Patent Publication Number: US-11385966-B2

Title: Copy process substituting compressible bit pattern for any unqualified data objects

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/752,240, filed on May 22, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/057,737, filed on Feb. 14, 2005, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,275,075 on Sep. 25, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/055,635, filed on Jan. 22, 2002, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,328 on Sep. 6, 2005, and which patent applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to digital data storage management. More particularly, the invention concerns a copy procedure that distinguishes between qualified and unqualified data objects in a body of source data, and copies the source data to a target storage unit except for unqualified user files, which are replaced with a prescribed compressible bit pattern. Regardless of whether data objects are copied or replaced with the prescribed bit pattern, the copy process reports them as having been copied successfully. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     The electronic management of data is central in this information era. Scientists and engineers have provided the necessary infrastructure for widespread public availability of an incredible volume of information. The Internet is one chief example. In addition, the high-technology industry is continually achieving faster and more diverse methods for transmitting and receiving data. Some examples include satellite communications and the ever-increasing baud rates of commercially available computer modems. 
     With this information explosion, it is increasingly important for users to have some means for storing and conveniently managing their data. In this respect, the development of electronic data storage systems is more important than ever. And, engineers have squarely met the persistent challenge of customer demand by providing speedier and more reliable storage systems. 
     As an example, engineers at INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION (IBM) have developed various flexible systems called “storage management servers”, designed to store and manage data for remotely located clients. One example is the TIVOLI STORAGE MANAGER (TSM) product. With this product, a central server is coupled to multiple client platforms and one or more administrators. The server provides storage, backup, retrieval, and other management functions for the server&#39;s clients. 
     Although the TSM product includes some significant improvements over prior storage systems, IBM continually seeks to improve the efficiency of this and other such systems. One area of possible focus is space utilization, namely, minimizing the amount of storage space required to store data. To minimize the cost of disk, tape, and other storage media, customers wish to minimize the storage space that their data occupies. Customers also seek to minimize other storage assets, such as tape library storage slots, etc. Although some useful approaches have been proposed to address these concerns, IBM is nevertheless seeking better solutions to benefit its customers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Broadly, the present invention concerns a copy procedure that detects unqualified data objects in a body of source data, and copies the source data to a target storage unit except for unqualified data objects, which are replaced with a prescribed bit pattern. The invention detects and processes unqualified data objects whether they are “aggregated” or not. Aggregated data objects are data objects that have been concatenated for processing as a single unit to aid efficiency. 
     More specifically, a storage director initially reviews a body of source data to determine whether its data objects are already present in target storage. Data objects already present in target storage need not be copied. As for data objects not present in target storage, the storage director selectively copies the data objects to target storage. Then, the storage director applies prescribed criteria (such as differentiating between predetermined “active” and “inactive” data object designations) to determine which of the data objects qualify for copying, and which do not. Then, the storage director forms a “copy” of the source data on the target storage. In this copy operation, however, the storage director replaces each unqualified data object with a predetermined bit pattern. Responsive to completion of the copy operation, the storage director prepares a record indicating that the data object exists in target storage regardless of whether it was physically copied or replaced with the substitute bit pattern. The storage director may later repeat similar techniques to make a copy of the last copy, thereby performing a storage reclamation operation that consolidates storage to take advantage of any data objects that have become inactive after the first copy was made. 
     The foregoing features may be implemented in a number of different forms. For example, the invention may be implemented to provide a method of copying data. In another embodiment, the invention may be implemented to provide an apparatus such as a storage subsystem configured to copy data. In still another embodiment, the invention may be implemented to provide a signal-bearing medium tangibly embodying a program of machine-readable instructions executable by a digital data processing apparatus to copy data as discussed herein. Another embodiment concerns logic circuitry having multiple interconnected electrically conductive elements configured to copy data as disclosed herein. 
     The invention affords its users with a number of distinct advantages. For example, the copy technique disclosed herein may be used to implement a backup operation that essentially limits backup to “active” files, and omits “inactive” files from backup. Rather than being copied, the inactive files are replaced with a predetermined substitute bit pattern. Moreover, this entire process may be repeated to implement a reclamation process. By maintaining and using well organized metadata, active/inactive file status can be quickly determined with a minimum of processing overhead. Importantly, storage space can be conserved by using a substitute bit pattern that is highly compressible, for example, by hardware components that apply compression algorithms upon storage. Moreover, when substituting the prescribed bit pattern for any user files that are members of an aggregate file, the same length bit pattern is used so that the bit pattern (when uncompressed) occupies the same amount of storage as each respective substituted user file (when uncompressed). Consequently, offsets of each data object within an aggregate file are retained, preserving the accuracy of the original metadata. The invention also provides a number of other advantages and benefits, which should be apparent from the following description of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a block diagram of the hardware components and interconnections of a storage management system in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a block diagram showing the database component of  FIG. 1A  in greater detail. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a digital data processing machine in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows an exemplary signal-bearing medium in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 4A  is a block diagram showing the subcomponents of an illustrative storage hierarchy in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 4B  is a block diagram showing some contents of the storage hierarchy of  FIG. 4A  in greater detail, and more particularly, the existence of primary storage pools and copy storage pools. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing the interrelationship of various user files and aggregate files. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of an operational sequence for a copy process substituting a predetermined bit pattern for unqualified user files. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of an operational sequence for restoring data from one or more copy storage pools due to data of a primary storage pool being lost or inaccessible. 
         FIG. 8  is a flowchart of an operational sequence for restoring data from the storage hierarchy to a client station due to data becoming lost or inaccessible at that client station. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The nature, objects, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     Hardware Components &amp; Interconnections 
     Introduction 
     One aspect of the invention concerns a storage management system, which may be embodied by various hardware components and interconnections. One example is shown by the storage management system  100  of  FIG. 1A . Broadly, the system  100  includes a data storage subsystem  102 , one or more administrator stations  104 , and one or more client stations  106 . The subsystem  102  operates in response to directions of the client stations  106 , as well as the administrator stations  104 . 
     The administrator stations  104  are used by system administrators to configure, monitor, and repair the subsystem  102 . Under direction of an end user, the client stations  106  use the subsystem  102  to store and manage data on their behalf. More particularly, each client station  106  creates and regards data in the form of “user files,” also called “client files.” In this regard, each client station  106  separately employs the subsystem  102  to archive, back up, retrieve, and restore its user files. Optionally, each user file may be associated with a single client station  106 , which is the source of that user file. 
     Client Stations 
     Each client station  106  may comprise a general purpose computer such as a file server, workstation, personal computer, etc. The client stations  106  may comprise similar or different machines, running similar or different operating systems. Some exemplary operating systems include UNIX, OS/2, WINDOWS-NT, DOS, etc. 
     The client stations  106  are interconnected to the subsystem  102  by a network  116 . The network  116  may comprise any desired connection, including one or more conductive wires or busses, fiber optic lines, data communication channels, wireless links, Internet, telephone lines, etc. In one example, a high speed communication channel such as a T3 link is may be used, employing a network protocol such as TCP/IP. 
     Administrator Stations 
     The administrator stations  104  comprise electronic equipment for a human or automated storage administrator to convey machine-readable instructions to the subsystem  102 . Thus, the stations  104  may comprise processor-equipped general purpose computers or “dumb” terminals, depending upon the specific application. The administrator stations  104  may be coupled to the subsystem  102  directly or by one or more suitable networks (not shown). 
     Data Storage Subsystem: Subcomponents 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the data storage subsystem  102  may comprise a commercially available server such as an IBM TSM product. However, since other hardware arrangements may be used as well, a generalized view of the subsystem  102  is discussed below. 
     The data storage subsystem  102  includes a storage director  108 , having a construction as discussed in greater detail below. The storage director  108  exchanges signals with the network  116  and the client stations  106  via an interface  112 , and likewise exchanges signals with the administrator stations  104  via an interface  110 . The interfaces  110 / 112  may comprise any suitable device for communicating with the implemented embodiment of client station and administrator station. For example, the interfaces  110 / 112  may comprise ETHERNET cards, small computer system interfaces (“SCSIs”), parallel data ports, serial data ports, telephone modems, fiber optic links, wireless links, etc. 
     The storage director  108  is also coupled to a database  113  and a storage hierarchy  114 . As discussed in greater detail below, the storage hierarchy  114  is used to store “managed files”. A managed file may include an individual user file (stored as such), or multiple constituent user files stored together as a single “aggregate” file. Although the term “file” is used for illustration, numerous other data objects may be utilized in place of a file, such as a table space, image, database, binary bit pattern, etc. 
     The subsystem&#39;s storage of user files protects these files from loss or corruption on the client&#39;s machine, assists the clients by freeing storage space at the client stations, and also provides more sophisticated management of client data. In this respect, operations of the storage hierarchy  114  include “backing up” files from the client stations  106 , backing up client stations&#39; files contained in the storage hierarchy  114 , “retrieving” stored files from the storage hierarchy  114  for the client stations  106 , and “restoring” files backed-up on the hierarchy  114 . 
     The database  113  contains information (“metadata”) about the files contained in the storage hierarchy  114 . This information, for example, includes the addresses at which files are stored, various characteristics of the stored data, certain client-specified data management preferences, etc. The contents of the database  113  are discussed in detail below. 
     More Detail: Exemplary Data Processing Apparatus 
     As mentioned above, the storage director  108  may be implemented in various forms. As one example, the storage director  108  may comprise a digital data processing apparatus, as exemplified by the hardware components and interconnections of the digital data processing apparatus  200  of  FIG. 2 . 
     The apparatus  200  includes a processor  202 , such as a microprocessor, personal computer, workstation, or other processing machine, coupled to a storage  204 . In the present example, the storage  204  includes a fast-access storage  206 , as well as nonvolatile storage  208 . As one example, the fast-access storage  206  may comprise random access memory (“RAM”), and may be used to store the programming instructions executed by the processor  202 . The nonvolatile storage  208  may comprise, for example, battery backup RAM, EEPROM, one or more magnetic data storage disks such as a “hard drive”, a tape drive, or any other suitable storage device. The apparatus  200  also includes an input/output  210 , such as a line, bus, cable, electromagnetic link, or other means for the processor  202  to exchange data with other hardware external to the apparatus  200 . 
     Despite the specific foregoing description, ordinarily skilled artisans (having the benefit of this disclosure) will recognize that the apparatus discussed above may be implemented in a machine of different construction, without departing from the scope of the invention. As a specific example, one of the components  206 ,  208  may be eliminated; furthermore, the storage  204 ,  206 , and/or  208  may be provided on-board the processor  202 , or even provided externally to the apparatus  200 . 
     More Detail: Storage Hierarchy 
     The storage hierarchy  114  may be implemented in storage media of various number and characteristics, depending upon the clients&#39; particular requirements. To specifically illustrate one example,  FIG. 4A  depicts a representative storage hierarchy  400 . The hierarchy  400  includes multiple levels  402 - 410 , where levels nearer the top of the figure represent incrementally higher levels of storage performance. The levels  402 - 410  provide storage devices with a variety of features and performance characteristics. 
     In this example, the first level  402  includes high-speed storage devices, such as magnetic hard disk drives, writable optical disks, or other direct access storage devices (“DASDs”). The level  402  provides the fastest data storage and retrieval time among the levels  402 - 410 , albeit the most expensive. The second level  404  includes DASDs with less desirable performance characteristics than the level  402 , but with lower expense. The third level  406  includes multiple optical disks and one or more optical disk drives. The fourth and fifth levels  408 - 410  include even less expensive storage means, such as magnetic tape or another sequential-access storage device. 
     The levels  408 - 410  may be especially suitable for inexpensive, long-term data archival, whereas the levels  402 - 406  are appropriate for short-term, fast-access data storage. As an example, one or more devices in the level  402  and/or level  404  may even be implemented to provide a data storage cache. 
     Devices of the levels  402 - 410  may be co-located with the subsystem  102 , remotely located, or a combination of both, depending upon the user&#39;s requirements. Accordingly, storage devices of the hierarchy  400  may be coupled to the storage director  108  by a variety of means, such as one or more conductive wires or busses, fiber optic lines, data communication channels, wireless links, Internet connections, telephone lines, SCSI connection, ESCON connection, etc. 
     Although not shown, the hierarchy  400  may be implemented with a single device type, and a corresponding single level. Ordinarily skilled artisans will recognize the “hierarchy” being used illustratively, since this disclosure contemplates but does not require a hierarchy of storage device performance. 
     More Detail: Storage &amp; Copy Pools 
     Optionally, the storage hierarchy  400  may utilize storage pools including primary storage pools and copy storage pools as shown by the example of  FIG. 4B . Primary copies of user data are stored in primary storage pools such as  450 - 452  while backup copies of user data from the primary storage pools are copied to secondary storage pools  470 - 472 , called “copy storage pools.” In the illustrated embodiment, each storage pool represents a plurality of similar storage devices, such as DASDs  450 , optical disks  451 , magnetic tape devices  452 , etc. In fact, all storage devices within a single storage pool may be identical in type and format. Additional information about storage pools and copy pools is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,412, which issued on Nov. 14, 2000 in the names of David Maxwell Cannon et al. The entirety of the foregoing patent is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Storage pools may be implemented in numerous ways, beyond that which is practicable and necessary for discussion herein, as such would be apparent to ordinarily skilled artisans having the benefit of this disclosure. For instance, the primary pools  450 ,  451 , and  452  may all share the same copy pool. Additionally, data from one primary pool may be backed up to multiple copy pools. 
     More Detail: Database 
     As mentioned above, the database  113  is used to store various information about data contained in the storage hierarchy  114 . This information, for example, includes the addresses at which data objects are stored in the storage hierarchy  114 , various characteristics of the stored data, certain client-specified data management preferences, etc. 
     Further explanation of the database  113  is provided below. 
     File Aggregation 
     The subsystem  102  manages various data objects, which are embodied by “managed files” for purposes of this illustration. Each managed file comprises one user file or an aggregation of multiple constituent user files. The use of aggregate files is optional, however, and all managed files may constitute individual user files if desired. The “user” files are created by the client stations  106 , and managed by the subsystem  102  as a service to the client stations  106 . The subsystem  102 &#39;s use of aggregate files, however, is transparent to the client stations  106 , which simply regard user files individually. This “internal” management scheme helps to significantly reduce file management overhead costs by using managed files constructed as aggregations of many different user files. In particular, the subsystem  102  treats each managed file (whether aggregate or not) as a single file during backup, move, and other subsystem operations, reducing the file management overhead to that of a single file. 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary set of managed files  502 - 506 . For ease of explanation, uppercase alphabetic designators refer to aggregate files, whereas lowercase designators point out individual user files. Thus, the managed files  502 - 506  are also referenced by corresponding alphabetic designators A-C, for simpler representation in various tables shown below. 
     The managed file  502  includes multiple user files  502   a - 502   p  (also identified by alphabetic designators a-p). The user files  502   a - 502   p  are stored adjacent to each other to conserve storage space. The position of each user file in the managed file  502  is denoted by a corresponding one of the “offsets”  520 . In an exemplary implementation, the offsets may represent bytes of data. Thus, the first user file  502   a  has an offset of zero bytes, and the second user file  502   b  has an offset of ten bytes. In the simplified example of  FIG. 5 , each user file is ten bytes long. 
       FIG. 5  also depicts other managed files  504 ,  506 , each including various user files. In this example, the managed file  506  contains unused areas  510 / 512  that were once occupied by user files but later deleted. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the files  506   ba ,  506   bh ,  506   bn  . . .  506   bx  are present in the managed file  506 . Additional details of file aggregation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,074, which issued on Aug. 1, 2000 in the names of Cannon et al. The entirety of the foregoing patent is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Tables 
     The database  113  is composed of various information including tables that store information about data contained in the storage hierarchy  114 .  FIG. 1B  shows the contents of the database  113  in greater detail. Namely, these tables include an inventory table  150 , a storage table  152 , mapping tables  154 , and an aggregate attributes table  156 . Other tables  158  may be utilized, as well, depending upon the nature of the intended application. Each table provides a different type of information, exemplified in the description below. Ordinarily skilled artisans (having the benefit of this disclosure) will quickly recognize that the tables shown below are merely examples, that this data may be integrated, consolidated, or otherwise reconfigured, and that their structure and contents may be significantly changed, all without departing from the scope of the present invention. Moreover, instead of tables, this data may be organized as one or more object-oriented databases, relational databases, linked lists, etc. 
     Inventory Table 
     TABLE 1, below, shows an example of the inventory table  150 . The inventory table contains information specific to each user file stored in the subsystem  102 , regardless of the location and manner of storing the user files. Generally, the inventory table cross-references each user file with various “client” information and various “policy” information. More particularly, each user file is listed by its filename, which may comprise any alphabetic, alphanumeric, numeric, or other code uniquely associated with that user file. The inventory table contains one row for each user file. 
     The client information includes information relative to the client station  106  with which the user file is associated. In the illustrated example, the client information is represented by “client number”, and “source” columns. For each user file, the “client number” column identifies the originating client station  106 . This identification may include a numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric, or other code. In this example, a numeric code is shown. The “source” column lists a location in the client station  106  where the user file is stored locally by the client. As a specific example, a user file&#39;s source may comprise a directory in the client station. 
     In contrast to the client information of TABLE 1, the policy information includes information concerning the client&#39;s preferences for data management by the subsystem  102 . Optimally, this information includes the client&#39;s preferences themselves, as well as information needed to implement these preferences. In the illustrated example, the policy information is represented by the “retention time” and “active?” columns. Under the column heading “active?” the table  150  indicates whether each user file is considered “active” or “inactive.” In one embodiment, this is manually specified by an operator, host, application, or other source. Alternatively, the active/inactive determination may be made automatically, by appropriate criteria. One such criterion for being “inactive” includes files that have been stored in the storage hierarchy  114  while their counterpart at a client station  106  is later modified or deleted. Other examples of criteria for active/inactive status include the frequency or recency of use of a file, the file&#39;s source location, the length of time since the file has been referenced by a client station, etc. In still another embodiment, the “active?” column may be omitted, with the active/inactive determination being made “on the fly” whenever the active/inactive status of a file affects any action to be taken. The policy information may also include other columns (not shown), for example, listing a maximum number of backup versions to maintain, time stamps of backed-up data, etc. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 INVENTORY TABLE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RETENTION TIME 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CLIENT  
                   
                 (APPLICABLE TO 
               
               
                 FILENAME 
                 ACTIVE ? 
                 NUMBER 
                 SOURCE 
                 INACTIVE FILES) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 a 
                 no 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 b 
                 yes 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 c 
                 no 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 d 
                 yes 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 e 
                 no 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 p 
                 yes 
                 1 
                 /usr 
                  30 DAYS 
               
               
                 aa 
                 yes 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 ab 
                 yes 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 ac 
                 yes 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 ad 
                 no 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 ae 
                 yes 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 aj 
                 yes 
                 27 
                 D:\DATA 
                  90 DAYS 
               
               
                 ba 
                 yes 
                 3 
                 C:\DATA 
                 365 DAYS 
               
               
                 bh 
                 no 
                 3 
                 C:\DATA 
                 365 DAYS 
               
               
                 bn 
                 no 
                 3 
                 C:\DATA 
                 365 DAYS 
               
               
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
                 3 
                 C:\DATA 
                 365 DAYS 
               
               
                 bx 
                 yes 
                 3 
                 C:\DATA 
                 365 DAYS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Storage Table 
     TABLE 2, below, shows an example of the storage table  152 . In contrast to the inventory table  150  (described above), the storage table  152  contains information about where each managed file is stored in the storage hierarchy  114 . The storage table  152  contains a single row for each storage instance of a managed file. 
     In the illustrated example, the storage table  152  includes “managed filename”, “storage pool”, “volume”, “location”, “file(s) containing substitute pattern,” and any other desired columns. The “managed filename” column lists all managed files by filename. Each managed file has a filename that comprises a unique alphabetic, alphanumeric, numeric, or other code. For each managed file, the “storage pool” identifies a subset of the storage hierarchy  114  where the managed file resides, and more particularly, one of the primary or copy storage pools. As mentioned above, each “storage pool” is a group of storage devices of the storage hierarchy  114  having similar performance characteristics. Identification of each storage pool may be made by numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric, or another unique code. In the illustrated example, numeric codes are used. 
     The “volume” column identifies a sub-part of the identified storage pool. In the data storage arts, data is commonly grouped, stored, and managed in logical “volumes”, where a volume may comprise a tape or a portion of a DASD. The “location” column identifies the corresponding managed file&#39;s location within the volume. As an example, this value may comprise a track/sector combination (for DASDs or optical disks), a tachometer reading (for magnetic tape), address, etc. 
     The “file(s) containing substitute bit pattern” column identifies any constituent user files of the listed managed file that have been replaced by a predetermined bit pattern rather than being physically stored. Alternatively, instead of using this column, the invention may make a nonspecific notation (1) for each managed file that is a user file that contains the substitute bit pattern, and (2) for each managed file that is an aggregate file having one or more constituent user files that have been replaced with the substitute bit pattern. In still another embodiment, the “file(s) containing substitute bit pattern” column may be omitted entirely, as explained in greater detail below. 
                     TABLE 2                  STORAGE TABLE                                 MANAGED   STORAGE           FILE(S) CONTAINING       FILENAME   POOL   VOLUME   LOCATION   SUBSTITUTE BIT PATTERN                                         A   1 (PRIMARY)   39   1965           A   7 (COPY)   17   2378   a, c       A   8 (COPY)   9   1123   a       B   1 (PRIMARY)   39   4967           B   7 (COPY)   17   5492   ad       C   1 (PRIMARY)   2   16495           C   7 (COPY)   21   439   bn                    
Mapping Tables
 
     TABLES 3A-3B, below, provide an example of the mapping tables  154 . Generally, these tables operate to bidirectionally cross-reference between aggregate files and user files. The mapping tables identify, for each aggregate file, all constituent user files. Conversely, for each user file, the mapping tables identify one or more aggregate files containing that user file. In this respect, the specific implementation of TABLES 3A-3B includes an “aggregate→user” table (TABLE 3A) and a “user→aggregate” table (TABLE 3B). 
     The “aggregate→user” table contains multiple rows for each aggregate file, each row identifying one constituent user file of that aggregate file. Each row identifies a aggregate/user file pair by the managed filename (“managed filename” column) and the user filename (“user filename”). 
     Conversely, each row of the “user→aggregate” table lists a single user file by its name (“user filename” column), cross-referencing this user file to one managed file containing the user file (“managed filename”). If the user file is present in additional managed files, the mapping tables contain another row for each additional such managed file. In each row, identifying one user/managed file pair, the row&#39;s user file is also cross-referenced to the user file&#39;s length (“length” column) and its offset within the aggregate file of that pair (“offset” column). In this example, the length and offset are given in bytes. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 USER -&gt; AGGREGATE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 MANAGED 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 USER 
                 (AGGREGATE) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FILENAME 
                 FILENAME 
                 LENGTH 
                 OFFSET 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 a 
                 A 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 b 
                 A 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 c 
                 A 
                 10 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 d 
                 A 
                 10 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 e 
                 A 
                 10 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 . . . 
                 A 
                 10 
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                 p 
                 A 
                 10 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 aa 
                 B 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 ab 
                 B 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 ac 
                 B 
                 10 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 ad 
                 B 
                 10 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 ae 
                 B 
                 10 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 . . . 
                 B 
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                 aj 
                 B 
                 10 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 ba 
                 C 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 bh 
                 C 
                 10 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 bn 
                 C 
                 10 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 . . . 
                 C 
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                 bx 
                 C 
                 10 
                 230 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGREGATE -&gt; USER 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MANAGED 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (AGGREGATE) 
                 USER 
               
               
                   
                 FILENAME 
                 FILENAME 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 b 
               
               
                   
                   
                 c 
               
               
                   
                   
                 d 
               
               
                   
                   
                 e 
               
               
                   
                   
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                   
                 p 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 aa 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ab 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ac 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ad 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ae 
               
               
                   
                   
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aj 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 ba 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bh 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bn 
               
               
                   
                   
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bx 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Aggregate Attributes Table 
     TABLE 4, below, shows an example of the aggregate attributes table  156 . This table accounts for the fact that, after time, an aggregate file may contain some empty space due to deletion of one or more constituent user files. As explained below, the subsystem  102  generally does not immediately consolidate an aggregate file upon deletion of one or more constituent user files. This contributes to the efficient operation of the subsystem  102 , by minimizing management overhead for the aggregate files. 
     If desired, to conserve storage space, reclamation may be performed to remove unused space between and within aggregate files, as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 6,021,415, which issued on Feb. 1, 2000. The reclamation procedure, as discussed in the &#39;415 patent, utilizes knowledge of aggregate file attributes as maintained in the aggregate attributes table. 
     Each row of the aggregate attributes table represents a different managed file, identified by its managed filename (“managed filename” column). Each row lists one aggregate file, along with its original size upon creation (“original size”), present size not including deleted user files (“in-use size”), and number of non-deleted user files (“in-use files”). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGREGATE ATTRIBUTES TABLE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MANAGED 
                 ORIGINAL 
                 IN-USE 
                 IN-USE 
               
               
                   
                 FILENAME 
                 SIZE 
                 SIZE 
                 FILES 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 160 
                 160 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 100 
                 100 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 240 
                 130 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Other Tables 
     The database  113  may also be implemented to include a number of other tables  158  if desired, the content and structure being apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art (having the benefit of this disclosure). Some or all of these tables, for instance, may be added or incorporated into various existing tables discussed above. In one embodiment, the database  113  includes a storage pool table (not shown) indicating whether each storage pool is a primary or copy storage pool, rather than including this information in the “storage pool” column of the storage table  152 . 
     Operation 
     Having described various structural features, an operational aspect of the present invention will now be described. 
     Signal-Bearing Media 
     Wherever the functionality of the invention is implemented using machine-executed program sequences, these sequences may be embodied in various forms of signal-bearing media. In the context of  FIG. 2 , this signal-bearing media may comprise, for example, the storage  204  or another signal-bearing media, such as a magnetic data storage diskette  300  ( FIG. 3 ), directly or indirectly accessible by a processor  202 . Whether contained in the storage  206 , diskette  300 , or elsewhere, the instructions may be stored on a variety of machine-readable data storage media. Some examples include direct access storage (e.g., a conventional “hard drive”, redundant array of inexpensive disks (“RAID”), or another DASD), sequential-access storage such as magnetic tape, electronic non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM), battery backup RAM, optical storage (e.g., CD-ROM, WORM, DVD), or other suitable signal-bearing media including analog or digital transmission media and communication links and wireless communications. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the machine-readable instructions may comprise software object code, assembled from assembly language, compiled from a language such as C, etc. 
     Logic Circuitry 
     In contrast to the signal-bearing medium discussed above, some or all of the invention&#39;s functionality may be implemented using logic circuitry, instead of using a processor to execute instructions. Such logic circuitry is therefore configured to perform operations to carry out the method of the invention. The logic circuitry may be implemented using many different types of circuitry, as discussed above. 
     Backup Sequence 
       FIG. 6  shows a sequence  600  to back up source data to target storage, illustrating one embodiment of the present invention. For ease of explanation, but without any intended limitation, the example of  FIG. 6  is described in the context of the system  100  described above. 
     The routine  600  begins when the storage director  108  receives a BACKUP instruction (step  602 ). This instruction may be manually sent by a client  106 , administrator  104 , another process or machine, automatically triggered by predetermined schedule, etc. The BACKUP instruction specifies a body of source data to back up and the target storage to be used. In the illustrated example, the source data comprises a primary storage pool such as  450 - 452  ( FIG. 4B ), although different sizes and definitions of source data may be used, such as one or more volumes, physical devices, logical devices, logical surfaces, storage assemblies, extents, ranges, folders, directories, etc. 
     In step  604 , the director  108  begins to process a first managed file of the source data. While this file is being processed, it is referred to as the “current” file. The director  108  may select the first and each subsequent managed file for processing based on any helpful set of criteria, such as size, order, priority, or even arbitrarily. The storage director  108  identifies the constituent managed files of the source data by using the storage table  152  (TABLE 2, above). 
     In step  605 , the storage director checks the storage table  152  to determine whether the current file was previously backed up. If the current file was previously backed up to the target storage, there is no need to repeat another backup for this file, and step  607  advances to step  612  (discussed below). On the other hand, if the current file has not been backed up, step  607  advances to step  606 , discussed below. 
     The director  108  next determines whether the current file is an aggregate file or an individual user file (step  606 ). This is done by consulting the mapping tables  154 , and in particular, concluding that the current file is an aggregate file only if it is shown in TABLE 3A. If the current file is a user file, the director  108  determines whether the current file passes predetermined backup criteria (step  608 ), also called “qualifying” for backup. In the illustrated example, user files are only backed up if they are “active” as shown by the inventory table  150  (TABLE 1, above). Alternatively, the director  108  may utilize other criteria to determine whether files qualify for backup, which may be available by predetermined list (to minimize overhead) as with active/inactive status, or this determination may be made “on the fly” by examining relevant characteristics of the current file such as size, priority, age, content, owner, etc. 
     Instead of being written to storage, inactive files are replaced with a prescribed dummy pattern, as explained below. More particularly, step  608  advances to step  609  if the current file passes the backup criteria (i.e., is active), in which case the storage director  108  writes the file to target storage. Otherwise, if the current file fails the backup criteria (i.e., is inactive), the storage director  108  writes a prescribed bit pattern to target storage instead of the current user file (step  610 ). The length of the bit pattern need not match that of the replaced user file, since individual user files have no offsets to be preserved (unlike aggregate files as discussed below). Upon completion of either step  609  or  610 , the storage director  108  inserts an entry into the storage table  152  to show that the current file has been backed up; if step  610  was executed, the “file(s) containing substitute bit pattern” column of this same entry reflects that the bit pattern has been used in substitution for the current user file. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined bit pattern may be prestored in a memory buffer (not shown) of the subsystem  102  in order to expedite repeated copying of the bit pattern to target storage. The bit pattern of step  610  (and step  622 , below) is selected to be easily recognized and efficiently compressed by automatic software and/or hardware compression processes that physically write data to the storage hierarchy  114 . More particularly, the bit pattern is selected such that, if provided as input to a certain digital data compression process, it would be compressed with at least a particular predicted “compression efficiency”. Compression efficiency may be measured for example, as a ratio of pre-compression to post-compression storage size, or another suitable computation. The compression efficiency is “predicted” based upon knowledge of how the implemented compression process treats the predetermined bit pattern; this may be near or even equal the “actual” compression efficiency achieved when compression is subsequently performed. Optimally, the predetermined bit pattern is selected because of its high compressibility, thereby achieving the maximum compression efficiency when compressed. In this respect, certain bit patterns may be chosen because they have an obviously high compressibility by many compression processes, without requiring any specific knowledge of particular compression processes operation. As an example, desirable bit patterns include a sequence of repeating binary zeros, or a sequence of repeating binary ones. Both of these patterns are easily compressed by most known compression processes such as the well known Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) and run length encoding (RLL) techniques. Preferably, the same bit pattern is used each time step  610  (and step  622 , below) is invoked, although the bit pattern may be varied between and/or within steps  610 ,  622  if desired. 
     In step  612 , the storage director  108  asks whether the source data includes any remaining managed files to process. If so, processing of the next managed file begins (step  614 ), with this file becoming the current file for processing starting in step  605 . Otherwise, if step  612  finds that the source data does not contain any other managed files to process, the program  600  ends (step  616 ). 
     In contrast to the foregoing description of processing individual user files, a different sequence is used if step  606  finds that the current file is an aggregate file. Namely, step  606  advances to step  618 , where the storage director  108  begins by considering a first user file within the subject aggregate file. While this constituent user file is being processed, it is referred to as the “current” user file. The director  108  may select the first and each subsequent constituent user file for processing based on any helpful criteria, such as size, order, priority, or even arbitrarily. The storage director  108  identifies the constituent user files within the current aggregate file by using the mapping tables  154  (namely, TABLE 3A shown above). 
     The director  108  next determines whether the current user file passes the predetermined backup criteria (step  620 ), namely, whether the current user file is an “active” file. If the current file passes the backup criteria (i.e., is active), the storage director  108  writes the file to target storage (step  621 ). Otherwise, if the current file fails the backup criteria (i.e., is inactive), the storage director  108  writes the prescribed bit pattern to target storage instead of the current user file (step  622 ). In the illustrated example, length of the prescribed, substitute bit pattern (uncompressed) is the same as the length of the current user file (uncompressed) in order to preserve the original offsets of user files within the subject aggregate file. 
     In step  624 , the storage director  108  asks whether the current aggregate file includes any other constituent user files to process. If so, processing of the next user file begins (step  626 ), with this file becoming the current user file for processing starting in step  620 . Otherwise, if step  624  finds that the current aggregate file does not contain any other user files to process, then processing of the current aggregate file is complete. At this point (step  625 ), the storage director  108  inserts an entry into the storage table  152  to show that the current aggregate file has been backed up, and if appropriate, which user files of that aggregate file contain the predetermined bit pattern. 
     After step  625 , step  628  asks whether the source data contains any more managed files left to process. If so, the next managed file is selected (step  614 ) and processing of that file begins in step  605 . Otherwise, the program  600  ends in step  630 . 
     Sequence for Reclamation 
     The operations of sequence  600  may be applied to a backup data operation (as discussed above), or to achieve “reclamation” of backup data in order to conserve space. Broadly, reclamation consolidates data storage space by eliminating unwanted or unused space. More specifically, in the context of the illustrated environment, reclamation involves applying the steps  600  to form a further copy of backup data, with any user files that have become inactive since being backed up being replaced with the substitute bit pattern. In reclamation, however, steps  605 - 607  are omitted because the data inherently exists. Also, in steps  609 ,  610 ,  625 , metadata is additionally updated to remove references to the original copy. 
     Sequence for Restore to Primary Storage Pool 
       FIG. 7  shows a sequence  700  to restore data from one or more copy storage pools to one or more primary storage pools in the hierarchy  114  due to the data of a primary storage pool being lost or inaccessible. For ease of explanation, but without any intended limitation, the example of  FIG. 7  is described in the context of the system  100  described above. 
     The routine  700  begins when the storage director  108  receives a RESTORE instruction (step  702 ). As one example, this instruction may be manually instituted by the administrator  104 . Alternatively, the instruction may emanate from another process or machine, automatic trigger, predetermined schedule, etc. The RESTORE instruction identifies subject files and a primary storage pool, providing directions to restore these files by copying them from one or more copy storage pools back into the primary storage pool. The RESTORE instruction identifies the subject files by storage location, name, rules, characteristics, wildcard characters, or any other criteria useful in determining which files should be restored. 
     After step  702 , the storage director  108  begins to process the managed files identified in the RESTORE instruction of step  702 , one managed file at a time. More particularly, in step  704 , the storage director  108  starts with a first managed file of the data to be restored. While this file is being processed, it is referred to as the “current” file. The director  108  may select the first and each subsequent managed file for processing based on any helpful criteria, such as size, order, priority, efficiency, or even arbitrarily. 
     After step  704 , the storage director  108  asks whether the current managed file has been previously backed up, and identifies each different backup if there are more than one (step  712 ). If the current managed file is a user file, then step  712  involves consulting the storage table  152  (TABLE 2, above) to determine whether this file exists in any copy storage pool, and to identify these copy storage pools (if any). If step  712  finds that there no backups, step  712  advances to step  716 , which fails the RESTORE operation for this file and returns a suitable error code or returns a suitable error message to the source of the original RESTORE instruction. 
     If step  712  finds one or more backup copies of the current file, the director  108  chooses an appropriate backup site from which to carry out the restoration (step  714 ). The choice of step  714  may be based upon various considerations, such as the following:
         1) if backup is on tape, choosing a backup volume that is already mounted to tape accessing equipment.   2) choosing a backup volume that is not being used by another process.   3) if backup is on tape, choosing a backup volume that is in an automated tape library rather than requiring manual mounting or delivery from an off site location.   4) administrator preference.   5) choosing the backup site likely to provide fastest read time based on device performance attributes.   6) if the current file is an aggregate file, choosing a backup site where a minimum number of constituent user files of the aggregate file have been replaced with the substitute bit pattern. This is determined by consulting the storage table  152  to determine which constituent user files of the current (aggregate) file contain valid data and which (if any) contain the substitute bit pattern. In the illustrated embodiment, the “file(s) contain substitute bit pattern” column of the storage table  152  indicates whether each constituent user file contains valid data or not. In a different implementation, where the “file(s) contain substitute bit pattern” column generally indicates whether any constituent user file contains the substitute bit pattern (without identifying which user file), then the storage director additionally consults the mapping tables  154  (namely, TABLE 3A) and the inventory table  150  to determine which constituent user files are “active” and which are “inactive.” As for the backed up user files shown to be inactive, these are assumed to be replaced with the substitute bit pattern; backed up user files shown to be active are assumed to represent valid data. For this condition to hold, and in the particular embodiment where the “file(s) contain substitute bit pattern” column does not specifically identify user files containing the substitute bit pattern, the storage director  108  necessarily manages the inventory table  150  so as to prevent inactive files from ever becoming active; to allow flip-flopping would possibly permit restoration of null data. Alternatively, in embodiments where the “file(s) contain substitute bit pattern” column is omitted from the storage table  152 , the backup data itself may be examined by comparing at least part of each constituent user file to the substitute bit pattern to determine whether useful data is represented therein.   If all constituent user files of the current aggregate file have been substituted, then this data is not usable for the present RESTORE operation  10  and step  714  jumps to step  716 . Here, the storage director  108  takes action to invalidate all user files by removing each user file&#39;s data from the inventory table  150 , removing references to the aggregate and its constituent user files from the mapping tables and the aggregate attributes table, removing all entries related to this aggregate file from the storage table, and reporting failure of the RESTORE operation for the current file.   7) if the current file is a user file rather than an aggregate file, step  714  chooses a backup site where the user file has not been replaced with the substitute bit pattern. This is done by consulting the “file(s) contain substitute bit pattern” column of the storage table  152 . Alternatively, in embodiments where this column is not used, the backup data itself may be examined by comparing at least a part of the data to the substitute bit pattern to determine whether useful data is represented therein. If the current user file has no backups other than those with the substitute bit pattern, then this data is not usable for the present RESTORE operation and step  714  jumps to step  716  to fail the RESTORE operation. In this case, the data is effectively useless and the storage director  108  takes action to invalidate the user file, whereby the storage director  108  removes the user file&#39;s data from the inventory table  150 , removes storage table entries for the current user file, and reports failure of the RESTORE operation for this user file.       

     After step  714 , the storage director  108  carries out the restore operation from the chosen backup site (step  710 ). Additionally, step  710  updates the storage table  152  in order to reference the location of the restored file and to delete the reference to the file&#39;s original location. Namely, the backup data is copied to the primary storage pool identified in the original RESTORE instruction. After step  710  (or step  716 , discussed above), the director  108  asks whether there are more managed files left to restore, according to the original RESTORE instruction (step  718 ). If so, the director  108  proceeds to the next managed file (step  708 ), and returns to step  712 . Otherwise, if there are no further managed files to restore, step  718  advances to step  720 , where the routine  700  ends. 
     Sequence For Restore to Client Station 
       FIG. 8  shows a sequence  800  to restore data from the storage hierarchy  114  to a client station  106  due to that data becoming lost, deleted, or inaccessible at that client station  106 . For ease of explanation, but without any intended limitation, the example of  FIG. 8  is described in the context of the system  100  described above. 
     The routine  800  begins when the storage director  108  receives a RESTORE instruction (step  802 ). This instruction may be manually or automatically submitted by or on behalf of a client station  106 , such as the client station  106  that has experienced the data loss. The RESTORE instruction identifies one or more user files to be restored by sending them from one or more primary or copy storage pools back to the client station  106 . The RESTORE instruction identifies the subject user files by name, rules, characteristics, wildcard characters, or any other criteria useful in determining which files should be restored. 
     After step  802 , the storage director  108  begins to process a first one of the user files identified in the RESTORE instruction (step  804 ). While this file is being processed, it is referred to as the “current” file. The director  108  may select the first and subsequent user files for processing based on any helpful criteria, such as size, order, priority, efficiency, or even arbitrarily. 
     After step  804 , the storage director  108  attempts to locate the current user file in its primary storage location (step  806 ). In the illustrated environment, this step is performed using the mapping tables  154  (namely, TABLE 3B, above) and the storage table  152  (TABLE 2, above). If the current user file was found, the storage director  108  reads the current user file from the primary location and copies it to the client station  108  (also in step  806 ). After step  806 , step  808  asks whether the operation of step  806  succeeded. If so, step  808  advances to step  816 , described below. 
     On the other hand, if the current user file cannot be found at the primary location, step  808  advances to step  810 , which asks whether the current user file had been previously backed up from the primary location, and identifies each different backup if there are more than one. This is performed by consulting the storage table  152  (TABLE 2, above) to determine whether this file exists in any copy storage pool, and to identify these copy storage pools (if any). If step  810  finds that there no backups, step  810  advances to step  814 , which fails the RESTORE operation for this user file and returns a suitable error code or returns a suitable error message to the source of the original RESTORE instruction. 
     If the current user file has been previously backed up, the director  108  chooses an appropriate backup site (step  812 ). If there are multiple backup sites, the choice among backup sites may be made using similar considerations as discussed above in conjunction with  FIG. 7 . If there are one or more backups available, but the current user file has been replaced by the substitute bit pattern in each backup site, then step  812  jumps to step  814  where the storage director fails the RESTORE operation. In this case, the storage director  108  may optionally invalidate the file in the manner discussed above. After step  814 , control passes to step  816  to determine whether there are more files left to restore. If step  812  completes successfully, however, the storage director  108  proceeds to step  815 , where it carries out the restore operation from the chosen backup site. 
     After step  815  (or step  814  or an affirmative answer to step  808 ), step  816  checks whether there are more user files left to restore, according to the original RESTORE instruction of step  802 . If so, the director  108  proceeds selects the next user file in step  818 , and returns to step  806 . Otherwise, if there are no further user files to restore, step  816  advances to step  820 , where the routine  800  ends. 
     OTHER EMBODIMENTS 
     While the foregoing disclosure shows a number of illustrative embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, although elements of the invention may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, ordinarily skilled artisans will recognize that operational sequences must be set forth in some specific order for the purpose of explanation and claiming, but the present invention contemplates various changes beyond such specific order.