Patent Publication Number: US-9406194-B2

Title: Method and system for dynamically awarding bonus points

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     This disclosure generally relates to the field of games and more particularly to awarding bonus points to players of games. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     An entertainment center such as a casino may provide players with a game payout based on rules of a game. In addition to game payouts, an entertainment center may reward bonus points under a bonus point plan to players based on, among other things, a respective player&#39;s amount of wagering. Typically, a player enrolls in a bonus point plan and receives a membership card that identifies the player as a member of the bonus point plan. 
     Among other things, the bonus plan creates player loyalty to the specific entertainment center and/or to a group of entertainment centers. The earnings or accrual rate of bonus points under a bonus plan may be a percentage of current wagers. For example, a bonus point plan may have an accrual rate of 0.25%, and under such a bonus point plan a player would have one bonus point after four-hundred dollars ($400) of wagers. Under a different bonus point plan, a player may accrue a bonus point based on a certain amount of money wagered by the player. For example, a player may accrue a bonus point for every ten dollars ($10) of a wager. 
     Typically, a player may redeem bonus points for goods and/or services offered by the entertainment center and/or at bonus plan affiliated entities. For example, a player may redeem bonus points at a restaurant of the entertainment center and/or a restaurant affiliated with the bonus plan. Some entertainment centers have bonus plans with different membership levels, which may have different bonus point accrual rates. Some entertainment centers have bonus plans with bonus point redemption rates based on membership level. For example, a “Gold member” may have to spend seventy-five (75) bonus points for a one dollar credit for the cost of a meal, whereas a “Silver member” may have to spend 100 bonus points for a one dollar credit. Some entertainment centers allow a player to convert bonus points back into game credits playable at a gaming machine. In effect, the bonus points may be free game credits. Sometimes bonus points are restricted and can only be played and not cashed out. 
     Often, a bonus plan may have multiple bonus point accrual rates. The rate at which a player accrues bonus points may be based on the type of game and/or the specific game title being played by the player. For example, games of skill such as poker may have a lower bonus point accrual rate than the bonus point accrual rate of pure games of chance games such as video or mechanical slot machines. An entertainment center such as a casino may wish to give a smaller amount of bonus points back to players of video poker machines than to players of video or mechanical slot machines because of differences in hold percentages for the different games. For example, a casino&#39;s hold percentage for poker games is typically very small (usually 2-3%), but the casino&#39;s hold percentage for slot machines is typically larger, between 4-10%. To create player loyalty for slot machines, bonus point accrual rates of slot machines are typically higher than bonus point accrual rates for poker games. These accrual or earning rates are preconfigured at the casino&#39;s marketing server and stay fixed throughout the year. Casinos openly market with literature and advertisements of bonus point earnings rates. Similar marketing is done for the bonus point redemption rate or formula. 
     Some entertainment centers may award a bonus prize to a gaming machine by reconfiguring the gaming machine itself. When this happens the gaming machine is often reconfigured into a bonus payout mode where the player may get a multiple of a normal payout from a winning combination. This bonus period will end after predetermined bonus conditions occur and the gaming machine will be put back into normal payout mode. This reconfiguration of the gaming machine from one bonus plan payout mode to another bonus plan payout mode is not a dynamical reconfiguration of the gaming machine based at least on real-time data such as player activity, player statistics, etc. Rather, the aforementioned reconfiguration is scheduled in advance and is not based on real-time events. 
     Entertainment centers typically implement a bonusing system employing one or more computer servers/systems. A player is normally associated with player account that is stored on the bonusing systems. The player&#39;s account may include a membership number and may have bonus points associated with the membership number. A gaming machine usually has a device such as a magnetic card reader for identifying a bonus plan member via a player&#39;s membership card. Once the player is identified, bonus points are automatically added to the player account of the player at play time or when the player logs out or removes his membership card. 
     There is a need for systems, methods, and devices that provide dynamic bonus plan control at remote gaming machines. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, a method for enhancing gaming includes gathering data related to at least one of gameplay or wagering by a player of a game title over a first period of time during which the player places a number of wagers. The method further includes determining at least one statistical quantity based at least on gathered data; determining whether the determined at least one statistical quantity exceeds an extra-bonus threshold value; providing a respective payout amount to the player of the game title in accordance with rules of the game title and a respective wager for each of the number of wagers placed by the player. During the first period, the method further includes, from time to time, providing the player with bonus points in accordance with a bonus point plan, and determining an amount of an extra-award based at least on the determined at least one statistical quantity. 
     In another aspect, a method for enhancing gaming includes gathering data related to player activity in at least a portion of a game-entertainment center during a first period of time. The game-entertainment center has a number of gaming machines being played by a number of players during the first period. The method further includes determining at least one statistical quantity based at least on gathered data; and reconfiguring at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity. The method further includes providing a respective player playing the reconfigured gaming machine with a number of bonus points and an amount of extra-award during a second period of time, wherein during the second period the amount of extra-award accrues at a rate different from an extra-award accrual rate for the first period. 
     In another embodiment, a system for enhancing game play in a game-entertainment center includes means for gathering data related to player activity in at least a portion of a game-entertainment center, the game-entertainment center having a number of gaming machines being played by a number of players during a first period of time. The system may further include means for determining at least one statistical quantity based at least on gathered data. The system may further include means for selectively reconfiguring at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity, and means for providing a respective player playing a respective one of the at least one reconfigured gaming machine with a number of bonus points and an amount of extra-award during a second period of time, wherein during the second period the amount of extra-award accrues at a rate different from an extra-award accrual rate for the first period. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a game-entertainment environment, according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is an isometric view of a gaming machine, according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of the gaming machine of  FIG. 2 , according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is schematic diagram of a gaming-entertainment system environment, according to one non-limiting embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is schematic diagram of a gaming-entertainment system environment such as a casino, according to one non-limiting embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to another non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to another non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to yet another non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to a further non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to a further non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a flow diagram of a method for providing dynamic bonusing to a player, according to a further non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     
    
    
     In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures associated with servers, networks, displays, and/or with computer type devices have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. 
     Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.” 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. 
     The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments. 
     Any process descriptions or blocks in flowcharts described below may be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions. In alternative embodiments, various logical functions, or acts may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, and/or manually, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 1  shows a game-entertainment environment  100  according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. The game-entertainment environment  100  may include a front end  102  and a back end  104 . 
     The front end  102  includes gaming machines  106  that may provide various games of chance and/or of skill that may be played for entertainment and/or for monetary wagers. Games of chance may include slot machines, roulette, etc. Games of skill may include poker, blackjack, arcade games, etc. In some embodiments, the game-entertainment environment  100  may provide players with the opportunity to place monetary wagers on, among other things, the outcome of a game. In some instances such wagers may use pretend money that has no actual value outside of the game. Such may, for example, be used at charitable “casino night” type events. 
     In some embodiments, the gaming machines  106  may include a player interface  108  having a reader  110 . The reader  110  may be configured to receive a medium such as a member identification medium  112 , which may be associated with a specific player, and determine an indication of a unique member identifier from the member identification medium  112 . In some embodiments, the member identification medium  112  may include human-readable indicia  114  that may be indicative of, among other things, a unique member identifier. In some embodiments, the member identification medium  112  may include machine-readable medium  116  encoding member identification information that may be indicative of a unique member identifier. The machine-readable medium  116  encoding member identification information may take a variety of forms such as, but not limited to, machine-readable symbols, e.g., bar code symbols, stack code symbols, area or matrix code symbols), and in such embodiments, the reader  110  may include one or more machine-readable symbol readers, such as scanners or imagers that read bar codes, stacked codes, and/or area or matrix codes. The gaming machine  106  and/or the reader  110  may include instructions for decoding such machine-readable symbols. 
     As another example, the machine-readable medium  116  encoding member identification information may include, but is not limited to, one or more wireless data provider communication devices such as radio frequency identification devices and/or one or more data storage devices such as magnetic strips. In such embodiments, the reader  110  may include one or more wireless data reader communication devices such as radio frequency identification readers and/or one or more data storage device readers such as magnetic stripe readers. 
     Among other things, the gaming machine  106  may provide the back end  104  with an indication of the member identification information read from the machine-readable medium  116  of a player&#39;s member identification medium  112 . 
     In some embodiments, the gaming machines  106  may be configured to monitor gameplay of the player and to determine gameplay statistics. For example, among other statistics, a respective one of the gaming machines  106  may be configured to determine a player&#39;s average play-rate (a rate at which the player plays a round of a game at the gaming machine), determine a player&#39;s average wager over a number of rounds of a game, determine a player&#39;s gain/loss rate over a number of rounds of a game, etc. The gaming machines  106  may also provide the back end  104  with the dynamically determined gameplay statistics. Alternatively, the gaming machines  106  may provide the back end  104  with gameplay data. For example, a respective gaming machine  106  may provide game play data such as, but not limited to, an amount of a wager, an indication of a beginning or ending of a round of game play, an indication of a win or loss of a round of game play, an indication of an amount of gain or payout for a round of game play, and/or other data that may be used to determine gameplay statistics. 
     In some embodiments, the front end  102  may also include a player-activity sensor subsystem  118 . The player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may include one or more sensors (not shown) that sense a number of persons (not shown) in at least a portion of the front end  102 . The player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may collect information via images (visible, infrared, ultraviolet), radio or microwave electromagnetic radiation, and/or by detecting magnetic, inductance, or mechanical energy. The player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may provide the back end  104  with an indication of player activity in at least a portion of the front end  102 . For example, the player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may provide the back end  104  with an indication of a number of players at a gaming table (not shown) such as a black-jack table and/or an indication of a number of players at the gaming machines  106 . 
     The gaming machines  106  may be configured to provide players of respective gaming machines with bonus points which may be awarded under dynamically determined bonus point plans. A player at a respective one of the gaming machines  106  may receive bonus points in addition to regular payouts, i.e., payouts based on rules of a game being played by the player. In some embodiments, the gaming machines  106  may be dynamically reconfigurable. For example, a respective one of the gaming machines  106  may be initially configured to award a player bonus points under a current bonus plan and at a later time, the respective gaming machine  106  may be reconfigured to award a player bonus points under another or a new bonus plan. The reconfiguration of the respective gaming machine may be dynamic reconfiguration based at least in part on real-time data gathered by various gaming machines  106  and/or based at least on real-time data gathered by the player-activity sensor subsystem  118 . In addition, a respective one of the gaming machines  106  may be initially configured to provide sessions of game play for a first game title such as poker and at a later time, the respective gaming machine  106  may be reconfigured to provide sessions of game play for a second game title such as blackjack, or slots, etc. Furthermore, the gaming machines  106  may be reconfigurable to provide sessions of game play of a game title based at least on different sets of game title parameters which may control, among other things, the rate of play of the respective gaming machines  106 . 
     The back end  104  may include a game-entertainment system controller  120  which may be communicatively coupled to the game systems  106  and to the player-activity sensor subsystem  118  by communication links  122 . The communication links  122  may be a network such as a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a wire, wireless, or combination thereof, network. The game-entertainment system controller  120  may be embodied in a computing system, distributed computing system, one or more servers, etc. 
     The game-entertainment system controller  120  may be communicatively coupled to a database  124 . The database  124  may store, among other things, member records  126 . A respective one of the member records  126  may be associated with a specific player of the game-entertainment environment  100 . Among other things, a respective one of the member records  126  may include the name of the player associated with the respective member record  126 , a record identifier  128  for each respective member record  126 , respective player data, and awarded bonus points  130 . Among other things, player data for a specific player may include, but is not limited to, types of games played by the player, frequency of visits to the game-entertainment environment  100  by the player, average duration of the player&#39;s visits to the game-entertainment environment  100 , dates of visits to the game-entertainment environment  100 , and wagering information such as average wager, maximum wager, average of the aggregate of wagers placed during a visit to the game-entertainment environment  100  by the player, average of the aggregate of amount of money won/lost during a real or a virtual visit to the game-entertainment environment  100  by the player, total amount of money won/lost by the player, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the game-entertainment environment  100  may be accessed by a player via a WAN or Internet or World Wide Web. The player may “visit” a virtual game-entertainment environment and play virtual games or virtual gaming machines. Player statistics and bonus points may be accumulated for “visits” in the virtual game-entertainment environment. 
     The game-entertainment system controller  120  may include a dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132 . The dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132  may receive data from the front end  102  via the communication links  122 . The dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132  may determine new bonus plans, which may be provided to, among other things, the gaming machines  106 , based at least in part on the data from the front end  102  and the data may be real-time data. Data provided to the dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132  may include, but is not limited to, player activity data from the player-activity sensor subsystem  118 , gameplay data and/or gameplay statistics from the gaming machines  106 . 
     In addition, the dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132  may determine to reconfigure a respective one of the gaming machines  106 . The gaming machine  106  that currently provides sessions of game play for a first game title such as poker may be reconfigured to provide sessions of game play for a second game title such as blackjack, or slots, etc. Furthermore, the dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132  may determine to reconfigure a respective one of the gaming machines  106  from providing sessions of game play for a first game title based at least on a first set of game title parameters to providing sessions of game play for the first game title based at least on a second set of game title parameters. For example, a change in game title parameters may increase a play rate, i.e., number of games played per unit time, for a gaming machine by decreasing a length of time for playing a game. 
     In some embodiments, the dynamic bonus plan controller subsystem  132  may determine a new bonus plan for a respective one of the gaming machines  106  based at least in part on a member record  126 . 
     In some embodiments, a player enrolled in a bonus point plan of the game-entertainment environment  100  may have received a member identification medium  112 . The player may provide the member identification medium  112  to the reader  110  of a player interface  108  of a respective gaming machine  106 . The reader  110  may read information indicative of member identification information from the machine-readable medium  116  of the player&#39;s member identification medium  112 . The gaming machine  106  may award the player with bonus points under a current bonus point plan. The gaming machine  106  may provide the game-entertainment system controller  120  of the back end  104  with an indication of the member identification information. The gaming machine  106  may provide the game-entertainment system controller  120  with information indicative of a number of awarded bonus points awarded to the player. Among other things, the game-entertainment system controller  120  may determine a record identifier  128  based at least in part on the indication of the member identification information. Based at least in part on the record identifier  128 , the game-entertainment system controller  120  may update the member record  126  associated with the player. 
       FIG. 2  shows a gaming machine  106  according to one non-limiting embodiment. The gaming machine  106  includes the player interface  108 , which may include one or more display devices  134   a ,  134   b  and one or more player input devices  136 . Player input devices  136  may include various buttons, keys, a track wheel, a track ball, a joy stick, a key pad, a number pad, a touch pad, a touch screen, user selectable icons, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the display devices  134   a ,  134   b  may take a variety of forms, for example cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, or flat panel displays such as liquid crystal (LCD) displays, liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) displays, plasma displays, digital light processing (DLP) displays, other projection type of displays, and touch sensitive displays. 
     The display device  134   a  may display, among other things, a virtual game to a player, and the display device  134   b  may display, among other things, game information, player information such as total number of bonus points awarded to the player, and/or bonus information such as number of bonus points awarded to the player by the gaming machine  106 . The display device  134   b  may display, among other things, bonus plan information and player information. 
     A player may use the player interface  108  to, among other things, select a game or virtual game, control and play a game or virtual game, select a bonus plan, and accept/decline a configuration change to the gaming machine such as a change to a bonus plan, e.g., from a current bonus plan to a different bonus plan, a change of a current game title to a different game title, a change in operation of a current game title, and/or a change in wager limits, e.g., increasing/decreasing a minimum and/or maximum wager amount. 
     The player interface  108  may include one or more player selectable icons which may be displayed by the display device  134   b . For example, the player interface  108  may include player selectable icons (not shown) that allow the player to select a type of game to be played on the gaming machine  106 . Also for example, the player interface  108  may include player selectable icons  138  that allow the player to select a bonus plan. In some embodiments, the display device  134   b  may be touch sensitive, and the player may select one of the player selectable icons  138  by touching the display device  134   b . In some embodiments, the player may select one of the player selectable icons  138  using one or more of the user input devices  132 . 
     The gaming machine  106  also includes the reader  110 . The reader  110  may take a variety of forms including, but not limited to, one or more magnetic stripe readers operable to read information indicative of player identification information encoded into one or more magnetic stripes. Alternatively, or additionally, the reader  110  may take the form of one or more optical machine-readable symbol readers operable to read information indicative of player identification information encoded into one or more machine-readable symbols (e.g., barcode symbols, stacked code symbols, area or matrix code symbols, etc.). In addition, the reader  110  may take the form of one or more RFID readers or interrogators operable to read information indicative of member identification information encoded into one or more RFID carriers (e.g., tags or cards). 
       FIG. 3  shows a gaming machine  106  according to another non-limiting illustrated embodiment. The gaming machine  106  includes the reader  110  and the player interface  108 , which were previously discussed and which, for the sake of brevity, will not be discussed in detail below. 
     The gaming machine  106  includes a processor  140 , a memory  142 , and network interface  144 , which are communicatively coupled by one or more buses  146 . The processor  140  may be a device for executing software, particularly that stored in the memory  142 . The processor  140  may be a custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions. 
     The memory  142  is communicatively coupled to the processor  140  via bus  146 . The bus  146  can employ any known bus structures or architectures, including a memory bus with memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus. 
     The memory  142  includes read-only memory (“ROM”)  148  and random access memory (“RAM”)  150 . A basic input/output system (“BIOS”)  152 , which can form part of the ROM  148 , contains basic routines that help transfer information between elements within the game system  106 , such as during start-up. The RAM  150  may include dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM), flash RAM, etc. 
     The memory  142  may store one or more logic modules or logic routines, each of which may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In particular, the memory  142  includes an operating system  154  and local bonus plan controller  156 . The execution of the operating system  154  by the processor  140  essentially controls the execution of other logic, such as bonus plan controller logic  156  and provides scheduling, input-output control, file and data management, memory management, and communication control and related services. 
     The bonus plan controller logic  156  may include various logic modules or logic routines, each of which may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In particular, the bonus plan controller logic  156  may include logic for, among other things, gathering player data, analyzing player data based on various statistical algorithms, and providing the real-time data and/or real-time player statistics to the game-entertainment system controller  120 . In some embodiments, the bonus plan controller logic  156  may include logic for, among other things, gathering gameplay data, analyzing gameplay data based on various statistical algorithms, and providing the real-time gameplay data and/or real-time gameplay statistics to the game-entertainment system controller  120 . Among other things, the bonus plan controller logic  156  may include logic for interfacing with the player via, for example, selectable icons  138 . Among other things, the bonus plan controller logic  156  may include logic for dynamic control of the bonus plan logic  158 . 
     The bonus plan logic  158  may include various logic modules or logic routines, each of which may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In particular, the bonus plan logic  158  may include logic for, among other things, determining a number of bonus points to award the player under a current bonus plan. In some embodiments, the bonus plan logic  158  may award bonus points and/or other awards based at least on a set of bonus plan parameters. 
     The memory  142  also includes other programs and/or modules  160  for implementing logical functions. In some embodiments, the other programs and/or modules  160  may include a second bonus plan logic and may include a second set of bonus plan parameters. In some embodiments, the other programs and/or modules  160  may also include one or more modules/routines of game logic and one or more sets of game title parameters. 
     The bonus plan controller logic  156  may dynamically reconfigure the gaming machine  106  by causing the processor  140  to cease the execution of bonus plan logic  158  and to commence the execution of another bonus plan logic such as the second bonus plan logic. In some embodiments, the bonus plan controller logic  156  dynamically reconfigures the gaming machine  106  by causing the processor  140  to execute the bonus plan logic  158  using a different set of bonus plan parameters. 
     The memory  142  also includes game reconfiguration logic  162 . The game reconfiguration logic  162  may include various modules or routines or logic, each of which may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In particular, the game reconfiguration logic  162  may include logic for, among other things, reconfiguring a game title and/or switching a game title provided by the gaming machine. For example, the game reconfiguration logic  162  may reconfigure the gaming machine from providing sessions of a first game by implementing a first game title logic to providing sessions of a second game by implementing a second game title logic. As another example, the game reconfiguration logic  162  may reconfigure the gaming machine from implementing a game title logic using a first set of game title parameters to implementing the game title logic using a second set of game title parameters. 
     The other programs and/or modules  160  may further include at least one module/routine of a second game title logic and at least one associated set of second game title parameters. The processor  140  may execute modules/routines of a game title logic module/routine and an associated set of game title parameters to, among other things, provide sessions of a first game. The game reconfiguration logic  162  may cause the processor  140  to execute modules/routines of a second game title logic to provide, among other things, sessions of a second game. Similarly, the game reconfiguration logic  162  may cause the processor  140  to execute modules/routines of a game logic module/routine using a first set of game title parameters, and then cause the processor  140  to execute modules/routines of the game logic using a second set of game title parameters. 
     In some embodiments, the memory  142  may include gaming machine reconfiguration logic  164 , which may comprise logic modules or logic routines. The memory  142  may include, among other things, the bonus plan controller logic  156  and the game reconfiguration logic  162 . 
     In some embodiments, the gaming machine reconfiguration logic  164  the bonus plan controller logic  156  and/or the game reconfiguration logic  162  may reconfigure the gaming machine  106  based at least on an indication of machine reconfiguration provided by the game-entertainment system controller  120 . The indication of machine reconfiguration may be indicative of a reconfiguration of a bonus plan, bonus plans, a game title, or game titles. 
     The I/O devices  110  may include user interface devices such as a display and various user selections devices such as buttons, keys, a track wheel, a track ball, a joy stick, a key pad, a number pad, a touch pad, a touch screen, a user selectable icons, etc. 
     The network interface  144  may include network cards and/or wireless communication devices that provide a communication link  118  with the game-entertainment system controller  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the gaming machine reconfiguration logic  162  or a portion of the gaming machine reconfiguration logic  162  may be implemented in firmware that is stored in a memory and that is executed by a suitable instruction execution system. If implemented in hardware, as in an alternative embodiment, the gaming machine reconfiguration logic  162  and/or various logic modules or logic routines of the gaming machine reconfiguration logic  162  may be implemented with any or a combination of the following technologies: a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementing logic functions on data signals, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having appropriate combinational logic gates, a programmable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc. 
       FIG. 4  and the following discussion provide a brief, general description of a suitable gaming-entertainment system environment  400  in which the various illustrated embodiments may be implemented. Although not required, the embodiments will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program application modules, objects, or macros being executed by a computer. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the illustrated embodiments as well as other embodiments may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, personal computers (“PCs”), network PCs, mini computers, mainframe computers, and the like. The embodiments may be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices, which are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
       FIG. 4  shows the gaming-entertainment system environment  400  comprising one or more gaming machines  106  having player interface  108 , one or more player-activity sensor subsystems  118 , one or more game-entertainment system controllers  120 , other gaming systems  404 , and/or server computing systems  406  coupled by one or more communications channels, for example one or more local area networks (LANs)  408  or wide area networks (WANs)  410 . The gaming-entertainment system environment  400  may employ other computers, such as conventional personal computers, where the size or scale of the system allows. 
     The game-entertainment system controller  120  may take the form of a conventional mainframe or mini-computer that includes a processing unit  412 , a system memory  414  and a system bus  416  that couples various system components including the system memory  414  to the processing unit  412 . The game-entertainment system controller  120  will at times be referred to in the singular herein, but this is not intended to limit the embodiments to a single computing system since in typical embodiments, there will be more than one computing system or other device involved. Non-limiting examples of commercially available systems include, but are not limited to, an 80x86 or Pentium series microprocessor from Intel Corporation, U.S.A., a PowerPC microprocessor from IBM, a Sparc microprocessor from Sun Microsystems, Inc., a PA-RISC series microprocessor from Hewlett-Packard Company, or a 68xxx series microprocessor from Motorola Corporation. 
     The processing unit  412  may be any logic processing unit, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc. Unless described otherwise, the construction and operation of the various blocks shown in  FIG. 4  are of conventional design. As a result, such blocks need not be described in further detail herein, as they will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art. 
     The system bus  416  can employ any known bus structures or architectures, including a memory bus with memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus. The system memory  414  includes read-only memory (“ROM”)  418  and random access memory (“RAM”)  420 . A basic input/output system (“BIOS”)  422 , which can form part of the ROM  418 , contains basic routines that help transfer information between elements within the game-entertainment system controller  120 , such as during start-up. 
     The game-entertainment system controller  120  also includes a hard disk drive  424  for reading from and writing to a hard disk  426 , and an optical disk drive  428  and a magnetic disk drive  430  for reading from and writing to removable optical disks  432  and magnetic disks  434 , respectively. The optical disk  432  can be a CD-ROM, while the magnetic disk  434  can be a magnetic floppy disk or diskette. The hard disk drive  424 , optical disk drive  428  and magnetic disk drive  430  communicate with the processing unit  412  via the system bus  416 . The hard disk drive  424 , optical disk drive  428  and magnetic disk drive  430  may include interfaces or controllers (not shown) coupled between such drives and the system bus  416 , as is known by those skilled in the relevant art. The drives  424 ,  428  and  430 , and their associated computer-readable media  426 ,  432 ,  434 , provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the game-entertainment system controller  120 . Although the depicted game-entertainment system controller  120  employs hard disk  424 , optical disk  428  and magnetic disk  430 , those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that other types of computer-readable media that can store data accessible by a computer may be employed, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks (“DVD”), Bernoulli cartridges, RAMs, ROMs, smart cards, etc. 
     Program modules can be stored in the system memory  414 , such as an operating system  436 , one or more application programs  438 , other programs or modules  440  and program data  442 . The system memory  414  may also include communications programs, for example, player access logic  444 . The player access logic  444  may allow a player to access a virtual game-entertainment environment via a communication network. For example, in some embodiments, a player may use a Web client such as a commercially available browser. Non-limiting examples of commercially available browsers include Mozilla Firefox developed by Mozilla Foundation based in Mountain View, Calif., USA, Safari developed by Apple Inc. based in Cupertino, Calif., USA., and Internet Explore by Microsoft Corp. based in Redmond, Wash., USA. 
     While shown in  FIG. 4  as being stored in the system memory  414 , the operating system  436 , application programs  438 , other programs/modules  440 , program data  442  and player access logic  444  can be stored on the hard disk  426  of the hard disk drive  424 , the optical disk  432  of the optical disk drive  428  and/or the magnetic disk  434  of the magnetic disk drive  430 . 
     An operator, such as casino personnel, can enter commands and information into the game-entertainment system controller  120  through input devices such as a touch screen or keyboard  446  and/or a pointing device such as a mouse  448 . Other input devices can include a microphone, joystick, game pad, tablet, scanner, etc. These and other input devices are connected to the processing unit  412  through an interface  450  such as a serial port interface that couples to the system bus  416 , although other interfaces such as a parallel port, a game port, a wireless interface, or a universal serial bus (“USB”) can be used. A monitor  452  or other display device is coupled to the system bus  416  via a video interface  454 , such as a video adapter. The game-entertainment system controller  120  can include other output devices, such as speakers, printers, etc. 
     The game-entertainment system controller  120  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers and/or devices, for example, the server computing system  406 . The server computing system  406  can be another personal computer, a server, another type of computer, or a collection of more than one computer communicatively linked together and typically includes many or all of the elements described above for the game-entertainment system controller  120 . The server computing system  406  is logically connected to one or more of the game-entertainment system controllers  120  under any known method of permitting computers to communicate, for example, through one or more LANs  408  and/or WANs  410  such as the Internet. Such networking environments are well known in wired and wireless enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, extranets, and the Internet. Other embodiments include other types of communication networks including telecommunications networks, cellular networks, paging networks, and other mobile networks. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the game-entertainment system controller  120  is connected to the LAN  408  through an adapter or network interface  460  (communicatively linked to the system bus  416 ). When used in a WAN networking environment, the game-entertainment system controller  120  may include a modem  462  or other device, such as the network interface  460 , for establishing communications over the WAN  410 . The modem  462  is shown in  FIG. 4  as communicatively linked between the interface  450  and the WAN  410 . 
     In a networked environment, program modules, application programs, data, or portions thereof, can be stored in the server computing system  406 . In the depicted embodiment, the game-entertainment system controller  120  is communicatively linked to the server computing system  406  through the LANs  408  and/or WAN  410 , for example with TCP/IP middle layer network protocols. However, other similar network protocol layers are used in other embodiments, such as User Datagram Protocol (“UDP”). Those skilled in the relevant art will readily recognize that the network connections shown in  FIG. 4  are only some examples of establishing communication links between computers, and other links may be used, including wireless links. 
     The server computing system  406  includes server applications  464  for the routing of instructions, programs, data and agents between the gaming machine  106 , player-activity sensor subsystem  118 , game-entertainment system controller  120 , and/or other gaming systems  404 . For example the server applications  464  may include conventional server applications such as WINDOWS NT 4.0 Server, and/or WINDOWS 2000 Server, available from Microsoft Corporation in Redmond, Wash. Additionally, or alternatively, the server applications  464  can include any of a number of commercially available Web servers, such as INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICE from Microsoft Corporation and/or IPLANET from Netscape/America On Line (AOL). 
     The server computing system  406  may also include a dynamic bonus plan system controller  466 . Among other things, the dynamic bonus plan system controller  466  may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. In particular, the dynamic bonus plan system controller  466  may include logic for, among other things, selecting a bonus plan from a plurality of bonus plans based at least on player activity at various portions of the front end  102 , real-time player statistics, real-time player data, real-time gameplay data, real-time gameplay statistics, etc. Among other things, the dynamic bonus plan system controller subsystem  466  may include logic for dynamically providing one or more gaming machines  106  and/or one or more other gaming systems  404  with at least one respective new and/or second bonus plan logic such that the respective gaming machines  106  and/or respective other gaming systems  404  may be reconfigured to award respective players bonus points under the respective new/second bonus plan logic. 
     The gaming machine  106  and/or the player interface  108  may include one or more controllers, memories and may store and execute one or more applications for providing information to, and collecting information from, players of the gaming machine  106 . For example, a player may select payout or house odds and/or house advantage via the player interface  108 , for example, via a graphical user interface (GUI). The player interface  108  may provide the player with a selection of predefined payout or house odds and/or house advantages, or may receive payout or house odds and/or house advantage defined by the player. The player interface  108  may permit the player to select from a variety of bonus plans. 
     Additionally, the player interface  108  may include instructions for handling security such as password or other access protection and communications encryption. The player interface  108  can also provide statistics (win, loss, time, etc.) to the players and/or game-entertainment system controller  120  via the server computing system  406 . The statistics may be provided in real-time or almost real-time. Further, the player interface  108  may allow the player to request drinks, food, and/or services. Other information may include one or more of player identification data, preference data, statistical data for the particular player and/or other players, account numbers, account balances, maximum and/or minimum wagers, etc. 
     The other gaming systems  404  may include game stations (not shown) such as, but not limited to, one or more poker tables, one or more blackjack tables, roulette tables, keno tables, craps tables, etc. The other gaming systems  404  may include one or more sensors, detectors, input devices, output devices, actuators, and/or controllers such as programmed a microprocessor, DSP, ASIC and/or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or the like. The controllers may execute one or more gaming applications. The gaming applications can include instructions for acquiring wagering and gaming event information from the live gaming at a gaming table (not shown). The other gaming systems  404  may collect information via images (visible, infrared, ultraviolet), radio or microwave electromagnetic radiation, and/or by detecting magnetic, inductance, or mechanical energy. The other gaming systems  404  may, for example, employ optical machine-readable symbol readers, operable to read non-standard playing card markings from the playing cards, and/or identifiers from chips and/or player identification media such as casino club cards. Such markings or identifiers may, for example, take the form of machine-readable symbols such as barcode, matrix or area code, or stacked code symbols. Such optical machine-readable symbol readers may take the form of a scanner or an imager. The other gaming systems  404  may, for example, employ sensors operable to read standard playing card markings (e.g., rank, suit, pips). The other gaming systems  404  may, for example, employ one or more magnetic strip readers or inductive sensors to read magnetic stripes or other indicia carried on or in the playing cards, chips and/or player identification media. The other gaming systems  404  may, for example, employ one or more radio frequency readers, for example a radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogator where the playing cards, chips or player identification media carry RFID tags or circuits. 
     The gaming applications can also include instructions for processing, at least partially, the acquired wagering and gaming event information, for example, identifying a respective position and a respective amount of each wager at a gaming station and/or a respective value of each hand of playing cards at a gaming station. The gaming applications may include statistical packages for producing statistical information regarding the play at a particular gaming station, the performance of one or more players including indications of skill level, the performance of a dealer (not shown), and/or game operator. The gaming applications can also include instructions for providing a video feed and/or simulation of some or all of a number of participant positions at one or more gaming stations. Gaming applications may determine, track, monitor or otherwise process outcomes of games, amounts of wagers, average wager, player identity information, complimentary benefits information (“comps”), player performance data including indications of player skill or theoretical advantage or use of counting schemes, dealer performance data, chip tray accounting information, playing card sequences, etc. Some suitable applications are described in one or more of commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/442,368, filed Apr. 21, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 6,460,848, issued Oct. 8, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,379, issued Nov. 25, 2003; U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,568, issued Feb. 3, 2004; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002-0187821 A, published Dec.12, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,161, issued Oct. 28, 2003; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004-0259618 A, published_Dec. 23, 2004. 
     The player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may include one or more sensors (not shown) that sense a number of persons (not shown) in at least a portion of the front end  102 . The player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may collect information via images (visible, infrared, ultraviolet), radio or microwave electromagnetic radiation, and/or by detecting magnetic, inductance, or mechanical energy. The player-activity sensor subsystem  118  may provide information to the game-entertainment system controller  120  via the server computing system  406 . 
     Casino Like Game-Entertainment Environment 
     A casino may include one or more download and reconfiguration servers, which may cause a gaming machine to be reconfigured. In some embodiments, the download and reconfiguration server(s) may be capable of, among other things, major and/or minor changes to gaming machines providing various games. One exemplary change to a gaming machine may be to change a game title logic that is currently being implemented on the gaming machine to provide a respective game such that after the change a round of the game takes less time than before the change. For example, a game title logic for a video slot game may be changed such that a reel spin rate for the video slot game is faster than normal. By increasing the reel spin rate, the video slot game plays faster, and consequently, the gaming machine providing the video slot game may receive more wagers per unit time than it would if the video slot game played slower. 
     For example, a normal game may allow 10 games per minute to be played in normal mode (or a game every 6 seconds). If various timing events or onscreen events are modified then the games could be made to play at a rate of 12 games per minute (or one game every 5 seconds) on average. 
     A casino may decide to speed up game play to maximize potential earnings from gaming machines based at least in part on player activity in a portion of the casino. For example, if every gaming machine is already in use by at least one player on Saturday night, the casino may make everything play a little faster to maximize wagering that evening. If an average wager per player is $1 per play, then in the new configuration (e.g., speed up from 10 games per minute to 12 games per minute) then the wagering is $12 per minute versus the original $10 per minute. However, a player may go through his or her money faster than normal if the gaming machine is in a speed-up mode such that the gaming machine plays faster than if the gaming were in a normal. This may be beneficial for the casino, but the overall experience for the player will be diminished. 
     Dynamic Bonusing 
     The casino may provide a player with dynamic bonusing to, among other things, enhance the overall experience of the player. To help illustrate dynamic bonusing and how dynamic bonusing may affect a player&#39;s behavior and player&#39;s appreciation of the overall experience, various terms and examples are provided below. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Gaming Machine in Non-Tournament Mode 
     For a particular gaming machine having a hold of x %, i.e., statistically the slot gaming machine retains on average x % of all wagers, the expected casino gain rate (ECGR) may be given as:
 
 ECGR= (Avg. wager)*(Avg. Hold of Machine)*(Avg. Play rate).
 
     For example, if Avg. wager=$1.00, Avg. Hold of Machine=10% (theoretical or calculated) (lifetime or this session), and Avg. Play rate=10 games/minute, then on average the casino will collect $1 from a player per minute of play. 
     It should be noted that the Avg. Hold of Machine may be calculated from actual data or the theoretical percentage that the game combo is programmed to. In some embodiments, the Average Hold of Machine can be calculated for a respective gaming machine based at least on (1) information gathered from the respective gaming machine over a recent series of games played at the respective gaming machine or (2) historical information gathered from the respective gaming machine over an extended period of time. In some embodiments, the Average Hold of Machine can be calculated for a respective gaming machine or a group of gaming machines based at least on (1) information gathered from the group of gaming machines over a recent series of games played at the group of gaming machines or (2) historical information gathered from the group of gaming machines over an extended period of time. In some embodiments, the Average Hold of Machine can be calculated for a respective gaming machines or for a group of gaming machine based at least on a specific game combo and/or all machines that use this game combo, etc. 
     The casino gain amount (CGA), i.e., the amount the casino gains, for a particular gaming machine is the actual hold of the particular gaming machine, which is the difference between the amount collected (Actual Wagers) and the amount paid out (Player Game Wins);
 
 CGA= Actual Wagers−Player Game Wins.
 
     While the player plays the particular gaming machine, the casino will, on the average, collect more than it pays out. The casino&#39;s collection rate (CasinoGain Rate) may be given by; CasinoGain Rate=CGA/player&#39;s session period, i.e., the length of time the player plays the gaming machine. 
     A typical bonus point (BP) accrual for the player over the same time is calculated by the following:
 
Bonus Points accrued per unit time=(Wagers per unit time)*(BP Accrual Rate)
 
     For example: 
     if wagers per unit time=$10/minute and BP Accrual Rate=0.2% of wagers, then
 
Bonus Point accrual=($10/min)*(0.2%)=2 cents of bonus point accrued per min.
 
     Thus, the casino collects $1/minute from the player and gives back to the player 2 cents/minute in bonus points or $0.98 cents/minute of net hold/minute for the casino. 
     When the download and configuration server reconfigures the gaming machine, these numbers are affected. For example if a player is offered a competitive play tournament on his primary base game, that player will often speed up their rate of play per unit time to try to get the best tournament score possible. They will increase their rate of play significantly over normal play. An example of how the numbers would be affected under such circumstances is provided below: 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Gaming Machine in Tournament Mode 
     Consider the same scenario, except the gaming machine is in tournament mode, which entices faster play by the player. 
     Avg wager=$1.00 
     Avg. Hold=10% 
     Avg Play rate=12 games/minute (faster than above) 
     The expected casino gain rate is: ECGR=$1.00*10%*12 games/min=$1.20 per minute of play. 
     The bonus point accrual for the player during this same time is calculated by the following:
 
Bonus Points accrued per unit time=(Wagers per unit time)*(BP Accrual Rate).
 
Bonus Point accrual=($12/min)*(0.2%)=2.4 cents of bonus point accrued.
 
     So to compare the game in normal play rate mode of 10 games/min to a gaming machine reconfigured into a pay to play tournament mode that achieves 12 games/minute: 
     Normal Mode: 
     $1.00 given to casino by player per minute 
     $0.02 bonus points given back to player per minute 
     Or $0.98 cents net gain to casino per minute. 
     Tournament Mode: 
     $1.20 given to casino by player per minute 
     $0.024 bonus points give back to player per minute 
     Or $1.176 net gain to casino per minute. 
     When the gaming machine is in tournament mode, the player goes through his/her money much faster than normal for a very small incremental return in bonus points. The difference in the bonus point accrual rate, 0.4 cents or $0.004 dollars more does not provide the player with an incentive to play at the faster play rate. Conversely, the incremental net win/minute for the casino is ($1.176−$0.98)/minute or $0.196/min or approx. 20 cents per minute more than normal play rate mode. The difference in the net gain for the casino will be referred to as CasinoExcessGain. 
     Given that the player&#39;s appreciation of the overall gaming experience may diminish if the player loses his/her money at a faster rate than normal, the casino may decide to offer the player a more compelling prize opportunity to justify such a greater loss rate to the casino. Casino Gain Rate is the opposite of Player Loss Rate. PlayerExcessLoss is the opposite of CasinoExcessGain. It is the extra rate of lost money per unit of time that the player gave to the casino while the game is in reconfigured mode versus normal mode. 
     When a player plays a gaming machine at a play rate that is higher than a normal play rate for the gaming machine, the casino may offer the player a higher bonus point accrual rate to compensate for the faster loss rate of the player. The player will get the same number of games in normal play or in tournament play, but the player may go through his/her money more quickly than normal and may have to leave the gaming machine earlier. 
     Many players come to the casino with a fixed amount of money to spend and the players may expect a certain amount of entertainment or time on a respective gaming machine. If the gaming machines are reconfigured to a play rate that is faster than a normal play rate, the total entertainment value proposition for the players may be reduced because the players may have higher loss rates. The players do not have a motivation to play gaming machines at a faster play rate than normal, even though the players have the same opportunity to win or number of tries to win regardless of the play rate of the gaming machines. 
     In some situations, the casino may want players to wager their money faster then normal, especially when the casino is busy such as weekend days and nights. By having a player wager his/her money faster than normal, the time period for a session of game play at a gaming machine may be reduced. Consequently, the time period that another player waits for the gaming machine to become available is reduced. 
     Typically, gaming machines have a minimum wager size. To increase player turnover at gaming machines, the casino may decide to reconfigure the gaming machines and increase the minimum wager size of the gaming machines. However in the reconfigured mode, a player may get fewer games for their money and may have a lower appreciation of the overall entertainment than in non-reconfigured mode. 
     In one embodiment, a dynamic bonusing system may recommend changes to casino personnel or automatically self change a bonusing plan provided by a specific gaming machine being played by a specific player based at least on one or more of the following: the actual hold for the specific gaming machine being played, the specific player, and/or the rate of play by the specific player. 
     In the examples above, the casino collected approximately 20 cents per minute more because the player sped up rate of play. The same may be true if the player increases the size of his/her wagers, if the gaming machine operates faster than normal, or if larger minimum wagers were configured. In one embodiment, at least a portion or the entire amount of the extra money collected by the casino may be returned to the player in the form of extra-bonus points or in the form of other types of bonus prizes to a player account or prize pool. This extra give-back bonus is called Extra-bonus and/or extra-award. 
     Types of Bonuses 
     Other types of prizes that the Extra-bonus may include, but are not limited to, any type of merchandise prize, service, promotional game credits, sweepstakes or raffle entries, or other currency exchangeable inside or outside the casino or at its affiliates. 
     In alternative embodiments, a player may be rewarded with Extra-bonus, which may be used for, among other things, entry into bonus games, advancement towards bonus games, better pay tables, or better game settings in special bonus rounds or games on a base game device or games on a player tracking display device such as iVIEW by Bally Technologies, Inc., or any other casino gaming device. Typically, the Extra-bonus may be provided to the player in the form of bonus points. 
     Casino System 
       FIG. 5  and the following discussion provide a brief, general description of a suitable casino  500  in which the various illustrated embodiments can be implemented. Although not required, the embodiments will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program application modules, objects, or macros being executed by a computer. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the illustrated embodiments, as well as other embodiments, can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, personal computers (“PCs”), network PCs, mini computers, mainframe computers, and the like. The embodiments can be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices, which are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
       FIG. 5  shows a casino system  500  comprising a front end  102  and a back end  104 . The front end  102  includes one or more gaming machines  106 . The back end  104  includes an offer engine system  502 , a casino marketing system (CMP/CMS)  504 , a bonusing system  506 , a download/configuration manager system  508 , a gaming machine management system  510 , a business intelligence system  512 , and a floor analyzer system  514 . Various ones of the aforementioned systems may be individually or collectively embodied in one or more logical devices such as a custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions, and/or may be individually or collectively embodied in firmware that is stored in a memory and that is executed by a suitable instruction execution system. If implemented in hardware, as in an alternative embodiment, the any one or all of the aforementioned modules and subsystems may be individually or collectively implemented with any or a combination of the following technologies: a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementing logic functions on data signals, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having appropriate combinational logic gates, a programmable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc. 
     Among other things, the offer engine system  502  provides the gaming machine  106  with reconfiguration offers, which may be provided to the player of the gaming machine  106 . Typically, a player may use the player interface  108  of the gaming machine  106  to accept or decline a reconfiguration offer. The reconfiguration offer may be indicative of reconfiguring bonusing at the gaming machine  106  such as changing from one bonus plan to another bonus plan or providing bonus points and additional awards such as additional bonus points. The reconfiguration offer may be indicative of reconfiguring a game title, e.g., game logic module/routine. For example, a game title may be reconfigured to use a different set of game title parameters. The different set of game title parameters may cause the game to play differently such as increasing/decreasing a play rate of the game. The reconfiguration offer may be indicative of reconfiguring the gaming machine  106  to play a different game title. 
     Among other things, the casino marketing system (CMP/CMS)  504  may gather data and statistics regarding bonus points awarded to players. The data and statistics may be used in promotions of the casino. 
     Among other things, the download/configuration manager system  508  may be capable of providing game code and an associated set of games to the gaming machine  106  and/or bonus plan(s) and/or bonus plan parameters. The download/configuration manager system  508  may provide game code and associated game title parameters and/or bonus plan logic and/or bonus plan parameters at scheduled times and/or upon request. 
     Among other things, the gaming machine management system  510  may provide an accounting of wins/losses at gaming machines  106  and/or of bonus points awarded. 
     Among other things, the business intelligence system  512  tracks every game play for identified and non-identified players, all bonusing promotions, and recommends to the download/configuration manager system  508  to do an automatic change to the casino floor to balance and to help maintain the overall business profitability. The business intelligence system  512  may collect data from all sources in the casino and aggregate this data to come up with an optimal floor configuration at any given time. These changes may happen automatically or may be shown to casino personnel for manual change. 
     Among other things, the floor analyzer system  514  may analyze the data collected by the business intelligence system  512 . The floor analyzer system  514  may determine optimal or preferred configurations of gaming machines  106 . 
     Among other things, the bonusing system  506  monitors the gaming machines  106  and determines average wagering rate of play on gaming machines  106 . The bonusing system  506  may determine an average wagering rate of a specific player or a group of players. In addition, the bonusing system  506  may determine a wagering loss rate for a player on a gaming machine  106 . In some embodiments, a player may accrue Extra-bonus based at least on a statistical calculation on data from the gaming machine  106 . For example, if the player&#39;s average wagering rate exceeds a threshold, then the player may accrue Extra-bonus. 
     The bonusing system  506 , or any other components of the casino system  500 , may calculate various quantities, in real-time or in non-real time, and reconfigure a player&#39;s bonus plan accordingly. For example, if the bonusing system  506  calculates that a player&#39;s loss rate is higher than normal or the casino&#39;s gain rate is lower than normal, the bonusing system  506  may retune the bonus point earnings for a gaming machine being played by the player. The bonusing system  506  may provide Extra-bonus in addition to a normal bonus point accrual or in lieu of the normal accrual. 
     In some embodiments, at least one of player statistics, casino statistics, and/or bonus points accrued may be calculated, in whole or in part, by at least one of the following devices: the gaming device  106 , peripherals (not shown) attached to the gaming device  106 , Game Monitoring Units (GMUs), player tracking display devices such as iVIEWs, and computing systems and/or servers including, but not limited to, the bonusing system  506 , casino marketing system (CMP/CMS)  504 , download/configuration manager system  508 , game play data storage servers, slot accounting servers (SDS/ACSC SMS/MCC) (not shown), gaming machine management system  510 , business intelligence system  512 , CRM servers, floor analyzer system  514 , retail POS systems, entertainment show systems, etc. 
     In some embodiments, dynamic bonusing may be implemented in either or both of client-based execution of the gaming process and server-based execution of the gaming process. Messaging to the gaming machine  106 , or game play device (not shown), a game combo (not shown) may also be to a server-based execution engine or a client-based execution unit. 
     For real-time calculated bonusing, various statistical quantities such as player loss rate, player wager rate, etc., may change several times during the session of game play of the player. A window of time may be used to calculate the sustained rate of play or extra loss rate that the player is experiencing while the game is in a special configuration mode of play. For example, every minute or so the bonusing system  506  may calculate the loss rate for a player. If the player has a higher loss rate when the game is in “re-configured” mode over the game in normal mode, the bonusing system  506  may provide the player with more bonus points than normal based at least on an amount of extra money the casino realized due to quicker play by the player and/or re-configuration of a game title (game logic module/routine) to play faster. In the examples above, the CasinoExcessGain of approximately 20 cents per minute earned by the casino may be in full or in part provided to the player in a variety of forms such as in accrued bonus points. 
     In some embodiments, the bonusing system  506  may provide a player with bonus points based at least on a predetermined percentage of the CasinoExcessGain or on a look-up table (see table 1). 
     CasinoExcessGain or PlayerExcessLoss can be calculated by comparing a specific player&#39;s new wagering rate versus what a previous player or group of players wagering rates were while the game was in non-reconfigured mode. Alternatively the calculation of CasinoExcessGain may be compared to how the specific player did previously when that game is in non-reconfigured mode. This wager rate comparison may use data from different days, different gaming devices, and different players to build a reference point to compare the player&#39;s wager rate during this session. For example, a casino may collect data from gaming machines  106  over a period of time, and then historical rate of play or wager rate can be determined for all players, groups of players, and individual players. In some embodiments, the casino may determine at least the aforementioned statistics for each individual gaming machine, for groups of gaming machines such as similar gaming machines, gaming machines executing similar game titles (game logic modules/routines), gaming machines executing similar game titles (game logic modules/routines) with similar associated sets of game title parameters, etc. In addition, historical data may be used as the data for calculation of CasinoExcessGain or PlayerExcessLoss of a specific player playing on a newly reconfigured or downloaded gaming machine. A player playing now on a certain game configuration may have his/her wagering rate compared to similar players playing at similar times of the day or days of the week or other similar time periods whether on the same machine or not. 
     The Extra-bonus may be given to the player at all times that their play rate goes beyond certain predetermined thresholds for the game machine, game play device, game title, or the specific player&#39;s historical rate of play for the game in normal configuration mode. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 EXTRA-BONUS LOOKUP TABLE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ExcessLoss 
                 ExcessBonus to Give 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  &gt;30 cents 
                 0% 
               
               
                   
                 11-30 cents 
                 50% 
               
               
                   
                  6-10 cents 
                 75% 
               
               
                   
                  0-5 cents 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, a player may be awarded bonus points that may be convertible to free credits on a gaming machine  106  and with the Extra-bonus the player may accrue more bonus points than without the Extra-bonus. Consequently, the player may have more opportunities to win on a base gaming machine than the player would otherwise have, such as if the gaming machine were configured for normal speed of play. Thus, the player may receive more total plays (spins) and may spend the same amount of time on the gaming machine as when the gaming machine is configured for normal play rate or as when the player plays at a normal play rate. Because Extra-bonus may provide the player with more opportunities to play a round of a game, the player has more jackpot opportunities for the game configuration being played. The player may find the increased number of jackpot opportunities incredible which may increase the player&#39;s appreciation of the overall experience at the casino. 
     On average, the casino makes the same amount of money with Extra-bonus, and the casino has a higher player satisfaction rate than casinos without Extra-bonus. 
     In one embodiment, the player&#39;s actual loss rate would be compared against the theoretical loss rate for the game combination (game play device) to calculate the Extra-bonus for the player. The same comparison can be done to calculate CasinoExcessGain rate versus theoretical gain rate for this game configuration. The resulting calculations would create the Extra-bonus for the player. 
     In alternate embodiments a scheduled configuration/download change can be large enough to automatically adjust the bonusing for all devices included in the configuration or download change. The actual configuration/download may not have to have been implemented on the gaming machines  106 . The scheduled configuration/download change may then force reconfiguration of the bonus rate in the CMP/CMS  504  for a specific gaming machine, bank of gaming machines, player, group of players, or player types. 
     The bonusing system  506  may be notified in advance of the change, and the bonusing system  506  may start giving better or worse bonusing to accommodate this pending change. Players can be notified of these changes on overhead signage, on player tracking display devices such as (iVIEWs), on Game Screens, on their wireless devices, or other player notification means. 
     Disbursement of Extra-Bonus 
     The Extra-bonus may be provided directly into a player&#39;s account, i.e., the member record  126  associated with the player may be updated, or directly deposited onto the gaming machine such as into a player associated value meter or gaming machine associated value meter. In some embodiments, the Extra-bonus may fund a progressive prize pool available to a group of players, or a personal progressive prize pool. The progressives may trigger at a random time, a secret specific value, or a winning combination in a game, or by being a winner in a tournament. Other progressive triggering mechanisms would apply as well. In another embodiment the disbursement of the Extra-bonus would be sent to the gaming machine or a component device in the gaming machine for use as gaming credits or directly printed out of the printer in the form of a voucher. Also the awards could be put into a player smart card or similar personal computing device including electronic wallets in wireless devices owned by the player. 
     Notification to Player 
     In some situations, it may be important for the casino to notify the player that the player is earning more bonus points than normal. The player may be notified of their new bonus point earnings rate in various ways and on various devices. For example, this new improved bonus mode may be shown on the player tracking display device, with audio indications, with cabinet lighting, with the main game display monitor, with the players wireless device using email or text messaging notification, with mechanical bonus games attached to the gaming device or associated with the gaming device, on overhead LCD screens, at a casino gaming portal, at the players club desk, on the card reader device by special flashing of the lights or changing the colors of the lights, or on casino audio/speaker/pager systems. Notification to the player may include showing trigger levels required on player tracking display device such as (iVIEW) or game machine to achieve extra-bonusing. 
     In another embodiment, notification to a player playing a gaming machine may be conveyed to the player via graphical animations displayed on the gaming machine. For example, a balloon may be displayed on display device  134   a  or  134   b  and the balloon may inflate and deflate. If the balloon is inflated, the player may earn Extra-bonus, and if the balloon deflates, then normal bonusing would occur. 
     Unlike today where the normal bonusing and a countdown are displayed to a player (typically via the gaming machine being played by the player), a player&#39;s personal bonuses may accrue behind the scenes. When the player&#39;s personal bonuses are large enough to provide a bonus game, portion of a bonus game, bonus event, raffle ticket, sweepstakes tickets or any other prize award type, the player may be notified of the player&#39;s bonus points, bonus game, portion of a bonus game, bonus event, raffle ticket, sweepstakes tickets or any other prize award type. Typically, the player would be notified via any of the associated display devices  134   a ,  134   b.    
     Redemption of Extra-Bonus 
     This Extra-bonus amount may be collected by a player at alternate locations or gaming devices. The Extra-bonus may be redeemed for cash, merchandise, or services both inside and outside the casino through various partner affiliations. 
     In some embodiments the Extra-bonus given to the player can be converted back into game credits, either automatically or at the request of the player. The player can use these credits to fund future game play. These credits may be restricted to be played on a gaming device and not cashed out. Conversely, the Extra-bonus may be awarded in a restricted player account which has specific withdrawal or redemption rules. This account may also have special expiration rules. The Extra-bonus may be required to be used at specific time periods, or only a certain portion can be used per unit time. For example, the casino may have redemption rules on prize award (only redeemable after 24 hours or next visit). 
     In some embodiments, the increased bonusing may be given to the player at businesses or servers outside the casino with third-party game sites including, but not limited to, sports book, keno, bingo, raffle sites, sweepstake sites, airlines frequent flier points, points.com, credit card point systems, grocery chain, hotel chain point systems, car rental agency point system, etc. These entities may be notified to give the player extra rewards or services for this player or user ID. 
     In alternate embodiments, the reconfiguration/download of a gaming machine is not required prior to changing the bonusing for the player. An actively playing player would have his/her wager rate monitored and compared to previous wager rates for this player, for this game combination (game play device), for previous identified or non-identified player(s) playing the same (game, game combination, or game play device), or for a group of players playing a similar configuration. Alternately, the comparison with a current player&#39;s wager rate could be against any number, even any preconfigured number. If predetermined thresholds are achieved, then this player&#39;s bonusing rate would be modified (or increased) as long as this rate is continued. Once play rate levels (wagers or losses per unit time) goes above or drops below certain pre-determined thresholds, the bonusing rate would be modified (raised or decreased) accordingly. Similar calculations as outlined previously could be used to calculate the Extra-bonus. These predetermined thresholds and numbers may be configured by casino personnel and stored in a central computer and are often sent to the game monitoring units for real-time calculation of wager rates and CasinoExcessWin. Alternatively, the real-time or non-real-time calculation of various statistical values may occur in a server not limited to the casino CMP/CMS system  504 . Player notification would be similar as previously disclosed. 
     Player Qualification 
     In certain embodiments, dynamic bonusing may be available to certain player club membership levels only or special group of players. Alternatively, dynamic bonusing may only be available for certain specific players, specific gaming machines, group(s) of gaming machines, a group of players playing a group of games, or a specific player on a specific gaming machine, gaming device or game combo, game theme, or game play device. Certain players may have to play on specific machines or game titles to get the benefit of this dynamic bonusing. In some embodiments, only the first player after a configuration/download change of a gaming machine may be offered the opportunity to accrue new bonusing tied to excess wagering. 
     In another embodiment, a player may have to wager a minimum amount per play or at a minimum rate per unit time to earn any bonusing, bonus points, Live Rewards Play Points, extra-bonusing, etc. 
     Unidentified Players 
     In some embodiments, Extra-bonus may even be calculated for non-identified or non-carded players, e.g., players who have not enrolled in a membership club. Since there is no player card (member identification medium  112 ) associated with the player, the Extra-bonus may be given on the base game with a modified game or bonus round, extra game play credits, an enriched game pay table, an improved game setting or option, or a cash or bonus voucher may be printed from the gaming device which includes this Extra-bonus or portion thereof. The Extra-bonus may be restricted and have to be played off as game promotional credits by the player on this gaming machine, at another gaming device, or at a gaming web portal. 
     In some embodiments, unidentified players may have CasinoExcessGain bonusing calculated on their play while a respective game is in a modified configuration. The ExcessBonusing of the unidentified players may be given to carded players in proportion to their wagering during a time period. Carded players would be notified of this bonusing given to them to let them know other people are giving them a bonus. Unidentified players may be also notified that they are giving bonus money to identified players to motivate them to become identified players (normally carded players). 
     Alternatively, unidentified players may receive their bonus as they play their primary game. The bonus would not be put in an account because the account does not exist. A temporary account may be created for a player to later redeem his/her bonus. A user may receive a printed ticket with the temporary number or bonus prize for redemption at a later time or conversion into an actual account. The player may be asked to remember a special code to reference the temporary account and no ticket would be needed. Or any magnetic card in the player&#39;s wallet could be used to associate a temporary account with this card. The Extra-bonus calculated from unidentified players may optionally fund prize pools available to identified players only. Various award techniques for this pool could be used. 
     Table Games 
     In alternate embodiments, table games can have electronic games or bonus games downloaded to the table or shown at the table through the use of displays. When the new game or configuration is in effect, the CasinoExcessGain or PlayerExcessLoss can also be calculated and the player&#39;s bonusing can be affected as well. A player may accrue comp points, bonus points, play points, cash, bonus cards, insurance cards, wild cards, bonus game or any other form of casino currency or bonus differently because of the new CasinoExcessGain or PlayerExcessLoss. The electronic download and reconfiguration of new gaming software will then trigger new calculations of the bonus earnings rate for this player. This will be done to ensure the player is satisfied with the overall entertainment experience. 
     Alternatively, a dealer may be asked to speed up his/her deal/rate or play rate at certain busy times, thus bonusing may be modified to accommodate for this new rate of play/wagering. For example, the Bally TMS intelligent tables would note the new play rate and increase bonusing accordingly. Or the dealer or the pit boss or other casino personnel could enter the new bonusing rate or wagering rates for specific or groups of players on the floor tables. This could be done with wireless or wired devices to the bonusing systems. 
     Modify Live Rewards Bonus Games 
     In alternate embodiments, a player&#39;s Live Rewards Play Points may accrue differently based on this excess wagering by a player. These Play Points are earned as a percentage of the players wagering on the primary base game play device. These points are normally set to a fixed level and accrue after a player identifies him/herself and begins wagering on the base game device. The Play Points can be spent on bonus games on the player tracking display device display, such as iVIEW display or on the top or bottom monitor on Bally Technologies&#39; Alpha slot machine either inside or outside of its associated web browser. When a player is offered a bonus game or a bonus tournament game on the iVIEW or Alpha Monitor, an increased rate of play of the base game is normally observed. This leads to a greater loss rate for the player or greater gain rate for the casino. A player will, on average, go through their funds at a quicker rate than normal and, as such, are entitled to a higher bonus rate. This higher bonus can be given in the form of all casino currencies, points, or any other entitlement the casino can offer, including all services. When the CasinoExcessGain or PlayerExcessLoss is calculated, the player&#39;s Live Rewards Play Points may be increased or decreased in real-time. Visual indication of this new accrual rate is given to the player to notify that this is in effect. 
     DCM &amp; Bonus Systems 
     In one embodiment, gaming machine configurations may be associated with bonus plans. For example, different game titles at a gaming machine may be associated with different bonus plans. Similarly, the same game title, but with different game title parameters, may be associated with different bonus plans. For example, in the download/configuration manager system  508 , a specific configuration/game download Change ID, (JOB ID#), CONFIGURATION ID#, GAME PLAY DEVICE, Game COMBO, etc. may have an associated bonus Calculation ID. Each bonus Calculation ID has an associated formula or lookup table associated with it stored in any server or system such as the download/configuration manager system  508 . When a reconfiguration or game change is implemented on a gaming device, the associated bonus calculation formula is implemented in the bonusing systems. A message from the reconfigured game device and/or the download/configuration manager system  508  may inform the bonusing system  506  that the game device is being (or was) reconfigured using a specific Change ID, (JOB ID#), or CONFIGURATION ID#, or GAME PLAY DEVICE, Game COMBO. The bonusing system  506  may look up the appropriate bonus Calculation ID and then modify its bonus accrual based on the formula or lookup table. The bonusing system  506  may use the historical rate of play/wagering for a Configuration or Game for use in its calculation of the new bonus for a specific player or the Game Device as a whole. 
     There are multiple ways in which dynamic bonusing may be provided to players of a casino. For example, the offer engine system  502  may provide the gaming machine  106  with a bonusing offer indicator. The gaming machine  106  may notify the player of the gaming machine  106  of a bonusing offer based at least on the bonusing offer indicator by, for example, displaying an indication of the bonusing offer on one or both of the display devices  134   a ,  134   b . The player may decide to accept or decline the bonusing offer. In some embodiments, if the player does not accept the bonusing offer within a given period of time, the player has effectively declined the bonusing offer and the gaming machine  106  will no longer display the indication of the bonusing offer to the player. In some embodiments, the bonusing offer may remain valid until the player accepts the bonusing offer. The player may accept or, if necessary, decline the bonusing offer using the player interface  108 . 
     The gaming machine  106  may provide the offer engine system  502  with a player response indicator. The player response indicator may be indicative of the player&#39;s acceptance or rejection of the offer. 
     In some embodiments, the offer engine system  502  may wait for a given period of time or an indefinite period of time for the player response indicator from the gaming machine  106 . Until the offer engine system  502  receives the player response indicator, and the player response indicator is indicative of the player&#39;s acceptance of the bonusing offer, the offer engine system  502  may treat the bonusing offer as being effectively rejected. 
     If the player accepted the bonusing offer, the offer engine system  502  provides download/configuration manager system  508 , and may also provide the business intelligence system  512 , with a gaming machine change indicator, which may, among other things, include an indicator of the specific gaming machine  106 . Among other things, the download/configuration manager system  508  may cause a change in the gaming machine  106  based at least on the gaming machine change indicator by providing the gaming machine  106  with one or more of the following: logic module/routines such as, but not limited to, game logic modules/routines and/or bonus plan logic modules/routines; data/parameters such as, but not limited to, one or more sets of game title parameters and/or one or more sets of bonus plan parameters; and instructions. In some embodiments, the gaming machines  106  may be loaded with one or more game logic modules/routines and/or bonus plan modules/routines and, if necessary, associated sets of game title parameters and/or bonus plan parameters, and the gaming machines  106  may be reconfigured based at least on instructions from the download/configuration manager system  508 . 
     In addition, the download/configuration manager system  508  may provide one or more of the bonusing systems  506 , gaming machine management system  510 , and business intelligence system  512  with a gaming machine configuration indicator that may be indicative of the current state/configuration of the gaming machine  106  and/or indicative of a change to the current state/configuration of the gaming machine  106 . 
     The bonusing system  506  may monitor, among other things, player wagering and play rate of the gaming machine  106 . The bonusing system  506  may provide one or more of the casino marketing system (CMP/CMS)  504  and the business intelligence system  512  with a player bonus indicator that may be indicative of, among other things, bonus points awarded to the player, Extra-bonus awarded to the player, player rate of play, player wagering, etc. 
     Among other things, the bonusing system  506  may monitor the gaming machine  106  to determine whether to change the state/configuration of the gaming machine  106 . Based at least on information gathered by monitoring the gaming machine  106 , the bonusing system  506  may determine that the player should be offered yet another bonus plan, which may have an accrual rate better than the player&#39;s current bonus plan and/or lower than the player&#39;s current bonus plan. The bonusing system  506  may provide the offer engine system  502  and/or the business intelligence system  512  with a change bonus plan indicator that may be indicative of a bonus plan that is different from the player&#39;s current bonus plan. 
     Based at least on the change bonus plan indicator, the offer engine system  502  may provide the gaming machine  106  with yet another bonusing offer indicator. In some embodiments, if the change bonus plan indicator is indicative of a bonus plan that is not as favorable to the player as the player&#39;s current bonus plan, the offer engine system  502  may provide the gaming machine  106  with a bonus plan decrement indicator. Based on the bonus plan decrement indicator, the gaming machine  106  may provide the player with an indication that the player&#39;s current bonus plan may be changed to another bonus plan and/or with an indicator of actions that the player should take to retain the player&#39;s current bonus plan such as increasing the player&#39;s rate of play and/or increasing the wager amount of the player. 
     In one embodiment, the bonusing system  506  may configure new types of player bonusing. The download/configuration system (DCM)  508  may be notified to implement a change to the gaming machines  106 . 
     Among other things, the business intelligence system  512  may track every game play for identified and non-identified players. In addition, the business intelligence system  512  may track all bonusing promotions. The business intelligence system  512  may recommend to the download/configuration system (DCM)  508  to do an automatic change to the casino floor to balance and to help maintain the overall business profitability. The business intelligence system  512  may collect data from some or all sources in the casino and aggregate this data to come up with an optimal floor configuration at any given time. These changes may happen automatically or may be shown to casino personnel for manual change. A typical example would be when the casino runs a new progressive or tournament that gives $100,000 away. The business intelligence system  512  can recommend that a group of gaming machines be reconfigured to a higher minimum bet or denomination, or the reel speed may be made faster, or any other type or reconfiguration. This would help generate new revenue on these machines and counter the $100,000 promotion. The reconfiguration may only happen for specific club level players or for specific individual players or groups of players. 
     Casinos have to be very careful in implementing new promotional giveaways because they always risk going into the red financially while these promotions run. It is often difficult to calculate the total of all promotions and how they affect the overall casino&#39;s financials. The business intelligence system  512  may aggregate all of the promotions and give a complete view to the casino personnel of what the expected profitability is because it can take into account the entire gaming floors&#39; current or proposed configurations as well as all other casino or casino related activity. The business intelligence system  512  may calculate a theoretical or expected rate of return or profitability/loss statement for running gaming machine configurations and for proposed bonusing based at least on historical data. The casino can retune or reconfigure either the bonus promotions or the download/configurations for the gaming floor based on the expected rate of return or profitability/loss statement. 
     If casino personnel configure a combination of promotions that award something of value to players, the business intelligence system  512  may recommend a floor configuration for the gaming devices. Typically, gaming machine configurations and bonusing configurations are directly related to the profitability of the casino. If the bonusing system  506  is configured to provide players with a large number of bonus points, then the gaming machines should be configured to create a large casino hold rate. The corollaries hold true as well. 
     Predetermined thresholds or formulas can be preconfigured such that if you change either the casino hold rate or the bonus system, then comparisons can be made against these preconfigured thresholds or formulas so as to force a corresponding automatic change to the other. As with all automatic changes to any system there will be errors. To compensate for these errors, real historical data may be used to retune the bonusing system  506 , the business intelligence system  512 , and/or the download/configuration manager system  508 . 
     In one embodiment, prior to or concurrent with the start of a promotion, the download/configuration manager system  508  may be notified before the start of the promotion to implement changes to the floor of the casino such as reconfiguring the gaming machines  106 . As the success of the promotion is determined, the actual business profitability may be calculated and the bonusing system  506 , the download/configuration manager system  508 , and/or the gaming machine management system  510  may be automatically retuned. The retuning may occur in real-time and may occur several to many times throughout the duration of the promotion. It could also occur with or without human intervention by the casino personnel. The promotion may generate new revenue, and if the new revenue exceeds predetermined thresholds, then a specific bonus or group of bonus plans may be retuned and/or automatically disabled and/or accelerated. 
     The bonusing system  506  and/or the gaming machine management system  510  may gather data and analyze the data to calculate, among other things, bonusing rates for players. Table 2 shows exemplary types of data that may be collected. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 LOGGING TABLE (FOR SPECIFIC CONFIGURATIONS/GAMES TO PLAY RATE) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GameID 
                 Player 
                   
                 game 
                 game 
                 timeforlast 
                 Bonus 
               
               
                 (GamePlayDevice/Combo) 
                 ID 
                 wager 
                 length 
                 outcome 
                 wager 
                 ID 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Config ID # 1001 (normal mode) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 BAL_Blazing 7 s 90% 
                 1875 
                 $1.00 
                 3 sec 
                 $0 
                   6 sec 
                 187 
               
               
                 BAL_Blazing 7 s 90% 
                 1875 
                 $1.00 
                 3 sec 
                 $.25 
                 5.8 sec 
                 194 
               
               
                 BAL_Blazing 7 s 90% 
                 1875 
                 $1.00 
                 3 sec 
                 $0 
                 4.2 sec 
                 187 
               
               
                 New Config ID #1007 (quick reels) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 BAL_Blazing 7 s 90% 
                 1875 
                 $0.50 
                 2 sec 
                 $1 
                 3.5 sec 
                 153 
               
               
                 BAL_Blazing 7 s 90% 
                 1875 
                 $0.50 
                  2 sec. 
                 $0 
                 3.9 sec 
                 472 
               
               
                 BAL_Blazing 7 s 90% 
                 1875 
                 $2.00 
                 2 sec 
                 $0 
                 3.6 sec 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, a new bonus rate may be calculated if a calculated theoretical loss rate for sustained play of gaming machines in a new faster game mode is greater than the average loss rate for gaming machines in normal mode for sustained play plus a predetermined amount. 
     In one embodiment, a new bonus rate may be calculated if a theoretical CasinoGain rate for sustained play with gaming machines in a new faster game mode is greater than the average CasinoGain rate for sustained play of gaming machines in normal mode plus a predetermined amount. 
     In one embodiment, the offer engine system  502 , bonusing system  506 , download/configuration manager system  508 , gaming machine management system  510 , and business intelligence system  512  may comprise a bonusing feedback system  516 . In some embodiments, the bonusing feedback system  516  monitors the gaming machine  106  and dynamically reconfigures the gaming machine  106  based at least on data gathered from monitoring the gaming machine. In some embodiments, the dynaminc reconfiguration of the gaming machine by the bonusing feedback system may be based at least on data gathered from monitoring the gaming machine and acceptance of a reconfiguration of the gaming system  106 . 
     Play Rate Parameters and Slaver Inducements 
     To increase/decrease the rate of game play of various game titles on various gaming machines the download/configuration manager system  508  may vary any of the following, which is not an exhaustive list, on various gaming machines: 
     a) length of bonus rounds; 
     b) rate of card dealing in card games; 
     c) number of tips provided to a player; 
     d) length of animation sequence at beginning/end of game; 
     e) show several or all winnings lines at once instead of one at a time; 
     f) game auto-play rate; 
     g) duration of audio effects; 
     h) mechanical reel quick stop sequence (S9000) (rhythmic Reels); 
     i) game skin (theme modifications), e.g., provide less data for a player to look at; 
     j) number of control panel options provide to player, e.g., programmable button deck of player interface; 
     k) frequency of group play game or bonus round initiation (will lead to larger prize pools with less frequent entry by players); 
     l) duration of decision time given to players (player must decide within a given period of time or the game will make moves for the player); 
     m) tournament mode (player may increase his/her play rate in an attempt to increase his/her score to overtake other players); 
     n) offering free credits if a player wagers faster; 
     o) pay table changes (do not pay for frequent winning combinations) 
     p) tease the player to doing certain gaming behaviors 
     q) reel speed or reel stop sequence speed. 
     Bonus Offer to a Player 
     A player may be offered a game configuration or game title and also be offered a corresponding bonus offer. If the player accepts the bonus offer, then the appropriate download/configuration is implemented and new bonusing is activated for this player. The new bonusing may be provided as an inducement for accepting the configuration/download change to a gaming device. Some jurisdictions may require that no change may take place when there are credits on a gaming machine and until there is a certain period of inactivity on the gaming machine. Once these rules are met, a gaming machine must tilt itself for a period of time as the reconfiguration takes place. After the reconfiguration there is also a required inactive play period of time. 
     However, in some jurisdictions, if a player accepts a reconfiguration of a gaming machine, such as by pressing a button or touching a touch sensitive screen, or by speaking or providing other input to the gaming machine or one of its associated peripherals or input devices, then the jurisdictional rules become nullified for the transaction. By allowing the player to accept the reconfiguration/download offer, the player is in effect overriding the restriction and allowing the change to happen. Thus, the gaming machine operating system and/or the game logic module/routine may be configured to bypass the normal jurisdictional rules for this one transaction approved by the player. A player may be rewarded for bypassing the normal jurisdictional rules through new bonusing associated with the new configuration or download. Having the player accept the reconfiguration may satisfy regulatory concerns, and allows the player to immediately get the new product. 
       FIG. 6  shows a method  600  for providing dynamic bonusing to a player according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  602 , a player is identified at a gaming machine  106 . The player may be identified based on an indicator of member identification information read from a member identification medium  112  by the reader  110  of the gaming machine  106 . Alternatively, the player may be identified based on biometric data, a username provided by the player, etc. 
     At  604 , the player may be offered the opportunity to play a different game. 
     At  606 , the player may accept or decline the offer of a different game. If the player declines/rejects the offer of a different game, then, at  608 , the player&#39;s bonus plan remains unchanged. 
     If the player accepts the offer of a different game, then, at  610 , a configuration for the player&#39;s gaming machine is determined. The determined configuration may be such that the player may be induced to wager more rapidly and/or to wager larger amounts. 
     At  612 , the player&#39;s gaming machine is reconfigured. The reconfiguration of the player&#39;s gaming machine may be based on data, instructions, and/or logic modules/routines from the download/configuration manager system  508 . 
     At  614 , gaming activity at the player&#39;s gaming machine is monitored. Various statistical quantities such as casino gain rate, player loss rate, wager rate, or player rate may be calculated based on information gathered by monitoring the gaming activity at the player&#39;s gaming machine. 
     At  616 , a determination is made as to whether to award the player Extra-bonusing. The determination may be based at least on a calculated statistical quantity such as whether the casino gain rate exceeds a threshold value. If the determination is affirmative, the method continues at  618 . 
     At  618 , Extra-bonusing for the player is calculated. 
     At  620 , the player&#39;s bonus point accrual rate is increased. Various components such as the casino marketing system (CMP/CMS)  504  and/or the bonusing system  506  may be notified to increase the player&#39;s bonus point accrual rate. 
     If the determination at  616  is negative, the method continues at  622 . At  622 , the player&#39;s bonus point accrual rate is decreased. Various components such as the casino marketing system (CMP/CMS)  504  and/or the bonusing system  506  may be notified to decrease the player&#39;s bonus point accrual rate. 
     In some embodiments and some situations, the player&#39;s gaming machine may be pre-scheduled for a reconfiguration. In that case, if the player accepted the offer to play a different game at  608 , then, at  624 , the prescheduled reconfiguration of the player&#39;s gaming machine is changed. 
       FIG. 7  shows a method  700  for providing dynamic bonusing to a player according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  702 , a normal CasinoGain Rate for a player playing a specific gaming device is calculated. 
     At  704 , for a period of time, one or more gaming machines are reconfigured. A download or configuration change to the gaming machines may be implemented. 
     At  708 , during the period of time that the one or more gamining machines are reconfigured, CasinoExcessGain for players using the reconfigured gaming machines is calculated. 
     At  708 , determine if CasinoExcessGain is larger than a threshold for the respective players. If yes then proceed to  710 . If no then return to  706 . 
     At  710 , calculate new bonus point, or Play Point, accrual rate based at least on Casino Excess Win. 
     At  712 , increase players bonus point, or Play Point, accrual rate. 
       FIG. 8  shows a method  800  for providing dynamic bonusing to a player according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  802 , calculate normal player loss rate for a player(s) playing a specific configuration of a gaming machine(s). 
     At  804 , implement download or configuration change to the gaming machine(s) for a period of time. 
     At  806 , calculate PlayerExcessLoss during this configuration change period for players using this configuration. 
     At  808 , determine if PlayerExcessLoss is larger than a threshold for the respective player. If yes, then proceed to  810 . If no, return to  806 . 
     At  810 , calculate new bonus point, or Play Point, accrual rate based at least on PlayerExcessLoss. 
     At  812 , increase players bonus point, or Play Point, accrual rate. 
       FIG. 8  shows a method  800  for providing dynamic bonusing to a player according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  902 , monitor Player Session Wagering. 
     At  904 , calculate Wagering Rate per unit time. 
     At  906 , determine if current Wagering Rate is greater than or equal than a previous wager rate or predetermined number. If Yes continue to  908 . If no continue to  914 . 
     At  908 , calculate new bonus rate or Extra-bonus. 
     At  910 , award Extra-bonus or new bonus rate to player. Then proceed to  912 . 
     At  912 , notify player of Extra-bonusing. Then return to  902 . 
     At  914 , change bonus rate for player back to default settings. 
     At  916 , notify player of normal bonusing. Then proceed back to  902 . 
       FIG. 10  shows a method  1000  for providing dynamic bonusing to a player according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  1002 , the download/configuration manager system  508  implements the configuration/download for a gaming machine being played by a player. 
     At  1004 , the download/configuration manager system  508  notifies various systems of the casino, such as the bonusing system  506  and the business intelligence system  512 , that the configuration/download for the gaming machine occurred. 
     At  1006 , the bonusing system  506  retrieves historical data from the business intelligence system  512 . The historical data may include configuration based play data, e.g., play data for the gaming machine (or other gaming machines or a group of gaming machines) in the old configuration and in the new configuration. 
     At  1008 , the bonusing system  506  calculates a new bonusing rate for the player based at least on the new configuration of the player&#39;s gaming machine and the historical data. 
     At  1010 , the player is notified of the new bonusing rate. 
     At  1012 , the bonusing system  506  monitors gaming activity such as the wager rate of the player with the gaming machine in the new configuration. 
       FIG. 11  shows a method  1100  for providing dynamic bonusing to a player according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  1102 , the bonusing system  506  determines a new bonus plan for a gaming machine being played by a player. The new bonus plan may be part of a promotion or pre-scheduled. 
     At  1104 , the bonusing system  506  notifies various systems of the casino, such as the download/configuration manager system  508  and the business intelligence system  512 , of the new bonus plan. 
     At  1106 , the business intelligence system  512  provides the download/configuration manager system  508  with recommended download/configuration changes based at least on historical data. 
     At  1108 , the download/configuration manager system  508  implements the configuration/download for the gaming machine being played by the player. 
     At  1110 , the player is notified of the new bonusing rate. 
     At  1112 , the bonusing system  506  monitors gaming activity such as wager rate of the player with the gaming machine in the new configuration. 
       FIG. 12  shows a method  1200  for enhancing gaming according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  1202 , data related to at least one of gameplay or wagering by a player of a game title over a first period of time is gathered. Typically, the player places a number of wagers during the first period of time. 
     At  1204 , at least one statistical quantity is determined based at least on the gathered data. 
     At  1206 , a determination is made as to whether the determined at least one statistical quantity exceeds an extra-bonus threshold value. 
     At  1208 , a respective payout amount is provided to the player of the game title in accordance with rules of the game title and a respective wager for each of the number of wagers placed by the player during the first period of time. 
     At  1210 , from time to time, the player is provided with bonus points in accordance with a bonus point plan during the first period of time. 
     At  1212 , from time to time, an amount of an extra-award based at least on the determined at least one statistical quantity is determined. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a loss rate for the player, the loss rate given by (TPA−TWA)/N, where the TWA, total wager amount, is an aggregate amount of the number of wagers placed the player, where TPA, total payout amount, is an aggregate amount of the respective payout amounts for the number of wagers placed by the player, and N is one of a number of games of the game title played or a length of time. 
     In some embodiments, for each of the number of wagers placed by the player during the first period of time, the respective wager is collected in accordance with rules of the game title. In that case to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a gain rate for an entity collecting the respective wagers, the gain rate given by (TCA−TPA)/N, where the TCA, total collected amount, is an aggregate amount of the collected wagers placed the player, where TPA, total payout amount, is an aggregate amount of the respective payout amounts for the number of wagers placed by the player, and N is one of a number of games of the game title played or a length of time. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a play rate for the player, the play rate given by a number of games of the game title played by the player divided by the first period of time. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a wager rate for the player, the wager rate given by an aggregate of the number of wagers divided by the number wagers. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally provide the player with an offer to reconfigure a gaming machine being played by the player. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally reconfigure the gaming machine from a configuration of the gaming machine during the first period of time to a different configuration in response to the player accepting the offer to reconfigure the gaming machine. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally reconfigure the gaming machine to provide a round of the game title at a new rate of play, wherein the new rate of play is different from a rate of play for a round of the game title during the first period of time. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally reconfigure the gaming machine to provide a respective amount of extra-award based at least on a new bonus plan, wherein the new bonus plan is different from a bonus plan provided offered to the player during the first period of time. In that case, in some embodiments the method  1200  may optionally reconfigure the gaming machine to provide a respective amount of extra-award based at least on a new bonus plan includes changing a rate of extra-bonus point accrual based at least on an aggregate amount of the wagers placed during the first period of time. Alternatively, in some embodiments the method  1200  may optionally reconfigure the gaming machine to provide a respective amount of extra-award based at least on a new bonus plan includes changing a rate of extra-bonus point accrual based at least on an aggregate amount of the payouts during the first period of time. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally determine a total number of extra-award based at least on a first bonus point accrual rate during the first time period; determine a second extra-award accrual rate based at least on the data gathered during the first period of time; and during a second period of time, from time to time, determine an amount of an extra-award based at least on the determined second extra-award accrual rate. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally identify the player based at least on information indicative of a member identification; associate at least a portion of an aggregate of the bonus points provided to the player during the first period of time with a member account based at least on the member identification; and associate at least a portion of an aggregate of the amount of extra-award determined during the first period of time with a member account based at least on the member identification. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally identify a number of other players based at least on information indicative of a respective member identification for each of the number of other players, each of the other players associated with a respective member account; and associate at least a portion of an aggregate of the amount of extra-award determined during the first period of time with the respective member account associated with a respective one of the other players. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally notify at least one respective player of the other players that the respective player is receiving at least a portion of the determined amount of the extra-award. In that case, in some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally notify the player that at least one respective player of the other players that the respective player is receiving at least a portion of the determined amount of the extra-award. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally notify the player of an account having a least a portion of the determined amount of the extra-award associated therewith, wherein no association between the account and the player exists; and may provide the player with account access. In some embodiments, to provide the player with account access may include to provide the player with a tangible medium carrying information indicative an account identifier for the account. In some embodiments, to provide the player with account access may include to provide the player with information indicative an account identifier for the account. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally notify the player that the player may receive at least a portion of the determined amount of the extra-award subject to the player joining a membership club. In some embodiments, the method  1200  may optionally enroll the player in the membership club; and may associate at least a portion of the determined amount of extra-award with a member account established for the player. 
       FIG. 13  shows a method  1300  for enhancing gaming according to one non-limiting illustrated embodiment. 
     At  1302 , data related to player activity in at least a portion of a game-entertainment center during a first period of time is gathered. The game-entertainment center has a number of gaming machines that are being played by a number of players during the first time period. 
     At  1304 , at least one statistical quantity is determined based at least on the gathered data. 
     At  1306 , at least one of the gaming machines is reconfigured based at least on the at least one statistical quantity. 
     At  1308 , the respective player playing the respective reconfigured gaming machine is provided with a number of bonus points and an amount of extra-award during a second period of time. During the second period of time, the amount of extra-award accrues at a rate different from an extra-award accrual rate for the first period of time. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a respective player rate of play for each player playing a respective one of the number of gaming machines. In that case, in some embodiments, to reconfigure at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity may include for each player playing a respective one of the reconfigured at least one gaming machine, to determine to reconfigure the at least one gaming machine such that the extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is less than the extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time in response to determining the respective player play rate for the respective player is less than a player play rate threshold, and to determine to reconfigure the at least one gaming machine such that the extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is greater than the extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time in response to determining the respective player play rate for the respective player is greater than the player play rate threshold. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a respective average wager for each player playing a respective one of the number of gaming machines. In that case, in some embodiments, to reconfigure at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity may include for each player playing a respective one of the reconfigured at least one gaming machine, to determine to reconfigure the at least one gaming machine such that the extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is less than the extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time in response to determining the respective average wager for the respective player is less than an average wager threshold, and to determine to reconfigure the at least one gaming machine such that the extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is greater than the extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time in response to determining the respective average wager for the respective player is greater than the average wager threshold. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine a respective gain rate for respective one of the number of gaming machines, wherein the respective gain rate is given the by (TCA−TPA)/N, where TCA, total collected amount, is an aggregate amount of collected wagers placed at the respective gaming machine during the first period of time, where TPA, total payout amount, is an aggregate amount of the payout amounts from the respective gaming machine during the first period of time, and N is one of a respective number of games played at the respective gaming machine during the first period of time or the first period of time. In that case, in some embodiments, to reconfigure at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity may include for each reconfigured gaming machine of the at least one reconfigured gaming machine, to determine to reconfigure the respective gaming machine such that the extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is less than the extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time in response to determining the respective gain rate for the respective gaming machine is less than a gain rate threshold, and to determine to reconfigure the respective gaming machine such that the extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is greater than the extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time in response to determining the respective gain rate for the respective gaming machine is greater than the gain rate threshold. 
     In some embodiments, to determine at least one statistical quantity from the gathered data may include to determine an average gaming machine occupancy rate for the number of gaming machines, wherein the average gaming machine occupancy rate is an average over the number of gaming machines of an aggregate amount of time that each respective one of the number of gaming machines is being played during the first period of time divided by a length of time for the first period of time. In other words, for a given gaming machine during a given period of time, the gaming machine is used/played/occupied by at least one player for a certain amount of time, t OCC , The occupancy rate for the given gaming machine is given by t OCC /T, where T is the length of time of the given period of time. The occupancy rates of multiple machines may be averaged together to yield the average gaming machine occupancy rate. 
     In some embodiments, to reconfigure at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity may include to determine to reconfigure at least one gaming machine such that the respective extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is less than the respective extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time for each respective one of the at least one reconfigured gaming machine in response to determining the average gaming machine occupancy rate is less than an average gaming machine occupancy rate threshold, and to determine to reconfigure at least one gaming machine such that the respective extra-award accrual rate during the second period of time is greater than the respective extra-award accrual rate during the first period of time for each respective one of the at least one reconfigured gaming machine in response to determining the average gaming machine occupancy rate is greater than an average gaming machine occupancy rate threshold. 
     In some embodiments, the method  1300  may optionally, provide a respective player playing a respective one of the at least one reconfigured gaming machine with notification of the reconfiguration of the respective gaming machine prior to the reconfiguration of the respective gaming machine. In that case, in some embodiments, the method  1300  may optionally, to reconfigure at least one of the gaming machines based at least on the at least one statistical quantity may include to reconfigure a respective gaming machine only after receiving an indication of assent to the reconfiguration by a respective player playing the respective gaming machine. 
     The above description of illustrated embodiments, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Although specific embodiments of and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. 
     For instance, the foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure. 
     In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of taught herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs, digital tape, and computer memory; and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links using TDM or IP based communication links (e.g., packet links). 
     The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. To the extent that they are not inconsistent with the specific teachings and definitions herein, all of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheetare incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary, to employ systems, circuits and concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
     These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.