Patent Publication Number: US-2022216522-A1

Title: Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2021-000512 filed on Jan. 5, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated in the present specification by reference. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries such as lithium secondary batteries have been suitably used in portable power sources such as personal computers and mobile terminals, and in power sources for vehicle drive in, for instance, battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). 
     A general nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laid up on each other across a separator. Such an electrode body is roughly classified into a wound electrode body and a stacked-type electrode body. A stacked-type electrode body has a structure in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are alternately laid up across separators interposed therebetween. 
     As one method for producing a stacked-type electrode body, a method is mentioned in which multiple mono-cells are formed, each being a sequential stack of a first electrode, a first separator, a second electrode and a second separator, and thereafter the mono-cells are further laid up on each other (for instance, see Japanese Patent No. 6093369). In such a production method, the separators and the electrodes are bonded to each other by an adhesive, for the purpose of preventing misalignment of the electrodes and the separators. For instance, Japanese Patent No. 6093369 illustrates a feature in which in order to bond separators and electrodes using an adhesive, an adhesive is applied onto both surfaces of the first separator, whereas the adhesive is applied only onto the surface of the second separator, that opposes the second electrode. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In conventional art, however, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution (in particular, charge carriers (e.g., lithium ions or the like)) do not move readily at portions of separators that are coated with an adhesive, and this may give rise to an increase in resistance. Moreover, active materials expand and contract repeatedly as the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is repeatedly charged and discharged. When the active materials expand, a restraint pressure rises and the nonaqueous electrolyte solution is pushed out of the stacked-type electrode body. In conventional art, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution does not flow readily at portions, of separators, that are coated with an adhesive, and accordingly the nonaqueous electrolyte solution that has flowed out is hard to return to the stacked-type electrode body, which may give rise to an increase in resistance. Therefore, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having low initial resistance and in which increases in resistance upon repeated charging and discharge are suppressed. 
     The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein includes a stacked-type electrode body which includes a cell unit in which a first electrode, a first separator, a second electrode and a second separator are laid up in this order; and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The first electrode has a first collector and a first active material layer. The second electrode has a second collector and a second active material layer. The area of a main surface of the first separator and the area of a main surface of the second separator are larger than the area of a main surface of a first active material layer of the first electrode and the area of a main surface of a second active material layer of the second electrode. A second active material layer non-formation section at which the second active material layer is not formed and the second collector is exposed, is provided in the second electrode. The second active material layer non-formation section has a missing portion in which the second collector is removed, from one main surface up to an opposing main surface. The first separator and the second separator are not bonded to the second active material layer of the second electrode; and the first separator and the second separator are welded at the missing portion of the second active material layer non-formation section. By virtue of such a configuration, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided that has low initial resistance and in which increases in resistance upon repeated charging and discharge are suppressed. 
     In a desired implementation of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, the missing portion is a through-hole. In such a configuration, it is easy to fix the first electrode to the first separator and the second separator, by welding at one site. In addition, it is easy to increase the strength of the second active material layer non-formation section, without limiting the position the missing portion. 
     In a desired implementation of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, the first active material layer and the second active material layer oppose each other. The area of the main surface of the first active material layer of the first electrode is larger than the area of the main surface of the second active material layer of the second electrode. An opposing region that opposes the second active material layer is formed in a central portion of the first active material layer. A non-opposing region that does not oppose the second active material layer is formed in an outer peripheral edge portion of the first active material layer. The first separator and the first electrode are bonded by a first adhesive. The first adhesive that bonds the first electrode and the first separator is not disposed in the opposing region of the first active material layer, and is disposed outside the opposing region. Such a configuration allows further reducing initial resistance, and further suppressing increases in resistance upon repeated charging and discharge. 
     Here, in a case where the first electrode is a negative electrode and the second electrode is a positive electrode, it becomes possible to prevent, to a high degree, that ions (for instance, lithium ions) functioning as charge carriers should precipitate in the form of a metal, since the area of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer is larger than the area of the main surface of the positive electrode active material layer. 
     In a desired implementation of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, the thickness of the first adhesive is smaller than the thickness of the second electrode. Such a configuration allows preventing stress from concentrating at a portion where the first adhesive is disposed, at the time where the cell units are stacked. 
     In a desired implementation of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein, the stacked-type electrode body has a stack in which a plurality of the cell units is laid up, such that the outermost layers of the stack are respectively a positive electrode and a negative electrode; and a single negative electrode. The single negative electrode is laid on the positive electrode of an outermost layer of the stack. Such a configuration allows using the lithium in the positive electrode of the outermost layer for charging and discharge, and allows increasing cell capacity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating schematically the internal structure of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is an exploded perspective-view diagram illustrating schematically a cell unit included in a stacked-type electrode body of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective-view diagram for illustrating schematically an example of a multilayer structure of a positive electrode and separators in a cell unit included in a stacked-type electrode body of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective-view diagram for illustrating schematically a variation of a multilayer structure of a positive electrode and separators in a cell unit included in a stacked-type electrode body of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective-view diagram for illustrating schematically another variation of a multilayer structure of a positive electrode and separators in a cell unit included in a stacked-type electrode body of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating schematically a cell unit included in a stacked-type electrode body of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of a negative electrode of a cell unit included in a stacked-type electrode body of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments according to the present disclosure will be explained hereafter with reference to accompanying drawings. It should be noted that matters which are not specifically mentioned in the present specification and are necessary for implementation of the present disclosure can be understood as design matters of those skilled in the art based on the conventional art in the field. The disclosure can be realized on the basis of the disclosure of the present specification and common technical knowledge in the relevant technical field. In the drawings below, members and portions that elicit identical effects are denoted with identical reference symbols. The dimensional relationships (length, width, thickness and so forth) in the drawings do not reflect actual dimensional relationships. 
     The present embodiment will be explained in detail below on the basis of a lithium ion secondary battery as an example. It should be noted that in the present specification, the term “secondary battery” denotes power storage devices in general capable of being charged and discharged repeatedly, and encompasses so-called storage batteries and power storage elements such as electrical double layer capacitors. In the present specification, the term “lithium ion secondary battery” denotes a secondary battery that utilizes lithium ions as charge carriers, and in which charging and discharge are realized as a result of movement of charge with lithium ions, between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates schematically the internal structure of a lithium ion secondary battery  100  according to the present embodiment. The lithium ion secondary battery  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1  includes a stacked-type electrode body  20 , a nonaqueous electrolyte solution (not shown), and a square battery case  30  that accommodates the foregoing. The battery case  30  is sealed, and hence the lithium ion secondary battery  100  is a sealed battery. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the battery case  30  is provided with a positive electrode terminal  42  and a negative electrode terminal  44  for external connection, and with a thin-walled safety valve  36  configured to relieve internal pressure in the battery case  30  in a case where the internal pressure rises to or above a predetermined level. The battery case  30  is further provided with a liquid injection port (not shown) for injecting a nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The positive electrode terminal  42  is electrically connected to a positive electrode collector plate  42   a . The negative electrode terminal  44  is electrically connected to a negative electrode collector plate  44   a.    
     For instance, a metallic material such as aluminum is herein a lightweight material having high thermal conductivity, and hence is used as the material of the battery case  30 . However, the material of the battery case  30  is not limited thereto, and the battery case  30  may be made of resin. The battery case  30  may also be a laminate case or the like in which a laminate film is used. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates schematically a cell unit  10  included in the stacked-type electrode body  20 .  FIG. 2  is an exploded perspective-view diagram. In  FIG. 2  and the following figures, the X direction is the longitudinal direction of the positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60  included in the stacked-type electrode body  20 , the Y direction is the width direction of the positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60  included in the stacked-type electrode body  20 , and the Z direction is the stacking direction of the positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60 . 
     The stacked-type electrode body  20  is provided with at least one cell unit  10  such as that illustrated in the figures. Typically, the stacked-type electrode body  20  includes a plurality of cell units  10 . The number of cell units  10  of the stacked-type electrode body  20  is not particularly limited, and may be identical to the number of cell units of a stacked-type electrode body used in a conventional lithium ion secondary battery; for example the stacked-type electrode body  20  may have from 1 to 150 cell units  10 , desirably from 20 to 100 cell units  10 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , each cell unit  10  has the negative electrode  60  as a first electrode, a separator  71  as a first separator, the positive electrode  50  as a second electrode, and a separator  72  as a second separator. The negative electrode  60 , the separator  71 , the positive electrode  50 , and the separator  72  are laid in this order in the cell unit  10 . 
     The positive electrode  50  has a positive electrode collector  52  and a positive electrode active material layer  54  provided on the positive electrode collector  52 . The negative electrode  60  has a negative electrode collector  62  and a negative electrode active material layer  64  provided on the negative electrode collector  62 . The positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60  are laid up so that the positive electrode active material layer  54  and the negative electrode active material layer  64  face each other. 
     In the present embodiment, the area of a main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60  is larger than the area of a main surface of the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the positive electrode  50 . This allows highly suppressing precipitation of lithium ions in the form of metallic lithium. It should be noted that the area of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60  may be identical to the area of the main surface of the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the positive electrode  50 . It should be noted that the term main surface of an active material layer signifies herein a surface having the largest area from among the surfaces that make up that active material layer. In the present embodiment, therefore, the main surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer  64  are the surface in contact with the negative electrode collector  62 , and the surface on the reverse side from the former surface. The main surfaces of the positive electrode active material layer  54  are the surface in contact with the positive electrode collector  52 , and the surface on the reverse side from the former surface. In terms of insulating properties, on the other hand, the areas of the main surfaces of the separator  71  and of the separator  72  are each larger than the area of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60  and the area of the main surface of the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the positive electrode  50 . The term main surface of a separator signifies herein a surface having the largest area from among the surfaces that constitute that separator. 
     The positive electrode  50  will be described in detail next.  FIG. 3  illustrates schematically the multilayer structure of a positive electrode and of separators. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , in the present embodiment, the positive electrode active material layer  54  is provided on both faces of the positive electrode collector  52 . However, the positive electrode active material layer  54  may be provided on just one face of the positive electrode collector  52 . At one end of the positive electrode  50 , there is provided a positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , which is an exposed portion of positive electrode collector  52  at which the positive electrode active material layer  54  is not formed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  has a missing portion  53  resulting from removal of the positive electrode collector  52  from one main surface up to the opposite main surface. In the illustrated example, the missing portion  53  is a through-hole. In this case, it is easy to fix the positive electrode  50  to the separator  71  and the separator  72  by welding at one site. However, the form of the missing portion  53  is not limited to a through-hole, and the missing portion  53  may be a cutout portion or the like. 
     The separator  71  and the separator  72  are not bonded (not adhered) to the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the positive electrode  50 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , by contrast, a first weld portion  73  is formed at the missing portion (herein the through-hole)  53  through welding, for instance, ultrasonic welding or laser welding, of the separator  71  and the separator  72 . When the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section and the separators are joined by an adhesive, ordinarily the type of the bonding material is limited, since in that case, different materials, namely a metal (positive electrode active material layer non-formation section) and a resin (separator), are bonded to each other, and furthermore a strict management of bonding conditions and so forth is required. In a case, however, where the separator  71  and the separator  72  are welded to each other, as in the present embodiment, joining can be accomplished easily, which is advantageous, for instance, in terms of ease of process control and cost. 
     Here, the larger the dimensions of the missing portion  53 , the lower is the strength of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a . In a case where the missing portion  53  is a through-hole, in the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , it suffices that the positive electrode collector  52  be removed just at the region necessary for welding; this is accordingly advantageous in that the strength of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  is easily increased without limiting the position the missing portion  53 . 
     In the illustrated example, the through-hole  53  is a square hole, but the shape of the through-hole  53  is not particularly limited. The shape of the through-hole  53  may be determined as appropriate in accordance with the shape of the portion (i.e. first weld portion  73 ) at which the separator  71  and the and separator  72  are welded. The through-hole  53  may be a hole of, for instance, circular shape or elliptical shape. In the illustrated example, the number of through-holes  53  is one. However, there may be a plurality of (i.e. two or three) through-holes  53 . 
     The dimensions of the through-hole  53  are not particularly limited. The dimensions of the through-hole  53  may be established as appropriate in accordance with the dimensions of the first weld portion  73 . From the viewpoint of achieving high strength in the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , the surface area of the through-hole  53  in the radial direction is desirably from 1.05 times to 2 times the surface area of the first weld portion  73  in the surface direction. 
     In the illustrated example, the position of the through-hole  53  lies at a central portion of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  in a direction (Y direction in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 ) perpendicular to the protrusion direction of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , in the vicinity of the positive electrode active material layer  54 . However, the position of the missing portion  53  is not particularly limited. 
     The position of the first weld portion  73  is not particularly limited so long as it lies within the range of the through-hole  53 . In the illustrated example, there is one first weld portion  73 . However, there may be a plurality of (for instance, two or three) first weld portions  73 . 
     By providing the missing portion  53  in the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and by limiting the movement of the positive electrode  50 , through welding of the separator  71  and the separator  72  to each other at the missing portion  53  but without bonding of the separator  71  and the separator  72  to the positive electrode active material layer  54 , as in the present embodiment, it becomes possible to prevent that an adhesive should hinder the movement of ions (i.e. lithium ions in the present embodiment), as charge carriers, in the positive electrode active material layer  54  which is a region greatly involved in charging and discharging of the positive electrode  50 . As a result, the initial resistance can be reduced as compared with that in conventional art, in which separators and active material layers are bonded over the entire surface. Moreover, the uniformity of resistance of the positive electrode  50  in the surface direction is excellent. Upon repeated charging and discharge of the lithium ion secondary battery  100 , the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flows out of the stacked-type electrode body  20 , by being pushed out on account of expansion of the active material layers; in the lithium ion secondary battery  100 , however, it is possible to prevent that the return of the outflowing nonaqueous electrolyte solution to the stacked-type electrode body  20  should be hindered by an adhesive. As a result, it becomes possible to suppress increases in resistance at the time of repeated charging and discharge, as compared with conventional art in which separators and active material layers are bonded over the entire surface. Moreover, the time required for permeation of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution into the electrode body at the time of production of the lithium ion secondary battery  100  can be shortened. 
     A second weld portion  74  may be formed through welding of the separator  71  and the separator  72  to each other, at a portion outward of the end of the positive electrode  50  opposing the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , as in the present embodiment. 
     The position of the second weld portion  74  is not particularly limited so long as it lies in the portion outward of the end of the positive electrode  50  opposing the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a . In the illustrated example, there is one second weld portion  74 . However, there may be a plurality of (for instance, two or three) second weld portions  74 . 
     In the cell unit  10 , through welding of the separator  71  and the separator  72  to each other at the through-hole  53  of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and at the portion outward of the end of the positive electrode opposing the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , while the positive electrode  50  is sandwiched by the separator  71  and the separator  72 , it becomes possible for the positive electrode to be fixed, by the first weld portion  73  and second weld portion  74 , as well as by frictional forces between the separator  71 , the separator  72  and the positive electrode  50 . Misalignment between the positive electrode  50  and the separator  71  and the separator  72  can be suppressed as a result. 
     In a case in particular where, as in the illustrated example, one first weld portion  73  is provided at the central portion, in the width direction (i.e. Y direction in the drawings) of the positive electrode  50 , on the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  side, and one second weld portion  74  is provided in the central portion, in the width direction of the positive electrode  50 , outward of the end opposing the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a , misalignment of the foregoing can be suppressed with a small number of weld portions, namely a total of two herein. 
     The separator  71  and the separator  72  may be welded to each other also outward of an end of the positive electrode  50  in the width direction (i.e. Y direction in the drawings), as in the illustrated example. In the illustrated example, a third weld portion  75  and a fourth weld portion  76  are formed outward of respective ends of the positive electrode  50  in the width direction. Such a configuration allows further suppressing misalignment of the positive electrode  50 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a variation pertaining to the arrangement of these joints. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a weld portion  75 ′ and a weld portion  76 ′ are formed so as to sandwich the positive electrode  50 , on respective outward sides of the ends of the positive electrode  50  in the width direction (i.e. Y direction in the drawings), in addition to the first weld portion  73  formed in the through-hole  53 . The weld portion  75 ′ and the weld portion  76 ′ are formed at respective ends far from the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a . Such a configuration allows suppressing, to a high degree, misalignment derived from rotation of the positive electrode  50 , with a small number of weld portions, namely a total of three herein. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates another variation pertaining to the arrangement of joints. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 5 , a first weld portion  73 ″ is formed in a through-hole  53 ″. The through-hole  53 ″ and the first weld portion  73 ′ are formed at positions in the vicinity of a first corner  54   a  of the positive electrode active material layer  54 . In addition, a weld portion  74 ″ and a weld portion  76 ″ are formed so as to flank a second corner  54   b  on a diagonal relative to the first corner of the positive electrode active material layer  54 . Such a configuration allows suppressing, to a high degree, misalignment derived from rotation of the positive electrode  50 , with a small number of weld portions, namely a total of three herein. 
     In the illustrated example, the shape of the weld portions is rectangular, but the shape of the weld portions is not particularly limited. The shape of the weld portions may be square, circular or elliptical. 
     The negative electrode  60  will be explained in detail next. In the present embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the negative electrode active material layer  64  is provided on both faces of the negative electrode collector  62 . However, the negative electrode active material layer  64  may be provided on just one face of the negative electrode collector  62 . At one end of the negative electrode  60 , there is provided a negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a , which is an exposed portion of negative electrode collector  62  at which the negative electrode active material layer  64  is not formed. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  protrude, in mutually opposite directions, from a stacking portion of the positive electrode active material layer  54  and the negative electrode active material layer  64 . The positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  function as respective collector tabs. The shape of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and of the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  is not particularly limited, and the foregoing may be worked to a predetermined shape by cutting or the like. The directions in which the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  protrude are not limited to those illustrated in the figure. The positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  may be provided at positions and in shapes so as not to overlap each other, and may protrude in a same direction. In the illustrated example, the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  and the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  are provided at ends of the electrode in the longitudinal direction (X direction in the drawings), but may be provided at ends of the electrode in the width direction (Y direction in the drawings). 
     In the stacked-type electrode body  20 , the positive electrode active material layer non-formation sections  52   a  of a plurality of cell units  10  are put together and are electrically joined to the positive electrode collector plate  42   a , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The negative electrode active material layer non-formation sections  62   a  of a plurality of cell units  10  are put together, and are electrically bonded to the negative electrode collector plate  44   a , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Joining of the foregoing is accomplished, for instance, by ultrasonic welding, resistance welding or laser welding. 
     A sheet-shaped or foil-shaped member made up of a metal of good conductivity (for instance, aluminum, nickel, titanium or stainless steel) can be used as the positive electrode collector  52 , and an aluminum foil is desirably used herein. The thickness of the positive electrode collector  52  is not particularly limited, and is for instance, from 5 μm to 35 μm, desirably from 7 μm to 20 μm. 
     The positive electrode active material layer  54  contains at least a positive electrode active material. Examples of the positive electrode active material include, for instance, lithium-transition metal composite oxides such as lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxides (for example, LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), lithium-nickel composite oxides (for example, LiNiO 2 ), lithium-cobalt composite oxides (for example, LiCoO 2 ), and lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxides (for example, LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ). The positive electrode active material layer  54  can further contain, for instance, a conductive material and a binder. 
     For instance, carbon black such as acetylene black (AB) or some other carbon material (graphite or the like) can be desirably used as the conductive material. For instance, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can be used as the binder. The thickness of the positive electrode active material layer  54  is not particularly limited, and is, for instance, from 20 μm to 300 μm. 
     A sheet-shaped or foil-shaped member made up of a metal of good conductivity (for instance, copper, nickel, titanium or stainless steel) can be used as negative electrode collector  62 ; a copper foil is desirably used herein. The thickness of the negative electrode collector  62  is, for instance, from 5 μm to 35 μm, desirably from 7 μm to 20 μm. 
     The negative electrode active material layer  64  contains at least a negative electrode active material. Examples of the negative electrode active material include carbon materials such as graphite, hard carbon and soft carbon. The negative electrode active material layer  64  can further contain, for instance, a binder and a thickener. For instance, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) or the like can be used as the binder. For instance, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be used as the thickener. The thickness of the negative electrode active material layer  64  is not particularly limited, and is, for instance, from 20 μm to 300 μm. 
     Various types of porous sheets same as or similar to those used in conventional lithium ion secondary batteries can be used as the separator  71  and the separator  72 , and examples thereof include porous resin sheets made of a polyolefin such as polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Such a porous sheet may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure of two or more layers (for instance, a three-layer structure in which PP layers are laid up on both faces of a PE layer). The separator  71  and the separator  72  may have a heat resistant layer (HRL). The thickness of the separator  71  and the separator  72  is not particularly limited, and is, for instance, from 10 μm to 40 μm. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a cross-sectional diagram of a cell unit  10 .  FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional diagram along the width direction (i.e. Y direction in  FIG. 2 ) of the cell unit  10 , and along the stacking direction of the positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60 .  FIG. 7  illustrates the negative electrode  60  included in the cell unit  10 .  FIG. 7  is a view along the main surface direction of the negative electrode  60 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 , an opposing region  64   a  that faces the positive electrode active material layer  54  is formed in the central portion of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . Further, a non-opposing region  64   b  that does not face the positive electrode active material layer  54  is formed at an outer peripheral edge portion of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . 
     In the present embodiment, for instance, the separator  71  and the negative electrode  60  are bonded by way of a first adhesive  80 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 . The first adhesive  80  that bonds the separator  71  and the negative electrode  60  is not disposed in the opposing region  64   a  of the negative electrode active material layer  64 , but is disposed at a region other than the opposing region  64   a . Typically, the first adhesive  80  is disposed in either one or both of the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  and the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . 
     The first adhesive  80  acts so as to suppress misalignment between the negative electrode  60  and the separator  71 . By virtue of the fact that the first adhesive  80  is not disposed in the opposing region  64   a  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  but outside the opposing region  64   a , it becomes possible to prevent that the adhesive should hinder the movement of ions (i.e. lithium ions in the present embodiment), as charge carriers, in the negative electrode active material layer  64  which is a region greatly involved in charging and discharging of the negative electrode  60 . Accordingly, the initial resistance can be reduced as compared with that in conventional art. Moreover, the uniformity of resistance of the negative electrode  60  in the surface direction is excellent. It becomes also possible to further suppress increases in resistance at the time of repeated charging and discharge of the lithium ion secondary battery  100 . In addition, the amount of adhesive that is required is smaller than that in conventional art, which is advantageous, for instance, in terms of cost. Further, each layer of the cell unit  10  is fixed by bonding/welding, and electrode misalignment is suppressed, thanks to which handleability is improved and high-speed stacking is made possible. 
     In the illustrated example, the first adhesive  80  is arranged at the non-opposing region  64   b  of the outer peripheral edge portion of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . In the present embodiment, however, the arrangement of the first adhesive  80  is not particularly limited, so long as the first adhesive  80  is disposed at a region other than the opposing region  64   a  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60 , and the negative electrode  60  and the separator  71  are bonded. The first adhesive  80  may be disposed only on the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a , to elicit bonding to the separator  71 . The first adhesive  80  may be disposed both on the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  and on the negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a , to elicit bonding to the separator  71 . The first adhesive  80  is not depicted in  FIG. 2 . 
     For instance, a hot-melt adhesive, an ultraviolet-curable adhesive, a thermosetting adhesive or the like can be used as the first adhesive  80 . 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the first adhesive  80  is not disposed at least in part of the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . However, the arrangement of the first adhesive  80  is not limited thereto. The first adhesive  80  may be disposed, without gaps, all over the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the first adhesive  80  has a rectangular cross-sectional shape, but the shape of the first adhesive  80  is not particularly limited. The first adhesive  80  may have a circular or elliptical cross-sectional shape. 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG. 7  there are portions where no first adhesive  80  is disposed, between a given first adhesive  80  site and another first adhesive  80  site. A nonaqueous electrolyte solution can flow through such portions. In the illustrated example, therefore, a channel (nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel)  82  through which a nonaqueous electrolyte solution flows is formed at portions where the first adhesive  80  is not disposed. By providing this nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  in the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64 , it becomes possible to significantly shorten the time necessary for permeation of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution into the electrode body, during the production of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. 
     In a case where the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  is provided, the arrangement of the first adhesive  80  in the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  and the arrangement of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  in the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  are not particularly limited. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the shape of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  is rectangular. Therefore, the non-opposing region  64   b  is a rectangular frame-shaped region made up of two short sides and two long sides, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The first adhesive  80  may be disposed at a portion on any side of the rectangular frame-shaped non-opposing region  64   b.    
     The distance from the long-side portion of the negative electrode active material layer  64  to the center of the negative electrode active material layer  64  is short. Accordingly, in a case where the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  is formed at least on the long-side portion of the non-opposing region  64   b , this is advantageous in that the nonaqueous electrolyte solution can be easily allowed to permeate up to the center of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . 
     The nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  is desirably disposed at portions on two or more sides of the rectangular frame-shaped non-opposing region  64   b , more desirably disposed at portions on three or more sides, and is yet more desirably disposed at portions on all four sides. 
     In the illustrated example, one nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  is formed in a short-side portion of the non-opposing region  64   b , and two nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channels  82  are formed in the long-side portions of the non-opposing region  64   b . However, the number of nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channels  82  disposed on one side of the non-opposing region  64   b  is not particularly limited. The number of nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channels  82  may be one or more. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the non-opposing region  64   b  is a rectangular frame-shaped region, and accordingly the first adhesive  80  is disposed along sides of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . The dimensions of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channels  82  are not particularly limited, so long as a nonaqueous electrolyte solution can flow therethrough. For example, an instance where the total dimension of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channels  82  in the direction of a side of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  (for instance, the total of length W 1  and length W 2  on the long-side direction, in the case of  FIG. 7 ) is 10% or more the length of a side of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  (for instance, the length L of a long side, in the case of  FIG. 7 ), is advantageous in that the opposing region  64   a  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  can be particularly readily impregnated with the nonaqueous electrolyte solution. Desirably, the total dimension of each nonaqueous electrolyte solution flow channel  82  in the direction of a side of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64  is 30% or more, more desirably 50% or more, yet more desirably 70% or more, and most desirably 90% or more, the length of a side of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the thickness of the first adhesive  80  disposed in the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  (i.e. the dimension of the first adhesive  80  in the stacking direction of the positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60 ) may be set to be smaller than the thickness of the positive electrode  50  (i.e. the dimension of the positive electrode  50  in the stacking direction of the positive electrode  50  and the negative electrode  60 ). 
     If the first adhesive  80  is greater than the thickness of the positive electrode  50 , the portion at which first adhesive  80  is present protrudes from the cell unit  10 . In consequence, if pressure is applied in the stacking direction of the stacked-type electrode body  20  in which such cell units  10  are stacked, the pressure concentrates in the first adhesive  80 . This pressure concentration may give rise to problems such as deformation of the negative electrode  60  and breakage of the negative electrode active material layer  64 . Therefore, in a case where the thickness of the first adhesive  80  is smaller than the thickness of the positive electrode  50 , the portion at which the first adhesive  80  is present does not protrude in the cell unit  10 , and thus problems derived from such concentration of pressure are suppressed. 
     The cell unit  10  can be produced, for instance, as follows. The positive electrode  50 , the negative electrode  60 , and the separator  71  and the separator  72  are prepared first. The separator  71 , the positive electrode  50  and the separator  72  are stacked next, and the separator  71  and the separator  72  are welded to each other. Next, the first adhesive  80  is applied onto the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60 , and bonding thereof to the separator  71  is performed. 
     Specifically, the positive electrode  50  in which the positive electrode active material layer  54  is provided on both faces of the positive electrode collector  52  is produced in accordance with a conventional method. The negative electrode  60  in which the negative electrode active material layer  64  is provided on both faces of the negative electrode collector  62  is produced in accordance with a conventional method. It should be noted that the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a  at which the positive electrode collector  52  is exposed is provided in the positive electrode  50 , and the missing portion  53  is provided, for instance, by punching, in the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section  52   a . A positive electrode collector  52  having the missing portion  53  beforehand may be used herein. The negative electrode active material layer non-formation section  62   a  at which the negative electrode collector  62  is exposed is provided in the negative electrode  60 . Two separators having no adhesive layer are prepared as the separator  71  and the separator  72 . 
     The positive electrode  50  is laid so as to be sandwiched between the separator  71  and the separator  72 . The missing portion  53  can be covered by the separator  71  and the separator  72  since the area of the main surface of the separator  71  and the area of the main surface of the separator  72  are each larger than the area of the main surface of the positive electrode active material layer  54 . The separator  71  and the separator  72  are welded to each other by heat welding, ultrasonic welding, laser welding or the like, at the missing portion  53 . At this time, welding of the separator  71  and the separator  72  to each other outside the missing portion  53  is also performed, as the case may require. 
     The first adhesive  80  is applied on the non-opposing region  64   b  of one negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60 . The applying method is not particularly limited, but it is advantageous herein to apply the first adhesive  80  using a piezoelectric jet dispenser or the like, since the non-opposing region  64   b  of the negative electrode active material layer  64  is very small. 
     The separator  71  and the negative electrode active material layer  64  coated with the first adhesive  80  are superimposed on each other and bonded so that the positive electrode active material layer  54  and the central portion of the negative electrode active material layer  64  face each other. Bonding is carried out as appropriate according to the type of the first adhesive  80 . In a case, for instance, where the first adhesive  80  is a hot-melt adhesive, the hot-melt adhesive is allowed to be cooled and solidified. In a case, for instance, where the first adhesive  80  is an ultraviolet-curable adhesive, the adhesive is allowed to be cured by being irradiated with ultraviolet rays. In a case, for instance, where the first adhesive  80  is a thermosetting adhesive, the adhesive is allowed to be cured through heating. 
     In each cell unit  10 , the negative electrode  60  is bonded to the separator  71 , and the positive electrode  50  is fixed between the welded separator  71  and the separator  72 , as a result of which the foregoing are integrated with each other. By using such cell units  10 , multiple cell units  10  can be stacked on each other at a high speed at producing the stacked-type electrode body  20 , in a case where the stacked-type electrode body  20  is configured through stacking of a plurality of cell units  10 . 
     In a case where the stacked-type electrode body  20  is configured through stacking of a plurality of cell units  10 , any two adjacent cell units  10  may or may not be or bonded to each other. In a case where two adjacent cell units  10  are bonded to each other, the negative electrode  60  of one cell unit  10  and the separator  72  of the other cell unit  10  are bonded to each other. This is advantageous since in that case misalignment between cell units  10  is unlikelier to occur. 
     In a case where two adjacent cell units  10  are bonded to each other, the negative electrode  60  of one cell unit  10  and the positive electrode  50  of the other cell unit  10  face each other. Specifically, the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60  of one cell unit  10  and the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the other cell unit  10  face each other. In this case it is desirable to bond the negative electrode  60  of one cell unit  10  and the separator  72  of the other cell unit  10  in the same manner in which the negative electrode  60  and the separator  71  of the cell units  10  are bonded to each other. 
     Specifically, desirably the negative electrode active material layer  64  of the negative electrode  60  of one cell unit  10  has formed, at a central portion thereof, an opposing region that faces the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the other cell unit  10 , and has formed, at an outer peripheral edge portion, a non-opposing region not facing the positive electrode active material layer  54  of the other cell unit  10 . It is moreover desirable that, in the same way as described above, a second adhesive that bonds two adjacent cell units  10  to each other is not disposed in the opposing region  64   a  of the negative electrode active material layer  64 , but is disposed at a region (i.e. non-opposing region  64   b ) other than the opposing region  64   a , and that the second adhesive is not disposed in at least part of the non-opposing region  64   b , such that a channel is formed through which the nonaqueous electrolyte solution flows. This results in better impregnability of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution into the stacked-type electrode body  20  at the time of production, while misalignment between cell units is suppressed. Also uniformity of resistance in the surface direction of the electrode is better in this case. 
     Examples of the second adhesive include adhesives same as those exemplified as the first adhesive. The second adhesive may be identical to, or different from, the adhesive used as the first adhesive. 
     In a case where the stacked-type electrode body  20  is configured in the form of a stack of a plurality of cell units  10 , the stacked-type electrode body  20  is specifically made up of a stack resulting from laying up a plurality of cell units  10  in such a manner that in two adjacent cell units  10 , the negative electrode  60  of one given cell unit  10  and the positive electrode  50  of another cell unit  10  face each other. One outermost layer of this stack constitutes the positive electrode  50  and the other outermost layer constitutes the negative electrode  60 . In addition to the above stack, the stacked-type electrode body  20  may further have a single negative electrode, such that the single negative electrode is laid up on the positive electrode  50  of the outermost layer of the stack. This allows using the lithium in the positive electrode  50  of the outermost layer for charging and discharge, and allows increasing cell capacity. 
     A nonaqueous electrolyte solution same as or similar to those of known lithium ion secondary batteries can be used herein as the nonaqueous electrolyte solution. Typically, the nonaqueous electrolyte contains a nonaqueous solvent and a supporting salt (i.e. electrolyte salt). Various organic solvents such as carbonates, ethers, esters, nitriles, sulfones and lactones that are used in nonaqueous electrolyte solutions of known lithium ion secondary batteries can be used, without particular limitations, as the nonaqueous solvent. Carbonates are desired among the foregoing. Examples of carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), monofluoroethylene carbonate (MFEC), difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC), monofluoromethyldifluoromethyl carbonate (F-DMC) and trifluorodimethyl carbonate (TFDMC). The nonaqueous solvent can be used singly or in combinations of two or more types, as appropriate. For instance, a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4  or LiClO 4  (desirably LiPF 6 ) can be suitably used as the supporting salt. The concentration of the supporting salt is desirably from 0.7 mol/L to 1.3 mol/L. 
     So long as the effect of the present disclosure is not significantly impaired thereby, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution may contain components other than the components described above, for instance, various additives such as a gas generating agent which may be biphenyl (BP), cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) or the like; as well as a thickener. 
     The lithium ion secondary battery  100  exhibits low initial resistance, and curtailed increases in resistance upon repeated charging and discharge. That is, the lithium ion secondary battery  100  exhibits superior resistance characteristics. Further, the lithium ion secondary battery  100  exhibits excellent impregnability of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution into the stacked-type electrode body  20  during production of the battery. 
     The lithium ion secondary battery  100  can be used in various applications. Suitable applications include drive power sources mounted in vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The lithium ion secondary battery  100  can also be used as storage batteries of small power storage devices, and the like. The lithium ion secondary battery  100  can be used in the form of a battery pack typically resulting from connection of a plurality of batteries in series and/or in parallel. 
     The present embodiment has been explained above on the basis of an example of a lithium ion secondary battery. However, the art disclosed herein pertains to a joining structure within the cell units  10 , and accordingly it can be understood that the art disclosed herein can be applied also to nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries that utilize charge carriers other than lithium ions. 
     In the present embodiment, the first electrode having a larger area of a main surface of an active material layer is used as the negative electrode, and the second electrode is used as the positive electrode. In the art disclosed herein, however, the first electrode may be used as the positive electrode and the second electrode may be used as the negative electrode. 
     Examples relating to the present disclosure will be explained in detail hereafter, but the disclosure is not meant to be limited to the particulars described in such examples. 
     Production of a Lithium Ion Secondary Battery for Evaluation 
     Example 1 
     A positive electrode was prepared which had a positive electrode active material layer containing LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2  on both faces of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 13 μm. The dimensions of a main surface of the positive electrode active material layer were 300 mm×100 mm, and the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer was 135 μm. Further, a negative electrode was prepared which had a negative electrode active material layer containing natural graphite on both faces of a copper foil having a thickness of 8 μm. The dimensions of the main surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer were 302 mm×102 mm, and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer was 170 μm. A positive electrode active material layer non-formation section at which the aluminum foil was exposed was provided in the positive electrode, and a negative electrode active material layer non-formation section at which the copper foil was exposed was provided in the negative electrode. 
     Two single-layer polypropylene porous films were prepared as separators. The dimensions of main surfaces of the separators were 306 mm×104 mm, the thickness of the separators was 20 μm, and air permeability was 170 seconds/100 mL. 
     A rectangular through-hole was formed by punching at the position illustrated in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section (i.e. in the exposed aluminum foil), namely, at a position adjacent to a positive electrode active material layer, in the central portion in the width direction. The positive electrode was sandwiched between the two separators, and the two separators were welded to each other by ultrasonic welding, at the positions illustrated in  FIG. 3 , i.e. at two sites including the through-hole of the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section, and a portion outward of the end of the positive electrode opposing the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section. 
     A hot melt adhesive “Hi-Bon ZH234-1” (by Hitachi Kasei Corporation) was applied onto a region, of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode, that was not to face the positive electrode active material layer. The adhesive was applied at 6 sites, in the form of φ0.5 mm microdots. The application positions were the four corners of the region not facing the positive electrode active material layer, and the central portions on the two long sides of that region. 
     The separators that sandwiched the positive electrode, and the negative electrode, were superimposed and were pressed at 90° C. at a pressure of 0.5 MPa for 1 minute, to perform bonding by the hot-melt adhesive, and produce a cell unit. There were produced 90 of these cell units, which were then stacked on each other to yield a stacked-type electrode body. 
     A nonaqueous electrolyte solution was then prepared by dissolving LiPF 6  as a supporting salt, to a concentration of 1.1 mol/L, in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a volume ratio of 3:4:3. 
     Tab leads were attached to the stacked-type electrode body by ultrasonic joining, and the resultant was accommodated in an aluminum laminate case. The above nonaqueous electrolyte solution was poured into the laminate case, and the resultant was then vacuum-sealed. After being allowed to stand for 24 hours, a pressure of 2 MPa was applied to the resultant, and constant-current charging (pre-charging) was performed up to 2.75 V, at a current value of 0.2 C. Part of the laminate case was cut under vacuum, and the case was degassed and then re-sealed. 
     A pressure of 1 MPa was applied to this, and constant-current charging was performed up to 4.25 V, at a current value of 0.3 C. Then, constant-voltage charging was carried out at a voltage of 4.25 V with a cut-off current value set to 1.5 A, to produce a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation having a SOC of 100%. 
     Reference Example 1 
     The same positive electrode and negative electrode as in Example 1 were prepared. Also the same two separators as in Example 1 (i.e. a single-layer polypropylene porous film; main surface dimensions: 306 mm×104 mm, thickness 20 μm, air permeability 170 seconds/100 mL) were prepared. 
     The positive electrode was sandwiched between the two separators. A cell unit was then produced by superimposing the separators, which had sandwiched the positive electrode, and the negative electrode. There were produced 90 of these cell units, which were then stacked to yield a stacked-type electrode body. A lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation was produced in the same way as in Example 1, using this stacked-type electrode body. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     The same positive electrode and negative electrode as in Example 1 were prepared. Further, two polypropylene porous films having, on both faces thereof, adhesive layers that contained alumina and polyvinylidene fluoride were prepared as separators. The dimensions of the main surface of the separators were 306 mm×104 mm, the thickness of the separators was 20 μm (adhesive layer 2 μm+ base material 16 μm+ adhesive layer 2 μm), and air permeability was 170 seconds/100 mL. 
     The positive electrode was sandwiched between the two separators. The separators that had sandwiched the positive electrode, and the negative electrode, were superimposed and were pressed at 90° C. under a pressure of 0.5 MPa for 1 minute, to perform bonding of the two separators and the positive electrode, and bonding of one separator and the negative electrode, and produce thus a cell unit. There were produced 90 of these cell units, which were then stacked to yield a stacked-type electrode body. A lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation was produced in the same way as in Example 1, using this stacked-type electrode body. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     The same positive electrode and negative electrode as in Example 1 were prepared. Further, two polypropylene porous films having, on one face thereof, an adhesive layer that contained alumina and polyvinylidene fluoride were prepared as separators. The dimensions of a main surface of the separators were 306 mm×104 mm, the thickness of the separators was 20 μm (base material 18 μm+ adhesive layer 2 μm), and air permeability was 170 seconds/100 mL. 
     The positive electrode was sandwiched between the two separators so that the adhesive layer of each separator faced the positive electrode. The separators that had sandwiched the positive electrode, and the negative electrode, were superimposed and were pressed at 90° C. under a pressure of 0.5 MPa for 1 minute, to perform bonding of the two separators and the positive electrode, and produce thus a cell unit. There were produced 90 of these cell units, which were then stacked to yield a stacked-type electrode body. A lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation was produced in the same way as in Example 1, using this stacked-type electrode body. 
     Evaluation of Initial Resistance Characteristic 
     Pressure of 1 MPa was applied on each lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation, in a temperature environment at 25° C., and the battery was adjusted to a SOC of 50%. Thereafter, the battery was discharged at constant current for 10 seconds, at a current value of 2 C. The amount of change of voltage at this time was determined, and an initial resistance value was calculated from the amount of change of voltage and the current value. The results are given in Table 1. 
     Evaluation of Resistance Characteristic after Charging/Discharge Cycling 
     Pressure of 1 MPa was applied on each lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation, in a temperature environment at 25° C. The battery was charged at constant current of 1 C from 2.5 V up to 4.25 V, and was then discharged at constant current of 1 C from 4.25 V to 2.5 V; this charging/discharge cycle was repeated over 100 cycles. A relaxation time between charging/discharge cycles was set to 10 minutes. Thereafter, the resistance value was calculated in the same manner as the initial resistance. The results are given in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Joining form 
                 Initial 
                 Resistance 
               
               
                   
                 Separator - positive 
                 resistance 
                 after 100 
               
               
                   
                 electrode 
                 (mΩ) 
                 cycles (mΩ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Reference example 1 
                 No bonding 
                 0.88 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 Comparative example 1 
                 Surface bonding 
                 0.97 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 Comparative example 2 
                 Surface bonding 
                 0.94 
                 1.03 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 Welding between 
                 0.88 
                 0.93 
               
               
                   
                 separators at 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 through-hole 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A comparison between Reference example 1, Comparative example 1 and Comparative example 2 reveals that the resistance characteristic worsens on account of bonding between the separators and the electrodes. In particular, a comparison between Comparative example 1 and Comparative example 2 indicates that resistance characteristic deteriorates when the area where the adhesive is used is large. 
     However, Example 1 in which the positive electrode active material layer non-formation section was provided with a missing portion and the two separators were welded at the missing portion, without being bonded to the positive electrode active material layer, exhibited a resistance characteristic similar to that of Reference example 1. It is, therefore, considered that in Example 1, a lithium ion secondary battery is obtained in which initial resistance is small and in which increases in resistance upon repeated charging and discharge are suppressed, despite the fact that the positive electrode and separators are fixed by welding. 
     From all the above, it follows that the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein exhibits small initial resistance and curtailed increases in resistance upon repeated charging and discharge. 
     Concrete examples of the present disclosure have been explained in detail above, but the examples are merely illustrative in nature, and are not meant to limit the scope of the claims in any way. The art set forth in the claims encompasses various alterations and modifications of the concrete examples illustrated above.