Patent Publication Number: US-11643612-B2

Title: Fluorinated polyacrylate antifoam components for lubricating compositions

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority from PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2017/052612 filed on Sep. 21, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/437,871 filed on Dec. 22, 2016, both of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     It is known to introduce antifoams into hydrocarbon oil formulations used in mechanical devices in order to alleviate foam tendencies of the hydrocarbon oil. Silicone-based antifoam agents comprising a polydimethylsiloxane as the principal ingredient belong to the class of the most widely used antifoam agents useful as a foam-breaking or foam-suppressing agents. 
     As market usage of Group I base oils diminishes in favor of more refined base oils such as Group II, Group III, Group IV base oils, and Group V base oils, a need for more effective antifoam components arises. 
     There is a need for an antifoam component that can impart foam reduction while having equivalent antifoam performance to current silicone-based antifoam agents, as well as the ability to provide improved storage stability. 
     It is the objective of the invention to meet one or more of the needs described above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosed technology provides a lubricating composition including (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity selected from the group consisting of a Group III oil, a Group IV oil, a Group V oil, or mixtures thereof; and b) an antifoam component comprising a poly(acrylate) copolymer including (i) from about 70 wt % up to about 85 wt % of an acrylate monomer having C 4  to C 8  alkyl esters of acrylic acid; (ii) from about 10 wt % up to about 28 wt % of an acrylate comonomer having C 2  to C 3  alkyl esters of acrylic acid; and (iii) from about 1.5 wt % up to 15.0 wt % of a fluorinated acrylate monomer; the antifoam component having a M w  of at least 45,000 Daltons. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a lubricating composition in which the acrylate monomer (i) is present in an amount of about 70.5 wt %, or 72 wt %, and the acrylate comonomer (ii) is present in an amount of about 26 wt % or 28 wt %. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a lubricating composition in which the acrylate monomer (i) comprises 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition in which the comonomer (ii) comprises ethyl acrylate or propyl acrylate. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition of in which the acrylate monomer (i) is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and the acrylate comonomer (ii) is ethyl acrylate. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition in which the fluorinated acrylate comonomer is branched or linear. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition in which the fluorinated acrylate monomer is selected from the group consisting of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, 1,1,1,3,3,-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentylmethacrylate, heptadecafluoroundecyl acrylate and tridecafluorooctyl acrylate, or 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexaflurobutyl acrylate. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition in which the acrylate monomer (i) is present in an amount of 50 wt % to 90 wt %, the acrylate comonomer (ii) is present in an amount of 10 wt % to 35 wt % wt %, and the fluorinated acrylate monomer is present in an amount of 1 wt % to 20 wt %. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition in which the antifoam component has a M w  of from about 45,000 Da to about 50,000 Da. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition in which the antifoam component is present in the lubricating composition in an amount of at least 10 ppm. 
     The disclosed technology further provides the lubricating composition further including at least one additional additive selected from the group consisting of dispersants, viscosity modifiers, supplemental friction modifiers, detergents, antioxidants, seal swell agents, and anti-wear agents. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a method of lubricating a mechanical device including supplying to the mechanical device a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity selected from the group consisting of a Group III oil, a Group IV oil, a Group V oil, or mixtures thereof; and b) an antifoam component comprising a poly(acrylate) copolymer including (i) from about 70 wt % up to about 85 wt % of an acrylate monomer having C 4  to C 8  alkyl esters of acrylic acid; (ii) from about 10 wt % up to about 28 wt % of an acrylate comonomer having C 2  to C 3  alkyl esters of acrylic acid; and (iii) from about 1.5 wt % up to 15.0 wt % of a fluorinated acrylate monomer; the antifoam component having a M w  of at least 45,000 Daltons. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a method in which the mechanical device comprises a driveline device. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a method in which the driveline device comprises an axle, a gear, a gearbox or a transmission. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a method in which the mechanical device comprises an internal combustion engine. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a method in which the antifoam component in the lubricating composition improves foam inhibition in a mechanical device. 
     The disclosed technology further provides a method of foam inhibition in a mechanical device including contacting the mechanical device with lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity selected from the group consisting of a Group III oil, a Group IV oil, a Group V oil, or mixtures thereof; and b) an antifoam component comprising a poly(acrylate) copolymer including (i) from about 70 wt % up to about 85 wt % of an acrylate monomer having C 4  to C 8  alkyl esters of acrylic acid; (ii) from about 10 wt % up to about 28 wt % of an acrylate comonomer having C 2  to C 3  alkyl esters of acrylic acid; and (iii) from about 1.5 wt % up to 15.0 wt % of a fluorinated acrylate monomer; the antifoam component having a M w  of at least 45,000 Daltons. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Various preferred features and embodiments will be described below by way of non-limiting illustration. 
     The disclosed technology provides a lubricating composition including an antifoam component which includes a poly(acrylate) copolymer. In one embodiment, the poly(acrylate) copolymer includes an alkyl acrylate polymer, such as a copolymer including an acrylate monomer having C 4  to C 8  alkyl esters of acrylic acid and a comonomer having C 2  to C 3  alkyl esters of acrylic acid, and a fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomer. In some embodiments, the copolymer includes an acrylate monomer having C 6  to C 8  alkyl esters of acrylic acid and a comonomer having C 2  to C 3  alkyl esters of acrylic acid. In one embodiment, the acrylate monomer includes 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and the comonomer includes ethyl acrylate or propyl acrylate. In one embodiment, the acrylate monomer is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and the comonomer is ethyl acrylate. 
     The fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomer can include esters of acrylic acids with linear or branched fluorinated alkanols. The fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomer can have three or more neighboring carbon atoms in the alkyl group which carry one or more fluorine atoms. In one embodiment the fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomers can include one or more of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, 1,1,1,3,3,-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentylmethacrylate, heptadecafluoroundecyl acrylate and tridecafluorooctyl acrylate, or 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexaflurobutyl acrylate. In some embodiments, the fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomer has a carbon:fluorine ratio of from 1:1 to 1:1.8. 
     The copolymer antifoam component employed herein generally will have a molecular weight (M w ) of at least 45,000 Daltons (Da). In some embodiments, the copolymer antifoam component has a molecular weight of from 45,000 Da to 80,000 Da. In some embodiments, the copolymer antifoam component will have a molecular weight (M n ) of from 8,000 Da to 16,000 Da. 
     It has been found that the molar ratio of the acrylate monomer, the acrylate comonomer and the fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomer in the copolymer antifoam component has a direct impact on antifoam performance. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the copolymer antifoam component includes from about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of the acrylate monomer, and from about 10 wt % to about 35 wt % of the acrylate comonomer and from about 1.0 wt % to about 20 wt % of the fluorinated (meth)acrylate monomer. 
     The inventive antifoam components can be used to improve the foaming tendencies of a lubricating composition and, in particular, to impart improved storage stability, for example, to a driveline oil (such as a transmission fluid or lubricant for a gearbox or axle), or an engine oil, 
     The copolymer antifoam components of the present invention can be prepared by methods generally known in the art. The polymerization may be effected in mass, emulsion or solution in the presence of a free-radical liberating agent as catalyst and in the presence or absence of known polymerization regulators. In one embodiment, the inventive antifoam can be polymerized in the presence of toluene. In another embodiment, the inventive antifoam can be polymerized in a hydrocarbon oil. 
     The present technology provides a composition which comprises, as one component, an oil of lubricating viscosity. Such oils include natural and synthetic oils, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, and hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined and re-refined oils and mixtures thereof. 
     Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source generally without (or with little) further purification treatment. 
     Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Purification techniques are known in the art and include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation and the like. 
     Re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils, and are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products. 
     Natural oils useful in making the inventive lubricants include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil), mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types and oils derived from coal or shale or mixtures thereof. 
     Synthetic lubricating oils are useful and include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers); poly(l-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), and mixtures thereof; alkyl-benzenes (e.g. dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-benzenes); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls); diphenyl alkanes, alkylated diphenyl alkanes, alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof or mixtures thereof. 
     Other synthetic lubricating oils include polyol esters (such as Priolube®3970), diesters, liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and the diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid), or polymeric tetrahydrofurans. Synthetic oils may be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may be hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodiment oils may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquid (GTL) synthetic procedure as well as other gas-to-liquid (GTL) oils. 
     GTL base oils include base oils obtained by one or more possible types of GTL processes, typically a Fischer-Tropsch process. The GTL process takes natural gas, predominantly methane, and chemically converts it to synthesis gas, or syngas. Alternatively, solid coal can also be converted into synthesis gas. Synthesis gas mainly contains carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ), which are mostly subsequently chemically converted to paraffins by a catalytic Fischer-Tropsch process. These paraffins will have a range of molecular weights and by the use of catalysts can be hydroisomerised to produce a range of base oils. GTL base stocks have a highly paraffinic character, typically greater than 90% saturates. Of these paraffinics, the non-cyclic paraffinic species predominate over the cyclic paraffinic species. For example, GTL base stocks typically comprise greater than 60 wt %, or greater than 80 wt %, or greater than 90 wt % non-cyclic paraffinic species. GTL base oils typically have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of between 2 cSt and 50 cSt, or 3 cSt to 50 cSt, or 3.5 cSt to 30 cSt. The GTL exemplified in this instance has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 4.1 cSt. Likewise, the GTL base stocks are typically characterised as having a viscosity index (VI, refer to ASTM D2270) of 80 or greater, or 100 or greater, or 120 or greater. The GTL exemplified in this instance has a VI of 129. Typically GTL base fluids have effectively zero sulphur and nitrogen contents, generally less than 5 ppm of each of these elements. GTL base stocks are Group III oils, as classified by the American Petroleum Institute (API). 
     Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. The five base oil groups are as follows: Group I (sulfur content&gt;0.03 wt %, and/or &lt;90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80 to less than 120); Group II (sulfur content≤0.03 wt %, and ≥90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80 to less than 120); Group III (sulfur content≤0.03 wt %, and ≥90 wt % saturates, viscosity index≥120); Group IV (all polyalphaolefins (PAOs)); and Group V (all others not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV). The oil of lubricating viscosity may also be an API Group II+ base oil, which term refers to a Group II base oil having a viscosity index greater than or equal to 110 and less than 120, as described in SAE publication “Design Practice: Passenger Car Automatic Transmissions”, fourth Edition, AE-29, 2012, page 12-9, as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 8,216,448, column 1 line 57. 
     The oil of lubricating viscosity may be an API Group IV oil, or mixtures thereof, i.e., a polyalphaolefin. Poly-alpha olefin base oils (PAOs), and their manufacture, are generally well known. With regards PAOs, the PAO base oils may be derived from linear C2 to C32, preferably C4 to C16, alpha olefins. Particularly preferred feedstocks for PAOs are 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and 1-tetradecene. The polyalphaolefin may be prepared by metallocene catalyzed processes or from a non-metallocene process. 
     The oil of lubricating viscosity may comprise an API Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V oil or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is an API Group II, Group II+, Group III, Group IV oil or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is often an API Group II, Group II+, Group III oil or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is a Group II, Group III, Group IV or Gas-to-Liquid (Fischer-Tropsch) oil, or mixtures thereof. 
     The amount of the oil of lubricating viscosity present is typically the balance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the amount of the compound of formula (I) and, when present, other performance additives. 
     The composition may be in the form of a concentrate or a fully formulated lubricant. 
     If the composition is in the form of a fully formulated lubricant, typically the oil of lubricating viscosity, including any diluent oil present in the composition, will be present in an amount of from 70 to 95 wt %, or from 80 or 85 to 93 wt %. 
     If the lubricating composition of the invention is in the form of a concentrate (which may then be combined with additional oil to form, in whole or in part, a finished lubricant), typically the oil of lubricating viscosity, including any diluent oil present in the composition, will be present in an amount of from 0.1 wt % to 40 wt % or 0.2 wt % to 35 wt % or 0.4 wt % to 30 wt % or 0.6 wt % to 25 wt % or 0.1 wt % to 15 wt % or 0.3 wt % to 6 wt %. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are lubricating compositions which can include an antifoam component in an amount of at least 50 ppm, or at least 100 ppm, or from 50 ppm to 1000 ppm, or from about 50 to about 500, or from 50 ppm to 450 ppm or 400 ppm, of the overall composition on an oil free basis. The balance of these lubricating compositions may be one or more additional additives as described below and a major amount of oil of lubricating viscosity including any diluent oil or similar material carried into the composition from one or more of the components described herein. By major amount is meant greater than 50 wt % based on the composition. 
     Other components may be present in amounts which are suitable to the end use to which the lubricant is to be employed. Lubricants for driveline devices such as automatic transmissions will typically have their own spectrum of additives; similarly lubricants for engine oils (passenger car, or heavy duty diesel, or marine diesel, or small two-cycle) will each have their characteristic additives, as will lubricants for industrial application such as for use in hydraulic systems, industrial gears, gas compressors or refrigeration systems, which additives are well known to those skilled in the art of lubricating such devices. In general, lubricant formulations can optionally include any of the following additives: 
     Dispersants 
     Dispersants are well known in the field of lubricants and include primarily what are sometimes referred to as “ashless” dispersants because (prior to mixing in a lubricating composition) they do not contain ash-forming metals and they do not normally contribute any ash forming metals when added to a lubricant. Dispersants are characterized by a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. 
     One class of dispersant is Mannich bases. These are materials which are formed by the condensation of a higher molecular weight, alkyl substituted phenol, an alkylene polyamine, and an aldehyde such as formaldehyde and are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,634,515. Another class of dispersant is high molecular weight esters. These materials are similar to Mannich dispersants or the succinimides described below, except that they may be seen as having been prepared by reaction of a hydrocarbyl acylating agent and a polyhydric aliphatic alcohol such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, or sorbitol. Such materials are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,381,022. Aromatic succinate esters may also be prepared as described in United States Patent Publication 2010/0286414. Other dispersants include polymeric dispersant additives, which are generally hydrocarbon-based polymers which contain polar functionality to impart dispersancy characteristics to the polymer. 
     In certain embodiments, the dispersant is prepared by a process that involves the presence of small amounts of chlorine or other halogen, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,615,521 (see, e.g., col. 4, lines 18-60 and preparative example A). Such dispersants typically have some carbocyclic structures in the attachment of the hydrocarbyl substituent to the acidic or amidic “head” group. In other embodiments, the dispersant is prepared by a thermal process involving an “ene” reaction, without the use of any chlorine or other halogen, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,615,521; dispersants made in this manner are often derived from high vinylidene (i.e., greater than 50% terminal vinylidene) polyisobutylene (see col. 4, line 61 to col. 5, line 30 and preparative example B). Such dispersants typically do not contain the above-described carbocyclic structures at the point of attachment. In certain embodiments, the dispersant is prepared by free radical catalyzed polymerization of high-vinylidene polyisobutylene with an ethylenically unsaturated acylating agent, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,347. 
     Dispersants may be derived from, as the polyolefin, high vinylidene polyisobutylene that is, having greater than 50, 70, or 75% terminal vinylidene groups (α and β isomers). In certain embodiments, a succinimide dispersant may be prepared by the direct alkylation route. In other embodiments, it may comprise a mixture of direct alkylation and chlorine-route dispersants. 
     A preferred class of dispersants is the carboxylic dispersants. Carboxylic dispersants include succinic-based dispersants, which are the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent with an organic hydroxy compound or, in certain embodiments, an amine containing at least one hydrogen attached to a nitrogen atom, or a mixture of said hydroxy compound and amine. The term “succinic acylating agent” refers to a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid or succinic acid-producing compound. Such materials typically include hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids, anhydrides, esters (including half esters) and halides. Succinimide dispersants are more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,435 and 3,172,892. 
     Succinic based dispersants have a wide variety of chemical structures including typically structures such as 
                         
wherein each R 6  is independently a hydrocarbyl group, such as a polyolefin-derived group having an  M n    of 500 or 700 to 10,000. Typically the hydrocarbyl group is an alkyl group, frequently a polyisobutyl group with a molecular weight of 500 or 700 to 5000, or in another embodiment, 1500 or 2000 to 5000. Alternatively expressed, the R 6  groups can contain 40 to 500 carbon atoms and in certain embodiments at least 50, e.g., 50 to 300 carbon atoms, such as aliphatic carbon atoms. Each R 6  group may contain one or more reactive groups, e.g., succinic groups. The R 7  are alkenyl groups, commonly —C 2 H 4 — groups. Such molecules are commonly derived from reaction of an alkenyl acylating agent with a polyamine, and a wide variety of linkages between the two moieties is possible beside the simple imide structure shown above, including a variety of amides and quaternary ammonium salts. Likewise a variety of modes of attachment of the R 6  groups are contemplated, including linkages involving cyclic (non-aromatic ring) structures.
 
     The amines which are reacted with the succinic acylating agents to form the carboxylic dispersant composition can be monoamines or polyamines. Polyamines include principally alkylene polyamines such as ethylene polyamines (i.e., poly(ethyleneamine)s), such as ethylene diamine, triethylene tetramine, propylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, di(heptamethylene) triamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, trimethylene diamine, pentaethylene hexamine, di(-trimethylene) triamine. Higher homologues such as are obtained by condensing two or more of the above-illustrated alkylene amines likewise are useful. Tetraethylene pentamines is particularly useful. 
     Hydroxyalkyl-substituted alkylene amines, i.e., alkylene amines having one or more hydroxyalkyl substituents on the nitrogen atoms, likewise are useful, as are higher homologues obtained by condensation of the above-illustrated alkylene amines or hydroxy alkyl-substituted alkylene amines through amino radicals or through hydroxy radicals. 
     In one embodiment, the dispersant may be present as a single dispersant. In one embodiment, the dispersant may be present as a mixture of two or three different dispersants, wherein at least one may be a succinimide dispersant. 
     The succinimide dispersant may be a derivative of an aromatic amine, an aromatic polyamine, or mixtures thereof. The aromatic amine may be 4-aminodiphenyl amine (ADPA) (also known as N-phenylphenylenediamine), derivatives of ADPA (as described in United States Patent Publications 2011/0306528 and 2010/0298185), a nitroaniline, an aminocarbazole, an amino-indazolinone, an aminopyrimidine, 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the dispersant is derivative of an aromatic amine wherein the aromatic amine has at least three non-continuous aromatic rings. 
     The succinimide dispersant may be a derivative of a polyether amine or polyether polyamine. Typical polyether amine compounds contain at least one ether unit and will be chain terminated with at least one amine moiety. The polyether polyamines can be based on polymers derived from C2-C6 epoxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide. Examples of polyether polyamines are sold under the Jeffamine® brand and are commercially available from Hunstman Corporation located in Houston, Tex. 
     Post-treated dispersants may also be a part of the disclosed technology. They are generally obtained by reacting carboxylic, amine or Mannich dispersants with reagents such as urea, thiourea, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, nitriles, epoxides, boron compounds such as boric acid (to give “borated dispersants”), phosphorus compounds such as phosphorus acids or anhydrides, or 2,5-dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD). Amine dispersants are reaction products of relatively high molecular weight aliphatic or alicyclic halides and amines, such as polyalkylene polyamines. Examples thereof are described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554, 3,438,757, 3,454,555, and 3,565,804. In certain embodiments, one or more of the individual dispersants may be post-treated with boron or DMTD or with both boron and DMTD. Exemplary materials of these kinds are described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,200,107, 3,282,955, 3,367,943, 3,513,093, 3,639,242, 3,649,659, 3,442,808, 3,455,832, 3,579,450, 3,600,372, 3,702,757, and 3,708,422. 
     The amount of the dispersant in a completely formulated lubricant, if present, will typically be 0.05 or 0.5 to 10 percent by weight, or 1 to 8 percent by weight, or 3 to 7 percent by weight or 2 to 5 percent by weight. Its concentration in a concentrate will be correspondingly increased, to, e.g., 5 to 80 weight percent. 
     Detergents 
     Detergents are generally salts of organic acids, which are often overbased. Metal overbased salts of organic acids are widely known to those of skill in the art and generally include metal salts wherein the amount of metal present exceeds the stoichiometric amount. Such salts are said to have conversion levels in excess of 100% (i.e., they comprise more than 100% of the theoretical amount of metal needed to convert the acid to its “normal” or “neutral” salt). They are commonly referred to as overbased, hyperbased or superbased salts and are usually salts of organic sulfur acids, organic phosphorus acids, carboxylic acids, phenols or mixtures of two or more of any of these. As a skilled worker would realize, mixtures of such overbased salts can also be used. 
     The overbased compositions can be prepared based on a variety of well-known organic acidic materials including sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids (including substituted salicylic acids), phenols, phosphonic acids, saligenins, salixarates, and mixtures of any two or more of these. These materials and methods for overbasing of them are well known from numerous U.S. Patents. 
     The basically reacting metal compounds used to make these overbased salts are usually an alkali or alkaline earth metal compound, although other basically reacting metal compounds can be used. Compounds of Ca, Ba, Mg, Na and Li, such as their hydroxides and alkoxides of lower alkanols are usually used. Overbased salts containing a mixture of ions of two or more of these metals can be used in the present invention. 
     Overbased materials are generally prepared by reacting an acidic material (typically an inorganic acid or lower carboxylic acid, such as carbon dioxide) with a mixture comprising an acidic organic compound, a reaction medium comprising at least one inert, organic solvent (mineral oil, naphtha, toluene, xylene, etc.) for said acidic organic material, a stoichiometric excess of a metal base, and a promoter. The acidic organic compound will, in the present instance, be the above-described saligenin derivative. 
     The acidic material used in preparing the overbased material can be a liquid such as formic acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, or sulfuric acid. Acetic acid is particularly useful. Inorganic acidic materials can also be used, such as HCl, SO 2 , SO 3 , CO 2 , or H 2 S, e.g., CO 2  or mixtures thereof, e.g., mixtures of CO 2  and acetic acid. 
     Patents specifically describing techniques for making basic salts of acidic organic compounds generally include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,501,731; 2,616,905; 2,616,911; 2,616,925; 2,777,874; 3,256,186; 3,384,585; 3,365,396; 3,320,162; 3,318,809; 3,488,284; and 3,629,109. Overbased saligenin derivatives are described in PCT publication WO 2004/048503; overbased salixarates are described in PCT publication WO 03/018728. 
     Overbased sulphonates typically have a TBN of 250 to 600, or 300 to 500. Overbased detergents are known in the art. In one embodiment the sulphonate detergent may be a predominantly linear alkylbenzene sulphonate detergent having a metal ratio of at least 8 as is described in paragraphs [0026] to [0037] of US Patent Application 2005065045 (and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,919). Linear alkyl benzenes may have the benzene ring attached anywhere on the linear chain, usually at the 2, 3, or 4 position, or mixtures thereof. The predominantly linear alkylbenzene sulphonate detergent may be particularly useful for assisting in improving fuel economy. In one embodiment the sulphonate detergent may be a metal salt of one or more oil-soluble alkyl toluene sulphonate compounds as disclosed in paragraphs [0046] to [0053] of US Patent Application 2008/0119378. 
     In one embodiment, the sulfonate detergent may be a branched alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent. Branched alkylbenzene sulfonate may be prepared from isomerized alpha olefins, oligomers of low molecular weight olefins, or combinations thereof. Preferred oligomers include tetramers, pentamers, and hexamers of propylene and butylene. In other embodiments, the alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent may be derived from a toluene alkylate, i.e. the alkylbenzene sulfonate has at least two alkyl groups, at least one of which is a methyl group, the other being a linear or branched alkyl group as described above. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition further comprises a non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate, or mixtures thereof. The non-sulphur containing phenates and sulphur containing phenates are known in the art. The non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate may be neutral or overbased. Typically an overbased non-sulphur containing phenate, or a sulphur containing phenate have a total base number of 180 to 450 TBN and a metal ratio of 2 to 15, or 3 to 10. A neutral non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate may have a TBN of 80 to less than 180 and a metal ratio of 1 to less than 2, or 0.05 to less than 2. 
     The non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate may be in the form of a calcium or magnesium non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate (typically calcium non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate). When present the non-sulphur containing phenate, or sulphur containing phenate may be present at 0.1 to 10 wt %, or 0.5 to 8 wt %, or 1 to 6 wt %, or 2.5 to 5.5 wt % of the lubricating composition. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition may be free of an overbased phenate, and in a different embodiment the lubricating composition may be free of a non-overbased phenate. In another embodiment the lubricating composition may be free of a phenate detergent. 
     Phenate detergents are typically derived from p-hydrocarbyl phenols. Alkylphenols of this type may be coupled with sulfur and overbased, coupled with aldehyde and overbased, or carboxylated to form salicylate detergents. Suitable alkylphenols include those alkylated with oligomers of propylene, i.e. tetrapropenylphenol (i.e. p-dodecylphenol or PDDP) and pentapropenylphenol. Other suitable alkylphenols include those alkylated with alpha-olefins, isomerized alpha-olefins, and polyolefins like polyisobutylene. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition comprises less than 0.2 wt %, or less than 0.1 wt %, or even less than 0.05 wt % of a phenate detergent derived from PDDP. In one embodiment, the lubricant composition comprises a phenate detergent that is not derived from PDDP. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition comprises a phenate detergent prepared from PDDP wherein the phenate detergent contains less than 1.0 weight percent unreacted PDDP, or less than 0.5 weight percent unreacted PDDP, or substantially free of PDDP. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition further comprises a salicylate detergent that may be neutral or overbased. The salicylates are known in the art. The salicylate detergent may have a TBN of 50 to 400, or 150 to 350, and a metal ratio of 0.5 to 10, or 0.6 to 2. Suitable salicylate detergents included alkylated salicylic acid, or alkylsalicylic acid. Alkylsalicylic acid may be prepared by alkylation of salicylic acid or by carbonylation of alkylphenol. When alkylsalicylic acid is prepared from alkylphenol, the alkylphenol is selected in a similar manner as the phenates described above. In one embodiment, alkylsalicylate of the invention include those alkylated with oligomers of propylene, i.e., tetrapropenylphenol (i.e., p-dodecylphenol or PDDP) and pentapropenylphenol. Other suitable alkylphenols include those alkylated with alpha-olefins, isomerized alpha-olefins, and polyolefins like polyisobutylene. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition comprises a salicylate detergent prepared from PDDP wherein the phenate detergent contains less than 1.0 weight percent unreacted PDDP, or less than 0.5 weight percent unreacted PDDP, or substantially free of PDDP. 
     When present, the salicylate may be present at 0.01 to 10 wt %, or 0.1 to 6 wt %, or 0.2 to 5 wt %, 0.5 to 4 wt %, or 1 to 3 wt % of the lubricating composition. 
     The detergents generally can also be borated by treatment with a borating agent such as boric acid. Typical conditions include heating the detergent with boric acid at 100 to 150° C., the number of equivalents of boric acid being roughly equal to the number of equivalents of metal in the salt. U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,650 discloses borated complexes and their preparation. 
     The amount of the detergent component in a completely formulated lubricant, if present, will typically be 0.01 to 15 percent by weight, 0.5 to 10 percent by weight, such as 1 to 7 percent by weight, or 1.2 to 4 percent by weight. Its concentration in a concentrate will be correspondingly increased, to, e.g., 5 to 65 weight percent. 
     Anti-Wear Agents—Phosphorus Containing Materials 
     The compositions of the present invention can also include at least one phosphorus acid, phosphorus acid salt, phosphorus acid ester or derivative thereof including sulfur-containing analogs. The phosphorus acids, salts, esters or derivatives thereof include phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phosphorus acid esters or salts thereof, phosphites, phosphorus-containing amides, phosphorus-containing carboxylic acids or esters, phosphorus-containing ethers, and mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the phosphorus acid, ester or derivative can be an organic or inorganic phosphorus acid, phosphorus acid ester, phosphorus acid salt, or derivative thereof. The phosphorus acids include the phosphoric, phosphonic, phosphinic, and thiophosphoric acids including dithiophosphoric acid as well as the monothiophosphoric, thiophosphinic and thiophosphonic acids. One group of phosphorus compounds are alkylphosphoric acid mono alkyl primary amine salts as represented by the formula 
                         
where R 10 , R 12 , R 13  are alkyl or hydrocarbyl groups or one of R 12  and R 12  can be H. The materials can be a 1:1 mixture of dialkyl and monoalkyl phosphoric acid esters. Compounds of this type are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,484.
 
     Other phosphorus-containing materials that may be present include dialkylphosphites (sometimes referred to as dialkyl hydrogen phosphonates) such as dibutyl phosphite. Yet other phosphorus materials include phosphorylated hydroxy-substituted triesters of phosphorothioic acids and amine salts thereof, as well as sulfur-free hydroxy-substituted di-esters of phosphoric acid, sulfur-free phosphorylated hydroxy-substituted di- or tri-esters of phosphoric acid, and amine salts thereof. These materials are further described in U.S. patent application US 2008-0182770. 
     The composition of the invention can include metal salts of a phosphorus acid such as metal salts of the formula 
                         
wherein R 8  and R 9  are independently hydrocarbyl groups containing 3 to 30 carbon atoms are readily obtainable by the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 3 ) and an alcohol or phenol to form an O,O-dihydrocarbyl phosphorodithioic acid corresponding to the formula
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The metal M, having a valence n, generally is aluminum, lead, tin, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, or copper, and in certain embodiments, zinc. The basic metal compound can thus be zinc oxide, and the resulting metal compound is represented by the formula 
                         
The R 8  and R 9  groups are independently hydrocarbyl groups that may be free from acetylenic and usually also from ethylenic unsaturation. They are typically alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or alkaryl group and have 3 to 20 carbon atoms, such as 3 to 16 carbon atoms or up to 13 carbon atoms, e.g., 3 to 12 carbon atoms. The alcohols which react to provide the R 8  and R 9  groups can be one or more primary alcohols, one or more secondary alcohols, a mixture of secondary alcohol and primary alcohol. A mixture of two secondary alcohols such as isopropanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol is often desirable.
 
     Such materials are often referred to as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates or simply zinc dithiophosphates. They are well known and readily available to those skilled in the art of lubricant formulation. 
     The amount of the metal salt of a phosphorus acid in a completely formulated lubricant, if present, will typically be 0.01 to 6 percent by weight, 0.1 to 5 percent by weight, such as 0.3 to 2 percent by weight, or 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight. Its concentration in a concentrate will be correspondingly increased, to, e.g., 5 to 60 weight percent. 
     Friction Modifiers 
     Another component that may be used in the composition used in the present technology is a friction modifier. Friction modifiers are well known to those skilled in the art. A list of friction modifiers that may be used is included in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,792,410, 5,395,539, 5,484,543 and 6,660,695. U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,488 discloses metal salts of fatty acids and especially zinc salts, useful as friction modifiers. A list of friction modifiers that may be used may include: fatty phosphites; borated alkoxylated fatty amines; fatty acid amides; metal salts of fatty acids; fatty epoxides; sulfurized olefins; borated fatty epoxides; fatty imidazolines; fatty amines; condensation products of carboxylic acids and polyalkylene-polyamines; glycerol esters; metal salts of alkyl salicylates; borated glycerol esters; amine salts of alkylphosphoric acids; alkoxylated fatty amines; ethoxylated alcohols; oxazolines; imidazolines; hydroxyalkyl amides; polyhydroxy tertiary amines; and mixtures of two or more thereof. 
     Representatives of each of these types of friction modifiers are known and are commercially available. For instance, fatty phosphites may be generally of the formula (RO) 2 PHO or (RO)(HO)PHO where R may be an alkyl or alkenyl group of sufficient length to impart oil solubility. Suitable phosphites are available commercially and may be synthesized as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,752,416. 
     Borated fatty epoxides that may be used are disclosed in Canadian Patent No. 1,188,704. These oil-soluble boron-containing compositions may be prepared by reacting a boron source such as boric acid or boron trioxide with a fatty epoxide which may contain at least 8 carbon atoms. Non-borated fatty epoxides may also be useful as supplemental friction modifiers. 
     Borated amines that may be used are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,622,158. Borated amine friction modifiers (including borated alkoxylated fatty amines) may be prepared by the reaction of a boron compounds, as described above, with the corresponding amines, including simple fatty amines and hydroxy containing tertiary amines. The amines useful for preparing the borated amines may include commercial alkoxylated fatty amines known by the trademark “ETHOMEEN” and available from Akzo Nobel, such as bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-cocoamine, polyoxyethylene [10]cocoamine, bis[2-hydroxyethyl]soyamine, bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-tallowamine, polyoxyethylene-[5]tallowamine, bis[2-hydroxyethyl]oleyl amine, bis[2-hydroxyethyl]octadecyl amine, and polyoxyethylene[15]octadecyl amine. Such amines are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,848. 
     Alkoxylated fatty amines and fatty amines themselves (such as oleylamine) may be useful as friction modifiers. These amines are commercially available. 
     Both borated and unborated fatty acid esters of glycerol may be used as friction modifiers. Borated fatty acid esters of glycerol may be prepared by borating a fatty acid ester of glycerol with a boron source such as boric acid. Fatty acid esters of glycerol themselves may be prepared by a variety of methods well known in the art. Many of these esters, such as glycerol monooleate and glycerol tallowate, are manufactured on a commercial scale. Commercial glycerol monooleates may contain a mixture of 45% to 55% by weight monoester and 55% to 45% by weight diester. 
     Fatty acids may be used in preparing the above glycerol esters; they may also be used in preparing their metal salts, amides, and imidazolines, any of which may also be used as friction modifiers. The fatty acids may contain 6 to 24 carbon atoms, or 8 to 18 carbon atoms. A useful acid may be oleic acid. 
     The amides of fatty acids may be those prepared by condensation with ammonia or with primary or secondary amines such as diethylamine and diethanolamine. Fatty imidazolines may include the cyclic condensation product of an acid with a diamine or polyamine such as a polyethylenepolyamine. In one embodiment, the friction modifier may be the condensation product of a C8 to C24 fatty acid with a polyalkylene polyamine, for example, the product of isostearic acid with tetraethylenepentamine. The condensation products of carboxylic acids and polyalkyleneamines may be imidazolines or amides. 
     The fatty acid may also be present as its metal salt, e.g., a zinc salt. These zinc salts may be acidic, neutral, or basic (overbased). These salts may be prepared from the reaction of a zinc containing reagent with a carboxylic acid or salt thereof. A useful method of preparation of these salts is to react zinc oxide with a carboxylic acid. Useful carboxylic acids are those described hereinabove. Suitable carboxylic acids include those of the formula RCOOH where R is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon radical. Among these are those wherein R is a fatty group, e.g., stearyl, oleyl, linoleyl, or palmityl. Also suitable are the zinc salts wherein zinc is present in a stoichiometric excess over the amount needed to prepare a neutral salt. Salts wherein the zinc is present from 1.1 to 1.8 times the stoichiometric amount, e.g., 1.3 to 1.6 times the stoichiometric amount of zinc, may be used. These zinc carboxylates are known in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,367,869. Metal salts may also include calcium salts. Examples may include overbased calcium salts. 
     Sulfurized olefins are also well known commercial materials used as friction modifiers. A suitable sulfurized olefin is one which is prepared in accordance with the detailed teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,651 and 4,959,168. Described therein is a cosulfurized mixture of 2 or more reactants selected from the group consisting of at least one fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, at least one fatty acid, at least one olefin, and at least one fatty acid ester of a monohydric alcohol. The olefin component may be an aliphatic olefin, which usually will contain 4 to 40 carbon atoms. Mixtures of these olefins are commercially available. The sulfurizing agents useful in the process of the present invention include elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur halide plus sodium sulfide, and a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur or sulfur dioxide. 
     Metal salts of alkyl salicylates include calcium and other salts of long chain (e.g. C12 to C16) alkyl-substituted salicylic acids. 
     Amine salts of alkylphosphoric acids include salts of oleyl and other long chain esters of phosphoric acid, with amines such as tertiary-aliphatic primary amines, sold under the tradename Primene™. 
     Eighty-five percent phosphoric acid is a suitable material for addition to the fully-formulated compositions to increase frictional properties and can be included at a level of 0.01-0.3 weight percent based on the weight of the composition, such as 0.03 to 0.2 or to 0.1 percent. 
     The amount of friction modifier, if it is present, may be 0.01 to 10 or 5 percent by weight of the lubricating composition, 0.1 to 2.5 percent by weight of the lubricating composition, such as 0.1 to 2.0, 0.2 to 1.75, 0.3 to 1.5 or 0.4 to 1 percent. In some embodiments, however, the amount of friction modifier is present at less than 0.2 percent or less than 0.1 percent by weight, for example, 0.01 to 0.1 percent. 
     Viscosity Modifiers 
     Other additives may be present in the lubricants of the disclosed technology. One component frequently used is a viscosity modifier. Viscosity modifiers (VM) and dispersant viscosity modifiers (DVM) are well known. Examples of VMs and DVMs may include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyolefins, styrene-maleic ester copolymers, and similar polymeric substances including homopolymers, copolymers, and graft copolymers. The DVM may comprise a nitrogen-containing methacrylate polymer, for example, a nitrogen-containing methacrylate polymer derived from methyl methacrylate and dimethylaminopropylamine. 
     Examples of commercially available VMs, DVMs and their chemical types may include the following: polyisobutylenes (such as Indopol™ from BP Amoco or Parapol™ from ExxonMobil); olefin copolymers (such as Lubrizol™ 7060, 7065, and 7067 from Lubrizol and Lucant™ HC-2000L and HC-600 from Mitsui); hydrogenated styrene-diene copolymers (such as Shellvis™ 40 and 50, from Shell and LZ® 7308, and 7318 from Lubrizol); styrene/maleate copolymers, which are dispersant copolymers (such as LZ® 3702 and 3715 from Lubrizol); polymethacrylates, some of which have dispersant properties (such as those in the Viscoplex™ series from RohMax, the Hitec™ series from Afton, and LZ 7702™, LZ 7727™, LZ7725™ and LZ 7720C™ from Lubrizol); olefin-graft-polymethacrylate polymers (such as Viscoplex™ 2-500 and 2-600 from RohMax); and hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers (such as Shellvis™ 200 and 260, from Shell). Also included are Asteric™ polymers from Lubrizol (methacrylate polymers with radial or star architecture). Viscosity modifiers that may be used are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,157,088, 5,256,752 and 5,395,539. The VMs and/or DVMs may be used in the functional fluid at a concentration of up to 20% or 60% or 70% by weight. Concentrations of 0.1 to 12%, 0.1 to 4%, 0.2 to 3%, 1 to 12% or 3 to 10% by weight may be used. 
     Antioxidants 
     Other materials can optionally be included in the compositions of the present technology, provided that they are not incompatible with the afore-mentioned required components or specifications. Such materials include antioxidants (that is, oxidation inhibitors), including hindered phenolic antioxidants, secondary aromatic amine antioxidants such as dinonyldiphenylamine as well as such well-known variants as monononyldiphenylamine and diphenylamines with other alkyl substituents such as mono- or di-ocyl, sulfurized phenolic antioxidants, oil-soluble copper compounds, phosphorus-containing antioxidants, and organic sulfides, disulfides, and polysulfides such as 2-hydroxyalkyl, alkyl thioethers or 1-t-dodecylthio-2-propanol or sulfurized 4-carbobutoxycyclohexene or other sulfurized olefins. 
     The amount of anti-oxidant, if it is present, may be 0.01 to 5 or 3 percent by weight of the lubricating composition, or 0.3 to 1.2 percent by weight of the lubricating composition, such as 0.5 to 1.2, 0.6 to 1.0 or 0.7 to 0.9 or 0.15 to 4.5, or 0.2 to 4, percent by weight. 
     Other Additives 
     The compositions of the present invention may also include, or exclude, conventional amounts of other components which are commonly found in lubricating compositions. 
     Also included may be corrosion inhibitors or metal deactivators such as tolyl triazole and dimercaptothiadiazole and oil-soluble derivatives of such materials. These include derivatives of benzotriazole (typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazole, benzimidazole, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazole or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazole, 1-amino-2-propanol, a derivative of dimercaptothiadiazole, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine. 
     Other optional components include seal swell additives, such as isodecyl sulfolane or phthalate esters, which are designed to keep seals pliable. 
     Other materials are anti-wear agents such as tridecyl adipate, and various long-chain derivatives of hydroxy carboxylic acids, such as tartrates, tartramides, tartrimides, and citrates as described in US Application 2006-0183647. These optional materials are known to those skilled in the art and are generally commercially available. Yet other commercially available anti-wear gents include dimercaptothiadizoles and their derivatives, which are described in greater detail in published European Patent Application 761,805. 
     Also included can be known materials such as, demulsifiers dyes, fluidizing agents, odor masking agents, and antifoam agents. Demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, and various polymers and copolymers of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof different from the non-hydroxy terminated acylated polyether of the disclosed technology. Anti-foam agents used to reduce or prevent the formation of stable foam include silicones or organic polymers. Examples of these and additional anti-foam compositions are described in “Foam Control Agents”, by Henry T. Kerner (Noyes Data Corporation, 1976), pages 125-162. Foam inhibitors that may be useful in the compositions of the disclosed technology include polysiloxanes, copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexylacrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; demulsifiers including fluorinated polysiloxanes, trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers. 
     Also included may be extreme pressure agents, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons; boron-containing compounds including organic borate esters and organic borate salts; and molybdenum compounds. Extreme Pressure (EP) agents include sulphur- and chlorosulphur-containing EP agents, chlorinated hydrocarbon EP agents and phosphorus EP agents. Examples of such EP agents include chlorinated wax; sulphurised olefins (such as sulphurised isobutylene), organic sulphides and polysulphides such as dibenzyldisulphide, bis-(chlorobenzyl) disulphide, dibutyl tetrasulphide, sulphurised methyl ester of oleic acid, sulphurised alkylphenol, sulphurised dipentene, sulphurised terpene, and sulphurised Diels-Alder adducts; phosphosulphurised hydrocarbons such as the reaction product of phosphorus sulphide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphorus esters such as the dihydrocarbon and trihydrocarbon phosphites, e.g., dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, pentylphenyl phosphite; dipentylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearyl phosphite and polypropylene substituted phenol phosphite; metal thiocarbamates such as zinc dioctyldithiocarbamate and barium heptylphenol diacid; amine salts of alkyl and dialkylphosphoric acids or derivatives including, for example, the amine salt of a reaction product of a dialkyldithiophosphoric acid with propylene oxide and subsequently followed by a further reaction with P 2 O 5 ; and mixtures thereof (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,197,405). The polysulphides are generally characterized as having sulphur-sulphur linkages. Typically the linkages have about 2 to about 8 sulphur atoms, or about 2 to about 6 sulphur atoms, or 2 to about 4 sulphur atoms. In one embodiment, the polysulphide contains at least about 20 wt %, or at least about 30 wt % of the polysulphide molecules contain three or more sulphur atoms. In one embodiment at least about 50 wt % of the polysulphide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulphides. In other embodiments at least about 55 wt %, or at least about 60 wt % of the polysulphide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulphides. In one embodiment up to about 90 wt % of the polysulphide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulphides. In other embodiments up to about 80 wt % of the polysulphide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulphides. The polysulphide in other embodiments contain about 0 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 0.1 to about 10 wt % of a penta- or higher polysulphide. In one embodiment, the polysulphide contains less than about 30 wt % or less than about 40 wt % of a disulphide in the polysulphide. The polysulphide typically provides about 0.5 to about 5 wt %, or about 1 to about 3 wt %, of sulphur to the lubricating composition. 
     Pour point depressants are a particularly useful type of additive, often included in the lubricating oils described herein, usually comprising substances such as polymethacrylates, styrene-based polymers, crosslinked alkyl phenols, or alkyl naphthalenes. See for example, page 8 of “Lubricant Additives” by C. V. Smalheer and R. Kennedy Smith (Lesius-Hiles Company Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio, 1967). Pour point depressants that may be useful in the compositions of the disclosed technology also include polyalphaolefins, esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides. 
     Additional antioxidants can also be included, typically of the aromatic amine or hindered phenol type. These and other additives which may be used in combination with the present invention are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,618 (column 14, line 52 through column 17, line 16, inclusive). 
     The compound of formula (I) may be suitable for use in lubricating compositions such as an engine lubricant for an internal combustion engine, a lubricating composition for a driveline device such as a gear oil, axle gear oil, drive shaft oil, traction oil, manual transmission oil, automatic transmission oil, off-highway oil (such as tractor oil) or automotive gear oil (AGO). 
     Lubricating Composition for an Engine 
     In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is used as an antifoam component in a lubricating composition for an internal combustion engine, i.e., a crankcase lubricant. 
     The internal combustion engine may comprise a steel surface, for example, on a cylinder bore, a cylinder block or a piston ring. The internal combustion engine may be a motorcycle, a passenger car, a heavy duty diesel internal combustion engine or a 2-stroke or 4-stroke marine diesel engine. 
     The lubricating composition can have at least one of: (i) a sulphur content of up to and including 0.5 wt %, less than 0.5 wt % or from 0.1 to 0.4 wt %; (ii) a phosphorus content of up to and including 0.15 wt %, less than 1.5 wt % or from 0.01 or 0.03 to 0.08, 0.10 or 0.12 wt %; and (iii) a sulphated ash content of 0.5 wt % to 1.1 or 1.5 wt % of the lubricating composition. 
     The lubricating composition comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity, for example, as described above. In one embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is a Group II, Group III, Group IV or Gas-to-Liquid (Fischer-Tropsch) base oil, or mixture thereof. 
     A typical crankcase lubricant may contain an oil of lubricating viscosity, for example a Group I, Group II, Group III mineral oil or combinations thereof, with a kinematic viscosity of 3.6 to 7.5 mm 2 /s, or 3.8 to 5.6 mm 2 /s, or 4.0 to 4.8 mm 2 /s. 
     In addition to the compound of formula (I), the engine lubricating composition may further include other additives, for example, selected from those described above, in the amounts indicated above. In one embodiment the disclosed technology provides a lubricating composition further comprising at least one of an overbased detergent (including, for example, overbased sulphonates and phenates), an antiwear agent, an antioxidant (including, for example, phenolic and aminic antioxidants), a friction modifier, a corrosion inhibitor, a dispersant (typically a polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant), a dispersant viscosity modifier, a viscosity modifier (typically an olefin copolymer such as an ethylene-propylene copolymer), or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the disclosed technology provides a lubricating composition comprising a compound of formula (I) and further comprising an overbased detergent, an antiwear agent, an antioxidant, a friction modifier and a corrosion inhibitor. 
     Suitable overbased detergents are described in the “Detergents” section above. The engine oil lubricating composition of the invention can comprise an overbased detergent chosen from non-sulphur-containing phenates, sulphur-containing phenates, sulphonates, salixarates, salicyclates and mixtures thereof, or borated equivalents and mixture of borated equivalents thereof. The overbased detergent may be present at 0 wt % to 15 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 8 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %. For example in a heavy duty diesel engine the detergent may be present at 2 wt % to 3 wt % of the lubricating composition. For a passenger car engine the detergent may be present at 0.2 wt % to 1 wt % of the lubricating composition. In one embodiment, an engine lubricating composition further comprises at least one overbased detergent with a metal ratio of at least 3, or at least 8, or at least 15. 
     In one embodiment, an engine lubricating composition may be a lubricating composition further comprising at least one antiwear agent. Suitable antiwear agents are described in the “Anti-wear Agents” section above and include titanium compounds, tartaric acid derivatives such as tartrate esters, amides or tartrimides, malic acid derivatives, citric acid derivatives, glycolic acid derivatives, oil soluble amine salts of phosphorus compounds, sulphurised olefins, metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates (such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates), phosphites (such as dibutyl phosphite), phosphonates, thiocarbamate-containing compounds, such as thiocarbamate esters, thiocarbamate amides, thiocarbamic ethers, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates, and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamyl) disulphides. The antiwear agent many be a phosphorus-containing antiwear agent. Typically the phosphorus-containing antiwear agent may be a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a phosphonate, and an ammonium phosphate salt, or mixtures thereof. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates are known in the art. The antiwear agent may be present at 0 wt % to 6 or 3 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 0.9 wt % of the lubricating composition. 
     The composition can comprise a molybdenum compound. The molybdenum compound may be an antiwear agent or an antioxidant. The molybdenum compound may be selected from the group consisting of molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, amine salts of molybdenum compounds, and mixtures thereof. The molybdenum compound may provide the lubricating composition with 0 to 1000 ppm, or 5 to 1000 ppm, or 10 to 750 ppm 5 ppm to 300 ppm, or 20 ppm to 250 ppm of molybdenum. 
     Suitable antioxidants are described above under “Antioxidants”. Antioxidants include sulphurised olefins, diarylamines, alkylated diaryl amines, hindered phenols, molybdenum compounds (such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates), hydroxyl thioethers, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the lubricant composition includes an antioxidant, or mixtures thereof. The antioxidant may be present at 0 wt % to 10 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 6 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %, or 0.3 wt % to 1.5 wt % of the lubricant composition. 
     Suitable friction modifiers are described above under “Friction Modifiers”. Engine oil lubricants (i.e. crankcase lubricants), often include friction modifying additives that reduce dynamic friction between two surfaces, typically steel surfaces; this is carried out largely to improve fuel economy. Additives of this type are often referred to as “fatty” and include fatty acids, esters, amides, imides, amines, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable friction reducing additives include glycerol mono-oleate, oleyl amide, ethoxylated tallow amine, oleyl tartrimide, fatty alkyl esters of tartaric acid, oleyl malimide, fatty alkyl esters of malic acid and combinations thereof. Alternatively, molybdenum additives may be used to reduce friction and improve fuel economy. Examples of molybdenum additives include dinuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate complexes, for example Sakuralube™ 525 available from Adeka corp.; trinuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate complexes; molybdenum amines, for example Sakuralube™ 710 available from Adeka corp.; mononuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate complexes; molybdenum ester/amide additves, for example Molyvan® 855 available from Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC; molybdated dispersants; and combinations thereof. 
     Useful corrosion inhibitors for an engine lubricating composition are described above and include those described in paragraphs 5 to 8 of WO2006/047486, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine. In one embodiment, the corrosion inhibitors include the Synalox® corrosion inhibitor. The Synalox® corrosion inhibitor may be a homopolymer or copolymer of propylene oxide. The Synalox® corrosion inhibitor is described in more detail in a product brochure with Form No. 118-01453-0702 AMS, published by The Dow Chemical Company. The product brochure is entitled “SYNALOX Lubricants, High-Performance Polyglycols for Demanding Applications.” 
     Suitable dispersants are described above under “Dispersants”. In one embodiment, the composition comprises a succinimide dispersant and this can be a borated or non-borated succinimide dispersant. 
     Suitable viscosity modifiers and dispersant viscosity modifiers are described above under “Viscosity modifiers”. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition of the disclosed technology further comprises a dispersant viscosity modifier. The dispersant viscosity modifier may be present at 0 to 10 wt %, or 0 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0 wt % to 4 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 1.2 wt % of the lubricating composition. 
     The engine lubricating composition may also comprise a foam inhibitor, pour point depressant, demulsifier, metal deactivator or seal swell agent or mixtures thereof. Suitable candidates are described above under “other additives”. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition comprises a compound of the invention in an amount 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent of the composition; at least one ashless dispersant in an amount 0.5 to 6 weight percent; at least one metal containing overbased detergent in an amount 0.5 to 3 weight percent of the composition; at least one zinc-free anti-wear agent which is a phosphorus-containing compound, a sulfur- and phosphorus-free organic anti-wear agent, or mixtures thereof in an amount 0.01 to 2 weight percent of the composition; at least one ashless antioxidant (selected from hindered phenols and/or diarylamines) in an amount 0.2 to 5 weight percent of the composition; a polymeric viscosity index improver in an amount 0.0 to 6 weight percent of the composition and, optionally, one or more additional additives selected from corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, seal swell agents, and pourpoint depressants. 
     An engine lubricating composition in different embodiments may have a composition as disclosed in the following table: 
                         TABLE 1                      Embodiments (wt %)                             Additive   A   B   C               Antifoam   0.05 to 2   0.1 to 1.2   0.25 to 0.75       Ashless Dispersant   0.05 to 10   0.75 to 6   1.5 to 5       Antioxidant   0.05 to 10   0.2 to 3   0.5 to 2       Dispersant Viscosity Modifier   0 or   0 or   0.05 to 2           0.05 to 5   0.05 to 4           Overbased Detergent   0 or   0.1 to 6   0.5 to 3           0.05 to 15               Antiwear Agent   0 or   0.05 to 4   0.1 to 2           0.05 to 6               Friction Modifier   0 or   0.5 to 8   1 to 6           0.05 to 10               Viscosity Modifier   0 or   0 or   0 or           0.05 to 10   0.05 to 8   0.05 to 6       Any Other Performance   0.05 to 2   0.1 to 1.2   0.25 to 0.75       Additive                   Oil of Lubricating Viscosity   Balance to   Balance to   Balance to           100%   100%   100%                    
Lubricating Composition for a Driveline Device
 
     In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is used as an antifoam component in a lubricating composition suitable for lubricating a driveline device such as a manual transmission, automatic transmission, axle, gear or drive shaft. The driveline device may be on an off highway vehicle such as a farm tractor. Off highway vehicles operate under harsher conditions than on-highway vehicles. 
     A lubricating composition for a driveline device may have a sulphur-content of greater than 0.05 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %, 0.8 wt % to 2.5 wt %, 1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.075 wt % to 0.5 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 0.25 wt % of the lubricating composition. 
     A lubricating composition for a driveline device may have a phosphorus content of 100 ppm to 5000 ppm, or 200 ppm to 4750 ppm, 300 ppm to 4500 ppm, or 450 ppm to 4000 ppm. The phosphorus content may be 400 to 2000 ppm, or 400 to 1500 ppm, or 500 to 1400 ppm, or 400 to 900 ppm, or 500 to 850 ppm or 525 to 800 ppm. 
     The lubricating composition comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity, for example, as described above. In one embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is a Group II, Group III, Group IV or Gas-to-Liquid (Fischer-Tropsch) base oil, or mixture thereof. 
     In addition to the compound of formula (I) as described herein, the driveline lubricating composition may include further additives, for example, selected from those described above, in the amounts indicated above. In one embodiment, the disclosed technology provides a lubricating composition further comprising at least one of an antiwear agent, a viscosity modifier (typically a polymethacrylate having linear, comb or star architecture), an overbased detergent (including, for example, overbased sulphonates, phenates and salicylates), a dispersant, a friction modifier, an antioxidant (including, for example, phenolic and aminic antioxidants), a dispersant viscosity modifier, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the disclosed technology provides a lubricating composition comprising a compound of formula (I), an oil of lubricating viscosity and further comprising an antiwear agent, a viscosity modifier, and at least one of a dispersant and an overbased detergent. In this embodiment, the lubricating composition may further comprise a friction modifier. 
     Suitable antiwear agents are described above under “Anti-wear agents” and include an oil soluble phosphorus amine salt antiwear agent such as an amine salt of a phosphorus acid ester or mixtures thereof. The amine salt of a phosphorus acid ester includes phosphoric acid esters and amine salts thereof; dialkyldithiophosphoric acid esters and amine salts thereof; phosphites; and amine salts of phosphorus-containing carboxylic esters, ethers, and amides; hydroxy substituted di or tri esters of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid and amine salts thereof; phosphorylated hydroxy substituted di or tri esters of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid and amine salts thereof; and mixtures thereof. The amine salt of a phosphorus acid ester may be used alone or in combination. In one embodiment, the oil soluble phosphorus amine salt includes partial amine salt-partial metal salt compounds or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the phosphorus compound further includes a sulphur atom in the molecule. Examples of the antiwear agent may include a non-ionic phosphorus compound (typically compounds having phosphorus atoms with an oxidation state of +3 or +5). In one embodiment, the amine salt of the phosphorus compound may be ashless, i.e., metal-free (prior to being mixed with other components). The amines which may be suitable for use as the amine salt include primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and mixtures thereof. The amines include those with at least one hydrocarbyl group, or, in certain embodiments, two or three hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl groups may contain 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or in other embodiments 8 to 26, or 10 to 20, or 13 to 19 carbon atoms. 
     Suitable viscosity modifiers and dispersant viscosity modifiers are described above under “Viscosity modifiers”. Viscosity modifiers are usually polymers, including polyisobutenes, polymethacrylic acid esters, diene polymers, polyalkylstyrenes, esterified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, alkenylarene-conjugated diene copolymers, and polyolefins. Multifunctional viscosity improvers, which also have dispersant and/or antioxidancy properties are known and may optionally be used. The amount of viscosity modifier may range from 0.1 to 70 wt %, or 1 to 50 wt %, or 2 to 40 wt %. In an automotive gear oil, for example, the viscosity modifier and/or dispersant viscosity modifier may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 5 to 60 wt %, or 5 to 50 wt %, or 5 to 40 wt %, or 5 to 30 wt % or 5 to 20 wt %. Typically the viscosity modifier may be a polymethacrylate, or mixtures thereof. 
     A driveline device lubricating composition may contain a detergent such as described above under “Detergents”. A driveline device lubricating composition may contain an overbased detergent that may or may not be borated. For example the lubricating composition may contain a borated overbased calcium or magnesium sulphonate detergent, or mixtures thereof. Suitable overbased detergents are described in the “Detergents” section above. The lubricating composition of the invention can comprise an overbased detergent chosen from non-sulphur-containing phenates, sulphur-containing phenates, sulphonates, salixarates, salicyclates and mixtures thereof, or borated equivalents and mixture of borated equivalents thereof. In an automotive gear oil, for example, the detergent may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.05 to 1 wt %, or 0.1 to 0.9 wt %. In a manual transmission fluid, for example, the detergent may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of at least 0.1%, e.g., 0.14 to 4 wt %, or 0.2 to 3.5 wt %, or 0.5 to 3 wt %, or 1 to 2 wt %, or 0.5 to 4 wt %, or 0.6 to 3.5 wt % or, 1 to 3 wt %, or at least 1 wt %, e.g., 1.5 to 2.8 wt %. In one embodiment, the composition can comprise one or more detergents containing calcium. In this embodiment, the total amount of calcium provided by the detergent(s) to the lubricant may be 0.03 to 1 wt %, or 0.1 to 0.6 wt %, or 0.2 to 0.5 wt %. 
     Suitable dispersants are described above under “Dispersants”. The dispersant may be a succinimide dispersant. In one embodiment the succinimide dispersant may be an N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide. The long chain alkenyl succinimide may include polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene from which it is derived has a number average molecular weight in the range 350 to 5000, or 500 to 3000, or 750 to 1150. In one embodiment, the dispersant for a driveline device may be a post treated dispersant. The dispersant may be post treated with dimercaptothiadiazole, optionally in the presence of one or more of a phosphorus compound, a dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound, and a borating agent. In an automotive gear oil, or in a manual transmission fluid, for example, the dispersant may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of at least 0.1 wt %, or at least 0.3 wt %, or at least 0.5 wt % and at most 5 wt % or 4 wt % or 3 wt % or 2 wt %. 
     Suitable friction modifiers are described above under “Friction Modifiers”. Suitable friction modifiers include: 
     an amide, or thio amide, represented by the formula R 3 C(X)NR 1 R 2  where X is O or S and R 1  and R 2  are each independently hydrocarbyl groups of at least 6 (or 8 to 24 or 10 to 18) carbon atoms and R 3  is a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a group formed by the condensation of the hydroxyalkyl group, through a hydroxyl group thereof, with an acylating agent;
 
a tertiary amine being represented by the formula R 4 R 5 NR 6  wherein R 4  and R 5  are each independently alkyl groups of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 6  is a polyhydroxy-containing alkyl group or a polyhydroxy-containing alkoxyalkyl group;
 
N-substituted oxalic acid bisamide or amide-ester containing at least two hydrocarbyl groups of about 12 to about 22 (or 12 to 20 or 12 to 18 or 12 to 16 or 12 to 14 or 14 to 20 or 14 to 18 or 14 to 16) carbon atoms carbon atoms;
 
fatty imidazolines such as the cyclic condensation product of an acid with a diamine or polyamine such as a polyethylenepolyamine and, in one embodiment, the friction modifier may be the condensation product of a C8 to C24 fatty acid with a polyalkylene polyamine, for example, the product of isostearic acid with tetra-ethylenepentamine (the condensation products of carboxylic acids and poly-alkyleneamines may be imidazolines or amides);
 
friction modifiers consisting of the reaction product of a carboxylic acid or a reactive equivalent thereof with an aminoalcohol, selected from the group consisting of tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-1-propanol, 1-amino-2-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 5-amino-1-pentanol, 2-amino-1-pentanol, 2-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenedi amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenedi amine, 1,3-di amino-2-hydroxypropane, N,N′-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, and 1-aminopropyl-3-diisopropanol amine, wherein the friction modifier contains at least two branched chain alkyl groups, each containing at least 6 carbon atoms;
 
sulfurized olefins, such as sulfurized vegetable oil, lard oil or C16-18 olefins;
 
borate esters from the reaction product of boron trioxide and an epoxide having at least 8 carbon atoms, or 10 to 20 carbon atoms or comprises a straight chain hydrocarbyl group of 14 carbon atoms (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,115) and borate esters formed by the reaction of an alcohol and boric acid, wherein the alcohol is typically branched, &amp; of C6 to C10, or C8 to C10 or C8;
 
ethoxylated amines;
 
phosphorus containing compounds such as phosphoric acid as friction stabilizer and di-(fatty) alkyl phosphites; and
 
metal salts of fatty acids.
 
     Friction modifiers (other than (a) a borated phospholipid, and (b) an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester) also include fatty phosphonate esters, reaction products from fatty carboxylic acids reacted with guanidine, aminoguanidine, urea or thiourea, and salts thereof, fatty amines, esters such as borated glycerol esters, fatty phosphites, fatty acid amides, fatty epoxides, borated fatty epoxides, alkoxylated fatty amines, borated alkoxylated fatty amines, metal salts of fatty acids, or fatty imidazolines, condensation products of carboxylic acids and polyalkylene-polyamines. In an automotive or axle gear oil, for example, the friction modifier may be present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 1 to 5 wt %, or 2 to 4 wt %, or 2 to 3.5 wt %. 
     Suitable antioxidants are described above under “Antioxidants”. Antioxidants include sulphurised olefins, diarylamines, alkylated diaryl amines, hindered phenols, molybdenum compounds (such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates), hydroxyl thioethers, or mixtures thereof. 
     The driveline lubricating composition may also comprise a foam inhibitor, pour point depressant, corrosion inhibitor, demulsifier, metal deactivator or seal swell agent or mixtures thereof. Suitable candidates are described above under “other additives”. Corrosion inhibitors useful for a driveline device include 1-amino-2-propanol, amines, triazole derivatives including tolyl triazole, dimercaptothiadiazolederivatives, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine. 
     A driveline device lubricating composition in different embodiments may have a composition as disclosed in the following table: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Antifoam 
                 0.01 or 0.05 
                 0.01 or 0.05 
                 0.1 to 1, or 
                 0.2 to 0.5, or 
               
               
                   
                 to 1.5 
                 to 1.5 
                 0.05 to 1.5 
                 0.05 to 1.5 
               
               
                 Dispersant 
                 1 to 4 
                 0.1 to 10, 2 to 7 
                 0 to 5 
                 1 to 6 
               
               
                 Extreme 
                 3 to 6 
                 0 to 6 
                 0 to 3 
                 0 to 6 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Agent 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Overbased 
                 0 or 0.01 to 1 
                 0.01 to 3, 
                 0.5 to 6 
                 0.01 to 2 
               
               
                 Detergent 
                   
                 0.025 to 2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 0 or 0.01 to 5 
                 0.01 to 10 or 2 
                 0 or 0.01 to 3 
                 0 or 0.01 to 2 
               
               
                 Antiwear 
                 0.5 to 5 
                 0.01 to 15 
                 0.5 to 3 
                 0.01 to 3 
               
               
                 Agent 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Friction 
                 0 or 0.01 to 5 
                 0.01 to 5 
                 0.1 to 1.5 
                 0 or 0.01 to 5 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity 
                 0.1 to 70 
                 0.1 to 15 
                 1 to 60 
                 0.1 to 70 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Any Other 
                 0 or 0.01 to 
                 0 or 
                 0 or 0.01 to 6 
                 0 or 
               
               
                 Performance 
                 10 
                 0.01 to 8 or 
                   
                 0.01 to 10 
               
               
                 Additive 
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oil of 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
               
               
                 Lubricating 
                 100% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Footnote: 
               
               
                 The viscosity modifier in the table above may also be considered as an alternative to an oil of lubricating viscosity. 
               
               
                 Column A may be representative of an automotive or axle gear lubricant. 
               
               
                 Column B may be representative of an automatic transmission lubricant. 
               
               
                 Column C may be representative of an off-highway lubricant. 
               
               
                 Column D may be representative of a manual transmission lubricant. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition is a driveline lubricant comprising: an antifoam component according to the present invention, dispersant in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt %, a detergent in an amount of 0.025 to 3 wt % or when the detergent contains calcium, a detergent in an amount to contribute 130 to 600 ppm to the composition, a phosphorus containing compound in an amount of 0.01 to 0.3 wt %, an antiwear agent in an amount of 0.01 to 15 wt %, a viscosity modifier in an amount of 0 to 12 wt %, an antioxidant in an amount of 0 to 10 wt %, a corrosion inhibitor in an amount of 0.001 to 10 wt % and a friction modifier in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt %. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition is a driveline lubricant comprising: an antifoam component according to the present invention, a dispersant in an amount of 0.2 to 7 wt %, a detergent in an amount of 0.1 to 1 wt % or when the detergent contains calcium, a detergent in an amount to contribute 160 to 400 ppm to the composition, a phosphorus containing compound in an amount of 0.03 to 0.2 wt %, an antiwear agent in an amount of 0.05 to 10 wt %, a viscosity modifier in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt %, an antioxidant in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt %, a corrosion inhibitor in an amount of 0.005 to 5 wt % and a friction modifier in an amount of 0.01 to 4 wt %. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition is a driveline lubricant comprising: an antifoam component according to the present invention, a dispersant in an amount of 0.3 to 6 wt %, a detergent in an amount of 0.1 to 8 wt % or when the detergent contains calcium, a detergent in an amount to contribute 0 to 250 ppm to the composition, a phosphorus containing compound in an amount of 0.03 to 0.1 wt %, an antiwear agent in an amount of 0.075 to 5 wt %, a viscosity modifier in an amount of 1 to 8 wt %, an antioxidant in an amount of 0.05 to 3 wt %, a corrosion inhibitor in an amount of 0.01 to 3 wt % and a friction modifier in an amount of 0.25 to 3.5 wt %. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition is a driveline lubricant comprising: an antifoam component according to the present invention, a dispersant in an amount of 1 to 5 wt %, a detergent containing calcium in an amount to contribute 1 to 200 ppm to the composition, an antiwear agent in an amount of 0.1 to 3 wt %, a viscosity modifier in an amount of 3 to 8 wt %, an antioxidant in an amount of 0.1 to 1.2 wt %, a corrosion inhibitor in an amount of 0.02 to 2 wt % and a friction modifier in an amount of 0.1 to 3 wt %. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition is an a driveline lubricant comprising: an antifoam component according to the present invention, a detergent containing calcium in an amount to contribute 10 to 150 ppm to the composition, an antioxidant in an amount of 0.2 to 1 wt % and a friction modifier in an amount of 0.5 to 2.5 wt %. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricating composition is a driveline lubricant comprising: an antifoam component according to the present invention, a detergent containing calcium in an amount to contbute 20 to 100 ppm to the composition, an antioxidant in an amount of 0.3 to 1 wt % and a friction modifier in an amount of 1 to 2.5 wt %. 
     In the above-described embodiments of driveline lubricants, the lubricating composition may comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity chosen from a Group II, Group III, Group IV or Gas-to-Liquid (Fischer-Tropsch) base oil, or mixtures thereof. 
     Lubricating Composition for a Hydraulic, Turbine or Circulating Oil 
     In one embodiment, a hydraulic, turbine or circulating oil lubricant composition contains 0.001 wt % to 0.012 wt % of the inventive antifoam component in the lubricating composition or 0.004 wt % or even 0.001 wt % to 0.003 wt %. 
     The lubricant compositions may also contain one or more additional additives. In some embodiments the additional additives may include an antioxidant; an antiwear agent; a corrosion inhibitor, a rust inhibitor, a dispersant, a demulsifier, a metal deactivator, a friction modifier, a detergent, an emulsifier, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity modifier, or any combination thereof. 
     The lubricant may further comprise an antioxidant, or mixtures thereof. The antioxidant may be present at 0 wt % to 4.0 wt %, or 0.02 wt % to 3.0 wt %, or 0.03 wt % to 1.5 wt % of the lubricant. 
     The diarylamine or alkylated diarylamine may be a phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PANA), an alkylated diphenylamine, or an alkylated phenylnapthylamine, or mixtures thereof. The alkylated diphenylamine may include di-nonylated diphenylamine, nonyl diphenyl amine, octyl diphenyl amine, di-octylated diphenylamine, di-decylated diphenyl amine, decyl diphenyl amine, benzyl diphenylamine and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the diphenylamine may include nonyl diphenylamine, dinonyl diphenylamine, octyl diphenylamine, dioctyl diphenylamine, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the alkylated diphenylamine may include nonyl diphenylamine, or dinonyl diphenylamine. The alkylated diarylamine may include octyl, di-octyl, nonyl, di-nonyl, decyl or di-decyl phenylnapthylamines. In one embodiment, the diphenylamine is alkylated with styrene and 2-methyl-2-propene. 
     The hindered phenol antioxidant often contains a secondary butyl and/or a tertiary butyl group as a sterically hindering group. The phenol group may be further substituted with a hydrocarbyl group (typically linear or branched alkyl) and/or a bridging group linking to a second aromatic group. Examples of suitable hindered phenol antioxidants include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-propyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or 4-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or 4-dodecyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. In one embodiment the hindered phenol antioxidant may be an ester and may include, e.g., Irganox™ L-135 from Ciba. A more detailed description of suitable ester-containing hindered phenol antioxidant chemistry is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,105. 
     Examples of molybdenum dithiocarbamates, which may be used as an antioxidants, include commercial materials sold under the trade names such as Molyvan 822®, Molyvan® A, Molyvan® 855 and from R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Ltd., and Adeka Sakura-Lube™ S-100, S-165, S-600 and 525, or mixtures thereof. An example of a dithiocarbamate which may be used as an antioxidant or antiwear agent is Vanlube® 7723 from R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Ltd. 
     The antioxidant may include a substituted hydrocarbyl mono-sulfide represented by the formula: 
                         
wherein R 6  may be a saturated or unsaturated branched or linear alkyl group with 8 to 20 carbon atoms; R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  are independently hydrogen or alkyl containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms. In some embodiments the substituted hydrocarbyl monosulfides include n-dodecyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide, 1-(tert-dodecylthio)-2-propanol, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the substituted hydrocarbyl monosulfide is 1-(tert-dodecylthio)-2-propanol.
 
     The lubricant compositions may also include a dispersant or mixtures thereof. Suitable dispersants include: (i) polyetheramines; (ii) borated succinimide dispersants; (iii) non-borated succinimide dispersants; (iv) Mannich reaction products of a dialkylamine, an aldehyde and a hydrocarbyl substituted phenol; or any combination thereof. In some embodiments the dispersant may be present at 0 wt % to 1.5 wt 5, or 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.05 to 0.5 wt % of the overall composition. 
     Dispersants which may be included in the composition include those with an oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone and having functional groups that are capable of associating with particles to be dispersed. The polymeric hydrocarbon backbone may have a weight average molecular weight ranging from 750 to 1500 Daltons. Exemplary functional groups include amines, alcohols, amides, and ester polar moieties which are attached to the polymer backbone, often via a bridging group. Example dispersants include Mannich dispersants, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574 and 3,736,357; ashless succinimide dispersants described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,435 and 4,636,322; amine dispersants described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,219,666, 3,565,804, and 5,633,326; Koch dispersants, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,936,041, 5,643,859, and 5,627,259, and polyalkylene succinimide dispersants, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,851,965, 5,853,434, and 5,792,729. 
     Antifoams, also known as foam inhibitors, are known in the art and include organic silicones and non-silicon foam inhibitors. Examples of organic silicones include dimethyl silicone and polysiloxanes. Examples of non-silicon foam inhibitors include copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexylacrylate, copolymers of ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate and vinyl acetate, polyethers, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments the antifoam is a polyacrylate. Antifoams may be present in the composition from 0.001 wt % to 0.012 wt % or 0.004 wt % or even 0.001 wt % to 0.003 wt %. 
     Demulsifiers are known in the art and include derivatives of propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene alcohols, alkyl amines, amino alcohols, diamines or polyamines reacted sequentially with ethylene oxide or substituted ethylene oxides or mixtures thereof. Examples of demulsifiers include polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments the demulsifiers is a polyether. Demulsifiers may be present in the composition from 0.002 wt % to 0.012 wt %. 
     Pour point depressants are known in the art and include esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, polymethacrylates; polyacrylates; polyacrylamides; condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds; vinyl carboxylate polymers; and terpolymers of dialkyl fumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, alkyl phenol formaldehyde condensation resins, alkyl vinyl ethers and mixtures thereof. 
     The lubricant compositions may also include a rust inhibitor. Suitable rust inhibitors include hydrocarbyl amine salts of alkylphosphoric acid, hydrocarbyl amine salts of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid, hydrocarbyl amine salts of hydrocarbyl aryl sulphonic acid, fatty carboxylic acids or esters thereof, an ester of a nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid, an ammonium sulfonate, an imidazoline, alkylated succinic acid derivatives reacted with alcohols or ethers, or any combination thereof; or mixtures thereof. 
     Suitable hydrocarbyl amine salts of alkylphosphoric acid may be represented by the following formula: 
                         
wherein R 26  and R 27  are independently hydrogen, alkyl chains or hydrocarbyl, typically at least one of R 26  and R 27  are hydrocarbyl. R 26  and R 27  contain 4 to 30, or 8 to 25, or 10 to 20, or 13 to 19 carbon atoms. R 28 , R 29  and R 30  are independently hydrogen, alkyl branched or linear alkyl chains with 1 to 30, or 4 to 24, or 6 to 20, or 10 to 16 carbon atoms. R 28 , R 29  and R 30  are independently hydrogen, alkyl branched or linear alkyl chains, or at least one, or two of R 28 , R 29  and R 30  are hydrogen.
 
     Examples of alkyl groups suitable for R 28 , R 29  and R 30  include butyl, sec butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl, sec hexyl, n-octyl, 2-ethyl, hexyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment the hydrocarbyl amine salt of an alkylphosphoric acid is the reaction product of a C 14  to C 18  alkylated phosphoric acid with Primene 81R (produced and sold by Rohm &amp; Haas) which is a mixture of C 11  to C 14  tertiary alkyl primary amines. 
     Hydrocarbyl amine salts of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid may include a rust inhibitor such as a hydrocarbyl amine salt of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid. These may be a reaction product of heptyl or octyl or nonyl dithiophosphoric acids with ethylene diamine, morpholine or Primene 81R or mixtures thereof. 
     The hydrocarbyl amine salts of hydrocarbyl aryl sulphonic acid may include ethylene diamine salt of dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid. 
     Examples of suitable fatty carboxylic acids or esters thereof include glycerol monooleate and oleic acid. An example of a suitable ester of a nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid includes oleyl sarcosine. 
     The rust inhibitors may be present in the range from 0.02 wt % to 0.2 wt %, from 0.03 wt % to 0.15 wt %, from 0.04 wt % to 0.12 wt %, or from 0.05 wt % to 0.1 wt % of the lubricating oil composition. The rust inhibitors may be used alone or in mixtures thereof. 
     The lubricant may contain a metal deactivator, or mixtures thereof. Metal deactivators may be chosen from a derivative of benzotriazole (typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazole, benzimidazole, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazole or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazole, 1-amino-2-propanol, a derivative of dimercaptothiadiazole, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine. The metal deactivators may also be described as corrosion inhibitors. 
     The metal deactivators may be present in the range from 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, from 0.01 wt % to 0.04 wt % or from 0.015 wt % to 0.03 wt % of the lubricating oil composition. Metal deactivators may also be present in the composition from 0.002 wt % or 0.004 wt % to 0.02 wt %. The metal deactivator may be used alone or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment the invention provides a lubricant composition further comprises a metal-containing detergent. The metal-containing detergent may be a calcium or magnesium detergent. The metal-containing detergent may also be an overbased detergent with total base number ranges from 30 to 500 mg KOH/g Equivalents. 
     The metal-containing detergent may be chosen from non-sulphur containing phenates, sulphur containing phenates, sulphonates, salixarates, salicylates, and mixtures thereof, or borated equivalents thereof. The metal-containing detergent may be may be chosen from non-sulphur containing phenates, sulphur containing phenates, sulphonates, and mixtures thereof. The detergent may be borated with a borating agent such as boric acid such as a borated overbased calcium or magnesium sulphonate detergent, or mixtures thereof. The detergent may be present at 0 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.001 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 0.005 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt % of the hydraulic composition. 
     The extreme pressure agent may be a compound containing sulphur and/or phosphorus. Examples of an extreme pressure agents include a polysulphide, a sulphurised olefin, a thiadiazole, or mixtures thereof. 
     Examples of a thiadiazole include 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof, a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, a hydrocarbylthio-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof. The oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole typically form by forming a sulphur-sulphur bond between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole units to form oligomers of two or more of said thiadiazole units. Examples of a suitable thiadiazole compound include at least one of a dimercaptothiadiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-[1,3,4]-thiadiazole, 3,5-dimercapto-[1,2,4]-thiadiazole, 3,4-dimercapto-[1,2,5]-thiadiazole, or 4-5-dimercapto-[1,2,3]-thiadiazole. Typically readily available materials such as 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or a hydrocarbylthio-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole are commonly utilised. In different embodiments the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl-substituent group includes 1 to 30, 2 to 25, 4 to 20, 6 to 16, or 8 to 10. The 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole may be 2,5-dioctyl dithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or 2,5-dinonyl dithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole. 
     The polysulphide includes a sulphurised organic polysulphide from oils, fatty acids or ester, olefins or polyolefins. 
     Oils which may be sulphurized include natural or synthetic oils such as mineral oils, lard oil, carboxylate esters derived from aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids or aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., myristyl oleate and oleyl oleate), and synthetic unsaturated esters or glycerides. 
     Fatty acids include those that contain 8 to 30, or 12 to 24 carbon atoms. Examples of fatty acids include oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and tall oil. Sulphurised fatty acid esters prepared from mixed unsaturated fatty acid esters such as are obtained from animal fats and vegetable oils, including tall oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and fish oil. 
     The polysulphide includes olefins derived from a wide range of alkenes. The alkenes typically have one or more double bonds. The olefins in one embodiment contain 3 to 30 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, olefins contain 3 to 16, or 3 to 9 carbon atoms. In one embodiment the sulphurised olefin includes an olefin derived from propylene, isobutylene, pentene or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the polysulphide comprises a polyolefin derived from polymerising by known techniques an olefin as described above. 
     In one embodiment, the polysulphide includes dibutyl tetrasulphide, sulphurised methyl ester of oleic acid, sulphurised alkylphenol, sulphurised dipentene, sulphurised dicyclopentadiene, sulphurised terpene, and sulphurised Diels-Alder adducts. 
     The extreme pressure agent may be present at 0 wt % to 3 wt %, 0.005 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of the hydraulics composition. 
     The lubricant may further comprise a viscosity modifier, or mixtures thereof. 
     Viscosity modifiers (often referred to as viscosity index improvers) suitable for use in the invention include polymeric materials including a styrene-butadiene rubber, an olefin copolymer, a hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymer, a hydrogenated radical isoprene polymer, a poly(meth)acrylic acid ester, a polyalkylstyrene, an hydrogenated alkenylaryl conjugated-diene copolymer, an ester of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments the viscosity modifier is a poly(meth)acrylic acid ester, an olefin copolymer or mixtures thereof. The viscosity modifiers may be present at 0 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 8 wt %, 1 wt % to 6 wt % of the lubricant. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricant disclosed herein may contain at least one additional friction modifier other than the salt of the present invention. The additional friction modifier may be present at 0 wt % to 3 wt %, or 0.02 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 1 wt %, of the hydraulic composition. 
     As used herein, the term “fatty alkyl” or “fatty” in relation to friction modifiers means a carbon chain having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, typically a straight carbon chain. Alternatively, the fatty alkyl may be a mono branched alkyl group, with branching typically at the β-position. Examples of mono branched alkyl groups include 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylheptyl or 2-octyldodecyl. 
     Examples of suitable friction modifiers include long chain fatty acid derivatives of amines, fatty esters, or fatty epoxides; fatty imidazolines such as condensation products of carboxylic acids and polyalkylene-polyamines; amine salts of alkylphosphoric acids; fatty phosphonates; fatty phosphites; borated phospholipids, borated fatty epoxides; glycerol esters; borated glycerol esters; fatty amines; alkoxylated fatty amines; borated alkoxylated fatty amines; hydroxyl and polyhydroxy fatty amines including tertiary hydroxy fatty amines; hydroxy alkyl amides; metal salts of fatty acids; metal salts of alkyl salicylates; fatty oxazolines; fatty ethoxylated alcohols; condensation products of carboxylic acids and polyalkylene polyamines; or reaction products from fatty carboxylic acids with guanidine, aminoguanidine, urea, or thiourea and salts thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the lubricant composition further includes an additional antiwear agent. Typically, the additional antiwear agent may be a phosphorus antiwear agent (other than the salt of the present invention), or mixtures thereof. The additional antiwear agent may be present at 0 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1.0 wt % of the lubricant. 
     The phosphorus antiwear agent may include a phosphorus amine salt, or mixtures thereof. The phosphorus amine salt includes an amine salt of a phosphorus acid ester or mixtures thereof. The amine salt of a phosphorus acid ester includes phosphoric acid esters and amine salts thereof; dialkyldithiophosphoric acid esters and amine salts thereof; phosphites; and amine salts of phosphorus-containing carboxylic esters, ethers, and amides; hydroxy substituted di or tri esters of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid and amine salts thereof; phosphorylated hydroxy substituted di or tri esters of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid and amine salts thereof; and mixtures thereof. The amine salt of a phosphorus acid ester may be used alone or in combination. 
     In one embodiment, the oil soluble phosphorus amine salt includes partial amine salt-partial metal salt compounds or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the phosphorus compound further includes a sulphur atom in the molecule. 
     Examples of the antiwear agent may include a non-ionic phosphorus compound (typically compounds having phosphorus atoms with an oxidation state of +3 or +5). In one embodiment, the amine salt of the phosphorus compound may be ashless, i.e., metal-free (prior to being mixed with other components). 
     The amines which may be suitable for use as the amine salt include primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and mixtures thereof. The amines include those with at least one hydrocarbyl group, or, in certain embodiments, two or three hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl groups may contain 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or in other embodiments 8 to 26, or 10 to 20, or 13 to 19 carbon atoms. 
     Primary amines include ethyl amine, propylamine, butylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, octylamine, and dodecyl amine, as well as such fatty amines as n-octylamine, n-decylamine, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine and oleyamine. Other useful fatty amines include commercially available fatty amines such as “Armeen®” amines (products available from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Ill.), such as Armeen C, Armeen O, Armeen OL, Armeen T, Armeen HT, Armeen S and Armeen SD, wherein the letter designation relates to the fatty group, such as coco, oleyl, tallow, or stearyl groups. 
     Examples of suitable secondary amines include dimethylamine, di ethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutyl amine, diamylamine, dihexyl amine, diheptylamine, methylethylamine, ethylbutylamine and ethylamylamine. The secondary amines may be cyclic amines such as piperidine, piperazine and morpholine. 
     The amine may also be a tertiary-aliphatic primary amine. The aliphatic group in this case may be an alkyl group containing 2 to 30, or 6 to 26, or 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Tertiary alkyl amines include monoamines such as tert-butyl amine, tert-hexyl amine, 1-methyl-1-amino-cyclohexane, tert-octylamine, tert-decylamine, tertdodecylamine, tert-tetradecylamine, tert-hexadecylamine, tert-octadecylamine, tert-tetracosanylamine, and tert-octacosanylamine. 
     In one embodiment, the phosphorus acid amine salt includes an amine with C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary groups or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the phosphorus acid amine salt includes an amine with C14 to C18 tertiary alkyl primary amines or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the phosphorus acid amine salt includes an amine with C18 to C22 tertiary alkyl primary amines or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of amines may also be used. In one embodiment, a useful mixture of amines is “Primene® 81R” and “Primene® JMT.” Primene® 81R and Primene® JMT (both produced and sold by Rohm &amp; Haas) are mixtures of C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary amines and C18 to C22 tertiary alkyl primary amines respectively. 
     In one embodiment, oil soluble amine salts of phosphorus compounds include a sulphur-free amine salt of a phosphorus-containing compound may be obtained/obtainable by a process comprising: reacting an amine with either (i) a hydroxy-substituted di-ester of phosphoric acid, or (ii) a phosphorylated hydroxy-substituted di- or tri-ester of phosphoric acid. A more detailed description of compounds of this type is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,361,941. 
     In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl amine salt of an alkylphosphoric acid ester is the reaction product of a C14 to C18 alkylated phosphoric acid with Primene 81R™ (produced and sold by Rohm &amp; Haas) which is a mixture of C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary amines. 
     Examples of hydrocarbyl amine salts of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid esters include the reaction product(s) of isopropyl, methyl-amyl (4-methyl-2-pentyl or mixtures thereof), 2-ethylhexyl, heptyl, octyl or nonyl dithiophosphoric acids with ethylene diamine, morpholine, or Primene 81R™, and mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the dithiophosphoric acid may be reacted with an epoxide or a glycol. This reaction product is further reacted with a phosphorus acid, anhydride, or lower ester. The epoxide includes an aliphatic epoxide or a styrene oxide. Examples of useful epoxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butene oxide, octene oxide, dodecene oxide, and styrene oxide. In one embodiment the epoxide may be propylene oxide. The glycols may be aliphatic glycols having from 1 to 12, or from 2 to 6, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms. The dithiophosphoric acids, glycols, epoxides, inorganic phosphorus reagents and methods of reacting the same are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,197,405 and 3,544,465. The resulting acids may then be salted with amines. An example of suitable dithiophosphoric acid is prepared by adding phosphorus pentoxide (about 64 grams) at 58° C. over a period of 45 minutes to 514 grams of hydroxypropyl O,O-di(4-methyl-2-pentyl)phosphorodithioate (prepared by reacting di(4-methyl-2-pentyl)-phosphorodithioic acid with 1.3 moles of propylene oxide at 25° C.). The mixture may be heated at 75° C. for 2.5 hours, mixed with a diatomaceous earth and filtered at 70° C. The filtrate contains 11.8% by weight phosphorus, 15.2% by weight sulphur, and an acid number of 87 (bromophenol blue). 
     In one embodiment, the antiwear additives may include a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, In other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are substantially free of, or even completely free of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides for a composition that includes a dithiocarbamate antiwear agent defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,362 column 2, line 35 to column 6, line 11. When present the dithiocarbamate antiwear agent may be present from 0.25 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt % or even 0.5 wt % up to 0.75 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.6 wt % or even 0.55 wt % in the overall composition. 
     The hydraulic lubricant may comprise: 
     0.002 wt % to 0.040 wt % of the inventive antifoam component, 
     0.0001 wt % to 0.15 wt % of a corrosion inhibitor chosen from 2,5-bis(tert-dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, tolyltriazole, or mixtures thereof, 
     an oil of lubricating viscosity, 
     0.02 wt % to 3 wt % of antioxidant chosen from aminic or phenolic antioxidants, or mixtures thereof, 
     0.005 wt % to 1.5 wt % of a borated succinimide or a non-borated succinimide, 
     0.001 wt % to 1.5 wt % of a neutral of slightly overbased calcium naphthalene sulphonate (typically a neutral or slightly overbased calcium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate), and 
     0.001 wt % to 3 wt %, or 0.01 wt % to 1 wt % of an antiwear agent chosen from zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc dialkylphosphate, amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester, or mixtures thereof. 
     The hydraulic lubricant may also comprise a formulation defined in the following table: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydraulic Lubricant compositions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Inventive Antifoam 
                 0.0001 to 0.10 
                 0.001 to 0.05 
                 0.002 to 0.04 
               
               
                 Component 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 0 to 4.0 
                 0.02 to 3.0 
                 0.03 to 1.5 
               
               
                 Dispersant 
                 0 to 2.0 
                 0.005 to 1.5 
                 0.01 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Detergent 
                 0 to 5.0 
                 0.001 to 1.5 
                 0.005 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Antiwear Agent 
                 0 to 5.0 
                 0.001 to 2 
                 0.1 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Friction Modifier 
                 0 to 3.0 
                 0.02 to 2 
                 0.05 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Viscosity Modifier 
                 0 to 10.0 
                 0.5 to 8.0 
                 1.0 to 6.0 
               
               
                 Any Other Performance 
                 0 to 1.3 
                 0.00075 to 0.5 
                 0.001 to 0.4 
               
               
                 Additive (demulsifier/pour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 point depressant) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Metal Deactivator 
                 0 to 0.1 
                 0.01 to 0.04 
                 0.015 to 0.03 
               
               
                 Rust Inhibitor 
                 0 to 0.2 
                 0.03 to 0.15 
                 0.04 to 0.12 
               
               
                 Extreme Pressure Agent 
                 0 to 3.0 
                 0.005 to 2 
                 0.01 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Oil of Lubricating 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 100% 
                 Balance to 
               
               
                 Viscosity 
                 100% 
                   
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Specific examples of a hydraulic lubricant include those summarized in 
     Antifoam performance of each lubricant may be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D892-13e1 Standard Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils. 
     Refrigerant Lubricants 
     In one embodiment, the lubricant disclosed herein may be a refrigeration lubricant or gas compressor lubricant. The working fluid can include a lubricant comprised of (i) one or more ester base oils, (ii) one or more mineral oil base oils, (iii) one or more polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oils, (iii) one more alkyl benzene base oils, (iv) one or more polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base oils, (iv) one or more alkylated naphthalene base oils, (v) one or more polyvinylether base oils or any combination thereof to form an oil of lubricating viscosity and 0.001 wt % to 15 wt % of a (thio)phosphoric acid salt of an N-hydrocarbyl-substituted gamma-(γ-) or delta-(δ) amino(thio)ester. The lubricant may be a working fluid in a compressor used for refrigeration or gas compression. In one embodiment, the working fluid may be for a low Global Warming Potential (low GWP) refrigerant system. The working fluid can include a lubricant comprised of ester base oils, mineral oil base oils, polyalphaolefin base oils, polyalkylene glycol base oils or polyvinyl ether base oils alone or in combination to form an oil of lubricating viscosity and 0.001 wt % to 0.012 wt % of the inventive antifoam component in the lubricating composition or 0.004 wt % or even 0.001 wt % to 0.003 wt % and a refrigerant or gas to be compressed. 
     The ester based oil includes an ester of one or more branched or linear carboxylic acids from C4 to C13. The ester is generally formed by the reaction of the described branched carboxylic acid and one or more polyols. 
     In some embodiments, the branched carboxylic acid contains at least 5 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the branched carboxylic acid contains from 4 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the polyol used in the preparation of the ester includes neopentyl glycol, glycerol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polyol used in the preparation of the ester includes neopentyl glycol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polyol used in the preparation of the ester includes neopentyl glycol. In some embodiments, the polyol used in the preparation of the ester includes pentaerythritol. In some embodiments, the polyol used in the preparation of the ester includes dipentaerythritol. 
     In some embodiments, the ester is derived from (i) an acid that includes 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, or a combination thereof; and (ii) a polyol that includes neopentyl glycol, glycerol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, or any combination thereof. 
     The lubricant may have the ability to provide an acceptable viscosity working fluid that has good miscibility. 
     By “acceptable viscosity” it is meant the ester based lubricant and/or the working fluid has a viscosity (as measured by ASTM D445 at 40 degrees C.) of more than 4 cSt. In some embodiments, the ester based lubricant and/or the working fluid has a viscosity at 40C from 5 or 32 up to 320, 220, 120, or even 68 cSt. 
     As noted by above, by “low GWP”, it is meant the working fluid has a GWP value (as calculated per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&#39;s 2001 Third Assessment Report) of not greater than 1000, or a value that is less than 1000, less than 500, less than 150, less than 100, or even less than 75. In some embodiments, this GWP value is with regards to the overall working fluid. In other embodiments, this GWP value is with regards to the refrigerant present in the working fluid, where the resulting working fluid may be referred to as a low GWP working fluid. 
     By “good miscibility” it is meant that the refrigerant or compressed gas and lubricant are miscible, at least at the operating conditions the described working fluid will see during the operation of a refrigeration or gas compression system. In some embodiments, good miscibility may mean that the working fluid (and/or the combination of refrigerant and lubricant) does not show any signs of poor miscibility other than visual haziness at temperatures as low as 0° C., or even −25° C., or even in some embodiments as low as −50° C., or even −60° C. 
     In some embodiments, the described working fluid may further include one or more additional lubricant components. These additional lubricant components may include (i) one or more esters of one or more linear carboxylic acids, (ii) one or more polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oils, (iii) one more alkyl benzene base oils, (iv) one or more polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base oils, (iv) one or more alkylated naphthalene base oils, or (v) any combination thereof. 
     Additional lubricants that may be used in the described working fluids include certain silicone oils and mineral oils. 
     Commercially available mineral oils include Sonneborn® LP 250 commercially available from Sonneborn, Suniso® 3GS, 1GS, 4GS, and 5GS, each commercially available from Sonneborn, and Calumet R015 and RO30 commercially available from Calumet. Commercially available alkyl benzene lubricants include Zerol® 150 and Zerol® 300 commercially available from Shrieve Chemical. Commercially available esters include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate, which is available as Emery® 2917 and Hatcol® 2370. Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters. Of course, different mixtures of different types of lubricants may be used. 
     In some embodiments, the described working fluid further includes one or more esters of one or more linear carboxylic acids. 
     The working fluids may also include one or more refrigerants. Suitable non-low GWP refrigerants useful in such embodiments are not overly limited. Examples include R-22, R-134a, R-125, R-143a, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least one of the refrigerants is a low GWP refrigerant. In some embodiments, all of the refrigerants present in the working fluid are low GWP refrigerants. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-32, R-290, R-1234yf, R-1234zeI, R-744, R-152a, R-600, R-600a or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-32, R-290, R-1234yf, R-1234zeI or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-32. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-290. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-1234yf. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-1234zeI. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-744. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-152a. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-600. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-600a. 
     In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-32, R-600a, R-290, DR-5, DR-7, DR-3, DR-2, R-1234yf, R-1234zeI, XP-10, HCFC-123, L-41A, L-41B, N-12A, N-12B, L-40, L-20, N-20, N-40A, N-40B, ARM-30A, ARM-21A, ARM-32A, ARM-41A, ARM-42A, ARM-70A, AC-5, AC-5X, HPR1D, LTR4X, LTR6A, D2Y-60, D4Y, D2Y-65, R-744, R-1270, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the refrigerant includes R-32, R-600a, R-290, DR-5, DR-7, DR-3, DR-2, R-1234yf, R-1234zeI, XP-10, HCFC-123, L-41A, L-41B, N-12A, N-12B, L-40, L-20, N-20, N-40A, N-40B, ARM-30A, ARM-21A, ARM-32A, ARM-41A, ARM-42A, ARM-70A, AC-5, AC-5X, HPR1D, LTR4X, LTR6A, D2Y-60, D4Y, D2Y-65, R-1270, or any combination thereof. 
     It is noted that the described working fluids may in some embodiments also include one or more non-low GWP refrigerant, blended with the low GWP refrigerant, resulting in a low GWP working fluid. Suitable non-low GWP refrigerants useful in such embodiments are not overly limited. Examples include R-22, R-134a, R-125, R-143a, or any combination thereof. 
     The described working fluids, at least in regards to how they would be found in the evaporator of the refrigeration system in which they are used, may be from 5 to 50 wt % lubricant, and from 95 to 50 wt % refrigerant. In some embodiments, the working fluid is from 10 to 40 wt % lubricant, or even from 10 to 30 or 10 to 20 wt % lubricant. 
     The described working fluids, at least in regards to how they would be found in the sump of the refrigeration system in which they are used, may be from 1 to 50, or even 5 to 50 wt % refrigerant, and from 99 to 50 or even 95 to 50 wt % lubricant. In some embodiments, the working fluid is from 90 to 60 or even 95 to 60 wt % lubricant, or even from 90 to 70 or even 95 to 70, or 90 to 80 or even 95 to 80 wt % lubricant. 
     The described working fluids may include other components for the purpose of enhancing or providing certain functionality to the composition, or in some cases to reduce the cost of the composition. 
     The described working fluids may further include one or more performance additives. Suitable examples of performance additives include antioxidants, metal passivators and/or deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam agents in addition to the inventive antifoam component, antiwear inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, viscosity improvers, tackifiers, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, friction modifiers, lubricity additives, foam inhibitors, emulsifiers, demulsifiers, acid catchers, or mixtures thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the lubricant compositions include an antioxidant. In some embodiments, the the lubricant compositions include a metal passivator, wherein the metal passivator may include a corrosion inhibitor and/or a metal deactivator. In some embodiments, the lubricant compositions include a corrosion inhibitor. In still other embodiments, the lubricant compositions include a combination of a metal deactivator and a corrosion inhibitor. In still further embodiments, the lubricant compositions include the combination of an antioxidant, a metal deactivator and a corrosion inhibitor. In any of these embodiments, the lubricant compositions include one or more additional performance additives. 
     The antioxidants include butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), phenyl-a-naphthylamine (PANA), octylated/butylated diphenyl amine, high molecular weight phenolic antioxidants, hindered bis-phenolic antioxidant, di-alpha-tocopherol, di-tertiary butyl phenol. Other useful antioxidants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,454. 
     In some embodiments, the antioxidant includes one or more of:
         (i) Hexamethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), CAS registration number 35074-77-2, available commercially from BASF;   (ii) N-phenylbenzenamine, reaction products with 2,4,4-trimethylpentene, CAS registration number 68411-46-1, available commercially from BASF;   (iii) Phenyl-a-and/or phenyl-b-naphthylamine, for example N-phenyl-ar-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-1-naphthalenamine, available commercially from BASF;   (iv) Tetrakis[methyl ene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)]methane, CAS registration number 6683-19-8;   (v) Thiodiethylenebis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), CAS registration number 41484-35-9, which is also listed as thiodiethylenebis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydro-cinnamate) in 21 C.F.R. § 178.3570;   (vi) Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT);   (vii) Butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA),   (viii) Bis(4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)amine, available commercially from BASF; and   (ix) Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, thiodi-2,1-ethanediyl ester, available commercially from BASF.       

     The antioxidants may be present in the composition from 0.01% to 6.0% or from 0.02%, to 1%. The additive may be present in the composition at 1%, 0.5%, or less. These various ranges are typically applied to all of the antioxidants present in the overall composition. However, in some embodiments, these ranges may also be applied to individual antioxidants. 
     The metal passivators include both metal deactivators and corrosion inhibitors. 
     Suitable metal deactivators include triazoles or substituted triazoles. For example, tolyltriazole or tolutriazole may be utilized. Suitable examples of metal deactivator include one or more of:
         (i) One or more tolu-triazoles, for example N,N-Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine, CAS registration number 94270-86-70, sold commercially by BASF under the trade name Irgamet 39;   (ii) One or more fatty acids derived from animal and/or vegetable sources, and/or the hydrogenated forms of such fatty acids, for example Neo-Fat™ which is commercially available from Akzo Novel Chemicals, Ltd.       

     Suitable corrosion inhibitors include one or more of:
         (i) N-Methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)glycine, CAS registration number 110-25-8;   (ii) Phosphoric acid, mono- and diisooctyl esters, reacted with tert-alkyl and (C12-C14) primary amines, CAS registration number 68187-67-7;   (iii) Dodecanoic Acid;   (iv) Triphenyl phosphorothionate, CAS registration number 597-82-0; and   (v) Phosphoric acid, mono- and dihexyl esters, compounds with tetramethylnonylamines and C11-14 alkylamines.       

     In one embodiment, the metal passivator is comprised of a corrosion additive and a metal deactivator. One useful additive is the N-acyl derivative of sarcosine, such as an N-acyl derivative of sarcosine. One example is N-methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl) glycine. This derivative is available from BASF under the trade name SARKOSYL™ O. Another additive is an imidazoline such as Amine O™ commercially available from BASF. 
     The metal passivators may be present in the composition from 0.01% to 6.0% or from 0.02%, to 0.1%. The additive may be present in the composition at 0.05% or less. These various ranges are typically applied to all of the metal passivator additives present in the overall composition. However, in some embodiments, these ranges may also be applied to individual corrosion inhibitors and/or metal deactivators. The ranges above may also be applied to the combined total of all corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators and antioxidants present in the overall composition. 
     The refrigerant lubricant composition may also include an antifoam agent in addition to the inventive antifoam component. The antifoam agent may include organic silicones and non-silicon foam inhibitors. Examples of organic silicones include dimethyl silicone and polysiloxanes. Examples of non-silicon foam inhibitors include polyethers, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof as well as copolymers of ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, and optionally vinyl acetate. In some embodiments the antifoam agent may be a polyacrylate. Antifoam agents may be present in the composition from 0.001 wt % to 0.012 wt % or 0.004 wt % or even 0.001 wt % to 0.003 wt %. 
     The compositions described herein may also include one or more additional performance additives. Suitable additives include antiwear inhibitors, rust/corrosion inhibitors and/or metal deactivators (other than those described above), pour point depressants, viscosity improvers, tackifiers, extreme pressure (EP) additives, friction modifiers, foam inhibitors, emulsifiers, and demulsifiers. 
     To aid in preventing wear on the metal surface, the present invention may utilize additional anti-wear inhibitor/EP additive and friction modifiers. Anti-wear inhibitors, EP additives, and friction modifiers are available off the shelf from a variety of vendors and manufacturers. Some of these additives may perform more than one task. One product that may provide anti-wear, EP, reduced friction and corrosion inhibition is phosphorus amine salt such as Irgalube 349, which is commercially available from BASF. Another anti-wear/EP inhibitor/friction modifier is a phosphorus compound such as is triphenyl phosphothionate (TPPT), which is commercially available from BASF under the trade name Irgalube TPPT. Another anti-wear/EP inhibitor/friction modifier is a phosphorus compound such as is tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is commercially available from Chemtura under the trade name Kronitex TCP. Another anti-wear/EP inhibitor/friction modifier is a phosphorus compound such as is t-butylphenyl phosphate, which is commercially available from ICL Industrial Products under the trade name Syn-O-Ad 8478. The anti-wear inhibitors, EP, and friction modifiers are typically 0.1% to 4% of the composition and may be used separately or in combination. 
     In some embodiments, the composition further includes an additive from the group comprising: viscosity modifiers include ethylene vinyl acetate, polybutenes, polyisobutylenes, polymethacrylates, olefin copolymers, esters of styrene maleic anhydride copolymers, hydrogenated styrene-diene copolymers, hydrogenated radial polyisoprene, alkylated polystyrene, fumed silicas, and complex esters; and tackifiers like natural rubber solubilized in oils. 
     The addition of a viscosity modifier, thickener, and/or tackifier provides adhesiveness and improves the viscosity and viscosity index of the lubricant. Some applications and environmental conditions may require an additional tacky surface film that protects equipment from corrosion and wear. In this embodiment, the viscosity modifier, thickener/tackifier is 1 to 20 wt % of the lubricant. However, the viscosity modifier, thickener/tackifier may be from 0.5 to 30 wt %. An example of a material Functional V-584 a Natural Rubber viscosity modifier/tackifier, which is available from Functional Products, Inc., Macedonia, Ohio. Another example is a complex ester CG 5000 that is also a multifunctional product, viscosity modifier, pour point depressant, and friction modifier from Inolex Chemical Co. Philadelphia, Pa. 
     Other oils and/or components may be also added to the composition in the range of 0.1 to 75% or even 0.1 to 50% or even 0.1 to 30%. These oils could include white petroleum oils, synthetic esters (as described in patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,454), severely hydro-treated petroleum oil (known in the industry as “Group II or III petroleum oils”), esters of one or more linear carboxylic acids, polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oils, alkyl benzene base oils, polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base oils, alkylated naphthalene base oils, or any combination thereof. 
     The lubricant can be used in a refrigeration system, where the refrigeration system includes a compressor and a working fluid, where the working fluid includes a lubricant and a refrigerant. Any of the working fluids described above may be used in the described refrigeration system. 
     The lubricant may also be able to allow for providing a method of operating a refrigeration system. The described method includes the step of: (I) supplying to the refrigeration system a working fluid that includes a lubricant and a refrigerant. Any of the working fluids described above may be used in the described methods of operating any of the described refrigeration systems. 
     The present methods, systems and compositions are thus adaptable for use in connection with a wide variety of heat transfer systems in general and refrigeration systems in particular, such as air-conditioning (including both stationary and mobile air conditioning systems), refrigeration, heat-pump, or gas compression systems such as industrial or hydrocarbon gas processing systems. Compression systems such as are used in hydrocarbon gas processing or industrial gas processing systems. As used herein, the term “refrigeration system” refers generally to any system or apparatus, or any part or portion of such a system or apparatus, which employs a refrigerant to provide cooling and/or heating. Such refrigeration systems include, for example, air conditioners, electric refrigerators, chillers, or heat pumps. 
     The refrigeration lubricant may also comprise a formulation defined in the following table: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Compressor Lubricant compositions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Inventive Antifoam 
                 0.0001 to 0.10 
                 0.001 to 0.05 
                 0.002 to 0.04 
               
               
                 component 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 0 to 6.0 
                 0.01 to 3.0 
                 0.03 to 2 
               
               
                 Antiwear/EP 
                 0 to 4.0 
                 0.0 to 2 
                 0.1 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Agent 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Metal Deactivator/ 
                 0 to 6 
                 0.0 to 0.5 
                 0.015 to 0.1 
               
               
                 Corrosion 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oil of Lubricating 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 100% 
                 Balance to 
               
               
                 Viscosity 
                 100% 
                   
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Antifoam performance of each lubricant may be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D892-13e1 Standard Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils. 
     Industrial Gear 
     The lubricants of the invention may include an industrial additive package, which may also be referred to as an industrial lubricant additive package. In other words, the lubricants are designed to be industrial lubricants, or additive packages for making the same. The lubricants do not relate to automotive gear lubricants or other lubricant compositions. 
     The additives which may be present in the industrial additive package include a foam inhibitor, a demulsifier, a pour point depressant, an antioxidant, a dispersant, a metal deactivator (such as a copper deactivator), an antiwear agent, an extreme pressure agent, a viscosity modifier, or some mixture thereof. The additives may each be present in the range from 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm or even 150 ppm up to 5 wt %, 4 wt %, 3 wt %, 2 wt % or even 1.5 wt %, or from 75 ppm to 0.5 wt %, from 100 ppm to 0.4 wt %, or from 150 ppm to 0.3 wt %, where the wt % values are with regards to the overall lubricant composition. In other embodiments the overall industrial additive package may be present from 1 to 20, or from 1 to 10 wt % of the overall lubricant composition. However it is noted that some additives, including viscosity modifying polymers, which may alternatively be considered as part of the base fluid, may be present in higher amounts including up to 30 wt %, 40 wt %, or even 50 wt % when considered separate from the base fluid. The additives may be used alone or as mixtures thereof. 
     The lubricant may also include a antifoam agent in addition to the inventive antifoam component. The antifoam agent may include organic silicones and non-silicon foam inhibitors. Examples of organic silicones include dimethyl silicone and polysiloxanes. Examples of non-silicon foam inhibitors include polyethers, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof as well as copolymers of ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, and optionally vinyl acetate. In some embodiments the antifoam agent may be a polyacrylate. Antifoam agents may be present in the composition from 0.001 wt % to 0.012 wt % or 0.004 wt % or even 0.001 wt % to 0.003 wt %. 
     The lubricant may also include demulsifier. The demulsifier may include derivatives of propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene alcohols, alkyl amines, amino alcohols, diamines or polyamines reacted sequentially with ethylene oxide or substituted ethylene oxides or mixtures thereof. Examples of a demulsifier include polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers and mixtures thereof. The demulsifier may be a polyethers. The demulsifier may be present in the composition from 0.002 wt % to 0.2 wt %. 
     The lubricant may include a pour point depressant. The pour point depressant may include esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, polymethacrylates; polyacrylates; polyacrylamides; condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds; vinyl carboxylate polymers; and terpolymers of dialkyl fumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, alkyl phenol formaldehyde condensation resins, alkyl vinyl ethers and mixtures thereof. 
     The lubricant may also include a rust inhibitor, other than some of the additives described above. 
     The lubricant may also include a rust inhibitor. Suitable rust inhibitors include hydrocarbyl amine salts of alkylphosphoric acid, hydrocarbyl amine salts of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid, hydrocarbyl amine salts of hydrocarbyl aryl sulphonic acid, fatty carboxylic acids or esters thereof, an ester of a nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid, an ammonium sulfonate, an imidazoline, or any combination thereof; or mixtures thereof. 
     Suitable hydrocarbyl amine salts of alkylphosphoric acid may be represented by the following formula: 
                         
wherein R 26  and R 27  are independently hydrogen, alkyl chains or hydrocarbyl, typically at least one of R 26  and R 27  are hydrocarbyl. R 26  and R 27  contain 4 to 30, or 8 to 25, or 10 to 20, or 13 to 19 carbon atoms. R 28 , R 29  and R 30  are independently hydrogen, alkyl branched or linear alkyl chains with 1 to 30, or 4 to 24, or 6 to 20, or 10 to 16 carbon atoms. R 28 , R 29  and R 30  are independently hydrogen, alkyl branched or linear alkyl chains, or at least one, or two of R 28 , R 29  and R 30  are hydrogen.
 
     Examples of alkyl groups suitable for R 28 , R 29  and R 30  include butyl, sec butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl, sec hexyl, n-octyl, 2-ethyl, hexyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment the hydrocarbyl amine salt of an alkylphosphoric acid may be the reaction product of a C 14  to C 18  alkylated phosphoric acid with Primene 81R (produced and sold by Rohm &amp; Haas) which may be a mixture of C 11  to C 14  tertiary alkyl primary amines. 
     Hydrocarbyl amine salts of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid may include a rust inhibitor such as a hydrocarbyl amine salt of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid. These may be a reaction product of heptyl or octyl or nonyl dithiophosphoric acids with ethylene diamine, morpholine or Primene 81R or mixtures thereof. 
     The hydrocarbyl amine salts of hydrocarbyl aryl sulphonic acid may include ethylene diamine salt of dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid. 
     Examples of suitable fatty carboxylic acids or esters thereof include glycerol monooleate and oleic acid. An example of a suitable ester of a nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid includes oleyl sarcosine. 
     The lubricant may contain a metal deactivator, or mixtures thereof. Metal deactivators may be chosen from a derivative of benzotriazole (typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazole, benzimidazole, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazole or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazole, 1-amino-2-propanol, a derivative of dimercaptothiadiazole, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine. The metal deactivators may also be described as corrosion inhibitors. The metal deactivators may be present in the range from 0.001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, from 0.01 wt % to 0.04 wt % or from 0.015 wt % to 0.03 wt % of the lubricating oil composition. Metal deactivators may also be present in the composition from 0.002 wt % or 0.004 wt % to 0.02 wt %. The metal deactivator may be used alone or mixtures thereof. 
     The lubricants may also include antioxidant, or mixtures thereof. The antioxidants, including (i) an alkylated diphenylamine, and (ii) a substituted hydrocarbyl mono-sulfide. In some embodiments the alkylated diphenylamines include bis-nonylated diphenylamine and bis-octylated diphenylamine. In some embodiments the substituted hydrocarbyl monosulfides include n-dodecyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide, 1-(tert-dodecylthio)-2-propanol, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the substituted hydrocarbyl monosulfide may be 1-(tert-dodecylthio)-2-propanol. The antioxidant package may also include sterically hindered phenols. Examples of suitable hydrocarbyl groups for the sterically hindered phenols include 2-ethylhexyl or n-butyl ester, dodecyl or mixtures thereof. Examples of methylene-bridged sterically hindered phenols include 4,4″-methylene-bis(6-tert-butyl o-cresol), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-tert-amyl-o-cresol), 2,2″-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4″-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tertbutylphenol) or mixtures thereof. 
     The antioxidants may be present in the composition from 0.01 wt % to 6.0 wt % or from 0.02 wt % to 1 wt %. The additive may be present in the composition at 1 wt %, 0.5 wt %, or less. 
     The lubricant may also include nitrogen-containing dispersants, for example a hydrocarbyl substituted nitrogen containing additive. Suitable hydrocarbyl substituted nitrogen containing additives include ashless dispersants and polymeric dispersants. Ashless dispersants are so-named because, as supplied, they do not contain metal and thus do not normally contribute to sulfated ash when added to a lubricant. However they may, of course, interact with ambient metals once they are added to a lubricant which includes metal-containing species. Ashless dispersants are characterized by a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. Examples of such materials include succinimide dispersants, Mannich dispersants, and borated derivatives thereof. 
     The lubricant may also include sulfur-containing compounds. Suitable sulfur-containing compounds include sulfurized olefins and polysulfides. The sulfurized olefin or polysulfides may be derived from isobutylene, butylene, propylene, ethylene, or some combination thereof. In some examples the sulfur-containing compound is a sulfurized olefin derived from any of the natural oils or synthetic oils described above, or even some combination thereof. For example the sulfurized olefin may be derived from vegetable oil. The sulfurized olefin may be present in the lubricant composition from 0 wt % to 5.0 wt % or from 0.01 wt % to 4.0 wt % or from 0.1 wt % to 3.0 wt %. 
     The lubricant may also include phosphorus containing compound, such as a fatty phosphite. The phosphorus containing compound may include a hydrocarbyl phosphite, a phosphoric acid ester, an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments the phosphorus containing compound includes a hydrocarbyl phosphite, an ester thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the phosphorus containing compound includes a hydrocarbyl phosphite. In some embodiments the hydrocarbyl phosphite may be an alkyl phosphite. By alkyl it is meant an alkyl group containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, however either saturated or unsaturated alkyl groups are contemplated or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkyl phosphite that has a fully saturated alkyl group. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkyl phosphite that has an alkyl group with some unsaturation, for example, one double bond between carbon atoms. Such unsaturated alkyl groups may also be referred to as alkenyl groups, but are included within the term “alkyl group” as used herein unless otherwise noted. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkyl phosphite, a phosphoric acid ester, an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkyl phosphite, an ester thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkyl phosphite. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkenyl phosphite, a phosphoric acid ester, an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkenyl phosphite, an ester thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes an alkenyl phosphite. In some embodiments, the phosphorus containing compound includes dialkyl hydrogen phosphites. In some embodiments the phosphorus-containing compound is essentially free of, or even completely free of, phosphoric acid esters and/or amine salts thereof. In some embodiments, the phosphorus-containing compound may be described as a fatty phosphite. Suitable phosphites include those having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more, or 8 or more, or 12 or more, carbon atoms. Typical ranges for the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl group include 8 to 30, or 10 to 24, or 12 to 22, or 14 to 20, or 16 to 18. The phosphite may be a mono-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite, a di-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite, or a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite. In one embodiment the phosphite may be sulphur-free i.e., the phosphite is not a thiophosphite. The phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms may be represented by the formulae: 
                         
wherein at least one of R 6 , R 7  and R 8  may be a hydrocarbyl group containing at least 4 carbon atoms and the other may be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group. In one embodiment R 6 , R 7  and R 8  are all hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl groups may be alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyclic or mixtures thereof. In the formula with all three groups R 6 , R 7  and R 8 , the compound may be a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite i.e., R 6 , R 7  and R 8  are all hydrocarbyl groups and in some embodiments may be alkyl groups.
 
     The alkyl groups may be linear or branched, typically linear, and saturated or unsaturated, typically saturated. Examples of alkyl groups for R 6 , R 7  and R 8  include octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the fatty phosphite component the lubricant composition overall is essentially free of, or even completely free of phosphoric acid ester and/or amine salts thereof. In some embodiments, the fatty phosphite comprises an alkenyl phosphite or esters thereof, for example esters of dimethyl hydrogen phosphite. The dimethyl hydrogen phosphite may be esterified, and in some embodiments transesterified, by reaction with an alcohol, for example oleyl alcohol. 
     The lubricant may also include one or more phosphorous amine salts, but in amounts such that the additive package, or in other embodiments the resulting industrial lubricant compositions, contains no more than 1.0 wt % of such materials, or even no more than 0.75 wt % or 0.6 wt %. In other embodiments, the industrial lubricant additive packages, or the resulting industrial lubricant compositions, are essentially free of or even completely free of phosphorous amine salts. 
     The lubricant may also include one or more antiwear additives and/or extreme pressure agents, one or more rust and/or corrosion inhibitors, one or more foam inhibitors, one or more demulsifiers, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the industrial lubricant additive packages, or the resulting industrial lubricant compositions, are essentially free of or even completely free of phosphorous amine salts, dispersants, or both. 
     In some embodiments, the industrial lubricant additive packages, or the resulting industrial lubricant compositions, include a demulsifier, a corrosion inhibitor, a friction modifier, or combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor includes a tolyltriazole. In still other embodiments, the industrial additive packages, or the resulting industrial lubricant compositions, include one or more sulfurized olefins or polysulfides; one or more phosphorus amine salts; one or more thiophosphate esters, one or more thiadiazoles, tolyltriazoles, polyethers, and/or alkenyl amines; one or more ester copolymers; one or more carboxylic esters; one or more succinimide dispersants, or any combination thereof. 
     The industrial lubricant additive package may be present in the overall industrial lubricant from 1 wt % to 5 wt %, or in other embodiments from 1 wt %, 1.5 wt %, or even 2 wt % up to 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 7 wt % or even 10 wt %. Amounts of the industrial gear additive package that may be present in the industrial gear concentrate lubricant are the corresponding amounts to the wt % above, where the values are considered without the oil present (i.e., they may be treated as wt % values along with the actual amount of oil present). 
     The lubricant may also include a derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid. Suitable acids may include from 1 to 5 or 2 carboxy groups or from 1 to 5 or 2 hydroxy groups. In some embodiments, the friction modifier may be derivable from a hydroxy-carboxylic acid represented by the formula: 
                         
wherein: a and b may be independently integers of 1 to 5, or 1 to 2; X may be an aliphatic or alicyclic group, or an aliphatic or alicyclic group containing an oxygen atom in the carbon chain, or a substituted group of the foregoing types, said group containing up to 6 carbon atoms and having a+b available points of attachment; each Y may be independently —O—, &gt;NH, or &gt;NR 3  or two Y&#39;s together representing the nitrogen of an imide structure R 4 —N&lt; formed between two carbonyl groups; and each R 3  and R 4  may be independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that at least one R′ and R 3  group may be a hydrocarbyl group; each R 2  may be independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group or an acyl group, further provided that at least one —OR 2  group is located on a carbon atom within X that is α or β to at least one of the —C(O)—Y—R 1  groups, and further provided that at least on R 2  is hydrogen. The hydroxy-carboxylic acid is reacted with an alcohol and/or an amine, via a condensation reaction, forming the derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid, which may also be referred to herein as a friction modifier additive. In one embodiment, the hydroxy-carboxylic acid used in the preparation of the derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid is represented by the formula:
 
                         
wherein each R 5  may independently be H or a hydrocarbyl group, or wherein the R 5  groups together form a ring. In one embodiment, where R 5  is H, the condensation product is optionally further functionalized by acylation or reaction with a boron compound. In another embodiment the friction modifier is not borated. In any of the embodiments above, the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be tartaric acid, citric acid, or combinations thereof, and may also be a reactive equivalent of such acids (including esters, acid halides, or anhydrides).
 
     The resulting friction modifiers may include imide, di-ester, di-amide, or ester-amide derivatives of tartaric acid, citric acid, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the derivative of hydroxycarboxylic acid includes an imide, a di-ester, a di-amide, an imide amide, an imide ester or an ester-amide derivative of tartaric acid or citric acid. In one embodiment the derivative of hydroxycarboxylic acid includes an imide, a di-ester, a di-amide, an imide amide, an imide ester or an ester-amide derivative of tartaric acid. In one embodiment the derivative of hydroxycarboxylic acid includes an ester derivative of tartaric acid. In one embodiment the derivative of hydroxycarboxylic acid includes an imide and/or amide derivative of tartaric acid. The amines used in the preparation of the friction modifier may have the formula RR′NH wherein R and R′ each independently represent H, a hydrocarbon-based radical of 1 or 8 to 30 or 150 carbon atoms, that is, 1 to 150 or 8 to 30 or 1 to 30 or 8 to 150 atoms. Amines having a range of carbon atoms with a lower limit of 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, or 12 carbon atoms and an upper limit of 120, 80, 48, 24, 20, 18, or 16 carbon atoms may also be used. In one embodiment, each of the groups R and R′ has 8 or 6 to 30 or 12 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the sum of carbon atoms in R and R′ is at least 8. R and R′ may be linear or branched. The alcohols useful for preparing the friction modifier will similarly contain 1 or 8 to 30 or 150 carbon atoms. Alcohols having a range of carbon atoms from a lower limit of 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, or 12 carbon atoms and an upper limit of 120, 80, 48, 24, 20, 18, or 16 carbon atoms may also be used. In certain embodiments the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol-derived group may be 8 to 24, 10 to 18, 12 to 16, or 13 carbon atoms. The alcohols and amines may be linear or branched, and, if branched, the branching may occur at any point in the chain and the branching may be of any length. In some embodiments, the alcohols and/or amines used include branched compounds, and in still other embodiments, the alcohols and amines used are at least 50%, 75% or even 80% branched. In other embodiments, the alcohols are linear. In some embodiments, the alcohol and/or amine have at least 6 carbon atoms. Accordingly, certain embodiments the product prepared from branched alcohols and/or amines of at least 6 carbon atoms, for instance, branched C 6-18  or C 8-18  alcohols or branched C 12-16  alcohols, either as single materials or as mixtures. Specific examples include 2-ethylhexanol and isotridecyl alcohol, the latter of which may represent a commercial grade mixture of various isomers. Also, certain embodiments the product prepared from linear alcohols of at least 6 carbon atoms, for instance, linear C 6-18  or C 8-18  alcohols or linear C 12-16  alcohols, either as single materials or as mixtures. The tartaric acid used for preparing the tartrates, tartrimides, or tartramides may be the commercially available type (obtained from Sargent Welch), and it exists in one or more isomeric forms such as d-tartaric acid, l-tartaric acid, d,l-tartaric acid or meso-tartaric acid, often depending on the source (natural) or method of synthesis (e.g. from maleic acid). These derivatives may also be prepared from functional equivalents to the diacid readily apparent to those skilled in the art, such as esters, acid chlorides, or anhydrides. 
     In some embodiments, the additive package includes one or more corrosion inhibitors, one or more dispersants, one or more antiwear and/or extreme pressure additives, one or more extreme pressure agents, one or more antifoam agents in addition to the inventive antifoam component, one or more detergents, and optionally some amount of base oil or similar solvent as a diluent. 
     The additional additives may be present in the overall industrial gear lubricant composition from 0.1 wt % to 30 wt %, or from a minimum level of 0.1 wt %, 1 wt % or even 2 wt % up to a maximum of 30 wt %, 20 wt %, 10 wt %, 5 wt %, or even 2 wt %, or from 0.1 wt % to 30 wt %, from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, from 1 wt % to 20 wt %, from 1 wt % to 10 wt %, from 1 wt % to 5 wt %, or even about 2 wt %. These ranges and limits may be applied to each individual additional additive present in the composition, or to all of the additional additives present. 
     The Industrial Gear lubricant may comprise: 
     0.002 wt % to 0.040 wt % of the inventive antifoam component, 
     0.0001 wt % to 0.15 wt % of a corrosion inhibitor chosen from 2,5-bis(tert-dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, tolyltriazole, or mixtures thereof, 
     an oil of lubricating viscosity, 
     0.02 wt % to 3 wt % of antioxidant chosen from aminic or phenolic antioxidants, or mixtures thereof, 
     0.005 wt % to 1.5 wt % of a borated succinimide or a non-borated succinimide, 
     0.001 wt % to 1.5 wt % of a neutral or slightly overbased calcium naphthalene sulphonate (typically a neutral or slightly overbased calcium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate), and 
     0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.01 wt % to 3 wt % of an antiwear agent chosen from zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc dialkylphosphate, amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester, or mixtures thereof 
     The Industrial Gear lubricant may also comprise a formulation defined in the following table: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Industrial Gear Lubricant compositions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Inventive Antifoam 
                 0.0001 to 0.10 
                 0.001 to 0.05 
                 0.002 to 0.04 
               
               
                 component 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfurized Olefin 
                 0 to 5.0 
                 0.01 to 4.0 
                 0.1 to 3 
               
               
                 Dispersant 
                 0 to 2.0 
                 0.005 to 1.5 
                 0.01 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Demulsifier 
                 0.002 to 2 
                 .0025 to 0.5 
                 0.005 to 0.04 
               
               
                 Metal Deactivator 
                 0.001 to 0.5 
                 0.01 to 0.04 
                 0.015 to 0.03 
               
               
                 Rust Inhibitor 
                 0.001 to 1.0 
                 0.005 to 0.5 
                 0.01 to 0.25 
               
               
                 Amine Phosphate 
                 0 to 3.0 
                 0.005 to 2 
                 0.01 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Antiwear Agent 
                 0 to 5.0 
                 0.001 to 2 
                 0.1 to 1.0 
               
               
                 Oil of Lubricating 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
               
               
                 Viscosity 
                 100% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Antifoam performance of each lubricant may be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D892-13e1 Standard Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils. 
     As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl substituent” or “hydrocarbyl group” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include: 
     hydrocarbon substituents, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form a ring);
 
substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy);
 
hetero substituents, that is, substituents which, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of this invention, contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms and encompass substituents as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl. Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. In general, no more than two, or no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, there may be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group. In one embodiment, there are no halo substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.
 
     It is known that some of the materials described above may interact in the final formulation, so that the components of the final formulation may be different from those that are initially added. For instance, metal ions (of, e.g., a detergent) can migrate to other acidic or anionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby, including the products formed upon employing the composition of the present invention in its intended use, may not be susceptible of easy description. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction products are included within the scope of the present invention; the present invention encompasses the composition prepared by admixing the components described above. 
     The following examples provide illustrations of the disclosed technology. These examples are non-exhaustive and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosed technology. 
     Preparation of Inventive Composition A: 
     Inventive composition A is prepared by reacting 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (161.4 g), ethyl acrylate (92.4 g), 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutylacrylate acrylate (46.2 g) and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.33 g) in toluene (300 g). A 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, Claisen adapter with water-cooled condenser and nitrogen inlet set at 0.5 standard cubic feet per hours (scfh), thermocouple and stopper is charged with 200 g of this reaction mixture and heated to 110° C. The remaining 400 g of the reaction mixture is added over 90 minutes vial funnel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. Next, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for one hour. A second dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. A third dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. The reaction contents are cooled and transferred to a 1 L single neck round-bottom flask. Toluene is removed under reduced pressure providing a viscous colorless liquid at a yield of 95% and having a Mw of 66,213 Da. Finally, this product is diluted to 32 wt % with mineral oil (47 wt %) and toluene (21 wt %). 
     Preparation of Inventive Composition B: 
     Inventive composition B is prepared by reacting 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (162 g), ethyl acrylate (93 g), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate (45 g) and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.33 g) in toluene (300 g). A 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, Claisen adapter with water-cooled condenser and nitrogen inlet set at 0.5 standard cubic feet per hours (scfh), thermocouple and stopper is charged with 200 g of this reaction mixture and heated to 110° C. The remaining 400 g of the reaction mixture is added over 90 minutes vial funnel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. Next, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for one hour. A second dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. A third dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. The reaction contents are cooled and transferred to a 1 L single neck round-bottom flask. Toluene is removed under reduced pressure providing a viscous colorless liquid at a yield of 95% and having a Mw of 59,273 Da. The product is diluted with toluene (60 wt %). 
     Preparation of Inventive Composition C 
     Inventive composition C is prepared by reacting 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (130.8 g), ethyl acrylate (41.84 g), 1H, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl methacrylate (12.5 g) and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.20 g) in toluene (185 g). A 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, Claisen adapter with water-cooled condenser and nitrogen inlet set at 0.5 standard cubic feet per hours (scfh), thermocouple and stopper is charged with 123.2 g of this reaction mixture and heated to 110° C. The remaining 246.4 g of the reaction mixture is added over 90 minutes vial funnel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. Next, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.06 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for one hour. A second dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.06 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. A third dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.06 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel afterwhich the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. The reaction contents are cooled and transferred to a 1 L single neck round-bottom flask. Toluene is removed under reduced pressure providing a viscous colorless liquid at a yield of 95% and having a Mw of 44,667 Da. The product is diluted to 40 wt % in mineral oil. 
     Preparation of Inventive Composition D 
     Inventive composition D is prepared by reacting 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (211.8 g), ethyl acrylate (67.8 g), 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutylacrylate acrylate (20.4 g) and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.33 g) in toluene (300 g). A 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, Claisen adapter with water-cooled condenser and nitrogen inlet set at 0.5 standard cubic feet per hours (scfh), thermocouple and stopper is charged with 200 g of this reaction mixture and heated to 110° C. The remaining 400 g of the reaction mixture is added over 90 minutes vial funnel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. Next, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for one hour. A second dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. A third dose of tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (0.08 g) is dissolved in toluene (2.5 g) in a small vial and added to the reaction vessel after which the reaction mixture is allowed to react for 1 hour. The reaction contents are cooled and transferred to a 1 L single neck round-bottom flask. Toluene is removed under reduced pressure providing a viscous colorless liquid at a yield of 95% and having a M w  of 46,879 Da. Finally, this product is diluted to 40 wt % in mineral oil. 
     Experiment 1—Foam Performance in Engine Lubricating Fluid 
     The efficacy of inventive Composition A as an antifoam component is assessed by blending the Composition A into typical or conventional lubricants for a engine lubricating fluid and determining foaming tendency per test method ASTM D892. 
     The foaming characteristics of a fresh sample are also tested according to ASTM D6082-12. 
     Example 1—Engine Lubricating Fluid 
     Six engine lubricating compositions are prepared based on the formulations given below which represents a typical or conventional lubricant for an engine. Each of the components other than the oil are presented on an oil-free basis, and all the percentages are by weight: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 A 
                 **B 
                 ***C 
                 ****D 
                 *****E 
                 ******F 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Antifoam 
                 0 
                 0.001 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 Ashless Dispersant 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Dispersant Viscosity 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Modifier 
               
               
                 Overbased Detergent 
                 1.53 
                 1.53 
                 1.53 
                 1.53 
                 1.53 
                 1.53 
               
               
                 Antiwear Agent 
                 1.06 
                 1.06 
                 1.06 
                 1.06 
                 1.06 
                 1.06 
               
               
                 Friction Modifier 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 Viscosity Modifier 
                 6.13 
                 6.13 
                 6.13 
                 6.13 
                 6.13 
                 6.13 
               
               
                 Any Other Performance 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 Additive 
               
               
                 *Oil of Lubricating Viscosity 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
               
               
                   
                 to 100% 
                 to 100% 
                 to 100% 
                 to 100% 
                 to 100% 
                 to 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *The oil of lubricating viscosity is 4 cSt Group III base oil 
               
               
                 **Fluid B contains Fluid A plus a polydimethylsiloxane antifoam available from Momentive 
               
               
                 ***Fluid C contains Fluid A + a poly(acrylate) antifoam 72 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 28 wt % ethyl acrylate 
               
               
                 ****Fluid D contains Fluid A + a poly(acrylate) antifoam 85 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 15 wt % ethyl acrylate 
               
               
                 *****Fluid E contains Fluid A + a poly(acrylate) antifoam containing 72 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 23 wt % ethyl acrylate and 5 wt % 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate 
               
               
                 ******Fluid F contains Fluid A + Inventive Composition A, an antifoam containing 54 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 31 wt % ethyl acrylate and 15% 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above formulations are tested for foaming tendency according to ASTM D892 and ASTM D6082-12, and results are indicated in Table 7 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ASTM D892 foam 
                 ASTM D6082-12 
               
               
                   
                 tendency (mL) 
                 static foam 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Embodiment 
                 Seq I 
                 Seq II 
                 Seq III 
                 (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 260 
                 490 
                 160 
                 90 
               
               
                 B 
                 20 
                 70 
                 20 
                 150 
               
               
                 C 
                 10 
                 440 
                 260 
                 280 
               
               
                 D 
                 20 
                 390 
                 0 
                 220 
               
               
                 E 
                 20 
                 230 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                 F 
                 20 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *nt = not tested 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 7, only Embodiment F, which contains Inventive antifoam A, exhibits passing foam results across all four sequences (D892 and D6082). Notably the inventive antifoam outperforms both polydimethylsiloxane (Embodiment B), as well as both non-fluorinated acrylate compositions (Embodiments C and D), and acrylate compositions containing a lesser degree of fluorination (Embodiment E). 
     Experiment 2—Foam Performance in Driveline Lubricating Fluid 
     The efficacy of inventive Composition B as an antifoam component is assessed by blending the Composition B into typical or conventional lubricants for a Driveline lubricating fluid and determining foaming tendency per test method ASTM D892. 
     Example 1—Manual Transmission Lubricant 
     Six engine lubricating compositions are prepared based on the formulations given below which represents a typical or conventional lubricant for manual transmission oil. Each of the components other than the oil are presented on an oil-free basis, and all the percentages are by weight: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 **A 
                 ***B 
                 ****C 
                 *****D 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Antifoam 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 Dispersant 
                 3.28 
                 3.28 
                 3.28 
                 3.28 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Overbased detergent 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Antiwear Agent 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Friction Modifier 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Viscosity modifier 
                 10.18 
                 10.18 
                 10.18 
                 10.18 
               
               
                 Substitued 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Thiadiazole 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Corrosion Inhibitor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Polysulfide 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Extreme Pressure 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Agent 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *Oil of Lubricating 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
               
               
                 Viscosity 
                 100% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *The oil of lubricating viscosity is a 4 cSt Group IV base oil 
               
               
                 **Fluid A contains Fluid A + a poly(acrylate) antifoam containing 72 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 28 wt % ethyl acrylate 
               
               
                 ***Fluid B contains a poly(acrylate) antifoam containing 85 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 15 wt % ethyl acrylate 
               
               
                 ****Fluid C contains Inventive Composition D, an antifoam containing 71 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 23 wt % ethyl acrylate and 7% 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate 
               
               
                 *****Fluid D contains Inventive Composition B, an antifoam containing 54 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 31 wt % ethyl acrylate and 15% 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above formulations are tested for foaming tendency according to ASTM D892, and results are indicated in Table 9 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ASTM D892 foam tendency (mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Embodiment 
                 Seq I 
                 Seq II 
                 Seq III 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 660 
                 750 
                 640 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 650 
                 750 
                 620 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 550 
                 670 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                 D 
                 20 
                 30 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *nt = not tested 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 9, only Embodiment D, which contains Inventive Composition B, exhibits passing foam results across all three sequences of the D892 test. Notably Inventive antifoam B outperforms both non-fluorinated acrylate compositions (Embodiments A and B), and acrylate compositions containing a lesser degree of fluorination (Embodiment C). 
     The efficacy of inventive Compositions C and A as antifoam components is assessed by blending Compositions C and A into typical or conventional lubricants for a Driveline lubricating fluid and determining foaming tendency per test method ASTM D892. 
     Example 2—Continuously Variable Transmission Fluid 
     Four continuously variable transmission fluids were prepared, based on the formulations given below, utilizing inventive Compositions C and A as antifoam components, the formulations representing a typical or conventional lubricant for a continuously variable transmission. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Embodiments (wt % except where noted) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Additive 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Antifoam 
                 0 
                 **400 ppm 
                 ***400 ppm 
                 ****50 ppm 
               
               
                 Dispersant 
                 3.06 
                 3.06 
                 3.06 
                 3.06 
               
               
                 Overbased Detergent 
                 0.414 
                 0.414 
                 0.414 
                 0.414 
               
               
                 Phosphite 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Antiwear Agent 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Friction Modifier 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 Viscosity Modifier 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Any Other 
                 1.725 
                 1.725 
                 1.725 
                 1.725 
               
               
                 Performance 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Additive 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *Oil of Lubricating 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance 
                 Balance to 
                 Balance to 
               
               
                 Viscosity 
                 100% 
                 to 100% 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *The oil of lubricating viscosity was a 3 cSt Group III base oil 
               
               
                 **Fluid F contains a poly(acrylate) antifoam available from The Lubrizol Corporation 
               
               
                 ***Fluid G contains Inventive Composition C, an antifoam containing 71 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 23 wt % ethyl acrylate and 7 wt % octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OFPMa) 
               
               
                 ****Fluid H contains Inventive Composition A, an antifoam containing 54 wt % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 31 wt % ethyl acrylate and 15% 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate (HFB) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above formulations are tested for foaming tendency according to ASTM D892 and the results are indicated in Table 11 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ASTM D892 foam tendency (mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Embodiment 
                 Seq I 
                 Seq II 
                 Seq III 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 E 
                 *nt 
                 30 
                 210 
               
               
                   
                 F 
                 Nt 
                 20 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 G 
                 Nt 
                 20 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 H 
                 Nt 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *nt = not tested 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 11, inventive compositions C and A provide significantly better foam control compared to baseline (no antifoam), and roughly equivalent foam control compared to a poly(acrylate) antifoam. 
     Embodiments E through H are aged by exposure to a room temperature vulcanization (RTV) form-in-place-gasket (FIPG) material. FIPG is a sealant used during manufacturing which has the potential to contaminate fluids with low molecular weight silicone, which increases foaming tendencies of the fluid. The procedure used to expose the fluids to FIPG is to first spread 0.3 g of a silicone-based, one-component FIPG material, intended for use in transmissions (for example, ThreeBond® TB1281B, available from Techsil Ltd) on the bottom of a 3.8 liter glass jar and allow to cure under ambient conditions with the jar unsealed for one hour. One thousand grams of the test fluid is poured into the jar over the FIPG layer, sealed, and allowed to stand for five (5) days. The jar is then shaken and the liquid poured off into a separate container. The foregoing steps are repeated using 1 g of the same silicone-based FIPG material. The foaming tendency of the fluid is tested according to ASTM D892. The results are indicated in Table 12 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aging of Sample 
                 ASTM D892 foam tendency (mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Embodiment 
                 (% FIPG) 
                 Seq I 
                 Seq II 
                 Seq III 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 E 
                 0.03% 
                 *nt 
                 100 
                 550 
               
               
                   
                  0.1% 
                 nt 
                 100 
                 570 
               
               
                 F 
                 0.03% 
                 nt 
                 80 
                 240 
               
               
                   
                  0.1% 
                 nt 
                 90 
                 640 
               
               
                 G 
                 0.03% 
                 nt 
                 40 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                  0.1% 
                 nt 
                 100 
                 50 
               
               
                 H 
                 0.03% 
                 nt 
                 40 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                  0.1% 
                 nt 
                 50 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *nt—not tested 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 12, inventive compositions C and A provide significantly improved foam reduction compared to the baseline (no antifoam), and compared to a poly(acrylate) antifoam, in the presence of contamination that originates from FIPG. This is shown by the lower Seq II and Seq III foaming tendencies of Fluids G and H compared to Fluids E and F after exposure to FIPG at levels of 0.03% and 0.1%. 
     As described herein, the molecular weight of the antifoam has been determined using known methods, such as GPC analysis using polystyrene standards. Methods for determining molecular weights of polymers are well known. The methods are described for instance: (i) P. J. Flory, “Principles of star polymer Chemistry”, Cornell University Press 91953), Chapter VII, pp 266-315; or (ii) “Macromolecules, an Introduction to star polymer Science”, F. A. Bovey and F. H. Winslow, Editors, Academic Press (1979), pp 296-312. As used herein the weight average and number weight average molecular weights of the polymers of the invention are obtained by integrating the area under the peak corresponding to the antifoam of the invention, which is normally the major high molecular weight peak, excluding peaks associated with diluents, impurities, uncoupled star polymer chains and other additives. 
     Each of the documents referred to above is incorporated herein by reference, including any prior applications, whether or not specifically listed above, from which priority is claimed. The mention of any document is not an admission that such document qualifies as prior art or constitutes the general knowledge of the skilled person in any jurisdiction. Except in the Examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numerical quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word “about.” It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention can be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements. As used herein, the term “comprising” is intended also to encompass as alternative embodiments “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” “Consisting essentially of” permits the inclusion of substances that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition under consideration.