel mask RNTIp1  203 . A DCI scrambled with a mask RNTIp1 may schedule PDSCH0 in slot #1  220 . The corresponding PUCCH may be transmitted on slot #3 where the UCI may be scrambled with mask of RNTIp2  204 . 
     A preemption indication for a given priority is described herein in accordance with another embodiment. When intra-UE DL preemption occurs, a grant of a low priority PDSCH to UE1 may be preempted by a grant of higher priority to UE1. 
       FIG. 3A  shows an example of intra-UE preemption of a low priority PDSCH by a high priority PDSCH with a resource element (RE) collision between PDSCHs  300 .  FIG. 3A  shows the PDCCHs  301 , the PDSCH eMBB    302 , the PDSCH URLLC    303 , and other signals  304  for slots #0  312  to slot #2  313  with respect to frequency  314 . In the example of  FIG. 3A , a low priority PDSCH eMBB  may be scheduled for slot #2 by DCI in slot #0  310 . Subsequently, a DCI in slot #2 schedules a high priority URLLC PDSCH URLLC  in slot #2  311 . As a result, the resources collide for the PDSCHs. 
       FIG. 3B  shows an example of intra-UE preemption of a low priority PDSCH by a high priority PDSCH when the PDSCH eMBB  and PDSCH URLLC  do not collide in frequency but overlap in time.  FIG. 3B  shows the PDCCHs  305 , the PDSCH eMBB    306 , the PDSCH URLLC    307 , and other signals  308  for slots #0  322  to slot #2  323  with respect to frequency  324 . In the example of  FIG. 3B , a low priority PDSCH eMBB  may be scheduled for slot #2 by DCI in slot #0  320 . Subsequently, a DCI in slot #2 schedules a high priority URLLC PDSCH URLLC  in slot #2  321 . If the UE has the capability to process both the PDSCHs, it may do so. Otherwise, the UE may assume that its PDSCH eMBB  has been preempted by its own PDSCH URLLC . 
       FIG. 4A  shows an example of preemption by the PDSCH URLLC    400 .  FIG. 4A  shows the PDCCH  401 , the PDSCH eMBB    402  and  403 , and UE 1  PDSCH URLLC    404  for a slot  410  with respect to frequency  411 . If the preemption is entirely intra-UE preemption, i.e., other UEs may not be impacted, then the gNB does not need to send the preemption indication through a group common DCI with format2_1 using INT-RNTI for scrambling. In this case, UE 1  may identify the DL preemption on recognizing the colliding resources for the low priority and high priority grants. UE 1  automatically flushes soft bits corresponding to the impacted REs in its respective buffer for the low priority PDSCH. 
       FIG. 4B  shows another example of preemption by the PDSCH URLLC .  FIG. 4B  shows the PDCCH  405 , the PDSCH eMBB    406  and  407 , and UE 1  PDSCH URLLC    408  for a slot  420  with respect to frequency  421 . In this example, the preempted resources may include resources from other UEs where UE 2 &#39;s eMBB PDSCH  406  may be preempted. In this case the gNB may send an indication of preemption to the UEs. For example, the indication may be sent via the group common DCI with format2_1 using INT-RNTI for scrambling. If UE 1  receives the preemption indication, it may flush its buffers for both the low and high priority PDSCHs. But it should not flush the high priority buffer in this case. Instead the UE 1  may use one of the following information to flush only the low priority buffer: 
     (1) UE 1  may flush its buffer corresponding to the transmission that was received earlier in time (PDSCH0) as the more recent transmission (PDSCH1) may be assumed to be of higher priority. 
     UE 1  may use the priorityLevel information in the grants to determine the higher priority HARQ process and flushes the buffer with lower priority. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example procedure for flushing the low priority HARQ buffer  500  for a UE that has an intra-UE collision of a low priority PDSCH and high priority PDSCH. When the procedure starts (step  501 ), the UE may monitor for intra-UE PDSCH collisions (step  502 ). The UE may determine whether an intra-UE collision of the PDSCH (step  503 ). If no intra-UE collision of the PDSCH is detected, the UE may return to step  502 . If an intra-UE collision of the PDSCH is detected, the UE may determine whether a preemption indication was received for the colliding resource (step  504 ). For intra-UE preemption, a UE-specific preemption indication may be sent by the gNB to the UE indicating which grant has higher priority and which resources are to be flushed for the lower priority buffer. The preemption indication DCI may carry the set of priorities in its payload for which a UE may flush its buffer if its resources experience preemption. If a preemption indication was received for the colliding resource, the UE may flush the lower priority buffer in the resources indicated by the preemption indicator (step  505 ). If a preemption indication was not received for the colliding resource, the UE may flush the soft bits in the lower priority buffer that are impacted by the high priority PDSCH (step  506 ). The procedure then ends (step  507 ). In an alternative procedure, if a UE detects both intra-UE preemption (due to arrival of colliding grants) and a preemption indicator, the UE may ignore the preemption indicator. It may flush only the bits of its lower priority PDSCH in the REs that were preempted by its higher priority PDSCH. 
       FIG. 6  shows an example in which a UE preempts the PDSCH of other UEs  600 .  FIG. 6  shows the PDCCH  601 , UE 1  PDSCH priorityLevel 1  602 , UE 0  PDSCH priorityLevel 0  603 , UE 2  PDSCH priorityLevel 2  605 , and UE 3  PDSCH priorityLevel 3  604  for a slot  610  with respect to frequency  611 . When multiple priority levels may be supported by a UE, it may be necessary to indicate the priority levels that must be flushed. For example, consider that UE 2  has PDSCH transmission with priorityLevel=2  605 . It preempts certain resources of priorityLevel=1 of UE 1    602  and priorityLevel=0 of UE 0    603 . However, it does not preempt resource of priorityLevel=3 of UE 3    604  (as UE 3 &#39;s priority may be higher than that of UE 2 ). 
     The format2_1 DCI may indicate at a coarse level the impacted REs in time and frequency. But the indication does not have the granularity to indicate that UE 3 &#39;s resources may not be preempted. So, according to Rel 15 procedures, UE 0 , UE 1  and UE 3  may all flush their buffers. But the intention is to enable only UE 0  and UE 1  to flush their buffers without impacting that of UE 3 . So in the embodiments described herein, the INT-RNTI may be masked with the priorityLevel mask. The UE that receives the preemption indicator DCI, may detect the mask and may determine the priority levels to flush. In the current example, the gNB sends the DCI with mask of RNTI 1 . So UEs may know that they must flush their buffers if they have priorityLevel≤1. Accordingly, only UE 0  and UE 1  flush their buffers and UE 3  does not. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example procedure for use in a UE for flushing the soft buffers of priorities indicated through the RNTI p  mask  700 . In the example of  FIG. 7 , the UE flushes impacted buffers with priorityLevel&lt;=received priorityLevel indication through the preemption indicator. When the procedure starts (step  701 ), the UE may monitor for a preemption indicator (step  702 ). The UE may determine whether a preemption indication indicating priorityLevel p was received (step  703 ). If a preemption indication indicating priorityLevel p was received, the UE may flush buffers with the preempted resource for priorityLevel&lt;=p (step  704 ). If a preemption indication indicating priorityLevel p was not received, the UE may return to step  702 . The procedure then ends (step  705 ). 
     Alternatively or additionally, the UE may indicate the priority level of the transmission that is preempting other UEs through the preemption indicator. UEs having preempted resource with priority lower than that indicated by the preemption indicator will flush their buffer. 
     Procedures for high and low priority control signaling are described herein. In general, a high priority transmission may take precedence over a low priority transmission. The UE may cancel or puncture the low priority transmission to support the high priority transmission. Scenarios including but not limited to the following may be supported: 
     (1) UE drops low priority PUCCH in favor of high priority PUSCH; 
     (2) UE drops low priority PUSCH in favor of high priority PUCCH; 
     (3) UE drops low priority UCI 1  n favor of high priority UCI; 
     (4) UE drops low priority PUCCH in favor of high priority PUCCH; and 
     (5) UE drops low priority PUSCH in favor of high priority PUSCH. 
     Other ways to accommodate transmissions with different priorities may also be supported as described below. 
     Multiple PUCCH transmission opportunities in a slot are described herein. A UCI may be transmitted once per slot. It may be desirable to provide M UCI feedback opportunities per slot for low latency and high priority PDSCH, with M≥1. Greater the value of M, greater the number of feedback opportunities within the slot. The time resources of each opportunity for UCI transmission within the slot may be referred to as a sub-slot. So M sub-slots may be supported for UCI transmission in a slot. 
       FIG. 8A  shows an example of HARQ-ACK UCI transmission on the PUCCH with single UCI feedback  800 .  FIG. 8A  shows the PDCCH  801 , PDSCH 0  K1=4 and PRI=0  802 , PDSCH 1  K1=3 and PRI=1  803 , PDSCH 2  K1=4 and PRI=0  804 , PDSCH 3  K1=2 and PRI&lt;1  808 , PUCCH 01  PRI=1  807 , PUCCH 23  PRI=1  809 , other DL signals  810 , other UL signals  805 , and gaps  806  for a plurality of slots. As shown in  FIG. 8A , HARQ-ACK for multiple PDSCHs can be jointly transmitted in a HARQ codebook only once in a slot. Here, the ACK/NACK for PDSCH 0    802  and PDSCH 1    803  may be transmitted on PUCCH 01    807  as the corresponding K1 values denote slot #4 for UCI feedback and PRI=1 may be used as the PM is from the most recent scheduling DCI. Similarly, ACK/NACK for PDSCH 2    804  and PDSCH 3    808  may be transmitted on PUCCH 23    809  as the corresponding K1 values denote slot #5 for UCI feedback. 
       FIG. 8B  shows an example of HARQ-ACK UCI transmission on the PUCCH with multiple UCI feedback opportunities in a slot.  FIG. 8B  shows the PDCCH  811 , PDSCH 0    812 , PDSCH 1    813 , PDSCH 2    814 , PDSCH 3    815 , PUCCH 01    819 , PUCCH 23    820 , other UL signals  816 , and gaps  817  for a plurality of subslots (e.g., subslots  821  and  822 ). As shown in  FIG. 8B , multiple opportunities may be provided for UCI feedback in a slot. Here, 2 PUCCH transmissions may be supported in a slot (M=2). The PDSCH may be received in 2 OS mini-slots in slot #0  813 . The ACK/NACK for PDSCH 0  and PDSCH 1  may be transmitted in sub-slot #1 as PUCCH 01    819  which spans OS #6, 7 in slot #1 while the ACK/NACK for PDSCH 2  and PDSCH 3  may be transmitted in sub-slot #2 as PUCCH 23    820  which spans OS #12, 13 in slot #1  823 . 
     The number of sub-slots may be configured by the gNB to the UE through RRC signaling. Furthermore, the sub-slots may be of different lengths to support different types of traffic, their priorities and latencies. The gNB may configure sub-slots in a non-overlapping manner to the UE so that there may be no collisions between transmissions on the sub-slots. Alternatively, the gNB may configure sub-slots to the UE with overlapping resources. If UE identifies that it may be scheduled to transmit on 2 overlapping sub-slots, it may drop one of the transmissions. The lower priority transmission may be dropped or the latter sub-slot may be dropped or the earlier sub0slot may be dropped. 
     The following methods may be used to indicate the sub-slot to be used for PUCCH transmission when M&gt;1: 
     If M sub-slots may be allowed for PUCCH transmission, K1 may be indicated in terms of sub-slots. The number of sub-slots per slot may be configured for each priorityLevel. K1 may be interpreted accordingly for each priorityLevel; so, each priorityLevel interprets K1 as per the number of sub-slots configured to it per slot. This configuration may be provided through RRC signaling to the UE. Table 2 below gives an example of how K1 may be configured for different number of sub-slots per slot. 
       FIG. 9A  shows an example sub-slot configuration  900  with the eMBB PDSCH configured for one sub-slot per slot and K1 incremented in units of slot.  FIG. 9A  shows a plurality of slots (e.g., slot #0  910  and slot #2  911 ) comprising PDCCH  901 , gaps  905 , PDSCH 0  with K1=2  902 , PDSCH 1  with K1=1  903 , and PUCCH 01    904 . PDSCH 0  with K1=2 902 and PDSCH 1  with K1=1  903  may be acknowledged jointly in slot #2  911 . 
       FIG. 9B  shows another example sub-slot configuration with URLLC PDSCH configured for two sub-slots per slot and K1 incremented in units of half a slot.  FIG. 9B  shows a plurality of slots: slot #0  936  comprising sub-slot 0  930  and sub-slot 1  931 , slot #1  937  comprising sub-slot 0  932  and sub-slot 1  933 , and slot #2  938  comprising sub-slot 0  934  and sub-slot 1  935 .  FIG. 9B  also shows PDCCH  920 , gaps  925 , other signals  926 , PDSCH 0  with K1=3 921, PDSCH 1  with K1=2  939 , PDSCH2 with K1=2  922 , PUCCH 01    923 , and PUCCH 2    924 . In the example of  FIG. 9B , DSCH0 with K1=3 and PDSCH1 with K1=2 may be acknowledged jointly in sub-slot #1 of slot #1. And PDSCH2 in sub-slot #0 of slot #1 with K1=2 may be acknowledged in sub-slot #0 of slot #2. 
       FIG. 10  shows K1 incremented in the finest granularity of sub-slots for the lowest priority  1000 .  FIG. 10  shows a plurality of slots (e.g., slot #0  1010  and slot #2  1011 ) comprising PDCCH  1001 , gap  1005 , PDSCH 0  with K1=4  1002 , PDSCH 1  with K1=2  1003 , and PUCCH 01    1004 . PDSCH 0  with K1=4  1002  and PDSCH 1  with K1=2  1003  may be acknowledged jointly in slot #2  1011 . In this alternative, K1 may be interpreted according to the finest granularity, i.e., according to the maximum number of sub-slots per slot. The UE may decide the K1 to use based on the priorityLevel signaled in the grant.  FIG. 10  shows an eMBB use case incrementing K1 by the maximum number of sub-slots per slot assuming that the largest number of sub-slots per slot for the UE may be 2. So only K1 values of 2, 4, 6, etc. may be valid for eMBB as the indication of the PUCCH resource in in terms of slot for eMBB. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Different K1 for different number of sub-slots 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 PriorityLevel 
                 # sub-slots per slot 
                 K1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 (lowest) 
                 1 
                 Increments in unit of slot 
               
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 Increments in unit of 0.5 slot 
               
               
                 2 
                 3 
                 Increments by about ⅓ of a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 slot. Exact number of symbols 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for each sub-slot may be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 provided through RRC signaling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 or specification. 
               
               
                 3 (highest) 
                 4 
                 Increments by about 0.25 of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 a slot. Exact number of symbols 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for each sub-slot may be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 provided through RRC signaling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 or specification. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 11  shows an example  1100  where K1 indicates the slot for PUCCH and K1a indicates the sub-slot.  FIG. 11  shows a plurality of slots: slot #0  1116  comprising sub-slot 0  1110  and sub-slot 1  1111 , slot #1  1117  comprising sub-slot 0  1112  and sub-slot 1  1113 , and slot #2  1118  comprising sub-slot 0  1114  and sub-slot 1  1115 .  FIG. 11  also shows PDCCH  1101 , gaps  1108 , other signals  1107 , PDSCH 0  with K1=1 and K1a=1  1102 , PDSCH 1  with K1=1 and K1a=1  1103 , PDSCH2 with K1=1 and K1a=0  1104 , PUCCH 01    1105 , and PUCCH 2    1106 . Additional bits may be introduced in the field ‘K1a’ in the scheduling DCI to indicate the sub-slot for PUCCH. K1 may be incremented in terms of slots and K1a may provide the offset of the sub-slot number within the slot. In  FIG. 11 , K1 indicates the slot offset and K1a indicates the sub-slot offset within that slot for PUCCH resource. M=2 sub-slots per slot for this example. 
     HARQ Codebooks for different priority transmissions are described herein. The gNB may determine if the HARQ ACK bits for different priorities are to be jointly encoded or separately encoded. If they are separately encoded, different codebooks may be used for different priority levels. The gNB may indicate through RRC signaling the codebook type for each priority level. For example, eMBB transmissions may use semi-static codebook while URLLC may use dynamic codebook. Dynamic codebook may be well suited for URLLC as the overhead in the UCI may be smaller and the smaller payload can be transmitted with fewer resources for high reliability. Also, it may be expected that the URLLC HARQ-ACK may be transmitted with low latency. Therefore, not many PDSCHs may be multiplexed in the same PUCCH. So semi-static codebook may be unnecessary especially if the URLLC traffic can be sporadic. 
     It may be desirable to configure separate PUCCH resource sets for different priorities or additional PUCCH resources in each resource set. For example, eMBB traffic may have PUCCH resources in the last symbols of a slot whereas, URLLC may require multiple PUCCH resources in a slot including resources in the leading symbols of a slot to minimize latency. RRC signaling may configure the PUCCH resource set and the corresponding priorityLevels of PDSCH that can be acknowledged through a PUCCH resource in the PUCCH resource set. 
     If PUCCH resource sets are different for different priority levels, they may use separate codebooks for HARQ-ACK. If a PUCCH resource set may be the same for two transmissions of different priorityLevels, their HARQ-ACK may either be jointly encoded and transmitted in one code-book or may be transmitted on separate codebooks—this behavior of whether to HARQ-ACK of different priorities can be jointly transmitted may be configured by the gNB to the UE through RRC signaling. 
       FIG. 12  shows an example of separate HARQ ACK codebooks  1200  for p=0 (eMBB) and p=1 (URLLC).  FIG. 12  shows PDCCH 01  p=0 and K1=3  1201 , PDCCH 00  p=1  1202 , PDCCH 11  p=1  1203 , PDCCH 22  p=1  1204 , PDCCH 33  p=1  1205 , PDCCH 34  p=0 and K1=1  1208 , PDCCH 11  p=0 and K1=3  1211 , PDCCH 23  p=0 and K1=2  1212 , and PDCCH 34  p=0 and K1=1  1213 , gap  1218 , other DL signals  1206 , PUCCG  1207 , and PUCCH  1210 . If multiple dynamic codebooks are used for multiple priority levels, counters cDAI and tDAI may be defined for each priority level separately. A codebook of priorityLevel p may use parameters cDAIp and tDAIp to determine their dynamic codebook. The cDAIp and tDAIp may be indicated in the scheduling DCI, and p may be determined by the UE from the priorityLevel embedded in the DCI or PDCCH (through one of the methods described earlier). Accordingly, the UE may prepare the codebook for transmitting for priorityLevel p. In the example of  FIG. 12 , the cDAI and tDAI values may be incremented independently for eMBB and URLLC PDSCH. The eMBB PDCCH may indicate the PUCCH  1210  resource in slot #3  1217 . As a result, their HARQ-ACK may be combined in one codebook and transmitted on PUCCH  1210  in slot #3  1217 . The URLLC PDCCH may indicate a PUCCH resource in slot #1  1215 ; the URLLC HARQ-ACK may be combined into one codebook and transmitted on PUCCH in slot #1  1207 . If the tDAI and cDAI are shared between the priorities, their codebooks cannot be easily separated. This is because, if a DCI is missed, although the discrepancy between the cDAI and tDAI indicates it, the UE cannot determine if it missed the scheduling of URLLC or eMBB transmission and therefore does not know whether to NACK the missed PDSCH in the eMBB codebook or URLLC codebook. 
     A codebook may be defined based on the PUCCH resource. This may allow transmission of HARQ-ACK in the nearest PUCCH resource and can benefit URLLC latency requirements. If PDSCH of multiple priority levels point to the same PUCCH resource, and the UE is allowed to multiplex the HARQ-ACK for the different priority levels, then the UE jointly may transmit the HARQ-ACK of those transmissions in the same PUCCH resource. In this case, the cDAI may be reset after each PUCCH resource transmissions opportunity. 
     Multi-TRP PUCCH transmissions are described herein. When supporting multi-TRP transmission, a UE may receive a first PDCCH and corresponding first PDSCH from a first TRP and a second PDCCH and corresponding second PDSCH from a second TRP. The time-frequency resources for the first and second PDSCHs may be overlapping, non-overlapping, or partially overlapping. For example, the PDSCHs may be received in the same or different slots. The PDSCHs may be received on overlapping or non-overlapping PRBs, for instance. 
     In some scenarios, a UE may receive a PDSCH in which a first set of layers comes from a first TRP and in which a second set of layers comes from a second TRP. In one example, the first and second set of layers may be used to transmit different codewords or transport blocks. In another example, a single codeword or transport block may be transmitted on the first and second set of layers. 
     Signals/channels transmitted/received from/to different TRPs in a cell may be associated with different applications and thereby associated with different priority levels. For example, a macro TRP may be used for URLLC since it has the best connection to the core network, whereas a low power TRP near the UE location with non-ideal backhaul may be used for eMBB traffic. 
       FIG. 13  shows an example where a UE transmits to multiple TRPs  1300 .  FIG. 13  shows PDCCH  1310 , gap  1311 , and PUCCH  1312  and  1313  during slot  1314 . UE  1303  transmits the PUCCH of UCI 0    1312  to TRP 0    1301  on beam B 0    1304  and transmits the PUCCH of UCI 1    1313  to TRP 1    1302  on Beam B 1    1305 . UE  1303  may provide a separate UCI to each TRP  1301  and  1302 . Each UCI may contain CSI reports and HARQ-ACK corresponding to a specific TRP (for example, corresponding to a first or second PDSCH or a first or second set of layers of a PDSCH). As a result, UE  1303  may transmit PUCCH  1312  and  1313  to each TRP  1301  and  1302  with the appropriate spatial direction. In other words, the beam for PUCCH transmission in correspondence with a DL RS or QCL with an UL RS may be different for each TRP. 
       FIG. 14  shows an example of PUCCH transmission to multiple TRPs  1400 .  FIG. 14  shows PDCCH  1405 , gaps  1409 , other signals  1408 , PDSCH 0  with K1=4 and PRI=0 transmitted by TRP i    1406  during slot #0  1420 , PDSCH 1  with K1=2 and PRI=1 transmitted by TRP j    1407 , PUCCH UCI 0    1410 , and PUCCH UCI 1    1411 . As the spatial direction may be different for each of UCI 0  and UCI 1 , different PUCCH resources may be indicated for UCI 0  and UCI 1  as each PUCCH resource may be identified with a certain spatial direction. As shown in  FIG. 14 , UCI 0  and UCI 1  are transmitted in PUCCH  1410  and PUCCH  1411 , respectively. 
       FIG. 14  also shows that TRP i  and TRP j  transmits PDSCH 0    1406  and PDSCH 1    1407  to the UE on beams B 0    1401  and B 1    1402  with PRI=0 and PRI=1, respectively. The UE responds with PUCCH with UCI 0    1410  to TRP 0  in slot #2  1421  on beam B 0    1403  and PUCCH with UCI 1    1411  to TRP 1  in slot #3 on beam B 1    1404 . PUCCH resource with PRI=0 may be configured for transmission on Beam B 0    1403 , and resource with PRI=1 may be configured for transmission on Beam B 1    1404 . This configuration of spatial direction of PUCCH resource may be done through MAC CE activation. If multiple TRPs are to be supported, multiple PUCCH resources are configured for different spatial direction. 
     To overcome the activation overhead, the following alternative may be considered. The UE may be configured to use the spatial direction based on the identity of the TRP. The identity of the TRP may be indicated in the form of a spatial relation to an SSB or CSI-RS or an UL SRS. For example, the identity of a TRP may be tied to the CORESET. For example, TRP 1  may schedule using CORESET i . Then the TCI configuration of CORESET i  may indicate the spatial direction that is to be used for the PUCCH for TRP i . In this case, the UE may ignore the MAC CE activated spatial direction. Instead, it may use the TRP identity and corresponding spatial direction. 
       FIG. 15  shows an example of PUCCH spatial direction based on TRP identity  1500 .  FIG. 15  shows PDCCH  1509 , gaps  1511 , other signals  1510 , PDSCH 0  with K1=4 and PRI=0 transmitted by TRP i    1506  during slot #0  1520 , PDSCH 1  with K1=2 and PRI=1 transmitted by TRP j    1508 , PUCCH UCI 0    1512  during slot #2  1521 , and PUCCH UCI 1    1513 .  FIG. 15  shows the case where CORESET i  transmitted in PDCCH  1505  may be configured for TRP i . TRP i  may schedule with PDSCH with PRI=0, but the UE may use beam B 0    1501  for TRP i . CORESET is transmitted in PDCCH  1507  and may be configured for TRP j . TRP j  may schedule with PDSCH with PRI=0, but the UE may use beam B 1    1502  for TRP j . As another alternative, instead of using the TCI state of the CORESET, a spatial direction based on SSB or CSI-RS or SRS may be assigned to UE for each TRP through higher layer signaling. 
     Note that a TRP&#39;s identity might not be explicitly used in any configuration information. Instead, a TRP may be indirectly identified through a spatial direction. The spatial directions for the different PUCCHs may be explicitly configured through a DL RS or UL RS or connected to a DL channel, e.g. to CORESET i  as described above, or to TCI states of different PDSCH transmissions, or to different TCI states of different layers of a PDSCH transmission. 
     The UCI on PUSCH is described herein. A high priority UCI piggybacked on a low priority PUSCH is described herein. It is proposed that when the PUCCH for URLLC overlaps with the PUSCH for eMBB, the URLLC UCI may be piggybacked on to the eMBB PUSCH. As M&gt;1 may be supported for URLLC, multiple instances or codebooks of UCI may be piggybacked on the PUSCH. 
       FIG. 16  shows an example of multiple HARQ ACK codebooks are piggybacked on a single PUSCH within a slot  1600 .  FIG. 16  shows PDCCH  1601 , gap  1607 , and other signals  1602 . An eMBB PUSCH  1608  may be scheduled for slot #3  1623 . URLLC PDSCHs  1603 ,  1604 ,  1605 , and  1606  may be scheduled in slot #1  1621  and slot #2  1622 . The ACK/NACK for PDSCH 0  and PDSCH 1    1609  (denoted as UCI 0 ) may be jointly encoded and transmitted in the first half of slot #3 (sub-slot #0  1624 ) while the ACK/NACK for PDSCH 2  and PDSCH 3    1610  (denoted as UCI 1 ) may be jointly encoded and transmitted in the latter half of slot #3 (sub-slot #1  1625 ). 
     The eMBB PUSCH may be rate matched or punctured to accommodate the UCI. Depending on the UE capability and the latency in processing the PDSCH, the methods, including but not limited to the following, may be used to map the UCI 0  and UCI 1  on the PUSCH: 
     (1) PUSCH may be punctured to enable mapping of UCI 0  and UCI 1    
     (2) PUSCH may be rate matched around resources for UCI 0  and UCI 1    
     (3) PUSCH may be rate matched around resources for UCI 0  and punctured by resources for UCI 1 . This case may apply if the latency is not enough to enable the PUSCH to be rate matched for accommodating UCI 1 . 
     Similar principles may be applied to UCI carrying CSI. If URLLC requires UCI measurements and reports multiple times per slot, the reports may be piggybacked on the PUSCH similar to UCI 0  and UCI 1  in  FIG. 16 . 
     Alternatively, one instance of the UCI transmission on the slot may be HARQ ACK while the other instance may carry only CSI. For example, UCI 0  may include HARQ-ACK while UCI 1  may include CSI reports. 
     Alternatively, the M UCI feedback occasions in the slot may carry each carry both HARQ-ACK and CSI. 
     The number of REs for the UCI may be determined by the beta-offset factors β offset   HARQ-ACK , β offset   CSI-1 , and β offset   CSI-2  which may either be indicated through DCI scheduling the PUSCH or through higher layer signaling. The beta-offset factors denote the fraction of the PUSCH resources that can be used for UCI transmission. It is proposed herein that a UE be configured with a different set of offsets for each supported priority of the UCI. The m th  signaling occasion of UCI on PUSCH may be denoted by UCI m . For example, in  FIG. 16 , m=0 and m=1 may be supported. It is proposed herein that the UE be configured with β offset,m   HARQ-ACK , β offset,m   CSI-1 , and β offset,m   CSI-2  values for each of the m occasions. This provides more flexibility to the gNB in configuring the target reliabilities for different UCI. The configuration may occur through higher layers or through DCI scheduling the PUSCH wherein the field indicating the beta_offset may be configured in one of the following ways: 
     (1) beta_offset indicator may be available for each of m UCI occasions. If 2 bits are used for each occasion, the total number of required bits scales with the number of occasions and can become large in some cases. 
     (2) beta_offset indicator may be 2 bits regardless of the number of occasions and therefore the DCI size need not be changed if m changes. In this case, the beta_offset indicator indicates the offset index for each of the m occasions. An example is shown in Table 3. Here, the UE may be configured with a set of four I offset,i,m   HARQ-ACK  indexes for each of them occasions. I offset,i,m   HARQ-ACK  may be an index into a table of beta-offset values for I offset,m   HARQ-ACK . Here i denotes the payload of the target UCI. For example, i=0 denotes the case when the UE multiplexes up to 2 HARQ-ACK information bits, i=1 more than 2 and up to 11 HARQ-ACK information bits, and i=2 denotes more than 11 bits in HARQ-ACK. The DCI carries the 2 bits of beta offset indicator which indicates the row of offsets to be used. As an example, the I offset,i,m   HARQ-ACK  for URLLC UCI may be greater than I offset,i,1   HARQ-ACK  for eMBB UCI to provide more reliability to the URLLC UCI. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mapping of beta_offset indicator values to offset indexes for M = 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 m = 0 
                 m = 1 
               
               
                 beta_offset 
                 (I offset, 0, 0   HARQ-ACK  or I offset, 1, 0   HARQ-ACK  or I offset, 2, 0   HARQ-ACK ), 
                 (I offset, 0, 1   HARQ-ACK  or I offset, 1, 1   HARQ-ACK  or I offset, 2, 1   HARQ-ACK ), 
               
               
                 indicator 
                 (I offset, 0, 0   CSI-1  or I offset, 0, 0   CSI-2 ), (I offset, 1, 0   CSI-1  or I offset, 1, 0   CSI-2 ) 
                 (I offset, 0, 1   CSI-1  or I offset, 0, 1   CSI-2 ), (I offset, 1, 1   CSI-1  or I offset, 1, 1   CSI-2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ‘00’ 
                 1 st  offset index provided by higher layers 
                 1 st  offset index provided by higher layers 
               
               
                 ‘01’ 
                 2 nd  offset index provided by higher layers 
                 2 nd  offset index provided by higher layers 
               
               
                 ‘10’ 
                 3 rd  offset index provided by higher layers 
                 3 rd  offset index provided by higher layers 
               
               
                 ‘11’ 
                 4 th  offset index provided by higher layers 
                 4 th  offset index provided by higher layers 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If PUSCH hopping is configured for the UE, the UCI m  may be mapped in the different hops of the eMBB PUSCH. This may be different from other systems wherein the UCI may be split and mapped to each hop of PUSCH. 
       FIG. 17  shows an example of UCI m  mapping on different hops of the PUSCH  1700 .  FIG. 17  shows PDCCH  1701 , gap  1702  during slot  1710  with respect to frequency  1711 . As seen in the example in  FIG. 17 , if the eMBB PUSCH is configured with  2  hops, UCI 0    1703 , comprising ACK-NACK for PDSCH 0  and PDSCH 1    1707 , may be transmitted in hop  1  of the PUSCH  1704 . UCI 1    1706 , comprising ACK-NACK for PDSCH 2  and PDSCH 3    1708 , may be transmitted in the hop  2  of the PUSCH  1705 . 
     If only a single HARQ-ACK codebook requires to be mapped on PUSCH, i.e., M=1, then the vectors of encoded, rate-matched, and modulated URLLC UCI may be split and mapped to both eMBB PUSCH hops.  FIG. 18  shows an example of UCI 0  being split mapped on the hops of the PUSCH  1800 . This configuration may be used if the latency from the latter hop is acceptable. The UE may be configured to support mapping of UCI m  on each PUSCH hop or only to a specific hop (to limit the latency).  FIG. 18  shows PDCCH  1801 , gap  1802  during slot  1810  with respect to frequency  1811 . As seen in the example in  FIG. 18 , UCI 0    1083 , comprising one part of an encoded ACK-NACK for PDSCH 0  and PDSCH 1    1807 , may be transmitted in hop  1  of the PUSCH  1804 . UCI 0    1806 , comprising the remaining part of the encoded ACK-NACK for PDSCH 0  and PDSCH 1    1808 , may be transmitted in the hop  2  of the PUSCH  1805 . 
     If a UE has only one instance of UCI (M=1), it may split and map the UCI to both hops as shown in  FIG. 18 . However, if it has to transmit M&gt;1 instances of UCI, it may not hop the UCI but map the instances as shown in  FIG. 17 . Alternatively, the URLLC UCI may be transmitted on the resources of eMBB PUSCH while eMBB data is not transmitted, i.e., URLLC UCI alone is transmitted on the UL-SCH for those resources. 
       FIG. 19  shows an example procedure for mapping UCI 0    1900 . In the example of  FIG. 19 , UCI 0  may be mapped to multiple hops if M=1 (example in  FIG. 18 ). If M&gt;1, each instance of the UCI may be multiplexed into a corresponding hop (example in  FIG. 17 ). When the procedure starts (step  1901 ), the UE may determine the value of M for slot #i (number of UCI instances to map) (step  1902 ). The UE may then determine whether M is greater than 1 (step  1903 ). If M is greater than 1, the UE may map UCI m  top hop #m (step  1904 ). If M is not greater than 1, the UE may split the UCI corresponding to H PUSCH hops, map one part of the UCI on each PUSCH hop (step  1905 ). The procedure may then end (step  1906 ). 
       FIG. 20A  shows an example mapping  2000  of HARQ-ACK and CSI for UCI m  on the PUSCH multiplexed with PUSCH resources. The example of  FIG. 20A  shows the mapping of UCI m  on a PUSCH for M=2.  FIG. 20A  shows the PDCCH  2001 , gap  2002 , the PUSCH  2007 , OFDM symbol #3 DMRS  2003 , OFDM symbol #11 DMRS  2004 , CSI  2009 , and HARQ ACK  2008 . UCI m  may be mapped in the time domain as follows. Modulated HARQ-ACK symbols may be mapped close to the DMRS. For example, they may start on the first available non-DMRS symbol after the first set of contiguous DMRS symbols. For PUSCH with Type A DMRS, the mapping may start from the symbol preceding the DMRS if such as symbol is available. Modulated CSI symbols may be mapped starting on the first available non-DMRS symbol. 
     In the frequency domain, the modulated symbols of UCI m  may be mapped to REs of symbol i in a distributed manner with distance d between successive REs determined as following: 
     (1) d=1, if the number of unmapped modulated symbols for that UCI at the beginning of OFDM symbol i may be larger or equal to the number of available REs in this OFDM symbol. The HARQ-ACK of UCI 1    2006  in  FIG. 20A  shows the mapping for d=1. 
     (2) d=floor(number available REs on i-th OFDM symbol/the number of unmapped modulated symbols for that UCI at the beginning of OFDM symbol i). The HARQ-ACK of UCI 0    2005  in  FIG. 20A  shows the mapping for d&gt;1. This allows for maximum distribution of the resources in frequency for exploiting frequency diversity. 
     The UCI may be mapped to all the layers of the transport block on the PUSCH. 
       FIG. 20B  shows an example mapping of UCI m  on the PUSCH with UCI only on the PUSCH.  FIG. 20B  shows the PDCCH  2020 , gap  2021 , OFDM symbol #3 DMRS  2022 , OFDM symbol #11 DMRS  2023 , UCI 0    2024 , and UCI 1    2025 . The UCI may only be transmitted on the PUSCH resources. For example, the UCI for multiple URLLC PDSCHs may be transmitted separately over resources for one eMBB PUSCH. If the required resources for the URLLC UCI exceed a certain threshold, the eMBB PUSCH may be dropped and the REs may be used entirely for the UCIs. The number of symbols for UCI 0    2024  and UCI 1    2025  may be different, depending on how the beta-offsets are configured for each of the UCIs. 
     For eMBB PUSCH that carries multiple instances of UCI, if sufficient DMRS symbols are not present, every instance of UCI cannot be mapped next to a DMRS. Then, there can be a performance loss for UCI mapped away from DMRS symbols. This can be handled in the following ways. 
       FIG. 21A  shows an example of HARQ-ACK UCI mapping resources with no DMRS in the vicinity of UCI 1    2100 .  FIG. 21A  shows the PDCCH  2101 , gap  2102 , OFDM symbol #3 DMRS  2104 , PUSCH  2106 , OFDM symbol #3  2103 , OFDM symbol #8  2108 , UCI 0    2105 , UCI 1    2107 , HARQ ACK  2109 , and other UL signals  2110 . The value of the beta-offset parameters, for example, β offset,m   HARQ-ACK , may be set sufficiently large for the UCI instances that may not be close to a DMRS. In the example of  FIG. 21A , where the PUSCH may be 7 symbols long and has only one DMRS symbol configured. Here the UCI 1    2107  may use more resources compared to UCI 0    2105  although both carry the same payload. The extra resources of UCI 1    2107  may serve to compensate for poorer channel estimation quality for UCI 1    2107 . If DMRS is not available next to mapping location of a HARQ-ACK UCI, the UE may increase the beta-offset value by a factor β offset,comp   HARQ-ACK  where β offset,cmp   HARQ-ACK  be configured to the UE through RRC signaling. The UE may compute the number of resources using the factor β offset,m   HARQ-ACK  instead of β offset,comp   HARQ-ACK . Therefore, &gt;1 may provide additional resources for the UCI mapping to the UE. 
       FIG. 21B  shows an example of HARQ-ACK UCI mapping resources with an additional DMRS introduced into the vicinity of UCI 1 .  FIG. 20B  shows the PDCCH  2120 , gap  2121 , OFDM symbol #3 DMRS  2123 , PUSCH  2125 , OFDM symbol #3  2122 , OFDM symbol #8  2127 , UCI 0    2124 , UCI 1    2126 , DMRS  2128 , HARQ ACK  2130 , and other UL signals  2129 . The UE changes the DMRS configuration for the PUSCH to ensure that a DMRS symbol may be available for mapping UCI m  in its neighborhood. As shown in  FIG. 21B , although configured for 7 symbols PUSCH with 1 DMRS in OS #3, the UE may generate a PUSCH of length 7 symbols with an extra DMRS in OS #7 so that UCI 1  can be mapped in the vicinity of the extra DMRS symbol. The UE may be expected to be configured with the extra locations for DMRS in the event of a need for piggybacked UCI in such sub-slots through RRC signaling. 
     A lower priority UCI may be piggybacked on a higher priority PUSCH. If the beta-offset value may be equal to 0, no UCI can be piggybacked on the PUSCH. Values less than 1 may be supported to enable some piggybacked resources for the low priority UCI on high priority PUSCH. 
     The UE may transmit both UCI emBB  and UCI URLLC  in slot #3 in the methods shown in  FIG. 22A-22B .  FIG. 22A  shows an example of UCI URLLC  and UCI emBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH where the UCI emBB  precedes the UCI URLLC    2200 .  FIG. 22A  shows PDCCH  2201 , other UL signals  2202 , DMRS  2210 , HARQ ACK UCI  2260 , and gap  2208 .  FIG. 22A  also shows slot #0  2212 , slot #1  2213 , slot #2  2214 , and slot #3  2215 , which comprises sub-slot 0  2206  and sub-slot 1  2207 . In some scenarios, it may be possible that the UE may have the HARQ-ACK to transmit for both URLLC and eMBB during a slot. In the example of  FIG. 22A , the eMBB PDSCH 0    2202  and PDSCH 1    2203  may be scheduled in slots #0  2212  and slot #1  2213  and HARQ-ACK reporting of UCI eMBB    2210  may be scheduled for slot #3  2215 . URLLC PDSCH 2    2204  and URLLC PDSCH 3    2205  may be scheduled for the UE in slot #3  2215 , and HARQ-ACK reporting of UCI URLLC    2209  may also be scheduled for slot #3  2215 . The UE has PUSCH  2212  scheduled in slot #3  2215 , and therefore, it can piggyback UCI on PUSCH in slot #3  2215 . The UE piggybacks UCI emBB    2210  in the first sub-slot  2206  of the slot #3  2205  and UCI URLLC    2209  in the latter sub-slot  2207  of the slot #3  2205 . This may be possible when the latency requirements for URLLC are such that transmission at the end of the slot #3  2215  are permissible. 
       FIG. 22B  shows an example of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH where the UCI URLLC  precedes the UCI eMBB .  FIG. 22B  shows PDCCH  2220 , other UL signals  2222 , DMRS  2233 , and gap  2227 .  FIG. 22B  also shows slot #0  2234 , slot #1  2235 , slot #2  2236 , and slot #3  2237 , which comprises sub-slot 0  2228  and sub-slot 1  2229 . In some scenarios, it may be possible that the UE may have the HARQ-ACK to transmit for both URLLC and eMBB during a slot. In the example of  FIG. 22B , the eMBB PDSCH 0    2221  and PDSCH 1    2223  may be scheduled in slots #0  2234  and slot #1  2235  and HARQ-ACK reporting of UCI eMBB    2231  may be scheduled for slot #3  2237 . URLLC PDSCH 2    2225  and URLLC PDSCH 3    2226  may be scheduled for the UE in slot #3  2237 , and HARQ-ACK reporting of UCI URLLC    2230  may also be scheduled for slot #3  2237 . The UE has PUSCH  2232  scheduled in slot #3  2237 , and therefore, it can piggyback UCI on PUSCH in slot #3  2232 . In  FIG. 22B , the UE piggybacks UCI URLCC    2230  in the first sub-slot  2228  of the slot #3  2237  and UCI eMBB    2231  in the latter sub-slot  2231  of the slot  2237 . This allows URLLC UCI to be prioritized in time, provided the UE has the capability to process the URLLC grants within the given time line. 
       FIG. 22C  shows an example of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH where the UCI URLLC  and the UCI eMBB  are mapped to the same sub-slot of the PUSCH.  FIG. 22C  shows a slot  2248  comprising the PDCCH  2240 , gap  2241 , the PUSCH  2243 , OFDM symbol #3  2242 , DMRS  2245 , OFDM symbol #11  2244 , HARQ ACK UCI URLLC    2246 , and HARQ ACK UCI eMBB    2247 . In  FIG. 22C , both UCI eMBB    2247  and UCI URLLC    2246  may be mapped following the first DMRS  2245  of the PUSCH  2243 . UCI URLLC    2246  may be mapped first to provide it the latency benefit and resources next to the DMRS  2245 , followed by UCI eMBB    2247 . 
       FIG. 22D  shows an example of UCI URLLC  and UCI eMBB  piggybacked to a PUSCH where the UCI URLLC  resources are mapped first followed by the UCI eMBB .  FIG. 22D  shows a slot  2259  comprising the PDCCH  2250 , gap  2251 , the PUSCH  2255 , OFDM symbol #3  2252 , DMRS  2256 , OFDM symbol #11  2254 , HARQ ACK UCI URLLC    2257 , and HARQ ACK UCI eMBB    2258 . If UCI URLLC    2257  occupies all the resources on the symbols next to the DMRS  2256 , UCI eMBB    2258  may be mapped in the next symbol as shown in the example of  FIG. 22D . 
     Joint transmission of UCI of multiple priorities is described herein. The UE may support joint transmission of UCI of multiple priorities, i.e., the UE jointly encodes the HARQ ACK bits of multiple priorities and transmits it. When the UE transmits such UCI on PUSCH, it is proposed herein that the UE apply beta-offset values of the highest priority HARQ-ACK in the UCI. Considering that beta-offset value of higher priority UCI may provide more resources for UCI on PUSCH and therefore, higher reliability for higher priority, the HARQ ACK bits of lower priority may also receive higher reliability. 
     The UE may multiplex priorityLevel p low &#39;s B low  HARQ-ACK bits with priorityLevel p high &#39;s B high  HARQ-ACK bits if B low &lt;B thresh , where B thresh  may be a threshold which may be determined in one of the following ways: 
     (1) B thresh  may be configured to the UE by the gNB through RRC signaling. 
     (2) B thresh  may be a function of B low  and B high . For example, if B low /B high &lt;=V, where V may a constant or a parameter configured to the UE by the gNB. 
     (3) B thresh  may be a function of a beta-offset value. For example, the beta-offset value may correspond to that of the highest priority level multiplexed in the UCI. 
     (4) B thresh  may be a function of a beta-offset value, B low  and B high . For example, B low /B high &lt;=V1 for beta-offset1, B low /B high &lt;=V2 for beta-offset2, etc. Here V1, V2, etc. may be constants or parameters configured to the UE by the gNB. 
     UCI mapping with HARQ process repetition is described herein. For high priority PUSCH, the gNB may schedule repetitions. One UL grant may schedule two or more transmissions of the same HARQ process for reliability. The multiple transmissions of the HARQ process may be in one slot, or across a slot boundary in consecutive available slots. The repetitions, if in different slots, may have different starting symbols and/or durations. Each PUSCH transmission may be referred to as a PUSCH segment. Each PUSCH segment may have a different number of resources. UCI may be mapped on such repetitions or segments as shown in some examples in  FIGS. 23A-23B  where the label rep denotes repetition. Both URLLC and eMBB UCI may be piggybacked on PUSCH though the methods discussed below. 
       FIG. 23A  shows an example of repetition of a HARQ process with the repetition of the PUSCH in mini-slots with the UCI split between repetitions  2300 .  FIG. 23A  shows a slot  2308  comprising the PDCCH  2301 , gap  2302 , the PUSCH  2303 , and DMRS  2306 . In the example of  FIG. 23A , PUSCH repetition occurs within a slot, and PUSCH 0    2304  and  2305  may be transmitted twice in mini-slots and the UCI&#39;s modulated symbols  2307  (HARQ-ACK in this example) may be split into two and mapped on each of the mini-slots. In this case, the amount of rate matching or puncturing on a single repetition may be reduced thereby limiting the performance loss of a given PUSCH transmission. 
       FIG. 23B  shows an example of repetition of a HARQ process with multi-segment transmission across a slot boundary with the UCI split between repetitions.  FIG. 23B  shows slots #0  2318  and slot #1  2319  comprising the PDCCH  2310 , gap  2311 , other UL signals  2312 , the PUSCH  2316 , and DMRS  2317 . In the example of  FIG. 23B , repetition may occur across slots and each transmission within the repetition has a different duration and starting OFDM symbol. PUSCH 0    2313  and  2314  may be transmitted twice across slots. The UCI  2315  may be split into two and mapped on each of the PUSCH segments. 
       FIG. 23C  shows an example of repetition of a HARQ process with mini-slots with frequency hopping with the UCI split between repetitions.  FIG. 23C  shows slot #0  2325  with respect to frequency  2331  comprising the PDCCH  2320 , gap  2321 , the PUSCH  2322  and  2330 , and DMRS  2323  and  2329 . In the example of  FIG. 23C , PUSCH repetition  2326  and  2327  occurs within a slot  2325 , but each repetition has a different frequency  2321  hop providing frequency diversity to the transmission. Here, again the UCI  2324  may be split into two parts and each part may be mapped on to one PUSCH transmission. 
       FIG. 23D  shows an example of repetition of a HARQ process with multi-segment transmissions with hopping with the UCI split between repetitions.  FIG. 23D  shows slot #0  2345  and slot #1  2352  with respect to frequency  2353  the PDCCH  2340 , gap  2341 , other UL signals  2342 , the PUSCH  2347  and  2350 , and DMRS  2342  and  2349 . In the example of  FIG. 23D , PUSCH segments occur across slots and each transmission within the PUSCH repetition  2346  and  2348  has a different duration and starting OFDM symbol. Here, again the UCI  2344  may be split into two parts and each part may be mapped to each PUSCH segment so that it can benefit from frequency  2353  diversity. 
     The splitting of the encoded and modulated symbols of the UCI between the mini-slots of the repetition or between the segments of the repetition may be done in the following ways. 
     The modulated UCI symbols may be generated jointly across the repetitions and split according to the amount of resources in each of the repetitions. This ensures that the performance loss from rate matching does not impact the PUSCH performance for the repetition that has fewer resources. For example, in  FIG. 23B  and  FIG. 23D , the first PUSCH segment may be 7 OS while the second segment may be only 5 OS has fewer resources than the first. In this case, the UCI may be mapped to each segment in proportion to the resources in that segment. 
     A single DCI may schedule the repetitions/segments. It may indicate the beta-offset to use for UCI mapping spanning the set of R PUSCH repetitions/segments. The beta-offset may be applied to the total number of available resources across R PUSCH repetitions or R segments. The number of coded modulation symbols per layer for HARQ-ACK transmission, denoted as Q′ ACK  may be determined based on the total number of PUSCH resources available across the R repetitions/segments as shown in Equation 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     ACK 
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     min 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           ⌈ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         
                                           O 
                                           ACK 
                                         
                                         + 
                                         
                                           L 
                                           ACK 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     · 
                                     
                                       β 
                                       offset 
                                       PUSCH 
                                     
                                     · 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ∑ 
                                       
                                         rep 
                                         = 
                                         0 
                                       
                                       
                                         R 
                                         - 
                                         1 
                                       
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ∑ 
                                         
                                           l 
                                           = 
                                           0 
                                         
                                         
                                           
                                             N 
                                             
                                               symb 
                                               , 
                                               all 
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                   
                                               
                                               , 
                                               rep 
                                             
                                             PUSCH 
                                           
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           M 
                                           
                                             sc 
                                             , 
                                             rep 
                                           
                                           UCI 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           l 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   r 
                                   = 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     C 
                                     
                                       UL 
                                       - 
                                       SCH 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 K 
                                 r 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⌉ 
                         
                         , 
                         
                           ⌈ 
                           
                             α 
                             · 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     rep 
                                     = 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   
                                     R 
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ∑ 
                                     
                                       l 
                                       = 
                                       
                                         l 
                                         
                                           0 
                                           , 
                                           rep 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     
                                       
                                         N 
                                         
                                           symb 
                                           , 
                                           all 
                                           , 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           rep 
                                         
                                         PUSCH 
                                       
                                       - 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       M 
                                       
                                         sc 
                                         , 
                                         rep 
                                       
                                       UCI 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       l 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⌉ 
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here,
         O ACK  may be the number of HARQ-ACK bits;   if O ACK ≥360, L ACK =11; otherwise L ACK  may be the number of CRC bits for HARQ-ACK   β offset   PUSCH =β offset,m   HARQ-ACK ;   C UL-SCH  may be the number of code blocks for UL-SCH of the PUSCH transmission;   if the DCI format scheduling the PUSCH transmission includes a CBGTI field indicating that the UE may not transmit the r-th code block, K, =0; otherwise, K r  may be the r-th code block size for UL-SCH of the PUSCH transmission;       

     M sc,rep   PUSCH  may be the scheduled bandwidth of the PUSCH transmission, expressed as a number of subcarriers;
         M sc,rep   PT-RS (l) may be the number of subcarriers in OFDM symbol/that carries PTRS, in the PUSCH transmission;   M sc,rep   UCI (l) may be the number of resource elements that can be used for transmission of UCI in OFDM symbol l, for l=0, 1, 2, . . . , N symb,all,rep   PUSCH −1, in the PUSCH transmission of repetition rep and N symb,all,rep   PUSCH  may be the total number of OFDM symbols of the PUSCH, including all OFDM symbols used for DMRS;   for any OFDM symbol that carries DMRS of the PUSCH, M sc,rep   UCI (l)=0;   for any OFDM symbol that does not carry DMRS of the PUSCH, M sc,rep   UCI (l)=M sc,rep   PUSCH −M sc,rep   PT,RS (l);   α may be configured by higher layer parameter scaling;   I 0,rep  may be the symbol index of the first OFDM symbol that does not carry DMRS of the PUSCH, after the first DMRS symbol(s), in the PUSCH transmission of repletion rep.   α may be configured differently for each priority level. For URLLC, a larger α value may give more resources for UCI.   The Q′ ACK  symbols may be split between the repetitions based on the PUSCH resources in each repetition. Q′ ACK,rep  may be the number of modulation symbols mapped to PUSCH repetition ‘rep’ and may be given by Equation 2.       

     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         ACK 
                         , 
                         rep 
                       
                       ′ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ⌈ 
                         
                           
                             
                               Q 
                               ACK 
                               ′ 
                             
                             · 
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   l 
                                   = 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     
                                       symb 
                                       , 
                                       all 
                                       , 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       rep 
                                     
                                     PUSCH 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     sc 
                                     , 
                                     rep 
                                   
                                   UCI 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   l 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 rep 
                                 = 
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   l 
                                   = 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     
                                       symb 
                                       , 
                                       all 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       , 
                                       rep 
                                     
                                     PUSCH 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   M 
                                   
                                     sc 
                                     , 
                                     rep 
                                   
                                   UCI 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   l 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⌉ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       or 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       Q 
                       
                         ACK 
                         , 
                         rep 
                       
                       ′ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       ⌊ 
                       
                         
                           
                             Q 
                             ACK 
                             ′ 
                           
                           · 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 l 
                                 = 
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   N 
                                   
                                     symb 
                                     , 
                                     all 
                                     , 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     rep 
                                   
                                   PUSCH 
                                 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 M 
                                 
                                   sc 
                                   , 
                                   rep 
                                 
                                 UCI 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 l 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               rep 
                               = 
                               0 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               - 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 l 
                                 = 
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   N 
                                   
                                     symb 
                                     , 
                                     all 
                                     , 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     rep 
                                   
                                   PUSCH 
                                 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 M 
                                 
                                   sc 
                                   , 
                                   rep 
                                 
                                 UCI 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 l 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⌋ 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   2 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     depending on the repetition/segment number. 
       FIG. 24A  shows an example procedure for splitting modulated UCI symbols between repetitions with jointly generated UCi symbols across repetitions, mapping in proportion to the PUSCH resource in each segment  2400 . The UCI may be encoded (step  2401 ), and then using the beta-offset  2403 , rate matching is performed based on the total PUSCH resources in the set of R repeated PUSCH resources (step  2402 ). The UCI is modulated (step  2404 ), and the UCI may then be split into the R UCI segments, wherein UCI-segment rep  length is proportional to the number of resources in PUSCH rep  (step  2405 ). The UCI-segment rep  may then be mapped to PUSCH rep  (step  2406 ). 
     The Q′ ACK  UCI modulated symbols may be generated as described in Equation 1 and split nearly equally between the PUSCH repetitions or segments as shown in Equation 3. Examples in  FIG. 23A-23D  show equal splitting of the UCI resources between the two repetitions. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       ACK 
                       , 
                       rep 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ⌈ 
                         
                           
                             Q 
                             ACK 
                             ′ 
                           
                           rep 
                         
                         ⌉ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       or 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         Q 
                         
                           ACK 
                           , 
                           rep 
                         
                         ′ 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       ⌊ 
                       
                         
                           Q 
                           ACK 
                           ′ 
                         
                         rep 
                       
                       ⌋ 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   3 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     depending on the value of rep. 
       FIG. 24B  shows an example procedure for splitting modulated UCI symbols between repetitions with jointly generated UCi symbols across repetitions, mapping nearly equally between PUSCH segments. The UCI may be encoded (step  2411 ), and then using the beta-offset  2413 , rate matching is performed based on the total PUSCH resources in the set of R repeated PUSCH resources (step  2412 ). The UCI is modulated (step  2414 ), and the UCI may then be split nearly equally into the R UCI segments (step  2415 ). The UCI-segment rep  may then be mapped to PUSCH rep  (step  2416 ). 
     The Q′ ACK  modulated symbols of UCI may be generated separately for each PUSCH repetition and mapped to each repetition/segment based on the beta-offset value for that PUSCH as shown in Equation 4. Here, β offset,m,rep   PUSCH  may be the beta-offset value for each repetition of PUSCH. 
       FIG. 24C  shows an example procedure for splitting modulated UCI symbols with separately generated UCI modulated symbols for each repetition. The UCI may be encoded (step  2421 ), and then using the beta-offset  2423 , rate matching is performed for the to PUSCH rep  to the PUSCH rep  (step  2422 ). The UCI is modulated (step  2423 ), and the UCI-segment rep  may then be mapped to PUSCH rep  (step  2424 ). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Q 
                     
                       ACK 
                       , 
                       rep 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     min 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           ⌈ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             
                                               
                                                 O 
                                                 ACK 
                                               
                                               + 
                                               
                                                 L 
                                                 ACK 
                                               
                                             
                                             ) 
                                           
                                           · 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             β 
                                             
                                               offset 
                                               , 
                                               m 
                                               , 
                                               rep 
                                             
                                             PUSCH 
                                           
                                           · 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ∑ 
                                         
                                           l 
                                           = 
                                           0 
                                         
                                         
                                           
                                             N 
                                             
                                               symb 
                                               , 
                                               all 
                                             
                                             PUSCH 
                                           
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           M 
                                           sc 
                                           UCI 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           l 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   r 
                                   = 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     C 
                                     
                                       UL 
                                       - 
                                       SCH 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 K 
                                 r 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⌉ 
                         
                         , 
                         
                           ⌈ 
                           
                             α 
                             · 
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   l 
                                   = 
                                   
                                     l 
                                     0 
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     
                                       symb 
                                       , 
                                       all 
                                     
                                     PUSCH 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   M 
                                   sc 
                                   UCI 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   l 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⌉ 
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   4 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As another alternative, the UCI may not be split between repetitions but mapped fully on to one of the PUSCH repetitions. The repetition that may carry the UCI may be the one that overlaps with the PUCCH corresponding to that UCI. The start of the PUCCH may coincide with the start of the PUSCH repetition or the end of the PUCCH may coincide with the end of the PUSCH repetition. In this case, the UE maps the UCI to that particular repetition of PUSCH.  FIGS. 25A-25D  provide examples where a PUCCH transmission (which may be dropped by piggybacking the UCI on PUSCH) is shown along with the PUSCH. 
       FIG. 25A  shows an example of UCI transmissions over PUSCH repetitions with mapping UCI to the PUSCH with minimal latency  2500 .  FIG. 25A  shows slot #0  2509  comprising mini-slots  2506  and  2507 , which comprise the PDCCH  2501 , gap  2502 , DMRS  2504 , PUSCH  2503 , and HARQ ACK UCI 0    2505 . In the example of  FIG. 25A , the starting location of a 12-OS PUCCH  2508  may be aligned with that of the first transmission of a PUSCH  2503 . As a result, the UCI  2505  may be piggybacked on that mini-slot  2506  and the PUCCH  2508  may be dropped. 
       FIG. 25B  shows an example of UCI transmissions over PUSCH repetitions with mapping UCI to the PUSCH, which aligns with the end of a segment of the PUSCH.  FIG. 25B  shows slot #0  2518  comprising mini-slots  2515  and  2516 , which comprise the PDCCH  2510 , gap  2511 , DMRS  2513 , PUSCH  2512 , and HARQ ACK UCI 0    2514 . In the example of  FIG. 25B , the end of an 8-OS PUCCH  2517  may be aligned with the end of second segment of a PUSCH  2512 . As a result, the UCI  2514  may be piggybacked on the second segment and the PUCCH  2517  may be dropped. 
       FIG. 25C  shows an example of UCI transmissions over PUSCH repetitions with mapping UCI to the first PUSCH, which aligns with the end of a segment of the PUSCH.  FIG. 25C  shows slot #0  2528  comprising mini-slots  2525  and  2526 , which comprise the PDCCH  2520 , gap  2521 , DMRS  2522 , PUSCH  2523 , and HARQ ACK UCI 0    2524 . In the example of  FIG. 25C , the starting location of a 4-OS PUCCH lags the start of the first mini-slot of a PUSCH  2525 . But if the UE has the capability to map it to the first mini-slot  2525 , it does so and the PUCCH  2527  may be dropped. 
       FIG. 25D  shows an example of UCI transmissions over PUSCH repetitions with mapping UCI to the PUSCH according to the UE&#39;s capabilities.  FIG. 25D  shows slot #0  2538  comprising mini-slots  2535  and  2536 , which comprise the PDCCH  2530 , gap  2531 , DMRS  2532 , PUSCH  2533 , and HARQ ACK UCI 0    2534 . In the example of  FIG. 25D , the PUCCH  2537  may be similar to that in  FIG. 25C . However, the UE does not have the capability to map it to the first mini-slot  2535  due to latency in processing the piggybacked UCI  2534 . Therefore, it maps it on the second mini-slot  2536  of the repetition and the PUCCH  2537  may be dropped. 
       FIG. 26  shows an example of transmission of PUSCH repetitions to different TRPs  2600 .  FIG. 26  shows slot  2605  comprising mini-slots  2603  and  2604 , which comprise the PDCCH  2601  and gap  2602 . In case of multi-TRP operation, a UE  2603  may transmit each repetition or segment to different TRPs, i.e., the spatial direction or correspondence of the beam with a DL RS or QCL with UL RS being different for each repetition/segment. In the example of  FIG. 26 , the PUSCH may be repeated in mini-slots  2603  and  2604  within a slot  2605 . The transmissions to TRP 0    2601  and TRP 1    2602  may be transmitted on beams B 0    2604  and B 1    2605 , respectively. 
     Different PUSCH repetitions may also hop in frequency as shown in  FIG. 23C . Similarly, different segments of a PUSCH transmission such as those in  FIG. 23B  and  FIG. 23D  may also be transmitted to different TRPs. 
     One solution for piggybacking UCI on multi-TRP PUSCH is discussed below. The UCI for each TRP may be mapped to different repetitions/segments so that the targeted TRP receives its relevant UCI. The codebook for HARQ ACK for each UCI may contain only the HARQ ACK bits for PDSCH from that TRP. For instance, a first UCI includes ACK/NACK bit(s) of a first PDSCH. The first UCI and a first PUSCH repetition/segment share a spatial relation. In one example, an RS in a TCI state of the first PDSCH (or a TCI state of a set of layers of a first PDSCH) may be the same as the RS in the spatial relation of the first PUSCH repetition/segment. For example, a UE may derive an RS for the spatial relation of a first PUSCH repetition/segment from an RS in a TCI state of the first PDSCH. 
     Alternatively or additionally, the UE may be configured to report UCI for T TRPs on a transmission in a particular spatial direction. In this case, the codebook of the UCI may contain only the HARQ-ACK bits or CSI reports meant for those T TRPs. 
       FIG. 27A  shows an example of mapping UCI to PUSCH repetitions targeted for different TRPs with a separate HARQ-ACK codebook for each TRP  2700 .  FIG. 27A  shows slot  2713  comprising mini-slots  2707  and  2708 , which comprise the PDCCH  2701 , gap  2702 , DMRS  2704 , PUSCH  2703 , HARQ ACK UCI 0    2705  (transmitted in beam B 0    2709 ), and HARQ ACK UCI 1    2706  (transmitted in beam B 1    2710 ). In the example of  FIG. 27A , if the UCI transmission were to occur on a PUCCH  2711  (transmitted in beam B PUCCH    2711 ), the codebook for HARQ-ACK may include the bits for both TRP 0  and TRP 1  which may be denoted as UCI Total . But when the PUSCH  2703  is available for transmission to each of TRP 0  and TRP 1 , the UE may split the payload of UCI Total  into UCI 0    2705  and UCI 1    2706 , where UCI 0    2705  may contain the HARQ-ACK bits for TRP 0  and UCI 1    2706  may contain the bits for TRP 1 . UCI 0    2705  and UCI 1    2706  may be encoded, modulated and mapped to respective repetitions or segments. In other words, a different codebook may be used to transmit piggybacked UCI to each TRP. 
     In some cases, both PDSCH repetition (from multiple TRPs) and PUSCH repetitions (to multiple TRPs) may be used. RRC may configure a beam/spatial association between certain PDSCH repetitions and certain PUSCH repetitions such that the HARQ-ACK is piggybacked on a corresponding PUSCH. If a UE has beam correspondence, the spatial-relation of the different PUSCH repetitions can be configured as, or alternatively or additionally derived from, the RS(s) in the TCI-states of the PDSCH repetitions. In one example, a sequential association between PDSCH repetitions and PUSCH repetitions, such that a 1st PUSCH repetition spatial relation may be equal to the TCI state of the 1st PDSCH repetition, etc. For example, there may be a sequential association between PDSCH repetitions and PUSCH repetitions, such that an RS in the 1st PUSCH repetition spatial relation is equal to an RS in the TCI state of the 1st PDSCH repetition, e.g. the RS in the TCI state with QCL type D (QCL with respect to spatial Rx parameter), etc. 
       FIG. 27B  shows an example of mapping UCI to PUSCH repetitions targeted for different TRPs with UCI with common codebook is repeated for each TRP.  FIG. 27B  shows slot  2723  comprising mini-slots  2717  and  2718 , which comprise the PDCCH  2711 , gap  2712 , DMRS  2714 , PUSCH  2713 , HARQ ACK UCI 0    2715  (transmitted in beam B 0    2719 ), and HARQ ACK UCI 1    2716  (transmitted in beam B 1    2720 ). In the example of  FIG. 27B , another solution for piggybacking UCI on multi-TRP PUSCH is shown in which UCI Total  in PUCCH  2721  (transmitted in beam B PUCCH    2722 ) may be encoded, modulated, and repeated in each of the PUSCH mini-slots  2717  and  2718 . So each TRP may receive the entire UCI out of which it may pick only relevant HARQ-ACK bits. Alternatively or additionally, the TRPs may communicate through backhaul and enable the combining of the UCI Total  from multiple TRPs for increased robustness. 
     The beta-offsets may be configured differently for different PUSCH repetitions to enable different levels of protection for each beam (which may depend on the channel conditions in different spatial directions). Accordingly, the number of resources may be different for the UCI on each PUSCH within the repletion set. 
     The PUSCH repetition for CG or dynamic grant is described herein. When the CG PUSCH is used with multi-TRP operation or a dynamic grant providing PUSCH resources to multiple TRPs for a given HARQ process is used, the following configurations may be considered. 
       FIG. 28A  shows an example of PUSCH repetition with scheduling request indicator (SRI) cycling  2800 .  FIG. 28A  shows slots  2810  and  2811  comprising the PDCCH  2801 , gap  2802 , SRI 1    2803 , SRI 2    2804 , SRI 3    2806 , and SRL  2807 . In the example of  FIG. 28A , each repetition within the set of repetitions  2805  within a CG or dynamic grant may correspond to a different SRI (e.g., SRI  2803 , SRI  2804 , SRI  2806 , and SRI  2807 ), TCI state and/or precoder, so that the UE may transmit each PUSCH within the repetition in a different spatial direction (to a different TRP). Thus, the UE may cycle through different SRIs, TCI states, and/or precoders to complete the repetition set. In the example of  FIG. 28A , the SRIs (e.g., SRI  2803 , SRI  2804 , SRI  2806 , and SRI  2807 ), TCI states, and/or precoders for the repetition may be configured for the UE through the RRC (at least for Type-1 CG, and possibly for Type-2 CG). Alternatively, the SRIs, TCI states, and/or precoders for the repetitions may be signaled through activation DCI for Type-2 CG. 
       FIG. 28B  shows an example of PUSCH repetition with SRIs fixed to the time resource.  FIG. 28B  shows slots  2827  and  2828  comprising the PDCCH  2820 , gap  2821 , other signals  2822 , SRI 2    2823 , SRI 3    2825 , and SRL  2826 . In the example of  FIG. 28B , the SRI, TCI state and/or precoder for a transmission in a repetition set  2824  may be tied to the time resource of the grant. So, depending on when a UE begins its CG transmission, it may begin with a different SRI, TCI state and/or precoder as shown in the example in  FIG. 28B . Here, the UE may be able to transmit the PUSCH only 3 times within the repetition set  2824  and the 1st transmission begins in the latter half of the slot. But the SRI may be tied to the time of transmission (which may be in terms of a symbol or mini-slot or slot); so, the 1st transmission uses SRI 2    2823 . 
       FIG. 28C  shows an example of PUSCH repetition with SRI as a function of the repetition analysis.  FIG. 28C  shows slots  2837  and  2838  comprising the PDCCH  2830 , gap  2831 , other signals  2832 , SRI 1    2833 , SRI 2    2835 , and SRI 3    2836 . In the example of  FIG. 28C , alternatively, the SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder may be tied to the r th  transmission within the repetition set  2834 . In the example of  FIG. 28C , the UE is able to transmit the PUSCH only 3 times within the repetition set, and the 1st transmission begins in the latter half of the slot. The 1st transmission may use SRI 1    2833 . The TRPs may monitor for multiple possibilities of SRIs, TCI states, and/or precoders in each repetition opportunity. 
     In some cases, the number of repetitions may be greater than the number of different configured/indicated SRIs, TCI states, and/or precoders. In some cases, the UE may first transmit one repetition with each different SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder after which it may wrap around and uses the first SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder, such that subsequent repetitions may use different SRIs, TCI states, and/or precoder. Alternatively, the UE may use the same SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder on some subsequent repetitions, such that all SRIs, TCI states and/or precoders may be used during the repetitions, but without wrap around. 
     As an alternative to transmitting PUSCH HARQ process repetitions with different SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder in a CG, the UE may have multiple CGs configured to it, where each CG corresponds to one SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder. So, repetitions within a CG use the same SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder. For Type-1 and possibly Type-2 CGs, multiple CGs may be configured through RRC, where each CG has a different SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder. All parameters except the SRI, TCI state, and/or precoder may be the same for these CGs. Accordingly, the DMRS may be the same for these CGs. The spatial direction may distinguish one CG from another. Alternatively, the DMRS may be different for each of the CGs. For Type-2 CG, the SRI, TCI state and/or precoder may be indicated through the activation DCI. Such CGs may be combined into a single configured-grant-group that may be commonly configured through RRC (thereby reducing configuration overhead) or activated and deactivated jointly with a single DCI. 
     It may be beneficial to support early termination of a PUSCH transmission within a repetition set. This may apply for both configured and dynamically scheduled grants. If a TRP correctly decodes a PUSCH, the UE need not transmit the remaining repetitions of that PUSCH to other TRPs. Accordingly, a TRP may provide an early termination indication (ETI) to a UE to terminate the remaining repetitions. This may allow better spectrum utilization, less interference, and a reduction of power consumption for the UE. 
       FIGS. 29A-29H  provide examples of PUSCH repetitions in multi-TRP scenarios  2900 .  FIG. 29A  shows slots  2908  and  2909  comprising the PDCCH  2901 , gap  2902 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2903 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2904 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2906 , and SRL directed to TRP 4    2907 . In the example of  FIG. 29A , the UE has a PUSCH repetition set of 4  2905  where each PUSCH transmission is directed to 4 TRPs: TRP 1 , TRP 2 , TRP 3 , and TRP 4 . 
       FIG. 29B  shows slots  2920  and  2921  comprising the PDCCH  2910 , gap  2911 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2912 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2913 , terminated SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2918 , and terminated SRL directed to TRP 4    2919 . In the example of  FIG. 29B , TRP 1  successfully decodes the 1st transmission of PUSCH  2903  in the repetition set  2914  and sends an ETI  2915  through a DCI to the UE on the PDCCH in the next slot in the repetition set. The UE identifies the early termination and cancels the 3rd and 4th transmissions in the repetition set  2917  (terminated SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2918  and terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2919 ). 
       FIG. 29C  shows slots  2942  and  2943  comprising the PDCCH  2930 , gap  2931 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2935 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2936 , terminated SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2940 , terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2941 , and UCI  2933 . In the example of  FIG. 29C , if the UE has to transmit the UCI  2933  concurrently with the PUSCH transmissions repetition set  2932 , the UCI  2933  may be piggybacked on the PUSCH. If early termination cancels  2937  (indicated by ETI  2937  to the UE on the PDCCH) some of the PUSCH transmissions, the UCI  2933  may be transmitted on those PUSCH resources (terminated SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2940  and terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2941 ) in the form of UCI only on PUSCH during the repetition set  2939 . 
       FIG. 29D  shows slots  2959  and  2960  comprising the PDCCH  2950 , gap  2951 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2952 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2953 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2957 , and terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2958 . In the example of  FIG. 29D , if the ETI  2946  DCI is from a TRP to the UE on the PDCCH, which has received at least one transmission from a repetition set  2954 , the DCI may be in the form of an overriding grant for another HARQ process. The UE may identify the ID of the TRP transmitting the ETI DCI and may determine  2946  that the new grant may be prioritized over the previous one, i.e., the previous grant is terminated early. Here the HARQ ID #0 is terminated  2956  because the UE receives an overlapping grant for HARQ ID #1. Thus, an overriding grant implicitly terminates a repetition. 
     The DCI carrying the ETI may be transmitted in the following ways: 
     (1) The ETI DCI may be UE-specific and may be scrambled with C-RNTI or CS-RNTI of the UE. 
     (2) The ETI DCI is group-common and may be scrambled with the ETI-RNTI. The UE may be configured with ETI-RNTI through RRC signaling. The DCI may indicate the UE-IDs that may apply the early termination. Alternatively, the ETI DCI may occur in the form of a group-common UL pre-emption indication PDCCH where the UE is preempted from transmitting on certain resources. 
     (3) The UE may identify the ETI implicitly from the ACK-DCI which provides an ACK to the UE on one or more HARQ processed. 
     The ETI DCI may provide the following information to the UE either implicitly or explicitly: 
     (1) The PUSCH HARQ process to be terminated: this may be implicit if the ACK-DCI indicates an ACK for a given HARQ process. 
     (2) A number of repetitions after which the PUSCH repetitions may be terminated. As non-ideal backhaul conditions may exist, the early termination may not occur immediately after receiving the ETI but may be desired after K repetitions are completed. This time allows the TRPs to communicate the ACK status for that HARQ process. 
       FIG. 29E  shows slots  2971  and  2972  comprising the PDCCH  2961 , gap  2962 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2963 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2964 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2968 , and terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2969 . In the example of  FIG. 29E , if the ETI  2970  is received to the UE on the PDCCH at least one transmission from a repetition set  2965 , the UE may identify the ID of the TRP transmitting the ETI and may determine  2970  that the HARQ ID #0 is to be terminated  2966 . 
       FIG. 29F  shows slots  2982  and  2983  comprising the PDCCH  2973 , gap  2974 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2975 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2976 , modified SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2979 , and modified SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2980 . In the example of  FIG. 29F , the ETI  2981  DCI to the UE on the PDCCH may modify the PUSCH grant for the remainder of the repetitions  2978 . For example, if TRP 1  receives a 1st PUSCH transmission of HARQ ID #0 and observes that CBG1 is a NACK while other CBGs are an ACK, the ETI  2981  DCI may indicate that UE needs to transmit only CBG1 from the r th  repetition.  FIG. 29F  shows that the 3rd and 4th transmissions are modified  2979  and  2980  by the UE  2981  upon reception of the ETI  2981  indicating NACK on CBG1. 
       FIG. 29G  shows slots  2994  and  2995  comprising the PDCCH  2984 , gap  2985 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2986 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2987 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2991 , and terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2992 . In the example of  FIG. 29G , timer based early termination is shown with terminated SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2992 . Alternatively, in order to support early termination, the gNB may configure the UE with a timer, Early Termination Timer. When the UE receives the ETI  2933  on the PDCCH, it sets the timer  2988  and decrements it or resets the timer. When the timer  2988  resets or expires, the UE terminates the remaining PUSCH repetitions  2989  for the corresponding HARQ ID. The timer value may be configured for the UE through RRC signaling and determined by the gNB based on the latency of the backhaul between the TRPs and the UE capability to react to changes due to ETI. 
     Selective termination is described herein. The ETI may indicate selective termination, i.e., certain repetitions may be dropped (e.g., if TRP 1  and TRP 3  have ideal backhaul). When TRP 1  successfully decodes the 1st transmission, it sends an ETI to terminate only the 3rd transmission to TRP 3 . TRP 1  communicates the status of ACK for the PUSCH to TRP 3  within minimal latency. 
       FIG. 29H  shows slots  2944  and  2945  comprising the PDCCH  2996 , gap  2997 , SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2998 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2999 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2926 , and SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    2927 . SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    2998 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    2999 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    2926  are transmitted during repetitions  2923 . In the example of  FIG. 29H , however, TRP 4  and TRP 1  may have a non-deal backhaul. As a result, an ACK from TRP 1  is not communicated to TRP 4  within acceptable latency (e.g., HARQ ID #0 is terminated at the timer expires  2925 ), and it is desired that TRP 4  should receive the PUSCH from the UE. The ETI  2922  to the UE on the PDCCH terminates the transmission to TRP 3 . As a result, the UE terminates the transmission to TRP 3  and performs the 4th PUSCH transmission to TRP 4 . 
     In order to enable such an operation, the notion of ‘TRP-group’ where a TRP-group consists of certain TRPs is introduced. The gNB may configure the UE with multiple TRP-groups through RRC signaling. A TRP-group is expected to contain TRPs that have ideal backhaul conditions with respect to at least one other TRP in that group. Here, if a TRP in a TRP-group ACKs a HARQ process, then the UE may terminate the transmission of repetitions of that HARQ process to other TRPs in that group as ideal backhaul conditions are expected to enable inter TRP communication of the ACK within that TRP-group. 
       FIG. 30  shows an example retransmission to TRPs within a TRP-group when one TRP from the group NACKs the transmission  3000 .  FIG. 30  shows slots  3014 ,  3015 , and  3016  comprising the PDCCH  3001 , gaps  3002 , and during transmitted repetitions  3006 : SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    3003 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    3004 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    3008 , and SRL directed to TRP 4    3009 . In the example of  FIG. 30 , if a TRP in a TRP-group needs retransmission, the UE may only retransmit a HARQ process to one or more TRPs within that group. Assuming that TRP 1  and TRP 3  are in TRP-group1 whereas TRP 2  and TRP 4  are in TRP-group2. UE may have an UL grant for PUSCH repetitions of HARQ ID #0. TRP 1  detects an ACK for the PUSCH HARQ ID #0  3005  whereas TRP 2  detects a NACK  3007  (TRP 1  may indicate the ACK either explicitly or implicitly;  3005  to the UE on the PDCCH; TRP 2  may indicate the NACK either explicitly or implicitly  3007  to the UE on the PDCCH). A dynamic grant for retransmission may schedule the retransmission  3011  to one or more TRPs within that TRP-group (e.g., SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    3012  and SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    3013 ). Alternatively, for a CG, the UE may retransmit only to the TRP-groups from which no ACK was received. In this example, the UE may retransmit HARQ ID #0 only to TRP 2    3012  and/or TRP 4    3013  which are within TRP-group2. The UE may be configured to retransmit to certain TRPs within the target TRP-group through RRC signaling. This may reduce the signaling overhead in the DCI when scheduling the retransmission. 
       FIGS. 31A-31B  shows examples of the UE identifying ACKs from all TRP-groups  3100 . The UE may not clear its HARQ buffer for ID #0 until it has received an ACK from at least one TRP within each TRP-group or until a timer ackTRP Timer expires. This is to ensure that all target TRPs (or TRP-groups) receive the ACK status and/or have enough time to transfer the data and/or ACK status of acknowledged HARQ process between the TRPs (or TRP-groups). 
       FIG. 31A  shows slots  3113  and  3114  comprising the PDCCH  3101 , gaps  3102 , and during transmitted repetitions  3107 : SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    3103 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    3104 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    3109 , and SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    3110 .  FIG. 31A  shows an example in which reception of the ACK is from each TRP group. When a UE receives an ACK from a TRP in a TRP-group (e.g., on the PDCCH receiving an ACK from TRP 1  for HARQ ID #0  3105  and ACK from TRP 2  for HARQ ID #0  3106 ), it may set and start decrementing the ackTRPTimer  3108 . If the UE receives an ACK from all other TRP-groups before the timer  3108  expires, it may clear the HARQ buffer for ID #0  3111 . 
       FIG. 31B  shows slots  3131 ,  3132 , and  3133  comprising the PDCCH  3120 , gaps  3121 , and during transmitted repetitions  3126 : SRI 1  directed to TRP 1    3122 , SRI 2  directed to TRP 2    3123 , SRI 3  directed to TRP 3    3129 , and SRI 4  directed to TRP 4    3130 .  FIG. 31B  shows an alternative example, wherein if the UE&#39;s ackTRP Timer  3126  expires before all ACKs are received from the TRP-groups for HARQ ID #0 (e.g., on the PDCCH receiving an ACK from TRP 1  for HARQ ID #0  3124 ), the UE may clear its buffer for HARQ ID #0  3134  even if it receives a NACK from another TRP-group (e.g., NACK from TRP 2  for HARQ ID #0  3127 ), as shown in  FIG. 31B , because it is expected that the TRPs have enough time to communicate the status of the ACK and/or the PUSCH data between the concerned TRPs or TRP-groups. 
     Note that the ACK may be implicitly indicated by the TRP to the UE through a grant for the same HARQ ID but with the NDI set to indicate a new transmission. 
     In the example shown in  FIGS. 31A-31B , the timer may be set upon reception of the first ACK for that HARQ process. Other alternatives presented herein may also be considered as a starting point to set the timer. 
     The timer may be set when the first transmission of PUSCH occurs in the repetition set of that HARQ ID. 
     The timer may be set when the last transmission of PUSCH occurs in the repetition set of that HARQ ID. 
     The value for ackTRP Timer may be configured to the UE through RRC signaling and may depend on the latency in the non-ideal backhaul. 
     Intra-UE prioritization of PUSCH is described herein. Prioritization of configured grant over dynamic grant is described herein. A UE may have a configured grant of high priority but may receive a dynamic grant for PUSCH of low priority colliding with a configured grant. In this case, the UE may not service the dynamic grant but only transmit the configured grant. Alternatively or additionally, if the UE has the capability, it may puncture the dynamic grant PUSCH and may transmit the dynamic PUSCH on available resources. The gNB may monitor the DMRS of the configured grant and if it receives it, it may expect to process the high priority configured grant PUSCH. 
       FIGS. 32A-32C  show examples of intra-UE collision between a low priority PUSCH grant and a high priority PUSCH grant  3200 .  FIG. 32A  shows, with respect to frequency  3208 , slots  3207  and  3209  comprising the PDCCH  3201 , and gap  3202 . In the example of  FIG. 32A , the UE may transmit CG PUSCH URLLC opportunities  3203  which has a resource conflict  3206  with a dynamic grant received for eMBB PUSCH 1    3204 . Here the UE punctured PUSCH 1    3210  in the REs where there is resource conflict. 
       FIG. 32A  shows, with respect to frequency  3218 , slots  3217  and  3219  comprising the PDCCH  3211 , and gap  3212 . The UE may transmit CG PUSCH URLLC opportunities  3213  which has a resource conflict with a dynamic grant received for eMBB PUSCH 1    3214 . In the alternative example of  FIG. 32B , the UE cancels PUSCH 1    3214  as it may not be capable of processing both the eMBB  3214  and URLLC PUSCH  3216  at the same time. 
       FIG. 32C  shows, with respect to frequency  3229 , slots  3227  and  3228  comprising the PDCCH  3220 , and gap  3221 . The UE may transmit CG PUSCH URLLC opportunities  3222  which has a resource conflict with a dynamic grant received for eMBB PUSCH 1    3224 . In the alternative example of  FIG. 32C , the PUSCH 1    3223  may be transmitted only on symbols that do not overlap with the CG PUSCH  3223 , i.e., PUSCH 1    3224  may be punctured in the symbols overlapping with CG PUSCH  3225 . 
     Similar behavior may be supported for a case wherein a high priority dynamic UL grant has resource conflict with low priority dynamic UL grant. This scenario may arise if a gNB transmits a low priority UL grant and subsequently transmits a higher priority UL grant that collides with the low priority grant to the same UE. Alternatively or additionally, in the multi-TRP case, one TRP may schedule a high priority grant whereas another may schedule a low priority UL grant that may result in a resource conflict in the UE. 
       FIG. 33  shows an example in which the PUSCHURLLC and PUSCHeMBB have the same HARQ ID  3300 .  FIG. 33  shows, with respect to frequency  3308 , slots  3306  and  3307  comprising the PDCCH  3301 , and gap  3302 . The UE may transmit CG PUSCH URLLC opportunities  3303 , and the UE receives an UL grant for PUSCHeMBB transmission with HARQ-ID ‘H’  3305 . The UE also has a configured grant PUSCH URLLC  transmission  3304  with the same HARQ-ID. In this case, the UE&#39;s transmission buffer with ID H contains URLLC data. It may be desirable that this should not be flushed until the UE knows that the URLLC HARQ transmission was correctly received by the gNB. In this case, if the dynamic grant for lower priority PUSCH with same HARQ ID is received, the UE may ignore that low priority grant even though the resources do not collide between the PUSCH URLLC  and PUSCH eMBB . 
     The acknowledgement of the URLLC PUSCH may occur implicitly, i.e., the UE does not receive a rescheduling for HARQ-ID H with a DCI indicating higher priority (URLLC priority) prior to the expiry of a timer ConfiguredGrantTimer. Therefore, if any of the PUSCH eMBB  occurs within the ConfiguredGrantTimer duration following the PUSCH URLLC  transmission, the UE drops all or part of the PUSCH eMBB  grant. 
     If the PUSCH grants additionally collide in time, it may be desirable to indicate priority level of the transmitted PUSCH to enable the gNB to correctly identify which PUSCH was transmitted. Here, the UE may use the RNTI p  corresponding to its priority level to mask its RNTI in its PUSCH transmission. 
     If the gNB indicated the acknowledgement to the CG explicitly, the UE may not flush its transmission buffer H until the acknowledgement may be received. It is proposed herein that the gNB may indicate the priority of the PUSCH process being acknowledged to avoid ambiguity in the event of HARQ ID collisions. 
       FIG. 34  shows an example of an intra-UE collision of the CG PUSCH  3400 . If a UE may be configured with multiple configured grants of different priority levels, it may begin a transmission of a lower priority CG PUSCH but may need to preempt it to transmit a higher priority CG PUSCH.  FIG. 34  shows, with respect to frequency  3411 , slots  3408 ,  3409 , and  3410  comprising the PDCCH  3401 , and gap  3402 . The UE may transmit CG PUSCH URLLC opportunities  3403 . In the alternative example of  FIG. 34 , the UE may be configured with two CGs, one for a low priority PUSCH referred to as an eMBB  3404  and one with high priority PUSCH referred to as an URLLC  3403 . The UE may begin an eMBB PUSCH transmission  3405  when it receives a URLLC TB for transmission via CG. So the UE transmissions may cancel or puncture the eMBB transmission  3406  and transmit the URLLC PUSCH  3407 . The gNB may monitor DMRS for both CG PUSCH of both priorities and may detect that the URLLC CG PUSCH has punctured the eMBB CG PUSCH. The gNB may flush the punctured part of the eMBB CG PUSCH in its soft buffer. 
     It is proposed herein that CGs with different priorities have different durations configured for their ConfiguredGrantTimer duration. For low priority transmissions, the PUSCH duration may be longer than for high priority transmissions. Accordingly, it may be desirable to have longer duration for the ConfiguredGrantTimer for low priority CG PUSCH. 
       FIG. 35A  shows an example of a retransmission of an intra-UE preempted low priority CG PUSCH upon receiving a dynamic grant from the gNB  3500 . If the eMBB CG PUSCH was punctured, a mode of operation may allow the gNB to schedule a dynamic grant for its retransmission with the CS-RNTI. In the example of  FIG. 35A , the UE  3502  transmits the HARQ ID D  3504  to the gNB  3501  during slot  3503  and the configuredGrantTimer starts  3503 . After the configuredGrantTimer expires  3506 , the UE  3502  receives a dynamic grant for ID D  3507 , and then the UE  3502  retransmits the HARQ ID D  3509  on the dynamic grant. However, in this case, the latency for the retransmission can be high. 
       FIG. 35B  shows an example of a retransmission as a CG PUSCH. In the example of  FIG. 35B , the UE  3522  transmits the HARQ ID D  3524  to the gNB  3521  during slot  3526  and the configuredGrantTimer starts  3523 . In this alternative example, the retransmission may occur prior to the expiration of the configuredGrantTimer and instead the UE retransmits the PUSCH, during slot  3528 , as it was punctured by its own URLLC traffic  3529 . The UE restarts the configuredGrantTimer  3257  upon retransmission. If the UE receives a dynamic grant for HARQ ID D  3530  after the CG retransmission, it may ignore the dynamic grant. 
     Furthermore, the retransmission may comprise only the CBGs that were cancelled or punctured. The UE may be RRC configured to retransmit either all the CBGs in the low priority PUSCH or only the impacted CBGs in the low priority PUSCH. As the gNB knows which CBGs were impacted in the first transmission, it can correctly soft-combine the retransmission. Accordingly, there may be no need for indicating the transmitted CBGTIs in the retransmission. 
     Intra-UE prioritization between DL and UL is described herein. In some situations, conflict may occur between a DL and UL transmission in the UE. The configuration for flexible symbols may be denoted as ‘X’ in the slot-format that may either be RRC configured or indicated through a DCI such as the format2_0 group-common DCI scrambled with the SFI-RNTI. In case of intra-UE conflict between the DL and UL, the following scenarios may arise. 
       FIG. 36A  is a diagram of Intra-UE DL and UL collision Low-priority PDSCH and high-priority PUSCH collision  3600 .  FIG. 36A  shows slot #0  3607 , slot #1  3608 , slot #2  3609  comprising PDCCH  3601 , other DL signals  3602 , and gap  3606 . In the example of  FIG. 36A , one or more flexible symbols may be scheduled for a low-priority PDSCH through a grant (e.g., eMBB PDSCH  3603 ). A high priority UL grant may also be scheduled on one or more of same symbols (e.g., URLLC PUSCH  3605 ). In this case, the UE may suspend the PDSCH  3604  and may transmit the PUSCH. 
       FIG. 36B  is a diagram of Intra-UE DL and UL collision Low-priority PDSCH and high priority PUCCH collision.  FIG. 36B  shows slot #0  3617 , slot #1  3618 , slot #2  3619  comprising PDCCH  3610 , other DL signals  3611 , and gap  3612 . In the example of  FIG. 36B , one or more flexible symbols may be scheduled for a low-priority PDSCH through a grant (e.g., eMBB PDSCH  3614 ). A high priority UL grant (e.g., URLLC UCI  3616  on the PUCCH  3615 ) may also be scheduled such that its PUCCH may be on one or more of the same flexible symbols. In this case, the UE may suspend the PDSCH  3620  and transmits the PUCCH  3615 . 
       FIG. 36C  is a diagram of Intra-UE DL and UL collision Low-priority PUSCH and high priority PDSCH collision.  FIG. 36C  shows slot #0  3636 , slot #1  3637 , slot #2  3638  comprising PDCCH  3630 , other DL signals  3631 , and gap  3632 . In the example of  FIG. 36C , one or more flexible symbols may be scheduled for a low-priority PUSCH through a grant (e.g., eMBB PUSCH  3633 ). A high priority DL grant (e.g., URLLC PDSCH  3634 ) may also be scheduled such that its PDSCH may be on one or more of the same flexible symbols. In this case, the UE may suspend the PUSCH  3635  and receives the PDSCH  3634 . 
     MAC layer prioritization and preemption of uplink transmissions is described herein. For the UL transmissions, the UE&#39;s MAC layer may prioritize the higher priority transmission if there is sufficient time to react to the grants. MAC transmissions may be considered to be conflicting when physical transmissions are either partially or fully overlapped in time. The UE&#39;s MAC may prioritize new conflicting transmissions, and/or preempt existing transmissions already delivered to the physical layer. 
     If there is sufficient time to react to available conflicting grants, the MAC may determine the priority of individual PUSCH transmissions before delivery of MAC protocol data units (PDUs) to the physical layer. If there is insufficient time to prioritize conflicting grants before delivery of one or more MAC PDUs to the physical layer, the MAC may preempt transmission of MAC PDUs already provided to the physical layer or may provide relative priority information to the physical layer for proper processing of each transmission. 
     The MAC may also prioritize between a conflicting Scheduling Request (SR) and PUSCH transmissions. Similar to conflicting PUSCH transmissions MAC procedures for SR transmissions are affected by the minimum processing time and/or when the physical layer is informed of the transmission. 
     For either configured or dynamic grants, the UE may delay MAC PDU multiplexing and assembly until the minimal processing time requirement for each individual grant. Similarly, MAC SR processing and transmission indications to the physical layer may be delayed (e.g., until availability of the associated PUCCH resources). If a new conflicting grant is determined or a conflicting SR is triggered in advance of the minimum processing requirement for an existing conflicting grant or an SR, the UE may perform MAC transmission prioritization operation. 
     MAC transmission prioritization may comprise the following operations: 
     The MAC may determine for each outstanding grant which logical channels may be multiplexed into each PDU for each outstanding grant in advance of when the first grant needs to be processed considering the minimum processing requirement for each grant. Each logical channel may be configured with one or more priorities, the highest priority selected for logical channels multiplexed into the MAC PDU may determine the priority of the transmission. Priority of MAC Control Elements (CE) may also be taken into account. Each MAC CE type (i.e. PHR, BSR . . . ) may have a known priority which is used to determine the priority of the PUSCH transmission. For example, the highest priority of logical channels and MAC CEs multiplexed in to the MAC PDU may be used to determine the PUSCH transmission priority. This operation may effectively divide the existing MAC PDU multiplexing and assembly procedure into a two-step procedure. The existing Logical Channel Prioritization (LCP) procedure may determine the priority of available data as it multiplexes and assembles each MAC PDU for transmission. In this procedure the priority available data is determined in a first step before the multiplexing and assembly of a MAC PDU and generation of MAC CEs is initiated. 
     Alternatively, a priority may be associated with each configured and/or dynamic grant. In this case the priority of logical channels multiplexed onto the MAC PDU may not be taken into account. Normal logical channel prioritization for data multiplexing may take place. PUSCH transmission priority may be determined by the grant. Depending on data available for the transmission and/or the priority associated with each grant or priority associated with logical channels multiplexed into each MAC PDU or the priority of the logical channel that triggered the SR, the MAC may determine the priority of each transmission and retransmission. 
     PUSCH transmission priority may also be determined by a combination of grant priority and the priority of the data multiplexed within the MAC PDU. For example, the highest priority of either data multiplexed or the grant may be used to determine the PUSCH transmission priority. 
     When transmission prioritization is to be applied, the lower priority grant(s) or SR transmissions may either not be utilized, or additional information may be provided to the physical layer to properly prioritize the transmission. Utilizing a grant comprises multiplexing and assembly of data, e.g., a MAC Service Data Unit (SDU) or a MAC CE, into a MAC PDU and transmission of that MAC PDU associated with the grant, or comprises transmission of an SR associated with the grant. When a grant is not utilized, no multiplexing or assembly of data into a MAC PDU is performed and no SR transmission is performed. 
     If the MAC determines a grant is not to be utilized due to transmission prioritization, the MAC may inform the physical layer of the transmission canceled by the MAC in order to properly process higher priority transmissions that have not been canceled. Grants that are not utilized may be directly or indirectly signaled to the gNB scheduler. For example, the prioritized transmission which was not canceled may provide a transmission cancellation indication. 
     When lower priority transmissions are not cancelled by the MAC, relative priorities determined by the MAC may be provided to the physical layer along with each MAC PDU and/or SR transmission. In addition to uniquely processing each transmission, to ensure more or less reliable information indicating the relative priorities of each transmission may be directly or indirectly signaled to the gNB scheduler. 
     Irrespective of how MAC transmission prioritization is determined (i.e. LCP or grant based), when a grant is not utilized due to prioritization, the MAC may enable procedures to recover the lost grant. This may be accomplished by triggering an SR and/or by maintaining an SR pending state for the configured SR resource associated with the logical channel(s) that would have been serviced by the lost grant. A Buffer Status Report may also be generated as a result of the lost grant. When the MAC determines a grant may not be utilized this operation may be internal to the MAC. When the physical layer determines a grant is not be utilized the MAC may be informed to initiate procedures to recover the lost grant. 
     If a new conflicting grant is determined or a conflicting SR is triggered after the minimum processing requirement of an existing conflicting grant or a conflicting SR transmission, the UE may perform MAC transmission preemption operation. 
     MAC transmission preemption operation may comprise the following operations: 
     The MAC may determine transmission priority similarly to how prioritization is determined when a new grant or SR transmission is determined in advance of the minimum grant processing time of an existing grant (i.e. either grant or logical channel based) or SR transmission. 
     If the new grant or SR transmission is determined to be of a higher priority than the existing grant or SR transmission, the MAC may perform normal multiplexing and assembly of the MAC PDU and/or perform SR processing. When the MAC PDU and/or SR is delivered to lower layers, a preemption indication may be included. The preemption indication may identify the MAC PDU or SR transmission to be preempted. 
     When the physical layer detects a preemption indication the preempted transmission may either be discarded or adjusted (i.e. puncturing) in order to better ensure successful transmission of the prioritized transmission. In the case the transmission is discarded by the physical layer, the MAC may be informed. For a discarded MAC PDU transmission the MAC may take actions to recover the lost data. For example, similar actions may be taken as if a HARQ NACK was received for the canceled transmission. The maximum number of HARQ retransmissions may be incremented to allow for the same number of actual transmissions as would be allowed if the transmission was not canceled. For a discarded SR transmission, the MAC may cancel the SR pending state and/or retrigger the SR. In the case a MAC PDU containing MAC CE&#39;s are discarded, the MAC may take actions to recover and retransmit the lost MAC CE&#39;s (i.e. BSR, PHR). This may be accomplished by retriggering the MAC CEs and/or clearing the associated prohibit timers. 
     When an existing transmission is preempted, the new preempting transmission may provide an indication either directly or indirectly to the gNB scheduler of the preempted transmission. This may result in the gNB rescheduling the discarded transmission or taking actions as if the lower priority SR was received. 
     When the new grant or SR transmission is determined to be of a lower priority than the existing MAC PDU or SR transmission, the MAC either discards the new grant or SR transmission or provides relative priority information to the physical layer in order to determine processing that may not disrupt the current higher priority transmission. If the MAC discards the new grant or SR transmission, multiplexing and assembly of the MAC PDU and/or processing of the SR transmission may not be performed. This operation effectively makes the MAC PDU multiplexing and assembly and SR processing a two-step procedure where prioritization is determined in a first step. The physical layer may also be informed of the cancellation. 
     In the case physical layer preemption may be applied the MAC layer may be notified of the cancelled transmission. In this case the MAC may reinitiate transmission of the cancelled transmission in a subsequent available grant. This operation may invoke a procedure similar to reception of a HARQ NAK received for the cancelled transmission. The maximum number of HARQ retransmissions may be incremented to allow for the same number of actual transmissions as would be allowed if the transmission was not cancelled. Example of scenarios where it might be practical for PHY to perform grant preemption or grant prioritization include one or more of the following: 
     The physical layer may detect a preemption indication from the MAC. 
     The MAC may instruct the PHY for transmission with transmission priority. PHY may perform transmission pre-emption based on transmission priority provided by MAC 
     The MAC may keep track of de-prioritized and/or preempted transmissions. When a threshold of the number of de-prioritized and/or preempted transmissions may be exceeded the MAC may take actions to report and correct failures of lower priority transmissions. When a threshold of deprioritized and/or preempted transmissions occurs for a logical channel or particular grant priority higher layers may be informed in order to take actions to correct the transmission failures more efficiently. Actions taken may be reporting the condition to the NB scheduler and/or adjusting relative priorities of logical channels of grants. 
     The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) develops technical standards for cellular telecommunications network technologies, including radio access, the core transport network, and service capabilities—including work on codecs, security, and quality of service. Recent radio access technology (RAT) standards include WCDMA (commonly referred as 3G), LTE (commonly referred as 4G), and LTE-Advanced standards. 3GPP has begun working on the standardization of next generation cellular technology, called New Radio (NR), which is also referred to as “5G”. 3GPP NR standards development is expected to include the definition of next generation radio access technology (new RAT), which is expected to include the provision of new flexible radio access below 6 GHz, and the provision of new ultra-mobile broadband radio access above 6 GHz. The flexible radio access is expected to consist of a new, non-backwards compatible radio access in new spectrum below 6 GHz, and it is expected to include different operating modes that may be multiplexed together in the same spectrum to address a broad set of 3GPP NR use cases with diverging requirements. The ultra-mobile broadband is expected to include cmWave and mmWave spectrum that will provide the opportunity for ultra-mobile broadband access for, e.g., indoor applications and hotspots. In particular, the ultra-mobile broadband is expected to share a common design framework with the flexible radio access below 6 GHz, with cmWave and mmWave specific design optimizations. 
     3GPP has identified a variety of use cases that NR is expected to support, resulting in a wide variety of user experience requirements for data rate, latency, and mobility. The use cases include the following general categories: enhanced mobile broadband (e.g., broadband access in dense areas, indoor ultra-high broadband access, broadband access in a crowd, 50+ Mbps everywhere, ultra-low cost broadband access, mobile broadband in vehicles), critical communications, massive machine type communications, network operation (e.g., network slicing, routing, migration and interworking, energy savings), and enhanced vehicle-to-everything (eV2X) communications, which may include any of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication (V2I), Vehicle-to-Network Communication (V2N), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication (V2P), and vehicle communications with other entities. Specific service and applications in these categories include, e.g., monitoring and sensor networks, device remote controlling, bi-directional remote controlling, personal cloud computing, video streaming, wireless cloud-based office, first responder connectivity, automotive ecall, disaster alerts, real-time gaming, multi-person video calls, autonomous driving, augmented reality, tactile internet, and virtual reality to name a few. All of these use cases and others are contemplated herein. 
       FIG. 37A  illustrates one embodiment of an example communications system  100  in which the methods and apparatuses described and claimed herein may be embodied. As shown, the example communications system  100  may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs)  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f , and/or  102   g  (which generally or collectively may be referred to as WTRU  102 ), a radio access network (RAN)  103 / 104 / 105 / 103   b / 104   b / 105   b , a core network  106 / 107 / 109 , a public switched telephone network (PSTN)  108 , the Internet  110 , other networks  112 , and V2X server (or ProSe function and server)  113 , though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f ,  102   g  may be any type of apparatus or device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. Although each WTRU  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f ,  102   g  is depicted in  FIGS. 37A-37E  as a hand-held wireless communications apparatus, it is understood that with the wide variety of use cases contemplated for 5G wireless communications, each WTRU may comprise or be embodied in any type of apparatus or device configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals, including, by way of example only, user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a tablet, a netbook, a notebook computer, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, a wearable device such as a smart watch or smart clothing, a medical or eHealth device, a robot, industrial equipment, a drone, a vehicle such as a car, truck, train, or airplane, and the like. 
     The communications system  100  may also include a base station  114   a  and a base station  114   b . Base stations  114   a  may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network  106 / 107 / 109 , the Internet  110 , and/or the other networks  112 . Base stations  114   b  may be any type of device configured to wiredly and/or wirelessly interface with at least one of the RRHs (Remote Radio Heads)  118   a ,  118   b , TRPs (Transmission and Reception Points)  119   a ,  119   b , and/or RSUs (Roadside Units)  120   a  and  120   b  to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network  106 / 107 / 109 , the Internet  110 , the other networks  112 , and/or V2X server (or ProSe function and server)  113 . RRHs  118   a ,  118   b  may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRU  102   c , to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network  106 / 107 / 109 , the Internet  110 , and/or the other networks  112 . TRPs  119   a ,  119   b  may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRU  102   d , to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network  106 / 107 / 109 , the Internet  110 , and/or the other networks  112 . RSUs  120   a  and  120   b  may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRU  102   e  or  102   f , to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network  106 / 107 / 109 , the Internet  110 , the other networks  112 , and/or V2X server (or ProSe function and server)  113 . By way of example, the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations  114   a ,  114   b  may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements. 
     The base station  114   a  may be part of the RAN  103 / 104 / 105 , which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station  114   b  may be part of the RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b , which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station  114   a  may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The base station  114   b  may be configured to transmit and/or receive wired and/or wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station  114   a  may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station  114   a  may include three transceivers, e.g., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station  114   a  may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. 
     The base stations  114   a  may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over an air interface  115 / 116 / 117 , which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface  115 / 116 / 117  may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). 
     The base stations  114   b  may communicate with one or more of the RRHs  118   a ,  118   b , TRPs  119   a ,  119   b , and/or RSUs  120   a  and  120   b , over a wired or air interface  115   b / 116   b / 117   b , which may be any suitable wired (e.g., cable, optical fiber, etc.) or wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface  115   b / 116   b / 117   b  may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). 
     The RRHs  118   a ,  118   b , TRPs  119   a ,  119   b  and/or RSUs  120   a ,  120   b , may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f  over an air interface  115   c / 116   c / 117   c , which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface  115   c / 116   c / 117   c  may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). 
     The WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f , and/or  102   g  may communicate with one another over an air interface  115   d / 116   d / 117   d  (not shown in the figures), which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface  115   d / 116   d / 117   d  may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). 
     More specifically, as noted above, the communications system  100  may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station  114   a  in the RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , or RRHs  118   a ,  118   b , TRPs  119   a ,  119   b  and RSUs  120   a ,  120   b , in the RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  and the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f , may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface  115 / 116 / 117  or  115   c / 116   c / 117   c  respectively using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 
     In an embodiment, the base station  114   a  and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , or RRHs  118   a ,  118   b , TRPs  119   a ,  119   b , and/or RSUs  120   a ,  120   b , in the RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  and the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d , may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface  115 / 116 / 117  or  115   c / 116   c / 117   c  respectively using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). In the future, the air interface  115 / 116 / 117  may implement 3GPP NR technology. The LTE and LTE-A technology includes LTE D2D and V2X technologies and interface (such as Sidelink communications, etc.) The 3GPP NR technology includes NR V2X technologies and interface (such as Sidelink communications, etc.) 
     In an embodiment, the base station  114   a  in the RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , or RRHs  118   a ,  118   b , TRPs  119   a ,  119   b  and/or RSUs  120   a ,  120   b , in the RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  and the WTRUs  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e ,  102   f  may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (e.g., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like. 
     The base station  114   c  in  FIG. 37A  may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station  114   c  and the WTRUs  102   e , may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station  114   c  and the WTRUs  102   d , may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station  114   c  and the WTRUs  102   e , may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in  FIG. 37A , the base station  114   b  may have a direct connection to the Internet  110 . Thus, the base station  114   c  may not be required to access the Internet  110  via the core network  106 / 107 / 109 . 
     The RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and/or RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  may be in communication with the core network  106 / 107 / 109 , which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d . For example, the core network  106 / 107 / 109  may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 37A , it will be appreciated that the RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and/or RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  and/or the core network  106 / 107 / 109  may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and/or RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and/or RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b , which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, the core network  106 / 107 / 109  may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM radio technology. 
     The core network  106 / 107 / 109  may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d ,  102   e  to access the PSTN  108 , the Internet  110 , and/or other networks  112 . The PSTN  108  may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet  110  may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks  112  may include wired or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks  112  may include another core network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN  103 / 104 / 105  and/or RAN  103   b / 104   b / 105   b  or a different RAT. 
     Some or all of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d  in the communications system  100  may include multi-mode capabilities, e.g., the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c ,  102   d , and  102   e  may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, the WTRU  102   e  shown in  FIG. 37A  may be configured to communicate with the base station  114   a , which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station  114   c , which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology. 
       FIG. 37B  is a block diagram of an example apparatus or device configured for wireless communications in accordance with the embodiments illustrated herein, such as for example, a WTRU  102 . As shown in  FIG. 37B , the example WTRU  102  may include a processor  118 , a transceiver  120 , a transmit/receive element  122 , a speaker/microphone  124 , a keypad  126 , a display/touchpad/indicators  128 , non-removable memory  130 , removable memory  132 , a power source  134 , a global positioning system (GPS) chipset  136 , and other peripherals  138 . It will be appreciated that the WTRU  102  may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. Also, embodiments contemplate that the base stations  114   a  and  114   b , and/or the nodes that base stations  114   a  and  114   b  may represent, such as but not limited to transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a home node-B, an evolved home node-B (eNodeB), a home evolved node-B (HeNB), a home evolved node-B gateway, and proxy nodes, among others, may include some or all of the elements depicted in  FIG. 37B  and described herein. 
     The processor  118  may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor  118  may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU  102  to operate in a wireless environment. The processor  118  may be coupled to the transceiver  120 , which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element  122 . While  FIG. 37B  depicts the processor  118  and the transceiver  120  as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor  118  and the transceiver  120  may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. 
     The transmit/receive element  122  may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station  114   a ) over the air interface  115 / 116 / 117 . For example, in an embodiment, the transmit/receive element  122  may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element  122  may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet an embodiment, the transmit/receive element  122  may be configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element  122  may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals. 
     In addition, although the transmit/receive element  122  is depicted in  FIG. 37B  as a single element, the WTRU  102  may include any number of transmit/receive elements  122 . More specifically, the WTRU  102  may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU  102  may include two or more transmit/receive elements  122  (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface  115 / 116 / 117 . 
     The transceiver  120  may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element  122  and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element  122 . As noted above, the WTRU  102  may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver  120  may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU  102  to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, for example. 
     The processor  118  of the WTRU  102  may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone  124 , the keypad  126 , and/or the display/touchpad/indicators  128  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor  118  may also output user data to the speaker/microphone  124 , the keypad  126 , and/or the display/touchpad/indicators  128 . In addition, the processor  118  may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory  130  and/or the removable memory  132 . The non-removable memory  130  may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory  132  may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In an embodiment, the processor  118  may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU  102 , such as on a server or a home computer (not shown). 
     The processor  118  may receive power from the power source  134 , and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU  102 . The power source  134  may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU  102 . For example, the power source  134  may include one or more dry cell batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. 
     The processor  118  may also be coupled to the GPS chipset  136 , which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU  102 . In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset  136 , the WTRU  102  may receive location information over the air interface  115 / 116 / 117  from a base station (e.g., base stations  114   a ,  114   b ) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU  102  may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment. 
     The processor  118  may further be coupled to other peripherals  138 , which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals  138  may include various sensors such as an accelerometer, biometrics (e.g., finger print) sensors, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port or other interconnect interfaces, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and the like. 
     The WTRU  102  may be embodied in other apparatuses or devices, such as a sensor, consumer electronics, a wearable device such as a smart watch or smart clothing, a medical or eHealth device, a robot, industrial equipment, a drone, a vehicle such as a car, truck, train, or airplane. The WTRU  102  may connect to other components, modules, or systems of such apparatuses or devices via one or more interconnect interfaces, such as an interconnect interface that may comprise one of the peripherals  138 . 
       FIG. 37C  is a system diagram of the RAN  103  and the core network  106  according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN  103  may employ a UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  over the air interface  115 . The RAN  103  may also be in communication with the core network  106 . As shown in  FIG. 37C , the RAN  103  may include Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c , which may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  115 . The Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may each be associated with a particular cell (not shown) within the RAN  103 . The RAN  103  may also include RNCs  142   a ,  142   b . It will be appreciated that the RAN  103  may include any number of Node-Bs and RNCs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 37C , the Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b  may be in communication with the RNC  142   a . Additionally, the Node-B  140   c  may be in communication with the RNC  142   b . The Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may communicate with the respective RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  via an Iub interface. The RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  may be in communication with one another via an Iur interface. Each of the RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  may be configured to control the respective Node-Bs  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  to which it is connected. In addition, each of the RNCs  142   a ,  142   b  may be configured to carry out or support other functionality, such as outer loop power control, load control, admission control, packet scheduling, handover control, macro-diversity, security functions, data encryption, and the like. 
     The core network  106  shown in  FIG. 37C  may include a media gateway (MGW)  144 , a mobile switching center (MSC)  146 , a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)  148 , and/or a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)  150 . While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network  106 , it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator. 
     The RNC  142   a  in the RAN  103  may be connected to the MSC  146  in the core network  106  via an IuCS interface. The MSC  146  may be connected to the MGW  144 . The MSC  146  and the MGW  144  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN  108 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and traditional land-line communications devices. 
     The RNC  142   a  in the RAN  103  may also be connected to the SGSN  148  in the core network  106  via an IuPS interface. The SGSN  148  may be connected to the GGSN  150 . The SGSN  148  and the GGSN  150  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet  110 , to facilitate communications between and the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and IP-enabled devices. 
     As noted above, the core network  106  may also be connected to the networks  112 , which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. 
       FIG. 37D  is a system diagram of the RAN  104  and the core network  107  according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN  104  may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  over the air interface  116 . The RAN  104  may also be in communication with the core network  107 . 
     The RAN  104  may include eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b ,  160   c , though it will be appreciated that the RAN  104  may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b ,  160   c  may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  116 . In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b ,  160   c  may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B  160   a , for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU  102   a.    
     Each of the eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b , and  160   c  may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in  FIG. 37D , the eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b ,  160   c  may communicate with one another over an X2 interface. 
     The core network  107  shown in  FIG. 37D  may include a mobility management gateway (MME)  162 , a serving gateway  164 , and a packet data network (PDN) gateway  166 . While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network  107 , it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator. 
     The MME  162  may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b , and  160   c  in the RAN  104  via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME  162  may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , and the like. The MME  162  may also provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN  104  and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA. 
     The serving gateway  164  may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs  160   a ,  160   b , and  160   c  in the RAN  104  via the S1 interface. The serving gateway  164  may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c . The serving gateway  164  may also perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , and the like. 
     The serving gateway  164  may also be connected to the PDN gateway  166 , which may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet  110 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and IP-enabled devices. 
     The core network  107  may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the core network  107  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN  108 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the core network  107  may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the core network  107  and the PSTN  108 . In addition, the core network  107  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to the networks  112 , which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. 
       FIG. 37E  is a system diagram of the RAN  105  and the core network  109  according to an embodiment. The RAN  105  may be an access service network (ASN) that employs IEEE 802.16 radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  over the air interface  117 . As will be further discussed below, the communication links between the different functional entities of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c , the RAN  105 , and the core network  109  may be defined as reference points. 
     As shown in  FIG. 37E , the RAN  105  may include base stations  180   a ,  180   b ,  180   c , and an ASN gateway  182 , though it will be appreciated that the RAN  105  may include any number of base stations and ASN gateways while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The base stations  180   a ,  180   b ,  180   c  may each be associated with a particular cell in the RAN  105  and may include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  over the air interface  117 . In an embodiment, the base stations  180   a ,  180   b ,  180   c  may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the base station  180   a , for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU  102   a . The base stations  180   a ,  180   b ,  180   c  may also provide mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering, tunnel establishment, radio resource management, traffic classification, quality of service (QoS) policy enforcement, and the like. The ASN gateway  182  may serve as a traffic aggregation point and may be responsible for paging, caching of subscriber profiles, routing to the core network  109 , and the like. 
     The air interface  117  between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and the RAN  105  may be defined as an R1 reference point that implements the IEEE 802.16 specification. In addition, each of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  may establish a logical interface (not shown) with the core network  109 . The logical interface between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and the core network  109  may be defined as an R2 reference point, which may be used for authentication, authorization, IP host configuration management, and/or mobility management. 
     The communication link between each of the base stations  180   a ,  180   b , and  180   c  may be defined as an R8 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating WTRU handovers and the transfer of data between base stations. The communication link between the base stations  180   a ,  180   b ,  180   c  and the ASN gateway  182  may be defined as an R6 reference point. The R6 reference point may include protocols for facilitating mobility management based on mobility events associated with each of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c.    
     As shown in  FIG. 37E , the RAN  105  may be connected to the core network  109 . The communication link between the RAN  105  and the core network  109  may defined as an R3 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating data transfer and mobility management capabilities, for example. The core network  109  may include a mobile IP home agent (MIP-HA)  184 , an authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA) server  186 , and a gateway  188 . While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network  109 , it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator. 
     The MIP-HA may be responsible for IP address management, and may enable the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  to roam between different ASNs and/or different core networks. The MIP-HA  184  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet  110 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and IP-enabled devices. The AAA server  186  may be responsible for user authentication and for supporting user services. The gateway  188  may facilitate interworking with other networks. For example, the gateway  188  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN  108 , to facilitate communications between the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  and traditional land-line communications devices. In addition, the gateway  188  may provide the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  with access to the networks  112 , which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 37E , it will be appreciated that the RAN  105  may be connected to other ASNs and the core network  109  may be connected to other core networks. The communication link between the RAN  105  the other ASNs may be defined as an R4 reference point, which may include protocols for coordinating the mobility of the WTRUs  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   c  between the RAN  105  and the other ASNs. The communication link between the core network  109  and the other core networks may be defined as an R5 reference, which may include protocols for facilitating interworking between home core networks and visited core networks. 
     The core network entities described herein and illustrated in  FIGS. 37A, 37C, 37D, and 37E  are identified by the names given to those entities in certain existing 3GPP specifications, but it is understood that in the future those entities and functionalities may be identified by other names and certain entities or functions may be combined in future specifications published by 3GPP, including future 3GPP NR specifications. Thus, the particular network entities and functionalities described and illustrated in  FIGS. 37A, 37B, 37C, 37D, and 37E  are provided by way of example only, and it is understood that the subject matter disclosed and claimed herein may be embodied or implemented in any similar communication system, whether presently defined or defined in the future. 
       FIG. 37F  is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system  90  in which one or more apparatuses of the communications networks illustrated in  FIGS. 37A, 37C, 37D and 37E  may be embodied, such as certain nodes or functional entities in the RAN  103 / 104 / 105 , Core Network  106 / 107 / 109 , PSTN  108 , Internet  110 , or Other Networks  112 . Computing system  90  may comprise a computer or server and may be controlled primarily by computer readable instructions, which may be in the form of software, wherever, or by whatever means such software is stored or accessed. Such computer readable instructions may be executed within a processor  91 , to cause computing system  90  to do work. The processor  91  may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor  91  may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the computing system  90  to operate in a communications network. Coprocessor  81  is an optional processor, distinct from main processor  91 , that may perform additional functions or assist processor  91 . Processor  91  and/or coprocessor  81  may receive, generate, and process data related to the methods and apparatuses disclosed herein. 
     In operation, processor  91  fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, and transfers information to and from other resources via the computing system&#39;s main data-transfer path, system bus  80 . Such a system bus connects the components in computing system  90  and defines the medium for data exchange. System bus  80  typically includes data lines for sending data, address lines for sending addresses, and control lines for sending interrupts and for operating the system bus. An example of such a system bus  80  is the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. 
     Memories coupled to system bus  80  include random access memory (RAM)  82  and read only memory (ROM)  93 . Such memories include circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved. ROMs  93  generally contain stored data that cannot easily be modified. Data stored in RAM  82  may be read or changed by processor  91  or other hardware devices. Access to RAM  82  and/or ROM  93  may be controlled by memory controller  92 . Memory controller  92  may provide an address translation function that translates virtual addresses into physical addresses as instructions are executed. Memory controller  92  may also provide a memory protection function that isolates processes within the system and isolates system processes from user processes. Thus, a program running in a first mode may access only memory mapped by its own process virtual address space; it cannot access memory within another process&#39;s virtual address space unless memory sharing between the processes has been set up. 
     In addition, computing system  90  may contain peripherals controller  83  responsible for communicating instructions from processor  91  to peripherals, such as printer  94 , keyboard  84 , mouse  95 , and disk drive  85 . 
     Display  86 , which is controlled by display controller  96 , is used to display visual output generated by computing system  90 . Such visual output may include text, graphics, animated graphics, and video. The visual output may be provided in the form of a graphical user interface (GUI). Display  86  may be implemented with a CRT-based video display, an LCD-based flat-panel display, gas plasma-based flat-panel display, or a touch-panel. Display controller  96  includes electronic components required to generate a video signal that is sent to display  86 . 
     Further, computing system  90  may contain communication circuitry, such as for example a network adapter  97 , that may be used to connect computing system  90  to an external communications network, such as the RAN  103 / 104 / 105 , Core Network  106 / 107 / 109 , PSTN  108 , Internet  110 , or Other Networks  112  of  FIGS. 37A, 37B, 37C, 37D, and 37E , to enable the computing system  90  to communicate with other nodes or functional entities of those networks. The communication circuitry, alone or in combination with the processor  91 , may be used to perform the transmitting and receiving steps of certain apparatuses, nodes, or functional entities described herein. 
       FIG. 37G  illustrates one embodiment of an example communications system  111  in which the methods and apparatuses described and claimed herein may be embodied. As shown, the example communications system  111  may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) A, B, C, D, E, F, a base station, a V2X server, and a RSUs A and B, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. One or several or all WTRUs A, B, C, D, E can be out of range of the network (for example, in the figure out of the cell coverage boundary shown as the dash line). WTRUs A, B, C form a V2X group, among which WTRU A is the group lead and WTRUs B and C are group members. WTRUs A, B, C, D, E, F may communicate over Uu interface or Sidelink (PC5) interface. 
     It is understood that any or all of the apparatuses, systems, methods and processes described herein may be embodied in the form of computer executable instructions (e.g., program code) stored on a computer-readable storage medium which instructions, when executed by a processor, such as processors  118  or  91 , cause the processor to perform and/or implement the systems, methods and processes described herein. Specifically, any of the steps, operations or functions described herein may be implemented in the form of such computer executable instructions, executing on the processor of an apparatus or computing system configured for wireless and/or wired network communications. Computer readable storage media include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any non-transitory (e.g., tangible or physical) method or technology for storage of information, but such computer readable storage media do not include signals. Computer readable storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible or physical medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by a computing system.